cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate during CPR following asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats

Although high-dose epinephrine during CPR improves coronary perfusion pressure (CoPP) and rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in some models, its impact on long term outcome (> or = 72 h) has not been evaluated. Previous studies of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) therapy during CPR indicate that beneficial effects may be dependent on epinephrine (EPI) dose. We hypothesized that EPI and NaHCO3 given during CPR have a significant impact on long term outcome. One hundred male Sprague-Dawley rats were prospectively studied in a block randomized placebo controlled trial. Rats were anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated, instrumented, and each underwent 10 min of asphyxia, resulting in 6.8 +/- 0.4 min of circulatory arrest. Resuscitation was performed by mechanical ventilation and manual external chest compressions. EPI 0.0 (placebo), 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/kg IV was given at the onset of CPR, followed by NaHCO3 0.0 (placebo) or 1.0 mEq/kg IV. Successfully resuscitated rats were monitored and ventilated for 1 h without hemodynamic support. Neurologic deficit scores (NDS), cerebral histopathologic damage scores (CHDS) and myocardial histopathologic damage scores (MHDS) were determined in rats that survived 72 h. EPI improved CoPP and ROSC in a dose-dependent manner up to 0.1 mg/kg. Rats receiving EPI 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg during CPR exhibited prolonged post-ROSC hypertension and metabolic acidemia, increased A-a O2 gradient, and an increased incidence of post-ROSC ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Overall survival was lower with EPI 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg compared to 0.01 mg/kg. Although NDS was significantly less with EPI 0.1 mg/kg compared to placebo, there was no difference in CHDS between groups. In contrast, MDS was significantly higher with EPI 0.1 mg/kg compared to placebo or EPI 0.01 mg/kg. There was an overall trend toward improved survival at 72 h in rats that received NaHCO3 which was most evident in the EPI 0.1 mg/kg group. We conclude that (1) EPI during CPR has a biphasic dose/response curve in terms of survival, when post-resuscitation effects are left untreated and (2) NaHCO3 doses greater than 1.0 mEq/kg may be necessary to treat the side-effects of high-dose EPI. Further work is needed to determine if treating the immediate post-resuscitation effects of high-dose EPI can prevent detrimental effects on long-term outcome.
Chronic myelocytic leukemia with features simulating myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia

Six patients with the typical clinical and hematologic features of chronic myelocytic leukemia plus characteristics of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia are presented. These findings included (1) striking extramedullary hematopoiesis, exemplified by numerous red cell precursors and megakaryocytes, in the splenic aspirate in 4 patients, and in a subcutaneous mass and the left testis, respectively, in 2 patients; (2) marked fibrosis of the bone marrow on biopsy in 4 patients, first noted in 2 at the time of diagnosis of leukemia. Cytogenetic studies revealed the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome in 5 patients. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity was initially absent and remained so in 5; in 2, activity rose from below normal and normal levels, respectively, to elevated levels during therapy. Demecolcin, a satisfactory therapeutic agent in typical CML, was more toxic for these 6 patients and was ineffective in reducing spleen size; busulfan was superior. The relation between CML and other myeloproliferative disorders is discussed and the authors concluded that in “overlap” cases neither karyotypic analysis nor estimates of LAP activity provides absolute diagnostic criteria.
Galactosyltransferase activities in pancreas, liver and gut of the developing rat.

Abstract Two galactosyltransferase activities (1 and 2) were measured in the pancreas, liver and gut of the developing rat embryo. 1. N -Acetylglucosamine:Galactosyltransferase. UDP [ 14 C]galactose + N -acetylglucosamine → [ 14 C]galactosyl-β-(1 → 4)- N -acetylglucosamine + UDP. 2. N -Acetylgalactosamine-protein:Galactosyltransferase. UDP [ 14 C]galactose + N -acetylgalactosamine-protein → [ 14 C]galactosyl-β-(1 → 3)- N -acetylgalactosamine-protein + UDP. Galactosyltransferases 1 and 2 increased in the pancreas, about 10- and 40-fold in specific activity, respectively, from 11 to 12 days in utero to birth. During this period the activities of both transferases in the liver were somewhat variable, but showed no definite trend. A drop in the level of galactosyltransferase 1 in the pancreas occurred at birth or shortly thereafter. The “Golgimarker” enzyme for liver, galactosyltransferase 1, may be absent or present at low levels in adult rat pancreas. Zymogen granule membrane preparations apparently are devoid of these galactosyltransferase activities. Bromodeoxyuridine, which inhibits the development of the synthetic capability of the specific exocrine proteins, had essentially no effect on the normal accretion of the galactosyltransferase activities in organ cultures of pancreatic rudiments from 13-day rat embryos.
Securing China's Weapon-Usable Nuclear Materials

This article describes the status of China's military and civilian nuclear programs, fissile material production and associated nuclear facilities, and the Chinese nuclear experts and officials’ perspectives on the nuclear terrorism threat. It gives details of China's nuclear security practices, attitudes, and regulations, as well as identifying areas of concern. The article recommends ways to strengthen China's nuclear material protection, control, and accounting systems and suggests opportunities for increased international cooperation.
Thermal averaging of the spin-rotation coupling in small molecules leads to an isotropic NMR shielding.

