cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloaking core-shell nanoparticles from conducting electrons in solids.

In this Letter, we aim at making nanoparticles embedded in a host semiconductor with a size comparable to electronic wavelengths ``invisible'' to the electron transport. Inspired by the recent progress made in optics and working within the framework of the expansion of partial waves, we demonstrate that the opposite effects imposed by potential barriers and wells of a core-shell nanoparticle on the phase shifts associated with the scattered electron wave could make the scattering cross section of the first two partial waves vanish simultaneously. We show that this is sufficient to cloak the nanoparticle from being detected by electrons with specific energy in the sense that a total scattering cross section smaller than 0.01% of the physical cross section can be obtained and a 4 orders of magnitude difference in the total scattering cross section can be presented within an energy range of only 40 meV, indicating possible applications of the ``electron cloaks'' as novel electronic switches and sensors, and in efficient energy harvesting and conversion technologies.
Magnetic flux tube reconnection : Tunneling versus slingshot

The discrete nature of the solar magnetic field as it emerges into the corona through the photosphere indicates that it exists as isolated flux tubes in the convection zone and will remain as discrete flux tubes in the corona until it collides and reconnects with other coronal fields. Collisions of these flux tubes will in general be three-dimensional and will often lead to reconnection, both rearranging the magnetic field topology in fundamental ways and releasing magnetic energy. With the goal of better understanding these dynamics, we carry out a set of numerical experiments exploring fundamental characteristics of three-dimensional magnetic flux tube reconnection. We first show that reconnecting flux tubes at opposite extremes of twist behave very differently: in some configurations, low twist tubes slingshot while high twist tubes tunnel. We then discuss a theory explaining these differences: by assuming helicity conservation during the reconnection one can show that at high twist, tunneled tubes reach a lower magnetic energy state than slingshot tubes, whereas at low twist the opposite holds. We test three predictions made by this theory. (1) We find that the level of twist at which the transition from slingshot to tunnel occurs is about 2-3 times higher than predicted on the basis of energetics and helicity conservation alone, probably because the dynamics of the reconnection play a large role as well. (2) We find that the tunnel occurs at all flux tube collision angles predicted by the theory. (3) We find that the amount of magnetic energy a slingshot or a tunnel reconnection releases agrees reasonably well with the theory, although at the high resistivities we have to use for numerical stability, a significant amount of magnetic energy is lost to diffusion, independent of reconnection.
Dynamics of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon pools in a sorghum free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) agroecosystem

Abstract Experimentation with dynamics of soil carbon pools as affected by elevated CO2 can better define the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester global carbon. In the present study, 6 N HCl hydrolysis and stable-carbon isotopic analysis (δ13C) were used to investigate labile and recalcitrant soil carbon pools and the translocation among these pools of sorghum residues isotopically labeled in the 1998–1999 Arizona Maricopa free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, in which elevated CO2 (FACE: 560 μmol mol−1) and ambient CO2 (Control: 360 μmol mol−1) interact with water-adequate (wet) and water-deficient (dry) treatments. We found that on average 53% of the final soil organic carbon (SOC) in the FACE plot was in the recalcitrant carbon pool and 47% in the labile pool, whereas in the Control plot 46% and 54% of carbon were in recalcitrant and labile pools, respectively, indicating that elevated CO2 transferred more SOC into the slow-decay carbon pool. Also, isotopic mixing models revealed that increased new sorghum residue input to the recalcitrant pool mainly accounts for this change, especially for the upper soil horizon (0–30 cm) where new carbon in recalcitrant soil pools of FACE wet and dry treatments was 1.7 and 2.8 times as large as that in respective Control recalcitrant pools. Similarly, old C in the recalcitrant pool under elevated CO2 was higher than that under ambient CO2, indicating that elevated CO2 reduces the decay of the old C in recalcitrant pool. Mean residence time (MRT) of bulk soil carbon at the depth of 0–30 cm was significantly longer in FACE plot than Control plot by the averages of 12 and 13 yr under the dry and wet conditions, respectively. The MRT was positively correlated to the ratio of carbon content in the recalcitrant pool to total SOC and negatively correlated to the ratio of carbon content in the labile pool to total SOC. Influence of water alone on the bulk SOC or the labile and recalcitrant pools was not significant. However, water stress interacting with CO2 enhanced the shift of the carbon from labile pool to recalcitrant pool. Our results imply that terrestrial agroecosystems may play a critical role in sequestrating atmospheric CO2 and mitigating harmful CO2 under future atmospheric conditions.
Rapid Access to Spirocyclic Oxindole Alkaloids: Application of the Asymmetric Palladium-Catalyzed [3+2] Trimethylenemethane Cycloaddition

