cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Descriptive flavor analysis of bacon and pork loin from lean-genotype gilts fed conjugated linoleic acid and supplemental fat

This study evaluated the combined effects of dietary CLA and supplemental fat (SF) source on organoleptic characteristics of bacon and pork loin samples in lean-genotype gilts (n = 144). Gilts (49.3 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to a 3 x 2 factorial design, consisting of SF [0% SF, 4% yellow grease (YG), or 4% tallow] and linoleic acid (LA; 1% corn oil or 1% CLA). Animals were slaughtered (113 kg) after a feeding period of 47 d. A trained sensory panel (n = 6 members) developed a flavor profile on commercially cured bacon samples (12 descriptors) and center-cut, boneless, pork loin chops (18 descriptors, using a 14-point, universal intensity scale). Bacon samples from pigs fed 4% SF were considered to have a sweeter flavor (4.07 +/- 0.07) than those fed 0% SF (3.89 +/- 0.07; P < 0.04). The intensity of salty flavor was greater in bacon samples from pigs fed LA (6.18 +/- 0.09) compared with those fed CLA (5.86 +/- 0.10; P < 0.04). The intensity of salty aftertaste of bacon was greater when LA was combined with YG (5.21 +/- 0.14; P < 0.07) or tallow (5.44 +/- 0.14; P < 0.01) than for LA alone (4.85 +/- 0.14, but SF combined with CLA was not different from CLA alone (fat x LA; P < 0.02). Sour flavor intensity tended to be lower in loin samples from pigs fed CLA than for those fed LA (1.60 vs. 1.73 +/- 0.06; P < 0.09). Samples from animals fed 4% tallow tended to have lower (P < 0.09) notes of astringent aftertaste (1.42 +/- 0.08) compared with those fed 0% SF (1.62 +/- 0.09) or 4% YG (1.66 +/- 0.09). Overall, the flavor differences for bacon and loin samples were minimal, with most means differing by 1 point or less on the 14-point intensity scale. The sensory panel results indicate consumer acceptance of bacon and pork products from pigs fed CLA will not likely differ from commodity pork products.
WATER AND LIPID ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF LIGNIN‐REDUCED SOY HULLS1,2

Given the nutritional benefits of incorporating lignin-reduced soy hulls into human foods such as restructured pork products, their moisture and lipid absorptive properties were investigated. The effects of three particle sizes, heat, and level of media (water, pork lipid, and water/pork lipid emulsion) were investigated. As particle size increased, water and emulsion absorption generally increased. The fine particle size absorbed less lipids than either of the two larger sizes. An increase in temperature generally increased water absorption, had little effect on emulsion absorption, and no effect on lipid absorption. Water was preferentially absorbed over lipids. Differences in composition enabled lignin-reduced soy hulls to absorb up to 53% more water than unprocessed soy hulls. These results can be used to predict the functional properties of soy hulls when exposed to different media during product formulation.
Quantifying crystal form content in physical mixtures of (±)-tartaric acid and (+)-tartaric acid using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to use diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine racemic compound content in physical mixtures composed primarily of the enantiomorph and to assess the error, instrument reproducibility and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method. Physical mixtures ranging from 0 to 25% (±)-tartaric acid in (+)-tartaric acid were prepared and spectra of the powder samples contained in glass vials were obtained using a Foss NIRSystems Model 5000 monochrometer equipped with a Rapid Content Analyzer scanning from 1100 to 2500 nm. A calibration curve was constructed by plotting (±)-tartaric acid weight percent against the 2nd derivative values of log (1/R) vs λ at a single wavelength, normalized with a denominator wavelength (1480 nm/1280 nm). Excellent linearity was observed (R2=0.9999). The standard error of calibration (SEC) was 0.07 and the standard error of prediction (SEP) for the validation set was 0.11. Instrument and method errors for samples in the 2% composition range ((±)-tartaric acid in (+)-tartaric acid) were less than 1% RSD and 3% RSD, respectively. The practical LOD and LOQ were 0.1% and 0.5%, respectively, and comparable to the calculated LOD and LOQ. These studies show that NIRS can be used as a rapid and sensitive quantitative method for determining racemate content in the presence of the enatiomerically pure crystal in the solid-state.
Isolation of synaptosomal fractions from rabbit retina.

Abstract Homogenization of rabbit retina in isotonic sucrose and differential rate centrifugation yielded two morphologically distinct synaptosomal fractions. One fraction was enriched in photoreceptor cell synaptosomes; the second fraction contained small synaptosomes derived from conventional sized synapses most abundant in the inner plexiform layer. Attempts to further purify these fractions using a variety of density gradients proved unsuccessful due to poor viability of photoreceptor cell synaptosomes. The synaptosomes prepared by our method are functionally stable as they demonstrate high affinity uptake for putative retinal neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity, and calcium-dependent, potassium-stimulated release of [14C]GABA and [3H]dopamine.
Whole cell K and Cl currents in dissociated eccrine secretory coil cells during stimulation.

