cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithography simulation in DfM: achievable accuracy versus requirements

Lithography simulation remains one of the primary aspects of most DfM flows, along with critical area analysis and chem-mech-polish (CMP) modeling. Often, the accuracy of the DfM flow is judged solely on the accuracy of the lithographic simulation. In this paper we attempt to refute that viewpoint and highlight the many sources of error in a DfM flow. We examine the factors that impact accuracy and attempt to quantify their effect. Differences between rigorous simulation, which includes full mask data preparation along with lithography simulation, and the use of compact models are explored. Required and achievable DfM accuracy over time and across multiple fabs is examined and the use of a "closed-loop" DfM flow is proposed.
A Computer simulatin Interface

: Computer simulation can be a powerful analytical tool. Often, however, practitioners who know most about the problem domain may have limited knowledge of the simulation software. Recent research has concentrated on bridging the gap between the practitioner and the simulatin software by designing interfaces to make computer simulation more accessible for the infrequent or inexperienced user. Emerging artificial intelligence techniques sch as knowledge-based expert systems offer some promise for an interface. This paper describes a prototype interface which converts information on a process to be simulated into computer input for an existing computer simulation system. The elements of the interface include a domain knowledge processor using a small knowledge-based system to establish types of activities and resources based on minimal user input, a model logic builder to identify moves between activities and to establish network logic, and a computer code translator to convert the network into CYCLONE computer source code. Recommendations for future research are included.
Direct and indirect speech in Spanish language news reports

This work uses data from two Spanish language newspapers: Granma from Cuba and El Nuevo Herald from Miami to analyze pragmatic and social factors that underlie the use of reported speech in news texts. This study examines pragmatic and social constraints on journalists’ choice of reporting speech structures. Journalists use direct speech to provide a literal quotation of another’s voice, whereas indirect speech is presents the journalists’ own rendition of the quoted words. The qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal that Granma and El Nuevo Herald exhibit different patterns of use of direct and indirect speech, which are motivated by the two newspapers’ ideological perspectives and the level of political and social power of the news actors.
An update on the current and future demand for care of pelvic floor disorders in the United States.

Objective In 2001, we predicted a 45% increase in the demand for care of women with pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) between 2000 and 2030. However, in 2010, we observed that in our clinic demand for care had increased substantially more than expected. Using updated data, we sought to provide more accurate projections of future demand for care of pelvic floor disorders in the United States. Study Design Demographic data on all new female patients between 30 and 89 years of age seen for pelvic floor disorders in our Urogynecology Clinic between 2009 and 2011 were analyzed. These data were combined with United States Census Bureau projections for 2010 and 2030 stratified by 10-year age blocks. Results In 2010, our clinic saw a 116% increase in new patients per year compared with 2000. There was an 85% increase in new patient visits per 1000 women per year compared with 2000. We estimate that 1,218,371 new patient visits took place in the United States in 2010 and predict 1,644,804 visits will occur in 2030. Conclusion If the United States population increases 24% by 2030 as projected by the United States Census Bureau, we predict the demand for care for pelvic floor disorders will increase by 35% between 2010 and 2030. This new, more accurate projection for 2030 is based on improved baseline data from 2010 and is 72% higher than we predicted in 2000. Accurately quantifying this growing demand for care of pelvic floor disorders is important for public health planning and physician training.
Two conserved domains in PCIF1 mediate interaction with pancreatic transcription factor PDX-1.

PCIF1 is a TRAF and POZ domain containing nuclear factor that interacts with and inhibits transactivation of pancreatic homeodomain transcription factor PDX-1. Here, we demonstrate interaction of endogenous PDX-1 and PCIF1 in MIN6 insulinoma cells. Within PCIF1, the TRAF and POZ domains are both required for physical and functional interaction with the C-terminus of PDX-1, whereas the C-terminal domain of PCIF1 directs its nuclear localization. A human PDX-1 mutation associated with diabetes, E224K, disrupts the ability of PCIF1 to inhibit PDX-1 transactivation, suggesting that the interaction between PDX-1 and PCIF1 is required for normal glucose homeostasis. Inhibition of transactivation occurs by a mechanism distinct from the classical role of POZ domains to recruit co-repressors and histone deacetylases. Understanding the functional roles of PCIF1 domains may have application to therapeutic β-cell replacement strategies involving PDX-1 for the treatment of diabetes.
A reversible photochemical reaction of chlorophyll a with I2.

