cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors in Environmental Improvement: Developing and Industrial Nations

When considering Worldwide environmental questions, it is convenient to compare the extremes of Developing Nations and Industrial Societies. Developing Nations are assumed to have a Gross National Product (GNP) of 4,000 dollars per capita per year or less with Industrial Nations having 10-12,000 dollars per capita per year or more. Using the history of the development of the U.S.A. as an Industrial Nation by reviewing its statistics over the period of about 1890 to the present, it can be seen that it mirrored the “environmental ” problems now observed in Developing Societies. It is accordingly suggested that it is not reasonable to expect environmental improvement as defined by the standards/criteria of the U.S.A. and other Industrial Nations to be possible for Developing Nations until their GNP reaches a similar level. Further, the Industrial Nations appear to be using a narrow definition of environmental improvement which wastes funds, harms their net environment and limits the possibility of aid for Developing Nations. It can also be argued that the World has become a single society in which Industrial and Developing areas cannot continue to separately exist, and that the net World environment will continue to degrade until Industrial Societies accurately define their environmental needs, maximize their use of funds and aid Developing Societies to increase GNP per person so that funds for World environmental improvement are available.
Characterization of Blood Volume Space and Mitochondrial Activity in Functional Renal Cells.

Abstract Renal function can become compromised in the event of shock, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). As a result, microcirculatory dysfunction and disruption of oxygen homeostastis is observed, which leads to a shift in mitochondrial bioenergetics. These events can be studied by assessing the functionality in healthy, normal states and diseased states. Characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial activity and capillary blood volume space in healthy renal cells was performed using intravital multi-photon microscopy. The developed metrics that were used for depiction and quantification of the physiologic normal state can be applied to a diseased state, allowing the extent of microcirculatory dysfunction to be observed and evaluated.
Study of Accessibility Guidelines of Mobile Applications

With the increased ubiquity of mobile devices around the world, it is imperative to ensure that these devices and their applications (apps) are accessible to users with disabilities. Although design style guides are undergoing a paradigm shift with the promotion of 'mobile-first' ideology, we have yet to witness a concrete step being taken towards the establishment of universal guidelines for mobile app accessibility. To address this issue, we compile an exhaustive list of guidelines to gauge mobile app accessibility. We present a mobile-specific framework to categorize the guidelines. We then underline the importance of these clearly defined guidelines by putting the most popular 25 apps from the Google Play Store under their lens. The results indicate low rates of violations of accessibility guidelines at the system level, and a high rate of violations at design and content levels. We highlight the most and the least violated guidelines. We discuss in detail the overall accessibility of evaluated apps and identified patterns in violations of established rules.
Abstract P141: Aging in Mice Enhances Microvascular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) That Impair the Anti-Contractile Actions of Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT)

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to oxidative stress and aging that predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD). Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) enhances endothelial function and r...
Sense, reference and substitution

We show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, Frege’s distinction between sense and reference does not reconcile a classical logic of identity with apparent counterexamples to it involving proper names embedded under propositional attitude verbs.
Log pairs on hypersurfaces of degreeN in {\(N{\text{ in }}\mathbb{P}^N \)

The objective of this paper is to study the birational structure of smooth hypersurfaces of degreeN in\(N{\text{ in }}\mathbb{P}^N \) by examining properties of moving log pairs on them.
Quantifying the Spatial Extent and Distribution of Estuarine Habitat with Changing Salinity: Do Positive, Neutral, and Negative Estuaries Respond Differently to Salinity Variation?

Salinity is known to be a driving factor in defining habitat suitability for estuarine-dependent species. With increased demands placed on freshwater resources and extreme drought conditions becoming prevalent for many coastal regions, it is important to understand how these changes may impact the extent and distribution of suitable habitat for species that rely on the passage of freshwater to the coastal region. Here, habitat suitability models were constructed for three estuarine species (Farfantepenaeus aztecus, Micropogonias undulatus, and Cynoscion nebulosus) across three estuary classes (based on freshwater balance: positive, neutral, and negative estuaries) and for three simulated salinity regimes (low, moderate, and high salinities). The impact of changing salinity regimes on habitat suitability varied most notably at the species level but also varied significantly across the three estuary types examined. Of the three species examined, F. aztecus showed relatively little salinity-related variation in habitat extent or distribution. Variation in M. undulatus and C. nebulosus salinity impact was especially clear in relatively neutral and positive estuaries where distribution of habitat within the estuary under the varying salinity regimes followed intra-estuarine salinity gradients to match salinity preference for each species and typically resulted in a gradual shrinking of highly suitable habitat area into the far upper estuary as salinities increased. While salinity was not found to be the only or even the most impactful of variables regarding habitat suitability, model outputs show that at the estuary scale, salinity can have substantial influence on the spatial extent and distribution of suitable habitat and this influence is not constant across estuary types. Modeling exercises such as this are the first step in communicating such impacts and focusing the vigilance of resource managers towards vulnerable species and habitat regions.
The Outbreak of the Rebellion of Cyrus the Younger