Using the whole-cell voltage clamp (to determine the membrane current) and current clamp (to determine membrane potential) methods in conjunction with the nystatin-perforation technique, we studied the effect of methacholine (MCh) and other secretagogues on whole cell K and Cl currents in dissociated rhesus palm eccrine sweat clear cells. Application of MCh by local superfusion induced a net outward current (at a holding potential of −60 mV and a clamp voltage of 0 mV), and a transient hyperpolarization by 5.6 mV, suggesting the stimulation of K currents. The net outward current gradually changed to the inward (presumably Cl) currents over the next 1 to 2 min of continuous MCh stimulation. During this time the membrane potential also changed from hyperpolarization to depolarization. The inward currents were increasingly more activated than outward (presumably K) currents during repeated MCh stimulations so that a net inward current (at −60 mV) was observed after the fourth or fifth MCh stimulation. Ionomycin (10 μm) also activated both inward and outward current. The observed effect of MCh was abolished by reducing extracellular [Ca] to below 1 nm (Ca-free + 1 mm EGTA in the bath). MCh-activated outward currents were inhibited by 5 mm Ba and by 0.1 mm quinidine, although these agents also suppressed the inward currents. Bi-ionic potential measurements indicated that the contribution of Na to the membrane potential was negligible both before and after MCh or ISO (isoproterenol) stimulations and that the observed membrane current was carried mainly by K and Cl. MCh increased the bi-ionic potential by step changes in external K and Cl concentrations, further supporting that MCh-induced outward and inward currents represent K and Cl currents, respectively. Stimulation with ISO or FK (forskolin) resulted in a depolarization by about 55 mV and a net inward (most likely Cl) current independent of external Ca. CT-cAMP mimicked the effects of FK and ISO. The bi-ionic potential, produced by step changes in the external Cl concentration, increased during ISO stimulation, whereas that of K decreased. This indicates that the ISO-induced inward current is due to Cl current and that K currents were unchanged or slightly decreased during stimulation with ISO or 10 μm FK. Both myoepithelial and dark cells responded only to MCh (but not to FK) with a marked depolarization of the membrane potential due to activation of Cl, but not K, currents. We conclude that MCh stimulates Ca-dependent K and Cl currents, whereas ISO stimulates cAMP-dependent Cl currents in eccrine clear cells.
Effect of crystallization conditions on spherulitic texture and tensile properties of sPS/PPO blends

In the second study on melt-miscible syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) blends, the effect of processing conditions on morphology, ultimate tensile properties, and the mode of fracture is reported. Bulk samples of the blends were molded and then crystallized from melt as well as from the quenched state at different temperatures. The spherulitic morphology of the melt-crystallized blends, observed by scanning electron microscopy, revealed formation of complete, well-developed spherulites whose texture increased in coarseness with increasing crystallization temperatures. In all the cold-crystallized blends lamellar bundles formed a meshlike structure whose texture did not vary significantly with crystallization temperature. Depending on the crystallization temperature, 50/50 melt-crystallized blends showed varying tensile properties and different modes of failure. In the samples with the largest amorphous domain size of 0.6 μm, the amorphous ellipsoids were cold drawn into fibrils during tensile loading and very high tensile strengths were recorded. The tensile properties for the other melt-crystallized and all cold-crystallized blends did not vary substantially with the changing crystallization temperature. The micrographs of the fractured surfaces of the melt-crystallized blends suggested that, although intraspherulitic fracture occurred at low crystallization temperatures, interspherulitic fracture took place at high crystallization temperatures. The correlation of the morphology and mechanical properties suggests that melt-miscible blends have good interfacial adhesion between phases and that, by varying composition and processing conditions, it might be possible to control amorphous domain sizes, which is critical in achieving better mechanical properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1984–1994, 2003
Physically Accurate Granular flow Simulation

Discrete element simulation models large collections of solid bodies as individual bodies, rather than attempt to approximate the system via continuum models and partial differential equations. However, standard models for rigid bodies are inadequate as they do not incorporate elastic vibrations. An alternative to both rigid body models and finite element simulations is presented that is highly parallelizable. These models are the basis for GPU implementations of discrete element simulation.
Computational methods for Markov series with large state spaces, with application to AIDS modeling.

