cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic structure of an impurity-stabilized Si{111} surface: Refinement using a combined-layer method

A low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) structure analysis of a Te-stabilized unreconstructed Si{111} 1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 surface is described. The intensity calculations were carried out with a computer program that treats multiple scattering in a unit made up of closely spaced surface or bulk layers in a spherical-wave expansion mode and then combines these units using a beam basis. Some details of an improved method of structure-constant evaluation employed in this program are described. The observed LEED intensities were compared with intensities calculated for several values of both the interlayer spacing and the inner potential. Quantitative comparison was made by the systematic use of the reliability factor of Zanazzi and Jona to yield both expectation values and confidence intervals. We find the separation of the first and second atomic layers to be ${d}_{12}=0.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ \AA{} (bulk value 0.78 \AA{}) and the inner potential, assumed to be energy independent, to be ${V}_{0}=11.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9$ eV. The separation of the second and third layers is unchanged from the bulk value within about 1.5%.
Lactational Performance of Rats Injected with Oxytocin, Cortisol-21-acetate, Prolactin and Growth Hormone During Prolonged Lactation

The response of the mammary gland of rats to various hormones injected daily between days 16 and 32 of lactation was studied. One unit of oxytocin, given 3 times daily, resulted in 37 and 44 % more mammary DNA and RNA content to day 32 of lactation than in saline-injected controls; however, oxytocin did not significantly increase litter weight gain or mammary RNA/DNA ratio. Cumulative litter weight gain decreased markedly in both oxytocin and saline injected rats as lactation advanced. Consequently, the endogenous supply of oxytocin appeared to be sufficient for removal of the reduced amounts of milk synthesized during advanced lactation. Cortisol-21-acetate (0.5 mg), ovine prolactin (2 mg) and ovine growth hormone (1 mg) were injected singularly and in all possible combinations between days 16 and 32 to determine if these treatments would maintain mammary nucleic acid content and lactational performance. Cortisol-21-acetate maintained mammary DNA and RNA content to day 32 of lactation and markedly retard...
Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyomatosis and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency: case report and review of the literature

The occurrence of smooth muscle neoplasms and lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised patients is well recognized. We report the case of an 8-year-old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) status post-bone marrow transplant (BMT), in whom Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was detected in innumerable leiomyomas involving the gallbladder (leiomyomatosis), and multifocal leiomyomas in liver, spleen, pancreas, intestinal tract, and lung. The leiomyomas of the gallbladder, liver, spleen, and lung were asymptomatic, while those located in the colon became clinically manifest by recurrent lower intestinal hemorrhage. The patient also developed extensive EBV-associated polymorphic lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in nodal and extranodal sites. In addition, there were pulmonary and gastric adenovirus and small and large intestine cryptosporidum infections. Our case appears to be the first example of leiomyomatosis of the gallbladder coexisting with multifocal leiomyomas of the liver, spleen, pancreas, intestinal tract, and lung, as well as EBV-derived lymphoproliferative disorder in a young girl with ADA-deficient SCID. Awareness of the pattern of involvement and of the coexistence of benign leiomyomatous proliferations with lymphoproliferative disorder is of value when gallbladder, pancreatic, biliary tree, lung, and intestinal lesions become clinically manifest in these patients. The demonstration of EBV infection in both leiomyomata and the PTLD suggests a common pathogenesis that may have therapeutic and prognostic implications.
Photochemistry of cis-tetracarbonylbis(trans-4-styrylpyridine)tungten(0): intraligand photoisomerization from upper excited states

The excited state reactivity and electronic absorption spectrum of cis-tetra-carbonylbis(trans-4-styrylpyridine)tungsten have been investigated. The lowest excited state in absorption is predominantly W→ trans-4-styrylpyridine charge transfer (CT) in character. An absorption band near 465 nm (ϵ ≈ 10 000 1 mol−1 cm−1) in benzene is associated with this transition, and this band shifts to the blue in more polar or polarizable media in a manner comparable to other M→ ligand CT absorptions in metal carbonyls. Ligand field transitions can be observed in the vicinity of 400 nm, but the near-UV spectrum is dominated by intense intraligand. IL, π→π★ trans-4-styrylpyridine absorption. The photochemistry involves trans→cis isomerization of the coordinated ligand, but the wavelength dependence of the quantum yields indicates upper excited state reaction; the π→π★ IL is concluded to be responsible for the isomerization. The lowest excited CT state undergoes little or no photosubstitution or ligand isomerization. The trans→cis ligand isomerization quantum yield is <0.001 at 436 nm, but is ≈0.10 at 313 nm indicating relatively slow internal conversion from the IL to the CT state compared to trans→cis ligand reaction.
Inter-minority group relations and the role of institutions

The Hero and Preuhs article in this volume, along with the path-breaking project from which it is drawn, provides important new findings about inter-minority group relations and novel insights abou...
DNA damage activates a complex transcriptional response in murine lymphocytes that includes both physiological and cancer-predisposition programs

