cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A structured step-by-step program to increase scholarly activity.

Objectives Development and maintenance of scholarly activity is a challenge for small community-based surgical training programs. The current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Program Requirements in General Surgery states that, “Residents should participate in scholarly activity,” and “The sponsoring institution and program should allocate adequate educational resources to facilitate resident involvement in scholarly activities.” We adopted a program designed to improve the quality of research projects pursued by surgical residents and to increase the number of projects submitted for both presentation and publication. Design We hereby describe a structured step-by-step program to mentor surgical residents through clinical projects from development to publication. Setting Community hospital with academic affiliation, located in the Southeastern United States. Participants The Resident Scholarly Activity Program at our facility includes 2 faculty mentors who work in direct contact with all the surgical residents of our program (2 residents/y, postgraduate years 1-5). The faculty members are MD, MPH professionals who specialize in resident education and scholarly activity. Results Implementation of Resident Scholarly Activity Program instruction and mentoring increased the number of publications in all categories defined. The number of publications and presentations increased from 6 to 28 over a 1-year period. Conclusions A structured scholarly activity program positively affects the number of clinical projects produced by a small community-based surgical training program. Familiarity with project design and biostatistics, plus one-on-one mentoring improves the quality of research produced. A potential additional benefit is the ability to involve private surgical faculty with the residentsʼ projects.
The field evaporation of dilute alloys

Abstract Field evaporation of a dilute alloy can be discussed in terms of the heats of solution or adsorption of the solute species and the appropriate ionisation potentials. Evaporation fields calculated for solute species can be used to predict whether the solute is preferentially retained or evaporated in the lattice. Because of their high ionisation potentials non-metallic impurities tend to be preferentially retained and may evaporate as molecular ions. Field etching may be treated as a special case of evaporation as a molecular ion in which evaporation occurs before the heat of adsorption is dissipated in the lattice. Under some conditions calculations predict preferential field etching of non-metallic impurities.
A randomized, controlled comparison of isoetharine and albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma

Study objective: To determine whether treatment of acute asthma with repeated doses of nebulized albuterol leads to greater bronchodilation and lower hospital admission rate than treatment with nebulized isoetharine. Design: Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial of albuterol and isoetharine. Type of participants: Patients between 18 and 50 years old presenting with acute asthma. Patients were excluded if they had a history of sensitivity to the study drugs, had congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or were unable to perform spirometry One hundred three patients were entered into the study. Interventions: All patients received oxygen and methylprednisolone in addition to administration of either isoetharine or albuterol. The nebulized aerosol was given at hourly intervals for a total of three doses. Measurements and main results: Spirometry was performed before treatment and again at 90 and 180 minutes. Initial forced expiratory volume at one minute (FEV 1 ) was 38.1% of predicted normal for the albuterol group and 36.0% of predicted normal for the isoetharine group. At 180 minutes, FEV 1 was 55.6% of predicted normal for the albuterol group and 57.1% of predicted for the isoetharine group (NS). Twenty-eight percent of the albuterol group required admission compared with 26% of the isoetharine group (NS). There was no difference in occurrence of side effects between the two groups. Conclusion: Repeated doses of albuterol do not lead to a greater improvement in pulmonary function or a lower hospital admission rate than treatment with isoetharine.
Decrements in one-way avoidance learning following septal lesions in rats

Whereas septal lesions in the rat have repeatedly been found to enhance acquisition of the two-way conditioned avoidance response, it was shown in the present study that acquisition of the one-way avoidance response was attenuated following septal lesions. It is suggested that a parsimonious explanation for this and other findings relevant to effects of septal lesions on fear motivated behavior is that septal lesions reduce fear.
Spermatogenesis in Cultured Testes of the Cynthia Silkworm: Effects of Ecdysone and of Prothoracic Glands

In vitro spermatogenesis takes place when intact testes are cultured in blood plasma containing ecdysone or certain other steroids possessing ecdysone activity. The ecdysone requirement can be satisfied by culturing the testes in the presence of living, active prothoracic glands. The most likely explanation of these results is that the prothoracic glands constitute the principal source of ecdysone.
Uptake of chylomicron remnants causes cholesterol accumulation in cultured human arterial smooth muscle cellS

