cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a neural network model of an advanced, turbocharged diesel engine for use in vehicle-level optimization studies

The following work documents the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model of an advanced, turbocharged diesel engine, and its implementation within an overall vehicle simulation. The purpose of this research was to create a model that would help drastically reduce in-vehicle engine design cycle time, improve numerical robustness and maintain the predictive capability of its physically based counterpart. Ease of integration within an optimization framework for preliminary investigations of engine designs was also a significant need. A design of experiments (DOE) was first used to sample the engine's feasible design domain. The high-fidelity model calculated engine responses at these DOE designs; the DOE inputs and engine model responses were subsequently used to train a radial basis function ANN. A typical, vehicle-level optimization study is presented which compares results and time requirements of the ANN and high-fidelity models. Critical issues in the development of an ANN engine model are detailed and generic guidelines are presented to expedite the implementation of this surrogate modelling technique to other complex subsystems and components.
Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism

Because there is no God and the concept of God is but a pathological indicator of man’s alienation in an immoral society, contemporary Marxist-Leninist philosophers do not deem it necessary to pay much attention either to the demonstration of this non-existence or to the refutation of proofs to the contrary. Their attitude is a combination of ‘socialist indifference’ (it is destined to disappear, anyway) and ‘revolutionary activism’ (but, the Party requires that one fight it), and their mode of argumentation shows it. There are three principal areas of proof and disproof: the via negativa is made up of a quasi-systematic affirmation of the impossibility of the properties and functions traditionally assigned to the Supreme Being, with a rather off-hand use of pseudo-scientific data; the via positiva is a simplified presentation of the Feuerbach-Marx argument from alienation; the via negationis consists of counter-proofs, each of which is to counter one of the traditional philosophic proofs for the existence of God.
Regulation of adenylyl cyclase in LTP

Our results on hippocampal long-term potentiation are considered in the context of Xia et al.'s hypothesis. Whereas the target article proposes presynaptic PKC involvement in adenylyl cyclase activation by phosphorylation of nenromodulin, we suggest an additional postsynaptic role involving RC3/nenrogranin. Finally, we examine the possibility that the adenylyl cyclase mutant mouse may display normal learning with a selective impairment of memory.
Extinct 44Ti in Presolar Graphite and SiC: Proof of a Supernova Origin

Large excesses in 44Ca, from the radioactive decay of short-lived 44Ti, have been observed in four low-density graphite grains and five SiC grains of type X extracted from the Murchison meteorite. Titanium-46,49Ti, and 50Ti excesses were also observed in several of these grains. Because 44Ti is only produced in supernovae, these grains must have a supernova origin. Moreover, Si-, C-, N-, Al-, O-, and Ti-isotopic compositions of the grains require a Type II supernova source, and indicate extensive and heterogeneous mixing of different supernova regions, including the nickel core.
Puerto Ricans: citizens and migrants – a cautionary tale

This article addresses the transformations in migrant political behaviour as people move between countries and how citizenship is exercised in the process. It highlights the limits of formal citizenship in the exercise of membership rights in given political communities. Using survey data from a probability sample drawn from a municipality in Puerto Rico, evidence shows how political activity decreases when circular migrants sojourn in the United States, a country in which they are citizens, but it is indistinguishable from non-migrants when in Puerto Rico. While these US citizens remain at the margin of the political system in the US, they are fully engaged in Puerto Rico’s. Citizenship may be a necessary condition to exercise rights of political membership, but it is not enough. A laissez-faire disposition from state and political institutions and an emphasis on individual-based efforts sidelines newcomers to migrant-receiving polities.
The 13C(3He,n0)15O reaction at 1.4 to 5.8 MeV

Abstract Excitation functions at 0°, 90° and 150° for the ground state neutron group from 13C(3He, n)15O have been measured for 3He bombarding energies from 1.40 to 5.80 MeV. The 0° yield curve shows a prominent peak of 300 keV width at E3He = 2.0 MeV and more complex structure at higher energies with several maxima. The 90° and 150° excitation functions show three and two broad peaks respectively superimposed on slowly rising cross sections. Twelve angular distributions were measured at 1.70, 1.96, 2.27, 2.66, 2.96, 3.27, 3.44, 3.83, 4.40, 4.67, 5.00 and 5.35 MeV bombarding energy. Below 2.3 MeV bombarding energy, the shape of the angular distribution changes radically with increasing energy. Above 2.7 MeV, the angular distributions all show a strong 0° peak and a second smaller maximum at about 100°. Analysis of the angular distributions into sums of Legendre polynomials indicates resonances in the reaction at about 2.0 and 3.25 MeV bombarding energy. Above 3 MeV, the forward peak of the angular distributions can be well fitted by Newns' double stripping theory.
Market timing and the determinants of performance of sector funds over the business cycle

Purpose – Market‐timing skills of fund managers are an important issue for both mutual fund investors and researchers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the market‐timing skills and determinants of performance of sector funds across business cycles to see whether sector fund managers exhibit different market‐timing abilities across business cycle.Design/methodology/approach – Single factor, five‐factor conditional and five‐factor unconditional models were used to estimate the initial results for market timing of sector funds across the business cycle. Monthly data such as returns, Fama and French factors, and fund specific variables of sector funds from January 1990 to December 2005 were used to estimate initial and cross‐sectional results. Cross‐sectional analyses were done using two approaches: the traditional approach where alpha, the dependent variable, is estimated assuming that betas of predicting variables remain constant over time, and where alpha is estimated assuming that betas do change o...
The current treatment of hyperthyroidism.

