cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic nicotine product cessation and cigarette smoking: analysis of waves 3 and 4 from the PATH study.

Introduction Identifying predictors of electronic nicotine product (ENP) cessation can inform ENP cessation interventions. High rates of co-occurring ENP and cigarette (dual) use and transitions between these products underscore the importance of considering cigarette smoking status when assessing and addressing ENP cessation. Methods We analyzed waves 3 (W3) and 4 (W4) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study to identify (i) W3 socio-demographics, tobacco and ENP use characteristics, and psychosocial correlates of W3 cigarette smoking status (non-smoker, former and current) among W3 adult ENP users, and (ii) W3 predictors of W4 combined ENP and cigarette smoking abstinence relative to use of one or both products. Results At W3, 65.6% of ENP users concurrently smoked cigarettes. Adjusted multinomial regression results indicated that different W3 socio-demographics, tobacco and ENP use characteristics and psychosocial correlates were significantly associated with distinct W3 cigarette use profiles. At W4, 9.9% of individuals were abstinent from both products. These individuals were less likely to: (i) be current smokers (vs non-smokers) or be advised to quit using tobacco, compared to cigarette only or dual users, and (ii) use ENPs daily or live in a household allowing ENP use, compared to ENP only or dual users (p's Conclusions ENP cessation approaches need to be tailored to the distinct cigarette use profiles of ENP users. Dual users and daily ENP users may require more intensive interventions to achieve cessation of both products. Supportive physical environments, such as home vape-free policies, may facilitate ENP cessation. Implications This analysis contributes to advancing the nascent literature on predictors of electronic nicotine product (ENP) cessation, which can guide the development of ENP cessation interventions by indicating which populations, psychosocial and environmental constructs and co-occurring behaviors interventions should target. This research also highlights the importance of considering cigarette smoking status when designing ENP cessation interventions and defining intervention outcomes.
Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric evidence for the identification of 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline as a normal constituent of rat brain. Its quantification and comparison to rat whole brain levels of dopamine.

Abstract Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data are presented which demonstrate the presence of 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (DHTIQ) as a normal constituent of rat brain. The level of DHTIQ was calculated to be 10.0 ± 3.0 mg/g wet weight (±S.D., N = 9) of brain tissue while the level of dopamine (DA) was measured as 1.22 ± 0.2+2 μ g/g (N = 14). The ratio of DHTIQ:DA was thus observed to be approximately 1:100. The possible formation of DHTIQ in alcoholism and schizophrenia is discussed.
Infectious and immunologic consequences of blood transfusion

Blood transfusions remain common practice in the critical care and surgical settings. Transfusions carry significant risks, including risks for transmission of infectious agents and immune suppression. Transmission of bacterial infections, although rare, is the most common adverse event with transfusion. The risk for transmission of viral infections has decreased over time, clearly because tests are becoming more sensitive in detecting certain viral infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Several immunomodulatory effects are thought to be related to transfusions, and these can result in cancer recurrence, mortality, and postoperative infections. Numerous studies have been performed to examine the role of leukoreduction in decreasing these transfusion-related complications but results remain contradictory. We review the infectious risks associated with blood transfusion and the most recent data on its immunologic effects, specifically on cancer recurrence, mortality, and postoperative infections in surgical patients. We also review the use of leukoreduction in blood transfusion and its role in preventing transfusion-transmitted infections and immunomodulatory complications.
Sexual Orientation: Genetics

Research into a possible genetic basis for homosexuality has suggested the role of an as yet undiscovered gene localized to the q28 region of the X chromosome. However, this suggestion is controversial for a number of reasons, and the matter is unlikely to be resolved without a considerable amount of additional research. Keywords: sexual orientation; homosexuality; twins; Xq28
Calculation and measurement of higher order mode losses in ITER ECH transmission lines

The ITER transmission lines (TLs) must be designed to deliver 20 MW from a 24 MW, 170 GHz gyrotron system. Miter bends are the main source of loss for these highly overmoded, corrugated, cylindrical waveguide TLs. Previous estimates have used only a pure HE 11 mode for the analysis of the loss due to a miter bend, however higher order modes (HOMs) must be considered for a practical analysis. For the linearly-polarized, Gaussian-like beam from a gyrotron, the LP mn mode basis set should be used to describe the fields in the corrugated waveguide. The HOM content greatly affects the propagation of HE 11 content in a miter bend, with a large emphasis placed on the percentage of HOMs and the phase difference between HE 11 and each HOM. By considering LP modes, a complete basis set is used to investigate the HOM effects on HE 11 loss in a miter bend. We also present a new conservation theorem relating the power centroid offset and propagation angle due to any two LP mn modes propagating in the corrugated waveguide.
Interpretation of the Stephan Quintet Galaxy Cluster using Hydro-Gravitational-Dynamics: Viscosity and Fragmentation

