cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical Properties of He-Implanted Ni

Detailed finite-element modeling of nanoindentation data is used to obtain the micromechanical properties of Ni implanted with ∼5 at.% He to a depth of 600–700 nm. Properties of He-containing metals have implications for studies of radiation damage and for fundamental issues of dislocation pinning. Cross-section TEM shows the implantation produces a highly damaged layer containing a fine dispersion of He bubbles with diameters of ∼1 nm or smaller, with some evidence for interconnection between bubbles. Nanoindentation of the Ni(He) layers gave a fairly hard, stiff response to depths of 100–120 nm, beyond which the layer failed. By modeling the layer as an isotropic, elastic-plastic solid with the Mises yield criterion, the Ni(He) is shown to have a hardness nearly 7 times that of untreated Ni. However, unlike other treatments that we have used to produce very hard Ni-based layers, the Ni(He) layer fails at relatively modest shear stress levels.
Hippocampal Abnormalities after Prolonged Febrile Convulsions

Hippocampal volume and T2 relaxation times were determined in an MRI study of 14 children with prolonged febrile convulsions (PFC) who were investigated, 1) within 5 days of a PFC, and 2) at follow-up 4-8 months after the acute study, at the Institute of Child Health, University College, and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
Are there clinical and laboratory predictors of 5-year mortality in HIV- infected children and adolescents with hemophilia?

To determine factors associated with survival in a cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents with hemophilia, an analysis of the 5-year mortality data for 207 HIV-infected young men was performed to examine the effect of selected clinical covariates on survival. The subjects were enrolled into the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study cohort from 1989 to 1990. Estimated mean time since infection at baseline was 6.7 years and mean estimated age at infection was 6.5 years. The baseline characteristics examined for their association with the hazard of death over the 5-year follow-up period were the following: absolute CD4+ cell count, hemoglobin status, skin test anergy, results of brain magnetic resonance imaging, non-hemophilia-related muscle atrophy (NHRMA), height for age, and impaired neuropsychological functioning as measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior and the Pediatric Behavior Scales. In all, 66 deaths occurred over the 5-year follow-up, 62 of whom met the 1987 (n = 56) or 1993 (n = 6) U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of AIDS. Although each of the characteristics listed previously significantly increased the hazard of death by Cox proportional hazard regression models, only NHRMA remained a significant predictor of AIDS-related death when added to models that included each of the other cited baseline covariates.
Increased single-nephron protein excretion after renal ablation in nephrotic rats

The effects of reducing nephron number in rats with established nephrosis were investigated. Rats received an injection of adriamycin and were divided into three groups with similar values for proteinuria after 4 wk. Group 1 rats were then subjected to sham operation. Group 2 rats were subjected to four-fifths renal ablation, and group 3 rats were subjected to four-fifths renal ablation and then maintained on enalapril. Micropuncture and morphological studies were performed 3 wk later. During this 3-wk period, proteinuria increased slightly in each group. Increased proteinuria in groups 2 and 3 reflected a dramatic increase in remnant nephron proteinuria after renal ablation in nephrotic rats. Increased remnant nephron proteinuria in groups 2 and 3 was associated with increased single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (group 1, 30 +/- 2 nl/min; group 2, 54 +/- 3 nl/min; group 3, 41 +/- 4 nl/min) and increased glomerular volume (group 1, 0.93 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) micron 3; group 2, 1.30 +/- 0.09 x 10(6) micron 3; group 3, 1.27 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) micron 3). The increase in single-nephron glomerular filtration rate after renal ablation in both group 2 and 3 rats was attributable to an increase in glomerular plasma flow (group 1, 119 +/- 14 nl/min; group 2, 217 +/- 18 nl/min; group 3, 183 +/- 13 nl/min) without a significant increase in glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure (group 1, 45 +/- 1 mmHg; group 2, 48 +/- 3 mmHg; group 3, 44 +/- 2 mmHg). Group 2 exhibited an increase in systemic blood pressure that was prevented by enalapril treatment in group 3. These studies show that an increase in remnant nephron proteinuria accompanies glomerular hypertrophy and hyperfiltration when nephron number is reduced in nephrotic rats. This increase in remnant nephron proteinuria is not attributable to elevation of systemic or glomerular capillary pressure.
Why Culture Matters in Business Research

Organizations today are changing rapidly due to technology, globalization, and cutting-edge production, subsequently morphing into new structures and workflow processes. Organizations are becoming more diverse in terms of gender, age, race, ethnicity, veteran status, sexual orientation, and others. The business workplace is not the melting pot that many were taught about, but that of the ethnic salad, blended yet distinct. The core of organizational composition worldwide still remains within the human resource realm for a shared and cohesive culture is behind the success of every company. The study of workplace culture is important for business research to ascertain the construct of the successful organization. The article begins with a discussion about culture, relates culture to the workplace, and ends relating important business research to workplace culture. The intended audience is business management majors and instructors.
2005-2010 tableware monitoring results analysis in changning

