cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation Analysis Between the Content of Ligustrazine and Storage Period of Different Kinds of Vinegar for Processing

Objective: To analyze correlation between the content of ligustrazine and storage period of different kinds of vinegar for processing. Method: HPLC was adopted to determine the content of ligustrazine with mobile phase of methanol-0. 2 mmol·L- 1ammonium dihydrogen phosphate( 46∶ 54) and detection wavelength at 270 nm. Fifteen batches of vinegar with different kinds and storage periods were collected,correlation between the content of ligustrazine and storage period was analyzed by Spearman statistical method. Result: Among these fifteen batches of vinegar,the content of ligustrazine was undetectable in three batches of white vinegar or white rice vinegar,the content of ligustrazine in other batches of vinegar were in the range of 10. 1-109. 5 mg ·L- 1, correlation coefficient between the content of ligustrazine and storage period was 0. 926. Conclusion: The content of ligustrazine had a large difference in different kinds of vinegar,and it showed a significantly positive correlation with storage period.
Three Ways to Improve Student Presentations

Twenty-first-century students are adept at using technology, which means that incorporating appropriate technology into the classroom can excite and engage students and improve oral production and fluency, which Rossiter, Derwing, Manimtim, and Thomson (2010) have identified as missing from many language classrooms. Therefore, academic presentations can become more dynamic when teachers take advantage of the technology that students already know. These tools enhance the quality of student presentations, encourage students to vary how they convey information in class, and increase their fluency in formal academic presentations. Familiar technologies such as Facebook, Microsoft PowerPoint, and video can be used in unexpected ways to add variety to student presentations. Fakebook, PechaKucha, and Chautauqua, the three methods discussed here, connect reading, research, listening, and writing skills to lively oral production.
Monoclonal Antibodies for Lipid Management

In recent years, biochemical and genetic studies have identified proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a major mediator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and thereby a potential novel target for reducing risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). These observations led to the development of PCSK9 inhibitors, which lower LDL-c levels more than any other non-invasive lipid-lowering therapy presently available. The PCSK9 inhibitors furthest along in clinical trials are subcutaneously injected monoclonal antibodies. These PCSK9 inhibitors have demonstrated LDL-c-lowering efficacy with acceptable safety in phase III clinical trials and may offer a useful therapy in addition to maximally tolerated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) in certain patient groups. Longer-term data are required to ensure sustained efficacy and safety of this new class of medications. This review provides an overview of the biology, genetics, development, and clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies designed to inhibit PCSK9.
Scatter Correction in Tomosynthesis Imaging for Mamography

Scatter is a significant source of bias and contrast-degradation in X-ray mammography. Accurately scatter-corrected projection images in tomosynthesis are expected to improve the performance of advanced 3D quantitative applications, such as tissue decomposition. In standard 2D mammography, scatter grids typically mitigate the scatter signal to an acceptable level. A scatter-rejection grid is not a practical option in X-ray tomosynthesis, where the X-ray source moves with respect to the detector. We have developed a scatter-correction algorithm based on inverse filtering, including a priori information about the tomosynthesis acquisition system. We investigated the performance of our scatter-correction method on a series of x-ray projection images of anthropomorphic breast phantoms, with thickness ranging from 3.0 cm to 6.0 cm, and acquired at angles ranging from 0 to 16 degrees with respect to the normal to the detector plane. A comparison of the scatter-corrected projection images with the scatter-free signal acquired using a slit collimator showed mean deviations of ˜3% or less for all investigated phantom thicknesses and source angles. Because our scatter-correction method is almost entirely automated, we have readily incorporated it into the 3D breast tomosynthesis reconstruction procedure. We present the effect of scatter correction on breast phantom tomosynthesis projections.
Laser additive manufacturing of embedded electronics

Embedding electronics into a substrate offers the next level of performance and miniaturization in microelectronics technology. As components shrink in areal size (<1 mm2) and thickness (<100 μm), their handling and placement by conventional “pick-and-place” machines become more difficult. This chapter discusses the different laser-based additive processes used to embed electronics components and circuitry into a substrate. These processes are based on laser-induced forward transfer, or LIFT, which is an additive form of the more general laser direct write techniques. A historical survey of the different laser-assisted processes to transfer discrete components such as bare dies and surface-mount devices is presented. Then, the ability of LIFT to transfer functional materials such as metallic interconnects and electrochemically active materials (eg, for microbattery or photovoltaic applications) as direct replacement of discrete elements is discussed. Finally, examples of completed embedded circuits based on laser transfer of both discrete elements and interconnects are presented. Laser additive manufacturing is an emerging tool for fabricating embedded structures in next-generation microelectronics.
Community Organizing for Healthier Communities: Environmental and Policy Outcomes of a National Initiative.

