cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein expression patterns for ubiquitous and tissue specific calpains in the developing mouse lens

Calcium activated proteases (calpains) have been implicated in the processing of lens crystallins during lens maturation and cataract formation. Ubiquitous type calpain 2 and calpain 10 and lens specific Lp82 and Lp85 protein distribution were determined using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in embryonic and post-natal mouse eyes. Calpain 2 was first expressed late in embryonic development and localized to the lens epithelium and transition zone. Lp82 was expressed at E9.5 in the lens placode, head ectoderm, and throughout the fiber cells during embryonic lens maturation. Lp82 co-localized at sites of crystallin modification in the juvenile lens. In the adult lens, Lp82 protein was maintained in cortical fibers but could not be detected in the lens nucleus. Lp85, the slightly larger splice variant of Lp82, was first observed at E9.5 and throughout early embryonic lens development. Abundant localization of this enzyme was observed in the cell nuclei of lens epithelium, elongating fibers, and undifferentiated mesoderm. Robust peri-nuclear localization of calpain 10 was observed in the head ectoderm, lens placode, and optic vesicle during early eye induction. Further, calpain 10 protein was maintained in the lens epithelium of pre- and post-natal lens. These data support the hypothesis that Lp82 in rodent lens has an important role in crystallin proteolysis during normal lens maturation. In contrast, calpain 2, Lp85, and calpain 10 may have roles in cell signaling pathways.
Self-assembly of ZnO nanoparticles to electrostatic coordination sites of functionalized carbon nanotubes

We report the hierarchical self-assembly of ZnO nanoparticles on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT–ZnO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT–ZnO) by utilizing an electrostatic coordination approach. The affinity for Zn atoms to the oxygen of the C = O in the carboxyl groups is utilized to decorate oxidized single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with ZnO nanoparticles. The CNT–ZnO structures are indicative of the carboxyl group distribution along the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By this technique we have achieved complex design architecture such as T- and Y-junctions that would be useful for device applications. The ZnO conjugation is a reversible process; that is, the ZnO nanoparticles can be washed off from the CNTs by dissolving in NaOH or H2SO4. The conjugation leaves the suspension with carbon nanotubes of smaller lengths compared to the average lengths of the material that we started with. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy along with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the conjugation.
Wicking across a Fiber-Bank

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of the capillary-driven flow of viscous liquids across a bank of aligned fibers. The dimensions of the flow domain are of the same order as that of fiber tows in a woven fiber mat. In this paper, an expression based upon energy balance principle is proposed for the capillary suction pressure and is compared with the other expressions. The efficacy of different permeability models for flow inside the fiber bundle is also tested. A model for the absorption of the liquid based on Darcy's Law along with Washburn's equation is compared with the results from the experiments for five different liquids at fiber volume fractions from 0.4 to 0.8. The effect of fiber volume fraction and the material properties of the fluid–fiber system upon the rate of wicking of fluid across the fiber-bank is studied. Comparison of across the fiber wicking flow with that along the fibers is also done.
World Dynamics: A Note

The results of Forrester's world model are shown to be very sensitive to changes in assumptions.
BASIC PROTOCOLS OF REHABILITATION FOR THE ANKLE, KNEE, HIP, AND SHOULDER

The ankle, knee, hip, and shoulder are sites of frequent injuries for which clients will seek care from their physician, and this article briefly reviews the normal functions of these sites. Range-of-motion exercises for rehabilitation of these joints are introduced. An understanding of basic exercises for rehabilitation of common injuries occurring at the ankle, knee, hip, and shoulder will enhance the management of occurring problems.
DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE AS AN EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCT OF STREPTOCOCCAL GROWTH AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO LEUKOTOXICITY

Among 170 streptococcal strains, there were encountered 98 that yielded culture supernates which caused splitting of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN). All of the latter belonged to Group A, C, or G. Release of DPNase accompanied the growth of diverse antigenic types of Group A streptococci, and data on the frequency of DPNase-producing strains for certain types are given. In contrast, cultures representing 3 species of yeasts and 42 species of bacteria other than streptococci of the Lancefield groups were examined for the presence of DPNase as an extracellular product of growth, but in none of these was the enzyme detected. Of the Group A streptococci examined, 41 strains had pedigrees suggesting that they were the etiologic agents of acute glomerulonephritis, and 39 of these were found to produce DPNase. There is an association between capacity of streptococi to form DPNase and capacity to kill leukocytes. A possible mechanism of leukotoxicity is suggested.
Indicators for a low-temperature structural transition at ambient pressure in β-(BEDT-TTF)2I3

Abstract Analysis of published diffraction data points to a low-temperature structural transition at ambient pressure for superconducting β-(BEDT-TTF)2I3. It is suggested that this structural transition is a first-order shear transformation which coincides with the first-order anomaly seen at ≈8K in transport data. Finally, the shear component that is required in addition to hydrostatic pressure for the achievement of the high-Tc state (≈8K) for β-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 is understood as a means of reversing the effects of the structural transition exposed here.
Extended cycling of oral contraceptive pills for adolescents.

