cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driving pattern identification for EV range estimation

This paper presents a driving pattern recognition method based on trip segment clustering. Driving patterns categorize various driving behaviors that contain certain energy demand property in common. It can be applied to various applications including intelligent transportation, emission estimation, passive/active safety controls and energy management controls. In this paper, pattern features are first identified from high impact factors from static and quasi-static environmental and traffic information. A feature based trip/route partitioning algorithm is then developed based on data clustering methods. The driving patterns are finally recognized by synthesizing all partitioned feature zones along the trip/route where each partitioned road section is distinguished by an attribute of feature combination that will result in a distinctive drive energy demand property. The driving pattern recognition is a critical technology especially in solving problems like range estimation and energy consumption preplanning for the plug-in capable electrified vehicles.
Fetal cell grafts into resection and contusion/compression injuries of the rat and cat spinal cord.

Abstract This article reviews recent findings concerning the feasibility, basic neurobiology, and potential functional benefits of fetal CNS tissue grafts into acute and chronic lesions of the adult spinal cord. In the rat, neuroanatomical observations suggest that transplants into resection cavities establish neuritic projections that could functionally reunite separated rostral and caudal segments of the host spinal cord. Furthermore, some complementary electrophysiological evidence has been obtained for synaptic connectivity between host and graft neurons. In these studies, extracellular singleunit activity was evoked in fetal spinal cord (FSC) transplants by stimulating host dorsal roots that had been juxtaposed to donor tissue at the time of transplantation. In other investigations, we examined whether grafts could also establish axonal projections to appropriate areas of gray matter in the chronically injured spinal cord. For this purpose, fetal serotoninergic (5-HT) neurons were injected caudal to complete spinal cord transections that had been made 1–3 months earlier. Immunocytochemistry revealed that these cells projected their axons into gray matter regions normally innervated by bulbospinal 5-HT neurons. To investigate transplantation in a more clinically relevant lesion model, a third group of experiments involved injection of dissociated cell suspensions into acute [ 2 years) of fetal CNS allografts in recipients with either subtotal transection or compression lesions. Preliminary studies of connectivity have also shown host-graft projection patterns similar to those seen in the rat. Behavioral analyses are currently underway to examine the effects of fetal grafts in cats with chronic postcompression lesions. These observations in the rat and cat are discussed in the general context of basic biological and clinical issues relevant to the long-term objective of promoting functional improvement in the damaged spinal cord.
The voting behavior of bureaucrats: Some empirical evidence

This paper has examined the voting behavior of bureaucrats and the consequences for elections. The economic theory of the rational voter predicts that bureaucrats would have more to gain by voting than the general public. The cost of voting is lower for public employees than for those who work in the private sector. As a consequence, theory predicts that bureaucrats would participate in elections at a greater rate than other individuals. As a test of the validity of the economic theory of voting, an empirical analysis of national elections from 1964 to 1978 was presented. The evidence is drawn from household survey data published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The data permit a direct observation of voting participation rates of public and private employees. The empirical results indicate that bureaucrats consistently participate in elections at significantly greater rates than non-bureaucrats. As the public sector expands and voter participation rates remain low, bureaucrats will exert disproportionate influence on election outcomes.
Enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission by GABAA receptors having α2,3-subunits ameliorates behavioral deficits in a mouse model of autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may arise from increased ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. Many pharmacological treatments have been tested in ASD, but only limited success has been achieved. Here we report that BTBR T(+)Itpr3(tf)/J (BTBR) mice, a model of idiopathic autism, have reduced spontaneous GABAergic neurotransmission. Treatment with low nonsedating/nonanxiolytic doses of benzodiazepines, which increase inhibitory neurotransmission through positive allosteric modulation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors, improved deficits in social interaction, repetitive behavior, and spatial learning. Moreover, negative allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors impaired social behavior in C57BL/6J and 129SvJ wild-type mice, suggesting that reduced inhibitory neurotransmission may contribute to social and cognitive deficits. The dramatic behavioral improvement after low-dose benzodiazepine treatment was subunit specific-the α2,3-subunit-selective positive allosteric modulator L-838,417 was effective, but the α1-subunit-selective drug zolpidem exacerbated social deficits. Impaired GABAergic neurotransmission may contribute to ASD, and α2,3-subunit-selective positive GABAA receptor modulation may be an effective treatment.
Integrated Sensing of Pressure Distribution at the Workpiece-Tool Interface in Sheet Metal Stamping

To improve process monitoring in the sheet metal stamping process, it is of interest to measure the contact pressure distribution at the workpiece-tool interface. This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a tooling integrated sensing method that estimates the pressure distribution on the contact interface through an array of force sensors embedded in the stamping tool. Experiments were conducted to evaluate two techniques for integrating force sensors into the tool structure. The spatially discrete nature of the sensor measurements necessitates the use of a numerical interpolation model to construct continuous pressure distribution maps from the discrete sensing locations. Experiments conducted on a customized panel stamping test bed confirmed the effectiveness of the tooling-integrated sensing method for improving the observability of the process with benefits to process designers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Renewal of Psychedelic Research: Implications for Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology

A number of medication trials at major U.S. research universities are now, once more, legally exploring psychedelics' vast potential for treating various physical and psychological problems. These studies have been approved based on a medical model that considers psychedelics' effects as primarily biochemical, but some are also addressing wider humanistic and transpersonal implications for research and praxis. These studies may challenge the prevailing medical model of psychopathology that not only reduces humans to just their biology but also has led to widespread medical treatments through formularies that predominantly constrict, rather than enhance, human potential. Psychedelics offer great potential as tools for researching elusive areas within humanistic and transpersonal psychology, as well as powerful ways to facilitate humanistic and transpersonal growth.
Evaluating bone health in women with oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer (ERBC) starting aromatase inhibitors

Abstract Aims There is an increase in fractures in women with oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer (ERBC) particularly those taking aromatase inhibitors (AIs). How to identify women at osteoporosis risk, assess bone health and who to treat, are questions not adequately answered by previous studies. Methods We present an audit of osteoporosis risk factors, bone mineral density (BMD) measurement and other data relevant to bone health (falls and laboratory tests) in 85 women with ERBC starting AIs. Results Only 9/85 (11%) women overall and only 2/13 with previous peripheral fragility fractures had osteoporosis. Of note, secondary hyperparathyroidism was present in 40% of women 70 years. Conclusions Reliance on BMD alone to guide decisions for osteoporosis prevention treatment in those taking AIs would lead to few women being treated. Osteoporosis risk in women taking AIs is likely influenced by factors other than those encompassed by BMD alone.
Optical field study of near-field optical recording with a solid immersion lens

The use of a solid immersion lens (SIL) is an important technique for increasing areal density in optical recording. Here an approximate method is presented for analyzing the optical fields in a SIL above a half-space and a SIL above a multilayer recording medium. Both propagating and evanescent components are included in the distribution of fields below the SIL. An approximate closed-form expression is given for the decay of the intensity away from the SIL surface above a half-space. In the case of a SIL above a recording medium the model describes the strong oscillations that are observed in the reflected Kerr rotation and ellipticity as the medium spacing is varied. These oscillations are attributed to standing waves in the propagating field component.
Prime ideals of the enveloping algebra U(sl 3)

All prime ideals of the enveloping algebra U= U(sl 3), over an arbitrary field of characteristic zero, are listed by generators and classified by height. The inclusions between these ideals are also determined. Each prime ideal Iof Uis presented by generators in several different ways. At one pole, we give a generating set for Ias an adjoint module, and this includes a description for the expression of every possible highest weight element of I. At the other pole, except for the case when the ideal is generated by the central variablesIhas a single generator as a two-sided ideal of U.
Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists on monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production and macrophage infiltration in leiomyomatous uterus.

Abstract Objective: The level of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a potent chemoattractant for monocytes, is fivefold higher in myometrium than in leiomyoma. We have previously shown that myometrium from women using GnRH agonists (GnRH-a) express the highest levels of MCP-1, which has antiproliferative effects on leiomyoma cells. We hypothesized that MCP-1 may have a direct paracrine effect in leiomyomatous uterus rather than acting by way of chemoattraction of macrophages. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University medical center. Patient(s): Women with leiomyoma (n = 32). Intervention(s): Immunohistochemical analysis performed in the myometrium and leiomyoma of women receiving (n = 11) and not receiving (n = 21) GnRH-a treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s): The MCP-1 levels and macrophage counts determined by immunohistochemistry in the myometrium and leiomyoma of women receiving GnRH-a were compared to the levels and counts in women not receiving GnRH-a. Result(s): Samples from all 11 patients using GnRH-a revealed strong MCP-1 staining, whereas staining was only weakly present in 11 and absent in 10 samples from patients not receiving GnRH-a, revealing a significant difference in MCP-1 expression between GnRH-a users versus nonusers ( P =.006). The number of tissue macrophages between GnRH-a users and nonusers was not significantly different. Conclusion(s): We found that there is an increase in the MCP-1 protein expression in the myometrium of women receiving GnRH-a treatment. On the other hand, we have not observed a difference in the macrophage count and distribution with GnRH-a treatment, suggesting a potentially direct antiproliferative role for MCP-1 rather than acting by means of chemoattraction of macrophages.
COMPUTER ASSISTED DOSAGE FOR INTRA-MUSCULAR GENTAMICIN FOR INFANTS LESS THAN 1500 GRAMS

Published guidelines for gentamicin doses based on weight may not be appropriate for low birth weight infants. Utilizing first order pharmacokinetics, a computer assisted program was used based on birth weight and known peak (P) and trough (T) levels when a standard dose of gentamicin of 2.5 mg/kg q 12 hr IM was given. The dose of IM gentamicin and the interval of administration was then calculated by the program. The dose of gentamicin was so accurate that subsequent gentamicin levels were maintained at less than 8mcg/ml (P) and less than 2mcg/ml (T) thereby reducing the chance for renal or oto-toxicity. Sub-theraputic levels of gentamicin did not occur. Our data for IM gentamicin confirm work by Edgren (Pediat. Res 16:A-273, 1982) for IV gentamicin in low birth weight infants.
Microphotometric and autoradiographic studies on the cell cycle and cell size during growth and decline of Chinese hamster cell cultures.

