cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of pre- and peri-natal nutrition on skeletal acquisition and maintenance ☆

Early life nutrition has substantial influences on postnatal health, with both under- and overnutrition linked with permanent metabolic changes that alter reproductive and immune function and significantly increase metabolic disease risk in offspring. Since perinatal nutrition depends in part on maternal metabolic condition, maternal diet during gestation and lactation is a risk factor for adult metabolic disease. Such developmental responses may be adaptive, but might also result from constraints on, or pathological changes to, normal physiology. The rising prevalence of both obesity and osteoporosis, and the identification of links among bone, fat, brain, and gut, suggest that obesity and osteoporosis may be related, and moreover that their roots may lie in early life. Here we focus on evidence for how maternal diet during gestation and lactation affects metabolism and skeletal acquisition in humans and in animal models. We consider the effects of overall caloric restriction, and macronutrient imbalances including high fat, high sucrose, and low protein, compared to normal diet. We then discuss potential mechanisms underlying the skeletal responses, including perinatal developmental programming via disruption of the perinatal leptin surge and/or epigenetic changes, to highlight unanswered questions and identify the most critical areas for future research.
Variational trial-functions for rough-surface scattering

Abstract Trial functions for wave-scatter calculation via the Schwinger variational principle are generalized to arbitrarily-rough curved perfectly-reflecting surfaces. The simplest planar-form has been thoroughly tested for a sinusoidal-roughness as detailed elsewhere; an illustration here shows typical excellent agreement with exact results – and necessity of fixing a flaw uncovered earlier in the periodic Green's function.
Periodic Cushing syndrome in a short boy: usefulness of the ovine corticotropin releasing hormone test.

On decrit un garcon de petite taille avec un syndrome de Cushing periodique provoque par une hyperplasie surrenale micronodulaire. Le diagnostic a ete tardif en raison de la presentation atypique de l'affection
Middle-Aged and Older People with AIDS Trends in National Surveillance Rates, Transmission Routes, and Risk Factors

This article explores the stability and changes in national trends related to AIDS rates, transmission routes, and risk factors from the mid-1980s to 1997. The authors show that while the numbers of AIDS cases have grown dramatically for all age groups, the proportion of cases for persons age 50 and older (at diagnosis) has remained a fairly stable 10% of the total case load, resulting in more than 60,000 cases in 1997. Contrary to popular belief, the most prevalent transmission route for middle-aged and older people has always been through sexual contact. While middle-aged and older people may be at reduced risk compared to younger age groups, these data also reveal a disturbing trend. People age 50 and older continue to be less knowledgeable about AIDS risks, perceive themselves to be at lower risk, and, for those with known AIDS-related risks, have made fewer behavioral accommodations to avoid such risksas compared to younger people. With recent data indicating a faster rise in new AIDScases among the ...
A SAN LORENZO PHASE HOUSEHOLD ASSEMBLAGE FROM EL REMOLINO, VERACRUZ

While scholars actively search for material and symbolic indications of Olmec influence outside the Gulf Coast, few have taken a close look at the variation and intricacies of Early Formative period material culture within the Gulf Coast region. The increasing body of data on houses in the Olmec heartland is beginning to allow comparisons and new kinds of analyses not previously possible in Olmec studies. Excavated materials from San Lorenzo phase (1200–900 b.c., radiocarbon years; 1400–1000 b.c.) households at El Remolino in the San Lorenzo region are analyzed in a preliminary attempt to evaluate the particulars of a San Lorenzo Olmec domestic assemblage in order to provide a baseline for future research. I compare quantities of different artifact classes, vessel forms, vessel orifice diameters, and pottery decoration to arrive at an understanding of a modest Olmec household inventory. Through this analysis, I argue that several of the San Lorenzo horizon markers cited as evidence of Olmec influence or migration elsewhere in Mesoamerica are quite rare in the Olmec heartland itself. Both Calzadas Carved and Limon Carved-Incised pottery decorations1 occur only in minute quantities (<1%) in the Remolino (and San Lorenzo) assemblage, and hollow white-ware figurines are entirely absent at this nonelite context. Except for its location 5 km from San Lorenzo, El Remolino would not qualify as an Olmec site based on the lack of artifact markers emphasized by archaeologists working outside of the Gulf Coast. I argue that we need a better idea of the range of Gulf Coast Olmec variation before we delve too far into discussions of Gulf Coast influence.
Inflammatory Lipoproteins Purified from a Toxigenic and Arthritogenic Strain of Mycoplasma arthritidis Are Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 and CD14