Abstract It has been known for over 70 years that nuclear spins couple to molecular rotation via a Zeeman interaction. This spin–rotation coupling can be observed as a discrete splitting in molecular beam magnetic resonance experiments, but is quenched by molecular collisions at higher pressures. We show that because of differential thermal population of M J levels at high magnetic fields, the spin rotation coupling retains a small isotropic component at high field. For all but the smallest molecules at very low temperature, the residual coupling is temperature independent and linear in the magnetic field; it therefore closely mimics the chemical shift. The ‘super spin rotation’ shift may in the future be a necessary correction to ultra – high precision computations of the NMR chemical shielding of small molecules in gases and liquids.
Integrating math and science through problem centered learning in methods courses: Effects on prospective teachers' understanding of problem solving

This study reports our understanding of the views on problem-solving developed by prospective elementary teachers as a result of experiencing problem centered learning in an integrated math-science methods course. The course was designed to assist the prospective teachers to develop their problem solving skills in mathematics and science contexts and to develop problem-solving activities that integrate mathematics and science to use in their classrooms. Small group activities, where students had multiple opportunities to interact with concrete materials and to discuss their ideas, were emphasized. Data sources included audio taped interviews, field notes, and documents such as portfolios and lesson plans students produced during problem solving activities. Four assertions related to students’ attitudes toward problem solving, their knowledge of problem solving and problem solving processes, and the role of problem solving in elementary classrooms are discussed. Implications for planning and implementing integrated mathematics and science problem solving activities in methods courses and for continued research are presented.
Residual differential brightness thresholds following removal of visual neocortex in rats

The present research is concerned with whether the differential brightness threshold in rats is changed by ablation of posterior neocortex. The results indicate that, while posterior decortication can have persistent effects on overt choice performance, the lesion apparently has little effect upon the rat’s psychophysical threshold.
Fluxon dynamics of a long Josephson junction with two-gap superconductors

We investigate the phase dynamics of a long Josephson junction (LJJ) with two-gap superconductors. In this junction, two channels for tunneling between the adjacent superconductor (S) layers as well as one interband channel within each S layer are available for a Cooper pair. Due to the interplay between the conventional and interband Josephson effects, the LJJ can exhibit unusual phase dynamics. Accounting for excitation of a stable 2$\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase texture arising from the interband Josephson effect, we find that the critical current between the S layers may become both spatially and temporally modulated. The spatial critical current modulation behaves as either a potential well or barrier, depending on the symmetry of the superconducting order parameter, and modifies the Josephson vortex trajectories. We find that these changes in phase dynamics result in emission of electromagnetic waves as the Josephson vortex passes through the region of the 2$\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase texture. We discuss the effects of this radiation emission on the current-voltage characteristics of the junction.
The Association of Nephrolithiasis and Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Despite the frequency and morbidity of nephrolithiasis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), this association has not been subject to a detailed study. One hundred fifty-one of 751 ADPKD patients seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1986 had nephrolithiasis. Seventy-four had passed calculi or had stones surgically removed. Stone analysis was available in 30 patients: uric acid, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and struvite were present in 56.6%, 46.6%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. Calculi were observed in 71 of 79 patients with excretory urograms available for review. Faintly opaque and bull's eye stones, probably containing uric acid, were present in 12.7% and 14.1% of these patients, respectively. Precaliceal tubular ectasia was observed in 15.5%. Ninety-seven patients had preserved renal function (serum creatinine P
Orchestrating Complex Product Development: Reducing Rework Hazards of Architectural Mismatches

The literature has established the advantages for product development performance when product architecture and organizational architecture are matched appropriately. Recent industrial examples have shown how a mismatch in form of an integral product architecture being developed by set of companies forming a modular organizational architecture had dramatic negative consequences. Building on these observations, we develop a simulation game to test various strategies to mitigate the detrimental mismatch effects in the context of a complex product with an integral product architecture developed by firms forming a modular supply chain. Our simulation experiments replicate system behavior observed in real systems with higher levels of complexity, and revised strategies using faster information sharing, and acceptance of temporary suboptimal partial solutions show a significant performance improvement. We discuss implications for research and practice in the management of complex product development projects.
Criteria-based Expert System for Cardiac Ischemia Evaluation in the Emergency Department

