cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying the optimal spatially and temporally invariant root distribution for a semiarid environment

[1] In semiarid regions, the rooting strategies employed by vegetation can be critical to its survival. Arid regions are characterized by high variability in the arrival of rainfall, and species found in these areas have adapted mechanisms to ensure the capture of this scarce resource. Vegetation roots have strong control over this partitioning, and assuming a static root profile, predetermine the manner in which this partitioning is undertaken.A coupled, dynamic vegetation and hydrologic model, tRIBS + VEGGIE, was used to explore the role of vertical root distribution on hydrologic fluxes. Point-scale simulations were carried out using two spatially and temporally invariant rooting schemes: uniform: a one-parameter model and logistic: a two-parameter model. The simulations were forced with a stochastic climate generator calibrated to weather stations and rain gauges in the semiarid Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in Arizona. A series of simulations were undertaken exploring the parameter space of both rooting schemes and the optimal root distribution for the simulation, which was defined as the root distribution with the maximum mean transpiration over a 100-yr period, and this was identified. This optimal root profile was determined for five generic soil textures and two plant-functional types (PFTs) to illustrate the role of soil texture on the partitioning of moisture at the land surface. The simulation results illustrate the strong control soil texture has on the partitioning of rainfall and consequently the depth of the optimal rooting profile. High-conductivity soils resulted in the deepest optimal rooting profile with land surface moisture fluxes dominated by transpiration. As we move toward the lower conductivity end of the soil spectrum, a shallowing of the optimal rooting profile is observed and evaporation gradually becomes the dominate flux from the land surface. This study offers a methodology through which local plant, soil, and climate can be accounted for in the parameterization of rooting profiles in semiarid regions.
Mapping of Glacial Motion and Surface Topography of Hielo Patagonico Norte, Chile, Using Satellite SAR L-band Interferometry Data

The first topographic and ice-motion maps of the northwestern flank of Hielo Patagonico Norte (HPN, northern Patagonia Icefield), in Chile, were produced using satellite synthetic-aperture interferometric radar data acquired by NASA's Spaceborne Imaging Radar C instrument in October 1994. The topographic map has a IO m vertical precision with a 30 m horizontal spacing, which should be sufficient to serve as a reference for monitoring future mass changes of the icefield. The ice-motion map is accurate to within 4 mm/ d (or 1/ ma). The radar-derived surface topography and ice velocity are used to estimate the ice discharge from the accumulation area of four outlet glaciers, and the calving flux and mass balance of Glaciar San Rafael. The results demonstrate the use of SAR interferometry for monitoring glaciological parameters on a spatial and temporal scale unattainable by any other means.
The Evolution of Phenomenology: Ortega, Heidegger, and the Analytical Versus Empirical Distinction in Marías

In his book The Tragic Sense of Life (Del sentimiento tragico de la vida) (1913), Miguel de Unamuno asked whether life is to be lived or to be understood, for he saw in the question an antithetical choice between heroic irrationalism and suffocating reason. To which Jose Ortega y Gasset soon responded in his Meditations on Quixote (Meditaciones del Quijote) (1914), that it is to be understood by living, for life in the Ortegan sense was nothing less than an all-embracing and superior reason in process, what he would later refer to variously as vital, historical, or narrative reason. Within its wide boundaries, circumscribed like an island in a vast ocean, abstract rationalism appears as a special subset of reason.1
Multidisciplinary management of pediatric low-grade gliomas

Low-grade gliomas comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors accounting for 30% to 40% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms in the pediatric population. Management of these patients has evolved significantly over the past 2 decades, the present emphasis being on surgery. Adjuvant therapies, such as radiation and/or chemotherapy are generally withheld until symptomatic or radiographic progression is evident. The goal of surgery is gross total resection, while preserving maximal neurologic function. The goal of radiation and chemotherapy is to provide symptom and tumor control with minimal acute and late toxicities. Chemotherapy has the additional goal of deferring radiation to allow maximal development and maturation of the child's CNS. The incorporation of these 3 modalities into the overall care of the pediatric low-grade glioma patient involves the multidisciplinary input of the neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and pediatric neuro-oncologist both at time of diagnosis and throughout the course of their disease.
A Case Series and Focused Review of Nocardiosis: Clinical and Microbiologic Aspects

Nocardia species are ubiquitous soil organisms that often infect patients with underlying immune compromise, pulmonary disease, or a history of surgery or trauma. We report 5 cases of nocardiosis representing various aspects of this "great imitator": 1) pneumonia in the setting of underlying malignancy, 2) chronic pneumonia with drug-resistant organism, 3) bacteremia and empyema with chronic hematologic malignancy, 4) primary cutaneous disease, and 5) sternal wound infection. We present a summary of the English literature from 1966 to 2003 with a focus on the teaching points of each of our 5 cases as well as the background epidemiology and microbiology of the Nocardia genus. Isolation of the organism may be achieved with routine media but longer incubation times may be necessary, delaying diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Treatment with a sulfa-containing regimen is standard of care, but resistance testing is warranted given emerging drug resistance, high rates of discontinuation due to adverse reactions, and the potential for nephrotoxicity in transplant recipients on cyclosporine.
A spin refrigerator polarized target for nuclear physics experiments

