cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
26 – hCG in assisted reproduction

Both human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones. Both are composed of common α-subunits and β-subunits that provide their specificity. Both hormones bind to the same LH/hCG receptor. Classic expression of the LH/hCG receptor has been well-established in cells of testis, ovarian theca, granulose, and luteal cells. LH regulates both steroid hormone synthesis and gametogenesis in both males and females. hCG is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the early blastocyst and later by the placenta. Many other tissues are also known to produce hCG, including the human pituitary.
Race Differences in Restaurant Tipping: A Literature Review and Discussion of Practical Implications

Abstract Research on race differences in tipping suggests that (1) Blacks leave smaller average restaurant tips than doWhites, (2) Black-White differences in tipping persist after controlling for socio-economic status, (3) Blacks tip less than Whites even when provided comparable levels of service, (4) Blacks tip less than Whites even when the server is black, and (5) Blacks are less likely thanWhites to know that it is customary/ expected to tip 15 to 20% of the bill size in U.S. restaurants. The practical implications of these findings for restaurant managers, restaurant industry organizations, and restaurant chains are discussed. In general, those implications center on the need to educate Blacks about the 15 to 20% tipping norm.
Differences between men and women with HIV-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Experience from 3,070 cases in New York City in 1987

Although women make up the fastest growing group of persons with AIDS, studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons reported to date have included predominantly or exclusively men. We evaluated sex differences in sociodemographic characteristics, hospital characteristics, in-hospital resource use, and short-term mortality rates for 2,526 men and 544 women admitted for their first-episode of HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in New York City in 1987. Compared with men, women were significantly less likely to be white (81% vs. 54%, p < or = 0.001) or have private health insurance (80% vs. 58%, p < or = 0.001), and more likely to be admitted through an emergency room (79% vs. 71%, p < or = 0.001) and receive care at hospitals that had less experience treating PCP (p < or = 0.001). Women were more likely than men to die in the hospital [33% vs. 24%; crude odds ratio = 1.56, confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-1.91, p < or = 0.001]. In a logistic regression model, the risk of death in the hospital was associated with age 60-65 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.19, CI = 2.13-8.21], not having private health insurance (AOR = 1.37, CI = 1.08-1.75), admission through the emergency room (AOR = 1.54, CI = 1.21-1.96), and receiving care at hospitals with less experience treating PCP (AOR = 1.63, CI = 1.15-2.30), but women were not significantly more likely to die in the hospital than men (AOR = 1.18, CI = 0.93-1.50). Poorer access to medical care as well as higher use of hospitals with less experience treating AIDS may account for the difference in mortality rates observed in women with HIV-related PCP.
An Interaction Theory of Metaphor

In my framework of cognition, the paradox of interactionism is resolved by pointing out that while it is the cognitive agent who gives an ontology to the external world by instantiating concept networks, the structure of the world, as seen from this ontology, is determined by reality. Thus, it is only by instantiating different concept networks that the cognitive agent can ‘see’ different structures in reality. In other words, any reorganization and restructuring of the world view is essentially the process of reinstantiating the concept networks—a process I have been calling projection.
The use of performance-enhancing technologies in sports through Nicolas Agar’s “truly human enhancement” approach

Abstract In this paper, I will present Nicholas Agar’s “truly human enhancement” approach, which is aimed at critiquing pro-enhancement approaches that advocate for the utilization of technology to better the human condition. After identifying some limitations of Agar’s approach, I will apply it to sport in order to explore what kinds of enhancing-performance technologies should be allowed in it. In doing so, I will focus on two criteria from Agar’s account that could be deployed to determine when it would be morally condemnable to utilize performance-enhancing technologies in sport, namely intrinsic goods and veridical engagement.
Symptoms of social anxiety and depression: Acceptance of socially anxious thoughts and feelings as a moderator

Abstract Symptoms of social anxiety are linked to a number of negative outcomes among college students and are often associated with depression symptoms. This study examined the extent to which acceptance of symptoms of social anxiety (i.e., fears of being scrutinized and social interaction anxiety) moderated the relationship between these symptoms and depression. The sample consisted of 961 undergraduates, who completed a series of questionnaires online. Results showed that interaction effects between both 1) acceptance and fears of being scrutinized and 2) acceptance and social interaction anxiety significantly predicted scores on the depressive symptoms measure. Findings support treatments that target increased acceptance as a transdiagnostic process.
Racial Disparities in Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination Indications and Pneumococcal Hospitalizations in the U.S.

