cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constrictive and Hypertrophic Strictures in Ileal Crohn's Disease.

Background & Aims Strictures in Crohn’s disease (CD) are classically attributed to fibromuscular hypertrophy of the intestinal wall. We have identified and characterized CD-related ileal strictures that result instead from mural constriction (ie, reduced external circumference). Methods Twenty-four strictures and internal controls from 17 adults with obstructive CD were analyzed by cross-sectional morphometry. Results The stricture-to-control circumference ratios (CRs) ranged from 0.53 to 1.7. Six strictures with CR ≥1.0, designated hypertrophic, had concentrically thickened walls, mean 3-fold increases in cross-sectional area and stainable fibromucular tissue, and high transmural inflammation scores. In contrast, 18 strictures with CR 0.8, 8.7 ± 6.4 years; and CR ≥1.00, 13.7 ± 5.0 years, respectively; P = .03). Conclusions Constrictive ileal strictures in CD differ pathologically and clinically from hypertrophic strictures, featuring little or no fibromuscular mural expansion, frequent multiplicity, and earlier onset. Mesenteric fat wrapping and myenteric plexitis may contribute to their pathogenesis. Pathologic manifestations of constriction and hypertrophy can coexist, suggesting that stricture heterogeneity may be shaped in part by the dynamics of constrictive and hypertrophic processes.
Privacy-Preserving Stealthy Attack Detection in Multi-Agent Control Systems.

This paper develops a glocal (global-local) attack detection framework to detect stealthy cyber-physical attacks, namely covert attack and zero-dynamics attack, against a class of multi-agent control systems seeking average consensus. The detection structure consists of a global (central) observer and local observers for the multi-agent system partitioned into clusters. The proposed structure addresses the scalability of the approach and the privacy preservation of the multi-agent system's state information. The former is addressed by using decentralized local observers, and the latter is achieved by imposing unobservability conditions at the global level. Also, the communication graph model is subject to topology switching, triggered by local observers, allowing for the detection of stealthy attacks by the global observer. Theoretical conditions are derived for detectability of the stealthy attacks using the proposed detection framework. Finally, a numerical simulation is provided to validate the theoretical findings.
Creativity and mental illness.

Preface James C. Kaufman Part I. Creativity and Mental Illness: The State of the Field: 1. A socio-historical overview of the creativity-pathology connection from antiquity to contemporary times George Becker 2. The mad (creative) genius: what do we know after a century of historiometric research Dean Keith Simonton 3. Reviewing recent empirical findings on creativity and mental illness Melanie L. Beaussart, Arielle E. White, Adam Pullaro and James C. Kaufman 4. Building connections on sand: the cautionary chapter Judith Schlesinger Part II. Cognitive and Neuroscientific Perspectives on Creativity and Mental Illness: 5. Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying creative thinking: indications from studies of mental illness Anna Abraham 6. The evolutionary genetics of the creativity-psychosis connection Aaron Kozbelt, Scott Barry Kaufman, Deborah J. Walder, Luz Ospina and Joseph Kim 7. Non-linearity in creativity and mental illness: the mixed blessings of chaos, catastrophe and noise in brain and behavior James E. Swain and John D. Swain 8. Artists' vulnerability to psychopathology: an integrative cognitive perspective Mark Papworth Part III. Creativity and the Spectrum of Mental Illness: 9. Creativity and the spectrum of affective and schizophrenic psychoses Neus Barrantes-Vidal 10. When good is bad and bad is good: mood, bipolarity, and creativity Geir Kaufmann and Astrid Kaufmann 11. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and creativity: ever the twain shall meet? Dione Healey Part IV. Creativity and Mental Illness: Possible Commonalities: 12. The shared vulnerability model of creativity and psychopathology Shelley Carson 13. On the fragility of the artist: art's precarious triad Maja Djikic and Keith Oatley 14. Creativity as 'compensatory advantage': bipolar and schizophrenic liability, the inverted-u hypothesis, and practical implications Dennis K. Kinney and Ruth Richards Part V. Creativity and Mental Health: 15. Bringing the whole universe to order: creativity, healing, and post-traumatic growth Marie J. C. Forgeard, Anne C. Mecklenburg, Justin J. Lacasse and Eranda Jayawickreme 16. Inspiration and the creative process Todd M. Thrash, Emil Moldovan, Amanda K. Fuller and John T. Dombrowski 17. King Solomon and psychoneuroimmunology: creativity and life coping Michael J. Lowis Part VI. Creativity and Mental Illness: What Now?: 18. Ruminating about mental illness and creativity Emily C. Nusbaum, Roger E. Beaty and Paul J. Silvia 19. Creativity and mental illness: reasons to care and beware James C. Kaufman.
Hyderabad, British India, and the World: Muslim Networks and Minor Sovereignty, c.1850–1950