Abstract AIDS models, and epidemiological models generally, are almost exclusively either differential equations or Markov processes. Of course, the phenomena are fundamentally random, so at best differential equations track the expectation of the process and variability is masked. There are few techniques in the literature for numerical analysis of Markov chains of any size, and so those wishing to analyze stochastic epidemics presently have little alternative to simulation. The contribution of the present paper is to propose numerical techniques capable of finding marginal probabilities of Markov chains having thousands and even millions of states. The ideas are illustrated by application to AIDS models in the literature which formerly had been investigated only through Monte Carlo. This introductory foray has not plumbed the depths of the computational methodology, which yet needs refinement and streamlining that comes through experience. Yet in its primitive form, it is shown herein to be adequate for a computation on the scale of a two-population partition of the San Francisco homosexual epidemic. The closing discussion compares the strengths and weaknesses of the present numerical techniques with the simulation approach to investigation of Markov epidemics.
DHEA-S inhibits human neutrophil and human airway smooth muscle migration

Airway diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are, in part, characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and inflammation. In severe disease, marked decreases in lung function are associated with airway smooth muscle proliferation and airway neutrophilia. Inhaled glucocorticoids attenuate increased airflow obstruction and airway inflammation that occur, in part, due to increased smooth muscle migration and proliferation, as well as the airway neutrophilia. Glucocorticoids, however, have adverse side effects and, in some patients, are ineffective despite high doses. Recent research has explored the effects of non-traditional steroids on attenuation of inflammation associated with airway diseases. These non-traditional steroids have improved side effect profiles in comparison to glucocorticoid therapy. Our studies assessed effects of dehydroepiandrosterone-3-sulfate (DHEA-S) on migration of both human peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) and human airway smooth muscle cells (HASM). DHEA-S dose-dependently inhibited chemotaxis of PMN and HASM while having no effect on the phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK or PKC, canonical positive regulators of cell migration. These studies demonstrate direct effects of DHEA-S on cell migration, thereby suggesting that DHEA-S may attenuate airway inflammation and cell migration.
A COMMENT ON SPECTRAL TRANSMITTANCE IN MAMMALIAN SKELETAL MUSCLE

Spectral transmittance studies, related to photoradiation therapy light dosage, were carried out in vitro on mammalian skeletal muscle with expanded beam, broad band, white light (420-1100 nm). Spectra were collected by an EG&G 550/555 spectroradiometer with a 550-2A silicon detector. Bovine striated muscle imposes heavy absorption and distinct spectral structure, reflecting tissue absorption maxima at short wavelengths. Transmission above 650 nm is improved by a 10' factor, relative to blue light, in 1 cm of muscle. Half value layers were 0.82 mm in the 630 nm region, and were sensitive to tissue composition. Bovine muscle exhibited spectral effects related to the cadaver studies done by Wan et at. (1981b) but show singular differences, due primarily to complex tissue composition encountered in cadaver wall measurements, as contrasted with simple muscle. Spectral transmittance is a function of wavelength, tissue type and thickness.
Near-critical Spherical Accretion by Neutron Stars: General Relativistic Treatment

Time-independent spherical accretion by a neutron star is studied using general relativistic radiation hydrodynamics. Numerical integrations of the flow equations are presented. These show that when the luminosity is sufficiently close to (but below) the Eddington limit, the flow velocity increases with decreasing radius far from the neutron star, reaches a maximum at an intermediate radius, and decreases at small radii. A large fraction of the binding energy of the flow is transferred to the radiation through scattering before the flow strikes the surface of the neutron star. Following Miller's treatment of accretion at luminosites near the Eddington limit (which neglected general relativistic effects), analytic approximations for the decelerating phase of the flow's velocity profile are derived. The dependence of the solutions on the variable Eddington factor prescription chosen to close the radiation moment equations is also examined.
Kinetics of DNA repair synthesis in guinea-pig pancreatic slices following in vitro exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane

In vitro exposure of guinea-pig pancreatic slices to NMUT resulted in an increase in hydroxyurea-insensitive3H-TdR incorporation into DNA; this represents DNA repair synthesis following NMUT-induced DNA damage. The kinetics of this hydroxyurea-insensitive3H-TdR incorporation suggest that the NMUT-induced DNA damage is largely repaired within 2 hours.
56.1: Novel LC Alignment Method using Diamond Like Carbon Film and Ion Beam Alignment

A novel LC alignment method has been developed. In this, the conventional polyimide film and cloth rubbing have been replaced by a diamond-like-carbon film and an ion beam respectively. The novel method has been used in pilot-line manufacturing to produce super high quality panels: 15″ TN mode and 22″ IPS mode. These panels will be demonstrated, and the advantage of new method will be discussed.
Results and further experiments using Spacelab holography

Spacelab 3 provided the platform for the first extensive application of holography in space. Holograms of excellent quality were recorded during the flight, providing information on the solution growth of triglycine sulfate crystals under microgravity conditions. The suppression of convection and the development of a symmetric concentration-depletion region around each crystal were clearly shown. Crystal growth was governed by diffusion mass transport across the depletion region. The successful performance of the holographic unit has prompted NASA to schedule a slightly modified version for reflight on IML-1; opportunities now exist for other investigators to use this facility.
Magnetic field driven convective transport at inlaid disk microelectrodes: The dependence of flow patterns on electrode radius

