cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prone positioning for non-intubated hypoxemic patients with COVID-19: cheap, easy, and makes sense, but does it work?

Since the 1970s, prone positioning has been proposed as an inexpensive and physiologically-justified management strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The physiologic rationale for prone positioning in ARDS has been well described [1, 2]. Placing a person in the prone position reduces lung compression, which facilitates better ventilation/perfusion matching and leads to improved oxygenation. However, determining whether patients receive clinically meaningful benefit from prone positioning in the form of reduced mortality or time supported on mechanical ventilation has been challenging. Early trials that used prone positioning as a “rescue” therapy or applied relatively small “doses” of prone positioning ( i.e. limited duration of time in prone position) did not demonstrate improvements in mortality or ventilator-free days (VFDs) [3–5]. The landmark PROSEVA trial published in 2013 enrolled patients with at least moderate ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 ratio<150) who were early in their hospital course (<36 h after intubation) and then randomised them to standard care alone (including low tidal volume ventilation) or at least 16 h·day−1 of prone position [6]. In contrast to prior trials, PROSEVA identified a marked reduction in mortality and VFDs in ARDS patients treated with prone positioning. There have been many proposed explanations for PROSEVA's success after repeated negative results in earlier trials of proning. However, selection of a more severe patient population early in their disease clearly differentiated PROSEVA from prior trials. A major question that remained after PROSEVA was whether there might be a broader set of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure that might benefit from prone positioning. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to ask whether non-intubated hypoxemic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 might represent an additional group of patients that might benefit from prone positioning.
The Fundamental Rules of Risk Management

Section I: The Behavioral Foundations of Risk Management Unreason Is the Even Eviler Twin Brother of Greed A Word to the Wise-You Cannot Rely on the Flynn Effect The Unintended Consequences of the Glad Game But You Have to Remember Ivar Kreuger of Kalmar! The Maleficent Hand of the Men in Gray Suits Unreason Abounds in Places Where It Must Not The Conspiratorial Regulator The Apathetic Regulator The Unpalatable Truth about Risk Management A Rather Vulgar, But Common, Perception of Risk Management The Emperor of Risk, His Lyre, and the Palatine The Utter and Total Redundancy of Financial Risk Management The Risk Manager as a "Quivering Dastard" Perception and Reality about Risk Management For Further Thought Additional Resources Appendix Section II: What You Need to Know, but Nobody Wants to Tell You What the Textbooks Will Not Tell You about Corporate Governance The Essence of the Governance Issue The Superficiality of Compliance Why "Gentleman's" Agreements Do Not Work The Role of Criminal Penalty The Benefit of Wolf Pack Capitalism The Inherent Ethos of Risk Management The Cost of Corporate Governance Why Governance Failures Are Inevitable For Further Thought Additional Resources The Most Important Lesson a Risk Manager Must Know Odysseus and the Sirens' Song The Consequence of Ignoring the Golden Rule An Immutable Condition for Success in Risk Management For Further Thought Additional Resources A Powerful Secret from Henry Fayol The Great Work: General and Industrial Management The Rise of Fayol's "Strategic Security Director" The Warren Buffet Principle of Risk Management Can Chief Risk Officers Add Value? For Further Thought Additional Resources The Incredible Advantage of a Monocle on Risk What Is a Monocle on Risk? The Hidden Dangers of Risk Management Silos The Need for Better Risk Management The Challenge The Three Essential Elements of Successful Risk Integration For Further Thought Additional Resources Benefit from the Fable of Spreadsheet City Don't Be a Victim of Spreadsheet Hell Why Spreadsheet Failure Costs Big Time! How to Bring Spreadsheet Risk under Control Understanding the Nature of Spreadsheet Error The Principles of Spreadsheet Engineering The Potential of Compilable Spreadsheets Seven Rules for Superior Spreadsheet Design How to Minimize Risk through Formal Testing For Further Thought Additional Resources How to Guarantee Success by Understanding the Nature of Failure The Value Added of Vendor Risk Information Systems How to Guarantee Success by Understanding the Nature of Failure Developing a Winning Game Plan Creating a High Performance Team The Important Lesson of 1/2 x n x (n - 1) The Critical Role of Executive Buy-In Clarifying Your Requirements The Truth about Project Managers For Further Thought Additional Resources Snake Oil Salesmen, Goat Gonads, and Value at Risk VaR Explained The Joyous Exclamation of Simons The Tipping Point What the Rocket Scientists May Not Tell You, But You Need to Know For Further Thought Additional Resources Index Notes appear at the end of each chapter.
Framings of knots satisfying differential relations

This paper introduces the notion of a differential framing relation for knots in a three-dimensional manifold. There is a canonical map from the space of knots that satisfy a framing relation into the space of framed knots. Under reasonable assumptions this canonical map is a weak homotopy equivalence.
Computational versus Causal Complexity

The main claim of this paper is that notions of implementation based on an isomorphic correspondence between physical and computational states are not tenable. Rather, ``implementation'' has to be based on the notion of ``bisimulation'' in order to be able to block unwanted implementation results and incorporate intuitions from computational practice. A formal definition of implementation is suggested, which satisfies theoretical and practical requirements and may also be used to make the functionalist notion of ``physical realization'' precise. The upshot of this new definition of implementation is that implementation cannot distinguish isomorphic bisimilar from non-isomporphic bisimilar systems anymore, thus driving a wedge between the notions of causal and computational complexity. While computationalism does not seem to be affected by this result, the consequences for functionalism are not clear and need further investigations.
Phenolic hydroxyl ionization in two subtilisins.

