cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Current Correlations in Classical Fluids via Modeled Kinetic Equations

The transverse and longitudinal current correlations in a simple classical fluid were originally calculated from a modeled kinetic equation using an approximate solution valid for only small values of wave number $k$. These correlation functions have been recalculated using the exact solution of this kinetic equation for arbitrary values of $k$.
Covariant model of a fermion-antifermion bound state with harmonic confinement.

We solve a covariant equation for a fermion-antifermion system interacting on a three-dimensional hypersurface in Minkowski space for the particular case of a local harmonic-oscillator potential. By assuming free propagation in a perpendicular timelike direction, full covariant bound-state amplitudes are constructed using two different formalisms. We examine and compare the possible suitability of these two approaches for the description of composite Goldstone bosons. The techniques developed are generalizable to other potentials.
Inelastic differential scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms from 0.75-4 Ryd: n=2 states

Differential cross sections for excitation of the n=2 states of atomic hydrogen by electron impact are calculated in a hybrid pseudostate close-coupling distorted-wave model at energies from 13.6 to 54.4 eV. The total (2s+2p) differential cross sections are in good agreement with absolute measurements. Elastic differential cross sections are given at 54.4 eV. Sets of parameters which give a complete description of the radiative decay of the excited 2p state and of the angular distribution of the scattered electron are presented for four energies with a view to simulating coincidence experiments.
Photoionization of the CF3 Free Radical

The photoionization cross‐section curve in the wavelength region 1420–860 A was obtained for the CF3 radical. The shape of the onset of the ionization efficiency curve shows that the adiabatic ionization potential of the radical is much lower than the vertical one, and hence that the equilibrium configuration of the CF3+ ion is very different from that of the molecule. Autoionization probably accounts for some of the ionization near threshold. The ionization potential obtained was I.P.(CF3)=9.25±0.04 eV. The photoionization efficiency curve for aniline was determined in the process of calibrating a nickel photoelectric detector.
Sermons on Racial Tolerance and the Parish Neighborhood Context1

A study was conducted concerning racial attitudes of a group of white, Roman Catholic residents of a large midwestern city interviewed before and after they heard two sermons opposing raeial injustice and segregation. There was no significant relationship between presermon and postsermon change in a parishioner's attitude toward racial integration and the prointegration intensity of the sermons he heard. However, variation in the prointegration intensity of sermons delivered in a parish was closely related to the socioeconomic status of the parishioners, suggesting that the priests’perception of parish norms may have influenced the contents of the sermons. The needs or functions that segregationist attitudes may serve were considered. The 3 strongest of 14 correlates of segregationist attitudes investigated in this study were (a) belief that racial integration leads to neighborhood deterioration, (b) authoritarian aggression, and (c) perception of neighbors’attitudes toward integration. These three correlates appear to reflect object appraisal needs, externalization of inner conflict needs, and social adjustment needs, respectively.
Patterns of Neuropathy and Autonomic Failure in Patients With Amyloidosis

OBJECTIVE To define the clinical patterns of peripheral neuropathy and autonomic testing abnormalities in patients with amyloidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted of 65 patients who had biopsy-proven amyloidosis and autonomic function testing between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1997, at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN. Patients were required to have neurologic evaluation, autonomic reflex screening, and tissue confirmation of amyloidosis. RESULTS We identified 5 clinical patterns of peripheral neuropathy: (1) generalized autonomic failure and polyneuropathy with pain (40 patients [62%]), (2) generalized autonomic failure and polyneuropathy without pain (11 [17%]), (3) isolated generalized autonomic failure (7 [11%]), (4) polyneuropathy without generalized autonomic failure (4 [6%]), and (5) generalized autonomic failure and small-fiber (ie, autonomic and somatic C-fiber) neuropathy (3 [5%]). Moderately severe generalized autonomic failure, involving adrenergic, cardiovagal, or sudomotor domains, was found in all patients, including those without clinically manifested autonomic failure. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was delayed in patients who did not have initial symptoms of pain or generalized autonomic failure (48 months to diagnosis in patients with polyneuropathy without autonomic failure vs 12 months to diagnosis in patients with autonomic failure and small-fiber neuropathy; P=.57). CONCLUSION Physicians should test for symptoms of generalized autonomic failure in patients who have peripheral neuropathy of unknown origin. Autonomic testing may give abnormal results in patients without overt symptoms of autonomic failure. Early recognition of autonomic failure may lead to earlier diagnosis of the underlying pathogenesis of amyloidosis, as well as earlier treatment for patients with this condition.
Traumatic locked-in syndrome.

