cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy for bladder cancer.

The primary role of immunotherapy for bladder cancer is to treat superficial transitional cell carcinomas (ie, carcinoma in situ, Ta, and T1). Immunotherapy in the form of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), interferon, bropirimine, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and gene therapy is intended to treat existing or residual tumor, to prevent recurrence of tumor, to prevent progression of disease, and to prolong survival of patients. Presently, BCG is commonly used and is the most effective immunotherapeutic agent against superficial transitional cell carcinoma. Data support that BCG has a positive impact on tumor recurrence, disease progression, and survival. Proper attention to maintenance schedules, route of administration, dosing, strains, and viability is essential to obtain the maximum benefits of BCG immunotherapy. This review highlights and summarizes the recent advances concerning immunotherapy, with special emphasis on BCG therapy for transitional cell carcinoma.
Disease Surveillance Methods Used in the 8-Site MAL-ED Cohort Study

Describing the early life associations between infectious disease episodes and growth, cognitive development, and vaccine response in the first 2 years of life is one of the primary goals of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study. To collect high-resolution data during a critical early period of development, field staff visit each study participant at their house twice weekly from birth to 2 years of age to collect daily reported illness and treatment data from caregivers. Detailed infectious disease histories will not only allow us to relate the overall burden of infectious disease with the primary outcomes of the study, but will also allow us to describe the ages at which infectious diseases have the greatest effect on child health. In addition, twice-weekly visits allow for sample collection when diarrhea episodes are identified. This article describes the methods used to collect illness and treatment history data and discusses the a priori definitions of diarrhea and acute lower respiratory illness episodes.
THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE MODERN CLASSICS

Author's summary.— The reading objectives, old and new. Quality and Quantity. Current confusion in conditions, and in thinking. The new plan is anti-literary for: (1) it reads the classics for content, (2) it mutilates their texts, or (3) it abandons them. Our only defensible “first objective” is the literary one.
Postnatal development of eupneic ventilation and metabolism in rats chronically exposed to moderate hyperoxia

Abstract Newborn rats chronically exposed to moderate hyperoxia (60% O2) exhibit abnormal respiratory control, including decreased eupneic ventilation. To further characterize this plasticity and explore its proximate mechanisms, rats were exposed to either 21% O2 (Control) or 60% O2 (Hyperoxia) from birth until studied at 3–14 days of age (P3–P14). Normoxic ventilation was reduced in Hyperoxia rats when studied at P3, P4, and P6–7 and this was reflected in diminished arterial O2 saturations; eupneic ventilation spontaneously recovered by P13–14 despite continuous hyperoxia, or within 24 h when Hyperoxia rats were returned to room air. Normoxic metabolism was also reduced in Hyperoxia rats but could be increased by raising inspired O2 levels (to 60% O2) or by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondrion (2,4-dinitrophenol). In contrast, moderate increases in inspired O2 had no effect on sustained ventilation which indicates that hypoventilation can be dissociated from hypometabolism. The ventilatory response to abrupt O2 inhalation was diminished in Hyperoxia rats at P4 and P6–7, consistent with smaller contributions of peripheral chemoreceptors to eupneic ventilation at these ages. Finally, the spontaneous respiratory rhythm generated in isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations was significantly slower and more variable in P3–4 Hyperoxia rats than in age-matched Controls. We conclude that developmental hyperoxia impairs both peripheral and central components of eupneic ventilatory drive. Although developmental hyperoxia diminishes metabolism as well, this appears to be a regulated hypometabolism and contributes little to the observed changes in ventilation.
Replication, Research Transparency, and Journal Publications: Individualism, Community Models, and the Future of Replication Studies

Recently, the importance of research transparency via replication studies has been greatly discussed in most of the social sciences, political science included. Indeed, as Gherghina and Katsanidou (2013) and Freese (2007) note, to some extent, the discussion has been prompted by the tremendous changes in publishing in the past decade or so. With the enormous expansion in data availability and instant publication made possible by the Internet, there now are many opportunities to verify the findings presented in the discipline's major journals. “Replication, replication” has not only become the mantra for political science, but for economics, psychology, and quantitative sociology as well. These developments opened a debate on how to best “guard the high standards or research practice and allow for the maximum use of current knowledge for the further development of science” (Gherghina and Katsanidou 2013, 1; for similar sentiments see King 1995).
On the quasi-affine scheme of a differential ring