Introduction: fragmenting sovereignty 1. Minor sovereignties: Hyderabad among states and empires 2. The legal framework of sovereignty Part I. Ideas: 3. A passage to another India: Hyderabad's discursive universe 4. Hyderabad and the world: bureaucrat-intellectuals and Muslim modernist internationalism Part II. Institutions: 5. Moglai temporality: institutions, imperialism and the making of the Hyderabad frontier 6. Frontier as resource: law, crime and sovereignty on the margins of empire Part III. Urban Space: 7. Remaking city, developing state: ethical patrimonialism, urbanism and economic planning 8. Improvising urbanism: sanitation and power in Hyderabad and Secunderabad Conclusion: fragmented sovereignty in a world of nation-states.
K-band spectroscopy of an obscured massive stellar cluster in the Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/4039) with NIRSPEC

We present infrared spectroscopy of the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039) with NIRSPEC at the W. M. Keck Observatory. We imaged the star clusters in the vicinity of the southern nucleus (NGC 4039) in 0.39" seeing in K-band using NIRSPEC's slit-viewing camera. The brightest star cluster revealed in the near-IR (M_K(0) = -17.9) is insignificant optically, but coincident with the highest surface brightness peak in the mid-IR (12-18 um) ISO image presented by Mirabel et al (1998). We obtained high signal-to-noise 2.03-2.45 um spectra of the nucleus and the obscured star cluster at R = 1900. The cluster is very young (age ~ 4 Myr), massive (M ~ 16E6 M_sun), and compact (density ~ 115 M_sun pc^(-3) within a 32 pc half-light radius), assuming a Salpeter IMF (0.1-100 M_sun). Its hot stars have a radiation field characterized by T_eff ~ 39,000 K, and they ionize a compact HII region with n_e ~ 10^4 cm^(-3). The stars are deeply embedded in gas and dust (A_V = 9-10 mag), and their strong FUV field powers a clumpy photodissociation region with densities n_H > 10^5 cm^(-3) on scales of ~ 200 pc, radiating L{H_2 1-0 S(1)}= 9600 L_sun.
Near Optimality in Covering and Packing Games by Exposing Global Information

Covering and packing problems can be modeled as games to encapsulate interesting social and engineering settings. These games have a high Price of Anarchy in their natural formulation. However, existing research applicable to specific instances of these games has only been able to prove fast convergence to arbitrary equilibria. This paper studies gener al classes of covering and packing games with learning dynamics models that incorporate a central authority who broadcasts weak, socially beneficial signals to agents that otherwise only use local information in their decision-making. Rather than illustrating convergence to an arbitrary equilibrium that may have very high social cost, we show that these systems quickly achieve near-optimal performance. In particular, we show that in the public service advertisin g model of [1], reaching a small constant fraction of the agents is enough to bring the system to a state within a logn factor of optimal in a broad class of set cover and set packing games or a constant factor of optimal in the special cases of vertex cover and maximum independent set, circumventing social ineffici ency of bad local equilibria that could arise without a central authority. We extend these results to the l earn-then-decide model of [2], in which agents use any of a broad class of learning algorithms to decide in a given round whether to behave according to locally optimal behavior or the behavior prescribed by the broadcast signal. The new techniques we use for analyzing these games could be of broader interest for analyzing more general classic optimization problems in a distributed fashion.
Lithium Stimulation of Murine Hematopoiesis in Liquid Culture: An Effect Mediated by Marrow Stromal Cells

Lithium has previously been observed to stimulate in vitro Dexter culture hemopoiesis with increases in granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S). In the present study, a two-phase murine Dexter culture system was established to study the mechanism of lithium-mediated stem cell stimulation. Different lots of horse sera or fetal calf sera were found to have markedly different effects on Dexter culture growth; given the appropriate sera supplementation, supernatant cells from Dexter cultures established from C57BL/6J mice 3 wk previously were free of stromal-forming capacity, but had stem cells and could grow on 900–950 R irradiated stroma. Conversely, in vitro irradiation (900–950 R) of 3-wk cultures resulted in a stem-cell-free adherent monolayer that could support growth for up to 9 wk in culture. The stroma from Dexter cultures preexposed to lithium chloride (1.0 mmole/liter) for 3 wk, irradiated (900 R), and then refed with 3-wk Dexter supernatant cells has an enhanced capacity to support cell production, CFU-S, and probably granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (GM-CFU-C) production, as compared to stroma not preexposed to lithium. Lithium carryover was ruled out in these experiments. These data indicate that lithium stimulates CFU-S and in vitro granulopoiesis by an indirect effect on a radioresistant adherent stromal cell.
Brand Management and Strategies Against Counterfeits: Strategies Against Counterfeits

In this paper I provide a theory for brand-protection strategies to reduce counterfeiting under weak intellectual property rights. My theoretical framework has general implications for endogenous sunk cost investments as a means of deterring counterfeiters. My model incorporates two layers of asymmetric information that counterfeits can incur: counterfeiters fooling consumers, and buyers of counterfeits fooling other consumers. Brands have a number of tools at their disposal to maintain a separating equilibrium in the face of counterfeits. One of the theoretical predictions of this study is that counterfeit entry induces incumbent brands to introduce new products. This helps to explain the innovation strategies that authentic firms employ in response to entry by counterfeiters in practice. Authentic prices rise if and only if the counterfeit quality is lower than a threshold level. In addition, the model demonstrates how authentic producers could invest in self-enforcement to increase counterfeiters' incentives to separate themselves from brands. Better channel management through company stores and other costly devices are forms of non-price signals and complement a company's own enforcements against counterfeits. These predictions are validated using unique panel data collected from Chinese shoe companies covering the years 1993-2004. Data further reveal that companies with worse relationships with the government invest more in various self-enforcement strategies, which are effective in reducing counterfeit sales, and that the set of strategies are complements rather than substitutes for each other.
Levels in Gd 1 4 6 , 1 4 7 , 1 4 8 observed following the decay of their terbium parents including a new isotope, Tb 146

