cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Transaction Costs and the Politics of Administrative Design

We propose a political transaction cost theory of the politics of administrative design and then evaluate the theory using data on the initial design attributes of 141 federal administrative agencies created legislatively between 1879 and 1988. The theory posits that the enacting coalition attempts to strategically manipulate administrative design attributes and therefore political transaction costs for future coalitions seeking to affect agency policy. Based on perceptions of the probability of political holdup and resulting losses, the enacting coalition alters political transaction costs to optimize expected benefits. We gauge the perceived probability of political holdup using measures of executive-legislative conflict, coalitional conflict, electoral turnover, and party hegemony. Using structural probit analysis, the results show that these factors significantly affect agency design attributes involving structure, process, and monitoring. Thus, the statistical analysis is consistent with the theory t...
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States – Edited by Thomas J. Brown

In this new book on Reconstruction historiography, eight historians highlight scholarly contributions from the past two decades, and suggest topics for future research. The main starting point for ...
Mixed interpretation and extensions of the equivalent mass matrix approach for elastodynamics with contact

The present paper highlights the idea that the mass redistribution technique introduced by Khenous and co-workers (2006) [17,18] for elastodynamics with impact, can be reinterpreted as a mixed formulation in displacements and velocities in which a special compatibility condition is enforced. Such a formulation opens the route to various extensions and to variational integrators for impact problems, potentially with variational time adaption. Those ideas are exemplified in the design of such integrators and various mass redistribution schemes.
Assessment of the accuracy of dental enamel thickness measurements using microfocal X-ray computed tomography

Tooth enamel thickness has long been an important character in studies of primate and especially hominin phylogeny, taxonomy, and adaptation. Current methods for accurately assessing enamel thickness involve the physical sectioning of teeth, because measurements of enamel thickness using some radiographic techniques are unreliable. However, because destructive methods limit sample sizes and access to important fossil specimens, it is desirable that they be replaced with nondestructive techniques. Although microfocal X-ray computed tomography (mCT) has been used recently in studies of enamel thickness, the accuracy of this technique has yet to be established. The present research compares physical sections to computer-generated mCT sections of teeth from a variety of primate and nonprimate, recent and fossil taxa to examine whether enamel thickness, tooth size, and diagenetic remineralization (fossilization) impact the ability of mCT to measure enamel thickness accurately. Results indicate that recent teeth of varying size and thickness are clearly and accurately depicted in mCT scans, with measurements from nearly identical planes in physical and mCT sections differing by 3-5%. A fossil papionin molar (ca. 2 Myr) was also accurately measured using mCT scans, although thinner enamel in much older therapsid (ca. 263-241 Myr) teeth could not be distinguished from dentine. mCT is thus an accurate technique for measuring enamel thickness in recent taxa, although heavily mineralized teeth pose an obstacle to the ability of mCT to distinguish dental tissues. Moreover, absolutely thin enamel (less than approximately 0.10 mm) is difficult to resolve adequately in raw mCT images based on pixel values alone. Therefore, caution must be exercised in the application of mCT to the study of fossilized teeth.
Purification of CFTR for mass spectrometry analysis: identification of palmitoylation and other post-translational modifications

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role during biogenesis of many transmembrane proteins. Previously, it had not been possible to evaluate PTMs in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the epithelial ion channel responsible for cystic fibrosis, because of difficulty obtaining sufficient amounts of purified protein. We recently used an inducible overexpression strategy to generate recombinant CFTR protein at levels suitable for purification and detailed analysis. Using liquid chromatography (LC) tandem and multiple reaction ion monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry, we identified specific sites of PTMs, including palmitoylation, phosphorylation, methylation and possible ubiquitination. Many of these covalent CFTR modifications have not been described previously, but are likely to influence key and clinically important molecular processes including protein maturation, gating and the mechanisms underlying certain mutations associated with disease.
Effects of transmural pressure on brachial artery mean blood velocity dynamics in humans

The effects of changes in transmural pressure on brachial artery mean blood velocity (MBV) were examined in humans. Transmural pressure was altered by using a specially designed pressure tank that ...
Study of metadata for advanced multimedia learning objects

To instruction providers or publishers, metadata is interesting because it eases the discovery and access to their resources to use and reuse it. Several organizations are attempting to define and mainstream metadata standards. There is a lack of tools to edit and ease the exchange of metadata among different standards. The whole bandwidth of educational activities would benefit from the existence and development of a user-friendly, multilingual and consistent metadata tool. Because of the diversity of ongoing standardization initiatives, this tool should be based on a consistent metadata-mapping model. This paper presents the development of a new Web based mapping tool, which could be the key to achieve the interoperability goal and to ease the description and search of instructional resources for a wide range of users.
Fragmentation of Care after Surgical Discharge: Non-Index Readmission after Major Cancer Surgery.

