cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical computations of cosine transforms

Abstract Utilizing the symmetrical properties of cosine transform, a coherent optical Fourier transform system has been modified to compute cosine transforms optically. The modification involves creating a symmetrical pattern at the input. Cosine transform is known to be useful for data compression and image coding especially when the image space-bandwidth product is finite. It is also attractive even when the image size becomes large but is not statistically stationary; in such case it should be processed in (M × M) stationary blocks of finite size.
Trends in Pulmonary Hypertension Mortality and Morbidity

Context. Few reports have been published regarding surveillance data for pulmonary hypertension, a debilitating and often fatal condition. Aims. We report trends in pulmonary hypertension. Settings and Design. United States of America; vital statistics, hospital data. Methods and Material. We used mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) for 1999–2008 and hospital discharge data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for 1999–2009. Statistical Analysis Used. We present age-standardized rates. Results. Since 1999, the numbers of deaths and hospitalizations as well as death rates and hospitalization rates for pulmonary hypertension have increased. In 1999 death rates were higher for men than for women; however, by 2002, no differences by gender remained because of the increasing death rates among women and the declining death rates among men; after 2003 death rates for women were higher than for men. Death rates throughout the reporting period 1999–2008 were higher for blacks than for whites. Hospitalization rates in women were 1.3–1.6 times higher than in men. Conclusions. Pulmonary hypertension mortality and hospitalization numbers and rates increased from 1999 to 2008.
Do student responses parallel theory? Evidence from an oligopoly experiment

Abstract The authors test whether or not an existing classroom experiment on oligopolies ( Lacombe and Ryan, 2003 ) is successful in getting students to model the behavior of firms that collude or compete. The conditions used under the Basic Structure of this experiment are expected to provide incentives that push students toward collusion. However, we expect an increased likelihood of competition when the experimental conditions are modified to approximate obstacles to collusion. This analysis indicates that the modifications we used to represent an Unstable Demand Curve condition and an Increased Number of Firms condition did not create a significant change in student responses in these classes. However, the modification that represented the Inability to Detect Price Changes led to a significant change in strategy by these same classes. These empirical data suggest that a straightforward classroom experiment can be used to aid students in recognizing the implications of an obstacle to collusion if it is substantial.
Flow cytometric determination of the multidrug‐resistant phenotype in acute leukemia

Expression of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype was investigated in acute leukemia using a monoclonal antibody (HYB-241) directed against a cell surface epitope of the 180 kd P-glycoprotein (gp180) by flow cytometric analysis of clinical samples. Samples from sixtyfour patients were tested (37 with acute myelocytic leukemia, 20 with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and 7 with blastic chronic myelocytic leukemia). A D value (derived from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) greater than 0.15 was considered positive (+). Eight of 32 newly diagnosed patients were positive for gp180 compared with 22 of 32 relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients (P < 0.001). Of the new patients, vinca/anthracycline-based induction therapy failed in 3/6 gp180(+) and 5/18 gp180(−) patients. In the R/R group, 15/16 gp180(+) and 3/6 gp180(−) patients failed to achieve complete remission (P < 0.05). In vitro drug accumulation studies performed with verapamil failed to show a correlation with clinical response. However, in a subset of patients, a striking correlation (r = .97, P = .001) was noted between the presence of gp180 as determined by the D value and the functional activity of the P-glycoprotein as expressed by increased daunorubicin accumulation in the presence of verapamil. The results suggest that (1) newly diagnosed patients can express gp180, (2) P-glycoprotein is expressed in 69% of R/R patients, (3) response in R/R patients is effected by the presence of gp180, and (4) expression of gp180 is highly correlated with its function as a drug-efflux pump in a subset of the patients studied. The complexity of clinical drug resistance is underscored by the finding that the MDR model is not applicable to all cases. In such instances, other mechanisms may play a predominant role. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feeding the World

