cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for Interdicting the Development of Severe Jaundice in Newborns by Inhibiting the Production of Bilirubin

Severe jaundice, with its potential for producing brain damage, remains a continuing and controversial problem in newborn medicine. Central issues in this problem are the unpredictable course of hyperbilirubinemia in some newborns, the undefined susceptibility of an individual infant to bilirubin toxicity, and the uncertain blood level at which bilirubin threatens the brain, an uncertainty that is intrinsic to the clinical circumstances and therapeutic context of severe newborn jaundice. My laboratory group at Rockefeller University Hospital, together with collaborating pediatricians at other institutions, has developed a method for effectively controlling the production of bilirubin in newborns that can help to resolve these issues. The method involves use of an inhibitor that is targeted directly at the enzyme that controls heme degradation to bilirubin and permits physicians to rapidly, and predictably, interdict hyperbilirubinemia at any point in the progression of jaundice that they choose. Bilirubin is a normal product of heme degradation, and the rate-limiting step in its formation is controlled by the enzyme heme oxygenase (Fig 1, top). Newborns produce bilirubin faster than they can dispose of it and thus experience a mild, transient jaundice after birth. This jaundice generally peaks at ∼96 hours, well after the mother and infant leave the hospital, according to current practice. In some infants, jaundice can run a severe course, unrecognized and then unmanageable. Substantial brain damage then may occur. The damage can take place rapidly and produce within hours the severe neurologic deterioration known as kernicterus. More subtle neurologic impairment caused by bilirubin is now being detected by better diagnostic means. The long-term consequences of such impairment are not known. Fig 1. Several hundred thousand infants, of the 4 million births annually in the United States, receive phototherapy to treat jaundice. Light treatment is effective in reducing the incidence of bilirubin brain damage, although … Address correspondence to Attallah Kappas, MD, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021. E-mail: kappas{at}rockefeller.edu
Modified Ingelman-Sundberg bladder denervation procedure for intractable urge incontinence

AbstractPurpose: We determined the efficacy of the modified Ingelman-Sundberg procedure in women with urge incontinence and intractable detrusor instability.Materials and Methods: Women with urge incontinence and detrusor instability, in whom medical and behavioral therapy failed, received transvaginal local anesthesia to block the terminal pelvic nerve branches to the bladder. Urge incontinence resolved temporarily in 25 patients, who subsequently underwent modified Ingelman-Sundberg transvaginal bladder denervation. All patients underwent preoperative urodynamic evaluation but documented detrusor instability was not a requirement for surgery.Results: Of the patients 16 (64 percent) were cured of urge incontinence with substantial relief of detrusor instability, 2 (8 percent) had temporary improvement and 7 (28 percent) had no change. No patient who was cured required further surgery (mean followup 14.8 months, range 4 to 30). Use of anticholinergic agents also decreased dramatically: 5 patients used no,...
Interventions During Labor and Birth in the United States: A Qualitative Analysis of Women's Experiences

Abstract Objective To explore and describe hospital-birthing women's understandings of and experiences with interventions during labor and birth. Methods Qualitative data was collected as part of a larger ethnographic study of childbirth in the United States. The grounded theory method was employed to analyze interviews with 59 women from three states who had recently given birth in hospitals with physicians or certified nurse-midwives in attendance. Results Four themes emerged from the data. The themes safety/risk and provider match , described women's expectations regarding intervention and their interactions with providers. A third theme addressed how women experienced interventions and their perceptions of control over decision-making . A final theme characterized women's satisfaction with maternity care. Conclusions Women who received interventions expressed varying levels of comfort or apprehension associated with both expectations of maternity care and provider match. Women whose expectations matched those of the provider reported more positive experiences. Regardless of provider match, women expressed ambivalence about the use of interventions and confusion over their appropriate place. Women's ability to make sense of interventions was related to how well they navigated a complicated and bureaucratic maternity system. Increasing attention needs to be paid to the impact of these factors on women's perceptions of care during pregnancy and childbirth.
FMS scheduling as cooperative problem solving

This paper describes an FMS scheduling method that treats an FMS as a group of problem-solving agents cooperating to perform manufacturing jobs. The main thrusts of such a method include the ability to handle the dynamically changing production conditions, its taking into account the communication method, the improved reliability, and the use of distributed control. The paper emphasizes research issues associated with various aspects of the cooperative problem-solving method, including: (1) dynamic task assignments, (2) the coordination mechanism, and (3) knowledge-based scheduling as problem solving. A simulation study which compares the performance of the cooperative problem solving approach with that of the more traditional scheduling approaches is also reported.
Command Shaping Slewing Motions for Tower Cranes

