cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF ANCHOR TENANT IN DRIVING TRAFFIC IN A SHOPPING MALL: THE CASE OF NAKUMATT EXIT FROM THREE SHOPPING MALLS IN NAIROBI

The current study investigates the role of an anchor tenant in driving traffic in a shopping mall. As the main tenant in a shopping mall, anchor tenants are expected to attract both human and vehicular traffic into a shopping mall. The traffic to the anchor tenant is expected to spill over to the non-anchor tenants and thus benefit them. This expectation is sometimes not met especially when an anchor tenant is posting sub-optimal performance or when they exit the mall. The background of this study was based on the malls in Nairobi who had Nakumatt Supermarkets chain as the anchor tenant. Nakumatt was the largest chain of supermarket with about 64 outlets in East Africa at its highest level at the beginning of 2017. However, due to a myriad of management challenges, the chain was forced to close most of its stores to a low of about 5 operational stores in mid-2018. As a result, and based on the findings, this affected the shopping malls as traffic reduced by almost 50% in some malls. The effects were felt in terms of reduced business activities in the mall, reduced occupancy levels, lower rental rates and general decline of mall financial performance. It is recommended that shopping malls should consider having more than one anchor tenant to mitigate against the effects of sub-optimal performance or exit of the anchor tenant. Keywords: Anchor Tenant, shopping mall, shopping centres, Nakumatt, Kenya
Methods to Obtain Representative Car-Following Model Parameters from Trajectory-Level Data for Use in Microsimulation:

Microsimulation models help agencies obtain robust estimates of project benefits and spend their resources effectively. The realism of these models depends on the quality of input data and the real...
Is It Asthma? Recognizing Asthma Mimics

Asthma is a common disease but many other conditions, often referred to as asthma mimics, can produce similar symptoms, often resulting in an incorrect asthma diagnosis. Misdiagnosis becomes more likely if objective testing is omitted when a diagnosis of asthma is made. In addition to other pulmonary and cardiac conditions, vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a common asthma mimic that can be challenging to distinguish from asthma and should be considered in any asthma differential. Many asthma mimics can also co-exist with asthma and, if not recognized, make it difficult to control. In addition to objective testing, a thorough consideration of these conditions should be undertaken both at the time of initial asthma diagnosis and again in any asthma patient whose disease is unresponsive to therapy or difficult to control.
Docetaxel/cabazitaxel and fatty acid binding protein 5 inhibitors produce synergistic inhibition of prostate cancer growth.

Background Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men. Taxanes, such as docetaxel and cabazitaxel are utilized in standard treatment regimens for chemotherapy naive castration-resistant PCa. However, tumors often develop resistance to taxane chemotherapeutics, highlighting a need to identify additional therapeutic targets. Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) is an intracellular lipid carrier whose expression is upregulated in metastatic PCa and increases cell growth, invasion, and tumor formation. Here, we assessed whether FABP5 inhibitors synergize with semi-synthetic taxanes to induce cytotoxicity in vitro and attenuate tumor growth in vivo. Methods PC3, DU-145, and 22Rv1 PCa cells were incubated with FABP5 inhibitors Stony Brook fatty acid-binding protein inhibitor 102 (SBFI-102) or SBFI-103 in the presence or absence of docetaxel or cabazitaxel, and cytotoxicity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Cytotoxicity of SBFI-102 and SBFI-103 was also evaluated in noncancerous cells. For the in vivo studies, PC3 cells were subcutaneously implanted into BALB/c nude mice, which were subsequently treated with FABP5 inhibitors, docetaxel, or a combination of both. Results SBFI-102 and SBFI-103 produced cytotoxicity in the PCa cells. Coincubation of the PCa cells with FABP5 inhibitors and docetaxel or cabazitaxel produced synergistic cytotoxic effects in vitro. Treatment of mice with FABP5 inhibitors reduced tumor growth and a combination of FABP5 inhibitors with a submaximal dose of docetaxel reduced tumor growth to a larger extent than treatment with each drug alone. Conclusions FABP5 inhibitors increase the cytotoxic and tumor-suppressive effects of taxanes in PCa cells. The ability of these drugs to synergize could permit more efficacious antitumor activity while allowing for dosages of docetaxel or cabazitaxel to be lowered, potentially decreasing taxane-resistance.
Small game, estuaries, and nets: New perspectives on Norton culture coastal adaptations from a shell midden in Norton Sound, Alaska

Norton culture (ca. 740 BC–AD 1000) sites are ubiquitous across the western Arctic. Based on artifact and settlement data, it is generally agreed that Norton culture south of Seward Peninsula posse...
The Production of Multi-volume Fiction, 1837–1898

