cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instrument developments in health physics.

Abstract The performance characteristics and construction features are described for several instruments that were developed for specific applications in industrial hygiene in the nuclear energy industry. Two monitors, an automatic particle sampler and an NO2 recorder, are discussed. An apparatus for testing respirator performance is shown. A reciprocating attachment for the random collection of particles by electrical precipitation is mentioned. Also reviewed are a microscope attachment for locating radioactive particles and a device for increasing the, rapidity of manually measuring particle sizes 'from micro-projections. Photographs are included.
Using Alternative Dispute Resolution Techniques In Construction Disputes

This article was written for engineers and people in the construction industry in Japan and presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Infrastructure Management and Financing, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan, August 31, 2003. It describes the history and use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the United States generally, with particular emphasis on the use of ADR in the construction industry. There is no intent to suggest what should be done to solve construction disputes in Japan. The purpose is to describe American ADR and hope that this information will be both interesting and useful to those people interested in the construction industry in Japan and other countries. This paper makes a variety of points about ADR and the construction industry. A rather lengthy appendix provides an ADR resource and includes a short article about a basic mediation model used for community disputes, a short description of a construction mediation, a excerpt from an article describing mediator styles, a glossary (or set of definitions) of a wide variety of ADR processes, some sample ADR clauses for written contracts, and a few ADR web sites.
Site-specific differences in latency intervals during biventricular pacing: impact on paced QRS morphology and echo-optimized V-V interval.

Objective: To investigate differences in latency intervals during right ventricular (RV) pacing and left ventricular (LV) pacing from the (postero-)lateral cardiac vein in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) patients and their relationship to echo-optimized interventricular (V-V) intervals and paced QRS morphology. Methods: We recorded digital 12-lead electrocardiograms in 40 CRT patients during RV, LV, and biventricular pacing at three output settings. Stimulus-to-earliest QRS deflection (latency) intervals were measured in all leads. Echocardiographic atrioventricular (AV) and V-V optimization was performed using aortic velocity time integrals. Results: Latency intervals were longer during LV (34 ± 17, 29 ± 15, 28 ± 15 ms) versus RV apical pacing (17 ± 8, 15 ± 8, 13 ± 7 ms) for threshold, threshold ×3, and maximal output, respectively (P < 0.001), and shortened with increased stimulus strength (P < 0.05). The echo-optimized V-V interval was 58 ± 31 ms in five of 40 (12%) patients with LV latency ≥ 40 ms compared to 29 ± 20 ms in 35 patients with LV latency < 40 ms (P < 0.01). During simultaneous biventricular pacing, four of five (80%) patients with LV latency ≥ 40 ms exhibited a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern in lead V1 compared to three of 35 (9%) patients with LV latency < 40 ms (P < 0.01). After optimization, all five patients with LV latency ≥ 40 ms registered a dominant R wave in lead V1. Conclusions: LV pacing from the lateral cardiac vein is associated with longer latency intervals than endocardial RV pacing. LV latency causes delayed LV activation and requires V-V interval adjustment to improve hemodynamic response to CRT. Patients with LV latency ≥ 40 ms most often display an LBBB pattern in lead V1 during simultaneous biventricular pacing, but a right bundle branch block after V-V interval optimization. (PACE 2010; 1382–1391)
Local integrity systems: world cities fighting corruption and safeguarding integrity, edited by Leo Huberts, Frank Anechiarico, and Frederique Six

Governments increasingly seek to address public concern for corruption by developing an ever greater number of anticorruption laws, strategies, and institutions. In Local Integrity Systems: World C...
Recent Development in Information Science: Implications for Information Systems Research

Over past several decades, the management information systems (MIS) community has adopted theories, methodologies, philosophical bases, and assumptions from sister disciplines. This paper reports the changing nature of information science (IS) towards multi-disciplinarity and its development over the past decade. It also examines the contribution of informetrics to MIS research in delineating the intellectual structure of information systems, comparing cumulative research traditions, demonstrating theoretical differences between competing approaches, tracing a paradigm shift. Development in IS provides MIS researchers with ample opportunities for cross-disciplinary research, new research tools, new theories to understand information systems phenomena, etc.
Chapter 12 Professional Responsibility and Ethics in the Spatial Sciences

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the responsibility among cartographers and Geographic information systems (GIS) professionals as a multi-faceted issue, involving objective qualifications as well as ethical behavior directed toward business associates and moral issues at the societal level among GIS practitioners. The chapter outlines the history of the responsibility issue and discusses professions both generally and in the specific context of cartography and GIS. The chapter provides a general definition and examples of responsibility as they relate to the spatial sciences and discusses four separate relationships in which responsibility is important to GIS (to the profession, between the profession and clients, between the profession and society, and between the profession and the student). It includes a discussion of the ways in which specific ethical issues have been played out in the GIS community and the many ethical issues facing professionals in cartography and GIS today. The chapter concludes by suggesting ways in which the GIS community can inculcate a sense of professional and moral responsibility among newcomers to the field, and heighten the sense of responsibility among those who are already members of the community.
Seeking Rational Approaches to Fixing Hospital Readmissions.