Introduction Childhood obesity is disproportionately prevalent in communities of color, partially because of structural inequities in the social and built environment (e.g., poverty, food insecurity, pollution) that restrict healthy eating and active living. Community organizing is an underexamined, grassroots health promotion approach that empowers and mobilizes community residents to advocate for, and achieve, environmental and policy changes to rectify these structural inequities. This paper presents outcomes of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Communities Creating Healthy Environments initiative: the first national program to apply community organizing to combat childhood obesity-causing structural inequities in communities of color. Methods Twenty-one community-based organizations and tribal nations (grantees) conducted 3-year community organizing–based interventions primarily designed to increase children’s healthy food and safe recreational access. Grantees’ policy wins (environmental and policy changes resulting from grantee interventions) were measured from 2009 to 2014 using semi-structured interviews conducted quarterly and 6 months post-grant, and independently coded and reviewed in 2015 by researchers and expert community organizers. Results The 21 grantees achieved 72 policy wins (mean=3.43, SD=1.78) across six domains: two directly addressed childhood obesity by enhancing children’s healthy food (37.50%) and recreational access (33.33%), whereas four indirectly addressed obesity by promoting access to quality health care (8.33%); clean environments (9.73%); affordable housing (8.33%); and discrimination- and crime-free neighborhoods (2.78%). Conclusions These findings provide compelling evidence that community organizing–based interventions designed and led by community stakeholders can achieve diverse environmental and policy solutions to the structural inequities that foment childhood obesity in communities of color.
Multi-phase coupled and integrated inductors for critical conduction mode totem-pole PFC converter

Coupled inductor has been widely used in voltage regulator (VR) applications for many years because it can help reducing current ripple and improving transient performance. In this paper, the coupled inductor concept is applied to interleaved totem-pole critical conduction mode (CRM) PFC converter for 6.6kW on board battery charger. The difference between negative coupling and positive coupling will be discussed. The benefit of positive coupling for battery charger will be presented, such as reducing switching frequency range and reducing input differential mode (DM) noise. In addition, balance technique is applied to help minimize common mode (CM) noise. Last but not least, the inductor will be integrated into PCB winding with a little sacrifice on loss. With the inductor integration, the converter can avoid labor intensive production and achieve fully automated manufacture. The analysis is verified by both simulation and experiment.
Automatic Generation of Knowledge Base from Electronic Diagrams for Computer-Aided Design

An approach to automatic generation of knowledge base from electronic diagrams is presented. This approach consists of two major components: (1) Automatic interpretation of electronic diagrams and (2) organization of interpretation results into a knowledge base for CAD applications. The design technique for automatic interpretation is based upon the multiple-pass pattern extraction principles. The functional elements in a diagram and their interrelationships are extracted from the diagram. Picture manipulation languages are developed to read the functional elements and to describe the interrelationships. The results of interpretation are organized into a knowledge base from which input data to a CAD circuit analysis program are derived.
Implications of prescription drug monitoring and medical cannabis legislation on opioid overdose mortality

Objectives: To determine whether specific state legislation has an effect on opioid overdose mortality rates compared to states without those types of legislation. Design: Ecological study estimating opioid-related mortality in states with and without a prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) and/or medical cannabis legislation. Setting and participants: Opioid-related mortality rates for 50 states and Washington DC from 2011 to 2014 were obtained from CDC WONDER. PDMP data were obtained from the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws, and data on medical cannabis legislation from the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. Main outcomes and measures: The relationship between PDMPs with mandatory access provisions, medical cannabis legislation, and opioid-related mortality rates. Methods: Multivariate repeated measures analysis performed with software and services. Results: Medical cannabis laws were associated with an increase of 21.7 percent in mean age-adjusted opioid-related mortality (p < 0.0001). PDMPs were associated with an increase of 11.4 percent in mean age-adjusted opioid-related mortality (p = 0.005). For every additional year since enactment, mean age-adjusted opioid-related mortality rate increased by 1.7 percent in states with medical cannabis (p = 0.049) and 5.8 percent for states with a PDMP (p = 0.005). Interaction between both types of legislation produced a borderline significant decrease of 10.1 percent (p = 0.055). For every year states had both types of legislation, interaction resulted in a 0.6 percent decrease in rate (p = 0.013). Conclusion: When combined with the availability of medical cannabis as an alternative analgesic therapy, PDMPs may be more effective at decreasing opioid-related mortality.
Comparing photon and proton-based hypofractioned SBRT for prostate cancer accounting for robustness and realistic treatment deliverability.

