cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms and Adaptation Strategies in Soybean (Glycine max) Under Phosphate Deficiency

Phosphorus is a major plant macronutrient involved in many and different biological processes, such as energy transfer (ATP), photosynthesis, respiration, biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, membrane biosynthesis (e.g., phospholipids), and signaling pathways. Legumes, including soybean, are highly dependent on the availability of scarcely available organic phosphorus in the rhizosphere, especially when considering the need for phosphorous during nodulation—a legume-specific mutualistic symbiotic interaction between plants and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria. As a consequence, the limited assimilation of phosphorus greatly hinders the nodulation process, soybean growth and soybean yield. Thus, understanding how soybean responds to low-phosphorus situations is imperative for breeding towards low-phosphorus tolerance. Toward these aims, scientists are using powerful genetic and molecular technologies to identify soybean genes playing essential roles in plant resistance to low-phosphorus environments. Functional genomic studies on soybean, as well as on other legumes suitable for comparative genomic with soybean, have provided valuable information in recent years and hold bright promise for the future. In this chapter, taking advantage of the recent development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, the sequencing of the soybean genome, the development a various biotechnological and breeding platforms, and the molecular, cellular and physiological analyses of soybean response to phosphate (Pi) deprivation, we describe our current understanding of the adaptation of soybean plants to limited Pi availability.
Influence of Inversion on Mg Mobility and Electrochemistry in Spinels

Magnesium oxide and sulfide spinels have recently attracted interest as cathode and electrolyte materials for energy-dense Mg batteries, but their observed electrochemical performance depends strongly on synthesis conditions. Using first-principles calculations and percolation theory, we explore the extent to which spinel inversion influences Mg2+ ionic mobility in MgMn2O4 as a prototypical cathode, and MgIn2S4 as a potential solid electrolyte. We find that spinel inversion and the resulting changes of the local cation ordering give rise to both increased and decreased Mg2+ migration barriers, along specific migration pathways, in the oxide as well as the sulfide. To quantify the impact of spinel inversion on macroscopic Mg2+ transport, we determine the percolation thresholds in both MgMn2O4 and MgIn2S4. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of inversion on the electrochemical properties of the MgMn2O4 cathode via changes in the phase behavior, average Mg insertion voltages and extractable capacities, at var...
Characteristics of Cyberaggression among College Student Minorities: Exploring Pervasiveness and Impact through Mixed- Methods

Despite proximity to researchers, minority college students have not been well represented in cyber-aggressive studies. The present cross-cultural study uses mixed-methods to better understand how emerging adults are impacted from cyberbullying experiences (victims and/or bullies). All students (N=1,110) were between 18-25 years ( m =20.5) with close to 50% being Hispanic (N=532). Results indicate self-control and self-esteem are important predictors in cyberbullying involvement, particularly among Hispanic cybervictims. Depression and suicidal ideation also served as significant predictors in involvement for cybervictimization. Through open-ended and coded responses, several themes emerged, such as being unable to focus on academics, avoiding individuals or groups because of victimization, low self-esteem, and loss of trust. Results and implications are discussed as well as recommendations for future research.
Review of Non-Respiratory, Non-Cancer Physical Health Conditions from Exposure to the World Trade Center Disaster

After the World Trade Center attacks on 11 September 2001 (9/11), multiple cohorts were developed to monitor the health outcomes of exposure. Respiratory and cancer effects have been covered at length. This current study sought to review the literature on other physical conditions associated with 9/11-exposure. Researchers searched seven databases for literature published in English from 2002 to October 2017, coded, and included articles for health condition outcome, population, 9/11-exposures, and comorbidity. Of the 322 titles and abstracts screened, 30 studies met inclusion criteria, and of these, 28 were from three cohorts: the World Trade Center Health Registry, Fire Department of New York, and World Trade Center Health Consortium. Most studies focused on rescue and recovery workers. While many of the findings were consistent across different populations and supported by objective measures, some of the less studied conditions need additional research to substantiate current findings. In the 16 years after 9/11, longitudinal cohorts have been essential in investigating the health consequences of 9/11-exposure. Longitudinal studies will be vital in furthering our understanding of these emerging conditions, as well as treatment effectiveness.
Mathematical Modeling of Manufacturing Processes

