cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Data Structures: Balanced Search Trees

In the previous chapter, we discussed search trees, giving find, insert, and delete methods, whose complexity is bounded by O(h) , where h is the height of the tree, that is, the maximum length of any path from the root to a leaf. But the height can be as large as n ; in fact, a linear list can be a correct search tree, but it is very inefficient. The key to the usefulness of search trees is to keep them balanced, that is, to keep the height bounded by O (log n ) instead of O(n) . This fundamental insight, together with the first method that achieved it, is due to Adel'son-Vel'skiĭ and Landis (1962), who in their seminal paper invented the height-balanced tree, now frequently called AVL tree. The height-balanced tree achieves a height bound h ≤ 1.44 log n + O (1). Because any tree with n leaves has height at least log n , this is already quite good. There are many other methods that achieve similar bounds, which we will discuss in this chapter. Height-Balanced Trees A tree is height-balanced if, in each interior node, the height of the right subtree and the height of the left subtree differ by at most 1. This is the oldest balance criterion for trees, introduced and analyzed by G.M. Adel'son-Vel'skiĭ and E.M. Landis (1962), and still the most popular variant of balanced search trees (AVL trees). A height-balanced tree has necessarily small height.
The modulation effect of longitudinal acupuncture on resting state functional connectivity in knee osteoarthritis patients

Recent advances in brain imaging have contributed to our understanding of the neural activity associated with acu‑ puncture treatment. In this study, we investigated functional connectivity across longitudinal acupuncture treatments in older patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Over a period of 4 weeks (six treatments), we collected resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans from 30 patients before and after their first, third and sixth treat ‑ ments. Clinical outcome showed a significantly greater pain subscore on the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) (indicative of improvement) with verum acupuncture than with sham acupuncture. Independent com‑ ponent analysis (ICA) of the resting state fMRI data showed that the right frontoparietal network (rFPN) and the execu‑ tive control network (ECN) showed enhanced functional connectivity (FC) with the rostral anterior cingulate cortex/ medial prefrontal cortex, a key region in the descending pain modulatory system, in the verum groups as compared to the sham group after treatments. We also found that the rFPN connectivity with the left insula is (1) significantly associated with changes in KOOS pain score after treatments, and (2) significantly enhanced after verum acupuncture treatments as compared to sham treatment. Analysis of the acupuncture needle stimulation scan showed that com‑ pared with sham treatment, verum acupuncture activated the left operculum/insula, which also overlaps with findings observed in resting state analysis. Our results suggest that acupuncture may achieve its therapeutic effect on knee OA pain by modulating functional connectivity between the rFPN, ECN and the descending pain modulatory pathway.
Cute Masquerade and the Pimping of Japan

This essay will consider gendered aspects of Cool Japan ideology as found in government-sponsored texts and imagery, as well as in other interna- tional arenas. Although scholars have recently offered critiques of Cool Japan as a form of nationalistic nation branding, uses of an objectified femininity have rarely been included in these analyses. By displacing female innovations and creativity in cultural production to the margins, Cool Japan reifies and officially promotes male geek culture. We find general dematerialization of the producers of Cool Japan ideology, which in turn becomes characterized as creative, quirky, edgy, and benign, thus masking the way Cool Japan has been produced, cri- tiqued, imagined and endorsed primarily by male elites in Japan and internation- ally. This discussion suggests that Cool Japan's otaku ethos does not include women and girls who fail to conform to a narrow model of cute femininity, thus maintaining and promoting structures of gender stratification. In addition, the global spread and government exploitation of uncomplicated cuteness (kawaii) often confounds a flat understanding of the aesthetic with a gendered perspec- tive and its expressions in girl culture. Women and girls are contained in Cool Japan ideology, and are not usually represented as shaping, resisting, creating or critiquing Japanese popular culture. ijjs_1145 18..29
Partial matching between surfaces using fréchet distance

Computing the Frechet distance for surfaces is a surprisingly hard problem. We introduce a partial variant of the Frechet distance problem, which for given surfaces P and Q asks to compute a surface R⊆Q with minimum Frechet distance to P. Like the Frechet distance, the partial Frechet distance is NP-hard to compute between terrains and also between polygons with holes. We restrict P, Q, and R to be coplanar simple polygons. For this restricted class of surfaces, we develop a polynomial time algorithm to compute the partial Frechet distance and show that such an R⊆Q can be computed in polynomial time as well. This is the first algorithm to address a partial Frechet distance problem for surfaces and extends Buchin et al.'s algorithm for computing the Frechet distance between simple polygons.
Pediatric renal abscesses: A contemporary series

