cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental investigation of design parameters for pico-hydro Turgo turbines using a response surface methodology

Abstract Millions of off-grid homes in remote areas around the world have access to pico-hydro (5 kW or less) resources that are undeveloped due to prohibitive installed costs ($/kW). The Turgo turbine, a hydroelectric impulse turbine generally suited for medium to high head applications, has gained renewed attention in research due to its potential applicability to such sites. Nevertheless, published literature about the Turgo turbine is limited and indicates that current theory and experimental knowledge do not adequately explain the effects of certain design parameters, such as nozzle diameter, jet inlet angle, number of blades, and blade speed on the turbine's efficiency. In this study, these parameters are used in a three-level (3 4 ) central composite response surface experiment. A low-cost Turgo turbine is built and tested from readily available materials and a second order regression model is developed to predict its efficiency as a function of each parameter above and their interactions. The effects of blade orientation angle and jet impact location on efficiency are also investigated and experimentally found to be of relatively little significance to the turbine. The purpose of this study is to establish empirical design guidelines that enable small hydroelectric manufacturers and individuals to design low-cost efficient Turgo Turbines that can be optimized to a specific pico-hydro site. The results are also expressed in dimensionless parameters to allow for potential scaling to larger systems and manufacturers.
Master's programs and more (manufacturing education)

The growth in the number of educational programs in manufacturing in the US, Japan, and Europe is examined. Undergraduate programs are described, and differences are noted. Master's programs in the US are then discussed. >
An analysis of the clinical and histopathologic parameters of the odontogenic keratocyst.

Abstract Odontogenic cysts which exhibit keratinization of the epithelial lining have a greater tendency to recur than do nonkeratinizing cysts. The odontogenic keratocyst's potential for “recurrence” or “multiplicity” probably represents varying degrees of hereditary influence, with the multiple and/or recurrent cysts seen in the basal-cell nevus syndrome on one end of the spectrum and solitary nonrecurrent keratocysts on the other. A clue to the recurrent potential is the presence of budding-like hyperplasia of the basal-cell layer and microcysts in the cyst wall.
Rayleigh's problem at low Mach numbers based on kinetic theory.

Rayleigh problem solution and accuracy and utility of discrete ordinate method for time dependent problems as applied to Couette flow problems
Novel Bifunctional Resins in Metal Ion Separations: Ion Exchange/Coordination Resins and Ion Exchange/Precipitation Resins

Abstract Dual mechanism bifunctional polymers (DMBP's) as metal ion extractants are described within the context of two new examples. The carboxylic acid/pseudocrown resin is a new example of the DMBP class of resins described as ion exchange/ coordination resins. The polyethylene glycol ligand within the resin functions as a coordinating site for metal ions which are brought into the resin via ion exchange with the acid ligand. Initial studies with alkali metal ions are presented. The third general class of DMBP's is also presented. In this case, precipitation is the reaction occurring along with ion exchange thus yielding the ion exchange/precipitation resins. Barium recovery from aqueous solution via barium sulfate precipitation is described.
Cob biomass supply for combined heat and power and biofuel in the north central USA

Abstract Corn (Zea mays L.) cobs are being evaluated as a potential bioenergy feedstock for combined heat and power generation (CHP) and conversion into a biofuel. The objective of this study was to determine corn cob availability in north central United States (Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota) using existing corn grain ethanol plants as a proxy for possible future co-located cellulosic ethanol plants. Cob production estimates averaged 6.04 Tg and 8.87 Tg using a 40 km radius area and 80 km radius area, respectively, from existing corn grain ethanol plants. The use of CHP from cobs reduces overall GHG emissions by 60%–65% from existing dry mill ethanol plants. An integrated biorefinery further reduces corn grain ethanol GHG emissions with estimated ranges from 13.9 g CO2 equiv MJ−1 to 17.4 g CO2 equiv MJ−1. Significant radius area overlap (53% overlap for 40 km radius and 86% overlap for 80 km radius) exists for cob availability between current corn grain ethanol plants in this region suggesting possible cob supply constraints for a mature biofuel industry. A multi-feedstock approach will likely be required to meet multiple end user renewable energy requirements for the north central United States. Economic and feedstock logistics models need to account for possible supply constraints under a mature biofuel industry.
The Chemical Composition of Four Regions on a Summer Day in Lake Lacawac, Pennsylvania

This paper is devoted to the varying concentrations of 49 elements found in the water from three littoral sites and one pelagic site, sampled over a five hour period, in Lake Lacawac. These elements were detected in concentrated water samples by use of X-ray emission and optical emission spectroscopy. The elemental concentrations of the four sampling sites differed. Statistical analyses were used to estimate how chemical mixing proceeded in the surface waters of the lake. Results from a previous study of the chydorid Cladocera living in the sediments beneath the water sampling sites indicated that the more organic sediments contained more individuals than the sandy sediments. The chemical concentration of the water followed the same distribution as did the organisms.
A comparison of two plating techniques to estimate plasmid stability of a prolonged chemostat culture

A comparison of two plating techniques to estimate the segregational stability ofEscherichia coli RR1 harboring plasmid pBR322 in a chemostat was studied. No significant differences were observed between the spread and replica plating techniques in the beginning of the experiments. However, a noticeable discrepancy between these two methods appeared after approximately 100 hours. This inconsistency can be shown to be statistically significant.
Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in subjects reacting to monosodium L-glutamate by the Chinese restaurant syndrome.

