cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Screening and Referral to Prevention for Youth Risky Health Behaviors: Evidence Regarding Potential Cost-Savings and Provider Concerns.

Despite growing evidence and support for co-locating behavioral services in primary care to prevent risky health behaviors, implementation of these services has been limited due to a lack of reimbursement for services and negative perceptions among providers. We investigated potential to overcome these barriers based on new developments in healthcare funding and screening and referral to prevention (SRP) in primary care based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), which could guide future SRP implementation strategies. To investigate the economic need for healthcare-based SRP, we quantified hospital charges to healthcare payors for services arising from adolescent risky behaviors (e.g., substance use, risky sex). Annual North Carolina (NC) hospital charges for these services exceeded $327 M (2019 dollars), suggesting high potential for cost savings if SRP can curb hospital services associated with risky behaviors. To investigate provider barriers and facilitators, we surveyed 151 NC pediatricians and 230 NC family therapists about their attitudes regarding a recently developed well-child visit SRP with family-based prevention. Both sets of professionals reported widespread need for and interest in the SRP but cited barriers of lack of reimbursement, training, and referrals to/from each other. Physicians, but not family therapists, reported concerns with poor patient or parent compliance. Many barriers could be resolved by co-locating family therapists in pediatric clinics to conduct well-child SRP. Our results support further research to develop business models for payor-funded SRP and CFIR-guided research to develop implementation strategies for primary care SRP to prevent adolescent risky health behaviors.
Full-color holography using combs

The three-dimensional images generated by digital holography are usually limited to a single color. A new technique exploiting frequency combs generates holograms with hundreds of colors at once.
The History and Legacy of BATSE

The BATSE experiment on the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory was the first large detector system specifically designed for the study of gamma-ray bursts. The eight large-area detectors allowed full-sky coverage and were optimized to operate in the energy region of the peak emission of most GRBs. BATSE provided detailed observations of the temporal and spectral characteristics of large samples of GRBs, and it was the first experiment to provide rapid notifications of the coarse location of many them. It also provided strong evidence for the cosmological distances to GRBs through the observation of the sky distribution and intensity distribution of numerous GRBs. The large number of GRBs observed with the high- sensitivity BATSE detectors continues to provide a database of GRB spectral and temporal properties in the primary energy range of GRB emission that will likely not be exceeded for at least another decade. The origin and development of the BATSE experiment, some highlights from the mission and its continuing legacy are described in this paper.
Novel Lipidic Vectors for Gene Transfer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the novel lipidic vectors for gene transfer. Intensive work in the last 10 years has convincingly demonstrated the potential of cationic lipidic vectors in gene therapy. However, the efficiency of first-generation lipidic vectors needs to be improved before patients can benefit from gene therapy. In addition, these vectors are not suitable for targeted gene delivery via intravenous administration. This chapter discusses several major problems associated with these vectors and shows that at least some of these problems can be resolved by the use of virus-like particles. These novel lipidic vectors, each containing a condensed genome as the core and a lipidic shell as the envelope, are much more efficient than the first-generation cationic lipidic vectors in transfecting cells in vitro and in vivo. The novel vectors can also serve as a prototype to develop a vector for tissue-speciﬁc gene delivery. The chapter also addresses several major problems that are associated with lipidic vectors. The discussion concludes by mentioning that the problems of immunogenicity and endotoxin contamination are associated with plasmid DNA and will eventually be resolved by the use of synthetic genes. Finally, advances in the understanding of regulation of gene expression will help achieve the ultimate goal of gene therapy.
Communities of Conflict: intersection of the global and the local in Cyprus

The island of Cyprus is renowned for its heritage sites that reflect the layering of cultures. In this paper I examine how the long‐running conflict between Turkish and Greek communities is impacti...
Location Choice for New Ventures: Cities

Location choice is a critical decision for entrepreneurs. This note explores how entrepreneurs should think about different city options through a systematic framework that encompasses professional and personal issues. We use the intellectual frameworks of the cluster and industry agglomeration literatures to organize these factors. We then provide some tactical advice and worksheets for entrepreneurs to consider when selecting the location for their new venture.Learning Objective: To provide location choice guidance for entrepreneurs.
The role of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere in crustal evolution

The physical and chemical properties of the Earth’s crust have been shaped by the interaction of endogenic and exogenic processes during the course of history. The nature of this interaction between 4.6 and 3.8 Ga B.P. is still uncertain. Since then the nature of erosional processes, of transport, deposition, and the cycling of sea water through the ocean crust, has remained reasonably constant. However, variations in the nature and in the intensity of these processes due to changes in the endogenic cycle, due to biological evolution and probably due to variations in the input of solar energy have left easily discernible marks in the nature of the crust.
Discovery of Associated Absorption Lines in an X-Ray Warm Absorber: HST-FOS Observations of MR2251-178

