cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOLAR "ENHANCED RADIATION" AND PLASMA OSCILLATIONS

The dispersion relation for a plasma oscillating in a static magnetic field is derived by the Laplace transform method. The plasma oscillations are found to be unstable in frequency bands around multiples of the gyrofrequency. A numerical application to spot magnetic fields at coronal distances indicates sufficient amplification to make plausible the theory of the origin of solar "enhanced radiation" in plasma oscillations of electrons gyrating round the magnetic field of sunspots.
Autonomous regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex couples mitosis to S-phase entry

Oscillations in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity drive the somatic cell cycle. After entry into mitosis, CDKs activate the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which then promotes cyclin degradation and mitotic exit. The re-accumulation of cyclin A causes the inactivation of APC and entry into S phase, but how cyclin A can accumulate in the presence of active APC has remained unclear. Here we show that, during G1, APC autonomously switches to a state permissive for cyclin A accumulation. Crucial to this transition is the APCCdh1-dependent autoubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) UbcH10. Because APC substrates inhibit the autoubiquitination of UbcH10, but not its E2 function, APC activity is maintained as long as G1 substrates are present. Thus, through UbcH10 degradation and cyclin A stabilization, APC autonomously downregulates its activity. This indicates that the core of the metazoan cell cycle could be described as a self-perpetuating but highly regulated oscillator composed of alternating CDK and APC activities.
Impalpable prostate cancer : clinicopathological features

Objective To determine the clinicopathological features of impalpable prostate cancer. Patients, materials and methods The numbers of T1a and T1b cancers detected in transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) performed before and after the advent of the test for serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were compared and the incidence of T1 disease in specimens from 400 consecutive radical prostatectomies examined. Results The incidence of T1b disease detected at TURP decreased significantly between the periods examined, but that of T1a was unaffected. Similarly, in radical prostatectomy specimens, T1b cancers were largely replaced by T1c and impalpable T2 cancers detected by ultrasonography. Conclusions Cancers detected incidentally at TURP tend to be small T1a tumours, possibly suitable for conservative management. T1b cancers are likely to be detected by PSA level and treated radically. T1c and impalpable T2 cancers are morphologically unlike T1b disease and justifiably belong in separate stages in the current UICC staging system.
New directions in computational electromagnetics

Computational EM (CEM) is a very active field, as is evident from a quick glance at the literature, comprising of journal papers as well as proceedings of symposia in the areas of Antennas, Propagation, Microwave Circuits, and Metamaterials, just to name a few. A variety of CEM tools that are based on the Integral Equation techniques, e.g., the MoM and TDIE, and Finite Methods such as the FEM and FDTD, are available to us for solving a wide range of EM problems. The above CEM methods have recently been embellished by combining them with innovative techniques such as the FMM for MoM-based algorithms, Discontinuous Galerkin approach for FEM, and extensive Parallelization for the FDTD. This development has, in turn, enlarged the scope of the type and size of currently solvable problems that would have been totally unthinkable even just 10 years ago. So, we can rest assured that CEM is not a dead field after all, as some self-appointed pundits would have us believe.
Alpha-Particle Spectra Produced in the Reactions of Deuterons on Li 7

The alpha particle spectra from the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}+d$ reactions were determined for deuteron energies from 0.7 to 3.0 MeV. Alpha-particle groups resulting from the breakup of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ are identified. In the excitation functions of the different groups, states in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ are seen at ${E}_{d}=1.75 \mathrm{and} 2.5$ MeV, and in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ at ${E}_{d}=2.05$ MeV and probably also at 2.5 MeV. They are presumably to be identified with the states at 18.1 and 18.6 MeV in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ tentatively assumed from earlier work and the states at 16.62 and 16.92 MeV in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ as also seen in earlier work.
White matter microstructure in the executive network associated with aggression in healthy adolescents and young adults

Predicting which individuals may engage in aggressive behavior is of interest in today's society; however, there is little data on the neural basis of aggression in healthy individuals. Here, we tested whether regional differences in white matter (WM) microstructure were associated with later reports of aggressive tendencies. We recontacted healthy young adults an average of 3 years after they underwent research MRI scans. Via electronic survey, we administered the Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire. We divided aggression into Aggressive Thoughts (Anger and Hostility subscales) and Aggressive Acts (Verbal and Physical subscales) and used Tract-Based Spatial Statistics to test the relationship of those measures to WM microstructure. In 45 individuals age 15-30 at baseline, we observed significant relationships between Aggressive Acts and fractional anisotropy (FA) in a parietal region consistent with the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). As the SLF has an established relationship to executive function, we performed an exploratory analysis in a subset of individuals with working memory data. Decreased FA in executive network regions, as well as working memory performance, were associated with later self-reported aggressive tendencies. This has implications for our healthy behavior understanding of as well as that of patient populations known to have executive dysfunction.
Development of a localized heat treatment system for shape memory alloy wires using an ytterbium fiber laser

