cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The human LT system. I. Physical-chemical heterogeneity of LT molecules released by mitogen activated human lymphocytes in vitro.

Abstract Molecules with LT activity which can be identified in supernatants from PHA stimulated human lymphocytes by lysis of murine L-929 cell in vitro are heterogeneous. They can be separated by MW on sephadex or ultrogel columns into four separate classes: (a) complex (>200,000 daltons); (b) α (70–90,000 d); (c) β (25–50,000 d); and (d) γ (10–20,000 d). The amount of activity in a supernatant due to each class varies but is approximately: Cx —5 to 20%, α—40 to 60%, β—20 to 40%, and γ—0 to 10%. These classes differ one from another in their stability and kinetics of appearance in culture. Furthermore, they may aggregate together with the complex class under conditions of low ionic strength. Each class, except γ, can be further separated into subclasses by ion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alpha class can be separated on DEAE into the three subclasses, termed, α 1 (rf 0.25), α 2 (rf 0.37), and α 3 (rf 0.50). Alpha 2 subclasses can be further separated on phosphocellulose at pH 6.6 into α 2a (rf 0.37) and α 2b (rf 0.30). However, α 2 contains additional subclasses, which were resolved on PC columns at pH 5.5. Beta class activity can be resolved by DEAE and PAGE into two subclasses, termed β 1 (rf 0.28) and β 2 (rf 0.49). Gamma class activity was not studied, because of its instability. The complex class of LT activity is a macromolecular aggregate greater than 200,000 daltons which appears to contain smaller MW LT class(es). This study demonstrates that materials with LT activity in supernatants from PHA activated human lymphocytes in vitro are very heterogeneous.
Optimal number and allocation of data collection points for linear spline growth curve modeling A search for efficient designs

Spline growth modelling is a popular tool to model change processes with distinct phases and change points in longitudinal studies. Focusing on linear spline growth models with two phases and a fix...
Three Aesthetic Principles in English Advertisement Creation and Translation

Beauty should be the first feature of excellent English advertisement.It includes three kinds of beauties which are succinctness,implicitness and novelty.Therefore,the aesthetic standard should be the first principle in advertisement translation.In order to realize this aim,the author can make three measures which are construe,reverse and simulating translation.
Optimizing the energy management system of a parallel fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle

This paper presents a design philosophy for optimizing energy management strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles,combining global optimization and local coordination. First,a nonlinear optimization problem subject to a set of constraints was formulated and then solved using a sequential quadratic programming algorithm. In order to ensure optimal operating states of subsystems,the battery was always prioritized because fuel cell dynamic behavior is slower. Computer simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method raised the efficiency of the whole system. In addition,it showed that the battery works within its high-efficiency range.
Analysis of Archaeobotanical Material from the Tüpraş Field Project of the Kinet Höyük Excavations, Turkey

The Tupras Field project is located near the high mound of Kinet Hoyuk in the Hatay Province of Turkey. The site was founded in the 8th century and continually occupied until the 12th century CE. Contemporary Arabic writers described the region as rich in agriculture and known for its cultivation of date palms and for its valuable timber resources. This paper presents the analysis of archaeobotanical macro remains, which are rare from this period, to allow for a greater understanding of the floral diversity, in terms of cereals, weeds, trees and wild species that would have been present in the region during the Islamic through medieval periods. The data supports cereal agriculture but also documents the emergence of a cotton boom, which is attested to in ethnohistorical sources but has rarely been confirmed through archaeobotanical remains. Substantial quantities of C. album in single contexts, likely representing storage, were recovered and raise questions about its role as either an agricultural weed species or a more significant contributor to the diet and health of the ancient population. The agricultural economy is clearly more complex than previously believed and this study adds to discussions on the intersections of environmental and Islamic studies with crucial archaeological evidence, which can, for example, counter-balance and nuance certain well-worn debated ideas, such as the nature of the Islamic Green ‘Revolution’.
Analytical Derivative Coupling for Multistate CASPT2 Theory

The probability of nonradiative transitions in photochemical dynamics is determined by the derivative couplings, the couplings between different electronic states through the nuclear degrees of freedom. Efficient and accurate evaluation of the derivative couplings is, therefore, of central importance to realize reliable computer simulations of photochemical reactions. In this work, the derivative couplings for multistate multireference second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) and its “extended” variant (XMS-CASPT2) are studied, in which we present an algorithm for their analytical evaluation. The computational costs for evaluating the derivative couplings are essentially the same as those for calculating the nuclear energy gradients. The geometries and energies calculated with XMS-CASPT2 for small molecules at minimum energy conical intersections (MECIs) are in good agreement with those computed by multireference configuration interaction. As numerical examples, MECIs are optimized using XMS-CASPT2 fo...
The structural basis for the functional comparability of factor VIII and the long-acting variant recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein.

