cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanically Self-Assembled, Three-Dimensional Graphene–Gold Hybrid Nanostructures for Advanced Nanoplasmonic Sensors

Hybrid structures of graphene and metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been actively investigated as higher quality surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. Compared with SERS substrates, which only contain metal NPs, the additional graphene layer provides structural, chemical, and optical advantages. However, the two-dimensional (2D) nature of graphene limits the fabrication of the hybrid structure of graphene and NPs to 2D. Introducing three-dimensionality to the hybrid structure would allow higher detection sensitivity of target analytes by utilizing the three-dimensional (3D) focal volume. Here, we report a mechanical self-assembly strategy to enable a new class of 3D crumpled graphene–gold (Au) NPs hybrid nanoplasmonic structures for SERS applications. We achieve a 3D crumpled graphene–Au NPs hybrid structure by the delamination and buckling of graphene on a thermally activated, shrinking polymer substrate. We also show the precise control and optimization of the size and spacing of integrate...
Complications and in-hospital mortality in trauma patients treated in intensive care units in the United States, 2013

Traumatic injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but epidemiologic data about trauma patients who require intensive care unit (ICU) admission are scant. This study aimed to describe the annual incidence of ICU admission for adult trauma patients, including an assessment of risk factors for hospital complications and mortality in this population. This was a retrospective study of adults hospitalized at Level 1 and Level 2 trauma centers after trauma and recorded in the National Trauma Data Bank in 2013. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of hospital complications and hospital mortality for those who required ICU admission. There were an estimated total of 1.03 million ICU admissions for trauma at Level 1 and Level 2 trauma centers in the United States in 2013, yielding an annual incidence of 3.3 per 1000 population. The annual incidence was highest in men (4.6 versus 1.9 per 100,000 for women), those aged 80 years or older (7.8 versus 3.6–4.3 per 100,000 in other age groups), and residents in the Western US Census region (3.9 versus 2.7 to 3.6 per 100,000 in other regions). The most common complications in patients admitted to the ICU were pneumonia (10.9 %), urinary tract infection (4.7 %), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (4.4 %). Hospital mortality was significantly higher for ICU patients who developed one or more complications (16.9 % versus 10.7 % for those who did not develop any complications, p < 0.001). Admission to the ICU after traumatic injury is common, and almost a quarter of these patients experience hospital complications. Hospital complications are associated with significantly increased risk of mortality.
Marital Interaction: Perceptions and Behavioral Implications of Control

(1982). Marital Interaction: Perceptions and Behavioral Implications of Control. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 6, Communication Yearbook 6, pp. 489-505.
Penetrating Injuries to the Diaphragm

Penetrating injuries of the torso often involve multiple body cavities, depending on the energy and trajectory of the causative agent. Injuries traversing both the chest and abdominal cavities are common. Injuries of the diaphragm are not immediately apparent, as concomitant injuries usually receive diagnostic and therapeutic priority. Early identification and treatment of even the smallest diaphragmatic lacerations eliminate the risk of late complications. In the patient who presents late, prompt diagnosis may reduce morbidity and mortality due to life-threatening complications such as ischemic necrosis of incarcerated bowel.
High plasticity reversible resistive switching in heteroepitaxial metal/CeO2−x /Nb:SrTiO3/Ti/Pt structures

We report on the characterization of resistive switching devices based on epitaxial CeO2 thin films as a functional material. CeO2 epitaxial thin films were grown by the pulsed laser deposition technique on conductive substrates. Platinum and titanium nitride top electrodes (TE) were successively deposited. Very good performances, in terms of resistivity switching and multilevel operation capability, were obtained using the Pt TE. The dependence of the low resistance and high resistance state on the TE material and on the CeO2 film thickness were explained. The electrical characteristics of these heterostructures make them promising as synapse for neuromorphic computation, but suggest also their use with multi-valued digital systems or multibit memory cells.
Acoustic emission quantitative evaluation of rejuvenators to restore embrittlement temperatures to oxidized asphalt mixtures

Abstract An acoustic emission (AE) approach to evaluate the effectiveness of rejuvenators in restoring aged asphalt concrete to its low-temperature performance grade is presented. Specimens, oven-aged for 36 h at 135 °C, were treated with rejuvenators (10% of binder weight). After 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of dwell time, the specimens were tested using AE while being cooled down to −35 °C. It was observed that after four weeks of dwell time, the rejuvenated-treated specimens had recuperated the original embrittlement temperatures. After eight weeks, the specimens’ embrittlement temperature were about three grades (∼18 °C) lower than those of the aged temperatures.
The Free Energy and Gibbs Measure