Objective:To investigate whether photon or proton-based stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT is the preferred modality for high dose hypofractionation prostate cancer treatment. Achievable dose distributions were compared when uncertainties in target positioning and range uncertainties were appropriately accounted for.Methods:10 patients with prostate cancer previously treated at our institution (Montefiore Medical Center) with photon SBRT using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were identified. MRI images fused to the treatment planning CT allowed for accurate target and organ at risk (OAR) delineation. The clinical target volume was defined as the prostate gland plus the proximal seminal vesicles. Critical OARs include the bladder wall, bowel, femoral heads, neurovascular bundle, penile bulb, rectal wall, urethra and urogenital diaphragm. Photon plan robustness was evaluated by simulating 2 mm isotropic setup variations. Comparative proton SBRT plans employing intensity modulated proton thera...
Pressure Distribution in the Ankle and Subtalar Joint With Routine and Oversized Foot Orthoses

Background:Foot orthoses are used to treat many disorders that affect the lower limb. These assistive devices have the potential to alter the forces, load distribution, and orientation within vario...
Response to Comment by Carere-Comes

Carere-Comas is concerned that I have elevated the client as a hero. I point out that what I really am arguing for is a paradigm shift from therapy as treatment to therapy as mutual, intelligent collaboration. I also discuss what it means to say that the client knows what he or she wants and needs. Finally I discuss the idea that it is the client who makes therapy happen.
Designing and Teaching a Course about Characterization Techniques for Solid State Materials in an Undergraduate Institution

The experience of designing and teaching a lecture-based course about characterization techniques commonly used in solid state chemistry and materials science in an undergraduate institution is des...
Elementary English Learners' Use of Reading Strategies with Culturally Relevant and Culturally Distant Stories.

The strength of English learners’ second language reading is closely associated with academic success. Using qualitative research methods and verbal protocols, this study examines four elem...
Gaming Sober, Playing Drunk: Sound Effects of Alcohol in Video Games

This article develops a framework for associations between sounds, alcohol, and video games. Some recent studies (Olsen, in The video game debate: unraveling the physical, social, and psychological effects of digital games, Routledge, New York, pp 39–53, 2016; Cranwell et al., Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 19(2):426–434, 2016) examine representations of drugs and alcohol in video games. While these studies raise serious concerns about drug and alcohol content in games, they primarily focus on the presence and stereotypical use of alcohol, offering limited attention to related sounds and music, or the increased integration between sound design and game-play. Through examples of video games and related media, this article provides historical, cultural, and music-theoretical groundwork for creating an associative soundscape of alcohol in multimedia experiences. After an initial examination of presence and censorship of alcohol content in video games, the article defines and explores four primary categories for representations of sound and alcohol in multimedia: (1) Sound Icons of Alcohol, which highlights sonic objects and their potential interpretive meanings; (2) Sound Environments, which considers cultural appropriations of music and sounds in locations associated with alcohol; (3) Representations of Drinking and Drunkenness, such as the use of specific orchestration or manipulations of musical parameters; and (4) Psychological and Physiological Effects of Sound and Alcohol, which looks specifically at altered sonic perceptions and ludic experiences.
“Tall Wood Buildings: Design, Construction, and Performance” by Michael Green and Jim Taggart

The use of wood in the construction of multistory buildings is receiving increased attention at a time when our society faces two significant challenges: managing the impacts of human-induced clima...
Drift and upstream movement of invertebrates in a springbrook community ecosystem

Structure, drift, and upstream movement of populations of benthic macroinvertebrates, in particular Synurella dentata Hubricht and Lirceus fontinalis Raf., were examined within a temperate spring ecosystem. Chemical and physical aspects of the springbrook were also investigated and life histories of the gammarids and asellids noted.
A Variant of the Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem by Huygens

Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem). Let ΔCBA be a right triangle with hypotenuse c and two legs a and b. Then c2=a2+b2 .Proof. A few remarks are in order.• The proof is wordless and it is inspired by Hu...
An Equivariant Tensor Product on Mackey Functors

Abstract For all subgroups H of a cyclic p-group G we define norm functors that build a G-Mackey functor from an H -Mackey functor. We give an explicit construction of these functors in terms of generators and relations based solely on the intrinsic, algebraic properties of Mackey functors and Tambara functors. We use these norm functors to define a monoidal structure on the category of Mackey functors where Tambara functors are the commutative ring objects.
Scaling and Complexity in Landscape Ecology

