cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survivorship, Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of a Novel Cementless Metal-Backed Patella Design.

Abstract Background Enhanced implant longevity through biological fixation is achievable using cementless total knee arthroplasty but concerns about patellar component failure have lingered because of prior experiences with older component designs. A new metal-backed patella (MBP) design was released which features a 3-dimensional printed porous titanium metal backing to improve biologic fixation potential and a unique compression molding technique to create a stronger interlock layer between the polyethylene and metal backing. Our study purpose was to determine the clinical and radiographic outcomes and survivorship of this novel cementless MBP. Methods Our institutional registry identified 388 cementless MBP with minimum 2-year and 80 with minimum 5-year follow-up. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement and 12-item Veterans RAND/Short Form Health Survey (VR/SF-12) scores were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. Aseptic loosening noted on radiographs as well as revision for any reason were the end points used to determine survivorship. Results Improvement in the preoperative Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement, VR/SF-12 physical health and mental health scores were all statistically significant at 2-year follow-up and the VR/SF-12 mental health score at 5-year follow-up. By radiologic criteria, biologic fixation of the patellar component was present in all except 1 case at 2 years (99.6%) and at 5 years (97.7%). Radiolucent lines were present in 15 cases (6.2%) at 2 years and in 6 cases (14%) at 5 years, but progressive increase in radiolucent lines was seen in only 4 cases. No component was revised for loosening; aseptic survivorship was 100%. Conclusion This 3-dimensional printed cementless patellar component shows excellent survivorship at 2-year and 5-year follow-up. We are hopeful about the long-term durability of this implant.
Abstract MP62: Longitudinal Measures Of Blood Pressure And Subclinical Atrial Arrhythmias: The Multi-ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis And The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study

Purpose: High blood pressure (BP) is a well-known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but a single BP measurement may provide limited information about AF risk in older adults. We evaluated w...
Pooling Fiscal Risk in the ECCU: Quantifying Savings of a Regional Fund for Stabilization and Investment

This paper quantifies the savings obtained from risk pooling with a Regional Stabilization Fund (RSF) for the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. A Monte Carlo experiment is used to estimate the size of a RSF conditional on probabilities of depletion under specific saving-withdrawal rules. Results indicate that regional risk pooling requires about half of the saving amount relative to the sum of individual-country savings. In addition to reducing the amount of saving requirements for stabilization, the RSF can improve welfare by realocating government consumption savings during booms towards public investment during recessions, resulting in an increase of public investment in the range of 0.5-1.5 percent of GDP per year depending on the country, with positive growth dividends. Moreover, the RSF also reduces the dispersion of public debt outcomes in light of the cross-country cyclical synchronicity of output and revenue, thereby strengthening the stability of the regional currency board.
Analysis of Transit Operations: Fare/Frequency Tradeoffs

Abstract The purpose of this research is to model transit operations on a route-by-route basis. In particular, explicit relationships between ridership, revenue, fare and frequency are sought. Functional forms for two models - demand and cost - are assumed. The forms - constant elasticity demand and linear cost - are simple enough to allow analytical solutions yet sufficiently rich to portray most of the essential tradeoffs. The models are not system aggregate but are intended to model a given route at a given time of day. The implications of these assumptions are shown on the “frequency-fare” plane. This plane is shown to be divided into two areas, one of excess capacity and one of excess demand. Contours of constant revenue and constant ridership are drawn. With this structure, several generic problems are solved analytically: breakeven frequency, maximum revenue frequency (given fare) and, maximum ridership frequency (given revenue) are determined as functions of fare.
Cellular Localization of Thyrotropic Releasing Factor (TRF) after Intraventricular Administration

The historic hypotheses postulated by Green and Harris (1947) over a quarter of a century ago have stood the test of time and have clearly established parvicellular neurosecretory neurons and the hypophyseal portal vasculature as the vital linkage in the transduction of bioelectric energy into blood-borne signals, the releasing factors. Recent evidence has suggested, in addition, the presence of parallel mechanisms which may serve as an alternative way in which biologically active molecules reach the portal bed. The purpose of this investigation was to test the distribution of radio-labelled releasing factors in the mammalian hypothalamus with autoradiography.
The Role of Forensic Jurisprudence in the Judicial Process

The intent of this paper is a clarification of the role of forensic jurisprudence in the judicial process. Confronted with this task, one is left feeling rather like the man who has been persuaded to wrestle with an octopus: uncertain how best to begin. The question is most relevant to lawyers already engaged in that branch of the law which deals with evidence derived from the sciences and the scientifically based arts of our technological society. It seems therefore appropriate to focus initially on the confusion of roles and terminology, and the occasional conflicts of interest which are the inevitable lot of the lawyer who calls himself a forensic jurisprudent, and whose professional concerns include the conflicts of a society in collision with its technology.
Information-theoretic synthesis of nanocomputers

