cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analogues of the Smale and Hirsch theorems for cooperative Boolean and other discrete systems

Discrete dynamical systems defined on the state space have been used in multiple applications, most recently for the modelling of gene and protein networks. In this paper, we study to what extent well-known theorems by Smale and Hirsch, which form part of the theory of (continuous) monotone dynamical systems, generalize or fail to do so in the discrete case. We show that arbitrary m-dimensional systems cannot necessarily be embedded into n-dimensional cooperative systems for , as in the Smale theorem for the continuous case, but we show that this is possible for as long as p is sufficiently large. We also prove that strict cooperativity, a natural weakening of the notion of strong cooperativity, implies non-trivial bounds on the lengths of periodic orbits in discrete systems and imposes a condition akin to Lyapunov stability on all attractors. Finally, we explore several natural candidates for definitions of irreducibility of a discrete system. While some of these notions imply the strict cooperativity of...
Experimental and computational investigation of interfacial shear along a wavy two-phase interface

Abstract This study explores the complex fluid flow behavior adjacent to the interface between parallel layers of gas and liquid. Using water and nitrogen as working fluids, the interface is examined experimentally using high-speed video, and the flow structure predicted using FLUENT. The computational model is used to analyze the gas flow near the interface by isolating and examining a domain that represents an instantaneous snapshot of the wavy interface. Both the observed and computed interfaces show appreciable interfacial waviness, which increases in intensity with increasing flow rates; they also show gas entrainment effects at high flow rates. The computed results show turbulence is completely suppressed along the interface by surface tension. Computed velocity vector plots, contour plots and flow streamlines show interfacial flow separation on the gas side, and these effects are amplified with increasing gas Reynolds number. This produces form drag along the wavy interface in addition to the viscous drag. The interfacial viscous and form drag components increase monotonically with increasing ratio of wave height to wavelength because of the increased frictional resistance and flow separation effects, respectively. A new relation for the interfacial friction factor is derived from the computational results, which agrees well with prior turbulent flow correlations.
Chronic granulomatous disease as a risk factor for autoimmune disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is characterized by recurrent infections and granuloma formation. In addition, we have observed a number of diverse autoimmune conditions in our CGD population, suggesting that patients with CGD are at an elevated risk for development of autoimmune disorders. In this report, we describe antiphospholipid syndrome, recurrent pericardial effusion, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, IgA nephropathy, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune pulmonary disease in the setting of CGD. The presence and type of autoimmune disease have important treatment implications for patients with CGD.
Refined genetic mapping of a gene for familial juvenile nephronophthisis (NPH1) and physical mapping of linked markers

We have recently assigned a gene for familial juvenile nephronophthisis (NPH1) to chromosome 2q between microsatellite markers at loci D2S135 and D2S110. Here we have extended and refined our previous linkage analysis by studying five additional NPH families and by testing five additional markers. By haplotype analysis in a large family yielding proof of linkage, D2S135 and D2S283 were defined with certainty as flanking the NPH1 critical region within a 14-cM interval. These data now allow cytogenetic assignment of the NPH1 critical region to 2q11.1-q21.1. Furthermore, haplotype analysis in 12 small families helped to define as flanking markers D2S293 and D2S363, which span an 8-cM interval. Multipoint linkage analysis by the location score method resulted in a maximum multipoint lod score of 10.30. The Zmax-1 support interval spans 6.9 cM and is flanked by marker loci D2S293 and D2S363. Since IL1A maps to this region and has been cytogenetically mapped to 2q13 in the literature, NPH1 can be assigned more closely to 2q13 or adjacent bands. Contigs of CEPH mega-YAC clones in the region were established by screening the clones with microsatellite markers, adding marker IL1A to the physical map as a novel assignment. We conclude that the NPH1 gene most probably localizes to an interval of 6.9 cM between marker loci D2S293 and D2S363 in the vicinity of 2q13. This contig mapping provides the basis for cloning of this interval and for isolation of the NPH1 gene.
Clinical relevance of P-glycoprotein in drug therapy

The drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to confer multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. The P-gp is highly expressed in many types of tumor cells, as well as many normal tissues, including the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, and the luminal surface of capillary endothelial cells in the brain. Because of its expression and localization, it has been suggested that P-gp plays an important role in cancer chemotherapy, intestinal absorption, and brain uptake. This review addresses the significance of the role of P-gp in cancer chemotherapy, drug absorption, and brain uptake. Based on the clinical and animal studies with P-gp modulators, it has become apparent that the role of P-gp in multidrug resistance is far less important compared to other biological factors. Although P-gp is highly expressed in both intestinal epithelial cells and endothelial cells of brain capillaries and functions as an efflux transporter in both organs, the magnitude of P-gp's impact on intestinal absorption and brain uptake of drugs is quantitatively very different. From animal and clinical studies, it is evident that P-gp plays a very important role in CNS penetration of drugs, whereas the effect of P-gp on drug absorption is not as important as generally believed.
With 'Genes' Like That, Who Needs an Environment? Postgenomics's Argument for the 'Ontogeny of Information'