Chylomicron remnants (Sf greater than 100) were prepared by treating human chylomicrons (Sf greater than 400) with human post heparin plasma. Chylomicron remnants recovered after 70-80% of chylomicron triacylglycerol was hydrolyzed, suppressed LDL-receptor activity and increased cell cholesterol esterification to the same extent as did LDL when added to cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells at an equal cholesterol concentration. Cell cholesterol mass increased 36% after incubation with 25 micrograms LDL cholesterol/ml and 35% with 25 micrograms chylomicron-remnant cholesterol/ml. Addition of 30 microM chloroquine plus LDL or chylomicron remnants further increased cholesterol content of cells (74% and 87%, respectively) and caused a significant rise in cell esterified cholesterol (344% and 369%, respectively). Cholesterol content per unit of apolipoprotein B mass of remnants was 2-3-fold higher than that of LDL. Therefore, if lipoprotein particles were added at equivalent apolipoprotein B mass chylomicron remnants increased cell cholesterol content and cholesterol esterification and suppressed LDL receptor activity significantly more than did LDL. This suggests that an additional determinant, presumably apolipoprotein E, is important for receptor recognition of chylomicron remnants. These results may be relevant to the delivery of chylomicron-derived cholesterol to arterial cells proposed as a feature of atherogenesis.
SAMPLING FREQUENCY SELECTION FOR REGULATORY WATER QUALITY MONITORING

: The selection of sampling frequencies in order to achieve reasonably small and uniform confidence interval widths about annual sample means or sample geometric means of water quality constituents is suggested as a rational approach to regulatory monitoring network design. Methods are presented for predicting confidence interval widths at specified sampling frequencies while considering both seasonal variation and serial correlation of the quality time series. Deterministic annual cycles are isolated and serial dependence structures of the autoregressive, moving average type are identified through time series analysis of historic water quality records. The methods are applied to records for five quality constituents from a nine-station network in Illinois. Confidence interval widths about annual geometric means are computed over a range of sampling frequencies appropriate in regulatory monitoring. Results are compared with those obtained when a less rigorous approach, ignoring seasonal variation and serial correlation, is used. For a monthly sampling frequency the error created by ignoring both seasonal variation and serial correlation is approximately 8 percent. Finally, a simpler technique for evaluating serial correlation effects based on the assumption of AR(1) type dependence is examined. It is suggested that values of the parameter p1, in the AR(1) model should range from 0.75 to 0.90 for the constituents and region studied.
The Influence Of States On Federal Policy Adoptions

This article examines whether stales, in the role of “laboratories of democracy,” influence federal policy adoptions. Taking the recent past as the time frame, the article begins by examining major federal legislation to gauge the extern to which stale models were an influence. Following this, the focus shifts to important slate initiatives of the early 1980s, and their impact on subsequent federal legislation. The article concludes that the nature of the policy issue and the accompanying political dynamics are critical in determining whether states act as laboratories of democracy.
Electrostatic representations of molecular groups

The treatment of electrostatic interactions between molecular groups is based on quantum mechanical electron density distributions. A general method is suggested using tesseral harmonic multipole expansions and representing each set of point multipoles by a cluster of discrete charges small with respect to atomic dimensions. The procedure is carried out for the amino group with an electron density derived from the wave function of ammonia. We evaluate the optical rotation of two aminopyrrolidones as a test case. Expansions are compared for several approximate wave functions for ammonia.
Positive Law and Systemic Legitimacy: A Comment on Hart and Habermas*

The author revisits H. L. A. Hart's theory of positive law and argues for a major qualification to the thesis of the separation of law and morality based on a concept of systemic legitimacy derived from the social theory of Jurgen Habermas. He argues that standards for assessing the degree of systemic legitimacy in modern legal systems can develop through reflective exercise of “critical legality,” a concept coined to parallel Hart's “critical morality,” and an expanded understanding of the “external” and “internal” perspectives on legal systems. Following Habermas, he argues that modern positive law must retain systemic legitimacy. After suggesting criteria for measuring systemic legitimacy, the author concludes that the concept provides a useful approach to contemporary problems of “lawless” regimes and “law's imperialism.”
The time required to compare extents in various orientations

In Experiment I, Ss compared the lengths of lines that varied in absolute and relative orientation. Their reaction times showed a constant error pattern of which the familiar horizontal-vertical illusion was a special case, but horizontals were underestimated (relative to other slopes) much more than verticals were overestimate. The effect of difference inorientation was not great, though RT did increase significantly as the difference neared 90 deg. Experiment II was similar except that the lengths of lines were compared withthe widths of bars in a grating. In this case, no consistent pattern of constant error emerged, and there was no suggestion that difference in orientation affected RT.
The Townsend Coefficients for Ionization by Collision in Pure and Contaminated Hydrogen as a Function of the Cathode Material