One of the central concepts in algebraic geometry is that of the affine scheme of a commutative ring, which in turn is based upon the notion of a prime ideal in a commutative ring. In a differential ring, the notion which corresponds to that of a prime ideal is that of a quasi-prime ideal [7,8]. Using this as our basic notion, we construct the quasi-affine scheme of a differential ring. The quasi-affine scheme represents one of a pair of adjoint functors which corresponds to the basic pair of adjoint functors in algebraic geometry involving the affme scheme of a ring and the ring of global sections of a local ringed space. As a result, there are many interesting applications of this concept, one of which we consider briefly in the final section to give an indication of the usefulness of the notions we develop. Throughout the paper, A will denote an ordinary differential ring. For any subset X of A, t(X) will denote the radical of X, i.e., the intersection of all prime ideals in A containing X, and X# will denote the differential of X, i.e.,
The implicit price of sulphur in bituminous coal

The 1970 Clean Air Act instituted regualtions for coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions of sulphur dioxide. Using the hedonic pricing method, it iss found that there is an implicit market for the sulphur content of bituminous coal used in electricity production. While location of power plant is also an important determinant of coal price, statistical results yield mixed evidence on whether the coal supply region systematically influences delived pirce. Implicit sulphur prices for various coal destinations can be constructed. These results provide a lower-bound prediction of the market price of the sulphur dioxide emissions permits created by the implementation of the 1990 Amendment to the Clean Air Act. These prices can be used by power plant managers to estimate price of the newly established tradable sulphur dioxide permits created by the 1990 Amendment to the Clean Air Act.
Far-Infrared Observations of Main Sequence Stars Surrounded by Dust Shells

We present 50 and 100 μm photometry and size information for several main sequence stars surrounded by dust shells. The observations from NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory include the “Vega-like” stars, Beta Pic, Fomalhaut, as well as four stars suggested by Walker and Wolstencroft to belong possibly to the same class. The results of our observations are best interpreted as upper limits to the far-infrared sizes of the dust clouds around all of the stars except Fomalhaut and Beta Pic. We have also fit simple, optically thin models to the Beta Pic data to explore the range of shell parameters consistent with our limits and with previous observations.
Demographic Cycles, Cohort Size, and Earnings

This article examines whether position in the demographic cycle is an important factor in determining earnings and earnings growth. Earnings equations for white males are estimated by using March Current Population Survey data. Position in the demographic cycle is captured by including both measures of own cohort size and the size of surrounding cohorts in the estimated earnings equations. Position in the demographic cycle matters. Increases in own cohort size lead to flatter earnings profiles, whereas increases in the size of surrounding cohorts are associated with steeper earnings profiles. The net effect is that those who enter the labor market before or after the peak of the demographic cycle start out with lower earnings but experience faster earnings growth. This pattern is uniform across all schooling groups: high school dropouts, high school graduates, those with some college, and college graduates.
Approximate Solutions for Galvanostatic Discharge of Spherical Particles I. Constant Diffusion Coefficient

Approximate models are developed, based on second, fourth, and sixth order polynomials, that describe the concentration profile of an electrochemically active species in a spherical electrode particle. Analytical expressions are obtained that describe the way the concentration profiles, surface concentrations, and electrode utilization change during the galvanostatic discharge of an electrode particle. Based on a comparison with an exact analytical model over a wide range of dimensionless current densities, all three approximate models performed extremely well in predicting these quantities. Quantitative criterion for the validity of these models is also developed and shows that the sixth order, four parameter approximate model is the best. These approximate models, or similarly developed models, should find extensive use in simplifying the modeling of complex electrochemical systems without sacrificing much accuracy as shown in Part II of this series for the concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient case. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
First integrals for equations with non-linearities of the Emden-Fowler type

Abstract An ad hoc procedure is given for obtaining first integrals of second order differential equations in which the non-linear term is a power of the dependent variable, as in the Emden-Fowler equation. The main theorem is a considerable extension of previous results along these lines. A corollary implies several known examples.
Platinum(IV)-κ3-terpyridine complexes: synthesis with spectroscopic and structural characterization

Herein we report the first structural characterization of a Pt(IV)-κ3-terpyridine species, [Pt(tBu3tpy)Cl3][AuCl2], which can be prepared by oxidation with [AuCl4]−. The syntheses and characterization of [Pt(tBu3tpy)Cl3]Cl (tBu3tpy is 4,4′,4″-tri-tert-butyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine), as well as the platinum(II) complexes [Pt(tBu3tpy)Cl]Cl and [Pt(tBu3tpy)Cl][AuCl2] are reported.
Microbial degradation of synthetic recalcitrant compounds

Synthetic compounds, particularly highly chlorinated aromatics, comprise the bulk of the environmental pollutants that somehow must be removed from the environment. Microbial degradation of such compounds is usually very slow, making them highly persistent in nature. Some synthetic compounds, with a lower degree of chlorination are, however, biodegradable; biochemical, genetic, and molecular studies demonstrate the evolution of new plasmid-encoded enzymatic activities specifically designed for the chlorinated substrates. Nucleotide sequences of many of the genes encoding such enzymatic activities demonstrate considerable homology either near the active sites or throughout the molecules with the chromosomal genes encoding enzymes catalyzing analogous reactions. In some cases, unique repeated sequences, reminiscent of prokaryotic insertion sequence elements, are present at or near the newly evolved genes. This suggests gene duplication and divergence as well as recombinational events mediated by transposable type elements as key ingredients in the evolution of new degradative functions. An understanding of such evolutionary processes is an essential feature for the development of genetically-improved bacteria capable of utilizing and thereby removing highly chlorinated environmental pollutants from our environment.
Some effects of prenatal zinc deficiency on behavior of the adult rat.

