cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Social and Environmental Costs of Milk Production: Trends and Resistance in Vermont

The power of social institutions to influence patterns of behavior is evident in the dairy industry. Secondary data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) show that dairy operators adapt to market pressures by expanding the size of their herds and/or adopting technologies that intensify milk production. A grounded theory approach using primary data collected in interviews with organic dairy operators reveals active resistance to the power imposed upon them by social institutions.
Research exercises: immersion experiences to promote information literacy

Traditionally, librarians visit courses for incoming students in many disciplines to discuss strategies to locate resource materials for projects and research and also to explore mechanisms to evaluate sources. Unfortunately, librarians and other faculty regularly report that these lectures do not connect well with students. For example, with the advent of the Internet, today's incoming students often believe that a quick search of the Internet will locate any needed material. Graham and Metaxas, however, have shown that students are remarkably naive in obtaining and analyzing such information. [2] This paper presents a different approach, in which the combination of short research exercises and feedback from faculty (including librarians) forces students to recognize superficial and inefficient search strategies. Implementations of this approach in several computer-science classes in both the United States and New Zealand indicate research exercises regularly change student understandings and practices.
Large density expansion of a hydrodynamic theory for self-propelled particles

Recently, an Enskog-type kinetic theory for Vicsek-type models for self-propelled particles has been proposed [T. Ihle, Phys. Rev. E 83, 030901 (2011)]. This theory is based on an exact equation for a Markov chain in phase space and is not limited to small density. Previously, the hydrodynamic equations were derived from this theory and its transport coefficients were given in terms of infinite series. Here, I show that the transport coefficients take a simple form in the large density limit. This allows me to analytically evaluate the well-known density instability of the polarly ordered phase near the flocking threshold at moderate and large densities. The growth rate of a longitudinal perturbation is calculated and several scaling regimes, including three different power laws, are identified. It is shown that at large densities, the restabilization of the ordered phase at smaller noise is analytically accessible within the range of validity of the hydrodynamic theory. Analytical predictions for the width of the unstable band, the maximum growth rate, and for the wave number below which the instability occurs are given. In particular, the system size below which spatial perturbations of the homogeneous ordered state are stable is predicted to scale with where √M is the average number of collision partners. The typical time scale until the instability becomes visible is calculated and is proportional to M.
Cracking Los Angeles

The Los Angeles area is prone to earthquakes because it is caught between converging tectonic plates and cut by geological faults of many shapes and sizes. New estimates of movement along some faults of a particular type (strike-slip) are as much as four times higher than previous values, and imply that these faults may pose more of an earthquake hazard than had been thought.
UV photon and low-energy (5-150 eV) electron-stimulated processes at environmental interfaces

Summary form only given. Irradiation of surfaces and interfaces with low-energy (5-150 eV) electrons and ultraviolet photons occurs during the storage of "mixed" (chemical/radioactive) waste forms and during processing steps which involve the use of low temperature plasmas. It is well known that electron- and photon-stimulated desorption (ESD and PSD) from wide band-gap materials and interfaces can be initiated by Auger decay of deep valence and shallow core holes. We present results on the ESD and PSD of environmentally relevant substrates such as ZrO/sub 2/(100), soda-glass, and NaNO/sub 3/. The major cation thresholds and yields indicate that ESD and PSD from these complex materials involves Auger stimulated events. In particular, desorption thresholds correlate with ionization of the O(2s), Zr(4p), Si(2p) and Na(2s) levels. The near band-gap threshold energy (/spl sim/5-7 eV) for the desorption of neutrals (i.e., atomic oxygen, NO, etc.) demonstrate the overall importance of self-trapped and localized excitons in both ESD and PSD of typical ceramics and oxides.
Turbulence and Sheared Flow

Achieving nuclear fusion in magnetically confined plasma has been frustrated by turbulence that rips the plasma apart. In his Perspective, Burrell discusses recent efforts to understand and control microturbulence-small-scale plasma eddies that dominate the loss of energy from tokamak plasmas. Such efforts include those reported by [ Lin et al. ][1] in the same issue, in which numerical simulations were used to examine the ability of velocity shear in the plasma to reduce microturbulence. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/281/5384/1835
The Beauties of Drink: An Essay