Objective: To develop and evaluate a cardiac ischemia computer expert system using a criteria-based expert shell for assessment of chest pain patients in a community hospital ED setting. Methods: A retrospective, comparison study of the expert system against the clinical judgment of board-certified emergency physicians (EPs) was performed in 1 community hospital ED. All chest pain patients had either a cardiac catheterization, Persantine stress testing, or both within 1 month of ED presentation. A final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina by a consultant cardiologist represented the criterion standard for cardiac ischemia. Results: Of the 59 patients meeting study criteria, 28 (47%) had cardiac ischemia. The expert system had equal sensitivity (100%) and was more than twice as specific (39% vs 16%) in diagnosing ischemic cardiac disease as were the board-certified EPs (p < 0.001; McNemar's chi-square with Yates' correction). Conclusions: The criteria-based system built around a system of findings ordered by Bayes' rule has potential to augment the ability of the EP to accurately diagnose ischemic heart disease.
A rapid method for separation of plasma low and high density lipoproteins for tocopherol and carotenoid analyses

Ultracentrifugation (UC) is the method most often employed for separation and quantification of lipoproteins. Because this procedure requires expensive laboratory equipment, a large volume of fresh sample and an inordinate amount of time, it may not be ideal for routine clinical/experimental use. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a method which combines selective precipitation (HDL-P) and immunoseparation (LDL-I) for the rapid and reliable isolation of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) specifically for vitamin E and carotenoid determination within these fractions. Cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations within the HDL and LDL were also determined to enable expression of vitamin E and carotenoid concentrations per gram of lipid. Isolation of lipoproteins by UC was used as the reference method (HDL-UC/LDL-UC). There were no significant differences between methods for α-and γ-tocopherol in LDL and HDL. Carotenoids measured in HDL and LDL were comparable between the methods. The exception was higher lutein/zeaxanthin concentration in HDL-P and LDL-I compared to HDL-UC and LDL-UC, respectively. Additionally, lycopene concentration was significantly lower in LDL-I compared to LDL-UC. In comparing vitamin E and carotenoid values in lipoproteins separated from fresh and frozen plasma by the direct method, there was no difference in α-tocopherol or the majority of carotenoids measured. In conclusion, a combination of selective precipitation and immunoseparation of fresh or frozen plasma for subsequent α-and γ-tocopherol analyses provides an accurate and reliable alternative to lipoprotein separation by UC. Additionally, carotenoid concentrations in HDL separated by selective precipitation and analyses of α-and β-carotenes and β-cryptoxanthin in LDL separated by immunoseparation are also reliable, while lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations in LDL-I are not readily comparable to LDL-UC.
Tandem catalysis: Direct catalytic synthesis of imines from alcohols using manganese octahedral molecular sieves

Tandem processes involving catalysts can offer unique and powerful strategies for converting simple starting materials into more complex products in a single reaction vessel. Imines were synthesized directly from alcohols via a tandem catalytic process using manganese octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2) as catalyst. The synthesis proceeds through two steps: an oxidation of the alcohols to carbonyls followed by the nucleophilic attack by an amine on the carbonyl to form the imine. OMS-2 acts as a bifunctional catalyst and catalyzes two mechanistically distinct processes in a single reaction vessel under the same conditions. Conversions up to 100% were obtained for benzylic alcohols with this efficient, environmentally friendly catalytic reaction. The advantages of this process are that the intermediates need not be isolated and the catalysts can be reused upon simple filtration without loss of activity.
Inverse or Design Calculations for Nonpotential Flow in Turbomachinery Blade Passages

A new inverse or design calculation procedure has been devised for nonpotential flow fields and has been applied to turbomachinery blade row design. This technique uses as input quantities the surface pressure distribution and geometric constraints and may be used for two- or three-dimensional flows as well as inviscid or viscous flows. If a geometry satisfying both the constraints and the pressure distribution cannot be found, a solution satisfying the constraints and a relaxed pressure distribution is found. Calculational examples are presented for inviscid supersonic compressor cascade designs and the extension to three-dimensional flows discussed.
ELF magnetic field exposures in an office environment.

