cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
B-cell-specific enhancer activity of conserved upstream elements of the class II major histocompatibility complex DQB gene.

Abstract A 95-base-pair immediate upstream sequence of the human class II major histocompatibility complex DQB gene containing the conserved X and Y elements showed enhancer activity in a transient expression assay. An "enhancer test plasmid" harboring the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene under the control of a truncated simian virus 40 enhancerless early promoter was employed. The DQB sequence inserted into this plasmid was active as an enhancer in Raji cells (human Burkitt lymphoma cells) but not active in Jurkat cells (human T-cell leukemia cells) or in HeLa cells (human cervical carcinoma cells). This cell-type specificity suggests that this enhancer activity may be involved in the tissue specificity of the DQB gene that is normally expressed only in mature B cells, macrophages, and thymic epithelial cells. Deletion analysis showed that both X and Y box sequences are essential for the full activity of the enhancer sequence and that these two sequences may function in a cooperative manner as cis-acting elements. Further deletions were used to define the 5' border of the X element. These results suggest that previously characterized protein factors that bind to X and Y include transcription factors involved in the cell-type specificity of this enhancer activity.
Interleukin-10 Inhibits Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Proliferation ☆

Arterial injury results in the elaboration of pro-inflammatory substances including cytokines and peptide growth factors which act to modify vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) proliferation and migration with resultant vessel stenosis. Produced by T-lymphocytes and macrophages, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine in several cell lines. We hypothesized that IL-10 may participate in vascular remodeling by inhibiting VSMC proliferation. Human aortic VSMCs were isolated and cultured. Proliferation assays were performed to determine the effect of the effect of IL-10 on (1) unstimulated, (2) cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α: TNFα)-stimulated, and (3) growth factor (basic fibroblast growth factor: bFGF)-stimulated VSMC proliferation. Compared to control, both TNFαand bFGF-stimulated VSMC proliferation (P<0.002). IL-10 alone had no effect on cell growth. However, with TNFαor bFGF-stimulation, physiologic doses of IL-10 inhibited both VSMC DNA synthesis and VSMC growth (P<0.001). Furthermore, IL-10 was effective in inhibiting TNFα-induced proliferation at a dose as low as 10 fg/ml (P<0.001) and bFGF-induced proliferation at a dose as low as 1 pg/ml (P<0.001). In conclusion, TNFαand bFGF stimulate human VSMC growth. IL-10 potently abrogates the proliferative response to these atherogenic mitogens. IL-10 might represent an endogenous source of immune-mediated atherprotection and when given exogenously, may prove to be a novel therapeutic agent in regulating vessel wall remodeling following vascular injury.
Enhancing web browser security against malware extensions

In this paper we examine security issues of functionality extension mechanisms supported by web browsers. Extensions (or “plug-ins”) in modern web browsers enjoy unrestrained access at all times and thus are attractive vectors for malware. To solidify the claim, we take on the role of malware writers looking to assume control of a user’s browser space. We have taken advantage of the lack of security mechanisms for browser extensions and implemented a malware application for the popular Firefox web browser, which we call browserSpy, that requires no special privileges to be installed. browserSpy takes complete control of the user’s browser space, can observe all activity performed through the browser and is undetectable. We then adopt the role of defenders to discuss defense strategies against such malware. Our primary contribution is a mechanism that uses code integrity checking techniques to control the extension installation and loading process. We describe two implementations of this mechanism: a drop-in solution that employs JavaScript and a faster, in-browser solution that makes uses of the browser’s native cryptography implementation. We also discuss techniques for runtime monitoring of extension behavior to provide a foundation for defending threats posed by installed extensions.
Kinetische Wasserstoffisotopeneffekte bei den Eliminierungsreaktionen an substituierten 2,2-Diphenyläthyl-benzolsulfonaten unter Einwirkung von Methoxid1)

