cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying EV battery end-of-life through analysis of travel needs with vehicle powertrain models

Abstract Electric vehicles enable clean and efficient transportation, however concerns about range anxiety and battery degradation hinder EV adoption. The common definition for battery end-of-life is when 70–80% of original energy capacity remains, however little analysis is available to support this retirement threshold. By applying detailed physics-based models of EVs with data on how drivers use their cars, we show that EV batteries continue to meet daily travel needs of drivers well beyond capacity fade of 80% remaining energy storage capacity. Further, we show that EV batteries with substantial energy capacity fade continue to provide sufficient buffer charge for unexpected trips with long distances. We show that enabling charging in more locations, even if only with 120 V wall outlets, prolongs useful life of EV batteries. Battery power fade is also examined and we show EVs meet performance requirements even down to 30% remaining power capacity. Our findings show that defining battery retirement at 70–80% remaining capacity is inaccurate. Battery retirement should instead be governed by when batteries no longer satisfy daily travel needs of a driver. Using this alternative retirement metric, we present results on the fraction of EV batteries that may be retired with different levels of energy capacity fade.
cAMP‐regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor II (Epac2) mediates Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release in INS‐1 pancreatic β‐cells

1. The signal transduction pathway responsible for cAMP-dependent Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores was assessed in the insulin-secreting cell line INS-1. 2. CICR was triggered by the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4, an effect mimicked by caffeine, Sp-cAMPS or forskolin. CICR required influx of Ca2+ through L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and was blocked by treatment with nimodipine, thapsigargin, or ryanodine, but not by the IP3 receptor antagonist xestospongin C. 3. Treatment with the cAMP antagonist 8-Br-Rp-cAMPS blocked CICR in response to exendin-4, whereas the PKA inhibitor H-89 was ineffective when tested at a concentration demonstrated to inhibit PKA-dependent gene expression. 4. RT-PCR of INS-1 cells demonstrated expression of mRNA coding for the type-II isoform of cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (cAMP-GEF-II, Epac2). 5. CICR in response to forskolin was blocked by transient transfection and expression of a dominant negative mutant isoform of cAMP-GEF-II in which inactivating mutations were introduced into the exchange factor's two cAMP-binding domains. 6. It is concluded that CICR in INS-1 cells results from GLP-1 receptor-mediated sensitization of the intracellular Ca2+ release mechanism, a signal transduction pathway independent of PKA, but which requires cAMP-GEF-II.
Synthesis of Mo(V) Dimers of the Form [Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)(μ-O2CR)], the Tetramer [Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)(μ-O2C)C6H4(p-μ-O2C)Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)], and, the Crystal and Molecular Structures of [Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)(μ-OOCC6H5)] and [Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)(μ-OOCC6H4(o-OH))]

Reaction of bis(acetylacetonato)dioxomolybdenum(VI) (MoO2(acac)2) with benzoic acid, in ethanol, yielded an oxo, ethoxide and benzoate-bridged dinuclear Mo(V) species Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)(μ-OOCC6H5) (1), with two terminal “MoO” units and one acac ligand retained on each Mo atom. This complex was analysed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and elemental analyses. The same reaction with substituted benzoic acids (o-OH)C6H4COOH, (p-Cl)C6H4COOH, (2,4-(OH)2)C6H3COOH and (o-I)C6H4COOH produced a series of dinuclear complexes, all of which were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Terephthalic acid ((p-COOH)C6H4(COOH)) on reaction with MoO2(acac)2 resulted in a tetramer [Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)(μ-O2C)C6H4(p-μ-O2C)Mo2O2(acac)2(μ-O)(μ-OC2H5)] (6) which was evident from the 1H NMR spectrum and elemental analyses. The role of ethanol as a reducing agent has proved instrumental in the synthesis of these dimeric Mo(V) complexes. The synthetic details and characterization by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic techniques are discussed.
Learnability and transparency with time inconsistent monetary policy

Abstract In the canonical time inconsistency model of monetary policy the rational expectations equilibrium is expectationally stable. Central bank transparency is undesirable if and only if the private sector's initial inflation forecast is in a certain interval near the equilibrium inflation.
Comparing efficacy of BCG/lactoferrin primary vaccination versus booster regimen

Lactoferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein possessing multiple immune modulatory activities, including ability to affect macrophage cytokine production, promote maturation of T- and B-lymphocyte and immature dendritic cells, and enhance the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to stimulate antigen-specific T-cells. These characteristics of lactoferrin suggested that it could function as an effective adjuvant enhance efficacy of the BCG, the current vaccine for tuberculosis disease. Admix of lactoferrin to the BCG vaccine promoted host protective responses that surpasses activity of the BCG vaccine alone as determined by decreasing pulmonary pathology upon challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This study builds on previous reports by examining the effectiveness of the lactoferrin adjuvant comparing primary vaccination versus an immunization schedule with a booster administered at 8 weeks. BCG/lactoferrin vaccinating, given once or twice, demonstrated an improvement in pulmonary disease compared to both the BCG vaccinated and non-immunized groups. The splenic recall profiles showed a difference in cytokine production induced by mycobacterial antigen from splenocytes isolated from mice immunized with BCG/lactoferrin once or twice. Production of IL-17 is increased in the BCG/lactoferrin 2× group compared to the primary vaccinated group. Both BCG/lactoferrin vaccinated group exhibited increase production of IFN-γ compared to the non-immunized group and decreased production of IL-10 compared to the group vaccinated with only BCG. This study illustrates that the adjuvant activity of lactoferrin to enhance BCG efficacy occurs whether the vaccination regimen is a single delivery or combined with a booster, leading to enhanced host protection and decreased disease manifestation.
The combination of oral amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and chlorhexidine rinses reduces the incidence of alveolar osteitis associated with the extraction of mandibular third molars

