cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hearing Loss in Singers: A Preliminary Study

Summary Objective Singers need good hearing; however, they may be exposed to loud noises during their musical activities. The objectives of this study were to describe the incidence and type of hearing loss (HL) in singers. Study design Retrospective case cohort. Methods Billing records identified patients who had undergone videostroboscopy and audiogram during the same visit over a 3 year period. A singer was defined as anyone who self-identified as a singer (professional or avocational). Age and gender matched nonsingers were used as controls. Patients with otologic diagnoses, surgery, or complaints were excluded. Retrospective chart review was conducted for the presence of HL, type of HL, and pure tones audiogram results. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Students t test, chi-square test, and Fisher exact test. Results Of 172 singers (44.7 years, 37.8% male), 31 (17.5%) had HL. Pure tone thresholds for the singers with HL subgroup at 3, 4, and 6 kHz were 21.0, 26.5, and 34.4 dB in the right, and 22.8, 30.3, and 38.8 dB in the left ear, respectively. Older age ( P = 0.000000000000001), male gender ( P P = 0.0000000003), and baritone voice ( P χ 2 = 0.300, P = 0.58). Pure tones at 3, 4, and 6 kHz were not significantly different than controls with HL. Most common type of HL in singers was bilateral sensorineural (83.9%), which was significantly higher than controls (39.0%, χ 2 = 14.6, P Conclusions The incidence of HL in singers was 17.5%, which was not significantly different from controls. Bilateral sensorineural HL was most common.
Some functions of narrative in the assimilation of problematic experiences.

We present three current, complementary formulations of the assimilationmodel: (a) the schema formulation, based on cognitive developmentalconcepts; (b) the voices formulation, in which assimilation is understoodas the construction of a meaning bridge between active internal voices;and (c) the cognitive science formulation, which uses cognitive conceptsof memory types to understand the failure of memory in cases of warded-off and avoided experiences. These views of assimilation are used to under-stand the varied functions that narratives (stories about real or imaginedevents outside of therapy) may play in psychotherapy, including narrativesthat avoid encounters with threatening material, narratives that approachsuch material indirectly or symbolically, narratives by which clients reexpe-rience trauma, and narratives that help construct a mature understanding.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 1213–1226, 1999.
Clinical presentations and outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with infection admitted to the intensive care unit.

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to investigate clinical presentations and outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with infection admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)....
Medicare and the Affordable Care Act

The recently enacted Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act made modest changes to improve Medicare and obtained a substantial share of funding for the Act's broader reforms from future spending reductions in the program. Drug benefits and preventive services were improved. While painful, the spending reductions will have only moderate impacts on beneficiaries and should help achieve the goals of health care reform: encouraging better primary and preventive care, making providers conscious of finding ways to increase the productivity of care delivered and changing the relative levels of payment across certain providers. Additional costs to beneficiaries will arise from changes in private plan payments and increasing income-related premiums.
The relative insensitivity of Manduca sexta larvae to non-host plant secondary compounds.

We tested the deterrent effects of non-host plant secondary compounds on Manduca sexta Johan. larvae, in choice tests. Treatment chemicals were applied, at approximately natural concentrations to either glass fiber or tobacco leaf disks. Of 30 compounds tested on glass fiber disks, with artificial diet reared larvae, 6 were deterrent. When the 6 deterrent chemicals were tested on tobacco leaf disks only one was still deterrent. No deterrent effects were observed when tobacco reared larvae were tested with chemicals applied to tobacco leaf disks. The results suggest that maintenance of restricted host range in M. sexta larvae relies not on avoidance of non-hosts due to deterrence but on attraction and stimulation to feed on hosts. Resume La relative insensibilite de chenilles de Manduca sexta aux composes secondaires des plantes nonhotes Nous avons examine au moyen des experiences de choix, les effets dissuasifs des composes secondaires de plantes non-hotes des chenilles de M. sexta Johan. Des disques de fibres de verre ou des rondelles de feuilles de tabac ont ete traites chimiquement, aux concentrations a peu pres naturelles. Sur les 30 substances examinees sur les disques de fibres de verre, 6 ont ete repulsives pour des chenilles elevees sur aliment artificiel. Quand l'examen est effectue avec des rondelles de feuilles de tabac, seul un produit est encore repulsif. Aucun effet repulsif n'est observe quand des chenilles elevees sur tabac sont mises en presence de substances associees a des rondelles de feuille de tabac. Ces resultats suggerent que le maintien d'un spectre d'hotes limite chez les chenilles de M. sexta ne repose pas sur l'evitement des plantes non-hotes par suite de leurs substantes dissuasives, mais sur l'attraction et la stimulation provoquees par les hotes.
Cervical lymph node metastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary antrum: the role of elective irradiation of the clinically negative neck.