The worldwide production of foodstuffs has increased modestly over the past 10-20 years. Although, in general, the countries in Asia and the Communist bloc (Walters, 1966) have contributed relatively little to this increase, the western nations as a group, and particularly the United States, have played a major role in this advance. The United States has been, unquestionably, the leader in developing the new agricultural technology that has been responsible for this increase. Bioscientists of many kinds have a vital role in the technological innovations that have made this growth possible. The challenge for the future, however, is even greater. The present world population, estimated to be 3 billion people, is expected to grow at the rate of 2.5% per year, which would result in a population of 5.3 billion by 1970. The most significant problem associated with this rapid population increase is that, in the past, worldwide food supply has only risen at the rate of 0.5% per year (Furtick, 1965; Hegsted, 1965; Krieger, 1962; West, 1965). Thus, the challenge of the future for the bioscientist engaged in agriculture-related research is unquestionably much greater than that of the past. Almost every biological discipline has some pertinence to scientific agriculture. Nearly all foodstuffs are ultimately derived from the joint efforts of many different bioscientists, since we are dealing with complex biological systems plants and animals. The spectacular evolution of American agriculture also demonstrates the power of another kind of teamwork: cooperation of biologists in universities, industry, and government research centers. Many people are aware that extensive research to improve food, animal, and crop production is carried out at agricultural colleges and government research centers. Perhaps not so well known are the extensive research programs that are carried out in the industrial companies whose business impinges on agriculture. Industry also supports financially many projects at universities. During 1960-61 in the United States, 33% of the total research and development funds and 58% of the money used for research on food, agriculture, and forestry were supplied by industry. Industry spent $10.5 billion of the total $14 billion provided from all sources (Tables 1 and 2). The industrial biologist therefore has a very large role in the research program conducted to improve the production of foods.
Review of Glickman: "Role of Occlusion in the Etiology and Treatment of Periodontal Disease"

Doctor Glickman and I are in agreement that the etiologic significance of trauma from occlusion in the periodontal disease process is still unknown. Therefore, the empirical occlusal adjustment methods used by periodontists are of questionable value in the treatment of periodontal disease. Experiments should now be conducted to understand the possible "codestructive" factors of inflammation and trauma from occlusion. As Doctor Glickman has stated, as long as the inflammation is confined to the gingiva it will not act as a codestructive factor; therefore, an inflammatory destructive situation must be created in experimental animals to simulate marginal periodontitis. The characteristic features of trauma from occlusion, described in a nummer of histologic studies,",2 are circulatory changes, thrombosis, and necrosis of the periodontal membrane. These changes can be consistently produced experimentally in animals.3 However, this injury to the periodontal structures must be located subjacent to the inflammatory lesion in future studies. With appropriate controls, such experiments would give the answers, which Doctor Glickman feels are long overdue, to the following questions, and these answers would be applicable to periodontal disease as it occurs in humans: (1) will necrosis, the most severe type of lesion induced by occlusal traumatism, alter the pathway of inflammation of a marginal periodontitis? and (2) will the reparative processes prevent or enhance the progress of the periodontal lesion? These experiments may explain whether there is a relation of these codestructive factors to the pattern of bony defects in periodontal disease. Experiments directed toward comprehension of the biological relevance of occlusion are more difficult. Specifically, are occlusal disharmonies capable of producing trauma? The field of occlusion is further complicated because occlusal disharmonies affect the temporomandibular joint and the muscles of mastication. Occlusal adjustment may be more significant in the maintenance of these structures than as a therapeutic measure for periodontal disease.
Interpreting magmatic fabric patterns in plutons

Abstract Most plutons have widespread magmatic fabrics, the interpretation of which remains controversial. We propose a method to constrain likely causes of fabric patterns, the application of which indicates the following: (1) preserved fabric patterns often form after chamber construction and only rarely provide information about ascent or emplacement; (2) fabrics are poor recorders of total strain and are easily reset, preserving only the last increment of strain during crystallization; (3) in magmatic systems mechanically decoupled from host rocks, patterns may result from strain during internally driven flow, filter pressing or porous flow in relatively static chambers, or by final increments of strain during emplacement; (4) with greater emplacement depths, fabric patterns increasingly reflect strain caused by regional deformation; and (5) given that magmatic fabrics are easily reset and reflect only the last increment of strain of comparatively weak materials, they may provide a relatively direct record of paleostress in orogenic belts.
Digital solid-state scan-converter with unusual display capabilities.

A digital solid-state scan-converter has been developed and used with an integrating silicon vidicon imaging system. The device will store a 256 × 256 picture-element image indefinitely with a resolution of 32 gray levels. Various display modes are available. These include plots of intensity vs position, as well as direct images.
Rate Control for Multi-Object Video Transmission Over Wireless Systems

Object based coding can potentially achieve a higher degree of compression and better visual quality. This paper proposes a multiple object rate control algorithm for video transmissions over wireless systems. The algorithm adopts an efficient bit allocation strategy to intelligently allocates more bits to important objects, while adapts to time-varying wireless channels. Simulation results for both wireless downlink and uplink channels demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively improves perceptual quality on important objects, significantly reduces VOP (Video Object Plane in MPEG-4) skipping and thereby, maintains the motion continuity in wireless video transmissions.
Rapid Mapping and Identification of Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans by Restriction Site-Associated DNA Mapping and Genomic Interval Pull-Down Sequencing