OF the recent developments in the field of thyroid research two have proved to be of far-reaching clinical significance: 1) the discovery that the function of the thyroid gland can be suppressed by goitrogenic drugs, notably thiouracil and related compounds, and 2) the demonstration of the value of radioiodine as a tool for study of thyroid function as well as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of some types of thyroid disease. By opening new approaches to thyroid investigation, these agents have been responsible for rapid and sound advances in our knowledge of the physiology of the thyroid gland, and both have contributed greatly to the effectiveness of the treatment of hyperthyroidism. However, it is evident that these advances have not provided the final solution to the problem of goiter, nor has effectiveness of treatment yet reached the stage whereby established methods of treatment can now be discarded. It seems obvious that the present status of surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism cannot be acc...
Debugging on the Shoulders of Giants: Von Neumann's Programs 65 Years Later

A study that examined and executed the programs John von Neumann wrote for the IAS machine reveals time-tested truths about computer architecture, side effects, instruction set design, and automatic programming-truths all foreseen by von Neumann and his team more than 50 years ago.
Virtual Systolic Array for QR Decomposition

Systolic arrays offer a very attractive, data-centric, execution model as an alternative to the von Neumann architecture. Hardware implementations of systolic arrays turned out not to be viable solutions in the past. This article shows how the systolic design principles can be applied to a software solution to deliver an algorithm with unprecedented strong scaling capabilities. Systolic array for the QR decomposition is developed and a virtualization layer is used for mapping of the algorithm to a large distributed memory system. Strong scaling properties are discovered, superior to existing solutions.
Marketing Perspectives on Federal Communications Commission Policies

Abstract The author briefly critiques Federal Communications Commission policies and legislative actions as reported by Sappington and Stockdale (2003) and then provides some insights from a marketing science perspective. The author questions whether competition created through regulation produces the same benefits as natural competition and argues that when natural competition fails to produce desired results, the underlying reason might be the prohibitive cost of providing service to some consumers. The author also argues for customer satisfaction measures rather than market measures to determine public policy. The article concludes with a variety of topics for further research in marketing.
Performance comparison with effect of door opening on variable and fixed frequency refrigerators/freezers

This paper presents the effect of door openings of refrigerators/freezers on the energy consumption and compartment temperature variation by experimental approach. Two types of refrigerators/freezers were tested in the study. One is a type of variable frequency operation, while the other is a type of fixed frequency operation. The testing procedure was conducted under the ambient temperatures of 15 and 30 °C, and the door opening operation was carried out by one automatic robotic apparatus in an environmental control room. From the test results, energy consumption of refrigerators/freezers with door opening was found to increase by 10%, compared to the same product without door opening. Based on the compartment temperature variation status during door opening, control strategy was also proposed to improve the efficiency of variable frequency type of refrigerators/freezers. Future study on door opening control methodology can be addressed on usage's characteristics, so that it would help to control temperature variation and improve energy utilization by minimizing the effect of door opening.
Analisi sistematica dell’efficacia e della sicurezza della chirurgia del distacco retinico primario

I sostenitori della vitrectomia primaria affermano che il tasso di successo finale, dopo piu interventi, e del 99%. Nelle serie da noi esaminate, esso risultava del 97%, ossia uguale a quello dell’indentazione sclerale. Cio e rassicurante. Essi trascurano di considerare la morbidita derivante da numerosi interventi, e ritengono altresi accettabile la frequente comparsa post-operatoria di cataratta.
Crosstalk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and hypoxia on the constitutive expression of cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA.