Input shaping has been shown to be a practical and effective control scheme for reducing payload swing on industrial bridge and gantry cranes. However, when applied to tower cranes, standard input shapers will have degraded performance due to the nonlinear dynamics of rotational motion. To alleviate this problem, two new command generators for tower cranes are developed for a point-to-point slewing motion. It is shown that standard shaping techniques greatly reduce oscillation and the new tower crane command generators cause even less residual vibration. Simulations and experiments verify the results.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Interaction with mouse peritoneal macrophages

Abstract Interaction of the Ernestina strain of Trypanosoma cruzi with unstimulated BALE/ cAnN mouse peritoneal macrophages was observed continuously in a controlled-environment culture system. All motile forms of the parasite actively penetrated macrophages: trypomastigotes posterior end first, epimastigotes flagellar end first. Increased macrophage activity followed penetration. By 30 hr after penetration, trypomastigotes and “stationary phase” epimastigotes were destroyed. The macrophages died soon after the parasites were destroyed. By contrast, “exponential growth phase” epimastigotes could remain viable for up to 8 days within macrophages and subsequently died; the macrophages survived this interaction. Neither escape nor reproduction of intracellular parasites occurred in this system. During the period in which intracellular parasites were motile, the plasmalemma of the host cell was modified by penetration of the parasite's flagellum. The possibility that these interactions are characteristic of specific strains of host and parasite only, could provide an explanation for the variability of T. cruzi infection seen in nature.
EFFECT OF SOME PERSONALITY VARIABLES ON ELECTRICAL VESTIBULAR STIMULATION.

Seventeen graduate student Ss were divided into higher and lower scoring groups on 13 scales of the MMPI. Their objective and subjective absolute thresholds (RLs) to sinusoidal electrical stimulati...
Gene Expression in Low Oxygen Tension

Low oxygen tension is a feature of many physiologic and pathologic conditions, including wound healing, fibrosis, and neoplasia. Increasing evidence suggests that low oxygen tension induces the transcription of a number of genes, and that this process depends on the cellular context. The proteins synthesized from these genes enable cells to adapt to the hypoxic environment and/or to fulfill their functional roles. The regulatory regions responsible for the induction of erythropoietin gene transcription and synthesis in response to hypoxia/anemia appear to be cis-acting deoxyribonucleic acid sequences located within the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the erythropoietin gene. Other proteins induced by hypoxia include cytokines (plateletderived growth factor-β chain, endothelin-1, transforming growth factor-β), enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase, glycolytic enzymes), and stress proteins. The molecular mechanisms of the hypoxia-induced expression of these genes are poorly understood. A heme protein may act as the oxygen tension sensor, or the redox state of certain nuclear transcription factors may function as second messengers.
Bridging the Gap between Academic Researchers and Industrial Corporations

New technological ideas must be employed more efficiently to increase an EEC country's ability to compete. There are many barriers to exploitation of new ideas, but certain measures can help: academic researchers should be able to undertake consultancy work; increase RD financial institutions need to be more supportive of new technology; Government to promote equity seed capital; academic spin‐outs need low‐cost premises and access to advice; large companies should be encouraged to take minority investments in small companies; collaboration between academia and industry should be increased.
Ahorro privado, apertura externa y liberalización financiera en la América latina

Resumen. La premisa basica de este trabajo es que el ahorro voluntario privado es el sustento y el resguardo del futuro crecimiento y desarrollo regionales. Sin embargo, por definicion, un desequilibrio entre el ahorro e inversion lleva a la trasmision del ahorro internacional. Su efecto en las balanzas de pagos de los paises es inmediato. La globalizacion de las finanzas y cohesividad de la economia mundial generan una estrecha relacion entre el comercio y las finanzas que es importante dilucidar...
The development of retrieval strategies in young children

Abstract Two incidental memory tasks were given to 3.5–6.5 yr old children to test for an age increase in the tendency to use a simple indirect retrieval strategy when direct retrieval efforts do not suffice. In both tasks, pictures of people were paired with very closely associated toy objects (e.g., farmer—toy tractor), and the indirect retrieval strategy consisted of thinking to use one member of the pair as a cue to the recall of the other, e.g., turning over the visible but facedown pictures and using them as retrieval cues for the toys. Support for the predicted age trend was obtained in one of the two tasks. It was suggested that the development of retrieval skills in children may show some parallels with that of storage skills.
Parental physical illness and child functioning

Abstract Although physical illness among adults is prevalent, few studies exist which examine the relationship between parental illness and child functioning. We reviewed the existing studies and tentatively conclude that an association does exist. We also delineated variables that have been identified as qualifiers of this relationship, outlined dimensions of physical illness which may be important in the relationship, and discussed possible mechanisms for the association between physical illness and child functioning. The need for more research and the consideration of parental physical illness within a broader family context is emphasized.
Nonlinear Mixing in Silicon Waveguides for SWIR and Mid-IR Applications