Extract: The effect of zinc deficiency during the latter third of gestation on avoidance conditioning of young adult male rats was compared with the effect of intrauterine starvation and normal pregnancy. Animals which had experienced zinc deficiency avoided shock less well than the offspring of pair-fed control dams. The offspring of pair-fed dams avoided shock less well than animals which were the product of normal pregnancy. Response latencies were inferior in the zinc-deficient group, whereas intertrial responses were less on both the previous zinc-deficient and intrauterine starved animals.
Lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Lung cancer appears to be more common among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The exact prevalence is unclear but is likely to be in the range 5–17 %. Risk factors for lung cancer in IPF include age, greater smoking history, and male gender. Squamous cell lung cancer may be more common in IPF than in the general population. The lung cancers are more often at the periphery and bases, although these findings are not universal. The pathogenesis behind this increased association is unknown but may be because of increased cell turnover and DNA damage. The development of lung cancer often is a late complication and the effect of this diagnosis on an individual’s outcome is unknown. However, IPF affects patients’ therapeutic options, both their ability to tolerate intervention and because of a significant risk of acute exacerbation after the intervention.
Carcinoid tumor of the kidney with morphologic and immunohistochemical profile of a hindgut endocrine tumor: report of a case.

A 54-year-old man underwent a radical nephrectomy for a presumed renal cell carcinoma. The tumor was large, showed areas of cystic degeneration and calcification, and had completely obliterated the normal renal parenchyma. The light microscopic appearance was atypical for renal cell carcinoma, and when electron microscopy revealed innumerable neurosecretory granules a diagnosis of carcinoid tumor was made. The tumor cells were argentaffin- and argyrophil-negative but were chromogranin-, neuron-specific enolase-, and leu-7-positive. When tested with a battery of antibodies against specific polypeptide hormones, the tumor exhibited diffuse pancreatic polypeptide and focal somatostatin immunoreactivity.Our case represents only the 16th case of carcinoid tumor of the kidney to be reported and the first with demonstrated pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity. The predominantly trabecular histology, nonreactivity with silver stains, and immunohistochemical profile of this case are common characteristics of hi...
Convergent synthesis and structural confirmation of phellodonin and sarcodonin ε.

The first synthesis of members of the sarcodonin family, phellodonin and sarcodonin e, is reported herein. This verifies that the unprecedented and seemingly unstable N,N-dioxide-containing benzodioxazine framework can be constructed in the laboratory and lends further support to the proposed structures. The key step in the synthesis involves a biomimetic hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between a pyrazine N-oxide and an ortho-quinone.
Flourishing of the self while caregiving for a person with Dementia: A case study of education, counseling, and psychosocial support via email

In this qualitative, longitudinal case study, spanning close to three years, the dynamic experience of a spousal caregiver of a man diagnosed with dementia is examined. Frequent email communication...
The outer membrane cytochromes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 are lipoproteins

Aim: To determine if the outer membrane (OM) cytochromes OmcA and OmcB of the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 are lipoproteins, and to assess cell surface exposure of the cytochromes by radioiodination. Methods and Results: In anaerobic MR-1 cells grown with 3H-palmitoleic acid, both OmcA and OmcB were radiolabelled. The identities of these bands were confirmed by the absence of each radiolabelled band in the respective mutants lacking individual OM cytochromes. Radioiodination of cell surface proteins in anaerobic cells resulted in 125I-labelled OmcA. The identity of this band was confirmed by its absence in an OmcA-minus mutant. A ubiquitous radioiodinated band that migrates similarly to OmcB precluded the ability to determine the potential cell surface exposure of OmcB by this method. Conclusions: Both OmcA and OmcB are lipoproteins, and OmcA is cell surface exposed. Significance: The lipoprotein modification of these OM cytochromes could be important for their localization or incorporation into the OM. The cell surface exposure of OmcA could allow it to directly transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors (e.g. manganese oxides) and is consistent with its in vivo role.
Dying at home: Emergency medications for terminal symptoms:

This article discusses the use of a medication kit at home for terminal symptoms. This innovation has been in place for more than two years at the Hospice of the Cleveland Clinic. There is no previously published information on this innovation in the literature.
Altered neurotransmission in the lateral amygdala in aged human apoE4 targeted replacement mice.