The concept of this research was that monosodium L-glutamate(MSG), an amino acid, might reveal a deficiency of vitamin B6 by the neurological effects known as the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome (CRS). Tryptophan, an amino acid, is known to reveal a deficiency of B6 by excretion products. Basal specific activities (S.A.'s) of EGOT were determined on 158 students on no B6 supplement. Of 27 with extraordinarily low S.A.'s (<0.26 μmoles pyruvate/hr/108 erythrocytes), 12 responded to MSG. By double blind, 3 of the 12 again revealed CRS after placebo to B6; 8 of the other 9 showed no symptoms to MSG after supplemental B6. These results show, p<0.01, that supplemental B6 effectively prevents occurrence of CRS in responders to MSG.
Interface evolution and penetration behavior during two‐component transfer molding. Part I: Modeling and formulation

A theoretical study of pressure-controlled sequential sandwich transfer molding of rubber compounds under isothermal conditions has been carried out to obtain a two-layered sandwich structure. A physical model, numerical simulation procedure, and a numerical algorithm have been formulated based on the Hele-Shaw approximation along with the kinematics and dynamics of interface evolution. Based on the developed numerical simulation code, the effect of various processing conditions on the material distribution and interface shape can be evaluated and predicted. Comparison with experiments is carried out in Part II of this study. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:687–696, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Direct cDNA selection with DNA microdissected from mouse chromosome 16: Isolation of novel clones and construction of a partial transcription map of the C3-C4 region

A group of cDNA segments was selected by direct hybridization of mouse cerebellar cDNAs against genomic DNA pools generated by microdissection of the mouse chromosome 16 (MMU16) C3-C4 region. After elimination of repetitive sequences and adjustment for redundancy among clones, 34 novel cDNA fragments were isolated. The MMU16 origin of clones was confirmed by genetic linkage mapping. Reverse transcription PCR indicated that approximately 68% of the cDNAs represent transcripts that are expressed in adult mouse cerebellum. Northern blotting showed that some of these are predominantly or solely expressed in brain. This work demonstrates that DNA microdissected from banded MMU16 can be used for direct cDNA selection, thus enabling construction of a new, region-specific partial transcription map. This selected cDNA library should be a useful reagent for further molecular neurobiological studies.
Low prevalence of colon polyps in chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon

Top of pageAbstract OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have reported a low prevalence of colon polyps in patients with microscopic colitis. The aim of the study was to test whether such inverse associations applied to other inflammatory diseases of the colon. METHODS: In a case–control study among 130,204 patients undergoing colonoscopy for the work-up of diarrhea, we compared the prevalence of colon polyps in a case population of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microscopic colitis, histologic signs of active colitis, diverticulitis, or ischemic colitis, and in a control population with normal colon mucosa. Case and control subjects were compared using odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: In 11,176 patients with microscopic colitis, the prevalence of hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and tubular adenomas were all reduced: odds ratios=0.46 (95% confidence intervals=0.43–0.49), 0.24 (0.19–0.30), and 0.35 (0.33–0.38), respectively. In 4,435 patients with IBD, the corresponding values were: 0.18 (0.15–0.21), 0.24 (0.16–0.35), and 0.18 (0.15–0.21), respectively. In 6,501 patients with histologically active colitis, the corresponding values were: 0.58 (0.53–0.63), 0.57 (0.46–0.70), and 0.63 (0.58–0.68), respectively. No such consistent reduction in polyp prevalence was found in patients with diverticulitis or ischemic colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon are associated with a decreased prevalence of colon polyps.
Wafer Bonded Subwavelength Metallo-Dielectric Laser

Light sources that are compatible with the silicon photonics platform are the key elements needed for photonic integrated circuits on silicon. Here, we report optically pumped wafer bonded metallodielectric lasers, subwavelength in all three dimensions (250-nm gain core radius) operating at 77 K, as well as near-subwavelength (450-nm gain core radius) operating at room temperature.
PALLIATIVE CARE, PUBLIC HEALTH AND JUSTICE: SETTING PRIORITIES IN RESOURCE POOR COUNTRIES