Spurred by federal policy makers, US hospitals have made substantial efforts to address the problem of high rates of patients being readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Underlying this policy focus is a straightforward idea: when patients are discharged from the hospital, with some exceptions, they shouldn’t have to return within 30 days. The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP), part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), codified this notion by penalizing hospitals with higher-thanexpected readmission rates up to 3% of their totalMedicarepayments (http://go.cms .gov/1L93Lh4). The early evidence on HRRP’s effects was largely positive. Readmission rates declined nationally and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) touted these results (http://1.usa.gov /1k0tw2B) as evidence that the ACA had begun to bend the cost curve. From 2008 through 2013, the likelihood of a Medicare beneficiary being readmitted within 30 days decreased from 19.0% to 17.8%, translating to hundreds of millions of dollars in savings to Medicare.
Clonal Expansion of Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells following Infection with Salmonella typhimurium Is Similar in Susceptible (Itys) and Resistant (Ityr) BALB/c Mice

The results show that CD4 T cells specific for a recombinant antigen expressed in Salmonella typhimurium proliferate normally in mice that express the susceptible form of the Ity gene at early times after infection but do not retain the capacity to produce gamma interferon later in the infection.
Prolongation of the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in children with sickle cell disease.

Background Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have high rates of perioperative complications, including bleeding 1,2. Procedures We conducted a retrospective review of pre-operative coagulation studies in pediatric patients with SCD followed by a prospective study of 100 well children with SCD to determine the prevalence of abnormal coagulation screening tests, and to evaluate potential etiologies. Results In the retrospective study, 32/84 (38.1%) had a prolonged prothrombin time (PT), compared to 8/100 in the prospective study. Prolongations of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were less common. Children in the prospective study with prolonged PTs had significantly lower levels of Factor V and VII compared to those with normal PTs. Factor VII levels were <50% in 4/8 with long PTs, compared to 3/92 with normal PTs, P = 0.001. Though retrospectively, several patients had normalization of their PT with vitamin K, there was no laboratory evidence of vitamin K deficiency in the prospective study. In the retrospective analysis, six of seven children who had pre-operative coagulation studies and significant intraoperative blood loss had prolonged PTs (P = 0.04). Conclusions Children with SCD admitted for surgical procedures were more likely to have prolonged PTs than those tested at a well visit. There was intra-patient variability in coagulation studies that may be related to clinical status, hepatocellular dysfunction, and/or increased clotting factor consumption. Future well-designed prospective studies to determine whether abnormal coagulation studies are associated with an increased risk of perioperative bleeding in children with SCD are necessary. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47:589–593. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tumor cell kinetics in mixed populations

The delayed biopsy, relative movement method provides a rapid estimate of in situ potential doubling times in human tumors. The accuracy of the estimate, however, can be adversely influenced by normal diploid cells that are present in tumor biopsy specimens and have DNA profiles that overlap their tumor cell counterparts. Interference with the measurement of tumor cell kinetic parameters can result, the magnitude of which depends upon the DNA index and the proportion and labeling index of these normal cells. Two approaches that address this problem were explored in vitro: (1) A normal cell subtraction method was developed in which adjacent normal tissue and tumor are biopsied concurrently and are separately processed for flow cytometric analysis. Results are integrated to allow an approximate correction for the normal, diploid population's perturbation of the measurement of tumor labeling index and relative movement. This approach was examined in this present study through extensive testing in mixtures of various proportions of two in vitro cell lines. (2) The percent S phase method, developed by Durand, was examined in these same population mixtures, as well as separately in each population. Both methods provide reliable estimates of kinetics in mixed in vitro populations. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as the potential limitations if extended to in vivo measurements, are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender and Perceptions Of the Job Environment In the U.S. Air Force

This paper examines Kanter's thesis that sex differences in the way people perceive their employing organization are attributable to three organizational determinants: opportunity, power, and relat...
Budding and Asymmetric Protein Microcompartmentation in Giant Vesicles Containing Two Aqueous Phases

