cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theodor W. Adorno: Theoretician through negations

Among academic writers, arrogance encompasses a continuum spanned at one end by meticulous footnoting, which takes the reader for a fool, and marked at the other end by the vaguest allusions to a panopoly of academic ideas, which also takes the reader for a fool, albeit a highly erudite fool whose major activity consists in reading other erudites. The burdens of the publishing marketplace currently exert considerable pressure against the former arrogance. Cost effectiveness demands that footnotes be cut and placed at the end of books, at worst, or the end of chapters at best. Despite writers' insistence that footnotes are only of value if available with their immediate text, this economic determinism gives a new value to footnotes, which can now more easily be measured, if not as to their quality, then for their quantity. Aspiring academics can now boast, "the book was at least a third footnotes." Writers like Christopher Jencks have the additional benefits with such a system of footnoting of being able to take back in the footnotes, what they assert in the text; thus, Jencks' popularly-oriented text on Inequality2 echoes radical sympathies with this tiptoeing around the genetics and intelligence issues, while his footnotes place him more squarely on the liberal fence.
Mineral reaction buffering of Venus’ atmosphere: A thermochemical constraint and implications for Venus-like planets

Abstract The equilibrium suggested as a buffer for CO2 in the Venus atmosphere, CaCO3 + SiO2 = CaSiO3 + CO2, cannot act as a buffer at the Venus surface/troposphere – the pressure–temperature slope of the equilibrium and that of the atmosphere (dry adiabat with significant greenhouse heating) do not provide buffering capacity (if indeed CaCO3 were present). Instead, perturbations to T or P(CO2) can produce catastrophic expansion or collapse of the atmosphere. This instability can be generalized to all devolatilization reactions that produce a radiatively active gas in a planetary atmosphere dominated by such gases, and gives a simple thermochemical criterion for whether a reaction could buffer such an atmosphere. Simple decarbonation reactions fail this criterion, suggesting that the abundance of CO2 in a CO2-dominated atmosphere cannot be buffered by chemical reactions with the surface; a similar conclusion holds for the abundance of H2O in an H2O-dominated (steam) atmosphere. Buffering of minor gases is more likely; a mineral buffer equilibrium for SO2 proposed for Venus, FeS2 + CO2 = Fe3O4 + SO2 + CO, passes the thermochemical criterion, as does a reaction involving Ca sulfate. These inferences can be generalized to atmospheres in ‘moist’ adiabatic equilibria, and to extrasolar Venus-like planets, and will help in interpreting the compositions of their atmospheres.
Making anthropology public

Public Anthropology entails diverse practices. One is ‘writing’ for the public by making our work more accessible and accountable. A less conventional way of getting anthropological research findings and interpretations to broader publics is through active collaboration with journalists and the media. To make anthropology public is to invite criticism and to face ‘erasures’ of ownership of our findings once they are shared with journalists. Even so, it is satisfying to see one's work appear on the front pages of the Sunday Times even if uncited. Finally, in the tradition of CW Mills' The Sociological Imagination, the goal of public anthropology is to make public issues, not simply to respond to them. Those who wan to be public anthropologist – just do it! But don't expect to be rewarded for it. Instead, consider it a precious right and a privilege.
∞3 Hierarchy plate theories for thick and thin composite plates: The generalized unified formulation

Each displacement component is expanded along the thickness of the plate by using a powerful compact formulation. Infinite different types of expansions can be independently used for the displacements ux, uy and uz. Therefore, the present formulation here introduced for the first time, leads to the writing, with a single formal theory, of a class of ∞3 theories. These theories can be successfully implemented in a single FEM code, and without changing a single line of the program it is possible to obtain results of all the ∞3 theories. In addition, this formulation allows the user to treat each unknown independently and, therefore, different numerical approaches can be used in the FEM codes based on this generalized unified formulation. This new technique can be very useful in multifield problems such as thermoelastic applications and multilayered composite plates embedding piezo-layers.
Technology Trends and Disk Array Performance

The original design of disk arrays was motivated primarily by the desire for greater fault tolerance and higher data transfer rates than those achievable with a single disk. However, disk technology has continued to evolve, driven largely by the needs of the commodity personal computer market, rather than those of the “niche markets” of parallel and fault-tolerant computing. Using a combination of analytic modeling and simulation, we consider four disk array designs and extrapolate the behavior of these designs as a function of predicted changes in disk technology. The results of this analysis suggest that changes in disk technology may lessen, though not eliminate, the current performance advantages of disk arrays and may shift current design points.
Magnetic resonance imaging and trigeminal schwannoma.

