cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Inoculum Produced On-Farm for Production of AM Fungus Colonized Pepper and Tomato Seedlings Under Conventional Management

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM] fungus inoculum may be used to produce colonized vegetable seedlings for outplanting. Success depends, in part, upon a nutrient regime in the greenhouse that is conducive to AM fungus hyphal growth and signalling/recognition events between host and fungus. Experiments were conducted to develop a fertilization regime conducive to colonization of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings utilizing a mixed species inoculum of AM fungi produced on-farm in a compost and vermiculite mixture. The regulation of colonization by phosphorus nutrition in these crops was contrasted to that in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Bahiagrass had higher levels of colonization than tomato or pepper at all P levels tested (0.31 to 62 ppm). Colonization of the vegetable seedlings dropped to nearly zero at 31 ppm P and above while that of bahiagrass remained at approximately 20% of root length. However, colonization of pepper and tomato seedlings was a...
Distribution Fault-Locating Algorithms Using Current Only

Traditional impedance-based fault-locating methods implemented in modern overcurrent protection relays require voltage and current measurements to provide reasonable fault-location estimates. Although they capture voltage and current, depending on field condition or due to equipment failure, relays may record current measurements only. Voltage measurements are thus missing or unavailable. The objective of this paper is to develop practical impedance-based fault-locating algorithms with current data (magnitude or phasors) as the only input and demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithms with simulated and actual field data. These algorithms use the circuit model of the distribution feeder and Kirchhoff's circuit laws in estimating the fault voltage at the relay location and then use impedance-based methods for fault location. Based on the analysis conducted on actual fault data, error in estimation is generally less than 0.5 mi from the actual location of the fault.
What is the function of centrioles

The function of centrioles has been controversial and remains incompletely resolved. This is because centrioles, in and of themselves, do not directly perform any physiological activity. Instead, their role is only to act as a jig or breadboard onto which other functional structures can be built. Centrioles are primarily involved in forming two structures-centrosomes and cilia. Centrioles bias the position of spindle pole formation, but because spindle poles can self-organize, the function of the centriole in mitosis is not obligatory. Consequently, lack of centrioles does not generally prevent mitosis, although recent experiments suggest acentriolar spindles have reduced fidelity of chromosome segregation. In contrast, centrioles are absolutely required for the assembly of cilia, including primary cilia that act as cellular antennae. Consistent with this requirement, it is now becoming clear that many ciliary diseases, including nephronophthisis, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Meckel Syndrome, and Oral-Facial-Digital syndrome, are caused by defects in centriole-associated proteins.
Effect of alcohol consumption on host release of interleukin-17 during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Background: A link between alcohol abuse and bacterial pneumonia has been recognized for centuries, but mechanisms to explain this relationship are unclarified. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a lymphocyte-derived cytokine that is part of the inflammatory cytokine cascade. Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that IL-17 is released in lung tissue in a murine model of bacterial pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effects of alcohol consumption on pulmonary release of IL-17 are unknown. Methods: Mice were maintained on 20% ethanol in drinking water or on a control diet without alcohol. After 2 weeks, alcohol and control mice were challenged with intratracheal K. pneumoniae. Mice were followed for survival after bacterial challenge, neutrophil recruitment was assayed as myeloperoxidase, and IL-17 was measured in lung lavage fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional experiments, splenocytes from control mice were incubated with ethanol in vitro, and release of IL-17 was measured in culture supernatants. Finally, control and alcohol mice received intrapulmonary gene transfer of E-1–deleted adenovirus containing the murine IL-17 gene. These mice were then challenged with K. pneumoniae and followed for survival and neutrophil recruitment. Results: In these studies, we demonstrate that a 2-week history of ethanol consumption in mice suppresses release of IL-17 into lung tissue, decreases neutrophil recruitment, and increases mortality from experimental K. pneumonia. In vitro experiments confirm a direct suppressive effect of ethanol on the release of IL-17 from splenocytes. In vivo administration of the IL-17 gene in an adenoviral vector to alcohol-consuming mice results in release of IL-17 into lavage fluid and normalizes neutrophil recruitment and mortality after bacterial challenge. Conclusions: The results of these experiments strongly implicate IL-17 as an important pathway for the immunosuppression associated with alcohol abuse and support gene therapeutic approaches to augment immune function in the alcoholic host or to treat infections associated with alcoholism.
Beat Between Sound Carrier and Color Signal Components in a Television Receiver

In the course of color television field tests, it has been found that receivers need about 50 db of sound attenuation in the i-f channel in order to prevent beat between the sound carrier and the color carrier components from appearing in the receiver. It was of some interest to determine whether this high requirement was justified in an ideal receiver or was only the result of defects in a practical receiver. A study of this indicated that this much sound rejection is generally required in an ideal receiver having the standard selectivity curve. The calculated value of attenuation is 44db, which, because of transmission vagaries and other variations, points to the use of at least a 50 db sound trap.
High contrast homeotropic alignment of difluorotolane liquid crystals

