cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dislocation interactions with grain boundaries

Abstract Recent progress in understanding dislocation interactions with grain boundaries and interfaces in metallic systems via static and in situ dynamic experimental approaches is reviewed.
The Biggest Winner: Using Statistics to Assess the Effectiveness of an E-Resources Promotional Campaign

In the fall of 2011, librarians at Bowling Green State University were given the opportunity to compete for a $100 Amazon.com gift card by promoting an underused database. Usage statistics were tracked throughout the semester and compared with those for the same time period from the previous year. Eight of the twelve databases promoted rose in use. This article discusses the project methodology and uses its outcomes to assess the effectiveness of a range of marketing techniques for electronic resources, presents hypotheses to account for some declines in usage, and demonstrates the value of distributed, personalized promotion for library resources.
Virtual network embedding with border matching

A major challenge in virtual network embedding is to find an efficient mapping of each virtual network (VN) to the nodes and links in the substrate network (SN) so that the residual SN can host as many VN requests as possible. This network optimization problem has been shown to be NP hard. In this paper we propose a “border matching” mechanism in VN embedding, which is shown to outperform a number of existing VN embedding algorithms. In particular, we devise an iterative algorithm called “VNE-B”. Typical VN embedding algorithms may cause fragmentations of the substrate network, i.e. the substrate resources are fragmented into small isolated pieces, making it unable to meet larger future VN requests. VNE-B starts the mapping from the “border” nodes of both VNs and the SN for reducing fragmentation of SN resources. Our experimental evaluations show that VN embedding algorithms with VNE-B result in more efficient mappings and thus fewer rejections for VN requests. We also visualize the residual SN to demonstrate the effectiveness of VNE-B.
Formation, structure, and reactivity of meso-tetraaryl-chlorolactones, -porpholactams, and -chlorolactams, porphyrin and chlorin analogues incorporating oxazolone or imidazolone moieties

Reaction of known meso-tetraarylporpholactone free bases 3, made from the corresponding porphyrins, with hydrazine produces three products: It converts the lactone functional group into an N-aminolactam moiety, generating porphyrin-like N-aminoporpholactams 8. It also reduces regioselectively the β,β′-double bond of the pyrrolic moiety opposite to the imidazolone in both the starting material and the N-aminoporpholactam, thus forming the chlorin-like chlorolactones 7 and N-aminochlorolactams 9. An equivalent set of reaction products is also derived from the reaction of porpholactones 3 with tosylhydrazide. Reductive N–N cleavage of the N-aminoporpholactams 8 generated the parent porpholactams 10. The molecular structures of all key compounds were shown by single crystal X-ray diffraction to be essentially planar. Porpholactam 10a can be converted in two steps (enolization and halogenation α to the imine, followed by reductive removal of the halogen) to known imidazoloporphyrin 5a, thus constituting the third independent pathway to replace a β-carbon of a tetraphenylporphyrin by a nitrogen. All these transformations show the flexibility of our ‘porphyrin breaking and mending’ strategy toward the synthesis of novel porphyrin and chlorin analogues incorporating non-pyrrolic heterocycles that carry functionalities at their periphery.
Is Evolution Necessary for Range Expansion? Manipulating Reproductive Timing of a Weedy Annual Transplanted beyond Its Range

Abstract: Ecologists often consider how environmental factors limit a species’ geographic range. However, recent models suggest that geographic distribution also may be determined by a species’ ability to adapt to novel environmental conditions. In this study, we empirically tested whether further evolution would be necessary for northern expansion of the weedy annual cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) in its native North American range. We transplanted seedlings beyond the northern border and photoperiodically manipulated reproductive timing, a trait important for adaptation to shorter growing seasons at higher latitudes within the range, to determine whether further evolution of this trait would result in a phenotype viable beyond the range. Earlier reproductive induction enabled plants to produce mature seeds beyond the range and to achieve a reproductive output similar to those grown within the range. Therefore, evolution of earlier reproduction in marginal populations would be necessary for northward ra...
Dislocations at ductile/plastic crack tips: in-situ TEM observations

In-situ observations of dislocation structures ahead of crack tips in TEM metal foils are reviewed. Two cases are compared in particular: Structure development during in-situ straining to failure of (i) electron-transparent foils ahead of the tip of a growing crack that spreads from the thinnest regions or perforations and (ii) initially non-transparent thick foils. In the latter case cracks formed only after substantial in-situ straining, and they propagated along dislocation cell walls via repeated stimulated crack nucleation ahead of the tip. This behavior was shown to adequately simulate bulk behavior and such cracks do not exhibit dislocation-free zones at their tips. By contrast, dislocation-free regions along ligaments formed by crack propagation and observed in thin (e.g. about 100 nm or less) TEM foils are found to be artifacts due to strong dislocation image forces. These image forces at the same time limit mutual dislocation interactions to the thickness of the foil, and rotate the dislocations to be normal to the foil plane, meanwhile straightening them. This behavior has no correspondence to conditions at real cracks in bulk materials. Theoretical expressions are derived for the dislocation densities ahead of crack tips that give rise to long-range and shorter range stress fields in mode I crack tip configurations, respectively.
Amino acid composition of dentin protein.

