cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gradient chromatography of human serum proteins and its application to the examination of "albumin" and "globulin" obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation.

Abstract A procedure for the chromatography of serum protein, employing Tris phosphate buffer in a compound gradient produced by a simple apparatus, is described. Whole serum protein of human origin, as well as “albumin” and “globulin” fractions obtained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, were fractionated in this manner, and the chromatographic fractions were characterized by paper electrophoresis. In the subfractions of the supernatant “albumin,” small amounts of protein covering the entire globulin range of mobility were detected, because of enrichment. Protein having the electrophoretic mobility of albumin, but differing from the bulk of the albumin in chromatographic behavior, was found in the precipitated “globulin.” Siderophilin appeared in both fractions, whereas ceruloplasmin was found only in the precipitate. In general, the identifiable chromatographic components of the ammonium sulfate fractions emerged at the positions they occupied when whole serum was chromatographed. The few exceptions noted appeared to involve displacement effects rather than alteration of the protein by the ammonium sulfate.
Does the “management approach” contribute to segment reporting transparency? ☆

Abstract Segment reporting creates an opportunity for companies to add value to the information they disseminate about their industry and geographic operations. This article examines the “management approach” to segment reporting from a user perspective that should be of great interest to corporate financial executives. The management approach to segment reporting requires companies to report segment financial information consistent with the way they manage their businesses. We conclude that, despite more segment data being reported, the potential of the new management approach to significantly benefit users is compromised by uneven compliance among reporting companies. The complicity of external auditors in compliance shortcomings should concern all stakeholders in the financial reporting process. Noting two high-profile examples of accounting fraud, we comment on how the management approach sheds light on Enron's operations, while WorldCom concealed important segment information due to probable auditor malfeasance.
Predicting soil pH and buffer pH in situ with a real-time sensor

Measuring soil pH is an important step in assessing the chemical status of a soil and in remediating high and low soil pH situations. Soil pH measurements on a spatial scale are limited by labor and lab analysis costs. A pH sensor mounted on a mobile sensing platform may be able to reduce these costs while providing a high-resolution soil pH map. The objective of this research was to evaluate a pH sensor mounted on a mobile platform on two fields in Kansas, one with a uniform soil and one with six different soil complexes. Real-time measurements were taken at a density of 17 points ha -1 and compared with soil samples collected at depths of 0 to 7.5 and 7.5 to 15 cm. The real-time sensors predicted soil pH most accurately at the 0- to 7.5-cm depth (R 2 from 0.75 to 0.83) and less accurately for the other depth and combined depth (R 2 from 0.53 to 0.79). The inclusion of soil electrical conductivity (EC) improved pH predictions in the field with six different soil types, but not the uniform field. Buffer pH predictions were less accurate than pH predictions (R 2 from 0.04 to 0.43) across locations and depths. However, if a relationship between lab pH to buffer pH was developed and used to predict buffer pH from real-time pH, the accuracy improved (R 2 from 0.75 to 0.95), suggesting that real-time pH measurements may be capable of predicting buffer pH and lime requirements in real time. These results suggest that real-time pH sensors on a mobile platform can be used to measure spatial pH and buffer pH and provide subsequent variable-rate lime recommendations.
An effective method for culturing pollen tubes of potato

In vitro culture of pollen tubes is a convenient way to distinguish inviable pollen from stylar incompatibilities which prevent pollen tube growthin vivo. This usefulness ofin vitro pollen tube culture depends on how successful the technique is in promoting optimal pollen tube growth. Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of the type of sugar and method of aeration of cultures ofSolanum species (potato) pollen. Lactose was superior to sucrose in promoting pollen germination and pollen tube growth on hanging drop cultures. Germination and growth were greatly enhanced when pollen was cultured in actively aerated lactose medium. Since pollen growth comparable to that occurringin vivo was observed using lactose medium with active aeration, this technique may be useful in various types of research related to reproductive biology.
71 CORRELATION OF THE PARENT IMPRESSION OF TEMPERAMENTAL TRAIT SCALE WITH THE CAREY BEHAVIORAL STYLE QUESTIONNAIRE

A pilot study of the Parent Impression of Temperamental Traits (PITT) was conducted to determine the validity of its use as a short form alternative to the Carey Behavioral Style Questionnaire (BSQ). The PITT is a 27 item rating scale developed through an a priori factor analysis and modification of items from the BSQ. Administration and scoring of the PITT (requiring 5 min) are identical to the BSQ yielding mean scores for 9 temperamental variables: activity level-AL, rhythmicity-RH, approach/withdrawal AW, adaptability-AD, intensity of response-IR, mood-MO, persistence-PE, distractibility-DI, and threshold of response-TR. Parents of 423 children (ages 60-144 mo.) completed the PITT to establish normative data. Twenty parents completed both the PITT and BSQ. Pearson product moment correlations were significant for 8 of 9 temperamental traits: AL(rxy=.514,p<.001); RH(rxy=.643,p<.001); AW(rxy=.686,p<.001); AD(rxy=.458,p<.05); IR (rxy=.678,p<.001); MO(rxy=.114,NS); PE(rxy=.627,p<.05); DI(rxy=.405,p<.05); and TH(rxy=.570,p<.05). Acknowledging reliability limitations, the favorable correlation with the BSQ suggest that the PITT is a cost efficient and effective means to screen a child's temperamental characteristics in a primary care setting for anticipatory guidance, in diagnostic settings where temperament is one of many pieces of data to be collected and in large scale field research projects.
A NEW REAGENT FOR THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ACTIVE CARBONYL GROUPS. A NEW METHOD FOR STAINING KETONIC STEROIDS1

