cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Model for Erodible Channels

A mathematical model for erodible channels is formulated, developed and tested with field data. A significant feature of the model is its ability to account for changes in both channel width and channel-bed profile of aggrading and degrading streams. Since changes in channel width and channel-bed elevation are closely interrelated, this model represents an improvement in this direction. This model employs the techniQues for water and sediment routing; an additional condition based upon the concept of minimum stream power is used as the width predictor. Analysis using this model shows that the total stream power of a reach is reduced if the widths at all cross-sections are so adjusted as to reduce the variation in energy gradients at these sections. When this model is applied, a varied flow will eventually develop into a uniform flow for which the stream power is an eventual minimum.
Trusted Sensor Signal Protection for Confidential Point-of-Care Medical Diagnostic

Trustworthy and usable healthcare requires not only effective disease diagnostic procedures to ensure delivery of rapid and accurate outcomes, but also maintaining the confidentiality of patient’s medical test results. This paper presents a diagnostic data protection scheme for cytometry-based point-of-care systems. Our solution consists in a biomarker detection sensor integrated with a smartphone to provide users with easy-to-use real-time diagnostic capabilities, thereby, reducing the need for in-person clinical visits. The proposed hardware-level trusted sensing framework obfuscates the measured analog signals that relate to patient’s blood cell counts. The diagnostic outcome, based on the cell counts, is protected through an encryption scheme, before sending out the data through the smartphone to the cloud for analysis. The outcome of the analysis is then sent back to the device for decryption and user notifications. The proposed data protection scheme is realized for a prototype consisting of a biosensor connected to a smartphone. A smartphone app and cloud-based service that perform the analysis have also been implemented. This design guarantees the user’s privacy by considering the smartphone and the cloud server possibly untrusted: the proposed setup assumes a curious but honest security model. The proposed encryption scheme infringes no overhead while the decryption and diagnostic calculations are <1 s in average. An evaluation of the strength of the signal obfuscation mechanism via a general case study is also presented. This design provides a domain specific encryption scheme for analog measurements with a small trusted computing base and provides an alternative to digital ciphers.
Recombinant thyrotropin for detection of recurrent thyroid cancer.

UNLABELLED: Detection of recurrent thyroid cancer tumor requires TSH stimulation for radioiodine scanning and thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement. Temporary thyroid hormone withdrawal has previously been used, but causes hypothyroidism and, rarely, tumor progression. METHODS: The alternative of recombinant thyrotropin (rTSH) was assessed in two randomized clinical trials in which patients had 131I and Tg testing twice: first after rTSH, and second after thyroid hormone withdrawal. Test results and quality of life were compared. RESULTS: In the first trial, among 62 of 127 patients with positive scans, rTSH was equivalent to withdrawal in 41, superior in 3, and inferior in 18 (P < 0.05), suggesting a lesser sensitivity of rTSH scans. In a second trial employing enhanced techniques, among 108 of 220 patients with positive scans, there was no difference in the number of superior rTSH and withdrawal scans. Furthermore, among all patients with withdrawal study evidence of residual thyroid tissue, 74% of all patients with residual thyroid tissue and 100% of patients with tumor metastases had rTSH-stimulated thyroglobulin values above 2 ng/mL. Naturally, patients experienced significantly more symptoms and diminished quality of life when hypothyroid than after rhTSH. CONCLUSIONS: Combined rTSH-stimulated radioiodine and Tg testing is as sensitive as thyroid hormone withdrawal to detect recurrent thyroid cancer, and causes less morbidity.
Extraosseous marrow fat: an MRI sign of acute aggressive osteomyelitis.

MRI plays a critical role in the evaluation of osteomyelitis. However, MRI findings of osteomyelitis are not entirely specific and may mimic infiltrative tumors. We describe a case of extraosseous ...
Professional Instincts: Professional Mothering Rhetoric and the Revision of Maternal Labor

AbstractThis article examines the nineteenth-century movement to professionalize motherhood by revising the rhetoric used to describe maternal expertise and training. On the surface, this revision appears to modernize maternal labor and articulate its value to a capitalist, democratic society. I argue that in practice, however, it demonstrates a double standard of professionalism that limits women’s social mobility while elevating the value of the maternal institution. To illustrate this argument, I analyze three articles that construct the rhetorical framework of professional mothering that emerged in the Progressive Era and demonstrate the continuity of their arguments with contemporary rhetoric regarding mothers and work. To this end, I offer suggestions for how we might better address the goals of professional mothering rhetoric in ways that disrupt traditional characterizations of motherhood, maternal labor, and professional identity.
Sex Estimation of East Asian Individuals Using Bones of the Hands and Feet

