cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What factors contributed to changes in employment during and after the Great Recession

Unemployment increased drastically over the course of the Great Recession from 4.5 percent prior to the recession to 10 percent at its peak in October 2009. Since then, the unemployment rate has come down steadily, and it stood at 5.8 percent in November 2014. Based on existing analyses and some new evidence, this paper establishes that much of the change in unemployment during the Great Recession and during the recovery can be attributed to cyclical factors rather than structural factors. The paper then presents new suggestive evidence to quantify the employment impacts of various counter-cyclical policies introduced during this time. We conduct a counter-factual and find that employment would have been between 4.2 percent and 4.5 percent lower had it not been because of the spending in Medicaid injected in local economies by the Recovery Act. In addition, we conduct a differences-in-differences and triple difference analysis, which suggests that the Work Opportunity Tax Credits increased the likelihood of employment by about 4.7 percent for disconnected youth but had no effect on disabled and unemployed veterans. Finally, we also find evidence that suggests that the Hiring Incentive to Restore Employment (HIRE) Act increased employment of the unemployed by 2.6 percent and that the reemployment reforms introduced in 2012 as part of the UI extensions increased employment by 6 percent for the long-term unemployed. JEL codes: JE24, J23, J63, J64, J65, J68
Consumer Expectations and Culture: The Effect of Belief in Karma in India

In the customer expectations arena, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact on expectations of variation in cultural variables unique to a country. Here we focus on one country, India, and a major cultural influence there—the extent of belief in karma. Prior research in the United States suggests that disconfirmation sensitivity lowers expectations. Here we examine whether belief in karma and, consequently, having a long-term orientation, counteracts the tendency to lower expectations in two studies that measure and prime respondents’ belief in karma. Results show that the extent of belief in karma, operating largely through its impact on long-run orientation, does moderate (decrease) the effect of disconfirmation sensitivity on expectations. These findings suggest that it is important to tailor advertising messages by matching them with customer expectations and their cultural determinants.
Design recovery for relay ladder logic

An algorithm for converting relay ladder logic (RLL) programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) into sequential function chart (SFC) programs is introduced. Since an SFC (a standardization of Grafcet) better represents the sequential flow of control logic, it is considerably easier to understand and modify SFC programs. The practical motivation for this study is to provide a tool for converting existing RLL programs into SFC programs by recovering the underlying sequential control logic. A basic design recovery algorithm is presented and applied to a simple RLL program for one stage of a batch chemical process. Several fundamental issues in discrete control logic representation and analysis are identified as fertile areas for future research. >
Finite rigid sets and homologically non-trivial spheres in the curve complex of a surface

Aramayona and Leininger have provided a "finite rigid subset" &#x1d51b;(Σ) of the curve complex of a surface , characterized by the fact that any simplicial injection is induced by a unique element of the mapping class group Mod(Σ). In this paper we prove that, in the case of the sphere with n ≥ 5 marked points, the reduced homology class of the finite rigid set of Aramayona and Leininger is a Mod(Σ)-module generator for the reduced homology of the curve complex , answering in the affirmative a question posed in [1]. For the surface with g ≥ 3 and n ∈ {0, 1} we find that the finite rigid set &#x1d51b;(Σ) of Aramayona and Leininger contains a proper subcomplex X(Σ) whose reduced homology class is a Mod(Σ)-module generator for the reduced homology of but which is not itself rigid.
Model Based IVHM System for the Solid Rocket Booster

We report progress in the development of a model-based hybrid probabilistic approach to an on-board IVHM for solid rocket boosters (SRBs) that can accommodate the abrupt changes of the model parameters in various nonlinear dynamical off-nominal regimes. The work is related to the ORION mission program. Specifically, a case breach fault for SRBs is considered that takes into account burning a hole through the rocket case, as well as ablation of the nozzle throat under the action of hot gas flow. A high-fidelity model (HFM) of the fault is developed in FLUENT in cylindrical symmetry. The results of the FLUENT simulations are shown to be in good agreement with quasi-stationary approximation and analytical solution of a system of one-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) for the gas flow in the combustion chamber and in the hole through the rocket case.
Rare missense variants in CHRNB3 and CHRNA3 are associated with risk of alcohol and cocaine dependence