Given the safety profile of low-dose combination oral contraceptive pills (COCs) and their documented long-term benefits for preventing osteoporosis and gynecologic cancers extended cycling can be considered an option for all young women who prefer the psychologic and physiologic benefits of less-frequent menstruation. (excerpt)
Chemical influences on 14C and 15N primary production in an arctic lake

Twelve 24 h bioassay experiments were conducted in 1980 and 1981 to evaluate seasonal influences of NO 3 - , NH 4 + , PO 4 3- , N+P, vitamins, trace metals, a synthetic chelate and common salts on 14C and 15N primary production in Toolik Lake, Alaska. Addition of N+P, NO 3 - or NH 4 + significantly increased 14C primary production over all other treatments on most dates. Only on three occasions did any other treatment have any statistically significant effect on 14C primary production. 15NO 3 - and 15NH 4 + primary production were each significantly enhanced by PO 4 3- enrichement relative to all other nutrient applications on seven dates. Significantly depressed 15NO 3 - primary production consistently resulted from NH 4 + addition but enrichment with NO 3 - gave significantly depressed 15NH 4 + primary production in just three experiments. Other treatments significantly influenced 15N primary production on two occasions only. The general stimulatory influence of N+P, NO 3 - and NH 4 + on 14C primary production as well as the similar effect of PO 4 3- on 15N primary production had no seasonal pattern. The total data show that nitrogen and phosphorus are the most important chemical regulators of primary production in Toolik Lake.
Impact on Learner Experience: A Qualitative Case Study Exploring Online MBA Problem-Based Learning Courses

This qualitative case study investigated how the integration of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) curriculum in an online MBA program impacted the learner experience. The learner experience included three stances created by Savin-Baden (2000); personal, pedagogical and interactional. The overarching theme was to examine the experiences of eight learners all in different PBL courses. The primary research question was: How does problem-based learning (PBL) impact the learner experience? Purposeful sampling, specifically multiple variation sampling was chosen. The data was collected in accordance with Yin's (2003) five key components derived from documentation, archival records and interviews. The variety of data collection methods served to triangulate sources corroborating findings and offsetting the pitfalls of any one given method. Data analysis consisted of the constant comparison method using NVivo7 as the primary data management tool. Key findings correlated with the Savin-Baden (2000) study revealing how the stances were interdependent upon one another.
Poly(2′-O-methylcytidylate)·oligodeoxyguanylate, a template-primer specific for reverse transcriptase, is not utilized by hela cell γ DNA polymerases

Summary The ability of y DNA polymerase activities purified from the cytoplasm and nucleus of HeLa cells (Spadari, S. and Weissbach, A. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249 , 5809) to copy poly(Cm)·oligo(dG) was tested, and compared with the template activity of poly(C)·oligo(dG). The major HeLa cell nuclear γ DNA polymerase effectively copied poly(C)·oligo(dG), while none of the γ DNA polymerase activities purified from HeLa cells were capable of utilizing poly(Cm)·oligo(dG) as template. These results support the contention that poly(Cm)·oligo(dG), but not poly(C)·oligo(dG), is a specific template-primer for RNA tumor virus RNA-directed DNA polymerases.
Digital librarians: beyond the digital book stack

~. -. ~~~~ available information and information services. Efficiently bringing together the right agents with the right resources for the right tasks is the measure of the library’s effectiveness. References
Reciprocity failure in Kodak HIE film exposed to ruby-laser pulses

Kodak High-Speed Infrared Film Type 2481 HIE 421 was found to be less sensitive to photons in ruby-laser pulses (of duration 19–75 ns) than to photons from a conventional red light source. The ratio of the sensitivities varied smoothly with the optical density of the developed frame, ranging from about 1/3 at a density of 0.2 to about 1/30 at an optical density of 2.2. The data indicate that the photochemical law of reciprocity is not obeyed by this film over this range of exposure times.
Reliability and Reproducibility of Two Dimensional Echocardiographic Measurement of the Stenotic Mitral Valve Orifice Area

