cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LR-Sequences as Classes of Endomorphisms of R

Given an arbitrary LR-sequence $$T = {T^{\left( 0 \right)}}{T^{(1)}}...{\text{ }}{T^{(n - 1)}}$$ (4.1) [see Eqs. (3.8) – (3.10)], we associate with it the map Tζ: R →R defined by [see Remark (a) below] $${T_\zeta } = {T_\zeta }^{(n - 1)}...{\text{ }}T_\zeta ^{(1)}T_\zeta ^{(0)},$$ (4.2) where $${T_\zeta } = {T_\zeta }^{(n - 1)}...{\text{ }}T_\zeta ^{(1)}T_\zeta ^{(0)},$$ (4.3) .
Determining 235U enrichment in bulk uranium items using dual-energy interrogation with delayed neutron measurement

Abstract Bulk uranium items are often measured using active neutron interrogation systems to take advantage of the relatively high penetrability of neutrons, providing the ability to measure uranium mass in large, dense configurations. Because the emitted neutrons from 235U and 238U in such configurations are, for all practical purposes, indistinguishable, established active measurement techniques require many representative calibration standards and/or well-known isotopic information to interpret the assay results (i.e., extract an isotopic mass from the effective mass). The primary objective of this work is to investigate the ability of a dual-energy neutron interrogation technique to estimate uranium enrichment for bulk materials, which has the potential to eliminate the need for a (traditionally separate) gamma isotopic measurement. Dual neutron interrogation energies were achieved by adding a deuterium–tritium (D–T) neutron generator into the measurement chamber of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory 252 Cf Shuffler. This new technique exploits the change in fission rates as a function of interrogating neutron energy to independently determine the 235U and 238U content in the measurement item. Results from traditional 252Cf measurements and the new D–T measurements were then used to develop a relationship between uranium enrichment and the ratio of the two delayed neutron count rates. Technical feasibility is successfully demonstrated using the modified 252Cf Shuffler as a test bed, although several areas where refinements are both possible and needed before DEANI can be deployed as an analytical tool to meet specific measurement goals are identified.
Abstract P034: Bone Marrow--Derived Cells Are Not an Essential Component in Cardiosphere Formation

Background:Cardiospheres (CS) are composed of heterogeneous population of cells but it is unknown whether bone marrow derived cells are an essential cell component in CS formation. Methods:Chimera ...
Prior Anesthetic Problems

Many parturients present for antenatal anesthesia consultation due to a history of anesthetic complications. This section will discuss some of the more common reasons for presentation including epidural failure, post-dural puncture headache, allergic reaction, malignant hyperthermia, pseudocholinesterase deficiency and vasovagal episodes.
A Novel Treatment for Massive Hemorrhage after Maternal Trauma in Pregnancy.

Background Trauma in pregnancy can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage. Conventional treatments of hemorrhage include medical and surgical management. However, if these measures fail uterine compression is an option to control bleeding. We present a case where this management was employed. Case A patient presented at 36 weeks of gestation with multiple injuries after a motor vehicle collision and experienced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The use of a Bakri balloon in combination with external compression with Coban, a sterile self-adherent bandage, after delivery temporized her bleeding and allowed her to become stable for further management. Conclusion When other measures fail and a hysterectomy is considered unsafe, the combination of internal and external uterine compression is an option.
By My Absolute Royal Authority: Justice and the Castilian Commonwealth at the Beginning of the First Global Age

A study of the kingdom of Castile's judicial administration that brings together political ideas and political action by giving serious attention to how well royal justices were able to handle difficult, prominent lawsuits that raised politically troubling questions and involved major litigants. 'By My Absolute Royal Authority': Justice and the Castilian Commonwealth at the Beginning of the First Global Age' is a study of judicial administration. From the fifteenth century to the seventeenth, the kingdom of Castile experienced a remarkable proliferation of judicial institutions, which historians have generally seen as part of a metanarrative of 'state-building.' Yet, Castile's frontiers were extremely porous, and a crown government that could not control the kingdom's borders exhibited neither the ability to obtain information and shape affairs, nor the centrality of court politics that many historians claim in an effort to craft a tidy narrative of this period. Castilians retained their loyalty to the monarchy not because of the 'power' of the institutions of a developing 'state,' but because they shared an identity as citizens of a commonwealth in which a high value was given to justice as an ultimate purpose of the political community and a conviction that the sovereign possessed 'absolute royal authority' to see that justice was done. This expectation served as a foundation for the political identity and loyalty that held together for several centuries the disparate and globally-dispersed domains of the Hispanic Monarchy, but perceptions of how well crown judicial institutions worked were a fundamental determinant of the degree of support a monarch could attract to meet fiscal and military goals. This book maps part of this unfamiliar terrain through a microhistory of an extended, high profile lawsuit that was carefully watched by generations of Castilian leaders. Justices from the late fifteenth century to the reign of Philip II had difficulty resolving the conflict because the proper exercise of "absolute royal authority" was itself the central legal issue and the dispute pitted against each other members of important groups who demonstrated a tendency to give prominence to different interpretive schemes as they tried to comprehend their world. The account brings together political ideas and political action by giving serious attention to how well royal justices were able to handle difficult, prominent lawsuits that raised politically troubling questions and involved major litigants. J. B. Owens is professor of the history and director of the Glenn E. Tyler Collection at Idaho State University, where he specializes in Spanish history and the use of Geographic Information Systems for research and teaching
IL1RL1 is dynamically expressed on Cbfb-MYH11 + leukemia stem cells and promotes cell survival