High contrast and excellent homeotropic alignment of high birefringence (Δn∼0.3) and negative dielectric anisotropy difluorotolane liquid crystals were demonstrated using long chain alcohol evaporated SiO2 inorganic layers and buffed polyimide layers. The addition of 5–10% isothiocyanatotolane not only improves the contrast ratio but also enhances the figure‐of‐merit. A disadvantage is the increased threshold voltage.
Roles and Observations of a Graduate Design Coach

This paper discusses the roles that a graduate student coach experienced while working with an undergraduate design team in the development of a low, cost, low volume plastic injection modeling machine. Identified roles include: design tool teacher, design reviewer, project manager, and customer. A critique of the roles, including times spent in each role, is provided. This experience created generally higher satisfaction among the students and among the customers than had been previously seen in similar projects. Based upon this experience, it is justified to consider incorporating graduate design students as design coaches in senior design project teams.
Small decidable sheaves

A set A of natural numbers is called decidable if Vn (n E A v n (n E A)) holds. In recursive models, this agrees with the recursion-theoretic meaning of decidability. In other contexts, "complemented" and "detachable" are often used. Richman's conjecture was motivated by the problem of uniqueness of divisible hulls of abelian groups in constructive algebra. Richman showed that a countable discrete abelian p-group G has a unique (up to isomorphism over G) divisible hull if the subgroup pG is decidable. He also showed that the converse implies (*). We confirm the nonconstructive nature of (*) by showing (in ?1) that it is not provable in intuitionistic set theory, IZF. Thus, in the models we construct, there are countable discrete abelian p-groups G whose divisible hulls are unique but whose subgroups pG are not decidable. Our models do not satisfy further conditions imposed by Richman, namely Church's Thesis and Markov's Principle, so the full conjecture remains an open problem. We do, however, show (in ?2) how to embellish our first model so that the fan theorem (i.e., compactness of 2N) fails. (Church's Thesis implies the stronger statement that the negation of the fan theorem holds.) Our models will be constructed by the method of sheaf semantics [1], [3]. That is, we shall construct Grothendieck topoi in whose internal logic (*) fails. The Fourman interpretation [2] of IZF in these topoi then shows, since (*) refers only to wellfounded sets, that (*) is not provable in IZF. We shall, however, postpone the use of sheaf semantics until ?2, because the model in ?1 admits a simpler description. Because (*) is a statement of second-order arithmetic and because the topos used in ?1 is spatial, the proof can be expressed in terms of the well-known topological interpretations of intuitionistic analysis which go back to [6]. In order to make this paper accessible to more readers, we shall use this approach in ?1, introducing more
“Anything you can do, I can do bigger?”: the ethics and equity of growth hormone for small normal children

This paper argues against the use of growth hormone (GH) for small normal children ("idiopathic" short stature) with the following considerations: ethical (philosophical) grounds, cost-economic implications, and the rationale for treating normal physiological variation with a potent pharmacological agent. The author would prefer to see health and economic resources being directed to correct nutritional and environmental deprivation among underprivileged groups in preference to providing GH injections for small normal children.
Kepler, Galileo and the birth of modern astronomy

The International Year of Astronomy marks the 400th anniversary of Kepler's Astronomia nova and the first use of the telescope for astronomy, most notably leading to Galileo's Sidereus nuncius (1610). Kepler's book for the first time argued strongly for a physical basis to astronomical explanations. Galileo's work showed that a coherent understanding was more important for scientific progress than specific proofs. The efforts of both astronomers undermined the traditional geocentric cosmology and essentially brought about the birth of modern astronomy.
History and Background of Protoporphyrin Testing

Lead intoxication was first associated with increased coproporphyrin excretion almost 100 years ago; but not until the 1930's were abnormalities in blood protoporphyrin detected. These later findings have been interpreted as an inhibition by lead of iron incorporation into protoporphyrin during heme synthesis. The testing and application of this hypothesis had to await three more decades of research during which prophyrin/heme biosynthesis was elucidated, control of the pathway was intensively studied, and methodology was greatly improved. The heme biosynthetic pathway is uniquely affected by lead at several sites. These toxic effects can be manifested as increased coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinate excretion, decreased erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity, and increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration, all of which have been used and promoted as diagnostic tests for lead intoxication. Among these, the last appears to be becoming the test of choice. The historical background of this development is discussed from a biochemical viewpoint.
Combined continuous/discrete simulation: applications, techniques and tools