Many countries have not considered palliative care a public health problem. With limited resources, disease-oriented therapies and prevention measures take priority. In this paper, I intend to describe the moral framework for considering palliative care as a public health priority in resource-poor countries. A distributive theory of justice for health care should consider integrative palliative care as morally required as it contributes to improving normal functioning and preserving opportunities for the individual. For patients requiring terminal care, we are guided less by principles of justice and more by the duty to relieve suffering and society's commitment to protecting the professional's obligation to uphold principles of beneficence, compassion and non-abandonment. A fair deliberation process is necessary to allow these strong moral commitments to serve as reasons when setting priorities in resource poor countries.
Thermophysical properties of the MER and Beagle II landing site regions on Mars

[1] We analyzed remote-sensing observations of the Isidis Basin, Gusev Crater, and Meridiani Planum landing sites for Beagle II, MER-A Spirit, and MER-B Opportunity spacecraft, respectively. We emphasized the thermophysical properties using daytime and nighttime radiance measurements from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) and thermal inertias derived from nighttime data sets. THEMIS visible images, MGS Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) narrow-angle images, and MGS Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data are incorporated as well. Additionally, the remote-sensing data were compared with ground-truth at the MER sites. The Isidis Basin surface layer has been shaped by aeolian processes and erosion by slope winds coming off of the southern highlands and funneling through notches between massifs. In the Gusev region, surface materials of contrasting thermophysical properties have been interpreted as rocks or bedrock, duricrust, and dust deposits; these are consistent with a complex geological history dominated by volcanic and aeolian processes. At Meridiani Planum the many layers having different thermophysical and erosional properties suggest periodic deposition of differing sedimentological facies possibly related to clast size, grain orientation and packing, or mineralogy.
Polar ice ablation rates measured using in situ cosmogenic 14C

THE first suggestion that appreciable 14C might be produced in situ in polar ice was made by Fireman and Norris1, who studied 14C in CO2 extracted from both accumulation and ablation samples. In some ablation samples they observed 14C activities between four and six times higher than those expected due to trapped atmospheric CO2. Here we report the detection of an unambiguous signal of in situ cosmogenic 14C in ice samples from two ablation sites in the Antarctic. The 14C is produced mainly by nuclear spallations of oxygen in ice. The observed concentration of 14C in ablation ice samples is 1–3 x 103 atom per g ice—three orders of magnitude higher than expected from the amount of trapped atmospheric CO2 in this ice. The in situ 14C has a unique signature: about 60% exists as 14CO and the remainder as 14CO2. This result is consistent with that expected from studies of artificially produced 11C in solid targets. The 14C concentration is found to decrease with depth as expected for in situ production. The calculated model ablation rates are found to be 5.8±0.7 and 7.6±0.8 cm yr-1 at two sites from the Allan Hills main ice field, in agreement with rates determined by the stake method. Our work indicates that the 14C age of accumulation ice based on trapped (atmospheric) CO2 would be an underestimate of the true age, if a correction is not made for in situ produced 14CO2. This can be done easily because the 14C activities of both the CO and CO2 phases, as well as the trapped CO2 concentration, can be measured.
DETERMINATION OF SILICON IN ROCKS BY FAST-NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS USING INTERNAL STANDARDS.

A technique for using internal standards in the determination of Si in rocks using fast neutron activation is presented. Different weights of barium acetate were irradiated for 30 seconds then cooled for 10 seconds before counting for one minute. A peak area, at 0.662 MeV due to137mBa, versus weight of barium calibration curve (I) was made. Similarly, barium acetate, which served as the neutron flux monitor, was mixed with known weights of standard rocks, BCR-1 and G-2. Then a peak area (at 1.78 MeV due to28Al) versus weight of silicon (present in the standard rocks) calibration curve (II) was constructed which was corrected for flux variations. Flux corrections were made possible using curve (I). Utilizing curve (I) and curve (II) the percentage Si in granite samples obtained from Llano, Texas, was determined. This technique avoids any external neutron monitor or sample rotation system. The applicability of this approach may be limited to samples in which the internal flux monitor can be dispersed.
The Development and Validation of a Measure of General Attitudes Toward Computers.

The development and factorial validity of an instrument to measure the attitudes of students toward the use of computers are described. A factor analysis of the intercorrelations of responses to 30 items for a sample of 233 seventh- and eighth-grade students in a white middle-class school revealed one identifiable factor dimension entitled General Attitudes Toward Computers with an estimated alpha internal consistency reliability of .87.
Exponential Stayability Model with Censoring and Covariates

Abstract This paper presents a method of estimating exponential survival distributions where the expected survival time is linear in several independent variables. A modification, applying the exponential cumulative distribution function, is made to handle data where not all individuals have an observed time of death. Data of this type are referred to as censored because not all individuals have been given the opportunity to die. Parameters of the linear function are estimated by maximum likelihood. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methodology are illustrated through a small simulated example.
Prognostic Patterns in Acute Renal Failure: The New York Hospital, 1981–1982

