cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on the Quality Assurance of Radiopharmaceuticals used in the United States

The drug (defined in part as any article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease) sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Title 21 U.S.C.) are intended to assure the consumer that drugs are safe and effective for their intended use. The Act requires that “new drugs” be approved by the FDA before they go on the market. The Act also prohibits importation or distribution of drugs that are adulterated (defective, unsafe or filthy) or misbranded (false, misleading statements or labeling). The regulations for the new drug review process are contained in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21, sections 312 for Investigational New Drugs (INDs) and 314 for New Drug Applications (NDAs). Section 361 deals with radioactive drugs for certain research (RDR) uses. The regulations require that sufficient information be provided on the acceptable limits and the analytical methods used for the assurance of the identity, strength, quality, purity and the stability of the new drug as well as the raw materials used in the preparation of the new drug. The impact of the Act on the control of radiopharmaceutical products will be discussed.
An integrate and fire model of prefrontal cortex provides a biological implementation of action selection in reinforcement learning theory that reuses known representations

Task specific spiking activity that is selective for specific perceptions and actions is observed in the pre frontal cortex (PFC) of primates and rats during goal-directed behavior. A spiking neuron model of minicolumn circuits in PFC has been shown to successfully replicate the performance and categories of selective neuronal responses recorded in a primate visual discrimination task. The model provides a biological implementation of the action selection process used in reinforcement learning theory. Using this model, we propose a mechanistic explanation based on the reuse of previous encoding in PFC minicolumns for the ability to find short-cuts during the learning of some novel goal-directed tasks, but not others.
SAwSu: An Integrated Model of Associative and Reinforcement Learning

Successfully explaining and replicating the complexity and generality of human and animal learning will require the integration of a variety of learning mechanisms. Here, we introduce a computational model which integrates associative learning (AL) and reinforcement learning (RL). We contrast the integrated model with standalone AL and RL models in three simulation studies. First, a synthetic grid-navigation task is employed to highlight performance advantages for the integrated model in an environment where the reward structure is both diverse and dynamic. The second and third simulations contrast the performances of the three models in behavioral experiments, demonstrating advantages for the integrated model in accounting for behavioral data.
Commentaries: The Ambiguous Work of “Natural Property Rights”

The three fascinating papers by Dick Helmholz, Jim Ely, and Mark Tushnet prompt me to ask, why was there so much talk among late 18th and 19th century American lawyers about property as a "natural" right and why has the language persisted today? More specifically, what work is the rhetoric of "natural property rights" intended to do? This is not the proper occasion for developing anything like complete answers to those questions, but I do want to offer three lines of thought that might begin to approach a fuller explanation of the puzzling persistence of natural-property-rights talk.
India's population problems and policies

(1975). India's population problems and policies. The Round Table: Vol. 65, No. 257, pp. 13-27.
Distributivity and Negation: The Syntax of Each and Every

This paper is concerned with the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope construal, focussing on the distributive quantifiers every and each, and their interaction with negation. Our discussion is based on the theory of the syntax of quantifier scope developed more fully in Beghelli and Stowell (1994) and in Beghelli (1995).
Chapter 6 – Scanning Electron Microscopy

Microscopic methods have been used for specific source identification studies based on particle-by-particle analyses. However, these methods are laborious and expensive when full quantitative analysis is required. This chapter presents an alternative approach. Computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) coupled with advanced pattern recognition methods, permits improved quantitative apportionment with high source specificity. With improvements in computers, the scanning and image analysis can be done in close to real time under computer control so that size, shape, and elemental composition can be obtained for a large number of particles in a reasonable length of time. Recent advances now permit the automatic capture of a high quality image of each particle as well as the results of the image and x-ray analysis. Thus, CCSEM represents a powerful tool for the identification and classification of particles. The development of CCSEM has overcome the limitations on the number of particles that can be analysed in a practical manner. Coupled with intensive data analysis methods, computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy has a very substantial capability for resolving a larger number of sources and providing more accurate source apportionments.
The Developmental Stages of Concern of Teachers Toward the Implementation of the Information Technology Curriculum in Kuwait

