cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Accessory Mesial Canal Identification in Mandibular First Molars by Using Four Different Diagnostic Methods

Abstract Introduction The objective of the present in vitro study was to compare 4 diagnostic methods to identify accessory mesial canals (AMCs) in lower first molars. Methods Forty-four lower first molars were selected for assessment with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), digital radiography (DR), clinical inspection (CI), and dental operating microscope (DOM). Initially, axial images were obtained by using CBCT, and radiographs were taken in ortho, mesial, and distal angulations. The images were assessed by 2 independent groups of examiners, and all of the results obtained remained undisclosed until the end of the experiment. Subsequently, root canal access was prepared, and the mesial subpulpal groove was located by using sharp endodontic explorers. The roots were examined with DOM, and all identified canals were negotiated and instrumented by using a ProTaper Rotary System. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed by nonparametric McNemar tests. Results Twelve AMCs (27.0%) were identified by CBCT, and 58.0% were instrumented. No AMCs were visualized in any DR examined. Fifteen potential AMCs (34%) were identified by CI, but only 47.0% were confirmed after instrumentation. Thirteen AMCs (30.0%) were identified by DOM, and 84.0% could be negotiated and instrumented. Conclusions There were statistically significant differences between the 4 types of assessments for AMC identification. There was good agreement between DOM and CBCT, whereas DR and CI were not as precise as either of the other 2 diagnostic methods.
ROA-brick topology for rotary resonant clocks

This paper presents a topology design-based solution that addresses one of the major challenges in the design of Rotary Traveling Wave Oscillator (RTWO) based clock networks—the direction of oscillation. A “rotary oscillator array (ROA) brick” structure is proposed that guarantees the consistency of the rotation direction of the traveling signals on all the RTWO rings in an ROA. The ROA built from ROA bricks has the following advantages: (1) The same phase point of all the RTWO rings in the array can easily be tracked, (2) The same phase points of the ROA are independent of the specific rotation direction of the traveling signals on the ROA. SPICE simulations demonstrate these advantages of the brick-based ROA circuit design in establishing the directional consistency of the RTWO rings.
Gross motion and classification of manipulators with closed-loop, four-bar chains

This article presents an extensive study on the gross motion of 2-DOF manipulators with closed-loop, four-bar chains. The investigation is focused on (1) classification, (2) work space and sub-work space, (3) existence of singular circles, (4) number of postures and service angles, and (5) the effects of the orientation of the wrist on the floating link. One may find that closed-loop manipulators are not only lightweight, they can also provide better kinematic properties in view of work space, singularity, postures, and service angles.
Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Kidney Disease Progression, Atherosclerotic Events, and Death in CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study

Background In general populations, healthy lifestyle is associated with fewer adverse outcomes. We estimated the degree to which adherence to a healthy lifestyle decreases the risk of renal and cardiovascular events among adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Study Design Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants 3,006 adults enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Predictors 4 lifestyle factors (regular physical activity, body mass index [BMI] of 20- 2 , nonsmoking, and "healthy diet"), individually and in combination. Outcomes CKD progression (50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate or end-stage renal disease), atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), and all-cause mortality. Measurements Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards. Results During a median follow-up of 4 years, we observed 726 CKD progression events, 355 atherosclerotic events, and 437 deaths. BMI≥25kg/m 2 and nonsmoking were associated with reduced risk of CKD progression (HRs of 0.75 [95% CI, 0.58-0.97] and 0.61 [95% CI, 0.45-0.82] for BMIs of 25 to 2 , respectively, versus 20 to 2 ; HR for nonsmoking of 0.68 [95% CI, 0.55-0.84] compared to the current smoker reference group) and reduced risk of atherosclerotic events (HRs of 0.67 [95% CI, 0.46-0.96] for BMI of 25- 2 and 0.55 [95% CI, 0.40-0.75] vs current smoker). Factors associated with reduced all-cause mortality were regular physical activity (HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.52-0.79] vs inactive), BMI≥30kg/m 2 (HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.43-0.96] vs 20- 2 ), and nonsmoking (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.34-0.60] vs current smoker). BMI 2 was associated with increased all-cause mortality risk (HR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.13-3.93] vs 20- 2 ). Adherence to all 4 lifestyle factors was associated with a 68% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to adherence to no lifestyle factors (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.89). Limitations Lifestyle factors were measured only once. Conclusions Regular physical activity, nonsmoking, and BMI≥25kg/m 2 were associated with lower risk of adverse outcomes in this cohort of individuals with CKD.
Proceedings of the eleventh ACM symposium on Access control models and technologies

