cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure‐temperature range of reactions between liquid iron in the outer core and mantle silicates

The possibility of reaction between the liquid iron of the Earth's outer core and crystalline silicates ((Mg, Fe)SiO_3) of the mantle, Mg_(0.9), Fe_(0.1)SiO_3(pv) + 0.15 Fe (ϵ) = 0.9MgSiO_3 (pv) + 0.2FeO (hpp) + 0.05 FeSi (ϵ) + 0.05 SiO_2 (st), was proposed by Knittle and Jeanloz (1989,1991) on the basis of exploratory experiments. We calculate Gibbs free-energies for the reactants and the products of the above reaction in order to constrain the pressure-temperature range. Upon application of thermal expansion, equation of state and heat capacity data, we demonstrate that this reaction can occur at pressures as low as 30 GPa at 3500 K, and at temperatures as low as 900 K at the 130 GPa pressure of the present core-mantle boundary. Furthermore, we propose a modified equation of reaction at the core-mantle boundary: Mg_(0.9)Fe_(0.1)SiO_3 (pv) + 0.3Fe (ϵ) = 0.9MgSiO_3 (pv) + 0.3FeO(hpp) + 0.1FeSi. Our results imply that similar reactions may occur during the early accretion history of the Earth.
HIV Life Cycle and Inherited Co‐Receptors

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a Lentivirus of the family Retroviridae, members of which cause a number of neurological and immunological diseases in humans and animals. HIV is the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The disease is caused by virus-mediated depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, preferentially CCR5-positive memory T cells. Most of these cells localise to mucosal tissue, in particular gut mucosa, and disruption of the gut mucosal barrier is an early feature of HIV infection that determines the pathogenesis of the disease. More than 20 years of intensive studies identified the molecular mechanisms underlying viral replication and disease pathogenesis and provided the foundation for development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccine. This article provides a brief overview of the HIV life cycle and focuses on receptors that determine viral binding and entry into the target cells. Key Concepts: Virus entry into target cell is initiated by interaction between gp120 and cell receptors. HIV preferentially targets memory CD4+ T cells that localise to mucosal lymphoid tissue, in particular the gut mucosa. HIV replication includes a number of distinct steps: virus–cell fusion and entry, uncoating, reverse transcription and formation of the pre-integration complex (PIC), PIC nuclear entry and integration, transcription and translation of proviral DNA, viral assembly and release of nascent virions and maturation and formation of infectious virions. To infect a target cell, virus needs to counteract the activity of multiple cellular antiviral factors (APOBEC3, SAMHD1, tetherin), most of which activated by interferon. HIV accessory proteins have evolved to perform this function. Receptors determine not only the first step of HIV interaction with the target cell, but also regulate post-entry events in viral replication. Characterisation of the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV replication and interaction with the target cells provides an opportunity to develop anti-HIV therapeutics and vaccine. Keywords: Lentivirus; macrophage; T lymphocyte; dendritic cell; CD4; chemokine receptor; integrin; lectin
Eyes Wide Open or Not Developing a Model for Predicting Depression Among Older Americans

Depression is significant among older Americans in the United States. A literature review found only five studies on the interrelationship between individual and neighborhood effects in predicting depression among older Americans. This article presents the results of exploring this interrelationship using data from the Brookdale Demonstration Project Initiative on Healthy Urban Aging (BDI). The BDI database is from a sample of 1,870 enrollees in New York City senior centers in 2008. The BDI analysis finds the association with depression is highest with visual impairment (p = .000); frequent falling (p = .000); lower income (p = .000); little leisure-time physical activity (p = .000); low neighborhood satisfaction (p = .000); trouble hearing (p = .000); arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis (p = .001); and being disabled (p = .005). Implications for senior center and home care provider collaboration on early preventive interventions relating to sensory impairment, depression, and conditions related to falls and t...
Deterministic broad-band PMD emulator

We present the architecture for a deterministic broad-band polarization-mode dispersion (DBPMD) emulator based on four stages. The first three stages of flexible frequency-dependent rotation provide the three degrees of freedom for emulating PMD at each frequency, while the fourth stage compensates for the isotropic dispersion created by the first three stages. We describe the algorithm to synthesize the required rotation angle of each stage using the PMD concatenation rules. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate good fidelity of the DBPMD emulator in approximating randomly selected spectra of PMD vectors.
Carbon and nitrogen mineralization and persistence of organic residues under conservation and conventional tillage.

