cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring coupling and cohesion: an information-theory approach

The design of software is often depicted by graphs that show components and their relationships. For example, a structure chart shows the calling relationships among components. Object oriented design is based on various graphs as well. Such graphs are abstractions of the software, devised to depict certain design decisions. Coupling and cohesion are attributes that summarize the degree of interdependence or connectivity among subsystems and within subsystems, respectively. When used in conjunction with measures of other attributes, coupling and cohesion can contribute to an assessment or prediction of software quality. Let a graph be an abstraction of a software system and let a subgraph represent a module (subsystem). The paper proposes information theory based measures of coupling and cohesion of a modular system. These measures have the properties of system level coupling and cohesion defined by L.C. Briand et al. (1996; 1997). Coupling is based on relationships between modules. We also propose a similar measure for intramodule coupling based on an intramodule abstraction of the software, rather than intermodule, but intramodule coupling is calculated in the same way as intermodule coupling. We define cohesion in terms of intramodule coupling, normalized to between zero and one. We illustrate the measures with example graphs. Preliminary analysis showed that the information theory approach has finer discrimination than counting.
Compression of magnetic field in a viscous boundary layer

A simple analytical illustration is provided to complement the extensive numerical results already published regarding the compression of the magnetic field that occurs when the closed convective circulation of a viscous fluid with small resistivity breaks up a broad magnetic field into isolated filaments and proceeds to compress those filaments to field strengths beyond equipartition with the convective motions. This compression may occur in the solar corona or in interstellar space but not within the sun.
A time-resolving spectrograph for free-flight ballistic range application.

Time-resolved spectra for some hypervelocity spheres and cones in a free-flight ballistic range are obtained using a large aperture, slitless spectrograph in conjunction with an image converter camera. For nonablating spheres, only emission from the shock cap can be observed with the present instrument. For ablating models at elevated speeds and range pressures, band systems for such molecular species as C2, CH, and CN for some objects containing hydrocarbons and Cu2, CuF, CuO, BeO, and AlO for metallic models have been observed in the near wake region of the flow. The feasibility of using a high gain image intensifier for the study of far wake emission is discussed.
Helper T cell differentiation

The differentiation of Th cells is regulated at different points by antigen and by other factors in a complex fashion that allows impressive flexibility in the T cell response generated and enables close control at multiple points to prevent an unwanted response. Studies over the past two years have uncovered several principles of this regulation, including a new appreciation of the critical role of survival factors in determining the success of the immune response. New insights into the details of CD4+ T cell regulation will provide important clues as to how immune responses are regulated, in particular the generation of effector responses and development of long-lived immunity.
Vacancy-mediated mechanism of nitrogen substitution in carbon nanotubes

Nitrogen substitution reaction in a graphene sheet and carbon nanotubes of different diameter are investigated using the generalized tight-binding molecular dynamics method. The formation of a vacancy in curved graphene sheet or a carbon nanotube is found to cause a curvature dependent local reconstruction of the surface. Our simulations and analysis show that vacancy mediated N substitution (rather than N chemisorption) is favored on the surface of nanotubes with diameter larger than 8 nm. This predicted value of the critical minimum diameter for N incorporation is confirmed by experimental results presented on nitrogen-doped multiwalled nanotubes with [approximate]5 at. % nitrogen prepared by the thermal chemical vapor deposition process.
Asymmetric information may protect the commons: The welfare benefits of uninformed regulators

We examine an entry-deterrence model in the commons. We investigate in which contexts asymmetric information among firms becomes welfare improving, and in which settings an uninformed regulator may prefer to assess and disseminate information about the available stock among firms.
Accurate Solution of Multi-Region Continuum Biomolecule Electrostatic Problems Using the Linearized Poisson-Boltzmann Equation with Curved Boundary Elements

We present a boundary-element method (BEM) implementation for accurately solving problems in biomolecular electrostatics using the linearized Poisson–Boltzmann equation. Motivating this implementation is the desire to create a solver capable of precisely describing the geometries and topologies prevalent in continuum models of biological molecules. This implementation is enabled by the synthesis of four technologies developed or implemented specifically for this work. First, molecular and accessible surfaces used to describe dielectric and ion-exclusion boundaries were discretized with curved boundary elements that faithfully reproduce molecular geometries. Second, we avoided explicitly forming the dense BEM matrices and instead solved the linear systems with a preconditioned iterative method (GMRES), using a matrix compression algorithm (FFTSVD) to accelerate matrix-vector multiplication. Third, robust numerical integration methods were employed to accurately evaluate singular and near-singular integrals over the curved boundary elements. Finally, we present a general boundary-integral approach capable of modeling an arbitrary number of embedded homogeneous dielectric regions with differing dielectric constants, possible salt treatment, and point charges. A comparison of the presented BEM implementation and standard finite-difference techniques demonstrates that for certain classes of electrostatic calculations, such as determining absolute electrostatic solvation and rigid-binding free energies, the improved convergence properties of the BEM approach can have a significant impact on computed energetics. We also demonstrate that the improved accuracy offered by the curved-element BEM is important when more sophisticated techniques, such as non-rigid-binding models, are used to compute the relative electrostatic effects of molecular modifications. In addition, we show that electrostatic calculations requiring multiple solves using the same molecular geometry, such as charge optimization or component analysis, can be computed to high accuracy using the presented BEM approach, in compute times comparable to traditional finite-difference methods.
Enhancement of charge capture from a laser-excited target by highly charged ions.