Abstract A retrospective analysis of 63 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary antrum revealed that cervical lymph node metastases were present on admission in 13 patients (21%) and later became clinically evident in 9 others (14%). Treatment failure solely because of subsequent appearance of nodal metastases was extremely uncommon. Of the various factors analyzed to search for subgroups of patients at higher risk for subsequent nodal metastases, none were shown to be of statistical significance. Based on these results, we find that elective irradiation of the clinically negative neck is of little benefit for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary antrum.
An integer programming approach to DNA sequence assembly

De novo sequence assembly is a ubiquitous combinatorial problem in all DNA sequencing technologies. In the presence of errors in the experimental data, the assembly problem is computationally challenging, and its solution may not lead to a unique reconstruct. The enumeration of all alternative solutions is important in drawing a reliable conclusion on the target sequence, and is often overlooked in the heuristic approaches that are currently available. In this paper, we develop an integer programming formulation and global optimization solution strategy to solve the sequence assembly problem with errors in the data. We also propose an efficient technique to identify all alternative reconstructs. When applied to examples of sequencing-by-hybridization, our approach dramatically increases the length of DNA sequences that can be handled with global optimality certificate to over 10,000, which is more than 10 times longer than previously reported. For some problem instances, alternative solutions exhibited a wide range of different ability in reproducing the target DNA sequence. Therefore, it is important to utilize the methodology proposed in this paper in order to obtain all alternative solutions to reliably infer the true reconstruct. These alternative solutions can be used to refine the obtained results and guide the design of further experiments to correctly reconstruct the target DNA sequence.
Design and Technologies for Understanding Older Adults Social Interactions in Retirement Communities

Social interactions in retirement communities’ shared spaces are a key component to preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people. Given the underutilization of these spaces, placing technologies to promote utilization of- and socialization in- shared spaces might improve independence and quality of life among older adults. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, development, and technology studies conducted for understanding the social interactions of older adults in retirement communities. To understand current use of shared spaces, observational studies were conducted in a retirement community. Moreover, interventions were implemented to evaluate the impact of designed technologies in shared spaces. The results motivate the need for an automated behavioral mapping surveillance system to quantify social interactions among older adults and technology interventions in retirement communities’ shared common areas. This paper describes the development of a video-based analysis system for understanding social interactions among older adults in retirement communities. Specific emphasis is given to describing the automated behavioral mapping surveillance system designed to monitor the number, length, and type of interactions of older adults in retirement communities. We hypothesize that social interactions amongst older adults can be detected using video cameras and microphones strategically placed in the environment, and discuss the development of a surveillance system specifically for quantifying social interaction. This study is relevant for the field of social robotics as an example of a realistic application domain.
Entropy-Based Detection of Incipient Faults in Software Systems

This paper develops and validates a methodology to detect small, incipient faults in software systems. Incipient faults such as memory leaks slowly deteriorate the software's performance over time and if left undetected, the end result is usually a complete system failure. The proposed method combines tools from information theory and statistics: entropy and principal component analysis (PCA). The entropy calculation summarizes the information content associated with the collected low-level metrics and reduces the computational burden incurred by the subsequent PCA step which detects underlying patterns and correlations present in the multivariate data, as well as distortions in the correlations indicative of an incipient fault. We use the technique to detect memory bloat within the Trade6 enterprise application under dynamic workload patterns, showing that small leaks can be detected quickly and with a low false alarm rate. Our method is also robust to the periodic/seasonal patterns affecting the metrics used to detect the fault.
Does High Technology Polarize the Work Force

The well-known argument that high-technology industry polarizes the work force appears to be an extrapolation primarily from two patterns: The occupational characteristics of the semiconductor industry, and the seeming occupational polarization of the US economy as a whole. The proposition that high-technology industry is responsible for the polarization of work forces is operationalized and statistically assessed in this paper. Operating from a definition of ‘high technology’ used by government agencies, a county-level analysis of the relation between employment in high-technology firms and in various higher-skill and lower-skill occupations reveals only limited empirical support for the ‘high-technology work force polarization’ (hereafter HTWFP) argument. This suggests that generalizations about the occupational impacts of high technology have been overdrawn, and that further research should focus less on extrapolating to the general case and more on examining and comparing a variety of high-technology ...
Comparison of mutant frequencies and types of mutations induced by thiotepa in the endogenous Hprt gene and transgenic lacI gene of Big Blue rats.

