cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-Correcting Data Assimilation and Application to Storm-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction. Part II: Application to a Severe Storm Outbreak

Abstract A scheme to correct phase errors in numerical model forecasts using Doppler radar, radiosonde, profiler, and surface data is demonstrated to improve forecasts in a complex severe thunderstorm situation. The technique is designed to directly address forecast phase errors or initial position errors as part of a data assimilation strategy. In the demonstration the phase error correction is applied near the time of initial cell development and the forecast results are compared to the uncorrected forecast and forecasts made using an analysis created at the time of the observations. Forecasts are verified qualitatively for the position of thunderstorm cells and quantitatively for accumulated precipitation. It is shown that the scheme can successfully correct errors in thunderstorm locations and it has a positive influence on the subsequent forecast. The advantage of the phase correction over the control lasts for about 3 h despite storm dissipation and regeneration, and interactions among multiple storms.
Learning from the stories of successful undergraduate Latina/Latino students: the importance of mentoring

The purpose of the present study was to review the stories of 13 academically successful Latino undergraduate students and explore the role that mentoring and sponsorship played in their lives. A qualitative analysis was conducted to examine the participants’ stories using two main descriptors of mentoring and sponsorship. Analyses indicated that participants engaged in more informal mentoring experiences in which family members, teachers and counselors served as mentors. Sponsorship was reported in the stories of some students. Most sponsors did not serve in a mentoring capacity. Sponsorship within the community provided financial support and networking opportunities for the students. The stories revealed that college mentoring and sponsorship positively impacted the students’ lives following college matriculation. Finally, suggestions for improving mentoring practices are presented.
Implementation of two hidden-line algorithms

Abstract Two hidden-line elimination programs are described. One removes the hidden lines from vector-type projections of planar-faced 3D objects. This program implements the Loutrel algorithm which has been extended here to solids with multiply-connected faces. The other is applicable to solids bounded by sections of quadric surfaces (i.e. cylinders, cones, spheres, ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids) and represents an implementation of the Woon algorithm. The latter can be regarded as an extension of the Loutrel algorithm to curved-surface bodies. Both programs generate true, visible-line perspective projections for output on a digital plotter or a vector-type CRT display. The implementation of these algorithms for a variety of computer systems is described.
Evaluation of potential proton therapy utilization in a market-based environment.

Purpose Proton therapy is an increasingly prominent radiation treatment modality. Market-driven adoption of proton therapy into routine clinical practice may have a significant economic impact. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of patients who could potentially be treated with proton therapy by evaluating the utilization of existing highly conformal photon therapy as a proxy. Methods All patients treated in 2007 with radiation therapy at the authors' institution were evaluated. Treatment technique was categorized using Current Procedural Terminology ® codes as conventional radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, Gamma Knife radiosurgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and brachytherapy. Medicare 2008 codes were used to estimate cost impact. Results One thousand forty-two patients were treated using 19,749 treatment fractions. As a potential proxy for proton therapy, highly conformal external-beam photon techniques were delivered in 31% of all fractions (intensity-modulated radiation therapy in 30%, stereotactic body radiation therapy in Conclusions Using existing utilization patterns of highly conformal photon therapy as a proxy, approximately one-third of patients irradiated annually at the authors' institution could be treated with proton therapy, with an incremental cost of 20% across the entire treated patient population.
Stereochemical Aspects of Lactide Stereo-Copolymerization Investigated by 1H NMR: A Case of Changing Stereospecificity

Poly(lactide) is synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization of various combinations of l-lactide, d-lactide, and meso-lactide. The influence of the stereochemical differences of the three lactides on the kinetics of melt copolymerization was determined by monitoring the change in the polymer stereosequence distribution as a function of conversion. The living stereo-copolymerization catalyzed by Sn(II) bis2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(II) octoate) in 1:10 000 molar ratio at 180 °C was investigated by comparing to the values predicted by a reversible polymerization scheme that achieves equilibrium at ∼95% conversion. The stereosequence distribution was measured by high-resolution 500 MHz 1H NMR. A preference for syndiotactic addition was observed and is thought to be due to steric hindrance at the growing site of the polymer. Furthermore, the syndiotactic preference decreased as the polymerization proceeded in a batch process. Similar behavior was observed during lactide polymerization catalyzed by butyl Sn(IV) tr...
Prior agreement and conformity: An extension of the generalization phenomenon

One hundred and forty-four third- and fourth-grade children were frequently agreed or disagreed with in their picture preferences by one of two adult women. During a second series, the Ss were exposed to influence on another set of pictures—either by the same adult who had agreed or disagreed with them, by the other adult, or by another child of the S’s own age and sex. Analysis of conformity scores indicated that Ss who had been agreed with conformed more than those who had been disagreed with regardless of the source of influence. The results replicate and extend previous findings.
Diisopropylantimonyhydride (DIPSbH) for low temperature epitaxial growth of InSb

