cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatocyte-derived ApoE Is More Effective than Non-hepatocyte-derived ApoE in Remnant Lipoprotein Clearance

The importance of hepatocyte-derived apolipoprotein (apo) E in the clearance of remnant lipoproteins in the liver is controversial. To address this controversy, we compared remnant clearance in two mouse models in which apoE is primarily derived either from hepatocytes or from an extrahepatic source. Hypomorphic apoE mice universally express reduced levels of apoE in all tissues, with the liver remaining the primary source of apoE. This mouse model of hepatocyte-derived apoE was compared with Apoe(-/-) mice transplanted with mouse bone marrow as a model of primarily non-hepatocyte-derived apoE. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections revealed that only the hepatocyte-derived apoE model had detectable levels of apoE on hepatic sinusoidal surfaces. The non-hepatocyte-derived apoE model with plasma apoE levels similar to those in the hepatocyte-derived model had 2-fold more total plasma cholesterol, 4-fold more total plasma triglycerides, and 8-fold higher levels of apoB48, similar to Apoe(-/-) mice. Both the hepatocyte-derived and the non-hepatocyte-derived apoE models had delayed clearance of an infused bolus of (125)I-labeled remnants compared with wild-type mice. However, after 3 h, plasma remnants reached wild-type levels only in the hepatocyte-derived apoE model, which had accumulated 70 +/- 5% of wild-type levels of remnants in the liver while the non-hepatocyte-derived apoE model had accumulated only 38 +/- 4%. These results demonstrate the existence of a role for both hepatically derived and localized apoE in remnant clearance. This role likely represents the enrichment of remnants sequestered on hepatocyte, with hepatocyte-derived apoE, facilitating their receptor-mediated internalization.
Temperature-dependent mobility of concanavalin A sites on tumour cell surfaces.

AUB and his colleagues found that a contaminant in wheat germ lipase preparations agglutinated certain tumour cells, but not normal cells1,2. The agglutinating molecule was later purified by Burger and Goldberg3 and characterized as a plant lectin (wheat germ agglutinin) that binds to specific terminal oligosaccharide residues containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The ability to agglutinate tumour cells at concentrations which do not affect normal cells has been found for several other lectins with different saccharide binding specificities: concanavalin A4,5 (Con A), soy bean agglutinin6, Ricinus communis agglutinin7, Pisum sativum agglutinin8 and others9. Burger proposed that the difference in agglutinability of tumour cells was a consequence of the exposure of “cryptic” lectin binding sites during transformation3,10. Several investigators have found, however, that there is essentially no difference in the number of lectin sites on normal and transformed cells11–15. Another explanation for the differential agglutinability of tumour cells was that the distribution of lectin sites at the cell surface could change to a topographic (“clustered”) state which is more favourable for cell agglutination16–18. Experimental evidence for a topographic difference in the distribution of Con A sites on transformed, compared with normal, fibroblast cell surfaces has been obtained using ferritin-conjugated Con A16 and peroxidase-bound Con A19,20. In these studies mounted cell membranes16 or intact cells19,20 were labelled at room temperature with the Con A reagents. The mounted cell membranes were observed directly to obtain the topographic distribution of ferritin-Con A sites16; or the intact cells19,20 were treated with Con A and peroxidase, fixed, dehydrated and embedded in plastic for thin section observation of an electron-dense peroxidase product at the cell surface19,20. By either method the Con A membrane sites on tumour cells were distributed in a more clustered state than in normal cells16,19,20. The clustered Con A sites seem to be involved in cell agglutination, because trypsinized normal cells (which are agglutinable) also show a similar reorganization of Con A sites18. When trypsinized 3T3 cells were agglutinated with ferritin-Con A and the cell aggregates removed, fixed, embedded in ‘Epson’ 812, sectioned and their cell membranes examined, the ferritin-Con A was found in clusters at the sites of contact between the agglutinated cells18.
Hydrogen sulfide provides cardioprotection against myocardial/ischemia reperfusion injury in the diabetic state through the activation of the RISK pathway

Coronary artery disease remains the principal cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic mice display exacerbated injury following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) and are resistant to most therapeutic interventions. We have reported that sodium sulfide (Na2S) therapy confers cardioprotection during MI/R in non-diabetic mice. Here we tested the hypothesis that Na2S therapy would limit the extent of myocardial injury following MI/R when administered at the time of reperfusion. Diabetic mice (db/db, 12 weeks of age) were subjected to transient myocardial ischemia for a period of 30 minutes followed by reperfusion up to 24 hours. Na2S (0.05 to 1 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle) was administered into the left ventricular lumen at the time of reperfusion. Na2S therapy significantly decreased myocardial injury in the db/db diabetic mouse, as evidenced by a reduction in infarct size and circulating troponin-I levels. The reduction in myocardial injury was also associated with a reduction in oxidative stress and a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 expression. In an effort to evaluate the signaling mechanism responsible for the observed cardioprotection, additional groups of mice were sacrificed during early reperfusion. Hearts were excised and processed for Western blot analysis. These studies revealed that Na2S therapy activated the Erk1/2 arm of the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway. These findings provide important information that myocardial Erk1/2 activation by Na2S therapy following MI/R sets into motion events, which ultimately lead to cardioprotection in the setting of diabetes.
SuFEx on the Surface: A Flexible Platform for Postpolymerization Modification of Polymer Brushes