We report the effect of external osmolarity on giant lipid vesicles containing an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS GVs). The ATPS, which is comprised of poly(ethyleneglycol) [PEG], dextran, and water, serves as a primitive model of the macromolecularly crowded environment of the cytoplasm. Coexisting PEG-rich and dextran-rich aqueous phases provide chemically dissimilar microenvironments, enabling local differences in protein concentration to be maintained within single ATPS GVs. The degree of biomolecule microcompartmentation can be increased by exposing the ATPS GVs to a hypertonic external solution, which draws water out of the vesicles, concentrating the polymers. Enrichment of a protein, soybean agglutinin, in the dextran-rich phase improves from 2.3-fold to 10-fold with an increase in external osmolarity from 100 to 200 mmol/kg. In some cases, budding occurs, with the bud(s) formed by partial expulsion of one of the two polymer-rich aqueous phases. Budding results in asymmetry in the internal polymer ...
Control problems with random and progressively known targets

The situation considered is of optimally controlling a deterministic system from a given state to an initially unknown targety in a fixed time interval [T0,T]. The target will be certainly known at a random time τ in [T0,T]. The controller knows the distributions ofy and τ. We derive the Bellman equation for the problem, prove a verification theorem for it, and demonstrate how the distribution τ influences the optimal control. We show that, in the linear-quadratic case, the optimal control is given by a feedback law that does not depend on the distribution of τ.
Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda

Abstract The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in scholarly interest in the topic of authentic leadership. We review this literature with the goal of clarifying the state of knowledge in the field. We begin with a historical overview of the construct's definition and evolution. Next, we present the results of a content analysis of 91 publications that focus on authentic leadership. Specifically, we examined the publication type (theoretical, empirical, and practitioner), contributors (e.g., discipline, nationality, and institutional affiliation), theoretical foundations, research strategies, sample location/type, data collection methods, analytical procedures, and nomological network of authentic leadership. We conclude by presenting an agenda for future research.
Advancing Research in Kinesiology: Introduction

At the annual meeting of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education, the program focuses on a topic that both interests the Academy membership and has broader implications for our field. At the 75th anniversary meeting in 2005, the program focused on the history of the subdisciplines (Morrow, 2006) and was followed by meetings that discussed the current academic core of our discipline (Reeve, 2007) and the future of the subdisciplines (Clark, 2008). Each of these programs and the Academy Papers that followed provided insight and perspectives of the field—from its beginning into the immediate future—and suggested that our field has both a bright future and some challenges to achieve our potential. One of the great successes of kinesiology has been the research focus within many departments and the tremendous increase in knowledge generation. Since Franklin Henry’s (1964) call for an “academic discipline” in his classic paper, we have seen the subdisciplines develop and mature. Research has become a fundamental part of kinesiology. The change to a scholarly focus has not always been easy for kinesiology departments, and many still are looking for ways to create a research culture that supports and enhances scholarship. The program at the 78th meeting of the Academy, held in Chicago in late September 2008, focused on “Advancing Research in Kinesiology.” The meeting and the various presentations looked across subdisciplines, and speakers discussed topics that can help us grow and mature as a scholarly field. This issue of the Academy Papers provides a summary of the meeting held in Chicago. Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, a prolific scholar and experienced administrator, was the keynote speaker, and her paper provides an overview of how kinesiology departments and individual scholars can advance research. She addresses many issues that we should consider and adopt as we refine our scholarship. The other papers in this volume are organized by themes. The first set of papers focuses on building teams and collaborative groups and working together across research traditions. Given the call for interdisciplinary research in preparing grants and the potential benefit collaboration can have on expanding the research questions we ask, this topic was suggested by a number of Fellows as the program was developed. The papers are a product of the authors’ scholarship and professional experience developing successful collaborative teams. Patty Freedson discusses
Hadronic screening lengths in the high-temperature plasma.

Using a hybrid molecular-dynamics simulation of lattice QCD we measure the spatial screening lengths of local meson and baryon operators with two flavors of Kogut-Susskind fermions. In the high-temperature phase the meson and nucleon screening lengths are parity doubled and their inverses are comparable to the zero-temperature masses. We construct chiral projections for the meson and nucleon propagators which demonstrate the chiral symmetry in a way independent of the extraction of masses from the propagators.
Limb morphology of domestic and wild canids: the influence of development on morphologic change.