Summary Subjects A total of 177 patients, 82 males and 95 females, with a 0689 mean age of 24 years participated in the study. One mandibular third molar was removed from each patient. Exposure Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups. One0689 group rinsed with chlorhexidine before removal of the tooth and twice daily for 7 days following the extraction. A second group also rinsed with chlorhexidine but was also prescribed 500 mg amoxicillin plus 125 mg clavulanic acid twice daily for 5 days following the extraction. A third control group rinsed with sterile saline alone. Main outcome measure The presence of alveolar osteitis was determined at 30689 and 7 days after third molar removal. Alveolar osteitis was diagnosed when the patient reported pain that was unrelieved by paracetamol (acetaminophen) and exposed bone or necrotic tissue was present at the site of the tooth extraction. Main results The incidence of alveolar osteitis was 20.9% in the0689 chlorhexidine-rinse-only group, 8.9% in the chlorhexidine/amoxicillin-plus-clavulanic-acid group, and 23.7% in the saline-rinse-only group. The incidence of alveolar osteitis was significantly less (P = .001, χ2 test) in the group that rinsed with chlorhexidine and received the antibiotic. Chlorhexidine rinse alone did not significantly reduce the incidence of dry socket as compared with the control group.
Observation of Improved Structural Ordering in Low H Content, Hot wire Deposited a-Si:H

The authors present the results of X-ray diffraction measurements on a series of device quality hot wire (HW) deposited a-Si:H films in which they vary only the substrate temperature of the growing film, which decreases the bonded film H content in a systematic fashion. By increasing the substrate temperature to {approximately}375 C, where they deposit the low H content (C{sub H}) HW films which exhibit a reduced Staebler-Wronski effect, the width of the first peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern narrows noticeably. They interpret this narrowing to be the first indication of improved medium range ordering in the low C{sub H}, device quality HW a-Si:H. They note in addition that measurements of the bond angle deviation, obtained from Raman measurements of the half width of the Si-Si TO phonon mode on the same samples, do not show this same evidence of improved ordering as the substrate temperature is increased. They discuss these differences in the context of sample annealing experiments designed to effuse H from the region of the sample probed by the surface sensitive Raman technique, while leaving the bulk of the material, which is sampled by the X-ray beam, largely unaffected.
Tröger's base analogs. New structural units for the preparation of chiral hosts and metal ligands.

Abstract Several Troger's base analogs are prepared and presented as practical, structurally well defined and unique “folded” armatures for the preparation of chelating or macrocyclic host molecules.
Cell culture platform with mechanical conditioning and nondamaging cellular detachment.

Cells implanted after injury may remodel undesirably with improper mechanical stimulation from surrounding tissue. Proper conditioning of tissue engineered constructs before implantation can lead to suitable tissue architectures, along with an extracellular matrix (ECM) environment that more closely mimics native tissue. Additionally, cell implantation without bulky polymeric scaffolding is often desirable. Previous researchers have created devices capable of applying mechanical forces to cells (e.g., stretch) but cellular removal from these devices, such as by trypsin, often results in irreversible damage. Conversely, devices are available that can detach intact cells, but these are inelastic, nonstretchable substrates. We have created a cell culture platform that allows for mechanical conditioning and then subsequent nondamaging detachment of those cells. We have modified silicone culture surfaces, to incorporate thermally responsive polymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) to create an elastic substrate that can also change surface properties with temperature change. A copolymer of NIPAAm and 10percent w/w acrylic acid (AAc) was conjugated to an amine-bonded silicone surface through carbodiimide chemistry. Cells were able to attach to the resulting surfaces at 37 degreeC and showed detachment by rounded morphology at 25degreeC. Following mechanical stretching, cells were still able to spontaneously detach from these modified silicone surfaces with temperature change.
The performance of model based option trading strategies

This paper analyzes returns to trading strategies in options markets that exploit information given by a theoretical asset pricing model. We examine trading strategies in which a positive portfolio weight is assigned to assets which market prices exceed the price of a theoretical asset pricing model. We investigate portfolio rules which mimic standard mean-variance analysis is used to construct optimal model based portfolio weights. In essence, these portfolio rules allow estimation risk, as well as price risk to be approximately hedged. An empirical exercise shows that the portfolio rules give out-of-sample Sharpe ratios exceeding unity for S&P 500 options. Portfolio returns have no discernible correlation with systematic risk factors, which is troubling for traditional risk based asset pricing explanations.
The White House as a Black Box: Oral History and the Problem of Evidence in Presidential Studies

