cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to MO Theory

The hydrogen atom consists of two particles, a proton with a positive charge ( + e) and an electron with negative charge (-e), moving around one another under the influence of their mutual electrostatic attraction. Since this attraction obeys the same inverse square law as gravitational attraction, the system should, according to classical mechanics, be analogous to, e.g., the earth moon system; the proton and electron should move around their common center of gravity in circles or ellipses. Since the proton is nearly two thousand times heavier than the electron, we can to all intents and purposes regard the electron as moving in the field of a fixed positive charge since the center of gravity of the system will lie so close to the proton. In other words, the electron should move in a circular or elliptic orbit with the proton at the center or at one focus (Fig. 1.1).
Physicomechanical and antibacterial properties of experimental resin-based dental sealants modified with nylon-6 and chitosan nanofibers

This study aimed to develop and evaluate resin-based experimental dental sealants containing electrospun nylon-6 (N6) and chitosan (CH) fibers in an attempt to improve the physicomechanical properties and provide an antibacterial protective effect, respectively. Electrospun N6 and CH mats were immersed into a resin mixture, light-cured, and then cryomilled to obtain micron-sized resin-modified fiber particles. Different levels of the novel cryomilled particles (i.e. 1, 2.5, and 5% relative to the resin mixture, % by weight) were used to prepare the N6- and CH-containing sealants. A commercial sealant and the experimental resin mixture (unfilled) were used as controls. Flexural strength (FS), Vickers microhardness (VH), and agar diffusion tests were performed. The data were analyzed at the 5% significance level. No significant difference in fiber diameter of N6 (503 ± 31 nm) and CH (595 ± 38 nm) was observed. Upon cryomilling, the resin-modified CH and N6 mats led to the formation of irregularly-shaped particles, with an average diameter of 14.24 µm and 15.87 µm, respectively. CH-5% had significantly higher FS (115.3 ± 1.3 MPa) than all the other groups. CH-1% had significantly higher hardness values (38.3 ± 0.3 VHN) than all the other groups. Collectively, the results indicated that CH-containing sealants presented the highest FS and hardness; however, none of the CH-containing sealants displayed antimicrobial properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2014.
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND INHIBITORS ON M PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Brock, Thomas D. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). Effect of antibiotics and inhibitors on M protein synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 85:527-531. 1963.-This work extends the observations of Fox and Krampitz on M protein synthesis in nongrowing cells of streptococci. A survey of a large number of antibiotics and other potential inhibitors was made. Some substances bring about inhibition of fermentation and inhibit M protein synthesis because they deprive the cell of the energy needed for this process. A second group of substances inhibit growth at concentrations tenfold or more lower than they inhibit M protein synthesis. These are the antibiotics which inhibit synthesis of cell wall or other structures in growing cells, but do not affect protein synthesis. A third group of substances inhibit growth and M protein synthesis at the same concentration. These substances probably inhibit growth because they inhibit general protein synthesis, and are therefore specific inhibitors of protein synthesis. In this class are chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and the tetracyclines. Several other antibiotics of previously unknown mode of action are in this class. A fourth group of substances had no effect on M protein synthesis. No substances were found which inhibited M protein synthesis at a lower concentration than that which inhibited growth. M protein synthesis in nongrowing cells may be a useful model system for obtaining a detailed understanding of protein synthesis.
Incidence and Effects of Parallel Process in Psychotherapy Supervision

ABSTRACT The degree to which parallel process exists in supervision and the specific effects of parallel process from the viewpoint of the participants of psychotherapy supervision were investigated. Differences between supervisors and supervisees were examined as were differences between psychoanalytic and nonpsychoanalytic orientations. Three hundred subjects completed the Parallel Process Survey, which was designed specifically for this study. The results empirically validate the theoretical literature that suggests that parallel process exists, is utilized in psychotherapy supervision, is applicable to a variety of theoretical orientations, and has clear effects on the participants of psychotherapy supervision. While there was not unanimous agreement, very few subjects denied the existence of parallel process. Orientation differences were present, with the psychoanalytic orientation consistently reporting stronger existence and importance of parallel process and greater effects of parallel process tha...
Solitary vertebral body uptake on bone scintigraphy: The “black ivory” vertebrae sign

A 50-year-old man was referred for routine evaluation of low back pain. He had no other complaints or systemic disorders. Bone scintigraphy performed after intravenous (IV) administration of 20-mCi 99mTc-MDP (methylene diphosphonate) revealed solitary vertebral uptake in the entire body of L-3 (Fig 1A). No other abnormal areas of tracer localization were noted in the remainder of the skeleton. Skeletal radiograph films including the lumbar spine (Fig 1B and C) showed an "ivory" vertebrae at L-3. The patient was later shown to have monostotic Paget's disease.
Toward an integrative CAPS approach to racial/ethnic relations