Stephan's Quintet (SQ) is a compact group of galaxies that has been well studied since its discovery in 1877 but is mysterious using cold dark matter hierarchical clustering cosmology (CDMHCC). Anomalous red shifts $z = (0.0027,0.019, 0.022, 0.022, 0.022)$ among galaxies in SQ either reduce it to a Trio with two highly improbable intruders from CDMHCC or support the Arp (1973) hypothesis that its red shifts are intrinsic. An alternative is provided by the Gibson 1996-2006 hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) theory where superclusters, clusters and galaxies all originate by gravitational fragmentation in the super-viscous plasma epoch and at planetary and star cluster mass scales in the primordial gas of the expanding universe. By this fluid-mechanical cosmology, the SQ galaxies gently separate and remain precisely along a line of sight because of perspective and the small transverse velocities permitted by their sticky viscous-gravitational beginnings. Star and gas bridges and young-globular-star-cluster (YGC) trails observed by the Hubble Space Telescope are triggered as SQ galaxies separate through viscous baryonic-dark-matter halos of dark proto-globular-cluster (PGC) clumps of frozen Earth-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs).
Using Bibliotherapy in Clinical Practice: A Guide to Self-Help Books

Preface Introduction Clinical Applications Chemical Dependency Coping With Change Family Violence and Dysfunctional Families Parenting Personal Growth Serious Illness Social Relationships Divorce and Blended Families Author Index Title Index Subject Index
Role of thought, sight, smell, and taste of food in the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion in humans

The relative importance of thought, sight, smell, and taste of food in the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion has not been studied systematically. We found that discussing appetizing food for 30 min (without sight, smell, or taste) increased acid secretion from 4 to 13 mmol/h in healthy human subjects (p less than 0.001) and also increased serum gastrin concentrations significantly (p less than 0.02). Discussing food resulted in an acid secretory response that averaged 66% +/- 10% of the response to modified sham feeding, which activates thought, sight, smell, and taste. Discussing topics other than food (e.g., current events, sports) did not increase acid secretion significantly. The sight of appetizing food (without smell or taste), the smell of appetizing food (without sight or taste), or the combination of sight and smell (without taste) also increased acid secretion and serum gastrin concentrations significantly. However, sight and smell were significantly less potent stimulants of acid secretion than sham feeding, with responses averaging only 23%-46% of the response to sham feeding. These studies indicate that thinking about food is a potent stimulant of gastric secretion in healthy humans. Moreover, the sight and smell of food increase gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentrations, probably by provoking thoughts related to food.
Human nerve growth factor improves spatial memory in aged but not in young rats

The behavioral effects of human nerve growth factor (NGF) were assessed in Fischer-344 rats of two ages: 4 months old (4MO) and 23 months old (23MO). Recent memory was tested in delayed alteration (T maze), reference memory in a place discrimination (water maze), and sensorimotor skills in a battery of sensorimotor tasks. Each rat was preoperatively trained in each task, given either a control procedure (CON), or continuous infusion of human NGF via an osmotic minipump, and retested again 3 weeks later. Two doses of NGF were delivered: 40 micrograms and 160 micrograms (total amount infused over a period of 4 weeks). In 23MO-NGF rats, both doses improved performance in the recent memory task, and in some measures of the place learning task, but had no effect on sensorimotor skills. In 4MO-NGF rats, the low dose impaired performance in the recent memory task, but not in the place discrimination or in the sensorimotor tasks. These data indicate that human NGF can reverse age-related cognitive impairments in old rats. However, the present study also raises the issue of potential detrimental effects that NGF may exert in young normal subjects.
An Unusual Pattern of Spontaneous Mutations Recovered in the Halophilic Archaeon Haloferax volcanii

Spontaneous mutations in the orotate:phosphoribosyl transferase (pyrE2) gene of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii were selected by 5-fluoroorotic acid plus uracil at a rate of ∼2 × 10−8/cell division in fluctuation and null-fraction tests but ∼6 × 10−8/cell division in mutation-accumulation tests. The corresponding genomic mutation rates were substantially lower than those observed for other mesophilic microbial DNA genomes on the basis of similar target genes. The mutational spectrum was dominated by indels adding or deleting multiples of 3 bp. Properties of the organism contributing to this unusual mutational pattern may include phenotypic lag caused by a high chromosomal copy number and efficient promotion of strand misalignments by short direct repeats.
Boosting detection sensitivity by using a surface-wave-enabled darkfield aperture (SWEDA)

