cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of Ca, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd binding strengths with fulvic acid fractions by Schubert's method

Abstract The equilibrium binding of Ca2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ with unfractionated Suwannee river fulvic acid (SRFA) and an enhanced metal binding subfraction of SRFA was measured using Schubert’s ion-exchange method at pH 6.0 and at an ionic strength (μ) of 0.1 (NaNO3). The fractionation and subfractionation were directed towards obtaining an isolate with an elevated metal binding capacity or binding strength as estimated by Cu2+ potentiometry (ISE). Fractions were obtained by stepwise eluting an XAD-8 column loaded with SRFA with water eluents of pH 1.0 to pH 12.0. Subfractions were obtained by loading the fraction eluted from XAD-8 at pH 5.0 onto a silica gel column and eluting with solvents of increasing polarity. Schuberts ion exchange method was rigorously tested by measuring simultaneously the conditional stability constants (K) of citric acid complexed with the five metals at pH 3.5 and 6.0. The log K of SRFA with Ca2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ determined simultaneously at pH 6.0 follow the sequence of Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Ca2+ while all log K values increased for the enhanced metal binding subfraction and followed a different sequence of Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+. Both fulvic acid samples and citric acid exhibited a 1 : 1 metal to ligand stochiometry under the relatively low metal loading conditions used here. Quantitative 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed increases in aromaticity and ketone content and decreases in aliphatic carbon for the elevated metal binding fraction while the carboxyl carbon, and elemental nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur content did not change. The more polar, elevated metal binding fraction did show a significant increase in molecular weight over the unfractionated SRFA.
Regulation of cytokine expression in osteoblasts by parathyroid hormone: Rapid stimulation of interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA

PTH and other hormones that stimulate resorption affect osteoclasts indirectly by modulating cytokine production by osteoblasts. However, the identity and role of the osteoblast-derived cytokines involved in this process are unclear. To examine which cytokines are regulated by PTH, we assessed cytokine mRNA levels in osteoblasts using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. Of the 16 cytokines we examined, unstimulated MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells expressed mRNA for interleukins 5, 6, and 7, macrophage and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors, transforming growth factor beta 1, and leukemia inhibitory factor. PTH specifically increased expression of interleukin-6 (approximately 50-fold) and leukemia inhibitory factor (approximately 10-fold). Levels of both IL-6 and LIF mRNA peaked 30-60 minutes after addition of PTH and returned to baseline by 4-6 h. This rapid and transient mRNA response, which resembles that of immediate early genes, was also observed in primary rat osteoblasts. The transient mRNA response was accompanied by increased secretion of IL-6 protein. Lipopolysaccharide, another stimulator of resorption, increased mRNA levels of a group of cytokines that were not induced by PTH, namely interleukin-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. We conclude that osteoblasts produce complex networks of cytokines that (1) are regulated by bone-resorptive agents and (2) may be involved in controlling bone resorption.
Symptomatic Methemoglobinemia with a Commonly Used Topical Anesthetic, Cetacaine

Severe cyanosis resulting from acquired methemoglobinemia after application of a topical anesthetic, Cetacaine spray, occurred in a 37-year-old patient following bronchoscopy for postoperative atelectasis. Response to methylene blue therapy was dramatic and complete. Attention is drawn to a dangerous adverse effect of this commonly used topical anesthetic agent.
Impression creep of monolithic and composite lead free solders

Even though several EMS (Electronic manufacturing services) companies are currently producing “lead free” products, a general notion of apprehension still exists in the industry, primarily due to the lack of sufficient mechanical reliability data supporting the use of lead free alloys. The current study was an effort to generate an understanding of the mechanisms of creep deformation in monolithic and composite (Ag and Cu reinforced) Sn–3.5Ag and Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu lead free alloys in the high stress high temperature regime. Small volume solder samples were reflowed using a custom built computer controlled resistance furnace. Impression creep testing was employed to determine the activation energy and stress exponent. A careful analysis of the collected data revealed the underlying creep mechanisms and the following conclusions could be made. Both Sn–3.5Ag and Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu exhibited higher creep resistance as compared to the eutectic tin–lead solder under all tested conditions, with the ternary lead free alloy marginally outperforming the binary lead free alloy. Composite solders performed better as compared to monolithic solders. Furthermore, Cu reinforced solders demonstrated higher creep resistance as compared to Ag reinforced solders.
Considerations regarding the colors and low surface albedo of comets using the Hapke methodology

Abstract The single scattering albedos (SSA’s) determined for 9P/Tempel 1 are interpreted in terms of the Hapke model of irregular particle scattering efficiencies. Absorption coefficients versus wavelength from 0.31 to 2.5 μm are obtained. It is shown that the colors and exceedingly low reported SSA’s in the UV region of the spectrum below 0.4 μm cannot be reproduced with the geometric Hapke scattering model for irregular particles. However, by increasing the reported SSA’s by a small amount, absorption coefficients for particle radii of 10–100 μm versus wavelength from 0.31 to 2.5 μm can be fitted. Several reasons are given for slightly increasing the SSA’s, such as neglect of the effects of porosity, having a more complex phase function for the particles, uncertainties in the absolute calibration and the uncertainties associated with the complex treatment of surface roughness. The absorption coefficients determined show good agreement with potential surface constituents, Mg rich olivine and pyroxene with some amount of darkening iron or organic component.
On Inverse Estimation in Linear Regression