The skull and pelvis are highly valuable in the development of a biological profile, but in circumstances where both are absent or extremely fragmented, other techniques are necessary to discern sex. A number of postcranial methods have been developed for the classification of individuals of European or African ancestry; however, there remains a paucity of Asian-specific methods. This preliminary study utilizes remains from Japan and Korea ( N = 91) to test whether osteometric sorting measurements of the hands and feet, originally developed to segregate commingled remains, can be utilized to estimate the sex of East Asian individuals. Overall, females had higher classification rates than males in all discriminant functions. Of the hand and foot bone types, carpals provided the greatest discriminant value between the sexes, with average cross-validated classification rates ranging from 73.6–90.0%. Six of the carpals had classification rates over 80.0%. Tarsals had average cross-validated classification rates of 68.0–79.9%. Metacarpals and metatarsals provided the lowest average classification rates of the bones examined. Even when functions combined all of these elements together by type, all metacarpals and all metatarsals together, the prediction rates were similar to the univariate analyses. This study suggests that osteometric sorting measurements can assist in the sex estimation of East Asian remains and, of the hand and foot bones assessed, the carpals and tarsals are the most useful.
Changes in Anesthetic and Postoperative Sedation-Analgesia Practice Associated With Early Extubation Following Infant Cardiac Surgery: Experience From the Pediatric Heart Network Collaborative Learning Study.

Objectives:The Pediatric Heart Network sponsored the multicenter Collaborative Learning Study that implemented a clinical practice guideline to facilitate early extubation in infants after repair of isolated coarctation of the aorta and tetralogy of Fallot. We sought to compare the anesthetic practi
Global aspects of moduli spaces of 2d SCFTs

The Bagger-Witten line bundle is a line bundle over moduli spaces of two-dimensional SCFTs, related to the Hodge line bundle of holomorphic top-forms on Calabi-Yau manifolds. It has recently been a subject of a number of conjectures, but concrete examples have proven elusive. In this paper we collect several results on this structure, including a proposal for an intrinsic geometric definition over moduli spaces of Calabi-Yau manifolds and some additional concrete examples. We also conjecture a new criterion for UV completion of four-dimensional supergravity theories in terms of properties of the Bagger-Witten line bundle.
Spectroscopic adsorption and effective dosage in accelerated weathering of a polyester-urethane coating

Topcoat integrity is a crucial property for a protective coating system for protecting metal substrates in conjunction with anti-corrosion primers. Infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the chemical changes seen during accelerated weathering in a model topcoat urethane polymer and to measure the coating ablation. During weathering the ultraviolet absorbance of the urethane coating showed a typical tail (yellowing) into the visible region that increased with exposure period. Effective ultraviolet dosage can be calculated by integrating the spectrum of the incident radiation with the quantum yield for the degradation process and the ultraviolet absorption of the material under investigation. Depending on the form of the quantum yield, there is a clear acceleration of the absorption of damaging radiation because the absorbance increases with exposure. This non-linear relationship offers possibilities on how to estimate a service lifetime; one could choose a value of the exposure period characteristic of the start of the acceleration in dosage, or one might choose the asymptote at which the dosage rate becomes very great. The ultraviolet tailing into the visible region is analyzed as an example of an “Urbach” tail which is usually attributed to structural disorder that introduces energy levels between the principle electronic states.
Cardiac devices in the pediatric population: an overview of the indications and complications

Pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and biventricular pacemakers have similar uses in the pediatric population as they do in the adult population. Pacemaker indications are similar in adults and children: sinus node dysfunction and second or third degree atrioventricular blocks. Pacemaker candidacy in pediatrics, however, must take into account the patient’s symptom burden rather than absolute heart rate cutoffs. Normal ranges for heart rates in children are also different than adults and vary depending on a child’s age. The guidelines for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators likewise are similar to those for adults, being indicated as secondary prevention for sudden cardiac death survivors and as primary prevention in select patients who experience ventricular tachycardia. However, there are currently no specific recommendations for these devices in children with congenital heart defects. Likewise, though there is new promising research, there are currently no specific indications for biventricular pacing in children. The potential complications of pediatric cardiac devices relate to the different heart rate requirements children have compared to adults and the general procedural risks associated with cardiac implants (infection, bleeding, device failure). Despite the recent growth in the use of cardiac devices in children, there is still much room for continued research into the potential indications for and complications from these tools in the pediatric population. Unfortunately, the lack of evidence holds true not only for South America but worldwide. Research studies conducted in South America would give a better understanding about the demographic differences in terms of outcomes.
Tumor-Derived Retinoic Acid Regulates Intratumoral Monocyte Differentiation to Promote Immune Suppression.