Abstract The ionization of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in subtilisins BPN' and Carlsberg has been studied by spectrophotometric titrations at 295 mµ between pH 7 and 13.7. Of the 10 tyrosine residues in subtilisin BPN', 5 are "exposed" and the remainder "buried." The ionization of the exposed phenolic hydroxyl groups is reversible with a pKapp of 9.74. In subtilisin Carlsberg, 6 residues appear to be exposed and the remaining 7 are buried. The exposed tyrosines ionize reversibly with a pKapp of 9.92. In 5 m guanidine hydrochloride, all of the tyrosine residues in both proteins titrate normally with a pKapp of 9.97. The buried tyrosine residues appear to be in two groups. The first contains 3 to 4 residues in BPN' or Carlsberg, respectively, with pKapp values of 11.25 to 11.6. In the second group there are 2 or 3 residues in BPN' or Carlsberg, respectively, all with pKapp values greater than 12.5.
Exploring the Effectiveness of a Field Experience Program in a Pedagogical Laboratory: The Experience of Teacher Candidates.

researchers argue that teachers’ beliefs are the final bar-rier that prevents technology integration. To affect change in teacher candidates’ beliefs of technology integration, we cre-ated a pedagogical laboratory as well as a field experience program that operates within the pedagogical laboratory. This article presents a qualitative study of teacher candidates’ field experience in the pedagogical laboratory. it describes the challenges teacher candidates have encountered, the impact of the experience on their learning and beliefs, the support and resources needed by the candidates, as well as the factors that might have contributed to differing experiences and percep-tions in the pedagogical laboratory. Findings from this study may inform the design of similar field experience programs.
Combustion processes under microgravity conditions

A classification of combustion processes is presented which can be used for discussing influences of microgravity. Profound effects of gravity on combustion arise from the large fractional density changes that generally are associated with combustion. thus it seems to be rather the rule than the exception that combustion experiments under microgravity conditions reveal previously unanticipated phenomena. A few of these phenomena and their theoretical explanations are presented here. Particular attention is devoted to flame balls and to alcohol droplet combustion. Some accomplishments of these and other microgravity combustion studies are summarized. Finally, combustion topics which appear to hold greatest promise for benefiting from future microgravity experiments are indicated.
Evaluation of sources: a new sustainable approach

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to test a method of teaching information literacy, using the Toulmin method of argumentation, to aid students in developing topics, evaluating sources and creating stronger arguments that avoided “myside” or confirmation bias. Design/methodology/approach – The Toulmin method of argument analysis was tested in two related studies. A quasi-experimental comparison study in six sections of English composition courses was implemented at a small liberal arts college. A traditional one-shot session was compared to a flipped class, incorporating Toulmin argumentation. A Standardized Assessment of Information Literacy Skills (SAILS) test was administered and research papers analyzed using a rubric. A modified version of the Toulmin method, using images, was implemented in a two-unit information literacy course at a state university. Pretest and posttest information literacy test scores and research papers were analyzed. Findings – The first study showed that the experimental...
Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Hearing Health Care Among Older Americans

Objective: Hearing impairment is highly prevalent, but little is known about hearing health care among older minority adults. Method: We analyzed nationally representative, cross-sectional data from 1,544 older adults ≥70 years with audiometry and hearing care data from the 2005-2006 and 2009-2010 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. Results: After adjusting for age and speech frequency pure tone average, Blacks (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68, vs. Whites) and those with greater education (OR = 1.63, ≥college vs. <high school) were more likely to report recent hearing testing, while White older adults and those with greater socioeconomic status were more likely to report regular hearing aid use (all ps < .05). Based on a multivariate analysis, Blacks were not more likely than Whites to use hearing aids despite being more likely to have had recent hearing testing. Discussion: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities exist in hearing health care and represent critical areas for research and inter...
Noninvasive assessment of fracture healing using impact resonant frequency analysis-an in-vitro FEM model and in-vivo correlations

The use of impact resonant frequency analysis to noninvasively quantify fracture healing was investigated in closed human tibia fractures and canine radius fracture. Comparison with the results obtained from a finite-element model show that as healing time increases, normalized resonant frequency also increases for normal healing fractures. Several parameters were varied in the finite-element model to establish the effects on the resonant frequency. Changes in the cross-sectional properties and modulus of elasticity of the callus has the largest affect on the resonant frequency. >
Planetary fluids at high shock pressures and temperatures

High pressures and temperatures in the deep interiors of the giant planets are accessed in the laboratory by shock compression of liquid specimens using a two-stage light-gas gun. Measurements of properties of dense fluids comprising these planets are described and discussed.
Surgical treatment of superficial peroneal neuroma.