A charge-transfer experiment has been done in which 63-keV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{7+}$ was incident on sodium in the ground and first excited states. The electron-capture ratio \ensuremath{\sigma}(Na(3p))/\ensuremath{\sigma}(Na(3s)) was experimentally determined for this system. The charge-capture cross section was observed to increase by a factor of 1.5 for the excited target.
Purification and characterization of glutathione S-transferases in human retina.

Human retina has two forms of glutathione (GSH) S-transferases. These forms having pi 4.5 and >10 have been purified and their kinetic, structural and immunological characteristics are described. Both the enzymes of human retina do not express glutathione peroxidase II activity. The anionic enzyme (pi 4.5) of retina cross reacts with the antibodies raised against the anionic GSH S-transferases of human lung and placenta but does not cross react with the antibodies raised against the cationic enzymes of human liver. On the otherhand, the cationic enzyme (pi >10) of human retina cross reacts with the antibodies raised against the cationic GSH S-transferases of human liver but not with antibodies raised against the anionic enzymes of lung and placenta. Differences in the kinetic characteristics of the two forms of human retinal GSH S-transferases are also indicated. Results of these studies suggest that the anionic enzyme of retina may be similar to the anionic enzymes of lung and placenta. However, the cati...
PERSONALITY COMPARISONS OF RESPONDERS AND NONRESPONDERS TO A MAILED PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Response and nonresponse bias is a concern of researchers who employ mail survey questionnaires. This study compared personality characteristics of responders and nonresponders to a mailed personal...
The Effect of Temperature on the Equilibrium and Transport Properties of Saturated Poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) Membranes

The equilibrium and transport properties of a poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) membrane containing a dilute sulfuric acid solution are investigated over the temperature range from 20 to 90°C, which is of interest for polymer‐electrolyte fuel cells. The membrane porosity, proton diffusion coefficient, and electrokinetic permeability are measured and tabulated as a function of temperature. A combination of electrochemical and radiotracer techniques are employed. The electrokinetic Peclet number, a dimensionless group that characterizes the importance of electro‐osmotic water transport by the membrane, is shown to have only a slight dependence on temperature. A previously developed equilibrium model, containing no adjustable parameters, is used to describe the equilibrium data. Published values for the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and index of refraction of water, along with the ionic radii of protons and bisulfate ions are the only model inputs that are not measured directly. The equilibrium model also is shown to be in qualitative agreement with published Monte Carlo simulations of counterion profiles near a charged surface, such as a membrane pore wall.
Genetic diversity, origin, and geographic distribution tendencies of biotypes of polyploid spined loaches (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae, Cobitis) in Ukraine

Sixteen of 28 possible biotypes of C. elongatoides-taenia s.lato (C. taenia, C. tanaitica, C. species-1) have been found in Ukrainian waters. Presumably, the biotypes of C. aff. melanoleuca-tanaitica has also been identified. The share of polyploids among Cobitis on average was 65%, where males made up less than 1% with the same ratio among tri- and tetra-polyploids. The absence of amphydiploidy and presence of individuals with recombinant genotype and abnormal electrophoretic specters, whose frequency sometimes is considerable, are attracting increasing interest. There are two centers of polyploid biotypes creation: southern (the Lower Danube) and northern (the Upper Danube, Oder, and Rhine). The C. taenia and C. species-1 type, which is typical for the northwestern basins of Ukraine, participates in the formation of polyploids in the Rhine alongside with C. elongatoides and C. tanaitica. It is determined that biotypes (C. 2(3) elongatoidestanaitica, C. elongatoides-2(3) tanaitica) in comparison with biotypes whose genome includes the chromosome set of C. taenia are limited in distribution towards the East. This is due to the hybridization of females from these biotypes with males of C. taenia afflicted by genetic instability and reduced viability of posterity.
Enhanced mineralization of [14C]atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizospheric soil from a pesticide-contaminated site

Mineralization of atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) in soil treated with a mixture of atrazine and metolachlor (2-chloro-6'-ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acet-o-toluidide at concentrations typical of point-source contamination (50 μg g -1 each) was significantly greater (P 47% of the initial 14 C applied after 36 days) compared to literature values. These results suggest that plants such as Kochia might be managed at pesticide-contaminated sites to help facilitate microbial degradation of wastes such as atrazine in soil.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Important Considerations in the Adolescent