Abstract Low growth temperatures are necessary for the organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth of many III/V semiconductors, particularly the low energy band gap antimonides. This has caused difficulties with conventional, established precursors because of low pyrolysis efficiencies at low temperatures and large amounts of carbon contamination in the solid. This paper gives the first results of the use of a new precursor, diisopropylantimonyhydride (DIPSbH), (C 3 H 7 ) 2 SbH. It has been used with trimethylindium (TMIn) to produce InSb epitaxial layers at temperatures as low as 275°C with values of V/III ratio of approximately 2.5. In this regard, it is the best Sb precursor tested to date for low temperature growth. The morphology and crystallographic quality of the epitaxial layers are acceptable for semiconductor applications. Photoluminescence spectra could be measured for layers grown at 325°C and above. The spectra are similar to those from commercial InSb substrates. Van der Pauw measurements indicate that the free electron concentration of the InSb increases dramatically as the growth temperature is lowered. Layers grown at 300°C have donor densities in excess of 10 19 cm -3 . The donor concentrations are much higher than for InSb grown using tertiarybutydimethylantimony, another low-temperature Sb precursor. SIMS measurements indicate that the donor is carbon.
Noninvasive stress testing - Methodology for elimination of the phonocardiogram

Measurement by systolic time intervals (STI) of cardiac responses requires extremely careful recording during actual stress test performance. Previous work indicated no significant changes in the pulse transmission time (PTT) during exercise and other challenges. Since external STI depend on the carotid pulse offset by the PTT as an aortic curve equivalent, stable PTT implies that timing of the carotid upstroke (CARu) and the carotid incisura (CARIN) would respectively track the pre-ejection period (i.e., the externally calculated onset of the aortic upstroke) and the aortic incisura which is externally timed by the aortic component of SII (IIA). In ten subjects, STIs were recorded at supine rest, sitting, standing, during prompt and sustained squatting and during isometric and dynamic exercise. The results demonstrated the tracking of both points: regression slopes and correlation coefficients were close to 1.00 for each series and for each subset. Coefficients of correlation (r) and of determination (r2) were uniformly high for all challenges except isometric handgrip (IHG). Since left ventricular ejection time is obtained directly from the pulse curve, with the exception of IHG, STI responses during stress testing can be measured without a phonocardiogram.
How interpersonal motives clarify the meaning of interpersonal behavior: A revised circumplex model.

Circumplex models have organized interpersonal behavior along 2 orthogonal dimensions--communion (which emphasizes connection between people) and agency (which emphasizes one person's influence over the other). However, many empirical studies have disconfirmed certain predictions from these models. We therefore revised the model in 4 ways that highlight interpersonal motives. In our revision: (a) the negative pole of communion is indifference, not hostility; (b) a given behavior invites (not evokes) a desired reaction from the partner; (c) the complement of a behavior is a reaction that would satisfy the motive behind that behavior; (d) noncomplementary reactions induce negative affect. If the motive is unclear, the meaning of the behavior is ambiguous. This ambiguity helps explain failures in social support, miscommunications in everyday life, and features of most personality disorders. The model emphasizes measurable individual differences: Reactions that are complementary for one person need not be complementary for another.
A procedure for obtaining erythrocytes from larval fish for cytological study and a description of larval blood of red hake, Urophycis chuss (Walbaum) and Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus (Linnaeus)

A means of obtaining erythrocytes from larval fish and the blood of larvae of two fish species are described. Erythrocytes were obtained for cytological preparations from larvae of Urophycis chuss (Walbaum) and Scomber scombrus (Linnaeus) as small as 2.0 mm. Heart and gills were dissected from the larvae, stained, and flattened into a monolayer on a microscope slide. Mature erythrocytes were the only blood cell type observed in either heart or gill preparations, and these appeared to be the same as in the adult fish. Mature erythrocytes can be isolated from formalinfixed larvae, even as sorted from plankton, and prepared for cytological and cytogenetic study and for blood cell counts. Knowledge gained from the study of erythrocytes from larval teleosts can be important in assessing the normality and health of these early-life stages of fish in either laboratory assays or field studies. The method described is applicable to other fish species, even after years of storage in formalin fixative.
Time—space efficient algorithms for computing convolutions and related problems