Abstract A cryogenic polarized proton target has been developed for use in nuclear physics experiments. This target makes use of the “spin refrigerator” mechanism to produce the polarization, instead of the microwave pumping used in conventional polarized targets. The design, operating procedures and experience are discussed. While the polarization is low, typically 40% during actual experiments, other advantages make the target useful for certain applications. These include low development and operating costs, magnetic fields as low as 590 G during data acquisition, open geometry, the possibility of large-area targets, and the ability to change the polarization direction on a 10 min time scale.
A Pillar of Strength An African American School’s Communal Bonds with Families and Community Since Brown

From an in-depth qualitative study in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1994 to 1997, this article highlights how one all-Black school creates and sustains strong communal bonds with African American families from a low-income community. Reminiscent of the “goodness” of many all-Black schools before Brown, this school—Fairmont Elementary—sustains strong communal bonds with families and is a stabilizing force for the community. The message gleaned from this study of Fairmont Elementary School is that the “goodness” of a school for African American families and students may also be defined by the strength and the nature of that school’s communal bonds with Black families and communities.
Runestone interactive: tools for creating interactive course materials

This demonstration will showcase a work in progress that implements a new and unique vision for electronic computer science textbooks. It incorporates a number of active components such as video, code editing and execution, and code visualization as a way to enhance the typical static electronic book format. In addition, the textbook is created with an open source authoring system that has been developed to allow the instructor to customize the content of the active and passive parts of the text.
A concurrent debugger for iPSC/2 programmers

Applications running on the iPSC®/2, a distributed-memory, message-passing concurrent supercomputer, are composed of multiple processes executing concurrently on different nodes of the system. Debugging such applications with traditional one-process debuggers, such as dbx, is simply inadequate. This paper describes a source level debugger, DECON, specifically designed to aid iPSC/2 programmers debug large concurrent applications written in C or FORTRAN. The major challenges of debugging such applications are discussed and the capabilities of DECON which address each challenge are described. To illustrate Deacon's ease of use and flexibility a simple iPSC/2 application is debugged.
A Cross-National Investigation of Student Intentions to Pursue a Sales Career

Previous studies related to student selection of a sales career indicate that their perception of sales as a career is generally negative. Numerous reasons have been offered for this negative view, including negative perceptions of attributes associated with sales jobs and salespeople. This study examines the perceptions of negative and positive attributes of sales jobs and salespeople held by students in three nations and the impact these perceptions have on their feelings about selling. The impact that their feelings have on their intentions to pursue a career in sales is also investigated. The examination of students’ intention to select sales as a career in the United States, Switzerland, and Turkey identified several underlying dimensions of sales jobs, salespeople, and their feelings about selling. Study findings indicate that perceptions of a sales job and of salespeople influence their feelings toward selling. As expected, students’ feelings toward selling are positively related to their intention...
Genetic recombination in a diploid synaptic mutant and a Solanum tuberosum × S. chacoense diploid hybrid

A diploid synaptic mutant, M6 with the genotype sy3/sy3,ps/ps, was identified as heterozygous for four enzyme-coding loci, and for the tuber flesh colour locus (Y). Through 4x-2x crosses, half-tetrad analysis was applied to determine the ability of the M6 clone to transmit its heterozygosity to tetraploid offspring. On the average, an 89-03 per cent reduction in recombination was found within the chromosome segments sampled, resulting in 98 per cent transmission of heterozygosity. Cytological observations of microsporogenesis revealed frequent pachytene associations and a high proportion of univalents at diakinesis. These findings show that chromosome pairing in M6 is mostly desynaptic. Diploid and 4x-2x testcrosses were made to study recombination in a 2 ai-pollen producing diploid hybrid T704 (ps/ps); S. tuberosum L. xS. chacoense Bitt. For the loci compared, recombination was reduced 34·56 per cent on the average. This hybrid transmitted on the average 89·2 per cent of its heterozygosity which was significantly higher than the value previously observed in non-hybrid individuals. Unlike M6, T704 produced both viable n and 2n pollen. In addition, cytological examination of PMCs indicate normal bivalent associations. It is suggested that genomic differentiation between S. tuberosum and S. chacoense could account for the reduced recombination levels.
Pharmacological basis for N-n-propylnoramorphine induced stereotypic cage climbing and behavioral arousal in mice