Background Despite national emphasis on care coordination, little is known about how fragmentation affects cancer surgery outcomes. Our study examines a specific form of fragmentation in post-discharge care—readmission to a hospital different from the location of the operation—and evaluates its causes and consequences among patients readmitted after major cancer surgery. Study Design We used the State Inpatient Database of California (2004 to 2011) to identify patients who had major cancer surgery and their subsequent readmissions. Logistic models were used to examine correlates of non-index readmissions and to assess associations between location of readmission and outcomes, measured by in-hospital mortality and repeated readmission. Results Of 9,233 readmissions within 30 days of discharge after major cancer surgery, 20.0% occurred in non-index hospitals. Non-index readmissions were associated with emergency readmission (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63; 95% CI, 2.26–3.06), rural residence (OR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.61–2.04), and extensive procedures (eg hepatectomy vs proctectomy; OR = 2.77; CI, 2.08–3.70). Mortality was higher during non-index readmissions than index readmissions independent of patient, procedure, and hospital factors (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03–1.66), but was mitigated by adjusting for conditions present at readmission (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 0.98–1.58). Non-index readmission predicted higher odds of repeated readmission within 60 days of discharge from the first readmission (OR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02–1.32), independent of all covariates. Conclusions Non-index readmissions constitute a substantial proportion of all readmissions after major cancer surgery. They are associated with more repeated readmissions and can be caused by severe surgical complications and increased travel burden. Overcoming disadvantages of non-index readmissions represents an opportunity to improve outcomes for patients having major cancer surgery.
Current Trends in Treatment of Status Epilepticus and Refractory Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus is a heterogeneous disorder with varied definitions and presentations. Taken together, all forms of status epilepticus carry significant morbidity and mortality, much of which is dictated by the underlying etiology. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus, which represents a common form, is a true neurologic emergency that requires emergent management. Treatment focuses on stabilizing the patient and aggressive medical management to achieve the timely termination of seizures. For other forms of status epilepticus including nonconvulsive and focal status epilepticus, the goal remains early seizure termination, but the use of intravenous medications should be weighed against the risks associated with these therapies. The diagnostic evaluation of status epilepticus is guided by the patient's history and should be broad, including a screen for toxins, electrolytes, structural abnormalities, and central nervous system infectious and autoimmune/inflammatory etiologies. Considerable research is still needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms, consequences, and therapy of status epilepticus.
Opioids and the Emergency Physician: Ducking Between Pendulum Swings.

In the late 1980s, undertreated pain became a focus of many clinicians, investigators, and industry. We coined a term, oligoanalgesia, to embolden earlier, titrated opioids and other analgesic use. Regulators mandated pain assessments and actions as a part of health care facility credentialing, and the prescribing of opioids increased yearly from 1990 to 2010. We now sit amid another opioid epidemic with death and disability. Many know of the patterns of use and abuse near the turn of the 20th century when opium was a new agent; this triggered opioid regulations and control, notably, the US Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 criminalizing nonmedical use. Despite regulation of opioids, swings upward in medical and nonmedical use exist in recent modern times. For example, a 1959 Readers Digest article noted a current opioid addiction crisis, reminding us that the cycles reappear often, with varying frequency, responses, and consequences. The current opioid upswing is rooted in prescribed and illicit use, the latter including heroin (or other “street” opioids) and diversion of another’s or factitious gain of a prescribed opioid. The widespread increase in opioid use correlates with increased overdose deaths and deaths in all segments, including more affluent and suburban or rural groups, not just in an inner-city or isolated population. Although the peak of the current wave crested in approximately 2010, we retain a large group with this affliction. This triggered calls for regulation and control in many facets of opioid deployment, including emergency care, despite few data suggesting a clear link between emergency department (ED) opioid use and later harm. Some seek governmental ED dose restrictions, and others call for “an opioid-free ED.” The goal of these calls to action is good: to avoid opioid harm, notably, death. At the
Economic Contributions of the Green Industry in the United States in 2013