Summary The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major barrier to immunotherapy. Within solid tumors, why monocytes preferentially differentiate into immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) rather than immunostimulatory dendritic cells (DCs) remains unclear. Using multiple murine sarcoma models, we find that the TME induces tumor cells to produce retinoic acid (RA), which polarizes intratumoral monocyte differentiation toward TAMs and away from DCs via suppression of DC-promoting transcription factor Irf4. Genetic inhibition of RA production in tumor cells or pharmacologic inhibition of RA signaling within TME increases stimulatory monocyte-derived cells, enhances T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity, and synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade. Furthermore, an RA-responsive gene signature in human monocytes correlates with an immunosuppressive TME in multiple human tumors. RA has been considered as an anti-cancer agent, whereas our work demonstrates its tumorigenic capability via myeloid-mediated immune suppression and provides proof of concept for targeting this pathway for tumor immunotherapy.
Obstructing Pancreatic Ductal Calculus: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Pancreatic calculi are typically a sequela of chronic pancreatitis. Here, we present a patient who was found to have an obstructing one-centimeter pancreatic calculus secondary to recurrent gallstone pancreatitis. Recent retrospective studies have focused on the optimal treatment of large pancreatic calculi that were defined as greater than five millimeters. But most studies fail to comment on much larger stone as in this case report. Further guidelines and investigation need to be done aiming toward the optimal treatment of relatively large pancreatic stones.
Risk of gallstone-related complications in necrotizing pancreatitis patients treated with a step-up approach: The experience of two tertiary care centers

Abstract Background A minimally invasive step-up approach to necrotizing biliary pancreatitis often requires multiple interventions, delaying cholecystectomy. The risk of gallstone-related complications during this time interval is unknown, as is the feasibility and safety of cholecystectomy after minimally invasive step-up treatment. In this paper, we analyzed both. Methods Necrotizing pancreatitis patients treated with a minimally invasive step-up approach who underwent interval cholecystectomy at 2 tertiary care centers between 2014 and 2019 were included. Gallstone-related complications prior to cholecystectomy were examined, as were surgical approaches to cholecystectomy and complications. Necrotizing pancreatitis patients treated without mechanical intervention were also examined. Results Seven of 31 patients developed gallstone-related complications between minimally invasive step-up treatment initiation and cholecystectomy. One patient developed biliary colic. Six patients developed acute cholecystitis. Two of these patients also developed choledocholithiasis, and 1 developed cholangitis, all requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Cholecystectomy was performed laparoscopically in 27 of 31 patients. One patient required open conversion, and 3 patients underwent planned cholecystectomy during another open operation. Four patients developed postoperative complications. Two of 14 necrotizing pancreatitis patients treated without mechanical intervention developed recurrent pancreatitis while awaiting cholecystectomy. Conclusion Over 20% of necrotizing pancreatitis patients treated by a minimally invasive step-up approach developed gallstone-related complications while awaiting cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible and safe in the great majority of necrotizing pancreatitis patients treated by a minimally invasive step-up approach.
Signaling, Free Cash Flow and “Nonmonotonic” Dividends

Many argue that dividends signal future earnings or dispose of excess cash. Empirical support is inconclusive, potentially because no model combines both rationales. This paper does. Higher quality firms pay dividends to eliminate the free cash-flow problem, while firms that outsiders perceive as lower quality pay dividends to signal future earnings and reduce the free cash-flow problem. In equilibrium, dividends are nonmonotonic with respect to the signal observed by outsiders; the highest quality firms pay smaller dividends than lower perceived quality firms. The model reconciles the existing literature and generates new empirical predictions that are tested and supported.
Osteopathic students and graduates matching into pathology residency, 2011-2020.

Context In the past decade, two changes have affected the pathology residency match. First, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) Match, which did not offer pathology residency, became accredited under a single graduate medical education (GME) system with the Main Residency Match (MRM), which offers pathology residency. Second, substantially fewer United States senior-year allopathic medical students (US MD seniors) matched into pathology residency. Objective To determine whether there were major changes in the number and percentage of osteopathic students and physicians (DOs) matching into pathology residency programs over the past decade. Methods Pathology match outcomes for DOs from 2011 to 2020 were obtained by reviewing AOA Match data from the National Matching Services and MRM data from the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP). The number of DOs that filled pathology positions in the MRM was divided by the total number of pathology positions filled in the MRM to calculate the percentage of pathology positions taken by DOs. Results Over the past decade, there was a 109% increase in the total number of DOs matching into pathology residency (34 in 2011 vs. 71 in 2020). During this time, there was a 23.3% increase in the total number of pathology positions filled in the MRM (476 in 2011 vs. 587 in 2020). Thus, the percentage of pathology residency positions filled by DOs increased from 7.1% in 2011 to 12.1% in 2020. The substantial increase of DOs in pathology occurred simultaneously with a 94.2% increase in the total number of DOs filling AOA/MRM "postgraduate year 1" (PGY-1) positions (3201 in 2011 vs. 6215 in 2020). Thus, the percentage of DOs choosing pathology residency has remained steady (1.06% in 2011 and 1.14% in 2020). In 2020, pathology had the third lowest percentage of filled PGY-1 residency positions taken by DOs, out of 15 major medical specialties. Conclusion The proportion of DOs choosing pathology residency was stable from 2011 to 2020 despite the move to a single GME accreditation system and the stark decline in US MD seniors choosing pathology. In 2020, a slightly higher percentage of DOs (1.14%) chose pathology residency than US MD seniors (1.13%). Overall, DOs more often choose other medical specialties, including primary care. Additional studies are needed to determine why fewer US MD seniors, but not fewer DOs, are choosing pathology residency.
The Development of the Intercultural Competence in Young Learners in an Elementary School in Miami