Summary Introduction Pediatric renal abscesses are an uncommon diagnosis, with a paucity of data comparing treatment modalities. Patient presentation ranges from persistent dull flank/abdominal pain with or without fevers, to those who are overtly ill, presenting with hemodynamic instability and bacteremia. Management for pediatric renal abscesses is typically based on results extrapolated from small series in adult cohorts, with conservative measures recommended when the lesion is Objective This study evaluated the presentation, management and outcomes of a contemporary cohort of pediatric patients with renal abscesses. Study design A total of 16 consecutive pediatric patients with radiologically diagnosed intra-renal or peri-nephric abscesses from 1990 to 2012 were identified. Patients were identified by querying institutional records via ICD-9 and CPT codes referencing renal abscess. Charts were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate multiple clinical variables, including: presenting symptoms, size of abscess, management strategy and clinical outcomes. Clinical resolution was confirmed via repeat ultrasound or computed tomography. Results The median age at presentation was 13 years (range 1 month–18 years) and 13/16 patients (81%) were female. Abscess formation was secondary to: urinary tract infection in 13 (81%); hematogenous seeding from a skin infection in one (6%); and an unknown etiology in two (12%) patients. The most common organism identified on urine culture was Escherichia coli (10, 77%). Hematogenous seeding was confirmed in only one case, with Staphylococcus aureus growing on culture from both a cutaneous lesion and percutaneous drainage of the renal lesion. Overall, abscesses were a median of 2.2 cm (IQR 2, 3.7), with 13 (81%) successfully managed with conservative therapy, including intravenous antibiotics, with resolution on repeat imaging at a median of 21 days (range 6–55). For patients presenting with abscesses ≤3 cm, conservative measures were employed in 10/11 cases, with 100% success rate. Three patients had larger abscesses (3.8, 4, and 10 cm), which resolved after treatment with percutaneous drainage. A voiding cystourethrogram was performed in 10 patients, with two (20%) detecting an abnormality (low-grade vesicoureteral reflux, which required no further intervention). Conclusions Pediatric renal abscesses were most commonly small and secondary to an E. coli UTI. Most small (≤3 cm) renal abscesses resolved with conservative management. Percutaneous drainage should be considered for lesions >3 cm and in patients who remain persistently febrile, despite culture-specific antibiotics, are immunocompromised or critically ill. Download : Download high-res image (172KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Representative image of a pediatric renal abscess on computed tomography with intravenous contrast.
Foggy image enhancement based on Principal Component Analysis

Foggy image enhancement is an important branch of digital image processing, which significantly benefits traffic and outdoor visual systems. To overcome the shortcomings of the existing foggy image enhancement algorithms, we have developed a method that combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multi-Scale Retinex (MSR) and Global Histogram Equalization (GHE). Initially, a PCA transform is applied to the foggy image to split the input image into a luminance and two chrominance components. In the second step, the luminance and the chrominance components are individually enhanced by MSR and GHE, respectively. In the final stage, an inverse PCA is applied to combine the results of the three channels into a new RGB image. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively be used to remove the image degradation captured in foggy weather and enhance the sharpness of the image.
Renal-Portal Vein Shunt for Renal Failure After Left Renal Vein Ligation in Children: Review

AbstractPurpose: Interruption of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein in the patient with a solitary left kidney without permanent renal damage has been reported in the past. We assess the risks of similar venous interruption in children and establish guidelines for the management of those cases when collateral drainage of the kidney is uncertain.Materials and Methods: We compared our case with a review of all previous reports in the literature concerning ligation of the vena cava and left renal vein in patients with a solitary left kidney.Results: Ligation of the left renal vein in an isolated left kidney in children has been shown to carry the risk of significant renal damage. Renal-portal vein shunt provided adequate drainage of the left kidney after inferior vena caval ligation in our case.Conclusions: While there have been reported cases of successful inferior vena caval or left renal vein ligation in the isolated left kidney with good renal function, adequate renal drainage should be establish...
Sequence Dependence of BNIP3 Transmembrane Domain Dimerization Implicates Side-chain Hydrogen Bonding and a Tandem GxxxG Motif in Specific Helix–Helix Interactions

The transmembrane domain of the pro-apoptotic protein BNIP3 self-associates strongly in membranes and in detergents. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to analyze the sequence dependence of BNIP3 transmembrane domain dimerization, from which we infer the physical basis for strong and specific helix-helix interactions in this system. Hydrophobic substitutions identify six residues as critical to dimerization, and the pattern of sensitive residues suggests that the BNIP3 helices interact at a right-handed crossing angle. Based on the dimerization propensities of single point mutants, we propose that: polar residues His173 and Ser172 make inter-monomer hydrogen bonds to one another through their side-chains; Ala176, Gly180, and Gly184 form a tandem GxxxG motif that allows close approach of the helices; and Ile183 makes inter-monomer van der Waals contacts. Since neither the tandem GxxxG motif nor the hydrogen bonding pair is sufficient to drive dimerization, our results demonstrate the importance of sequence context for either hydrogen bonding or GxxxG motif involvement in BNIP3 transmembrane helix-helix interactions. In this study, hydrophobic substitutions away from the six interfacial positions have almost no effect on dimerization, confirming the expectation that hydrophobic replacements affect helix-helix interactions only if they interfere with packing or hydrogen bonding by interfacial residues. However, changes to slightly polar residues are somewhat disruptive even when located away from the interface, and the degree of disruption correlates with the decrease in hydrophobicity. Changing the hydrophobicity of the BNIP3 transmembrane domain alters its helicity and protection of its backbone amides. We suggest that polar substitutions decrease the fraction of dimer by stabilizing an unfolded monomeric state of the transmembrane span, rather than by affecting helix-helix interactions. This result has broad implications for interpreting the sequence dependence of membrane protein stability in detergents.
Exact determination of the magnification factor for target lesions in a stereotactic frame.