Sixty four patients who developed acute renal failure at The New York Hospital between July 1981 and June 1982 were studied. The average age was found to be 59.5 years. The overall mortality rate was 62.5%. Patients with non-oliguric renal failure had a lower mortality rate (25%) than those with oliguric renal failure (79%). Those patients with non-oliguric renal failure were more likely to have a discrete cause of renal failure (drugs) and to be in a more stable cardiovascular status. Tachycardia, hypotension, respiratory failure, and documented (or presumed) sepsis all adversely affected prognosis.
Footshock produces analgesia but no gastrointestinal motility effects in the rat

The effect of inescapable footshock was determined on gastrointestinal motility in unanesthetized rats. Inescapable footshock did not affect gastric emptying, small or large intestinal transit. Footshock produced a brief, naloxone-reversible thermal analgesia. These data indicate that gastrointestinal motility and analgesia are controlled by different central nervous system opioid mechanisms.
‘She is but a Woman’: Kitty Byron and the English Edwardian Criminal Justice System

In 1902, Kitty Byron stabbed her cohabitee, Reginald Baker, on a public street. Though her murder was premeditated, and she was of a lower class than her married lover, Byron gained the sympathy of the press and public, primarily due to the gender failings of her partner. Based on the legal records of the Home Office and newspaper reports, this case study illustrates the limitations of the criminal justice system in dealing with women's violence, especially in an age of increasingly sensational press coverage. The courts showed surprising sympathy to a ‘fallen’ woman, but at the cost of simplifying her story, confirming misogynist stereotypes and underestimating the danger she posed.
Protest and Political Opportunities

I review the development of the political opportunity or political process perspective, which has animated a great deal of research on social movements. The essential insight—that the context in which a movement emerges influences its development and potential impact—provides a fruitful analytic orientation for addressing numerous questions about social movements. Reviewing the development of the literature, however, I note that conceptualizations of political opportunity vary greatly, and scholars disagree on basic theories of how political opportunities affect movements. The relatively small number of studies testing political opportunity hypotheses against other explanations have generated mixed results, owing in part to the articulation of the theory and the specifications of variables employed. I examine conflicting specifications of the theory by considering the range of outcomes scholars address. By disaggregating outcomes and actors, I argue, we can reconcile some of the apparent contradictions an...
Sources of drug information: FDA‐approved labeling and other official FDA sources

To protect the public health and facilitate the safe and effective use of prescription drugs, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) disseminates information through drug labeling, communication of safety issues, and the archiving of scientific reviews. The content and format requirements for professional labeling were revised in 2006 to improve the accessibility and usability of the information. New or emerging safety information is communicated using the formats of public health advisories (PHAs), information for heath care professional sheets, and early communications about ongoing safety reviews. The FDA analyses of approved drug marketing applications and Advisory Committee transcripts are posted on the FDA Web site. Prescribers can utilize these resources to inform the care that they provide to patients.
Theory of the momentum flux probability distribution function for drift wave turbulence

An analytical theory of the tails of the probability distribution function (PDF) for the local Reynolds stress (R) is given for forced Hasegawa–Mima turbulence. The PDF tail is treated as a transition amplitude from an initial state, with no fluid motion, to final states with different values of R due to nonlinear coherent structures in the long time limit. With the modeling assumption that the nonlinear structure is a modon (an exact solution of a nonlinear Hasegawa–Mima equation) in space, this transition amplitude is determined by an instanton. An instanton is localized in time and can be associated with bursty and intermittent events which are thought to be responsible for PDF tails. The instanton is found via a saddle-point method applied to the PDF, represented by a path integral. It implies the PDF tail for R with the specific form exp[−cR3/2], which is a stretched, non-Gaussian exponential.
Interventions to Improve Communication in Autism

Children with autism benefit from intensive, early intervention that focuses on increasing the frequency, form, and function of communicative acts. Available evidence shows that highly structured behavioral methods have important positive consequences for these children, particularly in eliciting first words. However, the limitation of these methods in maintenance and generalization of skills suggests that many children with autism will need to have these methods supplemented with less adult-directed activities to increase communicative initiation and carry over learned skills to new settings and communication partners. Providing opportunities for mediated peer interactions with trained peers in natural settings seems to be especially important in maximizing the effects of this intervention.
Topological Features of Structural Relaxations in a Two-Dimensional Model Atomic Glass II

The topological features of atom motions in a high-temperature melt, a sub-cooled melt above T$\_{\text{g}}$, and a glass below T$\_{\text{g}}$, were analysed in detail by means of a two-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation. A striking analogy was observed between the structure and properties of the liquid-like material separating quasi-ordered domains of atom clusters, and high-angle grain boundaries. The main feature of the structural relaxation below the melting point, both above and below T$_{\text{g}}$ was the gradual dissolution and disappearance of the liquid-like material, permitting increasing order in the previously quasi-ordered domains and a growth in their sizes. In these processes, many sequences reminiscent of cancellation of dislocation pairs, or mutual reactions to give more stable sets, were observed.
Understanding the Impact of Accountability on Preservice Teachers’ Decisions About Where to Teach

