cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air-sea coupling shapes North American hydroclimate response to ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum

Abstract The Western U.S. is vulnerable to hydrological stress, and insights from past climate periods are helpful for providing historical benchmarks for future climate projections. Myriad evidence from coupled models and paleoclimatic proxies suggests a major reorganization of west coast hydroclimate during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼17–25 ka), such that the Southwest U.S. was wetter than modern day and the Pacific Northwest was drier. Yet the fundamental mechanisms underlying these hydroclimatic shifts remain unclear. Here, we employ a suite of targeted model simulations to probe the influence of LGM Northern Hemisphere ice sheets on west coast atmospheric dynamics. Whereas previous modeling studies have suggested that the southward shift of LGM west coast precipitation was driven only by the mechanical steering of atmospheric circulation by elevated ice sheet topography, we find this to be an artifact of earlier simulations that neglected realistic air-sea interaction. Instead, our simulations indicate that ice sheet albedo induced a pattern of North Pacific sea surface temperatures, reinforced by ocean-atmosphere feedbacks, that shifted the large-scale atmospheric circulation as well as the latitudinal distribution of west coast precipitation southward during the LGM. Crucially, we find that atmosphere-ocean feedbacks that sustained this ice sheet albedo-induced temperature pattern in the LGM could drive similar hydroclimatic changes today.
DYNAMIC CLIMATOLOGY: ITS HISTORY AND FUTURE

Some aspects of the history of dynamic climatology are traced both forwards and backwards from the first use of the term in 1929. It is suggested that current emphasis in this subfield is placed upon atmospheric modelling. [Key words: history of climatology, dynamic climatology, modelling.]
Reasoning about the VHDL Standard Logic Package Signal Data Type

Abstract Formal verification methods provide a way to prove that a circuit structure correctly implements its specification. Low level gate and transistor logic circuits can be verified using methods such as symbolic simulation. Higher level circuits can be verified using theorem-proving methods, providing a multi-leveled approach to complex device verification. Correct modeling of many VLSI circuits requires a signal value data type that includes some degree of strength indeterminacy. The VHDL Standard Logic Package includes such a signal value data type, t_wlogic, that includes 46 unique values. In this paper we provide a foundation for the t_wlogic values and their resolution function that provides a possible link between simulation and theorem-proving. A formalization of the low level signal values used by design tools also facilitates reasoning about CAD tools.
Mental and behavioral health conditions among older adults: implications for the home care workforce.

Objectives: The shift towards home and community-based care, coupled with the growing prevalence of mental and behavioral health conditions, increases the demand for skilled home care workers. However, little is known about the experiences of home care aides who provide care to clients with mental and behavioral health diagnoses. The purpose of this study was to identify challenges aides face in providing care to this particular group of clients, as well as the strategies and support they utilize to complete their job responsibilities.Methods: Data from five focus groups with home care workers (N = 49) throughout Massachusetts were used to examine the experiences of home care workers providing services to adults with mental or behavioral health needs. A constant comparative method was used during analysis of the focus group transcripts.Results: Aides described a lack of prior-knowledge of challenging client behaviors, leaving them unprepared to deal with disruptions to care delivery. Aides feel unsafe or ...
Spheres of Consent

ABSTRACT Literature about the vulnerability of female prisoners and the ineffectiveness of sexual assault reform laws is used to explain how the sexual abuse and exploitation of Hawaii's female prisoners became a chronic problem. It is argued that similar problems exist in other states and that the social status of inmate sexual assault victims is not an adequate explanation for an apparent lack of law enforcement. Recommendations for research, staff training, policy development, and political action are included.
Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design