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 11th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies -- SACMAT '06. This year's symposium continues its tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research results and experience reports on leading edge issues of access control, including models, systems, applications, and theory. The mission of the symposium is to share novel access control solutions that fulfill the needs of heterogeneous applications and environments and identify new directions for future research and development. SACMAT gives researchers and practitioners a unique opportunity to share their perspectives with others interested in the various aspects of access control.The call for papers attracted 82 submissions from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. The program committee accepted 25 papers that cover a variety of topics, including next generation access control models, engineering and analysis techniques for access control policies and models, and security administration. In addition, the program includes a panel on security in enterprise resource planning and service-oriented architectures. We hope that this proceeding will serve as a valuable reference for security researchers and developers.
Comments on “Size Matters”

Abstract This discussion identifies some gaps and defects in the arguments made by Ziliak and McCloskey.
Radar topography of domes on planetary surfaces

Abstract We investigate the possibility of measuring the heights and morphology of viscously emplaced domes using radar imagery. We accurately reproduce the known height and shape of a terrestrial salt dome, and estimate the heights of several venusian pancake domes to within a factor of two. The terrestrial salt dome is consistent with a Bingham flow, while the much larger venusian pancake domes are consistent with a Newtonian flow. Applying the same techniques to Ganesa Macula, a potential cryovolcanic dome on Titan, we estimate a height between 2.0–4.9 km. Additional factors such as variable roughness and composition might account for some of the discrepancies observed.
Justification of matrix truncation in the modal methods of diffraction gratings

In the Fourier modal method (FMM) and Chandezon method for modelling diffraction gratings, the reduction method is used to obtain approximate numerical solutions of certain matrix eigenvalue problems in the infinite Fourier space. However, at least in the optics literature to date, the legitimacy of using the reduction method in these situations has not been carefully studied. By using the classical theory of determinants of infinite order, I show that the solutions of the eigenvalue problems with truncated matrices tend to the exact solutions as the matrix order increases; thus the use of the reduction method is legitimate. This conclusion is valid for any permittivity variations (continuous or discontinuous) in the case of the FMM, and for any permissible grating profiles (smooth or edgy) in the case of the Chandezon method.
A Survey of Patterns for Web Services Security and Reliability Standards

An important aspect for the acceptance of Service-Oriented Architectures is having convenient ways to help designers build secure applications. Numerous standards define ways to apply security in web services. However, these standards are rather complex and sometimes overlap, which makes them hard to use and may produce inconsistencies. Representing them as patterns makes them easier to understand, to compare to other patterns, to discover inconsistencies, and to use them to build secure web services applications. Security patterns abstract the key aspects of a security mechanism and can thus be applied by non-experts. We survey here our work on security patterns for web services and their standards and we put them in perspective with respect to each other and to more fundamental patterns. We also consider other patterns for web services security. All the patterns described here have been previously published, we only show here one of them in detail as an illustration of our style for writing patterns. Our main purpose here is to enumerate them, show their use, and show how they relate to each other.
Runoff and leaching of crop nutrients from soil in tilted beds as influenced by three rates of dairy lagoon effluent

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of lagoon effluent application on losses of crop nutrients in runoff and leaching solutions. Tilted beds, packed with Fuquay sand and equipped with runoff and leachate collection funnels, were utilized. Lagoon effluent was applied at three rates. Simulated rainfall (5 cm h‐1) was applied for two hours, and runoff and leachate were collected. Increasing effluent application rate led to increased NO3‐N leaching, decreased PO4‐P runoff, and increased Mg leaching. The highest application rate resulted in buildup of ? and ? in soil, but ? losses exceeded applied amounts at all application rates. We propose that as effluent application rate increased, the large ? concentration in the effluent exchanged with soil Ca and Mg on exchange sites, leading to increased Ca and Mg concentrations in soil solution. Increased Mg concentration in soil solution led to increased Mg leaching. However, the Ca2+ ion probably formed the ion pair CaHPO4° with phosphat...
Monitoring of geomorphic effects of the 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA

On 18 May 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted explosively with a blast that devastated a 410 km2 area, and triggered a debris avalanche exceeding 2.5 billion m3 into the North Fork Toutle River valley. In addition, mudflows radiated out from the stratovolcano cone into all of the major drainages, destroying structures and filling stream channels with sediment. This paper examines the use of geomorphology in the creation of volcanic hazards maps prior to this eruption, the mitigation strategies used, and the subsequent role of geomorphology in subsequent recovery efforts. A sediment budget is presented that summarizes the yield estimated from many geomorphic sources, based on post-eruption aerial monitoring and ground measurements.
Integration, the Indian state and STAR TV: Policy and theory issues

Since the advent of STAR TV, television programming in India has transformed significantly. Television is no longer under strict government control. What are the implications for the government's national integration project? Will it strengthen or weaken the govern ment's capacity for social control? Will it undermine the government's elaboration of a national identity? The paper addresses these questions. We begin by identifying the social forces that have shaped the turbulent career of the national integration project. The role of the changing television environment is then examined in relation to these forces. The analysis suggests that it is the growing unrest within civil society which poses the real danger to this integration project - not transborder satellite channels. It is argued that democracy can be furthered only by welding together disparate groups in civil society into a bloc that can force concessions from governing elites. Media scholars need to ask how media can play a role in this task.
Performing leadership: municipal green building policies and the city as role model.

