cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indoor radio-wave propagation modeling by multilevel fast multipole algorithm

Three-dimensional indoor radio-wave propagation is accurately modeled by solving the volume electric-field integral equation (VEFIE). The integral equation is discretized by the method of moments (MoM), in which the building walls, ceilings, floors, as well as any internal obstacles are represented by a collection of small volumetric cells. This discretization is capable of modeling a 3-D room structure to fine details. The solution to the MoM matrix equation is facilitated by the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), which significantly reduces memory requirements and CPU time. Numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of the solution and the capability of modeling dielectric structures of nearly realistic sizes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 168–175, 2001.
Dexamethasone directly inhibits snake venom phospholipase A

Dexamethasone was found to directly inhibit snake venom phospholipase A2 within 3 to 10 minutes. To detect this effect, the incubation time seems to be critical. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone and mepacrine were additive with each other. We speculate that this direct inhibitory effect on phospholipase A2 plays a part in its strong biological activity.
Initiation of signal transduction by receptor aggregation: role of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases

Receptors which induce immune system effector function bear similar intracellular sequences and respond to aggregation through a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway. The mechanism by which receptor aggregation leads to cell activation is poorly understood, but recent experiments with chimeric receptors and kinases have begun to simplify the analysis.
A new method for the three-dimensional in vitro growth of human cancer cells☆

A method has been developed which allows, for the first time, the in vitro growth of human tumor cells in calcium alginate gel microcapsules. The three-dimensional matrix is permeable to macromolecules of at least 200 000 molecular weight (MW) (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen) and provides an environment for organized growth and differentiation more comparable to in vivo growth than monolayer culture. This inexpensive, nondestructive procedure allows studies of morphological, biochemical and immunochemical parameters of human tumor cells within a single model.
A Coverage Probability Approach to Finding an Optimal Binomial Confidence Procedure

The problem of finding confidence intervals for the success parameter of a binomial experiment has a long history, and a myriad of procedures have been developed. Most exploit the duality between hypothesis testing and confidence regions and are typically based on large sample approximations. We instead employ a direct approach that attempts to determine the optimal coverage probability function a binomial confidence procedure can have from the exact underlying binomial distributions, which in turn defines the associated procedure. We show that a graphical perspective provides much insight into the problem. Both procedures whose coverage never falls below the declared confidence level and those that achieve that level only approximately are analyzed. We introduce the Length/Coverage Optimal method, a variant of Sterne's procedure that minimizes average length while maximizing coverage among all length minimizing procedures, and show that it is superior in important ways to existing procedures.
Concurrent performances: synthesizing rate constancies by manipulating contingencies for a single response.

An earlier experiment scheduled variable-interval reinforcement for pigeons' pecks on one key, and variable-interval reinforcement alternating with extinction, in a multiple schedule, for pecks on a second key. During the second key's extinction component, first-key pecking was relatively slow and continuous, rarely interrupted by second-key pecking; during the variable-interval component, first-key pecking was frequently interrupted by second-key pecking. When changeover delays operated, so that reinforced pecks on one key could not follow closely upon changeovers from the other key, rapid first-key pecking between interruptions compensated sufficiently for the time lost in second-key pecking that the overall rate of first-key pecking remained roughly constant across the alternating multiple-schedule components. The present experiments duplicated, on a single key, the temporal pattern of first-key pecking generated in the earlier experiments: components of continuous key availability were alternated with components of interrupted key availability. Approximately constant overall rates of responding were observed with a single-key equivalent of a changeover delay scheduled after interruptions and with manipulations of the on-off durations of the interruption cycle. Rate constancies in the original concurrent situation presumably depended on analogous contingencies that operated upon the concurrent responses, rather than on any constant “reserve” of responses.
The Role of Parenthood and College Education in the Self-Concept of College Students: Explicit and Implicit Assessments of Gendered Aspirations

This research examined the extent to which parenthood and college education are incorporated into the self-concept of college students. A US sample of undergraduates (90 men, 87 women) attending a large and ethnically diverse university completed explicit and implicit measures of identification with “parenthood” and “college education,” associations between these concepts and gender categories, and gender identification. Explicitly, men and women identified strongly with college education. Implicitly, women identified equally with parenthood and college education, whereas men identified more strongly with college education. In addition, implicit measures revealed that traditional gender roles accounted for a stronger identification with parenthood for participants who displayed a female identity and a stronger identification with college education for participants who displayed a male identity.
Gender-specific effects of medicinal drugs on hearing levels of older persons