Forward genetic screens provide a powerful approach for inferring gene function on the basis of the phenotypes associated with mutated genes. However, determining the causal mutation by traditional mapping and candidate gene sequencing is often the rate-limiting step, especially when analyzing many mutants. We report two genomic approaches for more rapidly determining the identity of the affected genes in Caenorhabditis elegans mutants. First, we report our use of restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) polymorphism markers for rapidly mapping mutations after chemical mutagenesis and mutant isolation. Second, we describe our use of genomic interval pull-down sequencing (GIPS) to selectively capture and sequence megabase-sized portions of a mutant genome. Together, these two methods provide a rapid and cost-effective approach for positional cloning of C. elegans mutant loci, and are also applicable to other genetic model systems.
Purchasing power parity and real factors

It is acknowledged that purchasing power parity (PPP) fails in empirical tests. The position adopted is that real factors are an omitted variable from the PPP relationship and are the cause of divergences from PPP. The real exchange rate as being determined by supply and demand shift factors (as in Stockman, 1987 and Neary, 1988) is modelled. We then empirically estimate a real exchange rate equation and use the fitted value as a generated regressor in tests of PPP. It is demonstrated that when changes in the real exchange rate are incorporated into the PPP relationship, PPP improves.
Astrocytes differentially respond to inflammatory autoimmune insults and imbalances of neural activity

Neuronal activity intimately communicates with blood flow through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocyte endfeet cover more than 90% of brain capillaries and interact with synapses and nodes of Ranvier. The roles of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling in the CNS remain poorly understood. Here we show that astrocytes that are intrinsically different are activated by inflammatory autoimmune insults and alterations of neuronal activity. In the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes were broadly and reversibly activated in the brain and spinal cord, indicated by marked upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and other astrocytic proteins. In early and remitting EAE, upregulated GFAP and astrocytic endfoot water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) enclosed white matter lesions in spinal cord, whereas they markedly increased and formed bundles in exacerbated lesions in late EAE. In cerebellar cortex, upregulation of astrocytic proteins correlated with EAE severity. On the other hand, protoplasmic astrocytes were also markedly activated in the brains of ankyrin-G (AnkG) and Kv3.1 KO mice, where neuronal activities are altered. Massive astrocytes replaced degenerated Purkinje neurons in AnkG KO mice. In Kv3.1 KO mice, GFAP staining significantly increased in cerebellar cortex, where Kv3.1 is normally highly expressed, but displayed in a patchy pattern in parts of the hippocampus. Thus, astrocytes can detect changes in both blood and neurons, which supports their central role in neurovascular coupling. These studies contribute to the development of new strategies of neuroprotection and repair for various diseases, through activity-dependent regulation of neurovascular coupling.
Strict interface principles and the acquisition engine: from unlabeled to labeled and minimal modular contact

Abstract The abstract nature of syntax and the open question of how interfaces function complicates considerably the traditional acquisition problem, by opening a large range of possible extra-linguistic influence. Therefore there must be constraints on interfaces. Three proposals are advanced: first, strict interfaces between phonology, syntax, and semantics constraining grammars exist. In addition, UG-stipulated interfaces may be quite substantive, for instance, Imperatives and Topicalization exhibit fixed syntactic, semantic, and phonological properties. Second it is argued that there is an internal acquisition engine which is capable of self-revision by replacing initial incomplete structures – which have unlabeled nodes that function as Expressives – with labeled nodes that have limited scope over defined constituents. Such self-correction is implicit in many theories. The shift from expressive sentential negation to logical constituent negation is an example. The path is repeated for tense, wh-movement, quantification and Point of View operators. Finally a principle of Minimal Modular Contact limits grammatical variation by requiring a single contact point between modules. The primary example is [ lexical verb + its thematic roles ] which projects thematic roles, like Agent, from one syntactic verb position onto subject position, morphology, and implicit arguments.
Recovering weakly complementary preferences

Abstract This paper demonstrates a method for recovering weakly complementary expenditure and indirect utility functions while integrating back from Marshallian demand specifications that do not intrinsically embody weak complementarity. Weak complementarity, of a good with quality provides information about how the constant of integration over price must behave with respect to quality, and this information can be incorporated into the process of recovering preferences. The weakly complementary expenditure and indirect utility functions are recovered for the linear demand specification and for the Stone-Geary utility function with any value of the subsistence parameter.
Origin and Dispersal of the Alewife, Alosa Pseudoharengus, and the Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma Cepedianum, in the Great Lakes

