cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynote speaker 3: Secure software engineering in the cloud

In his talk, Olmsted will investigate the problem of developing secure development of cloudbased enterprise applications. Consistency, availability, and durability are investigated for web service (WS) transactions. He proposes an approach that matches the availability of the popular lazy replica update propagation method while increasing durability and consistency. His replica update propagation method is called the “Buddy System”, which requires that updates are preserved synchronously in two replicas. The first implementation schedules fine-grained WS transactions. In these transactions, each activity is a low-level database operation. Later, he considers each transaction as a black box, with only the corresponding Metadata, expressed as UML specifications, as transaction semantics. He refers to these WS transactions as coarse-grained WS transactions. The “Buddy System” can handle these coarse grained WS transactions, using UML stereotypes that allow scheduling semantics to be embedded into the design model. Dr. Olmsted shows that his approach guarantees one-copy serializability, matches the performance of the lazy update propagation methods, and increases durability in the presence of hardware failures. The talk will conclude with current work investigating consistency guarantees for integration of external systems, cloud-based data models, and payment security.
Impaired sweating responses to a passive whole-body heat stress in individuals with multiple sclerosis

This study is the first to assess the reflex control of the thermoregulatory system in individuals living with multiple sclerosis (MS). The novel findings are twofold. First, attenuated increases i...
Streamline Topology and Dilute Particle Dynamics in a KÁRMÁN Vortex Street Flow

Three types of streamline topology in a Karman vortex street flow are shown under the variation of spatial parameters. For the motion of dilute particles in the Karman vortex street flow, there exist a route of bifurcation to a chaotic orbit and more attractors in a bifurcation diagram for the proportion of particle density to fluid density. Along with the increase of spatial parameters in the flow field, the bifurcation process is suspended, as well as more and more attractors emerge. In the motion of dilute particles, a drag term and gravity term dominate and result in the bifurcation phenomenon.
Robust Orchestration of Concurrent Application Workflows in Mobile Device Clouds

Abstract A hybrid mobile/fixed device cloud that harnesses sensing, computing, communication, and storage capabilities of mobile and fixed devices in the field as well as those of computing and storage servers in remote datacenters is envisioned. Mobile device clouds can be harnessed to enable innovative pervasive applications that rely on real-time, in-situ processing of sensor data collected in the field. To support concurrent mobile applications on the device cloud, a robust distributed computing framework, called Maestro , is proposed. The key components of Maestro are (i) a task scheduling mechanism that employs controlled task replication in addition to task reallocation for robustness and (ii) Dedup for task deduplication among concurrent pervasive workflows. An architecture-based solution that relies on task categorization and authorized access to the categories of tasks is proposed for different levels of trust. Experimental evaluation through prototype testbed of Android- and Linux-based mobile devices as well as simulations is performed to demonstrate Maestro ’s capabilities.
Rapid typing of Mannheimia haemolytica major genotypes 1 and 2 using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Abstract Genotype 2 M. haemolytica predominantly associate over genotype 1 with the lungs of cattle with respiratory disease and ICEs containing antimicrobial resistance genes. Distinct protein masses were detected by MALDI-TOF MS between genotype 1 and 2 strains. MALDI-TOF MS could rapidly differentiate genotype 2 strains in veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
Specification of spatial-dynamic externalities and implications for strategic behavior in disease control.

We propose a novel, distance- and density-dependent specification of externalities that captures spatial dynamics within and between neighboring land parcels. We use this specification to model the short- and long-distance diffusion and control of an infectious disease in two privately owned and ecologically connected vineyards. Using computational experiments to generate individual and aggregate payoffs, our results suggest that ignoring the within-parcel spatial dynamics in the model may overestimate the social cost of an externality. We find that increased resource value heterogeneity, defined as the difference in grape prices received by the two vineyards, has a detrimental impact on aggregate payoffs.
Molecular-orientation-dependent ac Stark effect and its impact on multiphoton processes

We study the dependence of the ac Stark shifts of electronic energies on the molecular orientation relative to the polarization direction of an incident intense laser field, using a three-dimensional non-Hermitian Floquet method and $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ as a model system. Simultaneously, we also study the orientation-dependent high-order harmonic generation (HHG) and multiphoton ionization (MPI). We find that with the presence of near-one-photon resonance, the Stark effect strongly mixes electronic states of different symmetries to create quasienergy states (QESs). The orientation dependence of multiphoton processes, in which these QESs play an important role, becomes complex. Population transfer is better achieved with aligned molecules and optimized orientation. When the energies of emitted photons are lower than the ionization energy, the Stark effect plays an important role in the orientation dependence of HHG intensity and polarization. It also is important for MPI, when the Keldysh parameter is larger than 1. Results from fixed-nuclei calculations for a series of internuclear distances are used to obtain values for different vibrational states. With a multiphoton resonance, the HHG intensity of the fixed-nuclei model resembles that of the lowest vibrational state. Molecular vibration of $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ has a great effect in MPI and the off-resonant HHG.
Stem Cell-Intrinsic, Seven-up-Triggered Temporal Factor Gradients Diversify Intermediate Neural Progenitors