Abstract A case of trigeminal schwannoma, extending from the posterior fossa into Meckel's cave, is reported. The information provided by computed tomography, angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging allowed a correct preoperative diagnosis to be obtained. Due to the excellent sensitivity, the absence of bone artifacts, and the ease of imaging in any plane, magnetic resonance imaging best defined the “dumbbell” nature of the tumor, the atrophy of the masticatory muscles, and the infiltration of the third division of the trigeminal nerve.
Public employees in political firms: Part A. The patronage era

In part A. The patronage era we explain of the changing organization of public employees from patrons to spoilsmen. (Part B. Civil service and militancy, explains the evolution from spoilsmen to civil servants to militant unionists). Commonly, each transformation has been related only to some failing of its preceding form: patronage ended because of its corruption, civil service began because of its promise to stop corruption, and militancy spread because of the inadequacies of civil service. In contrast to these different explanations of each transformation of government employment, we offer the same explanation for each change: a public choice theory assumption that the new organizational form more efficiently maximized the mixture of votes, power, and income that politicians seek. Thus, when poor immigrants promised votes for insurance from urban hazards and businessmen promised graft in return for accommodations, spoilsmen effected the exchanges.
Scalable sentiment classification across multiple Dark Web Forums

This study examines several approaches to sentiment classification in the Dark Web Forum Portal, and opportunities to transfer classifiers and text features across multiple forums to improve scalability and performance. Although sentiment classifiers typically perform poorly when transferred across domains, experimentation reveals the devised approaches offer performance equivalent to the traditional forum-specific approach in classification in an unknown domain. Furthermore, incorporating the text features identified as significant indicators of sentiment in other forums can greatly improve the classification accuracy of the traditional forum-specific approach.
Myosin heavy chain composition in human laryngeal muscles.

Objectives: Myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of human thyroarytenoid (TA), lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), interarytenoid (IA), vocalis, posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), and cricothyroid muscles were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western bolt techniques. The presence of superfast MHC was also assessed using antibodies directed against the extraocular MHC. Study Design: MHC protein was analyzed using fresh human laryngeal muscles. Methods: Laryngeal muscles excised from cadavers were processed for SDS-PAGE. The composition of MHC isoforms was determined by densitometry. Western blot was carried out to identify specific bands. Results: MHC types IIA and IIB are the predominant MHC components in human laryngeal muscles. The adductor muscles-TA, LCA, and IA-have a higher percentage of type IIB MHC and a lower percentage of type I when compared with the abductor-PCA. The rank file order for type IIB MHC composition (TA>LCA≥IA>PCA) is the same in all specimens. A band migrating between type IIA and type I was observed in several specimens. Although similar to type IIL in rats, this atypical band did not react with antiextraocular MHC antibody on Western blot. Conclusion: Characterization of laryngeal muscles determined by the composition of MHC is correlated with function and neural input. Human laryngeal muscle is characterized by a predominance of fast-type MHCs in laryngeal closing muscle and mixed fast-slow type MHCs in respiratory and phonatory muscle groups. Although an atypical myosin band similar to type IIL (superfast) MHC in rat was identified, it did not react with anti-extraocular MHC antibody.
Self regard and concealment of homosexuality as predictors of CD4+ cell count over time among hiv seropositive gay men

Living with HIV can challenge core features of a person’s sense of identity and ultimately lead to a diminished sense of self regard. Self-regard has been defined as the extent to which a person experiences an integrated sense of identity. Gay men with HIV may also face struggles related to their identity in deciding whether to disclose or conceal their homosexuality. This study examined whether concealment of homosexuality and a person’s sense of self regard would be associated with CD4+ cell count over time among HIV seropositive gay men. 53 HIV seropositive gay men completed questionnaires at one time point. CD4+ cell counts were measured at the time of questionnaire completion and 24 months later. Greater self regard at baseline was associated with higher CD4+ counts at 24 months. The association between baseline self regard and CD4+ count at 24 months was strongest among persons with less concealment of homosexuality.
Mesoscale variability of the Upper Colorado River snowpack

