cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital outcomes after orbit-sparing surgery and free flap reconstruction.

Abstract Objective To identify functional outcome and orbital complication rate of the preserved orbit and to identify predictors of orbital impairment in periorbital free flap reconstruction. Materials and methods A retrospective review was conducted on patients undergoing orbit-sparing surgery with periorbital free flap reconstruction at a tertiary institution from 2006 to 2017. Orbital complication rate and orbital functional outcomes were analyzed. A univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictors of functional outcome. Results Forty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. Ninety-eight percent of patients maintained a functional eye post-operatively. Most periorbital free flaps, 37 (75.5%), were performed following oncologic resection. Overall orbital function was graded as functional without impairment in 29 (59.2%) patients, functional with impairment in 19 (38.8%) patients, and nonfunctional in 1 (2.0%) patient. Postoperative orbital sequelae occurred in 32 (65.3%) patients. Twenty-one (42.9%) patients underwent 35 revision operations for late orbital sequelae. Extent of resection (OR, 5.93; CI 95%, 1.05–33.4; p = 0.044) and adjuvant RT (OR, 4.69; CI 95% 1.18–18.6; p = 0.028) significantly correlated with impairment in a functional orbit on multivariable analysis. Conclusion Orbit-sparing surgery with periorbital free flap reconstruction carries a significant risk of a variety of orbital sequelae, most commonly ectropion, requiring surgical intervention. However, most patients maintain a functional eye. The need for delayed exenteration/enucleation is low and is primarily limited to cancer recurrence. Significant predictors of complications include extent of resection and adjuvant radiation therapy.
Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Treated Wastewater Impact Microbial Growth

Agriculture production in California is negatively impacted by soilborne fungi, such as Verticillium dahliae, and limited water availability for irrigation. Some regions have adapted the use of recycling wastewater, i.e. reclaimed water, to supplement the potable water supply. Wastewater purification is not fully efficient at removing all contaminants and small amounts of pharmaceutical products, known as chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), remain. Acetaminophen, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and gemfibrozil are some of the most common CECs found in treated wastewater and were therefore used in this study. These CECs were evaluated for their potential to interact with microorganisms directly, or for their ability to alter the development of Verticillium wilt disease in eggplants. The microorganisms Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Piriformospora indica, Phytopthora capsici, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum were used for in vitro growth assays in the presence of CECs. CECs induced varying responses in strains of the same fungi by promoting growth of one strain while inhibiting growth of the other. CECs influenced spore germination of V. dahliae and F. oxysporum. Greenhouse experiments in which Solanum melongena (eggplants) were inoculated with V. dahliae and irrigated with CECs were used to evaluate the impacts of these chemicals on disease development. Overall our results found that most of the organisms we tested were sensitive to the CECs. P. capsici was found to be the most sensitive microorganism, while B. japonicum growth was unaffected by the CECs at the concentrations used. The greenhouse assays results indicated that plant disease severity may be influenced by given CECs at certain stages of plant growth. Overall the results of this study indicate that the concentrations of CECs found in reclaimed water are occurring at biologically relevant concentrations.
Structure of Materials: An Introduction to Crystallography, Diffraction and Symmetry

This highly readable, popular textbook for upper undergraduates and graduates comprehensively covers the fundamentals of crystallography and symmetry, applying these concepts to a large range of materials. New to this edition are more streamlined coverage of crystallography, additional coverage of magnetic point group symmetry and updated material on extraterrestrial minerals and rocks. New exercises at the end of chapters, plus over 500 additional exercises available online, allow students to check their understanding of key concepts and put into practice what they have learnt. Over 400 illustrations within the text help students visualise crystal structures and more abstract mathematical objects, supporting more difficult topics like point group symmetries. Historical and biographical sections add colour and interest by giving an insight into those who have contributed significantly to the field. Supplementary online material includes password-protected solutions, over 100 crystal structure data files, and Powerpoints of figures from the book.
Belnap and Nāgārjuna on How Computers and Sentient Beings Should Think: Truth, Trust and the Catuṣkoṭi

The Meyer-Dunn semantics for First Degree Entailment and the Belnap four-valued data base logic are strikingly similar to the Buddhist catuṣkoṭi, or four-cornered logic deployed by Nāgārjuna. I show that we can exploit this similarity to better understand the nature of truth.
Design patterns for modeling first-order expressive Bayesian networks

First-order expressive capabilities allow Bayesian networks (BNs) to model problem domains where the number of entities, their attributes, and their relationships can vary significantly between model instantiations. First-order BNs are well-suited for capturing knowledge representation dependencies, but literature on design patterns specific to first-order BNs is few and scattered. To identify useful patterns, we investigated the range of dependency models between combinations of random variables (RVs) that represent unary attributes, functional relationships, and binary predicate relationships. We found eight major patterns, grouped into three categories, that cover a significant number of first-order BN situations. Selection behavior occurs in six patterns, where a relationship/attribute identifies which entities in a second relationship/attribute are applicable. In other cases, certain kinds of embedded dependencies based on semantic meaning are exploited. A significant contribution of our patterns is that they describe various behaviors used to establish the RV’s local probability distribution. Taken together, the patterns form a modeling framework that provides significant insight into first-order expressive BNs and can reduce efforts in developing such models. To the best of our knowledge, there are no comprehensive published accounts of such patterns.
Type VII All-epiphyseal Fractures of the Lateral Malleolus and the Origin of Subfibular Ossicles.