SummaryProtein prepared from the dentin removed from the crowns of non-carious, fully erupted, permanent, first and second human molars has been analyzed for lysine, arginine, histidine, hydroxyproline, phenylalanine, methionine, cystine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, glycine, alanine, and tyrosine. The amounts found of many of these 13 amino acids, particularly the values for glycine, hydroxyproline, and the absence of tryptophan suggest that dentin protein resembles collagen.
Synthesis of cuticular protein during the third molt in the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

Abstract 1. 1. The uptake of 14 C-proline and its subsequent incorporation into the fourth-stage cuticle of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was studied employing both in vitro and in vivo systems. 2. 2. Third-stage larvae absorbed and assimilated 14 C-proline under in vitro conditions. 3. 3. Isotopically labeled worms were injected into rats where they continued development to late fourth stage. These worms were recovered from rats, placed into an in vitro system and completed the fourth molt. 4. 4. Shed cuticles were isolated and shown to be radioactive. The majority of radioactivity in the cuticles was localized in proline and hydroxyproline indicating they are utilized for synthesis of cuticular protein.
Data structure and process data traversal in a manufacturing cell controller

Abstract For manufacturing cells used in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), a cell control system functions autonomously in coordinating the operations of all equipment and a material handling robot in the cell. Since the sequential approach to cell control cannot handle multiple and simultaneous tasks, a cell controller is developed in a concurrent programming environment. The data structures required by the cell control operation are defined, including that for the product, the AGV, the robot, the processes and the system I/O. All data structures are stored in a public memory area that is accessible to all processes. Control tasks are achieved by traversing these data structures and dynamically constructing a control command with the necessary process data in run-time. It is shown that an autonomous control system using multi-tasking and software interrupt techniques is useful for the real-time control of cell production, and software modularity provides a good flexibility to adapting system changes. The relation of the cell control data structure and the overall manufacturing system's database is also briefly discussed.
Isolation, characterization, and comparison of hemolytic peptides in nematocyst venoms of two species of jellyfish (Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Cyanea capillata)

Abstract 1. 1. Hemolysins of the sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, and the lions' mane jellyfish, Cyanea capillata, collected in the Delaware Bay were partially purified by sequential gel-filtration and high performance liquid chromatography. 2. 2. The nematocyst contents of both jellyfish had hemolytically active fractions containing large quantities of glycine and serine along with an unknown amino acid residue. 3. 3. The Chrysaora hemolysin appeared to have a mol. wt greater than 6000 but less than 10,000 daltons. 4. 4. Glycophorins were the most effective inhibitors to the hemolysins at the lowest concentration.
69. A new selective slowing index of median nerve at wrist

The electrophysiological diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) with underlying axonal polyneuropathy (PNP) is quite difficult. The Preston Index (PI), resulting from the difference between distal motor latency (DML) recorded from II lumbrical muscle and DML recorded from II interosseus muscle is used to distinguish CTS + PNP from isolated PNP. A PI higher than 0.5 ms suggests isolated CTS. In presence of PNP, the PI cut-off has been arbitrarily corrected to values ranging 0.7–1.0 ms, because of the inverse proportion between median-ulnar nerve CVs and interlatency. Applying the same recording technique of PI at a fixed stimulation distance (10 cm) in 28 healthy subjects and 188 consecutive patients, we calculated median-ulnar DML ratio (MLR). We found 115 patients affected by isolated CTS electrophysiologically confirmed, 37 patients by diabetic polyneuropathy (dPNP), 17 patients affected by CTS + dPNP and 19 asymptomatic diabetic patients. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for CTS, isolated or superimposed to PNP, are, respectively: 71.9% and 89.3% for PI, 77.3% and 96.4% for MLR. A logistic regression model (the logit model), based on most discriminative variables, improved diagnostic accuracy (ROC) and showed the MLR is the single measure more accurate to detect the CTS also in PNP patients.
False localization of ictal activity by scalp EEG in candidates for hemispherectomy

Two patients with intractable seizures and large structural lesions were candidates for hemispherectomy for seizure control. Repeated ictal EEGs recorded from scalp falsely localized seizure onset to the contralateral hemisphere. Intracarotid amobarbital study was performed during left-body epilepsia partialis continua in one subject. Amobarbital was injected in the right internal carotid artery, despite electrographic seizure activity apparently originating in the left hemisphere. Clinical and electrographic seizure activity ceased immediately at the onset of left hemiparesis, without inducing right hemiparesis, speech loss, or EEG attenuation on the left. Intracranial recordings in both patients confirmed that the clinically suspect hemisphere was the source of the seizures, and hemispherectomy produced excellent clinical results. In the presence of a large structural lesion, it appears that scalp EEG may falsely localize ictal discharges to the contralateral side.
Evaluation, a State of Mind

