cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is part of that resource?: user expectations for personal archiving

Users wish to preserve Internet resources for later use. But what is part of and what is not part of an Internet resource remains an open question. In this paper we examine how specific relationships between web pages affect user perceptions of their being part of the same resource. This study presented participants with pairs of pages and asked about their expectation for having access to the second page after they save the first. The primary-page content in the study comes from multi-page stories, multi-image collections, product pages with reviews and ratings on separate pages, and short single page writings. Participants were asked to agree or disagree with three statements regarding their expectation for later access. Nearly 80% of participants agreed in the case of articles spread across multiple pages, images in the same collection, and additional details or assessments of product information. About 50% agreed for related content on pages linked to by the original page or related items while only about 30% thought advertisements or wish lists linked to were part of the resource. Differences in responses to the same page pairs for the three statements regarding later access indicate some users distinguish between what would be valuable to them and their expectations of systems saving or archiving web content.
Men at Middle Age

Most of us, regardless of education or profession, would probably agree that the middle-aged adult is at the apex of life. The middle-aged adult generally operates at his optimum level as he interacts with others, is at his peak earning capacity, and executes projects at his greatest level of efficiency. Why, then, has so much attention been paid to the so-called midlife crisis, a term now well ingrained in our vocabularies? I think an answer lies in the fact that the peak of life often stimulates a period of self-assessment. One cannot remain at a peak forever but must prepare to face a downhill journey or perhaps a walk along a plateau. This chapter examines the tasks confronted by men at middle age by virtue of this psychological state of affairs, tasks that are part of a natural developmental progression. It also takes a look at how these tasks are handled in three central spheres of life: work, family, and social relationships.
The Z-Transform and Discrete Signals

We return to the FT of a bandlimited function as given by (5.9) in Sect. 5.1. Setting ωΔt = θ we have the FS $$F\left (\omega \right ) = F({e}^{i\theta }) =\displaystyle\sum _{ n=-\infty }^{\infty }f[n]{e}^{-in\theta }$$ (6.1) with the coefficients f[n] = f(nΔt)Δt computed in the usual way, viz., $$f[n] = \frac{1} {2\pi }\displaystyle\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }F({e}^{i\theta }){e}^{in\theta }d\theta .$$ (6.2)
Modern Symbolic Mathematical Computation Systems

An elementary introduction to computer-based symbolic mathematical computation is presented. Features of symbolic computation as contrasted by familiar numerical computation are described. Some insight into how these symbolic systems work, the internal organization, and data structures are given. Two examples of basic algorithms implemented in symbolic computational systems are provided.
Working Relationships: Content, Characteristics, and Cosponsorship in the U.S. House of Representatives

Theories of position-taking, policy-making, and log-rolling all suggest that cosponsorship patterns should vary across policy topics, yet studies of cosponsorship have ignored this potential variation. We assess this variation using a network analysis of cosponsorship in the 108th U.S. House. We find that network polarization varies significantly across policy topics, and that network polarization is often distinct from partisan polarization. Likewise, policy topics vary in their resemblance of small-world networks--an important predictor of legislative success. We show that the link between legislator centrality and legislative success only occurs in policy networks that resemble small worlds. The results suggest that analyses pooling policy topics will overlook important heterogeneity in patterns of cosponsorship and may overlook corresponding heterogeneity in the effects of these patterns.
Toward Standard Non-Line-of-Sight Benchmarking of Ultra-Wideband Radio-Based Localization

Performance of Ultra-wideband (UWB) radios in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environments has been a topic of interest among researchers, especially when it comes to indoor localization applications. It is known that NLoS propagation of electromagnetic waves can severely affect the localization accuracy. Despite the interest in indoor localization performance, it is still difficult to compare results from different studies without proper evaluation standards. Understanding the types of materials used in a testing environment could be a proper technique for benchmarking different localization solutions in different scenarios. We provide a systematic study to investigate effects of signal refraction and attenuation on UWB signals in different construction materials by examining the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) and ranging accuracy. Further, we present failure scenarios for common NLoS identification and mitigation techniques.
Variation in algorithm implementation across radiomics software.

