cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface temperature sensitivities in a multiple cloud radiative-convective model with a constant and pressure dependent critical lapse rate

A comparison is made of the surface temperature sensitivities in the Hummel–Kuhn radiative–convective model with fixed clouds, but without water vapor transport, using first the constant critical lapse rate of 6.5 K/km and then with pressure-dependent moist adiabatic critical lapse rates. The moist adiabatic critical lapse rate formulation is shown to yield consistently smaller surface temperature sensitivities to parameter variations than those yielded from using the traditional 6.5 K/km. For a doubling of carbon dioxide (300 p.p.m.v. to 600 p.p.m.v.). the surface temperature increase is 1.29 K with moist adiabatic lapse rates compared with 1.83 K for the 6.5 K/km formulation. In addition, the surface temperature sensitivities to changes in surface relative humidity, surface albedo, and cloud amounts are shown to be nonlinear with pressure-dependent critical lapse rates rather than linear as with the constant 6.5 K/km. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01809.x
The ontogeny of opiate tolerance and withdrawal in infant rats

The acquisition of morphine analgesic tolerance was investigated in neonatal rats. Morphine was found to produce a potent analgesia, as measured by latency to retract a hindpaw from a 52 degree C hotplate, in rat pups as young as 1 day of age. Morphine analgesic tolerance, however, did not develop in rats until the third week of life. Rats given the same daily morphine regimen starting at 15 days of age or older showed rapid tolerance development. The data from four experiments indicate that experience with morphine prior to this age (Day 15) does not impact on the analgesic efficacy of the drug. Similarly, when morphine treatment was discontinued and the rats given a naloxone challenge, withdrawal symptoms were not observed in very young rats. Opiate withdrawal was first detected in rats that started their daily morphine treatment at 30 days of age and were then challenged with naloxone at 52 days of age. Therefore, two correlates of opiate addiction, tolerance and withdrawal, appear to be relatively late-developing phenomena in the rat.
A new gradient-free learning algorithm

Summary form only given, as follows. A new supervised learning algorithm which does not require any gradient computation is presented. In the new gradient-free (G-F) algorithm, the error between the actual output and the desired output is not measured by the least-squared norm as in the backpropagation algorithm, but by the up-norm. In the G-F algorithm, the weights are updated in each iteration only after incorporating all the input patterns. The authors use the example of the XOR problem to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed and the results obtained are encouraging. >
Public Eyes and Private Genes: Historical Frames, News Constructions, and Social Problems

Sociologists have long debated whether social problems reside in the conditions of society, the social constructions of analysts, or some combination of both. While social scientists engage in such debates, the public develops its own views of social problems. Public conceptions don't necessarily directly emerge from the conditions surrounding a problem, but may result from a variety of cultural, political, and social factors. The theme for this year's annual meeting, "Social Problems in the Public Eye," directs us to examine the depiction of social problems in words, pictures, images and metaphors available for public consumption. The emergence of social constructionism over the past three decades has transformed the sociological analysis of social problems. Rooted in the work of Blumer (1971), Becker (1963), Mauss (1975), Spector and Kitsuse (1977), Gusfield (1981), Schneider (1985), Best (1995), and others, constructionism has become a central framework for studying social problems. Our society's journal, Social Problems, is a major intellectual venue for significant papers on social problems construction, although by no means the only one. We can take professional pride in the impressive amount of empirical work this perspective has engendered (e.g., Best, 1995; Holstein and Miller 1993; Ibarra, Kitsuse and Schneider, forthcoming); the understanding of the constitution of social problems has been permanently altered by this perspective. A constructionist orientation urges us to take public conceptions of social problems seriously, at least as fodder for the ascent, decline and characterization of particular problems. Social problems in the public eye are not constant. In the context of specific social activities, problems may emerge, transmute, descend, disappear, or reappear, independent of any change in actual conditions. Public conceptions of social problems have histories and shift over time and place. My own interest in this area has been less on what becomes a social problem than on how problems are framed and with what consequences. The work Joseph Schneider and I did on the medicalization of deviance (Conrad and Schneider 1992; see also Conrad 1992) focused on how a variety of forms of rule-breaking, handled as sinful or criminal in another time, were defined as illness in our own age. We examined sociological histories of the medicalization, and occasional demedicalization, of these phenomena and outlined some significant consequences of medicalization. Our focus was more on the professional rather than the public eye, although we occasionally, rather by accident, stumbled onto public conceptions as well.
Perineural Invasion in Transitional Cell Carcinoma and the Effect on Prognosis Following Radical Cystectomy

