cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Hairs of Three Asian Commensal Mammals: Suncus murinus, Bandicota bengalensis, and Rattus exulans

Hairs of 3 major Asian commensal mammals, Suncus murinus (L.), Bandicota bengalensis (Gray and Hardwicke), and Rattus exulans (Peale), were studied, identified, and compared with those of better-known commensal species to provide an overview of their hair morphologies. Techniques were developed for authentic hair specimen collection and rapid slide mounting to aid in the timely analysis of food products. The study showed that hairs of B. bengalensis and R. exulans are easily identified to the regulatory category of "rat or mouse hair," whereas identification of S. murinus contaminant hairs is possible to the species level.
Immune Mechanisms in Contact Allergic Dermatitis

The task of the immune system is to identify and protect those materials that belong normally to an organism, while at the same time eliminating those materials that are to be considered foreign. This task of identification and destruction leads to a tension between protective immunity and autoimmunity. Contact allergic dermatitis illustrates this tension by the capacity of reactive chemicals to transform “self” into “nonself.” Thus, contact allergic dermatitis represents an acquired immunologically mediated inflammatory response in which nonself is acquired, not by infection, but by percutaneous penetration.
Effects of Low Temperature on Hydrogen-Assisted Crack Growth in Forged 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of low temperature on hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in forged 304L austenitic stainless steel. Fracture initiation toughness and crack-growth resistance curves were measured using fracture mechanics specimens that were thermally precharged with 140 wppm hydrogen and tested at 293 K or 223 K (20 °C or −50 °C). Fracture initiation toughness for hydrogen-precharged forgings decreased by at least 50 to 80 pct relative to non-charged forgings. With hydrogen, low-temperature fracture initiation toughness decreased by 35 to 50 pct relative to room-temperature toughness. Crack growth without hydrogen at both temperatures was microstructure-independent and indistinguishable from blunting, while with hydrogen microcracks formed by growth and coalescence of microvoids. Initiation of microvoids in the presence of hydrogen occurred where localized deformation bands intersected grain boundaries and other deformation bands. Low temperature additionally promoted fracture initiation at annealing twin boundaries in the presence of hydrogen, which competed with deformation band intersections and grain boundaries as sites of microvoid formation and fracture initiation. A common ingredient for fracture initiation was stress concentration that arose from the intersection of deformation bands with these microstructural obstacles. The localized deformation responsible for producing stress concentrations at obstacles was intensified by low temperature and hydrogen. Crack orientation and forging strength were found to have a minor effect on fracture initiation toughness of hydrogen-supersaturated 304L forgings.
A computational method for internal radiation dosimetry at the voxel level

OF THE THESIS A COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR INTERNAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY AT THE VOXEL LEVEL by Swapna Chigurupati Florida International University, 2003 Miami, Florida Professor Juan Franquiz, Major Professor The current development of hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT systems allows not only accurate attenuation correction of images, but also provide an anatomical frame for the 3D spatial representation of the dose distribution. The main goal of this thesis project was to develop computational algorithms for calculation of the 3D dose distribution delivered by internal emitters based on the images and information provided by new hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT systems. Although many experimental problems exist in patientspecific dosimetry, current drawback is the lack of radionuclide voxel S values for the set of all possible combinations of cubical and non-cubical pixel edges and thickness used in SPECT and PET studies. This work presents an alternative and computationally efficient method for calculating voxel S values based on the Monte Carlo volume integration of tabulated dose point-kernels of beta emissions over a voxel-to-voxel geometry. The accuracy of the calculations was compared with those determined by direct Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation.
Ecology and Biotechnology: Expectations and Outliers

In the absence of retrospective data on risks presented by genetically engineered organisms in the environment, we find ourselves awash in a sea of conjecture. Among biological scientists, there is clearly a broad range of opinions about the likelihood that some organisms produced by molecular and cellular biotechnology may pose unacceptable risks. The distribution of opinion, if it could be quantified, might even prove bimodal.
End-tidal carbon dioxide and occult injury in trauma patients: ETCO2 does not rule out severe injury.

Abstract Objective To determine if early measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in nonintubated patients triaged to a level 1 trauma center has utility in ruling out severe injury. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of adult patients triaged to our urban, academic, level 1 trauma center. Included patients had ETCO 2 measured within 30 minutes of arrival. Chart review was performed on enrolled patients to identify severe injury defined by: admission to an intensive care unit, need for an invasive procedure, blood product transfusion, acute blood loss anemia, and acute clinically significant finding on computed tomographic scan. Results Of 170 patients enrolled, 115 met the outcome of no severe injury. Mean ETCO 2 for patients without and with severe injury was 33.1 mm Hg (SD, 5.8) and 30.3 mm Hg (SD, 6.7), respectively. This difference reached statistical significance ( P =.05), but did not demonstrate added clinical utility when combined with Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic blood pressure, and age in predicting the primary outcome (area under curve, 0.70 with ETCO 2 vs area under curve, 0.68 without ETCO 2 , P =.5). Patients with ETCO 2 ≤30 mm Hg were found to be older, more likely to require intensive care unit admission or emergency operative intervention, develop acute blood loss anemia, and have an acute finding on computed tomography than patients with a higher ETCO 2 . Conclusion End-tidal carbon dioxide cannot be used to rule out severe injury in patients meeting criteria for trauma center care. The ETCO 2 ≤30 mm Hg may be associated with increased risk of traumatic severe injury.
Atomistic simulation of nanostructured materials