The recent rise in the use of third-party standards and rating systems to evaluate the sustainability or greenness of urban programs and policies includes their explicit incorporation into municipal policy in the case of certified green buildings. In this paper the theoretical framework of performativity is used to explain how multiple forms of city activity interlock through policy to name, repeat, and recount the city as a leader—which, in this particular discursive formation, means being green. By performing greenness to their peers, city staff and elected officials work on the city's identity as an innovator and leader. Furthermore, the internal performance of greenness to residents and businesspeople indicates the appropriate role of local government in relation to private sector activity and protecting citizens, including taking on the risks of new technologies and practices to ease the way for private capital.
Capsulorhexis in the rabbit eye as a model for pediatric capsulectomy

Abstract Continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) is now a standard procedure in cataract surgery. In pediatric eyes, however, this technique is difficult to perform. Because of the elasticity and tension of the pediatric anterior lens capsule, the danger of radial tears is high. Similar conditions are found in the rabbit eye. The anterior lens capsule of young albino rabbits is very elastic. We developed a CCC technique in rabbits that allows a controlled round capsular opening. This technique was used in an experimental study with 16 rabbits (32 eyes). Mean capsulorhexis diameter was 4.9 mm ± 0.9. A radial tear occurred in only two of 32 cases. The technique, which permits a controlled circular anterior capsulectomy for capsules with high surface tension and elastic properties, may be useful in pediatric cases. A clinical trial appears warranted.
Composition of Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules

Abstract Bulk composition of ferromanganese nodules from the pelagic environment of the Pacific Ocean is apparently related to nodule-growth rate, sediment-accumulation rate, and biologic productivity in the overlying seawater. Nodules with a high Mn Fe ratio and high Ni and Cu concentrations tend to occur in areas where primary productivity in the surface layer of the ocean is high and the sediment-accumulation rate low. Nodules with a low Mn Fe ratio and low Ni and Cu concentrations occur in areas either where sediment-accumulation rate is high or biologic productivity is low. They may have a Mn Fe ratio as low as one and accrete at rates as low as 1 mm 10 6 yrs . Nodules with a larger Mn Fe ratio apparently have growth rates that are greater by as much as a factor of 10.
A posteriori holographic sharp-focus image restoration from ordinary blurred photographs of three-dimensional objects photographed in ordinary white light

Abstract Application of the Stroke and Zech holographic Fourier-transform division methods has permitted us to restore into sharp focus images of three-dimensional objects from ordinary, blurred, out-of-focus photographs, obtained in ordinary, incoherent white light.
GABAB receptors in reward processes.

Abstract γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain which acts through different receptor subtypes. Metabotropic GABAB receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain. Alterations in GABA signaling through pharmacological activation or deactivation of the GABAB receptor regulate behavior and brain reward processes. GABAB receptor agonists and, most recently, positive modulators have been found to inhibit the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, ethanol, and opiates. This converging evidence of the effects of GABAB compounds on the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs is based on behavioral studies that used a variety of procedures with relevance to reward processes and drug abuse liability, including intracranial self-stimulation, intravenous self-administration under both fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement, reinstatement, and conditioned place preference. GABAB receptor agonists and positive modulators block the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse in these animal models. However, GABAB receptor agonists also have undesirable side-effects. GABAB receptor modulators have potential advantages as medications for drug addiction. These compounds have a better side-effect profile than GABAB agonists because they are devoid of intrinsic agonistic activity in the absence of GABA. They only exert their modulatory actions in concert with endogenous GABAergic activity. Thus, GABAB receptor positive modulators are promising therapeutics for the treatment of various aspects of dependence (e.g., initiation, maintenance, and relapse) on various drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, and alcohol.
Development of a Two-Dimensional Turbulent Wake in a Curved Channel With a Positive Streamwise Pressure Gradient

The development of turbomachinery wake flows is greatly influenced by streamline curvature and streamwise pressure gradient.This paper is part of a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study on the development of the steady and periodic unsteady turbulent wakes in curved channels at different streamwise pressure gradients. This paper reports on the 3experimental investigation of the two-dimensional wake behind a stationary circular cylinder in a curved channel at positive streamwise pressure gradient. Measurements of mean velocity and Reynolds stress components are carried out using a X-hot-film probe. The measured quantities obtained in probe coordinates are transformed to a curvilinear coordinate system along the wake center line and are presented in similarity coordinates. The results show strong asymmetry in velocity and Reynolds stress components. The Reynolds stress components have higher values at the inner half of the wake than at the outer half of the wake. However, the mean velocity defect profiles in similarity coordinates are almost symmetric and follow the same Gaussian function for the straight wake data. A comparison with the wake development in a curved channel at zero streamwise pressure gradient suggests the decay rate of velocity defect is slower and the growth of wake width is faster for a more » positive streamwise pressure gradient. « less
Timing of Cadomian deformation and magmatism within La Hague, NW France

