cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring material chemistry for direct ink writing of reactively formed conductors

In recent years, there has been a precipitous rise of additive manufacturing (3D printing) as a means of rapid prototyping as well as quickly and cost-effectively fabricating parts or entire systems in small quantities. One limiting factor has been the ability to seamlessly incorporate electrical components into 3D printed systems. While implementation of pick-and-place methods to insert components has readily been achieved, the connections between these components as they are embedded in systems during a build has been limited by the number of suitable inks. Silver inks have been most widely used, but are unsuitable for applications with moderate to high current density as they are susceptible to electromigration induced failure. Here we present a new material concept for 3D printing of electrical conductors: particles with stored chemical energy which, when provided some input energy, undergo a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction to form a mechanically and thermally stable, electrically conductive product. Inks incorporating these particles are non-conductive as-printed, but can be converted on demand into a conductive state. In this work, we explore and characterize model chemistries for this approach using physical vapor deposition of multilayer foils and particles and demonstrate a proof of concept of on demand conductor formation.
Ginān as Tafsīr Literature: The Exegetical Dimensions of a Tradition

The Ginān tradition form a special place in devotional and religious life in the Shia Imami Ismaili Tariqah. Ginānrecitations are ubiquitous in Ismā’īlī devotional life; played in homes, cars, and recited in Jamatkhana on auspicious religious occasions. Ginān recitation likewise comprise a central element of the congregational life of the Shia Imami Ismaili community within Jamā‘atKhāna. The vast corpus of the Ginān literature has long formed part of the spiritual heritage of the South-Asian Ismā’īlī community, and especially in Sindhi, Khoja and Gujarati South Asian communities. This study uses the genre of the Ginān to critically engage the boundary frameworks that can be considered tafsīrliterature and argues that the ginānic narrative are not only communal ‘liturgical’, but highly exegetical and theologically complex examples of a Subcontinent vernacular Shī’ī exegetical tradition.
Grassroots Globalization in the Twenty-First Century’s First 15 Years: New Immigrant Communities in the Political Economy of Asia and Africa

Approximately 90% of contemporary urbanization is occurring in the developing world. The growing clusters of settlement in Southeast Asia, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia present numerous local challenges of urban services provision, political development, and cultural change, while at the same time presenting surprisingly new global dilemmas. The simultaneous rise of developing Asia and developing (Sub-Saharan) Africa have provided opportunities for what I call here “grassroots globalization” and the creation of new immigrant communities for which locally oriented planners have little precedent. This chapter describes the political economy driving a new type of “twenty-first Century Urban Pioneer”, who takes advantage of the connections and complementarities between Asia and Africa that have become commonplace. Examining Chinese communities across the African continent, and an emergent Nigerian immigrant community in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, this chapter sheds light on a kind of grassroots and global immigration pattern that stands to increase significantly in the future, with practical implications for planners and policy-makers. Beyond these implications, grassroots globalization suggests that urban centers in Europe and North America no longer mitigate globalization, and any contemporary description of “World Cities,” or “Global Cities,” must incorporate an understanding of nontraditional, new immigrant communities.
Spontaneous Occlusion of a Complex Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Following Partial Embolization.

Background Curative embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) cannot always be achieved. Rather, embolization plays a role in AVM treatment as an adjuvant therapy before radiosurgery and microsurgery. Curative embolization for large, complex AVMs is not commonly seen. Case Description A man in his 30s with an unruptured left cerebral AVM underwent radiosurgery in 2014 and was lost to follow-up. He presented with intracerebral hemorrhage in 2019, and diagnostic cerebral angiography demonstrated a large, complex AVM. The patient was scheduled for 2-stage embolization in preparation for microsurgical resection. Initial embolization targeted and occluded 20% of the AVM nidus involving primarily the anteroinferior portion. A cerebral angiogram obtained 5 weeks following initial embolization revealed spontaneous occlusion of the remaining AVM. Conclusions There are few reported cases of spontaneous occlusion of a large, complex AVM following embolization with previous radiation therapy. The spontaneous occlusion in this case suggests that at least some AVMs that receive embolization after radiation, rather than before, may have a potential for spontaneous, curative thrombosis.
Genetic assimilation and accommodation: Models and mechanisms.

Abstract Genetic assimilation and genetic accommodation are mechanisms by which novel phenotypes are produced and become established in a population. Novel characters may be fixed and canalized so they are insensitive to environmental variation, or can be plastic and adaptively responsive to environmental variation. In this review we explore the various theories that have been proposed to explain the developmental origin and evolution of novel phenotypes and the mechanisms by which canalization and phenotypic plasticity evolve. These theories and models range from conceptual to mathematical and have taken different views of how genes and environment contribute to the development and evolution of the properties of phenotypes. We will argue that a deeper and more nuanced understanding of genetic accommodation requires a recognition that phenotypes are not static entities but are dynamic system properties with no fixed deterministic relationship between genotype and phenotype. We suggest a mechanistic systems-view of development that allows one to incorporate both genes and environment in a common model, and that enables both quantitative analysis and visualization of the evolution of canalization and phenotypic plasticity.
The Dynamic Platelet Transcriptome in Obesity and Weight Loss.

