cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of T-Cell Death Genes: Selective Inhibition of FasL- but Not Fas-Mediated Function

Abstract Activation-induced cell death (AICD) requires coexpression of Fas and FasL. Hybridoma T-cells express detectable FasL mRNA 3 to 5 hr after culture in anti-CD3-coated wells. High and steady expression of FasL mRNA was observed after 8–10 hr of activation. Expression of FasL cytotoxicity and AICD is consistent with the time-course of FasL mRNA induction. Fas–Ig was effective in inhibiting AICD when added no later than 5 hr after activation, but was ineffective when added after 8–10 hr of activation. These observations suggest that FasL gene activation is a critical step for AICD. By contrast, Fas was constitutively expressed and the time-course study did not support the idea that up-regulation of Fas is critical for AICD. The critical role of FasL gene activation for AICD was confirmed by studies using inhibitors of AICD. Dexamethasone (Dex) inhibited FasL induction and Fas up-regulation, but not basal Fas expression of hybridoma T-cells. All- trans retinoic acid (RA) inhibited FasL induction, but had little effect on Fas up-regulation. Both agents inhibited FasL cytotoxicity. The Fas-mediated death pathway distal to Fas/FasL interactions remained intact in the protected hybridoma T-cells. These results demonstrate that FasL gene activation, but not Fas up-regulation, is critical for AICD and that Dex and all- trans RA selectively inhibits FasL but not Fas function. The system may prove useful for the identification of critical factors regulating T-cell death genes. It may also serve as a useful system to study gene regulation in AICD-dependent phenomena.
Toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The literature on toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is confusing. Much of the data relied on by pharmaceutical companies and the Food and Drug Administration comes from so-called Phase Three Trials . These are double-blind, controlled trials, usually of relatively brief (three months or less) duration. The test drug is compared to a standard drug or, less commonly, to a placebo. These studies produce highly reproducible findings; for example, the percent of subjects with gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms after ingestion of a given NSAID does not vary greatly from study to study. Using these studies, we know that all NSAIDs produce GI tract symptoms, ranging from 30% with uncoated aspirin to 10% or less with the newer NSAIDs. The limitations of these studies is that they involve relatively small numbers of patients, so that rare but very serious side effects would be missed. Another major
A Method to Identify and Validate Social Norms Related to Dress

The purpose of this three-phase study was to develop a method to identify and validate social norms related to dress, specifically body modifications. In Phase 1, the process of social control framed the preliminary identification of 35 body modification norms using reports in advice columns. In Phase 2, some of the 35 norms were empirically validated by human participants, leading to the conclusion that a minimum of 61% consensus was needed to either confirm or refute a statement as a norm. In Phase 3, a more powerful statistical analysis and a second sample of human participants validated the norms based on strength of consensus. Subgroup analyses were used to investigate statements that were neither confirmed nor refuted. Between Phase 2 and 3 samples, agreement on the statements related to body modifications was 83%. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are provided.
The occurrence of shear bands in nonisothermal, hot forging of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si

The occurrence of shear bands in nonisothermal, hot forging of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0. ISi (Ti-6242) was investigated in order to establish the material properties and process parameters which generally lead to shear bands and shear cracks in conventional hot forging of metals. Upset compression tests on cylindrical samples and lateral sidepressing tests on long, round bars were performed to determine the modes by which flow localizes in deformation states ranging from axisymmetric to plane strain. In axisymmetric deformation, it was found that nonisothermal, hot compression leads to chill zones and bands of intense deformation separating the chill zones from the deforming bulk. For plane strain deformation, shear bands were found to initiate along zero extension directions and subsequently localize flow in a manner analogous to the formation and propagation of shear bands in isothermal, hot forging. For both deformation states, it was found that material properties, such as the flow stress dependence on temperature, and process parameters, such as forging speed and die temperature which strongly influence the amount of heat transfer, play critical roles in the flow localization process. A simple model quantifying these effects was developed to predict the occurrence and severity of the shear bands observed in the Ti-6242 alloy hot forged at various temperatures and rates. In addition, the occurrence of shear cracking under certain forging conditions was rationalized in terms of the chilling brought about by nonisothermal, hot forging conditions and the inferior workability of Ti-6242 at temperatures far below the transus temperature.
Enzyme histochemical differentiation of white adipose tissue in the rat

Subcutaneous adipose tissues from fetal and young rats were studied with enzyme histochemical techniques. Lipid staining and histological evaluation were also utilized to compare the development of a wide variety of enzyme activities to cytoplasmic lipid deposition and morphological differentiation of adipocytes. Three distinct stages of adipose-tissue differentiation were postulated. In stage III, adipocytes were morphologically differentiated (rounded, basal-lamina positive) and enzyme reactive for many enzymes. In stage II, however, adipocytes were reactive for some enzymes but were not morphologically differentiated. Stage I adipose tissue was histologically distinct from connective tissue but did not contain lipid-laden cells or enzyme-reactive cells. Stages I and II (95%) were predominant in fetuses, whereas stage III (90%) was predominant in young animals. Histochemical analysis of adipocytes in newborn rats established the metabolic competence of these cells despite their small size. These studies indicate that enzymatic differentiation of adipocytes clearly precedes morphological differentiation.
A method for finding repeated roots in transcendental eigenvalue problems

