cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treating to goal: new strategies for initiating and optimizing lipid-lowering therapy in patients with atherosclerosis

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines prepared by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) provide clinicians with recommendations for the clinical management of abnormal blood cholesterol to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. The recently updated NCEP guidelines have included a number of key amendments such as the recognition of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while maintaining the focus of treatment on lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lev- els. Several agents can be used to modify the lipid proe le in-line with the NCEP ATP-III rec- ommendations, but hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) remain the most effective and best-tolerated drugs for lowering LDL-C. The optimal time to initiate drug therapy had been in question, although recent studies suggest in-hospital initiation following admission with cardiovascular disease reduces the risk of recurrent events and improves long-term patient compliance. Inpatient physicians and nurses therefore play a pivotal role in ine uencing not only short-term management needs, but also the long-term recov- ery of their patients. This role should not be underestimated, as recent surveys have highlighted a signie cant problem of undertreatment in patients with documented atherosclerosis with regards to lipid-lowering and other cardioprotective therapy. Although reversing patient under- treatment will require clinicians to address a variety of issues, systematic in-hospital initiation of currently available lipid-lowering therapies in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease is likely to have major benee ts, reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular events and saving lives. Several statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, novel metabolic inhibitors, and combi- nations of agents are currently in clinical development and it is hoped that these will also assist clinicians in the important task of getting patients to recommended LDL-C and HDL-C levels.
Designing super-resolution metalenses by the combination of metamaterials and nanoscale plasmonic waveguide couplers

We recently demonstrated a phase compensated metalens that cannot only achieve super-resolution, but also possesses the Fourier transform capability. The metalens consists of a metamaterial slab and a plasmonic waveguide coupler (PWC). We have now ascertained the requirements for the metamaterial and the detailed design principles for the PWCs. Simulations of metalenses with a new type of PWC geometry have confirmed that the new metalenses also possess super-resolution and the Fourier transform function. The hyperbolic metalens shows an anomalous focus shifting behavior, which may be used to design exotic optical systems with new functionalities.
Research in Support of Remediation Activities at the Savannah River Site

The USDOE Savannah River Site (SRS), an 803-km2 (310-mile2) facility located south of Aiken, SC on the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain and bounded to the west by the Savannah River, was established in the 1950s for the production and refinement of nuclear materials. To fulfill this mission during the past 50 years SRS has operated five nuclear reactors, two large chemical separation areas, waste disposal facilities (landfills, waste ponds, waste tanks, and waste stabilization), and a large number of research and logistics support facilities. Contaminants of concern (COC) resulting from site operations include chlorinated solvents, radionuclides, metals, and metalloids, often found as complex mixtures that greatly complicate remediation efforts when compared with civilian industries. The objective of this article is to provide a description of the lithology and hydrostatigraphy of the SRS, as well as a brief history of site operations and research activities as a preface to the current special section of Vadose Zone Journal (VZJ) dedicated to SRS, focusing mainly on issues that are unique to the USDOE complex. Contributions to the special section reflect a diverse range of topics, from hydrologic tracer experiments conducted both within the vadose and saturated zones to studies specifically aimed at identifying geochemical processes controlling the migration and partitioning of specific contaminants (e.g., TCE, 137Cs, U, and Pu) in SRS subsurface environments. Addressing the diverse environmental challenges of the SRS provides a unique opportunity to conduct both fundamental and applied research across a range of experimental scales. Hence, the SRS has been a pioneering force in several areas of environmental research and remediation, often through active interdisciplinary collaboration with researchers from other USDOE facilities, academic and federal institutions, and commercial entities.
The fast spiral-SelMQC technique for in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human breast tissue†

The selective multiple-quantum coherence transfer method has been applied to image polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) distributions in human breast tissues in vivo for cancer detection, with complete suppression of the unwanted lipid and water signals in a single scan. The Cartesian k-space mapping of PUFA in vivo using the selective multiple-quantum coherence transfer (Sel-MQC) chemical shift imaging (CSI) technique, however, requires excessive MR scan time. In this article, we report a fast Spiral-SelMQC sequence using a rapid spiral k-space sampling scheme. The Spiral-SelMQC images of PUFA distribution in human breast were acquired using two-interleaved spirals on a 3 T GE Signa magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Approximately 160-fold reduction of acquisition time was observed as compared with the corresponding selective multiple-quantum coherence transfer CSI method with an equivalent number of scans, permitting acquisition of high-resolution PUFA images in minutes. The reconstructed Spiral-SelMQC PUFA images of human breast tissues achieved a sub-millimeter resolution of 0.54 × 0.54 or 0.63 × 0.63 mm2/pixel for field of view = 14 or 16 cm, respectively. The Spiral-SelMQC parameters for PUFA detection were optimized in 2D selective multiple-quantum coherence transfer experiments to suppress monounsaturated fatty acids and other lipid signals. The fast in vivo Spiral-SelMQC imaging method will be applied to study human breast cancer and other human diseases in extracranial organs. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of methoxyacetic acid on mouse Leydig cell gene expression