The marcfortines are complex secondary metabolites that show potent anthelmintic activity and are characterized by the presence of a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane fused to a spirooxindole. Herein, we report the synthesis of two members of this family. The synthesis of marcfortine B utilizes a carboxylative TMM cycloaddition to establish the spirocyclic core, followed by an intramolecular Michael addition and oxidative radical cyclization to access the strained bicyclic ring system. In addition, the first asymmetric synthesis of (−)-marcfortine C is described. The key step involves a cyano-substituted TMM cycloaddition, which proceeds in nearly quantitative yield with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The resulting chiral center was used to establish all remaining stereocenters in the natural product.
Shaping the Future of Research The NHLBI Strategic Plan

With the extensive involvement of the communities it serves, the NHLBI has just completed development of a scientific working plan to guide its activities and initiatives in the near future. Shaping the Future of Research: A Strategic Plan for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute is accessible on the NHLBI Web site at http://apps.nhlbi.nih.gov/strategicplan/. The plan is the outcome of an inclusive “bottom-up” approach that called on the wisdom and expertise of more than 600 individuals, including researchers, representatives of patient-advocacy groups and professional societies, and other members of the scientific and lay communities. The initial step (Level One) comprised 23 thematic meetings held during the spring and summer of 2006. Participants were asked to identify scientific areas that the NHLBI could and should play a major role in advancing and to recommend operational policies to facilitate conduct of high-priority scientific research. In October 2006, a Level Two meeting brought together members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory …
Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of an anilide enolate, application to an efficient formal total synthesis of physovenine

An expedient formal total synthesis of the calabar alkaloid physovenine was reported. The key step involves an oxindole synthesis via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of o-bromoanilide.
The outcome effect – A review and implications for future research

This paper synthesizes the extant research on the outcome effect in the accounting domain, focusing primarily on the context of performance evaluation. It reviews the current state of our knowledge about this phenomenon, including its underlying cognitive and motivational causes, the contexts in which the outcome effect is observed, the factors that influence its various manifestations, and ways in which undesirable outcome effects can be mitigated. It also considers various perspectives about the extent to which outcome effects represent undesirable judgmental bias, and whether this distinction is necessary to motivate research on this topic. The paper is intended to motivate and facilitate future research into the effects of outcome knowledge on judgment in the accounting context. Therefore, we also identify important unanswered questions and discuss opportunities for future research throughout the paper. These include additional consideration of instances in which the outcome effect is reflective of bias, how this bias can be effectively mitigated, ways in which outcome information influences judgment (regardless of whether this influence is considered normative), and how the underlying causes of the outcome effect operate singly and jointly to bring about the outcome effect. We also consider ways that future research can contribute to practice by determining how to encourage evaluators to retain and incorporate the relevant information conveyed by outcomes, while avoiding the inappropriate use of outcome information, and by enhancing external validity to increase the generalizability of experimental results to scenarios frequently encountered in practice.
NEURAL NETWORKS AND RESPONSE SURFACE POLYNOMIALS FOR DESIGN OF VEHICLE JOINTS

Abstract Typically, design of a complex system starts by setting targets for its performance characteristics. Then, design engineers cascade these targets to the components and design the components to meet these targets. It is important to have efficient tools that check if a set of performance targets for a component corresponds to a feasible design and determine the dimensions and mass of this design. This paper describes a method to develop tools that relate response parameters that describe the performance of a component to the physical design variables that specify its geometry. Neural networks and response surface polynomials are used to rapidly predict the performance characteristics of the components given the component dimensions. The method is demonstrated on design of an automotive joint. The paper compares neural networks and response surface polynomials and shows that they are almost equally accurate for the problem considered.
Particle shape as revealed by spectral depolarization

Remote detection of airborne biological agents is a problem of contemporary interest. At issue is the discrimination of scatter from such harmful species and the scatter from naturally occurring particles such as hydrosols, pollen, and dust. The feature that our detection scheme attempts to exploit is that the species of interest typically have a characteristic size and shape that produce a unique signature in the depolarization of the scattered light. Through the use of T -matrix calculations we demonstrate the effect and show processing algorithms for quantifying and interpreting the measurements. Simulations suggest that it is possible to retrieve an estimate of the aspect ratio from a measurement of the spectral behavior of the linear depolarization in either the forward-scatter or back-scatter regime.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wave heights and set-up in a surf zone

Abstract A theoretical model is developed for wave heights and set-up in a surf zone. In the time-averaged equations of energy and momentum the energy flux, radiation stress and energy dissipation are determined by simple approximations which include the effect of the surface roller in the breaker and the actual shape of the waves. To the first approximation the roller represents a volume of water moving with the wave speed. It significantly changes both energy flux and radiation stress of the surf zone waves. The equations of energy and momentum are solved simultaneously to give the wave height variation and the set-up. Comparison with measurements shows good agreement. Also the transitions immediately after breaking are analyzed and shown to be in accordance with the above-mentioned ideas and results.
Electron-microprobe age mapping of monazite