Previous findings have demonstrated that variants in nicotinic receptor genes are associated with nicotine, alcohol and cocaine dependence. Because of the substantial comorbidity, it has often been unclear whether a variant is associated with multiple substances or whether the association is actually with a single substance. To investigate the possible contribution of rare variants to the development of substance dependencies other than nicotine dependence, specifically alcohol and cocaine dependence, we undertook pooled sequencing of the coding regions and flanking sequence of CHRNA5, CHRNA3, CHRNB4, CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 in 287 African American and 1028 European American individuals from the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). All members of families for whom any individual was sequenced (2504 African Americans and 7318 European Americans) were then genotyped for all variants identified by sequencing. For each gene, we then tested for association using FamSKAT. For European Americans, we find increased DSM-IV cocaine dependence symptoms (FamSKAT P = 2 × 10−4) and increased DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms (FamSKAT P = 5 × 10−4) among carriers of missense variants in CHRNB3. Additionally, one variant (rs149775276; H329Y) shows association with both cocaine dependence symptoms (P = 7.4 × 10−5, β = 2.04) and alcohol dependence symptoms (P = 2.6 × 10−4, β = 2.04). For African Americans, we find decreased cocaine dependence symptoms among carriers of missense variants in CHRNA3 (FamSKAT P = 0.005). Replication in an independent sample supports the role of rare variants in CHRNB3 and alcohol dependence (P = 0.006). These are the first results to implicate rare variants in CHRNB3 or CHRNA3 in risk for alcohol dependence or cocaine dependence.
γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenenitriles: Chelation-controlled conjugate additions

Temporarily anchoring Grignard and organolithium reagents to γ-hydroxy-α,β-alkenenitriles promotes efficient conjugate additions to what are otherwise recalcitrant Michael acceptors. Sequential deprotonation and addition of a modest excess of a second Grignard reagent allows effective conjugate delivery of alkyl groups to cyclic and acyclic alkenenitriles. Mechanistically, conjugate additions proceed through alkylmagnesium alkoxide complexes for all but the more substituted alkenenitriles that require alkyl transfers from the more reactive ate complexes. Synthetically, chelation-controlled conjugate additions rapidly, and stereoselectively, assemble substituted nitriles, installing up to two new stereocenters in a single synthetic operation.
Exploring the Moral Distress of Registered Nurses

Registered nurses (RNs) employed in an urban medical center in the USA identified moral distress as a practice concern. This study describes RNs' moral distress and the frequency of morally distressing events. Data were collected using the Moral Distress Scale and an open-ended questionnaire. The instruments were distributed to direct-care-providing RNs; 100 responses were returned. Morally distressing events included: working with staffing levels perceived as 'unsafe', following families' wishes for patient care even though the nurse disagreed with the plan, and continuing life support for patients owing to family wishes despite patients' poor prognoses. One high frequency distressing event was carrying out orders for unnecessary tests and treatments. Qualitative data analysis revealed that the nurses sought support and information from nurse managers, chaplaincy services and colleagues. The RNs requested further information on biomedical ethics, suggested ethics rounds, and requested a non-punitive environment surrounding the initiation of ethics committee consultations.
MicroRNAs implicated in dysregulation of gene expression following human lung transplantation

Lung transplantation remains the only viable treatment option for the majority of patients with advanced lung diseases. However, 5-year post-transplant survival rates remain low primarily secondary to chronic rejection. Novel insights from global gene expression profiles may provide molecular phenotypes and therapeutic targets to improve outcomes after lung transplantation. Whole-genome gene expression profiling was performed in a cohort of patients that underwent lung transplantation as well as healthy controls using the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0ST Array. To explore the potential roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating lung transplantation-associated gene dysregulation, miRNA expression levels were also profiled in the same samples using the Exiqon miRCURY LNA Array. In a cohort of 18 lung transplant patients, 364 dysregulated genes were identified in Caucasian patients relative to normal individuals without pulmonary disorders. Pathway enrichment analysis of the dysregulated genes pointed to Gene Ontology biological processes such as “defense response”, “immune response” and “response to wounding”. We then compared the expression profiles of potential regulating miRNAs, suggesting that dysregulation of a number of lung transplantation-associated genes (e.g., ATR, FUT8, LRRC8B, NFKBIA) may be attributed to the dysregulation of their respective regulating miRNAs. Following human lung transplantation, a substantial proportion of genes, particularly those genes involved in certain biological processes like immune response, were dysregulated in patients relative to their healthy counterparts. This exploratory analysis of the relationships between miRNAs and their gene targets in the context of lung transplantation warrants further investigation and may serve as novel therapeutic targets in lung transplant complications.
Stability analysis of bridged cracks in brittle matrix composites

The bridging of matrix cracks by fibers is an important toughening mechanism in fiber reinforced brittle matrix composites. This paper presents the results of a nonlinear finite element analysis of the Mode-I propagation of a bridged matrix crack in a finite size specimen. The composite is modeled as an orthotropic continuum and the bridging due to the fibers is modeled as a distribution of tractions which resist crack opening. A critical stress intensity factor criterion is employed for matrix crack propagation while a critical crack opening condition is used for fiber failure. The structural response of the specimen (load-deflection curves) as well as the stress intensity factor of the propagating crack are calculated for various constituent properties and specimen configurations for both tensile and bending loading. By controlling the length of the bridged crack results are obtained which highlight the transition from stable to unstable behavior of the propagating crack.
BREATHERS IN THE WEAKLY COUPLED TOPOLOGICAL DISCRETE SINE-GORDON SYSTEM