The importance of heat and mass transfer and of the associated fluid flow and material transformations, including chemical conversion, in a wide range of materials processing techniques is stressed in this chapter. In many circumstances, such as melting and solidification that are encountered in casting and crystal growing, the heat transfer to and from the material is at the very core of the process, since it determines the rate of phase change. In addition, the temperature distribution and the buoyancy-driven flows that arise in the molten material due to temperature and concentration differences affect the characteristics of the solid-liquid interface and the microstructure of the product. In processes like food extrusion, hot rolling, thermal spray coating, and soldering, the thermal transport again determines the rate of fabrication and the characteristics of the final product. Thus, it is necessary to develop mathematical models for these processes in order to understand the basic mechanisms and thereby lay the foundation for analysis, numerical simulation, and experimentation. Computational models are developed on the basis of the mathematical models. Numerical solution techniques are generally needed since complexities that arise in common materials processing systems make it very difficult to obtain analytical results, which are applicable largely for very idealized and simplified systems. Mathematical models also guide the design of relevant experiments and the selection of relevant data to be obtained. They help in generalizing the experimental and numerical results, ultimately leading to greater insight into the basic processes involved and the framework to use the results for improving existing processes and for developing new ones. These aspects are presented in detail in this chapter.
Exploring the Fundamental Paradox of Being an Organizational Leader

This paper explores a fundamental, universally experienced leadership tension of caring for the needs of the individual and caring for the needs of the organization. The paper draws a distinction between the three concepts of paradox, dilemma and tradeoff. It describes the nature of the individual-community tension. It reviews the tension from the perspective of management scholarship and themes found in Biblical theology. The exploration reviews some of the issues that Christian leaders face as they attempt to manage this tension. It concludes by offering implications for leadership education.
Estimates of the Surface Fluxes Over the Ocean

Development of techniques for the measurement and estimation of the vertical fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture over the ocean has been the subject of a number of experiments in the last 10 to 15 years. Interest in these studies was motivated by the importance of the fluxes in wave generation, ocean circulation, large scale atmosphere-ocean interactions and effects of turbulence on propagation of electromagnetic and optical radiation through the atmosphere.
Josephson Junction Electronics: Materials Issues and Fabrication Techniques

Since the discovery of superconducting tunneling and the Josephson effect in the early 1960’s, the electronic applications of superconductivity have advanced steadily and now comprise an emerging technology with a potential for large technical and economic impact. Digital circuits using the ultra-fast, low-power switching characteristics of Josephson junctions are potentially the basisof a new class of very high performance computers [1, 2, 3, 4]. Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (or SQUID’s) have been commercially available for some time [5, 6]. Recent advances [7, 8] in the use of superconducting tunnel junctions as high frequency detectors of electromagnetic radiation have been sufficiently successful that serious applications in radio astronomy seem imminent. Finally, new levels of metrology and standards based on superconductivity are well established [6]. Thus, like the high-field, high-current electrical power related applications of superconductivity, the electronic applications of superconductivity present major opportunities. And while they both depend on the general advance of the knowledge of superconductivity and superconducting materials, they also present their own unique set of materials problems. In this chapter we discuss the materials aspects of superconducting electronics with the objective of establishing clearly the essential materials requirements, the state of the art of the technology, outstanding problems, and prospects for the future.
The physiological role of adenosine in the central nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiological role of adenosine in the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, the chapter's attention is directed to the actions of adenosine and related purines in the CNS. One of the major advances in the understanding of purine actions in the central nervous system is the characterization of high affinity specific receptors for purines in brain membranes. The physiological actions of purines, the receptors and biochemical actions that underlie these functional responses and behavioral responses to purinergic drugs are considered. There are three different adenosine receptor sites in brain, which can be distinguished primarily by their effects upon adenylate cyclase, their pharmacological properties, and by their ability to bind labeled analogs of adenosine. One of the best-characterized physiological actions of adenosine is the inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters, an action that has been unequivocally established at many peripheral synapses. If one thing remains clear, it is that purines have a multitude of complex actions at every level, including the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral. There remains little question, but that adenosine or other purines constitute important and rather ubiquitous regulators of neuronalactivity in brain. Despite the evidence that purines play a significant role in neural function, it has remained difficult to define the functional role(s) of purines in brain.
Abstract WP271: Epicatechin Protects Neurons from in vitro Ischemia through the Nrf2 Pathway.

