cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facile hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds using catalytic noble nanoparticles immobilized in microfluidic reactors

Abstract Facile hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds was achieved in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic reactor with immobilized noble nanoparticles, using the conversion of 6-bromo-1-hexene to 1-bromo-hexane as a model reaction. The microreactor was used to measure the intrinsic catalytic activity and turnover frequencies (TOF) of palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and ruthenium (Ru) nanocatalysts. The TOF of reactions run with immobilized nanocatalysts in the microfluidic reactor were hundreds of times larger than those measured in identical reactions in batch reactors. The combination of well-defined nanocatalysts and microfluidics significantly enhances hydrogen diffusion to catalytic sites, thus eliminating mass transfer limitations and enabling evaluation of the intrinsic catalytic activity. The system provides an excellent platform for high throughput screening of catalysts, and for conducting mechanistic studies of reaction kinetics.
The Effects of Performance Extremities on Ratings of Dynamic Performance

The impact of performance extremities (peaks and troughs) on performance ratings was unexamined. Based on judgment and decision-making theories, we hypothesized that performance extremities would exert an incremental (beyond performance mean and trend) impact on ratings and that the impact of troughs would exceed that of peaks. We also hypothesized that extremities would exert a greater impact when performance trends were in the opposite direction and when performance information was presented in a graphical rather than tabular display format. We tested these hypotheses via a policy-capturing study in which participants rated employee performance profiles across which extremities, trends, and mean levels were manipulated. The results consistently indicated that performance troughs, but not performance peaks, influenced performance ratings in expected ways.
Persistent suppression of humoral immunity produced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in B6C3F1 mice: Correlation with changes in spleen cell surface markers detected by flow cytometry☆

Abstract The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of DMBA on subpopulations of splenocytes obtained from B6C3F1 mice, using cell surface markers defined by monoclonal antibodies and multiparameter flow cytometry. Changes were correlated with alterations in humoral immune function assessed in vitro . Mice were treated for 10 days during a 2 week period by subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of DMBA in corn oil at doses of 0.5, 5 and 10 μg/g/day (5–100 μg/g total dose). Four mice from each exposure group and an additional corn oil control group of mice were studied at 4 and 8 weeks following the last injection with DMBA. These studies demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the total number and percentage of spleen cells expressing B-cell markers (mu heavy chain, kappa light chain and 14.8 antigen) as well as T-cell markers (Thy 1.2, Lyt-1 and Lyt-2). The percentage of splenocytes expressing Mac-1 was increased by DMBA. Helper T-cells appeared to be a very sensitive population of spleen cells to DMBA exposure, as suggested by a decrease in the number and percentage of Lyt-1 positive cells recovered from the spleen 4 weeks after exposure to DMBA. DMBA produced a dose-dependent suppression of the in vitro primary humoral immune response to SRBC, TNP - Ficoll and TNP - LPS. The fact that a functional suppression of humoral immunity was accompanied by a decrease in the number of mature B-cells and T-cells in the spleen suggests that cell surface markers may be useful indicators of immunotoxicity in animals receiving DMBA in sub-chronic studies.
Spatial distribution among mycelial individuals of Lycoperdon pyriforme occurring on decaying logs

Multiple basidiomes of Lycoperdon pyriforme are often produced on decaying logs. Data from vegetative incompatibility interactions and isozyme analysis were used to identify and determine the boundaries of mycelial individuals as reflected by the distribution of basidiomes. Tissue cultures from randomly selected basidiomes from eleven different logs found at one of three different sites in Kansas and Missouri revealed that, in most cases, isolates collected from a single log belonged to the same vegetative compatibility group and isozyme phenotype. Thus it appears that all basidiomes on a log are usually the products of a single individual growing throughout the log. Several possibilities exist which might explain these observations. This fungus in nature may be sporadic and of low abundance; a natural consequence of the scattered distribution of logs and fallen wood upon which it grows and fruits. Hence, it may be a relatively rare event for any given log to become successfully occupied by one individual, let alone many. Another possibility is that vegetative incompatibility among unlike genotypes causes the consequent exclusion of new individuals from an already established site. Adjacent logs were occasionally colonized by the same genotypes suggesting that some individuals may be able to move from log to log. However, since most logs were occupied by genetically unique individuals, long-distance transport and/or sexual reproduction is probably an important factor in spatial distribution.
Comprehending illocutionary force

According to speech act theory (Searle, 1969), utterances have both a propositional content and an illocutionary force (the speech act performed with the utterance). Four experiments were conducted to examine whether utterance comprehension involves speech act recognition. Participants in all experiments first read remarks that could be characterized by a particular speech act (e.g., beg). A recognition probe reaction time procedure was used in Experiments 1 and 2; participants indicated whether a probe word had literally appeared in the last remark that they had read. Participants were significantly slower at making this judgment (and made significantly more errors) when the probe represented the speech act performed with the prior remark than when it did not. A lexical decision task was used in Experiments 3 and 4, and participants were significantly faster at verifying target words representing the speech act performed with a remark, relative to control words. Overall, the results suggest that speech act recognition may be an important component of the comprehension of conversational remarks.
Virus-mediated Genetic Surgery: Homologous Recombination With a Little "Helper" From My Friends.

The sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA is an important goal of gene- and stem cell-based therapies.1,2 Since the demonstration that transgenic animals could be generated by targeting specific genomic loci by homologous recombination,3,4 numerous investigators have focused on developing gene-targeting strategies that will efficiently and reliably correct mutations in genomic DNA.1,5–7 Three papers have recently appeared,8,9,10 including one in the early online edition of Molecular Therapy, that describe an efficient, helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAV)-based system for targeted modification of specific sequences in human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem (hES and hiPS, respectively) cells. These studies lay the foundation not only for the development of isogenic human pluripotent stem cells for basic research, but also for the generation of therapeutic, autologous, patient-derived stem cells in which the disease-causing mutation has been corrected.
Clinical approaches to minimize rash associated with EGFR inhibitors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To present a systematic approach for managing the skin rash associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapies. DATA SOURCES Clinical research literature, published abstracts, and clinical experience. The approach presented in this article is based on a combination of clinical experience and consultations with dermatologists, oncologists, and pharmacists familiar with EGFR inhibitor-associated rash. DATA SYNTHESIS A proactive approach that includes patient education and the use of a grade-based treatment algorithm. The goal of the approach is to minimize the effects of the rash on patients' quality of life and the course of cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS Using the approach described in this article to treat the rash associated with the use of EGFR inhibitors, nurses can lessen patient discomfort and help ensure that patients will continue cancer treatment for as long as necessary. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING The approach described in this article should help nurses to recognize, grade, and treat the skin rash associated with EGFR inhibitors.
Accuracy of Wind Measurements Using an Airborne Doppler Lidar

Simulated wind fields and lidar data are used to evaluate two sources of airborne wind measurement error. The system is sensitive to ground speed and track angle errors, with accuracy required of the angle to within 0.2 degrees and of the speed to within 1 knot, if the recovered wind field is to be within five percent of the correct direction and 10 percent of the correct speed. It is found that errors in recovered wind speed and direction are dependent on wind direction relative to the flight path. Recovery of accurate wind fields from nonsimultaneous sampling errors requires that the lidar data be displaced to account for advection so that the intersections are defined by air parcels rather than fixed points in space.
Homogeneity versus heterogeneity in household structure: the recent experience of twenty US cities.

This paper is an investigation of the variation in household structure at the census tract level in twenty US cities between 1970 and 1980. Results indicate that households were, in 1980, more likely to reside in proximity to households with different compositions. In 1980 the most genuinely diverse census tracts, in terms of household composition, were in neighborhoods with recently constructed, single-family housing.
Intra-tablet coating variability for several pharmaceutical tablet shapes

Abstract A combined discrete element method (DEM)–Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is used to investigate intra-tablet coating thickness variability for six pharmaceutical tablet shapes. The DEM simulations are used to collect tablet orientations when the tablets enter a specified spray zone. The Monte Carlo simulations are used to “coat” the tablets assuming a uniform spray and orientations chosen randomly from the distribution generated by the DEM simulations. The simulations demonstrate that for the non-spherical tablet shapes investigated here, the coating thickness variability, defined using a coefficient of variation, decreases with the square root of the number of coating trials, then approaches an asymptotic value. The greater the degree of a tablet's preferred orientation, the larger the asymptotic coefficient of variation. In addition, the number of trials required to reach this asymptote decreases for larger asymptotic values. These findings are consistent with theoretical analyses. For the range of parameters investigated, increasing the pan speed decreases the asymptotic coefficient of variation, but increasing the fill level had no consistent effect. The asymptotic coefficients of variation did not correlate with tablet sphericity, aspect ratio, or band-to-tablet area ratio, but the results suggest that a measure of a tablet's symmetry may provide better results. Modifying the angle of the coating spray so that a larger portion of the band is coated during each coating trial results in smaller asymptotic coefficients of variation than when the spray is oriented normal to the tablet bed surface. In addition, the relative order of the tablets with the smallest asymptotic coefficients of variation changes when the spray orientation is changed.
1,3,5-Tris(p-bromo­phenyl)­benzene