Double strand (ds) DNA breaks are a form of DNA damage that can be generated from both genotoxic exposures and physiologic processes, can disrupt cellular functions and can be lethal if not repaired properly. Physiologic dsDNA breaks are generated in a variety of normal cellular functions, including the RAG endonuclease-mediated rearrangement of antigen receptor genes during the normal development of lymphocytes. We previously showed that physiologic breaks initiate lymphocyte development-specific transcriptional programs. Here we compare transcriptional responses to physiological DNA breaks with responses to genotoxic DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. We identified a central lymphocyte-specific transcriptional response common to both physiologic and genotoxic breaks, which includes many lymphocyte developmental processes. Genotoxic damage causes robust alterations to pathways associated with B cell activation and increased proliferation, suggesting that genotoxic damage initiates not only the normal B cell maturation processes but also mimics activated B cell response to antigenic agents. Notably, changes including elevated levels of expression of Kras and mmu-miR-155 and the repression of Socs1 were observed following genotoxic damage, reflecting induction of a cancer-prone phenotype. Comparing these transcriptional responses provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms cells use in the differentiation between types of DNA damage and the potential consequences of different sources of damage. These results suggest genotoxic damage may induce a unique cancer-prone phenotype and processes mimicking activated B cell response to antigenic agents, as well as the normal B cell maturation processes.
mu-crystallin is a mammalian homologue of Agrobacterium ornithine cyclodeaminase and is expressed in human retina.

Abstract mu-Crystallin is the major component of the eye lens in several Australian marsupials. The complete sequence of kangaroo mu-crystallin has now been obtained by cDNA cloning. The predicted amino acid sequence shows similarity with ornithine cyclodeaminases encoded by the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Until now, neither ornithine cyclodeaminase nor any structurally related enzymes have been observed in eukaryotes. RNA analysis of kangaroo tissues shows that mu-crystallin is expressed at high abundance in lens, but outside the lens mu-crystallin is preferentially expressed in neural tissues, retina, and brain. An almost full-length cDNA for mu-crystallin was cloned from human retina. In human tissues, mu-crystallin mRNA is present in neural tissue, muscle, and kidney. This pattern of expression and relationship to an enzyme involved in unusual amino acid metabolism suggests the interesting possibility that mammalian mu-crystallins could be enzymes participating in processes such as osmoregulation or the metabolism of excitatory amino acids.
Abelian Higgs model: A Monte Carlo study

The Abelian Higgs model---a U(1) lattice gauge theory coupled to a fixed-length scalar field---is studied using Monte Carlo techniques. The phase diagram of the zero-temperature model on a four-dimensional Euclidean lattice is elucidated for systems with charge-one and charge-two Higgs fields. The order of various transitions is tentatively determined. Possible implications for quasiconfinement of quarks and gluons are also discussed briefly.
Evaluating text reuse discovery on the web

Text reuse detection aims to identify duplicates, reformulations or partial rewrites of a given text. Some previous research has focused on determining text reuse instances accurately on local corpora. However, the practical usage of finding text reuse on the web has remained largely untested. In this work, we 1) introduce a novel text reuse searching interface for the web, based on a previously proposed architecture, 2) evaluate its feasibility, and 3) investigate techniques to improve both effectiveness and efficiency. Our results show that exhaustive query submission using n-grams can dramatically reduce the execution time with only small losses in accuracy.
Macroforces driving change into the new millennium — major challenges for the hospitality professional

Abstract The fast pace of change will present many challenges in the new millennium. The success of the leader of tomorrow will depend on how well he or she is able to identify the forces that will drive change, invest in industry leading competitive methods that will take advantage of the opportunities presented by these forces and consistently allocate resources to these methods. Identifying the forces driving change is the most challenging aspect of this co-alignment concept. This paper explores the macroforces, which can be expected to drive change, and possible impact they will have on the hospitality organization. These forces include: globalization and economic change, a knowledge-based environment, the future of labor and quality in service delivery systems, and the growing consumer desire for improved well-being. These forces are presented along with the key variables making them up with the goal of understanding their complexities and interdependencies.
Sex role stereotyping is hard to kill: A field experiment measuring social responses to user characteristics and behavior in an online multiplayer first-person shooter game

Abstract Sex role stereotyping by players in first-person shooter games and other online gaming environments may encourage a social environment that marginalizes and alienates female players. Consistent with the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE), the anonymity of online games may engender endorsement of group-consistent attitudes and amplification of social stereotyping, such as the adherence to gender norms predicted by expectations states theory. A 2 × 3 × 2 virtual field experiment ( N = 520) in an online first-person shooter video game examined effects of a confederate players’ sex, communication style, and skill on players’ compliance with subsequent online friend requests. We found support for the hypothesis that, in general, women would gain more compliance with friend requests than men. We also found support for the hypothesis that women making positive utterances would gain more compliance with friend requests than women making negative utterances, whereas men making negative utterances would gain more compliance with friend requests than men making positive utterances. The hypothesis that player skill (i.e., game scores) would predict compliance with friend requests was not supported. Implications for male and female game players and computer-mediated communication in online gaming environments are discussed.
Birth-order and sex differences in the frequency of referral of children for psychological treatment: A partial replication and extension

