cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role and gender differences in cancer-related distress: a comparison of survivor and caregiver self-reports.

Purpose/objectives To examine role and gender differences on measures of psychological distress as a consequence of dealing with cancer. Design Cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative analyses of retrospective survey data. Setting A large, nonprofit, volunteer-based cancer organization. The sample was recruited through an online cancer survivor's network (61%), a rural event (24%), and hospital registries (15%). Sample Convenience sample of 135 cancer survivors matched to their family caregivers (N = 270). Methods Dyads (i.e., survivors and family caregivers) completed matched questionnaires requesting demographic and medical information and measures of cancer-related distress. Main research variables Role (i.e., survivor or caregiver), gender, and psychological distress. Findings Caregiver means on overall psychological distress were significantly higher than those shown for survivors. Caregiver scores were significantly higher on distress for diagnosis and fear of cancer recurrence. Females scored higher than male caregivers on cancer-related anxiety, future uncertainties, fear of recurrence, and future diagnostic tests. Gender differences were not found for survivor distress. Conclusions Results suggest a need for gender-specific, dyad-tailored cancer support services. Implications for nursing As expert caregivers, nurses can provide valuable assistance with the caregiving process that may decrease distress during the family's cancer experience and adaptation period.
On the eigenvalue problem for Toeplitz band matrices

Abstract A formula is given for the characteristic polynomial of an n th order Toeplitz band matrix, with bandwidth k n , in terms of the zeros of a k th degree polynomial with coefficients independent of n . The complexity of the formula depends on the bandwidth k , and not on the order n . Also given is a formula for eigenvectors, in terms of the same zeros and k coefficients which can be obtained by solving a k × k homogeneous system.
Polypeptide Multilayer Film Co-Delivers Oppositely-Charged Drug Molecules in Sustained Manners

The current state-of-the-art for drug-carrying biomedical devices is mostly limited to those that release a single drug. Yet there are many situations in which more than one therapeutic agent is needed. Also, most polyelectrolyte multilayer films intended for drug delivery are loaded with active molecules only during multilayer film preparation. In this paper, we present the integration of capsules as vehicles within polypeptide multilayer films for sustained release of multiple oppositely charged drug molecules using layer-by-layer nanoassembly technology. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles were impregnated with polyelectrolytes, shelled with polyelectrolyte multilayers, and then assembled onto polypeptide multilayer films using glutaraldehyde. Capsule-integrated polypeptide multilayer films were obtained after decomposition of CaCO3 templates. Two oppositely charged drugs were loaded into capsules within polypeptide multilayer films postpreparation based on electrostatic interactions between the drugs ...
A scalable algorithm for mining maximal frequent sequences using a sample

In this paper, we propose an efficient scalable algorithm for mining Maximal Sequential Patterns using Sampling (MSPS). The MSPS algorithm reduces much more search space than other algorithms because both the subsequence infrequency-based pruning and the supersequence frequency-based pruning are applied. In MSPS, a sampling technique is used to identify long frequent sequences earlier, instead of enumerating all their subsequences. We propose how to adjust the user-specified minimum support level for mining a sample of the database to achieve better overall performance. This method makes sampling more efficient when the minimum support is small. A signature-based method and a hash-based method are developed for the subsequence infrequency-based pruning when the seed set of frequent sequences for the candidate generation is too big to be loaded into memory. A prefix tree structure is developed to count the candidate sequences of different sizes during the database scanning, and it also facilitates the customer sequence trimming. Our experiments showed MSPS has very good performance and better scalability than other algorithms.
Analysis of optical lithography capabilities of pixelized photomasks and spatial light modulators

The models based on pixelized representation of the photomask have been employed by several authors in order to provide the systematic framework for design of photomask patterns resulting in images with desired optimal properties. One possibility to directly implement such pixel-based optimal mask patterns arises in Optical Maskless Lithography (OML). In one implementation of OML, spatial light modulators (SLMs) are used instead of the photomask. Each SLM may have millions of pixels that can individually change their optical properties utilizing one or the other physical modulation principle (e.g. pistoning micro-mirror pixels or tilting micro-mirror pixels). One important question, applicable to both SLMs used in OML and pixelized photomasks, is: how well is a particular pixel modulation principle suited to obtain the optimal image? We discuss the ways to answer this question, derived from the new methodology of OML rasterization algorithms. The illustrating examples are presented for traditional photomasks (AttPSM) and the SLMs with pistoning micro-mirror pixels. Based on this analysis, we present new examples demonstrating the concept and advantages of "truly maskless" optical maskless lithography.
Children's Daily Routines During Kindergarten Transition