The title compound, C24H15Br3, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with three mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal was found to be inversion twinned and the appropriate twin law was applied, resulting in R1 = 0.035 for the experimental data measured at T = 136 K.
Metabolite and Isotopomer Balancing in the Analysis of Metabolic Cycles: II. Applications

In a previous paper (Klapa et al., 1999), we pre- sented a model for the analysis of isotopomer distribu- tions of the TCA cycle intermediates resulting from 13 C (or 14 C) labeling experiments. Results allow the rigorous determination of the degree of enrichment at specific carbon atoms of metabolites, of the molecular weight distribution of metabolite isotopomers, as well as of the fine structure of NMR spectra in terms of a small number of metabolic fluxes. In this paper we validate the model by comparing model predictions with experimental data and then apply it to the analysis of metabolic networks that have been investigated in previous studies. The re- sults have allowed us to conclude that: (1) there is no evidence of propionyl-CoA carboxylase pathway in Esch- erichia coli; and (2) the possibility that acetone utilization in mammals occurs solely via the ''lactate/methyl- glyoxal'' pathway is consistent with available labeling data. The presented modeling framework provides addi- tional constraints that must be satisfied by experimental data in a biochemical network structure and therefore enhances the power of labeling methods for resolving in vivo metabolic fluxes. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bio- technol Bioeng 62: 392-401, 1999. butions and the fine structure of NMR spectra at specific carbon positions, can be used to determine in vivo metabolic fluxes and the role they play in meeting biosynthetic and energetic requirements. In this paper we validate our modeling results by com- paring model predictions with experimental data. The model is subsequently applied to the analysis of data from several specific cases reported in the literature. Special em- phasis is given to errors associated with the incorrect ac- counting for possible label scrambling via the TCA cycle. In a future publication the same approach is applied to the analysis of the pentose phosphate pathway, although a nu- merical approach was followed in the latter case since no analytical expressions for isotopomer distributions could be obtained.
The effect of ether and sodium amytal anesthesia on the blood

Abstract The effects of ether anesthesia and sodium amytal anesthesia on the circulating erythrocytes and the coagulability of the blood plasma were investigated. The coagulation time of the blood plasma under ether anesthesia was slightly, but probably not significantly, decreased. There was an increase in the blood platelet count during ether anesthesia. Ether anesthesia caused an increase in the cell volume, the value for the hemoglobin, and the number of erythrocytes. Removal of the spleen reduced, by a half, the increase in the cellular constituents which occurred in the normal intact animal during ether anesthesia. Sodium amytal anesthesia caused a decrease in the cell volume, the value for the hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes. Splenectomy abolished completely the decrease in the cellular constituents which occurred in the normal intact animal during sodium amytal anesthesia.
Phase conventions in thin film optics and ellipsometry

On montrera que ces conventions acceptees conduisent a des resultats qui sont en desaccord avec les experiences dans le cas ou la reflexion totale se produit a une ou plusieurs limites dans une structure de couche mince non absorbante si les conventions standards pour l'algebre complexe sont utilisees pour les calculs
Pay Equity as a Mediator of the Relationships Among Attitudes and Communication About Pay Level Determination and Pay Secrecy

Although a limited amount of research exists on pay communication, most shows that pay communication is associated with positive attitudes. Little research exists on pay secrecy and its outcomes. U...
Multiscale generalized born modeling of ligand binding energies for virtual database screening.

Generalized Born (GB) models are widely used to study the electrostatic energetics of solute molecules including proteins. Previous work demonstrates that GB models may produce satisfactory solvation energies if accurate effective Born radii are computed for all atoms. Our previous study showed that a GB model which reproduces the solvation energy may not necessarily be suitable for ligand binding calculations. In this work, we studied binding energetics using the exact GB model, in which Born radii are computed from the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation. Our results showed that accurate Born radii lead to very good agreement between GB and PB in electrostatic calculations for ligand binding. However, recently developed GB models with high Born radii accuracy, when used in large database screening, may suffer from time constraints which make accurate, large-scale Born radii calculations impractical. We therefore present a multiscale GB approach in which atoms are divided into two groups. For atoms in the first group, those few atoms which are most likely to be critical to binding electrostatics, the Born radii are computed accurately at the sacrifice of speed. We propose two alternative approaches for atoms in the second group. The Born radii of these atoms may simply be computed by a fast GB method. Alternatively, the Born radii of these atoms may be computed accurately in the free state, then a variational form of a fast GB method may be used to compute the change in Born radii experienced by these atoms during binding. This strategy provides an accuracy advantage while still being fast enough for use in the virtual screening of large databases.
Comparison theorems for boundary value problems

Abstract In this paper we are concerned with proving comparison theorems, under various assumptions, for the (p, q)-boundary value problem for the nth order nonlinear differential equation l n y = ƒ(t, y) and the linear differential equation lny = (−1)qk(t)y, where ln is the classical nth order linear operator with leading coefficient one.
Clinical aspects of headache in HIV.