Background:Several techniques have been described for the surgical treatment of symptomatic superficial peroneal neuromas, including transection of the nerve with burial in muscle or bone to preven...
Injection of dexamethasone versus placebo for lateral elbow pain: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

Purpose We tested the hypothesis that there is no difference in disability, pain, and grip strength 1 and 6 months after corticosteroid and lidocaine injection compared with lidocaine injection alone (placebo). Methods Sixty-four patients were randomly assigned to dexamethasone (n = 31) or placebo (n = 33) injection. At enrollment, disability (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand [DASH] questionnaire), pain on a visual analog scale, grip strength, depression (the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CESD), and ineffective coping skills (the Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCS) were comparable between treatment groups. At 1 and 6 months, DASH, pain, and grip strength measures were repeated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine predictors of disability. Analysis was by intention to treat. Results One month after injection, DASH scores averaged 24 versus 27 points (dexamethasone vs placebo), pain 3.7 versus 4.3 cm, and grip strength 83% versus 87%. At 6 months, DASH scores averaged 18 versus 13 points, pain 2.4 versus 1.7 cm, and grip strength 98% versus 97%. CESD and PCS scores correlated with disability as measured by the DASH questionnaire. The best multivariate models included CESD at 1 month and PCS scores at 6 months and explained the majority of variability in DASH scores. Conclusions Corticosteroid injection did not affect the apparently self-limited course of lateral elbow pain. In secondary analyses in a subset of patients, perceived disability associated with lateral elbow pain correlated with depression and ineffective coping skills. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic I.
Exploring Alternative Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of Five-Coordinate Diamidoamine Group 4 Metal Complexes

Efficient synthetic routes for the preparation of electrophilic titanium and zirconium complexes featuring a tridentate diamidoamine ligand have been developed. The five-coordinate titanium dichloride complexes [(MesNCH2CH2)2NR]TiCl2 (R = H (3), SiMe3 (4)) are conveniently prepared from the amine elimination reactions of the triamines (MesNHCH2CH2)2NR (R = H (1), SiMe3 (2)) with Ti(NEt2)2Cl2. Treatment of Ti(NEt2)4 with 2 equiv of SiMe3Cl offers an effective method for the preparation of Ti(NEt2)2Cl2. The corresponding five-coordinate zirconium homologues [(MesNCH2CH2)2NR]ZrCl2 (R = H (5), SiMe3 (6)) are synthesized via the toluene elimination reactions of Zr(benzyl)2Cl2(Et2O)2 with 1 and 2, respectively. The thermally unstable and photosensitive Zr(benzyl)2Cl2(Et2O)2 species may be prepared in situ from the reaction of Zr(benzyl)4 with 2 equiv of [NEt3H]Cl in diethyl ether at 0 °C in the dark. The toluene elimination reaction of Hf(benzyl)4 with 1 affords the dibenzyl Hf complex [(MesNCH2CH2)2NH]Hf(benzy...
Dynamic Stiffness Effects on Robot Safety and Performance in Human-Friendly Robots

Some researchers have recently investigated the effects of joint stiffness on both robot safety and performance in human-friendly robots using pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs). However, due to the limited control bandwidth of pneumatic muscles, dynamic stiffness characteristics and their effects on safety as well as performance should be taken into account in the frequency domain. This paper introduces the concept of instantaneous stiffness and validates its model with the Stanford Safety Robot (S2ρ). The potential effects of dynamic stiffness on safety and performance are explored through experimental comparison of peak impact accelerations and sinusoidal position tracking, respectively. Simulation and experimental results with the Stanford Safety Robot show that the stiffness demonstrates limited effects on the impact acceleration given the same impact velocity and controller gain, whereas it significantly affects control performance due to pressure-induced non-linearities. A strategy for stiffness optimization for robot safety and performance is discussed as a design guideline of human-friendly robot design.
β3-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Induces E-Selectin-mediated Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Inflammation induced by wound healing or infection activates local vascular endothelial cells to mediate leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and extravasation by up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules such as E-selectin and P-selectin. Obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation has been suggested to cause insulin resistance, but weight loss and lipolysis also promote adipose tissue immune responses. While leukocyte-endothelial interactions are required for obesity-induced inflammation of adipose tissue, it is not known whether lipolysis-induced inflammation requires activation of endothelial cells. Here, we show that β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation by CL 316,243 promotes adipose tissue neutrophil infiltration in wild type and P-selectin-null mice but not in E-selectin-null mice. Increased expression of adipose tissue cytokines IL-1β, CCL2, and TNF-α in response to CL 316,243 administration is also dependent upon E-selectin but not P-selectin. In contrast, fasting increases adipose-resident macrophages but not neutrophils, and does not activate adipose-resident endothelium. Thus, two models of lipolysis-induced inflammation induce distinct immune cell populations within adipose tissue and exhibit distinct dependences on endothelial activation. Importantly, our results indicate that β3-adrenergic stimulation acts through up-regulation of E-selectin in adipose tissue endothelial cells to induce neutrophil infiltration. Background: Studies suggest that lipolysis induces adipose tissue inflammation, commonly associated with type 2 diabetes. Results: Activation of adipose-resident endothelium is required for β3-adrenergic receptor-mediated but not fasting-induced inflammation. Conclusion: Both β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation and fasting induce adipose tissue inflammation, but by different mechanisms. Significance: The study shows heterogeneity of immune cell dynamics in adipose tissue.
THE LAUNDRESS IN LATE NINETEENTH‐CENTURY FRENCH CULTURE: Imagery, ideology and Edgar Degas