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is often characterized by the presence of specific, recurrent chromosomal abnormalities. One of the most common aberrations, inversion of chromosome 16 [inv(16)], generates the fusion oncogene CBFB-MYH11. Previously, we used a mouse knock-in model to show that Cbfb-MYH11 induces changes in gene expression and results in the accumulation of abnormal myeloid cells, a subset of which are enriched for leukemia stem cell (LSC) activity. One gene upregulated by Cbfb-MYH11 encodes the cytokine receptor IL1RL1 (ST2). IL1RL1 and its ligand IL-33 are known regulators of mature myeloid cells, but their roles in AML are not known. Here, we use Cbfb-MYH11 knock-in mice to show that IL1RL1 is expressed by cell populations with high LSC activity, and that the cell surface expression of IL1RL1 is dynamic, implying that the expression of IL1RL1 is not restricted to a specific stage of differentiation. We also show that treatment with IL-33 increased serial replating ability and expression of pro-survival proteins in vitro. Finally, we show that IL1RL1+ cells can survive chemotherapy better than IL1RL1− cells in vivo. Collectively, our results indicate that IL1RL1 is dynamically expressed in Cbfb-MYH11+ leukemia cells and promotes their survival.
Multi-informant universal screening: Evaluation of rater, item, and construct variance using a trifactor model.

Abstract Universal screening is a proactive method for identifying student risk, yet remains under-utilized in school systems. Instead, many schools rely on teacher reports and referrals without accounting for different informant perspectives. In the current study, multi-informant universal screening in evaluated using a trifactor model. The study utilized the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener (SAEBRS), specifically the teacher (SAEBRS-TRS) and student (mySAEBRS) self-report forms, with items indicating risk for social, academic, and emotional behavior. Data from a national sample of over 24,000 K-12 teacher-student dyads were used to examine the extent and variance of discrepant reports between students and teachers of common, perspective, and item factors. Results demonstrated that informant perspective factors were a strong predictor for student and teacher emotional behavior item ratings. Whereas age had a positive effect on younger student reports of risk on the behavior items compared to older student reports, teachers showed the opposite effect. The teacherperspective of social and emotional behaviors of students was predicted by gender. Implications and directions for future research are further discussed.
Better than nothing: A historical account of placebos and placebo effects from modern to contemporary medicine

Throughout the history of medicine, multiple conceptions of "placebo" and "placebo effect" have often co-existed across different domains, and today the meaning of these concepts is still disputed. Against this background, this chapter provides a succinct account of the key events in the history of the concepts of "placebo," "placebo control," and "placebo effect." The first section reconstructs the etymology of the term "placebo" and its first introduction in medicine. The next sections provide an account of how placebos have been employed in both medical practice and scientific research in modern medicine. Later sections trace the emergence of the concepts of "placebo control" and "placebo effect" in the first half of the 20th century, from the first empirical studies investigating the effects of placebos up to the publication of Beecher's landmark article "The Powerful Placebo." Finally, the last two sections review the varieties of randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in the second half of the 20th century, and the subsequent wave of empirical studies that, starting from the 1970s, have investigated the psychological, pharmacological and neurobiological mechanisms of placebo effects.
Brachiopod δ34SCAS microanalyses indicate a dynamic, climate-influenced Permo-Carboniferous sulfur cycle

Abstract Early isotopic studies of sulfate in carbonate minerals (carbonate associated sulfate; CAS) suggested that carbonates can provide a reliable, well-dated archive of the marine sulfur cycle through time. However, subsequent research has shown that diagenetic alteration can impose highly heterogeneous CAS sulfur isotopic compositions ( δ 34 S CAS ) among different carbonate phases within sediments. Such alteration necessitates targeted sampling of well-preserved, primary carbonate phases. Here, we present a new record of Carboniferous and Early Permian brachiopod δ 34 S CAS generated from over 130 measurements of microsampled brachiopod shells. Our record refines existing brachiopod δ 34 S CAS records and confirms a large, ∼6.5‰ δ 34 S CAS decrease in the Early Carboniferous. Importantly, the record also features a novel 3–5‰ increase in δ 34 S CAS near the Serpukhovian-Bashkirian boundary (323.4 Ma) that coincides with carbonate δ 13 C and δ 18 O increases. Variability in δ 34 S CAS is minor both within (≤0.3‰) and among (≤2‰) individual co-depositional brachiopod specimens. A taxon-specific δ 34 S CAS offset is present one species (Composita subtilita) that also exhibits a δ 13 C offset, supporting the existence of biological “vital effects” on δ 34 S CAS . Geologic evidence and mathematical modeling of the Permo-Carboniferous carbon and sulfur cycles suggest that changes in the burial ratio of organic carbon to pyrite sulfur ( R C : S ) are insufficient to explain the observed mid-Carboniferous δ 34 S CAS record. We find that changes in the 34S depletion of pyrite relative to seawater sulfate ( e 34 ) or in the δ 34 S of the input to the ocean ( δ 34 S in ) are also needed. Large additions of O2 from organic carbon burial during the Permo-Carboniferous cannot be entirely compensated for with sulfur cycle changes; lower than modern late Visean pO2 and/or additional O2 sinks are needed to keep pO2 at plausible levels. Based on the geologic context surrounding our record's mid-Carboniferous δ 34 S CAS increase, we advocate for simultaneous changes in pyrite burial, e 34 , and δ 34 S in , driven by sea level or tectonically induced changes in environments of sulfur burial, as a viable mechanism to produce rapid seawater δ 34 S changes.
“Black folks do forage”: Examining wild food gathering in Southeast Atlanta Communities