Abstract Background Racial disparities in U.S. adult pneumococcal vaccination rates persist despite reduced barriers to access. Consequently, racial and ethnic minorities experience pneumococcal disease at higher rates than whites. This study examined prevalence of high-risk conditions and pneumococcal hospitalizations among U.S. black and non-black populations aged ≥50 years. Methods National Health Interview Survey, National Center for Health Statistics and National Inpatient Sample data were used to create black and non-black population cohorts, determine risk factors for pneumococcal disease (pneumococcal vaccine indications) and assess the impact of pneumococcal hospitalization. Each racial cohort was segmented into groups based on the presence of immunocompromising or other pneumococcal high-risk conditions. Persons without those conditions were separated into smokers (also a pneumococcal vaccine indication) and nonsmokers. Mortality was estimated from NCHS life table data. NIS data provided length of stay and costs (calculated from cost to charge ratios) for admissions related to pneumococcal disease including bacteremia, meningitis and nonbacteremic pneumonia. Results There were similar proportions of immunocompromised ( Conclusion Marked differences exist between U.S. black and non-black populations in likelihood of conditions conferring a high-risk of pneumococcal disease, and for length of stay and costs of pneumococcal disease hospitalizations. Further research is recommended to identify cost-effective policies or interventions to increase vaccine uptake in higher risk populations.
Assessment of Safe Listening Intentional Behavior Toward Personal Listening Devices in Young Adults.

Recreational noise-induced hearing loss (RNIHL) is a highly preventable disorder that is commonly seen in teenagers and young adults. Despite the documented negative effects of RNIHL, it is still challenging to persuade people to adopt safe listening behaviors. More research is needed to understand the underlying factors guiding listeners’ intentions to engage in safe listening habits. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to identify attitudes, social norms, and behavioral control in 92 young adults toward two intentional behaviors related to safe listening habits while listening to their personal listening devices: (1) lowering the intensity of loud music, and (2) shortening the listening duration of loud music. Using a Qualtrics survey, the major factors of the TPB model as they relate to the participants’ intention to engage in risk-controlling behavior were assessed. Behavioral intentions to turn the music down and listen for shorter durations were thought to be predicted by the TPB factors (attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control). Linear regression findings indicated that the overall TPB models were significant. Positive attitudes toward turning the music down and shortening the durations were significantly associated with intentions to engage in non-risky behavior, more so for the former behavior.
System for Monitoring User Engagement with Personalized Medical Devices to Improve Use and Health Outcomes

Medical devices used in a home setting for treating a variety of chronic diseases lack the ability to convey meaningful information to the patients directly about how they are engaging with their devices in real-time. This research is focused on the development of a monitoring system that addresses this need. For this initial design and testing, the research team applied the technology to a positive airway pressure (PAP) system used in the treatment of those suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Data from experimental testing showed results of 93.6% accuracy, 98.7% sensitivity, and 90.9% specificity in the monitoring system detecting events that are typical of issues occurring during standard PAP therapy use. Results indicate this technology can be considered as a viable solution for providing more meaningful information to users about their engagement with their prescribed medical devices.
Electrical and Optical Modeling of Gap-Free Microdisplay Based on Pixelated GaN LEDs

Micro-sized light emitting diode arrays (μLED array) based on III-Nitride materials have been used for a wide range of applications in technology areas such as self-emissive microdisplays [1], single-chip high voltage alternating current LEDs [2], light sources for optogenetic neuromodulation [3], etc. The superior brightness, contrast, resolution, and reliability of μLED arrays based on III-Nitride semiconductors makes them the best choice among other display systems. For a conventional display system, μLED arrays consist of LED pixels that are separated by forming a physical gap which is used to isolate the current between the pixels. The generated LED arrays were ended up having a non-planner structure [5, 6] that can limit the performance and/or the operability of the LED array such as placing limits on reducing pitch dimensions which leads to decreased resolution, causing surface damage to the mesa structure that limits the yield output of the LED array and also generating mesa sidewalls which reduces the contrast of LED displays. Reducing the pitch dimensions for a conventional display system can be limited with some etching techniques but it can be achieved by introducing isolation barriers (known as planar region) between the LED pixels via ion implantation. The purpose of this work is to prove the idea of using ion implantation species to generate isolation barriers between LED pixels and also to study the effect of those barriers on the operation of μLED arrays by using the Sentaurus TCAD software.
Responsibly and Accurately: Dwelling in Imagined Worlds

Early in my fieldwork Tavis Allison told me a story about a game that he once played with Rob Kuntz. Rob participated in the historic session when Dave Arneson introduced Gary Gygax to the house-ruled version of Chainmail that would become Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) (Peterson 2012, p. 71). He also played regularly in Gary’s original campaign, Greyhawk, taking on the role of the infamous fighter Robilar, who was the first to descend to the deepest level of the Greyhawk dungeon. Besides contributing to the development and refereeing of Greyhawk, Rob also ran a game for Gary in Castle Raja Key, a dungeon that Rob had designed.
The Claudel Sessions: Commentary on Sessions XIX–XXII