Apmorphine (APO) and its N-propyl homologue (N-n-propylnorapomorphine; NPA) are approximately equipotent in inducing stereotypic cage climbing and behavioral arousal. The time courses for the two behavioral responses of both aporphines are also quite similar. These results suggested that aporphine-induced stereotypic cage-climbing and behavioral arousal, if specific for dopamine receptor stimulation, could provide useful in vivo models for predicting dose- and time-response effects of potential antiparkinsonian agents. In the present experiments, six neurotransmitter receptor blockers (alropine, phentolamine, sotalol, cyproheptadine, naloxone, and haloperidol or spiroperidol) were compared in mice for their ability to alter cage climbing and behavioral arousal induced by NPA. Results indicated that pretreatment with the dopamine blockers haloperidol and spiroperidol, significantly antagonized both responses to NPA and shifted the cage climb dose response curve to the right 15-fold. In contrast, the muscarinic cholinergic (atropine), alpha-noradrenergic (phentolamine), beta-noradrenergic (sotalol), serotonergic (cyproheptadine), and opiate (naloxone) receptor blockers uniformly did not attenuate activity due to NPA. These results suggest that cage-climbing and arousal induced by aporphines is mediated via dopamine receptor stimulation and that these responses provide useful in vivo models for accurate evaluation of certain classes of dopamine agonists with clinical utility.
Amino-Acid Composition of the Polypeptide Chains of Gorilla Hæmoglobin

COMPARISON of tryptic peptide patterns has demonstrated the great overall similarity of the primary structure of haemoglobins from normal adult man and anthropoid apes1. Work is now in progress to define this similarity more precisely. We report here the determination of the amino-acid composition of the polypeptide chains of gorilla haemoglobin.
Gold Nanoparticle Plasmonic Field Effect on the Primary Step of the Other Photosynthetic System in Nature, Bacteriorhodopsin

In regards to the effect of the surface plasmon field of gold nanospheres on the rate of primary steps leading to retinal photoisomerization in the photosynthesis of bacterirhodopsin (bR), it is believed that the light absorption of bR that leads to its retinal isomerization first involves the formation of a highly polar electronic excited state (I460) of the all-trans isomer which strongly polarizes the protein around it. This is followed by its decay to a viibrationally excited 13-cis isomer (J625). The effect of plasmonic field of gold nanospheres of different sizes and concentrations is found to slow down the rate of the isomerization of the polar electronic excited-state to the J625 but has no effect on the vibration relaxation of the isomeric state itself. This is consistent with the electrostatic nature of the plasmonic field.
Circumscribed intraventricular hematoma in infants

Summary A case of discrete hematoma of the third ventricle in a full-term infant, associated with craniosynostosis and secondary hydrocephalus, is reported. The hematoma was successfully removed and the hydrocephalus subsided. To our knowledge, no such case has been previously reported. The differential diagnosis and possible etiological factors of intraventricular hemorrhage in infants are discussed. The use of definitive diagnostic studies by contrast methods is urged in selected patients. Only by this means will lesions which may be responsible for a few instances of cerebral palsy be detected at an early stage when curative procedures are still possible.
Home automation in the wild: challenges and opportunities

Visions of smart homes have long caught the attention of researchers and considerable effort has been put toward enabling home automation. However, these technologies have not been widely adopted despite being available for over three decades. To gain insight into this state of affairs, we conducted semi-structured home visits to 14 households with home automation. The long term experience, both positive and negative, of the households we interviewed illustrates four barriers that need to be addressed before home automation becomes amenable to broader adoption. These barriers are high cost of ownership, inflexibility, poor manageability, and difficulty achieving security. Our findings also provide several directions for further research, which include eliminating the need for structural changes for installing home automation, providing users with simple security primitives that they can confidently configure, and enabling composition of home devices.
"Extracting Sun-Beams out of Cucumbers": The Retreat From Practice in Reconceptualized Curriculum Studies

Reconceptualized curriculum theorizing is characterized by efforts to distance curriculum theory far from school practice. The characterization of the "reconceptualization" of the curriculum field as a shift from focus on developing curriculum to a preeminent concern for understanding curriculum and the proclivity to consider virtually all phenomena of life experience as acceptable subjects of curriculum inquiry are examples of a willingness to divorce curriculum theorizing from school practice. Rationales for explicitly distancing theory far from practice have been advanced, as well. This essay documents and explains these three manifestations of the theory-practice split in reconceptualized curriculum studies; evaluates this split against Dewey's educational theory, the obligations of professional schools to practicing professionals, and the ideal of the land-grant university; assesses selected recent proposals for reconceptualized curriculum practice; and suggests implications of the bifurcation of the...
Enzymatic modification of high-laurate canola to produce margarine fat.

