cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Balance Differs After Knee or Ankle Fatigue in Older Women

Abstract Bellew JW, Fenter PC. Control of balance differs after knee or ankle fatigue in older women. Objective To examine the effects of acute isokinetic knee or ankle fatigue on control of static and dynamic balance in older women. Design Pretest and posttest. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Eighteen healthy, community-dwelling older women (age, 77±6y) with no history of falling. Interventions Measurements of static and dynamic balance control before and after isokinetically fatiguing the ankle plantar- and dorsiflexors or knee extensors and flexors in separate sessions. Main Outcome Measures Performance on 3 clinical assessments of control of balance: modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT), Lower-Extremity Reach Test (LERT), and Single-Limb Stance Time Test (SLSTT). Results Balance declined in the mFRT after fatigue to each joint, with no significant difference in the magnitude of change between joints. Control of balance during the LERT decreased significantly only after knee fatigue, and control of balance during the SLSTT was significantly reduced only after ankle fatigue. Conclusions Balance performance after acute isokinetic muscular fatigue to the knee or ankle is specific to the muscle groups fatigued and the balance tests used.
An improved nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion coefficient imaging method using an optimized pulse sequence.

Two‐dimensional diffusion coefficient maps (images) of a carefully controlled diffusion phantom have been measured by a new diffusionimaging sequence using a 0.6‐T whole‐body nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)scanner having a gradient field strength of 2.5 mT/m. The free induction decay (FID) data for the diffusion coefficient images was collected by varying the duration of the readout gradient in the conventional two‐dimensional Fourier imaging sequence. The experimental results obtained by the proposed NMRdiffusion measurement technique indicate a close agreement with other previous measurements. The selection of optimum spin‐echo time for maximum signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in diffusionimaging is studied and also experimentally confirmed. Finally, a preclinical study with human volunteers has been performed and results are presented.
Why optical data communications and why now

Our focus here is on data communications within IT equipment and in IT data centers. Optical communications is not new. Thus the obvious question is likely; why a paper entitled, “Why optical data communications and why now?”. The reasons are twofold. First, optical data communications is more necessary now than it has ever been in the past. It is not excessive to even consider that it will be required in the not too distant future. Second, the advances in the broad field of photonics and optics have brought optical communications nearly to the point that it can finally cross over the threshold to be less expensive than electronic signaling. In this paper we make the case why we must aggressively pursue optics for data communications at all length scales within the data center. The summarization of this paper is that optical communications is inevitable, and we offer reasons why we believe this is true.
Inertial deposition of particles from potential flows past cylinder arrays

Abstract We exploit the computationally efficient method of images (MOI) to create steady potential flows past finite and infinite circular cylinder arrays, in order to study inertial impaction of particles on them. Although such flows are often encountered in practice (e.g. high Reynolds number “dusty gas” flows past heat exchanger tube banks and filter screens), little is yet known about the proximity effects of adjacent collectors on the capture efficiency of any particular collector in the array. Our results for linear, symmetric arrays in steady cross-flow, containing an odd number of collectors (from three to infinity), over a wide range of array spacings, support the conjecture that an appropriately defined effective Stokes number based on the stagnation region fluid deceleration rate (computed and reported here as a function of the number of collectors and their spacing) can adequately correlate, for practical purposes, the capture efficiency of a representative collector in the array. This scheme, combined with well-known correlations for an isolated collector, simplifies significantly the task of estimating inertial impaction rates on aerodynamically interacting collectors.
FoxO transcription factors in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis during aging

The FoxO family of Forkhead transcription factors functions at the interface of tumor suppression, energy metabolism, and organismal longevity. FoxO factors are key downstream targets of insulin, growth factor, nutrient, and oxidative stress stimuli that coordinate a wide range of cellular outputs. FoxO-dependent cellular responses include gluconeogenesis, neuropeptide secretion, atrophy, autophagy, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and stress resistance. This review will discuss the roles of the mammalian FoxO family in a variety of cell types, from stem cells to mature cells, in the context of the whole organism. Given the overwhelming evidence that the FoxO factors promote longevity in invertebrates, this review will also discuss the potential role of the FoxO factors in the aging of mammalian organisms.
Core values and major issues in student affairs practice: What really matters?

In a professional world characterized by change, uncertainty, and increased pressure to demonstrate that what they do really matters, community college student affairs professionals need clear definitions, a shared understanding of critical professional issues, and professional values that are consistent and congruent. This chapter provides those definitions and identifies core values and major issues for student affairs professionals in community colleges.
Psychophysiological measures of workload during continuous manual performance.