High resolution X-ray maps of Th, U, Pb, and Y in monazite can be used to construct age maps, which reveal the continuous spatial distribution of ages in a single grain of monazite. The age mapping algorithm and three examples are presented to illustrate the capabilities and applications of this mapping technique, the insights it can provide into monazite geochronology in general, and its limitations compared to electron microprobe (EMP) quantitative dating and other in-situ geochronologic techniques. Age maps offer critical information for unraveling metamorphic and tectonic histories and for interpreting results from other geochronologic techniques, and they are a valuable aid for rigorously locating in-situ analytical points. Age mapping also can be used to better understand the behavior of the U-Th-Pb system in monazite during metamorphism, deformation, and s uid-circulation events. Age maps presented in this paper reveal unsuspected age heterogeneities on the micrometer scale, like a now-healed fracture not visible in back-scattered electron (BSE) images or young domains less than 5 μm in width located inside an older core. In both cases, using age maps as a template for locating in-situ analysis points will minimize the peril of age mixing and erroneous geological interpretations. In addition to providing critical information for illustrating and interpreting the history of complex polygenetic monazite, age mapping may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the processes involved with monazite growth and recrystallization, and thus, even more powerful applications of the monazite geochronometer. The AgeMap program is available in a Windows version and can be downloaded from the internet at the following address: http://www.geo.umass.edu/probe/agemap.
Metal-free halogenation of arylboronate with N-halosuccinimide

Abstract Efficient bromination and chlorination of aryl pinacol boronates were accomplished without the addition of metal reagent. The reaction proceeded efficiently with electron-rich arylboronates or heteroarylboronates in DMF or acetonitrile, to afford mono-, di-, or trihalogenated aryl pinacol boronates.
Ligand substituent effects in transition metal photochemistry—The tuning of excited states

Reviews of Chemical Intermediates, 2, 267 (1979). Ligand substituent effects in transition metal photochemistry—The tuning of excited states Peter C. Ford Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 Contents I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 II. Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 A. Ligand ﬁeld states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 B. Metal-to-ligand charge transfer and intraligand 17, 11* states . . . . . . . . 273 1. Pyridine complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 2. Bipyridine and phenanthroline complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 III. Photochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 A. Pyridine complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 1. Rh(NH3)5(py-x)°* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 2. Ru(NH3).,py-x“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 3. W(C0).py-x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 4. (175-C5H.)M(CO),(py-x) (M = Re or Mn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 5. Fe(CN)5py-x°&#39; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 B. Polypyridyl and phenanthroline complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 1. Ir(phen-x)-..Cl’§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 2. Ru(bipy-x)§* and Ru(phen-x)3‘* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 C. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 IV. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 V. References and Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 I. Introduction For decades the systematic application of substituent effects has been a mainstay of physical organic chemistry, and few chemistry students have escaped the inﬂuence of Hammett’s elegant treatment of substituent effects on benzoic acid dissociation constants.‘ The application of substituent effects in transition metal chemistry has been much less extensive. However, in recent years, various researchers have used this powerful tool to probe the nature of metal complex electronic excited states in investigations of absorption and emission spectros- copy and of photochemistry. The purpose of this article is to review ligand substituent effects in transition metal photochemistry, particularly in mecha- nistic studies. Spectroscopic investigations relevant to the photochemical experiments will also be reviewed. For the purpose of the work described here, the term substituent will be deﬁned as a group replacing a hydrogen atom of a parent ligand and having the potential of changing the electronic character of that ligand. In addition, we © 1979, by Verlag Chemie International, Inc. 267
Growth factors and hematopoietic recovery.

Availability of hematopoietic growth factors (GC-SF, GM-CSF, erythropoietin,etc.) has started a new arena of dose-intensification. The use of such growth factors has resulted in faster hematopoietic recovery of cancer patients and now offers several new treatment modifications. These include: (1)dose-intensification without hematopoietic stem cell support, (2) speedier hematopoetic recovery after hematoablative therapy and stem cell transplantation (allogeneic or autologous); (3) use of combination of growth factors, and (4) improvement in the delivery of anti-microbial drugs which are toxic towards hematopoietic cells (Gancyclovir, Bactrim,etc.). The above treatment strategies are under active clinical trials and can provide improved, cost-effective methods of treating patients with cancer.
Is Quaternary geology ready for the future