On behalf of the ICCAD-2000 Executive and Technical Program Committees, I would like to welcome you tothe International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, which will take place between November 5-9 at theSan Jose DoubleTree Hotel. The technical program for ICCAD-2000 was assembled by a program committee which inclcdes experts from industry and academia around the world. The committee was organized and directed by Rolf Ernst. Its members devoted several days to reviewing the papers, and then participated in the full-day meeting to select papers from the many excellent submissions. Each paper was reviewed by at least 5 experts in the field. 86 papers were accepted from 265 papers submitted. A new part of the technical program this year is the IEEE/GAS William J. McCalla ICCAD Best Paper Award. This award is given in memory of William McCalla, for his contributions to ICCAD and his CAD technical work throughout his career. The award will be given to the authors of a best paper selected through a rigorous and multi-stage review process. It will be given during the opening session on Monday morning, November 6. Also new this year is the keynote address, which will be given by William J. Dally and is entitled "Lets Get Physical: ASICXOC Design in the Era of Wire-Limited Technology". This year we have increased the number of 90-minute tutorials to seven, as they have been a highly appreciated part of the technical program. The tutorials will cover the topics of communications systems, challenges in physical design, incremental CAD, verification, testing future systems-on-a-chip, low-power processors, and manufacturability. On Tuesday afternoon, there will be a technical panel organized by Lawrence Pileggi. The panel will be led by Richard Newton, entitled "Why Doesn't EDA Get Enough Respect", and the members will discuss the status of the CAD domain within the larger technology and businessworlds. Complementing the technical program is the 2000 tutorial program, on November 9th, organized by Andreas Kuehlmann. This year's tutorials include the following topics: 1) Algorithms for physical design, 2) Interconnect design and analysis for electrical integrity? 3) Principles and advanced techniques for symbolic model checking, and 4) Gain-based logic synthesis. The first three tutorials address the corner areas of a modern integrated synthesis flow, covering logic synthesis, layout design, and signal integrity analysis. The fourth tutorial presents recent advances in verification algorithms basecl on model checking. The rapid pace of advance at both ends - deep submicron and mixed signal technology at the physical end as well as systems-on-a-chip and platform-based design at t.he systems end-continues to make CAD research and tool development an exciting domain. ICCAD-2000 offers a place For CAD researchers, CAD developers, and VLSI designers to meet and exchange ideas about the problems and solutions for next-generation electronic systems.
Partial Coherence and Spectral Brightness at X-Ray Wavelengths

Microscopic examination of physical and biological systems requires short wavelength radiation which can be focused to very small dimensions. Indeed it is possible in the limit to both “see” and “write” features approaching the radiation wavelength λ, and furthermore to identify particular chemical elements through their characteristic electronic transitions. Sources of radiation which can deliver a substantial flux of photons to very small dimensions are said to be of high brightness. Sources of high brightness radiate a large photon flux (photons/second), from a small area · solid angle product (ΔA · ΔΩ). If, in addition, the photons are emitted within a spectrally narrow region, Δλ the radiation is said to be of high spectral brightness. The focusability of such radiation is, however, set by additional attributes of spatial coherence and, of course, by available optics [1]. The emphasis in this paper is on radiation which is not only of high spectral brightness, but which has additional attributes which permit it to be focused to dimensions approaching that set by its finite wavelength, λ. With a near perfect lens [1] such radiation could be focused to dimensions approaching the Rayleigh limit, 1.2 Fλ, where F is the lens F number. Spatially coherent radiation, capable of being focused to wavelength limited dimensions, is often referred to as “diffraction limited”. Figure 1 illustrates the concept of source brightness and focusability.
Infrared spectra of N2O-4He, N2O-3He, and OCS-3He complexes

Infrared spectra of the weakly bound complexes N2O–4He, N2O–3He, and OCS–3He have been observed using a tunable diode laser to probe a pulsed supersonic jet expansion. The rotational structure of the bands was analyzed using a conventional asymmetric rotor Hamiltonian. The N2O–3He and OCS–3He spectra are mostly a type (ΔKa=0) in structure, with very weak b-type (ΔKa=±1) transitions, but for N2O–4He the a- and b-type components are both prominent. The fitted rotational parameters are consistent with roughly T-shaped structures with intermolecular separations around 3.4–3.5 A for N2O–He and 3.8–3.9 A for OCS–He. The angle between the N2O or OCS axis and the He position is about 80° for N2O–He and 65° for OCS–He. The vibrational band origins are slightly blueshifted from those of the free molecule, with the N2O–He shifts (+0.2 cm−1) being about twice the magnitude of the OCS–He shifts (+0.1 cm−1). The results are of particular interest since N2O and (especially) OCS have both been used as probes in experimen...
Spatial Collocation Rules are Often Useful for Describing

Multi-relational data mining(MRDM) is concerned with data that contains heterogeneous and semantically rich relationships among various entity types. In this paper, we introduce multi-relational iceberg-cubes (MRI-Cubes) as a scalable approach to efficiently compute data cubes (aggregations) over multiple database relations and, in particular, as mechanisms to compute frequent multi-relational patterns ("itemsets"). We also present a summary of performance results of our algorithm.
Simple Bounds for Noisy Linear Inverse Problems with Exact Side Information

This paper considers the linear inverse problem where we wish to estimate a structured signal x_0 from its corrupted observations. When the problem is ill-posed, it is natural to associate a convex function f(·) with the structure of the signal. For example, l_1 norm can be used for sparse signals. To carry out the estimation, we consider two well-known convex programs: 1) Second order cone program (SOCP), and, 2) Lasso. Assuming Gaussian measurements, we show that, if precise information about the value f(x_0) or the l_2-norm of the noise is available, one can do a particularly good job at estimation. In particular, the reconstruction error becomes proportional to the “sparsity” of the signal rather than to the ambient dimension of the noise vector. We connect our results to the existing literature and provide a discussion on their relation to the standard least-squares problem. Our error bounds are non-asymptotic and sharp, they apply to arbitrary convex functions and do not assume any distribution on the noise.
Successful open pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism in a recent kidney transplant recipient.

