cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid disease progression to AIDS due to Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques: host and viral factors.

Publisher Summary Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐infection of nonhuman primates provides a relevant animal model system to study the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and to evaluate experimental therapies and vaccine strategies This chapter discusses the virological, immunologic, and pathological characteristics of these animals. Rapid progressor (RP) macaques appear to result from an irreversible, massive, early virus‐induced killing of memory CD4 + T cells, resulting in a failure to maintain immune responses and the evolution of macrophagetropic and neutralization–sensitive variants. The pathogenesis appears to be restricted to direct cytopathic effects of SIV on the immune system as compared with the additional effects of immune activation–induced cell death and regenerative failure that accompanies slower disease progression. Additionally, unique envelope variants evolve in SIV‐mac and SIV‐sm ‐infected RP macaques. However, studies with molecular clones suggest that these variants are the end result of virus replication in a severely immunocompromised host rather than the direct cause of rapid progression.
Not the last word: arthrostasis.

Whenever I encounter yet another article chiding surgeons for performing too many spinal fusions for back pain—the “bane of health wonks everywhere” [9]—I try to think of orthopaedic operations that really work. I think about hip replacement, the “operation of the century” [8], and the patients who would be stuck on the couch without it. I think about surgical drainage of joint infections, and its powers to preserve articular cartilage. I think about the nailing of femur fractures—an advance over casting or traction that is almost immeasurable.
The ultrastructure and histogenesis of molluscum contagiosum

Biopsies of lesions from molluscum contagiosum from 3 children were studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesion appears to be a mass of proliferating epidermal cells extending in grapelike clusters into the dermis. These epidermal cells undergo various stages of differentiation culminating in the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasmic inclusions contain virus particles in different stages of maturation. “Uninfected” epidermal cells, in stages of normal maturation, are interspersed among “infected” cells containing virus particles. A maturational sequence of virus particle development is suggested on the basis of the electron microscopic observations.
ESTIMATION AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR NONPARAMETRIC HEDONIC HOUSE PRICE FUNCTIONS

ABSTRACT In contrast to the rigid structure of standard parametric hedonic analysis, nonparametric estimators control for misspecified spatial effects while using highly flexible functional forms. Despite these advantages, nonparametric procedures are still not used extensively for spatial data analysis due to perceived difficulties associated with estimation and hypothesis testing. We demonstrate that nonparametric estimation is feasible for large datasets with many independent variables, offering statistical tests of individual covariates and tests of model specification. We show that fixed parameterization of distance to the nearest rapid transit line is a misspecification and that pricing of access to this amenity varies across neighborhoods within Chicago.
Manuella Adrian's more than careful observation.

Adrian provides a wide-ranging overview of the history of the concept of addiction and addiction treatment research. In particular, she discusses the many options for defining “failure” and “succes...
Embryonic growth and maternal nutrient sources in goodeid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes)

Most species of the viviparous teleost family Goodeidae exhibit an unusual placental relationship. Embryos lay free within the single, hollow ovary where they are bathed by the ovarian fluid. Nutrients are absorbed from the fluid through distinctive perianal processes called trophotaeniae. Trophotaeniae represent the embryonic component of the placenta and may be functionally divided into protein endocytosing and nonendocytosing types. The maternal component of the placenta is the internal ovarian epithelium (IOE). Since embryos undergo dry weight increases ranging from 68- to 387-fold compared to the dry weight of mature ova, there must be substantial nutrient transfer from the maternal organism during gestation. Transmission electron microscopy of the IOE of gravid females of three goodeid species fails to reveal evidence of significant synthetic activity by the IOE, although occasional budding of parts of IOE cells occur, and the IOE of one species, G. atripinnis, contains substantial amounts of lipid. Electrophoretic comparison of nongravid females of two species establishes that the protein pattern of the ovarian fluid is similar to that of the female blood serum. In gravid females whose embryos bear protein-endocytosing trophotaeniae, protein is undetectable in the ovarian fluid during mid- and late gestation, suggesting efficient protein absorption by the trophotaeniae. In gravid females whose embryos bear nonendocytosing trophotaeniae, serum proteins are present in the ovarian fluid at midgestation, but are reduced to only a trace at late gestation suggesting possible imbibition by the embryos. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Can a hypnotized subject be compelled to carry out otherwise unacceptable behavior? A discussion.