Economic contributions of the green industry in each state of the United States were estimated for 2007–08 using regional economic multipliers, together with information on horticulture product sales, employment, and payroll reported by the U.S. Economic Census and a nursery industry survey. Total sales revenues for all sectors were $176.11 billion, direct output was $117.40 billion, and total output impacts, including indirect and induced regional economic multiplier effects of nonlocal output, were $175.26 billion. The total value added impact was $107.16 billion, including employee compensation, proprietor (business owner) income, other property income, and indirect business taxes paid to state/local and federal governments. The industry had direct employment of 1.20 million full-time and part-time jobs and total employment impacts of 1.95 million jobs in the broader economy. The largest individual industry sectors in terms of employment and value added impacts were Landscaping services (1,075,343 jobs, $50.3 billion), Nursery and greenhouse production (436,462 jobs, $27.1 billion), and Building materials and garden equipment and supplies stores (190,839 jobs, $9.7 billion). The top 10 individual states in terms of employment contributions were California (257,885 jobs), Florida (188,437 jobs), Texas (82,113 jobs), North Carolina (81,113 jobs), Ohio (79,707 jobs), Pennsylvania (75,604 jobs), New Jersey (67,993 jobs), Illinois (67,382 jobs), Georgia (66,042 jobs), and Virginia (58,677 jobs). The total value added of the U.S. green industry represented 0.76% of U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2007, and up to 1.60% of GDP in individual states. On the basis of a similar previous study for 2002 (Hall et al., 2006), total sales of horticultural products and services in 2007–08 increased by 3.5%, and total output impacts increased by 29.2%, or an average annual rate of 5.8% in inflation-adjusted terms.
Syn- and postkinematic cement textures in fractured carbonate rocks: Insights from advanced cathodoluminescence imaging

Abstract In calcite and dolomite deposits in fractures, transmitted light and optical cathodoluminescence methods detect crack-seal texture in some fractures, but scanning electron microscope-based cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) combined with secondary-electron images and element maps, reveals crack-seal and cement growth textures where previous SEM-CL imaging methods found massive or featureless deposits. In a range of fractured carbonate rocks, patterns and textures of calcite and dolomite cements precipitated during and after fracture growth resemble complex accumulation patterns found in quartz in sandstone fractures, suggesting that some apparent differences between carbonate mineral and quartz deposits in fractures reflect the limits of previous imaging methods. Advances in delineating textures in widespread carbonate mineral deposits in fractures provide evidence for growth and occlusion of fracture porosity.
Comparative study on the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with HIV infection acquired by blood transfusion and paid plasma donation

Objective To study the effect of HAART in patients with AIDS acquire by blood transfusion and paid plasma donation.Methods All AIDS patients whose disease was caused by blood transfusion and commercial plasma donation came from the domicile of Hebei Province.In the group of cases of blood transfusion in whom the infection was caused by one-time blood transfusion before and after 1995,there were 189 cases,of whom 105 cases on HAART were designated as observation group,and 84 cases who were not on HAART were designated as control group.The group of AIDS patients who were former commercial plasma donors (FCPDs) had 120 patients who were identified in the survey of 1995,of whom 63 cases on HAART were designated as observation group and 57 cases who were not on HAART were as control group.Onset dates were defined as the dates into the queue.Death due to AIDS was regarded as an outcome event.Sbjects who were enrolled into the observation group and control group were epidemiologically followed up regularly.Observation was ended on December 31,2010.Results Mortality of patients after HAART from groups of FCPDs and blood recipients were 4.42/100 person-years and 6.13/100 person-years,respectively.The survival rates of HAART groups were 80％ in FCPDs for 110 months and 72％ in blood recipients for 90 months,respectively.Meanwhile the mortality of no HAART groups were 182.05/100 person-years and 250.66/100 person-years,respectively.Mean survival of patients whose disease was caused by plasma donation and blood transfusion were 4 months and 3 months,respectively.Conclusions Whether the HIV infection was caused by plasmapheresis or blood transfusion,the effects of HAART did not show difference.HAART cold reduce the death intensity and prolong survival. Key words: Blood donors; Acquired immunodeficiency syndroms; Antiviral agents
Asymptomatic intussusception of the appendix secondary to endometriosis

This is a report of a 47-year-old woman with an asymptomatic clinical presentation of appendiceal intussusception secondary to endometriosis. Initially discovered during routine colonoscopy as a submucosal mass, it was ultimately diagnosed after surgical resection by pathology findings. The theories regarding the pathogenesis of appendiceal intussusception are reviewed and discussed here.
Electrical, mechanical and chemical behavior of Li1.2Zr1.9Sr0.1(PO4)3

Abstract The elastic modulus, fracture toughness, ionic conductivity, Li and water stability of dense (~ 97%) fine-grain (~ 10 μm) Li 1.2 Zr 1.9 Sr 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 (LZSP) consolidated by reactive hot-pressing was investigated. Low values of elastic modulus (25.2 and 40.9 GPa), fracture toughness (0.29 and 0.37 MPa-m 1/2 ), total conductivity (2.1 × 10 − 5 S/cm) at room temperature were exhibited as a result of the presence of microcracks formed during cooling from the hot-pressing temperature. The lattice conductivity of LZSP is 0.85 × 10 − 4 S/cm with an activation energy for bulk conductivity of 0.29 eV. The results of Li/LZSP/Li cell impedance as a function of time and surface examination suggest that LZSP is not stable against metallic lithium. The results of the water stability test suggest that LZSP is a possible membrane for use in aqueous Li-Air cells. The results of this study reveal for the case of lithium zirconium phosphates are as follows: 1] a small grain size is required to prevent microcracking to avoid a reduction in total conductivity and mechanical properties and 2] even though they do not contain a transition metal cation they are not stable against Li at room temperature.
Aortic Regurgitation: Acute

