cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of parents and friends on adolescent substance use: a multidimensional approach

The current study examined longitudinal associations between friend's substance use, friendship quality, parent-adolescent relationship quality and subsequent substance use. Participants were 166 adolescents, their parents and their close same-sex friends. Measures of relationship characteristics in the 10(th) grade were used to predict concurrent substance use and changes in substance use over a one-year period. The most consistent predictor of the use of different substances and changes in substance use over time was the friend's substance using behavior. Negative interactions with a friend were related only to tobacco use, and friendship support neither contributed to nor protected against substance use. Mother-adolescent relationship support was associated with lower levels of concurrent substance use, as well as lower levels of hard drug use over time. Findings highlight the need to examine parents and peers simultaneously and the importance of parental relationships and peer behavior on adolescent substance use. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Destination choices of individual international travellers.

The authors use a set of econometric models to analyse the destination choices of international travellers who responded to the 2009 Survey of International Air Travelers of the US Department of Commerce. The models take into account the demographic characteristics of the individual travellers. The authors estimate that the elasticity of the number of travellers to a country with respect to airfares ranges from �0.953 to �0.810, and the elasticity with respect to the level of consumer prices in the destination country ranges from �0.273 to �0.204.
Is there a significant somatodendritic uptake of dopamine in the substantia nigra? Evidence from the weaver mutant mouse

Slices of the substantia nigra from normal mice and from mice with the weaver gene were used to study somatodendritic uptake of dopamine. The substantia nigra of the homozygous weaver mouse is deficient in both cell bodies and dendrites whereas the substantia nigra of the heterozygous weaver mouse is deficient only in dendrites. Accumulation of [3H]dopamine by nigral slices obtained from each genotype was not different from that observed in slices obtained from control mice. The observed accumulation of [3H]dopamine was apparently taking place predominantly into serotonergic and noradrenergic elements since significant reductions were obtained by both fluoxetine and desipramine at concentrations that were selective for the serotonin and norepinephrine carriers, respectively. In the absence, as well as in the presence of fluoxetine and desipramine, dopamine accumulation in the substantia nigra was only slightly attenuated by the known dopamine uptake blocker GBR 12909. These data argue against a significant presence of somatodendritic uptake systems for dopamine in the substantia nigra and suggest that caution be used in the interpretation of results from studies on dopamine release from nigral slices when [3H]dopamine has been used to preload the tissue. Under such experimental conditions, it is likely that a large proportion of the released tritium might come from neurons other than those which contain endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine.
Malnutrition in cystic fibrosis: A behavioral conceptualization of cause and treatment

Abstract The genetic mutation in cystic fibrosis causes a generalised dysfunction of the exocrine system. The subsequent increase in energy needs due to pulmonary infections, increased basal metabolic rate, and malabsorption are not compensated for by increased food intake, hence, malnutrition becomes a problem for most patients. Biological control mechanisms for body energy regulation may be impaired, causing anorexia directly and contributing to learned behaviors which further decrease intake. An interdisciplinary approach to treatment is suggested which would include behavioral, dietary, and medical components. Early and continuous assessment and modification of problematic eating behaviors and related environmental factors along with nutrition education may delay the need for artificial supplementation, and augment their use by increasing oral intake and compliance with procedures. Anxiety due to increasing disease severity may contribute to anorexia and treatment noncompliance. Behavioral training in identification of Stressors and relaxation techniques may be helpful in reducing stress.
The symmetry of real purchasing power and the neoclassical monetary growth model

Abstract It has been argued that the usual instability property of the neoclassical monetary growth model can be removed if an asymmetric treatment of real purchasing power between the real and monetary sectors is eliminated, i.e., if the demand for money is made to depend on disposable income and not income. Basically, the argument is that this symmetry can offset the destabilizing forces of the Wicksell effect of the rate of inflation on the demand for money. We show that, under the usual stipulations of the model, the instability (saddle-point) nature of the model cannot be altered by such an argument.
Intraoperative epidural catheter malfunction in two obese patients

Using a combined general anesthesia/epidural technique, two cases of intraoperative malfunctioning epidural catheters in obese patients are presented. After the epidural was found to be malfunctioning, the anesthesiologist placed the palm of both hands underneath the patients' lumbar and thoracic area. The epidural catheter with tape and subcutaneous tissue was pulled in both cases towards the head. In each case, this simple maneuver made the catheter function again. In conclusion, this simple corrective maneuver should be attempted prior to discarding the epidural anesthetic technique.
Stereochemical assignments of the 7‐phenyl‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes

A method for making stereochemical assignments based on nmr data for the 7-phenyl-3-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]-heptanes is described.
Religious Persecution and Resistance in the Byzantine Empire of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Methods and Justifications