Mycoplasmas, or mollicutes, are the smallest self-replicating prokaryotes and are common parasites of humans, animals, and plants. Mycoplasma arthritidis infections in rodents serve as animal models for a chronic arthritis that closely resembles human rheumatoid arthritis, necrotizing fasciitis-like syndrome, and acute toxic shock syndrome (6). Virulence factors include a superantigen (SAg), the M. arthritidis mitogen MAM (2), which utilizes Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 (14); two membrane lipoproteins, Maa1 (32) and Maa2 (34); and bacteriophage MAV1 (28). MAM is a potent activator of T cells, B cells, and macrophages (2). Although MAM can induce arthritis when injected directly into rat joints, systemic administration into rodents is without significant clinical effects. However, major changes in immune function do occur after intravenous injection of MAM (15), and MAM can trigger and exacerbate autoimmune collagen-induced arthritis (3). The inability of MAM to cause overt clinical disease by itself supports the notion that other virulence factors participate in the inflammatory effects of whole organisms. We recently reported that Triton X-114 extracts of whole cells of a virulent strain of M. arthritidis contained components that activated macrophages through TLR2 and caused dendritic cell maturation, as evidenced by upregulation of surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD40, B7-1, and B7-2 (4). These activities were not due to contamination with MAM or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were significantly less potent in extracts from an avirulent strain of M. arthritidis, suggesting an association with disease. Other mycoplasmas have also been shown to possess macrophage-activating components, including MALP-2 (16), a lipopeptide derivative of MALP-404 from M. fermentans; fibroblast- and macrophage-stimulating lipopeptide FSL-1 (23) from M. salivarium; and a partially purified 29-kDa lipoprotein from M. hominis (19). The role of these potential inflammatory molecules in clinical disease remains to be defined in part because of the absence of a suitable animal model. However, such a model is available for M. arthritidis (2, 5); prior to initiating these studies, the first goal would be to purify and characterize the bioactive components of this organism. In the present study, we purified four macrophage-activating components from M. arthritidis, the activities of which are all TLR2 and CD14 dependent. We also show that one, OGex A (see below), which has binding avidity for serum apolipoprotein A-1 (9), is related to the MlpD, MlpE, and MlpF lipoproteins of unknown function, recently described by Washburn et al. (31, 35).
Structural Basis for Specificity and Flexibility in a Plant 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase

Plant 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) serves as a central catalyst in the phenylpropanoid pathway that provides precursors for numerous metabolites and regulates carbon flow. Here, we present several high-resolution crystal structures of Nicotiana tabacum 4CL isoform 2 (Nt4CL2) in complex with Mg(2+) and ATP, with AMP and coenzyme A (CoA), and with three different hydroxycinnamate-AMP intermediates: 4-coumaroyl-AMP, caffeoyl-AMP, and feruloyl-AMP. The Nt4CL2-Mg(2+)-ATP structure is captured in the adenylate-forming conformation, whereas the other structures are in the thioester-forming conformation. These structures represent a rare example of an ANL enzyme visualized in both conformations, and also reveal the binding determinants for both CoA and the hydroxycinnamate substrate. Kinetic studies of structure-based variants were used to identify residues crucial to catalysis, ATP binding, and hydroxycinnamate specificity. Lastly, we characterize a deletion mutant of Nt4CL2 that possesses the unusual sinapinate-utilizing activity. These studies establish a molecular framework for the engineering of this versatile biocatalyst.
From the cradle to the grave: age differences in attachment from early adulthood to old age.

Objective: Although attachment dynamics are thought to be important across the life span, relatively few studies have examined attachment processes beyond young adulthood. Extant research on age differences in attachment orientation has yielded conflicting results and interpretations.The purpose of this study was to provide a more complete picture of age-related differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance. Method:We examined attachment anxiety and avoidance in 86,555 Internet respondents (71.8% female) ranging in age from 18 to 70. Results:We found that attachment anxiety was highest among younger adults and lowest among middle-aged and older adults. Attachment avoidance showed less dramatic age differences overall but was highest among middle-aged adults and lowest among younger and older adults. In addition, partnered individuals reported lower levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to single individuals, particularly in younger and older adulthood.Women also reported slightly higher anxiety and avoidance compared to men, especially in young adulthood. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in the context of life span changes in social roles,normative personality development,and emotion regulation throughout adulthood.
Deposition of Fluorescent Particles in Replica Casts of Distal Human Airways: Comparison of Theory with Experiment