As part of a large-scale study of presbyacusis, responses to a medicinal drug questionnaire from 85 female and 126 male human subjects were analyzed. Medicinal drugs were divided into 35 categories based on their pharmacologic effects. Subjects' ages ranged from 60 to 82 years. At least 10% of subjects reported taking drugs in 14 of 35 categories. Results were significantly different between female and male subjects. In men, none of the 14 categories showed a statistically significant relation to the pure-tone average (PTA) of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. In women, 3 of the 14 categories showed a statistically significant relation to the PTA. First, the average PTA of female subjects taking beta-adrenergic medication was 20 dB higher (poorer) than those not taking beta-adrenergic medication. Second, women taking antihistamine/cold preparations had an average PTA 9 dB higher (poorer) than those not taking antihistamine/cold preparations. Third, the average PTA of women taking calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) was 12 dB lower (better) than those not taking CCBs. In men, however, these drugs produced effects on the PTA of less than 3 dB. Differences between women and men were not explainable by differences in age or hearing level.
Approaches for Evaluating the Usability of Assistive Technology Product Prototypes

ABSTRACT User input is an important component to help guide designers in producing a more usable product. Evaluation of prototypes is one method of obtaining this input, but methods for evaluating assistive technology prototypes during design have not been adequately described or evaluated. This project aimed to compare different methods of evaluating prototypes to determine which hold promise as aids to designing new assistive technology products. Eight teams were recruited to independently design a working prototype of an assistive device. Twenty potential users were recruited to evaluate each of the devices by using the device to perform a task, completing an evaluation survey, answering a single overall opinion question, and by ranking the devices. The results indicate that a short evaluation survey may be a useful tool to help designers engage users during the design process.
Vector analyzing power and cross section for (d, p) reactions on 53Cr, 57Fe, 117Sn and 119Sn

Abstract Angular distributions of the vector analyzing power and the absolute cross section were measured for ( d , p ) reactions on the odd- A nuclei 53 Cr and 57 Fe at a deuteron energy of 10 MeV and on 117 Sn and 119 Sn at 12 MeV. It is shown that the separate cross section contributions for the different allowed total angular momenta j n of the captured neutron can be determined from the measurements. For transitions which are dominated by a single value of j n , the measurements are compared with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. The energies of the 2 p 3 2 and 2 p 1 2 neutron single-particle states in 54 Cr and 58 Fe were determined, and the strength of the nuclear spin-orbit interaction was calculated. The vector analyzing power and the cross section were also measured for deuteron elastic scattering from each target nucleus in order to determine optical-model parameters for the DWBA calculations.
Ideas for Optical Nanoantenna Design: From Microwave to Visible Frequencies

We discuss how nanoantenna designs can be inspired and benefit from the conventional microwave antenna design techniques. Several optical nanoantenna ideas, analyzed numerically by transplanting the classic antenna concepts from microwaves to optics, are presented.
Resident Interpretation of Emergency CT Scans in the Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis

Abstract Purpose Radiology resident interpretation of computed tomographic (CT) scans at academic institutions often guides management of cases of suspected acute appendicitis in the emergency department. The purpose of this study was to compare resident and faculty interpretation of CT scans obtained for acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods From December 16, 1999, to July 13, 2000, CT was performed in 103 consecutive patients between the hours of 9:00 pm and 8:00 am who were suspected of having acute appendicitis. The authors compared the residents' preliminary written interpretations with both the final reports written by the faculty and the surgical findings. The faculty interpreting the CT scans were aware of resident interpretations but were not aware that a study was being conducted. Results The final faculty interpretation and the preliminary resident interpretation were identical in 96 of the 103 patients (93%; 95% confidence interval: 87.8%, 97.2%). In only one patient was a scan originally interpreted as negative interpreted as positive by the faculty member. Clinically, the patient did not have acute appendicitis, and surgery was not performed. Conclusion In the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, image interpretations made by adequately trained radiology residents can be expected to closely match those of the radiology faculty, and the practice of after-hours interpretation of such studies by radiology residents is safe.
TESTING A MODEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS1