The on-chip detection of a weak optical signal in biological experiments can easily be complicated by the presence of an overwhelming background signal, and as such, pre-detection background suppression is substantively important for weak signal detection. In this paper, we report a structure that can be directly incorporated onto optical sensors to accomplish background suppression prior to detection. This structure, termed surface-wave-enabled darkfield aperture (SWEDA), consists of a central sub-wavelength hole surrounded by concentric grooves that are milled onto a gold layer. Incoming light can be collected and converted into surface waves (SW) by the concentric grooves and then be recoupled into propagating light through the central hole. We show that the SW-assisted optical component and the direct transmission component of the central hole can cancel each other, resulting in near-zero transmission under uniform illumination (observed suppression factor of 1230). This structure can therefore be used to suppress a light field's bright background and allow sensitive detection of localized light field non-uniformity (observed image contrast enhancement of 27dB). We also show that under a coherent background illumination, a CMOS pixel patterned with the proposed structure achieves better SNR performance than an un-patterned single pixel.
Computation of distorted probabilities for diffusion processes via stochastic control methods

We study distorted survival probabilities related to risks in incomplete markets. The risks are modeled as diffusion processes, and the distortions are of general type. We establish a connection between distorted survival probabilities of the original risk process and distortion-free survival probabilities of new pseudo risk diffusions; the latter turns out to be diffusions with killing or splitting rates related, respectively, to concave and convex distortions. The main tools come from the theories of stochastic control, stochastic differential games, and non-linear partial differential equations. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of redundancy on estimation accuracy in process data reconciliation

Abstract For a steady-state process the accuracy of reconciled data may be measured by the trace of its covariance matrix of estimation errors. Quantitative relations are derived for the effects of adding and removing single measurements on estimation accuracy. It is proved that redundancy will never adversely affect estimation accuracy. It will always enhance estimation accuracy, if the measurements relate the process variables in a different way from the constraints. These relations are utilized to develop evolutionary strategies for selecting an optimal measurement structure.
Do career criminals exist in rural America

Abstract The criminal career paradigm had essentially ignored investigating offenders in rural areas. To fill this void, a retrospective, cross-sectional design sampled 331 former adult correctional clients from the case archives in a rural midwestern state. Self-report and official records indicated that rural criminal careers were characterized by relatively few arrests, short-lived criminal justice system involvements, and a paucity of violent crime. Although the sample demonstrated relatively benign criminality overall, the most chronic offenders, top 10 percent of the sample, were plagued by overlapping, contemporaneous problems such as alcoholism, substance abuse, mental health difficulties, early onset of antisocial behavior, low educational attainment, and revolving involvement in the criminal justice system. Like rural communities, which were characterized by exceedingly low crime rates, rural career offenders tended to be relatively harmless criminals especially compared to habitual offenders commonly found in the criminological literature.
Hoarding behaviors among nonclinical elderly adults: Correlations with hoarding cognitions, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and measures of general psychopathology

This study examines correlates of hoarding behaviors among nonclinical elderly adults, focusing upon hoarding cognitions, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and measures of general psychopathology. Two hundred and sixty-nine adults aged 56-93 years (M=72.49 years) completed the Saving Inventory-Revised, Savings Cognitions Inventory-Revised, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. Our geriatric sample evidenced significantly greater severity of hoarding behaviors than did a younger community sample (24-72 years; M=44.4 years; Frost, Steketee, & Grishman, 2004). Within our sample, moderate correlations were found between hoarding behaviors and hoarding cognitions; however, controlling for obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms resulted in reduced-magnitude associations. As well, relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and both hoarding behaviors and hoarding cognitions were generally strong, with most relationships diminishing after controlling for depressive symptoms. Associations between hoarding symptoms and symptoms of social anxiety, general worry, and depression were generally moderate. A significant regression model showed depressive symptoms explaining the most unique variance in hoarding behaviors. Findings confirm a relatively greater severity of hoarding behaviors in older adults (as compared to younger adults) and suggest that related psychopathology plays a critical role in hoarding expression among older adults. As well, the current study contributes to the ongoing investigation of the diagnostic categorization of compulsive hoarding.
An analysis of recollection in the measurement of long‐term change in attitudes

In cross-sectional research designs, the measurement of attitudinal and behavioural change has often relied upon respondents' reported recollection of the degree of change from one point in time to another. Alternatively, algebraic approaches for measuring change are often utilized in longitudinal designs with panel data. In a conceptual replication of prior work by Irving and Meyer (1995), this study undertook an examination of direct recall measures of change, as well as contemporaneous Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2) measures of three attitudinal constructs (union commitment, union satisfaction, and union attitudes in general) over a 10-year period. Based upon a sample of 195 union members, the investigation found that more proximal T2 measures of the constructs of interest were strongly related to single-item measures of recollection of change and more distal T1 measures had no significant relationship with respondents' reported recollection of any of the attitudinal measures examined. In the interpretation of these findings, it is suggested that current attitudes provide cognitive prompts to survey-based requests for recollection of past attitudes, which may in-turn lead to serious reporting inaccuracies associated with many direct measures of recollection.
Effects of restorative materials on the palatal mucosa of the rat