Stearic acid was enzymatically transesterified with high-laurate canola using a nonspecific lipase from Candida antarctica to produce structured lipids (SL) suitable for margarine application. Stearic acid levels ranged from 10 to 40 wt % of high-laurate canola oil. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to evaluate melting characteristics of the transesterified products. A stearic acid level of 30% was found to best match the melting characteristics of fat extracted from commercially available stick margarine. This SL was used to prepare nonrefrigerated and refrigerated margarine samples. Refrigerated margarine was prepared using 60% SL and 40% canola oil, whereas 100% SL was used for the nonrefrigerated margarine. Slip melting point, solid fat content, and hardness index were determined for all samples. Application of a dynamic temperature step using a dynamic stress rheometer showed complete breakdown of the commercial stick margarine and the experimental refrigerated margarine at ∼30 °C and comple...
Separation and Enhanced Detection of Anesthetic Compounds Using Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME)–Raman Spectroscopy

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) was used along with Raman spectroscopy (RS) to separate and enhance the detection of five anesthetic compounds (halothane, propofol, isoflurane, enflurane, and etomidate) from aqueous and serum phases. Raman signals in the spectral ranges 250-450 cm−1 and 950-1050 cm−1 allowed the unique characterization of all five compounds when extracted into the PDMS phase. The SPME-RS detection of clinically relevant concentrations of aqueous propofol (6.5 μM) and halothane (200 μM) is shown. We quantify the partition coefficient for aqueous halothane in PDMS as log K = 1.9 ± 0.2. Solid-phase micro-extraction of the anesthetics makes their detection possible without the strong autofluorescent interference of serum proteins. Because of low solubility and/or weak Raman scattering, we found it challenging to detect enflurane, isoflurane, and etomidate directly from the aqueous phase, but could we do so with SPME enhancement. These studies show the potential of SPME-RS as a method for the direct detection of anesthetics in blood.
Thermal stabilization of a microring modulator using feedback control

We describe and demonstrate the use of a feedback control system to thermally stabilize a silicon microring modulator subjected to a thermally volatile environment. Furthermore, we establish power monitoring as an effective and appropriate mechanism to infer the temperature drift of a microring modulator. Our demonstration shows that a high-performance silicon microring-based device, normally inoperable in thermally volatile environments, can maintain error-free performance when a feedback control system is implemented.
The importance of basic cancer research.

(1979). The importance of basic cancer research. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 1131-1135.
Identification of 2-phenylethylamine in human urine by infrared and mass spectroscopy and its quantification in normal subjects and cardiovascular patients .

Abstract We have extracted, purified and chemically identified 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) from human urine by mass and infrared spectroscopy. Crystals of PEA-hydrochloride were prepared from the purified urine extract and its infrared spectrum recorded. PEA was quantified by the ultraviolet absorbance at 287 nm of its reaction product with cerie sulfate and hydrochloric acid. Healthy control human subjects (27) excreted 453 ± 50 γ/24 h of free PEA and 433 ± 48 γ/24 h of conjugated PEA. Four patients with recent myocardial infarction and four patients with cerebro-vascular accidents were found to excrete low amounts of free and conjugated PEA.
Collisionally activated decomposition of poly(ethylene glycol)s: An investigation of high‐mass ion abundances in the collisional activation technique with large molecules

The utility of the collisional activation technique in structure determination of ions is limited as parent ion mass increases. Optimum collisionally activated dissociation yield is often obtained at parent masses of 1000–2000 u, after which daughter ion yield decreases. The apparent decrease in the efficiency of the collisional activation process has been thought of as a degree-of-freedom effect: as new rotational-vibrational modes are added to the parent ion, its lifetime with respect to dissociation increases. We have investigated this effect using an easily characterized system of several poly(ethylene glycol) homologs from the 15-mer to the 35-mer. Observed trends in the collisional activation spectra as parent mass increases support the postulated ‘degree-of-freedom’ effect in general. The loss of C2H4O from the [M − H]− parents, a fragmentation which has a high activation barrier, however, actually becomes more favored as the parent ion becomes larger. This effect is explained in terms of statistical rate theory.
Discrete sliding symmetries, dualities, and self-dualities of quantum orbital compass models and p+ip superconducting arrays

We study the spin-$1∕2$ two- and three-dimensional orbital compass models relevant to the problem of orbital ordering in transition metal oxides. We show that these systems display self-dualities and gauge-like discrete sliding symmetries. An important and surprising consequence is that these models are dual to (seemingly unrelated) recently studied models of $p+ip$ superconducting arrays. The duality transformations are constructed by means of a path-integral representation in discretized imaginary time and considering its ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spatial reflection symmetries and space-time discrete rotations, we obtain, in a transparent unified geometrical way, several dualities. We also introduce an alternative construction of the duality transformations using operator identities. We discuss the consequences of these dualities for the order parameters and phase transitions of the orbital compass model and its generalizations, and apply these ideas to a number of related systems.
Visual segmentation of lawn grass for a mobile robotic lawnmower