A combination of high biomass cover crops with organic mulches may be an option for no-till vegetable production, but information on mineralization rates from these residues is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess nutrient release rates and persistence from mimosa (Albizia julibrissin Durazz.), lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don], oat (Avena sativa L.) straw, and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] residues under conventional and conservation tillage. The experiment was conducted in Tallassee, AL using litterbag methodology in a split-plot design (main plots: two tillage systems; subplots: four residue types). Comparison of rate constants showed that labile portions of residues was more affected by tillage than recalcitrant portions. In spring, mimosa residue contained 78 kg N ha ―1 when buried the previous fall, compared to 123 kg N ha ―1 when surface placed; soybean residue showed similar results (39 vs. 72 kg N ha ―1 , respectively). Results were similar for lespedeza (72 vs. 101 kg N ha ―1 , respectively), but not for oat straw (24 vs. 26 kg N ha ―1 , respectively). After 1 yr, surface placed mimosa residue mineralized 33% ofinitial N compared to 71% when buried, while surface placed lespedeza mineralized 36% of initial N compared to 64% when buried. Soybean residue mineralized N quickly regardless of placement (73 vs. 87%, respectively). This study demonstrates that cut-and-carry mulches may be used under conservation tillage for the enhancement of soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil N status.
Automatically identifying critical input regions and code in applications

Applications that process complex inputs often react in different ways to changes in different regions of the input. Small changes to forgiving regions induce correspondingly small changes in the behavior and output. Small changes to critical regions, on the other hand, can induce disproportionally large changes in the behavior or output. Identifying the critical and forgiving regions in the input and the corresponding critical and forgiving regions of code is directly relevant to many software engineering tasks.We present a system, Snap, for automatically grouping related input bytes into fields and classifying each field and corresponding regions of code as critical or forgiving. Given an application and one or more inputs, Snap uses targeted input fuzzing in combination with dynamic execution and influence tracing to classify regions of input fields and code as critical or forgiving. Our experimental evaluation shows that Snap makes classifications with close to perfect precision (99%) and very good recall (between 99% and 73%, depending on the application).
Encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis.

Purpose of Review: Encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis represent two important conditions for the neurologist, both in terms of their presentations as neurologic emergencies and their potential to cause death or serious neurologic impairment. This article reviews the major infectious and noninfectious causes of encephalitis and discusses postinfectious encephalitis as an indirect effect of systemic illness. Recent Findings: Encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and West Nile virus are of major importance. In addition, within the past few years we have gained improved understanding of the neurologic syndromes caused by varicellazoster virus, the recognition of enterovirus 71 as a significant human pathogen, and the realization that encephalitis may also occur by autoimmune mechanisms requiring immunosuppressive therapy. We have also learned that postinfectious encephalitis may be recurrent rather than monophasic, and that children and adults initially diagnosed with postinfectious encephalitis may later develop classic multiple sclerosis. Summary: Encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis present as neurologic emergencies requiring prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Important concerns are to identify infectious conditions requiring antibiotic or antiviral therapy and postinfectious or other autoimmune encephalitides requiring immunosuppression.
EUTHERIAN MAMMAL SYSTEMATICS AND THE ORIGINS OFSOUTH AMERICAN UNGULATES AS BASED ON POSTCRANIAL OSTEOLOGY

Abstract At least seven groups of ungulates occurred in South America during the Tertiary: Litopterna, Notoungulata, Astrapotheria, Xenungulata, Pyrotheria, Didolodontidae, and kollpaniine mioclaenid condylarths. Astrapotheria and Litopterna also occurred in Antarctica. Condylarths from North America and Europe are diverse and numerous and evolutionary relationships of South American ungulates with several of them have been suggested. A phylogenetic analysis of representatives of most living placental mammal orders, several groups of North American and European condylarths, and three groups of South American ungulates (Litopterna, Notoungulata, and Astrapotheria) is presented here. The analysis is based solely on postcranial characters. There is very limited information available about the postcranium of South American condylarths, xenungulates, and pyrotheres; therefore they are not included here. The cladogram indicates that litopterns and notoungulates are sister taxa, with the phenacodontid Meniscothe...
Exercise Electrocardiography in the Asymptomatic Patient

Exercise electrocardiography (exercise ECG) is the cornerstone of evaluation for the presence of coronary artery disease when the initial history indicates that further assessment is indicated. This testing method combines the attributes of good predictive accuracy, easy availability, and relatively low cost. As with all testing modalities, however, its results are imperfect. Thus, understanding the principles of test interpretation in the context of the specific patient being tested is essential.
Case Acquisition Strategies for Case-Based Reasoning in Real-Time Strategy Games.