In Sect.1.1, we will introduce the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model and a family of closely related mixed p-spin models and give some motivation for the problem of computing the free energy in these models. A solution of this problem in Chap.?? will be based on a description of the structure of the Gibbs measure in the thermodynamic limit and in this chapter we will outline several connections between the free energy and Gibbs measure. At the same time, we will introduce various ideas and techniques, such as the Gaussian integration by parts, Gaussian interpolation, and Gaussian concentration, that will play essential roles in the key results of this chapter and throughout the book. In the last section, we will prove the Dovbysh–Sudakov representation for Gram-de Finetti arrays, which will allow us to define a certain analogue of the Gibbs measure in the thermodynamic limit. As a first step, we will prove the Aldous–Hoover representation for exchangeable and weakly exchangeable arrays. In Sect.1.4, we will give a classic probabilistic proof of this result for weakly exchangeable arrays and, for a change, in the Appendix we will prove the representation for exchangeable arrays using a different approach, based on more recent ideas of Lovasz and Szegedy in the framework of limits of dense graph sequences. We will describe another application of the Aldous–Hoover representations for exchangeable arrays in Chap.??.
Population genetics of wild and managed pollinators: implications for crop pollination and the genetic integrity of wild bees

Loss of habitat and chemical use associated with agriculture can cause population declines of wild pollinators. Less is known about the evolutionary consequences of interactions between species used in commercial agriculture and wild pollinators. Given population declines of many wild bee species, it is crucial to understand if commercial queens become established in natural areas, if wild bees visit agricultural fields and have the potential to interact with commercial bees, and if gene flow occurs between commercial and wild bees. We drew on a long-term data set that documents commercial bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) use in New England, and we conducted genetic analyses of foraging B. impatiens from areas with varying intensities of commercial bee use. In agricultural areas with a history of commercial bee use we also sampled bees directly from commercial hives. We found significant genetic differences among foraging B. impatiens and B. impatiens sampled directly from hives (average pairwise F′ST = 0.14), but not among samples of foraging bees from natural areas (average F′ST among foraging bees = 0.002). Furthermore, Bayesian analysis of population structure revealed that foraging bees caught in areas with a history of commercial bee use grouped with samples from natural areas. These results document an agricultural setting where there was no widespread introgression of alleles from commercial bumble bees to wild bumble bees, commercial bumble bees did not become established in natural areas, and wild bees were providing pollination services to crops.
Unconventional Interrogation Yields HIV's Escape Plan.

Chasing HIV-1 across the genotype landscape, unequipped to anticipate its maneuvers, the antibody variable-region genes pursue the virus in futility. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Dingens et al. (2017) exhibit a powerful technology that reveals the escape pathways of HIV-1 and may enable its capture.
Elucidating the Effects of Polyprotic Acid Speciation in Calcium Oxalate Crystallization

Polyprotic acids tend to be very effective modifiers of crystals in synthetic, natural, and biological systems. Examples include calcium biomineralization where proteins and organic acids decorated with carboxylic acids act as inhibitors of crystal growth. For crystals implicated in pathological diseases, large variations in the pH of the growth medium can alter the speciation of polyprotic acids. This is particularly true for calcium minerals comprised of polyprotic counterions wherein changes in solute speciation affect supersaturation, and thus the kinetics of crystal growth. Here, we explore the combined effects of solute and modifier speciation, selecting calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) as a representative system for calcification. COM is a major constituent of human kidney stones where crystallization in vivo occurs over a broad range of pH spanning 5–8. Common modifiers of COM and its solute (oxalate) are polyprotic acids. Few studies report the effects of oxalate speciation on COM growth. Moreov...
Diagnosing turbulence for research aircraft safety using open source toolkits

Abstract Open source software toolkits have been developed and applied to diagnose in-cloud turbulence in the vicinity of Earth science research aircraft, via analysis of ground-based Doppler radar data. Based on multiple retrospective analyses, these toolkits show promise for detecting significant turbulence well prior to cloud penetrations by research aircraft. A pilot study demonstrated the ability to provide mission scientists turbulence estimates in near real time during an actual field campaign, and thus these toolkits are recommended for usage in future cloud-penetrating aircraft field campaigns.
Upgrades to the CMS cathode strip chamber electronics for HL-LHC