Abstract In this paper, we consider the related problems of convolution and polynomial multiplication and show the existence of a spectrum of algorithms that clearly illustrate the trade-off between time and space inherent in these problems. We model high speed algorithms for these problems with a graph and then play the well-known pebble game on the graph representations to obtain time-space efficient pebbling strategies. For convolving together two n element vectors, we present strategies using time T = O(n 2 log 2 S S ) , where space S can be chosen to lie anywhere in the range 1 ≤ S ≤ n. The methods are shown to be optimal over all fast Fourier transform based algorithms, and come close to meeting the lower bound T = Ω( n 2 S ) that must be satisfied by any algorithm solving the problem. Central to the derivation of these time-space efficient pebbling strategies is a new recursive convolution algorithm, which is of interest because it makes two (rather than three) recursive calls to solve subproblems of half the size.
Fluorescence intensity decays of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane with two‐photon excitation from a high repetition rate frequency‐doubled dye laser

We observed fluorescence emission from cyclohexane (CH) and methylcyclohexane (MCH) using picosecond pulses at 298–300 nm from a frequency-doubled cavity-dumped R6G dye laser. The emission maxima for CH and MCH are 209 and 215 nm, respectively, which agree with previous studies using vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) excitation near 150 nm. The fluorescence intensities depended quadratically on peak laser intensity indicating two-photon excitation. The intensity decays resulting from two-photon excitation were measured using frequency-domain fluorometry and were found to be nearly singly exponential ranging from 0.59 to 0.80 ns. Two-photon induced fluorescence of cyclic and linear alkanes may provide new intrinsic spectroscopic probes of biological molecules. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Allometric Growth: A Useful Concept in Geomorphology?

The principle of allometric growth was first developed by biologists, and states that the ratio of the relative growth rate of an organ to that of the whole organism remains constant. Allometric relations in biology are identical with the power-function relations found in all empirical sciences. The instances of allometric growth in geomorphology so far suggested are n i fact examples of size-related allometric relations, and not of allometric growth relations. Data from an experimental study of drainage network evolution did not support the concept of allometric growth, and a brief theoretical survey suggests that there is no reason to expect that river systems should exhibit allometric growth.
Use of Locking Plates in Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery.

Locking plate constructs have a potential role whenever plating is considered for the treatment of fractures. Deciding when locked plating provides advantages that justify its increased costs over conventional nonlocking constructs remains a challenge. When locked plating is utilized, optimizing the precise number and location of locking screws and the utility of combining nonlocking screws with locking screws are additional considerations. Locking plate constructs offer advantages over nonlocking constructs for the treatment of comminuted metaphyseal fractures. These fractures demand a fixed-angle construct to avoid loss of reduction1. Partially because of their ease of application, locking plates have essentially supplanted other fixed-angle constructs such as the blade plate and dynamic condylar screw. The application of locking constructs to other metaphyseal fractures for which satisfactory fixed-angle alternatives do not exist, such as the proximal and distal parts of the tibia, proximal part of the humerus, and distal part of the radius (the latter of which are beyond the scope of this review), are rational extensions of locking plate technology. The primary advantage of locking plates is that they can be effectively used in situations in which bone quality precludes satisfactory fixation with nonlocking screws. Nonlocking screw constructs require good bone quality in order to be effective. The stability of nonlocking constructs depends on the …
Influence of solitons in the initial state on chaos in the driven damped sine-Gordon system

Abstract The appearance of chaos in the a.c. driven, damped sine-Gordon equation is studied numerically. Several transitions from periodic to chaotic behaviour are investigated in detail for flat initial conditions. Spatial structures (breather, kink) in the initial conditions smooth out many of these transitions and give rise to an interesting symbiosis of time and spatial intermittency. This symbiosis appears to be due to the competition between the background tendency towards chaos and the system's preference to maintain a spatial pattern. The way that this competition is relieved is also found to depend very strongly on symmetry in the initial conditions.
The Role of IL-1β in Nicotine-Induced Immunosuppression and Neuroimmune Communication

Although a number of inflammatory cytokines are increased during sepsis, the clinical trials aimed at down-regulating these mediators have not improved the outcome. These paradoxical results are attributed to loss of the “tolerance” phase that normally follows the proinflammatory response. Chronic nicotine (NT) suppresses both adaptive and innate immune responses, and the effects are partly mediated by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain; however, the mechanism of neuroimmune communication is not clear. Here, we present evidence that, in rats and mice, NT initially increases IL-1β in the brain, but the expression is downregulated within 1–2 week of chronic exposure, and the animals become resistant to proinflammatory/pyrogenic stimuli. To examine the relationship between NT, IL-1β, and immunosuppression, we hypothesized that NT induces IL-1β in the brain, and its constant presence produces immunological “tolerance”. Indeed, unlike wild-type C57BL/6 mice, chronic NT failed to induce immunosuppression or downregulation of IL-1β expression in IL-1β-receptor knockout mice. Moreover, while acute intracerebroventricular administration of IL-1β in Lewis (LEW) rats activated Fyn and protein tyrosine kinase activities in the spleen, chronic administration of low levels of IL-1β progressively diminished the pyrogenic and T cell proliferative responses of treated animals. Thus, IL-1β may play a critical role in the perception of inflammation by the CNS and the induction of an immunologic “tolerant” state. Moreover, the immunosuppressive effects of NT might be at least partly mediated through its effects on the brain IL-1β. This represents a novel mechanism for neuroimmune communication.
Wear modeling for nitrogen-implanted Ti-6A1-4V