Xenophon’s chronology (open rebellion in 401) can be confirmed, but he misrepresents the significance of several earlier events in order to portray Artaxerxes II as ignorant of Cyrus' ambitions.
Maestro: a remote execution tool for visualization clusters

ABSTRACT In recent years immersive visualization systems have transitioned from running on large sharedmemory systems to clusters of commodity PCs. While there has been much research done to createmiddleware to manage application synchronization, there has been very little work done to allow easyexecution of immersive applications on a cluster. Although there are existing remote execution tools,they are targeted at high performance computing (HPC) and enterprise administration. This thesispresents Maestro, a cross-platform remote execution tool designed speciﬁcally for visualization clus-ters. The goals of Maestro, a description of its design, and a detailed discussion of its implementationare provided. The design description gives explanations of the three components of Maestro: the corethat handles networking and security, the user interface that controls the cluster, and the daemon oneach cluster node. Maestro has been successfully deployed on numerous large visualization clusters,which have led to reﬁnements and improvements to the tool.
Galtonosides A–E: Antiproliferative and Antiplasmodial Cholestane Glycosides from Galtonia regalis

An extract of Galtonia regalis from the Natural Products Discovery Institute showed moderate antiplasmodial activity, with an IC50 value less than 1.25 μg/mL. The two known cholestane glycosides 1 and 2 and the five new cholestane glycosides galtonosides A-E (3-7) were isolated after bioassay-directed fractionation. The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of their NMR and mass spectra. Among these compounds, galtonoside B (4) displayed the most potent antiplasmodial activity, with an IC50 value of 0.214 μM against the drug-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum.
Wednesday Plenary: Machine Learning and Hardware Security Technologies for the Nanoscale era: Challenges & Opportunities

This talk will highlight some of the emerging challenges and opportunities for next generation nanoscale machine learning and hardware security technologies in the rapidly evolving loT industry. New and emerging loT markets for autonomous vehicles, drones and wearables require even higher performance and security at much lower cost while reducing energy consumption. Some of the prominent barriers to designing high performance and energy-efficient multi-core microprocessors and SoCs in the sub-10nm technology nodes will be outlined. Emerging trends in SoC circuit design for machine learning and deep neural networks, specialized accelerators for nearest neighbor computing and reconfigurable multi-precision matrix multipliers, ultra-low-voltage logic and memory circuits, on-chip interconnect fabric circuits, ultra-lightweight encryption engines, physically unclonable functions and fully-digital random number generator security building blocks are described. Future brain-inspired neuromorphic computing circuit design challenges and technologies will also be reviewed.
Building a protein name dictionary from full text: a machine learning term extraction approach

The majority of information in the biological literature resides in full text articles, instead of abstracts. Yet, abstracts remain the focus of many publicly available literature data mining tools. Most literature mining tools rely on pre-existing lexicons of biological names, often extracted from curated gene or protein databases. This is a limitation, because such databases have low coverage of the many name variants which are used to refer to biological entities in the literature. We present an approach to recognize named entities in full text. The approach collects high frequency terms in an article, and uses support vector machines (SVM) to identify biological entity names. It is also computationally efficient and robust to noise commonly found in full text material. We use the method to create a protein name dictionary from a set of 80,528 full text articles. Only 8.3% of the names in this dictionary match SwissProt description lines. We assess the quality of the dictionary by studying its protein name recognition performance in full text. This dictionary term lookup method compares favourably to other published methods, supporting the significance of our direct extraction approach. The method is strong in recognizing name variants not found in SwissProt.
Induction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early gene expression by a cellular activity expressed in Vero and NB41A3 cells after growth arrest-release.