Scholars who study the American presidency usually have to rely on indirect evidence for understanding the internal operations of the ‘black box’ that is a contemporaneous White House. Most of the direct evidence about White House behavior becomes available only after a president has left office, when confidential communications are opened to the public by the presidential libraries. In recent years, however, such direct evidence has become increasingly inaccessible, because of changes in the record-keeping habits of senior executive branch officials and because of the politics of archival release. This article explores the nature and extent of these problems, and how elite oral history interviewing can compensate for them. It further examines the strengths and weaknesses of oral history as a means of learning about the usually hidden workings of the American presidency.
Dimensions influencing students' judgments of classroom test items

Sixty-eight graduate students made general and specific ratings of the quality of 12 classroom test items, which varied in difficulty and discrimination. Four treatment combinations defined two additional factors: group discussion/no group discussion of test items and exposure/no exposure to an instructional module on test item construction. The students rated the items differentially, depending not only on item difficulty level but also on item discriminative power. The group discussion and exposure to module factors had significant effects on the general item ratings only. Implications of the research were discussed.
Search for X-ray emission from Nova Cygni 1975

A search for X-rays from Nova Cygni 1975 was carried out before, during, and after the time of optical maximum. No X-rays were detected over the spectral range 0.1-50 keV. On the basis of these results a strong upper limit of .0001 has been placed on the ratio of X-ray to optical luminosity for this nova, consistent with effective temperatures of about 10,000 K. If Nova Cygni 1975 is a virgin nova, its low mass exchange rate would imply that any associated X-ray emission would not be detectable by present techniques.
INCREASED NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS AND MUSCLE WEAKNESS IN NEWBORN INFANTS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH VECURONIUM 1504

INCREASED NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS AND MUSCLE WEAKNESS IN NEWBORN INFANTS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH VECURONIUM 1504
VISUALLY DISCRIMINATED BEHAVIOR IN A “BLIND” ADOLESCENT RETARDATE1

A 16-yr-old retarded male, diagnosed organically blind and treated by those around him as a blind person, was given practice in discriminating visual stimuli. After training, he responded with significantly better than chance accuracy in a choice situation in which stimuli were as small as 18 pt Futura Medium type. In addition, he was trained to look at the experimenter's eyes when instructed to do so. Control procedures revealed that it was the reinforcement contingency that functioned to establish and maintain eye contact. Eye contact with the experimenter generalized in a limited way to situations in which this behavior was not reinforced, though not to a neutral individual. When the boy was required to use visual cues to help himself in a cafeteria line, he soon emitted the necessary behaviors, where formerly he had been assisted by others. Resumption of assistance markedly decreased self-help, suggesting that continued use of any newly learned skills would depend on the response of the individuals in his environment. The boy also learned eating behavior that appeared to require the use of visual cues.
The Vlp system of Mycoplasma hyorhinis: combinatorial expression of distinct size variant lipoproteins generating high-frequency surface antigenic variation.

Isogenic populations of Mycoplasma hyorhinis undergo in vitro high-frequency phase variation in the expression of surface lipoproteins; these products also vary markedly in size through changes in periodic protein structure (R. Rosengarten and K.S. Wise, Science 247:315-318, 1990). In this report, we rigorously define three distinct translation products comprising the Vlp (variable lipoprotein) system of M. hyorhinis SK76 and establish parameters of Vlp structural diversity and expression that distinguish the Vlp system from previously described examples of antigenic variation. VlpA, VlpB, and VlpC are prominent amphiphilic membrane lipoproteins characterized by detergent-phase fractionation and metabolic labeling with [35S]cysteine and [3H]palmitate. VlpA is distinguished from VlpB and VlpC by its selective labeling with [35S]methionine; VlpB and VlpC are distinguished by specific epitopes defined by surface-binding monoclonal antibodies (MAbs); a third MAb defines a surface epitope shared by VlpB and VlpC (but absent from VlpA). Each Vlp displays 12 to 30 spontaneous size variant forms comprising a periodic ladder that could also be generated by partial trypsin digestion of individual Vlp size variants. Different periodic intervals within VlpB and VlpC further distinguish these two products structurally. Mycoplasma colony opacity correlates inversely with Vlp size. Each Vlp undergoes independent, oscillating high-frequency phase variation in isogenic populations and can be expressed individually or concomitantly with other Vlps in a noncoordinate manner. All seven possible combinations of these three products were observed; however, no variants were found that lacked a Vlp. High-frequency size variation of each Vlp superimposed on combinatorial diversity in Vlp expression yields greater than 10(4) possible structurally distinct Vlp mosaics, of which 104 were documented along with 24 of 42 possible transitions among the seven Vlp combinations. In addition to these features, VlpA, VlpB, and VlpC were specifically recognized by serum antibodies from swine with experimental M. hyorhinis SK76-induced arthritis, indicating expression and immunogenicity of Vlps in the natural host. The structure and variation of Vlps and their known involvement in MAb-mediated modulation of mycoplasma-infected host cell properties and mycoplasma killing are discussed in relation to the surface architecture and adaptive potential of the wall-less mycoplasmas.
Binocular integration and disparity selectivity in mouse primary visual cortex

