cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying domain-general and domain-specific predictors of low mathematics performance: A classification and regression tree analysis

Many children struggle to successfully acquire early mathematics skills. Theoretical and empirical evidence has pointed to deficits in domain-specific skills (e.g., non-symbolic mathematics skills) or domain-general skills (e.g., executive functioning and language) as underlying low mathematical performance. In the current study, we assessed a sample of 113 three- to five-year old preschool children on a battery of domain-specific and domain-general factors in the fall and spring of their preschool year to identify Time 1 (fall) factors associated with low performance in mathematics knowledge at Time 2 (spring). We used the exploratory approach of classification and regression tree analyses, a strategy that uses step-wise partitioning to create subgroups from a larger sample using multiple predictors, to identify the factors that were the strongest classifiers of low performance for younger and older preschool children. Results indicated that the most consistent classifier of low mathematics performance at Time 2 was children’s Time 1 mathematical language skills. Further, other distinct classifiers of low performance emerged for younger and older children. These findings suggest that risk classification for low mathematics performance may differ depending on children’s age.
Dyslipidemia Associated With Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Syndromes

Type 2 diabetes is a coronary heart disease (CHD) risk equivalent, which means that the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes confers the same risk for CHD over a 10-yr period as a prior cardiovascular event. In addition to having markedly increased risk of CHD, patients with type 2 diabetes have much worse outcomes after a major cardiovascular event. Patients with diabetes who suffer a myocardial infarction (MI) have a 50% increased in-hospital mortality and a twofold increase in mortality 2 yr after the event (1,2). Data from large epidemiological studies show that 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes will die of some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The accelerated atherosclerosis seen among patients with type 2 diabetes begins years to decades before the diagnosis of diabetes.
Internal Distributions of Ownership and Governance: Consequences for Knowledge Work and Inequality

Increasing interest in organizational forms with distributed formal power, namely wider distributions of ownership and governance rights, has emerged in varied areas of organizational research. Som...
Comparison of limited monitoring using a nasal-cannula flow signal to full polysomnography in sleep-disordered breathing.

Study Objectives: Evaluate the utility of overnight monitoring limited to nasal cannula airflow and oximetry in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Design: Prospective randomized study, blinded analysis. Setting: Sleep disorder center, academic institution. Participants: 56 patients with suspected OSAHS, 10 normal volunteers. Measurements and Results: In-laboratory full nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) and unattended ambulatory study with monitoring of only airflow and oximetry performed in randomized order. Obstructive respiratory events were scored on the full NPSG while visualizing all signals and then rescored on the full NPSG and on the ambulatory study while visualizing only airflow and oximetry signals. Respiratory disturbance indexes (RDI) for the limited studies (RDI FlowNPSG and RDI FlowAmbulatory ) were calculated as the sum of the apneas and hypopneas (defined using airflow amplitude and O 2 desaturation) divided by the valid flow-signal time. The reference RDI FullNPSG was calculated from the sum of the apneas and hypopneas (defined using flow amplitude, O 2 desaturation and electroencephalographic arousal) identified on the full NPSG divided by the total sleep time. RDI FullNPSG was greater than RDI FlowNPSG (bias = 5.6 events per hour) and RDI FlowAmbulatory (bias = 10.9 events per hour), but the differences were mainly in subjects with an RDI > 40 events per hour. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of OSAHS using a cutoff of 18 events per hour were 96% and 93% using the flow signal from the NPSG and 88% and 92% using the flow signal from the ambulatory study performed on a separate night. Conclusions: In subjects with OSAHS, analysis of the flow signal from a nasal cannula can provide an RDI similar to that obtained in a full NPSG.
Sleep and the Immune System

Evidence in both animals and humans indicates that sleep is important for supporting a healthy immune system and that inadequate sleep promotes systemic inflammation. Thus, sleep loss may temporarily impair immune responses and increase susceptibility to infection whereas getting sufficient amounts of sleep may promote resistance to infectious disease. This article will focus on data obtained in human studies. Recent reviews summarizing animal research are provided in the reading list.
Neovascularization and Intra-plaque Hemorrhage: Role of Haptoglobin, Macrophages, and Heme-Oxygenase-1 Pathway