In 1951, Jean Piaget and Anne Marie Weil analyzed the way in which children perceived foreigners in their article, “The Development in Children of the Idea of Homeland and of Relations with other Countries”. They concluded that only at the age of 11 or 12, did they reach the affective and cognitive development to understand and relate to people from other countries. The results of my work go beyond these studies, unlike what happens in a multilingual society, such as Switzerland where Piaget and Weil’ research is contextualized. Children in a multicultural society like Miami, Florida, develop the cognitive and affective aspects to relate to others at an earlier age. I applied two methodologies to this study. The first method is a questionnaire divided into three parts: 1) the development of the concept of homeland in children, 2) their reaction towards countries other than their own, and 3) the cognitive and affective understanding of others. The second method consisted of didactic lessons designed to fosterand enhance students’s intercultural competence and their acquisition of a foreign language.
The Design and Verification of the DART Single Board Computer FPGA

The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is a technology demonstration mission to test the kinetic impactor technique on a binary near-Earth asteroid system, Didymos. Internal to the DART spacecraft is the Single Board Computer (SBC) card, - the main computing element of the spacecraft. The SBC contains the LEON3FT UT700 processor and the DART Single Board Computer FPGA. The DART SBC FPGA is a System on a Chip (SoC) design, supporting payload and bus-side functionality in a single chip. 10+ designers split into three teams worked on the FPGA: the avionics design team for the bus-side functionality, the image processing design team for the payload, and the FPGA System team for overseeing the FPGA top-level integration and verification. The DART SBC FPGA performs routing of the spacecraft communication and forwarding of timecodes, handles critical commands used to help recover the spacecraft, provides interrupts to the UT700 processor, provides boot management to the UT700, and provides a watchdog timer. The DART SBC FPGA is a key component of the spacecraft avionics and provides required functionality to flight software (FSW) running on the UT700. The DART SBC FPGA also receives image data from the instrument, performs image processing, transmits post-processed images back to Earth, and supports recording images to NAND Flash for later retrieval. More specifically, the FPGA consists of three key parts: SpaceWire modules for data communication and execution, support infrastructure for FSW, and onboard image processing. The FPGA contains the spacecraft's central Space Wire router with 9 SpaceWire ports that receives and transmits data traffic to their designated destinations. The FPGA also controls the boot loading of FSW and additionally provides FSW registers, a watchdog timer, general purpose timers, reads /writes to flash, reads/writes to MRAM, reads/writes to SRAM, GPIOs, test functions, and interrupts. The FPGA receives image data sent through a SERDES interface, performs image processing to support autonomous navigation, and finally sends the processed image out to the radio. The FPGA also executes ground-initiated commands independent of the FSW to support key configuration and critical recovery functions. The DART SBC FPGA was challenging to integrate and verify due to its complexity and large design. To guarantee the correctness of the SoC design, the team created new roles and a new methodology with multiple verification checks including an ©2021 IEEEautomated regression test in simulation. This paper describes 1) the requirements and architecture of the DART SBC FPGA design, 2) the design and verification methodology employed, 3) the challenges faced in designing the large and complex design on the Microsemi RTG4 FPGA, and 4) the results and lessons learned.
Gray Clouds Over Ivory Towers: Struggles Facing Black, First Generation Social Work Research Doctoral Students

Black, first-generation doctoral students can be classified as those who belong to the African diaspora and come from families with parents who do not have bachelor’s degrees. Data shows that over half of Black doctoral degree recipients, across all fields, have first-generation status, and literature has shown that these students experience several challenges during their doctoral journey that their peers do not. This paper details six of these challenges for Black, first-generation research doctoral students in social work programs. These challenges result in educational disparities disfavoring these students, and, as such, social workers are compelled by our Code of Ethics to work against these forms of social injustice. This conceptual discussion uses Critical Race Theory and Social Capital Theory to explain the continued existence of these challenges, followed by recommendations that social work educators, academic institutions, and educational organizations can use to improve conditions for Black, first-generation social work research doctoral students across the country. If social work educators take this critical issue, its associated challenges, and the proposed recommendations seriously, they can begin to create safe and actively anti-racist and anti-classist academic environments that are conducive to the success of this student population.
Transit Ridership Growth in Small Urbanized Areas: Lessons from Seven US Transit Systems

Abstract This study examines seven small urbanized areas (UZAs) in the United States where public transit ridership increased between 2005 and 2017 in order to identify lessons for other similarly ...
Probes and Probeware