Signals from the two eyes are first integrated in primary visual cortex (V1). In many mammals, this binocular integration is an important first step in the development of stereopsis, the perception of depth from disparity. Neurons in the binocular zone of mouse V1 receive inputs from both eyes, but it is unclear how that binocular information is integrated and whether this integration has a function similar to that found in other mammals. Using extracellular recordings, we demonstrate that mouse V1 neurons are tuned for binocular disparities, or spatial differences, between the inputs from each eye, thus extracting signals potentially useful for estimating depth. The disparities encoded by mouse V1 are significantly larger than those encoded by cat and primate. Interestingly, these larger disparities correspond to distances that are likely to be ecologically relevant in natural viewing, given the stereo-geometry of the mouse visual system. Across mammalian species, it appears that binocular integration is a common cortical computation used to extract information relevant for estimating depth. As such, it is a prime example of how the integration of multiple sensory signals is used to generate accurate estimates of properties in our environment.
Effect of Simulated Lodging on Soybean Yield

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) grain yields may be reduced when the plants lodge. The magnitude of yield reduction is dependent on the growth stage at which lodging occurs. The stage of plant development most vulnerable to yield reduction from lodging has not been conclusively determined. The objective of this two-year study was to determine soybean yield reduction caused by simulated lodging at three stages of reproductive development: the onset of flowering (R1), beginning pod (R3) and beginning seed (R5). At each developmental stage the plants were lodged at either 45° or 90°. A natural lodging control and an artificially maintained erect treatment were included. The 1976 results indicated no yield differences due to any of the lodging treatments. In 1977, yields were significantly reduced for the R3 lodging treatments. Soybeans lodged 90° at the R1, R3, and R5 growth stages yielded 2.63, 1.88 and 2.26 Mg ha−1, respectively. The natural lodging and erect treatments yielded 2.73 and 2.43 Mg ha−1, respectively. Lodging treatments applied at the R1 stage produced plants with a two-year average of 30% of their seeds on the main stems, compared to 62% of the seeds on the main stems for the R5 stage treatments. The percentage of seeds on the main stem was 69% on the erect plants, as compared with 45% on the 90° lodged plants. In 1977, lodging treatments also reduced pods per plant, seeds per plant, 100 seed weight and seed weight per plant.
Activin Regulates Luteinizing Hormone β-Subunit Gene Expression through Smad-Binding and Homeobox Elements

LH beta-subunit (LHbeta), which is essential for ovulation and reproductive fitness, is synthesized specifically in pituitary gonadotropes. In this study, we show that LHbeta gene expression is induced by activin in mouse primary pituitary cells if the cells are treated within 24 h after dispersion in culture. Furthermore, male mice deficient in Smad3, and therefore in activin signaling, have lower expression of both LHbeta and FSHbeta mRNAs compared with their wild-type littermates. Using the LbetaT2 immortalized mouse gonadotrope cell line that endogenously expresses LH, we identify specific elements in the regulatory region of the rat LHbeta gene necessary for its induction by activin. Activin responsiveness is conferred by a promoter-proximal region located -121/-86 from the transcriptional start site. Maximal LHbeta induction by activin requires a homeobox element (HB) and a 5'-early growth response (Egr) site found in this region of the promoter. Juxtaposed to the HB are three Smad-binding elements (SBEs), which are essential for LHbeta induction. Interestingly, two of the SBEs are also critical for basal expression of the LHbeta gene. We demonstrate that Smad proteins are necessary and sufficient for activin induction of the LHbeta gene. Furthermore, Smad proteins can bind one of the identified SBEs. In addition to binding this SBE, Smad proteins interact with pituitary homeobox 1 (Ptx-1) and orthodenticle homeobox 1 (Otx-1), which can bind the HB located close to the Smad-binding site. Thus, activin induction of LHbeta gene expression requires a combination of several transcription factors, both basal and activin induced, as well as cooperation between multiple DNA elements.
Indonesian clause structure from an Austronesian perspective

Abstract Although the neutral clauses of standard Indonesian are SVO, the language also permits verb-initial word order, and belongs to a branch of the Austronesian language family that was probably originally verb-initial. An analysis of Indonesian clause structure is investigated which exploits these connections, inspired by Cole and Hermon's analysis of the closely related language Toba Batak. In this analysis, VP must raise to the specifier of T and the subject can then raise to a specifier outside the clause proper. Such an analysis is shown to be inferior to an analysis of standard Indonesian in which SVO clauses are derived by simply raising the subject to the specifier of T. Evidence is presented that in some varieties of standard Indonesian, but not others, verb-initial clauses are derived by raising VP to an even higher specifier. Overall, the investigation serves to highlight some of the empirical considerations that can be brought to bear on ‘abstract’ analyses of clause structure.
Combining Motivational and Physical Intervention Components to Promote Fall-Reducing Physical Activity Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Feasibility Study