Change is best carried out by individual teachers, and, thus, identifying and resolving teachers concerns about an innovation is imperative in guiding the change process to a successful point of implementation. The purpose of this study was to identify concerns that teachers experienced when implementing the Information Technology curriculum in all intermediate schools in Kuwait and to examine the relationships among teachers reported stages of concern and other factors, such as gender and experience. The stages of concern, one dimension of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM), was applied to reveal teachers concerns. The Stages of Concern Questionnaire (SoCQ) and a demographic survey were completed by 248 respondents. The SoCQ measures seven stages of concern that reflect three dimensions: self (awareness, informational, and personal); task (management); and impact (consequence, collaboration, and refocusing Group profile analysis revealed that teachers had four high concerns related to collaboration, personal, refocusing, and informational stages. Teachers also reported low concerns at the management and awareness stages. Both females and males reported collaboration as their greater concern. Teachers with more years of experience reported higher impact concerns. The analysis of individuals peak concerns revealed that the majority of the respondents were adopters of the innovation. The analysis of the first highest and second highest concerns among teachers revealed the development of three patterns of concerns: self concerns, mixed concerns, and impact concerns. Results indicated that the majority of teachers were at the mixed-concern level. With more years of experience, teachers concerns shifted from self to task and finally to impact concerns. The results of concern analysis are consistent with Fullers theory of concern development. MANOVA revealed significant differences in means between females and males at management and refocusing stages. Females had higher concerns about management; males had higher refocusing concern. However, no significant relationship was found between experience and the reported stages of concern. For successful implementation, the concerns of teachers must be resolved. The CBAM including the SoCQ is recommended to KISITP coordinators as a diagnostic tool to facilitate change and to provide appropriate staff development. Suggestions were made for future research to continue validation of the SoCQ in Arabic cultures.
Response to Comment on “Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines”

Ginther and Kahn claim that academics’ beliefs about the importance of brilliance do not predict gender gaps in Ph.D. attainment beyond mathematics and verbal test scores. However, Ginther and Kahn’s analyses are problematic, exhibiting more than 100 times the recommended collinearity thresholds. Multiple analyses that avoid this problem suggest that academics’ beliefs are in fact uniquely predictive of gender gaps across academia.
The configuration of stack filters by probabilistic search

An efficient search method for the configuration of stack filters is presented. Nonlinear digital filters such as these are known to be flexible and effective in applications where it is difficult to characterize the noise type. An open problem associated with designing stack filters is finding the right configuration for a given noise type and the signal characteristics which need to be preserved. The problem of finding the right configuration is modeled as a combinatorial search problem. An efficient search method is developed which considers the probability distribution of the objective function values. Based on this, the number of steps needed to come up with a good configuration is established. The required number of steps can be carried out in parallel in any type of parallel computer. The method is empirically verified, and the performance of the stack filters found by the search method is compared to the performance of the median filter. >
Histamine Stimulation of Gastric Pepsin Secretion in Man

Summary The continuous administration of histamine intravenously in every instance in human subjects stimulated the secretion of pepsin. This effect reached a plateau within 1 hour and was maintained at that level as long as the histamine was administered; viz. , up to 2 hours in 16 studies, to 3 1/2 hours in 11 studies and 5 1/2 hours in 2 studies.
Public Health Response to the Obesity Epidemic: Too Soon or Too Late?

Public health actions in response to new threats are often taken despite uncertainty about the efficacy of the action. The challenge, then, is to make ongoing judgments about whether actions are taken too soon, before a sufficient understanding of the efficacy of interventions is known, or too late, after much of the prevention potential is lost. The ongoing obesity epidemic presents exactly this type of challenge. General lessons learned from the AIDS and tobacco epidemics as well as others can be useful now as we contemplate options for reversing the ongoing epidemic of obesity in the United States. In this article we briefly review current evidence regarding the efficacy of obesity interventions in both clinical and community settings. We conclude that although little direct evidence is available on the efficacy of interventions for the obesity epidemic, there are some reasonable options derived from experience with other public health epidemics that can contribute to the solution of the obesity problem.
UHMWPE wear debris upregulates mononuclear cell proinflammatory gene expression in a novel murine model of intramedullary particle disease.

Background We examined the effects of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles on mononuclear cell proinflammatory gene expression in a novel murine model. We hypothesized that m...
Gender and the Information Society: A Socially Structured Silence

The price paid for the absence of a critical consciousness about gender in discussions of communications and technology is the reproduction of old patterns of power and privilege in the social distribution of knowledge.
Utilization of the energy in ocean waves

The characteristics of ocean wind waves place certain constraints upon devices designed to convert their energy to a useful form. Here we consider the nature of these constraints and the theoretical analysis of a wave power generator that conforms to the design criteria. We also present the results of field tests with several models of the wave power generator. The experimental results support the theory and indicate that such a wave pump is suitable for power generation in a variety of circumstances.
Current status of the treatment of epidermoid cancer of the vulva

Epidermoid cancer accounts for 81% of the malignancies of the vulva. Although the etiology has not been delineated, chronic vulvitis is associated with cancer in almost one-third of the patients. The staging system should utilize the most precise and accurate parameters delineated for improved treatment. A new staging system is utilized. Proven treatment is primarily surgical.
Identification and monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy

Careful dissection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) represents perhaps the most critical component of thyroidectomy. It long has been established that routine identification of the nerve reduces the risk of iatrogenic injury. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the role that functional monitoring plays in identification and preservation of the RLN. This article explores methods for detecting and identifying the RLN. It then examines the evolution of functional RLN monitoring, its potential advantages and disadvantages, statistical validity, and its role in the current medicolegal climate.
Outcomes for Lung Transplantation for Lung Cancer in the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry

Background Advanced bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAC) carries a poor prognosis, with median survival of approximately 1 year. More extended survivals have been reported after lung transplantation for BAC; however, fewer than 50 patients have been reported. To compare outcomes of lung transplantation for advanced BAC, we studied this population in a compulsory, prospectively maintained database. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried for patients undergoing lung transplant from 1987 to 2010 for the diagnosis of BAC or cancer. Pathology reports of explanted specimens were reviewed. Results Twenty-nine patients underwent lung transplantation for BAC, representing 0.13% of the 21,553 lung transplants during the study period. BAC patients had better forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent predicted (60% vs 35%, p p = 0.006). Pure BAC was present in only 52% of the explants, whereas 41% had some degree of invasive tumor, and 7% had pure adenocarcinoma. The BAC and general lung transplantation cohorts had similar 30-day mortality (10% vs 7%, p = 0.44) and 5-year survival (57% vs 50%, p = 0.66). Conclusions Survival after lung transplantation for BAC appears to be consistent with that of lung transplantation for other diagnoses and is better than that reported with chemotherapy. Further study is warranted to identify the subgroup of patients with lung cancer who will have a maximum survival advantage after lung transplantation.
Homophobia, Sexism, and Early Childhood Education: A Review of the Literature

We reviewed 31 articles that explored issues related to gender and sexuality in early childhood education (ECE) settings. This body of literature suggests that ECE programs and elementary schools often reinforce the homophobia, heterosexism, and sexism that characterize contemporary U.S. society. A number of the articles described strategies that the teachers of young children can use to promote gender equality, respect for sexual diversity, and healthy sexual development. We concluded our review with a discussion of third-wave feminism, queer theory, and the important role that community college and university-based teacher education programs can play in helping the teachers of young children actively challenge systems of privilege and oppression based on gender and sexuality.
Lagrangian treatment of magnetic dielectrics.

A general Lagrangian-based long-wavelength theory of ordered magnetic dielectric crystals (ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic) is formulated. Our classical treatment of intrinsic spin uses the anticommuting Grassmann algebra ${\mathit{G}}_{3}$ developed by Berezin and Marinov and by Casalbuoni. The Grassmann formulation of classical spin gives by the Dirac quantization procedure the usual nonrelativistic spin-1/2 quantum theory. The treatment begins at the microscopic level before a long-wavelength limit is performed to obtain a macroscopic theory so as to incorporate all long-wavelength modes of motion (acoustic, optic, electromagnetic, and spin) and their interaction to all orders of nonlinearity. The crystals can have any symmetry, anisotropy, and structural complexity. The equations of motion for all the modes are obtained and the energy, momentum, pseudomomentum, angular momentum, and spin conservation laws are found. The magnetizations arising from spin and from the motion of bound charge are found to enter the energy conservation law distinguishably. This theory should be particularly useful for the study of magneto-optical phenomena.
Incomplete event documentation in medical records of lung transplant recipients.

Context—The medical record is frequently used in clinical studies as a source of information on illness events experienced by patients; however, it may be incomplete.Objective—To estimate the extent of incompletely documented acute bronchopulmonary events in a transplant clinic medical record at a single university medical center, using home monitoring data.Design, Setting, and Subjects—Trends in daily home monitoring data were compared to contemporaneous medical record documentation at 150 different times in 30 lung transplant recipients over 45 subject-years.Outcome Measure—Proportion of acute bronchopulmonary illness events documented in clinic medical record.Results—By using home monitoring data in a new way, we found that 40% of events actually suffered by lung recipients could not be ascertained to have occurred from the clinic medical record alone. All missed encounters occurred away from the transplant clinic, and involved hospitalizations and telephone prescriptions.Conclusions—Using the clinic m...
Analysis of one-component saturable systems such as ligand binding, enzyme kinetic, uptake, and transport data.

Abstract Statistical methods for analyzing enzyme kinetic or drug binding assays involving simple first-order kinetics have been reviewed. The Eadie-Hofstee format combines many attractive features. Specifically, this plot 1) is as efficient as any of the alternatives, 2) shows no tendency to produce grossly aberrant values, 3) does not require explicit weighting, 4) does not require an iterative fitting process, 5) gives the parameters of interest and their errors of estimate directly, and 6) is unbiased (after correction). A correction for the bias inherent in the Eadie-Hofstee format has been developed. A numerical example and computer program are given in appendices.
Induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-li) and stimulation of feeding by 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2,5-AM) require the vagus nerve