Abstract A wide angle phased array sector scanner was used to find the optimal method, the reliability and the reproducibility of measuring the mitral valve area with two dimensional echocardiography in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Initial experience with 18 patients revealed that tracing the early diastolic actual black-white interface of the perceived orifice was the most reliable method for drawing the mitral valve orifice area. Good interobserver correlation was obtained when two observers used either method to calculate the mitral valve area ( r = 0.93). Similarly good intrastudy reliability was obtained when any one observer applied one measurement method to different diastolic cycles within the same study ( r = 0.89). The phased array two dimensional echocardiogram properly differentiated patients with critical mitral stenosis from those with non-critical mitral stenosis, but the correlation between the echocardiographically and the hemodynamically derived mitral valve areas was less good than previously reported ( r = 0.83). Imaging a test object with varied known orifice sizes and excised stenotic mitral valves of known orifice size with a phased array and mechanical sector scanner failed to reveal superiority of either instrument. Further testing with a phased array instrument revealed that the perceived orifice was critically dependent on receiver gains settings for any transmitted power level. Receiver gain settings too low led to image dropout, indicating a falsely large orifice. Receiver gain settings too high led to image saturation, indicating a falsely narrowed orifice. Six additional patients with predominant mitral stenosis later underwent imaging with strict attention paid to individual receiver gain settings. Combining the data from these 6 patients with those from the initial 18 patients gave a better correlation between the echocardiographic and hemodynamic calculated mitral valve areas ( r = 0.92). Accurate noninvasive measurement of the mitral valve area with two dimensional echocardiography in patients with mitral stenosis appears to depend on use of the proper echocardiographic technique to localize the true commissural edge of the valve in early diastole, the correct instrument settings and the appropriate method for drawing the perceived orifice. The noninvasive measurement of the mitral valve orifice with two dimensional echocardiography in mitral stenosis provides clinically useful data that are reliable and reproducible if these factors are taken into account.
Outflow of hydrogen ions from Ganymede

On 6 September 1996 plasma measurements were obtained in the vicinity of Ganymede as the Galileo spacecraft passed by this moon with a closest approach distance of 261 km. Near Ganymede a dense, cold plasma region was found to be embedded in Jupiter's hot plasma sheet. The cold plasmas are hydrogen ions flowing outwards from Ganymede at supersonic speeds. Temperatures and maximum number densities of these ions were about 4 × 104 K and 100 /cm³, respectively. Over Ganymede's polar caps there is strong plasma convection with speeds in the range of 50 km/s, i.e., the flow is not primarily directed parallel to the local magnetic fields. The corresponding potentials across a Ganymede diameter are in excess of 100 kV. The primary source of the hydrogen ions is believed to be the water ices on the surface of Ganymede. However, the anticipated oxygen ion outflow is not present, which implies that the oxygen is left on the moon's surface. The loss of hydrogen from Ganymede's surface is about 3 × 109 grams/year.
The stability and compatibility of TiHx/KClO4 pyrotechnics

Abstract The stability and compatibility of pyrotechnic compositions are often significantly affected by variables which may not be adequately controlled during
Acheulian settlement along the Lower Vaal river, South Africa

Abstract Artifact occurrences from the alluvial fills of the Lower Vaal Basin, South Africa, are summarized with reference to a revised stratigraphic framework for these deposits. The Older Gravels, Younger Gravels, and the Riverton Formation record the history of Cenozoic denudation in this region and demonstrate repeated climatic fluctuations both moister and drier than the semi-arid present. The settlement geography and geology of eight important Acheulian stone-tool collections from the Younger Gravels and lower Riverton Formation are described. These occurrences, known as Homestead, Larsen, Riverview VI, Newman's Pont, Canteen Koppie, Pniel, Power's Site, and Muirton, indicate Acheulian settlement on low terraces next to the main river, in channelways during low flow periods, and on low, rocky slopes adjacent to the floodplains.
Patterns of Power: Bargaining and Incentives in Two-Person Games

We introduce the concept of a strategic dictator and use it to analyze patterns of power in two-pperson games that arise naturally in bargaining, arbitration, and incentive problems, a strategic dictator is an agent who has the power to ensure that at Nash equilibrium outcome is his or her preferred outcome. but who may have to lie in order to do this. We discuss applications of our analysis to Stackelberg and Cournot Duopolists. to bargaining situations, and to the existence of appropriate incentive systems.
Von recklinghausen's disease associated with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors

The occurrence of both gastrointestinal carcinoid and von Recklinghausen's disease in the same patient is uncommon. There seems to be a predilection for ampullary carcinoids in these patients. This article reports the sixth case, including a review of the literature and a brief discussion of the implications of this finding. A carcinoid tumor should be suspected in any patient with von Recklinghausen's disease presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, abdominal pain, and particularly obstructive jaundice.
The Prospects for Critical Management Studies in the American Academy of Management

Over the past four years a very diverse group of scholars have gathered at the ‘Critical Management Studies Workshops’ at the National Academy of Management meetings. While attending the sessions and participating in doctoral student and junior faculty consortia, we noticed that many people seemed surprised by the mix of delegates attending these events. Participants seemed to wonder just what they had in common with each other. This kind of sentiment lies behind Mayer Zald’s off-handed reference to ‘this thing loosely called Critical Management Studies’ (p.??). The gathering of people across the theoretical and methodological spectrums, as well as across elite and not-so-elite institutions, is both invigorating and a little unnerving. Invigorating and unnerving, the phenomenon is gathering momentum. Indeed, it is poised to be formally welcomed into the Academy of Management this year as an Interest Group. Zald has done us a great service by identifying who defines this group, where it comes from, and how it fits into the wider ‘university of disciplines’. CMS is a home to people from the left who ‘challenge the dominant authorities and the distribution of power, status, and material claims surrounding the field of play’ (p.??) and a home to those who embrace the ‘methodologies derived from hermeneutics and deconstruction (p.??). He points out that this is not your typical homogeneous scholarly community and, so, he alerts us to inevitable growing pains within this group of ‘schizoid mavericks’ (p.??). Grounded in a fine analysis of general change dynamics in academic disciplines and the history of Critical approaches in professional schools, he muses about the future of the CMS enterprise. We would like to add a few words to his vision for the future for CMS, focusing on CMS’s prospects in North America. First, we will comment on the two trajectories that Zald identifies for CMS, more clearly drawing out the implications of his own arguments. Our conclusion is that absent Volume 9(3): 402–410 Copyright © 2002 SAGE (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi)
Review: Strong hydrogen bonding in molecules and enzymatic complexes