The linear sequence specification of a gene product is not provided by the target DNA sequence alone but by the mechanisms of gene expressions. The main actors of these mechanisms, proteins and functional RNAs, relay environmental information to the genome with important consequences to sequence selection and processing. This ‘postgenomic’ reality has implications for our understandings of development not as predetermined by genes but as an epigenetic process. Critics of genetic determinism have long argued that the activity of ‘genes’ and hence their contribution to the phenotype depends on intra‐ and extraorganismal ‘environmental’ elements. As will be shown here, even the mere physical existence of a `gene' is dependent on its phenotypic context.
Factors Affecting the Mechanical Deterioration of Cellulose Insulation

The rate of mechanical deterioration of cellulose insulation is dependent on the conditions of its use. Those factors of major importance are the temperature applied and the presence of oxygen and moisture. Moisture even in small amounts greatly affects the mechanical stability of the cellulose insulation. In general, the mechanical life of the insulation is reduced by half for each doubling in water content. Deterioration promoted by oxidation is most effective at temperatures below 120 degrees centigrade and is accelerated by the presence of moisture. The rate of deterioration for substantially dry insulation at temperatures above 120 degrees centigrade is dependent upon its previous history. Intermittent exposure to high temperature effects are additive. The ``eight-degree-centigrade rule,'' indicative that the rate of mechanical deterioration is doubled for each eight-degree-centigrade increase from a base temperature of 120 degrees centigrade or higher, applies most closely for practical use when the insulation under study has lost more than 50 per cent of its tensile strength.
Identification of presumptive histone messenger RNA in rapidly labelled polysomal RNA of mouse myelomas.

Abstract Polysomal RNA was isolated from subcutaneous myeloma tumors in BALB /c mice after injection of (5- 3 H)uridine directly into the tumors. Analysis of the polysomal RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one major peak of radioactive RNA in the region between 5-S and 18-S RNA with properties consistent with its identification as a messenger RNA. Three pieces of evidence indicated that the species of RNA was probably not myeloma messenger RNA but was histone messenger RNA: 1. 1. The amount of radioactivity in this peak was about the same for two myeloma cell lines that produce widely different amounts of light chains. 2. 2. A peak of radioactive RNA was observed in the same position on the acrylamide gel if polysomal RNA from HeLa cells was isolated and analyzed with methods similar to those used with the myeloma cells. 3. 3. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with 100 μg/g of cytosine arabinoside inhibited incorporation of [5- 3 H]uridine into this peak of RNA by more than 75 %.
Case report 878

We discuss a patient with an occult, densely calcified synovial sarcoma of the hip who came to clinical attention because of pulmonary metastases. When synovial sarcomas present with dense and conglomerate calcification, they may be confused with benign processes such as myositis ossificans or tumoral calcinosis. Malignancies such as extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma, extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma must also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
A Paradox Reconsidered: written lessons from Plato's Phaedrus

(1998). A Paradox Reconsidered: written lessons from Plato's Phaedrus. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 259-273.
Toward Automated Air Traffic Control—Investigating a Fundamental Paradigm Shift in Human/Systems Interaction

Predicted air traffic increases over the next 25 years may create a significant capacity problem that the United States' National Airspace System will be unable to accommodate. The concept of introducing automated separation assurance was proposed to help solve this problem. However, the introduction of such a concept involves a fundamental paradigm shift in which automation is allowed to perform safety-critical tasks that today are strictly the air traffic controllers' domain. Moving toward automated air traffic control, therefore, requires a careful and thorough investigation. As part of an ongoing series, three human-in-the-loop simulation studies were conducted at the NASA Ames Research Center with the overarching goal of determining whether the automated separation assurance concept can be integrated into air traffic control operations in an acceptable and safe manner. These studies investigated a range of issues including the proper levels of automation for given capacity targets, off-nominal operat...
Education on vehicle electrification: Battery Systems, Fuel Cells, and Hydrogen

A new education program is under development at the University of Michigan to educate engineers in the fundamentals of electrochemical propulsion systems for vehicle electrification. This paper describes two courses that are part of this larger program: “Battery Systems & Control” and “Fuel Cell Vehicles & Hydrogen Infrastructure.” These courses seek to educate undergraduate, graduate, and professional (i.e. distance learning) students in the fundamentals of modeling, control, and design of batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage systems. These courses apply a systems-level approach to electrochemical propulsion systems with particular emphasis placed on modeling, design, and control issues encountered in practice. In the battery course students are introduced to electrochemical-based models, model reduction techniques, simulation procedures, and real-life control problems such as state-of-charge estimation. Topics covered in the fuel cell course include: PEM fuel cell operating fundamentals, hydrogen production pathways, hydrogen storage, and well-to-wheels CO 2 and efficiency analyses. This paper broadly outlines the curriculum for both courses using specific assignments as illustrative examples of the program's content. Together these two courses provide fundamental skills directed at developing engineering leadership and knowledge in sustainable transportation systems.
A condition for constructing formally real monoid algebras