Some of the primary foundations of science include investigations, exploration, asking questions, analyzing, and thinking. The use of computers attached to various data capture devises (called probes) provides a unique opportunity that supports observation and inquiry that is typically lacking in many elementary science programs (Linn, 2003; Zuker et al., 2007).
The Old, Cast up on Lawns

though he did say himseU that "poetry is of course legitimately as variable in methods and effects as its possible purposes and authors." I do not understand what Waterman means by calling the last ten lines "abstract," though unresonant they may be. (Perhaps I have tried too hard to give both poems the qualities of good prose . . . ) My point was that the house had no discernible effect on the German tourists?I don't see this as
Semiprime crossed products over copointed Hopf algebras

We prove a result on the transfer of essentiality of extensions of modules over subnormalizing extensions of rings, then apply it to look at the semiprimeness of Hopf-Galois extensions, in particular that of crossed products.
Abstract W P344: Being the Change You Wish to See: Reducing the Incidence of False-Positive Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in a Neuroscience Population

Background and Purpose: The formation of a bacterial biofilm on an indwelling urinary catheter is considered to be a leading cause for diagnosed urinary tract infections in the intensive care setting (Djeribi, Bouchloukh, Jouenne, & Menaa, 2012). Bacterial biofilms (colonization) are thought to develop between one to five days (Saint & Chenoweth, 2003). Neuroscience patients are of particular interest when examining biofilm formation, as their underlying disease processes pose unique challenges to decreasing indwelling catheter device days, including neurogenic bladder, need for euvolemic fluid volume states, et cetera. The purpose of this quality improvement initiative was targeted at reducing the number of diagnosed false-positive CAUTI. Methods: For a period of February 2014- July 2014, nurses in two neurosciences intensive care units at a large academic center piloted an intervention targeted at reducing the number of diagnosed false-positive CAUTI, thought to occur as a result of catheter colonization or biofilm formation. For the intervention, patients who received an order for a urine culture who had an indwelling catheter for equal to or greater than five days had their indwelling catheter changed. Urine cultures were subsequently obtained from the new indwelling catheter. Results: Data for the months ( February 2014-July 2014) included a total of 87 patients from the neurosciences intensive care units who met the criteria for an indwelling catheter change, in the event that they had a urine culture ordered on or after device day five. Twenty six patients had their indwelling catheter changed prior to urine specimens being obtained. Five of the twenty six obtained from the new indwelling catheters demonstrated growth at the time the reports were finalized. Compared to previous CAUTI rates for the same time period in 2013 we have reduced the absolute numbers from 30 to 13. Conclusions: The organization’s infection control board reviewed the data and permission was granted to extend the pilot to all adult ICU. The preliminary data does suggest bacterial biofilm may contribute to the rate of CAUTI in the neuroscience population.
Progress of Nanobiomaterials for Theranostic Systems

Since its conception, nanotechnology has gained substantial momentum and transformed nearly every fi eld of science and technology. In the fi eld of nanomedicine, a variety of nanobiomaterials have been developed as unique platforms to detect and deliver therapeutic agents in the treatment ofl ife-threatening diseases.A brief review of recent publications reveals that these therapeutic platforms can be nanoparticles, micelles, nanogels, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles and semiconductor derived quantum dots. When compared to traditional therapeutic systems, theranostic nanomedicine is an emergingfi eld that employs a multifunctional approach to specifi cally target, diagnose and deliver therapeutic agents using a single platform to treat diseases such as cancers. This chapter will focus on the recent progress of nanobiomaterialstoward theranostic nanomedicine fortackling unmet clinical problems.
A virtual pixel technology to enhance the resolution of monitors and for other purposes

Current monitor and television displays utilize pixels to display an approximation of the real world collected by a camera or generated computationally. This paper proposes a virtual pixel technology which incorporates coloring LCD combination. Each physical pixel’s configuration is based on a weighted average of the virtual pixels it contributes to. This allows lower pixel density displays to produce the approximation of a higher pixel density, while lowering production cost. The paper provides an overview of the proposed technology, discusses its application to monitors and extension to other areas and concludes with a discussion of the next steps to its development.
Feasible Regions Quantify the Configuration Power of Arrays with Multiple Fault Types

The bulk of closed-form results for the performance of configuration architectures are of a univariate nature. The corresponding analyses treat the case of failed processors, but neglect broken interconnect and switches. The present paper considers the combined effects of all of these fault types. We show how solutions to this multivariate problem can be expressed as feasible regions of fault tolerance. Optimum solutions can be computed by known methods in linear or nonlinear programming. For the sake of illustration we characterize the worst-case behavior of a simple but practical means of organizing redundancy: local sparing.
Patent Law Harmonization In The Age Of Globalization: The Necessity And Strategy For A Pragmatic Outcome

