cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A STELLA Model to Estimate Soil CO 2 Emissions from a Short-Rotation Woody Crop

The potential for climatic factors as well as soil–plant–climate interactions to change as a result of rising levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration is an issue of increasing international environmental concern. Agricultural and forest practices and managements may be important contributors to mitigating elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A computer model was developed using the Structural Thinking and Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation (STELLA) software for soil CO2 emissions from a short-rotation woody crop as affected by soil water and temperature regimes, root and microbial respiration, and surficial processes such as rainfall, irrigation, and evapotranspiration. The resulting model was validated with good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental measurements prior to its applications. Two scenarios were then chosen to estimate both diurnal and annual soil CO2 emissions from a 1-ha mature cottonwood plantation as affected by soil temperature, soil (i.e., root and microbial) respiration, and irrigation. The simulation resulted in typical diurnal soil respiration and CO2 emission patterns, with increases from morning to early afternoon and decreases from early afternoon to midnight. This pattern was driven by diurnal soil temperature variations, indicating that soil temperature was the main influence on soil respiration and CO2 efflux into the atmosphere. Our simulations further revealed that the average seasonal soil respiration rate in summer was 1.6 times larger than in winter, whereas the average seasonal CO2 emission rate in summer was 1.77 times larger than in winter. Characteristic annual variation patterns for soil respiration and CO2 emission also were modeled, with both increasing from January 1 through June 30 followed by steady declines from September 1 through December 31. These results suggest that the STELLA model developed is a useful tool for estimating soil CO2 emission from a short-rotation woody crop plantation.
Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: Early changes in pulmonary function tests during amiodarone rechallenge

Amiodarone is an investigational antiarrhythmic agent known to cause pulmonary toxicity. This report describes two patients with previous amiodarone pulmonary toxicity and complete resolution who at rechallenge 5 to 6 months later developed within 2 weeks of therapy a significant reduction in lung diffusion capacity before overt clinical toxicity occurred. This suggests that toxicity may present early with reduction in diffusion capacity and that such changes may warrant the need to alter treatment.
The Journal of Cancer Education: A Retrospective Review of Quality Indicators

The JCE publication history exceeds 600 peer reviewed cancer education articles. Two methodological approaches were used for a retrospective perspective of JCE quality: Journal Impact Factor (JIF) and Citation Analysis (CA). The Journal Impact Factor comparison included only medical or health journals with an educational focus. Citation Analysis was conducted to identify attributes of most cited JCE articles and their cancer education focus. Despite concerns in the literature about the merits of both methods, results provided useful insights about JCE quality. Results will guide quality improvement plans and assist authors interested in publishing their cancer education research results in the JCE.
Electron microscope and low-angle X-ray diffraction studies on outer segment membranes from the retina of the frog

Ordered arrays of particles about 40 A in diameter within the outer segment membranes of retinal receptor have been observed by electron microscopy, and low-angle X-ray diffraction studies are in agreement with this finding. Surface-on views of outer segment membranes negatively-stained with phospho-tuhgstate or fixed with permanganate show square arrays of particles with a non-polar core 40 A in diameter. Light diffraction patterns of a mask of holes simulating electron micrographs showed first and second orders of a uniformly square array with a unit cell side of about 70 A. Low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from ultracentrifugal pellets of partially dried (unstained and unfixed) isolated outer segment membranes gave reflections consistent with a square array of particles within the membranes with a unit cell side of 70 A. The intensity ratios of the reflections are consistent with a spherical particle 40 A in diameter. Low-angle X-ray scattering, which corresponded to a mean center-to-center distance between the particles, was obtained from the moist membranes with a half-hour minimum exposure time. The birefringence characteristics of pellets of the moist membranes remained constant during this interval and were identical with those of intact outer segments of retinal receptors. Furthermore, low-angle X-ray diffraction periodicities of the membrane layering of such pellets were identical to those of the intact outer segment of the retinal receptor. Thus, it can be argued that ordered arrays of particles are present in these membranes.
Distribution and status of Vicia menziesii Spreng. (Leguminosae): Hawai'i's first officially listed endangered plant species

Abstract Vicia menziesii Spreng., Hawai'i's first officially listed endangered plant species, formerly occurred across a large area in the upper montane-mesic forest habitat on the windward side of the island of Hawai'i. Until this species was ‘rediscovered’ in 1974, it had last been seen in 1915, and it was presumed to be extinct. The population is presently thought to number 150–300 plants, most of which are seedlings. These are located within a 200 ha area on the eastern flank of Mauna Loa volcano. The primary factors responsible for the decline of V. menziesii are habitat loss and excessive predation on the plants by introduced ungulates. Continued logging and cattle grazing within its remnant range are major threats to its existence. Enhancing the survival of V. menziesii may best be accomplished by stabilizing its remaining habitat and allowing the population to reestablish itself naturally.
Household travel attributes transferability analysis: application of a hierarchical rule based approach

