cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate the early inflammatory response after tendon injury and repair.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have the potential to enhance tendon repair via paracrine regulation of the inflammatory response to injury. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are secreted by ASCs, have shown promise in mediating this process. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ASC EVs on early tendon healing using a mouse Achilles tendon injury and repair model. EVs were isolated from the conditioned medium of naive and interferonγ-primed ASCs and applied to the repair site via a collagen sheet. Tendon healing was assessed in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-luciferase reporter mice up to 7 days after suture repair. As anticipated, repair site NF-κB activity increased greater than twofold following tendon repair. Treatment with EVs from primed but not naive ASCs effectively suppressed the response. Accordingly, the pro-inflammatory genes Il1b and Ifng were both dramatically increased in repaired tendons, while primed, but not naive ASC EVs attenuated the response. Compared with control repairs, primed ASC EVs further reduced the rate of post-repair tendon gap formation and rupture and facilitated collagen formation at the injury site. Additional experiments demonstrated that EVs target macrophages and that primed ASC EVs were most effective in blocking macrophage NF-κB activity. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that primed ASC EVs, similar to ASCs, attenuate the early tendon inflammatory response after injury via modulation of the macrophage inflammatory response. Statement of clinical significance: These findings introduce a new cell-free therapy, derived from stem cells, for tendon repair with the potential for improved therapeutic efficacy and safety. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:117-127, 2020.
A Complete Invariant of a Locally Compact Group

We will begin our discussion with G, a finite group; although our main result is true for the general case that G is a locally compact group. We write out the multiplication table of G, whose elements are the set {g 1, g 2,..., g n } in “symmetric” fashion. Thus,
Iatrogenic bowel injury (early vs delayed)

Abstract Iatrogenic bowel injury is a challenging issue that will be encountered by most general and colon and rectal surgeons. The timing of diagnosis of iatrogenic bowel injury (early vs delayed) will affect the management options and patient outcomes. In this chapter, we will review the risk factors for iatrogenic bowel injury and various causes of iatrogenic bowel injury. The diagnosis of bowel injury, workup and management will also be addressed.
Endangered Butterflies and their Non-Native Host Plants: Examining Shifting Values of Belonging in Restoration

The island marble butterfly (Euchloe ausonides insulanus), thought to be extinct throughout the 20th century until re-discovered on a single remote island in Puget Sound in 1998, has become the focus of a concerted protection effort to prevent its extinction. However, efforts to “restore” island marble habitat conflict with efforts to “restore” the prairie ecosystem where it lives, because of the butterfly’s use of a non-native “weedy” host plant. Through a case study of the island marble project, we examine the practice of ecological restoration as the enactment of particular norms that define which species are understood to belong in the place being restored. We contextualize this case study within ongoing debates over the value of “native” species, indicative of deep-seated uncertainties and anxieties about the role of human intervention to alter or manage landscapes and ecosystems, in the time commonly described as the “Anthropocene.” We interpret the question of “what plants and animals belong in a particular place?” as not a question of scientific truth, but a value-laden construct of environmental management in practice, and we argue for deeper reflexivity on the part of environmental scientists and managers about the social values that inform ecological restoration.
Sensory processing and occupational choices

Date Presented 04/04/19 The influence on sensory processing characteristics on occupational choices among the typical population has not been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this study was to understand the connection between the experiential characteristics of pleasurable occupations and sensory processing characteristics in typical adults utilizing two existing surveys. Cluster analysis on 451 respondents yielded six clusters establishing potential links between activity choices and sensory processing patterns. Primary Author and Speaker: Erna Blanche Additional Authors and Speakers: Megan C. Chang, L. Diane Parham
Resilient Control Design for Hybrid Systems against Switching and Data Injection Attacks

A hybrid systems approach is a powerful tool for modeling and analysis of cyber-physical systems (CPSs), but it has been rarely used for CPS security related problems. In this paper, we model the CPS subject to cyber-attacks as a class of hybrid systems called hidden mode switched linear systems so that it can account for both the switching attack that tampers the discrete state dynamics (logical behavior) and the bounded data injection attack which compromises the continuous state dynamics (physical behavior) of the CPS. A resilient hybrid control scheme is proposed to mitigate the impact of these cyber-attacks. It is shown that the proposed resilient hybrid control scheme is able to estimate the switching attack signal and guarantee the attack mitigation under the assumptions that the discrete states of the hybrid system are distinguishable and the switching attack signal satisfies the average dwell-time condition.
Model-Guided Infection Prediction and Active Defense Using Context-Specific Cybersecurity Observations

