cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of transient three-dimensional buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer in a closed horizontal annulus

Abstract Buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer in a horizontal annulus bounded by two impermeable boundaries in the axial direction are numerically investigated in this work. A transient three-dimensional analysis of the end effects on heat transfer and the corresponding flow field is presented. The effects of the axial impermeable boundaries are shown to be characterized by retardation of the flow field through the viscous shearing force in regions near the end walls. The results show that the temperature distribution remains unchanged in the core region provided that the annulus length to outer radius ratio is larger than a critical value. Flow and temperature fields are found to be symmetrical with respect to the mid-axial plane of the annulus. A number of interesting features resulting from the sudden heating of the inner cylinder are presented. Finally, a thorough presentation of formation of flow and temperature fields as a result of the sudden heating of the inner cylinder is given.
Computer corpora and authentic texts: Toward more effective language teaching

Abstract Teachers of language have turned to authentic texts to improve the communicative competence of their students. Traditional sources, including curriculum materials, categorical book lists, teachers’ prior knowledge of texts, and lists of graded texts using readability formulas, are incomplete in today's technological world. Computer corpora could provide additional sources of authentic texts. This article examines a variety of teaching implications in using existing corpora and explores the need to develop additional corpora and databases.
Prospective identification of neoantigen-specific lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients

Detection of lymphocytes that target tumor-specific mutant neoantigens--derived from products encoded by mutated genes in the tumor--is mostly limited to tumor-resident lymphocytes, but whether these lymphocytes often occur in the circulation is unclear. We recently reported that intratumoral expression of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor can guide the identification of the patient-specific repertoire of tumor-reactive CD8(+) lymphocytes that reside in the tumor. In view of these findings, we investigated whether PD-1 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes could be used as a biomarker to detect T cells that target neoantigens. By using a high-throughput personalized screening approach, we identified neoantigen-specific lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of three of four melanoma patients. Despite their low frequency in the circulation, we found that CD8(+)PD-1(+), but not CD8(+)PD-1(-), cell populations had lymphocytes that targeted 3, 3 and 1 unique, patient-specific neoantigens, respectively. We show that neoantigen-specific T cells and gene-engineered lymphocytes expressing neoantigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) isolated from peripheral blood recognized autologous tumors. Notably, the tumor-antigen specificities and TCR repertoires of the circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD8(+)PD-1(+) cells appeared similar, implying that the circulating CD8(+)PD-1(+) lymphocytes could provide a window into the tumor-resident antitumor lymphocytes. Thus, expression of PD-1 identifies a diverse and patient-specific antitumor T cell response in peripheral blood, providing a novel noninvasive strategy to develop personalized therapies using neoantigen-reactive lymphocytes or TCRs to treat cancer.
In-plant validation of an ethanol yield prediction equation

Much of the fuel ethanol industry’s current interest centers on maximizing ethanol yield and overall profits. This can be achieved by knowing the potential yield of input corn and working to identify what parameters are inhibiting reaching 100% fermentation efficiency. On average, ethanol plants produce 2.82 gallons of ethanol per bushel of corn, as compared to 2.51 gallons per bushel in 1994 (Renewable Fuels Association 2015). With the focus on improved starch production and access, corn quality is one of the best indicators of ethanol yield, as the amount of starch determines the theoretical amount of ethanol. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is one such method that can be used to evaluate corn composition and, with an appropriate model, corn composition can be used to predict ethanol yield. Many current models are held back by real world applicability, in that they are restricted to lab-scale validation, direct NIRS calibrations, or proprietary models/equipment. At the commercial level, corporatelyproduced propriety models have been developed by DuPont Pioneer and Monsanto. Neither Monsanto nor DuPont Pioneer’s products are available outside of company databases, and both are only applicable to Foss Infratec units, which left a need for a more universal method. Burgers et al. developed a multiple-linear regression equation for predicting corn ethanol yield based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of protein, oil, and density on a 15% moisture basis (Burgers, Hurburgh, and Jane 2009). Unlike corporately-developed models, this equation was intended to function independently of corn hybrid, corn supplier, growing location, and NIRS instrument make/model used, as long as the calibration database was consistent. Iterations of the model were evaluated, and the most current version was chosen to use in the rest of the research. A comparison of the model predicted yield, based on inbound grain composition, and corresponding reported ethanol yield from the same grain was performed to validate the model.
SELECTIVE MORTALITY AND REPRODUCTION IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF BUFO BOREAS.