Existence of breather (spatially localized, time periodic, oscillatory) solutions of the topological discrete sine-Gordon (TDSG) system, in the regime of weak coupling, is proved. The novelty of this result is that, unlike the systems previously considered in studies of discrete breathers, the TDSG system does not decouple into independent oscillator units in the weak coupling limit. The results of a systematic numerical study of these breathers are presented, including breather initial profiles and a portrait of their domain of existence in the frequency-coupling parameter space. It is found that the breathers are uniformly qualitatively different from those found in conventional spatially discrete systems.
Efficient Computation of Mode-Shape Derivatives for Large Dynamic Systems

This paper is concerned with the simplified numerical computation of eigenvector derivatives for very large problems with symmetric, banded matrices, such as those ordinarily encountered in structural dynamic systems. Starting with a brief review of existing alternate computation schemes, the paper focuses on Nelson's work, which is at present generally accepted as the most computationally efficient method. Two competitive and more traditional alternatives to Nelson's approach, one direct and one iterative, are offered. No claim is made that either of these methods are superior to Nelson's, but they do offer viable and more conventional alternatives. Also discussed is the common case of repeated, or closely spaced, eigenvalues, which was not treated by Nelson. A procedure for extending Nelson's ideas for such cases is proposed.
The Washington consensus : assessing a damaged brand

The authors analyze the Washington Consensus, which at its original formulation reflected views not only from Washington, but also from Latin America. Tracing the life of the Consensus from a Latin American perspective in terms of evolving economic development paradigms, they document the extensive implementation of Consensus-style reforms in the region as well as the mismatch between reformers expectations and actual outcomes, in terms of growth, poverty reduction, and inequality. They present an assessment of what went wrong with the Washington Consensus-style reform agenda, using a taxonomy of views that put the blame, alternatively, on (i) shortfalls in the implementation of reforms combined with impatience regarding their expected effects; (ii) fundamental flawsin either the design, sequencing, or basic premises of the reform agenda; and (iii) incompleteness of the agenda that left out crucial reform needs, such as volatility, technological innovation, institutional change and inequality.
Cliometrics and the Nobel

In October 1993, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics to Robert William Fogel and Douglass Cecil North 'for having renewed research in economic history.' The Academy noted that 'they were pioneers in the branch of economic history that has been called the 'new economic history,' or 'cliometrics." In this paper, the author addresses what this cliometrics is and how these two Nobel Prize winners furthered the discipline of economics.
Adaptive-Array Algorithm for Interference Suppression Prior to Acquisition of Direct-Sequence Signal

Strong directional interference can prevent code acquisition in a direct-sequence system, thereby rendering the system inoperable. This paper presents a computationally simple adaptive-array algorithm that cancels directional interference prior to code acquisition when the direction of arrival of the desired signal is unknown, no pilot symbols are available, and long spreading sequences must be accommodated. The preacquisition algorithm is shown to dramatically reduce the interference level relative to that of a desired direct-sequence signal before code acquisition has been achieved. As a result, the code acquisition process is greatly facilitated.
Money demand in an open-economy shopping-time model: an out-of-sample-prediction application to Canada

Abstract This paper contributes to the existing money demand literature by developing a shopping-time model in an open economy framework. Based on this microfoundations-of-money model, Canadian quarterly time series data for the period 1971:1–1997:2 are used to evaluate the out-of-sample prediction performance of the model. The results show that an error-correction representation of the model performs significantly better than several unrestricted and traditional open- and closed-economy models in the out-of-sample prediction of Canadian real M1 demand. Keywords: Money demand; Open-economy shopping-time model; Out-of-sample prediction JEL classification: E41; F41.
A response-modeling approach to characterization and propagation of uncertainty specified over intervals

Abstract Computational simulation methods have advanced to a point where simulation can contribute substantially in many areas of systems analysis. One research challenge that has accompanied this transition involves the characterization of uncertainty in both computer model inputs and the resulting system response. This article addresses a subset of the ‘challenge problems’ posed in [Challenge problems: uncertainty in system response given uncertain parameters, 2001] where uncertainty or information is specified over intervals of the input parameters and inferences based on the response are required. The emphasis of the article is to describe and illustrate a method for performing tasks associated with this type of modeling ‘economically’-requiring relatively few evaluations of the system to get a precise estimate of the response. This ‘response-modeling approach’ is used to approximate a probability distribution for the system response. The distribution is then used: (1) to make inferences concerning probabilities associated with response intervals and (2) to guide in determining further, informative, system evaluations to perform.
Pointwise Stationary Fluid Models for Stochastic Processing Networks