Beside from purely discrete event and/or continuous system simulations, there exists yet another simulation methodology that combines both classes of simulations into one. It is often possible to model one and the same system by use of completely different world views. Several papers have been written in which one particular application was modeled once by use of continuous system simulation, and once by use of discrete event simulation. Both techniques may eventually lead to the same answers. Sometimes however, one technique lends itself more easily to answering some particular questions about a system while the other is more convenient for answering some other questions about the same system. Thus, before the modeler can decide which methodology best to employ, he must know what purposes his model is going to be used for. In this paper, we want to describe applications that call for a combined continuous/discrete modeling methodology together with the techniques (concepts), that characterize this type of simulation approach. We shall also describe briefly what simulation systems are currently on the software market that can be used for this type of simulations.
Meltback of Hesperian‐aged ice‐rich deposits near the south pole of Mars: Evidence for drainage channels and lakes

ponding (minimum volumes � 10 12 m 3 ), overtopping, downcutting, and further drainage of material through a series of craters and into the Prometheus Basin near the edge of the current cap. Topography data show that water filled some craters to depths of at least 200 m and possibly as much as 600 m. Materials derived from melting of this lobe of the DAF drained over a lateral distance of � 600 km and a vertical height of � 800 m, partially emptying into the Prometheus Basin. These combined observations imply that meltback of the older, volatile-rich deposit was a widespread event, occurring on both sides of the deposit over a distance of at least 1800 km, and in an area possibly as much as � 2.9 � 10 6 km 2 . Candidate top-down and bottom-up melting scenarios are examined; the presence of associated Hesperian-aged volcanic deposits and possible subglacial edifices suggests that local and regional basal heating was a major factor in generating the meltwater that formed the drainage features. INDEX TERMS: 6225 Planetology: Solar System Objects: Mars; 5416 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Glaciation; 5470 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Surface materials and properties; 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 5418 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Heat flow; KEYWORDS: Mars, polar, glaciers, Hesperian, channels, water
The Dean Pike Show: An Examination and Comparative Analysis of Bishop James A. Pike's 1950s Television Program

During the religious revival and television revolution of the 1950s, future Episcopal Bishop James Pike broadcast a live religious television program to a national audience from the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York, where he was then serving as Dean. By so doing, he joined evangelist Billy Graham and Catholic Bishop Fulton J. Sheen as prominent church leaders of the day hosting their own TV shows. Together, these programs reflected varied strands of the American religious landscape in the 1950s. The article examines Pike's show, which focused on a discussion with guests of critical political, social and ethical issues facing the nation and church. It examines how the program reflected Pike's life-long ministry and identity as a High Church liberal, as well as Reinhold Niebuhr's theology. Further, the article compares the format, approach and content of Pike's show with those of Graham and Sheen, examining how each program's format derived from its featured cleric's theology and approach. It fi...
Revisionism about free will: a statement & defense

This article summarizes and extends the moderate revisionist position I put forth in Four Views on Free Will and responds to objections to it from Robert Kane, John Martin Fischer, Derk Pereboom, and Michael McKenna. Among the principle topics of the article are (1) motivations for revisionism, what it is, and how it is different from compatibilism and hard incompatibilism, (2) an objection to libertarianism based on the moral costs of its current epistemic status, (3) an objection to the distinctiveness of semicompatibilism against conventional forms of compatibilism, and (4) whether moderate revisionism is committed to realism about moral responsibility.
Comparative Absorption of 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)- butanoic Acid and L-Methionine in the Broiler Chick

The absorption of (l-l4C)2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMB) and L-methionine (L-Met) was evaluated in the broiler chick. Methods in cluded in vitro intestinal tissue uptake and appearance in the plasma from ligated intestinal segments in situ, and from crop intubations. Intestinal uptake of L-Met was partially inhibited with 2,4-dinitrophenol, while HMB uptake was unaffected. The uptake of L-Met conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics except that no plateau was reached. This indicated that L-Met absorption may be accomplished by both concen tration and energy-dependent processes. The in vitro uptake of HMB in relation to concentration was linear indicating that its absorption was concentration dependent. Absorption of HMB and L-Met after crop intubation indicated higher plasma con centrations of HMB than of L-Met, particularly at higher doses. Both compounds were absorbed at similar rates at concentrations 50-100 times below physiological con centrations and absorption rates were different at different small intestinal locations. These results indicate that the ability to use HMB as a source of methionine would not be limited by absorption. J. Nutr. 114: 2179-2186, 1984.
Characteristics of exemplary teachers

To honor exemplary teachers, we need to ask whether there are universal qualities of effective teachers that we can agree upon as a community.
The role of circular polarization in bistatic radar for mitigation of interference due to rain