Controversy surrounding the evolutionary relevance of enzyme variation has added new impetus to theoretical investigations into the forces responsible for genetic polymorphism (e.g., Christiansen and Feldman, 1975; King and Ohta, 1975; Ohta and Kimura, 1975; Hedrick et al., 1976; Gillespie, 1977; Lewontin et al., 1978). These considerations have traditionally centered upon various forms of natural selection or, in its absence, random processes. It is, then, particularly important to seek and study selection in natural populations if we hope to understand more fully its role in the maintenance of genetic variation. Survivorship, as a component of fitness, must not be regarded as the sole determinant of reproductive success, yet it is clearly important. Consequently, there is reason to seek genotype-related differences in rates of mortality in natural populations. A simple first step is the search for changes in the genetic composition of a population over time. Literature addressing the question of genetic change in natural populations is restricted mainly to chromosomal analysis (Dobzhansky, 1970; Dobzhansky et al., 1976) and the monitoring of simple morphological differences (Ford, 1975). Surprisingly few studies have addressed the problem utilizing the electrophoretic technique although it has been successfully employed to monitor genetic changes in laboratory populations (Kojima and Yarbrough, 1967; Yarbrough and Kojima, 1967; Kojima, 1971; Powell, 1971; MacDonald and Ayala,
Thermomigration induced strain field simulation for microelectronic lead free solder joints

Many factors such as high intensity current, thermal load, shock load, vibration load and etc., can induce the failure in electronic equipment. It is common for electronic equipment to be subjected to a combination of the loads mentioned above simultaneously. In this paper, qualitative finite element simulations of thermomigration induced strain fields in lead free solders are conducted using a fully coupled displacement-diffusion model [1] with nonlinear mechanical material properties. The solutions are discussed and compared to experimental data as well as theoretical developments from literature.© 2006 ASME
Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Phenology and Sampling in the San Joaquin Valley

Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), was monitored over a 3-year period in San Joaquin Valley, Calif., navel orange groves to compare population trends observed using alternative sampling methodologies and to determine thermal accumulations required for development. Citrus foliage monitoring did not indicate a direct relationship between timing of the end of shoot growth, petal fall, and the level of citrus thrips fruit scarring. Over the first three spring generations, citrus thrips were found in greatest numbers in the northeast quadrant, although first-generation larvae in the south developed more rapidly than larvae in the north. Comparisons among sampling techniques (D-Vac, pupation papers, ground traps, yellow cards, and fruit counts) and their ability to predict scarring were inconclusive. The period between the first and second citrus thrips generations measured from the peak of a particular life stage to the next peak was 156 degree-days above a lower threshold of 14.59°C. The period between the second and third generations was not consistently related to heat units based on this lower threshold.
Visual velocity discrimination: Effects of “blanking” the stimulus

Weber ratios were obtained for visual velocity discrimination under two stimulus conditions which differed only with regard to the presence of visible continuous motion.
Reliability, scalability, and validity of an instrument to assess developmental levels of children from birth to three years of age.

Summary.-Using reliable data from 112 children under 3 yr. (interobserver agreement indicated by rs of .98-.99), Guttman scaling established reproducibiliry and scalabiliry of responses to the Mental Development Scales: Birth to three years, using additional data from the Bayley Scales and the Stanford-Binet. Collection of data continues. The Mental Development Scales: Birth to Three Years were designed to assess observed developmental levels of children birth to three years within a setting familiar to the child. Infants and toddlers are assessed in a semi-structured mode in the areas of spontaneous drawing, play with blocks, object exploration, social responsiveness, selfawareness, communication, and pretend play. The six scales of the instrument are divided into five developmental levels with each scale yielding a separate score. A profile of the six scale scores facilitates an understanding of the unique abilities of each child. The separate validation sample of 15 were children from birth to 30 mo. who were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley, 1969). Children from 30 to 36 mo. were assessed with the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Terman & Merrill, 1973). All 15 subjects were given the Mental Development Scales. Scores from the instrument were correlated with scores from the standardized tests. Five of the six scales showed significant correlations with the combined standardized tests (p < .05). The coefficients of the six scales ranged from .508 to ,954 (Wagner, 1982). The data base for the dissertation study was enlarged to include 112 subjects, stratified by age, risk score, ethnicity, and sex. The risk score was determined by interviewing
Model for multishot all-thermal all-optical switching in ferromagnets

All-optical magnetic switching (AOS) is a recently observed rich and puzzling phenomenon that offers promising technological applications. However, a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. Here we present a model for multishot helicity-dependent AOS in ferromagnetic materials based on a purely heat-driven mechanism in the presence of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD). We predict that AOS should be possible with as little as 0.5% of MCD, after a minimum number of laser shots heat the sample close to the Curie temperature. Finally, we qualitatively reproduce the all-optically switched domain patterns observed experimentally by numerically simulating the result of multiple laser shots on an FePtC granular ferromagnetic film.
Study on prevention islanding effect in Ningxia Pingluo Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant

Using RLC alternating current load test loop simulates pure resistive load,inductive load and capacitive load.Through controlling three-phase load power,sets discharge power,control input power and simulates various power load,detects the protection function of inverter preventing islanding effect.Comparatively analyzes the two kinds of detection methods between active and passive prevention islanding effect,puts forward the reasonable protection schemes of prevention islanding effect for State Power Ningxia Pingluo Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant.
Brief introduction to internal control of fiscal computerization

Focusing on the special requirements for fiscal computerization to control business activity within an enterprise,the paper discussed the duties,the limitation of power of operators,the system of counting archives,the security of counting information system and the requirements for accountant in order to enhance the ability of standardization management and decision-making for an enterprise.
CHLORINATION OF COPPER AND NICKEL SULFIDE CONCENTRATES.

A chlorination process for treating metal sulfide flotation concentrates is described. The process involves low temperature chlorination combined with sulfur chloride conversion and selective oxidation to produce nonferrous metal chlorides, elemental sulfur, and ferric oxide in a three-stage fluidized bed reactor. The nonferrous metal chlorides may then be water leached, separated, purified, and electrolyzed to recover copper and nickel metals and to regenerate chlorine for recycling.
A Close Look at the “Sharkskin” Melt Fracture of Polybutadiene

Sharkskin melt fracture (SSF) refers to a fine surface distortion found on extradates of certain polymers at shear stress levels around 0.1 MPa. SSF can limit the productivity of extrusion lines. Two schools of thought concerning the mechanism of SSF have developed: one assigns the initiation of fracture to slip in the die land [e. g., Ramamurthy (1986)] whereas the other attributes the fracture to excessive stress at the exit as the flow profile redistributes [e. g., Howells and Benbow (1962), Kurtz (1984)]. Both may contribute to the problem. The former is supported strongly by the seeming invariant shear stress required for SSF and by the reported kink in the flow curve at this stress.
A new symmetrical quasi-classical model for electronically non-adiabatic processes: Application to the case of weak non-adiabatic coupling.

Previous work has shown how a symmetrical quasi-classical (SQC) windowing procedure can be used to quantize the initial and final electronic degrees of freedom in the Meyer-Miller (MM) classical vibronic (i.e, nuclear + electronic) Hamiltonian, and that the approach provides a very good description of electronically non-adiabatic processes within a standard classical molecular dynamics framework for a number of benchmark problems. This paper explores application of the SQC/MM approach to the case of very weak non-adiabatic coupling between the electronic states, showing (as anticipated) how the standard SQC/MM approach used to date fails in this limit, and then devises a new SQC windowing scheme to deal with it. Application of this new SQC model to a variety of realistic benchmark systems shows that the new model not only treats the weak coupling case extremely well, but it is also seen to describe the "normal" regime (of electronic transition probabilities ≳ 0.1) even more accurately than the previous "standard" model.
GENERAL AUTOMATED FLAW DETECTION SCHEME FOR NDE X-RAY IMAGES

This paper presents an approach to automated flaw detection (AFD) in an arbitrary X-ray image. The intensities in the digitized radiographic image are modeled as piecewise-smooth surface functions corrupted by noise and flaws. It has been observed that radiographs generated for NDE purposes containing flaws also have a combination of three unwanted features; background trends, geometrical structures, and noise. These features inhibit the performance of automated flaw detection algorithms. The proposed general processing scheme reduces the unwanted features in such a way that candidate flaws within the image can be identified. The proposed scheme is robust and is applicable to a wide variety of NDE imaging applications.
Factors that affect the improvement of demand forecast accuracy through point-of-sale reporting

Abstract Recent research has examined the use of real-time, shared point-of-sale (POS) data in forecasting. Although initial research posited that POS data can improve forecast accuracy, recent research has called some of these findings into question. We identify item order quantity, item order variability, and item order frequency of orders as specific factors that can affect the degree of improvement in POS demand forecasting accuracy when compared to order history-based techniques. Using a hierarchical linear model, we examine 60,651 orders for hundreds of items across 25 different distribution centers. We find a 11.2% overall improvement in using real-time, shared POS data in demand forecasting over order history-based forecasting. However, we find a curvilinear relationship between these improvements and both the order quantity and the item order variability. Additionally, we find that POS based forecasting improvements are greatest (1) when items are not frequently ordered, (2) when there is low variance in the number of distribution center ordering an item each week, and (3) when order quantities are neither relatively high, nor relatively low.
Higher Levels of hs-CRP Related to Corpus Callosum Volume in the Elderly (P5.180)

