cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: recognition and management

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a life-threatening multisystem disorder that represents both a diagnostic and a management challenge to clinicians. Early recognition of the condition coupled with rapid institution of plasma exchange has led to a dramatic improvement in prognosis. Studies performed over the past decade have elucidated the predominant pathophysiology, stemming from a deficiency of ADAMTS13, that accounts for the widespread microvascular deposition of platelet-von Willebrand factor in many sites, including the brain, kidney, and mesenteric vessels. However, in light of the mortality rate of 10-20%, much work remains to be done to translate advances in our understanding of pathophysiology into clinical practice. Improvements in medical management using immunosuppressive and other drugs are being actively explored in clinical trials. Agents that target ADAMTS13 autoantibody production by B-cells, such as anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, have the potential to shorten the duration of plasma exchange treatment, reduce relapses, and transform the management of this once enigmatic disorder.
Oligomerization of Uniquely Folded Mini-Protein Motifs: Development of a Homotrimeric ββα Peptide

The discovery of a discretely folded homotrimeric ββα motif (BBAT1) was recently reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1002−1003). Herein the design, synthesis, and analysis of a small library of ...
Nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamics at low Mach number

The relationship between compressible and incompressible MHD turbulence at low plasma-frame acoustic Mach numbers is investigated analytically, with a focus on the range of validity of the pseudosound model proposed by Lighthill (1952). The derivation and asymptotic analysis procedures are explained in detail, and consideration is given to the role of number-density fluctuations and Alfven waves in the nearly incompressible model at low Mach numbers. The results are shown to be consistent with the turbulent-density spectrum theory of Montgomery et al. (1987) and applicable to solar-wind Alfven-wave turbulence.
Multivariable Wiener-Hopf operators II. Spectral topology and solvability

The C*-algebras generated by Wiener-Hopf Operators on tangible closed cones are solvable: they have finite composition series of ideals with subquotients which are homogeneous C*-algebras with continuous trace. In particular this refers to cones with piece-wise smooth boundary and to cones which are finite sets of orbits under some linear action.
Short-time approximations in nonlinear viscoelasticity☆

Abstract An approximation for nonlinear viscoelasticity over short time ranges, recently published by Huang and Lee, is extended to include large deformations and simplified by the dropping of insignificant terms. An alternative approximation for short times is developed systematically as the counterpart to Coleman and Noll's approximation for slow deformations. This method is applied to the study of acceleration waves.
Comprehensive risk assessments of home environments of low-income, non-inner city preschool-aged children with asthma

Abstract Rationale Reported prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma in the Dane County Head Start population was 16%. Comprehensive risk assessments of the indoor environment have not been conducted. Wisconsin Healthy Homes Initiative provides families with comprehensive asthma risk assessments and interventions. Methods Consenting caregivers were administered an asthma screening questionnaire and invited to have their children skin prick tested for relevant indoor allergens. Children were not eligible if they were allergic to cats or dogs and currently living with the animal. In-home assessments included personal interview, visual inspection, vacuum sampling, and continuous humidity monitoring. Results Sixty-six percent of respondents were of an ethnic minority and 33% had at least one family member with asthma. Of the children tested, 72% were allergic to at least 1 allergen. Of the visited homes, 72% were carpeted, 85% had inadequate moisture control measures in the kitchen/bathroom and 30% of families had reported cockroach sightings in the previous year. Evidence of indoor relative humidity higher than 50% was documented in all homes. Mite allergen was predominantly found in the bedroom and Bla g1 in the kitchen. Fifteen percent of bedroom bedding contained mite allergen levels >10ug/g of dust. Conclusions Low-income, non-inner city preschool-aged children have a high prevalence of asthma, indoor allergen sensitivity and exposure. A healthy home for a child with asthma begins with a comprehensive risk assessment.
Multiphasic enhancement patterns of small renal masses (≤4 cm) on preoperative computed tomography: utility for distinguishing subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, angiomyolipoma, and oncocytoma.

Objective To analyze the enhancement patterns of small renal masses (SRMs) during 4-phase computed tomography (CT) imaging to predict histology. Methods One-hundred consecutive patients with SRMs and 4-phase preoperative CT imaging, who underwent extirpative surgery with a pathologic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), angiomyolipoma (AML), or oncocytoma, were identified from a single institution. An expert radiologist, blinded to histologic results, retrospectively recorded tumor size, RENAL (radius, exophytic/endophytic properties of the tumor, nearness of tumor deepest portion to the collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior descriptor, and the location relative to polar lines) nephrometry score, tumor attenuation, and the renal cortex on all 4 acquisitions (precontrast, corticomedullary, nephrogenic, and delayed density). Results Pathologic diagnoses included 48 clear-cell RCCs (ccRCCs), 22 papillary RCCs, 10 chromophobe RCCs, 13 oncocytomas, and 7 AMLs. There was no significant difference in median tumor size ( P = .8), nephrometry score ( P = .98), or anatomic location ( P >.2) among histologies. Significant differences were noted in peak enhancement ( P P Conclusion In a series of patients with SRMs undergoing 4-phase CT, tumor histologies demonstrated distinct enhancement patterns. Thus, preoperative 4-phase CT imaging may provide useful information regarding pathologic diagnosis in patients undergoing extirpative surgery.
Demonstration of Soft X-Ray Lasing to Ground State in Li III.

