cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal Design: Implications for Computing Education

Universal design (UD), a concept that grew from the field of architecture, has recently emerged as a paradigm for designing instructional methods, curriculum, and assessments that are welcoming and accessible to students with a wide range of characteristics, including those related to race, ethnicity, native language, gender, age, and disability. This proactive approach holds promise for more fully including underrepresented groups in computing studies and for decreasing the need, and thus costs, for academic accommodations for students with disabilities. This article summarizes the history and development of UD, references research and practices that support the UD approach, provides examples of the strategies that apply UD to instruction and assessment, and recommends topics for future research. Although the application of UD to teaching and learning is in its infancy, the potential of UD to improve computing instruction should not be ignored. Further research could test the efficacy of specific UD practices in promoting learning in computing fields.
Stress Concentration in a Cylindrical Shell Containing a Circular Hole

The state of stress in a cylindrical shell containing a circular cutout was determined for axial tension, torsion, and internal pressure loading. The solution was obtained for the shallow shell equations by a variational method. The results were expressed in terms of a nondimensional curvature parameter which was a function of shell radius, shell thickness, and hole radius. The function chosen for the solution was such that when the radius of the cylindrical shell approaches infinity, the flat-plate solution was obtained. The results are compared with solutions obtained by more rigorous analytical methods, and with some experimental results. For small values of the curvature parameter, the agreement is good. For higher values of the curvature parameter, the present solutions indicate a limiting value of stress concentration, which is in contrast to previous results.
Check Out That Body: A Community Awareness Campaign in New York City

The authors evaluate the effectiveness of the small media campaign in raising community awareness about the importance of going for a health check up. Data were collected over time from 535 respondents ages 15–30 years using cross-sectional surveys in two low-income, predominantly African–American communities in New York city. Regression analyses indicated campaign material recognition at 15 months was significantly higher in the intervention community relative to the comparison community. There were no significant changes in social norms, attitudes, or beliefs. Media campaigns aimed at adolescents and young adults on a community-wide level are an effective means of gaining material recognition. Editors’ Strategic Implications: This research illustrates the effect of a public health media campaign on awareness, but it also serves as a reminder to public health officials that awareness is not necessarily sufficient to promote attitudinal or behavioral health changes.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an accepted non-invasive modality for evaluation of soft tissue pathology without exposure to ionizing radiation. Current applications demonstrate excellent visualization of the anatomy and pathology of various organs. Preliminary studies in the knee reveal fine resolution of anatomy and pathology involving the meniscus. The purpose of this study is to determine a prospective correlation between MRI scans and actual meniscal pathology as documented at the time of arthroscopy. MRI scans were obtained in 155 patients, on 156 knees (one patient with bilateral scans), with 86 patients (87 knees) eventually undergoing diagnostic and operative videoarthroscopy performed by the same surgeon (DWJ). All images were obtained on the same high-resolution 1.5 Tesla GE Signa Magnetic Resonance Scanner with the same radiologist performing all readings (PEB). The knees were studied in the coronal and sagittal plane using a spin echo sequence and 5 mm slice thicknesses. The menisci were described as having Grade 1, 2, or 3 changes, with Grade 3 reserved for complete tears. Using arthroscopy as the diagnostic standard, the accuracy of MRI in diagnosing medial and lateral meniscal tears was 93.1% and 96.6%, respectively with a Grade 3 MRI reading. For tears of the ACL, the accuracy was 96.6% as confirmed at arthroscopy. Five tears of the PCL were also documented by MRI and correlated with clinical evaluation. Other abnormalities seen were articular cartilage and osteochondral defects, bone tumors, tibial plateau fractures, Baker's cysts, and meniscal cysts. The MRI scan is a highly accurate, noninvasive modality for documentation of meniscal pathology as well as cruciate ligament tears in the knee.
The Most German of Towns: Creating an Ideal Nazi Community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber

Abstract During the Nazi period, Rothenburg ob der Tauber served to exemplify Nazi ideas of landscape and nation. This article focuses on the manner and circumstances under which Rothenburg was manipulated to advance what Nazi ideology held to be the fundamental characteristics of the German nation and its history. The first section of this article examines attempts to politicize and reorganize tourism in Rothenburg led by Kraft durch Freude (KdF). The KdF aimed to promote a sense of national belonging, demonstrate the regime's commitment to improving the material, physical, and spiritual well-being of the German nation, and project a positive image of the regime in Germany and abroad. The second section moves beyond KdF to explore efforts to transform the town into a type of Nazi utopia through more stringent preservationist and commercial policies designed to eliminate non-German elements from the town's built environment, while reinforcing the themes of cleanliness, health, and traditional ways of life...
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON VASCULAR TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN ISOLATED PEA ROOTS