Abstract The effects of self-curing acrylic resin, silver, copper, and silver amalgam were tested on the palatal mucosa of 35 rats. No significant changes were observed in the tissue when copper, silver, and acrylic resin were used. When silver amalgam of varying silver to mercury ratios was used, the tissue in contact with the material underwent extensive epithelial proliferation and hyperkeratinization. Since the pure silver induced no significant changes in the epithelium, it must be concluded that the tissue changes resulted from the increased proportion of mercury in the amalgam.
The Environmental Neurotoxicant PCB 95 Promotes Synaptogenesis via Ryanodine Receptor-Dependent miR132 Upregulation

Non-dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants linked to neuropsychological dysfunction in children. NDL PCBs increase spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations in neurons by stabilizing ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium release channels in the open configuration, which results in CREB-dependent dendritic outgrowth. In this study, we address the question of whether activation of CREB by NDL PCBs also triggers dendritic spine formation. Nanomolar concentrations of PCB 95, a NDL congener with potent RyR activity, significantly increased spine density and the frequency of miniature EPSCs in primary dissociated rat hippocampal cultures coincident with upregulation of miR132. Inhibition of RyR, CREB, or miR132 as well as expression of a mutant p250GAP cDNA construct that is not suppressed by miR132 blocked PCB 95 effects on spines and miniature EPSCs. PCB 95 also induced spine formation via RyR- and miR132-dependent mechanisms in hippocampal slice cultures. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism of PCB developmental neurotoxicity whereby RyR sensitization modulates spine formation and synaptogenesis via CREB-mediated miR132 upregulation, which in turn suppresses the translation of p250GAP, a negative regulator of synaptogenesis. In light of recent evidence implicating miR132 dysregulation in Rett syndrome and schizophrenia, these findings identify NDL PCBs as potential environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders.
The Process of Community Involvement.

The role of communication in community processes has long been recognized by philosophers and social theorists and has been a topic of research for a century or more. That research has been conducted under the influence of theories that questioned the viability of community in industrial, urban societies. The relevant evidence has been taken to be the degree to which people develop ties of one sort or another to the places they live and the institutions and people there. One such tie is community involvement, conceived as a communicative link to community process. The current approach offers an interpretation of community involvement as a process with a number of distinct steps. This idea is explored using data from a representative sample survey of 400 adult Iowans. Log‐linear analysis techniques are used to evaluate a number of latent class scale models. The best fitting model is quite different from the usual Guttman models that previously have been used in measuring community involvement. A number of ...
Endogenous peptides bound to HLA-A3 possess a specific combination of anchor residues that permit identification of potential antigenic peptides.

Abstract A motif specific to peptides that bind to the human class I major histocompatibility complex molecule HLA-A3 was identified by sequence analysis of HPLC fractions containing endogenous peptides. Twenty-six different sequences were obtained, 19 of which were nonamers. The majority of these endogenous peptide sequences contained Leu at position (P)2, while most sequences contained Tyr or Lys at P9. In addition, Phe was shared by 16 sequences at P3. Synthetic peptides corresponding to endogenous peptide sequences were shown to bind to HLA-A3. The importance of Leu at P2 and Tyr or Lys at P9 ("anchor" residues) for peptide binding to HLA-A3 was demonstrated by the following results: (i) peptides GLFGGGGGY, GLFGGGGGK, and GLGGGGFGY, but not GLFGGGGGV, specifically bound to HLA-A3 and (ii) six nonapeptides from within the influenza A nucleoprotein, matrix, and polymerase proteins, selected for synthesis based upon their possession of P2 and P9 anchor residues, were shown to bind HLA-A3. In contrast, none of a set of eight peptides that bound to HLA-A2, or six that bound to HLA-B27, bound detectably to HLA-A3. These findings provide a rationale for the design and selection of peptides that can be recognized by HLA-A3-restricted T cells.
Equivalency of computer-assisted and paper-and-pencil administered versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2

Abstract The literature on computer-assisted and paper-and-pencil administered Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs) was reviewed. Both computer-assisted and paper-and-pencil administered formats for the MMPI-2 were then investigated. Results found the two formats to be quite comparable. Neither the validity nor the clinical scales differed by format in terms of means and standard deviations. Groups also showed homogeneity of variance across formats. Test-retest reliabilities between the two formats were significant and compared favorably with those reported for repeated paper-and-pencil testings. Stability of high-point codes appeared comparable with past research. Equivalence concerning the presence or absence of clinical elevations across the two formats appeared quite good, showing 92–97% agreement. Subjects expressed preference for the computer-assisted format, reporting more comfort with its pace and that they found it more interesting, less difficult, and more enjoyable. Results suggested that the absence of an overt ‘cannot say’ option may be the optimum presentation choice for this scale.
THE EFFECT OF IONIC STRENGTH ON REACTIONS CATALYZED BY CARBAMYLPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE.