Background Headaches are commonly seen in those patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and are the most common form of pain reported among HIV patients. There have been relatively few studies attempting to determine the rates and phenotypes of the headaches that occur in patients with HIV. Discussion Patients with HIV are susceptible to a much broader array of secondary headache causes, sometimes with atypical manifestations due to a dampened inflammatory response. The investigation of a headache in the HIV patient should be thorough and focused on making sure that secondary and HIV-specific causes are either ruled out or treated if present. Conclusion An effective treatment plan should incorporate the use of appropriate pharmacological agents along with the integration of non-pharmacological therapies, such as relaxation and lifestyle regulation. When treating for headaches in patients with HIV, it is important to keep in mind comorbidities and other medications, especially combination antiretroviral therapy. For those with complicated headache histories, referral to a specialized headache center may be appropriate.
Effects of GM1 ganglioside treatment on pre‐ and postsynaptic dopaminergic markers in the striatum of parkinsonian monkeys

GM1 ganglioside administration has previously been shown to increase striatal dopamine levels and to enhance the density of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers in the striatum of monkeys made parkinsonian by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The present study examined the extent to which GM1 administration promotes recovery of dopamine terminals and reverses lesion-induced changes in postsynaptic receptors in the striatum of MPTP-treated monkeys. All MPTP-treated animals developed severe parkinsonism. GM1-treated monkeys exhibited significant functional recovery after 6 weeks of treatment, whereas saline-treated controls remained parkinsonian over the same time period. MPTP exposure resulted in profound decreases in [3H]-mazindol binding to dopamine transporters in the caudate and putamen and increased D1 and D2 receptor binding in several striatal regions. GM1 treatment resulted in significant increases in striatal [3H]-mazindol binding and decreases in D1 binding compared to control animals in many striatal regions. GM1 treatment did not significantly affect D2 binding. These results show that GM1 treatment can partially restore striatal dopaminergic terminals and partially reverse postsynaptic changes in dopamine receptors in a nonhuman primate model of parkinsonism. Synapse 36:120–128, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Informatics and professional responsibility

Many problems in software development can be traced to a narrow understanding of professional responsibility. The author examines ways in which software developers have tried to avoid accepting responsibility for their work. After cataloguing various types of responsibility avoidance, the author introduces an expanded concept of positive responsibility. It is argued that the adoption of this sense of positive responsibility will reduce many problems in software development.
How implicitly activated and explicitly acquired knowledge contribute to the effectiveness of retrieval cues.

The extralist cued recall task simulates everyday reminding because a memory is encoded on the fly and retrieved later by an unexpected cue. Target words are studied individually, and recall is cued by associatively related words having preexisting forward links to them. In Experiments 1 and 2, forward cue-to-target and backward target-to-cue strengths were varied over an extended range in order to determine how these two sources of strength are related and which source has a greater effect. Forward and backward strengths had additive effects on recall, with forward strength having a consistently larger effect. The PIER2 model accurately predicted these findings, but a plausible generation—recognition version of the model, called PIER.GR, could not. In Experiment 3, forward and backward strengths, level of processing, and study time were varied in order to determine how preexisting lexical knowledge is related to knowledge acquired during the study episode. The main finding indicates that preexisting knowledge and episodic knowledge have additive effects on extralist cued recall. PIER2 can explain these findings because it assumes that these sources of strength contribute independently to recall, whereas the eSAM model cannot explain the findings because it assumes that the sources of strength are multiplicatively related.
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSAULTS MOTIVATED BY BIAS

This research examines the ways in which assaults motivated by bias are similar to and different from other types of assault. Analyses are based on data from the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), pooled across eleven states. We find evidence suggesting that offenders motivated by racial and ethnic bias are more likely to be versatile offenders than specialists: they are more (not less) likely to be using drugs and alcohol during the crime than conventional offenders. Bias offenders are also more likely to seriously injure the victim. Finally, we find that the risks of bias crime victimization (relative to the risk of assault victimization generally) are similar for blacks and other racial minorities.
Rapid and Direct Measurement of Vapor Pressure of Liquid Metals

A rapid, direct method for determining the vapor pressure of liquid metals by measuring the force of impact of evaporated particles with a vacuum microbalance is described. The vapor pressure of Bi obtained by this method in a preliminary experiment is found to be in fairly good agreement with other measurements.
Waveform optimization for integrated square-wave detection of biogenic amines following their liquid chromatographic separation