THE SEQUENCE of events occurring during cellular differentiation may be described and, to some degree, understood in terms of manifest structural changes which the individual cell undergoes during its ontogeny. Yet little is known concerning the biochemical processes in plant tissues which are fundamentally related to these ontogenetic changes. Isolated pea root tips, cultured in the dark in a sterile synthetic nutrient medium, grow in a reproducible manner, showing usual patterns of tissue differentiation. Inhibition of elongation in cultured roots may be produced by a variety of metabolic inhibitors which act through their effect on biochemical processes essential for normal root growth. This paper describes the effects of three inhibitors, indole-3-acetic acid, iodoacetic acid, and 2,4-dinitrophenol on primary vascular tissue differentiation in isolated pea roots which have been subjected in each case to reagent concentrations causing approximately 90 per cent inhibition of root elongation. The purpose of such a study is to attempt to relate biochemical processes to the known anatomical stages in primary vascular tissue differentiation. Attempts to relate root elongation and cellular differentiation have been made in several studies of inhibited root elongation. As early as 1893 Pfeffer reported apparent acceleration of acropetal differentiation of vascular tissue elements in the roots of a number of plants when root elongation was inhibited mechanically by plaster of Paris encasement of the root. Using Vicia faba roots grown in solid gypsum, Pfeffer found acropetal differentiation of pitted vessel elements to within 1 mm. from the tip at the end of 15 days, as compared to 25-35 mm. in uninhibited roots. Pfeffer's finding has been substantiated by numerous subsequent workers (Nathansohn, 1898) . More recently Kojima (1931, 1933), also using the technique of Pfeffer, reported that such mechanical pressure inhibits cell division in the root tip as early as 16 -hr. after beginning treatment. In inhibited roots, xylem elements were apparent at an average distance of 1.4 mm. from the root apex at the end of one week, while in control roots, xylem was apparent first at 13.7 mm. Kojima (1931) pointed out that in terms of position, the inhibited roots appeared to show accelerated differentiation of xylem cells, but in terms of age of cells, cellular differentiation in the inhibited roots was actually hindered. He concluded
THE LEGACY OF LOVEJOY: ABOLITIONISM AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT

(1985). THE LEGACY OF LOVEJOY: ABOLITIONISM AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 14-26.
Computational study on mechanism of G-quartet oligonucleotide T40214 selectively targeting Stat3

The mounting evidences have shown that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a critical target for cancer therapy. Recently, we developed a G-quartet oligonucleotide T40214 as a novel and potent Stat3 inhibitor. T40214 specifically inhibited DNA-binding activity of Stat3 and significantly suppressed the growth of many tumor xenografts in nude mice. To determine the mechanism of GQ-ODNs selectively targeting Stat3, we established a 3D model of complex T40214/p-Stat3 dimer based on experimental evidences. The binding site of T40214 within Stat3 dimer was determined by statistical docking analysis. The results indicated that T40214 strongly interacted within the region from residue E638 through E652 of Stat3 dimer. The binding model refined by Hex docking disclosed that T40214 binds to SH2 domain of Stat3 and forms H-bonds with residues Q643, Q644, N646, and N647, which are critical for the binding interaction. The 3D models also suggested that T40214 inhibits Stat3 activity through disrupting the binding interaction between Stat3 dimer and DNA duplex for transcription. Our computational studies provided a platform for future structure-based drug design of novel Stat3 inhibitors.
Performance evaluation of UDP lite for cellular video

The current generation of wireless links pose a significant challenge for sending video streams, as these links have low bit rate and high error rate compared to wired links. Sending high bit rate delay-sensitive traffic over wireless links requires appropriate error resilient video compression algorithms and transport/link layer protocols. We have built a wireless video system using an off-the-shelf error resilient low bit rate video codec with our implementations of UDP Lite and PPP Lite, which are modifications to transport and link layer protocols respectively. The flexible checksumming schemes in these protocols allow error-resilient application policies to be reflected in the networking stack. We conducted simulations and experimental evaluations of this wireless video system using quantitative performance metrics (i.e., throughput, jitter, packet loss, and end-to-end latency).
Five loci, SLT1 to SLT5, controlling the susceptibility to spontaneously occurring lung cancer in mice.

A series of linkage studies was previously conducted to identify quantitative trait loci associated with chemically induced lung tumors. However, little is known of genetic susceptibility to spontaneously occurring lung tumorigenesis (SLT) in mice. In this study, we did a whole-genome linkage disequilibrium analysis for susceptibility to SLT in mice using ∼135,900 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the Roche and Genomic Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation SNP databases. A common set of 13 mouse strains was used, including 10 resistant strains (129X1/SvJ, AKR/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, NZB/BlnJ, CAST/EiJ, SPRET/EiJ, SM/J, and LP/J) and 3 susceptible strains (A/J, BALB/cJ, and NZW/LaCJ). Fisher exact test was used to assess the association between individual SNPs and susceptibility to SLT. Five regions, SLT1 to SLT5 , were mapped on chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 19, and X, respectively. SLT1 to SLT5 showed a significant association with SLT under the empirical threshold ( P ≤ 0.004) derived from permutation tests. SNP versus SNP association tests indicated that these SLT regions were unlikely to be caused by population substructure. Thus, SLT1 to SLT5 seem to be novel loci controlling the susceptibility to spontaneously occurring lung cancer in mice. Our results provide, for the first time, an insight into the genetic control of spontaneously occurring lung tumorigenesis.
Effect of post-treatment temperature on toxicity of insecticides to resistant and susceptible house flies