In the mountainous regions of the Upper Colorado River Basin, snow course observations give local measurements of snow water equivalent, which can be used to estimate regional averages of snow conditions. We develop a statistical technique to estimate the mesoscale average snow accumulation, using 8 years of snow course observations. For each of three major snow accumulation regions in the Upper Colorado River Basin – the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Colorado, the Uinta Mountains, Utah, and the Wind River Range, Wyoming – the snow course observations yield a correlation length scale of 38 km, 46 km, and 116 km respectively. This is the scale for which the snow course data at different sites are correlated with 70 per cent correlation. This correlation of snow accumulation over large distances allows for the estimation of the snow water equivalent on a mesoscale basis. With the snow course data binned into 1/4° latitude by 1/4° longitude pixels, an error analysis shows the following: for no snow course data in a given pixel, the uncertainty in the water equivalent estimate reaches 50 cm; that is, the climatological variability. However, as the number of snow courses in a pixel increases the uncertainty decreases, and approaches 5-10 cm when there are five snow courses in a pixel.
Desorption electrospray ionization and other ambient ionization methods: current progress and preview

Mass spectrometry allows rapid chemical analysis of untreated samples in the ambient environment. This is a result of recent rapid progress in ambient ionization techniques. The most widely studied of these new methods, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), uses fast-moving solvent droplets to extract analytes from surfaces and propel the resulting secondary microdroplets towards the mass analyzer. This review of DESI and other ambient methods centers on the accompanying chemical processes. Manipulation of the chemistry accompanying ambient ionization can be used to optimize chemical analysis, including molecular imaging. Solvent effects, geometry effects, electrochemical processes and mechanisms are covered. Extensions of the methodology to solution-phase analysis, to stand-off detection and to therapeutic drug analysis using miniature mass spectrometers are also treated.
Optimizing dual-time and serial positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography scans for diagnoses and therapy monitoring.

Introduction A region’s early and late tracer uptake activities, Q E and Q L, within a dual-time scan (i.e. using two frames) or in serial scans (as for monitoring therapeutic response), are popular quantitative diagnostic aids, especially in oncology. In this paper, maximum performance is sought from their joint use.
Schematic Maps: Cognitive Tools for Enhancing the Early Stages of Counseling.

The purpose of the present studies was to explore the utility of schematic maps as tools for the early stages of both peer and self-counseling. In experiment 1 (self-counseling), 42 students from undergraduate general psychology classes participated to fulfill course requirements. Participants were assigned to either a schematic map or essay group. They first extracted information about their alcohol-related behavior patterns and then analyzed the patterns from the perspective of a counselor. In experiment 2 (peer counseling), 38 students from upper-division psychology courses participated for extra credit. Participants were asked to evaluate behavior patterns, in the form of maps or essays, which were presented either in the same form as they were extracted or were transposed to the other format. In both studies, assessment consisted of questionnaires that addressed the usefulness of the tools in the counseling process. Schematic maps are potentially powerful tools for both self- and peer counseling. For self-counseling, maps were preferred over traditional essay writing. In addition, the subjective reaction to maps as tools for peer counseling was positive.
Loss of ovarian function in mice results in abrogated skeletal muscle PPARδ and FoxO1-mediated gene expression

Menopause, the age-related loss of ovarian hormone production, promotes increased adiposity and associated metabolic pathology, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We previously reported that estrogen increases skeletal muscle PPARδ expression in vivo, and transgenic mice overexpressing muscle-specific PPARδ are reportedly protected from diet-induced obesity. We thus hypothesized that obesity observed in ovariectomized mice, a model of menopause, may result in part from abrogated expression of muscle PPARδ and/or downstream mediators such as FoxO1. To test this hypothesis, we ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-ovariectomized (SHM) 10-week old female C57Bl6/J mice, and subsequently harvested quadriceps muscles 12 weeks later for gene expression studies. Compared to SHM, muscle from OVX mice displayed significantly decreased expression of PPARδ (3.4-fold), FoxO1 (4.5-fold), PDK-4 (2.3-fold), and UCP-2 (1.8-fold). Consistent with studies indicating PPARδ and FoxO1 regulate muscle fiber type, we observed dramatic OVX-specific decreases in slow isoforms of the contractile proteins myosin light chain (11.1-fold) and troponin C (11.8-fold). In addition, muscles from OVX mice expressed 57% less myogenin (drives type I fiber formation), 2-fold more MyoD (drives type II fiber formation), and 1.6-fold less musclin (produced exclusively by type II fibers) than SHM, collectively suggesting a shift towards less type I oxidative fibers. Finally, and consistent with changes in PPARδ and FoxO1 activity, we observed decreased expression of atrogin-1 (2.3-fold) and MuRF-1 (1.9-fold) in OVX mice. In conclusion, muscles from ovariectomized mice display decreased PPARδ and FoxO1 expression, abrogated expression of downstream targets involved in lipid and protein metabolism, and gene expression profiles indicating less type I oxidative fibers.
Single Molecule Raman Spectroscopy at the Junctions of Large Ag Nanocrystals