Objective:To analyze the changning tableware health quality status.Methods: We collected during 2005-2010 chang ning tableware disinfectant sanitation monitoring inspection material,conducts a statistical analysis of the results.Results: changning catering tableware disinfection sanitary quality monitoring inspection qualified 75.22%-in 78.30% between,the total rate of 76.83%.The use of physical disinfection method of good effect in chemical drug disinfection.Water wash namely usage rate lowest type,only for 58.30%.Conclusion: It should improve the proportion of physical disinfection tableware hygiene supervision and management,improve and monitoring of the testing method.Eespecially it should strengthen local wedding banquet,funerals and other large centralized treat management,change vices,energetically advocate sterile qualified tableware.
(−)/(+)-Sparteine induced chirally-active carbon nanoparticles for enantioselective separation of racemic mixtures

Chiral carbon nanoparticles (CCNPs) were developed by surface passivation using the chiral ligand (−)-sparteine or (+)-sparteine (denoted (−)-SP/CNP and (+)-SP/CNP, respectively). The chirality of the prepared CCNPs was demonstrated by circular dichroism and polarimetry and employed as an enantioselective separation platform for representative racemic mixtures.
Further theoretical refinement on the internal thermodynamics of perfect enzymes.

By solving simultaneously the equation for 'uniform binding' [Albery & Knowles (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5631-5640] and the equation for 'differential binding' [Chin (1983) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 6502-6503], I derived the following simple equation for perfect enzymes (with single substrate and single product) under irreversible conditions: K2 = beta(1 + Rs)/1-beta(1 + Rs) where K2 is the internal equilibrium constant and beta is the Bronsted coefficient of the elementary catalytic step, and Rs is defined as [S]0/Ks, with [S]0 being the physiological substrate concentration and Ks being the substrate dissociation constant. The equation suggests that the perfect enzyme can have different internal thermodynamic properties depending on physiological conditions.
Effect of interleukin-1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cartilage proteoglycan metabolism in vitro.

The activities of recombinant interleukin-1-β (IL-1) and recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) on cartilage proteoglycan metabolism were compared in an organ culture system. IL-1, 1 to 100 ng/ml, and TNF, 10 to 1,000 ng/ml, increased proteoglycan degradation. The concentration-response curves were parallel. The timecourse for degradation was similar for the two cytokines during a 6 day incubation. Both cytokines inhibited the synthesis of new proteoglycan as measured by35S incorporation. The inhibition curves were parallel and concentration-related between 1 and 10 ng/ml for IL-1 and between 10 and 100 ng/ml for TNF. Maximal inhibition was 60% in the presence of IL-1 (10 ng/ml) or TNF (100 ng/ml), and plateaued at higher concentrations. IL-1 was ten fold more potent than TNF in stimulating proteoglycan breakdown and inhibiting proteoglycan synthesis. Degradation in response to TNF, but not to IL-1, could be blocked by a polyclonal antibody to TNF. A polyclonal antibody to IL-1 could block proteoglycan breakdown in response to both cytokines suggesting that TNF may be mediating proteoglycan degradation by inducing the production of interleukin-1.
Coastal Restoration as Contested Terrain: Climate Change and the Political Economy of Risk Reduction in Louisiana

Although many studies have examined the effects of structural factors and institutional interests on risk estimation practices, little is known about the political dynamics surrounding divergent responses to risk reduction measures. This article examines the political economy of risk reduction, using a case study of Louisiana's coastal restoration planning and decision-making process. Specifically, the article draws on documentary evidence, long-term ethnographic field observations, and semistructured interviews to investigate the proliferation of risk conflicts and disputes surrounding the 2012 Louisiana Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast, the latest long-term risk-reduction plan to slow coastal erosion and achieve a sustainable coast. As I point out, coastal restoration in Louisiana is contested terrain where a variety of contentious groups struggle to influence and control debates over climate change risk and coastal erosion risk reduction. By examining the proliferation of contested risk definitions and risk reduction strategies in Louisiana, I aim to provide new insight into the organizational and institutional forces that shape positions on risk, the political-economic forces that create and allocate risk, and the social construction of community identity and culture through risk debates.
The Role of Upregulated APOE in Alzheimer's Disease Etiology.