Author(s): Leksa, NC; Chiu, P-L; Bou-Assaf, GM; Quan, C; Liu, Z; Goodman, AB; Chambers, MG; Tsutakawa, SE; Hammel, M; Peters, RT; Walz, T; Kulman, JD | Abstract: Essentials Recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) Fc fusion protein has a 1.5-fold longer half-life than rFVIII. Five orthogonal methods were used to characterize the structure of rFVIIIFc compared to rFVIII. The C-terminal Fc fusion does not perturb the structure of FVIII in rFVIIIFc. The FVIII and Fc components of rFVIIIFc are flexibly tethered and functionally independent.SummaryBackground Fusion of the human IgG1 Fc domain to the C-terminal C2 domain of B-domain-deleted (BDD) factor VIII (FVIII) results in the recombinant FVIII Fc (rFVIIIFc) fusion protein, which has a 1.5-fold longer half-life in humans. Objective To assess the structural properties of rFVIIIFc by comparing its constituent FVIII and Fc elements with their respective isolated components, and evaluating their structural independence within rFVIIIFc. Methods rFVIIIFc and its isolated FVIII and Fc components were compared by the use of hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). The structure of rFVIIIFc was also evaluated by the use of X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and electron microscopy (EM). The degree of steric interference by the appended Fc domain was assessed by EM and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Results HDX-MS analysis of rFVIIIFc revealed that fusion caused no structural perturbations in FVIII or Fc. The rFVIIIFc crystal structure showed that the FVIII component is indistinguishable from published BDD FVIII structures. The Fc domain was not observed, indicating high mobility. SAXS analysis was consistent with an ensemble of rigid-body models in which the Fc domain exists in a largely extended orientation relative to FVIII. Binding of Fab fragments of anti-C2 domain antibodies to BDD FVIII was visualized by EM, and the affinities of the corresponding intact antibodies for BDD FVIII and rFVIIIFc were comparable by SPR analysis. Conclusions The FVIII and Fc components of rFVIIIFc are structurally indistinguishable from their isolated constituents, and show a high degree of structural independence, consistent with the functional comparability of rFVIIIFc and unmodified FVIII.
The Role of Gender and Age on User Preferences in Narrative Experiences

Storytelling is interactivea-astorytellers seldom recite the same content, instead, they adapt the narrative to their audience. Storytellers both introduce new topics from time to time, and elaborate on the topics the audience has previously shown interest on. In our previous work, we created a digital storytelling system that simulates this process. The goal of this work is to investigate what is a good balance between the novel topics and the audience's existing interests. We conducted an empirical evaluation using our digital storytelling system. Distinct preferences were observed in relation to both age and gender, with women in general enjoying a more gradual shift in the presentation of novel material.
12 Getting Your Writing Published

An article really isn’t finished until you see it in print or online in a respected journal. This chapter tells how to choose the best journal for your article and the technical requirements for submission. Navigating the peer-review process can be challenging, including such issues as publication bias, your native language, and even peer-review fraud. Along the path to publication, the author must consider the advantages of open-access publishing, which also carries risks such as being the victim of predatory publishers and hijacked journals. In the end, the author gives his Rules for Medical Writers.
Improving the Map and Shuffle Phases in Hadoop MapReduce

Massive amounts of data are needed to be processed as analysis is becoming a challenging issue for network-centric applications in data management. Advanced tools are required for processing such data sets for analyzing. As a proficient analogous computing programming representation, MapReduce and Hadoop are employed for extensive data analysis applications. However, MapReduce still suffers with performance problems and MapReduce uses a shuffle phase as a featured element for logical I/O strategy. The map phase requires an improvement in its performance as this phase’s output acts as an input to the next phase. Its result reveals the efficiency, so map phase needs some intermediate checkpoints which regularly monitor all the splits generated by intermediate phases. MapReduce model is designed in a way that there is a need to wait until all maps accomplish their given task. This acts as a barrier for effective resource utilization. This paper implements shuffle as a service component to decrease the overall execution time of jobs, monitor map phase by skew handling, and increase resource utilization in a cluster.
Endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by nanoparticle exposure through actin remodeling via caveolae/raft-regulated calcium signalling.