Building a sizable, complex brain requires both cellular expansion and diversification. One mechanism to achieve these goals is production of multiple transiently amplifying intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) from a single neural stem cell. Like mammalian neural stem cells, Drosophila type II neuroblasts utilize INPs to produce neurons and glia. Within a given lineage, the consecutively born INPs produce morphologically distinct progeny, presumably due to differential inheritance of temporal factors. To uncover the underlying temporal fating mechanisms, we profiled type II neuroblasts' transcriptome across time. Our results reveal opposing temporal gradients of Imp and Syp RNA-binding proteins (descending and ascending, respectively). Maintaining high Imp throughout serial INP production expands the number of neurons and glia with early temporal fate at the expense of cells with late fate. Conversely, precocious upregulation of Syp reduces the number of cells with early fate. Furthermore, we reveal that the transcription factor Seven-up initiates progression of the Imp/Syp gradients. Interestingly, neuroblasts that maintain initial Imp/Syp levels can still yield progeny with a small range of early fates. We therefore propose that the Seven-up-initiated Imp/Syp gradients create coarse temporal windows within type II neuroblasts to pattern INPs, which subsequently undergo fine-tuned subtemporal patterning.
Highly efficient gene delivery for bladder cancers by intravesically administered replication-competent retroviral vectors

Purpose: In an attempt to improve viral delivery of potentially therapeutic genes via an intravesical route, we have recently developed murine leukemia virus-based replication-competent retrovirus (RCR) vectors. Experimental Design: We evaluated the transduction efficiency of intravesically administered RCR vectors to bladder tumor using orthotopic animal models to determine their potential as delivery vectors for bladder cancer. Results: The RCR vector containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene achieved efficient in vitro transmission of the GFP transgene. Murine bladder tumor-2 mouse bladder tumors exposed to intravesically administered RCR vectors exhibited 0%, 9.2 ± 2.9%, and 30.0 ± 6.2% of GFP expression at 9, 18, and 27 days after exposure in the orthotopic model, respectively. Orthotopic KU-19-19 human bladder tumors exposed to intravesically administered RCR vectors exhibited 3%, 85 ± 1.0%, and 100% of GFP expression at 7, 21, and 35 days after exposure, respectively. GFP staining was observed only in the tumor cells in the bladder. No detectable PCR products of GFP gene could be observed in distant organs. Treatment with RCR vectors containing yeast cytosine deaminase ( CD ) gene plus 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) dramatically inhibited the growth of preestablished murine bladder tumor-2 tumors. A single course of 5-FC treatment resulted in a 50% animal survival in mice exposed to RCR-CD compared with a 0% survival in all controls over a 70-day follow-up period. Conclusions: Intravesically administered RCR vectors can efficiently deliver genes to orthotopic bladder tumor without viral spread in distant organs. RCR-CD/5-FC suicide gene therapy promises to be a novel and potentially therapeutic modality for bladder cancer.
Philip Tyson's 1849 study of California gold prospects

Philip Thomas Tyson (1799–1877) toured privately through central California, from San Francisco through the Sierra Nevada foothills gold prospects in 1849, to assess their potential and the general geology of the region. He produced the first regional map with geologic notations and several rough topographic/geologic cross-sections. He described Coast Range basement rocks, now described as Franciscan Complex melange and broken formation, the stratigraphic configuration of the Great Valley, and general geology of the Sierra Nevada foothills. He recognized that the older Coast Range and Sierran basement were deformed prior to recent volcanism and extensive terrestrial fluvial sedimentation, likely Neogene in age.
A quantitative Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem without neutrality

Recently, quantitative versions of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem were proven for k=3 alternatives by Friedgut, Kalai, Keller and Nisan and for neutral functions on k ? 4 alternatives by Isaksson, Kindler and Mossel. We prove a quantitative version of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem for general social choice functions for any number k ? 3 of alternatives. In particular we show that for a social choice function f on k ? 3 alternatives and n voters, which is ?-far from the family of nonmanipulable functions, a uniformly chosen voter profile is manipulable with probability at least inverse polynomial in n, k, and ??1. Ours is a unified proof which in particular covers all previous cases established before. The proof crucially uses reverse hypercontractivity in addition to several ideas from the two previous proofs. Much of the work is devoted to understanding functions of a single voter, and in particular we also prove a quantitative Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem for one voter.
Silicate-Promoted Phosphorylation of Glycerol in Non-Aqueous Solvents: A Prebiotically Plausible Route to Organophosphates