An den Eliminierungsreaktionen von substituierten 2,2-Diphenylathyl-benzolsulfonaten (Tabelle 1) unter der Einwirkung von Natriummethoxid in 2-methoxyathanol werden bei je 3 verschiedenen Temperature die primaren β-Tritium- (und β-Deuterium-) Isotopeneffekte bestimmt. Fur die Reaktionen der Verbindungen mit p-MeO, H, p-Cl und m-NO2 am Benzolsulfonatring sowie fur 2-Phenyl-2-(p-tolyl)athyl-benzolsulfonat sind die Werte fur kH/kT sehr nahe beieinander (11-12 bei 50°C); im Fall von 2,2-Di(p-tolyl)athyl-benzolsulfonat ist kH/kT bei den beiden tieferen Temperaturen deutlich hoher (13.1 bei 50°C). AH/AT [oder AH/AD; Gleichung (3)] liegt in den meisten Fallen nahe bei 1, jedoch fur die Reaktion der zuletztgenannten Verbindung bei 0.1. Der sekundare α-Deuterium-Isotopeneffekt betragt im Fall von 2-Phenyl-2-(p-tolyl)athyl-benzolsulfonat k2H/k2D=1.05. In den Ubergangszustanden dieser Reaktionen ist das Wasserstoffion bereits mehr als zur Halfte ubertragen; die Cα–O-Bindung ist dagegen nur wenig gelost. Zwei p-Me-Gruppen an der 2,2-Diphenylathyleinheit bewirken einen etwas erhohten Alkencharakter und damit etwas weniger H+-Ubertragung im Ubergangszustand. Kinetic Hydrogen Isotope Effects in Methoxide Promoted Elimination Reactions of Substituted 2,2-Diphenylethyl Benzenesulfonates Primary s-tritium (or s-deuterium) isotope effects are determined in the methoxide promoted elimination reactions of substituted 2,2-diphenylethyl benzenesulfonates in 2-methosxyethanol solution. values of kH/kT do not differ much (11-12 at 50°C) in the reactions of 2-phenyl-2-(p-tolyl)ethyl benzenesulfonate and the diphenylethyl compounds with p-MeO, H, p-Cl, and m-NO2 at the benzenesulfonate ring. However, kH/kT is higher (13.1 at 50°C) in the case of 2,2-di(p-tolyl)ethyl benzenesulfonate at the two lower temperatures. AH/AT [or AH/AD; equation (3)] nearly equals 1 in most cases, but is 0.1, however, in the reaction of the latter compound. In the transition states of these reactions, the hydrogen ion has been transferred more than one-half, but there is only little Ca–O bond cleavage. Two p-Me groups at the diphenylethyl moiety cause the alkene character of the transition state to increase and the amount of hydrogen ion transfer to decrease.
Ruthenium(II) Complexes of 2-Aryl-1,10-phenanthrolines: Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties.

The synthesis, characterization, and photochemical investigation of a series of Ru(II) complexes having 2-phenyl- and 2,9-diphenyl substituted phenanthroline ligands are reported. Structural characterization of some of the complexes revealed that the phenyl substituents of the phenanthroline ligand are oriented nearly perpendicular to the phenanthroline ring and π-stack with adjacent coordinated 2,2‘-bipyridyl ligands. Most of the complexes are nonluminescent at room temperature, and temperature-dependent luminescence studies suggest nonradiative relaxation in solution is dominated by rapid thermally activated internal conversion from the initially populated 3MLCT state to a ligand field (LF) state which decays rapidly to the ground state. The photochemical lability of the complexes was investigated, and it was found that, while the complexes efficiently populate the substitutionally labile LF state, yields for ligand loss are less than expected on the basis of comparison to closely related complexes lack...
New species of the genera Synapseudes and Cyclopoapseudes with notes on morphological variation, postmarsupial development, and phylogenetic relationships within the family Metapseudidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)

In addition to the characters cited in the original description of the Metapseudidae the genera of this family share the presence of mandibular molar setae; a low level of sexual dimorphism; and the presence of oostegites on pereopods 1I-V only, all oostegites participating in the formation of the marsupium. The family can no longer be considered to be a strictly warm-water taxon; one species is now known from the southern tip of South America. Metapseudes and Synapseudes are most closely related, and both show considerable affinity with Apseudomorpha; Cyclopoapseudes is appreciably different morphologically and stands apart phylogenetically from these taxa. Metapseudes aucklandiae, the single species of the type genus, is discussed; a lectotype is designated; and additional information and figures are added to the original description. A new species of Synapseudes is described; the variable structure of the pleon in this morphologically aberrant genus is reviewed; and pleopods, found primarily among the males, are reported for Synapseudes for the first time; these resemble the reduced pleopods of Metapseudes and Apseudomorpha. Chelae of unequal size, known for several species of Synapseudes and formerly thought to be restricted to males, also occur in females. The postmarsupial development of Synapseudes is partially elucidated; the sexes are recognizable from very early stages, and there is no clear evidence for protogyny or protandry. A second species of Cyclopoapseudes is described in detail; exopods are present on pereopods I and II in this genus, contrary to previous information.
Stray-light analysis for multimodal miniature microscope

Most conventional imaging systems suffer from unwanted and unexpected stray light that is often caused by reflections and scattering from optics and opto-mechanical features. This problem is easily missed during a design procedure that concentrates on improvement of imaging performance. The problem becomes apparent at the final step of production in most cases. If an imaging system consists of micro-optics, a stray light problem may become more difficult to solve due to the system's micro-scale size. The purpose of this stray light analysis is to improve imaging performance of the multi-modal miniature microscope (4M). The 4M device is a complete microscope on a chip, including optical, micro-mechanical, and electronic components. The 4M device is potentially a useful tool for early detection of pre-cancer due to its very compact size and capability for microscopic-scale imaging. Before actual fabrication of this device, however, we built the same geometry as the real 4M device in a commercial non-sequential ray tracing code and implemented stray light analysis of 4M device. Our findings indicate that most of the stray light in a 4M device is created by reflection from optics that are nominally supposed to be transparent. Due to a low signal level associated with the object, it is required to add high quality anti-reflection coatings on optics to achieve reasonable SNR.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN THE CAPITAL-OUTPUT RATIO IN THE UNITED STATES PRIVATE BUSINESS SECTOR, 1909-1959 *