The eigenvalues of a gyroscopic system depend on a parameter, and the system may become unstable when eigenvalues collide. For continuous systems, the eigenvalue problem is represented by a matrix with transcendental elements. A method is developed to determine the value of the parameter that causes eigenvalues to collide. The method is implemented using a certain formula for the determination of the derivative of a matrix determinant without the use of symbolic expansion of the determinant. This formula simplifies the computational task considerably. Applications of the method are demonstrated by problems involving buckling by circulatory forces and oscillations of a gyroscopic system.
Analysis of thermal fatigue behaviour of brittle structural materials

The effect of the level of maximum temperature (Tmax), the temperature range (ΔT) and the mode of convective heat transfer on the thermal fatigue resistance of brittle structural materials is analysed. Expressions are derived for the number of thermal cycles to failure in terms of the appropriate mechanical and thermal properties, crack growth parameter, ΔT andTmax. For simultaneous changes inTmax and ΔT commonly used in practice, the change in thermal fatigue life is governed by both the thermal stress intensity exponent (n) and the activation energy (Q) for subcritical crack growth, in contrast to the results of other studies. For constantTmax but variable ΔT, thermal fatigue life is affected byn only, whereas, for constant ΔT but variableTmax, the value ofQ alone governs changes in fatigue-life. Heat transfer by natural or forced convection will result in differences in thermal fatigue resistance. Recommendations are made for the design and analysis of thermal fatigue experiments. Figures-of-merit for the selection of materials with high thermal fatigue resistance are presented.
Cholesterol modulation of β-adrenergic receptor characteristics

Abstract Cholesterol, a major structural component of plasma membranes, has a profound influence on cell surface receptor characteristics and on adenylate cyclase activity. β-Adrenergic receptor number, adenylate cyclase activity, and receptor-cyclase coupling were assessed in rat lung membranes following preincubation with cholesteryl hemisuccinate. β-Adrenergic receptor number increased by 50% without a change in antagonist affinity. However, β-adrenergic receptor affinity for isoproterenol increased 2-fold as a result of an increase in the affinity of the isoproterenol high-affinity binding site. This increase in agonist affinity did not potentiate hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, which decreased 3-fold following cholesterol incorporation. However, the ratio of isoproterenol to GTP-stimulated activity was unchanged with cholesterol. Stimulation distal to the receptor by GTP, NaF, GppNHp, Mn2+ and forskolin also demonstrated 50–80% reduced enzyme activity following cholesterol incorporation. These data suggest that membrane cholesterol incorporation decreases catalytic unit activity without affecting transduction of the hormone signal.
Bilateral injections of a selective mu-receptor agonist (morphiceptin) into the medial preoptic nucleus produces a marked delay in the initiation of sexual behavior in the male rat.

We examined the putative functional role of the medial preoptic nucleusμ-receptor population in the expression of male copulatory behavior in sexually vigorous Long-Evans rats. In the first experiment, three doses of morphiceptin (10, 500, and 1000 ng) a selectiveμ-receptor agonist injected bilaterally into the medial preoptic nucleus, produced a marked delay in the initiation of male copulatory behavior compared to saline injected controls. These injections significantly lengthened intromission and mount latencies while having no appreciable effect on any other parameter of male copulatory behavior. In a separate experiment, the transient inhibition of the expression of male copulatory behavior was completely abolished following pretreatment of naloxone 20 minutes prior to bilateral injections of morphiceptin (1000 ng) into the medial preoptic nucleus. Collectively, these results suggest that the delay in the initiation of copulation that is commonly observed following peripheral or central injections of opioids is mediated at least in part byμ receptors located within the medial preoptic nucleus.
Does digoxin improve the prenatal outcome of the fetus with congestive heart failure in sinus rhythm