A procedure suggested by Krutchkoff (1967) f or inverse estimation in linear regression is compared with the classical procedure from other points of view than that taken by Krutchkoff, i.e. comparative mean square error. In particular, comparisons are made on the basis of “closeness” in estimation (Pitman, 1937), consistency (in a setting where this concept is relevant), and mean square error of the relevant asymptotic distributions. It is found that, for large samples, Krutchkoff's estimate is superior in the sense of “closeness” if values of the independent variable are restricted to a certain closed interval around the mean of the independent variates in the experiment and inferior elsewhere. However, the width of this interval varies inversely as the product of the absolute value of the standardized slope (i.e. scaled by the error standard deviation) and the standard deviation of the independent variables used in the experiment. As a practical matter the parameter tends to be large so that the interv...
Kondo time scales for quantum dots: Response to pulsed bias potentials

The response of a quantum dot in the Kondo regime to rectangular pulsed bias potentials of various strengths and durations is studied theoretically. It is found that the rise time is faster than the fall time, and also faster than time scales normally associated with the Kondo problem. For larger values of the pulsed bias, one can induce dramatic oscillations in the induced current with a frequency approximating the splitting between the Kondo peaks that would be present in steady state. The effect persists in the total charge transported per pulse, which should facilitate the experimental observation of the phenomenon. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Paul and the Revisionists: Did Luther Really Get it All Wrong?

: After the advent of the “new perspective” on Paul as explicated in E. P. Sanders, Krister Stendahl, and N.T. Wright, we need to ask: did Luther get Paul right? In this essay, Donfried analyzes N.T. Wright along with David Brondos on whether Paul—and Luther—properly interpreted concepts such as “law” or “justification” in light of ancient Judaism(s). In contrast to the “new perspective,” Donfried argues that Paul got the Judaisms of his own era right and Luther got Paul right: we are justified or rightwised before God because of the presence of Jesus Christ in the faith of the one who believes.
Overview, Prime, Drill, Check: An Approach to Guiding Student‐Teachers in Lesson Planning

This article describes a strategy for helping student-teachers systematically and consciously plan their lessons. By using the sequence of “overview, prime, drill, and check,” beginning teachers can be certain that they have included an introduction and motivation to an activity, examples and review of material necessary for conducting the activity, varied and appropriate drilling techniques, and evaluation of students' progress. This sequence gives new teachers a secure base for lesson planning, and attempts in this way to reduce the insecurities and anxieties felt by so many novices at the start of their practicum. In addition, this approach can be used as a means of analyzing the teaching and learning actually accomplished in a class, first under the guidance of a supervising teacher and later by beginning and experienced teachers on their own. Thus, it could become an instrument for developing skill in self-critiquing which may well be the most valuable and long-lasting skill that methods teachers and supervisors can develop in their student-teachers.
Computationally efficient permutation-based confidence interval estimation for tail-area FDR

Challenges of satisfying parametric assumptions in genomic settings with thousands or millions of tests have led investigators to combine powerful False Discovery Rate (FDR) approaches with computationally expensive but exact permutation testing. We describe a computationally efficient permutation-based approach that includes a tractable estimator of the proportion of true null hypotheses, the variance of the log of tail-area FDR, and a confidence interval (CI) estimator, which accounts for the number of permutations conducted and dependencies between tests. The CI estimator applies a binomial distribution and an overdispersion parameter to counts of positive tests. The approach is general with regards to the distribution of the test statistic, it performs favorably in comparison to other approaches, and reliable FDR estimates are demonstrated with as few as 10 permutations. An application of this approach to relate sleep patterns to gene expression patterns in mouse hypothalamus yielded a set of 11 transcripts associated with 24 h REM sleep [FDR = 0.15 (0.08, 0.26)]. Two of the corresponding genes, Sfrp1 and Sfrp4, are involved in wnt signaling and several others, Irf7, Ifit1, Iigp2, and Ifih1, have links to interferon signaling. These genes would have been overlooked had a typical a priori FDR threshold such as 0.05 or 0.1 been applied. The CI provides the flexibility for choosing a significance threshold based on tolerance for false discoveries and precision of the FDR estimate. That is, it frees the investigator to use a more data-driven approach to define significance, such as the minimum estimated FDR, an option that is especially useful for weak effects, often observed in studies of complex diseases.
Connexin26 is responsible for anionic molecule permeability in the cochlea for intercellular signalling and metabolic communications.