Cybersecurity tools such as intrusion detection and prevention systems usually generate far too many alerts, indicators or log data, many of which do not have obvious security implications unless their correlations and temporal causality relationships are determined. In order to infer cybersecurity observations and take defensive actions for a given set of assets, this paper proposes methods to first estimate the infected and exploited assets and then take recovery and preventive actions, with the help of graphs, deep learning, and autonomous agents. The proposed motif and graph thinking analysis of cyber infection and exploitation predicts the infection states of some assets. This prediction data of infections is taken as input data by deep learning networks to enable the agents to determine effective actions for inferring adversary activities and protecting assets. The results of the infection prediction and the games of these agents show the effectiveness of actions.
Local delivery of RhoA siRNA by PgP nanocarrier reduces inflammatory response and improves neuronal cell survival in a rat TBI model.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability with complex pathophysiology including prolonged neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and glial scar formation. The upregulation of RhoA is a key factor in the pathological development of secondary injury following TBI. Previously, we developed a novel cationic, amphiphilic copolymer, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP), as a nanocarrier for delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. In a rat compression spinal cord injury model, delivery of siRNA targeting RhoA (siRhoA) by PgP resulted in RhoA knockdown; reduced astrogliosis and inflammation; and promoted axonal regeneration/sparing. Here, we evaluated the effect of RhoA knockdown by PgP/siRhoA nanoplexes in a rat controlled cortical impact TBI model. A single intraparenchymal injection of PgP/siRhoA nanoplexes significantly reduced RhoA expression, lesion volume, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, and increased neuronal survival in the ipsilateral cortex. These results suggest that PgP/siRhoA nanoplexes can efficiently knockdown RhoA expression in the injured brain and reduce secondary injury.
Metal/Ligand Proton Tautomerism Facilitates Dinuclear H2 Reductive Elimination.

Using the doubly protic bis-pyrazole-pyridine ligand (N(NNH)2), we have synthesized an octahedral IrIII-H [HIr(κ3-N(NNH)(NN-))(CO)(tBuPy)]+ ([1-MH]+) from an IrI starting material. This hydride was generated by adding sufficient electron density to the metal center such that it became the thermodynamically preferred site of protonation. It was observed via UV-vis spectroscopy that [1-MH]+ establishes a [tBuPy] dependent equilibrium with a ligand protonated square-planar IrI [Ir(N(NNH)2)(CO)]+ ([2-LH]+). This example of metal/ligand proton tautomerism is unusual in that the position of the equilibrium can be controlled by the concentration of exogeneous ligand (i.e., tBuPy). This equilibrium was shown to be key to the reactivity of the IrIII-H; 2 equiv of [1-MH]+ release H2, converting to the IrII dimer [[Ir(N(NN-)(NNH))(CO)(tBuPy)]2]2+ ([7]2+) under mild conditions (observable at room temperature). Mechanistic evidence is presented to support that this dinuclear reductive elimination occurs by tautomerization of the metal hydride [1-MH]+ to a ligand protonated species [1-LH]+, from which ligand dissociation is facile, generating [2-LH]+. Subsequent reaction of [2-LH]+ with [1-MH]+ allows for production of H2 and the IrII dimer [7]2+. The tautomerization between the metal-hydride and the ligand protonated species provides a low energy pathway for ligand dissociation, opening the needed coordination site. The ability to control the interconversion between a metal-hydride and a ligand-protonated congener using an exogeneous ligand introduces a new strategy for catalyst design with proton responsive ligands.
Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis

Drug development over the last 30 years has resulted in the regulatory approval of over 20 disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) in the United States, including multiple DMTs in the same class (interferons, fumarates, and sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators), multiple generics (two generic versions of glatiramer acetate, three generic versions of fingolimod), and several other drugs that are used off-label (rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, others). The first DMT has now been approved for pediatric use (fingolimod), and DMTs have been or are being tested in nearly all phases and phenotypes of the illness, including even those who have not yet had clinical symptoms suggestive of MS, but whose magnetic resonance images (MRIs) are consistent with MS—radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS).
Investigation of long interspersed element-1 retrotransposons as potential risk factors for idiopathic temporal lobe epilepsy.

Objective To determine if long interspersed element-1 (L1) retrotransposons convey risk for idiopathic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods Surgically resected temporal cortex from individuals with TLE (N = 33) and postmortem temporal cortex from individuals with no known neurological disease (N = 33) were analyzed for L1 content by Restriction Enzyme Based Enriched L1Hs sequencing (REBELseq). Expression of three KCNIP4 splice variants was assessed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) was used to determine ontologies and pathways for lists of genes harboring L1 insertions. Results We identified novel L1 insertions specific to individuals with TLE, and others specific to controls. Although there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in the numbers of known and novel L1 insertions, PANTHER analyses of intragenic L1 insertions showed statistically significant enrichments for epilepsy-relevant gene ontologies in both cases and controls. Gene ontologies "neuron projection development" and "calcium ion transmembrane transport" were among those found only in individuals with TLE. We confirmed novel L1 insertions in several genes associated with seizures/epilepsy, including a de novo somatic L1 retrotransposition in KCNIP4 that occurred after neural crest formation in one patient. However, ddPCR results suggest this de novo L1 did not alter KCNIP4 mRNA expression. Significance Given current data from this small cohort, we conclude that L1 elements, either rare heritable germline insertions or de novo somatic retrotranspositions, may contribute only minimally to overall genetic risk for idiopathic TLE. We suggest that further studies in additional patients and additional brain regions are warranted.
Capturing the patient's voice: Kano Analysis of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey

Background Traditional methods are not able to differentiate which feature customers regard as attractive, mandatory, performance, and which feature customers are indifferent about. These categories can only be differentiated based on a specific technique called Kano survey. Specific aim of this study was to categorize the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) patient satisfaction survey questions into Kano categories. Materials and methods Design of the study was survey research. It was conducted from 6/2019 to 8/2019 at OSF Saint Francis Medical Centre in Peoria, Illinois, USA. A 34 question Kano survey (17 positive and 17 negative questions) based on HCAHPS patient questionnaire was designed. Surveys were analyzed using Kano analysis template. Comparative analysis of Kano categories based on demographics was also performed. Results 39 current patients and 25 caregivers completed the survey. All of the 17 HCAHPS questions except "noise level at night" were classified as mandatory requirement with highest number for information on "indications of medicines." There was a minimum variability in the satisfaction coefficients but large variation in the dissatisfaction coefficients. More patients above 50 years consider "help going to bathroom" as mandatory (70.2% vs. 40.7%, P = 0.01). Sixty-four percent of caregivers considered "explain things (nurse)" as mandatory as opposed to 51.2% of patients (P = 0.03). Conclusion Current U. S healthcare consumers have high expectations from healthcare delivery and consider most HCAHPS questions as mandatory requirements. Kano analysis needs to be done on a larger, more diverse hospital setting and potentially the HCAHPS survey needs to be modified to reflect prevailing healthcare customer requirements.
Challenges in Treating Chlamydia trachomatis, Including Rectal Infections: Is It Time to Go Back to Doxycycline?:

Objective:To evaluate recent publications on efficacy of single-dose azithromycin and 7-day doxycycline when treating Chlamydia trachomatis.Data Sources:A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubM...
Albers, Josef 1888–1976

Josef Albers was born on March 19, 1888, into a Roman Catholic family of craftsmen in the industrial Ruhr district of Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany [1]. He was the only child of a house painter, Lorenz Albers. His Westphalian family tradition was crafts, blacksmiths on his mother’s side, carpenters, and handymen on his father’s side.
Contested Values: How Jim Crow Segregation Ordinances Redefined Property Rights

Place, race, and the law intersect powerfully in the passage of early 20th century zoning ordinances requiring “the use of separate blocks, for residences, places of abode, and places of assembly by white and colored people respectively” State v. Gurry, 121 Md. 534 (1913). Baltimore enacted a comprehensive racial zoning ordinance in 1910 and cities throughout the South quickly followed, adopting similar or identical laws. One consequence of these segregation ordinances was a profound shift in judicial conceptions of property rights and regulations. The first three state courts that considered these racial zoning ordinances invalidated them as trammeling unconstitutionally upon property rights. The next three state courts to consider these laws, however, upheld them as a reasonable response to congested municipal conditions. What can explain why state courts responded so differently to these identical laws? These state court decisions, I find, are differentiated by a shift from a theory of property as a natural right to an analysis of property through a utilitarian calculus. This shift facilitated important equitable restrictions on property rights. The utilitarian emphasis on the greatest good for the greatest number, without consideration for who benefits and who sacrifices, however, also enabled these early municipal segregation ordinances.
Public health impact of Salmonella spp. on raw poultry: Current concepts and future prospects in the United States

Abstract Non typhoidal Salmonella spp. are among the leading causes of foodborne illness in the U.S. Some 20% of foodborne illnesses attributed to Salmonella can be associated with poultry and poultry products. Industry efforts to lower the incidence of Salmonella have been successful, but the number of illnesses from contaminated poultry has not seen a concomitant drop. In this review, the historical background of Salmonella assessment in poultry at the processing plant will be presented along with the problems inherent with current methods. In addition, opportunities for improvement via the availability of emerging detection and identification technologies as well as other food safety measures that can be taken such as consumer education.
A Demographic Perception on US Consumers' Out-of-Town Vacation and Commercial Lodging Usage