Abstract Armed with a better understanding of process and an array of developing dating techniques, Quaternary geology is poised to achieve greater recognition in the general scientific community. This recognition however, will require some thought adjustment. Quaternary geologists will have to convince government, industry and a variety of scientific groups that they possess unique training and expertise that is needed as part of the thrust to fully understand and/or resolve major scientific problems. Therefore, future research and education efforts should not focus on developing a rigidly defined identity within geoscience, but instead should seek ways to be integrated with interdisciplinary teams that will investigate complex environmental and climate change problems. Such a scenaria creates and enermous dilemma for Quaternary geologists because they will derive greater intellectual stimulation from scientists working in discplines other than geology, and their scientific collaboratiors will most likely not be their academic colleagues. This outward expansion of our scientific network will require the development of interdsciplinary research collaboration and/or degree-granting programs at the graduate level. To accomplish such goals, universities must resist “turf protection”, and funding agencies muts become more efficient at facilitating interdisciplinary research.
Coordinated home energy management for real-time power balancing

This paper proposes a coordinated home energy management system (HEMS) architecture where the distributed residential units cooperate with each other to achieve real-time power balancing. The economic benefits for the retailer and incentives for the customers to participate in the proposed coordinated HEMS program are given. We formulate the coordinated HEMS design problem as a dynamic programming (DP) and use approximate DP approaches to efficiently handle the design problem. A distributed implementation algorithm based on the convex optimization based dual decomposition technique is also presented. Our focus in the current paper is on the deferrable appliances, such as Plug-in (Hybrid) Electric Vehicles (PHEV), in view of their higher impact on the grid stability. Simulation results shows that the proposed coordinated HEMS architecture can efficiently improve the real-time power balancing.
Covering maps for locally path-connected spaces

We define Peano covering maps and prove basic properties analogous to classical covers. Their domain is always locally path-connected but the range may be an arbitrary topological space. One of characterizations of Peano covering maps is via the uniqueness of homotopy lifting property for all locally path-connected spaces. Regular Peano covering maps over path-connected spaces are shown to be identical with generalized regular covering maps introduced by Fischer and Zastrow. If $X$ is path-connected, then every Peano covering map is equivalent to the projection $\widetilde X/H\to X$, where $H$ is a subgroup of the fundamental group of $X$ and $\widetilde X$ equipped with the basic topology. The projection $\widetilde X/H\to X$ is a Peano covering map if and only if it has the unique path lifting property. We define a new topology on $\widetilde X$ for which one has a characterization of $\widetilde X/H\to X$ having the unique path lifting property if $H$ is a normal subgroup of $\pi_1(X)$. Namely, $H$ must be closed in $\pi_1(X)$. Such groups include $\pi(\mathcal{U},x_0)$ ($\mathcal{U}$ being an open cover of $X$) and the kernel of the natural homomorphism from the fundamental group to the Cech fundamental group.
Molecular-dynamics study of the lattice-vibration contribution to the frequency-dependent dielectric constant of lithium iodide.

A molecular-dynamics simulation has been performed on the crystal lithium iodide, LiI. A rigid-ion potential is used with parameters fit to thermal expansion, isothermal compressibility, lattice energy, and the frequency of the transverse optical mode at the zone center. The current-current correlation function has been calculated at T=200 and 400 K, and from this the absorption and dispersion have been obtained. Anharmonic broadening is observed at the higher temperature. In addition, the mean-square displacements of the two ions are found to be 0.013 and 0.031 A${\mathrm{\r{}}}^{2}$ at T=200 and 400 K, respectively. The radial distribution function has also been calculated.
Voting on Growth Control Measures: Preferences and Strategies

Citizens of many California cities and counties have sought to restrict the rate of population growth in their localities. In 1988, Citizens for Limited Growth used the initiative process to place a pair of growth control measures on the ballot in the City and County of San Diego, respectively. The City Council and Board of Supervisors responded by placing less stringent, competing measures on the same ballot. This paper analyzes voting data from this election to examine the nature of support for such measures. We find strong support for the hypotheses that whites, homeowners, liberal/environmentalists, and those exposed to high levels of traffic congestion are more likely to favor growth controls. This paper also investigates the behavior of voters when they confront competing propositions concerning the same issue on the same ballot, and finds strong evidence of strategic voting.
Frequency of word occurrence in communication samples produced by adult communication aid users.