Polymer brushes present a unique architecture for tailoring surface functionalities due to their distinctive physicochemical properties. However, the polymerization chemistries used to grow brushes place limitations on the monomers that can be grown directly from the surface. Several forms of click chemistry have previously been used to modify polymer brushes by postpolymerization modification with high efficiency, however, it is usually difficult to include the unprotected moieties in the original monomer. We present the use of a new form of click chemistry known as SuFEx (sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange), which allows a silyl ether to be rapidly and quantitatively clicked to a polymer brush grown by free-radical polymerization containing native -SO2F groups with rapid pseudo-first-order rates as high as 0.04 s(-1). Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of SuFEx to facilely add a variety of other chemical functional groups to brush substrates that have highly useful and orthogonal reactivity, including alkynes, thiols, and dienes.
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome in Individuals Newly Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality from Colorectal Cancer in Their Relatives

Individuals with Lynch syndrome, sometimes referred to as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as other cancers. The increased risk is due to inherited mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, which reduce the ability of cells to repair DNA damage. Screening for Lynch syndrome in individuals newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer has been proposed as part of a strategy that combines tests and interventions to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in the relatives of the colorectal cancer patients with Lynch Syndrome. Abstract Individuals with Lynch syndrome, sometimes referred to as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as other cancers. The increased risk is due to inherited mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, which reduce the ability of cells to repair DNA damage. Screening for Lynch syndrome in individuals newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer has been proposed as part of a strategy that combines tests and interventions to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in the relatives of the colorectal cancer patients with Lynch Syndrome. Abstract Individuals with Lynch syndrome, sometimes referred to as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as other cancers. The increased risk is due to inherited mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, which reduce the ability of cells to repair DNA damage. Screening for Lynch syndrome in individuals newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer has been proposed as part of a strategy that combines tests and interventions to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in the relatives of the colorectal cancer patients with Lynch Syndrome.
Public health teaching and research in the academy.

Each April there are a series of events internationally, nationally, and regionally promoting Public Health. The American Public Health Association celebrates National Public Health Week the first full week in April (www. nphw.org/nphw10/home1.htm). Numerous states celebrate April as Public Health month (eg, North Carolina, Washington). Although transient, these celebrations of the importance of public health are most significant. However, these highlighting events do not adequately spotlight what else needs to be accomplished in this arena. The work of public health is a yearlong and demanding calling. The key challenges and opportunities of public health research, application, and teaching need addressing by those with whom we work, collaborate, and conduct research within and beyond the academy. Small steps of success often herald the major cliffs yet to be surmounted. For example, the passage of health care reform legislation earlier this year was heralded by some who suggest immediate impacts upon public health as a result, while others suggest this bill is flawed and incomplete in efforts to improve the health of the public. Perhaps (and unfortunately) both of these views are correct. Regardless, the major impacts of this legislation on the health care system and patients remain to be seen and may be decades away. Many challenges pertinent to public health surround us, and many solutions to dilemmas are being crafted by those in corridors and laboratories near and far. In an era when disciplinary focal distinctions are dissolving with collaborative efforts and funding agency requirements, can public health research — which by design and function is dependent upon many with varying credentials and degrees — be a major and crucial focal point for our academy? The answer is yes it can, it has been, and it will continue to be crucial.
Is the Benzodiazepine/GABA Receptor Chloride Ionophore Complex Involved in Physical and Emotional Stress?

The response of an organism to physical and emotional stressors requires a complex integration of somatic, endocrine and behavioral systems. While causal relationships between specific receptor/effector systems in the central nervous system (CNS) and stress-induced somatic, endocrine and behavioral responses have not been firmly established, both physical and emotional stressors have been shown to affect a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, second messenger systems, and their associated recognition sites in the CNS (this volume and [1] for overviews). Thus, it is not surprising that most schemata describing stress-induced alterations in the CNS focus on the hypothalamus, although both the control and generation of stress must be initiated in higher centers.
Corporate Valuation: The Combined Impact of Growth and the Tax Shield of Debt on the Cost of Capital and Systematic Risk