Generalizing earlier work on staffing and routing in telephone call centers, we consider a processing network model with large server pools and doubly stochastic input flows. In this model the processing of a job may involve several distinct operations. Alternative processing modes are also allowed. Given a finite planning horizon, attention is focused on the two-level problem of capacity choice and dynamic system control. A pointwise stationary fluid model (PSFM) is used to approximate system dynamics, which allows development of practical policies with a manageable computational burden. Earlier work in more restrictive settings suggests that our method is asymptotically optimal in a parameter regime of practical interest, but this paper contains no formal limit theory. Rather, it develops a PSFM calculus that is broadly accessible, with an emphasis on modeling and practical computation.
Grammatical Inference: Introduction and Survey-Part II

Inference of high-dimensional grammars is discussed. Specifically, techniques for inferring tree grammars are briefly presented. The problem of inferring a stochastic grammar to model the behavior of an information source is also introduced and techniques for carrying out the inference process are presented for a class of stochastic finite-state and context-free grammars. The possible practical application of these methods is illustrated by examples.
Contagion and Firms' Internationalization in Latin America: Evidence from Mexico, Brazil, and Chile

The author investigates whether contagion matters when emerging market firms cross-list their stocks in a developed capital market. She develops a rational expectations model where financial markets are segmented along emerging markets' borders and contagion spreads from one emerging market to another through the actions of international investors rebalancing their portfolio using stocks cross-listed in the developed market. The author finds that contagion is a cost of internationalization as cross-listed stocks are more affected by contagion than pure domestic stocks. Furthermore, a welfare analysis of international cross-listing versus financial autarky suggests that the benefits of internationalization in terms of less information asymmetry and better market efficiency offset the costs of contagion. Her model is able to explain some transmission of the 1998 Brazilian crisis to Mexico and Chile.
A codon model of nucleotide substitution with selection on synonymous codon usage

The quality of phylogenetic inference made from protein-coding genes depends, in part, on the realism with which the codon substitution process is modeled. Here we propose a new mechanistic model that combines the standard M0 substitution model of Yang (1997) with a simplified model from Gilchrist (2007) that includes selection on synonymous substitutions as a function of codon-specific nonsense error rates. We tested the newly proposed model by applying it to 104 protein-coding genes in brewer's yeast, and compared the fit of the new model to the standard M0 model and to the mutation-selection model of Yang and Nielsen (2008) using the AIC. Our new model provided significantly better fit in approximately 85% of the cases considered for the basic M0 model and in approximately 25% of the cases for the M0 model with estimated codon frequencies, but only in a few cases when the mutation-selection model was considered. However, our model includes a parameter that can be interpreted as a measure of the rate of protein production, and the estimates of this parameter were highly correlated with an independent measure of protein production for the yeast genes considered here. Finally, we found that in some cases the new model led to the preference of a different phylogeny for a subset of the genes considered, indicating that substitution model choice may have an impact on the estimated phylogeny.
Spectral asymmetry, Zeta functions, and the noncommutative residue

In this paper we study the spectral asymmetry of (possibly nonselfadjoint) elliptic ΨDO's in terms of the difference of zeta functions coming from different cuttings. Refining previous formulas of Wodzicki in the case of odd class elliptic ΨDO's, our main results have several consequence concerning the local independence with respect to the cutting, the regularity at integer points of eta functions and a geometric expression for the spectral asymmetry of Dirac operators which, in particular, yields a new spectral interpretation of the Einstein–Hilbert action in gravity.
Synthetic Applications of Dienes and Polyenes, Excluding Cycloadditions

1 Introduction 2 Addition Reactions 3 Oxidation Reactions 4 Coupling Reactions 5 Dimerization Reactions 6 Preparation of Metal-Polyene Complexes 7 Rearrangements Keywords: polyene reactivity; addition reactions; aliphatic conjugated diene hydrocyanation; oxidation reactions; coupling reactions; Wittig reaction - fusing diene and aldehyde; diene and polyene synthetic applications; [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements in organic synthesis
Endoscopic lysis of bladder scar associated with Hunner's lesions: A new technique.

Objective Five to ten percent of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) patients have Hunner's lesions (HL), areas of non-specific inflammation and scarring. The poor quality of life of patients with HL is entwined in associated pain and loss of bladder capacity. Although the decrease in bladder capacity is usually dependent on pain, it may also be dependent upon scarring and associated compliance changes produced by the inflammatory process. This report reviews the potential role of endoscopic scar lysis using the holmium laser in the management of these patients whose only other therapeutic option is urinary diversion.
Application of a new bicyclic triaminophosphine ligand in Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions of aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides.