Abstract The rapid development of modern nanotechnology has resulted in nanomaterial being use in nearly all applications of life, raising the potential risk of nanomaterial exposure alongside the need to design safe and effective materials. Previous work has demonstrated a specific effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of approximately 20 nm on endothelial barrier function in vitro. To expand our understanding of this size-specific effect, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, and polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs) in this similar size range were studied. All tested nanoparticles were found to have minimal effects on cell viability, but exhibited a significant detrimental effect on endothelial barrier function. Nanoparticles in the size range of 20 to 30 nm were internalized by endothelial cells through caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis, causing intracellular calcium elevation by approximately 30% at 2 h after administration, and triggering myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)-regulated actomyosin contraction. These effects culminated in an increase in endothelial monolayer permeability across all particle types within the 20–30 nm range. This nanoparticle exposure-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction may provide valuable information for designing safer nanomaterials or potential applications of this nanoparticle exposure-induced permeability effect in biomedicine.
The effect of spray drying on the difference in flavor and functional properties of liquid and dried whey proteins, milk proteins, and micellar casein concentrates

Traditionally most protein ingredients are sold as a powder due to transport ease and longer shelf life. Many high-protein powder ingredients such as milk protein concentrate with 85% protein and micellar casein concentrate have poor rehydration properties (e.g., solubility) after storage, which might limit their use. An alternative to the production of dried protein ingredients is the option to use liquid protein ingredients, which saves the cost of spray drying, but may also improve flavor and offer different functional properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spray drying on the flavor and functionality of high-protein ingredients. Liquid and dried protein ingredients (whey protein concentrate with 80% protein, whey protein isolate, milk protein concentrate with 85% protein, and micellar casein concentrate) were manufactured from the same lot of milk at the North Carolina State University pilot plant. Functional differences were evaluated by measurement of foam stability and heat stability. Heat stability was evaluated by heating at 90°C for 0, 10, 20, and 30 min followed by micro-bicinchoninic acid and turbidity loss measurements. Sensory properties were evaluated by descriptive analysis, and volatile compounds were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No differences were detected in protein heat stability between liquids and powders when spray dried under these conditions. Whey protein concentrate with 80% protein (liquid or spray dried) did not produce a foam. All powders had higher aroma intensity and cooked flavors compared with liquids. Powder proteins also had low but distinct cardboard flavor concurrent with higher relative abundance of volatile aldehydes compared with liquids. An understanding of how spray drying affects both flavor and functionality may help food processors better use the ingredients they have available to them.
Identification of FDA-approved oncology drugs with selective potency in high-risk childhood ependymoma

Children with ependymoma (EPN) are cured in less than 50% of cases, with little improvement in outcome over the last several decades. Chemotherapy has not affected survival in EPN, due in part to a lack of preclinical models that has precluded comprehensive drug testing. We recently developed two human EPN cell lines harboring high-risk phenotypes which provided us with an opportunity to execute translational studies. EPN and other pediatric brain tumor cell lines were subject to a large-scale comparative drug screen of FDA-approved oncology drugs for rapid clinical application. The results of this in vitro study were combined with in silico prediction of drug sensitivity to identify EPN-selective compounds, which were validated by dose curve and time course modeling. Mechanisms of EPN-selective antitumor effect were further investigated using transcriptome and proteome analyses. We identified three classes of oncology drugs that showed EPN-selective antitumor effect, namely, (i) fluorinated pyrimidines (5-fluorouracil, carmofur, and floxuridine), (ii) retinoids (bexarotene, tretinoin and isotretinoin), and (iii) a subset of small-molecule multireceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (axitinib, imatinib, and pazopanib). Axitinib's antitumor mechanism in EPN cell lines involved inhibition of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ and was associated with reduced mitosis-related gene expression and cellular senescence. The clinically available, EPN-selective oncology drugs identified by our study have the potential to critically inform design of upcoming clinical studies in EPN, in particular for those children with recurrent EPN who are in the greatest need of novel therapeutic approaches. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1984-94. ©2018 AACR.
Colonoscopic decompression for acute pseueteobstruction of the colon (Ogilvie's syndrome)

This report has described a series of 22 patients who underwent colonoscopic decompression for acute pseudoobstruction of the colon and summarizes those cases previously reported in the literature. Twenty of the 22 patients (91 percent) were successfully treated by decompression initially. Fifteen patients (68 percent) were cured with the initial procedure, and 4 patients (18 percent) experienced recurrence. Overall, in 17 patients (77 percent), the pseudoobstruction resolved completely with colonoscopic decompression. Three patients (14 percent) underwent operation because of cecal dilatation refractory to colonoscopic decompression, and in one patient (4.5 percent), the colonic dilatation resolved spontaneously after a failed colonoscopy. Complications resulted in the death of one patient (4.5 percent). Our data are similar to those in the literature and indicate that colonoscopic decompression is a safe and efficacious first line of treatment for acute pseudoobstruction of the colon.
Language Skill Acquisition, Labor Markets and Locational Choice: The Foreign-Born in the United States, 1900 And 1980