Valuation theory does not specify the combined impact of both growth and the tax shield of debt on the cost of capital, the cost of equity, and systematic risk. This paper fills that gap in the literature. Our results demonstrate that the widely used M&M models are inappropriate for a firm with non-zero growth and produce economically significant errors when used to estimate the cost of capital, the cost of equity, and systematic risk. We show that discounting the debt tax shields of a firm with non-zero growth at a rate lower than the unlevered cost of equity yields two implausible results. First, the levered cost of equity can actually be lower than the unlevered cost of equity. Second, the levered cost of capital drops as growth increases, implying that high-growth firms should have large amounts of debt in their capital structures. Since these two results are inconsistent with intuition and corporate practices, we conclude that debt tax shields should be discounted at the unlevered cost of equity.
Creeping Bentgrass Field Response to Pigment-Containing Products

Reducing summer stress on creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.)] putting greens is a major goal of many turf managers. Use of colorants and pigment-containing products has been proposed as a means of protecting the plant from environmental stress, especially on bentgrass putting greens grown in heat-stressed environments. The objective of this research was to investigate the physiological effects of four pigment-containing products–a combination of zinc oxide (ZnO), green pigment, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) (TurfScreen); Cu-based pigments (PAR and Foursome); and a Cu-pigmented paint designed to provide green color to dormant turfgrass in winter months–have on creeping bentgrass under stressful field conditions. Products were applied weekly for 10 wk to two separate studies repeated in time. TurfScreen, PAR, Foursome, and paint all lowered carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), reduced normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and raised canopy temperature relative to nontreated controls. Only paint lowered visual quality and percent turf cover compared to the untreated controls. TurfScreen reduced evapotranspiration (ET) in one of two studies. Root mass was unaffected by any treatment. Zinc (∼800 mg kg–¹) and Cu (>155 mg kg–¹) concentrations in leaf tissue and soil increased dramatically after TurfScreen and paint application, respectively, and potential toxicity should be considered during long-term use of these products. The products tested failed to enhance physiological processes normally associated with improved turf health and quality.
Epidemiological analysis of hand-foot-mouth disease in Yunyang county of Chongqing 2011

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth diseases(HFMD) in Yunyang county of Chongqing for its control and prevention.Methods The surveillance data of HFMD was collected from the China information system for diseases control and prevention in 2011.The data on HFMD incidence in Yunyang County was analyzed by descriptive epidemiology in 2011.Results 1 384 cases of the HFMD was reported in Yunyang in 2011,with an average incidence of 103.1 / 100 000 per year,and a dead toll of 5 persons.There was HFMD in every town and the range of incidence was from 6.7 / 100 000 to 382.5 / 100 000.The peak of HFMD incidence was from June to July and December.The incidence was mainly among children under 5(81.9%).The pathogens positive rate was 72.7%.Pathogens constitute mainly of EV71(42.4%)and CoxA16(21.2%).82.6% was caused by EV71 among the severity cases and 100% was caused by EV71 among the dead cases.Conclusion There were two peak incidence of HFMD epidemic and mainly occurred in children under the age of 5 years.Pathogens mainly constitute of EV71 and CoxA16.
Abstract A57: Platinum induces IL-6-signaling mediated activation of ALDH1A1 and enriches the cancer stem cell population in ovarian cancer.

Purpose: While chemotherapy may succeed initially at decreasing the number of ovarian cancer (OC) cells, it leaves behind tumors enriched in ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs), which most likely drive chemoresistance and tumor relapse. An emerging model indicates that non-OCSCs may dedifferentiate and acquire stem cell properties under certain circumstances. Recent studies in OC implicate a critical role for aberrant cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and the IL-6 signaling pathway may play a critical role in converting non-CSCs to CSC. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism contributing to OCSC enrichment after platinum treatment in vivo. We hypothesize that platinum-induced IL-6 secretion activates STAT3 signaling-mediated expression of the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A1, resulting in CSC enrichment. In addition, based on our previous study in OCSCs (Wang et al., 2014, Cancer Res.), we sought to examine the mechanism by which guadecitabine (SGI-110), a second generation hypomethylating agent HMA, inhibits OCSCs in OC xenograft residuals after platinum treatment. Methods: OC cells (OVCAR4 and A2780) were cultured alone or co-cultured with normal omental fibroblasts (NOFs) or guadecitabine (100nM, 3days)-treated NOFs in the starving condition for 24h and then treated with 3h cisplatin (CDDP; respective IC50 doses of 27.4 and 14.7μM), guadecitabine, IL-6 (100ng/ml), neutralizing antibody (Nab) against IL-6 (IL-6-Nab, 200ng/mL) or IL-6+IL-6-Nab. IL-6 secretion levels were measured by ELISA. FACS was used to analyze OCSC population marked as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)+ cells, and western blot was used to examine ALDH1A1 and pSTAT3 levels in cells treated as described above. An ALDH1A1 promoter-luciferase reporter (pGL3-ALDH1A1-Luc; -1 to -1031) assay was used to determine whether IL-6 transactivates ALDH1A1 expression in OC cells. OC cell migration under the described conditions was determined by transwell migration assays. Results: We found that CDDP induced (P Conclusion: Our data indicate that IL-6 is a potent regulator of ALDH1A1 expression and the OCSC phenotype and further suggest an inhibitory effect of guadecitabine on the conversion of non-OCSCs to OCSCs. The data support a role for IL-6 in OCSC enrichment after platinum treatment and suggest that a combination approach of IL-6 neutralizing antibody with guadecitabine could represent a novel maintenance strategy after chemotherapy for eradicating OCSCs and preventing tumor recurrence. Citation Format: Yinu Wang, Anirban Kumar Mitra, Kenneth P. Nephew. Platinum induces IL-6-signaling mediated activation of ALDH1A1 and enriches the cancer stem cell population in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A57.
In Vivo Effects on Cellular Metabolism and Calcium Dynamics by Continuous Infusion of Endotoxin

