cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QCD studies in e+e− interactions at CLEO

We use the CLEO detector at the Cornell e + e − storage ring, CESR, to study QCD from a wide variety of perspectives. From a study of jet production rates, we compute α s in the four flavour continuum in agreement with five flavour results from LEP experiments. By comparing the decay rate of→ γgg and→ ggg we explore parton shower distributions and measure α s in theenergy range. Two-photon interactions probe QCD at lower energy scales. The measurement of the two-photon width of the χc2 adds to our understanding of non-perturbative effects in charmonium systems.
Exploiting soft redundancy for error-resilient on-chip memory design

Memory design is facing the upcoming challenges due to a combination of technology scaling and higher levels of integration and system complexity. In particular, memory circuits become vulnerable to transient (soft) errors caused by particle strikes and process spread. In this paper, we propose a new error-tolerance technique referred to as the soft redundancy for on-chip memory design. Program runtime variations in memory spatial locality cause wasted memory spaces occupied by the irrelevant data. The proposed soft-redundancy allocated memory exploits these wasted memory spaces to achieve efficient memory access and effective error protection in a coherent manner. Simulation results on the SPEC CPU 2000 benchmarks demonstrate 73.7% average error protection coverage ratio on the 23 benchmarks, with average of 52% and 48.3% reduction in memory miss rate and bandwith requirement, respectively, as compared to the existing techniques.
The Local Surface Energy Balance and Subsurface Temperature Regime in Antarctica

Abstract The physical processes occurring within a perennial snow cover and at its surface are discussed with particular emphasis on monthly variations in Antarctic snow. Results of a one-year simulation of physical processes In snow are compared with 1958 data at Mirny and Pionerskaya, Antarctica. The simulation demonstrates the following: first, solar radiation is effective to a depth of 50 cm or so, but longwave radiation cools the surface alone, causing the “greenhouse” effect first observed in snow at least four decades ago. Highest summertime temperature and initial snowmelt thus occur not at the surface but roughly 10 cm below It. Second, the percolation of meltwater with eventual refreezing during the subsequent winter is the most efficient mechanism for modifying the temperature profile at depths of several meters of more. Third, concerning the surface energy budget, at temperatures below −20C, atmospheric sensible heat flux approximately compensates net radiation throughout the year. When the te...
Effect of process parameters on the optical constants of thin metal films

In this study, we show that the optical constants of sputter-deposited chromium depend on the argon pressure used for the deposition. Higher argon pressure gives lower extinction coefficients. Sheet resistance measurements show that those materials with lower extinction coefficients also have lower conductivity. Whereas the argon pressure strongly affects the resulting optical constants of the film material, the choice of substrate material does not affect the resulting optical constants of the film.
ULTIMATE PULLOUT CAPACITY OF SHALLOW VERTICAL ANCHORS IN CLAY

ABSTRACT Model test results for the ultimate pullout capacity of shallow rectangular vertical anchor plates embedded in saturated clay have been presented. The width-to-height ratio of the anchor plates used in the tests has been varied from one to five. The ultimate pullout load of an anchor can be expressed in the form of a nondimensional breakout factor. Based on the experimental results, an empirical equation for determination of the ultimate pullout load has been presented.
Feeding mechanics of teleost fishes (Labridae; Perciformes): A test of four-bar linkage models.

The feeding mechanisms of two labrid fishes (Cheilinus chlorurus and C. diagrammus: Labridae: Perciformes) are modeled using four-bar linkage theory from mechanical engineering. The actions of the feeding mechanisms are simulated by a computer program that uses morphometric data to calculate the geometry of mechanism structure. The predictions of three different four-bar linkages regarding the kinematics of feeding are compared to the movements observed through hign speed (200 fps) cinematography. A previously unidentified four-bar chain was found to be an accurate model of the mechanism by which upper jaw protrusion, maxillary rotation, and gape increase occur in Cheilinus. This mechanism involves the anterior jaws including the mandible, maxilla, premaxilla, palatine, and suspensorium. The accuracy of two previously described four-bar linkages was also tested by comparison of model predictions and film results. The opercular linkage proposed by Anker ('74) as a mechanism of jaw depression via opercular levation was found to be a poor predictor of feeding movements. This four-bar chain involves the opercle, suspensorium, interopercle, and mandible. Muller ('87) proposed a mechanism of hyoid depression involving cranial elevation due to epaxial muscle contraction as input motion The links in this mechanism include the neurocranium and hyomandibula, hyoid, sternohyoideus muscle, and pectoral girdle. This model was an accurate predictor of hyoid depression in Cheilinus when simultaneous cranial elevation and sternohyoideus contraction were simulated. Quantitative kinematic models involve simplifying assumptions when applied to complex musculoskeletal systems, but such models have a wide range of applications to vertebrate functional morphology.
Seedling Resistance Genes to Leaf Rust in Soft Red Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT Seedling and adult-plant resistance have been used to manage leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, but there is little information on resistance genes in contemporary cultivars and advanced breeding lines of soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Lack of information on the genetic basis for resistance leads to uncertainty about durability of resistance and makes pyramiding resistance genes more difficult. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic basis for race-specific seedling resistance to leaf rust among the 116 contemporary lines from the 1998-99 Arkansas Wheat Cultivar Performance Test and the Uniform Eastern and Southern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nurseries. To postulate the presence of genes for leaf rust resistance (Lr genes), seedlings of each line and 24 isolines in a Thatcher background were evaluated for infection type in growth chambers at 22/18°C (day/night) or constant 17 or 18°C using 22 races of P. triticina. A computer program was used to analyze infection type...
Sliding mode dynamics in continuous feedback control for distributed discrete-event scheduling