Background: Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) is the active metabolite of the widely used industrial chemical ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, which is associated with various developmental and reproductive toxicities, including neural toxicity, blood and immune disorders, limb degeneration and testicular toxicity. Testicular toxicity is caused by degeneration of germ cells in association with changes in gene expression in both germ cells and Sertoli cells of the testis. This study investigates the impact of MAA on gene expression in testicular Leydig cells, which play a critical role in germ cell survival and male reproductive function. Methods: Cultured mouse TM3 Leydig cells were treated with MAA for 3, 8, and 24 h and changes in gene expression were monitored by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. Results: A total of 3,912 MAA-responsive genes were identified. Ingenuity Pathway analysis identified reproductive system disease, inflammatory disease and connective tissue disorder as the top biological functions affected by MAA. The MAA-responsive genes were classified into 1,366 early responders, 1,387 mid-responders, and 1,138 late responders, based on the time required for MAA to elicit a response. Analysis of enriched functional clusters for each subgroup identified 106 MAA early response genes involved in transcription regulation, including 32 genes associated with developmental processes. 60 DNA-binding proteins responded to MAA rapidly but transiently, and may contribute to the downstream effects of MAA seen for many mid and late response genes. Genes within the phosphatidylinositol/phospholipase C/calcium signaling pathway, whose activity is required for potentiation of nuclear receptor signaling by MAA, were also enriched in the set of early MAA response genes. In contrast, many of the genes responding to MAA at later time points encode membrane proteins that contribute to cell adhesion and membrane signaling.
Eliminating triggers of ventricular fibrillation: the past, present, and future.

The importance of ventricular ectopy and its causal relationship to induction of ventricular arrhythmias has been recognized for many years. The frequency and complexity of ventricular ectopy is related to risk, yet it is not an accurate predictor of sustained ventricular arrhythmias for individual
Algorithms for Simple Cell Mappings

In this chapter we turn to certain computational aspects of simple cell mappings. We shall discuss two topics: locating all the singular entities of the cell function associated with a simple cell mapping and having a procedure which will allow us to determine the global behavior of the mapping in a very efficient way.
Probability and Experience

Among the manifold problems that are connected with the concept of probability, we have to differentiate between those that are within the individual sciences and those that are a part of epistemology in general. For example, the problem of contemporary physics ‘causal or statistical lawfulness of elementary processes’ doubtless is very important and topical but the epistemologist, for the purpose of a deeper clarification, first has to examine what is really meant by the concept of the law of probability. To date, only a very few thinkers have noticed that there is a serious difficulty here at all (see P. Ehrenfest,Mathem. Enzykl. IV, §30; M. Schlick, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre [1925], p. 359f; and H. Reichenbach in his recent lecture in Prague). As a clear solution for this problem has not yet been presented and as I am convinced on grounds of principle that logic cannot be replaced or supplemented by a logic of probability (and indeed there is no need for such), I take the liberty to discuss this problem in some more detail and to suggest a way to its solution which, to my mind, seems to be the only one feasible.
Can Nonprofit Transmission Be Independent

Competitive markets for the production of electricity are growing, but the facilities that transmit and distribute it are still monopolies. To foster competition in transmission, FERC has set standards for forming regional transmission organizations. The form of those organizations is the subject of intense debate. Some interests favor nonprofit Independent System Operators (ISOs); others favor transmission companies ("Transcos"). The ISO is a political solution to an economic problem. The structure of an ISO invites inefficient choices and dominance by transmission owners. Its nonprofit form is no more than a veil under which interests of all sorts can manipulate its governance process to obtain benefits for themselves. A Transco is an imperfect economic institution, but its imperfections are known, its underlying logic is the same as that of any regulated corporation, and its monopolistic aspects are at least familiar if not perfectly solvable.
Agricultural Runoff-Characteristics and Control

Agricultural runoff consists of nonpoint sources that range from almost natural runoff to that from concentrated agricultural operations such as animal feedlots and fertilized fields. Control of the latter is possible by waste management and land conservation techniques. Increases in agricultural efficiency have been associated with a variety of potential and real environmental problems. The paper attempts to quantify some pollution problems due to agricultural runoff and to put these problems in perspective. The major topical areas include erosion, animal feedlots, rural runoff, pollution characteristics, and effect of fertilizers. Management methods to control the quantity and pollutional quality of the runoff are noted. The paper stresses that agriculture should institute a systematic, coordinated approach for specific production operations to reduce excesses that could cause environmental degradation.
Some Thoughts on the Ethics of Parking Profits Offshore

This article reviews the practice of keeping profits offshore to avoid or defer paying U.S. corporate income taxes on those profits, and examines some of the ethical issues involved in doing so.
Correction: Convenient C-alkylation of the [HCB11Cl11]− carborane anion