In this paper we approach and study different paradigms in the design and analysis of nanocomputers and their subsystems. In particular, we examine affordable high-performance architectures, research advanced organizations, and synthesize 3D topologies. In order to attain our objectives, an information-theoretic method is reported for nanocomputer synthesis and design. This approach allows us to design 3D multi-level networked topologies similar to complex 3D neuron bionetworks. It is demonstrated that the problems of information propagation, entropy analysis, and robust data correction in adaptive fault-tolerant nanocomputers can be resolved using the documented information, propagation and modeling approaches. This paper examines the integration of data processing and computing subsystems in nanocomputers. The design of high-performance nanocomputers is performed through evolutionary gate-level networking strategies. Using mathematical models which integrate nanocomputer states and parameters, analysis is performed. The reported methods are demonstrated through illustrative examples, and the effectiveness of the procedures proposed is demonstrated.
The Untoward Effects of Cigarettes and Drugs: Some Reflections on Enterprise Liability

HE TENDENCY OF CIGARETTES to cause cancer in some people has become increasingly recognized.1 Drugs, many of them useful and valuable, sometimes have serious, even fatal, side effects for a few people.2 The possible liability of the maker of such a product to its occasional hapless victim under currently developing tort doctrines presents interesting questions concerning what Professor Ehrenzweig has felicitously called enterprise liability," and its proper limits. The current trend in products liability cases is toward imposing strict liability on the maker for the injurious effects of his product upon a consumer or user when it is put to a foreseeable use.4 But this liability, like that for negligence, is conditioned upon the existence of an unreasonably dangerous quality of the product which causes injury. This newer liability is strict, but not absolute. It relieves the plaintiff from the need
Mineral matter effects on the rapid pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of a bituminous coal: 2. Effects of yields of C3-C8 hydrocarbons

Abstract Effects of minerals on yields of C 3 -C 8 volatiles from rapid pyrolysis of a Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal were investigated. Whole, demineralized, and mineral-treated samples of pulverized coal were heated in 101 kPa He or 6.99 MPaH 2 at 1000 K s −1 to temperatures of up to 1300 K. Yields of C 3 , C 4 –C 6 , and C 6 –C 8 hydrocarbon gases were determined as a function of time-temperature history. Calcium minerals decrease yields of all three fractions in pyrolysis under He atmosphere but have little effect on hydropyrolysis. Kaolinite reduces yields in pyrolysis, but increases them in hydropyrolysis. Other minerals, notably FeSO 4 , have varying effects on product yields depending on run conditions.
Functional domains of the Drosophila Engrailed protein.

Abstract We have studied the transcriptional activity of the Drosophila homeodomain protein Engrailed (En) by using a transient expression assay employing Schneider L2 cells. En was found to very strongly repress promoters activated by a variety of different activator proteins. However, unlike another Drosophila homeodomain-containing repressor, Even-skipped (Eve), En was unable to repress the activity of several basal promoters in the absence of activator expression. These findings indicate that En is a specific repressor of activated transcription, and suggest that En may repress transcription by a different mechanism than Eve, perhaps by interfering with interactions between transcriptional activators and the general transcription machinery. By analyzing the properties of a variety of En mutants, we identified a minimal repression domain composed of 55 residues, which can function when fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain. Like repression domains identified in the Drosophila repressors Eve and Kruppel, the En repression domain is rich in alanine residues (26%), but unlike these other domains, is moderately charged (six arginine and three glutamic acid residues). Separate regions of En that may in some circumstances function in transcriptional activation were also identified.
ANALYSIS OF WEB SITE USAGE DATA: HOW MUCH CAN WE LEARN ABOUT THE CONSUMER FROM WEB LOGFILES?

We discuss information needs of marketers on the World-Wide Web and present a classificationof types of information one can possibly get about Web site visits based on its ease of gathering.We then analyze how information needs can be satisfied using different categories of informationgathered with these varying degrees of ease. We conclude that, although some of the informationneeds of marketers can be satisfied using data that can be automatically gathered with state-of-the-art Web tracking methods, many others cannot. We also discuss relevant issues and potentialsolutions to this problem.
Decrease of 2800 MHz Solar Radio Emission Associated with a Moving Dark Filament before the Flare of May 19, 1969

A decrease in the total flux at 2800 MHz, or a ‘negative burst’ was observed 15 min before the onset of the short duration, impulsive burst of May 19, 1969 at 14:30 UT and continued for another 16 min. It had been recognized originally in the records from the Algonquin Radio Observatory only as a fluctuation in a long enduring, gradual rise and fall event which had commenced at 12:40 UT. A detailed account of the radio flux variations in relation to the optical activity as described by Vorpahl (1973) is given and indicates that the onset of the negative burst and the southward motion of a dark filament are associated.
Influence of Dietary Peroxides, Selenium and Vitamin E on Glutathione Peroxidase of the Gastrointestinal Tract

