cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intercalation events visualized in single microcrystals of graphite

The electrochemical intercalation of layered materials, particularly graphite, is fundamental to the operation of rechargeable energy-storage devices such as the lithium-ion battery and the carbon-enhanced lead-acid battery. Intercalation is thought to proceed in discrete stages, where each stage represents a specific structure and stoichiometry of the intercalant relative to the host. However, the three-dimensional structures of the stages between unintercalated and fully intercalated are not known, and the dynamics of the transitions between stages are not understood. Using optical and scanning transmission electron microscopy, we video the intercalation of single microcrystals of graphite in concentrated sulfuric acid. Here we find that intercalation charge transfer proceeds through highly variable current pulses that, although directly associated with structural changes, do not match the expectations of the classical theories. Evidently random nanoscopic defects dominate the dynamics of intercalation.
Applications of Guinand’s Formula

The explicit formula of Weil [21] connects quite general sums over primes with corresponding sums over the critical zeros of the Riemann zeta function (or more general L-functions). In the earlier version of Guinand [8], there is on the Riemann hypothesis1) a kind of Fourier duality between the differentials of the remainder terms in the prime number theorem (suitable renormalized) and in the formula counting critical zeros of the Riemann zeta function.
Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction in the Child with a Major Behavioral Disorder: Atypical Antipsychotics

Obesity in childhood increases the risks of adult obesity and predisposes to metabolic complications including glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and the development of cardiovascular disease (1–4). Obesity also impacts physical appearance and may have profound psychosocial consequences including low self-esteem, lack of self-confidence, and social alienation.
Re: Burnout in Young Family Physicians: Variation Across States

I read with great interest the article of Hansen et al[1][1] in a recent issue of the journal. The authors performed a cross-sectional study to determine the rates of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and symptoms of burnout in family physicians 3 years out of training. They report high
Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

We discuss the environment for future complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, and the pressure for improvements in this technology. The physical properties of carbon nanotubes including their structure and electrical properties are summarized. Since the existing CMOS technology is based on field effect transistors (FETs), the concept of an FET, the properties of carbon nanotube field effect transistors, and their use in integrated circuits are described. Carbon nanotube FETs (CNTFETs) also generates electroluminescence from band-to-band transitions. CNTFETs can operate as detectors where the absorption of light produces a photoresponse. We mention other potential applications of carbon nanotubes as interconnects, transparent contacts, etc. We close by describing some of the improvements in carbon nanotube technology that are required before carbon nanotubes can have a real impact on integrated circuit technology.
Abstract WP179: Rate of Pulmonary Embolism After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Introduction: Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) is associated with an increased risk of subsequent venous thromboembolism. It is unknown whether the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) after CVT is simila...
A Distributed Control System for Enhancing Smart-grid Resiliency using Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a decentralized control system based on cooperative control for managing the discharging rates of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) during islanding mode. Since energy storage systems (ESSs) are essential for the microgrids relying on renewable energies, it is assumed that the smart microgrid (SMG) is equipped with one main ESS. It is also assumed that several PEVs are connected to the grid via bidirectional controllable chargers, considering the proliferation of PEVs. In case of islanding, the proposed method controls the discharging rates of the PEVs to decrease the output power of the main ESS. This leads to an enhancement in the grid ride-through-ability, and consequently, its resiliency since the SMG can longer supply the loads in islanding mode. The proposed method is evaluated utilizing Matlab/Simulink. According to the simulation results, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed control system are presented and discussed.
Neoliberal theory and film studies

ABSTRACTNeoliberalism, in imposing ‘free market’ principles on all areas of life, transforms older configurations of the self, society, culture, aesthetics, and the relationships between them; it h...
Hemoglobin binding with haptoglobin: Delineation of the haptoglobin binding site on the α-chain of human hemoglobin

Previous studies from this laboratory employing a comprehensive synthetic overlapping peptide strategy showed that the α-chain of human hemoglobin (Hb) contains a single haptoglobin (HP) binding region residing within residues α121–135. The present study describes a precise delineation of this Hp-binding site on the α-chain. Two overlapping peptides (α111–125 and α121–135) spanning this region and a panel of five peptides decreasing at the C-terminal from residue 135 by decrements of two residues (α119–135, α119–133, α119–131, α119–129, and α119–127) were synthesized, purified, and characterized. Quantitative radiometric titration of125I-labeled human HP (type 2-1) with adsorbents of each of these synthetic peptides showed that the peptide α119–127 retained a Hp-binding activity equivalent to that of peptide α121–135. This finding indicated that Lys-127 marked the C-terminal boundary of the binding site. Another panel of eight peptides was then synthesized, which had their C-terminus fixed at Lys-127 and increased at the N-terminus by one-residue increments from residue 122 up to residue 115 (α122–127, α121–127, α120–127, α119–127, α118–127, α117–127, α116–127, and α115–127). The binding of125I-Hp to adsorbents of these peptides demonstrated that the N-terminal boundary of the site did not extend beyond Valine 121. It is, therefore, concluded that the Hp-binding site on the α-chain of human Hb comprises residues α121–127.
High Quality Image Processing System for ADAS