Based on the digital humanities project At the Circulating Library, this chapter gives a quantitative analysis of the publishing of multi-volume fiction during the nineteenth-century finding that the production of them peaked in the 1880s. Though more men authors than women authors penned a three-volume novel, women authors collectively wrote more titles. A handful of publishers, led by Hurst and Blackett, Bentley, and Tinsley Brothers, specialized in the format and produced the majority of the titles during the century. Finally, the data show that over a fifth of three-volume novels were serialized before publication, most in their publishers’ own magazines, showing a high degree of coordination between these publishing formats.
Engineering Liver Microtissues for Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine

The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. Three-dimensional microtissues are generated by scaffold-free assembly or scaffold-assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell-cell interactions and niche-specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical and physical properties. Perfusion-based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on-chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
Bispecific Targeting of EGFR and Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) Using Ligand-Targeted Toxins in Solid Tumors

Ligand-targeted toxins (LTTs) are bioengineered molecules which are composed of a targeting component linked to a toxin that induces cell death once the LTT binds its target. Bispecific targeting allows for the simultaneous targeting of two receptors. In this review, we mostly focus on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a target. We discuss the development and testing of a bispecific LTT targeting EGFR and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as two attractive targets implicated in tumor growth and in the regulation of the tumor microvasculature in solid tumors. In vitro and mouse xenograft studies have shown that EGFR-targeted bispecific angiotoxin (eBAT) is effective against human solid tumors. Canine studies have shown that eBAT is both safe and effective against canine hemangiosarcoma, which is physiologically similar to human angiosarcoma. Finding the appropriate dosing strategy and sequencing of eBAT administration, in combination with other therapeutics, are among important factors for future directions. Together, the data indicate that eBAT targets cancer stem cells, it may have a role in inhibiting human tumor vasculature, and its bispecific conformation may have a role in reducing toxicity in comparative oncologic trials in dogs.
Design for energy absorption using snap-through bistable metamaterials

Hysteretic energy loss occurs in bistable curved beams when they undergo back-and-forth snap-throughs due to cyclic loading. While numerical models and simulations can be employed to calculate the ...
Credit buildups and the stock market in four East Asian economies

Abstract We examine the relationship between intermediaries, stock markets, and real activity in four East Asian crisis economies (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand) using a series of comparative vector autoregressive and error correction models with quarterly data from 1995 through 2010, thus including both the financial crises of 1997–1998 and 2008–2009. Although we find generally positive effects of stock market development and liquidity on growth and investment for all four countries, expansion in traditional measures of financial development do not promote growth, and even have strongly negative effects for Indonesia and Korea. The results from these economies suggest that credit can build up to the point of “saturation,” and that a well-functioning stock market can serve as a growth-promoting outlet for funds as a financial system expands and evolves.
CONSTITUENTS OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. XXVIII A REVIEW OF THE NATURAL CONSTITUENTS: 1980-1994

Over 11,000 scientific papers have been published on cannabis and its constituents. The purpose of the present review is to update the number of known natural constituents of the Cannabis plant to reach 483 compounds. Emphasis will be placed on those compounds actually isolated or identified from 1980 until 1994.
The effects of population aging on South Korea’s economy: The National Transfer Accounts approach

Abstract This study examines how two factors of population aging, changes in fertility and mortality, will respectively affect South Korea’s economic future. The economic effects of population aging are examined by considering the population in each age group under alternative demographic scenarios. Utilizing recent population projections and South Korea’s National Transfer Accounts, the paper applies a simple decomposition model measuring the respective effects of fertility and mortality on separate aspects of the economy: labor income, private and public consumption, and public and private transfers. The results show that the effects of low fertility and low mortality on the economy are very different in direction, magnitude, timing, and impact by age group. The only effect of an aging population that is the same in all circumstances is the effect on the public pension system: low fertility and mortality will increase pressure on the public pension system of South Korea.
Immune biomarkers are more accurate in prediction of survival in ulcerated than in non-ulcerated primary melanomas

Introduction Ulcerated melanomas may have a unique biology and microenvironment. We test whether markers of immune infiltration correlate with clinical outcome in ulcerated compared to non-ulcerated primary melanoma tumors.
Evaluating the efficacy of the Florida Keys’ angler-assisted permit tagging program