The physicochemical properties of low barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHBs) and single well hydrogen bonds (SWHBs) are contrasted with the properties of conventional hydrogen bonds. The LBHBs are much more common than the rare, symmetrical SWHBs. LBHBs are characterized by shortened hydrogen bond lengths and correspondingly lengthened covalent bonding, shortened distances between participating heteroatoms, far downfield proton NMR signals, low deuterium fractionation factors and high values of the enthalpy of activation for exchange of the proton with solvent protons. For many years, it was thought that LBHBs could exist only in aprotic media or crystalline or vapor states. Recently, however, the downfield protons associated with hydrogen maleate, hydrogen cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate and hydrogen 2,2-dimethylmalonate have been observed in 0.32 mol fraction water in acetone-d6 at −50 °C. The activation enthalpy for exchange of the downfield proton in hydrogen maleate with solvent water has been found to be 7.2 kcal mol−1, consistent with strong hydrogen bonding. Two examples of LBHBs in enzymes are the downfield proton bridging His 57 and Asp 102 in transition state analog complexes of chymotrypsin, and the proton bridging Tyr 14 and the equilenin-OH group in its complex with 3-ketosteroid isomerase. These protons display the structural, spectroscopic and chemical properties of LBHBs. Their presence in transition state analogue complexes suggests their importance in the transition states of enzymatic reactions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity augments bone mineral accrual in young children: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Objectives This 3-year follow-up study examined associations between physical activity and bone mineral content (BMC) and whether physical activity augments BMC accrual. Study design Participants were 370 children (mean age baseline 5.3 years, follow-up 8.6 years). Physical activity was measured using 4-day accelerometry. BMC was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results After adjustment for baseline BMC, age, and body size, mean physical activity predicted follow-up BMC at the hip, trochanter, spine, and whole body in boys and at the trochanter and whole body in girls. The variability in BMC explained by physical activity was modest (1% to 2%). However, based on a general linear model with adjustment for baseline BMC and body size, children who maintained high levels of physical activity accrued, on average, 14% more trochanteric BMC and 5% more whole-body BMC relative to peers maintaining low levels of physical activity. Conclusions This study suggests that maintaining high levels of everyday physical activity contributes to increases in BMC in young children, particularly at the trochanter.
Single crystal data of some tetrameric aluminium alkoxides

Abstract Single crystal data of aluminium alkoxides are reported. The alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl. The unit cell of aluminium isopropoxide is consistent with a tetrameric entity, but not with a chain type of polymer.
Identification of fetal nucleated red cells in co-cultures from fetal and adult peripheral blood: differential effects of serum on fetal and adult erythropoiesis.

Seeking to optimize a novel method of isolating rare fetal erythroid cells in cultures from maternal blood, we have explored the effects of serum supplement on fetal and adult erythropoiesis. We used flow cytometry and sorting after labelling with antibodies to fetal haemoglobin (HbF) and adult haemoglobin (HbA). In adult blood-derived cultures, most nucleated red cells accumulated either only adult haemoglobin (F−A+) or a combination of fetal and adult haemoglobin (F+A+). Only a few were F+A−. Serum affected the proportions of adult cells expressing fetal haemoglobin (both F+A− and F+A+), which were minimized, but not eliminated altogether, with the use of charcoal-treated sera at low concentrations. In contrast, the expansion of fetal red cells, which made only fetal haemoglobin (F+A−) during at least one week of culture, was strongly increased with the use of charcoal treated sera, due to the removal of a charcoal-absorbable inhibitor. In co-cultures of fetal and adult erythroid cells, fetal cells could be enriched in the order of 200-fold by flow sorting with the F+A− criterion. However, since adult F+A− cells could not be suppressed completely, the purity of sorted fetal cells still depended on the relative numbers of fetal and maternal erythroid clonogenic cells in the blood sample. Thus, we demonstrate a method by which fetal nucleated red cells potentially present in maternal blood cultures can be identified and isolated from the vast majority of maternal erythroid cells, based on their correlated contents of fetal and adult haemoglobin. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis spore killing by and resistance to an acidic Fe3+–EDTA–iodide–ethanol formulation