Soft x-ray lasing with a gain length GL{approx_equal}5.5 was demonstrated in hydrogenlike LiIII at 13.5 nm (2-1 transition) in a 5 mm long LiF microcapillary using a 50 mJ, 250 fs UV laser beam at a 2 Hz repetition rate. The initial plasma was created in the 0.3 mm diameter microcapillary by a low power Nd/YAG laser. The strongly nonlinear increase of the 13.5 nm line intensity with increasing microcapillary length was compared with a linear increase of the LiIII 11.4 nm (3-1 transition) line intensity. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Youth Financial Literacy: A Review of Key Considerations and Promising Delivery Methods

The majority of youth consistently receive failing scores on financial literacy tests—even those who have taken courses on personal finance or money management. Some specific programs, however, have demonstrated beneficial effects. Thus, it is imperative to identify the key considerations and promising delivery methods which may inform positive changes in financial literacy and/or behavior among youth. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current literature on youth financial literacy education, with the goal of identifying characteristics of financial education programs which may influence positive changes. The findings from the literature on these key considerations and promising delivery methods are discussed in detail, with attention given to developmental considerations as appropriate.
Harmonic two-photon intensity sum rule for benzene b2u modes

Abstract A harmonic two-photon cross section sum rule for benzene b 2u modes (ν 14 and ν 15 ) in the A 1 B 2u ←X 1 A 1g transition is derived. An approximate (but accurate) form of this rule based on skeletal mode displacements is used to obtain absorptivity values for C 6 H 6 14 1 0 (6.3×10 −50 cm 4 s mol −1 photon −1 ) and 15 1 0 (1.6×10 −50 cm 4 s mol −1 photon −1 ) from the measured absorptivity ratio, δ ↑↑ (15)/δ ↑↑ (14) and from the measured value of 14 0 1 . We also report the sum-rule-predicted hot and cold band absolute absorptivities in the other D 6h benzenes, C 6 D 6 , 13 C 6 H 6 and 13 C 6 D 6 .
ABNORMAL GUARD CELL DEVELOPMENT IN AN OLIVE NECROTIC MUTANT OF MAIZE

A B S T R A CT ferentiation, the guard cells of mutant plants deteriorate, leaving the mature stomata with only the two subsidiary cells. The subsidiary cells in stomata of mutant leaves are similar to those of normal leaves with respect to their capacity to accumulate K+ in the dark, but they do not lose K+ in the light, as do subsidiary cells of stomata of nonmutant plants. It is suggested that impairment of guard cell function causes death of the mutant plant seedlings primarily by re- stricting C02 entry into the leaf.
The Emotional Climate for Children as Inferred From Parental Attitudes: a Preliminary Validation of Three Scales:

The present paper sets forth a theoretical rationale for the mea surement of parental child-rearing attitudes when these attitudes are viewed as creating an emotional climate for children. Studies of emotional states have shown that the three orthogonal dimensions of pleasure, arousal, and dominance are both necessary and suf ficient to describe any emotional state. Drawing upon this frame work, a succinct description of parental attitudes can be devised with reference to their hypothesized emotional impact upon chil dren. Three questionnaire studies were done with mothers of chil dren three months to eight years of age. Progressive development of the measures of pleasure-, arousal-, and dominance-inducing quali ties of parental attitudes yielded an 18-item pleasure scale, a 12-item arousal scale, and a 16-item dominance scale. These scales exhibited satisfactory internal consistency reliabilities and, as expected, yielded small (in two instances, nonsignificant) intercorrelations. Only preliminary valida...
Career mothers and perfectionism: stress at work and at home

We studied the relationship between perfectionism and career mothers' dual roles of worker and mother and perfectionism's association with subjective well-being. A sample of career mothers (N = 67) completed measures of perfectionism, job burnout, parenting stress and satisfaction with self and with life. Results indicated that negative forms of perfectionism were positively correlated to cynicism and exhaustion at work and to parental distress at home. Other-oriented perfectionism was also found to be positively correlated to parental distress at home. Negative and socially prescribed perfectionism were found to be related to a decreased sense of overall satisfaction with life and satisfaction with self. In addition, the results suggest a situational component to perfectionism.
Carrier-mediated interlayer exchange, ground-state phase diagrams, and transition temperatures of magnetic thin films

We investigate the influence of the carrier density and other parameters on the interlayer exchange in magnetic thin-film systems. The system consists of ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers where the carriers are allowed to move from layer to layer. For the ferromagnetic layers we use the Kondo-lattice model to describe interactions between itinerant electrons and local moments. The electrons' properties are calculated by a Green's function equation-of-motion approach, while the magnetization of the local moments is determined by a minimization of the free energy. As results we present magnetic phase diagrams and the interlayer exchange over a broad parameter range. Additionally we can calculate the transition temperatures for different alignments of the ferromagnetic layers' magnetizations.
Dehydroepiandrosterone synergizes with antioxidant supplements for immune restoration in old as well as retrovirus-infected mice