SUMMARY This paper examines the source of variation in the capital coefficient for the United States private business sector during the 1909-1959 period. These sources are the composition of capital, the age of capital, and the nature of technological progress. In the multiple regression and correlation analysis, these sources are measured by the ratio of plant to equipment, the weighted average age of the stock of capital, and a proxy time trend, respectively. The regression equations provide a high degree of explanation of the variation in the capital coefficient. The significant correlations involve the average age and the nature of technological progress in the 1923-1941 period and the plant-equipment ratio and the nature of technological progress in the 1946-1959 period. In both periods the correlations between the time trend and the capital coefficient indicate that capital-saving technological progress is the most impor-tant factor contributing to the secular decline of the coefficient. In the earlier period, the capital-saving bias to technological progress is reinforced by factors associated with the rising age of capital, while in the postwar period the falling plant-equipment ratio tends to offset it somewhat. However, it appears that the intensity of the capital-saving bias may be higher in the post-war period than in the 1923-1941 period. The implications of the falling capital coefficient for equilibrium growth are examined in terms of the Harrod-Domar model. Since a capital-saving bias in technological progress tends to cause the rate of growth of productive capacity to exceed the rate of growth of aggregate demand, it is suggested that the nature of technological progress may be one of the factors contributing to the secular GNP gap for the United States since 1958.
Dementia Diagnostic Guidelines: Methodologies, Results, and Implementation Costs

OBJECTIVE: To facilitate the diagnostic process for dementia. Five guidelines and four consensus statements on specific diagnostic recommendations, specialist referral recommendations, and costs of recommended diagnostic procedures were compared and summarized. DATA SOURCES AND SELECTION: A MEDLINE search from 1984 to 1999 and queries to experts yielded 14 guidelines and consensus statements that addressed the diagnosis of dementia. Only nine documents which had national or international scopes were reviewed. METHODS: Comparisons were made on the specific diagnostic criteria for patient history, clinical examination, functional assessment, laboratory tests, neuroimaging, and other diagnostic tests, as well as specialist referral recommendations and costs for the recommended diagnostic procedures. The first three authors reviewed independently each document and completed a table on specific recommendations in each document. To settle disagreements about specific recommendations, they discussed them until they reached a consensus. To interpret the intent of vague statements, they used their best judgment. RESULTS: The documents differed in content, recommendations, and development methodology. They were based on either expert opinion or scientific evidence, or both. Although the nine documents were nearly unanimous in several recommendations, including assessing the presenting problem, taking a medical history, conducting physical and neurological examinations, and assessing the patient's mental and cognitive status, considerable differences in recommendations were common. Such differences led to large differentials in the estimated costs (range, $190 to $2,001) for recommended diagnostic assessments. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic approach to diagnostic recommendations for dementia may induce greater consistency among guidelines and consensus statements. The current approach leads to considerable variability in recommendations and estimated costs.
Competence induction by PDGF requires sustained calcium influx by a mechanism distinct from storage-dependent calcium influx

Abstract The significance and mechanism of extracellular calcium influx in the stimulation by PDGF of cell replication was investigated in density-arrested C3H 10T 1 2 mouse fibroblasts. PDGF consistently stimulated a biphasic increase in the [Ca2+]i composed of a rapid transient release of calcium from intracellular storage sites followed by a sustained elevation, significantly greater than prestimulated levels, which was dependent upon the [Ca2+]e and persisted for at least 1 h. The percentage of cells incorporating [3H]-TdR into DNA after stimulation with PDGF + insulin was closely correlated with the magnitude of the sustained [Ca2+]i increase and to the [Ca2+]e. Selective inhibition of the sustained [Ca2+]i increase, by blocking calcium influx with La3+, completely inhibited progression to S phase without affecting the release of calcium from intracellular storage sites. Progression to S phase was inhibited by La3+ or the omission of added extracellular calcium only during PDGF exposure and not during treatment with insulin. PDGF-induced calcium influx was completely inhibited by La3+ whereas storage-dependent calcium influx (SDCI) induced by thapsigargin was unaffected. Pretreatment with TPA, forskolin, dibutyryl-cAMP, dibutyryl-cGMP, nifedipine, and TMB-8 had no effect on PDGF-induced calcium influx. These data suggest that the induction of replicative competence by PDGF is dependent upon the maintenance of a sustained increase in the intracellular calcium concentration due to the influx of extracellular calcium through a calcium influx pathway distinct from SDCI.
Late adolescent risk-taking: effects of perceived benefits and perceived risks on behavioral intentions and behavioral change