STRAIGHTAWAY, I TELL YOU, this essay is about intoxicating drink ?arguably the misunderstood subject of our era ?and starts with my first, when I was eleven. The occasion was a party with dual purposes: to celebrate my daddy's fiftieth birthday and, a week earlier, his latest hole-in-one at the Mimbres Valley Country Club (in commemoration of which Ivy Martin, the club pro, had given him a gallon of Johnny Walker Red). For the record, the person who gave it to me was Mrs. Hal Thibo deaux, and what she said was this: "Scooter, what're you looking at?" I was looking at booze, of course, those many decanters and bottles and crystal pitchers my mother had set up in the den near Daddy's trophy case. It was near midnight, I suppose, and everybody was quite instinct (a word I picked up at UNM) with madness. Mr. Levisay, for example, had Mrs. Dalrhymple collapsed atop the ottoman and from the patio you heard a Fats Molydore harangue about pissants and such mossback peckerwoods as were tending toward Congress that year (1958). "A.C.!" Mrs. Hal yelled for my daddy, "should I give this boy some thing to drink, or what? He says he's thirsty." I had been yanked out of sleep, I remember, by noises which are elsewhere described as those com mon to apocalypse. I heard the words "fernal" and "wayward," plus a commotion in regard to games of chance, then my daddy, A.C. LeDuc, said, from a dark region in the direction of the utility room, to give his son any goddam thing he wanted; and so, while Judge Sanders was dancing the Cleveland Chicken with Ruby, our housekeeper, Mrs. H. poured me what I would now call three fingers of Redeye. "Well, squirt," she said, heaving her bosom for effect, "here's mud in your eye." How nice it would be to report, dozens of years from the event itself, that drinking whiskey had an impact on me as instantly profound and dis ruptive as war. It did not. Instead, mouth stinging and hot as fever, I sipped, sat on a cane barstool Mother had bought in Panama, and, like a spy, kept to myself. Across the way, Goonch Ilkin had a cocktail balanced on his forehead and kept referring to himself as one slick hombre, while behind him E. Terry Long was shifting his watery eyeballs in and out of focus. In the living room, I could see Alberta Turner showing Dot tie
Simulation of Large-Scale Astronomical CCD Surveys

We present the first stage of a project to develop a computer model of a CCD camera system dedicated to galaxy surveys. We plan to improve old and develop new algorithms for reduction and analysis of digital astronomical images. We intend to apply our model to testing theories and observations of the large-scale distribution of galaxies, and data reduction methods. We present here the results of the initial, testing phase of our project, which consists of the development of a benchmark for the main software packages that are commonly used to reduce and analyze astronomical observations. Our initial tests will measure the efficiency and accuracy of such software.
Video in science. Protocol videos: the implications for research and society.

The Chinese folktale, Three Blind Men and an Elephant , is more than 2,000 years old. Three blind men approached an elephant and tried to describe it. The first man felt the elephant's ear and decided that it was like a fan. The second man touched the elephant's knee and decided that it was like a tree. The third man held the elephant's trunk and concluded that it was like a snake. They could not agree on what an elephant is really like (Kuo & Kuo, 1976). If each of the three men had felt the whole of the elephant, or at least experienced each of the three parts themselves, they would have gained a better idea of what animal they were trying to describe. Scientists, like the blind men, often have too narrow a focus when thinking about their field of research or particular topics. To obtain a larger, more complete picture—to understand what the ‘elephant’ is—they need as much information as possible. One way of achieving this is to take advantage of new technologies, such as video, and use it to communicate scientific methods, protocols and results. Here, I describe the possible advantages of using video to communicate scientific protocols instead of verbal descriptions, and highlight some further benefits of such an approach, in particular in educational and outreach programmes. Visual information is fundamental to communication. As humans, we have relied on our visual perception of the world to convey ideas, feelings and images ever since our ancestors started painting animals on cave walls thousands of years ago. Drawings, paintings, photography, film, television, analogue and digital video, computer‐generated images and the Internet have all further increased and enhanced the use of images to communicate information—not just in general, but specifically with regard to scientific ideas, results and communication. …
Hanani-Tutte and Related Results

We investigate under what conditions crossings of adjacent edges and pairs of edges crossing an even number of times are unnecessary when drawing graphs. This leads us to explore the Hanani-Tutte theorem and its close relatives, emphasizing the intuitive geometric content of these results.
“That’s where our future came from”: Mining, landscape, and memory in Rankin Inlet, Nunavut

A partir d’une recherche ethnographique et en histoire orale, cet article examine les experiences communautaires historiques et contemporaines du developpement minier dans l’Arctique, au moyen d’une analyse du paysage culturel de Rankin Inlet au Nunavut. Ce village fut fonde dans les annees 1950 a proximite de la premiere operation miniere d’envergure industrielle au Canada, la North Rankin Nickel Mine. La fin brutale de ses activites, en 1962, porta un coup terrible a l’economie locale; le nombre des residents de la communaute diminua de moitie, ceux qui restaient devant lutter pour survivre. Malgre la longue periode qui s’est ecoulee depuis la fermeture de la mine, l’influence de celle-ci se fait encore sentir dans l’environnement bâti du village et les paysages culturels. Notre recherche s’efforce de reveler les attachements symboliques que les habitants, tant Inuit que residents qallunaat de longue date, ont noues avec le paysage postindustriel. Nous avons pour postulat que Rankin Inlet, en tant que communaute, reconnait son passe industriel et recommence a le revendiquer, dans le contexte des efforts qu’elle fait actuellement pour gerer les couts et les benefices d’un nouveau developpement minier de la region.
A field study of unstable preferential flow during soil water redistribution