A previous study of two-child families by Lahey, Hammer, Crumrine, and Forehand (1980) found that firstborn children were more likely to be referred for psychological treatment than second-borns and that males were more likely to be referred than females. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between these two variables. In the present study, a new sample of two-child families from the same clinic was studied, confirming the previous findings of significant birth-order and sex effects but not the interaction. Separate analyses indicated that both birth-order and sex effects were significant for children given “externalizing” diagnoses, but only the birth-order effect was significant for heterogeneous “internalizing” diagnoses. Similarly, an analysis of only children revealed a significant sex effect for externalizers but not internalizers. A combined sample of two-child families independent of diagnosis (N=425)suggests that there are reliable associations of birth order and sex, but not the interaction, with referral rates in two-child families. Referred children were significantly more likely to have a female sibling than would be expected by chance, regardless of birth order or sex, suggesting that these children may look more deviant by comparison to female, vs. male, siblings, thus increasing the likelihood of clinic referral. The potential utility of birth order and sex as “demographic marker variables” for etiological research is discussed.
Electron-ion and ion-ion potentials for modeling warm-dense-matter: applications to laser-heated or shock-compressed Al and Si

The pair interactions ${U}_{ij}(r)$ determine the thermodynamics and linear transport properties of matter via the pair-distribution functions (PDFs), i.e., ${g}_{ij}(r)$. Great simplicity is achieved if ${U}_{ij}(r)$ could be directly used to predict material properties via classical simulations, avoiding many-body wave functions. Warm dense matter (WDM) is encountered in quasiequilibria where the electron temperature ${T}_{e}$ differs from the ion temperature ${T}_{i}$, as in laser-heated or in shock-compressed matter. The electron PDFs ${g}_{ee}(r)$ as perturbed by the ions are used to evaluate fully nonlocal exchange-correlation corrections to the free energy, using hydrogen as an example. Electron-ion potentials for ions with a bound core are discussed with Al and Si as examples, for WDM with ${T}_{e}\ensuremath{\ne}{T}_{i}$, and valid for times shorter than the electron-ion relaxation time. In some cases the potentials develop attractive regions and then become repulsive and ``Yukawa-like'' for higher ${T}_{e}$. These results clarify the origin of initial phonon hardening and rapid release. Pair potentials for shock-heated WDM show that phonon hardening would not occur in most such systems. Defining meaningful quasiequilibrium static transport coefficients consistent with the dynamic values is addressed. There seems to be no meaningful ``static conductivity'' obtainable by extrapolating experimental or theoretical $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega},{T}_{i},{T}_{e})$ to $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, unless ${T}_{i}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{e}$ as well. Illustrative calculations of quasistatic resistivities $R({T}_{i},{T}_{e})$ of laser-heated as well as shock-heated aluminum and silicon are presented using our pseudopotentials, pair potentials, and classical integral equations. The quasistatic resistivities display clear differences in their temperature evolutions, but are not the strict $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limits of the dynamic values.
Hepatic and extrahepatic glucuronidation of lorazepam in the dog

The pharmacokinetic disposition of lorazepam was investigated in sham-operated aneshetized dogs, dogs with hepatic devascularization, and dogs with total splanchnic devascularization following i.v. administration of 0.3 mg per kg of the drug. In sham-operated dogs, lorazepam distribution was extensive (100 +/- 15.2 liters) and clearance approximately expected liver blood flow (971 +/- 91 ml per min). Lorazepam glucuronide levels in plasma rose rapidly in the first hour and reached a plateau by 5 hr. Urinary recovery of the conjugate in 5 hr was 45% of administered dose. Hepatic devascularization resulted in 39% reduction in distribution volume, and 89% reduction in clearance; however, there was still 105 +/- 88 ml per min of extrahepatic lorazepam clearance. Five-hour urinary recovery of conjugate decreased by 80%. Total splanchnic devascularization resulted in 37% further reduction in extrahepatic clearance, almost complete inhibition of urinary recovery of conjugate, and further reduction in the volume of distribution. It is concluded that the liver is the major site for lorazepam metabolism in dogs; however, appreciable extrahepatic metabolism occurs, partly in nonhepatic components of the splanchnic organs which act as a reservoir during drug distribution.
Does Substance Abuse Fall Exclusively Along the Externalizing Spectrum

