cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cocaine facilitates PKC maturation by upregulating its phosphorylation at the activation loop in rat striatal neurons in vivo.

Newly synthesized protein kinase C (PKC) undergoes a series of phosphorylation to render a mature form of the enzyme. It is this mature PKC that possesses the catalytic competence to respond to second messengers for activation and downstream signaling. The first and rate-limiting phosphorylation occurs at a threonine residue in the activation loop (AL), which triggers the rest maturation processing of PKC and regulates PKC activity in response to cellular stimulation. Given the fact that PKC is enriched in striatal neurons, we investigated the regulation of PKC phosphorylation at the AL site in the rat striatum by the psychostimulant cocaine in vivo. We found that PKC was phosphorylated at the AL site at a moderate level in the normal rat brain. Acute systemic injection of cocaine increased the PKC-AL phosphorylation in the two striatal structures (caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens). Cocaine also elevated the PKC-AL phosphorylation in the medial prefrontal cortex. The cocaine-stimulated PKC phosphorylation in the striatum is rapid and transient. A reliable increase in PKC phosphorylation was seen 7 min after drug injection, which declined to the normal level by 1 h. This kinetics corresponds to that seen for another striatum-enriched protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in response to cocaine. This study suggests a new model for exploring the impact of cocaine on protein kinases in striatal neurons. By modifying PKC phosphorylation at the AL site, cocaine is believed to possess the ability to alter the maturation processing of the kinase in striatal neurons in vivo.
P-Cygni Profiles in Hot Stars (Summary Only)

Nearly complete spectral scans at 50 km s - 1 resolution are now available for about 80 stars from the far-ultraviolet spectrometer on the Copernicus satellite telescope. The resonance lines of N v and other high ion states in all of the O stars and the hottest B supergiants have the characteristic P-Cygni profile, consisting of emission near the laboratory wavelength and a strong absorption on the short-wavelength edge. The absorption features have mean velocity shifts between 1000 and 2000 km s - 1 with maximum velocities up to 2600 km s - 1 at the edges, indicating that material is being ejected from the star. In some cases the absorption is a broad trough resulting from a wide distribution of velocities, while in other stars relatively narrow components are visible. Absorptions from the low lying excited levels of C hi and N iv also have PCygni profiles in some stars. In the WC 8 Wolf-Rayet star y 2 Vel, the ions with PCygni profiles include C n as well as C HI, C iv and Si iv. Even the intersystem C hi transition at 1908.734 A has a weak absorption line at 1900.7 A at the short wavelength edge of a strong emission feature.
A Self-Stabilizing Synchronization Protocol for Arbitrary Digraphs: A Self-Stabilizing Distributed Clock Synchronization Protocol For Arbitrary Digraphs

This paper presents a self-stabilizing distributed clock synchronization protocol in the absence of faults in the system. It is focused on the distributed clock synchronization of an arbitrary, non-partitioned digraph ranging from fully connected to 1-connected networks of nodes while allowing for differences in the network elements. This protocol does not rely on assumptions about the initial state of the system, other than the presence of at least one node, and no central clock or a centrally generated signal, pulse, or message is used. Nodes are anonymous, i.e., they do not have unique identities. There is no theoretical limit on the maximum number of participating nodes. The only constraint on the behavior of the node is that the interactions with other nodes are restricted to defined links and interfaces. This protocol deterministically converges within a time bound that is a linear function of the self-stabilization period. We present an outline of a deductive proof of the correctness of the protocol. A bounded model of the protocol was mechanically verified for a variety of topologies. Results of the mechanical proof of the correctness of the protocol are provided. The model checking results have verified the correctness of the protocol as they apply to the networks with unidirectional and bidirectional links. In addition, the results confirm the claims of determinism and linear convergence. As a result, we conjecture that the protocol solves the general case of this problem. We also present several variations of the protocol and discuss that this synchronization protocol is indeed an emergent system.
Integrating Communication Cost into the Utility Accrual Model for the Resource Allocation in Distributed Real-Time Systems

In distributed real-time systems, both computation and communication are critical factors. The timeliness of activities relies on both the computation and the communication involved in them. Moreover, the timeliness of computation relies on that of communication, and vice versa. This property requires that both computation and communication be integrated into the resource allocation model and that the model be able to capture the interplay between them. Unfortunately, the utility/benefit/value accrual models employed in current distributed real-time systems are constructed solely on computation. They are inadequate for capturing the interplay between computation and communication. This paper extends previous research on utility-based model by proposing a new utility accrual model, which integrates both computation and communication. Most importantly, the interplay between computation and communication is fully characterized in the model. Under the new model, resource managers are guided towards maximizing system-wide utility by exploring the interplay between computation and communication instead of traditional meeting the timing constraint on computation and the deadline of communication separately. To validate the effectiveness of this model, a resource allocation algorithm called CAUASA is developed under it. The performance of CAUASA is compared to that of another resource allocation algorithm that is developed according to existing utility accrual models. Simulation results reveal that CAUASA is far superior to its counterpart. Therefore, the new utility accrual model provides a more effective framework for the resource allocation in distributed real-time systems.
Unnatural Selection: Comment on the “Teaching Comparative Psychology” Symposium

In this discussion of symposium papers, I examine why comparative psychologists do not consider professional associations of psychology to represent the core of the discipline. I review textbooks i...
Seasonal adaptations of Siberian hamsters. II. Pattern of change in daylength controls annual testicular and body weight rhythms.

