cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new synthesis.

We are on the eve of a revolution in health policy that will forever change our way of thinking about health and healthcare. A few years from now, our vision of the organization and the administration of healthcare services will be transformed. This is not a revolution born out of crisis, albeit the financial pressure on public and private funders of healthcare is clearly at play. It has not been induced by technological change, even if new means of acquiring and analyzing large amount of data—and consequently, unforeseen possibilities of testing hypotheses and answering puzzling questions—are among the most evident determinants of innovation. It is not a revolution driven by a clique or a conspiracy, although I will mention a few (intellectually) leading figures without whom the movement might have been less decisive. It will be the third time in my lifetime that I have witnessed such an upheaval. The first revolution took place in the 1970s, a decade or more before I began my training in health administration. During those years, the field that we now know as “health administration” or “health policy”, distinct from medical care or hospital management, emerged as the result of an intellectual breakthrough. It happened when leaders in our discipline realized that instead of just trying to adjust supply to an ever-growing demand, our most important task was to align health services with the population’s health “needs”.
Decoherence, instantons, and cosmological horizons

Abstract We consider the possibility that tunneling in a degenerate double-well potential in de Sitter spacetime leads to coherent oscillations of quantum probability to find the system in a given well. We concentrate on the case when the mass scale of the potential is much larger than the Hubble parameter and present a procedure for analytical continuation of the “time”-dependent instantons, which allows us to study the subsequent real-time evolution. We find that the presence of the de Sitter horizon makes tunneling completely incoherent and calculate the decoherence time. We discuss the difference between this case and the case of a θ -vacuum, when tunneling in de Sitter spacetime preserves quantum coherence.
Biomechanical Analysis of Osteotomy Type (OWO, CWO) and Rod Diameter for Treatment of Cervicothoracic Kyphosis

Sagittal imbalance of the cervicothoracic spine often causes severe pain and loss of horizontal gaze. Traditionally, C7 opening wedge osteotomy has been classically performed for patients with ankylosing spondylitis. For patients without ankylosing spondylitis closing wedge osteotomy may be considered for more controlled closure. Biomechanical characteristics of the two osteotomy alternatives have not yet been analyzed. The goal of this study is to characterize the structural stability of the two types of cervicothoracic junction osteotomies and the independent effect of rod diameter.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Representation Theoretic Patterns in Three-Dimensional Cryo-Electron Microscopy II—The Class Averaging Problem

In this paper we study the formal algebraic structure underlying the intrinsic classification algorithm, recently introduced in Singer et al. (SIAM J. Imaging Sci. 2011, accepted), for classifying noisy projection images of similar viewing directions in three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). This preliminary classification is of fundamental importance in determining the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules from cryo-EM images. Inspecting this algebraic structure we obtain a conceptual explanation for the admissibility (correctness) of the algorithm and a proof of its numerical stability. The proof relies on studying the spectral properties of an integral operator of geometric origin on the two-dimensional sphere, called the localized parallel transport operator. Along the way, we continue to develop the representation theoretic set-up for three-dimensional cryo-EM that was initiated in Hadani and Singer (Ann. Math. 2010, accepted).
Food safety issues and fresh food product exports from LDCs

Fresh food products have a high income elasticity of demand and few traditional trade barriers in high income markets. As such, they represent an important opportunity for less developed country (LDC) exporters. Fresh food product exports account for half of all food and agricultural exports from LDCs to high income countries. But these products may be subject to greater food safety risks and potential trade barriers arising from sanitary regulation. This paper reviews the challenges and issues facing LDCs in meeting food safety standards for export. These issues include: (a) the importance of fresh food product trade by region and the kinds of issues that arise from those products; (b) the role of farm to table approaches and hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) in ensuring safety; (c) the role of the public sector in LDCs in facilitating trade; (d) the potential role of the SPS Agreement in resolving disputes and determining equivalency of standards between high and low income countries.
MEASUREMENT OF GRADING ERROR COSTS IN THE BEEF INDUSTRY

This paper models the market for beef products when quality production is stochastic and quality information is asymmetric between producers and consumers. Independent sorters act as intermediaries to enhance market efficiency by guaranteeing minimum quality levels. Market shares, effort levels, prices, and quality standards are obtained for general market equilibrium.
Platinum Monolayer on Nonnoble Metal−Noble Metal Core−Shell Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for O2 Reduction