IN the history of the Byzantine church the eighth and ninth centuries were a period of frequent, probing, and vigorous debate on a variety of issues. In keeping with the inveterate Byzantine tendency to theological controversy, even problems that to modern eyes may not seem to touch on the fundamentals of faith the questions of the use and worship of pictorial images of biblical personages or scenes, of Emperor Constantine VI's (780-797) divorce from his first wife and second marriage, or of Emperor Michael III's (842-867) deposition of Patriarch Ignatius and appointment of Photius were apt to develop into basic theological issues and to lead to acts of violence on one side and of resistance on the other. By way of introduction to the subject matter of this paper, I shall begin with a discussion of three episodes illustrating the consequences resulting from the implementation of specific religious policies.
Systematic significance of the absence of pit-plug cap membranes in the Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta)

Four species of the Batrachospermales were examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine whether or not cap membranes, a typical structural component of pit plugs in several orders of red algae, were present. Routine specimen preservation methods used in past studies led to contradictory reports, so Batrachospermum keratophytum Bory, B. sirodotii Skuja ex Reis, Sirodotia suecica Kylin, and S. tenuissima (Collins) Skuja ex Flint were prepared by secondary fixation in potassium permanganate or a combination of potassium ferrocyanide-osmium tetroxide to enhance membrane contrast. These fixation procedures produced clear, well-contrasted images in which cap membranes were absent. The absence of cap membranes in S. suecica and S. tenuissima and the presence of cap membranes in two members of the Nemaliales was confirmed by freeze-substitution methods. Absence of cap membranes in representatives of the Batrachospermales further distinguishes the Batrachospermales from the Nemaliales, the order in which they long resided, and demonstrates the value of this character in elucidating ordinal alliances among the Rhodophyta.
How Tai Chi improves balance: biomechanics of recovery to a walking slip in impaired seniors.

Background and aims: This study examined the effect of Tai Chi (TC) training on biomechanical responses to large, fast walking perturbations in balance-impaired seniors. Methods: Twenty-two seniors (age 68‐92, BERG 44 or less) with surgical interventions to knees, hips, and back were randomly divided into control or TC groups. Groups trained 1.5 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. Controls received TC training after post-control testing. Subjects walked across a force plate triggered to move forward 15 cm at 40 cm/s at right heel strike (RHS). Kinematics, center of pressure (COP) and center of mass (COM) responses were measured. Results: TC but not control training significantly reduced tripping (p ! 0.005), medial cross-step distance (p ! 0.038), and increased use of swing leg heel strike (p ! 0.001). COM anterior‐posterior (A/P) path significantly increased after TC (p ! 0.017) but not control training. TC training showed a trend toward increased COM-COP A/P angular separation at RHS (p < 0.067). Conclusions: Tai Chi training significantly enhanced balance responses by more efficacious use of mechanisms controlling stepping strategiesoftheswing leg.COMA/P pathsignificantly increasedafter TCimplyingimprovedabilitytotolerate unsteadiness.COM-COPA/P separation angle at RHS increased suggesting a longer step and increased mechanical loading at the hip. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Stereospecific opiate binding in human erythrocyte membranes and changes in heroin addicts.

Stereospecific opiate binding has been demonstrated in human erythrocyte membranes, having a Kd of 9 · 10–9 M. In most respects the binding characteristics resemble those of snyaptic membranes. These included the correlation of binding affinity and pharmacological potency of opiates; competition by naloxone; inhibition by Ca2+ and Na+; and sensitivity to phospholipases and tryspin. A comparison of stereospecific opiate binding in control human subjects and heroin addicts revealed a 43% increase in the addict group.
Psychotherapy and the Fundamentalist client: the aims and challenges of treating Jehovah's Witnesses.

Jehovah’s Witnesses are a Fundamentalist Christian religious group well known for their door-to-door proselytism. As a result of their belief in spreading the word of god and converting others, Jehovah’s Witness populations are growing across the globe. A primary element of Jehovah’s Witness doctrine and other Fundamentalist groups is a mandate to not develop associations with people outside of the religion. As a result of this isolationism, many Fundamentalists who experience psychological distress may hesitate to obtain help from the mental health community. Their belief system and cultural values, including the practice of “disfellowshipping” or shunning members, influence the types of problems Jehovah’s Witnesses and other Fundamentalists present with in therapy, obstacles to treatment, and issues that may arise within the therapeutic relationship.
Toxicity of Detroit River Sediment Interstitial Water to the Bacterium Photobacterium Phosphoreum

We used the Photobacterium phosphoreum bacterial luminescence assay (MicrotoxR) to survey the distribution of the toxicity of the sediments from the lower Detroit River during the summer of 1986. Of the 136 locations tested, 25 were classified as very toxic, 60 as moderately toxic, 10 as slightly toxic, and 41 were classified as being non-toxic. The greatest number of very toxic sites was observed on the western shore of the Trenton Channel; however, some very toxic locations were observed throughout the study area. The least toxic areas were observed at the eastern-most locations studied. The MicrotoxR assay has been found to be a sensitive assay, which can be calibrated to the responses of other organisms such as macroinvertebrates and can be related to the potential for distribution of macroinvertebrates in sediments. Therefore, the MicrotoxR assay is useful for rapid screening and mapping of toxicity of sediments.
MicroRNA-16 modulates HuR regulation of cyclin E1 in breast cancer cells.