This study reports on a 24-month series of national measurements of usage for out-of-town vacations and vacation commercial lodging services. The portion of consumers who reported taking an out-of-town vacation in the past 12 months was 59.4%. Of these out-of-town vacationers,59.6% reported using commercial lodging while on vacation. Logistic regression modeling offered insights into demographic patterns characterizing out-of-town vacation usage and vacation commercial lodging usage across demographic groups in the United States. The income variable was the most influential independent variable in each model.
The Effect of Pre-Class Assignment in Enhancing the Chinese National-Type School Pupils in Mastery Chinese Language

The KSSR curriculum system introduced by Malaysia's ministry of education is demanding teachers to build pupils who will have the ability to carry out the learning process independently. To build pupils with the ability to learn independently, the pre-class assignment is an implementation needed to give the learning autonomy back to pupils. However, some of the teachers do not like students to do any pre-class assignment because they are afraid that students who have already obtained a certain level of understanding towards the learning materials would feel boring and show the signs of being not interested to listen during the in-class learning process. Thus, this study aims to study the effect of pre-class assignments in enhancing the Chinese language reading comprehension mastery level of pupils from Chinese national-type schools in order to convince more educators to start practicing the use of pre-class assignments. A group of 260 pupils from eight different schools in Kuala Lumpur was involved in this study. A quantitative approach was used in this study and tests were developed and used in this study. The result of this study showed that the implementation of pre-class assignments was effective in helping pupils to master Chinese language reading comprehension. The finding of this research showed that the pupils' performance in Chinese language reading comprehension was not affected by the language used at home and prior exposure of pupils towards pre-class assignments.
Saltwater intrusion in context: soil factors regulate impacts of salinity on soil carbon cycling

Salinization of freshwater ecosystems impacts carbon cycling, a particular concern for coastal wetlands, which are important agents of carbon sequestration. Previous experimental work using salt additions as a proxy for sea level rise, reveals widely divergent effects of salt on soil carbon processes. We performed a laboratory salt addition experiment on two different types of wetland soils (Ponzer muck and Hyde loam, both poorly drained organic soils) from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. We used a commercial aquarium salt mix to make treatment solutions of 0, 2.5 and 10 ppt salinity and independently manipulated solution pH (5.5, 7.2, 8.8) for a full factorial experimental design. Our goal was to identify the effects of increasing ionic strength and increasing soil solution pH on soil carbon solubility and turnover. Microbial respiration and dissolved organic carbon solubility were depressed by marine salts, while pH manipulation alone had minimal effect. The addition of marine salts substantially reduced rates of carbon mineralization, reduced carbon solubility, and preferentially reduced the abundance of phenolic and aromatic organic molecules in solution. In the more acidic Ponzer muck, where salt additions dropped the pH from > 5 to < 4, we measured more substantial declines in DOC concentrations than in the base saturated Hyde loam. In contrast, in the base saturated Hyde loam, more marine salts remained in solution and the treatment effects on rates of carbon mineralization were more pronounced. Our results provide a clear demonstration of how ion exchange mechanisms result in indirect effects of salinization on the pH of soil solution and the solubility of organic matter. These indirect effects may explain much of the existing variation in reports of salt effects on soil carbon dynamics.
Pharmacological enhancement of learning in exposure therapy

Publisher Summary Pharmacotherapy has been thought to be contraindicated in combination with behavior therapy for the treatment of many anxiety disorders, particularly phobias and performance anxiety, because it was thought to interfere with the effectiveness of exposure therapy. Recent progress has been made in understanding the learning processes that underlie a potential mechanism of exposure therapy—namely, extinction. “Extinction” refers to the decrement in a conditioned response (CR) over time following the repeated exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the expected unconditioned stimulus (UCS). More recent work has focused on extinction of fear behaviors in addition to the extinction of appetitive behaviors. Experimentally conditioned fear has been studied in both animals and humans as a useful model of anxiety disorders. With fear conditioning, a learned fear response is established following the pairing of an aversive UCS to a neutral CS. During extinction, repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the UCS results in the loss of the conditioned fear to the CS. From an operational perspective, extinction may thus be defined as “a reduction in the strength or probability of a conditioned fear response as a consequence of repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the UCS.”
SU-E-I-70: Comparison of Brain Volume Quantification with NeuroQuant & FreeSurfer

Purpose: This study is to evaluate the precision of volumetric evaluation using two types of image processing platforms with the MRI images obtained on a single subject from different types of scanners. Methods: The MRI scans have been performed on a single healthy volunteer during a span of 3 months using the parameters specified by the NeuroQuant manufacturer. The imaging parameters can be found at http://www.cortechslabs.com/resources/#EDUCATIONTRAINING-0. Nine scanners with field strengths of 1.5T and 3T were used. The types of scanners are GE HDx, MR450w, MR750, MR750w, and Siemens Aera and Avanto. Some scans were repeated on the same scanner to assess the short term repeatability. The images were examined to be free of artifacts (motion or otherwise) before they were processed using both the NeuroQuant and FreeSurfer (www.freesurfer.net) platforms. Both platforms generate the volumetric data of various brain structures. During the analysis the results from both the left and right hemispheres were combined to avoid the complication from left-right segmentation inconsistency. Over all 26 independent measurements were analyzed for comparison. Results: We have observed that both processing methods can achieve similar precision. The results for the Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Putamen show excellent agreement, while the Result of Thalamus shows some deviation. Conclusion: The robustness of both methods is excellent with available datasets, but FreeSurfer requires significant more computing power. The good agreement between two methods should increase the diagnostic confidence for future clinical use.
PAC1-Gs Coupling Through AC6 Mediates NCS/Rapgef2-dependent ERK Activation in Neuroendocrine Cells