Correction for ‘Convenient C-alkylation of the [HCB11Cl11]− carborane anion’ by Rodrigo Ramirez-Contreras and Oleg V. Ozerov, Dalton Trans., 2012, 41, 7842–7844.
Effect of Deuterium Oxide on Rat Sarcoma R-39

Conclusions1. Heavy water in concentrations of 0.11% had no demonstrable effect on 4 normal rats. 2. No effect was observed in 44 of 50 rats inoculated with rat sarcoma R-39 to which the same concentration of heavy water was given. 3. However, 0.11% deuterium oxide seemed to have a stimulating effect on rat sarcoma R-39 in 6 of 50 rats so treated.The work of Lewis1 on the inhibiting effect of deuterium oxide (heavy water) on the germination of tobacco seeds and the investigations of Barnes2 showing the suppression of cell division in spirogyra by dilute solutions of deuterium oxide led us to study its effects on tumor tissue. Recently Woglom and Weber3 reported that 0.40 to 0.42% deuterium oxide had no demonstrable effect on the growth of mouse sarcoma 180 or mouse carcinoma 63. Unaware of the above work we have been studying the effect of deuterium oxide on rat sarcoma R-39 for the past few months.The deuterium oxide was obtained and analyzed by one of us (S. Y.) through the courtesy of Dr. Lloyd H. Reye...
Streptothrix Interproximalis. N. Sp. an Obligate Microaerophile from the Human Mouth

Isolation.-Materia alba from the gingival and interproximal portions of the central lower incisors was emulsified in sterile water, by very diligent shaking. Proportionate amounts of this emulsion were inoculated into tubes of equal parts of melted Martin's agar and pleuritic fluid, and the tubes carefully manipulated to make roll tubes. These tubes were then connected by airtight rubber tubing, to cultures of freshly inoculated B. subtilis, and grown at 35 C. (average mouth temperature) for 5 days when they were opened for examination. A small, round, white, elevated colony was fished and transplanted to slants of the same medium, and grown aerobically, anaerobically and at partial tension. Very slowly, during 5 days, the partial tension culture grew, to form white, slightly raised, rather dry but tenacious colonies. The aerobic and anaerobic tubes gave absolutely no growth. Subcultures were made on the same medium, and grown under the three varying oxygen pressures, with the uniform result that the partial tension tube gave a growth, while the aerobic and anaerobic tubes were consistently without growth. The colonies were practically invisible until the 4th day, and attained their maximum growth by the 5th or 6th day. Six consecutive subcultures were made, at the end of 5 days each, from the partial tension tubes, when finally the aerobic tube showed a faint growth. This tube, however, was tightly capped with a rubber hood to prevent drying of mediums, and in this manner a somewhat reduced oxygen pressure may have been produced. This aerobic strain was carried through 2 subcultures, when it died out.
Blood and bone marrow findings in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.

The blood and bone marrow smears and sections of 38 patients with angioimmuno-blastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) were examined and their hematologics data were reviewed. A normochromic normocytic anemia was found in 84% of patients. A positive direct Coombs' test was noted in one-third of the patients tested. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia and/or eosinophilic were observed frequently. Lymphocytopenia of various degrees was evident in 79% of the patients, and circulating immunocytes were seen in 31%. Bone marrow smears were usually hypercellular with myelocytic or erythrocytic hyperplasia and a shift to the left. They also revealed a decrease in the small mature-appearing lymphocytes in 61% and an increase in immunocytes in 65% of the patients. None of the abnormalities in the cellular components of the blood and of the bone marrow smears were diagnostic of AILO. However, lesions diagnostic of AILD were found in 70% of 27 patients in whom sections of bone marrow core biopsies or spicules were available. These lesions were similar to those described in lymph nodes; they were usually focal and occasionally diffuse. The cellular abnormalities in the blood did not necessarily coincide with the presence of histologically demonstrable AILD lesions in bone marrow biopsies. However, when the bone marrow biopsies showed the lesions diagnostic of AILD, the bone marrow smears usually contained an increased number of immunocytes. The involvement of bone marrow by lesions diagnostic of AILD could not be correlated with clinical progression or length of survival.
El campesino y el capitalismo agrario de Costa Rica: una critica de ideología como historia

Introduccion Cualquier obra que vuelva a situar el analisis de la sociedad costarricense contemporanea en un contexto centroamericano, sera bienvenida entre los cientificos sociales del area. Ademas el estudio recien publicado del Dr. Mitchell Seligson: El campesino y el capitalismo agrario, contribuye grandemente a la sociologia del campesinado contemporaneo y de las reformas agrarias latinoamericanas. Especificamente, su analisis del impacto de las politicas agrarias de reforma sobre los campesinos beneficiados representa tanto una investigacion exploratoria como una poderosa justificacion de mayores reformas en el campo, ya sea en Costa Rica u otras regiones de Latinoamerica
Impact of Androstenone on Leash Pulling and Jumping Up in Dogs