Twelve subjects (six female) participated in an experiment designed to separate the effects of perceptual/central and physical demands on psychophysiological measures of peripheral nervous system a...
Phylogenetic relatedness predicts priority effects in nectar yeast communities

Priority effects, in which the outcome of species interactions depends on the order of their arrival, are a key component of many models of community assembly. Yet, much remains unknown about how priority effects vary in strength among species in a community and what factors explain this variation. We experimented with a model natural community in laboratory microcosms that allowed us to quantify the strength of priority effects for most of the yeast species found in the floral nectar of a hummingbird-pollinated shrub at a biological preserve in northern California. We found that priority effects were widespread, with late-arriving species experiencing strong negative effects from early-arriving species. However, the magnitude of priority effects varied across species pairs. This variation was phylogenetically non-random, with priority effects stronger between closer relatives. Analysis of carbon and amino acid consumption profiles indicated that competition between closer relatives was more intense owing to higher ecological similarity, consistent with Darwin's naturalization hypothesis. These results suggest that phylogenetic relatedness between potential colonists may explain the strength of priority effects and, as a consequence, the degree to which community assembly is historically contingent.
Kinetic Parameters for the Thermal Inactivation of Quality-Related Enzymes in Carrots and Potatoes

Kinetic parameters for the thermal inactivation of several enzymes in carrot and potato homogenates have been determined. In carrots the most heat-resistant activity was polygalacturonase, followed by peroxidase and pectinmethylesterase. In potatoes peroxidase was the most resistant, followed by pectin methylesterase, polyphenol oxidase, and lipoxygenase. There were several notable similarities between the inactivation kinetics in the two vegetables. In both cases peroxidase activity gave simple first-order inactivation kinetics but yielded a curved Arrhenius plot for the temperature dependence. Pectin methylesterase in both commodities consisted of a labile and a resistant form. The relative amounts of the two forms and the temperature dependences for their inactivation were also similar.
Inflammation and hemostasis in atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study

Background: Recent studies suggest atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Aims: To determine if alterations in hemostasis or inflammation explain the association between AF and CHD. Methods: C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, factor VIII, and fibrinogen were measured in incident CHD cases (n ¼ 647) and a stratified cohort random sample (CRS, n ¼ 1104) between 2003 and 2007 from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Using a case-cohort approach, Cox models examined whether inflammation or hemostasis biomarkers explained the association between AF and CHD. Results: In participants free of CHD at baseline, 12.2% of CHD cases and 7.1% of the CRS had AF. Over a median follow-up of 4.4 years, all biomarkers were associated with an increased risk of CHD in those with and those without AF after adjusting for CHD risk factors. The association of D-dimer with CHD was greater in those with AF (HR 2.52, 95% CI ¼ 1.49, 4.26) than those without AF (HR 1.34, 95% CI ¼ 1.12,1.61) (p-interaction ¼ 0.02). Similar interactions were not observed for the other biomarkers. Conclusions: Our results suggest that alterations in D-dimer, a marker of hemostasis, explain the association between AF and CHD. Potentially, D-dimer is a useful biomarker to assess CHD risk in persons with AF.
A Distributed Cache Coherence Protocol for Hypercube Multiprocessors

This paper proposes a distributed directory cache coherence protocol and compares the performance of the proposed protocol with fully mapped and single linked list protocols for the hypercube multiprocessors. The directories of shared blocks are maintained as a tree structure which is motivated by the similarity of the indirect binary n-cube to the direct binary n-cube. The proposed protocol also takes advantage of the wormhole routing technique. Compared to the fully mapped and single linked list schemes, the proposed protocol reduces the memory reference latency and the network traffic.
Proverbs and the Problems of the Moral Self

This article applies the Heelas–Lock model of conceptualizing the moral self to the book of Proverbs in such a way as to account, in psychological-anthropological terms, for the variety of moral voices in Proverbs 10–30, while holding that the idea of just deserts cannot be treated lightly, as if it were just one voice among others. The alternatives offered to the theory of retribution are just that: attempts to deal with its inadequacy in real life while maintaining its dominance in the concept of the moral self and its formation. The moral reasoning underlying such alternatives is inherently contradictory to the logic of retribution, but both individuals and cultures can accommodate logically incompatible beliefs as long as no one attempts to impose a single system of knowledge on them. As this article tries to show in regard to Proverbs 1–9, to do so accentuates the anxiety latent in the fact of competing moral logics to the degree that the anxiety must, in turn, be suppressed. In the opening instructi...
Cross-Domain Speech Disfluency Detection