The original CAPS formulation focused on the role of the individual's CAPS system in relation to situations, formalizing a person-situation framework. Subsequent research and theorizing on the culturally embedded CAPS system (C-CAPS) began to spell out how culture, context, and group-level processes intersect with both persons and situations. The contributions in this special section provide insights into the enormous complexity and the multiple layers through which context and persons "make each other up" in racial/ethnic relations. The challenge for personality psychologists is to examine and illuminate this interpenetration of context and person concretely and with increasing depth and precision. The CAPS framework provides a meta-level guide for this mission, and the present contributions illustrate the framework's heuristic value.
Bridge load rating from dynamic response collected using wireless sensor networks

We propose a method for load rating of prestressed box beam (PSBB) bridges based on their dynamic response collected using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The hypothesis includes that the health of a bridge is associated with its vibration signatures. We deployed two WSNs on a 25-year old PSBB bridge, and ran trucks with variable loads and speeds for collecting its real-time dynamic response at current condition. We also performed FE simulations of 3-D bridge models under vehicular loads to acquire the representative dynamic response at its newest condition. We validated the bridge model by field testing and numerical analysis. We used Fast Fourier Transform and peak-picking algorithms to find maximum peak amplitudes and their corresponding frequencies. We calculated the in-service stiffness of the bridge to determine its load rating, which resembles the actual load rating of the bridge. The application software developed from this research can instantly determine the load rating of a PSBB bridge by collecting its real-time dynamic response. The research outcome will help reduce bridge maintenance costs and increase public safety.
P-N Junctions by Impurity Introduction Through an Intermediate Metal Layer

This paper describes an experimental method for making p-n junctions by alloying and diffusing indium into n-type germanium through an intermediate thin layer of some other metal, such as gold, which has been plated on the germanium. The junction characteristics are similar to those of junctions made by other methods, but the shape may be clearly defined and controlled. New possibilities of differentiation between alloying and diffusion are other advantages of the process. Applications have been made to rectifiers and transistors.
Relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength, and the impact of comorbidities: a population-based, cross-sectional study of older adults in the United States

Loss of muscle mass and muscle strength are natural consequences of the aging process, accompanied by an increased prevalence of chronic health conditions. Research suggests that in the elderly, the presence of comorbidities may impact the muscle mass/strength relationship. The objectives of this study were to characterize the muscle mass/strength relationship in older adults in the USA and to examine the impact of a variety of comorbidities on this relationship. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002 databases. Subjects aged 50 years and older were included in the present study. Muscle mass was assessed by height-adjusted appendicular skeleton muscle mass (aASM) in kg/m2, as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Muscle strength was assessed via isokinetic quadriceps strength (IQS) in newton as measured by a dynamometer. The relationship between aASM and IQS was assessed adjusting for age and gender. The effects of a variety of comorbidities on IQS and/or on the relationship between IQS and aASM were assessed using multiple regression models. This study included 2,647 individuals, with a mean age of 62.6 years and 52.9% of whom were female. The mean (SE) aASM (kg/m2) was 7.3 (0.04), and the mean (SE) IQS (newton) was 365.0 (3.00). After adjusting for age and gender, the correlation coefficient between aASM and IQS was 0.365 (P < 0.001). Diabetes, coronary heart disease/congestive heart failure (CHD/CHF), and vision problems were significant predictors of lower muscle strength (P < 0.05) in the multiple regression models that adjusted for age, gender, and aASM, and obesity significantly modified the relationship between aASM and IQS (P < 0.05). Among individuals aged 50 and older in the US, muscle mass and muscle strength are positively correlated, independent of the associations of age and gender with muscle mass and strength. A variety of comorbid medical conditions serve as independent predictors of lower muscle strength (e.g., diabetes, CHD/CHF, vision problems) and/or modify the relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength (e.g., obesity).
Top-quark polarization at the Fermilab Tevatron

With the prospects of finding the top quark at Fermilab comes the potential for new tests of the standard model and new probes of physics at the 100-GeV scale. Though the production rate for tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} pairs is expected to be small at Fermilab, it may be possible to perform a first-level study of the interactions of the top quark, including polarization effects. In this paper we discuss the standard model predictions for the polarization of a top quark produced in proton-antiproton collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron using either polarized or unpolarized hadron beams. Standard model electroweak loops predict that the single-particle polarization of the top quark perpendicular to the scatter plane is small, yet at the Born level there are a number of double-spin polarization asymmetries which produce effects observable within the statistical errors expected from a thousand events.
Searching for TeV cosmic electrons with the CREST experiment

The Cosmic Ray Electron Synchrotron Telescope (CREST) high-altitude balloon experiment is a pathfinding effort to detect for the first time multi-TeV cosmic-ray electrons. Such would be the markers of nearby cosmic accelerators, as energetic electrons from distant Galactic sources are expected to be depleted by radiative losses during interstellar transport. Electrons will be detected indirectly by the characteristic signature of their geomagnetic synchrotron losses, in the form of a burst of coaligned x-ray photons intersecting the plane of the instrument. Since the primary electron itself need not traverse the payload, an effective detection area is achieved that is several times the nominal 6.4 m 2 instrument. The payload is composed of an array of 1024 BaF2 crystals surrounded by a set of veto scintillator detectors. A long-duration balloon flight in Antarctica is planned for the 2011-12 season.
Parenting and Children's Distress Reactivity during Toddlerhood: An Examination of Direction of Effects.