The wear resistance of ion-implanted Ti-6A1-4V test specimens was measured with a pin-on-disk wear tester. The samples were implanted by the plasma source ion implantation (PSII) technique using 50 keV nitrogen ions.
New and novel intrinsic host repressive factors against HIV-1: PAF1 complex, HERC5 and others

During the early stages of HIV-1 infection several host restriction factors provide important contributions to the innate immune responses ultimately leading to protection of the host. However, HIV-1 (and possibly other evolutionary conserved retroviruses) has evolved its own set of genes and proteins that counter the intracellular innate responses. In recent years there has been a clear shift in HIV-1 research where host innate molecules have become the new paradigm of attention leading to novel discoveries from both in vitro infections and long-term non-progressor and elite controller AIDS patients. Consequently, various host factors have been identified as restriction factors against HIV-1. Recently, a new strategy of screening using siRNA libraries has been employed to score for suppression of host restriction factors, ultimately leading to activation of the virus. This novel approach has now identified a few additional specific critical factors that may be part of the intracellular innate response to HIV-1 infection.
Analysis of discontinuous large-scale systems: stability, transient behaviour and trajectory bounds

The trajectory bounds of simple and large-scale interconnected discontinuous systems are treated within a stability framework. In doing so, stability is defined in terms of pre-specified subsets of the state space over an infinite time interval (practical stability) and over a finite time interval (finite time stability). The discontinuous systems considered are those which are described by ordinary discontinuous differential equations which may be autonomous or non-autonomous, linear or non-linear, unforced or under the influence of persistent disturbances, simple or interconnected. In all cases it is assumed that the differential equation possesses solutions in the sense of Filippov. The results obtained yield sufficient conditions for practical and finite time stability. The interconnected systems are treated in terms of their subsystems. In order to demonstrate the methods involved, some examples are considered.
A very unlevel playing field indeed

Indirect effects analysis applied selectively against biofuels is intellectually bankrupt. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Mapping the “Unconscious”: Racism and the Oedipal Family

This paper argues that modern constructions of “race” are inherent in specifically modern constructions of heterosexuality and that both of them inform the normative familial quadrad: Mother, Father, Son, and the Repressed (Bestial). These mythic familial categories constitute the basis of the “oedipal” family and are instrumentally interconnected. Here the oedipal triad of Mother-Son-Father is ideationally encoded as white, the repressed bestial being “colored”– typically “black.” I argue racism’s immanence to oedipal familial constructions by spatially reworking Fredric Jameson’s notion of the political unconscious. In so doing, I develop ways for thinking through how the psyche can be understood as a structured and libidinized spatial effect, a repository of colonial violences of body and place, unspoken and hence repressed (“unconscious”). I propose the term racist-oedipalization (after Deleuze and Guattari's oedipalization) to connote the processual ways in which racist thinking and practices are int...
Pitfalls Using Doppler Ultrasound to Transduce Blood Flow

General testing procedures which will ascertain whether a Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter is correctly designed and operating properly are presented. A commercial Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter using the procedure is evaluated. Two pitfalls were encountered which prevented its proper operation. High-frequency response was inadequate, which introduced a nonlinearity into the input-output calibration curve. Low-frequency gain was too high, resulting in wall-motion artifacts. These problem areas are described in detail, and a remedy for each is suggested.
Poverty, Social Support, and Parental Behavior

The associations among poverty, measures of social support, and parents' reports of punitive and unsupportive behaviors were examined using the National Survey of Families and Households. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between perceived social support and household income: perceived social support was negatively associated with parents' reports of punitive behavior, but mainly when income was low. The amount of help received from others was negatively associated with parents' reports of unsupportive behavior. The study suggests that some forms of social support lower levels of problematic behavior among all parents, whereas other forms of social support are particularly beneficial to parents living in poverty.
CicLAvia and human infrastructure in Los Angeles: ethnographic experiments in equitable bike planning

Across the United States, bike movements are advocating for infrastructural changes to streets. Sustainable transport advocates and researchers expect that reshaping built environments will increase bicycle usage because people will feel safer riding with more cycling facilities in place. These strategies identify road design as the key factor in how people use streets. From an ethnographic perspective, cycling research should also consider how road users create meanings in transit. This paper looks beyond physical changes to space and explores how “human infrastructure” encourages or discourages bicycling. Tacking between observation and participation, cultural anthropology can help design experimental spaces, such as Los Angeles’ CicLAvia, that offer diverse city inhabitants an opportunity to reflect on their transport habits in situ. Experimental spaces for bicycling show that human infrastructure shapes transportation behavior, and has the potential to change it. This paper contributes to a growing ethnographic literature in mobilities research.
In-gel nonspecific proteolysis for elucidating glycoproteins: a method for targeted protein-specific glycosylation analysis in complex protein mixtures.