The presence of a ``warm absorber'' was first suggested to explain spectral variability in an X-ray spectrum of the radio-quiet QSO MR2251-178. A unified picture, in which X-ray warm absorbers and ``intrinsic'' UV absorbers are the same, offers the opportunity to probe the nuclear environment of active galactic nuclei. To test this scenario and understand the physical properties of the absorber, we obtained a UV spectrum of MR2251-178 with the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The HST spectrum clearly shows absorption due to Ly-alpha, NV and CIV, blueshifted by 300 km/sec from the emission redshift of the QSO. The rarity of both X-ray and UV absorbers in radio-quiet QSOs suggests these absorbers are physically related, if not identical. Assuming the unified scenario, we place constraints on the physical parameters of the absorber and conclude the mass outflow rate is essentially the same as the accretion rate in MR2251-178.
Efficient techniques for deadlock resolution in distributed systems

Resolving a deadlock in a computer system involves choosing processes to terminate or roll back so that the deadlock is eliminated. It is widely known that the problem of finding the minimum number of processes to abort is NP-complete. Two polynomial-time heuristics to resolve deadlocks, the edge cycle method and a method based on enumerating the cycles in the wait-for-graph, are discussed. Simulation results are presented that show these heuristics perform better than several previously reported heuristics. >
Investment in Knowledge and Capital in Oligopoly: Balanced Growth, Poverty Traps and Indeterminacy

In industrial economies, firms build their market position by consistently investing in R&D over time and accumulating knowledge protected by secrecy, patents and other appropriability devices. To explore the macroeconomic implications of this fact, I construct an economy where oligopolistic firms establish in-house R&D programs in order to produce a continuous flow of cost-reducing (incremental) innovations that increase factor productivity, reduce production costs, and allow firms to expand sales (and therefore the capital stock) by offering lower prices. Recent models of capital accumulation in imperfect markets show that multiple equilibria are possible even in the absence of externalities when monopolistic markups are endogenous. This model shares this property. In symmetric equilibrium, markups depend on the (endogenous) number of firms and induce a non-monotonic relationship between the rate of return to investment and the capital stock. This generates multiple equilibria. There exists a threshold steady state from where the economy converges either to a poverty trap or to a balanced growth path exhibiting properties consistent with Kaldor's stylized facts. These steady states are locally determinate. Global indeterminacy is possible because a region of overlapping trajectories originating from the threshold steady state may exist. This calls attention to the role of expectations in coordinating the transition to the balanced growth path. This is driven by imbalances between the firms' stocks of capital and knowledge and exhibits properties consistent with the evidence on conditional convergence.
Parenting and Naturally Occurring Declines in the Antisocial Behavior of Children and Adolescents: A Process Model

This review examines why, without clinical intervention, antisocial behavior tends to decline naturally as everyday family processes unfold over time. Despite considerable research on why antisocial behavior develops and interventions that reduce it, aspects of everyday parenting that lead antisocial behavior to decline in most children without intervention are poorly understood. We examined the positive parenting and child processes that may be the basis for these declines. From research on antisocial behavior, we isolated longitudinal studies in which naturally occurring declines occurred, reviewed what is known about parenting that promotes these declines, evaluated methods needed to understand them, and have proposed a process model that details relevant parenting and child processes.
17O NMR of benzamide derivatives: ground state torsion angle does not affect transmission of substituent effect by through-conjugation

Through-conjugation is possible in the localized excited state and transmission of the resonance effect, as measured by σ+, is not affected by ground state torsion angle.
Long-Distance Electron Tunneling in Proteins: A New Challenge for Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.

Long-distance electron tunneling is a fundamental process which is involved in energy generation in cells. The tunneling occurs between the metal centers in the respiratory enzymes, typically over distances up to 20 or 30 such distances, the tunneling time—i.e., the time during which an electron passes through the body of the protein molecule from one metal center to another—is of the order of 10 fs. Here the process of electron tunneling in proteins is reviewed, and a possibility of experimental observation of real-time electron tunneling in a single protein molecule is discussed.
Student Perceptions of their Educational and Skill Needs in the Workplace

The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society’s Education and Training Committee and the Early Career Committee identified the need to evaluate the effectiveness of graduate education in the field of human factors/ergonomics and identify areas requiring improvement. Consequently, a survey to determine the expectations of current students was developed. Fifty-eight students, from a variety of colleges and universities, completed the survey. The findings of this survey were contrasted with finding of an earlier survey, which focused on new professionals (individuals with less than five years experience in the field). Considerable overlap between the groups was noted. Of particular interest was the reliance of both groups on material obtained through the Internet and through social networks. Both groups indicated a need for applied research methods and statistics, application of knowledge learned, and various aspects of design. The ability to write specifications and requirements documents for a wider business au...
Polyphenolics from peach (Prunus persica var. Rich Lady) inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells in vivo.

