cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DOMAIN AND SCOPE OF SCM'S FOUNDATIONAL DISCIPLINES — INSIGHTS AND ISSUES TO ADVANCE RESEARCH

The last several decades have witnessed supply chain management's (SCM's) birth and remarkable evolution. During the same timeframe, there has been significant development, particularly, in the relationship of SCM to multiple disciplines. Marketing, logistics, operations management, and purchasing channels, specifically, have responded to both internal and external forces which have changed each of the aforementioned disciplines. The new landscape encompassing this evolution is considered by the authors in their discussion of specific developments in marketing, logistics, operations management, and purchasing channels. In regard to general reflection, related SCM scholarship insights and issues provide topical matter. The authors are enabled, through such reflection, to summarize what SCM research will involve in the future: its theory and methodology; its unit of and level of analysis; topics of interest and domain/scope of its research perspectives; and its definition's exploration, discovery and resolution. A number of significant research opportunities accordingly exist which can impact SCM, and consideration of relevant proposals, including those discussed by the authors, suggest that scholars should be greatly encouraged as they look to SCM's future.
Tryptophan pyrrolase as a function of sex and development in mice.

Summary The hepatic enzyme tryptophan pyrrolase was assayed from male and female Swiss/ICR mice of different ages, for example, the neonate, 5-day, 10-day, 25-day, 30-day, 35-day, 40-day and 45-day olds. These data show an increase through the 15–20th day followed by a decline in enzymic activity, which drop is succeeded by a rise in activities in both sexes by the 30th day of development. These enhanced activities are steeper in the males compared to the females. Males show a steady level of enzymic activity by day 35, whereas females tend to exhibit, around this time period, an oscillation in enzymic activity. Possible explanations of these results are offered.
Studies of decaying plasmas produced in neon and helium-neon mixtures

Abstract This paper reports simultaneous measurements of the time dependence of the intensities of spectral lines and that of the number density of atomic and molecular ions in decaying plasmas produced in neon and helium-neon mixtures. The measurements in neon resulting in the mobility value, μo(Ne+) = 4.0 cm2/V.s, at a gas temperature of 335°K, while the frequency of conversion of Ne+ into Ne+2 was found to be νconv = 52P20 s−1. A study of the time dependences, during the neon afterglow, of the intensity of spectral lines originating from transitions from the 4d levels strongly indicates that these levels are mainly populated by a recombination process involving Ne+. Analogous studies of the behavior of spectral lines originating from transitions from the 2P and 3P levels show that these energy levels are mainly populated by the dissociative recombination process Ne+2 + e → Ne∗ + Ne → 2Ne + hv. Preliminary studies on decaying plasmas produced in a helium-neon mixture confirmed the occurence of the processes He+2 + Ne → Ne+ + 2He and Ne+ + 2He → (HeNe)+ + He as previously postulated by Oskam. Moreover, these studies indicated the occurrence of the conversion process (HeNe)+ + Ne + He → Ne+2 + 2He.
Pushdown store machines and real-time computation

A comparison is made of the computing capabilities of pushdown store machines and real-time iterative arrays of finite-state machines with the following results. Every pushdown store computation can be performed by some iterative array in real time. The latter are strictly more powerful, since they can recognize the set of palindromes in real time, which is impossible for pushdown-store machines even without a real-time constraint. Versions of pushdown store machines, the tabulator machines and the n-dimensional pushdown store machines, are introduced during the development. By imposing a real-time constraint and letting the number of tabs and the number of dimensions vary, these form infinite hierarchies whose unions are equivalent to the pushdown store machine.
922-56 Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography in Children with Cavopulmonary Connection

Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a safe, effective therapy for accessory AV mediated tachycardia requiring precise positioning of the ablation catheter. Palliation of single ventricle with the Glenn or Fontan procedure creates obstacles for correct catheter placement. Transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) has been used to monitor RFCA in children without structural congenital heart disease (CHD) and during interventional catheterization procedures. This report describes our experience with TEE guidance of RFCA in children with palliated single ventricle. Biplane TEE imaging was used to guide mapping and RFCA in 4 children aged 1.5–13 yr. with wt 11–43 kg. Three patients had membranous tricuspid atresia (TA) with WPW and 1 patient had double inlet left ventricle (DILV) with a left atrial ectopic focus. All patients had previously undergone palliation for single ventricle: Glenn shunt (1) or modification of the Fontan procedure (3). On line TEE images guided 1-location of the tricuspid annulus in TA, 2- crossing of a surgically created ASD, 3-retrograde entry of the RV via a Glenn shunt, and 4- retrograde entry of the LV via a Stansel anastomosis. All 4 TEE guided ablations were successful with no early or late complications. Conclusions Real time TEE images can successfully guide catheter placement in children with palliated single ventricle undergoing RFCA and is superior to fluoroscopy in identifying specific anatomic landmarks.
Alchornea cordifolia seed oil: A rich source of a new C20 epoxide, (+)cis‐14,15‐epoxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid

A C20 homolog of vernolic acid has been found at the 50% level inAlchornea cordifolia, Euphorbiaceae, seed oil. This new acid, (+)cis-14,15-epoxy-cis-11-eicosenoic (alchornoic) acid, was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromotography and characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, optical rotary dispersion, and ozonolysis-gas-chromotography.
Nonfiction Painting: Mimesis and Modernism in Manet's “Escape of Rochefort”

Since the publication in 1962 of Jurgen. Habermas's Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit (Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere), the phrase “public sphere” has appeared frequently in studies of politics and ideology in the modern period. Unknown, according to Habermas, in the high middle ages, the public sphere arose along with the absolutist state in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as a result of a scission between public authority, or the state, and private, bourgeois individuals, or society. Yet because a developing market economy increased the dependence of the one upon the other, there was need for an institution that could articulate and defend the interests of bourgeois society lgainst incursions of the state. This institution (which assumes many guises) is the public sphere, defined by Habermas as “a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere comes into being in every con...
Investigation of oxygen-free Sonogashira step growth synthesis of mono-terminated di-tert-butyl-substituted oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEs)

A series of oligomers, the hetero-coupled mono-terminated di-tert-butyl-substituted phenylene ethynylene dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer have been successfully synthesized in a stepwise process and characterized. Their electronic properties have been studied by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Both UV absorption and FL emission maxima have red shift trends with increasing conjugation length of the oligomers. In addition, homo-coupling products inevitably complicate the hetero-coupling reaction. With increasing substituent group size on the terminal alkyne, the amount of homo-coupling product is increased.
Radiation dose fractionation, mitotic index, and multiple fixation studies on chromosome aberrations in Vicia faba.

Abstract Soaked seeds of Vicia faba were irradiated with 800 R, 400 R, or two 400 R exposures separated by 1–8 h, and harvested during the first mitotic peak. The yield of rings and dicentrics initially fell with increased time between the 1st and 2nd h split doses, rose significantly at the 3rd h split dose, fell again at the 4th and 5th h split doses, then rose to a yield which approximated that produced by a single unsplit dose, and then fell again at the 7th and 8th h split doses. The split dose yield was compared to that produced by half (400 R) and single (800 R) exposures at that hourly interval. Dose-squared kinetics were not obtained, and some split dose yields fell to or considerably below the base line (2 × 400 R) yield. Further investigation showed that the yields of a single (800 R), half (400 R), and split doses (400 + 400 R) varied with fixation time and time of irradiation during G 1 , indicating a heterogeneity of the cells to radiosensitivity and time. It is concluded that the root tip of Vicia faba cannot be regarded as a simple homogeneous system and that the results and interpretations of split dose two-hit chromosome aberration yields based on a single fixation time are unreliable.
Cutting tool crater wear measurement by the lapping-comparator technique

Abstract A new contour mapping technique for the investigation of cutting tool crater wear development is presented. A transparent thermoplastic mold of a tool crater is made and lapped to show contour lines on an optical comparator. The lapping-comparator technique is simple and nondestructive. High accuracy and remarkable reproducibility are obtained. Advantages of the new technique are compared with the existing optical contour mapping method.
Vibrational perturbations in the 1B2u ← 1Ag two photon spectrum of p-difluorobenzene

Abstract Supersonic jet spectroscopy and high resolution rotational contour analysis show that the 7 1 0 18b 1 0 combination is ubiquitous in the two-photon 1 B 2u ← 1 A g spectrum of p -difluorobenzene due to Fermi resonance with 14 1 0 and its combination bands. In addition, vibrational reassignments are made for several bands in the spectrum.
SU-E-T-851: An Inter-Institutional Comparison of Knowledge-Based IMRT Treatment Planning for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using a site‐specific database of prior plans to generate new prostate IMRT plans for cases drawn from an outside institution. Methods: The assembled database consists of 250 retrospective prostate IMRT treatment plans collected over a three‐year period at our institution. A case‐similarity algorithm based on mutual information was implemented to identify similar patient cases by matching 2D beam's eye view projections of contours. Ten randomly selected query cases from an outside institution were each matched against our site‐specific database of prior clinically approved plans. Treatment parameters including fluences and optimization weights from the best‐matched case were adapted to generate new IMRT treatment plans. We conducted a comparison of the differences in plan quality between the new semi‐automated plans and the original, manually generated plans. A simple plan quality (PQ) metric based on the area under the curve (AUC) of each structure of the DVH plot was used to quantitatively score the dose‐volume coverage for the PTV, rectum, and bladder. Results: For ten cases, the mean percentage difference in AUC between the new plan and the original plan was 0.4% for the PTV, indicating very comparable PTV coverage. The mean percentage difference in AUC was −3.6% for the rectum, and −9.3% for the bladder, indicating greater dose sparing for these two critical structures. This indicates that our new semi‐automated plans are very comparable in plan quality to the original, manually‐generated plans Conclusions: It is feasible to utilize a site‐specific knowledge base of prior plans to generate new, clinically acceptable treatment plans for cases drawn from an outside institution. This semi‐automated approach has the potential to improve the efficiency of the treatment planning process while ensuring that the extent of dose‐sparing is consistent and clinically acceptable.
Method of constant stimuli: Invalidityto the third power