Dogs are relinquished to shelters due to behavioral problems, such as leash pulling and jumping up. Interomones are chemical cues produced by one species that elicit a response in a different species. We reported earlier that androstenone, a swine sex pheromone, acts as an interomone to reduce barking in dogs. Here we report two models using 10 dogs/study: a dog jumping and a dog walking model. For the leash-pulling model, each time the dog pulled on the leash the walker either did nothing (NOT), or sprayed the dog with water (H₂O), androstenone + water (ANH), androstenone 0.1 µg/mL (AND1), or androstenone 1.0 µg/mL (AND2). The number of pulls during each walk was counted. For the jumping up model, each time the dog jumped the researcher did nothing (NOT), or sprayed the dog with H₂O, ANH, AND1, or AND2. The number of jumps and the time between jumps were recorded. In Study 1, ANH, AND1, and AND2 each reduced leash pulling more than NOT and H₂O (p< 0.01). In Study 2, all treatments were effective in reducing jumping up behavior. Androstenone reduced jumping up, but not beyond that elicited by a spray of water alone. We conclude that androstenone in multiple delivery vehicles reduced leash pulling. The burst of air intended as a disruptive stimulus in the correction sprays may be too harsh for more sensitive dogs, and as such use of these sprays is cautioned in these animals. For other dogs, this interomone can be used to stop some behavior immediately or as a part of a training program to reduce undesirable behavior.
Permafrost Active Layer Seismic Interferometry Experiment (PALSIE).

We present findings from a novel field experiment conducted at Poker Flat Research Range in Fairbanks, Alaska that was designed to monitor changes in active layer thickness in real time. Results are derived primarily from seismic data streaming from seven Nanometric Trillium Posthole seismometers directly buried in the upper section of the permafrost. The data were evaluated using two analysis methods: Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) and ambient noise seismic interferometry. Results from the HVSR conclusively illustrated the method's effectiveness at determining the active layer's thickness with a single station. Investigations with the multi-station method (ambient noise seismic interferometry) are continuing at the University of Florida and have not yet conclusively determined active layer thickness changes. Further work continues with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to determine if the ground based measurements can constrain satellite imagery, which provide measurements on a much larger spatial scale.
Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces

In this chapter we shall begin our analysis of radiative heat transfer rates within enclosures without a participating medium, making use of the view factors developed in the preceding chapter. We shall first deal with the simplest case of a black enclosure, that is, an enclosure where all surfaces are black.
Postpartum cortical venous thrombosis: An unusual presentation of postdural puncture headache

Headache is a common occurrence during pregnancy. A postural headache is invariably considered to be a postdural puncture headache in patients who receive neuraxial anesthesia with or without obvious or incidental dural puncture. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is rare in pregnancy and in the postpartum period, with an incidence of 1:10,000–1:25,000. Pregnancy-induced changes in coagulation result in a hypercoagulable state, which may naturally reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, but may also increase the risk of CVT. Postpartum headache being frequently encountered may complicate the diagnosis of CVT. We report a case of a woman who developed a postpartum CVT after an accidental wet tap and intrathecal catheter placement during labor.
Hydroxyurea Affects T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Sickle Cell Disease.

Hydroxyurea (HU) is now widely used in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). The effect of this agent on T-lymphocytes in this disease has not been extensively studied. In other diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, HU was found to have a variable effect on T-cell subsets. We previously reported (Blood2002; 100: 363) a case of a sickle cell disease patient who was HIV- negative who was found to have low CD4 count on HU that normalized after stopping this agent. We have since conducted a case-controlled study in our sickle cell disease clinic in an attempt to analyze the effects of HU on CD4 count and other T-lymphocyte subsets. Written informed consent was obtained from 15 SCD patients. All patients had SCD as confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis. We placed patients into 2 cohorts: the treatment group consisted of patients already receiving HU therapy and the control group consisted of patients not taking HU. Among 15 patients, 8 patients were in treatment group and 7 patients were in the control group. In control group, 5 patients were female and 2 patients were male with mean age of 38 years. In treatment group, 7 patients were female and 1 was male with mean age of 35 years. In the treatment group, the mean duration of HU therapy was 4 years. We collected venous blood from all patients and tested for the following blood cell counts: total white blood cell (WBC), total neutrophil, total lymphocyte, CD4, CD8, CD3 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio. We also tested and found that there was no significant difference between the 2 cohorts for the presence of alloantibodies, cytomegalovirus virus and hepatitis C viral status. All patients were found to be HIV- negative. The lymphocyte assay was done using Coulter MAXAM hematology analyzer and using a combination of white blood cell counts and differential count in the same laboratory for all patients. We compared the mean value of total T-lymphocyte counts, T-cell subgroups CD4, CD8, CD3 levels and CD4/CD8 ratios between the 2 groups by performing the t-test (Table 1). Our study showed that the treatment group had a statistically significant increase in total T- lymphocyte count and in levels of the CD4, CD8 and CD3 levels compared to the control group. There was no difference in the CD4/CD8 ratio between the 2 groups. These results provide additional information to our previous observation of a lowered CD4 count in a SCD patient on HU. These results are consistent with findings in HIV positive patients where changes in T- lymphocytes subsets have been observed in patients treated with HU (AIDS2002; 14:619–621 and J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2000; 25: 329–336). We conclude that in SCD patients HU can affect T-lymphocyte subset counts. The mechanism and clinical significance of the effect, if any, is unknown and requires further investigation. Table 1: Effects of HU on T-lymphocytes
RDL and interposer design for DiRAM4 interfaces