The first and most firmly established genetic risk factor for sporadic late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene [1]. Carrying the APOEe4 variant significantly increases the lifetime risk for LOAD, with the number of copies present indicative of level of risk [1,2] and is associated with lower age of clinical disease onset [1,3–6]. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for sporadic LOAD confirmed that APOE is the major susceptibility genomic region for the disease and reported significant associations with markers within the APOE linkage disequilibrium (LD) locus (contains APOE, TOMM40 and APOC1 genes). The strongest association signal (by wide margin) in these studies was found at the APOE LD region and no other LOAD-association in the human genome remotely approached the same level of significance [7–10]. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the reported genetic LOAD-associations with APOE LD region in general and APOEe4 haplotype in particular has yet to be discovered.
A layout-driven framework to assess vulnerability of ICs to microprobing attacks

Microprobing attacks against integrated circuits (IC) for security critical applications have become a serious concern. With the help of modern circuit editing techniques, an attacker could remove layers of materials and expose wires carrying security critical information for probing. Existing protection methods use active shielding to detect such attacks. However, this technique has been proven to be ineffective, while layers of trigger wire mesh introduce prohibitive cost overhead. In this paper, we investigate the problem of protection against microprobing attacks and present a method to scan layout for microprobing vulnerabilities so that more secure and less costly protections can be developed. Exemplary applications on OpenSPARC T1 core layout is used to evaluate the proposed flow and substantiate findings.
Comorbidities of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Because restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder, it is not unexpected to find that patients with RLS also suffer from additional disorders. As a result, it is important to be skeptical about reports that RLS is associated with a given disorder. However, certain disorders (or conditions) are so clearly associated with RLS that they can be considered causative or risk factors (see Table 1.3). Others are plausibly associated but have not been studied sufficiently to be convincingly associated; the better-established associations in the authors’ opinion are listed in Table 3.1. It should be noted that not only physical disorders but also psychiatric disorders can occur with RLS [1]. Both depression and anxiety can overlap with RLS symptoms. It also seems likely that anxiety and depression may be caused by RLS, perhaps mediated by sleep deprivation [2]. In addition, the common treatment of anxiety and depression with SSRI or SNRI medications typically makes RLS worse. This in turn worsens the anxiety and depression triggering an increase in antidepressant medication which creates a viscous cycle of treatment. When antidepressant medications are started after RLS symptoms have been disruptive, it is often likely that the medications can be discontinued once the RLS symptoms are controlled.
Infection and antibiotic use in infancy and risk of childhood obesity: a longitudinal birth cohort study

Summary Background Data from previous studies have suggested a possible association between antibiotic use in infancy and risk of childhood obesity, with implications for health-care delivery and obesity prevention strategies. However, whether the observed association was due to antibiotic use or underlying infection, or both, is unclear. We aimed to disentangle the effect of antibiotic use in infancy from that of underlying infection on the risk of childhood obesity. Methods In this longitudinal birth cohort study, we included infants in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California population born between Jan 1, 1997, and March 31, 2013. We used electronic medical records to ascertain data for antibiotic use, infection diagnosis, and anthropometric measurements (and thus BMI and obesity status) from birth up to age 18 years. We used standard mixed-effects logistic regression for repeated measurements to analyse multiple BMI measurements per child (median five measurements) and to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for obesity risk. We also did a substudy in 547 same-sex twin pairs with discordant exposure status to substantiate our findings. Findings 260 556 individuals were included in our analysis. After controlling for maternal age, race or ethnic origin, pre-pregnancy BMI, preterm delivery, low birthweight, maternal antibiotic use, and infection during pregnancy, infection without antibiotic use in infancy was associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity compared with controls without infection (OR 1·25, 95% CI 1·20–1·29). A clear dose–response relation was seen between infection episodes and risk of childhood obesity (p trend Interpretation Infection, but not antibiotic use, during infancy is associated with risk of childhood obesity. This finding will need to be replicated in future studies. Although our results do not rule out a potential effect of antibiotics on microbiome composition and the use of antibiotics should always be judicious, they suggest that treatment of common infections with antibiotics in infancy is unlikely to be a main contributor to childhood obesity. Funding Kaiser Permanente Center for Effectiveness & Safety Research.
Animating escape maneuvers for a school of fish

A school of fish exhibit a variety of distinctive maneuvers to escape from predators. Although these escape maneuvers have long been observed and studied in the fields of biology and ecology, they have not been sufficiently modeled in computer graphics. For example, a school of fish often use fountain and flash maneuvers at the time of final attacks by their predators. Previous works on fish animation provide relatively simple escape behavior model and lack variety. We propose a behavioral model to simulate two fish escape maneuvers at the time of a single predator attack: fountain and flash maneuvers. We demonstrate our results with simulations of predator attacks.
FISHing Out the Details of CRISPR Genome Tracks.