The influence of dietary peroxides, vitamin E and selenium on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat was investigated. Feeding 7% oxidized stripped corn oid (peroxide value 1,000) in a diet adequate in selenium and vitamin E increased the specific activity of GSH-Px in the stomach mucosa. Feeding oxidized oil produced an increase in the wet weight of the intestinal mucosa which was associated with a decrease in the specific activity of the enzyme. Total GSH-Px activity in the intestinal mucosa was unchanged or moderately increased. These changes were unaffected by the presence of vitamin E in the diet. Dietary peroxides had no effect on GSH-Px activity in the plasma or in the perirenal and paraepididymal adipose tissues. Subacute vitamin E deficiency had no consistent effect on the activity of the enzyme in several tissues examined. In rats fed a Se deficient diet glutathione peroxidase activity decreased markedly in most tissues but only slightly in the intestinal mucosa. The moderate decrease in the intestine may be explained by the accessibility of residual dietary Se to the mucosal cells. The role of Se in the detoxification of peroxides in foods and the response of gastrointestinal GSH-Px to dietary peroxides are discussed.
Can Efficiency Improvements Reduce Resource Consumption?: A Historical Analysis of Ten Activities

This work explores the historical effectiveness of efficiency improvements in reducing humankind's consumption of energy resources. Ten activities are analyzed, including pig iron production, aluminum production, nitrogen fertilizer production, electricity generation from coal, electricity generation from oil, electricity generation from natural gas, freight rail travel, passenger air travel, motor vehicle travel, and residential refrigeration. The data and analyses presented here demonstrate the dynamic interplay between technological innovation, market forces, and government policy. They also show that, historically, over long time periods, incremental improvements in efficiency have not succeeded in outpacing increases in the quantity of goods and services provided. Thus, the end result over these time periods has been, not surprisingly, a sizeable increase in the consumption of energy resources across all ten activities. However, there do exist a few examples of shorter, decade-long time periods in which improvements in efficiency were able to match or outpace increases in quantity. In these cases, efficiency mandates, price pressures, and industry upheaval led to periods of reduced resource consumption. These cases suggest that with appropriate incentives, including, for example, efficiency mandates and price mechanisms, future resource consumption, and its associated environmental impacts, could be stabilized and even reduced.
Ni orientalismo ni occidentalismo: Edward w. Said y el Latinoamericanismo

Resumen es: El articulo se inicia con una discusion sobre el gran avance metodologico logrado por Said en su magistral obra Orientalismo, de la cual se aduce configu...
Migration Trends in the Kansas Ogallala Region and the Internal Colonial Dependency Model

The High Plains of the United States has been portrayed both as a place of despair and a region of renaissance. This study proposes that, within the Ogallala Aquifer portion of the High Plains, landscapes of decline and renaissance co-exist within the context of an internal colonial dependency model. While the notion of internal colonial dependency has been applied primarily to the central Appalachian region, an assessment of population change in the High Plains of western Kansas suggests some striking similarities with the population change expected in a region conforming to the internal colonial dependency metaphor. This study identifies a wide range of colonial dependent characteristics, as they apply to the High Plains, with a focus on migration. Demographic changes supporting a colonial influence include long-term population decline in most counties, high median age, high levels of channelized out-migration, even higher levels of channelized in-migration, in-migration flow origins that are concentrated in just four other Ogallala states, and a continued long-term trend of exporting the region'S most educated inhabitants.
Friction and Wear Characteristics of Silicon Nitride-Graphite and Alumina-Graphite Composites©

To take advantage of the beneficial properties of advanced ceramics, it is necessary that their friction coefficient be reduced to an acceptable value. One method for achieving this goal is incorporation of a solid lubricant phase in the ceramic matrix. In this study, ceramic-matrix composites were fabricated by drilling a series of small holes in alumina and silicon nitride, which were subsequently filled with NiCl2 intercalated graphite under high pressure. It was found that the addition of graphite to silicon nitride considerably reduces the friction coefficient, but alumina-graphite composites exhibit only a marginal reduction in friction coefficient compared to alumina. The reduction in friction coefficient for silicon nitride-graphite composite can be explained by the formation of transfer films consisting of a mixture of materials from both contacting surfaces. However, for alumina-graphite composites the graphite regions were completely covered with steel wear particles, inhibiting the formation o...
Effects of methylnaltrexone on morphine-induced inhibition of contraction in isolated guinea-pig ileum and human intestine