A common language, like a common currency, facilitates exchange, whether economic, social or political, among interacting individuals in a community. In recent years, concern has been expressed about the possibility of language “bifurcation” in the United States. It is believed by some that as significant numbers of the foreign-born who have a non-English language in common come to the United States, there will be potential for a competing language “currency”. Of course, since a common language facilitates exchange, this possibility becomes more likely if the competing non-English language groups are more likely to enter into transactions with each other than with those individuals speaking English within the United States. The settlement patterns of the common-language groups, to the extent that proximity correlates with the number of “own”-language transactions, thus may be an important factor in determining the potential for the viability of a second language in the United States.
Nonradiative Processes in Molecular Systems

The term nonradiative or radiationless transitions has been in common use for many decades to describe radiation-induced processes in which no energy is exchanged with the radiation field. We shall not deal with (radiationless) Auger transitions in atoms or with (radiationless) multiphonon transitions in solids but shall focus on radiationless transitions in molecules, especially those transitions that apparently involve only discrete (as opposed to continuous) energy levels.(1–5) Beginning in the early 1960s,(6–11) this subject has developed from a relatively obscure branch of molecular spectroscopy into a broad and vigorously expanding discipline. A great stimulus has been the recognition that the notion of a nonradiative process provides a convenient common denominator for a large number of experimental observations. Typically, these observations are associated with small terms in the molecular Hamiltonian, and many of them have recently become more accessible due to improvements in instrumentation. This experimental development has been accompanied and-sometimes preceded by the development of a unifying theoretical description.(12–14) it has also been realized that a quantitative interpretation of radiationless parameters is potentially a valuable source of information on molecules. A separate section will be devoted to each of these three aspects. The first section of this chapter is introductory. In it we shall define the field and aim at removing a few potential ambiguities right from the start.
Diisopropylethylamine salts for protected amino acids: Direct synthesis of peptides on solid-phase

The use of highly hydrophilic amino acids, such as -methyl-histidine [( -Me)His], in peptide synthesis is challenging due to difficulties in the preparation of the pure -Boc protected derivatives. Although it has been reported [1] that Boc-( -Me)His could be extracted into organic solvents from water, we have not been able to repeat this procedure. Thus, we have pursued new approaches, such as by using the Boc-( -Me)His DIEA salt mixed with the HC1 salt of DIEA, to overcome such problems during the synthesis of MSH analogs.
Oxygen tension of the brain and its modification with hypothermia. An experimental study.

In Versuchen an Hunden mit kunstlicher Durchblutung wurden die Veranderungen der Kreislaufgrosen und des partiellen Sauerstoffdrucks (pO2) im arteriellen und venosen Blut sowie im zisternalen Liquor bei verschiedenen Perfusionsraten und Korpertemperaturen zwischen 37° und 10° C gemessen. Zur Messung des zisternalen O2-Gehalts wurde eine kleine Beckmannsche Platin-Mikroelektrode verwendet, die auf die verschiedenen angewandten Temperaturen geeicht war.
Retrieval practice opportunities in middle school mathematics teachers’ oral questions

Background Tasks that involve retrieving information from memory, such as answering short answer questions, are more effective at improving learning than restudying, concept mapping, and other study techniques. However, little is known about how often teachers naturally provide these retrieval practice opportunities during lectures and classroom discussions. Aims To identify how often teachers ask questions that require retrieval, what types of retrieval questions they ask, and whether teachers in high-growth classrooms differ in their use of retrieval questions compared to teachers in low-growth classrooms. Sample The sample included twenty middle school mathematics classrooms that showed high growth on a test of mathematics achievement and twenty with low growth. For each classroom, we examined a videotape of one class period. Methods We coded the number of teacher questions in each lesson, and the number and type of questions that provided an opportunity for retrieval. Results We found wide variability in the frequency and type of questions asked across classrooms. On average, almost half of the non-classroom management questions provided an opportunity for retrieval. However, teachers in high- and low-growth classrooms asked similar numbers and types of retrieval questions. Conclusions Teachers naturally use a wide variety of retrieval questions in their mathematics classrooms. As such, improving their use of retrieval opportunities will require only small changes to their natural practice, rather than large changes to their instructional style.
Human-Computer Interaction: A Brief Glimpse Of An Emerging Field

The primary goal of this paper is to provide an integrative overview of the research domain that is concerned with the manner in which humans interact with computers. In recent years, several labels have been suggested as descriptors of this research endeavor. These include: cognitive engineering, software psychology, user psychology and applied information processing psychology (Card, Moran and Newell, 1983; Moran, 1981; Norman, 1980; Shneiderman, 1980). Although each of these terms, and the researchers who have proposed them, focus on different aspects of the general topic, they uniformly endorse the proposal that the efficient utilization of computer systems is dependent upon the determination of factors that are important in the design of human-computer interfaces, especially in terms of human learning, memory and performance. Thus, it might be argued that the central theme of the diverse and interdisciplinary field of human-computer interaction is the establishment of design principles based upon an understanding of human cognition and performance in complex information processing tasks.
A Wearable RF Sensor for Monitoring Respiratory Patterns