Abstract It is possible that the alewife is native to Lake Ontario and the gizzard shad to Lake Erie, although conclusive evidence for this is lacking. There appear to be no records of the alewife from Lake Ontario prior to 1873, after the lake had been stocked with American shad. That species may still occur in Lake Ontario occasionally. A tabular comparison of these species is given to facilitate identification. The alewife is referred to the genus Alosa (rather than Pomolobus) because no reliable characteristics are available to distinguish the species of these two groups. Wilmot recorded a herring-like fish (not the American shad) from Lake Ontario about 1837 which probably was the gizzard shad, though it may have been the alewife. The first record of gizzard shad in Lake Ontario is for 1913, but the species was reported from Lake Erie in 1848, 18 years after the completion of the first canal to connect Lake Erie and the Ohio River. It is hypothesized that the gizzard shad entered Lake Erie in pre-Col...
Microdistributional Variability of Larval Caddisflies in Mediterranean-Climate Streams in Northern California

ABSTRACT. Knowing how physical and biogenic habitat characteristics affect microspatial variability of larval caddisflies is important to understanding potential population distributions and local species assemblages. We show that larval caddisfly densities and assemblages vary between study reaches and streams on the Angelo Coast Range Reserve in northern California and that species abundance patterns are associated with specific habitat variables. Dicosmoecus gilvipes and Psychoglypha spp. were most dense in 4th-order reaches of the south fork of the Eel River (SFE) and rare or absent in shallow 2nd- and 1st-order reaches of the Elder and Fox Creek tributaries, respectively. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) suggested D. gilvipes densities were associated with water depth, as microdistributions were restricted to depths >40 cm. Microdistributions were also associated with Rivularia-dominated algal patches, but it is doubtful grazing D. gilvipes tracked these cyanobacteria. Psychoglypha spp. were typically ...
Assessing White Racial Identity: The White Racial Consciousness Development Scale (WRCDS).

Prior to the ready availability of Helms and Carter's (1990) White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-W), Claney and Parker (1989) developed the White Racial Consciousness Development Scale (WRCDS). Using this device they reported finding a curvilinear relationship between the stage of racial identity or consciousness of Whites and their comfort with African American persons. Recently, the WRCDS seems to be gaining acceptance by scholars working in the area of White racial identity. Data, however, are presented suggesting that the WRCDS lacks adequate reliability and concurrent validity and that the findings and future use of the instrument should be questioned.
Event-related potentials and syntactic anomaly: Evidence of anomaly detection during the perception of continuous speech

Abstract Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 13 scalp electrodes while subjects listened to sentences containing syntactic ambiguities. Words that were inconsistent with the “preferred” sentence structure elicited a positive-going wave (the P600 effect), similar to that elicited by such words during reading (Osterhout & Holcomb, 1992). These results suggest that (1) ERPs recorded during the comprehension of spoken sentences are sensitive to the syntactic anomaly engendered by disambiguating material following erroneous analysis of a syntactically ambiguous string (the “garden-path” effect), (2) the parsing strategies employed during sentence comprehension are (in some circumstances) constant across modalities, and (3) syntactic analysis of spoken sentences is temporally close to the acoustic input.
Complete sequence confirmation of large peptides by high energy collisional activation of multiply protonated ions

High energy collisional activation on a tandem four-sector mass spectrometer produces fragmentation throughout the peptide backbone of multiply protonated peptides in the 4–5-ku molecular weight range, which enables complete sequence confirmation from these peptides, including leucine-isoleucine determinations. The resolutions provided by this type of mass spectrometer permit the charge state of the fragment ions to be determined by identifying their isotopic spacing. This eliminates the complexity in spectral interpretation caused by the presence of fragment ions in various charge states. The reliable mass assignments from a sector mass spectrometer permit identification of amino acids that differ by as little as a single unit in these large peptides. The combination of excellent mass accuracy with the ability to assign charge states is expected to greatly facilitate the interpretation of tandem mass spectra from unknown peptides, and permit their sequences to be deduced. These results lead us to propose tandem mass spectrometric analysis of multiply charged precursor ions on a tandem four-sector instrument as a direct strategy for determination of the complete amino acid sequence of peptides up to 5 ku.
Spectroscopy with modulation sidebands

An optical-optical double resonance method for obtaining resolution inside the Doppler width is developed. In this method one of optical frequencies is generated as a modulation sideband. Using a Pockels cell modulator, the experiment has been demonstrated on the ground state Zeeman levels of the Na atom.
Self-Care in Urban Settings

A variety of indicators favors the development of self-care systems for inner-city populations. This cannot be conceived as an isolated individual or a family enterprise. To be effective, self-care must be a community concept This type of system requires (1) an information base; (2) an organized method of dissemination in a community; (3) support structures; and (4) an evaluation subsystem. A community- oriented system would be an alternative and a complement to formal health services; individuals and families would manage common health problems, but would have ready access to formal services through community organizations. Links must also be provided between personal self-care and other forms of community development.
What Economists Teach and What Economists Do