Research has shown that individuals who become teachers are uniquely oriented to the psychic rewards of teaching such as connecting with students and making a difference. Yet, in the era of “No Child Left Behind”, emphasis upon test scores as indicators of student learning, competition within and between school districts, and threats of external sanctions seem to promote a different orientation to teachers’ work. This is especially the case in schools with limited human, social, physical, and cultural capital serving disproportionate numbers of low-income, racial/ethnic and linguistic minority students typically located in urban areas. Given the existing problem of teacher shortages in urban schools and the current impact of accountability, this study seeks to explore two questions: How do preservice teachers believe their aspirations to teach will be affected by the accountability movement? And how do these views affect their considerations about where to teach?
Binary concepts and standardization in counter-current separation technology.

Abstract Counter-current separation (CS) technology is currently faced with the challenge of being fit for the purpose of omics analysis, which involves highly complex samples and digitized research environments. Resembling a network of binary decisions, CS requires standardization of operation parameters in order to be efficient. While recent CS engineering solutions uniformly involve centrifugal force designs to overcome the limitation of the earth's 1 × g force, factors of instrument design, operation, and graphical representation of the outcome are equally important targets for standardization. For example, chromatograms that emphasize the unique K-based nature of CS, such as reciprocal symmetry (ReS) plots, foster the fundamental understanding of CS operation. Because significant differences exist in underlying mechanism (e.g., stationary phase volume), outcome (e.g., construction of chromatograms), and scale (e.g., factors affecting overall method sensitivity) of solid–liquid vs. liquid–liquid chromatography technologies, standardization will enable the systematic exploration of the differential properties of the two LC technologies, and will be key to making CS fit for the digital omics age.
Developing a Measure of Prenatal Case Management Dosage

Recently, federal funding was designated through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act giving states the opportunity to expand their prenatal case management programs (PCM) through home visitation. Studies evaluating the effect of PCM on birth outcomes have shown little or no positive results. One suggested reason for these findings is a lack of attention in the assessment of dosage. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of measuring PCM dosage when assessing pregnancy out- comes. A birth cohort (N = 4,582) encompassing Medicaid- insured Iowa residents enrolled in PCM who gave birth to a singleton from October 2005 to December 2006 was con- structed from linked Iowa birth, Medicaid Claims, and Women's Health Information Systems datasets. Data was used to create a dosage measure capturing the duration of enrollment, amount of time spent with a case manager, and breadth of interventions. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between PCM dosage and the birth outcomes. Dosage was significantly associated with LBW (X 2 = 31.1, P \ 0.001) and PTB (X 2 = 56.2, P \ 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, the likelihood of LBW and PTB were aOR: 0.47 (95% CI: 0.36-0.63) and aOR: 0.60 (95% CI: 0.44-0.82) for women with medium dosage (compared to low dosage), respectively. For women with high PCM dosage the likeli- hood of LBW and PTB was aOR 0.40 (95% CI: 0.31-0.51) and aOR = 0.62 (95% CI: 0.48-0.81), respectively. This study showed that PCM dosage was significantly associated with lower odds of an adverse pregnancy outcome occurring.
Heroic Endurance in The Piano (1993), Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), The Pianist (2002) and Hero (2002)

Internalization of the inversion of the injustices of a time, an age, an era, an epoch, a millennium into a protracted living struggle of a single individual will constitute historic heroic enduran...
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE INHIBITS IL-12 AND NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN MURINE MACROPHAGES

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system. In this study, we investigated the effect of VIP on IL-12, TNF alpha and nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages following activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or superantigens. In vitro studies show that at physiologic concentrations, VIP inhibited IL-12 and NO but not TNF alpha production in macrophages which were stimulated with LPS or superantigens. The inhibitory effect of VIP on IL-12 production appeared to be cAMP mediated since other cAMP inducing agents were also potent in inhibiting IL-12 production. Since IL-12 plays a critical role in T cell function, we suggest that naturally occurring neural hormones can regulate the type and direction of the immune response.
Long-term oxidation of an as-cast Ni3Al alloy at 900 °C and 1100 °C

The oxidation behavior of a cast nickel aluminide alloy, IC221M, was examined after long-term aging in air for up to 16,600 hours at 900 °C and 5000 hours at 1100 °C. The oxidation products were identified using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis. At 900 °C, NiO dominates the oxidation products initially, but at longer times, NiAl2O4 spinel and Al2O3 predominate and remain stable for times up to 16,600 hours. Cross-sectional observation confirmed that a continuous surface oxide that is mostly a mixture of Al2O3 and NiAl2O4 protects the base metal. In its initial stages, the oxidation process at 1100 °C is qualitatively similar to that at 900 °C but with faster kinetics. However, as aging proceeds, NiO spalls freely from the surface, and a protective continuous oxide scale does not form. The oxidation mechanism can be qualitatively understood by the selective oxidation mechanism maps developed by Giggins and Pettit.
The effects of respiratory training with inspiratory flow resistive loads in premature infants.