The tumor growth inhibition and anti-metastatic effects of peach polyphenolics were investigated in vivo using a xenograft model and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. Results showed that tumor growth and lung metastasis were inhibited in vivo by peach polyphenolics in a dose range of 0.8–1.6 mg/day, and these effects were mediated by inhibition of metalloproteinases gene expression. Modulation of metalloproteinase-2, metalloproteinase-3 and metalloproteinase-13 gene expression may be some of the molecular targets for anti-metastatic activity of peach polyphenolics. Therefore, these compounds may constitute a novel chemopreventive tool to reduce the risk of metastasis in the combination therapy when primary cancer is diagnosed. Conversion to equivalent human intake for future clinical studies using the body surface area normalization method gave a dose of ~370.6 mg/day for a human adult of 60 kg, which can be supplied by consuming two to three peach fruit per day or alternatively using a dietary supplement peach polyphenol extract powder.
A review of some of the problems associated with centric relation

Abstract There are many excellent methods or techniques, all of which are capable of producing acceptable results. However, the criteria for final acceptance of their accuracy, I feel, are and always will be dependent upon the honesty, judgment, and intelligent vision of the operator. The only purpose of this paper is the hope that it will stimulate more thought on the problems of centric relation. Thought which is static will never equal thought which is dynamic.
Self-mutilation in young children following brachial plexus birth injury

Brachial plexus injury in adults commonly produces persistent pain. Pediatric textbooks and case series suggest that perinatal brachial plexus injury is very rarely associated with pain, though this is difficult to determine in preverbal infants. Some of these young children self-mutilate the affected extremity, which may or may not reflect pain. This study was designed to characterize the clinical presentation and course of self-mutilation following perinatal brachial plexus injury. In this retrospective chart review, 280 patients were identified as having a perinatal brachial plexus injury from 1990–2002. Self-mutilation behavior was defined as excessive mouthing of or biting of any part of the affected limb, and/or loss of any parts of the affected limb secondary to biting and infection. Case reports were generated which described the severity of the primary injury, the types of surgical interventions, the duration and temporal relationship of behavior with surgical interventions and the nature of the self-mutilation behavior. Eleven patients demonstrated self-mutilating behavior, yielding a cumulative incidence of 3.9%. The median age of onset of this behavior was 17 (IQR=11–21) months, the median onset of the behavior was 8 (IQR) months after surgery and the median duration of this behavior was 6 (IQR=4–7) months. The incidence of self-mutilation among children who had undergone surgery was 6.8% (9 of 133 children) compared to the 1.4% (2 of 147 children) for non-surgical patients (P<0.05). Seven of 24 children (29.1%) who underwent brachial plexus dissection demonstrated self-mutilation, which was significantly different from the incidence of self-mutilation in children who did not have surgery (P<0.001). Self-mutilation behavior in our population occurred more frequently in children following brachial plexus microsurgery. The reasons for this association are unclear, but may be related to either the surgery or the severity of the initial injury or both.
Elder Abuse and Neglect: An Overview

The dramatic growth of the American elderly population has great implications for our health care system. The "demographic imperative" that has fueled the awareness of the needs of older adults has a major impact on issues related to social welfare, justice, and economics. There are 45 million people over the age of 60 and 3 million over the age of 85. Those over age 85 represent the fastest growing segment of the elderly population. With this trend comes a segment of the population that is at risk for abuse, neglect, or self-neglect. We are challenged to be aware of the many faces of elder mistreatment and to understand it in the broader context of domestic violence. All health care professionals working with older adults need to become familiar with the recognition, treatment, and prevention of elder abuse and neglect.
Interactions of calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha with primer/templates.

Abstract The interactions of calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha (pol alpha) with primer/templates were examined. Simply changing the primer from DNA to RNA had little effect on primer/template binding or dNTP polymerization (Km, Vmax and processivity). Surprisingly, however, adding a 5'-triphosphate to the primer greatly changed its interactions with pol alpha (binding, Vmax and Km and processivity). While changing the primer from DNA to RNA greatly altered the abilit of pol alpha to discriminate against nucleotide analogs, it did not compromise the ability of pol alpha to discriminate against non-cognate dNTPs. Thus the nature of the primer appears to affect 'sugar fidelity', without altering 'base fidelity'. DNase protection assays showed that pol alpha strongly protected 9 nt of the primer strand, 13 nt of the duplex template strand and 14 nt of the single-stranded template from hydrolysis by DNase I and weakly protected several bases outside this core region. This large DNA binding domain may account for the ability of a 5'-triphosphate on RNA primers to alter the catalytic properties of pol alpha.
Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation in Stretched Fluids: Cavity Formation in the Superheated Lennard-Jones Liquid