During early childhood, harsh and emotionally negative parent–child exchanges are expected to increase children's risk for developing later conduct problems. The present study examined longitudinal associations between the quality of parenting responses and children's distress reactivity during children's second year of life. Forty-seven mother–child dyads completed observational assessments of children's distress reactivity and mothers’ harsh and supportive parenting when children were 12 and 24 months of age. Results indicated that mothers’ contingent harsh parenting responses to children's non-compliance when children were 12 months of age predicted increases in children's observed distress from 12 to 24 months, but children's level of distress at 12 months did not predict change in harsh parenting responses over the same time period. In contrast, supportive parenting contingent responses did not predict declines in children's distress reactivity, although children's distress reactivity predicted declines in mothers’ supportive parenting responses from 12 to 24 months. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of the quality of parent–child interactions as a point of entry onto developmental pathways of risk.
An accident cost impact model: The direct cost component

Abstract Organizations are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of the direct costs of accidents on financial performance. The current annual cost of accidents incurred by industrial enterprises is more than $44.5 billion (National Safety Council, 1989). Increasingly, organizations are discovering that the degree of operating leverage (i.e. the ratio of percentage change in operating income to the percentage change in operating costs and/or sales or units sold) is adversely affected. Reducing the cost of accidents will lower the degree of operating leverage. I describe here an accident cost impact model that a variety of enterprises can use to disclose the direct costs of accidents and the economic impact on cost-volume-profit performance standards and profitability potential. The indirect costs of accidents are not calculated into this model formula, chiefly because no suitable model for verifying them with any reasonable accuracy has been developed. A pilot study to verify the efficiency of the direct cost accident model was performed on cost-volume-profit data supplied by a self-insured marine operation on the west coast. Every effort has been made to keep this accident cost impact model compatible with the loss-report accounting systems in use in today's organizations. The model is designed to be simple to understand and implement, to provide timely feedback for improved analysis and decision-making, and to cost little to operate.
Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression

Anger rumination and self-regulation deficits have been previously identified as risk factors for aggression. We hypothesized that anger rumination would relate to reactive but not proactive aggression, and that this association would be mediated by lower levels of trait self-regulation. Undergraduate students (N = 359) completed self-report measures of anger rumination, effortful control, and aggression. Mediation was tested using PROCESS (Hayes, 2012). After controlling for proactive aggression, anger rumination was associated with reactive aggression, and this relationship was partially mediated by effortful control. Anger rumination was also uniquely related to proactive aggression, but without mediation by effortful control. Gender did not moderate these relationships. Effortful control may be a viable treatment target for reactive aggression, whereas addressing anger rumination may help reduce both reactive and proactive aggression.
An investigation of the construct validity of the Bannister-Fransella Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder

An attempt was made to demonstrate the construct validity of the Grid Test in a psychiatric population by showing that: (a) judgements of thought disorder based on the Grid Test were associated with judgements based on a clinical interview; (b) Grid Test scores were not associated with measures of other forms of psychopathology, intelligence, or memory. Results of a principal components factor analysis confirmed both hypotheses, supporting the validity of the Grid Test as a measure of thought disorder.
Recurrent prolactinoma and meningioma following irradiation and bromocriptine treatment

This case report describes a 45-year-old man with a massive extrasellar prolactinoma, treated initially with surgery and radiotherapy, who experienced a dramatic reduction of the bulk of his tumor but persistence and subsequent progression of an extrasellar portion while receiving long-term bromocriptine therapy, despite stable, suppressed prolactin levels. Although the residual tumor was thought to be adenomatous tissue unresponsive to bromocriptine, a meningioma was ultimately diagnosed. Because the meningioma may have been radiation-induced, clinicians are reminded to consider a second neoplasm in cases of apparent bromocriptine treatment failures, especially when prolactin levels are stable.
Public-Private Programs for Covering Extreme Events: The Impact of Information Distribution on Risk-Sharing