Potential exposures to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields were investigated in response to worker concerns about an apparent increased spontaneous abortion risk in a payroll office environment. Concern in this office centered on the use of video display terminals (VDTs), which have been investigated as a potential cause of adverse reproductive outcomes among women. In this investigation, magnetic field sources were evaluated using a hand-held survey meter. Emdex datalogging dosimeters were also used to determine full shift personal exposures for 15 women working in the payroll area. On average, the exposures of workers to ELF magnetic fields in the payroll office area ranged from 1.0 to 6.5 mG with a mean of 3.2 /pm 1.5 mG. The results of this study indicate that many sources of ELF magnetic fields, including printers, photocopiers, and the electrical distribution system, can contribute to a worker's exposure in an office environment. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The 1.4-m Telescope for the Q/U Imaging Experiment

The optical design of the 1.4-m telescope for the Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) is described. The telescope is intended to image the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with detectors at two frequencies (Q- and W-band) with unprecedented sensitivity. The RF optics uses a classical Dragonian side-fed geometry that employs a paraboloidal main reflector illuminated by a concave hyperboloidal subreflector. The relatively large offset distance and focal length of the main reflector, and the avoidance of caustics between the two reflectors, yield relatively flat reflectors with very low cross-polarization and a wide field of view capability. The antenna is fed by either a 91-element W-band or a 19-element Q-band corrugated platelet feed horn array. The telescope is installed on the CBI platform in Chile, and data taking is underway.
Automating security tests for industrial automation devices using neural networks

TCP/IP OS fingerprinting is the task of identify a machine operating system according to its protocol stack implementation. Fingerprinting tools are able to provide information that can be useful to protect SCADA systems. It can be used for network device inventory, detect unauthorized or dangerous devices and select security tests. In this work we propose a new method for identify and classify network devices using the nmap tool fingerprinting capabilities and a neural network. With a new metric based on Euclidean distance for comparing OS fingerprints and a self-organizing neural net, we build a contextual map that groups similarities between systems. This map will be used to identify devices based on its operating system and select security tests according to the device class it belongs to.
Differential Effects of Full and Partial Notes on Learning Outcomes and Attendance

Although college instructors are increasingly providing students with online notes, research is equivocal on how such notes affect student outcomes. This study examined partial versus full notes in introductory psychology classes while controlling for initial levels of student knowledge and academic ability. Results suggested that students receiving partial notes performed better on examinations later in the semester and on conceptual questions during the cumulative final examination than students receiving full notes. Students receiving full notes also self-reported more negative effects on attendance. We provide possible interpretations of these data and suggest areas for further investigation.
Simulation based deadlock analysis for system level designs

In the design of highly complex, heterogeneous, and concurrent systems, deadlock detection and resolution remains an important issue. In this paper, we systematically analyze the synchronization dependencies in concurrent systems modeled in the Metropolis design environment, where system functions, high level architectures and function-architecture mappings can be modeled and simulated. We propose a data structure called the dynamic synchronization dependency graph, which captures the runtime (blocking) dependencies. A loop-detection algorithm is then used to detect deadlocks and help designers quickly isolate and identify modeling errors that cause the deadlock problems. We demonstrate our approach through a real world design example, which is a complex functional model for video processing and a high level model of function-architecture mapping.
Attracting Today's Educated Workforce: Opportunities and Challenges for Small Business Firms

Attracting quality employees is particularly critical for the small business; the increasingly required advanced skills of today's educated workforce present an additional challenge. This segment of the workforce is reputed to make job selection decisions based on lifestyle preferences that may disadvantage many small firms. This survey of 476 college graduates from 1979, 1989, and 2000 does not support new popularized views of job choice criteria. Results of the study suggest that small firms frequently possess numerous attributes highly valued by today's educated workforce - work challenge and variety, potential salary growth, congenial supportive co-workers, and more family-oriented atmosphere - that can be exploited in recruiting efforts. Important attributes that small firms need to improve upon include health insurance and pension plan benefits, and increased levels of autonomy. Overall, the study finds more opportunities than challenges for small businesses seeking to attract today's educated workforce.
Liquid-release tests in unsaturated fractured welded tuffs: II. Numerical modeling

Abstract We have carried out a numerical modeling study in conjunction with the in situ liquid-release experiment described in Salve et al. [J. Hydrol. 257 (2001)]. The experiment site is a highly fractured welded tuff accessed from the Exploratory Studies Facility, an underground laboratory in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The experiment examines the effect of the rock matrix on liquid flow and transport that occurs primarily through the fracture network. The purpose of the modeling is to aid in experimental design, predict experimental results, and study the physical processes accompanying liquid flow through unsaturated fractured welded tuff. The model uses cubic elements arranged in a regular three-dimensional grid to represent a 24 m3 block of fractured tuff. High-permeability fracture elements located deterministically preserve the connectivity of the fracture network, which is crucial to its ability to conduct fluid. Because element thickness is much greater than fracture aperture, fracture elements are assigned properties of a fracture continuum rather than of an individual fracture. The fracture network is constructed using fracture geometry data taken from a fracture map of the walls and ceiling of the alcove adjacent to the field test site. The network is then refined using the results of air-permeability tests. Model results suggest that it may not be sufficient to conceptualize the fractured tuff as consisting of high-permeability fractures embedded in a low-permeability matrix. The need to include a secondary fracture network (with distinct characteristics from the network of larger mapped fractures) is demonstrated by comparison to the liquid flow observed in the field.
Distinct biochemical responses of hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells to platelet-activating factor during endotoxemia.