Diagnose/treat as surgical emergency when caused by IE or aortic dissection, especially if there is hypotension, pulmonary edema, or evidence of low flow
MicroRNA Regulation of HDL Homeostasis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important class of noncoding RNAs that play key roles in regulating the expression of genes in health and disease. Accumulating experimental, pathological, genetic, epidemiological, and clinical studies highlight a growing list of miRNAs that control lipoprotein homeostasis and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. By “fine-tuning” the expression of genes or signaling networks, miRNAs actively modulate HDL biogenesis and function including efflux of cholesterol from the vessel wall, altering inflammatory responses, or facilitating reverse cholesterol transport. This chapter highlights emerging concepts in miRNA-mediated control of HDL homeostasis as well as some of the challenges and therapeutic opportunities in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Use of water quality surrogates to estimate total phosphorus concentrations in Iowa rivers

Abstract Study region The study was focused on total phosphorus (TP) concentrations measured in rivers in Iowa, a Midwestern state located in the central United States. Study focus Accurate measurement of TP concentrations in rivers is needed to quantify loads and evaluate the progress of nutrient reduction strategies. We evaluated the relation of water quality surrogates, turbidity, orthophosphorus (OP), chlorophyll a, chloride and discharge to TP concentrations at 43 different river monitoring sites over a 15-year period. New hydrological insights for the region TP concentrations were highly correlated to turbidity (0.78 ± 0.20) and OP (0.69 ± 0.13) across all sites and less correlated to chlorophyll a (0.07 ± 0.15), chloride (−0.10 ± 0.24) and discharge (0.41 ± 0.23). When the regression models included OP as a variable, the mean r2 for all 43 sites was 0.90 ± 0.08 and ten of the 43 sites had r2 values greater than 0.95. When OP was excluded in the regression model, the overall mean r2 values decreased to 0.72 ± 0.14 and for six of the river sites, the r2 value decreased by 50%. Other variables (discharge, chlorophyll a, chloride) were included in the regression equations on a case-by-case basis. Including OP in the regression models was critically important for rivers draining the tile-drained Des Moines Lobe region.
Culture-Based Quantification with Molecular Characterization of Non-O157 and O157 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Isolates from Rectoanal Mucosal Swabs of Feedlot Cattle.

Abstract Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are foodborne pathogens carried in the intestinal tracts of ruminants and shed in the feces. High concentrations (≥104 colony-forming units [CFU]/g) of EHEC in cattle feces are associated with contamination of hides, and subsequently, carcasses and beef. Several studies using agar media have quantified O157 but few have quantified non-O157 EHEC in samples from cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the concentration of O157 and non-O157 EHEC in cattle, and to characterize the associated EHEC isolates for their virulence potential. Two hundred feedlot steers were sampled by rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) every 35 days over four sampling periods, and a spiral plating method using modified Posse differential agar was used to quantify EHEC organisms in these samples. Bacterial colonies from agar plates were tested by multiplex PCR for Shiga toxin and intimin genes (stx and eae, respectively), and confirmed EHEC isolates (i.e., posit...
Process Safety Behavioral Systems: Behaviors Interlock in Complex Metacontingencies

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to identify behavioral components active in process safety. Three types of behavior classes are identified as contributors to process safety: task-specific behaviors, safety-directed behaviors, and behaviors associated with situational awareness. Behavioral systems analysis is used to provide a framework for identifying the cross-functional interlocking behavioral contingencies that can, even over a period of years, contribute to process safety incidents. Leadership behaviors are also identified that can create the context in the form of metacontingencies that maintain these interlocking contingencies.
Role of viscosity coefficients during spreading and coalescence of droplets in liquids

Experiments with immersed drops spreading on a surface or with two drops coalescing find that the contact diameter obeys a power law in time and in the internal and external viscosities.
Did Paul Refuse an Offer of Support from the Corinthians

It is generally agreed that one key factor in the deterioration of Paul’s relationship with the Corinthian assembly was his refusal to accept an offer of material support. In fact, however, there is no solid textual basis for this putative datum. None of the three passages taken as evidence (1 Cor. 9.1-18; 2 Cor. 11.5-15; 12.11-18) makes explicit reference to such an offer. In each case, interpreters have inferred from Paul’s heated rhetorical questions that he is defending his decision to reject Corinthian support. But a closer look at both the syntax and the context of these questions, and at the logic of rhetorical questions more generally, shows this inference to be unlikely. When Paul boasts that he has not burdened the Corinthians, what he means is not that he has refused to accept their support, but that he has refrained from demanding it. Reconstructions of his relationship with the Corinthian assembly must be modified accordingly.
Seeing Science through Symmetry