Abstract Objectives. The relationship between perineural invasion and prognosis has been demonstrated to be poor in a number of malignancies. This has not been evaluated in the bladder. We performed a study to determine the occurrence of nodal metastases, extranodal metastases, and disease-free survival in patients with perineural invasion (PNI) and/or angiolymphatic invasion (ALI) in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB) from radical cystectomy specimens. Methods. A retrospective review of 27 patients treated with radical cystectomy for TCCB was conducted. Comparisons were performed between three groups: PNI with or without ALI (PNI ± ALI, 12 patients), ALI alone (8 patients), and a control group (no PNI or ALI) (7 patients). Results. The mean patient age was 70 years (range 49 to 83). The overall median follow-up period was 11 months (range 1 to 32). PNI ± ALI was predominantly found in Stage T3b disease (14 of 20 [70%] cases). The overall 1-year disease-free survival was 48%, 67%, and 83% for the PNI ± ALI, ALI alone, and control groups, respectively. Nodal metastases (for all stages combined) were found in 6 of 12 (50%), 3 of 8 (38%), and 1 of 7 (14%) patients in the PNI ± ALI, ALI alone, and control groups, respectively. Similarly, extranodal metastatic disease was found in 5 of 12 (42%), 4 of 8 (50%), and 1 of 7 (14%) patients in the PNI ± ALI, ALI alone, and control groups, respectively. The percentage of deaths for the PNI ± ALI, ALI only, and control groups were 33%, 50%, and 14%, respectively. Conclusions. In TCCB, perineural invasion with or without angiolymphatic invasion and angiolymphatic invasion alone are associated with a higher incidence of nodal and extranodal metastases and death.
Diaphragmatic paralysis managed by diaphragmatic replacement.

Abstract A neonate had paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm secondary to brachial plexus birth trauma. Conventional diaphragmatic plication, performed on two separate occasions, failed to correct the ventilatory impairment, and mechanical ventilatory dependence persisted. Ventilatory insufficiency was subsequently corrected by total replacement of the right hemidiaphragm with Marlex mesh. This procedure ablated paradoxical motion of the right hemidiaphragm and arrested detrimental shifts of the mobile infantile mediastinum. The good result was immediate and long-lasting; there was no major prosthesis-related growth deformity 3½ years later. Prosthetic fixation of the paralyzed diaphragm is not indicated as a primary procedure, but should be reserved for the occasional patient in whom conventional plication has failed.
Glucose addiction of TSC-null cells is caused by failed mTORC1-dependent balancing of metabolic demand with supply

The mTORC1-signaling pathway integrates environmental conditions into distinct signals for cell growth by balancing anabolic and catabolic processes. Accordingly, energetic stress inhibits mTORC1 signaling predominantly through AMPK-dependent activation of TSC1/2. Thus, TSC1/2-/- cells are hypersensitive to glucose deprivation, and this has been linked to increased p53 translation and activation of apoptosis. Herein, we show that mTORC1 inhibition during glucose deprivation prevented not only the execution of death, but also induction of energetic stress. mTORC1 inhibition during glucose deprivation decreased AMPK activation and allowed ATP to remain high, which was both necessary and sufficient for protection. This effect was not due to increased catabolic activities such as autophagy, but rather exclusively due to decreased anabolic processes, reducing energy consumption. Specifically, TSC1/2-/- cells become highly dependent on glutamate dehydrogenase-dependent glutamine metabolism via the TCA cycle for survival. Therefore, mTORC1 inhibition during energetic stress is primarily to balance metabolic demand with supply.
Breastfeeding and health professional encouragement.

The objective of the study was to ascertain the nature of health professional contacts related to breastfeeding for 341 women. Subjects were prospectively queried by phone or home visit over a 20-week period regarding the number and nature of contacts with health care professionals related to breastfeeding. Lactation consultants gave significantly more positive encouragement (98%) (p=.OI) than either nurses (75%) or physicians (68%) did. However, of the 233 health provider contacts that included breastfeeding advice, only 21% involved lactation consultants. Primiparae were likely to decrease their level of breastfeeding if a health professional encouraged supplemental foods (39%) or weaning (86%) during the prior week. Multiparae who were experienced at breastfeeding (3+ weeks breastfeeding the previous infant) decreased their breastfeeding slowly across the weeks with the current infant, and their level of breastfeeding in general appeared independent of health care provider advice. Multiparae who lacked...
Risk Factors for Unplanned Hospital Readmission in Otolaryngology Patients

ObjectiveIdentify the risk factors that predict 30-day unplanned readmission in hospitalized otolaryngology patients.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingSingle academic hospital.Subjects and MethodsAll otolaryngology admissions for the 1-year period between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011, at an academic hospital were reviewed. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression, employing a backward elimination stepwise approach, were performed to identify risk factors for unplanned readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge from the otolaryngology service.ResultsThere were 1058 patients that accounted for 1271 hospital admissions. The 30-day unplanned readmission rate for patients discharged from the otolaryngology service was 7.3% (93/1271). Significant predictors identified on univariate analysis were used to build a multivariable logistic regression model of risk factors for unplanned readmission. These risk factors included presence of a complication (od...
Functional and Structural Analysis of the v-src and c-src Genes