Summary A combination of (1) microphotometric determinations of the DNA and protein content and the dry mass of single cells and (2) autoradiography was used to follow the changes in cell cycle parameters and cell growth in cultures of Chinese hamster cells as they passed from the initial stages of growth, through the exponential phase, into decline. Cell counts and total protein determinations were used to follow the overall culture growth. In the lag phase and early part of the exponential growth phase, cell size and the relative duration of the combined periods S through M increased. In the latter half of the exponential phase, cell size at mitosis and the duration of S through M decreased, while the length of the cell cycle and the size of the cells at the initiation of DNA synthesis remained essentially constant. As the cultures went into the decline phase resulting from cell death, the cell cycle increased greatly, primarily because of an increase in G1. At thesame time, cell size at mitosis and at the initiation of DNA synthesis decreased, because the cells continued to go through the cycle with very little net increase in protein content. There was evidence that at least 40% of the cells remained in the cycle well into the decline period, and no evidence that any cells left thecycle. A description of the events can be given in terms of the rates of three processes: protein synthesis, initiation of DNA synthesis, and initiation of mitosis. There are indications that the rate of initiation of mitosis is less closely associated with the rate of protein synthesis than is the rate of initiation of DNA synthesis.
Self-tuning optimal regulation of respiratory motor output by Hebbian covariance learning

The respiratory motor system is a specialized musculoskeletal system that is controlled by a small assembly of neuronal clusters in the brainstem. Its prime function is to maintain CO(2), O(2), and pH homeostasis in arterial circulation through the motor act of breathing. A longstanding dilemma is that during muscular exercise homeostatic regulation occurs automatically without any apparent feedback or feedforward signals, whereas the homeostasis is readily abolished by exogenous chemical challenge. Recently, it has been proposed that these seemingly incongruous behaviors of the respiratory controller may be a manifestation of self-tuning adaptive control. This hypothesis is supported in part by recent discoveries of various memory systems in the brainstem controller including short- and long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission as well as the dramatic abolishment of homeostatic regulation in mutant mice with targeted genetic disruption of the NMDA receptors. In this paper, we propose a model of self-tuning homeostatic regulation based upon a synaptic adaptation rule-Hebbian covariance learning rule-that has been suggested to underlie many forms of learning and memory in the higher brain. We show that such an adaptation rule may be a useful neuronal substrate for reinforcement learning in optimization tasks. The model demonstrates how spontaneous oscillations and/or random-like fluctuations of neural activity may be exploited by the controller to adaptively regulate and optimize motor output. Such a self-tuning neural control paradigm, which operates without the need for any internal model of the external environment, is generally applicable to a class of steady-state optimal regulation problems with infinite time horizon. An interesting implication of the present results is that brain intelligent control can occur at a subconscious level without the need for voluntary intervention from the higher brain. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Characterization and evolutionary history of an archaeal kinase involved in selenocysteinyl-tRNA formation.

Selenocysteine (Sec)-decoding archaea and eukaryotes employ a unique route of Sec-tRNA Sec synthesis in which O-phosphoseryl-tRNA Sec kinase (PSTK) phosphorylates Ser-tRNA Sec to produce the O-phosphoseryl-tRNA Sec (Sep-tRNA Sec ) substrate that Sep-tRNA:Sec-tRNA synthase (SepSecS) converts to Sec-tRNA Sec . This study presents a biochemical characterization of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii PSTK, including kinetics of Sep-tRNA Sec formation (Km for Ser-tRNA Sec of 40nM and ATP of 2.6mM). PSTK binds both Ser-tRNA Sec and tRNA Sec with high affinity (Kd values of 53nM and 39nM, respectively). The ATPase activity of PSTK may be activated via an induced fit mechanism in which binding of tRNA Sec specifically stimulates hydrolysis. Albeit with lower activity than ATP, PSTK utilizes GTP, CTP, UTP and dATP as phosphatedonors. Homology with related kinases allowed prediction of the ATPase active site, comprised of phosphate-binding loop (P-loop), Walker B and RxxxR motifs. Gly14, Lys17, Ser18, Asp41, Arg116 and Arg120 mutations resulted in enzymes with decreased activity highlighting the importance of these conserved motifs in PSTK catalysis both in vivo and in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis of PSTK in the context of its ‘DxTN’ kinase family shows that PSTK co-evolved precisely with SepSecS and indicates the presence of a previously unidentified PSTK in Plasmodium species.
Tyrosine, cysteine, and S-adenosyl methionine stimulate in vitro [FeFe] hydrogenase activation.