We synthesized a new class of O2 electrocatalysts with a high activity and very low noble metal content. They consist of Pt monolayers deposited on the surfaces of carbon-supported nonnoble metal−noble metal core−shell nanoparticles. These core−shell nanoparticles were formed by segregating the atoms of the noble metal on to the nanoparticles' surfaces at elevated temperatures. A Pt monolayer was deposited by galvanic displacement of a Cu monolayer deposited at underpotentials. The mass activity of all the three Pt monolayer electrocatalysts investigated, viz., Pt/Au/Ni, Pt/Pd/Co, and Pt/Pt/Co, is more than order of magnitude higher than that of a state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. Geometric effects in the Pt monolayer and the effects of PtOH coverage, revealed by electrochemical data, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, appear to be the source of the enhanced catalytic activity. Our results demonstrated that high-activity electrocatalysts can be devised that contain ...
Synthesis of Tellurium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Spray Pyrolysis

Tellurite glasses (amorphous TeO2 based materials) have two useful optical properties, a high refractive index and high optical nonlinearity, that make them attractive for a range of applications. Unlike other metal oxide nanoparticles that are prepared in large quantities by vapor-phase processes, TeO2 nanoparticles have not been prepared by such methods. Here, we describe the vapor-phase synthesis of TeO2 nanoparticles from an aqueous solution of telluric acid, Te(OH)6, that is dispersed into fine droplets by an atomizer. These droplets are carried by nitrogen through a furnace, where they evaporate and decompose, resulting in nucleation of TeO2 nanoparticles. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, XPS, FTIR, and XRD. Particle size distributions measured online using a scanning mobility particle spectrometer demonstrated that a furnace temperature above 700 °C was required for full evaporation of the precursor droplets. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the Te(OH)6 converts to TeO2 w...
Dissecting non-ribosomal and polyketide biosynthetic machineries using electrospray ionization Fourier-Transform mass spectrometry

Many virulence factors and bioactive compounds with antifungal, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties are produced via the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) or polyketide synthase(PKS) paradigm. During the biosynthesis of these natural products, substrates, intermediates and side products are covalently tethered to the NRPS or PKS catalyst, introducing mass changes, making these biosynthetic systems ideal candidates for interrogation by large molecule mass spectrometry. This review serves as an introduction into the application of electrospray ionization Fourier-Transform massspectrometry (ESI-FTMS) to investigate NRPS and PKS systems. ESI-FTMS can be used to understand substrate tolerance, timing of covalent linkages, timing of tailoring reactions and the transfer of substrates and biosynthetic intermediates from domain to domain. Therefore we not only highlight key mechanistic insights for thiotemplate systems as found on the enterobactin,yersiniabactin, epothilone, clorobiocin, coumermycin, pyoluteorin, gramicidin, mycosubtilin, C-1027,6-deoxyerythronolide B and FK520 biosynthetic pathways, but we also explain the approaches taken to identify active sites from complex digests and compare the FTMS based assay to traditional assays and other mass spectrometric techniques. Although mass spectrometry was introduced over two decades ago to investigate NRPS and PKS biosynthetic systems, this is the first review devoted to this methodology.
Synchronization-aware and algorithm-efficient chance constrained optimal power flow

One of the most common control decisions faced by power system operators is the question of how to dispatch generation to meet demand for power. This is a complex optimization problem that includes many nonlinear, non convex constraints as well as inherent uncertainties about future demand for power and available generation. In this paper we develop convex formulations to appropriately model crucial classes of nonlinearities and stochastic effects. We focus on solving a nonlinear optimal power flow (OPF) problem that includes loss of synchrony constraints and models wind-farm caused fluctuations. In particular, we develop (a) a convex formulation of the deterministic phase-difference nonlinear Optimum Power Flow (OPF) problem; and (b) a probabilistic chance constrained OPF for angular stability, thermal overloads and generation limits that is computationally tractable.
Agile Plant Management Using Agents and Mobile Devices: Enhancing Collaboration and Information Integration in Large-Scale

In this paper, we introduce a mobile device enabled multi-agent system that aims at more effective information integration for large-scale plant management. In our approach, different agents are in charge of individual plant units, plant activities (e.g., scheduling), and human-computer interface. Agents residing in mobile devices enable operators to access critical plant information, process data, and make decisions in a remote and around-the-clock fashion. The effectiveness of the system has been demonstrated with an implementation to manage a virtual plan.
Bayesian Basecalling for DNA Sequence Analysis Using Hidden Markov Models

It has been shown that electropherograms of DNA sequences can be modeled with hidden Markov models. Basecalling, the procedure that determines the sequence of bases from the given eletropherogram, can then be performed using the Viterbi algorithm. A training step is required prior to basecalling in order to estimate the HMM parameters. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach which employs the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to perform basecalling. Such an approach not only allows one to naturally encode the prior biological knowledge into the basecalling algorithm, it also exploits both the training data and the basecalling data in estimating the HMM parameters, leading to more accurate estimates. Using the recently sequenced genome of the organism Legionella pneumophila we show that the MCMC basecaller outperforms the state-of-the-art basecalling algorithm in terms of total errors while requiring much less training than other proposed statistical basecallers.
3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-5-arylpyrazoles are novel KATP channel agonists