The current study tested the hypothesis that substance abuse has features of both an internalizing and externalizing disorder. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of data from 1,177 adjudicated delinquents supported a three-factor model (negative emotionality, fearlessness, and disinhibition) over alternate one- and two- (internalizing and externalizing) factor models; a second CFA indicated that self-reported offending and substance abuse formed separate dimensions rather than a single dimension. Correlating several temperament/personality indicators with measures of substance misuse and offending revealed that substance misuse was significantly more aligned with the internalizing dimension (i.e., negative emotionality) and significantly less aligned with the fearlessness externalizing dimension.
Genomic organisation and expression of BCL6 in murine B-cell lymphomas

BCL6 encodes a transcription factor deregulated by chromosomal translocations in human diffuse large cell B lymphomas (DLCL). This study was designed to determine whether Bcl6 might also be involved in lymphomas of mice. BCL6 protein was expressed at high levels in 90% or more of DLCL but not in low grade B lymphomas. Southern hybridisation studies demonstrated altered organisation of Bcl6 in three primary DLCL and the WEHI 231 B-cell lymphoma cell line but not in low grade tumours. Chromosomal painting and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analyses of the WEHI 231 metaphase spreads revealed a T(5;16) translocation with Bcl6 on Chromosome 16 at the translocation breakpoint. Deregulated expression of BCL6 is thus likely to contribute to the genesis of DLCL of mice as well as of humans.
The Rutgers Master II-ND force feedback glove

The Rutgers Master II-ND glove is a follow up on the earlier Rutgers Master II haptic interface. The redesigned glove has all the sensing placed on palm support, avoiding routing wires to the fingertips. It uses custom pneumatic actuators arranged in a direct-drive configuration between the palm and the thumb, index middle and ring fingers. The supporting glove used in the RMII design is eliminated, thus the RMII-ND can better accommodate varying hand sizes. The glove is connected to a haptic control interface that reads its sensors and servos its actuators. The interface pneumatic pulse-width modulated servo-valves have higher bandwidth than those used in the earlier RMII, resulting in better force control. A comparison with the CyberGrasp commercial haptic glove is provided.
Mentoring and Adult Career Development The Evolution of a Theory

Mentoring has become a buzz word among educational, professional, and corporate consultants charged with the task of socializing students into their professional identities (Bogat & Redner, 1985; Collins, Barrett, & Citrin, 1985; Obleton, 1984; O'Neil & Wrightsman, 1988) or securing the loyalties and optimizing the resources of talented young corporate employees (Hennecke, 1983; Klauss, 1981; Vernon-Gerstenfeld & Burke, 1985; Zey, 1984). Popular as well as academic audiences have been deluged with articles, books, presentations, and workshops touting the benefits and cautioning against the hazards of mentoring as a means to personal enhancement and/or career advancement. Counseling psychologists, in their roles as career counselors and educators, organizational consultants, and researchers need to understand the implications of this growing movement for the institutions and individuals they serve. This integrative review of theoretical and empirical literature on mentoring seeks to promote such an underst...
Intelligent Precision Position Control of Elastic Drive Systems

The use of elastic transmission elements, such as timing belts or plastic lead screws, for precision position control applications is proposed in this paper. The characteristics of elastic systems are analyzed and transmission elasticity and friction are identified as the main obstacles in obtaining high precision positioning. The development of a fuzzy-logic based control system is described in detail. The experimental results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach in obtaining positioning accuracy better than 25 microns.
The CCN family: a new stimulus package

The CCN family comprises cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61/CCN1), connective tIssue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV/CCN3), and Wnt-induced secreted proteins-1 (WISP-1/CCN4), -2 (WISP-2/CCN5) and -3 (WISP-3/CCN6). These proteins stimulate mitosis, adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, growth arrest and migration of multiple cell types. Many of these activities probably occur through the ability of CCN proteins to bind and activate cell surface integrins. Accumulating evidence supports a role for these factors in endocrine pathways and endocrine-related processes. To illustrate the broad role played by the CCN family in basic and clinical endocrinology, this Article highlights the relationship between CCN proteins and hormone action, skeletal growth, placental angiogenesis, IGF-binding proteins and diabetes-induced fibrosis.
Seeing Is Believing: Using Skype to Improve Diabetes Outcomes in Youth

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of two modes of delivering Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes (BFST-D) to improve adherence and glycemic control among adolescents with type 1 diabetes with suboptimal glycemic control (HbA 1c ≥9.0% [≥74.9 mmol/mol]): face to face in clinic (Clinic) and Internet videoconferencing (Skype) conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adolescents aged 12 to 18 years and at least one adult caregiver were randomized to receive BFST-D via the Clinic or Skype condition. Participants completed up to 10 therapy sessions within a 12-week period. Changes in youth- and parent-reported adherence and glycemic control were compared before and after the intervention and at follow-up assessment. RESULTS Using an intent-to-treat analytic approach, no significant between-group differences were identified between the before, after, and follow-up assessments. Groups were collapsed to examine the overall effects of BFST-D on adherence and glycemic control. Results identified that statistically significant improvements in adherence and glycemic control occurred from before to after the intervention; improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of BFST-D via Internet-based videoconferencing is viable for addressing nonadherence and suboptimal glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, potentially reducing important barriers to care for youth and families.
An Attributional Analysis of Maternal Beliefs about the Importance of Child-Rearing Practices.