Laboratory and field strains of house flies. Musca domestica L., were treated topically with 1 µliter drops of either diazinon or lindane at various concentrations and held at post-treatment temperatures of 15 and 30°C. With 2 laboratory stains. a diazinon-resistant and a susceptible strain, treated with diazinon. mortality was higher at 30°C. Percent mortality differences between the 2 temperatures at the higher concentrations of diazinon indicated a temperature × diazinon interaction with the resistant strain but not with the susceptible. Mortality of the susceptible strain was similar whether held at 1 temperature for 24 hours or for 8 hours at that temperature plus 16 hours at a higher or lower temperature. Resistant flies held at 30°C for 8 hours plus 15°C for 16 hours showed similar mortality to flies held at 30°C for 24 hours. However, flies held at 15°C for 8 hours plus 16 hours at 30°C also showed a mortality similar to that for flies held for 24 hours at 30°C. With lindane there was significantly higher mortality at 30°C with the susceptible laboratory strain than at 15°C. There was no significant mortality difference between these temperatures with the diazinon-resistant strain. With a third strain, highly resistant to lindane, there was significantly lower mortality at 30°C than at 15°C. Flies collected from several dairy barns and treated topically with diazinon varied significantly in the level of resistance to diazinon, which variation could be correlated with the spray control program which had been conducted in each barn. Percent mortality differences between 15 and 30°C were significantly greater at the higher concentrations of diazinon and were largest with those fly populations showing a relatively high level of resistance.
Effect of Coal Type and Residence Time on the Submicron Aerosol Distribution from Pulverized Coal Combustion

Three types of pulverized coal were burned in a laboratory furnace under various combustion configurations. Pulverized samples of Utah bituminous, Beulah (North Dakota) lignite, and Texas lignite coals were burned at a rate of 2.5 kg/hr in a laboratory furnace. Aerosol size distributions were measured at various positions within the convection section, and temperature and gas compositions were measured throughout. The evolution of the submicron particle size distribution within the convection section for the three coals was similar, although the location of the initial particle mode at the convection section inlet varied with coal type. While staged combustion of Utah bituminous coal had a variable effect on the volume of submicron aerosol produced, staged combustion of the lignites caused a definite increase in the submicron aerosol volume. Vapor enhancement due to a localized reducing atmosphere, which would effect coals of higher ash volatility, is thought to explain this behavior.
Reflection/suppression coatings for 900 - 1200 A radiation

The design and performance of multiple-layer, selective-reflection, selective-suppression coatings for the 900 - 1200 A band are described. These coatings are designed to optimize both high reflectivity at a desirable wavelength and low reflectivity at an undesirable wavelength. The minimum structure for a selective coating consists of a thin metal or metal oxide layer (50 - 150 A thickness) over an aluminum substrate protected with a semi-transparent dielectric (100 - 1000 A thickness). Predicted coating performance is strongly effected by varying the layer combination and thickness. A graphical method of optimizing the coating layer structure is developed. Aluminum, silicon, their oxides, and gold have been investigated as coating layer materials. A very simple coating with a 1026 to 1216 A reflectivity ratio greater than 100 was fabricated. Such reflection/suppression coatings may be of great utility to spaceborne EUV spectrographs.
The role of D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the mediation of emesis in Cryptotis parva (the least shrew).

This study introduces Cryptotis parva (the least shrew) as a new dopaminergic animal model of emesis. The potential emetogenic effects of a nonselective dopamine agonist [apomorphine], two D1 agonists [SKF-38393 and SKF-82958], a D2 preferring agonist [quinpirole], and two D3-preferring agonists [7-(OH) DPAT and PD 128, 907] were investigated. Intraperitoneal administration of D1 agonists failed to induce emesis. However, other agonists caused a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of animals vomiting as well as potentiating the mean frequency of emesis with the following ED50 potency order: 7-(OH) DPAT < apomorphine < quinpirole < PD 128, 907. For antagonist studies a 2 mg/kg dose of these agonists were used to in-duce emesis. Thus, the inhibitory dose-response effects of a D2-preferring [sulpride], a D3-preferring [U 99194A] and combination of varying doses of these antagonists [sulpride + U 99194A] were evaluated on the ability of the cited agonists to produce vomiting. Sulpride decreased the number of shrews vomiting and the mean vomiting frequency produced by the cited agonists in a dose-dependent fashion with the following ID50 order [apomorphine < PD 128, 907 < 7-(OH) DPAT < quinpirole]. By itself, U 99194A failed to significantly alter the emesis produced by any of the cited agonists, however, it potentiated (3–8 times) the antiemetic effects of sulpride both in reducing the number of shrews vomiting as well as decreasing the mean vomiting frequency with the following ID50 order: PD 128, 907 < 7-(OH) DPAT < quinpirole. However, U 99194A attenuated the potent antiemetic effect of sulpride on the apomorphine-induced emesis. The results suggest that the tested agonists primarily activate dopamine D2 receptors to induce emesis in the least shrew whereas activation of D3 sites potentiate the vomiting action of D2 dopamine receptors.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR LOW-RESISTANCE INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS IN THE EARLY CHICK EMBRYO

