cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacteria in the Air of Housed Swine Units

Two housed, swine-growing-finishing units were studied for numbers of total bacteria, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella in the air. At 30.5 and 122 cm from the floor, total colony-forming particles, as tested, averaged 3.4 × 105 and 1.3 × 105/m3 of air, respectively; whereas fecal coliform counts averaged 24 × 103 and 1.9 × 103/m3 of air, respectively. Only 41% of the organisms growing on Staphylococcus 110 medium tested as Staphylococcus. Of 458 Staphylococcus isolates, 5 were coagulase-positive. No Salmonella were detected in the air of the units tested.
Investigating the role of ABC transporters in multifungicide insensitivity in Phytophthora infestans

SUMMARY Isolates of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans exhibit a wide range of intrinsic sensitivities to fungicides, which potentially influences the application rates of chemicals needed to control potato late blight. To help understand what determines such levels of sensitivity, a genetic approach was employed which followed the segregation of sensitivities to structurally diverse fungicides such as metalaxyl and trifloxystrobin. Progeny exhibited broad distributions of sensitivity phenotypes, consistent with the behaviour of a quantitative trait. Measurements of the inhibition of strains by seven fungicides revealed that basal sensitivities to metalaxyl and trifloxystrobin, and to cymoxanil and dimethomorph, correlated at the 95% confidence level. These compounds have distinct modes of action, suggesting the involvement of a multifungicide efflux phenomenon mediated by ABC transporters. To determine whether such proteins contribute to variation in sensitivity, 41 full transporters and 13 half transporters were identified from P. infestans and their mRNA levels compared in strains exhibiting higher or lower sensitivities to fungicides. No correlation was observed between the expression of any ABC transporter and fungicide sensitivity. Other genes, or variation in the activities of the transporters, may therefore explain the differences between strains. Five ABC transporters were induced by several fungicides in strains with both higher and lower sensitivities to fungicides, which probably reflects the existence of a network for protecting against natural and artificial toxins.
Abnormal T cell-dependent B cell responses in SCID mice receiving allogeneic bone marrow in utero

In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, restoration of humoral immunity is delayed and can remain impaired for years. In many severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) patients given haploidentical bone marrow (BM), lesions in humoral immunity are exacerbated by poor engraftment of donor B cells. The nature of these defects is important to understand as they render patients susceptible to infection. Previous work in mice suggested that in utero transplantation (IUT) of allogeneic BM might offer several advantages for the correction of primary immune deficiencies. In SCID mice given fully allogeneic BM in utero, the lymphoid compartment was restored with minimal evidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The present report examines B-cell reconstitution and function in mice that have received allogeneic IUT. Results are compared with those of adult mice given total body irradiation (TBI) followed by transplantation with allogeneic BM. In addition to enumerating the various B-cell subsets present in BM, spleen, and peritoneal cavity (PC), B-cell competence was assessed by challenging mice with T cell–independent (TI) and T cell–dependent (TD) antigens. The results demonstrated that all B-cell subsets in the BM and periphery were restored in allogeneic IUT and TBI mice, as were antibody responses after TI challenge. Upon immunization with TD antigens, however, IUT and TBI mice exhibited suboptimal responses as measured by the capacity to isotype switch and generate germinal center (GC) B cells. Thus, although allogeneic BM transplantation results in complete recovery of the B-cell compartment, certain elements of the humoral response remain defective.
Role of phospholipase C in development of myogenic tone in rat posterior cerebral arteries.

Earlier studies have implicated phospholipase C (PLC) in the development of myogenic tone (MT) based on pharmacological studies in larger arteries. In the present study, we further investigated the...
PlA Polymorphism of Integrin β3 Differentially Modulates Cellular Migration on Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Objective— Cell migration is central to multiple physiological and pathologic processes and involves interactions between integrins on the cell surface and the extracellular matrix. The Leu33Pro (Pl A ) polymorphism of integrin β 3 has been reported to be associated with a greater rate of restenosis after angioplasty, a process involving endothelial and smooth muscle cell migration. We have addressed the possibility that the Leu33Pro polymorphism could modify the migratory behavior of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the β 3 -containing integrin complexes. Methods and Results— Haptotactic migratory responses of CHO α IIb β 3 cells to fibronectin and vitronectin were not statistically different between the Leu33 and Pro33 cells. However, CHO cells with the Pro33 (Pl A2 ) polymorphism had an enhanced haptotactic migratory response to fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor. This enhanced migration (1) could be blocked by the α IIb β 3 -complex–specific neutralizing mAb 10E5, by 7E3, a neutralizing mAb specific for the β 3 integrin, and by the α IIb β 3 -blocking peptide Integrilin; (2) was not observed with a CHO cell line expressing an activating β 3 Cys435 to Ala mutation; and (3) was attributable to increased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase. CHO cell lines expressing the Pro33 isoform of α v β 3 had an enhanced haptotactic migratory response to vitronectin and osteopontin but not fibrinogen. Conclusions— The Leu33Pro polymorphism alters the migratory behavior of cells on extracellular matrix substrates, and the α subunit influences the substrate specificity of this genetic effect.
Imaging water dissociation on TiO2(110): Evidence for inequivalent geminate OH groups.