Advanced atherosclerosis is characterized by increased revascularization, intraplaque hemorrhage, macrophage activation and iron deposition. The dysfunctional fragile neovessels may rupture, leading to intra-plaque hemorrhage with the subsequent release of hemoglobin from extravasated erythrocytes. Free hemoglobin is a potent inducer of oxidative stress and exerts toxic effects through macrophage activation and inflammatory stimulus. The defense mechanism to antagonize these deleterious effects of hemoglobin is mediated by haptoglobin. The hemoglobin binds to haptoglobin to form Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin complex and the clearance of this complex is mediated by the macrophage scavenger receptor CD163. Inside the macrophage, the free heme released from hemoglobin is metabolized by Heme Oxygenase-1 attenuating heme toxicity. Pathobiological mechanisms associated in this pathway and the risk-factor modulation induced by diabetes mellitus are revised in this chapter, highlighting its pivotal role in the atherosclerotic disease progression and plaque vulnerability.
Quad-Band Total Power Radiometer Payload for the Micro-Sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite II

A 1U microwave radiometer is successfully designed, fabricated, and tested for temperature and humidity sounding, with sensitivity <1.1 K on all sounding channels.
Nonlinear mixing of polarization states in non-birefringent crystals (Conference Presentation)

High symmetry in the nonlinear susceptibility tensor combined with lack of birefringence in zincblende crystals allow for efficient mixing of a wide range of polarization states. Quasi-phasematching (QPM) allows phasematching to be achieved without relying on specific polarization states. Polarization insensitive difference-frequency generation [1] as well as optical parametric oscillation using circularly polarized and depolarized pump sources [2] have been demonstrated in QPM GaAs. Here, we present the six coupled-wave equations that describe chi-2 nonlinear mixing in these materials. We account for the two orthogonal polarization states at each frequency, which leads to six instead of three coupled-wave equations. We calculate the effective nonlinear coefficient by projecting the nonlinear susceptibility tensor onto the field polarization directions. We applied the couple-wave equations to describe optical parametric amplification (OPA) and oscillation (OPO) in non-birefringent crystals and present simulations for QPM zincblende crystals. We show that for both OPA and OPO, there may be back-conversion to the orthogonally polarized pump wave. This back-conversion process is phasematched. Also, because the wave orthogonal to the pump is initially unseeded, this wave can take on the phase to favor back-conversion well before the original pump becomes depleted. This back-conversion process is associated with reduced OPA and OPO gain as well as apparent rotation of the pump polarization angle. [1] S. J. B. Yoo, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2609 (1996). [2] P. S. Kuo, et al., Opt. Lett. 32, 2735 (2007).
The Role of Media-Induced Nostalgia after a Celebrity Death in Shaping Audiences’ Social Sharing and Prosocial Behavior

When a celebrity dies and news coverage repeatedly pays homages to the celebrity’s life, it is possible that audiences experience nostalgia as they fondly recall past memories of that celebrity. No...
Blepharoplasty in Asian Patients

Asian blepharoplasty is a popular aesthetic procedure worldwide that requires attention to patient expectations, in addition to anatomical familiarity and technique expertise. Depending on the patient’s aesthetic goals and their preexisting anatomical features, surgical attention should be directed toward the placement of the eyelid crease, the amount of skin excision and fat contouring, and the need for epicanthoplasty. Clear communications between patient and surgeon before and after the procedure are critical to achieving the desired surgical result.
Antisemitism and female power in the medieval city

The twelfth century was pivotal for the codification of European misogyny. Binaries of the agential, rational, and fully human male and passive, physical, and subhuman female gained ground during this period, adumbrating later ideas of separate spheres. I consider how English antisemitic writings strikingly, if disturbingly, diverge from that trend. In the first written ritual murder libel, Thomas of Monmouth portrays a woman – the mother of the purported martyr William – who takes to the streets of Norwich and effects change in that city. I argue that Thomas’s text merits intersectional attention as an early example of conservatism – indeed, racism – licensing female power, similar to the offensive yoking of the New Woman and racism in the US South and first-wave feminisms.
Discovery of N-(4-(3-(2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2-yloxy)phenyl)-4-(4-methylthiophen-2-yl)phthalazin-1-amine (AMG 900), a highly selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of aurora kinases with activity against multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines.

Efforts to improve upon the physical properties and metabolic stability of Aurora kinase inhibitor 14a revealed that potency against multidrug-resistant cell lines was compromised by increased polarity. Despite its high in vitro metabolic intrinsic clearance, 23r (AMG 900) showed acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and robust pharmacodynamic activity. Projecting from in vitro data to in vivo target coverage was not practical due to disjunctions between enzyme and cell data, complex and apparently contradictory indicators of binding kinetics, and unmeasurable free fraction in plasma. In contrast, it was straightforward to relate pharmacokinetics to pharmacodynamics and efficacy by following the time above a threshold concentration. On the basis of its oral route of administration, a selectivity profile that favors Aurora-driven pharmacology and its activity against multidrug-resistant cell lines, 23r was identified as a potential best-in-class Aurora kinase inhibitor. In phase 1 dose expansion studies wi...
A representação dos povos indígenas contemporâneos nos livros didáticos