Background A subfibular ossicle (SO), also known as an os subfibulare, is present in ∼1% of the general population. Two theories have been proposed to explain the origin of SOs: (1) as a failure of fusion of a secondary center of ossification; (2) as a posttraumatic sequela. This report offers prospective, longitudinal radiographic evidence for the formation of SOs as a posttraumatic sequela of type VII transepiphyseal fractures of the lateral malleolus in children. Methods This Institutional Review Board-approved study was performed at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from March 2012 to April 2019. The study group included 37 children with a type VII fracture of the lateral malleolus and a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Results Twenty-one children (57%) healed their fracture. Sixteen children (43%) went on to form SOs. The most common location for the fractures was the distal third of the epiphysis, and the most common fracture type forming SOs was a sleeve avulsion fracture. Four of the children forming SOs have had surgery to address pain and recurrent sprains. Conclusions Overall, 43% of children who sustained a type VII fracture of the lateral malleolus went on to form SOs, giving support to the posttraumatic theory of origin. Sleeve avulsion fractures have the greatest chance of forming SOs. So far, 4 of the 16 children forming SOs have undergone surgery for ankle pain and recurrent sprains. Level of evidence Level II.
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Stiff-Person Spectrum Disorder: A Clinical Trial.

Objective To test the hypothesis that autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is safe and shows efficacy in the treatment of stiff-person spectrum disorder (SPSD). Methods Twenty-three participants were treated in a prospective open-label cohort study of safety and efficacy. After stem cell mobilization with cyclophosphamide (2 g/m2) and filgrastim (5–10 µg/kg/d), participants were treated with cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) divided as 50 mg/kg IV on day −5 to day −2; rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin) given intravenously at 0.5 mg/kg on day −5, 1 mg/kg on days −4 and −3, and 1.5 mg/kg on days −2, and −1 (total dose 5.5 mg/kg); and rituximab 500 mg IV on days −6 and +1. Unselected peripheral blood stem cells were infused on day 0. Safety was assessed by survival and National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria for adverse events during HSCT. Outcome was assessed by ≥50% decrease or discontinuation of antispasmodic drugs and by quality of life instruments. Results There was no treatment-related mortality. One participant died 1 year after transplantation of disease progression. Of the 74% of participants who responded, 47% have stayed in remission for a mean of 3.5 years; 26% did not respond. Compared to nonresponders, responders were more likely to have pretransplantation intermittent muscle spasms (16 of 17 vs 0 of 6), normal reflexes (12 of 17 vs 0 of 6), and positive CSF anti–glutamic acid decarboxylase serology (12 of 14 vs 2 of 6). Compared to responders, nonresponders were more likely to have lead pipe rigidity (4 of 6 vs 0 of 17) and EMG-documented simultaneous contraction of agonist/antagonist limb muscles (4 of 6 vs 1 of 17). Pre-HSCT use of prescription serotonin selective receptor inhibitor (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) was more common in those who relapsed or never responded (9 of 12) compared to those responders who never relapsed (0 of 11). Conclusion In this cohort, HSCT was safe, but the beneficial effect of HSCT was variable and confined predominately to participants with episodic spasms and normal tendon reflexes without simultaneous cocontraction of limb agonist/antagonist muscles who were not taking SSRI or SNRI antidepressants. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that, for a subset of people with SPSD, autologous nonmyeloablative HSCT improves outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02282514.
Simulation-Based Decision Making in the NFL using NFLSimulatoR

In this paper, we introduce an R software package for simulating plays and drives using play-by-play data from the National Football League. The simulations are generated by sampling play-by-play data from previous football seasons.The sampling procedure adds statistical rigor to any decisions or inferences arising from examining the simulations. We highlight that the package is particularly useful as a data-driven tool for evaluating potential in-game strategies or rule changes within the league. We demonstrate its utility by evaluating the oft-debated strategy of $\textit{going for it}$ on fourth down and investigating whether or not teams should pass more than the current standard.
Long-Term Implications of Abnormal Left Ventricular Strain During Sepsis.