Abstract Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), a major immediate-early regulatory protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), activates expression of all classes of HSV genes as well as a variety of heterologous viral and cellular genes. Previous studies have shown that a cellular activity expressed maximally in Vero cells 8 h after release from growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle can enhance plaque formation and gene expression of a mutant virus (7134) lacking both copies of the gene encoding ICP0 (W. Cai and P. Schaffer, J. Virol. 65:4078-4090, 1991). This observation suggests that the cellular activity can substitute for ICP0 to activate viral gene expression. To further characterize this cellular activity, Vero and NB41A3 (mouse neuroblastoma) cells were transfected at various times after release from growth arrest with promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs containing promoters representing the major kinetic classes of HSV genes, and CAT activity was measured from 2 to 24 h postrelease. The results of these tests demonstrate that CAT expression from immediate-early promoter-CAT plasmids was enhanced 10- and 3-fold when Vero and NB41A3 cells were transfected at 6 and 2 h postrelease, respectively. In contrast, only low levels of immediate-early promoter-driven CAT activity were apparent when cells were transfected at later times postrelease. No significant stimulation of CAT activity was observed from promoter-CAT plasmids containing representative early or late HSV promoters or a heterologous viral (simian virus 40 early) promoter. Differences in the efficiency of uptake of plasmid DNA by cells at various times postrelease did not account for the observed differences in CAT expression. Unlike Vero cells, in which cell division resumed after release from growth arrest, division of NB41A3 cells did not resume. Rather, these cells displayed morphological features suggestive of a differentiated phenotype. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a cellular activity expressed in Vero and NB41A3 cells after release from growth arrest can activate HSV gene expression by enhancing immediate-early gene expression.
To(o) Queer or Not

SUMMARY While much has been written on the implications of queer theory for lesbian sexuality, little attention has been paid to its impact on lesbian community and subsequent formulations of lesbian identity. The essay argues that theories of identity emerge in part from their interactions with lesbian sexual practice situated within the context of lesbian community. Because lesbian community serves as an important base for socio-political activism, queer theory's destabilization of identity and sexuality has a direct impact on our ability to effect social change. The essay concludes with suggestions for more positive relationships between queer and lesbian communities than have been explored in the past.
Self-reactive γδ T cells are eliminated in the thymus

The genes encoding a gamma delta T-cell receptor specific for a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule encoded by the TIa locus have been inserted into the mouse germ line. In mice that do not express the TIa-encoded determinant, transgenic gamma delta T cells are a functional component of the CD4-CD8- 'double-negative' T cells in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. In mice that express the TIa-encoded determinant, there are no transgenic gamma delta T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, and there are no thymocytes expressing normal levels of the transgenic gamma delta T-cell receptor.
Minority by Ethnicity, Gender, and Other Factors

This chapter focuses on how majority-minority relationship affects the patient-therapist relationship in psychotherapies. Minority refers to a group of people that is customarily treated as less important, with less privilege, in the social system. It is considered of lower status and may even be discriminated against by other groups for various reasons, such as its political, religious, socioeconomic, ethnic/racial, or cultural background, unusual physical conditions, or merely because it has fewer numbers. Minority is a term used in oppositional relation to "majority," which implies a group of people of remarkably larger size, an inherited more dominant or higher social position, customarily with the tendency to exercise privilege and power over the minority group. People usually associate the term minority with ethnic or racial groups, however minority status in relation to gender or sexual orientation has attracted attention since the 1970s. When people of a minority group are treated unfairly by the majority and severely discriminated against for a long time, they tend to suffer from psychological feelings of inferiority, inadequacy, or powerlessness, and often have unspoken feelings of fear and resentment toward the majority. Members of the minority tend to be deprived of opportunities for progress and achievement, which may affect their self-image and confidence, resulting in negative group identification. Depending on the nature of the existing majority-minority relationship, the therapist-patient relationship may be characterized by problems of trust, feelings of inequality, resentment, or hatefulness. When a therapist of a majority background treats a patient of a minority background, efforts should to be made by the therapist to develop empathyfor the patient and, by the patient, to develop trustin and identification with the therapist.
A method for finding single-nucleotide polymorphisms with allele frequencies in sequences of deep coverage

The allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are needed to select an optimal subset of common SNPs for use in association studies. Sequence-based methods for finding SNPs with allele frequencies may need to handle thousands of sequences from the same genome location (sequences of deep coverage). We describe a computational method for finding common SNPs with allele frequencies in single-pass sequences of deep coverage. The method enhances a widely used program named PolyBayes in several aspects. We present results from our method and PolyBayes on eighteen data sets of human expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with deep coverage. The results indicate that our method used almost all single-pass sequences in computation of the allele frequencies of SNPs. The new method is able to handle single-pass sequences of deep coverage efficiently. Our work shows that it is possible to analyze sequences of deep coverage by using pairwise alignments of the sequences with the finished genome sequence, instead of multiple sequence alignments.
Mapping Transcriptional Networks in Plants: Data-Driven Discovery of Novel Biological Mechanisms

