cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“The Means of Subsistence”: Health, Wealth, and Social Affection in a Yellow Fever World

Arthur Mervyn sets out to seek his “competence” (128) in 1793 Philadelphia, entering into a city beleaguered by financial corruption and one of the worst yellow fever epidemics in American history. Once inside the city, he is appalled at the many negative enticements to speculation, looting, and plundering that he encounters, and he is further shocked at the deceitful practices of unscrupulous businessmen who remain in the disease-infested atmosphere to glean what they can from the misfortunes of others.
Design of on-chip networks using microring-resonator based nanophotonic crossbar for future multicores

We propose a microring resonator based nanophotonic crossbar to implement a 256-core network-on-chip architecture called E-PROPEL. Our results indicate E-PROPEL consumes 3× less power and increases performance by 2× when compared to leading electrical networks.
Construct a perfect word hash function in time independent of the size of integers

Abstract We present an algorithm for constructing a perfect word hash function for n integers that takes O ( n 4 log ⁡ n ) time. This time is independent of size of the integers or the number of bits in the integers. We call it a word hash function because we require that the hash function can hash multiple integers packed in a word in constant time. Previous algorithms for constructing a perfect word hash function have time dependent on the number of the bits in integers. Although an O ( n ( log ⁡ log ⁡ n ) 2 ) time algorithm is known for constructing a perfect hash function, the hash function constructed is not a word hash function and it cannot hash multiple integers packed in one word in constant time. The property of word hashing is indispensable in the current best deterministic and randomized algorithms for integer sorting. Our result is achieved via an algorithm of O ( n 2 log 2 ⁡ n ) time that computes the shift distances for integers of Ω ( n 2 log ⁡ n ) bits. These shift distances can then be used to pack the extracted bits of each integer to O ( n ) bits. Perfect word hash function constructed with our method using these shift distances allows a batch of mn integers with m integers packed in a word to be hashed in O ( n ) time.
Soft Tissue Coverage

Over the years, there have been a number of new techniques developed for soft tissue coverage of wounds of the hand. There is a smaller number of procedures that, are generally accepted as reliable and have a high success rate. There are some that are particularly useful in certain areas of the hand. When there is soft tissue loss of up to 2.5 cm over the volar distal thumb tip, a volar advancement flap is often the procedure of choice (Fig. 4–1). When there is soft tissue loss over the volar aspect of the fingers, a cross finger flap is the procedure of choice (Fig. 4–2). A split-thickness skin graft, which includes the epidermis and partial thickness of the dermis, is used to cover the donor site resulting from the cross finger flap. When there is a sufficiently large soft tissue loss over the dorsum of the hand that cannot be addressed by primary closure, a radial volar forearm flap is one method for soft tissue coverage in that area (Fig. 4–3).
Helping the Elderly in Times of Stress

Since treatment of the elderly is likely to be a continuing process, case planning for it should be viewed as a continuum of time with due regard to the common stresses of aging. This article prese...
Incorporating semantic knowledge into dynamic data processing for smart power grids

Semantic Web allows us to model and query time-invariant or slowly evolving knowledge using ontologies. Emerging applications in Cyber Physical Systems such as Smart Power Grids that require continuous information monitoring and integration present novel opportunities and challenges for Semantic Web technologies. Semantic Web is promising to model diverse Smart Grid domain knowledge for enhanced situation awareness and response by multi-disciplinary participants. However, current technology does pose a performance overhead for dynamic analysis of sensor measurements. In this paper, we combine semantic web and complex event processing for stream based semantic querying. We illustrate its adoption in the USC Campus Micro-Grid for detecting and enacting dynamic response strategies to peak power situations by diverse user roles. We also describe the semantic ontology and event query model that supports this. Further, we introduce and evaluate caching techniques to improve the response time for semantic event queries to meet our application needs and enable sustainable energy management.
Black box warning for topical calcineurin inhibitors and the death of common sense.

Objective This commentary is designed to provide a clinical viewpoint regarding the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and its recent decision to imposed a "black box warning" on the topical calcineurin inhibitors, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus. Design Select references were used to review the relevant data. Results Although there is a theoretic risk of oncogenesis because of the trivial systemic absorption of these agents and there exist anecdotes of cancer occurring amongst the millions of people who have used these agents, human data from randomized controlled trials suggest a protective effect from cancer. Although results from randomized controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence, the FDA chose to warn the public on the basis of weak and likely faulty data. Subsequent to the FDA actions, utilization of the best-studied class of agents for atopic dermatitis has fallen significantly. Conclusions These actions represent a "death of common sense" and have profound impact both on our ability to safely and effectively care for patients and our medicolegal risk.
Towards a Theory of Homomorphic Compression