An exact formula used for determination of the magnification of the target using the conventional stereotactic biplane radiographic imaging has been derived for the stereotactic frame.
Reduction and oxidation of the Arachno clusters Fe2(CO)6(μ-S)2PtL2: Characterization of distinct one-and two-electron transfer sites in heteropolynuclear compounds

The reduction and oxidation properties of the arachno-heteropolynuclear metal clusters Fe2(CO)6(μ3-S)2PtL2, where L2 = bipyridine (1), phenanthroline (2), diphenylphosphinoethane (3), diphenylphosphinoferrocene (4), or cyclooctadiene (5), have been examined by electrochemistry, IR spectroscopy, and ESR spectroscopy. An electron-transfer series involving up to five electrons is observed. The common characteristics are a fully reversible one-electron oxidation process to a monocation (in the range 0.13−0.38 V vs ferrocene) and a chemically reversible but electrochemically quasi-reversible two-electron reduction process (range −1.9 to −2.4 V). Complexes 1 and 2 also display a fully reversible one-electron reduction at a potential less negative (ca. −1.8 V) than the subsequent two-electron reduction. The LUMOs of 1 and 2 are predicted by EHMO calculations to be primarily π*-diimine based. Spectral data from the monoanions 1- and 2- are consistent with this orbital assignment: very small shifts of the metal−c...
Identification and characterization of a novel Drosophila melanogaster glutathione S-transferase-containing FLYWCH zinc finger protein

Glutathione SH-transferase (GST) is a 25-kDa protein and a member of a large family that plays a critical role in the cellular homeostasis of all organisms. In this report, we describe a novel GST-containing protein identified and cloned from Drosophila. This 1045 amino acid protein possesses a zinc finger domain with a tandem array of four FLYWCH zinc finger motifs at its N-terminus and a C-terminal domain that shares a 46% homology with GST. The gene maps to chromosome 3 at position 84C6. Further characterization of this protein shows that it localizes to the cytoplasm of fly cells and is expressed through all stages of fly embryonic development. It binds to glutathione-S agarose beads in vitro. These results indicate that this new protein belongs to the GST family, thus named a Drosophila GST-containing FLYWCH zinc finger protein (dGFZF).
"Too much knowledge of the other world": Women and nineteenth-century Irish folktales

The IRISH literary revival of the 1880s and 90s, also known as the Irish Renaissance or Celtic Twilight, was largely inspired by an interest in folklore. While the best known Irish folklore collections remain those by key figures in this movement such as Douglas Hyde, W. B. Yeats, and Lady Augusta Gregory, the popular appetite for Irish folklore had in fact been strong throughout the nineteenth century. This essay examines Thomas Crofton Croker's Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland ( 1825), the first collection of Irish folktales, and Jeremiah Curtin's Tales of the Fairies and of the Ghost World: Collected from Oral Tradition in Southwest Munster (1895). Both collections draw their material from the same region and focus on tales of personal experience with the supernatural, rather than on heroic legends or wonder tales. Yet their representations of women, and particularly of female storytellers, contrast sharply. The differences in their methodology and style, as well as in the content of the tales, reflect not only the quirks of the individual collectors but also the dramatic social changes in rural Irish life after the Great Famine of 1845 to 49. Curtin 's tales illustrate a marked increase in conflict between the sexes, a phenomenon that historians such as Hasia Diner have attributed to the decline of marriage, the greater economic independence of women, and their tendency to emigrate alone or in all-female groups in the late nineteenth century. Whereas Croker treats female storytellers with an easygoing acceptance and respect, Curtin explicitly declares his bias against them; indeed, his dismissal of women's storytelling skills reinforces a prevailing motif in the tales he selects : that of women who are f orceably silenced. Moreover, the supernatural women in Curtin's collection fairy abductees or ghosts are remarkably vengeful and violent. Tracing the representation of female storytellers and of women's supernatural experiences in specific tales from each collection, I argue that Curtin's tales encode intense social anxieties about marriage and the radical shift in women's roles in nineteenth-century rural Ireland. Before examining each collection, however, I will briefly consider the role of women in Irish oral tradition, an issue Clodagh Brennan Harvey has described as "anything but clear" {Contemporary Irish 12). Harvey concedes that women most likely "participated less in the storytelling tradition than men," citing their "preoccupation ... with their domestic responsibilities," which "limitfed] their opportunities to hear and to learn new tales, and thus to participate more actively in the tradition" (12). At the same time, she suggests that women's storytelling is simply less well documented. Because "men and women usually went visiting
Variable bandwidth broadcasting protocol for video-on-demand