Recent extreme events have significantly raised the question of the role of public and private sectors in providing adequate financial protection to victims. Developing publicprivate insurance programs could constitute one of the most appealing ways to solve the problem of financing the consequences of those large-scale catastrophes. However, catastrophic risks present very specific characteristics which challenge any traditional economic approaches to analyzing them. Further, the government may have better information about the risk than insurers (e.g., national security). Currently, little has been done in the economic literature to better understand how this assumption impacts on how risks are shared between all stakeholders in such partnerships.This paper analyzes policy issues related to risk/information sharing between insurers and a dedicated State-backed governmental reinsurer, who are part of a national partnership program. The government develops a mandatory coverage against catastrophic risks and decides the level of premiums levied against the insureds. Using a game-theoretical approach, we show that a government can act to induce private insurers in the country to participate in the partnership instead of leaving the market. By modulating its premium policy, the government can also led them to adopt two different strategies: (1) behave as a simple financial intermediary between the insured and the public reinsurer so that the latter supports the largest portion of the risks or (2) conserve the largest part of risks to benefit from market conditions created by the government seeking to avoid its intervention ex post to bail out the public reinsurer. The paper also discusses the impacts of government information-sharing strategies on the game equilibrium. Illustrations are provided for natural hazards and terrorism risk.
The decomposition of plutonium hexafluoride by gamma radiation

Abstract Plutonium hexafluoride is decomposed by γ-radiation to produce plutonium tetrafluoride and elemental fluorine. The G value for the decomposition is 7·5 ± 1·7. Addition of one atmosphere of helium to 80 mm Hg plutonium hexafluoride resulted in a G for the decomposition of 7·2 ± 1·3. When two atmospheres helium were added to 80 mm Hg plutonium hexafluoride, the resulting G for the decomposition is 5·8 ± 0·9. A study of the decomposition in the presence of various amounts of krypton revealed a pronounced enhancement of the decomposition of plutonium hexafluoride at an electron fraction of krypton of 0·73 and an exposure dose of 1 × 10 8 rads. Mechanisms for the decomposition are proposed.
A monotonic projective algorithm for fractional linear programming

We demonstrate that Karmarkar's projective algorithm is fundamentally an algorithm for fractional linear programming on the simplex. Convergence for the latter problem is established assuming only an initial lower bound on the optimal objective value. We also show that the algorithm can be easily modified so as to assure monotonicity of the true objective values, while retaining all global convergence properties. Finally, we show how the monotonic algorithm can be used to obtain an initial lower bound when none is otherwise available.
Use of 86Rb and 22Na in assaying active and cotransport activities in human erythrocytes in a biracial population

Abstract A defect in Na+-K+ transport across the red cell membrane has been shown to be associated with essential hypertension. A sensitive assay system to measure active, co- and countertransport systems in erythrocytes from normotensive adults was developed. Active, co- and countertransport systems in the erythrocytes were assayed by measuring the influx of radioactive 22Na+ and86Rb+. In the biracial (black-white) population group studied, analysis of variance of the active transport showed a significant race effect (p = 0.003). Cotransport activity showed age by race interaction (p = 0.001) and age by sex (p = 0.02). Cotransport activity was significantly higher in whites than blacks (p = 0.0001). Countertransport activity did not vary either by sex or race. Of the Spearman correlation coefficients for transport activities and blood pressure, white males showed a strong positive correlation with countertransport, whereas in black males, blood pressures showed a strong interaction with active transport. Among the transport activities, active transport showed significant interaction with countertransport activity in black males, whereas cotransport activity in whites showed a strong interaction with countertransport. The results suggest a subtle difference in Na+-K+ transport systems between blacks and whites, and these variations may be related to differences for susceptibility to essential hypertension.
Cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in episodically eroding surfaces: Theoretical results

The buildup of cosmogenic nuclides in an eroding surface can be used to infer erosion rates and exposure ages. This situation is often modelled by assuming that the erosion rate is constant in time. In many cases, however, the erosion is episodic: surface denudation occurs by the spalling off of slabs of rock at discrete times. We consider a stochastic model of such exfoliation processes, and compute the expected behavior of the cosmogenic nuclide concentration. We also consider a nonstochastic model, in which the exfoliation events occur at regularly spaced intervals. These two models represent extreme end members of the episodic spallation scenarios: in the first, the spallation events are uncorrelated in time, while in the second they are tightly correlated. Understanding how the nuclide concentration is related to the timing and the magnitude of these events is important in making geologic inferences.
Muscle satellite cells in urodele amphibians: Facilitated identification of satellite cells using ruthenium red staining