In this talk we survey recent progress on designing homomorphic fingerprints. Fingerprinting is a classic randomized technique for efficiently verifying whether two files are equal. We shall discuss two extensions of this basic functionality: a) verifying whether two text files are cyclic shifts of one another and b) when the files correspond to “address books”, verifying whether the resulting social network is connected. Underlying both results is the idea of homomorphic lossy compression, i.e., lossy data compression that supports a range of operations on the compressed data that correspond directly to operations on the original data.
Bounded D0L languages

For an alphabet A and a morphism h : A∗ → A∗, the set of words w such that the DOL language L(A, h, w) is a BOUNDED language is shown to be B∗, where B is an effectively computable subset of A. Consequently, BOUNDEDNESS is decidable for DOL languages. The result depends on the authors' recent results on periodic DOL languages. Interpretation of the result for polynomially bounded DOL languages is also considered.
The Acute Effects of Heavy Deadlifts on Vertical Jump Performance in Men.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of deadlifts as a postactivation potentiation stimulus on vertical jump performance. Fifteen men (age, 23.9 ± 4.2 years; height, 176.3 ± 8.6 cm; mass, 76.1 ± 16.3 kg) participated in the study. Participants visited the lab for three sessions, each separated by at least 48 h. One repetition maximum (1RM) in the deadlift was measured during the first visit. For Visit 2, participants performed one of two experimental sessions: a deadlift session or a control session. Participants performed a single maximal vertical jump (VJ; counter movement jump without an arm swing), then either performed five repetitions of the deadlift using 85% 1RM (deadlift session) or were told to stand still for ten seconds (control). Following either condition, participants performed single VJ at 15 s, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 min post condition. Peak VJ height and peak ground reaction forces (pGRF) were measured using a force plate. For Visit 3, whatever condition was not administered at Visit 2 was performed. The results showed that VJ height was significantly lower 15 s following deadlifting (36.9 ± 5.1 cm) compared to the control condition (40.1 ± 4.6 cm). In addition, VJ height 15 s after the deadlift was lower than VJ height measured at minutes 2–16 following the deadlift. Performance of five repetitions of deadlifting did not affect pGRF. These results suggest that performing five repetitions of the deadlift exercise at 85% 1RM does not induce a postactivation potentiation (PAP) effect, and may in fact cause an acute reduction in VJ performance.
Chinese Doctoral Student Socialization in the United States: A Qualitative Study

Although international students annually contribute billions of dollars to the US economy, meaningful intercultural interaction between international students, peers, and faculty is often missing at US host campuses. Feelings of isolation, loneliness, and alienation are pervasive among international students at US campuses; these feelings can negatively impact students
Detection of symmetry breaking bifurcations using finite element analysis packages

Abstract Trusses with geometric and loading symmetries have been used in many structures to reduce the complexity of the design. Slight asymmetries in geometry and in loading could lead to bifurcation in the structural response. Failure of such structures still occur occasionally causing major damage to the property and to the human lives. A fully nonlinear structural analysis is expected to detect such symmetry breaking bifurcations. In this paper, we conducted the bifurcation analysis of a two-bar truss and a shallow arch structure with seven bars. Two program packages Gesa and Ansys based on finite elements method have been used to detect the symmetry breaking bifurcation points. However, unlike typical bifurcation analysis packages they cannot detect the bifurcation point without inserting a small perturbation in the initial geometry or the loading of the structure. Such a bifurcation can be easily missed in finite element-based analysis. The theoretical analysis reveals that the bifurcation leads to a much lower critical load in the presence of small asymmetry compared to the symmetric case. The results are verified by using Gesa program in Matlab for fully nonlinear analysis and with results by using Ansys commercial program. The two structural examples serve to illustrate the limitations of widely used finite element analysis packages for nonlinear bifurcation analysis.
Work-Up of Abdominal Pain in the Bariatric Patient

Bariatric patients with abdominal pain generally require prompt evaluation. Work-up varies by procedure type, as certain complications are more common with stapled procedures, others with anastomotic procedures, and others related to hardware. Band patients should have their bands deflated prior to work-up, and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) swallow study is the test of choice when available. Computed tomography (CT) scan with oral contrast is the most common modality for evaluation of other post-bariatric surgery abdominal pain, but the addition of intravenous contrast is sometimes helpful. Exploration is indicated for suspected bowel obstruction, perforated ulcer, leaks in potentially unstable patients, or for symptomatic gastric prolapse in band patients, even if CT is not available. Work-up of bariatric patients in the later setting may require ultrasound, nuclear scans, CT, stool or laboratory evaluation, upper or lower endoscopy, or contrast studies.
Data summary for nominal 500 (micro)m DUO 2 Kernels

