cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do automated calls with nurse follow-up improve self-care and glycemic control among vulnerable patients with diabetes?

Abstract PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate the effect of automated telephone assessment and self-care education calls with nurse follow-up on the management of diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 280 English- or Spanish-speaking adults with diabetes who were using hypoglycemic medications and who were treated in a county health care system. Patients were randomly assigned to usual care or to receive an intervention that consisted of usual care plus biweekly automated assessment and self-care education calls with telephone follow-up by a nurse educator. Outcomes measured at 12 months included survey-reported self-care, perceived glycemic control, and symptoms, as well as glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A 1c ) and serum glucose levels. RESULTS: We collected follow-up data for 89% of enrollees (248 patients). Compared with usual care patients, intervention patients reported more frequent glucose monitoring, foot inspection, and weight monitoring, and fewer problems with medication adherence (all P ≤0.03). Follow-up Hb A 1c levels were 0.3% lower in the intervention group ( P = 0.1), and about twice as many intervention patients had Hb A 1c levels within the normal range ( P = 0.04). Serum glucose levels were 41 mg/dL lower among intervention patients than usual care patients ( P = 0.002). Intervention patients also reported better glycemic control ( P = 0.005) and fewer diabetic symptoms ( P CONCLUSIONS: Automated calls with telephone nurse follow-up may be an effective strategy for improving self-care behavior and glycemic control, and for decreasing symptoms among vulnerable patients with diabetes.
Building Usage Contexts During Program Comprehension

Software developers often work on multiple simultaneous projects. Even when only a single project is underway, everyday distractions interrupt the development effort. Consequently, developers spend significant effort pursuing recovery of their context. By context, we focus on the classes and methods within the code that are relevant to a specific bug being fixed or enhancement made. Context is reified by a program in terms of a set of presentations (windows a containing source code, command executions, and data files); however, it is not enough to save the latest context. Even when working on a single task, programmers flip between contexts as they extend their understanding, and when they decide on a change, they may have to visit several contexts in order to address all possible ripple effects. Consequently, we would like to record a history of contexts and be able to retrieve them as demanded by the current task. We introduce a novel technique to obtain a context, consisting of a set of methods relevant for the current task, from a programmers interactions with an IDE. Using this context, we demonstrate how to improve the ability of a programmer to recover the mental state associated with tasks and to facilitate the exploration of software through recommendation systems.
Biological markers and diagnostic accuracy in the genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder

Family and twin studies suggest a substantial genetic contribution to the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Identification of the nature of this genetic contribution should enhance understanding of the pathophysiology of PTSD and suggest improved therapeutic strategies for its treatment. However, a broadly defined phenotype, specific requirement for an environmental exposure and high frequency of comorbid psychiatric illness all complicate genetic studies of PTSD. It is likely that genetic heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance, pleiotropy and the involvement of more than one gene all constitute formidable obstacles to the genetic analysis of PTSD. One way to circumvent these problems is to perform genetic analysis of traits associated with PTSD, rather than PTSD itself, an approach that has been fruitful for other diseases with complex modes of inheritance. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hypofunction, physiologic markers of increased arousal, and increased acoustic startle response are all potential PTSD-associated traits that might be susceptible to genetic analysis. However, the capacity of these traits to distinguish PTSD from non-PTSD patients and their familial pattern must be better defined before they can be employed in genetic studies.
A framework for the evaluation of an electronic marketplace design with evolutionary negotiation support

With the aid of information technology, electronic marketplaces have multiplied. Currently, however, most electronic marketplaces support only limited negotiation functions using a one-dimensional variable of price. The purpose of this study is to show how online multidimensional auction systems can be used to facilitate electronic trading in business-to-business electronic marketplaces. In this paper, we first evaluate the existing electronic marketplaces. Based on this evaluation, the functional requirements for a buyer-centric electronic marketplace are presented. Then, we propose a new multidimensional auction model with evolutionary negotiation support (MAMENS) to be used in the electronic marketplace. Finally, the evaluation framework for the MAMENS is discussed.
Promoting Child Social-Emotional Growth in Primary Care Settings: Using A Developmental Approach

Clinicians are often faced with meaningful child/family mental health concerns, and yet suggesting a helpful course of action can be very challenging. While pediatricians routinely use a developmental framework to evaluate young children's cognitive, motor, and language skills, this occurs much less frequently for social-emotional development. Only recently have newer models of child development been put forth that emphasize the central role that emotions play in organizing the interactions among cognitive, motor, and language development across the lifespan. We review such a model of social-emotional growth and consider its implications for use in primary care settings.
The Trend to Equilibrium According to the Kinetic Theory of Gases