The Effects of Respiratory Training with Inspiratory Flow Resistive Loads in Premature Infants
KIN SELECTION AND EVOLUTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESISTANCE

Discoveries of mutations conferring resistance to infectious diseases have led to increased interest in the evolutionary dynamics of disease resistance. Several recent papers have estimated the historical strength of selection for mutations conferring disease resistance. These studies are based on simple population genetic models that do not take account of factors such as spatial and family structure. Such factors may have a substantial impact on the strength of natural selection through inclusive fitness effects. That is, people have a strong tendency to live with relatives and therefore have a high probability of transmitting infectious diseases to them. Thus, an allele that protects an individual against disease infection also protects that individual's family members. Because some of these family members are likely to also be carrying the allele, selection for that allele is magnified by family structure. In this paper, I use mathematical modeling techniques to explore the impact of such kin selection on the strength of selection for infectious disease resistance alleles. I show that if the resistance allele has the same proportional effect on both within- and between-family transmission, then the impact of kin selection is relatively minor. Selection coefficients are increased by 5-35%, with a greater benefit for weaker alleles. The reason is that an individual with a strong resistance allele does not need much protection from infection by family members and thus does not benefit much from their alleles. The effect of kin selection can be dramatic, however, if the resistance allele has a larger effect on between-family transmission than within-family transmission (which can occur if between-family infection rates are much smaller than within-family rates), increasing selection coefficients by as much as two- to threefold. These results show conditions when it is important to consider family structure in estimates of the strength of selection for infectious disease resistance alleles.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. XII. Magnetic field effects on ECL in the tetracene—TMPD system; evidence for triplet—triplet annihilation of tetracene

Abstract The electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of the energy deficient system tetracene—N,N′-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD) in 0.1 M TBAP—DMF solution shows an increase in intensity of up to 19% for magnetic fields of 7.5 kG. The results are interpreted as production of tetracene in the triplet state upon reaction of tetracene anion radical and TMPD cation radical followed by triplet—triplet annihilation.
BIOGEOGRAPHY: RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES FOR GEOGRAPHERS

The authors of this paper suggest several themes in biogeography worthy of increased research attention by geographers: human impacts on biota, disturbance ecology, and certain aspects of biota-environment interactions. Researchers must gain a firmer command of biological as well as geographical concepts and approaches if biogeography is to join geomorphology and climatology in developing a true geography of environments.
Chronic administration of desipramine or nialamide decreases wet-dog shakes in rats produced by the TRH-analog MK-771

The effect of chronic administration of the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, or the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), nialamide, on the ability of the TRH analog, MK-771, to induce wet-dog shakes in rats was examined. MK-771 at a dose of 3 mg/kg produced significantly fewer wet-dog shakes in those animals treated repeatedly with either nialamide or DMI in comparison to those animals treated chronically with saline. Acute administration of these antidepressant compounds did not alter the ability of MK-771 to produce wet-dog shakes in rats. The results of these experiments indicate that TRH responsiveness in the CNS is reduced by chronic but not acute antidepressant drug treatment, and suggest that TRH may be involved in antidepressant drug action.
Program assists economic life determination

Abstract An interactive computer program is described for economic life determination using the revenue requirement technique. This program can also be used to compare different financial strategies.
Predicting long-term (‡ 5 years) event-free survival in multiple myeloma patients following planned tandem autotransplants

Summary. Although outcome in multiple myeloma (MM) patients has improved significantly with the introduction of autotransplants (AT), the curability of this approach remained to be demonstrated. Therefore, we analysed outcome and prognostic factors using a logistic regression model in 515 consecutive newly diagnosed and previously treated patients intended to receive melphalan-based tandem transplants with follow up of ‡ 5 years. One quarter of patients had event-free survivals (EFS) ‡ 5 years with no further relapses seen after 7 years (46 patients on plateau). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with EFS ‡ 5 years were absence of chromosome 11 and 13 abnormalities (odds ratio: 6AE1), £ 12 months of preceding standard-dose therapy (SDT) (OR: 2AE6) and b-2 microglobulin (B2M) level £ 2AE5 mg/l at time of first AT (OR: 1AE7). Patients with only favourable variables (25%) had a 7-year EFS in excess of 35%, compared with 15% and 10%, respectively, with one (43%) or two unfavourable variables (27%), and 0% for 5% of patients with three unfavourable variables (P <0 AE0001). Using a 1-year landmark analysis to allow for guaranteed time and thereby excluding early treatment failures, attaining a complete remission (CR) had no significant effect on long-term survival. Our data are consistent with cure in MM patients with a CR duration ‡ 7 years and re-establishment of a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) phase in those with persistent evidence of disease post transplantation, but without disease progression ‡ 7 years.
A study of DNA tethered to a surface by an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation

In order to understand the structure of DNAs and their interactions when on microarray surfaces, we performed the first all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of DNA tethered to a surface. On the surface, the binding of the DNA was enhanced, and its average equilibrium conformation was the B form. The DNA duplex spontaneously tilted towards its nearest neighbor and settled in a leaning position with a interaxial distance of 2.2 nm. This close packing of the DNAs, which affects both in situ synthesis and deposition of probes on microarray surfaces, can thus be explained by salted-induced colloidlike DNA–DNA attractions.
Permeability of ammonia and amines in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Bacillus firmus

Abstract Permeabilities of uncharged ammonia (NH 3 ), methylamine (CH 3 NH 2 ), and ethylamine (CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ) in the gram-negative phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides were measured directly in cells grown heterotrophically under aerobic conditions. The permeability of NH 3 was 2.55 ± 0.73 μm s −1 ( n = 20), but the permeabilities of CH 3 NH 2 (MA) and CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 (EA) were higher, p MA = 17.8 ± 2.8 μ m s −1 ( n = 50), P EA = 24.7 ± 3.9 μ m s −1 ( n = 44). The relative permeabilities of amines were also determined from their effect on the pH gradient across the cell membrane at alkaline external pH. In aerobically grown R. sphaeroides , both techniques indicated that the permeability of CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 was about 30% greater than that of CH 3 NH 2 but that the permeability of NH 3 was only about 1 5 that of CH 3 NH 2 . The relative permeabilities of NH 3 (A) and CH 3 NH 2 were different in R. sphaeroides cells grown under three different physiological conditions: (a) cells grown aerobically with ammonium sulfate ( P A P MA about 0.20), (b) cells grown anaerobically with ammonium sulfate as their nitrogen source ( P A P MA about 0.29), and (c) diazotrophic cells ( solP A P MA about 0.38). NH 3 was also found to be only about 1 3 as permeable as CH 3 NH 2 in the alkalophilic gram-positive bacterium Bacillus firmus . The findings that permeability properties of NH 3 and CH 3 NH 2 are very different in different bacteria and vary according to the conditions under which the organism is grown need to be taken into account in the interpretation of experiments where [ 14 C]methylamine is used as an ammonia analog.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl and buprenorphine in healthy greyhound dogs.

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of two highly protein bound, lipophilic opioid drugs. Fentanyl (10 μg/kg) and buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) were administered intravenously (IV) to six healthy Greyhound dogs (3 males and 3 females). The doses were based on clinically administered doses for dogs. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and noncompartmental pharmacokinetics were estimated with computer software. The volume of distribution (area) was larger for fentanyl (7.42 L/kg) compared to buprenorphine (3.54 L/kg). The plasma clearance of fentanyl (38.6 mL/min/kg) was faster than buprenorphine (10.3 mL/min/kg). The terminal half-life of fentanyl (2.22 h) was shorter than buprenorphine (3.96 h). Despite similar physicochemical properties including: octanol:water partition coefficient and pKa the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and buprenorphine were not similar. Both fentanyl (84%) and buprenorphine (95-98%) are considered highly protein bound, but the differences in protein binding may contribute to the lack of similarity of pharmacokinetics in healthy dogs.
A Critique of Recent Criticisms of Freud on Religious Belief

The paper is a critique of recent criticisms of Sigmund Freud’s theory that religion is based on wishful thinking. The criticisms made by authors such as Alvin Plantinga, John Hick, William P. Alston, William Rowe, and Merol Westphal are critically examined. I defend Freud’s critique of religion as a satisfaction of our deepest desires for a heavenly father showing inductively that those desires render religious belief as unlikely to be true.
Inhibition of Lectins by Antifreeze Glycoproteins from an Antarctic Fish

CERTAIN Antarctic fishes can resist freezing, even at ambient water temperatures as low as −1.9° C, partly because of the presence in their serum of a unique group of “antifreeze” glycoproteins1–5. These glycoproteins are composed of repeating units of the triglycopeptide, Ala-Ala-Thr-O-disaccharide. The disaccharide is galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine, with internal linkage β, 1→3 (ref. 6) or (β, 1→4 (ref. 7). Three active glyco-proteins differing only in polymer length have been characterized with molecular weights of approximately 11,000, 17,000, and 22,000. In addition to these active glycoproteins, two smaller related glycoproteins have been found. These differ from the large active glycoproteins by their comparative inactivity in depressing the freezing point, their smaller molecular weights (approximately 2,500 and 4,500), and the substitution of a proline for some of the alanines following threonine8,9.
Prevalence and prognostic significance of hypertension in the elderly