Cathode strip chambers (CSCs) are used to detect muons in the end cap region of the CMS detector. The chambers are arranged in rings in four planes on each end of the detector. The inner rings of CSCs in each station have the highest flux of particles and this presents challenges to efficient readout at the luminosity, latency, and trigger rate foreseen at the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The existing front end electronics in the inner rings of stations 2, 3, and 4 are based on switched capacitor arrays with limited buffering capability. Queuing models have shown that significant saturation of the buffers would occur for the luminosity, Level 1 trigger rates, and required Level 1 latency for running at the HL-LHC. In addition, the expected output rate of data is expected to exceed the 1 Gbps bandwidth of the optical links that carry data to the back end, resulting in loss of event synchronization. The upgrade of the inner rings of CSCs addresses these problems by replacing some types of electronics boards in these rings with upgraded boards. In particular, the existing cathode front end boards on the inner rings of Stations 2, 3, and 4 will be replaced with new digital cathode front end boards. These boards follow the design of those installed in the inner ring of Station 1 in the recent long shutdown of the LHC. The boards use flash ADCs and digital pipelines in place of the switch capacitor arrays used previously. The digital pipeline results in nearly dead-timeless operation and the capability to accommodate long latency requirements without loss of data. Also, new DAQ motherboards will be designed with optical output links with higher bandwidth to accept the higher data rate. Finally, the FED system, which is the interface between the CSCs and the central DAQ of the CMS experiment, will be replaced with a system that can receive the higher input rates. We present the measurements and calculations that predict the behavior of the CSC electronics under HL-LHC conditions. We describe the design of the electronics systems for the upgrade and show studies of expected performance.
Patterns of care and outcomes of postoperative radiation for intracranial hemangiopericytoma in United States hospitals.

Abstract Objective Several small ( Patients and Methods We accessed the NCDB to identify patients with intracranial hemangiopericytoma between 2004–2012. Patients were categorized by surgical status, postoperative radiation usage, and location (meningeal or brain parenchyma). Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify covariables associated with differences in survival. Results There were 588 patients included in this study, of which 323 (54.9%) received postoperative radiation. The median age at diagnosis was 51 years and the median follow up was 55.1 months. There were no differences in overall survival between the two groups. The 5-year overall survival was 77.1% for those receiving postoperative radiation and 83.8% for those who did not (p = .14). On subgroup analysis by tumor location there remained no significant differences between groups. For those with tumors in the brain parenchyma, the 5-year overall survival was 77.6% for postoperative radiation compared to 85.8% for no postoperative radiation (p = .08). For those with tumors identified as being meningeal in origin, the 5-year overall survival was 75.7% for those who received postoperative radiation compared to 81.6% for those who did not receive postoperative radiation (p = .86). On multivariable analysis, postoperative radiation was not associated with any differences on survival (HR 1.35. 95% CI 0.90–2.02, p = .15). Conclusions More than 50% of patients with hemangiopericytoma received postoperative radiation but there was no survival benefit associated with this treatment. This is a hypothesis-generating study and further studies are necessary to better determine how best to treat this rare disease.
Hepatocyte Wnts Are Dispensable During Diethylnitrosamine and Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Injury and Hepatocellular Cancer

Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is reported in large subsets of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Upregulation of Wnt genes is one contributing mechanism. In the current study, we sought to address the role of hepatocyte-derived Wnts in a model of hepatic injury, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. We subjected hepatocyte-specific Wntless knockout mice (HP-KO), unable to secrete Wnts from hepatocytes, and littermate controls (HP-CON) to diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCl4) and harvested at 3, 5, and 6 months for histological and molecular analysis. Analysis at 5 months displayed increased hepatic expression of several Wnts and upregulation of some, but not all, β-catenin targets, without mutations in Ctnnb1. At 5 months, HP-CON and HP-KO had comparable tumor burden and injury; however, HP-KO uniquely showed small CK19+ foci within tumors. At 6 months, both groups were moribund with comparable tumor burden and CK19 positivity. While HCC histology was indistinguishable between the groups, HP-KO exhibited increased active β-catenin and decreased c-Myc, Brd4, E-cadherin, and others. Hepatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were also indistinguishable at 3 months between both groups. Thus, lack of Wnt secretion from hepatocytes did not affect overall injury, fibrosis, or HCC burden, although there were protein expression differences in the tumors occurring in the two groups.
Cues for cavity nesters: investigating relevant zeitgebers for emerging leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata.

Photoperiod is considered the universal zeitgeber, regulating physiological processes in numerous animals. However, for animals in light-restricted habitats (e.g. burrows or cavities), thermoperiod may be a more important cue. Our study tested this hypothesis in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata , which nests in cavities and undergoes development within a brood cell. We assessed the role of environmental cues (thermoperiod and photoperiod) on the process of adult emergence by examining: 1) if those cues direct circadian rhythms, 2) which cue is more dominant, and 3) how sensitive developing bees and emergence-ready adults are to cues. Although we found that 20% of light penetrates the brood cell, and bees respond to photoperiod by synchronizing emergence, thermoperiod is the dominant cue. When presented with a conflicting zeitgeber, bees entrained to the thermophase instead of the photophase. When temperature cues were removed, we observed free-running of emergence, indicating that underlying circadian mechanisms can be synchronized by daily fluctuations in temperature. We also found that emerging bees were highly sensitive to even small increases in temperature, entraining to a ramp speed of 0.33°C/hour. The response and sensitivity to temperature cues suggest that M. rotundata evolved a temperature-mediated clock to mediate emergence from light-restricted cavities.
Blake’s ‘Horses of Instruction’