Abstract Concerns about food sovereignty in western nations have increased in recent years, as incidents of food-borne pathogens are highlighted in the popular press, and calls for locally-sourced food have increased. Wild food foraging has emerged as a response by some segments of the population under the twin rubrics of food sovereignty and food justice. However, virtually all studies looking at these activities focus outside of the U.S. South and contain little information on African American involvement. We investigate both perceptions and participation in urban foraging by African Americans in Atlanta’s Browns Mill-Lakewood community and smaller sections of adjacent communities, with attention to the role of collective efficacy as a predictor of foraging and foraging as a precursor of collective efficacy. A modified proportionate, census guided, systematic random sampling method was used to administer a door-to-door, household survey in the study area to gather these data. Twenty percent of the nearly all African American sample indicated that they had foraged in their neighborhood in the past five years, but not being aware of wild food locations was the most-cited barrier to participating. Results from ordered, logistic regression models also indicated that women were significantly less likely than men to forage, other factors equal; and those who foraged were more likely to have higher collective efficacy scores. Recommendations are made for increasing awareness of wild food locations in southeast Atlanta communities. This involves partnering with a local foraging non-profit group, Concrete Jungle.
Aproximação à transexualidade na literatura contemporânea brasileira: o caso de Deixei ele lá e vim (2006), de Elvira Vigna

Este artigo analisa o trânsito da protagonista transexual Shirley Marlone no romance Deixei ele la e vim (2006), de Elvira Vigna, por diversos espacos sociais, simbolicos e geograficos da cidade. De modo especifico investigamos como essa representacao permite ao leitor mapear relacoes de espacialidade e invisibilidade de pessoas transexuais. Defendemos que essas topografias literarias desenhadas pela autora trazem a tona lacunas e distorcoes de discursos hegemonicos sobre aqueles que transgridem as fronteiras do genero e da sexualidade. Ao faze-lo, a autora desestabiliza categorias essencializadas sobre os corpos e sujeitos, criando novos territorios simbolicos onde mulher transexual e suas experiencias sao visibilizadas e valorizadas.
Properties and characteristics of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope H4RG-10 detectors

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) formerly known as the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope will answer fundamental questions about the evolution of dark energy over time and expand the catalog of known exoplanets into new regions of parameter space. Using a Hubble-sized mirror and 18 newly developed HgCdTe 4K × 4K photodiode arrays (H4RG-10), the Roman Space Telescope will measure the positions and shapes of hundreds of millions of galaxies, the light curves of thousands of supernovae, and the microlensing signals of over a thousand exoplanets toward the bulge of the Galaxy. These measurements require unprecedented sensitivity and characterization of the Wide Field Instrument, particularly its detectors. The Roman project undertook an extensive detector development program to create focal plane arrays that meet these science requirements. We present the performance characteristics of these TRL-6 demonstration devices.
The Sources and Spread of Populism: America

This chapter introduces a section of the book, regarding the spread of nationalist-populism focuses on the United States and the central role played by former President Donald Trump and his extreme right-wing nationalism, nativism, xenophobia, and racism in shaping U.S. between 2016 and his electoral defeat in 2020. Trump is an authoritarian, and the chapter opens with a discussion of authoritarian-populism and the threat it posed to liberal institutions and democracy in America. It describes his warm relations with authoritarian leaders like Russia’s Vladimir Putin, who played a significant role in helping Trump to be elected in 2016. It describes his criticism of alliances, his unorthodox diplomacy, his hostility toward long-time allies and warmth toward foes, his contempt for science, his propensity to lie. The chapter discusses Trump’s populist policies, his impetuosity in making decisions, the chaos in his administration regarding issues such as Russia and trade, and the general inconsistencies of his policies.
Match2: hybrid self-organizing map and deep learning strategies for treatment effect estimation