This paper presents data from a research on how indigenous people are visually represented in contemporary textbooks. It is a qualitative study with exploratory emphases, based on documental analysis, in the study of images and data collected from Brazilian educational handbooks. The data analysis and interpretation are based on the hermeneutical philosophical tradition. The investigation highlighted that although there are signs of progress in the public policies that make indigenous people visible in our society, there is much improvement needed regarding the visual representation of Amerindians in textbooks, particularly the construction of this identity in the contemporary world that is free from stereotypes, invisibility, and Eurocentrism that exists in society and is reaffirmed in textbooks. The image of indigenous people come from the twisted ideas that we learn when we are in school. This stereotypical projection remains once we are not in touch with materials that portrait these people in the correct way, but also because of the previous mistaken conceptions that people who produce these cultural artifacts have.
Low Bone Mineral Density in Early Pubertal Transgender/Gender Diverse Youth: Findings From the Trans Youth Care Study.

Context Transgender youth may initiate GnRH agonists (GnRHa) to suppress puberty, a critical period for bone-mass accrual. Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in late-pubertal transgender girls before gender-affirming therapy, but little is known about BMD in early-pubertal transgender youth.
Comprehensive Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions Augment Diaphragmatic Breathing for Rumination Syndrome: A Proof-of-Concept Trial.

Rumination syndrome (RS) is often treated in medical settings with 1–2 sessions of diaphragmatic breathing to target reflexive abdominal wall contraction in response to conditioned cues (e.g., food). However, many patients remain symptomatic and require additional behavioral interventions. In an attempt to augment diaphragmatic breathing with additional interventions, we tested the proof-of-concept of a comprehensive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for RS. In an uncontrolled trial, adults with RS completed a 5–8 session CBT protocol, delivered by one of two psychology behavioral health providers. CBT included two main phases: awareness training and diaphragmatic breathing (Phase 1) and modularized interventions chosen by the therapist and patient to target secondary maintenance mechanisms (Phase 2). At pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up, participants completed a semi-structured interview on RS symptoms with an independent evaluator. Of 10 eligible individuals (ages 20–67 years, 50% female) offered treatment, all 10 initiated treatment and eight completed it. All participants endorsed high treatment credibility at Session 1. Permutation-based repeated measures ANOVA showed participants achieved large reductions in regurgitations across treatment [F(1,7) = 17.7, p = .007, η p 2 = .69]. Although participants reduced regurgitations with diaphragmatic breathing during Phase 1, addition of other CBT strategies in Phase 2 produced further large reductions [F(1,7) = 6.3, p = .04, η p 2 = .47]. Of eight treatment completers, treatment gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up for n = 6. Findings provide evidence of feasibility, acceptability, and proof-of-concept for a comprehensive CBT for RS that includes interventions in addition to diaphragmatic breathing to target secondary maintenance mechanisms. Randomized controlled trials are needed.
Antiretroviral Therapy Management in Adults With HIV During ICU Admission.

The extended lifespan of people living with human immunodeficiency (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA) has increased the potential for ICU admissions unrelated to HIV infec...
Best or Right? - Positioning and Authentication in Online Matching Platforms

A firm seeking a business partner, or an individual searching for a life partner, can use an online matching platform not only to efficiently search for available candidates, but also to address two related challenges. First, a match-seeker may not know what candidates would be compatible with them. And second, particularly in the online setting, candidates may misrepresent their credentials. In this paper, we model and analyze whether an online matching platform’s decisions should enhance search with a positioning capability that helps match-seekers determine the subjective compatibility of potential matches (horizontal differentiation), and also whether it should offer an authentication service that enables match-seekers to reliably signal their objective quality (vertical differentiation). We analyze the equilibrium behavior of match-seekers in the presence of uncertainty about both compatibility and quality of potential matches, and show how this behavior impacts the optimal strategy of the platform with respect to positioning and authentication. For instance, positioning and authentication reinforce each other (act as complements) for some levels of market quality and the platform's positioning capability, while they detract from each other (act as substitutes) in others. These results also help us develop guidelines for the platform's pricing decisions. Our findings provide valuable practical insights for owners and operators of match-making platforms, by helping them understand the interplay between these two important and orthogonal features in online matching. .
Impact of intravascular ultrasound on Outcomes following PErcutaneous coronary interventioN for In-stent Restenosis (iOPEN-ISR study)