Abstract In order to create localized areas of shape memory effect or superelastic effect in a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire, it is necessary to precisely control the temporal and spatial temperature profiles of the treated wire in order to change its composition at specific locations. In this paper, a localized heat treatment system (LHTS) has been developed based on a one-dimensional heat transfer model coupled with a high power fiber laser. This LHTS is capable of achieving various temporal temperature profiles in a point or a section of an SMA wire prescribed by a user. Furthermore, a variable flow inert gas heat treatment chamber has been designed to prevent oxide formation in shape memory alloy heat treatments without causing significant forced convection cooling. Although the method of how to prescribe a suitable temperature profile for a specific SMA property is beyond the scope of this paper, several experiments were carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of localized heat treatment by the proposed LHTS. It has been shown that a region of a superelastic wire can be treated to demonstrate shape memory effects and even show signs of precipitate hardening when over-aged.
High-Risk Behaviors and Hospitalizations Among Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Users

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about behaviors linked to gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) morbidity. METHODS: We surveyed 131 GHB users, using logistic regression to test the associations between the high risk behaviors and hospital treatment for GHB (26 [20%] of subjects). RESULTS: Increased risk of GHB hospital treatment was associated with: co-ingestion of ethanol (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.7-16), driving under the influence of GHB (OR 3.2; 95%, CI 1.3-7.8),use of GHB to treat withdrawal symptoms (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.9), and co-ingestion of ketamine (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.7). CONCLUSION: Targeted prevention activities could focus on selected high-risk behaviors. Language: en
Electrical properties of lnAlAs/lnAs x P 1-x /lnP composite-channel modulation-doped structures grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy

We report on the electrical characteristics of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed in an InAlAs/InAsxP1-x/InP pseudomorphic composite-channel modulation-doped (MD) structure grown by solid source (arsenic and phosphorus) molecular beam epitaxy (SSMBE). The As composition, x, of strained InAsxP1-x was determined by x-ray diffraction analysis of InP/InAsxP1-x/InP multi-quantum wells (MQWs) with compositions of x=0.14 to x=0.72. As the As composition increases, the room temperature sheet resistance of InAlAs/InAsxP1-x/InP composite-channel MD structures grown over a range of As compositions decreased from 510 to 250 Ω/cm2, resulting from the greater 2DEG confinement and lower electron effective mass in the InAsxP1-x channel as x increases. The influence of growth conditions and epitaxial layer designs on the 2DEG mobility and concentration were investigated using 300 K and 77 K Hall measurements. As the exposure time of the As4 flux on the growth front of InAsxP1-x increased during growth interruptions, the 2DEG mobility, in particular the 77K mobility, was considerably degraded due to increased roughness at the InAlAs/InAsxP1-x interface. For the InAlAs/InAs0.6P0.4/InP composite-channel MD structure with a spacer thickness of 8 nm, the room temperature 2DEG mobility and density were 7200 cm2/Vs and 2.5 × 1012 cm−2, respectively. These results show the great potential of the InAlAs/InAsxP1-x/InP pseudomorphic composite-channel MD heterostructure for high frequency, power device applications.
Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas: neo-adjuvant therapy and CEA monitoring.

Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas is generally considered to be unresponsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We present two cases of laparotomy-proven unresectable cystadenocarcinoma which responded to intravenous 5-fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2/24 hr × 5 days × 2) and 4,000 rads of radiation therapy. Both patients had objective response with marked shrinkage of the tumor as determined by clinical examination and computed tomography. At reexploration both tumors had become completely resectable with histologically clear margins and negative lymph nodes. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were elevated in both patients at initial presentation (86 and 71 ng/ml). The CEA levels declined to 19.9 and 66.0 ng/ml, respectively, after neo-adjuvant therapy, and both fell to normal levels after resection. Although surgical resection has been considered the only curative therapy for patients with pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma, we suggest that preoperative irradiation and chemotherapy may reduce the size of seemingly unresectable tumors. We also recommend serial CEA determinations in patients with levels initially elevated as a marker of the response to neo-adjuvant and operative therapy.
Sociobiology and ideas-become-real: Case study and assessment

One characteristic which appears in many human societies is the propensity of individuals to treat ideas and concepts as, in some sense, real, with an existence of their own. This paper suggests possible biological bases to this tendency. First, there may be survival value since hypostatizing could assist social order; second, this propensity would seem to be a result of man's social hunting past; third, neurophysiological underpinnings include the basal ganglia, limbic system and neocortex; fourth, ontogeny of this behavior indicates the importance of culture and experience. Although the hypothesis presented appears to be reasonable, there remain imposing problems if this hypothesis is to be tested adequately.
Weakening effects of internal part-through elliptic holes in homogeneous and laminated composite plates