Real-time Strategy (RTS) games are complex domains which are a significant challenge to both human and artificial intelligence (AI). For that reason, and although many AI approaches have been proposed for the RTS game AI problem, the AI of all commercial RTS games is scripted and offers a very static behavior subject to exploits. In this paper, we will focus on a case-based reasoning (CBR) approach to this problem, and concentrate on the process of case-acquisition. Specifically, we will describe 7 different techniques to automatically acquire plans by observing human demonstrations and compare their performance when using them in the Darmok 2 system in the context of an RTS game.
“I Am Still With You”: Dementia and the Christian Wayfarer

Persons with dementia suffer not only from neuropathology but also from cultural norms that exalt agency, privilege rationality, equate worth with capacity, and discourage disability and dependence. In Christian theological context, however, these are faulty assumptions that harm people with dementia. Christian tradition affirms, rather, that humans are integrated, whole-person, embodied souls on a journey to God; dependent on others and on God; and endowed by God with intrinsic worth that is unrelated to capacities. Four theological parameters—creation, participation, lament, and song—enable resistance to prevalent toxic social norms and promote faithful Christian re-membering of people with dementia.
Chapter 10 – Epitaxy

Publisher Summary The oriented growth of one crystalline material on the surface of a single crystal of a different material is termed epitaxy. In epitaxial growth of a thin film on a substrate, the substrate crystal is used as a growth template and the film material is deposited on the substrate at a sufficiently high temperature and in a manner that is slow enough to allow atoms to seek out positions that are most favorable, that are thought to be the lattice sites corresponding to those of the substrate. The interface between the film and the substrate is epitaxial if atoms of the film material at the interface occupy natural atom positions of the substrate material and vice versa. As the film grows layer by layer, the film becomes a perfect crystal that continues the structure of the substrate. The ability to grow thin planar films is crucial to planar technology that can exploit economic manufacturing techniques. In both fundamental studies and applications, single crystalline films are important because physical phenomena and properties are most reproducible in these films. From the industrial point of view, all semiconductor and other types of electronic, magnetic, and optical devices, as a rule, employ single crystalline epitaxial films.
DIFFRACTION CALCULATION OF SHORELINE PLANFORMS

A method is presented, and illustrated with examples, for calculating planforms for a class of "pocket" beaches. This type of pocket beach is formed of mobile sediment due to waves diffracting through an opening in erosion resistant material, for example behind a break in a revetment or behind closely spaced offshore breakwaters. The opening is considered as a series of sources with circular wavelets radiating landward from each element. The height and phasing of each wavelet is varied depending on whether the depth at the element limits the wave height and on the wave direction relative to the opening, respectively. Based on reasonable, but not complete, considerations of sediment transport, the equilibrium bathymetry is considered to exist when the wave front is everywhere tangent to the local bottom contours. A differential equation is developed for the local orientation of the contours; this equation is solved numerically starting from a reference transect and extending the contour until it intersects the line defining the opening. Examples are presented illustrating the method for the following cases: (1) normally incident waves diffracting through a single relatively narrow opening, (2) obliquely incident waves diffracting through a single relatively narrow opening and (3) spiral bays which are contained by two relatively widely spaced headlands. In addition, a procedure is suggested for applying the results to the case of normally and obliquely incident waves diffracting through the openings formed by a series of offshore breakwaters.
A complex vocalization of the black-capped chickadee. II: Repertoires, dominance and dialects

The gargle, a complex call of the Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus), was studied during the flocking period at two feeders in southeastern Wisconsin. Gargles are usually associated with aggression and are given more frequently by males than females, the gargler almost always winning the encounter. Dominant birds give gargles more frequently than subordinates. Particular gargle types (unique syllable combinations) are not addressed to specific individuals. Birds have at least 13 gargle types in their repertoires, some having over 30, although the total repertoire size could not be determined. Dominants did not have larger or more diverse repertoires, nor did they show differences as compared with subordinates in the amount of sharing of gargle types. Most gargle types are shared, but each individual has some very rare ones that may not be shared. The frequency with which particular gargle types are uttered varies from year to year at the same feeder and also in different parts of the winter. The frequency of occurrence of particular gargle types indicates that selection may favor call-sharing. At two feeders, 383 m distant, which we studied for 2 years, no flock specific dialects were detected, but in one of the 2 years birds visiting the same feeder tended to share gargle types more with each other than with those at the other feeder. Birds that had strong proximity associations with each other, however, did not show stronger sharing compared to those that were more weakly associated.
Corticolous Myxomycetes V: Observations on the Genus Echinostelium

SUMMARYSystematic screening of bark samples from living trees and vines placed in moist chambers has resulted in the discovery of two new species of corticolous Myxomycetes, Echinostelium arboreum ...
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

A cladistic analysis of six species-species groups in the genus Apis using 21 characters of adult morphology and behavior produces a single most parsimonious cladogram with a consistency index of 93. If the numerous autapomorphies for the genus Apis are excluded from the calculation of the consistency index, its value is 88. The tree topology is (( andreniformis + florea ) + ( dorsata group + ( mellifera + ( cerana + koschevnikovi )))). Implications of this phylogenetic hypothesis for ideas about the evolution of the dance language in Apis are discussed.
Perforated rectal lymphoma in a renal transplant recipient: report of a case.