Routines are an important feature of family life and functioning in families with young children. Common daily routines such as dinnertime, bedtime, and waking activities are powerful organizers of family behavior and may be instrumental to children and families during times of transition, such as elementary school entry. Daily routines were examined in 132 families with children entering kindergarten. Although the majority of families reported regular daily routines for their children, parents anticipated that their child’s daily routines would substantially shift upon kindergarten entry, including changes in children’s sleep habits. Significant changes in child and family routines have been implicated in adjustment difficulties during kindergarten transition. Results of this investigation are discussed in terms of aligning family daily routines with kindergarten expectations. Furthermore, educational professionals in early childhood education and elementary school can partner with families to promote seamless kindergarten transitions for all children.
Heritability of Hand Preference in Chimpanzees (PAN)

Heritability in hand preference was examined in 76 chimpanzees by comparing strength and direction of hand preference between offspring and parents and among half-siblings reared in different environments. For two separate measures of handedness, offspring had the same hand preference as their biological parent significantly more often then would be predicted by chance. Half-siblings exhibited patterns of hand preference which significantly deviated from chance. In no instance did rearing environment account for a significant proportion of variance. These results strongly suggest a heritability component to the expression of hand preference in chimpanzees.
Pinned Balseiro-Falicov model of tunneling and photoemission in the cuprates

The smooth evolution of the tunneling gap of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8 with doping from a pseudogap state in the underdoped cuprates to a superconducting state at optimal and overdoping, has been interpreted as evidence that the pseudogap must be due to precursor pairing. We suggest an alternative explanation, that the smoothness reflects a hidden SO(N) symmetry near the (pi,0) points of the Brillouin zone (with N = 3, 4, 5, or 6). Because of this symmetry, the pseudogap could actually be due to any of a number of nesting instabilities, including charge or spin density waves or more exotic phases. We present a detailed analysis of this competition for one particular model: the pinned Balseiro-Falicov model of competing charge density wave and (s-wave) superconductivity. We show that most of the anomalous features of both tunneling and photoemission follow naturally from the model, including the smooth crossover, the general shape of the pseudogap phase diagram, the shrinking Fermi surface of the pseudogap phase, and the asymmetry of the tunneling gap away from optimal doping. Below T_c, the sharp peak at Delta_1 and the dip seen in the tunneling and photoemission near 2Delta_1 cannot be described in detail by this model, but we suggest a simple generalization to account for inhomogeneity, which does provide an adequate description. We show that it should be possible, with a combination of photoemission and tunneling, to demonstrate the extent of pinning of the Fermi level to the Van Hove singularity. A preliminary analysis of the data suggests pinning in the underdoped, but not in the overdoped regime.
Opinion Paper. Pragmatic observations on theoretical research in information science

The likelihood that the development of theoretical foundations for information science is a distant goal suggests that the near-term objectives of the information research community should be formulated more realistically. Since the task of science is increasingly being determined by urgent, and changing, social concerns, these objectives should be formulated within a socially utilitarian framework and within a problem domain different from that which has sustained information research in the past 15 years. The imminent societal imperative, management of knowledge as a social resource, appears to be a viable new framework for defining major roles and tasks for theory-oriented work in information science.
Power efficient partial product compression

We present a power efficient structure for partial product compression. Since the full-adder cell is a cornerstone for partial product compression, we determined what are the most power efficient full-adder cells for a wide range of delays. We then developed a new delay-based partial product wiring algorithm that uses the faster XOR-based full adder when one input is a gate delay slower in arriving and otherwise uses the more area efficient mirror-based full adder. We show that this new wiring algorithm is more power efficient than the use of only one type of full adder. Compared to the leading automatic synthesis tool, our approach yields better power efficiencies (lower active area for the same delay) as well as lower delays. For the summation of 16 16-bit vectors, our approach reduces active area by 45% for the same delays produced by the leading synthesis tool.
Synthesis, isolation and characterization of - and -2, 7-dimethyl-3,5-cycloheptadienone

Abstract The title compounds have been synthesized and separated and their configurations established through their Diels-Alder adducts with PTAD.
Study of cavitation in superfluid helium-4 at low temperatures

We report studies of the negative pressure required to lead to the nucleation of bubbles in superfluid helium-4 in the temperature range down to 0.8 K. At the lowest temperatures studied, the tensile strength is found to be ∼3 bar. The results are compared with nucleation theory and the possible importance of nucleation on vortices is discussed.
The origin of the pion mass

Abstract We discuss the origin of the pion mass using a simple model of the QCD vacuum as a condensate of overlapping quark-antiquark pairs. We analyze the relationship between local conservation of the axial current and the nonzero current quark mass. Away from the chiral limit, we find that the pion mass comes from a change in the geometry of the overlap of condensed pairs.
Ferromagnetism in Al1−xCrxN thin films by density functional calculations