Studies of rodent photoperiodism almost without exception have employed fixed day lengths (DLs) and abrupt transitions from long to short DLs. Because the natural progression of changes in DL carries predictive information and may have physiological consequences, we determined seasonal fluctuations in testis size and body weight in Siberian hamsters maintained in a year-long pattern of increasing and decreasing DLs. A cycle of gonadal development, regression, and recrudescence, and corresponding changes in body weight, were observed in hamsters maintained in separate simulated natural photoperiods (SNPs) in which DLs neither fell below nor exceeded the putative critical DL of 13 h. Gradually decreasing DLs as long as 15.3 h induced gonadal regression, and DLs as short as 12.3 h supported ponderal growth, depending on the hamsters' prior photoperiodic history. DLs experienced by hamsters during development influenced the adult incidence of responsiveness to short DLs. Photorefractoriness to short DLs occurred earlier in hamsters kept in static 10-h than in 12-h DLs. Increasing DLs in winter had little impact on the rate of gonadal recrudescence and weight gain. These data extend earlier investigations in showing that photoperiodic history determines gonadal responses over a broad range of DLs and influences gonadal responsiveness to short DLs and the triggering of the interval timer underlying recrudescence.
Relational level data structures for programming languages

We describe a high level of data structure description for programming languages which we call the relational level. At this level one may describe and manipulate data structures without having to decide beforehand which access paths will be used or how the structure may change. This is done by using rather simple mathematical structures and providing powerful primitive operations in the language for manipulating these structures. This is constrast ed with the access path and machine levels of description and it is suggested that a language be able to function well at all three levels. We present some ideas on how a system might be built to implement such a language efficiently. This involves the use of an implementation facility to allow the programmer to specify the implementation of his relational level structures in terms of access path and machine level structures using a "structured programming" approach.
Genotype x Environment interaction in psychopathology: fact or artifact?

Recent studies have claimed to detect interaction between candidate genes and specific environmental factors (Genotype x Environment interaction, G x E) in susceptibility to psychiatric disorder. The objective of the present study was to examine possible artifacts that could explain widely publicized findings. The additive effects of candidate genes and measured environment on liability to disorder were simulated under a model that allowed for mixture of distributions in liability conditional on genotype and environment. Simulated liabilities were dichotomized at a threshold value to reflect diagnosis of disorder. Multiple blocks of simulated data were analysed by standard statistical methods to test for the main effects and interactions of genes and environment on outcome. The main outcome of this study was simulated liabilities and diagnoses of major depression and antisocial behaviour. Analysis of the dichotomized data by logistic regression frequently detected significant G x E interaction even though none was present for liability. There is therefore reason to question the biological significance of published findings.
Effect of Barley and Its Amylopectin Content on Ruminal Fermentation and Nitrogen Utilization in Lactating Dairy Cows

The effect of type of grain (corn vs. barley) and amylopectin content of barley grain (normal vs. waxy) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and utilization of ruminal ammonia nitrogen for milk protein synthesis was studied in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design trial with 6 lactating dairy cows. The experimental treatments were (proportion of dietary dry matter): CORN, 40% corn grain, NBAR, 30% normal Baronesse barley:10% corn grain, and WBAR, 30% high-amylopectin (waxy) Baronesse barley:10% corn grain. All grains were steam-rolled and fed as part of a total mixed ration. The NBAR and WBAR diets resulted in increased ruminal ammonia concentrations compared with CORN (8.2, 7.4, and 5.6 mM, respectively), but other ruminal fermentation parameters were not affected. Ruminal digestibility of dietary nutrients and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen were also not affected by diet. Corn grain had greater in situ effective ruminal dry matter degradability (62.8%) than the barley grains (58.2 and 50.7%, respectively), and degradability of the normal barley starch was greater than that of the waxy barley (69.3 and 58.9%, respectively). A greater percentage of relative starch crystallinity was observed for the waxy compared with the normal barley grain. Total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were decreased by WBAR compared with CORN and NBAR. Total tract starch digestibility was greater and milk urea nitrogen content was lower for CORN compared with the 2 barley diets. In this study, the extent of processing of the grain component of the diet was most likely the factor that determined the diet responses. Minimal processing of barley grain (processing indexes of 79.2 to 87.9%) reduced its total tract digestibility of starch compared with steam-rolled corn (processing index of 58.8%). As a result of the increased ammonia concentration and reduced degradability of barley dry matter in the rumen, the utilization of ruminal ammonia nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis was decreased with the barley diets compared with the corn-based diet. In this study, waxy Baronesse barley was less degradable in the rumen and the total digestive tract than its normal counterpart. The most likely reasons for these effects were the differences in starch characteristics and chemical composition, and perhaps the different response to processing between the 2 barleys.
ON THE STABILITY OF A HETEROSCEDASTIC PROCESS