A gap junction is composed of two hemichannels and possesses a relatively large pore size (� 10–15 A u ), allowing passage of ions and molecules up to 1 kDa. Here, we report that connexin hemichannels and gap junctions in the guinea pig cochlea had significant charge selectivity among permeating molecules. In coincubation with anionic and cationic fluorescent dyes, hemichannel permeability in isolated cochlear supporting cells showed significant charge selectivity; 31% of cells had only cationic dye influx and 6% of cells had only anionic dye influx. Charge-selective influx contrary to dye size was also found, indicating charge as a dominant determinant in permeability. The cell–cell gap junctional permeability was consistent with hemichannel permeability and also showed strong charge selectivity; the permeation of anionic dyes was slower than that of cationic probes in the cochlear sensory epithelium. With a combination of immunofluorescent staining for connexin26 (Cx26) and Cx30, which are the predominant connexin isoforms in the cochlea, Cx26 was demonstrated to correlate with anionic permeability. The data indicated that cochlear gap junctions have strong charge selectivity in molecular permeability and metabolic communication. Cx26 mutation may induce specific, irreparable impairment in intercellular signalling and energy and nutrient supplies in the cochlea, causing cell degeneration and hearing loss, given that many important cell-signalling and nutrient and energy molecules (e.g. IP3, ATP, cAMP and cGMP) are anions.
Generalized elastolysis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

A case of postinflammatory generalized elastolysis is reported in a patient having systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of the literature has pointed out the diversity of the disorder resulting in cutis laxa, and a summary classification of the cases reported to date is included. We have emphasized the role of inflammation and possible immune destruction of elastic fibers in acquired elastolysis.
Group size and the performance of a composite group majority: Statistical truths and empirical results

The judgmental accuracy of group majority decision making in binary choice, multiple-item prediction tasks as a function of group size, average competence of group members, and the shape of the overall distribution of judgmental accuracy in the group are discussed. For the case where the addition of an (N + 1)th member to a group of size N has a known cost function and the value of a correct group decision can be specified, the optimal group size is calculated.
LINEAR RATE LAW FOR THE DECAY OF THE EXCESS SURFACE AREA OF A COALESCING SOLID PARTICLE

A linear rate law has been derived for the final stages of decay of the excess surface area of a spheroidal solid particle approaching a spherical shape. Solid-state diffusion within the particle, driven by stress gradients resulting from nonsphericity, is assumed to be the controlling mechanism. The derivation is based on a solution to Laplace's equation for the chemical potential inside the solid particle, which satisfies the boundary condition for the chemical potential on the particle surface. The characteristic frequency for the decay is 16${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{m}}^{2}$L\ensuremath{\sigma}/${\mathit{R}}^{3}$ where ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{m}}$ is the molecular volume, \ensuremath{\sigma} the surface tension, and R the radius of the sphere. The phenomenological coefficient L appears in the diffusional flux, driven by the chemical-potential gradient.
Urban land-use and respiratory symptoms in infants.

Abstract Background Children's respiratory health has been linked to many factors, including air pollution. The impacts of urban land-use on health are not fully understood, although these relationships are of key importance given the growing populations living in urban environments. Objectives We investigated whether the degree of urban land-use near a family's residence is associated with severity of respiratory symptoms like wheeze among infants. Methods Wheeze occurrence was recorded for the first year of life for 680 infants in Connecticut for 1996–1998 from a cohort at risk for asthma development. Land-use categories were obtained from the National Land Cover Database. The fraction of urban land-use near each subject's home was related to severity of wheeze symptoms using ordered logistic regression, adjusting for individual-level data including smoking in the household, race, gender, and socio-economic status. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure was estimated using integrated traffic exposure modeling. Different levels of urban land-use intensity were included in separate models to explore intensity-response relationships. A buffer distance was selected based on the log-likelihood value of models with buffers of 100–2000 m by 10 m increments. Results A 10% increase in urban land-use within the selected 1540 m buffer of each infant's residence was associated with 1.09-fold increased risk of wheeze severity (95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.16). Results were robust to alternate buffer sizes. When NO 2 , representing traffic pollution, was added to the model, results for urban land-use were no longer statistically significant, but had similar central estimates. Higher urban intensity showed higher risk of prevalence and severity of wheeze symptoms. Conclusions Urban land-use was associated with severity of wheeze symptoms in infants. Findings indicate that health effect estimates for urbanicity incorporate some effects of traffic-related emissions, but also involve other factors. These may include differences in housing characteristics or baseline healthcare status.
Low Rates of Hepatitis A and B Vaccination in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C at an Urban Methadone Maintenance Program

Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) are at increased risk for complications of liver disease if they become infected with the hepatitis A (HAV) or hepatitis B (HBV) viruses. The authors examined the rates of testing for HAV, HBV, and HCV, as well as rates of vaccination against HAV and HBV in patients with chronic HCV in a random sample (N = 207) of medical records of patients enrolled in a methadone maintenance program. Almost all patients reviewed were tested for HAV, HBV, and HCV. Of the 111 patients with chronic HCV, 53 (48.6%) and 68 (63%) lacked immunity to HAV and HBV, respectively. Of those lacking immunity, 29 (54.7%) and 2 (2.9%) were vaccinated for HAV and HBV, respectively. Despite high rates of testing for HAV, HBV, and HCV at a methadone maintenance program, approximately half of those with chronic HCV eligible for the HAV vaccine received it, and few of those eligible for HBV vaccine received it.
Complexity analysis of a linear complementary algorithm of a linear complementarity algorithm based on a Lyapunov function

We consider a path following algorithm for solving linear complementarity problems with positive semi-definite matrices. This algorithm can start from any interior solution and attain a linear rate of convergence. Moreover, if the starting solution is appropriately chosen, this algorithm achieves a complexity of O( $$\sqrt m$$ L}) iterations, wherem is the number of variables andL is the size of the problem encoding in binary. We present a simple complexity analysis for this algorithm, which is based on a new Lyapunov function for measuring the nearness to optimality. This Lyapunov function has itself interesting properties that can be used in a line search to accelerate convergence. We also develop an inexact line search procedure in which the line search stepsize is obtainable in a closed form. Finally, we extended this algorithm to handle directly variables which are unconstrained in sign and whose corresponding matrix is positive definite. The rate of convergence of this extended algorithm is shown to be independent of the number of such variables.
Zápara Leaders and Identity Construction in Ecuador: The Complexities of Indigenous Self-Representation

En este articulo, exploro las practicas de auto-representacion usadas por los lideres o dirigentes de la Nacionalidad Zapara del Ecuador (NAZAE), uno de los grupos indigenas mas pequenos de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Estos dirigentes han utilizado sus idiomas indigenas, especificamente zapara y kichwa, para simbolizar su autenticidad cultural cuando interactuan con individuos que no pertenecen a la nacionalidad zapara. El enfasis de estos lideres en los idiomas zapara y kichwa, como indicadores de la legitimidad de sus comunidades, ha sido importante para crear un espacio politico para los indigenas zaparas en el Ecuador. Sin embargo, en el proceso de comparar idiomas indigenas con autenticidad cultural, los lideres zaparas tambien han parcialmente ocultado e invalidado practicas de la historia zapara. Por ejemplo, ellos han ocultado el uso del idioma espanol en sus comunidades cuando representan sus comunidades a personas no zaparas, y han utilizado la falta de conocimiento del idioma zapara de lideres indigenas rivales para desacreditarles. Al examinar la complejidad de las practicas de representacion de lideres indigenas en America Latina, he contribuido a un proceso de aprendizaje mas complejo y comprensivo al estudiar y ver como estos lideres han articulado nuevas expresiones de autoridad indigena en el proceso de auto-representacion.
Coalitions in the triad: Additive case.

Like-sexed triads played 36 games of chance in which the objective was to earn as many points for oneself as possible. On each trial, players were allowed to form coalitions, if desired, but expected value of winnings was exactly equal to that for members playing individually. Contrary to predictions, coalitions were formed frequently-on 57% of all trials. A strong tendency was observed for equals and near-equals to favor one another as coalition partners. A second strong effect was for weaker players to band together. Division of points won deviated markedly from equity in the direction of equality.
The experience of OCD-related intrusive thoughts in African and European Americans: Testing the generalizability of cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder

Abstract Cognitive theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) emphasize the role of maladaptive appraisals and control strategies in distinguishing normal from clinically significant intrusive thoughts. Since the majority of studies testing these models utilize predominantly European American samples, the racial and ethnic generalizability of these theories is largely unknown. In the current study, African Americans ( n =40) and European Americans ( n =54) were interviewed about their experiences of unwanted intrusive thoughts (e.g., frequency, interference, importance, and difficulty dismissing the intrusion), as well as their appraisals and the control strategies employed to manage distress associated with their most distressing intrusive thought. Participants also completed a self-report measure of OC symptoms. Results indicated that African American and European American participants reported similar experiences of OCD-related intrusions, appraisals, and control strategies; however, the groups showed different patterns of relations between intrusion appraisals, control strategies, and self-reported OC symptoms. These findings suggest that race-associated factors may play a role in the comparative experience of OCD-related phenomena between African American and European American individuals. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed within cognitive models of OCD.
Correlations of Diagenesis with Sedimentary Facies in Eocene Sandstones, Western Oregon