Phosphorylation reactions of glycerol were studied using different inorganic phosphates such as sodium phosphate, trimetaphosphate (a condensed phosphate), and struvite. The reactions were carried out in two non-aqueous solvents: formamide and a eutectic solvent consisting of choline-chloride and glycerol in a ratio of 1:2.5. The glycerol reacted in formamide and in the eutectic solvent with phosphate to yield its phosphorylated derivatives in the presence of silicates such as quartz sand and kaolinite clay. The reactions were carried out by heating glycerol with a phosphate source at 85 °C for one week and were analyzed by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). The yield of the phosphorylated glycerol was improved by the presence of silicates, and reached 90% in some experiments. Our findings further support the proposal that non-aqueous solvents are advantageous for the prebiotic synthesis of biomolecules, and suggest that silicates may have aided in the formation of organophosphates on the prebiotic earth.
THE DYSPLASTIC HIP: NOT FOR THE SHALLOW SURGEON

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) represents a heterogeneous group of deformities that are commonly associated with secondary osteoarthritis. Affected hips may require total hip arthroplasty (THA) for endstage disease and these cases can present unique challenges for the reconstructive surgeon. While the severity of deformity varies greatly, optimizing THA can be challenging even in the “mildly” dysplastic hip. These disorders are commonly characterised by acetabular deficiency with inadequate coverage of the anterolateral femoral head and proximal femoral abnormalities including excessive femoral antetorsion, coxa valga and femoral stenosis. In more severe cases, major femoral head subluxation or dislocation can add additional complexity to the procedure. In addition to the primary deformities of DDH, secondary deformities from previous acetabular or proximal femoral osteotomies may also impact the primary THA. Primary THA in the DDH hip can be optimised by detailed understanding of the bony anatomy, careful pre-operative planning, and an appropriate spectrum of techniques and implants for the given case. This presentation will review the abnormal hip morphologies encountered in the dysplastic hip and will focus on the more challenging aspects of THA. These include acetabular reconstruction of the severely deficient socket and in the setting of total dislocation, femoral implant procedures combined with corrective osteotomy or shortening, and issues related to arthroplasty in the setting of previous pelvic osteotomy. Despite the complexity of reconstruction for various dysplastic variants the clinical outcomes and survivorship of these procedures are good to excellent for most patients. Nevertheless, more complex procedures are associated with an increased complication rate and this should be considered in the surgical decision-making process.
Nonrenormalization theorems and fermionic string finiteness

Supersymmetry nonrenormalization theorems prove the vanishing of Appoint string diagrams for N N = 2 superconformai backgrounds. A proof of perturbative finiteness of fermionic strings is outlined.
La textura de lo social

El estructuralismo hizo del termino “discurso” una categoria central del analisis de los fenomenos de sociedad. Sin embargo, muchos autores han dado su propia version de lo que debe entenderse por “discurso”, asimilandolo al habla, a la enunciacion y sus dispositivos, a la comunicacion, a los actos performativos del lenguaje, etc., hasta llegar a Lacan, para quien el discurso es lo que constituye el lazo social. Bajo esta ultima optica, propongo reconsiderar el tradicional objeto de la Sociologia, el vinculo humano, como efecto de la operacion discursiva del lenguaje, con lo que de paso desligo el nexo social de toda forma de esencialismo
Enforcement – Corporate Officer Liability – it is not a Walk in the Park and the The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Application

Criminal Strict Liability The Food Drug and Cosmetic Act is a public protection statute and provides for strict criminal liability. Therefore, corporate officials could be held criminally liable even if they had no knowledge or notice of the wrongdoing. The decision of Dotterweich concerned misbranded and adulterated drugs. The Supreme Court held that responsible corporate officials definitely could be prosecuted for violations and that strict liability applies under the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). This means that the court dispensed with a mens rea requirement or criminal intent usually requisite to sustain a criminal conviction. The jury at the trial court level found Mr. Dotterwiech, president and general manager, guilty of shipping misbranded drugs in interstate commerce and for shipping an adulterated drug. The Court of Appeals reversed the conviction and concluded that only the corporation was the ‘person’ subject to prosecution. Then, the United States Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals judgment and reinstated the conviction of the individual. United States v. Park is another landmark decision that involved criminal liability of corporate officials. The United States Supreme Court affirmed the imposition of criminal sanctions against a corporate official. That is, corporate officials can be held criminally accountable for failure to exercise authority and responsibility. The court determined that a corporate official has a duty to remedy violations and implement measures so that violations do not repeatedly occur. This articles addresses corporate liability under the FDCA and includes a discussion of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
The Responsibility Gap in Corporate Crime