This document is a compilation of characterization data obtained on the nominal 500 {micro}m DUO{sub 2} kernels produced by ORNL for the Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program to satisfy the FY03 WBS 3.1.2 task milestone No.2.2 kg of kernels were produced and combined in two composite lots. DUN-500 was a 1630 g composite sieved between 500 {+-} 2 {micro}m and 534 {+-} 2 {micro}m ASTM E161 electroformed sieves. DUN-482 was a 385.6 g composite sieved between 482 {+-} 2 {micro}m and 518 {+-} 2 {micro}m ASTM E161 electroformed sieves. Size, shape, density, and microstructural analysis were performed on a 100 g sublot (DUN-500-S-1) riffled from the DUN-500 composite. Size and shape were also measured on a 100 g sublot (DUN-482-S-1) riffled from the DUN-482 composite. For comparison, analysis was also performed on kernels extracted from the German reference fuel EUO 2358-2365 (AGR-06).
Index to key words, taxa, geographical distribution and authors

The index contains the key words, geographical keywords, authors by last name and the complete taxonomic list for each article.
Disordering the Disorder as the Route to a Higher Order: Incoherent Crystallization of Calcium Phosphate through Amorphous Precursors

Understanding the stability and phase transformations of amorphous materials may open the way toward structurally complex, nonequilibrium structures that are the future of materials science. Elucid...
Preparing families to care for ventilated infants at home

Advances in neonatal care have led to increased survival of infants with complex medical needs and technology dependence. Transition of the ventilator-dependent infant from hospital to home is a complex process that requires extensive coordination between the medical team and family. Home caregivers must be prepared to provide routine care for the ventilator-dependent child and respond to life-threatening emergencies. Families should be counseled on the need for home nursing, medical equipment and an adequate home environment to ensure a safe transition to home. Throughout the process, the family may require financial, social and psychological support. A structured education and transition process that is clearly communicated to parents is necessary to have an effective partnership with families.
Comparison of epidemiology, treatments, and outcomes in pediatric versus adult ependymoma.

Background Mounting evidence supports the presence of heterogeneity in the presentation of ependymoma patients with respect to location, histopathology, and behavior between pediatric and adult patients. However, the influence of age on treatment outcomes in ependymoma remains obscure. Methods The SEER database years 1975-2016 were queried. Patients with a diagnosis of ependymoma were identified using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition, coding system. Patients were classified into one of 4 age groups: children (age 0-12 years), adolescents (age 13-21 years), young adults (age 22-45 years), and older adults (age >45 years). The weighed multivariate analysis assessed the impact of age on survival outcomes following surgical treatment. Results There were a total of 6076 patients identified with ependymoma, of which 1111 (18%) were children, 529 (9%) were adolescents, 2039 (34%) were young adults, and 2397 (40%) were older adults. There were statistically significant differences between cohorts with respect to race (P < .001), anatomical location (P < .001), extent of resection (P < .001), radiation use (P < .001), tumor grade (P < .001), histological classification (P < .001), and all-cause mortality (P < .001). There was no significant difference between cohorts with respect to gender (P = .103). On multivariate logistic regression, factors associated with all-cause mortality rates included males (vs females), supratentorial location (vs spinal cord tumors), and radiation treatment (vs no radiation). Conclusions Our study using the SEER database demonstrates the various demographic and treatment risk factors that are associated with increased rates of all-cause mortality between the pediatric and adult populations following a diagnosis of ependymoma.
A Flexible Pressure Sensor With Sandwiched Carpets of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Partially Embedded in Polydimethylsiloxane Substrates

This paper presents a flexible pressure sensor composed of two face-to-face electrodes of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) carpets partially embedded in polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) substrates. VACNTs were grown using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) on a Si/SiO2 substrate and transferred onto PDMS for partial embedment. This unique synthesis permitted a rapid and facile integration of a flexible and stretchable platform for the pressure sensor. The change of resistance occurs due to the external pressure applied orthogonal to the surface. The substrate was stretched to 180% and bent at bending radii of 87 mm and 105 mm. The pressure sensor exhibited the response times of 40 ms during loading and 60 ms during unloading. As a proof-of-concept, the sensor was attached on human skin; the heart rate, muscle flexing, and walking signals of an individual have been measured. In respect to durability, this sensor also showed a stable performance for 10,000 loading/unloading cycles with a resistance retention of 82% demonstrating its long-term use for repeated cycles toward practical applications.
The centenary (maybe) of the hydrogen bond

Despite the romantic mythology that often accompanies stories of scientific discovery, pinpointing the exact moment in history when a new concept emerged is often a matter of debate — and the hydrogen bond is no exception explains Bruce C. Gibb.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline Among US Adults.