Objective: Adiposity is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and glucose intolerance. Previous data suggest that platelet gene expression is associated with key cardiometabolic phenotype...
Modeling Past and Present in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea

The existence of “fringe societies” in Papua New Guinea has long been recognized by anthropologists. In the New Guinea Highlands, the term refers to peoples who occupy the fringes of more populous and better-known valleys. In many instances, these groups also subsist on staples other than Ipomoea batatas, more commonly known as sweet potato, a tuber introduced to the highlands within the last 300 years. The Awa at the far eastern edge of the Eastern Highlands are such a group, and the word fringe has often been used to describe them. Surprisingly, anthropologists and archaeologists have not seized on the possibility that their unusual subsistence represents a survival of a previous adaptation that has not completed its conversion to the new crop. The authors of this paper use the Awa economy to model a pre-ipomoean past for members of the Tairora language subfamily, namely, the South Tairora, Auyana, and Awa languages. Using archaeological, paleoenvironmental, demographic, and ethnohistorical data from our study area; data for Awa from ethnographer David Boyd’s research; and other sources and simulation modeling, we explore long-standing questions about the dispersal of early horticultural peoples, its determinants, the differentiation of languages, possible time frames for their migrations, and impacts on the resulting landscapes.
A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals. Second Series. Being a Supplement to the ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,’ by MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime. Part II, No. 1. Corals From The White Chalk, The Upper Greensand, and the Red Chalk of Hunstanton. Pages 1–26; Plates I—IX

(1869). A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals. Second Series. Being a Supplement to the ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,’ by MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime. Part II, No. 1. Corals From The White Chalk, The Upper Greensand, and the Red Chalk of Hunstanton. Pages 1–26; Plates I—IX. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 22, No. 94, pp. 1-26.
Standard Written English for Science Research: Challenges

English has now clearly established itself as the main language of international scientific community pushing its political Euro-Asian rival candidates like German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, or Chinese to the margin. Certain historical, political, and economic factors have favoured English for this role. 80% of journals that are indexed in the Scopus (the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature) are published in English. It is presumed that there is no cause for concern when science adopts one language for publication so that English can make findings available to developing countries and it can also bring the contributions from these countries to the global attention. In this context, writing (presenting the research findings to the international community) assumes importance over the other skills though reading is also indispensable. This paper analyzes the importance of written English for science research and the difficulties faced by researchers.
Q Fever: A Troubling Disease and a Challenging Diagnosis

Abstract Q fever is a disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii. This hardy organism can easily spread long distances in the wind, and only a few infectious aerosolized particles are necessary to cause serious illness. Presentations of Q fever disease can be wide ranging, allowing it to masquerade as other illnesses, highlighting the importance of laboratory testing for diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes Q fever's epidemiology and clinical presentations and presents classical laboratory diagnostic assays and novel approaches to detecting this troubling disease.
Clustering Adverse Events of COVID-19 Vaccines Across the United States

We study the similarity of adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines across different states in the United States. We use data of 300,000 COVID-19 vaccine adverse event reports obtained from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). We extract latent topics from the reported adverse events using a topic modeling approach based on Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). This approach allows us to represent each U.S. state as a low-dimensional distribution over topics. Using Moran’s index of spatial autocorrelation we show that some of the topics of adverse events exhibit significant spatial autocorrelation, indicating that there exist spatial clusters of nearby states that exhibit similar adverse events. Using Anselin’s local indicator of spatial association we discover and report these clusters. Our results show that adverse events of COVID-19 vaccines vary across states which justifies further research to understand the underlying causality to better understand adverse effects and to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
Money and Banks in the American Political System

1. The institutional foundations of financial politics in the United States Part I. A Historical Background: 2. Developing state capacity for the conduct of American finance 3. Creating increasingly complex financial products Part II. The Bureaucratic Politics and Finance: 4. Making financial policy in Congress 5. Making financial policy in the executive branch and the federal bureaucracy 6. Making financial policy in the federal reserve system Part III. The Operation of the Financial Political Economy: 7. The process in motion: political institutions, money, and the business cycle 8. The process approaches collapse: politics in the financial crisis of 2008 9. The process in its international context: political in international institutions Part IV. Conclusions: 10. Governing the US financial system.
A unified integro-differential nonlocal model