BACKGROUND Patients with acute massive pulmonary embolus have a high mortality even with treatment. For patients in whom thrombolytic intervention is contraindicated, surgical pulmonary embolectomy is a viable option. CASE REPORT We present a patient who, four months after kidney transplantation, developed acute massive PE with cardiac arrest. He underwent surgical pulmonary embolectomy and was discharged two weeks later, with preservation of renal allograft function and long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS While the mortality risk of surgical embolectomy is high, survival has been greatly improved by the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Early diagnosis and initiation of aggressive treatment is vital to achieving successful outcomes in patients who would otherwise be unsalvageable.
Testing and Modeling of an Acoustic Instability in Pilot-Operated Pressure Relief Valves

Pressure relief valves are included as an essential element of many compressor piping systems in order to prevent overpressurization and also to minimize the loss of process gas during relief events. Failure of the valve to operate properly can result in excessive quantities of vented gas and/or catastrophic failure of the piping system. Several mechanisms for chatter and instability have been previously identified for spring-loaded relief valves, but pilot-operated relief valves are widely considered to be stable. In this paper, pilot-operated pressure relief valves are shown to be susceptible to a dynamic instability under certain conditions where valve dynamics couple with upstream piping acoustics. This self-exciting instability can cause severe oscillations of the valve piston, damaging the valve seat, preventing resealing and possibly causing damage to attached piping. Two case studies are presented that show damaging unstable oscillations in a field installation and a blowdown rig, and a methodology is presented for modeling the instability by coupling a valve dynamic model with a 1-D transient fluid dynamics simulation code. Modeling results are compared with measured stable and unstable operation in a blowdown rig to show that the modeling approach accurately predicts the observed behaviors.© 2015 ASME
Bone and bone graft healing.

Bone is unique in connective tissue healing because it heals entirely by cellular regeneration and the production of a mineral matrix rather than just collagen deposition known as scar. This article discusses the cellular, tissue, and organ levels in each of the following sections—skeletal embryology, normal bone, examples of abnormal bone, and bone graft healing—as they relate to the jaws and the craniofacial skeleton.
The Surgical Apgar Score in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Background A 10-point Surgical Apgar Score, based on patients’ estimated blood loss, lowest heart rate, and lowest mean arterial pressure during surgery, was developed to rate patients’ outcomes in general and vascular surgery but has not been tested for patients having orthopaedic surgery.
Lactic acid production from glycerol using CaO as solid base catalyst

Abstract In the valorization of glycerol as byproduct of biodiesel production, although recent progress in glycerol conversion to lactic acid using homogeneous chemocatalysis showed promising high yield, the used high alkalinity entails high corrosiveness to reactors and problematic downstream separations. In this study, five solid base catalysts were screened for converting glycerol to lactic acid with the aim to ease corrosiveness, focusing on inexpensive CaO as a promising solid base. Process conditions were systematically investigated for optimization. The highest yield of lactic acid achieved was 40.8 mol% with a glycerol conversion of 97.8 mol% at the optimum conditions using refined glycerol. Similar conversion rate and lactic acid yield were also obtained in the conversion of crude glycerol using CaO if the water content in crude glycerol is lower than 10%. CaO exhibited lower activation energy in converting glycerol to lactic acid compared to homogeneous NaOH catalyst. Corrosiveness to reactor using CaO was proven much lower than that using homogeneous NaOH catalyst. CaO as catalyst for both biodiesel production and subsequent crude glycerol conversion to lactic acid was investigated, revealing its potential industrial applications for the production of both biodiesel and lactic acid.
Assessment of dietary therapies in a canine model of Batten disease.

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are inherited neurodegenerative diseases that occur in a number of animalspecies, including dogs. A study was conducted to determine whether the resupply of nutrients lost in NCL English Setter dogs would modify the course of the disease. Carnitine and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to be reduced in NCL English Setters. Therefore, the normal laboratory diets of NCL dogs were supplemented with carnitine, fish oil and corn oil and the disease progression was compared with that of an untreated litter mate. The following specific prognostic indicators of NCL were monitored: cognitive function, brain atrophy, brain glucose metabolism and lifespan. Carnitine, with or without lipid supplements, dramatically delayed the progression of cognitive decline in NCL dogs. When fish oil and corn oil only were supplied, brain atrophy was reduced. A combination of all three supplements preserved cognitive function and increased lifespan by 10%. However, brain glucose hypometabolism and cerebral atrophy were not reduced. The results in this study indicated that the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions can be assessed by non-invasive methods at a relatively early stage of the disease process. Our study suggests that dietary supplementation with carnitine is a promising new approach for delaying or preventing the cognitive decline in dogs, and perhaps, with human NCL patients.
Advanced glycation end products induce apoptosis in fibroblasts through activation of ROS, MAP kinases, and the FOXO1 transcription factor.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are elevated in aged and diabetic individuals and are associated with pathological changes associated with both. Previously we demonstrated that the AGE Ne-(c...
The diagnosis and surgical treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts.