The first case of traumatic locked-in syndrome caused by direct damage to the brainstem and not by vascular occlusion of the basilar artery is presented. The lesion consisted of cavitary necrosis of the ventral pontomedullary junction and bilateral disruption of the sixth cranial nerves. Other regions of brainstem damage are described and correlated with the patient's neurological deficits. The damage is thought to be due primarily to mechanical stretching occurring during sudden hyperextension injury.
Panopticonics: The Control and Surveillance of Black Female Athletes in a Collegiate Athletic Program

This article analyzes black female student athletes' participation in an elite collegiate athletic program and shows how the program maximizes black female participants' athletic and academic potential through surveillance, control, and discipline. The program instills in black female athletes a model of womanhood whereby they come to expect and achieve academic and athletic success, but does so at the expense of their autonomy and freedom from surveillance. Ultimately, this analysis shows the promise and peril of panopticonics as educational technology.
Switched-Capacitor-Cell-Based Voltage Multipliers and DC–AC Inverters

In this paper, several modular converter topologies based on a switched-capacitor-cell concept are introduced for high-power applications. Two types of switched-capacitor cells, including the full cell and the half-cell, are discussed. The full cell can be used for dc-ac inversion, and the half-cell is utilized in both dc-dc and dc-ac applications. A rotational charging scheme is adopted for the half-cell-based dc-dc voltage multiplier to eliminate the large output capacitor that exists in many traditional switched-capacitor topologies. A soft-switching scheme, which does not require extra components, is adopted to reduce the switching loss and electromagnetic interference. A variable switching frequency control scheme is proposed to realize soft switching for dc-ac inverters. The experimental results on a 2-kW prototype are presented to verify the proposed topologies.
Surface-atmosphere interactions on Titan compared with those on the pre-biotic Earth.

The surface and atmosphere of Titan constitute a system which is potentially as complex as that of the Earth, with the possibility of precipitation, surface erosion due to liquids, chemistry in large surface or subsurface hydrocarbon resevoirs, surface expressions of internal activity, and occasional major impacts leading to crustal melting. While none of the above have been observed as yet, the composition, density and thermal properties of Titan's atmosphere make it uniquely suited in the outer solar system as a place where such processes may occur. The one attribute of the Earth not expected on Titan is biological activity, which has had a profound effect on the evolution of the Earth's surface-atmosphere system. The earliest environment of Titan could have been warm enough for liquid ammonia-water solutions to exist on or near surface; pre-biotic organic processes may have taken place in such an environment. After a few hundred million years surface ammonia-water would have disappeard. Therefore, study of Titan through Cassini/Huygens mission, planned for launch in 1997, primarily affords the opportunity to understand planet-side surface-atmophsre interactions in the presence of fluids but in the absence of life. More speculative is the possibility that endogenic and exogenic heating continue to provide short-lived environments on Titan wherein pre-biotic organic processes in the presence of water happen.
Cross-Layer Design of Random On-Off Accumulative Transmission with Iterative Detections

Random on-off accumulative transmission (R-OOAT) is a cross-layer technique that can achieve collision-tolerance in the media access control (MAC) layer by leveraging on the signal processing capability in the physical (PHY) layer. In this paper, a new PHY/MAC cross-layer design is proposed for the R-OOAT framework. In the PHY layer, we propose an iterative method for the detection of R-OOAT signals colliding at the receiver, such that the transmitted information can be recovered with a low complexity in the presence of severe signal collisions. The iterative detection is enabled by the unique signal structure of the R-OOAT, and it can operate in both coded and uncoded systems. In the MAC layer, the R-OOAT scheme uses silence periods inside a frame to achieve collision-tolerance, which is different from most conventional MAC schemes that rely on random intervals between frames to reduce collision. The theoretical spectral efficiency of R-OOAT is analyzed with the PHY/MAC operations. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed cross-layer design can support more users and achieve a much higher spectral efficiency compared to conventional MAC schemes.
Characterization of plasma fluorinated zirconia for dental applications by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract This paper discusses fluorination of biomedical-grade yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) by sulfur hexafluoride plasma treatment and characterization of near-surface chemistry products by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Deconvolution of the Zr 3d and Y 3d XPS core level spectra revealed formation of both ZrF 4 and YF 3 . In addition, seven-coordinate ZrO 2 F 5 and/or ZrO 3 F 4 phases were deconvolved, retaining similar atomic coordination as the parent oxide and believed to have formed by substitutional displacement of oxygen by fluorine. No additional components attributed to yttria oxyfluoride were deconvolved. Argon ion sputter depth profiling determined the overlayer to be ∼4.0 nm in thickness, and angle resolved XPS showed no angle dependence on component percentages likely due to fluorination extending into the grain boundaries of the polycrystalline substrates. Importantly, the conversion layer did not induce any apparent change in zirconia crystallinity by inspection of Zr-O 3d 5/2,3/2 peak positions and full-width-at-half-maximum values, important for retaining its desirable mechanical properties.
Effects of aluminum on red spruce seedlings in solution culture