A model of stress drawn from work by Lazarus and his associates was explored. The model suggests, first, that the more motivated individuals are to achieve a goal, the more likely they are to perceive the goal as threatened when potentially threatening stimuli are directed toward it. Second, the more motivated individuals are to achieve goals they perceive are threatened, the more negative affect they experience. And, third, the more negative affect they experience, the greater are their attempts to cope with it. These three hypotheses were tested in a simulation of international politics in which Ss assumed the roles of national decision makers. Usable Ss were 163 Navy Petty Officers. Each S was instructed to assist his government in achieving specified goals. Threats, differing in intensity and decision time, were directed toward these national goals by six experimental situations introduced into the simulation activities. The Ss rated their goal motivation before each intervention and recorded their feelings after each situation. Participation in reacting to the experimental situation was used as a general measure of coping behavior. The analysis used those experimental interventions that the Ss perceived to threaten one of their goals and which aroused high, moderate, and low negative affect. These data supported the first and third hypotheses but not the second. Increases in motivation were not associated with increases in negative affect. Differences in negative affect appeared to be a function of the characteristics of the threat. Related to increases in negative affect were generalization of threat to other goals, a tendency to increase motivation in the threatened goal, and higher post-threat motivation. The implications of the results for the model of stress were discussed.
Identification of the Mating-Type (MAT) Locus That Controls Sexual Reproduction of Blastomyces dermatitidis

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that primarily causes blastomycosis in the midwestern and northern United States and Canada. While the genes controlling sexual development have been known for a long time, the genes controlling sexual reproduction of B. dermatitidis (teleomorph, Ajellomyces dermatitidis) are unknown. We identified the mating-type (MAT) locus in the B. dermatitidis genome by comparative genomic approaches. The B. dermatitidis MAT locus resembles those of other dimorphic fungi, containing either an alpha-box (MAT1-1) or an HMG domain (MAT1-2) gene linked to the APN2, SLA2, and COX13 genes. However, in some strains of B. dermatitidis, the MAT locus harbors transposable elements (TEs) that make it unusually large compared to the MAT locus of other dimorphic fungi. Based on the MAT locus sequences of B. dermatitidis, we designed specific primers for PCR determination of the mating type. Two B. dermatitidis isolates of opposite mating types were cocultured on mating medium. Immature sexual structures were observed starting at 3 weeks of coculture, with coiled-hyphae-containing cleistothecia developing over the next 3 to 6 weeks. Genetic recombination was detected in potential progeny by mating-type determination, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses, suggesting that a meiotic sexual cycle might have been completed. The F1 progeny were sexually fertile when tested with strains of the opposite mating type. Our studies provide a model for the evolution of the MAT locus in the dimorphic and closely related fungi and open the door to classic genetic analysis and studies on the possible roles of mating and mating type in infection and virulence.
Suicide and Children.

Abstract It is shocking to realize that children do commit suicide. For those under the age of 14, suicide is still relatively rare. But in the 14–24 age group, the suicide rate has almost doubled during the 1970s and almost tripled since the 1950s. Evidence suggests that youngsters who do not learn to express feelings verbally act them out in self-destructive behavior. Behaviors that provoke parents, teachers, and peers could indicate an unconscious desire for self-destruction. The reason this desire is overpowering in some but not in others seems to stem from parental attitudes toward the children. If children are denied affection and approval, thay have difficulties developing sufficient ego strength to solve emotional problems. Burdened with negative self-images, children may never learn to form personal relationships or to develop coping mechanisms. They end up feeling worthless and finding no reason to live. If suicide is a cry for help in the young, help must consist of teaching coping mechanisms a...
The evolved development niche: Longitudinal effects of caregiving practices on early childhood psychosocial development

Abstract Using an evolutionary developmental systems approach, we examined the effects of early care on children's psychosocial development. Our framework for early care is the set of parenting practices that emerged with the social mammals more than 30 million years ago, which were slightly altered in what we call the human evolved developmental niche (EDN). Using an existing dataset of 682 families, we assessed four characteristics of EDN care—maternal responsivity, breastfeeding, touch, and maternal social support—and examined their effects longitudinally (prenatal to age 3) on children's prosociality (cooperation and social engagement), behavior problems (internalizing/externalizing), and cognitive ability (intelligence, auditory comprehension, and verbal expression) over three years. The EDN variables significantly and differentially affected child outcomes at different time points, even after controlling for maternal education, age, and income-to-needs ratio. Most significant findings were also retained when maternal responsivity was controlled. In summary, EDN-consistent behaviors in infancy provide necessary support for positive social and cognitive development in early childhood.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for soft-tissue sarcoma: a critical appraisal.