Abstract The effects of high ionic strength on carbamylphosphate synthesis, ATP formation from carbamylphosphate and ADP, the liberation of P 1 from ATP and hydroxylamine, and acetylphosphate and formylphosphate synthesis by carbamylphosphate synthetase are presented. High concentrations of salt markedly inhibit all of the reactions to approximately the same extent. Under conditions of high ionic strength and varying concentrations of cofactor ( N -acylglutamic acid derivatives), Liuweaver-Burk plots were obtained which are characteristic of competitive inhibition. The role of ionic strength during cofactor induced heat and cold inactivation of the enzyme provides some indication of the complexity of these inactivation phenomena. These observations are presented as further evidence that a single enzyme catalyzes all of these reactions and that there apparently is a close relationship between the effects of high ionic strength and the rule of glutamic acid derivatives as cofactors.
Using Calibration Weighting to Adjust for Nonignorable Unit Nonresponse

When calibration weighting is be used to adjust for unit nonresponse in a sample survey, the response/nonresponse mechanism is often assumed to be a function of a set of covariates, which we call “model variables.” These model variables usually also serve as the benchmark variables in the calibration equation. In principle, however, the model variables do not have to coincide with the benchmark variables. Since the model-variable values need only be known for the respondents, this allows the treatment of what is usually considered nonignorable nonresponse in the prediction approach to survey sampling. One can invoke either a quasi-randomization or prediction approach to justify calibration weighting as a means for adjusting for nonresponse. Both frameworks rely on unverifiable model assumptions, and both require large samples to produce nearly unbiased estimators even when those assumptions hold. We will explore these issues theoretically using a joint framework and with an empirical study.
Sobolev functions whose inner trace at the boundary is zero

Let Ω⊂R n be an arbitrary open set. In this paper it is shown that if a Sobolev functionf∈W 1,p (Ω) possesses a zero trace (in the sense of Lebesgue points) on ϖΩ, thenf is weakly zero on ϖΩ in the sense thatf∈W 0 1, (Ω).
Chronic fatigue syndrome: a hormonal origin? A rare case of dysmenorrhea membranacea.

Background Membranous dysmenorrhea is a rare entity involving expulsion of fragments of endometrium retaining the shape of the uterus. The condition is often linked to high progesterone levels. An association with a chronic fatigue syndrome was never described.
Neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment counteracts circadian arrhythmicity induced by phase shifts of the light–dark cycle in female and male Siberian hamsters

Abstract Studies of rats and voles suggest that distinct pathways emanating from the anterior hypothalamic-retrochiasmatic area and the mediobasal hypothalamic arcuate nucleus independently generate ultradian rhythms (URs) in hormone secretion and behavior. We evaluated the hypothesis that destruction of arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons, in concert with dampening of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian rhythmicity, would compromize the generation of ultradian rhythms (URs) of locomotor activity. Siberian hamsters retain-->of both sexes treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate (MSG) that destroys ARC neurons were subjected in adulthood to a circadian disrupting phase-shift protocol (DPS) that produces SCN arrhythmia. MSG treatments induced hypogonadism and obesity, retain-->and markedly reduced the size of the optic chiasm and optic nerves. MSG-treated hamsters exhibited normal entrainment to the light–dark cycle, but MSG treatretain-->ment counteracted the circadian arrhythmicity induced by the DPS protocol: only 6% of retain-->MSG-treated hamsters exhibited circadian arrhythmia, whereas 50% of control hamsters were circadian disrupted. In MSG-treated hamsters that retained circadian rhythmicity after DPS treatment, quantitative parameters of URs appeared normal, but in the two MSG-treated hamsters that became circadian arrhythmic after DPS, both dark-phase and light-phase URs were abolished. Although preliminary, these data are consistent with reports in voles suggesting that the combined disruption of SCN and ARC function impairs the expression of behavioral URs. The data also suggest that light thresholds for entrainment of circadian rhythms may be lower than those required to disrupt circadian organization.
Color camera measurement and modeling for use in the Night Vision Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM)

The necessity of color balancing in day color cameras complicates both laboratory measurements as well as modeling for task performance prediction. In this proceeding, we discuss how the raw camera performance can be measured and characterized. We further demonstrate how these measurements can be modeled in the Night Vision Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM) and how the modeled results can be applied to additional experimental conditions beyond those used during characterization. We also present the theoretical framework behind the color camera component in NV-IPM, where an effective monochromatic imaging system is created from applying a color correction to the raw color camera and generating the color corrected grayscale image. The modeled performance shows excellent agreement with measurements for both monochromatic and colored scenes. The NV-IPM components developed for this work are available in NV-IPM v1.2.
Molecular dynamics simulations of multilayer homoepitaxial thin film growth in the diffusion-limited regime