Although several studies have begun to consider the place and meaning of animals in Blake, little attention has yet been paid to horses and their horsepower, in what was still a very horse-drawn Britain. Fosso examines these animals’ deep significance for Blake’s art and life, including the scarcely known prominence of a small horse named Bruno, ridden during the poet’s three years in Sussex. Fosso argues that, throughout Blake’s works, equines serve as ‘fiery’ corporeal and metaphysical vehicles towards an infinite, multifarious animality, bursting beyond enclosed human reason, the delimited five senses, and selfhood. Hence, at Milton’s conclusion, in a finale powered by horses, Blake depicts equine instruction and genius as helping liberate a pan-animal ‘Human Form Divine’, within a co-operative merging of shared being.
Human Computation and Divided Labor

Modern crowdsourcing, as a form of processing information, has many precedents in history. It was commonly found in times when labor was inexpensive and employers desired flexible organizational structures. It was commonly used during the Great Depression and perhaps had its greatest influence in the Mathematical Tables Project. However, the theoretical underpinnings of crowdsourcing can be found a century earlier, at the start of the Victorian Age, in the writings of Charles Babbage.
Solving Scramble Squares puzzles with repetitions

A Scramble Squares puzzle consists of nine square pieces with half of an image on each side. To solve the puzzle the pieces are arranged in a 3×3 grid so that sides of adjacent pieces form complete images. A repetition is a half-image that appears more than once on a piece. Previous research uses a graph-theoretical approach to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for solutions without repetitions to 2×2 Scramble Squares puzzles. We use a similar approach to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for solutions with repetitions to 2×2 Scramble Squares puzzles.
Machine Learning Approaches to Learning Heuristics for Combinatorial Optimization Problems

Abstract This paper examines various ways of utilizing machine learning to enhance or develop heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). A general agent-based framework is introduced, which enables learning both constructive and perturbative heuristics for a wide range of COPs. The framework consists of an agent-based generalized solution algorithm (GSA) to COPs, along with a machine learning architecture and training procedure that would inject intelligence via learning to the agents. A GSA in our framework is an assembly of k agents working in parallel, generating the solution to a given problem one step at a time, either by improving a known solution or by constructing one from scratch. The generated partial solution is then implemented in a simulated or real system that represents the environment, with state changes being fed back to the k agents. In the proposed framework, intelligence can be injected into the agents individually or in groups, via learning from the correlation of their solution decisions with a final objective value. A discussion is also provided on what machine learning approaches to use depending on the availability of training data, which in turn depends on the choice of algorithm architecture.
Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage Isolated in Cerebral Aqueduct Secondary to Dural Arteriovenous Fistula.

Abstract: - OBJECTIVE: We report a case of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) presenting as isolated cerebral aqueduct hemorrhage. RESULT: A 73-year-old man with history of hypertension and chronic alcoholism presented with altered mental status and gait difficulties, bilateral fronto-occipital headaches, and intermittent dizziness. He had bilateral upward gaze restriction. Computerized tomography (CT) scan showed hyper-density in the cerebral aqueduct and dilation of the lateral and third ventricles. Diagnostic angiogram demonstrated dAVF with arterial feeders from cavernous segment of the left internal carotid artery and venous drainage into left transverse and sigmoid venous sinus. CONCLUSION: Underlying dAVF should be considered in patients with isolated cerebral aqueduct hemorrhage.
Opioid Medications Prescribing and the Pain-Depression Dyad in Primary Care: Analysis of 2014-2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) Data.

Background: Increased drug overdose deaths have become a serious public health problem. Primary care providers prescribe about 50% all opioid medications. This study examined opioids prescribing during primary visits to patients with a pain-depression dyad and patient demographic characteristics associated with opioids prescribing. Method: This study analyzed data from the 2014 to 2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and included primary care visits by adult patients (aged 18 years or older) with noncancer pain. Results: An opioid medication was prescribed in 26.4% (95% CI, 22.6% to 30.6%) of the primary care visits by patients with noncancer pain. Opioid medications were more likely to be prescribed during visits by patients with a pain and depression dyad (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.4). Narcotic analgesics were more likely to be prescribed during visits by patients aged 46 to 64 years; by male patients or non-Hispanic white patients. Discussion/Conclusions: Pain-depression dyad is associated with higher odds of opioids prescribing during primary care visits. Future studies are needed to understand the complexity of these factors and identify effective strategies to prevent opioids addiction and overdose among patients with pain and depression.
Risk Factors of Obesity in Veterans of Recent Conflicts: Need for Diabetes Prevention.