Abstract Purpose. To assess the feasibility of a new intervention, Ready~Steady, in terms of demand, acceptability, implementation, and limited efficacy. Design. Randomized controlled trial; repeated measures. Setting. Two rural communities in Itasca County, Minnesota. Subjects. Thirty participants were randomized to an intervention (n = 16) or attention-control (n = 14) group. Intervention. Ready~Steady combined two components: (1) motivational (motivational support, social network support, empowering education), and (2) fall-reducing physical activities (PAs; guidance to practice leg-strengthening, balance, and flexibility activities and walking). Measures. Acceptability questionnaire and Indices of Procedural Consistency (investigator developed), Community Health Activity Model Program for Seniors Questionnaire (confirmed with accelerometry), Short Physical Performance Battery, Perceived Environmental Support Scale, Social Support for Exercise Questionnaire, Goal Attainment Scale, Index of Readiness, a...
Transport of toluene through fully swollen polyethylene

Experiments have been carried out to measure the permeation of tritium-labeled toluene through polyethylene films fully swollen with chlorobenzene, mesitylene, cumene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cyclohexane, tetrahydronaphthalene, and decahydronaphthalene. The results show characteristic Arrhenius temperature dependence over the range 25 to 40°C. The permeation of toluene through the films appears to be enhanced by increased solubility of the swelling agent (estimated from the work of others) in the film and there also appears to be a rough correlation between permeability of toluene and the boiling points and vapor pressures of the swelling agents. The range of permeabilities measured at 25°C. is 2.09 × 10−7 to 0.51 × 10−7 sq.cm./sec., the extremes of measured permeation activation energy, Ep, are 11.41 to 16.68 kcal./mole, and the pre-exponential factor, Po, falls within the interval 36.59 to 1.29 × 105 sq.cm./sec. A very definite linear relationship or compensation effect is evident between Po and Ep. Except as mentioned above, none of these quantities appears to correlate uniformly with the following properties of swelling solvent: molecular weight, dipole moment, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, heat of vaporization, critical temperature, viscosity, surface tension, molar volume, molecular area or other molecular dimensions.
A comparative genomics approach to understanding the biosynthesis of the sunscreen scytonemin in cyanobacteria

Background: The extracellular sunscreen scytonemin is the most common and widespread indolealkaloid among cyanobacteria. Previous research using the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 revealed a unique 18-gene cluster (NpR1276 to NpR1259 in the N. punctiforme genome) involved in the biosynthesis of scytonemin. We provide further genomic characterization of these genes in N. punctiforme and extend it to homologous regions in other cyanobacteria. Results: Six putative genes in the scytonemin gene cluster (NpR1276 to NpR1271 in the N. punctiforme genome), with no previously known protein function and annotated in this study as scyA to scyF, are likely involved in the assembly of scytonemin from central metabolites, based on genetic, biochemical, and sequence similarity evidence. Also in this cluster are redundant copies of genes encoding for aromatic amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. These can theoretically lead to tryptophan and the tyrosine precursor, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, (expected biosynthetic precursors of scytonemin) from end products of the shikimic acid pathway. Redundant copies of the genes coding for the key regulatory and rate-limiting enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway are found there as well. We identified four other cyanobacterial strains containing orthologues of all of these genes, three of them by database searches (Lyngbya PCC 8106, Anabaena PCC 7120, and Nodularia CCY 9414) and one by targeted sequencing (Chlorogloeopsis sp. strain Cgs-089; CCMEE 5094). Genomic comparisons revealed that most scytonemin-related genes were highly conserved among strains and that two additional conserved clusters, NpF5232 to NpF5236 and a putative two-component regulatory system (NpF1278 and NpF1277), are likely involved in scytonemin biosynthesis and regulation, respectively, on the basis of conservation and location. Since many of the protein product sequences for the newly described genes, including ScyD, ScyE, and ScyF, have export signal domains, while others have putative transmembrane domains, it can be inferred that scytonemin biosynthesis is compartmentalized within the cell. Basic structural monomer synthesis and initial condensation are most likely cytoplasmic, while later reactions are predicted to be periplasmic. Conclusion: We show that scytonemin biosynthetic genes are highly conserved among evolutionarily diverse strains, likely include more genes than previously determined, and are predicted to involve compartmentalization of the biosynthetic pathway in the cell, an unusual trait for prokaryotes.
Receiver window design for multicarrier communication systems

Multicarrier modulation formats have been chosen for some wireline and wireless communication systems. These systems use the Fourier transform to convert a convolutive channel into multiple memoryless subchannels, which allows for simple equalization at the receiver. However, because the received signal is windowed in time, noise is spread between subchannels. As a result, narrowband interference sources can degrade the performance over a large number of subchannels. Receiver windowing has been proposed as a computationally efficient technique for reducing noise spreading in multicarrier communication systems. We propose a receiver window design algorithm which minimizes the noise power of the demodulated multicarrier signal. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the windows on a variety of different channels and noise sources.
Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Southeast United States during 1994–95: A Survey