Abstract Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings were grown in solution culture at pH 4.0 with 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μM Al. To evaluate the effects of culture medium concentratioms comparisons were made between Al effects in the full strength medium and a 5-fold diluted medium. Overall, the effect of Al on seedling growth and nutrient composition was more severe in the 1/5 strength medium. In both media Al reduced root biomass to a greater degree than shoot biomass. Tap root and shoot elongation were significantly reduced by 250 μM both in the full and 1/5 medium. However, total length of lateral roots was greater in the 1/5 strength medium compared to the full medium. Al tissue content increased with Al solution concentration and was substantially larger in fine roots compared to young needles. Needle Al content was higher in the 1/5 medium. This may explain the greater Al injury observed in 1/5 strength medium. It suggests that ionic strength has a significant effect on Al translocation. With the exception of phosphate, Al reduced the ionic content of plant tissues. The effects were generally more severe in the 1/5 strength medium and were observed at the 250 μM Al concentration. At higher Al levels reduction in tissue Mg and Ca may have been sufficiently severe to induce nutrient deficiences.
VLSI implementation of neural classifiers

The embedding of neural networks in real-time systems performing classification and clustering tasks requires that models be implemented in hardware. A flexible, pipelined associative memory capable of operating in real-time is proposed as a hardware substrate for the emulation of neural fixed-radius clustering and binary classification schemes. This paper points out several important considerations in the development of hardware implementations. As a specific example, it is shown how the ART1 paradigm can be functionally emulated by the limited resolution pipelined architecture, in the absence of full parallelism.
Freeze‐fracture study of filipin binding in photoreceptor outer segments and pigment epithelium of dystrophic and normal retinas

We have studied sterol distribution in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) microvillous and outer segment disc membranes of rats with inherited retinal degeneration (RCS; RCS-p/+) and of normal genetic controls (RCS-rdy+, RCS-rdy+-p/+) by using the polyene antibiotic filipin, which binds specifically to 3-B-hydroxy-sterols, and freeze-fracture techniques. Retinas were perfusion-fixed, incubated with filipin in the same fixative, and prepared routinely for freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In the normal retina, the distribution of filipin binding sites on both RPE microvillous and outer segment disc membranes changes during development. Prior to outer segment elongation and the onset of phagocytosis (10 days postnatal), filipin sterol complexes are homogeneously distributed in both microvillous and outer segment membranes. With the onset of phagocytosis (2 weeks postnatal and later) filipin binding in both tissues forms a proximal-to-distal gradient, and binding sites decrease as distance from the cell body increases. In the normal RPE microvillous membranes, binding sites are numerous proximally and sparse on the distal tips. In the normal outer segment disc membranes, binding sites are often present on the basal discs, but are sparse on the intact apical discs prior to shedding. As the discs are cast off and engulfed by the RPE, however, filipin binding increases on both disc and phagosome membranes. In the dystrophic retina, the distribution of filipin binding sites differs from the normal. First, in the microvillous membranes, the proximal-to-distal gradient in filipin binding is rarely present at 2 weeks postnatal and becomes prominent only after the buildup of membranous debris has begun (3-5 weeks postnatal). Second, as the photoreceptors degenerate and the membrane debris disappears (4 months postnatal), filipin binding on the microvillous membranes becomes relatively sparse and homogeneous. Third, filipin binding on the intact disc membranes does not change with outer segment elongation, and numerous filipin binding sites are present on both apical and basal outer segment disc membranes. Fourth, large aggregates of filipin binding sites occupy the vast expanses of particle-free areas of debris membranes which accumulate between the photoreceptors and the RPE. These changes in the amount and distribution of filipin binding sites in the dystrophic retina add to the evidence that the disease process involves outer segment as well as RPE membranes and suggest that alterations in cholesterol distribution could contribute to the phagocytic defect.
A Literature Review of Therapeutic Expectancy Effects

Expectancy effects, the process by which expectations become self-fulfilling prophecies, have been found in a variety of research settings and are generally powerful predictors of outcomes. Although a significant body of literature exists addressing the role of expectations on outcomes in individual therapy, little is known about the role of expectations in couple therapy. Further, little is known about the mechanisms by which expectations become self-fulfilling prophecies in complex interpersonal settings such as psychotherapy. This manuscript offers a comprehensive review of the extant literature about expectations in individual psychotherapy, a review of preliminary evidence of the presence of expectations in couple therapy, and suggestions for future research.
Use of Activated Factor VII in Patients with Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage: A 10 Years Institutional Experience