PURPOSE: We report the case of a renal transplant recipient with rectal lymphoma manifested by sudden onset of abdominal pain from a perforated rectum who was treated successfully with prompt surgical resection and reduction of immunosuppressants. METHODS: An emergent anterior resection with Hartmann's procedure was done. Immunosuppressants were drastically reduced by discontinuation of cyclosporine. RESULTS: Pathologic examination showed diffusely infiltrated large-cell malignant lymphoma with an immunoblastic feature. The patient has been followed-up for four years, with no tumor recurrence or graft rejection. CONCLUSION: Rectal lymphoma, although rare, should be kept in the list of differential diagnoses for transplant recipients who exhibit lower gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, or abdominal pain.
Quaternary AlInGaN MQWs for Ultraviolet LEDs

We report a pulsed atomic layer epitaxy (PALE) growth technique for quaternary AlInGaN films for ultraviolet optoelectronic applications. Using the PALE approach high quality quaternary AlInGaN/AlInGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were successfully grown over sapphire substrates. From X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence study, a high structural and optical quality was established for the AlInGaN MQWs. Incorporating the PALE grown quaternary MQWs as the active layer of light emitting diode (LED) on sapphire or SiC substrates we also demonstrated room temperature deep ultraviolet electroluminescence under dc and pulsed electrical pumping. The peak emission wavelength can be tuned from 305 nm to 340 nm with spectrum FWHM of about 20 nm by varying the alloy compositions of the quaternary AlInGaN active layers using PALE. Comparative study of LEDs over sapphire and SiC substrates was also done in order to determine the influence of epilayer design on the performance parameters and the role of the substrate absorption.
The Exile of Hansen's Disease Patients to Moloka'i: A Diffusion of Innovations Perspective

This article analyzes the exile of patients with Hansen's disease (leprosy) to Moloka'i (Hawaii) by applying the diffusion of innovations (DoI) theory. Developed by Rogers, DoI posits that an innovation (i.e., idea, movement, or trend) is initiated within a culture. Then, it is diffused via particular channels across diverse cultures. Instead of evolving independently, innovations diffuse from one culture to another through various forms of contact and communication. In the context of this analysis, the objective is to examine how the diffusion of certain ideas, namely, abolishing the stigma associated with leprosy, could have improved the lives of Hawaiians. An important premise of this article is that the Hawaiian government barely applied the tenets of DoI, which is the reason why many people lost their lives. So, this article seeks to explore what could have been done to improve their situation and what pitfalls should be avoided in the future.
Design Optimization of Entire Car Circuitry and Its Application

Most of the work in circuitry design is verifying whether the selection of fuse and wire is reasonable and matching. This paper introduces some basic methods in the design optimization of entire car circuitry with examples.
Etiologie des «pouchites»

Les episodes d'inflammation du reservoir ileal apres anastomose ileo-anale constituent un probleme encore non resolu, qui affecte la vie d'une partie des patients qui ont eu cette intervention pour rectocolite hemorragique ou polypose adenomateuse familiale. D'autres pathologies peuvent simuler des episodes de pouchite: une incontinence par regorgement, une infection digestive a germes determines, une enterite ischemique, un sepsis peri-anastomotique, et la maladie de Crohn. Dans cet article, les auteurs passent en revue les etiologies possibles ainsi que leurs implications therapeutiques
The impact of first responder turnout and curb-to-care intervals on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Purpose Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) more likely survive when emergency medical services (EMS) arrive quickly. We studied time response elements in OHCA with attention to EMS intervals before wheels roll and after wheels stop to understand their contribution to total time response and clinical outcome. Methods We analyzed EMS responses to OHCA from 2009–2014 in an urban, fire department based system. The Call-to-Care Interval, from call receipt to hands-on EMS care, was comprised of four time intervals: 1) call received to EMS notification (Activation), 2) EMS notification to vehicle wheels rolling (Turnout), 3) wheels rolling to arrival at scene (Travel), and 4) arrival at scene to hands-on EMS care (Curb-to-Care). We created a new time interval (On-Feet) comprised of the turnout and curb-to-care intervals. Using logistic regression, we evaluated whether the total EMS response interval and discrete time intervals were related to survival to discharge. Results Of 1,831 cases, 1,806 (98.6%) had complete information. The mean lengths for the intervals were 7.2±3.6min. (call-to-care), 58±39s (activation), 63±29s (turnout), 2.5±1.3min (travel), 2.4±1.6min (curb-to-care), and 3.5±1.7min (on-feet). After adjustment, "On Feet" interval was associated with OHCA survival (OR=0.91 [95% CI=0.83–1.00] for each additional minute). Conclusions Turnout and curb-to-care intervals were half of the total response interval in our EMS system. Measurement should incorporate these two intervals to accurately characterize and possibly reduce the professional response interval.
Pressure-induced structural transition in chalcopyrite ZnSiP2