A preliminary survey of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the southeastern United States is presented. MCSs are identified and characterized by means of high-resolution, digital, composite radar reflectivity data. Surveys of this kind are needed to give forecasters better guidance in their real-time assessment of MCS evolution, severe weather potential, and quantitative precipitation. The average lifetime and maximum length of the nearly 400 MCSs included in this survey are 9 h and 350 km, respectively. MCSs are more common in the summer months, when small and short-lived MCSs dominate. In winter larger and longer-lived systems occur more frequently. Because cold-season MCSs, which are about half as numerous as warm-season MCSs, are larger in size and duration, the MCS probability at any location is about constant throughout the year. In summer MCSs occur more commonly in the afternoon, approximately in phase with thunderstorm activity, but the amplitude of the diurnal cycle is small compared to that of observed thunderstorms. Some characteristic echo patterns are discussed.
Heat and cold stresses phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana calmodulin mutants: regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid shunt pathway under temperature stress

Plants have evolved mechanisms to cope with changes in surrounding temperatures. T-DNA insertions in seven calmodulin genes of Arabidopsis thaliana were used to investigate the role of specific calmodulin isoforms in tolerance of plants to low and high temperature for seed germination, susceptibility to low and high temperature induced oxidative damage, and changes in the levels of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt metabolites in response to temperature stress. Exposure of wild type (WT) and cam mutant seeds at 4°C showed reduction in germination of cam5-4 and cam6-1 seeds. Exposure of cam seedlings to 42°C for 2 hr showed reduction in seed germination and survival of seedlings in cam5-4 and cam6-1 mutants compared to WT and other cam mutants. Oxidative damage by heat and cold stress measured as the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) was detected increased in root and shoot tissues of cam5- 4 and cam6-1. Oxidative damage by heat measured as the level of MDA was detected in root and shoot of most cam mutants with highest levels in cam5-4 and cam6-1 . Level of GABA shunt metabolites in seedlings were gradually increased after 1 hr and 3 hr with maximum level after 6 hr and 12 hr treatments at 4oC. GABA shunt metabolites in both root and shoot were generally elevated after 30 min and 1 hr treatment at 42°C, and increased substantially after 2 hr at 42°C comparing to the control (no treatment). GABA and glutamate levels were increased significantly more than alanine in root and shoot tissues of all cam mutants and wild type compared to the control. Alanine levels showed significant decreases in all cam mutants and in WT for 30 and 60 min of heat stress. Sensitivity of cam5-4 and cam6-1 to low temperatures suggests a role of the CAM5 and CAM6 genes in seed germination and protection against cold induced oxidative damage. Increases in the level of GABA shunt metabolites in response to cold treatment after initial reduction in some cam mutants suggests a role for calmodulin protein ( cam ) in the activation of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) after exposure to cold, while increased metabolite levels may indicate involvement of other factors like reduction in cytoplasmic pH in cold regulation. Initial general elevation in GABA shunt metabolites after 30 min heat treatment in cam mutants suggests regulation of GABA level by cam . These data suggest that regulation by factors other than cam is likely, and that this factor may relate to the regulation of GAD by intracellular pH and/or metabolite partitioning under heat stress.
Teachers as mothers in the elementary classroom: negotiating the needs of self and other

In this paper, I interrogate the implicit and largely unexamined relationship between mothering and elementary teaching as they are informed by dominant notions of caring in the United States. In an environment where students were seen as not receiving adequate care at home, the teachers in this study felt a need to act as mothers in their professional lives. The consequences of such “deficit thinking” for students are well explored in the literature on teaching and learning. What has been less well explored are the consequences of this teacher‐as‐mother notion for teachers themselves. Drawing from the narratives of six women elementary school teachers, I suggest that assuming the role of mother to one's students not only devalues students' identity and experience, but limits teachers' ability to adequately care for themselves.
Synergistic potential of papaya and strawberry nectar blends focused on specific nutrients and antioxidants using alternative thermal and non-thermal processing techniques

Traditional processing has detrimental effects on nutrient value of fruit nectars; however, combining fruit nectars prior to processing can result in synergistic outcomes, e.g., a combination of nutrients providing a greater effect than they would individually, thus offsetting these losses. To examine this food synergism, papaya and strawberry nectars and their respective blends (25P:75S, 50P:50S, 75P:25S) were processed using ultra high temperature (UHT) and irradiation and examined for ascorbic acid concentration, carotenoid concentration, and antioxidant capacity. Ascorbic acid concentration was best retained after UHT processing, with synergistic relationships in all blends. Synergistic relationships were observed for β-cryptoxanthin concentration after irradiation. β-Carotene experienced both antagonistic and additive relationships whereas lycopene concentration encountered synergistic relationships in the 25P:75S blend for both techniques. All blends exhibited synergistic relationships for antioxidant capacity after UHT processing. These findings demonstrate the benefits of blending fruit nectars; producing a superior product than either fruit processed individually.
Monitoring of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in central Maine.