This paper presents a system of hierarchical rule-based models of trip generation and modal split. Travel attributes, like trip counts for different transportation modes and commute distance, are among the modeled variables. The proposed framework could be considered as an alternative for several modules of the traditional travel demand modeling approach, while providing travel attributes at the highly disaggregate level that can be also used in activity-based micro-simulation modeling systems. Nonetheless, the modeling framework of this study is not considered as a substitute for activity-based models. The explanatory variables set ranges from socio-economic and demographic attributes of the household to the built environment characteristics of the household residential location. Another important contribution of the study is a framework in which travel attributes are modeled in conjunction with each other and the interdependencies among them are postulated through a hierarchical system of models. All the models are developed using rule-based decision tree method. Moreover, the models developed in this study present a useful improvement in increasing the practicality and accuracy of the rule-based travel data simulation models.
Neuropeptide content in pancreas and pituitary of obese and diabetes mutant mice: Strain and sex differences☆

The nature of the primary genetic defects in ob/ob and db/db mice are unknown. Both the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) mutations produce similar, multicomponent obese-hyperinsulinemic syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mouse. In an attempt to find differences between these mutations in neuroendocrine function affecting the islets of Langerhans or the pituitary, tissue content of four neuropeptides that are known to be capable of influencing the rate of insulin secretion was examined in obese (ob/ob) and diabetes (db/db) mice. In the first study, C57BL/6Job/ob and control males were studied at 3, 4, and 11 weeks of age. In the second study, db/db mice of both sexes and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ), which differ markedly in the severity of expression of the diabetes phenotype, were studied at 3 weeks of age, before the development of hyperglycemia and secondary consequences thereof. Immunoreactive peptides were measured in acetic acid extracts of pancreas and pituitary. No differences between male ob/ob and db/db mice of the C57BL/6J strain were found. Marked sex differences in lean control mice were found at 3 weeks of age in pancreatic Met-enkephalin-LI and galanin-LI (with two- to threefold higher content in males). Low pancreatic content (50% to 70% lower than in control mice) of galanin-LI, Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI was associated with hyperinsulinemia in male B6 ob/ob and db/db mice at 3 weeks of age, though not in B6 db/db females and not in BKs db/db mice of either sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Using knowledge-based systems for teaching and performing knowledge-based systems development

This paper describes the development of a knowledge-based system (KBS) for guiding both technical and non-technical managers in finding, defining, selecting and evaluating a small knowledge-based system development project. The work described here is part of an ongoing research project studying the use of KBS both to teach and to do KBS development. So far, as part of this research project, over the past two years over 200 non-technical and tehnical full-time business managers have developed some 160 KBS prototypes in conjunction with an MBA course in strategic planning. Based on replies to a survey of this test group, 28% of the KBS developed by survey respondents were reportedly used at work, 21% led to promotions, pay raises, or new jobs, and 12% led to participation in other KBS development projects at work. All but two of the survey respondents reported that their work on the KBS development project led to a substantial increase in their job knowledge or performance. The KBS work described here extends research work described by Cullen and Bryman (1988), Slagle and Wick (1988), Cohen and Howe (1988, 1990), and Mockler 1989.
Arms Transfer Dependence and Foreign Policy Conflict

There are both military and political dimensions to arms transfers, and their effects on state behavior may not be the same. In this article I examine the degree to which arms transfers and arms transfer dependence interact to affect foreign policy conflict. I hypothesize that, as a transfer of military capability, weapons shipments increase the tendency of the recipient to strike a conflictual posture in its foreign policy, while arms transfer dependence restrains that tendency. An arms recipient faces the possibility that weapons shipments will be curtailed during periods of regional crisis and hostility, and when a state is dependent on one or a few major suppliers for the bulk of its imported weaponry, the costs associated with supply restrictions increases. This should encourage restraint on the part of states otherwise emboldened by arms acquisitions. My analysis treats conflictual behavior as a multiplicative function of arms transfers and arms transfer dependence. Parameter estimates are derived from time series data for nine states engaged in enduring rivalries during the Cold War. For some of these states, there is evidence that arms shipments encouraged more conflictual foreign policies; but there is also evidence that this propensity was tempered by the degree of arms transfer dependence. The model is non-linear, so the precise effects of dependence vary depending on context - i.e. the state's current level of arms importation and dependence - but realistic predictions involve changes in foreign policy conflict equal to 5-25% of their mean levels during the period.
An Economic Analysis of the Davis-Moore Theory of Stratification

The Davis-Moore theory of social stratification is examined in light of the economics of wage determination. The theory's explanation of unequal positional rewar(ds in at perfectly competitive market is interpreted as focusing on talent and training as primary supply factors, and on functional contribution to the survival of society as a primary demand factor. Using elasticity of demand and of supply in place of "functional uniqueness" and "talent complementarity," respectively, the prediction is derived that talent and training have a greater influence on rewards than does functional importance. The theory is shown partially to accommodate apparent devian-t cases, but the analysis also demonstrates that Davis and Moore's emphasis on functional importance remains methodologically, empirically, and theoretically questionable.
The Process of Drug Development: I. The Historical Interplay of Political Economics, Research and Regulation

(1983). The Process of Drug Development: I. The Historical Interplay of Political Economics, Research and Regulation. Clinical Research Practices and Drug Regulatory Affairs: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
Relationship of cellular energetics to RNA metabolism in Tetrahymena pyriformis W.