In this paper we demonstrate that every positive totally ordered commutative monoid on 2 generators satisfying a weak cancellation property is a convex Rees quotient of a sub-monoid of a totally ordered Abelian group. In [1], the current author, along with Evans, Konikoff, Mathis, and Madden, employed the work of Hion, [5], to demonstrate that the monoid ring of all finite formal sums over a totally ordered domain is a formally real totally ordered ring providing the totally ordered monoid satisfies this weak cancellation property and is a convex Rees quotient of a sub-monoid of a totally ordered Abelian group. Therefore, we provide here significant information about a condition for the construction of formally real totally ordered monoid algebras.
Adenosinetriphosphatase in red and white muscle.

Abstract The adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) preparations obtained from the two muscle sources were differentiated on the basis of their solubility. An active ATPase was extracted with water from the red muscle, but not from the white. Active preparations from both muscle sources were soluble in dilute KCl. The KCl extracts of the water-insoluble white-muscle sediment yielded ATPase activity comparable to the direct KCl extracts. Magnesium was the most effective activator of all active ATPase preparations. Manganese activated the enzyme from both muscle sources but proved to be only 50% as effective as Mg. The ability of Ca was limited to a modest activation of only the white-muscle ATPase. Maintaining Mg concentration constant, Ca induces the same degree of inhibition as an equivalent amount of Mg had produced activation. In systems where both Mg and Mn are present, the expected influence of Mn took precedence over that of Mg. Dialysis of the enzyme preparations failed to remove any factor necessary for ATPase activity. Residual activity remained unchanged after dialysis.
Arousal and Task Complexity in Schizophrenic Performance Deficit: A Theoretical Discussion

Stmmry.-A theoretical discussion of divergent findings in the research on psychological deficit in schizophrenia is based on an examination of (a) studies contrasting schizophrenics and normals on tasks varying in complexity, (b) evidence that schizophrenics show a higher base level of arousal than normals, and (c) the effect of variauons in arousal on task efficiency. It is concluded that an inverted-U relationship beween level of arousal and performance efficiency in conjunction with related tenets of drive theory account for apparent inconsistencies in previous research. There is a need to differentiate the performance deficits of highly aroused individuals, regardless of diagnosis, from performances specifically characteristic of schizophrenia. Studies of psychological deficit in schizophrenia have yielded divergent results. The censure-deficit model of Rodnick and Garmezy (1957), the theoretical framework for many studies in this area, has been beset by negative findings. For example, Cichetti and his co-workers (1967) found that censure did not produce performance decrements in schizophrenics, relative to normals, on a visual discr~mination task. The theory also failed to predict the performance of schizophrenics and normals on a reaction-time task (Klein, Cichetti, & Spohn, 1967) and was also unsuccessful in predicting autokinetic performance (Fontana, et al., 1966). The hecristic value of the censure-deficit position was questioned (Cichetti, et al., 1967), and it was suggested rhat research in schizophrenia might now be channeled in other directions. Buss and Lang (1965 ), based on an extensive review of the literature, concluded that schizophrenics are not specifically sensitive to censure but, rather, are disrupted by a broad range of affective and symbolic stimuli. However, Farina, Holzberg, and Dies (1969) observed that schizophrenics functioned without great emotional disturbance, and without deficit, following a realistic and potentially traumatic encounter with their parents. In contrast to Buss and Lang, these authors concluded that schizophrenics may be less sensitive to affective stimulation than was previously thought to be the case. The main purpose of thls paper is to examine some rheoretical contributions which can help to clarify the divergent findings on performance deficit in schizophrenia. We will attempt to show that an inverted-U relationship between performance and arousal in conjunction with related tenets of drive theory can ac
Risk Management for Hedge Fund Portfolios: A Comparative Analysis of Linear Rebalancing Strategies

This article applies formal risk management methodologies to optimization of a portfolio of hedge funds (fund of funds). We compare recently developed risk management methodologies: conditional value-at-risk and conditional drawdown-at-risk with more established mean-absolute deviation, maximum loss, and market neutrality approaches. The common property of considered risk management techniques is that they admit the formulation of a portfolio optimization model as a linear programming (LP) problem. LP formulations allow for implementing efficient and robust portfolio allocation algorithms, which can successfully handle optimization problems with thousands of instruments and scenarios. The performance of various risk constraints is investigated and discussed in detail for in-sample and out-of-sample testing of the algorithm. The numerical experiments show that imposing risk constraints may improve the “real” performance of a portfolio rebalancing strategy in out-of-sample runs. It is beneficial to combine several types of risk constraints that control different sources of risk.
Social Capital Among Women Offenders: Examining the Distribution of Social Networks and Resources

Studies investigating the trials and tribulations of women offenders in the United States are becoming increasingly common. One theme in the literature is that successful reentry of women offenders...
Ultrastructure of thick membranes in plant roots exposed to uranyl and calcium salts.