Abstract In this paper a unified integro-differential nonlocal elasticity model is presented and its use in the bending analysis of Euler–Bernoulli beams is illustrated. A general (for an elastic continuum) finite element formulation for the two-phase integro-differential form of Eringen nonlocal model is provided. The equations are specialized for the case of the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Several numerical examples, including the paradoxical cantilever beam problem that eluded other researchers, are provided to show how the present nonlocal model affects the transverse displacement of beams. The examples show that Eringen nonlocal constitutive relation has a softening effect on the beam, except for the case of the simply supported beam. A brief discussion on the applicability of the integro-differential model to other problems is also presented. Finally, the transition from the stiffened nonlocal simply supported beam to the softened nonlocal clamped beam is also investigated.
Bio-Diversity Inventory: Kamiali Wildlife Management Area

In 1997–1998, a team of scientists lead by the author conducted a biodiversity Inventory of the Kamiali Wild Life Management Area (KWMA), 60 km southeast from Lae, Papua New Guinea along the Huon Gulf coast. The 434square-kilometer area was registered with the Papua New Guinea (PNG) government as a wildlife management area in 1996 (Figure 45.1). The village of 500 people chose a committee to work with The Village Development Trust, a nationally based non-government organization to help manage the area that extends 12 km out to sea and 17 km inland. The high relief environment ranges from 1,080 m below sea level up to 2,012 m above mean sea level. A transect method was used to sample biomes beginning with open sea, coral reef, mangrove, beach, village, sago swamp, garden, riparian environments, tropical forest, and cloud forest. This unique high biomass environment serves as a habitat for many rare species but faces potential threats of: (1) commercial clear-cut logging and (2) population-pressure induced hillside gardening and over fishing of reefs. This biodiversity inventory establishes a baseline from which to employ conservation efforts to maintain its uniqueness in rural Papua New Guinea.
The Triplet State of Polymers with Pendent Aromatic Chromophores

The general topic of polymer photochemistry, spectroscopy and energy transfer phenomena has grown enormously during the 1970s and seems likely to continue this growth for the next decade. The motivation for this growth of interest must include at least the following: (1) applications (e.g. photoresists, degradation, etc.), (2) new method for characterizing polymers that contain suitable chromophores (e.g. the dependence of fluorescence spectra on copolymer composition and coil size in solution, etc.), and (3) scientific interest in unraveling a complex subject (excited state phenomena) with a complex material (macromolecules). It is probably safe to say that polymer spectroscopy could only have been developed in the last decade because so much had to be learned about the properties of the individual chromophores (from molecular spectroscopists) and their interactions (from solid state spectroscopists) (1). We may now begin to understand the effect of the “polymer environment” on the excited state processes of chromophores pendent to a macromolecular chain.
Inhibition by Pregnancy and Lactation of Steroidinduced Ulcers in the Rat

In nonpregnant fed rats, a 4-day treatment with prednisolone produced gastric ulcers. These ulcers were reduced by about 50% throughout pregnancy and lactation, except for ulcer inhibition reaching 90% between 14 and 18 of pregnancy. Pseudopregnancy did not prevent ulcer formation. It is proposed that ovarian hormones, secreted in greater amounts during pregnancy and lactation, may be chiefly responsible for the antiulcer activity observed.
The Inherent Rationality of Judgment Proofing

In recent articles in the Yale Law Journal and the Stanford Law Review, Professor Lynn M. LoPucki has sparked much academic discussion arguing that recent developments in corporate law have led to an erosion in the system of corporate liability, such that it might one day prove impotent. LoPucki has argued that transactions such as asset securitizations, sale-leasebacks, and corporate structures in which liabilities are placed in asset-poor subsidiaries are driving this change. One early critic to the LoPucki thesis, Professor James J. White, has argued that empirical data show no evidence of increasing use of judgement proofing techniques. In this Article, Professor Steven L. Schwarcz joins this debate, arguing that an economic analysis of these transactions suggests that widespread use of these judgement proofing techniques is unlikely. A key distinction in the analysis, Schwarcz argues, is between arm's length and non-arm's length transactions. Arm's length transactions are unlikely to lead to judgement proofing because corporations will receive value - often cash - for the assets they sell. It is only by paying out this value in dividends that a corporation begins to judgement-proof itself. The theoretical possibility to take value away from future involuntary creditors through such transactions will rarely be realized because of the costs - taxes, negative publicity, personal and criminal liability - of entering into such agreements. By contrast, in non-arm's length transactions, corporate owners do have the incentive to create judgement-proof structures. However, these structures are not innovative, and they will continue to be well-regulated ex post by existing legal doctrines in bankruptcy, corporate law, tort law, and criminal law. Following this article are a response from Professor Lynn LoPucki, a comment by Professor Charles Mooney, and a breif rejoinder from Professor Schwarcz.
Chapter 3 Molecular Structure of Lead(II) Coprecipitated with Iron(III) Oxyhydroxide