The La Hague peninsula, Normandy, NW France, contains the most northerly components of the Late Neoproterozoic Cadomian orogeny. U–Pb dates for single-grain and small multiple-grain zircon separates from carefully selected plutons provide geochronological constraints on the timing of deformation and magmatism within the region. The syntectonic Jardeheu quartz diorite and Omonville granodiorite were emplaced and contemporaneously deformed during the development of a greenschist-facies fabric, pervasive across the peninsula. U–Pb zircon dates of 610 ± 1 Ma for the Jardeheu quartz diorite and 608 ± 2 Ma for the Omonville granodiorite are similar to a previously reported sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb date for metamorphism of the basement, and indicate that a regionally significant period of metamorphism and magmatism occurred between 620 and 608 Ma. An emplacement age of 573.9 +1.3/−0.9 Ma for the syntectonic Thiebot granodiorite places limits on the timing of deformation along the Thiebot Shear Zone. Zircons from the undeformed St Martin monzonite give a precise U–Pb age of 581.3 ± 1.1 Ma. The new dates point to reactivation of magmatism and localized greenschist-facies deformation between 582 and 573 Ma.
Heat kernels and super determinants of Laplace operators on super Riemann surfaces

Heat kernels of Laplacians on superfields of arbitrary tensor weight on super Riemann surfaces are constructed, and are used to compute the super determinants of these operators in terms of the Selberg super zeta function.
TAPPING INTO LOCAL GRANTS

Many grant proposals requesting federal or state dollars would fare better by targeting local sources. Why? Local funding sources have more commitment to the success of a local project than do regional, state, or federal sources; fewer bureaucratic procedures/reporting requirements are involved in designing and implementing a locally funded project; and no strings are attached to its continuation once the outside funding cycle has ended.
Rediscovering Tactile Agnosia

Eighty-four patients with damage to various levels of the nervous system, ranging from the peripheral nerves to the cerebral cortex, underwent somesthetic assessment in order to determine the degree to which basic and complex perceptual and motor disorders affect tactile object recognition (TOR) and to determine whether TOR can be impaired in the absence of more basic sensorimotor imperception. The results suggest that (1) basic and intermediate disorders of somesthetic function impair TOR but are commensurately more severe for any given degree of TOR impairment in patients with peripheral lesions than in patients with cortical lesions; (2) neither hemiparesis nor hemianopia alone precludes normal TOR; (3) hemineglect contributes substantially to TOR impairment; (4) impairment of TOR can occur in the absence of more basic somesthetic dysfunction and constitutes tactile agnosia; (5) tactile agnosia is a subtle, nondisabling disorder that should be distinguished from the nonagnosic, severe and disabling disorder, astereognosis; and (6) tactile agnosia results from unilateral damage to parietotemporal cortices, possibly including the second somatosensory cortex, in either hemisphere.
THE ABSENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL BLOCKADE IN PERIDURAL ANAESTHESIA

Anaesthetic levels to cold and pinprick sensation were studied in 45 patients given continuous lumbar peridural anaesthesia by methods previously described. Anaesthesia to cold preceded pinprick anaesthesia and the level of the former rose faster for the first 5 minutes, after which pinprick anaesthesia closely approximated it. After 30 minutes the average difference was only one-half dermatone. We conclude that there is no significant zone of differential sensory anaesthesia during peridural anaesthesia as occurs during spinal anaesthesia.
The intelligibility of rule utilitarianism

Can a utilitarian be a rule utilitarian? Not without logical confusion, say utilitarian and nonutilitarian critics from J. J. C. Smart' to Bernard Williams.2 I believe it is their arguments, however, which contain a confusion or at least an undefended premise whose relevance in this connection is worth making explicit. A rule utilitarian is a person who subscribes to a rule utilitarian theory of moral rightness and moral obligatoriness. A distinguishing feature of such theories, in my view, is that they allow at least the conceivability of the following. A person is in a situation where he knows with as much certainty as you like that performing a certain action will alone among alternatives open to him secure the best overall consequences possible (however such things are to be measured); yet, the theory classifies that action as neither obligatory nor even morally right for him in this situation. Surely, the argument runs, such a theory cannot deserve to be called 'utilitarian' at all. For the hallmark of all utilitarianism is concern with achievement of the best overall consequences possible usually understood to be some sort of long-term maximization of human happiness. The very idea of a theory which in a conceivable case would rule against the production of such consequences is antithetical to the utilitarian spirit or at least incompatible with it. Only confusion could lead one to think otherwise. This needs to be made more explicit. A wrong way to do it at least an unhelpful way if one wants to understand what some rule utilitarian theorists may have been aiming at is to further elaborate utilitarianism in general in such a way that "there can be no coherent idea of a right or a wrong thing to do, other than what is, or is not, the best thing to do on the whole." 3 For then it is quite obvious that a theory which labels a known optimific act as 'not morally right' would not qualify as a
Rhesus Isoimmunization: Increased Hemolysis during Early Infancy