In many cases of criminality within large corporations, senior management does not commit the operative offense—or conspire or assist in it—but nonetheless bears serious responsibility for the crime. That responsibility can derive from, among other things, management’s role in cultivating corporate culture, in failing to police effectively within the firm, and in accepting lavish compensation for taking the firm’s reins. Criminal law does not include any doctrinal means for transposing that form of responsibility into punishment. Arguments for expanding doctrine—including broadening of the presently narrow “responsible corporate officer” doctrine—so as to authorize such punishment do not fare well under the justificatory demands of criminal law theory. The principal obstacle to such arguments is the large industrial corporation itself, which necessarily entails kinds and degrees of delegation and risk-taking that do not fit well with settled concepts about mens rea and omission liability. Even the most egregious and harmful management failures must be addressed through design and regulation of the corporation rather than imposition of individual criminal liability.
Information Bottleneck in Control Tasks with Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks

The nervous system encodes continuous information from the environment in the form of discrete spikes, and then decodes these to produce smooth motor actions. Understanding how spikes integrate, represent, and process information to produce behavior is one of the greatest challenges in neuroscience. Information theory has the potential to help us address this challenge. Informational analyses of deep and feed-forward artificial neural networks solving static input-output tasks, have led to the proposal of the Information Bottleneck principle, which states that deeper layers encode more relevant yet minimal information about the inputs. Such an analyses on networks that are recurrent, spiking, and perform control tasks is relatively unexplored. Here, we present results from a Mutual Information analysis of a recurrent spiking neural network that was evolved to perform the classic pole-balancing task. Our results show that these networks deviate from the Information Bottleneck principle prescribed for feed-forward networks.
On repression and its effectiveness

Do electoral incentives to stop a terrorist attack before the next election induce democratic governments to undertake ineffective counterterrorism policies? This article shows that shortsighted el...
Decision as choice of potential intentions

Multi-agent systems research has been drawing innovative insights from other disciplines such as philosophy and cognitive science. While cognitive studies have shown that over 95% of human decisions conform to the recognition-primed decision making RPD model, there still lacks formal descriptions of RPD from agent perspective. The objective of this study is to establish a formal connection between agent mental attitudes and the meta-cognition concepts as used in RPD. We adopt the intentional attitudes as introduced in the SharedPlans theory to model the RPD process and its cognitive activities. In particular, situation recognition is framed as the formation of potential intentions, mental simulation and expectancy monitoring are modeled as two processes for intention evolution, and recognition diagnosis is linked to the notion of intention reconsideration. Such a mentalistic modeling of recognition suggests that the RPD process offers an ideal framework that can systematically integrate intention formation, intention evaluation, and intention reconsideration---three key activities that BDI agents typically implement. This study also indicates that agent-based modeling is a viable approach for formally studying meta-cognition concepts and team cognition concepts.
Senior Control Systems Laboratory at Purdue University

Abstract Purdue University’s School of Mechanical Engineering has been involved in teaching control system concepts since the early 1960’s. Part of the required senior automatic controls course consists of laboratory exercises designed to reinforce major concepts and afford an opportunity to implement compensator designs. An analog computer with associated op-amp circuitry is the primary vehicle for generating compensator implementations. Since control design concepts are taught primarily in the continuous domain, analog computers allow accurate representations of continuous processes. In addition, digital simulations performed on a personal computer allow the students to verify their compensator designs before actual hardware implementation. Two unique hardware systems are used as plants to be controlled. A servo-table, consisting of a DC-motor-driven disk with potentiometer feedback, represents a robust hardware plant that nicely demonstrates such concepts as servo stiffness and instability. Inherent nonlinearities, such as gear backlash and friction, allow the students to be exposed to real-life effects that plague control system performance. A second “black box” plant consists of an electronic transfer function generator that can be programmed to represent a variety of different underdamped systems. A project designed around this plant requires the students to correctly identify its dynamic model and then to design a compensator that meets certain specifications. The versatility of the “black box” allows different model characteristics at each lab station and allows easy change over from one semester to the next.
Feedback Synthesis via Interpolation Theory

Abstract We show in this paper how interpolation methods can be used in intro ductory feedback control courses for the analytic design of compensators. In partic ular we show how interpolation with units (BIBO stable functions whose inverses are also BIBO stable) can be used to design stable compensators, and how inter polation with BIBO stable functions (Q-parameterization) can be used to design unstable compensators when necessary. The mathematics required is very simple. The only major concept required is that of a BIBO stable transfer function.
Comparison Between the Methods of Indirect Immunofluorescence and Specific Red Cell Adherence in Detecting ABH Iso-Antigens in Bladder Carcinoma