Abstract Detailed knowledge of the uptake mechanisms of trace metals in geomedia is fundamental to environmental geochemical processes, particularly to the prediction of contaminant transport and mobility in geological media. We investigated the molecule structure by using macroscopic and microscopic structural probes including X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission and analytical electron microscopy (HRTEM-AEM), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The long-range crystalline properties of the PbFe coprecipitate, as measured by XRD, were consistent with poorly crystalline lepidocrocite and two-line ferrihydrite (2LFh). The particle size and shape of the PbFe coprecipitate, as measured by HRTEM, showed a mixture of spheres (2–6 nm in diameter) and needles (20–80 nm×200–300 nm) composed of aggregated crystallites 2–3 nm in diameter. The local atomic structure about Pb and Fe in the PbFe coprecipitate was further elucidated through a series of EXAFS modeling efforts, including molecular moiety modeling, linear combination fitting, and co-refinement based on a FeO 6 sheet structure for lepidocrocite. The larger atomic size of Pb as compared to Fe was accounted for in the model of the FeO 6 sheet structure by displacing the PbO 6 unit perpendicular to the sheet by 0.30±0.02 A from the FeO 6 unit position. The co-refinement of the Pb L III -edge and the Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra with the same local atomic environment and the additional PbO 6 displacement suggested that Pb formed a solid solution in the PbFe coprecipitate. The coprecipitation of Pb by Fe oxyhydroxides may decrease the mobility and bioavailability of Pb 2+ by incorporating Pb into the Fe oxyhydroxide structure.
A NEW FACILITY FOR TESTING MOTORCYCLE TIRES

Analysis of the dynamic modes of the single-track vehicle has been hampered by the general lack of facilities for gathering force and moment data on motorcycle tires under dynamic test conditions. The facility described was designed and constructed by UMTRI under the sponsorship of the HONDA Research and Development Company in order to alleviate this problem. Unlike conventional tire dynamometers, this new facility allows for testing under dynamic conditions and provides for non-zero path curvature. These particular capabilities hold promise for advancement in the state-of-the-art understanding of the dynamic operating modes of the single-track, pneumatic-tired vehicle. The facility is unique in its physical design in that it employs a small, light tire-mounting head which is controlled by a mechanically simple system of servo-controlled hydraulic cylinders. This mechanical simplicity is achieved, however, at the cost of a complex electronic control system involving substantial on-line digital calculation.
Simvastatin augments lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory responses in macrophages by differential regulation of the c-Fos and c-Jun transcription factors.

The 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, are a widely used class of drugs for cholesterol reduction. The reduction in mortality and morbidity in statin-treated patients is incompletely explained by their effects on cholesterol, and an anti-inflammatory role for the drug has been proposed. We report in this work that, unexpectedly, simvastatin enhances LPS-induced IL-12p40 production by murine macrophages, and that it does so by activating the IL-12p40 promoter. Mutational analysis and dominant-negative expression studies indicate that both C/EBP and AP-1 transcription factors have a crucial role in promoter activation. This occurs via a c-Fos- and c-Jun-based mechanism; we demonstrate that ectopic expression of c-Jun activates the IL-12p40 promoter, whereas expression of c-Fos inhibits IL-12p40 promoter activity. Simvastatin prevents LPS-induced c-Fos expression, thereby relieving the inhibitory effect of c-Fos on the IL-12p40 promoter. Concomitantly, simvastatin induces the phosphorylation of c-Jun by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, resulting in c-Jun-dependent activation of the IL-12p40 promoter. This appears to be a general mechanism because simvastatin also augments LPS-dependent activation of the TNF-α promoter, perhaps because the TNF-α promoter has C/EBP and AP-1 binding sites in a similar configuration to the IL-12p40 promoter. The fact that simvastatin potently augments LPS-induced IL-12p40 and TNF-α production has implications for the treatment of bacterial infections in statin-treated patients.
"Maldita yo entre las mujeres" de Mercedes Valdivieso: resemantización de la Quintrala, figura del mal y del exceso para la "chilenidad" apolínea

