cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Characterization of a Simulated Weakly Compressible Shear Layer: Unforced and Forced

This paper uses a discrete-vortex code to examine a shear layer’s response to forcing at its origin and to develop a relationship between a shear layer’s optical characteristics and the commonly used characteristic growth length, vorticity thickness. The code and its thermodynamic overlay have been used in previous studies to predict the optically-aberrating characteristics of relatively-high-Mach-number, subsonic shear layers that can be classified as weakly compressible. A weighted average natural frequency is introduced and used to characterize the unforced shear layer in terms of an optical characteristic length referred to as optical coherence length. It is shown that optical coherence length is related to vorticity thickness by a factor of approximately 3.18. The study also shows that the use of singlefrequency forcing produces a regularized shear layer for distances preceding the point where the unforced shear layer’s natural frequency matches the forcing frequency. In the case of the forced shear layer, a greater thickness is produced closer to its point of origin until collapsing * Graduate Research Assistant, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, DEPS Fellow, AIAA Student Member. ** Research Assistant Professor, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, Hessert Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, AIAA Member. § Professor, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, Hessert Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, AIAA Fellow.
One-phonon relaxation of localized electronic states in anharmonic nanoparticles

There is currently great interest in the dynamics of electrons and phonons in low- dimensional systems, where the effects of quantum confinement cause a dramatic difference in their behaviour as compared with bulk systems. In this paper we consider a localized electronic impurity state (an electronic two-level system) linearly coupled to the vibrational modes of an isolated nanometre-scale insulating crystal, and study the phonon emission rate at frequencies less than that of the lowest internal vibrational mode, i.e., in the acoustic 'gap'. We show that, at finite temperature, electronic energy relaxation below the acoustic gap can occur as a result of anharmonic broadening of vibrational modes, and we calculate the frequency and temperature dependence of the relaxation provided by this mechanism.
Nitric oxide: Roles in neurovascular regulation and ischemic brain injury

The brain relies on a continuous delivery of energy substrates through the blood supply, and interruption of cerebral blood flow (CBF) leads to brain damage. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated both in the regulation of the cerebral microcirculation and in ischemic brain injury. In the normal brain, neuronal NO is involved in the CBF increases produced by synaptic activity, a vital response that matches CBF delivery to brain activity. The mechanisms of the NO production induced by neural activity involve the NMDA receptor, a subunit of which is tethered to neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) via the adaptor protein PSD-95. The ability of NMDA receptors to trigger NO production depends on tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which promotes NO production through nNOS phosphorylation. NO is also involved in ischemic brain injury. NO produced by endothelial NOS (eNOS) is protective in the early stages after the arterial occlusion by promoting the maintenance of CBF in brain regions at risk for infarction (ischemic penumbra). However, in the late stages of cerebral ischemia large amounts of NO produced by the “inducible” isoform of NOS (iNOS) in inflammatory cells infiltrating the ischemic tissue is deleterious and contributes to brain injury. Post-ischemic iNOS expression is controlled by the transcription factor NFkb, which is activated through CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in innate immunity. Thus, enhancement of eNOS-derived NO and suppression iNOS-derived NO may have translational potential in cerebrovascular pathologies.
Traumatic brain injury and psychiatry

The well-known case of Phineas Gage in 1868 was a landmark in the study of behavioral and emotional changes associated with brain injury [1]. Today, the study of psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to expand our understanding of the brain, emotion, behavior, cognition, physical illness, disability, and quality of life. Because the brain is the common pathway by which all humans experience well-being and suffering, the study of TBI provides a unique opportunity to enhance our understanding of all facets of human experience. This editorial will briefly review psychiatry's important role in understanding traumatic brain injury, address some of the challenges facing the field, and provide some directions for future research.
The elderly inflammatory bowel disease patient and osteoporosis

Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of osteoporosis by multiple mechanisms. The risk of osteoporosis-related fractures weighs heavily on the elderly inflammatory bowel disease population, due to the combination of aging and menopause on the underlying disease-associated risk. Risk factors are reviewed, as well as pathophysiologic mechanisms including inflammation, malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies, and use of glucocorticoid therapy. New data concerning vitamin D and the inflammatory disease is highlighted. Current recommendations concerning screening for bone disease in inflammatory bowel disease patients are reviewed. Therapy with vitamin D, calcium and bone-specific agents such as bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, calcitonin and teriparatide are discussed, as well as potential benefits of direct treatment of the inflammation.
Editorial Column—Smart Service Systems

Last year, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created a limited funding opportunity for joint university– industry research in the area of smart service systems, fitting new technologies into complex service systems in real-world applications.1 This opportunity aims more at translational research than at basic research, more at moving from discovery to practice than at discovery itself. The initial round of proposals were due in January 2014, and a second round is expected to be due in January 2015. And there are now other NSF opportunities for basic research in creating resilient service systems as well.2 It is exciting to see the NSF beginning to fund research in complex service systems—in service science. Yet this development raises some fundamental questions: What is a service system? What does it mean for a service system to be smart? And what kinds of science and engineering are required to create effective, efficient, and smart service systems? I will touch briefly on these questions here, but in the long run, I expect Service Science will continue to define the field and to provide answers to these and many more questions.
Weight standards for organs from early human fetuses.