Acute endotoxemia is associated with activa- tion of hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells. These cells release a variety of inflammatory mediators that have been implicated in tissue injury. In the present studies, we analyzed the biochemical responses of these cells to platelet-activating factor (PAF), a lipid autacoid released during hepatic inflammatory responses. To in- duce acute endotoxemia, rats were injected intravenously with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using the calcium sensi- tive fluorescent indicator dye Indo-1, we found that PAF induced a rapid and transient increase in intracellular calcium in both hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells. Induction of acute endotoxemia resulted in an in- crease in the amount of calcium mobilized by both cell types. Although endothelial cells from control rats were less responsive to PAF than macrophages, these cells were more sensitive to in vivo endotoxin. PAF was also found to cause a rapid decrease in intracellular pH in hepatic macrophages that was quantified by fluorescence image analysis using the pH sensitive dye SNAFL-calcein. This decrease occurred more rapidly in macrophages from en- dotoxemic rats. In cells from both control and endotox- emic rats, the effects of PAF on intracellular pH were in- hibited by the specific PAF antagonist triazolam. In contrast to hepatic macrophages, PAF had no effect on in- tracellular pH in endothelial cells from either control or endotoxemic rats. Ligand binding studies demonstrated that both hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells pos- sess high affinity binding sites for PAF. Macrophages ex- pressed 6- to 7-fold more binding sites/cell than en- dothelial cells and exhibited a higher K#{128}�. Whereas treatment of rats with LPS had no effect on the Kd for PAF binding to macrophages or on the number of binding sites, a significant increase in both of these receptor characteristics was observed in endothelial cells. Taken together, the present data suggest that the biochemical responses of endothelial cells and macrophages to PAF are distinct. Furthermore, cellular activation induced by PAF in endothelial cells appears to be independent of changes in intracellular pH. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 269-274; 1995.
Hardware efficient two step iterative matching algorithms for VOQ switches

Virtual output queued (VOQ) crossbar switches have been demonstrating advantages as high speed interconnects. They eliminate the head of line (HOL) blocking, which limits the maximum throughput of single input queued switches, and do not require switching fabrics with speedup capability, which prevents output queued switches from being cheaply implementable. Existing practical VOQ scheduling algorithms work in an iterative manner, and each iteration usually includes three steps: request, grant and accept. By incorporating arbitration into the request step, the accept step can be eliminated, and two step iterative matching can be achieved. While two step algorithms achieve almost identical performance as three step algorithms, they have extra advantages, such as simpler hardware implementation, shorter scheduling time, and less data exchange. As examples of two step iterative matching algorithms, we present two step parallel iterative matching (PIM2) and two step iSLIP (1SLIP2), and theoretically analyze the convergence property of PIM2. Furthermore, because the request step and grant step perform similar operations, and the two steps always progress in a sequential manner, we propose a hardware efficient implementation for two step iterative matching algorithms which requires only one set of arbitration logic. We conduct extensive simulations, and the results demonstrate that our analytical result on the average convergence iterations, in JV + e/(e - 1), is more accurate than the classical result, log/sub 2/ N + 4/3, and that two step algorithms and three step algorithms have almost identical performance.
Teaching OOP in C++ using an artificial life framework

This paper explores the framework method for teaching object-oriented programming. Specifically, it describes a hierarchy of C++ classes that implement the framework for an Artificial Life simulator. Students learn how to read these classes and extend them via inheritance: they design and implement subclasses that encapsulate the behavior and state of environments and the entities that inhabit them. The simulator constructs an artificial world from objects of these subclasses; then, it animates these objects as they interact during the simulation. This paper includes one sample project and both subclasses that implement its solution.
Sometimes Psychopaths get it Right: A Utilitarian Response to ‘The Mismeasure of Morals’

A well-publicized study entitled ‘The Mismeasure of Morals’ (Bartels and Pizarro, 2011) purportedly provides evidence that utilitarian solutions to a particular class of moral dilemmas are endorsed primarily by individuals with psychopathic traits. According to the authors, these findings give researchers reason to refrain from classifying utilitarian judgements as morally optimal. This article is a two-part response to the study. The first part comprises concerns about the methodology used and the adequacy of the data for supporting the authors’ conclusions. The second part seeks to undermine the suggestion that if anti-social individuals are the ones most likely to endorse utilitarian solutions to the target dilemmas, we should be sceptical about those solutions. I argue that the character of individuals most likely to make a given moral judgement is an unreliable indicator of the quality of that judgement.
The attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle to the meniscus