— Chlorophyll a and I2 form a 1:1 addition compound, which exhibits a strong absorption maximum at about 360 nm. When dissolved in anaerobic methanol, this compound can be reversibly bleached by illumination with red light. Prolonged illumination at low temperatures (˜– 75°C) or intense illumination at room temperature reduces the height of the red absorp tion maximum to about half of its normal value. Since the thermal back reaction is negligibly slow at – 75°C, presumably the chlorophyll-I2 complex is converted completely to its bleached form, when illuminated under those conditions. This assumption leads to a simple mechanism which is consistent with the experimental data.
Double-contrast artifacts

With the increasing use of double-contrast technique in radiological evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract, certain artifacts peculiar to this mode of examination need to be identified. These artifacts arise because of: (a) the characteristics of the barium suspensions used for double-contrast studies; (b) the see-through effect obtained on double-contrast studies whereby opacities lying in front of or behind the organ being examined may simulate pathologic lesions; (c) infolding of the mucosa which may simulate pathology; (d) extraneous or foreign material which is frequently detected and must be differentiated from intrinsic disease; (e) certain anatomical structures such as the cardia, pylorus, and retrogastric structures which are seen with unusual clarity and detail and which, in some cases, may simulate pathology. In general, these artifacts may simulate diffuse superficial ulceration, discrete ulceration, or polypoid lesions. Familiarity with the double-contrast technique and an understanding of these artifacts will help to avoid diagnostic errors.
Digital Image Processing for Medical Applications

Image processing is a hands-on discipline, and the best way to learn is by doing. This text takes its motivation from medical applications and uses real medical images and situations to illustrate and clarify concepts and to build intuition, insight and understanding. Designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students who will become end-users of digital image processing, it covers the basics of the major clinical imaging modalities, explaining how the images are produced and acquired. It then presents the standard image processing operations, focusing on practical issues and problem solving. Crucially, the book explains when and why particular operations are done, and practical computer-based activities show how these operations affect real images. All images, links to the public-domain software ImageJ and custom plug-ins, and selected solutions are available from www.cambridge.org/books/dougherty.
Evaluation of selected warm mix asphalt technologies

The overall objective of this study was to assess the performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures in South Dakota based on laboratory and field evaluations. The study included three WMA technologies (Advera, Evotherm, and foaming) and three aggregate types (limestone, quartzite, and natural gravel). A comprehensive laboratory programme was conducted to assess the impact of WMA in terms of stiffness and mixtures’ resistance to moisture damage, rutting, fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking. Overall, the WMA mixtures performed comparatively similar to the hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The impact of the WMA technology was found to be aggregate dependent. WMA test sections were constructed on four Highways in South Dakota to validate the laboratory findings. During construction, percent compaction, roughness measurements were collected. Field observations indicated that WMA mixtures can be successfully produced and constructed using South Dakota's materials.
CENTRIFUGAL PRECIPITATION CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLIED TO FRACTIONATION OF PROTEINS WITH AMMONIUM SULFATE

A novel chromatographic system introduced here internally generates a concentration gradient of ammonium sulfate (AS) along a long channel to fractionate proteins according to their solubility in AS solution. The separation column consists of a pair of discs with mutually mirror-imaged spiral channels that are separated by a semipermeable membrane. The disc assembly is mounted on a seal-less continuous flow centrifuge. A concentrated AS solution is introduced into the upper channel while a water solution is passed through the lower channel in the opposite direction in a rotating column. A mixture of proteins injected into the water channel moves along an AS gradient of increasing concentration that has been established in the water solution. Each protein species precipitates at a different AS concentration along the gradient. By decreasing the concentration of the AS solution its concentration in the water is decreased, causing the protein to redissolve and to reprecipitate further down the channel. The e...
Sub-Planck structure in phase space and its relevance for quantum decoherence

Heisenberg's principle states that the product of uncertainties of position and momentum should be no less than the limit set by Planck's constant, Planck's over 2pi/2. This is usually taken to imply that phase space structures associated with sub-Planck scales (<<Planck's over 2pi) do not exist, or at least that they do not matter. Here I show that this common assumption is false: non-local quantum superpositions (or 'Schrodinger's cat' states) that are confined to a phase space volume characterized by the classical action A, much larger than Planck's over 2pi, develop spotty structure on the sub-Planck scale, a = Planck's over 2pi2/A. Structure saturates on this scale particularly quickly in quantum versions of classically chaotic systems-such as gases that are modelled by chaotic scattering of molecules-because their exponential sensitivity to perturbations causes them to be driven into non-local 'cat' states. Most importantly, these sub-Planck scales are physically significant: a determines the sensitivity of a quantum system or environment to perturbations. Therefore, this scale controls the effectiveness of decoherence and the selection of preferred pointer states by the environment. It will also be relevant in setting limits on the sensitivity of quantum meters.
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Atmospheric Noise Level Statistics for Project Sanguine