Abstract The utility of the lacI transgene of Big BluesR rats as a reporter of in vivo mutation was evaluated by comparing the frequency and types of mutations induced by thiotepa in the transgene and the endogenous Hprt gene. Transgenic rats were given i.p. injections of 1.4 mg/kg of thiotepa three times per week over a period of 4 weeks (a total dose of 16.8 mg/kg); 1 week after the last injection, mutation assays were performed on spleen lymphocytes isolated from the animals. Thiotepa treatment increased the lacI mutant frequency from 34.8±4.1×10 −6 in control animals to 140.9 ± 64.8 × 10 −6 ( p = 0.0020) and the Hprt mutant frequency from 3.5 ± 1.5 × 10 −6 to 41.1 ± 23.2 × 10 −6 ( p = 0.0028). Sequence analysis of lacI mutant DNA and Hprt mutant cDNA produced similar overall mutation patterns: G:C → T:A transversion was the most common base pair substitution (32% of independent mutations in the lacI gene and 28% of Hprt mutations), and deletions and insertions accounted for 34% of mutations in the lacI gene and 28% in the Hprt gene. The majority of thiotepa-induced base pair substitutions in the Hprt gene occurred with the mutated purine on the non-transcribed DNA strand, while no strand-related bias was found for mutations in the lacI gene. Substitutions at G:C base pairs in the lacI gene, but not in the Hprt gene, were found disproportionately in CpG sites. In addition, multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis of genomic DNA from the Hprt mutants indicated that 34% had relatively large deletions; none of these deletions was detected by the cDNA analysis. The results indicate that the frequency of thiotepa-induced mutants in Big Blue® rats was 2.8-fold greater in the lacI gene than in the Hprt gene. Although the Hprt gene recovered a fraction of large deletions not found among the lacI mutants, the effects of transcription-coupled DNA repair in the Hprt gene and the targeting of base pair substitutions to G:C base pairs in CpG sites may have contributed to the higher mutant frequencies induced by thiotepa in the lacI transgene compared with the Hprt gene.
Residual arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation via an adenosine diphosphate-dependent but cyclooxygenase-1- and cyclooxygenase-2-independent pathway: a 700-patient study of aspirin resistance.

Background— Thrombotic events still occur in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. Methods and Results— To better understand aspirin “resistance,” serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and flow cytometric measures of arachidonic acid–induced platelet activation (before and after the ex vivo addition of aspirin and indomethacin) were analyzed in 700 consecutive aspirin-treated patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. In 680 of 682 evaluable patients, serum TXB2 concentrations were reduced compared with nonaspirinated healthy donors. Twelve patients had serum TXB2 that was lower than nonaspirinated healthy donors but >10 ng/mL. Arachidonic acid stimulated greater platelet activation in patients with high serum TXB2 (>10 ng/mL) than in patients with low serum TXB2. Addition of ex vivo aspirin reduced arachidonic acid–induced platelet activation to similar levels regardless of serum TXB2 concentrations, which suggests that patients with high residual serum TXB2 concentrations were either noncomplia...
Chondrosarcoma of the hand with metastasis: A review of the literature and case report

A case report of chondrosarcoma of the hand, metastatic to the lung, is presented. The need for awareness of the possibility of malignancy in benign appearing lesions is emphasized.
Biotransformation of cannabinoids by Syncephalastrum racemosum

Incubation of four common cannabinoids with vegetative cultures of the fungus Syncephalastrum racemosum yielded a number of polar metabolites. Major metabolites of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol were eluted from preparative thin-layer chromatographic plates and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum of each of the compounds examined showed a molecular ion corresponding to a monohydroxylated derivative of the parent cannabinoid. Identification of the major metabolite of each cannabinoid as the product of hydroxylation in the penultimate (4′) position of the n-pentyl sidechain was made by analysis of the mass spectra of underivatized and TMS derivatized metabolites and by comparison with model compounds. A number of prominent fragment ions in the mass spectra were identified as arising through known fragmentation pathways of cannabinoids.
Cytodifferentiation of precultured embryonic chick lens epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract 1. 1. Embryonic chick lens epithelial cells which had lost their abilities to enlarge and elongate in serum-free medium regained these abilities when they were reimplanted into a lentectomized embryonic eye. 2. 2. In vitro confrontation of precultured lens epithelia and periocular mesenchyme revealed that this mesenchyme supported modest fiber formation with lens cell elongation and enlargement. These mesenchymal effects were not highly regionally specific since they were also produced to a smaller extent by limb bud mesenchyme. 3. 3. In vitro confrontation of precultured lens epithelia and embryonic neural retina demonstrated that neural retina supported lens cell enlargement with accumulation of eosinophilic cytoplasm, but did not support lens cell elongation. The possible uncoupling of lens protein accumulation and fiber elongation by these experimental techniques may offer a means of further delineating the mechanisms controlling these two important processes in lens differentiation.
21 CFR Part 11: The Role of Predicate Regulations and Associated Internal Policies