A continuous feedback control approach for real-time scheduling of discrete events is presented in this paper motivated by the need for control theoretic techniques to analyze and design such systems in distributed manufacturing applications. These continuous feedback control systems exhibit highly nonlinear and discontinuous dynamics. Specifically, when the production demand in the manufacturing system exceeds the available resource capacity then the control system ''chatters'' and exhibits sliding modes. This sliding mode behavior is advantageously used in the scheduling application by allowing the system to visit different schedules within an infinitesimal region near the sliding surface. In this paper, an analytical model is developed to characterize the sliding mode dynamics. This model is then used to design controllers in the sliding mode domain to improve the effectiveness of the control system to ''search'' for schedules with good performance. Computational results indicate that the continuous feedback control approach can provide near-optimal schedules and that it is computationally efficient compared to existing scheduling techniques.
High-mobility modulation-doped SiGe-channel p-MOSFETs

A novel subsurface SiGe-channel p-MOSFET is demonstrated in which modulation doping is used to control the threshold voltage without degrading the channel mobility. A novel device design consisting of a graded SiGe channel, an n/sup +/ polysilicon gate, and p/sup +/ modulation doping is used. A boron-doped layer is located underneath the graded and undoped SiGe channel to minimize process sensitivity and maximize transconductance. Low-field hole mobilities of 220 cm/sup 2//V-s at 300 K and 980 cm/sup 2//V-s at 82 K were achieved in functional submicrometer p-MOSFETs. >
A general asymptotic property of two-locus selection models☆

It is shown that any two-locus, two-allele model of selection with constant fitnesses has at least one polymorphic equilibrium for which the linkage association measure, D, is arbitrarily close to zero for large enough recombination, R. As R → ± ∞, D → 0 in such a way that the product l = RD → a non-zero finite constant. There may be 1, 3, or 5 distinct asymptotic equilibria, depending upon fitness parameters.
Density-Dependent Parasitism of the Soil-Borne Nematode Criconemella xenoplax by the Nematophagous Fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Spatial sampling was used to investigate temporal density-dependent parasitism of the plant-parasitic nematodeCriconemella xenoplax byHirsutella rhossiliensis in three peach orchards on eight sample dates. The patches of soil in which the nematode and fungus interacted were assumed to possess similar density-dependent dynamics and to be small, independent, and asynchronous. Furthermore, sampling of separate patches was assumed to provide similar information with respect to density dependence as would temporal (repeated) sampling of the same patch. Percent parasitism was dependent on the number ofC. xenoplax/100 cm3 soil (P=0.0001). The slope was unaffected by orchard or date but ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0043 depending on distance from the irrigation furrow. The relative shallowness of the slope and the large variation in percent parasitism not explained by nematode density suggest thatH. rhossiliensis is a weak regulator ofC. xenoplax population density.
Modeling Annual Average Daily Traffic with Integrated Spatial Data from Multiple Network Buffer Bandwidths

This paper presents a geospatial method to develop models to estimate annual average daily traffic (AADT) along a link with integrated spatial data from multiple network buffer bandwidths. The method incorporated spatial data that captured principles and statistical techniques to estimate directly AADT, and thereby bypassed the sequential four-step method. Spatial data (off-network characteristics, such as demographic, socioeconomic, and land use) captured from multiple network buffer bandwidths around a link were integrated with spatial weights that decreased as the distance from the link increased. Off-network and on-network characteristics were used as independent variables. The AADT calculated from field observations was used as the dependent variable. The applicability of Poisson and negative binomial distributions to the development of the models in a generalized framework for estimating equations was examined. A chi-square statistic test was conducted to validate the developed models and assess the...
Global capital flows and development: A Survey

Abstract From a development perspective, capital flows can both provide significant benefits and entail significant costs. Consequently, the development impacts of capital flows do not readily lend themselves to simple generalizations. This survey considers the development benefits and costs of four kinds of capital flows: foreign direct investment, equity portfolio investment, bond finance, and commercial bank lending. The survey suggests that the development impacts of these flows are conditional on both their specific characteristics and the larger policy environments in which they take place. It claims short-term superiority for foreign direct investment and equity portfolio investment over bond finance and commercial bank lending, and offers a set of policy recommendations to make capital flows more development-friendly.
Stop the Bleeding: A Postpartum Hemorrhage Protocol