Communication samples generated by five nonspeaking adults using Canon Communicators were collected for 14 consecutive days. Samples were analyzed to determine frequency of word occurrence. A core ...
Near-identifiability of dynamical systems

Abstract Previous work on structural identifiability has been based on the assumption that the structure of the process was completely known and hence the model structure could be specified exactly. This paper is concerned with system identification in the presence of model structural errors. The near-equivalence between model and process is defined, using allowable bounds on modeling error and output error. Bounds on the output error are obtained and stated precisely. Sufficient conditions for near-equivalence are then obtained for given output error bounds. Finally, near-identifiability is defined in terms of the modeling error, and conditions for near-identifiability are obtained. An example illustrates the concepts introduced in the paper.
The role of seismic refraction data for studies of the origin and evolution of continental rifts

Abstract Universal attributes of continental rift systems are crustal extension with associated asthenospheric upwelling or modification of the mantle beneath the rift axis. Continental rifting is thus greatly controlled, if not driven, by geodynamic processes in the lower lithosphere. Seismic refraction profiling is a technique for obtaining high-resolution data on structures, seismic velocities, and petrologic conditions in the deep crust and upper mantle. Status of presently available seismic refraction data in four major Cenozoic continental rift systems (Rhinegraben of central Europe, Rio Grande rift of southwestern United States, Baikal rift of Eastern Siberia, and Kenya rift of East Africa) is reviewed in the light of extent of coverage in area and depth, reliability of velocity measurements, and outstanding structural and geodynamical problems that remain unanswered for each system. Evidence of crustal thinning, anomalous mantle at the Moho, as well as shallow and midcrustal velocity anomalies exist in all four examples. The Rhinegraben is the best constrained system from the point of view of seismic structure models. Seismic refraction structure data for the Kenya rift are sparse and raise more questions than answers. Since extensive geological, volcanological, and petrological data available for the East Africa system usually make it the standard for models of continental rifting, modern, high-resolution, deep seismic refraction profiles in Kenya are urgently needed in order to advance understanding of basic continental rifting processes.
Townsend ionization constants in n-alkanes

We recently measured the first Townsend ionization coefficient, α in a series of n-alkyl chloride gases1, and found that the dependence of α upon molecular structure in these gases was similar to, but different in detail from, that indirectly inferred in the hydrocarbon gases by Devins and Crowe2 and Heylen and Lewis3 from sparking potential measurements. In order to determine whether these differences are real or are the result of errors in analysis of the sparking potential data, we have undertaken the direct measurement of the first Townsend ionization coefficients in the n-alkane gases containing from one to six carbon atoms.
A General Model for Selectivity in Olefin Cross Metathesis

In recent years, olefin cross metathesis (CM) has emerged as a powerful and convenient synthetic technique in organic chemistry; however, as a general synthetic method, CM has been limited by the lack of predictability in product selectivity and stereoselectivity. Investigations into olefin cross metathesis with several classes of olefins, including substituted and functionalized styrenes, secondary allylic alcohols, tertiary allylic alcohols, and olefins with α-quaternary centers, have led to a general model useful for the prediction of product selectivity and stereoselectivity in cross metathesis. As a general ranking of olefin reactivity in CM, olefins can be categorized by their relative abilities to undergo homodimerization via cross metathesis and the susceptibility of their homodimers toward secondary metathesis reactions. When an olefin of high reactivity is reacted with an olefin of lower reactivity (sterically bulky, electron-deficient, etc.), selective cross metathesis can be achieved using fee...
Studies on Trichinosis, With Especial Reference to the Increase of the Eosinophilic Cells in the Blood and Muscle, the Origin of These Cells, and Their Diagnostic Importance

To summarize, we have been able to demonstrate: (1) In a case of acute trichinosis an extensive leucocytosis, with great absolute and relative increase in the number of eosinophilic cells in the blood, associated with a coincident decrease in the quantity of neutrophilic elements. (2) From the examination of specimens of muscle removed during life, besides the peculiar degenerations of the muscle, a longitudinal splitting of some of the fibres; a remarkable transverse splitting of others; a great proliferation of nuclei, about many of which vacuoles are seen; and large numbers of polymorphonuclear eosinophilic cells, which are especially prevalent in the more degenerated areas. (3) In a second case (after death), besides similar changes in the muscle, large numbers of eosinophiles throughout the infested portion. (4) In two other cases, during life, a great increase of the eosinophilic cells in the blood, with a coincident decrease of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, associated with leucocytosis, though of less extent than in the first case. (5) In pieces of muscle removed in these last two cases changes in most respects similar to those cited in the first case, but of less degree. (6) The similar character of the nuclei of the eosinophiles and the neutrophiles both in the blood and in the muscle, and the presence in the first case of certain cells which might be regarded as forms transitional between neutrophiles and eosinophiles, suggesting the possibility that the increase in the latter elements may, in these instances, take place in the muscles by direct transition from the neutrophiles.
How learning by doing is done: problem identification in novel process equipment☆

Abstract The unit cost of producing manufactured goods has been shown to decline significantly as more are produced. It has been argued that ‘learning by doing’ is at the root of this phenomenon, but the modes of learning actually involved have not been studied in detail. In this paper we attempt to provide a better understanding of the learning behaviors involved in learning by doing via a study of 27 problems that affected two novel process machines in their first years of use in production. First, ‘interference finding,’ is described, a form of learning by doing that appears to be central to the discovery of the problems studied. Next, the reasons why the problems identified by templating were not discovered prior to field use - before ‘doing’ - are explored. Two causes are identified: an inability to identify existing problem-related information in the midst of complexity, and the introduction of new problem-related information by users and other problem solvers who learn by doing after field introduction of the machine. We find that problems due to information lost in complexity emerge earlier than do problems due to user learning by doing. Tests of reason are used to show why it would be very difficult to eliminate doing from learning by doing. Finally, other implications of the study findings are discussed.
Rejection of renal allografts: specific immunologic suppression.