A consideration of various ideas set forth within the scaled particle theory of hard particle fluids, which are also applicable to systems whose particles interact via attractive potentials, suggests that cavity formation plays an important role in the molecular mechanism of the liquid-to-vapor transition. Umbrella sampling Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate the reversible work of forming cavities of various sizes within the superheated Lennard-Jones liquid maintained at several negative pressures. A critical cavity size is found to occur, beyond which the liquid would phase separate if not for a density constraint that is applied during the simulation. The work of forming this critically sized cavity and its radius is found to decrease as the liquid approaches the spinodal. A critical cavity size is also found for the superheated liquid at positive pressures. The focus on cavity growth in superheated liquids amounts to a new way of studying bubble nucleation and should lead to an improved molecular-based understanding of the kinetics of first-order phase transitions in liquids.
Enzymatic assay of kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine with Neurospora or Pseudomonas kynureninase.

Abstract A method is described for the analysis of kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine in biological samples, in particular urine, by use of kynureninase isolated from either Neurospora crassa or Pseudomonas fluorescens . The method is based on the enzymatic conversion of these two metabolites to anthranilic and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, respectively, and the selective measurement of anthranilic acid fluorescence at pH 2.7. By this method, it is possible to assay kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine directly in urine samples without prior purification and isolation from other metabolites of tryptophan. The enzymatic reaction is specific for the l -forms of these metabolites and is sensitive enough to detect levels of 1× 10 −7 M.
Single-cell protein secretomic signatures as potential correlates to tumor cell lineage evolution and cell-cell interaction.

Secreted proteins including cytokines, chemokines and growth factors represent important functional regulators mediating a range of cellular behavior and cell-cell paracrine/autocrine signaling, e.g. in the immunological system, tumor microenvironment or stem cell niche. Detection of these proteins is of great value not only in basic cell biology but also for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of human diseases such as cancer. However, due to co-production of multiple effector proteins from a single cell, referred to as polyfunctionality, it is biologically informative to measure a panel of secreted proteins, or secretomic signature, at the level of single cells. Recent evidence further indicates that a genetically-identical cell population can give rise to diverse phenotypic differences. It is known that cytokines, for example, in the immune system define the effector functions and lineage differentiation of immune cells. In this Perspective Article, we hypothesize that protein secretion profile may represent a universal measure to identify the definitive correlate in the larger context of cellular functions to dissect cellular heterogeneity and evolutionary lineage relationship in human cancer.
Influence of Chiral Ionic Liquids on Stereoselective Fluorescence Quenching by Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Naproxen Dyad

In a previous study of a naproxen dyad in a pair of N-methylimidazoliummethyl menthylether−NTf2 chiral ionic liquids (J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 7555), we observed that though intramolecular electron transfer was impeded, a consistent small stereodifferentiation in the fluorescence lifetime of the dyad was obtained. We proposed that this discrimination was purely electronic in nature and did not arise from geometrical effects, which can influence nonradiative rate processes, such as intramolecular electron transfer. In our present work, we have studied the interaction of the same chiral naproxen dyad molecule in both the previously studied menthyl-based NTf2 ionic liquids and also in bis(tertrabutylphosphonium) (TBP) d-,l-tartrate ionic liquids. Unlike in the menthyl-based IL pair, the amount of quenching is different in the bis(TBP) tartrate enantiomeric liquids and the tartrate enantiomers have a different temperature dependence on the nonradiative rate of the dyad. This chiral discrimination most like...
Seeing red: Quality of an essay, color of the grading pen, and student reactions to the grading process

Abstract Undergraduates read one of the four vignettes depicting a student essay on social stratification, comments by the instructor, and a grade. In a 2 × 2 factorial design we manipulate independent variables of quality of the essay and color of the grading pen. We test hypotheses that a higher quality essay and an aqua grading pen results in higher teaching evaluations. MANOVA show no statistically significant differences on two instrumental evaluation items: instructor is knowledgeable and organized. Statistically significant differences are observed for quality of the essay and color of the grading pen on three expressive items of instructor is nice, enthusiastic, and has rapport with students. Results suggest that instructors should use a grading pen of a neutral color.
Experience with an extensible language

An operational extensible language system is described. The system and its base language are appraised with respect to efficiency, flexibility, and utility for different categories of users.
Involvement of Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts in Interleukin-6-Induced Neuroendocrine Differentiation of LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells

IL-6 is an inflammatory cytokine that has been linked to aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Previous studies have demonstrated that IL-6 can enhance the differentiation of PCa cells toward a neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype, a possible indicator of hormone-refractory disease. In this report, we present evidence that the mechanism of IL-6-stimulated NE differentiation employs a detergent-resistant (lipid raft) membrane compartment for signal transduction in LNCaP PCa cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, a mediator of IL-6 signaling, was rapidly phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus in LNCaP cells treated with IL-6. Both processes were inhibited by filipin, a cholesterol-binding compound that disrupts plasma membrane lipid rafts. Isolation of Triton X-100-insoluble raft fractions from LNCaP cells by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation demonstrated that the 80-kDa IL-6 receptor localized almost exclusively to the raft compartment. Although STAT3 was located predominantly in the Triton X-100-soluble subcellular fraction in exponentially growing cells, abundant phosphorylated STAT3 was detected in the raft fraction after stimulation with IL-6. Increases in expression of the NE marker, neuron-specific enolase, and neuron-specific enolase promoter activity after IL-6 treatment were reduced after membrane rafts were disrupted by filipin treatment. LNCaP cells expressed the raft-resident proteins flotillin-2 and G(ialpha2), but notably not caveolins, the predominant structural protein present in caveolar membrane rafts in many tissues and tumor cells. These results are the first to define a role for lipid raft membrane microdomains in signal transduction mechanisms capable of promoting the NE phenotype in PCa cells, and they demonstrate that the raft compartment is capable of mediating such signals in the absence of caveolins. Our results also suggest a mechanistic role for membrane cholesterol in cell signaling events relevant to PCa progression.
Simultaneous or scanning data acquisition? A theoretical comparison relevant to inductively coupled plasma sector-field mass spectrometers

The benefits of simultaneous multichannel detection over single-channel scanning detection are well established in analytical chemistry. Multichannel detection increases duty cycle, which leads to enhanced sensitivity, detection limits, and reduced analysis time. Also, multichannel detection used with either isotope-ratio or internal-standard techniques provides a mechanism to reduce the effect of multiplicative or flicker noise prevalent in plasma sources. An additional benefit of simultaneous detection is superior analysis of short-lived transient signals. Presented here is a theoretical comparison between simultaneous/continuous multichannel acquisition and single-channel scanning acquisition. To conduct this comparison, reported sensitivity, single-channel precision, and background values for commercial inductively coupled plasma sector-field mass spectrometers (ICP-SFMS) are used to generate theoretical figures of merit for both acquisition methods. Among the figures of merit that will be considered are detection limits, precision, and analysis time, particularly for multi-element or multi-isotope analysis.
Correlation of submicron dust production in DIII-D to impulsive wall heating from ELMs

Submicron dust particles are observed by Rayleigh/Mie scattering from ND:YAG laser light during plasma discharges at DIII-D. The observed dust density decreases gradually over the tokamak major radius in the scrape off layer (SOL) (1.0 < Ψ <1.2 for typical discharges) to the plasma edge. There is a significant increase in dust density with ELMy H-mode discharges relative to L-mode and ELM-free H-mode discharges. The dust density in ELMy H-mode discharges is sensitive to many parameters including the pedestal temperature and ELM frequency and can increase as much as a factor of two with pedestal temperature for similar pedestal pressure and injected power. Dust density decreases with increasing ELM frequency compared to shots with similar stored energy and less frequent ELMs. These measurements suggest the particles are created by impulsive heating from ELMs and the dust density is less sensitive to steady heat flux to the wall.
The burden of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An unmet public health need

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disease of unknown cause characterized by relentlessly progressive restrictive-ventilatory limitation, hypoxia, dyspnea, and cough. Both the incidence and prevalence of IPF appears to be increasing, with little impact on its dismal 3-year median survival, despite two decades of clinical trials. Increasingly recognized are the serious associated comorbid illnesses, including pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, lung cancer, and depression that further contribute to the substantial rise in the use of IPF-related healthcare resources. At present, lung transplantation remains the sole viable treatment for the few who qualify. Pharmacologic interventions targeting lung function and survival have remained largely disappointing, and very few investigations have specifically targeted comorbid conditions, symptoms, quality-of-life, and healthcare resource utilization. In reviewing the burden of illness associated with IPF, including the epidemiology, comorbidities, quality-of-life and the physical, psychosocial, and economic costs of this devastating disease, we hope to highlight some of the unmet medical needs associated with IPF, and encourage both public support and further investigations into these and other patient-centered outcomes and not just that of survival and lung function.
Competitive inhibition of catecholamine uptake in synaptosomes of rat brain by rigid bicyclo-octanes.

: Cis-3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-2-N, N-dirnethylaminomethyl-bi-cyclo-[2, 2, 2]-octane hydrochloride (LR5182) inhibited the uptake of dopamine by a synaptosomal fraction of corpus striatum of rat brain with an inhibitor constant (Ki value) of 6 nM. Kinetics analysis according to the methods of Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon revealed a competitive inhibition of dopamine uptake of LR5182. When the uptake of dopamine by the noradrenergic terminals in the synaptosomal fraction of cerebral cortex was selectively abolished by desipramine, LR5182 competitively inhibited the uptake of dopamine by the dopaminergic terminals with a Ki value of 19 nM. LR5182 was also a competitive inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake by synaptosomes of hypothalamus and cerebral cortex with, however, one-third to one-tenth the effectiveness, as indicated by the larger Ki values, 52 and 58 nM, respectively. Structure-activity studies with LR5182 and related compounds supported the idea that the uptake sites of dopamine favored a gauche conformer.
Dose- and delay-dependent working/episodic memory impairments following intraventricular administration of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A).