One hundred and thirty-six unfixed fetuses below 500 gm of body weight were examined and the brain, liver, lung, kidney, heart, adrenal, thymus, spleen, and thyroid were weighed. The ratios of organ weight to body weight could be divided into four general patterns: (1) constant; liver, heart, brain, and thyroid (2) increasing; thymus, adrenal, and spleen (3) initially increasing and then reaching a plateau; kidney, and (4) increasing and then decreasing; lung. Graphs of the mean and 95% confidence levels along with the formulas used for derivation are given for each organ on the basis of body weight.
Soliton perturbation theory for nonlinear wave equations

This paper studies the soliton perturbation that are described by three nonlinear wave equations. The adiabatic dynamics of the soliton parameters and the soliton velocity is obtained, in the presence of perturbation terms. The fixed point is also determined in a couple of cases.
Measurement of the Entropy of Reaction as a Function of State of Charge in Doped and Undoped Lithium Manganese Oxide

Potentiometric measurements of the entropy and enthalpy of reaction at 298 K as a function of state of charge for LiMn 2 O 4 and LiAl 0.2 Mn 1.8 O 4-δ F 0.2 are presented. Lithium resides on nearest neighbor or next-nearest neighbor sublattices in lithium manganese oxide. The entropy of reaction is positive when a sublattice is nearly empty and negative when a sublattice is nearly full, and ranges from 0.25 to -0.35 mV/K in the undoped spinel and from 0.1 to -0.4 mV/K in the doped spinel. The potentiometric method includes a correction for self-discharge. Potentiometric measurements of entropy are compared to calorimetric measurements, The potentiometric method is most accurate for thermally thin cells, while calorimetric methods require large cells to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
FAMILIAL EXPERIENCE, IDENTIFICATION, AND FEMALE DELINQUENCY*

The general thesis of this paper is that female delinquency may be explained in large part by the failure of girls to identify with their parents, and the resulting failure of the parents to effectively control their daughter's behavior. The lack of structured interaction between parent and child (i.e., interaction characterized by parental behavior which is nurturant, consistent, and persistent) is seen as the underlying cause of the failure to identify. Some of the work which tends to support this thesis will be briefly outlined below. Socialization, Identification, and Delinquency Several authors have conceived of delinquency as resulting from inadequate or faulty socialization. Reiss (1951), for example, has suggested that delinquency may be explained in part as a "relative absence of internalized norms and rules governing be havior in conformity with the norms of the social system to which legal penalties are attached." Nye (1956) notes that society has produced a number of agencies of social control to induce the child to obey rules and regulations rather than to break them, the most important of which is the family. The parents' role as socializing agent, he states (1958), is effected through the "direct control" they impose upon their children by means of restriction, reward and punishment, through "internalized control" insofar as they are responsible for the development of the child's superego or The authors wish to express their appreciation to the Department of Sociology, Purdue University, for providing travel funds and other expenses incidental to this research.
Spending Moore's dividend

Multicore computers shift the burden of software performance from chip designers and processor architects to software developers.
CRYOPRECIPITABLE PATHOGENIC IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN THE NEPHROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE

In previous communications we have demonstrated the presence of cryoprecipitable complexes of antigen and specific antibody in the sera of patients and experimental animals with immune complex disease. Recently we have reported localization of renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE) and specific antibody in the glomeruli of a patient with sickle cell disease and immune complex nephritis and demonstrated an autologous immune complex pathogenesis for the renal lesion. This study describes the isolation of cryoprecipitable complexes of RTE and anti-RTE in this disease. Cryoprecipitates were isolated from the serum as previously described. The cryoprecipitate was dissolved in 3MKI at 37°C and fractions eluted from Sepharose 6B and Sephadex G200 column with 0.2M acetate buffer pH 5. The fractions obtained contained IgG antibody to RTE as demonstrated by immunofluorescent and absorption studies; immunoreactive RTE antigen and IgM antibody to RTE as well as to IgG. No other proteins were detected. These studies support the hypothesis that RTE-anti-RTE complexes are of immunopathogenic significance in the autologous immune complex nephropathy associated with sickle cell disease.
Electrochemical Analysis of Alamethicin Reconstituted Planar Bilayer Lipid Membranes Supported on Polypyrrole Membranes