RNA binding protein (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that are implicated in development of cancers. Although their individual roles have been studied, the crosstalk between RBPs and miRNAs is under intense investigation. Here, we show that in breast cancer cells, cyclin E1 upregulation by the RBP HuR is through specific binding to regions in the cyclin E1 mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) containing U-rich elements. Similarly, miR-16 represses cyclin E1, dependent on its cognate binding sites in the cyclin E1 3'UTR. Evidence in the literature indicates that HuR can regulate miRNA expression and recruit or dissociate RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC). Despite this, miR-16 and HuR do not affect the other’s expression level or binding to the cyclin E1 3'UTR. While HuR overexpression partially blocks miR-16 repression of a reporter mRNA containing the cyclin E1 3'UTR, it does not block miR-16 repression of endogenous cyclin E1 mRNA. In contrast, miR-16 blocks HuR-mediated upregulation of cyclin E1. Overall our results suggest that miR-16 can override HuR upregulation of cyclin E1 without affecting HuR expression or association with the cyclin E1 mRNA.
Handling load with less stress

We study how the average performance of a system degrades as the load nears its peak capacity. We restrict our attention to the performance measures of average sojourn time and the large deviation rates of buffer overflow probabilities. We first show that for certain queueing systems, the average sojourn time of requests depends much more weakly on the load ? than the commonly observed 1/(1??) dependence for most queueing policies. For example, we show that for an M/G/1 system under the preemptive Shortest Job First (pSJF) policy, the average sojourn time varies as log (1/(1??)) with load for a certain class of distributions. We observe that such results hold even for more restricted policies. We give some examples of non-preemptive policies and policies that do not use the knowledge of job sizes while scheduling, where the dependence of average sojourn time on load is significantly better than 1/(1??). Similar results hold even for very simple non-preemptive threshold based policies that partition all the jobs into two job classes based on a fixed threshold and do FIFO within each class. Finally we study the large deviations rate of the queue length under a simple dedicated partition-based policy.
Monte Carlo simulation of lipid mixtures: finding phase separation

The nonideal mixing of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) binary lipid mixtures was studied by computer simulation based on a model wherein the excess energy of mixing is divided between an electrostatic term and one adjustable term delta Em that includes all other nonideal interactions. The lateral distribution of the lipids and the energy of the mixtures were obtained by using Kawasaki relaxation in a canonical ensemble. The Gibbs free energies were calculated by Kirkwood's coupling parameter method. The simulation results are strongly dependent on simulation size for sizes smaller than about 1000 lipids. Nonideal interaction between lipids can result in large scale separation of lipid phases of different composition at reasonable delta Em values as well as clustering of like lipids. In plots of total Gibbs free energy of mixing versus PS mole fraction in PS/PC, the boundaries of the two phase region could be accurately determined. The electrostatic interaction influences cluster size and shape, and also the composition of phases in the two-phase region.
Supervisor–student teacher interactions: The role of conversational frames in developing a vision of ambitious teaching☆

Abstract In the context of current mathematics and science education reform, teachers are challenged to develop a vision of ambitious instruction ( NRC, 2001 , Windschitl et al., 2011 ). This exploratory study examined the discourse of student teacher supervision, focusing on how the conversational frames of supervisors and student teachers influenced the way that student teacher practice was discussed. Analysis of four transcripts of post-observation meetings revealed three conversational frame types that influenced the effectiveness of the interactions: Educative, Supportive, and Evaluative. Analysis of talk-in-interaction provided a lens to examine the ways that supervisor–student teacher interactions can create productive learning opportunities while also illuminating the challenges in doing this work. Findings also suggest that the interaction of frame type influenced the outcome of the conversation, indicating that supervisors and student teachers may be able to negotiate frame alignment, leading to an educative experience.
What induces online loyalty? Online versus offline brand images

Abstract This study investigates the effect of the interplay between a multi-channel retailer's offline and online brand images on consumers' online perceived risk and online loyalty within the framework of a theory of cognitive dissonance. A sample of 671 female college students participated in an experiment using a 2 (prior offline brand image) × 2 (online performance) between-subjects design. Results reveal that offline brand image exerts significant effects on online brand image – which, in turn, significantly explains online perceived risk – and online customer loyalty. However, online perceived risk has no significant effect on online customer loyalty after controlling for the effects of online and offline brand images. These results provide implications for the direct and indirect halo effects of offline brand image and the direct effect of online performance that may influence consumers' perceptions, expectations, and loyalty regarding multi-channel retailers.
Single-Pole Switching on TVA'S Paradise-Davidson 500-KV Line Design Concepts and Staged Fault Test Results

Single-pole switching is selected for a radial 500-kV line which connects a l, 278-MVA generator into the transmission system. Line protective relays providing selective tripping and special compensation assisting with secondary arc current extinction are described. System planning criteria and design concepts for 500-kV single-pole switching are verified for the first time by staged fault tests conducted on an operating 500-kV system.
Why a sawtooth? Inferences on the generation of the flutter wave during typical atrial flutter drawn from radiofrequency ablation.