The ruthenium red (RR) stained forelimb musculature of three species of urodeles Triturus (Notophthalmus) viridescens, Amblystoma maculatum, Amblystoma opacum in various stages of growth were examined with the electron microscope for the presence of satellite cells. It was found that RR staining facilitated greatly the identification of satellite cells. In young larvae of all three species satellite cells were detected with a frequency of 29% to 48% per total number of nuclei. In adult Triturus and Amblystoma maculatum satellite cells were no longer detected; instead "pericytes" as described by Hay ('74) were seen with a frequency of 12% and 3% respectively. During metamorphosis of Triturus satellite cells, with part of their myofiber-satellite cell intercellular space filled with basement membrane material, occurred at a peak frequency. The cells presumably are intermediate in the formation of "pericytes." At ten days after metamorphosis satellite cells and intermediate cells were no longer detected and the limb musculature contained only "pericytes" similar to the ones observed in adult newts. The significance of the presence of satellite cells in relation to limb regeneration and muscle regeneration is discussed.
RNA as Multitude/RNA as One

In the configurations formed by RNA and its ions there are structural possibilities not yet realized; some are hinted at in new work on the binding of an amino acid analog.
The case for chloroplast thylakoid carbonic anhydrase

Washed thylakoid membranes and photosystem II-enriched membrane fragments from cyanobacteria, green algae, and chloroplasts from both C3 and C4 plants possess the ability to reversibly hydrate CO2. That is, the membranes have an intrinsic carbonic anhydrase activity. The present review outlines the discovery of thylakoid carbonic anhydrase and presents the evidence that it is a unique isozyme, distinct from other cellular carbonic anhydrases. It appears that at least some thylakoid carbonic anhydrase is closely associated with photosystem II and may be required for electron transport. This would explain why all inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase also inhibit photosystem II. Several speculative functions of thylakoid carbonic anhydrase are discussed. These include a possible role in carbon metabolism, in the protonation of plastoquinone, and/or in oxygen evolution.
A flash photolysis ESR study of photosystem II signal IIvf, the physiological donor to P-680+.

In flash-illuminated, oxygen-evolving spinach chloroplasts and green algae, a free radical transient has been observed with spectral parameters similar to those of Signal II (g ≈ 2.0045, ΔHpp ≈ 19 G). However, in contrast with ESR Signal II, the transient radical does not readily saturate even at microwave power levels of 200 mW. This species is formed most efficiently with “red” illumination (λ < 680 nm and occurs stoichiometrically in a 1 : 1 ratio with P-700+. The Photosystem II transient is formed in less than 100 μs and decays via first-order kinetics with a halftime of 400–900 μs. Additionally, the t12 for radical decay is temperature independent between 20 and 4 °C; however, below 4 °C the transient signal exhibits Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of approx. 10 kcal · mol−1. Inhibition of electron transport through Photosystem II by o-phenanthroline, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or reduced 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone suppresses the formation of the light-induced transient. At low concentrations (0.2 mM), 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone partially inhibits the free radical formation, however, the decay kinetics are unaltered. High concentrations of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (1–5 mM) restore both the transient signal and electron flow through Photosystem II. These findings suggest that this “quinoidal” type ESR transient functions as the physiological donor to the oxidized reaction center chlorophyll, P-680+.
Axial Turbine Blade Tips: Function, Design, and Durability

An overview of the science and technology involved in today's turbine engines is presented with specific focus on the critical rotational-to-stationary interfaces comprising axial turbine blade tips. The purpose is to provide a concise informative review of turbine blade tip functional, design, and durability issues. Neither a historical account nor a bibliography is presented. Attention is paid primarily to the most challenging blade tips in high-pressure, high-temperature gas turbine systems, although most of the science discussed applies equally well to blade tips in low-pressure turbines, as well as steam turbines. As such, a wide range of both aircraft engine and power generating turbine systems are considered. Basic functional requirements, turbine systems design aspects, and transient operational considerations affecting blade tips and affected by blade tips are discussed in light of the multidisciplinary tradeoffs involved in a successful design. The three dominant design philosophies for blade tips in practice today are presented with detailed examination of the aerodynamics, heat transfer, and cooling benefits and detractors. Finally, the in-service durability aspects of turbine blade tips are noted.
Firmware verification and simulation in IBM zEnterprise 196

In IBM zEnterprise® 196, we introduced another set of firmware verification environments to enhance the verification coverage. In this paper, we discuss four affected areas: 1) virtualization of the support element, the hardware management console, and the flexible support processor; 2) test cases; 3) simulation of input/output adapter firmware; and 4) static analysis for millicode. These start another round in increasing verification coverage with the final goal of having all firmware components under simulation and test before the final system becomes available.
Synthesis and selective cytotoxicity of a hyaluronic acid-antitumor bioconjugate.