2 principles from attribution theory, covariation and hedonic bias, were employed to examine mothers' attributions for their children's outcomes in the academic, social, and personality domains. Mother of 5–17-year-old gifted, regular, and special education children who were from only-child or multiple-child families made attributions for offspring outcomes to childrearing practices, genetics, and the environment. Based on the covariation principle, it was predicted that mothers of only children would attribute greater importance to child-rearing practices as causes of their children's outcomes than would mothers of multiple children. In addition, predictions based on the hedonic bias led us to hypothesize greater endorsement of child-rearing attributions for gifted (perceived high success) than special education (perceived low success) children. Both hypotheses were supported across all 3 domains. The dilemma of perceived parental responsibility and the usefulness of an attributional approach for understanding parents' causal beliefs are discussed.
Overexpression of an Arabidopsis peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase gene in tobacco increases protection against oxidative stress.

The Arabidopsis gene APX3 that encodes a putative peroxisomal membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase was expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. /l.PA'J-expressing lines had substantial levels of APX3 mRNA and protein. The H2O2 can be converted to more reactive toxic molecules, e.g. 'OH, if it is not quickly removed from plant cells. The expression of APX3 in tobacco could protect leaves from oxidative stress damage caused by aminotriazole which inhibits catalase activity that is found mainly in glyoxysomes and peroxisomes and leads to accumulation of H2O2 in those organelles. However, these plants did not show increased protection from oxidative damage caused by paraquat which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts. Therefore, protection provided by the expression of APX3 seems to be specific against oxidative stress originated from peroxisomes, not from chloroplasts, which is consistent with the hypothesis that APX3 is a peroxisomal membrane-bound antioxidant enzyme.
Cropping history affects nodulation and symbiotic efficiency of distinct hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) genotypes with resident soil rhizobia

Compatible rhizobia strains are essential for nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV). We evaluated how past HV cultivation affected nodulation and BNF across host genotypes. Five groups of similar HV genotypes were inoculated with soil dilutions from six paired fields, three with 10-year HV cultivation history (HV+) and three with no history (HV−), and used to determine efficiency of rhizobia nodulation and BNF. Nodulation was equated to nodule number and mass, BNF to plant N and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae (Rlv) soil cell counts using qPCR to generate an amplicon of targeted Rlv nodD genes. Both HV cultivation history and genotype affected BNF parameters. Plants inoculated with HV+ soil dilutions averaged 60 and 70 % greater nodule number and mass, respectively. Such plants also had greater biomass and tissue N than those inoculated with HV− soil. Plant biomass and tissue N were strongly correlated to nodule mass (r 2 = 0.80 and 0.50, respectively), while correlations to nodule number were low (r 2 = 0.50 and 0.31, respectively). Although hairy vetch rhizobia occur naturally in soils, past cultivation of HV was shown in this study to enhance nodulation gene-carrying Rlv population size and/or efficiency of rhizobia capable of nodulation and N fixation.
Output feedback stabilization of uncertain linear systems

Output feedback stabilization of uncertain linear systems is analyzed. A necessary and sufficient condition of quadratic stability of the closed-loop system is introduced. An algorithm is proposed to test the stability of the system. It computes rho , an uncertainty stability margin coefficient, in a two-level optimization algorithm where the region of uncertainty is approximated by a convex hyperpolyhedron. >
Path integral-based stochastic optimal control for rigid body dynamics

Recent advances on path integral stochastic optimal control [1],[2] provide new insights in the optimal control of nonlinear stochastic systems which are linear in the controls, with state independent and time invariant control transition matrix. Under these assumptions, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is formulated and linearized with the use of the logarithmic transformation of the optimal value function. The resulting HJB is a linear second order partial differential equation which is solved by an approximation based on the Feynman-Kac formula [3]. In this work we review the theory of path integral control and derive the linearized HJB equation for systems with state dependent control transition matrix. In addition we derive the path integral formulation for the general class of systems with state dimensionality that is higher than the dimensionality of the controls. Furthermore, by means of a modified inverse dynamics controller, we apply path integral stochastic optimal control over the new control space. Simulations illustrate the theoretical results. Future developments and extensions are discussed.
A radiographic study of the ossification of the posterior wall of the acetabulum: implications for the diagnosis of pediatric and adolescent hip disorders.