Based on the existing theories on scattering from a volume of rain and empirical models on rain drop size distribution and Mie solution of the problem of diffraction by a sphere, it is shown that for radar frequencies below 10 GHz one can realize 10 dB rain rejection by using circular polarization as opposed to linear polarization for bistatic angles of up to 90\deg .
Porphyrin–oligothiophene conjugates as additives for P3HT/PCBM solar cells

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene (P3HT/PCBM) bulk heterojunction solar cells is enhanced through the addition of Ni(II) porphyrin–oligothiophene conjugates to typical P3HT/PCBM blends. The introduction of the porphyrin dyes increases the efficiency by up to 63 ± 20% compared with P3HT/PCBM control devices containing no additives. Moreover, external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements show a 10 ± 5% enhancement in photocurrent compared to control blends. These results lead us to conclude that the photo-induced dissociation of P3HT excitons is promoted in the presence of the Ni(II) porphyrin–oligothiophenes and that the Ni(II) porphyrin subunits act as light-harvesting sensitizers as well as energy conduits for the P3HT excitons at P3HT/PCBM interfaces.
El Ensayo del Fin del Mundo

In late 2004, I cashed out my online poker account and dipped into my student loans for solo passage on a ship bound for Antarctica at the year's end. I wasn't not the consummate traveler either: I'd never taken a gap year to gallivant around the world, hitchhike across the Silk Road, rollerblade down the Pan-American Highway, or whatever. And you know, people do that. For fun. Most of my travel opportunities came in more modest forms when time and finances aligned with one another. Going to Antarctica made sense, given the circumstances at the time. My second year in the Asian American Studies Master's program at UCLA was about to start, and the murky prospects of life after grad school were already keeping me awake. What would I do then? Was this my last gasp? I had been idly surfing the web. It was past midnight and my apartment was still sweltering. A can of 211 left rings of perspiration on my desk. I had never been to Antarctica before. There were supposed to be icebergs and frolicking penguins. It ...
Computational Optical Imaging For Super-resolution Microscopy And Sensing Through Complex Media

Optical computational imaging seeks enhanced performance and new functionality by the joint design of illumination, optics, detectors, and reconstruction algorithms. Two remarkable examples discussed here enable overcoming the diffraction limit and imaging through complex media.
Toward functional Ni-SOD biomimetics: achieving a structural/electronic correlation with redox dynamics.

We have prepared and characterized a Ni complex with an N3S2 ligand set (1) that represents the first isolable synthetic model of the reduced form of the Ni-SOD (SOD = superoxide dismutase) active site featuring all relevant donor functionality in the proper spatial distribution. As revealed by X-ray crystallography, the axial py-N donor of 1 does not bind NiII in the solid state or in solution like SOD. Oxidation of 1 provides a disulfide-linked dinuclear species, [{Ni(N3S2)}2] (2), which we have isolated and characterized. Moreover, the 1 → 2 conversion is reversible, much like redox cycling in the enzyme.
Two cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to heart transplantation

Objective The feasibility and efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)as a bridge to heart transplantation was evaluated in patient who suffered acute cardiogenic shock.Methods Two candidates suffered acute cardiogenic shock when patients waited for the donor hearts,including one case of restrictive cardiomyopathy and one case of dilated cardiomyopathy and hepatic dysfunction.Medical treatments could not effectively control heart failure and respiratory fai- lure.The ECMO system was performed at the bedside for providing emergent circulatory and respira- tory support.Two patients received ECMO through the femoral veno-arterial route.The ECMO de- vice had a heparin-coated Carmeda,bioactive surface and centrifugal pump.The mean ECMO blood flow was 30-50 ml/(kg·min)and the flow was adjusted according to the changes in heart and lung functions.Activated clotting time(ACT)was160 s and core temperature was 36-37℃.Blood ga- ses,platelets,plasma free hemoglobin and coagulation factors were measured during ECMO support. The blood supply was monitored in the limbs cannulated with the femoral artery cannula.Results Two patients were successfully treated with ECMO without major complications.The circulatory and respiratory function of the patients was stable.The chest X-ray showed a no clouding of lungs and he- patic function was greatly improved in case 2 who underwent a successful heart transplantation follo- wing mechanical cardiocirculatory support as a bridge,Two patients received ECMO support for 5 and 3 days respectively.Both patients recovered well.No any severe acute rejection occurred and heart func- tion was NYHAⅠ.Conclusion When candidates suffered acute cardiogenic shock,ECMO can provide safe and effective mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to heart transplantation.
Small intestinal obstruction.