Seeing Through Symmetry is a course that introduces non-science majors to the pervasive influence of symmetry in science. The concept of symmetry is usedboth as a link between subjects (such as physics, biology, mathematics, music, poetry, and art) and as a method within a subject. This is done through the development and use of interactive multimedia learning environments to stimulate learning. Computer-based labs enable the student to further explore the concept by being gently led from the arts to science. This talk is an update that includes some of the latest changes to the course. Explanations are given on methodology and how a variety of interactive multimedia tools contribute to both the lecture and lab portion of the course (created in 1991 and taught almost every semester since then, including one in Sweden).
NASA Space Network Project Operations Management: Past, Present and Future for the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Constellation

The NASA Space Network (SN) Operations began with the launch of the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-1) on April 4, 1983 with on-orbit operations conducted from the White Sands Ground Terminal (WSGT) in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Over the past 35 years, the SN has evolved to its current configuration comprised of four strategically located satellite ground stations and a constellation of ten geosynchronous Tracking and Data Relay Satellites that provide customer support 24 hours a day, 365 days per year, at an unprecedented 99.9% proficiency. The Space Network provides total global Communications, Data Relay, and Tracking services for Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites, Human Space Flight, Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELV) and Scientific missions. This paper will address the Operations Management of the NASA Space Network and the complexities associated with this responsibility, as well as significant mission support highlights.
Asymptotic Properties of W.E.P.’s

Let, for each n ≥ 1, ηn1, …, η nn be independent r.v.’s taking values in [0,1] with respective d.f.’s Gn1, …, G nn and dn1, …, d nn be real numbers. Define {fy(2.1.1)|15-1} Observe that W d belongs to D[0,1] for each n and any triangular array {d ni , 1 ≤ i ≤ n}, while V h of (1.4.1) belongs to D(ℝ) for each n and any triangular array {h ni , 1 ≤ i ≤ n}.
Performance of the Currently Available Epithermal Neutron Beam at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor (MITR-II)

This paper describes the performance of the currently available epithermal neutron beam at MITR-II. This beam is one of the few clinically useful epithermal neutron beams available for BNCT in the world. The MITR-II epithermal neutron beam has a peak thermal neutron flux of greater than 4 × 108 n/cm2 s at 2 cm depth in tissue. Assuming a B-10 concentration of 30 µg/g in tumor and an effective 10 to 1 ratio of B10 in tumor to healthy tissue, the most important figures of merit for the beam are as follows. The advantage depth (useful therapeutic penetration) is in excess of 7 cm. The dose rate to tumor at the advantage depth is 9.6 RBE cGy/min. The integral ratio of dose to tumor vs. dose to healthy tissue is greater than 3 when measured along the centerline of an ellipsoidal water phantom. When used in bilateral irradiation of tumors, this beam can treat the entire brain with therapeutic advantage ratio of greater than 2.9. In addition, plans for improving the current epithermal beam through straightforward modifications are presented. This improved beam is expected to have peak thermal neutron flux in excess of 109 n/cm2 s with proportionally greater therapeutic dose rate and higher advantage ratio than the current epithermal neutron beam.
Python: the tutorial

Over the years, programming languages have grown more powerful, but correspondingly more complex; and while that complexity is fine and appropriate for professional programmers, it hinders and discourages beginning Computer Science students.
Graduate Medical Education and “The Match”

It won’t be that long before you join the over 15,000 medical students who are awarded the M.D. degree each year at one of 125 medical schools. Unfortunately, this does not qualify you to practice medicine; you still have a ways to go. Before you can hang out your shingle or put you name on the door, you have to complete an additional three to seven years of residency training (one to three years just to be licensed in most states). In a manner somewhat akin to the process you went through getting in to college and medical school, you now face choosing where this training will take place and in what field of practice. Since 1952, this process has been simplified somewhat by the institution of a national system designed to match candidates and programs. A similar program is in place for graduates of schools of osteopathic medicine as well. This system also provides for a uniform decision date; further reducing the stress of the process. The system is designed to level the playing field, allowing students to obtain the most desirable position available to them. (Over 80% get their first, second, or third choice.) Almost all graduate medical trainees in the United States go through the matching process to get their residency assignment. There are some individual specialties and special circumstances that have their own version of the matching process, and these will be discussed in Chapter 15.
Factor and Correlation Analysis of Multivariate Environmental Data