The present study examined the effects of intraventricular administration of the cholinergic neurotoxin ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) on performance of a radial arm maze task. Male Sprague—Dawley rats were trained to perform a delayed-nonmatch to sample radial arm maze task in which a 1-h delay was imposed between the fourth and fifth arm selections. Following acquisition, animals were injected bilaterally with AF64A (1.5 or 0.75 nmol/side) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the lateral cerebral ventricles and allowed 7 days to recover before behavioral testing resumed. Significant dose- and delay-dependent impairments in the radial maze performance were observed in AF64A-treated rats as evidenced by fewer correct choices following the delay and by more errors to complete the task. Long-term testing in this task revealed significant recovery of memory performance. These findings indicate dose-dependent impairments in memory following intraventricular administration of AF64A and spontaneous behavioral recovery following such insult.
Raw or Extruded Soybeans and Rumen-Protected Methionine and Lysine in Alfalfa-Based Diets for Dairy Cows'

Abstract Fifty-seven Holstein cows (19 primiparous) were assigned to one of four dietary treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial during d 22 to 150 of lactation to examine the effects of raw or extruded (149°C) soybeans and of rumen-protected methionine and lysine supplements on lactation performance. Dietary DM contained 16.5% CP and consisted of 32.2% alfalfa silage, 5.4% alfalfa pellets, 10.4% corn silage, 38.5% high moisture shelled corn, 11.4% nitrogenous supplements, and 2.1% minerals and vitamins. From d 15 prepartum to d 21 of lactation, all cows were fed a protein supplement of raw and extruded soybeans in a 1:1 ratio. During the experimental period, an average of 18.9 kg of DM were consumed. This contained, for the amino acid-supplemented treatments, 14.2 g each of rumen-protected DL-methionine and L-lysine. Experimental data were adjusted by covariance for means measured during d 4 to 21. Dietary treatments did not affect yield of milk, milk protein or milk casein, DMI, BW and condition, or plasma urea N. Extruded soybeans depressed milk fat percentage. Evaluation of diets in continuous culture fermenters indicated no differences in digestibility of DM and carbohydrates. Ammonia N concentration in the effluent and CP degradation were lower for extruded than for raw soybean diets. Flows of NAN and total amino acids from fermenters did not differ among diets.
Shape optimization of randomly oriented short fibers for bone cement reinforcements

Fibers can be used to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement for the long-term stability of hip prosthesis. However, debonding of the fibers from the matrix due to the poor fiber/matrix interface is a major failure mechanism for such fiber-reinforced bone cements. Optimization of the shape of the fibers can improve load transfer between the fibers and the matrix, thereby providing improved overall mechanical performance. This paper presents a procedure for structural shape optimization of short reinforcement fibers using finite element analyses. The effects of fiber orientation and interfacial bond were investigated to obtain the optimal fiber shape for bone cement reinforced with randomly oriented fibers. The composite is regarded as an array of unit cells containing a tilting fiber embedded in the matrix. This method provides proper boundary conditions for the center unit cell. The design objective based on the center unit cell is then optimized to maximize the stiffness of the reinforced bone cement. As opposed to aligned fiber composites, where the optimum shape is an enlarged-end fiber, the general optimal fiber shape for randomly oriented fibers is a variable diameter fiber (VDF). Due to the mechanical interlock between the fibers and the matrix, the VDF can both bridge matrix cracks effectively and improve the stiffness of the composite when fibers are randomly oriented.
Persistent and cumulative extrametricality in Kashaya

Kashaya stress is assigned postlexically to one of the first five syllables of a phrase. Which of these syllables it falls on depends on the morphological structure of the first word and the phonological structure of the five syllables. The analysis presented here involves iambs constructed from left to right, plus two rules of left-edge extrametricality. Syllable Extrametricality is assigned early in the lexicon, before suffixation, but persists to the postlexical component; thus invisibility cannot be lost automatically at the end of the lexicon. Foot Extrametricality is active both lexically and postlexically and is cumulative with Syllable Extrametricality. This cumulativity is consistent with the Peripherality Condition under a hierarchical interpretation, where peripherality is determined independently on each level of prosodic structure. The rule of Foot Flipping, which converts anomalous trochaic feet to canonical iambs, is also discussed, as well as its interaction with Foot Extramatricality.
Studies in feminine psychology 6: Kundry