Materials and devices with microstructures on the nanometer scale are revolutionizing technology, but until recently simulation at this scale has been problematic. The paper considers how developments in parallel computing are now allowing atomistic simulation using multiresolution algorithms, such as fast multipole methods. With these algorithms, researchers may soon be able to simulate applications up to one billion atoms.
Conversion cathodes for rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Commercial lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries built with Ni- and Co-based intercalation-type cathodes suffer from low specific energy, high toxicity and high cost. A further increase in the energy storage characteristics of such cells is challenging because capacities of such intercalation compounds approach their theoretical values and a further increase in their maximum voltage induces serious safety concerns. The growing market for portable energy storage is undergoing a rapid expansion as new applications demand lighter, smaller, safer and lower cost batteries to enable broader use of plug-in hybrid and pure-electric vehicles (PHEVs and EVs), drones and renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind. Conversion-type cathode materials are some of the key candidates for the next-generation of rechargeable Li and Li-ion batteries. Continuous rapid progress in performance improvements of such cathodes is essential to utilize them in future applications. In this review we consider price, abundance and safety of the elements in the periodic table for their use in conversion cathodes. We further compare specific and volumetric capacities of a broad range of conversion materials. By offering a model for practically achievable volumetric energy density and specific energy of Li cells with graphite, silicon (Si) and lithium (Li) anodes, we observe the impact of cathode chemistry directly. This allows us to estimate potentials of different conversion cathodes for exceeding the energy characteristics of cells built with state of the art intercalation compounds. We additionally review the key challenges faced when using conversion-type active materials in cells and general strategies to overcome them. Finally, we discuss future trends and perspectives for cost reduction and performance enhancement.
Estimation of excitation force on wave energy converters using pressure measurements for feedback control

Many of the control strategies for wave energy converters (WECs) that have been studied in the literature rely on the availability of estimates for either the wave elevation or the exciting force caused by the incoming wave; with the objective of addressing this issue, this paper presents the design of a state estimator for a WEC. In particular, the work described in this paper is based on an extended Kalman filter that uses measurements from pressure sensors located on the hull of the WEC to estimate the wave exciting force. Simulation results conducted on a heaving point absorber WEC shows that the extended Kalman filter provides a good estimation of the exciting force in the presence of measurement noise combined with a simplified model of the system, thus making it a suitable candidate for the implementation in an experimental set-up.
Penelitian Dan Analisis Metalurgi Pada Cacat Permukaan Lubang Utama Dari Komponen Paduan Aluminium Hasil Permesinan Untuk Bagian Sayap Pesawat Terbang (Aileron) [Metallurgical Assesment of Main Bore Surface Defect of A Machined Aluminum Alloy Aileron Block]

A newly machined aileron block was reportedly exhibiting several pits on its particular main bore area after it has been subjected to sulfuric anodizing process. This defective machined aileron block was made of aluminum alloy AA 2618 forging, designed to accommodate some moving parts internally and connected to a mechanism that may allow the movement of aircraft aileron. In order to determine type and factors that may have caused the occurrence of surface defect on the main bore area of the machined aileron block, it was considered to perform a metallurgical assessment. A number of specimens were prepared for laboratory examinations which included macroscopic examination, chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, hardness test and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained show that the surface defect occurred on the main bore area of the machined aileron block is mainly influenced by the presence of large precipitates in the aluminum matrix phase of the aileron block material. Formation of these large precipitates may have reduced their coherency with the matrix phase of the aluminum alloy and hence could easily detach them from the surface during machining and formed several abandoned pits thereon Abstrak Sebuah aileron block hasil proses permesinan dilaporkan memperlihatkan sejumlah sumuran pada dinding bagian dalam dari lubang utama setelah diberi proses anodisasi sulfurik. Aileron block yang cacat tersebut terbuat dari paduan aluminium AA 2618 hasil proses tempa dan dirancang untuk mengakomodasi pergerakan komponen-komponen di dalamnya yang terhubung dengan suatu mekanisme sehingga memungkinkan terjadi gerakan pada aileron di bagian sayap pesawat terbang. Untuk menentukan jenis dan faktor-faktor yang mungkin telah menyebabkan terjadinya cacat permukaan pada bagian lubang utama dari aileron block tersebut, maka diperlukan untuk melakukan pengujian dan analisis metalurgi. Sejumlah benda uji disiapkan untuk pengujian laboratoriumya itu terdiri dari uji makroskopik, analisa komposisi kimia, uji metalografi, uji kekerasan dan uji SEM ( scanning electron microscopy ) yang dilengkapi dengan analisa EDS ( energy dispersive spectroscopy ). Hasil pengujian dan analisis metalurgi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa cacat permukaan yang terjadi pada dinding bagian lubang utama aileron block tersebut utamanya dipengaruhi oleh pembentukan endapan partikel (presipitat) berukuran besar di dalam matrik fasa aluminium aileron block tersebut. Pembentukan partikel/presipitat yang besar tersebut telah menurunkan ikatan koherensi dengan matrik fasa aluminium dan mengakibatkan pertikel tersebut mudah terlepas dari permukaan selama proses permesinan dan membentuk/meninggalkan sejumlah lubang sumuran di sana.
Intensity-Modulated Proton Beam Therapy of Prostate Cancer-History, Results, and Future Directions