The objective of the present study was to determine whether whole blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and plasma bilirubin, two indicators of hemolysis, are elevated in infants with severe Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease during the first months of life. Beginning at 2 wk of age and continuing monthly for 3 mo, serial blood samples were obtained for COHb, plasma bilirubin, Hb, reticulocyte count, plasma erythropoietin, plasma enzymes, and plasma iron. Because control infants (n = 13) and infants with ABO hemolytic disease (n = 5) did not differ from one another in any of the study parameters, these two groups were combined and compared with infants with the Rh isoimmunization. Infants with severe Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease (n = 13) were found to have significantly lower Hb and significantly higher bilirubin, the COHb fraction divided by the Hb concentration (COHb/Hb), and plasma erythropoietin levels at 2 and 6 wk of age, and reticulocyte counts at 6 wk. The remaining parameters were not different between the control-ABO group and Rh-isoimmune group at any of the study intervals. The study's two primary indicators of hemolysis, plasma bilirubin and COHb/Hb, were significantly correlated with one another in the Rh-immunized group (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001), but not in the combined control-ABO group. Serial Rh antibody concentrations measured in the serum of four neonates with Rh isoimmunization demonstrated a mean half-life of 14.3 d. We speculate that, among infants with severe Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease, elevated total bilirubin levels and COHb/Hb ratios identified in the early weeks of life indicate continuing hemolysis due to persistence of maternal Rh antibodies.
Elevated maternal corticosterone during lactation hinders the neonatal adaptive immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection.

Abstract The neonate’s immune system is relatively immature. For short-term protection against pathogens the neonate is reliant primarily on maternally derived antibodies delivered via the mother’s milk. However, neonates soon acquire the ability to generate adaptive immune responses for long-term protection. Products of the nervous and endocrine systems that are elicited by psychological stress are known to modulate a variety of immune responses. Additionally, psychological stressors are well recognized for their ability to increase corticosterone levels. The studies described herein examined the effects of increases in maternally derived corticosterone on the neonatal cell-mediated immune response to, and pathogenicity of, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Water containing corticosterone was made available to nursing mothers for a period of 6 consecutive days beginning on either the day of or 6 days post-delivery. At 12 days of age, neonates were infected with HSV-1 in the rear footpads. These neonates exhibited a decrease in the proliferative ability of splenic-derived cells due to the reduction of IL-2 production and IL-2 receptor alpha subunit (IL-2Rα) expression by these cells. These neonates also exhibited a decrease in the number and function of popliteal lymph node-resident HSV-1 gB498–505 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells as measured by tetramer analysis, CTL lytic activity, expression of CD107a, cytokine production, and proliferation. Additionally, these HSV-infected neonates exhibited increased morbidity and mortality. Together, these studies indicate that exposure of neonates to maternally derived corticosterone via the milk hinders their ability to generate an adaptive cell-mediated immune response to a viral infection and illustrate the potential importance of maternal stress in neonatal resistance to infectious pathogens.
Wort enterobacteria and other microbial populations involved during the first month of lambic fermentation

Lambic is a special type of Belgian beer obtained by spontaneous fermentation. The micro-organisms occurring during the first month of lambic fermentation were counted using several selective media. During this period a mixed flora is present in which the Enterobacteriaceae predominate. They were isolated from samples of lambic of different ages originating from different breweries and identified using the minitek identification system. Much variation may occur in types of Enterobacteriaceae: Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, E. aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, A-D group bacteria and Hafnia alvei are found during the first month of fermentation. E. cloacae is found most frequently followed by K. aerogenes. After 30 to 40 days all Enterobacteria die off because of the activities of yeasts. Lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria are found in very low numbers during the first month of fermentation; Staphylococci and Streptococci are not present.
Synapse formation during embryogenesis on ganglion cells lacking a periphery.