Objectives Septic cardiomyopathy develops frequently in patients with sepsis and likely increases short-term mortality. However, whether septic cardiomyopathy is associated with long-term outcomes after sepsis is unknown. We investigated whether septic patients with septic cardiomyopathy have worse long-term outcomes than septic patients without septic cardiomyopathy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Adult ICU. Patients Adult ICU patients with sepsis. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain was our primary measure of septic cardiomyopathy. We employed a suite of multivariable survival analyses to explore linear and nonlinear associations between left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain and major adverse cardiovascular events, which included death, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Our primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular event through 24 months after ICU discharge. Among 290 study patients, median left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain was -16.8% (interquartile range, -20.4% to -12.6%), and 38.3% of patients (n = 111) experienced a major adverse cardiovascular event within 24 months after discharge. On our primary, linear analysis, there was a trend (p = 0.08) toward association between left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain and major adverse cardiovascular event (odds ratio, 1.03; CI, Conclusions Among patients with sepsis and pre-existing cardiac disease who survived to ICU discharge, left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain demonstrated a U-shaped association with cardiovascular outcomes through 24 months. The relationship was especially strong among younger patients with more comorbidities. These observations are likely of use to design of future trials.
High-performance Li-S batteries enabled by polysulfide-infiltrated free-standing 3D carbon cloth with CeO2 nanorods decoration

Abstract To achieve scale-up commercialization of Li-S batteries, parasitic shuttle effect, leading to low utilization of active material and fast capacity decay, has to be resolved effectively. Herein, we prepared CeO2 nanorods decorated interwoven 3-D carbon cloth via facile one-step hydrothermal reaction and Li2S6-containing polysulfide as starting material to successfully improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S battery. First, strong chemical interaction toward polysulfides was successfully constructed by polar CeO2 nanorods and numerous oxygen vacancies on their surface acting as efficient polysulfides anchoring sites significantly enhanced the utilization of active material sulfur. Second, interwoven freestanding carbon cloth can considerably enhance redox kinetics through a 3-D interconnected network with abundant long-range electron transfer channels and can significantly improve redox kinetics by easy accessibility to electrolyte and abundant ion transport pathways. Third, the utilization of Li2S6-containing catholyte leads to uniform distribution of active material and improves sulfur utilization. Benefiting from the aforementioned advantages, free-standing 3-D carbon cloth with CeO2 nanorods decoration combined with Li2S6-containing catholyte (CC@CeO2@Li2S6) electrode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1311 mA h g−1 at 0.2C and approximately 95% of the initial discharge capacity was remained after 100 galvanostatic cycles, manifesting superior capacity retention with minimal capacity fading of 0.050% per cycle.
Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies in Molecular and Anatomical Imaging

Abstract Molecular imaging (MI) plays a critical role in many aspects of the patient care continuum in modern medicine. With increasingly high-resolution systems, multimodal imaging platforms, and large datasets generated by modern MI methods, it has become imperative to develop new approaches to store, process, and visualize information. Adaptation of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) to MI is an emerging trend for visualizing MI information in an intuitive format that can accommodate the growing complexity and volume of multimodal molecular information. This chapter reviews VR and AR technologies currently used to visualize medical images. It begins with a brief overview of VR and AR technologies, followed by a description of available hardware and image visualization approaches for these platforms. The chapter further describes the clinical applications of VR and AR in medical imaging and highlights existing challenges for wider adoption of these technologies before concluding with anticipated future directions.
Dual treatment possibilities with S179D prolactin and physiological levels of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4870 S179D prolactin (PRL) is a molecular mimic of human phosphorylated PRL. It was originally developed as a PRL antagonist since the naturally phosphorylated form had that activity. Since both prostate and mammary epithelium use unmodified PRL as an autocrine growth factor, we reasoned that blockade of this autocrine growth loop might be beneficial in the treatment of prostate and breast adenocarcinomas. Indeed, S179D PRL has been shown to inhibit growth of human prostate and breast cancer cells in vitro (1,2), growth of human prostate tumors in nude mice (1) and growth of normal mammary glands during pregnancy in both rats and mice (3,4). However, continued analysis of the mechanism of action of S179D PRL has demonstrated that it is not just a simple blocker of the actions of unmodified PRL, but a molecule that exerts a good deal of its anti-tumor activities through other means. Of interest in the current study is its ability to synergize with 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (D3) to cause apoptotic cell death. Synergy between D3 and other apoptosis-inducing molecules is not uncommon. What is uncommon is our finding that S179D PRL sensitizes human prostate cancer cells to physiological concentrations of D3. Thus there exists the very real possibility of dual therapy without concern about the hypercalcemic side effects of pharmacological doses of D3 (frequently 10 nM) otherwise required to produce human cancer cell apoptosis. In order to investigate the effect of dual therapy at the cellular level, human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3, were incubated under conditions where either S179D PRL or D3 had little or no effect on their own. Parameters measured after a 3-day treatment included viable cell number, levels of the cell cycle regulatory protein, p21, amount of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and DNA degradation. In all instances, the combination produced synergy, with 94% of cells either not grown or killed in 10nM S179D PRL and 160 picomolar D3. The same conditions tripled p21 levels, doubled VDR levels and promoted its nuclear translocation, and produced DNA laddering typical of apoptotic internucleosomal cleavage. These data support the idea that dual therapy with S179D PRL and D3 has the potential to be very efficacious in vivo. Supported by NIDDK 61005.
Low Temperature Research Facilities for Shuttle and Beyond

