cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern developments in wind engineering: part 1

A review of progress to date is presented. Topics discussed are as follows: the wind environment and the effect on mean wind profiles of terrain roughness and hills, of tropical cyclones and thunderstorms, of large extratropical storms. Atmospheric turbulence, integral scales of turbulence, turbulence spectra, cross spectra of longitudinal velocity fluctuations, dependence of wind speeds on averaging time. Extreme wind climatology, probability distributions of extreme wind speeds, estimation of extreme wind speeds, extreme wind speeds in hurricane-prone regions, climatology of tornadoes. The contributions to wind engineering of meteorology, micrometeorology, aerodynamics, structural dynamics, aero elasticity, wind tunnel testing, full scale measurement technologies and serviceability criteria are briefly discussed. (TRRL)
Oscillographic Method of Measuring Positive-Grid Characteristics

In testing large high-vacuum tubes it is difficult to take positive-grid characteristic data using ordinary voltmeters and ammeters since the heat dissipated would destroy the tube before readings could be taken. This article describes a method of applying the desired voltages for a very short time so that overheating of the tube under test is not excessive. Readings of voltage and current are taken oscillographically.
Structure of the GLD-1 Homodimerization Domain: Insights into STAR Protein-Mediated Translational Regulation

Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression is an important mechanism for modulating protein levels in eukaryotes, especially in developmental pathways. The highly conserved homodimeric STAR/GSG proteins play a key role in regulating translation by binding bipartite consensus sequences in the untranslated regions of target mRNAs, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. Structures of STAR protein RNA binding subdomains have been determined, but structural information is lacking for the homodimerization subdomain. Here, we present the structure of the C. elegans GLD-1 homodimerization domain dimer, determined by a combination of X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, revealing a helix-turn-helix monomeric fold with the two protomers stacked perpendicularly. Structure-based mutagenesis demonstrates that the dimer interface is not easily disrupted, but the structural integrity of the monomer is crucial for GLD-1 dimerization. Finally, an improved model for STAR-mediated translational regulation of mRNA, based on the GLD-1 homodimerization domain structure, is presented.
Hydraulic architecture of leaf venation in Laurus nobilis L.

Veins are the main irrigation system of the leaf lamina and an understanding of the hydraulic architecture of the vein networks is essential for understanding leaf function. However, determination of leaf hydraulic parameters is challenging, because for most leaves the vein system is reticulate, contains a hierarchy of different vein sizes, and consists of leaky conduits. We present a new approach that allows for measurements of pressure differences between the petiole and any vein within the leaf. Measurements of Laurus nobilis leaves indicate that first- and second-order veins have high axial conductance and relatively small radial permeability, thus allowing water to reach distal areas of the leaf with only a small loss of water potential. Higher order veins tend to be more hydraulically resistant and permit greater radial leakage. This design allows for a relatively equitable distribution of water potential and thus reflects the capacity of the venation to provide a relatively homogeneous water supply across the leaf lamina, with only the leaf margins being hydraulically disadvantaged relative to the rest of the leaf.
Pathophysiology and management of proximal tubal blockage.

Abstract Objective: To review the physiology, pathology, and treatment of proximal tubal disease. Data Identification: Relevant reports on the pathophysiology of proximal tubal disease were reviewed. All studies in English of microsurgery and macrosurgery, and of radiographic and hysteroscopic cannulation in women with proximal tubal blockage were identified through MEDLINE searches. Study Selection: All studies of therapy for proximal blockage that included pregnancy rates were considered. Series of sterilization reversals, series of unilateral or combined procedures, and series in which the location of tubal blockage was not given were excluded from the data analyses. Data Analysis: Raw data were assessed for homogeneity, then standardized and pooled. Total and ongoing pregnancy rates after microsurgery and macrosurgery, as well as radiographic and hysteroscopic transcervical cannulation, were compared by the χ 2 test. Relative risks for total and ongoing pregnancies were calculated for all treatment methods. Result(s): This meta-analysis suggests that, overall, microsurgical anastomosis results in higher total and ongoing pregnancy rates than macrosurgery or radiographic tubal cannulation. However, pregnancy rates in selected series of transcervical tubal cannulation are similar to those reported for microsurgery. Conclusion(s): Ongoing intrauterine pregnancy rates near 50% can be achieved in patients with proximal blockage of the fallopian tube. Selective salpingography and transcervical cannulation under fluoroscopic guidance are effective at establishing patency in appropriately selected patients and are less invasive and costly than the surgical alternatives.
Monkeying Around with LDL Receptor Levels

Statin class cholesterol lowering drugs, which can increase hepatic expression of the LDL receptor (LDLR), have reduced cardiovascular mortality across large patient populations. Unfortunately, patients taking statins continue to suffer high residual rates of adverse cardiovascular events,
Members of the Arabidopsis HRT/RPP8 Family of Resistance Genes Confer Resistance to Both Viral and Oomycete Pathogens

Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) inoculation onto TCV-resistant Arabidopsis leads to a hypersensitive response (HR) controlled by the dominant gene HRT. HRT is a member of the class of resistance (R) genes that contain a leucine zipper, a nucleotide binding site, and leucine-rich repeats. The chromosomal position of HRT and its homology to resistance gene RPP8 and two RPP8 homologs indicate that unequal crossing over and gene conversion may have contributed to HRT evolution. RPP8 confers resistance to an oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica. Despite very strong similarities within the HRT/RPP8 family, HRT and RPP8 are specific for the respective pathogens they detect. Hence, the HRT/RPP8 family provides molecular evidence that sequence changes between closely related members of multigene families can generate novel specificities for radically different pathogens. Transgenic plants expressing HRT developed an HR but generally remained susceptible to TCV because of a second gene, RRT, that regulates resistance to TCV. However, several transgenic plants that overexpressed HRT produced micro-HRs or no HR when inoculated with TCV and were resistant to infection. Expression of the TCV coat protein gene in seedlings containing HRT resulted in massive necrosis and death, indicating that the avirulence factor detected by the HRT-encoded protein is the TCV coat protein.
Identification and characterization of small molecules that inhibit nonsense-mediated RNA decay and suppress nonsense p53 mutations.

Many of the gene mutations found in genetic disorders, including cancer, result in premature termination codons (PTC) and the rapid degradation of their mRNAs by nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD). We used virtual library screening, targeting a pocket in the SMG7 protein, a key component of the NMD mechanism, to identify compounds that disrupt the SMG7-UPF1 complex and inhibit NMD. Several of these compounds upregulated NMD-targeted mRNAs at nanomolar concentrations, with minimal toxicity in cell-based assays. As expected, pharmacologic NMD inhibition disrupted SMG7-UPF1 interactions. When used in cells with PTC-mutated p53, pharmacologic NMD inhibition combined with a PTC "read-through" drug led to restoration of full-length p53 protein, upregulation of p53 downstream transcripts, and cell death. These studies serve as proof-of-concept that pharmacologic NMD inhibitors can restore mRNA integrity in the presence of PTC and can be used as part of a strategy to restore full-length protein in a variety of genetic diseases.
The Profit Function

The strongest behavioral assumption that we make is competitive profit maximization. In this chapter we discuss the resulting profit function and relate it to the other nine representations of technology. In particular, duality theorems between each of the four distance functions and the profit function are presented. For this reason we were tempted to add a subtitle to this chapter: “Shephard Meets Hotelling.” In addition, a number of derivative properties are reported.
Genomics of Cervical Cancer and the Role of Human Papillomavirus Pathobiology

Cervical cancer represents one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide and predominantly affects women of poor socioeconomic status. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)3 is an essential factor for development of cervical cancer. HPV infection is also associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. Globally, an estimated 610 000 (4.8%) of the 12.7 million new cancer cases that occurred in 2008 could be attributed to HPV infection, and >500 000 of those cases represent cancers of the cervix alone (1). Within the last 2 decades, research has culminated in major advances in techniques for cervical cancer screening using HPV DNA and has led to a vaccine to prevent HPV infection. Yet, our strategies for the care and treatment of today's patients already infected with HPV need urgent attention. Women diagnosed with invasive and metastatic cervical cancer are in critical need of more-sophisticated prognostic markers, targeted therapeutic options, and more-accurate surveillance strategies. There are about 120 HPV types, and types 16 and 18 are associated with 70% of the cases of cervical cancer worldwide. Many studies have shown that HPV-18–associated cervical cancer is a strong independent prognostic factor for poorer disease-free survival for women undergoing surgery or radiation for early-stage invasive cervical cancer (2). The biology behind the poorer outcomes is unknown, but studies have suggested that sequence variation in HPV genes produces differences in their oncogenic potential. For example, HPV-18 E6 4 (E6 transforming protein) oncogene variants differentially regulate members of the Akt/P13K pathway and show increased expression of genes involved in cancer cell extravasation and metastasis (3, 4). HPV integration into the host genome is a critical step in cervical carcinogenesis and is found in almost all invasive cervical cancers. Integration frequently disrupts HPV E2 (E2 regulatory protein) gene expression, …
The Politics of Survival

Politics? According to the dictionary, it means “practical wisdom,” or “crafty and unscrupulous,” or “expedient.” What politics usually means in practice is the art and science of distributing the money which accrues to the government from the people’s taxes. Politicians are the people who decide this distribution, who make the decisions as to where and how it is to be used, and thus, as the flow of money controls action, it is by and large the politicians (more than any other group in the community) who control what new projects, whether they be road building or research, are carried out.
Pairing Measurements of the Water Vapor Isotope Ratio with Humidity to Deduce Atmospheric Moistening and Dehydration in the Tropical Midtroposphere