Abstract Biomechanical hypotheses are often invoked to explain the characteristic scaling of limb proportions. Patterns of static allometry and morphologic diversity, however, may also reflect the developmental mechanisms underlying morphologic change. In this study I document the importance of such developmental influences on the evolution of limb morphology in the extremely polymorphic domestic dog and in wild canid species. I use bivariate and discriminant function analyses to compare the limb morphology of adult dogs and wild canid species. I then compare ontogenetic allometry of four dog breeds with static allometry of domestic and wild canids. Results reveal, first, that there is considerable similarity between dogs and wild canid species; many wolf-like canids cannot be distinguished from domestic dogs of equivalent size. However, all dogs are consistently separated from fox-sized, wild canids by subtle but evolutionarily significant differences in olecranon, metapodial, and scapula morphology. Second, in domestic dogs the pattern of static allometry is nearly identical to that of ontogenetic allometry. This finding can be attributed to simple heterochronic alterations of postnatal growth rates. Apparently the diversity of limb proportions among adult domestic dogs and the observed difference between dogs and wild canids are somewhat predetermined, as they directly reflect the diversity of limb proportions evident during development of the domestic dog.
A collaborative annotation system for data visualization

We present Collaborative Annotations on Visualizations (CAV), a system for annotating visual data in remote and collocated environments. Our system consists of a network framework, and a client application built for tablet PC's. CAV is designed to support the collection and sharing of annotations, through the use of mobile devices connected to visualization servers. We have developed a working system prototype based on tablet PC's that supports digital ink, voice and text annotation, and illustrates our approach in a variety of application domains, including biology, chemistry, and telemedicine. We have created an XML based open standard that supports access to a variety of client devices by publishing visualizations (data and annotations) as streams of images. CAV's primary goal is to enhance scientific discovery by supporting collaboration in the context of data visualizations.
Quantitative X-Ray Powder Diffraction Method Using the Full Diffraction Pattern

A new quantitative X-ray powder diffraction (QXRPD) method has been developed to analyze polyphase crystalline mixtures. The unique approach employed in this method is the utilization of the full diffraction pattern of a mixture and its reconstruction as a weighted sum of diffraction patterns of the component phases. To facilitate the use of the new method, menu-driven interactive computer programs with graphics have been developed for the VAX series of computers. The analyst builds a reference database of component diffraction patterns, corrects the patterns for background effects, and determines the appropriate reference intensity ratios. This database is used to calculate the weight fraction of each phase in a mixture by fitting its diffraction pattern with a least-squares best-fit weighted sum of selected database reference patterns.The new QXRPD method was evaluated using oxides found in ceramics, corrosion products, and other materials encountered in the laboratory. Experimental procedures have been developed for sample preparation and data collection for reference samples and unknowns. Prepared mixtures have been used to demonstrate the very good results that can be obtained with this method.
Operational Forecasting Using Automated Guidance

Abstract The impact of increasing automation of meteorological guidance on manual preparation of operational weather forecasts is discussed. There appears to be some evidence that forecasters are abdicating their meteorological input into the final forecast as automated guidance increases in quantity and quality. Results of a National Weather Service Western Region program to stimulate more forecaster input into the final forecast are given. Suggestions are made regarding “interactive” forecasting using on-station computers in the upcoming Automation of Field Operations and Services (AFOS) era.
Effect of prolactin on phosphorus metabolism of pigeon crop-sac; P31 and P32 analyses.

SummaryProlactin increases the concentration of total P31 and P32 in the pigeon crop-sac. The applicability of these changes to the bioassay of the hormone is discussed.Prolactin (a) increases the specific activity without affecting the concentration of inorganic acid-soluble phosphorus in the cropsac. (b) increases the concentration without affecting the specific activity of the organic acid-soluble fraction, (c) increases the specific activity without affecting the phosphorus concentration in sthe phospholipid fraction, and (d) increases the concentration without affecting the specific activity of phosphorus in the residue fraction. The significance of these results is discussed.
Book Review: The English Heidegger

Terry Nardin’s book on Oakeshott is an attempt to compare him to other 20th-century philosophers and to track the development of his philosophical thought. The project of comparison is made relevant by the fact that Oakeshott’s philosophy, like that of Heidegger and others, was the product of the dissolution of neo-Kantianism. Nardin stresses the idea of “modal confusion,” meaning responding to a question of one kind with an answer appropriate to another kind of inquiry, as a key to Oakeshott’s thought from Experience and Its Modes through to On Human Conduct itself, where Oakeshott changes his terminology. But why does Oakeshott change? One reason might be the critique of Oakeshott by Peter Winch, as Oakeshott appears to have reformulated his views in response to it in On Human Conduct, in the course of constructing an alternative to ‘conceptual analysis’ as practiced in contemporary Oxbridge.
Historical highlights in cardiac pacing

