cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Virtual Chunks: On Supporting Efficient Accesses to Compressed Scientific Data

Data compression could ameliorate the I/O pressure of data-intensive scientific applications. Unfortunately, the conventional wisdom of naively applying data compression to the file or block brings the dilemma between efficient random accesses and high compression ratios. File-level compression barely supports efficient random accesses to the compressed data: any retrieval request need trigger the decompression from the beginning of the compressed file. Block-level compression provides flexible random accesses to the compressed blocks, but introduces extra overhead when applying the compressor to each and every block that results in a degraded overall compression ratio. This paper extends our prior work that introduces virtual chunks offering efficient random accesses to the compressed scientific data without sacrificing the compression ratio. Virtual chunks are logical blocks pointed at by appended references without breaking the physical continuity of the file content. These references allow the decompression to start from an arbitrary position (efficient random accesses), while no per-block overhead is introduced because the file's physical entirety is retained (high compression ratio). One limitation of virtual chunk is it only supports static references. This paper presents the algorithms, analysis, and evaluations of dynamic virtual chunks to deal with the cases where the references are updated dynamically.
Frustrated Etching during H/Si(111) Methoxylation Produces Fissured Fluorinated Surfaces, Whereas Direct Fluorination Preserves the Atomically Flat Morphology

Two solution-based strategies for the preparation of partially fluorinated Si(111) surfaces from H/Si(111) were investigated using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Direct fluorination of H/Si(111) with HF (aq) produced atomically flat surfaces with 11% fluorination. A two-step reaction that first methoxylated the surface by reaction in methanol and then converted the methoxy termination to F termination by reaction in HF (aq) produced atomically rough, fissured surfaces with 24% fluorination. The atomic-scale roughness was induced by the methoxylation reaction. Methanol was shown to react with H/Si(111) surfaces through two parallel mechanisms: an etching reaction and a methoxylation reaction. The methoxylation reaction locally inhibited or “frustrated” the etching reaction, leading to the development of a characteristic fissured morphology. The H and F atoms on the fluorinated surface were imaged ...
Short Communication: Identification and Sequences of the Treponema pallidum flhA, flhF, and orf 304 Genes

The recently identified flu operon of Treponema pallidum contains several genes that encode motilityrelated proteins. We have determined the nucleotide sequences of three genes, designated flhA, flhF, and or/304, that are located immediately downstream of the flhB gene in the fla operon. The flhA gene encodes a 707-amino acid protein that contains five putative membrane spanning domains. FlhA has strong homology with members of a family of proteins that are involved in flagellar biogenesis and regulation/secretion of virulence-related proteins. The flhF gene encodes a 437-amino acid protein that contains three consensus elements that are characteristic of a GTP-binding domain. The or/304 gene encodes a 304-amino acid protein that contains a consensus ATP-binding motif. The order of the flhA, flhF, and or/304 genes is identical to that of corresponding genes in the Bacillus subtilis che/fla operon. Due to the location of the flhA, flhF and or/304 genes in the T. pallidum fla operon, we hypothesize that the...
Predicting the Effect of the Homogenization Pressure on Emulsion Drop-Size Distributions

We have previously developed a population balance equation (PBE) model for emulsion drop breakage in a high-pressure homogenizer that incorporated multiple-drop formation within two mechanisms of turbulent drop breakage. The model was found to satisfactorily predict the effects of formulation variables on the drop-size distribution, but the model was not extensible to a range of homogenization pressures. The objective of this paper is to determine the additional model elements necessary to obtain acceptable predictions over a wide range of pressures. The most significant improvements were obtained by increasing the number of daughter drops formed upon breakage from 20 to 150 drops and by introducing a maximum stable diameter, below which drops could not break. Smaller improvements were obtained by introducing terms that describe the loss of energy available for drop breakage due to thermal heating of the sample and homogenizer and by extending the model to account for the effects of surfactant adsorption ...
The General Theory of Marketing

The explosion of knowledge has made most students of marketing specialists. If these specialties have consistency, they should fit into a more general theory of marketing. The structure of such a t...
Hammett Analysis of a Family of Carbene−Carbene Complex Equilibria†

p-X-substituted phenylchlorocarbenes (X = NO2, CF3, Cl, H, Me, and MeO) form π-type complexes with trimethoxybenzene in pentane. The carbenes and complexes are in equilibrium, and logarithms of the measured equilibrium constants are well correlated by Hammett σp constants with ρ = 2.48. The carbene complexes are characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, and computational analysis is afforded by DFT calculations.
What can errors tell us about differences between monolingual and bilingual vocabulary learning

Error patterns in vocabulary learning data were used as a window into the mechanisms that underlie vocabulary learning performance in bilinguals vs. monolinguals. English–Spanish bilinguals (n = 18) and English-speaking monolinguals (n = 18) were taught novel vocabulary items in association with English translations. At testing, participants produced English translations for the newly learned words. Findings revealed broad learning advantages in the bilingual data. Moreover, bilinguals made proportionately more deep (within-category) semantic errors than monolinguals when tested immediately after learning. We interpret these data to suggest that bilingual learners may encode the information associated with the novel words to a deeper semantic level than monolinguals.
The overview of the OTH radars

The operational principles and the development tendencies of sky-wave,ground-wave,and microwave OTH radars are also presented.
Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Kv beta 2 in adult rat brain.