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle to the meniscus. Forty-two adult human cadavers were dissected by the superior approach. The observations were made, and the medial portion of the base of the skull was sectioned to the articular fossa. The attachment was then observed from the medial view. The meniscus and lateral pterygoid muscle were removed and sectioned for histologic study. The following observations were made: 1. The superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is attached to the anterior portion of the meniscus. 2. Fibers of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle also are attached along the medial surface of the meniscus. 3. Some of these fibers are attached along the medial inferior portion of the meniscus. 4. The inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is attached to the pterygoid fovea.
Herbicide Resistant Crops and Weeds: Implications for Herbicide Use and Weed Management

Since their introduction in the mid 1990s, growers adopted genetically modified (GM), herbicide resistant (HR) crop varieties quickly in the United States and they now account for most of the hectares planted to corn, soybeans, and cotton. Benefits to growers not captured in standard farm profit calculations appear to account for the popularity of HR varieties. HR crops have been credited with encouraging the adoption of conservation tillage and causing substitution to herbicides with lower toxicity and persistence in the environment. Evidence for the effect on conservation tillage is stronger than evidence for herbicide substitution. The latter has relied more on expert opinion surveys that are sometimes, but not always corroborated by careful farm-level studies. Adoption of HR crop varieties led to a dramatic reduction in the diversity of weed control tactics in U.S. agriculture and the predictable evolution of HR weeds. Grower adoption of resistance management strategies has been limited and insufficient to delay resistance. Development of crop varieties resistant to multiple herbicides is being pursued as one strategy to respond to HR weeds. Debates remain over the potential of this approach relative to a more comprehensive integrated weed management strategy to successfully delay resistance.
The Firm Specificity of Individual Performance: Evidence from Cardiac Surgery

In many settings, firms rely on independent contractors, or freelancers, for the provision of certain services. The benefits of such relationships for both firms and workers are often understood in terms of increased flexibility. Less understood is the impact of freelancing on individual performance. While it is often presumed that the performance of freelancers is largely portable across organizations, it is also possible that a given workers performance may vary across organizations if he or she develops firm-specific skills and knowledge over time. We examine this issue empirically by considering the performance of cardiac surgeons, many of whom perform operations at multiple hospitals within narrow periods of time. Using patient mortality as an outcome measure, we find that the quality of a surgeons performance at a given hospital improves significantly with increases in his or her recent procedure volume at that hospital but does not significantly improve with increases in his or her volume at other hospitals. Our findings suggest that surgeon performance is not fully portable across hospitals (i.e., some portion of performance is firm specific). Further, we provide preliminary evidence suggesting that this result may be driven by the familiarity that a surgeon develops with the assets of a given organization.
Differentiating Peer and Friend Social Information-Processing Effects on Stress and Glycemic Control Among Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

Objective: Many adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) find adherence difficult in social situations because they fear negative evaluations by others. These negative reaction attributions are associated with anticipated adherence difficulties, stress, and glycemic control. It is unclear whether peer versus friend attributions are distinct constructs, or whether there is a differential impact on glycemic control moderated by youth characteristics. Method: Youth with T1D (n ¼142; 58% female; 84% Caucasian, mean ¼13.79 years, standard deviation ¼2.10) completed the Peer Attribution and Diabetes Stress Questionnaires. HbA1cs were obtained from medical records. Results: Negative peer versus friend attributions appear distinct and were differentially related to anticipated adherence difficulties, stress, and glycemic control, with peer attributions having the strongest effect. Grade, age, and sex were not moderators for these relationships. Conclusion: Peer-related attributions may be a particularly salient target for interventions to improve adherence and distress among youth with T1D.
A review of the fossil seabirds from the Tertiary of the North Pacific: plate tectonics, paleoceanography, and faunal change

Ecologists attempt to explain species diversity within Recent seabird communities in terms of Recent oceanographic and ecological phenomena. However, many of the principal ocean- ographic processes that are thought to structure Recent seabird systems are functions of geological processes operating at many temporal and spatial scales. For example, major oceanic currents, such as the North Pacific Gyre, are functions of the relative positions of continents and Antarctic gla- ciation, whereas regional air masses, submarine topography, and coastline shape affect local processes such as upwelling. I hypothesize that the long-term development of these abiotic processes has influenced the relative diversity and community composition of North Pacific seabirds. To explore this hypothesis, I divided the history of North Pacific seabirds into seven intervals of time. Using published descriptions, I summarized the tectonic and oceanographic events that occurred during each of these time intervals, and related changes in species diversity to changes in the physical environment. Over the past 95 years, at least 94 species of fossil seabirds have been described from marine deposits of the North Pacific. Most of these species are from Middle Miocene through Pliocene (16.0-1.6 Ma) sediments of southern California, although species from Eocene to Early Miocene (52.0-22.0 Ma) deposits are from Japan, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. During the history of the North Pacific seabirds, thee were many widespread (global) and local (California Current) oceanographic events, but the underlying physical processes that affected the diversity of seabirds throughout the North Pacific were tectonic changes that led to sequential stages of thermal isolation and refrigeration of Antarctica. Besides these broad-scale phenomena, the uplift of the Isthmus of Panama and the initiation and intensification of coastal upwelling in the California Current directly affected the diversity of seabirds in southern California. For the most part, Middle to Late Miocene and Pliocene seabird faunas from California resembled Recent communities, but with several exceptions: (1) the extreme diversity and abundance, but subsequent extinction of gannets (Morus) and flightless alcids (mancallids); (2) the comparatively low abundance and diversity of cormorants and shags (Phalacrocoracidae) until the Late Pliocene; and (3) the absence of marine Laridae until the Late Pliocene. By affecting both the physical and biological environments, geo- logical factors such as Antarctic glaciation, eustatic changes in sea levels, and local tectonic activities influenced and will continue to influence the structure of seabird systems in the North Pacific.
Identification of Duplicate Loci and Evidence for Post-meiotic Gene Expression in Pollen