The use of angler-based tagging programs in recreational fisheries is on the rise, as they provide managers with effective, inexpensive means of collecting information. However, such programs are rarely evaluated for efficacy during the course of the program. Our study tagging program was the recreational permit Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus) fishery in the Florida Keys, which began in 2010. We evaluated the program for potential improvements using two complimentary approaches: an email-based survey of anglers and an advection–diffusion simulation model. Survey respondents reported potential fish stress and poor access to tags as the biggest obstacles to tagging permit. Respondents also cited poor data feedback from scientists as a potential area for improvement. According to the advection–diffusion simulation, the current level of tag returns is insufficient for accurately and precisely estimating movement parameters. The Florida permit tagging program could be greatly improved with greater communication between scientists and anglers. Data feedback and angler rewards could each increase angler buy-in. Tag retention could have a strong effect on the tag return rate and deserves more attention. Tag reporting could also have a strong impact on the tag return rate. The Florida permit tagging program needs more work to become a success, but has the potential to provide benefits for scientists and anglers.
Remarks on Some Strongly Nonlinear Degenerate Sturm-Liouville Eigenvalue Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a new theorem concerning the existence and the C 1,1 -regularity of countably many eigensolutions for a class (SL) of strongly nonlinear degenerate Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems with Young function nonlinearities in their principal part. The basic idea inherent in the proof of the theorem is threefold: For each ɛ ∈ (0, l), the problem (SL) is replaced first by a class (SL)ɛ of regularized, nondegenerate Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems with strictly convex nonlinearities. The monotonicity and compactness arguments are then invoked to infer that problem (SL)ɛ possesses at least countably many C (2) -eigensolutions. The existence and the C 1,1 -regularity of countably many eigen-solutions to problem (SL) are finally achieved by taking the ɛ0-limit in problem (SL)ɛ. The necessary bounds uniform in ɛ required to do so are obtained through new convexity inequalities that characterize the shape of the given nonlinearities. Two examples and a counter-example are given that illustrate the role of the various hypotheses, and which show that C l,1 -regularity is a nearly optimal result.
Computing Equilibria in Stochastic Finance Economies

We describe a homotopy algorithm for the computation of equilibria in Stochastic Finance Economies. The algorithm solves a nonlinear system of equations consisting of the first-order conditions of the agents' utility maximization problems and market-clearing conditions. Moreover, we discuss the use of a straightforward homotopy approach for local comparative statics. Using our methods we evaluate price, volatility, and welfare effects of options in incomplete asset markets.
The Weak Law of Large Numbers. II

In this chapter f(n) will be a strongly additive arithmetic function, and we shall determine when the frequencies $$v_x (n;f(n) - \alpha (x) \leqslant z\beta (x))(x \to \infty )$$ (1) can converge to the improper law, assuming that for each fixed value of y > 0, $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \sup \beta (x^y )/\beta (x)$$ is finite. As we shall show in Chapter 17, if the frequencies (1) possess a proper limit law then this last condition is indeed satisfied, so that it is a reasonable assumption in the present circumstances. Contrary to the situation in Chapter 13 the translating function α(x) is unrestricted at the outset; but will turn out to necessarily possess a certain decomposition.
Screening urine analysis before bacille Calmette-Guérin instillation does not reduce the rate of infectious complications.

included cystitis and/or recurrent pyelonephritis. Both arms of the study showed excellent cure rates, with more than 96% of patients demonstrating cure with either 7 or 14-day treatment course. Community acquired acute pyelonephritis in women can be treated with a 7-day course of ciprofloxacin. This observation was first made by Talan et al in 2000, although this study broadens these observations substantially by evaluating the efficacy of 7 days of ciprofloxacin in a much broader age range, including young and older women.
Evaluation of membrane filter field monitors for microbiological air sampling

Due to area constraints encountered in assembly and testing areas of spacecraft, the membrane filter field monitor (MF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-accepted Reyniers slit air sampler were compared for recovery of airborne microbial contamination. The intramural air in a microbiological laboratory area and a clean room environment used for the assembly and testing of the Apollo spacecraft was studied. A significantly higher number of microorganisms was recovered by the Reyniers sampler. A high degree of consistency between the two sampling methods was shown by a regression analysis, with a correlation coefficient of 0.93. The MF samplers detected 79% of the concentration measured by the Reyniers slit samplers. The types of microorganisms identified from both sampling methods were similar. Variables in the MF samplers, such as pore size, relative humidity, and flow rates, have been studied, but no effect was noted on recovery. The results show that the MF method could be used to estimate the number and types of microorganisms found in the air.
Historic Designation Leads to Rising Incomes, Especially in High Income Neighborhoods

An examination of Denver provides evidence of a link between designation and neighborhood demographics. This finding is significant because previous studies have found no such link. Also, the initial economic conditions of the study area are important. Designation plays a different role in high income neighborhoods than in poorer areas. Denver exhibited the somewhat surprising finding that designation is more effective at provoking rising incomes in high income areas than in low income areas.
The effect of a gluten-free diet on fat, nitrogen, and mineral metabolism in patients with sprue.