We present results on four-photon mixing in silicon-waveguides beyond 2?m using signals derived from ultra-compact telecom sources. This widely-tunable parametric silicon source can combine narrow linewidth and complex modulation offering great potential for Mid-IR applications.
GAP DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN NUCLEAR EMULSIONS

The technique of gap counting has been extended by using measurements of the variation of the number of gaps with range. This extension is particularly useful in heavily developed G5 emulsions.
Robotic Radical Nephrectomy with Vena Caval Tumor Thrombectomy: Experience of Novice Robotic Surgeons

The introduction of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery has facilitated the application of minimally invasive surgical techniques to many complex reconstructive and extirpative procedures. Even early on in their learning experience, robotic surgeons have been able to complete procedures using a minimally invasive approach, but would not have been able to do so using a purely laparoscopic technique. Although the open surgical approach remains the standard of care in the management of large renal tumors presenting with a thrombus within the vena cava, robot-assisted surgery may provide the precision and dexterity necessary to allow for the safe application of minimally invasive techniques to such complex clinical scenarios, perhaps even by relatively novice robotic surgeons. We describe the management of a large renal mass with vena caval thrombus (cT3b), which required complete cross-clamping of the vena cava, with the use of a purely robot-assisted laparoscopic approach.
Microarray Analysis of the Effects of a γ-protein Kinase C Null Mutation on Gene Expression in Striatum: A Role for Transthyretin in Mutant Phenotypes

A constitutive null mutation of the neural-specific isotype of protein kinase C (γ-PKC) in mice produces alterations in behavioral traits and responses to ethanol suggesting that γ-PKC-mediated phosphorylation is essential for regulation of some behaviors. However, it is possible that some of the effects of γ-PKC gene deletion also may be due to altered gene expression. To examine alterations in gene expression, microarray analyses were performed on striatal tissue from wild types and mutants. A total of 143 genes and ESTs were identified as potential candidates related to differences between null mutants and wild types. Confirmation studies using qRT-PCR indicated that the expression of transthyretin was increased about 8-fold in striatum of naive mutants compared to wild types. The effect of chronic ethanol treatment on transthyretin expression was analyzed because γ-PKC mutants do not develop tolerance to chronic ethanol treatment. Ethanol treatment of mutants reversed the dramatic increase in transthyretin expression seen in naive and control-diet treated mutants, but did not affect transthyretin expression in wild types.
Organic Phosphorus Compounds 52. Preparation and properties of β‐hydroxyalkyl‐phosphonium salts and tertiary phosphine oxides

The new, tris- (2- hydroxyalkyl) - (hydroxymethyl) - phosphonium salts: [(RCHOHCH2)3 PCH2OH]Cl (I, R = ClCH2; III, R = CH3) are formed in high yield by reaction of tetrakis-(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium chloride (Tetrakis) with epoxides under basic conditions. Under the same conditions, styrene oxide yields only the disubstituted product, [(PhCHOHCH2)2 (CH2OH)2P]Cl. Optimal pH values for the reactions are 8 to 9; at lower pH the conversion is too slow; at a higher pH, oxidative decomposition of the salts occurs. Conversion of the salts to tertiary phosphine oxides (RCHOHCH2)3P O (R ClCH2; CH3) with loss of the hydroxymethyl group is best carried out with chlorine at pH 5 to 7. The yields are usually 60 to 90%.
De novo synthesis of a galacto-papulacandin moiety via an iterative dihydroxylation strategy

A short and highly efficient route to both the pyranose and furanose forms of a galacto-papulacandin ring system has been developed. The key to the overall transformation is the sequential two osmium-catalyzed dihydroxylation reactions of substituted 2,4-dienone. The resulting tetrol can be efficiently transformed into the two spiroketal moieties of galacto-papulacandin, which can also be inter-converted via acid catalyzed equilibration.
Hormonal Control of Behavior: Amines as Gain-setting Elements that Bias Behavioral Output in Lobsters

Hormones and neurohormones act on the nervous system to produce important changes in behavior. This article uses studies of amine actions in the lobster nervous system and their possible relationship to aggressive behavior in lobsters to explore how such changes might come about.
Evidence of laser induced decomposition of triaminotrinitrobenzene from surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

It is observed that the focused 632 nm laser of the confocal micro-Raman spectrometer decomposes triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB). The temperature generated in the laser spot determined by measuring the ratio of the intensities of the anti-Stokes to Stokes spectra is too low to cause thermal decomposition. The observed decomposition is suggested to be a result of laser induced electronic excitation. The decomposition is even more severe when measured by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) where it results in a highly defected graphite structure. A gold coated silicon substrate having an array of pyramidal shaped holes is used to obtain surface enhanced Raman spectra of TATB deposited on the substrate as a 10−3 molar solution of toluene.
Intravenous chloramphenicol in the treatment of meningitis due to hemophilus influenzae (type B)