Abstract This communication describes the discovery and synthesis of a series of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-5-arylpyrazoles as potent KATP channel agonists. The most potent compound reported is ca. 100-fold more potent than diazoxide and exhibits selectivity for the SUR1 KATP channel subtype. The 4-nitro substitutent on the pyrazole ring was required for activity, and limited SAR suggests that the de-protonated pyrazole maybe the active species.
Closed-loop measurement of equipment efficiency and equipment capacity

Formal definitions for the components of efficiency and capacity, mathematical formulas for computing overall efficiency, and data collection strategies are proposed for rigorous measurement of equipment efficiency and equipment capacity. Measurement of overall equipment efficiency (OEE) under the TPM paradigm is extended to support the maintenance of capacity parameters for production planning. The weaknesses or equipment analyzes based on utilization and aggregate UPH (units per hour) figures are contrasted against the robustness of the proposed approach. Applications in semiconductor factories are discussed.
In Pursuit of the Holy Grail

Constraint programming brings us closer to true declarative programming. Considerable progress has been made in this field; exciting challenges remain.
A bound on the number of integrators needed to linearize a control system

This paper considers the problem of dynamic feedback linearization for nonlinear control systems. For a restricted class of dynamic compensators that correspond to adding chains of integrators to the inputs, we give an upper bound on the order of the compensator that needs to be considered. In the case of 2-input systems, we show that this bound is sharp.
Characteristics of a closed Brayton cycle piston engine

A closed Brayton cycle piston engine could use any high- or low-grade fuel, including unprocessed biomass or coal. Potential applications include small stationary power plants, and engines for vehicles. As a step toward assessing the feasibility of such an engine, calculations are described which allow one to compare the closed Brayton engine to an internal combustion (I.C.) piston engine with regard to efficiency, power per unit displacement, peak cylinder pressure, and coolant loading. As part of the calculations, mechanical efficiency, valve losses, and optimum pressure ratio are determined using methods developed for I.C. engines. It is shown that efficiency and power density are comparable to those of an I.C. engine, while pressure and coolant load are well within the range encountered in an I.C. engine.
Fluorous modification of 2,2′-bipyridine

Abstract A series of 2,2′-bipyridines featuring fluorinated alkyl groups [(CH2)3(CF2)xCF3: x = 0, (1); 5, (2); 7, (3); 9 (4)] appended in the 4 and 4′ positions have been prepared. 1–4 were characterized by spectroscopy and physical methods including partition coefficient (biphase: perfluoromethylcyclohexane/toluene) and cyclic voltammetry (THF). Ab-initio calculations of vertical ionization potentials (VIPs) for 1–4 confirm the insulating role of the methylene spacers as the electrochemical reduction potentials of 1–4 are almost identical to that of 2,2′-bipyridine. Calculations for (CH2)nCF3 derivatives (n = 0–10) describe a limit for impact of the CF3 group through 9–10 methylenes. From both physical and theoretical data fluorinated alkyl groups of the formula (CH2)3(CF2)xCF3 [x = 0–9] are inductively equivalent to a hydrogen substituent when appended to the bipyridine moiety.
LA VIOLENCIA DE GÉNERO COMO OPRESIÓN ESTRUCTURAL

Violence and marginalization of women is a cross-reality, occurs in all countries of the world, including those classifi ed as "developed". To understand this phenomenon we analyze how gender is a form of underlying oppression that infl uence the way we organize and distribute power and, indeed, the way we understand the law. This paper attempts to make a contribution in this direction.
The porosity of the upper lunar regolith

Abstract The porosity of the upper centimeter or so of the lunar regolith strongly affects several properties that are commonly studied remotely. Hence, it is important to determine its value. We have reanalyzed the data of Ohtake et al. (Ohtake et al. [2010]. Space Sci. Rev., 154, 57–77), who used spacecraft and laboratory reflectance measurements of the Moon by Kaguya Multiband Imager instruments and an Apollo sample to infer a lunar regolith porosity of 74–87%. Our analysis was augmented by using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide and Narrow Angle Camera images. We confirm the Ohtake et al. (Ohtake et al. [2010]. Space Sci. Rev., 154, 57–77) estimate and refine it to 83 ± 3%. However, depending on the validity of key assumptions, this value could be a lower limit, so that the actual porosity could be somewhat higher. Even though the magnetic resonance index of the sample indicates that it is mature, it is appears to be optically less mature than a standard photometric site near the sample collection site.
Active Drifters: Towards a Practical Multi-Robot System for Ocean Monitoring