Electrophysiological evidence is presented for the exchange of small ions directly between cells interiors, i.e. "electrical coupling," in the early chick embryo. Experiments with intracellular marking show that coupling is widespread, occurring between cells in the same tissue, e.g. ectoderm, notochord, neural plate, mesoderm, and Hensen's node, and between cells in different tissues, e.g. notochord to neural plate, notochord to neural tube, notochord to mesoderm. The coupling demonstrates the presence of specialized low-resistance intercellular junctions as found in other embryos and numerous adult tissues. The results are discussed in relation to recent electron microscopical studies of intercellular junctions in the early chick embryo. The function of the electrical coupling in embryogenesis remains unknown, but some possibilities are considered.
Noninvasive estimation of central aortic pressure using the oscillometric method for analyzing systemic artery pulsatile blood flow: Comparative study of indirect systolic, diastolic, and mean brachial artery pressure with simultaneous direct ascending aortic pressure measurements

Brachial artery pressures determined by the oscillometric method were compared with simultaneous central aortic (Ao) pressure measurements in 30 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Three simultaneous oscillometric and central Ao pressure readings were obtained in each patient. Central Ao pressures ranged widely for systolic (SP) (98 to 177 mm Hg), diastolic (DP) (41 to 97 mm Hg), and mean (MP) (60 to 120 mm Hg) pressure values. The mean percent errors (pressure difference divided by central Ao pressure) and "within subject" standard deviation were 1% and 3% for SP, 2% and 4% for DP, and -3% and 7% for MP. The percent error in oscillometric SP and DP estimates was not significantly influenced by cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, body surface area, or left ventricular ejection fraction. The oscillometric method provides accurate, reproducible, and convenient estimates of central Ao SP and DP and may be particularly useful when indirect blood pressure measurements are required for the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function in patients without aortic stenosis.
Membrane surface ruffling in cells that over-express Alzheimer amyloid β/A4 C-terminal peptide

Abstract Deposition of β/A4 amyloid in brain is a defining characteristics of Alzheimer disease (AD); however, the extent to which amyloid deposits may interfere with normal cellular processes is incompletely understood. We examined this issue by means of PC12 cells. After transfection with DNA coding for 97 amino acids of the β/A4 C-terminal region of the amyloid precursor protein, β/A4 antigen was visible at the cell membrane. We report that normal unstimulated PC12 cells exhibit ruffling activity at the cell surface when plated on a plastic substrate. Relative to control cells, however, those that over-expressed the β/A4 C-terminal peptide had significantly higher levels of ruffling activity, suggesting a structural and/or functional membrane modification. Similar cellular alterations, if present, in Alzheimer brain cells, may indicate disturbances in membrane-associated functions, including intercellular communication.
Wound Healing: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, Biomembranes and Scaffolds

This review will explore the latest advancements spanning several facets of wound healing, including biologics, skin substitutes, biomembranes and scaffolds.
Direct, ultrasensitive, and selective optical detection of protein toxins using multivalent interactions

Three highly sensitive, selective, and reagent-free optical signal transduction methods for detection of polyvalent proteins have been developed by directly coupling distance-dependent fluorescence self-quenching and/or resonant-energy transfer to the protein-receptor binding events. The ganglioside GM1, as the recognition unit for cholera toxin (CT), was covalently labeled with fluorophores and then incorporated into a biomimetic membrane surface. The presence of CT with five binding sites for GM1 causes dramatic change for the fluorescence of the labeled GM1. (1) In the scheme using fluorescence self-quenching as a signal-transduction mechanism, the fluorescence intensity drops significantly as a result of aggregation of the fluorophore-labeled GM1 on a biomimetic surface. (2) By labeling GM1 with a fluorescence energy transfer pair, aggregation of the labeled GM1 results in a decrease in donor fluorescence and an increase in acceptor fluorescence, providing a unique signature for selective protein-receptor binding. (3) In the third scheme, using the biomimetic surface as part of signal transduction and combining both fluorescence self-quenching and energy-transfer mechanisms to enhance the signal transduction, a signal amplification was achieved. The detection systems can reliably detect less than 0.05 nM CT with fast response (less than 5 min). This approach can easily be adapted to any biosensor scheme that relies on multiple receptors or co-receptors. The methods can also be applied to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of the multivalent interactions.
Imaging protein complex formation in the autophagy pathway: analysis of the interaction of LC3 and Atg4BC74A in live cells using Förster resonance energy transfer and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