We build a model for speech disfluency detection based on conditional random fields (CRFs) using the Switchboard corpus. This model is then applied to a new domain without any adaptation. We show that a technique for detecting speech disfluencies based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP) (Georgila, 2009) significantly outperforms CRFs. In particular, in terms of F-score and NIST Error Rate the absolute improvement of ILP over CRFs exceeds 20% and 25% respectively. We conclude that ILP is an approach with great potential for speech disfluency detection when there is a lack or shortage of indomain data for training.
A model for quadrupedal running-in-place in the plane

A model for quadrupedal running-in-place is presented which consists of a body supported by massless springy legs which are driven by simple local feedback. Two periodic solutions exist which correspond to the pronk and bound gaits for four-legged robots and animals. Return maps are described for bounding and a restricted version of pronking. The maps must be solved numerically. The bound is stable for a sufficiently small body inertia, but the pronk is unstable. A simple additional centralized control is found to be sufficient to locally stabilize the pronk. Plots of the maps' equilibria as a function of system parameters are presented.
Chemical Stability of Capped Dredged Material Disposal Mounds in Long Island Sound, Usa

Geochemical analysis and visual inspection of cores collected from capped dredged material mounds revealed that in many cores, cap material was clearly distinguishable, both visually and chemically...
1‐(Propylthio)‐2,5‐pyrrolidinedione

[1269247-13-3] C7H11NO2S (MW 173.05) InChI = 1S/C7H11NO2S/c1-2-5-11-8-6(9)3-4-7(8)10/h2-5H2,1H3 InChIKey = STDGTTXRFKALAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the allylic functionalization of aryl cycloalkenes and asymmetric oxysulfenylation of alkenes) Alternate Name: N-propylthiosuccinimide. Physical Data: mp 35–39 °C; yellow solid. Solubility: soluble in DCM and CHCl3. Preparative Methods: prepared from 1-propanethiol and succinimide in DCM.1 1-Propanethiol was converted to propanesulfenyl chloride with sulfuryl chloride in DCM, and the reaction mixture was transferred to a suspension of succinimide and triethylamine in DCM. The reaction mixture was washed with water and brine and then concentrated. The crude reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography. The title compound was obtained as a yellow solid in 87% yield. Purification: column chromatography. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store in a freezer.
Do Three Different Passive Assessments of Quadriceps Spasticity Relate to the Functional Activity of Walking for Children Diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy

A stiff-knee gait pattern is frequently associated with several impairments including quadriceps spasticity in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). The relationship of clinical measures of quadriceps spasticity and the stiff-knee gait pattern in children diagnosed with CP has not been well established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the ability of clinical measures of quadriceps spasticity (modified Ashworth scale [MAS], Ely tests, and pendulum test) to categorize a stiff-knee gait pattern in children with CP. Children were categorized as having a stiff-knee gait pattern based on kinematic and EMG gait data. Results of a logistic regression model revealed that the only significant measure was A1 of the pendulum test. Discriminant analysis functions were used to predict group membership (stiff-knee, not stiff-knee gait pattern) for each measure. The A1 of the pendulum test demonstrated the highest classification accuracy and the highest sensitivity compared to the other measures. Therefore, a negative pendulum test (indicated by an A1 value of 45 degrees or more) is more useful for ruling out a stiff-knee gait pattern compared to the other clinical measures.
The effect of target area on grating acuity

Abstract Acuity thresholds were determined in narrow-band chromatic illumination for gratings subtending square targets from 6 to 144 minutes of visual angle along each side. Acuity as a function of peak-to-peak luminance showed a steeper slope for variable contrast than for variable luminance. In 575 nm illumination with (a) increasing luminance at maximal contrast and (b) increasing contrast at constant luminance, acuity increases as target width increases up to a critical target width beyond which further increases in target size have no effect on acuity. As peak-to-peak luminance within the target increases, the critical target width decreases. In 465 nm illumination critical target widths can only be defined at high luminance levels.
Expression of Streptococcus mutans fimA is iron-responsive and regulated by a DtxR homologue