Abstract The continuing controversy about antisocial behavior and hypnosis is seen as related to the manner in which the question is traditionally phrased. Both the affirmative and negative positions are impervious to empirical refutation. Thus, a refusal to carry out antisocial actions can be ascribed to insufficient depth of hypnosis (or inadequate hypnotic technique), while the behavior of Ss who comply can be explained by asserting that the action merely represents what they would have done anyway. It is recognized that, insofar as agreeing to enter hypnosis may eventually facilitate a closer relationship, a S may become more likely to respond to certain requests than would otherwise be the case. It is proposed that the effect which agreeing to be hypnotized might exert would be similar to that characterized by a therapeutic relationship, a sexual relationship, or the use of alcohol. The reasons why the antisocial aspect of this question cannot be addressed experimentally are discussed. Further, no ev...
ANGLE-OF-ATTACK CONVERGENCE AND WINDWARD-MERIDIAN ROTATION RATE OF ROLLING REENTRY VEHICLES

Abstract : A simple expression is derived for the influence of roll acceleration on the angle-of-attack convergence of rolling reentry vehicles with pitch or yaw damping. Also included is an analysis of the windward-meridian rotation rate of the rolling vehicle, which is coupled through the gyroscopic equations of motion to the angle of attack and roll rate. It is found that two modes of motion exist for which the windward meridian is generally oscillatory in one mode and rotary in the other (i.e., the vehicle either oscillates about its roll axis relative to the wind or rotates continuously in one direction). The mode of motion depends on the initial reentry conditions, and it is shown that a roll- induced instability can occur whereby the motion changes from the oscillatory mode to the more stable rotary mode. The analytical approximations are compared with computer solutions of the complete equations of motion.
Querying Linguistic Trees

Large databases of linguistic annotations are used for testing linguistic hypotheses and for training language processing models. These linguistic annotations are often syntactic or prosodic in nature, and have a hierarchical structure. Query languages are used to select particular structures of interest, or to project out large slices of a corpus for external analysis. Existing languages suffer from a variety of problems in the areas of expressiveness, efficiency, and naturalness for linguistic query. We describe the domain of linguistic trees and discuss the expressive requirements for a query language. Then we present a language that can express a wide range of queries over these trees, and show that the language is first-order complete over trees.
Interactions Between Inter- and Intrasexually Selected Behaviors in the Beaugregory Damselfish (Stegastes leucostictus)

There is a trade-off between mutually incompatible behaviors involved in conspecific aggression and courtship by territorial male beaugregory damselfish (Stegastes leucostictus). This trade-off may be variable based on the proximity of each stimulus. We first tested whether presenting male and female conspecific stimuli at varying distances from the breeding site influenced the territorial male's behavioral response by placing a single female or a single male in a clear plastic bottle 1 m or 2 m from the breeding site of the focal male. We found that the focal males responded similarly to females at either distance while they decreased their response to males at the greater distance. To test how distance influences the trade-off between inter- and intrasexually selected behaviors, we simultaneously placed bottled males and females near a male's breeding site. Reducing the proximity of one stimulus resulted in an increased response to the other stimulus. We suggest that the trade-off between behaviors is v...
Direct electrical observation of plasma wave-related effects in GaN-based two-dimensional electron gases

In this work, signatures of plasma waves in GaN-based high electron mobility transistors were observed by direct electrical measurement at room temperature. Periodic grating-gate device structures were fabricated and characterized by on-wafer G-band (140–220 GHz) s-parameter measurements as a function of gate bias voltage and device geometry. A physics-based equivalent circuit model was used to assist in interpreting the measured s-parameters. The kinetic inductance extracted from the measurement data matches well with theoretical predictions, consistent with direct observation of plasma wave-related effects in GaN-channel devices at room temperature. This observation of electrically significant room-temperature plasma-wave effects in GaN-channel devices may have implications for future millimeter-wave and THz device concepts and designs.
Nonlocal effects of existing dislocations on crack-tip emission and cleavage

This paper investigates the criterion for a ductile-to-brittle transition in materials, due to nonlocal shielding effects at the crack tip when the dislocation free zone (DFZ) size is small. It is found that both cleavage and emission criteria are altered by nonlocal shielding, but that the emission shift is dominant, and is always in the direction to increase the local critical stress intensity for emission, kIIe. The nonlocal shift varies with the sum, Σ(γusdj)−3/2, over each dislocation (j), where γus is the unstable stacking fault energy, and dj is the distance from each dislocation to the crack tip. When there is a pileup of many shielding dislocations against a barrier near the crack tip, the total shift for the pileup varies as (γusd)−1. The most likely candidates for a brittle transition induced by the nonlocal shift are materials where barriers to dislocation motion exist within 10–100 nanometers of the crack tip, such as in thin films, multilayers, or ultrafine grain materials.
Modeling and analysis of a solar powered wireless sensor node

A wireless sensor node powered by solar energy is modeled and analyzed. The sensor node consists of six components: solar panel, maximum power point tracker, input stage, supercapacitor, output stage, and load. The components are either modeled using equivalent circuits or characterized by behavior defining parameters. The sensor node model is first simulated and analyzed using a typical solar radiation and a fixed load current. Results show that these component models capture their characteristics. Two supercapacitor models, the variable leakage resistance model and the energy iteration equation model, are compared within the sensor node model. Their potential impacts on sensor node operation are investigated.
Information technology investment: The effect of institutional isomorphism