Estimating treatment effects from observational data through covariate matching remains an active research area in causal inference. Although existing methods may provide accurate results on simulated datasets, knowing how to tune the parameters to accurately estimate treatments in practice can be a challenge, since the ground truth is not known. We provide an explainable hybrid neural network and self-organizing map (SOM) approach, Match2. Using a supervised learning paradigm, our method simultaneously learns a meaningful latent representation with respect to treatment assignment and a nonlinear neighborhood preserving mapping via SOM in the latent space. To select the appropriate latent dimension, we propose a data-driven strategy based on the minimum validation loss for the treatment classification subproblem. Unlike other matching methods, the hybrid SOM-neural network can be used as the basis for visualizing and quantifying the quality of the matches. The user can understand the quality of the matches to provide confidence in the results and detect any potential problems. We design a novel metric to examine the overall quality of matching along with the visualization. We demonstrate strong performance on four benchmark datasets compared to non-neural-network baselines. Integrating a SOM component may potentially benefit other state-of-the-art neural network models for causal effect estimation by gaining interpretability while retaining prediction/estimation accuracy.
Algebraic integers with conjugates in a prescribed distribution

Given a compact subset $\Sigma$ of the real numbers obeying some technical conditions, we consider the set of algebraic integers whose conjugates all lie in $\Sigma$. The distribution of conjugates of such an integer defines a probability measure on $\Sigma$; our main result gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a given probability measure on $\Sigma$ to be the limit of some sequence of distributions of conjugates. As one consequence, we show there are infinitely many totally positive algebraic integers $\alpha$ with $tr(\alpha) < 1.8984\cdot deg(\alpha)$. We also show how this work can be applied to find simple abelian varieties over finite fields with extreme point counts.
Religious Practice and Democracy in India

This book demonstrates the close relationship between religion and democracy in India. Religious practice creates ties among citizens that can generate positive and democratic political outcomes. In pursuing this line of inquiry the book questions a dominant strand in some contemporary social sciences - that a religious denomination (Catholic, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, and so on) is sufficient to explain the relationship between religion and politics or that religion and democracy are antithetical to each other. The book makes a strong case for studying religious practice and placing that practice in the panoply of other social practices and showing that religious practice is positively associated with democracy.
Is there a difference that makes a difference between uBuntu and dignity

In South Africa, both legal and philosophical scholarship frequently draws important contrasts between dignity and uBuntu. In this essay I want to challenge some of the assumptions that underlie these sharp contrasts.
Implications of series-parallel sequencing rules

The need to describe systems composed of both parallel and sequential actions arises both in operating systems, where basically serial processes are organized in parallel, and in digital hardware description, where essentially parallel activities have a sequence imposed on them. The paper examines some of the properties of a specific mechanism, the series-parallel grammar, for specifying sequence information. The method is equivalent to that used for hardware description in the ISP notation of Bell and Newell [1] and to combinations of the Fork and Join primitives of Dennis and Van Horn [2]. The structure imposed by the seriesparallel constraint has useful implications for a design language translator in the areas of timing, bus assignment and conflict checking. The effects of structural constraints in design languages play a role similar to those in structured programming
The role of query sessions in extracting instance attributes from web search queries

Per-instance attributes are acquired using a weakly supervised extraction method which exploits anonymized Web-search query sessions, as an alternative to isolated, individual queries. Examples of these attributes are top speed for chevrolet corvette, or population density for brazil). Inherent challenges associated with using sessions for attribute extraction, such as a large majority of within-session queries not being related to attributes, are overcome by using attributes globally extracted from isolated queries as an unsupervised filtering mechanism. In a head-to-head qualitative comparison, the ranked lists of attributes generated by merging attributes extracted from query sessions, on one hand, and from isolated queries, on another hand, are about 12% more accurate on average, than the attributes extracted from isolated queries by a previous method.
Engineering Aspects of Lower Hybrid Microwave Injection into the Alcator C Tokamak

The authors describe here the RF system currently installed on Alcator C that is being used to inject in excess of 1 MW of net RF power into the tokamak plasma during lower hybrid heating and current drive studies. This system provides for RF power and phase monitoring in each of the individual waveguides of the two 16 waveguide launching arrays, and also for fault protection both at the waveguide arrays and klystrons. Using this system good waveguide-plasma coupling has been obtained and net RF power densities of 9 kW/cm/sup 2/ have been injected by the waveguide array without microwave arcing.
Molecular basis of Qa-11 antigen and paradoxical Qa-gene expression in an H-2 recombinant.

The Qa-11 Ag expressed in certain strains with the B2-microglobulin-b allele, apparently maps into the Tla region as well as into the Qa-2 region. Moreover Qa-11 has been shown to be biochemically indistinguishable from Qa-2. Genetic complementation studies combining the right Qa and Tla regions failed to lead to Qa-11 expression. To elucidate the molecular basis of this apparent paradox, we examined the expression of Qa-11 on products of transfected Q-region class I genes. Immunochemical analysis has shown that the Qa-11 Ag is expressed on class I molecules encoded by the Q7 gene from both C57BL/10 (Q7b) and BALB/c (Q7d), but not on the protein product of the Q9 gene isolated from the C57BL/10 strain (Q9b). Inasmuch as the predicted protein products of the Q7b and Q9b genes would differ at a single amino acid, a residue critical for Qa-11 expression has been identified. Based on these results it is proposed that among the beta-2-mb strains, the Qa-11+/Qa-2+ mice are likely to express at least the Q7 gene, whereas Qa-11-/Qa-2+ mice express only Q9. In support of this model, the Qa-2+/Q-11- recombinant B6.K2, essential for the apparent mapping of Qa-11 into the Tla region, expresses only Q9 but not Q7 encoded molecules on the cell surface, and only Q9 and no processed Q7 mRNA is detected in the cytoplasm. This expression pattern in B6.K2 cannot be explained on the basis of a single crossing-over event.
Templated synthesis of nickel nanoparticles: Toward heterostructured nanocomposites for efficient hydrogen storage