Summary The administration of chlormaphenicol by mouth or by rectum has been demonstrated by other authors to represent a highly effective therapy for meningitis due to H. influenzae . The oral or rectal administration of any therapeutic agent to an acutely ill patient offers several disadvantages. In the treatment of meningitis, the rapid administration of effective therapy is desirable, and it is preferable to overcome the disadvantages of refusal, slow absorption, or vomiting of the medication. We present six cases of meningitis due to H. influenzae which were treated successfully in a manner eliminating these disadvantages by using intravenous chloramphenicol until such time as the clinical condition of the patients justified the administration of oral chloramphenicol.
Exploring point-cloud features from partial body views for gender classification

In this paper we extend a previous exploration of histogram features extracted from 3D point cloud images of human subjects for gender discrimination. Feature extraction used a collection of concentric cylinders to define volumes for counting 3D points. The histogram features are characterized by a rotational axis and a selected set of volumes derived from the concentric cylinders. The point cloud images are drawn from the CAESAR anthropometric database provided by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Human Effectiveness Directorate and SAE International. This database contains approximately 4400 high resolution LIDAR whole body scans of carefully posed human subjects. Success from our previous investigation was based on extracting features from full body coverage which required integration of multiple camera images. With the full body coverage, the central vertical body axis and orientation are readily obtainable; however, this is not the case with a one camera view providing less than one half body coverage. Assuming that the subjects are upright, we need to determine or estimate the position of the vertical axis and the orientation of the body about this axis relative to the camera. In past experiments the vertical axis was located through the center of mass of torso points projected on the ground plane and the body orientation derived using principle component analysis. In a natural extension of our previous work to partial body views, the absence of rotational invariance about the cylindrical axis greatly increases the difficulty for gender classification. Even the problem of estimating the axis is no longer simple. We describe some simple feasibility experiments that use partial image histograms. Here, the cylindrical axis is assumed to be known. We also discuss experiments with full body images that explore the sensitivity of classification accuracy relative to displacements of the cylindrical axis. Our initial results provide the basis for further investigation of more complex partial body viewing problems and new methods for estimating the two position coordinates for the axis location and the unknown body orientation angle.
Lead-free 0201 manufacturing, assembly and reliability test results

Abstract The trend towards smaller, faster and cheaper electronic devices has led to an increase in the use of 0201 (L ∼ 0.02 in.; W ∼ 0.01 in.) and even smaller sized passive components. The size advantages of the 0201 component make it a popular choice among design engineers but not among manufacturing engineers. From a manufacturing perspective, the size of the 0201 package poses significant challenges to the printed circuit board (PCB) assembly process. The many challenges with 0201 assembly can be attributed to the solder paste volume, pad design, aperture design, board finish, type of solder paste, pick-and-place and reflow profile. If these factors are not optimized, they will introduce undesirable manufacturing defects. The small size of 0201 packages and undetected manufacturing defects will also raise concerns about their second level interconnect reliability, especially for lead-free solder alloys and surface finishes, with new processes and higher reflow requirements. To determine the optimum conditions, a design-of-experiment (DOE) study was carried out to investigate the effects of these parameters on assembly defects and solder joint reliability. This paper presents the test results and comparative literature data on the influence of a few key manufacturing parameters and defects associated with the 0201 component using lead-free and tin–lead solder alloys. Data pertaining to component shear strength before and after isothermal aging at 150 °C and intermetallic growth up to 500 h of aging are presented. A number of test vehicles were also subjected to thermal cycling (1500 cycles) in the range of −55/100 °C to determine the solder fatigue behavior. Shear test results for test vehicles subjected to thermal cycling is also presented. In addition, optical microscopy analysis of solder joint behavior during thermal cycling showing the progress of the solder damage and cross-sectional photos taken at 1500 cycles is included.
ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EN ROUTE NEARCTIC-NEOTROPICAL MIGRATORY BIRDS: A CALL FOR COLLABORATION