Identical regions of partially reduced TiO2(110) surfaces with bridge-bonded oxygen vacancy (BBOV) concentrations of ∼10% ML (1 ML = 5.2 × 1014 cm-2) were imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) before and after dosing H2O at ambient temperature (∼300 K). Atomically resolved images confirm that H2O adsorbs dissociatively on the BBOV sites, producing two hydroxyl species, one positioned at BBOV and denoted OHV and the other, denoted OHB, formed by protonation at either of the two nearest-neighbor bridge-bonded oxygen atoms. Hydrogen hopping along the [001] direction is observed at ambient temperature, with a strong preference for OHB (∼10×) hydrogen motion. This powerful imbalance demonstrates the inequality of OHV and OHB and suggests differences in their charge and/or binding configuration.
Current Practice and Guidelines for the Transfusion of Cellular Blood Components in the Newborn

THE FREQUENCY OF blood component transfusions, in particular that of red celI (RBC) concentrates, to premature neonates is amongst the highest of any patient group in tertiary level hospitals. In one study, out of atotai of 4,906 neonates, 120 (2.5%) received bIood transfusions with over two-thirds of those receiving multiple transfusions. 1,3 Infants with birthweights of <1500 g almost invariably receive blood transfusions. 1,2,3 Although the volume of blood transfused to each neonate is smalI, the number of transfusions administered, and consequently the number of donor exposures, is high. In one study, neonates < 1250 g were exposed to a mean of 10.5 donors,3 and in a second study to 8.9 donors. 1 The rate of donor exposures per infant, as reported from several investigators, is presented in Table 1. Concems about transfusion transmitted infectious diseases, including the Human Immunodeficiency virus, have been associated with fewer transfusions (and donor exposures) in adults. However, blood usage and donor exposures continue to be high in neontai intensive care practice. This may reflect the need for aggressive resuscitative measures to saIvage extremely premature infants. CIearly premature neonates are unique. Because of their smalI blood volumes, a major indication for transfusions of RBC concentrates is to replace blood Iost via iatrogenic phIebotomy-"bleeding into the lab". 5,6 A concerted effort should be made to reduce donor exposure. Several mechanisms have been suggested, of which the most important are the judicious use of transfusion therapy, the establishment of recognized guidelines for transfusion therapy in the newborn, the implementation of innovative methods to use fewer donors and the further development of laboratory microtechnology.7 In many instances, the need for blood transfusion is unquestioned (eg, exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia and RBC concentrates for anemia that has caused cardiopulmonary compromise). However, in some cases it is apparent that the indications, the associated risks and the optimum blood product for transfusion have not been adequately defined for the neonatal population. 8 ,9,10 This report will review the current
A novel extension of the Stork–Jung vinylsilane Robinson annelation procedure for the introduction of the cyclohexene of guanacastepene

Abstract A new annelation procedure has been developed in a model system to introduce the cyclohexene ring of guanacastepene. Cyclohexenone 16 is prepared by sequential methylation and alkylation with allylic iodide 15 . One-pot epoxidation, protodesilylation and hydrolysis of the THP forms dione 19 , which cyclizes with NaOMe to 24 in 57% overall yield. Reduction, Mitsunobu inversion, and selective oxidation of the primary alcohol forms model 29 . Phenyldimethylsilyl allylic iodide 36 is easier to make and more stable than trimethylsilyl allylic iodide 6 used by Stork.
Electron spin resonance of carbon nanotubes under hydrogen adsorption

Carbon nanotubes provided by different manufacturers and synthesized by a variety of methods were subjected to the same oxidative purification procedure. Electron spin resonance (ESR) was used to investigate changes in the electronic structure before and after purification and exposure to hydrogen gas at a pressure of 136 kPa. The ESR signal in single-wall carbon nanotubes was due to paramagnetic impurities and diminished in intensity upon hydrogen adsorption. The conduction electrons of multiwall carbon nanotubes gave rise to signals with Dysonian line shapes. Here, the signal intensity increased upon hydrogen adsorption and the asymmetry parameter as well as the g factor were affected, suggesting a decrease in band gap. In samples with large metal content a ferromagnetic resonance was observable which disappeared upon purification. Some samples yielded no observable ESR signal due to an increased relaxation time of the electrons upon interaction with residual metal catalyst particles and possibly a large proportion of semiconducting nanotubes.
Combinatorial optimization by stochastic evolution

A novel technique is introduced, called stochastic evolution (SE), for solving a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems. It is shown that SE can be specifically tailored to solve the network bisection, traveling salesman, and standard cell placement problems. Experimental results for these problems show that SE can produce better quality solutions than sophisticated simulated annealing (SA)-based heuristics in a much shorter computation time. >
URINARY SODIUM/POTASSIUM RATIO AS A MARKER FOR SERUM ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) LEVELS. 2187