We present the first broadcasting protocol that can alter the number of channels allocated to a given video without inconveniencing the viewer and without causing any temporary bandwidth surge. Our variable bandwidth broadcasting (VBB) protocol assigns to each video a minimum number of channels whose bandwidths are all equal to the video consumption rate. Additional channels can be assigned to the video at any time to reduce the customer waiting time or retaken to free server bandwidth. The cost of this additional flexibility is quite reasonable as the bandwidth requirements of our VBB fall between those of the fast broadcasting protocol and the new pagoda broadcasting protocol.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ferredoxin and ribosomal protein S10 are encoded on the cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa.

Abstract The petF and rsp10 genes of the cyanellar genome of the taxonomically ambiguous flagellate Cyanophora paradoxa have been cloned, mapped, and sequenced. In higher plants these genes are not encoded in the chloroplast DNA, but are encoded in the nucleus. The C. paradoxa petF gene predicts a protein of 99 amino acids (aa) which is more similar to type-I ferredoxins of diverse cyanobacteria than to those of green algae, dinoflagellates, and higher plants. The rsp10 gene ( rpsJ ) predicts a protein of 105 aa which is about 50% identical and 71% homologous to the proteins of Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma capricolum . The results are discussed within the context of the endosymbiotic origins of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria.
Prediction of the secondary and tertiary structure of plastocyanin.

Abstract The amino acid sequences of nine plastocyanins were examined using four published methods for the prediction of secondary structure in proteins. The results of the four methods were combined in such a way as to maximize agreement, and the position of α helices, β sheets, and β turns in plastocyanin was predicted. From this result and other information, such as the position of conserved residues and the requirements for coordination of copper, a preliminary model for the mainchain folding of the molecule was presented.
POINCARÉ ALGEBRA AND SOLITON ENERGY IN KINK FIELD THEORY

We analyze the behaviour of kink soliton Lorentz transformations. We show that for consistency with the Poincare algebra we have to use a regularization prescription, which is different from the one used by Dashen, Hasslacher and Neveu, for calculating the soliton energy.
3-Methylcholanthrene elicits DNA adduct formation in the CYP1A1 promoter region and attenuates reporter gene expression in rat H4IIE cells.

Abstract Cytochrome CYP1A (CYP1A) enzymes catalyze bioactivation of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) to genotoxic metabolites. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CYP1A2 catalyzes formation of MC-DNA adducts that are preferentially formed in the promoter region of CYP1A1, resulting in modulation of CYP1A1 gene expression. MC bound covalently to plasmid DNA (50 μg) containing human CYP1A1 promoter (pGL3-1A1), when incubated with wild-type (WT) liver microsomes (2 mg) and NAPPH 37 °C for 2 h, giving rise to 9 adducts, as determined by 32P-postlabeling. Eighty percent of adducts was located in the promoter region. Transient transfection of the adducted plasmids into rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells for 16 h, followed by MC (1 μM) treatment for 24 h inhibited reporter (luciferase) gene expression by 75%, compared to unadducted controls. Our results suggest that CYP1A2 plays a key role in sequence-specific MC-DNA adduct formation in the CYP1A1 promoter region, leading to attenuation of CYP1A1 gene expression.
An Interphase Model for Retention in Liquid Chromatography

An interphase model for retention is appropriate for biphasic systems in which one phase (the mobile phase) modifies the properties of the other phase through absorption of mobile phase components. This is typical of liquid chromatography, where separation occurs by the distribution of sample components between a bulk mobile phase and an interphase region in intimate contact with the mobile phase. This has profound implications for the interpretation of retention mechanisms since the properties of the stationary phase are those of the interphase region, which can be quite different to those known or perceived for the nonsolvated stationary phase. For reversed-phase chromatography, it is shown that retention properties can be adequately described by the solvation parameter model and visualized as a function of the bulk mobile phase composition by system maps. For normal-phase chromatography, a modified approach is required for inorganic oxide adsorbents to accommodate site-specific interactions (localization of sample and/or mobile phase components) on high energy adsorption sites within the interphase region. This is achieved using a competition model approach to separate out the contributions of solvent and solute interactions with the adsorbent surface and the solvation parameter model to provide insight into the relative importance of various intermolecular interactions on retention and selectivity. The above discussion is set within the framework of thin-layer chromatography although the conclusions are general and equally applicable to column liquid chromatography.
Determination of uranium equilibrium in rocks using α and fission fragment radiography

