cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feeding induced by blockade of AMPA and kainate receptors within the ventral striatum: a microinfusion mapping study

The corticostriatal pathway is believed to utilize the excitatory amino acid glutamate as its transmitter, and the striatum contains high levels of all glutamate receptor subtypes. It has recently been demonstrated that blockade of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate glutamate receptors in the medial part of the accumbens, corresponding to the medial shell subregion, results in a pronounced feeding response. In order to more precisely localize this response, a microinfusion mapping study was conducted. Bilateral microinfusions of 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX, 0, 50, 250, 750 ng/0.5 μl), an antagonist that blocks AMPA and kainate receptors, were carried out in eight striatal subregions in different groups of animals. In non-deprived rats, food intake (normal chow), feeding duration, and several other behavioral measures were assessed during a 30 min test session. DNQX significantly and potently enhanced food intake when injected into the accumbens shell, but not into any other region examined, including accumbens core, anterior dorsal, posterior dorsal, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and ventrolateral striatum. The most sensitive site within the accumbens was found to be the posterior aspects of the shell, in which the lowest dose (50 ng DNQX) augmented feeding. These results suggest that a circumscribed region within the nucleus accumbens has a unique role in the control of feeding. It is postulated that removal of tonic excitatory inputs to this region with DNQX results in disinhibition of brain circuits critical for ingestive behavior.
Archaeological Potential of the Atlantic Continent Shelf

Early man lived in eastern United States 11,000 years ago when most of the now-submerged continental shelf was exposed. The shelf almost certainly was ranged by nomadic hunters and possibly by marine fish- and mollusk- eaters. As the sea level rose at the end of the latest glacial epoch, the advancing water disrupted and submerged any habitation sites. The oldest radiocarbon dates for kitchen middens of marine refuse along the present shore appear to be younger than the oldest dates for kitchen middens of non-marine content. Older marine middens may be deeply submerged far out on the continental shelf. Greatest success in future exploration for these sites is likely in areas of the shelf which have received little or no cover of postglacial sediment and where rivers formerly crossed the shelf.
Survival of a Neurologically Intact Patient With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Cardiopulmonary Arrest

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a relatively common cause of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Long-term survival with SAH and CPA is rare, and the vast majority of those who survive have moderate to severe neurologic disability. To our knowledge, there are no prior reports of patients with SAH who experience CPA and survive without neurologic deficit. We describe a patient with SAH who experienced CPA shortly after hospital admission and survived without neurologic sequelae (Cerebral Performance Category 1). Prompt defibrillation of SAH-induced ventricular fibrillation and timely neurologic intervention are essential for good neurologic outcome.
Give Me More Body: Pushing the Boundaries of Body and Soul

In Body and Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer ,L oWacquant offers a lively and insightful commentary not so much about the sport of boxing, but about the functioning of men's bodies in boxing. Indeed, a significant part of this work elucidates the functioning of the black male body. Wacquant conducted his study in a boxing gymnasium on Chicago south's side, an area that has long stood as one of the most renowned African American residential sectors in urban America. The gymnasium is located in the Woodlawn section of that city, which is an impoverished, overwhelmingly African American neighborhood that sits at the southern edge of the considerably more affluent Hyde Park community area. It is in Hyde Park white collar professionals and the faculty, administrators, at students at the University of Chicago often reinforce their anxiety and insecurity about the neighboring communities (Woodlawn being just one of them) by often trying to preserve as much distance as possible between themselves and the residents of these bordering spaces. Wacquant also draws from his own experiences in training in this gym and in competing in a boxing match in order to centrally position his own (Caucasian) body in this book. In fact, one chapter of this work centers on Wacquant's experiences, even though much of the point of this part of the material is to express some understanding of the more general social, emotional, and psychological dynamics at work in the enterprise. All together, Wacquant covers broad terrain in a book that appears at first glance to be about the sweet science of boxing. His analysis moves beyond the ring, and beyond the gymnasium as well, in that he gives analytical attention to the neighborhood as a pervasive social factor affecting what goes on in the gym. In focusing on boxers' bodies Wacquant consistently informs his readers of the pain, discipline, energy, and commitment that constitutes the practice of pugilism.
From bathtub ring to osteoporosis: a clinical review of the bisphosphonates.

BACKGROUND Etidronate and pamidronate are bisphosphonates, a class of chemical compounds originally used to soften hard water and prevent soap scum. Etidronate was serendipitously found to abate calcification in a child with myositis ossificans progressiva. OBJECTIVE Review the basic pharmacology of these compounds, as well as clinical uses of the approved and nonapproved forms. DISCUSSION Etidronate is approved for the treatment of hypercalcemia, Paget’s disease of bone, and ectopic calcification, and has been used to treat hyperparathyroidism and nephrolithiasis with limited success. Recently it has been used to treat osteoporosis. Pamidronate is approved to treat hypercalcemia. These two drugs are the only bisphosphonates available in the United States. CONCLUSIONS Clinical trials with etidronate have aroused widespread interest in the application of bisphosphonates to treat osteoporosis. Many trials are underway to evaluate these new drugs. More information will be available within the next 5 years. Clinical trials have aroused widespread interest in the use of these drugs to treat—and perhaps even to prevent—osteoporosis.
Cardiac pacing, 1960-1985: a quarter century of medical and industrial innovation.