We compared the method of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) with that of specific red blood cell adherence (SRCA) for detecting ABH blood group substance (BGS) on stage O papillary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. In evaluating BGS “positivity” or “negativity” both methods gave identical results. The IIF is somewhat easier to perform and less subjective in interpretation while the SRCA method needs only a conventional light microscope and the slides themselves are permanent “records”. In cases of questionable reactivity with the SRCA, the IIF was a helpful adjunct. The IIF method is a viable option to the SRCA method when studying TCC for BGS.
Supporting Infobuttons with Terminological Knowledge

We have developed several prototype applications which integrate clinical systems with on-line information resources by using patient data to drive queries in response to user information needs. We refer to these collectively as infobuttons because they are evoked with a minimum of keyboard entry. We make use of knowledge in our terminology, the Medical Entities Dictionary (MED) to assist with the selection of appropriate queries and resources, as well as the translation of patient data to forms recognized by the resources. This paper describes the kinds of knowledge in the MED, including literal attributes, hierarchical links and other semantic links, and how this knowledge is used in system integration.
Offshoring and unemployment in a credit-constrained economy

Abstract This paper develops a two-sector small open economy model of offshoring where product markets are perfectly competitive, but capital and labor markets exhibit frictions. Individuals differ with respect to their managerial ability, and choose to become entrepreneurs or workers depending on profit opportunities and labor market conditions. The model generates three groups: low-income workers facing the prospect of unemployment, middle-income entrepreneurs producing domestically, and high-income entrepreneurs offshoring some tasks abroad. Lowering financial frictions induces more individuals to become entrepreneurs, increases the masses of offshoring firms and tasks, and improves personal income and welfare distribution. It reduces unemployment when tasks are less substitutable and labor share in production is high. The paper also investigates the impact of reducing offshoring costs and labor market frictions on the mass of entrepreneurs, decision to offshore, income distribution, and unemployment.
SEC Filings, Regulatory Deadlines, and Capital Market Consequences

SYNOPSIS: Timely disclosure of financial statement information is a critical requirement for firms and well-functioning capital markets. Yet, every quarter or year, a non-trivial number of firms ar...
Eighth-Order Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron

A very preliminary value (−0.8 ± 2.5)(α/π) 4 is reported for the complete eighth-order QED contribution to the electron anomalous magnetic moment. The large error reflects the difficulty in evaluating the huge integrals involved and will be reduced in the future. Theory and experiment agree within 2 standard deviations. The current result enables us to determine, in a manner based solely upon elementary-particle physics, the fine-structure constant α to an accuracy of 0.08 ppm. PACS numbers: 12.20.Ds, 13.10.+q, 14.60.Cd
Transplanted Adult Neural Stem Cells Express Sonic Hedgehog In Vivo and Suppress White Matter Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) delivered intraventricularly may be therapeutic for diffuse white matter pathology after traumatic brain injury (TBI). To test this concept, NSCs isolated from adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of adult mice at two weeks post-TBI followed by analysis at four weeks post-TBI. We examined sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling as a candidate mechanism by which transplanted NSCs may regulate neuroregeneration and/or neuroinflammation responses of endogenous cells. Mouse fluorescent reporter lines were generated to enable in vivo genetic labeling of cells actively transcribing Shh or Gli1 after transplantation and/or TBI. Gli1 transcription is an effective readout for canonical Shh signaling. In ShhCreERT2;R26tdTomato mice, Shh was primarily expressed in neurons and was not upregulated in reactive astrocytes or microglia after TBI. Corroborating results in Gli1CreERT2;R26tdTomato mice demonstrated that Shh signaling was not upregulated in the corpus callosum, even after TBI or NSC transplantation. Transplanted NSCs expressed Shh in vivo but did not increase Gli1 labeling of host SVZ cells. Importantly, NSC transplantation significantly reduced reactive astrogliosis and microglial/macrophage activation in the corpus callosum after TBI. Therefore, intraventricular NSC transplantation after TBI significantly attenuated neuroinflammation, but did not activate host Shh signaling via Gli1 transcription.
NoScope: optimizing neural network queries over video at scale