Abstract We investigated the effects of methylnaltrexone on morphine-induced inhibition of smooth muscle-strip contraction in isolated guinea-pig ileum and human small intestine. The longitudinal muscle-strip was immersed in a temperature-controlled (37°C) bath containing a physiological solution of 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 with pH 7.4. Muscle contraction was elicited by transmural electrical stimulation with a pulse duration of 0.5 ms at frequencies of 1–50 Hz for 5–10 s at 1–3-min intervals. Muscle contraction was blocked by tetrodotoxin or atropine in both preparations. When methylnaltrexone was applied to the bath, the force produced by muscle contraction was enhanced up to approximately 30%. Stimulation-elicited muscle contraction was inhibited by morphine, which decreased the force of contraction 42 ± 9.5% (S.D.) in the human intestine preparation and 35 ± 8.6% in guinea-pig ileum at the inhibitory concentration 70% (IC 70 ). Methylnaltrexone effectively antagonized the effects of morphine-induced inhibition of muscle-strip contraction. In the guinea-pig ileum preparation, methylnaltrexone at 30, 100 and 300 nM blocked 25 ± 10.5%, 74 ± 7.2% and 89 ± 9.9% of morphine-induced (300 nM) inhibition, respectively. In the human intestine preparation, methylnaltrexone at the same concentrations blocked 57 ± 10.9%, 74 ± 12.9% and 92 ± 7.2% of morphine-induced (100 nM) inhibition, respectively. The relative ratio of methylnaltrexone to morphine was higher in human intestine (1:1) than in the guinea-pig ileum preparation (1:3). These data provide preliminary information for clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of methylnaltrexone in preventing or reducing morphine-induced antimotility and antitransit actions.
Cross sections and equilibrium charge fractions when D 2 + is incident on Cs vapor

The total cross section for charge exchange or breakup when ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}^{+}$ is incident on Cs has been measured in the energy range 3.0-23 keV. The cross section has a value of (1362 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 80) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 3 keV and falls rapidly with increasing energy, reaching a value of (594 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 40) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 23 keV. The equilibrium fraction of ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ obtained when ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}^{+}$ is incident on Cs has also been measured. The equilibrium fraction of ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is (10.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0)% at 3 keV, (7.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.6)% at 5 keV, (3.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7)% at 11.5 keV, (2.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4)% at 17.3 keV, and (1.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3)% at 23 keV. The equilibrium fraction of ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ obtained when ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}^{+}$ is incident on Cs at an energy $E$ is shown experimentally to be the same as the equilibrium fraction of ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ obtained when ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ is incident on Cs at an energy $\frac{1}{2}E$. The angular distribution of the reaction products when ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}^{+}$ ions are incident on Cs includes appreciable scattering into angles which are larger than 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. An explanation of these large scattering angles is offered.
Relation of In Vivo Morphology to Isolation of Plant Spiroplasmas

Two procedures were developed to isolate plant spiroplasmas directly onto DG-2 agar plates or in DG-2 broth without subcultures or dilutions. The frequency of successful spiroplasma isolations was increased by centrifuging samples, after passing through a 0.45-μm filter, at 25,000 × g for 1 h. Spiroplasmas were obtained from peach, cherry, Madagascar periwinkle, and celery with typical symptoms of the Green Valley strain of X disease (GVX), from peach with typical symptoms of the peach yellow leaf roll strain of X disease (PYLR), from Madagascar periwinkle with typical symptoms of aster yellows (AY), from celery with atypical symptoms of GVX (mild GVX), from plantago with atypical symptoms of aster yellows (mild AY), and from stubborn-diseased citrus. Isolations were consistent (>90%) from plants with mild GVX, mild AY, and citrus stubborn, while isolations were inconsistent (0–9%) from plants with typical symptoms of GVX, PYLR, and AY. The role of the isolated spiroplasmas in plant disease was not determined in this study. All spiroplasma isolates were serologically indistinguishable fromSpiroplasma citri. Spiroplasmas were seen in electron micrographs of 8 out of 9 examined plants from which spiroplasmas were isolated. However, electron micrographs of all 13 examined plants from which no spiroplasmas were isolated contained mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) but no, spiroplasmas. These results indicate that there is a correlation between helical MLOs in vivo and successful isolation of spiroplasmas, and that plants may be infected with bothS. citri and nonhelical mycoplasmas.
Rsu1 contributes to regulation of cell adhesion and spreading by PINCH1-dependent and - independent mechanisms