Image processing technology enables capturing high quality images and video from raw image sensors. Recently, the advent of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) present new challenges on image processing due to their requirement of concurrent visual and analytics use cases. This paper introduces the requirements arising from ADAS systems along with a proposed Imaging sub-system (ISS) to address them. The proposed ISS solution is integrated in the ‘TDA3’ family of processors from Texas Instruments (TI). The paper delves into detail of the software and tool set provided to enable tuning for high image quality in a wide variety of illumination conditions. The paper discusses objective image quality measurement and comparison with a couple of existing solutions in market. The results clearly demonstrate the advantages of the proposed solution in terms of feature set and captured image/video quality.
Worker Productivity in Operations Management

Worker Productivity in Operations Management reviews the existing literature in operations management on worker productivity and outlines interesting and promising areas of future research. In contrast to approaches that involve estimating productivity at the national level or at the firm level, the author looks at the individual worker as the atomic unit of analysis in order to examine the drivers that impact worker output. Specifically, the author will focus on the operational factors that have been empirically shown to improve the individual worker’s productivity. The research is not exhaustive but is meant to showcase some of the interesting and relevant papers that fall into a few key themes explored in this monograph. The monograph is divided into several chapters that logically build on the preceding sections. Section 2 explores the behavioral micro-foundations of worker productivity. Section 3 considers the worker as a peer in the modern workplace. Sections 4 and 5 examine the design and organization of work, such as how work is assigned to workers, and how tasks are completed, including topics of task division, sequencing, and early task initiation. Section 6 looks at how individual workers can learn to become more productive over time. Finally, section 7 examines interesting areas of future research.
Malunions of the Femoral Shaft

The operative management with intramedullary fixation has revolutionized treatment of femoral shaft fractures; however, malunions can still occur. The etiology of femoral shaft malunion is multifactorial, but contributing variables include patient factors such as obesity and noncompliance; fracture personality, such as comminution, bilateral femur injuries, bone loss, and transverse fracture patterns; and surgeon factors, such as inexperience, technical failures, and malreduction. The physical exam should focus on limb alignment, soft tissue envelope, and signs of infection. Obtaining a computed tomography scan can provide an accurate measurement of rotational deformity while orthogonal radiographs are the mainstay of imaging. While no universally accepted guidelines exist for defining treatment of diaphyseal femoral malunions, the key is to listen and understand the patient’s concerns, functional limitations, and expectations. Treatment options include plate fixation, intramedullary nail, or external fixation techniques. There is in fact a large armamentarium for orthopedic surgeons to treat patients. Femoral shaft malunions represent a challenging problem for patients as well as a diagnostic and technical challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Using a systematic approach to the evaluation and treatment of femoral shaft malunions can lead to consistent and successful patient outcomes.
Coastal Infrastructure Monitoring through Heterogeneous Autonomous Vehicles

Coastal ports represent a fundamental component of a country's critical infrastructure, and their surveillance is essential to enhance resilience against natural and man-made disruptions to their operations. Furthermore, the increasing availability of Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles (e.g., UAVs, UGVs, and USVs) has paved the way for their use in surveillance and patrolling tasks. In this paper, we present a patrolling approach for monitoring ports infrastructure utilizing a group of heterogeneous vehicles. Our approach has the following steps: 1) Abstractions that capture the valid motions of the vehicles in a port area are designed; 2) Regions that are visible through line of sight are computed; and 3) An algorithm that finds patrolling cycles to monitor critical port locations with existing energy budgets is developed. We tested our approach through one case study to validate its practical utility.
Temporal Sensitivity and Latency During Teleoperation: Using Track Clearance to Understand Errors in Future Projection.