Statistics of narrow-band extremely low frequency (ELF) noise for use in Sanguine systems analysis were obtained at locations in Malta and Guam. The results of four seasons of ELF atmospheric noise measurements are discussed. In particular the contributions of local thunderstorms to high noise levels, i.e., the 1 percent exceedance levels, are shown. Spectra of the 1 percent and 50 percent exceedance levels of the magnetic-field intensity component, obtained from the sensor aligned for maximum reception from northern Wisconsin are plotted. At both locations, the noise levels were highest during the fall season. The diurnal variation of the median noise levels correlated with worldwide thunderstorm activity, while the diurnal variation of the mean square levels correlated with local thunderstorm activity. When few local thunderstorms occur during a season, the cumulative distributions of the 250 s samples for the magnetic-field intensity can be approximated by a log-normal distribution almost to the 1 percent exceedance level.
Low cross-pol linearly polarized microstrip array

A technique for a linearly polarized array is presented in which each pair of adjacent elements in the array with opposite feed orientations and phases for their single-probe fed patch can generate very low cross-pol radiation. This combination of opposite feed orientations and phases reinforces the co-pol radiation from the fundamental mode of the patch, while canceling the cross-pol radiation from the higher order modes. To verify this concept experimentally, two simple 2*2 microstrip arrays with relatively thick substrate have been fabricated. The patches are designed to resonate from 1.55 GHz to 1.66 GHz with a half-inch thick foam substrate (dielectric constant=1.05). Experimental and calculated results that demonstrate the validity of this technique are presented. >
Mechanism Of Signal Transduction Through The TLR4 Receptor Complex

The innate immune system represents our first line of defense against microbial pathogens. TLR4 is the cell-surface receptor primarily responsible for initiating the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the bacterial cell envelope. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying TLR activation. Design of small molecule therapeutics to modulate immune activation will benefit greatly from a better understanding of TLR4 activation and membrane proximal events. Resolution of the molecular mechanisms requires direct structural information for the TLR4 receptor complex, including the ability to detect ligand-induced conformational changes in the components and TLR4 dimerization. To acquire structural information at the required level of detail, we have reconstituted the system in model membranes and analyzed the TLR4 receptor complex and its dynamics during the transition from quiescence to activation using neutron reflection, cryoelectron microscopy, lifetime- and spectrally-resolved confocal microscopy, and total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The results to date suggest that a conformational change in the accessory protein MD2 upon binding antigen causes association of the receptors.
In situ Measurements of Momentum Fluxes in Typhoons

AbstractOne of the scientific objectives of the U.S. Office of Naval Research–sponsored Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) campaign was improved understanding of air–sea fluxes at high wind speeds. Here the authors present the first-ever direct measurements of momentum fluxes recorded in typhoons near the surface. Data were collected from a moored buoy over 3 months during the 2010 Pacific typhoon season. During this period, three typhoons and a tropical storm were encountered. Maximum 30-min sustained wind speeds above 26 m s−1 were recorded. Data are presented for 1245 h of direct flux measurements. The drag coefficient shows evidence of a rolloff at wind speeds greater than 22 m s−1, which occurred during the passage of a single typhoon. This result is in agreement with other studies but occurs at a lower wind speed than previously measured. The authors conclude that this rolloff was caused by a reduction in the turbulent momentum flux at the frequency of the peak waves during strong...
Relationship of Androgenic Activity to Splanchnic Insulin Metabolism and Peripheral Glucose Utilization in Premenopausal Women

The importance of androgenic activity in mediating the effects of obesity and body fat topography on splanchnic insulin metabolism and peripheral insulin sensitivity was studied in 19 nonhirsute premenopausal women with a wide range of ideal body weight [percent ideal body weight (% IBW), 78-202%] and body fat distribution pattern [waist to hip girth ratio (WHR), 0.67-0.91]. Turnover kinetics of peripheral plasma C-peptide and insulin were measured, and estimates of pancreatic insulin production (PIP) and the hepatic extraction fraction (HEF) were calculated. The peripheral insulin sensitivity index (M/I) was determined during an euglycemic insulin clamp study. Androgenic activity was assessed by estimating the plasma level of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and percentage of free testosterone (% FT). After iv glucose stimulation, PIP ranged from 40-254 mU/min X m2 and correlated highly with % IBW (r = 0.78; P less than 0.01). Insulin HEF ranged from 5-69% of the pancreatic production and was inversely proportional to WHR (r = -0.60; P less than 0.01). Increasing WHR also correlated with the diminution in M/I (r = -0.47; P less than 0.05), which, in turn, correlated with the decline in the HEF of insulin (r = 0.60; P less than 0.01). Since PIP, HEF, and M/I correlated with SHBG and % FT, and since the degree of androgenic activity correlated with % IBW and WHR, partial regression analysis was performed. After adjusting for the effects of SHBG and % FT, the relationship between % IBW and PIP remained unaltered, whereas the correlation between WHR and HEF or M/I and their relationship to each other were either markedly reduced or became insignificant. Thus, in premenopausal women, the increase in pancreatic insulin production with increasing weight is independent of the degree of androgenic activity. On the other hand, the decline in hepatic insulin extraction and diminution in peripheral insulin sensitivity with upper body fat localization are in part mediated by increased androgenic activity. This association may account for the pronounced hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance characteristic of this form of obesity.
Drug Addiction as a Pathology of Staged Neuroplasticity