The problem and the solution. Many human resource development professionals do not have a predisposition toward measurement and evaluation. The overall state of measurement and evaluation practices in the profession is dismal. As an effort to clarify these conditions, this article explores the proposition that evaluation is not so much a purposeful process as it is a state of mind from both researcher and practitioner perspectives.
Nasal septal perforation and carotid cavernous aneurysm: Unusual manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus☆☆☆★

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem collagen vascular disorder defined by its clinical features and the presence of antibodies in the blood directed against one or more cell nuclei components. Typically, SLE affects the head and neck in the form of cutaneous malar erythema and oropharyngeal mucosal ulcerations. The uncommon findings of nasal septal perforations and restrictive central nervous system (CNS) aneurysmal formation as initial manifestations of SLE are detailed in this case report.
Dissent and emotional management in a liberal‐democratic society: The Kent state iconic photograph

Abstract Public discourse in contemporary Western democracies is constructed, studied, and policed according to a general suppression or suspicion of emotional display, which then can become a mode of dissent. These tendencies are evident in the use of visual images in the public media. An icon of emotional public protest—the young woman screaming over the murdered Kent State student on the ground before her—reveals how visual practices and emotional display are important for democratic life. The iconic photograph constitutes citizenship as an emotional construct while it shapes emotions according to norms of public order. This representation of dissent provides resources for advocacy and change, but it also is vulnerable to narratives of fragmentation and control.
STORAGE LIFE OF PRE-CUT, REFORMED, VACUUM PACKAGED LAMB LOINS

Thirty-two lamb loins were cut into retail chops, the chops were stacked together to reform the original configuration of the primal cut and the pre-cut, reformed loins were vacuum packaged. The 32 pre-cut, reformed, vacuum packaged loins and 32 intact, vacuum packaged loins were transported-stored at 0–2°C for 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. Following storage, one retail chop from each of the 64 loins was displayed under retail conditions for 4 days. Chops from pre-cut, reformed loins stored for. 14–28 days sustained greater (P < 0.05) surface discoloration and were less desirable (P < 0.05) in overall appearance than chops from intact loins. Chops from pre-cut, reformed loins stored for 21 or 28 days had a higher (P < 0.05) incidence of off-odor than chops from intact loins. If transport-storage intervals of 14 days or longer are needed to distribute lamb loins, pre-cutting of chops and distribution as reformed, vacuum packaged loins cannot be recommended.
From War on Drugs to War against Terrorism: Modeling the evolution of Colombia’s counter-insurgency

Strategic and tactical planning for military intervention needs revision as the causes, methods, and means of conflict have evolved. Counter-insurgent engagement is one such intervention that governments, militaries, and non-governmental organizations seek to better understand. Modeling insurgencies is an acceptable means to gain insight into the various characteristics of asymmetric warfare to proffer prescriptive resolutions for mitigating their effects. Colombia's insurgency poses the challenge of assessing population behavior in a non-traditional revolutionary climate. Factors prevalent in traditional insurgency are not applicable in Colombia, specifically between the years 1993 and 2001 with the democratization of the drug cartels. The catastrophic events of September 11th reverberated in Colombia resulting in a new policy and strategy to the waging the counter-insurgency there. This research introduces a structured methodology to modeling the Colombian counter-insurgency incorporating qualitative assessment, mathematical representation, and a System Dynamics approach to represent the effects of the policy change.
Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: past success and future challenges

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in children under 5 years of age. In countries where the Hib conjugate vaccine is not routinely used, Hib is a leading cause of childhood pneumonia and meningitis. Routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccines has resulted in a remarkable decline in Hib disease in developed and developing countries. However, Hib conjugate vaccines are not routinely available in most developing countries, many of which have high burdens of Hib disease. This review outlines the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Hib disease, and the various options for prevention.
The cytochemical morphology of the production of antibody.