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations permit multiple-layer thin film growth to be studied in detail, using reliable interatomic potentials for fcc metals from corrected effective medium theory. Results are presented for the homoepitaxial deposition of 50 monolayers on Pd(001) and Cu(001) near 0 K. We find that atoms in overhang sites are stable due to the absence of diffusion at very low temperature and the short time scale of MD simulations. This stability leads to interesting features in the film which may be observable in STM or other experiments near 0 K. The growth behavior of the thin film changes after deposition of the first 5–10 monolayers: more overhanging atoms are present, the surface is rougher, and multiple-layer events begin to occur. The formation of large voids in the film and the mechanism of multi-atom rearrangement events which decrease the surface roughness are discussed. Several simulation parameters have been varied (e.g. deposition rate, system size, random aiming points of the deposited atoms) to study their effects on the results. There is no clear difference between Pd and Cu thin film growth near 0 K.
Pilot study to enhance HIV care using needle exchange-based health services for out-of-treatment injecting drug users

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in marked reductions in mortality and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) incidence across all risk groups; however, the proportionate decrease among injecting drug users (IDUs) has been less impressive. Much of the disparity in benefit to IDUs has been a consequence of decreased access to and receipt of potent antiretroviral combinations. Strategies to increase access to and utilization of HAART have included entry into drug treatment and abstinence. Unfortunately, as few as 15%–20% of active drug users in the United States, and in many other countries, are in drug treatment at any one time. We report a pilot project among out-of-drug treatment IDUs infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); HIV therapy was successfully provided to active heroin injectors using the Community Health Care Van (CHCV) at sites of needle exchange. Subjects were willing to initiate, but were not receiving, recommended HIV therapy and were not interested in formal drug treatment. Antiretroviral therapy regimens were selected and linked to heroin injection timing. Weekly visits were scheduled by CHCV staff to assess adverse side effects and encourage adherence. Of the 13 participants, the mean baseline HIV-1 RNA level and CD4 lymphocyte count were 162,369 (log 5.21) copies per milliliter and 265 cells per milliliter, respectively. By 6 months, the proportion whose HIV-1 RNA was below the limits of detection (<400 copies/mL) was 85% (N=11); 77% (N=10) had nondetectable levels by 9 months. By 12 months, 54% (N=7) had a persistently nondetectable viral load, and the net increase in CD4 lymphocyte count was 150 cells per milliliter. As an additional and unintended benefit of this pilot project, 9 (69%) subjects chose to enter drug treatment after achieving a nondetectable viral load. Entry into drug treatment was associated with durability of viral suppression. This small pilot study suggests that health services based on needle exchange may enhance access to HAART among out-of-treatment HIV-infected IDUs. In addition, it demonstrates that this population can benefit from this therapy with the support of a nontraditional, community-based health intervention.
Using agent-based modeling and cultural algorithms to predict the location of submerged ancient occupational sites

Some of the most pivotal questions in human history, such as the origins of early human culture, the spread of hominids out of Africa, and the colonization of New World necessitate the investigation of archaeological sites that are now under water. These contexts have unique potentials for preserving ancient sites without disturbance from later human occupation. The Alpena- Amberley Ridge (AAR) beneath modern Lake Huron in the North American Great Lakes offers unique evidence of prehistoric caribou hunters for a time period that is very poorly known on land.
Effect of strain rate on the tensile properties of unirradiated and irradiated V-4Cr-4Ti

Abstract Tensile tests were carried out on an annealed, unirradiated V–4Cr–4Ti alloy from RT to 850°C at strain rates ranging from 10−1 to 10−5 s−1. Below 300°C, where interstitial solutes are relatively immobile, deformation is homogeneous, and the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of the yield and flow stress is positive. Between 300°C and 700°C, the formation of solute atmospheres at locked dislocations results in dynamic strain-aging (DSA), deformation becomes heterogeneous, and the SRS of the flow stress is negative; in this regime the lower yield stress is independent of strain rate. Above 700°C, substitutional solutes are also mobile, DSA declines, and the material enters a power law creep regime in which the SRS becomes positive again. Following neutron irradiation to 0.5 dpa at temperatures ⩽400°C, severe flow localization occurs due to the high number density of 〈1 1 0〉 and 〈1 1 1〉 loops. However, above 400°C, strain hardening capacity returns but without the Luders extension. At 500°C, after several percent plastic deformation, DSA occurs as interstitial solutes are released from the defect structure.
Abstract A30: Radiation resistance of human lung cancer stem cells (CSCs)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common form of lung cancer, is treated with tumor resection and chemotherapy, with ionizing radiation (IR) treatment and chemotherapy used for patients with unresectable tumors. Despite improvements in medical management, 5-year survival rates for NSCLC remain low. Evidence suggests that resistance to radio- and chemotherapy is associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are undifferentiated cells with the capacity to self-renew and differentiate, restoring the tumor cell population following treatment. However, the mechanisms through which lung CSCs evade and resist radiation therapy remain poorly studied. We previously reported on our ability to isolate, culture, and assay human lung CSCs from cultured cell lines. We found the stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor c-kit functions in a crucial pathway for the self-renewal and proliferation of human lung CSCs. We discovered that a combination of cisplatin (to eradicate bulk tumor cells) and agents targeting SCF/c-kit signaling in CSCs (e.g., antibody neutralizing SCF and anti-c-kit RTK inhibitors) is an effective therapy against NSCLC in vitro. Here we extend our work to CSCs derived from primary NSCLC surgical tumor specimens. We analyzed lung CSC resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) and molecular mechanisms associated with CSC radioresistance. We found that human lung CSC radioresistance is mediated by preferential activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response and an increase in DNA repair capacity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors with anti c-kit activity (e.g., imatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, and axitinib) were compared for their ability to abrogate lung CSC proliferation and potentiate effect of IR on NSCLC. We found that lung CSCs proliferation was abrogated by all of the four c-kit inhibitors; however, axitinib showed the most profound anti-CSC effect. The combination of IR treatment with SCF/ckit pathway inhibition eliminated bulk NSCLC cells and radiation resistant CSCs.
Effect of oxygen content and microstructure on the thermo-mechanical response of three Ti-6Al-4V alloys : Experiments and modeling over a wide range of strain-rates and temperatures