A description of deficiencies in the method of constant stimuli, published by Levison and Restle (1968), was criticized as logically invalid by Sekuler and Erlebacher (1971), who then interpreted the findings as the result of a tendency to use available responses equally often. Sekuler and Erlebacher erroneously thought that the comparison adaptation-level (CAL) theory described the frame of reference for judgments. Correctly interpreted, the theory presents no logical difficulties. An experiment was performed to compare this frame-of-reference interpretation of CAL with the Sekuler-Erlebacher response-bias theory. The results agreed in detail with CAL theory and were in direct opposition to the response-bias interpretation. Thus, although the Sekuler-Erlebacher hypothesis is logically possible, it does not seem to be empirically true.
The effects of angiotensin II blockade and nephrectomy on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn lamb.

Summary: Six newborn lambs were studied during continuous infusion of saralasin acetate, 5 μg/kg/min for 135 min; 40 min after beginning saralasin, furosemide (2 mg/kg) was injected over 1–2 min. In addition, six anephric lambs were studied after injection of furosemide. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased from 23 ± 2.7 ng/ml/hr (M and SE) to 85.8 ± 16.5 (P < 0.05) during infusion of saralasin alone and remained at this level after injection of furosemide. PRA did not increase above base line after injection of furosemide in the anephric lambs. Blood pressure dropped after saralasin infusion in the normal lambs (P < 0.05), and after furosemide injection (P < 0.05) in both groups. Plasma aldosterone concentrations did not increase in response to furosemide in either group. The results suggest that angiotensin II is important in maintaining blood pressure in the newborn and exerts antagonistic effects on the renal renin secretion mechanism.
Examination of the perception of sweet- and bitter-like taste qualities in sucralose preferring and avoiding rats

Sucralose avoiding rats detect a bitter-like taste quality in concentrations of sucralose that are strongly preferred over water by sucralose preferring rats. Here, we investigated whether sucralose preferrers (SP) also detect a bitter-like quality in sucralose that may be masked by an increased perception of sucralose's sweet-like quality. A microstructural analysis of sucralose intake revealed that, at concentrations they avoided in preference tests, sucralose avoiders (SA) consumed smaller and fewer bouts of sucralose than SP. Interestingly, the concentration-dependent increase in sucralose preference in SP was not associated with larger bouts or increased lick rate, two measures that are expected to increase with increasing perceived sweetness. This suggests that SP can detect an aversive quality in sucralose, but this perception of a presumably bitter-like quality may be masked by increased salience of a sweet-like quality that sustains high levels of intake in SP. Further evidence for increased sweet-taste perception in SP, relative to SA, was obtained in a second study in which SP consumed more of a palatable sweet-milk diet than SA. These are the first data to suggest that SP are not blind to the bitter-like quality in sucralose, and that there may be differences in sweet-taste perception between SP and SA.
Lipid Extracting Effect of Daptomycin Correlated to its Action on Bacterial Cell Membranes

Daptomycin is the first approved member of a new structural class of antibiotics, the cyclic lipopeptides. The peptide interacts with the lipid matrix of cell membranes, inducing membrane permeability to ions, but its molecular mechanism has been a puzzle. Unlike the ubiquitous membrane-acting host-defense antimicrobial peptides, daptomycin does not induce pores in the cell membranes. Thus how it affects the membrane permeability to ions is unclear. We studied its interaction with giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and discovered a lipid-extracting phenomenon that correlates with the direct action of daptomycin on bacteria membranes observed in a recent fluorescence-microscopic study. Lipid extraction occurred only when the GUV lipid composition contained phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Lipid extraction did not happen when Ca2+ was replaced by other divalent ions such as Mg2+ or PG was substituted by cardiolipin, another main component in bacterial membrane. With daptomycin, DOPG and Ca2+, we found Ca2+ permeating into the GUV, while a content dye, Texas red dextran, did not leak out. This result suggests that daptomycin and Ca2+ do not form pores in the membrane of DOPG-contained GUV, but cause leakage of ions. Furthermore, the lipid extraction effect occurred only when the peptide-lipid ratio exceeded a threshold value. This threshold value explains the order of the magnitude of the minimum inhibitory concentration of daptomycin. Previously tea catechin, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) have also been noted for their lipid extracting effects and their bactericidal or cytotoxic activities. The correlated membrane activities of EGCg, hIAPP and daptomycin suggest a causal relationship between the lipid extracting effect and membrane permeability to ions, which represents a so-far unrecognized antibacterial mechanism.
Portable Thermoelectric Power Generator Based on a Microfabricated Silicon Combustor with Low Resistance to Flow

A portable-scale thermoelectric power generator is designed, fabricated, and tested. The basis of the system is a mesoscale silicon reactor for the combustion of butane over an alumina-supported pl...
Nonlinear deflection model for corner-supported, thin laminates shape-controlled with moment actuators.