Importance Sex differences in dementia risk are unclear, but some studies have found greater risk for women. Objective To determine associations between sex and cognitive decline in order to better understand sex differences in dementia risk. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used pooled analysis of individual participant data from 5 cohort studies for years 1971 to 2017: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Offspring Study, and Northern Manhattan Study. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in each continuous cognitive outcome over time by sex. Data analysis was completed from March 2019 to October 2020. Exposure Sex. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in global cognition. Secondary outcomes were change in memory and executive function. Outcomes were standardized astscores (mean [SD], 50 [10]); a 1-point difference represents a 0.1-SD difference in cognition. Results Among 34 349 participants, 26 088 who self-reported Black or White race, were free of stroke and dementia, and had covariate data at or before the first cognitive assessment were included for analysis. Median (interquartile range) follow-up was 7.9 (5.3-20.5) years. There were 11 775 (44.7%) men (median [interquartile range] age, 58 [51-66] years at first cognitive assessment; 2229 [18.9%] Black) and 14 313 women (median [interquartile range] age, 58 [51-67] years at first cognitive assessment; 3636 [25.4%] Black). Women had significantly higher baseline performance than men in global cognition (2.20 points higher; 95% CI, 2.04 to 2.35 points;P Conclusions and Relevance The results of this cohort study suggest that women may have greater cognitive reserve but faster cognitive decline than men, which could contribute to sex differences in late-life dementia.
Reflections of a Hardware-Software Co-Instructional Approach to Cybersecurity Education

This paper is a reflection on the experience of teaching a hardware-software co-instructional undergraduate course in Cybersecurity. The paper describes the targeted computing education intervention and the motive behind it, course design and assigned work, specific pedagogical strategies that were employed to improve student engagement, a summary of formative and summative assessments, and the lessons learned from the experience.
Quantifying the Extent of Early COVID-19 Illness

To date, there remains much confusion about when the first cases of COVID-19 occurred in the U.S. This knowledge informs models of COVID-19 transmission and impacts its estimated fatality rate. We employed a differencing analysis on the Current Population Survey (CPS) to examine how rates of absence from work due to illness varied this year relative to last year in key industries. We found that absence from work due to illness was higher in almost all industries during December-March of 2020 relative to the same months of 2019. Our findings imply that COVID-19 was spreading in the U.S. as early as December. They also highlight the fact that labor market surveys, like the CPS, can be a valuable tool for the early detection of illness at a national level. Information from labor market surveys should be used to track and combat COVID-19 and future disease outbreaks.
Structural Interactions Between Amino Acid Residues at Positions 22 and 211 in the Tryptophan Synthetase Alpha Chain of Escherichia coli

Construction and characterization of double mutants altered in the structural gene of the tryptophan synthetase alpha chain of Escherichia coli revealed interactions between amino acid residues at positions 22 and 211. These interactions are specific for the particular amino acid residue at position 211. The results indicate also that amino acid residues which appear to be functionally near-equivalent in one configuration may strongly influence the activity of a protein with a subsequent change at another site. Seven independent suppressors of trpA218 (Leu22-Ser211) were isolated. Their properties suggest that all seven may suppress the codon (AGU/C) for Ser211. Six of the seven are co-transducible with glyV, the structural gene for the GGU/C-specific tRNA(Gly).
Dietary nitrate increases maximal knee extensor speed and power in healthy men and women (LB820)

Nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated to enhance the maximal shortening velocity and maximal power of rodent muscle. Dietary nitrate (NO3-) intake has been demonstrated to increase NO bioavailability in humans. We therefore hypothesized that acute dietary NO3- intake (in the form of a concentrated beetroot juice (BRJ) supplement) would improve muscle speed and power in humans. To test this hypothesis, healthy men and women (n=8; age=34±9 y) were studied using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. After an overnight fast, subjects ingested 140 mL of BRJ either containing or devoid of 11.2 mmol of NO3-. After 2 h, knee extensor speed and power were assessed using a Biodex 4 isokinetic dynamometer. Breath NO levels were also measured periodically using a Niox Mino analyzer as a biomarker of whole-body NO production. No significant changes in breath NO were observed in the placebo trial, whereas breath NO rose by 66±25% (P<0.05) after dietary NO3- intake. This was accompanied by a...
The rights of refugees under international law

Preface Acknowledgements Table of cases Abbreviations for courts and tribunals cited Articles of key treaties cited 1. International law as a source of refugee rights 2. The evolution of the refugee rights regime 3. The structure of entitlement under the refugee convention 4. Rights of refugees physically present 5. Rights of refugees lawfully present 6. Rights of refugees lawfully staying 7. Rights of solution Epilogue Appendices Select bibliography Index.
Magnetic fields of cylindrical coils

Using mathematical transforms, we present an improved method to compute magnetic fields from current coils with cylindrical symmetry. For some typical model systems, the closed-forms are given for the convenience of use in engineering design. The method we present can generally be used to calculate magnetic field distributions for practical engineering designs with greater efficiency than conventional methods. This method can potentially be applied to other physical problems, such as deriving gravitational potential.
Recruiting diverse patients to a breast cancer risk communication trial--waiting rooms can improve access.