The world is currently facing an energy and environmental crisis for which new technologies are needed. Development of cost-competitive materials for catalysis and hydrogen storage on-board motor vehicles is crucial to lead subsequent generations into a more sustainable and energy independent future. This thesis presents work toward the scalable synthesis of bimetallic heterostructures that can enable hydrogen to compete with carbonaceous fuels by meeting the necessary gravimetric and volumetric energy densities and by enhancing hydrogen sorption/desorption kinetics near ambient temperatures and pressures. Utilizing the well-known phenomenon of hydrogen spillover, these bimetallic heterostructures could work by lowering the activation energy for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of metals. Herein, we report a novel method for the scalable synthesis of silica templated zero-valent nickel particles (Ni⊂SiO{sub 2}) that hold promise for the synthesis of nickel nanorods for use in bimetallic heterostructures for hydrogen storage. Our synthesis proceeds by chemical reduction of a nickel-hydrazine complex with sodium borohydride followed by calcination under hydrogen gas to yield silica encapsulated nickel particles. Transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the general morphology of the resultant nanocapsules as well as the crystalline phases of the incorporated Ni{sup 0} nanocrystals. The structures display strong magnetic more » behavior at room temperature and preliminary data suggests nickel particle size can be controlled by varying the amount of nickel precursor used in the synthesis. Calcination under different environments and TEM analysis provides evidence for an atomic migration mechanism of particle formation. Ni⊂SiO{sub 2} nanocapsules were used as seeds to induce heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth within the nanocapsule via electroless nickel plating. Nickel nanoparticle growth occurs under high temperature alkaline conditions, however silica nanocapsule integrity is not maintained due to the incompatibility of silica with the growth conditions. Silica nanocapsule integrity is maintained under low temperature neutral conditions, but nickel particle growth is not observed. Through FTIR and UV/Vis analysis, we show the degree of crosslinking and condensation increases in calcined silica compared to as-synthesized silica. We propose the increased density of the silica nanocapsule hinders mass transfer of the bulky nickel precursor complex from solution and onto the surface of the “catalytic” zero-valent nickel seed within the nanocapsule cavity. Decreasing the density of the silica nanocapsule can be achieved through co-condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate with an alkyl functionalized silane followed by calcination to remove the organic component or by chemical etching in alkaline solution, but will not be addressed in this thesis. « less
Experiencing fan activism: Understanding the power of fan activist organizations through members' narratives

Fan activism, forms of civic engagement and political participation growing out of experiences of fandom, is a powerful mode of mobilization, particularly for young people. Building on 40 interviews with members of two organizations representing different configurations of fan activism, this article discusses three emerging elements that are key to the experience of membership in such groups. We suggest that the strength of fan activist groups builds on successfully combining these elements: two that are common to fandom, shared media experiences and a sense of community, and one that is traditionally ascribed to volunteerism and activism, the wish to help.
Adding Some Context: The Systemic Constraints on Coercion

The literature has long been searching for the keys to understanding great power coercion. Currently, that literature has focused too narrowly on the coercive demand, failing to recognise that it is actually the end result of a systemically influenced process. This article calls attention to how polarity structures the perceptions and calculations of states. Ultimately, this impacts a sender's ability to project a clear, consistent demand and potent ultimatum as well as the target's calculations for compliance. Thus, if the literature wants to understand fully great power coercion, it is necessary to infuse the systemic context into the discussion.
A New Hybrid Algorithm for Computing a Fast Discrete Fourier Transform

In this paper for certain long transform lengths, Winograd's algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is extended considerably. This is accomplisbed by performing the cyclic convolution, required by Winograd's method, with the Mersenne prime number-theoretic transform developed originally by Rader. This new algorithm requires fewer multiplications than either the standard fast Fourier transform (FFT) or Winograd's more conventional algorithm. However, more additions are required.
The Role of Local Development Organizations in Rural America

Rural communities rely increasingly on local development organizations (LDOs) to promote economic development. The rise of LDOs has been the source of much debate. Using a national data set that links local governments with development organizations, we contrast the economic development activities, and their outcomes, of local governments and development organizations in rural America. We find that LDOs are involved in more economic development activities than are local governments. They are more successful at business recruitment and more effective at retention/expansion, both in number of firms and in jobs. The organizational networks of LDOs and local governments consistently influence their effectiveness. Finally, we examine the effects of an LDO's presence on the outcomes of business recruitment and of retention and expansion activities. The results suggest that the LDOs' success may be due in part to the networks in which they are embedded and to the amount of effort they make to promote growth.
Multielectron atom transfer reactions of perchlorate and other substrates catalyzed by rhenium oxazoline and thiazoline complexes: reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and density functional theory calculations.