To identify factors associated with obesity in veterans of the recent, Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) war conflicts. Over 44% OEF/OIF/OND veterans are obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), which exceeds the national obesity prevalence rate of 39% in people younger than 45. Obesity increases morbidity, risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and mortality as well as decreases quality of life. A scoping review method was used to identify factors associated with obesity in young veterans. Military exposures, such as multiple deployments and exposure to combat, contribute to challenges in re-integration to civilian life in all veterans. Factors that contribute to increased risk for obesity include changes in eating patterns/eating disorders, changes in physical activity, physical disability, and psychological comorbidity. These conditions can contribute to a rapid weight gain trajectory, changes in metabolism, and obesity. Young veterans face considerable challenges related to obesity risk. Further research is needed to better understand young veterans' experiences and health needs in order to adapt or expand existing programs and improve access, engagement, and metabolic outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Utilization of a cell-penetrating peptide-adaptor for delivery of HPV protein E2 into cervical cancer cells to arrest cell growth and promote cell death

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of nearly all forms of cervical cancer, which arises upon viral integration into the host genome and concurrent loss of regulatory gene E2. E2 protein regulates the expression and activity of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. Loss of E2 upon viral integration results in overexpression of E6 and E7 Loss of E2 upon viral integration results in overexpression of E6 and E7which in turn promotes carcinogenesis. Previous studies using gene-based delivery show that reintroduction of E2 into cervical cancer cell lines can reduce proliferative capacity and promote apoptosis. However, owing in part to limitations on transfection in vivo , E2 reintroduction has yet to achieve therapeutic usefulness. A promising new approach is protein-based delivery systems utilizing cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs readily traverse the cell9s plasma membrane and are able to carry with them biomolecular ‘cargos’ to which they are attached. Though more than two decades of research have been dedicated to their development for delivery of biomolecular therapeutics, the full potential of CPPs has yet to be realized as the field is hindered by the tendency of CPP-linked cargos to be trapped in endosomes as well as significant off-target potential in vivo. Using a CPP-adaptor system that reversibly binds cargo thereby overcoming the endosomal entrapment that hampers of CPP methods, bioactive E2 protein was delivered via CPP-adaptors into living cervical cancer cells, resulting in inhibition of cellular proliferation and promotion of cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that this nucleic acid- and virus-free delivery method could be harnessed to develop novel, effective protein therapeutics for treatment of cervical cancer.
Assessment of Thermochemistry Modeling for Hypersonic Flow over a Double Cone

The influence of different assumptions for thermochemistry modeling in hypersonic flow over a double-cone geometry is investigated. A computational fluid dynamics analysis is used to study the doub...
Umbilical Cord Blood Lead Level Disparities between Flint and Detroit.

Objective The lead-in-water impact of the Flint water crisis on the youngest and most neurodevelopmentally vulnerable population was largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare cord blood lead levels (CBLLs) in newborns in Flint, Michigan, after the Flint water crisis, to a group of Detroit newborns. Study Design Mothers of 99 Flint newborns were surveyed about potential lead exposures. These neonates were born after the recognition of population-wide lead-in-water contamination. CBLLs were measured and maternal–fetal metrics were reviewed. CBLLs and maternal–fetal metrics were then compared with those of a retrospective cohort of 116 Detroit newborns who previously shared the same water source. Analysis involved descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and χ 2 analysis. Results CBLLs greater than or equal to 1 μg/dL (0.05 μmol/L) were more prevalent among Flint newborns (14%), as compared with Detroit newborns (2%; p = 0.001). This was a sevenfold disparity between Flint and Detroit newborns. No statistically significant differences were found in birth weight, head circumference, small for gestational age status, gestational age, or preterm status among the two groups. Conclusion The Flint water crisis potentially exposed newborns to lead in utero, implicating maternal–fetal outcomes and future health and development. Primary prevention efforts, including identification and mitigation of lead exposure before conception and during pregnancy, are needed. New environmental exposure detection methods and long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up will complement the findings of this study.
Cognition in Pediatric SDB ‐ Yes, No, Maybe?

Numerous studies in the past 10 years have reported on the neurocognitive sequalae of pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Variations in criteria used to define SDB in conjunction with the wide variety of neuropsychological measures selected to evaluate cognitive consequences of SDB have resulted in discrepancies within the literature. This review summarizes the extent literature regarding cognitive effects of pediatric SDB across domains of global intelligence, attention, executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial ability. This review also addresses the proposed etiology underlying neurocognitive consequences of pediatric SDB. The differences in findings across the literature are highlighted and discussed throughout.
Paleosols and weathering leading up to Snowball Earth in central Australia

The Cryogenian Period (717–635 Ma), or ‘Snowball Earth’, was an unusually cool period of Earth history when glaciers extended to low latitudes. Past ideas on causes of this widespread glaciation in...
Jostling Isaac: dynamic configurations of bodies and objects during a language problem solving event