[1] Reversal of the matric potential gradient during redistribution of soil water following infiltration has been hypothesized as a cause of preferential flow by inducing a fluid instability at the leading edge of the wetting front. In this paper, we present results of 17 field experiments carried out to quantify the effects of redistribution on preferential flow in nonstructured soils. The experiments were performed in three field soils (Superstition sand, Delhi sand, and Hanford sandy loam) under saturating and nonsaturating water application rates. Water flow patterns were monitored at various times during redistribution with photography using anionic dyes and by intensive core sampling of bromide added during infiltration. The soil surface was either tilled or undisturbed, exposed or covered with a plastic membrane, and the top 20-cm fine layer was either left in place or removed in various treatments. The infiltration water containing tracers was applied continuously and uniformly to the surface of a 2 × 1.2 m2 field plot using a moving spray system. After the soil received 8 to 20 cm of water, a trench was dug adjacent to the plot and vertical soil profiles were exposed at different times and positions to visualize the redistribution process. Some profiles were intensively sampled by soil coring along the trench face and analyzed for water content and bromide concentration to quantify the redistribution of water in the wetted zones. The observed two- and three-dimensional distribution of the water tracers clearly indicated the development of unstable flow during redistribution in two of the three soil types studied but not in the coarsest-textured Superstition sand. Symptoms of instability included irregularly shaped fingers that tended to become narrower toward their tips, isolated patches, and highly concentrated areas of the tracers indicating signs of converging and intermittent flow. The measured tortuosity of the wetting front was near 1.0 at the end of infiltration, indicating a stable front, but increased significantly during redistribution until finally declining due to the effects of capillary diffusion. Mean finger thicknesses were comparable (about 13 cm) in the two soils where instabilities were observed and were found to be consistent with predictions using an equation developed from stability theory.
Task-specific perceptual learning on speed and direction discrimination

Twenty-two naive undergraduates participated in a psychophysical experiment designed to elucidate the neural events that allow us to see subtle motion differences. Half of the subjects practiced extensively on a direction-discrimination task while the other half practiced extensively on a speed-discrimination task. The stimulus conditions in the two groups were identical. The results indicated that the learning curves for direction discrimination were significantly steeper than those for speed discrimination. Additionally, the significant practice-based improvements on each motion task did not transfer to the other motion task. The different learning rates and the lack of transfer suggest that the neural events mediating speed discrimination are at least partially independent from those mediating direction discrimination, and vice versa, even under identical stimulus conditions.
Dissociation of active from immobility components of sexual behavior in female rats by central 6-hydroxydopamine: implications for CA involvement in sexual behavior and sensorimotor responsiveness.

Abstract Ovariectomized female rats were given a hormone treatment (2 x 8 μg/kg estradiol benzoate) that normally supports only low levels of lordosis responding and no soliciting behavior in tests with sexually active males. When subjected to an intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) procedure (with pargyline pretreatment) that produced 85% and 95% depletions of caudate dopamine and cortical norepinephrine respectively, these females exhibited a dramatic increase in the intensity and frequency of lordotic responding but no soliciting behavior over 3 weekly tests. The increase in lordosis was not due to a drug- or stress-induced release of adrenal progesterone, since dexamethasone suppressed the progesterone levels, as documented by radioimmunoassay, but not the higher receptivity of 6-OHDA treated females. In other ovariectomized females given a hormone regimen (2 x 50 μg/kg estradiol benzoate plus 500 μg progesterone) that supported maximal levels of lordosis and soliciting, the same 6-OHDA treatment prolonged the average duration of lordosis while actually decreasing the incidence and duration of soliciting. The hypothesis is put forward that the differential effects of interfering with catecholamine, and more likely dopamine function on the soliciting and lordosis components of female sexual behavior might best be understood as a dissociation between mutually antagonistic behavior patterns such that responsiveness involving active orientation and forward locomotion is suppressed, whereas responses requiring immobility are augmented.
Common p-belief and uncertainty

This note generalizes the notion of common p-beliefs to situations of ambiguity or Knightian uncertainty. When players have multiple prior beliefs, we show that Aumann's no-agreement theorem can be approximated. We also provide conditions under which purely speculative trade does not occur in the presence of ambiguity when players preferences are complete or incomplete.
Heat transfer and icing of a rough cylinder