Proton beam radiation therapy is a form of external—beam radiation treatment which takes advantage of the superior physical properties of positively charged subatomic particles (i.e., low entrance dose and lack of exit dose) to deliver highly conformal radiation therapy with a lower integral dose (dose to normal tissue) than can be achieved with photon-based treatments. Proton beam radiation therapy first became available on an extremely limited basis in the late 1950s, and was initially used to treat prostate cancer in the late 1970s. More recently, intensity—modulated proton therapy (IMPT), in which all beam shaping and modulation is performed electromagnetically, has become available at a number of proton centers. This improvement in proton beam treatment delivery significantly expands the utility of proton therapy by allowing for treatment of complex target volumes such as the whole pelvis and by permitting the creation of highly individualized nonuniform dose distributions, including the use of simultaneous integrated boosting. This chapter will review the history of proton beam therapy of prostate cancer, beginning with the initial patient treatments at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory and continuing up to the present day, with particular emphasis being placed upon emerging trends in proton beam treatment technology and their potential impact on the future of proton beam therapy in prostate cancer.
A retrospective review of baseline balance scores in college athletes

Objective This study examines differences in baseline balance scores in order to establish normative data in college athletes, and also determine the potential effect of gender, sport, and concussion history on baseline performance. Design Retrospective review Setting Pre-participation evaluations of athletes at an American university. Participants 961 varsity athletes, ages 17 to 21, both male and female from 2011 to 2015. Independent Variables Gender, sport, and history of prior concussions. Dependent Variable Baseline Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) scores. Main Results The baseline BESS score for all athletes averaged 16.13 (range 2 to 40). Baseline BESS scores were significantly different in males (15.78) compared to females (16.84), with a difference of 1.056 (95% CI 0.233 to 1.890, P=0.013). Baseline scores averaged 17.40 in athletes with history of concussion compared to 16.45 in athletes with no prior concussion (CI 0.866 to 2.780, P=0.301). When comparing scores by sport, there were no significant differences in baseline scores between females who played field hockey, softball, volleyball, basketball, lacrosse, or soccer. There were no significant differences in baseline scores between males who played baseball, football, basketball, lacrosse, or soccer. Conclusions When balance testing is used to assess an athlete after concussion injury, normative balance scores may be used in the absence of baseline scores. History of concussion and type of sport do not play a significant role in baseline balance assessment, however gender may alter the normative baseline data slightly Competing interests None.
High Temperature Dust Control—Application of a Combination Particle Collector and Heat Exchanger

High temperature convective heat exchange surfaces are damaged by dust erosion and their function is impaired by dust deposition.
Roadmap for improving the accuracy of respiratory rate measurements

We thank Dr Wong for his detailed description of the importance of respiratory rate (RR) and his astute reflections on the interactions between predictable human errors and the systems in which humans work. We agree that RR is prone to error because of the human element. However, what is unique to healthcare compared with aviation is not that human error exists, but that tolerance for these errors has become an accepted part of everyday practice.1 We hypothesise that RRs can be measured both accurately and efficiently, but this requires institutional culture change starting with improvements in staff education, expectations and accountability, which can be accomplished through a quality improvement (QI) initiative. We have initiated this process at our own institution. To guide our local ongoing QI initiative, we mapped the workflows …
Mean flow atmospheric effects and their impact on sonic boom propagation