This paper describes the Low Temperature Research Facility program now under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This program will develop the experiments and cryogenic facility to fly experiments requiring temperatures in the liquid helium range, from the superfluid range (1.6 K) to the critical point (5.2 K). A shuttle facility is planned for 1998. It will be flown about every two years after that time. A free flyer is also being evaluated for the end of the decade or early in the next century. A brief discussion of the quality of micro-gravity available in various carriers is also given.
CONFIGURATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS OF PHENYLATED CARBINOLS. III

All the carbinols which have been directly correlated to lactic acid have been strictly aliphatic. A number of carbinols with phenyl groups has been studied but none correlated. Hewitt and Kenyonl pointed out that the phenylated carbinols possess much higher activities than the corresponding aliphatic ones of the same number of carbon atoms, and that the enhancement apparently increases as the phenyl group approaches the asym- metric carbon atom. But they made no direct correlations and must have assumed that the phenyl group does not cause an inversion of the sign of rotation. This paper deals with the correlation of a number of carbinols containing a phenyl group at different distances from the asym- metric carbon atom. The first studied was ethyl-P-phenethyl carbinol II which was correlated to lactic acid in the manner shown in the accompanying diagram. The results of these correlations show that levo-ethyl-p- phenethyl carbinol II and levo-ethyl-@-cyclohexethyl carbinol III are related to levo-ethylpropyl carbinol, that a phenyl group in the /3 position to the asymmetric carbon atom causes no inver- sion of the sign of rotation, but rather an enhancement, and that a cyclohexyl group likewise in the /3 position is roughly equivalent to a normal hexyl group. Further, the presence of a double bond in the OZ, fl position as in I causes an inversion of sign just as in all other similarly unsaturated carbinols.’
Therapeutic Targeting of Tumor Suppressor Genes

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process attributable to both gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes. Currently, most molecular targeted therapies are inhibitors of oncogenes, because inactivated tumor suppressor genes have proven harder to "drug." Nevertheless, in cancers, tumor suppressor genes undergo alteration more frequently than do oncogenes. In recent years, several promising strategies directed at tumor suppressor genes, or the pathways controlled by these genes, have emerged. Here, we describe advances in a number of different methodologies aimed at therapeutically targeting tumors driven by inactivated tumor suppressor genes.
Performance and Usability Analysis of Varying Web Service Architectures

We tested the performance of four web application architectures, namely CGI, PHP, Java servlets, and Apache Axis SOAP. All four architectures implemented a series of typical web application tasks. Our findings indicated that PHP produced the smallest delay, while the SOAP implementation produces the largest.
Dynamic asset allocation strategies using a stochastic dynamic programming aproach

Publisher Summary A major investment decision for individual and institutional investors alike is to choose between different asset classes, i.e., equity investments and interest-bearing investments. The asset allocation decision determines the ultimate risk and return of a portfolio. The asset allocation problem is frequently addressed either through a static analysis, based on Markowitz's mean-variance model, or dynamically but often myopically through the application of analytical results for special classes of utility functions, e.g., Samuelson's fixed-mix result for constant relative risk aversion. Only recently, the full dynamic and multi-dimensional nature of the asset allocation problem could be captured through applications of stochastic dynamic programming and stochastic programming techniques. This chapter reviews the different approaches to asset allocation and presents a novel approach based on stochastic dynamic programming and Monte Carlo sampling that permits one to consider many rebalancing periods, many asset classes, dynamic cash flows, and a general representation of investor risk preference. It presents a novel approach of representing utility by directly modeling risk aversion as a function of wealth, and thus provides a general framework for representing investor preference. It shows how the optimal asset allocation depends on the investment horizon, wealth, and the investor's risk preference and how it therefore changes over time depending on cash flow and the returns achieved. It demonstrates how dynamic asset allocation leads to superior results compared to static or myopic techniques. It presents examples of dynamic strategies for various typical risk preferences and multiple asset classes.
Holistic Needs of University Students with Invisible Disabilities: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACTAim: To inform rehabilitation professionals’ role in supporting transition to higher education through identification and description of disability related needs experienced by university students. Methods: Participants were recruited from a large research-intensive university in the southeastern United States and included 13 students eligible for university disability services, 9 university personnel, and 1 parent of a university student with a disability. Disabilities of study participants were invisible; all but one chose to disclose diagnostic information. Data from 15 individual interviews and 2 focus groups were analyzed for themes. Results: The Navigating Parallel Demands theme elucidates the ways disability related needs extended beyond the classroom to areas of health and wellness, social, and daily living. Navigation in Context describes personal and environmental circumstances surrounding processes used to meet a broad-range of demands. Conclusion: University participation requires stud...
Bifunctional Spin Labeling of Muscle Proteins: Accurate Rotational Dynamics, Orientation, and Distance by EPR