The benchmarks in cardiac pacing are identified, beginning with F. Steiner (1871), who rhythmically stimulated the chloroform-arrested hearts of 3 horses, 1 donkey, 10 dogs, 14 cats, and 8 rabbits. The chloroform-arrested heart in human subjects was paced by T. Greene in the following year (1872) in the UK. In 1882, H. Ziemssen in Germany applied cardiac pacing to a 42-year old woman who had a large defect in the anterior left chest wall subsequent to resection of an enchondroma. Intentional cardiac pacing did not occur until 1932, when A.A. Hyman in the US demonstrated that cardiac pacing could be clinically practical. Hyman made a batteryless pacemaker for delivery in induction shock stimuli (60-120/min) to the atria. His pacemaker was powered by a hand-wound, spring-driven generator which provided 6 min of pacemaking without rewinding. Closed-chest ventricular pacing was introduced in the US in 1952 by P.M. Zoll et al. Zoll (1956) also introduced closed-chest ventricular defibrillation. W.L. Weirich et al. (1958) demonstrated that direct-heart stimulation in closed-chest patients could be achieved with slender wire electrodes. S. Furman and J.B. Schwedel (1959) developed a monopolar catheter electrode for ventricular pacing in man. In the same year, W. Greatbatch and W.M. Chardack developed the implantable pacemaker. >
Comparison of tactile awareness in children during the production of isolated syllables of English.

To assess whether lingual-tactile feedback is developmental 60 normally developing children formed two groups of 30. Group 1 were in Grades 1 and 2 (M age = 6.6 yr.) and Group 2 in Grades 5 and 6 (M age = 10.7 yr.). All children passed a speech, language, and hearing screening. They were asked to imitate the production of a syllable, then describe the location of the tongue during that production. Following this request, subjects were given four multiple-choice questions to answer regarding (a) tongue height (high to low), (b) tongue position (front to back), (c) contact with the teeth. and (d) contact with other structures within the oral cavity. Seven English phonemes (t, k, sh, r, l, and th) were presented in a consonant vowel (CF) syllable with the central carat vowel (pronounced “uh”). Children were aided by a two-dimensional line drawing of the oral cavity. Mean scores for each syllable ranged from .8 to 2.0 (on a scale of 4.0). Total mean scores of 28 possible for older children (M = 11.0) was sign...
Polyisonitriles. I. Original structure and possible rearrangement of poly(α‐phenylethylisonitrile)

Several possible chemical structures for poly(α-phenylethylisonitrile) are examined, and the structure is proposed for the polymer as it originally forms. The isolation of acetophenone from hydrolysates of the polymer suggests, although not conclusively, that the polymer may have undergone a tautomeric rearrangement to the structure Ultraviolet and infrared spectral data are cited as partial evidence of either of the proposed structures. The steric implications of the proposed structures are considered, and the probability that the polymerization and the presumed rearrangement are stereoregular chemical reactions is discussed. Debye-Scherrer x-ray patterns are presented for poly(α-phenylethylisonitrile) and for poly(σ-tolylisonitrile).
A model for developing and pre-testing a multi-media teaching program to enhance the self-care behavior of diabetes insipidus patients

A patient-education program was designed by members of the Neurology Nursing Service. The program was designed to provide patients with diabetes insipidus with the information needed to help them manage their condition in the hospital and at home upon discharge. The program was approved by the Nursing Department's Patient Education Committee. The nurses worked closely with the hospital's patient-education coordinator and television-production staff to produce a videotape for educating patients about managing diabetes insipidus. A literature review of patient-education resources on diabetes insipidus revealed that no materials were available in either audiovisual or print media. The program utilized the multi-media approach of a videotape that was shown over closed-circuit television and a booklet outlining the salient points of the television program. All patients utilizing the program have been pre-tested and post-tested to assess their achievement of behavioral objectives.
Blood ion concentrations as a function of developmental stage in the gopher snake, Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer.

Abstract 1. 1. Serum and blood cell Na and K concentrations and serum osmolarity and Cl were measured in embryonic, hatchling and adult gopher snakes. 2. 2. The lowest serum Na, Cl and total solute concentrations were found in an embryonic snake (132 mM Na/l, 91 mM Cl/l and 266 mOsm/l). The concentrations were intermediate in the hatchlings and highest in the adults (180 mM Na/l, 141 mM Cl/l and 335 mOsm/l). The potassium was about 6 mM/l in all cases. 3. 3. The data suggest that the embryonic environment is quite dilute and significant changes occur in the blood composition during the transition to the terrestrial adult.
Effect of unsteady convection on mass transfer accompanied by a chemical reaction

Abstract A method is proposed for solving convective diffusion equations having the form: The method is based on a succession of contractions of this equation up to the equation There are physical situations which can be described by the above equation, namely diffusion processes near a liquid-fluid interface. For illustration purposes the absorption of a gas in a thin film in wave motion along a vertical surface and the collapse of a moving bubble are treated.
A dislocation model pertaining to the strength of elastically inhomogeneous materials