Abstract The human APOE4 allele is associated with an early age of onset and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E is secreted as part of a high-density lipoprotein-like particle by glial cells in the brain for the primary purpose of transport of lipophilic compounds involved in the maintenance of synapses. Previous studies examining synaptic integrity in the amygdala of human apoE targeted replacement (TR) mice showed a decrease in spontaneous excitatory synaptic activity, dendritic arbor, and spine density associated with apoE4 compared with apoE3 and apoE2 in adult male mice. In the present study, we assessed how APOE genotype affects synaptic integrity of amygdala neurons by comparing electrophysiological and morphometric properties in human apoE3, E4, and E2/4 TR mice at the age of 18–20 months. In contrast to adult mice, we found that aged apoE4 TR mice exhibited the highest level of excitatory synaptic activity compared with other cohorts. Additionally, apoE4 mice had significantly greater spontaneous inhibitory activity than all other cohorts. Taken together, there was a significant interaction between genotypes when comparing inhibition relative to excitation; there was a simple main effect of frequency type with an imbalance toward inhibition in apoE4 mice but not in apoE3 or apoE2/4 mice. These results suggest that apoE isoforms differentially influence synaptic transmission throughout the life span, where aging coupled with apoE4 expression, results in an imbalance in maintaining integrity of synaptic transmission.
Nine Years after Implementing the Unthinkable: The Cessation of Periodical Check-in at the University of Nevada, Reno

In 2001, librarians at the University of Nevada, Reno, carried out what some considered a radical experiment in the library world: an end to the check-in of print periodicals in exchange for allocating staff resources to support electronic resources. Nine years later, the authors assessed current print serials management practices in a new and changed environment through a survey and interviews. This article presents the assessment results, discusses the directions taken over the years, the benefits and challenges, and offers suggestions for other libraries interested in exploring such a project.
INTERNAL SAMPLE INTRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR A FLOW GAS PROPORTIONAL COUNTER.

Abstract A device for introducing samples into the interior of a flow-gas proportional counter for soft X-ray spectrometry is described. It function as a gate operated air lock, minimizing contamination of the P-10 gas. The absence of an entrance window and the exterior air path reduces low energy photon attenuation associated with these barriers. A plane sample geometry held tangential to the inner cathode surface minimizes field distortion. The use of low Z materials throughout reduces fluorescence effects. Several spectra are included to demonstrate the increased efficiency of detection obtained in the internal mode (greater than 100 times as efficient as the external mode).
Discovery of substituted 3-(phenylamino)benzoic acids as potent and selective inhibitors of type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C3).

Abstract Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) also known as type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been implicated as one of the key enzymes driving the elevated intratumoral androgen levels observed in castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). AKR1C3 inhibition therefore presents a rational approach to managing CRPC. Inhibitors should be selective for AKR1C3 over other AKR1C enzymes involved in androgen metabolism. We have synthesized 2-, 3-, and 4-(phenylamino)benzoic acids and identified 3-(phenylamino)benzoic acids that have nanomolar affinity and exhibit over 200-fold selectivity for AKR1C3 versus other AKR1C isoforms. The AKR1C3 inhibitory potency of the 4′-substituted 3-(phenylamino)benzoic acids shows a linear correlation with both electronic effects of substituents and the pKa of the carboxylic acid and secondary amine groups, which are interdependent. These compounds may be useful in treatment and/or prevention of CRPC as well as understanding the role of AKR1C3 in endocrinology.
Adrenergic, purinergic, and endothelial mediators and modulators of norepinephrine-induced mesenteric autoregulatory escape.

We evaluated the effects of potential factors in autoregulatory escape from norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in rat anterior mesenteric artery. We determined mesenteric artery blood flow velocity with a pulsed Doppler, sonic flowmeter, and systemic arterial blood pressure with a transducer. A 4-min norepinephrine infusion (0.125−1.0 × 10−8 M/min) intravenously evoked a dose-dependent, initial vasoconstriction that was followed by rapid escape of blood flow toward or above the control value during sustained norepinephrine administration. Neonatal capsaicin treatment enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine but failed to affect escape parameters. Propranolol decreased norepinephrine-induced escape dose dependently. Adenosine deaminase attenuated escape, and the combination of this enzyme plus propranolol nearly abolished escape from norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. Methylene blue also diminished autoregulatory escape. These findings suggest that norepinephrine-induced autoregulatory escape involves simultaneous β-adrenoceptor, purinergic, and endothelial mediation. Norepinephrine-evoked mesenteric vasoconstriction appears to involve predominantly α2-adrenoceptors and is modulated by peptidergic sensory nerves and adenosine.
On the access fairness of the DQDB MAN protocol