The phosphorylation of Kvbeta2 was investigated by different protein kinases. Protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA-CS) yielded the greatest phosphorylation of recombinant Kvbeta2 (rKvbeta2), with limited phosphorylation by protein kinase C catalytic subunit (PKC-CS) and no detectable phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII). Protein kinase(s) from adult rat brain lysate phosphorylated both rKvbeta2 and endogenous Kvbeta. The PKA inhibitor, PKI 6-22, fully inhibited PKA-mediated phophorylation of rKvbeta2 yet showed minimal inhibition of kinase activity present in rat brain. The inhibitor Go 6983, that blocks PKCalpha, PKCbeta, PKCgamma, PKCdelta and PKCzeta activities, inhibited rKvbeta2 phosphorylation by rat brain kinases, with no inhibition by Go 6976 which blocks PKCalpha and PKCbetaI activities. Dose-response analysis of Go 6983 inhibitory activity indicates that at least two PKC isozymes account for the kinase activity present in rat brain. Thus, while PKA was the most active protein kinase to phosphorylate rKvbeta2 in vitro, Kvbeta2 phosphorylation in the rat brain is mainly mediated by PKC isozymes.
Abstract A77: Repression of mTORC1 activity in NOTCH1 mutant T-ALL results in sensitivity to the BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-263

There is no effective molecularly targeted therapy for T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias (T-ALL) and prognosis for relapsed or chemotherapeutic refractory cases remains poor. A large unbiased drug screen performed across cell lines from a broad spectrum of cancers revealed that NOTCH1 mutant T-ALL cells, including lines resistant to gamma-secretase inhibitors are very sensitive to the Bcl-2/xL inhibitor ABT-263. We found that NOTCH1 up regulates the mTOR suppressor REDD1, leading to suppression of the mTOR Complex 1. This in turn results in low MCL-1 levels and ABT-263 sensitivity. Inhibition of NOTCH1 activity in this context leads to robust and sustained up regulation of mTOR signaling which could limit the activity of gamma-secretase inhibitors. Analysis of a small set of patient samples support the findings that NOTCH1 mutant T-ALL have low MCL-1 levels. Most importantly, we show that suppression of mTORC1 by a small molecule inhibitor further sensitizes NOTCH1 mutant T-ALL to ABT-263 resulting in massive apoptosis and in vivo efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers a previously unappreciated link between two major oncogenic pathways, the NOTCH and mTOR pathways, with NOTCH1 repressing mTORC1 through REDD1. Further, we show that this suppression results in low MCL-1 levels and that combining mTORC inhibition with BCL-2 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for GSI-resistantNOTCH1-mutant T-ALL. Citation Format: Anahita Dastur, Anthony Faber, Carlotta Costa, Cyril Benes. Repression of mTORC1 activity in NOTCH1 mutant T-ALL results in sensitivity to the BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-263. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A77.
PRODUCTS OF FORMATIONS

If X and Y are classes of groups, the usual class product is given by: XY = {G|G has a normal subgroup N ∈ X with G/N e /}. However, if X = QR 0 (S 3 ) is the formation generated by the symmetric group S 3 and Y is the formation of elementary Abelian 2-groups, then the group i = 3 = y 4 , x 7 = x –1 > shows that XY need not be a formation. This chapter discusses those situations in which XY is a formation and those in which XY = X * Y .
Characterizing the families of borderlines. A review of the literature.

The written efforts to characterize the families of borderlines either enumerate the characteristics of psychopathology commonly seen in one or both parents, in an effort to make the parents identifiable, or draw upon selected family traits to formulate psychodynamic explanations, to make the development of the patient’s disorder more understandable. This paper reviews and evaluates the literature about the families of borderlines and attempts to synthesize disparate observations by looking for areas of convergence and developing more economic explanatory principles.
Security and performance analysis of a passenger screening checkpoint for mass-transit systems

During the past decade, the international community has witnessed several attacks on forms of mass transportation such as train stations and subways. The Department of Homeland Security requested that we develop methods to assess the security of mass transit in order to mitigate the vulnerability of the nation's public transportation systems. We present a methodology to quantify the impact of imposing screening on mass transit, which considers both security and delays incurred on the traveling public. We demonstrate the approach through a case study, the Fairfield Metro Station in Fairfield, Connecticut. Our results indicate that rigorous aviation-style screening will slow the flow of passengers drastically. We also show how to use the approach to identify where faster screening technologies can improve passenger throughput while ensuring security. The approach can thus be used to identify areas where investments in technology improvement would most effectively enhance security and convenience.
Chapter 22 – Elements of Knowledge as Elements in Nature