Abstract A dislocation model of the strength of elastically inhomogeneous crystalline materials which is based on the elastic interactions between dislocations and periodic fluctuations of the shear modulus is presented. The model rests on the assumption that the elastic energy of a dislocation in an inhomogeneous material can be treated as if the shear modulus varies radially from the axis of the dislocation. For simplicity, the shear modulus is assumed to vary according to a Bessel function of the first kind of order either 0 or 1. The variation in the elastic energy of a dislocation with position in an inhomogeneous material is accounted for by a variable phase factor which is included in the argument of the Bessel functions. The model suggests that the critical stress required to initiate plastic flow increases linearly with the amplitude of the shear modulus variation and inversely with the wavelength. The predictions of the model are consistent with some of the findings on the strength of alloys strengthened by spinodal decomposition.
Natural Convective Boundary-Layer on Two-Dimensional and Axisymmetric Surfaces in High-Pr Fluids or in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media

In natural convective boundary layers on inclined surfaces, the surface-normal component of the buoyancy force induces a pressure gradient across the boundary layer. For the class of flows in which inertial effects are unimportant (including flows at high Prandtl number as well as flow through fluid-saturated porous media), a local nonsimilarity analysis indicates that the effects of the surface-normal pressure gradient on the temperature profile can be characterized by a single local configuration-parameter which depends on the local geometry and on the Rayleigh number. Under Mangler's transformation the reported computational results become applicable to axisymmetric as well as 2-dimensional geometries of arbitrary contour. In contrast to the single-parameter dependence of the temperature profiles, the velocity profiles depend upon 2 local geometric parameters, as illustrated for the example of an inclined flat plate.
Anaerobic Bioremediation of Benzene under Sulfate-Reducing Conditions in a Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifer

The addition of sulfate to an anaerobic petroleum-contaminated aquifer in which benzene was a major soluble contaminant resulted in removal of benzene from the groundwater. The loss in benzene was associated with a decrease in sulfate along the groundwater flow path, relative to a conservative bromide tracer. Studies with [2-14C]acetate and molybdate demonstrated that sulfate reduction was the predominant terminal electron-accepting process (TEAP) in the sulfate-amended sediments, and studies with [14C]benzene indicated that benzene oxidation was dependent upon sulfate reduction. Abundant ferrous iron in the subsurface likely prevented the generation of free sulfide in the groundwater during the field trial. Comparisons of benzene and sulfate depletion in the treatment zone indicated that benzene degradation could account for 53% of the sulfate depletion. These results suggest that the addition of sulfate stimulated the activity of benzene-degrading, sulfate-reducing microorganisms. This is the first fiel...
Characterizing Brain Cortical Plasticity and Network Dynamics Across the Age-Span in Health and Disease with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI

Brain plasticity can be conceptualized as nature’s invention to overcome limitations of the genome and adapt to a rapidly changing environment. As such, plasticity is an intrinsic property of the brain across the lifespan. However, mechanisms of plasticity may vary with age. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables clinicians and researchers to directly study local and network cortical plasticity, in humans in vivo, and characterize their changes across the age-span. Parallel, translational studies in animals can provide mechanistic insights. Here, we argue that, for each individual, the efficiency of neuronal plasticity declines throughout the age-span and may do so more or less prominently depending on variable ‘starting-points’ and different ‘slopes of change’ defined by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Furthermore, aberrant, excessive, insufficient, or mistimed plasticity may represent the proximal pathogenic cause of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders such as autism spectrum disorders or Alzheimer’s disease.
A renormalization group calculation of the swelling factor for a non-ideal, randomly jointed polymer chain

Abstract A real-space renormalization group method is used to calculate the swelling factor of a three-dimensional, randomly-jointed chain with hard-sphere excluded-volume interactions. This method differs from more conventional procedures patterned on the field theoretic approach pioneered by Gell-Mann and Low and Wilson. It is specifically designed to produce estimates of the swelling factor for finite values of the chain length and for a broad range of [excluded-volume] bare coupling coefficients. In addition to predictions specific to chains of finite length, the theory produces two distinct power-law scaling formulas for the asymptotic, long-chain limit of the swelling factor. One of these is descriptive of an ideal chain and is associated exclusively with very small values of the bare excluded-volume interaction parameter. The other is appropriate to chains with larger values of the interaction parameter and which exhibit significant deviations from ideality. The “critical exponent” associated with this second class of chains is equal to ν =0.5916, a value which agrees quite well with the results of previous investigations. Our renormalization group calculations are based on a pair of functional equations, one for an effective coupling function and another for the swelling factor.
Refractive state, corneal curvature, accommodative range and ocular anatomy of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