In this group of sessions, Lacan discusses three plays by Paul Claudel (1868–1955) collectively known as the Coufontaine trilogy, written between 1911 and 1920. It was not uncharacteristic of Lacan to discuss theater in his seminar—he had discussed Hamlet in Seminar VI and Antigone in Seminar VII. But there are two important differences in this case: here he is dealing with three contemporary works, and while Claudel may have been well known to Lacan’s audience at the time, he is certainly less well known to us now, compared to Sophocles and Shakespeare. The relative obscurity of these plays and their author is an issue when trying to understand and assess Lacan’s commentary on them: and it is even possible to wonder how well known the trilogy was to the seminar participants, given the amount of time Lacan spends on plot summaries.
Case Series of Bedside Renal Cell Carcinoma Detected by Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Ambulatory Setting.

Background: Kidney and renal pelvic cancer was the sixth most common cancer in men and 10th most common in women in the United States in 2018. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), accounts for 86% of malign...
Meeting with Elected Officials

This 3-page document is one in a series on communicating with policymakers and elected officials, and discusses strategies for meeting with elected officials. Written by Ricky Telg and Shelli Rampold and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, January 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc318
Impact of Nonclinical Factors on Treatment Decisions: What Can and Cannot Be Done and Why?

This clinical scenario describes a situation where drug-resistant focal epilepsy could have been treated with specific surgery, but a mixture of nonclinical factors led to a different management. The epilepsy started at the age of 6 years and the assessment for other treatment options by this team was done at the age of 12 years. Financial factors were important in the decisions that had to be made and effectively perhaps decisive.
Ageism Among Graduate Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Longitudinal Analysis

Purpose Ageism is a negative bias that results in stereotyping of and discrimination against older individuals and is one of the most institutionalized forms of prejudice in current society. Litera...
Odontogenic sinusitis publication trends from 1990 to 2019: a systematic review.

Odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) is underrepresented in the literature compared to other forms of rhinosinusitis, specifically in sinusitis guidelines and position statements. ODS publication characteristics could help explain why ODS has received less attention in sinusitis guidelines and position statements. The purpose of this study was to explore trends in the quantity and quality of ODS studies over 3 decades from 1990 to 2019. A systematic review was performed to identify all ODS studies from 1990 to 2019. The following variables from all ODS studies were compared between and across the 3 decades: authors’ specialties, journal specialties, authors’ geographic origins (continents), study topics, study designs, and evidence levels. From 1990 to 2019, there were 254 ODS studies that met inclusion criteria. Numbers of publications increased each decade, with 161 being published from 2010 to 2019. Otolaryngologists and dental authors published over 75% of ODS studies each decade, with 60–75% of ODS articles being published in otolaryngology or dental journals. European and Asian authors published the most ODS studies each decade. Overall, 92–100% of ODS publications per decade were level 4 and 5 evidence, with no significant changes between or across decades. While numbers of ODS publications increased each decade from 1990 to 2019, evidence levels remained low without significant changes over time. Otolaryngologists and dental authors published the majority of ODS studies each decade, with a minority of these studies being multidisciplinary. More ODS studies are needed across all aspects of the condition, and future projects would benefit from improved study designs and multidisciplinary collaboration.
Symptom Management in Advanced Lung Disease

Patients with advanced lung disease often suffer from disabling dyspnea, chronic cough, and fatigue. They experience anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances that reduce quality of life. Patients may develop anorexia, delirium, and spiritual distress toward the end of life. It is imperative that providers learn the tools necessary to assess for these symptoms and effectively address them in an effort to improve quality of life for patients with advanced lung disease. This chapter discusses the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches to treating the most common symptoms experienced by patients with advanced lung disease.
Analysis of Cell Cycle Switches in Drosophila Oogenesis

The study of Drosophila oogenesis provides invaluable information about signaling pathway regulation and cell cycle programming. During Drosophila oogenesis, a string of egg chambers in each ovariole progressively develops toward maturity. Egg chamber development consists of 14 stages. From stage 1 to stage 6 (mitotic cycle), main-body follicle cells undergo mitotic divisions. From stage 7 to stage 10a (endocycle), follicle cells cease mitosis but continue three rounds of endoreduplication. From stage 10b to stage 13 (gene amplification), instead of whole genome duplication, follicle cells selectively amplify specific genomic regions, mostly for chorion production. So far, Drosophila oogenesis is one of the most well studied model systems used to understand cell cycle switches, which furthers our knowledge about cell cycle control machinery and sheds new light on potential cancer treatments. Here, we give a brief summary of cell cycle switches, the associated signaling pathways and factors, and the detailed experimental procedures used to study the cell cycle switches.
China's Political Game Face