Abstract Heat transfer from a rough ice surface to air is a fundamental factor determining the icing rate and ice shape on an object under conditions where the impinging water flux exceeds the icing rate. In order to examine the effect of the roughness characteristics on icing, a boundary-layer model of heat transfer from a front half of a rough circular cylinder is proposed. The model is based on the integral equations of the boundary layer, and predicts the local heat transfer coefficient along the cylinder surface and, subsequently, the overall heat transfer rate. Comparison between the results of the model and the available experimental data for three different roughnesses in the cylinder Reynolds number range 5 × 104
Reversal of diet-induced changes in adenylate cyclase activity and fatty acid composition of rat submandibular salivary gland lipids

This study sought to determine if the diet-induced changes in submandibular salivary glands can be reversed. Two groups of male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed purified diets containing 9% butter + 1% corn oil (group I, control) or 9% ethyl ester concentrate of n-3 fatty acids + 1% corn oil (group II, experimental). After 5 weeks of feeding the respective diets, rats in group I were divided into two subgroups: Ia, which was maintained on the control diet, and Ib, which was shifted to the experimental diet for the reversal study. The rats in the experimental group were kept on their original diet. After five further weeks of feeding, the rats were killed, and membranes from submandibular glands were prepared and assayed for adenylate cyclase activity and for the fatty acid composition of total phospholipids. Changes characteristic of feeding n-3 fatty acids, including a significant increase in membrane fluidity as measured by the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, were observed in the total phospholipids of membranes from the experimental group. The adenylate cyclase activity was two- to three-fold higher in membranes of rats fed the experimental diet (group II) than the control diet (group Ia). Whereas the diet-induced changes in fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity were largely reversed (group Ib, reversal study), changes in adenylate cyclase activity were only partially reversed. The results suggest that, in addition to the fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity, other factors may also be important in modifying adenylate cyclase activity.
The use of a compact, multi-particle cyclotron for the production of 52Fe, 67Ga, 111In and 123I for medical purposes

Abstract Methods of production of 52 Fe, 67 Ga, 111 In and 123 I using a small medical cyclotron are described and discussed. The methods of preparing targets by electroplating are described as well as the design and operation of the internal target probe. Yields, impurities and chemical separation procedures are described in detail.
Hematologic abnormalities in children and young adults receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression following cardiothoracic transplantation

To define the incidence, course, and etiology of hematologic abnormalities in children on tacrolimus-based immunosuppression, we reviewed records of 106 transplant patients (70 heart, 16 heart and lung, 20 double lung), 0-21 yr of age, who were transplanted at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1989 to 1997. Fifty-four of the 106 patients (51%) developed 65 abnormal hematologic episodes (32 anemia, nine neutropenia, nine thrombocytopenia, 15 simultaneous anemia and neutropenia with or without thrombocytopenia). Common etiologies included: infections, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and medications. Eleven episodes (seven anemia, one neutropenia, and three simultaneous anemia and neutropenia) had unclear etiologies and process of elimination suggested an association with tacrolimus. Interventions included filgrastim (effective in 15 of 15 patients, with resolution of neutropenia in a median of 5 days) and epoetin alfa (effective in five of 16 patients, including four of four patients with anemia possibly related to tacrolimus). Five patients (two with neutropenia and three with simultaneous neutropenia and anemia) were switched to cyclosporin A (CsA); rapid resolution occurred in four of the five patients, suggesting a possible association of the hematologic abnormalities with tacrolimus. In summary, hematologic abnormalities are common in children on tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Most of these hematologic abnormalities are caused by common etiologies; however, a sub-population exists where tacrolimus may be the etiologic agent. Anemia and neutropenia respond to treatment with epoetin alfa and filgrastim. After thorough investigation, a trial switch to CsA may be warranted.
3D stacked microfluidic cooling for high-performance 3D ICs