The protein microtubule-associated protein 1, light chain 3 (LC3) functions in autophagosome formation and plays a central role in the autophagy pathway. Previously, we found LC3 diffuses more slowly in cells than is expected for a freely diffusing monomer, suggesting it may constitutively associate with a macromolecular complex containing other protein components of the pathway. In the current study, we used Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to investigate the interactions of LC3 with Atg4BC74A, a catalytically inactive mutant of the cysteine protease involved in lipidation and de-lipidation of LC3, as a model system to probe protein complex formation in the autophagy pathway. We show Atg4BC74A is in FRET proximity with LC3 in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of living cells, consistent with previous biochemical evidence that suggests these proteins directly interact. In addition, overexpressed Atg4BC74A diffuses significantly more slowly than predicted based on its molecular weight, and its translational diffusion coefficient is significantly slowed upon coexpression with LC3 to match that of LC3 itself. Taken together, these results suggest Atg4BC74A and LC3 are contained within the same multiprotein complex and that this complex exists in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of living cells.
Modeling Dioxygen Reduction at Multicopper Oxidase Cathodes

We report a general kinetics model for catalytic dioxygen reduction on multicopper oxidase (MCO) cathodes. Our rate equation combines Butler–Volmer (BV) electrode kinetics and the Michaelis–Menten (MM) formalism for enzymatic catalysis, with the BV model accounting for interfacial electron transfer (ET) between the electrode surface and the MCO type 1 copper site. Extending the principles of MM kinetics to this system produced an analytical expression incorporating the effects of subsequent intramolecular ET and dioxygen binding to the trinuclear copper cluster into the cumulative model. We employed experimental electrochemical data on Thermus thermophilus laccase as benchmarks to validate our model, which we suggest will aid in the design of more efficient MCO cathodes. In addition, we demonstrate the model’s utility in determining estimates for both the electronic coupling and average distance between the laccase type-1 active site and the cathode substrate.
Aerosols, clouds and radiation

Abstract Most of the so-called ‘CO 2 effect’ is, in fact, an ‘H 2 O effect’ brought into play by the climate modeler's assumption that planetary average temperature dictates water-vapor concentration (following Clapeyron-Clausius). That assumption ignores the removal process, which cloud physicists know to be influenced by the aerosol, since the latter primarily controls cloud droplet number and size. Droplet number and size are also influential for shortwave (solar) energy. The reflectance of many thin to moderately thick clouds changes when nuclei concentrations change and make shortwave albedo susceptible to aerosol influence.
Momentum and energy equations for disperse two-phase flows and their closure for dilute suspensions

Abstract The averaged momentum and energy equations for disperse two phase flows are derived by extending a recently developed ensemble averaging method. The resulting equations have a ‘two-fluid’ form and the closure problem is phrased in terms of quantities that are amenable to direct numerical simulation. An application of the general theory is given in the dilute limit (first-order in the particle volume fraction), and at low particle Reynolds number. In this case, an analytical closure of the equations free of ad hoc approximations is explicitly given. New effects due to non-uniform particle distribution are identified.
Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains related to extension of the West Antarctic Rift system

Abstract The Transantarctic Mountains are a major rift-related mountain belt bisecting the Antarctic continent. The range is located on the tectonic boundary between non-cratonic West and cratonic East Antarctica. Formation of the mountain range and a possible relation with the West Antarctic Rift system are unclear. In this study, we find a new explanation for uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains and suggest a relation between uplift of the range, formation of a small crustal root, depression of the hinterland Wilkes Basin, and the formation of the adjacent West Antarctic Rift system. Numerical models show that upon extension of the Antarctic lithosphere, the West Antarctic Rift system is formed on the tectonic boundary between East and West Antarctica. Convergence of crustal material results in crustal thickening and uplift of the Earth's surface on the cratonic side of this rift zone, and formation of the Transantarctic Mountains. Some models predict a depression in the hinterland of the mountain range at the location of the Wilkes Basin. These models predict that the Wilkes Basin is a non-extensional basin caused by flexure of the lithosphere. This study shows that inherited lithosphere structures play an important role in localization of both extensional and convergent deformation.
Properties and toxicological significance of esterases hydrolyzing permethrin and cypermethrin in Trichoplusia ni larval gut and integument.

Abstract Optimal assay conditions for gut pyrethroid esterase(s) of cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hubner) larvae are 0.4 mg protein of the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction incubated for 20 min at 32°C with up to 2.5 nmol of trans-[14CO]permethrin in 2.0 ml of 0.1 M glycine-NaOH buffer (pH 8.5) containing 0.05% bovine serum albumin. The integument enzyme(s) is less active on a per larva basis than the gut enzyme(s) in hydrolyzing the [14CO]permethrin isomers, but they are similar in activity on the [14CO]cypermethrin isomers. The trans isomers are hydrolyzed two- to sixfold more extensively that the cis isomers with both permethrin and cypermethrin and both the gut and integument enzymes. The gut esterase(s) hydrolyzing trans-permethrin is much more sensitive to inhibition by profenofos than by DEF or carbaryl both in vitro and following ingestion of treated lettuce discs. Dietary profenofos at a level inhibiting the gut pyrethroid esterase(s) by 65% with trans-permethrin and >90% with cis-cypermethrin increases the toxicity of topically applied trans-permethrin by fourfold and cis-cypermethrin by 20-fold. Differences in sensitivity to profenofos inhibition indicate the presence of more than one pyrethroid esterase in both the gut and integument; the gut enzymes are more sensitive to profenofos both in vivo and in vitro with the cis isomers and the integument enzymes in vitro with the trans isomers as substrates.
Long-term care reform: An analysis of the proposed federal initiative for long-term care channeling centers