Adjuvant chemotherapy, established in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, currently remains controversial in adult soft-tissue sarcoma. Because the survival of the control arms in randomized studies is significantly better than historical controls, only randomized studies with nontreatment control arms will be analyzed here. None of the 11 reported adjuvant studies showed a significant survival advantage for chemotherapy overall. Although subset analyses are less reliable, the National Cancer Institute reported a significant prolonged survival and disease-free survival for the subset of chemotherapy-treated extremity primaries. The M.D. Anderson and Italian studies observed a significant disease-free survival advantage; however, survival was not significantly different in the former and survival statistics were not provided in the latter study. In the subset of central body lesions none of the studies revealed a significant survival advantage for chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered investigational for adult soft-tissue sarcomas.
Paths extendable to cycles

Let k be a positive integer, and S a nonempty set of positive integers. Suppose that G is a connected graph containing a path of length k, and that each path P of length k in G is contained in some cycle C(P) of length s ∈ S. We prove that every path of length less than k can be extended to a path of length k in G. This result answers conjectures of Entringer and Reid regarding when certain paths may be extended to cycles.
Electron beam induced deposition of residual hydrocarbons in the presence of a multiwall carbon nanotube

Amorphous carbon deposited via electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is frequently used to make a low-temperature Ohmic contact with low electrical resistance and improved mechanical characteristics of the multiwall nanotube (MWNT) substrate or MWNT-MWNT interface. However, influence of the MWNT on the EBID process has not been quantified. In this work, we experimentally and theoretically investigate the growth dynamics of EBID of residual hydrocarbons in presence of a MWNT. We demonstrate that the properties of MWNT do not impact amorphous carbon deposition process.
Fast and fair: data-stream quality of service

Chip multiprocessors have the potential to exploit thread level parallelism, particularly in the context of embedded server farms where the available number of threads can be quite high. Unfortunately, both per-core and overall throughput are significantly impacted by the organization of the lowest level on-chip cache. On-chip caches for CMPs must be able to handle the increased demand and contention of multiple cores. To complicate the problem, cache demand changes dynamically with phases changes, context switches, power saving features, and assignments to asymmetric cores.We propose PDAS, a distributed NUCA L2 cache design with an adaptive sharing mechanism. Each core independently measures its dynamic need, and all cache resources are managed to increase utilization, reduce migrations, and lower interference. Per-core performance degradation is bounded while overall throughput is optimized, thus qualitatively improving performance of embedded systems where quality-of-service is an important characteristic.In single thread mode, PDAS, on average, improves by 26%, 27%, and 13% over Private, Shared, and NUCA caches respectively. This improvement is achieved while reducing internal migrations on average by 82% as compared to the NUCA. With thread contention, PDAS increases its performance and power advantage over prior work. The average migration reduction over NUCA increases to over 90%, and average IPC improvements over NUCA are 30%, 14%, and 35% for 2T, 3T, and 4T scenarios.
Properties of the binding of copper by bleomycin

Abstract The glycopeptide, bleomycin, binds metal ions including Cu2+. It is the copper complex of this material that is isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. Both free ligand and copper complex are excellent antitumor agents in animals. The biochemical and pharmacological relationship between these compounds has not been established. The present study begins an analysis of the chemistry and biochemistry of copper-bleomycin with structural and equilibrium properties of the complex. Potentiometric and fluorometric titrations of bleomycin confirm three acidic groups with pKa values of 7.50, 4.93, and 2.72. The conjugate nitrogen bases of these groups, comprise three of the binding sites for Cu2+ according to similar titrations of copper-bleomycin. The fourth is a conjugate base of an acid with a very large pKa that cannot be measured by these techniques. The participation of a fourth such group is inferred from both proton release studies of the binding of metal and ligand above pH 8 and from several studies of the thermodynamic stability of copper bleomycin. At low pH binding of copper to bleomycin occurs in two steps, as observed by several independent techniques which monitor either the metal or the ligand. Log stability constants for the reactions Cu2+ + HkBlm ⇌ CuHk-nBlm + nH+ and CuHk-nBlm ⇌ CuHk-n-rBlm + rH+ are 1.32 and −4.31, respectively, with n of 2.21 in the first equation and r of 2.07 in the second equation. The derived logarithm of the pH independent stability constant for copper bleomycin multiplied by the protonation constant for the unknown fourth ligand in the binding site is 12.16. This agrees closely with values obtained from measurements of conditional formation constants. One of the groups which binds in the second reaction is the substituted pyrimidine.
Formal verification of change making algorithms

We present progress on a project to formally verify properties of various algorithms related to the change making problem. In particular, we formalize proofs of the classic greedy algorithm's behavior as well as an algorithm to verify its optimality for particular coin systems.
Social and personal information use by squirrel monkeys in assessing predation risk.