AbstractMeasurements of the isotope ratio of water vapor (expressed as the δ value) allow processes that control the humidity in the tropics to be identified. Isotopic information is useful because the change in δ relative to the water vapor mixing ratio (q) is different for different processes. The theoretical framework for interpreting paired q–δ data is established and based on a set of simple models that account for mixing and a range of condensation conditions. A general condensation model is derived that accounts for cloud precipitation efficiency and postcondensation exchange. Using data from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), aspects of subtropical hydrology are characterized by the match between theoretical curves and observed displacement in q–δ space. The subtropics are best described as the balance between drying associated with (mostly horizontal) transport of dry air from high latitudes and moistening by clouds with low precipitation efficiency. In the western Pacific moistening i...
Comparative study of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on fibrinogen

Abstract Statins have a variable response on fibrinogen, and these changes may have implications on cardiovascular events. In this randomized placebo-controlled crossover study, we evaluated whether changes in fibrinogen levels were different between atorvastatin and other statin-treated patients. Adult coronary heart disease (CHD) patients aged 39–83 years with LDL cholesterol levels ≥130 mg/dl were randomized to atorvastatin 80 mg ( n =84) and one of the following statins: fluvastatin 80 mg ( n =23), lovastatin 80 mg ( n =20), pravastatin 40 mg ( n =22) or simvastatin 40 mg ( n =20) each for 12 weeks in either order. Fibrinogen was analyzed by an automated method of Clauss. Three independently acquired samples were obtained within 1 min of tourniquet application, and each specimen was measured in duplicate. Statistical analyses were performed using a mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance procedure with SAS version 6.12. There were no significant changes in fibrinogen between treatment groups. This study evaluated changes in fibrinogen with established pre-analytical and analytical procedures known to minimize variability in fibrinogen measurement, and we did not observe any differences in fibrinogen levels in the treatment groups.
A System for Real-Time Transcoding and Delivery of Video to Smartphones

This paper presents a report of a system that delivers customized video content to mobile devices. Constructed from open source components, it can stream transcoded video to mobile devices in real-time. In addition, it allows publishers to add content into their video streams on-the-fly. As a demonstration of this system's capabilities, an application was designed to deliver transcoded Adobe Flash content to Apple iPhones in real-time with the insertion of randomly selected commercial content.
Hearing in American leaf-nosed bats. IV: the Common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus.

We behaviorally determined the audiograms of three Common vampire bats (Phyllostomidae, Desmodus rotundus), a species specialized to exist exclusively on blood. The bats were trained to respond to pure tones in a conditioned suppression/avoidance procedure for a blood reward and a mild punisher for failures to detect the tones. Common vampire bats have a hearing range from 716 Hz to 113 kHz at a level of 60 dB. Their best hearing is at 20 kHz where they are slightly more sensitive than other bats, and they have a second peak of good sensitivity at 71 kHz. They have unusually good sensitivity to low frequencies compared to other bats, but are less sensitive to low frequencies than most mammals. Selective pressures affecting high-frequency hearing in bats and mammals in general are discussed.
Self adaptation of operator rates for multimodal optimization

This work presents a niching technique for an evolutionary algorithm that adjusts the genetic operators probabilities at the same time evolves a solution for the optimization problem. Such niching technique is based on the deterministic crowding technique and a variation of the dynamic inbreeding mating restriction. Since each individual encodes its own operator rates and uses a randomized version of a learning rule mechanism for updating them according to the performance reached by the offspring (relative to its parent performance), it is possible to apply mating restriction schemes for selecting the additional parent in the crossover. Moreover, individuals are replaced according to a variation of the deterministic crowding replacement policy. The behavior of the niching technique is studied using different genetic operators for both real and binary encoding schemes on some benchmark functions.
Initial oxidation kinetics and energetics of Cu 0.5 Au 0.5 (0 0 1) film investigated by in situ ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscopy

The initial oxidation behavior of Cu0.5Au0.5 (0 0 1) thin film was investigated by in situ ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscopy to model nano-oxidation of alloys with one active component and one noble component. The formation of irregular-shaped octahedron Cu2O islands with cube-on-cube crystallographic orientation to the substrate film was observed at all temperature studied. The energetics of Cu2O nucleation for Cu and Cu0.5Au0.5 oxidation was compared. Cu0.5Au0.5 oxidation has lower nucleation activation energy due to the reduced mismatch strain between Cu2O and Cu0.5Au0.5 films. On the other hand, the reaction kinetics for Cu0.5Au0.5 alloy oxidation is slower due to the higher diffusion activation energy of Cu. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Energy-Based Failure Criterion in a Structural Model for Ligaments