The product of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) src gene is a protein tyrosine kinase known as p60 v-src , which is responsible for cell transformation by this virus. The proto-oncogene cellular src (c-src) gene, encodes a similar product, p60 c-src , but this protein is incapable of inducing cell transformation even when its level of expression is elevated to that of p60 v-src in transformed cells. Experimental approaches have been taken towards understanding the structural basis for the differences in their biological activities. Using RSV variants obtained by mutation both in vivo and in vitro, the contribution of various domains of the p60 src molecule to its ability to cause transformation were also examined.
Initial experience with Barrett’s strip endoscopic mucosal excision: a new Barrett’s excision device

Barrett’s mucosa resection techniques are time consuming, often difficult to perform, and used with varying success. This report describes the authors’ results with a new device and technique for strip endoscopic mucosal resection (SEMR) using a cold excision blade. A retrospective review of ex vivo and in vivo animal and human esophagi experiments was conducted to develop the essential design characteristics of a transoral strip mucosal excision device. Depth, size, shape, and technique of excision were serially evaluated. The SEMR device allows precise capsule positioning with satisfactory excision size and depth in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. A total of 10 excisions were performed on five normal ex vivo cadaveric human esophagi. The specimens ranged in size from 3 × 2.5 to 2.5 × 2.2 cm. The average specimen thickness was 0.297 mm. For 147 (99.8%) of 150 fields of examination, muscularis mucosa was included. Six additional in vivo experiments demonstrated device safety and feasibility. Satisfactory excision depth was reproducible. Further animal survival experiments and clinical trials will define the role of the SEMR device for patients with Barrett’s esophagus.
Managing the bottlenecks of a parallel Gauss-Seidel algorithm for power flow analysis

The parallelization and implementations of Gauss-Seidel (G-S) algorithms for power flow analysis have been investigated on a Sequent Balance shared memory (SM) machine. In this paper, the authors generalize the idea to more general computer architectures and demonstrate how to effectively increase the speedup upper bounds of G-S algorithms by properly managing the bottlenecks. >
Incremental string matching

Abstract The problem studied in this paper is to search a given text for occurrences of certain strings, in the particular case where the set of strings may change as the search proceeds. A well-known algorithm by Aho and Corasick applies to the simpler case when the set of strings is known beforehand and does not change. This algorithm builds a transition diagram (finite automaton) from the strings, and uses it as a guide to traverse the text. The search can then be done in linear time. We show how this algorithm can be modified to allow incremental diagram construction, so that new keywords may be entered at any time during the search. The incremental algorithm presented essentially retains the time and space complexities of the non-incremental one.
Functional crosstalk between the mitochondrial PTP and KATP channels determine arrhythmic vulnerability to oxidative stress.

Permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening leads to mitochondrial dysfunction & cell death during oxidative stress (OS). However mPTP desensitization with cyclosporine A (CsA) has shown variable efficacy in limiting post-ischemic arrhythmias. We hypothesized that feedback between energy dissipating (mPTP) and cardioprotective (mKATP) channels determine vulnerability to OS. Methods & Results: Guinea pig hearts (N=61) were perfused with H2O2 to elicit mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization. Optical mapping was used to measure MMP or action potentials (AP). Hearts were treated with CsA under conditions that altered mKATP activity directly or indirectly via its regulation by PKC. CsA blunted OS-induced MMP depolarization and delayed loss of contractility but did not affect arrhythmia propensity. Surprisingly, prevention of mKATP activation with the phosphatase BDM reversed the protective effect of CsA, paradoxically exacerbating OS-induced MMP depolarization and accelerating arrhythmia onset in CsA treated hearts. To elucidate the putative molecular mechanisms, mPTP inhibition by CsA was tested under conditions of selective PKC inhibition, mKATP activation or blockade. Similar to BDM, CHE did not alter OS-induced MMP depolarization. However, it completely abrogated CsA-mediated protection against OS. Pharmacological block of mKATP, a target of PKC signaling, equally abolished the protective effect of CsA on MMP depolarization, whereas channel activation with DZX protected against MMP depolarization. Conditions that prevented mKATP activation led to accelerated MMP depolarization and early onset of VF in response to OS. Investigation of the electrophysiological substrate revealed accelerated APD shortening in response to OS in arrhythmia-prone hearts. Conclusions: Cardioprotection by CsA requires mKATP activation through a PKC-dependent pathway. Increasing mKATP activity during CsA administration is required for limiting OS-induced electrical dysfunction.
Methyl cation and model systems for carbonium ions