Magnetic field driven convective transport at inlaid-disk Pt microelectrodes was investigated as a function of the electrode radius (6≤a≤250 μm) using video imaging and steady-state voltammetry. A uniform magnetic field (B=1.0 T), oriented orthogonal to the microelectrode surface in order to induce rotational flow, is shown to cause either an increase or decrease in voltammetric limiting currents (−37 to +119%) depending solely on the size of the electrode. For inlaid disk electrodes with radii less than ∼100 μm, the magnetic field driven flow results in a decrease in transport limited current, a consequence of rotational solution flow adjacent to the surface preventing gravity-driven natural convection. The magnetic force at electrodes with radii larger than ∼100 μm generates a vortex flow pattern, resulting in convective transport of redox reactant from the bulk solution inward towards the electrode surface. The difference in flow patterns is shown to result from a transition from planar to radial diffusion as the electrode size is reduced.
Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of DRF-4367, a new COX-2 inhibitor in rats.

The pharmacokinetic characterization of DRF-4367 (a new diaryl pyrazole derivative), a potent selective COX-2 inhibitor was performed in Wistar rats. In the first study, a single dose of 2, 5, 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg DRF-4367 was given orally to rats for investigating the dose proportionality and/or linearity in the pharmacokinetics. In the second study, a single intravenous bolus dose of DRF-4367 was given at a dose of 10 mg/kg to calculate the absolute oral bioavailability, clearance and volume of distribution parameters. Blood samples were drawn at predetermined intervals up to 24 h post-dose. The concentrations of DRF-4367 in various plasma samples were determined by a validated HPLC method. Plasma concentration versus time data was generated following oral and i.v dosing and subjected to a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Following oral administration, maximum concentrations of DRF-4367 were achieved at about 3 h and were unchanged with incremental doses. Both Cmax and AUC0-∞ appeared to increases less than proportional to the administered oral doses. While the doses increased in the ratio of 1.0∶2.5∶5.0∶15.0∶50.0, the mean AUC0-∞ and Cmax increased in the ratios of 1.0∶2.8∶4.5∶8.6∶14.5 and 1∶2.4∶4.1∶6.2∶8.3, respectively. Following i.v. administration, the concentration of DRF-4367 declined in a monoexponential fashion with terminal elimination half-life of 5.7 h. The systemic clearance and volume of distribution of DRF-4367 in rats were 0.36 L/h/Kg and 2.2 L/Kg respectively after i.v administration. Elimination half-life was unchanged with route of administration and with increase in oral doses. Absolute oral bioavailability of DRF-4367 in the efficacy dose range was 70–80%.
Does peep reduce the incidence of aspiration around endotracheal tubes

Despite improved endotracheal tube designs, aspiration remains a cause of pulmonary complications. This in vitro study evaluates the efficacy of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in reducing the incidence of seepage around endotracheal tubes during mechanical (MV) and spontaneous ventilation (SV). Two transparent plastic "tracheas" with cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes simulated adult and paediatric airways respectively. Ten trials without PEEP and ten with PEEP at each of two different levels were completed for each model using both SV and MV. Simulated SV in both models was associated with seepage nearly 100 per cent of the time, regardless of PEEP level. During MV without PEEP, seepage occurred in 55 per cent of the adult trials and 100 per cent of the paediatric trials. In contrast, MV with 5 cmH2O PEEP produced seepage rates of 15 per cent in the adult model and 0 per cent in the paediatric model. Compared to trials without PEEP, seepage occurred less frequently, was reduced in amount and delayed in onset. MV with PEEP significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased the incidence of seepage around endotracheal tubes.
Cognitive relaying with one-sided interference

We consider one-sided interference channel with two independent source-destination pairs, and a cognitive relay with only a link to the destination that observes interference. We first assume the relay non-causally obtains the signal messages (message cognitive) whereas the sources do not cooperate, and provide a general achievable rate region for the Gaussian case. We further analyze a more realistic set-up where instead of source messages, the relay knows the transmitted signals of both sources and is unaware of the codebooks. We investigate the achievable region under this signal cognitive assumption and further obtain a converse, thereby the capacity region under strong relay-interference conditions. Our results suggest that while relaying is usually utilized as an effective technique for boosting received signal quality, in the presence of interference, an equally important task of the relay is to manage the interference.
An empirical method for estimating the electron affinities of atoms

Abstract A new empirical method is developed for estimating values of the electron affinities of atoms. The method differs from other empirical calculations of electron affinities in that it depends essentially on the extrapolation of one known affinity in each period to give the affinities of the other elements in that period. Electron affinity values are estimated for the following elements: beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorous, sulphur, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, indium, and tellurium. In the few cases where experimental results are available the estimated affinities are in excellent agreement with the experimental affinities.
Spin orderings of the one-dimensional Ising magnet with the nearest and next nearest neighbor interaction

Abstract A proof is given of the fact that there exist four possible spin orderings for the one-dimensional Ising magnet with nearest and next-nearest-neighbor interactions.
Pediatric radial mononeuropathies: a clinical and electromyographic study of sixteen children with review of the literature.