A technique for the determination of uranium-daughter product equilibrium in polished sections of rocks by combining alpha and fission fragment radiography was developed. The procedure consists of placing an uncovered rock section in contact with, first, an alpha -sensitive emulsion to record the alpha -particle emission from uranium and its eight alpha -emitting daughter products, and second, an emulsion sensitive to fission fragments (but not alpha -particles) to record the tracks of fission fragments produced from U/ sup 235/ when the slide is bombarded with thermal neutrons. A sample with approximately 100 ppm of uranium in equilibrium emits about 570 alpha -tracks/cm/ sup 2/ per day in an autoradiograph, and about 10,000 fission fragment tracks/cm/ sup 2/ per hr, when exposed to a neutron flux of 2.25 x 10/sup 10/ neutrons/cm/ sup 2/ per sec. A sample deficient in uranium daughter products will release relatively more fission fragment tracks than alpha -tracks, and the opposite is true if the sample has a deficiency of uranium with respect to daughter products. The technique is non-destructive, applicable on a micro scale, and suitable for use on samples having uranium contents as low as 10 ppm. (auth)
The diagnostic and prognostic utility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography‐based follow‐up after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer

BACKGROUND: The detection of subclinical head and neck cancer recurrence or a second primary tumor may improve survival. In the current study, the authors investigated the clinical value of a follow-up program incorporating serial 18F‒fluorodeoxyglucose‒positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography (PET/CT) in the detection of recurrent disease in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS: A total of 240 PET/CT scans were reviewed in 80 patients with head and neck cancer who were treated with radiotherapy (RT) from July, 2005 through August, 2007. All patients were followed with clinical examination, PET/CT, and correlative imaging for a minimum of 11 months (median follow‒up, 21 months). RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of PET/CT-based follow-up for detecting locoregional recurrence were 92%, 82%, 42%, and 98%, respectively. Corresponding values for distant metastases or second primary tumors were 93%, 96%, 81%, and 98%, respectively. Eight patients (10%) developed disease recurrences or second primary tumors that were amenable to salvage surgery with negative surgical margins. The 2-year progression-free survival and 2-year overall survival rates were significantly different between patients who had a negative and those with a positive PET/CT result within 6 months of the completion of RT (93% vs 30% [P<.001] and 100% vs 32% [P<.001], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although post-therapy follow-up using PET/CT is reportedly associated with a high false-positive rate in the irradiated head and neck, PET/CT appears to be a highly sensitive technique for the detection of recurrent disease. Furthermore, negative PET/CT results within 6 months of the completion of RT offer significant prognostic value. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Is There a Doctor in the House? . . . Or the Senate?: Physicians in US Congress, 1960-2004

ContextThe legislative and fiscal influences of Congress, as well as the continuing overall growth in health care spending as a portion of the gross domestic product, make congressional representation by physicians important because physicians have unique expertise in the impact of legislation on patient care and medical practice.ObjectivesTo describe physician representation in the US Congress between 1960 and 2004 and relate the results to past representation of physicians in Congress.Design and SettingA retrospective observational study of members of the US Congress from all 50 states and all represented territories, who served from January 1960 to April 2004 (including 108th Congress), using data available in public access databases and congressional biographical records.Main Outcome MeasuresPhysician representation in Congress, including occupation before taking office, state/territory of representation, sex, party affiliation, and time served.ResultsDuring the past 44 years, 25 (1.1%) of 2196 members of Congress were physicians. Physicians in Congress were more likely to be members of the Republican Party (60% vs 45.1% of all members, P = .007) and were similar to other members of Congress in mean years of service (9.2 years for physicians vs 12.3 years for all members, P = .09) and in sex distribution (4.0% female physicians vs 6.8% all female members, P = .57). Physicians in Congress represented 17 states, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.ConclusionsPhysician representation in Congress is low and is in stark contrast with physician roles during the first century of the United States. However, the 8 physicians currently serving in Congress may be indicative of a shift toward more direct influence of physicians in national politics.
The historic antecedents to the current polemics on involuntary psychiatric hospitalization.

Abstract The problem of involuntary psychiatric hospitalization (civil commitment) continues to be divisive and is characterized by an ongoing tension and polemics between those who lay stress on individual liberty and those whose human rights' concerns are in the direction of a paternalistic care for the mentally impaired. This paper reviews in a historical way five areas of acrimony dealing with involuntary psychiatric hospitalization, namely: the standards (who gets committed), the process (who gets to do the committing), the issues of due process and appeal, the right to treatment, and the right to refuse treatment when hospitalized involuntarily. The paper emphasizes that the current problems in the United States and Great Britain have been, to a significant degree, faced and resolved in the historical past.
Some Observations on Geological Structures in Eastern Nevada: ABSTRACT