Background: Subtle variations in acetabular morphology have been implicated in several pathologic hip conditions. Although it is understood that the acetabulum forms at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis at the triradiate cartilage, the ossification and development pattern of the posterior wall of the acetabulum is unknown. Standard radiographs and computed tomographic scans used in evaluation of the adolescent hip do not allow a complete assessment of the non-ossified portions of the developing acetabulum. The purpose of this study was to define the currently unknown ossification pattern and development of the posterior wall of the acetabulum and to determine when conventional imaging, with use of computed tomography and radiographs, is appropriate. Methods: One hundred and eighty magnetic resonance imaging examinations in patients who were four to fifteen years old were evaluated by a musculoskeletal radiologist for ossification patterns of the posterior wall of the acetabulum and triradiate cartilage. Correlations were made with available radiographs. Results: Posterior acetabular wall ossification lags behind anterior wall ossification throughout development. On average, the posterior wall of the acetabulum began to ossify at the chronological age of eight years, followed by a discrete rim of posterior calcification (posterior rim sign) at the patient age of twelve years, just prior to the fusion of the posterior acetabular wall elements to the pelvis. This preceded the closure of the triradiate cartilage in all subjects. On average, male patients had fusion of the posterior wall of the acetabulum one to 1.5 years after female patients. Conclusions: The ossification of the posterior wall of the acetabulum is completed in a predictable manner prior to closure of the triradiate cartilage. Clinical Relevance: Prior to closure of the triradiate cartilage (typically at the age of twelve years in girls and fourteen years in boys), magnetic resonance imaging, rather than radiographs and computed tomography, should be used to evaluate a child with hip pain or to measure and characterize acetabular morphology when cross-sectional imaging is indicated. This study characterizes a secondary ossification center along the edge of the posterior wall of the acetabulum that becomes ossified just prior to fusion. This secondary rim ossification center should not be confused with pathologic conditions such as labral avulsion or posterior acetabular wall injury.
On the Establishment of Grand Canonical Distributions

It is shown, in accordance with the accepted principles of statistical mechanics, that the establishment of a grand canonical distribution is to be expected in an ensemble which represents the attainment of equilibrium in an "open" system, connected with appropriate reservoirs for supplying the various kinds of molecules involved, and in thermal contact with a large heat bath at a given temperature. This finding is of assistance, in placing on a sound and understandable basis the use which has been made of grand canonical ensembles, for the representation of thermodynamic equilibrium in "open" systems.
Suppression of headbanging on the ward.

Effects of leg shock and a conditioned aversive stimulus (a loud, verbal “No”) on the self-injurious responses of a profoundly retarded patient were assessed. The “No” and shock produced a significant decrement in self-injurious responding. The procedure was then modified for use in the regular ward environment. The staff delivered the loud, verbal “No” contingent on each self-injurious response they observed, and occasional leg shocks. The procedure afforded clinically significant control of the patient's self-injurious behavior, but it was not possible to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the procedure.
Interactions of the gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide in the salamander retina

The three gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are endogenously produced in vertebrate retinas. The NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and CO/cGMP pathways have been previously shown to interact synergistically in the turtle retina to increase cGMP levels. In this study, we examined H2S as a modulator of cGMP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) and its interactions with the NO/CO/cGMP signaling pathways in the tiger salamander retina. Stimulation with NO donor or CO significantly increased cGMP-LI from basal levels in bipolar and amacrine cells and in stratified arborizations in the inner plexiform layer. Stimulation with a combination of NO donor and CO significantly increased cGMP-LI above that seen with either stimulation alone. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced CO-induced cGMP-LI, suggesting that CO-induced cGMP-LI is not produced from direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Exogenous H2S alone, from the donor NaHS, did not significantly modify cGMP-LI in dosages ranging from 2 to 1,200 μM NaHS, but there was a significant decrease in NO-induced cGMP-LI in the presence of 200 μM NaHS. This reduction of NO-induced cGMP-LI was not significantly affected by the addition of CuCl2, suggesting that the decrease was not a result of H2S and NO sequestering to form a novel nitrosothiol. NaHS did not have any significant effect on CO-induced cGMP-LI levels. Our results concur with previous studies showing synergistic interactions between NO and CO/cGMP retinal signaling pathways. We now show that H2S inhibits NO-induced cGMP-LI but not CO-induced cGMP-LI. In conclusion, all three gaseous neuromodulators have interactive roles in modulating retinal cGMP signaling. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interneurons involved in the control of multiple motor centers in crayfish.