Given the increased need for consistent quantitative image analysis, variations in radiomics feature calculations due to differences in radiomics software were investigated. Two in-house radiomics packages and two freely available radiomics packages, MaZda and IBEX, were utilized. Forty 256 × 256-pixel regions of interest (ROIs) from 40 digital mammograms were studied along with 39 manually delineated ROIs from the head and neck (HN) computed tomography (CT) scans of 39 patients. Each package was used to calculate first-order histogram and second-order gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features. Friedman tests determined differences in feature values across packages, whereas intraclass-correlation coefficients (ICC) quantified agreement. All first-order features computed from both mammography and HN cases (except skewness in mammography) showed significant differences across all packages due to systematic biases introduced by each package; however, based on ICC values, all but one first-order feature calculated on mammography ROIs and all but two first-order features calculated on HN CT ROIs showed excellent agreement, indicating the observed differences were small relative to the feature values but the bias was systematic. All second-order features computed from the two databases both differed significantly and showed poor agreement among packages, due largely to discrepancies in package-specific default GLCM parameters. Additional differences in radiomics features were traced to variations in image preprocessing, algorithm implementation, and naming conventions. Large variations in features among software packages indicate that increased efforts to standardize radiomics processes must be conducted.
Dietary oxidised lipids, health consequences and novel food technologies that thwart food lipid oxidation: an update

Processed foods are popular and their consumption is expected to grow globally. Food processing and manufacturing promote lipid oxidation in foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. This review focuses on how various food manufacturing/processing techniques promote lipid oxidation in grains, meats and meat products, dairy and fats/oils. This review also considers emerging evidence from animal and human studies that suggest a link between dietary oxidised lipid consumption and chronic disease risk. An update on novel food technologies that limit food lipid oxidation is discussed so as to inform both food scientists and dietitians/nutritionists to direct future efforts in not only continuing to bring these novel technologies to the market place but also conduct clinical trials to establish their role in human health.
THE CORRUPTION OF THE RULE OF LAW

The corruption of the rule of law is an ambiguous phrase. It can refer either to the corruption of the value of the rule of law or to the corrupting effect that the commitment to the rule of law produces. This essay explains how both can be the case. The rule of law is one of a cluster of values that liberal political theory requires a morally legitimate government to exemplify. Thus, the rule of law is a component part of a just political structure. However, the phrase "the rule of law" is often used colloquially to refer to most or all of the cluster of liberal values. When used in this way, a duty to obey the law often attaches itself to the concept of the rule of law. It is the association of this duty with the concept of the rule of law when used in its narrow, literal sense to refer to only one of the liberal values that corrupts both those who are committed to the rule of law and the respect for the value itself.
Chemical Kinetics and Enzyme Dynamics

Cells are the basic units of life. A cell consists of a concentrated aqueous solution of molecules contained in a membrane, called plasma membrane. A cell is capable of replicating itself by growing and dividing. Cells that have a nucleus are called eukaryotes, and cells that do not have a nucleus are call prokaryotes. Bacteria are prokaryotes, while yeast and amoebas, as well as most cells in our body, are eukaryotes. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a very long polymeric molecule, consisting of two strands of chains, having double helix configuration, with repeated nucleotide units A, C, G, and T. The DNA is packed in chromosomes, within the nucleus in eukaryotes. In humans, the number of chromosomes is 46, except in sperm and egg cells where the number is 23.
Interreligious/Interfaith Studies: Defining a New Field, edited by Eboo Patel, Jennifer Howe Peace, and Noah Silverman

Interreligious/Interfaith Studies: Defining a New Field, edited by Eboo Patel, Jennifer Howe Peace, and Noah Silverman. Beacon Press, 2018. xi–xxi + 262pp. Pb., $20. 978-0-8070-1997-9
Metabolic characterization of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) with baseline FDG-PET/CT: Relationship with histopathology, hormone receptor status, and pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

1105 Background: Higher metabolic activity on FDG-PET is associated with triple negative (TN) hormone receptor status and invasive ductal histopathology in non-IBC breast cancer. Pts with IBC and a...
Mitral regurgitation worsens cardiac remodeling in ischemic cardiomyopathy in an experimental model

Abstract Objective Mitral regurgitation (MR) developing concomitant with ischemic cardiomyopathy is a frequently diagnosed valvular lesion, for which an optimal therapeutic strategy is unknown. The contribution of MR to the ongoing cardiac remodeling from myocardial infarction (MI) remains controversial. We have developed a novel experimental model in which MI and severe MR can be independently introduced, to study the role of MR in chronic remodeling of the ischemic heart. Methods A total of 98 rats were induced with MI+MR (group 1), MI (group 2), MR (group 3), or sham surgery (group 4). MR was induced by inserting a needle into the anterior mitral leaflet via the ventricular apex in a beating heart. MI was induced by ligating the left coronary artery. Biweekly ultrasound examinations were performed after surgery, and invasive hemodynamic assessments were performed in some rats at 2, 10, and 20 weeks. Results At 2 weeks postsurgery, the mean end-diastolic volume was 432 ± 103 μL in ischemic hearts with MR, compared with 390 ± 76.3 μL in ischemic hearts without MR (a 10.76% difference). By 20 weeks, the mean volume was significantly greater in the former group (767 ± 246 μL vs 580 ± 85 μL; a 32.24% difference). At 2 weeks, mean end-systolic volume was 147 ± 46.8 μL in the ischemic hearts with MR and 147 ± 45.7 μL in those without MR. By 20 weeks, the mean volumes had increased to 357 ± 136.4 μL and 271 ± 82.3 μL, respectively (a 31.73% difference). Conclusions MR in ischemic hearts significantly increased end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes of the left ventricle, indicating adverse cardiac remodeling and worse systolic function.
Role of Adjunctive Procedures Like Cricothyroid Subluxation and Arytenopexy or Arytenoid Adduction