ObjectiveThis study investigates the role of individual differences in time perception on task performance during teleoperation with latency.BackgroundLong distance teleoperation induces latency, c...
Can America’s Fastest-Growing City Save Itself?: Property Rights and the Planning Ethic in Boise, Idaho

In 1974, an article in Harper’s Magazine declared that “[i]f things go on as they are, Boise [Idaho] stands an excellent chance of becoming the first American city to have deliberately eradicated itself.” At the time, Boise had decided to try its hand at urban renewal, just as many other cities were abandoning the federally-funded destruction of American downtowns. In Boise, the map of “blighted” properties to be torn down approximated half of each of the 50 blocks of the city’s downtown. Disinvestment in the urban core followed the plan’s release leaving a hollowed-out core and a bleak future for the city. The Harper’s article described the scene: “[O]n a recent warm, bright Tuesday morning — perfect shopper’s weather — a cannonball, if fired the length of the sidewalk” along the “principal canyon of trade along Idaho Street,” “would have struck exactly nineteen people.” How times have changed. In 2017, the U.S. Census declared Boise the fastest-growing city in America. In 2020, Meridian and Nampa, two of Boise’s suburban communities, were named among the ten fastest-growing cities in the United States. In 2021, Zillow announced that Idaho was the state with the highest home price appreciation in the decade between 2010 and 2020. Almost all of that appreciation came in the Boise metropolitan region, which Zillow noted saw a jaw-dropping appreciation of “over three times” in that decade. Despite the enormity of the change in Boise, its growth is very similar to growth seen by other cities in the Intermountain West over the last century. Boise should be able to learn from the mistakes of those cities that have gone before it and plan in advance for growth. But will Boise do so? The article explores both the ways that Boise's growth is unique to its remote location, but also how the city is emblematic of many other fast-growth cities. Such fast growth cities have the potential to dramatically affect the externalities of development before they occur, but such cities routinely fail to seize these opportunities because of political objections to regulation and lack of institutional knowledge in its governmental processes. Can Boise change that trajectory? And if not, under what circumstances can we expect planning to make a difference? The article offers an approach forward.
Mass spectrometry-based protein-protein interaction techniques and their applications in studies of DNA damage repair

Proteins are major functional units that are tightly connected to form complex and dynamic networks. These networks enable cells and organisms to operate properly and respond efficiently to environmental cues. Over the past decades, many biochemical methods have been developed to search for protein-binding partners in order to understand how protein networks are constructed and connected. At the same time, rapid development in proteomics and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques makes it possible to identify interacting proteins and build comprehensive protein‒protein interaction networks. The resulting interactomes and networks have proven informative in the investigation of biological functions, such as in the field of DNA damage repair. In recent years, a number of proteins involved in DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways have been uncovered with MS-based protein‒protein interaction studies. As the technologies for enriching associated proteins and MS become more sophisticated, the studies of protein‒protein interactions are entering a new era. In this review, we summarize the strategies and recent developments for exploring protein‒protein interaction. In addition, we discuss the application of these tools in the investigation of protein‒protein interaction networks involved in DNA damage response and DNA repair.
The Upcoming Pass/Fail USMLE Step 1 Score Reporting: An Impact Assessment From Medical School Deans:

Background:The US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 change to pass/fail has been met with mixed reviews, and the impact on medical student education and residency match is unknown. We su...
Evaluating Relevance Ranking Strategies for MEDLINE Retrieval

This paper evaluates the retrieval effectiveness of relevance ranking strategies on a collection of 55 queries and about 160,000 MEDLINE® citations used in the 2006 and 2007 Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) Genomics Tracks. The authors study two relevance ranking strategies: term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting and sentence-level co-occurrence, and examine their ability to rank retrieved MEDLINE documents given user queries. Furthermore, the authors use the reverse chronological order—PubMed's default display option—as a baseline for comparison. Retrieval effectiveness is assessed using both mean average precision and mean rank precision. Experimental results show that retrievals based on the two strategies had improved performance over the baseline performance, and that TF-IDF weighting is more effective in retrieving relevant documents based on the comparison between the two strategies.
Vickrey Auctions for Irregular Distributions

The classic result of Bulow and Klemperer [1] says that in a single-item auction recruiting one more bidder and running the Vickrey auction achieves a higher revenue than the optimal auction's revenue on the original set of bidders, when values are drawn i.i.d. from a regular distribution. We give a version of Bulow and Klemperer's result in settings where bidders' values are drawn from non-i.i.d. irregular distributions. We do this by modeling irregular distributions as some convex combination of regular distributions. The regular distributions that constitute the irregular distribution correspond to different population groups in the bidder population. Drawing a bidder from this collection of population groups is equivalent to drawing from some convex combination of these regular distributions. We show that recruiting one extra bidder from each underlying population group and running the Vickrey auction gives at least half of the optimal auction's revenue on the original set of bidders.
Unequal inequalities: Do progressive taxes reduce income inequality?