Small intestinal obstruction remains a common and difficult problem for abdominal surgeons. Although aggressive operative intervention remains the mainstay of management, some degree of individualization is warranted today. Incarcerated hernias and obstructions with any clinical suggestion of strangulation require prompt surgery. A trial of nonoperative management may be appropriate for suspected adhesive or neoplastic obstructions, both of which carry a low risk of strangulation and often resolve without operation. Because over half of all small intestinal obstructions result from postoperative adhesions, surgeons should be familiar with operative techniques aimed at preventing adhesion formation. Because up to 15 per cent of small intestinal obstructions represent incarcerated abdominal wall hernias, elective repair of abdominal wall hernia is justified in any patient whose medical condition permits.
Limits to Clutter Cancellation in Multi-Aperture GMTI Data

Multi-aperture or multi-subaperture antennas are fundamental to Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) radar systems in order to detect slow-moving targets with Doppler characteristics similar to clutter. Herein we examine the performance of several subaperture architectures for their clutter cancelling performance. Significantly, more antenna phase centers isn’t always better, and in fact is sometimes worse, for detecting targets.
SU-F-R-57: Validation of Quantitative Radiomic Texture Features for Oncologic MRI: A Simulation Study

Purpose: Radiomic texture features extracted from diverse MRI modalities have been investigated regarding their predictive and prognostic values in a variety of cancers. However, their validity has not yet been fully assessed. With the aid of a digital MRI phantom, the objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of MRI texture metrics. Methods: MR signal of the employed digital phantom was simulated in a multiple coil setting with realistic acquisition noise. Three iterative algorithms based respectively on conjugate gradient (CG), total variation (TV), and wavelet regularization (WL) were used for image reconstruction. For each algorithm, 80 independent simulations were carried out with different levels of noise perturbation. 22 features related to grey-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCOM), zone size matrices (GLZSM), and neighborhood difference matrices (GLNDM) were evaluated for each resultant image within two ROIs featuring heterogeneous patterns of signal intensity on the ground truth image. Texture features extracted from these simulated images were compared to those from the ground truth image, and differences were identified. Results: In comparison to the ground truth data, texture features appearing on images reconstructed with CG, TV, and WL from signal with no noise perturbation varied with a range of 0.18–3.3×104%, 0.57–3.6×104%, and 0.84–3.5×104%, respectively while varying more significantly for noisy data with largest variation of 2.6×105% for CG, 2.2×105% for TV, and 2.8×105% for WL. Texture differences between ROIs also revealed considerable extent of variation from those on the ground truth image with a range of 1.91–4.9×104% for CG-based data, 27.50–3.0×104% for TV-based, and 11.99-3.2×104% for WL-based. Conclusion: Variability of texture appearance on MRI with respect to the choice of reconstruction algorithm and noise level is significant and feature-dependent. Certain texture features may be preserved by MR imaging; however adequate precautions need to be taken on their validity and reliability.
Second Order Upwind Lagrangian Particle Method for Euler Equations

Abstract A new second order upwind Lagrangian particle method for solving Euler equations for compressible inviscid fluid or gas flows is proposed. Similar to smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), the method represents fluid cells with Lagrangian particles and is suitable for the simulation of complex free surface / multiphase flows. The main contributions of our method, which is different from SPH in all other aspects, are (a) significant improvement of approximation of differential operators based on a polynomial fit via weighted least squares approximation and the convergence of prescribed order, (b) an upwind second-order particle-based algorithm with limiter, providing accuracy and long term stability, and (c) accurate resolution of states at free interfaces. Numerical verification tests demonstrating the convergence order for fixed domain and free surface problems are presented.
Linear Systems with Constant Coefficients

This chapter discusses the linear systems with constant coefficients. Every n th-order differential equation can be reduced to a system of n first-order differential equations. The solution of the systems of linear differential equations is similar to the solutions of linear equations of arbitrary order. The techniques of computing solutions require results from linear algebra. It follows by the fundamental existence theorem that the system has a fundamental system of solutions and that every other solution is a linear combination of the fundamental solution. In the case of multiple eigenvalues, there are a number of independent solutions of the equation corresponding to the multiplicity of each of the eigenvalues.
Local and global consequences of flow on bacterial quorum sensing