Conducting polymers possess similarity in ion transport function to cell membranes and perform electro-chemo-mechanical energy conversion. In an in vitro setup, protein-reconstituted bilayer lipid membranes (bioderived membranes)perform similar energy conversion and behave like cell membranes. Inspired by the similarity in ionic function between a conducting polymer membrane and cell membrane, this article presents a thin-film laminated membrane in which alamethicin-reconstituted lipid bilayer membrane is supported on a polypyrrole membrane. Owing to the synthetic and bioderived nature of the components of the membrane, we refer to the laminated membrane as a hybrid bioderived membrane. In this article, we describe the fabrication steps and electrochemical characterization of the hybrid membrane. The fabrication steps include electropolymerization of pyrrole and vesicle fusion to result in a hybrid membrane; and the characterization involves electrical impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The resistance and capacitance of BLM have the magnitude of 4.6×109 Ω-cm2 and 1.6×10−8 F/cm2 .The conductance of alamethicin has the magnitude of 6.4×10−8 S/cm2 . The change in ionic conductance of the bioderived membrane is due to the electrical field applied across alamethicin, a voltage-gated protein and produces a measurable change in the ionic concentration of the conducting polymer substrate.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Myxoid chondrosarcoma of the sphenoid sinus and chondromyxoid fibroma of the iliac bone: cytomorphologic findings of two distinct and uncommon myxoid lesions.

Myxoid chondrosarcoma (MCS) and chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) are two uncommon myxoid cartilaginous neoplasms with distinct cytologic features, histologic patterns, and immunoprofiles. Because these neoplasms have characteristic biological behaviors and management, their correct diagnosis is crucial to avoid debilitating and unnecessary surgical procedures. We report the imprint cytology (IC) preparation findings along with the differential diagnosis in one case each of myxoid chondrosarcoma and chondromyxoid fibroma of the splenoid sinus and iliac bone, respectively. The two great mimickers for these neoplasms, chordoma and chondrosarcoma, represent difficult diagnostic challenges, especially when MCS and CMF occur in unusual locations. IC in conjunction with the clinical and radiologic findings can provide a rapid preliminary intraoperative diagnostic interpretation which can aid in planning the immediate surgical management, as well as guide specific tissue triage for key ancillary studies such as electron microscopy and cytogenetic analyses. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no cytologic reports of MCS of the sphenoid sinus and CMF of the iliac bone.
A modal strain energy approach to the prediction of resistively shunted piezoceramic damping

Abstract The use of piezoceramic materials with resistive shunting circuits has previously been shown to increase passive structural vibration damping. The ability to tailor the frequency dependence of damping is especially attractive when active linear time-invariant control of uncertain structures is to be attempted. A method for predicting the damping performance of resistively shunted piezoceramics based on a variation of the modal strain energy approach has recently been developed. Using this approach, the damping for a structural mode of vibration may be found as the product of the effective fraction of modal strain energy stored in the piezoceramic material, an effective piezoceramic material loss factor and a frequency shaping factor. A finite element model may be used to accurately determine the effective modal strain energy fraction; the effective material loss factor is closely related to the piezoceramic electromechanical coupling coefficient; and the frequency shaping factor results from the dynamics of the shunting circuit. Design concerns include the effect of stiff piezoceramic material on mode shapes, the frequency dependence of piezoceramic elastic properties, and the effect of adhesive on load transfer from the structure to the piezoceramic. Analytical and experimental results are presented for a uniform cantilevered beam with two pairs of resistively shunted piezoceramic plates. The results show good agreement between predicted and measured added damping.
The Vesicular Cleavage of Activated Phosphate Esters by Hydroxide and Fluoride Ions -- Artifactual Endovesicular Reactions,

Abstract Previously reported endovesicular reactions in the cleavage of p -nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate by hydroxide (or fluoride) ions in vesicles of dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide appear to be artifacts.
Magnetic orders, excitations, and phase transitions in Fe 1+y Te

We study the magnetic properties of Fe${}_{1+y}$Te, a parent compound of the iron-based high-temperature superconductors. Motivated by recent neutron scattering experiments, we show that a spin $S=1$ exchange model, supplemented by a single-ion spin anisotropy, accounts well for the experimentally observed low-temperature magnetic phase diagram, that exhibits a commensurate bicollinear order at low Fe dopings ($y\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.12$) and an incommensurate spin-spiral order at high Fe dopings ($y\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.12$). We suggest that the commensurate-incommensurate transition at $y\ensuremath{\simeq}0.12$ is due to the competition between the exchange interaction and the local spin anisotropy. At low Fe dopings, the single-ion spin anisotropy is strong and pins the spins along the easy axis, which, together with the spatially anisotropic exchanges, induces a unusual bicollinear commensurate magnetic order. The low-energy spin-wave excitation is gapped due to the explicit breaking of spin-rotational symmetry by the local spin anisotropy. At high Fe dopings, the single-ion anisotropy is weak, and the exchange favors an incommensurate coplanar state. The incommensurate magnetic wave vector averages out the spin anisotropy so that a gapless low-energy spin-wave excitation is obtained. We also analyze the low-energy hydrodynamic model and use it to describe the magnetostructural transition and the static and dynamical spin structure factors across the magnetic ordering transitions.
Plasticity approach to landslide problems