We report the results of a theoretical study of magnetic coupling between Cr atoms doped in bulk AlN as well as AlN $(11\overline{2}0)$ thin films having wurtzite structure. The calculations are based on density fuctional theory with the generalized gradient approximation to the exchange and correlation potential. In the thin film, modeled by a slab of finite thickness, Cr atoms are found to cluster around N on the surface layer and couple ferromagnetically. The results for the Cr-doped AlN crystal are similar, namely, Cr atoms cluster around N and couple ferromagnetically. In the thin film, the preference of Cr to occupy surface sites over the bulk sites is shown to be due to reduced coordination of the surface atoms. As the distance between the Cr atoms increases, both the ferro- and antiferromagnetic states become energetically degenerate and this degeneracy may account for the observed low magnetic moment per Cr atom.
Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis from cultured young inflorescenses of Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) stapf. var. Sudanense (sudan grass)

Somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration was obtained from cultured young inflorescence segments of Sorghum arundinaceum var. sudanense (sudan grass). The inflorescences (10–50 mm in length) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.01–5.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). A compact nodular callus and somatic embryos arose predominantly from the rachis. The best response was obtained from inflorescences 10 mm in length. Somatic embryos developed in 72% of the cultures on medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D. Regenerated plants were normal phenotypically and had 2n=20 chromosome number.
Reengineering paramyxovirus tropism

Receptor specificity is a critical determinant of viral tropism, but the capacity of viruses to switch to alternative receptors has not been extensively studied. Here, we engineered the attachment protein of an attenuated measles virus and generated truly retargeted viruses that are blind to the native receptors CD46 and SLAM, but which propagate efficiently and exclusively via alternative cellular receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, or CD38. The engineered receptor tropisms were stably maintained during multiple serial virus passage without reversion to native receptor usage, even on cells offering the choice of both native and alternative receptors. We conclude that paramyxoviruses have a remarkably flexible and adaptable entry mechanism.
Comparison of Interferogram Noises in the Ultraviolet and Visible Regions

The sources of noise in ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR) interferograms acquired with silicon and germanium diodes as well as photomultiplier tube (PMT) detectors have been investigated. Similar conditions were used with each detector so that noises could be compared with minimal bias. Interferograms were produced from tungsten and deuterium lamps as well as an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Data were collected from two instruments; a Mattson Sirius 100 UV/Vis spectrometer, and a Chelsea Instruments FT 500. The signal was the average of 4 to 100 interferograms, while the standard deviation of the data was the noise. In addition to the average and the standard deviation, which are the first two moments of the frequency distribution, the third moment (known as skew) was employed to analyze the symmetry of noise distributions.
Photopic contrast sensitivity without foveal vision.

Sine-wave contrast sensitivity is greatly reduced when the subject is prevented from using his fovea by a stabilized obscuration. For example, with a 3° obscuring stripe, his sensitivity is one third of normal. However, the foveal-deprivation effect seems to be independent of the spatial frequency of the stimulus, which provides an important constraint on models of retinal inhomogeneity.
Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits a cation channel in renal inner medullary collecting duct cells

The patch-clamp technique was used to examine the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its second messenger guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) on an amiloride-sensitive cation channel in the apical membrane of renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. Both ANP (10(-11) M) and dibutyryl guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (10(-4) M) inhibited the channel in cell-attached patches, and cGMP (10(-5) M) inhibited the channel in inside-out patches. The inner medullary collecting duct is the first tissue in which ANP, via its second messenger cGMP, has been shown to regulate single ion channels. The results suggest that the natriuretic action of ANP is related in part to cGMP-mediated inhibition of electrogenic Na+ absorption by the inner medullary collecting duct.
Graphical Synthesis of Fourbar Mechanisms by Three-position, Instant-center Specification

In four-bar mechanism synthesis, solutions to both the three-position and four-position synthesis problems are well-known. However, certain practical synthesis problems also require consideration of the instantaneous center of velocity for one of the precision positions. Examples are the double-wishbone front suspension of an automobile (camber in jounce and rebound, along with roll center), and four-bar prosthetic knee (standing stability, flexion length, and sitting cosmetic advantage).Because specifying the location of the instant center constrains the solution by one free choice per dyad, it reduces the number of free choices available in a three-position problem from two to one. Thus, center point and circle point solutions to the three-position, instant center specified synthesis (TPICS) problem are located along point-pair solution curves similar to the Burmester curves in four-position synthesis.The purpose of this paper is to present a direct, graphical method for finding pivot locations in three-position, instant-center synthesis of four-bar mechanisms. The method uses pole triangle theory to determine pivot locations along center point and circle point curves. A summary of a previously-presented computational method is included.As an example, both the graphical and the computational method are used to generate TPICS center-point curves for an automotive front suspension.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effects of Waste Composition and Decomposition on the Shear Strength of Municipal Solid Waste