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may be particularly devastating to the adolescent female because of the marked changes in appearance which may result from the disease and by its treatment. Attention is drawn to the potential of the patient manipulating her medications in response to these changes. Other special considerations include the unique side-effects of corticosteroid and antimalarial drugs, the need to distinguish psychological reactions to SLE from true organic involvement and an added risk for a flare of disease activity in the sexually active patient. A case of a teenage female with SLE is used to illustrate some of the management problems which may be encountered.
Constituents from the periderm and outer cortex of Ipomoea batatas with antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer

Abstract Rhizopus stolonifer invades sweetpotato roots through injuries and infected roots are rapidly consumed by a soft rot. However, not all injuries are equally susceptible to infection; shallow injuries (1–2 mm deep) are less prone to infection than deeper injuries (>5 mm deep). The presence of antifungal compounds in external tissues may partially explain the resistance of shallow injuries to infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a quantitative bioassay for measuring the growth of R. stolonifer utilizing the vital stain 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Acetone extracts of the fresh interior flesh of four cultivars had no antifungal activity, but extracts of the exterior 2 mm of the root were inhibitory. We used the R. stolonifer bioassay to guide the purification of the active components. Two active fractions were isolated. One active fraction contained predominately caffeic acid, but this compound was determined not to be the most biologically active component. The second active fraction contained 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA), and this compound was found to be active, with an EC50 of 2.2 g l−1. The presence of antifungal compounds in the external tissues helps explain why shallow injuries are resistant to infection. Additionally, we demonstrated that interior flesh tissues accumulate antifungal compounds when elicited and incubated under curing conditions (30°C and 90–95% RH) for 24 h.
Genetic testing for vulnerable populations: what kinds of communication we need and do not need.

The absence of a well-funded, independent, and trusted source for the dissemination of evidence-based health information is a feature of American society that undermines public health communication...
The influence of task characteristics on strategies of cue combination

Abstract Many investigators have concluded that cue-combination in clinical judgment can be described by a simple, additive model. In this study cue characteristics were manipulated to see whether subjects might appear linear under some conditions but not others. Each of nine experienced high school guidance counselors made 1368 predictions of college success based upon either one or two test scores. The two-cue data were examined using several models. Although the linear model accounted for a high proportion of the predictable variance for all subjects in all conditions, within one condition (high subjective correlation between cues), seven of the subjects were markedly nonlinear. It was concluded that one cannot talk about linear or configural judges independently of task conditions.
Phase diagram of power law and Lennard-Jones systems: Crystal phases

An extensive characterization of the low temperature phase diagram of particles interacting with power law or Lennard-Jones potentials is provided from Lattice Dynamical Theory. For power law systems, only two lattice structures are stable for certain values of the exponent (or softness) (A15, body centered cube (bcc)) and two more (face centered cubic (fcc), hexagonal close packed (hcp)) are always stable. Among them, only the fcc and bcc are equilibrium states. For Lennard-Jones systems, the equilibrium states are either hcp or fcc, with a coexistence curve in pressure and temperature that shows reentrant behavior. The hcp solid never coexists with the liquid. In all cases analyzed, for both power law and Lennard-Jones potentials, the fcc crystal has higher entropy than the hcp. The role of anharmonic terms is thoroughly analyzed and a general thermodynamic integration to account for them is proposed.
Acute temperature sensitivity of the circadian rhythm in Drosophila

Abstract The circadian rhythm of eclosion in fruitfly populations has a temperature-compensated 24 hr period, but it is not temperature insensitive: large steady-state phase shifts result from several hour's incubation 8° above ambient.
Macrophages but not B cells from aged mice are defective in stimulating autoreactive T cells in vitro.

Abstract In the present study the effect of aging on the capacity of Ia+ cells to stimulate autoreactive T cells in the syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR) was investigated. Using young CD4+ T cells as responders, it was observed that unseparated whole spleen cells from aged mice had normal stimulatory activity comparable to that of young spleen cells. Interestingly, however, when purified splenic adherant cells (SAC) enriched for macrophages or splenic B cells were used as stimulators, aged SAC but not aged B cells were found to be defective in stimulating autoreactive T cells. This defect in aged SAC was not due to decreased expression of Ia antigens since the percentage of Ia+ SAC and density of Ia antigen expression was similar in both young and old mice. Also, the B cells from aged mice expressed normal levels of Ia antigens. Aged SAC, when mixed with young SAC could also actively suppress the normal SMLR. However, this suppression was not due to increased prostaglandin production but was found to be associated with interleukin-1 (IL-1) regulation, inasmuch as addition of exogenous IL-1 could completely reconstitute the defective stimulatory activity of aged SAC and also abolished the suppressor activity of the SAC. Aged mice also demonstrated an intrinsic defect in the CD4+ T cells responding in the SMLR. Together, our studies on the SMLR demonstrate an age-related defect in responder autoreactive T cells and in stimulator splenic macrophages but not in the stimulatory activity of B cells.
Robust Design of Bistable Compliant Mechanisms Using the Bistability of a Clamped-Pinned Beam