Using addictive drugs can evolve from controlled social use into the compulsive relapsing disorder that characterizes addiction. This transition to addiction results from genetic, developmental, and sociological vulnerabilities, combined with pharmacologically induced plasticity in brain circuitry that strengthens learned drug-associated behaviors at the expense of adaptive responding for natural rewards. Advances over the last decade have identified the brain circuits most vulnerable to drug-induced changes, as well as many associated molecular and morphological underpinnings. This growing knowledge has contributed to an expanded understanding of how drugs usurp normal learning circuitry to create the pathology of addiction, as evidenced by involuntary activation of reward circuits in response to drug-associated cues and simultaneous reports of drug craving. This new understanding provides unprecedented potential opportunities for novel pharmacotherapeutic targets in treating addiction. There appears to be plasticity associated with the addiction phenomenon in general as well as changes produced by addiction to a specific class of addicting drugs. These findings also provide the basis for the current understanding of addiction as a chronic, relapsing disease of the brain with changes that persist long after the last use of the drug. Here, we describe the neuroplasticity in brain circuits and cell function induced by addictive drugs that is thought to underlie the compulsions to resume drug-taking, and discuss how this knowledge is impelling exploration and testing of novel addiction therapies.
A new species of small owl of the genus Aegolius (Aves: Strigidae) from Quaternary deposits on Bermuda

Abstract Fossil remains of a small owl found in eight separate localities on Bermuda ranging in age from the end of the last interglacial period (Marine Isotope Stage 5a, ca. 80,000 years ago) and up into the Holocene are described here as a new species, Aegolius gradyi, the only representative of its genus known from a remote oceanic island. This differed from its probable North American ancestor, A. acadicus, in its more robust hindlimb elements, smaller head, and a possible tendency for smaller wing elements. Its colonization was probably made possible by the unique conditions of suitable habitat for hunting, roosting, and nesting afforded by Bermuda, including the presence of woodpeckers (Picidae) that would have excavated nest sites suitable for the owls in the endemic palm trees (Sabal bermudana). From accounts dating to the early 1600s, the species appears likely to have persisted into the historic period.
Experimental Characterization of Home Wireless Networks and Design Implications

Anecdotal evidence suggests that home wireless networks may be unpredictable despite their limited size. In this work, we deploy six-node wireless testbeds in three houses in the United States and the United Kingdom. We examine the quality of links in home wireless networks and the effect of (i) transmission rate, (ii) transmission power, (iii) node location, (iv) type of house, and (v) 802.11 technology. We provide empirical evidence suggesting that homes are challenging environments for wireless communication. Wireless links in the home are highly asymmetric and heavily influenced by precise node location, transmission power, and encoding rate, rather than physical distance between nodes. In our measurements, many links were unable to utilize the maximum transmission rate of the deployed 802.11 technology, and a few provided no connectivity at all. These results suggest that creating an AP-based topology with maximum coverage and throughput in this environment is challenging. Our findings have implications on the design of future home wireless networks and requirements for future wifi-enabled consumer electronic devices. We show that coverage and performance can be improved using a multi-hop topology, implying that mesh capabilities may actually be needed in consumer electronics for seamless connectivity across the home.
Effects of stomatal delays on the economics of leaf gas exchange under intermittent light regimes.

Summary • Understory plants are subjected to highly intermittent light availability and their leaf gas exchanges are mediated by delayed responses of stomata and leaf biochemistry to light fluctuations. In this article, the patterns in stomatal delays across biomes and plant functional types were studied and their effects on leaf carbon gains and water losses were quantified. • A database of more than 60 published datasets on stomatal responses to light fluctuations was assembled. To interpret these experimental observations, a leaf gas exchange model was developed and coupled to a novel formulation of stomatal movement energetics. The model was used to test whether stomatal delays optimize light capture for photosynthesis, whilst limiting transpiration and carbon costs for stomatal movement. • The data analysis showed that stomatal opening and closing delays occurred over a limited range of values and were strongly correlated. Plant functional type and climate were the most important drivers of stomatal delays, with faster responses in graminoids and species from dry climates. • Although perfectly tracking stomata would maximize photosynthesis and minimize transpiration at the expense of large opening costs, the observed combinations of opening and closure times appeared to be consistent with a nearoptimal balance of carbon gain, water loss and movement costs.
Anisotropic magnetotail equilibrium and convection