Abstract Results are described from research designed to optimize the potential–time (E–t) waveform applied in integrated square-wave detection (ISWD). More specifically, goals of this study included the minimization of background signal with maximization of the signal-to-background ratio (S/B) for application of ISWD to polyamines separated by high performance cation-exchange liquid chromatography (LC). This effort included optimization of the separation procedure because the background signal was determined to be a sensitive function of the composition of the chromatographic mobile phase. Initial estimates of potential parameters were obtained from an off-line voltammetric study of 1,3-diaminopropane at a gold rotated disk electrode (RDE). Final waveform optimization was based on data obtained during on-line application of the ISWD waveform for 1,3-diaminopropane injected at various times during execution of the mobile phase gradient. The maximum potential in the waveform (EMAX) was chosen to achieve formation of surface oxide (AuO) with concomitant oxidation of the amine without evolution of O2. The minimum potential in the waveform (EMIN) was chosen to achieve reduction of the surface oxide generated at EMAX with minimal reduction of dissolved O2.
Limited-photon 3D image recognition using photon-counting integral imaging

An overview of three-dimensional (3D) image recognition using photon-counting integral imaging is presented. A Poisson distribution model is used to generate photon-counting elemental images and reconstruct 3D images. Slices of 3D reconstructed images are the image source for recognition purpose. Experimental and computational results are shown to evaluate the performance of the method.
ΔNp63 regulates select routes of reprogramming via multiple mechanisms.

Somatic cells can be converted into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forced expression of various combinations of transcription factors, but the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming are poorly understood. Specifically, evidence that the reprogramming process can take many distinct routes only begins to emerge. It is definitively established that p53 deficiency greatly enhances reprogramming, revealing p53's barrier function for induced pluripotency, but the role of its homologs p63 and p73 are unknown. Here we report that in stark contrast to p53, p73 has no role in reprogramming. However, p63 is an enabling (rather than a barrier) factor for Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4 (OSK) and Oct4 and Sox2 (OS), but not for Oct4 and Klf4 (OK) reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Specifically, p63 is essential during reprogramming for maximum efficiency, albeit not for the ability to reprogram per se, and is dispensable for maintaining stability and pluripotency of established iPSC colonies. ΔNp63, but not TAp63, is the principal isoform involved. Loss of p63 can affect reprogramming via several mechanisms such as reduced expression of mesenchymal–epithelial transition and pluripotency genes, hypoproliferation and loss of the most reprogrammable cell populations. During OSK and OS reprogramming, different mechanisms seem to be critical, such as regulation of epithelial and pluripotency genes in OSK reprogramming versus regulation of proliferation in OS reprogramming. Finally, our data reveal three different routes of reprogramming by OSK, OS or OK, based on their differential p63 requirements for iPSC efficiency and pluripotency marker expression. This supports the concept that many distinct routes of reprogramming exist.
Unwanted sexual activity among married women in urban China

This paper examines the prevalence, precursors, and consequences of unwanted marital sex activities in a national sample of 1,127 married urban Chinese women aged 20-64. During the lifetime of their current marriage, 32% reported ever experiencing unwanted spousal intercourse, with about one-fifth reporting that this unwanted intercourse ever involved force. Reports for the past year were 21% unwanted intercourse, 22% unwanted sex act(s), and 72% sex only to please the husband. The major risk factors for these activities were poor relationship quality (hitting, lack of daily intimacy and foreplay, and husband insensitivity to wife's sexual needs); a woman's negative attitudes towards sex, and weak bargaining position (low income share, husband's family of superior economic status, and no additional adults in home). In addition, unwanted activity was more common when women reported sexual dysfunctions (dryness, pain, low arousal, inorgasmia), were more educated, and had more permissive sex attitudes. Net of feedback effects, unwanted sexual activity diminished women's psychological well-being.
Single Vortex Streets on the Sphere

We study arrangements of point vortices on a sphere in the form of a single von Karman vortex street, with and without the addition of pole vortices using the configuration matrix approach recently introduced by (1) and (2) on the sphere. We derive the general form of the von Karman matrix thereby obtaining all possible vortex strengths for which the configuration rotates rigidly, perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the sphere. The distribution of normalized singular values of the von Karman matrices allows us to calculate their Shannon entropy (as a function of the vortex street parameters), which we interpret as a scalar measure of ‘disorder’ and robustness of the vortex street. We also study the streamline topologies associated with the vortex street and identify a number of distinct topologies which support a jet-stream passing through the street capable of transporting particles globally.© 2008 ASME
Odorant moiety and odor mixture perception in free-flying honey bees (Apis mellifera)