Intracranial arachnoid cysts are becoming a more frequent finding as a result of the increased use of cranial computed tomography. We present 26 patients with such lesions treated surgically at the Mayo Clinic between 1970 and 1980. In children the commonest presenting symptom was cranial enlargement, whereas in adults headaches were most common. On examination, most patients were normal, although focal deficits related to the site of the lesion were not rare. Computed tomography scanning was the definitive study in essentially all the patients. Direct surgical excision was the preferred therapy in most patients. Complications included three subdural hygromas in children, one wound infection, one death from anterior spinal artery thrombosis, and one case of seizures postoperatively.
The possibilities of applying a risk-oriented approach to the NPP reliability and safety enhancement problem

An analysis and some generalizations of approaches to risk assessments are presented. Interconnection between different interpretations of the “risk” notion is shown, and the possibility of applying the fuzzy set theory to risk assessments is demonstrated. A generalized formulation of the risk assessment notion is proposed in applying risk-oriented approaches to the problem of enhancing reliability and safety in nuclear power engineering. The solution of problems using the developed risk-oriented approaches aimed at achieving more reliable and safe operation of NPPs is described. The results of studies aimed at determining the need (advisability) to modernize/replace NPP elements and systems are presented together with the results obtained from elaborating the methodical principles of introducing the repair concept based on the equipment technical state. The possibility of reducing the scope of tests and altering the NPP systems maintenance strategy is substantiated using the risk-oriented approach. A probabilistic model for estimating the validity of boric acid concentration measurements is developed.
Male and female differences in reaction to erotic stimuli as related to sexual adjustment

One hundred male and 100 female undergraduate students viewed erotic slides depicting a wide range of human sexual behaviors. Each subject rated the stimuli on three criteria: sexual stimulation, liking for the slide, and extremeness of the behavior portrayed. Following the rating session, subjects completed Thorne's Sex Inventory, which theoretically measures psychosexual adjustment. Results indicated that males and females reported minimal sexual stimulation and minimal liking for the slides, but males in general reported greater sexual stimulation and liking than did females. In terms of rated extremeness, males and females showed quite close agreement, differing significantly on only one slide. It was also found that males rated a greater number of the slides considered to be the more extreme as more sexually stimulating and more liked than did females. Both males and females, however, tended overall to rate the more extreme slides as less sexually stimulating and less liked. This relationship was stronger for females than for males. Results indicated that scales on the Sex Inventory did not correlate positively with ratings of sexual stimulation and liking for the slides, and scales theoretically indicating sexual maladjustment failed to consistently correlate negatively with ratings of sexual stimulation and liking for the slides, for males and females.
The X-ray structure of [Me3SiC4SiMe3]2Fe2(CO)7: a σ—π-type bonding complex between a diacetylene and Iron carbonyl

Abstract The photochemical reaction of bis-(trimethylsily) butediyne, Me3SiC4SiMe3, with Fe(CO)5 in benzene yields a product of formula [Me3C4SiMe3]2Fe2(CO)7, II. The formula and molecular structure were determined by single crystal x-ray analysis. The results correct a structure (I) previously proposed based on spectroscopic evidence. The red crystals are monoclinic, space group I2/a with a = 21.647(6), b = 8.924(2), c = 19.544(8) A, β = 96.09(3]° and Z = 4. Anisotropic refinement of 21 independent atoms with 872 observed reflections converged at R = 0.062 and Rw = 0.064. The molecule II is made up of two diacetylene ligands, an inserted CO group and an (CO)3Fe-Fe(CO)3 group. The diacetylene ligands line up in a “head-to-head” arrangement and combine with the CO and iron carbonyl through reaction off one of the triple bonds. The two reactive carbon atoms from one ligand π-bond to one iron atom, while one of these carbon atoms σ-bonds to the second iron atom. The reverse occurs for the second ligand. A molecule of CO inserts and bridges between carbon atoms of each ligand substituted with SiMe3. The other carbon atoms which σ-bond to the iron atoms are substituted with CCSime3. Three isomers are possible for this reaction, but II is the only one observed.
FACTORS AFFECTING GENE DELIVERY BY PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT OF DENDROBIUM ORCHIDS