In studies of the environment, many variables are measured to characterize the system. However, not all of the variables are independent of one another. Thus, it is essential to have mathematical techniques that permit the study of the simultaneous variation of multiple variables. One such analysis is based on examining the relationships between pairs of variables. This correlation analysis, however, does not provide a clear view of the multiple interactions in the data. Thus, various forms of eigenvector analysis are used to convert the correlation data into multivariate information. Factor analysis is the name given to one of the variety of forms of eigenvector analysis. It was originally developed and used in psychology to provide mathematical models of psychological theories of human ability and behavior.1 However, eigenvector analysis has found wide application throughout the physical and life sciences. Unfortunately, a great deal of confusion exists in the literature in regard to the terminology of eigenvector analysis. Various changes in the way the method is applied have resulted in it being called factor analysis, principal components analysis, principal components factor analysis, empirical orthogonal function analysis, Karhunen-Loeve transform, etc., depending on the way the data are scaled before analysis or how the resulting vectors are treated after the eigenvector analysis is completed.
China’s Global Reach: Prospects and Challenges

The United States’ arrival to the global economy during the 1900s ushered in a period of economic growth, market liberalization, and a political and economic assertiveness. Today, the United States...
A Low Glycemic Index Diet Slows Prostate Cancer Growth (P05-018-19)

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in older adults in the US. Moreover, they increase insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), which are implicated in tumor growth by increasing cell survival. Previously, we found low carbohydrate (LC) diets slow prostate cancer (PC) growth and increase survival vs. a Western diet (WD) in mice. However, long-term adherence to a LC diet can be difficult for cancer patients. Thus, we aimed to determine whether modifying carbohydrate quality without changing quantity could result in the same outcome as when quantity is reduced. Carbohydrate quality was based on a glycemic index (GI), which indicates how carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels. Low GI carbohydrates are absorbed more slowly and result in a lower and slower increase in glucose levels and insulin demand than high GI carbohydrates. We hypothesized that high carbohydrate intake but with a low GI would slow PC growth, by reducing insulin levels. A xenograft mice study compared the effect on PC growth of 3 diets: HiGI WD (48% carbohydrate: sucrose), HiGI LC (20% carbohydrate: sucrose), and LoGI WD (48% carbohydrate: amylose, amylopectin, maltodextrin). Male SCID mice were fed an ad lib HiGI WD. At day 14, they were injected with 5 × 10⁵ LAPC-4 cells. When tumors reached ∼200 mm³, mice were single-housed and randomized to their diets (n = 33/group). Mice were pair-fed to ensure all had the same weight throughout the study. Tumor volume and body weight were measured 2X per week. Body composition was determined by Echo-MRI. The outcomes of the study were tumor volume, survival, glucose, insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels, and tumor tissue analysis. LoGI WD mice had lower tumor volumes, insulin, IGF1, and IGF1: IGFBP3 ratio, and higher IGF-BP3 levels, than the other two groups. Blood glucose was similar across arms. Even though body weight was similar across arms, LoGI WD mice had lower body fat. In a meal tolerance test, glucose was higher in HiGI WD mice with comparable results between the other two diets. Feeding mice a low GI diet delayed PC growth and decreased serum insulin, IGF1 and IGF1: IGFBP3 ratios vs. a high GI diet. These data suggest carbohydrate quality is important for PC growth. Whether a low-carbohydrate and low GI diet would have additive benefits remains to be tested. American Institute for Cancer Research.
The “Native English Speaker” as Indigenous Replacement: California English Learner Classification Policies and Settler Grammar Expressions of Immigrant Nationhood

Though California’s English Learner (EL) policies were developed in response to civil rights struggles for language access and equal educational opportunity, they are also conditioned by the histor...
How COVID-19 Has Changed the Management of Glomerular Diseases.

A 26-year-old woman contacted our office asking for an urgent call back. She had a history of steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing minimal change disease, and calls like this usually meant her home dipsticks had turned positive. Instead, she reported that she had just tested positive for the
Neighborhood deprivation, prefrontal morphology and neurocognition in late childhood to early adolescence.