Present methods for demonstrating the carbonyl groups of ketosteroid are based on their reaction with phenylhydrazine (Bennett, (1940) or with2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (Dempsey and Wislocki, 1946; and Albert and Leblond, 1946) to form colored hydrazones (yellow or orange). Further evidence that these fat-soluble, carbonylcontaining substances were indeed ketosteroids was provided by localization of other steroid reactions and properties in the same areas as the positive phenylhydrazine reactions. These were fluorescence, birefringence, anisotropism after reaction with digitonin, Liebermann-Burchardt test, Schiff reaction, reduction of alkaline silver solutions, and sudanophilia (Dempsey, 1946). Still other evidence was afforded by correlation of the steroid reactions with different physiological states (Dempsey and Wislocki, 1946; Albert and Leblond, 1946; Greep and Deane, 1947; Deane and Shaw, 1947; Deane and Greep, 1947; and Wislocki, 1949).
Current Status of Surgical Treatment of Ventricular Septal Defect

SUMMARY Surgical repair of ventricular septal defect is now an established precedure in cardiac surgery using a pump oxygenator for temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. From a collected series of 345 patients undergoing operation during bypass for a variety of congenital and acquired cardiovascular lesions, 130 had isolated ventricular septal defect. From this experience ventricular defects appear to be the most common congenital cardiac defects requiring open heart surgery. Analysis of the experience reveals highly satisfactory results among those between ages two and 15 years. Among 71 patients in this age group there were five deaths or a mortality of 7 per cent. Risk of operation during infancy is substantially higher. However, a salvage of 70 per cent of patients less than two years of age justifies operation even in these critically ill patients. Pulmonary hypertension is frequently associated with ventricular septal defect. As pulmonary vascular resistance increases in these patients, reversal of the intracardiac shunt may lead to cyanosis. The extent of pulmonary vascular changes influences the risk of operation. Although patients with a so-called Eisenmenger's complex associated with cyanosis, clubbed nails, polycythemia, and right ventricular hypertrophy are not satisfactory candidates for surgical treatment, we have operated successfully upon a number of patients with balanced or combined left to right and right to left shunts. Future developments may help control the physiologic effects of the increased pulmonary vascular resistance and thus make possible operative correction in almost all patients with ventricular septal defects.
Differential involvement of hypothalamic vasopressin neurons in multiple system atrophy

We sought to determine whether there is differential involvement of different groups of hypothalamic arginine-vasopressin (AVP) synthesizing neurons in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Hypothalamus was obtained from five subjects with clinical diagnosis of MSA confirmed neuropathologically and five age-matched controls. Sections were immunostained for AVP, and cells with visible nuclei were counted in the posterior portion of the paraventricular nucleus (PVNp), supraoptic nucleus (SON), magnocellular PVN and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Sections of the hypothalamus and medulla were also immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). There was a significant loss of AVP neurons in the PVNp in MSA compared with controls (17 +/- 3 versus 59 +/- 10 cells/section, P < 0.01). There was preservation of AVP- and TH-immunoreactive neurons in the SON and magnocellular PVN in all MSA cases. In contrast, there was marked depletion of TH-immunoreactive fibres innervating these magnocellular AVP neurons, coincident with a loss of neurons in the A1 area (6 +/- 1 versus 13 +/- 1 cells/section, P < 0.01). There was loss of AVP neurons in the SCN in MSA compared with control cases (14 +/- 3 versus 71 +/- 16 cells/section, P < 0.02). Our results indicate that, in MSA, loss of AVP neurons in the PVNp may contribute to sympathetic failure, whereas loss of catecholaminergic input from the brainstem to the magnocellular AVP neurons may contribute to impaired AVP secretion in response to orthostatic stress. Loss of AVP neurons in the SCN may contribute to impaired circadian regulation of endocrine and autonomic functions.
SU-E-T-527: Assessment of Field-Junction Dosimetry: Pinnacle V9.0 versus Film (EBT2)