Abstract The synthesis of some serum globulins appears to be the principal anabolic process of the plasma cells. If so, the syntheses of pentose nucleic acids and lipids must be quantitatively important subsidiary processes since the cytoplasmic structures associated with protein synthesis contain high concentrations of pentose nucleic acid and lipid [26]. Our observations suggest that the synthesis of complex carbohydrate may also be a quantitatively important subsidiary process with a function in the synthesis of at least some proteins. The essential basis for this suggestion is (1) the pronounced occurrence of periodic acid-Schiff positive material throughout the cytoplasm of young plasma cells, (2) its apparent progressive segregation from the nucleoprotein of the cytoplasm, and (3) its pronounced retention in Russell Bodies beyond the times of peak plasma cell proliferation and maximum antibody release [28]. In qualification of this suggestion it should be noted that (1) the positive material is only known to contain aldehyde groups after oxidation with periodic acid and that its identification as carbohydrate has not been demonstrated directly, (2) the equivalence of the positive material of different stages has not been demonstrated, (3) there is no apparent means of directly and readily distinguishing the late and presumably degenerative stages of the plasma cell from phagocytes, and (4) while the presence of a high concentration of pentose nucleic acid is indicative of an intensive synthesis of protein, high concentrations of intracellular lipid and carbohydrate are not evidence in themselves of intensive protein synthesis.
Allelopathic polyacetylenes fromCentaurea repens (Russian knapweed).

The allelopathic weed Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens) was found to contain polyacetylenes VIII–XIV in the roots. Dose vs. response of the root length elongation against lettuce, alfalfa, barnyard grass, and red millet showed IX to be active. Closely related isomers were not active. Examination of the soil surrounding the Russian knapweed roots revealed the presence of IX in sufficient concentration to have an appreciable effect on the surrounding plant community.
SU‐GG‐T‐460: Multiple Gating for Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Treatment

Purpose: An inherent problem in treatment of lungcancers with stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) is target motion. Multiple‐phase‐based gating refers to treating the target at two or more phase windows with plans optimized for each window individually. It closely approximates the four‐dimensional (4D) tracking technique when large number of gating windows is used. Compared to conventional single gating window technique, multiple‐phase‐based gating can improve the normal tissue sparing by taking advantage of the location change of the target. In addition, the duty cycle may be further improved. Compared to 4D tracking, the dose conformity of the multiple‐gating technique may be inferior. However, its implementation may be more robust because of the allowance of residual error inside each gating window. In this study, we evaluate the dose performances for different techniques including static, single gated, dynamic 4D tracking, and two‐window‐gated SBRT plans. Method and Materials: A motion phantom was scanned with 4DCT and planned using the above techniques. The motion was 1D sinusoidal with amplitude of 1cm. For any optimized plan, 95% of the PTV was covered by the prescription dose of 60Gy. Film dosimetry was performed to compare the doses delivered in each plans. The above techniques were also compared for a lung patient who was undergoing SBRT treatment, prescribed to 60Gy in 3 fractions. Results: Both the phantom and the patient studies showed similar results. If normalized to the static plan, the V20's were decreased by 56%,22%,16%, and the maximum doses in “lung” were changed to 102%,58%,45%, for single window gating, two‐window gating, and 4D tracking, respectively. Conclusion: Multiple‐gating technique has significant improvement in lungdose sparing compared with static or single‐gating techniques. Its difference from 4D plan is relatively small. The dose performance also highly depends on the size of tumor and the extent of target motion.
Impact of H+ ion beam irradiation on Matrimid®. II. Evolution in gas transport properties

Ion beam irradiation is an easily controlled method to modify the chemical structure and microstructure of polymers including the fractional free volume, free volume distribution and chain mobility, thus altering the gas transport properties of the irradiated polymers. The previous paper focused on the impact of H+ ion beam irradiation on chemical structural evolution of the polyimide Matrimid®. This paper focuses on the impact of H+ ion beam irradiation on microstructure and gas permeation properties of Matrimid®. Irradiation at low ion fluence resulted in slight decreases in permeabilities for five gases (i.e., He, CO2, O2, N2, and CH4) with increases in permselectivities for some gas pairs (e.g., He/CH4 and He/N2). In contrast, irradiation at relatively high ion fluences resulted in simultaneous increases in permeabilities and permselectivities for most gas pairs (e.g., He/CH4, He/N2, O2/N2, and CO2/CH4). While Matrimid® has bulk gas permeation properties that are below the range of commercially interesting polymers, samples irradiated at high ion fluences exhibited significant improvement in gas separation performances. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1670–1680, 2007
Heat transfer in forced convection through fins

A novel structure for cooling silicon chips involving passage of water through fins etched in the back of the chips has recently been described in the literature. The properties of silicon and the nature of the structure are such that approximations that allow an analytic solution to the heat transfer problem in the structure can be introduced. Formulas for the fin and channel dimensions that provide optimum cooling under various conditions can then be derived. The results are also presented in graphical form and by means of examples.
Residues and telescopers for bivariate rational functions

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of telescopers for rational functions of two variables in the continuous, discrete and q-discrete settings and characterize which operators can occur as telescopers. Using this latter characterization, we reprove results of Furstenberg and Zeilberger concerning diagonals of power series representing rational functions. The key concept behind these considerations is a generalization of the notion of residue in the continuous case to an analogous concept in the discrete and q-discrete cases.
Tissue-specific and ubiquitous expression patterns from alternative promoters of human genes.