This paper reports on self-consistent two-dimensional equilibria with anisotropic plasma pressure for the Earth's magnetotail. These configurations are obtained by numerically solving the generalized Grad-Shafranov equation, describing anisotropic plasmas with p[parallel] [ne] p[perpendicular], including the Earth's dipolar field. Consistency between these new equilibria and the assumption of steady-state, sunward convection, described by the double-adiabatic laws, is examined. As for the case of isotropic pressure [Erickson and Wolf, 1980], there exists a discrepancy between typical quite-time magnetic field models and the assumption of steady-state double-adiabatic lossless plasma sheet convection. However, unlike that case, this inconsistency cannot be removed by the presence of a weak equatorial normal magnetic field strength in the near tail region: magnetic field configurations of this type produce unreasonably large pressure anisotropies, p[parallel] > p[perpendicular], in the plasma sheet. 16 refs., 5 figs.
49 Emphysematous Pyelonephritis in Renal Allograft Successfully Treated with Medical Management

EMPHYSEMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS IN RENAL ALLOGRAFT SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH MEDICAL MANAGEMENT Guillermo Carnero, Susmitha Dhanyamraju, Junu Bhattarai, Rajesh Govindasamy, Michael Schultz. Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is rare and life-threatening necrotizing bacterial infection of the kidney caused by gas-forming organism, mostly in diabetic patients and often requires nephrectomy. We report the case of EPN in renal allograft successfully treated with medical therapy. A 51 year old woman with history of cadaveric kidney transplant 1.5 years back presents to the emergency department with fever, hypotension and vomiting. On admission she appeared acutely ill and dry on physical examination; she had no graft tenderness. She was noted to have diabetic keto-acidosis. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level of 67 mg/dl and 4.3 mg/dL respectively from baseline of 20 mg/dl and 1.2 mg/dl. Her white cell count was elevated with bandemia of 16% and her serum tacrolimus level was 5.2 ng/mL. Urine analysis showed numerous WBC and bacteria. Patient was treated with intravenous hydration, insulin infusion and broad spectrum antibiotics. Prograf and Cellcept were held and patient was started on stress dose steroid. Kidney transplant doppler ultrasound showed echogenic foci which likely represented a gas forming infection. CT scan without contrast showed an enlarged and heterogeneous attenuation in right lower quadrant transplant with several pockets of parenchymal gas most consistent with emphysematous pyelonephritis. Two nonobstructive renal calculi in the transplanted kidney were found. Blood and urine cultures grew pan sensitive Escherichia coli responding to intravenous Ceftriaxone. Her general condition improved and sepsis and ketoacidosis resolved. Her allograft function improved and her BUN and creatinine were 27 mg/dl and 1.4 mg/dL at discharge. This is a rare presentation of EPN in a renal allograft associated with calculi. No real consensus exists on the optimal treatment of EPN in kidney transplant recipients and some debate on need for nephrectomy. In conclusion, this case demonstrates successful non-operative therapy of EPN with aggressive medical management in a kidney transplant recipient who presents with urosepsis, shock and renal failure.
The WAVE2 complex regulates T cell receptor signaling to integrins via Abl- and CrkL–C3G-mediated activation of Rap1

WAVE2 regulates T cell receptor (TCR)–stimulated actin cytoskeletal dynamics leading to both integrin clustering and affinity maturation. Although WAVE2 mediates integrin affinity maturation by recruiting vinculin and talin to the immunological synapse in an Arp2/3-dependent manner, the mechanism by which it regulates integrin clustering is unclear. We show that the Abl tyrosine kinase associates with the WAVE2 complex and TCR ligation induces WAVE2-dependent membrane recruitment of Abl. Furthermore, we show that WAVE2 regulates TCR-mediated activation of the integrin regulatory guanosine triphosphatase Rap1 via the recruitment and activation of the CrkL–C3G exchange complex. Moreover, we demonstrate that although Abl does not regulate the recruitment of CrkL–C3G into the membrane, it does affect the tyrosine phosphorylation of C3G, which is required for its guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity toward Rap1. This signaling node regulates not only TCR-stimulated integrin clustering but also affinity maturation. These findings identify a previously unknown mechanism by which the WAVE2 complex regulates TCR signaling to Rap1 and integrin activation.
Déjà vu—A study of duplicate citations in Medline

Motivation: Duplicate publication impacts the quality of the scientific corpus, has been difficult to detect, and studies this far have been limited in scope and size. Using text similarity searches, we were able to identify signatures of duplicate citations among a body of abstracts. Results: A sample of 62 213 Medline citations was examined and a database of manually verified duplicate citations was created to study author publication behavior. We found that 0.04% of the citations with no shared authors were highly similar and are thus potential cases of plagiarism. 1.35% with shared authors were sufficiently similar to be considered a duplicate. Extrapolating, this would correspond to 3500 and 117 500 duplicate citations in total, respectively. Availability: eTBLAST, an automated citation matching tool, and Deja vu, the duplicate citation database, are freely available at http://invention.swmed.edu/ and http://spore.swmed.edu/dejavu Contact: harold.garner@utsouthwestern.edu
Reprogramming Parkinson's disease research