1. The development of transmission was studied in chick ciliary ganglia that had been deprived of their periphery during early embryonic development. 2. Peripherally deprived neurones in the ganglion differentiate in normal numbers and send functional axons into the post-ganglionic nerve. 3. Ganglion cells lacking a periphery follow the normal developmental sequence sending out transient dendrites at the time ganglion cell synapses are formed, and later retracting them when calyces appear. 4. Synapses, which appear functionally and ultrastructurally normal, form on all ganglion cells at the normal time and transmission is normal until Stage 34. Therefore information from the periphery is not required for ganglion cell synapse formation per se. 5. From Stages 35 to 38 most cells die, so that only 8% of the original number of cells remain in the operated ganglion. Transmission fails in many cells during this same time, but precedes cell loss by only a short time, so that deafferentation probably does not contribute substantially to cell death. 6. Both ciliary and choroid cells achieve full cytologic differentiation and are distinct from each other, indicating that the periphery is not required for the elaboration of the distinctive characteristics of these cells. Presynaptic fibres also differentiate into typical bouton as well as calyciform endings. Therefore, the type of preganglionic ending does not depend on ganglion cells establishing proper peripheral contacts. 7. It has not been possible to ascertain whether ganglion cell specificity is affected by the periphery. 8. Peripheral removal affects ganglion cell migration, so that two ganglia are formed. Approximately half of the cells migrate into the remnant optic cup forming a second misplaced ganglion. Ciliary and choroid cells occur in both ganglia and these cells go through the typical sequence of events described above.
Natural history of conjugated bilirubin trajectory in neonates following parenteral nutrition cessation

Background There is little published data regarding the rate of bilirubin clearance in newborns following total parenteral nutrition (TPN) cessation, particularly in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population without intestinal failure.
Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors Based On Energy Transfer

The development of energy transfer based fiber-optic sensors provides a new approach to optical sensing and offers greater flexibility in the choice of analyte specific dyes. We have successfully constructed a physiological pH fiber-optic chemical sensor based on energy transfer from a pH insensitive fluorophore, eosin, to a pH sensitive absorber, phenol red. As the pH increases, phenol red's absorption increases in the spectral region that overlaps with the emission spectrum of eosin. Since the extent of energy transfer is proportional to the spectral overlap integral, the amount of energy transfer increases as the pH increases resulting in a diminished fluorescence intensity. Our present efforts are aimed at preparing pH sensitive dyes based on intramolecular energy transfer. Since the energy transfer efficiency is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between the donor and acceptor, the small intramolecular distance should lead to very efficient energy transfer. Several types of intramolecular systems are being investigated.
Relation between size-at-maturity and survival of progeny in chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)

Data on age- and size-at-maturity, growth, and abundance of chum salmon were collected from 1959 to 1977 at Olsen Creek in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Age composition of spawners (3 to 6-year-olds) varied from year to year: 4-year-old fish were the dominant age group in most (16 out of 19) years and 6-year-old fish usually represented less than 1 % of the returns. Mean size of older spawners was significantly larger than that of younger spawners. Size-at-maturity was similar among fish from different broods maturing at different ages in the same year. Size-at-maturity and survival of progeny were significantly related. The larger the mean size of spawners, the higher the survival rate to adulthood of their progeny. Possible reasons for this relationship are discussed.
Sleep induction by an adrenal steroid in the rat.

The ring A reduced metabolites of deoxycorticosterone and progesterone, 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) and 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-dihydroprogesterone (3alpha-OH-DHP) have been shown to be potent barbiturate-like ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor complex. The former has also been reported to have anxiolytic effects in mice and rats. In the present study, sleep recordings were obtained on rats given 5 and 10 mg/kg of these steroids alone and in combination with flurazepam. THDOC, but not 3alpha-OH-DHP, had potent dose-dependent sleep-inducing properties and increased nonREM sleep. Flurazepam had similar hypnotic effects and also reduced REM sleep. There were no significant interactions between THDOC and flurazepam, except in the case of REM latency, which tended to increase when the two compounds were given together. In summary, THDOC, a mineralocorticoid metabolite found in brain, has sedative properties and could conceivably play a role in stress responses.
Gendered Organizational Order and Negotiations Research

The study of negotiations can be informed by conceptualizing gender, as well as negotiation, within the larger organizational and societal order. Expanding the definition of negotiation and gender begins with consideration of who negotiates, what is negotiated, when negotiations are undertaken, how negotiations proceed, and finally, why this research proceeds. By considering this broad set of questions, researchers can incorporate a wider range of perspectives about negotiation, gender, and organizational contexts into their work.
Fetal Microchimerism in Cancer Protection and Promotion: Current Understanding in Dogs and the Implications for Human Health