A cell-targeted prodrug was developed for the anti-cancer drug Taxol, using hyaluronic acid (HA) as the drug carrier. HA−Taxol bioconjugates were synthesized by linking the Taxol 2‘-OH via a succinate ester to adipic dihydrazide-modified HA (HA-ADH). The coupling of Taxol-NHS ester and HA-ADH provided several HA bioconjugates with different levels of ADH modification and different Taxol loadings. A fluorescent BODIPY−HA was also synthesized to illustrate cell targeting and uptake of chemically modified HA using confocal microscopy. HA−Taxol conjugates showed selective toxicity toward the human cancer cell lines (breast, colon, and ovarian) that are known to overexpress HA receptors, while no toxicity was observed toward a mouse fibroblast cell line at the same concentrations used with the cancer cells. The drug carrier HA-ADH was completely nontoxic. The selective cytotoxicity is consistent with the results from confocal microscopy, which demonstrated that BODIPY−HA only entered the cancer cell lines.
Influence of soil inorganic nitrogen and root diameter size on legume cover crop root decomposition and nitrogen release

Legume cover crops are primarily grown for their contribution to soil N pools, but the effect that this added N has on cover crop root decomposition and N release is poorly understood. Our primary objective was to determine the effect that soil N and root diameter size have on root decomposition and N release. We determined coarse (>1-mm diameter) and fine (<1-mm diameter) root distribution for crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) using greenhouse-grown plants, and followed with a 12-week incubation in which coarse and fine roots from both species were incubated under natural and elevated (200 kg ha−1) soil N levels. Crimson clover and hairy vetch consisted primarily of fine roots (≥79 %), which decomposed and released N faster than coarse roots. Soil N addition had a small positive effect on root decomposition, but an inconsistent effect on root N release. There was a net increase in soil inorganic N for all treatments after 12 weeks. These results improved our understanding of decomposition and N release from crimson clover and hairy vetch roots, and are valuable to farmers seeking to better manage soil C and N pools.
Magnetic resonance imaging of water freezing in packed beds cooled from below

Abstract Full-field quantitative visualization of freezing interfaces requires the introduction of high resolution noninvasive methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile tool for mapping the distribution of liquids (primarily water) in three-dimensional space, and is the only practical solution in systems that are strongly refracting or opaque to visible light. MRI is employed to visualize ice formation in water-saturated packed beds consisting of spherical beads packed in a cylindrical cavity and cooled from below. Imaging of the stagnant interstitial water is accomplished by exploiting the strong contrast in proton spin density signal between interstitial ice and liquid water. Our implementation of MRI allows fully three-dimensional reconstruction of the solidification front and adequate time resolution to quantify the freezing of pore water. The effect of pore space heterogeneity near the lateral walls of the cavity, as expressed by the ratio of bed to bead diameter, is examined with respect to the shape and propagation rate of the freezing interface. A modification of the test section also allows the study of freezing in pure water which is used for comparison. The present work demonstrates the kind of extra provisions in terms of design and choice of materials of the test section that are necessary in order to accommodate the special environment of the MRI scanner in heat transfer applications.
Identification and functional characterization of riboflavin transporter in human-derived retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79) : Mechanisms of cellular uptake and translocation

Drug delivery to the retina is a challenging task owing to its complex physiology and presence of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which regulates the permeation of substances from blood into the retina. Transporter-targeted drug delivery has become a clinically significant drug-delivery approach for enhancing the bioavailability of various drugs. Different nutrient transporters have been reported to be expressed on the retina. Riboflavin (vitamin B2), an essential nutritional vitamin for the development and maintenance of the surface structures and functions of epithelial cells of the ocular tissues, must be acquired from retinal or choroidal blood supply. The uptake mechanism, cellular translocation, and major regulatory pathways of riboflavin uptake into retina are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of a riboflavin transporter and delineate uptake and intracellular trafficking of riboflavin in the human-derived retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79), a model fo...
2-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]benzoquinone and the hydrochloride and perchlorate salts of 2-aminohydroquinone

Hydrogen bonding parameters for the title materials are reported. 2-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]benzoquinone crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1/c, with a = 18.195(4), b = 5.110(1), c = 9.635(2), β = 104.22(3)°, V = 868.4(3) A3, and Z = 4. This compound exhibits two weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The first is between a hydrogen atom of the quinone ring and the carbonyl oxygen of the trifluoroacetamide group; it has a distance of 2.24 A and a C—H⋅⋅⋅sO angle of 122°. The second is between the hydrogen atom of the trifluoroacetamide group and a quinone carbonyl group; it has a distance of 2.26 A and a N—H⋅⋅⋅sO angle of 107°. 2-Aminohydroquinone hydrochloride crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21, with a = 16.220(3), b = 5.211(1), c = 8.719(2), V = 737.0(2) A3, and Z = 4. 2-Aminohydroquinone perchlorate crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121, with a = 7.110(1), b = 7.139(1), c = 18.043(4), V = 915.8(3) A3, and Z = 4. All active hydrogens of the two salts exhibit intermolecular hydrogen bonds that serve to organize a three-dimensional framework for each case.
Popular resistance and material culture