Kidneys were transplanted across a major genetic barrier (Ag-B locus), from LewisxBN F 1 hybrid rats into bilaterally nephrectomized Lewis rats. Survival of grafts is prolonged (indefinite?) in rats treated with a combination of (i) intravenous injection of donor spleen cells 1 day before the graft, and (ii) passive immunization with antiserum prepared in rats of the recipient strain against donor spleen and lymph-node cells. The recipient9s immune response to other antigens is not impaired.
The Merger History of Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies

The ubiquity of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the centers of nearby luminous galaxies can arise from the multiple mergers experienced by dark matter halos in hierarchical structure formation models, even if only a small fraction of these galaxies harbor SMBHs at high redshifts. We illustrate this possibility using cosmological Monte Carlo simulations of the merger history of dark matter halos and their associated SMBHs. In our most extreme models, in order to populate nearly every bright galaxy with an SMBH at z = 0, only a few percent of the halos with virial temperatures above 104 K are required to harbor an SMBH at high redshift. This possibility must be included in studies of the luminosity function and the clustering properties of quasars. We predict the number of SMBH merger events that are detectable by the gravitational wave experiment Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), as a function of redshift, out to z = 5. Although the event rates can be significantly reduced in scenarios with rare SMBHs, a minimum of ~10 detectable merger events per year is predicted if SMBH binaries coalesce efficiently. The observed distribution of events with redshift could yield valuable information on the SMBH formation process. If SMBH binaries do not coalesce, we find that at least several SMBH slingshot ejections probably occurred from z = 5 to the present in each galaxy more massive than ~1011 M? at z = 0. Although our results are sensitive to the minimum cooling mass assumed for the formation of SMBHs, we expect the qualitative predictions of our models to be robust.
Inclusive quasielastic and deep inelastic electron scattering at high energies

Abstract With high electron energies a kinematic regime can be reached where it will be possible to separate quasielastic and deep inelastic scattering. We present a short description of these processes with dominate the inclusive spectrum. Using the highest momentum transfer data available to guide our estimates, we give the kinematic requirements and the cross sections expected. The re sults indicate that inclusive scattering at high q has a yet unfilled potential.
Chaotic coupling constants

Abstract We examine some novel physical consequences of the general structure of moduli spaces of string vacua. These include (1) finiteness of the volume of the moduli space and (2) chaotic motion of the moduli in the early universe. To fix ideas we examine in detail the example of the (conjectural) dilaton-axion “S-duality” of four-dimensional string compactifications. The facts (1) and (2) together might help to solve some problems with the standard scenarios for supersymmetry breaking and vacuum selection in string theory.
Evaluating conflicting performance on driver and outcome measures: the effect of strategy maps

This study examines how strategy maps affect balanced scorecard (BSC) evaluators’ assessments of managerial performance. We examine a setting in which managers achieve target levels of performance on driver measures but not outcome measures. Without a strategy map, the more evaluators believe the outcome was beyond the manager’s control, the more they indemnify the manager. In contrast, evaluators with strategy maps do not use their beliefs about the uncontrollability of the outcome when making evaluation decisions. Rather, evaluators with strategy maps evaluate the manager without regard to the extent to which they believed the poor outcome was due to uncontrollable factors. Thus, strategy maps affect how evaluators implement control over the firm’s strategy. The finding suggests that the use of strategy maps, which is an integral part of the BSC, may actually have detrimental effects for organizations whose outcomes are influenced significantly by uncontrollable factors.
Phase Coherent Electronics: A Molecular Switch Based on Quantum Interference

The phenomenon of quantum mechanical interference may be used to control the conductivity of ballistic molecular wires. Using a simple model we demonstrate plausible effects and discuss its potential uses for constructing coherence-based molecular electronics.
Givental’s Lagrangian Cone and $S^1$-Equivariant Gromov–Witten Theory