The Townsend coefficients for ionization by collision were measured for pure mercury-free hydrogen and for hydrogen contaminated with sodium and NaH vapor. Cathodes of platinum and sodium and NaH-coated platinum were used. The values of $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{p}$ at values of $\frac{X}{p}$ below 300 are found to be smaller for pure hydrogen than for hydrogen contaminated with mercury vapor. The values of $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{p}$ for hydrogen contaminated with sodium and NaH are as much as twice as great as those for pure hydrogen at the lower values of $\frac{X}{p}$. The curve of $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{p}$ plotted as a function of $\frac{X}{p}$, for this case, shows a sharp peak at an $\frac{X}{p}$ of 350. This peak indicated the presence of some substance which is ionized by the excitation of hydrogen. The curves of $\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ for the platinum cathode plotted as functions of $\frac{X}{p}$ show peaks at the lower values of $\frac{X}{p}$ which are analogous to those shown by Bowls. The curves for the NaH cathode show a narrow but remarkably high peak at an $\frac{X}{p}$ of 10. There are also several lower peaks but no general rise for the NaH cathode. These peaks indicate relatively large photoemission effects ($\frac{\ensuremath{\Theta}\ensuremath{\eta}g}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$) at the cathodes at the lower values of $\frac{X}{p}$. In the case of the platinum cathode at the higher values of $\frac{X}{p}$ the curves show a general rise caused by electron emission due to the bombardment of the cathode by positive ions. The values of $\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ for the sodium surfaces are much smaller than in the case of platinum for the higher values of $\frac{X}{p}$ indicating that these surfaces are relatively poor emitters under positive ion bombardment. In the course of the work it was possible, in most cases, to measure a sparking potential at the conclusion of the experimental work at each value of $\frac{X}{p}$. These data for the sparking potentials give curves which agree fairly well with the experimental curves as derived by Ehrenkranz. From the values found for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-coefficient, the sparking potentials were calculated and these potentials gave sparking potential curves which are in rough agreement with the experimentally derived curves of Ehrenkranz.
The Joint Family Household Revisited: Demographic Constraints and Household Complexity in the European Past

Debates about the nature and geographical distribution of complex family households in the European past continue to animate much of the work of family history. This article criticizes the common view that demographic constraints prevented the realization of complex family forms in western Europe. It also takes issue with recent attempts to contrast a Mediterranean household system with those found in northwestern Europe and in eastern Europe. Evidence from Italian sharecroppers in the Bologna area in the period 1861-1921 is presented and comparative evidence from eastern Europe is discussed. The important differences between stem and joint family systems are elucidated. (EXCERPT)
Molecular automation: a new kind of simulation applied to ionic solutions

Physical chemistry originates from the repetitive application of simple rules of interaction between species. Nature's simple rules cause complex outcomes to emerge without any direct input of expected outcomes. This article demonstrates a computer simulation that implements Nature's approach to the generation of physical chemistry. A 2D aqueous solution of NaCl is simulated, based entirely on the probabilities of interaction between neighbouring species and the probabilities of motion of mobile species that depend only on local environments. The local probability of an ion moving from a site at the surface of the crystalline phase is made to depend on the number of nearest neighbours to which it is attracted. A cell-by-cell automation that embodies thermal activation is used to implement atomic scale species motions via electric field modified random walk diffusion. In the first example, the simulation reveals that reaction rates are not proportional to concentrations, leading to the necessity of represe...
Miniature lightweight x-ray optics (MiXO) for solar system exploration

Over the last few decades, grazing incidence X-ray optics have been a pivotal tool for advances in X-ray astronomy. They have been successfully employed in many great observatories such as ROSAT, Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton. In planetary science, X-ray observations of Solar system objects are a great tool to understand the nature of the target bodies and the evolutionary history of the Solar system as a whole. To date, X-ray observations in near-target planetary missions have been limited to collimator-based instruments due to tight mass and volume constraints, arising from the multi-instrument nature of planetary missions. In addition, unlike observations of astrophysical sources at virtually infinite distances, near-target observations of planetary bodies introduce a unique set of challenges. While true focusing X-ray optics can overcome these challenges, a practical implementation of focusing X-ray optics for planetary missions depends on the feasibility of compact lightweight X-ray optics. We review scientific motivations for X-ray observations of planetary bodies and illustrate the unique challenges encountered in planetary missions through a few examples. We introduce a new metal-ceramic hybrid technology for X-ray mirrors that can enable compact lightweight Wolter-I X-ray optics suitable for resource limited planetary missions.
Effects of childhood poverty on productivity later in life: Implications for public policy

Abstract This paper presents a conceptual model for better understanding how poverty jeopardizes a host of childhood and adulthood abilities. An explicit link is made between this conceptual model and various policy initiatives which attempt to curb poverty or its detrimental effects. To better flesh out the model—and illustrate the myriad ways poverty exerts its effects on children's lives—this paper reviews related social science research. This review reveals that low family income compromises children's physical growth, cognitive development and socio-emotional functioning. It decreases the achievement of children when they are in school and puts them at heightened risk of dropping out of school early. Studies also reveal that low childhood income impairs productivity later in life. While productivity is partly compromised through limited educational attainment, there are other important causal pathways not adequately explored in existing social science research.
Disparities in Health Indicators for Latinas in California