The shape control of thin, flexible structures has been studied primarily for edge-supported thin-plates. For applications such as electromagnetic wave reflectors, corner-supported configurations may prove more applicable since they allow for greater flexibility and larger achievable deflections when compared to edge-supported geometries under similar actuation conditions. Models of such structures provide insight for effective, realizable designs, enable design optimization, and provide a means of active shape control. Models for small deformations of corner-supported, thin laminates actuated by integrated piezoelectric actuators have been developed. However, membrane deflections expected for nominal actuation exceed those stipulated by linear, small deflection theories. In addition, large deflection models have been developed for membranes; however these models are not formulated for shape control. This paper extends a previously-developed linear model for a corner-supported thin, rectangular laminate to a more general large deflection model for a clamped-corner laminate composed of moment actuators and an array of actuating electrodes. First, a nonlinear model determining the deflected shape of a laminate given a distribution of actuation voltages is derived. Second, a technique is employed to formulate the model as a map between input voltage and deflection alone, making it suitable for shape control. Finally, comparisons of simulated deflections with measured deflections of a fabricated active laminate are investigated.
Multifrequency electron spin resonance spectra of a spin-labeled protein calculated from molecular dynamics simulations

Multifrequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra provide a wealth of structural and dynamic information about the local environment of the spin label and, indirectly, about the spin-labeled protein. Relating the features of the observed spectra to the underlying molecular motions and interactions is, however, challenging. To make progress toward a rigorous interpretation of ESR spectra, we perform extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of fully solvated T4 Lysozyme, labeled with the spin label MTSSL at positions 72 and 131. These two sites have been the object of numerous experimental studies and are generally considered as prototypical solvent-exposed sites on the surfaces of alpha-helices. To extend the time window afforded by the MD simulations, stochastic Markov models reflecting the dynamics of the spin label side chains in terms of their rotameric states are constructed from the trajectories. The calculated multifrequency ESR spectra are in very good agreement with experiment for three different magnetic field strengths without adjusting any parameters. During the trajectories, the spin labels interconvert among a fairly large number of conformations and display a propensity to form interactions with protein residues other than their nearest neighbors along the helix. The detailed picture of the spin label emerging from the MD simulations provides useful insight into the molecular origins of the available spectroscopic and crystallographic data.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 5' FLANKING REGION OF THE HUMAN MNSOD GENE

Human manganese-containing superoxide dismutase(MnSOD) is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein that scavenges potentially toxic superoxide radicals by dismuting O2−to O2plus H2O2. To understand the molecular mechanism governing the transcriptional regulation of the human MnSOD gene, I have isolated and sequenced a genomic clone containing the 5′ flanking region of the human MnSOD gene. One major transcription start site was mapped by primer extension to a guanine residue 67 base pairs upstream from the translation start site. Eight putative Sp1 binding elements and one AP1 consensus sequence, but no TATA or CAAT box, were found in the promoter region. Furthermore, a series of chimerical/CAT reporter gene constructs were used to transfect human hepatocellular carcinoma(HepG2), human neuroblastoma and human skin fibroblast cell lines to characterize the promoter and regulatory region of the human MnSOD gene. The results show that human MnSOD gene expression is governed by one promoter and that the basic promoter is located between nucleotides −34 and +38. The results also indicate that both positive and negative elements are involved in the regulation of the cell-type specific expression of the human MnSOD gene. The functional studies indicate that the Sp1 binding sites or G+C rich regions play an important role in regulation of expression of the human MnSOD genein vivo.
A New Class of Aluminum Cations Based upon Tetradentate (N2O2) Chelating Ligands