While EPR allows for the characterization of protein structure and function due to its exquisite sensitivity to spin label dynamics, orientation, and distance, these measurements are often limited in sensitivity due to the use of labels that are attached via flexible monofunctional bonds, incurring additional disorder and nanosecond dynamics. In this chapter, we present methods for using a bifunctional spin label (BSL) to measure muscle protein structure and dynamics. We demonstrate that bifunctional attachment eliminates nanosecond internal rotation of the spin label, thereby allowing the accurate measurement of protein backbone rotational dynamics, including microsecond-to-millisecond motions by saturation transfer EPR. BSL also allows for accurate determination of helix orientation and disorder in mechanically and magnetically aligned systems, due to the label's stereospecific attachment. Similarly, labeling with a pair of BSL greatly enhances the resolution and accuracy of distance measurements measured by double electron-electron resonance (DEER). Finally, when BSL is applied to a protein with high helical content in an assembly with high orientational order (e.g., muscle fiber or membrane), two-probe DEER experiments can be combined with single-probe EPR experiments on an oriented sample in a process we call BEER, which has the potential for ab initio high-resolution structure determination.
Structural analysis of the evolution of steroid specificity in the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) evolved from a common ancestor. Still not completely understood is how specificity for glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) evolved in these receptors. Our analysis of several vertebrate GRs and MRs in the context of 3D structures of human GR and MR indicates that with the exception of skate GR, a cartilaginous fish, there is a deletion in all GRs, at the position corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR. This deletion occurs in a loop before helix 12, which contains the activation function 2 (AF2) domain, which binds coactivator proteins and influences transcriptional activity of steroids. Unexpectedly, we find that His-950 in human MR, which is conserved in the MR in chimpanzee, orangutan and macaque, is glutamine in all teleost and land vertebrate MRs, including New World monkeys and prosimians. Evolution of differences in the responses of the GR and MR to corticosteroids involved deletion in the GR of a residue corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR. A mutation corresponding to His-950 in human MR may have been important in physiological changes associated with emergence of Old World monkeys from prosimians.
Fuzzy systems for function approximation with applications to failure estimation

A fuzzy system can be constructed to interpolate between input-output data to provide an approximation for the function that is implicitly defined by the input-output data pair associations. In this paper the authors begin by explaining how function approximation techniques can be used to solve nonlinear estimation and system identification problems. Next, the authors discuss several fundamental issues related to how to choose the input-output data pairs so that accurate function approximation can be achieved with fuzzy systems. The authors' main result is a new technique for function approximation via fuzzy systems where they specify membership functions and add rules to try to achieve a pre-specified function approximation accuracy. The authors illustrate the new technique on an actuator failure detection and identification problem for the F-16 aircraft. >
Do Living Kidney Donors Have CKD

Living kidney donor transplantation is an increasingly used treatment for end-stage renal disease because it both confers excellent outcomes to transplant recipients, and is considered a safe procedure for prospective donors. The short- and long-term safety of prospective donors is paramount to the continued success of living donation. Although the initial experience with living kidney donors mostly included the healthiest donors, increasing need for organs and secular trends in the general population have subtly reshaped prevailing suitability criteria for donation. As the practice of living donation evolved over time, our understanding of kidney disease has also changed as we embraced the framework of the K-DOQI guidelines. It is not uncommon for donors to fit into some of the K-DOQI guidelines paradigms of risk and disease; however, whether there is a true biological consequence or whether it is a merely semantic conundrum remains unclear. Regardless, this is an important issue, and therefore future efforts should aim at addressing this matter.
Multifunctional organoboron compounds for scalable natural product synthesis