SYNOPSIS Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis in a non-nutrient buffer degrade RNA and excrete hypoxanthine, uracil and orthophosphate. Glucose addition leads to the retention of a portion of the purine, pyrimidine, and orthophosphate by the cells; however, the hexose has little influence on the RNA level. Acetate supplementation has no effect on RNA degradation or on the distribution of the catabolic products between the cells and the environment. Interruption of oxidative phosphorylation by 2,4-dinitrophenol results in an increase in RNA degradation. This action is annulled by the glycolytic substrate, glucose, but not by acetate. A combination of iodoacetic acid and glucose blocks glycolysis and increases cellular RNA loss which can be reversed by the addition of the citric acid cycle substrate, acetate. These findings suggest that the available cellular energy supply in starved cells is sufficient to regulate the rate of RNA degradation. Disruption of ATP generation by the appropriate inhibitors, however, allows the demonstration of the importance of energy-yielding reactions in the determination of the amount of nucleic acid loss. It appears that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are equally efficient in sustaining the regulatory process. RNA synthesis during starvation conditions is a discontinuous process with a sharp rate change after 30 min of incubation. 2,4-Dinitrophenol inhibits [2-14C] uracil incorporation into the nucleic acid. Glucose does not annul the inhibition of synthesis in contrast to the influence of the hexose on RNA degradation. This observation demonstrates that the synthetic and degradative processes are not directly coupled. Glycogen synthesis and RNA degradation appear to compete for the available energy supply and respond in a similar fashion to the metabolic inhibitors and carbon sources.
Biology and management of aids-associated non-hodgkin's lymphoma

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has affected the epidemiology and treatment of HIV-related lymphomas. Improved immune function has made the use of standard-dose chemotherapy possible in this population. Therapies once reserved for HIV-negative patients-such as immunotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy with either autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation-are undergoing active investigation in HIV-positive patients with lymphoma. It remains unclear whether the use of combination chemotherapy and antiretroviral therapy will result in improved outcomes.
Conversion of naphthalene to trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol: Evidence for the presence of a coupled aryl monooxygenase-epoxide hydrase system in hepatic microsomes

Abstract Trichloropropene oxide (TCPO), a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of microsomal epoxide hydrases, reacts rapidly and stoichiometrically with glutathione. Thus, in liver preparations containing glutathione, TCPO enhances dihydrodiol formation from naphthalene by preventing a competing reaction of the intermediate naphthalene oxide with glutathione. In guinea pig liver preparations, in which glutathione has been removed by titration with diethyl maleate, TCPO now effectively inhibited hydration of naphthalene oxide, but only partially inhibited formation of dihydrodiol from naphthalene. This and other evidence suggest that a coupled monooxygenase-hydrase system, inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene, is present in liver microsomes. The resistance of the system in guinea pig liver to inhibition by TCPO is readily lost during freezing and thawing and upon resuspension of sedimented microsomes. Such a coupled system may convert aromatic compounds rapidly to dihydrodiols, thereby circumventing toxic effects of intermediate arene oxides.
COMBINING ANTIMICROBIALS AND HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE PROCESSING FOR CONTROL OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN FRANKFURTERS

The safety of ready-to-eat meat products such as frankfurters can be enhanced by antimicrobials and postpackaging treatment to control the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. We evaluated the effectiveness of dipping frankfurters in sodium lactate (SL), sodium diacetate (SD) and nisin (N) solutions, followed by hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP), to control L. monocytogenes during storage at 4C for 28 days. Frankfurters were surface inoculated with a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes after dipping in (1) control (sterile water), (2) 10% SL, (3) 5% SD, (4) SL + SD, (5) N (5000 IU/mL), (6) N + SL, (7) N + SD and (8) N + SL + SD for 5 min. The frankfurters were vacuum packed and were either treated with or without hydrodynamic pressure. The frankfurters were periodically analyzed for populations of L. monocytogenes on modified Oxford agar, aerobic cell populations on tryptic soy agar with 0.6% yeast extract and pH on days 0, 7, 14 and 28. HDP treatment significantly reduced L. monocytogenes populations in frankfurters. Dipping treatments containing N showed greater L. monocytogenes reduction than that with SL and/or SD treatment; however, the difference was not significant. The combination of N and HDP treatment resulted in more than 2 log cfu/g reduction in L. monocytogenes populations after 28-days storage. A synergistic effect between N and HDP was observed for inhibition of L. monocytogenes. The reduction in aerobic cell populations during storage of antimicrobials and HDP-treated frankfurters was similar to that of L. monocytogenes. These results indicate that using N as a dipping treatment followed by HDP treatment is more effective for inhibition of the pathogen during storage at 4C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Hydrodynamic pressure processing, an innovative post-harvest technology for meat tenderization, uses a high-energy explosive to generate a supersonic shock wave in a liquid medium. HDP treatment, primarily studied for tenderness improvement in muscle food products, has been effective in reducing bacterial populations in meats. Nisin has greater antilisterial activity than sodium lactate or sodium diacetate. Dipping frankfurters in nisin followed by the hydrodynamic pressure treatment could be used to reduce 2 log L. monocytogenes populations in frankfurters during storage at 4C.
Respecting Autonomy in Population Policy: An Argument for International Family Planning Programs