In cap cells of roots exposed to uranyl acetate the plasmalemma stains very intensely and is much thicker than normal. Similar thick, densely stained membranes are found around vesicular structures which protrude into vacuoles in roots exposed to calcium chloride. Face views of these thick membranes reveal rodlike substructures about 4 nm in diameter. Invariably after exposure to calcium and most often after exposure to uranyl, these substructures appear as roughly parallel, lightly stained strands indefinite in length. Other face views seen in uranyl-treated roots (clusters of short rods, geometric patterns, and coiled or curved structures) appear to reflect membrane disruption. Rows of circular to elliptical elements, found in the central portion of the membrane in cross sections, appear to be end views of substructures seen in face views. This suggests that these substructures occupy the electron-transparent interior layer of the membrane.
611 CLOTTED TRANSPYLORIC FEEDING TUBES USING A PREMATURE FORMULA

Transpyloric (TP) feeding has been used as a method of feeding the smaller (<1200 gms) infant. We have noticed that many of our infants being fed with a “reformulated” premature infant formula (Enfamil) by TP route have developed clotted feeding tubes in spite of regular irrigation with sterile water. During a 9 month period, we studied all infants fed either the premature formula or their own mothers milk via TP route. An in vitro study was also conducted comparing the premature infant formula and a standard formula with human milk placed in TP tubes at the milk's own original pH and alkaline pH.Fifty-nine infants received TP feedings; 39 were fed premature formula and 20 received human milk. Birth weight and gestational ages between the two groups were similar. No infant receiving human milk developed a clotted feeding tube. However, 15 of the 39 (38%) infants receiving premature formula developed at least one clotted tube. The clotted group was smaller in birth weight (mean of 1044 vs. 1418 gms, p<.001), and younger in gestational age (29 vs. 32 weeks, p<.05) than the non-clotted group. There were no differences between the two groups in age of initial feeding or rate of infusion. The in vitro study showed that the tubes were completely occluded, consistently, after 24 hours for the premature formula at both original pH (6.70) and alkaline pH (8.0). Neither the human milk nor the standard formula developed any clot. We feel that premature infant formulas should be used with caution when used via the transpyloric route.
Bridging Religion and Politics: The Impact of Providential Religious Beliefs on Political Activity

Past research shows that religious beliefs can shape political activity. Yet current literature leaves open many questions about the mechanisms at work. I point to the key role of a particular religious belief found across denominations: providentiality, or the belief that God has a plan that humans can further. When these beliefs are connected to politics, providential believers are likely to be active and dedicated participators. I test this notion using survey data collected during the 2012 election campaign from congregants in Little Rock, Arkansas. In general, providential believers are less likely than their non-providential counterparts to participate in politics. However, when providential believers report hearing political sermons from their clergy, they are significantly more likely to participate. These findings illustrate one pathway by which religious beliefs can influence politics: through a cue that links providentiality and politics.
Fission decay widths for heavy-ion fusion-fission reactions.

Cross-section and neutron-emission data from heavy-ion fusion-fission reactions are consistent with a Kramers-modified statistical model which takes into account the collective motion of the system about the ground state, the temperature dependence of the location of fission transition points, and the orientation degree of freedom. The strong increase in the nuclear viscosity above a temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ deduced by others is an artifact generated by an inadequate fission model.
Temperature dependence of n-type MOS transistors

Ionization of surface states with increasing temperature is shown to be responsible for the positive temperature coefficient of the drain current often observed in n -type silicon MOS transistors. Competition of this effect with a decrease in mobility for increasing temperature is demonstrated to yield transistors with negative, positive, or zero temperature coefficients. The reflection of surface state ionization with increasing temperature as a linear decrease in gate voltage (for constant drain current) is theoretically explained. Since this linear decrease in gate voltage is a direct function of surface state density, a new method for determining the surface state density near the conduction band is developed. For many transistors gate voltage decreased about 40 millivolts per degree centigrade increase in temperature. This corresponds to a surface state density on the order of 1013per square centimeter per electron volt.
First observation of an excited state in the neutron-rich nucleus 31 Na