Efficient catalytic reactions that can generate C–C bonds enantioselectively, and ones that can produce trisubstituted alkenes diastereoselectively, are central to research in organic chemistry. Transformations that accomplish these two tasks simultaneously are in high demand, particularly if the catalysts, substrates and reagents are inexpensive and if the reaction conditions are mild. Here we report a facile multicomponent catalytic process that begins with a chemoselective, site-selective and diastereoselective copper–boron addition to a monosubstituted allene; the resulting boron-substituted organocopper intermediates then participate in a similarly selective allylic substitution. The products, which contain a stereogenic carbon centre, a monosubstituted alkene and an easily functionalizable Z-trisubstituted alkenylboron group, are obtained in up to 89 per cent yield, with more than 98 per cent branch-selectivity and stereoselectivity and an enantiomeric ratio greater than 99:1. The copper-based catalyst is derived from a robust heterocyclic salt that can be prepared in multigram quantities from inexpensive starting materials and without costly purification procedures. The utility of the approach is demonstrated through enantioselective synthesis of gram quantities of two natural products, namely rottnestol and herboxidiene (also known as GEX1A). A catalytic process is reported that begins with a highly selective copper–boron addition to a monosubstituted allene, and in which the resulting boron-substituted organocopper intermediate then participates in a chemoselective, site-selective and enantioselective allylic substitution; this approach is used in the enantioselective synthesis of gram quantities of two natural products. This paper reports a catalytic process that combines two simple unsaturated organic molecules — a highly selective copper–diboron reagent and a monosubstituted allene — to produce a boron-substituted organocopper intermediate that then participates in a chemoselective, site-selective and enantioselective allylic substitution. The authors use this approach in the enantioselective synthesis of gram quantities of two natural products: the anti-tumour agent herboxidiene and stereoisomerically pure rottnestol, a hemiketal originally isolated from a marine sponge. Further development of this procedure should lead to economical protocols for the synthesis of other difficult-to-access alkenylboron-containing organocopper compounds.
Healthy Choice: The Effect of Simplified POS Nutritional Information on Consumer Choice Behavior

Grocery retailers are joining the fray against obesity by offering a wide range of health and wellness programs at the point of sale. However, the success of such programs in promoting healthier choices remains an open question. We examine the effectiveness of a growing health and wellness initiative – a simplified nutrition scoring system. We present a conceptual framework that predicts the effect of such a scoring system on shoppers’ food decisions, their sensitivity to price and promotion, as well as the moderating influence of category-level factors. Using a large-scale quasi-experiment and panel data for over 535,000 frequent shopper program members of a grocery chain across eight product categories, we demonstrate that the point-of-sale nutrition scoring system helped consumers make healthier food choices, such that they switched to higher-scoring products in the post-rollout period. Our results also reveal that shoppers became less price sensitive and more promotion sensitive following the introduction of the food scoring system. We discuss implications for research and practice.
Gasoline sniffing in children leading to severe burn injury.

1. Hennon, D. K., Stookey, G. K., and Muhler, J. c.: The clinical anticariogenic effectiveness of supplementary fluoride-vitamin preparations. Results at the end of three years, J. Dent. Child. 33: 3, 1966. 2. Hennon, D. K., Stookey, G. K., and Muhler, J. C.: The clinical anticariogenic effectiveness of supplementary fluoride-vitamin preparations. Results at the end of four years, J. Dent. Child. 34: 439, 1967. 3. Hennon, D. K., Stookey, G. K., and Muhler, J. C.: The clinical antieariogenic effectiveness of supplementary fluoride-vitamin preparations. Resutts at the end of five and a half years, Pharm. Ther. Dent. 1: 1, 1970. 4. Margolis, F. J., Macauley, J., and Freshman, E.: The effects of measured doses of fluoride--a five-year preliminary report, J. Dis. 9 Child. 113" 670, 1967. 5. Hamberg, L.: Controlled trial of fluoride in vitamin drops for prevention of caries in children, Lancet, 1: 441, 1971. 6. Hillman, R. W.: Effect of vitamin B~ on dental caries in man, Vitam. Horm. 22z 695, 1964. 7. Cohen, A., and Rubin, C.: Pyridoxine supplementation in the suppression of dental caries, Bull. Philadelphia Co. Dent. Soc. 22: 84, 1958. (Abst.) 8. McBeath, E. C., and Verlin, W. A.: Further studies on the role of vitamin D in nutritional control of dental caries in children, J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 29: I393, 1942. 9. Sanchis, J. M.: Determination of fluorides in natural waters, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 6: 134, 1934. 10. Scott, R. D.: Modification of fluoride determination, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 33: 2018, 1941.
The ionic dependence on the cardiac action potential in bivalve molluscs: Systematic distribution

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated ventricles from bivalve species in the subclasses Heterodonta and Paleoheterodonta stop beating in Na-free media but not in Ca 2+ -free medium. 2. 2. Ventricles from species in the subclass Pteriomorphia stop beating in Ca 2+ -free medium but not in Na-free media. 3. 3. The cardiac action potentials of pteriomorphs have a Ca-dependent spike and may or may not have a Na-dependent plateau. Paleoheterodont cardiac action potentials lack a spike; those of heterodonts always have a plateau and may or may not have a spike.
Deciphering the interactions between liquid crystals and chemically functionalized surfaces: Role of hydrogen bonding on orientations of liquid crystals