One dimensional augmented Burgers equation has been generally used for nonlinear lossy sonic boom propagation. This equation models the effects of nonlinearities, loss mechanisms such as absorption and dispersion due to molecular relaxation and thermoviscous dissipation, and geometric spreading through ray tube areas including Blokhintzev scaling as well as atmospheric stratification. However, in the presence of atmospheric winds, original terms in the augmented Burgers formulation do not account for the Doppler effects, where the observer is moving with the local flow rather than being fixed in space. Instead, wind is accounted for by updating the ray paths and effective speed of sound. Inclusion of mean flow wind effects in all terms of the augmented Burgers equation allows for an enhanced prediction capability that is closer to the underlying physics. This work will update sBOOM, an augmented Burgers' solver, to reflect the mean flow wind enhancements. The sonic boom ground signatures and other relevant data are compared against those obtained without using mean flow wind effects. The shock rise times, sonic boom duration and peak pressures are some variables that are expected to be different, resulting in differences in noise metrics. Such differences will be discussed and documented for cases which may include shaped low-boom as well as strong shock signatures.
Prenatal and childhood exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and child cognition.

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are suspected developmental toxicants, but epidemiological evidence on neurodevelopmental effects of PFAS exposure is inconsistent. We examined associations of prenatal and childhood PFAS exposure with performance on assessments of cognition in children. Methods We included mother-child pairs from Project Viva, a longitudinal Boston-area birth cohort enrolled during 1999–2002. We quantified concentrations of eight PFASs, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), in plasma collected from women during pregnancy (median 9.7 weeks gestation) and from children at a visit in mid-childhood (median age 7.7 years). In early childhood (median age 3.2 years) we administered standardized assessments of visual motor skills and vocabulary comprehension, and in mid-childhood we assessed visual motor skills, visual memory, and verbal and non-verbal intelligence. Using multivariable regression, we estimated associations of prenatal and childhood PFAS plasma concentrations with children's cognitive assessment scores, adjusted for relevant covariates including breastfeeding, maternal intelligence, parental education, and household income. Samples sizes ranged from 631 to 971, depending on analysis. Results Prenatal PFAS concentrations were associated with both better and worse cognitive performance; children with top quartile prenatal concentrations of some PFASs had better visual motor abilities in early childhood and non-verbal IQ and visual memory in mid-childhood, while children with upper quartile prenatal PFOA and PFOS had lower mid-childhood visual-motor scores. In cross-sectional analyses of mid-childhood PFAS concentrations and cognitive assessments, visual-motor scores on the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities (WRAVMA) (standardized mean = 100, standard deviation = 15) were lower among children with higher PFHxS (fourth quartile (Q4) vs. Q1: −5.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): −9.1, −0.8). Upper quartiles of childhood PFOA and PFOS were also associated with somewhat lower childhood WRAVMA scores, but childhood PFASs were not associated with verbal or non-verbal IQ or visual memory. Conclusions We present evidence suggesting associations of prenatal and childhood PFAS exposure with lower childhood visual motor abilities. Other results were inconsistent, with higher prenatal PFASs associated in some cases with better cognitive outcomes.
Seed Rain and Disturbance Impact Recruitment of Invasive Plants in Upland Forest

A critical question in invasion biology involves the relative importance of propagule rain and community invasibility. For plant invasions, invasibility is often related to disturbance, but few studies of forest invaders have simultaneously investigated both canopy and ground-level disturbance. We investigated the relative importance of seed rain, canopy disturbance, and soil disturbance in a mature forest in Maryland on the recruitment of four invasive species: wine raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.), Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), and Japanese stiltgrass [Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus]. Using complete censuses of a 9-ha plot at two points in time (2011-12 and 2014), we mapped new recruits, and related their locations to canopy and soil disturbance, as well as to a seed rain index based on locations of reproducing plants and seed-dispersal kernels. We found that propagule rain, as measured by the seed rain index, was a significant predictor of recruitment for B. thunbergii, R. phoenicolasius, and M. vimineum. For R. multiflora, seed sources were not located, precluding assessment of propagule rain, but recruitment was linked to canopy disturbance, as was recruitment of M. vimineum. However, because reproduction of R. phoenicolasius and, in some years, of B. thunbergii is higher in treefall gaps, these gaps experience higher propagule rain, with the result that recruitment is indirectly associated with these gaps. Ground-layer disturbance was an important predictor of recruitment only for B. thunbergii. Our findings reveal that the importance of propagule rain is the most consistent driver of recruitment, but canopy or ground-layer disturbance promotes recruitment of some invasive plant species.
A Geometric Perspective on Structured Light Coding