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a life-threatening condition with an obscure etiology and pathogenesis. It is associated with many drugs and diseases including chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and autoimmune disorders. This retrospective study reports our experience with 23 patients who had DAH and received intravenous recombinant activated Factor VIIa (rFVIIa). We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who received intravenous rFVIIa for DAH at a tertiary care university hospital between January 1, 2003 and May 31, 2013. We report demographics, etiology of DAH, frequency and total dose of intravenous rFVIIa, effect of rFVIIa on DAH, and morbidity and mortality. Mean age was 47 ± 19 years. There were 13 men and 10 women. Nine patients had Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis, two had systemic lupus erythematosus, three had Good pasture’s syndrome, seven were post-bone marrow transplant, one had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and one had cryoglobulinemia. Treatment in the ICU was required for 22 patients of whom 18 were intubated and on mechanical ventilation; one patient was treated on general medical service. All patients received 35–120 mcg/kg rFVIIa every 2 h until hemostasis was achieved or treatment was judged to be inadequate. In 22/23 patients, bleeding resolved with rFVIIa therapy. The mean dose to control bleeding was 5 ± 3 mg. Eight patients died (36 %) of their underlying condition; six of them had received bone marrow transplant, while two had ANCA vasculitis. Deaths were due to multiorgan failure, sepsis, and progressive underlying disease. No overt, clinically obvious adverse thrombotic events were observed with the use of rFVIIa. Activated Factor VII can achieve hemostasis in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.
Giant Botryoid Fibroepithelial Polyp of Bladder with Myofibroblastic Stroma and Cystitis Cystica et Glandularis

A 3-year-old boy presented with a single episode of gross hematuria and no history of previous urinary tract disorder. Imaging studies revealed a large complex polypoid filling defect in the bladder lumen. Several attempts at transurethral biopsy and cytological examination of the urine revealed clumps of benign epithelial cells, but suspicion of a malignant neoplasm such as rhabdomyosarcoma remained high and the lesion was resected. The specimen measured 15 cm, had a narrow zone of attachment to the bladder mucosa, and was grossly botryoid. Changes typical of cystitis cystica et glandularis were present at and near all surfaces. Myxoid stroma contained scattered benign fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Inexplicably, one of two karyotyped stromal cells demonstrated a translocation usually associated with rhabdomyosarcoma. This child is well without evidence of bladder abnormality 1.5 years after surgery.
Diurnal variations of needle water isotopic ratios in two pine species

Diurnal fluctuations of leaf water isotope ratios (δ18O and δD) were measured for Jeffrey (Pinus jeffreyi Balf.) and lodgepole (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden) pine. Two trees per species were sampled every few hours on 15–16 October 2005 and 19–20 June 2006. Diurnal gas exchange was measured during the summer sampling. In fall 2005, leaf water δ18O ranged from 0.7 to 9.0‰, and leaf water δD ranged from −70 to −50‰. In summer 2006, leaf water δ18O ranged from 7.7 to 20.7‰, and leaf water δD ranged from −61 to −24‰. Diurnal variation of leaf water isotope values typically reached a maximum in early afternoon, began decreasing around midnight, and reached a minimum in mid-morning. Both periods showed a high degree of enrichment relative to source water, with leaf water–source water enrichments ranging up to 37.8‰ for δ18O, and up to 95‰ for δD. Leaf water enrichment varied by season with summer enrichment being greater than fall enrichment. A steady-state model (i.e., modified Craig–Gordon modeling) for leaf water isotope compositions did not provide a good fit to measured values of leaf water. In summer, a non-steady state model provided a better fit to the measured data than the steady-state model. Our findings demonstrate substantial leaf water enrichment above source water and diurnal variations in the isotopic composition of leaf water, which has application to understanding short-term variability of atmospheric gases (water vapor, CO2, O2), climate studies based on the isotopic composition of tree rings, and ecosystem water fluxes.
In the eye of the beholder: The role of reporters in bringing families to the attention of child protective services

Abstract The majority of child maltreatment allegations investigated by child protective services are not substantiated, and scholars suggest that mandatory abuse reporting laws may contribute to inappropriate reports that are subsequently unfounded. The study examines factors associated with reports by different categories of reporters (i.e., school officials and day care staff; medical professionals; law enforcement and social service providers; and neighbors, friends, family, and anonymous reporters) among 1260 low-income families at risk for child protection involvement. Findings reveal that reporters report distinctly different families and mandated reporters are more likely to have their allegations substantiated. Implications for child maltreatment definitions, family visibility, and dual track response systems are discussed.
Method for predicting sorption of small drug molecules onto polylactide

A method has been developed to predict the percent sorption of small drug molecules onto polylactide (PLA). In this method, molecular modeling is first used to calculate the interaction energy between the adsorbate and PLA. Alternatively, the adsorbate-PLA interaction energy can be calculated by summing the adsorbate functional group contributions to the interaction energy. These functional group contributions have been found in this study. The adsorbate-PLA interaction energy is then substituted into a linear equation to predict the natural log of the sorption equilibrium constant, and the percent sorption is obtained from this value. This linear equation has been developed based on experimental sorption data for dyes on PLA. The predicted percent sorption of two small drugs on PLA has been verified with experimental data. Our method possibly could be used to select appropriate drugs for use in controlled release studies involving PLA. This method also could be used to calculate the functional group contributions to the interaction energies between other drugs and polymers and to predict their percent sorption onto those polymers, which could be used to select drugs suitable for controlled release studies involving those polymers.
The thermal stability of poly(aryl-ether–ether-ketone) as assessed by thermogravimetry†