Objective: To test the hypothesis that systemic inflammation negatively affects white matter volumes in cognitively normal older adults. Background: Inflammation is suspected to play a role in neurodegeneration and is associated with worse memory and smaller medial temporal volumes in controls. Less is known about the relationship between inflammation and white matter. We chose C-reactive protein (CRP) as our marker of inflammation because it is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and thus may also play a role in cerebrovascular health and white matter. Corpus callosum volume was used as our primary marker of white matter integrity. Methods: Participants were cognitively normal, community dwelling, older adults, who completed a 3T MRI scan and had a plasma blood sample analyzed for hs-CRP. Our final sample was 182 participants (mean age = 72.0 years). Brain volumes were obtained using Freesurfer 5.1. The hs-CRP results were log-transformed; data were analyzed using linear regression. Results: Higher hs-CRP levels were related to smaller corpus callosum volumes (r= -0.228; p <0.01), controlling for age and total intracranial volume. Secondary analyses included cortical volume to determine if the relationship was specific to white matter or was related to general brain volume loss. The relationship between hs-CRP levels and baseline corpus callosum volumes remained significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Results suggest a contributory role of hs-CRP levels in white matter volume loss. Results suggest this relationship is specific to white matter, and not mediated by global volume loss. These results supplement the growing literature on the effects of systemic inflammation on brain integrity. Disclosure: Dr. Wynn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dutt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saloner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kramer has nothing to disclose.
Calorie Labeling in Chain Restaurants and Body Weight: Evidence from New York

This study analyzes the impact of local mandatory calorie labeling laws implemented by New York jurisdictions on body weight. The analysis indicates that on average the point-of-purchase provision of calorie information on chain restaurant menus reduced body mass index (BMI) by 1.5% and lowered the risk of obesity by 12%. Quantile regression results indicate that calorie labeling has similar impacts across the BMI distribution. An analysis of heterogeneity suggests that calorie labeling has a larger impact on the body weight of lower income individuals, especially lower income minorities. The estimated impacts of calorie labeling on physical activity, smoking, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, fruits, and vegetables are small in magnitude, which suggests that other margins of adjustment drive the body-weight impacts estimated here. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IDEOLOGIA DE GÊNERO NA EDUCAÇÃO: A DESQUALIFICAÇÃO DE SABERES SUJEITADOS

Debate-se a ideologia de genero na educacao brasileira. O cenario do processo de construcao da politica publica de educacao no Brasil se caracterizou por disputas. Tanto no Plano Nacional de Educacao (2014-2024), quanto nos planos estaduais e municipais, alguns temas foram rechacados intencionalmente denominados de “ideologia de genero”. Objetiva compreender os diversos significados da expressao “ideologia de genero” no contexto da producao de conhecimentos. Utilizou a metodologia da pesquisa bibliografica percorrendo a literatura cientifica em diversos paises e demonstra que ha uma polifonia em seus sentidos. Pode significar a manutencao do sistema de dominacao patriarcal, como critica a esse fenomeno social. No cenario brasileiro se relaciona com a critica de um movimento conservador e um posicionamento politico partidario.
A Guide to Designing Engaged Learning Courses in Community Planning

This article provides a guide for developing engaged learning pedagogy in the area of community planning. It is based on a capacity-building approach to community planning that emphasizes the stren...
Comparison of variable selection methods for clinical predictive modeling.

Abstract Objective Modern machine learning-based modeling methods are increasingly applied to clinical problems. One such application is in variable selection methods for predictive modeling. However, there is limited research comparing the performance of classic and modern for variable selection in clinical datasets. Materials and Methods We analyzed the performance of eight different variable selection methods: four regression-based methods (stepwise backward selection using p-value and AIC, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, and Elastic Net) and four tree-based methods (Variable Selection Using Random Forest, Regularized Random Forests, Boruta, and Gradient Boosted Feature Selection). We used two clinical datasets of different sizes, a multicenter adult clinical deterioration cohort and a single center pediatric acute kidney injury cohort. Method evaluation included measures of parsimony, variable importance, and discrimination. Results In the large, multicenter dataset, the modern tree-based Variable Selection Using Random Forest and the Gradient Boosted Feature Selection methods achieved the best parsimony. In the smaller, single-center dataset, the classic regression-based stepwise backward selection using p-value and AIC methods achieved the best parsimony. In both datasets, variable selection tended to decrease the accuracy of the random forest models and increase the accuracy of logistic regression models. Conclusions The performance of classic regression-based and modern tree-based variable selection methods is associated with the size of the clinical dataset used. Classic regression-based variable selection methods seem to achieve better parsimony in clinical prediction problems in smaller datasets while modern tree-based methods perform better in larger datasets.
Aqueous Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerizations of 7-Oxanorbornene Derivatives Using Ruthenium Catalysts

Highly functionalized 7-oxanorbornene derivatives have heen polymerized using Ru(II) salts in aqueous media. This polymerization system is stable towards functional groups which are highly deactivating to classical early transition metal catalyst systems. Catalyst activity has been correlated to the in situ formation of Ru(II) olefin complexes.
The Use of Colours in Historical Atlases

The use of colour in cartography has received a great deal of attention for its capability to convey information in map-making ever since Jacques Bertin's famous Semiologie Graphique (published 196...
Voice of America: A History By Alan Heil, Jr. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 538 Pp.