When we study the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation, $${\partial _t}F + {\text{v}} \cdot {\partial _x}F + b \cdot {\partial _v}F = \mathbb{C}\left[ F \right],$$ (8.15) $$mathbb{C}\left[ F \right] = \iint {w\left( {F'F*' - FF*} \right)dS dv}*,$$ (18.17) we distinguish between two kinds of solutions. The general solutions correspond to an initial-value problem. In principle, at least, they trace the evolution of the gas as some initial molecular-density function F(x, v, 0) is converted, according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation, into the present molecular-density function F(x, v, t). The various gross quantities defined from these solutions obey the field equations (8.22) of continuum mechanics; the kinetic equilibrium solutions lead to the same gross equations as those of Eulerian hydrostatics; but in general gas flows there is no reason to think that either the irreversibility or any constitutive equation of continuum thermomechanics is satisfied. Solutions of a second and special kind, called dominant solutions, have been conjectured to exist, and formal procedures have been devised so as to find successive approximations to properties enjoyed by them. These solutions may or may not conform with the irreversibility of continuum thermomechanics, but certainly they do obey specific constitutive relations appropriate to a certain kind of non-simple material; indeed, the main aim of the classical approach to the kinetic theory is to calculate the response functions.
Implications of Pea Aphid Host-Plant Specialization for the Potential Colonization of Vegetables Following Post-Harvest Emigration from Forage Crops

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), attacks a wide range of legumes including many important forage and vegetable crops. Although economic injury levels for pea aphids are seldom exceeded in forage crops, aphid densities can reach extremely high levels during a single harvest cycle. After harvest of forage crops, large numbers of pea aphids may disperse into proximate vegetable fields. The objective of this study was to determine the potential impact of immigrating pea aphids on vegetable crops adjoining forage crops in the agricultural landscape. Pea aphids collected from alfalfa and clover were evaluated for their ability to survive on and their propensity to feed on vegetable crops. The survival of pea aphids collected from clover and alfalfa was significantly higher on these forage crops than on peas, green beans and lima beans in laboratory transplant experiments. In additional laboratory experiments, alfalfa-adapted aphids produced significantly fewer aphid offspring on lima beans than on alfalfa, and the adults and offspring had significantly higher mortality on lima bean leaves than on alfalfa leaves. Analysis of aphid feeding with an electronic monitor confirmed that alfalfa-adapted pea aphids feed on phloem sap from alfalfa but never feed on lima beans. These results led us to predict that pea aphids immigrating from alfalfa and other forage crops during harvest would not establish persistent, damage-causing populations in nearby vegetable crops. Our field data on pea aphid populations in lima beans were consistent with this hypothesis. High densities of pea aphids were found in lima beans immediately after harvests of nearby alfalfa fields, but high aphid densities did not persist >3 d. Our study suggests that although aphids can emigrate from forage crops to vegetable crops at densities above published action thresholds, the amount of damage actually caused by these forage-crop adapted aphids in higher-value vegetable crops will be minimal. It may be unnecessary to treat aphids in lima beans and other vegetables when aphids have immigrated from harvested forage crops. These findings suggest that pest management decision-making in vegetables can be improved by considering the source of immigrating pests such as pea aphids.
Built environment effects on cyclist injury severity in automobile-involved bicycle crashes

This analysis uses a generalized ordered logit model and a generalized additive model to estimate the effects of built environment factors on cyclist injury severity in automobile-involved bicycle crashes, as well as to accommodate possible spatial dependence among crash locations. The sample is drawn from the Seattle Department of Transportation bicycle collision profiles. This study classifies the cyclist injury types as property damage only, possible injury, evident injury, and severe injury or fatality. Our modeling outcomes show that: (1) injury severity is negatively associated with employment density; (2) severe injury or fatality is negatively associated with land use mixture; (3) lower likelihood of injuries is observed for bicyclists wearing reflective clothing; (4) improving street lighting can decrease the likelihood of cyclist injuries; (5) posted speed limit is positively associated with the probability of evident injury and severe injury or fatality; (6) older cyclists appear to be more vulnerable to severe injury or fatality; and (7) cyclists are more likely to be severely injured when large vehicles are involved in crashes. One implication drawn from this study is that cities should increase land use mixture and development density, optimally lower posted speed limits on streets with both bikes and motor vehicles, and improve street lighting to promote bicycle safety. In addition, cyclists should be encouraged to wear reflective clothing.
Investigation of sorbate-induced plasticization of Pahokee peat by solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Sorbate-induced swelling and plasticization of sorbent have been linked to sorption hysteresis of organic compounds in the natural organic matter of isolated humic acids, soils, and coals. The above processes, which have important implications for the fate and bioavailability of organic and inorganic contaminants, are mostly based on macroscopic changes and require molecular-level confirmation. This study aimed to investigate the presence or absence of sorbate-induced plasticization of Pahokee peat soil as a function of different sorbates. The plasticization of Pahokee peat soil was studied upon sorption of different proton-free solutes including C6D6, CDCl3, CCl4, C2Cl4, CBr4, C6D5Cl, and C5D5N, covering apolar and polar aromatic and aliphatic compounds. The swelling and plasticization of Pahokee peat soil were verified at the molecular level by 1H wideline and two-dimensional wideline separation (2D WISE) NMR. The use of 1H wideline shapes is the traditional technique for studying molecular dynamics but hampered by the lack of spectral resolution, with one dimension displaying 13C chemical shifts and the second showing 1H wideline shapes, is capable of providing information on molecular dynamics of specific functional groups. Our results showed that the segments of Pahokee peat soil sorbed with C6D6, C2Cl4, and C5D5N became more mobile, but the changes due to the plasticization were small. Both C6D6 and C5D5N selectively increased the mobility of specific components, C6D6 of the nonpolar alkyl domains, and C5D5N of both the nonpolar alkyl domains and aromatic components. Some liquid solutes at high concentrations (2–5 wt%) are capable of slightly “softening” natural organic matter of a soil, and this provides support for the hypothesis that natural organic matter in Pahokee peat soil is in a glassy state that is subject to plasticization.
Amount of food eaten by small carnivores.