The first excited state in the neutron-rich N=20 isotope ${}^{31}\mathrm{Na}$ was observed at 350(20) keV via intermediate energy heavy-ion scattering, which is dominated by the Coulomb excitation mechanism. This state appears to be a rotational excitation built on a strongly deformed ground state. The yield of the \ensuremath{\gamma} ray deexciting this state can be reproduced by a shell model calculation which takes $\ensuremath{\nu}{(f}_{7/2}{,p}_{3/2})$ intruder configurations into account.
Temporal flow velocity profile in the descending aorta in coarctation

The temporal blood flow velocity profile in the descending aorta at the diaphragm was investigated using pulsed Doppler echocardiography in patients with documented coarctation of the aorta and in control patients. The ratio of peak systolic to peak diastolic frequency shift, an angle-independent index of pulsatility derived from the Doppler curve, proved to be an excellent indicator of aortic arch obstruction in the absence of a patent ductus arteriosus. Control groups included patients with a systemic right ventricle, systemic ventricular dysfunction and aortic stenosis, to determine if these conditions would confound the test. None of these factors were found to influence significantly the frequency shift ratio. However, the Doppler curves in six patients with interrupted aortic arch or severe coarctation, whose descending aorta was supplied by way of a large patent ductus arteriosus, were similar to those seen in control patients. Two indexes of wave transmission velocity, the rate of acceleration and the time to peak velocity, discriminated less effectively between patients with coarctation and the control patients, particularly those with aortic stenosis. After surgery for coarctation, the Doppler indexes and contour of the Doppler curve discriminated completely between patients with and without residual coarctation.
Metalloproteinase-Mediated, Context-Dependent Function of Amphiregulin and HB-EGF in Human Keratinocytes and Skin

Human keratinocytes (KCs) express multiple EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands; however, their functions in specific cellular contexts remain largely undefined. To address this issue, first we measured mRNA and protein levels for multiple EGFR ligands in KCs and skin. Amphiregulin (AREG) was by far the most abundant EGFR ligand in cultured KCs, with >19 times more mRNA and >7.5 times more shed protein than any other family member. EGFR ligand expression in normal skin was low (<8‰ of RPLP0/36B4); however, HB-EGF and AREG mRNAs were strongly induced in human skin organ culture. KC migration in scratch wound assays was highly metalloproteinase (MP)- and EGFR dependent, and was markedly inhibited by EGFR ligand antibodies. However, lentivirus-mediated expression of soluble HB-EGF, but not soluble AREG, strongly enhanced KC migration, even in the presence of MP inhibitors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced ERK phosphorylation was also strongly EGFR and MP dependent and markedly inhibited by neutralization of HB-EGF. In contrast, autocrine KC proliferation and ERK phosphorylation were selectively blocked by neutralization of AREG. These data show that distinct EGFR ligands stimulate KC behavior in different cellular contexts, and in an MP-dependent fashion.
The risk of fetal death in nonanomalous pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the ongoing risk of intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in nonanomalous pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios. Study Design We analyzed a retrospective cohort of all singleton, nonanomalous births in California between 2005 and 2008 as recorded in a statewide birth certificate registry. We included all births between 24+0 and 41+6 weeks' gestational age, excluding multiple gestations, major congenital anomalies, and pregnancies affected by oligohydramnios. Polyhydramnios was identified by International Classification of Diseases , ninth revision, codes. χ 2 tests were used to compare the dichotomous outcomes, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were then performed to control for potential confounders. We analyzed the data for pregnancies affected and unaffected by polyhydramnios. The IUFD risk was expressed as a rate per 10,000. Results The risk of IUFD in pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios was greater at every gestational age compared with unaffected pregnancies. The IUFD risk in pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios was more than 7 times higher than unaffected pregnancies at 37 weeks at a rate of 18.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0–32.6) vs 2.4 (95% CI, 2.0–2.5) and was 11-fold higher by 40 weeks' gestational age at a rate of 66.3 (95% CI, 10.8–68.6) vs 6.0 (95% CI, 5.1–6.3) in unaffected pregnancies. When adjusted for multiple confounding variables, the presence of polyhydramnios remained associated with an increased odds of IUFD in nonanomalous singleton pregnancies, with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.5 (95% CI, 4.1–7.6). Conclusion Ongoing risk of IUFD is greater in low-risk pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios at all gestational ages compared with unaffected pregnancies with the greatest increase in risk at term. Although further study is needed to explore the underlying etiology of polyhydramnios in these cases, the identification of polyhydramnios alone may warrant increased antenatal surveillance.
Obesity and the Regulation of Energy Balance