A number of studies have suggested that abdominal positioning interneurons (APIs) in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii can influence activity in multiple motor centers. Previous work on this population of neurons has demonstrated that they control the activity of tonic abdominal motor neurons (MNs) which generate postural movements of the abdomen and, to some extent, the activity of swimmeret MNs. This investigation demonstrates that many identified APIs also affect the activity of two populations of MNs which open and close the uropods and, in some cases, that of the swimmeret MNs as well. The majority (64%) of APIs examined in this study have an excitatory effect on both populations of uropod MNs. A smaller number (23%) increase the level of activity in one population of uropod MNs, and suppress, or have no effect on, the activity of the other population of uropod MNs. Approximately 25% of the APIs which were examined influence the output of swimmeret MNs, in addition to affecting the activity of uropod MNs. There are also indications that previous estimates of the number of APIs may have been too low. This is based on the observation that many APIs possess what appear to be similar morphologies but generate different patterns of motor output. Taken together, these findings support the idea that APIs influence the output of multiple motor centers which play a role in the control of general body posture and balance in crayfish. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The economics of diagnostics and repair in Development, Production and Support

Intrinsically everyone knows that the diagnostics and repair processes in any operation are a large area of inefficiencies for labor, material, time and other resources, ultimately leading to higher costs in some way, whether higher cost products, delayed deliveries, increase spares or other attributes. But with all this understanding, programs continue to short change investments in diagnostic and repair development. This paper will explore different economic models for the diagnostics and repair processes in Development, Production and Support. It will include a look at the tradeoffs with elements like prognostics, built in self-test and automated diagnostics.
Adaptive estimation in linear systems with unknown Markovian noise statistics

The asymptotic behavior of a Bayes optimal adaptive estimation scheme for a linear discrete-time dynamical system with unknown Markovian noise statistics is investigated. Noise influencing the state equation and the measurement equation is assumed to come from a group of Gaussian distributions having different means and covariances, with transitions from one noise source to another determined by a Markov transition matrix. The transition probability matrix is unknown and can take values only from a finite set. An example is simulated to illustrate the convergence.
Fractal addressing management for federated and P2P networks

Summary form only given. Interoperability amongst federated networks and P2P systems is a major challenge for frameworks of e-commerce exchanges. Names for federated networks and circles of trust are not polymorphic. Moreover, they do not interoperate with P2P and wireless naming systems. We describe a fractal naming model for federated and P2P networks operating in e-commerce environments. The system supports multiple identities, single sign on, aggregates pseudonyms, identifies process and services, and integrates with P2P naming.
Soft-Boiled Masculinity: Renegotiating Gender and Racial Ideologies in the Promise Keepers Movement

This article examines the tensions in the identities of men who belong to the Promise Keepers (PK) movement by uncovering the social conditions that lead men to rethink gender and racial ideologies. Using participant observation and in-depth interviews, the author draws on gender and social movement scholarship to reveal how contradictory gender and racial ideologies shape PKs' identities. Furthermore, the PKs' impact on gender and race relations is also contradictory. PK fosters men's growth on an interactional level, allowing men to embrace a more expressive and caring masculinity that includes cross-racial bonding. Simultaneously, however, PK ignores, and indirectly reinforces, the structural conditions that underpin gender and racial privilege among white men.
Decreasing Intrinsic "Motivation" with Extrinsic Rewards: Easier Said Than Done

This paper describes cognitive and behavior analytic approaches to the study of intrinsic and extrinsic reward effects and considers the implications of differences in these approaches for future study and application. A critique of the research design and data analysis techniques used in the Deci-type paradigm is presented. The paper also describes a behavioral model of intrinsic reinforcement for use by Organizational Behavior Managers, and concludes with a proposal for research in this area.
Book Review: The Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing by T. S. Rocco and T. Hatcher:

Rocco, T. S., & Hatcher, T. (Eds.). (2011). The Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 368 pp. ISBN 978-0-470-39335-2 (paperback). For generations of men and women in academia, the words publish or perish have served as either a cornerstone for a career or a boulder that blocks professional advancement. In The Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing, editors Tonette S. Rocco and Tim Hatcher present information that can help emerging scholars and accomplished professionals in all fields strengthen their academic writing. In the preface, Rocco and Hatcher (2011) indicate their aim was to "fill a conceptual and practical gap in the literature" (p. xiii), so readers can better understand the process of scholarly writing and publication. They reached this goal with the collection of essays that comprise this text, essays written by a diverse group of academicians and practitioners with a wide range of areas of expertise (e.g., adult education, educational leadership, communications, business, human resource development, and teacher preparation). The book's overriding message is that academic writing, though sometimes "a miserable chore" (Rocco & Hatcher, 2011, p. 3), can be mastered with expert guidance and focused practice. John W. Creswell (2011), a highly regarded researcher and writer, penned the foreword in which he recommends the book as an "original contribution" ... [with information on topics] "seldom discussed in the research literature" (p. xi). Effectively arranged in four parts, those topics include "Becoming a Published Scholar" (Part 1), "Improving Writing Techniques" (Part 2), "Preparing Scholarly Manuscripts" (Part 3), and "Reflecting on the Writing and Publishing Process" (Part 4). In each chapter, contributors present advice that is nonpedantic and easy to follow with diagrams, matrices, and screenshots. Chapter titles, including "Finding Voice," "Working With Coauthors," and "Addressing Feedback From Reviewers and Editors," lead to sage advice such as "a characteristic of good writing is a voice that draws us in and engages us as readers" (Lee, 2011, p. 103), "getting along is as important as producing" (Nevin, Thousand, & Villa, 2011, p. 280), and "the ogres and the good-ship-lollipop reviewers represent opposite ends of the continuum" (Donmoyer, 2011, p. 244). There is clearly much more to academic writing than writing. Chapters by prolific researchers such as Stephen D. Brookfield, Baiyin Yang, and Isadore Newman, as well as unknown yet experienced practitioners and doctoral students, present scaffolding that can move fledgling researchers out of their zones of proximal development and into areas of potential growth. …
Trajectory of development in adolescents and adults with autism