Ornithologists who regularly witness the breathtaking influx of songbirds at stopover sites during spring or fall migration know that birds are tremendously adaptable. Migration encompasses a range of actions distinct from permanent residency but includes altitudinal movements, sporadic irruptions, short-distance flights, as well as obligate long-distance movements (Able 1991). Migration can be acquired, abandoned, or prolonged by a species depending on conditions along their migratory routes (Able and Beltoff 1998). Previously nonmigratory populations may undertake migration where changing conditions become increasingly disadvantageous for the resident population or where interspecific competition becomes more severe. Regardless of the distance or motivation, migration is physiologically demanding and potentially risky. Nearctic-Neotropical migrants face both ecological and physiological challenges while en route from one location to another. Migrants require periodic stopovers to rest and refuel, and during these stopovers, they must cope with the uncertainties of resource abundance and availability, intraand interspecific competition, and predation pressures in unfamiliar environments (Moore et al. 1995). Physiologically, the size of many Nearctic-Neotropical migrants puts large constraints on fat storage, flight speed, and the ultimate distance a bird is able to travel in one migratory bout. Ecological and physiological hurdles associated with transand intercontinen-
Effect of phosphorylation on scallop sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum prepared from the cross-striated adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) was phosphorylated with inorganic phosphate to the E2P (ADP-insensitive) form. Negative staining of these preparations showed that the Ca-ATPase was organized into a quasi-crystalline array, which differed from the ‘dimer ribbon’ structure previously reported for the membrane under relaxing conditions (Castellani & Hardwicke,J. cell. Biol. 97 (1983) 557–61; Castellaniet al., J. molec. Biol. 185 (1985) 579–94). In this new form there was only a single Ca-ATPase per unit cell. Dephosphorylation of the E2P membranes and incubation with substrate or substrate analogues in the absence of Ca2+ caused the ‘dimer ribbon’ structure to appear. These results imply that rotation of at least half of the Ca-ATPase subunits in the scallop sarcoplasmic reticulum may occur about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the membrane on conversion from the E2P state to the state corresponding to that existing in the relaxed muscle.
Expectancy Processes in the Health Care Interaction Sequence

This article presents a sequential analysis of health care interactions and examines the roles that the expectations of both care seekers and care providers play in affecting the outcomes of these interactions. Health care interactions follow a sequence of five steps: (a) the potential patient decides to seek medical attention, and (b) presents the problem to a physician; (c) the physician diagnoses the problem and selects a treatment, and (d) presents the treatment to the patient; (e) the patient adheres to the prescribed treatment. This series of decisions and interactions must be completed successfully if a person is to receive proper medical treatment. The rich expectancy literatures in the areas of health psychology and social perception are summarized to show the effects that expectations are likely to have at each step in the interaction and the ways that expectations often interfere with the successful treatment of illness.
Again the Logic of ‘Ought’

I recently published two articles on this topic, one in Philosophy, July 1976 ('Murder and Sodomy') and one in Open Mind, September 1976 ('Morally Significant Theses'). I am sorry that they are awkwardly separated, for those who may wish to read both; but I carefully made each of them selfcontained, without cross-reference to the other. Both articles have now been criticized by Professor Hare and Mr Borowski, who kindly sent me their criticisms before publication. My aim in both articles was to subvert the alleged logical foundations of the doctrine 'You cannot get an ought from an is'. It is perhaps worth while to point out one confusion that makes people assent too readily to this maxim. 'A is F-ing, therefore A ought to be F-ing' is an obviously invalid form; it does not follow that in no case can an ought thesis be inferred from factual premises. (A similar confusion accounts for the intuitive appeal of the rule against 'illicit process', a part of the bad old doctrine of distribution. 'Some A is P, ergo every A is P' is an invalid form; but it does not follow, and is not true, that a conclusion 'Every A is . . .', or 'No A is . . .', can never be inferred from a set of premises in which the term 'A' is not distributed.) Since my argument in both articles purported to expose definite logical fallacies, the only relevant reply was to try to expose fallacies in my own reasoning; and this is just what Borowski has tried to do. I can however find no serious attempt toward this end in Hare's article. Perhaps in his view such an attempt would be only slaying the slain, since he thinks Borowski has already overcome my arguments 'on a technical level'. In any event, if I remain 'on a technical level' (and it was after all the logical inferability of ought theses that was my whole concern) then I need not devote much space to discussing Hare's rejoinder. Hare's paper contains, however, certain dialectical moves that do not really touch the logical issues but may have the effect of distracting readers' attention from those issues. On these I shall make some brief comments. (i) Hare speaks of 'Geach's strictures against Socrates' and indicates that he does not accept them. I was of course concerned not to come out with strictures against an individual, but to nail a fallacy: the fallacy of passing from 'A cannot (or will not) give a rigorous verbal definition of term T' to 'A most likely does not know what he means when he uses the term T'. I called this the 'Socratic' fallacy because I think this, among other fallacies, is to be found in the speeches of the character Socrates in the Platonic
Nutrient enrichment and nutrient regeneration stimulate bacterioplankton growth