Endothelial cells are a target of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity following aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation. Further, evidence suggests that AHR has a physiological function in endothelial cells in the absence of exogenous ligands. Understanding these “normal” functions of AHR may help to reveal the mechanisms that contribute to the toxicity of xenobiotic ligands. Thus, this study focused on the crosstalk between hypoxia and AHR in the absence of exogenous ligands. Constitutive CYP1A1 mRNA was measured by real time PCR in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia (1 or 2.5% O2), 25 nM AHR siRNA, 25 nM hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α siRNA, or their combinations. Hypoxia significantly induced known hypoxia-regulated genes, and this induction was highly attenuated by HIF-2α siRNA, suggesting that HIF-2α is a primary mediator of hypoxic responses in these cells. Hypoxia also significantly reduced CYP1A1 mRNA and this reduction was also attenuated by HIF-2α siRNA. As expected, AHR siRNA significantly reduced constitutive CYP1A1 mRNA. While the combination of hypoxia plus AHR siRNA reduced CYP1A1 mRNA more than either treatment alone, the reduction was less than additive, suggesting that hypoxia and AHR deficiency may share a common pathway in reducing CYP1A1 expression. Finally, hypoxia significantly reduced AHR mRNA and this reduction was completely prevented by HIF-2α siRNA. In conclusion, constitutive CYP1A1 mRNA expression is dependent on AHR and is reduced by hypoxia via a HIF-2α-dependent mechanism, which may be mediated by a HIF-2α-dependent reduction of AHR expression.
Independent changes in cardiac muscle fibres and connective tissue in rats with spontaneous hypertension, aortic constriction and hypoxia

The collagen content (hydroxyproline concentration) and muscle fibre diameter were determined in hearts of 16 week old spontaneously hypertensive, aortic constricted and normotensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive and aortic constricted groups exposed to 6 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude of 6100 m). The early development of cardiomegaly associated with spontaneous hypertension is primarily caused by an increase in muscle mass with relatively less proliferation of the connective tissue elements. Although heart weight to body weight ratios and fibre diameter increase in the spontaneously hypertensive SHR compared with normotensive rats, the concentration of hydroxyproline decreases indicating that the connective tissue response in spontaneously hypertensive rats is less pronounced than the muscle response. Therefore, at 16 weeks of age, an increase in muscle mass is the primary contributor to cardiomegaly in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypobaric hypoxia induces increased collagen production in both the left and the right ventricles of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Unlike the spontaneously hypertensive rats, the collagen response in aortic constricted rats parallels the muscle response since cardiomegaly and increased left ventricular fibre diameter are associated with the maintenance of hydroxyproline concentration similar to that in normotensive rats. Hypoxia failed to activate collagen production further in aortic constricted rats. These findings suggest that the connective tissue response to cardiomegaly produced by aortic constriction is significantly different from the response produced by essential hypertension. The data also suggest that the factors governing connective tissue proliferation may be independent from those governing the muscle fibre hypertrophy.
Antler: A multi-tiered approach to automated wireless network management

Management of a large scale wireless network, be it an infrastructured WLAN or a metro-scale mesh network, presents several challenges. Troubleshooting problems related to wireless access in these networks requires a comprehensive set of metrics and network monitoring data. Current solutions gather large amounts of data and require significant bandwidth and processing to offload and analyze this management traffic. As a result, these solutions are typically not scalable or real-time. To this end, we propose a multi-tiered approach to wireless network monitoring that dynamically controls the granularity of data collection based on observed events in the network. Our approach can achieve significant bandwidth savings and enable real-time automated management of a wireless network. Our initial analysis using traces from a large WLAN shows a significant reduction in the amount of data collected to diagnose problems in a WLAN.
ODDESSY: An object-oriented database design system

A prototype database design system is presented. The system is object oriented in two ways. First, a uniform object-message paradigm is used for the design, definition, and manipulation language. Second, the structure of the underlying system is object oriented and is being implemented in Smalltalk-80.
The Role of Digoxin in the Treatment of Heart Failure

Digoxin and diuretics were once the cornerstones of therapy for patients with chronic heart failure. During the past 2 decades, an increasing number of therapeutic options for the treatment of symptomatic heart failure has emerged. Demonstrated benefit of these therapies has led to parallel growth of practice guidelines and performance measures. As a result, physicians caring for patients with heart failure face the increasing challenge of introducing and titrating multiple medications to achieve the perceived benefit promised by clinical trials while adhering to guideline-driven treatment algorithms. The role of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure is long and storied, with the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial a relatively recent addition.1 Currently, the addition of digoxin for the treatment of stage C heart failure is a 2B …
The instantaneous helical axis of the subtalar and talocrural joints: a non-invasive in vivo dynamic study

Background An understanding of rear-foot (talocrural and subtalar joints) kinematics is critical for diagnosing foot pathologies, designing total ankle implants, treating rear-foot injuries and quantifying gait abnormalities. The majority of kinematic data available have been acquired through static cadaver work or passive in vivo studies. The applicability of these data to dynamic in vivo situations remains unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to fully quantify subtalar, talocrural and calcaneal-tibial in vivo kinematics in terms of the instantaneous helical axis (IHA) in twenty-five healthy ankles during a volitional activity that simulated single-leg toe-raises with partial-weight support, requiring active muscle control.
The effect of visualizing healthy eaters and mortality reminders on nutritious grocery purchases: An integrative terror management and prototype willingness analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To use insights from an integration of the terror management health model and the prototype willingness model to inform and improve nutrition-related behavior using an ecologically valid outcome. METHOD: Prior to shopping, grocery shoppers were exposed to a reminder of mortality (or pain) and then visualized a healthy (vs. neutral) prototype. Receipts were collected postshopping and food items purchased were coded using a nutrition database. RESULTS: Compared with those in the control conditions, participants who received the mortality reminder and who were led to visualize a healthy eater prototype purchased more nutritious foods. CONCLUSION: The integration of the terror management health model and the prototype willingness model has the potential for both basic and applied advances and offers a generative ground for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Performance of technical skills of diabetes management: increased independence after a camp experience.