Background [FeFe] hydrogenases are metalloenzymes involved in the anaerobic metabolism of H2. These proteins are distinguished by an active site cofactor known as the H-cluster. This unique [6Fe–6S] complex contains multiple non-protein moieties and requires several maturation enzymes for its assembly. The pathways and biochemical precursors for H-cluster biosynthesis have yet to be elucidated. Principal Findings We report an in vitro maturation system in which, for the first time, chemical additives enhance [FeFe] hydrogenase activation, thus signifying in situ H-cluster biosynthesis. The maturation system is comprised of purified hydrogenase apoprotein; a dialyzed Escherichia coli cell lysate containing heterologous HydE, HydF, and HydG maturases; and exogenous small molecules. Following anaerobic incubation of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii HydA1 apohydrogenase with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), cysteine, tyrosine, iron, sulfide, and the non-purified maturases, hydrogenase activity increased 5-fold relative to incubations without the exogenous substrates. No conditions were identified in which addition of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) improved hydrogenase maturation. Significance The in vitro system allows for direct investigation of [FeFe] hydrogenase activation. This work also provides a foundation for studying the biosynthetic mechanisms of H-cluster biosynthesis using solely purified enzymes and chemical additives.
Predicting 1-year mortality after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Objective Benefit of prophylactic abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair requires sufficient survival to overcome operative risk. Since death within 1 year of elective open or endovascular (EVAR) infrarenal AAA repair likely indicates ineffective treatment, we developed a prediction model for 1-year mortality to aid clinical decision-making. Methods We used a prospective registry of 1387 consecutive patients who had undergone elective AAA repair from 2003 to 2007 by 50 surgeons from 11 hospitals in Northern New England. Cox proportional hazards were used to analyze potential risk factors for 1-year mortality, including medical comorbidities, aortic clamp site, preoperative risk factor modification (eg, beta-blockade), and aneurysm diameter. Results Thirty-day and 1-year mortality after open repair (n = 748) was 2.3% and 5.8%, and after EVAR (n = 639) was 0.5% and 5.7%, respectively. Factors associated with death within 1-year after open repair were: age ≥ 70 ( P = .007; hazard ratio [HR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-6.3), history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ( P P = .008; HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.2) and suprarenal aortic clamp site ( P r = 0.97). For EVAR, identified risk factors for death within 1 year included a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) ( P = .002; HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.5), and aneurysm diameter ≥6.5 cm ( P = .04 95% CI 1.0-4.8). Depending on the number of risk factors present, predicted mortality ranged from 3.6% to 23%. A model using CHF and aneurysm diameter correlated well with actual mortality rates, with an observed to expected ratio of 0.96. Conclusion Predictors of 1-year mortality can identify patients less likely to benefit from elective AAA repair. These factors differ for open repair vs EVAR and should be considered in individual patient decision-making. Our EVAR model had less impact on 1-year survival, even if CHF and large AAA diameter were present. However, a combination of age, COPD, renal insufficiency, and need for suprarenal clamping have significant impact on 1-year mortality after open AAA repair. Consideration of these variables should assist decision-making for elective AAA repair, especially in borderline cases.
Presence of a CMR-based U-shaped contraction pattern and optimal LV pacing lead position determines best response to CRT

Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves outcomes in many heart failure patients, yet 1 in 3 patients do not positively respond. A “U-shaped” left ventricular (LV) activation pattern (type II), suggestive of electrical conduction block, can be characterized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and has been associated with improved CRT response compared to a more homogenous (type I) activation pattern. In other studies, targeting the LV pacing lead to the latest site of LV activation has been associated with improved response. We hypothesized that patients with CMR derived type II ventricular activation pattern and a concordant LV lead placement would have superior CRT response.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED MODELING OF MARKETING MANAGERS PROBLEM SOLVING BEHAVIOR

Abstract Today, a large number of powerful analytic methods is available to marketing managers. In many cases, though, managers solve marketing problems based only on their experience, judgements, and beliefs rather than using a quantitative model. Even when a quantitative model is applied, human judgement is necessary to decide whether the model is appropriate and to interpret the results. This paper presents how Artificial Intelligence concepts can be applied to identify the marketing managers' problem solving approaches and capture them in a computer program. Specifically, an expert system for market share analysis of a consumer brand is developed.
Advocacy Representation and Resistance Two NGOs’ Efforts to Communicate the Movement for Roma Rights, 1990-2006

This article offers the case study of two nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have tailored and improved their communication efforts so that politicians, governments, and international organi...
Reduced level of glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 kDa in the prefrontal cortex in major depression.