Abstract Background Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains common. Intravascular imaging allows for the determination of the mechanism of ISR, potentially guiding appropriate therapy. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided stent implantation is associated with a reduction in adverse events after PCI, but its impact on treatment of ISR is not clear. Methods All patients with 1-year follow-up after ISR treatment from 2003 through 2016 were included and stratified by IVUS use. The primary endpoint was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 1 year, defined as the composite of all-cause mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Results The final analysis included 1522 ISR patients, 65.9% of whom were treated with IVUS guidance. The primary endpoint occurred in 18.0% of patients treated with IVUS guidance vs. 24.5% of patients treated with angiography guidance (p = 0.0014). Post-dilatation was used more often with IVUS (18.6% vs. 14.1%, p Conclusions The use of IVUS is associated with decreased MACE at 1 year following PCI for ISR. These results support routine IVUS for the treatment of ISR lesions.
An Examination of the Potential Relationship Between Technology and Persistence Among At-Risk College Students

Academically underprepared college students, i.e., those identified as needing developmental (remedial) English, mathematics and reading courses in order to maximize their potential for academic success at college-level studies, were provided with the opportunity to rent, for a minimal, subsidized fee, mini-computers bundled with digital course materials (e-books). The academic aptitude of the students who participated in the study was assessed when they entered the program, and their academic performance was assessed at the end of the semester in which they were provided with these resources. The aptitude, performance and retention of program participants were then compared with those of similarly underprepared prepared students who were not provided with these resources. Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences between the academic performance or retention of the two groups.
Natural killer cell dysfunction is a distinguishing feature of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) has been reported in association with many rheumatic diseases, most commonly in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (sJRA). Clinically, MAS is similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a genetic disorder with absent or depressed natural killer (NK) function. We have previously reported that, as in HLH, patients with MAS have profoundly decreased NK activity, suggesting that this abnormality might be relevant to the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Here we examined the extent of NK dysfunction across the spectrum of diseases that comprise juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from patients with pauciarticular (n = 4), polyarticular (n = 16), and systemic (n = 20) forms of JRA. NK cytolytic activity was measured after co-incubation of PBMC with the NK-sensitive K562 cell line. NK cells (CD56+/T cell receptor [TCR]-αβ-), NK T cells (CD56+/TCR-αβ+), and CD8+ T cells were also assessed for perforin and granzyme B expression by flow cytometry. Overall, NK cytolytic activity was significantly lower in patients with sJRA than in other JRA patients and controls. In a subgroup of patients with predominantly sJRA, NK cell activity was profoundly decreased: in 10 of 20 patients with sJRA and in only 1 of 20 patients with other JRA, levels of NK activity were below two standard deviations of pediatric controls (P = 0.002). Some decrease in perforin expression in NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes was seen in patients within each of the JRA groups with no statistically significant differences. There was a profound decrease in the proportion of circulating CD56bright NK cells in three sJRA patients, a pattern similar to that previously observed in MAS and HLH. In conclusion, a subgroup of patients with JRA who have not yet had an episode of MAS showed decreased NK function and an absence of circulating CD56bright population, similar to the abnormalities observed in patients with MAS and HLH. This phenomenon was particularly common in the systemic form of JRA, a clinical entity strongly associated with MAS.
Multiple fuzzy systems for function approximation

The standard procedure for building a fuzzy model often involves trying several candidates with varying number of fuzzy rules and training parameters in order to achieve acceptable model accuracy. Typically, one of the candidates is chosen as best, while the rest are discarded. When the system being considered is highly nonlinear or includes a number of input variables, the number of fuzzy rules constituting the underlying model is usually large. The paper proposes an alternative approach to designing fuzzy systems. The essential scheme is to decompose the overall system into subsystems and then combine their individual outputs. This offers advantages of speed, reliability, and simplicity of design. The concept of competition developed in modular networks theory is used to derive an identification algorithm. The utility of the proposed approach is illustrated by a nonlinear function approximation example.
Rush to Gold: The French and the California Gold Rush, 1848–1854 Malcolm J. Rohrbough. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.