En este ensayo, se estudia a la Quintrala como figura del Mal y del exceso dentro de una "chilenidad" prescriptiva que define "el caracter nacional" en terminos de las dimensiones apolineas de la sobriedad, la mesura y la racionalidad. Dentro de este contexto cultural, se comenta Maldita yo entre las mujeres de Mercedes Valdivieso como una apropiacion y resemantizacion con el proposito politico de ofrecer otros parametros para la identidad de la mujer. Se analizan en detalle los siguientes aspectos: la genealogia femenina como recuperacion del cuerpo materno, los importes transgresivos del mestizaje/bastardaje y la creacion de un imaginario femenino y mestizo que suplanta la masculinidad de un Dios Creador para dar apertura a la vivencia sagrada de los origenes en calidad de nuevo eje axiologico de la mujer, como sujeto autonomo. In this study, La Quintrala is viewed as a figure of evil and excess within the parameters of a prescriptive Chileanhood defining the national character in terms of an apollinean rationality, sobriety and control. In this cultural context, the work of Mercedes Valdivieso "Maldita yo entre las mujeres" is seen as an appropiation and a re-semantization, with the political intention of oftering new paradigms of femenine identity. The analysis considers in detailed manner, aspects such as woman's genealogy as a legitimization of the maternal body; the transgressive import of 'mestizaje' (half-breed) and bastardizing, and the creation of an imaginary femenine and mestizo supplanting the masculinity of a Creator God to make way to a sacred feeling for the origins as new axiological axis of as an autonomous subject.
Learning models of macrobehavior in complex adaptive systems

Macrobehaviors in complex adaptive systems are highlevel behaviors that arise from a combination of low-level interactions and characteristics of individuals. Over time, individuals participating in these complex systems make choices that influence the behavior of other individuals. These types of interactions are present in both human and computational systems. For example, complex interactive behaviors are demonstrated as audience members enter a talk (Schelling 1978) and software agents negotiate over shared resources (Klein, Metzler, & Bar-Yam 2005). Macrobehaviors arise when groups or aggregations of individuals develop grouplevel structure through interactions of individual characteristics and actions. One complex system that is familiar to academics is the pattern of citations in a given field or subfield of science (e.g., (McGovern et al. 2003)). Citation networks exhibit many interesting behaviors: researchers rise and fall in prominence, papers get cited at different rates at different times, research topics become popular then fade out over time, etc. One example of a macrobehavior is the rise to prominence and ongoing success of a research group. A typical university research group contains a few faculty (usually one or two), graduates students studying with those faculty, and perhaps additional research or technical staff. Presumably, these researchers have joined together because of shared research interests and the opportunity to build ideas collectively. Citation frequency of both the individual researchers and the whole research group depend on the richness of the interactions within the group. Intuitively, we recognize that groups with the right mix of people and talents will tend to be cited more than the sum of those same individuals working separately. Macrobehaviors, also called emergent behaviors, can lead to mutually enhanced behavior (as in the case of research groups), mutually detrimental behavior, or simply neutral behavior that is otherwise remarkable to system observers. Mutually detrimental behaviors, often called social pathologies or social dilemmas, are of particular interest to researchers. Jensen and Lesser define a social pathology as a “system behavior in which two or more agents interact such that improvements in local performance do not improve system performance” (Jensen & Lesser 2002). Examples
Tapping Into the “Hidden” Home and Community Resources of Students

The author provides an overview of a “funds of knowledge” approach and presents three different adaptations of the approach with a common theme of expanding teachers' and students' resources for le...
An empirical model for the plasma environment along Titan's orbit based on Cassini plasma observations

Prior to Cassini's arrival at Saturn, the nitrogen-rich dense atmosphere of Titan was considered as a significant, if not dominant, source of heavy ions in Saturn's magnetosphere. While nitrogen was detected in Saturn's magnetosphere based on Cassini observations, Enceladus instead of Titan appears to be the primary source. However, it is difficult to imagine that Titan's dense atmosphere is not a source of nitrogen. In this paper, we apply the Rymer et al.'s (2009) Titan plasma environment categorization model to the plasma environment along Titan's orbit when Titan is not present. We next categorize the Titan encounters that occurred since Rymer et al. (2009). We also produce an empirical model for applying the probabilistic occurrence of each plasma environment as a function of Saturn local time (SLT). Finally, we summarized the electron energy spectra in order to allow one to calculate more accurate electron-impact interaction rates for each plasma environment category. The combination of this full categorization versus SLT and empirical model for the electron spectrum is critical for understanding the magnetospheric plasma and will allow for more accurate modeling of the Titan plasma torus.
Animal cognition meets evo-devo

Sound comparative psychology and modern evolutionary and developmental biology (often called evo-devo) emphasize powerful effects of developmental conditions on the expression of genetic endowment. Both demand that evolutionary theorists recognize these effects. Instead, Tomasello et al. compares studies of normal human children with studies of chimpanzees reared and maintained in cognitively deprived conditions, while ignoring studies of chimpanzees in cognitively appropriate environments.
Civil liability, criminal law, and other policies and alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities in the United States: 1984–1995