Bates (1989) has pointed out the vulnerability of small airways of workers who are exposed to insoluble dusts. Because small airways are nearly impossible to observe in living subjects and they are not amenable to use in bench-top studies, little is known regarding their collection efficiencies for aerosol particles. However, Brody and Roe (1983) documented enhanced deposition of inorganic particles at the bifurcations of small airways of rodents following brief inhalation exposures. Also, Cohen et al. (1988) observed enhanced bifurcational deposition of 0.15 um diameter particles in generation six airways (approx. 3 mm diameter) in hollow casts of human lungs. Neither of these studies provided quantitative evaluations of theoretical models that are used for inhaled aerosol dosimetry. The traditional predictive models of inhaled particle deposition are deterministic in that particle-size dependent deposition probabilities are calculated using anatomical and airflow information for bronchial airways on a generation-by-generation basis (Yeh and Schum, 1980). Recently, stochastic particle deposition calculations, using individual particle trajectories and finite element simulations of airflow have been described (Hofmann, 1996; Tsuda et al., 1994). Both types of models can predict the deposition efficiencies of particles in small airways, but neither type has been adequately checked for its validity in these structures. Our objective was to observe the deposition patterns of particles in hollow replica casts of small human airways (generation 9-11, about 1 mm diameter) and to compare these patterns with those predicted by a deterministic mathematical model.
The Heuristic Value of the Left—Right Schema in East Asia

The semantics of left and right provide an efficient heuristic to understand and organize political information. Most studies on the left—right schema have focused on established democracies, but t...
The Impact of Intercollegiate Athletics Financial Inequalities

Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. The goal of this paper is to respond to Zimbalist (2013), add to the conversation about financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics, and describe how national inequalities translate into inequalities on campus. An analysis of the structure of intercollegiate athletics that perpetuates these inequalities is presented, ActivityBased Costing (ABC) is introduced, and practical ideas to assist in creating a more financially equitable model of intercollegiate athletics are presented. Inequality within intercollegiate athletics has roots as deep as the enterprise itself. From a macro perspective, financial inequality in intercollegiate athletics stems from free-market forces influencing intercollegiate athletics, specifically the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), television broadcasting, and the Bowl Championship Series (BCS). Because the NCAA operates on behalf of its member institutions, these inequalities trickle down to all conferences, universities, and athletic programs, to specific sports, and finally to student-athletes. Conference executives are charged with putting their member institutions in the best possible position for success and the free market reigns, with some conferences substantially more valuable than others. The BCS operates in the best interest of the Power Conferences (SEC, Big Ten, Pac-12, Big 12, and ACC) and certainly considers the new Group of Five (Big East, Mountain West, Conference USA, MAC, and Sun Belt), resulting in a smaller group of conferences and institutions that are directly affected by their operations. But, in reality, all colleges that compete in the NCAA are indirectly affected by the BCS. As in any free market, many factors exist that affect the value of institutions and conferences, such as competitive success, geographic region, tax status, overall brand strength, history, and religious affiliation. Decision-making and priorities along the way are critical components of any discussion on college athletics finance, and this is where NCAA, conferences, BCS,
An analysis of seismoscope data from the Parkfield earthquake of June 27, 1966

Abstract An analysis of 16 seismoscope records from the Parkfield earthquake indicates the general usefulness of seismoscope data as a supplement to information produced by recording accelerographs. The pattern of attenuation of response spectrum values with distance from the fault was obtained, and certain anomalies in response spectrum values which may be related to local geologic structure were noted. The initial strong ground motions in the immediate vicinity of the fault were found to be predominately transverse to the fault. A direct comparison of seismoscope results with response spectrum curves calculated from recorded groud acceleration-time curves indicates an overall seismoscope accuracy under typical field conditions of 10-15 per cent.
The Northern Great Plains as Viewed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Northern Great Plains as Viewed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i5_kirby
Residual Stresses in Bulk Metallic Glasses – I: Modeling

The recent advent of multi-component alloys with exceptional glass forming ability has allowed the processing of large metallic specimens with amorphous structure. The possibility of formation of thermal tempering stresses during the processing of these bulk metallic glass (BMG) specimens was first investigated using an instant freezing model. It was shown that convective cooling of Zr 41.2 Ti 13.8 Cu 12.5 Ni 10 Be 22.5 plates with high heat transfer coefficients could potentially generate significant compressive stresses balanced with mid-plane tension. The predictions of the instant freezing model were then compared to calculations that consider the viscoelastic properties of BMGs.
Why are some verbs learned before other verbs? Effects of input frequency and structure on children's early verb use

This study investigated the extent to which the nature of verb input accounts for the order in which children acquire verbs. We assessed the nature of verb input using a combined sample of the speech of 57 mothers addressing their Stage I children. We assessed the order of verb acquisition using as our database a combined sample of those children's speech 10 weeks later and using as our measure of order of acquisition the frequency of verb occurrence. The first set of analyses established the validity of this measure of acquisition order by comparing it with order of acquisition data obtained from checklist and diary data. The second set of analyses revealed that three properties of the input were significant predictors of the order of acquisition of the 25 verbs that were the focus of this study. The predictive properties of input were the total frequency, final position frequency, and diversity of syntactic environments in which the verbs appeared. These findings suggest that the way verbs appear in input influences their ease of acquisition. More specifically, the effect of syntactic diversity in input provides support for the syntactic bootstrapping account of how children use structural information to learn the meaning of new verbs.
Plasma Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in Acromegaly

Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations were measured, in the supine resting position and in response to standing, in 10 unselected patients with active acromegaly, in 2 effectively treated acromegalic patients with normal serum growth hormone concentrations and in 15 nonacromegalic normal subjects. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were not significantly related to serum growth hormone levels or to the diastolic blood pressure in the acromegalic patients. Mean (+/- SE) plasma norepinephrine concentrations rose from 211 +/- 28 pg/ml supine to 501 +/- 65 pg/ml after 10 minutes standing in the active acromegalic patients and from 210 +/- 20 pg/ml supine to 502 +/- 54 pg/ml after 10 min standing in the normal subjects. Corresponding plasma epinephrine concentrations were 33 +/- 6 and 60 +/- 14 pg/ml in the acromegalics and 57 +/- 7 pg/ml in the normals. Thus, no abnormality in basal or stimulated plasma catecholamine concentrations was found in acromegalic patients.
Social Patterning in Body Mass Index (BMI) Among Contemporary Immigrant Groups: The Emergence of a Gradient

Although adult body mass index (BMI) displays considerable social patterning worldwide, the direction and strength of the relationship between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES) varies cross nationally. We examine social gradients in BMI for contemporary U.S. immigrants and evaluate whether their SES-BMI gradient patterns are shaped by underlying gradients in immigrant origin countries and whether they are further patterned by time in the United States. Data come from the New Immigrant Survey, the only nationally representative survey of contemporary immigrants. Results indicate that the inverse SES-BMI gradients observed among this population are strongest among women originating in highly developed countries. After arrival in the United States, however, inverse gradient patterns are driven largely by higher weights among low-SES individuals, particularly those from less-developed countries. We conclude that although certain immigrants appear to be uniquely protected from weight gain, poorer individuals from less-developed countries are doubly disadvantaged; this raises concerns about worsening inequalities in both diet and behavior between the rich and poor upon arrival to the United States.
Direct and indirect effects of animal detritus on growth, survival, and mass of invasive container mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Compared with plant detritus, animal detritus yields higher growth rates, survival, adult mass, and population growth of container-dwelling mosquitoes. It is unclear whether the benefit from animal detritus to larvae results from greater microorganism growth, direct ingestion of animal detritus by larvae, or some other mechanism. We tested alternative mechanisms by which animal detritus may benefit the invasive container-dwelling mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). In the laboratory, larvae were reared under three conditions with access to 1) detritus, but where microorganisms in the water column were reduced through periodic flushing; 2) water column microorganisms, but larvae had no direct access to detritus; or 3) both water column microorganisms and detritus. Access treatments were conducted for three masses of animal detritus: 0.005, 0.010, and 0.020 g. Water column bacterial productivity (measured via incorporation of [3H]leucine) decreased significantly with flushing and with larval presence. Removing microorganisms through flushing significantly reduced mass of adult mosquitoes (both sexes), and it significantly prolonged developmental times of females compared with treatments where water column microorganisms or microorganisms and detritus were available. Survival to adulthood was greatest when larvae had access to both water column microorganisms and 0.020 g of detritus, but it declined when only water column microorganisms were available or when 0.005 g of detritus was used. These findings indicate both direct (as a food source) and indirect (assisting with decomposition of detritus) roles of microorganisms in producing the benefit of animal detritus to container mosquito larvae.
Tidal waves in Pd 102 : A phenomenological analysis

Rotational and electromagnetic properties of the yrast band in $^{102}\mathrm{Pd}$ are analyzed in terms of a phenomenological phonon model that includes anharmonic terms. Both the moment of inertia and $B(E2)$'s are well reproduced by the model, providing an independent confirmation of the multiphonon picture recently proposed. The (empirical) dependence of the phonon-phonon interaction on the phonon frequency, in Ru, Pd, and Ru isotopes, follows the expectations from particle-vibration coupling.
Accelerator physics and technology challenges of very high energy hadron colliders

High energy hadron colliders have been in the forefront of particle physics for more than three decades. At present, international particle physics community considers several options for a 100 TeV proton–proton collider as a possible post-LHC energy frontier facility. The method of colliding beams has not fully exhausted its potential but has slowed down considerably in its progress. This paper briefly reviews the accelerator physics and technology challenges of the future very high energy colliders and outlines the areas of required research and development towards their technical and financial feasibility.
Phase II study of clofarabine and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with relapsed AML and in elderly patients with untreated AML who are at high risk of anthracycline toxicity