Background Transcriptome diversity provides the key to cellular identity. One important contribution to expression diversity is the use of alternative promoters, which creates mRNA isoforms by expanding the choice of transcription initiation sites of a gene. The proximity of the basal promoter to the transcription initiation site enables prediction of a promoter's location based on the gene annotations. We show that annotation of alternative promoters regulating expression of transcripts with distinct first exons enables a novel methodology to quantify expression levels and tissue specificity of mRNA isoforms. Principal Findings The use of distinct alternative first exons in 3,296 genes was examined using exon-microarray data from 11 human tissues. Comparing two transcripts from each gene we found that the activity of alternative promoters (i.e., P1 and P2) was not correlated through tissue specificity or level of expression. Furthermore neither P1 nor P2 conferred any bias for tissue-specific or ubiquitous expression. Genes associated with specific diseases produced transcripts whose limited expression patterns were consistent with the tissue affected in disease. Notably, genes that were historically designated as tissue-specific or housekeeping had alternative isoforms that showed differential expression. Furthermore, only a small number of alternative promoters showed expression exclusive to a single tissue indicating that “tissue preference” provides a better description of promoter activity than tissue specificity. When compared to gene expression data in public databases, as few as 22% of the genes had detailed information for more than one isoform, whereas the remainder collapsed the expression patterns from individual transcripts into one profile. Conclusions We describe a computational pipeline that uses microarray data to assess the level of expression and breadth of tissue profiles for transcripts with distinct first exons regulated by alternative promoters. We conclude that alternative promoters provide individualized regulation that is confirmed through expression levels, tissue preference and chromatin modifications. Although the selective use of alternative promoters often goes uncharacterized in gene expression analyses, transcripts produced in this manner make unique contributions to the cell that requires further exploration.
Transverse momentum distributions in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract Transverse momentum distributions are calculated with the Boltzmann equation for different nuclear equations of state and nucleon-nucleon cross sections. Due to the increased importance of compressional potential energy and two-body collisions at higher bombarding energies, the mean transverse momentum changes sign from negative to positive as the bombarding energy is increased above E A =100 MeV. The sensitivity of the mean transverse momentum to the uncertainties in the nucleon-nucleon cross section is comparable to the sensitivity to the nuclear equation of state.
Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: carbon-nanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events.

A new strategy for dramatically amplifying enzyme-linked electrical detection of proteins and DNA using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for carrying numerous enzyme tracers and accumulating the enzymatically liberated product on CNT-modified transducer is described. Such a CNT-derived double-step amplification pathway (of both the recognition and transduction events) allows the detection of DNA and proteins down to 1.3 and 160 zmol, respectively, in 25−50 μL samples and indicates great promise for PCR-free DNA analysis. The new protocol is illustrated for monitoring sandwich hybridization and antibody−antigen interactions in connection with alkaline-phosphatase tracers. The DNA-linking of CNTs and particles holds promise also for assembling hybrid nanostructures relevant to molecular electronic devices.
Cytologic and biopsy findings leading to conization in adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utility of currently available screening tests in preoperatively detecting adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. METHODS: Patients with a cone biopsy diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ from 1987 to 2000 at our institution were identified. Results from Papanicolaou smears, cervical biopsies, and endocervical curettages preceding the diagnostic cone biopsy were collected from medical records and referring providers. Fisher exact test (two-tail) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The preoperative screening results preceding a cone biopsy containing adenocarcinoma in situ were available in 118 patients. Among 94 Papanicolaou smears, 65 (69%) glandular lesions and 29 (31%) squamous or unspecified lesions were reported. Biopsy and/or endocervical curettage after the 29 squamous or unspecified lesions on Papanicolaou smear detected 15 additional glandular lesions, totaling 80 (85%) of 94 cases of glandular disease detected before conization. Among all 118 cases with some form of preoperative data available, glandular disease was predicted in 100 cases (85%). In cases of suspected glandular disease, 86% were treated with cold knife cone compared with 22% in cases of suspected squamous abnormalities (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of detecting a glandular abnormality before a cone biopsy containing adenocarcinoma in situ is 69% with the Papanicolaou smear and 85% with the addition of biopsy and endocervical curettage. This underscores the importance of using preoperative assessment to appropriately plan treatment for a suspected glandular lesion.
Mobile-based asthma action plans for adolescents.