In plants, systems biology approaches have led to the generation of a variety of large data sets. Many of these data are created to elucidate gene expression profiles and their corresponding transcriptional regulatory mechanisms across a range of tissue types, organs, and environmental conditions. In an effort to map the complexity of this transcriptional regulatory control, several types of experimental assays have been used to map transcriptional regulatory networks. In this review, we discuss how these methods can be best used to identify novel biological mechanisms by focusing on the appropriate biological context. Translating network biology back to gene function in the plant, however, remains a challenge. We emphasize the need for validation and insight into the underlying biological processes to successfully exploit systems approaches in an effort to determine the emergent properties revealed by network analyses.
Epigenetic switching of transcriptional states: cis- and trans-acting factors affecting establishment of silencing at the HMR locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract In this study, we used the ADE2 gene in a colony color assay to monitor transcription from the normally silent HMR mating-type locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This sensitive assay reveals that some previously identified cis- and trans-acting mutations destabilize silencing, causing genetically identical cells to switch between repressed and derepressed transcriptional states. Deletion of the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) consensus element at the HMR-E silencer or mutation of the silencer binding protein RAP1 (rap1s) results in the presence of large sectors within individual colonies of both repressed (Ade-, pink) and derepressed (Ade+, white) cells. These results suggest that both the ARS consensus element and the RAP1 protein play a role in the establishment of repression at HMR. In diploid cells, the two copies of HMR appear to behave identically, suggesting that the switching event, though apparently stochastic, reflects some property of the cell rather than a specific event at each HMR locus. In the ADE2 assay system, silencing depends completely upon the function of the SIR genes, known trans-acting regulators of the silent loci, and is sensitive to the gene dosage of two SIR genes, SIR1 and SIR4. Using the ADE2 colony color assay in a genetic screen for suppressors of rap1s, silencer ARS element deletion double mutants, we have identified a large number of genes that may affect the establishment of repression at the HMR silent mating-type locus.
Fe3Si nanoparticles for alternating magnetic field heating

In this paper, Fe3Si nanoparticles were fabricated and studied for alternating magnetic field heating. High-magnetic-moment and large magnetic anisotropy energy barrier were found for those particles through the temperature-dependent magnetic characterization and dynamic coercivity analysis. Although a large hysteresis area was expected for the nanoparticles to generate appreciable heat, it is not necessary so when only the criteria of saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy energy barrier are fulfilled. Heating performance of Fe3Si nanoparticles was investigated. Field-dependent magnetic characterization unravels the fact that sufficient switching of magnetic nanoparticles is critical for heat generation.
Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in a patient with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

Abstract Objective: To assess plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in a patient with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Design: Case report. Setting: Private, university-affiliated infertility practice. Patient(s): A 35-year-old woman with OHSS. Intervention(s): Clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma ACE activity. Result(s): The patient had a brain stem infarction as a result of thrombosis caused by severe OHSS. Plasma ACE activity was significantly elevated and persisted long after resolution of the OHSS. Conclusion(s): Elevated ACE activity appears to have been associated with the development of OHSS in this patient. Further study of the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in the development of OHSS is warranted.
Radiology of biliary complications following paediatric liver transplantation

Biliary complications (BC) are well recognised following paediatric liver transplantation. We reviewed retrospectively 169 consecutive liver transplants performed in 139 children. BC occurred in 36/169 grafts (21 %) in 35/139 patients (25 %). Biliary obstruction was present in 18/169 grafts (11 %), biliary leakage in 14/169 grafts (8 %) and a combination of obstruction and leakage was present in 4/169 (2 %) grafts. BC were as likely to present radiologically as they were with either clinical and/or biochemical abnormalities. Most BC (26/36, i. e. 72 %) occurred in the first 2 weeks following transplantation. Ultrasound and cholangiography were the principle imaging modalities used for detection of these complications. False negative ultrasound examinations occurred in three patients with biliary obstruction and in three patients with biliary leakage. False negative cholangiograms occurred in two patients with biliary leakage. Ultrasound is important in the post-operative surveillance of paediatric liver transplants, with cholangiography having a complementary role in those with BC.
Challenging Assumptions About Minority Participation in US Clinical Research

Although extensive research addresses minorities' low participation in clinical research, most focuses almost exclusively on therapeutic trials. The existing literature might mask important issues concerning minorities' participation in clinical trials, and minorities might actually be overrepresented in phase I safety studies that require the participation of healthy volunteers. It is critical to consider the entire spectrum of clinical research when discussing the participation of disenfranchised groups; the literature on minorities' distrust, poor access, and other barriers to trial participation needs reexamination. Minority participation in clinical trials is an important topic in public health discussions because this representation touches on issues of equality and the elimination of disparities, which are core values of the field.
Mathematics and symbol manipulation

I would like to present some ideas on what I believe symbol manipulation programs should look like. My comments are based on my experience using MACSYMA [6] for the past seven years. I am also somewhat familiar with REDUCE [3] and the new program, SMP [1]. Some of my comments come from difficulties I have encountered in using MACSYMA and teaching others to use MACSYMA. However, my basic interest is in making symbol manipulation programs know more mathematics than they now know.
Generation of a Kupffer Cell-evading Adenovirus for Systemic and Liver-directed Gene Transfer