Obesity and its antithesis, starvation, have always been part of the human condition, and for most of human history have been seen as resulting simply from availability of food, or acts of will related to attainment of desired body shape. Although this view persists in some quarters to this day, the last 5 years of the millennium have witnessed a dramatic increase in our understanding of the biology of regulated energy balance and body weight. Physiologic pathways whose existence was debated 10 years ago are now being characterized in molecular detail, with immediate implications for understanding of pathogenesis of human obesity and other disorders of energy balance. The roadmap provided by these advances establishes a clear direction for future research, but critical details remain to be discovered, and therapeutic applications remain to be realized. In particular, the mechanisms by which environmental factors, including diet and exercise, interact with molecular pathways in the common polygenic forms of obesity is largely unknown at present. Insights from the sequencing of the human genome and the coming advances in proteomics are likely to fuel the next wave of progress. It is likely that both new genes and new regulatory pathways will be identified. It may seem unlikely that the recent wave of progress can be matched in the early years of the current millennium, but we would not choose to make that bet.Smith 2000xThe controls of eating (a shift from nutritional homeostasis to behavioral neuroscience) . Smith, G.P. Nutrition. 2000; 16: 814–820Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (111)See all ReferencesSmith 2000
Freezing of saturated and superheated liquid in porous media

Abstract Freezing of saturated and superheated liquid-porous media contained in a rectangular test cell has been studied experimentally. Water and different diameter glass beads constituted the liquid and porous media, respectively. The effects of different size glass beads, imposed temperature difference and liquid superheat were investigated. A one-dimensional conduction-based model was used to examine the importance of non-equilibrium effects. These effects were found to be unimportant for both water-aluminum balls and water-glass bead systems. For water initially at the freezing temperature, the model predictions agreed well with the experimental temperature and solidification front position data. When the superheat was sufficiently high to induce buoyancy driven convective flow, the local freezing rates varied with vertical location along the cooled wall. For low superheat, due to the density inversion of water, the rate of freezing at the top was higher than at the bottom ; however, for large superheat, the freezing rate near the bottom was higher as in freezing of ordinary liquids.
Strength Measurement of Ceramic Spheres Using a Diametrally Compressed “C-Sphere” Specimen

A “C-sphere” specimen geometry was conceived and developed to measure failure stress of bearing-grade silicon nitride (Si3N4) balls caused by tension at the ball's surface. The induced method of fracture also allows for the study of surface-located strength-limiting flaws in ceramic spheres. A slot is machined into the balls to a set depth to produce the C-sphere geometry. A simple, monotonically increasing uniaxial compressive force produces an increasing tensile stress at the C sphere's outer surface that ultimately initiates fracture. The strength is determined using a combination of failure load, C-sphere geometry, and finite element analysis. Additionally, the stress field was used to determine the effective areas and effective volumes of a C-sphere as a function of Weibull modulus. To demonstrate this new specimen, C-sphere flexure strength distributions were determined for three commercially available bearing-grade Si3N4 materials (NBD200, SN101C, and TSN-03NH), and differences among their characteristic strengths and Weibull moduli were found.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles Pseudotyped with Envelope Proteins That Fuse at Low pH No Longer Require Nef for Optimal Infectivity

We have investigated the effects of Nef on infectivity in the context of various viral envelope proteins. These experiments were performed with a minimal vector system where Nef is the only accessory protein present. Our results support the hypothesis that the route of entry influences the ability of Nef to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectivity. We show that HIV particles pseudotyped with Ebola virus glycoprotein or vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), which fuse at low pH, do not require Nef for optimal infectivity. In contrast, Nef significantly enhances the infectivity of virus particles that contain envelope proteins that fuse at neutral pH (CCR5-dependent HIV Env, CXCR4-dependent HIV Env, or amphotropic murine leukemia virus Env). In addition, our results demonstrate that virus particles containing mixed CXCR4-dependent HIV and VSV-G envelope proteins show a conditional requirement for Nef for optimal infectivity, depending on which protein is allowed to facilitate entry.
Update on Interventions in Saphenous Vein Grafts

Interventions in saphenous vein grafts present some of the most challenging problems in preventing acute complications and limiting restenosis. Available options include repeat bypass surgery, balloon angioplasty, directional atherectomy, transluminal extraction atherectomy, rotational atherectomy, laser angioplasty, and stenting. Stenting appears to provide the best acute and long-term results. Debulking with directional atherectomy prior to stenting may be helpful but its role is unproven. With any device, it is essential to attain the lowest possible residual stenosis with the least amount of manipulation. Complications with vein graft interventions are most commonly related to distal embolization, which occurs most frequently in older vein grafts with diffuse disease, large plaque volume or thrombus, or those with total occlusion. Use of thrombolytics, glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, and thrombectomy devices may be helpful when thrombus is present. Calcium channel blockers may be beneficial when embolization of plaque debris results in slow flow or no-flow during interventions.
Studies on the monitoring and control platform of microgrids