Abstract Background Neighborhood deprivation adversely effects neurodevelopment and cognitive function; however, mechanisms remain unexplored. Neighborhood deprivation could be particularly impactful in late childhood/early adolescence, in neural regions with protracted developmental trajectories, e.g., prefrontal cortex (PFC). Methods The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study recruited 10,205 youth. Geocoded residential history was used to extract individual neighborhood characteristics. A general cognitive ability index and MRI scans were completed. Associations with neurocognition were examined. The relation of PFC surface area and cortical thickness to neighborhood deprivation was tested. PFC subregions and asymmetry, with putative differential environmental susceptibility during key developmental periods, were explored. Analyses tested PFC area as a possible mediating mechanism. Results Neighborhood deprivation predicted neurocognitive performance (β ​= ​−0.11), even after accounting for parental education and household income (β ​= ​−0.07). Higher neighborhood deprivation related to greater overall PFC surface area (ηp2 ​= ​0.003), and differences in leftward asymmetry were observed for area (ηp2 ​= ​0.001), and thickness (ηp2 ​= ​0.003). Subregion analyses highlighted differences among critical areas that are actively developing in late childhood/early adolescence and are essential to modulating high order cognitive function. These included orbitofrontal, superior frontal, rostral middle frontal, and frontal pole regions (Cohen’s d ​= ​0.03–0.09). PFC surface area partially mediated the relation between neighborhood deprivation and neurocognition. Discussion Neighborhood deprivation related to cognitive function (a foundational skill tied to a range of lifetime outcomes) and PFC morphology, with evidence found for partial mediation of PFC on neurocognitive function. Results inform public health conceptualizations of development and environmental vulnerability.
Detoxification mechanisms of nickel sulfate in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract Nickel is the most prevailing metal allergen with the highest sensitization rate among the “TOP 25” contact allergens and can affect about 15% of the human population. It is an essential trace metal in plants, animals, and humans. However, the environmental levels of nickel are considerably higher than what is needed for human life. Exposure to high levels of nickel can lead to skin allergies, lung fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Few existing studies have closely examined the toxicity of nickel, let alone investigated the effective detoxification pathways. Here, we developed a high-throughput screening platform to comprehensively evaluate the nickel toxicity in wild-type C. elegans and explore the underlying detoxification mechanisms in transgenic nematodes. We demonstrated that nickel exerted multiple toxic effects on growth, brood size, feeding, and locomotion in C. elegans. Of which, brood size is the most sensitive endpoint. Nickel was found to first bind to phytochelatin (PC) after entering the worms’ body and this PC-Ni complex was further transported by the ABC transporter, CeHMT-1, into the coelomocytes for further detoxification. Our study also demonstrated that the high-throughput screening platform is a promising system for evaluation and investigation of the ecological risks of heavy metals.
Extraforaminal Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Nerve Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Objective Peripheral nerve stimulation provides targeted stimulation and pain relief within a specific nerve distribution. This technical case report provides a method to perform selective nerve root stimulation of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves using ultrasonography. Methods Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve stimulation of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves allows better visualization of soft tissue anatomy and planning of needle trajectory. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve stimulation procedures may provide a safer method for neurostimulation lead placement when compared with fluoroscopic-guided techniques.
The effect of injected dose on localized tumor accumulation and cardiac uptake of doxorubicin in a Vx2 rabbit tumor model using MR-HIFU mild hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes.

When doxorubicin (DOX) is administered via lyso-thermosensitive liposomes (LTLD), mild hyperthermia enhances localized delivery to heated vs. unheated tumors. The optimal LTLD dose and the impact o...
BoostMeUp: A Smartwatch App to Regulate Emotions and Improve Cognitive Performance

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in mobile applications and devices for emotion regulation. Examples include biofeedback devices and mobile applications that help users manage their stress [1][2]. These technologies are often designed to help users reflect on their past or current emotions or prompt users to perform specific tasks (e.g., deep breathing exercises). Despite the utility of these solutions, users are often unable to use them while performing certain tasks, such as during a job interview or public speech, since the technologies often require users to shift their attention away.
Utilizing a Model of Social Change to Examine and Foster Equitable, Democratic, and Mutually Beneficial Networked Community Partnerships

Establishing a networked framework of equitable, democratic, and mutually beneficial partnerships in campus–community collaboration is essential for promoting positive social change. Furthermore, the utilization of tools developed to assess both the network and the individual partnerships, with the purpose of improvement over time, is necessary, especially in the context of ever-changing circumstances. This article discusses a study that examined the efficacy of using a model of social change created by stakeholders at one institution as a lens for examining a range of initiatives aimed at producing positive and holistic impact in the community. Perceptions were analyzed using mixed methods and triangulation of both qualitative and quantitative data from faculty and community partners. Overall, the model was useful in the design and implementation of the assessment of both individual partnerships and the network of initiatives. Furthermore, the model’s components effectively guided participants in their reflection on how to strengthen their collaboration and enhance the future positive impact. *** Establecer un marco de trabajo en red de asociaciones equitativas, democraticas y mutuamente beneficiosas de colaboracion entre la universidad y la comunidad es esencial para promover un cambio social positivo. Ademas, es necesario utilizar herramientas creadas especificamente para evaluar tanto la red como las asociaciones individuales, con vistas a mejorar con el tiempo, especialmente en el contexto de circunstancias cambiantes. Este articulo analiza un estudio que examino la eficacia de uso de un modelo de cambio social creado por las partes interesadas de una institucion como lente para examinar una variedad de iniciativas destinadas a producir un impacto positivo y holistico en la comunidad. Las percepciones se analizaron utilizando metodos mixtos y triangulacion de datos tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos del profesorado y los socios comunitarios. En general, el modelo fue util en el diseno y la implementacion de la evaluacion tanto de las asociaciones individuales como de la red de iniciativas. Ademas, los componentes del modelo guiaron eficazmente a los participantes en su reflexion sobre como fortalecer su colaboracion y mejorar el impacto positivo futuro.
Mechanisms of tracer transport in cerebral perivascular spaces