This article, a case study of a single instance of collaborative translation in the classroom, explores the role of material mediation and embodied activity in the linguistic problem solving work o...
A Theorem on the Shearing Stress in Beams with Applications to Multicellular Sections

The methods in use for the calculation of the flexural shearing stress in wing beams of multicellular section are rigorously examined by means of the Saint-Venant theory of flexure and torsion. I t is shown that the line integral of the shearing stress around a cell does not, in general, vanish as has been supposed. I ts value is found in a simple form. The effect on the magnitude of the shearing stress is calculated for several examples and found small for certain one-, two-, and three-cell sections. Solutions of the flexural shear stress problem are given for rectangular cell sections of one, two, three, and any number of equal cells, with flange areas.
Decreased Skeletal Muscle Mass is Associated with an Increased Risk of Mortality after Radical Nephrectomy for Localized Renal Cell Cancer

Purpose: We evaluate the association between severe skeletal muscle deficiency or sarcopenia, and disease progression, cancer specific mortality and all cause mortality in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: The baseline lumbar skeletal muscle index of 387 patients treated with radical nephrectomy for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma between 2000 and 2010 was measured on preoperative computerized tomography. Sarcopenia was classified according to gender specific consensus definitions as male—skeletal muscle index less than 55 cm2/m2 and female—skeletal muscle index less than 39 cm2/m2. Progression-free, cancer specific and overall survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Associations with progression, cancer specific mortality and all cause mortality were summarized with hazard ratios.Results: Of 387 patients 180 (47%) had sarcopenia. Patients with sarcopenia were older, more likely to be male (77% vs 56%, p <0.001), to have a ...
Chapter 6using environmental niche modeling to study the late devonian biodiversity crisis

Abstract Geographic ranges are estimated for brachiopod and bivalve species during the late Middle (mid-Givetian) to the middle Late (terminal Frasnian) Devonian to investigate range changes during the time leading up to and including the Late Devonian biodiversity crisis. Species ranges were predicted using GARP (Genetic Algorithm using Rule-set Prediction), a modeling program developed to predict fundamental niches of modern species. This method was applied to fossil species to examine changing ranges during a critical period of Earth's history. Comparisons of GARP species distribution predictions with historical understanding of species occurrences indicate that GARP models predict accurately the presence of common species in some depositional settings. In addition, comparison of GARP distribution predictions with species-range reconstructions from geographic information systems (GIS) analysis suggests that GARP modeling has the potential to predict species ranges more completely and tailor ranges more specifically to environmental parameters than GIS methods alone. Thus, GARP modeling is a potentially useful tool for predicting fossil species ranges and can be used to address a wide array of palaeontological problems. The use of GARP models allows a statistical examination of the relationship of geographic range size withspecies survival during the Late Devonian. Large geographic range was statistically associated with species sur-vivorship across the crisis interval for species examined in the linguiformis Zone but not for species modeled in the preceding Lower varcus or punctata zones. The enhanced survival venetif of having a large geographic range, therefore, appears to be restricted to the biodiversity crisis interval.
Isolation and characterization of lytic bacteriophages against enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Aims: The objective of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize a collection of lytic bacteriophages capable of infecting enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotypes. Methods and Results: Phages were isolated from dairy and cattle feedlot manure using E. coli O157, O26 and O111 strains as hosts. Phages were enriched from faecal slurries by culture in 10× trypticase soy broth at 37°C overnight. Phage plaques were obtained by mixing the filtered culture supernatant with molten tryptone agar containing the phage E. coli host strain, pouring the inoculated agar on top of cooled TS agar and incubating the culture overnight. Phages were purified from plaques and screened against additional E. coli and EHEC strains by the efficiency of plating method (EOP). Phage CEV2, and five other phages previously isolated, were able to lyse all of the 15 O157 strains tested with EOP values consistently above 0·001. Two phages were found to be highly effective against strains of E. coli O157 through EOP tests and against O26 strains through spot tests, but not against the O serogroup 111 strains. A cocktail of eight phage that lyse E. coli O157 strains resulted in >5 log CFU ml−1 reductions at 37°C. Multiplex-PCR revealed that none of these eight phages carried stx1, stx2, hlyA or eaeA genes. Conclusions: A cocktail of bacteriophages was capable of lysing most strains of two EHEC serotypes. Significance and Impact of the Study: This collection of phages can be combined and potentially used as an antimicrobial cocktail to inactivate E. coli strains from O serogroups 157 and 26 and reduce their incidence in the food chain.
Numerical Simulation on Carbonation Reactor of Calcified Residue