After collaboration with obstetricians, the content was offered as a systemwide mandatory class presented by hospital perinatal educators. During May and June 2011, approximately 350 nurses from the labor and delivery and postpartum departments from four hospitals attended with a 95% compliance rate. The remaining hospitals in the system are currently implementing the program. Evaluations were overwhelmingly positive with many nurses expressing satisfaction with the content, guidelines, case studies, and use of Situation-Background-AssessmentRecommendation (SBAR) for communicating with physicians. Originally, it was thought the core content could be taught as three separate 1hour offerings but the vast majority of hospitals chose to do one 3-hour session. This decision actually facilitated scheduling the classes and tracking attendees. Nursing contact hours were provided. Registration and completion of the course was entered on a system web site.
A comparative study of periodontal ligament development in teeth with and without predecessors in marmosets.

T H E A C C O U N T S O F P E R I O D O N T A L ligament formation in teeth without primary predecessors 1,2,3,7 differ in several respects from the report on ligament histogenesis in secondary succedaneous teeth. In teeth without predecessors alveolodental fibers extending from bone to cementum are formed before the tooth erupts into the oral cavity. In secondary succedaneous teeth, on the other hand, only dentogingival and alveolar crest fiber groups are discernible upon emergence of the tooth. The remaining principal fibers are formed subsequent to eruption in apical progression. Hinrichson, 5 Trott, 6 and Bernick and Levy 3 found no intermediate plexus in the periodontal ligaments of developing deciduous teeth, while Grant and Bernick 4 noted an intermediate plexus during ligament histogenesis in secondary succedaneous teeth. Miura and coworkers 8 described an intermediate plexus but failed to show the intermediate zone as reported by Sicher, and by Grant and Bernick. These researchers interpret a central zone in the periodontal ligament as "splicing" of fiber bundles in accord with later concepts of Sicher 1 1 and Orban. 1 2 In contrast, Zwarych and Quigley 1 3 interpreted similar photomicrographs as evidence of fiber continuity and questioned the existence of an intermediate plexus. To help resolve the seeming discrepancies, the developmental sequence of periodontal ligament formation in teeth with and without predecessors has been studied.
A two‐component rain model for the prediction of attenuation statistics

A two-component rain model has been developed for calculating attenuation statistics. In contrast to most other attenuation prediction models, the two-component model calculates the occurrence probability for volume cells or debris attenuation events. The model performed significantly better than the International Radio Consultative Committee model when used for predictions on earth-satellite paths. It is expected that the model will have applications in modeling the joint statistics required for space diversity system design, the statistics of interference due to rain scatter at attenuating frequencies, and the duration statistics for attenuation events.
The histological fine structure of perineurium

Extraocular muscles of the rat possess numerous nerves suitable for the study of fine structure. In these muscles, small nerves made up of one to ten myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers are surrounded by two or three layers of perineurium. The perineurium is arranged in concentric sleeves, each one cell thick. Continuous boundary membranes separate the perineural sleeves from the epineural and endoneural tissue space, but the boundary membranes may be spotty or absent between individual sleeves. The presence of boundary membranes around perineural cells distinguishes them from nearby fibroblasts which lack similar membranous investment. Tight intercellular junctions join the cells comprising each sleeve so that the nerves are completely ensheathed in perineurium. The number of sleeves decreases as the nerve becomes smaller, either by the termination of the innermost sleeve or by the loss of a sleeve as the nerve branches. The last sleeve ends shortly before the termination of the nerve. The perineurium is thus open-ended peripherally and, at these places, the epineurium and endoneurium are continuous. Continuities between the epineurium and endoneurium also exist at the entrance and exit of blood vessels supplying the nerve and at points where reticular fibers pierce the perineurium. These structural features correlate well with the action of the perineurium as a diffusion barrier and as a pathway in the transmission of infections.
BVES regulates EMT in human corneal and colon cancer cells and is silenced via promoter methylation in human colorectal carcinoma

The acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype is a critical step in the metastatic progression of epithelial carcinomas. Adherens junctions (AJs) are required for suppressing this epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but less is known about the role of tight junctions (TJs) in this process. Here, we investigated the functions of blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES, also known as POPDC1 and POP1), an integral membrane protein that regulates TJ formation. BVES was found to be underexpressed in all stages of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and in adenomatous polyps, indicating its suppression occurs early in transformation. Similarly, the majority of CRC cell lines tested exhibited decreased BVES expression and promoter DNA hypermethylation, a modification associated with transcriptional silencing. Treatment with a DNA-demethylating agent restored BVES expression in CRC cell lines, indicating that methylation represses BVES expression. Reexpression of BVES in CRC cell lines promoted an epithelial phenotype, featuring decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth; impaired growth of an orthotopic xenograft; and blocked metastasis. Conversely, interfering with BVES function by expressing a dominant-negative mutant in human corneal epithelial cells induced mesenchymal features. These biological outcomes were associated with changes in AJ and TJ composition and related signaling. Therefore, BVES prevents EMT, and its epigenetic silencing may be an important step in promoting EMT programs during colon carcinogenesis.
Enumeration of Bacteria in Sea Water