The resting refractive state of six mature, female, Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) was determined using streak retinoscopy and neutralizing video retinoscopy. The amplitude of accommodation was also measured by neutralizing video retinoscopy of two animals and the corneal curvatures of three animals was measured by photokeratoscopy. The net spherical refraction was found to be +0.23 D. No difference was observed between cyclopleged and non-cyclopleged eyes (data from three animals), nor was there any difference between right and left eyes. Nine of the twelve eyes refracted had ⩾ 0.5 D astigmatism. The mean corneal power, as measured by photokeratometry was 21.3 D (SD = 1.8 D). There was a tendency towards with-the-rule corneal astigmatism in our sample (mean value: 1.2 D), though it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). Two elephants were examined using neutralizing video photoretinoscopy. They were able to accommodate through 3 D. Three fixed eyes from three different elephants were obtained for gross and microscopic examination. The mean axial length of the eye was 38.75 mm and the tens had an axial diameter of approx. 10 mm. The posterior sclera was thick (8.0–8.5 mm). Histologically, the cornea was comprised of five distinct layers. A thin, meridionally oriented smooth ciliary muscle was identified. Individual muscle fibers were also observed associated with the posterior trabeculae of the uveal meshwork.
Programming Time as a Function of Number of Movement Parts and Changes in Movement Direction

The question of whether changes seen in simple reaction time (SRT) as a function of response complexity (i.e., number of movement parts) should be considered as differences in the time needed to centrally program a motor response was addressed. Using a large-scale tapping response, 14 subjects contacted from one to five targets positioned in a straight line, while a second group of 14 subjects executed 90° changes in direction in striking the targets. Results revealed that mean SRT and mean premotor time increased linearly as the number of movement parts increased, regardless of whether changes in movement direction had to be programmed, with the greatest increase occurring between one-, and two-part responses. Increases in motor time were not sufficient to account for the sizeable SRT effect. These findings support the position of increased central programming time for more complex responses, and also help establish some of the boundaries of the complexity effect.
ATOMIC SPIN DENSITIES FROM CORRELATION-CONSISTENT BASIS SETS

Recently introduced correlation-consistent (cc-) basis sets are used together with the quadratic configuration interaction (QCISD) correlation recovery technique and a hybrid density functional met...
Teaching the Bible in the Context of General Education

Three conceptions of general education developed under the titles ‘general,’‘generalist,’ and ‘generalizing’ are matched with appropriate strategies for teaching the Bible. These provide the basis for two points relevant to teaching the Bible in colleges and universities: first, that the prime object of attention is not the Bible, but rather a corporate agreement regarding an educational project; and second, that the ways in which the Bible might be taught will vary, appropriately, according to the ways in which that educational enterprise is understood. A corollary is stated: teachers of the Bible need to be as informed about research in teaching as they are in biblical research.
Kinetics of epidermal growth factor/receptor binding on cells measured by total internal reflection/fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is used to measure the dissociation kinetic rate of fluorescein-labeled epidermal growth factor from its specific receptors on the surface of intact but mildly fixed A431 human epidermoid cells in culture. Prior applications of TIRF microscopy have been limited to nonreceptor binding or to model membrane systems. The evanescent field excites fluorescence selectively at the surface of the cell proximal to the coverslip. “Prismless” epiillumination TIR is employed to avoid space limitations and is achieved by passing the excitation laser beam through a high (1.4)-aperture objective so that the light is incident at the glass/water interface beyond the critical angle. Long-term focus is maintained by a special feedback system. Of the possible effects that can influence the time course of the postbleach fluorescence recoveries—the EGF/receptor dissociation ratek 2, the bulk solution diffusion rate of EGF, and the cell surface motion of the receptors—we infer that the dissociation ratek 2 dominates. Several fitting schemes are compared and indicate the presence of a multiplicity of values fork 2, ranging from about 0.05 to 0.004 s−1, with an average value of about 0.012 s−1. These results compare well with values previously obtained by radiolabel/washing techniques. The significance of the results in terms of kinetic models and the advantages of the TIRF technique for these sorts of measurements are discussed.
Continued growth of functional human T lymphocytes: production of human T-cell growth factor.

Abstract Interest in the possibility of growing large numbers of antigen-reactive human T lymphocytes led to a thorough study of the production of T-cell growth factor(s) that allow the continued proliferation of human T lymphocytes in culture. Such factors are found in the supernates of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Whereas the growth factor from a commercial laboratory was produced with pooled lymphocytes from many donors, we developed supernates from mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes of single donors. The present study has revealed several important points for production of T-cell growth factor: (i) the commercial production was unnecessarily complex, and could be simplified; (ii) stimulation of leukocytes with phytohemagglutinin was needed, and could not readily be replaced by Con A or alloantigens; (iii) some normal donors were high producers of T-cell growth factor, whereas others were consistently low producers; (iv) adherent cells, probably monocytes, could be suppressive in this system. A synergistic effect between the stimuli of phytohemagglutinin and of cells from certain B lymphoblastoid cell lines was also found.
Combining Therapies With Interferon Beta for Relapsing and Early Progressive MS: A Review