The new bicyclic triaminophosphine ligand P(i-BuNCH2)3CMe (3) has been synthesized in three steps from commercially available materials and its efficacy in palladium-catalyzed reactions of aryl halides with an array of amines has been demonstrated. Electron-poor, electron-neutral, and electron-rich aryl bromides, chlorides, and iodides participated in the process. The reactions encompassed aromatic amines (primary or secondary) and secondary amines (cyclic or acyclic). It has also been shown that the weak base Cs2CO3 can be employed with ligand 3, allowing a variety of functionalized substrates (e.g., those containing esters and nitro groups) to be utilized in our amination protocols. This ligand provides a remarkably general, efficient, and mild palladium catalyst for aryl iodide amination. Although 3 is slightly air and moisture sensitive, easy procedures can be adopted that avoid the need of a glovebox. Comparisons of the efficacy of 3 in these reactions with that of the proazaphosphatrane P(i-BuNCH2CH...
A Summary of the ER'97 Workshop on Behavioral modeling

ER'97 Workshop on Behavioral Modeling was held to consider the questions of what constitutes a "good" behavioral model, and assuming we have such a "good" behavioral model, what issues related to design transformations we should explore. This very international workshop included interesting and high-quality papers on both of these topics. The proceedings are available electronically through the World-Wide Web [10]. This paper summarizes the contributions of the Behavioral Modeling workshop and suggests directions for future research in behavioral modeling.
Towards efficient GPU sharing on multicore processors

Scalable systems employing a mix of GPUs with CPUs are becoming increasingly prevalent in high-performance computing. The presence of such accelerators introduces significant challenges and complexities to both language developers and end users. This paper provides a close study of efficient coordination mechanisms to handle parallel requests from multiple hosts of control to a GPU under hybrid programming. Using a set of microbenchmarks and applications on a GPU cluster, we show that thread and process-based context hosting have different tradeoffs. Experimental results on application benchmarks suggest that both thread-based context funneling and process-based context switching natively perform similarly on the latest Fermi GPUs, while manually guided context funneling is currently the best way to achieve optimal performance.
Gaussian particle filtering

Sequential Bayesian estimation for nonlinear dynamic state-space models involves recursive estimation of filtering and predictive distributions of unobserved time varying signals based on noisy observations. This paper introduces a new filter called the Gaussian particle filter. It is based on the particle filtering concept, and it approximates the posterior distributions by single Gaussians, similar to Gaussian filters like the extended Kalman filter and its variants. It is shown that under the Gaussianity assumption, the Gaussian particle filter is asymptotically optimal in the number of particles and, hence, has much-improved performance and versatility over other Gaussian filters, especially when nontrivial nonlinearities are present. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the versatility and improved performance of the Gaussian particle filter over conventional Gaussian filters and the lower complexity than known particle filters.
Preparation of N-protected allylic amines and α-methylene-β-amino acids from vinylalumination/Baylis–Hillman products via tandem SN2′ substitution–Overman rearrangement

Abstract S N 2′ reaction on the acetates obtained from vinylalumination or Baylis–Hillman products, followed by in situ reduction afforded allylic alcohols. Upon conversion to trichloroacetimidates and [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, the corresponding N -protected β-substituted allylic amines were obtained in good yields. Utilization of hydroxy group as the nucleophile furnished allylic hydroxy esters, which were converted to protected α-methylene-β-amino acids via Overman rearrangement.
Structural Mechanics Predictions Relating to Clinical Coronary Stent Fracture in a 5 Year Period in FDA MAUDE Database

Endovascular stents are the mainstay of interventional cardiovascular medicine. Technological advances have reduced biological and clinical complications but not mechanical failure. Stent strut fracture is increasingly recognized as of paramount clinical importance. Though consensus reigns that fractures can result from material fatigue, how fracture is induced and the mechanisms underlying its clinical sequelae remain ill-defined. In this study, strut fractures were identified in the prospectively maintained Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database (MAUDE), covering years 2006–2011, and differentiated based on specific coronary artery implantation site and device configuration. These data, and knowledge of the extent of dynamic arterial deformations obtained from patient CT images and published data, were used to define boundary conditions for 3D finite element models incorporating multimodal, multi-cycle deformation. The structural response for a range of stent designs and configurations was predicted by computational models and included estimation of maximum principal, minimum principal and equivalent plastic strains. Fatigue assessment was performed with Goodman diagrams and safe/unsafe regions defined for different stent designs. Von Mises stress and maximum principal strain increased with multimodal, fully reversed deformation. Spatial maps of unsafe locations corresponded to the identified locations of fracture in different coronary arteries in the clinical database. These findings, for the first time, provide insight into a potential link between patient adverse events and computational modeling of stent deformation. Understanding of the mechanical forces imposed under different implantation conditions may assist in rational design and optimal placement of these devices.
Infective endocarditis and cancer in the elderly