Cell adhesion and migration are complex processes that require integrin activation, the formation and dissolution of focal adhesion (FAs), and linkage of actin cytoskeleton to the FAs. The IPP (ILK, PINCH, Parvin) complex regulates FA formation via binding of the adaptor protein ILK to β1 integrin, PINCH and parvin. The signaling protein Rsu1 is linked to the complex via binding PINCH1. The role of Rsu1 and PINCH1 in adhesion and migration was examined in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that the depletion of either Rsu1 or PINCH1 by siRNA in MCF10A cells decreased the number of focal adhesions and altered the distribution and localization of β1 integrin, vinculin, talin and paxillin without affecting the levels of FA protein expression. This correlated with reduced adhesion, failure to spread or migrate in response to EGF and a loss of actin stress fibers and caveolae. In addition, constitutive phosphorylation of actin regulatory proteins occurred in the absence of PINCH1. The depletion of Rsu1 caused significant reduction in PINCH1 implying that Rsu1 may function by regulating levels of PINCH1. However, while both Rsu1- or PINCH1-depleted cells retained the ability to activate adhesion signaling in response to EGF stimulation, only Rsu1 was required for EGF-induced p38 Map Kinase phosphorylation and ATF2 activation, suggesting an Rsu1 function independent from the IPP complex. Reconstitution of Rsu1-depleted cells with an Rsu1 mutant that does not bind to PINCH1 failed to restore FAs or migration but did promote spreading and constitutive p38 activation. These data show that Rsu1-PINCH1 association with ILK and the IPP complex is required for regulation of adhesion and migration but that Rsu1 has a critical role in linking integrin-induced adhesion to activation of p38 Map kinase signaling and cell spreading. Moreover, it suggests that Rsu1 may regulate p38 signaling from the IPP complex affecting other functions including survival.
Parameter Dependence in the Local Reaction Center Model for the Electrochemical Interface

A systematic study of OH reduction to H2O in acid electrolyte on platinum and the reverse reaction was carried out in the local reaction center model approach using B3LYP and MP2 calculations and basis sets with and without diffuse functions. It is found that the calculated electrode-potential-dependent electron transfer activation energy curves have the same general shapes and are robust toward shifts on the potential scale caused by changing the electric field at the reaction center. This opens the possibility of fixing a set of calculated activation energy curves to a single datum known from experiment and then making predictions at other potentials.
Learning cluster-based structure to solve constraint satisfaction problems

The hybrid search algorithm for constraint satisfaction problems described here first uses local search to detect crucial substructures and then applies that knowledge to solve the problem. This paper shows the difficulties encountered by traditional and state-of-the-art learning heuristics when these substructures are overlooked. It introduces a new algorithm, Foretell, to detect dense and tight substructures called clusters with local search. It also develops two ways to use clusters during global search: one supports variable-ordering heuristics and the other makes inferences adapted to them. Together they improve performance on both benchmark and real-world problems.
Reflections on the history of management thought

Presents anecdotes in the development of aspects of the field of management, relating to Lawrence J. Henderson, Chester I. Barnard, Peter Drucker, Kurt Lewin and J.B. Rhine. These suggest that history needs to be viewed in a hermeneutical philosophy where it is seen as presenting the Zeitgeist of its period rather than describing facts or causal relations.
Detonation Consolidation of NiFe/SiO2 and Co/SiO2 nanocomposites

Consolidation of nanostructure magnetic particles is required not only for manufacturing bulk component, it is actually a fundamental requirement for obtaining novel magnetic properties from the material. Consolidation (assembly) of nanoparticles to full density without deteriorating their nanostructure (size and morphology) is a big challenge. Here we present the consolidation experiments of NiFe/SiO 2 and Co/SiO 2 nanocomposites via detonation consolidation. This approach is based on the explosive pressure created when an acetylene and oxygen mixture gas fires in a sample containing tube, the very high hypersonic propulsion force makes nanoparticles deposit onto the target. Depending on the powder morphology and operation conditions, the density of the consolidated sample can reach over 91% of the theoretical density of the bulk materials. X-ray diffraction experiments on the samples before and after consolidation indicate that the denotation consolidations can be optimized such that it does not cause any phase transition. However, a particle size increase was observed. Static magnetic studies carried out on the samples before and after detonation operation shows that the saturation magnetization does not. This indicates that the operation does not cause an oxidation of the nanopowders. These experiments show that detonation approach is a good candidate for consolidating magnetic nanoparticles.
Differential contrast imaging of secondary electron signals in cryo‐field‐emission scanning electron microscopy

Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) is limited in resolution and image quality by charging of frozen hydrated samples and collection deficiencies of secondary electron signal contrasts. We measured and corrected both effects using differential hysteresis processing (DHP) of LTSEM images, scanned at 15-bit from 5×4 inch Polaroid negatives. Bulk charging produced a major contrast component equal to 44–87% of the intensity range of the image. The strong charging contrast reduced the local high-resolution signal contrasts to an unrecognizable level. Segmentation and imaging of the unaffected surface contrasts produced high-quality images of high contrast from metal-coated samples as well as from uncoated samples. The differential contrast imaging can be used for control of the sequential etching of ice from the non metal-coated sample as well as improved LTSEM imaging of the finally coated sample.
The body mass index of blacks and whites in the United States during the Nineteenth Century

Body mass index (BMI) values reflect the net balance between nutrition, work effort, and calories consumed to fight disease. Nineteenth-century prison records in the United States demonstrate that the BMI values of blacks and whites were distributed symmetrically; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common among the working class. BMI values declined throughout the nineteenth century. By modern standards, however, nineteenth-century BMIs were in healthy weight ranges, though the biological living standards in rural areas exceeded those in urban areas. The increase in BMIs during the twentieth century did not have its origin in the nineteenth century.
Discussion and reply: Variation in displacement along strike of the South Virgin−White Hills detachment fault: Perspective from the northern White Hills, northwestern ArizonaDiscussion

[Duebendorfer and Sharp (1998)][1] interpreted three faults in the Gold Butte−White Hills area, Arizona, as forming a 55-km-long detachment fault, the South Virgin−White Hills detachment fault. They suggested that the fault might represent a breakaway for extensional allochthons located to the
Specific language impairment: a deficit in grammar or processing?