Ligaments are bands of fibrous tissues that transmit loads between bones and support internal organs. Their main function is to guide and restrain joints’ motion in order to maintain their stability. Injuries to ligaments such as sprains are among the most common orthopedic injuries. The medical treatment varies with the severity of injury from the simple RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) rule to graft implantation. The choice between conservative treatment with no repair and surgical treatment with repair of the torn ligaments remains controversial among orthopedics.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Gene expression analysis of dendritic cells that prevent diabetes in NOD mice: analysis of chemokines and costimulatory molecules

We have demonstrated previously that BM-derived DCs can prevent diabetes development and halt progression of insulitis in NOD mice, the mouse model of type 1 diabetes. The DC population that was most effective in this therapy had a mature phenotype, expressed high levels of costimulatory molecules, and secreted low levels of IL-12p70. The protective DC therapy induced Treg and Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo. Microarray analysis of therapeutic and nontherapeutic DC populations revealed differences in the expression of OX40L, CD200, Ym-1, CCL2, and CCL5, which could play important roles in the observed DC-mediated therapy. The unique pattern of costimulatory molecules and chemokines expressed by the therapeutic DCs was confirmed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Using a novel cell-labeling and (19)F NMR, we observed that the chemokines secreted by the therapeutic DCs altered the migration of diabetogenic Th1 cells in vivo and attracted Th2 cells. These results suggest that the therapeutic function of DCs is mediated by a combination of costimulatory and chemokine properties that results in the attraction of diabetogenic Th1 and the induction of Th2 and/or Treg differentiation.
Improving Suicide Risk Screening and Detection in the Emergency Department

Introduction The Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow-up Evaluation Screening Outcome Evaluation examined whether universal suicide risk screening is feasible and effective at improving suicide risk detection in the emergency department (ED). Methods A three-phase interrupted time series design was used: Treatment as Usual (Phase 1), Universal Screening (Phase 2), and Universal Screening + Intervention (Phase 3). Eight EDs from seven states participated from 2009 through 2014. Data collection spanned peak hours and 7 days of the week. Chart reviews established if screening for intentional self-harm ideation/behavior (screening) was documented in the medical record and whether the individual endorsed intentional self-harm ideation/behavior (detection). Patient interviews determined if the documented intentional self-harm was suicidal. In Phase 2, universal suicide risk screening was implemented during routine care. In Phase 3, improvements were made to increase screening rates and fidelity. Chi-square tests and generalized estimating equations were calculated. Data were analyzed in 2014. Results Across the three phases (N=236,791 ED visit records), documented screenings rose from 26% (Phase 1) to 84% (Phase 3) (χ 2 [2, n =236,789]=71,000, p 2 [2, n =236,789]=902, p Conclusions Universal suicide risk screening in the ED was feasible and led to a nearly twofold increase in risk detection. If these findings remain true when scaled, the public health impact could be tremendous, because identification of risk is the first and necessary step for preventing suicide. Trial Registration Emergency Department Safety Assessmentand Follow-up Evaluation (ED-SAFE) ClinicalTrials.gov: (NCT01150994). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01150994?term=ED-SAFE&rank=1
Therapy for X-adrenoleukodystrophy: normalization of very long chain fatty acids and inhibition of induction of cytokines by cAMP

X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited fatty acid metabolic disorder with secondary manifestation of neuroinflammatory disease process. We report that compounds (forskolin, 8-bromo cAMP, and rolipram) that increase cAMP and activate protein kinase A (PKA) were found to stimulate the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of lignoceric acid (C24:0) whereas compounds (H-89 and myristoylated PKI) that decrease cAMP and PKA activity inhibited the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of lignoceric acid in cultured skin fibroblasts from X-ALD patients. Consistent with the stimulation of beta-oxidation of lignoceric acid, activators of PKA normalized the level of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in X-ALD cultured skin fibroblasts. This normalization of VLCFA in X-ALD cells with forskolin, 8-Br cAMP or with rolipram, an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase, was realized independent of expression of mRNA or protein of the ALD gene, suggesting that cAMP derivatives can correct the metabolic defect in X-ALD fibroblasts without involving the candidate gene for the disease. Because astrocytes and microglia in demyelinating lesions of X-ALD brain express proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), we examined the effect of cAMP derivatives or rolipram on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat primary astrocytes and microglia and found that cAMP derivatives and rolipram inhibited the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in both astrocytes and microglia. The ability of cAMP derivatives and rolipram to block the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in astrocytes and microglia and to normalize the fatty acid pathogen in skin fibroblasts of x-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) clearly identify cAMP analogs or rolipram as candidates for potential therapy for X-ALD patients.
Mitochondrial events in the life and death of animal cells: a brief overview.