Low participation among underserved populations in health research constrains progress in public health practices. From 2003 to 2005, Women’s Health Clinic patients at the VCU Health System were recruited to a trial investigating breast cancer risk communication. In secondary analyses, we examined dimensions of the recruitment of these diverse women. The sample characteristics (age, insurance, race and previous mammograms) were compared to the overall clinic. Of recruitment attempts for eligible women, 45% consented; of those who declined, the top cited reasons were lack of time (40%) and lack of interest (18%). Of 899 participants, 35% qualified for the indigent care program, compared to 31% of the overall clinic (P<0.001). Forty-five percent of participants were African American, compared to 54% of overall clinic patients (P<0.001). Participants were younger (50 vs. 53 years, P<0.001) than the overall clinic population. Nonrepresentative enrollment of patients in clinical trials is common and could lead to suboptimal applicability of findings. Although there were statistically significant race and age differences between the study sample and the overall population, we demonstrate that waiting room recruitment can engage diverse women in a clinical trial and cancer risk communication.
Full body gestures enhancing a game book for interactive story telling

Game Books can offer a well-written, but non-linear story, as readers always have to decide, how to continue after reading a text passage. It seems very logical to adopt such a book to investigate interaction paradigms for an interactive storytelling scenario. Nevertheless, it is not easy to keep the player motivated during a long-winded narrated story until the next point of intervention is reached. In this paper we tested different methods of implementing the decision process in such a scenario using speech input and tested it with 26 participants during a two player scenario. This revealed that with an omitted on-screen prompt the application was less easy to use, but caused considerably more user interaction. We further added additional interactivity with so-called Quick Time Events (QTEs). In these events, the player has a limited amount of time to perform a specific action after a corresponding prompt appeares on screen. Different versions of QTEs were implemented using Full Body Tracking with Microsoft Kinect, and were tested with another 18 participants during a two player scenario. We found that Full Body Gestures were easier to perform and, in general, preferred to controlling a cursor with one hand and hitting buttons with it.
Enhancement-mode double-top-gated metal-oxide-semiconductor nanostructures with tunable lateral geometry

We present measurements of silicon (Si) metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) nanostructures that are fabricated using a process that facilitates essentially arbitrary gate geometries. Stable Coulomb-blockade behavior showing single-period conductance oscillations that are consistent with a lithographically defined quantum dot is exhibited in several MOS quantum dots with an open-lateral quantum-dot geometry. Decreases in mobility and increases in charge defect densities (i.e., interface traps and fixed-oxide charge) are measured for critical process steps, and we correlate low disorder behavior with a quantitative defect density. This work provides quantitative guidance that has not been previously established about defect densities and their role in gated Si quantum dots. These devices make use of a double-layer gate stack in which many regions, including the critical gate oxide, were fabricated in a fully qualified complementary metal-oxide semiconductor facility.
A wavelet based de-noising technique for ocular artifact correction of the electroencephalogram

In this study, the technique of wavelet de-noising of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal to correct ocular artifact (OA) is proposed. The Donoho technique is used in work as base method: 1) a wavelet transform is applied to the EEG record; 2) the thresholding of the coefficients in the lower frequency bands is performed; 3) the de-noised signal is reconstructed. The estimation of reached de-noising is under construction. The proposed technique allows to free from any limitation in using in experiments EEG contaminated with eye movements.
Reliability of Structural Systems

A description is presented for extending reliability analysis concepts from structural elements to structural systems. The aim is to develop techniques for calculating the reliability or probability of failure of complete structures. From a practical design standpoint one solution analyzed is the determination of partial safety factors. These are quantities by which the element safety factor should be changed to account for its presence in a structural assemblage so that the overall failure probability remains roughly equal to what is desired for the element. Consequences of failure must also be considered. Fundamental models of structural reliability of systems are described including determinate structures (weakest-link), indeterminate structures (fail-safe), and brittle members. Examples of solutions for reliability analysis and design are presented.
Serotonin and colonic motility