Abstract Current research in information technology (IT) investment has predominantly adopted an efficiency paradigm which tends to view that organizations adopt IT innovation on the basis of predicted economic benefit. This paper, grounded in institutional theory, suggests that organizations make investment on information technology as a response to institutional pressures in order to maintain legitimacy and reduce uncertainty. This would, however, incur an expense of technical efficiency. Propositions on institutional predictors of IT investment are derived for future empirical research. It is argued in this paper that the rational, efficiency paradigm and institutional perspectives should be integrated in order to build a theory of IT investment with explanatory and predictive power.
A brief perspective on the heat-shock response and stress proteins

Abstract This brief review was written to reflect upon some of the issues raised and discussed during the symposium regarding stress proteins in general and heat-shock proteins (Hsp's) in particular. My intention is to offer the viewpoint of one who has contributed to the heat-shock field for many years and who has acquired a more recent interest in exploring the use of stress proteins as molecular biomarkers in environmental monitoring. For recent comprehensive reviews of the heat-shock response and stress proteins, see Nover1 and Morimoto et al.,2 and, for a review of stress proteins as biomarkers, see Sanders.3
Full length article: Dynamic reconfiguration of software defined radios using standard architectures

The software defined radio (SDR) has opened the doors for levels of radio reconfiguration not possible through the use of more traditional radio design approaches. While most radios allow variation of parameters such as carrier frequency, an SDR enables large-scale reconfiguration (e.g., changing to a different protocol type or MAC). In this research, we explore automated, dynamic large-scale radio reconfiguration through the implementation and characterization of three alternative reconfigurable radio designs. These implementations seek to quantify the impacts of implementing large-scale radio reconfiguration through SDR application management enabled by the Software Communications Architecture (SCA) and similar SDR architectures. The SCA, a widely used SDR standard developed by the US Department of Defense, primarily supports static configurations with infrequent reconfiguration. However, we present a novel approach that uses features of the SCA and its enabling technologies to achieve rapid dynamic reconfiguration of SDRs. The act of radio reconfiguration through SCA application management is found to momentarily decrease the radio throughput. Although some overhead is experienced in the demonstration systems, the methods discussed achieve a high degree of flexibility through the use of standard SDR architectures.
Stagger angle dependence of inertial and elastic coupling in bladed disks

Conditions which necessitate the inclusion of disk and shaft flexibility in the analysis of blade response in rotating blade-disk-shaft systems are derived in terms of nondimensional parameters. A simple semianalytical Rayleigh-Ritz model is derived in which the disk possesses all six rigid body degrees of freedom, which are elastically constrained by the shaft. Inertial coupling by the rigid body motion of the disk on a flexible shaft and out-of-plane elastic coupling due to disk flexure are included. Frequency ratios and mass ratios, which depend on the stagger angle, are determined for three typical rotors: a first stage high-pressure core compressor, a high bypass ratio fan, and an advanced turboprop. The stagger angle controls the degree of coupling in the blade-disk system. In the blade-disk-shaft system, the stagger angle determines whether blade-disk motion couples principally to the out-of-plane or in-plane motion of the disk on the shaft. The Ritz analysis shows excellent agreement with experimental results.
Key international trade theorems and large shocks

Abstract Many of the key comparative statics theorems in the theory of international trade are stated and proven only for small changes. Large shocks to equilibrium may change a country's production pattern with trade, and such shocks are shown to provide a non-monotonic kind of response. Considered here are the effects of changes in relative commodity prices or of changes in technology on real wages, or on the location of internationally mobile capital. In addition, the effect of technological improvements abroad on a commodity produced at home may hurt real incomes at home, but perhaps not if the home country's production is completely wiped out by the foreign improvement.
Inhibition of transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene by insulin

Insulin regulates the synthesis of several proteins in a variety of tissues1. Before techniques were available to quantify the amount of specific mRNAs, insulin was thought to regulate the synthesis of proteins by influencing the rate of translation of a fixed amount of mRNA. A very different interpretation is called for by experiments which show that insulin alters the amount of several specific mRNAs2–5, but little is known about the mechanism. Insulin decreases the rate of synthesis of the critical gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in both liver6 and H4IIE heptoma cells7,8. We recently showed that insulin acts directly on H4IIE cells to decrease mRNAPEPCK activity without any other hormone intermediaries8. This effect is mediated by the insulin receptor and occurs at insulin concentrations which are well within the physiological range (10−12–10−9 M)8. Here we extend these studies to show that insulin specifically inhibits transcription of the PEPCK gene. This inhibition results in a rapid decrease in the concentration of nuclear PEPCK transcripts which is followed, in turn, by a proportionate decline in cytoplasmic mRNAPEPCK and synthesis of the protein.
Synthesis of a multivalent display of a CD22-binding trisaccharide.