Purpose: To investigate dose agreement of Pinnacle V9.0 with measurements across the junction between abutting photon and electron fields. Methods: Photon‐photon, photon‐electron, and electron‐electron field junctions of energies 6 MV and 9 MeV were evaluated with 0, 5, and 10 mm gaps between the field edges at depths of 2, 15, and 30 mm with Gafchromic film (EBT2). Photon and electron fields (10×10 cm) were setup to deliver 300 cGy in their field centers to 30 mm depth. Film optical density was measured every millimeter across the field‐junction with a densitometer (light beam 2 mm). Optical Density to dose conversion was accomplished using a calibration curve specific to the batch of this film. For comparison, all field combinations were generated in Pinnacle, and doses were calculated with collapsed‐cone convolution algorithm employing calculation‐grid sizes 2, 3, and 4 mm. Results:Measured doses at junction are as much as 20% different than Pinnacle calculation. 3 profiles with zero gap, 1 profile with 0.5 cm gap, and 0 profiles with 1.0 cm gap showed a disagreement greater than 12%. Measurement showed a bias towards higher dose in the junction when compared to Pinnacle calculation. With dose‐calculation grid reduced below 4 mm, Pinnacle calculations showed improved agreements, but only a few percent at most. Pinnacle versus measured dose disagreements do not show clear trends with field separation or depth. Conclusions: Doses calculated by Pinnacle V9.0 in the field‐junction region may not be accurate for abutting photon and electron fields, particularly when a coarse dose‐calculation grid is utilized. Lack of clear trends in dose‐agreement with field separation and depth suggests that uncertainties in other factors such as jaw positions and phantom set‐ups may be additional contributors. Significant inaccuracies in doses reported by the treatment‐planning system in field‐junction region should be considered while making clinical decisions.
Binge eating disorder, retention, and dropout in an adult obesity program.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with dropout in a weight reduction program among obese, nonpurging binge and nonbinge eaters. Method: We categorized 156 obese, nonpurging women previously randomized to a behavior modification-based (BM) or a food addiction theory-based (FD) weight reduction intervention by binge status using the DSM-IV criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). Subjects were monitored prospectively for dropout during the 6-month intervention period. Results: Results of a Cox proportional hazards survival analysis indicated binge status had a statistically significant (p = .04) protective effect against dropout. Binge eaters were half as likely to dropout versus nonbinge eaters. Discussion: We conclude that (1) the DSM-IV criteria for BED is a useful method of classifying obese individuals in weight loss interventions and (2) the identification of subgroups among obese subjects is an important step in understanding retention in weight loss programs. Future research can confirm this finding. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining the Role of Technology in the Formation of Deviant Subcultures

This article examines the development of technology-focused deviant subcultures. The adoption of new technologies cause shifts in human behavior patterns, and a small body of research has considered the ways that criminals adjust their offending practices due to new technology. Few have, however, explored the ways that technology produces new forms of crime and deviance. This study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the argot of the technology-focused computer hacker subculture using multiple data sets. The findings explore the dynamic use of hacker argot and how these terms reflect the role of technology in shaping attitudes toward and support for deviance and crime.
Time-dependent dielectric breakdown of surface oxides during electric-field-assisted sintering

Abstract In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate mechanisms of dielectric breakdown during the electric-field-assisted consolidation of nickel nanoparticles which possess an ultrathin surface oxide layer. A constant positive bias was applied directly to isolated agglomerates of nickel nanoparticles during TEM observation. The evolution of the resulting leakage currents across the dielectric oxide films separating adjacent particles was analyzed. The formation of local conductive pathways between individual particles was observed with an electrical signature similar to that of time-dependent dielectric breakdown. Individual current increments with time occurred as a result of inter-particle neck formation initiated by dielectric breakdown and subsequent oxygen migration due to Joule heating. Neck formation and growth as well as particle rearrangements led to accelerated current increase through the particle agglomerate that gave rise to rapid densification. A quantitative analysis of the injected charges into the particle agglomerate suggests that neck formation has occurred once a critical charge density was obtained on the particle surfaces, i.e. commensurate with an increase in the local electrical field strength across individual dielectric oxide layers that separated the metallic particles.
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

Recent experimental studies have indicated that human acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis may be the result of an ischemic insult upon a previously damaged pancreas. A case of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis is reported presenting clinical and post mortem evidence to support the validity of the aforementioned experimental conclusions. It is suggested that individuals with diminished pancreatic function be protected from vascular insults as far as possible.
Critical probabilities of 1-independent percolation models

Given a locally finite connected infinite graph G, let the interval [pmin(G), pmax(G)] be the smallest interval such that if p >pmax(G), then every 1-independent bond percolation model on G with bond probability p percolates, and for p <pmin(G) none does. We determine this interval for trees in terms of the branching number of the tree. We also give some general bounds for other graphs G, in particular for lattices.
FRAGMENTATION IN TRADESCANTIA