The antimetabolic fructose analogue, 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2,5-AM), stimulates feeding. Selective hepatic branch vagotomy has been shown to block feeding induced by low 2,5-AM doses. However, hepatic vagal fibers are not the sole mediators of 2,5-AM-induced feeding, since hepatic branch vagotomy does not impair feeding induced by higher doses of 2,5-AM. To further evaluate the role of the vagus in the response to 2,5-AM, we examined the effect of total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on feeding induced by a high 2,5-AM dose (500 mg/kg). In addition, we assessed the ability of 2,5-AM (300 and 500 mg/kg) to induce Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-li) in the brain in sham-operated (SHAM), hepatic branch vagotomized (HBV) and total subdiaphragmatic vagotomized (TSDV) rats. Both doses of 2,5-AM, but not control solutions, induced Fos-li in the area postrema (AP), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and lateral parabrachial nucleus (1PBN). Very weak immunoreactivity was present in the central nucleus of the amygdala and none was observed in the locus coeruleus or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The effect of the lower 2,5-AM dose on Fos-li was blocked by HBV. The high dose effect was blocked by TSDV but not by HBV. Feeding induced by the high dose of 2,5-AM was also blocked by TSDV. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that stimulation of feeding by 2,5-AM is dependent on the vagus nerve. Hepatic branch fibers may have the lowest threshold for activation, but fibers in other vagal branches independently mediate induction of c-fos and stimulate food intake at higher doses of the analogue.
Dual-color fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy on an integrated optofluidic chip

We demonstrate the detection and discrimination of different sized nanobeads on an integrated optofluidic chip by dual-color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Singly and doubly labeled nanobeads can be further identified by cross correlation spectroscopy.
World cup 2010: An (Un)African world cup

Abstract South Africa pursued the World Cup for many reasons. Some were tangible objectives, such as infrastructure development, job creation, and the promotion of the country's tourism industry. Less tangible was a hope of reconfiguring Africa's reputation. In 2004, South Africa was awarded the 2010 World Cup, with the bid's supporters arguing that a successful tournament would help improve Africa's image, thereby increasing foreign investment throughout the continent and boosting Africa's global political prestige. It is argued that the World Cup 2010 is, if anything, an “un‐African World Cup.” FIFA, the South African government, and the local organizing committee promised the revelation of “Africa” during the “African World Cup,” but the execution has merely been a global operation adorned with African accessories. It is concluded that neoliberalism needs only enough “Africa” to show that it is a good place to make money and go on vacation. In essence, only the Africa “civilized” by international finan...
Copper(I) Complexes with a NS2-Macrocyclic Ligand Bearing a Pendant Naphthyl Group: Structures of {N-[2-(1-Naphthyl)ethyl]-1-aza-4,8-dithiacyclodecane}copper(I)−Ligand, where Ligand = η2-Naphthalene, Acetonitrile, or Triphenylphosphine

A new macrocyclic ligand with a pendant naphthalene group, N-[2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1-aza-4,8-dithiacyclodecane (L), has been synthesized and characterized. The copper(I)−acetonitrile complex [LCu(CH3CN)](PF6) (1) was synthesized from L and [Cu(CH3CN)4](PF6). The acetonitrile ligand from 1 was easily removed to give [LCu](PF6) (2). Complexes 1 and 2 have been crystallographically characterized. 1: C21H28N2CuF6PS2, triclinic, P1, a = 11.1901(10) A, b = 11.2735(12) A, c = 12.1350(10) A, α = 98.996(8)°, β = 117.188(6)°, γ = 105.354(7)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0505 (wR2 = 0.1418). 2·0.5hexane: C22H31NCuF6PS2, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 15.7318(15) A, b = 8.9164(10) A, c = 17.205(5) A, β = 102.431(6)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0587 (wR2 = 0.1545). In addition, a cocrystallized mixture of both complexes was crystallographically characterized. 1&2·hexane: C46H61N3Cu2F12P2S4, triclinic, P1, a = 10.8308(9) A, b = 12.6320(8) A, c = 19.9412(13) A, α = 80.445(5)°, β = 76.405(6)°, γ = 78.825(5)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0661 (wR2 = 0.1871). The so...
Applying the strategic management process in the management of tourism organizations

Abstract This article describes how the strategic management process can be used by a tourism organization in the planning, development and management of its tourism resources. It is argued in this article that, in order for a tourism organization to make better estimates of the future and thus make sound management decisions, the organization should formally incorporate the strategic planning process into the structure of its operations. This article presents a strategic tourism management model and describes the ways the proposed model can be applied in the management of tourism organizations.
Evaluation of the suitability of data base management systems: a case study at the US Forest Service

Abstract A methodology for assessing the feasibility of a data base management system is described, and its use demonstrated in a specific situation: the U.S. Forest service. A series of questions to be answered at the test organization is formulated, aimed at quantifying the benefits of a DBMS. Results of attempting to answer these questions at two test sites are provided. Implications of these results are given for both forest and higher level management.
Fragmented Sleep, Daytime Somnolence and Age in Narcolepsy