Cooling is a significant challenge for high-performance high-power 3D ICs. hi this paper, we describe the experimental evaluation of 3D ICs with embedded microfluidic cooling. Different architectures are experimentally evaluated ine hiding: 1) a memory-on-processor stack. 2) a processor-on-processor stack with equal power dissipation, and 3) a processor-on-processor stack with different power dissipation, hi all cases, embedded microfluidic cooling shows significant junction temperature reduction compared to air-cooling.
Potential cardiotoxic reaction involving rivastigmine and beta-blockers: a case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of potential cardiovascular toxicity including syncope, bradycardia, and ECG pauses associated with the use of rivastigmine and atenolol. A 65-year-old African American female with a medical history of dementia, hypertension, seizure disorder, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease was admitted to the hospital with shortness of breath and syncope. She was witnessed to have experienced a presyncopal episode followed by a true syncopal episode in which she was unresponsive for 20–30 s. On day two of hospital stay, the patient’s ECG showed a sinus bradycardia with a heart rate in the 40 s and sinus pauses greater than 2 s in duration. Atenolol was immediately discontinued, with a continuance of the bradycardia despite one missed dose. The potentially toxic combination of rivastigmine and atenolol was then identified as a plausible causative factor of this patient’s syncope and was subsequently discontinued. This patient’s Naranjo adverse reaction probability score was five, which indicates a probable association between syncope and bradycardia with the combination of rivastigmine and atenolol [13]. Following the discontinuation of rivastigmine, the ECG pauses resolved and the patient’s heart rate returned to normal levels. The patient did not experience any further dizziness or syncope. A 65-year-old female developed syncope and subsequent ECG pauses with sinus bradycardia after being treated with rivastigmine for dementia. Atenolol may have further compounded this toxic effect by its pharmacodynamic mechanisms.
Do Family-Owned Businesses Have a Strategic Advantage in International Joint Ventures?:

In an increasingly turbulent global economic environment, companies are searching for winning ways of doing business internationally. One frequently discussed type of business is the joint venture. In this article, we argue that the likelihood of success for an international joint venture increases when both partners are family-owned businesses. These firms have shared values and goals that enable them to bridge cultural barriers more effectively than publicly held corporations.
The structure of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

The structure of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was explored with the negative contrast technique. The virus was propagated in bovine testicle tissue culture cells. The essential components of the virus particles were: (1) the core, (2) the capsid, and (3) the envelope. The core measured 945 A. The capsid consisted of 162 capsomeres and had an average diameter of 1085 A. The capsomeres were arrayed in a highly regular pattern characteristic of 5∶3∶2 axial symmetry. The envelope varied in size but had an average diameter of 2000 A.
Mapping a gene for congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles to the centromeric region of chromosome 12.

Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM) is an autosomal dominant, ocular disorder characterized by congenital, nonprogressive, bilateral ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia. The pathophysiology of this disorder is unknown and it is unclear if it has a primary neurogenic or myopathic etiology. We report linkage of this disorder, in two unrelated families, to markers in the pericentromeric region of human chromosome 12. D12S59 does not recombine with the disease giving a two–point lod score of 12.5 (θ = 0.00). D12S87 and D12S85 flank the CFEOM locus with two–point lod scores of 8.9 (θ = 0.03) and 5.4 (θ = 0.03) respectively, defining a region of 8 cM. These data establish a map location for CFEOM and demonstrate that this may be a genetically homogeneous disorder.
Atomic structure analysis at the nanoscale using the pair distribution function: simulation studies of simple elemental nanoparticles

The pair distribution function (PDF), as determined from total X-ray or neutron scattering, is a valuable probe of atomic arrangements in nanoparticles. Structural information in the experimental PDF is modified by the effects of particle shape, particle size, extended defects and internal substructure. This study uses synthetic PDF data, generated for simple elemental nanoparticles having different degrees of displacive atomic disorder in the particle surface compared with the interior, to explore the feasibility of reliably extracting key features (i.e. a lattice constant, particle diameter, atomic displacement parameters for the interior and the surface, and thickness of the surface layer) from experimental data in the absence of systematic errors using a statistical modeling approach. This approach determines a model PDF via simulation of an ensemble of nanoparticles. Several methods for model optimization were tested and a differential evolution algorithm was selected as the most reliable and accurate. Fitting synthetic PDF data using this algorithm was demonstrated to estimate all features well with small standard uncertainties. Identification of larger displacive atomic disorder in the particle surface compared with the interior was shown to be possible via model selection. Software for nanoparticle simulation and model optimization is provided in open-source form, to allow reproduction and extension of the results presented here.
Interfacing unstructured tetrahedron grids to structured-grid FDTD

Finite-element unstructured tetrahedron grids provide considerable modeling flexibility but can give rise to an extremely large number of cells when solving open-region problems. The finite-volume hybrid-grid (FVHG) algorithm enables unstructured grids to be combined with traditional structured-grid, rectangular-cell, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), thereby considerably reducing the unstructured-mesh overhead in surrounding space. In this letter, a simple technique to interface free-meshed, tetrahedron grids with FDTD is described. The two grids are directly coupled without the need for spatial interpolation. The tetrahedron mesh is defined to terminate on a rectangular surface that may be located very close to the geometry under study. Absorbing boundary conditions are easily applied in the surrounding FDTD grid. This technique provides finite-element modeling flexibility with the benefits of explicit time differencing and limited unstructured-mesh overhead. Multimaterial regions can be solved. The FVHG algorithm has been found to be accurate and generally stable for the long-term, even with complex free meshes generated by advanced solid-modeling software. >
An Energy Model for Applications Running on Multicore Systems