Bassariscus astutus .—An adult female ring-tailed cat was captured in a bakery in Madera, California. Mrs. Stella Garner kept it as a pet for two months before giving it to me for study at the San Joaquin Experimental Range. She fed the cat raisins, prunes and table scraps. She said it did not like bread but that it ate some cooked and fresh meats. The ringtail weighed 744 grams when I took it to the Experimental Range, but it soon gained and fluctuated between 900 and 1,000 grams on a diet of rodents and birds. All food items fed the ring-tailed cat for nearly six months were weighed and the amount consumed was ascertained. To determine daily consumption, a period of 44 days was selected. In that period the cat consumed 3,988 grams of rodents and birds for an average daily ration of 90.6 grams, which is about equal …
Identifying Robust Variations Associated With Reading Comprehension Skill: The Search for Pressure Points

ABSTRACTThis special issue of JREE features studies from three of the teams (Barnes, Stuebing, Fletcher, Barth, & Francis; Language and Reading Research Consortium, Arthur, & Davis; LaRusso et al.) supported by the Institute of Education Sciences—Reading for Understanding Research (RFU) Initiative. Each study examined the importance of comprehension-related variables (i.e., academic language, perspective taking, complex reasoning skill, suppression, and response to instructional dosage) in developing readers. In this commentary we apply Perfetti and Adlof's (2012) concept of comprehension-related pressure points to help us assess whether the size of relation between the comprehension-related variables and reading comprehension skill are large enough to be of practical significance for assessment and intervention. In general, we conclude that none of the comprehension-related variables investigated in the special issue meet the criteria for inclusion as a pressure point. However, we caution that decontextu...
Zero sound and first sound in thin arbitrarily polarized Fermi-liquid films

We study the propagation and attenuation of zero sound and first sound in thin, arbitrarily polarized Fermi-liquid films. Following Khalatnikov and Abrikosov, we solve Landau's linearized kinetic equation in the relaxation-time approximation for a complex speed of sound. Analytic solutions are obtained in the hydrodynamic and ballistic limits for arbitrary polarization. By solving the collision integral in two dimensions, we find the well-known result that quasiparticle-quasiparticle collisions contribute to the collision frequencies $1/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$, with a low-temperature term proportional to ${T}^{2}\mathrm{ln}({T}_{F\ensuremath{\sigma}}/T)$, where $\ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{\uparrow},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ is the spin state. If the films are adsorbed to a dynamic substrate, we find additional possible contributions to the collision frequency that come from quasiparticle-phonon interactions. We show, however, that for ${}^{3}$He thin films, the mismatch between possible maximum values of the Fermi velocity and the substrate speed of sound freezes this contribution out at usual experimental temperatures. Thus, we can conclude that zero sound propagates at absolute zero in this type of adsorbed Fermi-liquid film. By utilizing previous results for the Landau parameters of an arbitrarily polarized ${}^{3}$He film, we compute numerical solutions for the sound speeds and attenuation in the hydrodynamic and ballistic regimes, thereby studying the transition from first sound to zero sound as a function of temperature.
Roughly Discuss the Working Principle and Common Problem of Wuling Sunshine front Door-lock

Introduce the structure and working principle of Wuling Sunshine front door-lock,Analyze the common problems and causes,and put forward corresponding solutions.
Description of a new record species of whales from chinese coastal waters