AbstractPurpose: To examine feasibility and utilization of a mobile asthma action plan (AAP) among adolescents. Methods: Adolescents (aged 12–17 years) with persistent asthma had their personalized AAP downloaded to a smartphone application. Teens were prompted by the mobile application to record either daily symptoms or peak flow measurements and to record medications. Once data were entered, the application provided immediate feedback based on the teen’s AAP instructions. Asthma Control Test (ACT®) and child asthma self-efficacy scores were examined pre- and post-intervention. Results: Adolescents utilized the mobile AAP a median 4.3 days/week. Participant satisfaction was high with 93% stating that they were better able to control asthma by utilizing the mobile AAP. For participants with uncontrolled asthma at baseline, median (interquartile range) ACT scores improved significantly from 16 (5) to 18 (8) [p = 0.03]. Median asthma attack prevention self-efficacy scores improved from 34 (3.5) to 36 (5.3) ...
Positive Self-Beliefs as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Adolescents’ Sports Participation and Health in Young Adulthood

The present study examined the relationship between participation in sports during adolescence and physical activity and subjective health in young adulthood. A sample of 8,152 (males = 50.8%, females = 49.2%) adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used. Results of the study showed that participating in an organized sport during adolescence was associated with higher levels of physical activity and better subjective health during young adulthood after controlling for participation in general physical activities (e.g., jogging, biking, skateboarding) during adolescence. Participation in sports during adolescence was associated with more positive self-beliefs 1 year later that, in turn, were associated with higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity and better subjective health 6 years later. Results suggest that positive self-beliefs partially mediate the relationship between adolescents’ participation in sports and two health outcomes in young adulthood: moderate to vigorous physical activity and subjective health. Findings highlight the utility of youths’ participation in organized sports for promoting healthy outcomes. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Modeling how humans reason about others with partial information

Computer agents participate in many collaborative and competitive multiagent domains in which humans make decisions. For computer agents to interact successfully with people in such environments, an understanding of human reasoning is beneficial. In this paper, we investigate the question of how people reason strategically about others under uncertainty and the implications of this question for the design of computer agents. Using a situated partial-information negotiation game, we conduct human-subjects trials to obtain data on human play. We then construct a hierarchy of models that explores questions about human reasoning: Do people explicitly reason about other players in the game? If so, do people also consider the possible states of other players for which only partial information is known? Is it worth trying to capture such reasoning with computer models and subsequently utilize them in computer agents? We compare our models on their fit to collected data. We then construct computer agents that use our models in one of two ways: emulating human behavior and playing best response to the model. After building our agents, we deploy them in further human-subjects trials for evaluation. Our results indicate that people do reason about other players in our game and also reason under uncertainty. Better models are shown to yield more successful computer agents.
A new era for castrate resistant prostate cancer: a treatment review and update.

Purpose: The purpose of this review article is to present the current treatment options for castrate resistant prostate cancer in addition to the recently approved agents and their role in treatment.Summary: The biology of prostate cancer and the data supporting the use of traditional chemotherapeutic options in castrate resistant prostate cancer are reviewed. The newly approved agents, sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, and abiraterone, are presented as well. The studies that led to the approval of these three agents are discussed in this article as well as their current and potential roles in the treatment of castrate resistant prostate cancer.Conclusion: New mechanisms, drugs, and clinically relevant molecular targets show survival advantage and are new options available for patients after traditional chemotherapy. The roles of these new agents have yet to be further clarified in future studies.
Marker-free chromosomal integration of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) from Streptococcus thermophilus into Lactobacillus gasseri

A strategy for functional gene replacement in the chromosome of Lactobacillus gasseri is described. The phospho-b-galactosidase II gene (lacII) was functionally replaced by the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene (sodA) from Streptococcus thermophilus, by adapting the insertional inactivation method described for lactobacilli [Russell, W.M. and Klaenhammer, T.R. 2001 Efficient system for directed integration into the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri chromosomes via homologous recombination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 4361–4364]. L. gasseri carrying the heterologous sodA gene grew on lactose as efficiently as the wild-type parent. An active MnSOD was expressed in the transgenic strain, and the enzyme migrated on PAGESOD activity gels to the same position as that of MnSOD from S. thermophilus. The expression of MnSOD from a single copy of sodA integrated in the chromosome of L. gasseri provided enhanced tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, and extended the viability of carbon/energy starved cultures stored at 25 � C. This is the first report showing the successful utilization of the pORI plasmids system to generate marker-free gene integration in L. gasseri strains. � 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of Human Erythrocyte Insulin Receptors

Highly specific insulin receptors have been identified on human erythrocytes. A modification of the monocyte insulin radioreceptor technique permitted distinct separation of human erythrocytes with their bound insulin from the free insulin. When incubated with 80 pg. per milliliter of 125I-insulin (pH 8.0, 3.5 hours, 15 degrees C.), erythrocytes from 17 normal volunteers specifically bound 10 per cent (+/- 1.450 S.D.) of the total 125I-insulin. Less than 15 per cent of the total 125I-insulin bound was nonspecific. Binding of 125I-insulin to human erythrocytes was dependent on pH and temperature. Less than 5 per cent of the insulin available to the plasma membrane was degraded. Both calcium and magnesium enhanced 125I-insulin binding by 100 per cent but had no synergistic effect when mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio. Scatchard analysis of the binding data resulted in a curvilinear plot with characteristics typical of negative cooperative interactions between receptor sites and with an unoccupied site affinity constant of 0.1 X 10(8) M-1. Human erythrocytes have 2,000 insulin binding sites per erythrocyte with 14 sites per square micrometer of surface area. The readily available human erythrocyte, thus, has both specific insulin binding sites and binding characteristics similar to other human cell types. These studies have provided the basis for further clinical investigation of polypeptide hormone receptors on human erythrocytes.
Do cats really need more protein