Researchers and developers use energy models to map out what an application or device's energy usage will be. Application developers most often do not have the capability to manipulate the CPU characteristics that most of these energy models and schedules use as their defining aspect. We present an energy model for multiprocess applications that centers around the CPU utilization, which application developers can actively affect with the design of their application.
A rhetorical approach to understanding images in the new 'visual age'

This paper reviews Paul Martin Lester's six analytical perspectives for understanding all visual images and suggests that by adding an additional perspective-the rhetorical one-we can better analyze and understand web pages.
Structure of Quasi-stellar Radio Sources

RECENTLY, Slish1 and Williams2 have shown that the curvature at the low-frequency part of the spectrum of radio sources of high surface brightness could be interpreted as being due to synchrotron self-absorption, and that frequency of maximum flux could be used to compute the angular diameter for an assumed magnetic field. The predicted angular diameters, for a field of 10−4 gauss, are in reasonable agreement with observations, except for sources such as CTA 21, CTA 102 (ref. 3), 3C 273B (ref. 4) and Parkes 1934–63 (ref. 5), for which the predicted values are well below the limits of present-day observational techniques. The latter comment also applies to the components of the sources 3C 84 and 3C 279 if their spectra are assumed to be due to synchrotron radiation.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in comatose children

Abstract Coma may be associated with raised intracranial pressure (ICP), with a causative relationship in some cases. ICP monitoring provides an objective measurement of intracranial pressure and allows the ICP response to specific interventions to be directly observed. A combination of ICP and invasive arterial pressure monitoring provides a measure of the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), which is an important parameter in determining cerebral blood flow. Despite widespread use of ICP monitoring in certain causes of coma, most notably traumatic brain injury, the use of ICP monitoring is not proven to improve outcome in any cause of coma. This review explores the current medical literature regarding the uses of ICP monitoring in the paediatric population.
Remarks on the current status of the Post constraint

No theoretical argument from a microscopic basis yet exists for the violation of the Post constraint on the constitutive relations of linear mediums, but there is now one piece of experimental evidence against that constraint.
MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments. I. First-Epoch 15 GHz Linear Polarization Images

We present first-epoch, milliarcsecond-scale linear polarization images at 15 GHz of 133 jets associated with active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the MOJAVE (Monitoring of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments) survey. MOJAVE is a long-term observational program to study the structure and evolution of relativistic outflows in AGNs. The sample consists of all known AGNs with Galactic latitude |b| > 25, J2000.0 declination greater than -20°, and correlated 15 GHz Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) flux density exceeding 1.5 Jy (2 Jy for sources below the celestial equator) at any epoch during the period 1994–2003. Of the 133 AGNs that satisfy these criteria, 96 are also part of the VLBA 2 cm Survey. Because of strong selection effects, the sample is dominated by blazars with parsec-scale morphologies consisting of a bright core component at the extreme end of a one-sided jet. At least one-third of the cores are completely unresolved on the longest VLBA baselines, indicating brightness temperatures above 1011 K. These cores tend to have electric vectors that are better aligned with the inner jet direction, possibly indicating the presence of a stationary shock near the base of the jet. The linear polarization levels of the cores are generally low ( 50%) and electric vectors aligned with the jet ridge line, consistent with optically thin emission from transverse shocks. The cores and jets of the radio galaxies show very little or no linear polarization. Both the weak- and strong-lined blazar classes (BL Lac objects and high-polarization radio quasars) show a general increase in fractional polarization with distance down the jet, but the BL Lac jets are generally more polarized and have electric vectors preferentially aligned with the local jet direction. We show that these differences are intrinsic to the jets and not the result of observational biases. We find that distinct features in the jets of gamma-ray-loud (EGRET) blazars are typically twice as luminous as those in non-EGRET blazars and are more highly linearly polarized. These differences can be adequately explained if gamma-ray blazars have higher Doppler-boosting factors, as the result of better alignment with the line of sight and/or higher bulk Lorentz factors.
New Method for the Direct Determination of Dissolved Fe(III) Concentration in Acid Mine Waters