The pathophysiologic role of endotoxin in clinical sepsis is still incompletely defined and a subject of controversy (50,54). While some of the hallmarks of gram-negative sepsis, e.g., fever, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, complement activation, changes in leukocyte count can be simulated by intravenous administration of a bolus of endotoxin, such experimental models fail to reproduce several prominent features of clinical sepsis, e.g., elevated cardiac output and 02 consumption and prolonged hyperglycemia (50). These observations are consistent with the concept that endotoxin may be important in the pathogenesis of the shock state, but fail to establish a role for endotoxin in the hypermetabolic or “high flow” state of sepsis.
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease - from a small body size at birth to epigenetics

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis proposes that several non-communicable diseases have their origins in prenatal life and in early childhood. This is believed to work through programming, an insult, taking place at a sensitive period of development, may have lifelong consequences, increasing and programming disease risk later in life. The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS) has been focusing upon the importance of factors active during periods in early life and their influence on later health in 20,431 people born 1924-44. This review will focus upon findings from the HBCS over the past 20 years. Early growth patterns associated with coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and other health outcomes are described. The long-term health impact of maternal adiposity is also discussed. Potential underlying mechanisms explaining the associations are discussed including epigenetic factors. Key messages Several non-communicable diseases - including coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes - have their origins in early life. Early life programming during sensitive periods of development may permanently program future health and disease risk. Optimizing the health and lifestyle of women of reproductive age will have positive health consequences for their offspring.
Abstract 1133: Prevalence of activated NOTCH receptor in solid tumors and chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Recent reports identified high expression of Notch 1 receptor in various tumors including adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC). Notch 1 receptor is activated by gamma secretase cleavage to exert transcriptional control of processes including cellular differentiation and proliferation. Notch is also known to be activated in approximately 60% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. We investigated the prevalence of Notch 1, 2 and 3 activation in different tumors by immunohistochemistry (IHC) designed separately for Notch 1, 2 and 3. Our proprietary antibodies recognize the post-gamma secretase cleavage activated Notch intracellular domain (NICD) fragments of Notch 1, Notch 2 and Notch 3, allowing direct measurement of activation of these receptors, in addition to their expression level by the tumor cells. In total we tested 48 ACCs of the salivary glands, 19 breast cancer, 35 chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL), 7 glioblastomas, and 35 non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) We found that at least 65% (31 out of 48) of ACCs were positive for Notch 1 activation using our assay. Of other tumor types, 4 out of 7 glioblastomas (57%), 14 out of 35 CLLs (40%), 7 out of 35 NSCLC (20%) and 2 out of 19 breast cancer cases (11%) were positive for Notch 1. Within NSCLC, 5 of the 16 tested squamous cell carcinomas were positive for Notch 1 activation (31%). Notch 2 and Notch 3 showed only rare activation in these tumors. We conclude that high levels of Notch 1 activation are identifiable in different tumor types including high prevalence in ACC, CLL and glioma. These tumors may benefit from therapeutic Notch pathway inhibition. Citation Format: Gerard Oakley, Lisa Riegle, Karim Benhadji, Andrew Schade. Prevalence of activated NOTCH receptor in solid tumors and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1133.
A means to study reliability based defects in fully processed devices utilizing zero-field spin dependent transport