Herein are described the synthesis and characterization of the complexes of formula LAlR (where R = Cl and L = Salen (1), SalenCl (2), Acen (3) and where R = Me and L = Salen (4), SalenCl (5), Acen (6); Salen = N,N‘-ethylenebis((2-hydroxyphenyl)methylimine), SalenCl = N,N‘-ethylenebis((2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl)methylimine), Acen = N,N‘-ethylenebis((2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-ethylimine)). The LAlCl derivatives dissolve in water and MeOH to yield the cationic complexes [LAl(H2O)2]+Cl- (L = Salen (7), SalenCl (8), Acen (9)) and [LAl(MeOH)2]+Cl- (L = Salen (10), SalenCl (11), Acen (12)), respectively. An alternative preparation of the cationic species involves the reaction of the LAlCl derivative with NaBPh4. This leads to complexes of formula [LAl(MeOH)2]+BPh4- (L = Salen (13), SalenCl (14), Acen (15)). Complexes 4−6 can be reacted with either MeOH or 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol (Ph‘) to form complexes of general formula LAlOR (R = Me, L = Salen (16), SalenCl (17), Acen (18); R = Ph‘, L = Salen (19), SalenCl (20), ...
“We were in a very difficult situation”: antisemitism in Soviet school education during the 1950s

The antisemitic campaign of the late 1940s and early 1950s in the Soviet Union has been widely studied both in Russia and abroad. However, its manifestations in school‐level education remain largely unresearched. This article, based on materials from the St Petersburg Archive of Historical–Political Documents, aims to contribute to such research. At its core is a description and analysis of materials from school Communist Party meetings, which allow us to see the everyday life of the school, including its usually unpublicised sides. The evidence shows that antisemitism in schools was both censured, as any infringement of discipline in Stalin‐era schools had to be, as well as encouraged in one way or another. The study of these materials is also useful for a broader analysis of the mechanisms and distinctive characteristics of the interaction between Soviet government and society during these years.
Functionalized Derivatives of Hyaluronic Acid Oligosaccharides: Drug Carriers and Novel Biomaterials

Oligosaccharides derived from hyaluronic acid (HA), a naturally occurring linear polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid, can be chemically modified to introduce a pendant amine-like functionality (patent application pending). Covalent attachment of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to functionalized HA oligosaccharides was accomplished with the incorporation of hydrolytically labile bonds. Further derivatization of the pendant group with homobifunctional crosslinkers allowed the introduction of covalent crosslinks. Chemically-modified HA oligosaccharides were unambiguously characterized in solution by high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy.
p53 gene and cell cycling in uveal melanoma.

• Purpose: To determine whether alterations of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, were present in uveal melanoma, and to characterize further the nature of those changes. • Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis with a monoclonal antibody was used to determine whether alterations of p53 were present in 35 enucleated archival uveal melanomas. Further characterization was done by comparing the p53 gene and cell cycling status by using bromodeoxyuridine staining. The alterations in p53 were characterized using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and sequencing. • Results: Four of 35 uveal melanomas showed low levels (0.5% to 5.0%) of positive immunostaining for altered p53 in tumor cell nuclei using monoclonal antibody DO-7. These four tumors had the three highest and the 14th highest bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices, ranging from 1.3% to 7.0%. Polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of p53 exons 5 to 8 was performed on three p53-positive and six p53-negative tumors, and no altered motility shifts were detected. Sequencing of one of the positive staining specimens confirmed no mutations in exons 5 through 8 in the p53 gene. Double immunohistochemical labeling for both bromodeoxyuridine and p53 in one tumor showed that most of p53-positive cells were in S phase. • Conclusions: Mutation of p53 is an uncommon event in uveal melanomas. Nuclear accumulation of p53 protein was found in three of the four tumors with the highest levels of cell cycling.
Exploiting Time Scale Separation for Efficient Real-Time Optimization of Integrated Shipboard Power Systems

Ship-board integrated power systems (IPS) play a crucial role in the all-electric ships (AES) initiative, where the power generation, conversion and distribution are done on a common electric platform. Along with many advantages of the IPS, its inter-connectivity presents a major opportunity as well a challenge for reconfiguration control. To ensure overall optimal performance while sustaining the critical ship service loads, the reconfiguration problem can be formulated as a trajectory optimization problem with the inputs to power sources as optimization variables. The high dimensional and nonlinear nature, along with the extended time horizon involved, makes many grid and gradient based methodologies infeasible for this application, especially when real-time requirements are considered. This paper, motivated by the IPS reconfiguration control, proposes strategies for improving the real-time computational efficiency of the IPS optimization by leveraging the time scale separation of its dynamics. The trade-offs between the computational efficiency and optimization accuracy are analyzed and a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Use of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia

The possibility of diagnosing oral hairy leukoplakia by means of exfoliative cytology and the Papanicolaou stain was investigated. Exfoliative cytology and punch biopsy specimens were obtained from 10 lesions that demonstrated clinical features of hairy leukoplakia. All biopsy specimens demonstrated the characteristic histopathologic features of hairy leukoplakia whereas all Papanicolaou-stained cytologic smears demonstrated condensation and margination of the nuclear chromatin (nuclear beading). All biopsy specimens and cytologic smears displayed positive Epstein-Barr virus deoxyribonucleic acid in situ hybridization. We conclude that routine exfoliative cytology may be a reliable, noninvasive, and inexpensive technique for the diagnosis of hairy leukoplakia.
Does laser still have a role in the management of retinal vascular and neovascular diseases