AMONG A group of Tradescantia 2 plants collected from Gentilly, Louisiana, by Small, Anderson and Woodson, there appeared a number of individuals having in addition to the usual diploid complement of 12 chromosomes, a varying number of fragments. When a preliminary examination indicated that the number of fragments in the somatic tissue seemed to check with the number found at meiosis, an opportunity was presented for studying the behavior of these fragments under rather stable conditions. The technique developed by Sax and Humphrey (1934) for demonstrating the internal structure of the chromosome offers a refined method for investigating the morphology of fragments. With the ordinary smear methods (either aceto-carmine or permanent) and paraffin sectioned material, the fragments appear as small, darkly-stained blobs; with the alcohol-alkaline pre-treatment method, structural features that are visible in the major chromosomes are also evident in the fragments (fig. 3, 4). The length of the fragments found in this group of plants is roughly one-sixth to one-seventh that of the major chromosomes. They seem to be of rather uniform length regardless of the number found in a single cell. In respect to their size they differ from the fragments studied by Lesley and Lesley (1929) in the tomato. In this case, the fragments were about one-half the size of the major chromosomes. The fragments studied by Darlington (1929) in Tradescantia and (1930) in Fritillaria, by Belling (1925) in Uvularia, and by Hicks and Stebbins (1934) in Paeonia hold approximately the same size relation to the major chromosomes as the fragments investigated in the present study. IUnpublished work of Dr. Edgar Anderson of the Missouri Botanical Garden indicates that these fragments are transmitted through both male and female gametes. Reciprocal crosses with Tradescantia reflexa Raf. and T. humutis Rose have been made, and in each case the F1 possesses fragments in both germinal and somatic tissue. An investigation into the question of fragmentation, utilizing the material just described should yield data on the following current cytological problems: (1) The relation between chromosome length and frequency of pairing; (2) the origin of fragments; and (3) the evolution of chromosome numbers. OBsERVATIONs. The fragment chromosomes have been examined in both somatic and meiotic divisions. The number of fragments is constant throughout the
A covariance estimator for small sample size classification problems and its application to feature extraction

A key to successful classification of multivariate data is the defining of an accurate quantitative model of each class. This is especially the case when the dimensionality of the data is high, and the problem is exacerbated when the number of training samples is limited. For the commonly used quadratic maximum-likelihood classifier, the class mean vectors and covariance matrices are required and must be estimated from the available training samples. In high dimensional cases, it has been found that feature extraction methods are especially useful, so as to transform the problem to a lower dimensional space without loss of information, however, here too class statistics estimation error is significant. Finding a suitable regularized covariance estimator is a way to mitigate these estimation error effects. The main purpose of this work is to find an improved regularized covariance estimator of each class with the advantages of Leave-One-Out Covariance Estimator (LOOC) and Bayesian LOOC (BLOOC). Besides, using the proposed covariance estimator to improve the linear feature extraction methods when the multivariate data is singular or nearly so is demonstrated. This work is specifically directed at analysis methods for hyperspectral remote sensing data.
APPCCM: Adaptive per-user per-object cache consistency management for mobile client-server applications in wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we propose and analyze APPCCM: an adaptive per-user per-object cache consistency management scheme for mobile Internet client-server applications in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). The objective of the proposed scheme is two-fold: to speedup data access and to mitigate the performance bottleneck at WMN gateways. In our proposed adaptive scheme, a data object can be cached at the mesh client (MC) directly or at a mesh router (MR) dynamically selected by APPCCM, such that the overall network cost incurred for the WMN to process the MC's mobility and data access/update events is minimized. APPCCM is adaptive, per-user and per-object as the decision of where to cache a data object accessed by an MC depends on the MC's mobility and object access/update characteristics, and the WMN conditions. We demonstrate via model-based analysis that APPCCM outperforms non-adaptive schemes that always cache a data object at the MC, or at the MC's current serving MR for cache consistency management in WMNs.
A comparison of five models for estimating clear-sky solar radiation

[1] Many agencies in the USA are developing management approaches to address water quality concerns and threatened and endangered species habitat requirements in water bodies. Many of these water bodies are water quality limited for temperature. Factors influencing stream temperature include: streamside vegetation, topographic shading, inflows and outflows, stream width, stream depth, light extinction and solar radiation. One of the key driving factors in estimating a water body heat budget is calculating the amount of solar radiation incident on the water surface. Even though it is preferable to measure clear-sky solar radiation, many temperature models rely on theoretical estimates of clear-sky solar radiation. The literature on estimating short-wave solar radiation by calculating the position of the sun and attenuating the radiation through the atmosphere was reviewed. As a first step in relating water temperature to solar radiation, several empirical solar radiation models were calibrated to data at seventeen sites around the United States for clear-sky days. Sensitivity analyses were conducted and differences between the models were examined. Results indicated that the more complex models for calculating solar radiation resulted in better estimates of clear-sky solar radiation once they were calibrated to data. When no data were available, models with one or no calibration parameters did reasonably well at estimating clear-sky solar radiation.
The FleQ protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions as both a repressor and an activator to control gene expression from the pel operon promoter in response to c-di-GMP

Bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) modulates the transition between planktonic and biofilm life styles. In response to c-di-GMP, the enhancer binding protein FleQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa derepresses the expression of Pel exopolysaccharide genes required for biofilm formation when a second protein, FleN is present. A model is that binding of c-di-GMP to FleQ induces its dissociation from the pelA promoter allowing RNA polymerase to access this site. To test this, we analyzed pelA DNA footprinting patterns with various combinations of FleQ, FleN and c-di-GMP, coupled to in vivo promoter activities. FleQ binds to two sites called box 1 and 2. FleN binds to FleQ bound at these sites causing the intervening DNA to bend. Binding of c-di-GMP to FleQ relieves the DNA distortion but FleQ remains bound to the two sites. Analysis of wild type and mutated versions of pelA-lacZ transcriptional fusions suggests that FleQ represses gene expression from box 2 and activates gene expression in response to c-di-GMP from box 1. The role of c-di-GMP is thus to convert FleQ from a repressor to an activator. The mechanism of action of FleQ is distinct from that of other bacterial transcription factors that both activate and repress gene expression from a single promoter.
Cognitive correlates of brain MRI subcortical signal hyperintensities in non-demented elderly

Objective To investigate the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) subcortical gray and capsular (SGCH) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cognitive functions in non-demented community dwelling elderly. Methods The severity of SGCH and WMH on proton density and T2 MR images in 16 subjects was scored using the semi-quantitative rating scale of Scheltens et al. (1993). A limited series of cognitive tests selected a priori were then correlated with severity of SGCH and WMH. Results Analysis demonstrated that severity of SGCH was inversely related to performance on the Digit Span (R = −0.64, p < 0.01) and the Stroop Color Word Tests (R = −0.64, p < 0.01). Severity of WMH was related to worsening performance on the Trail Making Test (R = 0.67, p < 0.005). Conclusions These findings indicate that severity of WMH is negatively related to more pure executive cognitive functions, specifically set shifting, while severity of SGCH is inversely related to more basic functions of attention and working memory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbitofrontal and insular cortex: neural responses to cocaine-associated cues and cocaine self-administration.

Based on neuro-imaging studies in cocaine-addicted humans, it is hypothesized that increases in neural activity within several regions of the prefrontal cortex contribute to cue-induced cocaine seeking and cocaine-induced compulsive drug self-administration. However, electrophysiological tests of these hypotheses are lack- ing. In the present study, animals were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg) for 14 days. On the 14th day, we conducted electrophysiological recordings of lateral orbitofrontal (LO) and ventral anterior insula (AIV) neurons. A subset of the combined population of recorded neurons showed a change in firing rate in association with one or more of the following discrete events: (1) presentation of a discriminative stimulus that signaled the onset of the self-administration session, (2) occurrence of the first cocaine-directed operant response, (3) occurrence of a cocaine-reinforced press, and (4) presentation of cues normally paired with delivery of the cocaine reinforcer. The majority of the stimulus- and response-related changes in firing involved a brief increase in firing during the stimulus and response event, respectively. In addition to these event-specific responses, approximately half of the recorded neurons exhibited a sustained change in average firing (i.e., discharges per 30-s bin) during the cocaine self-administration session, relative to average firing during a presession, drug-free period (referred to as session changes). The prevalence of session-increases and decreases were not significantly different. These and other findings are discussed in relation to hypotheses about cue-evoked and cocaine-maintained cocaine-directed
Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of Acromis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Stolaini)

Abstract The cassidine genus Acromis Chevrolat is revised. A key for identification of adults, illustrated descriptions and extensive distribution data for the three species are provided. Eggs and mature larvae of A. spinifex (Linnaeus) are redescribed. A cladistic analysis of species based on 19 morphological characters is done using the stolaine genera Omaspides Chevrolat and Echoma Chevrolat, as well as Delocrania cossyphoides Guerin (Delocraniini) and Himatidium capense Herbst (Imatidiini) as outgroups. The resulting single most parsimonious tree (steps = 20; CI = 87; RI = 90) provides strong support for resolution within Acromis. Biological implications are discussed in light of the cladogram.
Ba2YCu3O7−x Thin Films with Jc>105 A/cm2 at 77 K Prepared by Metalorganic Deposition at Reduced Oxygen Pressure

Superconducting Ba2YCu3O7-x films 0.1-0.2 μm thick were prepared by spin coating a methanol solution of Ba, Y and Cu acrylates on (100)LaAlO3 and firing to 800°C in a total pressure of 1 mm O2. X-ray diffraction showed that these films were epitaxial with the c-axis normal to the substrate. Zero resistance was achieved above 90 K and transport DC critical current densities as high as 125,000 A/cm2 were measured at 77 K in zero applied field.
Consequence and impact of electric utility industry restructuring on transient stability and small-signal stability analysis