Bacterial abundance results from predatory losses of individuals and replacement of losses through growth. Growth depends on sustained input of organic substrates and mineral nutrients. In this work we tested the hypoth- esis that bacterial growth in two oligotrophic Canadian shield lakes was limited by nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). We also determined whether consumer- regenerated resources contributed substantially to net bacterial growth. Two types of dilution assays were conducted to determine the response of bacteria to nutrient enrichment: diluted whole water (DWW, 1:9 whole/filtered with 0.2 ,um of filtered lake water) and diluted fractionated water (DFW, 1.0 ,um prefiltered then diluted as above). Replicate bottles in each dilution assay received either N (50 FtM), P (10 FiM), or both N and P enrichments. Controls received no nutrients. Resource-saturated growth rates and grazing rates were estimated from a standard dilution-growth approach. Bacterial growth was stimulated by addition of P alone and in combination with N. Consumers regenerated sufficient resources to support up to half the bacterial growth rate, but the benefit derived from consumers was minor when compared to mortality.
An Ethnographic Filmflam: Giving Gifts, Doing Research, and Videotaping the Native Subject/Object

Using the discussion of self-reflexivity as an organizing principle, this article examines how mobilizing digital video technology during fieldwork opens up empirical and theoretical space for reconceptualizing the relationship between anthropologists and informants. Placing the field of visual anthropology into critical conversation with long-standing theoretical arguments about the objectivist limitations of native anthropologists, I argue that the slipperiness of nativity as an anthropological designation helps to provide analytical tools for examining filmmaking as a kind of gift-giving process between native ethnographic filmmakers and the subjects of their films. This article highlights some of the ways in which my own filmic and videographic exploits in Harlem, New York, mark integral connections between seeing and being the proverbial other, probing social exchanges predicated on the usefulness of low-budget digital technology as a means of fostering politically and epistemologically valuable ethnographic collaborations.
Can Eniluracil Improve 5-Fluorouracil Therapy?

account for much of the variability in the overall pharmacology of the pyrimidine antimetabolite drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; Table 1). This has included both intrapatient (circadian changes) as well as interpatient variations in pharmacokinetics and apparent bioavailability. DPD has also been shown to be a major factor in determining the variable host toxicity (with the extreme being complete deficiency of DPD with life-threatening toxicity) as well as antitumor efficacy (excessive DPD having been suggested to be a basis for 5-FU resistance). Lastly, although not well understood, it has been suggested that some toxicities associated with prolonged 5-FU use, eg, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and possibly hand-foot syndrome, may be due to 5-FU catabolites. For all of these reasons, it appeared logical for both experimental and clinical chemotherapists to target this critical step in 5-FU metabolism. Specific inhibition of DPD was hypothesized to be an effective mechanism by which much of the variability of 5-FU could be decreased, in turn, permitting 5-FU to be absorbed intact into the circulation after oral administration. Toxicity could be theoretically minimized by giving less 5-FU in this setting, and resistance that was due primarily to DPD overexpression in the tumor would potentially be reversed by the DPD inhibitor. The administration of a DPD inhibitor together with a source of 5-FU (as either 5-FU itself or as a prodrug) on a daily basis (typically as a b.i.d. or t.i.d. dose) over the course of several days up to almost a month was suggested as a means by which an orally administered 5-FU could potentially achieve some of the pharmacologic benefits of a 5-FU infusion. Over the years, numerous DPD in
Exact enumeration of self-avoiding walks on lattices with random site energies

The self-avoiding random walk on lattices with quenched random site energies is studied using exact enumeration in d=2 and 3. For each configuration we compute the size R and energy E of the minimum-energy self-avoiding walk (SAW). Configuration averages yield the exponents \ensuremath{\nu} and \ensuremath{\chi}, defined by ${\mathit{R}}^{2}$\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{N}}^{2\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{E}}^{2}$\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{N}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}$. These calculations indicate that \ensuremath{\nu} is significantly larger than its value in the pure system. Finite-temperature studies support the notion that the system is controlled by a zero-temperature fixed point. Consequently, exponents obtained from minimum-energy SAW's characterize the properties of finite temperature SAW's on disordered lattices.
Response of human forearm muscle blood vessels to hyperventilation.

The effect of hyperventilation on circulation through skeletal muscle was evaluated before and after total nerve block. Distribution of forearm blood flow was judged from measurements by the counter pressure modification of the capacitance plethysmograph technique and estimated for deep and superficial oxygen tension determinations made before, during and after 3 min of voluntary hyperventilation. These criteria indicate a marked increase in blood flow through muscle in both the intact and nerve blocked forearm, but no significant change inflow through the superficial tissues. It is concluded that the hyperaemia is the result of a combination of influences originating from central chemoreceptors and local effects.
Computer simulation of the Heisenberg spin glass with Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida-like coupling.

We report results of computer simulations on a three-dimensional Heisenberg spin-glass model, where the strength of the interactions falls off with the inverse third power of the distance, which should be a good model for systems with the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction. Our results show that this system is in a different universality class from the short-range model, in agreement with a suggestion of Bray, Moore, and Young. The data is also compatible with their proposal that the system is at its lower critical dimension, though we cannot rule out the possibility of a low but nonzero transition temperature.
Textbook Analysis of Surface-Structure Difficulty.