Abstract A brief review of some plasticity models suitable for slope stability analyses is presented. A program for the application of these models to earthquake-induced landslide problems is then outlined.
Effects of restraint, monitoring, and stimulus salience on eating behavior

Abstract This experiment investigated the effects of Monitoring and Stimulus Salience on the eating behavior of restrained and unrestrained Subjects ( Ss ). During a rating task, Ss were exposed to pictures of either food or scenery. Subsequently, they were asked to record their consumption immediately before or after eating or not at all. Subjects in the No Monitoring group ate twice as much and less accurately recalled how much they had eaten than Ss in either the Monitoring Before or Monitoring After groups. Unrestrained eaters ate significantly more than restrained eaters. However, within the No Monitoring group, Restraint and Stimulus Salience interacted such that restrained Ss were particularly influenced by the Food Cues condition. Clinical implications are discussed.
Treating Traumatized OEF/OIF Veterans: How Does Trauma Treatment Affect the Clinician?

The authors of this article describe the rewards and challenges for clinicians treating veterans who have served in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Issues of vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout are defined and reviewed, as are compassion satisfaction and posttraumatic growth. Patient, clinician, and organizational characteristics that are likely to affect clinicians working with this clinical population are discussed. Patient factors that may increase strain on clinicians are discussed such as age, likelihood of redeployment, comorbid conditions, attendance issues, and elevated risk for suicide and aggression. Clinician factors, such as theoretical orientation, training, supervision, military affiliation, personal trauma history, spirituality, social support, and self-care, are also discussed as possible risk and protective factors for vicarious trauma and burnout. Organizational influences, such as caseload size and diversity, clinician control and autonomy, use of evidence-based practices, availability of resources, rural isolation, and the philosophy of the clinic, are further discussed. Recommendations for ameliorating risks are discussed relative to each area and include allowing clinicians to plan their own appointments so as to balance their caseload of OEF/OIF veterans, attending to self-care practices, and having a supportive team with thorough training in evidence-based practices. Future empirical research is needed on risk and resiliency factors for clinicians working with traumatized OEF/OIF veterans given that this population is likely to grow.
Compounds in mixed phase CeBa2Cu3Oy and TbBa2Cu3Oy systems

An analysis of the composition of Ce and Tb barium copper oxide samples with the nominal composition CeBa2Cu3Oy and TbBa2Cu3Oy, prepared with the same solid state reaction method used for the other superconducting rare earth (R) barium copper oxide RBa2Cu3O7-δ compounds, is described. The analysis indicates that these samples are multiphase and consist mostly of 1) the perovskite phases BaCeO3 or BaTbO3, 2) CuO, and 3) BaCuO2. No trace of the oxygen deficient orthorhombic perovskite type structure of YBa2Cu3O7-δ could be found in the X-ray diffraction patterns. Consequently, the compounds do not display superconductivity. The magnetization measurements indicate that BaCeO3 is weakly paramagnetic which is consistent with tetravalent Ce. The BaTbO3 compound exhibits an antiferromagnetic transition at a Neel temperature TN-35 K, and its magnetic susceptibility above TN can be described by a Curie-Weiss law with an effective moment that corresponds to tetravalent Tb.
Quality of care in advanced ovarian cancer: the importance of provider specialty.

Abstract Background One of the cornerstones of ovarian cancer therapy is cytoreductive surgery, which can be performed by surgeons with different specialty training. We examined whether surgeon specialty impacts quality of life (as proxied by presence of ostomy) and overall survival for women with advanced ovarian cancer. Methods Stage IIIC/IV ovarian cancer patients were identified using 4 state cancer registries: California, Washington, New York, and Florida and linked records to the corresponding inpatient-hospital discharge file, AMA Masterfile, and 2000 U.S. Census SF4 File. Predictors of receipt of care by a general surgeon and creation of fecal ostomy were analyzed. Multivariate modeling was performed to assess the association of hospital volume (low volume (LV) [0–4 cases], middle volume (MV) [5–9], high volume (HV) [10–19], and very high volume (VHV) [20+]) and surgeon specialty training (gynecologic oncologists/gynecologists, general surgeons, and other specialty) on survival. Results We identified 31,897 Stage IIIC/IV patients; mean age was 64 years. Treatment of patients by a general surgeon was predicted by LV, rural patient residence, poverty, and high level of comorbidity. Patients had lower hazard of death when treated in higher volume hospitals as compared to LV [VHV hazard ratio (HR)=0.79, P P P P Conclusions Advanced stage ovarian cancer patients have better survival when treated by gynecologic oncology/gynecology trained surgeons. Data suggest that referral to these specialists may optimize surgical debulking and minimize the creation of a fecal ostomy.
GVHD: in vivo veritas

Comment on Beilhack et al, page [1113][1] A new imaging technique reveals T cells' journey into GVHD target organs. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the major toxicity of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and prevents the broader use of this potentially curative therapy.[1][2
Determining the limits of orthodontic treatment of overbite, overjet, and transverse discrepancy: a pilot study.