Determining protein-specific glycosylation in protein mixtures remains a difficult task. A common approach is to use gel electrophoresis to isolate the protein followed by glycan release from the identified band. However, gel bands are often composed of several proteins. Hence, release of glycans from specific bands often yields products not from a single protein but a composite. As an alternative, we present an approach whereby glycans are released with peptide tags allowing verification of glycans bound to specific proteins. We term the process in-gel nonspecific proteolysis for elucidating glycoproteins (INPEG). INPEG combines rapid gel separation of a protein mixture with in-gel nonspecific proteolysis of protein bands followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the resulting N- and O-glycopeptides. Here, in-gel digestion is shown for the first time with nonspecific and broad specific proteases such as Pronase, proteinase K, pepsin, papain, and subtilisin. Tandem MS analysis of the resulting...
Frequency stabilization of a diode laser to absorption lines of water vapor in the 944-nm wavelength region

The frequency of an external-cavity diode laser has been stabilized to absorption lines of water vapor at wavelengths around 944 nm. The primary application of this stabilized laser is to provide a frequency reference for differential absorption lidar measurements of atmospheric water vapor. A wavelength modulation technique is used to provide derivative-like error signals for a control loop to continuously tune the laser to line center. The design of the stabilization scheme is provided including the optical layout and feedback loop. Spectroscopic data are presented on several different absorption lines, showing the derivativelike signals used for stabilization. Results of the stabilization show the laser frequency locked to within 10 MHz of absorption line center, well within the precision needed for lidar applications.
A security-hardened appliance for implementing authentication and access control in SCADA infrastructures with legacy field devices

Abstract Considerable progress has been made with regard to securing industrial control systems. However, security challenges remain for field devices, and these challenges are compounded by the presence of legacy field devices. This paper describes the design, implementation and performance of a security-hardened, bolt-on, security appliance for legacy field devices. The approach uses a microkernel-based architecture and employs Bloom filters to implement challenge-response authentication and role-based access control for in an in-line field device security pre-processor. The microkernel-based architecture isolates network-interacting software from security-enforcing components, reducing the size of the trusted computing base of the device. Bloom filters provide a fast and constant access time solution for authentication and authorization checks. An analysis of the impact of Bloom filter false positive rates is provided, and it is shown that the false positive rates can be made arbitrarily low. Experimental results are also presented for a prototype device. Security-related computations on the pre-processor take less than one millisecond to perform, indicating that the prototype and the underlying approach are well-suited to a variety of industrial control system environments. Penetration tests demonstrate that the device is robust to attack, except for certain denial-of-service attacks.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DESTRUCTION OF PHENOL AND SALICYLIC ACID WITH AEROSOL-MADE AND COMMERCIAL TITANIA POWDERS

The photocatalytic destruction of phenol and salicylic acid in aerated aqueous suspensions of titania powders made in flame reactors was studied. These powders were made in five hydrocarbon diffusion flames by hydrolysis and oxidation of TiCI4that resulted in powders of high specific surface area and high anatase content. The photoactivity of the flame-made titania powders was comparable and slightly better to that of commercial Degussa P25. Doping the titania with SiO2 was detrimental to the photoactivity of the powders in contrast with what was seen in non-aerated suspensions. The photodegradation of phenol followed a first-order law while the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was found to most accurately represent the photodegradation of salicylic acid.
Dynamic programming in countercurrent systems

Abstract The statement of the principle of optimality originally given by Bellman contains a safeguard against too hasty application to systems with feedback. It is shown how the concept of state can be enlarged to allow the dynamic programming of countercurrent systems. The price is an increase of dimensionality.
The 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease Nibbler shapes the 3' ends of microRNAs bound to Drosophila Argonaute1.