The threat of predation can significantly influence prey behaviors through altered perceptions of risk. Prey risk perception is constantly updated via collection of personal and social information about predators. Better understanding of the links between information availability, its use, and prey species' perception of risk will aid in explaining how animals adapt to predation. The goal of this study was to determine the environmental and social cues—available to prey via personal and social information, respectively—that influence wild squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) reactivity to potential predators, treated here as a proxy for risk perception. We followed squirrel monkey troops for 3 years in Suriname, South America, and accounted for environmental and social variables associated with potential predator encounters. We utilized logistic regression models applied to a robust and long-term data set to reveal relationships among factors affecting squirrel monkey anti-predator responses. Our analyses revealed that height, season, type of predator stimulus, and mixed-species associations with capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) were highly related to intensity of squirrel monkey anti-predator responses. Moreover, our analyses revealed that squirrel monkeys overestimate the immediate threat of predation when individuals have incomplete information regarding the potential predator. Am. J. Primatol. 76:956–966, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tibet's Cold War: The CIA and the Chushi Gangdrug Resistance, 1956-1974

This article analyzes the Chushi Gangdrug Tibetan resistance as narrated primarily by Tibetan veterans. The article recounts the origins of the Tibetan resistance forces, their relationship with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, their eventual laying down of arms in 1974, and their legacy in the present-day exile community. Analyses of the Tibetan resistance and the guerrilla war must take account of cultural as well as political and historical factors. The war, pitting a voluntary Tibetan guerrilla movement against the Chinese Communist army, had implications well beyond Tibet and China. India, Nepal, and the United States all became involved. In addition to presenting the perspectives of the soldiers alongside those of the relevant states, the article situates its discussion within the latest anthropological literature on international relations and the Cold War.
Amyloid-β-Induced Ion Flux in Artificial Lipid Bilayers and Neuronal Cells: Resolving a Controversy

Understanding the pathogenicity of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides constitutes a major goal in research on Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One hypothesis entails that Aβ peptides induce uncontrolled, neurotoxic ion flux through cellular membranes. The exact biophysical mechanism of this ion flux is, however, a subject of an ongoing controversy which has attenuated progress toward understanding the importance of Aβ-induced ion flux in AD. The work presented here addresses two prevalent controversies regarding the nature of transmembrane ion flux induced by Αβ peptides. First, the results clarify that Αβ can induce stepwise ion flux across planar lipid bilayers as opposed to a gradual increase in transmembrane current; they show that the previously reported gradual thinning of membranes with concomitant increase in transmembrane current arises from residues of the solvent hexafluoroisopropanol, which is commonly used for the preparation of amyloid samples. Second, the results provide additional evidence suggesting that Aβ peptides can induce ion channel-like ion flux in cellular membranes that is independent from the postulated ability of Αβ to modulate intrinsic cellular ion channels or transporter proteins.
Chapter 14 The core in perfectly competitive economies

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results on the cores of perfectly competitive exchange economies, that is economies in which the endowment of each agent is negligible on the scale of the whole economy. In the contributions of Edgeworth, Debreu and Scarf, and Aumann, the conclusion is: the core (in Aumann's case) or the intersection of the cores of all replicas (in the other cases) coincides with the set of Walrasian equilibria. One of the key elements of the Debreu and Scarf argument, the equal treatment property that permitted one to collapse the cores of all the different replicas into the same space, does not generalize even to sequences with different numbers of traders of the various types. The strong statement that the core (in Aumann's continuum setting) or the intersection of the cores (in the Debreu and Scarf replica setting) coincides with the set of Walrasian equilibria is simply not true in the case of general sequences of finite economies. Weaker forms of convergence must be substituted. Convexity of preferences, which plays no role whatever in Aumann's theorem, is seen to make a crucial difference in the form ofconvergence in large finite economies. The type of convergence that holds depends greatly on the assumptions on the sequence of economies. The various possibilities can best be thought of as lying on four largely (but not completely) independent axes: the type of convergence of individual consumptions to demands, the equilibrium nature of the price at which the demands are calculated, the degree to which the convergence is uniform over individuals, and the rate at which convergence occurs.
Differential regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways by acetaminophen and its nonhepatotoxic regioisomer 3′-hydroxyacetanilide in TAMH cells

Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic and antipyretic that is considered to be relatively safe at recommended doses, is the leading cause of drug-induced liver failure in the United States. 3′-Hydroxyacetanilide (AMAP), a regioisomer of APAP, is useful as a comparative tool for studying APAP-induced toxicity because it is nontoxic relative to APAP. Transforming growth factor-alpha transgenic mouse hepatocytes were treated with both isomers to investigate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in order to differentiate their toxicological outcomes. Posttranslational modifications of MAPK signaling were assessed using immunoblotting and Bioplex technology, whereas gene expression changes were measured using Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays. APAP treatment led to higher levels of glutathione depletion at 6 and 24 h compared with AMAP in mitochondria. Glutathione depletion was preceded by increased levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation at 2 and 6 h after APAP treatment compared with AMAP, whereas AMAP treatment led to increased extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation at 2 and 6 h compared with APAP. Furthermore, APAP treatment significantly upregulated jun oncogene (c-Jun) gene expression, which was confirmed by Western blotting for both the phosphorylated and the nonphosphorylated forms of c-Jun protein. Transfection with JNK siRNA attenuated APAP toxicity after 24 h, suggesting that higher levels of APAP-induced activation of JNK were related to higher rates of cell death. In summary, genomic regulation of MAPK-related transcription factors coupled with posttranslational activation of their upstream kinases is critical in differentiating the toxicities of APAP and AMAP.
Holographic Vortex Liquids and Superfluid Turbulence

Superfluid turbulence is a fascinating phenomenon for which a satisfactory theoretical framework is lacking. Holographic duality provides a systematic approach to studying such quantum turbulence by mapping the dynamics of a strongly interacting quantum liquid into the dynamics of classical gravity. We use this gravitational description to numerically construct turbulent flows in a holographic superfluid in two spatial dimensions. We find that the superfluid kinetic energy spectrum obeys the Kolmogorov -5/3 scaling law, with energy injected at long wavelengths undergoing a direct cascade to short wavelengths where dissipation by vortex annihilation and vortex drag becomes efficient. This dissipation has a simple gravitational interpretation as energy flux across a black hole event horizon.
Model mis-specification and Johansen's co-integration analysis: an application to the US money demand

This paper examines the consequences of mis-specifying the deterministic components of a co-integration model estimated with the Johansen’s multivariate maximum likelihood approach. Using the US long-run money demand model as our example, we show that when a linear deterministic time trend is excluded from the co-integration model, we obtain very robust results, suggesting the co-integration of the real M1 and the real M2 with their determinants. When a linear deterministic time trend is included, however, we find generally unfavorable results. Next, using a procedure discussed in Johansen (1992) that jointly determines the co-integration rank and the deterministic components of a model, we find that the preferred models for the real M1 and the real M2 are generally not co-integrated with their determinants. Our study suggests that great care should be exercised in the initial stages of model specification. The inclusion or exclusion of the linear deterministic time trend should be justified formally. Otherwise, the results may be misleading. 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Recalled Childhood Teasing among Non-Clinical, Non-College Adults

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Teasing Questionnaire—Revised (TQ-R) in a non-clinical community sample of adults. The TQ-R, Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and UCLA Loneliness Scale were administered to 355 adults, aged 18–86 years. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the five-factor teasing model proposed by Storch et al. (Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 665–679, 2004c) was not a good fit for these data. A three-factor model consisting of Academic, Social, and Appearance factors was found through exploratory analyses [termed the Teasing Questionnaire—Revised—Short Form (TQ-R-S)]. Internal consistency was good for the TQ-R-S Total Score and resultant TQ-R-S Academic, Social, and Appearance factors. TQ-R-S scores were directly correlated with current psychosocial functioning with correlations of a small to medium effect size. These results provide evidence that teasing during childhood is linked to later symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness.
Transform representation of the spectra of acoustic speech segments with applications. II. Speech analysis, synthesis, and coding

For Part I see ibid., vol.1, no.2, p.180-95 (1993). In Part I of this paper, the authors introduced an approach to the representation of the speech spectral envelope which makes use of the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transformation of acoustic subword segments. This signal-dependent representation captures, with a few KL vectors and transform coefficients, the perceptually and phonetically important structure of the spectral envelope. Here the authors apply this representation to the analysis, synthesis, and coding of speech. They propose simple quantization and coding strategies for the KL representation vectors as well as for the resulting transform coefficients. The resulting technique is a variable rate encoding scheme which achieves good speech quality at an average rate of 3.5 kb/s. >
Ground Movements from Aquifer Recharge and Recovery

AbstractThis paper deals with ground response to surface water infiltration from an aquifer storage and recovery facility in Arizona. It presents a coupled groundwater flow–soil deformation model to investigate the role of low-hydraulic conductive materials (LHCMs), such as clays and silts, on the spatial and temporal flow and ground response. Finite element analyses were conducted that simulated the flow from surface injection ponds into the ground with and without LHCMs. The results showed that the presence of LHCMs significantly influences the flow path and the ground surface deformation profile.
Conspecific pilferage but not presence affects Merriam's kangaroo rat cache strategy