Are the records maintained in a computerized system subject to 21 CFR 11? Does 21 CFR 11 apply to a computerized system that is only used for “administrative/tracking” functions? Is an e-mail of an electronic record subject to 21 CFR 11?
Intensity-modulated whole pelvic radiotherapy in women with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Purpose: To describe our initial clinical experience with intensity-modulated whole pelvic radiotherapy (IM-WPRT) in women with gynecologic malignancies. Methods and Materials: Between February 2000 and August 2001, 40 gynecology patients underwent IM-WPRT. After fabrication of customized immobilization, all patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT, and a clinical target volume was contoured consisting of the upper vagina, parametria, uterus (if present), and presacral and pelvic lymph node regions. The clinical target volume was expanded by 1 cm to create a planning target volume (PTV). Using commercially available software, 7- or 9-field, 6-MV, coplanar IM-WPRT plans were generated for all patients. The worst acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity during treatment was scored on a 4-point scale: 0, none; 1, mild, no medications required; 2, moderate, medications required; and 3, severe, treatment breaks or cessation, hospitalization. As a comparison, acute toxicities in 35 previously treated conventional WPRT patients were analyzed. No significant differences were noted in the clinicopathologic and treatment factors between the two groups. Results: IM-WPRT plans provided excellent PTV coverage, with considerable sparing of the surrounding normal tissues. On average, 98.1% of the PTV received the prescription dose. The average percentage of the PTV receiving 110% and 115% of the prescription dose was 9.8% and 0.2%, respectively. IM-WPRT was well tolerated, with no patient developing Grade 3 toxicity. Grade 2 acute gastrointestinal toxicity was less common in the IM-WPRT group (60 vs. 91%, p = 0.002) than in the conventional WPRT group. Moreover, the percentage of IM-WPRT and WPRT patients requiring no or only infrequent antidiarrheal medications was 75% and 34%, respectively (p = 0.001). Although less Grade 2 genitourinary toxicity was seen in the IM-WPRT group (10% vs. 20%), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.22). Conclusion: IM-WPRT is a promising approach in gynecology patients. IMRT planning resulted in excellent PTV coverage, with considerable sparing of normal tissues. Treatment was well tolerated and associated with less acute gastrointestinal sequelae than conventional WPRT. Longer follow-up and more patients are needed, however, to evaluate the full merits of this novel approach.
Dyed birds achieve higher social status than controls in Harris' sparrows

The status-signalling hypothesis has been proposed to explain colour variation among individuals in flocking birds. Its fundamental assumption is that colour may affect the determination of an individual's social rank in a flock. Here I show for winter Harris' sparrows (Zonotrichia querula) that birds dyed to resemble adults dominate control birds within experimental flocks of young males and young females. The domination of controls by the dyed birds was achieved by a two-step process in both experiments: immediately after the two groups were combined, the controls avoided the dyed birds; then, shortly thereafter, the dyed birds began actively to displace the control birds.
Dynamic mechanical properties of random ethylene/1-octene copolymers prepared by rapid cooling

Abstract The dynamic mechanical properties of a well-characterized series of homogeneous ethylene/1-octene copolymers with different random hexyl branch contents and prepared using different cooling conditions have been examined using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was confirmed that the relaxation behavior of copolymers varied continuously with the branch content: the magnitude of the β relaxation increased with branch content while the intensity of the α relaxation decreased with the branch content; both relaxation temperatures decreasing with increasing branch level in the copolymers. Copolymers prepared at different cooling conditions were further examined and strikingly continuous changes were found for the first time. The β relaxation was shown to correlate to the amorphous region, while the α1 and α2 relaxations can be clearly differentiated for some samples and are assumed to be associated with the interlamellar slip and intra-crystalline c-shear processes respectively. With increasing cooling rate, the relative intensity of α1 relaxation to α2 relaxation was found to decrease while the β relaxation did not change. The most informative data is determined from deconvolution of tan δ spectra. In higher crystallinity polymers the α1 and α2 relaxations are closely related in activation energy but have different temperature locations. For lower crystallinity systems, where the α1 relaxation cannot be observed, the α2 and β relaxations are closely linked, with activation energies approaching one another. These results show very clearly that, although the observed relaxation data can be separated through deconvolution into three separate peaks, the behaviors are closely linked. Presumably, this a clear reflection of the role of tie molecules in binding phases together and in influencing dynamic mechanical behavior. A clear change of behavior has also been observed in the β relaxation when a distinct amorphous phase exists outside of the spherulites, confirming the general belief that the crystalline phase influences the amorphous phase when it is confined within a spherulite. Again, this behavior is reflecting the role of tie molecules in binding together the nanocomposite structure of a spherulite.
The effect of institutional characteristics on participation of women in computer science bachelors degree programs

The poster presents institutional characteristics that can statistically predict the proportion of female computer science bachelors' degrees conferred at institutions. School or college (e.g., engineering) has little predictive power in this model.
High Stress Conditions Do Not Increase Wear of Thin Highly Crosslinked UHMWPE