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of waste composition and decomposition on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. Waste was collected from two sources (an operating landfill and a transfer station) and degraded in laboratory anaerobic reactors to prepare wastes with different degrees of decomposition. Shear strength was measured in a 280-mm-diameter direct shear ring on nine wastes with normal stress ranging between 12 and 90 kPa. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was used to determine shear strength parameters (ϕ = friction angle and c = cohesion intercept) of the wastes, and shear strength was selected at a horizontal displacement of 56 mm (i.e., 20% of the specimen diameter). A composite failure envelope regressed through shear strength versus normal stress data from all wastes was statistically significant, with ϕ=37° and c=20 kPa. A comparison between tests conducted in this study and in the literature indicates that larger ϕ are obtained for waste with a greater...
Mental Disorders among Parents/Caretakers of American Indian Early Adolescents in the Northern Midwest

This study reports prevalence and comorbidty of five DSM-III-R diagnoses (alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug abuse, major depressive episode, and generalized anxiety disorder) among American Indian and Canadian First Nations parents/caretakers of children aged 10–12 years from the Northern Midwest United States and Canada. Lifetime prevalence rates were compared to adults in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and Southwest and Northern Plains cultures from the AI-SUPERPFP study. Native interviewers used computer-assisted personal interviews to administer the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview (UM-CIDI) to 861 tribally enrolled parents and caretakers (625 females; 236 males) of 741 tribally enrolled children aged 10–12 years. Fathers/male caretakers ranged in age from 21 years to 68 years with an average age of 41 years; mothers/female caretakers ranged in age from 17 years to 77 years with an average of 39 years. About three-fourths (74.6%) of the adults met lifetime criteria for one of the five disorders; approximately one-third (31.6%) met lifetime criteria for two or more of the five disorders. Prevalence of the substance use disorders was higher than those in the general population (NCS); prevalence of internalizing disorders (major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder) was very similar to those in the general population. Prevalence rates for alcohol abuse among the Northern Midwest adults were higher than those reported for Southwest and Northern Plains Tribes, but rates of alcohol dependency were very similar across cultures. The higher prevalence rates for some mental disorders found for the Northern Midwest are discussed in terms of potential method variance. The Northern Midwest results reflect unique patterns of psychiatric disorders in the ubiquity of substance abuse disorders and the co-occurrence of substance abuse disorders with internalizing disorders. Reducing lifetime occurrences of substance abuse disorders would have an enormous positive impact on the mental health of this population.
Acute Ablation of Cardiac Myosin Light Chain Kinase Decreases Cardiac Performance

Cardiac myosin light chain kinase (cMLCK) phosphorylates a single site in the regulatory light chain (RLC) of myosin to increase Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilament contractions. A constellation of contractile protein phosphorylations in addition to RLC phosphorylation fine-tune actin-myosin myofibrillar force development to modulate cardiac performance. In the normal beating heart RLC is significantly phosphorylated (∼45%) which may play a constitutive physiological role to enhance cardiac performance. Conventional cMLCK knockout mice have dilated hearts with severely compromised cardiac performance at 10 weeks of age and older. To determine if the dilated phenotype caused by cMLCK knockout is preceded by a loss of cardiac performance associated with decreased phosphorylation of RLC and other myofibrillar proteins, we generated an acute model for the conditional knockout of cMLCK. We optimized the minimal amount of tamoxifen necessary for cMLCK ablation and assessed cardiac performance measured as fractional shortening by echocardiography. Hearts were then harvested for analyses of protein contents and phosphorylations. Five consecutive daily i.p. injections of 0.5 mg tamoxifen per mouse were sufficient to reduce cMLCK 80±2% by two weeks after the first tamoxifen injection. RLC phosphorylation was reduced to 15±2% while left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole significantly increased by 1.4±0.3 mm and fractional shortening decreased 47±6%. There was no evidence of compensatory hypertrophy. Troponin-I and myosin binding protein-C phosphorylation at Ser23/24 and Ser282, respectively, did not significantly change. Both phosphorylations were reduced with propranolol treatment, which had no effect on RLC phosphorylation. These results suggest that constitutive RLC phosphorylation contributes to cardiac performance in the normal beating heart.
Modification of Acrylamide Electrophoresis for Microspectrophotometric Analysis of Fish Plasma Proteins

Abstract A technique for discontinuous electrophoresis that permits rapid and direct comparisons of multiple samples in thin sheets of polyacrylamide gel is described. The resulting electropherograms are suitable for screening for enzyme polymorphisms and for densitometric scanning and/or direct photographing after gels are stained for total proteins. Each gel sheet (110 × 90 × 0.8 mm) can be used for simultaneous separation of 10-15 different samples. Since total voltage and the running time required for successful resolution of fine protein bands are reduced in this system, minimal heating occurs within the gel matrix during electrophoresis. Up to 120 different blood samples (8 gel sheets) can be processed in about 8 hrs. Gels are stained overnight in Coomassie Brilliant Blue, rinsed several times and stored in 7% acetic acid. Particular gel sectors are then transferred to distilled water and mounted on glass microslides for photography or for densitometric evaluation with a Leitz microspectrophotometer...
The Personal Map: A Lesson in Similarities, Differences, and the Invisible