Arytenopexy, arytenoid adduction, and cricothyroid subluxation have long been considered procedures adjunctive to vocal fold medialization, to address unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Because these adjunctive procedures are performed less commonly, experience with these procedures is more limited; as a result, practice patterns can diverge more widely than in medialization laryngoplasty. This chapter reviews the history of these adjunctive procedures; salient clinical, preoperative diagnostic considerations; and key surgical pearls and addresses potential pitfalls and risks involved in these procedures.
Assessment of Operative Autonomy and Readiness for Independent Practice Among Pediatric Surgery Fellows.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the System for Improving and Measuring Procedural Learning (SIMPL) “app” in a pediatric surgery training program. SIMPL is a novel workplace-based operative performance assessment platform which allows case by case assessment of trainees using three scales (autonomy, performance, and case complexity) and takes seconds to complete. Methods A pediatric surgery-specific procedural taxonomy for SIMPL was developed from the ACGME procedural library. SIMPL was piloted and implemented in a single pediatric surgery training program. A descriptive analysis of the operative assessments was undertaken. Results In the year following SIMPL implementation, 565 (39% of cases) assessments were completed by 21 faculty for 3 fellows for 148 unique procedures within a median of 8.5 h. Recorded feedback accompanied 61% of assessments. 2nd year fellows were more likely to be deemed autonomous (81% ratings) and practice ready (84%) vs. 1st year fellows (50%; p Conclusion Within pediatric surgery, this is the first implementation of a workplace-based operative performance assessment “app”. With its ease of use, SIMPL drastically increased the volume of operative evaluations and diversified the mix of cases evaluated while SIMPL ratings demonstrated expected and graduated performance improvements over time. Type of study Education. Level of evidence N/A.
Design of a Compact 3-D Metal Printed Ka-band Waveguide Polarizer

This letter presents design, development, and characterization of compact wideband three-dimensional (3-D) printed circular waveguide-based polarizer operating in Ka-band (28–34 GHz). The polarizer structure is investigated using fundamental and higher-order modes, based on which a simplified equivalent structure is derived, giving physical insight into its mechanism of operation. The design consists of a pair of radially opposite grooves inside a circular waveguide and excited using a coaxial probe, which makes the design simple and highly compact as compared to other conventional circular polarizers. The design is compared with other existing waveguide-based polarizers in terms of electrical and physical parameters. Fabrication is done using high-resolution direct metal aluminum 3-D metal printing. The measured axial ratio is better than 3 dB over the frequency band. The design simplicity makes it attractive for application in millimeter-wave frequencies and beyond.
Impaired lung function following e‐cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury in the first cohort of hospitalized adolescents

Background Beginning June 2019, Children's Wisconsin was the first hospital to identify a cohort of adolescent patients hospitalized with symptoms likely associated with e-cigarette use. Our report adds to the growing literature describing the radiographic, gross and cytopathologic bronchoscopic findings, and short-term lung function outcomes in this cohort of adolescents with e-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI). Methods We present 15 adolescents hospitalized from June to September, 2019 with confirmed EVALI. We abstracted data from inpatient hospitalization and first outpatient pulmonary clinic visit. Results There were 15 patients (11 male, 12 White) with a mean age of 17.1 years. All patients presented with subacute pulmonary, gastrointestinal and constitutional complaints. Diagnostic workup was guided by the Centers for Disease Control criteria for confirmed EVALI case surveillance. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in 13/15 patients with 10/13 demonstrating gross pathologic abnormalities. Seven of 15 patients required intensive care and 2 met criteria for pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Patients had dramatic improvement with systemic glucocorticoid therapy and 14/15 were discharged on room air. Eleven patients were seen as outpatients. Despite 11/11 patients reporting resolved or improved symptoms, 7/11 had abnormalities on pulmonary function testing. We initiated inhaled corticosteroids for 5/11 patients and 4/11 patients remained on their corticosteroid wean. Conclusions and relevance We report short-term outcomes of the first cohort of adolescent patients hospitalized with EVALI. An association is observed between clinical improvement and treatment with systemic corticosteroids. However, residual airway reactivity or diffusion abnormalities persisted when patients were re-evaluated in the short-term period (mean 4.5 weeks).
Lipoprotein Processing and Sorting in Helicobacter pylori.