Landscapes and the ecological processes they support are inherently complex systems, in that they have large numbers of heterogeneous interacting components, interact in multiple ways, and exhibit scale dependence, non-linear dynamics, and emergent properties. The emergent properties of landscapes encompass a broad range of processes that influence biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and human environments. These properties, such as nutrient cycling, dispersal, evolutionary adaptation of organisms to their environments, and the focus of this article, ecological disturbance regimes (including wildfire), operate at scales that are relevant to human societies, but these are also often the scales at which ecosystem dynamics are most difficult to understand and predict. Modeling processes and interactions at the landscape scale, including future states of biological communities and their interactions with each other and with processes such as landscape fire, requires quantitative metrics and algorithms that minimize error propagation across scales. We identify three intrinsic limitations to progress in landscape ecology, and ecology in general: (1) the problem of coarse-graining, or how to aggregate fine-scale information to larger scales in a statistically unbiased manner; (2) the middle-number problem, which describes systems with elements that are too few and too varied to be amenable to global averaging, but too numerous and varied to be computationally tractable; and (3) non-stationarity, in modeled relationships or parameter choices that are valid in one environment but may not hold when projected onto future environments such as a warming climate. We illustrate these challenges with examples drawn from the context of landscape ecology and wildfire. Quantitative scaling relationships are the key to moving forward, and we review recent progress and paths to developing scaling laws in landscape ecology. We incorporate concepts of compression of state spaces from complexity theory to suggest ways to overcome the problems presented by coarse-graining, the middle-number domain, and non-stationarity.
LISTENING IN LEISURE: ENACTING CHORA TO CULTIVATE UNDERSTANDING

Listening can be difficult in our face-paced, technology-integrated, globally sophisticated environment these days but I am not convinced that it is a lost art—we just need to find a way to reorien...
Abstract P3-03-08: Identification of drugs that induce the death or suppress the growth of p53-mutant breast cancer

Background: P53 is the most commonly mutated protein in cancer with more than 40% of all cancer patients harboring a p53 mutation. Up to 85% of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), aggressive breast cancers characterized by the absence of ER, PR, and Her2 receptors, have p53 mutations. P53 is a tumor suppressor that helps balance cellular growth and death after a genomic insult. Due to the rate of p53 mutation in cancer, the targeting of p53 in a clinical setting is an attractive option. However, currently there are no available p53-targeted drugs. We hypothesized that molecular pathways exist, that when inhibited, induce death or suppress growth of p53-mutant breast cancer cells, without affecting p53 wild-type breast cells. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a high-throughput drug screen to identify drugs that induce death or suppress growth of p53-mutant TNBCs. Methods: A library of 453 drugs with diverse and known mechanisms of action was used to perform high-throughput drug screening through collaboration with Texas AM 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-08.
Islam and Asia: A History

Chiara Formichi explores the ways in which Islam and Asia have shaped each other's histories, societies and cultures from the seventh century to today. Challenging the assumed dominance of the Middle East in the development of Islam, Formichi argues for Asia's centrality in the development of global Islam as a religious, social and political reality. Readers learn how and why Asia is central to the history of Islam, and vice versa, considering the impact of Asia's Muslims on Islam; and how Islam became an integral part of Asia, and its influence on local conceptions of power, the sciences, arts, and bureaucracy. Grounding her argument in specific case studies, Formichi ultimately concludes that the existence of Islamized interactions across Asia have allowed for multi-directional influences on Islamic practices and interpretations throughout the Muslim world.
Model of a Queuing Approach for Patient Accrual in Phase 1 Oncology Studies.

Importance Phase 1 cancer studies, which guide dose selection for subsequent studies, are almost 3 times more prevalent than phase 3 studies and have a median study duration considerably longer than 2 years, which constitutes a major component of drug development time. Objective To discern a method to reduce the duration of phase 1 studies in adult and pediatric cancer studies without violating risk limits by better accommodating the accrual and evaluation process (or queue). Design The process modeled, the phase 1 queue (IQ), includes patient interarrival time, screening, and dose-limiting toxicity evaluation. For this proof of principle, the rules of the 3 + 3 and rolling 6 phase 1 designs were modified to improve patient flow through the queue without exceeding the maximum risk permitted in the parent designs. The resulting designs, the IQ 3 + 3 and the IQ rolling 6, were each compared with their parent design by simulations in 12 different scenarios. Main Outcomes and Measures (1) The time from study opening to determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), (2) the number of patients treated to determine the MTD, and (3) the association of the design with the dose selected as the MTD. Results Based on 800 simulations, for all 12 scenarios considered, the IQ 3 + 3 and the IQ rolling 6 designs were associated with reduced expected study durations compared with the parent design. The expected IQ 3 + 3 reduction ranged from 1.6 to 10.4 months (with 3.7 months for the standard scenario), and the expected reduction associated with IQ rolling 6 ranged from 0.4 to 10.5 months (with 3.4 months for the standard scenario). The increase in the mean number of patients treated in the IQ 3 + 3 compared with the 3 + 3 ranged from 0.6 to 3.2 patients. No increase in the number of patients was associated with the IQ rolling 6 compared with the rolling 6 design. The probability of selecting a dose level as the MTD changed by less than 3% for all dose levels and scenarios in both parent designs. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that IQ designs were associated with reduced mean duration of phase 1 studies compared with their parent designs without changing the risk limits or MTD selection operating characteristics. These approaches have been successfully implemented in both hematology and solid tumor phase 1 studies.
Commencement of Cultural Destruction Reparations Orders in Criminal Warfare: Precedence of the ICC Al Faqi Al Mahdi Judgment