Iron uptake, transport and storage in Streptococcus mutans, the principal causative agent of human dental cavities, is unexplored despite early reports in the literature which predict a role for this trace metal in cariogenesis. Experiments in the authors’ laboratory revealed several iron-responsive proteins in S. mutans, one of which reacted with a polyclonal antiserum directed against the FimA fimbrial adhesin from Streptococcus parasanguis on Western blots. The results of Western blot and Northern hybridization experiments support an inverse relationship between iron availability and S. mutans fimA expression, and metal ion uptake experiments implicate FimA in S. mutans 55Fe transport. Cloning of the S. mutans fimA homologue facilitated the construction of a fimA knockout mutant which grew poorly in an iron-limiting medium relative to the wild-type progenitor strain, lending further support to a role for FimA in S. mutans iron transport. The authors also identified and cloned a dtxR-like gene (dlg) located downstream of fimA on the S. mutans chromosome, and noted increased fimA expression in a S. mutans dlg knockout mutant relative to wild-type on RNA spot blots and Western blots. The uptake of 55Fe, which was also significantly increased in this mutant, was compromised in a fimA/dlg double knockout. These findings are consistent with a role for Dlg in the iron-mediated regulation of fimA, and possibly other S. mutans iron transporters. Finally, the cariogenic potential of the fimA and dlg knockout mutants was not significantly different from that of the wild-type progenitor in a germ-free rat model.
THE SPATIOTEMPORAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY OVER SENEGAL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GLOBAL CLIMATE

Climate variability over Senegal (West Africa) and its relationship to global climate are examined for the period 1979–1998. Monthly observed rainfall for 20 stations and monthly CPC merged analysis precipitation (CMAP) over Senegal were averaged for the months of June, July, August, and September in order to generate seasonal rainfall totals for the wet season, as well as climate indices averaged over the study period. The spatial distribution patterns are mapped and analyzed using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. Rainfall distribution over Senegal is dominated by a N–S gradient. To investigate the climate variability over Senegal, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is performed for the 1979–1998 period, using rain-gauge and CMAP rainfall data over Senegal, and CMAP data only for West Africa. The first West African mode agrees strongly with Lamb’s rainfall index. One of our major findings is that EOF2 for West Africa is well correlated with EOF1 for rainfall in Senegal. This relationship is supported by the projection of winds on the EOF2 mode by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), as well as the grid-point correlation between the time series of EOF2 over West Africa and the Atlantic sea-surface temperature (SST). The typical circulation associated with positive anomalies over Senegal is a moisture convergence, which takes place over the Guinea Gulf, in conjunction with the warm waters in this area. The time series for rainfall over Senegal show positive correlations with the South Atlantic SST. Over the Pacific Ocean, the greatest correlation coefficients (up to −0.72) are observed during the April–July period, which provide a modest possibility of predicting Senegal’s rainy season. Given the specificity of coastal West Africa, the traditional indices used by policy makers and end users for the whole Sahel–Sudan region will not work for Senegal. The CMAP data are robust and suitable for analyses over West Africa. On the basis of its reliability, CMAP data has proven to be a good validation for analyses based on rain-gauge precipitation. Copyright  2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Skeleton-based computational method for the generation of a 3D finite element mesh sizing function

This paper focuses on the generation of a three-dimensional (3D) mesh sizing function for geometry-adaptive finite element (FE) meshing. The mesh size at a point in the domain of a solid depends on the geometric complexity of the solid. This paper proposes a set of tools that are sufficient to measure the geometric complexity of a solid. Discrete skeletons of the input solid and its surfaces are generated, which are used as tools to measure the proximity between geometric entities and feature size. The discrete skeleton and other tools, which are used to measure the geometric complexity, generate source points that determine the size and local sizing function at certain points in the domain of the solid. An octree lattice is used to store the sizing function as it reduces the meshing time. The size at every lattice-node is calculated by interpolating the size of the source points. The algorithm has been tested on many industrial models, and it can be extended to consider other non-geometric factors that influence the mesh size, such as physics, boundary conditions, etc.
DISPERSION-CURVE IMAGING CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING MULTICHANNEL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVE (MASW) METHOD

The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method can be an efficient tool for mapping the near-surface shear-wave velocity (Vs). Data acquisition, dispersion-curve imaging and estimations, inversion, and 2D visualization are distinct MASW components. Dispersion-curves can be estimated on images that can be obtained by various transforms including converting seismic data from the time-space domain (i.e., t-x domain) into frequency–wave-number (i.e., f-k domain) by applying the Fourier transform to both time and space, Phase-velocity–frequency domain (e.g., Cf-f or f-v domain), slowness–frequency domain (i.e, p-f domain), phase-velocity–wavelength domain, etc. It has been our observation that while the mathematical link between such transforms is well known, the relationship between the corresponding images can be visually clarified for better comprehension. In this work we show the visual relationship between the f-k and the Cf-f domain images. We also demonstrate the visual effects of using fewer geophones (i.e., data along the space axis) with different spread sizes on the phase-velocity–frequency dispersion-curve imaging using surface-wave data with dominant single- and multi-mode surface-wave forms of expressions. These examples could help better understand and make more efficient use of the MASW data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of final results.
Cortical blindness after electroconvulsive therapy.

Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) for mental disorders is considered to be safe and effective when administered according to standard protocols for appropriate indications.1-4 It can produce transient cognitive impairment, but not structural damage, to the brain and is remarkably free from serious complications. Deaths after ECT are reported to occur at a rate of 2 per 100,000 treatments, about the same as for general anesthesia,s and a task force of the American Psychiatric Association stated that there are no absolute contraindications to ECT.6 Bilateral occipital lobe brain hemorrhages also occur rarely; we found only six cases reported during the last two decades. None were caused by seizures, hypertension, trauma, or ECT.7-12 We report here a case of a man who had bilateral occipital lobe hemorrhages for which he was treated neurosurgically 9 days after receiving two electroconvulsive treatments for a severe depressive disorder that had been unresponsive to drug treatment. Based on the results of searches of MEDLINE and HEALTH databases, as well as on a review by Devanand et al4 of ECT complications occurring before the existence of these databases, we believe this report to be the first of its kind.
Effect of antibiotics on obstructive appendicitis in rabbits.

SummaryThe high mortality from perforation and peritonitis which uniformly followed untreated obstruction of the rabbit's appendix was definitely reduced by the parenteral or local administration o...
Analysis,Diagnosis and Treatment of Vibration for 600MW Supercritical Units

This paper gives an introduction of abnormal vibration characteristics of two 600MW supercritical units which were putted into operation lately.The analysis conclusion was that the reasons caused the big vibration of the first generator were low stiffness of rotor supports and mass unbalance;and the reason of the another was inter-turn short circuit fault of rotor winding.Also,it's considered that the thermal flexure of rotor was an important reason.According to the diagnoses results,balancing and troubleshooting to supports were carried out,and the generator rotor of the second unit was returned to the manufactory.The two fault cases will be as a reference to the same types of units with similar vibration faults.
Gene Expression Engineering

Cellular systems can become platforms for chemical production. Over the last four years, over 50 biopharmaceuticals have been approved for production, ranging in scope from hormones, enzymes, fusion proteins, antibodies, and vaccines. However, each of these applications—whether chemicals or pharmaceuticals, requires both a host organism and tools to engineer pathways in this chosen organism. The cellular hosts for these processes range in scope and complexity to include bacterial systems like Escherichia coli, yeast systems like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a variety of mammalian cell systems. To accomplish these production goals, it is necessary to control gene expression (especially of heterologous genes and pathways). This chapter will evaluate methods for controlling gene expression in the context of heterologous genes, endogenous genes, pathway expression and provide insight into new paradigms for flux control through gene expression circuits. A focus of this chapter will be on the various synthetic tools available for gene expression control. Although these basic principles are broadly applicable to multiple organisms, the predominant focus of this chapter will be on microbial systems, particularly E. coli and S. cerevisiae.
Self-Defense, Retaliation, and Gender: Clarifying Motivations for Physical Partner Violence

The motivations behind intimate partner violence (IPV) have been a controversial topic. It has been suggested that women’s use of IPV mainly occurs in the context of self-defense (Saunders 1986). However, men also report perpetrating IPV in self-defense (Harned 2001; Makepeace 1986). This article differentiates self-defense from retaliation and reviews findings regarding these motives for perpetrators of IPV. Self-defense motives are common among battered women; however, undergraduates and arrested perpetrators often report other motives. Women do not consistently report using violence in self-defense more than men do. Clinical and research implications are discussed and existing self-defense measures are critiqued.
Reality and perception: Utilization of many facets of augmented reality

What we perceive with our senses becomes the basic real time information that directs and helps with the tasks we do. Our perception may represent the real world environment or what is perceived is a view of the real world modified with simulated elements of the environment. Augmented reality (AR) represents a system where a view of a live real physical environment is supplemented by computer-generated elements such as sound, video, graphic or location data. Development of AR systems has been facilitated by the advancement in both hardware and software technologies, making it easier to implement all functionalities in real time. Such real time enhancements have been helped by new techniques in such areas as computer vision, object recognition, and registration methodologies which enable user to interact with and manipulate the real world environment effectively. AR advanced computer graphics is integrated to real world data and viewed by the user using see-through head mounted display (HMD). This immersion of the integrated real and simulated world provides a unique perception to users. What he sees, feels, hears, and smells is indistinguishable between what is real and what is computer-generated. Technology has propelled AR systems from experimental laboratories to the marketplace demonstrating great promise in the fields of arts, architecture, archaeology, commerce, construction, education, entertainment, gaming, system maintenance, medical and military applications.
Social Work Involvement in Advance Care Planning: Findings from a Large Survey of Social Workers in Hospice and Palliative Care Settings.