This study analyzes disparities in selected health indicators for Latinas when compared to non-Latina Whites, and other population groups in the United States, and as available in Mexico. A review and secondary analyses of government and other data were conducted as an extension of previous research. Data revealed that the population of Latinas, although youthful on average, are composed of an increasingly large group of poor women who in their middle years (45-64), and in rural communities, display high cardiac risk, high rates of diabetes, and cervical cancer. This picture calls for special attention, in particular to Latinas without health insurance. Further research, policies that protect women’s health, and culturally competent prevention services are needed to address these health disparities and the complexities of Latina health in California.
Summary Of Recent Studies On AlGaAs/GaAs Radiation Hardened Photodiodes

In this paper, we summarize the results of several studies assessing the radiation hardness of a new type of double heterojunction, A1GaAs/GaAs photodiode. These studies include transient and permanent damage experiments. Transient studies indicate that double heterostructure AlGaAs/GaAs photodiodes generate 40 times less photocurrent than conventional silicon photodiodes,Auring exposure to ionizing-radiation pulses. Permanent damage studies with neutrons, Coy' gamma rays, and high energy electron beam sources indicate only minor changes in operational characteristics after exposures. These studies have shown a 20% degradation in optical response and a factor of 8 increase in photodiode leakage current after exposure to 3.6 x 101-5 neutron/cm2 fluence. Conventional silicon photodiodes exhibit this type of degradation after exposures to 1012 - 1013 neutrons/cm2 fluences. These characteristics are important for many specialized applications requiring radiation hardness.
Early Detection of Congenital Anomalies

The Congenital Anomaly Appraisal, a tool used to screen for hidden congenital anomalies, has been in existence since 1960 but is not yet widely used. Consequently, many infants with hidden congenital anomalies are not diagnosed until their condition becomes serious. The purpose of this article is to describe the six basic steps of the appraisal and explain why each step is done. It is hoped that, as more nurses become aware of this simple and inexpensive appraisal, they will urge their hospitals to make it a routine procedure with every newborn immediately after birth.
Studies in organic sulfur compounds XV. A novel base-catalyzed rearrangement of a steroid β-keto-xanthate

Abstract Alkaline treatment of cholestan-3-one-2α-ethylxanthate gave among four products, the unexpected 2-thioncarbethoxy-Δ 2 -cholesten-3-ol. This reaction of generating a carbon-carbon bond, heretofore unreported in the steroid field, affords a novel method of preparing thiono-esters.
MEMS Based Fabry-Perot Sensor for Measuring Flow Velocity

New MEMS based Fabry–Perot sensor has been proposed to measure the flow of a fluid.. The flow velocity will cause the oscillatory strain on the optical waveguide which will be detected by the Fabry-Perot Interferometer principle. The velocity of flow is found to be varied with the frequency induced by the vortex shedding of the fluid flow.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The effectiveness of water irrigation policies for residential turfgrass

Turfgrass irrigation policies have been implemented in various regions of the U.S. to reduce domestic water consumption. Mandatory restrictions are often enforced by issuing citations to violators with the intent to promote compliance and deter violations. This study provides a detailed investigation of past water restrictions and compliance, and attempts to determine which factors are related to high rates of water usage within communities of Tampa, FL. The adjusted rainfall rate had the most significant relationship with water usage in the communities under study. Water usage increased in each examined community after it transitioned to more stringent water usage restrictions, with cited restriction violators increasing usage to a greater extent than their uncited counterparts. This increase may primarily be attributed to conflicts between the local water consumption policy and binding homeowner association rules. When the once-a-week usage restriction was in place, the area faced drought conditions. Therefore, homeowners irrigated more to meet the water needs of their lawns despite the restrictions imposed on them by their local government.
Euparone, a new benzofuran from Ruscus aculeatus L.

The structure of euparone, a new benzofuran from Ruscus aculeatus, as 2,5-diacetyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran was determined by spectral means and conversion to euparone methyl ether (O-methyleuparone).
Transesophageal atrial pacing for intraoperative sinus bradycardia or AV junctional rhythm: feasibility as prophylaxis in 200 anesthetized adults and hemodynamic effects of treatment.