Sixteen pediatric radial mononeuropathies were seen among 2,077 electromyograms performed in the electromyography laboratory at The Children's Hospital, Boston, during 16.5 years, 1979–1995. Eight (50%) of these radial neuropathies, including 2 in newborns with apparent prenatal onset, were atraumatic, primarily related to compression in 6 and entrapment in 2. The other 8 (50%) were traumatic related to fractures or lacerations. Electromyography documented the radial neuropathy to be localized to the proximal main radial nerve trunk in 2 (13%), distal main radial nerve trunk in 9 (56%), and posterior interosseous nerve in 5 (31%) children. Significant improvement was noted in 13 of the 16 radial neuropathies— within 6–12 weeks for demyelinating lesions and up to 17 months for axonal injuries. Rarely, a child with a chronic progressive radial neuropathy or a postfracture radial neuropathy that does not improve in 3 months may require exploration. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attentional bias towards cocaine-related stimuli: relationship to treatment-seeking for cocaine dependence.

Background: Cocaine-dependent individuals demonstrate attentional bias when measured by Stroop color-naming tasks that have been modified to include cocaine-related words. However, the relationship between attentional bias and the treatment-seeking status of cocaine-dependent individuals has never been explored. The purpose of this study was to compare attentional bias towards cocaine-related verbal stimuli between treatment-seeking and nontreatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Methods: We examined performance on a Stroop task modified to include drug-related words in 17 cocaine-dependent treatment-seeking male participants and 20 cocaine-dependent nontreatment-seeking male participants. Results: Although treatment seekers reported less experience with cocaine than nontreatment seekers, they exhibited increased response latency and made more errors when identifying the colors of cocaine-related words, relative to neutral words (p < .05), whereas nontreatment seekers did not. Conclusions: Factors other than a ...
Control and characterization of the structural, electrical, and optical properties of amorphous zinc-indium-tin oxide thin films.

Zinc−indium−tin oxide (ZITO) films are grown by pulsed-laser deposition in which 30% of the indium in the In2O3 structure is replaced by substitution with zinc and tin in equal molar proportions: In2−2xZnxSnxO3, where x = 0.3. Films grown at 25 and 100 °C exhibit electron diffraction patterns (EDPs) typical of amorphous materials. At a deposition temperature of 200 °C, evidence of crystallinity begins to appear in the EDP data and becomes more evident in films deposited at 400 °C. The advent of crystallinity affects the electrical properties of the ZITO film, and the effect is ascribed to the boundaries between phases in the films. The electrical and optical properties of the amorphous ZITO films grown at 25 °C are dependent on the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) during film growth, transitioning from a high-mobility (36 cm2/V·s) conductor (σ ∼1700 S/cm) at PO2 = 5 mTorr to a high-mobility semiconductor at PO2 ≈ 20 mTorr. Field-effect transistors (FETs) prepared with as-deposited amorphous ZITO channel laye...
The Yield and Protein Content of Silage Corn as Influenced by Fertilization

Summary Under the conditions of these trials, the application of commercial fertilizers to soils for the production of corn forage resulted (a) in gains in tonnage of forage as represented by both ear and leaf-stalk fractions; (b) in little or no change in the proportion of the forage which consisted of ears; (c) in little change in the protein content of the grain (shelled corn) except as influenced by season; and (d) in an enhanced protein content of the leaf-stalk fraction of the forage when the crop was grown on soils low in available plant food.
Maternal Hypertension and Progeny Blood Pressure Role of Aldosterone and 11β-HSD

Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that gestational events modulate the level of blood pressure that will be "normal" for the individual as an adult. Glucocorticoid excess during gestation is associated with low birth weight, a large placenta, and adult hypertension in humans and animals. It has been proposed that the deficiency in placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in humans produces a gestational hormonal milieu, notwithstanding normal circulating levels of glucocorticoids, that predisposes the adult progeny to hypertension. Animal studies indicate that maternal hypertension, excess glucocorticoids, and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition program adult blood pressure. Blood pressures of Sprague-Dawley rat dams were manipulated during gestation with continuous intracerebroventricular infusions of vehicle, aldosterone, 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, or carbenoxolone at doses known to produce hypertension with no renal effects or with subcutaneous infusions of larger, equally hypertensinogenic doses that produce systemic effects. Blood pressures of all treated dams were significantly greater (P /=6 per group, comprising representatives from at least 4 litters) were measured after 6 weeks of age. No significant difference was found in the blood pressure of the pups regardless of the maternal gestational blood pressure or treatment with an enzyme inhibitor, even after high-salt diet challenge.
Changes in the subcellular distribution of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox in dendrites of rat dorsomedial nucleus tractus solitarius neurons in response to chronic administration of hypertensive agents