Abstract To assess the predictive utility of perceived benefits and risks of risk-taking behaviors (RTBs) on behavioral intentions and behavioral change, data were collected from 187 male and female late adolescent college students (ages 17–20). Perceived benefits, perceived risks, behavioral intentions, and involvement for 18 RTBs were assessed at T1 and T2 (3 months later). Factor analyses were performed on T1 involvement data, and six RTB factors emerged: Alcohol RTBs, Illegal Drug RTBs, Stereotypic Male RTBs, Social RTBs, Sex RTBs, and Imprudent RTBs. Regression analyses indicated that perceived benefits accounted for significant variance in behavioral intentions for each of the six factors and Overall RTB; perceived risks accounted for significant variance in behavioral intentions for five of the factors. Similar regression analyses indicated that perceived benefits accounted for significant variance in behavior change (over a 3 month period) for each of the six factors and the Overall RTB score, whereas perceived risks accounted for significant variance for only one factor (Illegal Drug RTBs). The results suggest that, among late adolescents, perceived benefits are better determinants of behavior change for RTBs than are perceived risks. Both perceived benefits and perceived risks, however, are important determinants of behavioral intentions. These findings support previous work identifying adolescents as “sensation seekers.” Interventions should address perceived benefits of RTB, rather than relying solely on promoting knowledge of the risks. Assessment of adolescent RTB should continue to use multi-item measures to obtain a broad picture of the variety of behaviors commonly endorsed by adolescents.
Interactions between native prairie grasses and indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: implications for reclamation of taconite iron ore tailing

summary In a glasshouse experiment using coarse taconite iron ore tailing as the substrate, we examined interactions between the warm-season grasses Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem) and Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), and the cool-season grass Elymus canadensis (Canada wild rye), and indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from an adjacent fine tailing basin. Shoot dry mass (DM), P uptake, shoot P concentration, root DM, root length, spore density, percentage root length colonized, and length of external AM fungal hyphae were measured over a gradient of phosphate availability. Andropogon gerardii was highly dependent and responsive to inoculation at low P, whereas inoculation had no significant effect on the growth of 5. scoparium. Root DM and root lengths of both warm-season grasses were unaffected by mycorrhizal inoculation. Elymus canadensis was responsive only at the lowest P level and not dependent on mycorrhizas; in fact, shoot DM, P uptake, root DM and root lengths were all greater in control than inoculated plants at moderate P levels. Despite a growth suppression, colonized root lengths for E. canadensis were approximately five times longer than warm-season grasses at low P levels, making it suitable as an early succession species for increasing mycorrhizal inoculum potential and thus enhancing the successful reclamation of coarse tailing deposits by more persistent, mycorrhizal-dependent species.
Computation in duration models with heterogeneity

Abstract This paper examines the use of Hermite polynomial quadrature to evaluate certain integrals in the maximum likelihood estimation of duration models.
Modeling of vibratory finishing machines

Abstract Although vibratory finishing machines have been widely employed in industry for over 50 years, modeling the vibratory excitation system of the machine has not been previously published. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model of the bowl type vibratory finishing machine. This model is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of the mechanical excitation system considering both free and forced vibrations. The influence of key parameters identified by the proposed model and their impact on machine performance is discussed. Furthermore, implications for machine design and process optimization are presented. Finally, validation of the developed model is presented through correlation of results obtained from the theoretical analysis with data from experimental tests.
Rotating-frame relaxation studies of slow motions in fluorinated phospholipid model membranes

Rotating-frame relaxation experiments have been carried out on 19F-labeled dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine model membranes. The lipids are labeled with a single CF2 group in the 4-, 8-, or 12-position of the 2-acyl chain. Both oriented lipid bilayers and multilamellar liposomes have been investigated. The relaxation rate has been measured as a function of the locking-field strength, the sample orientation, the label position, and the temperature. Our results have confirmed that extensive slow motions exist in the bilayer and dominate the low-frequency relaxation. The relaxation rate is quite sensitive to the label position. However, many other features of the relaxation are very similar for all three lipid isomers. The temperature dependence of the relaxation rate for the multilamellar liposomes differs from the oriented bilayers, which may imply that the motions are also different. To fit our data, a working model consisting of a superposition of an anisotropic reorientation term and a director fluctuation term has been proposed. We have also verified that almost all of the relaxation process is caused by modulations of the intramolecular interactions. Based on this, a view of the slow motions at a molecular level is discussed in this paper.
An investigation of the effect of two antihistaminic agents on the leukocytes of peripheral blood.