Sinus bradycardia (SB) or atrioventricular junctional rhythm (AVJR) may produce circulatory insufficiency in anesthetized surgical patients, especially those with cardiovascular disease. Chronotropic drugs have been the preferred initial treatment, except when epicardial pacing is available. Alternative methods include transvenous or transcutaneous pacing. Drugs may be ineffective or have undesirable effects. Transvenous pacing is time consuming and risky, and transcutaneous pacing is not universally applicable or effective. Transesophageal atrial pacing (TAP) lacks these disadvantages, but unavailability of equipment and unfamiliarity with the method has discouraged widespread use. Feasibility of TAP as prophylaxis for intraoperative SB or AVJR was tested with approved or investigational devices in 200 anesthetized surgical patients, not necessarily with cardiovascular disease or having cardiac surgery. Of these, 84 later had incidental SB ≤60 beats/min, and 23 of these 84 had SB ≤50 beats/min. Thirteen patients had AVJR (72 ± 4 beats/ min; mean ± SEM). TAP at 80 beats/min for SB, or at a rate sufficient to overdrive AVJR, was effective initial treatment in all patients. Respective average increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures for patients with SB ≤60 beats/ min were 14,12, and 14 mmHg (P < .001); for SB ≤50 beats/min 22,17, and 19 mmHg (P < .001); and for AVJR 23 (P < .01), 9 (NS), and 15 mmHg (P < .05), respectively. For patients with cardiac output measurements the average increase for SB ≤60 beats/min was 1.4 L/min (N = 13, P < .01); for SB ≤50 beats/min 1.8 L/min (N = 7, P < .05); and for AVJR was 2.6 L/mmin (N = 2). There were no apparent complications of TAP as prophylaxis or treatment for SB or AVJR. TAP has been shown to be a safe, simple, rapid, and effective method for prophylaxis and initial treatment of intraoperative SB or AVJR. Potential advantages of TAP over drugs are discussed.
Cloud screening Coastal Zone Color Scanner images using channel 5

Clouds are removed from Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) data using channel 5. Instrumentation problems require pre-processing of channel 5 before an intelligent cloud-screening algorithm can be used. For example, at intervals of about 16 lines, the sensor records anomalously low radiances. Moreover, the calibration equation yields negative radiances when the sensor records zero counts, and pixels corrupted by electronic overshoot must also be excluded. The remaining pixels may then be used in conjunction with the procedure of Simpson and Humphrey to determine the CZCS cloud mask. These results plus in situ observations of phytoplankton pigment concentration show that pre-processing and proper cloud-screening of CZCS data are necessary for accurate satellite-derived pigment concentrations. This is especially true in the coastal margins, where pigment content is high and image distortion associated with electronic overshoot is also present. The pre-processing algorithm is critical to obtaining accurate global estimates of pigment from spacecraft data.
The caldera of Volcan Fernandina: a remote sensing study of its structure and recent activity

Air photographs taken in 1946, 1960, and 1982, together with SPOT HVR-1 images obtained in April and October of 1988, are used to characterize recent activity in and around the caldera of Fernandina Volcano, West Galapagos Islands. The eruptive and collapse events during this time span appear to be distributed in a NW-SE band across the summit and caldera. On the flanks of the volcano, subtle topographic ridges indicate that this is a long-term preferred orientation of extra-caldera activity as well (although radial and arcuate fissures are found on all sectors). The caldera is formed from the coalescence of multiple collapse features that are also distributed along a NW-SE direction, and these give the caldera its elongate and scalloped outline. The NW and SE benches consist of lavas that ponded in once-separated depressions that have been incorporated into the caldera by more recent collapse. The volume of individual eruptions within the caldera over the observed 42 years appears to be small (∼4x106 m3) in comparison to the volumes of individual flows exposed in the caldera walls (∼120–150x106 m3). Field observations (in 1989) of lavas exposed in the caldera walls and their cross-cutting relationships show that there have been at least three generations of calderas, and that at times each was completely filled. An interplay between a varying supply rate to the volcano and a regional stress regime is suggested to be the cause of long-term spatial and volumetric variations in activity. When supply is high, the caldera is filled in relative to collapse and dikes tend to propagate in all directions through the edifice. At other times (such as the present) supply is relatively low; eruptions are small, the caldera is far from being filled in, and dike propagation is influenced by an extra-volcano stress regime.
Magnetostatic response of 3D metallic traces created using dynamic membrane projection lithography

The magnetostatic response of a variety of 3D metallic loop traces are studied numerically by evaluating the Biot- Savart law as a first step in understanding the radiative behavior of such structures. These numerical studies confirm that the magnetostatic behavior of localized planar and non-planar current distributions are equivalent to magnetic dipoles in the far field, however the near-field behavior of these traces can be quite different.
A DeFries and Fulker regression model for genetic nonadditivity