The title complexes, the Re(O)L2(Solv)+ complexes (L = hoz, 2-(2‘-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline(−) or thoz, 2-(2‘-hydroxyphenyl)-2-thiazoline(−); Solv = H2O or CH3CN), are effective catalysts for the following fundamental oxo transfer reaction between closed shell molecules: XO + Y → X + YO. Among suitable oxygen acceptors (Y's) are organic thioethers and phosphines, and among suitable oxo donors (XO's) are pyridine N-oxide (PyO), t-BuOOH, and inorganic oxyanions. One of the remarkable features of these catalysts is their high kinetic competency in effecting perchlorate reduction by pure atom transfer. Oxo transfer to rhenium(V) proceeds cleanly to afford the cationic dioxorhenium(VII) complex Re(O)2L2+ in a two-step mechanism, rapid substrate (XO) coordination to give the precursor adduct cis-ReV(O)(OX)L2+ followed by oxygen atom transfer (OAT) as the rate determining step. Electronic variations with PyO derivatives demonstrated that electron-withdrawing substituents accelerate the rate of ReVII(O)2L2+ for...
Lipid droplets: Proteins floating on a pool of fat

Proteins on the surface of lipid storage droplets are crucial to droplet structure and function, but are poorly understood. Recent reports reveal a function for perilipins, major lipid droplet proteins in adipocytes, and show that caveolin proteins can accumulate on lipid droplets.
Folded potentials for deuteron intermediate channels

Abstract The effects of coupled reaction channels on proton elastic scattering from 12 C in the energy range 60–183 MeV are studied. The back couplings from (p,d) channels are found to be larger than from inelastic channels, and the effects of all back couplings decrease with energy. Near 60 MeV, analysis of the revised optical potentials needed to refit elastic-scattering data shows a clear preference for folded deuteron potentials in the intermediate channels of the calculations.
Experimental Study of Rotating Stall in Vaneless Diffuser of a Centrifugal Compressor

In this study, with a focus on the rotating stall phenomenon in the vaneless diffuser of a centrifugal compressor, 2D-PIV is conducted to better understand the flow structure. Although many studies have reported concerning this problem, most data is obtained through experiments under lower speed conditions, using a simplified model or equipment. Unlike such studies, a ship board turbocharger compressor with a higher impeller rotation speed is selected as an application for the present measurement. In the measurement, an ensemble-averaged phase locking technique is also selected to compensate for the lack of time resolution of the PIV system. Since rotating stall in vaneless diffuser results in a huge amplitude of pressure fluctuation, the trigger signal for the ensemble-averaged measurement was constructed from diffuser wall pressure. The equipment layout for PIV is set to a cross sectional measurement of constant span height in the diffuser passage. PIV is conducted through a sight glass mounted on the diffuser shroud wall, the field of view of which is limited by its size. To obtain the whole flow structure of the diffuser passage, the measurement is repeated for different cyclic phases of the phenomenon.Five different span heights ranging from diffuser hub to shroud were selected as velocity measurement planes. The result obtained at the mid span indicates a typical pattern of the flow field containing containing low and high-velocity regions mutually in a circumferential direction. Considering other results obtained at different span heights, the whole flow structure is visualized and utilizing this data, both a wall separation pattern and a stall propagation mechanism are considered.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Nuclear Scaffold Organization in the X-ray Sensitive Chinese Hamster Mutant Cell Line, xrs-5

Nuclear organization was probed in the radiation-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary CHO) cell line, xrs-5, and compared with parental CHO K1 cells using the resinless section technique and DNase I digestions. The resinless section data showed no gross morphological differences in core filaments from the nuclear scaffolds of unirradiated CHO K1 and xrs-5 cells. However, the nuclear scaffolds of irradiated xrs-5 cells (1 Gy) had significantly increased ground substance. Irradiated and unirradiated CHO K1 cell nuclear scaffolds were morphologically identical. These data suggest that both CHO K1 and xrs-5 cell nuclear scaffolds had internal nuclear scaffolding networks that could provide DNA attachment sites. The rate of DNase I digestion of unirradiated CHO K1 and xrs-5 was not significantly different, but the extent of digestion was greater in unirradiated CHO K1 cells that in xrs-5 cells suggesting that less xrs-5 cell chromatin at DNA attachment points is accessible to the enzyme DNase I. The extents of digestion in irradiated (1 Gy) CHO K1 and xrs-5 cell nuclei also differed but the relationship was reversed. The irradiated xrs-5 cell samples were digested to a greater extent compared with CHO K1 cells. These chromatin digestion data suggest that the matrix attachment regions in xrs-5 cells are different from CHO K1 cells. The different DNA attachment organization in the xrs-5 cells may play a role in modulating radiation sensitivity.
An outbreak of Eosinophilic Bronchitis in Horses possibly associated with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infection