Purpose To discuss the current role of laser therapies in the management of retinal vascular and neovascular diseases. Design Perspective. Methods Laser's role in the management of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and venous occlusive disease is discussed, with emphasis on comparing laser with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and discussion of situations where these treatment methods can be complementary. Results Thermal panretinal photocoagulation remains the usual practice for treatment of neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and after venous occlusive events. Focal/grid laser still has a role for patients with macular edema resulting from diabetes or venous occlusion that is poorly responsive to anti-VEGF agents and in patients who are unable or unwilling to return for frequent injections. Focal/grid laser also is used as combination therapy with anti-VEGF agents for these indications. Focal laser can be used for extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization to avoid the treatment burden and risks of multiple injections. Photodynamic therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy and idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and as combination therapy with anti-VEGF agents in age-related macular degeneration. Conclusions Anti-VEGF agents are effective in preventing vision loss and improving vision in multiple diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusions. Despite a substantial decrease in its use for these conditions in recent years, laser therapies continue to serve important roles in our ability to combat retinal pathologic features and will remain a pivotal component of our practices for at least the next several years.
Stimulations of Oxygen Uptake by Electron Transfer Inhibitors

The stimulation of oxygen uptake induced in avocado tissue slices by amytal, azide and cyanide has been studied. The effects of these inhibitors on O2 uptake and on phosphorylation suggest the coexistence of phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating electron transfer systems in the fruit. The reason for the stimulations of O2 uptake is believed to be the result of an increased supply of a limiting cofactor to the phosphorylating sites. The increased availability of cofactor per site is due to the inhibition of part of the cytochrome chain and the consequent reduction in the number of active phosphorylating sites.
Diabetic autoimmunity in infants and pre-schoolers with type 1 diabetes

The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing most rapidly in children under 5 yrs of age, a group where the disease appears to be more accelerated than traditional type 1 diabetes. Little is known about demographics, and markers of diabetes autoimmunity, in infants and pre-schoolers with type 1 diabetes. We report an analysis of 47 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes prior to 5 yrs of age compared with a representative cohort (n=49) diagnosed after 5 yrs of age, and all were followed at Loma Linda University (LLU) Children's Hospital. Ethnic, familial, seasonal, and autoimmune marker characteristics are outlined. To determine the prevalence of diabetes autoimmune markers, ICA512, GAD65 and insulin autoantibodies (IAA) antibodies were measured. Children with early-onset diabetes had a significantly higher incidence of viral illness symptoms (p=0.005) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA; p=0.017) at the time of diagnosis. However, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels at diagnosis were significantly higher in the later-onset group (p=0.001). A honeymoon period was reported in 14.8% of children diagnosed before 5 yrs of age compared with 42.1% in those diagnosed over 5 yrs of age (p=0.038). Islet-cell antibodies (ICAs) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody titers were significantly different between early- and later-onset groups. ICA titers were positive in 35.29%, and GAD in 41.38% of the early-onset group versus 70.83 and 71.74% in children with later-onset disease, (p=0.001 and 0.009, respectively). IAA titers, drawn after instituting insulin therapy, were not significantly different between the two groups. GAD and ICA512 antibody results suggest a relative lack of diabetes immune markers in infants and toddlers with new-onset diabetes. This finding, and the apparent shorter pre-clinical phase reflected in the lower HbA1c values, may indicate age-related differences in type 1 diabetes autoimmunity or the existence of non-autoimmune diabetogenic mechanisms in younger children.
Thermal decomposition of (Sr, Ti) organic precursors during the Pechini process

The evolution of (Sr, Ti) resin intermediates from the solutions during the Pechini process, and their pyrolysis to SrTiO3 were investigated using differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. In order to understand the Pechini process better, the organic solutions containing either only titanium ions or no metal ions were also prepared and thermally polymerized so that their decomposition processes could be examined in the same manner. In the case of the initial (Sr, Ti) organic solutions, all organic acid groups were bonded mainly either with ethylene glycol forming esters, or with Sr/Ti ions forming unidentate complexes. With heat treatment, the nature of the bonding between carboxylate groups and Sr/Ti ions changed: unidentate → bridging → ionic. Carbonate species were detected at 530 ° C using infrared spectra. Their concentration was reduced as SrTiO3 formed. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction data, it is doubtful that SrC03 and TiO2 were formed as distinct intermediate phases. Possibly, a carboxylate complex (Sr2Ti2O5CO3) was formed prior to the formation of SrTiO3.
Dantrolene modulates the influence of steady magnetic fields on hippocampal evoked potentials in vitro.