This study examines some educational effects of a camp experience on independent performance of tasks in the management of diabetes mellitus. One hundred and eleven children were studied with regard to insulin administration, urine glucose testing, recognition of hypoglycemic reactions, adherence to diet, and over-all independence. There was a significant increase in independent measurement of insulin dose, administration of insulin injections, and urine glucose testing. No significant differences were seen in dietary adherence or ability to recognize hypoglycemic reactions. Precamp data indicated that returning campers demonstrated greater independence in insulin administration prior to camp than did new campers. After camp, both new and returning campers showed significant increases in independent performance of dose measurement and injection. It is concluded that a camp educational experience contributes to both the knowledge and performance of self-care techniques required in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Mother‐toddler play interaction: A contrast of substance‐exposed and nonexposed children

Des etudes recentes se sont interrogees et se sont demandees si le jeu d'enfants exposes a la cocaine ou exposes a plusieurs substances est defectueux ou perturbe, vraisemblablement a cause de l'exposition prenatale. Dans cette etude, la qualite du jeu du petit enfant n'a pas differe entre 13 petits enfants issus d'un milieu defavorise et exposes a plusieurs substances et 13 petits enfants issus d'un milieu defavorise mais non exposes, tous evalues durant une seance de jeu de 16 minutes chez eux et avec leurs meres. Plus specifiquement, aucune difference n'a pu etre etablie entre les dimensions cognitives ou affectives du jeu evalue par des observateurs qui ne savaient rien du status d'exposition aux substances. De plus, la qualite du soutien maternel pour le jeu, evaluee en utilisant l'Echelle d'Interaction Parent/Mode de Soin, ne differait pas entre les deux groupes. Des aspects positifs du comportement des meres dans leur facon de soutenir leur enfant jouant etaient des facteurs de prediction d'une qualite de jeu de l'enfant plus elevee. Les analyses suggerent que la taille de l'echantillon etait suffisante pour la detection de differences entre les groupes, si ces differences avaient bel et bien existe.
Diabetes in the Caribbean: results of a population survey from Spanish Town, Jamaica.

AIMS: To characterize the prevalence of diabetes and associated risk attributes in the Jamaican population. METHODS: A random population sample was recruited by door-to-door canvassing (n = 1303). A final participation of 60% was achieved. Oral glucose tolerance testing was conducted after an overnight fast and standard anthropometric and demographic data were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus was 9.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.2-12.4) among men and 15.7% (95% CI 13.1-18.3) among women with an overall prevalence of 13.4% (95% CI 11.5-15.2). Impaired glucose tolerance was found among 12.3% of men and 14.7% of women. The sex patterns were consistent with a fourfold excess of obesity in women compared to men. The odds ratios for diabetes, fourth vs. first quartiles were 5.42 (95% CI 2.02-16.88) in men and 3.32 (95% CI 1.73-6.63) in women for body mass index (BMI) and 17.39 (95% CI 3.86-78.27) in men and 5.48 (95% CI 2.84-11.00) in women for WHR in a logistic model controlling for age. The population attributes risk percentage, for diabetes, of being overweight and having waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) greater than the median (0.80) were 66% and 80%, respectively. The contribution of central obesity, as characterized by WHR, was also significant in sex-specific multivariate models that included age and BMI. Prevalent hypertension and family history of diabetes were likewise associated with increased odds of having the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes in Jamaica now exceeds that observed among European-origin populations and reflects the emerging epidemic of obesity. The excess risk for this population could not be attributed entirely to relative weight. The pronounced sexual dimorphism in diabetes prevalence most likely reflects the substantial excess of obesity among women compared to men. Like many other island nations, Caribbean societies now appear to be at substantial risk of diabetes.
Designing natural language and structured entry methods for privacy policy authoring

As information technology continues to spread, we believe that there will be an increasing awareness of a fundamental need to seriously consider privacy concerns, and that doing so will require an understanding of policies that govern information use accompanied by development of technologies that can implement such policies. The research reported here describes our efforts to design a system which facilitates effective privacy policy authoring, implementation, and compliance monitoring. We employed a variety of user-centered design methods with 109 target users across the four steps of the research reported here. This case study highlights our work to iteratively design and validate a prototype with target users, and presents a laboratory evaluation aimed at providing early support for specific design decisions to meet the needs of providing flexible privacy enabling technologies. This paper highlights our work to include natural language and structured entry methods for policy authoring.
Automatic Detection of Text Genre