Fifty years ago what was taught in the principles of economics course reflected reasonably well what economists did in their research. That, however, is no longer the case; today what economists teach has a more nuanced relation to what they do. The reason is that the economics profession and the textbooks have evolved differently. The author addresses the implications of the changes that have occurred in the profession for the way economics is taught and the way economics is presented in the micro principles textbooks. First, he summarizes the changes he sees happening in the profession. Second, he discusses the stories that the principles textbooks tell in micro. Third, he discusses how those stories might change to reflect better what economists currently do.
Comparison of incipient plasticity in bcc and fcc metals studied using nanoindentation

Abstract Using nanoindentation, the incipient plasticity or early stages of dislocation activity has been studied for two bcc metals of different hardness, tungsten and iron, as well as fcc nickel. The deformation behavior of these metals has been probed using indenters of two different geometries, a Berkovich and a cube corner. From a critical analysis of the load–displacement curves, the initial displacement burst, often associated with the initiation of dislocation activity, was found to occur at values close to the theoretical shear stress of the material. Furthermore, the nature of these displacement bursts appears to vary both as a function of strain rate as well as the geometry of the indenter used during the nanoindentation experiments.
System and interface framework for SCAPE as a collaborative infrastructure

We have developed a multi-user collaborative infrastructure, SCAPE (an acronym for Stereoscopic Collaboration in Augmented and Projective Environments), which is based on recent advancement in head-mounted projective display (HMPD) technology. SCAPE combines the functionalities of an interactive workbench and a room-sized immersive display to concurrently create both exocentric and egocentric perspectives. SCAPE intuitively provides a shared space in which multiple users can simultaneously interact with a 3D synthetic environment from their individual viewpoints, and each user has concurrent access to the environment from multiple perspectives at multiple scales. SCAPE also creates a platform to merge the traditionally separate paradigms of virtual and augmented realities. In this paper, we discuss the design principles we have followed to conceptualize the SCAPE system and briefly summarize SCAPE's hardware implementation. Furthermore, we discuss on detail the high-level design and implementation of the SCAPE architecture, and present a set of unique widget interfaces currently available in our implementation that enable and facilitate interaction and cooperation. Finally, we demonstomate SCAPE's unique visualization and interface capabilities via a testbed application Azec Explorer.
Producing and supporting sharable software

Abstract Although software is critical to the sucess of any high energy experiment, the effort involved in planning and implementation is often under-estimated. The need for sharable software, advanced tools, and enhanced support is assessed. The results of a questionnaire on software issues are presented. One conclusion from this inquiry is that there is a mandate for a regularly-scheduled US forum on software issues in HEP.
Minimum Heating Entry Trajectories for Reusable Launch Vehicles

A e nite control volume heat transfer analysis is coupled to a e ight-path optimization and integration algorithm forthepurposeofcalculatingconductiveheatratesand transienttemperatureeffectswithin thethermalprotection system of a reusable launch vehicle. Results are obtained for three different thermal protection system concepts: tile, blanket, and metallic. The optimization algorithm is based on the energy state approximation and is used to generate optimal entry trajectories minimizing the following three criteria: 1 ) the thermal energy absorbed at the vehicle surface, 2 ) the heat load applied to the vehicle, and 3 ) the thermal energy absorbed by the internal structure. Results indicate that allthreetrajectoriesproduce comparablepeak internal structure temperatures for a given thermal protection system, with the trajectory minimizing the heat load applied to the vehicle producing thelowestpeaktemperature.However,ifthemaximum stagnation temperatureconstraintatthenoseof thevehicle is increased from 3000 to 4000 ±F, the trajectory minimizing the thermal energy absorbed by the internal structure becomes superior. Further, the trajectory with the 4000 ±F limit gives a peak internal structure temperature 25 ±F less than the one with the 3000 ± F limit.
Cloning and identification of human syntaxin 5 as a synaptobrevin/VAMP binding protein

Syntaxins are transmembrane proteins that function in regulating transport vesicle docking and fusion with target membranes in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Vesicle docking is thought to be regulated in part by the specific interactions of syntaxin with a vesicle-associated membrane protein termed synaptobrevin/VAMP. We have cloned a 1557-bp cDNA that encodes the human syntaxin 5 isoform, using a combination of PCR and colony-screening methods. The deduced 301 amino-acid sequence of human syntaxin 5 shares 96% identity with rat syntaxin 5. Like rat syntaxin 1A, human syntaxin 5 binds to synaptobrevin/VAMP in vitro. The identification of human syntaxin 5 as a synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein supports the hypothesis that syntaxin 5 regulates protein transport by binding to vesicle-associated membrane proteins.
Functional associations among G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors in the human brain