NADPH oxidase-generated superoxide can modulate crucial intracellular signaling cascades in neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a brain region that plays an important role in cardiovascular processes. Modulation of NTS signaling by superoxide may be linked to the subcellular location of the mobile NADPH oxidase p47(phox) subunit, which is known to be present in dendrites of NTS neurons. It is not known, however, if hypertension can produce changes in the trafficking of p47(phox) in defined NTS subregions, particularly the preferentially barosensitive dorsomedial NTS (dmNTS), or preferentially gastrointestinal medial NTS (mNTS). We used immunogold electron microscopy to determine if p47(phox) localization was differentially affected in dendritic profiles of neurons from these NTS subregions of the rat in response to distinct models of hypertension, namely chronic 7-day subcutaneous administration of angiotensin II (AngII), or phenylephrine. In small (<1 microm) dendritic processes, both AngII and phenylephrine produced a decrease in intracellular p47(phox) labeling selectively in dmNTS neurons. In intermediate-size (1-2 microm) dendritic profiles in the dmNTS region only, there was an increase in p47(phox) labeling in response to each hypertensive agent, although these changes occurred in different subcellular compartments. There was an increase in non-vesicular labeling in response to AngII, but an increase in surface labeling with phenylephrine. Moreover, each of the changes in p47(phox) targeting mentioned above occurred in dendritic profiles with, or without immunoperoxidase labeling for the AngII AT-1A receptor subtype (AT-1A). These results indicate that chronic administration of agents that induce hypertension can also produce changes in the subcellular localization in p47(phox) in dmNTS neurons. Thus, systemic hypertension may produce alterations in the trafficking of proteins associated with superoxide production in central autonomic neurons, thus revealing a potentially important neurogenic component of free radical production and systemic blood pressure elevation.
A Concept Analysis: Assuming Responsibility for Self-Care among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Purpose This concept analysis clarifies “assuming responsibility for self-care” by adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
High-p(T) Tomography of d+Au and Au+Au at SPS, RHIC, and LHC.

The interplay of nuclear effects on the ${p}_{T}g2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ inclusive hadron spectra in $d+\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}$ and $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}+\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}$ reactions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=17$, 200, and 5500 GeV is compared to leading order perturbative QCD calculations for elementary $p+p$ ($\overline{p}+p$) collisions. The competition between nuclear shadowing, Cronin effect, and jet energy loss due to medium-induced gluon radiation is predicted to lead to a striking energy dependence of the nuclear suppression/enhancement pattern in $A+A$ reactions. We show that future $d+\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}$ data can be used to disentangle the initial and final state effects.
The structure of tris(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato)aluminum(III) determined by gas phase electron diffraction

Abstract The r g structure of tris(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonato)aluminum(III) has been determined by gas phase electron diffraction. The experimental data were found to be consistent with a D 3 model in which the oxygen atoms of the three ligands are arranged in a slightly distorted octahedron about the aluminum atom [∠ OAlO for the ligand is 87.2° (1.4)]. The aluminumoxygen bond length obtained [AlO = 1.893(14) A] is in excellent agreement with the value previously obtained by X-ray diffraction for the related acetyl-acetonato complex of aluminum [AlO = 1.893(14) A]. Structural parameters for the ligand [CO = 1.277(11) A, CC ring = 1.412(14) A, CCF 3 = 1.561(11) A, and CF = 1.338(3) A] are in excellent agreement with the values obtained in an earlier electron diffraction study of the Cr(III) complex with hexafluoroacetylacetonate. The resulting structure was found to agree quite well with the predictions based on a force law model for tris bidentate complexes developed by Kepert.
Comparison of two scoring systems for the modified version of the Bender-Gestalt test

Abstract This study examined the relative utility of two scoring systems (developmental versus Qualitative) for the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test in predicting performance on the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. The subjects were 53 kindergarten and 47 first-grade children from regular classes at a public elementary school. The results of the tests for differences between correlations and multiple regression analyses indicated that the Qualitative Scoring System was a significantly better predictor of visual-motor integration skills than the Developmental Scoring System.
Design of Neural Networks for Fast Convergence and Accuracy

A novel procedure for the design and training of artificial neural networks, used for rapid and efficient controls and dynamics design and analysis for flexible space systems, has been developed. Artificial neural networks are employed to provide a means of evaluating the impact of design changes rapidly. Specifically, two-layer feedforward neural networks are designed to approximate the functional relationship between the component spacecraft design changes and measures of its performance. A training algorithm, based on statistical sampling theory, is presented, which guarantees that the trained networks provide a designer-specified degree of accuracy in mapping the functional relationship. Within each iteration of this statistical-based algorithm, a sequential design algorithm is used for the design and training of the feedforward network to provide rapid convergence to the network goals. Here, at each sequence a new network is trained to minimize the error of previous network. The design algorithm attempts to avoid the local minima phenomenon that hampers the traditional network training. A numerical example is performed on a spacecraft application in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Variance of a zone migrating in a non-uniform time-invariant linear medium