As the text databases available to users become larger and more heterogeneous, genre becomes increasingly important for computational linguistics as a complement to topical and structural principles of classification. We propose a theory of genres as bundles of facets, which correlate with various surface cues, and argue that genre detection based on surface cues is as successful as detection based on deeper structural properties.
Rhizoctonia Web Blight Development on Container-Grown Azalea in Relation to Time and Environmental Factors

Copes, W. E., and Scherm, H. 2010. Rhizoctonia web blight development on container-grown azalea in relation to time and environmental factors. Plant Dis. 94:891-897. Rhizoctonia web blight, caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., is an annual problem in the southern United States on container-grown azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) that receive daily irrigation. Disease progress was assessed weekly from mid-May to mid-September on nursery-grown plants at three locations in Mississippi and Alabama in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Disease onset, defined as the appearance of blighted leaves at the exterior canopy of at least one plant, occurred on average on 20 July, and calendar date was a more precise predictor of disease onset than several combined time–weather variables. Disease progress curves exhibited weekly fluctuations around a typically exponential increase in the mean number of symptomatic leaves per plant until early to mid-September, after which web blight severity leveled off or declined due to disease-induced leaf dehiscence and the appearance of new, asymptomatic leaves. Based on the relative increase in the log-transformed number of infected leaves per plant, weekly assessment periods were classified as having slow (≤0%), intermediate (>0 to 35.0°C, avg. vapor pressure deficit 240 (28 August). One or more of these same criteria were met in 5 of 16 (31.2%) assessment periods with rapid disease progress, indicating that periods with slow versus rapid disease progression could be distinguished reasonably well based on weather. Results were similar for the 2008 validation data. However, weather variables were not useful in separating periods with either slow or rapid disease progress from those having intermediate progress. Instead, weather variables were most useful when used in a negative-prognosis approach to predict disease progression as being “not rapid” (which includes slow and intermediate periods) or “not slow” (including intermediate and rapid periods). The data set was further analyzed using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis to relate weekly disease progress periods to weather variables. The resulting CART model agreed with the heuristic approach in that temperature variables were more prominent than moisture variables in classifying disease progress periods. With both approaches, satisfactory accuracy was accomplished only with negative-prognoses that classified disease progress periods as not rapid or not slow based on temperature and moisture limits.
Hierarchical data structures, institutional research, and multilevel modeling

This chapter provides an introduction to multilevel modeling, including the impact of clustering and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Prototypical research questions in institutional research are examined, and an example is provided to illustrate the application and interpretation of multilevel models.
Disposition of cefmetazole in healthy volunteers and patients with impaired renal function.

The disposition of cefmetazole was studied in 25 subjects with various degrees of renal function after a 1,000-mg, constant-rate, 30-min intravenous infusion of cefmetazole sodium. In six subjects with creatinine clearance (CLCR) of greater than 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (group 1), the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 1.31 +/- 0.54 h (mean +/- standard deviation), cefmetazole total body clearance (CLP) was 132.8 +/- 25.1 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and volume of distribution at steady state was 0.165 +/- 0.025 liter/kg. The fraction of dose excreted unchanged in the urine was 84.0% +/- 26.1%. Subjects with CLCRS of 40 to 69 (group 2, n = 6) and 10 to 39 (group 3, n = 6) ml/min per 1.73 m2 demonstrated prolongation of the t1/2 beta (3.62 +/- 1.06 and 5.93 +/- 1.81 h, respectively) and significant reductions in cefmetazole CLP (52.8 +/- 14.3 and 30.2 +/- 10.2 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively), compared with group 1. In seven subjects on chronic hemodialysis (group 4) studied during an interdialytic period, the cefmetazole t1/2 beta was increased to 24.10 +/- 8.12 h and the CLP was reduced to 6.8 +/- 2.1 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Cefmetazole CLP correlated positively with CLCR (r = 0.951, P less than 0.001): CLP = (1.181 . CLCR) -- 0.287. The disposition of cefmetazole was also assessed in six group 4 subjects during an intradialytic period. The t1/2 beta during hemodialysis (2.09 +/- 0.69 h) was significantly shorter than that observed during the interdialytic period. The hemodialysis clearance of cefmetazole was 86.1 +/- 20.1 ml/min, and the fraction of cefmetazole removed during hemodialysis was 59.8% +/- 5.9%. It is recommended that patients with renal insufficiency received standard doses of cefmetazole at extended intervals and patients on maintenance hemodialysis received standard doses after hemodialysis.
A Conceptual Framework For Identifying Unmet Health Care Needs of Community Dwelling Elderly