We propose a method for controlling multiple active drifters in the presence of external forcing induced by the ocean. Our active drifters have one actuator: they can lower and raise their drogues in depth. By exploiting the vertically stratified nature of ocean currents, we show how classical multi-robot tasks (spreading out and aggregation) can be accomplished by the multi-drifter system. Tests with a realistic simulation based on an ocean model suggest that a practical implementation of active drifters which aggregate and disperse in the coastal ocean could be realized through our control method with relatively inexpensive components. Specifically, we are able to show that over a 90 day deployment a significant fraction of drifters can be made to aggregate in few clusters suitable for recovery.
Physician Perspectives on Medical Home Recognition for Practice Transformation for Children

Abstract Objective To examine child-serving physicians' perspectives on motivations for and support for practices in seeking patient-centered medical home (PCMH) recognition, changes in practice infrastructure, and care processes before and after recognition, and perceived benefits and challenges of functioning as a PCMH for the children they serve, especially children with special health care needs. Methods Semistructured interviews with 20 pediatricians and family physicians at practices that achieved National Committee for Quality Assurance level 3 PCMH recognition before 2011. We coded notes and identified themes using an iterative process and pattern recognition analysis. Results Physicians reported being motivated to seek PCMH recognition by a combination of altruistic and practical goals. Most said recognition acknowledged existing practice characteristics, but encouraged ongoing, and in some cases substantial, transformation. Although many physicians said recognition helped practices improve financial arrangements with payers and participate in quality initiatives, most physicians could not assess the specific benefits of recognition on patients' use of services or health outcomes. Challenges for practices in providing care for children included managing additional physician responsibilities, communicating with other providers and health systems, and building sustainable care coordination procedures. Conclusions PCMH recognition can be valuable to practices as a public acknowledgement to payers and patients that certain processes are in place, and can also catalyze new and continued transformation. Programs and policies seeking to transform primary care for children should leverage physicians' motivations and find mechanisms to build practices' capacity for care management systems and linkages with the medical neighborhood.
TILTle: exploring dynamic balance

In this paper we introduce a novel tangible interface for exploring dynamic equilibria using the metaphor of a traditional balance scale. Rather than comparing and identifying physical weight, our scale can be used for contrasting digital data in different domains. We do this by assigning virtual weight to objects, which physically affects the scale. Our goal is to communicate complex comparison mechanisms, by making them visible and graspable, and expose temporality, by non-instantaneous computation results and over time changes reflected in the behavior of the scale. In this paper we present the interface and discuss the different interaction techniques possible with it.
Electronic, structural, and magnetic properties of LaMnO 3 phase transition at high temperature

We develop a procedure to determine the portion of exact Hartree-Fock exchange interaction contained in a hybrid density functional to treat the range of electronic correlation governing the physics of a system as a function of a thermodynamical parameter. This includes systems that depend on physical parameters accessible to experiment (i.e., temperature, pressure, composition, etc.) or those composed of two or more materials such as heterostructures and interfaces. This approach is applied to ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$, where we are able to simulate the high temperature insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) and observe a half-metallic orbital disorder ferromagnetic state using density functional theory. In particular, we show that the softening of the ${Q}_{2}$ Jahn-Teller mode plays a central role in driving the IMT. These findings are likely to motivate the investigation of heterostructures and bulk materials that contain a range of electronic correlation in similar material systems.
Job-related burnout among juvenile probation officers: Implications for mental health stigma and competency

The high demands and responsibilities of probation work, particularly with juvenile clients, may lead to burnout, which can negatively impact how probation officers work with clients, particularly individuals with behavioral health concerns. Yet, research examining burnout and related outcomes among juvenile probation officers (JPOs) is limited. We surveyed 246 JPOs in a Midwestern state to identify the prevalence, predictors, and potential outcomes of burnout. JPOs reported moderate levels of burnout; about 30% of the sample scored in the high range for emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Contrary to study hypotheses, there were no group-level differences in burnout scores across gender, race/ethnicity, age, or education. In regression models, burnout was predicted by being White (vs. minority), serving in an urban (vs. rural) county, dissatisfaction with department guidelines, job dissatisfaction, viewing job role as more treatment-oriented along the enforcement-treatment continuum, and turnover intention. JPOs with burnout were more likely to endorse mental health stigma and lack of mental health competency to address juvenile clients with behavioral health concerns. Findings suggest burnout prevention and intervention programs should be considered for JPOs to increase job satisfaction, limit job turnover, reduce burnout, and possibly increase effective practices for managing juvenile clients with behavioral health needs.
An in Situ Approach to Nickel-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Alkynes and 3-Azetidinones