. In this paper we derive the stability conditions in a time series regression model with a particular form of conditional heteroscedasticity. The variables affecting the variance include lagged errors, lagged dependent variables and a forecast variable. In addition to the usual stability conditions in a dynamic model, a condition on the parameters of the heteroscedasticity equation is also required.
Management Education by Design

The appropriate way to teach the management curriculum depends on the learning outcomes one seeks to accomplish. This article develops a model that depicts teaching style in terms of participation and influence in the classroom. Five learning outcomes (facts, methods judgment, skills, and creativity) are paired with appropriate teacher/student relationships. The teacher/student relationship is potentially an experience in empowerment. As students move from the acquisition of facts to developing skills and creating for themselves their capacity to influence, the learning process increases. The reader is provided with practical as well as conceptual examples of the teaching and learning process.
Phosphorus-doped titania nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic activity

Abstract Titania nanostructures have gained much attention lately due to their high specific surface area, ion-exchange ability, and better electrical properties. In this study, pure titania nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized using hydrothermal method. Phosphorus-doped titania nanotubes (P-TNTs) were fabricated following a wet chemical procedure with dimethyl phosphite as a precursor. Characterization of the prepared pure/phosphorus-doped titania nanotubes was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), XRD analysis, UV–Vis absorption spectra, and BET specific surface area analysis. Phosphorus-doping slightly reduces the surface area but shifts the band gap towards the visible light region. When compared to pure TNTs, the optimal 0.75 wt.% P-TNTs have a similar surface area (272 m 2 /g vs. 274 m 2 /g) but with a band gap shift of 0.27 eV towards the visible light region. The photocatalytic activity of 0.75 wt.% P-TNTs was tested using rhodamine B (RhB) as a model pollutant under a 9 W fluorescent lamp and was significantly better than the benchmark Degussa P25 nanoparticles due to the band gap narrowing and an increased surface area. The decolorization follows first-order kinetics with the apparent rate constant k 1 of 0.13 min −1 for 0.75 wt.% P-TNT and 0.07 min −1 for Degussa P25.
Water Quality in Agricultural Watersheds: Impact of Riparian Vegetation during Base Flow

ABSTRACT: Water quality was monitored for 17 months during base flow periods in six agricultural watersheds to evaluate the impact of riparian vegetation on suspended solids and nutrient concentrations. In areas without riparian vegetation, both instream algal production and seasonal low flows appeared to be major determinants of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus concentrations. Peak levels of all parameters were reached during the summer when flows were reduced and benthic algal production was high. Similar summer peaks were reached in streams receiving major point inputs but peaks occurred downstream from the input. Instream organic production was less important in regulating water quality in areas with riparian vegetation and permanent flows. Concentrations of suspended solids remained relatively constant, while phosphorus and turbidity increased in association with leaf fall in autumn. Intermittent flow conditions in summer increased the importance of instream organic production in controlling water quality, even when riparian vegetation was present. Efforts to improve water quality in agricultural watersheds during base flow should emphasize maintenance of riparian vegetation and stable flow conditions.
Micro- and nanotechnology for viral detection

Since the identification of viruses at the start of the 20th century, detecting their presence has presented great challenges. In the past two decades, there has been significant progress in viral detection methods for clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The earliest advances were in molecular biology and imaging techniques. Advances in microfabrication and nanotechnology have now begun to play an important role in viral detection, and improving the detection limit, operational simplicity, and cost-effectiveness of viral diagnostics. Here we provide an overview of recent advances, focusing especially on advances in simple, device-based approaches for viral detection.
Topology-Bayes versus Clade-Bayes in Phylogenetic Analysis

Several features of currently used Bayesian methods in phylogenetic analysis are discussed. The distinction between Clade-Bayes and Topology-Bayes is presented and illustrated with an empirical example. Three problems with Bayesian phylogenetic methods--exaggerated clade support, inconsistently biased priors, and the impossibility of hypothesis testing of cladograms--are shown to be the result of using a Clade-based Bayesian approach. Topology-based Bayesian methods do not share these shortcomings.
General analysis for free drainage of non‐Newtonian films from flat plates when inertial and surface tension forces and normal stresses are negligible