Abstract Multivalent interactions have been implicated in the binding of B-cell surface glycoprotein CD22 to its physiological ligands. Because CD22 can influence B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, multivalent ligands that cluster CD22 may influence B-cell responses. Here, we report an efficient synthesis of a fluorophore-labeled multivalent display of a CD22-binding trisaccharide, Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glc, using the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Our synthetic strategy involves the modification of an N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester-substituted polymer generated by ROMP with the aminopropyl glycoside of the trisaccharide. The conjugation efficiency for the coupling is high; when 0.3 equiv of the trisaccharide derivative were used relative to NHS ester groups, the mole fraction ( χ ) of trisaccharide ligand incorporated onto the backbone was 0.3. A fluorescein-labeled version of the multivalent ligand binds to cells expressing CD22.
Critical periods for the role of ornithine decarboxylase and the polyamines in growth and development of the rat: Effects of exposure to α‐difluoromethylornithine during discrete prenatal or postnatal intervals

The roles of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the polyamines in fetal and neonatal development were examined through the use of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific irreversible inhibitor of ODC. Administration to pregnant rats of 500 mg/kg of DFMO every 12 h for a 4-day period (8 DFMO injections) resulted in fetal and neonatal death; DFMO early in gestation produced fetal resorption whereas late gestational exposure did not compromise fetal viability but instead resulted in a delayed toxic effect, with high mortality in the first postnatal week. Generalized toxicity of DFMO was not apparent in later developmental periods, as 4 days of DFMO treatment begun postnatally did not produce any neonatal death. Shortening the course of gestational DFMO treatment to 2.5 days (5 DFMO injections) also did not adversely affect fetal or neonatal viability and thus permitted identification of critical periods in which various tissues are sensitive to DFMO. Examination of growth patterns of brain, heart and kidney and of neurochemical development of central and peripheral catecholaminergic neurons indicated that different critical periods exist for effects of DFMO on each tissue or even on the various cell types within a tissue. The separable sensitivities were apparent even though the effects of DFMO on ODC and the polyamines for any given treatment period were fairly uniform in all tissues studied. These results indicate that the ODC/polyamine system plays multiple roles in fetal survival and in tissue growth during discrete periods of development; because the time course of cellular maturation differs for each tissue or cell population, DFMO administered during any one brief period can produce organ-specific developmental deficits.
Plant Cytoskeleton: DELLA Connects Gibberellins to Microtubules

A new study reveals that DELLA proteins directly interact with the prefoldin complex, thus regulating tubulin subunit availability in a gibberellin-dependent manner. This finding provides a mechanistic link between the growth-promoting plant hormone gibberellin and cortical microtubule organization.
CRAB PULSAR RADIATION MECHANISM.

SMITH has recently presented an oblique rotator model for the Crab pulsar1 in which the magnetic axis is inclined at an angle of 45° to the rotation axis and the observer's line of sight is at a latitude of about 20°. This model is in conflict with that discussed by Wampler et al.2, Kristian et al.3, Manchester4 and others, in which the magnetic axis is almost perpendicular to the rotation axis and the line of sight passes close to the magnetic axis (the magnetic pole model). Both these models base their interpretation on the observed variation through the pulse of the position angle of the optical and radio radiation. In Smith's model the emission originates from regions close to the velocity of light cylinder where relativistic effects are important. We wish to show that Smith's model, as presented, cannot explain the observations.
Exploring the effects of maternal eating patterns on maternal feeding and child eating.

Abstract Recent research has demonstrated the importance of maternal feeding practices and children’s eating behavior in the development of childhood obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between maternal and child eating patterns, and to examine the degree to which these relationships were mediated through maternal feeding practices. Two hundred and twenty-two low-income mothers and their preschool children participated. About half of the families were African American and half were Latino. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing maternal eating patterns, maternal feeding practices, and children’s eating patterns. Maternal external eating (eating in response to outside stimuli, not internal hunger/thirst cues) was positively correlated with two child eating scores: picky eating and desire to eat. Mediational analyses showed that external eating in mothers was related to picky eating in children through high maternal control in feeding; the relationship between mothers’ external eating and desire to eat in children was not mediated through maternal control. Picky eating and desire to eat in children were related to emotional eating in mothers as well. The implications of these results for understanding the development of childhood obesity are considered.
Surface uplift history of the incipient Banda arc-continent collision: Geology and synorogenic foraminifera of Rote and Savu Islands, Indonesia