Introduction: Foods rich in polyphenols, such as flavanols, can lower the risk of ischemic heart disease and we recently demonstrated beneficial outcomes in ischemic stroke; however, the mechanism of protection has not been fully established. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that epicatechin provides neuroprevention against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary cortical neurons, and this protection occurs through activation of Nrf2. Epicatechin targets genes regulating expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), ferritin and biliverdin, which can prevent free radical. Methods: Experiments were carried out to optimize and standardize various conditions for OGD and reoxygenation. Seven day old cultures from wildtype and Nrf2 knockout mice were pretreated with 50 and 100uM of epicatechin before 4h oxygen glucose deprivation followed by 24h reoxygenation. Neuronal survival was assessed by live calcein AM, LDH and MTT assay after 24h reoxygenation. Changes in protein expression levels were measured by Western blotting. Results: OGD of 4h followed by a reoxygenation of 24h with 4-6mg/ml glucose concentration in culture medium was found to be the optimum conditions to create ischemic stroke like situations under in vitro environment using primary postnatal neurons. Significant increase in live cells (35.7±4.3 vs 64.3±4.9 and 87.5±9.7, p Conclusion: Cell viability assays suggested that pretreatment with epicatechin protect neurons against oxidative stress induced by OGD. Interestingly, the epicatechin-associated neuroprotection was mostly abolished in neurons derived from Nrf2 knockout mice. These results suggest that epicatechin exerts part of its beneficial effect through activation of Nrf2.
Autoimmune Hepatitis, Sclerosing Cholangitis, and Autoimmune Sclerosing Cholangitis or Overlap Syndrome.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized by elevated serum aminotransferases, immunoglobulin G, autoantibodies, and interface hepatitis, in the absence of a known diagnosis. Presentation is varied. Therapy is with immunosuppression. There is inflammation of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile ducts in Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) and when associated with inflammatory bowel disease, it is known as primary SC, with Ursodeoxycholic acid used for therapy. The overlap of clinical, biochemical and histological features of AIH and PSC is known as autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) or overlap syndrome. Liver transplantation is performed when medical treatment fails and both AIH and PSC may recur post-transplantation.
An Infertile Couple's Long and Expensive Path to Varicocele Repair

OBJECTIVE To characterize the pathways to care that infertile couples requiring varicocele repair (VR) pursue prior to presenting to a male fertility clinic. METHODS An IRB-approved single center retrospective review of patients undergoing VR after presentation to an academic male fertility clinic was performed. Patients whose charts included partner histories were assessed for duration of attempting conception, prior workup, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) use. RESULTS A total of 405 couples were included. At presentation, mean age was 34.4 (SD ± 6.5) years for men and 31.1 (SD ± 4.3) years for women (P < .0001). A couple's first visit to a physician was a gynecologist in 59% (198/334) of couples, a reproductive endocrinologist (REI) in 25% (83/334) of cases, with 14% (47/334) presenting without a previous female workup and were self-referred, and 2% (6/334) seeing both a gynecologist and REI prior to presentation. On average, couples attempted pregnancy for 22.3 (SD ± 21.1, range 0-120) months prior to presentation. Eighteen percent of couples underwent ART prior to presentation. Couples who had undergone ART had lower pre-VR total motile sperm counts compared to couples not pursuing ART prior to presentation (P = 0.031). The majority (70.4%) of females had no abnormality in their workup, making varicocele the only correctable factor for infertility in the couple. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a significant delay in referral of infertile men requiring VR. Eighteen percent of couples underwent costly ART prior to an inexpensive male workup. In an era of medical cost containment, early referral to a male infertility specialist is imperative.
Right atrial function in pediatric heart transplant patients by echocardiographic strain measurements.

BACKGROUND CAV is a major cause of mortality in PHTx patients. Research on echocardiographic indices to detect CAV focuses primarily on ventricular function and less is known about RAF. Thus, we primarily sought to evaluate RAF in PHTx patients with CAV. For secondary analysis, we compared RAF between PHTx patients and control patients and evaluated RAF with respect to rejection and surgical type. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated echocardiography derived RA strain indices in recipients 1 year from time of transplant. The RA strain phases included, reservoir (es), conduit (ee), pump (ea), and respective strain rate indices (SRs, SRe, SRa). RESULTS There were 36 PHTx patients and 14 age-, sex-matched control patients. There was a significant reduction in es, ee, SRs, and SRe (P < 0.001) in the PHTx patients when compared to controls. There was no difference between the CAV (+) and CAV (-) patients with respect to RAF indices. Furthermore, es, ee, and SRe (P < 0.05) were lower in patients with acute rejection (n = 7) compared to those without (n = 26). Patients with a bi-atrial anastomosis (n = 14) had decreased es, ea, SRs, SRa (P < 0.05), compared to bi-caval anastomosis (n = 24). CONCLUSION PHTx patients have decreased RAF compared to healthy children. RAF does not differentiate PHTx patients based on the presence of CAV. RAF is also decreased in PHTx patients with rejection and in those transplanted with a bi-atrial anastomosis.
Sino-Canadian relations in the age of Justin Trudeau

The ongoing Huawei dispute has led Canadian commentators to proclaim the death of Justin Trudeau’s China strategy. This paper takes a nuanced look at Sino-Canadian relations since 2015, arguing tha...
Three-dimensional bottom diffraction in the North Pacific.