Parameter estimates from the DeFries and Fulker [(DF)Behav. Genet. 15:462–473, 1985] regression method can be greater than unity or less than zero. This occurs when the monozygotic correlation is greater than twice the dizygotic correlation. Sensible values can be obtained in these cases by fitting a constrained DF model that estimates genetic and nonshared environmental variance components only. In this article I demonstrate that the original Df model yields positively biased heritability estimates and negatively biased estimates of shared environmentality when data are significantly influenced by genetic nonadditivity. The magnitude of the bias is algebraically expressed. I then describe a simple regression equation that provides unbiased estimates of the standardized additive and dominance genetic variance components. Results of a study of 6 million twin pairs from the Monte Carlo Twin Registry demonstrate that the DF additive and dominance genetic parameter estimates are virtually identical to those obtained by maximum-likelihood procedures. Finally, I derive the expectations for the constrained DF model and show that the genetic parameter estimates from this model are negatively biased estimates of broad-sense heritability.
Subprime Mortgage Tremors: An International Issue

The subprime mortgage crisis has negatively affected individuals, investors, lenders, and economies worldwide. This paper first examines contributing factors of the crisis: predatory lending, predatory borrowing and mortgage fraud, unethical practices, unregulated mortgage brokers, off-balance-sheet activity, and the infusion of capital from Asia that provided the fuel for subprime mortgage activity to continue. International markets have both suffered from and contributed to the crisis. Legislation that has been enacted or recommended in the U.S. and the European Union is reviewed. We then make recommendations which could begin to restore confidence of consumers and investors worldwide; however, it is clear that laws and regulations must be enacted quickly to correct the situation and bring stability to investment markets.
Cholestatic liver injury down-regulates hepatic glutathione synthesis.

Abstract Hepatocellular injury caused by cholestasis may be caused in part by oxidant stress. The purpose of this study was to establish how acute cholestasis might alter hepatic glutathione homeostasis and to determine whether injured hepatocytes are capable of reverting to normal glutathione homeostatic mechanisms. Acute cholestasis was achieved by surgical ligation of the common bile duct in rats. Bile duct ligation induced a 3.7-fold increase in hepatic glutathione content over 4 days. This increase was not due to increased hepatic activity of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS); on the contrary, whole-liver GCS activity was substantially diminished in the bile duct-ligated liver to 34 and 11% of normal after 4 and 7 days, respectively. To determine if hepatocytes removed from the cholestatic environment maintained these changes in glutathione homeostasis, hepatocytes were isolated from bile duct-ligated livers and established in primary culture. In cells isolated after 4 days of bile duct ligation, the elevated hepatocyte glutathione content decreased and the low GCS activity increased over 2 days in culture. More importantly, the ability of postcholestatic hepatocytes to substantially increase their glutathione synthetic capacity by increasing GCS activity in response to stress was preserved. This compensatory increase was due primarily to new protein synthesis. Together, these observations suggest that acute cholestasis impairs the ability of the liver to synthesize glutathione by down-regulating the key regulatory enzyme for its synthesis in response to acutely elevated glutathione levels and that the impaired glutathione synthetic capacity is corrected after cells are removed from the cholestatic environment.
Does Knowing Why Someone is Gay Influence Tolerance? Genetic, Environmental, Choice, and “Reparative” Explanations

In the U.S., belief that sexual orientation is genetically based is tied to greater tolerance toward gay men and lesbians and a belief that they deserve rights equal to those of other citizens. This study explores whether evidence for a particular causal explanation of sexual orientation influences participants’ tolerance toward gay men and lesbians. Participants were 224 heterosexual college students provided with scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically caused, environmentally caused, or a choice, who then answered questionnaires assessing their attitudes toward science, their tolerance toward gay men and lesbians, their selection of the best explanation for sexual orientation, and their assessments of statements about an imagined gay man (which, together, comprised their level of support for a “reparative” explanation of gay male sexuality viewed as the result of trauma, poor father–son relations, and immorality). Participants who were male, black, religious, or believed that the environmental or choice explanation of sexual orientation was the best, were less tolerant and more supportive of the reparative explanation than, respectively, participants who were female, white, nonreligious, or believed that the genetic explanation was the best. By contrast, participants were less tolerant when they read that scientific findings support a genetic explanation than when they read that scientific findings support choice as an explanation. Participants’ level of support for the reparative explanation correlated positively with their level of intolerance, suggesting that increasing tolerance toward gay men and lesbians may be more dependent on diminishing support for tenets of the reparative explanation than in convincing heterosexuals that sexual desires are under genetic control, which may influence some heterosexuals who believe otherwise to feel more intolerant.
Phonons and radiative recombination in self-assembled quantum dots.