Pheromone trap types and within-field trap locations were compared for their effectiveness in monitoring the flight activity of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and its relationship to egg mass density and crop damage in sweet corn in central Maine from 1995 to 1996. The use of both 3:97 Z:E-11-tetradecenyl acetate and 97:3 Z:E-11tetradecenyl acetate pheromone blends confirmed that European corn borer in central Maine is attracted to both pheromone lure types. European corn borer moths were captured predominantly with the E-lure type than with the Z-lure type in both years. The Scentry Heliothis trap was more effective than the Multi-Pher trap, but similar to the pheromone-baited water pan trap for monitoring European corn borer flights. With the Scentry Heliothis trap, the grassy border and 1st corn rows were the best locations for moth capture during the early flight period, but during the peak flight period, traps located in the middle of the field caught the most moths. Corn damage was recorded before moth captures in some sites and before egg mass counts in others, indicating poor efficacy of traps for early flights. Significant and positive correlations were found between moth captures in the midfield location and egg mass counts, and corn leaf damage, and between egg mass counts and corn leaf damage. However, low coefficients of variation suggest that pheromone trap captures were not good predictors of European corn borer leaf damage in sweet corn.
CRACK GROWTH IN A COMPOSITE WITH WELL ALIGNED LONG FIBERS

Longitudinal strength σc of an epoxy reinforced with one layer of long aligned and equally spaced glass fibers has shown that for a certain fiber spacing λ, σc√λ = κ, where κ is a constant. A similar expression was suggested for the strength of a borosilicate glass - SiC fibers composite under bending and the maximum fiber spacing. Steady crack growth under fatigue was observed in the glass - epoxy system. Using experimental data and a simple analysis, the forces on the fibers in the bridging zone were found equal. Analysis indicated that the total stress intensity factor was constant at the steady growth mode. Power relations were used to correlate steady speed with the stress intensity factor and the rate of debonding with the applied stress.
Toroidal Contributions to the Shear and the j ∥ -Kink Instability in the Tokamak and Screw Pinch

It is shown that, for a Tokamak plasma with fixed boundary, the toroidal contributions to the shear are sufficiently important to modify the ${j}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$-kink instability. Assuming that $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is small and using the energy principle, $\ensuremath{\delta}W$ is calculated to order ${(\frac{r}{R})}^{6}$ and the toroidal corrections are shown to change the sign of the destabilizing term. One consequence is that the range of rotational transform angles for which the $m=1$, $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ instability will occur, when the shear is weak, is below the Kruskal-Shafranov limit and not above it. Also, the new terms have an important stabilizing effect for the screw pinch.
Questions About Quotations

To the Editor: In a postscript to an article published in the January 1987 issue of Physical Therapy, Ms. Sandra Condon and Dr. Robert Hutton took issue with one of our recent publications on the same topic.1 Specifically, Condon and Hutton claimed that we had “misquoted the findings” of an earlier study from their laboratory2 and that we drew erroneous implications from earlier work.3 We offer the following response to Condon and Hutton's statements. The topic at issue is the nature of inhibitory influences on muscle during various stretching techniques. We, and several others including Hutton and his colleagues, have used electromyographic techniques to relate muscle activity and excitability to gains in joint range of motion (or muscle length) consequent to static stretching (SS) and two versions of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: contract–relax (CR or HR) and contract–relax agonist contract (CRAC or HR-AC).… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/67/24?iss=1
Athermal silicon waveguides using the subwavelength grating effect

We present a method for designing temperature independent silicon waveguide devices using the subwavelength grating effect. Photonic wire waveguides are patterned with periodic gaps and filled with SU-8 polymer to cancel the silicon thermo-optic effect.
Dialkylaminophosphorus metal carbonyls. VII: Trinuclear iron carbonyl derivatives from reactions of disodium octacarbonyldiferrate with (dialkylamino)dichlorophosphines

Abstract Reactions of Na 2 [Fe 2 (CO) 8 ] with R 2 NPCl 2 (R = Me, Et, CHMe 2 or cyclohexyl (Cx); R 2 N = piperidino, 2,6-dimethylpiperidino or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino) give orange [(R 2 NP) 2 Fe 3 (CO) 9 ] and dark purple [(R 2 NP)Fe 3 (CO) 10 ] as the only hexane-soluble iron carbonyl derivatives. No evidence was obtained for the formation of any [{(R 2 NP) 2 CO}Fe 2 (CO) 6 ] or [(R 2 NP) 3 Fe 2 (CO) 6 ] derivatives in significant quantities.
Multiple molecular forms of xanthine dehydrogenase and related enzymes. IV. The relationship of aldehyde oxidase to xanthine dehydrogenase.