This paper addresses whether universal, general education programs are enough to satisfy basic criteria of human rights, or whether comprehensive family planning programs, in conjunction with universal education programs, might also be morally required. Even before the Reagan administration instituted the ‘global gag rule’ at the 1984 conference in Mexico City, prohibiting funding to nongovernmental organizations that included providing information about abortion as a possible method of family planning, the moral acceptability of family planning programs has been called into question. This paper makes a moral argument for family planning by appealing to both data and to theory: data about the efficacy of universal and comprehensive family planning education programs at reducing fertility and infant mortality, and theory about what is required for the establishment of autonomy. It reasons that universal educational programs are insufficient for the promotion of autonomy, and therefore argues on substantive autonomy grounds for comprehensive family planning programs in addition to universal education programs.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Intergenerational Ambivalence in Later Life

Objectives. In this paper, we explored the association between direct and indirect measures of intergenerational ambivalence, making comparisons by generational position and child’s gender; furthermore, we examined whether these measures were similarly strong predictors of depressive symptoms and positive affect. Methods. Data for the analysis were collected from 254 mothers aged 72–82 years and a randomly selected adult child as part of a larger study of within-family differences in parent–adult child relations. Results. The findings provided evidence that direct and indirect measures were strongly associated among mothers but only weakly associated among adult children, particularly sons. The two measures were similarly strong predictors of mothers’, but not children’s, depressive symptoms and positive affect. The most pronounced differences in congruence between direct and indirect measures were found when comparing mothers and sons. Discussion. The analyses presented here suggest that direct and indirect measures of intergenerational ambivalence may not be tapping the same underlying construct, particularly in the case of adult children and especially sons. Furthermore, direct measures may have an advantage over indirect measures when including sons in the study design. We conclude that direct and indirect measures cannot be used interchangeably across the combination of generation and gender.
Distributed average consensus with least-mean-square deviation

We consider a stochastic model for distributed average consensus, which arises in applications such as load balancing for parallel processors, distributed coordination of mobile autonomous agents, and network synchronization. In this model, each node updates its local variable with a weighted average of its neighbors' values, and each new value is corrupted by an additive noise with zero mean. The quality of consensus can be measured by the total mean-square deviation of the individual variables from their average, which converges to a steady-state value. We consider the problem of finding the (symmetric) edge weights that result in the least mean-square deviation in steady state. We show that this problem can be cast as a convex optimization problem, so the global solution can be found efficiently. We describe some computational methods for solving this problem, and compare the weights and the mean-square deviations obtained by this method and several other weight design methods.
NEW BOOK ON THE HISTORY OF WATER CONTROL IN THE BAYOUS

A recently published book, "Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin, 1800-1995," describes and analyzes the history of water control and water-policy development conducted for the Atchafalaya Basin. The book illustrates the useful role of historical analysis in assessing the broader considerations associated with large hydraulic-engineering undertakings, and in assessing the effectiveness of various consequent hydraulic-engineering actions. The book tells the history of efforts to reconcile conflicting, changing, and often overlapping objectives in using the basin's water. This forum article provides a brief overview of the book's approach to the history of water control in the Atchafalaya Basin.
Late Paleogene extensional collapse of the Cordilleran foreland fold and thrust belt

The Cordilleran foreland fold and thrust belt collapsed and spread to the west during a middle Eocene to early Miocene (ca. 49–20 Ma) episode of crustal extension. The sedimentary and structural record of this event is preserved in a network of half grabens that extends from southern Canada to central Utah. Extensional structures superposed on this allochthonous terrain are rooted to the physical stratigraphy, structural relief, and sole faults of preexisting thrust-fold structures. The sole faults dip 3°–6° west above an undeformed Precambrian crystalline basement and accommodated tectonic transport of a thick (up to 20+ km) eastward-tapering hanging wall during regimes of crustal shortening and extension. The chronology of tectonism for the foreland fold and thrust belt is established here by dating latest thrusting and initial normal faulting and is best defined where thrusts and normal faults are linked by common detachment surfaces. Dated movement on two extensionally reactivated thrusts, the Lewis thrust of northwest Montana and southeast British Columbia and the Medicine Butte thrust of southwest Wyoming and northeast Utah, suggests that the hiatus between the end of crustal shortening in the early or early middle Eocene and the start of extension in the early middle Eocene was brief. Lateral spreading and extensional basin formation in the Cordilleran foreland fold and thrust belt were partly concurrent with formation of metamorphic core complexes and regional magmatism. Conceptually linking extensional processes that were simultaneously deforming both the hinterland and foreland of the late Paleogene Cordilleran orogenic wedge is accomplished by applying the extensional-wedge Coulomb critical-taper model. The rapid drop in North America–Pacific plate convergence rate and/or steepening of the subducted oceanic slab at ca. 50 Ma resulted in a large reduction in east-west horizontal compressive stress in the Cordillera. As a result, the Cordilleran orogenic wedge was left unsupported, and it gravitationally collapsed and horizontally spread west until a new equilibrium was established at ca. 20 Ma. Subsequently, crustal extension and magmatism during the Basin and Range event (ca. 17–0 Ma) overprinted much of this earlier phase of extension.
Duality, achievable rates, and sum-rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channels