This paper analyzes the effect of changes in the structural progressivity of national income tax systems on observed and actual income inequality. Using several unique measures of progressivity over the 1981–2005 period for a large panel of countries, we find that progressivity reduces inequality in observed income, but has a significantly smaller impact on actual inequality, approximated by consumption-based Ginis. An empirical comparative analysis shows that the differential effect on observed versus actual inequality is much larger in countries with weaker legal institutions. We also find that structural progressivity has a greater equalizing effect in environments that support pro-poor redistribution. Substantial differences in inequality response to changes in top versus bottom rates are also uncovered.
SuperPascal: a publication language for parallel scientific computing

Parallel computers will not become widely used until scientists and engineers adopt a common programming language for publication of parallel scientific algorithms. This paper describes the publication language SuperPascal by examples. SuperPascal extends Pascal with deterministic statements for parallel processes and synchronous message communication. The language permits unrestricted combinations of recursive procedures and parallel statements. SuperPascal omits ambiguous and insecure features of Pascal. Restrictions on the use of variables enable a single-pass compiler to check that parallel processes are disjoint, even if the processes use procedures with global variables. A portable implementation of SuperPascal has been developed on a Sun workstation under Unix.
Testing the Independence Number of Hypergraphs

A k-uniform hypergraph G of size n is said to be e-far from having an independent set of size ρn if one must remove at least en k edges of G in order for the remaining hypergraph to have an independent set of size ρn. In this work, we present a natural property testing algorithm that distinguishes between hypergraphs which have an independent set of size ≥ ρn and hypergraphs which are e-far from having an independent set of size ρn. Our algorithm is natural in the sense that we sample \(\simeq c(k)\frac{\rho^{2k}}{\varepsilon^3}\) random vertices of G, and according to the independence number of the hypergraph induced by this sample, we distinguish between the two cases above. Here c(k) depends on k alone (e.g. the sample size is independent of n). To the best of our knowledge, property testing of the independence number of hypergraphs has not been addressed in the past.
Use of plastics for suspension culture vessels.

Publisher Summary Mass suspension culture systems have been devised for the production of virus vaccines and diagnostic reagents; large-scale cultures of lymphoblastoid, or hematopoietic cells-which grow naturally in suspension-have been utilized for the production of antilymphocyte serum and serve as a source of material for analysis of cell membranes and subcellular components. The recent use of DEAE-Sephadex beads and porous silica spherules as microcarriers may make possible the growth in suspension of many types of functional, differentiated cells, which are normally anchorage dependent. Other workers will appreciate the ease with which plastic materials can be used to construct suspension culture vessels to a given experimental design. This chapter describes author's experiences with the use of these vessels and provides detailed information on their construction.
Inequality, Economic Development, and Democratization

Although multiple theories suggest that economic development and inequality somehow affect democratization, these claims have received only limited empirical support. I contend that much of the confusion stems from the implicit assumption held by the literature that development and inequality affect democratization independently of one another. In this paper, I argue that the effect of income distribution on democratization is in fact contingent on the income level: in middle-income countries inequality fosters democratization; in rich countries, however, it harms democratization. Using a data set covering almost all autocracies between 1960 and 2007, I find evidence consistent with my hypothesis.
Oxidatively Initiated NHC-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted Cyclopentanones from Enals

An unprecedented N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed annulation of enals to form 3,4-disubstituted cyclopentanones has been discovered. Aryl enals undergo dimerization in the presence of a single-electron oxidant to form C2 symmetric cyclopentanones. A cross-reaction has also been developed, allowing for the synthesis of differentially substituted cyclopentanones. Mechanistically, the reaction is thought to proceed through radical intermediates, further establishing the synthetic utility of this class of reactivity.
Does life expectancy affect per capita income growth

The paper models the behavior of an economy that accumulates capital stock and increases the life expectancy of their inhabitants at the same time. It is shown that as a country develops, it presents initially smaller growth rates on consumption and physical capital but larger expansions on life expectancy. Thus poor countries may initially catch-up on life expectancy rather than per capita income, producing divergence on income between poor and rich countries. It is also shown that economies with larger life expectancy should have larger income growth rates.
Dealing with out of domain questions in virtual characters

We consider the problem of designing virtual characters that support speech-based interactions in a limited domain. Previously we have shown that classification can be an effective and robust tool for selecting appropriate in-domain responses. In this paper, we consider the problem of dealing with out-of-domain user questions. We introduce a taxonomy of out-of-domain response types. We consider three classification architectures for selecting the most appropriate out-of-domain responses. We evaluate these architectures and show that they significantly improve the quality of the response selection making the user’s interaction with the virtual character more natural and engaging.
How Can an Agent Learn to Negotiate

