cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress and Problems in Cognitive Social Psychology

Graumann and Sommer have provided a broad, general analysis of cognitive social psychology that should be of interest to many contemporary scholars. They have done an admirable job of relating schemata (structure) and inference (process) within the larger context of information processing, and several of their criticisms concerning how these concepts have been used are particularly insightful. Because their review is long and occasionally technical, we will limit our own discussion to what we believe to be the most important issues it raises.
Novel treatment strategies and drugs in development for cryptosporidiosis

Introduction: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan pathogen that can cause diarrheal disease in healthy and immunosuppressed individuals, worldwide. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of cryptosp...
Efficient light generation from enhanced inelastic electron tunnelling

Light emission from biased tunnel junctions has recently gained much attention owing to its unique potential to create ultracompact optical sources with terahertz modulation bandwidth1–5. The emission originates from an inelastic electron tunnelling process in which electronic energy is transferred to surface plasmon polaritons and subsequently converted to radiation photons by an optical antenna. Because most of the electrons tunnel elastically, the emission efficiency is typically about 10−5–10−4. Here, we demonstrate efficient light generation from enhanced inelastic tunnelling using nanocrystals assembled into metal–insulator–metal junctions. The colour of the emitted light is determined by the optical antenna and thus can be tuned by the geometry of the junction structures. The efficiency of far-field free-space light generation reaches ~2%, showing an improvement of two orders of magnitude over previous work3,4. This brings on-chip ultrafast and ultracompact light sources one step closer to reality. Nanocrystals assembled into metal–insulator–metal junctions can boost the efficiency of light generation from enhanced inelastic tunnelling to ~2%, which is a two orders of magnitude improvement over previous work, paving the way to on-chip ultrafast and ultracompact light sources.
Linear Hyperbolic Operators

The homogeneous equation for the d’Alembertian or the wave operator □ c describes, e.g., the dynamics of a vibrating string in R1 × R+, of a drum membrane or surface of a lake in R2 × R+,or of a sound wave in air or an electromagnetic wave in vacuum in R3 × R+. Here c denotes the speed of sound or light. The wave equation propagates signals with velocities less than or equal to c. Unlike the diffusion equation, the wave equation is not affected by a change in the sign in the time variable, and so in this sense it is reversible.
Momentary Reports of Fatigue Predict Physical Activity Level: Wrist, Waist, and Combined Accelerometry:

Objective: Fatigue is commonly reported by persons with osteoarthritis (OA) and predicts worse functioning and decreased activity. The current research used a combination of wrist and waist accelerometry along with experience sampling methodology to examine the relationship between reports of fatigue and subsequent physical activity among older adults with knee OA. Method: Two hundred one participants completed an interview followed by a 1-week period during which their activity was monitored and they reported symptoms of pain and fatigue. Multilevel models examined within-subjects versus between-subjects patterns of symptoms and their association with physical activity. Results: Fatigue was the most consistent predictor of lowered physical activity (β = -20.83, p < .001). Although wrist-worn actigraphs produced higher averaged activity counts than did waist actigraphs (t = 34.68, p < .001), multilevel models showed consistent results regardless of placement. Discussion: Fatigue was a consistent predictor of lowered activity regardless of actigraph location.
The Revolution Within: State Institutions and Unarmed Resistance in Palestine

Why do some individuals participate in risky, anti-regime resistance whereas others abstain? The Revolution Within answers this question through an in-depth study of unarmed resistance against Israeli rule in the Palestinian Territories over more than a decade. Despite having strong anti-regime sentiment, Palestinians initially lacked the internal organizational strength often seen as necessary for protest. This book provides a foundation for understanding participation and mobilization under these difficult conditions. It argues that, under these conditions, integration into state institutions - schools, prisons and courts - paradoxically makes individuals more likely to resist against the state. Diverse evidence drawn from field research - including the first, large-scale survey of participants and non-participants in Palestinian resistance, Arabic language interviews, and archival sources - supports the argument. The book's findings explain how anti-regime resistance can occur even without the strong civil society organizations often regarded as necessary for protest and, thus, suggest new avenues for supporting civil resistance movements.
Spatial organization of activity evoked by focal stimulation within the rat spinal dorsal horn as visualized by voltage-sensitive dye imaging in the slice.

We used voltage-sensitive dye imaging to obtain information on spatial aspects of dorsal horn organization that are difficult to examine with single-cell approaches because of the limitations of mi...
Avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog-1 (ETS-1) plays a role in renal microvascular pathophysiology in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat.