Bacteria use a chemical communication process called quorum sensing (QS) to control collective behaviours such as pathogenesis and biofilm formation1,2. QS relies on the production, release and group-wide detection of signal molecules called autoinducers. To date, studies of bacterial pathogenesis in well-mixed cultures have revealed virulence factors and the regulatory circuits controlling them, including the overarching role of QS3. Although flow is ubiquitous to nearly all living systems4, much less explored is how QS influences pathogenic traits in scenarios that mimic host environments, for example, under fluid flow and in complex geometries. Previous studies5–7 have shown that sufficiently strong flow represses QS. Nonetheless, it is not known how QS functions under constant or intermittent flow, how it varies within biofilms or as a function of position along a confined flow, or how surface topography (grooves, crevices, pores) influence QS-mediated communication. We explore these questions using two common pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae. We identify conditions where flow represses QS and other conditions where QS is activated despite flow, including characterizing geometric and topographic features that influence the QS response. Our studies highlight that, under flow, genetically identical cells do not exhibit phenotypic uniformity with respect to QS in space and time, leading to complex patterns of pathogenesis and colonization. Understanding the ramifications of spatially and temporally non-uniform QS responses in realistic environments will be crucial for successful deployment of synthetic pro- and anti-QS strategies. Quorum sensing (QS) systems in bacteria coordinate collective behaviour through the use of secreted signal molecules called autoinducers. Here, the authors identify conditions under which flow can activate or repress QS in S. aureus and V. cholera.
Passing It On: Parent-to-Adult Child Financial Transfers for School and Socioeconomic Attainment

As wealth inequality increases, the importance of parental financial transfers for socioeconomic attainment may also rise. Using data from the 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics Rosters and Transfers Module, this study investigates two questions: how parental financial transfers for education have changed over time, and what the relationship is between these transfers and adult socioeconomic outcomes. Results suggest that transfers for education have increased, have become more commonplace, and have become more dependent on parental wealth over time. Holding constant several individual and parental measures, the relationship between parental transfers for school and adult socioeconomic attainment is positive. This relationship holds when using three-stage least squares models to account for potential endogeneity of financial transfers for school. Overall, results support arguments that parental financial transfers for education facilitate the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic standing.
Wildfire impacts on California spotted owl nesting habitat in the Sierra Nevada.

California spotted owls (CSOs) (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) have received significant conservation attention beginning with the U.S. Forest Service interim management guidelines in 1992. The most commonly reported forest habitat feature for successful nesting habitat of CSO is canopy cover > 70%. Loss and degradation of Sierra Nevada CSO habitat, however, has been a growing concern, initially from commercial tree harvesting and, more recently, from wildfire. This study examined trends in wildfire impacts on potential nesting habitat of the CSO and discusses different management approaches that might lead to the conservation of CSO in fire-dependent forests. A total of 85,046 ha of CSO potential nesting habitat was burned by fire that resulted in ≥ 50% tree basal area (BA) mortality, reducing canopy cover on average to < 25%, during 2000–2014; this included 2.7%, 12.3%, and 7.6% of dense red fir (Abies magnifica), eastside pine, and westside forests, respectively. Based on regression predictions, within the next 75 yr, the cumulative amount of nesting habitat burned at ≥ 50% tree basal area mortality will exceed the total existing habitat. Four management strategies are discussed that could enhance the conservation of the CSO: (1) increased fire suppression, (2) strategically reducing fire hazards using mechanical treatments and/or prescribed fire, (3) increasing the amount of managed wildfire in CSO habitat, and (4) developing a landscape strategy that uses historical forest structure information to identify areas where high-canopy cover forests are more sustainable. Our estimates of how moderate- and high-severity fire may affect forests into the future poise a substantial threat to CSO persistence. More comprehensive forest restoration activities may be needed in CSO habitat to avoid significant losses of older forests.
Fossil fuel divestment: implications for the future of sustainability discourse and action within higher education

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a critical overview and analysis of the student-led fossil fuel divestment (FFD) movement and its impact on sustainability discourse and actions within US higher education. Analysing higher education institutes’ (HEIs) divestment press releases and news reports shows how institutional alignment with cultures of sustainability and social justice efforts played key roles in HEIs’ decisions to divest from fossil fuels. Key stated reasons for rejection were: minimal or unknown impact of divestment, risk to the endowment, and fiduciary duty. Participant observation and interviews with protagonists reveal the intricate power structures and vested business interests that influence boardroom divestment decision-making. While some HEIs embrace transformative climate actions, we contend that higher education largely embraces a business-as-usual sustainability framework characterised by a reformist green-economy discourse and a reluctance to move beyond business-interest responses to clim...
A Review and Recommendation of Simulation Methodologies for Entrepreneurship Research

Management scholars have used computer simulation models to build and test theories for more than forty years. Entrepreneurship scholars, however, maintained their theoretical distance from management’s methodologies while pursuing domain legitimacy and distinct research boundaries. As the field matured, senior entrepreneurship scholars broadly called for the use of simulation as a means for developing methodologically rigorous, domain-specific theory. Nevertheless, in a competitive publish-or-perish environment, these calls were not detailed enough to motivate the field to alter the course of their research. This paper provides a primer, an outline, and specific examples of how simulation methods can apply to entrepreneurship’s current research agenda. Reviews of three simulation software toolkits induce scholars to use these methods as a means of furthering the legitimacy of the field and pushing the domain to the forefront of social science research.
Reader's Response: Learning about Learning: Moving Beyond a Teacher-Centered Approach