Five parameters were examined for their effect on transformation ofDendrobium tissues by microprojectile bombardment. The superpromoter in pBI426 produced at least 1.5 times as many transient transformants as the single cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in pBI121 (37 to 69% vs. 0 to 44%) with dark and frequent GUS (β-glucuronidase) staining. Tissue, genotype, and type of microparticle significantly affected transient GUS activity. Higher expression was seen in protocormlike bodies and in hybrid UH44 compared to etiolated shoots and protocorms and to hybrids M61 and K1329-39. Microparticles of 1.6-µm Bio-Rad gold were more effective than 1.0-µm ASI gold. Transient GUS activity did not differ among protocormlike bodies bombarded using helium propellant pressures of 650, 900, or 1100 psi. Transgenic plants were recovered fromDendrobium UH800 protocormlike bodies bombarded with pBI426-coated, 1.1-µm tungsten particles using an early-model gunpowder-driven apparatus with an estimated stable transformation rate of 11.7%. One transgenic plant ofDendrobium UH44 was recovered from etiolated shoot explants bombarded with pBI121-coated, 1.1-µm tungsten particles using the Dupont PDS-1000 with a stable transformation rate of 0.17%. Positive selection results showed 100 to 200 mg·liter−1 kanamycin to be appropriate for regeneration of transgenic plants from protocormlike bodies, protocorms, and etiolated shoot explants over a 3- to 9.5-mo. period.
Autonomous mapping of HL7 RIM and relational database schema

Healthcare systems need to share information within and across the boundaries in order to provide better care to the patients. For this purpose, they take advantage of the full potential of current state of the art in healthcare standards providing interoperable solutions. HL7 V3 specification is an international message exchange and interoperability standard. HL7 V3 messages exchanged between healthcare applications are ultimately recorded into local healthcare databases, mostly in relational databases. In order to bring these relational databases in compliance with HL7, mappings between HL7 RIM (Reference Information Model) and relational database schema are required. Currently, RIM and database mapping is largely performed manually, therefore it is tedious, time consuming, error prone and expensive process. It is a challenging task to determine all correspondences between RIM and schema automatically because of extreme heterogeneity issues in healthcare databases. To reduce the amount of manual efforts as much as possible, autonomous mapping approaches are required. This paper proposes a technique that addresses the aforementioned mapping issue and aligns healthcare databases to HL7 V3 RIM specifications. Furthermore, the proposed technique has been implemented as a working application and tested on real world healthcare systems. The application loads the target healthcare schema and then identifies the most appropriate match for tables and the associated fields in the schema by using domain knowledge and the matching rules defined in the Mapping Knowledge Repository. These rules are designed to handle the complexity of semantics found in healthcare databases. The GUI allows users to view and edit/re-map the correspondences. Once all the mappings are defined, the application generates Mapping Specification, which contains all the mapping information i.e. database tables and fields with associated RIM classes and attributes. In order to enable the transactions, the application is facilitated with the autonomous code generation from the Mapping Specification. The Code Generator component focuses primarily on generating custom classes and hibernate mapping files against the runtime system to retrieve and parse the data from the data source--thus allows bi-directional HL7 to database communication, with minimum programming required. Our experimental results show 35---65% accuracy on real laboratory systems, thus demonstrating the promise of the approach. The proposed scheme is an effective step in bringing the clinical databases in compliance with RIM, providing ease and flexibility.
Predicting application run times with historical information

We present a technique for predicting the run times of parallel applications based upon the run times of “similar” applications that have executed in the past. The novel aspect of our work is the use of search techniques to determine those application characteristics that yield the best definition of similarity for the purpose of making predictions. We use four workloads recorded from parallel computers at Argonne National Laboratory, the Cornell Theory Center, and the San Diego Supercomputer Center to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. We show that on these workloads our techniques achieve predictions that are between 21 and 64 percent better than those achieved by other techniques; our approach achieves mean prediction errors that are between 29 and 59 percent of mean application run times.
Fluctuations above a burning heterogeneous propellant

A numerical description of heterogeneous propellant combustion enables us to examine the spatial and temporal fluctuations in the flow field arising from the heterogeneity. Particular focus is placed on the fluctuations in a zone intermediate between the combustion field (where reaction is important) and the chamber flow domain, for these define boundary conditions for simulations of the turbulent chamber flow. The statistics of the temperature field and the normal velocity field are described, and characteristic length scales and time scales are identified. The length scales are small compared to any relevant length scale of the chamber flow, and so the boundary conditions for this flow at any mesh point are statistically independent of those at any other mesh point. But the temporal correlations at a fixed point are significant, and affect the nature of the chamber flow in a variety of ways. We describe the fluctuations in the head-end pressure that arise because of them, and contrast these results with those calculated using a white-noise assumption.
Healthcare cost of type 1 diabetes mellitus in new-onset children in a hospital compared to an outpatient setting