The activity of neurons is controlled by groups of neurotransmitter receptors rather than by individual receptors. Experimental studies have investigated some receptor interactions, but currently little information is available about transcriptional associations among receptors at the whole-brain level. A total of 4950 correlations between 100 G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors were examined across 169 brain regions in the human brain using expression data published in the Allen Human Brain Atlas. A large number of highly significant correlations were found, many of which have not been investigated in hypothesis-driven studies. The highest positive and negative correlations of each receptor are reported, which can facilitate the construction of receptor sets likely to be affected by altered transcription of one receptor (such sets always exist, but their members are difficult to predict). A graph analysis isolated two large receptor communities, within each of which receptor mRNA levels were strongly cross-correlated. The presented systematic analysis shows that the mRNA levels of many G protein-coupled receptors are interdependent. This finding is not unexpected, since the brain is a highly integrated complex system. However, the analysis also revealed two novel properties of global brain structure. First, receptor correlations are described by a simple statistical distribution, which suggests that receptor interactions may be guided by qualitatively similar processes. Second, receptors appear to form two large functional communities, which might be differentially affected in brain disorders.
The smoke detector principle. Natural selection and the regulation of defensive responses.

Defenses, such as flight, cough, stress, and anxiety, should theoretically be expressed to a degree that is near the optimum needed to protect against a given threat. Many defenses seem, however, to be expressed too readily or too intensely. Furthermore, there are remarkably few untoward effects from using drugs to dampen defensive responses. A signal detection analysis of defense regulation can help to resolve this apparent paradox. When the cost of expressing an all-or-none defense is low compared to the potential harm it protects against, the optimal system will express many false alarms. Defenses with graded responses are expressed to the optimal degree when the marginal cost equals the marginal benefit, a point that may vary considerably from the intuitive optimum. Models based on these principles show that the overresponsiveness of many defenses is only apparent, but they also suggest that, in specific instances, defenses can often be dampened without compromising fitness. The smoke detector principle is an essential foundation for making decisions about when drugs can be used safely to relieve suffering and block defenses. Language: en
Development of Skeletal Muscle and Expression of Candidate Genes in Bovine Fetuses from Embryos Produced In Vivo or In Vitro

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on histological development and gene expression in the skeletal muscle of bovine fetuses during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained from oocytes of Holstein cows that were matured and fertilized in vitro. Single blastocysts were transferred into heifers at a synchronized estrous and fetuses were recovered at Day 222 of gestation (n = 12 each for in vivo and in vitro). Samples of semitendinosus muscle were obtained for histological analysis and assessment of gene expression. Individual muscle sections were stained for the assessment of primary muscle fibers, secondary muscle fibers, or total muscle fibers. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for 5 different candidate genes. The ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber number was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro compared with fetuses from embryos produced in vivo. Similarly, the ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber volume density tended to be greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional volume of tissue present between myofibrils was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The expression of mRNA for myostatin was decreased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro group compared with controls. The expression of mRNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tended to be increased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro treatment group. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNAs for myf-5, myoD, or myogenin. In conclusion, in vitro production of embryos resulted in fetuses with altered development of skeletal muscle fibers. Myostatin was identified as the candidate gene whose expression may contribute to the observed changes in muscle development of these fetuses.
A Case for MLP-Aware Cache Replacement

Performance loss due to long-latency memory accesses can be reduced by servicing multiple memory accesses concurrently. The notion of generating and servicing long-latency cache misses in parallel is called Memory Level Parallelism (MLP). MLP is not uniform across cache misses - some misses occur in isolation while some occur in parallel with other misses. Isolated misses are more costly on performance than parallel misses. However, traditional cache replacement is not aware of the MLP-dependent cost differential between different misses. Cache replacement, if made MLP-aware, can improve performance by reducing the number of performance-critical isolated misses. This paper makes two key contributions. First, it proposes a framework for MLP-aware cache replacement by using a runtime technique to compute the MLP-based cost for each cache miss. It then describes a simple cache replacement mechanism that takes both MLP-based cost and recency into account. Second, it proposes a novel, low-hardware overhead mechanism called Sampling Based Adaptive Replacement (SBAR), to dynamically choose between an MLP-aware and a traditional replacement policy, depending on which one is more effective at reducing the number of memory related stalls. Evaluations with the SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks show that MLP-aware cache replacement can improve performance by as much as 23%.
The Effect of Drug Court Programming on Recidivism: the Cincinnati Experience