Direct current-generated magnetic fields (2–3 mT, 20-min exposure) exerted biphasic effects on the population spike recorded from hippocampal slices. The initial decrease in the potential, observed during exposure of the slices to magnetic fields was followed by a recovery/amplification phase, which began after terminating the magnetic field action. During that phase the population spike exceeded the amplitude observed before application of the magnetic fields. The pattern of magnetic fields influence was not affected either by (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo (a,d) cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK801), or by D,L,-2amino-5phosphonovalerate (APV), a noncompetitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, respectively. The rising phase of the potential, however, was eliminated by dantrolene, an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2 + channels. This suggests that intracellular calcium channels participate in the mechanism of the influence of the direct current magnetic fields on the function of the hippocampal tissue. Bioelectromagnetics 21:175–182, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recurrent herpes labialis in US children and youth.

– Objective: This study reports data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1988–1994 (NHANES III). Methods: NHANES III was a complex, multistage sample of 33 994 civilian, non-institutional individuals from 19 528 households. Dentist examiners were trained to recognize, classify oral mucosal lesions to include recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). Subjects ≥8 years of age were asked if they had cold sores in the past year and serologic tests for herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were performed on blood of youth >12 years of age. Results: Examinations were performed on 10 032 individuals 2–17 years of age. Overall point prevalence was 1.42% (0.69–2.15); annual prevalence in individuals 8–17 years of age was 14.77% (12.74–16.80); and serologic prevalence of HSV-1 in youth 12–17 years of age was 43.18% (38.88–47.48). When the data were subset to youth 12–17, annual prevalence for seropositives was 24.13% (20.44–27.82) compared with 16.87 (14.16–19.57) for all subjects. Approximately 25% of the seropositive youth had at least one recurrence in the past year. Conclusion: As RHL is a recurrent infection, prevalence in a population will be related to the proportion of the population that has been infected with herpes simplex virus. When lesion-specific prevalences are cited in the literature, they should be stratified by covariates known to be associated with them. Future studies should examine RHL prevalence in infected individuals.
An Experimental Examination of Equivalence Failures in Multicultural Comparative Research

An experiment using a probability sample of 263 U.S. consumers was conducted to document the psychometric effects of translation error on a semantic differential scale. The results demonstrate that data distributions and response styles are significantly altered as a result of mistranslation (inequivalence). Unexpectedly, results show attenuation of equivalent items when inequivalent items are present in a scale. This threatens the validity and reliability of cross-cultural scales that suffer equivalence failure. The authors recommend that simple nonparametric diagnostics be employed to detect translation/back-translation errors and that an iterative process of cross-cultural research be adopted when translation inequivalence is detected. Implications for researchers and practitioners are offered, as well as a discussion of limitations of the study.
Effect of integrated pest management practices on tomato production and conservation of natural enemies

1 The present study used a crop life table to determine the critical components of production and the key factors of loss in tomato, and three treatments to identify the integrated pest management (IPM) benefits on the reduction of yield losses and the conservation of natural enemies. 2 The relative IPM benefits were compared using calendar-based pesticide applications, IPM and control (no pesticide). A total of 1248 tomato plants were allotted to treatments with four replicates of 104 plants, each in a random block design. The densities of vectors, leaf miners, fruit borers, predators and parasitoids were compared. 3 Fruit was the critical component of production, experiencing the greatest losses, followed by flower and plant in the vegetative phase. The key causes of loss of production were tospoviruses, Erwinia carotovora, Alternaria solani, Phytophthora infestans, Neoleucinodes elegantalis and blossom-end rot. 4 No significant differences in yield were detected between the calendar-based and IPM systems. In the control, the yield was lower than the yield in treatments with pesticides due to losses from fungal diseases and viruses. IPM more efficiently controlled pests than the calendar-system, reducing the number of parathion-methyl and abamectin applications by 3.8- and 2.9-fold, respectively. IPM treatment significantly reduced the impact of pesticides on natural enemies. 5 Tomato yield was more affected by biotic and abiotic factors during the reproductive stage. Because fruit was the production component most susceptible to loss, cultivation and IPM programmess should prioritize practices to reduce loss of this component.
The combined organ effect: protection against rejection?

Objectives:To further our understanding of the potential protective effects of one organ allograft for another in combined organ transplants by comparing rejection-free survival and the 1-year rejection rate of each type of combined organ transplant.Summary Background Data:Liver allografts have been
Parallel fault-tolerant robot control

A shared memory multiprocessor architecture is used to develop a parallel fault-tolerant robot controller. Several versions of the robot controller are developed and compared. A robot simulation is also developed for control observation. Comparison of a serial version of the controller and a parallel version without fault tolerance showed the speedup possible with the coarse-grained parallelism currently employed. The performance degradation due to the addition of processor fault tolerance was demonstrated by comparison of these controllers with their fault-tolerant versions. Comparison of the more fault-tolerant controller with the lower-level fault-tolerant controller showed how varying the amount of redundant data affects performance. The results demonstrate the trade-off between speed performance and processor fault tolerance.
Development of new correlations for convective heat transfer and friction factor in turbulent regime for nanofluids