Abstract Background: Few data are available describing the involvement and activities of social workers in advance care planning (ACP). Objective: We sought to provide data about (1) social worker involvement and leadership in ACP conversations with patients and families; and (2) the extent of functions and activities when these discussions occur. Methods: We conducted a large web-based survey of social workers employed in hospice, palliative care, and related settings to explore their role, participation, and self-rated competency in facilitating ACP discussions. Respondents were recruited through the Social Work Hospice and Palliative Care Network and the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the full sample of respondents (N = 641) and a subsample of clinical social workers (N = 456). Responses were analyzed to explore differences in ACP involvement by practice setting. Results: Most clinical social workers (96%) reported that social workers in their ...
Stephen Fienberg: Superman of statistics

Stephen E. Fienberg died on December 14, 2016 after a 4-year battle with cancer. He was husband to Joyce, father to Anthony and Howard, grandfather to six, brother to Lorne, mentor, teacher, and a prolific researcher. Most of all, he was a tireless promoter of the idea that the field of statistics could be a force of good for science and, more broadly, for society.
Lost in the Health Care Reform Discussion: Health Care as a Right or Privilege

Health care has been an ongoing issue of public concern for decades, well before President Obama took office. Passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA),1 also known as Obamacare, in March 2010 and u...
Tangent Stiffness Method for Biaxial Bending

A method for computing generalized stress-strain relationships (moment-thrust-curvature relationships) for metal column sections in biaxial bending is described. The analytical formulation of the force-deformation equations in terms of the rate of change leads to a linear relationship between these quantities. Solutions are obtained by the tangent stiffness method and a digital computer. The method is found to be extremely powerful and efficient for computer solution.
A Family of Provably Correct Algorithms for Exact Triangle Counting

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in casting graph algorithms in the language of linear algebra. By replacing the computations with appropriate operations over different semi-rings, different graph algorithms can be cast as a sequence of linear algebra operations. In this paper, we show that this recent trend allows us to leverage the Formal Linear Algebra Methods Environment (FLAME) methodology to formally specify, derive and implement a family of graph algorithms for counting the number of triangles (3-cliques) in a graph. In addition, we introduce a new back-end for the FLAME Application Programming Interface (API) that computes over sparse matrices stored in the compressed sparse row (CSR) format so that the correctness of the derived algorithm can be translated to the implementation.
Significant Soil: Settler Colonialism and Japan’s Urban Empire in Manchuria

Before Japanese imperialism in Northeast China became a technocratic enterprise, it was a democratic one. So contends one of the most recent additions to the study of the Japanese empire, Significa...
Molecular systematic study of the Cactaceae: Using chloroplast DNA variation to elucidate Cactus phylogeny

Studies of molecular variation within the chloroplast genome have been used to determine phylogenetic relationships within the evolutionarily complex family Cactaceae. Changes detected in the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) involving structural rearrangements (inversions, deletions, etc.), restriction site variation, and gene sequence variation have provided phylogenetically informative data, useful in the construction of cladograms which infer evolutionary relatedness among the various cactus groups investigated. Examples are provided from studies of representative cacti for each of these types of detected cpDNA variation. Applicability of these methods to resolving fundamental questions in cactus evolution and systematics are also discussed.
Make, share, review, remix: Unpacking the impact of the internet on contemporary creativity

This article advances a holistic framework that aims to facilitate a better understanding of the nuanced impact of the internet on contemporary creative participation. Functioning simultaneously as...
Cracks in Diversity Research: The Effects of Diversity Faultlines on Conflict and Performance

In this quasi-field study, we investigate the effects of diversity faultlines on the conflict experience, performance, and morale of 79 groups. This is one of the first studies to operationalize the construct of diversity-related faultlines (Lau and Murnighan 1998). One of the most important contributions of this research is that faultlines incorporate multiple characteristics of group members simultaneously rather than assessing just one demographic characteristic at a time as most past diversity research has done. We develop a measure to capture the complexity of the faultline construct and to examine the effects of various group diversity faultline profiles on group outcomes. Linear results with a limited range of data show that faultlines are negatively related to conflict and positively related to morale and performance. Supplemental analyses that take into account the unique characteristics of our dataset indicate curvilinear relationships between diversity faultlines and relationship conflict, process conflict, group morale, and group performance. Groups with either virtually no faultlines (very diverse members) or strong faultlines (split into 2 fairly homogeneous subgroups) had higher levels of conflict and lower levels of morale and performance than groups with medium faultlines. The results suggest a more complex relationship between diversity and group process and outcome variables than typically described in diversity research. A detailed discussion of the faultline measure we developed and the methodological issues associated with measuring and interpreting faultlines are reported.
The Effects of Juvenile Hormone on Imaginal Discs of Drosophila In Vitro: The Role of the Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