Little is known about the magnitude of the association between infective endocarditis and cancer, and about the natural history of cancer patients with concomitant diagnosis of infective endocarditis. We used the SEER-Medicare linked database to identify individuals aged 65 years or more diagnosed with colorectal, lung, breast, or prostate cancer, and without any cancer diagnosis (5 % random Medicare sample from SEER areas) between 1992 and 2009. We identified infective endocarditis from the ICD-9 diagnosis of each admission recorded in the Medpar file and its incidence rate 90 days around cancer diagnosis. We also estimated the overall survival and CRC-specific survival after a concomitant diagnosis of infective endocarditis. The peri-diagnostic incidence of infective endocarditis was 19.8 cases per 100,000 person-months for CRC, 5.7 cases per 100,000 person-months for lung cancer, 1.9 cases per 100,000 person-months for breast cancer, 4.1 cases per 100,000 person-months for prostate cancer and 2.4 cases per 100,000 person-months for individuals without cancer. Two-year overall survival was 46.4 % (95 % CI 39.5, 54.5 %) for stage I–III CRC patients with concomitant endocarditis and 73.1 % (95 % CI 72.9, 73.3 %) for those without it. In this elderly population, the incidence of infective endocarditis around CRC diagnosis was substantially higher than around the diagnosis of lung, breast and prostate cancers. A concomitant diagnosis of infective endocarditis in patients with CRC diagnosis is associated with shorter survival.
Sentence Planning as Description Using Tree Adjoining Grammar

We present an algorithm for simultaneously constructing both the syntax and semantics of a sentence using a Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG). This approach captures naturally and elegantly the interaction between pragmatic and syntactic constraints on descriptions in a sentence, and the inferential interactions between multiple descriptions in a sentence. At the same time, it exploits linguistically motivated, declarative specifications of the discourse functions of syntactic constructions to make contextually appropriate syntactic choices.
Quantifying Orphaned Annotations in Hypothes.is

Web annotation has been receiving increased attention recently with the organization of the Open Annotation Collaboration and new tools for open annotation, such as Hypothes.is. In this paper, we investigate the prevalence of orphaned annotations, where a live Web page no longer contains the text that had previously been annotated in the Hypothes.is annotation system (containing 6281 highlighted text annotations). We found that about 27 % of highlighted text annotations can no longer be attached to their live Web pages. Unfortunately, only about 3.5 % of these orphaned annotations can be reattached using the holdings of current public web archives. For those annotations that are still attached, 61 % are in danger of becoming orphans if the live Web page changes. This points to the need for archiving the target of annotations at the time the annotation is created.
Grid coding: a preprocessing technique for robot and machine vision

The problem of machine vision as evidenced In the various robot projects in existence is attacked by analogy with the supposed nature of human visual processing in that edges are enhanced, texture is examined and various heuristic approaches are studied. This paper describes a nonanthropomorphically based method of decomposing a scene subjected to a special form of illumination into elementary planar areas. The method consists in coding the various planar areas as the modulation on a spatial frequency carrier grid so that the extraction of the planar areas becomes a matter of linear frequency domain filtering. The paper also addresses the application of grid coding to other problems in recording and extracting information from 3-D images.
Combinatorial hydrogel library enables identification of materials that mitigate the foreign body response in primates

The foreign body response is an immune-mediated reaction that can lead to the failure of implanted medical devices and discomfort for the recipient. There is a critical need for biomaterials that overcome this key challenge in the development of medical devices. Here we use a combinatorial approach for covalent chemical modification to generate a large library of variants of one of the most widely used hydrogel biomaterials, alginate. We evaluated the materials in vivo and identified three triazole-containing analogs that substantially reduce foreign body reactions in both rodents and, for at least 6 months, in non-human primates. The distribution of the triazole modification creates a unique hydrogel surface that inhibits recognition by macrophages and fibrous deposition. In addition to the utility of the compounds reported here, our approach may enable the discovery of other materials that mitigate the foreign body response.
Estimation of historical inflation expectations

Expected inflation is a central variable in economic theory. Economic historians have estimated historical inflation expectations for a variety of purposes, including studies of the Fisher effect, the debt deflation hypothesis, central bank credibility, and expectations formation. I survey the statistical, narrative, and market-based approaches that have been used to estimate inflation expectations in historical eras, including the classical gold standard era, the hyperinflations of the 1920s, and the Great Depression, highlighting key methodological considerations and identifying areas that warrant further research. A meta-analysis of inflation expectations at the onset of the Great Depression reveals that the deflation of the early 1930s was mostly unanticipated, supporting the debt deflation hypothesis, and shows how these results are sensitive to estimation methodology.
Altered Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Ceftiofur Hydrochloride in Cows Affected with Severe Clinical Mastitis