We investigate the existence of computationally inexpensive first and second order statistics that uniquely describe grass for application in an autonomous lawnmower. We then segment images based on these statistics to determine locations of driveable terrain in an image. Tight statistical clustering of illuminated grass versus artificial texture suggests that this method is sufficient for identifying driveable terrain for an autonomous lawnmower.
Differential Effects of Alpha Vs Beta Myosin Heavy Chain on the Kinetcs and Mechanics of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mutations in the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain

Cardiac muscle myosin is comprised of two heavy chains (MHCs), two essential light chains, and two regulatory light chains (RLCs). The MHC contains both the ATPase and actin binding domains. It has been shown that the contractile properties of myosin can be tuned by the MHC isoform and that the MHC isoform distribution in the human heart changes during heart failure from predominantly beta isoform to all beta. One cause of heart failure is familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) which is triggered by mutation of sarcomeric proteins including the RLC. Although the RLC is spatially separated from the myosin active site, it appears to have a role in tuning myosin kinetics. In order to examine how two RLC mutations implicated in FHC, N47K and R58Q, affect the kinetic and mechanical properties of beta isoform myosin, we exchanged porcine cardiac RLC with recombinant mutant RLC. We examined the contractile properties of these mutants using the in vitro motility assay and compared these results to our earlier results with mutant RLCs on the alpha -MHC background. Regardless of MHC isoform, the mutations cause reductions in force and power output. However, on the alpha MHC backbone, R58Q shows differences in calcium handling and an elevated ATPase rate which is not seen on the beta backbone. Also, both mutants show increases in duty cycle on the alpha MHC but not the beta. These data suggest that small changes in the myosin structure, far from the active site, can disrupt the contractile properties of the motor depending on the MHC isoform.
Role Acquisition as a Social Process

A model of the role acquisition process is proposed based on data from 310 first-person written narratives of a single role entrance. Content analysis of data set II (N = 110) of narratives, which included forty-seven different roles, provides support for the model. The model conceptualizes role acquisition as involving a sequence of four stages, characterized as (1) ambivalence, (2) absorption, (3) commitment, and (4) confidence, in which each stage involves a qualitatively different interaction between the person and the role: a different affective orientation on the part of the person toward the role, and a qualitatively different relationship between the person and role partners. Common features and heterogeneous effects of role type, social context, cognitive processes, and other factors at each stage are discussed.
Hexokinases and sugar dehydrogenases of Limulus polyphemus

Abstract 1. 1. A study of hexokinases and sugar dehydrogenases of Limulus polyphemus has shown that the predominant hexokinase of the hepatopancreas, a fructomannokinase, has little ability to catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose. The hepatopancreas also has smaller quantities of two typical hexokinases each with a very low Km for glucose and mannose and a high Km for fructose. 2. 2. In contrast the chief, very active hexokinase of Limulus muscle has great affinity for glucose and mannose and little for fructose. Muscle also has small quantities of the fructomannokinase and a second low Km hexokinase. 3. 3. A d -xylose-NADP dehydrogcnase capable also of using glucose, galactose and other sugars to a lesser extent, is much more active in hepatopancreas than in muscle. 4. 4. A NAD(P)-dchydrogenase, using l -fucose, d -arabinose and l -galactose and not active with any other sugar tested occurs chiefly in the hepatopancreas. 5. 5. The results are in accord with earlier conclusions about the relative importance of muscle in glucose metabolism in Limulus.
A symptom scoring tool for identifying pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and correlating symptoms with inflammation.

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is an increasingly recognized allergic disease entity that is difficult to distinguish clinically from other causes of esophagitis, especially gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To our knowledge, there are no prospectively analyzed or validated symptom scoring tools for pediatric patients with EE and no prospective evaluation correlating symptoms with tissue inflammation. Objectives To prospectively analyze a symptom scoring tool's ability to distinguish pediatric patients with EE from those with GERD and from control patients with and without allergies and to correlate symptoms with tissue inflammation. Methods A prospective study of a symptom scoring tool given to patients with EE (n = 35 not receiving EE targeted therapy), patients with GERD (n = 27 not undergoing acid suppression), allergic control patients (n = 24), and nonallergic control patients (n = 14) at an academic pediatric hospital. Histology and endoscopy scores were correlated with symptom complaints. Results The total symptom score was higher among patients with EE (mean, 6.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.50–7.53) and GERD (mean, 5.44; 95% CI, 4.64–6.25) than in allergic (mean, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.28–1.55) and nonallergic (mean, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.40–1.60) patients ( P P P P Conclusion Dysphagia and anorexia/early satiety identify pediatric patients with EE and correlate symptoms with tissue inflammation.
Model for the leakage instability in unprogrammed amorphous silicon antifuse devices