While international patent law harmonization has been an issue in progress since the conclusion of the Paris Convention in 1883, it is facing new challenges due to its rising prominence in a knowledge-based economy and the world's growing sensitivity to the patent system's social and economic role in society. Since their beginning, patent laws have been inherently diverse for several reasons: territoriality, and distinct policy goals and cultural backgrounds of each nation. However, as globalization intensified the problem of fragmented patent laws, arguments for harmonizing patents laws obtained dominant support in international communities. This paper addresses the need to harmonize patent laws among countries within the growing trend of globalization. The paper further examines implementing measures that realize the harmonization of patent laws. To answer questions regarding the level and order at which harmonization should take place, it is necessary to divide harmonization into four categories according to the procedural-substantive and legislative-administrative standpoint. Even though substantive and legal harmonization might be the final goal of harmonization, it costs too much and takes too long. Rather, as a practically plausible alternative based on cost-benefit analysis, it is worth focusing on a modest harmonization-administrative and substantive harmonization for "Work-sharing." To implement work-sharing with minimum costs and delay, it is necessary to scrutinize several strategies that promote language based cooperation, offshore outsourcing, regional patent system, and combination with PCT. Within the undeniable trend of globalization, it is essential to find broad and innovative international cooperation that can benefit all participating countries.
Evidence for Microstructural Effects Under Strain in Bronze Process Nb3Sn

The possible effects of externally applied strain on the flux pinning process can be divided into two groups according to whether the significant property changes produced by strain are associated with the crystalline defects which act as flux pinners, or with the bulk superconducting material which carries the supercurrent Changes in the latter are reflected in the equilibrium properties such as the upper critical field, BC2, and the Ginzburg-Landau parameter, κ. To first approximation, changes in the former are not seen in the equilibrium properties, but may affect the bulk pinning force, Fp, by changing the number of pinning centers or their strength. For want of a better term, we have called changes associated with the flux pins microstructural effects, even though they may or may not involve gross changes in structure such as the martensitic transformation which is known to occur in Nb3Sn at low temperature.
Duplication, Diversification, and Comparative Genetics of Angiosperm MADS‐Box Genes

Abstract There is considerable morphological diversity among angiosperm flowers. What is the developmental basis of this diversity? Some of this variation appears to be due to changes in the roles of a subset of MADS‐box genes, which have been shown to control various aspects of flower development in several model species, notably Arabidopsis . Here I focus on perianth diversification and the roles that duplication and diversification of MADS‐box genes may play in this process. I review several hypotheses for the types of changes in MADS‐box genes that are responsible for phenotypic variation in perianth form. To critically test such hypotheses, functional analyses in phylogenetically informative taxa are needed. I explore the possibilities for utilizing virus‐induced gene silencing as a tool to functionally assess the roles of MADS‐box genes in nonmodel species. By carrying out functional analyses in a phylogenetic context it will be possible to infer the direction and type of developmental shifts that have occurred. Together these approaches will provide a robust means of inferring the relative contributions of regulatory evolution, protein evolution, and duplication of the MADS‐box genes for building new floral morphologies.
Incoagulability of intraperitoneal blood

Abstract Intraperitoneal blood from ectopic pregnancies or from peripheral venous blood experimentally injected into the patient's own cul-de-sac was investigated. Blood coagulation parameters revealed diminished or absent fibrinogen, prothrombin, Factor V, and Factor VIII. Fibrinolytic enzyme studies showed that plasminogen and plasmin inhibitor values were identical in peripheral venous blood and intra-abdominal blood samples. Immunochemical reactions against antihuman fibrinogen employing Ouchterlony plates, immunoelectrophoresis, and radial diffusion techniques occasionally revealed small amounts of fibrin breakdown products. The data indicate that a different mechanism exists for the incoagulability of intraperitoneal blood as compared to menstrual blood. Intraperitoneal blood resembles serum after coagulation has occurred, with only occasional evidence of a secondary clot lysis being present. The amount of clotted blood formed in the abdominal cavity is not adequate to explain the amount of serum and it is hypothesized that peristaltic movements of the intestines may defibrinate the intraperitoneal blood.
Geospatial analysis and modeling of urban structure and dynamics : an overview

Geographic information research and technologies have experienced over four decades of development, from the mainframe to the workstation to the desktop, and to today's laptop and mobile devices. Every important GIS development is driven by a significant breakthrough of mainstream information technology. For example, the 1980s was characterized by the popularity of personal computers that were increasingly becoming affordable to university departments, governmental agencies and private sectors. Many university GIS programs were established during this time period, and the NSF-funded NCGIA played an important role in coordinating the development of course curriculum and related research activities. The next decade can be named the age of GIScience. GIScience is the science behind GISystens, dealing with fundamental questions raised by the use of GISystems and technologies (Goodchild 1997). It occurred at the time when the Internet and the World Wide Web started to change the way we led our lives and ran our businesses. It was the Internet and the Web that made the GIS community think of a service oriented approach to GIS, namely GIServices (Gunther and Muller 1999). Instead of owning a GIS, end users can be served by GIS functionalities from a remote GIService center. GIServices aim to develop distributed or decentralized GIS to serve individuals and communities for spatial planning and decision making, as well as for their daily life. Another perspective of GIS is GIStudies for studying the impacts of geographic information and technologies on society.
Sofosbuvir, a novel nucleotide analogue inhibitor used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus.