Abstract An investigation of the effects of the administration of diphenhydramine and pyranisamine on the leukocytes of the peripheral blood in 16 human subjects was made. Administration of 75 mg. daily for fifty-six days produced no significant change in the blood picture, or prophylactic effect on the common cold.
Complement Factor 1 Inhibitor Improves Cardiopulmonary Function in Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Background The inflammatory insult associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) continues to result in morbidity for neonates undergoing complex repair of congenital cardiac defects. Complement and contact activation are important mediating processes involved in this injury. Complement factor 1 esterase inhibitor (C1-inh), a natural inhibitor of complement, kallikrein, and coagulation pathways, may be decreased in children undergoing cardiac operations requiring CPB. We tested the hypothesis that C1-inh supplementation will ameliorate the cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction in a model of neonatal CPB. Methods Fifty-two neonatal pigs were randomly assigned to receive 0 IU (n = 22), 500 IU (n = 15), 1,000 IU (n = 8), or 1,500 IU (n = 7) of C1-inh. Doses were delivered 5 minutes before starting 90 minutes of normothermic CPB. Pulmonary and cardiovascular measures were taken before and 5, 30, and 60 minutes after CPB. Results Five animals did not survive CPB. The C1-inh concentration post-CPB increased monotonically with increasing dose ( p p = 0.001). Dynamic compliance increased with C1-inh dose from 0 to 500 IU by 23% ± 4% ( p 2 gradient decreased with C1-inh dose ( p = 0.009). Time derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt max ) increased significantly with increasing dose ( p = 0.016). At the highest dose of C1-inh, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation was increased ( p = 0.018). Conclusions The C1-inh supplementation results in improved pulmonary and systolic cardiac function in a model of neonatal CPB. The negative effect on diastolic function requires further investigation.
Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization

Abstract Objective To examine the fundamental hypothesis that childhood victimization leads to increased vulnerability for subsequent (re)victimization in adolescence and adulthood and, if so, whether there are differences in rates of experiencing traumas and victimizations by gender, race/ethnicity, and type of childhood abuse and/or neglect. Methods Using a prospective cohort design, participants are individuals with documented cases of childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect from the years 1967 through 1971 and a matched control group. Both groups were interviewed in-person (mean age 39.5 years) in 2000–2002 using a new instrument to assess lifetime trauma and victimization history. Results Abused and neglected individuals reported a higher number of traumas and victimization experiences than controls and all types of childhood victimization (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect) were associated with increased risk for lifetime revictimization. Significant group (abuse/neglect vs. control) by gender and group by race/ethnicity interactions were found. Childhood victimization increased risk for physical and sexual assault/abuse, kidnapping/stalking, and having a family friend murdered or commit suicide, but not for general traumas, witnessing trauma, or crime victimization. Conclusions These findings provide strong support for the need for early intervention with abused and neglected children and their families to prevent subsequent exposure to traumas and victimization experiences.
Mineev-Weinstein Replies:

A Reply to the Comment by Armand Sarkissian and Herbert Levine. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Invariant states of a thermally conducting barrier

For an infinite one-dimensional system representing a thermally conducting barrier and two semi-infinite reservoirs which it separates, we prove the existence of a unique stationary probability distribution, to which essentially any initial distribution converges for large times.
On the Difficulties Involved in the Segmentation of Pictures

The problem of picture segmentation is widely believed to be practically unsolvable in its more general case formulation. However, as far as the authors know no formal argumentation has yet been given to this belief related to the segmentation problem. This correspondence provides some theoretical aspects of this phenomenon.
Assessing the Influence of Key Variables in the Choice of a Physician Using Conjoint Analysis

Abstract Customer focus is gaining importance as a strategy that is imperative in health care services. Service businesses are seeking ways to offer value added services and to increase customer satisfaction in their quest for greater customer acquisition and retention. Patients are expecting good health care and customer service from their health care providers. They are also making key choices when it comes to issues that affect their health. This study investigates the variables that influence the choice of a family care physician. Conjoint Value Analyses is used to estimate the importance of selected variables. Variables investigated in the study are: explanation of diagnosis, attitude of office staff, appointment availability, waiting in office, experience, and location. Part-worth utilities of these attributes are also estimated and their influence on physician's choice is discussed.
A Statistical Micromechanical Theory of the Compressive Strength of Brittle Materials

A general theory of the compressive strength of brittle materials is presented. This theory proposes that failure is brought about by structural weakening from accumulated crack damage which increases with the stress level. The statistics of the flaw distribution and the mechanism of crack initiation and extension are important. A sample calculation using the theory is given to demonstrate its application
On meromorphic functions with three almost linear values

Abstract : In this report it is proven that if a meromorphic function f has three distinct values, a, b, and c (infinity is permitted) which are distributed almost on a line through the origin and if N(r,f)=O(1) r sup a, a a>1) or T(r,f)-O(1)r log r (if a= or<1). (Author)
Breastfeeding and HIV transmission.