When art historians think of laundresses, Daumier and Degas come to mind. Depictions of these women were actually a commonplace in middle-class nineteenth-century French culture. Georges Montorgueil, a self-educated worker, journalist and popular writer, also commented on the laundresses' love of dancing. He suspected they were even abandoning laundering to become dancers at the neighbouring cafe-concerts. The laundresses' moral code motivated a great deal of Emile Zola's narrative in L'Assommoir as well. Laundresses were not only popular in literature, but in painting too. Both the abundance of laundress images and the emphasis, especially among ironers, on sexuality are striking. The laundry industry occupied one-fifth to one-third of the population of Paris and its suburbs. The women were seen picking up and delivering their clients' laundry and laboriously transporting it to and from the washhouses. Objectively, then, laundresses were overworked, underpaid, sick and frequently alcoholic.
Force-Dependent Interactions between the E-Cadherin-Catenin Complex and Actin Filaments

Adherens junctions (AJ) are mechano-sensitive protein complexes essential for many multicellular processes such as tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Genetic studies identified the AJ cell-cell adhesion complex of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the actin-binding protein alpha-catenin as a minimal ternary complex required for interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. However, attempts to reconstitute in vitro a direct linkage between the cadherin-catenin complex and actin filaments in bulk pelleting assays have been unsuccessful. Contemporary experiments in living cells indirectly showed that force, which was not reconstituted in vitro, is important for normal cell-cell adhesion. As a result, we developed a novel optical trapping assay to determine if and how the cadherin-catenin complex binds to actin filaments under mechanical load (see figure). We find that multiple cadherin-catenin complexes can together form a robust, load-resistant connection to actin that can withstand >10 pN of force for several seconds. Individual cadherin-catenin complexes also bind actin, but the interaction is relatively weak and transient. To our knowledge, these are the first data showing direct, mechanically robust binding between the cadherin-catenin complex and actin filaments. Our results provide essential support to models proposing that the AJ is a mechano-sensitive complex.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Genetic and environmental structures of personality: A cluster-analysis approach

Abstract A cluster analysis was carried out on within-individual and cross-pair correlations among personality questionnaire items for 654 monozygotic and 648 dizygotic twin pairs in an initial sample, and 649 and 649 pairs in a cross-validation sample. The data were from adult Australian twins who had responded in a mail questionnaire to 110 items from two personality inventories. Clustering based on genetic correlations or on unshared environmental correlations among items led to three very similar cross-validated clusters, labeled Emotional, Confident, and Reserved. Unshared environment provided several additional cross-validated clusters. Clusters based on shared environment, on the other hand, failed to cross-validate or to correspond to the clusters from the other two sources.
Determination of Equilibrium Dissociation Constants in Fluorescence Polarization

A simple mathematical model (the FP Kd model) is used to generate the dissociation equilibrium constant (Kd) for G protein-coupled receptor-ligand binding measured using fluorescence polarization (FP) saturation curve analysis. The model generates data that may be analyzed by the method of Scatchard. The validity of the FP Kd model is proven in six model systems in which the modeled Kd values are within a factor of 5 of inhibitory equilibrium constant values obtained from radioligand competition assays.
Motion generation for a tumbling robot using a general contact model

The goal of this research was to develop a general approach for the generation of motions for robots that make and break contact with the ground, such as hopping, walking, or tumbling robots. We first develop a general contact model and show how to smooth the forces arising from this contact to make them C/sup 1/ functions of the state. This is essential for our motion generation algorithm, which relies on the solution of an optimal control problem for different phases of the motion. We apply our approach to the generation of motion primitives to a simple experimental robot that is capable of producing hand-stands and tumbling.
Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism upon two forms of stress-induced analgesia.