The Personal Map is a series of activities designed to help students develop self-reflexivity, interpersonal communication, emotional intelligence, and diversity awareness. Students create and present to their classmates personal maps depicting formative life events. They then reflect on their experience of the project and share their reflections. The personal map challenges students to explore visible and invisible aspects of themselves and of their classmates, along with the experiences that shaped those selves. Through these explorations, it helps to create an open and affirming classroom community. Theoretical grounding, pedagogical tips, instructions for the exercise, and samples of student reflections are provided.
Dynamics of Lean Blowout in Premixed Combustion With Hydrogen Addition

An experimental study of lean premixed combustion in a swirl-stabilized combustor is undertaken to characterize the dynamics and time scales close to Lean Blow Out (LBO) conditions. Due to the recent interest in syngas fuels, the effect of hydrogen addition on LBO is studied. In present study, both confined and unconfined turbulent methane air premixed flames have been examined with different hydrogen levels during the extinction transition with high speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence at 2 KHz. Planar laser induced fluorescence measurement of OH is also performed for studying the flame structure. The blowout conditions are approached by reducing the flow rate of fuel mixture or the equivalence ratio with constant air flow rate. The estimated extinction times from high speed imaging and corresponding flame structures are analyzed and compared between confined and unconfined flames with different hydrogen blends. The extinction time scale and the heat release fluctuations show inverse trends with hydrogen addition for the confined and unconfined flames, and are indicative of different stabilization and blow out mechanisms for the two configurations. These mechanisms which involve heat losses from the flame, inner- and corner recirculation zones and unsteady flame dynamics are described in the paper.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in an Ethnically Diverse College Sample

Self-report data pertaining to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI; e.g., cutting) were collected from 5,691 undergraduates at a Midwestern urban university. Consistent with the small literature on NSSI among college students, 12.8% of the sample indicated having engaged in NSSI at least once (3.4% in the past year). Women and younger students were at slightly higher risk. Important ethnic differences were found, as Caucasians and individuals self-identifying as Multiracial were at especially high risk for a history of NSSI, whereas Arab Americans and African Americans had particularly low rates. Further, links between NSSI and religion were found, such that participants with stronger self-reported religious convictions had the lowest rates of NSSI. Those who self-described as Atheist, Agnostic, or Nonbeliever were several times more likely to have engaged in NSSI (31.3%), while Muslims (7.4%) and Baptists (6.3%) had relatively low rates. Multivariate analyses revealed that ethnic differences in NSSI could not be accounted for by religious differences. Processes that may explain the associations between NSSI and ethnic affiliation and religion are discussed.
Dose‐response effects of intravenous caffeine in normal volunteers

The administration of caffeine has been developed as a chemical model for the study of anxiety. However, previous researchers investigating caffeine-induced anxiety states in humans have administered oral caffeine. In this dose-response study, we investigated the effects of blindly administered intravenous caffeine (3, 5, and 7 mg/kg) versus placebo in normal control subjects. We report the first series of subjects experiencing olfactory hallucinations (10 of 10 subjects, 24 of 30 infusions) immediately following intravenous caffeine infusion. In addition, consistent with our previous work with oral caffeine, we found dose-related increases in ratings of anxiety and blood levels of cortisol and lactate. One subject experienced a DSM-III-R panic attack. Further questioning revealed that his mother suffers panic attacks. Our findings of olfactory hallucinations are discussed within the context of localized limbic system dysfunction, noting the phenomenologic and possible neuroanatomic overlap between panic disorder and complex partial seizures. Anxiety 1:161–168 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Investigation of an arcon articulator

Abstract Formal proof has been given only for the less obvious statements. The problems encountered in the selection of the axis have been omitted entirely since they are common to all types of single axis articulators. It is also in no way to be inferred that the problems in reproduction of mandibular movements have been entirely solved by this arcon articulator. The quantitative movements in each and all variable directional components of the mandible are not reproducible in the Bergstro¨m instrument. The articulator has been given several fixed values with the arcon design as its principal modification from the condylar devices. This feature, however, has been proved to be of definite value and perhaps one more step in the constant improvements in articulators of single-shaft axis design.
Attachment Theory as an Integrative Framework for Family Counseling

Contemporary attachment theory may serve as an integrative framework for anticipating and explaining individual behavior in close adult relationships. This discussion briefly introduces the theory ...
Social disruption of discriminated avoidance behavior