Abstract Field mapping and analysis of foraminifera from synorogenic pelagic units of Rote and Savu Islands, Indonesia reveals high rates of surface uplift of the incipient Banda arc-continent collision during the past 1.8 myr. New geological maps of these islands document accretion to the Banda forearc of Triassic through Tertiary sedimentary cover units from the down-going Australian continental margin. Foraminifera-rich synorogenic deposits of the Batu Putih Formation unconformably overlie these accreted units. We use paleodepth versus time estimates from benthic and planktic foraminifera's to measure long-term surface uplift rates for the accretionary wedge. Although strong currents in the region cause some problems with reworking, several distinctive species have been found. Synorogenic deposits in Savu and Rote yield foraminifer's of biozone Neogene (N) 18 to N22 (5.6–1.0 myr) that were deposited at estimated depths of around 3000 m. These deposits are unconfomrably overlain by uplifted coral terraces. The highest coral terraces in Savu are > 300 m above sea level and perhaps as old as 0.8 myr. In Rote the highest coral terrace is 200 above sea level and ~ 0.2 myr old. These data indicate that collision of the Australian continental margin with the Banda Arc, which initiated much earlier in Timor, has propagated westward towards Rote where it is in the initial stages of accretionary wedge emergence. Collision of the Scott Plateau propagated SE from Sumba (2–3 Ma) to Savu (1.0–0.5 Ma) and then to Rote (0.2 Ma). Average rates of surface uplift of the Batu Putih Formation pelagic deposits during the past 2 myr in Rote and Savu are ~ 1.5 and 2.3 mm/a, respectively. The rise of these islands is clogging the Indo-Pacific seaway.
Frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime optrode system design and instrumentation without a concurrent reference light-emitting diode

We report the design, development, and implementation of an improved instrumentation approach for frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime (FDFL) optrodic sensing without a concurrent reference LED. FDFL traditionally uses a reference LED, at approximately the same wavelength as the sensor fluorophore emission, to measure phase shifts associated with changes in the fluorescence lifetime of fluorophore. For this work we used an oxygen optrode to design, develop, and test the reference-LED-free FDFL approach. Electronics and optics were optimized, and key system parameters, such as inherent system phase shifts, were determined to insure best performance. In our tests with the oxygen optrode, we observed that several key performance characteristics were improved by the implementation of the reference-LED-free instrumentation platform. This system can potentially be adapted to other analyte-selective fluorophores, which will enable scientists and researchers to expand the application of optrodic sensors as basic research tools in biology, medicine, and agriculture.
Kinetics and distribution of voltage-gated Ca, Na and K channels on the somata of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells.

Voltage gated ion channels on the somatic membrane of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells were studied in dissociated cell culture with the combination of cell-attached and whole-cell variation of patch clamp technique. The method enables us to record local somatic membrane current under an improved space clamp condition. Transient (fast-inactivating) and steady (slow inactivating) Ca channel currents, Na current, transient (fast-inactivating) and steady (slow-inactivating) K currents, were observed. Transient and steady Ca channel currents were activated at test potentials more positive than −40 mV and −20 mV, respectively (in 50 mM external Ba). The transient current inactivated with a half-decay time of 10–30 ms during maintained depolarizing pulses, while the steady current showed relatively little inactivation. Na current was activated at more positive potentials than −60 mV, and inactivated with a half-decay time of less than 5 ms. Transient and steady K outward currents were recorded at more positive potential than −20 mV and −40 mV, respectively. The transient current inactivated with a half-decay time of 2–8 ms. Ca, Na and K channels showed different patterns of distribution on the somatic membrane. Steady Ca channels tended to cluster compared with Na or K channels.
Determination of Octahedron Orientation from Widmanstätten Figure by the Template Method

An easily constructed device is described for ascertaining the angles of orientation of the octahedron of Widmanstatten figures.
A graphical interactive computer room planner

Abstract CLIP (Computer Layout Installation Planner) is an interactive graphics program for arranging a computer machine room. Written in Fortran for the IBM 1130/2250, it allows up to 99 component units to be manoeuvered into position by means of a light-pen. Each unit has a label, a cable port opening marker, and a symbol to indicate the front side. Any portion of the layout can be selected by windowing-in on a smaller area. Cable distances between any series of units can be requested to verify that the maximum length has not been exceeded. The necessary clearance space around each unit for door swing and maintenance access can be optionally displayed. The final layout is plotted on a CalComp 763 thirty inch wide plotter, using pre-ruled grid paper (one square per floor tile) to serve as a placement chart for the installers.
Polymer size and concentration effects on the size of gold nanoparticles capped by polymeric thiols.

Gold nanoparticles stabilized by thiol-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ethers with molecular weights ranging from 350 to 2000 have been prepared at thiol-to-gold molar ratios ranging from 3:1 to 1:8. Particle size distributions have been constructed for these particles from transmission electron microscopy images of hundreds of particles for each variation in synthetic conditions. The mean diameters of these particles range from 1.5 to 3.2 nm, with a slight increase in particle size with decreasing thiol content; these particles are smaller than those prepared using alkanethiols at similar thiol-to-gold ratios. Particles prepared under thiol-poor conditions exhibit much greater polydispersity than those prepared under thiol-rich conditions and include numerically rare large-particle outliers that contain much of the gold in the sample. The mean diameters of the gold nanoparticles decrease slightly with increasing polymer weight, especially under thiol-rich conditions. A simple model is develop...
Ultrahigh-bandwidth vector network analyzer based on external electro-optic sampling