Eugene Braunwald1 has compared the intense activity in cardiology between 1950 and 1990 to the systolic phase of the heartbeat. In the present paper, we discuss one important aspect of the broader transformation of cardiovascular medicine: the development of pacemaker technology to treat bradyarrhythmias. (Tachypacing and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, innovations of the 1980s, are beyond the scope of this discussion.) We are particularly interested in the sources of innovation in pacing, a field known for rapid shifts in hardware and techniques. After the first pacemaker implants (1958 and 1960), physicians guided technological change in pacing for about a decade. Beginning in the 1970s, pacemaker manufacturers supplanted physicians as the dominant influence on the technology of the field. A new invention ordinarily goes through a period of uncertainty when it is not clear which of several variants will succeed. Eventually a dominant design , a standard version of the technology “synthesized from individual technological innovations introduced independently in prior product variants,” may emerge.2 By the late 1960s, physician-innovators had created a dominant design in pacing; we call it “the reliable pacemaker.” After 1970, device manufacturing firms introduced further innovations, leading to a new dominant design that we will call “the multifunctional pacemaker.” We will use common descriptive labels to refer to specific pacing modes (noncompetitive, AV sequential, etc). At the request of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources, a Pacemaker Study Group (Drs S. Furman, N.P.D. Smyth, and Parsonnet) proposed a standard three-position (later five-position) pacemaker code that has now become part of the language of the field.3 4 We mention the appropriate code when first referring to a particular pacing mode. The code is summarized and the most important pacing modes are diagrammed in Figs 1⇓ and 2⇓. Figure 1. Three-position identification code for characterizing …
A low-cost INS/GPS integration methodology based on random forest regression

This paper, for the first time, introduces a random forest regression based Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) integration methodology to provide continuous, accurate and reliable navigation solution. Numerous techniques such as those based on Kalman filter (KF) and artificial intelligence approaches exist to fuse the INS and GPS data. The basic idea behind these fusion techniques is to model the INS error during GPS signal availability. In the case of outages, the developed model provides an INS error estimates, thereby maintaining the continuity and improving the navigation solution accuracy. KF based approaches possess several inadequacies related to sensor error model, immunity to noise, and computational load. Alternatively, neural network (NN) proposed to overcome KF limitations works unsatisfactorily for low-cost INS, as they suffer from poor generalization capability due to the presence of high amount of noise. In this study, random forest regression has shown to effectively model the highly non-linear INS error due to its improved generalization capability. To evaluate the proposed method effectiveness in bridging the period of GPS outages, four simulated GPS outages are considered over a real field test data. The proposed methodology illustrates a significant reduction in the positional error by 24-56%.
Immunologic Aspects of Select Agents

We are on the cusp of exciting new developments in vaccine biology. The use of DNA constructs allows virtually unlimited access to previously inaccessible organisms. Next-generation adjuvants will boost innate and acquired immunity, and will provide protection from infection with any potential biowarfare organism. We are limited only by our imaginations in the construction of a protective armamentarium.
Polyamines in sickle cell disease.

Abstract Sickle cell anemia, a chronic hemolytic disease characterized by severe pain and premature death, affects to varying degrees 1% of the world's black population. Although a number of biochemical alterations have previously been associated with this anemia (1), the recent report of a five- to tenfold elevation in blood polyamine levels (2) is especially noteworthy because the polyamines can alter the normal electrokinetic properties of the red blood cell membrane (3). These observations may help explain the abnormalities of the erthrocyte membrane and decreased red cell deformability associated with the sickling phenomenon. The principal polyamines present in eukaryotes are, repectively, the di-, tri-, and tetramines-putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Their biological function, which is related to their unique charge distribution, is linked to cell growth, division, and differentiation (4). The polyamines also exert direct on membrane stability and permeability (5), as well as modifying the activity of membrane-bound enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (6) and Na, K-ATPase (7). In the present study it is shown that the erythrocyte stroma fraction, obtained from sickle cells, has associated with it abnormally large amounts of spermine. Stroma binding appears to be selective and not directly dependent on either plasma or erythrocyte lysate polyamine concentration.
Ultrahigh 22 nm resolution coherent diffractive imaging using a desktop 13 nm high harmonic source

New diffractive imaging techniques using coherent x-ray beams have made possible nanometer-scale resolution imaging by replacing the optics in a microscope with an iterative phase retrieval algorithm. However, to date very high resolution imaging (< 40nm) was limited to large-scale synchrotron facilities. Here, we present a significant advance in image resolution and capabilities for desktop soft x-ray microscopes that will enable widespread applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Using 13nm high harmonic beams, we demonstrate a record 22nm spatial resolution for any tabletop x-ray microscope. Finally, we show that unique information about the sample can be obtained by extracting 3-D information at very high numerical apertures.
Unusual case of stridor and wheeze in an infant: tracheal bronchogenic cyst.