Abstract Two molecules are used as models for the properties of methyl cation, CH 3 + , namely methanal and borane. The properties of these systems have been computed by the Extended Huckel Theory as each molecule is deformed. The charge densities and energies are presented in graphic manner. It is concluded from the calculations that methanal is much stiffer than methyl cation and that borane is much more plastic than methyl cation. Neither model system undergoes isosteric deformation, the same increase in energy for the same amount of deformation.
Distributed implementations of global temporal logic motion specifications

We present a computational framework for automatic synthesis of decentralized communication and control strategies for a robotic team from global specifications given as temporal and logic statements about visiting regions of interest in a partitioned environment. We consider a purely discrete scenario where the robots move among the vertices of a graph. However, by employing recent results on invariance and facet reachability for dynamical system in environments with polyhedral partitions, the framework from this paper can be directly implemented for robots with nontrivial dynamics. While providing a rich specification language and guaranteeing the correctness of the solution, our approach is conservative, in the sense that we might not find a solution even if one exists. The overall amount of required computation is large. However, most of it is performed off-line before the deployment.
VMOTE-II, A Biowearable Health Monitoring System

In this paper, we present the VMOTE-II health monitoring system that measures and monitors, records and reports the vital signs of a patient to health care providers and medical personnel using both with wireless and wired technologies. This system delivers real time medical data approximately 3 times per second using medical sensors integrated in a single wearable and portable unit that is self powered. This system is geared towards patients that require 24 hour monitoring and support. VMOTE-II is a non-invasive system that would allow a patient to continue normal day to day activities with minimal inconvenience whilst providing extensive medical and physiological data.
Social and Clinical Determinants of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

Importance The growing rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) among women diagnosed as having breast cancer has raised concerns about potential for overtreatment. Yet, there are few large survey studies of factors that affect women’s decisions for this surgical treatment option. Objective To determine factors associated with the use of CPM in a population-based sample of patients with breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants A longitudinal survey of 2290 women newly diagnosed as having breast cancer who reported to the Detroit and Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries from June 1, 2005, to February 1, 2007, and again 4 years later (June 2009 to February 2010) merged with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry data (n = 1536). Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with type of surgery. Primary independent variables included clinical indications for CPM (genetic mutation and/or strong family history), diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging, and patient extent of worry about recurrence at the time of treatment decision making. Main Outcomes and Measures Type of surgery received from patient self-report, categorized as CPM, unilateral mastectomy, or breast conservation surgery. Results Of the 1447 women in the analytic sample, 18.9% strongly considered CPM and 7.6% received it. Of those who strongly considered CPM, 32.2% received CPM, while 45.8% received unilateral mastectomy and 22.8% received breast conservation surgery (BCS). The majority of patients (68.9%) who received CPM had no major genetic or familial risk factors for contralateral disease. Multivariate regression showed that receipt of CPM (vs either unilateral mastectomy or breast conservation surgery) was significantly associated with genetic testing (positive or negative) (vs UM, relative risk ratio [RRR]: 10.48; 95% CI, 3.61-3.48 and vs BCS, RRR: 19.10; 95% CI, 5.67-56.41; P P = .001), receipt of magnetic resonance imaging (vs UM RRR: 2.07; 95% CI, 1.21-3.52 and vs BCS, RRR: 2.14; 95% CI, 1.28-3.58; P = .001), higher education (vs UM, RRR: 5.04; 95% CI, 2.37-10.71 and vs BCS, RRR: 4.38; 95% CI, 2.07-9.29; P P = .001). Conclusions and Relevance Many women considered CPM and a substantial number received it, although few had a clinically significant risk of contralateral breast cancer. Receipt of magnetic resonance imaging at diagnosis contributed to receipt of CPM. Worry about recurrence appeared to drive decisions for CPM although the procedure has not been shown to reduce recurrence risk. More research is needed about the underlying factors driving the use of CPM.
Preterm human milk contains a large pool of latent TGF-β, which can be activated by exogenous neuraminidase