Recent advances in computer vision---in the form of deep neural networks---have made it possible to query increasing volumes of video data with high accuracy. However, neural network inference is computationally expensive at scale: applying a state-of-the-art object detector in real time (i.e., 30+ frames per second) to a single video requires a $4000 GPU. In response, we present NoScope, a system for querying videos that can reduce the cost of neural network video analysis by up to three orders of magnitude via inference-optimized model search. Given a target video, object to detect, and reference neural network, NoScope automatically searches for and trains a sequence, or cascade, of models that preserves the accuracy of the reference network but is specialized to the target video and are therefore far less computationally expensive. NoScope cascades two types of models: specialized models that forego the full generality of the reference model but faithfully mimic its behavior for the target video and object; and difference detectors that highlight temporal differences across frames. We show that the optimal cascade architecture differs across videos and objects, so NoScope uses an efficient cost-based optimizer to search across models and cascades. With this approach, NoScope achieves two to three order of magnitude speed-ups (265-15,500x real-time) on binary classification tasks over fixed-angle webcam and surveillance video while maintaining accuracy within 1--5% of state-of-the-art neural networks.
Does GPS supervision of intimate partner violence defendants reduce pretrial misconduct? Evidence from a quasi-experimental study

This research examines the effect global positioning system (GPS) technology supervision has on pretrial misconduct for defendants facing intimate partner violence charges. Drawing on data from one pretrial services division, a retrospective quasi-experimental design was constructed to examine failure to appear to court, failure to appear to meetings with pretrial services, and rearrest outcomes between defendants ordered to pretrial GPS supervision and a comparison group of defendants ordered to pretrial supervision without the use of monitoring technology. Cox regression models were used to assess differences between quasi-experimental conditions. To enhance internal validity and mitigate model dependence, we utilized and compared results across four counterfactual comparison groups (propensity score matching, Mahalanobis distance matching, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and marginal mean weighting through stratification). Pretrial GPS supervision was no more or less effective than traditional, non-technology based pretrial supervision in reducing the risk of failure to appear to court or the risk of rearrest. GPS supervision did reduce the risk of failing to appear to meetings with pretrial services staff. The results suggest that GPS supervision may hold untapped case management benefits for pretrial probation officers, a pragmatic focus that may be overshadowed by efforts to mitigate the risk of pretrial misconduct. Further, the results contribute to ongoing discussions on bail reform, pretrial practice, and the movement to reduce local jail populations. Although the cost savings are not entirely clear, relatively higher risk defendants can be managed in the community and produce outcomes that are comparable to other defendants. The results also call into question the ability of matching procedures to construct appropriate counterfactuals in an era where risk assessment informs criminal justice decision-making. Weighting techniques outperformed matching strategies.
Yorùbán Religious Survival in Brazilian Candomblé

Candomble is a possession religion widely practiced in Brazil today. This Afro-Brazilian religion is syncretic, a mingling of the pantheon, practices, and beliefs brought to the New World by Yoruban slaves and freedmen with the Catholicism of the dominant European culture. Candomble is one of many New World religions finding its roots in African beliefs. In Brazil alone, we find a multitude, including Xango, Umbanda, and Macumba. Other African-based religions, such as Haitian Vodun, Bahamian Obea, and Cuban Santeria have made a home for themselves in various areas of the United States, most notably Florida, New York, and California (Voeks 1997).
Persistence of Norovirus GII Genome in Drinking Water and Wastewater at Different Temperatures

Human norovirus (NoV) causes waterborne outbreaks worldwide suggesting their ability to persist and survive for extended periods in the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the persistence of the NoV GII genome in drinking water and wastewater at three different temperatures (3 °C, 21 °C, and 36 °C). The persistence of two NoV GII inoculums (extracted from stool) and an indigenous NoV GII were studied. The samples were collected for up to one year from drinking water and for up to 140 days from wastewater. Molecular methods (RT-qPCR) were used to assess the decay of the NoV genome. Decay rate coefficients were determined from the fitted decay curves using log-linear and/or non-linear model equations. Results showed significant differences in the decay kinetics of NoV genome between the temperatures, matrices, and virus strains. The persistence of NoV was higher in drinking water compared to wastewater, and the cold temperature assisted persistence at both matrices. Differences between the persistence of NoV strains were also evident and, particularly, indigenous NoVs persisted better than spiked NoVs in wastewater. The decay constants obtained in this study can be utilized to assess the fate of the NoV genome in different water environments.
Parent and Teacher Concordance of Child Outcomes for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Cross-informant ratings of are considered gold standard for child behavioral assessment. To date, little work has examined informant ratings of adaptive functioning for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a large, diverse sample of youth with ASD, this study evaluated parent–teacher concordance of ratings of adaptive functioning and ASD-specific symptomatology across time. The impact of child clinical characteristics on concordance was also examined. Participants included 246 children, their caregivers and teachers. Parent–teacher concordance was variable but generally consistent across time. Concordance was significantly impacted by autism severity and child cognitive abilities. Findings inform the broader concordance literature and support the need to consider child clinical factors when assessing child functioning in samples of children with ASD.
Polaron formation mechanisms in conjugated polymers