This study examined whether narcoleptics experience an age-related increase in nocturnal sleep disturbance and, if so, what impact that disturbance has on daytime sleepiness. To evaluate these questions, the records of 228 patients diagnosed as narcoleptic were assessed. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) significantly decreased, and wake during sleep (WDS), number of awakenings, and percentage of stage one significantly increased across the decades. This indicates an age-related elevation in sleep fragmentation. Daytime sleepiness, however, did not exhibit age effects. These data further support the theory that narcolepsy is a basic neural defect not confounded by excessive daytime sleepiness secondary to sleep fragmentation.
Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of oral 1,3-dimethylamylamine administration in men

1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been a component of dietary supplements and is also used within "party pills," often in conjunction with alcohol and other drugs. Ingestion of higher than recommended doses results in untoward effects including cerebral hemorrhage. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to determine both the pharmacokinetic profile and physiologic responses of DMAA. Eight men reported to the lab in the morning following an overnight fast and received a single 25 mg oral dose of DMAA. Blood samples were collected before and through 24 hours post-DMAA ingestion and analyzed for plasma DMAA concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature was also measured. One subject was excluded from the data analysis due to abnormal DMAA levels. Analysis of the remaining seven participants showed DMAA had an oral clearance of 20.02 ± 5 L∙hr-1, an oral volume of distribution of 236 ± 38 L, and terminal half-life of 8.45 ± 1.9 hr. Lag time, the delay in appearance of DMAA in the circulation following extravascular administration, varied among participants but averaged approximately 8 minutes (0.14 ± 0.13 hr). The peak DMAA concentration for all subjects was observed within 3–5 hours following ingestion and was very similar across subjects, with a mean of ~70 ng∙mL-1. Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were largely unaffected by DMAA treatment. These are the first data to characterize the oral pharmacokinetic profile of DMAA. These findings indicate a consistent pattern of increase across subjects with regards to peak DMAA concentration, with peak values approximately 15–30 times lower than those reported in case studies linking DMAA intake with adverse events. Finally, a single 25 mg dose of DMAA does not meaningfully impact resting heart rate, blood pressure, or body temperature. NCT01765933
Multiple personality in adolescence: relationship to incestual experiences.

Children who are physically and/or sexually abused may develop multiple personality. Dissociation provides an effective way to cope with the strong affects evoked by abuse and is a predictable defense for young children whose natural development involves fluid role changes as part of fantasy life. This paper presents a case of multiple personality in an adolescent and discusses the relationship between abuse and dissociation in children. Guidelines are offered for treatment of an adolescent multiple personality.
Characterisation of the α1-adrenergic control of hepatic cAMP in male rats

α1-Adrenergic agonists characteristically elicit a mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ in rat liver. These agents also induced accumulation of cAMP in mature male rats (> 300 g body weight) and in Ca2+-depleted hepatocytes from 200 g rats although not in Ca2+-depleted cells from juvenile (< 100 g) male rats. Comparison of these two responses revealed a similar agonist potency order in both cases, although cAMP accumulation was approximately 5-fold less sensitive to agonists. A variety of α-antagonists, including prazosin, phenoxybenzamine and dihydroergocryptine were equipotent as inhibitors of each response, although the α1-adrenergic cAMP response was more sensitive to inhibition by WB-4101 and phentolamine. These data are discussed and a model proposed whereby in mature male rats, the same α1-adrenergic receptor population becomes simultaneously coupled to two separate signal transduction mechanisms, namely Ca2+ mobilization and cAMP generation.
Makiguchian Perspectives in Language Policy and Planning

In this article, the author applies Makiguchi Tsunesaburo's (1871–1944) perspectives to language policy and planning (LPP). One theoretical question in LPP theory is why individuals opt to use particular languages and varieties of languages in certain contexts. The author contends that Makiguchi's theory of value can be used to systematically explain behavior in language choice by understanding language choice as value-seeking behavior. The author also considers practical implications of Makiguchi's ideas to solve social issues related to LPP. These practical implications include value creation and attitude to deal with the issues of language choice, educational applications, and emphasis on the local community.
Should I Stay or Go?: Student Identity Gaps, Feelings, and Intent to Leave

This study examined gaps between students’ personal, enacted, relational, and communal identities. The particular interest was students’ intentions to leave the university as a function of their identity gaps, self-esteem, communication satisfaction, motivation, and general affect. Participants (N = 209 undergraduate students) completed self-report measures while reflecting on their communication with others at the university (e.g., faculty, staff, and peers). Results of path analysis models indicated that personal-communal identity gaps are predictive of students’ communication satisfaction, motivation, general affect, and their intentions to leave the university. This predictive ability is enhanced by the presence of personal-relational gaps.
Microfluidic modeling and simulation of flow in membrane microreactors