This paper presents results of signal integrity study conducted on two packaging designs: redistribution layer (RDL) for face-to-face stacking and 2.5D interposer for lateral connection of four processor chips with high performance memory die having a bandwidth of 4Tb/s.
Membrane Extraction of HMG CoA Reductase as Determined by Susceptibility of Lumenal Epitope to In Vitro Protease Digestion

Although many aspects of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway have been elucidated, methods to detect and examine intermediate steps in the process are lacking. Here, we describe the use of a protease protection assay to study the metabolically regulated ERAD substrate HMG CoA reductase. Studies utilizing this assay reveal that ubiquitinated reductase becomes extracted across the ER membrane prior to its cytosolic release and proteasomal degradation through reactions mediated by distinct AAA-ATPases. A similar approach could be applied to other substrates to determine whether membrane extraction is an intermediate step in their ERAD.
Differential Equations and Models

In science, engineering, economics, and in most areas having a quantitative component, we are interested in describing how systems evolve in time, that is, in describing a system’s dynamics. In the simplest one-dimensional case the state of a system at any time t is denoted by a function, which we generically write as u = u(t). We think of the dependent variable u as the state variable of a system that is varying with time t, which is the independent variable. Thus, knowing u = u(t) is tantamount to knowing what state the system is in at time t. For example, u(t) could be the population of an animal species in an ecosystem, the concentration of a chemical substance in the blood, the number of infected individuals in a flu epidemic, the current in an electrical circuit, the speed of a spacecraft, the mass of a decaying isotope, or the monthly sales of an advertised item. Knowledge of u(t) for a given system tells us exactly how the state of the system is changing in time. Figure 1.1 shows a time series plot of a generic state function. We use the variable u for a generic state; but if the state is “population”, then we may use p or N; if the state is voltage, we may use V . For mechanical systems we often use x = x(t) for the position.
Background noise estimation using an expectation maximization algorithm

Measuring the background noise in the ocean can be challenging. Prior approaches to using measured data to estimate the background noise field have relied on collecting data during a series of tow vessel maneuvers. This paper presents an alternate approach to estimating the noise field that does not rely on tow vessel maneuvers to collect the necessary data. This approach fuses data from a traditional towed array with data from two spatially oversampled, small aperture planar arrays using an Estimation Maximization algorithm. The estimated noise field can be used as an input to various detection algorithms to improve performance.
Multi-rate sampled-data observers based on a continuous-time design

A multi-rate sampled-data observer for nonlinear systems under asynchronous sampling is developed in this work. The proposed multi-rate observer is based on a continuous-time design coupled with inter-sample predictors for the sampled measurements. The sampled-data system with the multi-rate observer forms a hybrid system and it is shown that the error dynamics of the overall system is input-to-output stable with respect to measurement errors, by applying the KarafyllisJiang vector small-gain theorem. This sampled-data design also offers robustness with respect to perturbations in the sampling schedule. A numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Is the vagus nerve our neural connectome

What are the implications of the vagus nerve being able to mediate the time-dependent plasticity of an array of sensorimotor networks?
Dairy Farm Management Systems | Non-Seasonal, Pasture Optimized, Dairy Cow Breeds in the United States

Pasture-based dairies represent a relatively small (10–20%) portion of all US dairies. However, high housing, waste management, and supplemental feed costs coupled with increased consumer demand for organic and grass-fed dairy products have spurred increased pasture use. Northeastern and midwestern pasture-based dairies have short growing seasons and rely heavily on cool-season perennial grasses and clovers for spring–summer grazing, while southeastern dairies, with nearly year-round growing seasons, make heavy use of summer perennial grasses such as bermudagrass and winter annuals such as ryegrass. Many of the larger (500 or more cows) grazing dairies are hybrids of the US and New Zealand systems featuring minimal grain feeding, low labor needs, low capital inputs, Holstein–Jersey crosses, and intensive grazing of irrigated pastures. Data from several research studies indicate that pasture-based cows may produce 8–12% less milk than confined cows receiving corn silage-based diets, but lower input costs and improved health/longevity among pasture-based cows often lead to higher net returns. Efficient grazing management, high-quality conserved forage production, and judicious concentrate supplementation were identified as key elements in successful pasture-based dairies.
INDUSTRY AND PRACTICE: An Empirical Investigation of the Effectiveness of Object-Oriented Database Design