To study the access fairness in the DQDB (distributed queue dual bus) protocol of the IEEE 802.6 MAN (metropolitan area network), a generalized version of the protocol is considered. In the generalized version, the access control field of a slot contains multiple request bis (REQs), and each station uses multiple countdown counters up to a maximum number called the threshold. Simulation results show that with just one additional REQ over the original protocol, the channel capacity is allocated almost evenly among the stations. If the cumulative input rate does not exceed the channel capacity, the original protocol induces acceptably fair mean-waiting-time performance for both symmetric and asymmetric loads, and for long propagation delays. If the channel capacity is exceeded, the use of additional REQs and countdown counters can improve performance fairness. >
The polymerization of dicyclopentadiene: an investigation of mechanism

Abstract This contribution presents further information about the mechanism of the cross-linking reaction which occurs during the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene with the classical catalyst, WCl6/Et2AlCl (1), and the well-defined preformed alkylidene, Mo(N-2,6-C6H3-i-Pr)(CHC(CH3)2Ph)(OCCH3(CF3)2)2 (2). When the classical system 1 was used as a catalyst, insoluble polymer was formed in all cases. However, when molybdenum catalyst 2 is employed, solution concentration determines whether soluble or insoluble polymer will form. The formation of insoluble material is attributed to an olefin addition process catalyzed by the heat released upon ring-opening metathesis polymerization of the norbornene subunit of the monomer. If the heat is removed from the polymerization system through dilution or by cooling the solution, soluble linear polymer is formed. These results suggest that an olefin addition process is at least partly responsible for the cross-linking reaction that occurs during the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene. All attempts to cross-link oligomers of linear polydicyclopentadiene with the well-defined molybdenum alkylidene 2 resulted in only the recovery of soluble polymer. With the classical catalyst system 1, insoluble material was obtained, which was assumed to be cross-linked through olefin addition. These results disprove the idea that metathesis cross-linking can be induced by a critical chain length or concentration of polydicyclopentadiene. On the contrary, no indication of metathesis cross-linking was observed whatsoever for these polymerization systems.
Active Sparse-Aperture Millimeter-Wave Imaging Using Digital Correlators

Millimeter-wave imaging systems have desirable characteristics, particularly in their ability to form images of objects obscured by various barrier materials. However, the relatively long wavelength of the millimeter-band implies a penalty in angular resolution, usually compensated using large-aperture systems. Synthesized apertures provide the desired collecting area with a reduced number of discrete detectors. In this research we designed, built, and characterized the performance of a prototype sparse-aperture imaging system, utilizing an active 94 GHz source. Discrete sensors were used to sample the radiation field backscattered from the object. The signals were down-converted using heterodyne receivers with digital in-phase and quadrature detection. Signal correlations were performed using the digitized data sets to reconstruct millimeter-wave images. Image-quality performance was experimentally evaluated using four different non-redundant aperture configurations, with good agreement to the theoretical expressions. The feasibility of digital electronic-focusing correction was also demonstrated over an object range from 400 to 700 mm.
Estimates of HVAC filtration efficiency for fine and ultrafine particles of outdoor origin

Abstract This work uses 194 outdoor particle size distributions (PSDs) from the literature to estimate single-pass heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) filter removal efficiencies for PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs:
OCT for industrial applications

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as an interferometric method, has been studied as a distance ranger. As a technology capable of producing high-resolution, depth-resolved images of biological tissue, OCT had been widely used for the application of ophthalmology and has been commercialized in the market today. Enlightened by the emerging research interest in biomedical domain, the applications of OCT in industrial inspection were rejuvenated by a few groups to explore its potential for characterizing new materials, imaging or inspecting industrial parts as a service solution[3]. Benefiting from novel photonics components and devices, the industrial application of the older concepts in OCT can be re-visited with respect to the unique performance and availability. Commercial OCT developers such as Michelson Diagnostics (MDL; Orpington, U.K.) and Thorlabs (Newton, NJ) are actively exploring the application of OCT to industrial applications and they have outlined meaningful path toward the metrology application in emerging industry[3]. In this chapter, we will introduce the fundamental concepts of OCT and discuss its current and potential industrial applications.
Effect of acute salt ingestion upon core temperature in healthy men.