The dynamic spatial organization of the genome affects gene expression control at many scales, from stem cell marker expression to enhancer-promoter pairs affecting a single gene (1). The lack of dynamic measurements in single cells, however, has made it challenging to determine whether structure of the genome is actually a cause of these changes in gene expression, or an effect of altered transcriptional states. In this issue, Guan et al. (2) report a method that provides a first step toward this technical goal by allowing researchers to begin to look at the movement of multiple pieces of the genome in real time in living nuclei.
Alternative RNA Splicing in the Pathogenesis of Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the worldwide obesity epidemic and currently affects one-third of adults or about one billion people worldwide. NAFLD is predicted to affect over 50% of the world's population by the end of the next decade. It is the most common form of liver disease and is associated with increased risk for progression to a more severe form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. This review article will focus on the role of alternative splicing in normal liver physiology and dysregulation in liver disease.
Do Evolutionary Changes in Astrocytes Contribute to the Computational Power of the Hominid Brain

It is now well accepted that astrocytes are essential in all major nervous system functions of the rodent brain, including neurotransmission, energy metabolism, modulation of blood flow, ion and water homeostasis, and, indeed, higher cognitive functions, although the contribution of astrocytes in cognition is still in early stages of study. Here we review the most current research findings on human astrocytes, including their structure, molecular characterization, and functional properties. We also highlight novel tools that have been established for translational approaches to the comparative study of astrocytes from humans and experimental animals. Understanding the differences in astrocytes is essential to elucidate the contribution of astrocytes to normal physiology, cognitive processing and diverse pathologies of the central nervous system.
Daily Social Interactions and the Biological Stress Response: Are There Age Differences in Links Between Social Interactions and Alpha-Amylase?

Background and objectives According to the strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) model, older people are better able to avoid negative social interactions than younger people, but when they do experience negative interactions, they are equally or more emotionally and physiologically reactive than younger people. Less is known about the links between daily negative and positive social encounters and the sympathetic adrenal medullary system (a key stress pathway) and whether there are age differences in these links. This study considers whether negative and positive social interactions are associated with diurnal alpha-amylase (a measure of the sympathetic adrenal medullary system) and whether there are differences in these links by age. Research design and methods Participants were from the Daily Health, Stress, and Relationship Study, which includes a random sample of 89 individuals (aged 40-95) who completed 14 days of daily diary interviews and provided saliva samples four times a day (wake, 30 min after wake, lunch, and bedtime) for four of those days that were assayed for alpha-amylase. Results Days in which people reported more negative interactions were associated with flatter morning declines in alpha-amylase, indicating greater stress. Links between positive interactions and diurnal alpha-amylase varied by age group. Discussion and implications Findings are consistent with the SAVI model indicating that older adults respond differently to social stimuli than younger people.
Disorders of the Nasal Cavity

Neonatal nasal obstruction and congestion is a fairly common occurrence. Fortunately, this is usually not a life-threatening problem and resolves with limited treatment. As with most conditions, a systematic history and physical examination often reveals the correct diagnosis. Occasionally, the initial diagnosis remains elusive and serial evaluations are required. Most anatomic anomalies are surgically correctable; however, a few are extremely difficult to resolve.
The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law

American antidiscrimination law has tended to follow the paradigmatic logic of what Paul Brest long ago identified as the "antidiscrimination principle," which holds that social characteristics likely to produce prejudice should be ignored in decisionmaking processes. The ultimate expression of this logic is reflected in those ordinances that prohibit discrimination based upon appearance itself. Such ordinances in effect place employees behind a "veil of ignorance" with regard to employers, so that all possibilities of prejudice based upon superficial characteristics have been eliminated. But in such circumstances employers must differentiate between employees based upon performance, and the antidiscrimination principle thus transforms employees into the objects of Weberian rationalization. In contradistinction to this logic, the article proposes a sociological account of antidiscrimination law, in which the law is understood as a social practice that operates on other social practices (such as those which construct race and gender) in order to modify them. On this sociological account, race and gender do not disappear behind a veil of ignorance, but are actively reconstructed. The article examines Title VII's prohibitIon of sex discrimination to demonstrate that, while Title VII doctrine follows the abstract prescriptions of the antidiscrimination principle, Title VII cases actually conform to the predictions of the sociological account. The article concludes by methodologically comparing the antidiscrimination principle with the sociological account.
Crash-only software

Crash-only programs crash safely and recover quickly. There is only one way to stop such software--by crashing it--and only one way to bring it up--by initiating recovery. Crash-only systems are built from crash-only components, and the use of transparent component-level retries hides intra-system component crashes from end users. In this paper we advocate a crash-only design for Internet systems, showing that it can lead to more reliable, predictable code and faster, more effective recovery. We present ideas on how to build such crash-only Internet services, taking successful techniques to their logical extreme.
Generalized approach for the synthesis of silica supported Pd-Zn, Cu-Zn and Ni-Zn gamma brass phase nanoparticles