Accumulating evidence suggests dysfunction of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in major depressive disorder (MDD). Neuroimaging studies consistently report reductions of cortical GABA in depressed patients. Our post-mortem analyses demonstrate a reduction in the density and size of GABAergic interneurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in MDD. The goal of this study was to test whether the level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA synthesizing enzyme, will also be reduced in the same cortical region in MDD. Levels of GAD-65 and GAD-67 proteins were investigated by Western blotting in samples from the dorsolateral PFC (BA9) in 13 medication-free subjects with MDD, and 13 psychiatrically healthy controls. The overall amount of GAD-67 was significantly reduced (−34 %) in depressed subjects as compared to matched controls. Since recent neuroimaging studies demonstrate that antidepressants modulate GABA levels, additional experiments were performed to examine the levels of GAD in 8 depressed subjects treated with antidepressant medications. Levels of GAD-67 were unchanged in these depressed subjects as compared to their respective controls (n=8). The overall amounts of GAD-65 were similar in depressed subjects compared to matched controls, regardless of antidepressant medication. Reduced levels of GAD-67, which is localized to somata of GABA neurons, further support our observation of a decreased density of GABAergic neurons in the PFC in depression. It is likely that a decrease in GAD-67 accounts for the reduction in GABA levels revealed by neuroimaging studies. Moreover, our data support previous neuroimaging observations that antidepressant medication normalizes GABA deficits in depression.
Superior mesenteric artery is more important than inferior mesenteric artery in maintaining colonic mucosal perfusion and integrity in rats

Mucosal hemodynamics (by reflectance spectrophotometry) and mucosal damage (by histologic examination) following acute colonic ischemia were evaluated in different anatomic locations in the colon of anesthetized rats. The reflectance spectrophotometer provides an index of mucosal hemoglobin concentration (IHB) and an index of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (ISO2). The patterns of ischemia without congestion (↓IHB, ↓ISO2) during superior mesenteric artery occlusion, and ischemia with congestion (↑IHB, ↓ISO2) during portal vein occlusion, previously demonstrated in the stomach and duodenum, are also applicable to the colon. The significant linear correlations between changes (as percent of baseline) in IHB, ISO2, and hydrogen gas clearance suggest that changes in these indices are adequate indicators of changes in colonic mucosal perfusion. Superior mesenteric artery ligation produced significant reductions in both indices, and an increase in damage in the mucosa of the cecum, transverse colon, splenic flexure, and left colon, but not the rectum. Inferior mesenteric artery ligation produced only slight reduction in these indices and minimal damage only in the mucosa of the splenic flexure. These results support the hypothesis that the superior mesenteric artery is more important than the inferior mesenteric artery in maintaining colonic perfusion and colonic mucosal integrity in the rat.
Measurements of myocardial metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease

Therapeutic approaches to left ventricular dysfunction in ischemic heart disease are likely to be guided by the answers to 2 major questions: (1) which mechanisms account for the deterioration or loss of contractile function, and (2) can contractile function be improved or restored therapeutically? Both questions can face considerable diagnostic challenges. Two main mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of reversible dysfunction-myocardial hibernation and myocardial stunning. Both general concepts share a number of clinical features so that standard clinical approaches often fail to discriminate between them. The presence of regionally increased fibrosis in scar tissue formation associated with decreased blood flow further complicates the search for truly reversible dysfunction.
The Native American Adolescent: Social Network Structure and Perceptions of Alcohol Induced Social Problems

Race/ethnicity and the structure of an adolescent's social network are both important factors in the etiology of delinquent behavior. Yet, much of the minority-group delinquency literature overlooks the Native American youth population that traditionally exhibits high rates of alcohol use and abuse. Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we compare the structural characteristics of school-based friendship networks of American Indian youth and other racial/ethnic groups. Our core sample for the descriptive analysis consists of 70,841 youth (Caucasian = 42,096; Black = 13,554; Asian = 4,758; Hispanic = 4,464; American Indian = 3,426; Other = 2,543; Female = 50%). We find that Native American youth generally occupy similar social positions within school hierarchies compared to other minority groups. However, American Indian youth have fewer ties at the school level than Caucasian youth, including reports of fewer reciprocated friendships, a smaller number of in-school friends, and membership in less cohesive personal networks. We also focus on the detrimental social and physical consequences of alcohol use during adolescence and offer an extended consequences model (n = 5,841) that includes the interactive effects of race/ethnicity, age, and drinking influences on relationships with friends (Caucasian = 59%; Black = 19%; Asian = 7%; Hispanic = 7%; American Indian = 5%; Other = 3%; Female = 54%). American Indian youth are no more likely than other youth to report personal drinking as being detrimental to social relationships with parents, peers, and romantic partners. We address ties between our findings and criminal justice policies and practices, as well as the implications for similar network analyses involving other racial/ethnic groups.
The year of improved tissue acquisition, randomized trials, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapy.