In the approach to Gromov--Witten theory developed by Givental, genus-zero Gromov--Witten invariants of a manifold $X$ are encoded by a Lagrangian cone in a certain infinite-dimensional symplectic vector space. We give a construction of this cone, in the spirit of $S^1$-equivariant Floer theory, in terms of $S^1$-equivariant Gromov--Witten theory of $X \times \PP^1$. This gives a conceptual understanding of the ``dilaton shift'': a change-of-variables which plays an essential role in Givental's theory
Source and Channel Coding for Cooperative Relaying

User cooperation is a powerful tool to combat fading and increase robustness for communication over wireless channels. Although it is doubtless a promising technique for enhancing channel reliability, its performance in terms of average source distortion is not clear since source-channel separation theorem fails under the most common nonergodic slow-fading channel assumption, when channel state information (CSI) is only available at the receiving terminals. This work sheds some light on the end-to-end performance of joint source-channel coding for cooperative relay systems in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Considering distortion exponent as a figure of merit, we propose various strategies for cooperative source and channel coding that significantly improve the performance compared to the conventional scheme of source coding followed by cooperative channel coding. We characterize the optimal distortion exponent of a full-duplex relay channel for all bandwidth ratios. For the half-duplex relay channel, we provide an upper bound which is tight for small and large bandwidth ratios. We consider the effect of correlated side information on the distortion exponent as well.
Asymmetric synthesis of dienomycin C

Abstract The first asymmetric synthesis of dienomycin C was accomplished in seven steps and 46% overall yield.
Principles of condensed matter physics

Preface 1. Overview 2. Structure and scattering 3. Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics 4. Mean-field theory 5. Field theories, critical phenomena, and the renormalization group 6. Generalized elasticity 7. Dynamics: correlation and response 8. Hydrodynamics 9. Topological defects 10. Walls, kinks and solitons Glossary Index.
Minimality and symplectic sums

Let X1, X2 be symplectic 4-manifolds containing symplectic sur- faces F1, F2 of identical positive genus and opposite squares. Let Z denote the symplectic sum of X1 and X2 along the Fi. Using relative Gromov-Witten theory, we determine precisely when the symplectic 4-manifold Z is minimal (i.e., cannot be blown down); in particular, we prove that Z is minimal unless either: one of the Xi contains a ( 1)-sphere disjoint from Fi; or one of the Xi admits a ruling with Fi as a section. As special cases, this proves a conjecture of Stipsicz asserting the minimality of fiber sums of Lefschetz fibrations, and implies that the non-spin examples constructed by Gompf in his study of the geography problem are minimal. Let (X1,!1), (X2,!2) be symplectic 4-manifolds, and let F1 ⊂ X1, F2 ⊂ X2 be two-dimensional symplectic submanifolds with the same genus whose homology classes satisfy (F1) 2 + (F2) 2 = 0, with the !i normalized to give equal area to the surfaces Fi. For i = 1,2, a neighborhood of Fi is symplectically identified by Weinstein's symplectic neighborhood theorem (19) with the disc normal bundlei of Fi in Xi. Choose a smooth isomorphismof the normal bundle to F1 in X1 (which is a complex line bundle) with the dual of the normal bundle to F2 in X2. According to (2) (and independently (11)), the symplectic sum
Intersection types and bounded polymorphism

Intersection types and bounded quantification are complementary extensions of a first-order programming language with subtyping. We define a typed λ-calculus combining these extensions, illustrate its unusual properties, and develop basic proof-theoretic and semantic results leading to algorithms for subtyping and typechecking.
Bounded self-stabilizing Petri nets

We investigate the property of self-stabilization in bounded Petri nets. We give characterizations for both self-stabilizing bounded ordinary Petri nets (i.e., Petri nets without multiple arcs) and self-stabilizing bounded general Petri nets (i.e., Petri nets with multiple arcs). These characterizations allow us to determine the complexity of deciding self-stabilization for each of these classes. In particular, we show the self-stabilization problem to be PTIME-complete for bounded ordinary Petri nets and PSPACE-complete for bounded general Petri nets.
Rational expectations, psychology and inductive learning via moving thresholds

Abstract This paper modifies a previously introduced class of heterogeneous agent models in a way that allows for the inclusion of different types of agent motivations and behaviours in a consistent manner. The agents operate within a highly simplified environment where they are only able to be long or short one unit of the asset. The price of the asset is influenced by both an external information stream and the demand of the agents. The current strategy of each agent is defined by a pair of moving thresholds straddling the current price. When the price crosses either of the thresholds for a particular agent, that agent switches position and a new pair of thresholds is generated. The threshold dynamics can mimic different sources of investor motivation, running the gamut from purely rational information-processing, through rational (but often undesirable) behaviour induced by perverse incentives and moral hazards, to purely psychological effects. The simplest model of this kind precisely conforms to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and this allows causal relationships to be established between actions at the agent level and violations of EMH price statistics at the global level. In particular, the effects of herding behaviour and perverse incentives are examined.
Preparation of 4-heteroaryl-4-cyanopiperidines via SNAr substitution reactions