Abstract A C 0 -type triangular composite plate element, based on the assumptions of transverse inextensibility and layer-wise constant shear-angle theory (LCST) is employed to analyze an edge-loaded laminated plate weakened by an internal (or embedded) part-through elliptical hole. A homogenous isotropic plate weakened by a similar part-through elliptical hole can be analyzed as a special case of the above. Numerical results for a cross-ply laminate compromised by the presence of an embedded part-through elliptical hole indicate the existence of severe cross-sectional warping in the vicinity of the hole and plate boundaries. Furthermore, three-dimensional nature of the stress concentration factor in the neighborhood of the internal part-through elliptic hole boundary is clearly exhibited. Besides, very high stress concentration factors are found in the layer weakened by the part-through hole. Finally, for a cross-ply laminate compromised by the presence of an embedded part-through elliptic hole in the middle layer, in addition to the singularity at the circumferential line of intersection of the part-though elliptic hole with the material of the middle layer in the form of a circumferential bimaterial interface corner, there is a free-edge singularity at the bimaterial interface at the plate boundaries. These two stress singularities interact so that the effect of the part-through hole never dies down. This is unlike what is shown for a homogeneous isotropic plate weakened by the same part-through hole.
Nodular Endobronchial Sarcoidosis: A Study Comparing Blood and Lung Lymphocytes

Patients with active sarcoidosis have a depression in systemic cell-mediated immunity manifested by lymphopenia, a reduction in circulating T cells, and impaired responses of these cells to polyclonal mitogens and recall antigens. Studies of bronchoalveolar cells (BA) have disclosed characteristic changes in lymphocyte populations that are opposite to what is found in peripheral blood. Since previous lavage studies have not specifically addressed endobronchial disease, we present results of peripheral blood (PB) and BA lymphocyte studies in a patient with acute pulmonary sarcoidosis who had gross endobronchial nodules. The lymphocytosis in the BA air space of this patient was greatly increased compared with patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis but no overt endobronchial disease. Cell surface markers, morphology, and in vitro proliferative response indicated that the BA lymphocytes were stimulated and more reactive than PB lymphocytes, suggesting a local immune inflammatory response. Bronchial biopsy specimens showed mononuclear cell infiltration of the epithelium overlying the inflammatory nodules. The biopsy examination and great increase in lymphocytes recovered from the airways suggest that the bronchi were a source of the BA lymphocytes. Since clinically inapparent bronchial involvement is frequent in sarcoidosis, inflamed bronchi may also be a source of BA lymphocytes in the absence of conspicuous endobronchial nodules.
A review of the active agents available for treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

Currently available for treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity are a number of active agents with various degrees of effectiveness. Some of these agents are suitable only for professional application while others can be used by individuals personally in settings outside the dental office. Mechanisms by which these active agents might modify dentin to decrease sensitivity are explored in this review. Published data on the efficacy of various agents, much of it conflicting, is critically examined. Many clinical investigations report a large placebo effect. No single agent has yet been shown to provide all of the desirable qualities of an ideal desensitizer.
The Classroom Teacher in Career Education.

Career education, the author believes, is a method of teaching skills to students, rather than an "extra" subject. Creative teachers, stimulated to interest and involvement in career education, can provide exciting, meaningful preparation for the adult world of work.
Analyticity in the Forward Tube, Complex Scaling, and New Sum Rules for Virtual Compton Amplitudes

The forward virtual Compton amplitude is studied as an analytic function of two complex variables. A method is developed for deriving sum rules that follow from analyticity in two variables where the domain of analyticity is the forward tube. Using this method, new sum rules are derived. These sum rules follow from analyticity in the tube and "complex" scaling. They relate a double integral over the inelastic form factor ${W}_{2}(\ensuremath{\nu},{q}^{2})$ to an integral over the scaling function ${F}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$. The sum rules provide a tool for directly testing whether scaling occurs when $|{q}^{2}|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ in complex directions inside the tube domain, and whether this scaling starts at relatively low values of $|{q}^{2}|$ as in the real case. The possibility of finding more restrictive sum rules by enlarging the domain of analyticity is also briefly explored and a mathematical but unphysical example is given.
Nonlinearity of radiation health effects.