Type 1 diabetes is among the most prevalent chronic childhood diseases in the US. Initial type 1 diabetes management education and care can take place in different clinical settings. This study assessed metabolic outcomes (i.e. hemoglobin A1C), healthcare utilization and costs among new-onset type 1 diabetic children who received initial diabetes education and care in a hospital compared to those children in an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from the payer’s perspective. New-onset type 1 diabetic children, aged 1–18, presented at Baystate Children’s Hospital (Massachusetts) from 2008–2009 were included in the study if lab test confirmed diagnosis and there was one year of follow-up. Inpatients spent at least one night in the hospital during a 10-day diagnosis period and received all or part of diabetes education there. Outpatients were diagnosed and received all diabetes education in a pediatric endocrinology clinic. Metabolic outcomes were measured at diagnosis and at one year post-diagnosis. Healthcare charges and electronic medical records data were reviewed from 2008–2010. Healthcare costs components included diagnostic test, pediatric, endocrinology and hospitalists care, critical and emergency care, type 1 diabetes related supplies, prescription drugs, and IV products. Study sample included 84 patients (33 inpatient and 51 outpatients). No statistically significant differences in patient demographic characteristics were found between groups. There were no statistically significant differences in metabolic outcomes between groups. Total cost at one year post-diagnosis per new-onset type 1 diabetic child was $12,332 and $5,053 in the inpatient and outpatient groups, respectively. The average healthcare cost for pediatric endocrinology care was $4,080 and $3,904 per child in the inpatient and outpatient groups, respectively. Provision of initial type 1 diabetes education and care to new-onset non-critically ill children in a hospital setting increases healthcare costs without improving patient’s glycemic control in the first year post-diagnosis.
Design of a multimedia traffic classifier for Snort

Purpose – The purpose is to enhance the capabilities of a general‐purpose IDS solution with additional knowledge of multimedia file formats and protocols, to better handle multimedia‐specific security exploits.Design/methodology/approach – The authors have designed a multimedia traffic classifier, implemented as an optional preprocessor for Snort. The solution has been successfully tested with downloading and streaming traffic.Findings – Test results confirm that the additional specialized knowledge encoded in the preprocessor results in two significant gains: trusted multimedia contents can be identified and allowed to bypass the detection engine, with substantial computational savings; the IDS is now able to detect multimedia‐specific exploits which would otherwise go unnoticed.Research limitations/implications – Not all multimedia‐related scenarios have been covered by the described implementation yet. The proposed solution is being extended to other file types and protocols, fine‐tuned, as well as tes...
Luteinizing Hormone Receptors and Testosterone Synthesis in Two Distinct Populations of Ley dig Cells

Dispersed cells from whole testes or from isolated interstitial tissue of mature rats, yielded two distinct populations of Leydig cells when subjected to centrifugation in a 0-40% metrizamide gradient. One population (I) was found in a fractions with a density of 1.085-1.117 g/cm3, and the other population (II) was found in fractions with a density of 1.128-1.145 g/cm3. Binding of 125I-labeled hCG by each population of cells indicated a single class of binding sites with the same high binding affinity and similar concentrations of binding sites per Leydig cell. Testosterone production per fmol gonadotropin receptor site in the absence of gonadotropin stimulation was similar for cells of each population. However, when cells from each population were incubated with increasing concentrations of hCG or dibutyryl cAMP, only Leydig cells from population II exhibited a marked increase in testosterone production. The low responsiveness of Leydig cells in population I did not appear to be a result of either damage to these cells or inhibition by non-Leydig interstitial cells in population I.
Conformational Energy Calculations on Polypeptides and Proteins

Empirical conformational energy functions are used to try to compute the three-dimensional structures of polypeptides and proteins. The conformational energy surfaces of such molecules have many local minima, and conventional energy minimization procedures reach only a local minimum (near the starting point of the optimization algorithm) instead of the global minimum (the multiple-minima problem). Several procedures have been developed to surmount this problem. A summary is given here of five of these methods, (i) build-up, (ii) Monte Carlo-plus- minimization (MCM), (iii) relaxation of dimensionality, (iv) pattern-recognition-based importance-sampling minimization (PRISM), and (v) the diffusion equation method which smoothes out the potential surface, leaving only the potential well containing the global minimum. These and other procedures have been applied to a variety of polypeptide structural problems. These include the computation of the structures of open-chain and cyclic peptides, fibrous proteins and globular proteins. Present efforts are being devoted to scaling up these procedures from small polypeptides to proteins, to try to compute the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino sequence.
Transient dopamine synthesis modulation in prefrontal cortex: in vitro studies.