Bronchogenic cysts are congenital anomalies that represent aberrant development of the foregut. Bronchogenic cysts in the mediastinum have been documented in both children and adults, but only one case of tracheal bronchogenic cyst in an infant was found in the literature. We report on a case of an infant with wheeze, stridor, and retractions, caused by a midtracheal bronchogenic cyst. This entity, with its unusual location, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress, cyanotic spells, wheezing, and stridor in infants.
An Invitation to Between-Session Change: The Use of Therapeutic Letters in Couples and Family Counseling

Therapeutic letters (i.e., brief therapeutic messages that are sent to clients between counseling sessions) have been used since the days of Freud and have been shown to have beneficial therapeutic...
Phenomenology of Dirac neutrinogenesis in split supersymmetry

In split-supersymmetry scenarios the possibility of having a very heavy gravitino opens the door to alleviate or completely solve the worrisome ``gravitino problem'' in the context of supersymmetric baryogenesis models. Here we assume that the gravitino may indeed be heavy and that Majorana masses for neutrinos are forbidden as well as direct Higgs Yukawa couplings between left- and right-handed neutrinos. We investigate the viability of the mechansim known as Dirac leptogenesis (or neutrinogenesis), both in solving the baryogenesis puzzle and explaining the observed neutrino sector phenomenology. To successfully address these issues, the scenario requires the introduction of at least two new heavy fields. If a hierarchy among these new fields is introduced, and some reasonable stipulations are made on the couplings that appear in the superpotential, it becomes a generic feature to obtain the observed large lepton mixing angles. We show that in this case, it is possible simultaneously to obtain both the correct neutrino phenomenology and enough baryon number, making thermal Dirac neutrinogenesis viable. However, due to cosmological constraints, its ability to satisfy these constraints depends nontrivially on model parameters of the overall theory, particularly the gravitino mass. Split supersymmetry with ${10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{m}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ emerges as a ``natural habitat'' for thermal Dirac neutrinogenesis.
Smoking trends among Filipino adults in California, 1990–2002

Abstract Objectives Filipinos comprise about 18% of the Asian/Pacific Islander American (APIA) population and are increasing. Few studies have examined Filipino current smoking prevalence rates (CSPR) and none have described trends over time. Methods Trends in CSPR were estimated for Filipinos and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) from 1990–2002 from the California Tobacco Surveys (N > 42,000/year). Results CSPR for Filipino males declined: 23.7% (95% CI: 18.7, 28.7) in 1990 to 18.7% (15.3, 22.1) in 2002 (p Conclusion Trends for male Filipino current smokers declined similarly to male NHW from 1990–2002; female rates were lower but did not decline. Future smoking prevention and cessation programs would benefit by taking into account important differences in smoking rates between genders and age groups.
Collusion and predation under (almost) free entry

Abstract This study investigates the degree of cooperation that firms can support in the absence of significant barriers to entry. A Free-Entry Subgame Perfect Equilibrium is defined by (q,n), where q is the collusive output rate and n is the number of active firms, such that there is no incentive for an active firm to deviate output from q and there is no incentive for a potential entrant to enter the industry. It is shown that for all n⩾1, if the discount factor is sufficiently high there exists a free-entry equilibrium in which active firms sustain a non-trivial degree of cooperation. Cooperation is supported by active firms credibly threatening to respond to entry with a period of aggressive competition.
Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks

To characterize the change in frequency of infectious disease outbreaks over time worldwide, we encoded and analysed a novel 33-year dataset (1980–2013) of 12 102 outbreaks of 215 human infectious ...
Prostate Volume Changes Over Time: Results From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Purpose: According to a 1944 publication by Swyer benign prostatic hyperplasia develops in some men after age 45 with further prostatic growth whereas in other men prostate size remains stable or decreases with advancing age. Although there is an abundance of literature describing prostatic enlargement in association with benign prostatic hyperplasia, less is known about the phenomenon of prostate atrophy.Materials and Methods: In the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging serial pelvic magnetic resonance imaging was performed in men without prostate cancer beginning in 1993. From this population we retrospectively identified 278 men with 2 or more magnetic resonance imaging determined prostate volume measurements to examine differential growth rates in a cohort of community men over time.Results: Median age was 58 years and median prostate size was 28 cc at study entry. At a median followup of 4.3 years prostate size increased in 61.9% and remained stable or decreased in 38.1% of men. The median rate of v...
A 3D Monte Carlo Analysis of the Role of Dyadic Space Geometry in Spark Generation