7064 Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy/safety of a novel AML regimen in elderly patients with heart disease or in patients with a contraindication to ‘standard‘ anthracycline-containing regimens. Patients and Methods: Phase II, open-label design. Eligible pts had elderly de-novo or relapsed AML or would not benefit from 7+3 or simlar therapy. Treatment was CLOF 40 mg/m2, Ara-C 1,000 mg/m2. (d1–5). Results: Patients were accrued and treated from April 2005 through Oct 2006. All pts signed IRB-approved consents. The median age was 67 years (range 38–82 years). Twenty (67%) subjects had received at least one prior cytoxic regimen (excluding 5-AZA). Significant cardiovascular (history of MI, bypass grafting, cardiomyopathy) was present in 43% (13/30) prior to therapy. Thirty pts were enrolled and all recieved at least one day of therapy. 1 pt died within 24 hours of starting treatment due to disease progression. Of the remaining, 29/30 received at least one complete cycle of therapy and 5 received 2 cycles. N...
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism: Pharmacogenomic Profile of Soy Isoflavone Concentrate in the Prostate of Nrf2 Deficient and Wild-Type Mice

The involvement of Nrf2-a bZip transcription factor in soy isoflavones induced protection against oxidative stress and cancer has been reported. To gain better insight into the role of Nrf2 in prostate cancer chemoprevention by soy isoflavones, we examined the pharmacogenomics and gene expression profiles elicited by soy isoflavones in the prostates of C57BL/6J/Nrf2(-/-) and C57BL6J/Nrf2(+/+) wildtype. The profiles were analyzed using 45000 Affymetrix mouse genome 430-2.0 array and Genespring-7.2 software. The results obtained from microarray were further validated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Clusters of genes that were induced or suppressed more than twofold were identified as Nrf2 regulated soy isoflavone induced or suppressed genes. Classification based on their biological function revealed that genes mainly belonging to the categories of electron transport, phase II metabolizing enzymes, cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycle, transcription factors, transport, mRNA processing, and carbohydrate homeostasis were either induced or suppressed by soy isoflavone and regulated by Nrf2. In addition, modulation of novel target genes such as LATS2 and GREB1 were identified to be mediated by Nrf2. Thus our current study provides a potential link between cancer chemopreventive properties of soy derived phytochemicals, the transcription factor Nrf2 and prevention of prostate cancer.
Vampires and a Moco Jumbie

Vampires and a Moco Jumbie is a narrative-essay about teaching Basic Composition in New York City in the early 1990s. To the surprise and delight of the teacher, the students describe in class discussions and in their writings their beliefs in the supernatural.
Are the showers of cancer cells in the blood responsible for an increase in metastases

Showers of cancer cells were detected in the blood of animals bearing an experimental colon carcinoma of the rat following the administration of fluids into the tumor mass. These showers of cancer cells, however, persisted in the circulating blood only for a short period of time.A significant increase in blood fibrinogen levels and a rapid consumption of factor VIII were also detected after surgery.Hepatic metastases occurred in 9.2 % of the control animals, in 27.7 % of the sodium pentobarbital treated animals, and in 22.4 % of those inoculated with sodium chloride intratumor.The significance of the presence of the showers of cancer cells into the circulating blood produced during these procedures, and the possibilities that these may increase metastases is discussed.
A Universal Kinematic Scaling Relation and Galaxy Bulges

We retrace the development of a kinematic scaling relation, referred to as the Fundamental Manifold (FM), that addresses shortcomings of the commonly used fundamental plane in certain contexts. We then examine whether bulges separately satisfy the FM relation and discuss what the success or failure of such a match implies for the nature of classical- and pseudo-bulges. On the basis of this preliminary analysis we suggest that while classical bulges appear to be independent, dynamically complete subsystems within their host galaxies that satisfy the scaling relation, pseudobulges do not satisfy the scaling relation and so probably consist of an unrepresentative subset of disc stars. This is currently not a unique explanation of the results, but the use of kinematic scaling relations with larger samples, done in a more systematic manner, could lead to a more definitive resolution on the nature of bulges.
Photorefractive dynamic range compression

Predetection dynamic range compression (DRC) is important because it can prevent saturation in photodetectors while preserving the spatial frequency content of the received image. An example is in the detection of a launched missile with bright emissions in its plume.
Methods and Variables Associated with the Risk of Septic Arthritis Following Intra-Articular Injections in Horses: A Survey of Veterinarians.