The prime concern of radiation protection policy since 1959 has been to protect DNA from damage. In 1994 the United Nations Scientific Community on the Effects of Atomic Radiation focused on biosys...
p75 nerve growth factor receptor staining helps identify desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant tumor with a varied histologic appearance. Melanoma composed of spindle cells may include desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma. The histologic diagnosis of desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma can be difficult. Although S100 protein stains a majority of these melanomas, die staining may be weak or focal. HMB-45, a more specific marker of melanoma, is frequently negative in desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma. In order to aid the identification of desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma, we stained 13 spindle cell melanomas (5 neurotropic melanomas, 5 desmoplastic melanomas, 3 spindle cell melanomas without either desmoplasia or neurotropism) with p75 NGF-R and compared the staining results with S100 and HMB-45. p75 NGF-R is the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor reported to be present on the surface of neural-crest-derived cells. Conventional melanoma as well as neurotized nevi, neurofibroma, spindle squamous carcinoma, atypical fibroxan-thoma, dermatofibroma and scars were also stained with p75 NGF-R. p75 NGF-R stained all of the desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas tested. In each of these cases, negative HMB-45 staining of the spindle cells was seen. In many cases the number and intensity of the spindle cells staining with p75 NGF-R was greater than with S100. Neurofibroma, neurotized nevi and focal cells in round cell melanoma also were stained with p75 NGF-R. All the squamous cell carcinomas, atypical fibroxanthomas, dermatofibromas and scars were negative for p75 NGF-R. Based on our results, p 75 NGF-R may be useful as an additional confirmatory antibody in a melanoma panel, especially in differentiating desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas from non-neural-crest-derived spindle cell lesions. We feel it also can be helpful in better identifying margins of excision of these melanomas. p75 NGF-R, like S100 protein, will not differentiate desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas from other neural-crest-derived lesions.
On the technique of extrapolation to obtain wall correction factors for ion chambers irradiated by photon beams.

Wall correction factors, which correct ion chamber response for photon attenuation and scatter, can differ by as much as 1.0% for spherical chambers depending on whether they are obtained experimentally by extrapolation measurements or by Monte Carlo simulation. This difference is not explained by experimental or calculational statistics which lie in the range 0.05%--0.2%. In this paper it is demonstrated that linear extrapolation of experimental data for spherical chambers is inappropriate, owing to the curvature of the chamber walls. A simple nonlinear theory is constructed that resolves the difference. The Monte Carlo calculations and the nonlinear theory are compared with extrapolation measurements for the NIST (formerly NBS) spherical chambers. It is concluded that wall correction factors should be obtained by Monte Carlo calculation for spherical chambers and that linear-extrapolation techniques should be regarded with suspicion for all chambers.
Increased Circulating Insulin-like Activity in Obese-Hyperglycæmic Mice

THE hereditary obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome of mice is a condition characterized by extreme adiposity, hyperglycaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, and a variety of metabolic, endocrine, enzymatic and behavioural idiosyncrasies1–3. High blood glucose values are observed under conditions of ad libitum feeding in spite of an increased insulin content of the pancreas, extensive hypertrophy of the islets of Langerhans and marked hyperplasia and degranulation of the beta-cells4.
A PASCAL program for solving systems of nonstiff ordinary differential equations

Abstract Systems of nonstiff ordinary differential equations phrased as initial value problems are common in many engineering applications. A PASCAL program is presented which allows rapid specification and solution of this type of problem using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. The program is suitable for implementation on a personal computer. A simulation of a dynamically shifted oscillator is presented as an example.
580 WHY NICU LENGTHS OF STAY DIFFER FROM FEDERAL GUIDE LINES

Length of stay data for 3124 high-risk newborns admitted to a Children's Hospital NICU over 6 yrs were compared to Federal DRG-related mean and outlier lengths of stay. Federal figures markedly underestimated lengths of stay for these infants. The Federal mean (17.9 d) for infants 2500 g with major diagnoses (DRG-389) stay beyond the federal mean (4.7 d) and 27.5% beyond the Federal outlier. Major surgery added 4.5-28 days to the hospital stay of our infants. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia accounted for the longest stays. Most of the discrepancy is explained by the Federal use of the geometric mean which emphasizes low values in a distribution and minimizes high ones. When the distribution of length of stay is bimodal, as it is for the highest risk and smallest infants, then the geometric mean is a poor measure of central tendency. The population admitted to a tertiary care NICU differs from the general neonatal population in that it contains fewer early deaths and more infants with complicated, severe problems. The Federal guidelines divide infants into only three birthweight groups and fail to include important factors (e.g. major surgery, outborn status, or the need for ventilation) as criteria. These omissions and abbreviations led to a patient classification system for prospective payment of hospital costs that is bound to discourage hospitals from providing care for high-risk newborns.
Medical treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in mature horses: 9 cases (1991–1998)