Abstract We study the development of a mathematical model that describes isothermal microfluidic steady flow in a membrane microreactor, i.e., a silicon microreactor that houses a permeable membrane in one wall. The model employs the Navier–Stokes equation with appropriate boundary conditions for fluid permeation through the membrane and velocity slip at the walls to account for high Knudsen number. The model equations are solved analytically using finite Fourier transforms. The model solution is used to evaluate the effect of fluid permeation through the membrane and the Knudsen number on the velocity profile and pressure drop. For the simplified cases of no permeation and/or no slip, the derived solution is in excellent agreement with published experimental and theoretical results available in the literature. The utility of the model is illustrated by applying the results to a membrane microseparator used to separate hydrogen from the other effluents in a microreformer.
Microwave Ablation of Lung Tissue: Impact of Single-Lung Ventilation on Ablation Size

Background Thermal ablation is increasingly used to treat pulmonary tumors in medically inoperable patients. Most procedures are performed with sedation in the radiology suite. Ideally, the ablation should encompass the entire tumor volume with a surrounding margin of necrosis; however, ablation may not be as effective in the normal aerated lung surrounding a denser tumor. Inducing atelectasis of the lung may potentially increase ablation volumes and increase local cancer control. This study examines the effect of single-lung ventilation on ablation size using a microwave system. Methods Twenty microwave ablation procedures were performed in the lungs of 10 swine. Bilateral thoracotomy using a clamshell approach was used. In one lung, ablation was performed with continuous ventilation. In the contralateral lung, single-lung ventilation was achieved by clamping the bronchus before ablation. The ablated lobes were resected and sent for pathologic analysis. Routine and supravital staining was performed. Results The ablation zone was clearly demarcated on gross examination, and in all cases 100% ablation occurred, without skip areas of viability. The ablation zones were elliptical with the long axis parallel to the axis of the ablation probes (active tip, 3.7 cm). Ablation diameters and volume were compared between the ventilated and nonventilated lungs. Ablation volume was superior in nonventilated lungs (10.74 cm 3 versus 7.35 cm 3 ; p = 0.039) primarily because of differences in the short axis of the ablation zone. Conclusions Microwave energy can effectively ablate normal pulmonary parenchyma without skip areas of viable tissue within the gross ablation field. The volume of necrosis is increased in nonventilated lungs, suggesting that ablation results can be improved in patients by using general anesthesia with single-lung ventilation. Future studies will be required to confirm this hypothesis.
Navigating Religious Expression in Public School: A Case Study

This research presents the dilemma school leaders face in issues of religion in schools, both politically and legally. It describes a case study in which a Christian rock band was denied the right to play at a school assembly. The high school principal initially said yes and then called the superintendent. The superintendent called lawyers who said that the band, based on their website, focused on the message of Jesus Christ, and that it was not a good idea to have them play at the assembly. Three years later, two lawsuits and over $100,00 of legal bills confirmed the lawyers were correct.
The validity of reading comprehension rate: Reading speed, comprehension, and comprehension rates

This article describes a secondary analysis of a brief reading comprehension rate measure, percent comprehension questions correct per minute spent reading (%C/M). This measure includes reading speed (seconds to read) in the denominator and percentage of comprehension questions answered correctly in the numerator. Participants were 22 4th-, 29 5th-, and 37 10th-grade students. Results showed that reading speed accounted for much of the variance in Broad Reading Cluster scores and subtest scores of the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement across all grade levels. Converting reading speed to the rate measure %C/M increased Broad Reading Cluster variance accounted for in the 4th- and 5th-grade sample, but decreased the Broad Reading Cluster variance accounted for in the 10th-grade sample. Discussion focuses on the importance of reading speed and the failure to enhance validity of a brief rate measure in more skilled readers by incorporating a direct measure of comprehension. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Which endoneurial microvessel histologic measurements are least influenced by vasomotor tone

Abstract The thickness and area of rat sciatic endoneurial microvessel components (endothelial cells, basement membranes and wall) were assessed to test whether collapse or vasoconstriction was typical of immersion (I) as compared to perfusion (P) or in situ (S) fixation and to determine whether area, but not thickness, would be unaffected by collapse of vasoconstriction. In S and in P fixation there was no apparent collapse or vasoconstriction; in fact, none of the measurements were significantly different between themselves except for index of circularity (IC), which was a little lower in S than in P fixation. By contrast to S or P, in I fixation, the lumen was much smaller and more irregular and the wall was thicker. Area of wall (and of its components) was not significantly different among I, P or S fixation, but thickness was significantly greater in I than in P or S fixation. For comparison to such properties of vessels as permeability, thickness may be the appropriate measurement, but for other purposes, such as determining the amount of basement membrane in diabetes mellitus, area may be a better measurement as it is less affected by collapse or vasoconstriction.
Effects of televised modeling and active participation on rule-governed question production among native American preschool children☆