The radiative recombination of photocarriers has been studied in various self-assembled ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$As quantum dot samples, prepared with the spontaneous island formation during molecular-beam epitaxy. Depending on the relative values of the interlevel spacings and the phonon energies, some structures display strong enhancement of the photoluminescence for excitation energies permitting resonant phonon relaxations, or strong level filling and emission from the excited states with saturation of the ground states at higher excitation intensities.
An Autoinhibitory Substance Produced by Platydorina caudata Kofoid

An inhibitory substance was obtained from culture filtrates of Platydorina caudata Kofoid, (a colonial, green flagellate), in which death of the culture had occurred. The cessation of growth occurs before, and is seemingly independent of, medium depletion. The substance can be detected as early as the 15th day, and by the 25th day growth is completely suppressed. A bioassay method for quantitating the activity of the substance was devised. The substance is heat-labile, nondialyzable, acid-labile, and apparently specific for Platydorina. The substance resists short periods of freezing and bacterial contamination. Preliminary results suggest that trypsin destroys activity of the substance.
Glycemic response to lipid infusion in the premature neonate

The effect of lipid infusion on glucose homeostasis in the preterm newborn infant was evaluated. Seven infants were given a test dose of 0.25 gm/kg/hour of lipid emulsion. Their response was characterized by: (1) a twofold increase in serum free fatty acid concentrations, (2) a small, transient rise in insulin values, and (3) a sustained increase in serum glucose concentration (mean increment in serum glucose was 24% over baseline). Nine infants received a test dose of 0.5 gm/kg/hr of lipid. Their response was similar to that in the lower infusion group, but of a greater magnitude: an eightfold increase in free fatty acids, sustained increase in serum insulin concentration, and a mean increment in serum glucose values of 65% over baseline. Increased lipid availability in the low-birth-weight newborn infant plays a significant role in promoting an increase in serum glucose concentrations.
The Rg Vedic hymn as a ritual speech event: About some grammatical-rhetorical features of 10.39 from a pragmatic perspective

In the present work I try to show how certain distinctive grammatical-rhetorical features of the hymns, such as frequent use of elaborate epithets, a rich arsenal of noun and pronoun address forms as well as a large variety of finite verb forms, can be accounted for from a pragmatic perspective by discussing them at the three main linguistic levels — morphology, lexicon, syntax. 10.39 is a representative laudatory hymn performed in a ceremonial setting, whose topic is related to the desire of a female speaker to find a good husband. The analysis is based on a socially and psychologically oriented application of pragmatic principles, namely, the politeness framework and it takes into account the specific context, on which the pragmatic interpretations are strictly dependent. The hymn is discussed as a communicative event, possible through the use of the Vedic language and designed to achieve specific ritualistic goals.
Mothers' Social Communicative Adjustments to Young Children With Mild Developmental Delays

Abstract The social communication and compliance patterns of 63 mothers interacting with their young children who had mild developmental delays in social play and instructional tasks were examined ...
Stochastic model for triplet yields

Abstract A stochastic model of triplet yields is considered where the singlet S 1 is initially excited and subsequently feeds the triplet T 1 . Both S 1 and T 1 have Montroll—Shuler step ladder vibrational relaxation mechanisms and radiative and non-radiative decay rates that vary linearly with increasing vibrational energy. Assuming the S 1 → T 1 rates also have this linear variation, the kinetic model is exactly solved in terms of integrals of simple functions of hyperbolic functions. The predictions of the model are illustrated by application to naphthalene. The model parameters are chosen; wherever possible, from experimental data. The predictions are in gross qualitative agreement with available experiments on triplet yields, and they indicate more detailed future experiments to separate the S 1 → T 1 and S 1 → S 0 (ground singlet) decays (and their energy dependence) in aromatic hydrocarbons.
Therapeutic Tutoring of Retarded Adolescents by Medical Students

Abstract This paper describes a program designed to provide both help for retarded adolescent giris who were too depressed to involve themselves in vocational training, and an opportunity for medical students to have a supervised patient contact as a basis for studying the interrelationship of emotional and intellectual deVelopment. The medical students, acting as tutor-therapists, met weekly with the girls to help them improve their capacities and to assist them with painful feelings regarding their incapabilities. The girls improved in school and job performance, ability to relate, and ability to manage frustration and anxiety.
Organic ion imaging of biological tissue with secondary ion mass spectrometry and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization

Organic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry can be used to produce molecular images of samples. This is achieved through ionization from a clearly identified point on a flat sample, and performing a raster of the sample by moving the point of ionization over the sample surface. The unique analytical capabilities of mass spectrometry for mapping a variety of biological samples at the tissue level are discussed. SIMS provides information on the spatial distribution of the elements and low molecular mass compounds as well as molecular structures on these compounds, while MALDI yields spatial information about higher molecular mass compounds, including their distributions in tissues at very low levels, as well as information on the molecular structures of these compounds. Application of these methods to analytical problems requires appropriate instrumentation, sample preparation methodology, and a data presentation usually in a three-coordinate plot where x and y are physical dimensions of the sample and z is the signal amplitude. The use of imaging mass spectrometry is illustrated with several biological systems.
PRENATAL DETERMINATION OF FETAL SEX AND CHROMOSOMAL COMPLEMENT