1show that exclusive breastfeeding during the fi rst 6 months of life by HIV-infected women in South Africa is associated with a lower likelihood of motherto-child transmission of HIV than is breast feeding plus additional solids or formula milk. Although this result is clearly impor tant, its signifi cance must be considered in a much larger context. In developed nations, mother-tochild transmission has been reduced to 1% or less through a combination of highly eff ective (and continuous) antiretroviral therapy for the mother and infant, along with exclusive formula feeding. 2 Is it possible to reconcile the recommendation to rigorously avoid breastfeeding in developed nations of the world, with the equally rigorous recommendation
Global Imbalances or why are the Poor Financing the Rich

Traditional economic models predict that capital should flow from capital-rich to capital-poor economies. In recent years, capital has been flowing in the opposite direction, although foreign direct investment flows do behave more in line with theory. Do these perverse patterns of flows dampen growth in non-industrial countries by depriving them of financing for investment? On the contrary, the evidence suggests non-industrial countries that have relied more on foreign finance have not grown faster in the long run. At the same time, growth and the extent of foreign financing are positively correlated in industrial countries. I argue that the reason for this difference may lie in the limited ability of non-industrial countries to absorb foreign capital.
A SURVEY ON THE GRADUATES FROM THE COMBINED EMERGENCY MEDICINE/PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY PROGRAMS

The guidelines for dual training in Emergency Medicine (EM) and Pediatrics over a 5-year program have long existed. Many have questioned the benefit of such training in relation to either specialty and in relation to Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) sub-specialty training. We report on the professional outcome, career focus, and job satisfaction of these graduates. Surveys were returned from 91% (n = 29) of graduates, all of whom reported completing either of the two combined training programs. All respondents reported practicing in an emergency medicine setting either with or without an additional pediatric emphasis. Fifty-nine percent reported an academic EM affiliation. Almost all (96.5%) would choose to repeat combined training and all reported they would recommend the combined program to medical students interested in Pediatrics and EM. Combined graduates report a high level of satisfaction with their training and overwhelmingly would recommend such training to medical students. Combined graduates seem to universally work in an ED setting, although a number maintain their pediatric involvement. Over half of the graduates participate in academic EM.
On the Optimality of Timing with Dirty Templates

Rapid and accurate timing synchronization is the first and foremost task in ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The timing with dirty templates (TDT) algorithm introduced in [10] is a promising method with low complexity and relaxed operation conditions in the presence of unknown time hopping and multipath channel. Its optimality, however, remains unexplored. In this paper, we develop the maximum-likelihood (ML) timing algorithm and obtain its optimum training sequence. We show that the optimum training sequence of the ML timing estimator coincides with that of the TDT algorithm. In addition, we prove that, using this training sequence, the ML algorithm can be simplified, and that the simplified ML (SML) is equivalent to TDT.
The Effects of Supply Shifts on Producers' Surplus

Changes in the supply curve caused by technological improvements in production or changes in national policy may or may not benefit producers as a whole, depending on the type of shift in the supply curve. A structured analysis of different changes in the supply curve that model this situation is given, and the change in producers' surplus is examined depending on quantitative aspects of the supply and demand curves. For supply and demand curves that are linear or power functions, a small downward pivot of the supply curve will increase producers' surplus only if the equilibrium point is far enough into the elastic region of the demand curve, and any downward pivot of the supply curve will decrease producers' surplus if the equilibrium point is in the inelastic region of the demand curve. Similar results are obtained for the more general case of convex supply and demand curves.
Effect of vitamin E on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in weanling rabbits with chronic plumbism

Lead inhibits several enzymes in the heme synthesis pathway with S-aminolevulinicacid dehydratase (ALAD) being the most sensitive. Vitamin E has a stimulatory effect on heme synthesis, apparently through its action on ALAD and on 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS). To study the possible effects of vitamin E in alleviating lead toxicity, rabbits were fed for 12 weeks a basal ration plus lead, either 25 mgAg body weight/day, or no lead, and one of four supplementary dl-a-to- copheryl acetate intakes equivalent to either 0, 1, 3, or 9 mg of itt-a-tocopherol/kg body weight/day. Equalized feeding of the basal ration was employed. Body weight was unaffected. In the lead-fed groups, plasma tocopherol was higher, whole blood lead concentration twice and liver lead four times greater. The concentration of liver lead increased 8 jug/100 g of fresh liver for each 10% increase in dietary tocopherol for those rabbits receiving vitamin E and lead. ALAD activity was depressed by lead; however, its activity was unaltered by vitamin E. Hematocrit levels were found to be lower in the plus-lead groups, incidence of basophilic stippling of erythrocytes greater, and urinary 5-aminolevulinicacid (UALA) and porphobilinogen greater. In rabbits fed lead, UALAconcentration was increased by 1.02 mg ALA/100 ml for each 10% increase in vitamin E. Based upon these findings, it is suggested that vitamin E may have had an effect on the enzyme ALAS, rather than on ALAD. J. Nutr. 104: 1637-1645,
Beyond the Screen: Narrative Mapping as a Tool for Evaluating a Mixed-Reality Science Museum Exhibit