This article seeks to elucidate the trajectory of development in adolescents and adults with autism. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies are reviewed to reveal the manifestation of and changes in the core symptoms of autism in adolescence and adulthood. Comparing children with adolescents and adults, modest degrees of symptom abatement and improvement in skills have been documented in multiple studies, as are increases in verbal and decreases in performance IQ. Nevertheless, most individuals do not attain normative outcomes in adulthood and continue to manifest significant degrees of symptomatology and dependency. However, a small sub-group (about 15%) has more favorable adult outcomes.
Integrative Medicine in the Hospital: Secular or Religious?

This article argues that many forms of “integrative” medicine (IM) offered in modern hospitals are both secular and religious. Practices such as yoga, t’ai chi, acupuncture, mindfulness meditation, biofeedback, chiropractic, homeopathy, aromatherapy, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch, and Healing Touch are premised on metaphysical assumptions about spiritual energy that are deeply informed by religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Daoism, and Western metaphysical spirituality. In the hospital setting, religious, spiritual, and secular language, goals, and techniques often bleed into one another—not accidentally, but through calculated marketing and rhetorical maneuvering. The case of “energy medicine” illustrates tactics that IM promoters use to gain entrance to the hospital by relabeling metaphysics as medicine. Intentionally blurring the boundaries between medical and religious therapies creates biomedical ethical and legal dilemmas through a lack of informed consent.
Kooperationen im Betrachtungsteilfeld Telekommunikation

Fur die elektronische Bank-Kunde-Schnittstelle ist die Entwicklung des Telekommunikationsmarktes von besonderer Bedeutung, da die Telekommunikation letztlich die Basis fur den Vertrieb elektronischer Bankmarktleistungen darstellt. Die Entwicklung der Netzkapazitaten, der Ubertragungsqualitat, der Preise und des Angebotes von Telekommunikationsdienstleistungen insgesamt beeinflussen in starkem Mase die Gestaltung und Akzeptanz der elektronischen Bank-KundeSchnittstelle. Eine grose Bedeutung hat in diesem Zusammenhang die Liberalisierung des deutschen und auch anderer Telekommunikationsmarkte. Sie fuhrt tendenziell zu sinkenden Telekommunikationsgebuhren, zu einem erhohten Angebot an TK-Diensten sowie zu einer steigenden Verbreitung und Nutzung von Telekommunikationsdienstleistungen.
Islet Cell Transplantation for Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

The pancreas is a dual organ. The bulk (98 %) consists of the exocrine acinar tissue and the islets of Langerhans, responsible for the endocrine component constituting only about 2 % of the organ. Nevertheless, loss of this endocrine component results in severe type 3c diabetes. The blood sugar control in these patients is very labile, perhaps because of the absence of both insulin and glucagon from loss of both beta and alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans. Chronic pancreatitis typically affects the exocrine component of the gland, and the islet structure and function is preserved unless the disease is in late advanced stages. Therefore, if total or partial pancreatectomy is indicated for pain control in chronic pancreatitis, islets can beseparated from the resectedpancreas, and thentransplanted back into the patient, to prevent development of diabetes [1]. Paul Langerhans described the eponymous islets in the pancreas in 1869, before their function was even known. Minkowsky in 1892 first reported the development of diabetes, in dogs, after removal of the pancreas [2]. He also described that the subcutaneous placement of a portion of the pancreas prevented the mortality associatedwith the total pancreatectomy. Watson Williams in 1893 [2] attempted to treat diabetes, in a 15-year-old boy, by subcutaneous placement of pieces of sheep pancreas. The patient survived for a few days only, but perhaps can be considered a first attempt at a pancreatic xenograft. With the discovery of insulin from purified
Medtronic, Inc. (A): The Garage Era

Useful in courses on entrepreneurship, this case describes the founding and start-up years (1949-62) of Medtronic, Inc., one of the world's leading medical-technology companies, specializing in implantable and interventional therapies. Focusing on one of the company's cofounders, Earl Bakken, the case examines entrepreneurial thinking and principles -- "effectual reasoning."