Reviews of the most recent literature on amino-acid and nitrogen requirements have shown that the minimal protein requirement (using a protein with a high NPU) of the growing kitten is about 20 per cent of the diet whether the requirement is based on the nitrogen content of the protein or upon its essential amino-acid content. Although this is higher than that required by the growing dog, rat or man, the difference is not as great (65 per cent higher) as the differential found for adult animals of these same species. That is, the adult cat requires 12–15 per cent dietary protein for maintenance compared with about 4–5 per cent for the adult rat, man and dog.
Design space and analysis of worm defense strategies

We give the first systematic investigation of the design space of worm defense system strategies. We accomplish this by providing a taxonomy of defense strategies by abstracting away implementation-dependent and approach-specific details and concentrating on the fundamental properties of each defense category. Our taxonomy and analysis reveals the key parameters for each strategy that determine its effectiveness. We provide a theoretical foundation for understanding how these parameters interact, as well as simulation-based analysis of how these strategies compare as worm defense systems. Finally, we offer recommendations based upon our taxonomy and analysis on which worm defense strategies are most likely to succeed. In particular, we show that a hybrid approach combining Proactive Protection and Reactive Antibody Defense is the most promising approach and can be effective even against the fastest worms such as hitlist worms. Thus, we are the first to demonstrate with theoretic and empirical models which defense strategies will work against the fastest worms such as hitlist worms.
A Zener-diode-activated ESD protection circuit for sub-micron CMOS processes

A Zener-diode-activated electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit is implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process. This ESD circuit uses a substrate p-n-p transistor with its base connected to a Zener diode to discharge the electrostatic energy. The Zener diode implementation utilizes a silicide block capability to avoid short circuits in the active area. Its performance has been tested by the human body model and a high-speed ESD test. Its latchup-free characteristic makes it an ideal circuit for ESD protection of I/O pads, ESD clamping between power rails, poly-antenna effect protection, and overshoot attenuation.
Reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation for myeloma: Reality bites

Like a second marriage, the continued pursuit of safe and effective allogeneic stem cell transplantation for myeloma appears to be a triumph of hope over experience. In this issue of Blood , Bruno et al[1][1] and Rotta et al[2][2] (along with a previous article by Rosinol et al[3][3]) describe the
The Rise of Professions and Professional Organizations in Modern Egypt

Egyptian professional men have worked hard since 1900 to create professional organizations similar to those of Western countries. These bodies—of lawyers, doctors, engineers, journalists, and teachers—have struggled to further their own economic interests and prestige, raise professional standards, influence the country's politics, and—less consistently—to serve the public. They have molded into institutional form the growing self-consciousness of professions which were either lacking or quite different in the traditional Islamic world. The lawyers came first, forming the first predominantly Egyptian professional syndicate in 1912. After the failure of the other professions' efforts to channel the heady nationalist enthusiasm of the 1919–24 years into the establishment of other syndicates, the movement subsided, producing only occasional flurries of interest until World War II. A burst of activity then set up the medical, press, and engineering syndicates in quick succession (1940, 1941, 1946). The formation of the teachers syndicate and other less important ones under the Nasser regime in the 1950s rounded out the movement. This article will trace the growth and sequence of professionalization in these five occupations, with particular attention to the establishment of syndicates, which represented the culmination of long years of gradually emerging self-consciousness. Less important professions will be mentioned only in passing.
Security Aware Partitioning for efficient file system search

Index partitioning techniques-where indexes are broken into multiple distinct sub-indexes-are a proven way to improve metadata search speeds and scalability for large file systems, permitting early triage of the file system. A partitioned metadata index can rule out irrelevant files and quickly focus on files that are more likely to match the search criteria. Also, in a large file system that contains many users, a user's search should not include confidential files the user doesn't have permission to view. To meet these two parallel goals, we propose a new partitioning algorithm, Security Aware Partitioning, that integrates security with the partitioning method to enable efficient and secure file system search. In order to evaluate our claim of improved efficiency, we compare the results of Security Aware Partitioning to six other partitioning methods, including implementations of the metadata partitioning algorithms of SmartStore and Spyglass, two recent systems doing partitioned search in similar environments. We propose a general set of criteria for comparing partitioning algorithms, and use them to evaluate the partitioning algorithms. Our results show that Security Aware Partitioning can provide excellent search performance at a low computational cost to build indexes, O(n). Based on metrics such as information gain, we also conclude that expensive clustering algorithms do not offer enough benefit to make them worth the additional cost in time and memory.
The RIG-I-like Receptor LGP2 Recognizes the Termini of Double-stranded RNA