1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 2 I. SOCIAL TRADITIONS 9 II: MILITARY PHILOSOPHIES 19 III. NON-INTERVENTION 27 IV: GEO-STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS 36 V: DEMOCRACY WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS 51 VI: CHARM OFFENSIVE 65 CONCLUDING REMARKS 77 ADDITIONAL WORKS CITED 84
Azul y oro. Las múltiples vidas sociales de una camiseta de fútbol

This article presents and discusses the many circuits under which a football jersey achieves value. First, it shows the transformations of the jersey design process that occur because of technological innovation as well as the influence of a group of Transnational Corpororations (TNCs) which have attempted to control the local sports apparel market. This has resulted in the tension between design convergences, the advertisement on jerseys and, therefore, its perceived authenticity. Second, it shows the uses of jerseys prescribed by a football team, in association with the regulations from national and international federations and the firm that designs them. Third, it explores the uses both players and fans make of the object. The article concludes by showing how many of the tensions at play get solved by the production of vintage replica jerseys made by the TNCs themselves and how advertisements have come to guarantee the authenticity of the jersey.
Immunosuppression by Glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Through Induction of IκB Synthesis

Glucocorticoids are among the most potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. They inhibit synthesis of almost all known cytokines and of several cell surface molecules required for immune function, but the mechanism underlying this activity has been unclear. Here it is shown that glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in mice and cultured cells. This inhibition is mediated by induction of the IκBα inhibitory protein, which traps activated NF-κB in inactive cytoplasmic complexes. Because NF-κB activates many immunoregulatory genes in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli, the inhibition of its activity can be a major component of the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids.
Overview of data fusion activities and techniques

The reasons for the growing interest in sensor data fusion are discussed. Various categories of data fusion are described. They are registration, association/correlation, filtering, identification, threat assessment, and situational awareness/resource allocation. >
GABAergic currents in RT and VB thalamic nuclei follow kinetic pattern of α3- and α1-subunit-containing GABAA receptors

Inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) of the thalamic reticular (RT) nucleus are dramatically slower than in the neighboring ventrobasal (VB) neurons. It has been suggested that alpha3-subunit-containing receptors underlie slow IPSCs in RT neurons, while rapid synaptic currents in the VB nucleus are due to gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAARs), including the alpha1-subunit. In our recent study [Barberis et al. (2007) Eur. J. Neurosci., 25, 2726-2740] we have found that profound differences in kinetics of currents mediated by alpha3beta2gamma2 and alpha1beta2gamma3 receptors resulted from distinct binding and desensitization properties. However, a direct comparison between kinetics of neuronal GABAARs from RT and VB neurons and alpha3- and alpha1-subunit-containing receptors has not been made. For this purpose, current responses to ultrafast GABA applications were recorded from patches excised from neurons in VB and RT areas. Deactivation kinetics determined for RT and VB neurons closely resembled that in currents mediated by alpha3beta2gamma2 and alpha1beta2gamma2 receptors. In RT neurons, currents elicited by non-saturating [GABA] had a remarkably slow onset, a hallmark of alpha3-subunit-containing receptors. In VB and RT neurons, single-channel currents elicited by brief GABA pulses had similar characteristics to those of alpha1beta2gamma2 and alpha3beta2gamma2 receptors. However, in stationary conditions, similarity between single-channel currents in neurons and respective recombinant receptors was less apparent. We propose that the non-stationary kinetics of GABAergic currents in VB and RT nuclei mimic that of currents mediated by alpha1- and alpha3-subunit-containing receptors. The dissimilarity between stationary kinetics of neuronal and recombinant receptors probably reflects differences between GABAARs mediating phasic and tonic currents in these neurons.
STD/HIV-Related Risk Behaviors of Adolescents' Sex Partners. † 7

Objective: Partner selection is an important determinant of adolescents' risk for acquiring STDs including HIV. There are few data describing adolescents' sex partners. The objective of this study was to describe the demographic characteristics and STD/HIV-related risk behaviors of the sex partners of adolescents with STDs.
The Cathode-Ray Oscillograph Applied to Long-Time Switching Transients

The cathode-ray oscillograph because of its inherent characteristics is ideally suited and extensively used for the measurement of transient voltages associated with switching operations. The type of oscillograph ordinarily used covers a wide range of measurement conditions and is necessarily large and expensive. For this reason very few such units are available, and new problems, arising from the necessity of providing reliable service with loads increasing because of the war effort, have required every available measurement facility. In two recent applications where extremely wide-range performance was not required, a two-tube low-voltage cathode-ray oscillograph was used successfully. This oscillograph and the two applications are described, and it is shown how such measurements of long-time transients may be made with portable, inexpensive, and relatively simple equipment embodying the advantages of cathode-ray oscillography.
Cell behavior during early development in the South American annual fishes of the genus Cynolebias.