Rush to Gold: The French and the California Gold Rush, 1848-1854 Malcolm J. Rohrbough. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.The Californian gold rush of 1849 brought an international deluge of miners and entrepreneurs hoping to strike it rich in the American West. Malcolm J. Rohrbough, no stranger to the history of the gold rush, explores this frenzied phenomenon through the unique lens of a particular group of forty-niners: the 30,000 French who immigrated to California to seek their fortune. By examining the gold rush from the perspective of French miners, entrepreneurs, and writers captivated by dreams of wealth, Rush to Gold contributes a compelling, if somewhat incomplete, study to a growing literature that regards the nineteenth century West as a site of transnational convergence and competition.Rohrbough's book juxtaposes the heady optimism of the Californian gold rush with the social and political upheavals in France that followed the 1848 Revolution and the resulting Second Republic. For many working class French in the cities and provinces, revolution failed to bring about meaningful social transformation or lasting economic opportunity; short-lived government experiments, such as the establishment of "national workshops" to provide employment for the poor, merely exacerbated public discontent with the increase in public expenses and commensurate imposition of new taxes. Into this environment of uncertainty and disappointment came reports that vast reserves of gold had been discovered in California, and this news quickly took on a mythical quality in the French media as untold wealth seemed to beckon for anyone who could make the journey. One part poor relief and another part individual opportunism, the sudden outpouring of capital to fund la ruee vers l'or, or "the rush to gold," spirited away thousands of French citizens to the American West. While some French "Argonauts" were able to make a fortune in the gold fields, others, discouraged from diminishing returns, logistical failures by French companies, and increasing friction with competing American miners, either returned to France or stayed to become part of San Francisco's burgeoning urban community.Rohrbough roots his dual narrative solely within the French perceptions of the gold rush, alternating between the optimistic accounts of gold fever in France and the more mixed experiences of the miners themselves in California. To accomplish this, the book draws heavily upon French newspapers and periodicals and to a lesser extent previously unpublished or long-neglected personal letters of French men and women who immigrated across the Atlantic. …
Biomechanical Effects of Kneeling With Posterior Cruciate Retaining and Posterior Cruciate Substituting Total Knee Arthroplasty

Kneeling is an activity that is important in certain occupations and recreational activities. Culturally, kneeling plays a large role in Middle Eastern and Asian countries, where activities of daily living require the ability to kneel and achieve deep knee flexion.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Identification of root canals in molars by tuned-aperture computed tomography.

Aim To compare the tuned-aperture computed tomography system of imaging to conventional D-speed film for their ability to identify root canals in extracted human molars. Methodology Thirteen maxillary and six mandibular human molars were mounted in acrylic blocks to simulate clinical conditions by surrounding the teeth with a radiodense structure. The teeth were then imaged with conventional D-speed film using a standard paralleling technique, and with a modified orthopantomograph OP100 machine using a Schick no. 2 size CCD sensor as the image receptor. The source images were registered and TACT slices were generated using TACT Workbench™ Software. Three observers were asked to identify the number of canals in the conventional film group and the TACT image group using specific criteria. Ground truth was established by cross-sectioning the teeth at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the roots and directly visualizing the root canal morphology. Results TACT imaging detected 36% of 4th canals in maxillary molars and 80% of third canals in mandibular molars. Conventional film detected 0% of fourth canals in maxillary molars and 0% of third canals in mandibular molars. The differences in canal detection between the two techniques were statistically significant (Wilcoxon matched pair sign rank test, P = 0.001). Conclusions In this study, the TACT system of digital imaging was superior to conventional film in the detection of root canals in human molars and may be useful for the detection of root canals that will probably be missed upon conventional X-ray examination.
Serum Markers as a Predictor of Response Duration and Patient Survival After Hormonal Therapy for Metastatic Carcinoma of the Prostate

ABSTRACTPurpose: Prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were analyzed in 2 large prospective multicenter and multinational trials to assess their correlation with time to progression and overall survival after hormonal therapy for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.Materials and Methods: A total of 868 patients who underwent medical or surgical castration was randomized to receive an oral antiandrogen (nilutamide) or placebo. The serum markers under study were measured at baseline and at 1, 3, 6 and every 6 months thereafter.Results: At baseline the strongest predictive factor was serum alkaline phosphatase. Patients with an alkaline phosphatase of 2 or less times normal lived almost twice as long as those with a level of more than 2 times normal (p <0.0001). The longer survival was observed in patients whose PSA became normal 3 months after initiation of hormonal therapy compared to those whose PSA never reached normal (p <0.0001).Conclusions: Serum markers...
Acquiring Teaching Skills

Zahorik identifies three broad concep tual categories of good teaching: science-research, theory-philosophy, and art-craft. Various conceptions of teaching within each category are then defined and discussed. The author con cludes with a description of how the needs of teachers and developmental stages of teacher growth will dictate the conception of teaching that should be emphasized during preservice and inser vice teacher education experiences.
Alternative catalysts for VSS growth of silicon and germanium nanowires

Metal impurities have been used to mediate the growth of anisotropic crystalline semiconductor nanowires for a variety of applications. A majority of efforts have employed the vapor-liquid-solid approach at growth temperatures above the metal-semiconductor eutectic. Sub-eutectic vapor-solid-solid (VSS) growth has received less attention but may provide advantages including reduced processing temperatures and more abrupt heterojunctions. We present a review of the VSS growth of Si and Ge nanowires together with new studies of Mn-mediated Ge and Si nanowires to assess the generality of sub-eutectic nanowire growth and highlight key requirements.
Real-T1Me Processing Techniques For Tactical Positioning Systems