General equations for (1) thickness, (2) specific holdup, and (3) specific flow rate of non-Newtonian films under conditions of plane free drainage with negligible inertial and interfacial tension forces and normal stresses as functions of position and time are derived. Use of these equations reduces the heretofore tedious process of derivation for a particular rheological model of expressions for film thickness, holdup, and flow rate to a single-step operation for film thickness and relatively simple processes for holdup and flow rate. The general equations are evaluated for popular non-Newtonian models, with description of efficient methods for doing so, and the results for thickness, holdup, and flow rate, many new, in compact dimensionless form made available to the interested reader in a supplement.
Affectionate Writing Reduces Total Cholesterol: Two Randomized, Controlled Trials

In two 5-week trials, healthy college students were randomly assigned either to experimental or control groups. Participants in the experimental groups wrote about their affection for significant friends, relatives, and/or romantic partners for 20 minutes on three separate occasions; on the same schedule, those in the control groups wrote about innocuous topics. Total cholesterol was assessed via capillary blood at the beginning of the trials and again at the end. Participants in the experimental groups experienced statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol. Control participants in the first study experienced a significant increase during the same period, whereas those in the second study did not. Cholesterol changes were largely unmoderated by linguistic features of the writing produced in the intervention. Potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
Maximum Capacity Terminal Area Operations in 2022

Today’s primary constraint on an airport’s runway capacity is the combination of reduced visibility and wake vortex avoidance. Raytheon is develo ping an innovative approach to future Terminal Area operations based on using existing parallel runways to their full VFR potential as well as expanding capacity by adding closely spaced parallel runways within the boundaries of today’s busiest airports. Raytheon’s Terminal Area Capacity Enhancing Concept (TACEC) addresses today’s wake vortex capacity constraints by landing and departing multiple aircraft on closely spaced parallel approach corridors. This insures each aircraft operates in a region where th e wake vortex location is well known, minimizing the need for in trail separation requirements. VFR operation in IFR conditions is a consequence of the fully automated approach and landing used to achieve safe closely spaced parallel operations. Activities have included a study of very closely spaced parallel runway safety issues as well as the potential capacity increase for the National Airspace System.
A survey of the reciprocity characteristics of responses to end-of-day irradiations in oat, sunflower, and mung bean*

Abstract. Fluence-response and reciprocity data were collected for response to end-of-day FR in several light-grown plants. Coleoptile elongation in oat and hypocotyl elongation in sunflower and mung bean are stimulated by end-of-day FR, and anthocyanin accumulation in mung bean hypocotyls is decreased by the same treatment. All responses have threshold fluences at about 200μmol m−2 and saturation fluences between 4000 and 10,000 μmol m−2 Responses to end-of-day FR were reversible by subsequent R with threshold fluences between 2.0 and 3.0 μmol m−2 and saturation fluences between 300 and 1000 μmol m2 Rapid, reverse reciprocity failure which could not be explained by escape from photoreversibility was observed only for stimulation of oat coleoptile elongation by end-of-day FR. Oats also showed apparent reverse reciprocity failure for R, but it was entirely explainable by escape. Rapid, reverse reciprocity failure is not a ubiquitous phenomenon for responses to end-of-day irradiations.
Heterogeneously randomized STZ model of metallic glasses: Softening and extreme value statistics during deformation

Abstract A nanoscale kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model is developed to study the deformation behavior of metallic glasses (MGs). The shear transformation zone (STZ) is adopted as our fundamental deformation unit and each nanoscale volume element (∼1 nm voxel) in the MG is considered as a potential STZ that may undergo inelastic rearrangements sampled from a randomized catalog that varies from element to element, with stress-dependent activation energies. The inelastic transformation sampled out of spatially randomized catalogs (a key characteristic of glass) is then treated as an Eshelby’s inclusion and the induced elastic field is solved in the Fourier space using the spectral method. The distinct features of our model, compared to previous work, are the introduction of randomized event catalogs for different nanoscale volume elements, repeated operations within the same element, and a “generation-dependent” softening term to reflect the internal structural change after each deformation. Simulations of uniaxial tension show the important effect of softening on the formation of shear bands, with a size-independent thickness of 18 nm. Statistical analysis of the accumulated strain at the ∼1 nm voxel level is carried out and sample size effect on the extreme value statistics is discussed.
Halloysite Formed in a Calcareous Hot Spring Environment