Living embryos of three species of South American annual fishes, Cynolebias constanciae, C. nigripinnis, and C. whitei, were observed from fertilization through the 10-somite stage. A description of normal stages of development applicable to all three species of Cynolebias is presented. Cleavage (stages 1-10) is meroblastic and produces a typical teleost blastoderm. Following cleavage (stages 11-13) blastomeres segregate into two populations, viz., 1) a population of deep blastomeres that will disperse as single motile cells, and 2) a hemispherical shell of outer blastomeres that flattens to form an enveloping cell layer (EVL). When epiboly of the EVL and the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) commences (stage 14), deep blastomeres clump together as a consolidation mass and then migrate outward as single cells on the YSL. When epiboly is concluded (stage 19), deep blastomeres have completely dispersed. If diapause does not intervene, the dispersed phase lasts only a few days. Subsequently, the dispersed cells come together to form a definitive aggregate (stage 27). Embryogenesis within the reaggregated mass of previously dispersed cells produces a typical teleost embryo. Early development in Cynolebias resembles that of other South American annual fishes, such as Austrofundulus, in that a phase of deep blastomere dispersion and reaggregation spatially and temporally separates epiboly from embryogenesis. Several features of development markedly differ from Austrofundulus. There are far fewer (250 vs. 2,500) deep blastomeres. Deep cells of Cynolebias are flattened rhomboids with filipodial extensions in contrast to the amoeboid cells of Austrofundulus. Blastomeres of dispersion and reaggregation stages in Cynolebias send out numerous cell surface extensions onto the YSL and in contact with one another, and often line up in rows as do some African annual fishes, e.g., Nothobranchius. During Dispersion II (stage 21), Reaggregation I (stage 22), and Reaggregation II (stage 23), deep cells move in an oriented pattern with respective mean velocities of 3.48 +/- 0.91, 1.28 +/- 0.46, and 1.31 +/- 0.31 microns/minute. Cells move toward a granular mass of unknown composition, located at the YSL-yolk interface in the lower hemisphere of the egg. This mass appears to coincide with the site of cell reaggregation.
Latino Family Childcare Providers’ Beliefs, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Promotion of Healthy Behaviors among Preschool Children: A Qualitative Study

Background. The continuing rise of obesity among Latinos is a public health concern with an immediate need for early prevention. Changes in family structures have increased demand and reliance for child care for young children. Latino children are the fastest-growing segment of the child population in the United States, and research shows that Latino families use preschools and day care centers much less than those of other ethnic groups, apparently because of cultural preferences for family-like care. Objectives. Given that many low income Latino children attend family child care homes (FCCHs), there is a need to explore the role that FCCH providers may play in establishing and reinforcing children's early healthful eating and physical activity behaviors and consequently in the prevention of childhood obesity. Design. Using purposive sampling, six focus groups were conducted in Spanish with licensed Latino FCCH providers (n = 44). Data was analyzed to identify recurrent themes. Results. Latino FCCH providers described how they play an influential role in promoting healthful eating and physical activity behaviors of preschool children in their care. They also identified many barriers and challenges in establishing and maintaining healthful nutrition and physical activity behaviors, including high cost of healthy foods, cold weather, and physical environment of FCCH. Conclusions. Latino FCCH providers can have a strong impact in promoting healthful behaviors in low-income, Latino communities. They may be able to effectively deliver interventions targeting low-income, minority families to promote healthful eating and physical activity behaviors and prevent child obesity.
Modeling Multinational Diffusion Patterns: An Efficient Methodology

The objective of this study is to develop an econometric model for the diffusion of innovations at the individual country level, but which also allows the parameters of the process to differ systematically across countries. The conceptualization rests on behavioral and spatial theories of diffusion and extends the domain to international markets. The cross-national model of innovation diffusion which is developed highlights substantive differences and similarities among international markets. It also provides estimates for the diffusion parameters, even for countries where sales data are not available, thereby yielding some insights into the nature of the expected diffusion pattern in these countries prior to market entry.
Epidemiology and the study of religion