This study investigated, in an experimental setting, the understanding and use of object-oriented database design concepts in designing databases. There are many varieties of object-oriented database design techniques and we chose the methodology suggested by Kroenke (1988) for use in the class. This method is expected to simplify the development of database and database applications tremendously (Kroenke, 1988). Through the market for object-oriented database systems is growing, a survey of the literature (in 1992) revealed no empirical investigation of the usefulness of object-oriented database design concepts in organizations or in classrooms.
Integrating Arithmetic and Geometry with Numbered Points on a Circle.

It is helpful for the learner to see how various mathematical topics fit together. The activities described here give children an opportunity to use geometric ideas to reinforce arithmetic concepts and to use arithmetic ideas to generate geometric figures. Children produce the factors of a number and use these factors to predict what will happen when they connect specific points on a circle. They use the factors of the number and skip counting on a circle to construct equilateral polygons. Children who can produce the factors of a number like 12 will enjoy using the factors in a geometric setting. Teachers will find these activities most useful with middle-grade children. Start with a circle that has been divided into twelve congruent arcs (fig. 1). Next, elicit from the children
Wirtinger Inequalities, Dirichlet Functional Inequalities, and the Spectral Theory of Linear Operators and Relations

We show that several integro-differential inequalities including Wirtinger's inequality, and quadratic integral inequalities involving Dirichlet functionals can be demonstrated by arguments based on the familiar fact that the norm of a bounded operator T defined in Hilbert space is the square root of the spectral radius of T * T.
Reactivity of Actinide Imido Complexes

Abstract The preparation of actinide imido compounds has increased in recent years, with some of the landmark compounds being published within the past 10 years. While their preparation has been reviewed, there is nothing that chronicles the reactivity of these complexes. Thus, chapter reviews the reactivity of these mid- and high-valent actinide imido compounds. As there are distinct differences between imido and nitrido complexes, this chapter will only focus on the former. The aim is to summarize and present typical reaction pathways for actinide-nitrogen multiple bonds, and to compare and contrast reactivities across multiple oxidation states. Important topics include: (i) redox reactions; (ii) multiple bond metathesis; (iii) 1,2-addition chemistry; (iv) group transfer reactions; (v) hydrogen atom abstraction; (vi) ligand substitution; (vii) applications toward catalysis. This chapter also looks into the future of actinide-imido chemistry, including transuranium elements and insights toward lanthanide imido compounds.
Environmental cadmium enhances respiratory syncytial virus infection-caused lung injury via mitochondrial metabolic disruption and oxidative stress

Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring environmental toxicant that disrupts mitochondrial function at occupational exposure levels. The impacts of Cd exposure at low levels through dietary intake remain largely uncharacterized. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe morbidity which can require hospitalization and result in death in young children and elderly populations. The impacts of environmental Cd exposure on the severity of RSV disease are unknown. Herein, we used a mouse model to examine whether Cd pre-exposure at a level of dietary intake potentiates pulmonary inflammation upon subsequent infection with RSV. Mice were given Cd or saline in drinking water for 28 days. Subsets of these mice were infected with RSV at 5 days before the end of the study. After RSV infection, mice that were pre-exposed to Cd had elevated lung RSV titer and increased inflammation as measured by histopathology, immune cell infiltration, cytokines and chemokines. RSV infection following Cd pre-exposure also caused widespread perturbation in metabolism of glycerophospholipids and amino acids (Trp, Met, Cys, branched chain amino acids), as well as carnitine shuttle associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results show that Cd burden by dietary intake potentiates RSV infection and severe disease with associated mitochondrial metabolic disruption and oxidative stress.
Exponentialsummen, Kongruenzen und Gleichungen

Es sei Fp = ℤ/pℤ der Korper mit p Elementen, wobei wir die dem Korper zugrunde liegende Menge mit {0,1,...,p−1} identifizieren. Wir interessieren uns fur Summen $$ s = \sum\limits_{{x_1} = O}^{p - 1} {...} \sum\limits_{{x_s} = O}^{p - 1} {e(\frac{1}{p}\beta \left( {{x_1},...,{x_s}} \right)) = \sum\limits_{{{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}\to {x} }^\varepsilon }F_p^s} {e(\frac{1}{p}\beta (\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}\to {x} ))} ,} $$ wobei β(X) ein Polynom uber Fp ist.
A User Study to Examine the Different Approaches in the Computer-Aided Design Process