Abstract Results from a series of experiments on three different titanium alloys, under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions are presented. The Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloys include the ELI version and two with higher oxygen contents. The strain-rates are varied from 10 −6 to 3378 s −1 while observations are made at temperatures from 233 to 755 K. The alloys initial and deformed photomicrographs and various deformation mechanisms responsible for the induced plastic deformation, are presented and discussed. Differences in the responses of these alloys are observed in terms of thermal softening, work hardening, and strain-rate and temperature sensitivities. The Khan–Huang–Liang (KHL) model is used to effectively simulate the observed responses obtained from these experiments. The model, with the constants determined from these experiments, is then used to predict strain-rate jump experimental results, and also high temperature dynamic experiments for one of the alloys; the predictions are found to be very close to the observations.
E versus k relations and many body effects in the model insulating copper oxide Sr2CuO2Cl2.

We report angle resolved photoemission measurements on ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$, an insulating layered copper oxide. We find that the overall width of the highest occupied band and the position of the band maximum at ($\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}, \frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$) agree with predictions of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model and other calculations based on the Hubbard model. However, in many regions of the Brillouin zone, the shape of the band differs from these predictions. A comparison of our data with spectra previously reported on metallic samples leads to new suggestions for the phenomenology of doping.
Chamber and micrometeorological measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes for three C4 grasses

Accurate measurements of surface fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are important for several reasons and can be made using several types of instrumentation. For three C4 grasses—bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), a mixed species native tallgrass prairie, and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.)—we measured evapotranspiration (ET) using a canopy chamber (CC) and Bowen ratio/energy balance (BREB) instrumentation and we measured leaf CO2 uptake using a leaf chamber (LC), and, after accounting for soil CO2 fluxes, we calculated leaf uptake using a CC and BREB instrumentation. In addition, soil CO2 fluxes from bare soil were measured using a CC and soil chamber (SC). Measurements were made on 4 and 5 May 1994 at the Blackland Research Center, Temple, TX. Flux of CO2 into the leaf was considered positive and was expressed per unit ground area. Half-hour CC ET measurements were consistently and substantially greater than BREB measurements for all grasses, perhaps because of increased soil evaporation due to greater turbulence inside the CC. Leaf CO2 uptake measured using the three methods showed similar diurnal trends for all grasses (responding, primarily, to changes in photosynthetic photon flux density), but consistently tended to be greatest for BREB measurements. The regression equation for LC CO2 uptake as a function of BREB uptake had a slope not statistically different from 1.0, with large scatter likely because of limited leaf area sampled. CC CO2 uptake was consistently the least, partly because we may have underestimated soil CO2 flux in the CC. Half-hour soil CO2 fluxes from the CC were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those from the SC for about two-thirds of the day on bare soil, perhaps because of large chamber ventilation rates. Differences of daytime soil CO2 fluxes averaged 0.07 mg m−2 s−1 (1.0 mg m−2 s−1 ≈ 22.7 μ mol m−2 s−1). These results show the consistency, repeatability and, we believe, accuracy of leaf CO2 uptake and soil CO2 flux measurements made using all methods.
HIV Donor Funding Has Both Boosted And Curbed The Delivery Of Different Non-HIV Health Services In Sub-Saharan Africa

Donor funding for HIV programs has increased rapidly over the past decade, raising questions about whether other health services in recipient-country health systems are being crowded out or strengthened. This article—an investigation of the impacts of increased HIV donor funding on non-HIV health services in sub-Saharan Africa during 2003–10—provides evidence of both effects. HIV aid in some countries has crowded out the delivery of childhood immunizations, especially in countries with the lowest density of health care providers. At the same time, HIV aid may have positively affected some maternal health services, such as prenatal blood testing. These mixed results suggest that donors should be more attentive to domestic resource constraints, such as limited numbers of health workers; should integrate more fully with existing health systems; and should address these constraints up front to limit possible negative effects on the delivery of other health services.
A carbon monoxide-oxygen sampler for evaluation of fire fighter exposures.