Abstract The present study assessed in rats the effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism upon analgesia induced by cold-water swims (CWS: 2°C for 3.5 min) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG: 600 mg/kg). First, CWS analgesia was significantly reduced 30 min after the swim by scopolamine (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and methylscopolamine (10 mg/kg) pretreatment, and waselliminated 60 min after the swim by scopolamine (0.01–10 mg/kg) and methylscopolamine (1, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment. In contrast, scopolamine potentiated CWS hypothermia. Second, while scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and methylscopolamine (1,10 mg/kg) pretreatment prolonged 2DG analgesia, both antaonists dose-dependently reduced 2DG hyperphagia. Third, the changes in analgesic and hypothermic stress responses were not due to baseline shifts in jump thresholds or body temperatures. However the dose-dependent reductions by scopolamine and methylscopolamine in baseline food intake and 2DG hyperphagia were significantly correlated. Fourth, the dose-dependent reduction by scopolamine and methylscopolamine of pilocarpien analgesia differed in pattern from the other analgesic effects, suggesting heterogeneity in muscarinic receptor modulation of different analgesic responses.
3-D Inelastic Behavior of Tubular Members Supported on Nonlinear Rotational Springs

The paper considers a theoretical analysis of the inelastic response of tubular brace members of offshore jackets which are supported on non-linear rotational end springs and subjected to axial load and generally applied end bending moments. The present analysis is based on the concept of 3-D plastic hinge formation. The method assumes that plasticity is confined to discrete plastic hinges while the rest of the member remains elastic. This allows a rapid non-linear analysis of the axial behaviour of the member by a sequence of elastic solutions of the classical beam-column equations. It is shown that the model is able to simulate closely and efficiently the 3-D inelastic behaviour of brace members under the above support conditions.
On Abandoned Embryos

Abstract I will point out some possible ethical pitfalls with attempts to adopt an abandoned embryo. The entire issue devolves to is this: can it ever be morally licit for a woman to be voluntarily pregnant with someone else's child, outside of the marital act? First, it is necessary to review who all these frozen embryos are and where they came from.
Inhibitors Within the Nephron

Kidney-derived inhibitors of crystal growth and aggregation prevent supersaturations created by water conservation from expressing themselves in pathological soft tissue calcifications and intranephronal crystallizations. These inhibitors include nephrocalcin (NC), an acidic glycoprotein produced in proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop, and the Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), produced only in the thick ascending limb. NC inhibits growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the major crystalline component of human renal stones, THP inhibits only COM aggregation. Patients who form COM stones produce abnormal NC molecules that lack γ-carboxyglutamic acid and fail to inhibit COM crystallizations normally.
EPR spectra and molecular dynamics agree that the nucleotide pocket of myosin V is closed and that it opens on binding actin.

Abstract We have used EPR spectroscopy and computational modeling of nucleotide-analog spin probes to investigate conformational changes at the nucleotide site of myosin V. We find that, in the absence of actin, the mobility of a spin-labeled diphosphate analog [spin-labeled ADP (SLADP)] bound at the active site is strongly hindered, suggesting a closed nucleotide pocket. The mobility of the analog increases when the MV·SLADP complex (MV = myosin V) binds to actin, implying an opening of the active site in the A·MV·SLADP complex (A = actin). The probe mobilities are similar to those seen with myosin II, despite the fact that myosin V has dramatically altered kinetics. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to understand the EPR spectra in terms of the X-ray database. The X-ray structure of MV·ADP·BeFx shows a closed nucleotide site and has been proposed to be the detached state. The MV·ADP structure shows an open nucleotide site and has been proposed to be the A·MV·ADP state at the end of the working powerstroke. MD simulation of SLADP docked in the closed conformation gave a probe mobility comparable to that seen in the EPR spectrum of the MV·SLADP complex. The simulation of the open conformation gave a probe mobility that was 35–40° greater than that observed experimentally for the A·MV·SLADP state. Thus, EPR, X-ray diffraction, and computational analysis support the closed conformation as a myosin V state that is detached from actin. The MD results indicate that the MV·ADP crystal structure, which may correspond to the strained actin-bound post-powerstroke conformation resulting from head–head interaction in the dimeric processive motor, is superopened.
Feedforward power distortion correction in RF power delivery systems for plasma processing systems