An unusual halloysite deposit occurs on the west side of the Lake Mountains in Utah County, Utah. A field and laboratory study was made of this Fox deposit to determine the paragenesis of the clay minerals, especially halloysite. Successive lenses of unaltered tuff, partially altered tuff, clay and travertine beds, indicate that the clays have resulted from alteration of siliceous volcanic tuffs in a Tertiary (?) calcareous hot spring environment. Clay minerals identified were montmorillonite, kaolinite, halloysite·4H2O (endellite) and halloysite·2H20. Montmorillonite, which developed in a zone of less intensive silica leaching farthest from the hot spring vents, is the predominant clay mineral. Irregularly distributed pockets of halloysite and kaolinite developed nearest the hot spring vents in a high-calcium environment. In the clay, or associated with it, are calcite as travertine, quartz as rounded carbonate-corroded grains, feldspar, tridy- mite, biotite and glass.
Cultural Identification and Substance Use in North America– An Annotated Bibliography

Level of identification with one's culture has long been thought to be a predictor of substance use among ethnic minority populations. However, cultural identification is a complex construct that has been difficult to capture in a coherent theoretical way. Additionally, the various theoretical approaches have led to numerous and divergent methods of measurement. Although measurement is becoming more sophisticated, the evidence for a link between cultural identification and drug use remains elusive. There is evidence that immigrants to a new culture do change their pattern of substance use to match that of the host culture, but the mechanism of that change is not well understood. That culture impacts behavior is without question although how culture operates specifically with respect to substance use will require further effort.
A Perspective on Books on Mass Spectrometry in Chemistry

Abstract Books have played and continue to play major roles in the development of mass spectrometry even though most research results first appear in journals. Many aspects of the scale, spread, and character of the development and application of mass spectrometry throughout the chemical sciences over many decades are manifest in this categorized list.
Chromatin looping as a target for altering erythroid gene expression

The β-hemoglobinopathies are the most common monogenic disorders in humans, with symptoms arising after birth when the fetal γ-globin genes are silenced and the adult β-globin gene is activated. There is a growing appreciation that genome organization and the folding of chromosomes are key determinants of gene transcription. Underlying this function is the activity of transcriptional enhancers that increase the transcription of target genes over long linear distances. To accomplish this, enhancers engage in close physical contact with target promoters through chromosome folding or looping that is orchestrated by protein complexes that bind to both sites and stabilize their interaction. We find that enhancer activity can be redirected with concomitant changes in gene transcription. Both targeting the β-globin locus control region (LCR) to the γ-globin gene in adult erythroid cells by tethering and epigenetic unmasking of a silenced γ-globin gene lead to increased frequency of LCR/γ-globin contacts and reduced LCR/β-globin contacts. The outcome of these manipulations is robust, pancellular γ-globin transcription activation with a concomitant reduction in β-globin transcription. These examples show that chromosome looping may be considered a therapeutic target for gene activation in β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease.
Lessons from nature: signalling cascades associated with vertebrate brain anoxic survival

New Findings What is the topic of this review? Although the mammalian brain is exquisitely sensitive to hypoxia, some turtles survive complete anoxia by decreasing metabolic demand to match reduced energy supply. These animal models may help to elucidate neuroprotective mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic targets for diseases of oxygen deprivation. What advances does it highlight? The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are part of the suite of adaptive responses to anoxia that are modulated by adenosine, a ‘retaliatory metabolite’ released in early anoxia. In anoxic turtle neurons, upregulation of pro-survival Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways promote cell survival, as does the anoxic- and post-anoxic upregulation of the antioxidant methionine sulfoxide reductase. Mammalian neurons undergo rapid degeneration when oxygen supply is curtailed. Neuroprotective pathways are induced during hypoxia/ischaemia, but their analysis is complicated by concurrent pathological events. Survival mechanisms can be investigated in anoxia-tolerant freshwater turtle species, which survive oxygen deprivation and post-anoxic reoxygenation by entrance into a state of reversible hypometabolism. Many energy-demanding processes are suppressed, including ion flux and neurotransmitter release, whereas cellular protective mechanisms, including certain mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), are upregulated. This superfamily of serine/threonine kinases plays a significant role in vital cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stress adaptation and apoptosis in response to external stimuli. Here, we report that neuronal survival relies on robust co-ordination between the major signalling cascades, with upregulation of the pro-survival Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and suppression of the p38MAPK and JNK pathways. Other protective responses, including the upregulation of heat shock proteins and antioxidants, allow the turtle brain to abrogate potential oxidative stress upon reoxygenation.
REDUCING BLEEDING COMPLICATIONS IN THE CATHLAB: A PATIENT-CENTERED APPROACH

Bleeding is a devastating complication of PCI. Though it is predictable and modifiable, bleeding avoidance therapies (BATs) such as radial access, closure devices or bivalirudin are used inconsistently in high risk patients (the risk-treatment paradox). Whether a patient centered approach is
Bark Penetration and Uptake of Systemic Insecticides from Several Treatment Formulations in White Pines