Abstract Production of the antioxidant hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) declines as immunosenescence develops in the elderly. Very old C57BL/6 female mice, survivors after 71% had died due to aging, were evaluated after DHEA supplementation for 6 weeks. DHEA significantly increased their T-cell proliferation, restored secretion of Th1 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2], decreased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, and normalized secretion of Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-6) by lowered production. Survival was significantly increased in the 29-month-old mice treated by DHEA. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), the storage form of DHEA, has lowered immune dysfunction caused by increased oxidation during LP-BM5 murine retrovirus infection. To assert the synergistic effect of DHEA + antioxidant nutrients, 17-month-old mice were fed with antioxidants or antioxidants + DHEAS for 16 weeks. DHEAS + antioxidants significantly increased B-cell proliferation and IL-2 secretion, and maintained Th2 cytokine secretion and hepatic vitamin E levels nearer to that of old, uninfected mice than antioxidant supplementation alone. Our study suggests that DHEA alone, and especially DHEAS plus antioxidant nutrients, can prevent immune dysfunction in very old and in old, retrovirus-infected mice.
Moving Emitter Classification

One of the problems that plague emitter location systems is the presence of data from emitters that are in motion. If this motion is not detected, erroneous location estimates and filled data files result. An algorithm to classify an emitter as moving or stationary is presented along with extensive illustrations and results based upon simulated data.
Resolution of HLA class I sequence-based typing ambiguities by group-specific sequencing primers

The increasing demand for allele-level human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing has led the sequence-based typing (SBT) to become the preferred method. In turn, the steady increase in the number of HLA alleles driven by the adoption of SBT as the ultimate typing method leads to the ever increasing number of cis/trans ambiguities. Over the last few years, additional sequencing with the commercially available group-specific sequencing primers (GSSPs) has replaced sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction and group-specific amplification as the means of resolving cis/trans ambiguities in many laboratories. Here we summarize our 3-year experience in designing and utilizing GSSPs for resolution of HLA class I ambiguities. The panel of GSSPs used in our laboratory includes 14 primers for HLA-A, 18 for HLA-B, and 13 primers for HLA-C. The panel resolves 99.9% of all ambiguities.
Expression of early developmental genes in Dictyostelium discoideum is initiated during exponential growth by an autocrine-dependent mechanism

Throughout growth, Dictyostelium cells continuously produce an autocrine factor, PSF, that accumulates in proportion to cell density' Production of PSF declines rapidly when cells are shifted to starvation conditions, and the properties of PSF are distinct from those of regulatory factors produced by starving cells. During late exponential growth, PSF induces expression of several early developmental genes, including those for proteins important in cAMP signaling and cell aggregation. Examples are the aggregation stage cAMP receptor (cAR1), the aggregation-specific form of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and gp24 (contact sites B). Through PSF, growing cells detect environmental conditions (cell number high, food approaching depletion) that are appropriate for production of the gene products needed to initiate aggregation and development.
A crucial role of N-terminal domain of influenza A virus M1 protein in interaction with swine importin α1 protein

The matrix 1 (M1) protein is a multifunctional protein in the life cycle of influenza virus. It plays an important role in virus budding and intracellular trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The M1 protein consists of three domains based on the structure: N-terminal domain, Middle domain, and C-terminal domain. However, the functions of different domains of the M1 protein remain largely unclear. In this study, using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays (BIFC) we demonstrated that swine importin α1 interacts with the M1 protein and transports it to the nucleus. Interestingly, M1 with mutated nuclear localization signal (NLS; 101-RKLKR-105 to 101-AALAA-105) still interacts with swine importin α1 and is localized in the nucleus, suggesting that the NLS located at residues 101–105 is not the only NLS within M1 recombinant protein containing 1–160 residues of M1 with mutated nuclear localization signal is able to interact with swine importin α1, but M1/60-252 domains cannot bind importin α1. Further mapping showed that the deletion of residues 1–20 impaired the interaction between N terminus of M1 and importin α1. Collectively, our data suggested that the N-terminal domain of M1 protein is critical for binding swine importin α1 and for nuclear localization.
Acculturation: A Review and an Exploratory Seven‐Nation Comparative Study

Acculturation profiles based on the self‐oriented, others‐oriented, and perceptual dimensions of acculturative adjustment were derived for MNC employees of American, Canadian, Indian, Japanese, Latin American, Carribean and Nigerian origin. Our finding of significant, target‐specific, intercultural differences is of paramount importance in delineating areas of predeparture expatriate training and development.
Reliability of fMRI during a Continuous Motor Task: Assessment of Analysis Techniques