The electric utility industry is undergoing unprecedented changes in its structure worldwide. With the advent of an open market environment and competition in the industry, and restructuring of the industry into separate generation, transmission, and distribution entities, new issues in power system operation and planning are inevitable. One of the major consequences of this new electric utility environment is the greater emphasis on reliability and secure operation of the power system. This paper examines the impact of restructuring on power system dynamic analysis. It specifically addresses issues related to transient stability analysis and small-signal stability analysis. Four major topics to examine the effect on the nature of studies conducted are considered. These topics are: (1) system adequacy and security, (2) system modeling data requirements, (3) system protection and control, and (4) system restoration. The consequences and impact of each of these topics on the nature of the studies conducted are examined and discussed. The emphasis on greater reliability has led to a clearer enunciation of standards, measurements, and guides in some countries. These requirements will result in: (1) more measurements on existing systems, (2) rigorous analysis of transient stability and small-signal stability to determine operating limits and plan systems, (3) greater emphasis on studies to verify coordination and proper performance of protection and controls, and (4) development of a detailed plan for system restoration in the case of wide-spread outages.
Staying in bounds: Contextual constraints on object-file coherence.

Coherent visual perception necessitates the ability to track distinct objects as the same entities over time and motion. Calculations of such object persistence appear to be fairly automatic and constrained by specific rules. We explore the nature of object persistence here within the object-file framework; object files are mid-level visual representations that track entities over time and motion as the same persisting objects and store and update information about the objects. We present three new findings. First, objects files are constrained by the principle of “boundedness”; persisting entities should maintain a single closed contour. Second, object files are constrained by the principle of “containment”; all the parts and properties of a persisting object should reside within, and be connected to, the object itself. Third, object files are sensitive to the context in which an object appears; the very same physical entity that can instantiate object-file formation in one experimental context cannot in another. This contextual influence demonstrates for the first time that object files are sensitive to more than just the physical properties contained within any given visual display.
A comparison of the affect of two types of student behavior with manipulatives on the development of projective spatial structures

The primary problem investigated was whether examining materials from a variety of perspecitives enhances the development of projective spatial abilities more than examining materials from a single perspective. A secondary consideration dealt with gender effects. One hundred and five (56 females and 49 males) fifth grade students were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Two teachers taught two classes apiece-one receiving instruction encouraging examination of materials from a single perspective, the other from multiple perspectives. All four groups received instruction consisting of access to manipulatives-SCIIS, 2nd edition, Level 5. Instruction occurred twice a week, 45 minutes per session, for 6 weeks. The experimental design was the Solomon Four Group Design. A Battery of 8 Piagetian-type tasks were used to assess possession of the projective groupings. The main and interactive effects of pretesting were determined to be negligible, while the treatment was determined to have a statistically significant effect on the development on projective spatial abilities. Gender was determined to have no direct effect on the dependent variables.
A NEW BUNCH COMPRESSOR CHICANE FOR THE SLAC LINAC TO PRODUCE 30-FSEC, 30-KA, 30-GEV ELECTRON BUNCHES *

We describe a new bunch compressor chicane for the SLAC linac, which will be used in conjunction with other existing systems, to generate 30-fsec long, 30-GeV electron bunches with up to 30-kA of peak current. The new compressor is a four-dipole chicane located at the 1/3rd point in the linac. It should be installed by October of 2002. The chicane adds a second stage of compression to the linac, where the existing damping ring with its present bunch compressor form the first stage. With this new second-stage compressing from 4 psec to 160 fsec rms, the existing FFTB beamline can easily be adjusted to serve as a third stage and allow final compression down to a minimum of nearly 30-fsec rms. We describe the design considerations of the chicane, which is used to enhance plasma wakefield experiments and also to support the production very high brightness short pulse x-rays.
All trans-retinoic acid acts synergistically with hydroxytamoxifen and transforming-growth factor β to stimulate apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

The anti-estrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen (TAM) and vitamin A-related compounds, the retinoids, in combination act synergistically to inhibit growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. To clarify the mechanism of this synergism, the effect of TAM and all trans-retinoic acid (AT) on proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was studied in vitro. TAM and AT acted synergistically to cause a time-dependent and dose-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth. In a temporally related manner, TAM+AT acted synergistically to downregulate Bcl-2 mRNA and Bcl-2 protein expression, and to stimulate apoptosis. TAM and AT each blocked cell cycle progression throughout 7 days of treatment but without any synergistic or additive effect on this process, indicating a selective synergism for apoptosis. The negative growth factor-transforming growth factor (TGF) is secreted by these cells and was studied as a potential mediator of the synergistic effects of TAM+AT on apoptosis. TAM+AT acted synergistically to induce a fivefold increase in TGF1 secretion over 72 h. TGF1 alone had no apoptotic effects on these cells; however, TGF1 in combination with AT acted synergistically to inhibit growth, to downregulate Bcl-2 mRNA and Bcl-2 protein expression, and to stimulate apoptosis of these cells in a manner comparable with that noted for TAM+AT. The synergism of both TAM+AT and TGF1+AT for apoptosis was suppressed by estradiol. Co-incubation of TAM+AT with anti-TGF antibody did not block downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression or stimulation of apoptosis. The synergistic effects of TAM+AT on apoptosis therefore occur independently of TGF, although TGF may interact with AT in a novel manner to provide another important anti-proliferative mechanism for breast cancer cells.
Issues management and inoculation: Tylenol’s responsible dosing advertising