Abstract We report the development of an ultrahigh-bandwidth vector network analyzer useful for small-signal characterization of high-speed semiconductor devices. It employs 100-fs optical pulses for making terahertz-bandwidth electro-optic measurements of electrical signals, as well as for sub-picosecond, photoconductive, electrical-stimulus-signal generation. High-bandwidth coplanar strip transmission lines are used for signal transmission. A 0.15 × 50 μm gate AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs HFET has been characterized over a bandwidth of 100 GHz using this network analyzer. A comparison with conventional RF network analyzer measurements performed to 40 GHz demonstrated good agreement throughout this bandwidth. Such measurements of the actual device characteristics across their entire operating frequency range should improve device development and incorporation into active circuits.
High Complication Rate in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Background Revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is challenging as a result of the patient’s young age, systemic disease, multiple affected joints, small proportions, and bone loss. The intermediate- to long-term results of these surgeries remain unknown.
Cryoprobe treatment of acne conglobata

SUMMARY Twenty-five patients with acne conglobata were treated with cryotherapy delivered via probes. The probe was applied to nodular lesions for 20–25s without pressure. Freon, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide were found to be therapeutically equivalent. Nodulo-cystic lesions resolved within 7–10 days leaving a thin atrophic scar on the back and no scar on the face. The treatment was almost painless; no recurrence has appeared in the treated areas.
Sun, mother of life, prevents cancer

In this issue of Blood , based on a large, prospective cohort study of 121 216 California women, Chang et al report on an inverse association between ultraviolet radiation exposure and a 40% to 50% reduced risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)—particularly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL)—and multiple myeloma. 1
Natural compounds: evidence for a protective role in eye disease.

Abstract Glaucoma often progresses despite lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) to acceptable or normal levels; it can also develop at normal or even low IOP on the basis of non-IOP-dependent risk factors. Therefore, a need exists for therapies limiting damage due to glaucoma that are independent of therapies that simply lower IOP. The aim of neuroprotection in glaucoma is to slow progression by blocking the mechanisms that lead to apoptosis. Many compounds have been described as neuroprotective, but the lack of availability of specific neuroprotectant compounds and the lack of clinical trials examining the benefits of neuroprotective agents for glaucoma limit their current therapeutic use.There are, however, many available natural compounds that offer the possibility of neuroprotective activity. This review summarizes the potential benefits of natural compounds in the treatment of eye disease.
PAH TRANSPORT IN THE PROXIMAL STRAIGHT TUBULES (PST) OF DEVELOPING RABBITS

PAH secretion in developing rabbits has been shown to increase as a function of age and to be enhanced by pretreatment with penicillin. This may result from increases in tubular mass, transport capacity/mm (TC) or both. Complete (PST) were dissected from 17 rabbits 8-21 days old, and from 8 penicillin pretreated rabbits 10-13 days old. The tubules were measured within an eye piece micrometer, perfused with simulated late proximal tubular fluid, and bathed in rabbit serum containing 2 × 10−4M 3H-PAH. PAH secretion was calculated from the appearance of 3H in the collected fluid. The length (L) of PST increased with age: L (μm) =51.2 × (age in days) - 28.4, r = .84, p .4. Thus, the bulk of the increase in PAH secretion/tubule with age in rabbits results from enhanced TC; this can be nearly doubled by penicillin pretreatment. Changes in tubular length contribute to the development of PAH secretion but play no role in the phenomenon of substrate stimulation.
Kinetic Theory of the Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals

The diffusion coefficient D for hydrogen in a metal normally obeys the Arrhenius law: D = D0 exp (– Ea/kBT), where Ea is the activation energy, which represents the barrier potential for the most favorable interstitial channel. The pre-exponential factor D0 can be related to the mean straight path l in the crystal by Do = (1/3) gvl, where v is the average migration speed and g a statistical weight of order one. The mean straight path l for a pure crystal can be very long, since the migrating atoms cannot readily be scattered or stopped by the (phonon) motion of the regular lattice. This physical picture, reasonable but not widely recognized, is supported by experimental evidence and theoretical considerations. In particular, the distinct isotope effects for hydrogen diffusion in f.c.c. and b.c.c. metals are explained in terms of quantum mechanical zero-point energies associated with the crystal channel potentials. A few experimental tests for the theory are suggested.
U50,488H differentially antagonizes the bladder effects of μ agonists at spinal sites

The mu antagonist property of the kappa agonist U50,488H was studied at the spinal level, using motility of the rat urinary bladder as an endpoint in vivo. Intrathecal (i.th.) administration of the mu agonists [D-Ala2,NMePhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAGO), [N-MePhe3,D-Pro4]enkephalin (PL017), morphine and normorphine, as well as the delta agonist [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), resulted in an equieffective inhibition of volume-initiated contractions of the urinary bladder. In contrast, i.th. administration of U50,488H, a highly selective kappa agonist, had no effect on bladder motility. Pretreatment of rats with i.th. U50,488H prior to agonist administration, blocked the suppression of spontaneous bladder activity induced by equieffective i.th. does of morphine and normorphine, but failed to alter the inhibitory effect of the mu agonists DAGO and PL017, or that of the delta agonist DPDPE. The finding that U50,488H differentially antagonized the identical bladder effects of several mu agonists suggests the presence of mu receptor subtypes (mu isoreceptors) in the rat spinal cord, which may be involved in the regulation of bladder function.
Advanced DUV photolithography in a pilot line environment