Background: Typical atrial flutter (AFL) is a macroreentrant arrhythmia characterized by a counterclockwise circuit that passes through the cavotricuspid isthmus with passive depolarization of the left atrium. These electrical events are thought to be responsible for the classic “sawtooth” wave of atrial flutter seen on the surface electrocardiogram characterized by a gradual downward deflection followed by a sharp negative deflection. It has been suggested that the negative flutter wave is a result of passive depolarization of the left atrium. We hypothesized that interruption of the circuit within the isthmus would prevent the reentrant wave from depolarizing the left atrium thus eliminating the component of the electrocardiogram reflecting left atrial depolarization. Methods: We examined 100 cases of atrial flutter with the typical “sawtooth” pattern referred for radiofrequency ablation. Ninety-seven of the 100 were successfully ablated. All cases were reviewed for termination of atrial flutter with the last intracardiac electrogram just lateral to the site of linear ablation and surface flutter wave at the moment of termination not obscured by the QRS segment or the T-wave. Seventeen of the 97 met these criteria. Results: Seventeen of the 17 cases demonstrated a gradual negative deflection as the last discernible wave of atrial activity followed by an isoelectric period and resumption of normal sinus rhythm. The last generated wave lacked the sharp negative downstroke. Conclusion: These results suggest that the sharp negative deflection of flutter waves likely correlates with the wavefront's penetration of the interatrial septum and passive depolarization of the left atrium.
Field emission characteristics of carbon nanotube emitters using screen-printing technique

A carbon nanotube emitter with high uniformity, adhesion and emission current has been formed by screen printing. The raw carbon nanotubes (CNTs) chunk were crushed, purified, dispersed, mixed with organic additives and then screen printed on Ag electrode. After burning out the organic additives under two thermal cycles, the surface of CNTs emitters were treated. The treated emitters showed a better emission characteristic than untreated emitters.
Optical phase-shift detection of surface plasmon resonance

A heterodyne optical measurement system for studying the phase shift of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is presented. The system utilizes a frequency-stabilized Zeeman laser as a detection light source and is suitable for real-time phase measurement in SPR-sensing applications. The phase shift in an angular dispersion SPR excitation setup was measured ranging from +180 degrees to -120 degrees around the SPR excitation region. The experimental results fit well with the theoretical analysis. Compared with the reflection coefficient variation that is widely investigated in SPR studies, phase shift is estimated to provide a higher sensitivity to sensor systems and more information about the resonance phenomenon.
Accurate discrimination of bHLH domains in plants, animals, and fungi using biologically meaningful sites

The highly conserved bHLH (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) domain, found in many transcription factors, has been well characterized separately in Plants, Animals, and Fungi. While conserved, even functionally constrained sites have varied since the Eukarya split. Our research identifies those slightly variable sites that were highly characteristic of Plants, Animals, or Fungi. Through discriminant analysis, we identified five highly discerning DNA-binding amino acid sites. Additionally, by incorporating Kingdom specific HMMs, we were able to construct a tool to quickly and accurately identify and classify bHLH sequences using these sites. We conclude that highly discerning sites identified through our analysis were likely under functional constraints specific to each Kingdom. We also demonstrated the utility of our tool by identifying and classifying previously unknown bHLH domains in both characterized genomes and from sequences in a large environmental sample.
Nitrogen fertilizer form and associated nitrate leaching from cool-season lawn turf

Various N fertilizer sources are available for lawn turf. Few field studies, however, have determined the losses of nitrate (NO(3)-N) from lawns receiving different formulations of N fertilizers. The objectives of this study were to determine the differences in NO(3)-N leaching losses among various N fertilizer sources and to ascertain when losses were most likely to occur. The field experiment was set out in a completely random design on a turf typical of the lawns in southern New England. Treatments consisted of four fertilizer sources with fast- and slow-release N formulations: (i) ammonium nitrate (AN), (ii) polymer-coated sulfur-coated urea (PCSCU), (iii) organic product, and (iv) a nonfertilized control. The experiment was conducted across three years and fertilized to supply a total of 147 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). Percolate was collected with zero-tension lysimeters. Flow-weighted NO(3)-N concentrations were 4.6, 0.57, 0.31, and 0.18 mg L(-1) for AN, PCSCU, organic, and the control, respectively. After correcting for control losses, average annual NO(3)-N leaching losses as a percentage of N applied were 16.8% for AN, 1.7% for PCSCU, and 0.6% for organic. Results indicate that NO(3)-N leaching losses from lawn turf in southern New England occur primarily during the late fall through the early spring. To reduce the threat of NO(3)-N leaching losses, lawn turf fertilizers should be formulated with a larger percentage of slow-release N than soluble N.
A theory of high frequency vibrations of piezoelectric cyrstal bars