In semiconducting polymers, interactions with conformational degrees of freedom can localize charge carriers, and strongly affect charge transport. Polarons can form when charges induce deformations of the surrounding medium, including local vibrational modes or dielectric polarization. These deformations then interact attractively with the charge, tending to localize it. First we investigate vibrational polaron formation in poly(3-hexylthiophene) [P3HT], with a tight-binding model for charges hopping between adjacent rings, coupled to ring distortions. We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine coupling constants, including the "spring constant" for ring distortions and the coupling to the charge carrier. On single chains, we find only broad, weakly bound polarons by this mechanism. In 2d crystalline layers of P3HT, even weak transverse hopping between chains destabilizes this polaron. Then, we consider polarons stabilized by dielectric polarization, described semiclassically with a polarizable continuum interacting with the carrier wavefunction. In contrast to vibrational polarons, we find dielectrically stabilized polarons in P3HT are narrower, more strongly bound, and stable in 2d crystalline layers.
Weakly-supervised Relation Extraction by Pattern-enhanced Embedding Learning

Extracting relations from text corpora is an important task with wide applications. However, it becomes particularly challenging when focusing on weakly-supervised relation extraction, that is, utilizing a few relation instances (i.e., a pair of entities and their relation) as seeds to extract from corpora more instances of the same relation. Existing distributional approaches leverage the corpus-level co-occurrence statistics of entities to predict their relations, and require a large number of labeled instances to learn effective relation classifiers. Alternatively, pattern-based approaches perform boostrapping or apply neural networks to model the local contexts, but still rely on a large number of labeled instances to build reliable models. In this paper, we study the integration of distributional and pattern-based methods in a weakly-supervised setting such that the two kinds of methods can provide complementary supervision for each other to build an effective, unified model. We propose a novel co-training framework with a distributional module and a pattern module. During training, the distributional module helps the pattern module discriminate between the informative patterns and other patterns, and the pattern module generates some highly-confident instances to improve the distributional module. The whole framework can be effectively optimized by iterating between improving the pattern module and updating the distributional module. We conduct experiments on two tasks: knowledge base completion with text corpora and corpus-level relation extraction. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of our framework over many competitive baselines.
Patient perspectives on the use of categories of conditions for decision making about genomic carrier screening results

As expanded genome-scale carrier screening becomes increasingly prevalent, patients will face decisions about whether to receive results about a vast number of genetic conditions. Understanding patient preferences is important to meaningfully demonstrate the ethical goal of respect and support patient autonomy. We explore one possible way to elicit preferences by sorting conditions into categories, which may support patient decision making, but the extent to which categories are helpful is unknown. In the context of a randomized trial of genome sequencing for preconception carrier screening compared to usual care (single disease carrier testing), we interviewed 41 participants who had genome sequencing about their experience using a taxonomy of conditions to select categories of results to receive. We then conducted interviews with an additional 10 participants who were not randomized to genome sequencing, asking them about the taxonomy, their reasons for selecting categories, and alternative ways of presenting information about potential results to receive. Participants in both groups found the categories helpful and valued having a meaningful opportunity to choose which results to receive, regardless of whether they opted to receive all or only certain categories of results. Additionally, participants who received usual care highlighted preparedness as a primary motivation for receiving results, and they indicated that being presented with possible reasons for receiving or declining results for each category could be helpful. Our findings can be used to develop approaches, including the use of categories, to support patient choices in expanded carrier screening. Further research should evaluate and optimize these approaches.
Thermal detection of single e-h pairs in a biased silicon crystal detector

We demonstrate that individual electron-hole pairs are resolved in a 1 cm2 by 4 mm thick silicon crystal (0.93 g) operated at ∼35 mK. One side of the detector is patterned with two quasiparticle-trap-assisted electro-thermal-feedback transition edge sensor arrays held near ground potential. The other side contains a bias grid with 20% coverage. Bias potentials up to ±160 V were used in the work reported here. A fiber optic provides 650 nm (1.9 eV) photons that each produce an electron-hole (e– h+) pair in the crystal near the grid. The energy of the drifting charges is measured with a phonon sensor noise σ ∼0.09 e– h+ pair. The observed charge quantization is nearly identical for h+s or e–s transported across the crystal.
Asset liquidity and international portfolio choice

We study optimal portfolio choice in a two-country model where assets represent claims on future consumption and facilitate trade in markets with imperfect credit. Assuming that foreign assets trade at a cost, agents hold relatively more domestic assets. Consequently, agents have larger claims to domestic over foreign consumption. Moreover, foreign assets turn over faster than domestic assets because the former have desirable liquidity properties, but represent inferior saving tools. Our mechanism offers an answer to a long-standing puzzle in international finance: a positive relationship between consumption and asset home bias coupled with higher turnover rates of foreign over domestic assets.
The effect of economic consequences on social judgment and choice: Reward interdependence and the preference for sociability versus competence