Abstract This paper reports an investigation of the influence of interfacial hydrogen bonding on the orientations of liquid crystals at surfaces. The orientations of 10 liquid crystals were examined on carboxylic acid- or methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) supported on obliquely deposited gold films. The mesogens comprising the liquid crystals each possessed different hydrogen bond acceptors. The azimuthal orientations (in-plane orientation of director relative to the direction of the deposition of gold films) of the liquid crystals were found to depend on the nature of the hydrogen bond acceptors in the mesogens when the SAMs presented carboxylic acid groups but were independent of the hydrogen bond acceptors when the SAMs presented methyl groups. Polarization modulated infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) revealed that liquid crystals containing nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds with the carboxylic acid groups of the SAMs, and thereby disrupt the hydrogen bonds amongst carboxylic acid groups within the SAMs. Furthermore, liquid crystals that disrupt the interfacial hydrogen bonds within the SAMs assume an azimuthal orientation that is orthogonal to the orientation of liquid crystals that do not disrupt the hydrogen bonds within the SAMs. We conclude that the azimuthal orientations of the liquid crystals reflect the relative strength of hydrogen bonding between the mesogens and the COOH-terminated SAMs.
Sequence in Weight and Amount Conservation.

Summary Piaget's sequence of amount conservation preceding conservation of weight was not confirmed for a sample of 60 6-year-old children. Given the opportunity to establish the initial equivalence in weight of two objects, the children of the present study conserved weight as easily, or more easily than they conserved amount. Eleven of the Ss demonstrated conservation of weight without amount, whereas none demonstrated conservation of amount without weight. No effects of task familiarity or practice were observed in a control group. The results were interpreted in terms of a conceptual distinction between the pure concept of substance underlying the child's ability to conserve various substance properties and the concept of amount as a property of substance.
Retrospective analysis of breast cancer among young African American females.

Purpose. To evaluate the patterns of failure, relapse-free survival and overall survival among African American breast cancer patients younger than 40 years.
Abstract 3896: A metabolic enzyme as a pro-angiogenic activator in premalignant mammary cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC A crucial step in cancer progression is the development of a high-density vascular network, the angiogenic switch. During carcinogenesis breast angiogenesis occurs at hyperplasia before atypia, reaching maximum vascularization between ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. Altered energy metabolism is an early hallmark of several human malignancies. Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) is a metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of Palmitate from Malonyl CoA. With the exception of liver and adipose tissue, normal cells have low levels of FASN and activity. Here we show that FASN expression is progressively up-regulated in the early steps of human breast carcinogenesis. While under hypoxia FASN expression is downregulated in non-transformed breast epithelial cells that form normal ducts. In pre-malignant breast cancer lesions under similar conditions, FASN expression is upregulated. These data suggest a link between FASN-hypoxia-progression. In addition, we observed that in early stages of breast carcinogenesis, FASN regulates the expression of hypoxia genes, which in turn results in increase vascularization and angiogenic markers. Forced expression of FASN in non-transformed breast epithelial cells resulted in increased activity of HIF-1α and upregulation of VEGF expression. Furthermore, FASN-expressing non-transformed breast epithelial cells under hypoxia conditions produced the necessary factors to stimulate angiogenesis, as measured by tube formation and migration in HUVEC cells. These data provide evidence that FASN promotes pro-angiogenesis under hypoxia at the early onset of breast carcinoma; thus, it could be considered as a target for breast cancer chemoprevention. Citation Format: Anatilde M. Gonzalez-Guerrico, Ingrid Espinoza, Ruth Lupu. A metabolic enzyme as a pro-angiogenic activator in premalignant mammary cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3896. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3896
Transdermal Delivery of Dideoxynucleoside-Type Anti-HIV Drugs. 2. The Effect of Vehicle and Enhancer on Skin Permeation