Salt intake may cause conflict for the cardiovascular system as it attempts to simultaneously maintain blood pressure (BP) and temperature homeostasis. Our objective was to determine the effect of a salt and water load vs. a water load upon rectal temperature (Tre) in healthy volunteers. Twenty-two healthy, non-hypertensive Caucasian men enrolled in two trials in which they ingested either salt and body temperature water (SALT), or body temperature water (WATER). BP, Tre, cardiac index, peripheral resistance and urine output were monitored one, 2 and 3 h post-baseline. Changes in the dependent variables were compared between those subjects who were salt sensitive (SS) and those who were salt resistant (SR) at the same time intervals. The percentage change reduction in Tre was greater following SALT compared with WATER at +120 min (−1.1±0.7 vs. −0.6±0.5%, P=0.009) and at +180 min (−1.3±0.8 vs. −0.7±0.6%, P=0.003). The percentage change reduction in Tre was greater in the SR group compared with the SS group at +180 min (−1.6±0.9 vs. −0.9±0.5%, P=0.043). SALT decreased Tre more than WATER. SS individuals maintained temperature homeostasis more effectively than SR individuals following SALT. These results may explain why some individuals are SS while others are SR. If these results are generalizable, it would be possible to account for the role of sodium chloride in the development of SS hypertension.
Toward controlling perturbations in robotic sensor networks

Robotic sensor networks (RSNs), which consist of networks of sensors placed on mobile robots, are being increasingly used for environment monitoring applications. In particular, a lot of work has been done on simultaneous localization and mapping of the robots, and optimal sensor placement for environment state estimation 1 . The deployment of RSNs, however, remains challenging in harsh environments where the RSNs have to deal with significant perturbations in the forms of wind gusts, turbulent water flows, sand storms, or blizzards that disrupt inter-robot communication and individual robot stability. Hence, there is a need to be able to control such perturbations and bring the networks to desirable states with stable nodes (robots) and minimal operational performance (environment sensing). Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of controlling the non-linear dynamics in other communication networks like emergency management systems and power grids by introducing compensatory perturbations to restore network stability and operation 2 . In this paper, we develop a computational framework to investigate the usefulness of this approach for RSNs in marine environments. Preliminary analysis shows promising performance and identifies bounds on the original perturbations within which it is possible to control the networks.
X-ray detectors and spectrometers

Abstract X-ray emission spectroscopy using focused electron beams to excite thin specimens provides elemental analysis with very high spatial resolution. The lithium-drifted silicon energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) is the only X-ray detector widely used in the analytical electron microscope (AEM). Future AEMs may employ an intrinsic germanium EDS detector to detect heavy-element K lines in addition to a Si(Li) detector optimized to detect the light elements such as O, N, C, B and possibly Be. The advantages of the wavelength-dispersive crystal spectrometer (WDS) complement those of EDS detectors and may be useful in an AEM optimized for high-spatial-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy.
Individuals with diminished hip abductor muscle strength exhibit altered ankle biomechanics and neuromuscular activation during unipedal balance tasks

Coordinated control of the hip and ankle is important for maintaining postural stability. The purpose of the study was to compare postural stability between individuals with contrasting hip abductor strength during unipedal balance tasks and to determine whether diminished hip abductor strength results in greater utilization of the ankle strategy to maintain balance. Forty-five females (276±35 years) participated in the study. Participants were ranked based on their isometric hip abductor muscle strength. The top 33% of the participants were categorized as the strong group (n=15) and the lower 33% as the weak group (n=15). Each subject performed a static and a dynamic unipedal balance task, during which mean COP displacement, peak ankle invertor and evertor moments, and neuromuscular activation of the lower leg muscles were assessed. Two-way mixed analyses of variance tests with task as a repeated factor were performed to detect the effects of task and group on the variables of interest. When averaged across tasks, mean medial-lateral COP displacement was significantly greater in the weak group (136±117 vs. 98±60 mm, p=0.05). The weak group also exhibited greater peak ankle invertor and evertor moments (0.31±0.10 vs. 0.25±0.11 Nm/kg, p=0.03; 0.04±0.06 vs. -0.02±0.07 Nm/kg, p=0.01), and increased peroneus longus activation (46±12 vs. 36±15%, p<0.01). Our results demonstrate that individuals with diminished hip abductor muscle strength demonstrated decreased medial-lateral postural stability, and exhibited a shift toward utilizing an ankle strategy to maintain balance during unipedal tasks.
Further studies on the androgenic, anti-androgenic, and synandrogenic actions of progestins.