Human milk contains substantial amounts of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, particularly the isoform TGF-β2. We previously showed in preclinical models that enterally administered TGF-β2 can protect against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an inflammatory bowel necrosis of premature infants. In this study we hypothesized that premature infants remain at higher risk of NEC than full-term infants, even when they receive their own mother's milk, because preterm human milk contains less bioactive TGF-β than full-term milk. Our objective was to compare TGF-β bioactivity in preterm vs. full-term milk and identify factors that activate milk-borne TGF-β. Mothers who delivered between 23 0/7 and 31 6/7 wk or at ≥37 wk of gestation provided milk samples at serial time points. TGF-β bioactivity and NF-κB signaling were measured using specific reporter cells and in murine intestinal tissue explants. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and various TGF-β activators were measured by real-time PCR, enzyme immunoassays, or established enzymatic activity assays. Preterm human milk showed minimal TGF-β bioactivity in the native state but contained a large pool of latent TGF-β. TGF-β2 was the predominant isoform of TGF-β in preterm milk. Using a combination of several in vitro and ex vivo models, we show that neuraminidase is a key regulator of TGF-β bioactivity in human milk. Finally, we show that addition of bacterial neuraminidase to preterm human milk increased TGF-β bioactivity. Preterm milk contains large quantities of TGF-β, but most of it is in an inactive state. Addition of neuraminidase can increase TGF-β bioactivity in preterm milk and enhance its anti-inflammatory effects.
Refining Event Extraction through Cross-Document Inference

We apply the hypothesis of “One Sense Per Discourse” (Yarowsky, 1995) to information extraction (IE), and extend the scope of “discourse” from one single document to a cluster of topically-related documents. We employ a similar approach to propagate consistent event arguments across sentences and documents. Combining global evidence from related documents with local decisions, we design a simple scheme to conduct cross-document inference for improving the ACE event extraction task 1 . Without using any additional labeled data this new approach obtained 7.6% higher F-Measure in trigger labeling and 6% higher F-Measure in argument labeling over a state-of-the-art IE system which extracts events independently for each sentence.
Canine small bowel motor patterns and contractions are not neurally regulated during enteric nutrient infusion

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of duodenal and jejunoileal nutrient infusions on small intestinal motor patterns and intestinal contractions in neurally intact and neurally isolated small bowel. Fifteen dogs were prepared with duodenal and jejunal infusion and manometry catheters and a diverting jejunal cannula. Ten of the dogs underwent in situ neural isolation of the jejunoileum. A mixed nutrient meal (0.5 kcal/ml) was infused into the duodenum or jejunum at 3 ml/min for 5 h. Control experiments involved infusion of a balanced salt solution. Manometric data collected on-line to a microcomputer were analyzed for direction, distance, and velocity of spread of single pressure waves (SPW) and clustered contractions. Isolated duodenal and jejunoileal nutrient infusions inhibited the fasting motor pattern in neurally intact and neurally isolated small bowel. Motor activity (motility index) increased slightly during nutrient infusion within groups, but there were few differences between groups. Neither neural isolation nor nutrient infusion had a consistent effect on spread of SPW or migration of clustered contractions. Isolated duodenal and jejunoileal nutrient infusions in the dog inhibit fasting motor patterns and increase motor activity slightly but have little effect on characteristics of individual and clustered contractions. Extrinsic innervation to the jejunoileum or intrinsic neural continuity of the jejunum with the duodenum had little effect on single or grouped contractions. Although the changes in motor activity demonstrated in this study appear small, alterations in intestinal transit and absorption may still occur and may be of importance physiologically.
Modifications in Wheelchair Propulsion Technique with Speed

Objective: Repetitive loading of the upper limb joints during manual wheelchair propulsion has been identified a factor that contributes to shoulder pain, leading to loss of independence and decreased quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine how individual manual wheelchair users with paraplegia modify propulsion mechanics to accommodate expected increases in reaction forces generated at the pushrim with self-selected increases in wheelchair propulsion (WCP) speed. Methods: Upper extremity kinematics and pushrim reaction forces were measured for 40 experienced manual wheelchair users with paraplegia while propelling on a stationary ergometer at self-selected free and fast propulsion speeds. Upper extremity kinematics and kinetics were compared within-subject between propulsion speeds. Between group and within subject differences were determined (α =0.05). Results: Increased propulsion speed was accompanied by increases in Reaction Force (RF) magnitude (22 of 40, >10N) and shoulder Net Joint Moment (NJM, 15 of 40, >10Nm) and decreases in pushrim contact duration. Within-subject comparison indicated that 27% of participants modified their WCP mechanics with increases in speed by regulating RF orientation relative to the upper extremity segments. Conclusions: Reorientation of the RF relative to the upper extremity segments can be used as an effective strategy for mitigating rotational demands (NJM) imposed on the shoulder at increased propulsion speeds. Identification of propulsion strategies that individuals can use to effectively accommodate for increases in RFs is an important step towards preserving musculoskeletal health of the shoulder and improving health-related quality of life.
Evaluation of a mHealth Data Quality Intervention to Improve Documentation of Pregnancy Outcomes by Health Surveillance Assistants in Malawi: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