Abstract In recent decades epidemiologists have increasingly investigated the relationships between religion and health. Although not directed at religion in itself, these efforts are instructive for how religion might be insightfully studied. This essay will identify three problematic topics in contemporary religious studies and indicate how recent epidemiological research regarding religion contributes to their insightful treatment. One topic concerns the roles of social identity—e.g., gender, race and class—in the study of religion; a second concerns religious pluralism as a descriptive and evaluative concept; and the third involves the conceptual vagueness of much religious discourse. A final section of the paper will argue that the statistical approach of epidemiology and the interpretive practices of religious studies are methodologically distinct but not categorically different. Data analysis and textual exegesis are both hermeneutic undertakings sharing several problems and prospects.
SENITA CACTUS: A PLANT WITH INTERRUPTED STEROL BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS

Abstract Locereol (4α-methylcholesta-8,14-dien-3β-ol) and 5α-cholesta-8,14-dien-3β-ol, not previously isolated from plants, 24-methylenelophenol, lathosterol, 5α-campest -7-en-3β-ol and spinasterol are present in senita cactusin addition to the lophenol and schottenol described previously.
Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Small cell lung cancer is a common, usually fatal neoplasm. Although palliative therapy is available for the majority of patients, only a very small minority enjoy long-term survival. Ironically, this neoplasm is nearly entirely preventable and a successful antismoking program is desperately needed. Our efforts to understand the basic biology of this tumor should continue, and, hopefully, will eventually translate into improvements in therapy. In addition to following the leads provided by basic research, a concerted clinical research effort needs to continue to build upon the advances already achieved.
Developing enterprise GIS for university administration: Organizational and strategic considerations

This chapter is based on the author's experience working with geographic information systems (GIS) at the University of Arizona, along with insights gained through literature reviews and dialogue with staff at other universities.
Multiwavelength Observations of a Developing Cloud System: The FIRE II 26 November 1991 Case Study

Simultaneous multiwavelength measurements of a developing cloud system were obtained by NOAA Doppler lidar, Doppler radar, Fourier transform infrared interferometer, and microwave and infrared radiometers on 26 November 1991. The evolution of the cloud system is described in terms of lidar backscatter, radar reflectivity and velocity, interferometer atmospheric spectra, and radiometer brightness temperature, integrated liquid water, and water vapor paths. Utilizing the difference in wavelength between the radar and lidar, and therefore their independent sensitivity to different regions of the same cloud, the cloud top, base, depth, and multiple layer heights can be determined with better accuracy than with either instrument alone. Combining the radar, lidar, and radiometer measurements using two different techniques allows an estimation of the vertical profile of cloud microphysical properties such as particle sizes. Enhancement of lidar backscatter near zenith revealed when highly oriented ice crystals were present. The authors demonstrate that no single instrument is sufficient to accurately describe cirrus clouds and that measurements in combination can provide important details on their geometric, radiative, and microphysical properties.
Polygyny and male parental care in Savannah sparrows: effects on female fitness

To determine the effects of male mating status on female fitness, we compared the reproductive success, survival, and future fecundity of female Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) mated to monogamous vs. polygynous males in a 5-year study on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada. The proportion of males with more than one mate varied from 15 to 43% between years and sites. Polygynous and monogamous males fledged young of equal size in every year of the study. Females who shared paternal care with other females laid as many eggs per clutch and clutches per season as monogamously mated females. In most years polygynously mated females showed no delay in laying a second clutch, and they suffered no reduction in fecundity the following year. Recruitment of a female's offspring into the breeding population was generally independent of her mating status. Fitness costs of being mated to a polygynous male were only apparent in one year of the study, during which females mated to polygynous males had higher over-winter mortality than those mated to monogamous males. That same year, young raised by polygynous males were only one-third as likely to survive to reproductive maturity (as inferred by returns) as those raised by monogamous males. A male's mating status had no effect on his own survivorship. A male's mating status did not necessarily reflect his contributions to raising nestlings, which may partially explain why monogamously and polygynously mated females had equal fitness. At 35 nests the proportion of food deliveries brought by individual males varied from 0 to 75%; on average, males brought fewer than 30% of all food deliveries. Yet parental care by polygynous males was no less than that of monogamous males, at least at the nests of their primary females. Secondary females tended to receive less male assistance during the nestling stage, but their reproductive success was indistinguishable from that of primary females. Females feeding young without male assistance made as many food deliveries/h as did pairs in which males brought at least 30% of all food deliveries. Unassisted females did not suffer diminished fledging success or produce smaller fledglings. The benefits of polygyny for male Savannah sparrows are clear: polygynous males recruit more surviving offspring into the breeding population than monogamous males. The fitness of females, on the other hand, appears to be unaffected by whether their mate was monogamous or polygynous except in occasional years. Polygyny may be maintained in this population by the constraints of a female-biased sex ratio, the inability of females to predict a male's paternal care based on his morphology or behavior, the poor correlation between a male's mating status and his assistance at the nest, and inconsistent natural selection against mating with a polygynous male.
LiNbO 3 optical modulator for MMW sensing and imaging