Abstract A general model describing the evolution (expansion and contraction) of a zone migrating in a non-uniform (coordinate-dependent) chromatographic medium was developed. Equations for the spatial and temporal rates of change of variance of a zone were derived starting from the basic principle of mass balance in convective diffusion in a one-dimensional non-uniform medium. Also, the distinction between local and average values of many important quantities describing the evolution of a zone in a non-uniform medium such as velocity of a zone, plate height, chromatographic efficiency and was re-examined. It was shown that under certain conditions covering all practically important cases the chromatographic efficiency of a non-uniform medium cannot exceed that of a corresponding uniform medium. The study also produced unexpected results. It became apparent that a gradient of diffusivity affected the velocity of migration of an analyte in a column, and part of dispersion-related zone broadening could be recovered. It also became apparent that previous approaches for dealing with non-uniformity depended on unknown implicit conditions. Typically, these conditions were not satisfied in the cases considered. For example, many classical results deemed to be exact values must be viewed only as approximations. Hence, the known pressure correction factor for plate height in capillary gas chromatography with ideal gases is only an approximation to a still unknown correct value.
L‐ASPARTYL‐L‐PHENYLALANINE METHYL ESTER (ASPARTAME) AS A SWEETENER

In aqueous solutions, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame) was 182 times sweeter than 2% sucrose but only 43 times sweeter than 30% sucrose according to rank analyses of scores from 20 judges. In buffer solutions (pH 3.2), pH was elevated by 0.025% and 0.12% aspartame and not by 4% or 12% sucrose, but no effect on sweetness equivalents or sourness was detected. Sweetness of 0.025% aspartame was enhanced by gelatin (1.5%) and methocel (1%). Enhancement also occurred when gelatin was combined with 0.12% aspartame. Sweetness ranks were not significantly affected by 1% carboxymethylcellulose or gum arabic. Viscosity was not a reliable indicator of differences in sensory response for thickness.
Input-output decoupled linearisation of general non-linear systems

The problem of input-output decoupled linearisation of a general non-linear system = f(x, u), y = h (x) is studied. By defining an affine approximation, the solution of this problem is related to the established results of affine non-linear systems. An algorithm is given to compute the non-linear feedback for input-output decoupled linearisation. Under the standard assumptions, a condition for feedback stabilisation is also obtained.
Understanding recall of weekly pain from a momentary assessment perspective: absolute agreement, between- and within-person consistency, and judged change in weekly pain

To better understand the association between pain recalled over a previous week and the average of multiple momentary reports of pain taken during the same period, 68 patients with chronic pain completed both weekly recall and momentary reports over a 2-week period and assessed their change in pain over the 2 weeks. Pearson correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients were computed to index three different ways of comparing the measures on both a between-person and within-person basis. Between-person correspondence between weekly and momentary reports was generally moderate to high, but within-person correspondence was low. Judged change was only weakly related to changes over a week computed from weekly recall or from average momentary reports. Given the importance of within-person change for treatment studies, these results indicate a serious nonequivalence in weekly recall and averaged momentary reports of pain.
Sex differences in the kinetic constants for the N-demethylation of ethylmorphine by rat liver microsomes.

Abstract The sex difference in the metabolism of drugs by rat liver microsomes is not entirely explained by differences in the amount of enzyme. For the N-demethylation of ethylmorphine there is also a sex difference in the apparent affinity constant (Km) as well as the maximal velocity (Vm). No sex difference in either Km or Vm was found in immature rats. Maximal velocities are apparently increased by male sex hormones, but Km values are controlled by other factors.
Morphological Characteristics of 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene Sorbitol/Poly(propylene glycol) Organogels

The organic gelator 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) self-organizes to form a 3-D network stabilized by hydrogen bonds at relatively low concentrations in a variety of nonpolar organic solvents and polymers. The resultant network consists of nanofibrils and is responsible for the physical gelation of the matrix component. In this work, the morphological characteristics of organogels composed of DBS and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) are investigated as functions of DBS concentration, PPG molecular weight, and temperature through the use of polarized light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and spectrophotometry. Polarized light microscopy reveals thermally reversible features that become increasingly more pronounced with increasing DBS concentration. Electron microscopy verifies that these features arise due to the presence of a DBS nanofibrillar network, with nanofibrils measuring ca. 10 nm in diameter. Comparison of X-ray diffraction patterns of pure DBS crystals and D...
Men's Intentions to Have Sex With a New Partner: Sexual and Emotional Responding, Alcohol, and Condoms