Understanding the problem of hypertension in the elderly calls not only for an understanding of the physiologic phenomenon involved, but of the statistics currently available pertaining to this widespread disorder. In the age group 60 to 69 years, more than 25% of the population screened by the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) had isolated systolic hypertension; ie, a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mmHg with a diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg. Setting the criterion for definition at a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg, the prevalence in this age group was almost 10%. Prevalence of diastolic hypertension, ie, diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg in this age group was more than 40%. Data from that same study show also that elevated systolic blood pressure in the face of a normal diastolic blood pressure was associated significantly with increased mortality. In the HDFP, stepped-care treatment reduced the five-year incidence of fatal and nonfatal stroke in these individuals by more than 50%. These results were achieved with minimum side effects. Reports of this kind surely will overcome the popular tendency to consider elevated blood pressure in the elderly as a natural phenomenon of aging and, hence, acceptable. There is nothing natural about hypertension in the elderly, nor should it be acceptable. Because it is important to control hypertension before it can cause end-organ damage, physicians are urged not to postpone treatment of hypertension in the elderly, but to initiate it promptly, keeping in mind the whole physiologic and psychosocial state of the elderly patient with hypertension.
Output ripple analysis of switching DC-DC converters

State space averaging methods are used to derive time-invariant models that bound the envelope of trajectories of pulsewidth modulated (PWM) dc-dc converters. The results are compared to conventional averaging methods used in power electronics, and it is shown that, at times, designing a dc-dc converter based on the averaged output of a converter can be ineffective because peak output values sometimes significantly deviate from the averaged output. This paper attempts to quantify this deviation by using both small-signal transfer functions and nonlinear models to model the maximum and minimum values of outputs of PWM converters. Issues in simulation and control loop design are also mentioned.
Creating a TeleLearning Community for Training Social Work Practitioners Working with Troubled Youth and Their Families

SUMMARY With the advent of several new communication technologies and the improvement of Web-based instructional software, combining several technology-supported teaching media may be a viable added dimension to consider when teaching advanced social work practice courses. What follows is a description of how faculty from two separate universities collaborated to create a dynamic telelearning community to train social work practitioners working with troubled youth and their families. By combining different technology-supported teaching media such as teleconferencing and a Web-based instructional environment, a unique “hi-tech” learning atmosphere evolved. Conditions that facilitate or hinder learning efficacy are explored as well as systemic challenges.
Listening to Participants Bi-Directional Effects of Consultation Research and Practice

Studying the social validity of consultation research could lead to research results being more widely used among practitioners, improving the validity of consultation research, and furthering social justice. The following qualitative study investigates school psychologists' and teachers' perceptions of school-based consultation in four elementary schools. The findings are organized into two interrelated themes: the impact of the research on the participants and the impact of the participants and their surrounds on the data collection. Soliciting participants' reactions to studies could advance our knowledge considerably, thereby leading to more sophisticated future studies that could make research results more useful to practitioners and, ultimately, improve outcomes for students.
Teaching Experiential Learning in Geography: Lessons from Planning

Abstract Geography increasingly relies on training of professionals who can apply geographic concepts to solve real-world problems. The planning profession for years has been training professionals to work in the area of community planning. Planning programs typically include experiential learning modules throughout the curriculum. This article looks at how community planning approaches can be incorporated into geography programs in lower level courses to: (1) provide exposure to practical applications of geographic concepts; (2) give students experience with team dynamics; and (3) provide students with experience in real-world client relations. Advantages and challenges of experiential learning are identified and discussed. An example of an experiential learning exercise adapted from a planning application is presented. The exercise was developed to enhance learning in a geography curriculum.
An arabinogalactoxyloglucan from the cell wall of Solanum tuberosum

Abstract Cell-wall material from potatoes was fractionated by successive extractions with water at 80°, 0.2 M (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 at 80°, 1 M and 4 M KOH, to leave a residue of α-cellulose. The compositions of the isolated carbohydrate polymers were determined by sugar and methylation analysis. From the 4M KOH-soluble fraction an arabinogalactoxyloglucan was isolated and (partially) characterized by methylation analysis of the undegraded polymer and partially degraded methylated polymer. Methylation analysis of the oligosaccharides produced on treatment of the xyloglucan with cellulase threw additional light on the structural features of the polysaccharide. The results show that the xyloglucan has a cellulosic backbone which is highly substituted at position 6 with xylopyranose residues, some of which, in turn, carry either arabinofuranose or galactopyranose residues, as a substituent on position 2. The significance of these results is discussed.