We examine the behavioral response of free-flying honey bees trained to enter a Y-tube apparatus and to choose between two odor stimuli, only one of which is associated with a sugar reward. The first relates to the question of how well individual workers are able to distinguish between the alcohol and ketone forms of the same saturated unbranched carbon chain (alkyl radical) and between different length carbon chains with the same functional group. The second question follows from our previous work on how individuals relate the perception of mixtures to the component parts of these mixtures
Trajectories of Receptive Language Development From 3 to 12 Years of Age for Very Preterm Children

OBJECTIVES: The goal was to examine whether indomethacin use, gender, neonatal, and sociodemographic factors predict patterns of receptive language development from 3 to 12 years of age in preterm children. METHODS: A total of 355 children born in 1989–1992 with birth weights of 600 to 1250 g were evaluated at 3, 4.5, 6, 8, and 12 years with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Hierarchical growth modeling was used to explore differences in language trajectories. RESULTS: From 3 to 12 years, preterm children displayed catch-up gains on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Preterm children started with an average standardized score of 84.1 at 3 years and gained 1.2 points per year across the age period studied. Growth-curve analyses of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised raw scores revealed an indomethacin-gender effect on initial scores at 3 years, with preterm boys assigned randomly to receive indomethacin scoring, on average, 4.2 points higher than placebo-treated boys. However, the velocity of receptive vocabulary development from 3 to 12 years did not differ for the treatment groups. Children with severe brain injury demonstrated slower gains in skills over time, compared with those who did not suffer severe brain injury. Significant differences in language trajectories were predicted by maternal education and minority status. CONCLUSION: Although indomethacin yielded an initial benefit for preterm boys, this intervention did not alter the developmental trajectory of receptive language scores. Severe brain injury leads to long-term sequelae in language development, whereas a socioeconomically advantaged environment supports better language development among preterm children.
Immunologic tests in rheumatology

Learning objectives Reading this article will familiarize the reader with the application and interpretation of different autoantibody tests used in rheumatology. Data sources Recent rheumatologic textbooks, relevant review articles, and seminal articles in English regarding specific tests. Results An understanding of this review should enable the reader to approach diagnostic testing systematically in a patient with a suspected connective tissue disease. Conclusions The proper use and interpretation of appropriate immunologic tests are important in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with connective tissue diseases.
Living on the Edge

In a survey of issues in philosophy of mind some years ago, I observed that "it is widely granted these days that dualism is not a serious view to contend with, but rather a cliff over which to push one's opponents." (Dennett, 1978, p.252) That was true enough, and I for one certainly didn't deplore the fact, but this rich array of essays tackling my book amply demonstrates that a cliff examined with care is better than a cliff ignored. And, as I have noted in my discussion of the blind spot and other gaps, you really can't perceive an edge unless you represent both sides of it. So one of the virtues of this gathering of essays is that it permits both friend and foe alike to take a good hard look at dualism, as represented by those who are tempted by it, those who can imagine no alternative to it, and those who, like me, still find it to be--in a word--hopeless.
American Indians and Culturally Sensitive Therapy