Prior studies reported that haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor ETS-1 is renoprotective in Dahl salt-sensitive rats, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we tested whether ETS-1 is involved in hypertension-induced renal microvascular pathology and autoregulatory impairment. Hypertension was induced in salt-sensitive rats and salt-sensitive rats that are heterozygous with 1 wild-type or reference allele of Ets1 (SSEts1+/-) by feeding a diet containing 4% sodium chloride for 1 week. Increases in blood pressure did not differ. However, phosphorylated ETS-1 increased in afferent arterioles of hypertensive salt-sensitive rats, but not in hypertensive SSEts1+/- rats. Afferent arterioles of hypertensive salt-sensitive rats showed increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression and infiltration of CD68 positive monocytes/macrophages. Isolated kidney microvessels showed increased mRNA expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule, P-selectin, fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and collagen I in hypertensive salt-sensitive rats compared with hypertensive SSEts1+/- rats. Using the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation, pressure-mediated afferent arteriolar responses were significantly blunted in hypertensive salt-sensitive rats compared to hypertensive SSEts1+/- rats. Over a 65-170 mm Hg pressure range tested baseline arteriolar diameters averaged 15.1 μm and remained between 107% and 89% of baseline diameter in hypertensive salt-sensitive rats vs. 114% and 73% in hypertensive SSEts1+/- rats (significantly different). Thus, ETS-1 participates in renal arteriolar pathology and autoregulation and thereby is involved in hypertension-mediated kidney injury in salt-sensitive rats.
Memristor based multifunction oscillator

Computing with memristors is a nascent yet active field with circuit applications spanning neuromorphic, digital and analog domains. This paper presents the SPICE implementation of a nontrivial multifunction voltage controlled oscillator. The SPICE model for the memristor is a derivative based on research associating vacancy migration with a Burgers-like variable coefficient advection partial differential equation. The unique topology, biasing and use of a single comparator makes the design a novel, low power, simple CMOS compatible architecture.
Sensitivity Analysis of Lithium Ion Battery Parameters to Degradation of Anode Lithium Ion Concentration

The State of Health (SOH) of the battery is often represented either using the decrease in the capacity of the battery or the increase in the internal resistance of the battery. While these indices are commonly used, they do not provide any insight on the reasons for the degradation of the health of the battery. Understanding battery aging and the impact it has on the working/performance of the battery is required to determine the State of Function (SOF) of the battery for that particular application. The SOF of the battery can provide information on the current applicability of the battery to the application. The Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of the battery is also highly dependent on the current and past operating conditions. Determining the reason behind the degradation and the impact on the health can also help determine the RUL or provide feedback to the user on alternate usage patterns to prolong the RUL. This paper uses a first principle based degradation model to determine the sensitivity of the terminal voltage and capacity of the battery to the degradation of the concentration of lithium ions in the anode/negative electrode.
Localized Disruption of Blood Albumin-Phenytoin Binding Using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound.

Abstract Plasma protein binding (PPB) plays an important role in drug pharmacokinetics, particularly for central nervous system drugs, as PPB affects the blood concentration of unbound drug available to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). We report the non-invasive, spatially specific disruption of PPB to phenytoin, an anti-epileptic drug with high affinity to albumin, using 250-kHz focused ultrasound (FUS) delivered in a pulsed manner (55-ms tone burst duration, 4-Hz pulse repetitions). Equilibrium dialysis performed on sonicated phosphate-buffered saline solution containing phenytoin and bovine serum albumin revealed a 27.7% elevation in the unbound phenytoin concentration compared with an unsonicated control. Sonication of a unilateral brain hemisphere in rats (n = 10) after intraperitoneal phenytoin injection revealed increased parenchymal phenytoin uptake compared with the unsonicated hemisphere, without evidence of temperature change or BBB disruption. These findings illustrate the use of FUS as a novel technique for spatially selective disruption of PPB, which may be applied to a wide range of drug–plasma protein interactions.
Video Education to Improve Preoperative Anxiety in the Bariatric Surgical Patient: A Quality Improvement Project.