The White Pine Range of east-central Nevada consists of a central dome of Lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and a small granodiorite intrusive, surrounded by sedimentary rocks of Devonian and Carboniferous age. The dome is bounded by arcuate normal faults with maximum vertical displacements of 15,000-18,000 feet. The evidence suggests that the dome has been pushed up, as a unit, into the younger rocks. The principal structures within the Upper Paleozoic rocks of the Range are folds and thrust faults. At least part of the folding occurred during Eocene time. No evidence of folding of these rocks during the down-warping of the Cordilleran geosyncline was recognized, although any structural traps of that era would be most desirable. Contained in these Upper Paleozoic rocks is a thick section of the Middle Mississippian White Pine formation, which, although there are rapid facies changes, often contains a considerable thickness of black carbonaceous shales. This formation is general throughout eastern Nevada and could well be a source rock for petroleum providing the structure and surrounding rocks furnish favorable reservoirs. Other observed areas throughout eastern Nevada have structures generally similar to those within the White Pine district. That is, the rocks are folded and the folds are broken by thrust faults. The thrust faults vary from minor breaks with a few feet of displacement to displacements of several or even tens of miles. The mountain ranges generally furnish some evidence of being bounded by a series of normal faults and there are commonly many normal faults within the ranges. The presence of volcanic flows need not discourage oil exploration as these have flowed many miles from the source. However, the intrusive rocks, including the dike feeders of lava flows, have altered and metamorphosed the surrounding rocks. The Upper Paleozoic rocks are probably the only potential source rocks for petroleum in eastern Nevada, although the Ordovician graptolite shales of central Nevada undoubtedly warrant examination, as well as the Triassic marine shales of southern Nevada. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2063------------
High performance computing for energy efficient buildings

Commercial buildings are the largest single consumer of energy in the United States. Energy efficient buildings will have a significant impact on overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings being multi-scale, multi-physics, highly uncertain dynamic systems, its energy efficiency is directly linked with the design and control of various systems in buildings. Achieving substantial levels of energy savings over the life-time of a building require not only the state-of-the-art hardware technology but also a thorough computational framework which includes mathematical algorithms, computational science methodologies and computer tools targeted for rapid analysis, optimization and control. Direct application of high fidelity simulation models to problems of optimal design and control is not feasible. Thus, reduced-order models are often developed for an efficient design and control. In this study, we present the application of high performance computing tools to perform high fidelity flow simulations in a typical room which serves as a basic unit in a building. Using a large data set of the flow and temperature field distributed among various processors, we compute optimal basis functions in parallel. These basis functions are used in developing reduced-order models of complex systems for control and optimization purposes.
Differences in end-range lumbar flexion during slumped sitting and forward bending between low back pain subgroups and genders

Patterns of lumbar posture and motion are associated with low back pain (LBP). Research suggests LBP subgroups demonstrate different patterns during common tasks. This study assessed differences in end-range lumbar flexion during two tasks between two LBP subgroups classified according to the Movement System Impairment model. Additionally, the impact of gender differences on subgroup differences was assessed. Kinematic data were collected. Subjects in the Rotation (Rot) and Rotation with Extension (RotExt) LBP subgroups were asked to sit slumped and bend forward from standing. Lumbar end-range flexion was calculated. Subjects reported symptom behaviour during each test. Compared to the RotExt subgroup, the Rot subgroup demonstrated greater end-range lumbar flexion during slumped sitting and a trend towards greater end-range lumbar flexion with forward bending. Compared to females, males demonstrated greater end-range lumbar flexion during slumped sitting and forward bending. A greater proportion of people in the Rot subgroup reported symptoms with each test compared to the RotExt subgroup. Males and females were equally likely to report symptoms with each test. Gender differences were not responsible for LBP subgroup differences. Subgrouping people with LBP provides insight into differences in lumbar motion within the LBP population. Results suggesting potential consistent differences across flexion-related tasks support the presence of stereotypical movement patterns that are related to LBP.
Sex steroids and prostate carcinogenesis: integrated, multifactorial working hypothesis.

Androgens are thought to cause prostate cancer, but there is little epidemiological support for this notion. Animal studies, however, demonstrate that androgens are very strong tumor promotors for prostate carcinogenesis after tumor-initiating events. Even treatment with low doses of testosterone alone can induce prostate cancer in rodents. Because testosterone can be converted to estradiol-17β by the enzyme aromatase, expressed in human and rodent prostate, estrogen may be involved in prostate cancer induction by testosterone. When estradiol is added to testosterone treatment of rats, prostate cancer incidence is markedly increased and even a short course of estrogen treatment results in a high incidence of prostate cancer. The active testosterone metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone cannot be aromatized to estrogen and hardly induces prostate cancer, supporting a critical role of estrogen in prostate carcinogenesis. Estrogen receptors are expressed in the prostate and may mediate some or all of the effects of estrogen. However, there is also evidence that in the rodent and human prostate conversion occurs of estrogens to catecholestrogens. These can be converted to reactive intermediates that can adduct to DNA and cause generation of reactive oxygen species, and thus estradiol can be a weak DNA damaging (genotoxic) carcinogen. In the rat prostate DNA damage can result from estrogen treatment; this occurs prior to cancer development and at exactly the same location. Inflammation may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but no environmental carcinogenic risk factors have been definitively identified. We postulate that endogenous factors present in every man, sex steroids, are responsible for the high prevalence of prostate cancer in aging men, androgens acting as strong tumor promoters in the presence of a weak, but continuously present genotoxic carcinogen, estradiol-17β.
Rotational and vibrational spectra, conformational stability, potential functions and ab initio calculations of methacryloyl chloride