The high temperature engineering thermoplastic poly(aryl-ether–ether-ketone) (PEEK) has been subjected to dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetry in both nitrogen and air. The dynamic data have been analyzed using both the Kissinger peak maximum technique and an isoconversional procedure developed by Flynn. These techniques gave apparent global activation energies of 223.5 and 235.7 kJ/mol, respectively, for the degradation of PEEK in nitrogen, in good agreement with the value of 219.7 determined from the isothermal experiments. The thermal stability of PEEK in air is substantially less than in nitrogen, and the decomposition mechanism is more complex. The global apparent activation energies for the weight loss in air were found to be 116.9 and 159.5 kJ/mol from dynamic slow heat rate data and isothermal data, respectively. The data obtained from fast heating rate experiments in air were found to be misleading, suggesting caution in the use of “commercial” software packages for lifetime estimates under these conditions, especially where oxidative processes may be occurring.
Characterization of NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase from the host plant cytosol of lucerne (Medicago sativa) root nodules

NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) was purified more than 1500-fold from the host-plant cytosol of Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac root nodules by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. The forward reaction was characterized. The enzyme exhibited an absolute requirement for a divalent cation (preferably Mn2+), had a broad activity optimum from pH 7.5 to 9.0, and was most stable at pH 7.5. The apparent Arrhenius energy of activation was 70.7 kJ mol−1 (20 to 30°C) indicating that the reaction rate of the enzyme was relatively sensitive to temperature. The Km for isocitrate was 20 μM and for NADP+ 10.7 μM. Initial velocity and end product inhibition studies of the forward reaction indicate a random bi ter mechanism. End product studies indicated that NADPH was a competitive inhibitor and α-ketoglutarate was a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to isocitrate and NADP+. Citrate was a competitive inhibitor with respect to isocitrate. Glutamine was identified as a positive effector when assays were conducted at non-saturating isocitrate concentrations. The potential significance of glutamine regulation of α-ketoglutarate production in a dinitrogen-fixing tissue is discussed.
The effects of concanavalin a on the mobility of lymphocyte surface receptors

Abstract It has been found that concanavalin A (Con A) bound to the lymphocyte surface can either induce cap formation or inhibit cap formation of various receptors including those for Con A itself. The expression of these antagonistic activities is highly dependent on the conditions under which cells are incubated with Con A. Incubation with Con A at 37 °C resulted in cap formation in only a small percentage of the cells and inhibited patch and cap formation induced by other reagents such as anti-immunoglobulin. In contrast, incubation of cells with Con A at 4 °C, followed by removal of unbound Con A molecules and elevation of the temperature to 37 °C resulted in cap formation in more than 40 % of the cells. Quantitative analyses suggest that these effects involve cross-linkage of Con A receptors, which occur in two states, mobile and relatively immobile. A model is proposed to explain the various effects of Con A in terms of the association of these receptors with colchicine binding proteins.
Current and emerging management options for hereditary angioedema in the US.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of swelling that may involve multiple anatomical locations. In the majority of patients, it is caused by a functional or quantitative defect in the C1 inhibitor (C1-INH), which is an important regulator of the complement, fibrinolytic, kallikrein-kinin and coagulation systems. Standard treatments used for other types of angioedema are ineffective for HAE. Traditional therapies for HAE, including fresh frozen plasma, e-aminocaproic acid and danazol, may be well tolerated and effective in some patients; however, there are limitations both in their safety and efficacy. Several novel therapies have completed phase III trials in the US, including: (i) plasma-derived C1-INH replacement therapies (Berinert P® and Cinryze®); (ii) a recombinant C1-INH replacement therapy (conestat alfa; Rhucin®); (iii) a kallikrein inhibitor (ecallantide [DX-88]); and (iv) a bradykinin-2-receptor antagonist (icatibant). Both Berinert P® and Cinryze® are reported to have excellent efficacy and safety data from phase III trials. Currently, only Cinryze® has been approved for prophylactic use in the US. US FDA approval for other novel agents to treat HAE and for the use of Cinryze® in the treatment of acute attacks is pending.
Radial cooling of a Spherical Torus (ST) toroidal field (TF) centerpost