This case note surveys the Reparations Order in the case of Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi issued on August 17, 2017, in which the International Criminal Court (“Chamber”) pioneered legal ground by holding a war criminal financially liable for the destruction of cultural property. For the first time, the Chamber tasked itself with calculating reparations owed to community members whose cultural and religious monuments were systematically destroyed by the Islamist militant in Timbuktu, Mali. The final amount awarded, 2.7 million euros, represented both collective and individual reparations owed to victims for the demolition of “historic and religious buildings, consequential economic loss, and moral harm.” Because neither liability nor victim reparation was ever previously contemplated for cultural destruction war crimes at the international level, the Chamber’s reasoning and final calculation will undoubtedly serve as precedent in subsequent cases. This paper begins by providing both a factual and legal foundation for the groundbreaking decision as well as a basic overview of the legal requirements for a Reparations Order. It then transitions to focus more specifically on the reparations issued against Al Mahdi and provides a detailed legal analysis on the impact of relevant victims, modalities of reparations, mitigating factors, and method of calculations. Finally, this case note ends with a brief practical analysis and evaluation of implications.
A wave optics based fiber scattering model

Existing fiber scattering models in rendering are all based on tracing rays through fiber geometry, but for small fibers diffraction and interference are non-negligible, so relying on ray optics can result in appearance errors. This paper presents the first wave optics based fiber scattering model, introducing an azimuthal scattering function that comes from a full wave simulation. Solving Maxwell's equations for a straight fiber of constant cross section illuminated by a plane wave reduces to solving for a 3D electromagnetic field in a 2D domain, and our fiber scattering simulator solves this 2.5D problem efficiently using the boundary element method (BEM). From the resulting fields we compute extinction, absorption, and far-field scattering distributions, which we use to simulate shadowing and scattering by fibers in a path tracer. We validate our path tracer against the wave simulation and the simulation against a measurement of diffraction from a single textile fiber. Our results show that our approach can reproduce a wide range of fibers with different sizes, cross sections, and material properties, including textile fibers, animal fur, and human hair. The renderings include color effects, softening of sharp features, and strong forward scattering that are not predicted by traditional ray-based models, though the two approaches produce similar appearance for complex fiber assemblies under many conditions.
True Vision Does Not Require the Eyes: A Review of FamilyConnect.org

FamilyConnect.org is a non-profit offshoot of the American Printing House for the Blind (APH). APH offers several landing sites of information, and FamilyConnect’s focus is on providing information...
Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006

Sound evidence demonstrating what, if any, role the Voting Rights Act (VRA) has played in the impressive gains minorities have made in local office holding over the last 45 years remains in short supply. The present study is motivated by three crucial questions. First, where are gains in minority office holding most apparent, and how are these gains related to the VRA? Second, while studies have noted gains in black representation over time, the question of how the VRA in particular has contributed to these gains remains unclear. Finally, given claims made by opponents of the 2006 legislation reauthorizing the VRA that it was no longer needed, the question of when the VRA has been most efficacious, and if it continues to be relevant, is also salient. Our findings suggest that the VRA has been and continues to be an important tool in ensuring black descriptive representation, particularly in places with a legacy of racial intimidation and discrimination.
Hemagglutinin-33 of type A botulinum neurotoxin complex binds with synaptotagmin II

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), the most toxic substance known to mankind, is produced by Clostridium botulinum type A as a complex with a group of neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) through polycistronic expression of a clustered group of genes. NAPs are known to protect BoNT against adverse environmental conditions and proteolytic digestion. Hemagglutinin-33 (Hn-33) is a 33 kDa subcomponent of NAPs that is resistant to protease digestion, a feature likely to be involved in the protection of the botulinum neurotoxin from proteolysis. However, it is not known whether Hn-33 plays any role other than the protection of BoNT. Using immunoaffinity column chromatography and pull-down assays, we have now discovered that Hn-33 binds to synaptotagmin II, the putative receptor of botulinum neurotoxin. This finding provides important information relevant to the design of novel anti-botulism therapeutic agents targeted to block the entry of botulinum neurotoxin into nerve cells.
Preparation of sulfated zirconia catalysts with improved control of sulfur content, III. Effect of conditions of catalyst synthesis on physical properties and catalytic activity