An efficient and convenient procedure that generates the active Ni(0) catalyst in situ from cheap, air stable Ni(II) precursors is developed for the [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of alkynes and 3-azetidinones. The reaction affords useful 3-dehydropiperidinones in comparable yields to the reported Ni(0) procedure. Additionally, the cycloaddition with 3-oxetanone afforded the 3-dehydropyranone product. Chiral 2-substituted azetidinones were also tolerated to form substituted dehydropiperidinones in high yield and enantiomeric excess.
Noise-trading, costly arbitrage, and asset prices: Evidence from US closed-end funds☆

Abstract The behavior of US closed-end funds is very different from that of UK funds. There is no evidence that the US funds' discounts are constrained by arbitrage barriers, no evidence that higher expenses increase discounts and no evidence that replication risk increases discounts but strong evidence that noise-trader risk is priced. The differences between US and UK funds may be due to the fact that small investors dominate US funds while institutional investors dominate UK funds, or because the sample selection method for the UK funds chooses only funds that are relatively easy to arbitrage.
Equilibrium Growth in a Model with Economic Obsolescence of Machines

I. Introduction, 312. — II. The model and uniqueness of equilibrium, 313. — III. Comparative dynamics, 319.
Factors associated with depressive symptoms in young long-term breast cancer survivors.

Long-term breast cancer survivors frequently report distress (i.e., depressive symptoms) that impacts their quality of life. Previous studies have found that negative social interactions (“social constraints”) from partners contribute to long-term, unresolved cycling of intrusive thoughts and cognitive avoidance, resulting in psychological distress. However, these relationships have not been tested in long-term breast cancer survivors. Furthermore, the effect of partners’ depressive symptoms on the survivors’ depressive symptoms has not been tested within the context of these relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test relationships between breast cancer survivors’ depressive symptoms and (1) social constraints, cognitive avoidance, and intrusive thoughts, and (2) partners’ depressive symptoms. Data were from a cross-sectional descriptive study of breast cancer survivors (N = 222) 3–8 years post-diagnosis and their partners, who completed surveys assessing demographic characteristics, social constraints, intrusive thoughts, cognitive avoidance, and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modeling confirmatory path analyses were conducted to determine significant relationships between survivors’ depressive symptoms and all other variables. Our model fits the data well. Breast cancer survivors’ depressive symptoms were predicted by social constraints and intrusive thoughts. The relationship between survivors’ depressive symptoms and partners’ depressive symptoms was close but not significant. As hypothesized, depressive symptoms were predicted by social constraints and intrusive thoughts. Further research is needed to understand the possible relationship between survivors’ long-term depressive symptoms and cognitive avoidance and partners’ depressive symptoms. Our findings highlight the negative impact of social constraints from partners on psychological outcomes in long-term breast cancer survivors.
Are Latin American and Caribbean Biofuel Policies Consistent with their Comparative Advantages

The objective of this article is to evaluate in what extend the comparative advantages of the biofuel feedstock of Latin American and Caribbean countries explain their biofuel policies. To achieve this goal, we analyze current biofuel policies of four major economies of the region – Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, and Mexico (LAC4). In 2013, the share of these LAC4 countries in total soybean and sugarcane production of the region was more than 80 percent. The classical Ricardian trade model, which recommends that countries should focus on producing and exporting goods and services on which they have relative advantage over their trading partners, provides the empirical framework for this study. Using panel data from 1991-2011, a biodiesel policy equation and an ethanol policy equation are estimated to evaluate the significance of biofuel policy drivers obtained from previous studies. Comparative advantages constitutes one of these drivers. Two sets of equations are estimated considering the comparative advantage approach from Vollrath (1991) and Doku and Di Falco (2012). Even if the comparative advantage is significant with the ethanol policy variable, other factors such as technology and energy imports contribute more to ethanol’s policy promotion. Similar results are observed for the biodiesel equation specified with this measure for comparative advantages. Additionally, when the measure proposed by Doku and Di Falco (2012)is applied for comparative advantage, for the ethanol policy equation comparative advantage gains relevance becoming as significant as the price of sugarcane, agricultural population and energy imports. By contrast in the biodiesel policy equation energy imports resulted to be more significant than the rest of the variables. In this case, even if comparative advantages were a driver other variables explained more the biodiesel policies. Using this alternative measure, the comparative advantage factor presents a larger effect in both, the ethanol and biodiesel equation, than using the RCA approach.
Hidden intrabasin extension: Evidence for dike-fault interaction from magnetic, gravity, and seismic reflection data in Surprise Valley, northeastern California