ABSTRACT Our current understanding of lipoprotein synthesis and localization in Gram-negative bacteria is based primarily on studies of Escherichia coli. Newly synthesized E. coli prolipoproteins undergo posttranslational modifications catalyzed by three essential enzymes (Lgt, LspA, and Lnt). The mature lipoproteins are then sorted to the inner or outer membrane via the Lol system (LolABCDE). Recent studies suggested that this paradigm may not be universally applicable among different classes of proteobacteria. In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of lipoprotein processing and sorting in Helicobacter pylori, a member of the Epsilonproteobacteria that colonizes the human stomach. We show that H. pylorilgt, lspA, and lnt homologs can complement conditionally lethal E. coli mutant strains in which expression of these genes is conditionally regulated. Mutagenesis studies and analyses of conditionally lethal H. pylori mutant strains indicate that lgt and lspA are essential for H. pylori growth but lnt is dispensable. H. pylorilolA and the single lolC (or lolE) homolog are also essential genes. We then explored the role of lipoproteins in H. pylori Cag type IV secretion system (Cag T4SS) activity. Comparative analysis of the putative VirB7 homolog CagT in wild-type and lnt mutant H. pylori strains indicates that CagT undergoes amino-terminal modifications consistent with lipidation, and we show that CagT lipidation is essential for CagT stability and Cag T4SS function. This work demonstrates that lipoprotein synthesis and localization in H. pylori diverge from the canonical pathways and that lipidation of a T4SS component is necessary for H. pylori Cag T4SS activity. IMPORTANCE Bacterial lipoproteins have diverse roles in multiple aspects of bacterial physiology, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenesis. Dedicated pathways direct the posttranslational lipidation and localization of lipoproteins, but there is considerable variation in these pathways among the proteobacteria. In this study, we characterized the proteins responsible for lipoprotein synthesis and localization in Helicobacter pylori, a member of the Epsilonproteobacteria that contributes to stomach cancer pathogenesis. We also provide evidence suggesting that lipidation of CagT, a component of the H. pylori Cag T4SS, is required for delivery of the H. pylori CagA oncoprotein into human gastric cells. Overall, these results constitute the first systematic analysis of H. pylori lipoprotein production and localization pathways and reveal how these processes in H. pylori differ from corresponding pathways in model proteobacteria.
Care of traditional patients in the campaign against COVID-19: casualties of friendly fire

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals have adopted protocols geared to optimize the care of patients with COVID-19, while mitigating risk of exposure to other patients and to health care workers. These modifications can have un-intended consequences and impact the care of non-COVID patients. In the campaign against COVID-19, we must remain vigilant that patients with traditional disease processes also receive thoughtful and coordinated care.
Colonial Origins of Parliaments in Kenya and Zambia

To explore the mechanisms behind the observed variation in legislative institutionalization and strength in Africa, this chapter provides a comparative historical study of legislative development in Kenya and Zambia. Both countries’ colonial Legislative Councils (LegCo) had a common Westminster origin and were dominated by European immigrants. However, contingencies of political development in the late colonial period put the two countries’ postcolonial legislatures on different trajectories of institutional development. First, colonial restriction of cross-ethnic political mobilization in Kenya produced district-cum-ethnic parties. Its independence party (KANU) was therefore little more than a confederacy of ethnic parties. In Zambia, urbanization in the Copperbelt created the social infrastructure to support mass politics under UNIP. KANU’s weakness enabled the Kenyan legislature to function as the main arena for intra-elite politics and the sharing of governance rents. In Zambia, UNIP’s organizational strength crowded out the legislature, relegating it to a mere constitutional conveyor belt of the party’s policies. Second, the two countries differed on the nature of interracial politics. Interracial discord in Zambia resulted in extra-institutional nationalist politics. Kenya’s nationalist political development took place largely within the LegCo. As a result, independence brought institutional legislative discontinuity in Zambia and continuity in Kenya.
Triple Conjoined Nerve Root—An Unreported Anatomical Variant and Its Surgical Implications

Conjoined nerve roots are an infrequent and uncommon finding, rarely noted preoperatively. The conjoined root anomaly has potential for significant neurological injury during surgery. Preoperative recognition may avert disastrous nerve root injury but requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. We present the case of a 44-year-old patient with left L5/S1 radiculopathy caused by a herniated disc. During surgery we identified a triple conjoined nerve root anatomy. This anatomical variant, to our knowledge, has not been reported in literature. We describe the anatomical findings and surgical implications.
Peacekeeping, Policing, and the Rule of Law after Civil War