This article describes the authors' work as formative evaluators of a mixed-reality science museum installation, Journey with Sea Creatures. Looking beyond the focal point of the screen to the spatial and temporal surroundings of the exhibit, the authors employed a technique they call retrospective narrative mapping in conjunction with sustained on-site observations, follow-up interviews with museum visitors, and the development of personas to better understand the user experience in multimodal informal learning environments.
Discovery of CH and OH in the -513 km s -1 Ejecta of η Carinae

The very massive star η Carinae (η Car) is enshrouded in an unusual complex of stellar ejecta, which is highly depleted in C and O and enriched in He and N. This circumstellar gas gives rise to distinct absorption components corresponding to at least 20 different velocities along the line of sight. The velocity component at -513 km s-1 exhibits very low ionization with predominantly neutral species of iron-peak elements. Our statistical equilibrium/photoionization modeling indicates that the low temperature (T = 760 K) and high density (nH ~ 107 cm-3) of the -513 km s-1 component is conducive to molecule formation including those with the elements C and O. Examination of echelle spectra obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) confirms the model's predictions. The molecules H2, CH, and most likely OH have been identified in the -513 km s-1 absorption spectrum. This paper presents the analysis of the HST STIS spectra with the deduced column densities for CH, OH, and C I and an upper limit for CO. It is quite extraordinary to see molecular species in a cool environment at such a high velocity. The sharp molecular and ionic absorptions in this extensively CNO-processed material offer us a unique environment for studying the chemistry, dust formation processes, and nucleosynthesis in the ejected layers of a highly evolved massive star.
Historical changes in nutrient inputs from humans and anadromous fishes in New England's coastal watersheds

Prior to Euro-American contact, anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) were abundant throughout eastern North America. In the 400 yr since Euro-American settlement began in the region, anadromous alewife populations have declined by an order of magnitude or more while human land use has simultaneously intensified. Here we asked how lake nutrient inputs in the southern New England region have changed over the past 400 yr by examining nutrient inputs to four lakes in coastal Connecticut that differ in their land-use history and their history of accessibility to anadromous alewife. We estimated the flux of nitrogen and phosphorus from both anadromous alewife and the landscape and conducted a paleoecological analysis of stable isotopes (δ15N, total δ13C, organic δ13C) and nutrients (N : P, C : N, organic C) from lake sediment cores in each of our study watersheds. Nutrient loading models suggest that allochthonous nutrient inputs are now dominated by watershed land use and our paleoecological data also reflect major changes in human land use. Loading models also suggest that prior to Euro-American contact, anadromous alewife runs historically provided up to 95% of allochthonous phosphorus inputs and up to 68% of allochthonous nitrogen inputs to the region's coastal lakes. However, paleoecological data suggest that even the large nutrient inputs from abundant past alewife populations may never have had the same long-term effect on lake nutrient dynamics as those from the landscape due to the unique combination of the alewife's life history and coastal Connecticut's climate and geomorphology.
Solubility of calcium oxalate in 1‐alkanols and ethanol‐water mixtures

Solubility profiles for calcium oxalate were determined in pure 1-alkanols and ethanol-water mixtures at 20°. The magnitude of solubility in the aliphatic alcohols was highest in methanol and decreased in a nonlinear fashion as the dielectric constant decreased, going to n-decanol. In ethanol-water mixtures, the solubility increased nonlinearly with water content or increasing dielectric constants. The work factor for these systems was also calculated and, as expected, a “mirror image” to the solubility profiles was evidenced. In the mixed solvent system, a dramatic change in the magnitude of solubility occurred after a dielectric constant value of about 60, indicating ionic association or ion-pairs below this value. The Born relationship of solubility and ionic size was tested in the ethanol-water system, and the ionic size of the divalent species of about 2.27 A agreed with the theoretical ionic size of about 2.4 A. These results indicate that the water number of calcium is 8 or that a monolayer of dipoles surrounds this divalent cationic species.
Xenobiotic Perturbation of ER Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response

The proper folding, assembly, and maintenance of cellular proteins is a highly regulated process and is critical for cellular homeostasis. Multiple cellular compartments have adapted their own systems to ensure proper protein folding, and quality control mechanisms are in place to manage stress due to the accumulation of unfolded proteins. When the accumulation of unfolded proteins exceeds the capacity to restore homeostasis, these systems can result in a cell death response. Unfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress with activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) governed by the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling pathways. Many xenobiotics have been shown to influence ER stress and UPR signaling with either pro-survival or pro-death features. The ultimate outcome is dependent on many factors including the mechanism of action of the xenobiotic, concentration of xenobiotic, duration of exposure (acute vs. chronic), cell type affected, nutrient levels, oxidative stress, state of differentiation, and others. Assessing perturbations in activation or inhibition of ER stress and UPR signaling pathways are likely to be informative parameters to measure when analyzing mechanisms of action of xenobiotic-induced toxicity.
Digital pulse processor using moving average technique