The relative contributions of tectonic and magmatic processes to continental rifting are highly variable. Magnetic, gravity, and seismic reflection data from Surprise Valley, California, in the northwest Basin and Range, reveal an intrabasin, fault-controlled, ∼10-m-thick dike at a depth of ∼150 m, providing an excellent example of the interplay between faulting and dike intrusion. The dike, likely a composite structure representing multiple successive intrusions, is inferred from modeling a positive magnetic anomaly that extends ∼35 km and parallels the basin-bounding Surprise Valley normal fault on the west side of the valley. A two-dimensional high-resolution seismic reflection profile acquired across the magnetic high images a normal fault dipping 56°E with ∼275 m of throw buried ∼60 m below the surface. Densely spaced gravity measurements reveal a
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Indenyl Tris(N-pyrrolyl)phosphine Complexes of Ruthenium

The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of new ruthenium complexes of the tris(N-pyrrolyl)phosphine ligand [P(pyr)3] are described. The new ruthenium complexes [RuCl(ind)(PPh3){P(pyr)3}] and [RuCl(ind){P(pyr)3}2] (ind = indenyl, η5-C9H7–) were synthesized in 73 and 63 % isolated yields, respectively, by thermal ligand exchange of [RuCl(ind)(PPh3)2] with P(pyr)3. The electronic and steric properties of the new complexes were studied through analysis of the X-ray structures and cyclic voltammetry. The new complexes [RuCl(ind)(PPh3){P(pyr)3}] and [RuCl(ind){P(pyr)3}2] and the known complex [RuCl(ind){(PPh3)2}] differed only slightly in their steric properties, as seen from the comparable bond lengths and angles around the ruthenium centers. The oxidation potentials of [RuCl(ind)(PPh3){P(pyr)3}] and [RuCl(ind){P(pyr)3}2] of +0.34 and +0.71 V versus Cp2Fe0/+ (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) are substantially higher than that of [RuCl(ind)(PPh3)2] (–0.023 V), in accordance with the enhanced π-acidity of the P(pyr)3 ligand. The new complexes are catalytically active in the etherification of propargylic alcohols and in the first ruthenium-catalyzed formation of known and new xanthenones from propargylic alcohols and diketones (18 to 72 h at 90 °C in ClCH2CH2Cl or toluene, 1–2 mol-% catalyst, 69–22 % isolated yields).
Immigration Enforcement and State Post-Conviction Adjudications: Towards Nuanced Preemption and True Dialogical Federalism

The relationship between federal immigration enforcement and state criminal, post-conviction law exemplifies certain inevitable complexities of preemption and federalism. Because neither perfect uniformity nor complete preemption is possible, we must consider two questions: First, whether (and, if so, how) state courts adjudicating rights should account for legitimate federal immigration law goals, such as uniformity and finality? Second, how should federal courts deploy preemption and federalism principles when faced with challenges by federal authorities to such state court actions? This article offers a framework of “dialogical federalism,” seeking to normalize certain tensions under a rubric of dialogue, rather than formal hierarchy or efficiency. The framework respects state courts’ rights adjudication, while also taking account of the history, current norms, structure of immigration enforcement, and contemporary models of preemption and federalism. State enforcement agents and state courts are deeply engaged in immigration-related processes. But they often must do so in the context of historically powerful sub-federal systems, such as criminal law enforcement, retroactivity analysis, etc. The best state court decisions balance autonomy, fidelity to state precedent, and protections of rights with awareness of federal concerns. There is no precise formula; but nuanced state court adjudications should help federal courts, when considering preemption challenges to state actions, to resist formalistic (and unrealistic) field preemption or plenary power preemption. The benefits of this approach could be substantial. With equal protection as a backstop, it could empower the states to define the confines of political communities, thereby offering a truly transformative model of the new immigration federalism.
Survey of return-oriented programming defense mechanisms

A prominent software security violation-buffer overflow attack has taken various forms and poses serious threats until today. One such vulnerability is return-oriented programming attack. An return-oriented programming attack circumvents the dynamic execution prevention, which is employed in modern operating systems to prevent execution of data segments, and attempts to execute unintended instructions by overwriting the stack exploiting the buffer overflow vulnerability. Numerous defense mechanisms have been proposed in the past few years to mitigate/prevent the attack – compile time methods that add checking logic to the program code before compilation, dynamic methods that monitor the control-flow integrity during execution and randomization methods that aim at randomizing instruction locations. This paper discusses (i) these different static, dynamic, and randomization techniques proposed recently and (ii) compares the techniques based on their effectiveness and performances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling

Abstract An in-depth historical and current review is presented on the science of lithium-ion battery (LIB) solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the graphite anode, including structure, morphology, composition, electrochemistry, and formation mechanism. During initial LIB operation, the SEI layer forms on the graphite surfaces, the most common anode material. The SEI is essential to the long-term performance of LIBs, and it also has an impact on its initial capacity loss, self-discharge characteristics, rate capability, and safety. While the presence of the anode SEI is vital, it is difficult to control its formation and growth, as they depend on several factors. These factors include the type of graphite, electrolyte composition, electrochemical conditions, and temperature. Thus, SEI formation and electrochemical stability over long-term operation should be a primary topic of future investigation in the LIB development. This article covers the progression of knowledge regarding the SEI, from its discovery in 1979 to the current state of understanding, and covers differences in the chemical and structural makeup when cell materials and components are varied. It also discusses the relationship of the SEI layer to the LIB formation step, involving both electrolyte wetting and subsequent slow charge–discharge cycles to grow the SEI.
One-Pot Two-Step Multicomponent Process of Indole and Other Nitrogenous Heterocycles or Amines toward α‑Oxo-acetamidines

A cesium carbonate promoted three-component reaction of N–H containing heterocycles, primary or secondary amines, arylglyoxaldehydes, and anilines is reported. The key step involves a tandem sequence of N-1 addition of a heterocycle or an amine to preformed α-iminoketones, followed by an air- or oxygen-mediated oxidation to form α-oxo-acetamidines. The scope of the reaction is enticingly broad, and this novel methodology is applied toward the synthesis of various polycyclic heterocycles.
Stabilization of Clay Soils Against Erosion Loss

Accelerated soil erosion from construction sites and the resulting increase in downstream sediment load constitute a significant environmental problem. Laboratory studies indicate that small percentages of hydrated lime or of Portland cement will stabilize clay soils against rainstorm erosion by preventing particle detachment. Coordinated measurements of the size distribution of water-stable aggregates, of pore size distribution by mercury porosimetry and of microstructure by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry were used to clarify aspects of the mechanisms responsible for the development of erosion resistance. Attainment of such resistance was marked by aggregation of a significant part of the clay into water stable aggregations of the order of several mm in size and of minimal change in porosity and pore size distribution on exposure to the test rainstorms. At least some of the clay particles in the aggregations appeared to be partly converted to calcium-bearing reaction products and formation of the “reticulated network” variety of calcium silicate hydrate gel linking adjacent particles was demonstrated.
Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards

Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e., that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk, and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied generalized Pareto model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard random variable X with corresponding failure time series T should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with opportunities for future extensions.
Bees and Bran Bait: Is Carbaryl Bran Bait Lethal to Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Adults or Larvae?

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), was used as a representative nonsocial bee on which to test the toxicity of carbaryl bran bait, which is applied commonly to control rangeland grasshoppers. Adult M. rotundata fed a 25% honey solution containing 1 or 2 mg of carbaryl bran bait continuously for either 20 or 40 d did not experience significantly greater mortality than bees fed plain honey solution. Mortality of M. rotundata larvae fed pollen-nectar provisions contaminated with or 2 mg of carbaryl bran bait was 17–30% compared with 9–11% for bees fed uncontaminated provisions. The likelihood that foraging females could collect such a large amount of bait while provisioning their progeny is low. We conclude that carbaryl bran bait is relatively safe to both adult and larval M. rotundata at levels likely to be experienced in the field and that it is likely to be equally safe for native bee pollinators as well.
Comparative in Operando Studies in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Atomic and Electronic Structural Features in the Hydrogenation of Ethylene over Supported Pd and Pt Catalysts

There exists an emerging opportunity, engendered by advances made in experimental methods of research, to address long-standing questions about the nature of the molecular mechanisms that are operative in important heterogeneous catalytic processes, as well as the nature of the complex atomic and electronic structural features that mediate them. Of particular interest in this regard is the understanding of the dynamical attributes of catalytic processes—an understanding that might allow design principles to be applied to optimize the atomic and electronic structure of heterogeneous catalysts to sustain their performance in essentially any operating process condition. The current work explores these ideas—highlighting capabilities of in operando methods of spectroscopic characterization as applied to an exemplary heterogeneous catalytic process, olefin hydrogenation. No heterogeneous catalytic process has been studied more intensively than olefin hydrogenation. The extensive literature available establishe...
Heterocycle-heterocycle strategies: (2-nitrophenyl)isoxazole precursors to 4-aminoquinolines, 1H-indoles, and quinolin-4(1H)-ones.