Newborns undergo an isotonic contraction of their extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in the first days of life. This is reported to be secondary to a sodium diuresis proportional to the serum ANP level. To determine if the postnatal urine sodium/potassium ratio can be used as a marker in VLBW infants for plasma ANP levels, eleven babies without sepsis or history of asphyxia were studied. Their mean ± SD BW and GA was 1284 ± 145 g and 29.8± 1.1 wks, respectively. Serum and spot urine, sodium, potassium and creatinine and serum ANP levels were determined on day 4,7,10,14 and 19 of life. Sodium and potassium values were determined via routine potentiometric methodology. Creatinine was determined enzymatically with Kodak Ektachem slides. ANP was determined via RIA. Daily weight as well as total volume and sodium intake were recorded. The mean ± SD ANP levels fell from 47.58± 31.1 pg/ml on day 4 to 37.7 ± 36.7 pg/ml on day 10 with little further change through day 19. The mean ± SD fractional sodium excretion fell from 3.5 ± 2.3% on day 4 to 0.74 ± 0.6% on day 10 and remained < 1.0% thereafter. The mean ± SD urine sodium/potassium ratio fell from 5.49 ± 2.56 on day 4 to 1.25 ± 1.11 on day 10 with little further change through day 19. Serum ANP levels significantly(p<.02) correlated with fractional sodium excretion. Further, the ANP values were significantly (<.01) correlated with the log of urine sodium/potassium ratio but not with total volume or sodium intake/day. We conclude that serum ANP concentrations correlate directly in VLBW infants with renal sodium regulation. Similarly, the log urine sodium/potassium ratio can be used as a predictor of serum ANP levels.
Pediatrics: Clock-watching: timer-assisted urotherapy improves continence.

Timed voiding is an important part of urotherapy, the preferred first management option in children with urinary incontinence. A Danish randomized controlled trial has shown that the use of a watch set with alarms to remind the child to void significantly improves adherence to the timed voiding regimen, resulting in better daytime continence.
Quantitative determination of S-alk(en)ylcysteine-S-oxides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A novel method for determination of S-alk(en)ylcysteine-S-oxides by capillary electrophoresis has been developed and validated. The method is based on extraction of these sulfur amino acids by methanol, their derivatization by fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and subsequent separation by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Main advantages of the new method are simplicity, sensitivity, high specificity and very low running costs, making it suitable for routine analysis of a large number of samples. Employing this method, the content of S-alk(en)ylcysteine-S-oxides was determined in 12 commonly consumed alliaceous and cruciferous vegetables (e.g. garlic, onion, leek, chive, cabbage, radish, cauliflower and broccoli). The total content of these amino acids in the Allium species evaluated varied between 0.59 and 12.3mg g(-1) fresh weight. Whereas alliin was found only in garlic, isoalliin was the major S-alk(en)ylcysteine-S-oxide in onion, leek, chive and shallot. On the other hand, the cruciferous species analyzed contained only methiin in the range of 0.06-2.45mg g(-1) fresh weight.
Immune Response to Salmonella: Location, Location, Location?

Successful immunity against Salmonella infections is dependent on the generation of CD4(+) T helper cells and to a lesser extent on antibody production and CD8(+) T cells. The cells within the lymphatic tissue of the gut are likely to be central for the orchestration of a proper and rapid response. The anatomical restriction of the pathogen may also determine the distribution of effector cells. In this issue of Immunity, McSorley et al. address both of these processes using identifiable CD4 T cells that are specific for Salmonella typhimurium. Such cells localize to the Peyer's patches of the small intestine when the bacteria are delivered orally.
Thermal shock of a cracked strip: Effect of temperature-dependent material properties

Abstract The problem of a strip containing an edge crack and an interior crack subjected to a thermal shock on one edge and insulated on the other is solved in order to analyze the difference between using temperature-dependent material properties and constant ones. For this purpose two brittle materials, ceramics and glass, are each subjected to a thermal shock. The results show that in general, using constant material properties over large temperature ranges can lead to considerable underestimation of the maximum stress intensity factors. The difference in the results is dependent on the variation of the thermal diffusivity and the thermal expansion coefficient with temperature for a given material. Also, this difference varies for different crack lengths and different thermal shock conditions at the boundary.
A Strawsonian look at desert

P.F. Strawson famously argued that reactive attitudes and ordinary moral practices justify moral assessments of blame, praise, and punishment. Here we consider whether Strawson's approach can illuminate the concept of desert. After reviewing standard attempts to analyze this concept and finding them lacking, we suggest that to deserve something is to justifiably receive a moral assessment in light of certain criteria – in particular, eligibility criteria (a subject's properties that make the subject principally eligible for moral assessments) and assignment criteria (particulars about the subject, act, and circumstances that justify assessments such as blame in a particular case). Strawson's analysis of the ordinary attitudes and practices of moral assessment hints at these criteria but does not unequivocally ground a notion of desert. Following Strawson's general naturalistic approach, we show that recent psychological research on folk concepts and practices regarding freedom, moral responsibility, and b...
A comparison of recidivism measures