Tracers infused into the brain appear to be transported along channels surrounding cerebral blood vessels. Bulk fluid flow has been hypothesized in paravascular "glymphatic" channels (outer space between the pial membrane and astrocyte endfeet), as well as in the periarterial space (inner space between smooth muscle cells). The plausibility of net flow in these channels due to steady and oscillatory pressures is reviewed, as is that of transport by oscillatory shear-enhanced dispersion in the absence of net flow. Models including 1D branching networks of annular channels and an expanded compartmental model for humans both predict that flow driven by physiologic steady pressure differences is unlikely in both periarterial and paraarterial spaces, whether the spaces are open or filled with porous media. One exception is that a small additional steady pressure difference could drive paraarterial flow if the space is open. The potential that the tracer injection itself could present such a pressure difference is outlined. Oscillatory (peristaltic) wall motion alone has been found to be insufficient to drive significant forward flow. However, a number of hypothesized mechanisms that have yet to be experimentally verified in the brain may create directional flow in combination with wall motion. Shear-augmented dispersion due to oscillatory pressure in channels with a range of porosity has been modeled analytically. Enhancement of axial dispersion is small for periarterial channels. In open paraarterial channels, dispersion enhancement with optimal lateral mixing is large enough that it may explain observed tracer transport without net forward fluid flow.
支配的异质性 [The Heterogeneity of Domination]

Chinese Abstract: 菲利普·佩蒂特“自由即无支配”的共和主义自由观预设了“支配”的特定性质。在他给出的三个条件中，各种形式的支配尽管强度与广度有别，其性质却完全相同。支配的这种“同质性”令佩蒂特得以将所有的支配案例等同于奴隶制，从而论证“支配”相对于“干预”的优先性。 但对比佩蒂特的支配定义与罗马法的支配定义，即可看出这种同质性假设是成问题的。以从罗马法中提炼出的“进入条件”与“退出条件”为基础，我们可以区分出两类相当异质的支配：作为选项的支配，与作为困境的支配。支配的这种异质性，动摇了“支配总是优先于干预”这一共和主义主张的有效性。 English Abstract: Philip Pettit’s republican conception of freedom as non-domination relies on an assumption about the nature of domination. All forms of domination defined in his three clauses are supposed to have the same nature, despite their variation in intensity and extent. The homogeneity of domination allows Pettit to equate all cases of domination with slavery, arguing for the priority of domination as such to interference. The homogeneity assumption is falsified, however, by contrasting Pettit’s definition of domination with its counterpart in the Roman law. Based on the entry condition and the exit condition explicated from the Roman law, we can distinguish between two, rather heterogeneous sorts of domination: domination as option, and domination as predicament. This heterogeneity of domination leads us to reconsider the validity of the republican claim that domination should always take precedence over interference.
Direct Axillary Artery Cannulation for Type A Dissection and Impact of Dissected Innominate Artery

Abstract Background This study seeks to assess the safety of direct axillary artery (AX) cannulation for acute type A dissection (ATAD) repair, including the impact of innominate artery dissection (IAD). Methods Of 281 consecutive patients who underwent ATAD repair from 2007 to 2020, preoperative computed tomography was available in 200 (IAD: N=101, non-IAD N=99). IAD with compromised true lumen was defined as dissection in which the false lumen was greater than 50% of the IA diameter (N=75/101). Results AX cannulation was attempted in 188 patients (94.0%), with a 1.6% vascular injury rate (3 patients; bypass to the distal AX: 2 patients, and local dissection: 1 patient). Most patients (89.5%) underwent hemiarch replacement using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for the distal repair. Right AX cannulation was used in 80.2% of patients with IAD and in 88.9% without IAD (p=0.075). Patients with IAD had more cerebral (21.8%vs. 5.1%, p=0.001) and arm malperfsion (11.9% vs.4.0%, p=0.075). Operative mortality and stroke were comparable between Non-IAD and IAD groups (8.1% vs. 7.9%, p=1.00 and 4.0% vs. 5.3%, p=0.689). The right AX was successfully used in 77.3% of IAD patients having a compromised true lumen, with comparable hospital outcomes to non-compromised IAD patients. Upper extremity malperfusion, multi-organ malperfusion, low ejection fraction, and female gender were predictors for non-right AX cannulation. Conclusions Routine direct AX cannulation strategy is safe in ATAD repair. Right AX cannulation can be used in most patients with IAD, even with a compromised true lumen, with low mortality, stroke and vascular injury rates.
Nanoparticle Delivery of STAT3 Alleviates Pulmonary Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication in patients with alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV), a severe congenital disorder associated...