The choice of methods to be used for the enumeration of bacteria in sea water must depend on the objectives of the investigators. Comparisons of data based on different methods may be invalid. An operational definition is given for a colony-generating unit (CGU) which, under some conditions, may be a single viable bacterium. Such units can conveniently be enumerated by a modification of the “minimum probable number” method currently employed in aquatic bacteriology. Counts of “viable bacteria” (CGU) in surface sea water samples from the region of the North Pacific Gyre (28° N, 155°W) were estimated to range from 10,000 to 200,000 per litre.
Möbius aromaticity in bipyramidal rhodium-centered bismuth clusters

The chemical bonding topologies in the mixed rhodium–bismuth clusters [RhBi6(µ-X)12]3− (X = Br, I) and RhBi7Br8 are compared. The octahedral cluster [RhBi6(µ-X)12]3− can be considered as a d6 Rh(III) complex containing six equivalent BiX2− ligands with interligand halogen bridging but no Bi–Bi bonding. However, the pentagonal bipyramidal cluster RhBi7Br8 has only two similar BiBr2− ligands in the axial positions. The five equatorial bismuth atoms in RhBi7Br8 form a bonding pentagon, which is an example of a five-atom Mobius aromatic system with a five-center four-electron bond. This unusual bond involves σ-type overlap between p orbitals in the plane of the pentagon with the single phase change required for Mobius aromaticity.
Reading 9/11 from the American Revolution to US Annexation of the Moon: M. T. Anderson's Feed and Octavian Nothing

In early September 2001, M. T. Anderson had a partially completed young adult novel on his hard drive. The story was set in a fairly dis- tant future—with technological advances allowing the installation of sophisticated Internet capabilities directly into the human body—but the setting was eminently recognizable. American teenagers tracked trends in entertainment and fashion, fell in and out of love, and alter- nately displayed apathy toward and alienation from the local and global politics that shaped their world. The novel's opening line captures the tenor of its economically privileged but selfishly provincial char- acters: "We went to the moon to have fun, but the moon turned out to completely suck" (3). In the period between that early draft and the novel's October 2002 publication, the World Trade Center collapsed. The after-effects of September 11 became Feed's backdrop, making the teenagers inhabiting Anderson's setting—the United States in its "final days" (297)—a means to focalize the trauma of the 9/11 moment. Four years later, Anderson published The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume I: The Pox Party. In 2006, the War on Terror raged and homeland security policies were in full effect. In many minds, the United States now figured as perpetrator rather than prey. 1 For Anderson, this prompted a shift in setting and genre: instead of writing a dystopian novel set in the future, he wrote a historical novel set in the American past. Octavian Nothing features an African boy who lives with his mother amid a community of academicians in Revolutionary Boston. Unbeknownst to him, Octavian—who has been told that he is an African prince—is both a slave and the subject of a scientific experiment to determine the intellectual capacity of Homo afri. As the nation's founding documents are penned, Octavian discovers first-hand the contradictions of a battle cry for "liberty and property." Ostensibly a novel about the American Revolution, Octavian Nothing and its desecrated protagonist document the trauma induced by the War on Terror. Together, Feed and Octavian Nothing alternately anticipate and mourn the state of US affairs today, articulating a politically progres-
Diel Variations in Sensitivity of Fishes to Potentially Lethal Stimuli

Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) exhibited differences in sensitivity to potentially lethal levels of chlorine, formalin, or heat, depending on the time of day of treatment.
Development of hammerhead ribozymes to modulate endogenous gene expression for functional studies.

Hammerhead ribozymes are catalytic RNAs that are being used to inhibit endogenous gene expression to study key components of basic biochemical pathways such as angiogenesis. In addition, these ribozymes have the potential to be used as components of gene therapy protocols for the treatment of disease states. We detail here a set of protocols for the design and testing of hammerhead ribozymes that will efficiently inhibit gene expression both in cell culture and in vivo.
Language and executive function in self-reported impulsive aggression

The present study employed a battery of verbal tests that included a broad range of executive demands to demonstrate the differential contributions of language and executive function to the performance decrement observed in individuals who display impulsive aggressive (IA) outbursts. A profile analysis revealed that despite not differing on tasks requiring limited verbal output, the IAs deviated further from nonaggressive controls as the tasks required increasing spontaneous organization. Results suggest that language ability per se is not impaired in IAs; rather inefficient executive functioning is responsible for their significantly poorer performance on complex verbal tasks.
Stress–relaxation in three‐element and four‐element mechanical models of viscoelastic materials