Background While community health workers are being recognized as an integral work force with growing responsibilities, increased demands can potentially affect motivation and performance. The ubiquity of mobile phones, even in hard-to-reach communities, has facilitated the pursuit of novel approaches to support community health workers beyond traditional modes of supervision, job aids, in-service training, and material compensation. We tested whether supportive short message services (SMS) could improve reporting of pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes among community health workers (Health Surveillance Assistants, or HSAs) in Malawi. Methods and Findings We designed a set of one-way SMS that were sent to HSAs on a regular basis during a 12-month period. We tested the effectiveness of the cluster-randomized intervention in improving the complete documentation of a pregnancy. We defined complete documentation as a pregnancy for which a specific outcome was recorded. HSAs in the treatment group received motivational and data quality SMS. HSAs in the control group received only motivational SMS. During baseline and intervention periods, we matched reported pregnancies to reported outcomes to determine if reporting of matched pregnancies differed between groups and by period. The trial is registered as ISCTRN24785657. Conclusions Study results show that the mHealth intervention improved the documentation of matched pregnancies in both the treatment (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10–1.55, p<0.01) and control (OR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.11–1.91, p = 0.01) groups relative to the baseline period, despite differences in SMS content between groups. The results should be interpreted with caution given that the study was underpowered. We did not find a statistically significant difference in matched pregnancy documentation between groups during the intervention period (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.63–1.38, p = 0.74). mHealth applications have the potential to improve the tracking and data quality of pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes, particularly in low-resource settings.
Phosphorus NMR Spectroscopy of Cat Biceps and Soleus Muscles

An open cellular metabolic system in a steady state has a balance between the rate of energy-rich phosphate utilization, \(\tilde{\ }\dot{P}\) , and its resynthesis by oxidative metabolism.
“The Eagle Seeks a Helpless Quarry”: Chinatown, the Police, and the Press The 1903 Boston Chinatown Raid Revisited

(1996). “The Eagle Seeks a Helpless Quarry”: Chinatown, the Police, and the Press The 1903 Boston Chinatown Raid Revisited. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 81-103.
Sexualization, Sex Discrimination, and Public School Dress Codes

If you follow social media, you may have noticed the rash of reporting on battles over public school dress codes and their effects on and implications for girls. 1 Complaints have been registered across the country, including here in Virginia. 2 For example, in September 2014 at the Maggie Walker Governor‘s School, administrators announced over the PA system that school officials would be performing a shorts-length spot check. 3 Any girls found to be in violation of the rule would be forced to change; if ten girls broke the rule, all girls would be banned from wearing shorts for a day. 4 In Evanston, Illinois, school officials banned leggings because they were ―too distracting‖ for boy students. 5 In New Jersey, high school girls were prohibited from wearing strapless dresses to prom because they, too, were distracting. 6 In Florida, a new student who inadvertently violated her school‘s skirt rules was made to wear a so-called ―shame suit‖: red sweatpants and
The European Coal and Steel Community: Operations of the First European Antitrust Law, 1952-1958

The nature and application of Europe's first supranational antitrust law are the subjects of Professor Schmitt's analysis. The problems and policies regarding mergers and combinations experienced during the first six years of ECSC are of particular importance in the study of the evolution of international government-business relationships.
Effectiveness and student perceptions of an active learning activity using a headline news story to enhance in-class learning of cell cycle regulation

An active learning activity was used to engage students and enhance in-class learning of cell cycle regulation in a PharmD level integrated biological sciences course. The aim of the present study ...
Microscopic Investigation of Chemoselectivity in Ag–Pt–Fe3O4 Heterotrimer Formation: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Controlling High-Order Hybrid Nanoparticle Morphology

Three-component hybrid nanoparticle heterotrimers, which are important multifunctional constructs that underpin diverse applications, are commonly synthesized by growing a third domain off of a two-component heterodimer seed. However, because heterodimer seeds expose two distinct surfaces that often can both support nucleation and growth, selectively targeting one particular surface is critical for exclusively accessing a desired configuration. Understanding and controlling nucleation and growth therefore enables the rational formation of high-order hybrid nanoparticles. Here, we report an in-depth microscopic investigation that probes the chemoselective addition of Ag to Pt–Fe3O4 heterodimer seeds to form Ag–Pt–Fe3O4 heterotrimers. We find that the formation of the Ag–Pt–Fe3O4 heterotrimers initiates with indiscriminate Ag nucleation onto both the Pt and Fe3O4 surfaces of Pt–Fe3O4, followed by surface diffusion and coalescence of Ag onto the Pt surface to form the Ag–Pt–Fe3O4 product. Control experiments...
Dynamic process simulation system based on power flow API of PSS/E