Molecular surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in compact clusters of 30−70 nm Ag nanocrystals has shown single molecule Raman scattering cross sections that are orders of magnitude larger than free space single molecule luminescence cross sections. We analyze certain aspects of this phenomenon with new numerical electromagnetic calculations, and we also present new spectral depolarization data for single molecule rhodamine 6G scattering. We stress the central role of the Ag femtosecond radiative lifetime, and the spatial distribution of the excited Ag electrons, in the near field and far field optical properties. The fundamental nature of the Ag plasmon excited-electronic-state changes from a volume excitation to a surface junction excitation as two particles approach each other within 1 nm. Adsorbed molecules in the junction interact directly with the metallic excited-state wave function, showing electron-transfer-initiated photochemistry as well as enhanced Raman scattering. Depolarization studies ...
Optimization Strategies for Single-Stage, Multi-Stage and Continuous ADRs

Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADR) have many advantages that are prompting a resurgence in their use in spaceflight and laboratory applications. They are solid-state coolers capable of very high efficiency and very wide operating range. However, their low energy storage density translates to larger mass for a given cooling capacity than is possible with other refrigeration techniques. The interplay between refrigerant mass and other parameters such as magnetic field and heat transfer points in multi-stage ADRs gives rise to a wide parameter space for optimization. This paper first presents optimization strategies for single ADR stages, focusing primarily on obtaining the largest cooling capacity per stage mass, then discusses the optimization of multi-stage and continuous ADRs in the context of the coordinated heat transfer that must occur between stages. The goal for the latter is usually to obtain the largest cooling power per mass or volume, but there can also be many secondary objectives, such as limiting instantaneous heat rejection rates and producing intermediate temperatures for cooling of other instrument components.
RKKY interactions and the Mott transition

A two-site cluster generalization of the Hubbard model in large dimensions is examined in order to study the role of short-range spin correlations near the metal-insulator transition (MIT). The model is mapped to a two-impurity Kondo-Anderson model in a self-consistently determined bath, making it possible to directly address the competition between the Kondo effect and Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interactions in a lattice context. Our results indicate that the RKKY interactions lead to qualitative modifications of the MIT scenario even in the absence of long-range antiferromagnetic ordering.
Averaged induced waves in the olfactory bulb of the rat during odor stimulation

Abstract The rhythmic potentials which occur in the olfactory bulb during odor stimulation (induced waves) were studied in rats anesthetized with urethane. Single-pulse electrical stimuli of the lateral olfactory tract were triggered from the onset of air flow through the nose and delayed to occur during or before the induced wave. These pulse stimuli had no effect on the amplitude of the induced wave. However, the timing of the induced wave was altered so that each successive response was reset into nearly constant phase relationship with the lateral olfactory tract pulse. Except at the highest odor intensities, there was no adaptation of the response under these conditions. The entrainment of the induced wave is probably a result of the strong inhibition produced in the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb following the lateral olfactory tract pulse. The entrainment is evidence in favor of the induced wave being produced by oscillations in the feedback circuit involving these neurons and their reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses with granule cells.
The influence of carbon-nitrogen ratio on the chlorination of microbial aggregates

Abstract Experiments were conducted with attached microbial films in a continuous flow reactor to determine the response of the film to hypochlorite treatment as a function of influent substrate concentration, influent carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) and shear force at the slime-water interface. Experiments were also conducted in batch systems with suspended organisms grown at varying C/N. Results were obtained regarding the relationship of bactericidal action to slime destruction. Comparison of experiments with HOCl and Hg 2+ indicate that bactericidal efficiency does not influence slime destruction. Destructive effects of hypochlorite oxidation were noted by measuring decrease in solids concentration of bacterial cultures.
Algebraic optimization: the Fermat-Weber location problem

The Fermat-Weber location problem is to find a point in ℝ n that minimizes the sum of the (weighted) Euclidean distances fromm given points in ℝ n . In this work we discuss some relevant complexity and algorithmic issues. First, using Tarski's theory on solvability over real closed fields we argue that there is an infinite scheme to solve the problem, where the rate of convergence is equal to the rate of the best method to locate a real algebraic root of a one-dimensional polynomial. Secondly, we exhibit an explicit solution to the strong separation problem associated with the Fermat-Weber model. This separation result shows that ane-approximation solution can be constructed in polynomial time using the standard Ellipsoid Method.
Values, choices, responsibilities: thinking beyond the scholarly place of ethics for the GIScience and technology profession and GIScience