It is best for fusion to operate STs at the highest feasible toroidal field. This may not be obvious since dissipated electrical power increases as the square of magnetic field strength. However, fusion power density increases even faster. For example, increasing TF by 10% increases electrical losses by 21% but it also may increase fusion power by 46.4%. The main impediment blocking increased toroidal field is centerpost heat removal. Heat deposited by resistive heating and by radiation from the fusioning plasma is removed by coolant flowing through holes cut in the centerpost. Conventional designs have used axial flow within spaced, vertically oriented holes, and they have optimized flow speed, temperature rise, and cooling hole size. However, with all flow paths having the same length, the conductor volume removed is just the product of centerpost height by total flow area. Radial flow cooling is a radically different scheme promising a factor of almost two improvement over axial flow designs in the volume of conductor removed for cooling. Its performance advantage stems from its shorter average flow path length while retaining the same total flow cross sectional areas for inflow, outflow, and internal flows. This is accomplished by cooling the upper centerpost from the top and cooling the lower centerpost from the bottom, with no coolant crossing the horizontal midplane. For a single-turn TF, high pressure coolant is supplied both from the top and from the bottom to a central manifold located radially in the middle of the centerpost conductor. Coolant flows outward through many small diameter radially oriented cooling holes in the centerpost conductor into a low pressure annular manifold surrounding the centerpost. The external membrane surrounding the low pressure manifold includes sealed penetrations for the centerpost electrical connections and mechanical supports. Radial cooling optimization includes tapering of the manifold cross sections over their axial length in conjunction with varying the density and size of the radial cooling holes so that coolant flow speed is spatially constant and local cooling matches local heating. Radial cooling may simplify single-turn TF centerpost fabrication since it eliminates the need for long, narrow cooling holes as required for the axial schemes.
FTIR studies of charged photoexcitations in regio-regular and regio-random poly(3-alkylthiophene) films

Abstract We have studied the low energy photo-induced absorption (PA) band of photo-generated polarons in a variety of poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) films which including regio-regular and regio-random stereo orders, different length of alkyl side group, and various film preparation techniques. In addition to the traditional one-dimensional (1D) polaron PA bands, we observed quasi two-dimensional excitations (DP) in regio-regular P3AT films, where the polymer chains self-organize to form 2D lamella structures. Due to increased interlayer and interchain coupling, the two plaron energy levels split by 2 Δ (≈2 t ⊥ ), resulting in two allowed optical transitions where the lower energy band (DP 1 ) dominates and red-shifts into the mid infrared range. The DP 1 band blue-shifts when the length of the alkyl side group increases, or when using lower boiling point solvent, or when preparing films at higher temperature.
New poly(ethylene oxide) soft segment-containing sulfonated polyimide copolymers for high temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a series of new poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) soft segment-containing six-member ring sulfonated polyimide (SPI) copolymers are described in this paper. One-step high temperature polymerization method was used to prepare the SPI copolymers from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DSDSA), and diamine-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-diamine, MW = 1000). The relative ratio of the sulfonic acid-containing hard segments to the PEO-containing soft segments was controlled through varying the molar ratio of DSDSA to PEO-diamine. Flexible, transparent, and mechanically strong free-standing membranes were successfully obtained. The membranes were characterized with ion-exchange capacity, Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, water sorption, proton conductivity, and fuel cell performance measurements. The results showed that the new SPI membranes exhibited desirable mechanical properties and thermal stability as well as better proton conductivities than Nafion ® 115 at high relative humidity (RH) levels (>50%) at both 70 and 120 °C. The results from the fuel cell performance measurements indicated that the SPI membrane containing 5 mol% (12.4 wt.%) PEO soft segments had similar fuel cell performance as Nafion ® 112 at 70 °C and 80% RH, but better fuel cell performance than Nafion ® 112 when the current density was higher than 0.32 A/cm 2 at 120 °C and 50% RH.
Differential activation of neuronal ERK, JNK/SAPK and p38 in Alzheimer disease: the 'two hit' hypothesis.

Abstract There are multiple lines of evidence showing that oxidative stress and aberrant mitogenic signaling play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. However, the chronological relationship between these and other events associated with disease pathogenesis is not known. Given the important role that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play in both mitogenic signaling (ERK) and cellular stress signaling (JNK/SAPK and p38), we investigated the chronological and spatial relationship between activated ERK, JNK/SAPK and p38 during disease progression. While all three kinases are activated in the same susceptible neurons in mild and severe cases (Braak stages III–VI), in non-demented cases with limited pathology (Braak stages I and II), both ERK and JNK/SAPK are activated but p38 is not. However, in non-demented cases lacking any sign of pathology (Braak stage 0), either ERK alone or JNK/SAPK alone can be activated. Taken together, these findings indicate that MAPK pathways are differentially activated during the course of Alzheimer disease and, by inference, suggest that both oxidative stress and abnormalities in mitotic signaling can independently serve to initiate, but both are necessary to propagate, disease pathogenesis. Therefore, we propose that both ‘hits’, oxidative stress and mitotic alterations, are necessary for the progression of Alzheimer disease.
Chemically Defined Medium for the Production of Fusarium graminearum

A chemically defined medium for production of Fusarium graminearum has been developed and modified. A series of carbon and nitrogen sources was studied, resulting in the selection of glucose and ammonium succinate as primary substrates. Using the economic coefficient as a criterion for efficiency, the optimum concentrations for glucose and succinic acid were 3 and 0.5 percent, respectively. Growth weight and pH changes as well as glucose, nitrogen, and succinic acid utilization were determined during a typical fermentation period.
Chemistry book reviews: their value, sources, and number