Introduction of highly crosslinked polyethylene has increased interest in large femoral heads, because thin acetabular liners can be used while maintaining low wear rates and larger heads decrease the incidence of instability. However, crosslinking and subsequent thermal treatments can cause decreased mechanical properties that might obviate the reduced wear under extreme conditions. To examine whether increased contact pressures would adversely affect wear in thin liners, we tested thin and thick highly crosslinked liners (3.8 mm thickness/44-mm head and 7.9 mm thickness/36-mm head, respectively) to 5 million cycles on a hip simulator under near impingement conditions. Conventional polyethylene liners (7.9 mm thickness/36-mm head) served as controls. Large femoral heads with highly crosslinked polyethylene liners as thin as 3.8 mm in thickness do not wear at a higher rate than a thicker liner of the same material, even when subjected to large contact pressures such as occur under near-impingement conditions. Crosslinked polyethylene may allow for liners that are thinner than has been traditionally accepted. This conclusion, however, is based solely on wear test results with idealized cup position, no intentional edge loading, no head subluxation, and no artificial aging. Continued monitoring will be necessary to elucidate the clinical efficacy of these devices.
Functional Brain Imaging Studies of Cortical Mechanisms for Memory

Recent functional brain imaging studies in humans indicate that learning and memory involve many of the same regions of the cortex that process sensory information and control motor output. The forms of perceptual and motor learning that can occur without conscious recollection are mediated in part by contractions and expansions of representations in the sensory and motor cortex. The same regions are also engaged during the conscious storage and retrieval of facts and events, but these types of memory also bring into play structures involved in the active maintenance of memories "on line" and in the establishment of associative links between the information stored in different sensory areas. Although the picture of memory that is emerging from functional imaging studies is consistent with current physiological accounts, there are puzzles and surprises that will be solved only through a combination of human and animal studies.
In memoriam: Remembering Rollo May: An interview with Irvin Yalom

(1994). In memoriam: Remembering Rollo May: An interview with Irvin Yalom. The Humanistic Psychologist: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 268-274.
Detection of single unit activity from the rat vagus using cluster analysis of principal components

In vivo recordings from subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent nerves generally lack the resolution to distinguish single unit activity. Several methods for data acquisition and analysis were combined to produce a high degree of reliability in recording electrophysiological signals from gastrointestinal and hepatic afferent fibers in the rat. Recordings with low noise were achieved by paralysis of the respiratory muscles and by pinning the nerve to a recording platform. Single unit activity was isolated using principal component (PC) analysis and cluster cutting of data in multi-dimensional space (1-3 PCs). Cluster assignments were determined by a semi-automated approach using the k-means algorithm. The accuracy of single unit classification was assessed by checking inter-spike intervals (ISIs) to determine the length of the refractory period, and by cross-correlation analysis to assess whether single units were mistakenly split into more than one cluster. These analyses produced up to four isolated single units from each nerve filament (a bundle of nerve fibers), and typically it was possible to further increase yield by recording from several nerve filaments simultaneously using an array of electrodes.
The importance of the lithium ion transference number in lithium/polymer cells

Abstract Simulation results are presented for a lithium negative electrode, solid polymer separator, manganese dioxide composite positive electrode cell. In particular, we assess the effect of conductivity and transference number on cell performance, establishing criteria for situations when a trade-off between these two properties is expected. We show that polymer-electrolyte systems with a unity transference number have improved performance over systems with t0+ = 0.2, even when the conductivity is decreased by an order of magnitude. The improvements are primarily at higher rates of discharge, where the latter cell would be depleted of electrolyte due to large concentration gradients that develop. Cells with a unity transference number have larger energy densities and can attain higher peak-power densities.
Comparing Short dsRNA and dsDNA: Charge Screening Efficiency and Counterion Distribution

Action of short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) helices is a key component in the RNA interference mechanism. Since past theoretical and experimental work on nucleic acid electrostatics mainly focused on DNA, we conducted a comparative investigation of electrostatic effects in RNA and DNA. Using resonant (anomalous) and non-resonant small-angle x-ray scattering, we characterized the charge screening efficiency and counterion distribution around short (25bp) double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules of comparable sequence. Compared to dsDNA, we find that dsRNA molecules appear charge neutral on shorter length scales under conditions of lower bulk salt concentrations. The experimental results agree well with ion-size-corrected nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann calculations. We propose that differences in electrostatic properties aid in selective recognition of different types of short nucleic acid helices by target binding partners.
Dynamic generation of maximally entangled photon multiplets by adiabatic passage

The adiabatic passage scheme for quantum state synthesis, in which atomic Zeeman coherences are mapped to photon states in an optical cavity, is extended to the general case of two degenerate cavity modes with orthogonal polarization. Analytical calculations of the dressed-state structure and Monte Carlo wave-function simulations of the system dynamics show that, for a suitably chosen cavity detuning, it is possible to generate states of photon multiplets that are maximally entangled in polarization. These states display nonclassical correlations of the type described by Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger (GHZ). An experimental scheme to realize a GHZ measurement using coincidence detection of the photons escaping from the cavity is proposed. The correlations are found to originate in the dynamics of the adiabatic passage and persist even if cavity decay and GHZ state synthesis compete on the same time scale. Beyond entangled field states, it is also possible to generate entanglement between photons and the atom by using a different atomic transition and initial Zeeman state.
Vaccination benefits and cost-sharing policy for non-institutionalized adult Medicaid enrollees in the United States.