Objective To determine common methods for intra-articular injections and variables associated with the risk of septic arthritis following intra-articular injection in the horse. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Sample Population Equine veterinarians. Methods A link to an online survey was distributed to equine practitioners in 2014. Responses for descriptive data were tabulated. Data on infection rates obtained from medical records were analyzed. Variables associated with the risk of septic arthritis were determined using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression. Results Common current methods for intra-articular injections were determined from 241 surveys. Sixty-four of 241 surveys (26.6%) contained data with numbers of joints injected and number of infections obtained from review of medical records. Eight different injection methods were used by more than 2/3 of responding veterinarians. A total of 67 out of 319,760 injected joints reported became septic following injection, giving an incidence of 2.10 septic joints per 10,000 intra-articular injections. Based on multivariate analysis, infection rates were significantly lower when veterinarians prepared their own injection sites (OR=0.10) and had <20 years of practice experience (OR=0.025), whereas infection rates were significantly higher when hair was removed at the injection site (OR=19.70). Conclusion There is a low incidence of septic arthritis following intra-articular injection and a large number of injection methods reported by responding veterinarians. The low reported incidence of infection may be related to the large number of practitioners frequently using common methods.
Extending Classrooms into Parks Through Informal Science Learning and Place-Based Education

Parks are spaces where lived experiences and science learning could come together in ways not afforded by brick and mortar informal science institutions. They offer unique opportunities for authentic science learning in that learners interact with diverse ecosystems within urban settings and engage in authentic data collection practices while making salient connections to place. In urban settings where greenspace is often a premium, parks are opportunities for educators to facilitate experiences with nature that are unparalleled in the classroom. In order to make the most of parks and other similar spaces we ask, in what ways can we engage learners in these environments? Using a theoretical lens of place attachment and identity this chapter describes how teachers form attachments to and build identities around places for science learning and place value on facilitating such experiences for their students. First, a theoretical approach to place attachment is outlined which precedes a description of the urban National Park and the teacher learning programs. Then teacher experiences and reflections juxtaposed with place attachment framework highlight notions of environmental stewardship, culturally-relevant learning, student-centered learning, and place-relevant experiences for both teachers and their students. The chapter concludes with reflections of and implications for teacher learning in park settings.
Second order integral terminal sliding mode control for voltage sag mitigation in DFIG-based wind turbines

A second order integral terminal sliding mode control (SOITSMC) is proposed in this paper for a rotor side converter (RSC) of a DFIG-based wind turbine. The design is based on a novel sliding manifold and aims at improving the turbine's performance while minimizing chattering. The controller performance and its robustness were studied under voltage sag conditions and parameter variations. Simulation results, carried out using realistic scenarios, confirmed the system robustness against parameter variations and its effectiveness in mitigating voltage sags. The performance of the proposed approach was further compared to that of a standard SMC approach in terms of voltage sag mitigation abilities and chattering alleviation. While both SMC approaches were able to mitigate the effects of voltage sags and protect the rotor circuit against over-currents, the proposed ITSMC was shown to be more effective than CSMC in mitigating deep voltage sags and reducing the chattering effect.
Mixed quadratic model for peak spatial-average SAR of coherent multiple antenna devices

Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure of the electromagnetic exposure of portable devices imposed by regulatory agencies. In this paper, we model peak spatial-average SAR of multiple-antenna portable devices using a simple mixed quadratic function of the transmitted vector signal. The model takes into account the movement of location on peak SAR as the transmitted signal varies in amplitude and relative phase between antennas, and can be applied to any number of antennas. Examples with two and four antennas are presented.
Performance of Low-Income Dual Language Learners Attending English-Only Schools on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition, Spanish

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the performance of a group of Spanish-speaking, dual language learners (DLLs) who were attending English-only schools and came from low-income and low-p...
Modeling Load Dynamics to Support Resiliency-Based Operations in Low-Inertia Microgrids

Microgrids have repeatedly demonstrated the ability to provide uninterrupted service to critical end-use loads during normal outages, severe weather events, and natural disasters. While their ability to provide critical services is well documented, microgrids present a more dynamic operational environment than grid-connected distribution systems. The electrodynamics of a microgrid are commonly driven by the high inertia of rotating generators, which are common in many microgrids. In such high-inertia systems, the impact of end-use load electromechanical dynamics are often not examined. However, with the increased penetration of inverter-based generation with little or no inertia, it is necessary to consider the impact that the dynamics of the end-use loads have on the operations of microgrids, particularly for a resiliency-based operation. These operations include, but are not limited to, switching operations, loss of generating units, and the starting of induction motors. This paper examines the importance of including multi-state electromechanical dynamic models of the end-use load when evaluating the operations of low inertia microgrids, and shows that by properly representing their behavior, it is possible to cost effectively size equipment while supporting resilient operations of critical end-use loads.
INTEGRATION FAULT DETECTION AND TOLERANT CONTROL IN MICRO-SATELLITE ATTITUDE PROPULSION MODE APPLICATION