Three- and four-element mechanical analogues are commonly used to describe viscoelastic behavior in creep (deformation under constant force or stress) but not in stress relaxation (stress response after a suddenly imposed, constant strain). Mathematical models of the mechanical analogues in stress–relaxation are re-derived in this work, keeping notation familiar to polymer scientists. The relationship is shown to meet consistency tests and predicts, with very good accuracy, the behavior of a polyisobutylene sample in stress relaxation when the equation constants were derived from creep experiments. In experiments on an actual mechanical analog, the motion of the Voigt element is shown to exhibit a maximum stress. Implications for the interpretation of creep and stress–relaxation data on the same material are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Expression in Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) and Corneal Allograft Survival

PURPOSE To determine the role of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) in corneal allograft rejection. METHODS Corneal epithelial and endothelial cells were examined by flow cytometry for the expression of TNFRI and TNFRII and their susceptibility to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Corneal allografts from normal and TNFRI and TNFRII knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice were transplanted to BALB/c hosts, and the fate of the allografts was monitored. C57BL/6 spleen cells were injected into the anterior chamber (AC) of BALB/c mice to induce anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) and promote corneal allograft survival. The presence of ACAID suppressor cells in corneal allograft recipients was tested using a local adoptive transfer (LAT) assay. RESULTS Murine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells expressed TNFRI and TNFRII and were susceptible to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, yet corneal allografts from either TNFRI or TNFRII donors did not enjoy a lower incidence of rejection or a prolongation in survival time compared to corneal allografts from normal C57BL/6 donors. Moreover, all 31 of the TNFRII KO corneal grafts were rejected by naive BALB/c hosts. Rejection of TNFRII KO corneal grafts occurred even though suppressor cells developed in the hosts and inhibited the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to donor alloantigens. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TNFRII on corneal cells conveys a degree of protection against immune rejection of corneal allografts by a mechanism that is independent of ACAID. Moreover, induction of ACAID before the application of TNFRII KO corneal allografts fails to improve survival and does not replace the TNFRII-dependent protective mechanism.
Mutations in the West Nile prM protein affect VLP and virion secretion in vitro.

Mutation of the West Nile virus-like particle (WN VLP) prM protein (T20D, K31A, K31V, or K31T) results in undetectable VLP secretion from transformed COS-1 cells. K31 mutants formed intracellular prM-E heterodimers; however these proteins remained in the ER and ER–Golgi intermediary compartments of transfected cells. The T20D mutation affected glycosylation, heterodimer formation, and WN VLP secretion. When infectious viruses bearing the same mutations were used to infect COS-1 cells, K31 mutant viruses exhibited delayed growth and reduced infectivity compared to WT virus. Epitope maps of WN VLP and WNV prM were also different. These results suggest that while mutations in the prM protein can reduce or eliminate secretion of WN VLPs, they have less effect on virus. This difference may be due to the quantity of prM in WN VLPs compared to WNV or to differences in maturation, structure, and symmetry of these particles.
Lecithin and lysolecithin metabolism by isolated mucosal cells of the toad bladder.

Abstract Extending previous observations on homogenates of toad bladder, the metabolism of lysolecithin and lecithin by isolated whole mucosal cells was further examined in vitro. These intact cells actively convert lysolecithin complexed to albumin in the medium to cellular lecithin. Lecithin of the mucosal cell, labeled by preincubation with [32P]lysolecithin, undergoes considerable hydrolysis upon reincubation. In homogenates this breakdown is faster than in whole cells and results in accumulation of [32P]lysolecithin but no glycerylphosphorylcholine, while in whole cells only glycerylphosphorylcholine accumulates. This formation of glycerylphosphorylcholine is due to lysolecithinase activity which is maximal at pH 6.0. Lecithin synthesis as well as breakdown are enhanced when lysolecithin is added to the medium. It is suggested that operation of the lecithin-lysolecithin cycle and of the lysolecithinase activity in the mucosal cell regulates the relative amounts of lecithin and lysolecithin in this tissue under various physiologic conditions.
A microscopic view of protein solvation

Because of difficulties associated with experimental measurement techniques, the distribution of water density around many proteins is not well-resolved. We present, in this paper, a molecular dynamics approach to the general problem of comparing the instantaneous vs average view of protein hydration via a 150-ps simulation of metmyoglobin in an explicit aqueous environment. Densities as a function of position for both water and myoglobin were computed by time-averaging the volume fraction occupied at different positions in space. The picture so obtained challenge the view of hydration taken from accessible surface features related to the average structure
PTEN loss in the Myf5 lineage redistributes body fat and reveals subsets of white adipocytes that arise from Myf5 precursors