The leakage instability of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (H:a-Si) antifuse devices is one of the important reliability aspects of this new technology, because it determines the standby power for circuit applications. A physical model of the leakage instability is described. After highly accelerated voltage stress, the transport mechanism for the saturated state is shown to be hopping conduction through trap states near the Fermi level. Trap densities on the order of 1/spl times/10/sup 20/ eV/sup -1/ cm/sup -3/ can be induced through stress. This model can be used to facilitate antifuse technology development.
The effect of country‐of‐origin related stereotypes and personal beliefs on product evaluation

The country-of-origin effect has been the focus of numerous studies in international marketing. The concept of stereotypes assumes importance in the study of country-of-origin effects. However, past research has failed to consider the cognitive structures that influence a person's use of the country-of-origin factor in product evaluation. This article attempts to fill this gap through a conceptualization that suggests that the country of origin may be an outcome of a combination of two processes—cultural stereotypes and personal beliefs. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Labov, William. What is a Linguistic Fact?

Introspektaj donitaĵoj estas la cefa temo de ci-tiu monografio. Lingvistoj nun penas solvi la problemon, kiu jam estas teorie malkomforta kaj al la psikologo kaj al la sociologo. Labov citas multajn ekzemplojn, en kiuj tiaj pretendoj de neŭtralaj donitajoj estas sen fundamento.Labov argumentas, ke la solvo de la problemo de malegalecoj en la donitajoj introspektaj estas la ne-varianteco. Li deziras eviti malakordojn pri la donitajoj kaj li penas efektivigi siajn planojn per allaso de tre klaraj ekzemploj de lingvistika atestaj'o. Evidente, ci tiu serco estas naiva. Lia propono pri lingv-istika valideco ne sukcesas solvi la problemon.Alterna modelo, kiun Labov ne pripensas, jam ekzistas. Estas la modelo de familia simileco, kiun Wittgenstein prezentis en siaj malfruaj skribajoj. Ci-tiu teoria aliro permesas lingvistikajn diferencojn au malkonsentojn pri la interpretado de la donitajoj. Ci tiu alterna modelo trovas la diversecon natura kaj gi akceptas la distribuon de multoblaj kompetentecoj en la ciutaga kutimo de la lingvo. Labov ne sukcesas enkorpigi tiun aspekton de la sociologio pri scio en sian modelon. La kialo de lia sinteno estas klara: lia modelo estas elkreskajo de la skolo de pozitivismo. Sekve, gi distordas la naturajn valorojn kaj intencojn de normala lingvo per troa atento al la kvanto de formoj lingvistikaj.
An FF Domain-Dependent Protein Interaction Mediates a Signaling Pathway for Growth Factor-Induced Gene Expression

FF domains are poorly understood protein motifs found in all eukaryotes but in a very small number of proteins. They typically occur in tandem arrays and appear predominantly in splicing and transcription factors. Curiously, they are also present in the p190 family of cytoplasmic Rho GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). We identified the serum-responsive transcriptional regulator TFII-I as a specific interactor with the p190 RhoGAP FF domains. p190 sequesters TFII-I in the cytoplasm via the FF domains, but upon PDGF receptor-mediated phosphorylation of an FF domain, TFII-I is released from p190 and translocates to the nucleus where it can activate transcription of serum-inducible genes including c-fos. These findings reveal a pathway by which mitogens promote gene transcription and indicate a role for FF domains in phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction.
Automated modeling for structural analysis

The numerical computations required for structural analysis are well defined and easy to automate. If structural analysis is to be automated fully, however, the modeling process, as well as the numerical computations, must be automated. This paper outlines a procedure for the automation of the entire modeling and analysis sequence.
Design Space of Pharmaceutical Processes Using Data-Driven-Based Methods

Introduction The identification and graphical representation of process design space are critical in locating not only feasible but also optimum operating variable ranges and design configurations. In this work, the mapping of the design space of pharmaceutical processes is achieved using the ideas of process operability and flexibility under uncertainty.
Bimodality of plasma apolipoprotein B levels in familial combined hyperlipidemia

To investigate possible genetic influences on plasma apolipoprotein (apo) B levels in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), commingling analysis was performed on data from seven large kindreds, including 183 individuals. The overall frequency distribution of apo B was skewed and was compatible with the presence of two normally distributed subdistributions (mean values, 117 and 172 mg/dl). The analysis was repeated after stratification of individuals by low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass phenotype. Among subjects with phenotype A (predominance of large, buoyant LDL), a single apo B distribution was found (mean, 115 mg/dl). Among subjects with phenotype B (predominance of small, dense LDL), the distribution was bimodal, with mean values, 116 and 167 mg/dl, similar to the unstratified data set. Thus the skewing of the overall apo B distribution in FCHL family members may be due to a distinct subset of individuals with phenotype B who are genetically susceptible to even higher elevations of apo B. The higher apo B/phenotype B subjects also showed significantly higher levels of triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol than the lower apo B/phenotype B subjects. The lower apo B/phenotype B subjects had higher triglyceride and lower LDL-cholesterol than the phenotype A subjects. The enhanced information regarding apo B and lipid levels in the three subgroups of individuals identified here may facilitate a better understanding of genetic susceptibility to coronary heart disease.
Neozygites parvispora, a pathogen of Limothrips sp. associated with Lolium multiflorum in Oregon