Negotiation has been extensively discussed in game-theoretic, economic, and management science literatures for decades. Recent growing interest in autonomous interacting software agents and their potential application in areas such as electronic commerce has given increased importance to automated negotiation. Evidence both from theoretical analysis and from observations of human interactions suggests that if decision makers can somehow take into consideration what other agents are thinking and furthermore learn during their interactions how other agents behave, their payoff might increase. In this paper, we propose a sequential decision making model of negotiation, called Bazaar. It provides an adaptive, multi-issue negotiation model capable of exhibiting a rich set of negotiation behaviors. Within the proposed negotiation framework, we model learning as a Bayesian belief update process. We prove that under certain conditions learning is indeed beneficial.
The cross-country magnitude and determinants of collateral borrowing

Using the World Bank Enterprise Survey covering 6,800 firms across 43 developing countries, this paper investigates the prevalence and determinants of collateralized borrowing. It focuses on the following two aspects: (1) whether firms' loans from financial institutions require collateral (the extensive margin) and (2) the collateral value relative to the loan value (the intensive margin). On the first aspect, it finds that collateral borrowing is prevalent. On average, 73 percent of loans from financial institutions require collateral. Firms that are small or sell domestically are significantly less likely to pledge collateral. Shorter loans and loans from non-bank financial institutions are also less often associated with collateral. On the second aspect, it finds that on average the loan value is at least 72 percent of the collateral value. The only robust and significant determinants of the collateral value are the type of assets used for collateral. The analysis also checks whether countries' income and institutions affect collateralized borrowing. It finds that firms in countries with higher income and better institutions and credit information are significantly less likely to pledge collateral. These factors, however, have little impact on collateral values.
An adversarial interpretation of information-theoretic bounded rationality

Recently, there has been a growing interest in modeling planning with information constraints. Accordingly, an agent maximizes a regularized expected utility known as the free energy, where the regularizer is given by the information divergence from a prior to a posterior policy. While this approach can be justified in various ways, including from statistical mechanics and information theory, it is still unclear how it relates to decision-making against adversarial environments. This connection has previously been suggested in work relating the free energy to risk-sensitive control and to extensive form games. Here, we show that a single-agent free energy optimization is equivalent to a game between the agent and an imaginary adversary. The adversary can, by paying an exponential penalty, generate costs that diminish the decision maker's payoffs. It turns out that the optimal strategy of the adversary consists in choosing costs so as to render the decision maker indifferent among its choices, which is a definining property of a Nash equilibrium, thus tightening the connection between free energy optimization and game theory.
On the Premium for Revenue Insurance under Joint Price and Yield Risk

This note provides two results pertaining to the pricing of agricultural revenue insurance contracts under joint price and yield risk. First, a weakening of the concordance ordering is used to sign the effect of greater dependence between the multiplicative risks (price and yield) on the expected indemnity payment. Second, sufficient conditions are found when the premium rate for revenue insurance is smaller (greater) than the premium for the corresponding single risk (price or yield) insurance.
An economic integration zone for the East African Community : exploiting regional potential and addressing commitment challenges

Integration in the East African Community offers significant opportunities not only to expand trade among member states, but more importantly to scale up regional production to takeadvantage of much larger global market opportunities. Special economic zones are a potentially valuable instrument to facilitate the integration of regional value chains in support of this scaling up. They also have the potential to deliver powerful demonstration effects on the benefits of integration and to help entrench the integration process. This paper discusses the proposal for developing an"economic integration zone"in the East African Community. The benefits of such a zone could be substantial, as would be the practical challenges to implementation -- in particular the political economy challenges. However, a number of institutional and commercial solutions exist to address these challenges.
A Topological Characterization of TCP/IP Security

The TCP/IP protocol suite has been designed to provide a simple, open communication infrastructure in an academic, collaborative environment. Therefore, the TCP/IP protocols are not able to provide the authentication, integrity, and privacy mechanisms to protect communication in a hostile environment. To solve these security problems, a number of application-level protocols have been designed and implemented on top of TCP/IP. In addition, ad hoc techniques have been developed to protect networks from TCP/IP-based attacks. Nonetheless, a formal approach to TCP/IP security is still lacking. This work presents a formal model of TCP/IP networks and describes some well-known attacks using the model. The topological characterization of TCP/IP-based attacks enables better understanding of the vulnerabilities and supports the design of tougher detection, protection, and testing tools.
Semantic Frame‐Based Spoken Language Understanding