Reductive heterocycle–heterocycle (heterocycle → heterocycle; H–H) transformations that give 4-aminoquinolines, 3-acylindoles, and quinolin-4(1H)-ones from 2-nitrophenyl substituted isoxazoles are reported. When this methodology is applied to 3,5-, 4,5-, and 3,4-bis(2-nitrophenyl)isoxazoles, chemoselective heterocyclization gives quinolin-4(1H)-ones, and 4-aminoquinolines, exclusively.
Iris Recognition Based on Human-Interpretable Features

The iris is a stable biometric trait that has been widely used for human recognition in various applications. However, deployment of iris recognition in forensic applications has not been reported. A primary reason is the lack of human-friendly techniques for iris comparison. To further promote the use of iris recognition in forensics, the similarity between irises should be made visualizable and interpretable. Recently, a human-in-the-loop iris recognition system was developed, based on detecting and matching iris crypts. Building on this framework, we propose a new approach for detecting and matching iris crypts automatically. Our detection method is able to capture iris crypts of various sizes. Our matching scheme is designed to handle potential topological changes in the detection of the same crypt in different images. Our approach outperforms the known visible-feature-based iris recognition method on three different data sets. In particular, our approach achieves over 22% higher rank one hit rate in identification, and over 51% lower equal error rate in verification. In addition, the benefit of our approach on multi-enrollment is experimentally demonstrated.
Posted pricing as a plus factor

This article identifies conditions under which an industry-wide practice of posted (or list) pricing is a plus factor sufficient to conclude that firms established an agreement to coordinate their prices. For certain classes of markets, it is shown that, under competition, all firms setting a list price with a policy of no discounting is contrary to competition. Thus, if all firms choose posted pricing, it is to facilitate collusion by making it easier for them to coordinate their prices. It is then argued that the adoption of posted pricing communicates the necessary intent and reliance to conclude concerted action.
Large-scale arrays of single- and few-layer MoS2 nanomechanical resonators

We report the fabrication of large-scale arrays of suspended molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) atomic layers, as two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 nanomechanical resonators. We employ a water-assisted lift-off process to release chemical vapor deposited (CVD) MoS2 atomic layers from a donor substrate, followed by an all-dry transfer onto microtrench arrays. The resultant large arrays of suspended single- and few-layer MoS2 drumhead resonators (0.5-2 μm in diameter) offer fundamental resonances (f0) in the very high frequency (VHF) band (up to ∼120 MHz) and excellent figures-of-merit up to f0 × Q ≈ 3 × 10(10) Hz. A stretched circular diaphragm model allows us to estimate low pre-tension levels of typically ∼15 mN m(-1) in these devices. Compared to previous approaches, our transfer process features high yield and uniformity with minimal liquid and chemical exposure (only involving DI water), resulting in high-quality MoS2 crystals and exceptional device performance and homogeneity; and our process is readily applicable to other 2D materials.
Open User Innovation

Abstract Almost 30 years ago, researchers began a systematic study of innovation by end users and user firms. At that time, the phenomenon was generally regarded as a minor oddity. Today, it is clear that innovation by users, generally openly shared, is a very powerful and general phenomenon. It is rapidly growing due to continuing advances in computing and communication technologies. It is becoming both an important rival to and an important feedstock for producer-centered innovation in many fields. In this chapter, I provide an overview of what the international research community now understands about this phenomenon.
Primary cerebellopontine angle melanoma: Case Report and Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Primary cerebellopontine angle melanoma (PCPAM) is one of the most rare primitive brain tumors. Its management and prognosis are drawn from very few published cases. Aim The aim of this study was to provide an approach to help practitioners diagnosing similar cases. Material and methods A systematic review was conducted. A PCPAM case is also presented. Results The search yielded 13 cases of PCPAM (53% were males) with a median age of 32 years (range 26–56 years). The most frequent symptoms were hearing loss (77%) and ataxia (62%). All underwent neurosurgical removal of the tumor due to worsening of symptoms. Post-surgery follow-up showed that only half of the cases had free-of-disease survival beyond a year. The other half had a poor outcome few months after surgery. We present a 77-years-old female patient with PCPAM with clinical characteristics different from those described in the literature. Discussion Results indicate that diagnosis criteria are still lacking specificity. Therefore, clinical features have led clinicians to reconsider the diagnosis more than once. New techniques, such as PET-scan and genetic analysis can greatly assist in the search for the primary tumor. Nowadays, complete resection and radiotherapy are still the gold standard treatment. Prognosis differs between the cases, but age and tumor biology are the main indicators of survival. Conclusions We strongly suggest strengthening the surveillance of patients with PCPAM as the management and prognosis differ significantly from those with metastatic melanoma.
The parent's legacy: Firm founders and technological choice☆

Abstract Central to research in innovation and entrepreneurship is the argument that new ventures are influenced by the prior experiences of their founders. This study investigates how differences in founders' work experiences and prior career positions affect a new venture's technological choices at the time of founding. We argue that individual founders use their influence to guide the venture toward adopting their parent firms' technologies, and that founders with more valuable expertise will have a greater influence on the venture's technological choices. Our results illustrate that the structural and social influence of individual founders affect the degree to which founding teams of new ventures mimic the technologies of their parents.