The purpose of this study was to determine which method of functional magnetic resonance image analysis had the highest reliability in cortical and cerebellar areas during a continuous motor task. Fourteen subjects underwent 4 testing trials during 2 testing sessions separated by 3 weeks. Subjects performed a joystick task. Methods of analysis evaluated included: percent signal intensity change, active voxel count, and percent contribution. Two types of activation thresholds were evaluated: P≤ .05 and false discovery rate = .05. Reliability was determined with intraclass correlation coefficients and a repeated measure ANOVA was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between trials. A group analysis was assessed with coefficient of variation. Results indicate within session reliability was higher than between session and that signal intensity is more reliable than voxel count analysis. The intraclass correlation coefficients across different regions of interest varied depending on analysis technique. The data did not support a clear difference between thresholds. The group analysis also found less variability with intensity measures than voxel count. A stabilization effect was seen after the first trial of the experiment, suggesting that in pretest/posttest designs, a more stable result may be obtained by performing a test trial prior to actual data collection.
Colon Electrical Stimulation: Potential Use for Treatment of Obesity

Obesity is one of the most prevalent health problems in the United States. Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity are unsatisfactory. We hypothesized the use of colon electrical stimulation (CES) to treat obesity by inhibiting upper gastrointestinal motility. In this preliminary study, we aimed at studying the effects of CES on gastric emptying of solid, intestinal motility, and food intake in dogs. Six dogs, equipped with serosal colon electrodes and a jejunal cannula, were randomly assigned to receive sham-CES or CES during the assessment of: (i) gastric emptying of solids, (ii) postprandial intestinal motility, (iii) autonomic functions, and (iv) food intake. We found that (i) CES delayed gastric emptying of solids by 77%. Guanethidine partially blocked the inhibitory effect of CES on solid gastric emptying; (ii) CES significantly reduced intestinal contractility and the effect lasted throughout the recovery period; (iii) CES decreased vagal activity in both fasting and fed states, increased the sympathovagal balance and marginally increased sympathetic activity in the fasting state; (iv) CES resulted in a reduction of 61% in food intake. CES reduces food intake in healthy dogs and the anorexigenic effect may be attributed to its inhibitory effects on gastric emptying and intestinal motility, mediated via the autonomic mechanisms. Further studies are warranted to investigate the therapeutic potential of CES for obesity.
The literature on inhibitors: articles that influence my management of patients with hemophilia A and high-titer inhibitors.

High-titer inhibitors represent the greatest management challenge faced by clinicians who treat patients with hemophilia A, as bleeding episodes no longer respond to standard factor VIII replacement therapy. Over the last seven decades, major strides have been made in inhibitor treatment. This article focuses on the seminal clinical observations and studies that provided the foundation for these advances in hemophilia care. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiosurgery for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs): a review

The management of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) is complex and may require a combination of various treatment techniques. Endovascular embolization has recently emerged as the primary definitive treatment modality. However, an increasing body of literature has supported the use of stereotactic radiosurgery as the sole therapeutic modality or in combination with embolization and/or surgery. We review the rationale, results, and complications of stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial DAVFs.
The spectrum of ethicality

Business ethics is the continuing process of re-defining the goals and rules of business activity. In times of rapid change, spurred equally by technological innovation within the business community and by societal expectations in the larger community, participants who share in that process of re-defining goals and rules should be sensitive to professional differences. Lawyers and executives, for instance, while seeking a common societal good, will utilize measurably different goals and methods based on differences in leadership style, accountability to constituents and client relationship generally. Because of these differences, definitions of what is ethical will vary as well, spread across a spectrum of ethicality.
Ultrasound-mediated blood‐brain/blood-tumor barrier disruption improves outcomes with trastuzumab in a breast cancer brain metastasis model

Trastuzumab has shown positive results in many patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, but it is less effective for controlling metastases in the CNS, which remains a site of relapse. The poor prognosis for patients with brain metastases is thought to be largely due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that prevents delivery of most drugs to the CNS and to the heterogeneous and limited permeability of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Focused ultrasound (FUS) bursts combined with circulating microbubbles can temporarily permeabilize both the BBB and the BTB. This technique has been investigated as a potential noninvasive method for targeted drug delivery in the brain. Here, we investigated whether BBB/BTB permeabilization in the tumor and surrounding brain tissue induced by FUS and microbubbles can slow tumor growth and improve survival in a breast cancer brain metastases model. HER2/neu-positive human breast cancer cells (BT474) were inoculated in the brains of 41 nude (nu/nu) rats. Animals in the treatment group received six weekly treatments of BTB/BBB permeabilization under MRI guidance combined with IV administration of trastuzumab (2 mg/kg). Tumor growth and survival rates were monitored via MRI for seven weeks after sonication. Starting at week seven and continuing through the end of the study, the mean tumor volume of the FUS+trastuzumab group was significantly (P<0.05) less than those of the three control groups (no treatment, FUS alone, trastuzumab alone). Furthermore, in four out of 10 rats treated with FUS+trastuzumab, the tumor appeared to be completely resolved in MRI, an outcome which was not observed in any of the 31 rats in three control groups. Trastuzumab improved median survival by 13% compared to the no treatment group, a difference which was significant (P=0.044). Treatment with FUS+trastuzumab produced the most significant benefit compared to the no-treatment controls (P=0.0084). More than half (6/10) animals survived at the study endpoint, leading to a median survival time greater than 83 days (at least 32% longer than the untreated control group). Overall, this work suggests that BBB/BTB permeabilization induced by FUS and microbubbles can improve outcomes in breast cancer brain metastases.
Iatrogenic nonendoscopic bladder injuries over 24 years: 127 cases at a single institution.