Our research investigates a new approach to design of bistable compliant mechanisms using the bistability of a clamped-free beam. Bistability plays an important role for a variety of applications since energy is applied only to move the mechanism from one stable position to another and no energy needs to be expended once a stable position is reached. Behavior of a bistable compliant mechanism, in general, is highly non-linear and relies on the buckling phenomenon. Normally, buckling is very sensitive to imperfections in manufacturing processes, operating conditions and boundary conditions. We present a method for designing bistable mechanisms that are robust against such imperfections by utilizing the behavior of a simple clamped-free beam. A solution for large deformation of a simple clamped-free beam is first obtained to study its bistable behavior under various loading conditions. If the load is greater than the critical buckling load, the beam can be deflected not only in the normal direction but also in a ‘reverse-lateral’ (RL) direction. First, an initially straight beam must be bent to a certain curvature under the action of the applied force. In the second loading condition, the partially bent beam is further loaded so that it buckles in the RL direction into a stable position. The magnitude and direction of the forces in both loading conditions that are conducive to bistability are thus determined. A compliant mechanism is then designed such that its output generates desired forces on the beam to deform it in the RL direction. We demonstrate that the RL deformation is less sensitive to the imperfections and ensures bistable behavior. Using clamped-pinned beams, two design examples (symmetric and asymmetric cases) of bistable compliant mechanisms are presented. Results show very good correlation between the finite element analysis and experimental tests on prototypes.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Creating a Low Volume Model of Occlusive Thrombosis

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries. Heart attacks and strokes can cause mortality within an hour following plaque rupture. Unfortunately, as it is impossible to study heart attacks in real time, little is known about the mechanism which contributes to mortality. The mechanism of thrombosis under high shear is currently in dispute. Some investigators have shown that GPIIb/IIIa is important in stabilizing a thrombus under high shear conditions.[1] We have independently shown occlusive thrombosis in a gravity-fed tubular stenosis is predicated on a delayed phase of Rapid Platelet Accumulation (RPA) that occurs only at pathologically high shear rates with fast occlusion times consistent with Acute Coronary Syndrome.[2] However, Ruggeri has recently shown that platelet deposition and aggregation can occur at high shear model independent of GPIIb/IIIa which must be activated for binding.[3] Thus, the role of GPIIb/IIIa on high shear thrombosis to occlusion is not known.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of infrared detector nonlinearity on thermal diffusivity measurements using the flash method

When using an infrared detector to measure temperature changes as in the case of the flash technique, the effects of detector nonlinearity can have drastic effects on the experimental data. In the flash technique, the detector nonlinearity tends to shift the calculated half-time to larger values, resulting in underpredicted values of thermal diffusivity especially in experiments performed at room temperature. In order to predict the error in the diffusivity calculation, the nonlinear relationship between the detector signal and the temperature change was developed into a Taylor series expansion used in the flash technique's mathematical model. The nonlinear detector model proves to yield accurate correction factors for the presently calculated values of diffusivity. In order to utilize the model, it is necessary to estimate the maximum temperature rise of the back surface and the degree of detector nonlinearity.
Coexisting cordierite + biotite + chlorite from the Rumford quadrangle, Maine

New chemical data on coexisting cordierite + chlorite + biotite from Maine shows that on an AFM diagram, the biotite-cordierite join passes on the Mg-side of chlorite. This information has important implications for ascertaining the reactions that terminate the stability field of chlorite in pelitic schist. Addition of the several cordierite-bearing assemblages to the AFM plots for the staurolite zone and lower sillimanite zone of northwestern Maine enables an almost complete topologic representation for each zone.
Metabolism of pyrimidine analogues and their nucleosides