(2004). Voice of America: A History By Alan Heil, Jr. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 538 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 103-105.
Tyrosine nitration regulates signaling pathways involved in Neurofibromatosis type 2-associated Schwannoma growth

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder of the nervous system caused by inactivation of the merlin tumor suppressor gene. NF2 patients develop bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS) and other nervous system tumors throughout their life for which there is no effective drug treatment. Production of the oxidant peroxynitrite occurs in pathological conditions and leads to tyrosine (Tyr) nitration of proteins. Although Tyr nitration is found in multiple tumor types, its role in tumorigenesis is unknown. We discovered that VS and human merlin-deficient (MD) Schwann cells show significantly increased levels of peroxynitrite and Tyr nitration compared to normal Schwann cells. Notably, prevention of tyrosine nitration selectively decreases MD-Schwann cell survival. Our goal is to identify nitrated proteins that support VS growth as new potential tumor-specific therapeutic targets, enabling the development of safe pharmacological strategies for NF2 schwannomas. This is the first focused effort to determine the signaling pathways regulated by tyrosine nitration in pathological conditions. By performing immunoprecipitations using a polyclonal anti-nitrotyrosine antibody followed by mass spectrometry analysis and western blot, we identified a limited number of proteins endogenously nitrated in VS from NF2 patients, and in mouse and human MD-Schwann cells. A group of the identified proteins play a role in pathways that are dysregulated in NF2. Further, using complementary phospho-kinase arrays, we found that prevention of tyrosine nitration using urate and edaravone has an impact on several of these key signaling pathways. The identification of the specific nitrated proteins that promote schwannoma growth could provide exceptional novel targets for the treatment of NF2 and possibly other tumors of the nervous system as well. Supported by DoD, NRP, NIA W81XWH-17-1-0409 (to MCF).
The Important Role of Government in Comprehensive Community Initiatives: A Case Study Analysis of the Building Healthy Communities Initiative:

Comprehensive community initiatives (CCI) are multi-issue, large-scale, often philanthropic investments in disadvantaged communities to comprehensively address community problems. We studied two si...
The role of intravenous acetaminophen in post-operative pain control in head and neck cancer patients.

Objective This study investigated the role of intravenous acetaminophen for alleviation of postoperative pain after surgical resection of head and neck cancers. Methods A single-center study was conducted, which investigated a prospective group of 48 participants who underwent surgery between April 2016 and May 2017 and postoperatively received scheduled IV acetaminophen (1 g every 6 hours for 4 doses) plus the standard opioid PCA and breakthrough narcotics. These were compared to a similar retrospective cohort of 51 patients who had surgery between January 2014 to March 2015 and only received an opioid patient controlled analgesia (PCA) pump and breakthrough narcotics. Outcome measures included averaged pain scores, total amount of narcotics received (in morphine equivalents), and number of PCA attempts measured in 8-hour intervals over the first 24 hours, as well as duration of PCA and length of stay. Statistical measures included descriptive analysis and gamma regression analysis. Results The acetaminophen group achieved equally low pain scores (0.8 ± 1.2 vs. 1.0 ± 1.3, P = .408) with significantly less total narcotics in the first 8 hours after surgery (13.5 ± 13.3 vs. 22.5 ± 21.5 MEs, P = .014). This group had a significantly decreased length of stay (7.8 ± 4.6 vs. 10.6 ± 7.6 days, P = .03). Conclusion This study demonstrates that intravenous acetaminophen may play a role in reducing the total narcotic requirement in the first 8 hours after surgery and contribute to a decreased length of stay and potentially decrease cost to the patient and hospital overall. Future research should be aimed at comparing these groups in a randomized control study/setting. Level of Evidence 3.
Stepping Into Prison: Communication Activism and Pedagogy Beyond Classrooms:

Autoethnographic methods are used to examine and reflect on my experiences over seven years as a volunteer participant and co-facilitator of communication-based workshops in prison settings. Framin...
A Pipe-Climbing Soft Robot