Two groups of rats were trained to respond on a discriminated avoidance schedule. For those animals that were initially trained together, escape rather than avoidance behavior occurred. Sexual mounting behavior and attack behavior were also observed. Those animals that were trained individually on the avoidance schedule seldom attacked when later paired with an unrestrained naive animal. Furthermore, the relative position of the naive animal in the chamber appeared to determine whether an avoidance or an escape response occurred. Disruption of discriminated avoidance responding appeared to be due not only to competing attack behavior, but also to the presence and position of the other animal in the chamber.
Some Learning Disabilities of Socially Disadvantaged Puerto Rican and Negro Children

This paper indicates that we have overlooked perceptual dysfunction as a major causal factor in the reading qnd learning problems of disadvantaged children
Foot and Ankle Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces During Ambulation

Background: Assessing patients with foot and ankle disorders by observation of gait is dependent on the examiner's experience and cannot provide information about three-dimensional movement, forces...
Solid-solution hardening of a high-Entropy AlTiVCrNbMo alloy

The nature of solid-solution hardening of high-entropy alloys is discussed using an equiatomic bcc AlTiVCrNbMo alloy as an example. The hardening of the alloy is found to be characterized by an increase in the temperature dependence of the component of the critical shear strength and by anomalously high athermic hardening due to the perpendicular slip plane of the Burgers vector component. A relatively simple expression is proposed to estimate the detected hardening ΔH(Δσ).
Background matters: the effects of estrogen receptor α gene disruption on male sexual behavior are modified by background strain

One approach to study interactions between behavior and genetics is to use inbred mice with different genetic backgrounds. To examine the effect of background on a specific gene, we conducted a series of experiments with a well-characterized knockout (KO) mouse, the estrogen receptor alpha KO (ERalphaKO). The ERalphaKO mouse has so far been examined in one inbred line, C57BL/6J. Here, we examined the behavior of ERalphaKO mice within three different backgrounds mixed with C57BL/6J; DBA/2J, BALB/c, and A/J. First, we assessed masculine sexual behavior in both intact male and testosterone-treated female offspring. More ERalphaKO males in the DBA/2J (5/12) and BALB/c (5/13) backcrosses displayed intromissions and many ejaculated as compared with males in a C57BL/6J and A/J mixed background. Many fewer ERalphaKO females than males displayed masculine sexual behavior in any of the three hybrid crosses. We assessed fertility in males from the C57BL/6J by DBA/2J cross and found that one of 12 ERalphaKO males sired a litter. Several other characteristics of sexual behavior and physiology were unaffected by genetic background in ERalphaKO mice. Our data suggest that genetic background has dramatic effects on male sexual behavior and its dependence on the ERalpha gene.
Processor Allocation and Scheduling of Macro Dataflow Graphs on Distributed Memory Multicomputers by the PARADIGM Compiler

Functional or Control parallelism is an efiectiuc way to increase speedups in Multicomputers. Programs for these machines are represented by Macro Dataflow Graphs (MRGsJ for the purpose of functional parallelism analysk and exploitation. Algorithms for allocation and schedttlang of MDGs have been discussed along with some analysis of their optirnality. These algorithms attempt to minimize the execution time of any given MDG through exploitation of functional parallelism. Our preliminary results show their eflectiveness over naive algorithms.
Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Low-Density Lipoprotein Docosahexaenoic Acid Nanoparticles Selectively Disrupts Redox Balance in Hepatoma Cells and Reduces Growth of Orthotopic Liver Tumors in Rats.

Background & Aims Dietary intake of the natural omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been implicated in protecting patients with viral hepatitis B or C from developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Little is known about the effects of DHA on established solid tumors. Here we describe a low-density lipoprotein−based nanoparticle that acts as a transporter for unesterified DHA (LDL−DHA) and demonstrates selective cytotoxicity toward HCC cells. We investigated the ability of LDL−DHA to reduce growth of orthotopic hepatomas in rats. Methods AxC-Irish (ACI) rats were given intrahepatic injections of rat hepatoma cells (H4IIE); 24 tumor-bearing rats (mean tumor diameter, ∼1 cm) were subject to a single hepatic artery injection of LDL nanoparticles (2 mg/kg) loaded with DHA (LDL−DHA), triolein (LDL−TO), or sham surgery controls. Tumor growth was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and other methods; tumor, liver, and serum samples were collected and assessed by histochemical, immunofluorescence, biochemical, and immunoblot analyses. Results Three days after administration of LDL−TO or sham surgery, the control rats had large, highly vascularized tumors that contained proliferating cells. However, rats given LDL−DHA had smaller, pale tumors that were devoid of vascular supply and >80% of the tumor tissue was necrotic. Four to 6 days after injection of LDL−DHA, the tumors were 3-fold smaller than those of control rats. The liver tissue that surrounded the tumors showed no histologic or biochemical evidence of injury. Injection of LDL−DHA into the hepatic artery of rats selectively deregulated redox reactions in tumor tissues by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, depleting and oxidizing glutathione and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and significantly down-regulating the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-4. Remarkably, the redox balance in the surrounding liver was not disrupted. Conclusion LDL−DHA nanoparticle selectively kills hepatoma cells and reduces growth of orthotopic liver tumors in rats. It induces tumor-specific necrosis by selectively disrupting redox balance within the cancer cell.
Alcohol consumption, %CDT, GGT and blood pressure change during alcohol treatment.