The developmental origin of adipose tissue and what controls its distribution is poorly understood. By lineage tracing and gene expression analysis in mice, we provide evidence that mesenchymal precursors expressing Myf5--which are thought to give rise only to brown adipocytes and skeletal muscle--also give rise to a subset of white adipocytes. Furthermore, individual brown and white fats contain a mixture of adipocyte progenitor cells derived from Myf5(+) and Myf5(neg) lineages, the number of which varies with depot location. Subsets of white adipocytes originating from both Myf5(+) and Myf5(neg) precursors respond to β(3)-adrenoreceptor stimulation, suggesting "brite" adipocytes may also have multiple origins. We additionally find that deleting PTEN with myf5-cre causes lipomatosis and partial lipodystrophy by selectively expanding the Myf5(+) adipocyte lineages. Thus, the spectrum of adipocytes arising from Myf5(+) precursors is broader than previously thought, and differences in PI3K activity between adipocyte lineages alter body fat distribution.
Intramolecular hydrogen transfer reactions of o-(bromophenyl)dialkylsilyl ethers. Preparation of rapamycin-d1

Abstract Radical translocations of o-(bromophenyl)dimethylsilyl ethers are efficient, but yields of α-silyloxy alkyl radicals formed by 1,5-hydrogen transfer are limited to 65-90% by competing 1,6- and 1,7-hydrogen transfers. Similarities in substituents effects on 1,5-hydrogen transfers and radical cyclizations are identified.
Public Health Concerns about Caliciviruses as Waterborne Contaminants

Caliciviruses are disseminated by the fecal-oral route and are found in contaminated surface and ground waters. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is interested in preventing calicivirus contamination in treated waters used for consumption, and these viruses are on the EPA's "contaminant candidate list" for regulatory consideration in drinking waters. These viruses also present a health threat for recreation and shellfish-growing waters. However, before EPA can make regulatory decisions regarding caliciviruses, significant information and technology needs must be established, including analytical methods for sampling, identifying, and quantifying the viruses; applicability of surrogates to determine their presence; efficacy of water and wastewater treatment or disinfection; waterborne occurrence levels and distribution; dose response; and the viruses' effect(s) on health. Future drinking-water regulations may need to ensure that treatments are adequate to remove caliciviruses from source waters. For recreation and shellfish-growing waters, surrogate indicators and health criteria may need to be based upon establishing risks of exposure to caliciviruses.
Lattice-Dynamical Aspects of the Antiferroelectric Phase Transition in N D 4 D 2 P O 4

Temperature-dependent quasi-elastic neutron scattering has been observed in the paraelectric tetragonal phase of N${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ in the vicinity of the $Z$ point of the Brillouin zone, i.e., at ($h,0,l$) where $h+l$ is odd. The data are interpreted in terms of a condensing highly damped optic-phonon mode which initiates the transition to the antiferroelectric state. The intensity contours of the quasi-elastic scattering in the (${a}^{*},{c}^{*}$) plane are roughly elliptical in shape and are centered at the $Z$ points of the extended Brillouin zone. The major axis of the intensity distribution is parallel to the ${c}^{*}$ direction and is about four times larger than the ${a}^{*}$-oriented minor axis, thus suggesting a polarization fluctuation perpendicular to ${c}^{*}$. As the temperature is lowered, the integrated intensities at the $Z$ points increase as $\frac{T}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{0})}$. The value for ${T}_{0}$ of 195\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K compares more closely with the actual transition temperature (${T}_{n}=234$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) than that obtained by dielectric constant measurements (${T}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}80$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The inelasticity of the scattering is 0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 meV at 244\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and increases linearly with temperature to 1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 meV at 304\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. An interpretation of the scattering at the $Z$ point in terms of an overdamped phonon mode results in a damping constant independent of temperature and a temperature dependence of the frequency of the form $\ensuremath{\omega}_{A}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\ensuremath{\propto}K(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{0})$. In the antiferroelectric phase, the $Z$ points become permissible Bragg peaks and quasi-elastic scattering is not observed.
The Problem of Taste within the Problematic of Culture.

Theories of Taste attempt to conceptualize the processes of signification by which cultural forms have meaning and are made to mean, and how subjects and groups of subjects insert themselves and are inserted into such processes. This article argues that any working theory of taste must explain the individual, group, and social originations of cultural “choice,” and the consumptive, communicative, and affective enactments or objectifications of taste. In order to do so, such a theory must conceptualize taste as functioning within ongoing struggles over the placement of cultural forms within the continually reforming hierarchies of social space.
Abstract 3670: Spectroscopy imaging platform differentiates pathology diagnoses in breast surgical specimens