Abstract Purpose Evidence supports that providing preoperative education using an audiovisual format is an effective method to reduce anxiety in the surgical patient. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to evaluate the effect of viewing a video tour of the perioperative division had on patient-perceived preoperative anxiety. Design A quasi-experimental design using a pre-post survey method of two individual groups. Methods Sixty bariatric surgery patients completed a visual analog scale for anxiety (VAS-A), consisting of 10 items, on arrival and at the end of their preassessment appointment. Thirty patients in the comparison group received preoperative education with the current process of written and verbal instructions. Thirty patients in the intervention group received education with written and verbal instructions as well as inclusion of an informational video tour of the perioperative division. A paired sample t test was used to compare VAS-A results of the comparison and intervention groups. Findings Data supported that bariatric patients who received only verbal and written instructions preoperatively had a statistically significant reduction in anxiety levels in five of 10 items on the VAS-A. Bariatric patients who received education with verbal and written instructions, as well as inclusion of the informational video tour, had a statistically significant reduction in self-perceived anxiety in 9 of 10 items on the VAS-A. Conclusions Data supported that the addition of an audiovisual component in the form of an informational tour of the perioperative division is an effective method to reduce perceived preoperative anxiety in patients having bariatric surgery.
A functional-data approach to the Argo data

The Argo data is a modern oceanography dataset that provides unprecedented global coverage of temperature and salinity measurements in the upper 2,000 meters of depth of the ocean. We study the Argo data from the perspective of functional data analysis (FDA). We develop spatio-temporal functional kriging methodology for mean and covariance estimation to predict temperature and salinity at a fixed location as a smooth function of depth. By combining tools from FDA and spatial statistics, including smoothing splines, local regression, and multivariate spatial modeling and prediction, our approach provides advantages over current methodology that consider pointwise estimation at fixed depths. Our approach naturally leverages the irregularly-sampled data in space, time, and depth to fit a space-time functional model for temperature and salinity. The developed framework provides new tools to address fundamental scientific problems involving the entire upper water column of the oceans such as the estimation of ocean heat content, stratification, and thermohaline oscillation. For example, we show that our functional approach yields more accurate ocean heat content estimates than ones based on discrete integral approximations in pressure. Further, using the derivative function estimates, we obtain a new product of a global map of the mixed layer depth, a key component in the study of heat absorption and nutrient circulation in the oceans. The derivative estimates also reveal evidence for density inversions in areas distinguished by mixing of particularly different water masses.
Decision comprehensiveness and the outcomes of firms: Reinterpreting and extending a recent meta-analysis:

Disagreement and debate are the lifeblood of any scientific field. With that truth in mind, we express our disagreement with some of the conclusions drawn by Samba et al. in a generally well-conduc...
Use of Soft Bedding and Other Soft Surfaces

Soft sleep surfaces and loose bedding have long been known to be risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUID) and are a particularly high-risk factor in deaths coded as accidental suffocation and strangulation (ASSB). While the use rate of supine sleeping has decreased with the safe to sleep campaign, soft bedding remains prevalent. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that infants sleep on a firm, flat surface with no loose bedding, pillows or bumpers; however, there are frequently barriers to adherence for each of these recommendations. In this chapter, we review the basis for each of these recommendations as well as potential barriers to adherence and strategies for helping families comply with placing infants in a safe sleep environment.
Emergency Department-based Hepatitis A Vaccination Program in Response to an Outbreak.

Author(s): Kaigh, Caroline; Blome, Andrea; Schreyer, Kraftin E.; Healy, Megan | Abstract: Introduction: The Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH) declared a public health emergency due to hepatitis A in August 2019.1 Our emergency department (ED) serves a population with many of the identified risk factors for hepatitis A transmission. This study examines the impact of an ED-based hepatitis A vaccination program, developed in partnership with the PDPH, on incidence of hepatitis A infection and hospital admission.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all ED visits in the 12-week period centered around the implementation of the ED-based hepatitis A vaccination program. All adult patients presenting to the ED were offered vaccination, with vaccines supplied free of charge by the PDPH. We compared the incidence of diagnosis and of hospital admission for treatment of hepatitis A before and after implementation of the program.Results: There were 10,033 total ED visits during the study period, with 5009 of them prior to the implementation of the vaccination program and 5024 after implementation. During the study period, 669 vaccines were administered. Before the vaccination program began, 73 patients were diagnosed with hepatitis A, of whom 67 were admitted. After implementation of the program, 38 patients were diagnosed with hepatitis A, of whom 31 were admitted.Conclusion: A partnership between an ED and the local public health department resulted in the vaccination of 669 patients in six weeks in the midst of an outbreak of a vaccine-preventable illness, with a corresponding drop in ED visits and hospital admission for acute hepatitis A.
Counting the decimation classes of binary vectors with relatively prime length and density