The paper refers to a tolerant control method which is reconfigurable to micro-satellites when they are out of order. The integrated approach to the design of thruster control reconfigurable fault-tolerant control system is proposed. The scheme includes a control effectiveness factor and a reconfigurable fault-tolerant controller. The fault detection, diagnosis and controller reconfiguration are carried out using the control effectiveness factor based on the information from a two-stage Kalman filter. By using the two-stage Kalman filter and digital controller, the nonlinear plant will be discretized. We present sufficient conditions under which a discrete-time controller that input-to-state stabilizes an approximate discrete-time model of a nonlinear plant with disturbances. The result shows the method enables us to solve the system faults and meet the requirement when there is a fault in the micro-satellites attitude control system.
In-vitro perforation of the round window membrane via direct 3-D printed microneedles

The cochlea, or inner ear, is a space fully enclosed within the temporal bone of the skull, except for two membrane-covered portals connecting it to the middle ear space. One of these portals is the round window, which is covered by the Round Window Membrane (RWM). A longstanding clinical goal is to reliably and precisely deliver therapeutics into the cochlea to treat a plethora of auditory and vestibular disorders. Standard of care for several difficult-to-treat diseases calls for injection of a therapeutic substance through the tympanic membrane into the middle ear space, after which a portion of the substance diffuses across the RWM into the cochlea. The efficacy of this technique is limited by an inconsistent rate of molecular transport across the RWM. A solution to this problem involves the introduction of one or more microscopic perforations through the RWM to enhance the rate and reliability of diffusive transport. This paper reports the use of direct 3D printing via Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP) lithography to fabricate ultra-sharp polymer microneedles specifically designed to perforate the RWM. The microneedle has tip radius of 500 nm and shank radius of 50 μ m, and perforates the guinea pig RWM with a mean force of 1.19 mN. The resulting perforations performed in vitro are lens-shaped with major axis equal to the microneedle shank diameter and minor axis about 25% of the major axis, with mean area 1670 μ m2. The major axis is aligned with the direction of the connective fibers within the RWM. The fibers were separated along their axes without ripping or tearing of the RWM suggesting the main failure mechanism to be fiber-to-fiber decohesion. The small perforation area along with fiber-to-fiber decohesion are promising indicators that the perforations would heal readily following in vivo experiments. These results establish a foundation for the use of Two-Photon Polymerization lithography as a means to fabricate microneedles to perforate the RWM and other similar membranes.
Protrusive Forces Generated by Dendritic Actin Networks During Cell Crawling

Cell protrusions during crawling motility involve growth of a dendritic actin network at the leading edge. Numerous studies over the last several decades have revealed the identity of key proteins involved in dendritic actin networks and elucidated how these proteins interact with each other during network assembly and growth, enabling reconstitution in vitro. While it is clear that growth of these networks can displace loads, the mechanism and dynamics of force generation continue to be a subject of investigation. In this chapter we describe current theories for the underlying mechanism of force generation by dendritic actin networks and discuss experimental measurements that quantify the magnitude and dynamics of the forces. Reconstitution studies have played a central role in measurements of force generation by dendritic actin networks and demonstrated how the combination of a small set of proteins leads to complex history dependent growth. Measurements of protrusion in crawling cells are now beginning to test the predictions of these reconstitution studies. We conclude by discussing how dendritic actin network growth can be integrated into an overall understanding of cell protrusions during crawling motility.
Vitamin D: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements

Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, is essential for bone health and the prevention of chronic diseases, including autoimmune diseases, cancers, heart disease, type II diabetes, and infectious diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. Vitamin D status is determined by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood. To maintain a healthy level of between 40 and 60 ng ml −1 , children need at least 600 IU and preferably 1000 IU of vitamin D daily whereas adults need at least 600 IU, and 2000 IU of vitamin D is preferred daily. This can be accomplished by receiving sensible sun exposure in combination with ingesting foods that either naturally contain or are fortified with vitamin D along with a vitamin D supplement.
Introduction and Historical Notes

Excitotoxicity refers to neuronal death caused by activation of excitatory amino acid receptors. Several lines of evidence have linked excitotoxic cell death to the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic neurologic diseases. The initial observation that glutamate was neurotoxic was that of Lucas and Newhouse, who found that administration of glutamate to mice resulted in retinal degeneration (Lucas and Newhouse, 1957). Subsequent studies of Olney and colleagues linked neurotoxicity to the activation of excitatory amino acid receptors, and the term “excitotoxin” was coined (Olney, 1969). Further advances were those of Rothman linking release of excitatory amino acids to anoxic cell death in hippocampal cultures (Rothman, 1984), and of Choi linking calcium influx to delayed cell death caused by excitatory amino acids (Choi, 1987). More work has linked activation of excitatory amino acid receptors to free radical generation and nitric oxide, both of which may lead to oxidative stress (Dawson et al., 1991: Lafon-Cazal et al., 1993).
Model for the E 1 ′ Center in Si O 2