Abstract This paper presents a higher order, linear theory of piezoelectric crystal bars as in the same spirit as that of Mindlin. First, a power series representation in aerial coordinates is employed for both the mechanical displacement and electric potential fields. Next, with the help of a variational theorem deduced from Hamilton's principle, together with these series, the theory is established consistently. A hierarchy of 1-dimensional approximate equations of motion, charge equations of electrostatics, initial and boundary conditions, strain-displacement and electric field-electric potential relations, and macroscopic constitutive equations constitutes the theory, and it governs all the types of motions of piezoelectric crystal bars of uniform cross-section. Further, special cases of interest are pointed out. The solutions of the initial mixed boundary-value problems defined by this theory are proven to be unique.
Mathematical model of aneurysm of the circle of Willis: II. a qualitative analysis of the equation of Austin

Abstract Periodic solutions of the equation derived by Austin [1,1e] to describe an aneurysm of the circle of Willis are studied by qualitative methods which are extensions of the method of Poincare. The results obtained reinforce strongly Austin's conclusion concerning the danger of increased pulse pressure; they suggest the possibility of the danger of an increased pulse rate (this also agrees with Austin's conclusions) or a decreased pulse rate. The conclusions provide a theoretical justification for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms by hypotensive methods [14] and also an explanation of why there does not seem to be an immediate precipitating cause of rupture (i.e., rupture seems to be just as likely to occur during relaxation as during physical activity).
The yeast SCG1 gene: A Gα-like protein implicated in the a- and α-factor response pathway

Abstract We have identified the SCG1 gene by its ability to suppress the pheromone-supersensitive sst2-1 mutation. The nucleotide sequence of SCG1 suggests that it encodes a 54 kd protein homologous to the α subunit of the vertebrate G proteins transducin, G s , G i , and G o . SCG1 expression and function are haploid-specific; haploid scg1 cells grow into very small colonies consisting of large, abnormally shaped cells, whereas a/α scg1/scg1 diploids show wild-type morphology, growth, and sporulation. We postulate that the SCG1 product is involved in the pheromone response pathway, and propose two models for the function of the SCG1 product. Expression of the rat α s gene in yeast partially complements both the sst2 and scg1 defects, indicating a high level of conservation of sequence and function between SCG1 and mammalian G α subunits.
NATURAL-RESOURCE ANTHROPOLOGY

Natural resource anthropology offers special promise as a field of applied anthropology. It integrates the theoretical perspectives of three subfields-cultural ecology, cognitive anthropology, and economic anthropology. We discuss the application of these theoretical paradigms to U.S. marine fisheries, arid lands pastoralism, and tropical forest agriculture. We suggest that anthropological training in natural resources should involve ethnographic field methods, multivariate statistics, and the subject matter of allied disciplines in the social and natural sciences.
Working paper no. 5 Impact of the molecular spectrum of mutational lesions on estimates of germinal gene-mutation rates

Review of the molecular characteristics of the variants identified at a series of disease loci suggests significant differences among loci in the relative frequency of nucleotide substitutions versus more complex events such as deletions. Some common features are repeatedly observed in each class of variant. For example, a high proportion of the nucleotide substitutions involve transitions of deoxycytidine and are suggested to result from deamination of cytosine at 5-methyl-CpG sites. Similarly, deletions of three or fewer nucleotides are relatively common in the non-nucleotide substitution class and these deletions are often associated with a seven-nucleotide core sequence. A significant fraction of the larger deletions and rearrangements may be associated with repetitive elements. Many of the deletion events do not appear to involve a chromosomal recombination mechanism. Mechanisms involving transcription slippage and chromatid exchange have been suggested as possible alternative mechanisms for generating deletion events. The spectrum of mutational events identified, e.g. nucleotide substitutions versus deletions, differs between loci and is probably a reflection of both the gene structure and the selective pressure to generate a disease phenotype. This locus specificity (at both the biological and molecular level) would appear to have significant potential to compromise estimates of increases in the gene germinal mutation rate following exposure to mutagenic agents.
Children and parents as members of the research team: Fair employment practices without a union contract