We present a method for determining the number of decimation classes of density $$\delta $$ binary vectors indexed by a finite abelian group G of size $$\ell $$ and exponent $${\ell ^*}$$ such that $$\delta $$ is relatively prime to $${\ell ^*}$$ . This method is the first which is not based on exhaustive vector generation and exploits the subgroup lattice of $${{\mathbb {Z}}_{{\ell ^*}}^{\times }}$$ . Instead, our method is based on our newly developed theory of multipliers for arbitrary subsets of finite abelian groups, our results on orbits under the action of the multiplier group, and finding the number of solutions of a potentially highly symmetric subset sum problem. Implementing our method on vectors indexed by $${\mathbb {Z}}_{\ell }$$ of odd length $$\ell $$ and density $$(\ell +1)/2$$ greatly increased the number of $$\ell $$ for which the number of decimation classes of such vectors is known. Additionally, our newly developed theory provides information on the number of distinct translates fixed by each member of the multiplier group as well as sufficient conditions for each member of the multiplier group to be translate fixing.
The impact of presentation order on attraction and repulsion effects in decision-making

One of the most interesting findings in multialternative, multiattribute choice is the occurrence of “context effects,” where the relative preference between two alternatives is influenced by a third, decoy alternative. Although context effects have been well documented, the circumstances necessary for them to occur is a puzzle. Sometimes, the effects disappear or reverse, suggesting they are fragile. We hypothesize this fragility is partly due to a sequential comparison process where subsets of options are compared and evaluated during deliberation. Thus, manipulating the comparison of options (by manipulating presentation order of options) should influence the manifestation of these effect. We test this hypothesis in two ways for the attraction effect. First, we develop a temporally sequential version of a well-established perceptual context effects paradigm, where participants only see 1 alternative at a time. Results show that presentation order strongly influences choices. In some orders, a standard attraction effect occurs and in others, a reversal (or “repulsion”) effect occurs. A piecewise extension of the Multiattribute Linear Ballistic Accumulator model explains our results by showing how forgetting (due to the sequential presentation) influences the comparison of options. Quantitative fitting demonstrates that the model explains well the data, outperforming alternative heuristic models. Second, we reanalyze attraction effect data from Trueblood et al. (2015) where the spatial order of options was manipulated. Similar to the sequential task, results show a complex pattern of attraction and repulsion effects. Taken together, these results indicate that a malleable comparison process contributes to the fragility of context effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Examining the heterogeneity of polysubstance use patterns in young adulthood by age and college attendance.

Substance use in young adulthood and polysubstance users (PSU), in particular, pose unique risks for adverse consequences. Prior research on young adult PSU has identified multiple classes of users, but most work has focused on college students. We examined PSU patterns by age and college attendance during young adulthood in two nationally representative samples. Using National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 1 and NESARC-III data sets, multigroup latent class analysis (MG-LCA) was employed to examine PSU patterns based on age (18-24 vs. 25-34) and determine whether solutions were similar (i.e., statistically invariant) by college attendance/graduation. Classes were estimated by binary past-year use of sedatives, tranquilizers, opioids/painkillers, heroin, amphetamines/stimulants, cocaine, hallucinogens, club drugs, and inhalants, and past-year frequency of alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use. PSU patterns are largely replicated across waves. Model fit supported 3-class solutions in each MG-LCA: Low frequency-limited-range PSU (alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis only), medium-to-high frequency limited-range PSU (alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis only), and extended-range PSU (ER PSU; all substances). Apart from one model, MG-LCA solutions were not invariant by college attendance/graduation, suggesting important differences between these groups. Except for alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use frequency, results showed that probabilities of illicit and prescription drug use declined in the older age group. Findings also supported examining college and noncollege youth separately when studying PSU. ER PSU may be uniquely vulnerable to coingesting substances, particularly for nongraduates, warranting future research to classify patterns of simultaneous PSU and identify predictors and consequences of high-risk combinations (e.g., alcohol and opioids). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
How Does Lender Health Affect Covenant-Violating Borrowers?

Using the Emerging Market Debt Crises of the late 1990s, a shock that directly impacted some U.S. banks but not their domestic borrowers, we study the causal impact of lender health on covenant-violating borrowers. Using difference-in-differences, we find that banks exposed to the crises become relatively more likely to be stringent with covenant violators. Such stringency has real effects, as covenant violators become more likely to suffer a distressed delisting if their lenders are crisis-exposed. We also find effects for lender health on borrower investments, but these effects are not specific to covenant-violating borrowers.
Role of Cyclic Di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development