Power system simulation software PSS/E provides many interfaces to develop the application program. The dynamic process simulation system, with PSS/E power flow calculation as the core, is designed by Fortran API interface. First, the power flow calculation interface layer is achieved via API secondary developing and encapsulation to control the PSS/E power flow. Then a user-defined governor model is established, and frequency and governor simulation results interact with PSS/E power flow through the interface layer to achieve the dynamic process simulation. Dynamic predistribution technology of unbalance power during the simulation process is proposed, which makes the distribution of tie line power flow more reasonable during disturbance. Finally, the simulation results of IEEE 9-buses system and North China Power Grid verify that secondary development by PSS/E API interface can satisfy the requirements of real-time and high accuracy of large applications.
Single objective light-sheet microscopy for high-speed whole-cell 3D super-resolution

We have developed a method for performing light-sheet microscopy with a single high numerical aperture lens by integrating reflective side walls into a microfluidic chip. These 45° side walls generate light-sheet illumination by reflecting a vertical light-sheet into the focal plane of the objective. Light-sheet illumination of cells loaded in the channels increases image quality in diffraction limited imaging via reduction of out-of-focus background light. Single molecule super-resolution is also improved by the decreased background resulting in better localization precision and decreased photo-bleaching, leading to more accepted localizations overall and higher quality images. Moreover, 2D and 3D single molecule super-resolution data can be acquired faster by taking advantage of the increased illumination intensities as compared to wide field, in the focused light-sheet.
RNA Regulation of Lipotoxicity and Metabolic Stress.

Noncoding RNAs are an emerging class of nonpeptide regulators of metabolism. Metabolic diseases and the altered metabolic environment induce marked changes in levels of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that a growing number of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs serve as critical mediators of adaptive and maladaptive responses through their effects on gene expression. The metabolic environment also has a profound impact on the functions of classes of noncoding RNAs that have been thought primarily to subserve housekeeping functions in cells—ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs. Evidence is accumulating that these RNAs are also components of an integrated cellular response to the metabolic milieu. This Perspective discusses the different classes of noncoding RNAs and their contributions to the pathogenesis of metabolic stress.
A Minimally-invasive Blood-derived Biomarker of Oligodendrocyte Cell-loss in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Minimally invasive biomarkers of MS are required for disease diagnosis and treatment. Differentially methylated circulating-free DNA (cfDNA) is a useful biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis, and may offer to be a viable approach for understanding MS. Here, methylation-specific primers and quantitative real-time PCR were used to study methylation patterns of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene, which is expressed primarily in myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). MOG-DNA was demethylated in O4+ ODCs in mice and in DNA from human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) when compared with other cell types. In the cuprizone-fed mouse model of demyelination, ODC derived demethylated MOG cfDNA was increased in serum and was associated with tissue-wide demyelination, demonstrating the utility of demethylated MOG cfDNA as a biomarker of ODC death. Collected sera from patients with active (symptomatic) relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) demonstrated a higher signature of demethylated MOG cfDNA when compared with patients with inactive disease and healthy controls. Taken together, these results offer a minimally invasive approach to measuring ODC death in the blood of MS patients that may be used to monitor disease progression.
Explaining sex differences on the Cognitive Reflection Test

Abstract The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005) is a three-item performance-based measure designed to assess one's tendency to over-ride automatic responses in favor of further reflection. Although the test has been widely cited, and predicts varied outcomes, little is known about the sex differences observed in the initial report. This study found a 0.37 standard deviation difference between men and women in a large adult sample of respondents. This difference could be explained entirely by differences in quantitative self-efficacy.
Ethical Choices in Contemporary Medicine: A new ethics of medical practice

As we survey some of the epistemological issues raised in medicine, we come to realize that they arise out of specific cultural concerns (social, economic and political) and have the power to transform them. An excellent example is the outcome of the Nuremberg Trials after the Second World War with regard to medical experimentation without informed consent. Institutional review boards became mandatory in the USA and Europe because of this reexamination and as such demonstrate how the ethical dimensions of contemporary western culture must be viewed against the backdrop of debates about scientific knowledge acquisition and application. Put another way, bioethics depends much on philosophical reflection and the kind of self-conscious feedback loops that inform future behaviour. Given this, it is time to rethink our approaches in bioethics, thereby fostering a new ethics of medical practice. One of the conclusions we draw is that as medicine is a context-bound discipline, so is bioethics. This insight leads us to argue that any account of bioethics that sets itself forth as the definitive methodology to use in the health care setting is questionable. Bioethical discourses are themselves evolving bodies of knowledge and values, which are set within particular historical, cultural contexts. They are integrative – within time, settings and lives – thus leading us to offer our suggestions for medical practice using an “integrative bioethics”. The plurality of medical knowledge In order to contextualize our own proposals with regard to what should be done in the bioethical domain, a domain we acknowledged is understudied from the perspective of its epistemological foundation, we would like to rehearse some ideas and issues related to the complexity of biology in general and medicine in particular.
Preface to the fourth edition