Objective To analyze the etiology, diagnosis, and long-term outcomes of iatrogenic nonendoscopic bladder injuries over a 24-year period. Methods All iatrogenic bladder injuries were entered prospectively into our database from 1990 to 2014. Information gathered included causative procedure, injury characteristics, management, and outcome. Results A total of 127 patients with nonendoscopic iatrogenic bladder injuries were included (111 women [87%], 16 men [13%]; mean age 51 years [range, 23-84]). Risk factors were identified in 92 patients (79%) including prior surgery, inflammation, and extensive tumor. Obstetric-gynecologic surgery accounted for most injuries (65%), with hysterectomy the most common procedure, followed by cesarean section. General surgery and nonendoscopic urologic injuries accounted for 22% and 13% respectively. Most injuries occurred during open surgery (77%) compared with vaginal (12%) and laparoscopic surgeries (11%). Laparoscopic surgery was associated with a delay in diagnosis, P = .002. Bladder injuries with concomitant ureteral injuries were more likely to have long-term complications, P = .001. Conclusion In analyzing iatrogenic bladder injuries at our institution over 24 years, we observed that hysterectomy and cesarean sections were the 2 most common causative procedures. A delay in diagnosis was more likely to occur during laparoscopic surgery. Complications occurred more commonly with a concomitant ureteral injury.
Sleep, activity, temperature, and performance: Techniques for long-term monitoring in the mouse

This paper describes a test chamber, a food acquisition task, and a training procedure for the long-term testing of an implanted mouse in a circadian rhythm experiment. For the training phase, a special-purpose controller is provided to a single cage. For the experimental phase, behavioral, electrophysiological, and environmental measures are collected by means of a mini-computer.
Ethnography in Charting Paths toward Personal and Social Liberation: Using My Latina Cultural Intuition.

Drawing on a Chicana feminist epistemology, the author, a Latina immigrant, presents how she used her cultural intuition to engage in a two-year ethnography with Latino immigrant families. She argues that for her engaging in ethnography with her “own community” is an endeavor that calls to the fore her homegrown epistemologies and her positioning as a Latina immigrant. The themes of doing ethnography en familia, using collective remembering and sense-making, and developing a libratory pedagogy point to an ethnography that strays from traditional, presumed “objective” data sources. Further, she argues that in these contexts of ethnography she was able to reclaim and integrate her various knowledges and identities toward a potential process of liberation.
Endogenous market structure and competition in the 19th century American brewing industry

Abstract This study examines market structure and competition in the brewing industry in American frontier states around 1880. Although comprehensive firm-level data are unavailable, available data provide information about the presence of firms in western frontier markets and characteristics of those markets. The analysis uses these data in a discrete dependent variable econometric model to estimate the size of a market needed to support a certain number of breweries and the impact of market characteristics on market structure. In addition, the estimated market sizes needed to sustain different numbers of firms provide information about the competitive effects of entry in the early brewing industry. The results indicate that the presence of second and third brewing firms significantly increased competition in a market implying that duopoly markets were not perfectly competitive. Moreover, these findings suggest that brewing firms were not engaged in collusive behavior.
A study of serum antibodies to isolated milk proteins and ovalbumin in infants and children

Summary Serum antibodies to cow milk proteins and ovalbumin were measured quantitatively. Food hypersensitivity of the immediate type was determined to be present or absent by skin tests and double-blind food challenges. Elevated levels of antibodies to milk proteins in sera characteristic of infants fed cow milk were found to decline with age, so that sera from children who were 6 to 15 years of age (inclusive), not hypersensitive to food, had significantly lower levels than the infants. In contrast, sera from age-matched children, who were shown to have hypersensitivity to some food, were found to have levels of antibodies to milk proteins as elevated as in infancy. Hypersensitivity was not necessarily to milk but often to some other food. This persistence of greater antibody production to milk throughout childhood in those hypersensitive to some food indicates a fundamental difference from those without hypersensitivity to food, either in permeability, in immunological reactivity of the gut or in development of immunological unresponsiveness. Implications for pathogenesis of clinical disorders are discussed.
Spectroscopic properties of low-spin ferrous heme complexes and hemeproteins at 77°K

Abstract The low temperature optical spectra in the region of the Q00 (α-band) and Q01 (β-band) transitions of model heme complexes for b - and c-type cytochromes were measured and the results discussed in terms of the similarities and differences to the spectra of horse heart cytochrome c and other hemeproteins. Comparisons of the resolved vibronic components of the Q01 and β′ bands were made to the recent resonance Raman spectra of hemeproteins. Tentative assignment of the β′ band to Q02 type transitions has been proposed.
THE RAPID SHALLOW BREATHING RESULTING FROM PULMONARY CONGESTION AND EDEMA