Resting spores of Neozygites parvispora, an obligate pathogen of thrips, were found in washes from seed of cultivated annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) from Oregon. Similar spores were found in ...
Grassroots Environmental Organizations in the United States: A Gramscian Analysis*

The theoretical approach utilized in this study is based on the pieces of information scattered throughout Antonio Gramsci's work and the extrapolation made out of his notion of hegemony. From a Gramscian perspective, social movements are creative reactions to contracting hegemony. To the extent that it provides room for the existence of collective actions, hegemony is expansive; yet, because it is not total, the condition for the existence of counter-hegemonies that call to question its “essentials” also exists. The case of grassroots environmental justice organizations in the United States (GEJOs) that deal with first-order quality of life issues falls within the province of the latter dynamics. GEJOs deal with an issue limited in scope, viz., environmental crisis; however, their movement participants have contested the multiple dimensions of existing hegemony. These organizations, as total counter-hegemonies, have challenged the political, economic, intellectual, and cultural orders of the American society. The interest in distributive justice, participatory democracy, public-oriented scientific endeavor, and a well-ordered cultural realm based on a universal good sense are the fundamental elements of an alternative hegemony manifest or latent in the discursive formations and practices of GEJOs. The study is based on document analysis and interpretation of the literature on GEJOs in the United States.
The Logistics of Supplying Single vs. Multi-crop Cellulosic Feedstocks to a Biorefinery in Southeast North Dakota

Abstract This study investigates the economics of supplying cellulosic crop residue feedstocks within 100 mile (or 161 km) radius of a potential new biorefinery in southeast North Dakota. We utilize linear programming transportation models and GIS (Geographic Information System) maps to identify optimal cellulosic feedstock supply sites for the biorefinery. Our evidence indicates that future crop residue removal policy will be important in assessing economic viability of harvesting crop residues for biofuel production. An increase in residue removal rate would narrow the size of supply areas required to provide total feedstock need for the biorefinery and consequently result in reducing transportation costs. There is an economic tradeoff between residue collection density and distance from the biorefinery. When multiple residue feedstocks are considered, this analysis is complicated further because greatest densities for each crop are not in similar regions. Overall, our findings show that higher costs savings can be achieved if multiple feedstocks are employed to produce cellulosic biofuels. In addition, feedstock supply risks can be lower with the use of multiple feedstocks.
A Note on Uncertainty and Nonmarket Cost

A generalization of the Friedman-Savage hypothesis of utility maximization under risk proves that in the presence of a convex nonmarket cost function and a joint probability density function of future output and nonmarket cost, expected nonmarket cost can exceed the nonmarket cost of anticipated output.
K-band low-noise amplifiers using 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology

Two K-Band low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) are designed and implemented in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The 24 GHz LNA has demonstrated a 12.86 dB gain and a 5.6 dB noise figure (NF) at 23.5 GHz. The 26 GHz LNA achieves an 8.9 dB gain at the peak gain frequency of 25.7 GHz and a 6.93 dB NF at 25 GHz. The input referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) is >+2 dBm for both LNAs with a current consumption of 30 mA from a 1.8 V power supply. To our knowledge, the LNAs show the highest operation frequencies ever reported for LNAs in a standard CMOS process.
Copolymerization of Chloroprene with Methyl Methacrylate by the EtnAICI3.n (n=1, 1.5, 2)-Vanadium Compound System

Abstract The copolymerization of chloroprene with methyl methacrylate was studied in the presence of Etn A1C13-n (n=1, 1.5, 2)-vanadium compounds. Monomer reactivity ratios in various catalyst concentrations were compared with that of a usual radical initiator. The apparent monomer reactivity ratio changed with the concentration of alkylaluminum halide. In this polymerization, alternating copolymer could not be prepared by the ordinary catalyst concentration by which the alternating copolymerization of chloroprene with acrylonitrile was carried out. The addition of more than 10 mole % of the alkylaluminum halide based on two monomers was required to prepare the copolymer which had equimolar composition irrespective of the feed monomer ratio. The configuration in the repeating unit of the copolymer was discussed by comparison with the NMR and IR spectra of the radical copolymer and the cyclic Diels-Alder adduct of chloroprene-methyl methacrylate. The high alternating tendency was clarified by ozonolysis of...
Quantifying morphological heterogeneity: a study of more than 1 000 000 individual stored red blood cells.