The role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) in gastrointestinal motility has been studied for over 50 years. Most of the 5-HT in the body resides in the gut wall, where it is located in subsets of mucosal cells (enterochromaffin cells) and neurons (descending interneurons). Many studies suggest that 5-HT is important to normal and dysfunctional gut motility and drugs affecting 5-HT receptors, especially 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors, have been used clinically to treat motility disorders; however, cardiovascular side effects have limited the use of these drugs. Recently studies have questioned the importance and necessity of 5-HT in general and mucosal 5-HT in particular for colonic motility. Recent evidence suggests the importance of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors for initiation and generation of one of the key colonic motility patterns, the colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC), in rat. The findings suggest that 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors are differentially involved in two different types of rat CMMCs: the long distance contraction (LDC) and the rhythmic propulsive motor complex (RPMC). The understanding of the role of serotonin in colonic motility has been influenced by the specific motility pattern(s) studied, the stimulus used to initiate the motility (spontaneous vs induced), and the route of administration of drugs. All of these considerations contribute to the understanding and the controversy that continues to surround the role of serotonin in the gut.
9. Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of human factors at the macroergonomic or overall organizational level. Conceptually, it is entirely possible to do an outstanding job of microergonomically designing a system's components, modules, and even subsystems, yet fail to reach relevant goals of system effectiveness because of inattention to the macroergonomic design of the system. Horizontal differentiation refers to the degree of departmentalization and job specialization that is designed into the organization. In other cultures or on other occasions, the psychosocial and environmental conditions might be very different and thus result in different interactions with technology mode in terms of organizational design effects. High levels of interdependence between subunits require particularly careful human factors attention to information processing mechanisms to ensure effective integration. At least three major aspects of the personnel subsystem are critical to an organization's design: (1) the degree of professionalism or the skills and training requirements of the organization and its constituent subunits, (2) demographic characteristics of the work force employed or to be employed in the organization, and (3) psychosocial characteristics of the work force.
REQUIREMENT OF DIVALENT METAL IONS FOR BACITRACIN ACTIVITY

Adler, Richard H. (University of California, Los Angeles) and John E. Snoke. Requirement of divalent metal ions for bacitracin activity. J. Bacteriol. 83:1315-1317. 1962.-The antibiotic activity of bacitracin towards Staphylococcus aureus is completely suppressed by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The conclusion that bacitracin activity requires the presence of metal ions is supported by the demonstration that the addition of a number of divalent ions reverses the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The most active of these ions, cadmium, manganese, and zinc, directly enhance the activity of bacitracin.
Utilization of visual information and listener strategies in intelligibility impairment related to bilateral facial paresis.

This study investigated how intelligibility scores of a speaker with bilateral facial paresis differed in auditory-only and auditory–visual presentation modes. A speech sample was collected and movies were created in both auditory-only and auditory–visual modes. These movies were presented to listeners who were unfamiliar with the speaker (n = 20) with 10 of the listeners randomly assigned to the auditory-only listening mode and 10 assigned to the auditory–visual mode. Listeners transcribed what they heard and also completed a scale to determine the strategies used to understand this speaker's utterances. Results of ANOVA revealed that intelligibility in the auditory–visual condition was significantly greater than intelligibility for the auditory-only condition. Listeners reported utilizing many strategies to transcribe the speaker's utterances and listeners in the auditory–visual mode utilized cognitive strategies significantly more than listeners in the auditory-only mode. Findings of this study highlig...
Conditioned approach: an analogue of conditioned avoidance; effects of chlorpromazine and diazepam.

Abstract An analogue of the conditioned avoidance test, the conditioned approach test, was designed in which the reinforcing event was eating food rather than avoiding or escaping shock. A response to the approach stimulus resulted in immediate delivery of food. Failure to respond to the approach stimulus for 15 sec resulted in the delivery of a food pellet. Administration of chlorpormazine at 2–4 mg/kg, PO to squirrel monkeys resulted in the failure of the monkeys to respond to many approach stimuli although they promptly responded to the freely delivered food pellet. Diazepam was without effect at doses up to 100 mg/kg, PO.
Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life among African-Americans in a lifestyle weight loss program

Purpose Changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed in clinically obese, African-American adults after completion of a weight loss program that resulted in modest average weight loss.
Dynamics and control characteristics of a reference Space Station configuration

This paper describes the structural dynamic characteristics of a NASA reference space station configuration as defined in the November 1987 Space Station Program - Systems Engineering and Integration Engineering Data Book. The modes and frequencies of the station below 2.0 Hz were obtained and selected results along with rigid body properties are presented. A three-axis attitude control system using control moment gyros responding to attitude and attitude rate signals is used to regulate the orientation of the station. The stability of the control system with non-collocated sensors is investigated for both compensated and uncompensated control signals. Results from a closed-loop simulation of a commanded attitude change about three axes, and from a closed-loop simulation of the response of the station to an externally applied unit force impulse at the docking port are presented. These simulation results are used to evaluate the possible degree of control/structures interaction which could occur during normal operation of the station.
University Training Abroad: Sub-Saharan Africa