Diagenesis in Eocene basinal lithic sandstones of the Oregon Coast Range is constrained by mineralogic composition and original depositional environment and various other chemical and physical factors, including fluid flow and temperature. Homogeneous volcanic and lithic sandstone compositions within the sequence of the Tyee, Elkton, and Coaledo Formations allow examination of diagenetic phases in relation to sedimentary environment. Authigenic minerals are controlled m part by depositional facies; well-developed clay and zeolite (laumontite and heulandite/clinoptilolite) cements are abundant in deltaic to shelf and inner-fan facies throughout the section. Carbonate cements occur in sandstones from many facies. Matrix is most common in sandstones of the outer-fan facies. Matrix-rich rocks had less original depositional porosity and permeability, hence zeolite and clay cements are not well developed in outer-fan (turbidite) sandstones. A paragenetic sequence of the diagenetic phases indicates that several cement generations and replacements reduced most of the depositional porosity. Minor dissolution of Ca-rich phases indicates sparse secondary porosity developments in these rocks. Statistical analyses support the distinction of a homogeneous petrofacies group and the correlations of diagenesis with facies.
Indirect effects and distributed control in ecosystems: Temporal variation of indirect effects in a seven-compartment model of nitrogen flow in the Neuse River Estuary, USA—Time series analysis

Abstract Indirect effects, the ability of one element in a system to impact another without direct interaction, are critical components of complex adaptive systems. Network environ analysis (NEA) is an environmental extension of economic input–output analysis that characterizes and quantifies indirect effects transmitted by a specific currency (e.g., carbon, nitrogen) within a steady state system. Previous NEA results suggest that indirect effects tend to dominate direct effects in ecosystems. Although steady state models may be useful, ecologists are often interested in system dynamics. In this article, we use NEA to investigate the temporal dynamics of indirect effects in 16 steady state models of nitrogen cycling in the Neuse River Estuary, USA. These models were originally constructed by Christian and Thomas [Christian, R.R., Thomas, C.R., 2003. Network analysis of nitrogen inputs and cycling in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Estuaries 26, 815–828]. Our work had two primary objectives: (1) describe and quantify the temporal dynamics of indirect flows and (2) identify the importance of model factors in determining the magnitude of indirect flows. Our results indicate that indirect flows transmitted by the network of nitrogen transactions, especially microbial transformations, dominated direct flows in the Neuse River Estuary between spring 1985 and winter 1989. When we examined the indirect flow index (ratio of indirect to total system throughflow), we were surprised by the relatively small amount of temporal variation within the Neuse River Estuary. In all seasons, indirect flow was more than 80% of TST, and there was no significant interannual variation. Our analysis also revealed no clear relationship between boundary or direct flow and indirect flow, but a strong association between cycled and indirect flow. We conclude that while an increase in boundary, direct, and cycled flows can influence indirect flows, in the Neuse River Estuary models indirect flows are predominantly due to cycling. If nitrogen loading had been reduced during our study period, this system likely would have remained eutrophic for an extended period of time. If we assume the system remained similar in 1997, we would expect the legislated reduction of nitrogen loading to have little immediate effect, although this action will be important for long-term change. Dominance of indirect flow due to cycling makes this system state relatively difficult to change rapidly by external forcing. In this sense, the indirect effects stabilize the system, making it more resistant to external perturbations, though it may be more sensitive in the long-term.
The role of body weight in resident-intruder aggression

The behavior of male NIH Swiss mice of various body weights in the resident-intruder test of aggression was investigated. Mice were housed individually for 10 days prior to the test, and allocated to six groups. In the first three groups body weights of residents and group-housed intruders were matched, and the animals were divided into light, average, or heavy groups. In the last three groups weights of the intruder mice were either matched with the residents, or intruders were lighter or heavier than the residents. We found that light residents spent significantly less time in aggressive behaviors and longer time in defensive behaviors than the other two groups. The heavy mice showed most social investigation. The body weights of intruders were also shown to affect the behavior in the test: those residents which had light opponents spent a longer time in aggressive behavior than those which had matched or heavy opponents. The resident mice with heavy opponents showed most defensive behaviors. To study whether pharmacological manipulation may have different effects on behavior in the resident-intruder test in mice having different weights, animals of light, average, and heavy body weight received a low dose (0.8 g/kg) of ethanol 30 min prior to the test. We did not note any effect of ethanol on aggressive behavior in the three groups. The results suggest that body weight plays a significant role in determining the level of aggression and defensive behaviors in the resident-intruder test.
Causal Markov random field for brain MR image segmentation

We propose a new Bayesian classifier, based on the recently introduced causal Markov random field (MRF) model, Quadrilateral MRF (QMRF). We use a second order inhomogeneous anisotropic QMRF to model the prior and likelihood probabilities in the maximum a posteriori (MAP) classifier, named here as MAP-QMRF. The joint distribution of QMRF is given in terms of the product of two dimensional clique distributions existing in its neighboring structure. 20 manually labeled human brain MR images are used to train and assess the MAP-QMRF classifier using the jackknife validation method. Comparing the results of the proposed classifier and FreeSurfer on the Dice overlap measure shows an average gain of 1.8%. We have performed a power analysis to demonstrate that this increase in segmentation accuracy substantially reduces the number of samples required to detect a 5% change in volume of a brain region.
The Hood River Conservation Project: A unique research and demonstration effort