A significant aspect of bottom-interaction in deep water acoustic propagation, from point sources to point receivers, is the diffraction (or scattering) of energy from discrete seafloor locations along repeatable, deterministic paths in three-dimensions. These bottom-diffracted surface-reflected (BDSR) paths were first identified on the North Pacific acoustic laboratory experiment in 2004 (NPAL04) for a diffractor located on the side of a small seamount. On the adjacent deep seafloor, ambient noise and propagation in the ocean sound channel were sufficiently quiet that the BDSRs were the dominant arrival. The ocean bottom seismometer augmentation in the North Pacific (OBSANP) experiment in June–July 2013 studied BDSRs at the NPAL04 site in more detail. BDSRs are most readily identified by the arrival time of pulses as a function of range to the receiver for a line of transmissions. The diffraction points for BDSRs occur on the relatively featureless deep seafloor as well as on the sides of small seamounts. Although the NPAL04 and OBSANP experiments had very different geometries the same diffractor location is consistent with observed arrivals in both experiments within the resolution of the analysis. On OBSANP the same location excites BDSRs for 77.5, 155, and 310 Hz transmissions.A significant aspect of bottom-interaction in deep water acoustic propagation, from point sources to point receivers, is the diffraction (or scattering) of energy from discrete seafloor locations along repeatable, deterministic paths in three-dimensions. These bottom-diffracted surface-reflected (BDSR) paths were first identified on the North Pacific acoustic laboratory experiment in 2004 (NPAL04) for a diffractor located on the side of a small seamount. On the adjacent deep seafloor, ambient noise and propagation in the ocean sound channel were sufficiently quiet that the BDSRs were the dominant arrival. The ocean bottom seismometer augmentation in the North Pacific (OBSANP) experiment in June–July 2013 studied BDSRs at the NPAL04 site in more detail. BDSRs are most readily identified by the arrival time of pulses as a function of range to the receiver for a line of transmissions. The diffraction points for BDSRs occur on the relatively featureless deep seafloor as well as on the sides of small seamounts...
Evaluating end-of-life (EOL) care at the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) using quality oncology practice initiative (QOPI) metrics.

12Background: Inpatient mortality, defined as death within 30 days of an acute hospital admission, is often used as a quality benchmark for healthcare institutions and is an important metric for ev...
How Variable Is Mixing Efficiency in the Abyss

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 47 (2020): e2019GL086813, doi: 10.1029/2019GL086813.
Machine Learning Quantum Reaction Rate Constants

The ab initio calculation of exact quantum reaction rate constants comes at a high cost due to the required dynamics of reactants on multidimensional potential energy surfaces. In turn, this impedes the rapid design of the kinetics for large sets of coupled reactions. In an effort to overcome this hurdle, a deep neural network (DNN) was trained to predict the logarithm of quantum reaction rate constants multiplied by their reactant partition function-rate products. The training dataset was generated in-house and contains ∼1.5 million quantum reaction rate constants for single, double, symmetric and asymmetric one-dimensional potentials computed over a broad range of reactant masses and temperatures. The DNN was able to predict the logarithm of the rate product with a relative error of 1.1%. Furthermore, when comparing the difference between the DNN prediction and classical transition state theory at temperatures below 300 K a relative percent error of 31% was found with respect to the exact difference. Systems beyond the test set were also studied, these included the H + H2 reaction, the diffusion of hydrogen on Ni(100), the Menshutkin reaction of pyridine with CH3Br in the gas phase, the reaction of formalcyanohydrin with HS- in water and the F + HCl reaction. For these reactions, the DNN predictions were accurate at high temperatures and in good agreement with the exact rates at lower temperatures. This work shows that one can take advantage of a DNN to gain insight on reactivity in the quantum regime.
Further application of the generalized matching law to multialternative sports contexts

Cox et al. (2017) successfully applied the multialternative version of the generalized matching law (GML) to pitch selection among a sample of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend these findings by fitting the multialternative GML to pitch data among a sample of MLB pitchers with varying levels of success in the major leagues. We also examined how matching parameters changed as a function of novel antecedent game contexts such as the infield shift, game location, and number of times the pitcher faced the batters in the batting order. These results replicate the findings from Cox et al. and suggest the multialternative GML is a robust descriptor of pitch selection among MLB pitchers. Together, these findings further extend the generality of the multialternative GML to naturalistic, nonlaboratory environments.
An Update in Qualitative Imaging of Bone Using Ultrashort Echo Time Magnetic Resonance

Bone is comprised of mineral, collagenous organic matrix, and water. X-ray-based techniques are the standard approach for bone evaluation in clinics, but they are unable to detect the organic matrix and water components in bone. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being used increasingly for bone evaluation. While MRI can non-invasively assess the proton pools in soft tissues, cortical bone typically appears as a signal void with clinical MR techniques because of its short T2*. New MRI techniques have been recently developed to image bone while avoiding the ionizing radiation present in x-ray-based methods. Qualitative bone imaging can be achieved using ultrashort echo time (UTE), single inversion recovery UTE (IR-UTE), dual-inversion recovery UTE (Dual-IR-UTE), double-inversion recovery UTE (Double-IR-UTE), and zero echo time (ZTE) sequences. The contrast mechanisms as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed.
Tensor Product Decompositions of II 1 Factors Arising from Extensions of Amalgamated Free Product Groups