Optical spectroscopy probes increasingly have been employed for diagnostic sensing during breast conserving surgery to aid surgeons in complete resection while minimizing damage to healthy tissues; however, traditional fiber probe-based systems rely on the assumption that ultra-structural changes associated with malignancy yield disease-specific contrast in a single, volume-averaged measure. A scanning-beam spectroscopy platform was designed to efficiently realize the imaging extension of probe-based spectroscopy methods and to selectively sample the scattering response of breast surgical specimens. The imaging system employs dark-field illumination and confocal detection to rapidly sample broadband spectra at 100μm lateral resolution over a 1cm2 field of view. Optical scattering is exquisitely sensitive to the morphological features observed in pathology, the diagnostic gold standard, and has not been studied sufficiently in thick tissues in a waveband that avoids absorption. In this study, 29 fresh breast tissue specimens procured during conservative surgery were imaged and returned to pathology for standard histological processing. A protocol was developed for accurate co-registration between the imaged field and histology. Over 300,00 broadband spectra were sampled and parameterized according to an empirical approximation to Mie theory. Further, the gray-level co-occurrence matrix representation of texture features was used to mathematically represent intensity-level spatial dependence in the scattering images. Spatially, the intra and inter-patient scattering response is quite heterogeneous; but imaging accounts for this natural variance so that diagnostic classification improved. The average scattering power per 100x100 pixel field of view was sufficient to discriminate between benign and malignant pathologies with a positive and negative predictive value of 1.00 and 0.90 respectively, using a simple, threshold-based classification. As compared to classification on a per-spectrum basis, which yielded positive and negative predictive values of just 0.71 and 0.75 respectively. Further, textural features yielded discriminated between invasive and in situ carcinomas with p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3670. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3670
An Assessment of Absorbable Lysine Requirements in Lactating Cows

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to ascertain lysine required for maintenance and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Multiparous Holstein cows fitted with abomasal cannulas were utilized in a replicated 3 × 3 extra-period Latin square design and infused with 0, 45, or 90 g of L-lysine·HCl daily (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, 12 cows were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square design (with 2 replacement cows) and infused with 0, 22.5, 45, 90, and 180 g of L-lysine·HCl daily. Cows were housed in comfort stalls, milked at 0600 and 1700 h, exposed to a 16:8 h light:darkness cycle, and fed for ad libitum intake a 15.7% CP diet formulated to contain approximately 75% of dietary protein from corn-based feed ingredients. Milk yield was not affected in Experiment 1, but milk production increased linearly with lysine infusion level in Experiment 2. A linear response in daily yield of milk protein to lysine infusion was observed in both experiments. As lysine infusion increased, coccygeal plasma lysine concentrations tended to increase in Experiment 1, but in Experiment 2 free lysine increased linearly and quadratically in coccygeal plasma and increased linearly in plasma from the subcutaneous abdominal vein. The quadratic response in plasma free lysine (Experiment 2) suggested that lysine was the limiting AA for milk production from the composite protein flow to the small intestine. Using break-point analysis of plasma free lysine, it was estimated that the additional amount of abomasal lysine required to satisfy requirements was 64 g/d in cows producing about 30 kg of milk daily. Although additional lysine above microbial and undegraded intake protein lysine flow stimulated milk protein production, conversion efficiency to milk protein lysine was low.
GIS and geometric representation in facility location problems

Abstract A neglected aspect of facility location problems is the geometric representation of the facilities sited and clients served. Point objects represent these entities in most facility location problems. This can cause solution error and limit the range of potential solutions. The increasing capabilities of geographical information systems (GIS) to represent, store and manipulate spatial entities provides a substantial but unrealized potential for more sophisticated geometric representation in facility location problems. This paper provides a framework for realizing this potential. Specifically, this paper: (i) synthesizes existing formulations; (ii) develops a unified mathematical framework; (iii) identifies feasible computational strategies that can be implemented within a GIS framework, and; (iv) discusses potential GIS-based solution algorithms.
Vascular anastomoses with laser energy

Laser-assisted arterial and venous anastomoses are now feasible. A microscope-guided CO2 laser was used to deliver 60 to 100 mW to anastomose end to end 44 rabbit carotid arteries (1.5 to 2.0 mm) and 27 rabbit vena cavae (4 to 6 mm). These were compared with control arteries repaired with interrupted suture technique. Anastomoses were examined from between 24 hours and 19 weeks. Laser carotid anastomoses yielded 93% patency (41 of 44) and 9% aneurysms (4 of 44), whereas hand-sewn carotid anastomoses produced 91% patency (40 of 44) and no aneurysms. In the vena cava, 26 of 27 laser anastomoses were patent (96%) compared with 19 of 20 (95%) sutured controls. Venous aneurysmal dilatation was seen in 2 of 27 laser (7%) and in 3 of 20 (15%) hand-sewn anastomoses. Histologic examination of laser-assisted anastomoses showed local full-thickness thermal injury. Repair was by fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation, and luminal cell coverage was complete by 14 days in both laser and sutured repairs. Laser arterial and venous anastomoses are attractive because of their simplicity and rapidity of performance. Their patency is comparable to sutured anastomoses, but arterial aneurysms remain a hazard despite use of extremely low laser energy.
Ensemble averaging of locomotor electromyographic patterns using interpolation.