Traditionally, mitochondria have been viewed as the “powerhouse” of the cell, i.e., the site of theoxidative phosphorylation machinery involved in ATP production. Consequently, much of theresearch conducted on mitochondria over the past 4 decades has focused on elucidating both thosemolecular events involved in ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation and those involved inthe biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery. While monumental achievements havebeen made, and continue to be made, in the study of these remarkable but extremely complexprocesses essential for the life of most animal cells, it has been only in recent years that a largebody of biological and biomedical scientists have come to recognize that mitochondria participatein other important processes. Two of these are cell death and aging which, not surprisingly, are relatedprocesses both involving, in part, the oxidative phosphorylation machinery. This new awareness hassparked a new and growing area of mitochondrial research, that has become of great interest to awide variety of scientists ranging from those involved in elucidating the role of mitochondria incell death and aging to those interested in either suppressing or facilitating these processes as itrelates to identifying new therapies or drugs for human disease. It is the purpose of this briefintroductory review to provide an overview of those mitochondrial events involved in the life anddeath of animal cells and to indicate how these events might relate to the human aging process.Much more is known, much remains controversial, and even more remains to be learned as indicatedin the excellent set of minireviews that follow.
Radicals and Radical Anions

Abstract Radicals are species that contain one or more unpaired electrons. Although radical species are electron deficient, they are usually uncharged and this imparts properties and chemistries that are significantly different from that seen with cations or carbenes. Early radical chemistry was associated with high-energy and often uncontrolled/unpredictable processes, but over the years radical chemistry has matured into a well-developed set of tools that are both versatile and predictable and represent a significant contribution to our overall understanding of chemical processes. Key aspects of the mechanisms and outcomes of a variety of radical processes are described with an emphasis on understanding the forces that drive these reactions and their outcomes.
Placental lesions in spontaneous abortion.

Abstract Placental specimens from 100 cases of spontaneous abortion (4.5 to 19 weeks' gestation) and specimens from 30 normal intrauterine pregnancies (4.5 to 16 weeks' gestation) were examined microscopically. All except one of the specimens from spontaneous abortion were histologically abnormal. The histopathologic changes noted ranged from thickened collagenous fibers in the stroma of the villi to stromal plaque formation, complete stromal collagenization, fibrinoid degeneration, and hyalinization. Early hydatidiform or hydropic degeneration was present in 29 of the 100 specimens. Thirteen of the 30 control specimens showed degenerative lesions similar to those seen in spontaneous abortion.
Patient preference and decision-making for initiating metastatic colorectal cancer medical treatment

Some medical treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) may have marginal survival benefit, but cause toxicities. The purpose of this study is to determine metastatic CRC patients’ tradeoffs in making a decision to undergo new medical treatment. We conducted a survey of patients with a diagnosis of advanced CRC who were currently receiving or completed one chemotherapy regimen. First, patients were asked to rate the importance of 15 medical treatment-related adverse events that may arise as a consequence of chemotherapy or biological therapy in their treatment decision-making. Then, the patient identified his or her top five most important events and solicited preferences in hypothetical metastatic CRC treatment vignettes using the standard gamble technique. A total of 107 patients responded to the survey. From the list of medical treatment-related adverse events, patients identified clinically serious ones such as stroke, heart attack, and gastrointestinal perforation as the most important in their medical treatment decision-making, yet placed lower willingness to tolerate symptom-related events such as pain, fatigue, and depression. Generally, patients who were older, stage III versus IV and who had prior radiotherapy, lower educational attainment, and lower household income (all p <0.05) were less willing to tolerate any medical treatment-related adverse events after adjusting for other demographic and clinical characteristics. Variations in patients’ willingness to tolerate different treatment-related adverse events underscore the need for improved communications between physicians and patients about the risks and benefits of their medical treatment, which helps make a more personalized decision for metastatic CRC treatment.
Learning from Rising Sixth Grade Readers: How Nooks Shaped Students' Reading Behaviors during a Summer Independent Reading Initiative.

ABSTRACTResearchers have documented a “summer reading setback” where an achievement gap between proficient and struggling readers expands during the summer. This research focuses on 20 rising sixth graders who participated in a summer independent reading initiative using Nook digital readers. Using a qualitative exploratory design and content analysis, students’ voices were recorded and analyzed to investigate how students’ reading perceptions and reported reading behaviors were shaped by participation in a summer independent reading initiative using digital readers. Important implications were generated and exemplified the following: (1) Social reading relationships were cultivated, (2) Access to texts shaped students’ reading, and (3) Nooks helped to foster reading behaviors. Most notably, 80% of the students reported a preference for digital readers. This study serves as a foundation to consider how and in what ways technology can shape students’ literacy experiences in a technologically saturated society.
Improving Matching under Hard Distributional Constraints