Abstract Determination of nuclear sex in fetal cells obtained from amniotic fluid is indicated if the expectant mother carries the mutant gene of a severe X-linked condition. Prenatal chromosome analysis is indicated whenever a woman carries a high risk of having a child with a chromosomal aberration. Different categories of high-risk women are listed. A modified method of culturing fetal cells has been shown to yield excellent results for prenatal karyotype studies.
Enhanced Allergic Sensitization by Residual Oil Fly Ash Particles Is Mediated by Soluble Metal Constituents

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollutants and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. We have shown in a Brown Norway (BN) rat model of house dust mite (HDM) allergy that preexposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles enhanced the sensitization phase such that the secondary immune response and associated lung injury were increased after allergen challenge. To determine whether the metals present in ROFA mediated this effect, BN rats were intratracheally instilled with either ROFA (1000 μg) or acidified saline + NiSO4 (105.12 μg), VSO4 (98.2 μg), FeSO4 (58.49 μg), or a mixture (Mix) of each metal. HDM-specific IgE was higher in the serum of the ROFA, Ni, V, and Mix groups than in the HDM group after challenge, and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction responses were increased in the Ni group. Lymphocyte proliferation to antigen was increased in the ROFA, Ni, and V groups compared to controls. Total protein and eosinophil peroxidase levels were elevated in the Fe group, and eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased in the ROFA and Fe groups compared to HDM control. IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA expression was also increased in the lung tissue of all metal and ROFA-treated groups, while BALF IL-10 was elevated in the Fe and Mix groups, and IL-6 and TNF-α were elevated in the metal and ROFA-treated groups compared to controls. These results suggest that ROFA's metallic constituents mediate enhancement of sensitization to HDM and that pulmonary inflammation may play a role in this adjuvant effect.
Measured foliations and the minimal norm property for quadratic differentials

The objective is to prove two important inequalities of Riemann surface theory and to present them in such a way that one can see their close relationship. The first inequality is the minimal norm property of quadratic differentials first observed by Marden and Strebel [8]. Actually a somewhat different inequality is given. The minimum norm properties have many applications, one of which is a proof of the result of Hubbard and Masur [7] Concerning the existence of a unique holomorphic quadratic differential whose horizontal foliation and vertical measure realize a given measure class of measured foliations on a given Riemann surface. This result is given in section 7. The method of proof is quite different from the one in [7]. The second important inequality is the main inequality of Reich and Strebel. It has central importance in Teichmiiller theory and can be used to derive the infinitesimal form of Teichmiiller's metric [10]. Moreover, this inequality can be used to show that Teichmiiller's metric is the integral of its infinitesimal form [6]. A proof of this result by other methods was given by O'Byrne in [9]. Both of these inequalities turn out to be consequences of certain properties of the trajectory structure of a holomorphic quadratic differential. For the purposes of the "main inequality" we are able to bypass some of the theory of trajectories by means of an averaging device used by Teichmiiller. This averaging device also appears in the proofs of Teichmiiller's theorem given by Bers [4] and Abikoff [1]. But for the minimum norm property in the form given by Marden and Strebel [8], the detailed theory of trajectories seems to be necessary.
Selecting an Acculturation Measure for Use With Latino Older Adults

The purpose of this article is to ascertain the degree to which acculturation measures have been validated for use with older Latino adults and to offer recommendations to assist practitioners and researchers in selecting an empirically sound acculturation measure. The authors analyzed the psycho-metric properties of 15 subjective acculturation instruments that sampled Latino older adult respondents in their development or validation. In general, the limited data suggest a tendency for lower acculturation scores among older Latinos. A number of scales suffer from methodological flaws or lack sufficient psychometric data. The effect of age on acculturation was infrequently analyzed, and no measure was designed specifically for use with older adults, although several measures appear to have promise for use with Latino older adults. Because Latinos are one of the fastest growing sectors of the older adult population, further attention to the development and validation of acculturation measures for this popul...
Universally Conserved Interactions between the Ribosome and the Anticodon Stem-Loop of A Site tRNA Important for Translocation

Abstract The iterative movement of the tRNA-mRNA complex through the ribosome is a hallmark of the elongation phase of protein synthesis. We used synthetic anticodon stem-loop analogs (ASL) of tRNA Phe to systematically identify ribose 2′-hydroxyl groups that are essential for binding and translocation from the ribosomal A site. Our results show that 2′-hydroxyl groups at positions 33, 35, and 36 in the A site ASL are important for translocation. Consistent with the view that the molecular basis of translocation may be similar in all organisms, the 2′-hydroxyl groups at positions 35 and 36 in the ASL interact with universally conserved bases G530 and A1493, respectively, in 16S rRNA. Furthermore, these interactions are also essential for the decoding process, indicating a functional relationship between decoding and translocation.