We have been studying the genetic, molecular and developmental processes involved in the evagination of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. These studies have been facilitated, on the one hand, by the fact that evagination occurs in vitro in a variety of culture media in response to ecdysones (Mandaron, 1973; Chihara et al., 1972; Fristrom et al., 1973; Milner and Sang, 1974), and, on the other hand, by the availability of large numbers of imaginal discs (600,000–800,000 per day) isolated by a preparative procedure (Fristrom, 1972). Thus we have the advantage of both defined in vitro conditions and sufficient material for biochemical analysis. The morphology of an unevaginated and fully evaginated leg disc is compared in Fig. 1. Ecdysone-induced evagination is inhibited by all three of the known, naturally occurring juvenile hormones (JHs) and some, but not all, juvenile hormone analogs (Siegel and Fristrom, in press). In addition to inhibiting evagination, juvenile hormone also inhibits, under some conditions, DNA synthesis (Logan et al., 1975), RNA synthesis (Chihara and Fristrom, 1973) and protein synthesis, and affects some membrane properties (e.g., uridine transport, Chihara and Fristrom, 1973).
Profitability analysis of paddy production: A case of agricultural zone 1, Niger State Nigeria

This study estimated the profitability of rice production among small scale farmers in Bida agricultural zone of Niger state. The study utilized a multi-stage random sampling technique to select a total of one hundred and five (105) rice farmers in the area. The data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire from four communities in the study area. Descriptive statistics and farm budgeting tools were used for the analyses. The descriptive analysis showed that the farmers are highly productive between the age range of 37- 48 years. Furthermore, results also revealed land area cultivated by the farmers to be generally below two hectares. The finding further revealed the variable cost per hectare for rice production to be $126,100 per production cycle, while total revenue of $227,500 was realized by the respondents. The results also revealed cost of labour to account for the largest portion (54.0%) of the total variable cost. This is followed by the cost of seed, fertilizer, transportation, herbicide, pesticide and bagging. The farm budgeting analysis revealed the costs and returns of rice production to be profitable with a gross margin of $101,400 and net farm profit of $98,546.4. The gross profit ratio was calculated to be 0.45 which implies that farmers are selling their rice produce at a relatively high profit percentage. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that rice production in Bida Agricultural Zone of Niger State is profitable. Hence, the cultivation of rice is an important enterprise that should be encourage, considering the fact that it is a major staple. It is therefore recommended that timely availability of farm inputs such as improved seed variety and agrochemicals will further boos trice production in the area. Furthermore, provision of credit facilities to small scale farmers is a viable policy to be pursued J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 88-92, April 2018
Forecasting tournaments, epistemic humility and attitude depolarization

People often express political opinions in starkly dichotomous terms, such as "Trump will either trigger a ruinous trade war or save U.S. factory workers from disaster." This mode of communication promotes polarization into ideological in-groups and out-groups. We explore the power of an emerging methodology, forecasting tournaments, to encourage clashing factions to do something odd: to translate their beliefs into nuanced probability judgments and track accuracy over time and questions. In theory, tournaments advance the goals of "deliberative democracy" by incentivizing people to be flexible belief updaters whose views converge in response to facts, thus depolarizing unnecessarily polarized debates. We examine the hypothesis that, in the process of thinking critically about their beliefs, tournament participants become more moderate in their own political attitudes and those they attribute to the other side. We view tournaments as belonging to a broader class of psychological inductions that increase epistemic humility and that include asking people to explore alternative perspectives, probing the depth of their cause-effect understanding and holding them accountable to audiences with difficult-to-guess views.
Green synthesis: Characterization and application of silver and gold nanoparticles

Abstract Silver and gold nanoparticles are among the most extensively used nanoparticles due to their exceptional optical, electrical, and thermal properties, and their profound role in high-sensitivity biomolecular detection, catalysis biosensors, and medicine. The different physical and chemical approaches that have been formulated for the synthesis of these nanoparticles encompass the use of hazardous chemicals, which make them neither economically feasible nor environment friendly. There is, therefore, a growing need for a better, economically feasible, and environmentally friendly process for nanoparticle and nanomaterial synthesis. Application of the green chemistry principles in the synthesis of nanoparticles and nanomaterials has been recommended as a way that can minimize the hazardous effects and maximize the safety and sustainability of nanoparticle production. In this chapter, we focus on the application of green chemistry in the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. We also discuss the characterization and application of green-synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles.
Harry Potter and the (Re)Order of the Artists: Are We Muggles or Goblins?