Abstract The present study provides further evidence for transient D1 autoreceptor-like synthesis modulation in prefrontal cortex, but not striatum, of developing rats. DOPA accumulation was attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner in slices from the prefrontal cortex and striatum at 15 days of age by the partial D1 agonist SKF 38393 (0.01–10 μM) and the full D1 agonist SKF-81297 (0.01–10 μM) following NSD-1015; the response was no longer apparent by 40 days. Both agonists had greater potency in prefrontal cortex than striatum, and SKF-81297 exerted greater maximal inhibitory effects than SKF-38393. The inhibitory effects of both agonists were antagonized by pre-incubation with the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 in cortex, but not in striatum.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of p-bromospiperone as potential neuroleptic drug

p-Bromospiperone was prepared from the reaction of spiperone with bromine. It was tested for dopamine receptor binding affinity in vitro and its ability to stimulate prolactin secretion in vivo. The results indicate no significant change of biological activities due to the bromination of spiperone.
Fate of the Remnant Pancreas after Resection of Noninvasive Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm

Background The risk of local recurrence in the pancreatic remnant after resection of noninvasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is not well defined. Study Design We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained pancreatic resection database that identified 78 patients who underwent resection for noninvasive IPMN between 1983 and 2006. Local recurrence was determined radiographically and confirmed either pathologically or clinically. Results At a median followup of 40 months, 6 patients (7.7%) have recurred locally, with a median interval of 22 months (range 8 to 62 months) from the time of resection. Three patients did not undergo additional operative treatment and died of disease progression. Three patients underwent additional resection and are alive without evidence of disease. The estimated 5-year local recurrence-free survival for all patients with noninvasive IPMN is 87%. One of 50 patients (2%) with margins negative for IPMN recurred versus 4 of 23 patients (17%) with margins positive for IPMN (p=0.02). Conclusions Patients who have undergone resection for noninvasive IPMN require indefinite surveillance because local recurrences may be identified several years from the initial operation and be resected while still noninvasive. Although the risk of local recurrence appears to increase in the setting of positive margins, the majority of patients with positive margins have not developed local recurrence. Negative margins should be the goal of the operation when achievable with partial pancreatectomy, but the risk of local recurrence is not high enough to mandate total pancreatectomy for microscopic positive margins.
Tracer dispersion in three-dimensional multipole flows

The transit time distribution for the hydrodynamic dispersion of a passive tracer in three-dimensional reservoir configurations of localized sources and sinks is related to the large-scale geometry of the system. Extending previous work on the planar case, we find that the first-passage transit time probability distribution function has a region of power-law decay, depending only on the multipole order of the distribution of fluid sources and sinks, an exponential decay region, whose characteristics are related to stagnation points in the flow field, and a shoulder whose location is related to the system size. Tracer measurements may thus be used as a noninvasive surface diagnostic tool to characterize subsurface reservoirs. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Learning to Converse at the Big Table

Macdonald, David, and Katrina Service, editors. 2007. Key topics in conservation biology. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts. xviii + 307 p. $64.95, ISBN: 978-1-4051-2249-8 (alk. paper).
Sky luminances and the directional luminous reflectances of objects and backgrounds for a moderately high sun.

Sky luminance distributions for the upper and lower sky at ground level, 1.52 km and 6.10 km are presented for a clear day with a medium high sun. The directional luminous reflectances of a variety of natural terrains and man-made surfaces measured under a clear sky with a moderately high sun are also presented. These data are applicable for use in visibility calculations and supplement the data presented in an earlier article [ S. Q. Duntley J. I. Gordon John H. Taylor C. T. White A. R. Boileau J. E. Tyler R. W. Austin J. L. Harris , Appl. Opt.3, 549 ( 1964)].
Dielectronic recombination of highly ionized iron.

Dielectronic recombination of the iron ions ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{23+}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{25+}$ has been studied in the isolated-resonance, distorted-wave approximation. The cross-section calculations include the dielec- tronic transitions associated with the 3s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3l and 3s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4l excitations in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$, the 2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p and 2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3l excitations in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{23+}$, and the 1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2l excitations in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{25+}$. The effects of external electric fields have been included by employing intermediate-coupled, field-mixed eigenvectors for the doubly excited Rydberg states, determined by diagonalizing a Hamiltonian matrix which includes the internal electrostatic and spin-orbit terms, as well as the Stark matrix elements. The field effects are found to be quite large in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$, relatively small in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{23+}$, and negligible in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{25+}$. The calculations indicate that there are large resonances near threshold in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{23+}$ that are unaffected by external fields and may be measurable in new experiments currently being designed. In addition, the contributions of radiative recombination and the possible interference between radiative and dielectronic recombination in low-lying resonances are considered. Even though the radiative recombination cross sections may be appreciable near threshold in ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{23+}$, the interference between these processes appears to be completely negligible.
An MSE statistic for comparing forecast accuracy across series

Abstract Most forecasters agree that, for a single time series, mean squared error (MSE) is a useful statistic for comparing forecast accuracy under quadratic loss. There is little agreement, however, on how to use MSE for assessing overall accuracy across many series. This paper proposes an MSE statistic, log mean squared error ratio (LMR), designed for this purpose. The theoretical behavior of forecast MSE is characterized by a multiplicative model containing parameters that measure characteristics of the time series and how the forecasting model interacts with the series. LMR is the natural product of transforming these multiplicative effects to an additive relationship. An example demonstrates that LMR, averaged over series, consistently ranks the techniques for overall accuracy.
Bovine type I interferon receptor protein BoIFNAR-1 has high-affinity and broad specificity for human type I interferons.