A digital pulse processor with improved differential linearity and reduced dead time has been designed. The circuit uses an 8-b flash ADC (analog-to-digital converter) running at 36 MHz and continually sampling the signal from the preamplifier or shaping amplifier. The digitized signal is then processed by a digital moving averager. A digital peak detector is used for measuring the amplitude of the shaped pulses. A novel, threshold-free circuit has been designed that combines both the moving average and peak detection functions. The circuit also provides a timing signal with an uncertainty of one sampling period. The number of the averaged samples (equivalent to the shaping time constant) is digitally controlled. The resolution of the processor is limited by the finite ADC resolution and the finite sampling frequency. Increasing the sampling frequency should improve the resolution in pulse height analysis and the timing precision. >
Perfectionism and the gifted

This article is an examination of the theoretical views of perfectionism, some of the instruments available to measure the construct, and the empirical evidence related to perfectionism in both the general and gifted populations. Areas of needed research are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to the multidimensional nature of the construct of perfectionism.
In vitro knockout of human p47phox blocks superoxide anion production and LDL oxidation by activated human monocytes.

Abstract We previously reported that superoxide dismutase (SOD) blocked human monocyte oxidation of LDL and therefore concluded that superoxide anion ( O 2 . \‒ ) was required for oxidation. Others, however, have suggested that SOD may inhibit by mechanisms alternative to the dismutation of O 2 . \‒ . This study definitively addresses the involvement of O 2 . \‒ in monocyte oxidation of LDL. Using an antisense ODN designed to target p47phox mRNA, we found that treatment of monocytes with antisense ODN caused a substantial and selective decrease in expression of p47phox protein, whereas sense ODN was without effect. Corresponding functional assays demonstrated that antisense ODN inhibited production of O 2 . \‒ . As sense ODN caused no inhibition of O 2 . \‒ production, these results suggested that inhibition of p47phox expression caused reduction in O 2 . \‒ production. Evaluation of the contribution of O 2 . \‒ production to monocyte-mediated oxidation of LDL lipids confirmed that O 2 . \‒ production is required for LDL lipid oxidation as antisense ODN treatment significantly inhibited LDL oxidation whereas sense ODN treatment caused no inhibition. This is the first report of the reduction of NADPH oxidase activity in intact human monocytes by directly targeting the mRNA of a significant member of this enzyme complex. Our results provide convincing data that O 2 . \‒ is indeed required for monocyte-mediated LDL oxidation. —Bey, E. A., and M. K. Cathcart. In vitro knockout of human p47phox blocks superoxide anion production and LDL oxidation by activated human monocytes. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 489–495.
From Narcissus to Genius through the Work of Pleshette DeArmitt

Through my reading of the section of Pleshette Dearmitt’s book The Right to Narcissism , entitled “Kristeva: the Rebirth of Narcissus,” I illustrate the way in which DeArmitt’s reading of Narcissus is reflected in Julia Kristeva’s conception of genius. DeArmitt describes narcissism as a structure through which subjectivity, language, self-love, and love for the other come about. Narcissism develops through a metaphorical relation of identification with a “loving third” in which the subject-in-formation is transferred to the site of the other, to the place from which he or she is seen and heard through the words of the mother directed at an other. The emerging subject catches the words of others and repeats them. The speech of the other, then, is a model or pattern with which the subject-in-formation identifies repeatedly, and it is through identifying with the third that the forming subject becomes like the other, a speaking subject herself. All love comes from narcissism because it is a repetition of this identification and transference. I connect this account to Kristeva’s Female Genius Trilogy by claiming that these works are love stories since they are based on a repetition of the narcissistic structure on a cultural level in their content and in their form, though for each genius it manifests through a different register. For Hannah Arendt the relation is between the actor and the spectator; for Melanie Klein it is between the analyst and the analysand; and for Colette it is between the writer and the reader.
Statin use and survival with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Limited clinical and epidemiologic data suggest that statins may improve the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has poor prognosis. Methods: We identified 1,036 stage I or II HCC patients, diagnosed between 2007 and 2009, through the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program and Medicare claims database. Of these, 363 patients were using statin either at the time of their HCC diagnosis or afterwards. We conducted multivariable Cox regression analysis to estimate the time-dependent effect of statin on survival. The analysis included age, sex, resection, transarterial chemoembolization, transplantation, cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hepatitis B and C. Results: Over a median follow-up time of 21 months, 584 HCC patients died. Statin users had a longer median survival compared with nonusers: 23.9 versus 18.9 months ( P = 0.047). However, after accounting for immortal time bias and confounding, statin use was not associated with survival (HR, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–1.20). The associations did not vary by hepatitis C or intensity of statin use. Conclusion: Statin treatment after HCC diagnosis was not associated with survival in elderly patients with stage I/II disease. Impact: Our study of nationally representative elderly patients with stage I or II HCC in the United States shows that statin treatment does not improve survival with liver cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 686–92. ©2016 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 567][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/25/567?iss=4