The medical approach to treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in 9 horses is described. Seven horses were treated successfully and returned to normal use, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Long-term antimicrobial therapy was believed to be critical in those cases that survived, with a median treatment duration of 51 days (range 17-124 days). Treatment failure was associated with severe periportal and bridging hepatic fibrosis from biopsy material obtained at admission in 2 horses, one of whom also presented with hyperammonaemic hepatic encephalopathy. Transabdominal ultrasound was used diagnostically in each case to obtain hepatic biopsy material for histopathology and bacterial culture, to evaluate hepatic size and echogenicity and to identify and monitor the dissolution of hepatoliths. Histologically, all horses had evidence of suppurative cholangiohepatitis with varying degrees of periportal and bridging fibrosis. Discrete hyperechoic calculi were identified in 4 cases, but all horses had ultrasonographic evidence of biliary obstruction with numerous dilated bile ducts. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of liver biopsy material were negative from 7 horses, but 2 different species of Escherichia coli were obtained from one horse, and Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli were isolated from another. In all 7 horses that survived, clinical recovery was seen before normalisation of biochemical indices of hepatobiliary function including gammaglutamyl transaminopeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), bile acids and serum bilirubin. Serum GGT levels were monitored extensively as a marker of hepatobiliary disease and actually increased during the initial period of clinical improvement in horses that recovered. Supportive medical therapy with i.v. fluids was also a critical part of the therapy of several cases in this report, both acutely and in the management of chronic cases that deteriorated clinically during treatment. Previous therapeutic failures may well be related to treatment periods of inadequate duration, and the authors recommend that antimicrobial therapy should be continued until GGT values are normal.
Clinical cardiac involvement in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Autopsy studies consistently demonstrate cardiac involvement in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), but clinical evidence for cardiac abnormalities is rarely reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This systematic review addresses the apparent discrepancy between autopsy and clinical data. English language articles were identified by keywords for both TTP and for cardiac symptoms, testing, or events. Patients were analyzed if they were more than 10 years old with idiopathic TTP. RESULTS: Thirty articles were identified that described 111 eligible patients: 20 case reports described 27 patients, 9 retrospective cohort studies described 74 patients, and 1 prospective cohort study described 10 patients. Cardiac events included infarction (26 patients), congestive failure (17), arrhythmias (10), cardiogenic shock (6), and sudden cardiac death (8). Mortality was assessed in 101 patients: 55 died, and 48 autopsies were described. All demonstrated cardiac microvascular thrombi, hemorrhage, and/or necrosis. Follow-up information was reported in only 6 of the 16 patients who survived a cardiac event (follow-up duration, 10 days-2 years; median, 7 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency and sequelae of clinical cardiac abnormalities in TTP cannot be accurately assessed because most patients were described in reports of few selected patients; many patients were reported before the availability of effective treatment for TTP and sensitive tests for cardiac involvement. Continuing case reports and cohort studies, however, suggest that cardiac abnormalities may be important and often unrecognized causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with TTP. Prospective studies are needed to determine if cardiac therapy can improve survival and long-term outcomes of patients with TTP.
Impact of Operational Parameters on Optimum Performance of SOA-Based Differential-Mode Wavelength Converters

This letter investigates the interdependencies of the operational parameters of semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based differential mode wavelength converters. Through numerical simulations, we relate the optimum device response to temporal phase variations in the two arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and propose design guidelines for enhanced performance. Fundamental differences between the delayed-interference signal converter and differential cross-phase-modulation configurations are highlighted indicating that dynamic optimization of the phase-bias based on the input signal's extinction ratio can improve the regenerative performance.
Polymer morphology and random chain scission of nylon 66

Nylon 66 films with varying spherulite size but almost constant percentages of crystallinity were prepared (melt method). These films were degraded by NO2 over a range of temperatures from 35 to 65°C. Random chain scission took place except in the initial stages at low temperatures at which some crosslinking occurred. Observation of the films with the extent of degradation under polarized light revealed that dark bands developed around and also inside spherulite boundaries that became wider with the extent of degradation. This indicates that amorphous material is formed during random chain scission; the spherulites remained practically intact, however. The experimental chain scission rate constants did not change essentially with spherulite diameter until small diameters were reached, at which time the rate constants increased noticeably. Degradation can be accounted for by chain scission in amorphous and interfacial regions; in the latter the rate constants increased with this area and in addition main chain links were weaker in fold regions, due to strain energy, than normal ones in amorphous regions. The energy of activation for chain scission was compatible with a predominantly diffusion-controlled process.
New effects of type III effectors

Summary The enzymatic activities and/or targets of four type III effector proteins from plant pathogens have been reported in a flurry of new papers. In this issue, XopD is shown to remove SUMO groups from host cell proteins, while in previous issues of Molecular Microbiology , HopPtoD2 was shown to function as a tyrosine phosphatase and AvrRpt2 as probably a cysteine protease that targets the host RIN4 protein. Finally, AvrPphB is revealed in a recent Science paper to function as a cysteine protease that targets the host PBS1 kinase. This work is providing some of the first insights into how plant pathogens subvert host cell signalling machinery to cause disease.
Suppression of acute and chronic inflammation by orally administered prostaglandins.