Excerpt: Two articles in the January 2013 issue address the need for teachers to focus on student learning rather than on what the teacher does (Scoufis, 2013) and make learning the object of inquiry (Cerbin, 2013). A big part of making this happen is reducing or eschewing lecture that is one-directional and one-dimensional. This often means that teachers must overcome many habits, biases, or misconceptions about lecture. Like many (if not most) professors, I began my teaching career as a strictly-by-the-book lecturer and has gradually over time worked through his own limitations and prejudices to incorporate more and more active learning strategies, such as classroom voting (Lesser, 2011) or liberating structures such as 1-2-4-whole (Lipmanowicz & McCandless, 2010).
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of As-Extruded Zn–Mg Binary Alloys

In the present work, Zn–(0–1)Mg (wt%) alloys were prepared by casting and indirect extrusion at 200 and 300 °C, respectively. With Mg addition, both the size and amount of second phase Mg2Zn11 increased, and the equiaxed grains were significantly refined. The extrusion temperature had little influence on Mg2Zn11, but the grains were refined at low extrusion temperature. For the alloys extruded at 200 °C, as Mg content increased, the tensile yield strength (TYS) increased from 64 MPa for pure Zn to 262 MPa for Zn–1Mg; the elongation increased from 14.3% for pure Zn to 25% for Zn–0.02Mg and then decreased to 5% for Zn–1Mg. For the alloys extruded at 300 °C, as Mg content increased, the TYS increased from 67 MPa for pure Zn to 252 MPa for Zn–1Mg, while the elongation decreased from 11.7% to 2%. The alloy extruded at 200 °C exhibited higher TYS and elongation than the corresponding alloy extruded at 300 °C. The combination of grain refinement and second phase Mg2Zn11 contributed to the improvement in the TYS, and the grain refinement played a major role in strengthening alloy. Zn–0.02Mg and Zn–0.05Mg alloys extruded at 200 °C show a mixture of cleavage and ductile fracture corresponding to higher elongation, while the other alloys show cleavage fracture.
Social Support: An Important Factor for Treatment Adherence and Health-related Quality of Life of Patients with End-stage Renal Disease

End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) or chronic kidney disease constitutes a serious public health problem in the United States. The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship of perceiv...
Content validity and satisfaction with a caregiver-integrated web-based rehabilitation intervention for persons with stroke.

Background Family members provide valuable contributions during rehabilitation after stroke, but frequently report higher incidences of burden, depression, and social isolation during caregiving. Thus, effective interventions to reduce stroke impact on the family are needed. Objectives To evaluate the content validity and satisfaction of a caregiver-focused web-based intervention designed to improve stroke survivor physical function while reducing caregiver negative outcomes. Methods Caregivers of individuals with stroke (N = 6) and expert rehabilitation researchers (N = 4) were presented with a novel, web-based intervention (CARE-CITE) designed to foster problem-solving and skill-building while facilitating caregiver involvement during constraint-induced movement therapy. Caregivers rated CARE-CITE for usefulness, ease of use, acceptability, and time to complete. Rehabilitation experts evaluated content for accuracy, feasibility, acceptability, problem relevance and ease of use. Ratings were assessed using a five-point Likert-type response scales (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Results On average, all caregivers agreed or strongly agreed that the modules were useful (4.42), easy to use (4.60), and acceptable (4.41). Mean total satisfaction score was 4.45, and average review time was 15 min per module. Expert reviewers agreed or strongly agreed that each module was accurate (4.95), feasible (4.8), easy to use (4.86), acceptable (4.96), and had appropriate problem relevance (4.65). Conclusions The CARE-CITE intervention may be a viable program for caregivers of patients with stroke. Currently a pilot study is underway to evaluate the impact of the intervention on caregiver mental health, family conflict around stroke recovery and stroke survivor upper extremity function.
Methods and Models of the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease

Considerable progress has been made modeling the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease. These advances have helped us understand the molecular underpinnings of the disease as well as develop new treatments. However, a constellation of nonmotor symptoms precedes the onset of motor dysfunction in a large number of patients. These symptoms include anxiety and depression; sleep, olfactory, and gastrointestinal disturbances; and decline in executive functions. The modeling of these features lags behind development of models of motor symptoms, perhaps because they are more complex to assess compared to motor function. This chapter reviews the methods used to model nonmotor symptoms and current research in the area. Although animal models of Parkinson disease reliably recapitulate such features as hyposmia and gastrointestinal dysfunction, research in modeling affective symptoms or sleep disturbances requires more work. Inconsistencies in the methods to induce parkinsonism and perhaps species differences contribute to the difficulties in establishing robust models of these behaviors. In addition, although a number of mutant mouse models for Parkinson disease exist, relatively few of them have been used to study the nonmotor symptoms.
Social media usage as a correlate of STI risk-related sexual behavior on the college campus: Moderating effects of gender