Three categories-self-reported, F.B.I., and Florida Division of Corrections-of measures designed to tap recidivism are compared. When comparisons are made using different baseline measures, it is observed that variation is greatest between rather than within categories. Further, when two log-linear regressions are fitted where only the recidivism measures are different, the results are radically different. The findings demonstrate that all recidivism measures are not necessarily equally valid or reliable and that the use of different measures can produce discrepant findings.
The dependence of thermal conductivity of binder residues on heat treatment temperature

Abstract The dependence of the thermal conductivity of carbon residues of one pitch and one polyfurfuryl alcohol binder on the heat treatment temperature has been investigated. Specially prepared graphites made with these two binders were used for the experiments. The thermal conductivity data were analyzed in terms of a two-component system and the binder residue thermal conductivity calculated. Both binder residues show an increase in thermal conductivity with increasing heat treatment temperature.
Grain size and low-cycle fatigue life under hold-time conditions in FeCrNi austenites

Abstract Low-cycle fatigue tests with one minute tension hold-times have been performed at 593 °C on Fe20Cr15Ni alloy specimens having grain diameters from 15 μm to 150 μm. Fatigue life is found to pass through a maximum at a grain size of about 40 μm. At finer grain sizes, lifetime appears to be controlled by the initiation of wedge-type cracks at grain boundaries on the surface and within the sample. At intermediate grain sizes, lifetime is controlled by crack initiation and by intergranular crack propagation in a combined viscous-fatigue mode. At the coarsest grain size, lifetime is reduced drastically and appears to be limited by the rapid propagation and link up of wedge-type cracks along grain boundaries.
The Bauhaus Artist-Teacher: Walter Gropius's Philosophy of Art Education

ABSTRACT A look at the great experiment in art education that was the Bauhaus, and the ethos of its key founder, Walter Gropius.
Making the prices of new drugs fairer

The prices of novel drugs are spiralling, and the rises seem impossible to contain. Drugs are fast becoming unaffordable for many patients and public healthcare institutions, even in rich countries. This is a huge challenge for medical institutions and governments; the problem is so great nowadays that several countries consider it a matter of national security. Several chronic diseases (among them epilepsy, arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, and depression) require lifelong treatment, an economic burden that many patients find almost impossible to meet. The impressive success of biomedical research in recent decades in curing and controlling countless diseases is increasingly eclipsed by the rising costs of all new treatments, even those for simple or self limiting disorders. The cost of biomedical research that eventually results in new drugs is almost entirely supported by public institutions without commercial interests. Only the final steps in the design and testing of a new drug rest with the drug companies, which use the enormous amount of scientific information generously created by the biomedical research community without giving much back. Although nothing is wrong with such a sequence of events, in the case of new drugs various oddities in the way they are commercialised and marketed are of dubious morality, even if legally correct. By way of practical comparison, consider the development of a highly successful device, a product of scientific and technological research …
The oceanic carbonate system: a reassessment of biogenic controls.

Fluxes of biogenic carbonates moving out of the euphotic zone and into deeper undersaturated waters of the North Pacific were estimated with free-drifting sediment traps. Short-duration (1 to 1.5 day) sampling between 100 and 2200 meters points to a major involvement in the oceanic carbonate system by a class of organisms which had been relegated to a secondary role—aragonitic pteropods. Pteropod fluxes through the base of the euphotic zone are almost large enough to balance the alkalinity budget for the Pacific Ocean. Dissolution experiments with freshly collected materials shed considerable light on a mystery surrounding these labile organisms: although plankton collections from net tows almost always contain large numbers of pteropods, these organisms are never a major component of biogenic materials in long-duration sediment trap collections. Their low abundance in long-duration collections results from dissolution subsequent to collection. Shortduration sampling showed significant increases in the ratio of calcitic foraminifera to aragonitic pteropods in undersaturated waters, indicating the more stable mineralogic form, calcite, was preserved relative to aragonite. Approximately 90 percent of the aragonite flux is remineralized in the upper 2.2 kilometers of the water column.
Mechanical and elastic properties of fine-grained polycrystalline scandia and erbia as determined by indentation techniques