The rule of law is indispensable for sustained peace, good governance, and economic growth, especially in countries recovering from civil war. Yet despite its importance, we know surprisingly little about how to restore the rule of law in the wake of conflict. In this book, Robert A. Blair proposes a new theory to explain how the international community can help establish the rule of law in the world's weakest and most war-torn states, focusing on the crucial but often underappreciated role of the United Nations. Blair tests the theory by drawing on original household surveys in Liberia, highly disaggregated data on UN personnel and activities across Africa, and hundreds of interviews with UN officials, local leaders, citizens, and government and civil society representatives. The book demonstrates that UN intervention can have a deeper, more lasting, and more positive effect on the rule of law than skeptics typically believe.
A 2019 Update on Occupational Lung Diseases: A Narrative Review

Occupational lung diseases (OLDs) are caused, aggravated or exacerbated by exposures at the workplace. OLDs encompass a wide range of respiratory diseases similar to that found outside the work environment. Occupational asthma is the most commonly diagnosed OLD. Other OLDs may include acute and chronic conditions, ranging from hypersensitivity pneumonitis to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to pulmonary fibrosis. Historically, research into OLDs has centered on diseases resulting from exposures relevant to high-income countries and more obvious hazardous occupations, such as silicosis in coal miners. Peer-reviewed publications in 2019 have broadened the focus to include low- and middle-income countries and once-overlooked occupations such as dry cleaning and animal husbandry. Technological advances and greater understanding of disease etiology have allowed researchers and clinicians to implement improved risk analysis, screening and mitigation strategies to not only treat disease once it occurs, but to identify at-risk populations and institute protections to prevent or limit the negative impacts of workplace hazards. As recognition of OLDs as a worldwide threat in a variety of occupations increases, research is allowing for the development of better treatments and preventive measures that advance workers' rights and ensure their continued good health.
Maximize Spectrum Efficiency in Underlay Coexistence With Channel Uncertainty

We consider an underlay coexistence scenario where secondary users (SUs) must keep their interference to the primary users (PUs) under control. However, the channel gains from the PUs to the SUs are uncertain due to a lack of cooperation between the PUs and the SUs. Under this circumstance, it is preferable to allow the interference threshold of each PU to be violated occasionally as long as such violation stays below a probability. In this article, we employ Chance-Constrained Programming (CCP) to exploit this idea of occasional interference threshold violation. We assume the uncertain channel gains are only known by their mean and covariance. These quantities are slow-changing and easy to estimate. Our main contribution is to introduce a novel and powerful mathematical tool called Exact Conic Reformulation (ECR), which reformulates the intractable chance constraints into tractable convex constraints. Further, ECR guarantees an equivalent reformulation from linear chance constraints into deterministic conic constraints without the limitations associated with Bernstein Approximation, on which our research community has been fixated on for years. Through extensive simulations, we show that our proposed solution offers a significant improvement over existing approaches in terms of performance and ability to handle channel correlations (where Bernstein Approximation is no longer applicable).
Which came first, obstructive sleep apnoea or hypertension? A retrospective study of electronic records over 10 years, with separation by sex.

Author(s): An, Eunjoo; Irwin, Michael R; Doering, Lynn V; Brecht, Mary-Lynn; Watson, Karol E; Aysola, Ravi S; Aguila, Andrea P; Harper, Ronald M; Macey, Paul M | Abstract: ObjectivesObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a risk factor for hypertension (HTN), but the clinical progression of OSA to HTN is unclear. There are also sex differences in prevalence, screening and symptoms of OSA. Our objective was to estimate the time from OSA to HTN diagnoses in females and males.DesignRetrospective analysis of electronic health records (EHR) over 10 years (2006-2015 inclusive).SettingUniversity of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Health System in Los Angeles, California, USA.Participants4848 patients: females n=2086, mean (SD) age=52.8 (13.2) years; males n=2762, age=53.8 (13.5) years. These patients were selected from 1.6 million with diagnoses in the EHR who met these criteria: diagnoses of OSA and HTN; in long-term care defined by ambulatory visits at least 1 year prior and 1 year subsequent to the first OSA diagnosis; no diagnosis of OSA or HTN at intake; and a sleep study performed at UCLA.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure in each patient was time from the first diagnosis of OSA to the first diagnosis of HTN (OSA to HTN days). Since HTN and OSA are progressive disorders, a secondary measure was the relationship between OSA to HTN time and age (OSA to HTN=β1×Age+β0).ResultsThe median (lower and upper quartiles) days from OSA to HTN were: all -532 (-1439, -3); females -610 (-1579, -42); and males -451 (-1358, 0). Older age in both sexes was associated with less time to a subsequent HTN diagnosis or more time from a prior HTN diagnosis (β1 days/year: all -16.9, females -18.3, males -15.9).ConclusionsHTN was on average diagnosed years prior to OSA, with a longer separation in females. Our findings are consistent with underscreening of OSA, more so in females than males. Undiagnosed OSA may delay treatment for the sleep disorder and perhaps affect the development and progression of HTN.
“The gatekeepers in prevention”: Community pharmacist perceptions of their role in the opioid epidemic