The pressure-dependent phase behavior of semiconducting chalcopyrite ZnSiP2 was studied up to 30 GPa using in situ X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy in a diamond-anvil cell. A structural phase transition to the rock salt type structure was observed between 27 and 30 GPa, which is accompanied by soft phonon mode behavior and simultaneous loss of Raman signal and optical transmission through the sample. The high-pressure rock salt type phase possesses cationic disorder as evident from broad features in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The behavior of the low-frequency Raman modes during compression establishes a two-stage, order-disorder phase transition mechanism. The phase transition is partially reversible, and the parent chalcopyrite structure coexists with an amorphous phase upon slow decompression to ambient conditions.
Narrative feedback from OR personnel about the safety of their surgical practice before and after a surgical safety checklist intervention.

Objective To examine narrative feedback to understand surgical team perceptions about surgical safety checklists (SSCs) and their impact on the safety of surgical practice. Design We reviewed free-text comments from surveys administered before and after SSC implementation between 2011 and 2013. We categorized feedback thematically and as positive, negative or neutral. Setting South Carolina hospitals participating in a statewide collaborative on checklist implementation. Participants Surgical teams from 11 hospitals offering free-text comments in both pre-and post-implementation surveys. Intervention Implementation of the World Health Organization SSC. Main outcome measure Differences in comments made before and after implementation and by provider role; types of complications averted through checklist use. Results Before SSC implementation, the proportion of positive comments among provider roles differed significantly (P = 0.04), with more clinicians offering negative comments (87.9%, (29/33)) compared to other surgical team members (58.3% (7/12) to 60.9% (14/23)), after SSC implementation, these proportions did not significantly differ (clinicians 77.8% (14/18)), other surgical team members (50% (2/4) to 76.9% (20/26)) (P = 0.52). Distribution of negative comments differed significantly before and after implementation (P = 0.01); for example, there were more negative comments made about checklist buy-in after implementation (51.3 % (20/39)) compared to before implementation (24.5% (13/53)). Surgical team members most frequently reported that checklist use averted complications involving antibiotic administration, equipment and side/site of surgery. Conclusions Narrative feedback suggested that SSC implementation can facilitate patient safety by averting complications; however, buy-in is a persistent challenge. Presenting information on the impact of the SSC on lives saved, teamwork and complications averted, adapting the SSC to fit the local context, demonstrating leadership support and engaging champions to promote checklist use and address concerns could improve checklist adoption and efficacy.
NBD-PC: A Tool to Study Phospholipase Activity in Protoplasts

Wild carrot cells can be grown in suspension culture so that they yield fusion permissive or fusogenic protoplasts (Boss et al., 1984). The presence of small vacuoles and high rates of inositol phospholipid metabolism were correlated with the high rates of fusion in these cells (Boss and Grimes, 1985). Increased phosphatidyl-inositol metabolism has been correlated with membrane fusion events such as secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane (Laychock and Putney, 1982) and myoblast fusion during muscle maturation (Wakelam, 1983). Our hypothesis was that the rapid phosphatidylinositol headgroup metabolism found in the fusogenic protoplasts was indicative of a general increase in membrane lipid recycling as opposed to de novo synthesis and that increased lipid metabolism might contribute to the fusogenic state of the protoplasts.
Isolation and Characterization of Hp10: a Specific Human Hepatic Protein cDNA

Abstract Twenty-three cDNA clones were isolated from a human liver library by screening with a synthetic mixed oligonucleotide (17-mer) probe corresponding to amino acid residues 65-70 of human hemopexin (Takahashi et al., 1985). At least four of these cDNA clones do not encode human hemopexin. Somatic cell analysis demonstrates that two of the clones which hybridized to the hemopexin oligonucleotide probe map to human chromosome 10. The deduced amino acid sequence corresponding to partial DNA sequencing of the cDNA is consistent with a unique hepatic protein encoded by a single gene on chromosome 10.
Signature Verification Using Artificial Neural Network

The human signature is most important for access. Signature of the person is important biometric attribute of a human being which is used to authenticate human identity. There are many biometric characteristics by which one can have own identity like face recognition, fingerprint detection, iris inspection and retina scanning. In non-vision based techniques voice recognition and signature verification are most widely used. Verification can be performed either Online or Offline. Online system of signature verification uses dynamic information of a signature captured at the time the signature is made. Offline system uses scanned image of signature. In this paper, I present a method for Offline Verification of signatures using a set of simple shape based geometric features. As signatures play an important role in financial, commercial and legal transactions, truly secured authentication becomes more and more crucial. This paper presents the off-line signature recognition & verification using neural network in which the human signature is captured and presented in the image format. Various image processing techniques are used to recognize and verify the signature. Preprocessing of a scanned image is necessary to isolate the signature part and to remove any spurious noise present. Initially system use database of signatures obtained from those individuals whose signatures have to be authenticated by the system. Then artificial neural network (ANN) is used to verify and classify the signatures. The implementation details and results are discussed in the paper.
Authentication and traceability of food products through the supply chain using NQR spectroscopy