In this paper we introduce a new family of icc groups $${\Gamma}$$ which satisfy the following product rigidity phenomenon, discovered in Drimbe et al. (J Reine Angew Math, 2016. arXiv:1611.02209 ): all tensor product decompositions of the II1 factor $${L(\Gamma)}$$ arise only from the canonical direct product decompositions of the underlying group $${\Gamma}$$ . Our groups are assembled from certain HNN-extensions and amalgamated free products and include many remarkable groups studied throughout mathematics such as graph product groups, poly-amalgam groups, Burger–Mozes groups, Higman group, various integral two-dimensional Cremona groups, etc. As a consequence we obtain several new examples of groups that give rise to prime factors.
A rheumatologic approach to granulomatous mastitis: A case series and review of the literature

Aim Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an enigmatic inflammatory breast disorder. IGM responds to immunomodulatory treatment and may be associated with systemic manifestations such as arthritis and erythema nodosum. These patients are increasingly referred to rheumatologists for management, but IGM is rarely discussed in the rheumatology literature. The objective of this report is to familiarize rheumatologists with the treatment and systemic manifestations of IGM. We report here a case series of IGM at our institution, and a literature review of IGM treated with methotrexate (MTX). Method Patients with IGM at our institution were identified and described using a retrospective chart review. A literature review of PubMed and Google Scholar identified studies of IGM patients treated with MTX. Results We identified 28 IGM patients at our institution. Inflammatory arthritis/arthralgia were present in four patients (14%), and five patients (18%) had erythema nodosum. Patients treated with MTX had the highest rates of relapse-free remission; relapse-free remission occurred in four of the five (80%) MTX-treated patients, compared with 5 of 12 (42%) patients treated with steroids alone, and two or three (66%) patients treated with steroids and surgery. In the literature review, 116 patients treated with MTX were identified, and the rate of relapse-free remission ranged from 58% to 100%. Arthritis/arthralgia and erythema nodosum were more common at our institution than reported in the literature. Conclusion Methotrexate is a promising treatment for IGM. Arthritis/arthralgias and erythema nodosum may be under-recognized when IGM patients are managed outside rheumatology. Prospective studies are needed to characterize clinical features and optimum treatment of IGM.
Aphid transmission of a Potexvirus, Foxtail mosaic virus, in the presence of the Potyvirus helper component proteinase

To establish successful infections, plant viruses compete with the host plants for limited resources and thus alter the physiological state of the plants. After successful infection, insect vectors are required for the transmission of some plant viruses to the next host plant. One of the largest groups of plant viruses, the potyvirus, can be transmitted by aphids. During transmission, the potyvirus protein helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) binds to the yet-to-be-defined aphid receptor on the stylet, as well as to the virus particles through the Asp-Ala-Gly (DAG) motif of the viral coat protein. Previously it was determined that a naturally occurring DAG motif in the non-aphid transmissible potexvirus, Potato aucuba mosaic potexvirus (PAMV), is functional when the HC-Pro is provided through co-infection with a potyvirus. Further, the DAG motif of PAMV can be successfully transferred to another non-aphid transmissible potexvirus, Potato virus X (PVX), to convey aphid transmission capabilities. We expand on this previous work by demonstrating, the DAG motif from two different potyviruses, Sugarcane mosaic virus and Turnip mosaic virus, as well as the DAG motif from the previous potexvirus PAMV, can be added to another non-aphid transmissible potexvirus, Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV), to make it aphid transmissible. Transmission efficiency varied from less than 10% to over 80% depending on the DAG motif and host plant used in transmission, suggesting not all DAG motifs are equal for engineering aphid transmission. The underlying mechanisms mediating this variation still need to be explored.
Chapter 26 Terrorism: An Empirical Analysis