The appearance and skeleton of a dead whale grounded at the beach of Shipu Town,Xiangshan County,Zhejiang Province China(29.013/N,121.056/E) on September 9,2002 is described.It is a new record species of the genus Mesoplodon pacificus Longman 1926.Its body is elongate in shape with sharp fore head.The upper part of the body is grey-blue in color with white spots on either side of the body and its belly is white.There is a pair of conical teeth at the forefront of the lower jaw.The rear end of the front maxilla bulges upward obviously and covers both the sides of the nose bone,becoming the peak point of the head with the frontal bone.Both sides of the middle part of upper maxilla bulges outwards obviously.All the seven cervical vertebras are fused.This kind of whale is found the first time in China.The specimen are kept in the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History,Hangzhou,China.
Lymphocyte Depletion and Immunosuppression With Repeated Leukapheresis by Continuous Flow Centrifugation

Abstract Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) was studied in normal volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis to determine whether this procedure, when carried out repeatedly, can cause lympocytopenia and immunosuppression similar to that produced by thoracic duct drainage. The removal of lymphocytes from blood by CFC was maximal in our hands at centrifuge speeds of 900–1300 rpm and could be related directly to blood flow rates. In addition, it was found that the proportional removal of different lymphocyte subpopulations is affected by the position within the plasma-blood cell interface at which lymphocytes are removed during CFC. Repeated leukapheresis, with techniques designed to favor the removal of T lymphocytes, was carried out in 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis at a rate of 2–3 CFC/wk for periods of 5–7 wk (total CFC were 13–18/patient). Up to 18.6 × 1010 lymphocytes were removed from the patients (mean 13.0 × 1010 lymphocytes) at an average rate of 3.5 × 109 lymphocytes/day, resulting in significant lymphocytopenia in each patient (mean decrease of blood lymphocyte counts, 72%). As has been observed with thoracic duct drainage, in similar patients, decreases in lymphocyte counts occurred most rapidly during the first 10 days of repeated leukapheresis. Lymphocytopenia reflected predominately a loss of circulating T lymphocytes, and in vitro lymphocyte responses to T-cell mitogens were reduced. Lymphocytopenia (lymphocyte counts
Risk Disclosures in Televised Prescription Drug Advertising to Consumers

Advertising prescription drugs directly to the public is a marketing strategy currently being considered by several manufacturers. However, direct-to-consumer advertising is discouraged because fed...
Random generators of given orders and the smallest simple Moufang loop

The probability that m randomly chosen elements of a finite power associative loop $$ \mathcal{C} $$ have prescribed orders and generate $$ \mathcal{C} $$ is calculated in terms of certain constants Γ related to the action of Aut( $$ \mathcal{C} $$ ) on the subloop lattice of $$ \mathcal{C} $$ . As an illustration, all meaningful probabilities of random generation by elements of given orders are found for the smallest nonassociative simple Moufang loop.
Analysis of the Optimal Voltage Spectrum in RPWM Tables

Random pulse width modulation (RPWM) techniques for inverters and converters can improve the spectrum of the output voltage and the emitted noise. Looking up a given RPWM table in memory is the most economic and convenient way to digitally implement RPWM strategy. However, the above way is not truly random but deterministic for the given RPWM table and repeated showing order. From our analysis, we can find that the different showing orders for the same elements of RPWM tables result in the different voltage spectrum. In this paper, the showing orders are categorized and the optimal showing order corresponding to the optimal voltage spectrum are found through the proposed index with the help of the personal computer
Empirical path corrections for regional-phase amplitudes

Abstract Using data from 385 events recorded at Lanzhou in central China, I compare two empirical methods for predicting and correcting for path effects on regional-phase amplitude ratios. The first method interpolates source- and distance-corrected seismic data to create geographical, path-correction surfaces. The second, or wave-guide, method employs correlations with path-averaged physical data such as topography to correct the seismic data. Path corrections can vary over an order of magnitude, and their use will sharpen differences in regional-phase ratios arising from different types of natural and man-made sources of seismic energy and, thus, will be important for monitoring a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. For P g /L g phase ratios in the band 0.5 to 1 Hz, interpolated path corrections reduced variance best using kriging (62%) and nearly as well using a radius 250 km, moving-window-mean smoother (56%). Wave-guide methods based on mean and rms topography reduced variance by 43%. Variance reduction is given relative to the standard correction for distance alone. Wave-guide methods were further tested by attempting to find correlations with topographic data that had been rotated geographically. For conservatively chosen sets of wave-guide parameters, the true orientations yielded the best variance reduction, adding confidence to the use of this method. Wave-guide methods complement interpolation methods because they extrapolate behavior beyond active seismic areas. However, I find broad regions that are fit poorly by wave-guide predictions, especially where the path effect changes rapidly, such as along the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau where P g /L g ratios are underpredicted. The two methods can be combined using Bayesian kriging, forcing predictions to fit the data in seismically active areas and allowing more powerful extrapolation beyond.
History and Condition of Food Finfisheries in the Middle Atlantic Region Compared with other Sections of the Coast