Aims: To determine the mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis spore killing by and resistance to an acidic solution containing Fe3+, EDTA, KI and ethanol termed the KMT reagent. Methods and Results: Wild-type B. subtilis spores were not mutagenized by the KMT reagent but the wild-type and recA spores were killed at the same rate. Spores (α−β−) lacking most DNA-protective α/β-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins were less resistant to the KMT reagent than wild-type spores but were also not mutagenized, and α−β− and α−β−recA spores exhibited nearly identical resistance. Spore resistance to the KMT reagent was greatly decreased if spores had defective coats. However, the level of unsaturated fatty acids in the inner membrane did not determine spore sensitivity to the KMT reagent. Survivors in spore populations killed by the KMT reagent were sensitized to killing by wet heat or nitrous acid and to high salt in plating medium. KMT reagent-killed spores had not released their dipicolinic acid (DPA), although these killed spores released their DPA more readily when germinated with dodecylamine than did untreated spores. However, KMT reagent-killed spores did not germinate with nutrients or Ca2+-DPA and were recovered only poorly by lysozyme treatment in a hypertonic medium. Conclusions: The KMT reagent does not kill spores by DNA damage and a major factor in spore resistance to this reagent is the spore coat. KMT reagent treatment damages the spore's ability to germinate, perhaps by damaging the spore's inner membrane. However, this damage is not oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Significance and Impact of the Study: These results provide information on the mechanism of spore resistance to and killing by the KMT reagent developed for killing Bacillus spores.
Helmet mounted display flight symbology research

Screen/head stabilized MIL-STD 1295 helmet mounted display (HMD) flight symbology as integrated on the Apache helicopter was compared to world referenced/stabilized flight symbology. Simulation test results indicate that pilots perform significantly better using world-stabilized conformal attitude symbology. They were accurate to an average of 1/2 degree at estimating terrain relief and aerial target locations. World stabilized conformal symbology was preferred while performing contour flight tasks. They reported that the use of climb-dive-marker during contour flight greatly reduced pilot work load under conditions tested. Cyclic input errors occurred when using both 1295 hover symbology and test symbology indicating that a better approach for depicting hover symbology is warranted. The magnitude of cyclic input and spatial estimation errors increased as the off-axis viewing angle became larger.
Cosmological-constant damping by unstable scalar fields.

The damping of the effective value of the cosmological constant by an unstable scalar field is investigated. It is shown that an instability induced by coupling to spacetime curvature can cause cosmological-constant-damping behavior which reduces the present-day value of the cosmological constant to a value which is consistent with observation. It is also shown that localized distributions of matter such as stars need not be unstable in the presence of such unstable fields.
VGrid: vehicular adhoc networking and computing grid for intelligent traffic control

We propose VGrid: an ad hoc networking and computing grid formed by leveraging inter-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside wireless communications. In addition to exchanging data between vehicles, VGrid actively uses pertinent data to perform computations for solving traffic-related problems. The goal is to evolve intelligent transportation engineering from a centralized to a distributed approach, in which vehicle equipped with wireless networking and computers can cooperate and solve vehicular traffic-flow control problems autonomously. We present an example application: the merging of two lanes into one. We explore various algorithms to compute the optimal schedule for vehicle arrivals at the merge point using velocity/position information exchanged between vehicles. Our simulation results, using realistic vehicle mobility patterns, show that the proposed VGrid framework and algorithms can increase the system throughput and decrease the latency through the merge point.
Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Studies on the Exenterated Orbital Tissues of a Patient with Graves' Disease

Abstract The exenterated orbital contents obtained post mortem from a 47year-old man who had an eight-month history of treated hyperthyroidism and a two-month history of visual complaints were examined histopathologically, immunohistochemically, and by electron microscopy. All of the extraocular muscles were massively enlarged, due to early diffuse endomysial fibrosis, mucopolysaccharide deposition, and a predominantly perivascular lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration. Histochemical stains revealed that the intramuscular mucopolysaccharides were weakly sulfated and polycarboxylated, establishing that they were products of fibroblastic activation rather than derived from mast cells. Subsarcolemmal deposits in the myofibers were shown by electron microscopy to be collections of glycogen rosettes with intermixed lipid deposits. These inclusions were interpreted as secondary phenomena due to abnormal muscle energetics from restrictions in contractility, and not as evidence of a primary degeneration of the extraocular muscle fibers themselves. The sarcomeric organization of the striated muscle cells was undisturbed, and therefore the pathologic changes occurred in the interstitial space of the endomysium. A monoclonal antibody specific for neurofilaments (antibody 4.3 F9) revealed, in comparison with normal controls, a preferential loss of large-type axons of the proximal segment of the orbital portion of the optic nerve as well as in the intracanalicular portion. The axonal loss was associated with a mildly increased number of astrocytes as demonstrated by an antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein. The meninges of the optic nerve, the orbital fat, and the tendons of the extraocular muscles were uninflamed. The foregoing findings are compatible with a compressive optic neuropathy mediated by the massively swollen extraocular muscles impinging upon the optic nerve at the orbital apex.
Using tags to assist near-synchronous communication