In "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows," author J.K. Rowling attributes to goblins a very interesting view of ownership rights in artistic works. According to Rowling, goblins believe that the maker of an artistic object maintain an ongoing ownership interest in that object even after it is sold, and is entitled to get it back when the purchaser dies. While this view may strike some as rather odd when it is applied to tangible property in the 'muggle' world, it actually has some very interesting parallels to the legal treatment of intangible property, particularly in the areas of intellectual property and moral rights. Because of the way these parallels have been developing and growing, we seem to be becoming more goblinish in our willingness to recognize ongoing rights in artistic objects, including allowing the artist to collect a commission on subsequent resale of the work. Practical and social considerations suggest that we are unlikely to go as far as recognizing a permanent personal right in the creator that lets him or her reclaim such an object after a sale or other transfer is made. However, we are moving closer to recognizing some forms of the collective right that the goblins actually seem to demand, a cultural moral right in important cultural objects that enables the descendants of that culture as a group to demand the return of the object. Thus, we muggles may not be as far from the goblins as we may have at first believed.
The Resistance to Change-Beliefs Scale: Validation of a New Measure of Conservative Ideology:

The motivated social cognition (MSC) model of conservative ideology posits there are two core facets of conservative political ideology-endorsement of hierarchies and resistance to change. The present research tested the validity and reliability of a scale developed to measure resistance to change. Five studies support the validity, reliability, and factor structure of the Resistance to Change-Beliefs (RC-B) scale. Scores on the RC-B scale correlated with social and cognitive motivations as well as self-identified conservatism. RC-B also predicted more conservative stances on political issues and factor analyses supported the predicted internal structure of the RC-B scale. This provides the field with a validated instrument that avoids problems inherent in previous measures, can be used to test predictions from the MSC model, and has potential applications beyond political psychology.
Genome-wide association studies and polygenic risk scores for skin cancer: clinically useful yet?

Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of susceptibility variants, although most have been associated with small individual risk estimates that offer little predictive value. However, combining multiple variants into polygenic risk scores (PRS) may be more informative. Multiple studies have developed PRS composed of GWAS-identified variants for cutaneous cancers. This review highlights data from these studies. Objectives To review published GWAS and PRS studies for melanoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and discuss their potential clinical utility. Methods We searched PubMed and the National Human Genome Research Institute-European Bioinformatics Institute GWAS catalogue to identify relevant studies. Results Results from 21 GWAS (11 melanoma, 3 cSCC, 7 BCC) and 11 PRS studies are summarized. Six loci in pigmentation genes overlap between these three cancers (ASIP/RALY, IRF4, MC1R, OCA2, SLC45A2 and TYR). Additional loci overlap for cSCC/BCC and BCC/melanoma, but no other loci are shared between cSCC and melanoma. PRS for melanoma show roughly two-to-threefold increases in risk and modest improvements in risk prediction (2-7% increases). PRS are associated with twofold and threefold increases in risk of cSCC and BCC, respectively, with small improvements (2% increase) in predictive ability. Conclusions Existing data indicate that PRS may offer small, but potentially meaningful, improvements to risk prediction. Additional research is needed to clarify the potential utility of PRS in cutaneous carcinomas. Clinical translation will require well-powered validation studies incorporating known risk factors to evaluate PRS as tools for screening. What's already known about this topic? Over 50 susceptibility loci for melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) have been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Polygenic risk scores (PRS) using variants identified from GWAS have also been developed for melanoma, BCC and cSCC, and investigated with respect to clinical risk prediction. What does this study add? This review provides an overview of GWAS findings and the potential clinical utility of PRS for melanoma, BCC and cSCC.
Efficient Text Classification Using Tree-structured Multi-linear Principal Component Analysis

A novel text data dimension reduction technique, called the tree-structured multi-linear principal component analysis (TMPCA), is proposed in this work. Being different from traditional text dimension reduction methods that deal with the word-level representation, the TMPCA technique reduces the dimension of input sequences and sentences to simplify the following text classification tasks. It is shown mathematically and experimentally that the TMPCA tool demands much lower complexity (and, hence, less computing power) than the ordinary principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, it is demonstrated by experimental results that the support vector machine (SVM) method applied to the TMPCA-processed data achieves commensurable or better performance than the state-of-the-art recurrent neural network (RNN) approach.