This article investigates alternatives to the current long-term health care system whereby clients would be channeled to appropriate services through community-based long-term care centers. Specifically, it examines whether the federal government should encourage initiatives to develop such a system and reviews three alternative proposals for accomplishing this.
Client Participation: Central and Underinvestigated Elements of Intervention

Although client participation is central to psychosocial interventions, most investigations conceptualize and measure participation in rather crude ways. This review suggests that essential elements of treatment participation are largely unknown, links between participation and outcomes are not clear, and most investigations of influences on within-treatment variations in participation are based on outdated causal models. Drawing on literature on health and mental health care, this article develops a comprehensive conceptual model of treatment participation. It proposes an agenda for future research aimed at understanding participation phenomena in various contexts.
Finite-volume method for the calculation of compressible chemically reacting flows

Integration numerique des equations d'Euler et Navier-Stokes. On developpe une technique d'acceleration basee sur le preconditionnement des equations de conservation
Synthetic bioregulators of poly-cis carotenoid biosynthesis

Abstract Seventeen new bioregulators were synthesized and tested for their ability to induce the biosynthesis of poly- cis carotenes in the flavedo of Marsh white seedless grapefruit. The effects of these new bioregulators are the same as that of the previously reported dibenzylamines, but several of the new compounds are more effective and cause the accumulation of up to 162 μg/g dry wt of poly- cis carotenes in the flavedo as compared to the maximum of 74 μg/g dry wt observed previously. The compounds tested were substituted N -benzyl furfurylamines, N -benzyl, N -methyl furfurylamines and N -alkyl, N -methyl benzylamines. They demonstrate the ability of tertiary as well as secondary amines to stimulate the formation of poly-cis carotenes. The interaction of N -(4-bromobenzyl) furfurylamine, one of the more effective of the new compounds, with lycopene and β-carotene inducers is also reported.
Modeling O2-Dependent Effects of Nitrite Reductase Activity in Blood and Tissue on Coupled NO and O2 Transport around Arterioles

Recent evidence in the literature suggests that tissues play a greater role than blood in reducing nitrite to NO under ischemic or hypoxic conditions. Our previous mathematical model for coupled NO and O2 transport around an arteriole, modified to include superoxide generation from dysfunctional endothelium, was developed further to include nitrite reductase activity in blood and tissue. Steady-state radial and axial NO and pO2 profiles in the arteriole and surrounding tissue were simulated for different blood flow rates and arterial blood pO2 values. The resulting computer simulations demonstrate that nitrite reductase activity in blood is not a very effective mechanism for conserving NO due to the strong scavenging of NO by hemoglobin. In contrast, nitrite reductase activity in tissue is much more effective in increasing NO bioavailability in the vascular wall and contributes progressively more NO as tissue hypoxia becomes more severe.
Thin gold to gold bonding for flip chip applications

We have demonstrated a solderless flip chip bonding process that utilizes electroless nickel / palladium, immersion gold pad metallization. This mask-less process enables higher interconnect densities than can be achieved with standard solder bump reflow. The thin (100nm) immersion gold surfaces were coated with dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayers. Strong gold to gold bonds were formed at 185°C with shear strengths that exceed Mil-Std 883 requirements. Gold stud bumps are also promising for flip chip applications, and can be bonded at 150°C when the gold surfaces are properly pre-treated — dilute piranha solution, argon plasma, and dodecanethiol SAM treatments work equally well.
Identification of caprolactam oligomers and related compounds in aqueous extracts of nylon‐6

Cyclic oligomers of caprolactam were isolated from a multilayered polyolefin plastic film containing a nylon-6 layer and subsequently characterized. Nylon-6 was extracted with aqueous solutions and the levels of the oligomers were measured in the resulting extracts. Oligomers up to n = 5 were present at high and comparable levels in all the nylon-6 extracts. The levels of the oligomers dropped off rapidly with increased compound size after n = 5, with the heptamer being barely observable in the extract chromatograms. The effect of extracting solution pH on the compound's concentration in the extract was small, except for the monomer, whose accumulation was significantly decreased at low pH. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1262–1274, 2005
The Political Theory of Christine de Pizan. By Kate Langdon Forhan. Hampshire, Eng.: Ashgate, 2002. 208p. $79.95 cloth, $29.95 paper