This study examines the associations between alcohol policies and motor vehicle fatality rates from 1984 to 1995 in the United States. State policies and state characteristics variables were merged with motor vehicle fatality rates over an 11 year period and analyzed using minimum logit chi-square method and fixed effects to create a quasi time-series analysis. Laws allowing individuals to sue bars for the drunken behavior of their patrons were the policies most strongly associated with lower minor and adult fatality rates. The mandatory first offense fine was associated with lower minor fatality rates but not adult fatality rates, while minor and adult rates fell after administrative per se license suspension and anti-consumption laws for all vehicle occupants. Many other public policies evaluated were not associated with lower fatality rates.
CALCULATED LATTICE SPECIFIC HEATS FOR SEVEN bcc ELEMENTS

A review is given of the methcd by which frequency spectra were obtained for a Born-von Karman central force model for bcc elements, and of the method in which these spectra are utilized to calculate specific heats. Specific heats were calculated for lithium, sodium, potassium, iron, tungsten, vanadium, and molybdenum, from the measured elastic constants reported by others. The corresponding Debye characteristic temperature O as a function of absolute temperature is shown on a graph for each element along with the experimental low- temperature values obtained by others. An upper limit to the temperatare range for which de Launay's method for finding theta (T) is valid, is given for each element, (auth)
Cycloadditions of chiral anthracenes: effect of the trifluoromethyl group☆

Abstract Chiral anthracene template, 10-methyl-9-(1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)anthracene undergoes highly diastereoselective cycloadditions with maleic anhydride and 5-acetoxy-2(5 H )-furanone. Subsequent regioselective and stereoselective manipulations demonstrate the synthetic utility in conversions to enantioenriched butenolides, and elucidate the origin of diastereoselection.
Ab initio cross sections for the excitation of the b3Σu+ state of H2 by electron impact in the distorted-wave approximation

The authors present differential cross sections for the x 1Σg → b 3Σu transition in H2 at 15 eV incident electron energy. The cross sections are computed in the distorted-wave approximations, using the random-phase approximation for the electronic transition density and a discrete basis set technique for obtaining the distorted waves. The cross sections are found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
The Splicing Factor U1C Represses EWS/FLI-mediated Transactivation

EWS is an RNA-binding protein involved in human tumor-specific chromosomal translocations. In approximately 85% of Ewing's sarcomas, such translocations give rise to the chimeric geneEWS/FLI. In the resulting fusion protein, the RNA binding domains from the C terminus of EWS are replaced by the DNA-binding domain of the ETS protein FLI-1. EWS/FLI can function as a transcription factor with the same DNA binding specificity as FLI-1. EWS and EWS/FLI can associate with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme as well as with SF1, an essential splicing factor. Here we report that U1C, one of three human U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-specific proteins, interacts in vitro and in vivo with both EWS and EWS/FLI. U1C interacts with other splicing factors and is important in the early stages of spliceosome formation. Importantly, co-expression of U1C represses EWS/FLI-mediated transactivation, demonstrating that this interaction can have functional ramifications. Our findings demonstrate that U1C, a well characterized splicing protein, can also function in transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, they suggest that EWS and EWS/FLI may function both in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes.
Quantitation of 14-3-3 and neuron-specific enolase proteins in CSF in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

CSF 14-3-3 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) proteins were quantitated from patients who had Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) or other rapidly dementing disorders initially considered to be CJD. Thirty-one patients were diagnosed as having CJD among 152 studied. CSF 14-3-3 values more than 8 ng/mL correlated with CJD. CSF NSE values less than 30 ng/mL and 14-3-3 values less than 8 ng/mL made a diagnosis of CJD unlikely, but did not exclude it.
REVIEW OF THE TOTAL INCOMES SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTS

This book is the latest version of Eisner's modifications of United States national income accounts. It is aimed at improving inter-temporal and, potentially, international comparability of measures of aggregate output and economic well-being. The extensions and adjustments focus primarily on (1) non-market household production, (2) final and intermediate product and (3) capital formation. A Total System of Income Accounts (TISA) is constructed for the period 1946-81 in both current prices and 1972 dollars to measure the changes in aggregate output and economic well-being. Eisner recognizes that the ground he covers has been well-trodden by many other investigators. For comparative purposes, he includes estimates of similar extensions made for the United States economy by Jorgenson-Fraumeni, Kendrick, Nordhaus-Tobin, Ruggles-Ruggles, and Zolotas. Eisner has published much of this work previously (Eisner 1988, 1985, 1978), but the present volume provides useful additional information on his sources and methods. It is particularly appropriate that these basic issues of national accounting should again be raised now when the United Nations System of National Accounts is being revised.
Low-frequency magnetic and resistance noise in magnetoresistive tunnel junctions