In this work, we introduce the use of tags to support the near synchronous use of instant messaging. As a proof-of-concept, we developed a plug-in in Lotus Sametime, an enterprise IM client. Our plug-in supports tasks that do not need immediate attention and tasks that have deadlines. A trial deployment and survey shows that users can see the potential usefulness of such a tagging system in their IM communication. Furthermore, users rated our design intuitive and easy to use. Longer study is needed to explore communication norms that results from its use.
A Microgenetic Approach to Cognitive Inflexibility

Microgenesis was discussed with respect to Werner's theory of percept development. An experiment was designed to test the effects of premature percept development. One group of subjects was trained to use a conceptual-analytic schema in solving a finger-maze problem while another group was trained to use a motor-perceptual set. Results indicate that the conceptual analytic group was significantly slower and less accurate than either a control group negotiating the criterion maze for the first time or the motor-perceptual group. It was concluded that cognitive flexibility is weakened by premature conceptualization.
Implications of magnetic backgrounds for unexploded ordnance detection

Abstract Detection of buried unexploded ordnance (UXO) requires application of geophysical methods that exploit contrasts in magnetic susceptibility and/or electrical conductivity of the UXO relative to surrounding soil and rock (the geologic background). At many sites, the contrasts are very large, and the detection capability is relatively independent of the geologic background. Some sites, however, are predictably problematic, such as volcanic terrains (e.g., Maui and Kaho'olawe, HI, USA). Other sites that would not intuitively be predicted to pose detection problems are found to have localized high susceptibility zones with wavelengths and magnitudes that can significantly complicate UXO detection. Details of a site in Indiana (USA) are presented that illustrate order of magnitude variation of magnetic susceptibility over distances of 2–3 m. Magnetic susceptibility at the site correlates to topography and soil type. Magnetic power spectral density plots from magnetic surveys at selected areas at the Indiana site are compared to each other and to data from Maui, HI, and demonstrate the key issues in UXO detection with magnetometry. Magnetic susceptibility data from Kaho'olawe are used to illustrate the effects on electromagnetic induction surveys for UXO detection and discrimination. The phenomenological observations suggest approaches for magnetic and electromagnetic induction survey data processing to enhance anomaly detectability and model-based inversion.
Phase contrast soft x-ray microscopy using Zernike zone plates.

Soft x-ray Zernike phase contrast microscopy was implemented using a “Zernike zone plate” (ZZP) without the use of a separate phase filter in the back focal plane. The ZZP is a single optic that integrates the appropriate ±π/2 radians phase shift through selective zone placement shifts in a Fresnel zone plate. Imaging using a regular zone plate, positive ZZP, and negative ZZP was performed at a wavelength of λ=2.163 nm. Contrast enhancement with the positive ZZP and contrast reversal with the negative ZZP were observed.
e-/e+ Accelerating structure with cyclic variation of azimuth asymmetry

A classical electron/positron accelerating structure is a disk-loaded cylindrical waveguide. The accelerator structure here has azimuth symmetry. The proposed structure [1] contains a disk-loaded cylindrical waveguide where there is a periodical change of RF-field vs. azimuth. The modulation deforms the rf-field in such a manner that the accelerated particles undergo transverse focusing forces. The new class of accelerator structures covers the initial part of e+/e- linacs where a bunch is not rigid and additional transverse focusing fields are necessary. We discuss a bunch formation with a high transverse aspect ratio in the proposed structure and particularly in the photoinjector part of a linac.
Structure and Conductivity of an Electrocrystallized Ruthenium [1,8]Binaphthyridine Complex

For the first time, the crystal structure of a RuII binaphthyridine complex and that of its corresponding oneelectron reduced product are reported. Reductive electrocrystallization of [Ru-(binap-2)3](PF6)2 (1, where binap-2 = 3,3′-dimethylene -2,2′ - bi [1, 8] naphthyridine) from an acetonitrile solution resulted in the formation of dark blue crystals of the one-electron reduction product, [Ru-(binap-2)3](PF6) (2) having one fewer PF−6 per formula unit. X-ray analysis reveals that the reduced complex retains the three-ligand d6 coordination around the central RuII. Based on electrostatic considerations and the positions of the PF−6 anions in the lattice, the added electron appears to be delocalized over two nearly equivalent binap-2 ligands in 2, in marked contrast to monoreduced and electrocrystallized [Na ⊂ (trisbipyridyl cryptand)]0, in which the electron is localized on only one of the bipyridyl subunits. However, based on the available data, alternative interpretations are possible. The crystal packing diagram of 2 shows several intermolecular π–π interactions, with 12 of these being shorter than 3.5 A. In contrast, there are no intermolecular distances shorter than 3.5 A in the crystals of 1. Two-probe electrical conductivity measurements under anaerobic conditions indicate that the crystals of 2 behave as semiconductors with a band gap of 0.53 eV, while those of the unreduced compound are insulating. This represents the first molecular semiconducting material with the potential for bidimensional behavior of its kind.
Three perspectives on language development of children adopted from China