Kate Langdon Forhan has written an elucidating and thought-provoking book that explores the political relevance of the writings of Christine de Pizan, a fifteenth-century French writer. She clearly establishes the purpose of the book: “My goal is to outline in a systematic and comprehensive way the political theory of Christine de Pizan, in part to address the puzzle of her thought [and] to situate her ideas within the history of political ideas in general” (p. vi). She remains true to this goal throughout the work. Forhan cogently explains why Christine de Pizan's literary accomplishments should be appreciated beyond the disciplines of women's studies and French literature and, in particular, why her work needs additional attention from political theorists. In doing so, she presents sufficient historical details to set a proper stage against which Christine de Pizan's political theory may be understood, without burying the reader in minutiae and details that not only rob an academic tome of any literary vibrancy but also hinder the reader's ability or desire to follow an author's argument.
Deferring Planned Neck Dissection Following Chemoradiation for Stage IV Head and Neck Cancer: The Utility of PET-CT

Objective: To determine whether combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) may be of value in deferring planned neck dissections for patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Study Design: Observational study of patients with de novo cervical ≥N2 regional spread of HNSCC in a tertiary care academic medical center. Methods: Forty-three patients were identified who underwent post-treatment PET-CT within 6 months of completing neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy (CRT). The PET-CT was “positive” if the radiologist recommended tissue sampling or resection of cervical lymph nodes, or if there was progressive neck disease in the setting of distant metastatic disease. Patients who had positive PET-CT underwent confirmatory biopsy given clinical suspicion for regional cervical metastasis without distant disease. Patients with negative PET-CT were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of 5 months (median 18.1 months) after CRT. Results: Ten (22%) of the 43 post-treatment PET-CT studies were positive. Seven of the 10 PET-CT scans (70% of positives) were true-positive given histologically-confirmed residual viable tumor or progressive disease including disease in the neck. The 3 remaining studies (30% of positives) were false-positive PET-CT results, given resolution of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity on subsequent imaging or tissue sampling demonstrating absence of viable tumor cells. Of the 33 patients with negative PET-CTs in the neck, 1 patient had absence of FDG-avidity in the setting of malignant disease in the neck (3% false negatives); otherwise, patients with an initially negative PET-CT scan had no recurrences during the study (97% true negatives). This corresponds to a sensitivity of 87.5% (7/8), a specificity of 91% (32/35), a positive predictive value of 70% (7/10), a negative predictive value of 97% (32/33), and accuracy of 91% (39/43) for PET-CT scans in the detection of cervical metastatic disease after CRT. Overall, 37 (86%) of 43 patients were spared neck dissection using this technology without evidence of recurrent disease in the neck at extended follow-up. Conclusions: Our results suggest that planned neck dissection after CRT for HNSCC may be deferred in favor of serial PET-CT imaging, and that sampling of areas of suspicious FDG-avid uptake can be rationally considered prior to therapeutic neck dissection. These data also suggest that negative PET-CT scans are highly reliable for the absence of residual cervical nodal disease.
I've got the light of freedom : the organizing tradition and the Mississippi freedom struggle

This momentous work offers a groundbreaking history of the early civil rights movement in the South. Using wide-ranging archival work and extensive interviews with movement participants, Charles Payne uncovers a chapter of American social history forged locally, in places like Greenwood, Mississippi, where countless unsung African Americans risked their lives for the freedom struggle. The leaders were ordinary women and mensharecroppers, domestics, high school students, beauticians, independent farmerscommitted to organizing the civil rights struggle house by house, block by block, relationship by relationship. Payne brilliantly brings to life the tradition of grassroots African American activism, long practiced yet poorly understood. Payne overturns familiar ideas about community activism in the 1960s. The young organizers who were the engines of change in the state were not following any charismatic national leader. Far from being a complete break with the past, their work was based directly on the work of an older generation of activists, people like Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Amzie Moore, Medgar Evers, Aaron Henry. These leaders set the standards of courage against which young organizers judged themselves; they served as models of activism that balanced humanism with militance. While historians have commonly portrayed the movement leadership as male, ministerial, and well-educated, Payne finds that organizers in Mississippi and elsewhere in the most dangerous parts of the South looked for leadership to working-class rural Blacks, and especially to women. Payne also finds that Black churches, typically portrayed as frontrunners in the civil rights struggle, were in fact late supporters of the movement."
Effects of Prolonged and Adverse Storage Conditions on Levels of Cholesterol Oxidation Products in Dairy Products

The effects of normal and adverse environmental holding conditions on the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPS) in powdered cheeses and salted and unsalted butteroil were investigated. Little or no change in COPS levels was noted in a variety of powdered dairy products stored at 4, 21, or 38°C for up to 6 months. Storage for 18 mo at 4°C resulted in a three-fold increase in the levels of COPS. Cheddar cheese powder continuously exposed to light (1611 lx) displayed increases in α-epoxide and 7-ketocholesterol through week 3, thereafter declining to a level at week 9 of about one-half of that seen at week 3. Continuous heating of butteroil (110°C) caused large increases in COPS' levels, with unsalted butteroil exceeding levels found in salted butteroil by 2- to 3-fold.
Reducing synchronization on the parallel Davidson method for the large, sparse, eigenvalue problem