Abstract The microwave spectrum of CH 2 C(CH 3 )C 35 ClO has been recorded from 12.4 to 39.0 GHz. Both a - and b -type transitions were observed and an R -branch assignment has been made for the s-trans conformer. The rotational constants were found to have the following values: A =4785.13±0.06, B =2248.74±0.01, and C =1551.54±0.01 MHz. From a diagnostic least-squares adjustment to fit the three rotational constants, and with reasonable carbon—hydrogen bond distances and angles, the following heavy atom skeletal structural parameters were obtained: r (CCl)=1.792±0.008 A, r (CO) = 1.191 (fixed), r (CCH 3 ) = 1.509 (fixed), r (CCClO) = 1.492±0.007 A, r (CC) = 1.342 (fixed), ∠ CCCl = 116.1±1.1°, ∠ CCCClO = 122.7 (fixed), 3 = 123.9 (fixed), and ∠ CCO = 123.9±1.5°. The quadrupole coupling constants for the s-trans conformer have the following values: χ aa = −44.9, χ bb = 20.4, and χ cc = 24.5 MHz. The infrared (IR) (3500-20 cm −1 ) and Raman spectra (3500-10 cm −1 ) have been recorded for both the gaseous and solid phases of methacryloyl chloride. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis of a more stable s-trans and high-energy s-cis conformational equilibrium for the fluid phases. The potential functions governing internal rotation of both the CClO and CH 3 tops have been determined from the far-IR spectrum of the gas. The asymmetric potential function, conformational energy difference, and optimized geometries have also been obtained from ab initio calculations at both the 3–21G* and 6–31G* basis-set levels. A normal-coordinate analysis has also been performed with a force field determined from the 3–21G* basis set. All of these results are compared to corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Injection current calibration of diode laser wavelengths

Abstract When performing precision spectroscopy experiments, it is often necessary to incorporate a stabilized, high finesse Fabry-Perot etalon to provide frequency markers. We show that when the experiments use diode lasers, this technique can be replaced by precision measurements of the laser injection current. We examine the relationship between injection current and optical frequency for three TJS single-mode AlGaAs diode lasers and show that, to the limit of our measurement accuracy, the relationship is linear. By using the hyperfine structure of the D 2 line of cesium as our frequency reference, we are able to determine optical frequencies inside a 9.4 GHz range to within a few MHz; furthermore, we show that we can extrapolate this calibration several GHz beyond the calibration range. This optical frequency-calibration technique is very simple to implement and should be widely applicable.
WOCE Ocean Surface Layer Group

The initial meeting of a U.S. working group to consider the surface layers of the ocean and their role in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was held January 25, 1985, at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) in La Jolla, Calif., under the auspices of the U.S. WOCE Science Steering Committee. Present were A. Bennett (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sydney, Canada), F. Bretherton (National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colo.), C. Collins (National Science Foundation (NSF), Washington, D.C.), R. Davis (SIO), R. deSzoeke (Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis), D. Halpern (University of Washington, Seattle), W. Large (NCAR), J . Luyten (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, Mass.), J. McWilliams, (NCAR), W. Nowlin (Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex.), C. Paulson (OSU), C. Rooth (Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, Fla.), R. Weiss (SIO), R. Weller (WHOI), W. White (SIO), and C. Wunsch (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.).
The Comparative Values of Certain Mediums for the Isolation of Bovine Tubercle Bacilli

sary to attempt to culture the specific micro-organism from bovine tissues. Since many tubes of medium were to be used, it was felt that a medium would be suitable if it could be readily prepared as well as support good growth. Because the problem involved the isolation of tubercle bacilli directly from naturally affected bovine tissues, it was thought desirable to evaluate the various mediums used with so-called wild or previously uncultured strains. Most laboratory strains of bovine tubercle bacilli are cultured without difficulty. Comparisons of culture mediums based on the use of so-called stock cultures that have been accustomed to an artificial environment may not give a true pictur of the worth of a medium for the isolation of tubercle bacilli directly from naturally infected tissues or fluids.
Ultrawideband, wide-open RF spectrum analysis using spectral hole burning