Reviewing and putting together this last issue of my Journal of Multicutural Counseling and Development (JMCD) editorship was a high honor and privilege, particularly because the authors of this issue represent the oldest cultural group of the United States, American Indians, and whose scholarship included in JMCD represents current social conditions of U.S. indigenous people vis-a-vis modernist European American psychology and counseling. I first heard the authors present their research at the 2011 Winter Roundtable of Teachers College, Columbia University, and was convinced that the wider readership of JMCD, outside of a cross-cultural conference, would gain from reading about American Indian well-being, resilience, empowerment, mental health assessment, academic development, and social justice advocacy. The present issue’s articles made me question how American Indian healing might be translated into European American therapy practices. When I was training to be a practitioner in the 1980s, I had read that American Indians preferred Native American and client-centered therapies. On the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the most popular practice in the United States, and its well-researched empirically supported treatments have the approval of managed care, third-party payers, and government research funding. Therefore, I searched the literature on the effectiveness of CBT with American Indians. In this introduction to the special issue, I refer to one particular article (Jackson, Schmutzer, Wenzel, & Tyler, 2006) whose findings were consistent with the researchand practice-based evidence that compose the present issue. CBT is a therapeutic approach that has been found to correspond with European American cultural views, making CBT a largely effective therapy for this population. The usefulness of this approach with American Indian clients is not entirely clear, however. Jackson et al. (2006) discussed the applicability of CBT with American Indians in comparison to European Americans, as part of an effort to assess if CBT is an appropriate therapy to use with this ethnic group, if certain aspects of CBT can be adjusted for American Indian clients, and whether one’s level of acculturation affects CBT’s effectiveness. The authors assessed American
Neonatal vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Efficacious vaccination has been a longstanding goal in neonates. Due to immaturity of the neonatal immune system, vaccination has shown limited success in stimulating the neonatal endogenous immune system. Advances in the understanding of neonatal immunology have resulted in renewed development of neonatal vaccination. In this article, we review recent advances in neonatal anti-RSV vaccination strategies, including active and passive vaccination approaches, with emphasis on the effect of maternal neutralizing antibody and the role of maternal antibody in neonatal immune modulations. Recent reports in a variety of antiviral vaccine animal models have shown that maternal antibody, different from conventional vaccination, plays an immune modulatory role in the newborn immune system. Active immunization of the pregnant mother and the offspring can effectively stimulate and maintain potent neonatal immune responses, including an endogenous cytotoxic response and neutralizing antibody generation. The induced newborn endogenous antiviral immunity can last up to 6 months, and effectively blunt viral replication. Immune complexes, formed from the integral binding of the maternal neutralizing antibody and viral vaccine antigen, may play an important role in the maternal antibody-mediated neonatal immune response. The underlying mechanisms and future perspectives are discussed.
Procedural distress in children with cancer: self-report, behavioral observations, and physiological parameters.

Objectives:To examine the relationship among different indicators of pain and distress, including self-report, behavioral observations, and physiological parameters, in children with cancer undergoing invasive procedures.Methods:Forty-eight children between the ages of 3.1 and 17.7 years were evalua
Differentiating sulfopeptide and phosphopeptide ions via resonant infrared photodissociation

The post-translational modifications sulfation and phosphorylation pose special challenges to mass spectral analysis due to their isobaric nature and their lability in the gas phase, as both types of peptides dissociate through similar channels upon collisional activation. Here, we present resonant infrared photodissociation based on diagnostic sulfate and phosphate OH stretches, as a means to differentiate sulfated from phosphorylated peptides within the framework of a mass spectrometry platform. The approach is demonstrated for a number of tyrosine-containing peptides, ranging from dipeptides (YG, pYG, and sYG) over tripeptides (GYR, GpYR, and GsYR), to more biologically relevant enkephalin peptides (YGGFL, pYGGFL, and sYGGFL). In all cases, the diagnostic ranges for sulfate OH stretches are established as 3580-3600 cm(-1) and can thus be distinguished from other characteristic hydrogen stretches, such as carboxylic acid OH, alcohol OH, and phosphate OH stretches.
Embedded Empire: Structural Violence and the Pursuit of Justice in East Timor

East Timor faces severe limitations in its efforts to realize legal and material justice and to overcome the horrific violence associated with Indonesia's invasion and almost twenty-four-year occupation. Since the Indonesian military's withdrawal in October 1999, the now-independent country has struggled to realize legal and material justice for the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed from 1975 to 1999 and to overcome the deprivation and dispossession associated with Indonesia's invasion and occupation. In relation to these efforts, this article examines two case studies. The first is East Timor's effort to secure legal and financial restitution for damages associated with Indonesia's actions. The second involves a disagreement with Australia over oil and natural gas deposits in a shared seabed and the effort to ensure an international-law-informed resolution of the conflict. In both cases, East Timor has fallen far short of its goals.
Controls for Interorganization Networks

Interorganization computer networks support person-to-person communication via electronic mail; exchange of cad/cam data, software modules, or documents via file transfer; input to an order-entry or accounting system via a database query and update protocol; and use of shared computational resources via an asynchronous message protocol or remote login. In most such interorganization arrangements, the set of resources that an organization wants to make accessible to outsiders is significantly smaller than the set of resources that it wants to remain strictly-internal (i.e., accessible to employees of the organization only). In addition, because the potential user is a person (or machine) outside the boundaries of the organization, the damage associated with undesired use can be high. Because of these characteristics, Interorganization Networks (ION's) have unique usage-control requirements.
Magnesium binding by gum arabic, locust bean gum, and arabinogalactan

Abstract The ability of gum arabic (GA), locust bean gum (LBG), and arabinogalactan (ABO) to complex with magnesium was investigated. Uronic acid presence, total endogenous magnesium, free endogenous magnesium over a pH range 6–8, ability to complex added magnesium, and ability to bind endogenous magnesium after partial digestion were determined. Only GA contained uronic acid, and also contained the most magnesium (2.08 ± 0.28 μg Mg mg−1 fiber). Using size exclusion chromatography to separate free endogenous magnesium from bound endogenous magnesium, all magnesium in the fibers was free. The addition of magnesium as magnesium sulfate to the fibers at pH 7 did not result in magnesium binding. Partial hydrolysis of the fibers with hemicellulase did not result in magnesium binding. From these results, magnesium does not form a stable complex with GA, LBG, or ABO at physiologically relevant pH levels, in the presence of excess amounts of magnesium, or after partial enzymatic hydrolysis.
Dendritic action potentials connect distributed dendrodendritic microcircuits.