Introduction: Because of the severity of some malocclusions, it is not always possible to treat them without a combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. However, many insurance carriers have difficulty in deciding whether such treatment should be covered. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple method that can be used by insurance carriers to determine when a malocclusion is not correctable by orthodontics alone. Methods: Twenty-eight orthodontists independently evaluated 30 sets of pretreatment dental models (10 with overjet from −6 to 12 mm, 10 with overbite from 60% to 100%, and 10 with transverse discrepancies from single tooth to total arch crossbite) to determine whether the conditions were orthodontically treatable. They were instructed to assume that growth was complete and that the treatment would not seriously compromise facial esthetics. Results: It was the opinion of the orthodontists that a positive overjet greater than 8 mm, a negative overjet of −4 mm or greater, and a transverse discrepancy greater than 3 mm were not orthodontically treatable. However, most orthodontists believed that they could treat all overbite patients without surgery. Conclusions: These data can serve as a simple guideline for helping insurance carriers determine the need for orthognathic surgery.
Edwin Grant Conklin

Son of a country physician, Edwin Grant Conklin grew up in central Ohio and was educated along traditional lines. A decision to enter biology as a profession came only after three years of teaching a variety of subjects in a private school. Graduate study at Johns Hopkins and summer research opportunities at Woods Hole were the doors to a richly productive career as scholar, author and administrator. His research works in embryology and cytology gained him great eminence. An important theme in much of his work was the role of the cytoplasm in development. He wrote extensively on evolution and other subjects of general interest, among them science and religion, and the nature of man.
Ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in tree shrew nucleus accumbens core and shell

Many behavioral, physiological, and anatomical studies utilize animal models to investigate human striatal pathologies. Although commonly used, rodent striatum may not present the optimal animal model for certain studies due to a lesser morphological complexity than that of non-human primates, which are increasingly restricted in research. As an alternative, the tree shrew could provide a beneficial animal model for studies of the striatum. The gross morphology of the tree shrew striatum resembles that of primates, with separation of the caudate and putamen by the internal capsule. The neurochemical anatomy of the ventral striatum, specifically the nucleus accumbens, has never been examined. This major region of the limbic system plays a role in normal physiological functioning and is also an area of interest for human striatal disorders. The current study uses immunohistochemistry of calbindin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to determine the ultrastructural organization of the nucleus accumbens core and shell of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis belangeri). Stereology was used to quantify the ultrastructural localization of TH, which displays weaker immunoreactivity in the core and denser immunoreactivity in the shell. In both regions, synapses with TH-immunoreactive axon terminals were primarily symmetric and showed no preference for targeting dendrites versus dendritic spines. The results were compared to previous ultrastructural studies of TH and dopamine in rat and monkey nucleus accumbens. Tree shrews and monkeys show no preference for the postsynaptic target in the shell, in contrast to rats which show a preference for synapsing with dendrites. Tree shrews have a ratio of asymmetric to symmetric synapses formed by TH-immunoreactive terminals that is intermediate between rats and monkeys. The findings from this study support the tree shrew as an alternative model for studies of human striatal pathologies.
Sphaeroma terebrans: A Threat to the Mangroves of Southwestern Florida

Sphaeroma terebrans, a wood-boring isopod, is destroying the prop roots of red mangroves along the southwestern coast of Florida to such an extent that the Ten Thousand Islands and mangrove fringes of the mainland are steadily shrinking. Mangroves of the Florida Keys apparently are free of this wood borer.
EVIL FOR FREEDOM'S SAKE?

Christianity teaches that whenever evil is done, God had ample warning. He could have prevented it, but He didn't. He could have stopped it midway, but He didn't. He could have rescued the victims of the evil, but – at least in many cases – He didn't. In short, God is an accessory before, during, and after the fact to countless evil deeds, great and small. An explanation is not far to seek. The obvious hypothesis is that the Christian God is really some sort of devil. Maybe He is a devil as popularly conceived, driven by malice. Or maybe He is unintelligibly capricious. Or maybe He is a fanatical artist who cares only for the aesthetic quality of creation – perhaps the abstract beauty of getting rich variety to emerge from a few simple laws, or perhaps the concrete drama of human life with all its diversity – and cares nothing for the good of the creatures whose lives are woven into His masterpiece. (Just as a tragedian has no business providing a happy end out of compassion for his characters.) But no; for Christianity also teaches that God is morally perfect and perfectly benevolent, and that He loves all of His creatures; and that these things are true in a sense not a million miles from the sense in which we attribute morality, benevolence, or love to one another. We turn next to the hypothesis that God permits evil-doing for the sake of its good effects.
Modeling the thermoelastic¿viscoplastic response of polycrystals using a continuum representation over the orientation space