Many critical technologies rely and will continue to rely on processes that utilize plasma based material processing. Plasma processing is a cornerstone technology for the semiconductor industry, and plays a critical role in the continued adherence of technology advances to the now famous Moore's Law. Paramount to the continuum of plasma processing advances for thin-film manufacturing are reliable and repeatable RF power delivery systems used for RF plasma discharges. In conventional RF power delivery systems, the RF power supply performs local control to regulate power for the required power level. An impedance tuning network resides between the RF power supply and the RF discharge. In a manner analogous to the RF power supply, this impedance tuning network, with dual actuators for load and tune compensation, adjusts variable impedance devices (i.e. variable capacitors) with motor-controlled actuators to adapt the network for maximum power transfer from the RF source to the plasma discharge. When power transfer is not at a maximum, some portion of the power is reflected by the load back to the RF source. We consider this power loss a distortion that requires a correction to achieve an optimal power transfer condition. Our centralized control approach is economical and achieves the vexing performance objectives necessary for advancing thin-film manufacturing. In our scheme, power regulation is also conducted with autonomous feedback control in the power supply. An RF sensor in the power supply serves a dual purpose of (1) coupling feedback to the power controller, and (2) providing a quantitative power distortion measurement of the RF power delivery system. We centralize control and remove systematic redundancy with a feedforward controller, also in the RF power supply, to correct the power distortion by adjusting elements in the impedance tuning network. We demonstrate the primary instantiation of our feedforward controller with a frequency-agile RF power supply. By adjusting frequency, power distortion in the RF power delivery system is corrected. Our feedforward framework is a significant and substantial departure from the industry practice of using heuristic methods for impedance tuning to overcome RF power distortion. We demonstrate fast frequency tuning operation that is required by short-cycle thin-film processes and RF pulsing applications.
The effect of hyperthermia on the early- and late-appearing mouse foot reactions and on radiation carcinogenesis: Part II. Effect on radiation carcinogenesis (thermal enhancement and oxygen enhancement).

Abstract The effect of hyperthermia on radiation carcinogenesis was investigated in the C3Hf/Sed mouse foot. The foot was irradiated under hypoxic conditions, in air, or under hyperbaric oxygen conditions to evaluate the oxygen effect. Hyperthermia at 43.5°C for 45 min was given by immersing the animal foot into a constant temperature water bath. A malignant tumor in the irradiated foot was first observed ≅250 days after irradiation. Tumors developed in the irradiated area until day 850. RCD 50 , or 50% radiation carcinogenesis dose was the endpoint and was calculated based on the tumor incidence 650 days after irradiation. RCD 50 following radiation given alone under hypoxic conditions was 66.3 (60.0–73.2) Gy, and the oxygen enhancement ratio (hypoxic/hyperbaric oxygen) was 3.0 (2.5–3.5). Radiation carcinogenesis was enhanced by hyperthermia given with a 20 min treatment interval with no significant alteration in the oxygen effect. Thermal enhancement was greatest when hyperthermia was given 20 min prior to irradiation (2.5[2.2–2.9] under hypoxia). No thermal enhancement was observed when two treatments were given with a treatment interval of 2 days. The median time to develop a malignant tumor decreased with increasing radiation dose. This median time was shorter following combined hyperthermia and irradiation (423 days) than following radiation alone (504 days). Histological studies revealed that more than 80% of tumors were soft tissue sarcomas, and the most common tumor was fibrosarcoma. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 7% of all tumors.
Carcinoid metastatic to breast diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

We report a patient in whom fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a breast mass, clinically suspected to be a mammary adenocarcinoma, established the diagnosis of a carcinoid metastatic to breast. The aspirate smears resembled a primary breast carcinoma; however, subtle cytomorphologic differences were present. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the aspirated material confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid.
From the Editor---Multiattribute and Intertemporal Preferences, Probability, and Stochastic Processes: Models and Assessment

Our first article, by Jay Simon and Francois Melese is on “A Multiattribute Sealed-Bid Procurement Auction with Multiple Budgets for Government Vendor Selection.” Next, Ali E. Abbas develops “The Multiattribute Utility Tree.” In our third article, Thomas W. Keelin and Bradford W. Powley introduce a method for encoding uncertainty on a continuous variable using “Quantile-Parameterized Distributions.” Next, Warren J. Hahn and James S. Dyer present “A Discrete Time Approach for Modeling Two-Factor Mean-Reverting Stochastic Processes.” The final article is by Jeffery L. Guyse and Jay Simon on “Consistency Among Elicitation Techniques for Intertemporal Choice: A Within-Subjects Investigation of the Anomalies.”
Electric field induced second harmonic generation in PLZT

Abstract The first measurements of electric-field induced second-harmonic generation in the cubic ceramic PLZT (9/65/35) are reported. A hysteresis behavior of the second harmonic signal versus electric poling field was observed and a field/no field contrast ratio of 20 : 1 was achieved. The area of the hysteresis loop decreased resulting in a “slim-loop” for increasing delays between applying an external voltage and monitoring the second harmonic signal, the sample remaining irradiated by the fundamental beam.
A rapid, accurate, noninvasive technique for diagnosing critical and subcritical stenoses in aortoiliac arteries