Semantic frame based spoken language understanding (frame-based SLU) is one of the most commonly applied and well studied SLU technology for human-computer interaction. It has been used in many speech language processing tasks, in particular the transactional dialog systems, where various pieces of information need to be collected from users. A frame-based SLU system is often limited to a specific domain, which has a well-defined, relatively small semantic space. The structure of the semantic space can be represented by a set of templates called semantic frames, each contains some important component variables that are often referred as slots. The goal of the frame-based SLU is to choose the correct semantic frame for an utterance, and extract from the utterance the values of its component slots.
Stream assignment for grid network with joint communication and computation constraints

Dynamic assignment of complex applications' resource need on a dynamically aggregated computing infrastructure assembled via a network is central to autonomic grid computing and several other netcentric computing paradigms. In this paper we present an algorithm for active flow assignment in autonomic grid system. Active flow refers to the case where the bandwidth requirement between the flow processing elements can change due to active transformation/processing of the flow. We present the algorithm with the help of a dynamically deployable video grid application that is capable of negotiating local network state based rate and let the stream propagate over, grid network with highly asymmetric link and node capacities with minimum delay involved, in two diverse models, MISD and SIMD. The algorithm uses network connectivity graph factorization and thus adheres to the hierarchical nature of the autonomous networks
Late Holocene variability in Florida Current surface density: Patterns and possible causes

[1] Planktonic foraminiferal δ18O time series from three well-dated, high sedimentation rate cores near the Florida Keys (24.4°N, 83.3°W) exhibit repeated centennial to millennial-scale oscillations during the late Holocene. Isotopic shifts of 0.2–0.3‰ over the past 5200 years represent changes in sea-surface temperature (SST) of 1.0–1.5°C or salinity variability of 1–2 psu. The largest significant isotopic events are centered at approximately 200, 2000, 3200, and prior to 4000 calendar years BP. High Florida Current δ18O during the Little Ice Age (LIA) correlates with published records of high δ18O in the Sargasso Sea and low SST off the coast of west Africa. An interval of generally low δ18O in the Florida Straits from 1800 to 500 years BP is synchronous with the Medieval Warm Period off west Africa but leads low δ18O in the Sargasso Sea by several hundred years. Synchronous cooling across the subtropical gyre during the LIA is difficult to explain using interannual North Atlantic Oscillation patterns but may be consistent with the simulated effects of reduced solar irradiance. At frequencies between 1/1000 and 1/300 years during the Late Holocene, Florida Current δ18O is coherent with a published estimate of 14C production rate. Radiocarbon production seems to lead δ18O at these frequencies, but uncertainty in the phase calculation precludes a clear lead-lag relationship. At frequencies lower than 1/300 years, Florida Current δ18O is coherent and in phase with atmospheric Δ14C. The coherence of Δ14C and δ18O at periods >1000 years implies oceanic circulation may play a role in modulating atmospheric radiocarbon on millennial timescales.
Trace index and spectral flow in the entanglement spectrum of topological insulators

We investigate the entanglement spectra of topological insulators, which manifest edge states on a lattice with spatial boundaries. In the physical energy spectrum, a subset of the edge states that intersect the Fermi level translates to discontinuities in the trace of the single-particle entanglement spectrum, which we call a ``trace index.'' We find that any free-fermion topological insulator that exhibits spectral flow has a nonvanishing trace index, which provides us with a new description of topological invariants. In addition, we identify the signatures of spectral flow in the single-particle and many-body entanglement spectrum; in the process we present new methods to extract topological invariants and establish a connection between entanglement and quantum Hall physics.
Use of Double Packaging and Antioxidant Combinations to Improve Color, Lipid Oxidation, and Volatiles of Irradiated Raw and Cooked Turkey Breast Patties

Irradiated vacuum-packaged patties had great amounts of sulfur volatiles (dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide) and increased red color during the refrigerated storage and after cooking compared with the nonirradiated control. Irradiated aerobically packaged meat had accelerated lipid oxidation and aldehyde production at 10 d and after cooking. Gallate+α- tocopherol alone with double packaging was effective in reducing the red color of irradiated meat at 10 d and after cooking. Considerable amounts of off-odor volatiles were reduced by double packaging and antioxidant treatment. Sulfur volatiles were evaporated during the aerobic period of double packaging, and lipid oxidation was prevented by the antioxidants and vacuum condition of double packaging. These beneficial effects of double packaging and antioxidants were more critical in irradiated cooked meat. Therefore, the combined use of antioxidants and double packaging would be a useful method to control the oxidative quality changes of irradiated raw and cooked turkey breast.
Generic Model Management: A Database Infrastructure for Schema Manipulation