Interferon beta-1a and interferon beta-1b are approved treatments for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). However, many patients experience disease activity despite appropriate use of these biologic therapies. When disease activity occurs during treatment with one of these agents, physicians can consider adding one or more treatments. Therapies that could be combined with interferon beta are reviewed, and practical issues in their use are discussed. None of the agents discussed have been rigorously tested in combination with interferon beta, and physicians are reminded that combination therapy may aggravate MS or cause delayed injury to other organ systems. Multicentered, scientifically valid clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of interferon beta combined with other therapies for the treatment of MS. Whenever possible, patients needing combined therapy should be referred to a site conducting clinical trials of such therapy. (Int J MS Care. 2002; 4: 50–65)
Protecting patients by training physicians in fluoroscopic radiation management.

During the past 15 years, developments in x-ray technologies have substantially enhanced the ability of practitioners to treat patients using fluoroscopically guided interventional techniques. However, many of these procedures require a greater use of fluoroscopy and serial imaging (cine). This has increased the potential for radiation-induced dermatitis, epilation, and severe radiation-induced burns to patients. It has also increased the potential for radiation injury and radiation-induced cancer in personnel. This work will describe a number of the cases that have appeared in the literature and current recommendations and credentialing requirements of various organizations whose members use fluoroscopy. Finally, a program for implementing training of physicians in radiation management as a means of reducing the risk of injury to patients and personnel is recommended. 2000 American College of Medical Physics.
Alanine biosynthesis during starvation in skeletal muscle of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias

The release of alanine by dogfish (Squalus acanthias) skeletal muscle was assayed in vivo and alanine biosynthesis was characterized in vitro. Amino acid analyses of blood drawn from dorsal aorta and caudal vein indicated that after one day of starvation only alanine was released by tail muscle in statistically significant amounts. Alanine continued to be released for the following two weeks of starvation but fell significantly after that. Pelvic-findepressor muscles incubated in a physiological medium synthesized significant amounts of alanine. This synthesis was dependent on a source of added isoleucine (or leucine) but not glucose. Addition to the incubation medium of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase had no effect on alanie biosynthesis. Thus, release of alanine by dogfish skeletal muscle is similar to that in mammals, but factors regulating biosynthesis may be different in the two groups.
A story about storytelling: enhancement of community participation through catalytic storytelling

This article presents a new approach to stimulate conversations among community members to mobilize resources and improve community well-being. The approach emerged during an asset mapping study in a school district in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona when the researchers realized that they could not on their own capture the broad range of diversity within a community. The approach, which the authors later came to call catalytic storytelling, is interpreted in light of asset-based community development, appreciative inquiry, and community storytelling traditions. It requires the researcher to adopt an ambiguous position as insider–outsider, which was described by Dwyer and Buckle in 2009. Furthermore, catalytic storytelling purports that reports written by community development researchers and community organizers should pose key questions to community members in addition to summarizing main stories derived from community conversations.
A catheter inserted device for the creation of reversible aortic insufficiency.

Catheter inserted wire basket device for creation of reversible aortic insufficiency in animal
Diagnosis and treatment of diminished ovarian reserve in assisted reproductive technology cycles of women up to age 40 years: the role of insurance mandates.

Objective To explore correlates of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and predictors of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) treatment outcome in DOR cycles using the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies-Clinical Outcomes Reporting System (SART-CORS) database; we hypothesized that mandated state insurance coverage for ART is associated with the prevalence of DOR diagnosis in ART cycles and with treatment outcomes in DOR cycles. Design Cross-sectional study using ART cycles between 2004 and 2007. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 182,779 fresh, nondonor, initial ART cycles in women up to age 40 years. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Prevalence of DOR and elevated FSH, odds ratio of DOR and elevated FSH in ART mandated vs. nonmandated states, live birth rates. Result(s) Compared with cycles performed in states with mandated ART coverage, cycles in states with no ART mandate were more likely to have DOR (adjusted odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.37–1.5) or elevated FSH (adjusted odds ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.56–1.85) as the sole reason for treatment. Lack of mandated ART coverage was associated with increased live birth rates in cycles diagnosed as DOR, but not in cycles characterized only by an elevated FSH. Conclusion(s) A significant association was observed between lack of mandated insurance for ART and the proportion of cycles treating DOR or elevated FSH. The presence or absence of state-mandated ART coverage could impact access to care and the mix of patients that pursue and initiate ART cycles in ways that influence these proportions. Additional studies are needed that consider the coalescence of insurance mandates, patient and provider factors, and state-level variables on the odds of specific infertility diagnoses and treatment prognosis.