This chapter reviews cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) metabolism and activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a focus on how c-di-GMP modulates the expression and activities of genes and proteins required for biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that persistently colonizes the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and eventually kills them. The domain architectures of many of the proteins are discussed in the chapter. In P. aeruginosa, as in other bacteria, a high percentage of GGDEF and EAL domains are present as modules in proteins that have N-terminal domains implicated in ligand binding. The chapter describes three different assays used to visualize different but overlapping aspects of biofilms and then how they have been used to assess the effects of high and low intracellular c-di-GMP. The first and most commonly used assay is often referred to as the microtiter dish attachment assay. A second assay, often referred to as a continuous flow assay, involves growing biofilms on a surface of a small chamber through which growth medium is continuously flowed. A third measure of biofilm formation is colony morphology and dye binding. A systematic analysis of a P. aeruginosa transposon mutant library by the Lory laboratory and other more directed studies carried out by other investigators have identified just 8 of the 40 diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) genes present in strain PAO1 as influencing biofilm formation. The chapter describes each of these genes and studies that have addressed their functions.
Gα and Gβγ Require Distinct Src-dependent Pathways to Activate Rap1 and Ras

The Src tyrosine kinase is necessary for activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) by the β-adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol. In this study, we examined the role of Src in the stimulation of two small G proteins, Ras and Rap1, that have been implicated in isoproterenol's signaling to ERKs. We demonstrate that the activation of isoproterenol of both Rap1 and Ras requires Src. In HEK293 cells, isoproterenol activates Rap1, stimulates Rap1 association with B-Raf, and activates ERKs, all via PKA. In contrast, the activation by isoproterenol of Ras requires Gβγ subunits, is independent of PKA, and results in the phosphoinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of AKT. Interestingly, β-adrenergic stimulation of both Rap1 and ERKs, but not Ras and AKT, can be blocked by a Src mutant (SrcS17A) that is incapable of being phosphorylated and activated by PKA. Furthermore, a Src mutant (SrcS17D), which mimics PKA phosphorylation at serine 17, stimulates Rap1 activation, Rap1/B-Raf association, and ERK activation but does not stimulate Ras or AKT. These data suggest that Rap1 activation, but not that of Ras, is mediated through the direct phosphorylation of Src by PKA. We propose that the β2-adrenergic receptor activates Src via two independent mechanisms to mediate distinct signaling pathways, one through Gαs to Rap1 and ERKs and the other through Gβγ to Ras and AKT.
Culture and microsurgical manipulation of the early avian embryo.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the culture and microsurgical manipulation of the early avian embryo. The early embryo is most challenging to the developmental biologist in terms of its culture and manipulation. The embryos are incredibly small, fragile, and sensitive to many substances that are harmless to older embryos. However, the innovative and pioneering work of the experimental embryologists in the first half of the 19th century has provided the means to overcome these difficulties. Many of the older approaches to embryo culture that have since lost favor with developmental biologists should be seriously reconsidered for use in laboratory. The chapter reviews methods that have been used to culture avian embryos at all stages of development and describes those techniques that are commonly used for culturing young chick embryos. Variations in the basic techniques and microsurgical procedures as they relate to young avian embryos are considered in the chapter.
THE EVOLUTION OF TRADE-OFFS UNDER DIRECTIONAL AND CORRELATIONAL SELECTION

Using quantitative genetic theory, we develop predictions for the evolution of trade-offs in response to directional and correlational selection. We predict that directional selection favoring an increase in one trait in a trade-off will result in change in the intercept but not the slope of the trade-off function, with the mean value of the selected trait increasing and that of the correlated trait decreasing. Natural selection will generally favor an increase in some combination of trait values, which can be represented as directional selection on an index value. Such selection induces both directional and correlational selection on the component traits. Theory predicts that selection on an index value will also change the intercept but not the slope of the trade-off function but because of correlational selection, the direction of change in component traits may be in the same or opposite directions. We test these predictions using artificial selection on the well-established trade-off between fecundity and flight capability in the cricket, Gryllus firmus and compare the empirical results with a priori predictions made using genetic parameters from a separate half-sibling experiment. Our results support the predictions and illustrate the complexity of trade-off evolution when component traits are subject to both directional and correlational selection.
Intrinsic Mechanism Decreases Susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Multiple Antibiotics

Chloramphenicol-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (n = 52) demonstrated multiple resistance to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. Approximately half of the mutants approached the clinical level of resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline. Mutants demonstrated a wide range of sensitivity to each antibiotic; for tetracycline, some isolates demonstrated a twofold increase, whereas others demonstrated a 15-fold increase in resistance. Continuous exposure to chloramphenicol did not affect the growth of mutants, suggesting that mutation does not have a negative effect on cell survival. Complementation experiments with a functional marR restored antibiotic susceptibility of selected mutants to levels similar to wild-type strains, suggesting that mar mutation was responsible for the decrease in sensitivity. The multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon is a global regulator controlling intrinsic resistance toward structurally and functionally unrelated antibiotics and other noxious agents. Antimicrobial use in both human and agricultural practice should be administered in a manner to prevent selection of resistant mutants.
Reovirus-Specific Polyribosomes in Infected L-Cells

Polyribosomes were isolated from reovirus-infected L-cells. Virusinduced RNA isolated from these polyribosomes was single-stranded, heterogeneous in size, and capable of extensive hybridization with viral double-stranded RNA. Reovirus RNA, therefore, specifies in infected cells the formation of a single-stranded messenger RNA for virus-specific protein synthesis.
Relationship of motility to flow of contents in the human small intestine.