International adoption is on the rise in the USA, and children adopted from China are currently the largest group of internationally adopted children in this country. Relatively little is known about their subsequent language development after arrival. There are dramatic differences between the Chinese and English languages to which they have been exposed in their birth vs. adoptive countries. In addition to the effects of varying language exposure, the vast majority of internationally adopted children are at some risk of delayed development due to a history of institutional living. Three studies are presented in this series of papers that provide varying perspectives on the language development of children adopted from China, utilizing a range of methodologies. These include prospective longitudinal analysis of newly adopted children, and analyses of language outcomes for preschool-aged children after several years of English language exposure. Across the three studies, it was found that, although in the...
Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Counteracts the Hypoxia-Induced Modulation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM), a fatal malignant brain tumor, contains abundant hypoxic regions that provide a "niche" to promote both the maintenance and enrichment of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) and confer resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Since GSCs, with an ability to resist conventional therapies, may be responsible for tumor recurrence, targeting GSCs located in such a hypoxic environment may be critical to improving the therapeutic outcome for GBM patients. Oncolytic viral therapies have been tested in the clinic as a promising therapeutic approach for GBM. In this study, we analyzed and compared the therapeutic effects of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) type 1 G47Δ (γ34.5(-)ICP6(-)LacZ(+)α47(-)) in patient-derived GSCs under normoxia (21% oxygen) and hypoxia (1% oxygen). GSCs cultured in hypoxia showed an increased ability to form neurospheres and expressed higher levels of the putative stem cell marker CD133 compared with GSCs cultured in normoxia. G47Δ exhibited a comparable ability to infect, replicate, and kill GSCs in normoxia and hypoxia in vitro. Importantly, G47Δ could counteract hypoxia-mediated enhancement of the stem-like properties of GSCs, inhibiting their self-renewal and stem cell marker expression. Using orthotopic human GSC xenografts in mice, we demonstrated that intratumoral injection of G47ΔUs11fluc, a newly developed G47Δ derivative that expresses firefly luciferase driven by a true late viral promoter, led to an equivalent frequency of viral infection and replication in hypoxic and nonhypoxic tumor areas. These findings suggest that oHSV G47Δ represents a promising therapeutic strategy to target and kill GSCs, not only in normoxic areas of GBM but also within the hypoxic niche.
Snow effect on North American ground temperatures, 1950-2002

[1] Changes in snow's influence on surface ground temperature (SGT) could create a bias in the borehole temperature record of climate change. Using a snow-ground thermal model which predicts changes in the mean annual offset between SGT and surface air temperature (SAT), we calculate the response of SGT to changes in seasonal snow cover in North America from 1950 to 2002, the period for which comprehensive snow and air observations exist across the region. Daily snow and SAT observations come from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network, the Canadian Daily Climatic Dataset, and a set of National Weather Service cooperative stations in Alaska. For the period 1961–1990 the mean snow onset date in North America is 15 December, with mean snow cover duration of 81 days. There are no significant trends in either onset or duration from 1950 to 2002. Winter season air temperature, however, has warmed during this period, particularly from 1970 to 2002. The effect of the combination of a relatively stationary snow season with winter season SAT warming has been to diminish the mean annual SGT-SAT offset by −0.05 K/decade over the past 30 years. This effect is most pronounced between 50° and 75°N in west central North America, coincident with the location of greatest winter season warming since 1970. Although comprehensive snow cover data do not exist prior to 1950, this analysis quantifies the changes in snow cover required to account for the difference between borehole temperature and multiproxy climate reconstructions.
Graphene-based fast electronics and optoelectronics

Graphene is a covalent 2D electron system comprised of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. It has a unique electronic structure with linear dispersion, vanishing effective mass, extremely high carrier velocities, strong optical absorption over a wide wavelength range, and excellent thermal and mechanical properties [1]. Because of these characteristics there has been a strong interest in using it in electronics and optoelectronics. Because graphene does not have a bandgap, applications in digital devices are currently not possible. However, the limited gate-field induced tunabilty of the current through it and the excellent transport properties recommend it for fast analog applications. Here we will demonstrate and discuss applications in radio-frequency (RF) transistors and fast photodetectors.
Avunculocal Residence on Losap

T HE purpose of this paper is to report a contemporary instance of avunculocal residence in Micronesia, on the island of Losap, Truk District, and to discuss possible reasons for the presence of this trait on Losap, surrounded as it is by matrilocal societies to the north and south. Losap Atoll is located about fifty miles southeast of Truk Lagoon in the east central Caroline Islands. The nearest land is the single coral island of Nama, about twelve miles to the northeast. Both Losap and Nama lie along a route between Truk and the Mortlock (also known as Ku or Nomoi) Islands, a group of atolls roughly 100 to 150 miles southeast of Truk. Culturally, too, Losap is in many ways intermediate between Truk and the Mortlocks. At the same time, it possesses a number of special cultural characteristics not found in the adjoining islands. The local dialect, for instance, retains an initial k in certain words which has been lost in both Trukese and
Surgical treatment of limbic epilepsy associated with extrahippocampal lesions: the problem of dual pathology