The Young’s moduli, E, and nanoindentation, NI, stress–strain curves of fine-grained scandia, Sc2O3, and erbia, Er2O3, were determined using spherical indenters with radii of 1.4m and 5m. The Young’s moduli measured with the spherical indenters, were comparable to those measured by a Berkovich tip, and by ultrasound. This work further validates the use of S vs. a plots to measure the Young’s moduli of polycrystalline ceramics. A major advantage of using this technique is the possibility of determining NI stress–strain curves and concomitant yield points, apparent strain hardening rates, etc. for the first time. Both the elastic moduli and the yield stresses were affected by the degree of surface polishing and tip size. The most reproducible and reliable results were obtained with the sharper nanoindenter and the best surface finish. The Vickers hardness and indentation fracture toughness values extracted from the Vickers indentations are comparable to the literature results. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A qualitative reasoning approach to mathematical and heuristic knowledge integration

Human problems solvers use heuristic knowledge. Heuristics can be justified in a given problem solving context by reasoning about 'deeper' domain theories. A working computer program, an air traffic control expert system, uses a qualitative reasoning approach to justify heuristically generated plans. The justification is based on mathematical knowledge of aircraft performance which is computationally too complex for use in the normal planning process.
Initiation Factor 3 (IF3) does not have any Role in the Release of Messenger RNA and Transfer RNA from the Post-Termination Complex during the Ribosome Recycling Reaction Catalyzed by EF-G/GTP and RRF (Ribosome Recycling Factor)

At the end of translation of an ORF, the ribosome meets the termination codon and peptides are released by release factors 1, 2 and 3. The resulting post-termination complex (PoTC) is characterized to have one tRNA and mRNA per ribosome. We showed that it is disassembled by RRF and EF-G/GTP into mRNA, tRNA, and subunits (JBC, 1973, 248, 7580). On the other hand, others claimed that RRF and EF-G split the ribosome but do not release mRNA or tRNA. IF3 was claimed to be necessary to release mRNA and/or tRNA from the complex of 30S/tRNA/mRNA. This wrong conclusion is due to the use of short ORF with strong SD sequence (Mol Cell., 2005, 18, 675; Mol Cell., 2005, 18, 403). We use more natural PoTC which is free of the influence of the SD sequence, and show here that IF3 has no role in the release of mRNA and tRNA from the PoTC. We (RNA, 2005, 8, 1317) and others showed that splitting of subunits occurs due to RRF and EF-G. It has been known that IF3 prevents association of subunits. However, its effect on the rate of ribosomal splitting by EF-G/RRF remains to be elucidated. In this paper, we will present the results which shed lights on this question.
Topological and bornological characterisations of ideals in von Neumann algebras: I

SupposeM is a von Neumann algebra on a Hilbert spaceH andI is any norm closed ideal inM. We extend to this setting the well known fact that the compact operators on a Hilbert space are precisely those whose restrictions to the closed unit ball are weak to norm continuous.
Heterodyne frequency measurements of CO2 laser hot-band transitions

Careful measurements by means of stabilized CO2 lasers are presented for the frequencies of 28 lines in the P-branch of the 01 0 0-(11 1 0, 03 1 0)I band of (C-13)(0-16)2, observed in laser emission, and three lines in the R-branch, observed in absorption with a diode laser. A significant improvement in the ro-vibrational constants has been obtained from a least squares fit to these data, demonstrating that the laser lines stabilized by natural absorption techniques provide convenient, accurate frequency references near 11.7 microns with an uncertainty of less than 0.1 MHz.
Acceleration of drying of biological material from the frozen state by the use of high frequency dielectric heating.

Die dielektrische Heizung mittels 30-cm-Funkwellen kann gebraucht werden, um die Trocknung von biologischem Material in gefrorenem Zustand zu beschleunigen. Diese Wellenlangen heizen nur jenen Teil des Materials, welcher Wasser enthalt, und erwarmen oder verletzen das trockene Material nicht.
Maturity structure of public debt and expected bond returns

Abstract The relevancy of changes in maturity structure is tested using a disaggregated measure of the maturity composition of government debt. Tests based on predictions from the market efficiency and rational expectations theories find evidence that maturity composition occasionally helps to predict future excess returns. The maturity composition is also found to be correlated with the term premium and future changes in the short rate. The evidence supports the claim that bonds with all the same characteristics except maturity are not perfect substitutes.
System Health Assessment

This article discusses system health as a general concept, illustrates its application with examples, and describes how the use of system health metrics as part of a system health assessment program can facilitate prognostics and health management.
Dynamic measures of visual function and their relationship to self-report of visual functioning.

Purpose The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether dynamic measures of vision, such as dynamic acuity and motion threshold, are independently associated with self-reported difficulty in activities involving vision. Methods Data were used from the third round of the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (n = 1198), a longitudinal, population-based study of older adults. Multiple measures of visual function were tested, including dynamic acuity, motion threshold, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, and stereoacuity. Difficulty was assessed using the Activities of Daily Vision Scale (ADVS). Polytomous logistic regression procedures were used to determine log odds ratios for the dynamic measures of vision while adjusting for demographic, health, and other measures of vision. Results In fully adjusted models including other vision variables, worse dynamic acuity was associated with greater difficulty on the near-vision ADVS subscale (beta = 0.68, P 0.05). Motion threshold was not associated with the overall ADVS or any of the subscales after controlling for other vision variables, although it was associated when no other vision variables were in the models. Conclusions Motion threshold was not independently associated with any ADVS difficulty. Dynamic acuity was independently associated with self-reported difficulty with near-vision tasks only. Other studies should confirm this association. If confirmed, strategies to improve dynamic acuity could be developed to try to reduce difficulty with tasks involving near vision.
Enhanced Electrical Properties of New Oxygen Diffusion Barrier for Future High-Density Volatile and Nonvolatile Memory Capacitors