As much as 90% of an intravenously (i.v.) injected dose of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is absorbed and destroyed by liver Kupffer cells. Viruses that escape these cells can then transduce hepatocytes after binding factor X (FX). Given that interactions with FX and Kupffer cells are thought to occur on the Ad5 hexon protein, we replaced its exposed hypervariable regions (HVR) with those from Ad6. When tested in vivo in BALB/c mice and in hamsters, the Ad5/6 chimera mediated >10 times higher transduction in the liver. This effect was not due to changes in FX binding. Rather, Ad5/6 appeared to escape Kupffer cell uptake as evidenced by producing no Kupffer cell death in vivo, not requiring predosing in vivo, and being phagocytosed less efficiently by macrophages in vitro compared to Ad5. When tested as a helper-dependent adenovirus (Ad) vector, Ad5/6 mediated higher luciferase and factor IX transgene expression than either helper-dependent adenoviral 5 (HD-Ad5) or HD-Ad6 vectors. These data suggest that the Ad5/6 hexon-chimera evades Kupffer cells and may have utility for systemic and liver-directed therapies.
Plurivesicular Nerve Endings in the Pulmonary Artery

PREVIOUS electron microscopic studies of blood vessels have failed to reveal “nerve endings” or synaptic regions within the muscularis1–4 although small bundles of mye-linated and unmyelinated axons have been clearly seen in the adventitia. The specific histological fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp5 for catecholamines has provided morphological evidence for the intraneuronal, varicose distribution of the adrenergic transmitter in blood vessels6. While electron microscopic details are available on the terminal autonomic innervation of non-vascular smooth muscle7–10, the identification of comparable neuro-effector relationships in blood vessels is lacking, apart from the preliminary observations of de Robertis and de Iraldi11.
Alpha activity: the influence of unpatterned light input and auditory feedback.

Abstract The electroencephalographic alpha activity was studied in ten nonpaid healthy volunteers of either sex, 24-to-27 years of age, under the following experimental conditions: in the dark, in the presence of light of various intensity (1-foot candle, 3-foot candle, and 15-foot candle), with and without alpha contingent auditory feedback. Subjects wore light-diffusing goggles that prevented patterned vision throughout the experimental session. The diffuse-light input was found to be devoid of any effect on alpha activity in the absence of auditory feedback. However, during the feedback, the light intensity above 1-foot candle had a significant suppressant effect on alpha activity. This phenomenon can be explained by an interaction between these two modalities. The 40-minute feedback training did not enhance the basic capacity of subjects to produce alpha activity above their own baseline level.
SU-GG-T-530: Comparison of Coplanar and Non-Coplanar Intensity Modulated Arc Techniques for Treatment of Intracranial Multi-Focal Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Objectives: Intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) can potentially be a useful technique for the treatment of multi‐focal intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) with a single isocenter setup. This study compares the effects of coplanar and non‐coplanar beams on IMAT SRS plans. Methods: A Novalis TX linear accelerator system with a high‐definition multi‐leaf collimator (HDMLC, lead width 2.5 mm at isocenter) was used for treatment. RapidArc with beam modulation using HDMLC at each position along the arcs was used for treatment planning. Cone‐beam CT(CBCT)images were used for precise localization prior to treatment delivery. Patients with 2 to 5 lesions that were treated with conventional SRS plans using dynamic arc and conformal beams were retrospectively planned with RapidArc. Single‐arc IMAT plans are compared to 5‐arc IMAT plans for target coverage, conformity index (CI), and the volume within the low dose (5 Gy) isodose line. Results: The conformality index of non‐coplanar 5‐arc IMAT plans is better than that of the single‐arc IMAT plans. The CI's for a four lesion SRS case are 1.38, 2.29, 1.33, 1.51 for the non‐coplanar 5‐arc IMAT plan and 1.82, 2.83, 1.62, 1.97 for the single‐arc IMAT plan respectively. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the isodose distribution for non‐coplanar 5‐arc and single‐arc IMAT plans. The volume within the 5 Gy isodose line of non‐coplanar 5‐arc IMAT plans is smaller than that of single‐arc IMAT plans. Conclusion: IMAT can be used for stereotactic radiosurgery of multiple intracranial lesions with a single isocenter setup to significantly reduce the treatment time. Non‐coplanar IMAT plans are better than coplanar IMAT plans in terms of conformality and dose to the normal tissue.
Dislocation dynamics and the viscoplastic buckling of dendritic web type silicon ribbon