We consider a multiuser multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel (BC), where the transmitter and receivers have multiple antennas. Since the MIMO BC is in general a nondegraded BC, its capacity region remains an unsolved problem. We establish a duality between what is termed the "dirty paper" achievable region (the Caire-Shamai (see Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory, Washington, DC, June 2001, p.322) achievable region) for the MIMO BC and the capacity region of the MIMO multiple-access channel (MAC), which is easy to compute. Using this duality, we greatly reduce the computational complexity required for obtaining the dirty paper achievable region for the MIMO BC. We also show that the dirty paper achievable region achieves the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO BC by establishing that the maximum sum rate of this region equals an upper bound on the sum rate of the MIMO BC.
Food choices of obese and non-obese persons.

Are there differences in the types of food and quantities selected by normal-weight and obese persons?
INGV-SXG: A Coupled Atmosphere Ocean Sea-Ice General Circulation Climate Model.

This technical report summarizes the SINTEX-G (INGV-SXG) model technical structure. INGV-SXG is an Atmosphere Ocean sea-ice General Circulation Model (AOGCM) developed at INGV with the aim of investigating the features and the mechanisms of theclimate variability and change.This model was used to produce the INGV-CMCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario simulations. INGV-SXG is an evolution of SINTEX and SINTEX-F and this report indicates the improvement with respect to these previous INGV AOCM model: the new model includes a thermodynamic-dynamic sea-ice model and the capabilities to use external radiative forcings (Ozone, Sulfate Aerosols, Greenhouse Gases) as specified in the protocol for the IPCC standard experiments.The description of model components, coupling methods, compiling and running environments is a guideline for model users.
Development Periods for Eggs of Africanized and European Honeybees

SummaryIn a side-by-side test in Venezuela, 593 eggs from 7 Africanized queen honeybees and 355 eggs from 7 European queens (from USA) were kept in an incubator (35 ± 1°C) without adult bees. Eggs from the two groups hatched after 69·6 ± 1·06 h and 73·3 ± 1·14 h, respectively (x ± SD), indicating a basic physiological difference between development periods for eggs from the two populations.
Mustela vison (Mink)

The karyotypes presented here are gifts of Drs. A. J. Kniazeff and W. A. Nelson-Rees, Naval Biological Research Laboratory, University of California, Oakland, California, USA. The karyotypes were constructed from lung cultures of embryos of Aleutian mink. A cell line is available at the American Type Culture Collection bearing catalogue number CCL64.
Cellular Sterol Accumulation Stimulated by Cholesterol 5β,6β-Epoxide in J774 Macrophages:

A significant accumulation of cellular free cholesterol and steryl esters is observed in J774 macrophages when cells are exposed to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) containing cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide. This cellular sterol accumulation is mainly due to the formation of esterified cholesterol and desmosterol. Cellular steryl esters increased to 39.4 and 22.4 micrograms/mg cell protein with 0.8 microM of cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide and 3,5-cholestadien-7-one, respectively, whereas hardly detectable levels were observed with the absence of oxysterols. The total cellular sterols increased 45% above the value of control with cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide. The uptake of [3H] cholesteryl oleate-LDL was also enhanced by cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide. The rapid displacement of desmosterol with cholesterol was observed when cells were treated with cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide or 3,5-cholestadien-7-one in the presence of LDL. Cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide became associated with LDL in the culture conditions, and its uptake into J774 cells and the cytotoxicity were reduced significantly by the association with LDL. The comparison of selected oxysterols for their ability to stimulate cellular sterol accumulation indicated that cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide is the most potent. Cholesterol esterification was enhanced significantly by cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide whereas cholesterol 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxide and 3,5-cholestadien-7-one produced a modest response. In contrast, although cholestantriol, the metabolic hydrolysis product of cholesterol epoxides, also associated with LDL, it showed no stimulating effect on both cellular sterol content and sterol esterification. These results indicate that some oxysterols, such as cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide and possibly 3,5-cholestadien-7-one, stimulate cellular sterol accumulation in J774 macrophages and may play an important role in atherogenesis.
A POSSIBLE CASE OF MIMICRY IN LARGER MAMMALS