The pyrimidine antimetabolite drugs consist of base and nucleoside analogues of the naturally occurring pyrimidines uracil, thymine and cytosine. As is typical of antimetabolites, these drugs have a strong structural similarity to endogenous nucleic acid precursors. The structural differences are usually substitutions at one of the carbons in the pyrimidine ring itself or substitutions at on of the hydrogens attached to the ring of the pyrimidine or sugar (ribose or deoxyribose). Despite the differences noted above, these analogues, can still be taken up into cells and then metabolized via anabolic or catabolic pathways used by endogenous pyrimidines. Cytotoxicity results when the antimetabolite either is incorporated in place of the naturally occurring pyrimidine metabolite into a key molecule (such as RNA or DNA) or competes with the naturally occurring pyrimidine metabolite for a critical enzyme. There are four pyrimidine antimetabolites that are currently used extensively in clinical oncology. These include the fluoropyrimidines fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine, and the cytosine analogues, cytosine arabinoside and azacytidine.
Protein synthesis and the inhibition of host messenger ribonucleic acid production in bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract The role of protein synthesis after phage infection in the termination of the synthesis of host RNA has been studied. The production of host and phage RNA was examined at defined levels of protein synthesis. This was accomplished by use of a mutant of E. coli (strain B207) in which the rate of protein synthesis is dependent upon the concentration of K+ in the growth medium. The present investigation has confirmed the requirement for protein synthesis after infection in turning off the production of host RNA. During infection at intermediate levels of protein synthesis a large amount of host mRNA is made, in addition to phage mRNA, as late as 35–36 min after infection. This host mRNA is found associated with polysomes. The “protein” necessary for the maximum termination of host RNA synthesis may be labile, or its formation and accumulation may be regulated.
Ethanol increases phosphodiesterase 4 activity in bovine bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract Ethanol exposure in airway epithelium increases cyclic AMP (cAMP)–dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity. Activation of PKA and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)–dependent protein kinase (PKG) has been shown to increase ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBECs). We have shown that biologically relevant concentrations of ethanol stimulate increases in CBF in a nitric oxide–dependent manner, mediated through elevated cAMP levels and subsequent PKA activation. This ethanol-driven rapid and transient increase in CBF occurs 15 to 30 min after exposure to 100 mM ethanol. However, after prolonged exposure to 100 mM ethanol (≥6 h), CBF and the catalytic activity of PKA return to baseline levels. We hypothesize that cyclic nucleotide–dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity attenuates the duration of ethanol-stimulated ciliary motility. The effect of ethanol on the PDE activity in BBECs was determined through direct assay of catalytic activity. When BBECs were incubated with 100 mM ethanol, significant increases in cAMP levels occurred within 1 h, with corresponding increases in PKA activity. Treatment of BBECs with 100 mM ethanol increased cAMP–PDE activity significantly by 4 h. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, Ro 20-1724, and rolipram inhibited ethanol-stimulated cAMP–PDE activity. These agents inhibited ethanol-stimulated cAMP–PDE activity and increased the magnitude of ethanol-stimulated PKA activity observed under the same conditions. These findings support the idea that acute exposure (
Incremental recording for photorefractive hologram multiplexing

We investigate an incremental recording technique for multiplexed hologram storage in photorefractive crystals, in which each hologram is recorded with multiple short exposures. The performance is theoretically compared with that of scheduled (single exposure per hologram) recording. Our analysis shows that this technique systematically controls the signal uniformity and can also decrease the total recording time. We present an experimental demonstration with LiNbO(3) using a binary orthogonal phase-code addressing technique.
Multimode interference devices with input-output ports on the sides

Multimode interference (MMI) devices are useful for power splitting and for the separation or combination of wavelengths or polarizations, usually in integrated optics. Input-output guides connect to the MMI region by ports. In all previously reported MMI devices, the input and output guides connect only to the ends of the MMI region; i.e., they are end ported. What is believed to be a novel arrangement of the input-output ports on MMI devices is described. By placing input-output ports either partially or entirely on the sides of the MMI region (i.e., side porting), a variety of benefits are achieved and a variety of new devices can be made.
Using nanocomposite coatings to heal surface defects

Using computer simulations, we investigate the benefits of coating substrates that contain nanoscale defects with nanoparticle-filled polymer films. In particular, we focus on surfaces that contain a nanoscopic notch and use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine the particle and polymer distribution on the damaged surface. The calculations reveal that a high volume fraction of relatively large particles are localized in the notch. Here, the polymer melt induces a depletion attraction between the particles and surface and thereby drives the nanoparticles into the defect. The time required for these relatively large particles to migrate to the notch is comparable to the time needed for the chains to move by approximately four radius of gyrations. The morphology obtained from the MD simulation serves as the input to the lattice spring model (LSM), which allows us to determine the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite-coated surface. The results show that the stress concentration at the notch ...
AN X-RAY STUDY OF TEMPERING IN A TERNARY ZIRCONIUM MARTENSITE

Abstract The stability of martensite in Zr-2Nb-2Sn which was formed by quenching from the beta phase was studied for times up to 2000 hours at temperatures in the range of 400 to 700° C. Both the a o and c o lattice parameters increased during tempering, following sigmoidal-type curves, an activation energy for the process being 58 kcal/mol. According to the phase diagram the compound Zr 4 Sn should be rejected from the supersaturated martensite, and the a o parameter should increase and c o decrease. The observed increase in both parameters indicates that niobium precipitated with the tin, and the compound is not the suggested Zr 4 Sn. Hardness isotherms were observed which were similar to age-hardening. Maxima were noted at 950 hours 400° C and at 200 hours at 500° C. Overaging occurred in less than 1 3 hour at both 600 and 700° C and was associated with coarser precipitates than in the aged condition. Fourier-analysis of the broadened peaks indicated that considerable non-uniform microstrains existed in the lattice initially. The microstrains were increased by tempering, but considerable strain remained after overaging of the martensite had occurred. Retention of hardness after extensive tempering was probably due to both microstrains and the dispersed phase.
The impact of a long training run on muscle damage and running economy in runners training for a marathon