Distributional constraints are important in many market design settings. Prominent examples include the minimum manning requirements at each Army branch in military cadet matching and diversity considerations in school choice, whereby school districts impose constraints on the demographic distribution of students at each school. Standard assignment mechanisms implemented in practice are unable to accommodate these constraints. This leads policymakers to resort to ad-hoc solutions that eliminate blocks of seats ex-ante (before agents submit their preferences) to ensure that all constraints are satisfied ex-post (after the mechanism is run). We show that these current solutions ignore important information contained in the submitted preferences, resulting in avoidable inefficiency. We then introduce new dynamic quotas mechanisms that result in Pareto superior allocations while at the same time respecting all distributional constraints and satisfying important fairness and incentive properties. We expect the use of our mechanisms to improve the performance of matching markets with distributional constraints in the field.
The Multifaceted Osteoclast; Far and Beyond Bone Resorption

The accepted function of the bone resorbing cell, osteoclast, has been linked to bone remodeling and pathological osteolysis. Emerging evidence points to novel functions of osteoclasts in controlling bone formation and angiogenesis. Thus, while the concept of a "clastokine" with the potential to regulate osteogenesis during remodeling did not come as a surprise, new evidence provided unique insight into the mechanisms underlying osteoclastic control of bone formation. The question still remains as to whether osteoclast precursors or a unique trap positive mononuclear cell, can govern any aspect of bone formation. The novel paradigm eloquently proposed by leaders in the field brings together the concept of clastokines and osteoclast precursor-mediated bone formation, potentially though enhanced angiogenesis. These fascinating advances in osteoclast biology have motivated this short review, in which we discuss these new roles of osteoclasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1753-1756, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Development of a High Speed Centrifugal Compressor Research Facility

To improve the understanding of high performance centrifugal compressors found in modern aircraft, the aerodynamics through these machines need to be experimentally studied. To accurately capture the complex flow phenomena through these devices, research facilities which can accurately simulate these flows are necessary. These facilities must have the capability to generate the speeds and pressure ratios found in modern centrifugal compressors to match the Mach number and Reynolds number found in actual engine operating environments. This paper describes the development of such a facility at Purdue University in cooperation with Rolls-Royce. This facility utilizes a Rolls-Royce compressor used on helicopter turboshaft engines. The steady-state performance of this compressor is quantified and described. The facility provides the capabilities to develop an increased understanding of the complex flow structures found in modern high performance compressors.
An analysis of conflicting social norms.

T HIS PAPER illustrates an empirical procedure for studying role obligations, with particular reference to simultaneous role obligations which conflict. The writer became especially interested in the problem when considering the strains to which the non-commissioned officer in the Army was subjected. On the one hand, the non-com had the role of agent of the command and in case the orders from above conflicted with what his men thought were right and necessary he was expected by his superiors to carry out the orders. But he also was an enlisted man, sharing enlisted men's attitudes, often hostile attitudes, toward the commissioned ranks. Consequently, the system of informal controls was such as to reward him for siding with the men in a conflict situation and punish him if he did not. There was some evidence that unless his men had confidence that he could see their point of view, he was an ineffective leader; on the other hand, open and flagrant disobedience by him of an order from above could not be tolerated by the command.' The general theoretical viewpoint behind this paper involves several propositions: i. In any social group there exist norms and a strain for conformity to these norms. 2. Ordinarily, if the norms are clear and unambiguous the individual has no choice but to conform or take the consequences in group resentment. 3. If a person has simultaneous roles in two or more groups such that simultaneous conformity to the norms of each of the groups is incompatible, he can take one of only a limited number of actions, for example: (i) He can conform to one set of role expectations and take the consequences of non-conformity to other sets. (2) He can seek a compromise position by which he attempts to conform in part, though not wholly, to one or more sets of role expectations, in the hope that the sanctions applied will be minimal. It need hardly be pointed out that conflicts of role obligations are a common experience of all people, especially in our complex Western society. The foreman in industry, like the non-com in the Army, is an obvious example; the "marginal man," *Manuscript received September 30, 1949. t This study was made at the Harvard Laboratory of Social Relations, in connection with research sponsored by the RAND Corporation under AirForce Project RAND. 'Stouffer, Suchman, DeVinney, Star, Williams, The American Soldier, Vol. I, Chapter 8.
Role of sodium chloride, water, kidneys, and adrenals in the production of congestive edema.