CAVALLI-SFORZA, L. L. 1969. Human diversity, p. 405-416. In Proceedings 12th International Congress of Genetics, Tokyo, Vol. 3. CAVALLI-SFORZA, L. L., AND A. W. F. EDWARDS. 1967. Phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 19:233-257. EDWARDS, A. W. F. 1971. Distances between populations on the basis of gene frequencies. Biometrics 27:873-881. HEDRICK, P. W. 1971. A new approach to measuring genetic similarity. Evolution 25:276280. . 1975. Genetic similarity and distance: comments and comparisons. Evolution 29: 362-366. KURCZYNSKI, T. W. 1970. Generalized distance and discrete variables. Biometrics 26:525-534. Li, W-H., AND M. NEI. 1975. Drift variances of heterozygosity and genetic distance in transient states. Genet. Res. 25:229-248. NEI, M. 1971. Interspecific gene differences and evolutionary time estimated from electrophoretic data on protein identity. Amer. Natur. 105:385-398. . 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Amer. Natur. 106:283-292. . 1973. The theory and estimation of genetic distance, p. 45-54. In N. E. Morton (ed.). Genetic structure of populations. Univ. Hawaii Press, Honolulu. . 1975. Molecular population genetics and evolution. North-Holland, Amsterdam. . 1976. Mathematical models of speciation and genetic distance, p. 723-765. In S. Karlin and E. Nevo (eds.). Proceedings International Conference on Population Genetics and Ecology, Rehovat, Israel. NEI, M., AND A. K. ROYCIaOUDHURY. 1974a. Genic variation within and between the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 26: 421-443. . 1974b. Sampling variances of heterozygosity and genetic distance. Genetics 76:379390. NEI, M., AND Y. TATENO. 1975. Interlocus variation of genetic distance and the neutral mutation theory. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72:2758-2760. RICHMOND, R. C. 1972. Genetic similarities and evolutionary relationships among the semispecies of Drosophila paulistorum. Evolution 26:536-544. ROGERS, J. S. 1972. Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. Studies in Genetics VII (Univ. Texas Publ. 7213) :145-153. SANGHVI, L. D., AND V. BALAKRISHNAN. 1972. Comparison of different measures of genetic distance between human populations, p. 25-36. In J. S. Weiner and J. Huizinga (eds.). The assessment of population affinities in man. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
‘Deudney's neorepublicanism: One-world or America first?’

Daniel Deudney's impressive reformulation of republican security theory has rightly garnered a great deal of attention from scholars of international politics. However, a close examination of Deudney's theory reveals that it rests on a series of weaknesses. His defense of a novel form of world state depends on a one-sided interpretation of state sovereignty according to which it functions chiefly as a protective device against external foes, an idiosyncratic rereading of modern republican theory and the US framers, and a highly tendentious view of US history. Notwithstanding his noteworthy attempt to break free from the insularity of US political and intellectual life, Deudney reproduces some elements of it.
Effect of carbon tetrachloride on serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase isoenzymes.

SummaryStarch block electrophoresis of rat serum resulted in five glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) isoenzyme fractions. Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury was associated with marked rise of all five fractions but to a different degree. The cationic A2 fraction increase was greater. This altered isoenzyme distribution resembled the pattern of GOT isoenzymes in the liver homogenate. The implication of these findings with respect to the transfer of the intracellular hepatic GOT into the serum is considered.
Efficacy of insecticides and methods of insecticidal application for control of stable flies in Nebraska.

Nine insecticides were tested as residual sprays, four as animal sprays and two as area sprays for control of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Of the residual sprays, only Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) as 75% wettable powder (wp); Mobam® (benzo[ b ]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) as 80% wp; and propoxur as 17% emulsifiable concentrate (EC) applied at a rate of 1.3 oz/1000 ft2 reduced infestations 50% or for 2 weeks or longer. Of the animal sprays, 0.5% dilutions of ronnel as 25% EC (¼ gal/cow), crotoxyphos 67 as 46.7% EC (½ gal/cow), and methoxychlor 50 wp (¼ gal/cow) reduced stable flies 75% or more at 1 day post-treatment, but only crotoxyphos and methoxychlor reduced populations 50% or more at 4 days posttreatment; however, after 7 days the number of flies on all treated animals was equal to or greater than the number on the untreated control herd. The 2 area sprays (dichlorvos as 44.5% EC or 0.2 lb/acre and naled as 58% EC or 0.19 lb/acre) applied with a truck-mounted mist blower reduced populations of stable flies an average of 62 and 67%, respectively, at 1 day posttreatment. The same doses applied with a backpack mist blower gave similar results.
Presenting Symptoms in the Emergency Department as Predictors of Intensive Care Unit Admissions and Hospital Mortality in a Comprehensive Cancer Center

Purpose:The identification of patients at high risk for poor outcomes may allow for earlier palliative care and prevent futile interventions. We examined the association of presenting symptoms on risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and hospital death among patients with cancer admitted through an emergency department (ED).Methods:We queried MD Anderson Cancer Center databases for all patients who visited the ED in 2010. Presenting symptoms, ICU admissions, and hospital deaths were reviewed; patient data analyzed; and risk factors for ICU admission and hospital mortality identified.Results:The main presenting symptoms were pain, fever, and respiratory distress. Of the patients with cancer who visited the ED, 5,362 (58%) were admitted to the hospital at least once (range, 1 to 13 admissions), 697 (13%) were admitted to the ICU at least once, and 587 (11%) died during hospitalization (31% of 233 patients with hematologic malignancies and 27% of 354 patients with solid tumors died in the ICU; P < .001...
Study on effect relationship between estrogen receptor α gene polymorphism and environmental endocrine disruptors in precocious girls