Oral administration of a stable analog of prostaglandin E, (PGE1), 15-(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin E1, can suppress both chronic adjuvant-induced polyarthritis and acute immune complex-induced vasculitis in a dose dependent manner. Histopathologic studies of tibiotarsal joints from rats with adjuvant disease showed suppression of arthritis in animals treated with the PGE, analog from time of adjuvant challenge. This study represents the first demonstration of suppressed experimental polyarthritis by an orally administered prostaglandin. Suppression of the acute immune complex-induced vasculitis was demonstrated using 15-methyl-PGE, administered orally 12 hours prior to antigen-antibody challenge. Diminution of tissue injury resulting from immune complex-induced vasculitis is reflected by a decrease in vaso-permeability, indicating suppressed vascular damage in animals treated with prostaglandin. These studies demonstrate the potential use of orally active prostaglandins as an antiinflammatory agent.
Endoluminal Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula of the Axillary Artery

A 21-year-old male sustained a gunshot wound to the anterior right chest. The entrance wound was at the midclavicular line. He was haemodynamically stable upon arrival at the emergency department. He underwent initial resuscitation with intravenous fluids. There was no evidence of haemothorax or pneumothorax on chest X-ray. The right radial pulse was present but diminished when compared with the left. The patient had minor neurological symptoms in the right upper extremity, which consisted mainly of weakness of the interosseous muscles of the hand. An arteriogram was obtained, which revealed an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of the right axillary artery and vein (Fig. 14.1a). The patient remained haemodynamically stable throughout the evaluation period.
Evaluation of a wearable monitor for measuring real-time diesel particulate matter concentrations in several underground mines.

The standard method for determining diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposures in underground metal/nonmetal mines provides the average exposure concentration for an entire working shift, and it can take weeks to obtain results. This approach is problematic because, although it reports that an overexposure has occurred, it fails to provide critical information about cause or prevention. Conversely, real-time measurement would provide miners with timely information to identify the major factors contributing to overexposures and would allow engineering controls to be deployed immediately. Due to these potential benefits, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developed a wearable instrument that measures real-time elemental carbon (EC) concentrations (EC is a DPM surrogate) via laser extinction. This instrument was later constructed into a commercial version (Airtec). This article evaluates the Airtec's performance in several underground metal/nonmetal mines by comparing it to the ...
Hypertension Telemanagement in Blacks

We propose evaluation of a multi-component home automated telemanagement system providing integrated support to both clinicians and patients in implementing hypertension treatment guidelines. In a randomized clinical study, 550 blacks with hypertension are followed for 18 months. The major components of the intervention and control groups are identical and are based on the current standard of care. For the purpose of this study, we define “standard of care” as the expected evidence-based care provided according to the current hypertension treatment guidelines. Although intervention and control groups are similar in terms of their care components, they differ in the mode of care delivery. For the control group the best attempt is made to deliver all components of a guideline-concordant care in a routine clinical environment whereas for the intervention group the routine clinical environment is enhanced with health information technology that assists clinicians and patients in working together in implementing treatment guidelines. The home automated telemanagement system guides patients in following their individualized treatment plans and helps care coordination team in monitoring the patient progress. The study design is aimed at addressing the main question of this trial: whether the addition of the information technology–enhanced care coordination in the routine primary care setting can improve delivery of evidence-based hypertension care in blacks. The outcome parameters include quality of life, medical care use, treatment compliance, psychosocial variables, and improvement in blood pressure control rates. The trial will provide insight on the potential impact of information technology–enhanced care coordination in blacks with poorly controlled hypertension.
Scientific Method for Ecological Research: Conceptual and propositional analysis for defining research problems

Summary Scientific research requires that we place the subjective process of developing new ideas into a logical framework of challenge and questioning through debate and the collection of new data. This is a continuous process (Fig. 3.1), and the iteration between axioms and data is driven forward by four processes – imagination, investigation, comparison, and deduction . These develop knowledge through three states: (1) axioms that already have been researched and refined, (2) postulates that you wish to research, and (3) data statements that describe how data will be collected and used to assess a postulate. To begin in research you must make a conceptual and propositional analysis . Axioms and postulates must be defined and a description given of the data statements required to examine the postulates. The key to these definitions is a critical analysis of the concepts they use. The component concepts provide a network of connections among axioms and between axioms and postulates. Concepts can be classified according to their status in the function of research, i.e., whether they are well researched, are recently constructed from imagination, or are measurements. Classifying concepts allows you to define and describe your knowledge about the subject you intend to research and what you intend to measure. The way to logical and statistical analysis is then open. Introduction The growth of scientific knowledge is sometimes compared to the building of a structure brick by brick. This analogy stresses the progressive nature of science as new investigations are made. But it does not accommodate the reevaluation and change that can take place as we develop scientific understanding.
Smooth muscle-specific genes are differentially sensitive to inhibition by Elk-1