We propose performing ultrawideband RF spectrum analysis using spectral-hole-burning (SHB) crystals, which are crystal hosts lightly doped with rare earth ions such as Tm 3+ or Er 3+ . Cooling SHB crystals to cryogenic temperatures suppresses phonon broadening, narrowing the ions' homogeneous linewidths to <100 kHz; local inhomogeneities in the crystal lattice shift the individual ionic resonances such that they're distributed over a bandwidth of 20 GHz or in some structurally disordered crystals to up to 200 GHz. Illuminating an SHB crystal with a beam modulated with multiple RF sidebands digs spectral holes in the crystal's absorption profile that persist for the excited state lifetime, about 10 ms. The spectral holes are a negative image of the modulated beam's spectrum. We can determine the location of these spectral holes by probing the crystal with a chirped laser and measuring the transmitted intensity. The transmitted intensity is the double-sideband spectrum of the original illumination blurred by a 100 kHz Lorentzian and mapped into a time-varying signal. Scaling the time series associated with the transmitted intensity by the instantaneous chirp rate yields the spectrum of the original illumination. Postprocessing algorithms undo distortion due to swept laser nonuniformities and ringing induced by fast chirp beams, eliminating the need for long dwell times to resolve narrow spectral features. Because the read and write processes occur simultaneously, SHB spectrum analyzers can operate with unity probability of intercept over a bandwidth limited only by the inhomogeneous linewidth. These capabilities make SHB spectrum analyzers attractive alternates to other approaches to wideband spectrum analysis.
Non-linear smoothing algorithm for multi-dimensional dynamic systems

A new sub-optimum smoothing algorithm is presented for multi-dimensional dynamic systems. This algorithm is based upon quantization, multiple hypothesis testing, and the Viterbi decoding algorithm. The estimation of state vectors is carried out sequentially, component-by-component, and in parallel. A considerable memory reduction is achieved for state estimation implementation with the proposed algorithm. Simulation results, some of which are presented, show that the sub-optimum algorithm performs better than the extended Kalman filter algorithm for some non-linear multi-dimensional models with white gaussian disturbance and observation noises. In addition, the performance of the sub-optimum algorithm is almost as good as the Kalman filter algorithm for linear multi-dimensional models with white gaussian noise.
Infrared lidars for atmospheric remote sensing

Lidars using pulsed TEA-CO2 transmitters and coherent receivers have been developed at JPL and used to measure atmospheric backscatter and extinction at wavelengths in the 9-11 micron region. The global winds measurement application of coherent Doppler lidar requires intensive study of the global climatology of aerosol and cloud backscatter and extinction. An airborne lidar was recently flown on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft for operation during two Pacific circumnavigation missions. The instrument characteristics, as well as representative measurement results, are discussed.
C−H Oxidative Addition to a (PNP)Ir Center and Ligand-Induced Reversal of Benzyl/Aryl Selectivity

The (PNP)Ir fragment displays a thermodynamic preference for the oxidative addition of aromatic vs benzylic C−H bonds. However, in the case of the mesitylene activation products, the benzylic isome...
Influence of the collecting lens aperture on the light-scattering diagrams from single aerosol particles

Abstract The influence of the angular aperture of the collecting lens on light-scattering diagrams from single aerosol particles is discussed. Parallel illumination of the particle is considered and analytical formulas are derived for estimation from the intensity functions of the scattering diagrams for different angular apertures. The formulas are modified for practical computations when using tables of intensity functions with 1° increments in the scattering angle. The method is illustrated on series of scattering diagrams for α = 1(2)29, for m = 1.486, and for angular apertures 0, 2, 5, and 9°. The diagrams show the “smoothing” effect of the increasing aperture, the decrease in number of maxima observed, and changes in their angular positions. The practical values of maximum angular apertures to resolve scattering diagrams for different α are introduced. The results are important for the evaluation of the measured scattering diagrams by comparison with their theoretical form.
Thermal (1,3)-allylic rearrangements in sulfoxides and sulfones

Abstract Rates and activation parameters for thermal (1,3)-allylic rearrangement have been determined for the systems β-methylallyl phenyl sulfoxide ( 2 ) and the corresponding sulfone ( 3 ), with evidence presented for a dissociative reaction mechanism.
Rural‐urban differences in women's psychological well‐being

The psychological well‐being of rural women has been a neglected research topic. This paper begins to fill that gap by reporting a study of the emotional well‐being of 75 women in a highly rural Pennsylvania county and a comparable urban group (N = 78) from Philadelphia. Results indicated few differences between the groups in any of the indicators of well‐being (stress, tension, strain, exhaustion, and life satisfaction); both groups reported relatively low stress and rather high life satisfaction. For both groups, stress related to family and friendship matters was most significant, followed by job‐related stress. Lifestyle factors (SES level, young children at home) were important predictors of stress for rural but not urban women, while poor health predicted stress for both groups. Findings are discussed in terms of the social, cultural, and economic characteristics of rural and urban life.
Cobalt carbene ion: Reactions of Co+ with C2H4, cyclo-C3H6, and cyclo-C2H4O

An ion beam apparatus is employed to study the formation of the cobalt carbene ion, CoCH + 2. This ion is produced in the endothermic reaction of cobalt ions with ethene and cyclopropane and in an exothermic reaction with ethylene oxide. A model is proposed to account for the dependence of experimental cross sections on relative kinetic energy for the endothermic reactions. Using this model to interpret the experimental results, a bond dissociation energy D°(Co+–CH2)=3.7±0.3 eV is derived.