The problem of feminine rage, feminine psychology, and feminine self-destruction must be understood as multiply determined and not merely an appropriate manifestation of social inequality in a male-dominated culture. This is illustrated by a study of pathological and borderline women, in the present paper represented by Wagner's creation from Parsifal, Kundry. Kundry suffers from pathological splitting, in which she oscillates from mature nurturing service to hatred, seduction, and destruction of men. What is most emphasized is her misery and guilt, which is a consequence of her reality testing being sufficiently intact for her to be aware of this splitting and its consequences for her. She receives no understanding from the men around her; even the hero or "pure fool" Parsifal at first attempts to strangle her like an animal. But Wagner's intuition emphasizes her conflict and guilt rather than the splitting and deficits, making her redemption possible. This approach to borderline psychopathology has a more hopeful prognosis, given the presence of a dedicated, determined, and competent psychoanalytic psychotherapist.
A Commentary on “Undergraduate Education: The Implications of Cross-Functional Relationships in Business Marketing–The Skills of High-Performing Managers”

ABSTRACT Collaborative skills that promote cross-functional dynamics, boundary spanning, and inter-firm cooperation are essential to every marketing manager. Most courses in the business curricula do not address the development of relational skills and competencies that support the ability to cooperate and reconcile diverse interests and objectives as needed in real world practice. I propose that we revise the fundamentals of our educational models to support the development of collaborative, cooperative and relational competencies in our business graduates. A “values” driven perspective is a must. It entails understanding, examining, reflecting, externalizing, discovering, accepting and challenging about our past experiences and beliefs as we refresh our perspective about things, people, situations, and options. New dimensions a business curricula that sustains a “values” driven perspective must include are: (1) Design curriculum from a systems thinking perspective, (2) Develop leadership potential and m...
Dynamic Compaction of Collapsible Soils Based on U.S. Case Histories

Dynamic compaction (DC) is an economical approach for mitigating the hazard posed by collapsible soils particularly when they are deeper than 3–4 m. In this paper, case histories are provided for 15 projects at 10 locations in the United States where collapsible soils were treated with DC. For each site the soil properties, compaction procedures, and subsequent improvement are summarized. Although cohesionless and low-plasticity collapsible soils were successfully compacted, clay layers in the profile appeared to absorb energy and severely reduced compaction effectiveness. Correlations are presented for estimating the maximum depth of improvement, the degree of improvement versus depth, the depth of craters, and the level of vibration based on measurements made at the various sites. The compactive energy per volume was typically higher than for noncollapsible soils because collapsible soils are usually loose but relatively stiff. The maximum depth of improvement was similar to that for noncollapsible soils; however, significant scatter was observed about the best-fit line. Improvement was nonuniform with nearly 80% of the total improvement occurring within the top 60% of the improvement zone. The crater depth was related to a number of factors besides the drop energy including the number of drops, drop spacing, and contact pressure. The peak particle velocities were typically lower than those for noncollapsible soils at shorter distances, but the vibrations attenuated more slowly with distance.
Impacts of cyclic hypoxia on reproductive and gene expression patterns in the grass shrimp: field versus laboratory comparison

Identification of organisms able to act as biological indicators of hypoxia exposure is important given the increasing frequency of hypoxic events worldwide. Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, are ubiquitous estuarine residents in the southeastern US, where they commonly experience cyclic hypoxia. We hypothesized that reproductive and gene expression patterns of grass shrimp in cyclic hypoxic field sites relative to normoxic sites would be similar to previous results from cyclic hypoxia laboratory experiments showing differential up- and down-regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes. There were few differences in gene expression of indigenous shrimp collected during summer from two Gulf of Mexico estuarine systems [East Bay, FL (EB) and Weeks Bay, AL (WB)], although down-regulation of the gene coding for vitellogenin-1 corresponded with a decreased relative fecundity and fewer ovigerous females at cyclic hypoxic field sites, suggesting an overall impact on reproduction. The gene expression profiles of grass shrimp caged for 7 days in field sites differed by estuary, but few hypoxia-responsive genes identified in laboratory studies were differentially expressed in field shrimp. Overall, genes coding for protein synthesis, protein degradation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and electron transport were mostly up-regulated in EB caged shrimp but generally down-regulated in WB caged shrimp and laboratory shrimp. Thus, caged grass shrimp from different bay systems exhibited profoundly different gene expression profiles. Such profiles may serve as sensitive bioindicators of differences in water quality, habitat quality or food resources among estuaries but are not effective as indicators of hypoxia exposure.
Common pathways of interferon and hormonal action.