This paper summarizes the model management approach to generic schema management. The goal is to raise the level of abstraction of data manipulation for programmers of design tools and other model-driven applications. We explain the main concepts of model management, report on some recent progress on model matching algorithms, and sketch a category-theoretic approach to a formal semantics for model management.
Turbulence in the solar wind: Kinetic effects

Nonlinear processes in the solar wind drive a turbulent cascade of energy from large to small scales. Many aspects of this turbulent evolution can be described using fluid models, but near the wavelength of ion cyclotron waves, the spectrum steepens; evidence that the fluctuations are damped, heating the ambient plasma. Fluid models can be modified to approximate the physics of these kinetic processes by modifying the dissipation terms and by including extra terms which approximate some aspects of kinetic interactions.
Sampling Theory with Average Values on the Sierpinski Gasket

In the case of some fractals, sampling with average values on cells is more natural than sampling on points. In this paper we investigate this method of sampling on SG and SG $$_{3}$$ . In the former, we show that the cell graph approximations have the spectral decimation property and prove an analog of the Shannon sampling theorem. We also investigate the numerical properties of these sampling functions and make conjectures that allow us to look at sampling on infinite blowups of SG. In the case of SG $$_{3}$$ , we show that the cell graphs have the spectral decimation property but show that it is not useful for proving an analogous sampling theorem.
A Simplified and Dynamic Unified Structure

The unified property specifies that a comparison-based search structure can quickly find an element nearby a recently accessed element. Iacono [Iac01] introduced this property and developed a static search structure that achieves the bound. We present a dynamic search structure that achieves the unified property and that is simpler than Iacono’s structure. Among all comparison-based dynamic search structures, our structure has the best proved bound on running time.
A Bayesian method for causal modeling and discovery under selection

This paper describes a Bayesian method for learning causal networks using samples that were selected in a non-random manner from a population of interest. Examples of data obtained by non-random sampling include convenience samples and case-control data in which a fixed number of samples with and without some condition is collected; such data are not uncommon. The paper describes a method for combining data under selection with prior beliefs in order to derive a posterior probability for a model of the causal processes that are generating the data in the population of interest. The priors include beliefs about the nature of the nonrandom sampling procedure. Although exact application of the method would be computationally intractable for most realistic datasets. efficient suecial-case and approximation methods are discussed. Finally, the paper describes how to combine learning under selection with previous methods for learning from observational and experimental data that are obtained on random samples of the population of interest. The net result is a Bayesian methodology that supports causal modeling and discovery from a rich mixture of different types of data.
Efficient power allocation for coded OFDM systems

Coded OFDM is a transmission technique used in many practical communication systems. In a coded OFDM system., source data are coded, interleaved and multiplexed for transmission over many frequency subchannels. In a conventional coded OFDM system, the transmission power of each subcarrier is the same, regardless of the channel condition. However, some subcarriers can suffer deep fading with multi-paths and the power allocated to the faded subcarrier is likely to be wasted. In this paper, we compute the FER and BER bounds of a coded OFDM system, given as convex functions for a given channel coder, interleaver and channel response. The power optimization is shown to be a convex optimization problem that can be solved numerically with great efficiency. With the proposed power optimization scheme, we can obtain near-optimum power allocation for a given coded OFDM system and channel response to minimize FER or BER under a constant transmission power constraint.
Direct queries for discovering network resource properties in a distributed environment

The development and performance of network-aware applications depends on the availability of accurate predictions of network resource properties. Obtaining this information directly from the network is a scalable solution that provides the accurate performance predictions and topology information needed for planning and adapting application behavior across a variety of networks. The performance predictions obtained directly from the network are as accurate as application-level benchmarks, but the network-based technique provides the added advantages of scalability and topology discovery. We describe how to determine network properties directly from the network using SNMP. We provide an overview of SNMP and describe the features it provides that make it possible to extract both available bandwidth and network topology information from network devices. The available bandwidth predictions based on network queries using SNMP are compared with traditional predictions based on application history to demonstrate that they are equally useful. To demonstrate the feasibility of topology discovery, we present results for a large Ethernet LAN.
Choice of Transaction Channels: The Effects of Product Characteristics on Market Evolution