To measure simultaneously motility and flow of intestinal contents, a multilumen polyvinyl tube was passed by mouth in 10 healthy volunteers. Motility was recorded at five sites, spanning 100 cm of tube, to allow recognition of migrating motor complexes during fasting and during their disruption by food. Loci were designated as jejunal, ileal, and terminal ileal, as judged by length of tube in the intestine and by fluoroscopy. Flow of intestinal contents was measured by indicator (phenolsulfonphthalein) dilution over a 20-cm segment; flow was related to motility at the perfusion site. A liquid test meal of 400 ml and 600 kcal, containing polyethylene glycol 4000, was eaten after 6 h of fasting. During fasting, flow of intestinal contents was intermittent at all levels and varied with the presence of or absence of the activity front ("phase 3" of the migrating motor complex). The activity-front periods contributed 50% of total flow, but occupied less than one-third of the total recording time. Flow corrected for time was significantly greater with the presence of activity front than with phases 1 or 2 of the migrating motor complex (p less than 0.001). In addition, of 45 increments in flow of greater than 0.75 ml . min-1, the majority (82%) were associated with an activity front. The flow rate increased promptly after a meal and fluctuated markedly during the postprandial period in most studies. By the time migrating motor complex had returned, more than 90% of meal marker (polyethylene glycol) was accounted for in intestinal aspirates. In contrast, only 56%-73% of marker was recovered postprandially in those studies in which the migrating motor complex had not returned by the time the study was terminated. Thus, flow of intestinal content is largely intermittent during fasting, peaks of flow being associated with passage of the activity front of the migrating motor complex; on the other hand, half the fasting flow is unassociated with the activity front. Reappearance of the migrating motor complex at any level after a liquid test meal signals clearing of the liquid meal from the more proximal intestine.
Evaluation of a healthy-weight treatment program for bulimia nervosa: A preliminary randomized trial

Abstract Objective: Conduct a randomized treatment trial to test whether healthy dieting maintains bulimic symptoms or effectively reduces this eating disturbance. Methods: Female participants ( n = 8 5 ) with full- and sub-threshold bulimia nervosa were randomly assigned to a 6-session healthy dieting intervention or waitlist condition and assessed through 3-month follow-up. Results: Relative to control participants, intervention participants showed modest weight loss during treatment and demonstrated significant improvements in bulimic symptoms that persisted through follow-up. Discussion: These preliminary results suggest that this intervention shows potential for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and may be worthy of future refinement and evaluation. Results also provide experimental evidence that dieting behaviors do not maintain bulimia nervosa, suggesting the need to reconsider maintenance models for this eating disorder.
Yeast Rad54 promotes Rad51-dependent homologous DNA pairing via ATP hydrolysis-driven change in DNA double helix conformation.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD54 gene functions in the formation of heteroduplex DNA, a key intermediate in recombination processes. Rad54 is monomeric in solution, but forms a dimer/oligomer on DNA. Rad54 dimer/oligomer alters the conformation of the DNA double helix in an ATP-dependent manner, as revealed by a change in the DNA linking number in a topoisomerase I-linked reaction. DNA conformational alteration does not occur in the presence of non-hydrolyzable ATP analogues, nor when mutant rad54 proteins defective in ATP hydrolysis replace Rad54. Accordingly, the Rad54 ATPase activity is shown to be required for biological functionin vivo and for promoting Rad51-mediated homologous DNA pairing in vitro. Taken together, the results are consistent with a model in which a Rad54 dimer/oligomer promotes nascent heteroduplex joint formation via a specific interaction with Rad51 protein and an ability to transiently unwind duplex DNA.
Evaluating the role of subgrid stress modeling in a ribbed duct for the internal cooling of turbine blades