The decay schemes of the following terbium isotopes were investigated: 2.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2-min $^{148}\mathrm{Tb}$, 1.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1-min and 1.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1-h $^{147}\mathrm{Tb}$, and a previously unreported 23 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2-sec nuclide assigned to $^{146}\mathrm{Tb}$. These radioactivities were produced by bombarding $^{141}\mathrm{Pr}$ with $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ ions accelerated in the Oak Ridge isochronous cyclotron. Both singles and coincidence $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectral measurements were made. Our data for 2.3-min $^{148}\mathrm{Tb}$ are in excellent agreement with the recently published results of Bowman, Haenni, and Sugihara. We also confirm their discovery of a new 1.9-min high-spin isomer in $^{147}\mathrm{Tb}$ and provide additional information concerning its decay properties. Levels in $^{147}\mathrm{Gd}$ populated by this (presumably ${h}_{\frac{11}{2}}$) $^{147}\mathrm{Tb}$ state are: 997.6 keV, ${\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 1397.7 keV, (${\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$); (1778.9 keV); and 1797.8 keV, (${\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). Contrastingly, the 1.6-h low-spin (probably ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$) $^{147}\mathrm{Tb}$ isomer was found to populate the following $^{147}\mathrm{Gd}$ levels: 0 keV, ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 1152.2 keV, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 1292.0 keV, (${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$); 1411.5 keV, (${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$); 1699.2 keV; 1759.1 keV; and 1846.6 keV, (${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). The assignment of the new 23-sec activity to $^{146}\mathrm{Tb}$ is based primarily on the fact that five of its $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays have been observed by Kownacki et al. in a $^{144}\mathrm{Sm}$ ($\ensuremath{\alpha},2n\ensuremath{\gamma}$) study. Levels in $^{146}\mathrm{Gd}$ seen in the decay of $^{146}\mathrm{Tb}$ (probable spin of 3) are as follows: 1579.5 keV, ${2}^{+}$; 2658.4 keV, ${4}^{+}$; 2982.4 keV, ${6}^{+}$; 2996.9 keV; 3099.4 keV; (3139.6 keV); and 3313.4 keV. In contrast to the results of Kownacki et al. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays either feeding or deexciting their tentatively proposed ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ level at 1584.5 keV were not observed.[RADIOACTIVITY $^{146,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}147,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}148}\mathrm{Tb}$; measured ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin; discovered new isotope $^{146}\mathrm{Tb}$; $^{146,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}147,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}148}\mathrm{Gd}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$. Ge (Li) detectors, 2.1 and 3.0 keV at 1.33 MeV.]
Ice surface morphology and flow on Malaspina Glacier, Alaska: Implications for regional tectonics in the Saint Elias orogen

The Saint Elias Mountains in southern Alaska are located at a structural syntaxis where the coastal thrust and fold belt of the Fairweather plate boundary intersects thrust faults and folds generated by collision of the Yakutat Terrane. The axial trace of this syntaxis extends southeastward out of the Saint Elias Mountains and beneath Malaspina Glacier where it is hidden from view and cannot be mapped using conventional methods. Here we examine the surface morphology and flow patterns of Malaspina Glacier to infer characteristics of the bedrock topography and organization of the syntaxis. Faults and folds beneath the eastern part of the glacier trend northwest and reflect dextral transpression near the terminus of the Fairweather fault system. Those beneath the western part of the glacier trend northeast and accommodate folding and thrust faulting during collision and accretion of the Yakutat Terrane. Mapping the location and geometry of the structural syntaxis provides important constraints on spatial variations in seismicity, fault kinematics, and crustal shortening beneath Malaspina Glacier, as well as the position of the collisional deformation front within the Yakutat Terrane. We also speculate that the geometrical complexity of intersecting faults within the syntaxis formed a barrier to rupture propagation during two regional Mw 8.1 earthquakes in September 1899.
Comparison training of chess evaluation functions

The supervised learning methodology of "comparison training" (Tesauro 1989a) on a database of expert preferences is extended to search depths beyond 1-ply, and applied to the problem of training the weights in a linear evaluation function for the game of chess. An initial set of experiments was performed using SCP, a public-domain chess program. Training based on simple 1-ply searches was found to be ineffective, but for 1-ply plus quiescence expansion, high-quality solutions were found that outperform SCP's hand-tuned weights. The trained weights had performance that scaled well with search depth, and consistent improvement over the hand-tuned solution was found even for test depths much greater than the training search depth.A discretized version of the algorithm was also developed and used to tune a subset of the weights in DEEP BLUE, having to do primarily with king safety evaluation. Training was based on 4-ply search (plus quiescence), and good test-set generalization was found out to 7-ply. During the 1997 rematch with Garry Kasparov, the tuning of the king-safety weights made a critical difference in one important position in game 2, and in the program's general understanding and handling of game 6.
DETERMINING WHETHER TWO DATA SETS ARE FROM THE SAME DISTRIBUTION