TIVE HEART FAILURE IN SINUS RHYTHM? JAMES HUHTA, BETTINA CUNEO, JENNY LESHKO, RICHARD MARTINEZ, University of South Florida, Pediatrics, St. Petersburg, Florida, Rush University Medical Center, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois OBJECTIVE: Show that digoxin therapy in the prehydropic fetus in sinus rhythm could limit progression of congestive heart failure (CHF) and thereby prolong gestation thus improving prenatal outcome. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the clinical course and outcomes of 12 fetuses presenting between 24-32 weeks with CHF and sinus rhythm treated with digoxin. Degree of CHF was assessed by two methods: a 10 point cardiovascular profile score (CVPS) (measured in all fetuses) derived from echo Doppler findings of cardiomegaly, depressed systolic shortening, AV valve insufficiency, abnormal diastolic compliance, and hydrops; and ventricular Tei index (measured in 5 fetuses). Four fetuses had aortic obstruction secondary to valve stenosis or large rhabdomyoma, 2 had right sided abnormalities (TOF with absent pulmonary valve and critical PS), 2 had cardiomyopathy, and 4 had structurally normal hearts with high output CHF due to twin to twin transfusion (2), acardiac twin or sacrococcygeal teratoma. Transplacental digoxin (loading dose of 0.5 mg IV q8 ! 3) followed by maintenance doses of 0.25 to 0.375 q 12 hr were given to maintain therapeutic levels of 0.9-1.8 ng/ml for 3-12 weeks. RESULTS: Nine infants were delivered alive at 28-36 (mean 32) weeks; 7 survived hospital stay. CHF progressed despite digoxin in 3/3 hydropic fetuses. Two hydropic fetuses and one nonhydropic fetus died in utero. Of 9 fetuses initially responding to digoxin, CVS remained stable in 3, improved in 4, and transiently improved then worsened in 2. The most immediate improvements were in ventricular shortening. Tei index did not correlate with CVPS, and improved in 2, worsened in 2 and did not change in 1. CONCLUSION: Digoxin appears to limit the progression of CHF and prolong gestation in fetuses with sinus rhythm with an abnormal CVPS due to CHD or noncardiac malformations, but is ineffective once hydrops has developed. We speculate that the improvements in ventricular function with digoxin may result from decreased systemic vascular resistance.
Species of the Phytophthora Megasperma Complex

(1991). Species of the Phytophthora Megasperma Complex. Mycologia: Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 376-381.
Dependence of beta-adrenergic responsiveness on thyroid state of male rats.

SUMMARY 1 The dose of thyroxine (0-150 μg/kg body weight) administered subcutaneously daily to surgically thyroidectomized male rats was correlated significantly with their metabolic activity as assessed by rate of oxygen consumption and colonic temperature. 2 There was a significant dose-dependent increase in total serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse-triiodothyronine concentrations with increasing doses of thyroxine administered. 3 The cardiostimulatory response to administration of isoprenaline (8 μg/kg body weight s.c.) was also correlated directly with the dose of thyroxine administered. 4 The concentration of cardiac β-adrenoceptors in these animals was correlated significantly with total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations, basal heart rate, and the chronotropic response to administration of isoprenaline.
Carbon monoxide and hydroxymercuribenzoate sensitivity of a fatty acid (ω-2) hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium

Summary A soluble monooxygenase system from Bacillus megaterium , which hydroxlates fatty acids primarily in the (ω-2) position in the presence of NADPH and 0 2 , is 50% inhibited by carbon monoxide at a CO:0 2 ratio of 0.25 and 85% inhibited by 5 μM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The latter inhibition can be reversed by ferredoxin, cysteine or glutathione. These data are interpreted as indicating the involvement of a P-450-type cytochrome and a ferredoxin-type component in the hydroxylation. This system is not inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase or by moderate concentrations of various hydroxyl radical scavengers.
Starfish, Salmon, and Whales: An Introduction to the Special Section

In the summer of 2001, when I was newly in my role as the president of the American Counseling Association (ACA), Judy Lewis, then immediate past president of ACA, and I had an informal lobby meeting with several people during a conference. Those counselors, some of whom are represented in this special section, discussed the need for counselors to be better advocates for social justice. We also discussed the fact that many of us do not have the skills to be effective advocates. From that discussion came a task force composed of Judy Lewis, Mary Smith Arnold, Reese House, and Rebecca Toporek, whom I charged with the task of developing a set of advocacy competencies that could be used by practitioners as well as by counselor educators and students. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2001) standards, then and now, include a requirement that advocacy be taught, but we knew of no actual set of competencies. Now they exist. This group developed an outstanding three-dimensional model, available on the ACA Web site (http://www.counseling.org/Publications/). Although metaphors are always imperfect, they can help us remember and respond in a way that academic terminology does not always do. I have been using the metaphor of starfish, salmon, and whales to describe these competencies. The starfish represents the client/student; the salmon, the school/community; and the whale, the public arena. (Yes, I know starfish are now called sea stars because they are not really fish; however, in the story, the sea star is called a starfish, so I will stick with that term.) Let me elaborate. The story of the starfish is a familiar one. Briefly, a person walking on a beach is throwing starfish, stranded on the dry sand, back into the ocean. A passerby questions the utility of saving one starfish, given the number of stranded starfish on the beach and on beaches around the world. How could it possibly matter? Throwing another back, the person replies, "It matters to this starfish." When we help individuals, or empower those individuals to help themselves, we are responding at the individual level. It is well known that salmon in the Pacific Northwest are declining in number because of logging, dams, and power plants, among other things. Dams, even with fish ladders, block access to spawning grounds; the erosion from logging causes muddy runoff that makes water murky, affecting the ability of salmon to find their spawning grounds; and power plants discharge warm water that also affects the ecosystem salmon need to spawn successfully. …
A HYBRID MOM/FEM TECHNIQUE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CAVITY-BACKED PATCH ANTENNAS EMBEDDED IN LARGE CONDUCTING SURFACES