Abstract The existing literature suggests it is particularly difficult to access the catalytically relevant, and relatively complex, intermetallic γ-brass crystal structure through traditional nanoparticle (NP) synthesis techniques. We introduce a simple and rational approach to access this phase in M-Zn (M = Pd, Cu, Ni) systems as silica-supported single-phase nanocrystals. This hybrid approach involves the initial synthesis of supported M/SiO2 through traditional approaches (dry impregnation and strong electrostatic adsorption) followed by heating to high temperatures in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of metallic Zn in an evacuated closed system for several hours. We demonstrate the generality of this method with three different catalytically important bimetallic systems: Pd-Zn, Ni-Zn and Cu-Zn. Of these three, Pd-Zn is by the far the most popular in terms of catalytic applications and yields the smallest particle size (∼8 nm). We tested the influence of various synthesis parameters on phase purity and particle size distribution in case of the synthesized γ-brass Pd-Zn/SiO2 supported catalysts and provide general guidelines towards optimization of synthesis. Upon transformation of Pd/SiO2 to γ-brass Pd-Zn/SiO2, a precipitous drop in CO adsorption and a 25 kJ/mol increase in the ethylene hydrogenation barrier is observed, indicating the catalytic active sites are significantly modified as a result of alloying. We anticipate these catalysts may find applications in various Pd-catalyzed chemistries.
Understanding Racial/Ethnic Diversity Gaps Among Early Career Teachers

The growing evidence on the importance of teacher representation points to the need to better understand the factors shaping the lack of racial/ethnic diversity in the teacher workforce. In this st...
Abstract 1547: DNA-encoded bispecific T-cell engagers and antibodies present long-term antitumor activity

Specific antibody therapy, including monoclonal antibodies and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), are important new tools for cancer immunotherapy. However, these approaches are slow to develop and may be limited in their production thus restricting the patients who can access these treatments. BiTEs exhibit a particularly short half-life and difficult production. The development of an approach allowing simplified development, delivery and in vivo production would be an important advance. Here we describe development of a designed synthetic DNA plasmid, which we optimized to permit high expression of an anti-HER2 antibody (HER2DMAb) and delivered it into animals through adaptive electroporation. HER2DMAb was efficiently expressed in vitro and in vivo, reaching levels of 50ug/ml in mouse sera. Mechanistically, HER2DMAb blocked HER2 signaling and induced antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. HER2DMAb delayed tumor progression for HER2-expressing ovarian and breast cancer models. We next used the HER2DMAb scFv portion to engineer a DNA-encoded BiTE. This HER2DBiTE was expressed in vivo for approximately 4 months after a single administration. The HER2DBiTE was highly cytolytic and delayed cancer progression in mice. These studies illustrate a novel approach to generate DBiTEs in vivo which represent promising immunotherapies for HER2+ tumors including ovarian and potentially other cancers. Citation Format: Alfredo Perales-Puchalt, Elizabeth K. Duperret, Kar Muthumani, David B. Weiner, Xue Yang, Xizhou Zhu, Krzysztof Wojtak, Edgar Tello-Ruiz, Megan C. Wise. DNA-encoded bispecific T-cell engagers and antibodies present long-term antitumor activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1547.
Sacral anatomical interspace landmark for lumbar puncture in pregnancy: A randomized trial.

Objective To determine whether the sacral anatomical interspace landmark (SAIL) technique is more accurate than the classic intercristal line (ICL) technique in pregnant patients and to assess the percentage of clinical determinations above the third lumbar vertebra. Methods In this prospective, randomized, open-label trial, there were 110 singleton pregnant patients with gestational age greater than 37 weeks included. Selection procedure was a convenience sample of pregnant patients who presented for office visits or vaginal or cesarean delivery between March 15 and July 31, 2018, at a single-center obstetric tertiary care university hospital. Both techniques were evaluated by 2 physicians independently assessing each method. Before data collection, we hypothesized that the SAIL technique would be more accurate than the ICL technique in determining the L4-L5 interspace, and that the SAIL technique would produce more estimations below the third lumbar vertebra than the ICL technique. Therefore, the primary outcome was accuracy in identifying the L4-L5 lumbar interspace with SAIL vs ICL. The secondary outcome was difference in clinical assessments above the third lumbar vertebra. Both outcomes were measured via ultrasonography. Results Patients were 31 ± 5 years of age (mean ± SD) and had body mass index of 31.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2 and gestational age of 38.8 ± 1.1 weeks. A total of 110 patients were analyzed. SAIL correctly identified the L4-L5 interspace 49% of the time vs 8% using ICL (p Conclusions Our study shows improved accuracy in identifying intervertebral space using the SAIL technique; this may prevent direct mechanical trauma to the conus medullaris when lumbar punctures are performed in pregnancy. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03433612.
Complex Multivariate Fink Identity and Complex Multivariate Ostrowski and Grüss Inequalities