Abstract Conventional methodologies towards polycrystal plasticity use an aggregate of single crystals and this choice of the aggregate affects the response of the polycrystal. In order to address this issue, a continuum approach is presented for the representation of polycrystals through an orientation distribution function over the orientation space. Additionally, a constitutive framework for thermoelastic–viscoplastic response of metals based on polycrystal plasticity is presented along with a coupled macro–micro, fully implicit Lagrangian finite element algorithm. Numerical examples that highlight the accuracy, performance and benefits of the proposed approach are presented.
Finger's amniotic membrane buffer technique: protecting the cornea during radiation plaque therapy.

Objective To use amniotic membranes as a buffer between the cornea and radioactive eye plaques. Methods Six melanomas were treated with ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy. Plaque-tumor localization required that a portion of the gold plaque touch the cornea during treatment. To enhance patient comfort and protect the cornea, an (0.1-mm-thick) amniotic membrane was interposed between the metal plaque edge and the cornea. Results Minimal ocular discomfort was noted during plaque radiation therapy. On a scale of 1 (none) to 10 (severe), all 6 patients reported pain levels of 1. As a tissue equivalent and because the mean thickness was only 0.1 mm, amniotic membranes had no significant effect on radiation dose calculations. No adverse effects, infections, or abrasions were noted. Conclusion The amniotic membrane buffer technique improves patient comfort and protects the cornea during ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy.
Taxation, incentives, and risk sharing

The tendency for taxation to weaken incentives and induce inefficient behavior on the part of entrepreneurs is demonstrated with a simple example. Next the Mossin model is extended from a proportional to a progressive tax structure that closely approximates the one in place in the U.S.A. It is shown that increased progressivity causes the amount of wealth invested in the risky asset to decline rather than increase as is true with proportional taxes.
Macro, Submicro, and Symbolic: The many faces of the chemistry “triplet”

The idea that chemical knowledge can be represented in three main ways: macro, submicro, and symbolic (chemistry triplet) has become paradigmatic in chemistry and science education. It has served both as the base of theoretical frameworks that guide research in chemical education and as a central idea in various curriculum projects. However, this triplet relationship has been the subject of different adaptations and reinterpretations that sometimes lead to confusion and misunderstanding, which complicates the analysis of the triplet’s nature and scope. Thus, the central goal of this paper is to describe some of the existing views of the triplet relationship in chemistry and science education and critically analyse their underlying assumptions. We also propose a general structure of our chemistry knowledge intended to better situate the chemistry triplet in relationship with the different types, scales, dimensions, and approaches that seem to characterise such knowledge. Our proposed model may be useful in...
Drought and leaf herbivory influence floral volatiles and pollinator attraction

The effects of climate change on species interactions are poorly understood. Investigating the mechanisms by which species interactions may shift under altered environmental conditions will help form a more predictive understanding of such shifts. In particular, components of climate change have the potential to strongly influence floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and, in turn, plant-pollinator interactions. In this study, we experimentally manipulated drought and herbivory for four forb species to determine effects of these treatments and their interactions on (1) visual plant traits traditionally associated with pollinator attraction, (2) floral VOCs, and (3) the visitation rates and community composition of pollinators. For all forbs tested, experimental drought universally reduced flower size and floral display, but there were species-specific effects of drought on volatile emissions per flower, the composition of compounds produced, and subsequent pollinator visitation rates. Moreover, the community of pollinating visitors was influenced by drought across forb species (i.e. some pollinator species were deterred by drought while others were attracted). Together, these results indicate that VOCs may provide more nuanced information to potential floral visitors and may be relatively more important than visual traits for pollinator attraction, particularly under shifting environmental conditions.
Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on circulating vascular and inflammatory markers in insulin-resistant subjects:

Thiazolidinedione (TZD) compounds enhance insulin sensitivity and attenuate inflammation. The effect of the TZD compound, rosiglitazone (RSG) on both actions was evaluated in two groups of insulin-resistant subjects with minimal elevations of fasting plasma glucose (PG) concentration: group A (n=15, PG < 7.0 mmol/L) and group B (n=14, PG 7.0-8.3 mmol/L). Insulin action, quantified by the insulin suppression test, improved after three months of treatment in both groups, and concentrations of C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and Eselectin all fell. Significant decreases in L-selectin and P-selectin were confined to group B, and concentrations of interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 did not fall in either group. Significant relationships were not discerned between enhanced insulin sensitivity and related variables and decreases in inflammatory/vascular markers, suggesting that RSG-induced changes in the latter variables in insulin-resistant individuals might be at least partly independent of the effects of the drug on insulin action.
Noninvasive coronary angiography using computed tomography.