To help ethical issues gain traction in geographic information technology education, this article proposes that the education of GIScience and technology professionals go beyond abstract scholarly ethics to applied approaches based on practical wisdom. The main point for educators made in this paper is that applied ethics' focus on values, choices, and responsibilities helps students and professionals understand the significance of knowledge and science, their potential contributions, and possible roles – values, choices, and responsibilities. An interpretation of Aristotle's practical wisdom as moral skills and moral wills provides the foundation for developing pedagogical strategies including Davis' seven-step approach.
Detecting and measuring moving objects with airborne repeat station imaging in rapid succession mode

This letter demonstrates the potential of a repeat station imaging and registration approach applied to rapid sequence aerial images captured along the same flightline for detecting moving objects and measuring their velocities. Sequential images share similar view geometries and thus can be precisely registered with simple warping transformations based on just a few matching points. Moving objects were detected as brightness anomalies between sequential images. Precise registration and low-pass filtering minimized false detections associated with misregistration. Velocities were estimated by measuring displacements of moving objects depicted in registered sequential image frames and dividing by the time interval between exposures.
Discovering knowability: a semantic analysis

In this paper, we provide a semantic analysis of the well-known knowability paradox stemming from the Church–Fitch observation that the meaningful knowability principle all truths are knowable, when expressed as a bi-modal principle $${\diamondsuit}$$ , yields an unacceptable omniscience property all truths are known. We offer an alternative semantic proof of this fact independent of the Church–Fitch argument. This shows that the knowability paradox is not intrinsically related to the Church–Fitch proof, nor to the Moore sentence upon which it relies, but rather to the knowability principle itself. Further, we show that, from a verifiability perspective, the knowability principle fails in the classical logic setting because it is missing the explicit incorporation of a hidden assumption of stability: ‘the proposition in question does not change from true to false in the process of discovery.’ Once stability is taken into account, the resulting stable knowability principle and its nuanced versions more accurately represent verification-based knowability and do not yield omniscience.
A review of developmental and applied language research on African American children: from a deficit to difference perspective on dialect differences.

Purpose The contemporary practices of delivering speech, language, and hearing services in schools reflect palpable gains in professional sensitivity to linguistic and cultural diversity. Method This article reviews the dominant research themes on the oral language of African American preschoolers who contribute to such diversity in the United States. Specifically, it contrasts the historical and current frameworks that have guided studies of (a) such children’s acquisition and use of English and (b) the strategies used to assess and modify their language. Conclusion Research initiatives that can expand knowledge about this group are proposed.
An Analysis of Critical Success Factors for a Public Sector Decision Support System

The United States Coast Guard operates a voluntary vessel movement reporting system on the lower Mississippi River. Designed to assist vessel operators navigate a treacherous inland waterway, this decision support system (DSS) informs mariners of known traffic and provides other pertinent assistance. As employed in this postimplementation review, the critrcal success factor approach objectively measures the effect of the decision support system on organizational performance by ascertaining whether the public sector DSS achieved a significant reduction in vessel casualties.
Activities and Sensitivities in Boolean Network Models

We study how the notions of importance of variables in Boolean functions as well as the sensitivities of the functions to changes in these variables impact the dynamical behavior of Boolean networks. The activity of a variable captures its influence on the output of the function and is a measure of that variable's importance. The average sensitivity of a Boolean function captures the smoothness of the function and is related to its internal homogeneity. In a random Boolean network, we show that the expected average sensitivity determines the well-known critical transition curve. We also discuss canalizing functions and the fact that the canalizing variables enjoy higher importance, as measured by their activities, than the noncanalizing variables. Finally, we demonstrate the important role of the average sensitivity in determining the dynamical behavior of a Boolean network.
Polymetamorphic origin of muscovite+cordierite+staurolite+ biotite assemblages: implications for the metapelitic petrogenetic grid and for P–T paths

Metapelites containing muscovite, cordierite, staurolite and biotite (Ms+Crd+St+Bt) are relatively rare but have been reported from a number of low-pressure (andalusite–sillimanite) regional metamorphic terranes. Paradoxically, they do not occur in contact aureoles formed at the same low pressures, raising the question as to whether they represent a stable association. A stable Ms+Crd+St+Bt assemblage implies a stable Ms+Bt+Qtz+Crd+St+Al2SiO5+Chl+H2O invariant point (IP1), the latter which has precluded construction of a petrogenetic grid for metapelites that reconciles natural phase relations at high and low pressure. Petrogenetic grids calculated from internally consistent thermodynamic databases do not provide a reliable means to evaluate the problem because the grid topology is sensitive to small changes in the thermodynamic data. Topological analysis of invariant point IP1 places strict limits on possible phase equilibria and mineral compositions for metamorphic field gradients at higher and lower pressure than the invariant point. These constraints are then compared with natural data from contact aureoles and reported Ms+Crd+St+Bt occurrences. We find that there are numerous topological, textural and compositional incongruities in reported natural assemblages that lead us to argue that Ms+Crd+St+Bt is either not a stable association or is restricted to such low pressures and Fe-rich compositions that it is rarely if ever developed in natural rocks. Instead, we argue that reported Ms+Crd+St+Bt assemblages are products of polymetamorphism, and, from their textures, are useful indicators of P–T paths and tectonothermal processes at low pressure. A number of well-known Ms+Crd+St+Bt occurrences are discussed within this framework, including south-central Maine, the Pyrenees and especially SW Nova Scotia.
In Situ Near-IR Cure Monitoring of a Model Epoxy Matrix Composite