Abstract Issues management developed as a long-term process interested in the continued health and success of organizations. This essay presents a contemporary issues management case that uses inoculation and a priori solutions as issues management tactics. The case study involving Johnson & Johnson’s responsible dosing campaign demonstrates that organizations perceived to have a high standard of corporate social responsibility are not above using deceptive tactics to protect their brand.
Agricultural Terms of Trade in Four Midwestern States, 1870–1900

From the end of the Civil War down to 1900, the American agricultural sector was subject to continuous political and social upheaval. While the South and Far West were a part of this movement, the heartland of protest remained in the Midwest. The traditional view has been that this unrest and protest was at least partially based on the worsening economic position of the farmer. Farmers complained of being exploited by moneylenders, victimized by railroads and other middlemen, cheated by speculators and faced with prices received falling faster than prices paid, thus reducing real purchasing power. This last view is put forth by Faulkner: “While the prices of farm commodities declined, those of manufactured products, dominated by monopoly practices, remained high or did not decline proportionally.”
A classification model for G-to-A hypermutation in hepatitis B virus ultra-deep pyrosequencing reads

Motivation: G → A hypermutation is an innate antiviral defense mechanism, mediated by host enzymes, which leads to the mutational impairment of viruses. Sensitive and specific identification of host-mediated G → A hypermutation is a novel sequence analysis challenge, particularly for viral deep sequencing studies. For example, two of the most common hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase (RT) drug-resistance mutations, A181T and M204I, arise from G → A changes and are routinely detected as low-abundance variants in nearly all HBV deep sequencing samples. Results: We developed a classification model using measures of G → A excess and predicted indicators of lethal mutation and applied this model to 325 920 unique deep sequencing reads from plasma virus samples from 45 drug treatment-naive HBV-infected individuals. The 2.9% of sequence reads that were classified as hypermutated by our model included most of the reads with A181T and/or M204I, indicating the usefulness of this model for distinguishing viral adaptive changes from host-mediated viral editing. Availability: Source code and sequence data are available at http://hivdb.stanford.edu/pages/resources.html. Contact: ereuman@stanfordalumni.org Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Measurement of the Aerodynamic Drag Force on Single Aerosol Particles

The “picobalance” (quadrupole) was used to measure the aerodynamic drag force on individual solid particles and droplets by suspending the object in a laminar jet of gas introduced through the bottom electrode. Particles ranging in diameters from about 1 to 150 μm can be studied in this manner. The DC voltage required to maintain the particle position against the opposing forces of aerodynamic drag and gravity was measured to determine the drag force. The flow velocity at which the aerodynamic drag force balances the gravitational force yields information on the aerodynamic size, and the DC voltage required to suspend the particle against gravity with no flow provides a measure of the particle mass. Particle mobilities for spherical and irregularly shaped solids are presented. Light-scattering measurements for spherical particles provide an independent determination of size; the results are generally in good agreement with the aerodynamic size. It is shown that the electrodynamic balance can be used to me...
Shallow water benthic ecology: A North American perspective of sedimentary habitats

North American benthic research in sedimentary estuarine environments began with an emphasis on descriptions of organism distributions and abundance. These efforts resulted in a crude map of infaunal assemblage types. This map is not complete even today but the data allow us to ask questions about pattern. As is typical of such efforts, the majority of the techniques used to evaluate the existence of infaunal patterns are correlative and thus result in only weak inferences which do not necessarily expose the causal relationships. Such approaches dominated sedimentary benthic ecology until the 1960s and 1970s when investigators began to concentrate to a much larger extent on elucidating causal mechanisms. The original stimulus for this change has its origins in the work of Sanders and Rhoads and their collaborators who recognized the link between the activities of the infauna and the structure of the habitat. Additionally in the 1970s, several investigators with strong ties to rocky intertidal benthic ecology, where manipulative experiments have been enormously successful, began publishing their work which accelerated the move to address mechanisms through experimentation. During the 1980s and 1990s the emphasis on explicit experiments has continued. In this contribution I explore our current understanding of the processes that lead to patterns of distribution and abundance in marine sedimentary assemblages and our ability to ask testable questions concerning mechanism in this habitat.
Multiplex Immunoassay Analysis of Cytokines in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy

Abstract Context.—Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), including dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion-body myositis, can be difficult to diagnose. Objective.—To determine if a multiplex immunoassay for markers of inflammation in muscle homogenates correlates with a diagnosis of IIM. Design.—Frozen archived muscle biopsy specimens from 30 patients with IIM and 34 patients without IIM were homogenized and analyzed for cytokine content with a multiplex microbead-based immunoassay system. Analyte concentrations were normalized to total lysate protein concentration prior to comparison. Results.—Two cytokines, interleukin 1ra and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and 1 soluble adhesion molecule, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, were found at significantly greater concentrations in muscle samples from patients with IIM. Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 levels alone were 83% sensitive and 91% specific for IIM at a cutoff of 1240 pg/mg muscle protein. Conclusions.—Immunoassays for selected infla...
SYMPOSIUM: A ROUNDTABLE ON FEMINISM AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE MID‐1990s: TAKING STOCK: INTRODUCTION

: Feminist philosophy emerged in earnest in the 1970s. With that emergence and the latest surge of the Women's Movement now a quarter of a century old and with the turn of the century approaching quickly, the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs and the Pacific Society for Women in Philosophy invited a group of feminist philosophers to reflect on feminism and philosophy as we approach the millennium. A roundtable was held at the 1995 meeting of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association, and much of the content of that session is included in this Symposium. The discussants include scholars with research interests across the traditional areas of philosophy (e.g., metaphysics and epistemology, ethics, social and political philosophy, history of philosophy, and philosophy of science), as well as not so traditional areas (e.g., lesbian philosophy). Each participant was asked to take ten minutes to focus on whatever she thought might be useful to discuss in a forum designed for taking stock of feminism and philosophy in the mid-1990s. The contributors are Louise Antony, Joan Callahan (introduction), Claudia Card, Ruth Ginzberg, Martha Nussbaum, Naomi Scheman, Laurie Schrage, Nancy Tuana, Margaret Walker, and Charlotte Witt.
Quantifying solute transport processes: Are chemically "conservative" tracers electrically conservative?

The concept of a nonreactive or conservative tracer, commonly invoked in investigations of solute transport, requires additionalstudyinthecontextofelectricalgeophysicalmonitoring. Tracers that are commonly considered conservative may undergo reactive processes, such as ion exchange, thus changingtheaqueouscompositionofthesystem.Asaresult, themeasuredelectricalconductivitymayreflectnotonlysolute transport but also reactive processes. We have evaluated the impacts of ion exchange reactions, rate-limited mass transfer, and surface conduction on quantifying tracer mass, mean arrival time, and temporal variance in laboratory-scale column experiments. Numerical examples showed that 1 ion exchange can lead to resistivity-estimated tracer mass, velocity, and dispersivity that may be inaccurate; 2 mass transfer leads to an overestimate in the mobile tracer mass and an underestimate in velocity when using electrical methods;and3surfaceconductancedoesnotnotablyaffectestimated moments when high-concentration tracers are used, although this phenomenon may be important at low concentrations or in sediments with high and/or spatially variable cation-exchange capacity. In all cases, colocated groundwater concentration measurements are of high importance for interpreting geophysical data with respect to the controlling transportprocessesofinterest.
A comparison of information technology professionals' and data consumers' perceptions of the importance of the dimensions of information quality

This study examines perceptions of information quality held by information technology professionals and examines the question of whether perceptions of information quality dimensions held by information technology professionals are the same as those held by data consumers. The dimensions of information quality rated most important by the information technology professionals are accuracy, timeliness, ease of understanding, and accessibility. The data consumers' ratings of relevancy are higher than those of the information technology professionals, and the information technology professionals' ratings of concise representation are higher than those of the data consumers.
Discussion of ‘‘The Skew‐normal’’

Department of Statistics, Texas A&M UniversityFirst, I would like to congratulate Professor Azzalini for an excellent overview paper on thetopic of the skew-normal distribution and its various extensions. This is a fast-growing area ofresearch that has been pioneered by Professor Azzalini’s seminal article on A class of dis-tributions which includes the normal ones (Azzalini, 1985). Presently, both frequentist andBayesian statisticians are actively involved in the study of these univariate and multivariateskewed distributions. A sample of current researchers have recently contributed to an editedbook entitled Skew-elliptical distributions and their applications: a journey beyond normality(Genton, 2004a). Professor Azzalini fully deserves the credit for generating such a diversefamily of researchers!Mydiscussionconsistsofsomeadditionallinkstoexistingresultsfromtheliteratureaswellassuggestionsforfurther research.Mycommentsarecentredaroundthreemain themes.Theﬁrstone, in section 7, is devoted to the construction of skew-normal distributions, their properties,and some extensions. The second theme is concerned with ﬂexibility and inference with skeweddistributions in section 8. The third theme, in section 9, is motivated by applications.7. Skew-normal and related distributionsIenjoyedtheparallelpresentationoftheunivariateandmultivariateskew-normaldistributionsinsections2and3,respectively.Iwouldliketostartwithsomecommentsabouttheformoftheperturbationfunction.Asmentionedinthearticle,theexpressionGfw(z)gappearinginlemmas1 and 3 can be replaced by an arbitrary skewing function p : R