While noninvasive imaging of the coronary lumen remains challenging, great strides have been made with computed tomography. Two variations of computed tomography are used in the study of the coronary tree: multislice or multidetector computed tomography and electron-beam computed tomography. Both have high spatial and temporal resolutions as well as excellent signal-to-noise ratios, which allows major branches of the coronary tree to be depicted. Impaired image quality, due to dense calcifications and multiple image artifacts including coronary artery motion and breathing artifacts, limits the clinical utility of noninvasive coronary angiography. Early studies with electron-beam angiography demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 89% for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease. With early diastolic imaging, the sensitivity and specificity increases to 92 and 93%, respectively (rather than 80% of the cardiac interbeat interval, where coronary motion is more pronounced). M...
Long pre-mRNA depletion and RNA missplicing contribute to neuronal vulnerability from loss of TDP-43

We used cross-linking and immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing to identify binding sites in 6,304 genes as the brain RNA targets for TDP-43, an RNA binding protein that, when mutated, causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Massively parallel sequencing and splicing-sensitive junction arrays revealed that levels of 601 mRNAs were changed (including Fus (Tls), progranulin and other transcripts encoding neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins) and 965 altered splicing events were detected (including in sortilin, the receptor for progranulin) following depletion of TDP-43 from mouse adult brain with antisense oligonucleotides. RNAs whose levels were most depleted by reduction in TDP-43 were derived from genes with very long introns and that encode proteins involved in synaptic activity. Lastly, we found that TDP-43 autoregulates its synthesis, in part by directly binding and enhancing splicing of an intron in the 3' untranslated region of its own transcript, thereby triggering nonsense-mediated RNA degradation.
Cultural Psychology Today: Innovations and Oversights

Culture & Psychology has developed from a small start-up journal in 1995 into the key trend-setter in the field. This editorial analysis continues the tradition of inquiry started in previous efforts (Valsiner, 2001, 2004a) and extends it to the needs of psychology as a whole for the study of dynamic, meaning-making human beings. Cultural psychology—using the term culture as a generic term in various versions—continues to be an arena where innovations can occur. Separate research fields— such as the dialogical self, social representation processes, semiotic mediation, symbolic action, and actuation theories—have all been co-participants in this new advancement of ideas. Yet the central problem—an innovation of empirical research methodology which would appropriately capture human active meaning-making—has not been solved. Likewise, cultural psychology has only marginally touched upon the lessons from indigenous psychologies—the richness of folk psychological terms, and the cultural over-determination of o...
Is participation in agri-environmental programs affected by liquidity and solvency?

Abstract Financial constraints, both in the short and long run, have an impact on economic well-being of farm families. Additionally, financial constraints have an impact on production efficiency and technology adoption. This study investigates factors affecting farmers’ participation in the agri-environmental programs like Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and the Environmental Quality Incentives Programs (EQIPs) in the U.S. particular attention is given to the roles of liquidity and solvency on participation in CRP and EQIP. Results show that both liquidity and solvency have a negative impact on participation in such programs. Additionally, we found that access to the Internet plays an important role in the farmer's decision to participate in CRP and EQIP. Our results also suggested that beginning farmers are more likely to participate in EQIP program.
Component-Based Software Update Process in Collaborative Software Development

Component-based software engineering (CBSE) has emerged as a key technology for developing and maintaining large scaled software systems in an outsourcing environment. These software components tend to be developed concurrently in different locations with asynchronous lifecycle. In practice, new versions of software components often change their interfaces and so require applications that use the components to be updated. To explore solution spaces for component-based software update and evolution, we have developed a formalism that is capable of modeling the process of software update in a component-based, concurrent development environment. The formalism can be used to determine the soundness of a component-based software update process, i.e., to make sure the components in a component-based software are updated in the correct order. With a sound update strategy, the formalism ensures the compatibility among components at the end of an update process in a component-based system. Our formal model provides the foundation for the implementation of a component-based software updating tool that helps developers to keep track of the evolution and updating process in a component-based software system.
Augmented generation of protein fragments during wakefulness as the molecular cause of sleep: a hypothesis