Testosterone increases the activity of specific proteins up to 50-fold in the renal proximal convoluted tubule of the mouse. Several progestins are known to modify these effects by mimicking, inhibiting, or potentiating androgen action. In the present study, a series of C-21 and C-18 progestins were examined for their androgenic actions relative to testosterone by using renal β-glucuronidase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities as end points. These steroids were then examined for anti-androgenic and synandrogenic activities by using a fixed dose of testosterone (0.1 mg/day) and varying amounts of progestins (0.05–1.0-mg/day). The androgenic activity of the progesterone derivatives correlated with 6α-methyl substitution. However, a 17α-hydroxyl group inhibited while a 17α-acetoxy group enhanced the androgenic activity of the Go-substituted steroids. All of the C-18 progestins (norethynodrel, d-norgestrel, and lynestrenol) were mildly androgenic on mouse kidney. Because few steroids were anti-androgenic, no...
Flexibly combined optical microangiography and dual-wavelength laser speckle system for comprehensive imaging of hemodynamic and metabolic responses

We have proposed and developed a multi-modal non-invasive biomedical optical imager. It was combined from the subsystems of optical microangiography and dual-wavelength laser speckle contrast imaging. The system was designed to maintain the performances of both subsystems. It was capable of simultaneously imaging the hemodynamic and metabolic responses in tissue environment in vivo. To achieve such requirements, we utilized unique optical setup, such as paired dichroic mirrors to compensate dispersion, additional relay lens to increase working distance and translational sample probe to freely select imaging area and focal plane. The multi-functionality of the system was demonstrated in an investigation of hemodynamic and metabolic responses on an acute wound healing model in mouse pinna in vivo. The microvasculature, blood flow and hemoglobin concentration from millimeter down to capillary level were comprehensively visualized. The captured instantaneous responses to wound onset differed greatly between localized areas; after that blood flow had a rebalance tendency, and hemoglobin concentration dynamically recovered to baseline situation.
2014 Name of the Year Award

The tenth annual Name of the Year vote was held at the American Name Society meeting in Portland, Oregon on January 9 2015.For 2014 we had twenty-six total nominees, four more than for 2013, but fo...
Electric-dipole matrix-element formulas in hyperspherical coordinates with applications to H − and He

Theoretical formulas for the length, velocity, and acceleration forms of the electric-dipole matrix element within the adiabatic hyperspherical coordinate representation are presented. The length and acceleration formulas are used to calculate the photoionization cross section for He up to 1.0 a.u. above threshold and the photodetachment cross section for H up to 0.35 a.u. above threshold. Length- and acceleration-form results for the dipole oscillator strengths for the discrete He transitions, 1sns( S/sup e/) 1smp( P/sup o/), where n = 1, 2, and 3 and m = 2, 3, and 4, are also presented. The accuracy of the length- and acceleration-form adiabatic hyperspherical coordinate approximation results is discussed.
Service Provision through Public-Private Partnerships An Ethnography Ofservice Delivery to Homeless Teenagers

This research examines a service delivery system for homeless youths that was created by a public-private partnership between the business community, nonprofit service providers, and governmental entities. The article opens with a brief introduction to homelessness, a review of the literature on the material lives of the poor, and a discussion of public-private alliances. A description of the ethnographic method employed in this study follows, with a concentration on the locally appropriate roles assumed by the researcher. The results examine the genesis of this public-private initiative and the development of the service delivery model, its implementation, and its first systemwide review. The final section closes with lessons learned from this particular alliance that may have implications for the development of other public-private partnerships.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Cellobiose Operon of Streptococcus mutans

The ability of Streptococcus mutans to catabolize cellobiose, a β-linked glucoside generated during the hydrolysis of cellulose, is shown to be regulated by a transcriptional regulator, CelR, which is encoded by an operon with a phospho-β-glucosidase (CelA) and a cellobiose-specific sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) permease (EIICel). The roles of CelR, EIICel components, and certain fructose/mannose-PTS permeases in the transcriptional regulation of the cel locus were analyzed. The results revealed that (i) the celA and celB (EIIBCel) gene promoters require CelR for transcriptional activation in response to cellobiose, but read-through from the celA promoter contributes to expression of the EIICel genes; (ii) the EIICel subunits were required for growth on cellobiose and for transcriptional activation of the cel genes; (iii) CcpA plays little direct role in catabolite repression of the cel regulon, but loss of specific PTS permeases alleviated repression of cel genes in the presence of preferred carbohydrates; and (iv) glucose could induce transcription of the cel regulon when transported by EIICel. CelR derivatives containing amino acid substitutions for five conserved histidine residues in two PTS regulatory domains and an EIIA-like domain also provided important insights regarding the function of this regulator. Based on these data, a model for the involvement of PTS permeases and the general PTS proteins enzyme I and HPr was developed that reveals a critical role for the PTS in CcpA-independent catabolite repression and induction of cel gene expression in S. mutans.
Personality inventories and cognitive frames: understanding the balance in managing and leading IT organizations