Objective To provide an overview of a novel anti-hepatitis C agent, sofosbuvir. Key findings Sofosbuvir is a novel nucleotide analogue inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase that has recently been approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3 or 4 in a variety of patients. The emergence of such a novel treatment provides benefit to previously untreated genotypes and patient populations, with little chance of promoting significant viral resistance. Excellent sustained virologic response rates 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12) were seen in phase II and III clinical trials when sofosbuvir was used with ribavirin. Even more promising are the results from phase II and III clinical trials that evaluated sofosbuvir in combination with other oral direct acting antivirals (DAAs). Data with sofosbuvir in the hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV coinfected and in the pre- and post-transplantation populations are still emerging. The drug was very well tolerated in clinical studies, with the most common adverse events of headache, nausea and fatigue. Summary Overall, sofosbuvir presents a new and effective treatment option for HCV-infected patients.
Child Behavioral Outcomes in African American Adoptive Families

ABSTRACT A child's behavioral problems have been linked to dissatisfaction with adoption among adoptive parents. Some of the strongest risk factors for behavioral problems are a history of abuse and neglect and the number of foster care placements. Few studies have examined whether these risk factors vary by race, even though African American children are overrepresented in the child welfare system. Based on a survey of 83 African American adoptive families adopting African American children, this study examines whether behavioral risk factors found in past studies of (mainly) white adoptions are shared by African American children adopted by African American families. The findings point, first, to the positive behavioral findings for a majority of the adoptees. Where behavioral problems did occur, they were often correlated with different factors from those found in past research, including more relational factors, such as amount of enjoyable time parents and children spend together and, for example, how...
Gerontology and Clinical Sociology

If you had been born in 1900, your life expectancy would have been 47 years. Those born in 1990 can expect to live about 75 years. If they survive the volatile teen years, they will likely live an additional 5 to 10 years, or more. In fact, persons aged 85 and older make up the fastest growing age group in the United States. Although other indicators of aging should be included in defining those who are old, age 65 or older is the most frequently used, especially for entitlement programs. For the first time in the United States, persons 65 and older outnumber those under 25. As a result of the rapid increase of the older population, many social changes are occurring; society is charting a new course for a “new” age group.
5-Meth-oxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phen-yl)-1H-indole.

The title compound, C18H19NO4, was prepared as an indole derivative with possible anti­mitotic properties. The planes of the indole and trimethoxy­phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 45.35 (5)° with one another. In the crystal, mol­ecules related by a twofold screw axis exhibit arene C—H⋯arene-π inter­actions which are 3.035 (1) A in length.
Characterization of AA size lithium rechargeable cells

Testing of AA size rechargeable cells for underwater vehicle and other naval applications is complete for AT&T's lithium/niobium triselenide (Li/NbSe/sub 3/) and Moli Energy's lithium/molybdenum disulfide (Li/MoS/sub 2/) and is in progress on Moli Energy's lithium/manganese dioxide (Li/MnO/sub 2/) and W.R. Grace's lithium/titanium disulfide (Li/TiS/sub 2/). Cell cycling was performed at various discharge rates, temperatures, and depths of discharge. At 25 degrees C and 1 mA/cm/sup 2/ (roughly the C/4 rate), delivered energy densities were about 40 Wh/lb for NbSe/sub 3/, TiS/sub 2/, and MnO/sub 2/ and 22 Wh/lb for MoS/sub 2/. Under the same conditions, nickel/cadmium (Ni/Cd) cells deliver only 10 Wh/lb. However Ni/Cd cycles much longer and the lithium cells are far more vulnerable than Ni/Cd to performance loss in low temperature, high discharge rate cycling. The NbSe/sub 3/ data and the (limited) TiS/sub 2/ data indicate that these cells tend to accept excessive charge which is often associated with lithium dendrite shorting and considered potentially hazardous. At 1 mA/cm/sup 2/ and 25 degrees C, discharge plateaus ranged from 2.9 V for MnO/sub 2/ to 1.8 V for MoS/sub 2/. >
Auger and electron energy loss spectroscopies of small palladium particles supported on (111) oriented MgO films

The most common tool used to characterize supported metal clusters is the transmission electron microscope. The main advantage of TEM is the combination of high (lateral) resolution imaging with electron diffraction. However the TEM observations are usually made ex-situ i.e. UHV deposited clusters have to be exposed to the atmosphere during transfer to the TEM. This could be a severe limitation for very small reactive clusters. This paper demonstrates that electron spectroscopies can provide in-situ information on the cluster growth (AES), on the electronic structure (ELS) and on the local atomic order (SEELFS) of the clusters. These techniques were applied to Pd clusters of varying size (~ 10–200 A) vapor-deposited on thin (111) MgO support films under UHV conditions. An expansion of the lattice and a shift of the loss peaks towards higher energies are observed with decreasing particle size.
Insulin-induced differentiation and modulation of neuronal thread protein expression in primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells is linked to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1.