We present a non-invasive approach for continuous monitoring of respiration dynamics using a wearable radio-frequency (RF) sensor based on near-field coherent sensing. A continuous-wave RF signal at 1.8 GHz is generated by a software-defined radio, with both transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) antennas placed close to the xiphoid process. The experimental prototype of the mobile sensor can modulate the internal organ motion in the near-field region of the Tx antenna and is then received by the nearby Rx antenna to be demodulated and sampled. Through peak detection, we have identified inhalation and exhalation peaks of each breath cycle to estimate the breath rate and the lung volume. The extracted respiratory parameters are compared with the conventional chest belts data for various simulated respiratory conditions including voluntary deep, fast-shallow and slow-shallow breathing. We also characterized simulated central sleep apneas, Cheyne-Stokes, Biot’s, ataxic and coughing conditions. To accurately identify obstructive apnea, we presented a two-sensor approach that can capture paradoxical movement of thorax and abdomen. The on-line recognition of these respiratory patterns can be employed not only to continuously monitor patients with chronic respiratory disorders but also to provide real-time feedback for future therapeutic purposes.
Scan Parameter Optimization for Histotripsy Treatment of S. Aureus Biofilms on Surgical Mesh

There is a critical need to develop new noninvasive therapies to treat bacteria biofilms. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cavitation-based ultrasound histotripsy to destroy these biofilms. In this study, the dependence of biofilm destruction on multiple scan parameters was assessed by conducting exposures at different scan speeds (0.3–1.4 beamwidths/s), step sizes (0.25–0.5 beamwidths), and the number of passes of the focus across the mesh (2–6). For each of the exposure conditions, the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) remaining on the mesh was quantified. A regression analysis was then conducted, revealing that the scan speed was the most critical parameter for biofilm destruction. Reducing the number of passes and the scan speed should allow for more efficient biofilm destruction in the future, reducing the treatment time.
Early Surgical Treatment of Intact Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions: A Cost Effectiveness Analysis with Implications For Future Prospective Study Design

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Stable low-grade osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions in adolescents are typically treated with an initial trial of conservative management including bracing, activity limitation, and physical therapy. While there are some tools to help predict healing rates, overall only about 2/3rd heal with non-surgical management. Surgical treatment, on the other hand, has an overall higher success rate for healing, over 90%, in a shorter time frame. We sought to better understand the factors that influence the treatment choice by investigating the tradeoff between initial conservative treatment and early surgical management through a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). Methods: A …
2.02 – Magnetic Actuation

This chapter provides a brief overview of magnetic actuators and focuses on basic magnetic theory, the principles of magnetic actuation, the materials and fabrication of magnetic actuators, and their applications. The topics covered include scaling effects, the Lorentz force, magnetic induction, magnetic force and torque, magnetic field gradient, magnetization, and magnetic actuation mechanisms. This chapter also discusses about representative magnetic materials and fabrication methods utilizing hard and soft magnetic materials, electromagnets (coils), and magnetic particles. Applications of magnetic actuation include microvalves, micropumps, micromixers, micromirrors, microswitches, as well as manipulation of magnetic particles and magnetic cell separation. With advancements in magnetic actuators, magnetic actuation will become more broadly applicable, and it holds great potential for further implementation and integration into novel magnetic microsystems.
What Leadership Feels Like: The Aesthetics of Leadership Success and Failure

Little is known about what leadership success or failure feels like for leaders, or how they come to define their leadership experience as successful or not. This study uses the aesthetic perspecti...
Caffeine-Operated Synthetic Modules for Chemogenetic Control of Protein Activities by Life Style

A genetically encoded caffeine-operated synthetic module (COSMO) is introduced herein as a robust chemically induced dimerization (CID) system COSMO enables chemogenetic manipulation of biological processes by caffeine and its metabolites, as well as caffeinated beverages, including coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks This CID tool, evolved from an anti-caffeine nanobody via cell-based high-throughput screening, permits caffeine-inducible gating of calcium channels, tumor killing via necroptosis, growth factors-independent activation of tyrosine receptor kinase signaling, and enhancement of nanobody-mediated antigen recognition for the severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein Further rationalized engineering of COSMO leads to 34–217-fold enhancement in caffeine sensitivity (EC50 = 16 9 nanomolar), which makes it among the most potent CID systems like the FK506 binding protein (FKBP)–FKBP rapamycin binding domain (FRB)–rapamycin complex Furthermore, bivalent COSMO (biCOMSO) connected with a long linker favors intramolecular dimerization and acts as a versatile precision switch when inserted in host proteins to achieve tailored function Given the modularity and high transferability of COMSO and biCOSMO, these chemical biology tools are anticipated to greatly accelerate the development of therapeutic cells and biologics that can be switched on and off by caffeinated beverages commonly consumed in the daily life © 2020 The Authors Published by Wiley-VCH GmbH
An Unfiltered Look at Idealized Images: A Social Media Intervention for Adolescent Girls