Abstract The five principal food finfishes that made up more than 50% of the total catch of food finfishes in the Middle Atlantic region, from New York to Virginia, about 25 years ago were: Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), scup (Stenotomus chrysops), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), and black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Of these, only black sea bass had not clearly declined in abundance up to that time. Subsequently, the Middle Atlantic region has shown the greatest proportional decline in landings and their total value of any coastal region of the United States, except for the Great Lakes. From 1929 to 1983, 16 different species ranked among the top five by weight. Whereas abundance of many species changed from natural causes, the major species also suffered from overfishing. In their place, new species of lesser value such as silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) have been harvested more effectively. Even with these additional species the total catch ...
Abstract 185: Utilization of Nanoformulated Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD) to Attenuate the Central Angiotensin II-Induced Pressor Response

Elevated levels of superoxide (O 2 .- ) in the brain and dysregulation of angiotensin II (AngII)-dependent neural mechanisms are associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. For improved brain delivery of CuZnSOD protein, a O 2 .- -specific scavenging enzyme, we developed SOD nano, a polyion complex with a polyethylene glycol corona and polyethyleneimine core that electrostatically binds CuZnSOD protein. Our previous studies in cultured neurons indicate that SOD nano enters neurons through active endocytosis and localizes to various organelles where it scavenges O 2 .- and effectively inhibits AngII intra-neuronal signaling. Here, we hypothesized that centrally administered SOD nano ameliorates AngII-dependent neurogenic hypertension by delivering functional CuZnSOD protein to AngII sensitive brain regions. For these studies, C57Bl/6 male mice were instrumented with carotid catheter radiotelemeters to record mean arterial pressure (MAP). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulae were implanted for the administration of SOD nano and daily injections of AngII (350 ng) before and after SOD nano treatment. The average AngII-induced increase in MAP for 3 days prior to treatment was 9.2 + 0.7 mmHg. ICV-administered SOD nano (113 U SOD activity) significantly inhibited the acute, central AngII pressor response for at least 3 days (ΔMAP D1= 1.3 + 1.4 mmHg; D2 = -2.7 + 3.7 mmHg; D3 = 3.4 + 4.1; n=3, p in vivo to AngII sensitive brain regions where it inhibits brain angiotensinergic signaling.
Exploration of channel width scaling and edge states in transition metal dichalcogenides

We explore the impact of edge states in three types of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), namely metallic Td-phase WTe2 and semiconducting 2H-phase MoTe2 and MoS2, by patterning thin flakes into ribbons with varying channel widths. No obvious charge depletion at the edges is observed for any of these three materials, in contrast to observations made for graphene nanoribbon devices. The semiconducting ribbons are characterized in a three-terminal field-effect transistor (FET) geometry. In addition, two ribbon array designs have been carefully investigated and found to exhibit current levels higher than those observed for conventional one-channel devices. Our results suggest that device structures incorporating a high number of edges can improve the performance of TMD FETs. This improvement is attributed to a higher local electric field, resulting from the edges, increasing the effective number of charge carriers, and the absence of any detrimental edge-related scattering.
Cybersecurity risks and mitigation strategies in additive manufacturing

Cybersecurity is a critical issue in additive manufacturing (AM), since AM relies on digital files and network connectivity. In this work, we first review several major cybersecurity risks and mitigation strategies in AM industry. Based on the review, we propose a new framework to detect threats and assess vulnerabilities in AM process. We also suggest a new technique of encrypting 3D model information using 2D images which may provide enhanced cybersecurity in AM process.
Stereocilia Based Mechanoreceptors of Sea Anemones

Sea anemones are predominately sessile marine invertebrates that detect prey using a combination of receptors. Chemoreceptors detect prey derived compounds including N-acetylated sugars and amino compounds. Activated chemoreceptors tune hair bundle mechanoreceptors to frequencies and amplitudes corresponding to prey movements. Chemoreceptor-mediated adjustments to vibration sensitivity require modifications to the actin-based cytoskeleton within stereocilia of the hair bundles. Such modifications are initiated by classical second messenger cascades. Hair bundles of sea anemones arise from a multicellular complex comprising a centrally located sensory neuron surrounded by several supporting cells. Stereocilia from the supporting cells converge onto longer stereocilia from the sensory neuron. Electrophysiological recordings from supporting cells indicate that current transients accompany deflections of the hair bundle. Current transients are graded in relation to stimulus strength, saturate at strong stimuli, and are reversibly inhibited by aminoglycoside antibiotics. During prolonged stimulation, the currents completely adapt. These data suggest that individual supporting cells on opposite sides of the hair bundle function in an analogous fashion to oppositely directed hair cells of the acousticolateralis system. Hair bundles of sea anemones possess tip links among other linkages. Agents thought to attack tip links in hair bundles of vertebrate systems, including elastase and calcium free buffers, abolish vibration sensitivity in anemones. In anemones, vibration sensitivity is reversibly abolished by aminoglycoside antibiotics, but is unaffected by amiloride.
Tackling multimodal problems in hybrid genetic algorithms