Entering the San Salvador plaza, I donned the green and white Soy Ecologista headband handed to me. Laughing and chatting with friends, I enjoyed the events of the ecofiesta sponsored by the Salvadoran Center for Appropriate Technology (CESTA). I tasted soy products, pedaled bicycle‐powered flour mills, and treated a cold with herbal products. For me, the visiting gringa, this was a party. For my friends, the fiesta was one of many heated battles over what technologies are most appropriate for shaping postwar El Salvador.
1. Revolutionary Leaders and Their Oppositions

Before and after a successful power seizure, revolutionary leaders face a series of critical tasks of which the most urgent is the treatment of the oppositions. With rare exceptions, prior to the take-over, various leaders, factions, and groups adopt postures of mutual tolerance and accommodation in order to perform certain critical functions necessary to eventual success. The very fact of power seizure poses not only the problem of dealing with the establishment elites but also with the opposition leaders and groups that are bound to emerge in the post-revolutionary era. In addition, in more recent times, revolutionary leaders have had to reckon with superior forces of opposition from other states. On the whole the treatment of the oppositions by revolutionary elites is not markedly different from that practiced by authoritarian or dictatorial regimes.
Almost Exact Sum Rules for Nucleon Moments from an Infinite-Dimensional Algebra

Recently there has been a great surge of interest in almost-exact sum rules for the magnetic moments of nucleons. (By almost-exact we mean: exact to all orders in the strong couplings but only the lowest order in electromagnetic and weak couplings.) Besides providing a means for calculation of the magnetic moments on the same level as the calculation of GA/GV by Adler and Weisberger these sum rules, taken together with the Adler-Weisberger sum rule, constitute a useful tool for investigating the nature of the dynamical approximations that underlie higher symmetry schemes.
Glucagon: its effects on the hepatic arterial and portal venous bed in dogs.

The effects of intravenous, intra-arterial and intraportal administration of glucagon on hepatic artery and portal vein flows were studied in anaesthetized dogs. Intravenous administration of glucagon (10 μg/kg) increased hepatic arterial and portal venous flows by 155% and 176% of the control value respectively. Intraarterial injection of glucagon increased hepatic artery flow and decreased its resistance. The hepatic arterial effect of glucagon was dose-dependent and was not abolished after β-adrenoceptor blockade by propranolol 1 mg/kg i.v., or after denervation. Intraportal injection of glucagon had no direct immediate (<15 sec) effect on portal venous flow or pressure. This was followed by an increase in portal vein flow and pressure reaching maximal response within 3–5 min. This late effect was most likely the result of the mesenteric vasodilator action of glucagon. It is concluded that glucagon posses a direct dilator action on the hepatic artery, and indirectly influences the portal venous circulation. Glucagon may have a physiological role in the hepatic vascular bed.
An electron microscopic comparison of transcription on linear and superhelical DNA

Abstract Electron microscopy of nascent RNA chains has been used to localize promoters on linear and negatively superhelical λ DNA. Transcription was performed in vitro using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. RNA from four promoters was seen on linear λ DNA; these include the λ PL and PR promoters, which are the main “early” λ promoters in vivo, and two promoters within the b2 region. In order to orient the circular DNA for electron microscopy, a restriction enzyme isolated from Streptomyces albus G. (Sal I) was used to cleave the DNA at unique points. The Sal I cleavage sites on λ DNA have been determined to be at 67.3% and 68.3% on the linear map. Through visualization of nascent RNA transcribed from superhelical λ DNA it is concluded that: (a) transcription increases from PL and PR with a particularly large increase from PL; (b) there is activation of transcription from promoters that are not used on the linear DNA and that coincide with the areas of λ which are most readily denatured and which possess the highest A + T content. The activation of such regions and the increased efficiency of the promoters used on linear DNA are discussed in terms of the energetics of unwinding a negatively superhelical DNA by a ligand such as RNA polymerase. The association of A + T-rich regions with promoters and the possible role of superhelicity in transcriptional activation in vivo are discussed.
Enabling collaboration in high performance computing

The West Virginia Cluster Computing Grid (WVCCG) Project is focused on enabling, enhancing, and supporting high performance computing-based research and education throughout the state of West Virginia. The goal of this National Science Foundation funded project is to provide educators and researchers access to moderate-cost computational resources. This goal was met by deploying production quality cluster computing resources at five small state colleges and universities, which in the future will connect to larger resources at a research university and a non-profit research organization. These resources allow the colleges to integrate high performance computing into their curriculum and become a part of a larger research community. This paper discusses the challenges and triumphs of such a project and details the educational and research initiatives undertaken by this group. The partners in this effort are the West Virginia High Technology Consortium Foundation, West Virginia University, Fairmont State University, Alderson-Broaddus College, Wheeling Jesuit University, Davis and Elkins College, and West Virginia State College.
Accelerated Cartesian expansions : A fast method for computing of potentials of the form R- ν for all real ν