In clinical mental health research with children, both child and parent are essential members of the research team. The 3 R's of parent/child team membership are respect, rapport, and recognition. Respect and recognition include fair reimbursement for time, expense, and inconvenience, but the most important compensation for many families is the appreciation of the other team members for their sacrifice and cooperation. Reimbursement, although honoring the principles of justice and respect for persons, raises difficult issues about appropriate amount, particularly in research involving children. The 3 R's are supported by the investigator 5 A's: attitude, adaptability, availability, attachment, and appreciation. Although the principles seem clear in the abstract, implementation encounters many practical problems. Perhaps the most difficult of these is determining the appropriate amount of compensation that avoids undue inducement but not at the expense of the 3 R's and 5 A's.
Spin-free quantum theory. XXV: The unitary-group formulation of fermion many-body theory

The fermion unitary group formulation (UGF) of many-body theory is based on the unitary group U(2n) where n is the number of freeon orbitals. This formulation, which conserves particle-number but not spin, is isomorphic to the particle-number-conserving, second-quantized formulation (SQF). In UGF we derive the familiar diagrammatic algorithm for matrix elements, M(Y) = (−1)H+L where H and L denote the numbers of hole lines and loops in the diagram D(Y) of M(Y). The unitary group derivation is considerably simpler than is the conventional, second-quantized derivation that employs time-dependence, Wick's theorem, normal-order, and contractions. In neither fermion UGF nor SQF is spin conserved. We carry out in UGF the spin-projection (symmetry adaptation to SU(2)) of the fermion vectors and obtain with a spin-free Hamiltonian the same matrix elements as with the freeon UGF (part 24 of this series). The fermion unitary group formulation for a spin-free Hamiltonian should be regarded as an alternate path to spin-free quantum chemistry.
Wheel running alters patterns of uncontrollable stress-induced cfos mRNA expression in rat dorsal striatum direct and indirect pathways: A possible role for plasticity in adenosine receptors

Emerging evidence indicates that adenosine is a major regulator of striatum activity, in part, through the antagonistic modulation of dopaminergic function. Exercise can influence adenosine and dopamine activity, which may subsequently promote plasticity in striatum adenosine and dopamine systems. Such changes could alter activity of medium spiny neurons and impact striatum function. The purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to characterize the effect of long-term wheel running on adenosine 1 (A1R), adenosine 2A (A2AR), dopamine 1 (D1R), and dopamine 2 (D2R) receptor mRNA expression in adult rat dorsal and ventral striatum structures using in situ hybridization. The second was to determine if changes to adenosine and dopamine receptor mRNA from running are associated with altered cfos mRNA induction in dynorphin- (direct pathway) and enkephalin- (indirect pathway) expressing neurons of the dorsal striatum following stress exposure. We report that chronic running, as well as acute uncontrollable stress, reduced A1R and A2AR mRNA levels in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Running also modestly elevated D2R mRNA levels in striatum regions. Finally, stress-induced cfos was potentiated in dynorphin and attenuated in enkephalin expressing neurons of running rats. These data suggest striatum adenosine and dopamine systems are targets for neuroplasticity from exercise, which may contribute to changes in direct and indirect pathway activity. These findings may have implications for striatum mediated motor and cognitive processes, as well as exercise facilitated stress-resistance.
Low-dimensional quantum magnetic systems: Synthesis, structure and magnetic behavior of (2,5-dimethylpyrazine)copper(II) chloride and synthesis and magnetic behavior of bis(2,6-dimethylpyrazine)copper(II) chloride

Abstract The synthesis, X-ray structure and magnetic susceptibility of (2,5-dimethylpyrazine)copper(II) chloride (1), and the synthesis and magnetic susceptibility of (2,6-dimethylpyrazine)2copper(II) chloride (2), are reported. Compound 1 crystallizes in the space group P21/c as a coordination polymer of Cu(II) ions bridged by 2,5-methylpyrazine. The resulting chains are magnetically linked via short chloride–chloride contacts. The magnetic susceptibility responds as a uniform Heisenberg chain (2J/k = −20(5) K) with a phase transition to three dimensional order near 5 K. Susceptibility data for compound 2 show that the compound is a linear chain coordination polymer with the copper ions linked by bihalide bridges. A fit to the model for a uniform Heisenberg chain yields 2J = −22.7(2) K.
A bi-level metaheuristic approach to designing Optimal Bus Transit Route Network

The purpose of this paper is to develop a bi-level metaheuristic approach to solving the Optimal Bus Transit Route Network Design Problem (OBTRNDP). A mix integer linear programming model is first formulated for the OBTRNDP. An innovative bi-level metaheuristic solution approach is then presented, in which the upper level finds the feasible network patterns (including the transit network routes and associated service frequencies), the lower level then evaluates such network solutions and provides feedback, and a genetic algorithm based metaheuristic approach is used to optimize the transit route network. Network experiments are conducted. Numerical results and related characteristics are described in detail. Future research directions are also given.
Boundary-value problems in the Fanno model for turbulent compressible flow