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is observed in children who fail to acquire age-appropriate language skills but otherwise appear to be developing normally. There are two main hypotheses about the nature of these impairments. One assumes that they reflect impairments in the child's innate knowledge of grammar. The other is that they derive from information-processing deficits that interfere with several aspects of language learning. There is considerable evidence that SLI is associated with impaired speech processing; however, the link between this deficit and the kinds of grammatical impairments observed in these children has been unclear. We suggest that the link is provided by phonology, a speech-based code that plays important roles in learning linguistic generalizations and in working memory.
Embryonic chick intestine in organ culture: response to vitamin D 3 and its metabolites.

Embryonic chick intestine maintained in organ culture responded to vitamin D3 and its metabolites 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by synthesis of calcium-binding protein and enchanced calcium-45 uptake. The dihydroxy metabolite was by far the most potent inducer of the protein and also acted more rapidly than vitamin D3 to stimulate isotope uptake. Despite its lower potency, vitamin D3 itself was effective.
Preliminary evidence for progressive prefrontal abnormalities in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder.

Previous cross-sectional study of ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC) implicated progressive volume abnormalities during adolescence in bipolar disorder (BD). In the present study, a within-subject, longitudinal design was implemented to examine brain volume changes during adolescence/young adulthood. We hypothesized that VPFC volume decreases over time would be greater in adolescents/young adults with BD than in healthy comparison adolescents/young adults (HC). Eighteen adolescents/young adults (10 with BD I and 8 HC participants) underwent two high resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans over approximately two-years. Regional volume changes over time were measured. Adolescents/young adults with BD displayed significantly greater volume loss over time, compared to HC participants, in a region encompassing ventral and rostral PFC and extending to rostral anterior cingulate cortex (p<0.05). Additional areas where volume change differed between groups were observed. While data should be interpreted cautiously due to modest sample size, this study provides preliminary evidence to support the presence of accelerated loss in ventral and rostral PFC volume in adolescents/young adults with BD.
An Embedding Theorem for Integral Equations

In this paper, an embedding theorem is established for a system of nonlinear integral equations of the Volterra type. The main result is basic in the development of a maximum principle for an optimal control problem in which the state variables are determined as solutions to integral equations.
An interfacial tension model for mixed adsorbed layer for a ternary system Application to an acidic oil/alkali/surfactant system

Abstract The variation in interfacial tension in acidic oil-alkaline solution systems has been modeled previously. These existing models account for the adsorption of acid, in situ generated surfactant and the added surfactant at the oil-water interface. However, these models do not account for the interactions that exist between these surfactants in the adsorbed layer. An existing model for the formation of non-ideal mixed micelles has been modified and extended to a three component mixture to quantify these interactions. The model is applied to an experimental system consisting of an acidic oil in contact with an alkaline solution containing surfactant. Such systems are encountered in the process of chemical enhanced oil recovery. A good agreement is observed between the experimentally measured interfacial tensions and the values predicted by the present model. The best fit estimates of the monolayer interaction parameters between the acid, surfactant and ionized acid are reported.
Safety and efficacy of a novel ultrasonic osteotome device in an ovine model

The use of ultrasonic technology for bone removal offers the potential advantages over the use of traditional hand instruments or cutting burrs of more precise bone resection and reduced soft-tissue injury. While the use of modified ultrasonic aspirators has been described for bone removal in spinal surgery, none of these instruments has been systematically examined to evaluate safety and efficacy. Thus, we compared laminectomies using traditional instruments, and traditional instruments with an ultrasonic osteotome, in an ovine model. We used a combination of clinical examination, intra-operative and post-operative neuromonitoring and histological analysis to evaluate safety. The secondary endpoint of efficiency was assessed by examining operative times. No significant difference was found between groups in neurophysiology or the Tarlov clinical rating scale. Histology revealed inflammatory or reparative changes in 6/8 experimental animals and 2/4 control animals with a single section in an experimental animal revealing focal nerve root disruption and mild axonal loss. A single durotomy was noted in both the control and experimental groups. Operative time for the experimental group was significantly shorter than the operative time for the control group.
Hadamard Difference Sets in Nonabelian 2-Groups with High Exponent