Abstract Time-dependent simulations are performed in a ribbed square duct with rib height to hydraulic diameter ratio of 0.1 and rib pitch to rib height ratio of 10. The calculations are performed for a nominal bulk Reynolds number of 20,000. Hydrodynamic and thermal fully-developed conditions are assumed. Two mesh resolutions, 96 3 and 128 3 are tested in a quasi-DNS mode and in LES mode with the Dynamic Smagorinsky model. Time evolution, mean, and turbulent quantities are presented, together with friction and heat transfer. It is found that in general, both quasi-DNS and LES resolve the bulk mean features of the flow within 10–15% of each other. These include recirculation patterns and secondary flows which are characteristic of this geometry. However, there are large differences in predicting the friction and heat transfer coefficients, both of which are very sensitive to the predicted turbulent field near the duct surfaces. Both quasi-DNS calculations underpredict the heat transfer and friction coefficient by amounts which range between 20% and 30% on the 96 3 mesh and 15–20% on the 128 3 mesh. However, the LES calculations with the dynamic Smagorinsky model predict these quantities within 5–10% of experimental values for both mesh resolutions. It is concluded that in an average sense, the level of turbulence augmentation provided by the dynamic model is commensurate with the mesh resolution such that the turbulent energy, heat transfer coefficient, and friction are predicted at the right levels independent of the resolution.
Nonlinear Robust Missile Autopilot Design Using Successive Galerkin Approximation

The application of a new nonlinear robust control strategy to the design of missile autopilots is presented. The control approach described and demonstrated here is based upon the numerical solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation by Successive Galerkin Approximation. Using this approach, feedback controllers are computed by an iterative application of a numerical Galerkin-type PDE solver. Application of this approach to the design of a pitchaxis autopilot for a missile having uncertain pitch moment and lift force is described.
Species relationships inPhaseolus: Electrophoretic analysis of seed storage proteins

Relationships among storage proteins in seeds from cultivars and primitive accessions of the four economically most important species ofPhaseolus — P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolius andP. lunatus — were studied.
Nonrelativistic Auger Rates, X-Ray Rates, and Fluorescence Yields for the K Shell

The Auger rates, x-ray rates, and fluorescence yields are presented for elements $Z=4\ensuremath{-}54$ when a vacancy is in the $K$ shell. Numerical calculations have been performed using the Hartree-Fock-Slater approach with Kohn-Sham and Gaspar exchange. Comparisons of different exchange approximations on the Auger and x-ray total transition rates and the fluorescence yields are reported. The differences are found to be \ensuremath{\cong} 10-20% at low $Z$ and to decrease with increasing $Z$.
Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 111, a 3-phenyltropane analog, in rhesus monkeys: interaction with methamphetamine

Rationale: The neuronal actions of methamphetamine (MA) include an increase in extracellular levels of monoamines, presumably via reverse transport involving the monoamine transporters. This action is thought to play an important role in the effects of MA. Therefore, in the present experiment, it was hypothesized that a monoamine uptake blocker would block behavioral effects of MA related to its abuse. Objective: RTI 111, a newly synthesized 3-phenyltropane analog with high affinity for the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters, was evaluated alone and in combination with MA for its ability to block the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of MA in rhesus monkeys. Methods: RTI 111 (0.0003–0.03 mg/kg, i.v.) was made available to four rhesus monkeys for self-administration under a fixed-ratio 25 (FR 25) schedule of reinforcement. RTI 111 (0.01–0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) was also administered as a pretreatment (15 min prior) to four monkeys self-administering MA (0.0–0.3 mg/kg per injection, i.v.) on a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. MA (0.01–1.0 mg/kg, i.m.), RTI 111 (0.001–0.1 mg/kg, i.m.), or the combination of MA and RTI 111 were administered to four monkeys trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine (AMPH; 1.0 or 1.7 mg/kg, intragastric) from saline. Results: When RTI 111 was made available for self-administration under an FR 25 schedule it functioned as a positive reinforcer in all four monkeys tested. When RTI 111 was given as a pretreatment to monkeys self-administering MA under a progressive-ratio schedule, the MA dose-response function shifted to the left and down. When RTI 111 or MA were given to monkeys trained to discriminate AMPH from saline, full AMPH-like responding was observed for both drugs. Given in combination, RTI 111 shifted the MA dose-response function to the left. Conclusions: These data suggest that RTI 111 is behaviorally similar to traditional psychomotor stimulants that act at the DA transporter and that it increases, rather than blocks, the behavioral potency of MA.
Normal modes and structure of iodine in the starch–iodine complex

Normal modes of a linear array of iodine atoms with various repeat units, (I), (II), (II), and (I), have been calculated. The four resonance Raman bands (158, 107, 57, and 27 cm−1) observed with the starch–iodine complex can be assigned to the symmetric modes of either the (II)n or (I)n linear chain. However, the nature of the valence force fields of these two structures is very different: the former consists of a weakly coupled linear chain of (I) structure, while the latter, (I)n, is a tightly bound chain approaching equidistant iodine spacings. The nearly equivalent I-I stretching force constants obtained in the present normal mode analysis of the (I)n structure is supported by the results of previous x-ray and I-129 Mossbauer effect measurements. A numerical method of calculating the frequency dispersions of one- and two-dimensional molecular arrays is given.
Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture. Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult, pharmacological compounds, and bacterial and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE. Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells. To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 Ω×cm(2), Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.
2-methyl substituted and 2-enoic fatty acids by Favorsky rearrangement of haloketones.