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) are extremely useful techniques that are capable of defect detection in semiconductor structures and fully processed devices, respectively. The complexity of conventional EPR and EDMR spectrometers involves utilization of strong (>3000 G) highly uniform magnetic fields (B 0 ) and high frequency (typically 9 GHz) oscillating magnetic fields (B 1 ) or higher. These components are typically expensive and heavy. In this study, we directly demonstrate that, in the absence of both an oscillating magnetic field and a large static magnetic field, spin dependent recombination (SDR) and spin dependent tunneling (SDT) can be detected at zero magnetic field. In this zero-field detection scheme, hyperfine interactions can be detected which allow for the physical identification of the defects responsible for SDR and SDT. However, we sacrifice the evaluation of a resonance parameter, the g-value. We observe the zero-field phenomenon in multiple solid state electronic components including MOSFETs, BJTs, diodes, and capacitors suggesting its usefulness for semiconducting manufacturers to incorporate simple automated low-field/zero-field EDMR spectrometers into wafer fabrication/probing equipment to study the defects in solid-state electronics during fabrication. Because only very low fields are required, low field EDMR can be performed easily and inexpensively.
Optimizing Image Contrast Display Improves Quantitative Stenosis Measurement in Heavily Calcified Coronary Arterial Segments on Coronary CT Angiography: A Proof-of-Concept and Comparison to Quantitative Invasive Coronary Angiography

Rationale and Objectives Blooming artifact from calcified plaques often renders measurement of stenosis impossible on coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA). We sought to evaluate the impact of modifying window level on reducing blooming artifact, and its impact on stenosis quantification. Materials and Methods We analyzed 125 calcified segments from 53 patients who underwent CTA and invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Segmental stenosis on CTA was measured using three window settings: width of 1000 Hounsfield units (HU) and level of 200 HU (“default”), 1500/200 HU (“widened”), and width and level based on the mean HU of the calcified plaque and pericoronary fat (“calcium-specific”). Segmental stenosis on ICA was quantified by a blinded experienced reader. Results ICA found ≥50% stenosis in 30 segments. Displaying segments with widened and calcium-specific settings improved overall accuracy of detecting ≥50% stenosis ( P 's P 's P 's Conclusions We showed for the first time that in calcified segments, widening display window width significantly improved CTA quantification of stenosis compared to ICA.
Role of Government

This chapter focuses on the role of government in the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa. Governments can positively contribute to the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems by providing financial support to promote entrepreneurship education and research. Governments can also enact laws and regulations that create a favorable climate for startups. In addition, governments can facilitate entrepreneurship by fighting corruptions and red tapes and using public media to create awareness of entrepreneurial success.
Revised ACM authorship policy

In an attempt to address issues surrounding the enforcement of claims of plagiarism, the ACM revised its authorship policy in July 2016: http://www.acm.org/publications/policies/policy_on_authorship/
Pediatric Cardiology Provider Attitudes About Palliative Care: A Multicenter Survey Study

While availability of palliative care consultation for children with advanced heart disease increases, little is known about cardiologist attitudes towards palliative care. We sought to describe perspectives of cardiologists regarding palliative care and to characterize their perceived competence in palliative care concepts. A cross-sectional survey of pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons from 19 pediatric medical centers was performed. Overall response rate was 31% (183/589). Respondents had a median of 18 years of experience since medical school (range 2–49) and most practiced at academic centers (91%). Sixty-percent of respondents felt that palliative care consultations occur “too late” and the majority (85%) agreed that palliative care consultations are helpful. Barriers to requesting palliative care consultation were most frequently described as “referring to palliative care services too early will undermine parents’ hope” (45%) and “concern that parents will think I am giving up on their child” (56%). Only 33% of cardiologists reported feeling “very” or “moderately” competent in prognosticating life expectancy while over 60% felt competent caring for children with heart disease around end of life, and nearly 80% felt competent discussing goals of care and code status. Greater perceived competence was associated with subspecialty (heart failure/intensivist vs. other) (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.6–8.1, p = 0.003) and didactic training (OR 6.27, 95% CI 1.8–21.8, p = 0.004). These results underscore the need for further training in palliative care skills for pediatric cardiologists. Enhancing palliative care skills among cardiologists and facilitating partnership with subspecialty palliative care teams may improve overall care of children with advanced heart disease.
Finite Crest Length Weir Nappe Oscillation

AbstractLow-head discharge over weirs and crest gates can produce a nappe instability in curvilinear weir nappe flow, referred to as nappe oscillation or vibration, that is characterized by horizon...
Optical magnetization, part III: theory of molecular magneto-electric rectification.

A fully quantized analysis is presented of induced magneto-electric rectification in individual diatomic molecules in the steady-state regime. Good agreement is obtained between this quantum theory and a classical model that includes the same key kinematic elements but predicts temporal dynamics as well. At the molecular level, an enhanced magneto-electric optical interaction driven by dual optical fields E and H* is shown to give rise to a static electric dipole (ED) moment oriented along the propagation direction of linearly-polarized light in dielectric materials. This longitudinal Hall effect or “charge separation” interaction is quadratic with respect to the incident field strength and exhibits an induced moment that is limited by the ED transition moment of the molecular resonance. Overall, the two-photon dynamics can be described as first establishing an electric polarization and imparting orbital angular momentum on which the magnetic field exerts torque in the excited state of the molecule. Magnetic torque mediates an exchange of orbital and rotational angular momenta that de-excites the molecule and simultaneously enhances magneto-electric rectification. Material properties that affect magneto-electric response at the molecular level are identified.
C-24: The enigmatic role of intercellular junction structures in tissue freezing