The fourth edition retains many of the features of the first three editions: 1. Knowledge about judgment and decision making has been scattered among a number of different fields. Philosophers, psychologists, educators, economists, decision scientists, and computer scientists have different approaches to the theory. The approach in this book represents my own effort to draw together some of the key ideas from these different disciplines. Much of what I present is not original or new. If it were either of these, I would not be so confident that it is basically correct. 2. I retain the idea that all goal-directed thinking and decision making can be described in terms of what I call the search-inference framework : Thinking can be described as inferences made from possibilities, evidence, and goals that are discovered through searching. 3. I also argue that one main problem with our thinking and decision making is that much of it suffers from a lack of active open-mindedness : We ignore possibilities, evidence, and goals that we ought to consider, and we make inferences in ways that protect our favored ideas. In the course of this book, I apply these ideas to the major concepts and theories in the study of thinking. I begin, in Part I, with general considerations: the nature of rationality; methods for studying thinking; and logic.
Preparing the “Standardized Teacher”: The Effects of Accountability on Teacher Education

Significant attention has been brought to the effects standards and accountability has on P-12 students. Not as much focus has been placed on the implications these reforms have on teacher education. It appears that both for-profit and nonprofit corporations have taken advantage of new policies and have found a way to penetrate the education system by responding to the demands of standards and accountability. Corporations who are far removed from the education institution produce pre-service teacher evaluations. An attempt for institutions to align their teacher education program with the required evaluation system has resulted in a narrow curriculum. The emphasis of teacher education programs to ensure pre-service teachers meet the required standards has reduced teaching to mechanistic approaches and fails to provide experiences that address the complexities of teaching. This narrow curriculum fails to encourage students to critically analyze the current state of education. The unsuccessful attempt to create standards to achieve the goal of increasing teacher quality has resulted in the preparation of the “standardized teacher”.
Factors influencing the adoption of riparian forest buffers in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir watershed of Kansas, USA

Environmental benefits of riparian forest buffers (trees located along streams) are well documented, yet an understanding of factors influencing landowner adoption on properties adjacent to agricultural fields is limited. Reasons for adoption and non-adoption were examined using survey data collected from landowners in Kansas’ Tuttle Creek Reservoir watershed, an area of high concern for water quality and quantity. Survey questionnaires focused on four latent adoption factors: attitudes toward trees, economic motivation, knowledge of riparian forest buffer benefits, and perceptions of government-funded incentive programs. Responses were analyzed with Spearman’s correlation coefficient to determine whether relationships existed between landowner type and each latent adoption factor, Cronbach’s alpha for scale reliability, and the Mann–Whitney U test for differences between adopters and non-adopters. Significant differences between landowner types were revealed indicating that riparian forest buffers were not likely to be adopted if landowners had unfavorable attitudes toward trees, were motivated by economic factors, were unaware of riparian forest buffer benefits, or had negative perceptions of the current design of government payment programs for establishing trees in riparian areas. The following themes were identified for their potential to increase adoption: riparian forest buffers need to be perceived as profitable; opportunities exist for education; financial and technical resources represent major constraints to riparian forest buffer adoption; and there is an apparent need to create awareness of financial assistance programs.
Correlates of HIV/AIDS knowledge among U.S.-born and foreign-born Hispanics in the United States.

No national study of Hispanics has examined variation in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge by ethnicity, place of birth, and duration in the United States (for the foreign born) at least in part because of data constraints. Data from the 1991 and 1992 National Health Interview AIDS Supplements were used to examine the influence of these factors, and other sociodemographic and HIV/AIDS-related variables, on a 25-item HIV/AIDS knowledge scale. Descriptive and multivariate analyses indicate that foreign-born Hispanics with shorter durations in the United States have significantly lower levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge, as do those of Mexican and Cuban ethnicity. Numerous other factors, most of which are known to be associated with HIV/AIDS knowledge in the general population, were found to be significantly associated with HIV/AIDS knowledge among Hispanics in multivariate analyses; these include age, education, gender, rural residence, residence in the West, knowing a person with HIV/AIDS, personal risk for HIV/AIDS, and having been tested for HIV outside of the blood donation system. Results suggest that HIV/AIDS information campaigns targeted to Hispanics may not be equally effective in reaching foreign-born and U.S.-born subgroups or persons of differing ethnicities. Future studies should examine sources of HIV/AIDS information and the mechanisms of knowledge acquisition and transmission within specific subgroups of the Hispanic population.
Quenching as a Heat Transfer Problem

Boundary conductance—the heat transfer from the surface of a quenched object to the quenchant—largely defines hardness resulting from quenching, according to this first report on a cooperative project carried out in the Heat & Mass Flow Analyzer Laboratory at Columbia University.