We investigated the effects of pilferage on caching behavior in the Merriam’s kangaroo rat by manipulating two factors associated with pilferage: the presence of a conspecific, and the opportunity for pilferage. In one experiment we assessed animals in either ‘‘Stealer’’ or ‘‘Victim’’ roles and measured changes in caching, space use, and behavior after caches were pilfered. Victims shifted from a majority scatter-hoarding to a majority larder-hoarding strategy after their caches were pilfered by the Stealer. In Experiment 2, we measured changes after exposure to a conspecific when there was no pilferage, with or without prior exposure to pilferage from Experiment 1. Merriam’s kangaroo rats were vigilant when a conspecific was present, but did not change cache strategy. Prior exposure did not have any major effect on caching or behavior. Food storage is an economic decision that is often made by a solitary forager. Our results suggest that social competition nonetheless influences such economic decisions, even in a nonsocial forager. Key words: anxiety, decision processes, Dipodomys, kangaroo rat, pilferage, scatter hoarding. [Behav Ecol 12:517–523 (2001)]
Treatment With Artificial β-Cell Decreases Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Synthesis in Type I Diabetes

The effect of restoration of euglycemia with the artificial beta-cell (Biostator GCIIS) on triglyceride metabolism was studied in seven normolipidemic patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) transport was determined with [3H]glycerol as an endogenous precursor of VLDL-TG; the resultant kinetic data were evaluated by multicompartmental analysis. Studies of triglyceride metabolism were performed in diabetic patients taking their usual dose of subcutaneous insulin (control study) and after 72 h of euglycemia with the artificial beta-cell (Biostator study). Treatment with the artificial beta-cell resulted in a decrease in mean (+/- SE) 24-h plasma glucose levels from 199 +/- 9 to 123 +/- 7 mg/dl and an increase in mean plasma free-insulin levels from 12.3 +/- 1.9 to 27.6 +/- 4.2 microU/ml (P less than .05). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in mean plasma TG levels from 134 +/- 29 to 88 +/- 15 mg/dl (P less than .05). Kinetic studies demonstrated that the change in plasma triglyceride levels was primarily due to a decrease in VLDL-TG transport (i.e., synthesis), which fell from 11.7 +/- 2.5 mg X h-1 X kg-1 ideal wt during the control study to 7.5 +/- 2.0 mg X h-1 X kg-1 ideal wt during the Biostator study (P less than .05). There was no significant change in fractional catabolic rates of VLDL-TG between the two studies (0.35 +/- .05 vs. 0.38 +/- .07 h-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PHOTON IMPACT FACTOR AND kT FACTORIZATION IN THE NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER

The photon impact factor for the BFKL pomeron is calculated in the next-to-leading order (NLO) approximation using the operator expansion in Wilson lines. The result is represented as a NLO kT-factorization formula for the structure functions of small-x deep inelastic scattering.
Cooperative interference cancellation for wireless networks

A typical military airborne networking scenario involves small groups of relatively closely-spaced aircraft which fly as a unit to perform a common mission. These aircraft need to maintain very long data links with other aircraft in the presence of strong interference from hostile jammers. Due to the physical separation of the aircraft, the time difference of arrival can often be greater than the chip rate of the desired signal, allowing multiple aircraft to perform interference cancellation to greatly increase their resistance to jamming. In this paper, the performance of a zigzag-like algorithm [1] is simulated and compared against single receiver performance in the presence of strong interference. Performance of these algorithms in the presence of strong interference is shown for both uncoded and coded transmissions, which effectively mitigate strong interference with only 0.5 dB of performance loss compared to the unjammed case regardless of the jammer strength.
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies To Characterize the Clearance Mechanism and Potential Cytochrome P450 Interactions of Anidulafungin

Anidulafungin is a novel semisynthetic echinocandin with potent activity against Candida (including azole-resistant isolates) and Aspergillus spp. and is used for serious systemic fungal infections. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the clearance mechanism and potential for drug interactions of anidulafungin. Experiments included in vitro degradation of anidulafungin in buffer and human plasma, a bioassay for antifungal activity, in vitro human cytochrome P450 inhibition studies, in vitro incubation with rat and human hepatocytes, and mass balance studies in rats and humans. Clearance of anidulafungin appeared to be primarily due to slow chemical degradation, with no evidence of hepatic-mediated metabolism (phase 1 or 2). Under physiological conditions, further degradation of the primary degradant appears to take place. The primary degradation product does not retain antifungal activity. Anidulafungin was not an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes commonly involved in drug metabolism. Mass balance studies showed that anidulafungin was eliminated in the feces predominantly as degradation products, with only a small fraction (10%) eliminated as unchanged drug; fecal elimination likely occurred via biliary excretion. Only negligible renal involvement in the drug's elimination was observed. In conclusion, the primary biotransformation of anidulafungin is mediated by slow chemical degradation, with no evidence for hepatic enzymatic metabolism or renal elimination.
Atmospheric pressure plasma jets interacting with liquid covered tissue: touching and not-touching the liquid