Abstract In the preparation of sulfated zirconia catalysts (SZ) by the controlled impregnation technique, the properties of the products, including catalytic activity, are influenced by the precursor from which Zr(OH)4 is obtained, by the pH of its precipitation, and by the temperature and time of calcination after sulfation. The best catalyst for the isomerization of methylcyclopentane (MCP) to cyclohexane was obtained from zirconium oxynitrate as precursor, with precipitation of Zr(OH)4 conducted at a constant pH of 7 and calcination in air, after sulfation as previously described, at 610°C for 5 h. The nature of the chemical process occurring during calcination is discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Common Bacterial Culture Techniques and Media

This appendix provides general techniques, equipment, and media used for the growth of many commonly encountered bacteria. For specific growth conditions, readers should refer to units regarding the laboratory maintenance of the organism of interest. Keywords: bacterial medium; bacterial culture techniques; bacterial culture equipment
Steatohepatitis in obese children: a cause of chronic liver dysfunction

Adult obese patients have been reported to present with hepatic abnormalities characterized by fatty hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. These abnormalities however, have not been reported to occur in children. We report three obese children with steatohepatitis that presented with nonspecific abdominal pain and abnormal liver-function tests. Obese children should have a thorough investigation of their liver function even in the absence of symptoms or signs.
Birdcage Resonators: Highly Homogeneous Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 General Principles for Large-Volume Resonators 3 Fundamentals of Birdcage Resonators 4 Birdcage Design Considerations 5 Construction Techniques 6 Additional Information 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Equation — Fifteen Years of Research

A brief review of Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation and the research on applying this equation to problems of aeroacoustics is presented.
Tidal marsh methane dynamics: Difference in seasonal lags in emissions driven by storage in vegetated versus unvegetated sediments

[1] Estuarine and coastal wetlands exhibit high rates of carbon burial and storage in anaerobic sediments, but the extent to which carbon sequestration is offset by methane (CH4) emissions from these ecosystems remains unclear. In this study we combine measurements of sediment-air CH4 fluxes with monitoring of belowground CH4 pools in a New Jersey tidal marsh in order to clarify mechanistic links between environmental drivers, subsurface dynamics, and atmospheric emissions. Measurements were conducted in an unvegetated mud flat and adjacent low marsh vegetated with Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis. Pore water measurements throughout the year revealed long-term CH4 storage in mud flat sediments, leading to a seasonal lag in emissions that extended into winter months. CH4 reservoirs and fluxes in vegetated sediments were well described by an empirical temperature-response model, while poor model agreement in unvegetated sediments was attributed to decouplings between production and flux due to storage processes. This study highlights the need to incorporate sediment gas exchange rates and pathways into biogeochemical process models.
Abstract 3409: Arsenic trioxide inhibits Ewing sarcoma growth by blocking Hedgehog/GLI pathway

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Ewing's Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFT) is an undifferentiated neoplasm of the bone and soft tissue. ESFT is characterized by a specific chromosomal translocation occurring between chromosome 22 and (in most cases) chromosome 11, which generates an aberrant transcription factor, EWS-FLI1. We have previously shown that GLI1 is a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1, and is important for ESFT tumorigenicity. Thus, GLI1 is a potential therapeutic target in ESFT. Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) is an FDA approved drug used for the treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Luekemia (APL) as a second line of therapy for those patients who don't response or relapse on All-trans-retinoic acid therapy. We show that Arsenic Trioxide inhibits GLI1 transcriptional activity. Arsenic Trioxide can also decrease the expression of GLI target genes without affecting GLI1 protein levels. We also show that ATO can inhibit the growth of ESFT cell lines in vitro and in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. To further prove that ATO is causing tumor cell growth inhibition by affecting GLI, we treated a mouse medulloblastoma model that is driven by an activating Smoothened mutation SMOA1. We were able to significantly improve survival of these mice with ATO treatment. Our results establish ATO as a hedgehog pathway inhibitor, and warrant the investigation of ATO in clinical trials as a new therapy for ESFT, basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3409.
The Subtropical Mode Waters of the South Pacific Ocean

Abstract The subtropical mode waters (STMW) of the southwestern Pacific Ocean are described, including their physical characteristics, spatial distribution, and temporal variability. STMW is a thermostad, or minimum in stratification, having temperatures of about 15°–19°C and vertical temperature gradient less than about 2°C per 100 m. Typical salinity is 35.5 psu at 16.5°C. The STMW layer is formed by deep mixing and cooling in the eastward-flowing waters of the separated East Australia Current. Surface mixed layers are observed as deep as 300 m north of New Zealand in winter, in the center of a recurring anticyclonic eddy. The STMW thermostad in the South Pacific is considerably weaker than its counterparts in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, a contrast that may help to discriminate between physical processes contributing to its formation. A quarterly time series of expendable bathythermograph transects between New Zealand and Fiji is used to study the temporal variability of STMW. Large fluctuatio...
Provision of antigen and CD137 signaling breaks immunological ignorance, promoting regression of poorly immunogenic tumors