A self-contained personal, sampler has been developed to monitor firefighters’ exposure to both carbon monoxide and oxygen in actual fires. A combustible gas detector was modified to be specific for carbon monoxide measurements in the range of 0.02 to 10.0%. A membrane sensor is used to measure oxygen in the range of 0 to 21%; the data are recorded on a small cassette tape recorder with a voltage-to-frequency converter. Tests on actual fire gases indicate mean errors of 14.0% and 3.2% in the carbon monoxide and oyxgen measurements, respectively.
Recombination rate variation in closely related species

Despite their importance to successful meiosis and various evolutionary processes, meiotic recombination rates sometimes vary within species or between closely related species. For example, humans and chimpanzees share virtually no recombination hotspot locations in the surveyed portion of the genomes. However, conservation of recombination rates between closely related species has also been documented, raising an apparent contradiction. Here, we evaluate how and why conflicting patterns of recombination rate conservation and divergence may be observed, with particular emphasis on features that affect recombination, and the scale and method with which recombination is surveyed. Additionally, we review recent studies identifying features influencing fine-scale and broad-scale recombination patterns and informing how quickly recombination rates evolve, how changes in recombination impact selection and evolution in natural populations, and more broadly, which forces influence genome evolution.
Large deletions are tolerated at the hprt locus of in vivo derived human T-lymphocytes.

Abstract A cloning assay was used to recover hprt− T-lymphocytes from adult human males. Analysis of crude cellular extracts by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) demonstrated that 7% (16/218)of the hprt mutation were due to total deletion of the hprt gene. 14 of the 16 mutants were examined by PCR for the presence of flanking DNA to determine the extent of the deletions. The deletion mutation in 13 mutants was at least 350 kb with 5 of these deletions being at least 700 kb. The largest deletions were greater than 15 times the size of the hprt gene. Therefore, large deletions are tolerated at the hprt locus of the T-lymphocytes.
Chemical ordering in Cr3Al and relation to semiconducting behavior

Cr${}_{3}$Al shows semiconductor-like behavior which has been attributed to a combination of antiferromagnetism and chemical ordering of the Cr and Al atoms on the bcc sublattice. This article presents a detailed theoretical and experimental study of the chemical ordering in Cr${}_{3}$Al. Using density functional theory within the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) formalism, we consider five possible structures with the Cr${}_{3}$Al stoichiometry: a bcc solid solution, two-phase C11${}_{b}$ ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}\mathrm{Al}+\mathrm{Cr}$, off-stoichiometric C11${}_{b}$ Cr${}_{3}$Al, D0${}_{3}$ Cr${}_{3}$Al, and X-phase Cr${}_{3}$Al. The calculations show that the chemically ordered, rhombohedrally distorted X-phase structure has the lowest energy of those considered and should, therefore, be the ground state found in nature, while the D0${}_{3}$ structure has the highest energy and should not occur. While KKR calculations of the X phase indicate a pseudogap in the density of states, additional calculations using a full potential linear muffin-tin orbital approach and a plane-wave technique show a narrow band gap. Experimentally, thin films of Cr${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Al${}_{x}$ were grown and the concentration, growth temperature, and substrate were varied systematically. The peak resistivity (2400 $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}$-cm) is found for films with $x=0.25$, grown epitaxially on a 300 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C MgO substrate. At this $x$, a transition between nonmetallic and metallic behavior occurs at a growth temperature of about 400 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C, which is accompanied by a change in chemical ordering from X phase to C11${}_{b}$ Cr${}_{3}$Al. These results clarify the range of possible structures for Cr${}_{3}$Al and the relationship between chemical ordering and electronic transport behavior.
Comparing MMPI and MMPI-2 Profiles: Replication and Integration

Respondents in two settings, a Veterans Administration mental hygiene clinic (n = 94) and a university counseling center (n = 73), completed the test items from the MMPI and MMPI-2 in a single administration, allowing for between-form comparisons that were minimally affected by temporal instability. Concordance rates for high-point codes were 54% and 60%, respectively. Concordance rates for two-point profile codes, regardless of elevation, were 53% and 60%, respectively. Among nonconcordant cases, the proportions of cases with the same high point were 49% and 59%, respectively. In these two samples, 37% and 23%, respectively, of the cases had elevated profiles that were "well-defined." Among these well-defined profiles, concordance rates for high-point codes were 60% and 94%, respectively. These findings are discussed in relation to previous studies of profile concordance between the MMPI and MMPI-2. Implications for clinical practice are suggested.