A hybrid technique that combines the method of moments (MoM) with the finite-element method (FEM) is presented in this article for the analysis of cavity-backed patch antennas embedded in a conducting body. The technique utilizes the MoM approach in the domain exterior to the cavities, and a scattered-field version of the FEM formulation in the interior domains, which may contain material inhomogeneities. Fine features in the interior domains, such as thin-wire structures or coaxial cable feeds, are also analyzed with the MoM/FEM hybridization. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An electron microscopic study of TGN38/41 dynamics

We have used electron microscopy to further characterize details of the dynamics of TGN38/41, a protein found to cycle between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane. Immunogold-labeling of NRK cells under steady-state conditions shows the majority of TGN38/41 is localized to the trans-most Golgi cisternae and the trans-Golgi network. Small amounts of this molecule can be detected in early endosomes. Capture of cycling TGN38/41 molecules at the cell surface altered the steady state distribution. This was accomplished by binding TGN38/41 luminal domain antibodies to solid supports (beads), which were introduced to the culture media of cells. As increasing numbers of antigen-antibody complexes formed, the beads were internalized by the 'zippering mechanism' of phagocytosis. This provides a system that can address many questions related to the function of TGN38/41 and the trans-Golgi network itself.
Candidemia Incidence in Recipients of Parenteral Nutrition

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of candidemia in recipients of parenteral nutrition (PN) in a tertiary medical center with disease-specific guidelines for appropriate PN use. Methods: A retrospective, medical record/database review was conducted for adult patients who received PN in a 473-bed medical center from January 2006 to October 2008. Patients receiving PN >72 hours with no recent history of fungemia or concomitant antifungal therapy were evaluated for candidemia incidence with special interest in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Epidemiological and clinical factors promoting candidemia development, pattern of systemic antifungal therapy use, and patient outcomes were investigated. Results: Of 286 PN recipients, 14 (4.9%) patients were diagnosed with new-onset candidemia, with an incidence rate of 1.6 episodes per 1000 hospital-days. In the subgroup of 177 ICU patients, 11 (6.2%) patients developed candidemia, with an incidence rate of 2.4 episodes per 1000 ICU-...
A procedure for measurement of wound healing, with special reference to burns.

SummaryA simple technic is described for measurement of wound healing following a standardized burn of the mouse tail. A procedure was also developed for the application of local therapy to the burned area. A marked influence on viable tail length was obtained by local protective measures, and by administration of local and systemic antibacterial therapy,
Abiotic nitrate incorporation, anaerobic microsites, and the ferrous wheel

Nitrate has long been thought to be chem- ically unreactive in soil. This view was challenged by the report of an apparently abiotic process whereby nitrate (NO3 i ) is incorporated into organic com- pounds (Dail et al. 2001). In Colman et al. (2007), we examined how common this process might be by test- ing for it in 45 soils collected from across a range of ecosystem types. We found no evidence of this pro- cess occurring in any of the soils, but found evidence of an analytical artifact that creates the appearance of incorporation. We suggested that prior evidence of this process might be due in part or in total to this ana- lytical artifact. Davidson et al. (2008), however, chal- lenged our results and conclusions, suggesting that we failed to observe the abiotic incorporation because we eliminated the anaerobic microsites they argue are necessary for the process. We address the criticisms, and show that they actually raise questions about the robustness of the only study to have reported abiotic NO3 i incorporation in sterile soils. We argue that this area of research needs new artifact-free experiments if the controversy is going to be resolved.
Vortex lattices and crystalline geometries

We consider $AdS_2 \times R^2$ solutions supported by a magnetic field, such as those which arise in the near-horizon limit of magnetically charged $AdS_4$ Reissner-Nordstrom black branes. In the presence of an electrically charged scalar field, such magnetic solutions can be unstable to spontaneous formation of a vortex lattice. We solve the coupled partial differential equations which govern the charged scalar, gauge field, and metric degrees of freedom to lowest non-trivial order in an expansion around the critical point, and discuss the corrections to the free energy and thermodynamic functions arising from the formation of the lattice. We describe how such solutions can also be interpreted, via S-duality, as characterizing infrared crystalline phases of conformal field theories doped by a chemical potential, but in zero magnetic field; the doped conformal field theories are dual to geometries that exhibit dynamical scaling and hyperscaling violation.
Lessons Neglected: Effects of Moist Air on Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth in Aluminum Alloys