Fetal microchimerism is the co-existence of small numbers of cells from genetically distinct individuals living within a mother’s body following pregnancy. During pregnancy, bi-directional exchange of cells occurs resulting in maternal microchimerism and even sibling microchimerism in offspring. The presence of fetal microchimerism has been identified with lower frequency in patients with cancers such as breast and lymphoma and with higher frequency in patients with colon cancer and autoimmune diseases. Microchimeric cells have been identified in healing and healed tissues as well as normal and tumor tissues. This has led to the hypothesis that fetal microchimerism may play a protective role in some cancers and may provoke other cancers or autoimmune disease. The long periods of risk for these diseases make it a challenge to prospectively study this phenomenon in human populations. Dogs get similar cancers as humans, share our homes and environmental exposures, and live compressed life-spans, allowing easier prospective study of disease development. This review describes the current state of understanding of fetal microchimerism in humans and dogs and highlights the similarities of the common cancers mammary carcinoma, lymphoma, and colon cancer between the two species. Study of fetal microchimerism in dogs might hold the key to characterization of the type and function of microchimeric cells and their role in health and disease. Such an understanding could then be applied to preventing and treating disease in humans.
Automatic Chemistry Mechanism Reduction of Hydrocarbon Fuels for HCCI Engines Based on DRGEP and PCA Methods with Error Control

The chemical kinetics of hydrocarbon fuels determines the combustion characteristics and pollutant emissions of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Including comprehensive chemical mechanisms in HCCI engine models provides accurate predictive results that can be used to improve engine designs. However, a large number of simulations are usually required to optimize an HCCI engine, and the use of comprehensive chemical mechanisms is prohibitive. Furthermore, an increased demand for surrogate fuels that better represent real fuels has resulted in further increases in the size of chemical mechanisms as the carbon number of surrogate fuel species and the number of fuel components considered increases. Consequently, reduced mechanisms of smaller sizes, which are able to represent their corresponding comprehensive mechanisms over a wide range of conditions are necessary. This paper presents an approach that fully automates the process of reducing comprehensive chemical mechanisms of fuels for...
Amelioration of Systemic Disease after Removal of Silicone Gel-filled Breast Implants

Purpose: To examine the post explantation clinical course in symptomatic recipients of silicone gel-filled breast implants. Design: Solo private practice-based evaluation. Materials and Methods: 156 patients who developed a systemic illness following insertion of silicone gel-filled breast implants underwent removal of these devices. Mean implantation time was 12 years, and subsequent follow-up averaged 2.5 years. Results: 76/156 (49%) of patients noted amelioration of their disease starting an average 9 months after gel device removal. Longer durations of implantation were related to less clinical improvement, the latter declining from 67% of those with final surgery after 7.5 years to 31% at 14.5 years. Improvement was unaffected by prior rupture or multiple surgeries, and could not be predicted by age, unilateral implant, or subsets of clinical features. In 112/156 patients who opted for final gel device removal without saline exchange, 10% of all improved patients experienced paradoxical and simultane...
The effect of audit outcomes on evaluators' perceptions

Purpose – Examines the effects of the outcome of an over‐budget audit on supervisors' perceptions of the auditor's performance.Design/methodology/approach – Uses a cognitive model developed by Lipe. In a computer‐based experiment and an external audit context, professional auditors assumed the role of a supervisor evaluating a subordinate. Participants assessed the excess audit time in terms of perceived benefits to the firm and subsequently evaluated the job performance of the auditor.Findings – The results provide partial support for Lipe's model, but differ in some respects. Interestingly, the effect of audit findings on the perceived benefit to the firm was not significant after considering experience in public accounting, but experience was not related to the actual performance evaluation. Instead, the audit outcome significantly affects the evaluation.Originality/value – The level of benefit perceived from the audit was also associated with framing the audit time in terms of a “cost” or “loss”. Fina...
Slow-time multi-frequency radar for target detection in multipath scenarios

We propose a method to detect a target in the presence of multipath reflections, employing sequential transmission of multiple frequencies in a slow-time (pulse-to-pulse) approach. First, we develop a parametric measurement model that accounts for the multipath components at multiple frequencies as well as Doppler shifts. Then, we develop a statistical detection test and analytically evaluate its performance characteristics. Based on the performance analysis, we propose an adaptive algorithm to select the best combination from a subset of frequencies that maximizes the detection performance. Our numerical examples show that the sequential approach requires more coherent pulses to match the performance of the simultaneous usage of multiple carriers in OFDM format. We also study the extent of performance degradation due to employing a subset of available frequencies.
Internal medicine resident self-report of factors associated with career decisions.