The scope and limitations of SNAr substitution reactions of metalated 4-cyanopiperidines with heterocyclic halides were explored. These facile reactions provide rapid access to a wide range of 4-heteroaryl-4-cyanopiperidines and have resulted in improved yields, faster reaction times, and lower temperatures than previously published synthetic methods.
Evaluating Education Reforms: Four Cases in Developing Countries

This symposium features four studies of education reforms and their impact on enrollment and learning. Three are part of a research project funded by the World Bank's Development Research Group and its research support budget to evaluate innovations in the education systems of selected developing countries. Two of the articles focus on Latin America, where decentralization reforms have been in place since the early 1990s. El Salvador has implemented a program that involves community education councils in the operation of public schools, and Colombia ran a voucher program that subsidized poor students, enabling them to attend private secondary schools. The third article analyzes a government subsidy program in Pakistan that encourages communities to establish nongovernmental schools that enroll girls. The symposium's fourth study evaluates a pilot project in the Philippines that uses different school inputs to improve student enrollment and performance in primary school.
Aryliodine (III) Diacetates as Substrates for Pd-Ag Catalyzed Arylation of Alkenes.

Abstract An unprecedented application of aryliodine(III) diacetates as substrates in Pd–Ag catalyzed arylation of alkenes is described. The mechanistic studies revealed that the binary Pd–Ag catalysis leads to the decomposition of aryliodine(III) diacetates to oxygen and aryl iodides followed by arylation of alkenes forming Heck-type products. Under optimized conditions both electron-rich and electron-deficient alkenes undergo arylation in high yields. Advantageously, the reaction proceeds smoothly in water as a solvent and neither organic ligands nor inert atmosphere are required.
Technology as Risk

Technology is a source of risk. Technology is a risk not only because it often has unintended consequences, but also because accelerating technological change creates compound risks resulting from multiple interacting technologies. More importantly, a fast changing technological environment introduces additional risk because of the numerous social, economic, and political opportunities it creates, and because of the threats it facilitates. In a competitive world, taking advantage of these new opportunities, and protecting against emerging threats are constant battles not only for individuals, but also for businesses and governments. These risks are most pronounced in global communication, military, and banking systems, but no social institution is immune. Reduction of these risks should be a major concern for all social institutions. The undesirable consequences need to be dealt with before, not after they occur. There are numerous risk-reduction technologies that can be deployed to minimize risk while still maintaining the efficiencies created by efficiency-raising technologies.
A decision-theoretic approach to reliable message delivery

We argue that the tools of decision theory should be taken more seriously in the specification and analysis of systems. We illustrate this by considering a simple problem involving reliable communication, showing how considerations of utility and probability can be used to decide when it is worth sending heartbeat messages and, if they are sent, how often they should be sent.
Dissipation of Turbulence in the Wake of a Wind Turbine

The wake of a wind turbine is characterized by increased turbulence and decreased wind speed. Turbines are generally deployed in large groups in wind farms, and so the behaviour of an individual wake as it merges with other wakes and propagates downwind is critical in assessing wind-farm power production. This evolution depends on the rate of turbulence dissipation in the wind-turbine wake, which has not been previously quantified in field-scale measurements. In situ measurements of winds and turbulence dissipation from the wake region of a multi-MW turbine were collected using a tethered lifting system (TLS) carrying a payload of high-rate turbulence probes. Ambient flow measurements were provided from sonic anemometers on a meteorological tower located near the turbine. Good agreement between the tower measurements and the TLS measurements was established for a case without a wind-turbine wake. When an operating wind turbine is located between the tower and the TLS so that the wake propagates to the TLS, the TLS measures dissipation rates one to two orders of magnitude higher in the wake than outside of the wake. These data, collected between two and three rotor diameters \(D\) downwind of the turbine, document the significant enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate within the wind-turbine wake. These wake measurements suggest that it may be useful to pursue modelling approaches that account for enhanced dissipation. Comparisons of wake and non-wake dissipation rates to mean wind speed, wind-speed variance, and turbulence intensity are presented to facilitate the inclusion of these measurements in wake modelling schemes.
Controlling single-molecule negative differential resistance in a double-barrier tunnel junction.

We observed the transition from negative differential resistance (NDR) to the absence of NDR in the differential conductance ($dI/dV$) spectra of single copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules adsorbed on one, two, and three atomic layers of NaBr grown on a NiAl(110) substrate. Through numerical simulation, this transition is attributed to two phenomena in the double-barrier tunnel junction: (i) the opposite bias dependence of the vacuum and NaBr barrier heights, and (ii) the changing barrier widths for CuPc molecules adsorbed on different layers of NaBr.