The effect of dendrites (reinforced edges) on the residual stresses, dislocation densities and buckling behavior during growth of web type silicon ribbon is studied. A viscoplastic material response function (Haasen-Sumino model) is used to calculate the stresses and the disloction density at each point in the silicon ribbon. In addition, the role of dendrites on the viscoplastic buckling behavior of the ribbon is investigated. The critical thicknesses, the corresponding deflection shapes and lateral deflection speeds are calculated. These results are then compared with similar data obtained for flat plates.
Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism

We developed an Internet survey to identify treatments used by parents of children with autism. The survey listed 111 treatments and was distributed via colleagues and through chapters of the Autism Society of America and Autism Organizations Worldwide. A total of 552 parents submitted usable returns during the 3-month survey period. On average the parents reported using seven different treatments. The number of treatments used varied as a function of the child's age and type/severity of disability within the autism spectrum. Speech therapy was the most commonly reported intervention, followed by visual schedules, sensory integration, and applied behavior analysis. In addition, 52% of parents were currently using at least one medication to treat their child, 27% were implementing special diets, and 43% were using vitamin supplements. Because parents were using a large number of treatments, many of which lack empirical support, future research should focus on understanding the decision-making processes that underlie treatment selection by parents of children with autism.
Personality and stress in the shooting sports.

Abstract All branches of the shooting sports have one element in common—success in any one is heavily reliant on mental skills. The continental shooters refer to their sport as a “sport of the mind”. One would therefore expect that mental make-up would play a very large role in determining the success or failure of a shooter. Systematic measurement of personality characteristics show this to be the case. Shooters are preselected by virtue of their personality for different kinds of shooting sports. Shooters also differ in the way they react to stress, and measurement of the coping abilities of shooters gives an almost 100% prediction rate of a shooter's potential success or failure at international level.
A Method for Continuously Recording the Disappearance of Radioactive Tracers from Circulating Blood

A method of continuous recording of the disappearance of radioactive materials from the circulating blood is described. By cannulation of the right femoral artery of dogs and leading the tubing past a scintillation counter into the right femoral vein a complete circuit is established in which the concentration of radioactivity may be continuously monitored. Curves showing concentration of the radioactive material versus time have been obtained following injection of iodinated (I131) plasma, Na24, I131, P32, K42, and colloidal Au198. No errors are introduced by sample withdrawal, timing of samples, or geometric variations.
Coronary blood flow reserve in acute aortic regurgitation

Objectives. This study sought to determine the impact of acute aortic regurgitation on coronary blood flow reserve and phasic epicardial coronary blood flow in closed-chest dogs. Background. Hemodynamic changes in acute aortic regurgitation are known to precipitate myocardial ischemia. Coronary blood flow reserve has not been studied in closed-chest experimental preparations with acute aortic regurgitation. Methods. Graded temporary acute aortic regurgitation was produced in 11 mongrel dogs. Phasic coronary blood How velocities were measured using a Doppler guide wire. Coronary flow reserve was defined as the ratio of the time average of spectral peak velocity after administration of papaverine to that of the baseline state. Results. Under control conditions (mean [±SEM]diastolic blood pressure 82.2 ± 4.5 mm Hg), coronary flow reserve was 3.51 ± 0.27 with predominantly diastolic epicardial coronary blood flow. With mild acute aortic regurgitation (diastolic blood pressure 61.8 ± 3.0 mm Hg), coronary flow reserve decreased to 2.38 ± 0.27, with an increase in phasic systolic epicardial coronary blood flow. At the onset of moderate acute aortic regurgitation (diastolic blood pressure 42.1 ± 0.9 mm Hg), coronary flow reserve declined further to 1.46 ± 0.12, and the phasic systolic epicardial coronary blood flow became more prominent. With severe aortic regurgitation (diastolic blood pressure 29.2 ± 2.2 mm Hg), coronary flow reserve reached 1.20 ± 0.05, and the phasic epicardial coronary blood flow pattern was found to be predominantly systolic with retrograde diastolic flow. The ratio of diastolic to systolic pressure-time indexes with severe aortic regurgitation suggested subendocardial underperfusion. Conclusions. This study demonstrates a marked decline in coronary blood flow reserve and documents a progressive change in the phasic epicardial blood flow to a predominantly systolic pattern with increasing degrees of acute aortic regurgitation.
The mechanism of the rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2+2+1] carbocyclization reaction of dienes and CO: A computational study