With an increase in social media applications, college students have a way of connecting with others more efficiently and with greater frequency than ever. The present study identified whether amount of time spent on Facebook, currently the most popular social networking application, was related to sexual behavior proxies of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk (i.e. sex without a condom, multiple concurrent sex partners, and pursuing “hookups”). The hypotheses tested whether Facebook usage would be associated with having sex without a condom, having concurrent sex partners, and pursuing “hookups” on Facebook. Gender was tested as a moderator in these relationships as well, given the gender differences in sexual behaviors and online dating behavior. Data were gathered from 236 African American college-aged students. Facebook usage of 3 or more daily hours was associated with having sex without a condom and using Facebook to pursue hookups. In addition, females who spent 3 or more hours on Facebook were less likely to have sex without a condom, but more likely to have concurrent sex partners than men whose usage was 3 or more hours daily. Men who spent 3 or more hours on Facebook were more likely to pursue “hookups” via Facebook than women whose usage was 3 or more hours daily. This study provides a starting point to further explore how social media consumption can be used to perpetuate or reduce STI risk-related sexual behavior among a vulnerable population.
89 – Gender-Specific Issues in Parasitology

Gender-specific differences in parasitic diseases are related to risk of infection within social roles and gender-based occupations, differences in biologic susceptibility and clinical manifestation, and affect on female reproductive health and neonatal transmission. This chapter discusses the current knowledge of the association between gender and the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of a few parasitic infections that have particular significance for women. Female genital schistosomiasis is characterized by the presence of schistosomal eggs and worms in the genital organs. Clinical manifestations range from vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain to infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and vesicovaginal fistulas depending on the localization of the eggs and the host immunologic response. Toxoplasma gondii infection acquired during pregnancy places the fetus at risk for an infection that can cause devastating damage to its central nervous system, which is often clinically undetectable at birth. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most challenging infections to manage during pregnancy because there are controversies in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Both the prevalence and density of malarial parasitemia are increased in pregnant women compared to age-matched, non-pregnant women residing in the same area.
Sind Hochschullehrer „manageable“? — Bauformen eines Personalmanagements von Hochschullehrern

Das Personalmanagement von Hochschullehrern durch Hochschulverantwortliche unter den aktuell geltenden Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland stellt spezifische Anforderungen, die nicht im Ruckgriff auf traditionelle Modelle des Personalmanagements bearbeitet werden konnen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht im ersten Teil die spezifische Berufsrolle von Hochschullehrern und daraus resultierende personalwirtschaftliche Konsequenzen. Im zweiten Teil werden auf dieser Grundlage mogliche „Bauformen“ eines Managements von Hochschullehrern skizziert, die als Ansatzpunkt fur den Aufbau des Personalmanagements an Hochschulen dienen konnen. Beide Teile dieses Beitrags orientieren sich an der Leitfrage: „Sind Hochschullehrer manageable?“
Dermatologic Tumors (Excluding Sarcoids)

Cutaneous neoplasia represents a clinical problem with which veterinarians are commonly challenged. This article addresses equine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, squamous cell papilloma, melanoma, mastocytosis, and lymphosarcoma. Current concepts regarding the orgin, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of each neoplasm is emphasized.
Dynamics and Fuzzy Control of a Levitated Particle

This paper deals with the control in both horizontal and vertical directions of a nonlinear magnetic spherical particle suspension. A pair of horizontal electromagnets were added to the typical magnetic levitation system in order to handle the horizontal unexpected displacements of the particle. A fuzzy logic controller was designed to bring the particle to the operating location situated on the symmetry axis. Simulations with different initial position conditions of the particle are provided. It was shown that the controller has a good behavior for almost any initial conditions.
Harvesting Energy from Pavement – Electromagnetic Approach

Roadway pavements have a great potential to be a renewable energy source. Because they are continuously subjected to solar radiation and kinetic energy from passing vehicles. In this study, a prototype was developed to harvest passing vehicle kinetic energy by using electromagnetic technology. The prototype was fabricated by mechanical components including top plate, racks, pinions, one-way clutches, shafts, compression springs and generator. The prototype uses deflection generated by passing vehicles and converts it to rotations in shaft that triggers an embedded generator. A performance of the prototype in generating electrical power was evaluated with laboratory tests by using UTM and simulating traffic conditions. The output powers were measured by different magnitudes of the loads, times of loading and times of unloading. The experimental results show promising in generating power by the proposed prototype with a maximum average power of 3.21 mWatt.