missions and improved fat absorption in children with celiac disease following the removal of wheat and rye gluten from their diet. These findings were con­ firmed by Anderson and co-workers,3 who found a return to normal fat ab­ sorption in 30 to 50 days after starting a gluten-free diet in 6 of 7 celiac children. The reintroduction of wheat flour or wheat gluten into the diet resulted in a prompt return of symptoms, loss of weight, and an increase in fecal fat. Similar results have been reported by Ross and his co-workers,4 who found clinical re­ missions and normal fat absorption in 28 of 30 children treated with a gluten­ free regimen. The administration of gluten resulted in a deterioration of the clinical status and a return of steatorrhea in these children, regardless of the duration of prior treatment with the diet. A gluten-free diet has also resulted in normal fat absorption in 18 children and adolescents who had had celiac dis­ ease in early childhood, and who, at the time of study, were not completely free of residual symptoms. 5 The good results of a gluten-free diet in the treatment of celiac disease, the clinical similarity of this disorder and nontropical sprue,6 and the high incidence of childhood intestinal disturbances in adults with idiopathic steatorrhea 7 have prompted several workers to use a gluten-free regimen in the treatment of the adult form of the disorder. Ruffin et at. 8 reported clinical improvement in 3 patients on a wheat-free diet, and McIver 9 also found clinical remission and improved fat absorption in 1 patient. Remissions in individual cases have been reported by Grytting lO and by Haex and Lips.ll However, Anderson and co­ workers l2 found that 7 of 12 patients with adult idiopathic steatorrhea showed no improvement on a gluten-free diet, but the other 5 patients in the study experienced remissions with a return of fat absorption to normal. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical response of patients with idiopathic steatorrhea on a gluten-free diet and to study nitrogen, fat, and mineral metabolism before and after introducing this dietary regimen.
Freeze preservation of human sperm

Abstract Freeze preservation of human sperm for the purposes of delayed artificial insemination is a practical method, although the results are somewhat less favorable (48.2 per cent) than those obtained with the use of fresh human sperm (68 per cent). No problems were encountered with the delivery and no abnormalities were noted in 29 offspring. The future potentials of freeze preservation of human sperm are discussed with special reference to genetic engineering.
Availability of Locally Synthesized and Systemic Antibodies in the Intestine

The present studies are concerned with the parameters which control the appearance of locally synthesized or serum-derived antibodies in the intestine. The data show that intestinal antibody may be found in rabbits as well as in conventional or germfree mice after active immunization with Vibrio cholerae. However, a large fraction of the intestinal antibody in rabbits and conventional mice originated from the serum as indicated by (i) analysis of correlation between serum and intestinal antibody titers, and (ii) the occurrence of intestinal antibody after parenteral administration of antiserum. In contrast, only locally synthesized 11S immunoglobulin A antibody was detected in the intestine of actively immunized germfree mice. No intestinal antibody was demonstrable in germfree mice after parenteral injection of V. cholerae antiserum. With respect to the appearance of serum antibody in the intestine, the response of conventionalized (ex-germfree) mice was intermediate between that of rabbits or conventional mice and germfree mice. The availability of serum-derived coproantibody in germfree and conventional mice was related to the rates of intestinal degradation of serum antibody. When enzymes were removed by prior washing of intestinal segments, serum antibodies entered the intestine of germfree or conventional mice at similar rates. Rates of entry of serum antibodies into the lumen were comparable at different levels of the small intestine. The presence of a normal enteric flora appeared to protect intestinal antibody from degradation by lowering the concentration or activity of intestinal enzymes. The results are discussed in relation to the question of whether antibacterial immunity to cholera involves local or systemic mechanisms.
Women, Girls, and Addiction: Celebrating the Feminine in Counseling Treatment and Recovery, by Cynthia A. Briggs and Jennifer L. Pepperell

Briggs and Pepperell apply a feminist approach in addressing the efficacy of gender-specific treatments and interventions developed for women and girls experiencing both substance and process addic...
Interferometric adaptive optics for high-power laser pointing, wavefront control, and phasing

Implementing the capability to perform fast ignition experiments, as well as, radiography experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) places stringent requirements on the control of each of the beam's pointing and overall wavefront quality. One quad of the NIF beams, 4 beam pairs, will be utilized for these experiments and hydrodynamic and particle-in-cell simulations indicate that for the fast ignition experiments, these beams will be required to deliver 50%(4.0 kJ) of their total energy(7.96 kJ) within a 40 μm diameter spot at the end of a fast ignition cone target. This requirement implies a stringent pointing and overall phase conjugation error budget on the adaptive optics system used to correct these beam lines. The overall encircled energy requirement is more readily met by phasing of the beams in pairs but still requires high Strehl ratios, Sr, and RMS tip/tilt errors of approximately one μrad. To accomplish this task we have designed an interferometric adaptive optics system capable of beam pointing, high Strehl ratio and beam phasing with a single pixilated MEMS deformable mirror and interferometric wave-front sensor. We present the design of a testbed used to evaluate the performance of this wave-front sensor below along with simulations of its expected performance level.
Personalized Therapy in Patients With Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Targeting Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations

Context: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most lethal of all thyroid cancers and one of the most aggressive human carcinomas. In the search for effective treatment options, research toward targeted, personalized therapies is proving to be a path with great potential. As we gain a deeper understanding of the genetic (eg, BRAFV600E, PIK3CA, TP53, hTERT mutations, etc) and epigenetic (eg, histone methylation, histone de-acetylation, microRNA regulatory circuits, etc) alterations driving ATC, we are able to find targets when developing novel therapies to improve the lives of patients. Beyond development, we can look into the effectiveness of already approved targeted therapies (eg, anti-BRAFV600E selective inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, inhibitors of DNA methylation, etc) to potentially test in ATC after learning the molecular mechanisms that aid in tumor progression. Design: We performed a literature analysis in Medline through the PubMed web site for studies pu...
Minimal change glomerulopathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Of 55 patients with adult onset minimal change glomerulopathy (MCG) studied at our center between 1971 and 1986, five (9%) had an association with the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). All of the patients were female, and their mean age at the time of diagnosis was 57.4 ± 11 (SD) (range 47 to 71) years. They had received NSAIDs for an average of 6.9 ± 6.4 (range, 3 to 18) months before developing proteinuria. The presenting 24-hour urine protein was 11.3 ± 10.2 (range, 2.1 to 24) g and all patients were hypoalbuminemic (serum albumin
Suppurative Bacterial Pyelonephritis as a Cause of Acute Renal Failure

Acute oliguric renal failure associated with bacterial pyelonephritis is a rarely recognized clinical entity. We report a woman with an ectopic pregnancy who developed acute renal failure requiring dialytic support. The renal biopsy revealed focal microabscess formation and leukocyte interstitial infiltration compatible with suppurative pyelonephritis. Although her renal function improved gradually with antimicrobial treatment, the process was incomplete and renal dysfunction persisted at a 10-week follow-up, suggesting permanent renal damage.
203Hg as tracer in pigments of phaeodactylum tricornutum

Abstract Cells of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were exposed to 0·12 ppm Hg (containing 203Hg as a tracer in a 3·5% NaCl solution and in dilute culture medium of the same salinity. Radioactivity measurements indicated that mercury uptake by the cells was comparable in both solutions, and that less than 2% of the sorbed mercury was in the pigments, as determined by methanol extraction. The fluorescence of the cells, however, was decreased by either the presence of mercury or the absence of nutrients.
On thermomechanical restrictions of continua

The central idea proposed here is that, in entropy–producing processes, a specific choice from among a competing class of constitutive functions can be made so that the state variables evolve in a way that maximizes the rate of entropy production. When attention is restricted to quadratic forms for the rate of entropy production, the assumption leads to results that are fully in keeping with linear phenomenological relations that satisfy the Onsager relations. In other words, the usual linear evolution laws such as Fourier's law of heat conduction, Fick's law, Darcy's law, Newton's law of viscosity, etc., all corroborate this assumption. We clarify the difference between the maximum rate of entropy production criterion that characterizes choices among constitutive relations and the minimum entropy production theorem due to Onsager (1931) that characterizes steady states for special choices of the rate of entropy production . We then show that for other forms of entropy production that are not quadratic for which the Onsager relations and related theorems cannot be applied, we can use the procedure described here to obtain nonlinear laws. We demonstrate by means of an example that even yield–type phenomena can be accommodated within this framework, while they cannot within the framework of Onsager. We also discuss issues concerning constraints, especially in thermoelasticity within the context of our ideas.
Intensity and Damping Dependence of Various Parameters Describing Spectral-Line Shapes*

Analytical expressions are presented for the frequency dependence of loss factor, conductivity, loss tangent, amplitude attenuation per radian (absorption index), imaginary refractive index, amplitude and power attenuation per unit length (absorption coefficient), and reflectivity for a damped harmonic oscillator system. Equations are given for the displacement of maxima of these parameters as a function of line strength and width (intensity and damping). Some limiting value relations are given, and the functional dependences of the parameters illustrated graphically. Applications to physical problems are discussed briefly.
Visual evoked response (VER) changes during maturation in the weddell seal

Visual evoked responses (VER'S) were recorded from the cortex of immature Weddel seals, 3-365 days of age. Results indicated a high degree of maturity at birth evident from the multiphasic array of waveforms and the comparatively short onset latency of the VER. At low intensities, single flashes evoked an immature secondary response. Topographical distribution of VER's were confined largely to the gyrus immediately adjacent to midline, from the posterior aspect near lambda to the vertex. Recordings from CI-744 dosed seals displayed a well-demarcated developmental sequence of VER's, contrary to VER's recorded in flaxedilized seals. Onset latency and waveform configuration changed concomitantly as a function of age. During the postnatal period from birth to weaning, VER changes were related to major behavioral events such as the seal's first encounter with swimming and diving at 2 weeks of age and weaning at 6 weeks of age.
Population control charts for population data.