Chapter Summary In this chapter, we propose that knowledge bears a remarkable parallelism with the elements in nature. The numerous elements in nature correspond to branches of knowledge. The elements of knowledge play the role of atoms in chemistry that combine with other atoms to make compounds. The laws of chemistry are well adhered in forming stable compounds as the linguistic laws that make up sentences. Chains of compounds make up the organic compounds and polymers that have a useful life as words and sentences that make up “bodies of knowledge” that have finite spans of life. Knowledge science is more recent than chemistry or physical chemistry. Knowledge evolves in the minds of creative human beings and by the ceaseless exploration of machines that explore all combination of noun-objects (ns), verb functions (vs), and their convolutions (*s) that constitutes a kel. The elements in nature have already evolved (as far as we know) and have filled all the possible discrete shell orbits by the electrons, even though some of the rarest elements are highly unstable. In their structure elements and compounds conserve energy. For the exploration of knowledge, still in its infancy, the exploration of knowledge space is as wide as that of the universe itself. Variation of the atomic structures of the elements, that they may assume in other galaxies challenges the imagination that lies at the outer limits of knowledge. A quantum of knowledge (kel) is like an element in nature or a pulse of energy. We present these concepts to investigate if such kels will explain all the intricacies in the flow of knowledge in societies, cultures, and groups or to explain the flow of knowledge energy (kenergy) in social groups and universities. When these seminal kels can be contoured in the memories of machines, then their properties, and attributes can be examined, evaluated, designed, and optimized to suit the particular environment where they are deployed. This approach by constituting bodies of “Artificial Knowledge,” thus corresponds to synthesizing of compounds for generic drugs to cure patients and to alter the chemical structure of the compounds to cure a particular ailment. Artificial knowledge can soothe many ailing minds and find solutions in resolving mental blocks, hitherto unknown in the wisdom of saints or the words of the psychiatrists to pacify disturbed patients.
Clinical and imaging features indicative of clinically worrisome pneumatosis: key components to identifying proper medical intervention.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine clinical and imaging factors on computed tomography (CT) associated with clinically worrisome pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) that may aid in the decision to provide conservative management or urgent surgical intervention. Informed consent was waived in this IRB approved study. Imaging features assessed included the presence, location, and pattern of PI, bowel dilatation, thickening, enhancement, stranding, portal venous (PV) and mesenteric venous gas, mesenteric edema, free air, and ascites. Two radiologists retrospectively evaluated 167 patients with CT reports containing the text “PI” between 1/1/11 and 12/31/13. Clinical data collected included serum lactate, malignancy, bowel disease, operative findings, and death during admission. Clinically, worrisome PI was tabulated by summation of surgical diagnosis of dead bowel and/or death during admission. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used when appropriate to compare subjects with benign or worrisome PI for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test used to compare continuous measures. Clinically, worrisome PI was present in 44 cases. Benign PI was diagnosed in 97 cases, and these patients were followed conservatively. There was a statistically significant association between clinically worrisome PI and imaging features: location in small bowel (p < 0.0001), bowel dilatation (p = 0.0003), stranding (p = 0.0002), bowel enhancement (p = 0.0384), PV gas (p < 0.0001), mesenteric venous gas (p = 0.0141), and moderate mesenteric edema (p = 0.0036). Location of PI in the small bowel exhibited a statistically significant association with benign PI (p < 0.0002). Statistical significance was found between worrisome PI and the following clinical features: elevated serum lactate (p = 0.0003), underlying bowel disease (p = 0.0004), and mechanical cause of bowel obstruction (p = 0.0497). CT imaging characteristics and clinical features can help predict clinically worrisome PI and guide crucial management decisions.
Penicillin Prophylaxis of Post-Operative Clostridial Gangrene in Monocontaminated Guinea Pigs

The germfree guinea pig has shown a consistent inability to withstand the challenge of natural infection upon transfer to conventional animal quarters. The animals have tolerated quite well, however, induced infection, via the oral route, with a variety of single species of bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium capitovale, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bifidus, 3 strains of Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., and Bacteroides sp. Of these only B. subtilis has shown any degree of pathogenicity for the animals when growing in the intact intestinal tract. Some of the animals harboring B. subtilis developed a moderate erythematous reaction in the cecum and adjacent colon. The most severe reaction to a single bacterial species, however, occurred in animals monocontam-inated with C. perfringens and subjected to abdominal surgery. When laparotomies were performed on animals harboring C. perfringens, to facilitate intracecal inoculation with Entamoeba histolytica, the animals often developed a fatal gas gangrene. The gangrenous condition usually developed within 12 hours, and nearly always within 36 hours of surgery.
Beliefs and Belief Relationships

Computer comprehension of editorial arguments in OpEd is based on the capability of modeling beliefs. Beliefs can be set apart from other conceptual structures needed to understand narrative text. As pointed out by Abelson (1973, 1979), beliefs are not goals, plans, events, or states, but rather predications about these structures and their relationships.
Controlling Configurational Isomerism in Three-Component Colloidal Hybrid Nanoparticles.