This paper presents the design and testing of a bio-inspired soft pneumatic robot that can achieve locomotion along the outside of a cylinder. The robot uses soft pneumatic actuators called FREEs (Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosure), which can have a wide range of deformation behavior upon pressurization. The robot being soft and compliant can grasp and move along cylinders of varying dimensions. Two different types of FREEs are used in the robot namely (a) extending FREEs and (b) bending FREEs. These actuators are arranged in such a way that the bending actuators are used to grip the pipe while the extending actuators generate forward motion as well as bending for direction control. The modular design of the robot provides simplicity and ease of maintenance. The entire robot is made of flexible actuators and can withstand external impact with minimal to no damage. The maximum speed achieved for horizontal motion is 4.2 mm/s and for vertical motion is 2.1 mm/s.
Design of Epifluorescence Cervical Cancer Patch to Screen across Large Field-of-View

High-resolution endomicroscopy techniques are limited in field-of-view by the fiber optic probe size. We present a prototype for screening cervical tissue across a 25 mm field-of-view using a high-resolution image guide and image-stitching algorithm.
ANCF curvature continuity: application to soft and fluid materials

The continuity of the position-vector gradients at the nodal points of a finite element mesh does not always ensure the continuity of the gradients at the element interfaces. Discontinuity of the gradients at the interface not only adversely affects the quality of the simulation results, but can also lead to computer models that do not properly represent realistic physical system behaviors, particularly in the case of soft and fluid material applications. In this study, the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) finite elements are used to define general curvature-continuity conditions that allow for eliminating or minimizing the discontinuity of the position gradients at the element interface. For the ANCF solid element, with four-node surfaces, it is shown that continuity of the gradients tangent to an arbitrary point on a surface is ensured as the result of the continuity of the gradients at the nodal points. The general ANCF continuity conditions are applicable to both reference-configuration straight and curved geometries. These conditions are formulated without the need for using the computer-aided-design knot vector and knot multiplicity, which do not account properly for the concept of system degrees of freedom. The ANCF curvature-continuity conditions are written in terms of constant geometric coefficients obtained using the matrix of position-vector gradients that defines the reference-configuration geometry. The formulation of these conditions is demonstrated using the ANCF fully parameterized three-dimensional solid and tetrahedral elements, which employ a complete set of position gradients as nodal coordinates. Numerical results are presented in order to examine the effect of applying the curvature-continuity conditions on achieving a higher degree of smoothness at the element interfaces in the case of soft and fluid materials.
Design Optimization Under Uncertainty

Overview The previous chapters presented deterministic optimization methods. These do not implicitly take into account the inherent uncertainties typically present in the design process, in the system being designed, or in the models describing the system behavior. Uncertainties emanates from myriad sources. These include imperfect manufacturing processes and material properties, fluctuating loading conditions, over-simplified engineering models, or uncertain operating environment. All of these may have a direct impact on the system performance in its use or in the market place. To obtain a reliable and robust design (these terms are defined later), these uncertainties must be considered as part of the design process. In the past, empirical safety factors were often used to guard against engineering design failure [1]. Safety factors resulted in overly conservative designs, increasing the probability that businesses may lose their competitive edge in terms of cost and performance. More recently, design optimization methods under uncertainty have gained broad recognition. These approaches explicitly consider uncertainties of various forms, and search for designs that are insensitive to variations or uncertainty to a significant extent. This chapter introduces the concept of design optimization under uncertainty, and discusses the pertinent popular approaches available. Section 16.2 defines a generic example that is used throughout the book to facilitate the presentation of the material. The next Section (Sec. 16.3) defines five generic components/STEPS involved in design under uncertainty. This is followed by the presentation of these STEPS in the following five Sections: (1) uncertainty types identification (Sec. 16.4), (2) uncertainty quantification (Sec. 16.5), (3) uncertainty propagation (Sec. 16.6), (4) formulation of optimization under uncertainty (Sec. 16.7), and (5) results analysis (Sec. 16.8). Section 16.9 briefly discussed other popular methods. A chapter summary is provided in Sec 16.10. Chapter Example This section defines a generic example that it used throughout the chapter to illustrate the various concepts involved in design under uncertainty. Consider the optimization of a two bar truss shown in Fig. 16.1.
Correction to: Aeroacoustic Characteristics of a Synchronized Fluidic Oscillator

The article Aeroacoustic Characteristics of a Synchronized Fluidic Oscillator written by Elias Sundstrom and Mehmet N. Tomac, was originally published online on 28th June 2020 with Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license 4.0.
What is instructional strategy? Seeking hidden dimensions

Instructional strategy is defined in abstract terms independent of instructional theories, philosophies, or standard formulas. Strategies share dimensions in common that allow instructional designers to communicate about them in theory-agnostic terms. These dimensions supply a common reference for comparing design viewpoints and discussing their relative strengths and applicability. This definition simplifies the design of strategies. It provides a stable framework for the instructional designer, regardless of loyalty to a philosophy or theory. Examples show how theories about strategy compare with regard to the framework’s dimensions.
Multi-organ segmentation of male pelvic CT using dual attention networks