To improve the performance of composites it is imperative that the interphase region between the inorganic reinforcement and the polymer matrix be more completely understood. It is in this region that the stress transfer between the matrix and the reinforcement occurs. To this end, the curing of epoxy adjacent to an embedded silica optical fiber has been monitored in situ by evanescent wave spectroscopy. The epoxy studied is partially fluorinated and has a lower refractive index than the silica optical fiber. This combination of epoxy/silica served as a model composite system. The lower refractive index of the partially fluorinated epoxy allowed the silica optical fiber to be used as a waveguide for the internal reflection of near-infrared light. The epoxy curing was determined as a function of time and temperature by analysis of the near-infrared spectrum from the epoxy adjacent to the fiber obtained by the interaction of the evanescent wave that occurs at each internal reflection with the low-refractive-index epoxy. The results obtained from the examination of the near-infrared spectrum, particularly the disappearance of the NH2 stretching/bending combination band at ∼4925 cm-1 and the concomitant increase of the C-N overtone band at ∼4725 cm-1, showed that epoxy ring-opening and cross-linking reactions could be followed in real time. Finally, treatment of the fiber with a silane coupling agent had no observable effect on the curing reaction of the epoxy.
Mohs' micrographic surgery and distal urethrectomy with immediate urethral reconstruction for glanular carcinoma in situ with significant urethral extension

Objectives To report the use of conservative extirpative surgical techniques to manage glanular carcinoma in situ with significant urethral extension.
SALSA Project: Parallel Data Mining of GIS, Web, Medical, Physics, Chemical, and Biology Data

The multicore revolution promises potentially hundreds of cores in desktop computers. The ever increasing number of cores per chip will be accompanied by a pervasive data deluge whose size will probably increase even faster than CPU core count over the next few years. This suggests the importance of parallel data analysis and data mining applications with good multicore, cluster and grid performance. The SALSA project at Community Grid Lab of Indiana University is looking to revolutionize the way software is written in parallel for real applications that advance scientific discovery and improve the quality of people's life.
The impact of competing risks on the observed rate of chronic hepatitis C progression

Background & aims In previous studies about the natural history of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), age at the time of infection correlated with the rate at which hepatic fibrosis progresses. The presence of a competing risk, namely higher mortality from natural causes, may contribute to this observation. A simulation experiment was conducted to measure the magnitude of the effect of competing risks on the observed rate of fibrosis progression of CHC. Methods A computer-based probabilistic model was created in which fibrosis of CHC progressed from stage 0 to 4 (cirrhosis) in 20-year-old and 50-year-old male and female cohorts. The rate of fibrosis progression was randomly assigned to each simulated individual from a distribution common to all age- and sex-specific cohorts. The cohorts also experienced mortality from natural causes according to the 2000 census data. Results The observed median time to reach cirrhosis for the 50-year-old cohorts was 20.4 ± 0.2 years compared with 29.7 ± 0.2 for the 20-year-old cohorts ( P P = 0.01). Overall, the observed rate of progression was slowest among young women. Similarly, accelerating mortality from natural causes, simulating the impact of comorbid conditions that shorten survival, reduced the observed time to reach cirrhosis. Conclusions Even if the underlying rate of fibrosis progression in CHC was held constant, the time to reach cirrhosis will be observed to be substantially shorter in subjects with a higher competing mortality.
Employee stock ownership and diversification

A small to moderate size investment in company stock results in a relatively small increase in the riskiness of an employee’s portfolio, even if the company’s volatility is substantially greater than that of a diversified portfolio which we assume the employee would hold otherwise. Thus the employee suffers relatively little loss in “expected utility” from such an investment, whether or not the extra motivation due to this investment by the employee and his or her colleagues leads to an increase in productivity. However, increasing the investment beyond certain limits leads to substantial, and increasingly large, increments in the riskiness of the portfolio. This article presents the theory behind these assertions, and presents a plausible numerical example of the effects described. This example implies that the optimal investment in company stock in a diversified portfolio is \(8\frac{2}{3}\%\) while a higher amount of ten or even fifteen percent would not be imprudent.
Disposition of Quinidine in the Rabbit