SummaryThe edema produced in the rat by ligation of the inferior vena cava and voluntary intake of 1% NaCl solution is studied as altered by adrenalectomy and nephrectomy. (1) The obligatory role of NaCl in the formation of edema fluid is reemphasized. (2) The venous congestion produced by ligation of the inferior vena cava is not a sufficient stimulus to cause edema formation in the nephrectomized rat, but does cause edema if the animal is nephrectomized and adrenalectomized. (3) Under these conditions, it is demonstrated that the kidney does not play an obligatory role in the formation of the edematous state in the adrenalectomized rat. (4) The evidence supplied by these experiments is discussed in relationship to the role of the adrenal cortex in conditions exhibiting generalized edema (congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome).
The nature and treatment of professional engineering problems. The technical writing teacher's responsibility

On decrit les difficultes auxquelles ont a faire face les etudiants dans la selection et le traitement de problemes techniques dans des rapports simules. D'apres des resultats obtenus par questionnaires ou interview, on rapporte ces difficultes a l'utilisation de sources universitaires et on fait des suggestions pedagogiques
Building Foresight in Long-Term Infrastructure Planning Using End-Effect Mitigation Models

This paper applies the end-effect mitigation models to build foresight into long-term infrastructure planning problems. This paper describes the phenomenon of end effects; presents four different models that address it, namely extended simulation, salvage value, and primal and dual equilibria; and applies them to long-term energy system planning problems with finite resources for investments. The planning model is a simultaneous multiperiod linear optimization model that plans for energy system infrastructures at the national scale. Two instances of this model are considered: 1) a small-scale five-node model; and 2) a medium-to-large-scale 13-node model. These instances are used to assess and quantify: 1) the end effects of using investment solutions; and 1) the efficacy of each mitigation methods in terms of accuracy and computational time. The illustrations demonstrate that, without attributing the long-term infrastructure planning with some level of foresight about the future cost and performance of the technologies, the resulting portfolio will have end effects in terms of: 1) investment bias toward low-cost resources at the end years; and 2) adopting low-cost quick fixes (such as excess cofiring) to meet near-term emission targets, both of which may render the model to lose sight of long-term targets and economics.
Chip-Scale Photonics with Plasmonic Components

Efficient electroluminescent devices are key components of future Si-based plasmonic and optoelectronic systems. We will discuss recent developments in Si CMOS compatible near-infrared sources using field effect electroluminescence for CMOS-based LEDs, as well as plasmon-enhanced light emission from Si-based emitters.
Effects of Membrane Vibration on the Flow Field Surrounding Flat-Plate Membrane Airfoils

This investigation examines the fluid-structure interaction between flexible membrane airfoils and their surrounding flow field for the purpose of physically interpreting aerodynamic performance benefits attributed to certain membrane airfoil configurations in low Reynolds number (< 100,000) flight regimes. Specifically, this research effort identifies airfoil membrane vibration onset through quantifiable characteristics and presents simultaneous time-resolved hotwire anemometry and laser vibrometry to measure membrane vibration and flow field oscillation velocities, respectively. Evaluations were executed with a series of test articles consisting of rigid, flat plate airfoils containing a single, variably-sized membrane cell located at the test article’s spanwise centerline. Results demonstrate that membrane vibration onset criteria involving direct assessment of membrane oscillation velocity via laser vibrometry more closely and consistently match visual assessment of vibration onset than do onset criteria involving flow field oscillation velocity measured via hotwire anemometry. At low freestream velocities, membrane vibration does not significantly affect the surrounding flow and vibration onset cannot be consistently identified via flow field assessment. Comparison of total membrane vibration energy at varying test conditions proves to be the most consistently accurate and quantifiable indicator of vibration onset.
Red cell growth factors in patients with chronic anemias.

Erythropoetin therapy has been approved for treatment of medical anemia since 1989. The adoption of this strategy has been rapid in some settings (e.g., renal failure patients) and progressive in others (e.g., cancer patients). Although the risks of blood transfusion have declined substantially, risks associated with (untreated) anemia have undergone new scrutiny. Options such as novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein bring new alternatives to blood transfusion. Erythropoietin therapy is undergoing renewed scrutiny in the management of anemia, not only because of traditional concerns regarding blood risks but because emerging evidence suggests that improved patient outcomes result from management of anemia.
A Macroscopic Air Transportation Capacity Model: Metrics and Delay Correlation

The need for a macroscopic air transportation modeling approach is discussed and a recently developed model is applied to the U.S. air transportation system. The new model is designed to estimate the maximum capacity of a national air transportation region. The model is based on empirically observed aircraft arrival rates, government published annual operational rate statistics, and analytically derived airport arrival/departure functions. The underlying premise is that the air transportation system can be modeled as a multi path, steady state network of queues, whose maximum capacity is the sum of the maximum airport operational rates, less airspace human factors limitations. Capacity is defined to be twice the hourly arrival rate (since departures equal arrivals in equilibrium). The validity of the model predictions is tested by: 1) observing reported airport delay values ranked in order of model estimated maximum capacity utilization; and 2) observing historical operational growth rates for airports that are now operating near predicted maximum capacity. A national capacity value is estimated and compared to observed historical and predicted growth rates. All planned runway additions are included in the national capacity estimate and a growing national capacity shortfall is predicted. It is estimated that the US is currently operating at 57% of maximum capacity and will be at 70% national capacity by 2010. It is observed that significant delays begin at about 50% capacity fraction and grow at a hyperbolic rate. The effect of adopting new technology and operational concepts is shown to have a better impact on capacity growth (i.e. up to 30%) than runway construction (i.e. 1% per runway). This work should be of interest to policy makers who are responsible for making investments in national and/or local air transportation systems and for those responsible for measuring the air transportation systems operational capacity.
Marketing’s Greatest Challenge: The Social Impact of the Globalization of Markets