The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and MDA5, recognize single-stranded RNA with 5′ triphosphates and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to initiate innate antiviral immune responses. LGP2, a homolog of RIG-I and MDA5 that lacks signaling capability, regulates the signaling of the RLRs. To establish the structural basis of dsRNA recognition by the RLRs, we have determined the 2.0-A resolution crystal structure of human LGP2 C-terminal domain bound to an 8-bp dsRNA. Two LGP2 C-terminal domain molecules bind to the termini of dsRNA with minimal contacts between the protein molecules. Gel filtration chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation demonstrated that LGP2 binds blunt-ended dsRNA of different lengths, forming complexes with 2:1 stoichiometry. dsRNA with protruding termini bind LGP2 and RIG-I weakly and do not stimulate the activation of RIG-I efficiently in cells. Surprisingly, full-length LGP2 containing mutations that abolish dsRNA binding retained the ability to inhibit RIG-I signaling.
Assessment of Adverse Events and Predictors of Neurological Recovery After Therapeutic Hypothermia

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia improves neurological recovery after witnessed cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia. Its application is expanding despite associated adverse events. Objective: To assess the occurrence of adverse events and predictors of good versus poor neurological recovery after therapeutic hypothermia. Methods: A single-center, retrospective review of medical records of 91 patients who received therapeutic hypothermia for ≥6 hours. Adverse events included laboratory abnormalities, shivering, acute kidney injury, or infection. Cerebral performance categories (CPC) scores delineated good (CPC of 1-3) or poor (CPC of 4 or 5) neurological outcomes. Groups were compared and parameters evaluated for effect on neurological recovery using backward logistic regression analysis. Results: Therapeutic hypothermia was used for several indications, and 42 patients (46.2%) had good neurological recovery. Demographic parameters were similar between groups. Common adverse even...
Advanced transportation management system for I-95

Discusses the integration of intelligent transportation system (ITS) elements and sub-systems with the high-speed local area network (LAN) at Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Dist. 6.0 Traffic Control Center (TCC).
Past Postmodernism? Reflections and Tentative Directions

In this article we first reflect on the significant and positive impact of postmodernism for organizational theorizing during the past decade. Through several examples we point to contributions that poststructuralist perspectives have brought to the field. Finally, we consider four contemporary theoretical tendencies—feminist poststructuralist theorizing, postcolonial analyses, actor-network theory, and narrative approaches to knowledge—as heirs (apparent) of the postmodern turn for organizational theorizing past postmodernism.
PROBING THE NATURE OF THE BRIGHTEST GALAXIES USING EXTREME VALUE THEORY

Extreme value theory has applications in many fields. Here we shall describe its usefulness in addressing a long standing problem in Astronomy. The problem concerns the brightest visible objects in the universe, the first- ranked members of rich clusters of galaxies. These galaxies, besides being the brightest, have surprisingly uniform intrinsic luminosities. The reason for this uniformity has perplexed astronomers and led to disagreement as to the nature of these galaxies.
Antioxidants for Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial With Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Measures

Objective To evaluate whether antioxidant supplements presumed to target specific cellular compartments affected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Design Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting Academic medical centers. Participants Subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Intervention Random assignment to treatment for 16 weeks with 800 IU/d of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) plus 500 mg/d of vitamin C plus 900 mg/d of α-lipoic acid (E/C/ALA); 400 mg of coenzyme Q 3 times/d; or placebo. Main Outcome Measures Changes from baseline to 16 weeks in CSF biomarkers related to Alzheimer disease and oxidative stress, cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination), and function (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Scale). Results Seventy-eight subjects were randomized; 66 provided serial CSF specimens adequate for biochemical analyses. Study drugs were well tolerated, but accelerated decline in Mini-Mental State Examination scores occurred in the E/C/ALA group, a potential safety concern. Changes in CSF Aβ42, tau, and P-tau 181 levels did not differ between the 3 groups. Cerebrospinal fluid F2-isoprostane levels, an oxidative stress biomarker, decreased on average by 19% from baseline to week 16 in the E/C/ALA group but were unchanged in the other groups. Conclusions Antioxidants did not influence CSF biomarkers related to amyloid or tau pathology. Lowering of CSF F2-isoprostane levels in the E/C/ALA group suggests reduction of oxidative stress in the brain. However, this treatment raised the caution of faster cognitive decline, which would need careful assessment if longer-term clinical trials are conducted. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00117403