This paper presents two Bayesian alternatives to the chi-squared test for determining whether a pair of categorical data sets were generated from the same underlying distribution. It then discusses such alternatives for the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, which is often used when the data sets consist of real numbers.
Predictability of Large Future Changes in Complex Systems

We present a systematic algorithm testing for the existence of collective self-organization in the behavior of agents in social systems, with a concrete empirical implementation on the Dow Jones Industrial Average index (DJIA) over the 20th century and on Hong Kong Hang Seng composite index (HSI) since 1969. The algorithm combines ideas from critical phenomena, the impact of agents' expectation, multi-scale analysis and the mathematical method of pattern recognition of sparse data. Trained on the three major crashes in DJIA of the century, our algorithm exhibits a remarkable ability for generalization and detects in advance 8 other significant drops or changes of regimes. An application to HSI gives promising results as well. The results are robust with respect to the variations of the recognition algorithm. We quantify the prediction procedure with error diagrams.
The Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits Derived From the Redevelopment of Brownfields

Brownfields are defined as former industrial or commercial properties that have been abandoned, idled or are no longer in use. These properties may be compromised with contaminated water and/or toxic materials. This paper demonstrates that Brownfields may however, be salvaged and redeveloped. Redeveloping brownfields has many challenges. Financial barriers and liability concerns are often cited as the main concerns, but this strategy can also have many economic, social and environmental benefits. Some are mentioned as: tax incentives, smart growth and inducement of labor concentrations among many….
Projected Dynamics for Metastable Decay in Ising Models

The magnetization switching dynamics in the kinetic Ising model is projected onto a one-dimensional absorbing Markov chain. The resulting projected dynamics reproduces the direct simulation results with great accuracy. A scheme is proposed to utilize simulation data for small systems to obtain the metastable lifetime for large systems and/or for very weak magnetic fields, for which direct simulation is not feasible.
Biology of Thrypticus truncatus and Thrypticus sagittatus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), Petiole Miners of Water Hyacinth, in Argentina, with Morphological Descriptions of Larvae and Pupae

The mining sies Thrypticus truncatus Bickel & Hernandez and Thrypticus sagittatus Bickel & Hernandez (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) are being evaluated as biological control agents for the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae). The behavior of adults and larvae of these species was studied in the laboratory and in several water courses of the ParanaRiver basin, Argentina. The larvae feed on sap from feeding points scraped in the vascular bundles in the petioles of E. crassipes. Pupation occurs in a chamber dug near one of the mineOs openings. External morphology of larvae and pupae, larval cephalic skeleton, and tracheal system are described. The pupae of both species have the ventrally sattened proÞle of the Medeterinae, with a transverse serrate ridge divided by a notch at the apex of the head. The mines, described herein in detail, constitute the microhabitat where the larvae live throughout their development, and obtain food and protection. Both species are active and reproduce on water hyacinth from spring to the end of fall, and overwinter as larvae inside the mines in the petioles. No morphological or behavioral differences were evident between the immature stages of these species, except in the apical ridges of the pupae. Both species seem to occupy the same niche on the plants.
Doxorubicin and/or cisplatin based chemotherapy for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases

Selman AE, Fowler JM, Martinez-Monge R, Copeland LJ. Doxorubicin and/or cisplatin based chemotherapy for the treatment of endometrial carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998; 8: 423–429. The objective of this review was to assess the effect of adjuvant doxorubicin and/or platinum-based chemotherapy on the survival and patterns of recurrence, of women with completely resected, poor-prognosis endometrial carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. A retrospective review of 31 cases of endometrial carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastases seen over a 10-year period at the James Cancer Hospital of The Ohio State University Medical Center is presented. Only patients with histologically documented retroperitoneal lymph node metastases and treated with postoperative doxorubicin and/or platinum-based chemotherapy were included. With a median follow-up of 53 months (range 5–107), 17 patients (55%) have experienced continuous control of their tumor. Overall 5-year survival was 40% and 5-year disease free survival was 34%. Post-operative chemotherapy with doxorubicin- and/or cisplatinum-containing regimens is well tolerated and provides results that appear to be as good as those achieved with surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma with nodal or other intra-abdominal metastases (Stages IIIC and IV). However, a randomized study is needed to establish a definitive comparison of these modalities.
The male reproductive system, sperm, and spermatophores of the primitive, hermaphroditic, remipede crustacean Speleonectess benjamini

Summary Speleonectes benjamini, a species of the primitive crustacean class Remipedia, is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. The male reproductive tract consists of paired testes and vas deferens. Sperm have an ovoid nucleus, acrosome, and a flagellum with a 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement. The spermatophores contain at least three sperm.
The inviscid stability of a trailing line vortex