One of the primary problems encountered by a field commander is the timely location and engagement of battlefield targets. In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in gathering and processing photogrammetric data which is being used to develop data bases covering major potential battlefield areas. Through technology developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories (USAETL), Fort Belvoir, Virginia, the potential of a new technique for positioning targets detected in the battlefield within minutes after obser-vation has been demonstrated. A brassboard system for tactical positioning was fabricated at USAETL using an Optical Area Correlator (OAC) developed by Boeing under contract with the Air Force. The OAC uses incident light and is capable of correlating real-world imagery with data-base photography. The output signals from the OAC are scene signatures containing less than 400 bits of information. This paper will describe the brassboard hardware and the test results obtained from the OAC when (a) correlating between aerial stereo photographs, (b) correlating real-world signatures obtained at 6, 8, and 10 thousand feet with data-base photographs, and (c) correlating signatures between a 32 feet by 32 feet, 1/600 scale, three-dimensional terrain model located at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, and a photographic mosaic of this same model.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Worsening disparities in HPV vaccine utilization among 19–26 year old women

We evaluated the characteristics associated with uptake of HPV vaccine by 19-26 year old women seen in primary care university-based clinics. Of the 11,545 women analyzed only 18% had initiated the 3-dose vaccine series. Series completion among the sample overall was only 10% in the 30 month study period. Decreased series initiation was associated with older age, public insurance, white race and non-family medicine specialty. Decreased series completion was associated with public insurance and African American race. Utilization disparities by race and insurance worsened over time suggesting that the highest risk populations of women were not getting vaccinated.
Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Pediatric Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: This study examined affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicidality in children with epilepsy and their association with seizure-related, cognitive, linguistic, family history, social competence, and demographic variables. Methods: A structured psychiatric interview, mood self-report scales, as well as cognitive and language testing were administered to 100 children with complex partial seizures (CPSs), 71 children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), and 93 normal children, aged 5 to 16 years. Parents provided behavioral information on each child through a structured psychiatric interview and behavior checklist. Results: Significantly more patients had affective and anxiety disorder diagnoses (33%) as well as suicidal ideation (20%) than did the normal group, but none had made a suicide attempt. Anxiety disorder was the most frequent diagnosis among the patients with a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorders, and combined affective/anxiety and disruptive disorder diagnoses, in those with suicidal ideation. Only 33% received some form of mental health service. Age, verbal IQ, school problems, and seizure type were related to the presence of a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorder, and duration of illness, to suicidal ideation. Conclusions: These findings together with the high rate of unmet mental health underscore the importance of early detection and treatment of anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation children with CPSs and CAE. Ke yW ords: Depression—Anxiety—Suicide—Complex partial seizure disorder— Absence epilepsy—Child.
A test to detect clusters of disease

SUMMARY A test is given to detect clustering in disease incidence or mortality data. The test statistic is the mean distance between all pairs of disease cases. Its null mean and variance and its asymptotic normality are derived under assumptions that accommodate differences in population distribution among demographic subgroups at different disease risk. The test is illustrated on 63 cases of anal and rectal squamous cell carcinoma in San Francisco during 1973-1981. Patterns of disease incidence and mortality over time, space, or occupational categories can provide clues to the cause of the disease. An aetiologic agent can produce a spatial, temporal or occupational cluster of disease cases. It is seldom difficult to detect clusters of rare diseases like angiosarcoma of the liver among men occupationally exposed to polyvinyl chloride. However more common diseases present two problems. First, clusters may be obscured by the scattered occurrence of cases unrelated to the cause of the clusters. Secondly, clusters may be produced by factors unrelated to the disease process, such as variations in the overall population distribution, or variations in the distributions of demographic subgroups at high disease risk. It is therefore useful to have a method for detecting clusters that will adjust for such factors. Previous tests for clustering, for example, Pinkel & Nefzger (1959), Knox (1964), Mantel (1967), are not satisfactory for the study of chronic disease such as cancer. Those tests are designed to determine whether cases are clustered both in space and in time simultaneously. However, cases of chronic disease caused by a spatially localized agent may be close in space, but they are unlikely to be close in time, because of long and variable time periods between exposure and diagnosis. Thus there is need for alternative methods to detect spatial clusters in regional disease incidence or mortality data. Consider the set X = {xl,... , XK } of points called census tracts, with Nk cases of disease, called cancer, in tract Xk. Under the hypothesis Ho of no clustering, the Nk are independent Poisson variables, with the mean of Nk proportional to the population size ek in tract xk:
The Drosophila group: the transition from the Mendelian unit to the individual gene.