ConspectusColloidal hybrid nanoparticles are solution-dispersible constructs that join together multiple distinct nanoscale materials through direct solid–solid interfaces. Given their multifunctionality and synergistic properties that emerge from interfacial coupling, hybrid nanoparticles are of interest for applications in biomedical imaging, solar energy conversion, heterogeneous catalysis, nanophotonics, and beyond. High-order hybrid nanoparticles, which incorporate three or more nanocrystal domains, offer greater tunability and functional diversity relative to one or two-component nanoparticles. The multiple heterojunctions within these structures can facilitate complex electromagnetic coupling as well as cooperative surface processes. Additionally, these materials can be used as model systems for studying fundamental structure–property relationships at the nanoscale that arise from particle coupling and interfacial exchanges. Limiting these advances is the inability to synthesize hybrid nanoparticle...
Th17/TfH cells in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with disease activity and therapy response

Th17 and TfH cells are thought to promote tissue inflammation (Th17) and autoantibody production (TfH) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. TfH cells that co-express Th17 markers (Th17/TfH) correlate with disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis. However, Th17/TfH cells have not been detailed in RA subjects in context of therapy response. Blood T cell and B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry in 16 subjects with active RA, before and after TNF inhibitor therapy. Proportions of CXCR5 + TfH cells that co-expressed the Th17 marker CCR6 (Th17/TfH cells) directly correlated with disease activity at baseline. In contrast, there were no correlations between disease activity and other T cell subsets including total Th17 (CCR6 + ), TfH (CXCR5 + ) or Th1 (CXCR3 + ) cells, or with CXCR3-expressing TfH cells. Th17/TfH cell frequencies were unchanged by TNF inhibition, fitting with no effect of TNF on stimulation of IL-17 or IL-21 in vitro. In fact, Th17/TfH cell proportions showed remarkable stability within individuals over time despite changes in disease activity. Activated class-switched B cells were increased in subjects with high autoantibody, but B cell subsets did not correlate with disease activity or with Th17/TfH cells. Finally, baseline Th17/TfH cells correlated with numbers of swollen joints at baseline and following one year of stable therapy. These data demonstrate the stability of chemokine receptors as markers of blood T cell phenotypes within individuals, and point to differences in underlying T cell phenotypes as drivers of autoimmune joint disease activity and response to TNF inhibitor therapy.
Motor cortex activation in hemiparetic stroke patients

100 Little is known about the function of surviving motor cortex after hemiparetic stroke. Though the corticospinal tract may be damaged, function may persist via intact intracortical connections. We probed motor cortex function using paradigms unrelated to genesis of paretic limb movement. Seven patients with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis, including total hand plegia, were studied with functional MRI (fMRI). Brain activation was achieved by alternating between rest and one of several stimuli. For the plegic hand, stimuli were passive index finger movement, or viewing active movements; for the non-plegic hand, active or passive index finger movement. Brain activation maps (p
Coming Together: Factors that Connect Social Workers to Group Work Practice

ABSTRACTGroup work is an effective method to intervene with various populations in multiple settings. However, research has demonstrated that social workers are often not prepared for the realities of group work practice. In this study, the lens is turned on professional social workers that identify as group workers about the motivations and factors that contributed to their practice of group work. The goal of this research is to provide data and related insights that will enhance the preparation of social workers for the realities of contemporary group work practice. The study also identified factors that would enhance group work education in both the classroom and field education settings.
Ischemia dictates outcome, not symptoms.

There has been enormous interest in determining whether the presence or absence of symptoms of myocardial ischemia influence prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The concern has been predicated on the concept that the anginal pain associated with ischemia serves as a safety
Computational study of elastic and inelastic ring shaped – steel plate shear wall behavior

Abstract Ring shaped – steel plate shear walls (RS-SPSWs) are a new type of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) system that utilize strategic cutouts in a solid plate to mitigate shear buckling and encourage full hysteretic behavior and thus large energy dissipation. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the RS-SPSW concept can significantly reduce buckling and dissipate more energy than solid web plate SPSWs with similar strength. However, because of limitations in the number of tests and associated instrumentation, the experimental results did not provide enough data to thoroughly investigate several facets of RS-SPSW behavior, such as the distribution of shear deformation along the web plate height, web plate forces on the boundary elements, and web plate slenderness effects on buckling resistance. This paper details three computational studies that build upon the experimental test results to develop and validate useful design equations for RS-SPSWs. The paper starts with a description of the RS-SPSW nonlinear finite element models that utilize shell elements for the web plate. Then, the model is validated against experimental specimens by comparing the load-deformation behavior and the evolution of cumulative energy dissipation. Next, the computational models are utilized to explore the uneven shear deformation distribution along the height of the web plate allowing derived prediction equations to be validated. The computational models are also used to determine boundary element demands and to validate a proposed distribution of web plate forces for use in design. Lastly, the modeling approach is utilized to better understand shear buckling of the web plates in terms of non-dimensional web plate parameters.
Collusion in Brokered Markets