The purposes of this study were to evaluate whether there were changes in markers of cardiovascular and muscle damage and then to determine whether running economy (RE) was adversely affected due to those changes in a group of runners training for a marathon following a 26-km moderately paced outdoor long training run (LTR). Fifteen, healthy male participants (age: 35.2 ± 11.1 years; height = 171.2 ± 14.5 cm; body mass = 73.6 ± 11.9 kg; and VO2max = 63.6 ± 12.7 mL/kg/minute) completed the protocol. The LTR consisted of a 26-km run on a marked outdoor course with water stops and heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion checkpoints every 5 km. Muscle damage [serum creatine kinase (CK)], delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), cardiorespiratory measures (HR, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio), muscle power, step rate (SR), and RE (oxygen consumption during treadmill running at 3.1, 3.6, and 4.0 m/second) were assessed before and 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that serum CK levels were significantly elevated at 24, 48, and 72 hours (145%, 112%, and 72% increase above baseline, respectively; p < 0.05). However, these significant increases in serum CK were not associated with an increase in DOMS. In addition, none of the RE measures or other dependent variables showed changes during the study. It was concluded that the muscle damage caused by a 26-km LTR was not reflected by changes in RE at submaximal speeds. Therefore, an LTR of this duration and intensity can be well tolerated in participants training for a marathon and routine training can be followed in the days after this run with few adverse consequences.
Relationship between Skin Fluorescence and Blood Flow in Normal and in Chronically Ischemic Subjects Dosed with Fluorescein

To elucidate parameters diagnostic of chronic ischemia, the fluorescence of skin on the foot, leg, arm, and forehead of six chronically ischemic patients and six normal subjects injected with fluorescein was measured serially using a surface-measurement fluorometer (dermofluorometer). Simultaneously collected plasma samples were assayed spectrofluorometrically for unmetabolized fluorescein. The time courses of plasma fluorescein content and dermofluorometer readings were jointly analyzed by combining a standard pharmacokinetic model, a model predicting skin site from plasma concentrations of fluorescein, and a model predicting the dermofluorometer response to those skin concentrations. Fluorescein plasma clearance (0.22 ± 0.06 versus 0.46 ± 0.20 LVh/kg) in ischemic patients was only half, and half-life was double (2.4 ± 1.0 versus 1.3 ± 0.3 h) those in normal subjects, with volume of distribution (Vdss = 0.46 L/kg) being similar. Despite the ischemia diagnosis for all patients involving claudication of the lower extremities, patients could be distinguished statistically from normal subjects on the basis of fluorescence readings taken on the arm, but not those using the foot or leg. The rate constant describing flux of fluorescein from the arm skin site in patients was only half that in normal subjects, and the peak reading on the arm occurred at 42 ± 14 min after fluorescein injection in patients, but at only 15 ± 6 min in normal subjects. Lack of discrimination between subject groups via leg and foot readings may be due to several physiologic and/or experimental factors, including the need to take skin surface readings much earlier than previously recognized. As might be expected on optical grounds, the model predicted that the dermofluorometer is less sensitive to similar skin concentrations of fluorescein in people of black as compared with white ethnic background.
The role of molecular conformation on tumor uptake of polymeric contrast agents.

Rationale and Objective: We wanted to test the hypothesis that linear extended polymers are able to translocate across compromised endothelia to a much higher degree than polymers that are in a coiled configuration. The basis for this hypothesis is the concept of polymer reptation, a process allowing linear polymers to move around fixed obstacles and through small pores. Materials and Methods: The conjugation of polylysine with DTPA was varied from 55% to 95% of lysine moieties for a fixed polymer degree of polymerization. The variable conjugation constructs were assessed in their ability to enhance tumor signals in an animal model. The blood circulation time was also assessed, as was the proton relaxivity of the constructs. Results: The relaxivity values of the variable conjugation constructs indicated that the conformation of the highly conjugated polymers was consistent with an extended conformation. Images of the highly conjugated constructs with cryoelectron microscopy showed structures also consistent with an extended peptide chain conformation. These constructs gave tumor signal enhancements 10 times larger than observed for constructs of lower conjugation at the same injection dose. Conclusions: The conformation of polymer agents is of decisive importance in the imaging efficacy of tumors. Polylysine conjugates of Gd-DTPA, at conjugation levels of 90% or higher, assume an extended linear conformation, which enables them to translocate across tumor endothelium more effectively than less highly conjugated polymers.
An electromyographic investigation of motor conflict