The neuritogenic cAMP sensor (NCS), the protein product of the Rapgef2 gene, couples GPCR-Gs-dependent elevation of cAMP to ERK activation required for neuritogenesis, while additional aspects of c...
Parental Advocacy and the Safeguards Necessary for Inclusive Education: New Zealand Lessons for Pacific-Asian Education

This interdisciplinary paper examines tensions in New Zealand between statutory, regulatory and case law, and the provision of special education for students with disabilities, particularly within the contexts of “disability rights” and “human rights.” The authors -- one is a specialist in education and the other in law -- review fundamental legislation and the landmark Daniels court decision, as well as ministerial-level educational policies, against a backdrop of shifting resource allocation and decision-making from the Ministry of Education to local schools. Consideration is given to the likelihood of difficulties for families and whānau (extended families) in obtaining what Daniels found to be a justiciable right to an education that is “suitable, regular, and systematic.” However, at the local level, the underlying message of “no funding, no welcome and no working relationship” appears to be a pervasive aspect of the education of students with disabilities. In the end, most observers agree that litigation is not a viable path of action for students with special educational needs and their families, with the move toward the inclusive education of disabled students in Pasifika (Pacific-Asian) nations. This article identifies approaches and practices that are most likely to be productive.
Cdc16p, Cdc23p and Cdc27p form a complex essential for mitosis.

Abstract Cdc16p, Cdc23p and Cdc27p are all essential proteins required for cell cycle progression through mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All three proteins contain multiple tandemly repeated 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). Using two independent assays, two-hybrid analysis in vivo and co-immunoprecipitation in vitro, we demonstrate that Cdc16p, Cdc23p and Cdc27p self associate and interact with one another to form a macromolecular complex. A temperature sensitive mutation in the most highly conserved TPR domain of Cdc27p results in a greatly reduced ability to interact with Cdc23p, but has no effect on interactions with wild-type Cdc27p or Cdc16p. The specificity of this effect indicates that TPRs can mediate protein-protein interactions and that this mutation may define an essential interaction for cell cycle progression in yeast. The conservation of at least two of the three proteins from yeast to man suggests that this protein complex is essential for mitosis in a wide range of eukaryotes.
Theorizing Logger Religion within the Pacific Northwest Timber Conflict

This paper examines the links between the material and symbolic nature of timber extraction during the Pacific Northwest (PNW) timber wars of the 1980s and 1990s. Applying Durkheim’s work on religion and social solidarity, the authors consider a form of logger religion that emerged through many years of PNW timber production, shaping the identities of loggers and timber community dynamics. This paper proposes that forests are spaces that bridge the sacred and profane. Our evaluation examines a totemic meaning assigned to loggers originating from forest-based labour and reinforced by timber communities through rituals. Throughout the timber wars, loggers also developed a conflicted consciousness, stemming from their connection to and the destruction of forests. Given the character of logger religion that existed, the deployment of forest management and community development policies may not adequately re-create tacit relationships between the sacred and profane, previously damaged as a result of the drastic decline in timber production in the PNW.
Sympathetic nervous system interaction with the immune system.

Publisher Summary Both T cells and B cells express the β 2 -adrenergic receptor (AR) and bind norepinephrine that is released within lymphoid organs. Norepinephrine plays a role in modulating the activity of CD 4 + T cells and B cells participating in an immune response against antigen. This role of norepinephrine in regulating T and B cell activity needs to be fully understood because antibodies preserve well-being by defending against bacteria, viruses, and allergens and cytokines provide help to B cells, allowing the B cell to differentiate and thus secrete antibodies of particular isotypes. Given the importance to the host of having T cells and B cells that function optimally, it is likely that the mechanisms regulating and modulating these functions are varied and interrelated. For example, it is necessary to understand how products released from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, at the same time norepinephrine is released by sympathetic nerve terminals within lymphoid organs, affect immune cell function. An understanding of the mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) modulates the level of cytokines and antibody produced enables the development of therapeutic approaches for treating and preventing changes in the immunocompetent state of persons experiencing any disease that involves an alteration in either the nervous or the immune system function.
Health-coaching strategies to improve patient-centered outcomes