Applications of Bidrin®, 3-(dimethoxyphosphinyloxy)- N,N -dimethyl- cis -crotonamide, in combination with one of several liquid plastics or resins, here termed diluentadhesives, to a 1.5-foot-wide band on the bark of the basal trunk of eastern white pines, Pinus strobus L., yielded highly significant (0.01 level) control of larvae of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Hartig), for various intervals after application. The area of surface contact between the insecticide and the bark proved important in the uptake of the systemic. Concentration of the insecticide in the diluent-adhesive influenced the degrees of phytotoxicity. A crystalline technical systemic, dimetilan, mixed with a liquid plastic and applied to the bark, produced highly significant insect control. The sawfly parasite Monodontomerus dentipes (Dahlman) was unharmed by walking over the foliage of treated pines.
The viability and growth of B. typhosus in bile

During the past twenty-five years there has been much discussion regarding the effects of bile and bile salts on members of the colontyphoid group of organisms. Some workers suggest that the fluid is germicidal toward these forms, others think that it is not inhibitive and a third group believes that it is unfavorable at first and that later the organisms most fit and which have survived its influence propagate slowly.
Axial Chiral Bisbenzophenazines: Solid-State Self-Assembly via Halide Hydrogen Bonds Triggered by Linear Alkanes

An axial chiral tetrachlorinated bisbenzo[a]phenazine has been discovered that undergoes an alkane-induced shift in the solid state from a disordered amorphous form to an ordered polycrystalline form. This phase transition is caused by the formation of pores that accommodate linear alkanes of varying lengths with a very strong affinity as judged by differential scanning calorimetry. Single crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that a series of weak phenolic OH···Cl hydrogen bonds dictates the pore structure. These weak interactions can be disrupted mechanically, causing the material to revert to the amorphous form. Notably, the interchange between the amorphous and crystalline forms is readily reversible and is easily observed by characteristic colorimetric changes. Measurements via photoimage processing reveal that the degree of color change is dictated by the type of alkane employed.
Use of a Native Oxide of AlxGa1−xAs in the Fabrication of Integrated Laser/Modulators

A planar self-aligned process for fabricating integrated lasers and modulators is described. This process employs a native oxide of AlxGa1-xAs to form the waveguide structure and dielectric passivation layer. Wet oxidation of AlxGa1-xAs is being investigated to determine possible processing parameters that result in good quality oxides and a reliable fabrication process. Variations in the mechanical properties were observed with changes in processing parameters.
Male adolescents between serum leptin and sex hormones,growth hormone levels of

Objective:Of male adolescents with simple obesity serum leptin(Leptin) and sex hormone estradiol(E2),testosterone(T) and growth hormone(GH) levels in the content,analyze its growth and development in male adolescents in the role of To ettectively provide the basis for the prevention of juvenile obesity.Methods: 10～15 years old were obese and normal young men for the study of all 22 cases,were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum leptin youth groups,estradiol,testosterone and growth hormone levels.Results: Male adolescents with simple obesity serum leptin and estradiol were significantly higher than male adolescents(P0.01),whereas testosterone and growth hormone were significantly lower than the control group(P0.01).Serum leptin levels and estradiol,testosterone and growth hormone were significantly correlated(P0.01).Conclusion: Male adolescents with simple obesity increased serum leptin levels,there is leptin resistance;the same time reduce the secretion of growth hormone,sex hormone estradiol increased secretion of testosterone decline,there is sex hormone metabolism;leptin effects of growth hormone in male adolescents with simple obesity and sex hormones.
Intraspecific variability improves environmental matching, but does not increase ecological breadth along a wet‐to‐dry ecotone

It is widely assumed that higher levels of intraspecific variability in one or more traits should allow species to persist under a wider range of environmental conditions. However, few studies have examined whether species that exhibit high variability are found in a wider range of environmental conditions, and whether variability increases the ability of a species to adapt to prevailing ecological gradients. We used four plant functional traits, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) and maximum plant height in 49 species across a strong environmental gradient to answer three questions: 1) is there evidence for ‘high-variability’ species (that is, species which show high variability in multiple traits, simultaneously)? 2) are species with more variable traits present across a wider range of environmental conditions than less variable species? And 3) whether more variable species show better trait-environment matching to the prevailing abiotic (soil moisture) gradient at the site? We found little evidence for a ‘high-variability’ species. Variability was correlated for two leaf traits, SLA and LDMC, while variability in leaf traits and plant height were not correlated. We found little evidence that more variable species were present in more diverse conditions: only variation in SLA was correlated with a wider ecological niche breadth. For plant traits along the soil-moisture gradient, higher variability led to better trait-environment matching in half of measured traits. Overall, we found little support for the existence of ‘high-variability’ species, but that variability in SLA is correlated with a wider ecological breadth. We also found evidence that variation in traits can improve trait-environment matching, a relationship which may facilitate our understanding ecological breadth along prevailing gradients, and community assembly on the basis of traits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Hybrid Stochastic Model of the Budding Yeast Cell Cycle Control Mechanism