BACKGROUND Little is known about factors contributing to the career decisions of internal medicine residents.
Tratamiento de los aneurismas de la arteria renal en el estado de Nueva York: resultados de la reparación abierta y endovascular

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el cambio de las tendencias en el tratamiento y sus resultados entre pacientes afectos de un aneurisma de la arteria renal (AAR) sometidos a intervencion quirurgica abierta o a tecnicas endovasculares en el estado de Nueva York (ENY). A partir de la base de datos del Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System se identifico un estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, de pacientes que se sometieron a tratamiento por AAR en el ENY desde el 1 de octubre de 2000 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2006. Se utilizaron modelos de regresion que incluyeron las caracteristicas del hospital y del paciente para identificar las variables pronosticas de los acontecimientos adversos despues de la intervencion quirurgica o endovascular. Durante este periodo de tiempo, se analizaron 215 pacientes sometidos a tratamiento por AAR. En el analisis multivariante, las variables preoperatorias pronosticas de mortalidad incluyeron la diabetes ( odds ratio [OR] ajustada = 57,8, intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95% 2,3-1.430,1, p = 0,013), la presencia de otros aneurismas (OR ajustada = 18,5, IC del 95% 1,5-234,4, p = 0,024), y coagulopatia (OR ajustada = 16,9, IC del 95% 3,4-393,1, p = 0,03), pero no el tipo de correccion. Las complicaciones perioperatorias cardiacas (OR ajustada = 16,7, IC del 95% 1,4-197,1, p = 0,026) y vasculares relacionadas con el dispositivo (OR ajustada = 11,1, IC del 95% 1,003-123,0, p = 0,049) fueron predictivas de mortalidad. Cuando se excluyo del analisis a los pacientes con otros aneurismas (n = 153), no se identificaron variables pronosticas significativas de mortalidad. Se efectuaron 91 correcciones endovasculares y 124 procedimientos abiertos, con un aumento significativo en la proporcion de los procedimientos endovasculares realizados con el tiempo (p
Substrate specificities of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Trypanosoma brucei brucei and mammalian cells.

Abstract The separation by chromatofocusing of two distinct purine nucleoside cleaving activities from crude extracts of Trypanosoma brucei brucei is described. One catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine (MeSAdo) and adenosine (Ado) and was designated an MeSAdo/Ado phosphorylase, while the other catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine, inosine, and guanosine but not MeSAdo. The substrate specificity of trypanosomal MeSAdo/Ado phosphorylase differed from that of a mammalian MeSAdo phosphorylase (derived from murine Sarcoma 180 cells) in that it was able to phosphorolyze 2′-deoxyadenosine, 3′-deoxyadenosine and 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine. In addition, the trypanosomal phosphorylase was able to utilize the nucleoside analog, 6-methylpurine 2′-deoxyribonucleoside, as an alternative substrate, whereas the mammalian enzyme could not. Because of these differences, cytotoxic analogs of MeSAdo may be designed that are selectively activated by the trypanosomal MeSAdo/Ado phosphorylase.
SAFETY OF INHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. 263

Introduction: Inhaled nitric oxide (INO) offers advantages of selective pulmonary vasodilation and rapid inactivation compared to intravenous vasodilators. These advantages make INO an attractive agent for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). The efficacy of INO has been studied in persistent fetal circulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), and congenital heart disease (CHD). Potential adverse effects of INO include: nitrogen dioxide (NO2) toxicity, methemoglobinemia, and platelet dysfunction. Our objective was to evaluate the safety of INO in pediatric patients (pts).
Effects of a Large Eddy Breakup Device on the Fluctuating Wall Pressure Field (Data Bank Contribution)

Wall pressure spectra and mean velocity profiles were measured with and without a large eddy breakup device (LEBU) located upstream in high Rθ turbulent boundary layers. Changes of the order of 5 percent occurred in the mean wall shear stress. The wall pressure spectra of the manipulated flow did not show the existence of any highly energized coherent structures, but rather moderate changes occurring over broad frequency ranges. Reductions in the wall pressure autospectra occurred at lower frequencies associated with turbulence activity in the outer layer and the outer portion of the log law layer. Increases occurred at higher frequencies associated with the inner portion of the log law layer. The changes in the wall pressure coherence levels were similar, but generally more complex with greater spatial persistence. The changes in both the autospectra and coherence indicate a conversion of energy from lower to higher convective wavenumbers.
Effects of family structure on the risk of first premarital birth in the presence of correlated unmeasured family effects

Abstract This paper assesses the effects of family structure on the risk of a first premarital birth for a sample of women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The sample reflects the family structure and family formation experiences of a cohort of women who were at risk of out-of-wedlock childbearing during the 1980s and early 1990s. We focus on assessing the effects of family structure in the presence of correlated unmeasured family effects, which are identified through the use of sibling data. The availability of multiple sibling respondents per family permits identification of family-level unobserved heterogeneity in a multi-level context of individuals nested within families. Our models account for family-specific sources of unobserved heterogeneity in the processes generating family structure and nonmarital childbearing, and provide estimates of the association between these sources of unobserved heterogeneity along with the effects of family structure and other covariates. We find that accounting for the correlation between unobserved family-level effects in processes generating family structure and first premarital birth leads to attenuated estimates of the effects family structure on the risk of first premarital birth. This suggests that other family-level factors may play a mediating role in generating both family structure and nonmarital childbearing.