Community pharmacists are at the frontline of patient care, yet their role in the opioid epidemic remains unclear. This qualitative study examines the perception of community pharmacists about thei...
The chromatin remodeler chd5 is necessary for proper head development during embryogenesis of Danio rerio

The chromatin remodeler CHD5 plays a critical role in tumor suppression and neurogenesis in mammals. CHD5 contributes to gene expression during neurogenesis, but there is still much to learn regarding how this class of remodelers contributes to differentiation and development. CHD5 remodelers are vertebrate-specific, raising the prospect that CHD5 plays one or more conserved roles in this phylum. Expression of chd5 in adult fish closely mirrors expression of CHD5 in adult mammals. Knockdown of Chd5 during embryogenesis suggests new roles for CHD5 remodelers based on resulting defects in craniofacial development including reduced head and eye size as well as reduced cartilage formation in the head. In addition, knockdown of Chd5 results in altered expression of neural markers in the developing brain and eye as well as a profound defect in differentiation of dopaminergic amacrine cells. Recombinant zebrafish Chd5 protein exhibits nucleosome remodeling activity in vitro, suggesting that it is the loss of this activity that contributes to the observed phenotypes. Our studies indicate that zebrafish is an appropriate model for functional characterization of CHD5 remodelers in vertebrates and highlight the potential of this model for generating novel insights into the role of this vital class of remodelers.
Economics of direct seeding and planting for establishing oak stands on old-field sites in the South.

On old-field sites in the South, oak stan& may be established bydirect seeding of acorns, or by planting seedlings. Planting seedlings costs approximately 21/2 times the cost of direct seeding on a per acre basis, and based on our study of overall costs and returns, we conclude that in most cases the additional costs of planting are not justified by the additional benefits. Direct seeding is therefore an economically viable alternative to planting, although success with seeding requires careful selection of species/site combinations and proper seed handling and storage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(I):34-40. Demand for oaks and other hardwoods has increased greatly in recent years. In the pulp and paper industry, for example, hardwoods increased from 14% of all pulpwood consumption in the United States in 1950, to 31% in 1989 (Slinn 1990). Demand for hardwoods has also risen due to increased production levels in traditionally important markets such as fuelwood, furniture, pallets, flooring, and veneer and panel products (Nolley 1990, USDA Forest Service 1988). While demand for oaks and other hardwoods has increased, processors of hardwood timber have expressed serious concerns about the future availability of hardwoods that are of desirable species, size, and quality, and that are both available and suitable for commercial harvest. At the 1989 annual convention of the National Hardwood Lumber Association, for example, "concern about future timber supply was the major issue discussed" (Miller and Miller 1989). In the South, oaks are a domi-
A method to detect JPEG-based double compression

Digital multimedia forensics is an emerging field that has important applications in law enforcement, the protection of public safety, and notational security. As a popular image compression standard, the JPEG format is widely adopted; however, the tampering of JPEG images can be easily performed without leaving visible clues, and it is increasingly necessary to develop reliable methods to detect forgery in JPEG images. JPEG double compression is frequently used during image forgery, and it leaves a clue to the manipulation. To detect JPEG double compression, we propose in this paper to extract the neighboring joint density features and marginal density features on the DCT coefficients, and then to apply learning classifiers to the features for detection. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method delivers promising performance in uncovering JPEG-based double compression. In addition, we analyze the relationship among compression quality factor, image complexity, and the performance of our double compression detection algorithm, and demonstrate that a complete evaluation of the detection performance of different algorithms should necessarily include both the image complexity and double compression quality factor.
A kinetic model for Si1- xGex growth from SiH4 and GeH4 by CVD

A kinetic model is proposed for silicon-germanium alloy (Si 1-x Ge x ) growth from silane (SiH 4 ) and germane (GeH 4 ) by chemical vapor deposition. It takes into account both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, which involve the precursors (SiH 4 and GeH 4 ) and the homogeneous decomposition product of germane, germylene (GeH 2 ), and three types of surface sites: silicon sites, hydrogen-terminated silicon sites, and germanium sites. The growth of Si 1-x Ge x can be divided into two regimes: a heterogeneous decomposition dominated regime and a homogeneous decomposition dominated regime. For the heterogeneous regime, analytical equations based on the collision theory of heterogeneous unimolecular reactions, statistical physics, and the concept of competitive adsorption are derived to quantitatively describe growth rate and film composition as a function of deposition conditions, including deposition temperature, silane flow rate, and germane flow rate. Homogeneous decomposition of germane into germylene complicates the gas phase chemistry for both germane and silane, and an empirical linear relation is employed to describe the growth behavior in the homogeneous regime. The model agrees well with the experimental data by Jang et al. [J. Electrochem. Soc. 142, 3513 (1995)].
Optical rotatory dispersion of hemoglobin and polypeptides. Effect of halothane.