✓ The authors present their review of 178 patients who underwent en bloc temporal lobectomies as surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy. Hippocampal cell density was quantitatively analyzed and the histology of the anterior temporal lobe was reviewed. Fifty-four patients (30.3%) had evidence of extrahippocampal lesions in addition to neuronal cell loss within the hippocampus (the dual pathology group). The pattern of cell loss was analyzed in the remaining 124 cases (69.7%) with no extrahippocampal pathology, and compared with that of the dual pathology group and a control group of four nonepileptic patients. Hippocampal cell loss was found in almost all epileptic patients compared to the control group. Severe cell loss greater than 30% of control values was found in 88.7% of patients without extrahippocampal lesions, but in only 51.8% of patients with dual pathology. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In the dual pathology group, lesions of different p...
Viral rescue of murine Glanzmann thrombasthenia

Comment on Fang et al, page [2671][1] The platelet integrin receptor, αIIbβ3, is central to the platelet's role in hemostasis and its absence results in the human bleeding disorder, Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT). In this issue of Blood , Fang and colleagues describe ex vivo viral transduction of
Using group support systems for program evaluation in a state agency

Many government agencies find themselves under increasing pressure to demonstrate that the services they provide are valued by their citizen clients, and to show that they (the agencies) are continually improving their services and are responsive to client suggestions. These agencies must make their case to increasingly skeptical state legislatures. Client feedback sessions can be one way to meet this challenge, and group support systems (GSS) can be an effective way to manage the feedback sessions. The paper describes the case of the International Marketing Program in the Washington State Department of Agriculture that used a GSS to run a series of client feedback sessions around the state. The session participants and the agency staff evaluated the use of GSS using a questionnaire. The paper describes the case, summarized the questionnaire results, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of GSS use, and presents some lessons learned for future GSS projects.
UK Fiscal Multipliers in the Postwar Era: Do State Dependent Shocks Matter?

Front-loaded fiscal austerity since the 2008 financial crisis has meant that the UK economic experience is being viewed as a kind of test case for the proposition that contractionary fiscal policy can induce an economic expansion. The discussion has often been implicitly framed in terms of the size of the potential multiplier. Contributing to the debate, this article provides empirical estimates on the size of fiscal multipliers in the UK across various macroeconomic states during the last 50 years. The results show that since the 1980s positive government spending shocks have had a positive effect on output, with a short-run multiplier value around unity since early 2000. There is also little evidence of private consumption being crowded out. The results imply that recessions could be further aggravated if the government retrenches spending in the midst of the downturn. (JEL codes: E52, E62, F41)
Fine-Scale Analysis of Parasite Resistance Genes in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Parasite infection impacts population dynamics through effects on fitness and fecundity of the individual host. In addition to the known roles of environmental factors, host susceptibility to parasites has a genetic basis that has not been well characterized. We previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for susceptibility to rat tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) infection in Tribolium castaneum using dominant AFLP markers; however, the resistance genes were not identified. Here, we refined the QTL locations and increased the marker density in the QTL regions using new microsatellite markers, sequence-tagged site markers, and single-strand conformational polymorphism markers. Resistance QTL in three linkage groups (LG3, LG6, and LG8) were each mapped to intervals <1.0 cM between two codominant markers. The effects of 21 genes in the three QTL regions were investigated by using quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and transcription profiles were obtained from the resistant TIW1 and the susceptible cSM strains. Based on transcription data, eight genes were selected for RNA interference analysis to investigate their possible roles in H. diminuta resistance, including cytochrome P450 (LOC657454) and Toll-like receptor 13 (TLR13, LOC662131). The transcription of P450 and TLR13 genes in the resistant TIW1 strains was reduced more than ninefold relative to the control. Moreover, the effects of gene knockdown of P450 and TLR13 caused resistant beetles to become susceptible to tapeworm infection, which strongly suggests an important role for each in T. castaneum resistance to H. diminuta infection.
Increased expression of cdc2 inhibits transport function of RLIP76 and promotes apoptosis

RLIP76 is a stress-responsive glutathione-electrophile-conjugates (GS-E) and drugs transporter which is over-expressed in different types of cancers. Cdc2 is a cell-cycle check point control kinase which has been shown to bind to RLIP76 during mitosis, such that endocytosis is inhibited. In present studies, we have purified cdc2 and examined its effect on the transport activity of RLIP76 reconstituted into artificial liposomes. Both doxorubicin (DOX) and dinitro-phenyl S-glutathione (DNP-SG) transport were inhibited by cdc2 in a concentration dependent manner. Liposomal delivery of cdc2 to H358 cells caused apoptosis, resulted in an increased intracellular doxorubicin-accumulation and decreased rate of efflux from the cells. In the present communication, we propose that the accumulation-deficient drug-resistance mediated by RLIP76 can be modulated by inhibition of RLIP76 transport activity by cdc2.