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide ([Cooper et al., 2006][1]). It is caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem, as well as increased microglial activation and
Incorporating a Variable-Expertise-Level System in IT Course Modules

We can visualize present day IT education as an information sea in which all the natural maritime phenomena form and grow. The Internet and mobile technologies represent virtual hurricanes and storms. Object-oriented programming represents a steady rainfall, and aspect-oriented programming provides the thunderstorms. In this environment, old "sailing" practices like memorization and reciting information hold less value than efficient information seeking and retrieval.
46. The Influence of School Neighborhood Safety and Parks and Recreation Resources on Middle School Students' Physical Activity Levels

THE INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL NEIGHBORHOOD SAFETY AND PARKS AND RECREATION RESOURCES ON MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS Courtney E. Walls, MPH, Tracy K. Richmond, MD, MPH, Emily A. Blood, PhD, S. Bryn Austin, ScD, Mary L. Greaney, PhD, Jennifer Spadano-Gasbarro, PhD, Monica L. Wang, MSc, Solomon Mezgebu, MSc, Karen E. Peterson, DSc. Children’s Hospital Boston Childrens Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School Harvard School of Public Health, Childrens Hospital Boston Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health Student Harvard School of Public Health Massachusetts Department of Public Health University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, School of Public Health
Effect of Synchronization Errors on Deployment Characteristics of Modularized Structures

This paper describes the deployment characteristics of a modular mesh antenna. The antenna consists of seven modules and is 10 m in diameter. Each module consists of a mesh surface and a deployable truss structure. Three motors cooperate to control the antenna deployment. The synchronization errors caused by asynchronous deployment motion depend on two factors: length of released control cable, and control cable failure. A deployment test is conducted on a 7-module assembly suspended from the ceiling in the cup-down configuration. We measured the displacement of the slide hinge along the center axis, the tensions in the control cables, and the strains in the rib structure members during deployment. We evaluated the effect of synchronization errors on the tension in the control cable and the strain in the rib structure members. We conclude that synchronization errors do not disturb the deployment motion and do not cause any structural failures when all modules are controlled by cables.
Experiments Using Continuous Fabrication of IBAD-MgO Based Coated Conductors

The reel-to-reel coated conductor facilities at Los Alamos National Laboratory enable electropolishing, ion-beam assist deposited (IBAD) MgO texturing, buffer layer deposition, REBaCuO pulsed laser deposition and position dependent critical current measurements, all in a continuous fashion. These systems allow development of long-length coated conductors as well as high-throughput experimentation by linear combinatorial design. We discuss how we utilize the deposition systems to obtain thickness profiles and study the properties of the films as a function of thickness. In particular we demonstrate that texture improves with thickness of epitaxial layers, whether homoepitaxial MgO or heteroepitaxial YBCO.
Microwave vertically aligned carbon nanotube array sensors for ammonia detection

We present the results of the first reported microwave nanotube sensor with vertically aligned multiwalled nanotube arrays as the sensing material. The sensitivity is found to be -2.5 KHz/ppm for ammonia concentrations less than 1000 ppm. The frequency shift of the nanotube array resonator is in the opposite direction of that of previous experiments using randomly aligned nanotubes, and this difference is discussed
Integral instrumentation data quality evaluation: The way to enhance safety, security, and environment impact

Digital and network revolution has significantly changed the ways how instruments are designed and employed. These changes open up new opportunities but also introduce novel challenges, especially in instrumentation security and safety, and environmental effect domains. The paper proposes the development of new instrument quality assessment and assurance methodology, which should integrate traditional metrics of accuracy and reliability with novel standards for security, safety, and environmental impact. This integral evaluation use in instruments design and service will substantially increase safety, security, and environment levels. The methodology design principles and composition are discussed. Quality evaluation examples as well as practical cases are considered.
Mass and elite politics in Mill's considerations on representative Government

SUMMARYThis paper examines the formal filters of the public's political will defended by JS Mill as consistent with the best form of representative government. Holding that institutions must adjust to democratic society, and that democratic society must be improved to achieve wise rule, Mill rejects secret ballots and electoral pledges, and advocates a constitutional council and graduated enfranchisement. He also recommends but does not require the indirect election of the President and a unicameral legislature. Mill's historically sensitive approach puts pressure on interpreters to be sensitive to their own political and social context when applying Mill's ideas. In particular, obviously undemocratic measures such as plural voting should be adjusted to reflect Mill's view that the ratio between legitimacy and competence is constantly changing. The continual readjustment between the powers of masses and elites is the way that Mill's Considerations on Representative Government manage to avoid the now-tradi...
Post-Pneumonectomy Septal Retraction and Remodeling Are Structural Determinants of Lung Regeneration