Ceftiofur is the most commonly used antimicrobial in lactating dairy cows. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of violative residues of ceftiofur in the tissues of cull dairy cows. This was the first project in a series of projects we will be completing aimed at characterizing the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in disease challenged animals. The results of this study indicate that diseased animals have lower plasma concentrations and altered pharmacokinetics compared to healthy animals. Future work will investigate the influence of altered pharmacokinetics on the presence of violative residues.
Evaluation of GPS-Based Transit Signal Priority for Mixed-Traffic Bus Rapid Transit

GPS-based transit signal priority (TSP) is a new type of transit preferential tool being considered in many North American cities. With GPS detection and advanced communications, GPS-based TSP provides flexible and conditional signal priority to transit vehicles. This is a relatively new system with limited field implementations and evaluations. The research in this study used microscopic simulation, to create a set of TSP scenarios for a 3-mi bus corridor and evaluated the influences of GPS-based TSP on transit and traffic operations. The simulation network was the 3300 South corridor, including side streets, in Salt Lake County, Utah. A proposal was evaluated to upgrade the Utah Transit Authority Bus Route 33 operating along the corridor into a bus rapid transit (BRT) line running in mixed traffic. Eight simulation scenarios were created to cover (a) current field conditions, (b) regular bus with traditional TSP implementation, (c) regular bus with GPS-based TSP, (d) BRT implementation with no TSP, (e) ...
The contingent effects of top management teams on venture performance: Aligning founding team composition with innovation strategy and commercialization environment

How does the relationship between founding team composition and venture performance depend on the venture's strategy and business environment? Using data from a novel survey of 2,067 firms, we show that while diverse founding teams tend to exhibit higher performance, this is not universally true. We find that founding teams that are diverse are likely to achieve high performance in a competitive commercialization environment. On the other hand, technically focused founding teams are aligned with a cooperative commercialization environment and when the enterprise pursues an innovation strategy. These results are robust to corrections for endogenous team formation concerns. The findings suggest that ventures cannot ignore founding team composition and expect to later professionalize their top management teams to align with their strategy and environment.
An experiment on a core controversy

Abstract A longstanding criticism of the core is that it is too sensitive to small changes in player numbers, as in a well known example where one extra seller (resp. buyer) causes the entire surplus to go to the buyer's (seller's) side. We test this example in the lab, using several different trading institutions. We find that successful collusion is relatively infrequent and decreasing over time even with institutions that facilitate collusion and, consistent with core theory, a disproportionate share of the surplus typically goes to the less numerous side. Our study also illuminates the boundaries of competitive equilibrium.
Preparation of Heteroaryl Ethers from Azine N-Oxides and Alcohols

The heteroaryl ether is an important structural feature in molecules of biological interest, yet it remains a challenge to synthesize. A new and practical method for the synthesis of heteroaryl ethers is reported. In the presence of PyBroP, a variety of nonaromatic alcohols readily add to azine N-oxides to afford the corresponding heteroaryl ethers. The reaction conditions are mild, economical, chemoselective, and compatible with a broad range of substrates. Thirty-eight examples are provided, as is a discussion of reaction optimization and mechanism.
Geotechnical Properties Of Glacial Lake Clays

This article reports on a study of the properties of glacial lake clays. Data collected from a number of sites in the Great Lakes area of the United States are presented. Despite local variations in subsoil conditions and the large distances between the sites, the clay deposits investigated have much in common and it is possible to study them as a related family. An analysis was made of the principal factors that control the strength characteristics of the clays. The shearing resistance and sensitivity were found to be intimately related to the structure of the clay as well as the stress history.
Direct Instruction and Guided Practice Matter in Conflict Resolution and Social‐Emotional Learning

Seven schools in an economically challenged area of an urban school district in central California implemented mentored peer mediation programs under the guidance of a university–K-12 partnership project, Mediator Mentors. Individual student outcomes for social-cognitive dispositions, perceptions of school climate, conflict strategy choices, and standardized testing results in language arts were analyzed on the basis of assessments administered after one year of program implementation and compared to pretest values generated by student mediators and nonmediators. Attendance and student perceptions of school safety were also examined after a year of peer mediation at the schools. Overall school climate was analyzed with respect to bullying incidence and suspension and expulsion rates before and after one year of program implementation.
Catalytic Carbonylation of β-Lactones to Succinic Anhydrides