Summary Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nucleotide (nt) small RNAs that control development, physiology, and pathology in animals and plants. Production of miRNAs involves the sequential processing of primary hairpin-containing RNA polymerase II transcripts by the RNase III enzymes Drosha in the nucleus and Dicer in the cytoplasm. miRNA duplexes then assemble into Argonaute proteins to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In mature RISC, a single-stranded miRNA directs the Argonaute protein to bind partially complementary sequences, typically in the 3′ untranslated regions of messenger RNAs, repressing their expression. Results Here, we show that after loading into Argonaute1 (Ago1), more than a quarter of all Drosophila miRNAs undergo 3′ end trimming by the 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease Nibbler (CG9247). Depletion of Nibbler by RNA interference (RNAi) reveals that miRNAs are frequently produced by Dicer-1 as intermediates that are longer than ∼22 nt. Trimming of miRNA 3′ ends occurs after removal of the miRNA ∗ strand from pre-RISC and may be the final step in RISC assembly, ultimately enhancing target messenger RNA repression. In vivo, depletion of Nibbler by RNAi causes developmental defects. Conclusions We provide a molecular explanation for the previously reported heterogeneity of miRNA 3′ ends and propose a model in which Nibbler converts miRNAs into isoforms that are compatible with the preferred length of Ago1-bound small RNAs.
Improving pregnancy outcomes among high-risk mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs: Factors associated with subsequent exposed births

Abstract Parental alcohol and drug abuse is a factor in approximately 15% of the cases investigated by the child welfare system and in approximately one quarter of cases with substantiated maltreatment. While substance abuse treatment is generally an essential component of child welfare family plans, a relatively low proportion of substance abusing mothers involved in the child welfare system complete treatment, which typically results in placement of their children in substitute care and the beginning of a new generation of adaptive problems. This longitudinal study explores whether loss of an index child due to substance abuse is associated with risk of a subsequent alcohol/drug-exposed birth in a sample of 795 substance-abusing mothers enrolled in the Washington State Parent–Child Assistance Program (PCAP). Results indicate that at program exit, over one-fifth of these women had a subsequent birth (SB) after the birth of their index child. Among these women, over half (i.e., 56.3% or 12.3% of the entire sample) used alcohol and/or drugs during the subsequent pregnancy. Consistent with our main hypothesis, the adjusted odds of having a SB were increased nearly two-fold for women who had the index child removed from their care. Furthermore, among mothers with subsequent births, the adjusted odds of having an exposed SB were increased three-fold if the index child had been removed from the mother's care. We discuss implications of our findings for child welfare policy and practices.
Recent progress at the Palomar Testbed Interferometer

The Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) is a long-baseline, near-infrared interferometer located on Palomar Mountain, California. PTI has been conducting science operations since 1997 and continues to function both as a productive scientific instrument and as a technical testbed. Here I will review the current status and near-term plans for PTI, highlight some of the science results of the last two years, and describe the recently released PTI data archive.
Interactive 3D visualization of actual anatomy and simulated chemical time-course data for fish

Outputs from a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for fish were visualized by mapping time series data for specific tissues onto a three dimensional representation of a rainbow trout. The trout representation was generated in stepwise fashion: cross sectional images were obtained from an anesthetized fish using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system; images were processed to classify tissue types; images were stacked and processed to create a three dimensional representation of the fish, encapsulating five volumes corresponding to the liver, kidney, muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and fat. Kinetic data for the disposition of pentachloroethane in trout were generated using a PB-TK model. Model outputs were mapped onto corresponding tissue volumes, representing chemical concentration as color intensity. The visualization was then animated, to show the accumulation of pentachloroethane in each tissue during a continuous branchial (gill) exposure.
Variables Affecting Specialty Choice in Occupational Therapy

Over the past 15 years, the number of occupational therapists entering the practice area of mental health has greatly declined. To determine the possible reasons for this decline, a random sample of 450 occupational therapy students who graduated in 1986 was surveyed to identify those factors that influence practice choice. Participants were asked to indicate their practice preferences at five points in time: before admission to the academic program, after completion of the academic program, after completion of Level I fieldwork, after completion of Level II fieldwork, and at first employment. The results from 212 questionnaires (a 47% response rate) indicated that the distribution of practice choices remained relatively consistent over time. After completion of the academic program, the choice of mental health practice was seen as negative. Specific negative influences were topic content, teaching methods, and teacher effectiveness. Level I fieldwork was perceived as a negative experience in all five practice areas, but was perceived most negatively in mental health. Level II fieldwork most influenced practice preferences. Specific positive factors were the student supervisor and the patient caseload.
An efficient, bus-layout based method for early diagnosis of bussed driver shorts in printed circuit boards

This paper presents a new, layout-based approach to board-level shorts diagnosis for bussed drivers, with the goal of early repair of interconnect shorts so as to minimize (a) fault masking during opens testing and (b) driver abuse. This approach leads to an early diagnosis of more than 96% of shorts and simplifies the subsequent rest for opens considerably. Besides, this approach improves the production yield and field survivability of boards.
Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a regional neck mass.