The impetus of the drug court movement can be traced to a number of factors, such as the social and organizational costs of imprisonment and the literature surrounding the effectiveness of community-based treatment. Regardless of its origins, however, drug courts have altered the way in which court systems process drug cases and respond to drug-dependent offenders. Evaluations of U.S. drug courts are beginning to emerge, and although the outcome results are encouraging, not all courts are showing a reduction in rearrest rates. Despite the rapid expansion of drug courts, their growing prevalence, and popularity, little is known about the drug court model's ability to achieve its objectives in a variety of circumstances. This research adds to the literature on drug courts by examining the effect of drug court programming on multiple indicators of recidivism. Results of the study are mixed; however, the drug court treatment group did perform better when examining arrest for a drug-related offense.
Study of Theories of Fiber Migration—Need for More Fundamental Approach and Further Studies

The study of yarn structure and positioning of the constituent fibers to form a continuous strand has attracted the attention of many workers who have used an idealized helical structure as a basis for these studies. The existence of this structure has been criticized as being unuseful and not manufacturable. Studies of the actual arrangement of fibers in the yarn have been carried out and different theories explaining the behavior of fibers in the process of yarn formation have been given. In this paper, a study and comparison of these theories is carried out illustrating the agreement and controversy between them. The factors that affect the position of the fiber in the yarn are outlined and discussed with regard to fiber, yarn, and processing factors to assist those dealing with blended yarns. Suggestions are advanced for further, more funda mental studies.
Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. II. Ion sputtering from rippled surfaces

Abstract Off-normal ion bombardment of solid targets with energetic particles often leads to development of periodically modulated structures on the surfaces of eroded materials. Ion-induced surface roughening, in its turn, causes sputtering yield changes. We report on a comprehensive theoretical study of the effect of rippled surface morphology on the sputtering yields. The yield is computed as a function of the parameters characterizing the surface morphology and the incident ion beam, using the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering. We find that the surface morphology development may cause substantial variations in the sputter yields, depending on a complex interplay between the parameters characterizing the ripple structure and the incident ion beam. For certain realizations of the ripple structure, the surface morphology is found to induce enhanced, relative to the flat surface value, sputtering yields. On the other hand, there exist regimes in which the sputtering yield is suppressed by the surface roughness below the flat surface result. We confront the obtained theoretical results with available experimental data and find that our model provides an excellent qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement with the results of experimental studies.
A magnetically enhanced 3-electrode wireless micro-geiger counter

This paper explores a 3-electrode micromachined Geiger counter utilizing a high impedance (floating) electrode to control discharge energy, and its impact on sensitivity and response time. Permanent magnets in a sandwich configuration are used to enhance RF transmission from micro-discharges. Initially, weak (field-emission) leakage current charges the floating electrode capacitor (CPap1.1 pF) to a high voltage through the charging gap (between floating electrode and anode). When beta radiation initiates a micro-discharge in the sensing gap (between floating electrode and cathode), CP dissipates through the low impedance path, lowering the voltage and quickly quenching the discharge. Permanent magnets, positioned perpendicular to the discharge path, increase the efficiency of electron-ion collisions and enhance the consequent RF transmission. Experiments conducted in a neon/air ambient with 90Sr (0.1 muCi) showed a 10times-100times SNR improvement for the 3-electrode design over a similar 2-electrode design that does not utilize the floating electrode. Results also showed a significant increase in high frequency components in the presence of a magnetic field.
Effects of structure and interaction style on distinct search tasks

In this paper we present the results of a study that investigates the relationships between search tasks, information architecture, and interaction style. Three kinds of search tasks (simple lookup, complex lookup and exploratory) were performed using three different user interfaces (standard web site, hierarchical text-based faceted interface, and dynamic query faceted interface) for a large-scale public corpus containing semi-structured statistical data and reports. Twenty-eight people conducted the three kinds of searches in a between-subjects study and twelve others conducted the three kinds of searches on all three systems in a within-subjects study. Quantitative results demonstrate that the alternative general-purpose user interfaces that accept automated structuring of data offer comparable effectiveness, efficiency, and aesthetics to manually constructed architectures. Qualitative results demonstrate the manual architectures are favored.
Measuring Desire for Control

In the summer of 1978, while driving north on Interstate 99 just past Bakersfield, it dawned on me that the topics in psychology that interested me the most at the time—learned helplessness, attributions, social influence, and others—all had something to do with the issue of personal control. Because I had often reflected on my own high need for control, I speculated about the role this individual difference variable might play in many of these areas. Before reaching Fresno I had definite plans to investigate individual differences in the extent to which people prefer to control the events in their lives. I was quite eager to begin searching through the available personality scales and decide which of the need for control tests best matched the construct as I conceptualized it and would best meet my research needs.
Robust coordinated rendezvous of depth-actuated drifters in ocean internal waves