MAP recordings, reaction times, response times, and the written modes of resolution were obtained during nonconflict conditions and four types of conflict conditions. These data were the results of normal male Ss responding to stimuli during the approach-avoidance and double approach-avoidance responses. Reaction times, response times, and the written modes of resolution were consistent with data obtained by previous investigators.
A second signal supplied by insulin-like growth factor II in oncogene-induced tumorigenesis

Transgenic mice expressing the simian virus-40 large T-antigen (Tag) under the control of the insulin gene regulatory region offer a useful model for tumorigenesis. All the islets of Langerhans express Tag, although there is at first no aberrant proliferation. Over half of the islets become hyperplastic, however, and neovascularization of a further subset (about 10%)3 leads eventually to formation of highly vascularized solid tumours in 1-2% of islets by about 14 weeks of age. Here we show that the initial proliferative switch is correlated with focal activation of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). Transfection with an antisense oligonucleotide to the IGF-II messenger RNA interferes with tumour cell proliferation in vitro, and transgenic mice homozygous for a disruption of the IGF-II gene develop tumours with reduced malignancy and a higher incidence of apoptosis. Several signals, in this case including an oncoprotein and a growth/survival factor, thus appear to be needed to elicit hyperproliferation.
Salt-induced structural changes in nucleosomes.

Nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes were prepared by digestion of human placental nuclei with staphlococcal nuclease and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. The effect of increasing salt on the structure of nucleosomes was examined in the presence and absence of 10 mM MgCl2. Nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes are insoluble over a broad range of salt concentration. Nucleosomes are insoluble in larger than or equal to 120 mM (NH4)2SO4 containing 10 mM MgCl2 allowing analyses of changes in nucleosomal DNA by C.D. spectroscopy. Nucleosomes are insoluble in less than or equal to 120 mM (NH4)2SO4 containing 10 mM MgCl2 as demonstrated by turbidity measurements. We conclude that the insolubility of nucleosomes accompanies salt-induced structural changes possibly due to individual particle condensation. As the salt concentration is increased the nucleosomes condense and then relax at higher salt concentrations.
Altered HIV expression and EBV-induced transformation in coinfected PBLs and PBL subpopulations.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) IIIB expression and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) B95.8-induced transformation were studied during coinfection. Coinfection of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures with HIV and EBV resulted in down-regulation of HIV expression. EBV-induced and spontaneous transformation were markedly reduced in PBL cultures exposed to HIV before EBV. On the other hand, transformation was enhanced when PBL cultures were infected with HIV either simultaneous to or after EBV. Reconstitution of EBV-infected B cell cultures with autochthonous T cells demonstrated that HIV-infected T cells had a reduced ability to inhibit EBV-induced transformation. PHA stimulation of HIV-infected T cells eliminated their ability to inhibit EBV-induced transformation. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established from coinfected PBLs expressed B cell markers and were EBV positive, while a large proportion of the LCLs expressed HIV antigens, released reverse transcriptase activity into the supernatant, and produced syncytia when cocultivated with indicator cell line SupTi. HIV provirus could be detected in LCLs established from coinfected cultures by PCR amplification using specific sets of amplimersfor gag and envgenes of HIV. To more closely examine the role of various cell types in lymphocyte transformation and HIV replication during coinfection, experiments were carried out using subpopulations enriched for either B or T cells. Simultaneous coinfection of purified B cells with EBV and HIV resulted in a marked reduction of HIV expression, whereas EBV-induced transformation was enhanced. In contrast, spontaneous B cell transformation was inhibited by HIV. A proportion of LCLs established from purified B cells coinfected with EBV and HIV expressed HIV antigens, released reverse transcriptase activity, and produced syncytia on SupTi cells. These results demonstrate that the IIIB strain of HIV and B95.8 strain of EBV can interact during coinfection of B cells to alter the course of virus expression.
Hysteroscopic incision of the septate uterus

Fifteen women underwent hysteroscopic incision of symptomatic septate uteri between April, 1982, and July, 1983. All procedures were performed on an outpatient basis with general anesthesia, by means of dextran hysteroscopy with direct-vision scissors incision of the septa under external laparoscopic guidance. No significant intraoperative nor postoperative complications occurred. Preoperative indications included repetitive pregnancy loss (eight), repetitive pregnancy loss and infertility (four), infertility and total uterine septum (one), preinsemination by donor (one), and intractable dysmenorrhea (one). A total of 72 hysteroscopic septal incision/resection procedures unassociated with any significant morbidity have been reported in the literature. Compared to transabdominal metroplasty, hysteroscopy is an outpatient procedure that avoids abdominal and uterine incisions and requires no long-term postoperative delay in attempting pregnancy. In addition, subsequent pregnancy does not require cesarean section. With these advantages, hysteroscopic incision of the symptomatic septate uterus can replace transabdominal metroplasty and allow liberalization of operative indications.
The Anatomy of Revolutionists