Abstract The Hood River Conservation Project (HRCP) was intended to test the upper limits of a utility retrofit program. HRCP sought to install an extensive package of retrofit measures in all the electrically heated homes in Hood River, Oregon. The careful planning for the Project and its evaluation and the Project's ongoing attention to collecting and managing data yielded a rich information resource. This resource has been extensively mined, both to address the issues for which HRCP was designed and to examine other important energy issues for the Pacific Northwest. This paper summarizes the remarkable and successful efforts to comprehensively evaluate the Project, and briefly describes Project activities and results. The other papers in this volume present many of the fascinating results obtained with these data.
Nuclear alignment of Co60 in cerium magnesium nitrate

Abstract For a spherical single crystal of CeMg nitrate containing Co60 cooled by adiabatic demagnetization from 24 kOe/°K, the gamma ray anisotropy ϵ is quite low (7%) compared to that for isomorphous CeZn nitrate under comparable conditions (26%). In order to understand this apparently paradoxical behavior we have carried through a calculation of ϵ in which cerium-cobalt spin-spin interactions are represented by a local magnetic field Hi. A digital computer diagonalized the 22 × 22 matrix of the spin Hamiltonian 1 2 ,H i + AI z S z + 1 2 B(I + S − + I − S + ) with magnetic resonance parameters appropriate for X-sites in the crystal lattice, giving the exact eigenvalues and eigenfunctions from which the angular distribution of gamma radiation has been calculated. An agreement within 2% can be obtained with 2 3 of the Co60 nuclei in X-sites and 1 3 in Y-sites if Hi = 165 Oe, as in CeZn nitrate, and if 1 T = 950 rather than 325, in accordance with recent work on the CeMg nitrate temperature scale for a sphere. Possible sources of the remaining discrepancy are discussed.
Chromosomes of the Genus Peromyscus (Deer Mouse)

All the species of Peromyscus so far studied except P. eremicus have 48 chromosomes. One subspecies of P maniculatus was found with 52 chromosomes. Evidence is found supporting Painter's base number 48 for mammals, but no explanation is offered for the 58 chromosomes found in P eremicus.Evidence is found in favor of fragmentation as a method for increasing chromosome numbers within a species. This process may be in progress in P maniculatus at the present time.Almost complete harmony is found between the results of the breeding tests made by Dice and the results of the cytological study made here.A suggested relationship between various species of Peromyscus is offered based upon cytological evidence.
Model degradation effects on sensor failure detection

This paper discusses the effects of imperfect modeling on the detection and isolation of sensor failures. For systems with non-zero set points, deterministic inputs or non-zero noise biases, the model mismatch appears as a bias on the stochastic innovation process. This bias, if left unaccounted for, would be sufficient to declare a false alarm failure in one or more sensors. A practical design procedure based upon the Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) form uses a finite data window sequential t-test to detect and isolate model mismatch effects and soft sensor failures. Application to an eighth order model of the QCSEE turbofan engine is discussed.
Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in depression and epilepsy: therapeutic parameter settings

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy is an effective adjunctive treatment for chronic or recurrent treatment-resistant depression in adults, and for pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults and adolescents. VNS therapy is administered through an implanted pulse generator that delivers programmed electrical pulses through an implanted lead to the left vagus nerve. Programmable pulse parameters include output current, frequency, pulse width, and ON/OFF times. Within a range of typical values, individual patients respond best to different combinations of parameter settings. The physician must identify the optimum settings for each patient while balancing the goals of maximizing efficacy, minimizing side effects, and preserving battery life. Output current is gradually increased from 0.25 mA to the maximum tolerable level (maximum, 3.5 mA); typical therapeutic settings range from 1.0 to 1.5 mA. Greater output current is associated with increased side effects, including voice alteration, cough, a feeling of throat tightening, and dyspnea. Frequency is typically programmed at 20 Hz in depression and 30 Hz in epilepsy. Pulse width is typically 250 or 500 micros. The recommended initial ON time is 30 s, followed by 5 min OFF; OFF time > ON time is recommended. As with pharmacotherapy, VNS therapy must be adjusted in a gradual, systematic fashion to individualize therapy for each patient.
A computer‐aided approach to material selection and environmental auditing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an environmental‐oriented material selection methodology with two distinct features: it uses a computer‐aided material selector coupled with environmental auditing; and it provides a quantitative analysis of environmental impact of selected material.Design/methodology/approach – A two‐phase computer‐aided procedure that considers material properties, manufacturing constraints, and design and economic requirements is introduced with the objective of finding the material with least negative environmental impact. The procedure is illustrated for an industrial component.Findings – The implementation of the proposed procedure resulted in screening of three feasible materials from a database of 2,900 materials, among which cast aluminum exhibits savings in energy consumption and CO2 emission. This result shows the effectiveness of using a systematic computer‐aided method for a speedy selection of material and generating quantitative data to measure the environme...
The relationship between faith and evidence in St. Augustine