These experiments record the effects of the experimental production of pulmonary congestion and edema in a lung completely isolated from the general circulation, but with an intact nerve supply. The resulting changes are: a slowing of the heart rate, a fall in systemic blood pressure and a temporary inhibition of respiration succeeded by rapid shallow breathing. The pulse rate and blood pressure show a rapid and spontaneous return to initial conditions. The respirations show a partial but not a complete return to their former rate and depth. The effects on respiration are similar to those described by Dunn and Binger and Moore which follow multiple embolism of the pulmonary circuit with starch granules. The alterations in the pulse rate and blood pressure are characteristic of the effects of vagal stimulation. A chemical effect on the respiratory center is excluded by the nature of the preparation. These results, therefore, add further evidence to support the hypothesis that the rapid shallow breathing attending congestion and edema of the lungs is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the lungs.
Mortality after Radical Cystectomy: Impact of Obesity Versus Adiposity after Adjusting for Skeletal Muscle Wasting

Purpose: We assess the impact of obesity, as measured conventionally by body mass index vs excess adiposity as measured by fat mass index, on mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, adjusting for the presence of skeletal muscle wasting.Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 262 patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 2000 and 2008 at the Mayo Clinic. Lumbar skeletal muscle and adipose compartment areas were measured on preoperative imaging. Overall survival was compared according to gender specific consensus fat mass index and skeletal muscle index thresholds as well as conventional body mass index based criteria. Predictors of all cause mortality were assessed by multivariable modeling.Results: Increasing body mass index correlated with improved overall survival (p=0.03) while fat mass index based obesity did not (p=0.08). After stratification by sarcopenia, no obesity related 5-year overall survival benefit was observed (68% vs 51.4%, p...
Placement of a plate under the forefoot in stance: decreasing the excitability of the soleus motoneuron pool.

Objective To investigate the effect of the placement of a plate under the sole of the forefoot on the excitability of the soleus motoneuron pool in stance. Design While eight neurologically intact subjects remained in stance, a square plate (30 × 30 mm), either 3 mm or 6 mm in thickness, was placed under the left medial plantar eminence, under the left lateral plantar eminence, or under the left forefoot sole between the eminences, or a rectangular plate (120 × 30 mm), either 3 mm or 6 mm in thickness, was placed under the left metatarsal heads. To investigate the excitability of the soleus motoneuron pool, the Hmax/Mmax ratio was estimated. Results Analysis of variance revealed that the region under which the plate was placed had a significant effect and that the thickness of the plate had a nonsignificant effect on the Hmax/Mmax ratio, without significant interaction between the two factors. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease in the Hmax/Mmax ratio when the square plate was placed under the lateral plantar eminence. Conclusions A square plate placed under the lateral plantar eminence inhibited the excitability of the ipsilateral soleus motoneuron pool in stance. This intervention may be useful for reducing spasticity.
Continuously infused calcium hydroxide: Its influence on hard tissue repair*

To study the ability of calcium hydroxide to promote hard tissue repair, Alza Alzet Osmotic Pumps, implanted in Sprague-Dawley rats, were used to deliver either calcium hydroxide and glycerol, barium hydroxide and glycerol, tetracycline and glycerol, or glycerol only to a standardized round bur defect in a rat femur. The pumps infused one of the reagents into the defects continuously over a 4-wk experimental period. The effects of each reagent on the healing of the bony defects were compared by histological evaluation. The Alza Osmotic Pump proved to be an effective method to deliver an agent to an experimental site. Our preliminary findings from a limited sample size indicated that calcium hydroxide contributed to a more complete osseous repair than either barium hydroxide or tetracycline. Barium hydroxide with a sustained pH equivalent to calcium hydroxide showed no greater healing than the controls. Tetracycline results were also similar to controls.
Cyclopropanation/Reduction of a 3,4-Disubstituted 2(5H)-Furanone: A Model for C-8 Methylation at the Taxane BC Ring Juncture

A cyclopropanation/reduction strategy is described that should prove useful for incorporation of the C-8 methyl group at the taxane BC ring juncture. Treatment of model 2(5H)-furanone 6 with various organocopper-based reagents resulted in γ-deprotonation to the furan oxide rather than the desired conjugate addition. This pathway was established by deuteration studies. Reaction of 6 with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide in DMSO at room temperature also led exclusively to γ-deprotonation; however, the use of excess methylide at 50 °C led to the clean formation of the desired cyclopropanated adduct 13. While the cyclopropane ring in 13 proved resistant to various heterogeneous hydrogenation conditions, treatment with Li/liq NH3 under careful temperature control (−78 °C to −63 °C) led to the regioselective formation of the desired ring-opened product 7 with high (16:1) diastereoselectivity.
Oxidative DNA damage processing and changes with aging