Presentations at this year’s Digestive Disease Week (DWW; 7 – 10 May, 2011; Chicago, Illinois, USA) reflected a very active year for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). There were numerous abstracts on EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy to improve tissue acquisition, improve diagnostic accuracy, and indeed go beyond routine cytology and tissue diagnosis. EUS-guided therapy including drainage, anastomoses, injection of therapeutic agents, and ablation were other common themes with a lot of new information presented, much of which was obtained from randomized trials. This review discusses in detail some of the abstracts that followed a common theme. Additional interesting abstracts on this topic are listed at the end of the review.
Apteriform development induced by radish seedlings in larvae of the aphid Myzus persicae reared on artificial diet.

The majority of the larvae deposited on artificial diet by groups of plant-reared apterous Myzus persicae develop into alatae on the diet. Whereas the nature of the diet was previously held to promote this situation, the results of this study indicate that the diet is relatively morph-inactive. Presumptive alatiform larvae are produced on diet as a result of interactions between their mothers. Whereas on diet such larvae continue on an alatiform course of development, an increasing proportion of larvae are diverted from this course the longer they are allowed to feed on seedling radish plants during the first two instars.
Broadband propeller noise prediction in the plane of the rotor

The broadband noise from rotors is Often considered to be dominated by unsteady lift and trailing edge noise, but the predicted levels from these source mechanisms Dave been found to underestimate the observed noise levels in the plane of the rotor. This paper considers the application of Hawkings "unsteady thickness noise" theory to account f o r this discrepancy. generalized formulation for the sound radiation from a blade passing through homogeneous turbulence is derived and the theoretical results are compared with the measurements of noise from a model scale rotor presented by Paterson and Amiet. A
Thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle

A study was designed to investigate the thermoregulatory responses of feeder cattle to both acute and chronic exposures to elevated environmental temperatures. Rectal temperatures (RT) and respiration rate (RR) showed significant differences between temperature treatments. Both RT and RR had a diurnal pattern, which followed the diurnal pattern of the ambient conditions with some lag. Heat production at thermoneutral conditions was significantly higher than at the heat stress treatments. Heat production and respiratory quotient were the only two parameters shown to change with acclimation to heat stress.
Lifson–Roig nucleation for α-helices in trifluoroethanol: context has a strong effect on the helical propensity of amino acids

Abstract We have investigated the effect of substituting each of 19 common amino acids (excluding P) at the X position in the peptide acetyl-Y-VAEAK-TSXSR-VAEAK-NH2. This very different peptide is of interest because, in previous work, we showed that nucleation in the strong α-helix-forming pentamers VAEAK was unable to propagate the helix structure through the sequence TSDSR, which is neither a helix-forming sequence nor a breaker, but is indifferent to helix formation. Substitution in the center of the indifferent sequence reveals an interesting measure of the helical propensity for the 19 amino acids. CD spectra were measured in various mixtures of buffer and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), and then analyzed for helix propensity of the amino acids using the Lifson–Roig model. However, the nucleation parameter in the Lifson–Roig model has never been measured for TFE. We have empirically found that the nucleation parameter for a solvent can be determined from the data normally used to determine only the propagation parameters. The results of the analysis of the CD show that most amino acids are excellent or good helix formers in 90% TFE, while amino acids D, W, F and G are poor helix formers for the indifferent pentamer sequence. The helix propensity of the 19 amino acids is quite different from the helix propensity measured in other peptide sequences, demonstrating the context dependence of this property. The results as a function of alcohol concentration confirm that the relative order of helical propensity of amino acids changes with solvent environment. Clearly, the prediction of α-helical secondary structure from protein sequence requires more than a single helical propensity for each amino acid.
A mathematical model of in vivo methotrexate accumulation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Interindividual differences in lymphoblast accumulation of MTX and its active metabolites, methotrexate polyglutamates (MTXPG), may contribute to the effectiveness of treatment among ALL subtypes. To better understand these differences in MTXPG accumulation, we developed a model to characterize the cellular influx and efflux of MTX, formation of MTXPG by the addition of glutamyl residues catalyzed by FPGS (folylpolyglutamate synthetase), and cleavage of glutamyl residues from MTXPG by GGH (γ-glutamyl hydrolase). The model was fitted to in vivo intracellular MTXPG concentrations measured serially in leukemic blasts from 20 newly diagnosed patients with ALL treated with 24-h intravenous infusions of MTX. The observed median concentrations of total MTXPG at 44 h was higher in B-lineage than in T-cell ALL (1706 vs 518 pmol/109 cells, P<0.025), consistent with the higher estimated Vmax for FPGS activity in B-lineage vs T-lineage blasts (414 vs 93 pmol/109 cells/h, P<0.008). Simulations based on the model-estimated parameters indicated greater accumulation of MTX, MTXPGs (MTXPG2–7) and total MTX (MTXPG1–7) with longer MTX infusions and with higher MTX doses, with the highest concentrations in hyperdiploid B-lineage, intermediate in non-hyperdiploid B-lineage, and lowest in T-cell ALL. These differences provide mechanistic and treatment insights for lineage and ploidy differences in MTXPG accumulation in human leukemia cells in vivo.
Deconstructing energy use in microelectronics manufacturing: an experimental case study of a MEMS fabrication facility.