The delineation of the prostate and organs-at-risk (OARs) is fundamental to radiation treatment planning, but is currently labor-intensive and observer-dependent. We aimed to develop an automated computed tomography (CT)-based multiorgan (bladder, prostate, rectum, left and right femoral heads) segmentation method for prostate radiation therapy treatment planning. The proposed method generated synthetic MRI (sMRI) to offer superior soft-tissue information for male pelvic CT images. Cycle-consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN) were used to generate CT-based sMRIs. A dual attention network (DAN) extracted features from both CTs and sMRIs. A deep attention strategy was integrated into the DAN to select the most relevant features from both CTs and sMRIs to identify organ boundaries. The CT-based sMRI generated from our previously trained CycleGAN and its corresponding CT images were inputted to the proposed DAN to provide complementary information. The proposed method was trained and evaluated using datasets from 40 patients with prostate cancer, and were then compared against state-of-art methods. The Dice similarity coefficients between our results and ground truth were 0.95±0.05, 0.88±0.08, 0.90±0.04, 0.95±0.04, and 0.95±0.04 for bladder, prostate, rectum, left and right femoral heads, respectively. The proposed method could be used in routine prostate cancer radiotherapy treatment planning to rapidly segment the prostate and standard OARs.
The Making of Medieval Rome: A New Profile of the City, 400 – 1420

Integrating the written sources with Rome's surviving remains and, most importantly, with the results of the past half-century's worth of medieval archaeology in the city, The Making of Medieval Rome is the first in-depth profile of Rome's transformation over a millennium to appear in any language in over forty years. Though the main focus rests on Rome's urban trajectory in topographical, architectural, and archaeological terms, Hendrik folds aspects of ecclesiastical, political, social, military, economic, and intellectual history into the narrative in order to illustrate how and why the cityscape evolved as it did during the thousand years between the end of the Roman Empire and the start of the Renaissance. A wide-ranging synthesis of decades' worth of specialized research and remarkable archaeological discoveries, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in how and why the ancient imperial capital transformed into the spiritual heart of Western Christendom.
Aristotle: Mentor for the Soul:

Aristotle serves as a valuable, and practical, model for mentors of adult learners. His writings give insight into mentoring even as we practice it today. Although he lived in ancient Greece (c. 38...
Value Conservatism and its Challenge to Consequentialism

G. A. Cohen's value conservatism entails that we ought to preserve some existing sources of value in lieu of more valuable replacements, thereby repudiating maximizing consequentialism. Cohen motivates value conservatism through illustrative cases. The consequentialist, however, can explain many Cohen-style cases by taking extrinsic properties, such as historical significance, to be sources of final value. Nevertheless, it may be intuitive that there's stronger reason to preserve than to promote certain sources of value, especially historically significant things. This motivates an argument that the weights of our reasons to preserve such things are especially strong relative to the amounts of value they bear. The value conservative can then explain these intuitions in non-consequentialist terms. There may be reason to preserve historically significant things as a matter of recognition respect for a cultural and historical heritage, or because it is virtuous to cultivate the right kind of connection with such a heritage.
Thinking Quantum: A New Perspective on Decisionmaking in Law

Behavioral law and economics (BLE) is built on the observation that human decisionmaking is often incompatible with rational choice theory. But if our decisions do not follow the rules of rational choice theory, is there a general set of rules they do follow? Can BLE offer a coherent alternative to rational choice? To the extent it has addressed these questions, BLE has struggled with them. But an emerging psychological theory called “quantum decisionmaking” may offer answers. Quantum decisionmaking offers a new perspective on how people think about probabilities — one that challenges core assumptions of rational choice theory. Specifically, quantum decisionmaking assumes that probabilistic judgments are prone to systematic path dependencies. Your next judgment is apt to be influenced by your last judgment, which was likely influenced by the one before that. By incorporating such dependencies, quantum models of decisionmaking can account for classically “rational” decisions and a variety of the heuristics and biases that animate BLE. Quantum decisionmaking has theoretical and practical implications for law. On a theoretical level, quantum decisionmaking conceptually unifies what has sometimes been characterized as BLE’s ad hoc list of heuristics and biases. More practically, quantum decisionmaking highlights the important role that sequence plays in law’s choice architecture, and generates new, testable predictions about a variety of important law-related decisions. We identify and explore eight such predictions, which concern issues ranging from juror decisionmaking to witness lineups to policing.
How Are Anti-corruption Shocks Transmitted in Social Networks: the Role of Intra-factional Competition

In this paper, I study how anti-corruption shocks affect Chinese city leaders through political factions or social networks. I find that college and workplace connections are associated with a 2.5 percentage points increase in the per capita GDP growth rate, about 28% of the sample mean, in specifications including fixed effects to control for differences across colleges and workplaces. Instrumental variable regressions show similar results. All further evidence supports the explanation that the corruption investigation of officials initiates promotion competition inside the political faction or the social network, which is defined by shared backgrounds. In addition, I find that city officials promote economic growth by investment and government expenditure, but at the expense of long-term goals such as education and the environment.
Management of Chondral Defects Associated with Patella Instability.