Maintaining the security and integrity of our food supply chain has emerged as a critical need. In this paper, we describe a novel authentication approach that can significantly improve the security of the food supply chain. It relies on applying nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy to authenticate the contents of packaged food products. NQR is a non-invasive, non-destructive, and quantitative radio frequency (RF) spectroscopic technique. It is sensitive to subtle features of the solid-state chemical environment such that signal properties are influenced by the manufacturing process, thus generating a manufacturer-specific watermark or intrinsic tag for the product. Such tags enable us to uniquely characterize and authenticate products of identical composition but from different manufacturers based on their NQR signal parameters. These intrinsic tags can be used to verify the integrity of a product and trace it through the supply chain. We apply a support vector machine (SVM)-based classification approach that trains the SVM with measured NQR parameters and then authenticates food products by checking their test responses. Measurement on an example substance using semi-custom hardware shows promising results (95% classification accuracy) which can be further improved with improved instrumentation.
From intuition to intervention: developing an intonation-based treatment for autism

Autism affects ∼1.5% of children under age 8; its core symptoms include impairment in social-communicative functioning and repetitive behaviors/restricted interests. Music-based interventions have been considered one modality through which to treat autism. This report discusses considerations to take into account when developing a music-based intervention for a core symptom of autism. Treatment modality must be matched to symptom both clinically and theoretically, the behavior to be treated must be carefully defined and assessed, and outcome measures must be capable of showing improvement in that behavior over the course of the study. Fidelity assessment and rater blinding reduce experimenter bias. High inter-rater reliability for perceptually determined outcome measures helps obtain accurate estimates of treatment response. Later stages of testing compare the experimental intervention to matched control treatments or other validated therapies, isolating the intervention's "active ingredients." Such systematic investigation of a new music-based intervention can provide information of different types, ranging from an assessment of whether the intervention has any effect at all to an assessment of its outcomes and risks in uncontrolled community settings. Findings ultimately compose the evidence base that clinicians and families can use to decide the most effective way of addressing symptoms of autism for particular children.
On the Cosmology of Literature: Parallel Universes and Meaning Beyond Information

This paper discusses recent accounts of physicists’ leading theories of parallel and multiple universes, in light of the creative workings of fiction writers and storytellers. Acknowledging the great influence on literature and philosophy of scientific theories such as relativity and quantum mechanics, the paper examines string theorist Brian Greene’s challenge to Plato’s parable of the cave. It also draws from James Gleick’s The Information, especially the distinction Gleick makes between data and meaning. Arguing for the need to appreciate literature’s contribution to our understanding of the universe of human experience, two short stories are summarized and interpreted. “The Years of My Birth,” Louise Erdrich’s tale of twins separated at birth but strangely in communication with one another, might be perceived as a literary extension of the quantum theory of membrane universes, in which human universes are in close proximity but unable to communicate except through an ether of compassion and sacrifice. Alice Munro’s short story “Axis” evokes relationships abruptly ended in young adulthood, but recollected in a mature, laconic hindsight that alludes to alternate universes caused by societal restrictions, the sedimentation of personal experience, and the pain of paths not taken. These stories reveal that information about human experience—unlike information theory and the physics of black holes—is not found on the surface. To respond fully to such stories, information must be interpreted and allowed to deepen in our imagination. Their readers are drawn beyond the level of written signification into a universe of moral implication whose dark energy and dark (invisible) matter is composed of various qualities of attention. Stories such as these forge their own cutting edge of discovery. They compel readers to distill information into insights, ideas, and deeper appreciation of the complexity of existence.
Nietzsche’s Philosophic Historiography

Nietzsche’s views of history and historiography are just those that a “philosopher of life” and practitioner of the art of cultural analysis would have. As a cultural analyst, Nietzsche was philosophic in the sense that he criticized values, institutions and ideas (both artistic and religious) at the most reflective possible levels. Among the connotations of “reflective” we must include both “selfreflective” and “practical,” if we are to understand Nietzsche. Under “practical” we must include “diagnostic,” in the sense of examining patterns of conduct that correspond to intellectual pathologies, on Nietzsche’s analysis. Because Nietzsche makes such abundant use of ancient Greek thought in advancing his critique of the ideas of his own time, we can contrast his practice of intellectual history with his overt statements about the use of history in “The Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life.”
Water Quality Modeling in Pipe Networks