We present a mathematical framework for analysis and design of high-performance structured light (SL) coding schemes. Using this framework, we design Hamiltonian SL coding, a novel family of SL coding schemes that can recover 3D shape with high precision, with only a small number (as few as three) of images. We establish structural similarity between popular discrete (binary) SL coding methods, and Hamiltonian coding, which is a continuous coding approach. Based on this similarity, and by leveraging design principles from several different SL coding families, we propose a general recipe for designing Hamiltonian coding patterns with specific desirable properties, such as patterns with high spatial frequencies for dealing with global illumination. We perform several experiments to evaluate the proposed approach, and demonstrate that Hamiltonian coding based SL approaches outperform existing methods in challenging scenarios, including scenes with dark albedos, strong ambient light, and interreflections.
Hybrid cellular manufacturing system design with cellularisation ratio: an integrated mixed integer nonlinear programming and discrete event simulation approach

This study investigates hybrid cellular manufacturing system design where products with highly similar process routes are formed as manufacturing cells, and products with dissimilar routes are produced in a process layout. A cell similarity threshold, cellularisation ratio (C-ratio), is proposed for product assignment to cells and process layout, and integrated into a mathematical modelling-based cell formation approach. The cell formation phase is carried out with the proposed mathematical model. Several case problems are tested, and selected cases are also studied with a newly developed simulation model where manufacturing system performance is also evaluated along with the proposed hybrid cellular manufacturing design alternatives. Results indicated that considering a C-ratio during cell formation can provide higher cell similarity thus better cell formation. The increase in the coverage levels resulted in higher number of cells formed. The proposed approach can be significantly beneficial for manufacturing design decisions where product mix and process complexity are high, and for a hybrid layout that consists of cellular plus process layouts could be implemented.
Mathematical model and optimization of continuous electro-osmotic dewatering

Abstract A mathematical model was developed for continuous electrokinetic dewatering of phosphatic clay, a clay-water suspension generated as an effluent from processing of phosphate ores. The model, accounting for compressibility of the cake and for both electro-osmotic and hydraulic permeability, provided good agreement with experimental data obtained from a prototype that separated a 10 wt% phosphatic clay slurry into clear water and a cake with a solids content up to 35 wt%. A constrained optimization strategy was developed to identify optimal operation parameters for an industrial-scale electrokinetic dewatering process for processing the effluent generated by a typical phosphate mine.
Responses of Secondary Inorganic PM2.5 to Precursor Gases in an Ammonia Abundant Area In North Carolina

ABSTRACT Secondary inorganic fine particulate matter (iPM2.5) constitutes a significant amount of the atmospheric PM2.5. The formation of secondary iPM2.5 is characterized by thermodynamic equilibrium gas-particle partitioning of gaseous ammonia (NH3) and aerosol ammonium (NH4+). To develop effective strategies for controlling atmospheric PM2.5, it is essential to understand the responses of secondary iPM2.5 to different precursor gases. In southeastern North Carolina, the amount of NH3 is in excess to fully neutralize acidic gases (i.e., NH3-rich conditions). NH3-rich conditions are mainly attributed to the significant NH3 emissions in the region, especially from the large amounts of animal feeding operation (AFO). To gain a better understanding of the impact of NH3 on the formation of secondary iPM2.5 in this area, the responses of iPM2.5 to precursor gases under different ambient conditions were investigated based upon three-year monitoring data of the chemical components in iPM2.5, gaseous pollutants, and meteorological conditions. The gas ratio (GR) was used to assess the degree of neutralization via NH3, and ISORROPIA II model simulation was used to examine the responses of iPM2.5 to changes in the total NH3, the total sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and the total nitric acid (HNO3). It was discovered that under different ambient temperature and humidity conditions, the responses of iPM2.5 to precursor gases vary. In general, iPM2.5 responds nonlinearly to the total NH3 but linearly to the total H2SO4 and the total HNO3. In NH3-rich regions, iPM2.5 is not sensitive to changes in the total NH3, but it is very sensitive to changes in the total H2SO4 and/or the total HNO3. Reducing the total H2SO4, as opposed to the total HNO3 or the total NH3, leads to a significant reduction in iPM2.5 and is thus a more effective strategy for decreasing the concentration of iPM2.5. This research provides insight into controlling and regulating PM2.5 in NH3-rich regions.
O significado de ser judia para três gerações de mulheres do Rio Grande do Sul

This article aims to understand Jewish Women identity over three generations through Rio Grande do Sul Jewish Women lives histories, observing how they deal and understand the Jewish culture social rules, and if they face captivities trough their lives. Personal narratives of life histories were carried out with three Jewish families from the south of Brazil, adding nine women from three generations. The interviews were analyzed with the Rosalind Gill discourse analysis. As a result, it has been identified that third generation women are already aware of the origin of Jewish sexista ttraditions and that Jewish women are lifted in the discourse when considered more spiritualized, but in practice are excluded
Punishing the Black Body: Marking Social and Racial Structures in Barbados and Jamaica. By Dawn P. Harris. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2017. Pp. xi, 257. $59.95.)