Semiconductors are quite energy intensive to manufacture on the basis of energy required per mass of material processed. This analysis draws on original data from a case study of the Analog Devices Micromachined Products Division MEMS fabrication facility to examine the consequence of process rate on the energy intensity of semiconductor manufacturing. We trace the impact of process rate on energy intensity at different length scales, first presenting top-down data, then results of a bottom-up study, and concluding with individual process analyses. Interestingly, while production increased by almost a factor of 2 over the course of the study, energy demand remained virtually constant. At its most efficient, 270 kWh of electricity were required per six inch wafer in the manufacture of the MEMS devices produced at the fabrication facility. In part, the large amount of energy required per unit output is a function of the preponderance of energy used by support equipment; our data show that the facility suppo...
Isonicotinyl hydrazones as antitubercular agents and derivatives for identification of aldehydes and ketones

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide is found to be a good reagent for the identification of aldehydes and ketones. Of 106. carbonyl compounds tested, 93 form crystalline isonicotinyl hydrazones with distinct melting points; the remaining 13, which crystallize very slowly, may be converted into their hydrochlorides and identified. A large number of isonicotinyl hydrazones are found to possess very high in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. They are apparently more effective than streptomycin and less toxic than isonicotinic acid hydrazide.
Real-time tomographic holography for augmented reality

The concept and instantiation of real-time tomographic holography (RTTH) for augmented reality is presented. RTTH enables natural hand-eye coordination to guide invasive medical procedures without requiring tracking or a head-mounted device. It places a real-time virtual image of an object's cross section into its actual location, without noticeable viewpoint dependence (e.g., parallax error). The virtual image is viewed through a flat narrowband holographic optical element (HOE) with optical power that generates an in-situ virtual image (within 1 m of the HOE) from a small spatial light modulator display without obscuring a direct view of the physical world. Rigidly fixed upon a medical ultrasound probe, an RTTH device could show the scan in its actual location inside the patient, even as the probe was moved relative to the patient.
Multiple modes of subunit association in the structures of simple spherical viruses

The molecular organization of simple icosahedrally symmetric viruses often requires that their coat protein subunits have alternative ways of packing, depending on position in the viral shell. The structures of such viruses, seen at high resolution, show how this flexibility is built into the subunit contacts and how it can be controlled during assembly.
Does Salicylic Acid Act as a Signal in Cotton for Induced Resistance to Helicoverpa zea

Our previous study indicated that insect herbivory on cotton induced resistance to the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea). Here we examine the role of salicylic acid as a signal in cotton for the induced resistance. Abundant evidence has accumulated showing that salicylic acid plays a key role in coordinating the expression of systemic acquired resistance against phyto-pathogens. We report that herbivory results in significant increases in foliar salicylic acid and H2O2, a response frequently observed following pathogenesis. In other well-studied systems (e.g., tobacco), salicylic acid inhibits the enzymatic decomposition of H2O2 by catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, but in cotton, salicylic acid has no effect on these enzymes in vitro. Furthermore, while herbivory enhances foliar catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, the application of salicylic acid or methyl salicylate to cotton plants does not affect foliar resistance to H. zea. The possible role of salicylic acid as a signal for induced resistance is discussed in light of these findings.
Growth of semimetallic ErAs films epitaxially embedded in GaAs

We present models for the growth and electrical conductivity of ErAs films grown with the nanoparticle-seeded film growth technique. This growth mode overcomes the mismatch in rotational symmetry between the rocksalt ErAs crystal structure and the zincblende GaAs crystal structure. This results in films of ErAs grown through a thin film of GaAs that preserves the symmetry of the substrate. The conductivity of the films, as a function of film thickness, are investigated and a surface roughness model is used to explain observed trends. Transmission electron micrographs confirm the suppression of anti-phase domains. A simple diffusion model is developed to describe the diffusion and incorporation of surface erbium into subsurface ErAs layers and predict potential failure mechanisms of the growth method.
Institutional Change and Political Conflict: Evaluating Alternative Explanations of Electoral Reform in Costa Rica