The U.S. residential real estate agency market presents a puzzle for economic theory: commissions on real estate transactions have remained high for decades even though entry is frequent and costs are low. We model the real estate agency market, and other brokered markets, as a game in which brokers first post prices for customers and then choose which other agents to work with. We show that prices appreciably higher than the competitive level can be sustained (for a fixed discount factor) regardless of the number of brokers by using strategies that condition working with a broker on that broker’s posted prices.
Development of a Wellness Committee Implementation Index for Workplace Health Promotion Programs in Small Businesses.

Purpose:To construct a wellness committee (WC) implementation index and determine whether this index was associated with evidence-based intervention implementation in a workplace health promotion p...
The Effects of Racial Diversity Congruence between Upper Management and Lower Management on Firm Productivity

We examine whether matching levels of racial diversity in upper management and lower management (i.e., racial diversity congruence) impact firm productivity. In a sample of high-tech firms, we foun...
Data Quality Issues With Physician-Rating Websites: Systematic Review.

Background: In recent years, online physician-rating websites have become prominent and exert considerable influence on patients’ decisions. However, the quality of these decisions depends on the quality of data that these systems collect. Thus, there is a need to examine the various data quality issues with physician-rating websites. Objective: This study’s objective was to identify and categorize the data quality issues afflicting physician-rating websites by reviewing the literature on online patient-reported physician ratings and reviews. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in ACM Digital Library, EBSCO, Springer, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The search was limited to quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method papers published in the English language from 2001 to 2020. Results: A total of 423 articles were screened. From these, 49 papers describing 18 unique data quality issues afflicting physician-rating websites were included. Using a data quality framework, we classified these issues into the following four categories: intrinsic, contextual, representational, and accessible. Among the papers, 53% (26/49) reported intrinsic data quality errors, 61% (30/49) highlighted contextual data quality issues, 8% (4/49) discussed representational data quality issues, and 27% (13/49) emphasized accessibility data quality. More than half the papers discussed multiple categories of data quality issues. Conclusions: The results from this review demonstrate the presence of a range of data quality issues. While intrinsic and contextual factors have been well-researched, accessibility and representational issues warrant more attention from researchers, as well as practitioners. In particular, representational factors, such as the impact of inline advertisements and the positioning of positive reviews on the first few pages, are usually deliberate and result from the business model of physician-rating websites. The impact of these factors on data quality has not been addressed adequately and requires further investigation.
Predicting Procedure Step Performance From Operator and Text Features: A Critical First Step Toward Machine Learning-Driven Procedure Design.

ObjectiveThe goal of this study is to assess machine learning for predicting procedure performance from operator and procedure characteristics.BackgroundProcedures are vital for the performance and...
Activation of Preoptic Tachykinin 1 Neurons Promotes Wakefulness over Sleep and Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Unconsciousness.

Summary Endogenous sleep and general anesthesia are distinct states that share similar traits. Of particular interest to neuroscience is the loss of consciousness that accompanies both states. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that general anesthetics can co-opt the neural circuits regulating arousal to produce unconsciousness. However, controversy remains as to whether the neural circuits and, more specifically, the same neurons shaping sleep and wakefulness actually do influence the anesthetic state in vivo. Hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) neurons are intimately involved in modulating spontaneous and anesthetic-induced changes in arousal. Nevertheless, recent work suggests that POA GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons capable of regulating endogenous sleep fail to influence the onset or dissipation of anesthesia. We hypothesized that the POA’s broad neuronal diversity could mask convergent roles of a subset of neurons in regulating both arousal and anesthesia. Contrary to a previously published report, we show that chemogenetic activation of POA Tac1 neurons obliterates both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, strongly consolidating the waking state for hours, even during a period of elevated sleep drive. Moreover, chemogenetic activation of Tac1 POA neurons stabilizes the wake state against both isoflurane- and sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness. Tac1-activated mice display a partial resistance to entering isoflurane anesthesia and a more pronounced ability to exit both isoflurane- and sevoflurane-induced unconscious states. We conclude that POA Tac1 neurons can potently reinforce arousal both against endogenous and drug-induced unconscious states. POA Tac1 neurons thus add causal support for the involvement of arousal-regulating systems in the state of general anesthesia.
Visible light optical coherence tomography of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer reflectivity in glaucoma