Dawn Harris's Punishing the Black Body argues that the black body remained an important site of punishment long after the abolition of slavery in Barbados and Jamaica. Despite the grand declaration...
Thermal analysis of marginal conditions to facilitate cryopreservation by vitrification using a semi-empirical approach

This study aims at the thermal analysis of marginal conditions leading to cryopreservation by vitrification, which appears to be the only alternative for indefinite preservation of large-size tissues and organs. The term "marginal conditions" here refers to cooling rates in close range with the so-called critical cooling rate, above which crystallization is avoided. The analysis of thermal effects associated with partial crystallization during vitrification is associated with the coupled phenomena of heat transfer and kinetics of crystallization. This study takes a practical, semi-empirical approach, where heat transfer is analyzed based on its underlying theoretical principles, while the thermal effects associated with partial crystallization are taken into account by means of empirical correlations. This study presents a computation framework to solve the coupled problem, while presenting a proof-of-concept for DP6 as a representative cryoprotective agent. The thermal effects associated with crystallization at various relevant cooling rates are measured in this study by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Results of this study demonstrate that, due to the thermal effects associated with partial crystallization, the cooling rate at the center of a large organ may lag behind the cooling rate in its surroundings under some scenarios, but may also exceed the surroundings cooling rate in other scenarios, leading to counter-intuitive effects associated with partial crystallization.
Impact of energy production in the Barnett Shale gas region on the measured ambient hydrocarbon concentrations in Denton, Texas

Abstract The Barnett Shale play in North Texas is one of the largest active onshore shale gas regions in the United States. Over the past two decades, unconventional energy production from shale gas in North Texas has grown rapidly. The energy production peaked in 2012 and has declined since. The city of Denton is located at the edge of the Barnett Shale play and is within the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. In this paper, we describe a long-term trend study of 84 total non-methane organic carbon (TNMOC) species measured at the Denton Airport South monitoring station, an exurban site. The annual mean TNMOC concentrations measured during 2000–2017 increased by +8.03 ± 12.92 ppb-C/year (+12.75%/year). The year-to-year increase in the mean TNMOC concentrations mirrored the energy production volume changes from natural gas wells and liquid condensate facilities within 2-km from the ambient air quality monitoring station. Concentrations of alkanes increased significantly, especially the natural gas species of ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane. The annual variations in the ethane concentrations were similar to changes observed in the natural gas and liquid condensate production from nearby wells. High levels of ethane, a dominant natural gas species, were originating from regions with a higher density of gas wells within close proximity of the monitoring site. In contrast, the concentrations of alkene and aromatic species have declined during the study period as a result of decreases from traditional urban emission sources. However, the trend in benzene, a carcinogenic aromatic species found in vehicular and natural gas emissions, and xylene concentrations were similar to the n-alkane trend, suggesting the influence of energy production activities on key ambient aromatic compounds.
An Exploratory Analysis of Increasing Self-Efficacy of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Through the Use of Multimedia Training Stimuli

While some evidence-based vocational studies exist for adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), most focus on social interaction. This mixed methods exploratory study investigated a multimedia a...
Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Removal from Hydrocracking Recycle Streams

Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds with 7 or more rings, such as coronene, can be problematic in petroleum refining processes, where they build up over time and eventually enhance coke formation. In this work, large PAH molecules were characterized in a recycling stream returning the distillation bottoms of a commercial hydrocracking reactor back into the unit. High performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) methods were in good agreement on PAH compounds extracted with DMSO, which provided a selective way to determine PAH with up to 10 aromatic rings. However, after Soxhlet extraction with pentane PAH compounds with up to 14 aromatic rings were tentatively identified using FT-ICR MS, extending the naphthalene zig-zag pattern. With the characterization method established, solvent extraction, solvent precipitation, and adsorption processes were tested to remove the problematic, large PAH compounds from the recycle stream....
Traffic, Air Pollution, and Distributional Impacts in Dar es Salaam : A Spatial Analysis with New Satellite Data

Air pollution from vehicular traffic is a major source of health damage in urban areas. The problems of urban traffic and pollution are essentially geographic, because their incidence and impacts depend on the spatial distribution of economic activities, households, and transport links. This paper uses satellite images to investigate the spatial dynamics of vehicle traffic, air pollution, and exposure of vulnerable residents in the Dar es Salaam metro region of Tanzania. The results highlight significant impacts of seasonal weather (temperature, humidity, and wind-speed factors) on the spatial distribution and intensity of air pollution from vehicle emissions. These effects on the metro region's air quality vary highly by area. During seasons when weather factors maximize pollution, the worst exposure occurs in areas along the wind path of high-traffic roadways. The research identifies core areas where congestion reduction would yield the greatest exposure reduction for children and the elderly in poor households.
Gene X Environment Interactions and Pillow Talk: Investigating the Associations among the OXTR Gene, Orgasm, Post Sex Communication, and Relationship Satisfaction in Young Adult Relationships