Living organisms are constantly exposed to oxidative stress from environmental agents and from endogenous metabolic processes. The resulting oxidative modifications occur in proteins, lipids and DNA. Since proteins and lipids are readily degraded and resynthesized, the most significant consequence of the oxidative stress is thought to be the DNA modifications, which can become permanent via the formation of mutations and other types of genomic instability. Many different DNA base changes have been seen following some form of oxidative stress, and these lesions are widely considered as instigators for the development of cancer and are also implicated in the process of aging. Several studies have documented that oxidative DNA lesions accumulate with aging, and it appears that the major site of this accumulation is mitochondrial DNA rather than nuclear DNA. The DNA repair mechanisms involved in the removal of oxidative DNA lesions are much more complex than previously considered. They involve base excision repair (BER) pathways and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways, and there is currently a great deal of interest in clarification of the pathways and their interactions. We have used a number of different approaches to explore the mechanism of the repair processes, and we are able to examine the repair of different types of lesions and to measure different steps of the repair processes. Furthermore, we can measure the DNA damage processing in the nuclear DNA and separately, in the mitochondrial DNA. Contrary to widely held notions, mitochondria have efficient DNA repair of oxidative DNA damage and we are exploring the mechanisms. In a human disorder, Cockayne syndrome (CS), characterized by premature aging, there appear to be deficiencies in the repair of oxidative DNA damage in the nuclear DNA, and this may be the major underlying cause of the disease.
Ab-Initio Theory of Initial Oxidation of Silicon (001) Surfaces

The oxidation of the Si(001) surface is an important process on both technological and theoretical grounds. Experimental studies have not provided a clear picture of even the relevant atomic structures during the initial stages of oxidation, while previous theoretical studies of these processes have yielded contradictory results. Using careful first principles total-energy calculations based on density functional theory, we study several mechanisms of incorporating a sub-monolayer coverage of oxygen into the characteristic p(2 × 1) dimer reconstruction of the Si(001) surface. Our recently developed Adaptive Coordinate Real-space Electronic Structure (ACRES) method allows us to obtain results that are adequately converged with respect to the numerous computational parameters associated with this difficult system. We compare our results with previous theoretical work and propose a physically motivated two step pathway for the initial incorporation of an oxygen atom into the dimerized surface. Based on our results, we can explain what formerly appeared to be puzzling Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy measurements which indicated that each initial oxygen atom saturates two surface dangling bonds.
Real-time characterization of virulence factor expression in Yersinia pestis using a GFP reporter system ☆

Abstract A real-time reporter system was developed to monitor the thermal induction of virulence factors in Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague. The reporter system consists of a plasmid in Y. pestis in which the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is under the control of the promoters for six virulence factors, yopE, sycE, yopK, yopT, yscN, and lcrE yopN, which are all components of the Type III secretion virulence mechanism of Y. pestis. Induction of the expression of these genes in vivo was determined by the increase in fluorescence intensity of GFP in real time, in 96-well format. Different basal levels of expression at 26 °C were observed for the Y. pestis promoters. Expressed as percentages of the level measured for the lac promoter (positive control), the basal expression levels before temperature shift were: yopE (15%), sycE (15%), yopK (13%), yopT (4%), lcrE (3.3%), and yscN (0.8%). Following the shift in temperature from 26 to 37 °C, the rates of expression of these genes increased with the yopE reporter showing the strongest degree of induction. The rates of induction of the other virulence factors after the temperature, expressed as percentages of yopE induction, were: yopK (57%), sycE (9%), yscN (3%), lcrE (3%), and yopT (2%). The thermal induction of each of these promoter fusions was repressed by calcium, and the ratios of the initial rates of thermal induction without calcium supplementation compared to the rate with calcium supplementation were: yopE (11-fold), yscN (7-fold), yopK (6-fold), lcrE (3-fold), yopT (2-fold), and sycE (1-fold). This work demonstrates a novel approach to quantify gene induction and provides a method to rapidly determine the effects of external stimuli on expression of Y. pestis virulence factors in real time, in living cells, as a means to characterize virulence determinants.
Platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition by deprenyl and tranylcypromine: implications for clinical use

From the Medical College of Pennsylvania at Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute (G.M.S., E.P.), Philadelphia, PA; the University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (E.F., R.P., R.B.S.), Los Angeles, CA; and McLean Hospital CK.W.), Belmont, MA. Address reprint requests to Dr. George M. Simpson, Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, 3200 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129. Received April 19, 1984; revised December 20, 1984. treatment. For example, the work of Robinson et al. (1978) and Georgotas et al. (1983) with phenelzine has suggested that antidepressant effects occur with dosages of about 1 mg/kg/day, or platelet MAO inhibition of >80%, and that the time course of enzyme inhibition parallels that of clinical improvement. However, MAOIs have other effects besides enzyme inhibition, and it is far from clear that this is the mechanism of overriding therapeutic importance (Hendley and Snyder 1968; Karoum et al. 1982). Even if it were, the key variable would presumably be brain MAO activity, and the use of platelet MAO as a model would still pose problems, For example, platelet MAO is almost exclusively of the B type, which is pref-
Interseismic uplift rates for western Oregon and along-strike variation in locking on the Cascadia subduction zone