Lateral inhibition of cells surrounding an excited area is a key property of sensory systems, sharpening the preferential tuning of individual cells in the presence of closely related input signals. In the olfactory pathway, a dendrodendritic synaptic microcircuit between mitral and granule cells in the olfactory bulb has been proposed to mediate this type of interaction through granule cell inhibition of surrounding mitral cells. However, it is becoming evident that odor inputs result in broad activation of the olfactory bulb with interactions that go beyond neighboring cells. Using a realistic modeling approach we show how backpropagating action potentials in the long lateral dendrites of mitral cells, together with granule cell actions on mitral cells within narrow columns forming glomerular units, can provide a mechanism to activate strong local inhibition between arbitrarily distant mitral cells. The simulations predict a new role for the dendrodendritic synapses in the multicolumnar organization of the granule cells. This new paradigm gives insight into the functional significance of the patterns of connectivity revealed by recent viral tracing studies. Together they suggest a functional wiring of the olfactory bulb that could greatly expand the computational roles of the mitral–granule cell network.
Dementia with Lewy Bodies: What Is Its Relationship to Alzheimer’s Disease?

The relationship between dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is poorly understood. In this chapter, the issue is discussed from a clinical and histopathological perspective, with an emphasis on early-onset familial forms of AD (FAD) related to identifiable genetic abnormalities. FAD cases frequently have Lewy bodies in the amygdala, and more widespread Lewy body formation is common. Overall, AD cases resulting from point mutations are more likely to develop Lewy bodies than cases with Down’s syndrome. However, no specific point mutations of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS-1) genes are consistently associated with Lewy body formation. FAD subjects with Lewy bodies inconsistently meet clinical consensus criteria for possible or probable DLB. Symptoms of DLB are more likely to be present when Lewy bodies occur in large numbers in multiple regions. However, some symptoms of DLB, such as spontaneous parkinsonism, occur in specific kindreds, including our C410Y PS-1 family. Here, parkinsonism occurs primarily in association with β-amyloid plaques and neuritic degeneration in the basal ganglia, rather than Lewy bodies. The frequent occurrence of Lewy bodies in early-onset FAD cases suggests that the genetic abnormalities leading to early-onset FAD also may predispose individuals to developing Lewy bodies. Lewy body formation, particularly that which occurs in the amygdala, may be a manifestation of phenotypic heterogeneity seen in the AD process.
Magnetotransport in mesoscopic ferromagnetic particles

We have measured the magnetoresistance of submicron elliptical Ni particles with Au probes. In addition to the classical anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), we also observe conductance#uctuations and an asymmetry with respect to magnetic "eld which is associated with the four terminal nature of our measurements. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Eldercare 911 Question and Answer Book

Beerman S, Rappaport-Musson J. Amherst, NY 14228, Prometheus Books, 2005, paperback, 304 pp, illus, ISBN: 1-59102-293-2, $20. This book is a sequel to the authors' first book, Eldercare 911: The Caregiver's Complete Handbook for Making Decisions (which was reviewed in the August 2003 issue of Physical Therapy ). The authors state that this sequel was written at the request of caregivers who experienced problems that the first book did not address. The book is divided into 13 chapters: “The Positive and Negative Impact of Caregiving,” “Saying No to Toxic People,” “The Rules of Intervention,” “For Women Only,” “For Men Only,” “Family Matters,” “Life as …
Psychosocial Moderators of Substance Use among Middle School-Aged Adolescents

Recent statistics show a decrease in the overall use of drugs and alcohol in the general population [1]. In sharp contrast to this trend is the indication that adolescents' use of drugs and alcohol is increasing [2]. Because the use of drugs and alcohol can have serious implications for adolescents' physical, emotional, and social development, it is important that human service practitioners working with them understand those factors that influence their substance use, in order to develop effective interventions to deal with this growing problem. This article reports the findings of a study of drug and alcohol use among a sample of 779 adolescents who attended middle schools in a large urban city in the southwest United States. The study examines the relationships between substance use, social support, and a variety of other psychosocial factors. The implications of those relationships for human service practice and research are discussed.