A new method for direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) in acid mine water has been developed. In most present methods, Fe(III) is determined by computing the difference between total dissolved Fe and dissolved Fe(II). For acid mine waters, frequently Fe(II) ≫ Fe(III); thus, accuracy and precision are considerably improved by determining Fe(III) concentration directly. The new method utilizes two selective ligands to stabilize Fe(III) and Fe(II), thereby preventing changes in Fe reduction−oxidation distribution. Complexed Fe(II) is cleanly removed using a silica-based, reversed-phase adsorbent, yielding excellent isolation of the Fe(III) complex. Iron(III) concentration is measured colorimetrically or by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The method requires inexpensive commercial reagents and simple procedures that can be used in the field. Calcium(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Al(III), Zn(II), and Cd(II) cause insignificant colorimetric interferences for most acid mine waters. Waters con...
Hydrolyzable poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Due to the enormous annual increase in the volume of municipal solid waste, society's attention is focused on how to manage the solid waste problem. Plastic materials not only contribute a great deal to the litter problem but also create serious danger to the ecology. Every year, countless birds, sea turtles, and other marine mammals die from eating or getting entangled in plastic litter. Synthesizing degradable polymers can have a great impact on solving the problem of plastic litter. We have modified the structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to make it degradable in typical environmental conditions in presence of water. The change of physical properties of modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), resulting from hydrolysis, has been monitored and compared with those of pure poly(ethylene terephthalate).
ATOMISTICALLY-INFORMED MESOSCALE MODEL OF DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF BIOINSPIRED HIERARCHICAL SILICA NANOCOMPOSITES

Structural hierarchies are universal design paradigms of biological materials, e.g., several materials in nature used for carrying mechanical load or impact protection such as bone, nacre, dentin show structural design at multiple length scales from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Another example is the case of diatoms, microscopic mineralized algae with intricately patterned silica-based exoskeletons, with substructure from the nanometer to micrometer length scale. Previous studies on silica nano-honeycomb structures inspired from these diatom substructures at the nanoscale have shown a great improvement in plasticity, ductility and toughness through these designs over macroscopic silica, though along with a substantial reduction in stiffness. Here, we extend the study of these structural designs to the micron length scale by introducing additional hierarchy levels to implement a multilevel composite design. To facilitate our computational experiments we first develop a mesoscale particle-spring model description of the mechanics of bulk silica/nano-honeycomb silica composites. Our mesoscale description is directly derived from constitutive material behavior found through atomistic simulations at the nanoscale with the first principles-based ReaxFF force field, but is capable of describing deformation and failure of silica materials at tens of micrometer length scales. We create several models of randomly-dispersed fiber-composite materials with a small volume fraction of the nano-honeycomb phase, and analyze the fracture mechanics using J-integral and R-curve studies. Our simulations show a dominance of quasi-brittle fracture behavior in all cases considered. For particular materials with a small volume fraction of the nano-honeycomb phase dispersed as fibers within a bulk silica matrix, we find a large improvement (≈4.4 times) in toughness over bulk silica, while retaining the high stiffness (to 70%) of the material. The increase in toughness is observed to arise primarily from crack path deflection and crack bridging by the nano-honeycomb fibers. The first structural hierarchy at the nanometer scale (nano-honeycomb silica) provides large improvements in ductility and toughness at the cost of a large reduction in stiffness. The second structural hierarchy at the micron length scale (bulk silica/nano-honeycomb composite) recovers the stiffness of bulk silica while substantially improving its toughness. The results reported here provide direct evidence that structural hierarchies present a powerful design paradigm to obtain heightened levels of stiffness and toughness from multiscale engineering a single brittle — and by itself a functionally inferior material — without the need to introduce organic (e.g., protein) phases. Our model sets the stage for the direct simulation of multiple hierarchical levels to describe deformation and failure of complex biological composites.
A multimethod study of information quality in wiki collaboration

In this article, the author presents the results of a two-phase, multimethod study of wiki-based collaboration in an attempt to better understand how peer-produced collaboration is done well in wiki environments. Phase 1 involves an in-depth case study of the collaborative processes surrounding the development of the Wikipedia article on the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre. The rich data collected are used to develop an initial set of testable hypotheses of factors that enhance the quality of peer-produced information in wiki environments. Phase 2 tests these theories through a quantitative analysis of the collaborative features associated with 188 similar articles that Wikipedia considered for recognition as their best (i.e., the top 0.1p). Four collaborative features are examined for their effects on quality: volume of contributor activity, type of contributor activity, number of anonymous contributors, and top contributor experience. Volume of contributor activity is the only feature that is unsupported, a particularly interesting result because previous literature connects that factor most clearly to success in wiki-based collaboration. Implications are discussed.
Genetic improvement of napiergrass and hybrids with pearl millet

Abstract Genetic improvement of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) has included both intraspecific and interspecific hybridization. Our main thrust has been on interspecific hybrids between P. glaucum (L.) R.Br. (pearl millet) and P. purpureum, but we have also studied intraspecific hybrids between USDA PI 300086 (cv. Kinggrass) and PI 517947 (cv. Mott). Overall objectives were: (1) to breed higher quality and /or higher yielding napiergrass types that can be planted from seed; (2) to assess the large amount of genetic variability among accessions and hybrids and evaluate traits that can lead to low-cost yield of convertible biomass for energy production. Twenty napiergrass selections were evaluated for bioconversion to methane. These studies included analyses of plant parts for lignin, crude protein and biochemical methane potential.
Alternative Low Cost Roofing Material Candidates Based On Bagasse Filled Composites