A questionnaire containing 62 items relating to the New Left and 28 items measuring anomia, authoritarianism, and Machiavellianism was given to 153 entering freshmen at Columbia in the fall of 1968. The five factors emerging from a factor analysis of responses to the items were labeled: New Left Philosophy, Revolutionary Tactics, Machiavellian Tactics, Machiavellian Cynicism, and Traditional Moralism. Students who had been politically active prior to coming to college scored higher than the rest of the group on New Left Philosophy, Revolutionary Tactics, and Machiavellian Cynicism, but scored lower on Machiavellian‘Tactics and Traditional Moralism. In the spring of 1969, a revised set of items was given to students in introductory psychology classes at Columbia University and New York University. While the findings from these subjects replicated those found with the Columbia freshmen, they showed subtle differences which led to speculations about the radicalization process. Also discussed are the relationships between the nature of political participation and all of the factors, with special emphasis on the discrepancy between Machiavellian Tactics and Cynicism.
Transfemoral catheterization of the cavernous sinus outflow with comparison of "central" and "peripheral" gonadotropin patterns in bonnet monkeys.

Concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in central (C) samples obtained by transfemorally catheterizing the inferior petrosal sinus of female bonnet monkeys were compared with those in peripheral (P) samples obtained simultaneously from the saphenous veins of two intact and two oophorectomized bonnet monkeys, before, during, and after luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulation. Significant differences between central and peripheral gonadotropin concentrations were detected intermittently in the resting state, and tended to be magnified by LHRH administration. In one animal in which LHRH was fortuitously administered during the course of a spontaneous LH surge, a C/P ratio for LH of 12.71, the maximum observed, was obtained. Spectral analysis exhibited periodicity for LH and, to a lesser extent, for FSH in the oophorectomized, but not in the intact, animals.
Has foundationalism been refuted

It is no part of my purpose in this paper to advocate Minimal Foundationalism. In fact I believe there to be strong objections to any form of foundationalism, and I feel that some kind of coherence or contextualist theory will provide a more adequate general orientation in epistemology. Will and Lehrer are to be commended for providing, in their different ways, important insights into some possible ways of developing a nonfoundationalist epistemology. Nevertheless if foundationalism is to be successfully disposed of it must be attacked in its most defensible, not in its most vulnerable, form. Although Will and Lehrer reveal weaknesses in historically important forms of foundationalism, it has been my aim in this paper to show that their arguments leave untouched the more modest and less vulnerable form I have called ‘Minimal Foundationalism’, a form approximated to by the most prominent contemporary versions of the position. It is to be hoped that those who are interested in clearing the decks for an epistemology without foundations will turn their critical weapons against such modest and careful foundationalists as Chisholm, Danto, and Quinton
HPV Reflex Testing in Menopausal Women

Objective. To determine the frequency of high risk (HR) HPV and intraepithelial neoplasia following ASCUS pap cytology screens in menopausal women. Study Design. Following IRB approval, we performed a retrospective review of all cases of ASCUS pap tests, HPV results, and relevant clinical-pathologic data in women age 50 or over from November 2005 to January 2007 within a tertiary care center. Statistical analyses were performed in EXCEL. Results. 344 patients were analyzed for a total of 367 screening pap tests. 25.29% (87/344) patients were HR HPV positive, with greater percentages of HR HPV cases occurring in women age 65–74. Within HR HPV cases, 79.3% (69/87) underwent colposcopy. 27.5% (19/69) biopsy proven lesions were discovered, including cervical, vulvar or vaginal (intraepithelial neoplasia). Within the negative HR HPV group 3.1% (8/257) patients were diagnosed with dysplasia or carcinoma. Within both HR HPV positive and negative groups, patients with no prior history of lower genital tract lesions or cancer were identified. Conclusion. Reflex HPV testing plays an important role in ASCUS triage in menopausal women. Pap test screening and HPV testing should not be limited to women of reproductive age as they may aid in the diagnosis of intraepithelial neoplasia in women of older age.
The problem of adaptive individual choice in cultural evolution

This paper tries to explain how individuals manage adaptive individual choice (i.e., the decision to acquire a fitter than average behavior or idea rapidly and tractably) in cultural evolution, despite the fact that acquiring fitness information is very difficult. I argue that the means of solving this problem suggested in the cultural evolution literature largely are various types of decision rules employing representations of fitness correlated properties or states of affairs. I argue that the problem of adaptive individual choice is best solved where some of these learning rule representations are socially transmitted and some are biologically transmitted.
F-18 FDG PET/CT study showing cervical extension of thymic tissue.

Abstract:Thymic hyperplasia with increased F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET imaging is a common finding in young children and adolescents after chemotherapy. A variant where thymic tissue extends into the superior mediastinum and lower neck likely represents an embryologic remnant along