Cartilage defects of the patellofemoral joint are commonly found in association with patellar instability owing to abnormal biomechanics. Strategies to address chondral defects of the patellofemoral joint secondary to instability should first address causes of recurrent instability. Most patellofemoral chondral defects associated with instability are less than 2 cm2 and do not generally require intervention beyond chondroplasty. Larger defects of the patella and/or the trochlea can be repaired with osteochondral or surface cartilage repair.
Footprints of Educational Leaders Without Borders

The footprints all educators leave are immeasurable; we are the human beings that have chosen to be of service to the future of humanity. Often unseen or unnoticed, as FS Scholars/ELWBs, we participate in the generating of new knowledge, rethinking how it is that we think about our thinking, with the hope to understand the ways of political polarization ideologues and the economics maniacal-power that privatization with the rapid expansion of the new hero savior called technology and with its accompanying dehumanization outcomes focused on outputs and the replacement of the human being. Meanwhile, battered as educators are in the U.S., around the world, we have read in this book Chapters one through nine, that many places today are ‘hot spots’ filled with ideology that is equally anti-female, anti-western style education, anti-nonreligious teaching using religious justifications to hurt little girls and lesser so but also boys, keep them from going to school, keep them from becoming literate, raping them as prizes of war, girl-child brides to control them as possessions leading to adult women ignorant about the 21st century, paid unequal wages for the same work, damning a whole profession like teaching because it is female dominant. I could be referring to any given country in the world today. As educator leaders we commit to exploring the future with brave hearts and behave as educators curious and unafraid to seek different ideas, expand ideas, discover new ideas, and imaginatively (Papa 2011b, May) challenge the status-quo of traditional education thought.
Catalytic Versatility of Nickel as a Function of Its Preparation and Modification

Publisher Summary The hydrogenolysis of saturated primary alcohols in the presence of finely divided nickel, Raney nickel, or in the presence of a nickel-kieselguhr catalyst is usually accompanied by the splitting of carbon-carbon bonds, which results in the formation of an alkane having one carbon atom less than the parent alcohol. It is demonstrated in the chapter that sulfided nickel, as such or deposited on silica, acts as an acid-type catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Hydrogenation of olefins by this catalyst is accompanied by skeletal isomerization. Sulfided nickelkieselguhr catalyzes reactions usually associated with acid catalysts, such as alkylation, transalkylation, and cycloisomerization of alkylarenes. Sulfided nickel on silica-alumina in the presence of hydrogen exerts a synergistic effect upon hydrocracking of alkanes and paring of polymethylbenzene. Partially reduced nickel oxide possesses intrinsic acidic and basic sites that participate in the conversion of alcohols to ethers. Partially reduced nickel oxide with its intrinsic ionic sites has catalytic properties similar to those of aluminas. They both are able to eliminate elements of water from alcohols to form hydrocarbons and ethers. The intrinsic acidic sites of the nickel catalyst influence the direction of hydrogenolysis of alkylcyclopropanes. Nickel catalysts prepared from nickel nitrate and ammonium carbonate cleave alkylcyclopropane at the 1,2-ring carbon-carbon bond preferentially; in the presence of traces of alkali metals 2,3-carbon-carbon bond is mainly ruptured.
An Adaptation of the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Model to Lithuania

The Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution (AGNPS) model was developed by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and Soil Conservation Service. As part of a project to model the effects of land management alternatives in the polders of the Nemunas River Delta of Lithuania, the AGNPS model input parameters are modified here to reflect Lithuanian conditions.
Challenges in increasing tool support for programming

Programming in the large is difficult, in part because the number of details that one must get right is enormous. Various tools can assist programmers in managing the details. These tools include a methodology that formalizes useful programming idioms, a language in which programmer design decisions can be expressed, and static and dynamic checkers that look for errors or attempt to prove the absence thereof. In this talk, I will discuss challenges in each of these areas. I will also give a short demo of a prototype of the Spec# programming system, which takes on these challenges and is designed to be used in practice. Joint work with Mike Barnett, Robert DeLine, Manuel Fahndrich, Peter Muller, David A. Naumann, Wolfram Schulte, and Herman Venter.