Four composite material systems useful for roofing in the tropics were developed which utilize major percentages of bagasse (sugar cane residue) filler, and minor amounts of phenolic or other resin binders. The various materials were actually manufactured in small quantities in three developing countries and trial exposure roofs installed.
Ca2+ Entry via TRPC Channels Is Necessary for Thrombin-induced NF-κB Activation in Endothelial Cells through AMP-activated Protein Kinase and Protein Kinase Cδ

The transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) family channels are proposed to be essential for store-operated Ca2+ entry in endothelial cells. Ca2+ signaling is involved in NF-κB activation, but the role of store-operated Ca2+ entry is unclear. Here we show that thrombin-induced Ca2+ entry and the resultant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation targets the Ca2+-independent protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) to mediate NF-κB activation in endothelial cells. We observed that thrombin-induced p65/RelA, AMPK, and PKCδ activation were markedly reduced by knockdown of the TRPC isoform TRPC1 expressed in human endothelial cells and in endothelial cells obtained from Trpc4 knock-out mice. Inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β downstream of the Ca2+ influx or knockdown of the downstream Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β target kinase, AMPK, also prevented NF-κB activation. Further, we observed that AMPK interacted with PKCδ and phosphorylated Thr505 in the activation loop of PKCδ in thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells. Expression of a PKCδ-T505A mutant suppressed the thrombin-induced but not the TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for TRPC channels to mediate NF-κB activation in endothelial cells that involves the convergence of the TRPC-regulated signaling at AMPK and PKCδ and that may be a target of interference of the inappropriate activation of NF-κB associated with thrombosis.
Using 3D Modeling and Neural Networks to Predict Time-to-Heal for Chronic, Nonhealing Wounds

Chronic, non-healing ulcers are expensive to treat and heal. Approximately 2% of the United States’ general population suffers from non-healing wounds. Conservatively, the cost of treating these chronic wounds is estimated to exceed $50 billion per year. This is approximately ten times more than the annual budget of the World Health Organization. The prevalence of wound healing is similar to that of heart failure and cardiac diseases. However, unlike cardiac diseases little is known regarding the comparative treatments of wounds and their respective outcomes. Additionally, the field of monitoring and tracking wound care lacks the awareness compared with cardiac diseases.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Postnatal Malnutrition and Brain Cholinesterase in Rats

SEVERE malnutrition, especially protein–calorie restriction, early in the life of rats1 and pigs2 can cause behavioural abnormalities which persist long after nutritional rehabilitation. The physiological or biochemical basis for these abnormalities is not known, although long term, irreversible alterations in total DNA3 and brain lipid content have been found to result from early malnutrition. A part of the brain which has been demonstrated to be involved in the control of behaviour is the central cholinergic mechanism5, and changes in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Cholinesterase (ChE) have been reported to be correlated with behavioural changes in animals subjected to different environmental situations6. Furthermore, Sereni et al. found that undernutrition during the first 3 weeks of life decreased the activity of AChE in the brains of rats until they were 2 weeks old. We have now investigated the effects of early protein–calorie restriction on the activity of ChE in the brain.
Formation of milk lipids: a molecular perspective

Lipids, primarily triglycerides, are major milk constituents of most mammals, providing a large percentage of calories, essential fatty acids and bioactive lipids required for neonatal growth and development. To meet the caloric and nutritional demands of newborns, the mammary glands of most species have evolved an enormous capacity to synthesize and secrete large quantities of lipids during lactation. Significant information exists regarding the physiological regulation of lipid metabolism in the mammary gland from the study of dairy animals. However, detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating milk lipid formation is only now coming into focus through advances in mouse genetics, global analysis of mammary gland gene expression, organelle protein properties and the cell biology of lipid metabolism.
Assessment of the Value of Doctor of Pharmacy Clerkship Rotations to Global Medical Information at Eli Lilly and Company

Sponsoring a student program for Doctor of Pharmacy candidates is hypothetically mutually beneficial for the student and the organization. However, without concrete evidence, justifying the continuation of such programs may be difficult. The Global Medical Information Department at Eli Lilly and Company investigated the influence of the student program on future recruitment of employees, effects on preceptor and overall employee satisfaction, and the overall expense to the department. We found that 93% of current Lilly employees who completed a pharmacy student rotation at Lilly believe their experience positively influenced their career decision. Fifty-four percent of employees in Global Medical Information and 88% of those serving as preceptors reported an increased overall personal satisfaction in their job as a result of the student program. Although the cost estimation we conducted was very simplistic, we found a positive cost-benefit to the department based on the student program.