Understanding the mechanism of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation will provide the foundation for elucidating SMC-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and asthma. In the current study, overexpression of Elk-1 in SMCs down-regulated expression of several endogenous smooth muscle-restricted proteins, including telokin, SM22alpha, and smooth muscle alpha-actin. In contrast, down-regulation of endogenous Elk-1 in smooth muscle cells increased the expression of only telokin and SM22alpha, suggesting that smooth muscle-specific promoters are differentially sensitive to the inhibitory effects of Elk-1. Consistent with this, overexpression of the DNA binding domain of Elk-1, which acts as a dominant-negative protein by displacing endogenous Elk-1, enhanced the expression of telokin and SM22alpha without affecting expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin. Elk-1 suppressed the activity of smooth muscle-restricted promoters, including the telokin promoter that does not contain a consensus Elk-1 binding site, through its ability to block myocardin-induced activation of the promoters. Gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Elk-1 binds to a nonconsensus binding site in the telokin promoter and Elk-1 binding is dependent on serum response factor (SRF) binding to a nearby CArG box. Although overexpression of the SRF-binding B-box domain of Elk-1 is sufficient to repress the myocardin activation of the telokin promoter, this repression is not as complete as that seen with an Elk-1 fragment that includes the DNA binding domain. In addition, reporter gene assays demonstrate that an intact Elk-1 binding site in the telokin promoter is required for Elk-1 to maximally inhibit promoter activity. Together, these data suggest that the differential sensitivity of smooth muscle-specific genes to inhibition by Elk-1 may play a role in the complex changes in smooth muscle-specific protein expression that are observed under pathological conditions.
Yoshiki Sasai 1962–2014

Yoshiki Sasai was one of the pre-eminent stem cell biologists. Known as the “Brainmaker,” he developed methods to guide human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into forming brain cortex, eyes, and other organs in tissue culture. Yoshiki was a man of rectitude and a scientist of high personal integrity, following in the line of his samurai ancestors. He always assumed responsibility. Since his postdoctoral studies, he was called Sensei, which means teacher, by those that knew him well. It was an affectionate sign of the high respect in which this scholar was held.
Gut Immunity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

In-depth understanding of novel immunotherapeutics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requires general familiarity of the intestinal immune system. In this chapter, we discuss fundamentals of intestinal immunity focusing on pathways presumed to be involved in human IBD. We work through fundamentals of adaptive and innate immune responses, drawing where available, specific differences between the developing vs. adult immune system.
Virtue Ethics and the Search for an Account of Right Action

Conceived of as a contender to other theories in substantive ethics, virtue ethics is often associated with, in essence, the following account or criterion of right action: VR: An action A is right for S in circumstances C if and only if a fully virtuous agent would characteristically do A in C. There are serious objections to VR, which take the form of counter-examples. They present us with different scenarios in which less than fully virtuous persons would be acting rightly in doing what no fully virtuous agent would characteristically do in the circumstances. In this paper, various proposals for how to revise VR in order to avoid these counter-examples are considered. I will argue that in so far as the revised accounts really do manage to steer clear of the counter-examples to VR, something which it turns out is not quite true for all of them, they instead fall prey to other damaging objections. I end by discussing the future of virtue ethics, given what has come to light in the previous sections of the paper. In particular, I sketch the outlines of a virtue ethical account of rightness that is structurally different from VR. This account also faces important problems. Still, I suggest that further scrutiny is required before we are in a position to make a definitive decision about its fate.
Toward an understanding of (em)power(ment) for HIV/AIDS prevention with adolescent women

Adolescent females, particularly urban and low-income youth of color, are at particular risk for HIV infection. This article uses an empowerment perspective to consider the degree to which intrapersonal and interpersonal power dynamics in heterosexual relations have an impact on condom use among high-risk youth. Participants in this study were 333 African American and European American urban youth, ages 14–19 years, who were heterosexually active. Measures focused on interpersonal and intrapersonal factors thought to be associated with condom use. This model was most useful in predicting condom use among women and least useful in predicting condom use among male participants. Implications for empowerment theory and future research are discussed.
Validation of Vertical Mixing in an Equatorial Ocean Model Using Large Eddy Simulations and Observations