In multiple biological systems, vital intracellular signaling processes occur locally in minute periplasmic subspaces often referred to as signaling microdomains. The number of signaling molecules in these microdomains is small enough to render the notion of continuous concentration changes invalid, such that signaling events are better described using stochastic rather than deterministic methods. Of particular interest is the dyadic cleft in the cardiac myocyte, where short-lived, local increases in intracellular Ca2+ known as Ca2+ sparks regulate excitation-contraction coupling. The geometry of dyadic spaces can alter in disease and development and display significant interspecies variability. We created and studied a 3D Monte Carlo model of the dyadic cleft, specifying the spatial localization of L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors. Our analysis revealed how reaction specificity and efficiency are regulated by microdomain geometry as well as the physical separation of signaling molecules into functional complexes. The spark amplitude and rise time were found to be highly dependent on the concentration of activated channels per dyadic cleft and on the intermembrane separation, but not very sensitive to other cleft dimensions. The role of L-type Ca2+ channel and ryanodine receptor phosphorylation was also examined. We anticipate that this modeling approach may be applied to other systems (e.g., neuronal growth cones and chemotactic cells) to create a general description of stochastic events in Ca2+ signaling.
A new anti-ulcer drug: A clinical and radiological evaluation

1. Clinical data upon use of a new parasympatholytic agent, Ba-5473 (Ciba), are presented. 2. Twenty-four patients so treated had radiologic confirmation of clinically diagnosed peptic ulcer; eight more had hypertrophic gastritis without peptic ulcer and another had duodenal diverticulitis. 3. With individual adjustment of dosage at 5 to 15 mg. four times daily all these patients obtained complete symptomatic relief. Acute symptoms were relieved in every case within 24 to 36 hours after beginning therapy; it was not necessary to continue dietary restrictions beyond the initial stage of treatment, if used at all. Average maintenance dosage is 5 to 10 mg. four times per day. 4. No significant side effects were observed after individualization of dosage at 5 to 15 mg. four times daily. 5. Radiologie evidence of ulcer healing after three weeks’ therapy was obtained in nineteen of the twenty-four cases. One patient was not checked thus at three weeks, but was asymptomatic then, and after three months x-ray examination showed that the ulcer had healed. Two patients are not yet due for three weeks’ restudy. One patient showed reduction of the ulcer crater at three weeks, then complete healing at seven weeks. One patient showed reduction of ulcer size after three weeks with complete healing at three months. 6. One patient having duodenal diverticulitis and pain previously uncontrolled by atropine has been asymptomatic during seven months\rs treatment with Ba-5473. 7. Two patients with spastic colitis and one with bronchial asthma obtained no relief from acute administration of Ba-5473. 8. It is believed that the parasympatholytic agent Ba-5473 warrants further study as an agent of real potential in the management of peptic ulcer, hypertrophic gastritis without ulceration and other spastic conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Calculated nearly degenerate isospin doublets

Abstract It is noted that in several calculations of the odd J states of N = Z nuclei 36 Ar, 44 Ti, and 52 Fe, there is a near degeneracy of the lowest T = 0 and lowest T = 1 states, for several J values. Qualitative physical reasons for this behavior are given and the Coulomb mixing is estimated.
Association of the γ-aminobutyric acid system with a synaptic vesicle fraction from mouse brain

Summary γ-Aminobutyric acid (γABA), glutamic acid, and glutamic decarboxylase (GAD) have been found to be more tightly associated than lactic dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic marker, with a centrifugally isolated and morphologically characterized mouse brain synaptic vesicle fraction. Some aspects of the morphology were discussed. γABA transaminase was virtually absent from the vesicles. The synaptic vesicles were found to accumulate 14 C-labeled γABA and glutamic acid by a Na + -dependent process at 0° C in the absence of added metabolites. The accumulation was not related to any process requiring metabolic generation of energy. After preloading with labeled γABA at 0°, incubation at 30° in the absence or presence of metabolites or inhibitors invariably resulted in a loss of γABA from the vesicles. Several experiments were performed with 14 C-labeled γABA that gave results consistent with the suggestion that there is a Na + -dependent binding of γABA to the membrane of the particles and that the binding sites function as carriers to mediate the movement of γABA in and out of the particles.
Benign acute childhood myositis: An unusual cause of calf pain

We present a 17-year-old boy with benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) who presented with acute onset of right calf pain, swelling, and difficulty walking. The MR findings are reviewed. MR may be useful in diagnosing BACM and in differentiating it from other causes of myositis.
Spatial and temporal patterns of nonvolcanic tremor along the southern Cascadia subduction zone