A technique for calculating the ensemble averages of locomotor electromyographic patterns is decribed. It combines standard linear envelope detection with LaGrange interpolation. The e.m.g. envelope in each stride is demarcated with times obtained from foot-contact patterns and the time base is altered to 256 points by interpolation. The time-normalised envelopes are then averaged together to form the ensemble average.
Menthol Cigarette Use Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2004–2008

Introduction: Understanding the patterns of menthol cigarette use can be useful in developing and justifying polices designed to prevent and reduce cigarette use and exposure to tobacco smoke. This report provides an update and summary of the demographic distribution and trends of menthol cigarette use in the United States. Methods: Data from the 2004-2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed to estimate menthol cigarette use among current smokers by race/ethnicity, sex, and age (12 years and older). A t-test was used to compare estimates for menthol and nonmenthol use by demographic group. Trend analyses were conducted to examine differences in menthol cigarette use by race/ethnicity and age from 2004 to 2008. Results: Over half of menthol cigarette smokers were female (52.2%), and approximately 29.4% of all menthol smokers were Black, which was almost 10 times the percentage of nonmenthol smokers who were Black (3.0%, p < .01). Prevalence of past month menthol cigarette use was highest among current smokers aged 12-17 years (44.7%) and decreased as age group increased. From 2004 to 2008, menthol cigarette use increased significantly among White smokers aged 12-17 years (from 40.3% in 2004 to 46.0% in 2008, p < .01). Menthol cigarette use among young adult smokers aged 18-25 years increased for Hispanics (from 33.9% in 2004 to 42.4% in 2008, p < .01) and Whites (from 26.7% to 32.5%, p <.01). Conclusions: Demographic disparities in menthol cigarette use persist in the United States. Continued monitoring and improvement of existing surveillance systems to identify patterns and trends in menthol cigarette use are needed.
Trading Civil Liberties for National Security: Warnings from a World War II Internment Program

A recurring theme in American political discourse is how to strike the appropriate balance between protecting the nation against threats to its security without eroding the liberty that is at the heart of its democratic character. Civil liberties versus national security is a choice apparently to be made in every crisis and every war, whether hot or cold. We can trace the debate from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Abraham Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, to the Red Scares that followed both world wars. The classic case of going too far, and the most widely repudiated example, is the illegal mass internment of more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, most of them U.S. citizens, without charge, during World War II. Today, in what is commonly called the war on terrorism, hawks and doves take up their customary positions on opposing sides of the old argument as they debate the U.S.A Patriot Act, the imprisonment of foreigners at Camp Delta on Guantanamo Bay, and the indefinite detention of American citizens by presidential order.
A carbon nanotube capacitor structure

In this abstract, we present additional details on a new capacitor, CNCAP (carbon nanotube capacitor), compare it to existing integrated circuit capacitor technologies, and address its manufacturability. Properties of metallic, single wall CNTs (large surface area and relatively low resistance) allow for the creation of a very high density capacitor structure. In the CNCAP, each CNT electrode is surrounded by four CNTs connected to the opposing electrode. This structure allows for a potential capacitance/area greater than 100 fF/mum2. The electrical model of two parallel metallic, single wall, CNTs. The principle scattering mechanism in a CNT is due to acoustic phonons (under low bias) and the ideal CNT resistance is based on its length R = (h/4e2)(1+L/lambdaacc) where lambdaacc is the mean free path. The inductance, L, of the CNTs is taken as 4.07 nH/mum, which corresponds to the kinetic inductance. The quantum capacitance per unit length (CQ) of the CNTs is 388 aF/mum.
Reliagram-a communication abstraction for distributed processing

The authors have designed and implemented an efficient transport-level protocol called reliagram transport protocol (RGP) that provides a connectionless communication abstraction called reliagram. A reliagram represents a message that can be reliably and asynchronously sent and received by the RGP applications. Novel features of RGP include explicit transfer of transport-level state information to the application layer, rate-based transmission control, and a selective retransmission strategy. A prototype implementation shows that RGP provides superior performance as compared to UDP and thus can serve as a basis for building distributed programming systems. >
Antigen-Specific Immune Responses and Clinical Outcome After Vaccination With Glioma-Associated Antigen Peptides and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Stabilized by Lysine and Carboxymethylcellulose in Children With Newly Diagnosed Malignant Brainstem and Nonbrainstem Gliomas

Purpose Diffuse brainstem gliomas (BSGs) and other high-grade gliomas (HGGs) of childhood carry a dismal prognosis despite current treatments, and new therapies are needed. Having identified a series of glioma-associated antigens (GAAs) commonly overexpressed in pediatric gliomas, we initiated a pilot study of subcutaneous vaccinations with GAA epitope peptides in HLA-A2–positive children with newly diagnosed BSG and HGG. Patients and Methods GAAs were EphA2, interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2), and survivin, and their peptide epitopes were emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 and given every 3 weeks with intramuscular polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose for eight courses, followed by booster vaccinations every 6 weeks. Primary end points were safety and T-cell responses against vaccine-targeted GAA epitopes. Treatment response was evaluated clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging. Results Twenty-six children were enrolled, 14 with newly diagnosed BSG trea...