The Davidson method is extensively used in quantum chemistry and atomic physics for finding a few extreme eigenpairs of a large, sparse, symmetric matrix. It can be viewed as a preconditioned version of the Lanczos method which reduces the number of iterations at the expense of a more complicated step. Frequently, the problem sizes involved demand the use of large multicomputers with hundreds or thousands of processors. The difficulties occurring in parallelizing the Davidson step are dealt with and results on a smaller scale machine are reported. The new version improves the parallel characteristics of the Davidson algorithm and holds promise for a large number of processors. Its stability and reliability is similar to that of the original method.
The effect of solar UV and visible irradiance on the vertical movements of cyanobacteria in microbial mats of hypersaline waters

The vertical gliding motility patterns of Oscillatoria cf. laetevirens and Spirulina cf. subsalsa from hypersaline ponds near Guerrero Negro, Mexico, were monitored under natural solar irradiance. Each of these two filamentous cyanobacteria (and together) forms a distinct band within soft microbial mats. Upward and downward migration in excised mats was measured in response to different intensities of the full solar spectrum and of selected wavelengths, using various filters and screens. Positions of the cyanobacteria were quantified at the beginning and end of the treatments, using microscopic examination of minicores. In addition, photosynthetic rates of these cyanobacteria, using freshly collected cell material, were measured by 14C incorporation under different intensities and spectral regions of solar irradiance. Upward migration to or near the surface by either Spirulina or Oscillatoria occurred under low visible light (20–90 W m−2), green light (∼250 W m−2), red light (∼470 W m−2) and in complete darkness. It was prevented by intensities of UV-A above ∼1.5 W m−2 and by broad visible light above ∼100 W m−2. Incident UV-B intensities as low as 0.1 W m−2 may also have slowed movement upward. Downward migration of Spirulina cf. subsalsa was promoted by high UV or visible radiation. With a larger data set for Oscillatoria cf. laetivirens, it was apparent that downward migration occurred in response to visible light over ∼400 W m−2 and to relatively high levels of UV-A alone (>∼10 W m−2). If forced experimentally to remain on the surface during periods of high solar irradiance, both cyanobacterial species suffered photo and UV inhibition of photosynthesis, with UV-B and UV-A being particularly effective. Attenuation measurements within the mat showed that UV-A and UV-B wavelengths can penetrate deeply enough into mats to potentially act as positioning cues for these motile cyanobacteria, and as a consequence allow them to take refuge from higher intensities of damaging radiation.
Immediate Dental Implant Placement in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature of Implants Placed in HIV-Positive Individuals

Background: There are numerous reports of oral surgical procedures in patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. In the general population, the success of immediate implant placement for replacing teeth is well documented. The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients seeking comprehensive dental care, including implant therapy, continues to increase. Aside from a solitary case report published 12 years ago, there is very limited evidence describing immediate implant placement in the HIV-positive population. The two cases described herein demonstrate successful immediate implant placement in this population.Methods: Two white male patients aged 48 and 55 were scheduled to undergo extraction of a mandibular premolar. Both patients were HIV-positive, receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, and were closely monitored by their physicians. On the day of the surgical procedure, atraumatic extractions were completed, osteotomies prepared in the ideal orientation, and i...
Mixing and memory: emergent cooperation in an information marketplace

An information marketplace consists of a group of agents buying and selling information content and services. Self-interested agents may find it rational to cheat others in the market. The authors have modeled federations of digital libraries selling information to one another. In the model, cooperation emerges through endogenous incentives. They had hypothesized that a number of factors would encourage cooperation: greater familiarity with trading partners, more memory for modeling others, fewer initially misbehaving agents, lower rates of strategy exploration, smaller world sizes, and more rapidly evolving measures of the likelihood of other agents to cooperate. The simulations confirmed many of the hypotheses. However the benefits of a small world size are dependent on memory size, and the usefulness of rapidly evolving estimates of cooperation is dependent on the types of strategies employed by the agents. They suggest that it will become increasingly important to allow agents conceptually to carve their networked environment into subcommunities where familiarity and trust can emerge, as opposed to promoting indiscriminate interactions within a large society of digital agents.
Vancomycin and Gentamicin Pharmacokinetic Alterations in an Adolescent Amputee

A 14-year-old male with bilateral above-the-knee amputations presented to our hospital for treatment of a skin and soft-tissue infection. We report the experience of vancomycin and gentamicin therapy in this patient. Because these medications require weight-based dosages and pharmacokinetic monitoring of serum levels, it was necessary to obtain peak and trough levels of the two drugs in order to determine the pharmacokinetic differences in this patient compared to those in an adolescent male without amputations. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing pharmacokinetic differences in an adolescent amputee.