The present investigation tested the effects of a gene x environment interaction on sexual communication and relational well-being. It was hypothesized that the interaction of variation in oxytocin...
The intermediary role of adolescent temperamental and behavioral traits on the prospective associations between polygenic risk and cannabis use among young adults of European Ancestry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabis use (CU) is an etiologically complex behavior with several social, temperamental, neurocognitive, and behavioral precursors. Biometrical and molecular studies suggest an interplay of environmental and pleiotropic influences. However, it remains unclear whether identified genetic effects related to behavioral and temperamental characteristics have developmentally direct or indirect mechanisms on CU behavior. The Transmissible Liability Index (TLI) is a measure of continuous liability based on developmental precursors of substance use disorders. This study aimed to examine if the TLI plays a role in understanding genetic risk for CU behaviors. DESIGN Genome-wide association studies (n > 10 000; European Ancestry [EA]) of CU, risk tolerance, neuroticism, anxiety, and depression were used to construct polygenic scores (PGSs). Analyses assessed whether PGSs indirectly impacted risk for repeated use via TLI. SETTING United States of America. PARTICIPANTS From Add Health study, 4077 individuals of EA age 11 to 21 during baseline interview collection. MEASUREMENTS Outcomes were initiation and repeated cannabis use (>5× in lifetime). The TLI was parameterized using a latent factor from 21 questions assessing for precursors of disordered use. FINDINGS The marker-based heritability of TLI, initiation, and repeated use were significant, but modest (14%, P = 0.033; 15%, P = 0.025; and 17%, P = 0.008, respectively). TLI and repeated use were genetically correlated (rg = 0.76, P = 0.033). The PGS for CU was associated with increased risk for repeated use and PGS for risk tolerance and depression were associated with TLI. Mediation analyses indicated significant, but very weak, indirect effects of PGS for risk tolerance and depression on repeated CU via the TLI. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent behavioral and temperamental characteristics (i.e. the Transmissible Liability Index) appear to be early indicators of repeated cannabis use in adulthood. Although polygenic scores for cannabis use directly increased risk for repeated cannabis use, weak evidence was found for the role of polygenic scores of other internalizing/externalizing traits acting through adolescent derived Transmissible Liability Index on cannabis use behavior.
Galvanodynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on a Solid Oxide Cell Stack for In-Operando Diagnostics

In this study, we propose a new experimental setup and methodology that can perform in-situ diagnostic of a solid oxide cell stack without interfering with its normal steady state operation. We establish a floating ground galvanodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement setup connected to a 6-cell short stack. The diagnostic setup is electrically connected in parallel to the electronic load of the stack, so that the respective AC and DC current signals overlap. We demonstrate that this methodology is effective in detecting degradation and assessing the state-of-health of a specific cell or stack without disrupting its operation.
Biopsy Artifact in Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy: A Technical Note

Purpose The safety and effectiveness of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) relies critically on the ability to continuously monitor the ablation based on real-time temperature mapping using magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT). This technique uses gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequences that are especially sensitive to susceptibility effects from air and blood. LITT for brain tumors is often preceded by a biopsy and is anecdotally associated with artifact during ablation. Thus, we reviewed our experience and describe the qualitative signal dropout which can interfere with ablation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all LITT cases performed in our intraoperative MRI suite for tumors between 2017-2020. We identified a total of 17 LITT cases. Cases were reviewed for age, sex, pathology, presence of artifact, operative technique, and presence of blood/air on post-operative scans. Results We identified six cases that were preceded by biopsy, all six had artifact present during ablation, and all six were noted to have air/blood on their post-operative MRI or CT scans. In two of those cases the artifactual signal dropout qualitatively interfered with thermal damage thresholds at the borders of the tumor. There was no artifact in the 11 non-biopsy cases and no obvious blood or air was noted on the post-ablation scans. Conclusion Additional consideration should be given to pre-LITT biopsies. The presence of air/blood caused an artifactual signal dropout effect in cases with biopsy which was severe enough to interfere with ablation in a significant number of those cases. Additional studies are needed to identify modifying strategies.
Expanding democracy: debating legislative and corporate board quotas In five European states

This project examines the puzzle posed by different types of quotas, which both seem to be part of similar gender equality policies and yet differ; legislative and corporate board quotas regulate s...
DEWATERING CASE HISTORY IN FLORIDA