Every sentence in the first ten lessons of a high school French I textbook was examined to determine the extent to which the textbook writers did or did not control the French syntactic surface structures in terms of their differences with the English equivalents. The results show that students were exposed to many sentences which exhibit L1-L2 syntactic differences prior to any explanation of these differences–in some cases with no explanation at all. It is argued that such sentences will cause difficulty for students in the form of linguistic interference, and that they should not be included unless they are explained. Sentences should not be used only as a vehicle for certain patterns to be taught; rather, every sentence should be viewed in light of the total L1-L2 situation.
If One is Looking for Meaning in Life, Does it Help to Find Meaning in Work?

People experience well-being at both global (hfe) and domain (e.g. careers) levels, and presumably people experience meaning on both levels as well. Two studies assessed whether finding meaning on one level “satisfies” people’s search for meaning at the other level. Study I assessed this question by analysing survey responses from 231 undergraduate students, finding a significant inter action such that people seeking global-level meaning in life reported greater well-being and self-efficacy in choosing a career if they experienced domainlevel meaning in their careers. Study 2 used both calling-focused and traditional career workshops in an effort to experimentally induce a sense of domain-level meaning in careers in a sample of9l undergraduate students. There was a trend for people seeking global-level meaning in life to report greater reductions in depressive symptoms and increased domain-level meaning in their careers fol lowing the workshops. Together these studies suggest that people seeking global-level meaning in life are, indeed, satisfied by experiencing meaning in their careers. We discuss these results in terms of how career and workplace interventions might be tailored according to how intently people are seeking meaning.
A comment on gasoline prices and urban structure

Abstract The effect of higher gasoline prices on urban concentration and aggregate work travel is investigated with a simple closed-city general equilibrium model used by Robson and Scheffman. Their approximate solution is shown to be invalid at reasonable parameter values; for the case of a Cobb-Douglas utility function, numerical solution indicates a long-run reduction in average trip length of 1.4% to 2.9% from an increase in transportation cost of 0.5 cents per mile. It is noted that this is still much larger than estimates obtained by other means.
An interpretation of the anomaly near 43 K in the elastic constants of MnO

Abstract It is argued that the anomaly near 43 K in the elastic constants of MnO observed recently by Palmer and Waintal is most likely due to the presence of Mn 3 O 4 phase in the MnO crystal.
Computational objects and expressive forms: a design exploration

We suggest the concept of expressive forms as a rising design theme to explore aesthetics of computational objects. The theme, exemplified in our design exploration, attempts to synthesize a concept-driven design process and exploratory engagement with new forms and materials available to computational objects. We report the detailed process of designing the soft-spiky mouse including prototyping and a pilot user study, leading to a discussion about the experiential qualities and design implications of expressive forms for research on aesthetic interaction.
Ribosomal Protein S6 Interacts with the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is central to the maintenance of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and to the survival of KSHV-carrying tumor cells. In an effort to identify interaction partners of LANA, we purified authentic high-molecular-weight complexes of LANA by conventional chromatography followed by immunoprecipitation from the BC-3 cell line. This is the first analysis of LANA-interacting partners that is not based on forced ectopic expression of LANA. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis identified many of the known LANA-interacting proteins. We confirmed LANA's interactions with histones. Three classes of proteins survived our stringent four-step purification procedure (size, heparin, anion, and immunoaffinity chromatography): two heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and Hsp96 precursor), signal recognition particle 72 (SRP72), and 10 different ribosomal proteins. These proteins are likely involved in structural interactions within LANA high-molecular-weight complexes. Here, we show that ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) interacts with LANA. This interaction is mediated by the N-terminal domain of LANA and does not require DNA or RNA. Depletion of RPS6 from primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells dramatically decreases the half-life of full-length LANA. The fact that RPS6 has a well-established nuclear function beyond its role in ribosome assembly suggests that RPS6 (and by extension other ribosomal proteins) contributes to the extraordinary stability of LANA.
Distinction of isomeric pyridyl cations and radicals by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry, ab initio and density functional theory calculations

-1 , respectively, were obtained computationally. Radicals 3 and 4 cannot eliminate acetylene via low-energy paths or intermediates as investigated by com- putations. The lowest-energy dissociation in 3 was cleavage of the N-C-2 bond and elimination of hydrogen cyanide to form the 3- buten-1-yn-3-yl radical (6), which required 272 kJ mol -1 at the thermochemical threshold at 0 K. The lowest-energy dissociation in 4 proceeded by cleavage of the C-2-C-3 bond and elimination of hydrogen cyanide to form 6, which required 273 kJ mol -1 at 0 K. The dissociations of pyridyl radicals observed upon collisional neutralization were, in general, consistent with the mechanisms of pyridine pyrolysis proposed earlier by Kiefer, Kern and coworkers and by Hore and Russell. The different energetics and dissociation mecha- nisms accounted for the difference in the NRMS spectra of 2 + -4 + which allowed partial isomer differentiation.
Layer-by-layer fabrication and direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase on single wall carbon nanotubes.