As outlined in the Joint Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) and other sources, the physician-patient interaction is crucial to the PCMH approach to ensure the rapport-building and engagement that leads to an optimal clinical relationship. This interaction is also critical for improving outcomes in cases where the patient receives chronic care management, such as in the treatment of dyslipidemia, when therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and medication adherence play such a key role in determining treatment success. Using techniques from the behavior change science arena can serve to improve adherence to TLC and medication, and it is in this capacity that health-coaching strategies offer the greatest potential benefit. Currently, motivational interviewing (MI) is the only health-coaching technique to be fully described and consistently demonstrated as causally and independently associated with positive behavioral outcomes. Continued research that includes rigorous methodology has solidified the efficacy of MI, and there are good data and guidelines to support the use of this client-centered approach in the primary care setting. This approach is especially helpful in situations where the patient is less motivated, less ready for change, or “stuck.” It is important to note that the physician does not need to acquire the skillset of a counselor or psychologist to incorporate MI into brief clinical encounters. Following are some MI-based techniques that can be incorporated into the clinic setting using the example of a patient being treated for primary or secondary prevention of dyslipidemia. These strategies can be used alone or in conjunction with each other.
Content-Addressable Search Engines and DES-like Systems

A very simple parallel architecture using a modified version of content-addressable memory (CAM) can be used to cheaply and efficiently encipher and decipher data with DES-like systems. This paper will describe how to implement DES on these modified content-addressable memories at speeds approaching some of the better specialized hardware. This implementation is often much more attractive for system designers because the CAM can be reprogrammed to encrypt the data with other DES-like systems such as Khufu or perform system tasks like data compression or graphics.The CAM memory architecture is also easily extendable to build a large scale engine for exhaustively searching the entire keyspace. This paper estimates that it will be possible to build a machine to test 255 keys of DES in one day for $30 million. This design is much less hypothetical than some of the others, in the literature because it is based upon hardware that will be available off-the-shelf in the late end of 1992. The architecture of this key search machine is much more attractive to an attacker because it is easily reprogrammable to handle modified DES-like algorithms such as the UNIX password system or Khufu.
A Systematic study of hyperfragments produced by 4.5 GeV π− in nuclear emulsion

Connected stars can be definitely classed as non-mesic decays of hyperfragments only in a limited number of cases, generally those with connecting tracks exceeding about 20 μm in length. These represent about 0.2 of the connected stars. For the remainder (GOKs), individual identification as hyperfragments is possible only in exceptional cases, and the estimate of the fraction of the connected stars which are hyperfragments was obtained by three independent statistical methods. Comparison of range distribution, angular distribution (with respect to the beam), and energy spectrum of fast protons with the analogous quantities for known background events yielded the result that approximately 0.60 of the GOKs are hyperfragments. After correcting for scanning efficiencies, the following absolute yields from 4.5 GeV π− interactions were obtained: non-mesic, (1.5±0.3)×10−3; mesic, (3.0±0.5)×10−4; all hyperfragments, (1.8 ±0.3)×10−3 per primary star. From this, it follows that the over-all non-mesic to mesic decay ratio is 5.0 ±1.3.
Investigation of Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Four Boreal Toad (Bufo Boreas Boreas) Populations in Wyoming

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Figure 1) is a newly described chytridiomycete fungus that infects amphibian keratin (Berger et al. 1998). It is reported to cause disease and mortality in metamorphosed amphibians around the world (Lips 1998: Young et al. 2001; Bradley et al. 2002; Muths et al. 2003). In several cases, this pathogen is believed to be the primary cause of extinction for amphibian species (Daszak et al. 1999).
The Cauchy Stress Tensor

Cauchy’s development of the stress tensor is discussed along with Cauchy’s spatial equations of motion. The corresponding referential equations of motion are obtained in terms of the Piola/Kirchhoff stress tensor. Examples are given of several special stress fields possessing particular structures, and the stress power is introduced.
Isolating and characterizing three alternatively spliced mu opioid receptor variants: mMOR‐1A, mMOR‐1O, and mMOR‐1P

Extensive alternative pre-mRNA splicing of the mu opioid receptor gene, OPRM1, has demonstrated an array of splice variants in mice, rats and humans. Three classes of splice variants have been identified: full-length seven transmembrane (TM) domain variants with C-terminal splicing, truncated 6TM variants and single TM variants. The current studies isolates and characterizes an additional three full-length C-terminal splice variants generated from the mouse OPRM1 gene: mMOR-1A, mMOR-1O, and mMOR-1P. Using RT-qPCR, we demonstrated differential expression of these variants' mRNAs among selected brain regions, supporting region-specific alternative splicing. When expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, all the variants displayed high mu binding affinity and selectivity with subtle differences in the affinities toward some agonists. [³⁵S]γGTP binding assays revealed marked differences in agonist-induced G protein activation in both potency and efficacy among the variants. Together with the previous studies of mu agonist-induced phosphorylation and internalization in several carboxyl terminal splice variants, the current studies further suggest the existence of biased signaling of various agonists within each individual variant and/or among different variants.
Time-resolved measurement of spin-transfer-driven ferromagnetic resonance and spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions

One of the fundamental questions of nanoscale spin-transport is how a spin-polarized current interacts with a ferromagnet under finite bias. So far, experimental results have remained inconclusive, but a novel technique allows direct and quantitative measurements of the spin-transfer torque in magnetic tunnel junctions and should provide a basis for understanding and modelling the phenomenon.
Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates 30. Isolation, structure elucidation and partial synthesis of 26-methylstrongylosterol and 28-methylxestosterol - two marine sterols arising by a novel quadruple biomethylation sequence

Abstract Two new sterols, 26-methylstrongylosterol ( 4 ) and 28-methylxestosterol ( 5 ), arising from a hitherto unknown quadruple biomethylation sequence, together with the biogenetically important “missing link”, durissimasterol ( 6 ), were isolated from the Indo-Pacific sponge Strongylophora durissima .
Patient survival after renal transplantation: IV. Impact of post-transplant diabetes.

Patient survival after renal transplantation: IV. Impact of post-transplant diabetes . Background The development of de novo diabetes mellitus is a serious complication of kidney transplantation. This study examined the cardiovascular risk profile of patients with post-transplant diabetes (PTDM) and assessed the impact of PTDM on patient survival. Methods This analysis included 1811 adult, renal allograft recipients, transplanted in a single institution between 1983 and 1998. Patient survival was analyzed by univariable and multivariable Cox regression considering PTDM as a time dependent variable. Results After a follow-up period of 8.3 ± 4.5 years, 293 patients (20%) developed PTDM, 14% lost their graft, and 20% died. Compared to patients without DM (NoDM, N = 1186) patients with PTDM were significantly older (40 ± 14 vs. 48 ± 12 years, P P P = 0.001). In addition, the incidence of PTDM was significantly higher in patients who were transplanted after 1995 than prior to that year. In contrast, there were no significant differences between PTDM and patients who had DM before the transplant (DM; N = 332). Compared to NoDM, patients with PTDM had significantly higher total serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), higher systolic blood pressure and higher pulse pressure throughout the post-transplant period. Of interest, all of these abnormalities preceded the development of PTDM. Hypertriglyceridemia was particularly pronounced in PTDM and elevated TG levels correlated with the subsequent development of PTDM, independent of other risk factors ( P = 0.001 by multivariate Cox). Compared to NoDM (16% mortality) a significantly higher percent of DM (31%, P P = 0.005) patients died. By Cox regression, PTDM correlated with reduced patient survival (hazard ratio=1.80, CI 1.35 to 2.41, P = 0.001), and that relationship was independent of other correlates of reduced survival that included: increasing age; transplant year; reduced serum albumin; and male sex. Conclusion s: PTDM is associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile that precedes the development of hyperglycemia. PTDM is an independent predictor of reduced survival in renal allograft recipients.
Hypomagnesemia and Renal Magnesium Wasting in Patients Treated With Cisplatin

Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II), a chemotherapeutic agent used against epithelial neoplasms, is known to cause hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting. In order to further characterize the effect of multiple doses of this drug upon serum magnesium levels and renal magnesium handling, we prospectively studied 28 patients who received a total of 82 doses of cisplatin. All patients developed hypomagnesemia that was dose-related (r = .66, P less than .001, n = 101); the lowest serum magnesium level reached in individual patients ranged from 0.3 to 1.7 mg/dL. Renal magnesium wasting was documented in 19 patients, with urinary fractional excretion of magnesium ranging from 2.9% to 22.3% despite serum magnesium levels of greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL. Evidence of renal tubular injury (renal tubular epithelial cells or tubular cell casts) was detected in 47 of 47 urine sediment examinations performed two to four days after cisplatin administration. There was no clear evidence that cisplatin caused defects in renal handling of electrolytes other than magnesium; in fact, 16 of the 28 patients demonstrated avid renal reabsorption of one or more other electrolytes despite significant magnesium wasting. We conclude that cisplatin alters renal tubular handling of magnesium, resulting in significant prolonged dose-related hypomagnesemia.
The spectral detectability of fluorine in a helium glow discharge