Purpose – Chemistry book reviews serve as an aid to collection development, as well as an educational function for bibliographers and subject specialists. This study aims to outline a methodology for locating book reviews for a subject literature and characterizing the books reviewed.Design/methodology/approach – This study utilized UlrichsWeb Global Serials Directory to identify chemistry periodicals containing book reviews. Criteria were applied to limit the periodicals identified to those publishing ten or more book reviews in 2009 and held by 25 or more libraries. The books reviewed by the periodicals were characterized in terms of the quantity, subject coverage, overlap, lag time, and compared to chemistry books published in 2009. Books reviewed by the chemistry periodicals were also compared to general science and other periodicals known to contain chemistry book reviews.Findings – A total of 11 chemistry periodicals met the criteria and collectively they published 445 book reviews in 2009. Three ch...
Lost or forgotten

Abstract Bonobo, the Forgotten Ape by F. de Waal University of California Press, 1997. £39.95 hbk (210 pages) ISBN 0 520 20535 9
Structure and activities of constrained analogues of human parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide: implications for receptor-activating conformations of the hormones.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has a helix−bend−helix structure in solution. Part of the C-terminal helix, residues 21−31, is amphiphilic and forms a critical receptor-binding region. Stabilization of this α-helix by lactam formation between residues spaced i, i + 4 on the polar face was previously reported to increase adenylyl cyclase-stimulating (AC) activity if between residues 22 and 26 but to diminish it if between residues 26 and 30 [Barbier et al. (1997) J. Med. Chem. 40, 1373−1380]. This work reports the effects of other cyclizations on the polar face, differing in ring size or position, on α-helix conformation, as measured by circular dichroism, and on AC-stimulating activity. All analogues cyclized between residues 22 and 26 had at least a 1.5-fold increase in activity, suggesting an α-helical structure between about residues 21 and 26. Cyclization between residues 25 and 29 or residues 26 and 30 diminished activity by 20−30%, despite stabilizing α-helix, suggesting that residues 25−31 bind to the re...
Nutrition and wound healing.

Summary:The relationship between nutrition and wound healing–-after injury or surgical intervention–-has been recognized for centuries. There is no doubt that adequate carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake is required for healing to take place, but research in the laboratory has suggested that other
Design and synthesis of a potential SH2 domain inhibitor bearing a stereodiversified 1,4-cis-enediol scaffold

Synthesis of a potential Src family SH2 domain inhibitor incorporating a 1,4-cis-enediol scaffold is reported. The synthetic route offers straightforward and highly selective access to the enediol and its associated chiral centers. Key steps include stereocontrolled syn-aldol coupling, amide alkynylation, and asymmetric ketone reduction.
Diurnal cycle of tropospheric OH

The hydroxyl free radical, OH, is sunlight's prime agent in maintaining the trace-gas composition of the Earth's troposphere, and at the same time serves as the catalyst responsible for many of the symptoms of urban and regional air pollution. We have used low-pressure fluorescence to measure the ambient concentration of this radical during two continuous 36-hour periods in early summer and late autumn, 1985. The summer and autumn maxima were 3 × l06 and 4 × l05 molecules cm−3 (10−13 and 2 × l0−14 relative to air), respectively. The observed concentrations lie within the rather large latitude of Current estimates based on trace-gas lifetimes or atmospheric photochemical models.
Health related quality of life differences between black and white men with prostate cancer: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor.

Purpose: Understanding the potential consequences of racial differences in prostate cancer outcomes, from survival rates to quality of life considerations, is important for the clinician and patient. We examined demographic, clinical and health related quality of life data comparing black with white patients just after treatment of prostate cancer and 1 year later.Materials and Methods: We analyzed data on 1,178 patients who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor, a national observational database of men recruited from 35 community and academic urology practices throughout the United States. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics and validated health related quality of life questionnaires were reviewed. A total of 958 white and 161 black patients with prostate cancer who completed at least 2 surveys were compared.Results: The black patients were younger, and had lower income and education levels than white patients. Controlling ...
Phospholipase C activity and substrate specificity in frog photoreceptors.

The photoreceptor, like many other cells, undergoes receptor-mediated breakdown of phosphatidyinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5) P 2 ]. The lack of phosphatidylinositol (PdtIns) breakdown during receptor stimulation suggests the existence of a phospholipase C specific for polyphosphoinositides. Phospholipase C activity in frog rod outer segments was assayed with several substrates. The activity was selective for the polyphosphoinositides, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4) P ] and PtdIns(4,5) P 2 . PtdIns was hydrolysed at 2% of the rate of hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5) P 2 . No activity was detected when phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, or phosphatidylethanolamine were used as substrates. The enzymatic activity was optimal at neutral pH. These findings suggest, but do not prove, that this activity might contain the light-regulated phospholipase C of the photoreceptor.
Selling city living: Urban branding campaigns, class power and the civic good