We report on the voltage fluctuations in exchange-biased, micron-scale magnetic tunnel junctions. We find that the spectral power density is 1/f-like at low frequencies and becomes frequency independent at high frequencies. The frequency-independent background noise is due to thermal and shot noise mechanisms. The nature of the 1/f noise has its origin to two different mechanisms. In the magnetic hysteresis loops this noise power is strongly field-dependent and is due to thermal magnetization fluctuations in both the 'free' and 'fixed' magnetic layers. We attribute these magnetic fluctuations to thermally excited hopping of magnetic domain walls between pinning sites. A second mechanism for the 1/f noise, connected with defects in the tunnel barrier but not related to the overall magnetization fluctuations, was found at fields for which the magnetic structure in the free and fixed layers is well aligned. This noise is associated with electron trapping processes having thermally activated kinetics and a broad distribution of activation energies. Below ~ 25 K the noise power is temperature independent suggesting that the kinetics are dominated by tunneling. Our results show that the thermal stability of the both magnetic layers and the quality of the tunnel barrier are important factors in reducing the low-frequency noise in magnetic tunnel junctions.
Correlation and spectrum of Doppler signal zero crossings using a photon correlation computer

A method is described to extend the usefulness of photon correlation computers beyond the low photon density regime and through the photon pile-up regime, thereby permitting application to signals that are strong by the standards of photon correlation, but noisy by the standards of conventional Doppler signal processors. The technique correlates the pulse train obtained from the zero crossings of the analogue signal formed by filtering the photon-resolved signal. The correlation and its spectrum contain strong peaks that define the Doppler signal frequency.
Vaginal Drug Absorption in Rhesus Monkeys I: Development of Methodology

Earlier reports from these laboratories described a procedure for determining vaginal drug absorption in the rabbit based upon a perfusion system, and data on the vaginal absorption of the straight-chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids were given. These studies have been extended to the rhesus monkey. Rib-cage-type cells were designed for intravaginal insertion through the vulval orifice and to fit the specific dimensions of the monkey vagina. The general design of the cell was similar to that used in the rabbit vaginal absorption studies. The perfusion system was checked by using 3H-polyethylene glycol 4000, and no significant leaks from the cell were found. The absorption of the alcohols followed first-order kinetics. The computed apparent permeability coefficients for the alcohols were of comparable magnitude to those previously reported for the rabbit vaginal membrane.
The utilization of phospholipides by bovine spermatozoa.

Abstract 1. 1. Ejaculated spermatozoa, washed essentially free of seminal plasma, and washed epididymal spermatozoa lost little or no cellular phospholipides when aerobically incubated without added substrate. 2. 2. Lecithin added to washed spermatozoa stimulated endogenous oxygen uptake and prolonged motility of the cells. A portion of the observed oxygen increase was probably from oxidation of impurities in some lecithin preparations. 3. 3. The concentration of lecithin necessary to effect maximum stimulation of oxygen uptake far exceeded the solubility of lecithin. 4. 4. The “oxidation” of “pure” C 14 -labeled lecithin by washed epididymal spermatozoa was only 6.6 per cent of the increased oxidation caused by the addition of lecithin. 5. 5. The data presented indicate that bovine spermatozoa do not have the ability to oxidize phospholipides to any great extent.
Analysis of sawtooth oscillations using simultaneous measurement of electron cyclotron emission imaging and x-ray tomography on TFTR.

High-resolution electron cyclotron emission and x-ray image reconstructions have been made simultaneously during the sawtooth crash in the fast rotating plasma with neutral beam injection heating on TFTR. The measured x-ray emission is identical as metal impurity radiation. The results suggest that the sawtooth crash is a full reconnection process of the TFTR sawteeth. The crescent shaped ``hot spot'' in the x-ray emissivity is found not to present flux surfaces. New features are observed during the sawtooth crash, such as an oval-shaped hot spot and a cooler region between the island and the hot spot.
Intertextuality and Nineteenth-century Nationalism: Perucho, nieto de Periquillo

Intertextuality is a critical term which is currently used to describe textual reference to earlier works;1 the process entailed often appeals to educated readers, who recognize bookish material and topics which are understood or accessible only as a result of privilege. Intertextual readings frequently characterize formalist approaches to literature, which treat a book as art and assume that authors take their inspiration from literary sources rather than from life. An intertextual focus emphasizes the written word, sometimes at the expense of historical voices which may be thought to intrude into the quiet communion of an author with earlier authors. However, in many ways, this play of meaning in written culture has its counterpart in folk tradition; in the latter, as well, bits of the collective memory are recycled and listeners derive pleasure from hearing the old in a new context.
Phosphorylation of c-Crk II on the negative regulatory Tyr222 mediates nerve growth factor-induced cell spreading and morphogenesis.