A significant amount of research in the late 1960's and early 1970's focused on the influence of moist air environments on fatigue in aluminum alloys. This work showed that moist air environments have a significant and deleterious effect on fatigue crack growth resistance and fatigue life. In moist air environments including laboratory air, the environmental influence is manifested in both humidity and frequency effects. This early research points to the clear need to perform testing of aluminum alloys under conditions of controlled humidity and frequency which ideally provide results representative of those in service; yet this lesson is often neglected in practice. As a result, unreliable or inconsistent data is often used for the purpose of comparing fatigue and fatigue crack growth performance of new and incumbent alloys or for design life estimation, potentially resulting in non-optimum material selection for the product application and inaccurate life predictions. In this paper, the characteristic behaviors of environmental influence in aluminum alloys is reviewed along with the proposed mechanisms, and the significant effects of humidity and frequency are demonstrated using constant amplitude, spectrum fatigue crack growth and stress-life (S-N) fatigue results recently generated by Alcoa on new and incumbent alloys. Recommendations are made for minimizing the variability in fatigue data introduced by environmental effects and for obtaining the most reliable fatigue data for alloy comparison, product design, and material specification purposes.
Editing Templates: A User Interface Generation Tool

This article discusses a basic architecture for a user interface management system and the problem of updating a display in response to interactive commands. The basic architecture is then extended to include basic editing and browsing processes on arbitrary data structures. Editing templates are presented as a technique embodying the entire manipulation process for a particular data structure/data display combination. In conjuction with the user interface management system, Such templates are able to automatically provide a majority of the code required in an interactive applicaton.
New concepts in electron beam scan-layer mode selection

The Electron Beam Scanlaser has been described and operated in terms of a scanning light source in which the easily deflected electron beam determines a spot from which laser light is emitted. However, the scanlaser concept can be generalized by considering it as a type of cathode ray tube, in which a degenerate laser samples the charge distribution on a particular target, and emits light from all points which have a certain charge (50 pico-coulombs in the present embodiment). A variety of consequences of this generalization will be considered. The source of the field across the crystal need not be a scanning electron beam, so that it should be possible to generate the charge pattern by means of a photocathode in conjunction with several multiplier stages, forming a "scanlaser image converter." Furthermore, the field across the KDP crystal used in the mode selector can be provided in a much more practical way; for example, by means of a matrix of conducting wires embedded in a CRT faceplate, such as is used in the electrostatic printing tube. Many other CRT devices can be applied to the scanlaser mode selector, and some of these will be discussed. A new scanlaser mode selector demonstrated in the laboratory will be reported which, among other advantages, provides a variable charge decay time which can be orders of magnitude faster than anything previously possible, with no loss in resolution.
An efficient and simple approach to suppressing the high-frequency power/ground plane noise

This paper presents a new method to suppress the power/ground (P/G) plane noise commonly encountered in high-speed digital and mixed-signal systems. This method is based on modifying the conventional power/ground cavity model by utilizing the inhomogeneous medium in the power/ground structure. The usage of this inhomogeneous medium leads to the appearance of the nonconstant-coefficient first-order derivative terms of the model equation. These terms allow us to control and to change the geometrical property of the model solution if the coefficients are properly selected. We will show that by adjusting the parameters of the coefficient functions, the resonance of the structure can be completely eliminated. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation for the power/ground plane structure demonstrates the effectiveness of the method.
Predicting memory performance under conditions of proactive interference: Immediate and delayed judgments of learning

Four experiments examined the monitoring accuracy of immediate and delayed judgments of learning (JOLs) under conditions of proactive interference (PI). PI was produced using paired-associate learning tasks that conformed to variations of classic A–B, A–D paradigms. Results revealed that the relative monitoring accuracy of interference items was better for delayed than for immediate JOLs. However, delayed JOLs were overconfident for interference items, but not for items devoid of interference. Intrusions retrieved prior to delayed JOLs produced inflated predictions of performance. These results show that delayed JOLs enhance monitoring accuracy in PI situations, except when intrusions are mistaken for target responses.
GaAs HBTs: an analog circuit design perspective

The basic characteristics of GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are described, and SPICE parameters of HBT devices are compared to those of a silicon process with breakdown voltage adequate for analog applications. Simulated amplifier bandwidth in the GaAs process is seen to be about twice that of the silicon process at high currents, but the margin decreases at lower currents. Thermal management of HBT IC designs is shown to be important. Simulation tools to control peak junction temperatures and to model thermally induced transients are described. >
Coalition lobbying in Tanzania: the experiences of local NGOs

Among the few papers that have been written on interest group behaviour in developing countries, none considers how groups cooperate to influence public policy. This paper is intended to help fill that gap in the literature. It does so by comparing the formation and development of four non-governmental organization (NGO) campaigns in Tanzania between 1997 and 2004. Three of these NGO campaigns were able to establish coalitions while one was not. The NGOs involved were attempting to influence public policy on three pieces of legislation: the Land Acts of 1999, the NGO Act of 2002 and the Environmental Management Act of 2004. Two theories of coalition formation, one of population ecology and one of resource dependency are used in the paper to assess their relevance to the Tanzanian experience. The paper finds that these theories do not adequately explain coalition formation in Tanzania. Of several factors predicted by these theories, only two are found to be related to coalition formation in the Tanzanian case. However, when coalitions do form they allow individual groups to pool scarce resources, share information and expertise and enhance the legitimacy of the policy argument. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size distribution of submarine landslides and its implication to tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico

[1] We have established for the first time a size frequency distribution for carbonate submarine slope failures. Using detailed bathymetry along the northern edge of the carbonate platform north of Puerto Rico, we show that the cumulative distribution of slope failure volumes follows a power-law distribution. The power-law exponent of this distribution is similar to those for rock falls on land, commensurate with their interpreted failure mode. The carbonate volume distribution and its associated volume-area relationship are significantly different from those for clay-rich debris lobes in the Storegga slide, Norway. Coupling this relationship with tsunami simulations allows an estimate of the maximum tsunami runup and the maximum number of potentially damaging tsunamis from landslides to the north shore of Puerto Rico.
One-Year Postapproval Clinical Experience with Radium-223 Dichloride in Patients with Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Objectives: We report our 1-year postapproval clinical experience with Radium-223 dichloride for treatment of castrate-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases. Methods: The clinical courses of the first 25 patients treated were reviewed retrospectively. Incidence of hematologic, gastrointestinal, and other adverse events were identified, including those events that led to cessation or delay in treatment. Alterations in bone pain and serum alkaline phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were evaluated. Results: Six patients received all 6 scheduled doses of Radium-223 dichloride, 2 completed 5 doses, 6 received 4 doses, 2 completed 3 doses, 6 patients had 2 doses, and 3 patients received one dose, for a total of 91 doses administered. Nine patients discontinued treatment after receiving at least one dose due to progressive disease, 5 required blood transfusions, 5 developed gastrointestinal symptoms, 4 reported worsening bone pain, and 1 developed dermatitis. Downward trends...
Structure of Gel Phase DMPC Determined by X-Ray Diffraction

The structure of fully hydrated gel phase dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers was obtained at 10°C. Oriented lipid multilayers were used to obtain high signal-to-noise intensity data. The chain tilt angle and an estimate of the methylene electron density were obtained from wide angle reflections. The chain tilt angle is measured to be 32.3 0.6 o near full hydration, and it does not change as the sample is mildly dehydrated from a repeat spacing of D 59.9 A to D 56.5 A. Low angle diffraction peaks were obtained up to the tenth order for 17 samples with variable D and prepared by three different methods with different geometries. In addition to the usual Fourier reconstructions of the electron density profiles, model electron density profiles were fit to all the low angle data simultaneously while constraining the model to include the wide-angle data and the measured lipid volume. Results are obtained for area/lipid (A 47.2 0.5 A 2 ), the compressibility modulus (KA 500 100 dyn/cm), various thicknesses, such as the hydrocarbon thickness (2DC 30.3 0.2 A), and the head-to-head spacing (DHH 40.1 0.1 A).
Mindfulness meditation alleviates depressive symptoms in women with fibromyalgia: Results of a randomized clinical trial

Objective Depressive symptoms are common among patients with fibromyalgia, and behavioral intervention has been recommended as a major treatment component for this illness. The objective of this study was to test the effects of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) intervention on depressive symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia. Methods This randomized controlled trial examined effects of the 8-week MBSR intervention on depressive symptoms in 91 women with fibromyalgia who were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 51) or a waiting-list control group (n = 40). Eligible patients were at least 18 years old, willing to participate in a weekly group, and able to provide physician verification of a fibromyalgia diagnosis. Of 166 eligible participants who responded to local television news publicizing, 49 did not appear for a scheduled intake, 24 enrolled but did not provide baseline data, and 2 were excluded due to severe mental illness, leaving 91 participants. The sample averaged 48 years of age and had 14.7 years of education. The typical participant was white, married, and employed. Patients randomly assigned to treatment received MBSR. Eight weekly 2.5-hour sessions were led by a licensed clinical psychologist with mindfulness training. Somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory administered at baseline, immediately postprogram, and at followup 2 months after the conclusion of the intervention. Results Change in depressive symptoms was assessed using slopes analyses of intervention effects over time. Depressive symptoms improved significantly in treatment versus control participants over the 3 assessments. Conclusion This meditation-based intervention alleviated depressive symptoms among patients with fibromyalgia.
Abstraction in Computer Science

We characterize abstraction in computer science by first comparing the fundamental nature of computer science with that of its cousin mathematics. We consider their primary products, use of formalism, and abstraction objectives, and find that the two disciplines are sharply distinguished. Mathematics, being primarily concerned with developing inference structures, has information neglect as its abstraction objective. Computer science, being primarily concerned with developing interaction patterns, has information hiding as its abstraction objective. We show that abstraction through information hiding is a primary factor in computer science progress and success through an examination of the ubiquitous role of information hiding in programming languages, operating systems, network architecture, and design patterns.
Bergmann's Clines in Ectotherms: Illustrating a Life-History Perspective with Sceloporine Lizards