Aims: Blood pressure (BP) changes in alcohol-dependent individuals during a 12-week alcohol relapse prevention study were examined in light of drinking status and biomarkers of alcohol consumption (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)). Methods: Of 160 randomized alcoholic individuals, 120 who had hypertension and in whom daily drinking data was available, at 6 and 12 weeks of treatment were included. The impact of alcohol consumption on change in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) was examined. Further analysis determined the relationship between BP and alcohol-use biomarkers. Results: A significant effect of complete abstinence on both SBP (−10 mmHg; P = 0.003) and DBP (−7 mmHg; P = 0.001) when compared to any drinking (SBP and DBP =− 1 mmHg) was observed. At week 12, participants with a positive %CDT ( 2.6) had 7 mmHg greater SBP (P = 0.01) and DBP ( P< 0.001) than those with negative %CDT. Participants with positive GGT ( 50 IU) had 10 mmHg greater SBP (P = 0.12) and 9 mmHg greater DBP (P = 0.03) than those with negative GGT. The percent change in SBP was correlated with percent change in %CDT (P = 0.003) but not GGT (P = ns). The percent change in DBP was correlated with both percent change in %CDT ( P< 0.0001) and GGT (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Abstinence from alcohol significantly decreased the BP and a positive relationship between BP and both alcohol-use biomarkers was illustrated. Since %CDT is more specific than GGT for heavy alcohol consumption, clinicians may monitor the role of alcohol in hypertension using %CDT as a supplemental aid, providing an objective assessment of drinking to influence BP treatment decisions.
WE‐B‐204C‐01: Postron Emission Mammography

Specialized positron emission tomography(PET) systems dedicated to imaging breast cancer have been proposed and developed since the mid‐1990s. The term positron emission mammography(PEM) has been applied to this specialized area of PET scanners and scanning. While progress has been made in reversing a long increasing trend of breast cancer deaths in the U.S. and elsewhere, there is still a relatively high incidence of breast cancer diagnosis and mortality: an estimated 192,000 cases, and 40,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2009. This is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the U.S. Screening X‐ray mammography has played an important role in reversing the trend of increasing deaths, and is the primary imaging modality for breast cancer screening. A limitation of screening and diagnostic mammography is its lack of specificity to malignant disease, resulting in many false positives. A number of imaging methods are used to further investigate equivocal mammography findings, including ultrasound,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), scintigraphy, and PEM. PET is a functional imaging modality used routinely in oncology to image hyper‐metabolic lesions, including breast cancers. However, the spatial resolution of whole‐body PET (WB‐PET) scanners limits their usefulness in early breast cancer because lesion sizes at diagnosis tend to be smaller than can be reliably imaged with WB‐PET. Dedicated PEM systems focus on improved spatial resolution for imaging early breast cancer, and its functional nature is seen to complement the morphological information provided by mammography. One proposed use of PEM is to improve specificity in diagnosing suspicious but equivocal findings in mammography.PEM has also been suggested for identifying multi‐focal, multi‐centric, or bilateral disease for purposes of planning surgical treatment, for guiding and monitoring therapies, and for better identification of ductal carcinoma in situ. This lecture will provide a brief history of PEM development, give the current status of PEM, compare PEM to WB‐PET and mammography, and discuss clinical applications and operations. Learning Objectives: 1. At the end of this lecture, attendees should be able to 2. Understand the differences between whole‐body PET and PEM 3. Understand the differences between mammography and PEM 4. List possible clinical applications/indications for PEM 5. Describe clinical operation and requirements of PEM scanning
Status of Child Health Worldwide

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this article is to summarize some of the facts about child health and goals of international health organizations.DATA SOURCES:The sources included the publications of World Health Organization's (WHO), United Nations Children Fund, and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations; and journal articles.DATA EXTRACTION:Data on areas related to child health were obtained from various publications.DATA SYNTHESIS:Although childhood mortality continues to fall worldwide, nearly 14 million children under five years of age still die annually in developing countries. Diarrhea, measles, tetanus, pertussis, pneumonia, and malnutrition are preventable and treatable and yet account for the majority of deaths. AIDS has begun to substantially affect the pediatric population. It is encouraging that the WHO's goal to immunize 80 percent of all children in the developing world has been met. The World Summit for Children, in consultation with governments of 159 countries, an...
Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae)