Abstract Preschool native-American children were randomly assigned to observation of TV modeling only, observation of TV modeling plus active participation, and control conditions to determine if providing an opportunity to perform behaviors displayed by televised models is more effective than observational learning alone in inducing preschool children's rule-governed production of causal questions. Performance of both experimental groups was significantly superior to controls at posttesting, but only the TV plus active participation group surpassed controls at retention testing. The TV modeling plus participation group asked significantly more causal questions than the TV modeling only group on posttest and retention trials. Implications are discussed for social learning theory and research for instructional programming for minority group children who are faced with the requirements of two cultures.
Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid

The complete nucleotide sequence of an alanine transfer RNA, isolated from yeast, has been determined. This is the first nucleic acid for which the structure is known.
Review of the Hormiini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with a description of new taxa

The tribe Hormiini is reviewed, and criteria for including or excluding various genera are discussed. A key to the world genera is presented, and many new distribution records are provided. Anhormius Belokobylskij and Hormiellus Enderlein are synonymized under Hormius Nees, Leurinion Muesebeck synonymized under Allobracon Gahan, and Apotheopius Fischer under Monitoriella Hedqvist. The status of the Lysitermini is examined in detail. Seven new species and one new genus are described, and a key to New World Parahormius is provided.
The effect of temperature, urea and N-ethylmaleimide on pyruvate oxidase (EC 1.2.2.2) activity

Abstract 1. 1. Temperature dependent kinetic studies of the activation of Pyruvate oxidase (EC 1.2.2.2), in the presence of cofactors and sodium dodecyl sulphate, indicate that the enzyme exists in different conformations at 0 and 25°C. 2. 2. In addition these two conformation have differential sensitivities to Urea. 3. Activation by sodium dodecyl sulphate also affects the pH stability profile for the enzyme. 3. 4. The sensitivity of the oxidase to N-ethylmaleimide indicates the presence of a sensitive sulphydryl group which can be protected from modification by the preincubation with cofactors Mg 2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate.
Azotemia, TNFα, and LPS prime the human neutrophil oxidative burst by distinct mechanisms

Azotemia, TNFα, and LPS prime the human neutrophil oxidative burst by distinct mechanisms. The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients (AzoPMNs) is primed for an enhanced response compared to neutrophils from normal subjects (NorPMNs). The mechanism for this priming is unknown, although TNF α does not further prime AzoPMNs. The present study examines the hypothesis that azotemia and TNF α prime neutrophils by the same mechanism. Formyl peptide receptor expression and degranulation were not primed in AzoPMNs, but were primed by both LPS and TNF α . LPS was also able to prime the AzoPMN oxidative burst. Guanine nucleotide exchange by multiple guanine nucleotide binding proteins, including heterotrimeric G-proteins and low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins (LMWGs), was increased in AzoPMNs, as demonstrated by GTPγS binding and azidoanilide GTP photoaffinity labeling. The plasma membrane density of G-protein α i2 , α i3 , and α s subunits and the density in the cytosol of the LMWG, Rac2, did not differ between AzoPMNs and NorPMNs. However, the LMWG, Rap1A, was present in significantly greater amounts on plasma membranes from AzoPMNs. FMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated phospholipase D activity, but not basal activity, was significantly greater in AzoPMNs. Finally, incubation of NorPMNs in plasma from azotemic patients resulted in a significant increase in basal GTP γ S binding. These results demonstrate that priming of AzoPMNs is restricted to oxidative burst activity and that it occurs by a mechanism distinct from that utilized by TNF α and LPS. While the exact mechanism remains unknown, it appears to involve a plasma factor and changes in LMWG expression or activity.
Further studies on moving source solutions relevant to jet noise

Abstract This study expands further on an earlier study reported in this journal wherein the power spectrum and total power of a moving point source in a round, slug flow jet were calculated. In the present study three further aspects are reported on. Firstly the effect of non-axial lines of source convection is explored with the aid of a plane jet, line source model problem. Secondly, for centerline source convection in a round jet, the effect of a small (non-zero) shear layer thickness is studied. This procedure is first illustrated by an application to the classical problem of reflection of plane sound waves from a velocity discontinuity. Finally inferences regarding the peak angle in the radiation pattern are drawn from the study and shown to be in rough agreement with experimental data.
Can sociology be a science?: The issue of gender and sex-dimorphic characteristics

In spite of the fact that much of the work done by sociologists is of high quality, there appears to be a pervasive sense among sociologists that as a field sociology is not developing an accumulating base of knowledge that involves a combination of theory and empirical “facts.” Social constructs are a basic component of most human behavior, and such behaviors cannot be understood without attention to the nature of those social constructs. However, humans are also biological beings, their biological attributes are relatively stable, and variations in these attributes often have a strong effect on behavior. It is also the case that what persons experience and how they behave has an effect on their biological attributes. We suggest that if sociologists were attentive to the interactions of biological attributes and social constructs, sociologists would be in a position to develop a constantly expanding base of scientific social knowledge. As an illustrative example, we have focused on the issue of how gender and sex-dimorphic characteristics are intrinsically interrelated.
Fine-needle aspiration with flow cytometric immunophenotyping for primary diagnosis of intra-abdominal lymphomas.