The generality and causes of Bergmann's rule have been debated vigorously in the last few years, but Bergmann's clines are rarely explained in the context of life-history theory. We used both traditional and phylogenetic comparative analyses to explore the causes of latitudinal and thermal clines in the body size of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). The proximate mechanism for larger body sizes in colder environments is delayed maturation, which results in a greater fecundity but a lower survival to maturity. Life- history theory predicts that a higher survivorship of juveniles in colder environments can favor the evolution of a Bergmann's cline. Consistent with this theory, lizards in colder environments survive better as juveniles and delay maturation until reaching a larger body size than that of lizards in warmer environments. We expect similar relationships among temperature, survivorship, and age/size at ma- turity exist in other ectotherms that exhibit Bergmann's clines. How- ever, life-history traits of S. undulatus were more strongly related to latitude than they were to temperature, indicating that both abiotic and biotic factors should be considered as causes of Bergmann's clines. Nonetheless, analyses of the costs and benefits of particular
Driver Performance at Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections on Divided Highways

The goal of this study is to examine differences in driving performance at rural expressway intersections with respect to age (younger, middle-aged, and older) and intersection (high- and low-crash area). Such intersections occur where a median-divided highway meets a two-lane, stop-controlled minor road. One intersection was identified as a high-crash area with horizontal curves; the other one was a low-crash area with no curves. All participants were asked to perform three driving maneuvers (i.e., going straight across, making a left and a right turn) from the two-lane minor roads. Age and intersection differences immediately before entering and within these intersections were examined. Sixty drivers participated in the study and were divided evenly between the younger (18 to 25), middle-aged (35 to 55), and older (65 to 80) groups. Data for each participant were collected from an on-road study in an instrumented vehicle. Results showed that both older and younger drivers were likely to run stop signs a...
Cosmid Instability in PseudomonasSyringae Pathovars: Evidence for Directed Excision of a Cloned Sequence

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) strain Pa129, which produces syringomycin or other toxic compounds, causes brown spot disease of bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. A genomic clone bank was constructed of Pal29 DNA using the broad host range cosmid vector, pVK102. Following conjugative transfer of the clone bank into strain R32, a syringomycinless Pss, none of the transconjugants inhibited the growth of Ceratocystis fimbriata. However, an E. coli colony from the clone bank slightly inhibited growth of the fungus. The cosmid, pOSU2901 (29 kb insert) in this colony could not be transferred intact from E. coli to Pss, strain R32 or to the pathovar phaseolicola. All transconjugants contained a cosmid that had the insert deleted. Evidence strongly supports the premise that the insert is usually precisely excised by a mechanism which restores the cloning site within the kanamycin gene of pVK102.
Semantic Quantification: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Marketing research makes extensive use of semantic stimuli in scaling procedures. Magnitude estimation provides a technique for assessing respondents’ quantitative assessments of words or phrases used as scale anchor points. Hispanic and non-Hispanic respondents estimated the numerical value of a series of expressions of amount. Minimal differences were found between the cultural groups.
Tackling population health: leaving a meaningful mark on the world.

![Figure][1] Cardiovascular diseases know no borders. Although huge strides have been made in treating cardiovascular diseases and reducing morbidity and mortality over the last several decades, they remain the number 1 cause of death around the globe [(1)][2]. In fact, cardiovascular
It's about time: Revisiting UTAUT2 to examine consumers’ intentions to use NFC mobile payments in hotels

Abstract October 2015 marks the deadline for merchants in the U.S. to accept Europay Mastercard and Visa (EMV) payments, or else be liable for fraud. Within this new context, and corroborated with the rapid development in mobile payment technology, a new form of payment is increasingly gaining ground: near field communication (NFC) mobile payments (NFC-MP). NFC-MP, relatively new to the U.S., are completed using mobile devices equipped with proximity technology such as NFC (e.g., Apple iPhone6) and are substantially different than traditional web-based mobile payments. Based on data from a sample of 794 hotel consumers selected from the United States general population, this study revisited the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) to build a comprehensive model that explains intentions to use NFC-MP in hotels. It was found that performance expectancy was the highest predictor of intentions, while hedonic motivations, habit, and social influences have relatively lower effects. Several important implications for academics and industry decision-makers are formulated.
Backscatter protocols and energy-efficient computing for rf-powered devices