Much attention has been turned toward the issue of the globalization of markets. Although the strategic implications for firms have been examined in detail, virtually no attention has been directed at the impact of global marketing on the macrostructure of world society. Two outcomes are possible. Societies may become socially stratified into have and have not groups, or societies of abundance may be created. The challenge for marketers is finding the balance point between the two extremes.
Analytics for Smart Grid Security and Resiliency

The security and resiliency analysis of a smart grid needs to consider the target component(s), flexible attack model, and the integration among different smart grid components and attack properties. An exhaustive security analysis is not only expensive but also infeasible using testbeds. Formal analytics can play an important role toward comprehensive security analysis of the system, which can identify potential threats provably, that can further be verified on testbeds.
Candida meningitis in an immunocompetent patient detected through (1→3)-beta-d-glucan.

Summary A 44-year-old female presented with a 3-month history of headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Her past medical history was significant for long-standing intravenous drug abuse. Shortly after admission, the patient became hypertensive and febrile, with fever as high as 38.8°C. The lumbar puncture profile supported an infectious process; however multiple cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not initially show growth of organisms. Finally after 9 days of incubation, a CSF culture showed evidence of a few colonies of Candida albicans . To confirm the diagnosis, preserved CSF from that sample was tested for (1→3)-β-d-glucan, showing levels >500pg/ml. This report illustrates a rare complication of intravenous drug use in an immunocompetent patient and demonstrates the utility of (1→3)-β-d-glucan testing in possible Candida meningitis.
On periodic solutions associated with the nonlinear feedback loop in the non-dissipative Lorenz model

Abstract. In this study, we discuss the role of the linear heating term and nonlinear terms associated with a nonlinear feedback loop in the energy cycle of the three-dimensional (X–Y–Z) non-dissipative Lorenz model (3D-NLM), where (X, Y, Z) represent the solutions in the phase space. Using trigonometric functions, we ﬁrst present the closed-form solution of the nonlinear equation d2X/dτ2 + (X2/2)X = 0 without the heating term (i.e., rX), (where τ is a non-dimensional time and r is the normalized Rayleigh number), a solution that has not been previously documented. Since the solution of the simpliﬁed 3D-NLM is oscillatory (wave-like) and since the nonlinear term (X3) is associated with the nonlinear feedback loop, here, we suggest that the nonlinear feedback loop may act as a restoring force. When the heating term is considered, the system yields three critical points. A linear analysis suggests that the origin (i.e., the trivial critical point) is a saddle point and that the other two non-trivial critical points are stable. Here, we provide an analysis for three types of solutions that are associated with these critical points. Two of the solutions represent closed curves that travel around one non-trivial critical point or all three critical points. The third type of solution, appearing to connect the stable and unstable manifolds of the saddle point, is called the homoclinic orbit. Using the solution that contains one non-trivial critical point, here, we show that the competing impact of the nonlinear restoring force and the linear (heating) force determines the partitions of the averaged available potential energy from the Y and Z modes. Based on the energy analysis, an energy cycle with four different regimes is identiﬁed. The cycle is only half of a "large" cycle, displaying the wing pattern of a glasswinged butterﬂy. The other half cycle is antisymmetric with respect to the origin. The two types of oscillatory solutions with either a small cycle or a large cycle are orbitally stable. As compared to the oscillatory solutions, the homoclinic orbit is not periodic because it "takes forever" to reach the origin. Two trajectories with starting points near the homoclinic orbit may be diverged because one moves with a small cycle and the other moves with a large cycle. Therefore, the homoclinic orbit is not orbitally stable. In a future study, dissipation and/or additional nonlinear terms will be included in order to determine how their interactions with the original nonlinear feedback loop and the heating term may change the periodic orbits (as well as homoclinic orbits) to become quasi-periodic orbits and chaotic solutions.
Trigonometric symmetric boundary value method for oscillating solutions including the sine-Gordon and Poisson equations

We construct a continuous linear multistep method with trigonometric coefficients from which a symmetric main method as well as additional methods are reproduced. The main and additional methods whose coefficients depend on the frequency and step length are then applied as a trigonometric symmetric boundary value method (SBVM) to solve systems of second-order initial and boundary value problems of the form y″=f(x,y) without first reducing the ordinary differential equation into an equivalent first-order system. Moreover, the method is successfully applied to solve hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations, such as the sine-Gordon and the Poisson equations. The stability property of the SBVM is discussed and numerical experiments are performed to show the accuracy of the method.