Objective: To explore the relationship between estrogen receptor α( ERα) gene polymorphism and environmental endocrine disruptors in precocious girls,clarify the molecular mechanisms of difference of body's susceptibility to environmental endocrine disruptors. Methods: One hundred and twenty-three precocious girls who were diagnosed definitely after first visit in endocrine department of the hospital from May 2011 to September 2012 were collected as study group,102 normal girls during the same period were selected as control group; high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) was used to detect the contents of four kinds of environmental endocrine disruptors( 4-NP,P,P'-DDE,DBP,DEHP) in study group and control group; in the meantime,uterine volume,ovarian volume,bone mineral density( BMD),and serum estradiol content were measured; the correlation between four kinds of environmental endocrine disruptors and clinical indexes of target organs was analyzed; PCR-RFLP technique was used to analyze ERα gene polymorphisms in precocious girls with four kinds of environmental endocrine disruptors from study group and normal girls without four kinds of environmental endocrine disruptors from control group,the effect relationship was observed. Results: In control group,P,P'-DDE was detected in 38. 4% of the girls,4-NP was detected in 58. 0% of the girls,DEHP was detected in 37. 0% of the girls,DBP was detected in 31. 0% of the girls. In study group,P,P'-DDE was detected in all the girls,4-NP was detected in 89. 7% of the girls,DEHP was detected in 63. 3% of the girls,DBP was detected in 64. 8% of the girls,and the contents of four kinds of environmental endocrine disruptors in study group were higher than those in control group. In study group,serum 4-NP content was positively correlated with uterine volume,ovarian volume and BMD; there was a positive correlated between serum P,P'-DDE content and uterine volume; the odds ratio of Xx genotype of ERα XbaⅠ gene was the highest,the susceptibilities of Xx genotype to 4-NP,DEHP,DBP and P,P'-DDE were 2. 52,7. 01,6. 21 and 2. 63 times more than xx genotype. Conclusion: The degrees exposure to 4-NP,DEHP,DBP and P,P'-DDE in precocious girls are more severer than normal girls,and different environmental endocrine disruptors have different pathogenic effects on target organs; sexual precocity doesn't occur in all the girls exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors,one probable reason is ERα gene polymorphism,Xx genotype is a susceptible genotype to environmental endocrine disruptors.
Medication-assisted treatment for opioid dependence in Twelve Step–oriented residential rehabilitation settings

Noncommunicable diseases are a major focus of attention of the World Health Organization,1 and drug misuse is among the 25 leading causes of risk for mortality worldwide.2 One recent example of thi...
Research of 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes-production of CCR enzyme reaction

In order to investigate thoroughly the enzymatic properties of CCR which plays critical role in lignin biosynthesis,we analyzed the catalytic characteristics of CCR from perspective of products formation.Chemical method was used for synthesis of 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes(p-coumaraldehyde,coniferaldehyde,caffeylaldehyde)which are the products of CCR enzymatic reaction.4-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes were then purified by HPLC and detected by HPLC-MSn.Results showed that the synthesized 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes can be used as standards in research of CCR.We also established a new method to detect CCR activity using HPLC-MSn.The recombinant CCR protein was expressed efficiently and purified by affinity chromatography.The CCR activity assay of the enzymatic reactions with multiple substrates was performed using HPLC-MS system.The results showed that the method can effectively monitor the change in both substrate and product,which provides new insights for the studyof catalytic characteristics of key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis.
Activation of Alkenes and H2 by [Fe]-H2ase Model Complexes

The established ability of the Fe(II) bridging hydride species (micro-H)(micro-pdt)[Fe(CO)2(PMe3)]2+, 1-H+, to take-up and heterolytically activate dihydrogen, resulting in H/D scrambling of H2/D2 and H2/D2O mixtures (Zhao et al. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 3917) has prompted a study of simultaneous alkene/H2 activation by such [Fe]H2ase model complexes. That the required photolysis produced an open site was substantiated by substitution of CO in 1-H+ by CH3CN with formation of structurally characterized [(micro-H)(micro-pdt)[Fe(CO)2(PMe3)][Fe(CO)(CH3CN)(PMe3)]]+[PF6]-. Under similar photolytic conditions, H/D exchange reactions between D2 and terminal alkenes (ethylene, propene and 1-butene), but not bulkier alkenes such as 2-butene or cyclohexene, were catalyzed by 1-H+ and the edt (SCH2CH2S) analogue, 2-H+. Substantial regioselectivity for H/D exchange at the internal vinylic hydrogen was observed. The extent to which the olefins were deuterium enriched vs deuterated was catalyst dependent. The stabilizing effect of the binuclear chelating ligands, SCH2CH2CH2S, pdt, and SCH2CH2S, edt, is required for the activity of binuclear catalysts, as the mono-dentate micro-SEt analogue decomposed to inactive products under the photolytic conditions of the catalysis. Reactions of 1 and 2 with EtOSO2CF3 yielded the S-alkylated products, [(micro-SCH2CH2CH2SEt)[Fe(CO)2(PMe3)]2]+[SO3CF3]- (1-Et+), and 2-Et+, rather than micro-C2H5 analogues to the micro-H of 1-H+. The stability and lack of reactivity toward H2 of 1-Et+ and 2-Et+, indicates they are not on the reaction path of the olefin/D2 H/D exchange process. A mechanism with olefin binding to an open site created by CO loss and formation of an Fe-(CH2CHDR) intermediate is indicated. A likely role of a binuclear chelate effect is implicated for the unique S-XXX-S cofactor in the active site of [Fe]H2ase.
Multimodal probing of oxygen and water interaction with metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotube networks under ultraviolet irradiation