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical utility of visible light optical coherence tomography (VIS-OCT) and to test whether VIS-OCT reflectivity and spectroscopy of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) are correlated with severity of glaucoma, compared with standard-of-care OCT thickness measurements. DesignCross-sectional study. MethodFifty-four eyes from three groups of subjects (normal, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma) were scanned by a custom-designed dual-channel device that simultaneously acquired visible (VIS-OCT) and near-infrared OCT (NIR-OCT) images. A 5x5 mm2 scan was taken of the peripapillary nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). The pRNFL reflectivity was calculated for both channels and the spectroscopic marker was quantified by pVN, defined by the ratio of VIS-OCT to NIR-OCT pRNFL reflectivity. The results were compared with ophthalmic exams and clinical Zeiss OCT measurements. Mixed linear model was used to evaluate the association of imaging markers with glaucoma severity. ResultsVIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity significantly, se uentially declined from normal to suspect to glaucoma (3.42 {+/-} 0.35, 2.58 {+/-} 0.37, 2.16 {+/-} 0.39, mean {+/-} SD), as did NIR-OCT pRNFL reflectivity (2.46 {+/-} 0.24, 2.27 {+/-} 0.24, 1.96 {+/-} 0.25). The pVN also had the same decreasing trend among three groups (1.39 {+/-} 0.08, 1.14 {+/-} 0.08, 1.08 {+/-} 0.10). Normal and suspect eyes were significantly different in VIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity (p=0.002), pVN (p<0.001) but not in NIR-OCT pRNFL reflectivity (p=0.14), circumpapillary RNFL (cpRNFL) thickness (p=0.17), or macular ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) thickness (p=0.07) in the mixed linear model. ConclusionVIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity and pVN was more sensitive in separating suspect eyes from normal ones than clinical OCT thickness measurements. VIS-OCT pRNFL reflectivity and pVN could be a useful metric in early detection of glaucoma upon further longitudinal validation.
An Insight into the Sialome of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum, with a Glimpse on Its Time Dependent Gene Expression.

Hard ticks feed for several days or weeks on their hosts. Blood feeding is assisted by tick saliva, which is injected in the host skin regularly, alternating with blood ingestion. Tick saliva contains hundreds or thousands of different peptides and other bioactive compounds that assist feeding by inhibiting their hosts’ blood clotting, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, as well as pain and itching. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial peptides are also found in tick saliva. Molecular characterization of tick salivary compounds, or its sialome (from the Greek sialos = saliva), helps identification of possible antigens that might confer anti-tick immunity, as well as identifying novel pharmacologically active compounds. Amblyomma americanum is a major nuisance tick in Eastern and Southern US, being a vector of Theileria and Ehrlichia bacteria to animals and humans. Presently we report an RNAseq study concerning the salivary glands of adult female A. americanum ticks, which involved sequencing of four libraries collected at different times of feeding. A total of 5,792 coding sequences were deduced from the transcriptome assembly, 3,139 of which were publicly deposited, expanding from the previously available 146 salivary sequences found in GenBank. A remarkable time-dependent transcript expression was found, mostly related to secretory products, supporting the idea that ticks may have several “sialomes” that are expressed at different times during feeding. The molecular nature of this sialome switching remains unknown. The hyperlinked spreadsheet containing the deduced coding sequences can be found at http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/Amb_americanum/Ambame-web.xlsx.
Machiavelli, Civic Virtue, and the Problem of Stability

This paper reconstructs the classical republicans’ interest in civic virtue as an attempt to address what Rawls terms the problem of stability – specifically, as an attempt to work out what configuration of public institutions would be most congruent with the dispositions of character it tends to generate in citizens, and thus constitutes a self-sustaining political order, or what Machiavelli termed a “well-ordered republic” (republica bene ordinata). Various views and debates in the classical republican tradition on this topic are discussed, with particular attention to Machiavelli’s discussion of social equality and inequality.
The PCP/PFP Programming Models on the BBN TC2000

We describe the PCP/PFP programming models which we are using on the BBN TC2000. The parallel programming models are implemented in a portable manner and will be useful on the scalable shared memory machines we expect to see in the future. We then describe the TC20machine architecture which is a scalable general purpose parallel architecture capable of efficiently supporting both shared memory and message passing programming paradigms. We also briefly describe a PCP implementation of the Gauss elimination algorithm which exploits the large local memories on the TC2000.
Социальная Политика На Периферийных Территориях: Актуальные Проблемы (Social Policy in the Peripheral Areas: Current Issues)