Abstract Nontrivial difference sets in groups of order a power of 2 are part of the family of difference sets called Hadamard difference sets. In the abelian case, a group of order 2 2 t + 2 has a difference set if and only if the exponent of the group is less than or equal to 2 t + 2 . In a previous work (R. A. Liebler and K. W. Smith, in “Coding Theory, Design Theory, Group Theory: Proc. of the Marshall Hall Conf.,” Wiley, New York, 1992), the authors constructed a difference set in a nonabelian group of order 64 and exponent 32. This paper generalizes that result to show that there is a difference set in a nonabelian group of order 2 4 t + 2 with exponent 2 3 t + 2 . Thus a nonabelian 2-group G with a Hadamard difference set can have exponent | G | 3/4 asymptotically. Previously the highest known exponent of a nonabelian 2-group with a Hadamard difference set was | G | 1/2 asymptotically. We use representation theory to prove that the group has a difference set.
Geological Significance of Coccoliths in Fine-grained Carbonate Bands of Postglacial Black Sea Sediments

THE origin of fine carbonate muds in deep parts of the Black Sea has been explained in various ways, but details of how the carbonate was formed are poorly understood. We have studied samples containing fine carbonate from cores obtained during the cruise of Atlantis II (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) to the Black Sea in April and May 1969. Examination of the light-coloured bands and darker bands by scanning electron micrographs and light microscopy shows that Holocene coccoliths are the overwhelmingly dominant constituents in the light bands, whereas Cretaceous and Eocene coccoliths are important components of the carbonate in the darker matrix.
Measurement and emulation of time varying packet delay with applications to networked haptic virtual environments

Networked haptic virtual environments (NHVEs) are increasingly being used in medical simulation, aircraft maintenance training, and other similar fields. In this paper we present the implementation of a network emulator that can create realistic Internet-like characteristics in a laboratory setting for networked haptics. We compare the quality of this delay emulator to actual measurements taken on the Internet by reflecting UDP data packets and analyzing their round-trip delay distribution and packet loss.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND ON PROTEIN METABOLISM

IT is NOW well established that the anterior pituitary gland exerts a pro-found influence on protein metabolism (1). This may be exemplified by the fact that extracts of this gland when administered to normal animals (dog and rat), produce a diminution of nitrogen excretion (2-5), a decrease in the concentration of blood non-protein-nitrogen (3, 6) and a consistent decrease in the amino acids of liver, muscle and other tissues (7, 8). Such evidence can be interpreted as showing that under the influence of the pituitary gland there occurs either a retention of nitrogen and synthesis of protein, or a decreased catabolism of protein. In a recent report (9) we have demonstrated that insulin plays an im-portant role in protein anabolism in that a ‘nitrogen-sparing effect’ can be produced in normal, eviscerated and depancreatied animals.
Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis in Infancy

Supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) is a rare anomaly of the aortic root caused by a genetically based deficiency in elastin production. Concomitant primary and secondary cardiovascular lesions complicate surgical management and impact early and late outcomes. Because SVAS is a rare lesion, surgical series are relatively small and span lengthy time periods. Consequently, risk factors that influence early and late outcomes are not well defined. Patients who come to surgery during infancy are particularly challenging, but little attention has been directed as to whether or not young age influences outcomes. This review suggests that complicating associated features of elastin arteriopathy are more prevalent in patients who require relief of SVAS during infancy, and that concomitant lesions significantly increase the difficulty and risk of treating younger patients with SVAS.
Molybdate impairs glycosaminoglycan sulfation in rat cartilage.

Abstract The mechanism by which molybdate produces joint and bone deformities is not known. However, we recently reported that molybdate decreases the sulfation of acetaminophen in rat liver. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of molybdate on the sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and whether manganese-induced joint and bone deformities might be due to this mechanism. Molybdate (15 mmol/kg, po) did not alter total GAG content in patella and articular cartilage of rats assayed 24 hr after administration. Nevertheless, [ 35 S]sulfate uptake into both patella and articular cartilage was decreased dramatically (70 and 50%, respectively) by molybdate. Molybdate did not affect GAG chain elongation, as there was no effect of molybdate on [ 3 H]glucosamine uptake into patella cartilage. These results indicate that molybdate impairs sulfation of GAGs. In an attempt to determine the mechanism of the molybdate-induced decrease in GAG sulfation, the effect of molybdate and sulfate on the incorporation of sulfate into GAGs was examined in vitro using monolayer chondrocyte cultures. Molybdate reduced the sulfation of GAGs in chrondrocytes in vitro, but only at concentrations higher than the blood concentration of molybdate in vivo that decreased GAG sulfation. Molybdate given in vivo decreases plasma sulfate to levels, which when used in vitro, decreases GAG sulfation. Therefore, molybdate treatment decreases sulfate availability and the sulfation of glycosaminoglycans.
Foliar nutrient and water content in subtropical tree islands: A new chemohydrodynamic link between satellite vegetation indices and foliar δ15N values