As William Bateson conceived it when he coined the term "genetics" in 1906, this new field would combine the approaches used to study heredity and variation and their relation to evolution. At first heredity and variation were thought to be separate phenomena, involving different mechanisms. The confusion of these two concepts was not cleared up by sweeping these items under the rug called genetics. It was not until 1921 that the current view, formulated by Hermann Joseph Muller, was forcefully expressed:
The Permo–Triassic extinction

The end-Permian mass extinction brought the Palaeozoic great experiment in marine life to a close during an interval of intense climatic, tectonic and geochemical change. Improved knowledge of latest Permian faunas, coupled with recent advances in isotopic studies and biostratigraphy, have greatly enhanced our understanding of the events of 250 million years ago and have begun to provide answers to many questions about the causes of extinction.
Eddy Current Losses in Solid Iron With DC Offset

A numerical solution of the one-dimensional diffusion equation is used to calculate eddy current losses in solid iron for ac with dc offset exciting current. The results are compared with test data obtained on a solid iron ring at several frequencies from 50 Hz to 600 Hz. Curves of loss versus field amplitude and offset are presented for sinusoidal excitation with the plate temperature at 100°C. Several three-dimensional plots show how field intensity varies with time and distance into the plate. The importance of accurate representation of the material B-H curve is stressed.
LEARNING MORE FROM LESS DATA: EXPERIMENTS WITH LIFELONG ROBOT LEARNING

Learning more accurate functions from less data is a key issue in robot learning. This paper investigates robot learning in a lifelong learning framework. In lifelong learning, the learner faces an entire collection of learning tasks, not just a single one. Thus, it provides the opportunity for synergy among multiple tasks. To obtain this synergy, the central question in lifelong learning is how can the learner transfer knowledge across multiple tasks. In this paper we describe a selective approach to lifelong learning, the task clustering (TC) algorithm. TC transfers knowledge across multiple tasks by adjusting the distance metric in nearest neighbour generalization. To increase robustness to unrelated tasks, TC arranges all learning tasks hierarchically. When a new learning task arrives, TC relates it to the task hierarchy, in order to transfers knowledge selectively from the most related tasks only. As a result, TC is more robust than its unselective counterpart. Thus far, TC has been successfully applied to perception tasks involving visual and ultrasonic input, using our mobile robot XAVIER. (3 pages)
Supported Au catalysts for low temperature CO oxidation

Supported Au catalysts are very active for low temperature CO oxidation. However, the reported activity from different laboratories for apparently similar catalysts can differ quite substantially. Recent progress in resolving this difficulty is summarized. Residual chloride in the sample is a very effective poison of the active site. The effect of water vapor on the catalytic activity differs depending on the support and the residual chloride content. A model of the active site, which consists of an ensemble of metallic Au atoms and Au cations with hydroxyl ligands, the reaction mechanism for CO oxidation, and the mechanism for deactivation during reaction as well as regeneration are discussed with respect to the available data.
Electron Microscopic Studies of Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in the Stria Vascularis and Spiral Ligament

An enzyme for fluid transport, adenosine triphosphatase, has been studied in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament in the inner ear using various modifications of histochemical techniques for electron microscopy. We found enzyme activity appeared on the surfaces on the complex folds between the epithelial cells and on the surface facing the endolymph. Capillary basement membrane and mitochondria also showed marked activity. These findings are what one would expect of the stria vascularis considering its probable role in fluid transport and the findings of ATP-ase localization elsewhere.
Hydrophilic properties of aged soot

[1] The global presence of soot has significant effects on regional and global climate, as well as human health. Influence of soot on radiation budget, rain formation and heterogeneous chemistry, and its residence time in the atmosphere are largely dependent on its ability to interact with water. While freshly emitted soot is extremely hydrophobic, oxidation during aging causes soot to become more hydrophilic. Laboratory studies demonstrate that aged soot attracts and retains water, and can be efficiently removed from the troposphere by entrapment in existing liquid cloud droplets or by activation as cloud condensation nuclei.
RepLib: a library for derivable type classes

Some type class instances can be automatically derived from the structure of types. As a result, the Haskell language includes the "deriving" mechanism to automatic generates such instances for a small number of built-in type classes. In this paper, we present RepLib, a GHC library that enables a similar mechanism for arbitrary type classes. Users of RepLib can define the relationship between the structure of a datatype and the associated instance declaration by a normal Haskell functions that pattern-matches a representation type. Furthermore, operations defined in this manner are extensible-instances for specific types not defined by type structure may also be incorporated. Finally, this library also supports the definition of operations defined by parameterized types.
Influence of item identification on the memory performance of mentally retarded and nonretarded adults