[1] Episodic tremor and slip (ETS), the spatial and temporal correlation of slow slip events monitored via GPS surface displacements and nonvolcanic tremor (NVT) monitored via seismic signals, is a newly discovered mode of deformation thought to be occurring downdip from the seismogenic zone along several subduction zone megathrusts. To provide overall constraints on the distribution and migration behavior of NVT in southern Cascadia, we apply a semiautomated location algorithm to seismic data available during the EarthScope Transportable Array deployment to detect the most prominent pulses of NVT and invert analyst-refined relative arrival times for source locations. In the processing, we also detect distinct and isolated bursts of energy within the tremor similar to observations of low-frequency earthquakes in southwest Japan. We investigate in detail eight NVT episodes between November 2005 and August 2007 with source locations extending over a 650 km along-strike region from northern California to northern Oregon. We find complex tremor migration patterns with periods of steady migration (4–10 km/d), halting, and frequent along-strike jumps (30–400 km) in activity. The initiation and termination points of laterally continuous tremor activity appear to be repeatable features between NVT episodes which support the hypothesis of segmentation within the ETS zone. The overall distribution of NVT epicenters occur within a narrow band primarily confined by the surface projections of the 30 and 40 km contours of the subducting plate interface. We find as much as 50 km spatial offset from the updip edge of the tremor source zone to the downdip edge of the thermally and geodetically defined transition zone, which may inhibit ETS from triggering earthquakes further updip. Intriguingly, NVT activity is spatially anticorrelated with local seismicity, suggesting the two processes are mutually exclusive. We propose that the transition in frictional behavior coupled with high pore fluid pressures in the ETS zone favor tremor generation instead of regular interplate seismicity and frequent ETS produces a semicontinuous relaxation of strain within the overriding and subducting plates that further inhibit seismogenesis surrounding the ETS source region.
An evaluation of soil moisture models for countermine application

The focus of this study is the evaluation of emerging soil moisture models as they apply to infrared, radar, and acoustic sensors within the scope of countermine operations. Physical, chemical, and biological processes changing the signature of the ground are considered. The available models were not run in-house, but were evaluated by the theory by which they were constructed and the supporting documentation. The study was conducted between September and October of 2003 and represents a subset of existing models. The objective was to identify those models suited for simulation, define the general constraints of the models, and summarize the emerging functionalities which would support sensor modeling for mine detection.
Effector Protein Translocation by the Coxiella burnetii Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System Requires Endocytic Maturation of the Pathogen-Occupied Vacuole

The human pathogen Coxiella burnetii encodes a type IV secretion system called Dot/Icm that is essential for intracellular replication. The Dot/Icm system delivers bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol during infection. The effector proteins delivered by C. burnetii are predicted to have important functions during infection, but when these proteins are needed during infection has not been clearly defined. Here, we use a reporter system consisting of fusion proteins that have a β-lactamase enzyme (BlaM) fused to C. burnetii effector proteins to study protein translocation by the Dot/Icm system. Translocation of BlaM fused to the effector proteins CBU0077, CBU1823 and CBU1524 was not detected until 8-hours after infection of HeLa cells, which are permissive for C. burnetii replication. Translocation of these effector fusion proteins by the Dot/Icm system required acidification of the Coxiella-containing vacuole. Silencing of the host genes encoding the membrane transport regulators Rab5 or Rab7 interfered with effector translocation, which indicates that effectors are not translocated until bacteria traffic to a late endocytic compartment in the host cell. Similar requirements for effector translocation were discerned in bone marrow macrophages derived from C57BL/6 mice, which are primary cells that restrict the intracellular replication of C. burnetii. In addition to requiring endocytic maturation of the vacuole for Dot/Icm-mediated translocation of effectors, bacterial transcription was required for this process. Thus, translocation of effector proteins by the C. burnetii Dot/Icm system occurs after acidification of the CCV and maturation of this specialized organelle to a late endocytic compartment. This indicates that creation of the specialized vacuole in which C. burnetii replicates represents a two-stage process mediated initially by host factors that regulate endocytic maturation and then by bacterial effectors delivered into host cells after bacteria establish residency in a lysosome-derived organelle.
Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic dispersion in random porous media

In this paper we present results demonstrating the utility of computational methods to numerically simulate and visualize hydrodynamic dispersion in random porous media. The role of Peclet number in the spread of a dye through porous media is illustrated. From examination of concentration profiles, effective diffusion coefficients were numerically determined for different Peclet numbers. In contrast to the case of fluid-driven dispersion, we discuss the spread of a dilute concentration of ions driven by an electric field. We also consider a simple model of size exclusion chromatography where materials that advect and diffuse through pore space also diffuse through the solid matrix.
Mechanisms of Disease: molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy

Here, Mark Awad, Hugh Calkins and Daniel Judge tackle the known genetic mutations associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy, and examine the complex issues surrounding genetic analysis in the clinical assessment of individuals with this condition. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy is an inherited cardiomyopathy estimated to affect approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals. Cardinal manifestations include right ventricular enlargement and dysfunction, fibrofatty replacement of myocytes in the right ventricle, characteristic electrocardiographic abnormalities, and ventricular arrhythmia most commonly arising from the right ventricle. The disease is frequently familial and typically involves autosomal dominant transmission with low penetrance and variable expressivity. Approximately 50% of symptomatic individuals harbor a mutation in one of the five major components of the cardiac desmosome. Nevertheless, other genetic modifiers and environmental factors complicate the clinical management of mutation carriers as well as counseling of their relatives. This Review summarizes the known genetic mutations associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy, describes possible origins of recurrent mutations, presents theories on the pathogenesis of disease following a mutation, and discusses the current issues surrounding clinical use of genetic analysis in the assessment of individuals with this condition.
The polynomial-time hierarchy☆

Abstract The polynomial-time hierarchy is that subrecursive analog of the Kleene arithmetical hierarchy in which deterministic (nondeterministic) polynomial time plays the role of recursive (recursively enumerable) time. Known properties of the polynomial-time hierarchy are summarized. A word problem which is complete in the second stage of the hierarchy is exhibited. In the analogy between the polynomial-time hierarchy and the arithmetical hierarchy, the first order theory of equality plays the role of elementary arithmetic (as the ω-jump of the hierarchy). The problem of deciding validity in the theory of equality is shown to be complete in polynomial-space, and close upper and lower bounds on the space complexity of this problem are established.
Using a boundary organization approach to develop a sea level rise and storm surge impact analysis framework for coastal communities in Maine

Sea-level rise impact assessments are urgently needed by local planners to make informed decisions about adaptation and vulnerability. Most assessments to date, however, focus on large urban centers, coastlines of economic significance, or involve physical or economic modeling expertise that may be expensive or unavailable to town planners. Despite the large number of small coastal communities in the USA, few methodologies have been developed based on locally available data and expertise. Our research team at Bowdoin College served as a boundary organization working with community stakeholders to identify and meet their needs in developing a simplified, inexpensive methodology based on widely available data to assess sea level rise (SLR) and storm surge impacts on coastal Maine communities. We used two municipalities, Brunswick and Harpswell, as case studies. LIDAR maps were used in a geographic information system framework to model SLR scenarios (projected for the year 2100) of 0.61 (2 ft), 1, and 2 m. Storm surge scenarios based on historical data were modeled additively to SLR projections. We analyzed the potential impacts of SLR and storm surge changes on land acreage, buildings, transportation networks, piers, and coastal marshes. Coastal Maine communities may face substantial impacts to land, infrastructure, intertidal ecosystems, and livelihoods. We identify issues in existing data and governance structures that make implementing this simplified analysis challenging, and we suggest recommendations for overcoming them. Our work provides a useful framework for assessing vulnerability and resilience at the municipal level and the development of subnational adaptation protocols.
Development of Movement Schema in Young Children

To examine the development of movement schema in young school-age children, i.e., whether principles which govern fine eye-hand coordination skill learning as suggested by Schmidt's schema theory apply to the learning of gross motor skills Exp. 1 involved 48 right-handed first-grade children. On a modification of the Fitts Reciprocal Tapping task children moved a stylus (held in the hand or attached to a special shoe worn on the foot) between two metal targets separated by different distances. Children were randomly assigned to one of eight groups: two control or no-practice groups and six experimental or transfer groups. A one-way analysis of variance followed by appropriate Scheffe post hoc tests indicated that movements of the lower limbs were not organized into a movement schema, but a pattern of schema of movement for the upper limbs developed. That no movement schema developed for lower limb movements suggests development of movement schema is intricately linked to both the existing as well as the potential for developing precise movement in those limbs. Exp. 2 involved 40 first-grade children who were randomly assigned to perform a gross-motor agility task under one of three conditions: direct practice on the criterion task, constant practice on a modification of the criterion task, or variable practice on several different modifications of the criterion task. A groups X trials analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc tests indicated that there were no significant differences among direct, constant, or variable practice groups. Data suggest that the amount of practice may be as important as the type of practice in developing movement schema involved in gross motor skills in young children.
34 Dystroglycan Expression and Glycosylation in Pediatric Solid Tumors.