The increased risk of intracellular ice formation during freezing of intact multicellular tissue, as compared to the intracellular crystallization probability in isolated cells, is commonly attributed to the effects of junctional protein assemblies at the interface between two neighboring cells. In particular, for the past two decades, gap junctions have been suspected to play a major role in accelerating the intracellular freezing kinetics in tissue, ostensibly by making possible crystal propagation via the channels formed by pairs of mating connexons. However, recent findings indicate that the presence or absence of gap junctions does not always correlate with an increase or decrease, respectively, of the intercellular ice propagation rate. Moreover, thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of freezing phenomena in genetically modified cell strains point to a critical role for tight junctions in the response of tissue during freezing. This presentation will review the evidence for and against the gap junction hypothesis of intercellular ice propagation, and enumerate the experimental observations and biophysical models that support a competing view, in which tight junctions and adherens junctions affect the correlation of intracellular ice formation events in neighboring cells. The accumulated evidence raises new questions about the complex interactions between junctional proteins and ice during freezing of multicellular tissue. (Support: National Science Foundation Award No. CBET-0954587).
Edge-Based Structural Features

In this chapter we propose edge-based structural features for image representation, develop an algorithm for effective extraction of such features, and explore the effectiveness of these features in aiding visual retrieval tasks [229].
The Relationship Between Surface Area and Density in the Second-Stage Sintering of Metals

Careful quantitative metallographic analysis has shown that surface area and density are linearly related during second-stage sintering of a wide range of size fractions of metal powders. The slope of the line is determined by the coarseness of the pore network and is simply related to its topology. The topology of the pore network is established by the stacking of the unsintered powder, as modified during the passage of the structure through first-stage sintering. Changes in the initial topology of the system may be affected by pre-compaction or the production of porosity internal to the particles, which increase the connectivity of the system and produce a finer structure, and by exaggerated surface rounding, which decreases connectivity, yielding a coarser pore network in second-stage sintering. It is shown that the linear relationship between surface area and density requires that the mean pore intercept be constant throughout second-stage sintering. The implications of this requirement are discussed in detail.
Economic Aspects of Food Waste-to-Energy System Deployment

Abstract Economic barriers are major considerations for the successful implementation and deployment of food waste-to-energy systems, along with technical, operational, and management aspects. For cities, municipalities, and medium and small food-related businesses in urban and semiurban areas that currently landfill the majority of food scraps and food-related waste, it would require the involvement of multiple stakeholders such as municipal decision makers, haulers, investors, and business managers to overcome challenges on costs, financing, revenue streams, and end-market development for energy and by-products. A project-specific financial feasibility analysis should incorporate a budget of all expenditures, including start-up capital costs and operating expenses, revenues, sources of funds, loan and interest repayments on borrowed capital, and investor income and disbursements. Anaerobic digesters, often suitable for high moisture-content organic wastes, have been commercially successful for food waste-to-energy applications and have potential for wider deployment for municipal and business waste generators. Digester systems codigesting food waste with other organic waste, such as livestock manure or wastewater sludge, are operational in large and medium scales at single-site livestock farms, centralized locations for multiple farms, and wastewater treatment plants or water resource recovery facilities. Systems operating solely on mixed food waste at centralized locations and at large food waste generators are increasing.
Hydrogen isotopes in high 3He/4He submarine basalts: Primordial vs. recycled water and the veil of mantle enrichment

Abstract The hydrogen isotope value (δD) of water indigenous to the mantle is masked by the early degassing and recycling of surface water through Earth's history. High 3He/4He ratios in some ocean island basalts, however, provide a clear geochemical signature of deep, primordial mantle that has been isolated within the Earth's interior from melting, degassing, and convective mixing with the upper mantle. Hydrogen isotopes were measured in high 3He/4He submarine basalt glasses from the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) at the Amsterdam–St. Paul (ASP) Plateau (δD = −51 to −90‰, 3He/4He = 7.6 to 14.1 RA) and in submarine glasses from Loihi seamount south of the island of Hawaii (δD = −70 to −90‰, 3He/4He = 22.5 to 27.8 RA). These results highlight two contrasting patterns of δD for high 3He/4He lavas: one trend toward high δD of approximately −50‰, and another converging at δD = −75‰. These same patterns are evident in a global compilation of previously reported δD and 3He/4He results. We suggest that the high δD values result from water recycled during subduction that is carried into the source region of mantle plumes at the core–mantle boundary where it is mixed with primordial mantle, resulting in high δD and moderately high 3He/4He. Conversely, lower δD values of −75‰, in basalts from Loihi seamount and also trace element depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts, imply a primordial Earth hydrogen isotopic value of −75‰ or lower. δD values down to −100‰ also occur in the most trace element-depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts, typically in association with 87Sr/86Sr ratios near 0.703. These lower δD values may be a result of multi-stage melting history of the upper mantle where minor D/H fractionation could be associated with hydrogen retention in nominally anhydrous residual minerals. Collectively, the predominance of δD around −75‰ in the majority of mid-ocean ridge basalts and in high 3He/4He Loihi basalts is consistent with an origin of water on Earth that was dominated by accretion of chondritic material.
Trajectories of Well-Being Among Latina Adolescents Who Attempt Suicide: A Longitudinal Qualitative Analysis:

Significant research questions persist regarding the short- and long-term outcomes of Latina adolescents who attempt suicide. To address these limitations, we utilize an ecodevelopmental framework to identify potential factors that shape differential outcomes following a suicide attempt. Through an exploratory, longitudinal, qualitative research design, we investigate two research questions: How do trajectories of well-being vary among Latina teens after a suicide attempt? What risk and protective factors might contribute to different trajectories? We conducted qualitative interviews with 17 Latina participants living in predominantly low-income households in New York City. Interviews took place within the 6 months following their suicide attempts, and again, 12 months later. Analysis revealed three distinct trajectories after a suicide attempt: resilience, tenuous growth, and chronic stress. Our findings elucidate potential factors that contribute to resilience following a suicide attempt and underscore the importance of prevention and intervention programs that foster adolescents' connectivity across ecodevelopmental contexts.
188 Validation of an administrative algorithm to assess SLE disease severity

Background SLE severity is heterogeneous: some patients have mild disease with rashes and arthritis, while others have severe multi-organ system involvement. It is challenging to study SLE in administrative databases given this heterogeneity. Garris et al developed an administrative claims-based SLE severity algorithm derived from elements of the SLEDAI, SLAM and BILAG instruments (Garris, J Med Econ 2013). It employs ICD-9, CPT and NDC claims over a 1 year period and classifies patients as having mild, moderate or severe disease. We sought to validate this administrative algorithm in comparison to SLEDAI scores at clinical visits. Methods We identified 100 SLE patients followed at the Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH) Lupus Center (2008–2010) with SLEDAI-2K (Gladman, J Rheumatol 2002) data at each visit over a 1 year period per person. We also obtained ICD-9, CPT and NDC codes for the Garris algorithm items (e.g. codes for glucocorticoids, ICD-9 codes for pericarditis) for the same year per subject. We compared Garris SLE severity to the highest SLEDAI-2K in that year. We defined the SLEDAI-2K categories of mild 6 as in the literature (Polachek, Arthritis Care Res 2017). We compared classification in binary categories of mild vs. moderate/severe and mild/moderate vs. severe. For each, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, and C-statistics. Results We analyzed 377 SLEDAI-2K assessments on 100 subjects (mean 3.77 [SD 2.63]) in the BWH Lupus Cohort. For the Garris vs. highest SLEDAI-2K model, 56 of 100 subjects were classified similarly by Garris and highest SLEDAI-2K (23/36 mild, 22/34 moderate, and 11/36 severe by SLEDAI-2K). The performance characteristics compared to the highest SLEDAI-2K of the year were: C-statistics were 0.755 for mild/moderate vs. severe SLE severity and 0.740 for mild vs. moderate/severe (table). Sensitivity of the Garris algorithm compared to the highest SLEDAI-2K were 63.9% for mild vs. moderate/severe and 94.3% for mild/moderate vs. severe. Specificity was 82.8% for mild vs. moderate/severe, but 36.7% for mild/moderate vs. severe. Conclusions The Garris algorithm, developed for use in administrative datasets, has acceptable performance for classifying SLE severity when compared to the gold standard of highest SLEDAI-2K assessment in 1 year in a Lupus Center. It may be used to classify patients in administrative datasets according to their SLE severity over 1 year. Funding Source(s): Dr. Costenbaders research is supported by NIAMS R01 AR057327 and K24 AR066109.
Pretreatment Dietary Patterns Are Associated with the Presence of Nutrition Impact Symptoms 1 Year after Diagnosis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer.