There has been much debate in both theological and philosophical circles over the matter of evidentialism—that is, whether an individual must augment or supplement their belief in God with evidences supportive of that belief. However, what has been (for the most part) lacking is a discussion which endeavors to integrate theological and philosophical desiderata. In this paper I will suggest that the framework for such a discussion can be found in the work of St. Augustine—in particular, in the way he holds together his belief in the sufficiency and necessity of faith and his ample use of evidences for belief in God.
Impacts of Website Context Relevance on Banner Advertisement Effectiveness

This study examines how the Internet context (website) within which advertisements (banners) are embedded influences ad effectiveness. Respondents evaluated banners after they reviewed a website in which a contextually relevant banner and a contextually irrelevant banner were placed. Results suggest that (1) a contextually relevant banner induced more favorable evaluation and a greater purchase intention toward advertised products than a contextually irrelevant counterpart, and (2) neither a contextually relevant banner nor a contextually irrelevant banner was recalled with better accuracy than the other banner. These findings provide implications for future consumer research and website promotion.
A simple derivation of the stochastic eigenvalue equation in the transition from quasiperiodicity to chaos

Abstract A simple derivation of the stochastic eigenvalue equation, previously obtained by irrational decimation of functional integrals, is given to show the universal scaling behavior of external noise in the transition from quasiperiodicity to chaos in dissipative systems.
Perioperative ketorolac tromethamine and postoperative hemorrhage in cases of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

The charts of 258 patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy between June 1991 and June 1993 were reviewed. One hundred sixty-nine of these patients received ketorolac tromethamine during the perioperative period as a nonnarcotic alternative for postoperative pain management. The incidence of postoperative hemorrhage among patients who received ketorolac tromethamine was 10.1%, compared to 2.2% in those patients who received narcotic analgesia only. The average time to adequate oral intake and discharge was evaluated. Ketorolac appeared to moderately decrease the time to adequate oral intake. The use of ketorolac did not significantly alter the time to discharge. The increased incidence of postoperative hemorrhage in patients receiving ketorolac should be considered before this medication is used in the perioperative period. The risk/benefit ratio of ketorolac use as a postoperative analgesic may be better demonstrated in a prospective study.
Development and characterization of an aged onset model of Alzheimer's disease in Drosophila melanogaster

The biggest risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is age. Depending on the age of onset, AD is clinically categorized into either the early-onset form (before age 60years old), or the late-onset form (after age 65years old), with the vast majority of AD diagnosed as late onset (LOAD). LOAD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that involves the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of elderly patients. Affected individuals often experience symptoms including memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes. Though many animal models of AD exist, very few are capable of analyzing the effect of older age on AD pathology. In an attempt to better model LOAD, we developed a novel "aged AD" model using Drosophila melanogaster. In our model, we express low levels of the human AD proteins APP (amyloid precursor protein) and BACE1 (β-site APP cleaving enzyme BACE) specifically in the fly's central nervous system. Advantages of our model include the onset of behavioral and neuropathological symptoms later in the fly's lifespan due to a gradual accrual of Aβ within the central nervous system (CNS), making age the key factor in the behavioral and neuroanatomical phenotypes that we observe in this model.
Growth of heteroepitaxial GaSb thin films on Si(100) substrates

The heteroepitaxial growth of GaSb thin films on Si(100) and GaAs(100) substrates is presented. The growth technique involves the use of atomic Ga and Sb species, which are provided by thermal effusion and radio frequency sputtering, respectively. The crystalline quality of the heteroepitaxial GaSb film on the Si substrate is high despite the larger lattice mismatch. Epitaxial quality is determined by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscatter spectrometry channeling. Atomic-force microscopy is used to monitor the evolution of surface morphology with increasing film thickness. Transmission electron microscopy shows the formation of stacking faults at the Si/GaSb interface and their eventual annihilation with increasing GaSb film thickness. Annihilation of stacking faults occurs when two next-neighbor mounds meet during the overgrowth of a common adjacent mound.
Dual-Energy Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging of Radiation-Induced Vascular Changes in Primary Mouse Sarcomas

Purpose To evaluate the effects of radiation therapy on primary tumor vasculature using dual-energy (DE) micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Methods and Materials Primary sarcomas were generated with mutant Kras and p53 . Unirradiated tumors were compared with tumors irradiated with 20 Gy. A liposomal-iodinated contrast agent was administered 1 day after treatment, and mice were imaged immediately after injection (day 1) and 3 days later (day 4) with DE micro-CT. CT-derived tumor sizes were used to assess tumor growth. After DE decomposition, iodine maps were used to assess tumor fractional blood volume (FBV) at day 1 and tumor vascular permeability at day 4. For comparison, tumor vascularity and vascular permeability were also evaluated histologically by use of CD31 immunofluorescence and fluorescently-labeled dextrans. Results Radiation treatment significantly decreased tumor growth from day 1 to day 4 ( P R 2 =0.53) and dextran accumulation ( R 2 =0.63) on day 4, respectively. Despite no change in MVD measured by histology, tumor FBV significantly increased after irradiation as measured by DE micro-CT (0.070 vs 0.091, P Conclusions DE micro-CT is an effective tool for noninvasive assessment of vascular changes in primary tumors. Tumor blood volume and vascular permeability increased after a single therapeutic dose of radiation treatment.
Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection using the polymerase chain reaction.

Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was shown to be a sensitive and useful method for detection of infection by members of the group of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Genomic DNA extracted from chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), blood and tumours of chickens experimentally infected with the spleen necrosis virus (SNV) strain of REV was used as the target for chain elongation. Deoxyoligonucle‐otide primers that encompass a portion of the unique 3’, repeat and unique 5’ region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) served to prime chain elongation. Products characteristic of the SNV LTR were also produced from DNA extracted from CEF infected with other strains of REV, namely chick syncytial virus, duck infectious anaemia virus, and the T‐strain of REV. SNV‐LTR sequences were amplified from DNA of SNV‐experimentally infected chicks between 5 days and 19 weeks after infection. SNV‐LTR sequences were also amplified from DNA from tumours and brains of SNV infected chickens, but not from DNA from avia...
MCD of Non-Aromatic Cyclic π-Electron Systems. 3. The Perimeter Model for Low-Symmetry “Unaromatic” and “Ambiaromatic” Molecules Derived from 4N-Electron [n]Annulenes

The LCAO version of the perimeter model with overlap through second order is used to treat the ππ* electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of low-symmetry molecules with a closed-shell ground state and no degenerate states (no threefold or higher order axis) derived from biradical (antiaromatic) parent 4N-electron [n]annulene perimeters by structural perturbations. If a symmetry plane perpendicular to the molecular plane is present, simple explicit algebraic solutions are obtained. Rules are derived for predicting the intensities, polarizations, and MCD signs of low-energy transitions in this class of molecules from the knowledge of relative magnitudes of MO energy differences, which can be frequently deduced by mere inspection of molecular formulas. On the basis of the results, a generalized nomenclature is proposed for low-energy electronic excited states of all even-electron cyclic π systems with a single perimeter.
Suture Materials, 1980s: Properties, Uses, and Abuses

The development of modern suture material offers the dermatologic surgeon an important choice in would closure. This review, although prejudiced in some instances by the author's experience, likes, and dislikes, is an attempt to clarify the difference between various absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures. Properties of suture material are discussed in detail. Guidelines for choice in regard to wound healing, location of incision, and surgical needles are offered. Lastly, the use of staples in wound closure is mentioned.
SU-E-T-425: Impact of Model Based Dose Calculation Algorithm for Ir-192 Intracavitary Brachytherapy with Shielded Applicator.

Purpose: To determine the impact of a grid based Boltzmann solver (GBBS) on a cohort of cervical cancer patients treated with Ir‐192 intracavitary brachytherapy with shielded applicators. Methods: Retrospective plans were generated using BrachyVision v8.8 (TPS) with GBBS Acuros v1.3.1. The study includes 24 patients that had CT planning images acquired with CT/MR compatible applicators. Using the TPS applicator library, shielded colpostats and tandem (#AL13122005) were virtually positioned to replace the applicators seen on CT. Dwell weights were based on TG43 delivering 6 Gy to point A. Four GBBS calculations were performed to assess differences from the standard of practice TG43. The different GBBS calculations were: 1) no applicator modeled, body= 1 g/cc muscle, 2) applicator modeled, body=1g/cc muscle, 3) applicator modeled, CT‐to‐material mapping with contrast (vaginal packing, rectal, Foley balloon) = 1g/cc muscle, and 4) applicator model, CT‐to‐material mapping without material overrides. The multiple GBBS calculations allow differences from TG43 to be attributed to factors representing the modeling of source and patient boundaries (scatter conditions), tissue heterogeneities, and applicators. Results: Differences between GBBS4 and TG43 at clinical dosimetric points were as follows: [mean ± standard (min, max) ], Point A: − 2.5% ± 0.5% (−3.8% , −1.2%), Point B: −1.5% ± 1.0% (−3.2% , 1.1%), ICRU rectum: −8.4% ± 2.5% ( −14.0% , −4.1%), D2cc rectum: −6.2% ± 2.6% (− 11.9% , −0.8%), ICRU bladder: −7.2% ± 3.6% (−15.7% , −2.1%); D2cc bladder: −3.4% ± 1.8% (−7.2% , −1.1%). Bar plots comparing the modeling factors previously listed show that applicator modeling is the largest contributor to differences from TG43. Conclusions: Clinically significant dose differences (>5%) relative to TG43 exist when using a model‐based dose calculation algorithm such as the GBBS with shielded applicators. Differences were largely due to applicator modeling, not tissue heterogeneities, source modeling, or patient boundary modeling.