A finite difference method has been developed to study the inviscid stability of swirling flows to small non-axisymmetric disturbances. We apply the method to Batchelor's trailing line vortex solution [3]. The method appears to be more efficient, and simpler to implement for this class of problem, than previously reported methods.
Frequency entrainment of a phase coherent attractor

Abstract In this paper the frequency entrainment of the Rossler system to a periodic pulse is discussed. It was found that a periodic orbit will entrain to weak periodic pulses with frequency near the natural frequency of oscillation, but rather more surprisingly, the phase coherent strange attractor can also be entrained, on average, to small pulses near the peak frequency in the broad band power spectra of the attractor.
C-terminal Tail of FGF19 Determines Its Specificity toward Klotho Co-receptors

FGF19 subfamily proteins (FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23) are unique members of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that regulate energy, bile acid, glucose, lipid, phosphate, and vitamin D homeostasis in an endocrine fashion. Their activities require the presence of α or βKlotho, two related single-pass transmembrane proteins, as co-receptors in relevant target tissues. We previously showed that FGF19 can bind to both α and βKlotho, whereas FGF21 and FGF23 can bind only to either βKlotho or αKlotho, respectively in vitro. To determine the mechanism regulating the binding and specificity among FGF19 subfamily members to Klotho family proteins, chimeric proteins between FGF19 subfamily members or chimeric proteins between Klotho family members were constructed to probe the interaction between those two families. Our results showed that a chimera of FGF19 with the FGF21 C-terminal tail interacts only with βKlotho and a chimera with the FGF23 C-terminal tail interacts only with αKlotho. FGF signaling assays also reflected the change of specificity we observed for the chimeras. These results identified the C-terminal tail of FGF19 as a region necessary for its recognition of Klotho family proteins. In addition, chimeras between α and βKlotho were also generated to probe the regions in Klotho proteins that are important for signaling by this FGF subfamily. Both FGF23 and FGF21 require intact α or βKlotho for signaling, respectively, whereas FGF19 can signal through a Klotho chimera consisting of the N terminus of αKlotho and the C terminus of βKlotho. Our results provide the first glimpse of the regions that regulate the binding specificity between this unique family of FGFs and their co-receptors.
Developmental biology: heading away from the rump.

How does our rump come to be separated from our head, instead of being right behind our ears? Studies of the elongation of the developing embryo reveal some remarkable underlying mechanisms.
Characterization of the sperm-induced calcium wave in Xenopus eggs using confocal microscopy.

Abstract We have used confocal microscopy to examine the [Ca 2+ ] i increase in the albino eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis after fertilization. Eggs were placed in agar wells with their animal poles downward so that fertilization occurred preferentially in the equatorial plane, and confocal microscopy was used to provide a two-dimensional optical section through the three-dimensional Ca 2+ wave. These data indicate that the wave of increased [Ca 2+ ] i traverses the entire egg and converges uniformly on the antipode. We show that ratioing two different fluorescent dyes to correct for variations in cell thickness is not a reliable technique for this very thick cell due to differential absorption with depth. Indo-1-dextran proves to be a more reliable Ca 2+ indicator in this respect. Indo-1-dextran measurements indicate that the resting [Ca 2+ ] i is not uniform throughout the egg but exhibits a 15% higher [Ca 2+ ] i in the cortex than deep in the cytoplasm. This difference is accentuated during wave propagation and is not dependent on extracellular Ca 2+ . The average peak [Ca 2+ ] i in the center of the egg as the wave propagates through it is 0.7 μ M, ∼60% of the peak cortical [Ca 2+ ] i . The wave velocity through the center of the egg (5.7 μ m/s) is slower than that in the cortex (8.9 μ m/s), and both velocities vary slightly during transit. The cortical wave speed is particularly high at the beginning (15.7 μ m/s) and end (17.2 μ m/s) of the wave. Eggs injected with 30–80 μ M of 3 kD heparin to compete with inositol-1,4,5,-trisphosphate for binding to its receptor exhibited multiple localized spots of elevated [Ca 2+ ] i , and many of these did not initiate a wave. For those that did lead to a wave, it was usually slow moving and exhibited a reduced (60% reduction) amplitude compared with controls.
A reproducible approach to high-throughput biological data acquisition and integration

Modern biological research requires rapid, complex, and reproducible integration of multiple experimental results generated both internally and externally (e.g., from public repositories). Although large systematic meta-analyses are among the most effective approaches both for clinical biomarker discovery and for computational inference of biomolecular mechanisms, identifying, acquiring, and integrating relevant experimental results from multiple sources for a given study can be time-consuming and error-prone. To enable efficient and reproducible integration of diverse experimental results, we developed a novel approach for standardized acquisition and analysis of high-throughput and heterogeneous biological data. This allowed, first, novel biomolecular network reconstruction in human prostate cancer, which correctly recovered and extended the NFκB signaling pathway. Next, we investigated host-microbiome interactions. In less than an hour of analysis time, the system retrieved data and integrated six germ-free murine intestinal gene expression datasets to identify the genes most influenced by the gut microbiota, which comprised a set of immune-response and carbohydrate metabolism processes. Finally, we constructed integrated functional interaction networks to compare connectivity of peptide secretion pathways in the model organisms Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Terra Rossa Genesis, Implications for Karst, and Eolian Dust: A Geodynamic Thread