As the critical path to increasing circuit density, deep-ultraviolet (DUV) lithography has played a key role in the development of new semiconductor products. At present, DUV refers to imagery at the 248-nm wavelength, with the introduction of 193-nm photolithographic systems anticipated in the next few years. This paper presents an overview of DUV lithography applications in the IBM Advanced Semiconductor Technology Center (ASTC). Since 1990, we have used DUV lithography for critical levels of advanced generations of DRAM (64Mb, 256Mb, and 1Gb) and associated families of logic products. We describe the means by which DUV capability and productivity have increased in a decreasing process window environment. Tooling, processes, and process control systems have undergone continuous improvement to accommodate increasing wafer starts and the rapid introduction of new products.
Illness beliefs and treatment outcome in chronic fatigue syndrome

Longitudinal studies have shown that physical illness attributions are associated with poor prognosis in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Speculation exists over whether such attributions influence treatment outcome. This study reports the effect of illness beliefs on outcome in a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy versus relaxation. Causal attributions and beliefs about exercise, activity, and rest were recorded before and after treatment in 60 CFS patients recruited to the trial. Physical illness attributions were widespread, did not change with treatment, and were not associated with poor outcome in either the cognitive-behavior therapy group or the control group. Beliefs about avoidance of exercise and activity changed in the cognitive behavior therapy group, but not in the control group. This change was associated with improved outcome. These findings suggest that physical illness attributions are less important in determining outcome (at least in treatment studies) than has been previously thought. In this study, good outcome is associated with change in avoidance behavior, and related beliefs, rather than causal attributions.
Creole Publics: Language, Cultural Citizenship, and the Spread of the Nation in Mauritius

On 12 March 1983, at the official celebrations of the fifteenth anniversary of the independence of Mauritius from British rule, the Mauritian government took an unprecedented action in cultural politics. Leaders of the government dominated by the leftist Mouvement Militant Mauricien (MMM), which had come to power in a landslide victory in the general elections of the previous year, had the national anthem sung in Mauritian Creole instead of English at the celebrations in the capital, Port Louis. The performance was announced on statecontrolled Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation television as "the national anthem sung in the national language." This triggered a storm of protest that had immediate political consequences. The Vice-Prime Minister and leader of the Hindu ethnic faction within the government coalition, Harish Boodhoo, dismissed the director of MBC, and the government coalition broke apart the same month. In the ensuing general elections five months later, the MMM, whose leader Paul Berenger had been responsible for the performance and broadcasting of the national anthem, was defeated. Why was there so much resistance against official recognition of Mauritian Creole and according it the status of national language, given that Creole is the dominant vernacular of Mauritius, known and used on a daily basis by almost the entire population regardless of ethnic background? In particular, why were members of a Hindu state bourgeoisie so concerned to protest the promotion of their own
Earth tide information from two counter-orbiting polar satellites☆

Abstract Earth satellites are subject to appreciable twice-yearly and twice-monthly orbit plane fluctuations due to solar and lunar gravity. The elastic-tidal response of the Earth to the Sun and Moon also affects a satellite orbit, thus increasing the direct effect of the Sun and Moon by as much as 17% for a low satellite. A relativistic experiment, recently proposed by Van Patten and Everitt, involves two counter-orbiting polar drag-free satellites which are to pass each other regularly over the Earth's poles, at which times the closest approach distance is measured by a Doppler signal with an accuracy of perhaps 1 cm. This will provide orbit plane perturbation information at least two orders of magnitude better than heretofore, and it is of interest to know whether geographical variations in the Earth's elastic response could be detected. Analysis reveals (1) that a 1% North-South asymmetry in the Earth's average elastic response could give rise to a twice-yearly fluctuation of a few cm in the relative altitude of the two satellites at the poles; and (2) that the geographical separation of the oceans should give rise to twice-yearly and twice-monthly fluctuations of a few cm in the amplitude of the twice-daily fluctuation in the orbit plane separation at the poles, associated mainly with the J 22 term in the Earth's potential.
Lipid Abnormalities and Cardiometabolic Risk in Patients with Overt and Subclinical Thyroid Disease