Abstract We examined the relationships between two satellite-derived vegetation indices and foliar δ15N values obtained from dominant canopy species in a set of tree islands located in the Everglades National Park in South Florida, USA. These tree islands constitute important nutrient hotspots in an otherwise P-limited wetland environment. Foliar δ15N values obtained from a previous study of 17 tree islands in both slough (perennially wet) and prairie (seasonally wet) locations served as a proxy of P availability at the stand level. We utilized five cloud-free SPOT 4 multispectral images (20 m spatial resolution) from different times of the seasonal cycle to derive two atmospherically corrected vegetation indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI), averaged for each tree island. NDWI, which incorporates a shortwave infrared (SWIR) band that provides information on leaf water content, showed consistently higher linear fits with island foliar δ15N values than did NDVI. In addition, NDWI showed greater variation throughout the seasonal cycle than did NDVI, and was significantly correlated with average water stage, which suggests that the SWIR band captures important information on seasonally variable water status. Tree islands in slough locations showed higher NDWI than prairie islands during the dry season, which is consistent with higher levels of transpiration and nutrient harvesting and accumulation for perennially wet locations. Overall, the results suggest that water availability is closely related to P availability in subtropical tree islands, and that NDWI may provide a robust indicator of community-level water and nutrient status.
NASA electric propulsion technology

It is pointed out that the requirements for future electric propulsion cover an extremely large range of technical and programmatic characteristics. A NASA program is to provide options for the many potential mission applications, taking into account work on electrostatic, electromagnetic, and electrothermal propulsion systems. The present paper is concerned with developments regarding the three classes of electric propulsion. Studies concerning electrostatic propulsion are concerned with ion propulsion for primary propulsion for planetary and earth-orbit transfer vehicles, stationkeeping for geosynchronous spacecraft, and ion thruster systems. In connection with investigations related to electromagnetic propulsion, attention is given to electromagnetic launchers, the Hall current thruster, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. In a discussion of electrothermal developments, space station resistojets are considered along with high performance resistojets, arcjets, and a laser thruster.
Vectorizable preconditioners for mixed finite element solution of second-order elliptic problems

We compare the performance of the CG (conjugate gradient) method, the point-wise incomplete factorization preconditioned CG method, and the block-incomplete factorization preconditioned CG method for solving problems arising in mixed finite element discretization of second order elliptic differential equations. The robustness and vectorizable properties of these methods are illustrated by a large set of numerical tests.
Planetary science: Evolved magma on Mars

The surface of Mars is dominated by basalt that has undergone little magmatic evolution. However, minerals now identified in some ancient terrains suggest that extensive magma processing and intrusive volcanism were not uncommon on the red planet.
Influence of soil O2 and CO2 on root respiration for Agave deserti

Respiration measured as CO2 efflux was determined at various soil O2 and CO2 concentrations for individual, attached roots of a succulent perennial from the Sonoran Desert, Agave deserti Engelm. The respiration rate increased with increasing O2 concentration up to about 16% O2 for established roots and 5% O2 for rain roots (fine branch roots on established roots induced by wetting of the soil) and then remained fairly constant up to 21% O2. When O2 was decreased from 21 to 0%, the respiration rates were similar to those obtained with increasing O2 concentration. The CO2 concentration in the root zone, which for the shallow-rooted A. deserti in the field was about 1 000 μl l-1, did not affect root respiration at concentrations up to 2 000 μl l-1, but higher concentrations reduced it, respiration being abolished at 20 000 μl l-1 (2%) CO2 for both established and rain roots. Upon lowering CO2 to 1 000 μl l-1 after exposure to concentrations up to 10000 μl l-1 CO2, inhibition of respiration was reversible. Uptake of the vital stain neutral red by root cortical cells was reduced to zero, indicating cell death, in about 4 h at 2% CO2, substantiating the detrimental effects of high soil CO2 concentrations on roots of A. deserti. This CO2 response may explain why roots of desert succulents tend to occur in porous, well-aerated soils.
Nature of Communication: Voices of 11–14 Year Old African-American Girls and Their Mothers in Regard to Talking About Sex

Background: Within the female population between the ages of 13 and 19, African Americans (AA) made up 70% of the cases of HIV seroconversionwithin the US in 2006. In light of this health disparity, prevention strategies should begin prior to age 13. The primary sex educator in families is the mother. Examining how mothers communicate with their daughters about sex and how their daughters respond could help healthcare professionals develop interventions to decrease this population’s sexual risk.Objective:This qualitative study explored what AA mothers say to their daughters about sex, in what context the discussions occur, and how the daughters respond to their mothers’ messages. Methods:Forty-two mother-daughter dyads were recruited from 4 inner-city community centers. Seven separate groups were conducted with mothers and daughters (ages 11–14) using focus group methodology and principles of Participatory Action Research. Results: Four codes emerged from the data, reflecting both verbal and nonverbal sex...