During 1978-1988, we treated 197 patients with thyroid carcinoma. Twenty-seven patients (14.0%) presented with a regional cervical mass and a clinically normal thyroid gland on initial evaluation. Excisional biopsy proved the diagnosis of metastatic thyroid carcinoma in every patient. Subsequent thyroid scans were 42% sensitive. Only 3 patients underwent fine-needle aspirations; none showed evidence of malignant cells. Review of surgical specimens showed total involvement of the gland in 13 of 17 cases, with extracapsular spread of tumor in 3 patients. Multicentric disease was present in all but 2 neck specimens. Patient follow-up from 1 month to 10 years revealed an 11.5% recurrence rate. The results in this group of patients is compared to the larger group of thyroid carcinoma patients, where three recurrences were found in 170 patients presensting with a clinically palpable mass in the thyroid gland. Analysis of our population comparing the subgroup with the larger series of thyroid carcinoma patients suggests that thyroid carcinoma presenting as a regional neck mass is a more aggressive disease.
An Assessment of Joint Rigidity with Ultrasonic Wave Energy

A modular satellite design has been proposed in order to enable rapid deployment of satellites. The design would allow panels with common functions to be manufactured and tested long before a new satellite is needed. Once the satellite is assembled, a quality assessment of the connections between panels would need to be performed before the craft is deemed flight worthy. This paper reports on an investigation on the feasibility of using transmitted wave energy for joint rigidity assessment. The experimental setup and methods will be presented. Experiments were conducted on a joint between two aluminum plates consisting of a dry aluminum-to-aluminum connection, similar to possible panel-to-panel connections that could be used as part of a modular satellite design. Comparisons were made between wave energy transmission and a mechanical assessment of the joint rigidity. Results show excellent correlation between joint rigidity and energy transmission, demonstrating the feasibility of the using wave energy transmission amplitudes to inspect metal-to-metal dry connections.
Prevalence of advanced bone age in a cohort of patients who received cis-retinoic acid for high-risk neuroblastoma†

In the last decade, 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) has been added to the treatment of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. In survivors of neuroblastoma, short stature is consistently observed. Causes include growth hormone deficiency and poor growth of irradiated long bones. Within the survivorship program at CHOP, we have observed that a number of these patients also have advanced bone ages. Children treated with 13-cis-RA are at risk for advanced bone age that may dramatically impact their linear growth. Ongoing evaluation is necessary to examine the effect of 13-cis-RA on final adult height and to inform clinical practice in this cohort.
Recursive adaptive computations using perobject visitors

Adaptive Programming allows developers to write structure-shy programs. However, in Adaptive Programming, recursive computations are known to require a good deal of boiler plate code to express. This paper describes perobject visitors; a programming construct that allows developers to write recursive adaptive computations at a higher level of abstraction. This paper also describes a prototype implementation for perobject visitors.
Magical Realism in Olga Tokarczuk’s Primeval and Other Times and House of Day, House of Night:

This article analyzes the magical realist mode of writing in two novels by Polish author Olga Tokarczuk: Primeval and Other Times (1996) and House of Day, House of Night (1998). While Tokarczuk her...
The Spectrum of Acridine Resistant Mutants of Bacteriophage T4 Reveals Cryptic Effects of the tsL141 DNA Polymerase Allele on Spontaneous Mutagenesis

Mutations in the ac gene of bacteriophage T4 confer resistance to acridine-inhibition of phage development. Previous studies had localized the ac gene region; we show that inactivation of T4 Open Reading Frame 52.2 confers the Acr phenotype. Thus, 52.2 is ac. The resistance mechanism is unknown. The ac gene provides a convenient forward mutagenesis assay. Its compact size (156 bp) simplifies mutant sequencing and diverse mutant types are found: base substitutions leading to missense or nonsense codons, in-frame deletions or duplications within the coding sequence, deletion or duplication frameshifts, insertions, complex mutations, and large deletions extending into neighboring sequences. Comparisons of spontaneous mutagenesis between phages bearing the wild-type or tsL141 alleles of DNA polymerase demonstrate that the impact of the mutant polymerase is cryptic when total spontaneous mutant frequencies are compared, but the DNA sequences of the ac mutants reveal a substantial alteration of fidelity by the mutant polymerase. The patterns of base substitution mutagenesis suggest that some site-specific mutation rate effects may reflect hotspots for mutagenesis arising by different mechanisms. A new class of spontaneous duplication mutations, having sequences inconsistent with misaligned pairing models, but consistent with nick-processing errors, has been identified at a hotspot in ac.
The Concept of Self-Directed Learning and Its Implications for Human Resource Development