A method is proposed to address the issue of multimodality while using hybrid genetic algorithms (GAs). The hybrid GA is one in which the fitness of an individual is determined as the fitness of the best individual found under local search. A simple modification of commonly used phenotypic sharing is proposed for better performance in this learning environment. Further, it is shown how more information from the local search can be used to achieve speed-up by relaxing fitness evaluations. The method has been used on a structural design problem which shows promising results. INTRODUCTION Hybrid genetic algorithms (HGAs) have emerged as a popular choice for real-world optimization. Combining the robustness and global nature of a GA search with an efficient local searcher tuned to the problem provides HGAs the power for solving large real-world applications. Despite growing usage in practice and research on some of the theoretical aspects, HGAs have been less frequently analyzed and designed for performance in explicitly multimodal problems. This is an important issue as many realworld problems are multimodal. This paper addresses the issue of multimodality when using HGAs. The commonly used niching via phenotypic sharing was found to perform less efficiently an individual is assigned the fitness of the best point found under local search. This provides the motivation for studying how to adapt phenotypic sharing to HGAs. Fortunately, it turns out that the key problem is easily resolved and is a natural extension of the traditional algorithm for sharing. Besides making use of the fitness of the best individual from local search, other information from local search can be exploited to build models of basins of attraction for a problem. This information helps us relax or skip some function evaluations which in turn helps us solve a problem faster. A description of the hybrid GA environment is given in the next section. In section 3, we introduce phenotypic fitness sharing and how it should be tweaked to work more efficiently in HGAs. Section 4 describes a sharing method for HGAs which makes use of information from local search to enable evaluation relaxation. The real-world application is described in section 5 followed by results in section 6 and some extensions in section 7. The paper concludes by summarizing the work and analyzing the proposed method. HYBRID GA FRAMEWORK In nature, every individual learns during its lifetime to adapt to the environment and as a result increases its chances of survival. These adaptations are often the result of an exploratory search (Hinton and Nowlan, 1987). Hybrid GAs make use of this idea of
A Hierarchical Bayes Model for Combining Precipitation Measurements from Different Sources

Surface rain rate is an important climatic variable and many entities are interested in obtaining accurate rain rate estimates. Rain rate, however, cannot be measured directly by currently available instrumentation. A hierarchical Bayes model is used as the framework for estimating rain rate parameters through time, conditional on observations from multiple instruments such as rain gauges, ground radars, and distrometers. The hierarchical model incorporates relationships between physical rainfall processes and collected data. A key feature of this model is the evolution of drop-size distributions (DSD) as a hidden process. An unobserved DSD is modeled as two independent component processes; 1) an AR (1) time-varying mean with GARCH errors for the total number of drops evolving through time, and 2) a time-varying lognormal distribution for the size of drops. From the modeled DSDs, precipitation parameters of interest, including rain rate, are calculated along with associated uncertainty. This model formulation deviates from the common notion of rain gauges as “ground truth”; rather, information from the various precipitation measurements is incorporated into the parameter estimates and the estimate of the hidden process. The model is implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.
Scaling Methods of Functional Assessment

Challenging behaviors are common in those with developmental disabilities (DD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) (Matson, Cooper, Malone, & Moskow, 2008; Matson, Kiely, & Bamburg, 1997; Murphy et al., 2005) and also in typically developing children with emotional and behavioral problems (Brestan & Eyberg, 1998). Estimates suggest that in those with DD, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), 8–17% of individuals exhibit challenging behaviors (Emerson & Bromley, 1995; Kiernan et al., 1997; Lowe et al., 2007). These behaviors range from physical aggression (i.e., hitting, kicking, and biting others) to self-injurious behavior (SIB; i.e., hitting self, head banging, skin picking) to property destruction. While severe challenging behaviors are common in those with DD and ID, a similar number of typically developing children also exhibit challenging behaviors that may lead to emotional and behavioral disorders later on (Webster-Stratton, 1997). It has been well established in the literature that the most effective treatments are interventions based on the functions of the behavior (DuPaul & Ervin, 1996; Gettinger & Callan Stoiber, 2006). As such, functional assessments have grown in popularity. One review found that previous to 1985, approximately 35% of studies which used behavioral intervention for aggressive behavior in those with DD or ID used some form of functional assessment. However, this percentage increased to 71% for more recent studies which used functional assessment (Hile & Desrochers, 1993). Functional assessments allow for the identification of the maintaining factor of the behavior so that prevention and intervention strategies can be added to a treatment program, as well as replacement behaviors which allow the person to achieve the goal of the challenging behavior by more appropriate means. Furthermore, functional assessment for each challenging behavior is required as topographically similar behaviors may serve drastically different functions (Iwata et al., 1994).
Role of Contractile Agonists in Growth Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Accelerated smooth muscle growth is a characteristic feature in arteries of hypertensive patients and animals (1,15,26,27,36,40). In resistance vessels, this accelerated growth of smooth muscle contributes to development of medial thickening or hypertrophy and is thought to play an important role in the etiology of hypertension (1,13). It is hypothesized that medial hypertrophy confers a mechanical advantage such that at any given level of smooth muscle activation vascular resistance is greater in hypertensives than in controls (12,25). It should be noted, however, that medial hypertrophy does not appear to occur in very small arteries (< 100 gm internal diameter) and arterioles, but rather appears confined to large and intermediate sized resistance arteries (i.e. 150–300 gm internal diameter) (8,19,26,40). Extensive medial hypertrophy occurs in large conduit vessels, such as the aorta (33). In these vessels, medial hypertrophy is thought to be an adaptive process to minimize changes in wall stress that occur as a consequence of increases in blood pressure (34).
Psychological Issues Regarding Mohs Micrographic Surgery