This article seeks to identify the conditions that prompt executives and legislators to reform electoral laws, especially those with far-ranging and redistributive consequences. It pursues this objective by evaluating the ability of alternative models of political behaviour and institutional reform to account for the promulgation of the 1946 Electoral Code in Costa Rica, one of the oldest and most stable democracies in Latin America and in the world, more generally. The 1946 Electoral Code, among other reasons, merits study because its enactment threatened to loosen the governing party's grip on the presidency in the 1948 elections and promised to eradicate — if not reduce — its majority in Congress in the 1946 midterm as well as 1948 elections. A central conclusion of this article is that, contrary to some recent critiques of strategic models of institutional change, the inability of legislative seat maximization or career protection models to explain the promulgation of the 1946 Electoral Code does not mean that rational choice theories cannot account for the reform of electoral laws. By developing a third model that focuses upon the interest incumbents have in promoting political stability, this article shows that the creation of institutions that promise to punish key sectors of the ruling bloc is prompted, in part, by the threat of a civil war that at least some incumbents fear losing' The establishment of institutions with such redistributive repercussions also stems from the willingness of some within the ruling bloc to fashion a new alliance with those in the opposition who also share an interest in political stability.
Revision of the genera Amblydromella Muma and Anthoseius de Leon (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract Amblydromella Muma is revised and the following subgenera are described: Amblydromella Muma, Aphanoseia Wainstein, Lindquistoseia n. subgen., and Prasadoseia n. subgen. The monotypic genus Anthoseius De Leon is similar to Amblydromella, but can be separated on the basis of the shape and length of the dorsal setae, short, thick legs, width of peritreme, modified cheliceral denticles, a ventrianal shield that is often fragmented, presence of z3 in protonymph (absent in protonymph of Amblydromella), host plant, and geographical distribution
Robustness testing of a distributed simulation backplane

Creating robust software requires not only careful specification and implementation, but also quantitative measurement. This paper describes Ballista exception handling testing of the High Level Architecture RunTime Infrastructure (HLA RTI). The RTI is a standard distributed simulation system intended to provide completely robust exception handling, yet implementations have normalized robustness failure rates as high as 10%. Non-robust testing responses include exception handler crashes, segmentation violations, "unknown" exceptions, and task hangs. Other issues include different robustness failure modes across ports to two operating systems, and mandatory client machine rebooting after a particular RTl failure. Testing the RTI led to scalable extensions of the Ballista architecture for handling exception-based error reporting models, testing object-oriented software structures (including call-backs, pass by reference, and constructors), and operating in a state-rich, distributed system environment. These results demonstrate that robustness testing can provide useful feedback to high-quality software development processes, and can be applied to domains well beyond the previous work on testing operating systems.
Cramer-Rao bound analysis of wideband source localization and DOA estimation

In this paper, we derive the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for wideband source localization and DOA estimation. The resulting CRB formula can be decomposed into two terms: one that depends on the signal characteristic and one that depends on the array geometry. For a uniformly spaced circular array (UCA), a concise analytical form of the CRB can be given by using some algebraic approximation. We further define a DOA beamwidth based on the resulting CRB formula. The DOA beamwidth can be used to design the sampling angular spacing for the Maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithm. For a randomly distributed array, we use an elliptical model to determine the largest and smallest effective beamwidth. The effective beamwidth and the CRB analysis of source localization allow us to design an efficient algorithm for the ML estimator. Finally, our simulation results of the Approximated Maximum Likelihood (AML) algorithm are demonstrated to match well to the CRB analysis at high SNR.
Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects.

Aging is associated with declining activity of the GH axis, possibly contributing to adverse body composition changes and increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. The stimulatory effects on the GH-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis of orally administered MK-677, a GH-releasing peptide mimetic, were investigated. Thirty-two healthy subjects (15 women and 17 men, aged 64-81 yr) were enrolled in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. They received placebo or 2, 10, or 25 mg MK-677, orally, once daily for 2 separate study periods of 14 and 28 days. At baseline and on day 14 of each study period, blood was collected every 20 min for 24 h to measure GH, PRL, and cortisol. Attributes of pulsatile GH release were assessed by 3 independent algorithms. MK-677 administration for 2 weeks increased GH concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, with 25 mg/day increasing mean 24-h GH concentration 97 +/- 23% (mean +/- SE; P < 0.05 vs. baseline). This increase was due to an enhancement of pree...
Simple models for power optimization across transmission, equalization and decoding

This paper provides simplistic models for optimization over transmit, equalization, and decoding power in a communication system for a given attainable rate, bandwidth, error-probability, and the channel taps between the transmitter and the receiver. For equalization, we focus on the digital feedback equalizer (DFE) and observe that the number of taps equalized should increase with the transmit power, and characterize the regime to where additional available power should be invested in transmission or equalization. For decoding, we focus on the message-passing decoder for any code, and provide a model for power consumed in the computational nodes and interconnects of the decoder, using which we formulate an optimization problem to minimize the total power consumed in transmission, equalization, and decoding.