We present a general complex multivariate Fink type identity which is a representation formula for a complex multivariate function. Using it we derive general tight complex multivariate high order Ostrowski and Gruss type inequalities. The estimates involve \(L_{p}\) norms, any \(1\le p\le \infty \). We finish with applications. See also [1].
Treatment patterns and outcomes for pancreatic tumors in children: an analysis of the National Cancer Database

Pancreatic tumors are rare in children and limited data are available regarding incidence, treatment, and outcomes. We aim to describe patient and tumor characteristics and to report on survival of these diseases. Children with pancreatic tumors were queried from the National Cancer Database (2004–2014). The association between treatment and hazard of death was assessed using Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression model. We identified 109 children with pancreatic tumors; 52% were male and median age at diagnosis was 14 years. Tumors were distributed as follows: pseudopapillary neoplasm (30%), endocrine tumors (27%), pancreatoblastoma (16%), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (16%), sarcoma (6%) and neuroblastoma (5%). Seventy-nine patients underwent surgery, of which 76% achieved R0 resection. Most patients (85%) had lymph nodes examined, of which 22% had positive nodes. Five-year overall survival by tumor histology was 95% (pseudopapillary neoplasm), 75% (neuroblastoma), 70% (pancreatoblastoma), 51% (endocrine tumors), 43% (sarcoma), and 34% (adenocarcinoma). On multivariable analysis, surgical resection was the strongest predictor of survival (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10–0.68, p < 0.01). Overall survival of children with pancreatic tumors is grim, with varying survival rates among different tumors. Surgical resection is associated with improved long-term survival.
Mechanisms of Synergistic Interactions of Diabetes and Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ER Stress

To discuss the importance of synergistic interactions of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) in causing chronic kidney disease and the potential molecular mechanisms involved. DM and HT are the two most important risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The combination of HT and DM may synergistically promote the progression of renal injury through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Hyperglycemia and other metabolic changes in DM initiate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial (MT) adaptation in different types of glomerular cells. These adaptations appear to make the cells more vulnerable to HT-induced mechanical stress. Excessive activation of mechanosensors, possibly via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 6 (TRPC6), may lead to impaired calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and further exacerbate ER stress and MT dysfunction promoting cellular apoptosis and glomerular injury. The synergistic effects of HT and DM to promote kidney injury may be mediated by increased intraglomerular pressure. Chronic activation of mechanotransduction signaling may amplify metabolic effects of DM causing cellular injury through a vicious cycle of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress.
Atmospheric river changes shaped mid-latitude hydroclimate since the mid-Holocene

Abstract Paleoclimate proxies indicate that changes in insolation since the mid-Holocene have driven widespread hydrologic changes across the midlatitudes. It is unclear how atmospheric rivers (ARs), which are fundamental to global moisture transport today, may have contributed to these Holocene hydroclimate changes. Here, we use a set of climate model simulations with the Community Earth System Model (CESM), and introduce an AR algorithm optimized to identify ARs within different climate states, to show that changes to the location and intensity of landfalling ARs explain the majority of the precipitation difference between the mid-Holocene and the preindustrial period in several midlatitude regions. During the mid-Holocene, enhanced seasonality increased summer season AR vapor content and displaced ARs poleward of their preindustrial period trajectories, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, in high midlatitude coastal areas of western North America and East Asia, ARs account for greater than 10% more of total precipitation during the mid-Holocene, and nearly 100% of the simulated change in precipitation between the two climates. The simulated AR changes are consistent with moisture-sensitive proxy records and with present-day relationships between ARs and regional circulation, enhancing confidence that ARs served as the underlying synoptic mechanism responsible for mid-Holocene hydroclimate anomalies in several coastal mid-latitude areas. The results indicate that ARs are sensitive to background climate state, and suggest that changes in ARs may have contributed to hydroclimate changes throughout Earth's past.
There has to be a better way: place managers for crime prevention in a surveillance society

We live in a surveillance society. Often justified under the guise of government anti-terrorism activities, domestic crime reduction, or both, surveillance takes many forms, including closed-circui...
Diffusion on a Tensor Product Graph for Semi-Supervised Learning and Interactive Image Segmentation

Abstract We derive a novel semi-supervised learning method that propagates label information as a symmetric, anisotropic diffusion process (SADP). Because the influence of label information is strengthened at each iteration, the process is anisotropic and does not blur the label information. We show that SADP converges to a closed-form solution by proving its equivalence to a diffusion process on a tensor product graph. Consequently, we obtain a semi-supervised learning framework on a tensor product graph, which does not require the iteration number as a timescale, stopping parameter. The complexity of SADP is shown to be O ( n 2 ) , for n data points. The theoretical properties of SADP and presented experimecntal results demonstrate several advantages of SADP over previous diffusion-based and other classical graph-based semi-supervised learning algorithms. SADP is less sensitive to noise, outliers, and differences in the number of label data for different classes. In particular, we clearly demonstrate that the diffusion on the tensor product graph is superior to diffusion on the original graph in the context of semi-supervised learning. We also show that the proposed approach can be used in interactive image segmentation, which is also called semi-supervised image segmentation.
Aligning one's sights: The pulvinar provides context for visual information processing.