Medicaid is the largest funding source of health services for the poorest people in the United States. Medicaid enrollees have greater health care, needs, and higher health risks than other individuals in the country and, experience disproportionately low rates of preventive care. Without, Medicaid coverage, poor uninsured adults may not be vaccinated or would, rely on publicly-funded programs that provide vaccinations. We examined each programs’ policies related to benefit coverage and, copayments for adult enrollees. Our study was completed between October 2011 and September 2012 using a document review and a survey of Medicaid administrators that assessed coverage and cost-sharing policy for fee-for-service programs. Results were compared to a similar review, conducted in 2003. Over the past 10 years, Medicaid programs have typically maintained or expanded vaccination coverage benefits for adults and nearly half have explicitly prohibited copayments. The 17 programs that cover all recommended vaccines while prohibiting, copayments demonstrate a commitment to providing increased access to vaccinations for adult enrollees. When developing responses to fiscal and political challenges, the programs that do not cover all ACIP recommended adult vaccines or those that permit copayments for vaccinations, should consider all strategies to increase vaccinations and reduce costs to enrollees.
Formation of aqueous solutions on Mars via deliquescence of chloride–perchlorate binary mixtures

Abstract Perchlorate salts, known to exist on Mars, can readily absorb water vapor and deliquesce into aqueous solutions even at low temperatures. The multiple soluble ionic species, such as chloride salts, present in the Martian subsurface may affect this deliquescence. Here we study the deliquescence (solid to aqueous transition) and efflorescence (aqueous to solid transition) of three perchlorate/chloride mixtures: KClO 4 /KCl at 253 K, NaClO 4 /NaCl at 243 and 253 K, and Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 /MgCl 2 at 243 and 253 K. A Raman microscope with an environmental cell was used to monitor the phase transitions of internally mixed ClO − 4 /Cl − particles as a function of the perchlorate mole fraction. The eutonic relative humidity (where deliquescence begins to occur regardless of ClO − 4 mole fraction), deliquescence relative humidity (DRH, where complete deliquescence occurs), and efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) were measured for several perchlorate mole ratios for each cation system. At the temperatures studied, the eutonic relative humidity was measured to be 28% RH for Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 /MgCl 2 mixtures, 38% RH for NaClO 4 /NaCl mixtures, and 82% RH for KClO 4 /KCl mixtures. The DRH depends on the perchlorate mole ratio, but is below the DRH of the least deliquescent (highest DRH) pure salt. When humidity is lowered around an aqueous salt mixture, we find that efflorescence occurs at an RH below the DRH due to the kinetic inhibition of crystallization. The ERH values of the salt solutions were as low as 5% RH for Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 /MgCl 2 mixtures, as low as 13% RH for NaClO 4 /NaCl mixtures, and as low as 66% RH for KClO 4 /KCl mixtures. The low eutonic RH values for the Na + and Mg 2+ perchlorate/chloride mixtures are important: wherever Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 and MgCl 2 or NaClO 4 and NaCl coexist at the temperatures studied, mixtures will contain a stable aqueous phase above 28 or 38% RH, respectively, regardless of the perchlorate mole fraction. This liquid water may persist until 5 or 13% RH, respectively.
THE PREDICTION OF GRE READING COMPREHENSION ITEM DIFFICULTY FOR EXPOSITORY PROSE PASSAGES FOR EACH OF THREE ITEM TYPES: MAIN IDEAS, INFERENCES AND EXPLICIT STATEMENTS

This study examines the predictability of GRE reading item difficulty (equated delta) for three major reading item types: main idea, inference and explicit statement items. Each item type is analyzed separately, using 110 GRE reading passages and their associated 244 reading items; selective analyses of 285 SAT reading items are also presented. Stepwise regression analyses indicates that the percentage of GRE delta variance accounted for varied from 20% to 52% depending upon the item type. Details of item predictability were explored by evaluating several hypotheses. Results indicated that (1) multiple-choice reading items are sensitive to variables similar to those reported in the experimental literature on comprehension, (2) many of these variables provide independent predictive information in regression analyses, and (3) substantial agreement between GRE and SAT reading predictability was found.
Optimization of X-ray energy resolution from a horizontally focused single-crystal monochromator

Abstract A method has been developed to optimize the energy resolution of a horizontally focusing monochromator. The method consists of determining the optimum radius of curvature of the cylindrically bent monochromator crystal by minimizing the total diffracted X-ray flux measured through an X-ray absorption foil. When measured at an absorption edge a global minimum can be identified, which corresponds to the minimum energy band accepted along the entire length of the crystal. Experimental verification of this method has been validated by comparing X-ray fluorescent scans taken for a series of crystal curvatures and by directly measuring the X-ray beam profiles at the corresponding points. The actual optical configuration and asymmetric-cut parameter of the focusing monochromator on beamline X4C at the National Synchrotron Light Source are modeled and ray tracing simulations of the optical system are compared with direct beam profile measurements.
Presentation format effects in working memory: the role of attention.