Quinidine shows two-compartment characteristics in rabbits with a terminal half-life of 67 min for total drug and 58 min for unbound drug. Statistically, the values are not significantly different from each other (p greater than 0.05). The clearances for total and unbound drug are 52 and 464 ml/min/kg, respectively, and the total and unbound apparent volumes of distribution at steady state are 4.2 and 27.3 liters/kg, respectively. The unbound clearance and unbound apparent volume of distribution were inversely related to the unbound fraction of quinidine in plasma. The total clearance and apparent volume of distribution showed no relationship to the binding. Approximately 0.5% of the dose was excreted as unchanged quinidine. Six identifiable metabolites were found in the urine, accounting for approximately 14% of the dose. Two unknown metabolites were also observed in the urine. With the exception of 2'-quinidinone, these metabolites were formed in the rate-limiting step in the metabolite kinetics. The quinidine unbound fraction ranged from 0.06 to 0.23 in the eight rabbits studied. The binding of the metabolites was less pronounced, and only 3-hydroxyquinidine showed a significant correlation with quinidine binding.
Quisqualate induces an inward current via mGluR activation in neocortical pyramidal neurons.

Abstract Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has multiple effects on the excitability of pyramidal neurons in rat frontal neocortex. Synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability are both affected. During studies of the effects of quisqualate on synaptic activity, it was observed that quisqualate also induced a slow inward current. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from layer II/III pyramidal neurons of neocortical slices in vitro. The bath solution contained APV, CNQX and bicuculline to block ionotropic glutamate and GABA A receptors. At a holding potential of −70 mV, quisqualate (2 μM) induced an inward current of about 60 pA. The response was reversible upon washing. This current was associated with an increase in membrane conductance and was still seen in the presence of TTX (0.5 μM). Bath application of the nonselective mGluR antagonist, ( R,S )-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenyglycine (MCPG, 200–500 μM) reduced the current by 70%. Other mGluR agonists (ACPD, DHPG, L-CCG-1 and L-AP4) did not induce a significant inward current at the concentrations tested. The current–voltage relation of the quisqualate-induced current was linear with a reversal potential near 0 mV suggesting involvement of nonselective cation channels. The quisqualate-induced inward current was markedly reduced (72%) with 200 μM GDP-β-S in the pipette solution, indicating that it is a postsynaptic phenomenon mediated by a G-protein dependent mechanism. These results suggest that mGluRs can directly increase the postsynaptic excitability of pyramidal cells.
Assessing the Performance of ad hoc Sensor Networks

As an exploratory effort to understand effects of network complexity coupled with interoperability on performance of ad hoc sensor networks, we treat ad hoc sensor networks as random networks. In this work complexity is reflected by the average degree of the network and interoperability by the mean number of sensors in the network that are interoperable. The average degree of the network in this case depends on both the probability of sensor discovery and the probability of sensor connection. For illustration purposes, we consider the binary hypothesis distributed fusion problem and a simple fusion rule. The result shows that the criterion for successful fusion may be violated by the network conditions that depend on the network complexity and interoperability.
Ultrastructural studies of amphibian neural fold fusion.

Abstract The fusion of neural folds to form the neural tube is a process in which presumptive contacting surfaces become adhering. An ultrastructural examination of regions of neural folds in the neurulae of three amphibian species ( Hyla regilla, Rana pipiens , and Xenopus laevis ), using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy, revealed that, prior to fusion, there is formation of vesicles within cells lining the neural groove, development of extracellular vesicles, changes in the surface morphology of the cells forming the fusion area, and extension of projections (filopodia) from cells lining the neural groove. The association of intra- and extracellular vesicles and filopodia with cells of the neural groove and folds suggests that these organelles may be involved in preparing the neural folds for initial contact, adhesion, and fusion. Ultrastructural differences in reaction of neural fold cell surfaces to staining by ruthenium red, colloidal iron, Alcian blue-lanthanum nitrate, and concanavalin A-hemocyanin indicate that the glycosaminoglycan compositions of these cell surfaces differ from those of presumptive epidermal cells.
MR Imaging in Diagnosis and Staging of Pulmonary Carcinoma