The rhodium(I) catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] carbocyclization of tethered diene-enes to afford substituted hexahydropentalenones with high levels of diastereoselectivity was modeled using density functional theory. Previously, this transformation was observed to be facile, whereas the analogous bis-ene substrate could not be cyclized under any reasonable conditions. To establish a conceptual understanding of the carbocyclization mechanism and to identify the functional role of the diene fragment we analyzed the simulated reaction mechanisms using the two parent systems. We discovered a thus far unrecognized, but intuitively plausible, role of the CO ligand for controlling the electron density at the metal center, which affects the feasibility of oxidative addition and reductive elimination steps that are key components of the mechanism. Our calculations suggest that the diene moiety is unique and required because of its ability to undergo a eta(2)-->eta(4) reorganization allowing for the thermoneutral expulsion of one CO ligand, which in turn generates an electron-rich, coordinatively saturated Rh(I) center that can efficiently promote the oxidative addition with a low barrier. A number of functionalization strategies were considered explicitly to derive a rational plan for optimizing the catalysis and to expose the roles of the different components of the reactant-catalyst complex.
Non-Optimality of Distributed Amplification in Presence of Nonlinear Phase Noise

We study the optimization of the number of amplifiers in a link of fixed overall length with nonlinear phase noise, and show that bit-error probability and capacity are optimized by a finite number of amplifiers.
Nuclear protein-induced bending and flexing of the hypoxic response element of the rat vascular endothelial growth factor promoter

Bending and flexing of DNA may contribute to transcriptional regulation. Because hypoxia and other physiological signals induce formation of an abasic site at a key base within the hypoxic response element (HRE) of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (FASEB J. 19, 387–394, 2005) and because abasic sites can introduce flexibility in model DNA sequences, in the present study we used a fluorescence resonance energy transfer–based reporter system to assess topological changes in a wild-type (WT) sequence of the HRE of the rat VEGF gene and in a sequence harboring a single abasic site mimicking the effect of hypoxia. Binding of the hypoxia-inducible transcriptional complex present in hypoxic pulmonary artery endothelial cell nuclear extract to the WT sequence failed to alter sequence topology whereas nuclear protein binding to the modified HRE engendered considerable sequence flexibility. Topological effects of nuclear proteins on the modified VEGF HRE were dependent on the transcription factor ...
Restrictive ventricular septal defect and critical subaortic stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot

Introduction Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by a non-restrictive malalignment ventricular septal defect (VSD), an overriding aorta and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction resulting from anterior deviation of the infundibular septum. Due to the large VSD, systolic pressures are equal in both ventricles. In rare cases, redundant tricuspid valve tissue may prolapse into the VSD resulting in restriction of the defect size and causing suprasystemic pressure in the right ventricle. Subaortic obstruction by prolapse of the redundant tricuspid tissue into the left ventricular outflow tract, although theoretically possible in this situation, has not been described yet in the literature.
Engineered viral nanoparticles for flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy applications.

Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are attractive platforms for use in the biotechnology and biomedical fields because of their biological nature. A wide variety of these particles, labeled with fluorescent reporters, have been characterized using flow cytometry and cellular imaging techniques. Fluorescence microscopy allows the direct observation of VNPs on the cell surface or inside the membrane as well as the cellular localization of the nanoparticles while flow cytometry allows the statistical quantification of nanoparticle uptake and targeting specificity. These techniques are essential when characterizing the properties of VNPs and provide information toward the use of VNPs for targeting, imaging, and/or cargo delivery. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:511–524. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1177 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Polychlorinated biphenyl 77 augments angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms in male apolipoprotein E deficient mice

Infusion of angiotensin II (AngII) to hyperlipidemic mice augments atherosclerosis and causes formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Each of these AngII-induced vascular pathologies exhibit pronounced inflammation. Previous studies demonstrated that coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) promote inflammation in endothelial cells and adipocytes, two cell types implicated in AngII-induced vascular pathologies. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that administration of PCB77 to male apolipoprotein E (ApoE) −/− mice promotes AngII-induced atherosclerosis and AAA formation. Male ApoE−/− mice were administered vehicle or PCB77 (49 mg/kg, i.p.) during week 1 and 4 (2 divided doses/week) of AngII infusion. Body weights and total serum cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by administration of PCB77. Systolic blood pressure was increased in AngII-infused mice administered PCB77 compared to vehicle (156 ± 6 vs 137 ± 5 mmHg, respectively). The percentage of aortic arch covered by atherosclerotic lesions was increased in AngII-infused mice administered PCB77 compared to vehicle (2.0 ± 0.4 vs 0.9 ± 0.1%, respectively). Lumen diameters of abdominal aortas determined by in vivo ultrasound and external diameters of excised suprarenal aortas were increased in AngII-infused mice administered PCB77 compared to vehicle. In addition, AAA incidence increased from 47 to 85% in AngII-infused mice administered PCB77. Adipose tissue in close proximity to AAAs from mice administered PCB77 exhibited increased mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokines and elevated expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensinogen, angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1aR)). These results demonstrate that PCB77 augments AngII-induced atherosclerosis and AAA formation.
Nonclassical photon pairs from a cold atomic ensemble for scalable quantum communication