Neuronal thread proteins (NTPs) are a family of developmentally regulated molecules expressed in central nervous system (CNS) neurons and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) cell lines. NTP gene expression is modulated with DNA synthesis, neuritic sprouting, and neuronal differentiation. The present study explores the mechanism of insulin modulation of NTP gene expression during neuronal differentiation using PNET cell lines of CNS origin. PNET2 cells underwent neuronal differentiation with neurite outgrowth coupled with transient up-regulation of several species of NTP. In contrast, PNET1 cells failed to differentiate in response to insulin stimulation, although insulin receptors were more abundant than in PNET2 cells. Analysis of the insulin-mediated signal transduction pathway demonstrated that the lack of insulin responsiveness in PNET1 cells was primarily caused by impaired insulin-mediated tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Correspondingly, the association between phosphatidyl-inositol 3 (PI3) kinase and phosphorylated IRS-1 was reduced in PNET1 compared with PNET2 cells. In contrast, the levels of IRS-1 protein were similar in PNET1 and PNET2 cells, and expression of the insulin receptor β subunit (Irβ) and insulin-mediated tyrosyl phosphorylation of the Irβ were greater in PNET1 than PNET2 cells. The findings suggest that insulin effected neuronal differentiation and modulation of NTP gene expression in PNET cells utilizes a signal transduction cascade that requires tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1.
On Brenner's flow reversal theorem

Abstract The effects of flow reversal are studied in a system of interconnected tanks containing sources and sinks for a reacting solute. Under certain conditions the total rate of mass transfer does not change when every flow in the system is reversed in direction without changing its magnitude. Some but not all results are discrete versions of the flow reversal theorem obtained by Brenner [1,2] in the study of infinitely extended distributed systems. New results are discussed pertaining to flow reversal in finitely extended distributed systems and systems containing adsorbing boundaries.
A survey of recent shell finite elements

Since the mid-1960s when the forms of curved shell finite elements were originated, including those pioneered by Professor Gallagher, the published literature on the subject has grown extensively. The first two present authors and Liaw presented a survey of such literature in 1990 in this journal. Professor Gallagher maintained an active interest in this subject during his entire academic career, publishing milestone research works and providing periodic reviews of the literature. In this paper, we endeavor to summarize the important literature on shell finite elements over the past 15 years. It is hoped that this will be a befitting tribute to the pioneering achievements and sustained legacy of our beloved Professor Gallagher in the area of shell finite elements. This survey includes: the degenerated shell approach; stress-resultant-based formulations and Cosserat surface approach; reduced integration with stabilization; incompatible modes approach; enhanced strain formulations; 3-D elasticity elements; drilling d.o.f. elements; co-rotational approach; and higher-order theories for composites. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunologic manifestations of a group of patients with a diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus

Serologic methods currently in use for the study of systemic L.E. offer a possible means for early identification of that proportion of patients with a diagnosis of discoid L.E. who may develop generalized manifestations. Use of these methods in a group of sixteen patients with a diagnosis of chronic discoid L.E. reveals that some patients with only skin abnormalities may be found to have subtle immunopathologic manifestations which are strongly suggestive of the systemic disease. Methodos serologic que es currentemente in uso in le studio de systemic lupus erythematose offere un medio possibile pro le precoce identification del proportion de patientes con discoide lupus erythematose in qui il existe le tendentia de un futur disveloppamento de manifestationes generalisate. Le uso de iste methodos in un gruppo de decesex patientes con le diagnose de chronic discoide lupus erythematose ha revelate le possibilitate que certe patientes con anormalitates de solmente le pelle se distingue per subtil manifestationes immunopathologic que suggere fortemente le presentia del forma systemic del morbo.
Demo: Achieving a 10x lifetime increase with IEEE 802.15.4e motes

We present Texas Instruments' implementation of IEEE 802.15.4e protocols (CSL and TSCH) in a multi-hop mesh. At the MAC layer, we discuss techniques which reduce radio duty-cycle in our CSL implementation. Further, we propose RPL adaptation, to operate the network in 2 phases, one with small DIO timer and another with large DIO timer to minimize the impact of RPL broadcasts. Our demo shows 10x reduction in radio power consumption resulting from careful implementation of our MAC and Routing layer techniques using TelosB motes running Contiki OS.