Four experiments are reported in which participants attempted to remember three or six concrete nouns, presented as pictures, spoken words, or printed words, while also verifying the accuracy of sentences. Hypotheses meant to explain the higher recall of pictures and spoken words over printed words were tested. Increasing the difficulty and changing the type of processing task from arithmetic to a visual/ spatial reasoning task did not influence recall. An examination of long-term modality effects showed that those effects were not sufficient to explain the superior performance with spoken words and pictures. Only when we manipulated the allocation of attention to the items in the storage task by requiring the participants to articulate the items and by presenting the stimulus items under a degraded condition were we able to reduce or remove the effect of presentation format. The findings suggest that the better recall of pictures and spoken words over printed words result from the fact that under normal presentation conditions, printed words receive less processing attention than pictures and spoken words do.
Use of H218O2 to measure absolute rates of dark H2O2 production in freshwater systems.

Photochemical production is usually considered to be the main source of H2O2 in freshwater systems; here we show that significant dark production also occurs. We used isotope-labeled H2O2 as a tracer to simultaneously determine H2O2 production and decay rates in incubations of unfiltered water samples. Our new technique for H2(18)O2 analysis, requiring only small sample volumes and simple field equipment, allows for preservation of samples in remote locations, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis up to six days later. Dark H2O2 production rates of 29-122 nM/h were observed in several lakewater samples. Measured production and decay rates were consistent with pseudo steady-state, early morning [H2O2] measurements made in each water body. Dark H2O2 production is likely to be more important than photochemical production for the total H2O2 budget over 24 h in the freshwater systems we examined. Our results imply that processes usually assumed to be photochemically induced in freshwaters, such as metal redox cycling mediated by H2O2 and O2(-), and production of strong oxidants from the reaction of H2O2 with Fe(II) (Fenton's reaction) could also be occurring at significant rates in the absence of light.
Predicting ultrarelativistic nuclear interactions from pp data

Abstract We present a method of calculating the energy loss of an “excited” hadron at each interaction in its passage through nuclear matter, which leads naturally to an energy conserving wounded nucleon model. Its input is pp data, as summarized in the “beam-jet”, minimum bias, ISAJET formulation of F. Paige. It appears to reproduce, simultaneously, and without adjustable parameters, all measured features of ultrarelativistic p-nuclear interactions where “rescattering” and “cascading” can be neglected. We find that the rapidity loss of the leading proton is considerably smaller than previous estimates. In addition we discuss and demonstrate rescatterings in heavy nuclei that affect the transverse energy dependence of nuclear cross sections.
Acoustic attenuation in high-Tc superconductors

Abstract We analyze the acoustic-attenuation rate in high-Tc supercondoctors, and find that this method offers an additional way to examine the anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter in these materials. We argue that it should be possible to distinguish the electronic contribution to the acoustic attenuation, which has a strong temperature dependence near Tc, from the lattice contribution, which does not show a strong temperature dependence near Tc. We propose that this can be utilized to measure the anisotropy of the order parameter by measuring the attenuation rate near Tc in different directions.
Application of point-matching method to scattering from quadrilateral cylinders

The possibility of constructing computer programs with the capability of generating detailed information on the scattering characteristics of a wide class of perfectly conducting cylinders of arbitrary cross-section in the `resonance? range has made further investigation of the `point-matching? technique of some interest. In the letter, the utility of the point-matching method is explored for a class of quadrilateral cylinders when the region exterior to the scatterer can be described by a set of overlapping domains within which the field can be expanded in terms of complete eigenfunction expansions.
The effects of steroid hormones on electrical activity of excitable cells

Steroid hormones influence the electrical activity of many neurons and effectors by regulating the transcription of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, or by modulating the activity of their channels and receptors through second messenger-coupled membrane receptors, or both. In this article, four cell types with known functions and distinct electrical activities are focused on to illustrate how different steroids act synergistically with, or in opposition to, each other to modulate specific electrical phenomena such as spontaneous regular firing (GH3 cells, a pituitary cell line), action potential duration (electric organ cells), and intrinsic excitability and sensitivity to neurotransmitters (GnRH and opioidergic neurons).These examples illustrate how steroids might influence electrical activity in neurons involved in more complex central circuits.
“Tuck in that Shirt!” Race, Class, Gender, and Discipline in an Urban School:

This article explores how schools reproduce race, class, and gender inequality through the regulation of students' bodies. Using ethno- graphic data from an urban school, I examine how assumptions guiding bodily discipline differed for different groups of students. First, adults at the school tended to view the behaviors of African American girls as not "lady- like" and attempted to discipline them into dress and manners considered more gender appropriate. Second, school officials tended to view the behav- iors of Latino boys as especially threatening, and members of this group often received strict, punitive discipline. Third, school officials tended to view the behaviors of white and Asian American students as nonthreaten- ing and gender appropriate and disciplined these students less strictly. To conclude, I discuss the importance of viewing race, class, and gender in schools simultaneously and the problems associated with disciplinary reform in education. Virtually every day that I conducted research at Matthews Middle School, 1 a predominately minority, urban school, I heard an adult admonishing a student, "Tuck in that shirt!" The prevalence of this phrase represents the connections among dress, behavior, and discipline that composed a primary but unofficial emphasis at the school. In this article I incorporate the theoretical concepts of cultural capital and bodily discipline to analyze this concern with student dress and comportment. I show how educators identified students deemed defi- cient in cultural capital, especially regarding manners and dress, and attempted to reform these perceived deficiencies through regulating their bodies. This process differed by race, class, and gender as interconnected, rather than distinct, concepts. Perceptions of race, class, and gender guided educators' assumptions of which students lacked cultural capital and which students required disci- plinary reform. Although many school officials viewed this discipline as a way of teaching valuable social skills, it appeared instead to reinforce race, class, and gender stereotypes and had the potential to alienate many students from schooling.
The PDZ-binding domain is essential for the dendritic targeting of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro

The 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor represents an important molecular target for atypical antipsychotic drugs and for most hallucinogens. In the mammalian cerebral cortex, 5-HT(2A) receptors are enriched in pyramidal neurons, within which 5-HT(2A) receptors are preferentially sorted to the apical dendrites. In primary cortical cultures, 5-HT(2A) receptors are sorted to dendrites and not found in the axons of pyramidal neurons. We identified a sorting motif that mediates the preferential targeting of 5-HT(2A) receptors to the dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro. We constructed green fluorescent protein-tagged 5-HT(2A) receptors wherein potential sorting motifs were disrupted, and subsequently employed either the Semliki Forest virus or calcium phosphate for the transient expression of recombinant 5-HT(2A) receptors in cultured cortical pyramidal neurons. Using dual-labeling immunofluorescent confocal microscopy, we quantified the axonal and dendritic sorting patterns of endogenous and recombinant 5-HT(2A) receptors. We discovered that disruption of the PDZ-binding domain of the 5-HT(2A) receptor greatly attenuates the dendritic targeting of 5-HT(2A) receptors without inappropriately sorting 5-HT(2A) receptors to axons. The PDZ-binding domain is therefore a necessary signal for the preferential targeting of the 5-HT(2A) receptor to the dendritic compartment of cultured cortical pyramidal neurons, the first such role ascribed to this protein-protein interaction motif of any G protein-coupled receptor.
Supplemental parenteral nutrition in cystic fibrosis.

The efficacy and safety of short-term supplemental peripheral hyperalimentation (PH) was evaluated in 15 hospitalized cystic fibrosis (CF) patients who exhibited varying degrees of pulmonary disease severity and nutritional impairment. An average of 1000 supplemental calories/day were administered intravenously for a 2- to 3-week period to patients being treated with parenteral antibiotics for exacerbation of their pulmonary disease. Eleven of 15 patients responded with a weight gain of > 2.0 kg and showed continued weight gain and stabilized pulmonary status for the 6- to 12-month follow-up period; two patients showed dramatic reversal of poor weight gain and growth following PH. Total calorie intake (oral + PH) equaled 141 ± 40% of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in responders, with 45 ± 12% RDA contributed by PH, in contrast to 68 ± 20% of the RDA for total calories with 31 ± 13% supplied using PH achieved in the nonresponders. Linoleic acid deficiency was documented in these patients (linolei...
Estrogen and progestin receptors in human prostatic carcinoma

Cytosol receptors for estrogens (ER) and progestins (PR) were assayed in human prostatic carcinoma (CaP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Specimens were obtained from either the peripheral or the periurethral zone of the prostate. Stringent criteria were used to identify and measure 7-8S specific receptor using sucrose gradient analysis in a vertical tube rotor. Progesterone receptor was found in 14 BPH samples assayed and in 12 of 13 prostate cancers. In contrast, the 7-8S estrogen receptor was found in none of the nine benign samples assayed and in all prostate cancers. BPH samples were taken from either peripheral or periurethral zones and gave similar results. The histology of individual specimens did not correlate with either the ER or PR present, and, in the cancers, there was no correlation between the pathologic stage or the Gleason score and receptor content.