A theoretical model is presented for both the permanent and transient ${{E}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers in Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ together with a mechanism for their optical excitation. The model presented involves the Heitler-London description of Si-O bonding. Experimental tests for verification of the model are discussed in some detail.
In Silico Design and Experimental Validation of Combination Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

The number of deaths associated with Pancreatic Cancer has been on the rise in the United States making it an especially dreaded disease. The overall prognosis for pancreatic cancer patients continues to be grim because of the complexity of the disease at the molecular level involving the potential activation/inactivation of several diverse signaling pathways. In this paper, we first model the aberrant signaling in pancreatic cancer using a multi-fault Boolean Network. Thereafter, we theoretically evaluate the efficacy of different drug combinations by simulating this boolean network with drugs at the relevant intervention points and arrive at the most effective drug(s) to achieve cell death. The simulation results indicate that drug combinations containing Cryptotanshinone, a traditional Chinese herb derivative, result in considerably enhanced cell death. These in silico results are validated using wet lab experiments we carried out on Human Pancreatic Cancer (HPAC) cell lines.
Heart-Lung Transplantation

Fifteen years ago there was little hope for long-term survival for those patients with end stage cardiac and pulmonary disease. Although cardiac transplant programs were well established in many centers, this procedure could not help patients that had extensive primary or secondary pulmonary involvement. In 1981, however, after extensive laboratory work Reitz et al. performed the first successful heart-lung transplant procedure.1 Since that time over 550 procedures have been performed worldwide.
Impacts of climate change on the state of Indiana: ensemble future projections based on statistical downscaling

Using an ensemble of 10 statistically downscaled global climate model (GCM) simulations, we project future climate change impacts on the state of Indiana (IN) for two scenarios of greenhouse gas concentrations (a medium scenario—RCP4.5 and a high scenario—RCP 8.5) for three future time periods (2020s, 2050s, 2080s). Relative to a 1971–2000 baseline, the projections show substantial changes in temperature (T) for IN, with a change in the annual ensemble mean T for the 2080s RCP8.5 scenario of about 5.6 °C (10.1 °F). Such changes also indicate major changes in T extremes. For southern IN, the number of days with daily maximum T above 35 °C (95 °F) is projected to be about 100 days per year for the 2080s RCP8.5 scenario, as opposed to an average of 5 days for the historical baseline climate. Locations in northern IN could experience 50 days per year above 35 °C (95 °F) for the same conditions. Energy demand for cooling, as measured by cooling degree days (CDD), is projected to increase nearly fourfold in response to this extreme warming, but heating demand as measured by heating degree days (HDD) is projected to decline by 30%, which would result in a net reduction in annual heating/cooling energy demand for consumers. The length of the growing season is projected to increase by about 30 to 50 days by the 2080s for the RCP8.5 scenario, and USDA hardiness zones are projected to shift by about one full zone throughout IN. By the 2080s, all GCM simulations for the RCP8.5 scenario show higher annual precipitation (P) over the Midwest and IN. Projected seasonal changes in P include a 25–30% increase in winter and spring by the 2080s for the RCP8.5 scenarios and a 1–7% decline in summer and fall P (although there is a low model agreement in the latter two seasons). Rising T is projected to cause systematic decreases in the snow-to-rain ratio from Nov-Mar. Snow is projected to become uncommon in southern IN by the 2080s for the RCP8.5 scenario, and snowfall is substantially reduced in other areas of the state. The combined effects of these changes in T, P, and snowfall will likely result in increased surface runoff and flooding during winter and spring.
An Interactive, Stand-Alone and Multi-User Power System Simulator for the PMU Time Frame

This paper discusses the simulation of electric power systems on the phasor measurement unit (PMU) time frame in which the power system dynamics are solved with time steps on the order of an electrical cycle. The paper presents an environment in which flexible and extensible communication and interactive control action capabilities are included, including support for the C37.118.2 and DNP3 protocols. The paper describes the environment design, and includes examples of how it is being used both for stand-alone simulation and as part of a multi-user simulation environment.
Thermochemistry and Group Additivity Values for Fused Two-Ring Species and Radicals

Motivated by a lack of understanding in the chemical mechanisms of alkylaromatic pyrolysis, the thermochemistry of fused two-ring aromatic molecules and radicals was calculated in this work using the CBS-QB3 level of theory. The enthalpies of formation of some fused ring species differ by as much as 13 kcal/mol from previous estimates. New group values were defined to facilitate better thermochemistry estimates in the future and were found to match the CBS-QB3 calculated values with an average deviation of 0.4 kcal/mol and a standard deviation of 0.9 kcal/mol, a substantial improvement from previous estimation methods. We discuss the thermochemical characteristics of the various polycyclic and radical groups developed in this work.