Current literature indicates that adolescent girls are more likely than their male counterparts to identify with social media figures and to use social media for peer comparison and feedback-seekin...
‘Super-Long-Term Public Mortgages’ as a Vehicle for Addressing Housing Inequality: A Korean Solution for Millennials

Homeownership and housing price appreciation are often framed as the real culprits behind yawning wealth inequality, which reduces social mobility and exposes non-homeowning millennials to structural inequality. In response, governments have introduced various homeownership policies, including long-term mortgages. This paper highlights South Korea’s public mortgages with very long terms of 40 years or more as one potential vehicle for addressing housing inequality. Rather than performing an econometric analysis on a policy that will not materialize until late 2021, the paper focuses on conducting a comprehensive literature review covering various national contexts. Next, the paper discusses the economic and financial implications of Korea’s ‘super-long-term public mortgages.’ To conclude, the paper suggests several financing solutions, ranging from a more advanced mortgage-backed securities market to a national fund drawing on public wealth. Through this holistic discussion, the paper hopes to trigger a vibrant discourse on policies to address housing inequality for young adults.
Shorter and longer-term risk for non-fatal suicide attempts among male U.S. military veterans after discharge from psychiatric hospitalization.

Abstract Although there are key differences in shorter-term (days 1–90) and longer-term (days 91–365) risk factors for suicide after discharge from inpatient psychiatry, there are no comparable data on non-fatal suicide attempts. Risk factors for non-fatal attempts in the first 90 days after discharge were compared with those over the remainder of the year to identify temporal changes in risk. Records were extracted from 208,554 male veterans discharged from Veterans Health Administration acute psychiatric inpatient units from 2008 through 2013. Proportional hazard regression models identified correlates of non-fatal attempts for 1–90 days and 91–365 days; adjusted piecewise proportional hazards regression compared risk between these time frames. 5010 (2.4%) veterans made a non-fatal attempt, 1261 (0.60%) on days 1–90 and 3749 (1.78%) on days 91–365. Risk across both time frames was highest among younger veterans ages 18–59, and those hospitalized with a suicide attempt or suicidal ideation. It was lowest among those with a dementia diagnosis. Risk estimates were generally stable over time but increased among those with substance use disorders and decreased among those with sleep disturbance and discharged against medical advice. Estimates of some risk factors for non-fatal attempts change over time in the year after discharge and differ from those that change for suicide. Different preventive approaches may be needed to reduce shorter and longer-term risk for non-fatal attempts and suicide in the year after discharge.
Social instability influences rank-specific patterns of oxidative stress in a cichlid fish

In many animal societies, dominant individuals have priority access to resources. However, defending high rank can be costly, especially in unstable social hierarchies where there is more intense competition. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential cost of social dominance, but few studies have examined this cost in relation to social stability. We studied the cost of social dominance in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni by manipulating social stability among males in replicate naturalistic communities for 22 weeks. We found that our social stability treatment influenced status-specific patterns in 3 out of 6 measurements of oxidative stress. Specifically, dominant males experienced increased plasma oxidative damage (measured as reactive oxygen metabolites, ROMs) compared with subordinate males in stable hierarchies only. Subordinate males in unstable hierarchies had higher ROMs than their stable community counterparts, but we found no effect of social stability treatment for dominant males. However, dominant males tended to have reduced total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the liver when compared with subordinate males in unstable hierarchies, suggesting that the cost of social dominance is higher in unstable hierarchies. There were no effects of status and treatment on gonad TAC, muscle TAC or oxidative DNA damage. We conclude that the stability of the social environment influences the relative cost of social dominance in a tissue- and marker-specific manner.
Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk

The year 2022 will mark the 60th anniversary of the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson’s seminar work Silent Spring [...]
Acoustic Imaging of Solid Objects in Air Using a Small Set of Transducers: III. Experimental Demonstration

We describe an alogrithm that produces three-dimensional acoustic images of simple objects in air using an array containing only a small number of transducers. Each transducer provides a pulse-echo measurement in an apropriate incident direction. Our algorithm uses entire waveforms (i.e., it is not limited to simple time-of-flight measurement), and is based on the Kirchhoff approximation together with the assumption that the scatterer is a rigid body. We further assume that the body is flat-bottomed with its upper surface represented by a single-value elevation function. The imaging alogrithm employs an interative technique involving smoothing and linearization at each stage. Evaluation of the imaging algorithm by means of synthetic and experimental test data will be discussed.
A Fiber-Optic Network Protocol for Computer Integrated Manufacturing