Assessing the unmet health care needs that affect the quality of life of older persons is an important task facing both aging services agencies and health departments. This article reviews various strategies for assessing unmet health care needs and a presents comprehensive framework for assessing such needs. Needs for health services are categorized by their function, such as basic maintenance, supportive, rehabilitative, treatment, promotive, and preventive needs. Factors contributing to unmet needs are categorized by the types of barriers to using existing services. These barriers include recognition or awareness of need, knowledge about services, and availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of services. Means of data collection for different types of unmet health care needs are presented. Recommendations for using the proposed framework are made to both health departments and aging services agencies.
Characterization of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) by pyrolysis H2O/D2O atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The oxidative pyrolysis-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (Py-APCI MS/MS) of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) was investigated under various introduction conditions. Subambient (0.97 atm) as opposed to ambient (0.98 atm) pressure (1 atm=101.325 kPa) facilitated the appearance of new pyrolysis mass spectral ions, including m/z 44. Deuterated decomposition products from [ 2 H]RDX contained amide groups and, depending on the ion source pressure, significant differences in the degree of proton-deuterium exchange occurred on the amide groups. The D 2 O Py-APCI MS/MS method also confirmed and extended the analagous H 2 O APCI information from RDX, [ 2 H]RDX and pure standards. The m/z 44 decomposition species was identified as protonated dimethylimine, [H 3 CN=CH 2 ] + as opposed to its primary amine isomer, [H 3 CC(H)=NH]H + , which containes an acidic proton. It was determined that m/z 60 is due to protonated N-methylformamide and acetaldoxime, [H 3 CC(H)=NOH]H +
Aflatoxin Occurrence in Virginia Price Support-Corn: 1986 Crop-Year

Aflatoxins (AFTs), as representatives from a group of secondary fungal metabolites known as mycotoxins, are divided into several subgroups based on differing chemical characteristics (Figure 1). As a by-product of their metabolism, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus produce AFTs including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2 ), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2 ). Collectively, the aflatoxins are among the most toxic hepatocarcinogens known (Sporn, 1966).
Expectation-maximization analysis of spatial time series

Abstract. Expectation maximization (EM) is used to estimate the parameters of a Gaussian Mixture Model for spatial time series data. The method is presented as an alternative and complement to Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The resulting weights, associating time points with component distributions, are used to distinguish physical regimes. The method is applied to equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature data from the TAO/TRITON mooring time series. Effectively, the EM algorithm partitions the time series into El Nino, La Nina and normal conditions. The EM method leads to a clearer interpretation of the variability associated with each regime than the basic EOF analysis.
The WOCE Hydrographic Program

The primary scientific objective of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is to understand the general circulation of the global ocean well enough to be able to model its present state and predict its evolution in relation to long-term changes in the climate. The large-scale circulation includes ocean currents that are directly observable (for example, by current meters or ship drift) and processes of water mass formation, modification, and movement that are studied by more indirect methods. All are important to WOCE, and the determination of the “mean” The primary scientific objective of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is to understand the general circulation of the global ocean well enough to be able to model its present state and predict its evolution in relation to long-term changes in the climate. The large-scale circulation includes ocean currents that are directly observable (for example, by current meters or ship drift) and processes of water mass formation, modification, and movement that are studied by more indirect methods. All are important to WOCE, and the determination of the “mean” circulation and also its variability on annual to decadal time and appropriate space scales is also of value.
Human monocyte stimulus-coupled IL-1β posttranslational processing: modulation via monovalent cations

Lipopolysaccharide-activated human monocytes produce prointerleukin (pro-IL)-1β but release little of this inflammatory cytokine as the biologically active species. Efficient externalization of mat...
Volatility, Distress Risk, and the Cross Section of Returns

This paper aims to examine the nexus between the pricing of market-wide volatility risk and distress risk in the cross-section of portfolio returns for the 1990-2011 time period. The author expands upon prior research by constructing an ex post factor that mimics aggregate volatility risk based on the new VIX index of the Chicago Board Options Exchange, termed FVIX, as well as focuses on volatility risk in crisis versus non-crisis time periods. The author investigates the relationship between volatility and distress risk using several techniques in the empirical finance literature. Specifically, the author investigates the behavior of correlations between risk factors as well as the correlations between factor loadings when using the Fama and French research portfolios as our test assets for different time periods. Additionally, the author examines the variation in the volatility factor loadings across the size- and value-sorted portfolios and assesses whether augmenting conventional pricing models with a volatility factor leads to a higher goodness-of-fit in pricing the 25 size- and value-sorted portfolios. The author’s results suggest that factor volatilities are high during periods of market turmoil. In addition, the author presents evidence indicating that a factor mimicking innovation in volatility (based on the new VIX) is correlated with the market and momentum factors, while exhibiting the uncorrelated behavior with respect to the size, value and liquidity factors when using data from 1990 through 2011. In this paper, the author finds that the aggregate volatility factor’s correlation with the market and momentum factors increases during crisis periods. In periods of relative market tranquility, correlations decrease significantly. In examining multivariate factor loadings for the test assets, the results provide no clear pattern with regard to the variation of the volatility loadings across the book-to-market and size dimensions. Furthermore, the author finds that conventional pricing models are comparable to FVIX-augmented pricing models, in terms of goodness-of-fit, when pricing the 25 Fama-French size- and value-sorted portfolios. Additionally, when using the FVIX volatility factor to proxy for aggregate volatility risk, the coefficients are never significant statistically, thus revealing that innovations in aggregate volatility based on the new VIX index do not constitute a priced risk factor in the cross-section of returns. The author’s finding indicates an absence of strong variation of the volatility factor loadings across the Fama-French research portfolios. In particular, the asset pricing results cast doubt on whether a factor mimicking innovations in aggregate volatility based on the new VIX index is priced. In agreement with prior research, the author believes that the inseparability of volatility and jump risk in the VIX can be a possible explanation of the current findings in this paper.
Rural to Urban Migration of Mexican Americans, Negroes and Anglos