This paper considers a team of spatially distributed drifters that move underwater under the influence of an ocean internal wave. The overall objective is for the drifters to use the known depth-dependent ocean flowfield to rendezvous underwater and then return to the surface as a cluster for easy retrieval. From the structure of the internal wave, the ocean flowfield is time-varying and spatially dependent on depth and position along the wave propagation direction. The drifters can control their depth by changing their buoyancy and are otherwise subject to the horizontal flowfield at their given depth. We consider two different drifter dynamical models: a first-order Lagrangian model, useful when the drifter's mass is sufficiently small, and a second-order linear model, where the drag force caused by the water accelerates the drifter. We design provably correct distributed algorithms that rely on the drifters opportunistically changing their depth so that the ocean flowfield takes them in a desirable direction to perform coordinated motion. Under the proposed algorithms, the drifters converge asymptotically to the same depth and position along the wave propagation direction. We also investigate the algorithms' robustness against errors in actuation, estimation of the wave parameters, or state measurements. Various simulations illustrate our results.
Sectional anatomic study of the structures related to lateral sphenoid wall

OBJECTIVE To explore the sectional anatomy of the structures related to lateral sphenoid wall (LSW) so as to further recognizing these structures. METHODS Studies were conducted on the optic nerve canal, LSW, and internal carotid artery on 20 cadaver heads. By using collodion embedding and thin sectioning at coronal and axial planes in ten cadaver heads, structure and location of the LSW were observed with light microscope. RESULTS ① At the LSW, 77.5 % of the internal carotid arteries and 90 % of the optic nerves formed a prominence medially. ② Anterior clinoid process is an important bony landmark in the anterior part at axial and coronal planes. ③ Spheno-ethmoid supreme recess and foramen rotundum are the important bony landmarks in anterior-mid part at axial and coronal planes. ④ Apex of the petrous bone and foramen ovale are the important landmarks in mid-posterior part at axial and coronal planes. CONCLUSION By studying sectional anatomy of the structures related to LSW and comparing them with gross anatomy of LSW, more detailed information can be provided for the development of imaging and operation in the region.
The use of Delphi to identify current and future role perceptions for certified registered nurse anesthetists.

The proposed objective of this study was to identify current and future role perceptions for certified registered nurse anesthetists (C.R.N.A.s). Five C.R.N.A.s and five anesthesiologists were selected to participate on a Delphi panel to identify these roles. A four-round Delphi exercise was carried out resulting in 26 current roles and 28 future roles being identified. The rounds did not suffer any mortality and moved toward consensus on all of the roles identified.
POTSHARDS: storing data for the long-term without encryption

Many archival storage systems rely on keyed encryption to ensure privacy. A data object in such a system is exposed once the key used to encrypt the data is compromised. When storing data for as long as a few decades or centuries, the use of keyed encryption becomes a real concern. The exposure of a key is bounded by computation effort and management of encryption keys becomes as much of a problem as the management of the data the key is protecting. POTSHARDS is a secure, distributed, very long-term archival storage system that eliminates the use of keyed encryption through the use of unconditionally secure secret sharing. A (m, n) unconditionally secure secret sharing scheme splits an object up into n shares, which provably gives no information about the object, unless m of the shares collaborate. POTSHARDS separates security and redundancy by utilizing two levels of secret sharing. This allows for secure reconstruction upon failure and more flexible storage patterns. The data structures used in POTSHARDS are organized in such a way that an unauthorized user attempting to collect shares will not go unnoticed since it is very difficult to launch a targeted attack on the system. A malicious user would have a difficult time finding the shares for a particular file in a timely or efficient manner. Since POTSHARDS provides secure storage for arbitrarily long periods of time, its data structures include built-in support for consistency checking and data migration. This enables reliable data churning and the movement of data between storage devices
Bitcoin Myths and Facts

I will address eight common claims about bitcoin: 1. Physical bitcoins exist; 2. The founder of bitcoin is a person called Satoshi Nakamoto; 3. Bitcoin is mainly used for criminal activity; 4. A lack of security plagues bitcoin; 5. Mining is a waste of energy; 6. Bitcoin too small today to be an important economic force; 7. Bitcoin is currently too volatile to be viable; 8. Bitcoin is just another currency.For additional details beyond "Bitcoin Myths and Facts," I have another paper/slidedeck called "Cryptofinance" that goes deeper into the mechanics of cryptocurrencies. It is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2438299.