В работе рассмотрены проблемы предоставления социальных услуг в местах, которые можно отнести к "российской глубинке" - а именно на периферийных территориях, для которых характерны интенсивные процессы депопуляции. Отток населения, деградация человеческого капитала, старение кадров в социальной сфере – все эти процессы требуют особого подхода к организации предоставления социальных услуг. На федеральном уроне эти особенности часто не учитываются, что ставит жесткие барьеры на пути оптимизации социальных расходов подобных территорий. Доклад основан на полевых исследованиях периферийных территорий в Томской, Вологодской, Костромской областях и Пермском крае.The paper discusses the problem of providing social services in places that can be attributed to the "Russian province" - namely, the peripheral areas, which are characterized by intensive processes of depopulation. The outflow of population, the degradation of human capital, an aging workforce in the social sphere - all of these processes require a different approach to the organization of social services. At the federal, done these features are often not taken into account, which puts stringent barriers to optimizing the social costs of such areas. The report is based on field research in the peripheral areas of Tomsk, Vologda, Kostroma regions and Perm.
Intertextual Assemblage as Fictional Generator: Topologie d'une cité fantôme

Alain Robbe-Grillet's most recent major work, Topologie d'une cite fantome of 1976, is called on the cover a "roman," and bears on the back a typical Robbe-Grilletian "priere d'inserer" pseudo-resume suggesting a complicated and richly "destructured" plot involving a narrator "enqueteur," a lost city once the sight of various civilizations; a precocious child basing his sexual fantasies from materials in books on art, history, and religion; an architecture of theaters, prisons, harems, temples, and houses of prostitution; and a "topological" series of cataclysms, massacres, and ruined documents. Readers familiar with his earlier "cine-roman," Glissements progressifs du plaisir (1973), will find in this summary statement an extension of the compositional method described in the Introduction of Glissements: the author there states that he uses a panoply of popular thematics (extended, in Topologie, over centuries) as materials from a saussurian cultural langue, and by cutting them into pieces in a "mouvement de retrogradation" makes of them his own parole, a new ecriture. The traditional referentiel, or correspondence between text and reality, as well as the expression of conventional sens or meaning, are both altered to the point of virtual destruction. The similarity between the evolution of Robbe-Grillet's fictional structure and that described as early as 1925 by B. Eikhenbaum is startling: in On the Theory of Prose, Eikhenbaum wrote: "In the evolution of each genre, moments occur when the genre used until then for wholly serious objectives . . . takes on a comic or parodie force. . . . Serious interpretation gives way to irony, wit, pastiche . . . and the author himself occupies the foreground. . . . He often destroys the illusions of authenticity and seriousness; the construction of the work becomes a game. . . . This produces a regeneration of the genre, which discovers new possibilities and new forms." If we view the changes in Robbe-Grillet's compositional strategies from La Jalousie on as trending increasingly towards the developments analyzed by Eikhenbaum, we can establish a basis for a new complex of fictional structures involving not only irony, wit, and pastiche, but also a manipulation of elements from other areas of the author's previous writings, resulting in new forms of intertextual assemblage.
Thioredoxin deficiency in yeast prolongs S phase and shortens the G1 interval of the cell cycle

Two thioredoxin genes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were cloned using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. The DNA sequences of the two genes were found to be 74% identical. The two genes, designated TRX1 and TRX2, were mutagenized in vitro and used to construct a set of thioredoxin deletion mutants. The loss of either thioredoxin gene alone has no effect on cell growth or morphology. However, the simultaneous deletion of both thioredoxin genes profoundly affects the cell cycle. S phase is 3-fold longer, and G1 is virtually absent. In addition, the thioredoxin double mutant shows a 33% increase in generation time, a significant increase in cell size, and a greater proportion of large budded cells. The results suggest that in the absence of TRX1 and TRX2, a slow rate of DNA replication inhibits the normal progress of cellular reproduction. Surprisingly, the loss of both thioredoxins also leads to methionine auxotrophy. Thus yeast glutaredoxin is unable to substitute for thioredoxin in sulfate assimilation. As a first step in studying the cell cycle control mechanisms that respond to the thioredoxin deficiency, it was shown that cell viability does not require the function of RAD9, a known cell cycle checkpoint.
The Ethnic Question: Census Politics in Great Britain

In her analysis of a global data set compiled by the United Nations Statistical Division to survey the approaches to ethnic enumeration, Ann Morning (2008) finds that of the 141 countries under study, 63 % incorporate some form of ethnic enumeration though question and answer schema vary along dimensions that suggest diverse conceptualisations of race/ethnicity/indigeneity/nationality. Given the substantial number of countries that enumerate identity, it is no surprise that the academic scholarship envisions the census in a variety of ways. One of the first analytical treatments of the census appeared in Benedict Anderson’s seminal work on nationalism, Imagined Communities. The census, Anderson argues, is one of the three institutions (alongside maps and museums) that states use to create a common imagination for its subjects (Anderson 1991: 163–164). James Scott’s understanding of the census is similar – it is part of the state’s ongoing ‘project of legibility’ in which instruments of statecraft such as the census, the map, surnames, the centralisation of traffic patterns, the creation of official languages, and even scientific forestry are used to create both a geographical terrain and population with standardised characteristics that will be most efficiently monitored, counted, assessed and managed (Scott 1998: 81–82). Statistics are indeed the science of the state, as Foucault points out in his essay on governmentality. The production of statistics leads to the ‘emergence of population,’ an outcome that relies on the will of the population to itself be managed (Foucault 1991).
Pacific Plate gravity lineaments: Diffuse extension or thermal contraction?