SUMMARY Eight mature horses which had been affected with a moist cough for six weeks were found to have large numbers of eosinophils in tracheal mucus samples taken by transtracheal washing. These horses were kept on irrigated pasture and fed a hay-free diet. A companion yearling donkey was found to be passing Dictyocaulus arnfieldi larvae*** in its faeces. Two oral treatments with a dose of thiabendazole (440 mg/kg) resulted in the resolution of the clinical signs and the disappearance of eosinophils from transtracheal washings. The eosinophilic bronchitis seen in these horses was presumed to be a manifestation of prepatent D arnfieldi infestation. RESUME Huit chevaux adultes presenterent une toux grasse durant six semaines, et l'on trouva un grand nombre d'eosinophiles dans le mucus tracheal preleve sur ces animaux. Ces chevaux etaient eleves sur des pâturages irrigues et nourris de foin a volonte. Un âne d'un an, leur commensal, elimina des larves de Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, dans un feces. Deux traitements a l'aide de thiabendazole (440 mg/kg), firent disparaitre les signes cliniques et les eosinophiles du mucus tracheal. On soupĉonne la bronchite eosinophilique constatee chez ces chevaux, d'avoir ete la manifestation initiale d'un parasitisme par Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 8 Pferden, die schon seit 6 Wochen an einem feuchten Husten gelitten hatten, wurde eine grosse Anzahl von Eosinophilen im Trachealschleim festgestellt. Diese Pferde waren auf einer bewasserten Weide gehalten worden und erhielten eine heulose Diat. Bei einem Esel-Jahrling konnten dann im Kot Larven von Dictyocaulus arnfieldi festgestellt werden. Zwei orale Behandlungen mit Thiabendazol (440 mg/kg) bewirkten ein Verschwinden der klinischen Krankheitszeichen und auch der Eosinophilen aus den Trachealspulungen. Es wird angenommen, dass die eosinophile Bronchitis dieser Pferde eine Manifestation einer prapatenten D. arnfieldi-Infestation gewesen ist.
Comparison of American Joint Committee on Cancer Pathological Stage T2a Versus T2b Urothelial Carcinoma: Analysis of Patient Outcomes in Organ Confined Bladder Cancer

Purpose: We determined whether there is a difference in survival parameters in patients with pathological T2a vs T2b urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.Materials and Methods: We reviewed clinical data on patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between 1995 and 2005. Patients with nontransitional cell bladder cancer, nodal disease or unknown nodal status were excluded from review. Of the 790 reviewed patients 123 (15.4%) were diagnosed with lymph node negative pathological T2 urothelial cancer of the bladder. The impact of pathological substaging (pT2a vs pT2b) was examined to determine the effect on overall, disease specific and recurrence-free survival.Results: Mean patient age was 65.3 years (range 35 to 84). Median overall followup was 29 months (range 0.53 to 144.27). Median followup in patients alive at last followup was 48.3 months (range 1.1 to 139.9). Actuarial overall survival at 5 years was 52.8% in pT2a cases and 49.6% in pT2b cases (p = 0.89). Actuarial disease spec...
PMU-based wide-area security assessment: Concept, method, and implementation

This paper presents a concept, method, and implementation of utilizing phasor measurement unit (PMU) information to monitor the wide-area security of a power system. The close dependency of major transmission paths requires an approach that takes that interaction into account while establishing operational transfer capability, and evaluates grid reliability and security on a system-wide basis. Thus, the concept of wide-area security region, which considers all essential constraints, including thermal, voltage stability, transient stability, and small signal stability, is proposed. Numerical simulations have been performed for the full size Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system model, which comprises 15,126 buses and 3,034 generators. Simulation results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach, and proved that the proposed approach can significantly enhance the wide-area situation awareness for a bulk power system like WECC.
Le Problème de contrôle impulsionnel optimal déterministe et l'inéquation quasi-variationnelle du premier ordre associée

On caracterise le cout optimal d'un probleme de controle impulsionnel deterministe comme la solution maximum d'une inequation quasi-variationnelle du premier ordre. On donne une estimation de la vitesse de convergence uniforme de la suite des problemes de temps d'arret associee. On obtient egalement quelques proprietes de regularite pour le cout optimal.
Low-temperature, high-stress deformation of olivine under water-saturated conditions