Abstract Optical rotatory dispersion of ferri-, oxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin was significantly reduced by commonly used concentrations of the anesthetic halothane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, at physiological pH in the 220- to 300-nm region. There was no significant effect of halothane on the conformation of the α chain whereas the helicity in the β chain of hemoglobin was significantly decreased in the presence of halothane at 23°. These changes were reversed by re-equilibration of the hemoglobin solution with air at 37°. The effect of the d and l enantiomers of halothane on oxyhemoglobin was the same as the racemic mixture. Poly-l-lysine in a helical configuration showed a small reduction in helicity on exposure to halothane, but poly-l-glutamic acid in both a helical and random coil configuration showed no significant change in configuration on exposure to halothane.
Industry-Driven Support (IDS) model to build social capital and business skills of low-income entrepreneurs with disabilities

Self-employment is a viable option for individuals with disabilities; however traditional self-employment services typically do not meet the needs of entrepreneurs with disabilities. Further, social capital is important for starting and maintaining a business; yet individuals with disabilities are considered to have low social capital. As a result, low-income entrepreneurs with disabilities often experience difficulties finding adequate resources to start and maintain a business. The Industry-Driven Support (IDS) model, developed over a two year period with a Participatory Action Research team, was designed to increase business skills and social capital of low-income entrepreneurs with disabilities. The program offers training sessions on a specific business topic (e.g., marketing), networking sessions on building social capital, and one-on-one business support to a cohort of entrepreneurs in a specific industry (e.g., Arts and Crafts). Sessions were provided using web-conferencing technology. The model has been piloted with 38 low-income Alaskan entrepreneurs with disabilities, including those living in rural areas. The IDS model demonstrates promise as a cost-effective method for delivering training, providing needed supports, and connecting low-income entrepreneurs with disabilities to each other and needed resources.
Linear versus saturated drive current: tradeoffs in super steep retrograde well engineering

Compared to uniform well doping profiles the use of super steep retrograde well (SSRW) doping can significantly improve short channel effects permitting operation at smaller device sizes. However, the use of a SSRW does not significantly increase saturated drive current for these devices due to reduced drain saturation voltages (V/sub DSAT/). The reduction in V/sub DSAT/ occurs because the SSRW increases the depletion bulk charge and threshold voltage near the drain at high drain biases (body effect). It is shown for the first time that unlike the saturated drive current, the linear drive current exhibits a large increase for minimum size devices resulting in significantly improved inverter switching times. Improvements in gate delay of more than 10% are reported for SSRW devices.
IMpACT: Inverse model accuracy and control performance toolbox for buildings

Uncertainty affects all aspects of building performance: from the identification of models, through the implementation of model-based control, to the operation of the deployed systems. We present IMpACT, a methodology and a toolbox for analysis of uncertainty propagation for building inverse modeling and controls. Given a plant model and data from the building, IMpACT automatically evaluates the effect of the uncertainty propagation from sensor data to model accuracy and control performance. We also present a statistical method to quantify the bias in the sensor measurement and to determine near optimal sensor placement and density for accurate signal measurements. In our previous work, we considered the end-to-end propagation of uncertainty in the form of fixed bias in the sensor data. In this paper, we extend the method to work with random errors in the sensor data, which is more realistic. Using a real building test-bed, we show how performing an uncertainty analysis can reveal trends about inverse model accuracy and control performance, which can be used to make informed decisions about sensor requirements and data accuracy.
An Estimate of Equatorial Upwelling in the Pacific

Abstract Upwelling in the equatorial Pacific Ocean manifests itself by a tongue of cool water stretching from the Galapagos Islands to the date line. To estimate the rate of upwelling, the mass, heat and salt budgets of the tongue are investigated. The Ekman divergence is determined from wind stress as 84 × 106 m3 s−1. It is compensated by geostrophic convergence of the same magnitude as determined from the zonal pressure gradient. Since the vertical distribution of the two meridional flows is different, a strong vertical circulation results, which leads to upwelling at a rate of ∼50 × 106 m3 s−1. A consideration of the heat budget leads to the conclusion that horizontal advection in the South Equatorial Current does contribute to the cool tongue, but that the contribution of upwelling is much larger. The heat budget also indicates that upwelling comes from depths above the core of the undercurrent and that the source water has temperatures only ∼3°C less than the water flowing out laterally. The seasonal...
Coronary Reperfusion for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Postischemic Ventricular Dysfunction

There has been recent interest in treating acute myocardial infarction with coronary reperfusion by fibrinolytic therapy. Experimental studies have shown that myocardial infarct size can be reduced by
microRNAs and muscle disorders