Abstract Accurate hemodynamic evaluation of the aortoiliac system for the purpose of determining the need for an inflow procedure currently requires invasive pressure measurements. This study was undertaken to evaluate a noninvasive technique with the aortofemoral transfer function. Twenty-eight human aortoiliac segments were studied with intraarterial pressure measurements, with and without papaverine injection, and by calculation of the Doppler-derived mean power frequency index obtained by digital signal processing of aortic and femoral spectra. The procedure is menu driven and can be performed by any duplex ultrasound technologist. This technique involves recording 20 aortic and 20 femoral Doppler signals, requiring less than 1 minute of data acquisition time. Intraarterial pressure measurements were used to classify arteries into the three following groups: (1) normal arteries, (2) arteries with subcritical stenoses, and (3) arteries with critical stenoses. The mean power frequency index of group 1 arteries ( n = 7) was 0.63 ± 0.04, of group 2 arteries ( n = 6) was 0.46 ± 0.02, and of group 3 arteries ( n = 15) was 0.21 ± 0.05. These mean power frequency index values were significantly different by analysis of variance (ANOVA) ( p
Annual limit-state frequencies for partially-inspected earthquake- damaged buildings

Abstract A procedure is presented for estimating an “annual limit-state frequency”, that is, the mean annual frequency of exceeding a (e.g. seismic-drift) limit state, for a partially-inspected earthquake-damaged SMRF building with fractured beam-column connections. Typically, inspection of all the moment-resisting connections in a building for fractures is prohibitively expensive. Motivated by this reality, the proposed procedure (developed as part of the SAC Steel Project) accounts for the uncertainty, due to incomplete inspection, in the total number and locations of fractured connections. Since the procedure can also take into account the aftershock ground motion hazard, an annual limit-state frequency estimated for a damaged building can serve as a basis for deciding, for example, whether to permit occupancy soon after the main-shock. Conversely, the estimated annual limit-state frequency can be used to guide inspection decisions, such as whether to inspect more connections and thereby reduce the uncertainty in the state of damage.
The evolution of inequality

Humans lived as egalitarians for tens of thousands of years. As unequal society arose, its instability caused it to spread, argues anthropologist Deborah Rogers
Soil Constraints on Northwest Yucatan, Mexico: Pedoarchaeology and Maya Subsistence at Chunchucmil

The soils and subsistence of ancient Maya Chunchucmil in northwestern Yucatan are the focus of this paper. Today and historically, the population and crop yields here have been very low. Archaeological field work, however, has shown the Late Classic site to be highly populated with densely packed walled mound and field groups. It is enigmatic that this high ancient Maya population existed in a region of meager crop and soil potential. This enigma is addressed by investigating contemporary Maya agriculture, geoarchaeological evidence, and soil potential for intensive agriculture. The local Maya soil classification of kancab and boxluum synthesizes the Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Mollisols described here. The major soil limitations are shallowness, broad areas with no soil, insufficient water holding capacity, and variable deficiencies in phosphorous, potassium, and zinc. Evidence for intensive agriculture and alternative crops can be seen in widespread field walls compartmentalizing the landscape, sascaberas, and preliminary phosphate fractionation signatures. q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. INTRODUCTION Studying potential agricultural productivity and forms of intensification to ad- dress the riddle of high ancient Maya populations is keenly important to both ar- chaeology and tropical agricultural development. In the Maya Lowlands historical populations have been very low and agricultural methods very extensive, but some prehistoric populations are estimated to have been very high for hundreds of years. The conditions for agriculture in these tropical lowlands present many challenges, and this poses the basic question of how did ancient Maya high populations feed themselves. This article approaches this question by analyzing the soil potential around the current village of Chunchucmil, Yucatan (Figure 1), Mexico, which lies in the midst of a large site dating mainly from the Maya Late Classic (A.D. 550 - 830). Ironically, this site must have been both very densely populated and also one of the Maya world's most limited agricultural environments. This article first re- views the archaeological landscape and environmental and agricultural history of the region. Second, based on field and laboratory testing, the article describes soil diversity and fertility in the geoarchaeological context of each environmental zone. Lastly, it explores the potential for alternative crops and intensive agriculture.
Quandaries Facing Securitizers in the Wake of the SEC’s Proposed Amendments to Regulation AB

The SEC announced its proposed Reg AB amendments (the “RegAB II”) dealing with the offering process, disclosure, and ongoing reporting of asset-backed securitizations on April 7, 2010. Since the comment period expired in August, the SEC has been evaluating comments it has received on its proposal, as well as working with other agencies, as required by the Dodd-Frank legislation, on various measures common to other agency proposals. Securitization participants should be on heightened awareness of the continuing development in the interagency rulemaking process. As currently written, the SEC’s proposed rules are designed to facilitate both investor and general public confidence in structured finance. This article considers the possibility of other consequences, including: • Will the proposals have an effect on the length of time it takes to bring a deal to market? • What is the effect, if any, of the proposed 5% risk retention requirement with respect to consolidation? • What might be the effect of RegAB II on the private placement market? • What are some of the considerations with respect to the proposed waterfall programming?
Inhibition of rhodopsin regeneration in the bullfrog eye by metabolic inhibitors.