The RuTiN material, as a new oxygen diffusion barrier for high density volatile and nonvolatile memory capacitors, was proposed. In case of the TiN barrier in the physical vapor deposited barium strontium titanate simple stack-type structure, capacitance initially decreased more than 50% after annealing at 500°C, compared to that at 450, and 550°C, about zero, due to oxidation of the TiN barrier. However, the new RuTiN barrier was not oxidized up to 600°C, and showed a better capacitance property of more than 28 fF/cell, although the leakage current property is very high due to low work function. Therefore, new RuTiN film, as a diffusion barrier for oxygen, is very promising material to achieve high density capacitors.
Chromophore-Labeled Dendrons as Light Harvesting Antennae

A novel series of polyether dendrimer segments (dendrons) end-capped with pyrenyl, naphthyl, or methyl groups has been prepared by a convergent growth method. Steady-state fluorescence measurements indicate the absence of intramolecular naphthalene excimer in the naphthyl-capped dendrons. However, in the pyrenyl-capped dendrons, excimer emission predominates. Fluorescence from both the naphthyl monomer and pyrenyl excimer are quenched when a suitable electron donor (e.g., a 3-[dimethylamino]phenoxy group) is covalently attached at the dendron focal point. No sensitized emission from the dendron backbone is observed in the chromophore-labeled dendrons, although the control methyl-capped dendron fluoresces weakly at 310 nm when excited at 284 nm. Absorption and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetimes for the chromophore-labeled dendrons are reported.
Integrating Continuous Client Feedback into Counselor Education

Researchers show that the integration of continuous client feedback mechanisms provides many benefits to treatment including enhanced effectiveness and a reduction in early terminations. Although practitioners in the field are increasing their use of this evidence-based practice, counselor educators may not be promoting it. The author suggests that as counselor educators introduce evidence-based practices to their students, they should examine the potential benefits of teaching and practicing continuous client feedback. The article provides both the reasoning behind and recommendations for integrating continuous client feedback into the curriculum of counseling programs Author's Notes Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to Christopher Schmidt at christopher.schmidt@villanova.edu.
Quantum algebras, quantum coalgebras, invariants of 1-1 tangles and knots

Quantum coalgebras are defined and studied. A theory of asso­ciated invariants of 1-1 tangles, knots and links is developed. The notion of quantum coalgebra is more general than dual of quantum algebra. Examples of quantum algebras include quasitriangular Hopf algebras and examples of quantum coalgebras include coquasi triangu­lar Hopf algebras.
Youth Services: Strategies for Programming

Abstract Relational programming offers a new perspective for people working in youth services.
A Meta-Analysis of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Virologic Responses in HIV-Infected Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

The relationship between adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and virologic outcomes in HIV+ children, adolescents, and young adults has been notably understudied, with much of the extant research focused on specific sub-literatures, such as resource-limited regions, specific clinical outcomes and time frames. The authors sought to better characterize the relationship between adherence to ART and virologic functioning along various sample and methodological factors. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of thirty-seven studies and utilized a random effects model to generate weighted mean effect sizes. In addition, the authors conducted meta-ANOVAs to examine potential factors influencing the relationship between adherence and three categories of clinical outcomes, specifically Viral Load (VL) <100, VL < 400, and continuously measured VL. The analyses included 5,344 HIV+ children, adolescents, and young adults. The relationship between adherence behaviors and virologic outcomes varied across different methods of measurement and analysis. The relationship between adherence and continuously measured VL was significantly larger than for dichotomously-coded VL < 400 at Qb (20.69(1), p < .0005). Caregiver self-report indices elicited very small to small magnitude effects across both VL < 100 and VL < 400 outcomes and combined informant reporting (youth/adolescent and parent) produced significantly larger effects than caregiver report alone with adherence and VL < 400 outcomes at Qb (9.28(1), p < .005). More recently published trials reported smaller relationships between adherence and categorical clinical outcomes, such that year of publication significantly negatively correlated with VL < 100 (r = -.71(14), p < .005) and VL < 400 (r = -.43(26), p < .02). The data suggest that the magnitude of the relationship between ART adherence and virologic outcomes among heterogeneous samples of HIV+ children, adolescents and young adults varies across virologic outcomes and may be affected by moderating sample and methodological factors. Methodological and research recommendations for the interpretation of the current findings as well as for future HIV adherence related research are presented.
A Model Iridium Hydroformylation System with the Large Bite Angle Ligand Xantphos: Reactivity with Parahydrogen and Implications for Hydroformylation Catalysis