In the use of atmospheric pressure plasma jets in biological applications, the plasma-produced charged and neutral species in the plume of the jet often interact with a thin layer of liquid covering the tissue being treated. The plasma-produced reactivity must then penetrate through the liquid layer to reach the tissue. In this computational investigation, a plasma jet created by a single discharge pulse at three different voltages was directed onto a 200 µm water layer covering tissue followed by a 10 s afterglow. The magnitude of the voltage and its pulse length determined if the ionization wave producing the plasma plume reached the surface of the liquid. When the ionization wave touches the surface, significantly more charged species were created in the water layer with H3O+aq, O3−aq, and O2−aq being the dominant terminal species. More aqueous OHaq, H2O2aq, and O3aq were also formed when the plasma plume touches the surface. The single pulse examined here corresponds to a low repetition rate plasma jet where reactive species would be blown out of the volume between pulses and there is not recirculation of flow or turbulence. For these conditions, NxOy species do not accumulate in the volume. As a result, aqueous nitrites, nitrates, and peroxynitrite, and the HNO3aq and HOONOaq, which trace their origin to solvated NxOy, have low densities.
ON the role of K-Bits bitonic sorting network in multicast routing

Using both modified bit-level comparators and the bitonic sorting algorithm, three multicast routing networks are introduced. The first is dynamic network, which possess a time complexity of O(log/sup 2/ N) and cost complexity of O(N log N). The next two are Hypercube and 2D-MESH static topology networks. A new type of wormhole router is adopted to achieve a general multicast time complexity of O(log/sup 2/ N) and O(/spl radic/N) for the Hypercube and 2D-MESH respectively. >
Model-directed web transactions under constrained modalities

Online transactions (e.g., buying a book on the Web) typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Conducting such transactions under constrained interaction modalities as exemplified by small screen handhelds or interactive speech interfaces - the primary mode of communication for visually impaired individuals - is a strenuous, fatigue-inducing activity. But usually one needs to browse only a small fragment of a Web page to perform a transactional step such as a form fillout, selecting an item from a search results list, etc. We exploit this observation to develop an automata-based process model that delivers only the "relevant" page fragments at each transactional step, thereby reducing information overload on such narrow interaction bandwidths. We realize this model by coupling techniques from content analysis of Web documents, automata learning and statistical classification. The process model and associated techniques have been incorporated into Guide-O, a prototype system that facilitates online transactions using speech/keyboard interface (Guide-O-Speech), or with limited-display size handhelds (Guide-O-Mobile). Performance of Guide-O and its user experience are reported.
A welcome turn to meaning in infant development: commentary on Mandler's The foundations of mind: Origins of conceptual thought

Research in infant cognition has been fraught with controversial claims and competing theories for 30 years, in part in response to new data emanating from laboratories employing new technologies and in part contesting Piaget’s foundational theories. It has been badly in need of a new theoretical approach that could reconcile contradictory findings. In The foundations of mind: Origins of thought, Jean Mandler has proposed such a theory, which has the potential for transforming our understanding of conceptual development, word learning and cognitive development in general. The book is, however, not just a theoretical proposal, but is solidly based on a broad swath of experimental findings from her laboratory and others, as well as on up-to-date cognitive and neurocognitive results from both infant and adult research. The core of Mandler’s original research is in her studies of infant categorization. These have significance beyond the controversies rampant in the field of infant development that support a set of related theoretical claims. Among the significant implications of this research are the following:
Partialling Factor Scores Does Not Control Method Variance: A Reply to Podsakoff and Todor

Podsakoff and Todor (1985) proposed partialling the first principal component from observed correlations as a procedure for controlling method variance. Using mathematical derivations and Monte Carlo simulation, we found that this procedure is biased. Partialling out the first principal component introduces a negative bias into the resulting correlations that seriously compromises subsequent analysis. Moreover, the extent of bias is not reduced by increasing sample size; however, it is inversely proportional to the number of variables. Therefore, partialling the first principal component is not recommended. Researchers are encouraged to collect data with multiple methods whenever feasible.