Cytomorphology in conjunction with immunophenotypic characterization is becoming increasingly used for the primary diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). This combination is especially advantageous for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal and intrathoracic lymphomas, since unlike superficial lesions, open biopsy of deep-seated tissues is more invasive and more costly, and is associated with a higher risk. We report the cytologic and immunophenotypic features of intra-abdominal NHL obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Twenty-two cases of intra-abdominal lesions obtained by image-guided FNA where flow cytometry was also performed were reviewed. Of the 22 studied cases, 7 were classified as large-cell lymphoma, 5 as follicular center-cell lymphoma, 2 as small noncleaved-cell lymphoma, 2 as lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, one as small lymphocytic lymphoma, and one as marginal-zone lymphoma. In the remaining 4 cases where the immunophenotypic pattern was not definitive, the cytomorphologic features were of small cleaved cells in 3 cases and of mixed small cleaved and large cells in one case. We successfully classified 9 of the 10 patients on whom histologic confirmation was obtained. The successful primary classification of most intra-abdominal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be done with a combination of cytology and flow cytometry, and this can be the initial approach in patients with deep-seated lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;21:98–104. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental Study of Binary Drop Collisions for Drops of Greatly Unequal Size

The collisions and coalescence of liquid drops is important in many spraying applications. Those sprays with high injection velocities tend to generate a very turbulent flow field, which induces relative velocities between the spray drops leading to collisions. If those collisions result in frequent coalescence, this will increase the mean drop size of the spray and reduce the overall vaporization rate, and generally result in poorer spray performance. Multi-dimensional spray simulation codes are commonly used in computational simulations of spray. These codes have sub-models for the drop collision rate and coalescence efficiency. The model that is most commonly used for the coalescence efficiency was developed more than thirty years ago, and was validated with binary drop collision experiments for water drops of comparable size to each other. This model is used in simulations with many different spray liquids, and in sprays that have a wide drop size distributions. The experimental results presented here show that the commonly used model is not valid for collisions between drops whose sizes differ by an order of magnitude.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Processes driving sea ice variability in the Bering Sea in an eddying ocean/sea ice model: Mean seasonal cycle

Abstract The seasonal cycle of sea ice variability in the Bering Sea, together with the thermodynamic and dynamic processes that control it, are examined in a fine resolution (1/10°) global coupled ocean/sea-ice model configured in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) framework. The ocean/sea-ice model consists of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Parallel Ocean Program (POP) and the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE). The model was forced with time-varying reanalysis atmospheric forcing for the time period 1970–1989. This study focuses on the time period 1980–1989. The simulated seasonal-mean fields of sea ice concentration strongly resemble satellite-derived observations, as quantified by root-mean-square errors and pattern correlation coefficients. The sea ice energy budget reveals that the seasonal thermodynamic ice volume changes are dominated by the surface energy flux between the atmosphere and the ice in the northern region and by heat flux from the ocean to the ice along the southern ice edge, especially on the western side. The sea ice force balance analysis shows that sea ice motion is largely associated with wind stress. The force due to divergence of the internal ice stress tensor is large near the land boundaries in the north, and it is small in the central and southern ice-covered region. During winter, which dominates the annual mean, it is found that the simulated sea ice was mainly formed in the northern Bering Sea, with the maximum ice growth rate occurring along the coast due to cold air from northerly winds and ice motion away from the coast. South of St Lawrence Island, winds drive the model sea ice southwestward from the north to the southwestern part of the ice-covered region. Along the ice edge in the western Bering Sea, model sea ice is melted by warm ocean water, which is carried by the simulated Bering Slope Current flowing to the northwest, resulting in the S-shaped asymmetric ice edge. In spring and fall, similar thermodynamic and dynamic patterns occur in the model, but with typically smaller magnitudes and with season-specific geographical and directional differences.
Global behavior of linear retarded functional differential equations

Abstract This paper formulates necessary and sufficient conditions for a linear delay differential equation to be asymptotically stable for each delay considered. We use a new approach of the notion of observability of linear systems to obtain easily checkable conditions. A new invariance principle of Haddock and Terjeki is employed.