: Healthcare managers are beginning to collect full population data, rather than sample data, on some patient and performance measures. For example, hospitals and healthcare systems already gather and store comprehensive data on admissions, ambulatory encounters, and other procedures. And as the electronic medical record is more widely used, complete population data will be collected on an even wider range of clinical measures, such as blood pressure and laboratory values, in both inpatient and outpatient settings. To correctly monitor process quality when working with full population data, rather than sample data, healthcare managers will need appropriate statistical tools. Traditional control charts, which are used for tracking processes over time, are not suitable for such population data because they are based on the assumption that sample data are being collected. The author proposes a new type of control chart specifically for use with such population data: population control charts. These control charts can be used for monitoring processes that have output measures with continuous, binomial, or nonbinomial rate variables.
Binding of NIR-conPK and NIR-6T to Astrocytomas and Microglial Cells: Evidence for a Protein Related to TSPO

PK 11195 and DAA1106 bind with high-affinity to the translocator protein (TSPO, formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor). TSPO expression in glial cells increases in response to cytokines and pathological stimuli. Accordingly, [11C]-PK 11195 and [11C]-DAA1106 are recognized molecular imaging (MI) agents capable of monitoring changes in TSPO expression occurring in vivo and in response to various neuropathologies. Here we tested the pharmacological characteristics and TSPO-monitoring potential of two novel MI agents: NIR-conPK and NIR-6T. NIR-conPK is an analogue of PK 11195 conjugated to the near-infrared (NIR) emitting fluorophore: IRDye 800CW. NIR-6T is a DAA1106 analogue also conjugated to IRDye 800CW. We found that NIR-6T competed for [3H]-PK 11195 binding in astrocytoma cell homogenates with nanomolar affinity, but did not exhibit specific binding in intact astrocytoma cells in culture, indicating that NIR-6T is unlikely to constitute a useful MI agent for monitoring TSPO expression in intact cells. Conversely, we found that NIR-conPK did not compete for [3H]-PK 11195 binding in astrocytoma cell homogenate, but exhibited specific binding in intact astrocytoma cells in culture with nanomolar affinity, suggesting that NIR-conPK binds to a protein distinct, but related to, TSPO. Accordingly, treating intact astrocytoma cells and microglia in culture with cytokines led to significant changes in the amount of NIR-conPK specific binding without corresponding change in TSPO expression. Remarkably, the cytokine-induced changes in the protein targeted by NIR-conPK in intact microglia were selective, since IFN-γ (but not TNFα and TGFβ) increased the amount of NIR-conPK specific binding in these cells. Together these results suggest that NIR-conPK binds to a protein that is related to TSPO, and expressed by astrocytomas and microglia. Our results also suggest that the expression of this protein is increased by specific cytokines, and thus allows for the monitoring of a particular subtype of microglia activation.
Phonon and photon paramagnetic-response line shapes in ruby

Acoustic-paramagnetic-resonance (APR) and electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) line shapes have been measured in ruby for various ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ concentrations. The second-moment theory of Pryce and Stevens is shown to be applicable to APR as well as EPR, predicting the same second moments $〈\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}〉$ for both APR and EPR transitions. Experimentally, the APR and EPR line shapes are indeed identical for the same transition; however, the theory predicts a larger $〈\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}〉$ than measured, because the larger Cr-Cr interactions do not appear in the observed line. A qualitative calculation of $〈\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}〉$ from the known interactions supports this conclusion.
Specificity of compaction in meiotic chromosomes of the female Chinese hamster

This study describes the sequential alternation of compaction and decompaction in the chromosomes of the Chinese hamster oocyte from diakinesis to metaphase II. A series of micrographs show that the compact metaphase I chromosomes become greatly extended as they enter and pass through anaphase I. Once polarized, the presumptive oocyte chromosomes become exceedingly compact and form a tightly packed mass, each chromosome assuming contours to accomodate "dovetailing" with its neighbors, while the chromosomes consigned to the polar body remain extended and show signs of the incipient deterioration. Prior to ovulation, the chromosomes of the mass separate and begin to decompact, in part at least, by the previously postulated mechanism of uncoiling. Following ovulation, the chromosomes are greatly extended and, as the metaphase II complement, remain in that state until the advent of fertilization. -- Evidence that the compac- tion patterns are ordered and chromosome specific is presented by observation of the two smallest chromosomes of the complement. At telophase I those chromo- somes arc markedly different in size and arm ratio; at metaphase II the differences are less pronounced and at mitotic metaphase the two smallest chromosome pairs are so similar in morphology as to be indistinguishable. It is proposed, therefore, that those two chromosomes differ in their fundamental morphology as revealed at the exceedingly compact state of telophase I oocyte chromosomes. Their sub- sequently established resemblance at mitotic metaphase may be due to aIIocycly on the part of one or both, resulting in two chromosomes of apparantly similar length and arm ratio.
A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of corrections-based treatments for drug abuse.