Abstract The effect of temperature, oxygen and metabolic inhibitors on the regeneration of rhodopsin in excised, opened eyes of Rana catesbiana was studied. It was markedly dependent upon oxygen; even in air about 35 per cent less rhodopsin reformed in 2 hr at 20°C than in an all-oxygen atmosphere. Two metabolic inhibitors, sodium fluoride and 2, 4-dinitrophenol, inhibited rhodopsin regeneration by 70 and 80 per cent, respectively, during the first 1.5 hr in darkness in an all-oxygen atmosphere at 20°C. These results emphasize the endergonic nature of rhodopsin regeneration in situ.
Connecting people to politics over time? Internet communication technology and retention in MoveOn.org and the Florida Tea Party Movement

Although there is a growing consensus that Internet communication technology (ICT) affects collective action in the twenty-first century, we know very little about what keeps individuals involved in ICT-based organizations over time. Our paper addresses this lacuna by examining whether individuals stay involved in two organizations that use ICT to structure interaction differently over a two-year period. We draw on interview and participant observation data with 38 supporters of MoveOn.org, which structures interaction hierarchically, and the Florida Tea Party Movement, which structures interaction horizontally, to assess how individuals think about each organization's use of ICT and how this shapes individual efficacy and voice – two factors that we find critical to keeping individuals engaged in organizations over time. We show that how a group uses ICT to structure interaction affects the kinds of efficacy and voice individuals are likely to experience. Organizations that use ICT to hierarchically stru...
The vanadium-oxygen system—a review

Abstract The literature on the vanadium-oxygen system is critically reviewed. A tentative phase diagram is constructed, and a systematic nomenclature for the phases is suggested.
The ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of superoxide dismutase in the amphibian urinary bladder: effect of aldosterone.

Transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, the latter employing the avidin—biotin—peroxidase (ABC complex) technique, were utilized to localize copper—zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn—SOD) enzyme activity in the epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder mucosa. This ‘scavenger’ enzyme catalyses the dismutation (reduction—oxidation) of the superoxide anion (O2 −), a toxic free radical generated during normal cellular respiration. In unstimulated epithelial cells, enzyme activity was seen in the cytosol of granular, mitochondrial-rich and goblet cells. The basal cells were generally devoid of enzyme activity. In addition to the cytosol, SOD activity was also seen in association with the apical plasma membrane of the epithelial cells. In the presence of the steroid hormone aldosterone (10−7 m, 30 min—6 h), CuZn—SOD activity was markedly increased along the luminal mucosal membrane of granular, mitochondrial-rich and goblet cells. This increase was seen as early as 30 min after the addition of hormone, and as long as 6 h after treatment. The cytosolic reaction was usually decreased or absent under these conditions. From the data presented, it appears that CuZn—SOD is involved in electrolyte (sodium) transport in the epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder. The latter may involve hormone-induced alterations in luminal cell membrane structure and chemistry.
Life on a regular polygon: maps induced by spatially extended prey-predator equations

Abstract We explore the time evolution of a set of integro-differential equations that describes a spatially inhomogenious prey-predator system. These equations are reduced to a set of nonlinearly coupled maps, which, when iterated, converge to spatial modes that undergo 2 n -cycles in time. The average density of the predator population is used as a collective coordinate. Using it as the independent variable and the reproduction rate of the predator as the bifurcation parameter, a bifurcation portrait that exhibits unusual fine structure is produced. The portrait also shows bifurcations that are not signaled by jacobian eigenvalues exceeding unity in magnitude. The various branches are identified with different spatial modes. Eigenportraits are also calculated. These are diagrams of all the jacobian eigenvalues plotted as a function of the bifurcation parameter and can be useful in identifying families of spatial modes. It is found that the degree of degeneracy of the eigenvalues whose magnitude is unity is predictive of the number of branches that emanate from each bifurcation.
Thermodynamics of several lewis-acid-base stabilized transition metal alloys

High-temperature (1425 to 2750 K) thermodynamic activities of one or both components of twenty-five binary alloys of a group IVB-VIB element (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, or W) with a platinum group element (Ru, Os, Ir, Pd, Pt, or Au) have been determined by equilibrating the alloy with the appropriate carbide and graphite, equilibrating with the nitride and nitrogen gas, or measuring the partial vapor pressure(s) thermogravimetrically or mass spectrometrically. The extraordinary stability of this class of transition metal alloy is attributed to a generalized Lewis-acid-base interaction involving valenced electrons, and the results of these investigations are interpreted within the context of this effect. Among the conclusions made are that a non-spherically-symmetrical crystal field significantly reduces the bonding effectiveness of certain valenced orbitals; the effect of the extent of derealization of these orbitals is also considered.