Dystroglycan is an integral membrane protein that has been found in a variety of cell types including muscle, epithelial, and neural cells. Dystroglycan helps to link the extracellular basement membrane, cell membrane and cytoskeleton, thereby contributing to cellular membrane integrity. Dystroglycan can also mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, stimulate extracellular matrix formation, and mediate signal transduction pathways. Made from a single gene product (DAG1), the dystroglycan protein is post-translationally cleaved to comprise two protein chains, α and β; α dystroglycan undergoes further post-translational modification which results in heavy glycosylation of the dystroglycan molecule. The binding of cells via dystroglycan to extracellular matrix proteins has been shown to be dependent on this glycosylation. Abnormalities of dystroglycan glycosylation have been clearly implicated in muscular dystrophy, neuronal migration disorders and ocular malformations. While its importance in development and in disease is well known, it is only recently that dystroglycan function has been considered in tumor biology. Recent studies have shown that altered dystroglycan expression is a feature of certain cancer cell lines and of some adult primary tumors. These alterations have been implicated in both tumor invasiveness and metastatic potential.
An efficient sequential quadratic programming formulation of optimal wire spacing for cross-talk noise avoidance routing

In this paper we propose a new, and e ective, approach to cross-talk noise avoidance routing. In our new approach we attack the cross-talk noise problem immediately following topological routing, which is the point in the routing process that gives the best trade o between the ability to detect cross-talk noise problems and the ability to correct the problems. We formulate the heart of this new approach as a convex, nonlinear, mathematical programming problem which determines an optimal set of wire spacings under cross-talk noise constraints. This new mathematical programming formulation is based on a detailed knowledge of the underlying cross-talk noise mechanisms and accounts for coupling capacitance, interconnect resistance, and aggressor net signal rise time on nets with arbitrarily complex tree topologies. Finally, by slightly restricting this programming problem we formulate it as a linearly constrained, convex, nonlinear, mathematical program which can be quickly and e ciently solved using sequential quadratic programming.
Coronary artery endothelial dysfunction after global ischemia, blood cardioplegia, and reperfusion.

Abstract This study tests the hypothesis that blood cardioplegia (BCP) attenuates endothelial dysfunction related to nitric oxide after global normothermic ischemia, cardioplegic arrest, and reperfusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs placed on cardiopulmonary bypass. The dogs were divided into five groups to identify the time when endothelial injury occurred: group 1=control without ischemia; group 2=45 minutes of nonnothermic ischemia only; group 3=45 minutes of normothermic ischemia plus unmodified reperfusion; group 4=45 minutes of ischemia plus intermittent BCP without reperfusion; and group 5=ischemia plus BCP and reperfusion. In vitro coronary vascular relaxation responses to the nitric oxide stimulator acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent, receptor-dependent), the calcium ionophore A23187 (endothelium-dependent, receptor-independent), and acidified NaNO 2 (endothelium-independent) were measured at the end of the protocol. Maximum in vitro coronary vascular responses to acetylcholine were similar among groups 1, 2, and 4, indicating an absence of endothelial injury. In contrast, significantly impaired relaxations to acetylcholine were demonstrated in the two reperfused groups (groups 3 and 5). Relaxation responses to A23187 and NaNO 2 were not altered markedly in any group. Electron microscopy showed intact endothelium in groups 1, 2, and 4. However, moderately severe endothelium damage was seen in groups 3 and 5. We conclude that morphologic and functional endothelial damage occurs after blood reperfusion with or without BCP, and 1-hour hypothermic BCP arrest after normothennic ischemia is not associated with extension of endothelial damage.
High prevalence of insulation failure with externalized cables in St. Jude Medical Riata family ICD leads: fluoroscopic grading scale and correlation to extracted leads.

Background Inside-out abrasion with externalization of sensing ring or high-voltage cables in St Jude Medical Riata implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads has been reported. The prevalence of extruded cables, rate of electrical abnormalities, and predictors of failure in Riata leads are unknown. Objectives To estimate the incidence of lead failure in the St Jude Medical Riata implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads and to propose a standard for the fluoroscopic assessment of insulation breakdown. Methods Patients undergoing cine-fluoroscopy on Riata implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads at our institution before January 25, 2012, were included (n = 87). Leads were graded as types 0–3 (0 = normal, 1 = abnormal conductor spacing, 2 ≤1 cm cable extrusion, 3 = >1 cm length extrusion). Comparison to extracted leads (n = 15) was documented. Device interrogation data were used for electrical analysis. Results The mean time from implant was 5.9 ± 3.45 years. Structural lead failure with externalized cables was seen in 33.3% (29 of 87) of the patients. Thirty-one percent (9 of 29) of the leads with exposed cables showed electrical failure, and 29.7% (19 of 64) of the leads with normal electrical data contained externalized cables. Time from implant ≥5 years predicted structural lead failure ( P Conclusions Cine-fluoroscopy using a simple scale correlated with the structural integrity of extracted Riata leads. A high percentage of leads with extrusion showed electrical failure. Leads ≥5 years from implant showed a high rate of externalized cables. A large independent multicenter study to determine the prevalence and clinical sequelae of Riata lead failures is warranted.
The Leading Pattern of Intraseasonal and Interannual Indian Ocean Precipitation Variability and Its Relationship with Asian Circulation during the Boreal Cold Season