Abstract The chapter surveys the empirical literature concerning the measurement of terrorism, effectiveness of counterterrorism policies, the economic consequences of terrorism, and the economic causes of terrorism. In Section 2, terrorist incidents are grouped according to incident type, victim, and location. It is shown that terrorism began a steady decline in all regions (except for Eurasia) during the early to mid-1990s. However, the severity of the typical incident has been increasing over time. Also, several different data sets are compared in order to judge the reliability of alternative methods of obtaining and coding the data. Section 3 discusses a number of empirical studies that measure the effects of counterterrorism policies on the overall level of terrorism and on the various subcomponents of the overall series. In accord with the rational-actor model, an increase in the “relative price” of one type of terrorist activity induces a substitution out of that activity and into the now relatively less-expensive activity. Logistically similar activities display the greatest substitution possibilities. Moreover, periods of high-terrorism seem to be less persistent than periods with less terrorism. This is consistent with the notion that terrorists face a resource constraint. Section 4 pays special attention to the changes in terrorism due to the events of September 11, 2001 (9/11) and the resulting changes in counterterrorism policy. It is shown that the post-9/11 counterterrorism policies hampered al-Qaida's ability to direct logistically complex operations such as assassinations and hostage takings. The main influence of 9/11 has been on the composition, and not the overall level of terrorism. There has been a ratcheting-up of serious terrorist attacks against the US targets so that Americans are safer at home, but not abroad, following 9/11 and the enhanced homeland security. Section 5 surveys a number of empirical papers that attempt to estimate the macroeconomic and microeconomic costs of terrorism. Papers surveyed in the first part of the section indicate that the overall macroeconomic costs of terrorism are low. However, it is argued that the methodological complexities of estimating the macroeconomic costs of terrorism on a cross-section of widely disparate nations are nearly insurmountable. The macroeconomic costs of terrorism are best measured on a country-by-country basis. The second part of the section summarizes empirical studies of the microeconomic costs of terrorism on tourism, net foreign direct investment, international trade flows, and financial markets in selected countries. Section 6 considers the economic determinants of terrorism. Particular attention is paid to the common presumption that terrorism is caused by a lack of economic opportunities. Conclusions and directions for future research are contained in Section 7.
ENZYMATIC BASIS FOR ASSIMILATORY AND DISSIMILATORY SULFATE REDUCTION

Peck, H. D., Jr. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.). Enzymatic basis for assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction. J. Bacteriol. 82: 933–939. 1961.—Two pathways for the reduction of sulfate to sulfite in bacteria have been previously described. The substrate for sulfate reduction by extracts of yeast is 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and, in contrast, the substrate for sulfate reduction in extracts of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans is adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS). The enzymes catalyzing these reductions have been termed PAPS-reductase and APS-reductase, respectively. Since yeasts are “assimilatory sulfate reducers”, i.e., reduce only enough sulfate to satisfy nutritional requirements for sulfur, and D. desulfuricans is a “dissimilatory sulfate reducer”, i.e., utilizes sulfate as its terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, the pathway of sulfate reduction was determined in 25 microorganisms to ascertain whether there is a correlation between the pathway of sulfate reduction and the physiological role of sulfate in the metabolism of bacteria. Assimilatory sulfate reducers reduced sulfate in the form of PAPS, and, with one exception, APS-reductase was found only in dissimilatory sulfate reducers. APS-reductase was also found in the Thiobacilli in high specific activity and is involved in the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate.
Copper foil exposed structure for thin PoP warpage improvement

Advanced flip chip packaging technology supports the next generation of products with increased die complexities. The increase in complexity and functionality has been driving the need to investigate fine-pitch interconnection technology with 3D integration. Recently, Package on Package (PoP) has emerged as the preferred 3D integration of logic processors and memory devices for mobile handsets and portable applications. The current PoP solution consists of memory die in the top package stacked on logic function die in the bottom package. Various challenges also need to be met to support the volume production and establish reliable manufacturing process for PoP platform.
Exciton Mechanism of Superconductivity

A large number of metals and alloys become superconducting when cooled below a certain critical temperature, Tc which is typically of the order of a few degrees Kelvin.1 In this state the electrical resistivity is immeasurably small and currents can be carried without dissipation of energy. However, a magnetic field which is normally excluded from the interior of a superconductor, penetrates when its value exceeds a certain critical value He driving the metal into the normal state. Two types of superconductors occur: the type I, in which the superconductivity is quenched at a field Hc and the type II in which field penetration occurs at Hcl but superconductivity remains up to a higher critical field Hc2. Practical applications of superconductivity are based on the use of type II superconductors because, while He is typically less than about 1000 gauss, Hc2 can be much higher, exceeding 200 Kgauss. Superconducting magnets have been built using the alloys Nb3Sn and NbTi which produce fields of the order of 150 Kgauss and 80 Kgauss, respectively. These magnets offer something totally new to the area of electromotive machinery for the field energy and electromagnetic forces produced are orders of magnitude greater than those attainable with iron cored magnets. Large scale application of superconducting technology in high speed transportation, motors, generators and ship propulsion is expected in the next few decades. However, in all these applications sophisticated refrigeration is needed to maintain the metal in the superconducting state. We shall examine therefore, those factors which limit the value of Tc, the superconducting transition temperature and what prospects exist for substantially raising Tc.
Culture cross road: a virtual town built from distributed route panoramas