The action of interferon1 as well as polypeptide hormones2 has been shown to be transmissible between cells, possibly through gap-junctional transfer of secondary messenger molecules. This and other similarities between interferon and polypeptide hormones3 have led us to propose that there is a common cellular pathway of interferon and hormonal action. If correct, this hypothesis would predict that interferon should cause a species-specific hormonal response and a hormone should induce tissue-specific antiviral activity. If these two responses are mediated by similar secondary messengers, they should be transmissible and cross-activate cells. Here, we show that interferon caused a species-specific hormonal response (noradrenaline-like stimulation of the beat frequency of cultured mouse myocardial cells). Noradrenaline induced an interferon-like antiviral state in mouse myocardial cells but not human amnion (WISH) cells. In conditions which demonstrate interferon-induced transfer of viral resistance, exposure of co-cultures of mouse myocardial cells and WISH cells to either human interferon or noradrenaline caused an increased beat frequency in the myocardial cells and development of antiviral activity in WISH cells, respectively. These studies strongly suggest common pathways of interferon and hormonal stimulation that are transmissible between cells.
Reflectance and Transmittance of Light by Leaves

Spectrophotometric transmittance and reflectance curves were recorded for wavelengths from 0.45 (in some cases 0.34) to 2.7 micrometers for faces and backs of leaves and for stacked leaves of several plant species. Measurements were made at different angles of illumination. Leaf spectrophotometric curves were compared with curves for leaf extracts, potato tuber tissue, glass beads in water, and frozen leaves to demonstrate the physical bases for the leaf curves. Leaves were infiltrated with liquids of different refractive indices for further comparison of spectrophotometric curves. Goniophotometric reflectance curves were recorded, giving visible reflectance and degree of polarization as functions of viewing angle for two different angles of illumination.No retroreflection was observed, and no phenomena were observed which could be attributed to interference because of similarity between leaf structural sizes and wavelengths used.
New Spectra of Strongly Minimal Theories in Finite Languages

Abstract We describe strongly minimal theories T n with finite languages such that in the chain of countable models of T n , only the first n models have recursive presentations. Also, we describe a strongly minimal theory with a finite language such that every non-saturated model has a recursive presentation.
Design considerations for an in-duct soundpower measuring system†

The paper gives guidelines for the design of an in-duct fan sound power measuring system. To suppress the flow noise at the microphone a long cylindrical windscreen (sampling tube, Friedrich tube) is used. Consideration is given to the design of the sampling tube, and to its optimum axial and radial placement in the duct, and furthermore to details of the duct arrangement such as flexible couplings, transition sections, and the anechoic termination. For the measured sound power levels in 1/3 octave bands an overall standard deviation of 2·5 dB is estimated, including the blade passage tone.
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: NORMAL ATP TURNOVER IN CULTURED CELLS: 65

A reduction of ATP content has been observed in muscle from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We tested the hypothesis that there is an accelerated rate of ATP turnover in the cultured muscle cells and fibroblasts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ATP and ADP levels were similar in both muscle cells and fibroblasts from normal subjects and Duchenne patients. The rates of ATP and ADP formed from radioactive adenine and the enrichment of these pools was the same. ATP degradation was evaluated during a 10-minute incubation in 5.5 mM 2-deoxyglucose or during a 72-hour period of growth. There was significantly less radioactively-labelled ATP after incubation with deoxyglucose in Duchenne cells than in normal muscle cells, but there was no difference in total ATP concentration or ADP concentration or radioactive labelling. There was no difference in ATP or ADP degradation in fibroblasts. In longterm study of fibroblasts, radioactively labelled ATP decreased to 50% of control values at 24 hours and about 30% of control values at 72 hours, but there was no difference between normal and Duchenne cells. The data suggest that ATP turnover is normal in cells from Duchenne muscular dystrophy under the study conditions.
Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins-Do We Know Enough About Them?

Since the discovery of oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), over 5,000 articles have appeared on the topic with over 400 articles appearing every year during the past decade. LDL contains esterified polyunsaturated fatty acid containing lipids, such as, phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and cholesterol esters (CE). Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing lipids has been known for a long time. Numerous studies have documented that peroxidized lipids as well as products derived from their decomposition, particularly aldehydes, have deleterious biological properties. This concept has been exemplified in the study of atherosclerosis. A plethora of in vitro and animal studies, as well as human epidemiological and correlatory studies, have supported the notion that oxidative processes and the formation of Ox-LDL might contribute to atherosclerosis. Yet the negative outcomes of human clinical trials with α-tocopherol and other antioxidants have convinced even staunch supporters of the hypothesis to take a step backwards and reconsider reasons of their failure and suggest alternative approaches. Ox-LDL is a complex mixture of numerous chemical entities, many of them are yet uncharacterized. Why and how it is formed or its nature in vivo is poorly understood. It is recognized by numerous cell surface receptors, which are ubiquitously expressed in many different cell types. These receptors might perform a variety of functions. In addition, components of Ox-LDL might also have favorable effects that are difficult to dissociate from its pathological effects. In this review, the nature of Ox-LDL and potential problems in inhibiting its formation are discussed.