The type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1) is composed of two transmembrane polypeptides, IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2. Human IFNAR-1 has low intrinsic affinity for IFNs, but enhances the affinity for IFNs of the complex over that of HuIFNAR-2 alone, and modulates the ligand specificity. Bovine cells respond to human alpha interferons. The bovine homologue of HuIFNAR-1, BoIFNAR-1, when expressed in heterologous cells, confers high-affinity binding and broad specificity for human type I IFNs. A soluble fusion protein of the ectodomain of BoIFNAR-1 and an immunoglobulin Fc domain was produced. In contrast to HuIFNAR-1, this protein competes strongly with human cells for IFN binding, and directly binds a wide spectrum of human type I IFNs, including diverse IFN-αs, IFN-β and IFN-ω, with moderate to high affinity. This accounts for much of the specificity for human IFNs possessed by bovine cells, with several exceptions. The BoIFNAR-1 ectodomain, in contrast to HuIFNAR-1, may be useful for studies of binary and ternary complexes with IFNs and IFNAR-2, and for purification, assay and biological neutralization protocols.
The impact of behaviors upon burnout among parish-based clergy.

Burnout has an important impact upon the professional satisfaction of clergy. Identifying protective behaviors that may prevent against burnout is important for the long-term emotional health of individual clergy as well as the wider church. This research reports findings among 358 parish-based clergy that identifies the prevalence of burnout and correlates this data with demographic risk factors and protective behaviors. Clergy who met criteria for burnout were younger, identified themselves as being depressed and unsatisfied with their spiritual life, and have endured a traumatic church placement. This research also suggests that having a variety of interests and activities outside of one’s vocation may protect against burnout. In particular, behaviors that enhance relationships—such as seeking mentors and attending retreats—as well as pursuing outside activities—such as regular exercise and scholarly reading—protect against burnout. Further implications for the wider church are discussed.
Encouraging pharmacy students to become agents of change in health care.

You must be the change you wish to see in the world. Gandhi The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion established a set of goals to improve our nation's health over the first decade of the 21st century.1 These goals are contained in a document entitled Healthy People 2010 which acknowledges the role of individual behaviors on personal health and emphasizes health promotion and disease prevention. This includes promoting positive behaviors (such as the importance of regular exercise and eating a healthy diet) and preventing the start of negative behaviors (such as smoking or alcohol abuse). Healthy People 2010 set the goal to “Increase the proportion of schools of medicine, schools of nursing, and other health professional training schools whose basic curriculum for health care providers includes core competencies in health promotion and disease prevention.” In response to this goal the Healthy People Curriculum Task Force was formed in 2002. The Task Force was convened by the Association of Academic Health Centers and the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine. The Healthy People Curriculum Task Force included representatives from medicine, pharmacy, nursing, physician assistants, and other health professions. This Task Force developed the “Clinical Prevention and Population Curriculum Framework,”2 which included the identification of 18 objectives for health education curriculum. AACP's Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education (CAPE) 2004 Educational Outcomes heavily focuses on health promotion and disease prevention.3 Looking at these 3 sets of documents, it is understood that the profession of pharmacy has a clear focus on these topics. But the question is how do we teach these concepts and how can we ensure that our students take personal responsibility for their own health? Before they can teach their patients, students should ideally be able to model these behaviors. I believe it can be done with curricular modification. We carefully monitor the academic and professional advancement of our students. But the majority of schools do not pay the same level of attention to the personal health of their students. Look at your P1 students. You assume they are healthy. They are young and the majority of them have never experienced a major illness. But are they healthy? I believe we take the health of our students for granted. We hope that they are taking care of themselves and that they know that it is important to take responsibility for their health status. I do not believe, however, that we truly understand the health status and behaviors of our students. College student behavior is plagued by high levels of stress, poor nutrition, high cholesterol and obesity, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/depression, and unprotected sex. A 2003 study of Pennsylvania State University students (average age 20 years) found that 69% reported that stress was their biggest health concern followed by alcohol consumption (40%), nutrition (34%), depression (33%), and tobacco use (32%).4
Fibrinogen concentration and coronary artery reperfusion after intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex or intracoronary streptokinase therapy.

In a US study, anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), SOU intravenously over 2 minutes, was compared with streptokinase, about 150,000U by intracoronary infusion over 60 minutes. Included in the study were 106 patients with acute myocardial infarction for whom both angiographic data and coagulation study results were available. 58 of these patients received APSAC and 48 streptokinase.