The budding yeast cell cycle is regulated by a complex chemical reaction network. Several deterministic models have been proposed to model this control mechanism. However, experimental data exhibit considerable variability from cell to cell during cell growth and division. It is also observed that certain mutant cells are more vulnerable to noise than wild type cells. The observed variability comes from two sources: intrinsic noise coming from fluctuations of molecules and extrinsic noise introduced by variations in the division process. As a result, molecular fluctuations cannot be neglected, and they may significantly affect the behavior of a cell. To accurately model the cell cycle control mechanism, stochastic models are needed. A rigorous solution to this problem is to convert a deterministic model to its stochastic equivalent and apply Gille-spie's stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). But the conversion process is not straightforward and often results in a much larger system. Moreover, the high computational cost of Gillespie's algorithm make it difficult to simulate a practical budding yeast cell cycle model. In this manuscript, we present a hybrid (ODE/SSA) stochastic model for the budding yeast cell cycle. Based on error analysis for multiscale systems and the observation that fluctuations of mRNAs are the primary sources of noise, in this hybrid model the dynamics of mRNAs are simulated by Gillespie's algorithm, while the cell cycle mechanism at the protein level is modeled by ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Numerical experiments, implemented by Haseltine and Rawlings' hybrid simulation algorithm, demonstrate that the hybrid model matches very well with biological experimental data for both wild-type cells and mutant cells in different nutrient media.
Recruits to the "Army of Civilization": Gender, Race, Class, and the Freedmen's Teachers, 1862-1875.

The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the efforts to extend the benefits of education to America's freed slaves the freedmen, in the parlance of the Civil War and Reconstruction. As a result of the new scholarship, we now know much more about the women and men who braved the opprobrium of their northern neighbors, and the intimidation and ostracism of southern whites, to work among a people theretofore systematically denied access to literacy. The emerging image of the freedmeris education effort taking Black liberty as the measure of Reconstruction, more sympathetic to abolitionism, and informed in part by notions of the emancipatory potential of education has shed the race-baiting and abolition-hating tone of earlier interpretations (Bentley, 1955; Knight, 1913; Swint, 1941). In place of claims that the teachers were fanatical, arrogant, and misguided, the teachers are now depicted as courageous and visionary, if too often insufficiently abolitionist (Butchart, 1980, 1988b; Horst, 1987; Jones, 1979, 1980; McPherson, 1975; Morris, 1981; Small, 1979). The new scholarship on the freedmen's teachers has contributed to emerging understandings of the broader outlines of Black education in the post-Civil War South and of the meanings of northern support for Black schools (Anderson, 1988; Butchart, 1988a; Richardson, 1986). It is beginning to shed light in a once-neglected area of investigation, the social history of teachers and teaching (Warren, 1989). It has the potential to provide important insights into the burgeoning fields of curriculum inquiry and critical pedagogy (Apple, 1988; Beyer & Apple, 1988; Giroux, 1988; Greene, 1988). Yet the new work on freedmeris education continues to share three weaknesses of the traditional scholarship. First, both streams of interpretation rely on impressionistic readings of essentially the same evidence. New and extended evidence may contribute to clearer and more defensible interpretations.
Making Primary Diagnosis on Liver Allograft Biopsies With Whole Slide Images - A Validation Study

Although the use of whole slide images (WSIs) in diagnostic pathology has been widely studied, its reliability in assessing liver allograft biopsies has not yet been investigated. Due to the time sensitive nature of allograft donor organ biopsies, the use of WSIs may greatly facilitate speedy off-site evaluation. In this study, …
A New Report of Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from a Cultured Population in Washington County, Mississippi.

Nezara viridula adult coloration can vary, including a rare orange-colored type (i.e., N. viridula f. aurantiaca). In November 2015, three Nezara viridula males displaying orange coloration were found in an established colony in Stoneville, MS. The objectives of this study were to determine if alleles of these orange types conformed to the allele characteristics previously reported for N. viridula f. aurantiaca and to determine if there were any differences in reproductive output compared with the green-colored type. The three orange-type males were crossed with green-type females to produce a hybrid F1 The F1 progeny was allowed us to cross to produce an F2. The F2 progeny consisted of 672 green females, 351 green males, 298 orange males, and 0 orange females. These ratios did not differ significantly from the expected 50:25:25:0 ratios for a single recessive sex linked allele for color phenotype. The F2 cross of green females and orange males produced an F3 consisting of 345 green females, 346 green males, 100 orange females, and 85 orange males. These ratios also conformed to the expected ratios (0.375:0.375:0.125:0.125) with the exception of orange males, which numbers were slightly lower than expected. The pure orange type N. viridula produced significantly less egg masses (0.71 ± 0.15) per day than green types (2.09 ± 0.16) and their reproductive output, measured as net reproductive rate (Ro), was lower in orange (13.71) compared with green (20.67) types.
Volumetric Water Content Measurements as Obtained from Remote Sensing and In Situ Instrumentation