Of all sub-Saharan university students, 20 per cent are enrolled in foreign universities, mostly in Europe and the United States. The fields of study of these students, two-thirds of whom are undergraduates, are very loosely related to national needs.
Towards a genealogy of wealth through an analysis of biblical discourses

A primary concern of accounting is the determination of the financial position or “wealth” of an entity. Using an interpretive methodology adapted from Michel Foucault, this contribution seeks to develop a genealogy of wealth through an analysis of Biblical discourses pertaining to wealth. In particular, the article examines narratives depicting the life of Abraham as these relate to discourses about wealth. The objective is to explore ways in which the discourses changed between the Old and New Testaments. As Foucault might suggest, the “regime of truth” surrounding the idea of wealth has changed through time; there have been discontinuities and transformations. There have been periods in which wealth has been appreciated, and other periods in which wealth has been denigrated, particularly by religious authorities. In the Old Testament, Abraham's wealth was seen as a blessing from God, while in the New Testament, seeking after wealth was viewed as sinful. The article suggests several reasons for this tra...
A look at a successful perioperative nurse extern-intern program.

ABSTRACT • IN 2000, St Mary-Corwin Medical Center, Pueblo, Colo, launched a perioperative nurse extern-intern program to address the critical nursing shortage the facility's OR was experiencing. • THE PROGRAM HAS THREE LEVELS, all of which focus on applying lessons learned in the classroom to the clinical setting. The final level of the program is designed to help participants' transition from being students to being clinical practitioners. • ALL STUDENTS who participated in the program passed the National Council Licensure Examination on the first attempt. In addition, the program has improved employee recruitment and retention rates, reduced orientation and training costs, and resulted in positive feedback from participants. AORN J 81 (March 2005) 564-578.
Multi-lateral emission trading: lessons from inter-state NOx control in the United States☆

Abstract Marketable emission permit mechanisms are increasingly proposed as efficient means of managing environmental pollution problems such as greenhouse gas emissions. Existing examples of emissions trading in the literature have so far been limited to domestic efforts put in place through the action of a national legislature, which has no parallel in international politics. This paper examines two efforts to establish multi-lateral emissions trading for nitrogen oxides among various states with the US. One, the Ozone Transport Commission's NOx Budget program is a success. The other, the Ozone Transport Assessment Group and the federal government's subsequent NOx SIP Call has not resulted in a multi-lateral emissions control program, let alone an efficient, market-based one. Due to the relative similarities of the states (compared to highly heterogeneous nations of the world) these are “best case” examples, and explaining the vast differences in outcomes will help explain the potential and the challenges in developing an international emission trading program to control greenhouse gas emissions.
Clinical Use of Proteasome Inhibitors in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells. The use of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of MM has led to significant improvements in outcomes. This article reviews data on the use of the two approved proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and carlfilzomib), as well as newer agents under development. Emphasis is placed on the clinical use of proteasome inhibitors, including management of side effects and combination with other agents.
Letter to the Editor---An Approximate Method for a Queuing Process with a Randomly Deteriorating Server

Herein we are concerned with the following situation. A server processes similar items in order of their arrival. The service time is exponentially distributed, however, the mean varies randomly with time and depends upon the state the server as in. Approximate expressions are derived for pertinent parameters---for example, the mean queue length and the mean time spent in each state by the server.
Setting priorities for the IT industry in Taiwan-A Delphi study

Abstract This article describes a strategic framework for the development of information technology in Taiwan. A decision support system (DSS) is built to test the effectiveness of the strategic framework. The DSS uses the ‘Expert Choice’ cell. Brainstorming and a dialectical approach are used to generate and analyse the criteria that influence the development of information technology. Later, a signed digraph is used to elicit the different views of the experts on cause-effect relationships. Then feedback loops obtained through the use of this ‘cognitive map’ help in the logical analysis of the decisions. This study focuses on identifying the government's priorities for information technology given the criteria identified by the experts, and the national goal of developing the information industry. The experts used in this study are drawn from the Institute for the Information Industry in Taiwan—a government agency that is charged with this task. The results indicate that the highest priority should be given to computer software development. The development of computer equipment is the least in terms of preferences. The aims of the study are twofold. First, to help entrepreneurs in determining which information technology areas will be likely to benefit from government incentive programs. Secondly, the government may use the priorities as guidelines for their resource allocation decisions. Many new companies depend on government incentive programs for survival, and these studies may suggest priorities to other investors.
Stratigraphy and historic accumulation of mercury in recent depositional sediments in the Sudbury River, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