The pulvinar (lateral posterior [LP]), like other higher-order thalamic nuclei, receives input from—and sends output to—multiple neocortical structures. In this issue of Neuron, Blot et al. (2021) demonstrate that LP integrates multimodal inputs to put visual information in context.
Impact of race in ischemic stroke affecting young adults (P2.3-013)

Objective: To examine the impact of race on stroke mechanism and healthcare utilization in young adults with ischemic stroke. Background: Ischemic stroke in young adults is different from stroke in older population in mechanism and functional outcome. The effect of race is not well understood in this subset of stroke patients. Design/Methods: Institutional GWTG database and charts for years 2010–2017 were reviewed. Demographic, social, and clinical characteristics were compared among white, black and other races in a univariate analysis. TOAST criteria were used to categorize stroke mechanism. Results: A total of 173 patients were identified, of which 119 were white, 34 black and 20 other races. Black patients had higher rate of hypertension (65% vs 27%, p Black patients had a higher incidence of weakness as a presenting symptom (62% vs 37%, p=0.035), yet the median time from onset to ER arrival tended to be higher compared to whites (10.8 vs 5.5 hours, p=0.1). There was a trend towards higher utilization of EMS, lower rates of independent ambulation, and lower rates of discharge to home in black patients. Stroke mechanism was significantly different by race with higher incidence of large as well as small vessel disease in blacks and higher incidence of cryptogenic strokes in whites (p=0.04). Conclusions: There is a significant impact of race on the mechanism of stroke in young as well as healthcare resources utilization. Disclosure: Dr. Hussein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kashyap has nothing to disclose. Dr. Droegemueller has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with the Joint Commission. Dr. Erickson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Othman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jamal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hanson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose.
Free Banking and Competition in Antebellum America

Economic historians remain divided over America’s experiment with free banking during the antebellum era. Some argue that the reforms, which liberalized the bank-chartering process, simply exchanged one set of entry barriers for another, while others hold that free banking improved competition in the banking systems of those states that adopted it. One challenge that has plagued efforts to provide a clear assessment of free-banking’s effectiveness is a lack of reliable data. In this paper, we use Warren Weber’s near-comprehensive database of antebellum bank balance to assess whether the banking system responded in a manner consistent with the removal of entry barriers. We find that the passage of a free banking law increased bank assets, deposits, and banknotes substantially, and that this effect was long lasting. Specifically, we find that two years after the adoption of free banking, bank loans and discounts increased by 72%, and by 61% six years after the reform. Taken together, our results indicate that free banking had a substantial and long-lasting effect on the competitiveness of the banking systems in which it was tried.
Living with Life-Threatening Illness: A Guide for Patients, Their Families, and Caregivers

Serious illness inevitably involves the patient's entire family: every member suffers along with the one who has been diagnosed. Life-threatening illnesses consist of many phases: the pre-diagnostic period when people worry about symptoms; the crisis of diagnosis; the typically long-term of chronic illness; the issues that persist even in recovery; and, for some, the struggle of terminal stages. Doka emphasizes the experience of "living" with illness, rather than just its terminal phase. He provides a positive plan for improving the lives of seriously ill patients, their families and caregivers, outlining the tasks and issues they must face at each phase, and offering suggestions for effective coping.
The Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE): Perspectives on Community Colleges

The Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) is an interstate compact aimed at improving access to, and success in, postsecondary education for residents of the West. Given the region’s historic reliance on public higher education, rapidly diversifying demographics, and financial pressures experienced by postsecondary education in recent years, community colleges continue to play a key role in serving the needs of students in the West. As such, much of WICHE’s work focuses on supporting member states’ ability to serve the growing numbers of traditionally underrepresented racial/ethnic populations and adults who are making their way to postsecondary education, often at a community college, and to promote more equitable outcomes. Community colleges have the potential to play an important role in reducing the intergenerational transmission of poverty, especially as the college-going population is likely to consist increasingly of low-income and underserved populations.
B Lymphocyte Development in Rabbit: Progenitor B Cells and Waning of B Lymphopoiesis