Mohs surgery can have profound psychological impact on patients. Considered the treatment of choice for the excision of cosmetically sensitive, treatment-resistant cutaneous tumors, Mohs surgery can offer many potential beneficial effects. For a majority of patients, Mohs surgery provides good cosmetic outcomes and a feeling of relief that their cancer has been eradicated. Patients may even demonstrate improvements in quality of life and sun-protection behavior. However, for a significant group of patients, Mohs surgery can cause serious psychological problems because of the disfigurement that has resulted from surgery. Disfigurement, especially that of the face, can have detrimental effects on a patient’s psyche. Patients with disfigurement suffer from negative self-image and are often confronted with stigmatization in social interactions. Consequently, patients with disfigurement may develop secondary psychiatric disorders, including social phobia, generalized anxiety, or depression. Understanding how to best diagnose and manage patients with such psychiatric sequelae is extremely important aspect of patient care in dermatological surgery practice.
Does “Privilege Checking” Make Us Less Racist, or More? Generation and Political Orientation Matter

In recent years, White-dominated communities have begun to attend more to issues of diversity and inclusion. To this effect, many communities have instituted formal diversity training sessions. Frequently, these include exercises designed to facilitate White people’s awareness of how whiteness shapes their experiences. We investigated how generation and political orientation might shape individuals’ responses to such interventions in a context in which commitments to social justice compete with concerns with abstract liberalism. A national online sample responded to a racial privilege checklist (or a control checklist), then expressed attitudes about an Airbnb.com policy that enables hosts’ racial discrimination against guests. The present evidence indicates that while a White privilege salience exercise may increase anti-racist attitudes in moderate and liberal Pre-Millennials, it is associated with a backlash effect in Millennial conservatives and moderates, who express more racist attitudes when White privilege is salient compared with a control condition. We discuss potential mechanisms, as well as implications for diversity initiatives and limitations.
Post-Qualitative Inquiry and Walter Benjamin’s “One-Way Street”:

This article extends the conversation about post-qualitative inquiry into possible intersections with some of Walter Benjamin’s philosophies as described in his 1928 essay “One-Way Street.” This ar...
Duration of Exposure to Antipseudomonal β-Lactam Antibiotics in the Critically Ill and Development of New Resistance

Study objective Minimizing the duration of broad-spectrum antimicrobial exposure in the critically ill is a commonly used strategy aimed at preventing resistance. Our objective was to correlate the duration of exposure to antipseudomonal β-lactam antibiotics with the development of new resistance in critically ill patients. Design Single-center, retrospective cohort study. Setting A large, academic, tertiary care hospital. Patients A total of 7118 adults with a discharge diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock who received at least one dose of cefepime, meropenem, or piperacillin-tazobactam during their hospitalization between 2010 and 2015. Measurements and main results Cohort entry was defined as the first day of any antipseudomonal β-lactam initiation, and exposure was defined as the cumulative days of any antipseudomonal β-lactam exposure during the 60-day follow-up period. The primary outcome was development of new resistance to any antipseudomonal β-lactam > 3 days after cohort entry. New resistance was defined as detection of resistance to any antipseudomonal β-lactam not identified within 180 days before cohort entry. Patients without an outcome (i.e., did not develop new resistance) or who died by day 60 were censored. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to assess the risk of development of new resistance to any antipseudomonal β-lactam with each additional day of exposure. Analyses of each individual antipseudomonal β-lactam were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Each additional day of exposure to any antipseudomonal β-lactam resulted in an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.05) for new resistance development. The risk of developing new resistance to cefepime, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam for each additional day of exposure resulted in an aHR of 1.08 (95% CI 1.07-1.09), 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.03), and 1.08 (95% CI 1.06-1.09), respectively. Conclusion Among critically ill patients who receive antipseudomonal β-lactam antibiotics, each additional day of exposure to cefepime, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam is associated with an increased risk of new resistance development.
Q-Matrix Learning via Latent Variable Selection and Identifiability