This paper presents new correlations for the convective heat transfer and the friction factor developed from the experiments of nanoparticles comprised of aluminum oxide, copper oxide and silicon dioxide dispersed in 60% ethylene glycol and 40% water by mass. The experimental measurements were carried out in the fully developed turbulent regime for the aforementioned three different nanofluids at various particle volumetric concentrations. First, the rheological and the thermophysical properties such as viscosity, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity were measured at different temperatures for varying particle volume concentrations. Next, these properties were used to develop the heat transfer coefficient correlation from experiments, as a function of these properties and the particle volumetric concentration. The pressure loss was also measured and a new correlation was developed to represent the friction factor for nanofluids.
The set size effect and confidence in reports of behavioral intentions

The generality of the principles of impression formation was explored using marital and employment behavioral intentions in a design controlling four levels of description polarity and three levels of set size. In addition, several hypotheses were tested relating confidence in the behavioral intention rating to polarity and amount of information presented. In general, the findings paralleled those obtained when standard evaluative judgments are requested. The reports of confidence increased as polarity and amount of information increased. Some differences in marital and employment behavioral intentions were noted.
Effect of injection molding processing conditions on optical properties of polyetherimide

SABIC’s ULTEMTM (polyetherimide) resin has been the choice of material for injection moldable micro lenses and lens arrays in optical communication components such as transceivers due to its unique combination of physical, thermal and optical properties including high refractive index, low absorption in near IR range, good dimensional stability and high heat performance. It's known that processing conditions affect properties of final parts. Often the processing conditions are optimized for best mechanical properties, while their effect on optical properties is sidelined. In this study, the effect of injection molding processing conditions on optical properties of polyetherimide resin is discussed.
Viscus perforation: unusual complication of ureteroneocystostomy.

Abstract Two cases of viscus perforation following bilateral ureteroneocystostomy are presented. In each case intraperitoneal perforation occurred during the original surgical procedure when a clamp was blindly pushed through the bladder to grasp the ureter and bring it back into the bladder. These cases illustrate the potential hazards in transvesical ureteronecocystostomy without extravesical mobilization and exploration.
Chronic kidney disease after liver, cardiac, lung, heart–lung, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Patient survival after cardiac, liver, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is improving; however, this survival is limited by substantial pretransplant and treatment-related toxicities. A major cause of morbidity and mortality after transplant is chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the majority of CKD after transplant is attributed to the use of calcineurin inhibitors, various other conditions such as thrombotic microangiopathy, nephrotic syndrome, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have been described. Though the immunosuppression used for each of the transplant types, cardiac, liver and HSCT is similar, the risk factors for developing CKD and the CKD severity described in patients after transplant vary. As the indications for transplant and the long-term survival improves for these children, so will the burden of CKD. Nephrologists should be involved early in the pretransplant workup of these patients. Transplant physicians and nephrologists will need to work together to identify those patients at risk of developing CKD early to prevent its development and progression to end-stage renal disease.
Stress-Deformation Relations for Isotropic Materials

It has been shown (see C. Truesdell (1952) for a comprehensive review of this subject) that the mechanics of a homogeneous isotropic ideally elastic material may be developed on the basis of a description of the relevant elastic properties of the material in terms of a strain-energy function W which is a single-valued function of three scalar invariants of the deformation, I 1, I 2 and I 3.
Ly-alpha clouds - Isolated structures in cold dark matter cosmogony?

A filter designed to study isolated density fluctuations is introduced and used to identify Ly-alpha cloud candidates in a biased CDM model. It is found that the number density of cloud candidates at z = 2.5 is too small to account for the observed number of lines. If Ly-alpha clouds have their origins in primordial density fluctuations, the CDM power spectrum does not have sufficient power on subgalactic scales to account for the observed structures.
Prediction of small, noncoding RNAs in bacteria using heterogeneous data

sRNAFinder is a new gene prediction system for systematic identification of noncoding genes in bacteria. Most noncoding RNAs in prokaryotes belong to a class of genes denoted as small RNAs (sRNAs). In the model organism Escherichia coli, over 70 sRNA genes have been identified, and the existence of many more has been hypothesized. While various sources of information have proven useful for prediction of novel sRNA genes, most computational approaches do not take advantage of the disparate sources of data available for identifying these noncoding RNA genes. We present a general probabilistic method for predicting sRNA genes in bacteria. The method, based on a general Markov model, is implemented in the computational tool sRNAFinder. sRNAFinder incorporates heterogeneous data sources for gene prediction, including primary sequence data, transcript expression data from microarray experiments, and conserved RNA structure information as determined from comparative genomics analysis. We demonstrate that sRNAFinder improves upon current tools for identifying small, noncoding genes in bacteria.