A nonlocal K-profile parameterization (KPP) of the upper-ocean boundary layer is tested for the equatorial regions. First, the short-term performance of a one-dimensional model with KPP is found to compare favorably to large eddy simulations (LES), including nonlocal countergradient heat flux. The comparison is clean because both the surface forcing and the large-scale flow are identical in the two models. The comparison is direct because the parameterized turbulent flux profiles are explicitly computed in LES. A similar comparison is less favorable when KPP is replaced by purely downgradient diffusion with Richardson-number-dependent viscosity and diffusivity because of the absence of intense convection after sunset. Sensitivity experiments are used to establish parameter values in the interior mixing of KPP. Second, the impact of the parameterization on annual means and the seasonal cycle in a general circulation model of the upper, equatorial Pacific Ocean is described. The results of GCM runs with and without KPP are compared to annual mean profiles of zonal velocity and temperature from the TOGA-TAO array. The two GCM solutions are closer to each other than to the observations, with biases in zonal velocity in the western Pacific and in subsurface temperature in the eastern Pacific. Such comparisons are never clean because neither the wind stress and the surface heat flux nor the forcing by the large-scale flow are known to sufficient accuracy. Finally, comparisons are made of the equatorial Pacific Ocean GCM results when different heat flux formulations are used. These include bulk forcing where prescribed air temperature and humidity are used, SST forcing where the use of such ocean-controlled parameters is avoided, and a fully coupled atmospheric general circulation model where there is no prescribed control over any surface fluxes. It is concluded, especially in the eastern Pacific, that the use of specified air temperature and humidity does not overly constrain the model sea surface temperature.
Monitoring and Trust in Virtual Teams

This study was conducted to determine whether monitoring moderated the impact of trust on the project performance of 57 virtual teams. Two sources of monitoring were examined: internal monitoring done by team members and external monitoring done by someone outside of the team. Two types of trust were also examined: affective-based trust, or trust based on emotion; and cognitive trust, or trust based on competency. Results indicate that when internal monitoring was high, affective trust was associated with increases in performance. However, affective trust was associated with decreases in performance when external monitoring was high. Both types of monitoring reduced the strong positive relationship between cognitive trust and the performance of virtual teams. Results of this study provide new insights about monitoring and trust in virtual teams and inform both theory and design.
Budget Analysis of a Tropical Cyclone Simulated in an Axisymmetric Numerical Model.

Abstract A tropical cyclone simulated in an axisymmetric numerical model is analyzed in detail from various aspects in order to deepen the understanding of the basic mechanisms of its evolution. Namely, the budget equations of temperature, moisture, relative angular momentum, vorticity, radial-vertical circulation, and kinetic energy are investigated for the different stages of the development of a tropical cyclone. The spatial distributions of each term in the budget equations are shown and their role in the following processes are discussed. In the pre-deepening stage of a large weak vortex in a conditionally unstable atmosphere, a solenoidal field is formed as a result of a delicate heat budget which depends on the static stability and the moisture content. The baroclinicity field thus established drives the system into a deepening stage. A positive feedback process builds up a warm moist core, accelerates the radial-vertical circulation, and intensifies the moist convection. A net outflow of mass from...
FORENSIC MUSINGS: THE METAPHYSICS OF "HEDONIC LOSS"

What do psychiatrists really know about loss and adaptation? A recent U.S. District Court ruling took on the question of hedonic loss in a case of a young man who committed suicide in jail. Amid the various opinions was the reiteration of a principle in New Jersey law, that the determination of loss of life’s pleasure was not related to the ability of the individual to perceive pleasure. Thus, in this case, the decedent could be entitled to hedonic damages during the interval between the discovery of the hanging and the death seven hours later. This article explores the theories of hedonic damages, the use of expert testimony in calculating them, and the differences between hedonic loss and pain and suffering. While the quantification of damages is the role of the forensic economist, the mental health expert can identify, characterize, and explain the underlying mental states.
Martha Morgan's Other Interviews

In the setting of employment interviews, this person is given three problems in the area of debt policy. The problems illustrate the Modigliani-Miller irrelevance proposition, the M&M cost of capital formula, and the agency problem of risk shifting. (See also UVA-F-0609.)
Transforming NICU Care to Provide Comprehensive Family Support

Abstract Parents whose babies are admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are subject to a variety of stresses that increase their risk to suffer from postpartum depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders. Parental distress can adversely impact parent-infant bonding, which in turn can lead to worse outcomes for the child. An interdisciplinary workgroup convened by the National Perinatal Association (NPA) has published recommendations for psychosocial support of NICU parents. This article presents nurses, who are key players in quality improvement (QI) initiatives in their hospitals, with a QI approach to transforming care in NICUs to provide comprehensive family support using the NPA recommendations as a road map.