This paper presents the architecture and performance analysis of a fiber-optic-based network protocol for computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). Its adaptation as the common medium access control (MAC) layer protocol in the fiber-optic-based version of the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) and Technical and Office Protocols (TOP) will make their specifications identical up to the presentation layer; only the application layer which is user specific could be different.
Temperature-dependent Raman scattering study of LiAlH4 and Li3AlH6

A temperature dependent Raman scattering study was conducted for the first time on LiAlH 4 and Li 3 AlH 6 in an effort to monitor the reaction kinetics of these hydrides toward its application as a hydrogen storage/delivery system for fuel cell and other applications. LiAlH 4 demonstrated a gradual softening of its Raman modes as the temperature was increased from 25 to 145 °C while Li3AlH6 demonstrated a loss in its Raman signal as the temperature increased from 30 to 90 °C. The more sensitive Raman response of Li 3 AlH 6 is believed to be the result of the weaker attraction between the octahedral AlH 6 3- units in the anionic network of the Li 3 AlH 6 compared to the tetrahedral AlH 4 - units of LiAlH 4 .
Apparent amino acid availability from feedstuffs in extruded diets for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Apparent amino acid availability coefficients of several typical and novel feed ingredients were determined in rainbow trout using extruded diets and the faecal stripping technique. The ingredients were tested included five fish meals, three terrestrial animal by-products, five plant protein concentrates, four plant meals, and seven low-protein plant ingredients. Amino acid availability from the fish meals was relatively high ranging from 90 to 101%. Lower coefficients overall were observed for Menhaden fish meal FAQ when compared to the other fish meals. No differences in apparent amino acid availability were detected among the animal by-products. Within the plant concentrate group, rice protein concentrate and barley protein concentrate exhibited generally lower amino acid availabilities compared to other concentrates tested. Among the plant meals, only the availabilities of histidine, valine, isoleucine and lysine in flaxseed meal were lower than those of soybean meal. Apparent amino acid availabilities among the low-protein plant products were variable and significantly different.
The relationship of indwelling urinary catheters to death, length of hospital stay, functional decline, and nursing home admission in hospitalized older medical patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between indwelling urinary catheterization without a specific medical indication and adverse outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: General medical inpatient services at a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred thirty-five patients aged 70 and older admitted without a specific medical indication for urinary catheterization. INTERVENTION: Indwelling urinary catheterization within 48 hours of admission. MEASUREMENTS: Death, length of hospital stay, decline in ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), and new admission to a nursing home. RESULTS: Indwelling urinary catheters were placed in 76 of the 535 (14%) patients without a specific medical indication. Catheterized patients were more likely to die in the hospital (6.6% vs 1.5% of those not catheterized, P=.006) and within 90 days of hospital discharge (25% vs 10.5%, P .05) with decline in ADL function or with admission to a nursing home. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of older patients, urinary catheterization without a specific medical indication was associated with greater risk of death and longer hospital stay.
An extended commentary on "Models and regulatory considerations for transient temperature rise during diagnostic ultrasound pulses" by Herman and Harris (2002).

Abstract This commentary addresses the matter of misinterpretation of thermal dose as discussed by Herman and Harris (2002), and shows that the thermal doses they would consider as ineffective ( i.e., “safe”) for producing a hyperthermia-induced teratologic effect, can be highly effective ones. The matter of whether or not thermal thresholds exist for teratologic effects is reviewed. There are only opinions about thresholds. The critical experiments for ascertaining whether or not a threshold exists have not been undertaken. A power computation illustrates the requisite sample sizes (litters, fetuses) for undertaking an experimental test of whether the hyperthermic teratologic response in rats is characterized by threshold or simple linearity kinetics. (E-mail: Morton_Miller@urmc.rochester.edu)
Intestinal vitamin B12 absorption in the dog: I. Evidence against an intrinsic factor mechanism for vitamin B12 absorption

Summary The aim of this study was to determine whether the intestinal absorption of vitamin B 12 in the dog is mediated by intrinsic factor. Dog gastric juice and duodenal mucosal extracts were tested for their ability to promote intestinal absorption of radioactive vitamin B 12 in vitro on guinea pig and dog intestinal mucosa homogenates and everted dog jejunal and ileal sacs. The absorption by in situ dog ileal sacs of radio B 12 alone and radio-B 12 bound to dog gastric juice or duodenal mucosal extracts into blood and liver was further studied in vivo by means of a double label isotope technique. In all systems the absorption of B 12 alone was higher than that of B 12 bound to dog gastric juice or duodenal mucosal extracts, which rather inhibited B 12 absorption. These studies do not support the notion that dog gastric juice and duodenal mucosal extracts are endowed with intrinsic factor activity and that, in the dog, physiological B 12 absorption in the intestine is mediated by intrinsic factor.
First-Order Axioms for Asynchrony