Variants of the enzyme aldehyde oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster are described. In addition to electrophoretic variants, a mutant that causes low levels of the enzyme has been found by screening more than 80 strains for aldehyde oxidase levels. The locus of the mutation maps on the third chromosome near lpo and aldox. The existence of the ry, lpo, and aldox mutants and of the new mutant indicates that xanthine dehydrogenase, pyridoxal oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase are under a separate genetic control, in addition to a common genetic control by ma-l and lxd. The genetic separation is shown to be accompanied by physical separation of the enzymes with DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and (NH4)2SO4fractionation. Further data on the metabolism of aldehydes by xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase are presented. Although xanthine dehydrogenase requires NAD or a similar cofactor to metabolize purine and pteridine substrates, aldehyde oxidase oxidizes salicylaldehyde to salicylic acid without dissociable cofactors and with the uptake of oxygen.
Reactive Scheduling of Short-Term Crude Oil Operations under Uncertainties

In this paper, an effective reactive scheduling methodology for short-term crude oil operations has been developed to manage crude movements from ship unloading to distillation processing under various uncertainties. It contains a two-stage solving procedure for handling uncertainties such as shipping delay, crude mixture demand change, and tank unavailability. On the first stage, a deterministic schedule is initially obtained based on a continuous-time global event model using nominal data provided/projected at the beginning of each scheduling time horizon. On the second stage, indicator binary variables are implemented respectively under any occurrence of different uncertainties to collect information from the current deterministic schedule through defining “executed” tasks. On the basis of the information, rescheduling models are configured correspondingly under diverse uncertainty scenarios by combining the first-stage scheduling model and amendment constraints associated with those “executed” tasks. ...
Extrapyramidal syndromes and new antipsychotic drugs: findings in patients and non-human primate models.

Since neuroleptic drugs were introduced in the 1950s they have become the primary mode of therapy for managing both acute and chronic psychoses. Although some antipsychotic drugs are free of disturbing extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS), most have a very narrow therapeutic/toxic index. Clozapine is the best example of an antipsychotic with a wide separation between antipsychotic actions and liability to EPS, but its side-effect profile of sedation, salivation, seizures, and agranulocytosis are factors that limit its use, and clearly indicate the need for further advancement in neuroleptic therapy.
Influence of dietary fat on the concentration of long-chain unsaturated fatty acid families in rat tissues.

The relative concentration of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (chain length C20 and greater) of the (n – 6), (n – 7), and (n – 9) families in the cholesteryl esters and phospholipids of rat adrenals, liver, heart, and plasma lipoproteins was measured after the feeding of hydrogenated fat, milk fat, beef tallow, corn oil, and fat-free diets. Barely optimal levels of dietary linoleate were found to result in the same order of concentration of the (n – 6) series of fatty acids as was obtained with excess dietary linoleate. The linoleate-poor or deficient diets—hydrogenated fat and fat-free diets—gave almost identical levels and trends with respect to the concentration of the (n – 9) and (n – 7) series of acids. With these two diets, the concentrations of the total (n – 9) long-chain acids were several times greater than the amounts obtained by feeding either the linoleate-rich diet or the barely linoleate-adequate diets. It is concluded from the results that the linoleate-deficient nature of the hydrogenated fat, rather than its high content of trans acids, would explain the high tendency of this fat to induce the accumulation of long-chain (n – 9) fatty acids in the cholesteryl esters and phospholipids of the tissues studied.
The Effect of Design Characteristics of Mobile Applications on User Retention: An Environmental Psychology Perspective

As many people have adopted mobile applications for their hand-held devices, mobile applications are becoming widely used in everyday life. Nonetheless, some applications are used only few times and then abandoned. Particular since many firms have launched mobile applications for communicating with and delivering their products or services to customers, user retentions toward mobile applications can be critical. To address this challenge, we identify how design characteristics of mobile application enhance user retention toward mobile applications, particularly in the context of cross-channel commerce. Drawing on an environmental psychology, we address that user beliefs stimulated by environmental cues (e.g., design characteristics) affect users’ cognitive and affective internal states, which in turn lead to their retention toward mobile applications. Contributions of this study include 1) theoretically, a suggested theoretical framework for effective mobile application design as an extension of website design, and (2) practically, helping practitioners to articulate effective mobile applications or the Internet strategy in mobile-based online markets.
Electrochemical nanostructuring of n-GaAs photoelectrodes.

Methods to simultaneously optimize carrier collection and light in-coupling in semiconductors are important for developing low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaics and photoelectrodes. We anodically etched nanostructures into planar ⟨100⟩ n-GaAs wafers with different bulk minority carrier diffusion lengths LD. The structures were varied by changing the anodization parameters. A ferrocene/ferrocenium electrolyte provided a conformal rectifying contact to the anodized n-GaAs and enabled the measurement of carrier generation and collection as a function of nanostructure geometry and LD. Internal quantum efficiency Φint of photoelectrodes varied with nanostructure geometry and LD. External quantum efficiency Φext also depended on the reflectance of the nanostructured GaAs–electrolyte interface. Reflectance was minimized using anodization current densities of 100–150 mA cm–2, which etched subwavelength trigonal prismatic nanostructures ∼400 nm in width at their base. For Si-doped n-GaAs with LD = 170 nm, peak Φ...