[1] We quantify the spatial pattern of uplift rate in western Oregon and northernmost California using tidal and leveling records to better understand the pattern of interseismic locking on the Cascadia subduction zone. We extend relative sea level time series of the six primary NOAA tide gauges to include all observations from 1925 to 2006. Previously unidentified bench mark instability biases portions of tidal records by ≤1.6 mm a−1 before correction. We determine precise relative uplift rates at the six tidal sites with an adjustment that includes rates of differenced time series as additional constraints. Our analysis of National Geodetic Survey leveling data between tide gauges corrects errors in 1941 leveling, and 184 secondary ties double the number of highest quality uplift rate estimates. Relative uplift rates from leveling are adjusted to the tidal rates, accounting for uncertainties in both data types. Tidal and leveling uplift rates agree within error for all but one of the coastal segments, where we infer systematic leveling error affects the 1988 line. Uplift rates are made absolute using an interval and location-specific geocentric sea level rise rate of 2.3 ± 0.2 mm a−1. Total propagated one sigma errors for the absolute uplift rates of bench marks are ∼0.4 mm a−1. Along-strike changes in uplift rate near 45°N and 42.8°N require two distinct changes in locking depth, as inferred from elastic dislocation modeling. The along-strike changes in locking on this portion of the Cascadia subduction zone interface correlate to the western and southern extent of the mafic Siletzia block in the fore arc.
Laser diode wavelength-modulation spectroscopy for simultaneous measurement of temperature, pressure, and velocity in shock-heated oxygen flows

Wavelength modulation at 10 MHz of an AlGaAs laser diode, superposed on repetitive linear scans of wavelength, is applied to measure second-harmonic absorption line shapes of oxygen in the A band. Theoretical expressions of the harmonic line shapes, including the effect of laser amplitude modulation and varying modulation depth, are presented. A least-squares fit of the experimental line shapes to theoretical second-harmonic line shapes permits simultaneous determination of the temperature and the pressure. The use of high-repetition-rate (10-kHz) linear scans of the studied wavelength region permits application of the technique to high-speed unidimensional transient flows generated in a shock tube; velocity is derived from the Doppler shift of the absorption profiles.
Tragedy and politics in aristophanes' Acharnians

Aristophanes’ second play, Babylonians, included an attack on state offices and politicians and, probably, the city's treatment of its allies. According to the scholia of Acharnians, the play provoked Cleon to indict Aristophanes (or the play's producer Callistratus) for άδικία and ύβρις towards the δῆμος and the βοuλη on the grounds that he treasonably embarrassed the city before strangers at the City Dionysia. Cleon may also have questioned Aristophanes’ citizenship, suggesting that the poet (or Callistratus) was really a native Aiginetan, not a true Athenian. Aristophanes returned fire at the Lenaia of 425 with Acharnians, a play that renews Babylonians’ attack on Athens’ misguided politics and politicians. Even more important, by making a separate peace with Sparta and by offering in his speech of self-defense before the chorus to defend the enemy, the comic hero Dikaiopolis commits ‘crimes’ equivalent to those for which Aristophanes was indicted.
Coexistent autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and myasthenia gravis associated with non-small-cell lung cancer.

We report a case of a 55 year old man with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent radiation, chemotherapy with carbotaxol and paclitaxel, and left upper lobe removal two years prior to evaluation. He was referred for disabling orthostatic hypotension (113/69 supine, 66/47 mmHg standing after 10 minutes without a compensatory heart rate increase (57 to 59 bpm), fatigue, and constipation with episodes of ileus. Clinical examination showed mild ptosis bilaterally, fatiguable neck flexor weakness and hip flexor weakness. Blood pressure response to Valsalva maneuver was abnormal with absence of phase 4 overshoot and a Valsalva heart rate ratio of 1.04, The plasma norepinephrine level was low (79 pg/ml supine to 330 pg/ml standing). Single fiber EMG of the right extensor digitorum communis revealed normal mean MCD (jitter) but several pairs exceeded a jitter of 100 µs. Antibodies against muscle acetylcholine receptor [(AChR) 0.66 nmol/L, normal <0.02] and ganglionic AChR (0.34 nmol/L, normal <0.02) were present. Treatment with plasma exchange normalized responses to standing posture (105/68 supine to 118/82 mmHg standing, 66 to 79 bpm), to Valsalva (normal blood pressure overshoot, HR ratio 1.47), norepinephrine (194 pg/ml supine, 763 standing), and jitter measurements. We conclude that autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and myasthenia gravis can coexist and suggest that the latter should be excluded in patients with autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy who complain of fatigue that is improved with non-supine rest.
The doubling method applied to multiple scattering of polarized light.

Doubling method application to multiple scattering of polarized light, studying Venus visible disk reflection of sunlight