A recent paper of Ockendon et al. discusses the Fanno model for quasi-one-dimensional flow of gas in a tube, in situations where the flow is turbulent and the tube is long enough for wall drag to be important. Based on appropriate scalings and with associated boundary conditions they derive equations for similarity solutions and make predictions about travelling and evolving waves. In this paper the existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behaviour of these wave forms is proved rigorously. Techniques include shooting methods (both one- and two-parameter), appropriate changes of variables, and comparison techniques.
Failure to thrive, hepatic dysfunction, hypotonia, and cerebellar atrophy

A 2-year-old with cerebrellar and gastrointestinal difficulties is presented. The differential diagnosis of this combination of clinical features is difficult but recently several of the conditions under consideration have been more precisely characterized from a molecular standpoint.
Absence of Diffusible Inhibitor of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in the Hepatocytes of Reye Syndrome Patients

Hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was measured in postmortem specimens obtained from two stage V Reye syndrome patients and in three postmortem specimens of normal human liver. The Reye syndrome specimens showed the hepatic mitochondrial enzyme deficits in GDH and monoamine oxidase activities that are characteristic of Reye syndrome. GDH activity was linear with the amount of supernatant fraction added, both for Reye and normal liver preparations: moreover, the activities of mixtures of Reye and control supernatant fractions were the sums of the activities of the individual components. This means that the activity difference between Reye and normal GDH activity is not due to a diffusible inhibitor in the Reye hepatocytes or to an activator of GDH in the normal control hepatocytes. Serum obtained from six Reye cases during neurologic deterioration was added to normal hepatic GDH preparations to test for a serum inhibitor of FDH. Highly variable effects were found, with two serum samples producing marked inhibition and others showing weak inhibition, no effect, or stimulation of GDH activity. The inhibitor was not removed by charcoal treatment and most of the activity was retained by a 10,000 dalton Diaflo membrane, signifying either that the compound had a high molecular weight or that it was bound to serum protein. We conclude that the decreased activity of GDH in Reye hepatocytes is not due to an intracellular diffusible inhibitor, and that serum effects are quite variable and are not directly related to intracellular changes in GDH activity.
Human Mediator enhances basal transcription by facilitating recruitment of transcription factor IIB during preinitiation complex assembly.

The multisubunit Mediator is a well established transcription coactivator for gene-specific activators. However, recent studies have shown that, although not essential for basal transcription by purified RNA polymerase II (pol II) and general initiation factors, Mediator is essential for basal transcription in nuclear extracts that contain a more physiological complement of factors (Mittler, G., Kremmer, E., Timmers, H. T., and Meisterernst, M. (2001) EMBO Rep. 2, 808–813; Baek, H. J., Malik, S., Qin, J., and Roeder, R. G. (2002) Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 2842–2852). Here, mechanistic studies with immobilized DNA templates, purified factors, and factor-depleted HeLa extracts have shown (i) that Mediator enhancement of basal transcription correlates with Mediator-dependent recruitment of pol II and general initiation factors (transcription factor (TF) IIB and TFIIE) to the promoter; (ii) that Mediator and TFIIB, which both interact with pol II, are jointly required for pol II recruitment to the promoter and that TFIIB recruitment is Mediator-dependent, whereas Mediator recruitment is TFIIB-independent; (iii) that a high level of TFIIB can bypass the Mediator requirement for basal transcription and pol II recruitment in nuclear extract, thus indicating a conditional restriction of TFIIB function and a key role of Mediator in overcoming this restriction; and (iv) that an earlier rate-limiting step involves formation of a TFIID-Mediator-promoter complex. These results support a stepwise assembly model, rather than a preformed holoenzyme model, for Mediator-dependent assembly of a basal preinitiation complex and, more important, identify a step involving TFIIB as a key site of action of Mediator.
On cumulative jump random variables

Stochastic models for phenomena that can exhibit sudden changes involve the use of processes whose sample functions may have discontinuities. This paper provides some tools for working with such processes. We develop a sample path formula for the cumulative jump height over a given time interval. From this formula an expression for the expected value of the cumulative jump random variable is developed under reasonable conditions. The results are applied to finding the expected number of failures in the separate maintenance model over a stated time interval and to the expected number of occurrences of a regenerative event over a stated time interval.
Forcing Linearity Numbers for Projective Modules

Abstract The forcing linearity numbers for projective modules over commutative Noetherian rings are completely determined.
Full Circle; Or, The Last Shall Be First

In 2075, to mark the upcoming 200th anniversary of the start of organized library service in the world, the Universal Libinfosci Association, successor to the old American Library Association, which was also founded in 1876, appointed a special committee to schedule a series of events marking that important anniversary. The following is a brief account of the outcome of one of those events. It is a remarkable tale that suggests how we have come full circle in the provision of library services and how, indeed, the last shall be first!
Decentralized data sharing of tissue microarrays for investigative research in oncology.