Abstract Low-temperature high-stress rheology of olivine was investigated under water-saturated conditions by large strain shear deformation experiments using the Griggs-type apparatus. Samples at T = 1273–1373 K and P = 2 GPa under water-saturated conditions deformed under a significantly lower applied stress than expected from the power-law relation and the strain rate increases more rapidly with stress. These observations suggest that an exponential flow law operates under the present experimental conditions, in which the stress dependence of activation enthalpy is characterized by the Peierls stress. The Peierls stress is determined between 1.6 and 2.9 GPa depending on the choice of the form of stress dependence of the activation enthalpy. These values are significantly smaller than the Peierls stress under dry conditions (9.1 GPa). We suggest that water (hydrogen) incorporated in the olivine lattices decreases the Peierls stress, and hence the rate of deformation in the exponential creep is significantly enhanced by the presence of water. The reduction of the Peierls stress by water results in the highly anisotropic weakening effect of water that causes the fabric transitions in olivine. The transition between the power-law and the exponential creep occurs at relatively low stress ∼100 MPa at a geologically relevant strain rate of 10 −15 s −1 when temperature is lower than 1273 K and under water-rich conditions. Hence, the exponential creep might be dominated in olivine-rich rocks at low-temperature and high-stress under water-rich conditions, and such regions could be widespread in the subduction zone upper mantle where the cold lithospheric plates sink into the mantle.
Effect of Bedding Materials on Concentration of Odorous Compounds and Escherichia coli in Beef Cattle Bedded Manure Packs

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of bedding material (corn stover, soybean stover, wheat straw, switchgrass, wood chips, wood shavings, corn cobs, and shredded paper) on concentration of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOC) in bedded pack material and to determine the effect of bedding material on the levels of total in laboratory-scaled bedded manure packs. Four bedded packs of each bedding material were maintained for two 6-wk periods ( = 64). Straight- and branched-chained fatty acids and aromatic compounds were measured. Corn cob bedding had the highest concentration of odorous VOC, and wood shavings had the lowest ( < 0.01). Calculated odor activity values were highest for corn cob bedding and shredded paper and lowest for wood shavings ( < 0.01). concentrations decreased from week to week for all treatments from Week 2 to Week 6. At Week 6, levels in bedded packs with shredded paper were higher ( < 0.05) than bedded packs containing wood shavings, wood chips, or switchgrass ( < 0.05). At Weeks 4, 5, and 6, concentrations in bedded packs with wood shavings were lower ( < 0.05) than bedded packs of all treatments except wood chips. Results of this study indicate that ground corn cobs or shredded paper may increase odor production and shredded paper may increase when used in deep-bedded livestock facilities, whereas wood shavings may have the least impact on air quality and .
Comparing biophysical properties of the Streletskaya Steppe Reserve and the Konza Prairie

Reflected radiation by a crop canopy can be influenced by changes in the biological processes and physical attributes of the canopy. The study was conducted to characterize the effective leaf area index (LAI) and leaf angle distribution of the Streletskaya Steppe Reserve of the Russian Republic and the Konza Prairie in Kansas and to determine dependence of leaf optical properties on leaf water potentials of some dominant species in discrete wavebands in the visible and near‐infrared (NIR) (spanning 400–1000 nm range). Biophysical properties were measured in July 1991 during the Kursk Experiment (KUREX‐91) and in the summer of 1989 during the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE‐89). Leaf area index, leaf angle distribution, mean tilt angle, canopy height, leaf optical properties, and leaf water potential were measured. Generally, the KUREX‐91 steppe sites were characterized by high leaf area index and an uniform leaf angle distribution, while the FIFE‐89 prairie sites were characterized by low leaf area in...
Proper Depth of Placement of Nasotracheal Tubes in Adults Prior to Radiographic Confirmation

Objective: To determine the optimal initial depth of tube placement in nasotracheal intubation (NTI) of adult patients, measured at the naris, prior to obtaining a chest radiograph (CXR). Methods: Part 1: A prospective, observational study was performed to compare the initial depth of NTI, measured at the naris, with the observed height of the endotracheal tube (ETT) tip above the carina on the initial CXR. Optimal depths were predicted by gender. Part 2: Results from Part 1 were prospectively validated by measuring the frequency of adequate placement when ETTs were placed to this depth. ETT placement was considered adequate if the tip was at least 2 cm above the carina and below the larynx on the CXR. Results: Part 1: The mean depth measured at the naris was 27.5 ± 1.5 cm in women (n = 50) and 27.8 ± 1.0 cm in men (n = 74). The mean distance of the tip of the ETT to the carina was 3.9 ± 2.7 cm in women and 6.4 ± 2.2 cm in men. Initial tube position was adequate in 39 (78%) of the women and 72 (97%) of the men. It was determined that if a depth of 26 cm had been used in the women and 28 cm in the men, 45 (90%) of the women and 70 (95%) of the men would have had adequate tube placement, resulting in statistically significant improvement of placement in the women (p < 0.05; McNemar & chi2)- Part 2: These calculated depths (26 and 28 cm) were then prospectively applied in 26 women and 52 men. Twenty-five (96%) of 26 women and 51 (98%) of 52 men had adequate placement, with a mean height above the carina of 4.5 ±1.4 cm in women and 5.6 ± 1.8 cm in men. Conclusion: Initial placement of NTI at 26 cm in women and 28 cm in men, measured at the naris, resulted in adequate initial placement for most adult patients.
Influence of scattering on MeV He+ channeling in Si overlaid by amorphous films

Abstract MeV He + channeling measurements of Si covered with Al and Au layers indicate that minimum yield follows plural and multiple scattering calculations. The rate of dechanneling and angular dependence of the yield differs in the two scattering regimes.