We study properties of asynchronous communication independently of any concrete concurrent process paradigm. We give a general-purpose, mathematically rigorous definition of several notions of asynchrony in a natural setting where an agent is asynchronous if its input and/or output is filtered through a buffer or a queue, possibly with feedback. In a series of theorems, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for each of these notions in the form of simple first-order or second-order axioms. We illustrate the formalism by applying it to asynchronous CCS and the core join calculus.
Sphere-of-influence graphs using the sup-norm

The SIG-dimension of sphere-of-influence graphs using the sup-norm is investigated. Constructions which give an upper bound on the SIG-dimension of arbitrary graps are given. In addition, lower bounds, which are often tight, on the SIG-dimension of complete multipartite graphs are derived.
Particle stress and viscous compaction during shear of dense suspensions

This study describes the transition between the quasi-static and the viscous regimes of shearing of thin layers of spheres in a viscous fluid at high solid loadings. Experiments were conducted in a Couette-type shear cell in two complementary modes: (a) constant particle normal stress, variable solid fraction and (b) constant solid fraction, variable particle normal stress. During steady shearing under the constraint of constant solid fraction, transition from a strain rate independent stress to one with a linearly dependent behavior was found to occur with a local minimum in the stresses with respect to strain rate; correspondingly, the solid fraction assumed a maximum with respect to strain rate under conditions of constant normal stress. These are the first observations of such a phenomenon, which we call viscous compaction. At sufficiently high strain rates, the mixture exhibited a linear Newtonian-like scaling between strain rate and both shear and normal stresses. These measurements of normal stress are the first since those of Bagnold.
Elementary particles in a curved space. IV. Massless particles

If physics is stable with respect to a class of perturbations of the spacetime metric, including that of "small" constant four-dimensional curvature, then it may be shown that (1) left-handed and right-handed neutrinos are distinguished by a superselection rule; (2) magnetic monopoles cannot exist; (3) the conformal symmetry associated with the field equations for massless particles with spin 0, \textonehalf{}, and 1 is spontaneously broken\char22{}except in the case of neutrinos with fixed chirality.
Landau quantization and particle-particle ladder sums in a magnetic field

We evaluate the sum of particle-particle ladder diagrams for a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas in the presence of an external magnetic field. The evaluation depends on the observation that the quantized center-of-mass kinetic energy is conserved in electron-electron scattering events. For a delta-function interaction scattering channels with different center-of-mass kinetic energy separate and the integral equation reduces to an algebraic equation which can be solved explicitly. Divergences associated with superconducting instabilities are identified. In the weak-field limit a connection is established between the different scattering channels and different solutions of the linearized Ginzburg-Landau equations.
The role of dumping syndrome in weight loss after gastric bypass surgery.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the most commonly performed operation for the treatment of morbid obesity in the US. Dumping syndrome is an expected and desired part of the behavior modification caused by gastric bypass surgery; it can deter patients from consuming energy-dense food. In this study we assessed the role dumping has in weight loss and its relationship with the patient’s eating behavior. Fifty patients who underwent gastric bypass between January 2008 and June 2008 were enrolled. Two questionnaires, the dumping syndrome questionnaire and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), were used to record the patients’ responses. The diagnosis of dumping syndrome was based on the Sigstad scoring system, where a score of 7 and above was considered positive. TFEQ evaluated the patients’ eating behavior under three scales: cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. The results were analyzed with descriptive and parametric statistics where applicable. The prevalence of dumping syndrome was 42 %, with 66.7 % of the subjects being women. The nondumpers were observed to have a greater mean decrease in body mass index than the dumpers at 1 and 2 years (18.5 and 17.8 vs. 14.4 and 13.7 respectively). There was no definite relationship between the presence of dumping syndrome and the eating behavior of the patient. However, the cognitive restraint scores, greater than 80 %, were associated with an average decrease in BMI of 19 and 20.8 at 1 and 2 years compared with 14.6 and 12.4 in those with scores less than 80 % (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). The presence of dumping syndrome after gastric bypass does not influence weight loss, though eating behaviors may directly influence it.
Increased DNA Polymerase Activity in Human Leukaemic Cells

WE recently reported an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of leukaemic granulocytes from human chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) as compared with normal granulocytes1. There is evidence to the effect that this increased incorporation is a result of de novo synthesis of DNA by a semi-conservative mechanism2. We have investigated an in vitro DNA polymerase system in searching for enhanced priming activity of isolated leukaemic DNA, or for a difference in the activity of DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.7)). Bardos et al.3 have reported increased priming activity of DNA isolated from a variety of malignant tissues compared with DNA isolated from normal tissue. An example of increased DNA polymerase activity has been demonstrated after partial hepatectomy in rats4.