Abstract The role of item identification in the memory performance of mentally retarded and nonretarded adults was examined by varying the identification and memory parameters of a sequential same-different task. In Study 1, retarded subjects' identification ability was demonstrated to be less efficient than nonretarded subjects' ability. In Study 2, target duration and interstimulus interval were varied. Memory performance differed between groups, and the memory deficit for retarded subjects was demonstrated to be independent of their identification deficit. The target durations in Study 2 were relatively brief, and in Study 3, the target duration was increased to insure that all subjects could identify the target. Mentally retarded subjects were demonstrated to have a memory deficit. The results were discussed in terms of possible sources of the memory deficit.
A possibilistic approach to qualitative model-based diagnosis

Abstract The potential for the use of possibility theory in the qualitative model-based diagnosis of spacecraft systems is described. The first sections of the paper briefly introduce the Model-Based Diagnostic approach to spacecraft fault diagnosis, Qualitative Modeling methodologies, and the concepts of possibilistic modeling in the context of Generalized Information Theory. Then the necessary conditions for the applicability of possibilistic methods to qualitative model-based diagnosis, and a number of potential directions for such an application, are described.
The pharmacologic management of childhood asthma

The treatment of childhood asthma begins with the development of goals of therapy by the child, parent, and clinician. To the child and parent, the primary objective is to reduce the symptoms and exacerbations related to asthma and to minimize the adverse effects from both the disease and the pharmacotherapy. The treating pediatrician has similar concerns: achieving the goals of care, allaying the child’s and parent’s concerns about the disease and treatment, and assuring quality years without negative impact from the disease or therapy. The health care system needs to assure that all of the children requiring therapy are cared for and that adequate resources are available to achieve these goals. In establishing the goals of therapy, one needs to be certain that a high watermark is established (Box 1). Daytime symptoms should be uncommon, and symptomatic treatment with inhaled bronchodilators should be required less than a couple of times a week. Sleep should be undisturbed by cough or wheeze with only minimal breakthrough associated with respiratory tract infections. Physical activity should be unaffected by asthma. To attain these goals, a complete and appropriate assessment of the child’s exercise level is required. Frequently children with asthma seem to be uninterested in sports, but this apathy toward exercise is often a reflection of the limitations imposed by the disease. Not all children are natural athletes, but all children should have the opportunity to participate. Frequently limitations imposed by asthma on daily childhood activities are not recognized until the child is placed on controller treatment, begins to be able to participate, and then gains interest in physical activity. The genetic predisposition for asthma frequently is responsible for parents or other relatives accepting day and night symptoms and restrictions on activity as the norm. A detailed history is required in the child with cough, shortness of breath, or history of recurrent bronchitis.
3561 A new technique for the dilatation of completely obstructed esophageal strictures.

OBJECTIVE:To adapt and apply existing endoscopic and surgical methods for the dilatation of completely occluded benign esophageal strictures. METHODS:Four patients who presented with benign and completely obstructed esophageal strictures were treated with a new endoscopic technique. One had an anastomotic stricture 5 years after an esophagectomy with a cervical gastroesophageal anastomosis. A second had a proximal esophageal stricture several years after curative radiation therapy for a laryngeal tumor, a third presented with an esophageal pulmonary fisula as a complication after a dilatation for a benign stricture, a fourth patient was treated with a surgical exclusion after a late presentation with a long distal third portion spontaneous esophageal perforation. In all cases a complete obstruction was noted radiographically and endoscopically. Multiple attempts to transverse the strictures endoscopically and with a guide wire under fluoroscopic guidance failed. In all patients, the jejunum or stomach was accessed surgically and cannulated with a gastroscope directed under fluoroscopic guidance in a retrograde fashion into the distal esophagus. Under direct visualization, with another gastroscope placed proximally, a glide wire or a savory guide wire was advanced from the distal esophagus proximally and then pulled out through the mouth. The wire was then used for dilatation of the stricture with Savory dilators. Once the strictures were dilated, biopsies were taken to exclude a malignancy, and expanding metallic (Ultraflex) stents were placed to keep the strictured area open. RESULTS: One patient who initially did not have a stent placed, restrictured and required a second dilatation for stent placement. Patency was established in all patients. The fistulae present in 2 of the patients were sealed. There were no dilatation related complications, and in all patients the esophagus remained patent on follow up endoscopic evalutaion. One patient died 6 weeks following the procedure from unrelated causes. CONCLUSIONS:We report the successful application of a new retrograde technique for dilating obstructing esophageal lesions. This technique has been successfully applied five times in 4 patients. It affords the ability to visually inspect the lumen of the esophagus above and below the stricture as a safety feature to reduce the risk of esophageal perforation. It has been usefull as a technique to preserve esophageal integrity in the setting of challenging benign strictures.