Iridium complexes containing the large bite angle bisphosphine ligand xantphos have been synthesized and their reactivity studied. Several of these complexes are the first reported Ir(xantphos) systems to be characterized by X-ray diffraction. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopic studies of IrI(CO)2(xantphos) (1-I) and Ir(COEt)(CO)2(xantphos) (8) show two separate dynamic processes in which the phosphorus donors and the backbone methyl groups of the xantphos ligand are exchanged. The addition of parahydrogen (p-H2) to 1-I leads to the formation of two dihydride isomers including one in which both hydride ligands are trans to the phosphorus donors, suggestive of an Ir(I) xantphos intermediate with the ligand chelated in a trans-spanning fashion (2b). The bromide and chloride Ir(I) analogues (1-Br and 1-Cl) also form this isomer upon reaction with parahydrogen, with 1-Cl yielding only this dihydride species. The trihydride complex IrH3(CO)(xantphos) (7) has been prepared, and its exchange with free hydrog...
A wideband 140 GHz, 1 kW confocal gyro-traveling wave amplifier

The experimental results of a zero-drive stable, short pulse 140 GHz gyro-traveling wave amplifier are presented. The amplifier has achieved a linear gain of 34 dB, a saturated bandwidth of over 1.5 GHz, and an output power of over 820 W peak at a beam voltage of 38 kV, beam current of 2.7 A, and beam pitch factor of 0.6. The gyro-TWT operates in the HE(0,6) mode of a quasi-optical confocal waveguide.
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Fatigue Damage in Metals

Acoustic emission (AE) consists of high frequency stress waves generated by the rapid release of energy due to fracture, plastic deformation, wear or interfacial friction [1]. Acoustic emission monitoring is a very sensitive method with a wide dynamic range and can be used as a diagnostic means of continuous assessment of damage in materials and components. Acoustic emission methods can be applied to metallic components and specimens subjected to monotonic or fatigue loading. In general, acoustic emission can be used to monitor crack initiation and propagation and to locate the source of the emission.
Is Virtue Ethics Self-Effacing?

Virtue ethicists argue that modern ethical theories aim to give direct guidance about particular situations at the cost of offering artificial or narrow accounts of ethics. In contrast, virtue ethical theories guide action indirectly by helping one understand the virtues—but the theory will not provide answers as to what to do in particular instances. Recently, this had led many to think that virtue ethical theories are self-effacing the way some claim consequentialist and deontological theories are. In this paper I defend virtue ethics against the charge of self-effacement. I distinguish between modestly self-effacing theories, immodestly self-effacing theories and theories that recommend indirect guidance. Though all self-effacing theories are indirect, not all indirect theories are self-effacing. I argue that virtue ethics is not self-effacing, but rather indirectly action-guiding. The response I articulate draws on the distinctive virtue ethical mode of action-guidance: namely, that thinking hard abou...
Cognitive profile of Rett syndrome.

We report preliminary studies in 18 girls with Rett syndrome (15 typical, three atypical cases) who were studied using a number of neuropsychologic measures. Results indicate a relative preservation of gross motor and daily living skills at the developmental level of the age of onset of the condition. Other adaptive functions were more depressed. Higher levels of object permanency were found in this population than reported previously. Our results indicate that islands of motor and intellectual function persist in Rett syndrome patients. These data may be useful for therapeutic intervention. (J J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S20-S24).
Relationships between Scores of Gifted Children on Stanford-Binet IV and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised

Thirty-nine children enrolled in the gifted curriculum in the public schools in a midwest community of 27,000 were tested with the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition. Correlations were then calculated between the scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, obtained from the students' files, and the scores of the Stanford-Binet. Only the correlation between the Stanford-Binet Verbal Reasoning standard age scores and the Wechsler Verbal IQs was statistically significant (p < .01). The Stanford-Binet Short-Term Memory standard age score mean was between 12 and 24 points lower than the means of the other Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scores.
Implementing coastal zone management: 1972–1990

Abstract The implementation history of the Coastal Zone Management Act offers insights into the process of long‐term intergovernmental policy implementation. This five‐stage history is explained as a coproduction process, in which coastal state, environmental, and development advocacy coalitions interacted with congressional committees and the federal coastal office to shape coastal policy and manage coastal development. The coproduction approach proved invaluable during the Reagan assault on the coastal program, when the states and Congress assumed responsibility for keeping the program alive. Acknowledging underlying stakeholder dynamics as the basis for coastal program evaluation could strengthen future coastal management implementation.
Modal Response of Trapezoidal Wing Structures Using Second Order Shape Sensitivities