The distribution and deposition of sedimentary mercury in the Sudbury River were linked to an industrial complex (Nyanza site) that operated from 1917 through 1978. In two reservoirs just downstream from the Nyanza site, estimated rates of mercury accumulation increased markedly in the 1920s and 1930s, were greatest during 1976-1982, decreased within 5 years after industrial operations ceased, and have decreased further since capping of contaminated soil at the Nyanza site was completed in 1991. The most contaminated sediments were typically buried, yet the 0- to 1-cm stratum remained substantially contaminated in all cores. Mercury accumulating in the surficial, reservoir sediments was probably from continuing, albeit much lesser, inputs from the Nyanza site, whereas recent inputs to downstream wetland areas were attributed to recycling of sedimentary mercury or to mercury from unidentified local sources. In the reservoirs, burial of highly contaminated sediments is gradually decreasing the amount of sed...
Recent environmental changes inferred from the sediments of small lakes in Yellowstone's northern range (Engstromet al., 1991)

Sedimentation rate data of Engstromet al. (1991) were analyzed in relation to the elevation of the eight ponds studied. The ‘... asynchroneity of the stratigraphic changes among the lakes ...’ that they noted was transformed into a pattern of time-transgressive change of sedimentation rate with elevation. Sediment units representing increasing (and decreasing) sedimentation rate and accelerating (and decelerating) sediment accumulation were correlated from pond to pond, suggesting that the sediment-producing condition somehow moved upslope over time at a rate of 3.4 to >5 m yr−1. Climatic data appear not to explain this monotonic pattern, but dendrochronological data and elk population numbers suggest that ungulate foraging patterns might. Engstromet al. (1991) concluded that ‘...the lake-sediment records in the northern range do not convincingly show systematic direct or indirect effects of ungulate grazing during the history of the Park.’ Reinterpretation of these sediment data suggests that detailed reanalysis might lead to a different conclusion.
Aerospace materials for the twenty-first century

Abstract The importance of materials in developing new and improved aerospace systems for the twenty-first century is discussed. Airframe applications are presented with examples drawn from both monolithic and composite metals, polymers and ceramics.
A Hybrid Buffer Design with STT-MRAM for On-Chip Interconnects

As the chip multiprocessor (CMP) design moves toward many-core architectures, communication delay in Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been a major bottleneck in CMP systems. Using high-density memories in input buffers helps to reduce the bottleneck through increasing throughput. Spin-Torque Transfer Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) can be a suitable solution due to its nature of high density and near-zero leakage power. But its long latency and high power consumption in write operations still need to be addressed. We explore the design issues in using STT-MRAM for NoC input buffers. Motivated by short intra-router latency, we use the previously proposed write latency reduction technique sacrificing retention time. Then we propose a hybrid design of input buffers using both SRAM and STT-MRAM to hide the long write latency efficiently. Considering that simple data migration in the hybrid buffer consumes more dynamic power compared to SRAM, we provide a lazy migration scheme that reduces the dynamic power consumption of the hybrid buffer. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme enhances the throughput by 21% on average.
Patient satisfaction with an emergency department asthma observation unit.

Objective: To compare levels of patient satisfaction between the diagnostic and treatment protocols in an ED-based asthma observation unit (AOU) and those with standard inpatient hospitalization. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial with a sample of 163 patients presenting to the ED with acute asthma exacerbations over a 30-month period. Eligible patients were those who could not resolve their symptoms after three hours of standard ED therapy. Patients were then randomly assigned to an ED-based AOU (experimental group) or to customary inpatient care (control group). Patient satisfaction and problems with care processes were assessed by standardized instrumentation at discharge in both groups. Results: The AOU patients scored higher than those randomized to the inpatient hospitalization protocol on four summary ratings of patient satisfaction measures: received service wanted, recommendation of the service to others, satisfaction with the service, and overall satisfaction. The AOU patients reported fewer total number of problems with care received, and fewer specific problems with communication, emotional support, physical comfort, and special needs, than did the inpatient group. However, the AOU patients reported more problems regarding their knowledge of financial costs and liabilities for their service than did the inpatients. Conclusion: Patients were more satisfied and had fewer problems with rapid diagnosis and treatment in the AOU than they did with routine inpatient hospitalization. Since AOUs represent a new ambulatory service modality, patients would benefit from greater awareness of the costs and coverage for AOUs as compared with hospital inpatient care. These findings have important implications for the future short- and long-term success and feasibility of ED-based AOUs.
A Trade Strategy for the United States

Krasner considers the decline of the global economic power the United States enjoyed from the 1940s through the 1960s and prescribes a policy of specific repricocity that aims not at restoring the country's postwar position but at allowing it to compete effectively in an emerging and changing economic climate. Specific repricocity focuses on short term pay-offs, outcomes, and differences in the domestic institutional arrangements of major economic partners. It aims at maintaining global stability while supporting the national best interest.