This paper introduces an effort to build a cyber town from geographically separated routes. It brings streets distributed in different cities and countries together for people to traverse the space, learn history, understand living style, etc. The town is constructed by using our developed technology - route panorama and data acquired at several places. We design a flexible and comprehensive indexing scheme for connecting routes at crossings, and linking Web contents from routes. User can wander around from one route to another, and enter buildings to visit museums and sites with specific topics. This design gives a unique style for virtual exhibition of real scenes and provides cross-culture environment for visit on the Internet.
Possible Tests of C st and T st Invariances in l +/- +N-->l +/- +Γ and A-->B+e + +e -

A systematic method to test the ${C}_{\mathrm{st}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{st}}$ invariances of the electromagnetic interaction is to use the inelastic scattering ${l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ where ${l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ is the charged lepton, $N$ is the target nucleus (or nucleon), and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\ne}N$ but, otherwise, can be any system of the strongly interacting particles. General expressions for the various possible ${C}_{\mathrm{st}}$- and ${T}_{\mathrm{st}}$-noninvariant effects in such reactions are derived and discussed. Similar considerations are also applied to the decay $A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, where $A$ and $B$ are any complexes of the strongly interacting particles.
A novel preparation of core-shell electrode materials via evaporation-induced self-assembly of nanoparticles for advanced Li-ion batteries.

We report, for the first time, a simple and novel synthesis of a Li-rich layered-spinel core–shell heterostructure (L@S core–shell) via evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) of Ni-doped Li4Mn5O12 nanoparticles (Li4Mn4.5Ni0.5O12) onto the surface of layered Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNCO) without using any surfactant during the coating process. The resultant L@S core–shell as a cathode in lithium ion batteries demonstrates significantly improved specific capacity, cycling performance and rate capability compared to pristine LMNCO.
The JPL Serpentine Robot: a 12-DOF system for inspection

The Serpentine Robot is a prototype hyper-redundant (snake-like) manipulator system developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It is designed to navigate and perform tasks in obstructed and constrained environments in which conventional 6-DOF manipulators cannot similarly function. This paper describes the Serpentine Robot mechanical design, a low level inverse kinematic algorithm for the joint assembly, a brief synopsis of control development to date, and the applications of this technology.
Starting with the Questions, Not the Answers: Reunifying Property in the Classroom

This essay argues that the myriad property doctrines and rules are answers to several consistent legal questions, and that these questions provide a useful framework for teaching Property law. The problem with Property Law courses is that we cover a slew of topics in which we load students up with a wide variety of (often conflicting) answers to these questions without ever revealing that all of the doctrines and rules are responses to the same set of questions. The proposed framework offers the questions as reference points for navigating the sea of common law Property doctrines and rules. A student still must deal with the treacherous straits of the Rule Against Perpetuities and similar difficulties. However, using the framework of questions she can always look up to see key questions and thereby orient and guide herself to an answer (or set of possible answers).
DISTINCTIVE DISORDERS ARE LESS PREVALENT

To test the hypothesis that nosologies are biased towards recognizing highly distinctive syndromes and therefore conflate those that are less distinctive, eight subjects judged the distinctiveness of 33 DSM-IV disorders and 20 rheumatic disorders. As predicted, judged distinctiveness was negatively correlated with prevalence for both sets of disorders.
The effects of thymine deprivation on the synthesis of protein in Escherichia coli

Abstract The effect of thymine starvation on the capacity of a thymine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli for protein synthesis was investigated. This capacity increases during the early period of the starvation until the viability of the cells begins to decline; it then decreases, but not to the same extent as the viability. The increase in the protein-forming capacity seems to be due to the expansion of the ribosomal RNA-containing protein-forming machinery; the subsequent decrease appears to be due to the decrease in the rate of synthesis of messenger RNA which was observed to occur at that time. The decrease in the rate of messenger-RNA synthesis and the loss of viability may be due to damage which the DNA sustains in the course of thymine starvation.
Statistical theory of isomer ratios for shape (fission) isomers in (n, γ) reactions

A statistical theory is developed for the evaluation of isomer ratios for shape isomers. The method described in its present form is applicable for the calculation of isomer ratios in (n, γ) reactions. The method is used for the analysis of the isomer ratio for the reactions using as target241Am,233U,235U and239Pu. In most cases good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
Parsons’s Economic Sociology and its Extension to the Global Economy