[1] We detect strain very close to zero on the Pacific Plate relative to the Nazca Plate for Anomalies C8–C13. Our observations are in the region of the satellite gravity lineaments, 10°–40°S in the central Pacific. Strain was measured by comparing fracture zone spacing on the Pacific and Nazca Plates in an approach similar to that of Goodwillie and Parsons [1992] but with an improved data set which allowed us to place tighter tolerances on estimated strain. We used a standard finite rotation technique that rotates points of a given isochron and corresponding active transform fault from the Pacific Plate to the Nazca Plate. Our strain measurements discount the diffuse extension hypothesis for gravity lineament formation which requires at least 10% strain [Sandwell et al., 1995]. The best known hypothesis that small-scale convection rolls in the upper mantle aligned in the direction of plate motion produce the lineaments was rejected because of observations of seamount chains in the gravity lows and observations of lineaments in seafloor topography younger than 2–3 Ma. We propose a third hypothesis that the gravity lineaments are signatures of the bending stresses resulting from vertical variations in cooling rate. We interpret the lineament lows as areas of brittle failure and the highs as convex upward flexure due to greater contraction of the base of the plate. Association of the lows with volcanoes could result either from both being caused by cracks or by the load of volcanoes causing brittle failure. We explored the feasibility of this idea using the equations for thermal bending moment and vertical lithosphere displacement as presented by Turcotte [1974] and the equation for thermal stress over elastic thickness presented by Parmentier and Haxby [1986]. Results of this simple model show vertical displacement or convex upward flexure ranging from 80 m to 140 m with associated gravity anomalies of 6–10 mGal. These amplitudes are within a factor of 2 of topographic and free-air gravity anomaly amplitudes observed in the region of the gravity lineaments.
Knowledge based extraction of ridge lines from digital terrain elevation data

A fuzzy rule based approach for extracting ridge lines from digital terrain elevation data (DTED) and digital elevation model (DEM) is presented. The algorithm consists of three major steps: Fuzzy rule based classification of the elevation data, ridge pixel detection from the pixel class under consideration, and filtration of unwanted pixels. The algorithm was tested on different DTED level 1 files and digital elevation model (DEM) and works well for both.
Effective Properties of Creeping Solids Undergoing Grain Boundary Sliding

ABSTRACT Grain boundary sliding is an important mode of deformation at elevated temperatures. It is central to nucleation and growth of grain boundary cavities. Sliding also often makes a substantial contribution to the total creep strain of the specimen. An attempt to calculate the stress enhancement factor in a statistical array of grains is undertaken. Simple geometrical characterization provides reasonable estimate.
The calcium dependency of mucus glycoconjugate secretion by canine tracheal explants.

Abstract Canine tracheal explants, incubated overnight with [14C]-glucosamine, elicited an enhanced secretion of ethanol-precipitated 14C-labelled glycoconjugate when challenged with methacholine, 10 microM. Explants were rendered deficient in total calcium content and unresponsive to methacholine, 10 microM, by incubating them in calcium-free medium for 18 to 22 h; however, the secretory response to the cholinergic agonist was restored with the addition of calcium to the medium. A dose-response relationship resulted when explants were challenged with methacholine in nutrient medium containing varied calcium concentrations (0.45 to 7.2 mM); alterations in the calcium concentration in the absence of methacholine had no significant effect on the basal secretion of 14C-labelled glycoconjugate. The calcium-selective ionophore A23187, 10 microM, stimulated [14C]-glycoconjugate secretion and induced the most significant effect in the presence of nutrient medium containing calcium. Verapamil, 10 microM, a calcium-entry blocker failed to inhibit basal or stimulated [14C]-glycoconjugate secretion; however, the intracellular calcium antagonist TMB-8, 10 to 100 microM, inhibited methacholine-induced [14C]-glycoconjugate secretion in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that respiratory mucus secretion is a calcium-dependent process and that intracellular calcium is more vital than extracellular calcium in supporting this phenomenon.
The diffusion of sodium chloride through a “lecithin”-collodion membrane

ConclusionsI. Changes in the drying time, to four minutes, of membranes prepared from collodion and fixed with water does not appreciably alter their permeability to sodium chloride, whereas membranes prepared under the same conditions containing fifty per cent. of “ Lecithin ” by weight become relatively semi-permeable with decreasing drying times.II. Changes in the sizes of the aggregates of the lecithin molecules is suggested as a possible influence on the permeability of the leci thin-collodion membranes.