The problem and the solution. Learners are increasingly being challenged to assume more responsibility for their own learning and development in work organizations. Although the concept of self-directed learning (SDL) has a rich history of research and practice in the adult education field, it has not received considerable attention in the context of HRD. Therefore, this article will introduce SDL and overview its various conceptualizations, examine approaches and techniques that can be used in HRD practice, and suggest how future research can extend our understanding of SDL in the context of HRD.
Cellular effects of swim stress in the dorsal raphe nucleus

Summary Swim stress regulates forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release in a complex manner and its effects are initiated in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of swim stress on the physiology of DRN neurons in conjunction with 5-HT immunohistochemistry. Basic membrane properties, 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1B receptor-mediated responses and glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were measured using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Rats were forced to swim for 15 min and 24 h later DRN brain slices were prepared for electrophysiology. Swim stress altered the resting membrane potential, input resistance and action potential duration of DRN neurons in a neurochemical-specific manner. Swim stress selectively elevated glutamate EPSC frequency in 5-HT DRN neurons. Swim stress non-selectively reduced EPSC amplitude in all DRN cells. Swim stress elevated the 5-HT 1B receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic activity that selectively targeted 5-HT cells. Non-5-HT DRN neurons appeared to be particularly responsive to the effects of a milder handling stress. Handling elevated EPSC frequency, reduced EPSC decay time and enhanced a 5-HT 1B receptor-mediated inhibition of mEPSC frequency selectively in non-5-HT DRN cells. These results indicate that swim stress has both direct, i.e., changes in membrane characteristics, and indirect effects, i.e., via glutamatergic afferents, on DRN neurons. These results also indicate that there are distinct local glutamatergic afferents to neurochemically specific populations of DRN neurons, and furthermore that these distinct afferents are differentially regulated by swim stress. These cellular changes may contribute to the complex effects of swim stress on 5-HT neurotransmission and/or the behavioral changes underlying the forced swimming test model of depression.
The Metallurgy of Superconductors

The structure and processing of superconducting materials play a dominant role in determining the critical current density, critical field, critical temperature, losses in AC fields at all frequencies, magnetic stability in large DC magnetic devices, reliability and durability of tunnel junctions and other useful and practical properties. Some of these effects are explainable via the Ginzburg-Landau-Abrikosov-Borkov phenomenological theory with flux flow effects included; some are relatively crude matters of thermal and magnetic diffusivity; some are associated with surface topography on a submicroscopic scale; and some, including the critical temperature, are matters of conjecture. What is certain is that whether a superconducting material is useful at all depends crucially on how it is manufactured. The present and past status of practical and potentially practical materials, their properties, methods of fabrication and limitations, are reviewed and discussed.
Organometallic polymers. I. Synthesis of ferrocene‐containing poly(phosphine oxides) and poly(phosphine sulfides)

Poly(phosphine oxides) and poly(phosphine sulfides) of ferrocene were synthesized in the melt phase. The resulting ferrocene polymers, linked by phosphorus bridges, were thermally stable and infusible solids, of low molecular weight (Mn < 4000). Phenyldichlorophosphine, phenyldichlorophosphonate, and phenylphosphonothioic dichloride were copolymerized with ferrocene in the melt phase (80–110°C.) with ZnCl2 as a catalyst. As the polymerization temperature was raised, cleavage of cyclopentadiene rings from iron became more pronounced, and cyclopentane-bridged polymers of ferrocene were produced in competition with the ferrocene–phosphorus polymers. The cleavage-polymerization process became predominant at 140°C. The structures of poly(phosphine oxides) (and sulfides) of ferrocene were verified by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
High Density Insulin Receptor-Positive Diabetogenic Tlymphocytes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice are Memory Cells

AbstractOur previous work examining the importance of insulin receptor (IR) expression on T cells has demonstrated that when T cells from nonobese diabetic mice were sorted into populations expressing a high (IRHigh) and a low (IRLow) density of IR, IRHigh T cells rapidly transferred insulitis and diabetes. We have further characterized IRHigh T cells. Both CD4+ and CD8+ cells were detected in the IRHigh T cell population, but IRHigh expression was detected predominantly on CD4+ cells. IRHigh T cells were polyclonal for TCR Vβ-chain expression. By 3 color flow cytometric analysis, virtually all IRHigh T cells expressed low or negligible levels of CD62L (CD62LLow/-) and high levels of CD44 (CD44High). The lack of IL-2 receptor and transferrin receptor expression as seen previously, together with the CD62LLow/- CD44High phenotype suggests that IRHigh T cells are memory cells. However, since only about one quarter of all of the CD62LLow/- or CD44High T cells were also IRHigh, the IRHigh phenotype defines a s...