Abstract Although terra rossa has long been thought to form by residual dissolution of limestone and/or by accumulation of detrital mud, ash, or dust on preexisting karst limestones, we present conclusive new field and petrographic evidence that terra rossa forms by replacement of limestone by authigenic clay at a moving metasomatic front several centimeters wide. The red clay’s major chemical elements, Al, Fe, and Si, probably come from dissolved eolian dust. The replacement of calcite by clay exhibits a serrated, microstylolitic texture that helps prove that replacement happens not by dissolution‐precipitation, as conventional wisdom has it, but by pressure solution of calcite driven by the crystallization stress generated by the growth of clay crystals. The acid produced by the isovolumetric replacement of limestone by clay quickly dissolves out additional porosity/permeability in an adjacent slice of limestone within the front, triggering a reactive‐infiltration instability that should, theoretically,...
Stress Responsiveness in Nestlings: A Comparison of Two Sampling Techniques

Abstract I compared the effects on plasmacorticosterone levels of twomethods of collecting blood samples during standardized capture-and-handling stress protocols. In one method, individual nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) were bled three times: when initially removed from the nest, and 15 and 30 min later. In the other method, siblings removed from a nest were bled once each, either at the time of removal, or 15 or 30 min later. I found no difference between the two groups in plasma corticosterone levels at the first sampling time, but 15 and 30 min after capture the singly bled birds had significantly higher plasma corticosterone levels than the multiply bled birds. The results suggest that data from multiply bled birds underestimate actual circulating hormone levels. The underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is unknown, but it may involve hemodilution. Reponse au stress chez les poussins: une comparaison de deux techniques d'echantillonnage
An Assessment of the Phosphorus Retention Capacity of Wetlands in the Painter Creek Watershed, Minnesota, USA

Lake Minnetonka, located in southeastern Minnesota, U.S.A., is currently experiencing increased eutrophication due to excessive phosphorus (P) loading in runoff from agriculture and urban areas. This phenomenon has been exacerbated by the isolation of wetlands in the surrounding watershed from the surface water drainage network. In order to determine if rerouting surface water through these wetlands would be a feasible method for reducing P inputs, we assessed the P retention capacity of wetlands in a subwatershed of Lake Minnetonka, the Painter Creek Watershed (PCW). The objectives of our study were to determine which of 15 different wetland sites in the PCW had the highest P sorption capacity, identify which soil properties best explained the variability in P sorption, and utilize P fractionation to determine the dominant form of soil P. Our results indicated that despite similar vegetation and hydrogeomorphic settings, wetlands in the PCW had considerably different P sorption capacities. Depth-averaged P sorption index (PSI) values showed considerable variability, ranging from 14.6 to 184. The Katrina Marsh, Painter Marsh, South Highway 26, and West Jennings Bay sites had the highest depth-averaged PSIs. The soil properties that best predicted PSI were soil organic matter, exchangeable calcium, and oxalate extractable iron. Phosphorus fractionation data revealed organic P to be the dominant form of soil P, indicating that organic matter accumulation is another P storage mechanism in these wetlands.
FLEC Day: Planning a Super Bowl of FL Competition and Fun.

Foreign Language Exploration Competition Day encompasses a wide range of competitive activities for students of French, German, and Spanish. The students may choose from a list of seventeen contests and seven prepared displays. This extensive selection option enables the student to explore by participating in a myriad of events. Each contest or prepared display requires the student to call upon language skills learned in the classroom. Students are rewarded for the competition with certificates and ribbons. The school whose students win the most first place contests in each language is awarded a trophy. Detailed descriptions of how to organize the successful operation of a FLEC day follow.
Contribution of Inadequate Arterial Remodeling to the Development of Focal Coronary Artery Stenoses An Intravascular Ultrasound Study

Background Adaptive remodeling occurs to compensate for the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque. Lumen reduction depends on the relative rates of plaque deposition and adaptive remodeling responses. Intravascular ultrasound permits detailed, high-quality, cross-sectional imaging of the coronary arteries in vivo. Methods and Results Preintervention intravascular ultrasound was used to study 603 focal, new, nonostial significant coronary artery stenoses in patients with chronic stable angina. Measurements of the target lesion of the external elastic membrane (EEM), lumen, and plaque plus media (PM P&M=EEM−Lumen) cross-sectional areas (CSAs) were compared with a proximal reference segment (most normal-looking cross section within 10 mm proximal to the lesion but distal to any side branch). Inadequate remodeling was defined as lesion/reference EEM CSA that exceeded the upper limits of normal arterial tapering (lesion/reference EEM CSA ratio ≤0.78 or a 21% reduction in EEM CSA per 10-mm length). Overall, ...
Characteristics of site variation among clones of the 340-base pair, tandemly repeated EcoR1 family of human DNA