METHODS: A lentivirus system was used to generate miR-372overexpressing A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Proliferation, migration and invasiveness of the cells, their ability to form colonies in culture and tumors in mice, and their gene expression profiles were compared against those of control cells. Targeting of specific genes by miR-372 was studied by quantifying the effect of microRNA overexpression on RNA and protein levels, and using a synthetic luciferase gene with a miR-372 target site.
Rubber-Thermoplastic Compositions. Part VI. The Swelling of Vulcanized Rubber-Plastic Compositions in Fluids

Abstract The swelling of thermoplastic vulcanizates in immersion fluids is constrained. The amount of swelling is less than the average swelling of the rubber and plastic. The constraint in swelling increases with the difference between the swelling of vulcanized rubber and that of the plastic, per se. However, the swelling constraint decreases with increases in the amount of fluid imbibed by the plastic or hard phase material. The thermoplastic vulcanizates prepared by dynamic vulcanization swell less than do the thermosetting (less thermoplastic) compositions prepared by static vulcanization. Swelling is anisotropic, especially for the compositions containing major proportions of rubber.
Effect of Cortisone upon Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig.

SummaryAdministration of cortisone prior to and subsequent to sensitization of the virginal female guinea pig with known quantities of antibody, inhibited the response of the smooth muscle of the small bowel to antigen, but failed to alter the sensitization of uterine smooth muscle.
Effect of Control on Information Systems Development Performance: A Meta-Analysis

Control modes are critical for promoting information systems development (ISD) performance, however the relationship is elusive. Further, control is typically discussed in terms of the use of portfolios of control comprised of both formal (outcome and behavior) and informal (clan and self) mechanisms. Yet, the extent to which formal and informal controls individually relate to both performance and each other is still not fully established. This research utilizes meta-analysis to examine these relationships. The results indicate that control does enhance performance, although the strength of the relationship varies across types of control and different measures of performance. The results also show a significant relationship between formal and informal control modes, providing support for views of complementarities between modes within portfolios of control. It appears, however, that only clan control is positively associated with formal control. Building on these findings we suggest future directions for ...
First-Principles Calculations of Phase Stability for High Temperature Intermetallics

Total energy electronic structure calculations are performed for the elements and selected binary ordered compounds of the ternary system Nb-Ru-Zr. These calculations provide binding energies, atomic volumes, bulk moduli, Debye temperatures, and Gruneiesen constants for the selected structures and compounds. Volume dependent pair and many-body chemical interactions are also obtained from the total energy results which, in turn, are used to study partially ordered alloys at finite temperatures. The stability of all the binary intermetallic compounds experimentally observed at low temperatures is correctly predicted by the first-principles calculations. The solid state portion of the Nb-Ru binary phase diagram is calculated using the chemical interactions obtained from the total energy calculations, a Debye-Gruneisen model for the vibrational free energy and the cluster variation method (CVM) for the configurational entropy with a local volume relaxation scheme. The calculations reproduce the experimentally observed ordering temperature of the NbRu3 intermetallic to within 2%.
Sulfur Source and Vitamin Requirements of the Aquatic Phycomycete, Catenaria Anguillulae

The requirements of the aquatic Phycomycete, Catenaria anguillulae Sorokin, were analyzed in liquid, shake cultures using a standardized zoospore inoculum. Growth was determined by measuring myceli...
I t SHOCK WAVE PROPAGATION AND STRUCTURE i IN NON-UNIFORM GASES AND PLASMAS

Theoretical estimates and computational analysis of the role of temperature gradients, non-uniform heating, and wall effects in determining structure of propagating shocks in glow discharges and of bow shocks around moving spheres is performkd. The multi-peak structure of density-gradient shock profiles observed in glow discharges is shown to be consistent with gas dynamic effects of shock distortion and complex flow structure caused by transverse temperature gradients. A possible/role of finite geometry combined with non-uniform temperature distribution in ballistic range studies is analyzed. Vibratio’ P al relaxation phenomena are indicated as potentially important in determining bow shock structure around blunt bodies moving through molecular plasmas.
Bifurcation characteristics and control of a mass-spring-belt friction self-excited vibration system

In order to deeply study the non-smooth dynamic mechanism of a friction self-excited vibration system,a nonlinear dynamic model for a typical mass-spring-belt friction self-excited vibration system containing a Stribeck friction model was established. Secondly,the bifurcation characteristics of the system under different parameters were analyzed by using the numerical simulation method. The results showed that feed speed,damping coefficient and ratio of dynamicstatic friction coefficients are the main factors affecting the system motion state; quasi-period vibration happens when the feed speed is lower and the supercritical Hopf bifurcation appears when the feed speed is 0. 4944; the system's characteristics with variation of damping coefficient and ratio of dynamic-static friction coefficients are similar to those with variation of feed speed. Thirdly,Washout filter method was used to control bifurcation phenomena existing in the system.By comparing the phase diagrams of the system behore and after introducing Washout filter,the results showed that the amplitude of the controlled system is reduced and its topologic structure is improved obviously after introducing Washout filter,so adding Washout filter into the system is a more effective method for bifurcation control of a mass-spring-belt friction self-excited vibration system with nonlinear controllers.
Nonequilibrium and Nonlinear Sorption during Transport of Cadmium, Nickel, and Strontium through Subsurface Soils