RF-powered computers operate using energy they harvest from radio frequency (RF) signals. Compared to battery powered devices, they have the advantages of being small and long-lived as they do not need to carry an onboard energy-store, and they can be embedded inside objects, structures and even the human body. In this dissertation, I explore how we can build networks of RF-powered computers that support rich functionality across a range of RF environments. Towards this goal, I identify the key challenges to running programs on RF-powered computers, and argue that devices must adapt their behavior to match their task energy consumption to the available power. To demonstrate this approach, I formulate the task scheduling problem for one class of RF-powered devices (computational-RFIDs), and implement Dewdrop, an energy-aware CRFID runtime. By waking tags at the right times, Dewdrop can complete tasks that previously could not complete, and at close to their maximum rate given the power that the RF environment provides. The second challenge I tackle is how to build networks using backscatter communication. Backscatter signaling is an ultra-low power form of communication, but the simplicity needed to achieve such low power operation makes clients prone to interference. To understand how this challenge can be overcome, I use measurement and simulation results to explore the mechanisms by which interference impacts network performance. I then use these insights to develop a network design that mitigates interference and enables backscatter networks to scale well. Experimental results show that this design improves both coverage and capacity in a building-scale network compared to existing designs. This dissertation supports my thesis that RF-powered computers can support rich tasks in a variety of RF environments, and networks of such devices can scale to building-sized deployments. As technology advances, RF-powered devices will only decrease in size and increase in computational power and operational range. By demonstrating that they can also support rich functionality and be used to build building-scale networks, this dissertation demonstrates their potential to provide deeply embedded and long-lived sensing and computation.
Ovine fetal swallowing and renal responses to oligohydramnios

Amniotic fluid (AF) volume regulation is dependent on a balance between fluid production and fluid resorption. We examined the effects of reduced AF volume on AF production by fetal urine and resorption by fetal swallowing and the response of these parameters to AF volume replacement. Eight time-dated pregnant ewes (125 +/- 1 days gestation) were studied before (day 1) and after (day 3) AF and fetal urine drainage. Drainage resulted in a significant decrease in AF volume (415 +/- 89 to 157 +/- 36 ml). Fetal urine osmolality increased (139 +/- 10 to 286 +/- 33 mosmol/kgH2O), while urine flow did not change significantly (0.31 +/- 0.04 to 0.23 +/- 0.06 ml/min), resulting in nonsignificant increases in osmolar, sodium, and chloride excretions. Fetal electromyographic swallowing activity decreased 30% (1.0 +/- 0.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.1 swallows/min; P < 0.05), while net esophageal flow decreased 74% (0.31 +/- 0.12 to 0.07 +/- 0.04 ml/min; P < 0.05). On day 4, 0.15 M NaCl (500 ml; 37 degrees C) was administered into the AF over 30 min. During the 2 h after reinfusion, urine flow (0.29 +/- 0.07 to 0.40 +/- 0.09 ml/min) and osmolar sodium and chloride excretion significantly increased, though fetal swallowing activity and esophageal flow did not change. Thus the ovine fetus responded to reduced AF volume by maintaining AF production and decreasing AF resorption. In response to AF replacement, urine flow increased while fetal swallowing activity did not change, consistent with an intramembranous pathway for fetal AF resorption.
A new species and key for Rhaphiomidas Osten Sacken (Diptera: Mydidae).

This paper describes one new species, Rhaphiomidas ballmeri sp. nov. from Sonora state, Mexico. A new key is provided for males of this genus to aid in their identification.
Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Doxil is a liposomal preparation of doxorubicin that results in prolonged pharmacologic exposure in vivo to the active agent. We sought to test the hypothesis that this new formulation would result in improved efficacy in patients with colorectal cancer. Patients with advanced colorectal cancer who
Molecular diagnostic testing and the indeterminate thyroid nodule

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the latest developments in the use of molecular diagnostic testing in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of nodules with fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results that are classified as indeterminate (i.e., atypia of undetermined significance/lesion of undetermined significance, follicular neoplasm, and suspicious for malignancy) are histologically benign. Improvements in diagnostic discrimination can potentially be achieved with immunocytochemical analysis for candidate protein markers such as galectin-3, or analysis of differential microRNA expression patterns although larger prospective validation studies are still needed. After large-scale gene expression analysis, a marker panel was selected with the goal of optimizing the negative predictive value, and in indeterminate nodules, the panel may be helpful in lowering but not eliminating the risk of cancer. Another panel composed of gene mutations and rearrangements associated with thyroid cancer can improve the specificity and positive predictive value of preoperative FNAB, and better identify cytologically indeterminate nodules with a high risk of cancer. SUMMARY Molecular diagnostic testing improves preoperative risk stratification for nodules that have indeterminate FNAB results. Although currently available tests do not yet have the sensitivity to reliably exclude malignancy altogether, improvements in specificity can be used to guide the extent of initial surgery and clinical management.
Limits of Diffusive Transport to an Optical Biosensor and the Impact of Optical Forces

The detection limits of photonic crystal resonator biosensors are investigated numerically and experimentally. Particle transport to the resonator is by diffusion from microfluidic flow, and the impact of optical forces on transport is also investigated.