The Correctional Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness project obtained and coded evaluation research studies (unpublished as well as published) of treatment/intervention programs reported from 1968 t...
Novel mechanisms controlling arginine metabolism in Neurospora

Abstract Overproduction and compartmentalization of metabolites are recognized as elements of pathway control and pathway switching in the metabolism of arginine in Neurospora .
The pre-melting absorption of sound by In2Bi

Abstract Longitudinal ultrasound sets mobile dislocations into oscillation relative to the small liquid domains that develop near the melting point. The resultant attenuation goes inversely as the temperature displacement somewhat below the melting point, in agreement with the observations of Saunders and his colleagues.
The crystal and molecular structure of [Rh2(OOCCH3)(HNOCCH3)3-(Me2SO)2]•2H2O

Abstract One of the compounds isolated from the stepwise substitution of acetate in [Rh2(O2CCH3)4] by acetamide had composition [Rh2(O2CCH3)(HNC- (O)-CH3)3]. Repeated liquid chromatography of the product of this composition shows a single band whose 1H NMR gives four methyl proton resonances at 1.76, 1.78, 1.88 and 1.90 ppm having integrated areas in the ratio 1:1:1:1. Recrystallization from methanol containing a few drops of DMSO produced reddish, prismatic crystals of composition [Rh2(O2- CH3)(HNC(O)CH3)3(2DMSO)]·2H2O which crystallize in space group P 1 (No. 2). The cell constants are a=8.684(2), b=8.980(1), c=8.288(1) A, α=101.13(1), β=93.14(1), γ=115.92(1)°; V= 553.9 A3 and D(calc; Z=1)=1.892 g cm−3. The molecule consists of a pair of metal-metal bonded Rh(II) cations bridged by three acetamides and one acetate ligands such that one Rh has a cis pair of amide nitrogens. The solution NMR spectrum, indicative of a single geometrical isomer (three are possible), is consistent with the molecular geometry of the isomer studied in the solid state. Comparison of the RhS distances in Rh2(O2C CH3)4(2DMSO) and in [Rh2(O2CCH3)(HNC(O) CH3)3(2DMSO)] show the latter to be shorter by 0.038 A. This result, coupled with similar data for the diaquo and the bis(DMSO) derivatives of the tetraacetate, tetraamide and the triamide-acetates of dirhodium complexes are shown to be consistent with an increased π interaction between the S d- orbitals and the filled RhRh π* orbitals. These conclusions, in turn, are shown to be consistent with previously reported electrochemical data comparing the solvent donor number (DN) behaviour of all six compounds.
Contextual Interference and Teaching Golf Skills

This study was designed to examine the contextual interference effect on teaching golf skills in a naturalistic setting to 2 groups of 18 novice golfers who as undergraduate students practiced four foundational skills under conditions of low and high contextual interference, respectively. A t test for independent samples indicated no significant differences between groups. Findings are discussed and recommendations for research are made.
Single 3D cell segmentation from optical CT microscope images

The automated segmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm regions in 3D optical CT microscope images has been achieved with two methods, a global threshold gradient based approach and a graph-cut approach. For the first method, the first two peaks of a gradient figure of merit curve are selected as the thresholds for cytoplasm and nucleus segmentation. The second method applies a graph-cut segmentation twice: the first identifies the nucleus region and the second identifies the cytoplasm region. Image segmentation of single cells is important for automated disease diagnostic systems. The segmentation methods were evaluated with 200 3D images consisting of 40 samples of 5 different cell types. The cell types consisted of columnar, macrophage, metaplastic and squamous human cells and cultured A549 cancer cells. The segmented cells were compared with both 2D and 3D reference images and the quality of segmentation was determined by the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). In general, the graph-cut method had a superior performance to the gradient-based method. The graph-cut method achieved an average DSC of 86% and 72% for nucleus and cytoplasm segmentations respectively for the 2D reference images and 83% and 75% for the 3D reference images. The gradient method achieved an average DSC of 72% and 51% for nucleus and cytoplasm segmentation for the 2D reference images and 71% and 51% for the 3D reference images. The DSC of cytoplasm segmentation was significantly lower than for the nucleus since the cytoplasm was not differentiated as well by image intensity from the background.
Psychoendocrine correlates of sociosexual responsivity in older premenopausal primates

Abstract —Cycling older premenopausal female bonnet macaques (17 to 18 years) show decreased attractivity (mounting indices) and responsivity to males in short-term pair-testing compared to y younger, fully mature cycling females (9 to 13 years). Comparison of age-group mean circulating levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone during four phases of the menstrual cycle shows a significant decrement in older females only in the height of the estrogen surge during the periovulatory (estrous) phase of the cycle. Supplementation of older females with an estradiol + testosterone preparation (Deladumone, Squibb) did not restore behavioral sexual interaction to the level of younger females. The data suggest a gradual decline in sexual responsivity or arousal in older females which precedes the major endocrine changes of menopause. Such a lowering of responsivity appears comparable to that observed in aging (albeit sexually functional) human males.
Dynamics of regularized cavity flow at high Reynolds numbers