Findings regarding the relation between alcohol and intentions to have sex have been mixed, and little research has examined the role of condom availability on intentions to have sex. Sexual and emotional responding may influence subsequent sexual decisions. Thus, a better understanding of sexual and emotional responding combined with situational factors such as condom presence could help explain the discrepancies in findings regarding alcohol's effect on intentions to have sex. The effects of alcohol and condom presence on men's intentions to have sex were examined using an experimental paradigm involving an alcohol administration study and a second-person eroticized scenario. The effects of sexual and emotional responding were also examined in relation to intentions to have sex. It was found that alcohol increased positive mood, which was associated with higher intentions to have sex. In addition, condom presence was directly associated with higher intentions to have sex. More sexual desire was related to increased likelihood of sexual intentions. These findings increase understanding of mechanisms underlying the relation between alcohol and intentions to have sex.
Radar reflectivity of metallic bodies of revolution

It is shown that the basic reason why Kerr's physical optics formula for the reflectivity of an axially viewed perfectly conducting body of revolution is also useful when the wavelength is not small compared to body dimensions is because the electric dipole and the magnetic dipole plus electric quadrupole are the dominant multipole sources for reflection.
N-acetylator variability in Down's syndrome: characterization with caffeine.

Little is known regarding the biotransformation of drugs in Down's syndrome. In particular, there are no published studies that examine metabolic pathways such as N-acetylation, which can exhibit genetically-determined variability. The objective of the present investigation was to compare the acetylator phenotypes of white subjects with Down's syndrome with age-matched control subjects, with use of caffeine as the pharmacologic probe. After the ingestion of caffeine-containing beverages, spot urine collections were obtained at 2 and 4 hours in 22 subjects with Down's syndrome and in 22 control subjects (age range of 4 to 49 years). The urinary excretion ratios of 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU) to 1-methylxanthine (1X) determined in these 2-hour and 4-hour samples were highly correlated (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). In addition, more extensive urinary excretion studies performed for an 8-hour period in three subjects with Down's syndrome demonstrated that the coefficient of variability for the ratio of AAMU/1X ranged from 10.1% to 14.2%, which is similar to the reproducibility previously reported for control subjects. A trimodal distribution of acetylator phenotypes was observed, with no differences in average or frequency distribution of ratio values between the subjects with Down's syndrome and the control subjects. This study demonstrates that polymorphic N-acetylator status, as assessed by caffeine metabolism, is similar in subjects with Down's syndrome and in control subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 46, 359–366; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.151
Japanese female travelers ‐ a unique outbound market

The rapid growth of Japanese female travelers underscores the importance of understanding the market. Focusing on the differences between the Japanese female and male travelers on their travel attitudes, motivations, trip‐related attributes, and socio‐demographic characteristics, this paper provides empirical evidence that gender is a viable characteristic that can used in marketing activities targeted at the Japanese market. The study findings indicate that the female and male segments of Japanese outbound travelers are significantly differentiated in fifteen out of twenty‐two factors of travel attitudes and motivations. The two segments also differ in a number of trip attributes and socio‐demographic characteristics. Therefore, Japanese female travelers constitute a unique outbound market.
Effects of a nigral descending pathway on cervical spinal cord afferent fibers and interneurons

Abstract Recent neuroanatomical studies have demonstrated caudally directed projections from the pars reticulata region of the substantia nigra (SN pr ) to the tectum and tegmentum. It is known that one of the most predominant effects of basal ganglia activation in the rat is contralateral head turning behavior. Therefore, this study examined the potential effect of such a descending pathway on the cervical spinal cord as a possible substrate for the head turning behavior. Stimulation of the SN pr evoked a cervical dorsal root potential as well as decreased the amplitude of cervical-evoked dorsal root potentials. This latter decrease in amplitude was suggested to arise from occlusion of the supraspinal-evoked response and the cervical response. Twenty percent of cervical spinal cord interneurons activated by dorsal root stimulation were found to be inhibited by nigral stimulation. Thus long-lasting synaptic depression in some neuronal elements may occur in both the conditioned and test dorsal root potential. These results suggest that nigral descending fibers emanating from the pars reticulata may possibly play a major role in the characteristic head turning behavior.
Optimal Design of Cooling Fans for Industrial Electric Motors

Various industrial electric motors use a combination of internal and external fans to remove internally generated heat. In recent years as the electrical efficiency of motors has improved, the power drawn by the cooling fans has become a large percentage of the total motor losses. This paper presents an optimization approach to the selection of the cooling fan dimensions. The design objective is to obtain minimum power input to the fans while maintaining adequate cooling capacity. To illustrate the method, the cooling fan design for a 30 hp, 3600 rpm, a-c motor is considered. The optimal fan dimensions result in a 70 percent reduction in fan power.