The computer-aided design process is in a complicated non-linear structure involving selections from a pool of configurations with optimized parameters. In order to understand and improve this decision-making process, this paper conducted a user study on students and expert professionals with more than three years of computer-aided design experience. The study revealed the common design problems and challenges faced by CAD designers. The findings also showed that the design approaches students and expert professionals used were different. Additionally, we found that computer-aided designers expect the system to be able to understand vast quantities of multivariate data, control high-quality products for low costs, manage the knowledge personalization and codification within the company, as well as prevent the design mistakes at the design stages. Our findings may lead to the future development of new approaches to improve the computer-aided design process and close up the gap between student and expert professionals in computer-aided design. This paper provides initial support for this future approach.
Topics on Fourier Series

In this chapter we go deeper into the theory of Fourier series and we study topics such as convergence in norm and the conjugate function, divergence of Fourier series and Bochner–Riesz summability. We also study transference of multipliers on the torus and of maximal multipliers. This is a powerful technique that allows one to infer results concerning Fourier series from corresponding results about Fourier integrals and vice versa.
Increasing Trust in Development Processes Using Robust, Data-Driven Markov Games: An Application to PRESTIGE

In this article, we consider how to increase trust in development processes in which there is a risk for adversarial manipulation, and the adversary’s objectives and resources are either ill-specified, imprecisely specified, or unknown. In such problems, we must hedge against the risk of misapprehension of attacker objectives and resources, which is further complicated in the absence of adversarial training data. We show how to model dynamic agent interaction, on the basis of partially observed or noise-corrupted data, using a partially observable Markov game (POMG) framework. We then propose a threefold heuristic solution procedure that: 1) uses the POMG to generate potential adversarial policies; 2) explicitly incorporates these adversarial policies in the construction of a robust defender policy by solving a robust dynamic program (DP); and 3) employs a probability matching heuristic in partially observable environments.
Modeled temperature dependencies of macromolecular allocation and elemental stoichiometry in phytoplankton.

Abstract Warming oceans may affect how phytoplankton allocate nutrients to essential cellular processes. Despite the potential impact of such processes on future biogeochemical cycles, questions remain about how temperature affects macromolecular allocation and elemental stoichiometry within phytoplankton cells. Here, we present a macromolecular model of phytoplankton and the effect of increasing temperature on the intracellular allocation of nutrients at a constant growth rate. When temperature increases under nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) co-limitation, the model shows less investment in phosphorus-rich RNA molecules relative to nitrogen-rich proteins, leading to a more severe decrease in cellular P:C than N:C causing increased cellular N:P values. Under P limitation, the model shows a similar pattern, but when excess P is available under N limitation, we predict lowered N:P due to the effect of luxury uptake of P. We reflected our model result on the surface ocean showing similar latitudinal patterns in N:P and P:C to observation and other model predictions, suggesting a considerable impact of temperature on constraining the elemental stoichiometry in the ocean.
A Panel Discussion on the Future Research in Ancient Logical Theory

What follows is very nearly a word-for-word transcription of tape recordings of a discussion which took place in the final session of the symposium. The reader will notice a certain spontaneity and liveliness not usually found in scholarly writings. Some of the speakers would want to revise their remarks were they to be published as scholarly dicta. Therefore, the reader should take this as a record of free conversation and not as part of the research archives of the history of logic. J.C.
Shunt regulation for continuous operation of solar array at maximum power

In a standalone system, the solar array operation may be off its maximum power point due to an unbalanced power generation, for example, when the battery is fully charged. The purpose of the shunt regulation is to support the array to continuously operate at its maximum power points regardless of the operating conditions of the solar array, the battery, and the load. The excess energy, if any, through the shunt can be captured and utilized, thus, the overall system efficiency can be improved. This paper presents a simulation study of a simple shunt regulation algorithm for the operation of the solar array at maximum power point continuously, showing a system efficiency improvement of about 37.4%.
Synthesis of novel estrone analogs by incorporation of thiophenols via conjugate addition to an enone side chain

Functionalized estrogen analogs have received interest due to their unique and differing biological activity compared to their parent compounds. The synthesis of a new class of 3-methoxyestrone analogs functionalized at the C17 position possessing both alkyl and aryl substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones is described, along with their thiophenol conjugate addition products.
Development of a scale for assessment of jealousy.