Abstract The need to compute potentials of the form R − ν for ν ⩾ 1 occur in a variety of areas ranging from electromagnetics to biophysics to molecular dynamics to astrophysics, etc. For instance, Coulomb, London, Lennard-Jones, H-bonds are of the form ν = 1 , 5, 6 (and 12), 10, respectively. For a systems with N source/observation points, the cost of computing these potentials scales proportional to O ( N 2 ) . Methods to overcome this computational bottleneck have been a popular research topic for quite some time. For instance, the fast multipole method (FMM) and their cousins—tree codes—have revolutionized the computation of electrostatic potentials ( ν = 1). These methods rely on a hierarchical decomposition of the computational domain, i.e, construction of a regular oct-tree decomposition, and exploits the principle of divide and conquer to compute potentials at each observation point. This paper presents two methods, in the vein of FMM, albeit based on Cartesian tensors. The salient features of the first are as follows: (i) it relies on totally symmetric tensors and (ii) the errors are independent of the height of the tree. The second method is presented specifically for ν = 1, and relies on traceless totally symmetric Cartesian tensors. Using the relationship between traceless Cartesian tensors and spherical harmonics, it will be shown that this technique has the same computational cost as the classical FMM. Generalization of the second method for ν ≠ 1 is trivial; however, one needs to use totally symmetric tensors instead. Finally, in the whole computation scheme, only the translation operator (that used to traverse across the tree) depends on ν . Convergence of the proposed method is proven for all ν ∈ R . Numerical results that validate the cost and accuracy are presented for several potential functions; these include those typically encountered in the analysis of physical systems (Coulombic, Lennard-Jones, Lattice gas).
Functions of Code Switching in Schoolchildren's Conversations

Abstract This study examined the code-switching patterns in the speech of immigrant Spanish-speaking children. Seven- and 10-year-old boys and girls from bilingual classrooms were each paired with a mutually selected friend, and their speech was collected in two contexts: while the children waited for an expected science experiment and when they worked together to follow an instruction worksheet about hands-on magnetic materials. This study presents data on the discourse characteristics of children's code switching, and the functions that Spanish and English have according to context. In addition, the data are described in relation to children's language competence and preference. The study found that code switching occurred both within and across turns. The older children's switches were more frequent and were deployed for a wider variety of functions than the younger children's. The results challenge the negative view that code switching by children who are learning two languages is due to lack of profi...
Multiple pathways of recombination define cellular responses to cisplatin.

Abstract Background: Cisplatin is a DNA-damaging drug used for treatment of testicular tumors. The toxicity of cisplatin probably results from its ability to form DNA adducts that inhibit polymerases. Blocked replication represents a particular challenge for tumor cells, which are committed to unremitting division. Recombination provides a mechanism by which replication can proceed despite the presence of lesions and therefore could be significant for managing cisplatin toxicity. Results : Recombination-deficient Escherichia coli mutants were strikingly sensitive to cisplatin when compared with the parental strain. Our data identified both daughter-strand gap and double-strand break recombination pathways as critical for survival following treatment with cisplatin. Although it is established that nucleotide excision repair (NER) significantly protects against cisplatin toxicity, most recombination-deficient strains were as sensitive to the drug as the NER-deficient uvrA mutant. Recombination/NER deficient double mutants were more sensitive to cisplatin than the corresponding single mutants, suggesting that recombination and NER pathways play independent roles in countering cisplatin toxicity. Cisplatin was a potent recombinogen in comparison with the trans isomer and canonical alkylating agents. Mitomycin C, which like cisplatin, forms DNA cross-links, was also recombinogenic at minimally toxic doses. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that all of the major recombination pathways are critical for E. coli survival following treatment with cisplatin. Moreover, recombination pathways act independently of NER and are of equal importance to NER as genoprotective systems against cisplatin toxicity. Taken together, these results shed new light on how cells survive and succumb to this widely used anticancer drug.
The Surgical Pathology of Notochordal Remnants in Adult Intervertebral Disks : A Report of 3 Cases

The notochord plays a critical role in organizing and directing vertebral development. In humans, most notochordal cells are eventually sequestered into the nucleus pulposus and disappear within the first decade of life. Although notochordal remnants and related lesions have been described in the axial skeleton of adults, their presence in intervertebral disks is rare. We describe herein 3 cases of incidental notochordal remnants identified in surgically removed adult intervertebral disks. Their histologic features were reminiscent of notochordal vestiges in the fetus. However, they raised the differential diagnosis of benign notochordal cell tumor and chordoma. Notochordal rests can be a source of diagnostic confusion and should be distinguished from notochordal neoplasms because they do not necessitate resection or other forms of therapy.