Male and female gametophytes represent a crucial portion of the life cycle in plants. In gymnosperms and angiosperms such stages are highly specialized and relatively brief; however, other tracheophytes possess a more developed gametophyte which often exists as a free-living entity. One would expect such gametophytes to express all enzymes required for an autotropic existence. Indeed, isozyme studies on ferns (Gastony and Gottlieb, 1982) have demonstrated that many of the enzymes of intermediate metabolism are present in gametophytes and that these were synthesized by gametophytic tissue. Parallel investigations on conifers and herbaceous angiosperms have produced similiar results (O’Malley et al., 1978; Weeden and Gottlieb, 1979; Mulcahy et al., 1979, 1981; Adams and Joly, 1980; Tanksley et al., 1981). It appears that, for many vascular plants, approximately 60% of the genes expressed in the sporophyte are also expressed during the gametophytic stage.
Tissue oxygen uptake from the atmosphere by a new, noninvasive polarographic technique with application to corneal metabolism.

Corneal O2 uptake is important because most of the cornea’s metabolic requirements are derived from atmospheric O2. With the widespread use of contact lenses, research on the effect of this O2 transport mechanism on corneal metabolism and physiology has taken on new importance (Hill and Fatt, 1964; Klyce and Beuerman, 1985; Holden, et al., 1985b). There also is evidence that corneal metabolism is altered after surgery (Chaston and Fatt, 1982; Kwok, 1985) and with diabetes mellitus (Graham, et al., 1981).
Failure of bran to alter diet-induced hyperlipidemia in the rat.

SummaryThe effect of bran on diet-induced hyperlipidemia was examined in a long-term 16-week study in the rat. Animals were divided into four groups: group I (control diet with cornstarch); group II (corn-starch with 10% wheat bran); group III (atherogenic diet with sucrose); and group IV (atherogenic diet with sucrose and 10% wheat bran). The addition of bran did not affect serum and liver lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the control or the experimental groups on atherogenic diet.This work was supported by the Kaw Valley Heart Association Grant 9243, Kansas City, Kansas, the Kansas University Endowment Association Grant 2550, and General Research Support Grant 1522-14.
MATERIAL PLACEMENT IN THE NEARSHORE: LABORATORY AND NUMERICAL MODEL INVESTIGATION

Typical practice for a century has been to transport dredged sand to an offshore disposal site in deep water where the sediment is lost from the littoral system. The alternative of nearshore placement can retain the sand, but the fate of the material is poorly understood. A set of laboratory experiments were conducted, using tracer sand, with the intent of quantifying the migration of material with alternative dredged mound placements within the surf zone. Conventional depth-integrated tracer sand transport models can utilize a correction factor or a gradient diffusion mechanism to represent the effects of the depth variation. In the surf zone, however, an analytical correction factor is not available and a gradient diffusion coefficient is arbitrary with no physical basis. An alternative simple advective transport sand model is introduced herein that explicitly predicts both the advection associated with the return current and the wave-related onshore transport. With a simple framework based on a suspended layer and a bedload layer of arbitrary transport directions, the Taylor dispersion of tracer sand is explicitly computed without any dependence on a diffusion mechanism. Both the modeled and measured results indicate transport directed offshore by the undertow, onshore by the wave asymmetry, and down-drift as forced by the longshore current.
Performance Analysis on Voice Data EDCF Access of Wireless Lan