Much of the research and application in cognitive diagnostic assessments to date has been centered on a confirmatory approach where a Q-matrix is pre-identified using content experts’ opinion or test developers’ knowledge on test items. As opposed to the traditional methods, which require prior knowledge about latent dimensions and underlying structure of test items, the approaches described in this chapter attempt to identify a Q-matrix solely relying on the observed test response data and thus avoid probable decision error. There are several important aspects to consider when estimating a Q-matrix from the observed data. First, a fundamental question of identifiability arises, that is, whether and to what extent Q can be estimated from data. The second aspect to consider in learning Q concerns the computational intensity that arises from estimation. The third aspect pertains to the presence of missing data, more precisely, the latent attributes underlying the observed data. The completeness of a Q-matrix, the other important aspect to consider in identifying Q, is beyond the scope of the present chapter.
Optogenetic Activation of Type III Taste Cells Modulates Taste Responses

Studies have suggested that communication between taste cells shapes the gustatory signal before transmission to the brain. To further explore the possibility of intragemmal signal modulation, we adopted an optogenetic approach to stimulate sour-sensitive (Type III) taste cells using mice expressing Cre recombinase under a specific Type III cell promoter, Pkd2l1 (Polycystic kidney Disease-2-Like 1), crossed with mice expressing Cre-dependent Channelrhodopsin (ChR2). The application of blue light onto the tongue allowed for the specific stimulation of Type III cells and circumvented the non-specific effects of chemical stimulation. To understand whether taste modality information is pre-processed in the taste bud before transmission to the sensory nerves, we recorded chorda tympani nerve activity during light and/or chemical tastant application to the tongue. To assess intragemmal modulation, we compared nerve responses to various tastants with or without concurrent light-induced activation of the Type III cells. Our results show that light significantly decreased taste responses to sweet, bitter, salty, and acidic stimuli. On the contrary, the light response was not consistently affected by sweet or bitter stimuli, suggesting that activation of Type II cells does not affect nerve responses to stimuli that activate Type III cells.
Building Energy Data Access and Aggregation Rules

As California continues efforts to reduce building energy use and local governments have assumed greater responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and municipal energy consumption, it has become increasingly obvious that a readily accessible, spatial record of energy consumption is a necessity (Klass et al. in California Law Review 104:1095–1158, 2016). As mentioned previously, localities have historically lacked consumption data, and have thus been unable to effectively design and implement energy efficiency and conservation programs.
Invited: Chipyard - An Integrated SoC Research and Implementation Environment

Continued improvement in computing efficiency requires functional specialization of hardware designs. We present an agile design flow for custom SoCs using the Chipyard framework, an integrated SoC research and implementation environment for custom systems. Chipyard includes configurable, composable, open-source, generator-based designs that can be used across multiple stages of the hardware development flow while maintaining design intent and integration consistency. Through cloud FPGA simulation and rapid ASIC implementation, we demonstrate an iterative agile hardware design cycle which enables continuous validation of physically-realizable customized systems.
Identification of social determinants of health using multi-label classification of electronic health record clinical notes

Objectives Social determinants of health (SDH), key contributors to health, are rarely systematically measured and collected in the electronic health record (EHR). We investigate how to leverage clinical notes using novel applications of multi-label learning (MLL) to classify SDH in mental health and substance use disorder patients who frequent the emergency department. Methods and Materials We labeled a gold-standard corpus of EHR clinical note sentences (N = 4063) with 6 identified SDH-related domains recommended by the Institute of Medicine for inclusion in the EHR. We then trained 5 classification models: linear-Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, XGBoost, and bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BI-LSTM). We adopted 5 common evaluation measures: accuracy, average precision-recall (AP), area under the curve receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC), Hamming loss, and log loss to compare the performance of different methods for MLL classification using the F1 score as the primary evaluation metric. Results Our results suggested that, overall, BI-LSTM outperformed the other classification models in terms of AUC-ROC (93.9), AP (0.76), and Hamming loss (0.12). The AUC-ROC values of MLL models of SDH related domains varied between (0.59-1.0). We found that 44.6% of our study population (N = 1119) had at least one positive documentation of SDH. Discussion and Conclusion The proposed approach of training an MLL model on an SDH rich data source can produce a high performing classifier using only unstructured clinical notes. We also provide evidence that model performance is associated with lexical diversity by health professionals and the auto-generation of clinical note sentences to document SDH.