We report a dramatic improvement of the degree of nonclassical correlation between photon pairs generated by a cold atomic ensemble. The temporal dependence of this correlation and the influence of decoherence are described
The analysis of heapsort

Heapsort is a fundamental algorithm whose precise performance characteristics have proven difficult to analyze. It is easy to show that the number of keys moved during the algorithm when sorting a random file of N distinct elements is N lg N + O(N) in the worst case, and it has long been conjectured that the average case performance is the same. No specific results on the average case or even the best case have been found despite the algorithm′s standing as a classic method that is in widespread use. In this paper, we resolve these questions by showing that the best case for the number of moves is ∼ 12N lg N and that the average number of moves is ∼ N lg N. These results have implications for the analysis of various modified versions of the algorithm that have been suggested. In particular, they imply that a well-known variant originally due to Floyd uses an asymptotically optimal number of comparisons on average, but three-halves that in the worst case. This essentially completes the analysis of the algorithm, although there is another quantity that contributes to the leading term of the running time that requires more intricate arguments, and we have little specific information about the distribution beyond what is implied by our asymptotic results.
Bayesian dynamic regression models for interval censored survival data with application to children dental health

Cox models with time-varying coefficients offer great flexibility in capturing the temporal dynamics of covariate effects on event times, which could be hidden from a Cox proportional hazards model. Methodology development for varying coefficient Cox models, however, has been largely limited to right censored data; only limited work on interval censored data has been done. In most existing methods for varying coefficient models, analysts need to specify which covariate coefficients are time-varying and which are not at the time of fitting. We propose a dynamic Cox regression model for interval censored data in a Bayesian framework, where the coefficient curves are piecewise constant but the number of pieces and the jump points are covariate specific and estimated from the data. The model automatically determines the extent to which the temporal dynamics is needed for each covariate, resulting in smoother and more stable curve estimates. The posterior computation is carried out via an efficient reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Inference of each coefficient is based on an average of models with different number of pieces and jump points. A simulation study with three covariates, each with a coefficient of different degree in temporal dynamics, confirmed that the dynamic model is preferred to the existing time-varying model in terms of model comparison criteria through conditional predictive ordinate. When applied to a dental health data of children with age between 7 and 12 years, the dynamic model reveals that the relative risk of emergence of permanent tooth 24 between children with and without an infected primary predecessor is the highest at around age 7.5, and that it gradually reduces to one after age 11. These findings were not seen from the existing studies with Cox proportional hazards models.
DTV standards and transition: A comparative policy analysis

China recently has emerged as a serious player in setting ICT standards, as evidenced by its presence in major conferences on standardization with the International Telecommunications Union. While the ATSC standard contributed to the successful completion of the DTV transition in the US, China's home-grown DTV standard bears little, to date, on its relative success in converting one third of its cable households to digital service. In light of these differing outcomes, this paper identifies and compares the strategies behind the quest for national DTV standards by retracing the key policy initiatives in China and the US. Our analysis suggests that protectionist impulses shaping distinct standards for the US (Grand Alliance), China, and other regions dampen prospects for a global standard in DTV. However, the US has been more successful at maintaining the kind of balance between industry and governmental policy that is critical to maintaining technological innovation and a competitive marketplace.
Faculty Emphases on Alternative Course-Specific Learning Outcomes in Holland’s Model Environments: The Role of Environmental Consistency

This study examines variability in the extent to which faculty members in the disciplinary-based academic environments of Holland’s theory emphasize different student learning outcomes in their classes and whether such differences are comparable for those in “consistent” versus “inconsistent” environments. The findings show wide variation in the extent to which faculty members in four of the academic environments of Holland’s theory emphasize the alternative student learning outcomes and that such differences vary based on the level of consistency or inconsistency in the environmental profiles of the environments. The implications of these findings for future research using Holland’s theory to understand longitudinal patterns of change and stability in the attitudes, interests, and abilities of college students as well as variability in the patterns of professional attitudes and behaviors of college faculty are discussed. Attention is also devoted to the policy development and practical implications of these findings for academic advisors, career counselors, and other college and university leaders.
Coulomb drag effect between two one-dimensional conductors: An integrable model with attractive and repulsive interactions

We calculate the critical exponent of the temperature dependence of the drag current between two parallel quantum wires. The two wires have carriers with equal mass but they may have different electron density. The electrons interact via a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function spin-exchange potential, which is attractive or repulsive depending on whether the interacting particles are in a spin-singlet or spin-triplet state. This interaction leads to the formation of spin-singlet or spin-triplet bound states of the Cooper type (preformed hard core bosons that do not condensate). Depending on the parameters, the drag current can be parallel or opposite to the driving current. The critical exponent of the drag current is calculated using the Bethe Ansatz solution of the model and conformal field theory.