At present,VoIP technology has gradually shifted to the direction of wireless network development,but the application of VoIP technology in WALN needs the special demand,and there are some defects in the MAC layer of PCF and DCF access mode based on 802.11 protocol. This paper researches and compares EDCF access mode of MAC layer based on 802.11e protocol with PCF and DCF access mode of MAC layer based on 802.11 protocol,and through computer simulation it also proves the VoIP points can better meet the voice data's high Quality of Service(QOS)which uses the EDCF access mode based on 802.11e,The results show how to choose the access mode and determine the number of VoIP access stations and nodes in building a VoIP wireless local area networks.
Vitamin D Activation and Function in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells During TLR-Induced Inflammation

Purpose Vitamin D is recognized to be an important modulator of the immune system. In the eye, studies have shown that deficiencies and genetic differences in vitamin D–related genes have a significant impact on the development of various ocular diseases. Our current study examines the ability of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) to activate vitamin D and the effect of vitamin D treatment on antimicrobial peptide production and cytokine modulation during inflammation, with the ultimate goal of using vitamin D therapeutically for corneal inflammation.
The expert mind in the age of junk data

AbstractArchitects bemoan the continuing decline of the authority of the profession, due to a myriad of social, economic, and technological changes. On the technological side, one of the most intriguing—and perhaps frightening—changes is the emergence of big data, or the use of massive data-sets to reveal information that could not be seen heretofore. Promising and problematic, big data has the potential to change our understanding of many fields, including architecture and urbanism. Starting with a historical look at the big data phenomenon, this paper argues that (1) much of what constitutes big data is actually junk data, (2) the expert mind of an architect is well positioned to extract the good data from the quickly expanding cosmos of junk data, and (3) big data has value for only two-thirds of the Vitruvian triad (i.e. commodity and firmness), requiring architects to guard against the misuse of big data to address issues of delight.
Better than to Arrive: The Last Voyage of Walter Scott, Romantic

ABSTRACTBy 1831, early death in adverse circumstances had become a popular marker for Romanticism and a driving force in “necromantic” literary tourism. Walter Scott, however, daily was exceeding the span allotted to many a contemporary writer and challenging both discourses. Now, verging toward death, he set out on a journey around the Mediterranean in search of health. At 61, and reduced to ordinariness by the sufferings of age, the author focused inward, studying the mysteries of his failing mind. Scott thus mapped an undiscovered country, demonstrating what it could mean if Romanticism’s practitioners could ever venture through maturity and beyond.
Rome's new past

“Not this time,” or “dignus eram a quo res publica inciperet”: Galba and the Flavians Upon the death of Nero and shortly after his accession, in ad 69 Galba met with his chosen successor, Piso Licinianus, to discuss the handover of power. In the speech Tacitus concocts for him, Galba remarks on Piso's illustrious Republican heritage: he was descended from Pompey the Great and Marcus Crassus, as well as being affiliated with the Sulpicii and Lutatii. Piso himself, Tacitus adds, seemed to look and act the part of an “old school” Roman ( vultu habituque moris antiqui , Hist . 1.14). But far from adducing these as advantages on which to capitalize, Galba deems Piso fit for rule in spite of such qualifications. In the political arena, it seems, such things no longer possess any meaning (cf. 1.15); when it comes to choosing a princeps , what matters instead are “outstanding character and patriotism” ( praeclara indoles … et amor patriae ). Galba, whose coinage had declared the restoration of “freedom” ( libertas restituta ), then makes a surprisingly frank admission: “Si immensum imperii corpus stare ac librari sine rectore posset, dignus eram a quo res publica inciperet: nunc eo necessitatis iam pridem ventum est, ut nec mea senectus conferre plus populo Romano possit quam bonum successorem, nec tua plus iuventa quam bonum principem. sub Tiberio et Gaio et Claudio unius familiae quasi hereditas fuimus: in loco libertatis erit quod eligi coepimus.” “If the huge body of the Empire could stand on its own and be stable in the absence of a single ruler, I would be the right person with whom the Republic might make a new beginning.[…]
Detection of Pulmonary Embolism in High-Risk Children

Objective To evaluate 2 commonly used adult-based pulmonary embolism (PE) algorithms in pediatric patients and to derive a pediatric-specific clinical decision rule to evaluate children at risk for PE, given the paucity of data to guide diagnostic imaging in children for whom PE is suspected. Study design We performed a single-center retrospective study among 561 children Results Among the 561 patients included in the study, 36 (6.4%) were diagnosed with PE. The Wells criteria demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 60%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the PERC were 100% and 24%, respectively. A clinical decision rule including the presence of oral contraceptive use, tachycardia, and oxygen saturation Conclusions The risk of PE is low among children not receiving estrogen therapy and without tachycardia and hypoxia in those with an initial suspicion of PE. Application of the PERC rule and Wells criteria should be used cautiously in the pediatric population.
The threat of increasing diversity: Why many White Americans support Trump in the 2016 presidential election.

What accounts for the widespread support for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential race? This experiment demonstrates that the changing racial demographics of America contribute to Trump’s suc...