The Crk family of adaptor proteins participate in diverse signaling pathways that regulate growth factor-induced proliferation, anchorage-dependent DNA synthesis, and cytoskeletal reorganization, important for cell adhesion and motility. Using kidney epithelial 293T cells for transient co-transfection studies and the nerve growth factor (NGF)-responsive PC12 cell line as a model system for neuronal morphogenesis, we demonstrate that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is an intermediary for NGF-inducible c-Crk II phosphorylation on the negative regulatory Tyr222. Transient expression of a c-Crk II Tyr222 point mutant (c-Crk Y222F) in 293T cells induces hyperphosphorylation of paxillin on Tyr31 and enhances complex formation between c-Crk Y222F and paxillin as well as c-Crk Y222F and c-Abl, suggesting that c-Crk II Tyr222phosphorylation induces both the dissociation of the Crk SH2 domain from paxillin and the Crk SH3 domain from c-Abl. Interestingly, examination of the early kinetics of NGF stimulation in PC12 cells showed that c-Crk II Tyr222 phosphorylation preceded paxillin Tyr31 phosphorylation, followed by a transient initial dissociation of the c-Crk II paxillin complex. PC12 cells overexpressing c-Crk Y222F manifested a defect in cellular adhesion and neuritogenesis that led to detachment of cells from the extracellular matrix, thus demonstrating the biological significance of c-Crk II tyrosine phosphorylation in NGF-dependent morphogenesis. Whereas previous studies have shown that Crk SH2 binding to paxillin is critical for cell adhesion and migration, our data show that the phosphorylation cycle of c-Crk II determines its dynamic interaction with paxillin, thereby regulating turnover of multiprotein complexes, a critical aspect of cytoskeletal plasticity and actin dynamics.
Pull-off forces for adhesive tapes

Abstract : An analysis is given of the force F required to pull an adhesive tape of unit width away from a rigid substrate in terms of the strength G sub a of adhesion, the tensile modulus E of the tape, and its thickness t. Measurements are reported for several commercial adhesive tapes and compared with the predictions of the theory. Excellent agreement is obtained, suggesting that the theory is basically correct. Attention is drawn to the unusual form the dependence of the failure force F upon the work G sub a of detachment and the resistance Et of of the tape to stretching in this case: F(4) variation Et G sub a(3). Even though the tape is assumed to be linearly-elastic, the markedly non-linear (cubic) relation between force F and displacement delta of the tape away from the substratee leads to this unusual result. Differences observed in G sub a from pull-off and from 90 deg peeling experiments are tentatively attributed to additional energy losses in the latter case due to the severe bending deformations imposed on the tape as it is peeled away. Keywords: Detachment, Fracture energy, Fracture mechanics, Peeling, Separation, and Strength.
Assessing the control on the effective kinetic Cr isotope fractionation factor: A reactive transport modeling approach

Abstract The fractionation of stable Cr isotopes is a well-accepted proxy for demonstrating Cr(VI) reduction occurring in geological systems. Published values for experimentally determined effective kinetic Cr isotope enrichment factors (e kin ) vary over the range of 0.4–5.0‰. Most published studies propose a variation in Cr(VI) reduction mechanisms as being responsible for the wide range of e kin . Alternatively, varying reaction rates and/or transport limitations have been addressed. In this study the different contributions on e kin were quantitatively addressed by performing a series of reactive transport model simulations. The proposed reaction network is based on a novel multi-continuum approach and expressing isotope fractionation through the formation of a 53 Cr(OH) 3(s) – 52 Cr(OH) 3(s) solid solution as the product of Cr(VI) reduction. In doing so, Cr(VI) reduction was considered to occur at solid surfaces and Cr isotope fractionation was modeled by defining an equilibrium enrichment factor. Simulating Cr(VI) reduction occurring along a 1D flow path suggested that for a given reaction mechanism e kin can vary over a large range. According to our simulations the upper range of e kin is defined by a reaction mechanism's theoretical equilibrium enrichment factor. In contrast, high reduction rate and/or transport limitations can shift e kin to very low values. In a second model simulation our modeling approach was used to propose an alternative kinetic interpretation for the low e kin observed in Fe(II)–Cr(VI) reduction experiment by others. Our simulations suggest that the individual contributions of reaction rates, transport limitations and reaction mechanisms should be addressed more carefully when interpreting experimentally determined kinetic Cr isotope enrichment factors and Cr isotope data derived from field sites. Reactive transport modeling is a powerful tool, which should be more commonly used to quantitatively assess these individual contributions in experimental systems.
A note on the intrinsic thermal response of metallic pairs in dry sliding friction

Abstract This paper develops a general expression for the specific rate of heat dissipation ( SRHD ) - ability of a material to dissipate an applied thermal load per unit surface temperature rise- of metals. The expression incorporates the variation in each of the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of the material with temperature elevation. It is shown that the general expression for SRHD is a super position of three functions which represent the competing effects of the room temperature thermal properties and their respective variation with temperature. Such expression is believed to facilitate parametric studies which investigate the effect of heat accumulation on the transition of wear mechanisms.