A new computer model is presented to predict the spatial and temporal distribution of constituents in a pipe network under slowly varying unsteady flow conditions. Unlike the other available models which use steady-state or extended-period simulation of steady flow conditions, the model uses a lumped-system approach to compute unsteady flow conditions and includes dispersion and decay of a constituent during travel in a pipe.
Neuroprotective action of the CB1/2 receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, against DMSO but not phenobarbital-induced neurotoxicity in immature rats

The developing brain is uniquely susceptible to drug-induced increases in programmed cell death or apoptosis. Many compounds, including anticonvulsant drugs, anesthetic agents, and ethanol, when administered in a narrow postnatal window in rodents, result in increased pruning of neurons. Here, we report that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) triggers widespread neurodegeneration in the immature (postnatal day, P7) rat brain, an effect consistent with a prior report in neonatal mice. We found that the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) exerts a neuroprotective effect against DMSO-induced cell death. We extended these findings to determine if WIN is neuroprotective against another drug class known to increase developmental cell death, namely antiseizure drugs. The antiseizure drug phenobarbital (PB) remains the primary treatment for neonatal seizures, despite significantly increasing cell death in the developing rodent brain. WIN exerts antiseizure effects in immature rodent seizure models, but increases the toxicity associated with neonatal ethanol exposure. We thus sought to determine if WIN would protect against or exacerbate PB-induced cell death. Unlike either the prior report with ethanol or our present findings with DMSO, WIN was largely without effect on PB-induced cell death. WIN alone did not increase cell death over levels observed in vehicle-treated rats. These data suggest that WIN has a favorable safety profile in the developing brain and could potentially serve as an adjunct therapy with phenobarbital (albeit one that does not attenuate PB-induced toxicity).
The Role of Multiagent Chemoradiation in the Management and Prognosis of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The standard treatment for anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is multiagent chemotherapy with radiation (CRT). This is based on several randomized trials demonstrating lower recurrence and colostomy-free survival rates with multiagent CRT; however, these studies could not confirm an overall survival (OS) benefit. We hypothesized that the lack of improved OS was due to limited sample sizes and follow-up, and that multiagent CRT is associated with higher OS. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with stages I, II, and II ASCC and received between 45 and 59.4 Gy of radiation between 2004 and 2015. OS of patients receiving multiagent CRT compared to monoagent CRT and radiation alone was analyzed across stages. A total of 10,438 patients received multiagent CRT, 1163 had monoagent CRT and 446 received radiation alone. Compared to the other two groups, patients receiving multiagent CRT were younger, had fewer comorbidities, and more advanced disease (all p < 0.001). After adjusting for available confounders, multiagent CRT remained independently associated with higher OS for stages II and III ASCC. A subset analysis of patients ≥ 70 years demonstrated similar survival between monoagent versus multiagent CRT across all stages. Multiagent CRT is associated with an OS benefit compared to monoagent CRT or radiation alone for stages II and III, but not stage I ASCC. Monoagent CRT may represent an adequate treatment for selected patients ≥ 70 years. The benefit of multiagent CRT should be balanced against treatment-related toxicities depending on disease stage and patient physiology.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Ternstroemia gymnanthera

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of Japanese ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera Thunb.) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers utilizing a substrate of pine bark: sand (8: 1 by vol) amended with micronutrients and dolomitic limestone. Plants were fertilized every other day with a solution consisting of P (K2H2PO4) at a constant rate of 30 mg/liter (ppm), K (K2SO4 and K2H2PO4) at a constant rate of 60 mg/liter (ppm), and a variable rate of N (NH4NO3) at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf area and shoot (stems and leaves) dry weight increased with increasing N application rate (NAR) until a plateau was reached at 117 mg/liter (ppm). Root: shoot ratio was 0.8 in non-fertilized plants, and decreased to ≈0.1 with N ≥ 104 mg/liter (ppm). Root dry weight and root area increased in response to increasing NARs, reaching a plateau with N at 86 and 70 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. Leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) increased from 0.2 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) to ...
Trafficking in Persons: How America Exploited the Narrative of Exploitation