The capabilities of network technologies have facilitated the growth of electronic commerce. Major issues--notably, security and product quality uncer-tainty--still pose serious challenges to the further adoption of electronic commerce. Traditional market transactions have a long history and well-understood protections for buyers and sellers. In the electronic markets, formal and informal mechanisms such as trusted third parties (TTP) have emerged trying to ensure safe transactions. In this paper, we investigate under what conditions people will stick to the traditional market and face-to-face transactions, and under what conditions electronic transactions will be the convention of the future. Of particular interest is the role of TTPs in facilitating online transactions. Using evolutionary game theory, we present an analytical model of buyer and seller choices and examine which patterns of transactions can be sustained. We further study how the traders' adaptive behavior may influence the outcome of the market evolution. Through this analysis, we demonstrate that the market will show divergence: for commodity products, electronic transactions through TTPs will get established as the convention for market transactions when traders use historical information about other traders' past strategies. For "look and feel" products, the market evolution depends on the initial distribution of the transaction strategies in the population.
Homeward Bound: What Does a Global Legal Education Offer the Indian Returnees?

This Article studies the effects of an international credential for migrants who return to their home country—in this case, students who return to India with a U.S. LL.M degree. Borrowing a framework from social psychology and organizational theory, it argues that international students with American law degrees who return to their countries of origin do not always benefit from the credential. Instead, trends from qualitative interview data suggest that repatriating an international credential—however prestigious—is a fluid process that requires emphasizing or obscuring the credential depending on the interactional context. As a result, this Article presents a contrast to the preceding article by Carole Silver, which traces the experience of similar LL.M. graduates who stay in the United States to pursue a legal career. Together, these findings on the different barriers that shape entry and access into legal markets have important implications for the way we understand international credentialism and the global legal profession.
REGULATION OF FIXED INCOME SECURITIES MARKETS IN THE UNITED STATES

The author looks at the development and regulation of the fixed income securities market in the United States. The U.S. fixed income market is one of the oldest and most developed debt markets in the world. It is also one of the most heterogeneous, with the four key market segments-government securities, the securities of government-sponsored enterprises, municipal securities, and corporate debt securities-all being relatively large and deep. The author describes the evolution of fixed income market regulation in the United States, discussing both primary and secondary market regulation. She also looks at market integrity issues and the enforcement authority of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which is broad and has played an important role in the effectiveness of regulation. The author concludes that the fact that the U.S. fixed income market flourished for many years in the absence of regulation must be seen in a broader legal and regulatory context. While the debt market itself may have been unregulated, it operated within a larger framework of equity market regulation and enforcement, complemented by a long history of bank supervision that had a significant impact on its development. It is this context that permitted U.S. authorities to adopt regulation in stages, in response to differing demands and priorities. The dynamic nature of the regulation of the U.S. fixed income market-its development in response to market crises-underscores the need for regulation to remain responsive to market developments, and to be adapted to domestic constraints.
On the Hybrid Nature of REITs

The consensus that emerges from the current research on the linkage between securitized and direct investment in real estate is that direct (private) real estate returns play a relatively minor role in the real estate investment trust (REIT) return generating process. However, this result may at least partially be due to the coarseness of the measures of direct real estate returns or the relatively short return horizons used in previous studies. This study takes a different and unique perspective. Unlike earlier studies we do not use aggregated, average appraisal based returns on direct real estate investment. Instead, we use the MIT TBI indexes, which are transaction based price indexes, available both on the aggregate and sub-index levels. We find that the relation between REIT and direct real estate returns appears to be stronger at longer horizons. More specifically, using a cointegration framework, we find robust evidence that REITs and the underlying real estate are related and that they share a long run equilibrium. Interestingly, we find that both REITs and direct real estate returns adjust towards this long run relationship. When we examine property type level data we find similar results.
Public services and expenditure need equalization : reflections on principles and worldwide comparative practices

This paper reviews the conceptual challenges as well as lessons from worldwide experiences in implementing public services and expenditure need compensation in fiscal equalization transfers with a view to developing guidance for practitioners. The paper concludes that while in theory a strong case for a comprehensive fiscal equalization can be made, in practice fiscal need equalization as part of a comprehensive equalization program introduces significant complexity. This works against the simplicity, transparency and general acceptability of the program. This does not imply that fiscal need equalization should be abandoned in the interest of simplicity and transparency. Instead simplicity, transparency and local autonomy are preserved by having fiscal need equalization through public service oriented (specific purpose block transfers) output based fiscal transfers that impose no spending requirements for any functions or objects of expenditures. Such transfers contrast with traditional earmarked transfers, which impose conditions on spending for specific purposes or objects of expenditure and subsequent verification/certification of such expenditures. Such output-based block transfers would further enhance citizen based accountability for results and thereby offer potential for enhancing public confidence and trust in government operations.