Abstract The theoretical basis of the excitation of the fluorine emission spectrum is discussed, and the negative effects of easily excited impurities are demonstrated. Fluorine can be detected by means of its emission spectrum if it is present as a minor impurity in helium. The amount of water vapor and/or organic compounds in the helium must be minimized because these substances produce easily excited fragments in the glow discharge which dissipate the energy needed to excite fluorine atoms. Direct excitation of a diphenyldifluorosilane residue permits detection of about 70 pg of fluorine; if fluorine is volatilized as hydrofluoric acid and injected directly into the glow discharge, a photocurrent peak of 1.8 Ag-1 of fluorine is obtained.
Effects of anticaking agents and storage conditions on the moisture sorption, caking, and flowability of deliquescent ingredients

Abstract Deliquescent highly soluble crystalline ingredients are prone to caking and dissolution when they are stored above a certain relative humidity (RH) but exhibit minimal moisture adsorption below this RH. Anticaking agents are added to improve the flowability of powders and to prevent or reduce caking. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of anticaking agents on the moisture sorption behavior, flowability, and caking characteristics of deliquescent ingredients and blends thereof. Single deliquescent food ingredients (sodium chloride, sucrose, fructose, and citric acid) and binary systems (sodium chloride blended with sucrose, fructose, or citric acid) were used as the host powders, and silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, and calcium stearate were the three anticaking agents studied. Moisture sorption isotherms were generated to investigate the water–solid interactions of the anticaking and host powders. Following controlled RH storage treatments, caking was assessed by the sieve test and flowability by avalanche power and avalanche angle measurements. Formulation had variable effects on deliquescence behavior and moisture sorption, while formulation, storage RH, length of storage, and RH cycling all significantly affected the physical stability of the powder blends. Calcium stearate was the most effective anticaking agent at reducing moisture sorption and delaying the onset of deliquescence, as well as maintaining the flowability properties of all powders tested. In particular, calcium stearate was able to substantially alter the moisture sorption behavior of blends of deliquescent ingredients, which are inherently more susceptible to the deleterious effects of moisture due to deliquescence lowering. The results are of great significance because they show that the effectiveness of an anticaking agent in preventing moisture-induced caking depends on the complexity of the host powders as well as on the interaction with environmental moisture. Thus, the type of anticaking agent added to a deliquescent ingredient must be tailored to the host powder to enhance product quality and stability.
Evaluation of a decision support training effectiveness measure

Resource constraints affect the US Department of Defense's ability to simultaneously sustain current operations and recapitalize for future challenges. An assumption is that decision support training may improve resource allocation decisions; however, few instruments are available to measure the effectiveness of decision support training to verify that assumption. The purpose of this research is to evaluate an instrument to measure decision support training effectiveness. Using data collected from a resource allocation simulation, we found a significant positive relationship between decision support training and outcomes in a controlled field study involving a complex problem. Thus, in the proper context, the resource allocation simulation described herein may be a reliable measure of decision support training effectiveness. Copyright © 2008 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Les contraintes de ressource affectent la capacite du Departement de la defense des Etats-Unis de soutenir simultanement des operations courantes et d'adresser de futurs defis. La formation de soutien de decision peut ameliorer des decisions d'attribution de ressource; cependant, peu d'instruments sont disponibles pour mesurer l'efficacite de la formation de soutien de decision. Cette recherche permet de mesurer l'efficacite de formation de soutien de decision. En utilisant des ressources d'attribution, cette etude etablie le rapport formation de soutien de decision et resultats ameliores d'un probleme complexe sur un terrain controle. Ainsi, la simulation d'attribution de ressource peut etre une mesure fiable d'efficacite de formation de soutien de decision. Copyright © 2008 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mother-child disagreement in reports of child anxiety: effects of child age and maternal anxiety.

Abstract The present study examined effects of maternal anxiety, child age, and their interaction on mother–child anxiety reporting disagreement while taking into account the direction of each informant's report relative to the other. Participants were 41 dyads of mothers and clinically anxious children aged 7–13. A hierarchical regression revealed a significant interaction between maternal anxiety and child age ( β = .30, p
Two‐Phase Calorimetry. I. Studies on the Thermodynamics of Lanthanide Extraction by Bis(2‐EthylHexyl) Phosphoric Acid

Enthalpies of extraction of lanthanide ions by bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) from aqueous nitrate solutions have been determined using isothermal titration microcalorimetry. This solvent extraction system was chosen as a model for developing a direct method of calorimetric investigation of thermochemistry of liquid‐liquid distribution reactions because it has been well‐studied and is predictable. To provide a quantitative validation for a two‐phase calorimetric technique, the enthalpy of extraction of europium(III) by HDEHP also was determined applying the more conventional method of van't Hoff analysis of temperature dependent extraction equilibrium constants. Within the accuracy of the measurements, the determination of thermodynamic parameters by the complementary techniques agreed. The extraction enthalpies determined in this study have been correlated with reported free energies of extraction of the lanthanides to reveal the patterns of extraction entropies observed across the lanthanide ...