This study compares rural to urban MexicanAmerican, Negro and Anglo migrants with non-migrants continuing to live in the areas from which the migrants came. Virtually all of the migrants were better off financially than they had been before migration and better off than the non-migrants in the rural areas. The migrants also had better levels of living as measured by several indicators. The Anglos maintained the closest ties to the rural area from which they came, but the Negroes had the highest proportion sending money back. Expressed happiness in the urban area did not show much association with improve? ments in financial status, but most members of each group reported feeling happier in the urban than in the rural area.
Application of H-infinity Fault Detection and Isolation to a Boeing 747-100/200 Aircraft

Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) methods have been developed over the past thirty years but only in the last several years they have been applied to complex real applications. This paper presents a synthesis of H∞ FDI filters for the longitudinal motion of the Boeing 747-100/200 aircraft. The filters are synthesized to detect and isolate faults in the elevator actuator and pitch rate sensor while attenuating disturbances and noise on the fault signals. They are synthesized for open-loop LTI models of the aircraft. Closed-loop simulations with a highfidelity nonlinear model in the presence of gust and noise are performed to validate the disturbance rejection and robust properties of the H∞ LTI FDI filters.
TSUNAMI PRONE FRICTION FACTORS FROM WIND MEASUREMENTS

The long wave equations, used for tsunami run-up and flood wave calculations, have an unknown friction term. As an alternative to hydraulically determined friction factors, an adjustable three-level anemometer staff system is used for making wind profile measurements over typical Hawaii terrain. Results from measurements taken during trade wind conditions are given for three types of terrain: (1) golf course, (2) large flat knoll covered with 2 to 2 1/2 feet tall grass thin to medium dense, and (3) a large rock farm covered with several layers of stone 2 1/2 to 3 feet or more in diameter. Average values of Manning's "n" determined approximately from the von Karman friction length, n = .06 z ' vary from 0.028 over the golf course, 0.046 over the grass knoll, and 0.051 over the rock farm. The top level anemometer for both systems is at elevation 10.6 meters (35.8 feet) and the remaining anemometers are equally spaced on the log scale, with the bottom level anemometer at 1.3 meters (4.28 feet) above the support base. We are presently repeating the experiments using an adjustable five-level anemometer staff system. It is pointed out that the results obtained from wind experiments have not yet been correlated with hydraulic experiments, and it is known that the friction factor decreases with increase in the Froude number, given by F = V//gR, where V is the mean velocity over the vertical distance of the hydraulic radius, R. The question seems to be, what is the equivalent hydraulic radius for the adiabatic atmosphere that would give the same friction factor for the same roughness for the von Karman velocity profile in hydraulic experiments? The wind experiments do show that there is a tendency for the friction factor to decrease with increase of mean wind speed. It would be of scientific interest to determine an equivalent hydraulic radius for wind profile experiments, making it possible to correlate the data with hydraulic experiments. This needs further investigation.
"Parent Prospects, Resource Slack, and the Operations Independence of Internal Corporate Ventures"

The salience accorded to internal corporate ventures (ICVs) by their parent corporations has implications for how those ICVs are structured. Using data collected from 145 ICVs operating in 72 paren...
Laboratory Cultivation of Licea Alexopouli

Licea alexopouli Blackw. was successfully cultivated in the laboratory. This study represents only the second species in the genus Licea reported to have completed its life cycle on an artificial m...
Concentrations, Distribution, and Persistence of Perfluoroalkylates in Sludge-Applied Soils near Decatur, Alabama, USA