Competence and sociability (warmth) are fundamental dimensions of social judgment in organizations. However, these qualities are frequently seen as negatively related, with mixed evidence on which is more important. In three studies (N = 993) we investigated the effects of reward interdependence on the preference for sociability versus competence. We predicted that reward interdependence would elicit a more instrumental, calculative mindset, which in turn, would lead individuals to value competence more. Study 1 surveyed working adults who were in actual work groups and found that those who worked in more (vs. less) reward interdependent environments were more likely to think instrumentally and calculatively when considering potential colleagues. This mindset, in turn, was associated with a greater tendency to value competence over sociability. Studies 2 and 3 used an experimental design and found that when people imagined or anticipated working in a situation in which their economic outcomes depended in part on others, they were more likely to adopt an instrumental focus and choose a "competent jerk" over a "lovable fool". These results call into question a vast social judgment literature that has made claims about the importance of sociability and related constructs without considering the context, and particularly the reward interdependence, often inherent in organizational contexts.
Estimating beta-mixing coefficients

The literature on statistical learning for time series assumes the asymptotic independence or ``mixing' of the data-generating process. These mixing assumptions are never tested, nor are there methods for estimating mixing rates from data. We give an estimator for the $\beta$-mixing rate based on a single stationary sample path and show it is $L_1$-risk consistent.
Interstitial Water Enhances Sliding Friction.

This study examines how surfaces with different water contact angles (wettability) affect dry and underwater adhesion and friction. These studies were conducted by bringing a deformable hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) lens in contact with surfaces of gradient wettability. On the basis of our adhesion and friction results, we divide the results in three regions. In region I (water contact angles greater than 80°), the dry adhesion is lower than underwater adhesion. In contrast, in region III, (water contact angles less than 50°), the dry adhesion is higher than underwater adhesion. For surfaces with water contact angles between 50 and 80° (region II), the dry and wet adhesion values are comparable. Interestingly, in this region II, the underwater coefficient of friction (COF) values are higher than those in regions I and III. We have used surface-sensitive sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to probe whether the contact interface in static conditions and during dynamic sliding is dry or wet. The...
Governing by the Internet: local governance in the digital age

In what ways has the expansion of the Internet transformed local governance in China? Through analysis of over 2000 leaked official emails from a district-level Internet propaganda office, this chapter finds that the Internet has served more as a tool to enhance control rather than to improve governance at the local level. In particular, local authorities have prioritized Internet commentating tasks assigned from upper levels while keeping a close watch on negative publicity of both national and local problems. Their occasional responses to online complaints are often more likely meant to satisfy superiors and pacify the public rather than to address citizens’ concerns. Such a “ruling by the Internet” strategy may bring short-term gains such as preserving social stability on the surface but may harm the regime in the long run with accumulated social dissatisfaction.
Histone deacetylase–mediated regulation of endolysosomal pH

The pH of the endolysosomal system is tightly regulated by a balance of proton pump and leak mechanisms that are critical for storage, recycling, turnover, and signaling functions in the cell. Dysregulation of endolysosomal pH has been linked to aging, amyloidogenesis, synaptic dysfunction, and various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate luminal pH may be key to identifying new targets for managing these disorders. Meta-analysis of yeast microarray databases revealed that nutrient-limiting conditions inhibited the histone deacetylase (HDAC) Rpd3 and thereby up-regulated transcription of the endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger Nhx1, resulting in vacuolar alkalinization. Consistent with these findings, Rpd3 inhibition by the HDAC inhibitor and antifungal drug trichostatin A induced Nhx1 expression and vacuolar alkalinization. Bioinformatics analysis of Drosophila and mouse databases revealed that caloric control of the Nhx1 orthologs DmNHE3 and NHE6, respectively, is also mediated by HDACs. We show that NHE6 is a target of the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), a known regulator of cellular responses to low-nutrient conditions, providing a molecular mechanism for nutrient- and HDAC-dependent regulation of endosomal pH. Of note, pharmacological targeting of the CREB pathway to increase NHE6 expression helped regulate endosomal pH and correct defective clearance of amyloid Aβ in an apoE4 astrocyte model of Alzheimer's disease. These observations from yeast, fly, mouse, and cell culture models point to an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for HDAC-mediated regulation of endosomal NHE expression. Our insights offer new therapeutic strategies for modulation of endolysosomal pH in fungal infection and human disease.