With the complex dynamics of higher education and the ever-changing nature of information technology, leaders/managers find it difficult to effectively lead the effort to integrate technology into the academic and administrative culture of higher education institutions. Leadership and organizational literature is rich with ideas, theories, and models about viewing organizations. Because we work in complex organizations, these models provide tools that enable a leader/manager to understand environments and people. This presentation will combine the personality inventories of DiSC with the cognitive frames discussed by Bolman and Deal [10] and Birnbaum [7]. This will create a platform for conversation for both current CIOs and staff aspiring to leadership positions.
A computational approach to predicting cell growth on polymeric biomaterials

A predictive model that can correlate the chemical composition of a biomaterial with the biological response of cells that are in contact with that biomaterial would represent a major advance and would facilitate the rational design of new biomaterials. As a first step toward this goal, we report here on the use of Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) to model the effect of selected polymer properties on the growth of two different cell types, rat lung fibroblasts (RLF, a transformed cell line), and normal foreskin fibroblasts (NFF, nontransformed human cells), on 112 surfaces obtained from a combinatorially designed library of polymers. LAD is a knowledge extraction methodology, based on using combinatorics, optimization, and Boolean logic. LAD was trained on a subset of 62 polymers and was then used to predict cell growth on 50 previously untested polymers. Experimental validation indicated that LAD correctly predicted the high and low cell growth polymers and found optimal ranges for polymer chemical composition, surface chemistry, and bulk properties. Particularly noteworthy is that LAD correctly identified high-performing polymer surfaces, which surpassed commercial tissue culture polystyrene as growth substratum for normal foreskin fibroblasts. Our results establish the feasibility of using computational modeling of cell growth on flat polymeric surfaces to identify promising "lead" polymers for applications that require either high or low cell growth.
Spectral theory of copositive matrices

Abstract Let A ∈ R n × n . We provide a block characterization of copositive matrices, with the assumption that one of the principal blocks is positive definite. Haynsworth and Hoffman showed that if r is the largest eigenvalue of a copositive matrix then r ⩾ ∣ λ ∣, for all other eigenvalues λ of A . We continue their study of the spectral theory of copositive matrices and show that a copositive matrix must have a positive vector in the subspace spanned by the eigenvectors corresponding to the nonnegative eigenvalues. Moreover, if a symmetric matrix has a positive vector in the subspace spanned by the eigenvectors corresponding to its nonnegative eigenvalues, then it is possible to increase the nonnegative eigenvalues to form a copositive matrix A ′, without changing the eigenvectors. We also show that if a copositive matrix has just one positive eigenvalue, and n − 1 nonpositive eigenvalues then A has a nonnegative eigenvector corresponding to a nonnegative eigenvalue.
Lower extremity arterial thrombolysis.

Lower extremity arterial thrombolysis has proven to be a safe and effective means of treating acute limb ischemia due to in situ thrombosis or embolic occlusion. It is best utilized in patients with acute occlusions of less than 7 days duration and offers survival benefits compared with surgery primarily due to the lower risk of cardiopulmonary complications. Limb salvage rates are equivalent between thrombolysis and surgical thrombectomy but bleeding complications are more common with thrombolysis.
On the adaptive partition approach to the detection of multiple change-points.

With an adaptive partition procedure, we can partition a “time course” into consecutive non-overlapped intervals such that the population means/proportions of the observations in two adjacent intervals are significantly different at a given level . However, the widely used recursive combination or partition procedures do not guarantee a global optimization. We propose a modified dynamic programming algorithm to achieve a global optimization. Our method can provide consistent estimation results. In a comprehensive simulation study, our method shows an improved performance when it is compared to the recursive combination/partition procedures. In practice, can be determined based on a cross-validation procedure. As an application, we consider the well-known Pima Indian Diabetes data. We explore the relationship among the diabetes risk and several important variables including the plasma glucose concentration, body mass index and age.
The effects of efferent activation on the acoustically and electrically evoked otoacoustic emission.

Abstract The effects of efferent activation on the otoacoustic emission were measured in anesthetized guinea pigs. The otoacoustic emission (2 F 1 − F 2 ) was evoked by the conventional method of presenting either two continuous tones or a sinusoidal current to the round window (RW) of the cochlea. The efferent effects on the acoustically evoked emission are greatest at low stimulus levels and least for high levels. The efferent effects on the electrically evoked emission (EEOAE) are relatively constant across current levels. In each case, efferent activation resulted in an initial large reduction in the emission amplitude followed by a smaller and more constant reduction. Strychnine eliminated the efferent effects independent of the method of emission activation. Strychnine had no effect on the EEOAE, suggesting that the RW current did not evoke a local efferent effect. Slow versus fast efferent effects were observed in the recovery of the emission amplitude at the termination of efferent activation. Only a fast recovery in the emission amplitude was observed for stimuli below 10 kHz while the amplitude recovery had fast and slow components for stimuli presented above 10 kHz.