Despite extensive understanding of sleep regulation, the molecular-level cause and function of sleep are unknown. I suggest that they originate in individual neurons and stem from increased production of protein fragments during wakefulness. These fragments are transient parts of protein complexes in which the fragments were generated. Neuronal Ca^(2+) fluxes are higher during wakefulness than during sleep. Subunits of transmembrane channels and other proteins are cleaved by Ca^(2+)-activated calpains and by other nonprocessive proteases, including caspases and secretases. In the proposed concept, termed the fragment generation (FG) hypothesis, sleep is a state during which the production of fragments is decreased (owing to lower Ca^(2+) transients) while fragment-destroying pathways are upregulated. These changes facilitate the elimination of fragments and the remodeling of protein complexes in which the fragments resided. The FG hypothesis posits that a proteolytic cleavage, which produces two fragments, can have both deleterious effects and fitness-increasing functions. This (previously not considered) dichotomy can explain both the conservation of cleavage sites in proteins and the evolutionary persistence of sleep, because sleep would counteract deleterious aspects of protein fragments. The FG hypothesis leads to new explanations of sleep phenomena, including a longer sleep after sleep deprivation. Studies in the 1970s showed that ethanol-induced sleep in mice can be strikingly prolonged by intracerebroventricular injections of either Ca^(2+) alone or Ca^(2+) and its ionophore. These results, which were never interpreted in connection to protein fragments or the function of sleep, may be accounted for by the FG hypothesis about molecular causation of sleep.
Statistically appraising process quality of affinity isolation experiments

Quality affinity isolation experiments are necessary to identify valid protein-protein interactions. Biological error, processing error, and random variability can reduce the quality of an experiment, and thus hinder the identification of protein interaction pairs. Appraising affinity isolation assay quality is essential to inferring protein associations. An important step of the assay is the mass spectrometric identification of proteins. To evaluate this step, a known mixture of proteins is processed through a mass spectrometer as a quality control mixture. If the mass spectrometer yields unexpected results, the process is currently qualitatively evaluated, tuned, and reset. Statistical quality control (SQC) procedures, including the use of cumulative sum, the individual measurement, and moving range charts are implemented to analyze the stability of the mass spectrometric analysis. The SQC measures presented can assist in establishing preliminary control limits to identify an out-of-control process and investigate assignable causes for shifts in the process mean in real time.
Sensorimotor psychotherapy: One method for processing traumatic memory.

Traditional psychotherapy addresses the cognitive and emotional elements of trauma, but lacks techniques that work directly with the physiological elements, despite the fact that trauma profoundly ...
Challenges in designing comparative-effectiveness trials for antidepressants

Comparative-effectiveness antidepressant trials offer promise to provide empirical evidence for clinicians choosing among interventions. Whether such trials posit superiority or noninferiority (NI) hypotheses, they pose formidable challenges. For instance, if meaningful antidepressant differences are seen in comparative-superiority trials, they will be small. NI hypothesis testing, on the other hand, requires an a priori NI margin and evidence of trial assay sensitivity. Either design demands unusually large samples, which could render such trials infeasible.
Changes in erythroid membrane proteins during erythropoietin‐mediated terminal differentiation

Membrane and membrane skeleton proteins were examined in erythroid progenitor cells during terminal differentiation. The employed model system of erythroid differentiation was that in which proerythroblasts from mice infected with the anemia-inducing strain of Friend virus differentiate in vitro in response to erythropoietin (EP). With this system, developmentally homogeneous populations of cells can be examined morphologically and biochemically as they progress from proerythroblasts through enucleated reticulocytes. alpha and beta spectrins, the major proteins of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, are synthesized in the erythroblasts both before and after EP exposure. At all times large portions of the newly synthesized spectrins exist in and are turned over in the cytoplasm. The remaining newly synthesized spectrin is found in a cellular fraction containing total membranes. Pulse-chase experiments show that little of the cytoplasmic spectrins become membrane associated, but that the proportion of newly synthesized spectrin which is membrane associated increases as maturation proceeds. A membrane fraction enriched in plasma membranes has significant differences in the stoichiometry of spectrin accumulation as compared to total cellular membranes. Synthesis of band 3 protein, the anion transporter, is induced only after EP addition to the erythroblasts. All of the newly synthesized band 3 is membrane associated. A two-dimensional gel survey was conducted of newly synthesized proteins in the plasma membrane enriched fraction of the erythroblasts as differentiation proceeded. A majority of the newly synthesized proteins remain in the same proportion to each other during maturation; however, a few newly synthesized proteins greatly increase following EP induction while others decrease markedly. Of the radiolabeled proteins observed in two dimensional gels, only the spectrins, band 3 and actin become major proteins of the mature erythrocyte membrane. Examination of total proteins of the plasma membrane enriched fractions of EP-treated erythroblasts using silver staining and 32P autoradiography show that many proteins and phosphoproteins are selectively eliminated from this fraction late in the course of differentiation during the reticulocyte stage. The selective removal of many proteins at the reticulocyte stage of development combined with previous selective synthesis and accumulation of some specific proteins such as alpha and beta spectrin and band 3 in the differentiating erythroblasts lead to the final mammalian erythrocyte membrane structure.