Background and Objectives The morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) deteriorates progressively during hypothermic storage. The degree of deterioration varies between individual cells, resulting in a highly heterogeneous population of cells contained within each RBC unit. Current techniques capable of categorizing the morphology of individual stored RBCs are manual, laborious and error-prone procedures that limit the number of cells that can be studied. Our objective was to create a simple, automated system for high-throughput RBC morphology classification. Materials and Methods A simple microfluidic device, designed to enable rapid, consistent acquisition of images of optimally oriented RBCs, was fabricated using soft lithography. A custom image analysis algorithm was developed to categorize the morphology of each individual RBC in the acquired images. The system was used to determine morphology of individual RBCs in several RBC units stored hypothermically for 6–8 weeks. Results The system was used to automatically determine the distribution of cell diameter within each morphological class for >1 000 000 individual stored RBCs (speed: >10 000 cells/h; accuracy: 91·9% low resolution, 75·3% high resolution). Diameter mean and standard deviation by morphology class were as follows: discocyte 7·80 ± 0·49 μm, echinocyte 1 7·61 ± 0·63 μm, echinocyte 2 7·02 ± 0·61 μm, echinocyte 3 6·47 ± 0·42 μm, sphero-echinocyte 6·01 ± 0·26 μm, spherocyte 6·02 ± 0·27 μm, stomatocyte 1 6·95 ± 0·61 μm and stomatocyte 2 7·32 ± 0·47 μm. Conclusions The automated morphology classification procedure described in this study is significantly simpler, faster and less subjective than conventional manual procedures. The ability to evaluate the morphology of individual RBCs automatically, rapidly and in statistically significant numbers enabled us to perform the most extensive study of stored RBC morphology to date.
Robot 2D self-localization using range pattern matching via the Discrete Fourier Transform

This article describes a novel method for localization of a robot within a 2D scene given a binary map of the scene and a set of range measurements obtained by the robot from some unknown position and orientation. Theoretically, the algorithm is capable of solving all recognized variants of the robot localization problem: tracking, global localization, and kidnapped robot. This is accomplished by treating each set of range measurements as a unique fingerprint, referred to as a range pattern, that is associated with each potential (x, y, θ) pose of the robot. We provide detailed theoretical analysis and an exact solution for the problem when both the range and angle measurements are constrained to come from a discrete set of possible values. Experimental results are obtained using simulated range data taken from synthetic and real-world maps to provide insight on the robustness of our approach and identify situations where the localization solution obtained is not unique. Our solution to this more-constrained problem has low computational complexity and is exact which makes it appropriate for use in real-time robotic navigation applications. Solutions to this problem are of great importance for successful deployment of autonomous robotic vehicles within a-priori known spaces, e.g., buildings, hospitals, etc.
Cultivation Effects on Quality of Life Indicators: Exploring the Effects of American Television Consumption on Feelings of Relative Deprivation in South Korea and India

A hypothetical path model investigated how viewing U.S. television would be associated with feelings of relative deprivation among Asians. The South Korean survey data (N = 352) revealed that viewing U.S. television was associated with estimates of Americans' affluence, and the estimates were in turn associated with dissatisfaction with Korean society. The Indian survey data (N = 333) showed that viewing U.S. television was directly associated with both dissatisfaction with personal life and dissatisfaction with Indian society. The findings suggest that people in both countries may universally experience perceptions of relative deprivation associated with U.S. television consumption. Data collection for this study was supported by a grant from Jimirro Center for Study of Media Influence, College of Communications, Penn State University.
Simplification of the robinson-biggs spectrophotometric treatment of overlapping prototropic equilibria by use of isosbestic points

Abstract The appearance and disappearance of isosbestic points between acid—base conjugate pairs of a diprotic acid with changing pH can be used to simplify the resolution of individual overlapping equilibria. Absorbance vs. pH data at an isosbestic wave-length can be treated in the same way as those from a monoprotic acid by using the Henderson—Hasselbalch equation. Application of the method is illustrated for hydroxy N-heterocycles having overlapping equilibria. Good precision and reasonable agreement with literature values was obtained for acidity constants determined by the method.
Special Issue Guest Editorial

This special issue of the Community College Journal of Research and Practice (CCJRP) features papers that were presented at the Council for the Study of Community Colleges (CSCC) 2011 Annual Confer...
Some Electronic Aspects of Energy Measurements with Solid-State Detectors

The usual requirement for a spectrometer system is to provide the best energy resolution that can be obtained with a set of given experimental constraints. These constraints can change with each experiment, and the experimenter should be able to optimize the parameters of the spectrometer to obtain the best results. The detector, either silicon or germanium, is connected to a charge-sensitive preamplifier. The detector produces short current pulses of a width equal to the collection time of the detector. These are integrated by the charge-sensitive preamplifier which produces a voltage step at its output. The output step rise time is equal to the collection time of the detector, its amplitude is equal to the input charge divided by the capacitance of the feedback capacitor, and its decay time constant is determined by the preamplifier feedback components.