A well-defined, highly active and selective catalyst for the synthesis of succinic anhydrides from CO and β-lactones is reported. At 200 psi of CO, the catalyst [(N,N‘-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)phenylenediamino)Al(THF)2][Co(CO)4] carbonylates β-propiolactones to succinic anhydrides in high yield. (R)-β-Butyrolactone is carbonylated to (S)-methylsuccinic anhydride with clean inversion of stereochemistry, while cis-2,3-dimethyl-β-propiolactone yields exclusively trans-2,3-dimethylsuccinic anhydride. These data are consistent with a mechanism involving nucleophilic attack by [Co(CO)4]- on the β carbon of the lactone, followed by CO insertion and anhydride formation.
Synthesis of an unreactive ylid designed as a ―C―P―C―P diphosphate isostere synthon

Abstract The complex phosphonium salt 3 was synthesized from bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid in five steps. The ylid, 2a, produced in situ from 3a, did not react as expected with aldehydes to give the desired phosphonylphosphinyl derivative. Since 2a is actually more basic than the homologous 1, the observed lack of reactivity is apparently not a result of electronic factors.
Isoprene Polymerization by Organometallic Compounds. II

Dispersions of metallic lithium, sodium, and potassium and some of their organoderivatives were used to initiate the polymerization of isoprene in several solvents. The propagating species in all cases were ion pairs of the type . The structure of the resultant polyisoprene depends on the character of the propagating pair. This in turn depends mainly on the counterion M+ and the solvent type. One quality of this ion pair which is of utmost importance is its ionic character (or degree of charge separation). In solvents such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, where we might expect large charge separation in the ion pair, all initiatiors produce similar, though not necessarily identical, polymer structures comprising 1,2 -3,4-, and trans-1,4-adducts. With potassium-dependent initiators, very nearly the same polymer structure is obtained in hydrocarbons as in the more basic ethers, attesting to the highly ionic character of the potassium-carbon bond; this might perhaps be considered as the “limiting anionic behavior”. Sodium has smaller inherent ionic-character and is more sensitive to changes in solvent basicity, but still it parallels the behavior of potassium. With lithium, the most covalent of the alkali metals, a dramatic change in behavior occurs when polymerization is conducted in hydrocarbon media; a 93% cis-1,4-,7% 3, 4-polyisoprene structure is obtained. This may be merely a limiting structural from at the low end of the scale of ionic character of the propagating ion-pair. The steric factors arising from complexes formed between the propagating ion-pair. The steric factors arising from complexes may also have an important influence on the polymer structures product in the various solvents. A continuous seriese of polyisoprene structures intermediate between those formed in hydrocarbons with Li and the limiting “anionic structure” can be obtained by use of such solvents as phenyl ether or anisole, or by judicious choice of appropriate hydrocarbon–solvent ratios with a number of suitable cosolvents.
Volume Changes and Dewetting in Glass Bead-Polyvinyl Chloride Elastomeric Composites under Large Deformations

Abstract Elastomeric materials loaded with inert filler have Theological properties which, on the one hand, are qualitatively like those of unfilled polymeric materials, but which, on the other hand, are unique to filled systems. Their stress-strain curves usually have several distinct regions which are similar to those for certain unfilled polymeric materials. The curves have an initial region in which the stress increases with strain, and here the modulus depends primarily on the amount of filler and the properties of the binder. In the second region, the stress may be roughly independent of the strain or may increase at a rate markedly less than that in the initial region. The transition between these two regions may be either gradual and hardly perceptible or sharp, with a well-defined yield point. Thus, in these two regions, the stress-strain curves may be like those for typical unfilled rubbers or for plastics, or they may resemble the curves for rubbers at low temperatures, which cold draw or neck....
Estimation and Identification of Change Points in Panel Models with Nonstationary or Stationary Regressors and Error Term

This article studies the estimation of change point in panel models. We extend Bai (2010) and Feng et al. (2009) to the case of stationary or nonstationary regressors and error term, and whether the change point is present or not. We prove consistency and derive the asymptotic distributions of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and First Difference (FD) estimators. We find that the FD estimator is robust for all cases considered.
Comprehensive Analysis and Measurement of Frequency-Tuned and Impedance-Tuned Wireless Non-Radiative Power-Transfer Systems

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates frequency-tuned and impedance-tuned wireless non-radiative power-transfer (WNPT) systems. Closed-form expressions for the efficiencies of both types of systems are presented as functions of frequency and system (circuit) parameters. In the frequency-tuned system, the operating frequency is adjusted to compensate for changes in mutual inductance that occur for variations of transmitter and receiver loop positions. Frequency-tuning is employed for a range of distances over which the loops are strongly coupled. In contrast, the impedance-tuned system employs varactor-based matching networks to compensate for changes in mutual inductance, and to achieve a simultaneous conjugate impedance match over a range of distances. The frequency-tuned system is simpler to implement, while the impedance-tuned system is more complex, but can achieve higher efficiencies. Both of the experimental wireless non-radiative power-transfer systems studied employ resonant shielded loops as transmitting and receiving devices.