Background: Dietary inflammatory potential could impact the presence and severity of chronic adverse treatment effects among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. The objective of this study was to determine if pre-treatment dietary patterns are associated with nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) as self-reported 1-year after diagnosis. Methods: This was a longitudinal study of 336 newly diagnosed HNC patients enrolled in the University of Michigan Head and Neck Specialized Program of Research Excellence. Principal component analysis was utilized to derive pre-treatment dietary patterns from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data. Burden of seven NIS was self-reported 1-year after diagnosis. Associations between pre-treatment dietary patterns and individual symptoms and a composite NIS symptom summary score were examined with multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Two dietary patterns emerged: Prudent and Western. After adjusting for age, smoking, BMI, tumor site, stage, calories and HPV-status, significant inverse associations were observed between the Prudent pattern and difficulty chewing (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.21-0.93; P=0.03), dysphagia of liquids (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.18-0.79; P=0.009), dysphagia of solid foods (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22-0.96; P=0.03), mucositis (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24-0.96; P=0.03) and the NIS summary score (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.94; P=0.03). No significant associations were observed between the Western pattern and NIS. Conclusion: Consumption of a Prudent diet prior to treatment may help reduce the risk of chronic NIS burden among HNC survivors. Impact: Dietary interventions are needed testing whether consumption of a Prudent dietary pattern before and during HNC treatment results in reduced NIS burden.
Forensic Aspects of Schizophrenia Care

Psychiatrists have to concern themselves with issues that straddle medicine and the law. Among those, violence prediction and prevention that result from psychiatric illness are key concerns. This chapter examines the link between untreated psychiatric illness and violence. Psychiatrists are given a range of tools, including involuntary hospitalization, to manage violence risk. Psychiatrists should remain uncomfortable about the use of power in psychiatry as misusing it is easy as history has shown. On the other hand, appropriate paternalism is needed to avoid abandoning patients. Included in this chapter is a section on how to assess capacity to refuse or consent to treatment as this is a common problem in patients with limited insight.
Safety for American Indian Women: An Indigenous-Focused Policy Analysis of Violence Against Women Act-Title IX

American Indian/Native American (AI/NA) women are disproportionately affected by intimate partner violence (IPV). The Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act (VAWA) of 2013 included new provisions under the Title IX Safety for Indian Women. This act created funding for the implementation of modern criminal justice structures allowing tribal governments to prosecute non-Indian perpetrators. Although this piece of legislation is meant to address the high prevalence of gender-based violence perpetrated against AI/NA women, it has not been analyzed using indigenous or feminist perspectives. A policy analysis model was developed, incorporating indigenous values, feminist perspectives, tribal critical race theory, and social construction and historical contexts to examine Title IX's goals, social values, and outcomes from an indigenous perspective. The analysis reveals the intentions of Title IX to promote indigenous values of empowerment and interdependence but fails to account for the historical marginalization of AI/NA people and the tendency of AI/NA women to distrust law enforcement. Although Title IX did create cultural change and enhance acknowledgment of IPV improvements are needed to make a more indigenous-focused, feminist-based policy. These suggestions include providing access to culturally sensitive law enforcement approaches for AI/NA women, accounting for historical factors, and creating a standardized pathway for prosecution, which incorporates feedback from tribal members.
Socioecological factors associated with ethnic disparities in metabolic and bariatric surgery utilization: a qualitative study.

Abstract Background Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is a safe and effective treatment choice for severe obesity. Yet only approximately 50% of those referred to MBS complete the procedure. Studies show that racial minority groups are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to complete MBS despite having higher rates of severe obesity and co-morbidities. Objectives To conduct a qualitative study to determine facilitators and challenges to racially diverse patients completing MBS based on the 4 socioecological model domains (intrapersonal, interpersonal, organization/clinical interaction, and societal/environmental). Setting One university-based surgery practice serving a racially diverse patient population. Methods Focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted (Spring 2019) among patients (n = 24, 70% female, 50% non-Hispanic black, 4% Hispanic) who completed MBS over the past year. Social support members were also included (n = 7). Grand tour questions were organized by the 4 socioecological model domains and within the context of MBS completion. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. A thematic analysis combining a deductive and inductive approach was conducted. Codes were analyzed using Dedoose to identify themes/subthemes. Results Ten themes and 15 subthemes were identified. Key intra- and interpersonal facilitators to MBS completion included social support systems, primary care physician support of MBS, co-morbidity resolution, discrimination experiences, and mobility improvements. Key community and environment themes associated with post-MBS sustained weight loss included community support groups and access to healthy foods and exercise facilities. No themes or subthemes varied by race. Conclusions Educating primary care physicians and social support networks about the benefits of MBS could improve utilization rates. MBS patients have a desire to have their communities provide resources to support their postoperative success.
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy

Advances in the field of Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy (FSRS), a new time-resolved structural technique that provides complete vibrational spectra on the ultrafast timescale, are reviewed. When coupled with a femtosecond optical trigger, the time evolution of a reacting species can be monitored with unprecedented <25 femtosecond temporal and 5 cm-1 spectral resolution. New technological and theoretical advances including the development of tunable FSRS and a background-free FSRS format are discussed. The most recent experimental studies focus on ultrafast reaction dynamics in electronically excited states: isomerization in cyanobacterial phytochrome, ultrafast spin flipping in a solar cell sensitizer, and excited state proton transfer in green fluorescent protein. The use of FSRS to directly map multidimensional reactive potential energy surfaces and to probe the mechanism of reactive internal conversion is prospectively discussed.