A single-polarization, vertical wave propagation transmitted-vertical wave propagation received (VV), terrestrial imaging radar and time domain reflectometry (TDR) equipment were used to monitor the fluctuations of water content within two thin (15.24 centimeters) compacted clay test sections (each 30.48-m long, by 15.34-m wide). Radar imagery was obtained in 2013 on March 22, June 26, July 7 and July 10 using a Gamma Remote Sensing Portable Radar Interferometer version II (GAMMA Remote Sensing and Consulting AG, Bern, Switzerland). In situ observations were acquired hourly using TDR probes. The background, methodology, and comparison of the results of the remote sensing and in situ measurements are presented. Specifically, two remote sensing data reduction algorithms were considered. The water content results obtained from these algorithms were compared with the water content values derived from correlations with the dielectric permittivity values measured by the TDR probes. Key findings include: 1) there were differences between the values obtained from the data reduction methods, 2) there were differences between the values obtained from the remote sensing methods and the values obtained from the in situ method, and 3) the identification of additional avenues of research. The remotely sensed measurements were, on average, higher than the in situ measurements (the average volumetric water content values were 0.2 and 0.5 depending on the method, as obtained via the remotely sensed methods; the average volumetric water content value in the compacted native soil test sections was 0.22, as obtained via the in situ method).
Ammonia and Methane Emission Factors from Cattle Operations Expressed as Losses of Dietary Nutrients or Energy

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of published literature on ammonia (NH3) and enteric methane (CH4) emissions from beef and dairy cattle operations to obtain statistically representative emission factors based on dietary intakes of nutrients or energy, and to identify major causes of emission variations. NH3 emissions from lagoon or other manure storage facilities were not included in this review. The NH3 and CH4 emission rates, expressed as a percentage losses of dietary nutrients or energy, demonstrated much less variation compared with emission rates expressed in g/animal/day. Air temperature and dietary crude protein (CP) content were identified as two major factors that can affect NH3 emission rates in addition to farm type. Feed digestibility and energy intake were identified as two major factors that can affect CH4 emission rates expressed as a percentage losses of dietary energy. Generally, increasing productivity and feed efficiency represented the greatest opportunity for mitigating NH3 or CH4 emissions per unit of livestock product. Expressing CH4 loss on a digestible energy basis rather than a gross energy intake basis can better represent the large variation among diets and the effects of varying dietary emission mitigation strategies.
Abstract 84: CCN1/Cyr61 regulation of gemcitabine-resistant phenotype in pancreatic cancer: involvement of CTGF and dCK

With an estimated half a million new cases and similar mortality rates for 2016, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a life-threatening and challenging disease to diagnose and treat. As per American Cancer Society (ACS), varying efficacy in different patients has led to an increase in the mortality rate of PDAC. Gemcitabine (GEM) remains the drug of choice either alone or in combination, but is unsuccessful in reducing or curing PDAC in most patients. The limited efficacies of these drugs are due to the acquisition of chemo-resistant characteristics of PDAC. Although several molecular and physiological factors have been shown to correlate with the GEM-resistance, defined molecular mechanism(s) of GEM-resistance remains a mystery. Previous studies have shown that CCN1, which is overexpressed in PDAC and known to associate with PDAC progression, is critical for drug resistance. Here, we found that while the pancreatic cancer cell lines (i.e., Panc-1 and AsPC-1) in which CCN1 is overexpressed are typically GEM-resistant, the knocking down of CCN1 makes them sensitive to GEM. Mechanistic studies revealed that CCN1 regulates two important genes that are directly involved in regulation GEM-sensitivity in PDAC. These include cancer cell-secreted connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a regulator of desmoplasia, and Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), an enzyme that enhances gemcitabine sensitivity and efficacy in cancer cells. The deletion of CCN1 in PDAC cells blocks CTGF expression and under co-cultured conditions prevent the growth of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive stellate cells, which are required for desmoplastic growth in pancreatic cancers. CCN1 ablation upregulates dCK expression in PDAC cell lines as compared to CCN1 expressed PDAC cells. These two events enhance the anti-proliferative effect of GEM and can be rescued by CTGF-treatment or blocking dCK. In conclusion, CCN1 promotes GEM-resistance in PDAC cell through the regulation of CTGF and dCK and the mechanistic insights provided by these studies may help in designing future therapeutic strategies to combat PDAC. Citation Format: Vijayalaxmi G. Gupta, Gargi Maity, Inamul Haque, Sushanta K. Banerjee, Snigdha Banerjee. CCN1/Cyr61 regulation of gemcitabine-resistant phenotype in pancreatic cancer: involvement of CTGF and dCK [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 84. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-84