The modal response of wing structures is very important for assessing their dynamic response including dynamic aeroelastic instabilities. Moreover, in a recent study an efficient structural optimization approach was developed using structural modes to represent the static aeroelastic wing response (both displacement and stress). In this paper, the modal response of general trapezoidal wing structures is approximated using shape sensitivities up to the 2nd order. Also different approaches of computing the derivatives are investigated.
Intermediate-coupling collision strengths and line strengths for certain transitions to n = 3 levels in highly charged Be-like ions

Scaled intermediate-coupling electron-impact collision strengths Z/sup 2/..cap omega.. and electric-dipole line strengths Z/sup 2/S together with transition energies are calculated for selected transitions between the lower group of mixed states 2s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/, 2p/sup 2/ /sup 3/P/sub 0/, and 2p/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/ and the upper group of mixed states 2s3p /sup 3/P/sub 1/, 2s3p /sup 1/P/sub 1/, 2p3s /sup 3/P/sub 1/, 2p3s /sup 1/P/sub 1/, 2p3d /sup 3/D/sub 1/, 2p3d /sup 3/P/sub 1/, and 2p3d /sup 1/P/sub 1/ in Be-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 14< or =Z< or =54. The results for Z/sup 2/..cap omega.. are given for eight impact electron energies in the range 1< or =epsilon< or =10, where epsilon is the impact electron energy in threshold units. The results for transition energies and oscillator strengths are in good agreement with the experimental energies and with the energies and oscillator strengths for V/sup 19 +/, Fe/sup 22 +/, and Ni/sup 24 +/ calculated with Cowan's programs.
Demonstration of Philadelphia chromosome negative abnormal clones in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia during major cytogenetic responses induced by imatinib mesylate.

Imatinib mesylate, an Abl-specific kinase inhibitor, produces sustained complete hematologic responses (CHR) and major cytogenetic responses (MCR) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, but long-term outcomes in these patients are not yet known. This article reports the identification of clonal abnormalities in cells lacking detectable Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome/BCR–ABL rearrangements from seven patients with chronic- or accelerated-phase CML, who were treated with imatinib. All seven patients were refractory or intolerant to interferon therapy. Six of seven patients demonstrated MCR and one patient, who had a cryptic translocation, achieved low-level positivity (2.5%) for BCR–ABL by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The median duration of imatinib treatment before the identification of cytogenetic abnormalities in BCR–ABL-negative cells was 13 months. The most common cytogenetic abnormality was trisomy 8, documented in three patients. All patients had varying degrees of dysplastic morphologic abnormalities. One patient exhibited increased numbers of marrow blasts, yet consistently demonstrated no Ph-positive metaphases and the absence of morphologic features of CML. The presence of clonal abnormalities in Ph-negative cells of imatinib-treated CML patients with MCR and CHR highlights the importance of routine metaphase cytogenetic testing and long-term follow-up of all imatinib-treated patients.
Mechanical Property Optimization of FDM PLA in Shear with Multiple Objectives

This study presents the influences of key processing parameters on the resulting material properties of fused-deposition-modeled (FDM) polylactic acid (PLA) components tested in torsion. A reduced experimental matrix was produced through the use of a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array with three parameters at three levels each. The processing parameters included the layer thickness, infill density, and postprocessing heat-treatment time at 100°C. Testing of components at varying times is conducted to facilitate heat-treatment time testing range and show the effects of prolonged heating. The layer thickness and infill are tested across the entire useful range available for the FDM machine used. Shear stress–strain response curves are acquired and average ultimate shear strength, 0.2% yield strength, proportional limit, shear modulus, and fracture strain are calculated for each run. An analysis of results via regression analysis is used to determine influences levels of parameters of the mechanical properties. The layer thickness and infill density are shown to be of high importance when optimizing for strength, with heat-treatment implementation slightly improving the resulting properties. Ductility is mainly affected by infill and heat treatment, with layer thickness having only a slight effect on the fracture strain achieved. Recommendations are made based on results of a method to optimize for either strength or ductility and how to compromise between recommended settings when a balance between the two is desired. The ability to produce parts with mechanical properties at or near those of bulk PLA is shown.
Effects of the Soviet price reform of 1967 on energy consumption

(1978). Effects of the Soviet price reform of 1967 on energy consumption. Soviet Studies: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 394-402.
Possible effects of 10(11) Hz radiation on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.

When oxygen binds to one of the subunits of hemoglobin, the oxygen affinity of the other subunits is enhanced. This cooperative interaction of the subunits is initiated by the movement of the heme plane toward the proximal side when oxygen binds to the heme. This motion is transmitted to the surface of the globin through a ''reaction channel'' consisting of a group of atoms whose motion is well correlated. Considering the detailed geometry and X-ray diffraction data of the mean square displacement of the atoms surrounding the heme, a simple model for the heme plane oscillations is developed. Using this model, the natural frequency of oscillations is shown to be approximately 5 X 10(11) Hz. This result, along with the recent experimental data on the kinetics of the conformational changes of the heme, points to the possibility of radiation influencing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. If such an effect exists, it is likely that the oxygen affinity will be enhanced by the radiation.