Sludges generated at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Decatur, Alabama have been applied to agricultural fields for more than a decade. Waste-stream sources to this WWTP during this period included industries that work with fluorotelomer compounds, and sludges from this facility have been found to be elevated in perfluoroalkylates (PFAs). With this knowledge, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected soil samples from sludge-applied fields as well as nearby “background” fields for PFA analysis. Samples from the sludge-applied fields had PFAs at much higher concentrations than in the background fields; generally the highest concentrations were perfluorodecanoic acid (≤990 ng/g), perfluorododecanoic acid (≤530 ng/g), perfluorooctanoic acid (≤320 ng/g), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (≤410 ng/g). Contrasts in PFA concentration between surface and deeper soil samples tended to be more pronounced in long-chain congeners than shorter chains, perhaps reflecting relatively lower environmental mobili...
Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in Jinhua,Zhejiang,2006-2012

Objective To understand the incidence pattern of adverse events following immunization( AEFI) in Jinhua,Zhejiang province,and evaluate the performance of AEFI surveillance system.Methods The incidence data of AEFI in Jinhua from 2006 to 2012 was collected through national immunization program surveillance system and AEFI information system to conduct descriptive methodological analysis.Results A total of 539 AEFI cases were reported during this period.The cases aged ≤1 year accounted for 30.98%.The AEFI cases were mainly caused by the vaccines used in national immunization program( NIP),accounting for 71.43%.Mild cases accounted for 48.42%,severe reactions accounted for 40.82%.Among these cases,79.41% occurred within 1 day after vaccination.Fever/red swelling/scleroma was the main clinical manifestation,accounting for 35.99%; and the major severe reaction was anaphylactic rash,accounting for 54.09%.Totally 524 cases( 97.21%) were cured,1 case( 0.19%) was fatal and 3 cases( 0.56%)had sequela.AEFI cases were reported in all 9 counties in Jinhua every year.The reporting rate within 48 h was 85.71%,and the investigating rate within 48 h was 76.81%.The completeness rate of reporting card was 94.25%.Conclusion The results showed that the quality of AEFI surveillance increased year by year,but the sensitivity of the surveillance system was still low,especially for the mild reaction.AEFI often occurs in young children within 1 day after the immunization of NIP vaccines.It is important to improve the compensation mechanism of AEFI,strengthen supervision and conduct training and effective communication with press to improve the quality and sensitivity of AEFI surveillance.
Data supporting characterization of CLIC1, CLIC4, CLIC5 and DmCLIC antibodies and localization of CLICs in endoplasmic reticulum of cardiomyocytes

Chloride intracellular channel (CLICs) proteins show 60-70% sequence identity to each other, and exclusively localize to the intracellular organelle membranes and cytosol. In support of our recent publication, "Molecular identity of cardiac mitochondrial chloride intracellular channel proteins" (Ponnalagu et al., 2016) [1], it was important to characterize the specificity of different CLIC paralogs/ortholog (CLIC1, CLIC4, CLIC5 and DmCLIC) antibodies used to decipher their localization in cardiac cells. In addition, localization of CLICs in the other organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cardiomyocytes was established. This article also provides data on the different primers used to show the relative abundance of CLIC paralogs in cardiac tissue and the specificity of the various CLIC antibodies used. We demonstrate that the predominant CLICs in the heart, namely CLIC1, CLIC4 and CLIC5, show differential distribution in endoplasmic reticulum. CLIC1 and CLIC4 both show co-localization to the endoplasmic reticulum whereas CLIC5 does not.
Active Thermal Extraction and Temperature Sensing of Near-field Thermal Radiation

Recently, we proposed an active thermal extraction (ATX) scheme that enables thermally populated surface phonon polaritons to escape into the far-field. The concept is based on a fluorescence upconversion process that also occurs in laser cooling of solids (LCS). Here, we present a generalized analysis of our scheme using the theoretical framework for LCS. We show that both LCS and ATX can be described with the same mathematical formalism by replacing the electron-phonon coupling parameter in LCS with the electron-photon coupling parameter in ATX. Using this framework, we compare the ideal efficiency and power extracted for the two schemes and examine the parasitic loss mechanisms. This work advances the application of ATX to manipulate near-field thermal radiation for applications such as temperature sensing and active radiative cooling.
Molecular Mechanism of Facilitated Dissociation of Fis Protein from DNA.

Fis protein is a nucleoid-associated protein that plays many roles in transcriptional regulation and DNA site-specific recombination. In contrast to the naive expectation based on stoichiometry, recent single-molecule studies have shown that the dissociation of Fis protein from DNA is accelerated by increasing the concentration of the Fis protein. Because the detailed molecular mechanism of facilitated dissociation is still not clear, in this study, we employ computational methods to explore the binding landscapes of Fis:DNA complexes with various stoichiometries. When two Fis molecules are present, simulations uncover a ternary complex, where the originally bound Fis protein is partially dissociated from DNA. The simulations support a three-state sequential kinetic model (N ⇄ I → D) for facilitated dissociation, thus explaining the concentration-dependent dissociation.