Based on a review of the literature on jealousy and depth interviews with 25 adults, a pool of items was developed for a preliminary study of the measurement of jealousy. A total of 141 college students completed the 92-item inventory. The data were factor analyzed, yielding 5 dimensions; need for loyalty, need for intimacy, moodiness, self-confidence, and envy. An intensified 31-item inventory was administered to 94 additional students. Factor analysis of the data yielded essentially identical factors.
Intercomparisons of reflectance measurements

A comparison of spectral diffuse reflectance between different national standards laboratories is being planned under the direction of the Comite Consultatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie (CCPR). A similar comparison of bidirectional reflectance distribution factor among laboratories in the United States in support of optical remote sensing measurements is nearing completion. Since this comparison provides valuable lessons for the one organized by the CCPR, pertinent results and their implications are presented.
Chronic fissure-in-ano : a randomized study comparing open and subcutaneous lateral internal sphincterotomy

A prospective study comparing open and subcutaneous lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure was conducted. One hundred twelve patients were randomized to open (n=54) or subcutaneous (n=58) sphincterotomy. There was no significant difference in acute complications between the subcutaneous (8.6 percent) and open (7.4 percent) groups. Postoperative length of stay was significantly shorter for the subcutaneous group (1.7±0.2 days) than for the open group (2.3±0.1 days;P<0.001). Although the response rate to a pain questionnaire was <50 percent, the data suggest a lower level of postoperative pain in the subcutaneous group. Fissure healing was similar between the subcutaneous (96.6 percent) and open (94.4 percent) groups. We conclude that subcutaneous lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic fissure-in-ano is effective and may result in significantly less postoperative discomfort, shorter postoperative lengths of stay, and a comparable rate of complications compared with the open technique.
Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis

To the Editor.— The article by Koplan et al (1980;244:2736) on prophylaxis for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis presents an interesting model for clinical decision making in the absence of clear data, employing a Delphi poll of presumed experts to establish a consensus. The authors rightly recognize that such a poll may be a useful stopgap until the performance of a more definitive study. However, although "clinical and public health decision making frequently occurs with an incomplete data base," it is equally important not to give the appearance of consensus where none exists. Five different therapeutic plans were endorsed by the responding experts who had been surveyed regarding treatment of children with positive skin test results and known exposure to isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. Seven percent of these experts urged no treatment at all. Roughly one third each urged treatment with isoniazid alone or rifampin alone, and another 23% were divided between two multidrug therapies.
Boric acid inhibits human prostate cancer cell proliferation

The role of boron in biology includes coordinated regulation of gene expression in mixed bacterial populations and the growth and proliferation of higher plants and lower animals. Here we report that boric acid, the dominant form of boron in plasma, inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines, DU-145 and LNCaP, in a dose-dependent manner. Non-tumorigenic prostate cell lines, PWR-1E and RWPE-1, and the cancer line PC-3 were also inhibited, but required concentrations higher than observed human blood levels. Studies using DU-145 cells showed that boric acid induced a cell death-independent proliferative inhibition, with little effect on cell cycle stage distribution and mitochondrial function.
A Critical Interrogation of Privilege, Race, Class, and Power in a University Faculty–Urban Community Relationship

I am the Coordinator of the Urban Teacher Education Center, a teacher preparation program located at a very low income, culturally diverse elementary school that serves children from two neighborhood public housing projects. As a White, middle-class, Ph.D. educated, female, I must consistently consider how people in the neighborhoods may take a racially, economically, and educationally marked view of me, marking me as an “other” while still assigning me with privilege. This paper consists of the presentation of my diary entries during my time spent in the school and its neighborhood communities. The diary entries are then critiqued with a critical interrogation of my reflections on race, class, and based on theory and research. The paper is framed by the analysis of the impact of race, class, power, and privilege, especially White privilege, and it addresses issues of power relations and school-community dynamics in low income, urban communities and schools. The paper provides an example of how a university faculty member can begin to enter an urban community, of the critical interrogations that must take place when entering such a relationship, and the challenges and rewards when such an effort is undertaken.
Beyond the tropics: forest structure in a temperate forest mapped plot

Question: How do the diversity, size structure, and spatial pattern of woody species in a temperate (Mediterranean climate) forest compare to temperate and tropical forests? Location: Mixed evergreen coastal forest in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, USA. Methods: We mapped, tagged, identified, and measured all woody stems (� 1 cm diameter) in a 6-ha forest plot, following Center for Tropical Forest Science protocols. We compared patterns to those found in 14 tropical and 12 temperate forest plots. Results: The forest is dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and three species of Fagaceae (Quercus agrifolia, Q. parvula var. shrevei ,a ndLithocarpus densiflorus), and includes 31 woody species and 8180 individuals. Much of the diversity was in smalldiameter shrubs, treelets, and vines that have not been included in most other temperate forest plots because stems o5-cm diameter had been excluded from study. The density of woody stems (1363 stems ha � 1 )w as lower than that in all but one tropical plot. The density of large trees (diameter � 30 cm) and basal area were higher than in any tropical plot. Stem density and basal area were similar to most other temperate plots, but were less than in low-diversity conifer forests. Rare species were strongly aggregated, with the degree of aggregation decreasing with abundance so that the most common species were significantly more regular than random. Conclusions: The patterns raise questions about differences in structure and dynamics between tropical and temperate forests; these need to be confirmed with additional temperate zone mapped plots that include small-diameter individuals.