In mammals that use gut-associated lymphoid tissues for expansion and somatic diversification of the B cell repertoire, B lymphopoiesis occurs early in ontogeny and does not appear to continue throughout life. In these species, including sheep, rabbit, and cattle, little is known about the pathway of B cell development and the time at which B lymphopoiesis wanes. We examined rabbit bone marrow by immunofluorescence with anti-CD79a and anti-mu and identified both proB and preB cells. The proB cells represent the vast majority of B-lineage cells in the bone marrow at birth and by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, they appear to be a dynamic population. PreB cells reach maximum levels in the bone marrow at 3 wk of age, and B cells begin to accumulate at 7 wk of age. We cloned two VpreB and one lambda5 gene and demonstrated that they are expressed within B-lineage cells in bone marrow. VpreB and lambda5 coimmunoprecipitated with the mu-chain in lysates of 293T cells transfected with VpreB, lambda5, and mu, indicating that VpreB, lambda5, and mu-chains associate in a preB cell receptor-like complex. By 16 wk of age, essentially no proB or preB cells are found in bone marrow and by PCR amplification, B cell recombination excision circles were reduced 200-fold. By 18 mo of age, B cell recombination excision circles were reduced 500- to 1000-fold. We suggest that B cell development in the rabbit occurs primarily through the classical, or ordered, pathway and show that B lymphopoiesis is reduced over 99% by 16 wk of age.
Branching Processes with Infinitely Many Types

In this chapter, we consider a number of examples of branching processes with infinite type spaces. No systematic theory can be presented. However, in Sect. 7.1 we review various approaches generalizing the denumerable case. Also, general processes (Sect. C.1) include the denumerable type space as a special case. We will base considerations on an analogy with the finite mutitype case whenever possible. However, the stress is on interesting and diverse properties, which are different from the finite multitype setup and on biologically motivated examples.
A quarter century of collisionless shock research

This review highlights conceptual issues that have both governed and reflected the direction of collisionless shock research in the past quarter century. These include MHD waves and their steepening, the MHD Rankine-Hugoniot relations, the super-critical shock transition, nonlinear oscillatory wave trains, ion sound anomalous resistivity and the resistive-dispersive transition for subcritical shocks, ion reflection and the structure of supercritical quasi-perpendicular shocks, the earth's foreshock, quasi-parallel shocks, and finally, shock acceleration processes.
Consumer Warranties and Satisfaction Guarantees

Abstract Consumer service satisfaction guarantees and warranties are promises of future performance that cannot easily be inspected or assessed prior to consumption. Unfortunately, there has been little scholarly discussion or empirical research to define guarantees and warranties either for tangible products or services. This article is a synthesis of some of the issues associated with product warranties and satisfaction guarantees, especially as they relate to product offerings that are services. This synthesis differentiates between guarantees and warranties in practice and in definition with the hope that this can lead to better service management practice and research in service management.
Distributed computing on an FDDI based network

The authors study the performance of FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) as a backplane network connecting SUN4 workstations in a distributed environment. They used the C language and the Express software package, developed by Parasoft Inc., to build a distributed system and to develop distributed applications. The performance of fast Fourier transforms is studied for different problem sizes and numbers of workstations. The results are compared to those obtained on a stand-alone workstation and on Ethernet. Results confirm that FDDI can offer considerable speed-up compared to a stand-alone workstations and meets the bandwidth requirements for distributed computing across local area networks. >
A risk management approach to international real estate investment

This article defines, explains, organises and analyses the major risk and return considerations involved in international real estate investments in a risk management framework. Both risk management and the real estate investment principles are to be applied to accomplish this task. The study focuses on international real estate considerations from the viewpoint of potential investment by an individual or corporation and excludes consideration of utilising international real estate funds. Further, specific examples of how country differences matters are also to be referenced and explained.
The Combined C--H Functionalization/Cope Rearrangement: Discovery and Applications in Organic Synthesis

The development of methods for the stereoselective functionalization of sp3 C–H bonds is a challenging undertaking. This Account describes the scope of the combined C–H functionalization/Cope rearrangement (CHCR), a reaction that occurs between rhodium-stabilized vinylcarbenoids and substrates containing allylic C–H bonds. Computational studies have shown that the CHCR reaction is initiated by a hydride transfer to the carbenoid from an allyl site on the substrate, which is then rapidly followed by C–C bond formation between the developing rhodium-bound allyl anion and the allyl cation. In principle, the reaction can proceed through four distinct orientations of the vinylcarbenoid and the approaching substrate. The early examples of the CHCR reaction were all highly diastereoselective, consistent with a reaction proceeding via a chair transition state with the vinylcarbenoid adopting an s-cis conformation. Recent computational studies have revealed that other transition state orientations are energeticall...