Abstract A numerical simulation of the unsteady incompressible flows in the unit cavity is performed by using a Chebychev-Tau approximation for the space variables. The high accuracy of the spectral methods and the condensed distribution of the Chebychev-collocation points near the boundary enable us to obtain reliable results for high Reynolds numbers with a moderate number of modes. It is found that a stationary solution always exists for Reynolds numbers up to 10000. For Reynolds numbers larger than a critical value which is between 10000 and 12000, no more steady solution is found, instead, there is a persistent oscillation indicating a Hopf bifurcation.
The struggle for maize: campesinos, workers, and transgenic corn in the Mexican countryside

Those of us thinking and teaching about food regimes in anthropology and related disciplines are in sore need of a scholarly and case-based discussion of genetically-modified (GM) food to complemen...
Of mice and children

The purpose of the study was to explore elementary school children's preferences for computer mice of different shapes and sizes. A user-centered approach was employed to elicit children's input about alternative designs. The intent was to indentify shapes that constitute a better ergonomic fit for children's smaller hands and to establish whether different shapes are suitable for different age groups.
Controlling quantum dot energies using submonolayer bandstructure engineering

We demonstrate control of energy states in epitaxially-grown sub-monolayer quantum dots by engineering of the internal bandstructure of the dots. We show shifts of the quantum dot ground state energy from 1.38eV to 1.68eV.
Serial in vivo determination of motor conduction velocity in tails of alloxanized non-diabetic and diabetic rats

Abstract The in vivo motor nerve conduction velocity was serially measured in alloxanized non-diabetic and diabetic rat tails. Conduction velocity in the alloxanized diabetic group reduced significantly in comparison to the value before the administration of alloxan and to that of the non-diabetic group. In the temporary diabetic group conduction velocity was decreased during the diabetic period, but returned to normal values in the non-diabetic period. Our results suggest that the decreased conduction velocity in alloxanized rats is not due to such a direct neurotoxic action of alloxan on the nerve conduction velocity, but rather the secondary results of a diabetic stage. The determination of conduction velocity in the rat tail nerve in vivo is a useful tool for the neurophysiological study of experimental neuropathy since it enables one to measure serially the conduction velocity in the same rat over many days without marked injury to the nerves.
Optimal interpolating and smoothing functional artificial neural networks (FANNs) based on a generalized fock space framework

Functional artificial neural networks (FANNs) are artificial neural networks (ANNs) in which the synaptic weights are “functions” rather than numbers. Thus the signals in such networks are analog, and the action of a synapse on a signal passing through it takes place in the form of a scalar product inL2 between the functional weight and the signal. In this paper, four classes of FANNs are introduced. They result from the solution of a nonparametric optimization problem in a generalized Fock space (GFS) of abstract Volterra series under interpolating or smoothing input-output training data constraints. Two of these classes of FANNs correspond to the interpolating case and are represented by what we call the (two-layer)optimal interpolating (OI) FANN and theoptimal multilayer neural interpolating (OMNI) FANN. The remaining two classes correspond to the smoothing case. We name their representations as the (two-layer)optimal smoothing (OS) FANN and theoptimal smoothing multilayer artificial neural (OSMAN) FANN. In addition to providing the background and the derivation of these FANNs, this paper presents a novel approach to their implementation. This approach does away with the computationally cumbersome use of functional weights. Instead, the effect of these weights is provided by linear time-invariant differential equation models of which those weights are impulse responses. These are implemented by a linear filter bank. This approach thus leads to simple and meaningful causal realizations of FANNs which we call Dynamical FANNs or simply D-FANNs.
Memoization Attacks and Copy Protection in Partitioned Applications

Application source code protection is a major concern for software architects today. Secure platforms have been proposed that protect the secrecy of application algorithms and enforce copy protection assurances. Unfortunately, these capabilities incur a sizeable performance overhead. Partitioning an application into secure and insecure regions can help diminish these overheads but invalidates guarantees of code secrecy and copy protection. This work examines one of the problems of partitioning an application into public and private regions, the ability of an adversary to recreate those private regions. To our knowledge, it is the first to analyze this problem when considering application operation as a whole. Looking at the fundamentals of the issue, we analyze one of the simplest attacks possible, a "Memoization Attack." We implement an efficient Memoization Attack and discuss necessary techniques that limit storage and computation consumption. Experimentation reveals that certain classes of real-world applications are vulnerable to Memoization Attacks. To protect against such an attack, we propose a set of indicator tests that enable an application designer to identify susceptible application code regions.