Treatment of advanced, poorly immunogenic tumors in animal models, considered the closest simulation available thus far for conditions observed in cancer patients, remains a major challenge for cancer immunotherapy. We reported previously that established tumors in mice receiving an agonistic mAb to the T cell costimulatory molecule 4-1BB (CD137) regress due to enhanced tumor antigen–specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. In this study, we demonstrate that several poorly immunogenic tumors, including C3 tumor, TC-1 lung carcinoma, and B16-F10 melanoma, once established as solid tumors or metastases, are refractory to treatment by anti–4-1BB mAb. We provide evidence that immunological ignorance, rather than anergy or deletion, of tumor antigen–specific CTLs during the progressive growth of tumors prevents costimulation by anti–4-1BB mAb. Breaking CTL ignorance by immunization with a tumor antigen–derived peptide, although insufficient to stimulate a curative CTL response, is necessary for anti–4-1BB mAb to induce a CTL response leading to the regression of established tumors. Our results suggest a new approach for immunotherapy of human cancers.
Rapid Improvements in Cortical Bone Dynamics and Structure after Lactation in Established Breeder Rats

The mineral requirements for milk production during lactation usually result in a decrease in maternal skeletal mass during this period. The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in cortical bone formation, resorption, and structure after lactation in established breeder rats. Rats were taken at the end of the second pregnancy, second lactation, and at two, four, and six weeks after the pups were weaned. Age-related, nulliparous groups were included for comparison. Cortical bone structure and bone formation and resorption were measured at the tibiofibular junction using histomorphometric methods. As expected, there were decreases in cortical bone area, width, and minimum cortical thickness with an increase in marrow cavity area during lactation. Bone formation rates were essentially zero on the periosteal and endocortical surfaces at the end of lactation, while eroded (resorption) endocortical surface was greatly increased compared with the end of pregnancy. At or immediately after weaning, there was a rapid reversal of resorption to formation surface on the endocortical envelope similar to the events of true bone remodeling. Likewise, there was a commencement of bone formation on the periosteal surface. The volume- and surface-referent bone rates measured on the endocortical surface were substantially elevated over those measured at the end of the second pregnancy or in the nulliparous animals. Peak bone formation rates were observed on both the endocortical and periosteal surfaces by four weeks after weaning. These results show that the postlactation period is profoundly anabolic for cortical bone in the established breeder rat. The rapid and dramatic increases in bone formation likely serve to restore bone lost during lactation and to prepare the maternal skeleton for the next reproductive cycle.
Elastic scattering of a spin zero and a spin {1}/{2} particle at u = 0

Abstract We examine the elastic scattering of a scalar particle (a pion) off a spin 1 2 particle (a nucleon) at u = 0 in a model of continuous-spin (E2 representation) pole exchange and compare the results with the usual Regge-pole models. An interesting result is that continuous-spin pole exchange at u = 0 gives an asymptotic polarization which, depending on the magnitude of the exchanged spin, is different than zero in contrast to the vanishing polarization expected in any single Regge-pole exchange model or when we exchange a u-channel twin-Fermion Regge-pole pair that satisfies Mac-Dowel's reflection symmetry. Indeed measurement of this polarization tells us about the value of the second Casimir operator κ0 characteristic of the mass-zero representation under exchange. The asymptotic unpolarized cross section then gives us the residue function.
The habitat quality index applied to New Mexico streams

The accuracy of two trout biomass (standing stock) prediction models, developed for Wyoming streams by Binns & Eiserman (1979), was evaluated for New Mexico streams inhabited by brown trout, Salmo trutta L. and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Thirty-two representative sites in 15 different streams were sampled under summer low-flow conditions in 1988 and 1989. The 11 phyiscal, chemical, and biological variables used in original models were used as independent variables for simple and multiple regression analysis designed to predict total trout biomass. Model I of Binns and Eiserman proved to be of limited utility; it explained 53% of the variation in total trout biomass at each of the New Mexico sites (kg ha−1 = 8.916 + 0.830/Model U). Only 9.5% of the biomass variations was explained by Model II. Statistical analysis showed that trout biomass was significantly correlated with nitrate-nitrogen concentration and macroinvertebrate diversity in Model I. Because both variates are time consuming to estimate, Model I may not be any more cost-effective than sampling trout directly. The low predictive power of Model II probably indicates that it is limited to the geographical area of field measurement origin.
Ionomer Film-Coated Electrodes as Electrochemical Sensors