Abstract Fatty acid chlorides were converted into haloketones via diazomethyl ketones. By treatment with alkali, chloromethyl ketones yielded 2-methyl substituted acids whereas a dibromomethyl ketone afforded a straight-chain acid unsaturated in the 2-position, 2-Methylpalmitic, 2-methylstearic and 2-methylarachidonic acids, and cis -2-nonadecenoic acid were prepared in yields ranging from 35–45%.
Cadmium-115 bound to nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins

Abstract The distribution of cadmium-115 in DNA, histone, and nonhistone proteins, and with two cytoplasmic subfractions of cadmium-biding protein was measured in rat liver after a single cadmium exposure (20 μmol of CdCl 2 /kg). The nuclear cadmium (per milligram of protein) was twice as concentrated in nonhistone proteins as in the histone proteins. The cytoplasmic cadmium was unevenly distributed with two cadmium-binding protein subfractions, however, the relative amounts of these proteins, with respect to each other, remained constant throughout the period of the study (188-hr maximum). These data provide further evidence for the specificity of the in vivo interactions of cadmium with cellular components.
THE ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HIV-RELATED KAPOSI'S SARCOMA

Radiation provides excellent palliation for symptomatic Kaposi's sarcoma in the settings of both limited and advanced disease. Integration of radiotherapy into the overall treatment strategy is critical to ensure that the benefits in terms of symptom reduction are not outweighed by a long-term increase in morbidity.
Using Staged Compression and Expansion to Enhance the Performance of a Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Hybrid System

It has long been recognized that the heat generated from a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is adequate to drive an external heat engine. The combination of the fuel cell plus the heat engine is called a gas turbine fuel cell hybrid power generation system. In most hybrid systems the heat engine consists of a single compressor and single turbine, arranged in either a Brayton cycle or a recuperated Brayton cycle. One characteristic of hybrid power cycles is that the compression costs are substantial. When this cycle is used in a coal fired hybrid system that is configured with an isolated anode stream to isolate and compress CO2 , the work to compress the cathode air can greatly exceed the work to compress the CO2 . It has also been shown for this same system that using intercooled compression for the cathode air reduces this compression cost. Since there have been no exhaustive studies performed which quantify these effects it is not clear exactly how much reduction in compression cost is possible. In this work we compare three hybrid systems. The first systems has a single compressor and turbine, run at a low pressure ratio as a recuperated Brayton cycle and at high pressure ratio as a simple Brayton cycle (see Figure 1). We then alter the recuperated Brayton cycle using both staged compression and staged expansion. The second system is thus configured with two compressors and two turbines. For this system an intercooler is placed between the compressors and the fuel cell stack is divided into two stacks each followed by a turbine (see Figure 3). Similarly the third system divides the compression and expansion legs of the cycle again into three compressors with intercoolers, and three fuel cell stacks each followed by its own turbine (see Figure 5). As the system configuration is altered by successive divisions of both the compression and expansion legs of the thermal heat engine cycle, the system configuration is transformed from a simple Brayton cycle to a staged approximation to an Ericsson cycle. We show that this new configuration for the gas turbine fuel cell hybrid system not only reduces the high cost of compression, but it makes more heat available for auxiliary system operations. In coal fired systems these auxiliary operations would include pre heating coal for the gasification system, reheating the syngas after cooling or even heating steam for a bottoming cycle.
Carbon tax under the Clean Development Mechanism: a unique approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries

This study examines the economic and environmental implications of a unique Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) scheme in which a non-Annex B country (Thailand) introduces a carbon tax and exports the resulting emission mitigation as certified emission reductions (CERs). A general equilibrium model for Thailand has been developed for analysing this carbon tax-cum-CDM (CT-CDM) policy. The study finds that, unlike a carbon tax policy, the CT-CDM policy could increase economic welfare in Thailand, depending on CER price and schemes of recycling carbon tax- and CERrevenue to the economy. The CT-CDM policy is found to increase economic welfare at a very low CER price (<US$2/tCO2) if the revenue from the carbon tax and CER exports is recycled to finance cuts in existing indirect taxes on nonenergy goods. The policy would also improve economic welfare when the revenue is recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer or when it is used to finance cuts in existing labour tax, but only at a relatively high CER p...