Dyslipidemia is a common finding in patients with thyroid disease, explained by the adverse effects of thyroid hormones in almost all steps of lipid metabolism. Not only overt but also subclinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism, through different mechanisms, are associated with lipid alterations, mainly concerning total and LDL cholesterol and less often HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein A1, and apolipoprotein B. In addition to quantitative, qualitative alterations of lipids have been also reported, including atherogenic and oxidized LDL and HDL particles. In thyroid disease, dyslipidemia coexists with various metabolic abnormalities and induce insulin resistance and oxidative stress via a vice-vicious cycle. The above associations in combination with the thyroid hormone induced hemodynamic alterations, might explain the increased risk of coronary artery disease, cerebral ischemia risk, and angina pectoris in older, and possibly ischemic stroke in younger patients with overt or subclinical hyperthyroidism.
Wilting of Shoots in Scented Geranium ( Pelargonium odoratissimum )

Pelargonium, odoratissimum Ait. (scented geranium) is a perennial trailing herb extensively cultivated for the essential oil present in the leaves, which is used as a cheap substitute for the attar of roses. Large numbers of these plants growing in Bangalore were parasitized by a species of Sphœropsis which caused the wilting of the shoots. When the infection extended up to the collar region it resulted in the death of the entire plant.
The "war" for boys: Hearing "real boys'" voices, healing their pain.

Boys are in a crisis—boys in treatment and boys next door. Practitioners need to know more about research that helps to elucidate this crisis of boyhood as well as new clinical insights, derived from a modern rethinking of boyhood. The results of the Listening to Boys’ Voices project (see W. S. Pollack, 1999) are reviewed as a springboard for pragmatic suggestions for changes in clinical attitudes toward, and treatment of, boys and young men. Practitioners are also urged to help society stem the tide of pain that today’s boys must face in the midst of changing attitudes toward the normative journey toward masculinity.
Studies of anti-f(ab')2 antibodies and possible immunologic control mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus

Studies of anti-DNA and anti-F(ab')2 antibodies were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 51 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with severe, uncontrolled disease showed high levels of anti-DNA and low levels of anti-F(ab')2 antibodies. Patients with quiescent SLE usually showed high levels of anti-F(ab')2 and low levels of anti-DNA antibodies. Isolated anti-F(ab')2 antibodies from autologous SLE remission serum or from the sera of unaffected siblings of SLE patients showed maximum inhibition in test systems using affinity-purified SLE anti-DNA antibodies reacting with single-stranded DNA.
Mechanism for discrimination between viral and host mRNA in interferon-treated cells

Abstract In extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells, RNA covalently linked to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is preferentially degraded compared with mRNA not linked in dsRNA. This was established by following the degradation of poly(A)-containing mRNA annealed with poly(U), of poly(C)-containing encephalomyocarditis virus RNA annealed with poly(I), and of the replicative intermediate of the virus isolated from infected cells. In extracts of interferon-treated cells, dsRNA promotes the synthesis of a series of oligonucleotides, designated (2'-5')oligo(A), which in turn activate an endonuclease. Several lines of evidence suggest that the (2'-5')oligo(A) polymerase/endonuclease system is involved in the preferential degradation of mRNA linked to dsRNA. Conditions that prevent synthesis of (2'-5')oligo(A) prevent this preferential degradation, whereas addition of (2'-5')oligo(A) or conditions that favor its synthesis result in degradation of mRNA both linked and not linked to dsRNA. These results are best explained by a localized activation of the endonuclease near the dsRNA region of our model substrates. We propose that in infected cells activation of the endonuclease takes place near the replicative intermediates of RNA viruses. The replicative intermediates of encephalomyocarditis virus promote synthesis of (2'-5')-oligo(A) in extracts of interferon-treated cells and are degraded to a 20S "core" resistant to digestion with RNase A. This mechanism may be responsible for discrimination between viral and cellular mRNA in interferon-treated cells.
Evidence for a hydrogen bonded dimer as a fluorescence quenching channel in 4,5-diphenylimidazole

Abstract Fluorescence studies of the three substituted imidazoles, 2-phenyl-, 4,5-diphenyl and 2,4,5-triphenyl- in a variety of solvents, including pH dependence, suggest that a hydrogen bonded dimer is a contributing radiationless decay channel in 4,5-diphenylimidazole, which is excluded in the other two derivatives. The acid/base dependence of the fluorescence of this molecule indicates an unexpectedly acidic hydrogen at the 2-position in the excited singlet state. In alkaline media the increased fluorescence, φ F = 0.68, due to the molecular anion, is accompanied by ∼ 1500 cm -1 lowering of the emitting state, that is attributed to increased planarity. The absence of the fluorescence dependence with pH for 2-phenyl and 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole suggests that an adiabatic proton transfer is occurring in the excited singlet of 4,5-diphenylimidazole.
Mechanical properties of thin films and multilayers

Abstract In situ stress measurements during vapor deposition of metal films revealed an asymptotic compressive stress and a reversible stress change between dynamic and relaxed surfaces. Curvature measurements were improved to eliminate vibrations. In situ strain determination allowed high precision elastic and yield measurements. New insights were obtained into the relaxation between stress and microstructure.