Abstract Recent studies have shown that perfluorosulfonate ionomer film-coated electrodes have potential applications as electrochemical sensors. This paper reports on fundamental investigations of the response characteristics of electrochemical sensors prepared by coating glassy carbon electrode surfaces with films of the perfluorosulfonate ionomer Nafion. The effects of various experimental parameters on sensitivity, detection limit and linear response range of the Nafion-coated electrodes were studied. The experimental parameters investigated included film thickness, duration of exposure of the film to the analyte solution, and electrochemical detection method. These studies have shown that Nafion-modified electrodes can be extremely sensitive electrochemical sensors. Differential pulse detection at the Nafion-film coated electrode provided the lowest detection limit (10−9 M). Methods of purging the analyte cation from the Nafion film were also studied.
Effects of metals on nucleoside hydroperoxide, a product of ionizing radiation in DNA

Ionizing radiation causes formation of thymine hydroperoxides in DNA. Their decomposition generates more stable products and active oxygen species which may oxidize other DNA bases. We have determined the effects of free and chelated metal ions on the degradation of 5-hydroperoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HPMdU). Two products were formed as analyzed by HPLC: 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdU) and 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU). Sn(II) and Fe(II) caused instantaneous HPMdU degradation; Sn(II) generated only HMdU, whereas Fe(II) formed about equal amounts of both. Sn(IV) and Fe(III) were inactive. Cu(I), Cu(II), and Co(II) caused a time-dependent formation of both products, with FdU predominating. In the presence of Cu(I), Cu(II), and Fe(II), formate inhibited formation of HMdU but enhanced that of FdU. EDTA abolished Cu(I)-induced decomposition of HPMdU but only decreased that which was mediated by Cu(II). In contrast, EDTA enhanced the activity of Fe(III) with a time-dependent formation of FdU. EDTA and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) caused an instantaneous Fe(II)-mediated decomposition of HPMdU to FdU. Only desferal partially inhibited the activity of Fe(II), whereas the activities of Cu(I), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were blocked by desferal and DTPA. Possible mechanisms of HPMdU degradation by metal ions in the absence or presence of formate or chelators as well as formation of the .OH are discussed.
Tumor spread in unilateral optic glioma-1°

A group of six personal cases of unilateral (orbital) optic glioma is presented. None had complete excision of the glioma and each has been followed for a minimum of ten years. Data from these cases is compared with long term follow-up on 40 similar cases gleaned from multiple academic centers. Many of the 40 cases have been previously reported but the study extends their follow-up to the present. Twenty of the 46 total cases had tissue diagnosis with incomplete excision. Forty-one cases with complete excision are also reported, for comparison.Analysis of the cases is made in regard to five basic questions. Firstly, the certainty of diagnosis; secondly, the certainty of unilaterality; thirdly, the type of excision; fourthly, the years of follow-up and, finally, the presence or absence of new growth. Histopathologic data of the tumor type is presented together with histologic analysis of the cut proximal end of the excision specimen. Complete radiographic correlation was primarily concerned with the proxim...
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: infarct size is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract Background Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) can accurately determine infarct size. Prior studies using indirect methods to assess infarct size have shown that patients with larger myocardial infarctions have a worse prognosis than those with smaller myocardial infarctions. Objectives This study assessed the prognostic significance of infarct size determined by CMR. Methods Cine and contrast CMR were performed in 100 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing routine cardiac evaluation. Infarct size was determined by planimetry. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses (stepwise forward selection approach) to evaluate the risk of all-cause death associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, symptoms of heart failure, medication use, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass, angiographic severity of CAD and extent of infarct size determined by CMR. Results Ninety-one patients had evidence of myocardial infarction by CMR. Mean follow-up was 4.8±1.6 years after CMR, during which time 30 patients died. The significant multivariable predictors of all-cause mortality were extent of myocardial infarction by CMR, extent of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, symptoms of heart failure, and diabetes mellitus (P Conclusions The extent of myocardial infarction determined by CMR is an independent predictor of death in patients with CAD.
Preliminary studies of the effects of gadolinium texaphyrin on the growth and radiosensitivity of EMT6 cells in vitro

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of gadolinium texaphyrin (GdTx) on the growth and radiation response of cells in vitro, in a limited set of experiments designed to examine some areas of controversy concerning the effects of this compound. Methods and Materials: Exponentially growing cultures of EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells, grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium with 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum, were treated with GdTx either prepared from powder or obtained as a solution similar to that used clinically, in either the presence or absence of equimolar ascorbic acid. Cell viability was measured using a clonogenic assay. Results: Treatment with GdTx in the presence of ascorbic acid dramatically altered the growth, appearance, and behavior of the cells; treatment with GdTx in the absence of ascorbic acid had only minimal effects. The effects of the powdered drug and the solution were similar. GdTx used with equimolar ascorbic acid altered the radiation dose-response curves of cells irradiated under aerobic and hypoxic conditions; no significant changes were observed without ascorbic acid. Conclusions: The details of the protocols used in experiments examining the effects of GdTx have major effects on the outcomes. Our results suggest that differences in the protocols used by different groups in past studies with GdTx probably were important in producing the disparate results reported previously.