Energy management is one of the key spots in the research of distributed energy system. Based on the idea of centralized hierarchical control,a three layer monitoring architecture is presented. After analysis application functions of layers from monitoring system, A micro-grid integrated monitoring platform based on micro-grid CIM complies with IEC 61 970 is proposed, consisting customer interaction, energy management, system operational control, data model, etc. Finally using x20 series controllers, from BR the micro-grid integrated monitoring platform is built. The successful operation experience in the PV-ESS micro-grid, located in the National Solar experimental verification center, and related testing results verify the correctness of the micro-grid design of integrated monitoring platform developed control software.
Releasing Factor and Endogenous Vitamin B12

SummaryExperiments were performed for the purpose of grossly identifying the substance responsible for the release, by rat intestinal segment extracts and human organ extracts, of vitamin B12 bound to rat stomach extract or normal human gastric juice. It has been found that the active principle in the proximal area and mid-ileum of the rat small intestine is dialyzable and that its distribution parallels closely that of endogenous vitamin B12. Non-radioactive vitamin B12 has been found to be very active in the release of radioactive vitamin B12 bound to rat or human intrinsic factor concentrate. This appears to be due to its ability to equilibrate with the bound form. In a complex equilibrium system, endogenous vitamin B12 appears to account for substantially all of the activity displayed by the proximal area and mid-ileum of the rat small intestine, and by mucosa homogenates from beef small intestine and various human organ extracts. Vitamin B12 bound to hog intrinsic factor on the other hand shows littl...
Myricetin and quercetin are naturally occurring co-substrates of cyclooxygenases in vivo.

Bioflavonoids are ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom, and some of them are presently being sold as healthy dietary supplements around the world. Recently, it was shown that some of the dietary polyphenols were strong stimulators of the catalytic activity of cyclooxygenase I and II, resulting in increased formation of certain prostaglandin (PG) products in vitro and also in intact cells in culture. In the present study, we investigated the effect of two representative dietary compounds, quercetin and myricetin, on plasma and tissue levels of several PG products in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that these two dietary bioflavonoids could strongly stimulate the formation of PG products in vivo in a time-dependent manner, and the stimulatory effect of these two bioflavonoids was dose-dependent with a unique biphasic pattern. At lower doses ( 0.3mg/kg b.w.), there was a dose-dependent reduction of the stimulatory effect. These results provide support for the hypothesis that some of the bioflavonoids are naturally occurring physiological co-substrates for the cyclooxygenases in vivo.
Stochastic system invariant spectrum analysis applied to smart systems in highway bridges

Development smart systems for damage detection and health monitoring of highway bridges using measured response data has been an important research focus. However, difficulty often exists when bridges exhibit significant nonlinear behavior due to aging degradation of structural properties, inelastic deformation and fracture damage, as well as uncertain boundary, environmental and dynamic loading conditions. This paper presents an analysis of system invariant spectrum applied to smart systems in structural health monitoring of general highway bridge systems. In particular, the spatial distribution feature of the system invariant is used to explore changes in a general nonlinear highway bridge structure due to damages.
DNA-dependent conformational changes in the Ku heterodimer.

Ionizing radiation induces DNA double-strand breaks which are repaired by the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. NHEJ is initiated upon Ku binding to the DNA ends and facilitating an interaction with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). This heterotrimeric DNA-PK complex is then active as a serine/threonine protein kinase. The molecular mechanisms involved in DNA-PK activation are unknown. Considering the crucial role of Ku in this process, we therefore determined the influence of DNA binding on the structure of the Ku heterodimer. Chemical modification with NHS-biotin and mass spectrometry were used to identify sites of modification. Biotinylation of free Ku revealed several reactive lysines on Ku70 and Ku80 which were reduced or eliminated upon DNA binding. Interestingly, in the predicted C-terminal SAP domain of Ku70, biotinylation patterns were observed which suggest a structural change in this region of the protein induced by DNA binding. Limited proteolytic digests o...
Gas turbine engine pollution

Abstract Recently set U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards and Air Force goals for aircraft jet engine emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), CO and NOx are reviewed in terms of the contribution of air transport to the overall pollution problem. Suggested design modifications for gas turbine combustors to meet these requirements are discussed via a generalised physical model of the liquid fuel spray combustion process which is consistent with both engine and combustor exhaust plane pollution measurements and data obtained within burners. This model is used to show why some analytical/numerical combustor modeling efforts succeed in correlating emissions and may eventually become useful design tools for next-generation, low emissions Brayton cycle engines.
Toward smarter current relays for power grids