AbstractThe leading pattern of precipitation for the Indian Ocean, one of the most intense areas of rainfall on the globe, is calculated for November–April 1979–2008. The associated regional circulation and thermodynamic forcing of precipitation over Asia are examined at both intraseasonal and interannual time scales. The leading pattern is determined using both empirical orthogonal function analysis of monthly precipitation data and a closely related index of daily outgoing longwave radiation filtered into intraseasonal (33–105 days) and interannual (greater than 105 days) components.The leading pattern has a maximum in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean, and is closely associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation at intraseasonal time scales and related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation at interannual time scales. Both time scales are associated with baroclinic Gill–Matsuno-like circulation responses extending over southern Asia, but the interannual component also has a strong equivalent barotropic ci...
Fully explicit nonlinear optics model in a particle-in-cell framework

A numerical technique which incorporates the nonlinear optics of anisotropic crystals into a particle-in-cell framework is described. The model is useful for simulating interactions between crystals, ultra-short laser pulses, intense relativistic electron bunches, plasmas, or any combination thereof. The frequency content of the incident and scattered radiation is limited only by the resolution of the spatial and temporal grid. A numerical stability analysis indicates that the Courant condition is more stringent than in the vacuum case. Numerical experiments are carried out illustrating the electro-optic effect, soliton propagation, and the generation of fields in a crystal by a relativistic electron bunch.
Dissolution kinetics of pyrochlore ceramics for the disposition of plutonium

Single-pass flow-through (SPFT) experiments were conducted on a set of non-radioactive Ti-based ceramics at 90 °C and pH = 2 to 12. The specimens contained 27.9 to 35.8 wt% CeO 2 as a surrogate for UO 2 and PuO 2 . Compositions were formulated as TiO 2 -saturated pyrochlore (CeP1) and pyrochlore-rich baseline (CePB1) ceramic waste forms. Pyrochlore + Hf-rutile and pyrochlore + perovskite + Hf-rutile constituted the major phases in the CeP1 and CePB1 ceramics, respectively. Results from dissolution experiments between pH = 2 to 12 indicate a shallow pH-dependence with an ill-defined minimum. Element release rates determined from experiments over a range of sample surface areas ( S ) and flow rates ( q ) indicate that dissolution rates become independent of q/S values at 10 −8 to 10 −7 m/s. Dissolution rates dropped sharply at lower values of q/S , indicating rates that are subject to solution saturation effects as dissolved constituents become concentrated. Forward dissolution rates were 1.3(0.30) × 10 −3 and 5.5(1.3) × 10 −3 g/m 2 ·d for CeP1 and CePB1 ceramics, respectively. Dissolution rates obtained in other laboratories compare well to the findings of this study, once the rate data are placed in the context of solution saturation state. These results make progress toward an evaluation of CeO 2 as a surrogate for UO 2 and PuO 2 as well as establishing a baseline for comparison with radiation-damaged specimens.
Boundary Values and Cowen–Douglas Curvature

We define a metric in terms of the Cowen–Douglas curvature for an operatorTin B1(Ω). Any boundary point ofΩthat is a finite distance, with respect to this metric, from the eigenvalues in the interior is itself an eigenvalue ofT. IfTis represented as the adjoint of multiplication by the coordinate function on some holomorphic Hilbert space onΩ, this gives a condition under which functions in the space have limits along a path going to the boundary ofΩ.
A Consistent Model for Disordering of GaAs/AlAs- Superiattices During Zinc Diffusion

A model for the disordering of GaAs/AlAs-superlattices during zinc diffusion, which is consistent with recently established models for gallium self-diffusion and zinc diffusion in GaAs, is presented. Four coupled partial differential equations resulting from the model are solved numerically. In accordance with measured data in the literature, no disordering without zinc can result for temperatures around 600°C. Zinc diffusion, however, produces a large amount of gallium self-interstitials, which leads to a complete disordering of superlattices with a period thickness of 32 nm to a depth of about 0.8 pim within one hour. The used values for the diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium concentration of gallium self-interstitials are a consistent splitting of the gallium interstitial dominated self-diffusion coefficient.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BRADYCARDIA AND ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE CORONARY ISCHEMIA

Bradyarrhythmias arising in the setting of myocardial infarction occur in a significant minority of patients with AMI. In the majority of cases, these abnormalities are owing to myocardial ischemia or infarction with necrosis of the cardiac pacemaker sites and/or conduction system. Other factors responsible for these bradyarrhythmias include altered autonomic influence, systemic hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, acid-based disorders, and complications of various medical therapies. This article will focus on not only the diagnosis and management of these rhythm disturbances, but also on the pathophysiology of the arrhythmias.
Gold coating of glass tubes for gas chromatography/fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ''Light-Pipe'' gas cells

The sensitivity of gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FT-IR) may be significantly improved by use of small bore gold-coated glass gas cells. This note describes the method of preparing internally gold-coated glass or quartz tubes for GC-IR applications.