Erythrina L. (Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) is a pantropical genus of over 100 species, all of which are either hummingbird or passerine pollinated. Phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological and chloroplast DNA restriction site characters suggest that shifts from passerine to hummingbird pollination have occurred a minimum of four times in the genus. In hummingbird-pollinated species the inflorescences are held upright, the flowers are arranged radially along the axis, and the narrow standard petal is conduplicately folded to form a pseudotube. In most of the passerine-pollinated species, the inflorescences are held horizontally, the flowers are secund, and the standard petal is open so that the nectar and androecium are easily visible and accessible. Nectar amino acid concentrations and sucrose to hexose ratios are closely associated with pollination mode. Despite the general resemblance in flower and inflorescence morphology among species with the same pollination type, homology assessment reveals that petal morphology and size, and calyx and pollen morphology differ. Morphological characters, even if comprising modifications associated with adaptive pollination systems, therefore provide useful phylogenetic information.
Physicians' Mandatory Reporting of Elder Abuse

We evaluated physicians' responses to state elder abuse reporting statutes. Most statutes require reporting without providing for adequate investigation and service delivery. The Alabama Protective Services Act of 1976 is typical. Survey responses by Alabama physicians suggest that they have reservations about their ability to diagnose abuse, the operation of the law, and their willingness to report abuse. It appears that, in Alabama, mandatory reporting by itself is counterproductive because the statute fails to provide for adequate investigation and service delivery or to command knowledgeable compliance. Language: en
High-Fidelity Computational Social Science in Anthropology: Prospects for Developing a Comparative Framework

Approaches to modeling social phenomena vary on a continuum from simple models, in which causality is clear and parameters few, to realistic, high-fidelity models designed to capture the most detailed system behavior possible in a specific setting. Anthropologists have produced both simple and high-fidelity models. The focus of this article is on high-fidelity modeling in anthropology and the special challenge its complexity presents for model comparison. Useful model comparison requires docking, or rendering models comparable, and the author presents a framework for docking based on the work of Axelrod, and Cioffi-Revilla and Gotts. Docking not only renders models more comparable, allowing for more traditional theory testing, but it also sharpens the discussion about the ontology of anthropological phenomena and how they are best represented as theories and models.
Clinical findings and serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses after intragastric administration of sodium monensin

Six adult horses were administered sodium monensin, 1.0-1.5 mg/kg, via gastric gavage. Anorexia and/or diarrhea occurred within 24 hr after monensin administration in all 6 horses. Cardiac disease and dysfunction were evaluated by both elevations in heart rate, echocardiography, and an increase in serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), occurred in 4 horses. The development and severity of cardiac disease was likely affected by the monensin dose, vehicle (water or corn oil) mixed with monensin, and/or whether the monensin was administered to fed or fasted horses. Initial increases in cTnI concentrations occurred between 24 and 72 hr after monensin administration. The 2 horses with the highest cTnI concentrations died or were euthanized within 5 days after monensin administration and had severe cardiac disease. One horse had increased cTnI concentrations from day 2 to day 16, but no apparent change in ventricular contractile function was evident on echocardiography. The fourth diseased horse did not return to cTnI reference intervals until day 27 after monensin administration, and the ventricular function was still abnormal just before euthanasia 9 months later. Cardiac troponin I measurements could be useful in managing farm outbreaks of accidental monensin feeding by the early identification of horses with cardiac disease.
Plasma lithography for probing collective cell behaviors

Collective cell motions play essential roles in the regulation of various complex biological processes such as embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and carcinogenesis. In this study, we present a novel plasma lithography technique for creating surface functionalized confinements toward the investigation of collective cell migration. The ability to confine cells one-dimensionally using plasma lithography is demonstrated to facilitate quantification of collective cell migratory behaviors including the overall speed and the probability of velocity change upon cell-cell contact. This quantitative information in cell-cell interactions will allow us to understand the dynamics of collective cell migration from a systems biology perspective.
Parallelization algorithms for modeling ARM processes

AutoRegressive Modular (ARM) processes are a new class of nonlinear stochastic processes, which can accurately model a large class of stochastic processes, by capturing the empirical distribution and autocorrelation function simultaneously. Given an empirical sample path, the ARM modeling procedure consists of two steps: a global search for locating the minima of a nonlinear objective function over a large parametric space, and a local optimization of optimal or near optimal models found in the first step. In particular, since the first task calls for the evaluation of the objective function at each vector of the search space, the global search is a time consuming procedure. To speed up the computations, parallelization of the global search can be effectively used by partitioning the search space among multiple processors, since the requisite communication overhead is negligible.