As the power systems in the United States become increasingly large, complex, and interconnected, the traditional relays are proving to be inadequate against blackouts. More "intelligent" relays are therefore needed to meet the security and reliability needs of the future power grid. In this paper, we propose a new logic for decision making and over-current relay setting. The proposed "smart" over-current relays can: 1) decide current settings with a new and more comprehensive logic; 2) use new technologies such as phasor measurement unit (PMU) and/or Global Positioning System (GPS) to improve decision making; and 3) establish communications between relays to get real-time information.
ACTIVE DAMPING IN ROAD VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT Low order, linearized dynamic models of road vehicle suspension systems are analyzed to provide insight into the benefits of suspensions incorporating generalized velocity feedback compared with conventional passive suspensions. Damping forces from passive dampers are supplemented by forces generated by an active element requiring a power supply. A simple criterion is developed which indicates whether or not the introduction of activedamping forces will result in significant benefit for pneumatic tired vehicles. An extended active suspension concept involving a high-gain load leveler as well as active damping is analyzed. The realization of active or semi-active damping forces through electrical or hydraulic means is briefly discussed.
SEEDEX: a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks

Motivated by the poor experimental scaling reported in a study of the performance of ad hoc networks in [15], we propose a new protocol for media access control in ad hoc networks. Our protocol seeks to avoid collisions without making explicit reservations for each and every packet. The key idea is to employ a random schedule which is driven by a pseudo-random number generator. By exchangine the seeds of their pseudo-random number generators within two-hop neighborhood, the nodes effectively publish their schedules to all hidden as well as exposed nodes. This allows each node to opportunistically choose transmission slots. This scheme can also be employed during the reservation phase of a protocol such as IEEE 802.11. Throughput calculations and simulation results are presented
Preference for Different Sequences of Increasing or Decreasing Rewards

Preference for different increasing (or decreasing) sequences of rewards has been found to depend both on the magnitude of increase or decrease from step-to-step in the sequence and on the rate of change with which rewards increase or decrease. This experiment examined the effects on preference of different magnitudes and rates of change of reward. Using rewards for actual task performance, four increasing and four decreasing sequences were studied, each consisting of 24 rewards of varying magnitude. Sequences differed according to four possible models of rate change: linear, exponential, logarithmic, and step function. Preferences for given reward sequences obtained prior to extensive task and reward experience (decision utility) were not closely related to preferences after such experience (predicted utility). In the increasing reward sequences, subjects preferred the step sequence (with its single large increase at the end) prior to experience, but after experience they preferred the exponential, linear, and logarithmic sequences which entailed continuous reward-to-reward improvement throughout the sequence. In the decreasing sequences, subjects were less definite in their preferences. Prior to experience they most preferred the logarithmic sequence with its decelerating decline in magnitude of rewards, while after experience they least preferred the step function, with its huge loss at the end of the sequence.
Assessing attainment of ground water cleanup standards using modified sequential t‐tests

Assessing the attainment of Superfund cleanup standards in ground water can be complex due to measurements with skewed distributions, seasonal or periodic patterns, high variability, serial correlations, and censoring of observations below the laboratory detection limit. The attainment decision is further complicated by trends and transient changes in the concentrations as a result of the cleanup effort. EPA contracted Westat to prepare a guidance document recommending statistical procedures for assessing the attainment of ground water cleanup standards. The recommended statistical procedures were to require a minimum of statistical training. The recommended procedures included a sequential t-test based on yearly average concentrations. Further research and simulations by Westat indicate that modifications of the sequential t-test have better performance and are easier to use than the originally proposed sequential t-test, particularly with highly skewed data. This paper presents three modified sequential t-tests with simulation results showing how the sequential t-test and the modifications perform under a variety of situations similar to those found in the field. The modified tests use an easy-to-calculate approximation for the log likelihood ratio and an adjustment to improve the power of the test for small sample sizes. Using the log transformed yearly averages improves the test performance with skewed data. Expected sample sizes and practical considerations for application of these tests are also discussed.
Lacerations against Langer's lines: to glue or suture?

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of initial wound orientation on the cosmetic outcome of facial lacerations repaired with histoacryl blue (HAB), a tissue adhesive, vs. conventional suturing. This was a retrospective analysis of patients from a prospective randomized clinical trial on the use of HAB. Children in the initial cohort who had facial lacerations and were also evaluated for cosmetic appearance at a 2-month follow-up appointment were eligible. Orientation along Langer's Lines, which define the functional anatomy of the underlying structures to the skin, was determined by two investigators blinded to the initial method of repair. Photographs of the wounds were reviewed and the wounds were categorized as being: Langer (+) ( n = 26), Suturing ( n = 22), Langer (+) ( n = 27), Langer (−) ( n = 21)]. Langer (+) patients were comparable to Langer (−) for demographics, wound characteristics, and method of repair. There was no difference in overall cosmetic appearance of facial wounds closed with HAB vs. conventional suturing. Follow-up appearance was significantly worse for sutured Langer (−) vs. Langer (+) wounds. In contrast, cosmetic appearance of lacera tions closed by HAB were comparable between Langer (-) and Langer (+) wounds. In conclusion, initial wound orientation had a greater impact on the cosmetic appearance for lacerations closed by suturing compared to HAB. HAB may be the preferred method of cutaneous closure for facial lacerations oriented against Langer's Lines.