A project required lowering the water 15 ft in a 100-ft x 110-ft excavation in sand in Florida. A wellpoint system, finally reaching 452 points pumping 8,000 gpm from three stages with tips in the 16 ft of sand below final grade, lowered the water only 11 ft. Large boils then warned of trouble. Piezometers; flownets, boring recharge tests, and a simple and dual pumping test from 12-in. wells proved that a high-permeability limestone under the sand supplied the water. Because of a potential 50% cost saving over alternate methods, the engineers tried an inverted, weighted filter scheme requiring removal of all wellpoints, flooding and then shaping the excavation, and finally covering the sand with a 7-ft blanket of fine and then coarse gravel. The scheme also required pumping from a single pump fed by a 12-in. perimeter pipe drain within the blanket. The scheme succeeded, but an unexpected low-permeability silty layer lining the natural sand first required puncturing by a field of 120 short, buried, self-pumping, and unconnected wellpoints.
Prevention of Depression in Medical Conditions

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the relationship between physical health and depression, including excess disability and mortality associated with depression, and discuss what we know about prevention of depression in the context of medical conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We describe a conceptual framework linking depression and medical illness, with a literature review of randomized controlled trials of prevention that recruited non-depressed persons with at least one physical disorder. Most of the reported studies, though not all, showed that pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic strategies can reduce rates of depression. Methodologic considerations and future directions are described. Prevention of depression in the context of medical conditions is a new field with implications for research, policy, and practice.
Rheumatoid arthritis and household work limitations in women.

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on a woman's capacity to perform household work. Household work involves both instrumental functions (e.g., cooking, cleaning, shopping) and nurturant functions (e.g., caring for children, listening and comforting). This article includes a review of the relevant literature, an interview with a rheumatologist, and case studies of two women with RA. The literature suggests that household work limitations exist in women with RA, especially those women with more severe RA; and that the patient may benefit from appropriate social support and ongoing treatment and education.
Abstract 160: CD8+T cell-specific induction of NKG2D receptor by doxorubicin plus interleukin-12 requires the engagement of CD80 and CD28

Background: Increased infiltration of CD8+T cells into tumors inhibits tumor progression, in which natural killer group 2, member D receptor (NKG2D) plays a key role. At previous meetings, we have presented data showing that NKG2D can be induced on CD8+T through treatment with interleukin (IL)-12 plus doxorubicin (Dox), and that infiltration of this subpopulation of effector cells into tumors is associated with increased antitumor efficacy of treatment with IL-12 plus Dox. The mechanisms of both NKG2D induction and the tumor-specific infiltration were unknown. This year, we reveal the mechanism of NKG2D positive CD8+T infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. Methods: We administered Dox, IL-12 plasmid DNA, or both via intraperitoneal injection or intramuscular electroporation into tumor-bearing wild-type C57bl/6 mice or CD28 knockout mice. Control siRNA or CD80 siRNA were administered via intratumoral injection followed by electroporation. Induction of NKG2D in CD8+T cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Cell death in tumors after each treatment was examined using the TUNEL assay. Antitumor cytolytic activity of CD8+T cells was examined using the CTL assay. NKG2D-positive CD8+T cell-specific localization in tumors was examined using immunofluorescence staining. Results: Treatment with Dox plus IL-12 specifically increased expression of NKG2D in CD8+T cells. This induced NKG2D expression in CD8+T cells was associated with increased accumulation of NKG2D-positive CD8+T cells in murine tumors, as well as with increased antitumor cytotoxicity in vitro and tumor cell death in vivo. Administration of NKG2D-blocking antibody completely abrogated the antitumor immune response. Knocking down CD80 in tumor cells or using CD28 knockout mice not only abolished the induction of NKG2D in CD8+T cells, but also abrogated the accumulation of NKG2D-positive CD8+T cells in tumors. Accumulation of NKG2D-positive CD8+T cells in tumors was dependent on the engagement of CD28 in CD8+T cells and CD80 in tumor cells. Conclusion: We conclude that treatment with IL-12 plus Dox induces NKG2D in CD8+T cells in vivo and boosts NKG2D+CD8+T-dependent antitumor immune surveillance. Induction of NKG2D and accumulation of NKG2D-positive CD8+T cells in tumors is dependent on the engagement of CD28 in CD8+T cells and CD80 in tumor cells. This discovery reveals a novel mechanism showing how chemo-immune therapy synergistically promotes T-cell-mediated antitumor immune surveillance. Citation Format: Jiemiao Hu, Xueqing Xia, Liangfang Zhang, Eugenie S. Kleinerman, Shulin Li. CD8+T cell-specific induction of NKG2D receptor by doxorubicin plus interleukin-12 requires the engagement of CD80 and CD28. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 160. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-160
An anatomical basis for interaction between acid-sensing ion channel 1 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat and human cerebral arteries (853.8)

Acid-sensing ion channel type 1 (ASIC1), which may play contribute to synaptic plasticity, memory, fear conditioning and ischemic brain injury, is found primarily in brain; but it is also expressed...