Interaction between ultraviolet (UV) light and carbon nanotube (CNT) networks plays a central role in gas adsorption, sensor sensitivity, and stability of CNT-based electronic devices. To determine the effect of UV light on sorption kinetics and resistive gas/vapor response of different CNT networks, films of semiconducting single-wall nanotubes (s-SWNTs), metallic single-wall nanotubes, and multiwall nanotubes were exposed to O2 and H2O vapor in the dark and under UV irradiation. Changes in film resistance and mass were measured in situ. In the dark, resistance of metallic nanotube networks increases in the presence of O2 and H2O, whereas resistance of s-SWNT networks decreases. UV irradiation decreases the resistance of metallic nanotube networks in the presence of O2 and H2O and increases the gas/vapor sensitivity of s-SWNT networks by nearly a factor of 2 compared to metallic nanotube networks. s-SWNT networks show evidence of delamination from the gold-plated quartz crystal microbalance crystal, possibly due to preferential adsorption of O2 and H2O on gold. UV irradiation increases the sensitivity of all CNT networks to O2 and H2O by an order of magnitude, which demonstrates the importance of UV light for enhancing response and lowering detection limits in CNT-based gas/vapor sensors.
Intestinal Tissue Blood Flow in Shock Due to Endotoxin

An attempt has been made to measure the capillary blood flows through the individual tissues of the ileum of normal dogs and those which were in endotoxin shock. The technic used was based upon the assumption that the uptake of D2O by the tissues was limited by the capillary flow. In loops from endotoxin shock dogs which were perfused at normal blood pressure (135 mm. Hg), the tissue perfusion ratios calculated on this assumption were reduced to about one-half of the control value in the mucosa and to about three-fourths in the submucosa and muscularis, despite the fact that total blood flow was unchanged. When the loops from shock dogs were perfused at the dog's pressure (70 mm. Hg), there was a further decrease of about 50 per cent in both the total blood flow and the tissue perfusion ratios. It is concluded that this reduction in tissue capillary flow, especially in the mucosa, may be the basis of the pathological changes in the intestine in endotoxin shock.
Protective efficacy of a recombinant bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent Marek’s disease virus containing a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat

ABSTRACTMarek’s disease virus (MDV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes Marek’s disease (MD), a lymphoproliferative disease in poultry characterized by T-cell lymphomas, nerve lesions, and mortality. Vaccination is used worldwide to control MD, but increasingly virulent field strains can overcome this protection, driving a need to create new vaccines. Previous studies revealed that insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of a very virulent strain of MDV, Md5, rendered the resultant recombinant virus, rMd5 REV-LTR BAC, fully attenuated in maternal antibody positive (Mab+) chickens at passage 40. In the current study, the protective efficacy of rMd5 REV-LTR BAC was evaluated. First, passage 70 was identified as being fully attenuated in maternal antibody negative chickens and chosen as the optimal passage level for use in protective efficacy studies. Second, three protective efficacy trials were conducted comparing the rMd5 REV-LT...
Towards a Tri-Dimensional Model of Happiness: A Logo-Philosophical Perspective

The intention of this paper is to explore the subject of happiness in relation to meaning by drawing on the work of Viktor Frankl and placing it within a larger logo-philosophical frame of reference. I will do so through a close exegetical reading of Frankl’s primary works by way of research. The question of happiness has been paramount in much of Western philosophy, going back to Aristotle. Frankl, by contrast, argues that meaning is foremost and that happiness cannot be aimed at directly; as such he is critiquing much of this eudaimonistic tradition that has been so prevalent and influential for much of human history. For Frankl, happiness is a by-product of the will to meaning. The thesis that I advance and, ultimately, my conclusion is that meaning is more important than happiness and that happiness is best construed in terms of a Franklian tri-dimensional model in that at the level of soma, we may speak of pleasure; at the level of psyche we may speak of happiness; and at the noetic level, it is more correct to speak of joy (spiritual happiness). My hope and hermeneutic wager is that this paper will been seen to have some seminal significance in the field of logotherapy and be of benefit to students of Viktor Frankl.