This paper aimed at studying the carbonation process — the core process of “Calcification-Carbonation”, and a venturi carbonation reactor to process calcified residue was innovatively designed and produced. The simulated calculations for dynamic characteristics of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow were discussed under different superficial gas velocities. Results showed: with the increase of gas velocity, gas holdup increased and solid holdup decreased slightly. Fluid turbulence intensity and collision and coalescence of bubbles were enhanced with the increase of gas velocity, which was beneficial to the mass transfer and reaction among gas, liquid and solid. The measured values agreed well with the simulated calculations obtained by CFD, which indicated that it was feasible to use this model to simulate the gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow field in this reactor and the results of numerical simulation were reliable. The above results provided a theoretical basis for the design of the reactor under a high temperature and a high pressure.
Predicting Delay in Presentation in Men with Peyronie's Disease

ABSTRACT Introduction Many men with Peyronie's disease (PD) delay presentation to a urologist. The reasons for this are unclear. Aim To define the differences in men who present early compared to those presenting in a delayed fashion and to determine predictors of delayed presentation. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients presenting for the first medical evaluation of PD. All patients underwent a standard history and physical examination and had a standardized deformity assessment. Demographic and PD parameters were recorded. Main Outcome Measures Statistical comparison was used to define factors that were different between early and delayed presenters and multivariable analysis was used to define predictors of presentation >12 months. Results 482 patients were analyzed, 61% presenting ≤12 months, 39% >12 months. Mean patient age was 52 ± 13 years and mean duration of PD was 17 ± 30 months. Mean measured curvature was 42° ± 19°. Multivariable analysis revealed that delayed presentation patients were significantly more likely to be older (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0), to be in long-term relationships (OR = 3.6), to have dorsal curvature (OR = 2.5), to have curvature Conclusions One-third of men with PD presented in a delayed fashion and they tended to be older, to be in long-term relationships, to have dorsal curvature, or to have simple deformity. Mulhall JP, Alex B, and Choi JM. Predicting delay in presentation in men with Peyronie's disease.
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of streptomycin-dependent mutants of Brucella.

Simon, Ellen M. (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and David T. Berman. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of streptomycin-dependent mutants of Brucella. J. Bacteriol. 83:1347–1355. 1962.—Streptomycin-dependent (Sd) mutants of Brucella suis and B. abortus were avirulent for guinea pigs whether selected in the presence of streptomycin only or streptomycin and normal or immune serum. Administration of large quantities of streptomycin to guinea pigs increased the numbers of organisms which could be recovered, but did not cause the development of progressive infections. Vaccination with Sd mutants of B. abortus diminished the pathological response of guinea pigs infected with a large challenge dose of virulent B. abortus, but equal numbers of organisms were recovered from vaccinated animals and unvaccinated controls. Vaccination with Sd mutants of B. suis protected some guinea pigs from small challenge doses. Immunization by multiple injections or by one injection plus streptomycin was superior to a single inoculation of organisms.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Medicalization of Misbehavior

During the past decade, there has been an increase in the diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This syndrome, typically diagnosed in childhood, is characterized by inattention, hyperactive motor behavior, and distractibility. Current prevalence rates obtained in various countries generally exceed the 3–5% reported by DSM-IV. Reasons for increased ADHD prevalence include changes in diagnostic standards, overlap between ADHD and other externalizing disorders, nonspecific behavioral criteria, and the rapid effects of stimulant medication on cognitive functioning. However, social, cultural, and economic factors may also contribute to increased diagnosis. ADHD has become a common topic in the lay media. Popular discussions of ADHD may serve as a metaphoric expression of social anxieties, particularly with respect to children. At the same time, ADHD has rapidly become incorporated into a medical model, with emphasis on pharmacological treatment. Reductions in mental health and educational services, as well as economic pressures of managed care, may also contribute to medicalization of behavioral problems. Collaboration between psychologists and primary care physicians can lead to more accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of ADHD and related disorders.
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR WIND: THEORY

A theory is presented for the origin of the solar wind, which is based on the behavior of the magnetic field of the Sun. The magnetic field of the Sun can be considered as having two distinct components: Open magnetic flux in which the field lines remain attached to the Sun and are dragged outward into the heliosphere with the solar wind. Closed magnetic flux in which the field remains entirely attached to the Sun, and forms loops and active regions in the solar corona. It is argued that the total open flux should tend to be constant in time, since it can be destroyed only if open flux of opposite polarity reconnect, a process that may be unlikely since the open flux is ordered into large-scale regions of uniform polarity. The behavior of open flux is thus governed by its motion on the solar surface. The motion may be due primarily to a diffusive process that results from open field lines reconnecting with randomly oriented closed loops, and also due to the usual convective motions on the solar surface such as differential rotation. The diffusion process needs to be described by a diffusion equation appropriate for transport by an external medium, which is different from the usual diffusion coefficient used in energetic particle transport. The loops required for the diffusion have been identified in recent observations of the Sun, and have properties, both in size and composition, consistent with their use in the model. The diffusive process, in which reconnection occurs between open field lines and loops, is responsible for the input of mass and energy into the solar wind.
Worlds for Study: Invitation - Virtual Worlds for Studying Real-World Business (and Law, and Politics, and Sociology, and....)