There is still deep disagreement over the meaning of the term trafficking in persons, despite having had legal definitions for it for nearly 20 years. These disagreements continue to persist despite extensive scholarly attention and numerous calls to come to consensus for purposes of research and distribution of funding. This article offers two reasons for this endurance: First, trafficking is not an act in itself but a concept created to address social ills. It is not static, and the creative process continues to reshape what it means. Second, groups have been able to capitalize on the linguistic ambiguity to achieve certain political goals. This has provided incentive for them to keep using the language in contradictory ways. This article examines those incentives and the ways in which law has contributed to their creation. It reviews the history of the creation of anti-trafficking narratives and how they’ve been used to obscure potentially less palatable criminal and anti-immigration agendas. Given the expansiveness of U.S. global influence, the appearance of the categories “trafficked” and “not-trafficked” in its domestic and foreign policy has impacted not only legal landscapes but the ways in which groups of people are actually perceived and behave. U.S. laws and the narratives they reflect have resulted in activities that have harmed rather than benefited the marginalized groups often promoted as beneficiaries of anti-trafficking work. The purpose of the article is to clearly illustrate these processes in order to be able to identify and anticipate their effects in future initiatives. In that context it also draws attention to the construction of a new emerging trafficking narrative around the U.S.-Mexico border and its use as justification for punitive criminal law and the building of a wall to reduce migration.
Care Team Experience with Inpatient Portal Use During Patients' Hospitalization

Current research surrounding inpatient portals has focused on patients’ perspectives, yet it remains critical for successful portal implementation to consider care team members’ perspectives about ...
Books and Bodies in the British Museum Reading Room

This chapter focuses on the Museum’s approach to knowledge construction in the mid-nineteenth century. Of particular interest are the 1857 Reading Room and its embodiment of the Museum’s core epistemic preconceptions and educational assumptions. I demonstrate that in the foreground to the Reading Room’s approach to knowledge was a social Darwinist notion that Anglo-Saxon males possessed superior mental capacities, due in large part to their distinctive skull size. I also contend that this sense of cranial superiority was emboldened further by the grandeur of British Imperialism, which, in turn, was inscribed into the Reading Room’s architectural design and spatial logic. As a result, Anglo-Saxon (i.e. white) males were designated as the Reading Room’s ideal readers in that they were the most mentally apt to engage in encyclopedic learning and acquire panoptic knowledge. For female readers in the 1857 Reading Room, the expectations for learning and knowledge production were less ambitious.
Behavioral symmetry, rent seeking, and the Republic of Science

Scientific inquiry, like all other human activity, cannot be separated from the humans conducting the inquiry. While public discourse often treats science as sacrosanct and scientists as devoid of any but the purest motives, the science of science literature has long understood scientific inquiry as a fundamentally social activity undertaken by self-interested, partial, human choosers with limited information (Polanyi in Minerva 1(1):54–73, 1962; Kuhn in The structure of scientific revolutions. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1962; Leonard in J Econ Methodol 9(2):141–168, 2002). In this essay, we review the assumptions of two of the original contributions to the science of science literature regarding human agents and compare them to the assumptions underlying economic models. We assert that Michael Polanyi and Thomas Kuhn did for the science of science literature what Buchanan and Tullock (The calculus of consent: Logical foundations of constitutional democracy. Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 1962) did for politics in the 1950s, which is to reassert behavioral symmetry. We then extend some of Buchanan’s insights from his study of politics and constitutions, public choice and constitutional political economy, to the study of science and draw out implications for interest-group influence in the republic of science.
Zinc and Traumatic Brain Injury: From Chelation to Supplementation

With a worldwide incidence rate of almost 70 million annually, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of both disability and death. Our modern understanding of the zinc-regulated neurochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms associated with TBI is the result of a continuum of research spanning more than three decades. This review describes the evolution of the field beginning with the initial landmark work on the toxicity of excess neuronal zinc accumulation after injury. It further shows how the field has expanded and shifted to include examination of the cellular pools of zinc after TBI, identification of the role of zinc in TBI-regulated gene expression and neurogenesis, and the use of zinc to prevent cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with brain injury.
Accuracy of gross intraoperative margin assessment for breast cancer: experience since the SSO-ASTRO margin consensus guidelines

Gross intraoperative assessment can be used to ensure negative margins at the time of surgery. Previous studies of this technique were conducted before the introduction of consensus guidelines defining a "positive" margin. We performed a retrospective study examining the accuracy of this technique since these guidelines were published. We identified all specimens that were grossly examined at the time of breast conserving surgery from January 2014 to July 2020. Gross and final microscopic diagnoses were compared and the performance of intraoperative examination was assessed in terms of false positive and false negative rates. Logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of clinicopathologic covariates on discordance. 327 cases were reviewed. Gross exam prompted re-excision in 166 cases (61%). The rate of false negative discordance was 8.6%. In multivariate analysis, multifocality on final pathology was associated with discordance. We consider the false negative rate acceptable for routine clinical use; however, there is an ongoing need for more accurate methods for the intraoperative assessment of margins.
WHO SPEAKS AND WHO LISTENS: Revisiting the Chilly Climate in College Classrooms:

Almost 40 years ago, scholars identified a “chilly climate” for women in college classrooms. To examine whether contemporary college classrooms remain “chilly,” we conducted quantitative and qualit...