This essay pursues three topics emanating from the economic sociology of Talcott Parsons. The first section summarizes the essentials of this sociology, tracing its development from his early works on capitalism through the publication of Economy and Society in 1956. Special attention is given to the transition from a focus on causal ‘factors’ to a focus on the economy and society as social systems. The second section summarizes and analyzes a chapter on class, markets and the economy, written in 1978-9, a short time before his death, and intended for a never-published book on the American societal community. Continuities and discontinuities between his earlier work and his final ideas on the subject are noted. In addition, a number of my own criticisms, also written in 1979, are elaborated. The third section identifies some threads of Parsonian theory - found both in his economic sociology and in his more general writings - that have relevance for the economics and politics of a globalized world. In part...
1989 Speller Award Lecture: New Stainless Steels for Seawater Service

Abstract A review is presented of the research and development effort that has been aimed at providing new stainless steels for use in seawater and seawater-cooled systems. Three new categories of ...
RIOS: a lightweight task scheduler for embedded systems

RIOS (Riverside-Irvine Operating System) is a lightweight portable task scheduler written entirely in C. The scheduler consists of just a few dozens lines of code, intended to be understandable by students learning embedded systems programming. Non-preemptive and preemptive scheduler versions exist. Compared to the existing open-source solutions FreeRTOS and AtomThreads, RIOS on average has 95% fewer lines of total C code for a sample multitasking application, a 71% smaller executable, and 70% less scheduler time overhead. RIOS source code and examples are available for free at http://www.riosscheduler.org. RIOS is useful for education and as a stepping stone to understanding real-time operating system behavior. Additionally, RIOS is a sufficient real-time scheduling solution for various commercial applications.
Metabolism of cocaine and norcocaine to N-hydroxynorcocaine.

Abstract The mixed function oxidase system of mouse liver microsomes converts norcocaine to N-hydroxynorcocaine (NHNC). This metabolite can be measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an electrochemical detector. Experiments with inducers and inhibitors suggested that the cytochrome P-450 system was responsible for most of the formation of NHNC. NHNC was relatively unstable under physiological conditions, with a T 1 2 of 17 min at pH 7.4 and 37°. HPLC with the electrochemical detector was also used to demonstrate the formation of NHNC in vivo when mice were injected with norcocaine or cocaine.
Carbon fiber polymer-matrix structural composite as a semiconductor

An epoxy-matrix composite with continuous crossply carbon fibers was found to be a semiconductor in the through- thickness direction, with a tunable energy gap of 10-2-10-1 eV. The higher the pressure during composite fabrication by lamination, the higher the interlaminar stress and the greater the energy gap, which is the activation energy for electron jumping from one lamina to the adjacent one in the composite. The semiconducting behavior involves the contact electrical resistivity between adjacent laminae in the composite decreasing reversibly with increasing temperature. The concept of optoelectronic and electronic devices made from carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites is provided. Devices include solar cells, light emitting diodes, lasers, infrared detectors and transistors.Thus, a new dimension is added to smart structures and a new field of electronics is born.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SLEDGE: Sequential Labeling of Image Edges for Boundary Detection

Our goal is to detect boundaries of objects or surfaces occurring in an arbitrary image. We present a new approach that discovers boundaries by sequential labeling of a given set of image edges. A visited edge is labeled as on or off a boundary, based on the edge's photometric and geometric properties, and evidence of its perceptual grouping with already identified boundaries. We use both local Gestalt cues (e.g., proximity and good continuation), and the global Helmholtz principle of non-accidental grouping. A new formulation of the Helmholtz principle is specified as the entropy of a layout of image edges. For boundary discovery, we formulate a new, policy iteration algorithm, called SLEDGE. Training of SLEDGE is iterative. In each training image, SLEDGE labels a sequence of edges, which induces loss with respect to the ground truth. These sequences are then used as training examples for learning SLEDGE in the next iteration, such that the total loss is minimized. For extracting image edges that are input to SLEDGE, we use our new, low-level detector. It finds salient pixel sequences that separate distinct textures within the image. On the benchmark Berkeley Segmentation Datasets 300 and 500, our approach proves robust and effective. We outperform the state of the art both in recall and precision for different input sets of image edges.
Development Of PACS At Georgetown University Radiology Department

Computer based information is becoming more common in the practice of modern radiology. Patient information, radiological reports and many radiological images are already in electronic digital format. There is also an increased application of computer technologies throughout the hospital. Use of hospital information system (HIS) and radiological information system (RIS)is receiving wider acceptance in the medical community, in an attempt to provide timely and efficient patient care. As more computer technologies and computer based management tools are utilized in the operation of the Radiology Department, full realization of integrated digital picture archiving and communication system (PACS) encompassing all the subsystems such as digital imaging devices, report generating system, archiving system, picture viewing system, information distribution system and administrative management component is becoming within the reach of currently available technologies (1,2). Only when all the patient data, radiological reports, images and administrative data can be simultaneously managed, will the full benefit of computer technology be realized in the practice of radiology.