Layer-by-layer assembly of glucose oxidase (GOx) with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is achieved on the electrode surface based on the electrostatic attraction between positively charged GOx in pH 3.8 buffer and negatively charged carboxylic groups of CNTs. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to characterize the formation of multilayer films. In deaerated buffer solutions, the cyclic voltammetry of the multilayer films of {GOx/CNT}n shows two pairs of well-behaved redox peaks that are assigned to the redox reactions of CNTs and GOx, respectively, confirming the effective immobilization of GOx on CNTs using the layer-by-layer technique. The redox peak currents of GOx increase linearly with the increased number of layers indicating the uniform growth of GOx in multilayer films. The dependence of the cyclic voltammetric response of GOx in multilayer films on the scan rate and pH is also studied. A linear decrease of the reduction current of oxygen at the {GOx/CNT}-modified electrodes with the addition of glucose suggests that such multilayer films of GOx retain the bioactivity and can be used as reagentless glucose biosensors.
WAYWARD PURITANS IN THE IVORY TOWER

The problematic in how women experience their work worlds today is eclipsed by glossy images of a mythical liberated woman catapulted to instant glory by an increasingly enlightened division of labour. Women in the professions have been used predominantly to portray this visionary image of our times while reported instances of gender discrimination have been downplayed. This lapse in understanding amounts to a compromise of trust in institutional life. Gender discrimination is now treated as a limited issue determinable by character or chemistry, and amendable in terms of assigning innocence or blame to individuals. Such a construal ignores the processual and emergent nature of social interaction and how organizations themselves contribute to the problem. This paper is an attempt to redefine gender discrimination as a collective level process and to suggest an archetype based on case study evidence.
Maraviroc: The First of a New Class of Antiretroviral Agents

Maraviroc is the first US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug from a new class of antiretroviral agents that targets a host protein, the chemokine receptor CCR5, rather than a viral target. Binding of maraviroc to this cell-surface protein results in blocking human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment to the coreceptor and prevents the virus from entering CD4+ cells. In this review, we include the details of the discoveries that led to the development of this drug. The drug's pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and drug interactions, is discussed, as are the clinical efficacy studies that led to licensure. HIV-1 mechanisms of resistance to maraviroc, assays to determine viral coreceptor use (tropism), drug safety, and clinical use of maraviroc are discussed at length.
Dreams with Synchrotron Radiation

This is the Golden Jubilee year for the Mossbauer Effect Nobel Prize [1]. Since its discovery, the measurements of hyperfine interactions, recoilless fraction (the so-called Lamb–Mossbauer factor), and the second-order Doppler shift obtained from Mossbauer spectra have shed light on the magnetic, structural, and dynamical properties of matter. The applications of this tool have contributed to every area of science and technology including nuclear physics, condensed-matter physics, general physics, chemical physics, materials science, earth science, planetary science, environmental science, life science, and medical science. This volume addresses many of these applications in detail.
The Logic of Architecture: Design, Computation, and Cognition

From the Publisher: "The Logic of Architecture" is the first comprehensive, systematic, and modern treatment of the logical foundations of design thinking. It provides a detailed discussion of languages of architectural form, their specification by means of formal grammars, and their role in structuring design thinking. Supplemented by over 200 original illustrations, "The Logic of Architecture" reexamines central issues of design theory in the light of recent advances in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and the theory of computation. The richness of this approach permits sympathetic and constructive analysis of positions developed by a wide range of theorists and philosophers -- from Socrates to the present.
Evolution of stochastic switching rates in asymmetric fitness landscapes.

Uncertain environments pose a tremendous challenge to populations: The selective pressures imposed by the environment can change so rapidly that adaptation by mutation alone would be too slow. One solution to this problem is given by the phenomenon of stochastic phenotype switching, which causes genetically uniform populations to be phenotypically heterogenous. Stochastic phenotype switching has been observed in numerous microbial species and is generally assumed to be an adaptive bet-hedging strategy to anticipate future environmental change. We use an explicit population genetic model to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of phenotypic switching rates. We find that whether or not stochastic switching is an adaptive strategy is highly contingent upon the fitness landscape given by the changing environment. Unless selection is very strong, asymmetric fitness landscapes—where the cost of being maladapted is not identical in all environments—strongly select against stochastic switching. We further observe a threshold phenomenon that causes switching rates to be either relatively high or completely absent, but rarely intermediate. Our finding that marginal changes in selection pressures can cause fundamentally different evolutionary outcomes is important in a wide range of fields concerned with microbial bet hedging.