We present several novel technologies for sensing millimeter-wave (mmW) radiation for imaging and spectroscopy based on photonic devices. Along these lines, in our high-sensitivity millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging system, which is based on optical upconversion, the power of mmW radiation is transferred to the sidebands on an optical carrier via an electro-optic (EO) modulator fed by a broadband horn antenna. The detection is realized by measuring the transferred optical power of the sidebands. The sensitivity of this detection system is primarily controlled by the conversion efficiency of the EO modulator at the desired mmW frequency (e.g. 95GHz). Thus, modulators are required that exhibit an ultra-broad bandwidth and small drive voltage. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characteristics of LiNbO 3 traveling-wave modulator for the mmW detection system. In a traveling-wave modulator, the bandwidth is limited by the mismatch between electrical and optical propagation constants. We have developed several techniques to finely tune the propagation constant of the mmWs in the modulator and have thereby eliminated this mismatch. Further bandwidth limitations for the modulator arise from losses in the electrode conductor, the substrate and buffer layer dielectrics, and coupling between the traveling-wave mode and the substrate modes. Modulator structures are described to reduce those losses without increasing the device driving voltage. The bandwidth and conversion limits of these structures are also discussed. The mmW detection pixels using the fabricated modulators were assembled, characterized, and analyzed. A high-sensitivity W-band detection system with a low noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) has been demonstrated. In addition, we present ongoing work to improve coupling millimeter-wave energy to the modulator at the W-band using techniques viable for packaged devices.
Verbal Vivisection Comments on Dunayer’s “in the Name of Science”

This commentary revisits and provides some further analysis on Dunayer’s critique of language use by the animal research community. Without question, such language is often used to distort and soften certain harsh realities of vivisection. The commentator elaborates on the terms consent, sacrifice, euthanasia, and vivisection and reflects on the particular challenges faced by any writer who sets out to assail the use of language by another interest group. For in doing so, the writer risks falling into the same traps of manipulative or prejudicial language that are being denounced. Dunayer is not immune to this, but she raises some valid and provocative points along the way.
On the feasibility of teaching Backus-type functional programming (FP) as a first language

In an attempt to demonstrate that Backus-type functional programming (FP) might be made as palatable and understandable as conventional programming to the computing novice, the author has written an introductory textbook-style description of a small FP system. This paper describes and summarizes that description. It is concluded that teachability concerns should not present an obstacle for FP's possible future success.
Predicting liquid jet breakup and aerosol formation during the accidental release of pressurized hydrogen fluoride

The safe production and handling of toxic chemicals is an issue of growing importance for public officials, legislators and petrochemical plant managers. Industrial and academic research is improving the understanding of a variety of phenomena related to risk assessment, and communicating these risks to concerned parties. Several groups are investigating the behavior and mitigation of accidental releases of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. Forthcoming results of these studies will include the key issue of aerosol formation.
Zebrafish dentition in comparative context

Studies of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) promise to contribute much to an understanding of the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying diversification of the vertebrate dentition. Tooth development, structure, and replacement in the zebrafish largely reflect the primitive condition of jawed vertebrates, providing a basis for comparison with features of the more extensively studied mammalian dentition. A distinctive derived feature of the zebrafish dentition is restriction of teeth to a single pair of pharyngeal bones. Such reduction of the dentition, characteristic of the order Cypriniformes, has never been reversed, despite subsequent and extensive diversification of the group in numbers of species and variety of feeding modes. Studies of the developmental genetic mechanism of dentition reduction in the zebrafish suggest a potential explanation for irreversibility in that tooth loss seems to be associated with loss of developmental activators rather than gain of repressors. The zebrafish and other members of the family Cyprinidae exhibit species-specific numbers and arrangements of pharyngeal teeth, and extensive variation in tooth shape also occurs within the family. Mutant screens and experimental alteration of gene expression in the zebrafish are likely to yield variant tooth number and shape phenotypes that can be compared with those occurring naturally within the Cyprinidae. Such studies may reveal the relative contribution to trends in dental evolution of biases in the generation of variation and sorting of this variation by selection or drift.
Unified microwave moisture sensing technique for grain and seed

A unified method for moisture sensing in cereal grain and oilseed from a single calibration equation, which is obtained from measurement of dielectric properties at a single microwave frequency, is presented. The method is based on a complex permittivity calibration function that is independent of both bulk density and kind of material. Performance of the method was tested for soybeans, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley and oats at 7 GHz and about 23 °C. The standard error of calibration for moisture prediction from complex permittivity measurements was 0.8%.
Testing for homogeneity: the generalized poisson distribution