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding regulatory RNAs of ∼22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs are highly conserved across a number of species, including plants, worms and humans. miRNAs regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, primarily by associating with the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of their regulatory target mRNAs. Recent work has begun to reveal roles for miRNAs in a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. miRNAs are expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and dysregulated miRNA expression has been correlated with muscle-related disorders. Genetic studies have identified distinct roles for specific miRNAs during cardiogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy and electrical conduction. Furthermore, conditionally inhibiting the maturation of miRNAs in mouse cardiac and skeletal muscles has revealed that miRNAs are essential for the development and function of those muscles. These previously unrecognized regulators shed new light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle development and pathology, and suggest the potential importance of miRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for muscle-related disease.
Does Enrollment in a CDHP Stimulate Cost-Effective Utilization?:

Consumer-driven health plans (CDHPs) are built on the assumption that with increased cost sharing consumers will select cost-effective evidence-based care. In this study, the authors explore whether patterns of utilization change after enrollment in a CDHP and whether the pattern reflects a shift toward evidence-based care. The study population is comprised of 18,025 employees and their adult dependents. The analysis uses a schema for categorizing claims data into high-priority (evidence-based care) and low-priority (limited or no evidence-based care) utilization. The findings indicate that enrollment in CDHPs resulted in a reduction of office visits in the 1st year of enrollment. These reductions in care appear to be indiscriminant, with patients cutting back in both high-and low-priority visits. The reductions in high- and low-priority visits were greater for employees with lower education and income.
Towards an effective version of Mazur conjecture

Abstract In this Note we present an axiomatic exposition of Cornut–Vatsal's main ingredient in their proof of Mazur conjecture. Our aim is to extract clean ergodic statements and discuss a possible strategy towards effectivity.
The Pragmatics of Passion: A Sociology of Attachment to Mathematics:

This paper addresses the question of the intertwining of practice and passion in scientific work, considering passion as a collective attachment to the subjects and objects of knowledge in an epistemic community. The paper draws on a research program on Renato Caccioppoli (1904—59), the famous Italian mathematician, and the group of mathematicians he used to work with, showing the use of sociology of attachment in the description of the link between practice, passion and knowledge. The research followed a qualitative methodology and focused on interviews and documents (letters, books, movies analysis, newspapers' articles) on historical and contemporary accounts of schools of mathematics and epistemic communities. This paper unfolds in three parts: a brief focus on the theoretical framework of the research; the analyses of the practices for mobilizing passion used by the mathematicians emerging from the research program; the discussion of the relevance of our first findings and the indication of future di...
Vacuum ultraviolet thin films. 2: Vacuum ultraviolet all-dielectric narrowband filters

We report the design and performance of narrowband transmission filters employing the rapidly changing extinction coefficient that is characteristic of BaF2 and SiO2 films within certain wavelength intervals in the vacuum ultraviolet. We demonstrate the design concept for two filters centered at 135nm for BaF2 and at 141 nm for SiO2. It is found that these filters provide excellent narrowband spectral performance when combined with narrowband reflection filters. The filter centered at 135 nm has a peak transmittance of 24% and a bandwidth of 4 nm at full width at half-maximum for collimated incident light. The transmittance for λ0 ≤ 130 nm is <0.1% and for 138 ≤ λ0 ≤ 230 nm the average transmittance is <3%. Another filter centered at 141 nm has a peak transmittance of 25% and a bandwidth of 3.5 nm.
Dietary flavonol intake is associated with age of puberty in a longitudinal cohort of girls

Lignans and flavonols are dietary phytoestrogens found at high concentrations in the Western Diet. They have potential to influence the timing of puberty. We hypothesized that greater consumption of these 2 phytoestrogens would be related to later age at pubertal onset among girls. Pubertal assessment and 24-hour diet recall data were available for 1178 girls, ages 6 to 8 years (mean 7.3 years) in the Breast Cancer and Environment Research Project Puberty Study. Lignan and flavonol intakes were mainly derived from fruit and vegetable consumption. Average consumption was 6.5 mg/d for flavonols and 0.6 mg/d for lignans. Highest flavonol consumption (>5 mg/d) was associated with later breast development (adjusted hazards ratio [HR]: 0.74, 95% CI: [0.61-0.91]) compared to 2 to 5 mg/d (adjusted HR: 0.84, 95% CI: [0.70-1.0]) and <2 mg/d (referent group; P-trend = .006). Flavonol intake was not associated with pubic hair development. Lignan intake was not associated with either breast or pubic hair development. Dietary intake was only weakly correlated with urinary enterolactone, a biomarker for lignans (RS = 0.13). Consistent with biologic properties of phytoestrogens that indicate hormonal activity, their consumption may be associated with reproductive end points, even in childhood.