Twenty-four clones of EcoR1-restricted, 340-base pair (bp) DNA derived from human DNA have been sequenced and compared to a published consensus sequence for this family. No two clones were found to have identical sequences; the clones studied differed from the consensus sequence in as few as 1 or as many as 41 sites. On the average in these clones, a 5.2% divergence from exact homology was found, with 1 of 10 of the site variations being “nonrandom,” i.e., cases in which five or more clones had the same nucleotide substitution at that site (viz., 53, 124, 126, 138, 152, and 157). At site 157, for example, 16 of the 24 clones differed from the reference sequence. Positions and their respective changes, as compared to the consensus sequence, are summarized. Variations are discussed with relation to possible functions for these sequences.
Scavenging Elemental Sb Through Addition of NbSb 2 to Mm 0.9 Fe 3.5 Co 0.5 Sb 12 Skutterudites

Our previous work identified thermal instability of p-type skutterudite as a primary cause of degradation during thermoelectric generator operation at 650°C. Residual Sb in the microstructure was believed to be the cause of diminished thermal stability, especially above the melting point of Sb (631°C). This work investigated addition of Nb to p-type skutterudite to from NbSb2, thus scavenging elemental Sb. The results of this work are reported, along with comprehensive thermoelectric property characterization of the p-type skutterudite + NbSb2 composites.
The electrostatic nature of aryl-bromine-halide synthons : The role of aryl-bromine-halide synthons in the crystal structures of the trans-bis(2-bromopyridine)dihalocopper(II) and trans-bis(3-bromopyridine)dihalocopper(II) complexes

The role of C−Br···X synthons in the structures of Cu(nbp)2X2 (nbp = n-bromopyridine; n = 2 and 3) are investigated. A comparison of the role of these synthons in these and in the previously publis...
Combined impacts of Ceutorhynchus litura and herbicide treatments for Canada thistle suppression

Abstract In repeated greenhouse experiments, we investigated the potential for suppressing Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense, using a combination of the stem-mining weevil Ceutorhynchus litura and late-bud to early-flower stage application of one of three herbicides: 2,4-D, glyphosate or clopyralid. We hypothesized that weevil damage combined with a subsequent herbicide application would synergistically reduce Canada thistle biomass by reducing the ability of thistle plants to compensate for herbivory. We found that the effects of weevil attack and herbicide treatment varied considerably across the experimental trials. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effects of weevil attack and herbicide application were additive on a natural log scale, indicating independent, non-synergistic effects of the two factors. In one of the three experimental trials, however, neither weevil attack nor glyphosate treatment alone significantly affected thistle shoot biomass but the combination of the two factors reduced shoot biomass considerably. Overall, combining weevil attack with clopyralid led to the most consistent and greatest suppression of root biomass of Canada thistle.
Trinucleotide repeat DNA alters structure to minimize the thermodynamic impact of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine.

In the phenomenon of trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion, an important interplay exists between DNA damage repair of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) and noncanonical structure formation. We show that TNR DNA adapts its structure to accommodate 8-oxoG. Using chemical probe analysis, we find that CAG repeats composing the stem–loop arm of a three-way junction alter the population of structures in response to 8-oxoG by positioning the lesion at or near the loop. Furthermore, we find that oligonucleotides composed of odd-numbered repeat sequences, which form populations of two structures, will also alter their structure to place 8-oxoG in the loop. However, sequences with an even number of repeats do not display this behavior. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry indicates that when the lesion is located within the loop, there are no significant changes to the thermodynamic parameters as compared to the DNA lacking 8-oxoG. This contrasts with the enthalpic destabilization observed when 8-oxoG is b...
Will the Real Philosopher Behind the Last Logicist Please Stand Up

Rejetant l'interpretation consensuelle du programme logiciste de Frege selon lequel son projet d'extension de la logique est aussi defaillant sur le plan mathematique que sur le plan philosophique, l'A. examine sa conception standard de la definition et sa relation avec le contenu de l'arithmetique avant et apres sa systematisation. Soulevant le probleme de la pertinence de l'analyticite de la schmarithmetique au regard de la verite du logicisme, et comparant les solutions revisionniste, reconstructive et conservatrice proposees, l'A. defend la solution conservatrice qui permet de preserver le sens et la reference des affirmations arithmetiques ordinaires grâce a la definition fregeenne des nombres
The High-Frequency Response of a Plate Carrying a Concentrated Mass/spring System

The high-frequency response of a plate carrying a concentrated mass/spring system under random forces has been studied. An approximate expression for the local response of the concentrated mass relative to the plate and the inertial displacement of the spring end at its point of connection with the plate has been developed as the asymptotic limit of a classical component modal analysis by using Asymptotic Modal Analysis (AMA). It is shown that when the number of plate modes in the frequency bandwidth is sufficiently large, the AMA result is quite accurate. An exceptional case occurs when the natural frequency of the mass/spring system is inside the bandwidth interval of excitation.
IGF binding proteins in growth-retarded children with chronic renal failure