The generalized Poisson distribution (GPD) has been found useful in many areas of study such as engineering, manufacturing, survival analysis, genetic, marketing research, and branching processes. In this paper, we obtain a test for testing the homogeneity of restricted generalized Poisson series against a general class of alternatives. Approximations to the distribution of the test statistics under the null hypothesis are provided.
Over-winter Survival and Habitat Use by Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Two Lake Superior Tributaries

Dramatic declines in commercial and recreational fisheries for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Lake Superior have raised questions about the natural factors that limit their productivity. Snorkeling surveys were conducted during the winters of 1995–96 and 1996–97 to estimate over-winter mortality and determine winter habitat use by juvenile coho salmon in two spring-fed tributaries of Chequamagon Bay, Lake Superior. Results indicated high densities of juvenile coho salmon in pool habitats of the two streams (x¯ = 0.85 fish/m2) and high over-winter survival (> 45%). Regression analyses revealed no significant relationships between fish distribution and physical habitat variables (large woody debris, overhead cover, and pool size). No shift in habitat use over the winter was found. These results contrast sharply with findings from the Pacific Northwest where juvenile coho salmon generally occupy complex pool habitats during the winter. Although streams of the Great Lakes region are similar in many respects to Pacific streams, differences, particularly in stream flow regimes, indicate that the early life history of coho salmon populations in these two regions differ dramatically. These observations may have important implications on the management of stream habitats in the Great Lakes.
Proteomic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni proteins released during in vitro miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation.

Free-living miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni, upon penetration of the their snail intermediate host, undergo dramatic morphological and physiological changes as they transform to the parasitic sporocyst stage. During this transformation process, developing larvae release a diverse array of proteins, herein referred to as larval transformation proteins (LTPs), some of which are postulated to serve a parasite protective function. In the present study, nanoLC–tandem MS analysis was performed on all proteins represented in entire 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE-separated samples in order to gain a more comprehensive picture of the protein constituents associated with miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation and thus, their potential role in influencing establishment of intramolluscan infections. Of 127 proteins with sufficient peptide/sequence information, specific identifications were made for 99, while 28 represented unknown or hypothetical proteins. Nineteen percent of identified proteins possessed signal peptides constituting a cohort of classical secretory proteins, while 22% were identified as putative nonclassically secreted leaderless proteins based on SecretomeP analysis. Proteins comprising these groups consisted mainly of proteases/protease inhibitors, small HSPs, redox/antioxidant enzymes, ion-binding proteins including those with anti-oxidant Fe-binding activities (ferritins, heme-binding protein), and venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins. A polyclonal antibody generated against whole LTPs recognized proteins primarily associated with the cilia, ciliated epidermal plates and intercellular ridges of miracidia and the tegument of fully transformed sporocysts, identifying these structures as sources of a subset of LTPs. Thus lysis of plates and/or leakage during formation of the sporocyst syncytium likely represent significant contributors to the overall LTP makeup, especially identified nonsecretory proteins. However, as plate release/degradation and tegument formation are part of the normal developmental process, all LTPs regardless of tissue origin, would be expected at the parasite–host interface upon infection. This study significantly expands the repertoire of LTPs associated with larval transformation and identifies several, e.g., those involved in stress responses, proteolysis/inhibition, antioxidant and detoxication, and immune modulation, that may play a parasite protective role during this crucial period of transition.
Theory of Spin Hall Conductivity in n-Doped GaAs

We develop a theory of extrinsic spin currents in semiconductors, resulting from spin-orbit coupling at charged scatterers, which leads to skew-scattering and side-jump contributions to the spin-Hall conductivity. Applying the theory to bulk $n$-GaAs, without any free parameters, we find spin currents that are in reasonable agreement with experiments by Kato et al. [Science 306, 1910 (2004)].
Multiple nonlinear regressions derived with choice of free parameters

Abstract The common procedure of nonlinear approximation using linear multiple regressions developed in logarithmic space suffers from a number of inherent defects. Nonlinear approximation with choice of free parameters allows us to derive multiple regressions of varied structure, consisting of several members and an intercept. The calculations required for the proposed approximation are simple and can be implemented using standard statistical subprograms. More than 50 equations of the proposed type have been fitted for various purposes. The coefficient of determination is generally higher than 0.90. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated with two numerical examples and a number of equations derived for practical application in hydrology, geomorphology and water pollution studies. The proposed method can be used in any area of study where nonlinear multiple approximations are applicable.