Tissue microarray technology (TMA) is a relatively new approach for efficiently and economically assessing protein and gene expression across large ensembles of tissue specimens. Tissue microarray technology holds great potential for reducing the time and cost associated with conducting research in tissue banking, proteomics, and outcome studies. However, the sheer volume of images and other data generated from even limited studies involving tissue microarrays quickly approach the processing capacity and resources of a division or department. This challenge is compounded by the fact that large-scale projects in several areas of modern research rely upon multi-institutional efforts in which investigators and resources are spread out over multiple campuses, cities, and states. To address some of the data management issues several leading institutions have begun to develop their own “in-house” systems, independently, but such data will be only minimally useful if it isn’t accessible to others in the scientific community. Investigators at different institutions studying the same or related disorders might benefit from the synergy of sharing results. To facilitate sharing of TMA data across different database implementations, the Technical Standards Committee of the Association for Pathology Informatics organized workshops in efforts to establish a standardized TMA data exchange specification. The focus of our research does not relate to the establishment of standards for exchange, but rather builds on these efforts and concentrates on the design, development and deployment of a decentralized collaboratory for the unsupervised characterization, and seamless and secure discovery and sharing of TMA data. Specifically, we present a self-organizing, peer-to-peer indexing and discovery infrastructure for quantitatively assessing digitized TMA’s. The system utilizes a novel, optimized decentralized search engine that supports flexible querying, while guaranteeing that once information has been stored in the system, it will be found with bounded costs.
Approximate object location and spam filtering on peer-to-peer systems

Recent work in P2P overlay networks allow for decentralized object location and routing (DOLR) across networks based on unique IDs. In this paper, we propose an extension to DOLR systems to publish objects using generic feature vectors instead of content-hashed GUIDs, which enables the systems to locate similar objects. We discuss the design of a distributed text similarity engine, named Approximate Text Addressing (ATA), built on top of this extension that locates objects by their text descriptions. We then outline the design and implementation of a motivating application on ATA, a decentralized spam-"ltering service. We evaluate this system with 30,000 real spam email messages and 10,000 non-spam messages, and "nd a spam identi" cation ratio of over 97% with zero false positives.
Impact of a Third-Year Surgical Apprenticeship Model: Perceptions and Attitudes Compared with the Traditional Medical Student Clerkship Experience

Background Current literature suggests that medical students may have negative misconceptions of a surgical career partly due to the traditional hierarchical structure of the surgical clerkship. We hypothesized that a novel medical student apprenticeship would result in positive changes in perceptions of both surgeons and surgical careers. Study Design In the 2011 academic year, third-year medical students were offered a 2-week apprenticeship elective, in addition to the standard 8-week surgical clerkship. Unlike a traditional service, students apprenticed directly with participating faculty on a one-on-one basis. At the clerkship's end, students received a structured questionnaire assessing perceptions and attitudes toward surgeons and a career in surgery. Subjects responded anonymously using a 5-point Likert scale. A Wilcoxon Rank-Sum was performed comparing students who participated vs those who did not participate in the apprenticeship. Results There was a 99% survey response (105 of 106). Of those, 50 (48%) participated in the apprenticeship. Apprenticeship students were more likely to view surgeons as content (p Conclusions Students participating in a surgical apprenticeship had a more positive view of surgeons and the field of surgery compared with students not participating. An apprenticeship model enhances the surgical clerkship experience and improves medical student perceptions of surgery as a career.
Upstream Stimulatory Factor 2 and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α (HIF2α) Cooperatively Activate HIF2 Target Genes during Hypoxia

While the functions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and HIF2α/ARNT (HIF2) proteins in activating hypoxia-inducible genes are well established, the role of other transcription factors in the hypoxic transcriptional response is less clear. We report here for the first time that the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine-zip transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) is required for the hypoxic transcriptional response, specifically, for hypoxic activation of HIF2 target genes. We show that inhibiting USF2 activity greatly reduces hypoxic induction of HIF2 target genes in cell lines that have USF2 activity, while inducing USF2 activity in cells lacking USF2 activity restores hypoxic induction of HIF2 target genes. Mechanistically, USF2 activates HIF2 target genes by binding to HIF2 target gene promoters, interacting with HIF2α protein, and recruiting coactivators CBP and p300 to form enhanceosome complexes that contain HIF2α, USF2, CBP, p300, and RNA polymerase II on HIF2 target gene promoters. Functionally, the effect of USF2 knockdown on proliferation, motility, and clonogenic survival of HIF2-dependent tumor cells in vitro is phenocopied by HIF2α knockdown, indicating that USF2 works with HIF2 to activate HIF2 target genes and to drive HIF2-depedent tumorigenesis.