The sorption and transport of Cd, Ni, and Sr in two subsurface soils (Hayhook series and Borden) were investigated using batch and miscible displacement experiments. The sorption isotherms of Cd, Ni, and Sr were strongly nonlinear and well described by the Freundlich equation (S = KF C n F ). Electrostatic adsorption was found to be the major contributor to the sorption of these elements. The breakthrough curves of Cd, Ni, and Sr exhibited nonideal behavior (asymmetry and tailing), and were analyzed using a model that included various combinations of instantaneous, rate-limited, linear, and nonlinear sorption. The model incorporating both nonlinear and rate-limited sorption provided the best simulation of the data. Flow-interruption experiments were conducted to help identify the controlling process. The results indicated that nonlinear sorption was the major cause of nonideal transport, and that rate-limited sorption was a relatively minor contributor.
Ordinary Differential Equations

This chapter highlights ordinary differential equations. A differential equation involving only ordinary derivatives is called an ordinary differential equation. A differential equation containing partial derivatives is called a partial differential equation. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest-order derivative appearing in the equation. Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature difference between an object and its surrounding medium is proportional to the temperature difference. If D ( t ) denotes this temperature difference at time t and if α denotes the constant of proportionality, then dD/dt = -αD. = -α D is obtained. The minus sign indicates that this difference decreases. The chapter also illustrates several examples of first-order and second-order linear differential equations. To find all solutions to the nonhomogeneous problem, only one solution to the nonhomogeneous problem and the general solution of the homogeneous problem is necessary.
The Internal Conflicts of Undergraduate Students Regarding Effective Leadership Practices

The current study explored the internal conflicts of a diverse group of undergraduate students as leadership development experiences challenge students’ pre-existing attitudes and beliefs of what comprises effective leadership. Interviews with 23 undergraduate students uncovered two consistent conflicts within the minds of emerging leaders, often experienced unconsciously: (a) the recognition of the need to serve the group while also exhibiting command over followers and (b) the desire to adapt to changing circumstances while also remaining resolute in personal chosen courses of action. The particular internal contradictions, common to students in the study across gender and racial lines, imply a structure of predictable cognitive transition as emerging leaders work toward internalizing group-inclusive concepts associated with contemporary leadership practices. The study's findings possess several implications for leadership educators—in higher education and external organizations—in the ways these professionals create both formal and informal developmental experiences for undergraduate students.
Knowing By Number: Learning Math for Thinking Well.

• The controversy of the Common Core State Standards for mathematics is just the latest in a long history of disagreements about the content and nature of mathematics education.
Morphological interaction between the nasal septum and nasofacial skeleton during human ontogeny.

The nasal septal cartilage is thought to be a key growth center that contributes to nasofacial skeletal development. Despite the developmental influence of the nasal septum however, humans often exhibit a high frequency of septal deviation suggesting discordance in the growth between the septum and surrounding nasofacial skeleton. While there are numerous etiological factors that contribute to septal deviation, the surrounding nasofacial skeleton may also act to constrain the septum, resulting in altered patterns of growth. That is, while the nasal septum has a direct morphogenetic influence on aspects of the nasofacial skeleton, other nasofacial skeletal components may restrict septal growth resulting in deviation. Detailing the developmental relationship between these structures is important not only for understanding the causal determinants of nasal septal deviation, but also for developing a broader understanding of the complex interaction between the facial skeleton and chondrocranium. We selected 66 non-syndromic subjects from the University of Minnesota Orthodontic Clinic who ranged from 7 to 18 years in age and had an existing pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan. Using CBCT data, we examined the developmental relationship between nasal septal deviation and the surrounding nasofacial skeleton. We measured septal deviation as a percentage of septal volume relative to a modeled non-deviated septum. We then collected a series of coordinate landmark data in the region immediately surrounding the nasal septum in the midsagittal plane representing the nasofacial skeleton. First, we examined ontogenetic changes in the magnitude of nasal septal deviation relative to chronological age and nasofacial size. Next, using Procrustes-based geometric morphometric techniques, we assessed the morphological relationship between nasal septal deviation and nasofacial skeletal shape. Our results indicate that variation in the magnitude of nasal septal deviation was established in our earliest age group and maintained throughout ontogeny. Moreover, nasal septal deviation was correlated with non-allometric variation in nasofacial shape restricted to the region of the anterior sphenoid body. Ultimately, our results suggest that early developmental variation in midline basicranial components may act to alter or constrain patterns of nasal septal growth.