Virtual worlds promise to be an excellent venue for research and education in business and related disciplines. This document provides an introduction to virtual worlds, discusses why virtual worlds are so well-suited to the study of real-world business, and describes how a platform could weave together various types of virtual worlds and virtual spaces to achieve a variety of research and educational goals. I close by inviting instructors, students, researchers, textbook authors, publishers, game developers and others to join in a collaboration to make this vision a (virtual) reality.
Case Study in Computer Design

This chapter contains sections titled: Design Principles Design Decisions Identification of System Elements Architectural Design Test Strategies Fault Detection and Correction CRC Sequence Analysis Sequence Probability and Sequence Response Time Predictions and Analysis Sequence Failure Rate Reliability Detailed Design Summary References
The Relative Strength of the Hamstrings during Hip Extension

The role of the hamstrings in extension of the hip was determined in eight normal subjects by measuring maximum isometric hip extension torque in different positions of hip flexion before and after sciatic-nerve block. Total hip extensor strength increased more than twofold as the hip was flexed from zero to 90 degrees. Following sciatic-nerve block, hip extension strength was reduced approximately 50 per cent in all positions of hip flexion. The hamstrings accounted for approximately one-third of total measured extensor torque.
Dynamics of Contention

Dynamics of Contention. Dou McAdam, Sidney G. Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 387 pp.
The interaction of kaons with nucleons and nuclei

Abstract We review the status of experimental and theoretical investigations of kaon-nucleon and kaon-nucleus interactions and suggest areas likely to be of interest as the field of kaon-nuclear physics develops. The properties of K+N and K−N amplitudes are discussed in detail. For low energy, the K+N interaction is weak and slowly varying with energy. Therefore the K+ should be an important source of information regarding nuclear structure. The overlap and complementarity of the K+ as a nuclear probe are discussed in the context of other intermediate energy projectiles. In order to utilize K± beams for nuclear studies, more precise low and medium energy K±N data are also required, K− nucleus reactions, primarily because of the coupling to strangeness — 1 baryons (⋀, Σ) and Y∗ resonances, are expected to be more complicated than those of the K+. For the further study of hypernuclei and Y∗ resonances in nuclei, intense variable energy K− beams of good resolution are shown to be crucial. With such beams the study of hypernuclei could parallel the rich history of the study of nuclear structure. Besides providing a laboratory for studying hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interactions the addition of an impurity (hyperon) into the many-baryon system can provide additional tests of the existing models of the nucleus. We examine the many facets of kaon-nuclear physics which have been explored with current techniques and existing facilities. However, we argue that the full realization of the potential of this field requires a “kaon factory”.
Autologous, hapten-modified vaccine as a treatment for human cancers

Abstract We have devised a novel approach to active immunotherapy based on modification of autologous cancer cells with the hapten, dinitrophenyl (DNP). The treatment program consists of multiple intradermal injections of DNP-modified autologous tumor cells mixed with BCG. Administration of DNP-vaccine to patients with metastatic melanoma induces a unique reaction — the development of inflammation in metastatic masses. Histologically, this consists of infiltration of T lymphocytes, most of which are CD8+. These T cells usually produce gamma interferon in situ. Moreover, they represent expansion of T cell clones with novel T cell receptor structures. Occasionally, administration of DNP-vaccine results in partial or complete regression of measurable metastases. The most common site of regression has been small lung metastases. Administration of DNP-vaccine to patients in the post-surgical adjuvant setting produces a more striking clinical effect. We have treated 214 patients with clinically evident stage III melanoma who had undergone lymphadenectomy. With a median follow-up time of 4.4 years (1.8–10.4 years) the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate is 47% (one nodal site=51%, two nodal sites=33%). These results appear to be comparable to those obtained with high dose interferon. More recent studies suggest that this therapeutic approach is also applicable to ovarian cancer. There appear to be no insurmountable impediments to applying this approach to much larger numbers of patients or to developing it as a standard cancer treatment.
Finite element modeling of the temperature distribution in the stator of a synchronous generator

In this paper, we applied the finite element modeling to the stator temperature distribution of a hydroelectric generator. The electrical losses produce a temperature distribution in the stator of a synchronous generator. For the calculation and optimization of the temperature distribution, a full parameterized thermal model of the stator was created using the finite element method. Now it is possible to calculate the thermal effects of different parameter modifications and additionally we can optimize the heat transfer for the stator with variant calculations. The most important bar fitting systems and its thermal efforts are included in this thermal stator model. Our targets are to decrease the expensive and time‐consuming laboratory measurements in the future and improve the accuracy of the standard calculation software. To estimate the accuracy of the finite element model we build an additional laboratory model.