This article examines the process through which urban leaders ‘brand’ their cities to appeal to target markets of affluent suburbanites. Drawing on a case analysis of Washington, DC’s recent effort to attract new residents, this article follows the district’s ‘city living, dc style’ campaign through three key moments in its circulation: the moments of production, text and context. In doing so, the article explores the historical motives, the political economic limits and the social consequences of such efforts to ‘reposition’ the urban ‘brand’. A concluding section discusses how this case study reveals an important, but as yet underdeveloped, point of contact between political-economic and cultural-semiotic approaches to critical media studies.
Temperature and soot volume fraction statistics in toluene-fired pool fires

Abstract The probability density functions and the temporal characteristics of local instantaneous emission and absorption properties in strongly radiating toluene pool flames are presented. Measurements show a large dynamic range in the data resulting from the distribution of soot particles in narrow regions within the fire and from the nonlinear dependence of Planck's function on temperature. The importance of the different frequencies of turbulent fluctuations of emission properties and their effect on monochromatic radiation intensity is investigated using a filtering technique. This technique found that the fluctuations in local emission intensities made the largest contribution to the fluctuating nature of the radiation leaving the flame. The pulsation frequency of the large-scale motion of the fire was found to be the cutoff below which the removal of turbulent fluctuations would affect the mean and RMS intensity. Resolution of frequencies above this limit leads to reasonable estimates of mean and RMS intensity.
Interannual variation in biogenic emissions on a regional scale

[1] Interannual variation in biogenic emissions is not well quantified, especially on regional scales. We use a land surface model augmented with a short-term dynamic phenology scheme to estimate the interannual variation in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) between 1982 and 2004. We use North American Regional Reanalysis data to drive two versions of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Land Model (CLM) on a 0.1° grid over eastern Texas. The first version is the standard CLM with prescribed leaf area index (LAI) (i.e., LAI varies seasonally but not interannually); the second version is the standard CLM augmented with a dynamic phenology scheme (CLM-DP) that allows LAI to respond to environmental variation. We calibrate CLM-DP using satellite-derived LAI as our visual constraint. When phenology is prescribed, the domain-mean (domain-maximum) average absolute departure from the monthly mean BVOC flux is 11.7% (70.6%); when phenology is allowed to vary with environmental conditions, it is 22.4% (137.7%). The domain-mean (domain-maximum) average absolute departure from the monthly mean flux is lower during summer: using CLM-DP, it is 15.7% (35.3%); using the standard CLM, it is 7.0% (23.0%). The domain-average, mean-normalized standard deviation of the June-July-August mean BVOC flux is 0.0619 when LAI is prescribed and 0.183 when LAI varies with environmental conditions. Our results imply that interannual variation of leaf biomass density, which is primarily driven by interannual variability of precipitation, is a significant contributor to year-to-year differences in BVOC flux on a regional scale, of at least equal importance to interannual variation of temperature and shortwave radiation. Phenology-driven biogenic emission variability is most pronounced in regions with relatively low emissions: as a grid cell's mean BVOC flux decreases, the mean-normalized standard deviation of BVOC flux tends to increase. BVOC flux is most variable between years in subhumid, sparsely wooded regions where interannual variability of precipitation is relatively large.
The Role of Internalization in Transforming Growth Factor β1-induced Smad2 Association with Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) and Smad2-dependent Signaling in Human Mesangial Cells

Recent data investigating the role of the Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) in TGF-β signaling have suggested that it has a crucial function in both aiding the recruitment of Smad to the TGF-β receptor, and ensuring appropriate subcellular localization of the activated receptor-bound complex. The FYVE domain in SARA directs its localization to early endosomal compartments where it can interact with both the TGF-β receptors and Smads. However, the necessity of endocytosis in the TGF-β response remains controversial. We sought to examine the role of internalization in TGF-β/Smad signaling in human kidney mesangial cells. Using co-immunoprecipitation studies, we show that endogenous Smad2 interacts with SARA after TGF-β1 stimulation. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated internalization only slightly affects TGF-β1-stimulated association between SARA and Smad2, Smad2 phosphorylation, or Smad2 interaction with Smad4. However, endocytosis inhibition decreases TGF-β1-induced Smad2 nuclear translocation and thus abrogates Smad2-dependent transcriptional responses. The TGF-β1-stimulated association between SARA and Smad2 peaks at 30 min followed by separation of the complex components. However, under conditions of inhibited endocytosis, Smad2 remains bound to SARA for at least 6 h without a significant decline in associated levels. This lack of complex dissociation correlates with a lack of Smad2 nuclear accumulation and reduction of Smad2-dependent ARE-Luc reporter activity. Our data therefore suggest that endocytosis plays a critical role in TGF-β signaling in mesangial cells, and that internalization enhances the dissociation of Smad2 from the TGF-β receptor-SARA complex, allowing Smad2 to accumulate in the nucleus and modulate target gene transcription.