The effects of vehicles and enhancers on the skin permeation of the dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs Zalcitabine (DDC), Didanosine (DDI), and Zidovudine (AZT) were studied using hairless rat skin at 37 degrees C. After each drug was saturated in various volume fractions of ethanol (EtOH)/water or EtOH/tricaprylin (TCP) cosolvent system for 48 h at 37 degrees C, an in vitro skin permeation study was conducted using Valia-Chien permeation cells for 30 h. The skin permeation rates of DDC, DDI, and AZT from both EtOH/water and EtOH/TCP cosolvent systems increased as the volume fraction of ethanol was increased, reached maximum values at 50-60% (v/v) of ethanol, and then decreased with further increase of ethanol volume fraction. The EtOH/water cosolvent system seems to enhance the skin permeation of these drugs by increasing both the solubility of drug in the vehicles and partitioning of drug into the skin. The skin permeation enhancing effect of EtOH/TCP seems to be solely due to the increase in partitioning of drug into the skin. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) of permeation enhancers, such as oleic acid (OA) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), in the EtOH/TCP (50:50) cosolvent system could not significantly increase the permeation rate of these drugs. Incorporation of viscous TCP into ethanol probably reduced the thermodynamic activity of enhancers to distribute from the vehicle to the skin. However, incorporation of 1.0% (v/v) of OA in the EtOH/water (60:40) cosolvent system dramatically enhanced the skin permeation of these drugs while reducing the lag time. The permeation rates of these drugs increased as OA concentration was increased up to 0.3% (v/v) in the EtOH/water (60:40) cosolvent system and reached a plateau with further addition of OA. Using a saturated solution in the EtOH/water (60:40) cosolvent system containing 1.0% (v/v) OA, DDC, and AZT reached the target permeation rate required to maintain a therapeutic system level across hairless rat skin. Although only DDC reached the target permeation rate across human cadaver skin, these results suggest that the mutual enhancement effect of ethanol and OA may make transdermal delivery of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs feasible.
DEVELOPMENTAL EXPRESSION OF A TANDEMLY REPEATED, PROLINE- AND GLUTAMINE-RICH AMINO ACID MOTIF ON HYPHAL SURFACES OF CANDIDA ALBICANS

cDNA sequences encoding a cell wall protein have been isolated from the opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans, an organism that can cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS. The cDNA encodes a peptide that is largely composed of an acidic, repeated motif 10 amino acids in length that is rich in proline and glutamine residues. The cDNA gene product was found to be present on hyphal surfaces by immunofluorescence assays using monospecific antisera raised to the recombinant protein produced in Pichia pastoris. The hyphae-specific surface location was also seen on organisms colonizing the gastrointestinal mucosa of mice, indicating that the antigen is produced and developmentally regulated during growth in host tissues. The cDNA clone hybridized to an abundant messenger RNA 2.3 kilobases in size that was present in hyphal but not yeast forms. These studies demonstrate that the bud-hypha transition is accompanied by the de novo synthesis of proteins that are targeted to hyphal surfaces. The primary sequence of the unique amino acid motif shares features with surface proteins of other lower eukaryotic microorganisms and with host acidic salivary proline-rich proteins.
Thermodynamics and hydrodynamics of a nonionic microemulsion

Abstract A water-external nonionic microemulsion was studied by means of classical and dynamic light scattering, pycnometry, and viscometry. The properties were studied as a function of dilution with a single component, water, and temperature. All of the data appear to be consistent with a droplet model in which the external phase contains only water. Thus this is a particularly simple model microemulsion system unlike other, oil external microemulsion systems which require dilution with a mixture having more than one component. A new method for relating the value of the Huggins' constant to the molecular weight, second virial coefficient and the intrinsic viscosity shows that an excluded shell interparticle potential provides a good model for the dilute solution data. For more concentrated systems, a Flory—Huggins' expression for the chemical potential provides an excellent fit to the turbidity.
A sequential two sample t test using welch type modification for unequal variances

The sequential analogue of the Behrens-Fisher problem is considered, The pooled-variance two sample sequential t test is modified to account for unequal variances. Operating cha-racteristic and average-sample-number curves are calculated for both the pooled variance and the modified t tests by computer simulations, An example is given using data from a tissue assay for breast cancer tumors.
Protein synthesis by blastocysts in the uteri and oviducts of intact and hypophysectomized mice.

Two possible explanations for the stimulatory effect of estrogen and progesterone on protein synthesis by preimplantation mouse embryos are that the hormones: (1) stimulate the embryos directly; or (2) induce changes in the uterus that in turn affect the embryos. To determine which of these possibilities is correct, mouse blastocysts were retained in one oviduct by a ligature at the uterotubal junction; the mice were then either left intact or hypophysectomized. 35S methionine was injected and the tubal and uterine blastocysts were recovered and prepared for radioautography. Blastocysts in utero incorporate 35S methionine only if the pituitary is present. On the other hand, blastocysts in the oviducts incorporate 35S methionine regardless of the hormonal status of the mother. This suggests that estrogen and progesterone influence the level of protein synthesis in uterine blastocysts by inducing changes in the uterus rather than by stimulating the embryos directly. In addition, blastocysts were recovered from oviducts or uteri between day 5 and day 10 post coitum and transferred to pseudopregnant females to test their ability to develop into normal fetuses. Uterine blastocysts retained the ability to develop normally while the percentage of tubal blastocysts capable of development dropped sharply between day 5 and day 10. Therefore, it is suggested that the dormant condition of mouse blastocysts in utero during delayed implantation may serve to protect the embryos from damage.