ABSTRACT: Changes in the normal hormonal regulation of linear growth which lead to growth failure in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) are not well understood. Previous studies indicate that serum levels of growth hormone and IGF-I and II are normal or elevated in this population; and that serum levels of poorly defined inhibitors of IGF action are increased. Using a recently developed RIA for the 25-kD IGF-binding protein (IGF-BP25), we report significant elevations of this protein in children with CRF when compared to age- and sex-matched controls. IGF-BP25 levels correlate positively with IGF-binding activity in both populations, indicating that the RIA reflects levels of bioactive protein. Although the variation of serum IGF-BP25 with chronologic age and IGF levels are preserved in CRF, the quantitative interrelationships are disrupted. Levels of the 53-kD IGF-binding protein, an IGFbinding protein derived from the high mol wt IGF complex, were also found to be elevated in the CRF population and, unlike in the control population, did not vary with age or IGF levels. IGF-BP25 has been shown to inhibit IGF mitogenic action in vitro. Our finding of elevated levels of IGF-BP25 in children with CRF suggests that this protein may play a role in the growth retardation of pediatric chronic renal failure. The significance of the elevated IGFBP53 levels in CRF remains uncertain.
Brightness difference thresholds in the pigeon using the conditioned suppression technique

By illuminating a translucent key in a pigeon Skinner box with a constant light source (I) and superimposing a second light (ΔI) as a warning stimulus terminated with electric shock, a modified conditioned suppression technique was used successfully to determine brightness difference thresholds in three White Carneaux pigeons. The generated ΔI thresholds were found to be consistent with Weber’s Law across I values of 1.15 to -1.35 log ft.-L. Variability of the ΔI thresholds for each of the I values was minimal and did not exceed 0.3 log ft.-L for any S.
Where Have the Children Gone? Storyreading in Kindergarten and Prekindergarten Classes.

(1993). Where have the children gone? Storyreading in kindergarten and prekindergarten classes. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Epitaxial growth of MgO on lattice-matched CrxMO1−x(001)

Abstract We describe the MBE growth and structural characterization of ultrathin layers of epitaxial MgO on Cr x MO 1−x ( x ≈ 0.65 ). The metal alloy was grown as an epitaxial film on high-quality MgO(001) substrates. This kind of epitaxy produces unstrained MgO surfaces of very high structural quality on a conducting substrate. Such materials will enable definitive investigations of surface structure and reactivity using charged-particle spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging. The role of lattice matching is discussed and shown to be very important.
Computer model for transient grating experiments and its application to analysis of LiTaO 3 s

A computer program is used to model transient grating experiments where two laser pulses induce a transient response in the sample and the time evolution of that response is monitored by the diffraction of a third pulse. The program is designed so that experimental conditions such as spot sizes, excitation angle, probe angle, relative pump and probe positions, and laser wavelength can be readily varied. The model accommodates acoustic and polariton excitations which travel significant distances during an experiment. This program is used to simulate and analyze transient grating experiments of ${\mathrm{A}}_{1}$ -symmetry polaritons in the ferroelectric crystal ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$ . Previous experiments have used two different detection schemes for the scattered pulse, and two different models for the optic modes of ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$ were proposed. The simulations show that the discrepancies result from an experimental artifact in the heterodyne detection experiments, and both sets of experiments are consistent with one model for the crystal's optic modes.
Diagrammatic Analysis of the Method of Correlated Basis Functions. III. Excitation Spectrum of a Weakly Interacting Bose Gas

In the continuing effort to establish contacts between the method of correlated basis functions (CBF) and the diagrammatic perturbation theory, we carry out parallel calculations of the excitation spectrum of a weakly interacting Bose gas. The Hugenholtz---Pines (HP) theory is first used to obtain the exact liquid-structure function and the energy spectrum, each to three orders in the strength parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ that characterizes the interaction between a pair of particles in the system. Next we construct sets of CBF using three different correlating factors, and in each case calculate the excitation energy of the system. The results are compared to those obtained from the HP theory. Complete agreement is found to all orders considered. In conjunction with a paper to follow, the analysis demonstrates the flexibility of the CBF method and the relative ease of application in comparison to other methods.
Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products are labeled for an individual pest within a particular crop system, chemical control options are limited. Therefore, the same product(s) are used repeatedly and continual selection pressure is placed on the target pest. There are both financial and environmental costs associated with the development of resistant populations. The cost of pesticide resistance has been estimated at approximately $ 1.5 billion annually in the United States. This paper will describe protocols, currently used to monitor arthropod (specifically insects) populations for the development of resistance. The adult vial test is used to measure the toxicity to contact insecticides and a modification of this test is used for plant-systemic insecticides. In these bioassays, insects are exposed to technical grade insecticide and responses (mortality) recorded at a specific post-exposure interval. The mortality data are subjected to Log Dose probit analysis to generate estimates of a lethal concentration that provides mortality to 50% (LC50) of the target populations and a series of confidence limits (CL's) as estimates of data variability. When these data are collected for a range of insecticide-susceptible populations, the LC50 can be used as baseline data for future monitoring purposes. After populations have been exposed to products, the results can be compared to a previously determined LC50 using the same methodology.