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death for men and women in the United States. Accurate cancer staging is essential for determining appropriate management and predicting prognosis. CT, along with positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose, currently is the main imaging modality for staging lung cancer. The role of MR imaging is limited, although improvements in MR imaging technology and contrast media potentially will make MR imaging a viable ionizing-radiation-free alternative.
Structural analyses reveal two distinct families of nucleoside phosphorylases

The reversible phosphorolysis of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides is an important biochemical reaction in the salvage pathway, which provides an alternative to the de novo purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways. Structural studies in our laboratory and by others have revealed that only two folds exist that catalyse the phosphorolysis of all nucleosides, and provide the basis for defining two families of nucleoside phosphorylases. The first family (nucleoside phosphorylase-I) includes enzymes that share a common single-domain subunit, with either a trimeric or a hexameric quaternary structure, and accept a range of both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside substrates. Despite differences in substrate specificity, amino acid sequence and quaternary structure, all members of this family share a characteristic subunit topology. We have also carried out a sequence motif study that identified regions of the common subunit fold that are functionally significant in differentiating the various members of the nucleoside phosphorylase-I family. Although the substrate-binding sites are arranged similarly for all members of the nucleoside phosphorylase-I family, a comparison of the active sites from the known structures of this family indicates significant differences between the trimeric and hexameric family members. Sequence comparisons also suggest structural identity between the nucleoside phosphorylase-I family and both 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase and AMP nucleosidase. Members of the second family of nucleoside phosphorylases (nucleoside phosphorylase-II) share a common two-domain subunit fold and a dimeric quaternary structure, share a significant level of sequence identity (>30%) and are specific for pyrimidine nucleosides. Members of this second family accept both thymidine and uridine substrates in lower organisms, but are specific for thymidine in mammals and other higher organisms. A possible relationship between nucleoside phosphorylase-II and anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase has been identified through sequence comparisons. Initial studies in our laboratory suggested that members of the nucleoside phosphorylase-II family require significant domain movements in order for catalysis to proceed. A series of recent structures has confirmed our hypothesis and provided details of these conformational changes. Structural studies of the nucleoside phosphorylases have resulted in a wealth of information that begins to address fundamental biological questions, such as how Nature makes use of the intricate relationships between structure and function, and how biological processes have evolved over time. In addition, the therapeutic potential of suppressing the nucleoside phosphorylase activity in either family of enzymes has motivated efforts to design potent inhibitors. Several research groups have synthesized a variety of nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors that are at various stages of preclinical and clinical evaluation.
Subcritical crack growth at bimaterial interfaces: Part II. microstructural effects on fracture resistance of metal/ceramic interfaces

The flexural peel technique was used to study the fracture resistance of two model A12O3/A1 interfaces. The bimaterial interface was formed by bonding high-purity A12O3 with molten Al-5 pct Cu alloy under pressure. The specimens were then heat treated so that the Al-Cu alloy reached peakaged and extended-overaged conditions. The fracture resistance curve was established for two interfaces with either the peak-aged or overaged Al alloy. The fracture resistance of the interface with the peak-aged Al-Cu alloy was higher in terms of both the initiation and peak toughness. While the peak toughness of the interface scaled with the yield strength of the metal, the initiation toughness differed by a factor of 8. The difference in the initiation toughness is discussed in terms of the disparity in the interfacial microstructure.
Human aggression in evolutionary psychological perspective

This article proposes an evolutionary psychological account of human aggression. The psychological mechanisms underlying aggression are hypothesized to be context-sensitive solutions to particular adaptive problems of social living. Seven adaptive problems are proposed for which aggression might have evolved as a solution--co-opting the resources of others, defending against attack, inflicting costs on same-sex rivals, negotiating status and power hierarchies, deterring rivals from future aggression, deterring mates from sexual infidelity, and reducing resources expended on genetically unrelated children. We outline several of the contexts in which humans confront these adaptive problems and the evolutionary logic of why men are cross-culturally more violently aggressive than women in particular contexts. The article concludes with a limited review of the empirical evidence surrounding each of the seven hypothesized functions of aggression and discusses the status and limitations of the current evolutionary psychological account.
Segregate genera of the lepidozia complex (hepaticae).

This last paper of the series on the Lepidozia complex in South America has to do with the controversial genus Telaranea, which was set up by Spruce (1885) for a species from Brazil and Peru and shortly afterward was accepted by Schiffner (1895). Howe later (1902) discussed the status of this taxon and although he gave it generic rank, he pointed out that it well might be assigned to the Section Microlepidozia of the genus Lepidozia, and that it also had points in common with Arachniopsis (Cephaloziaceae) and Blepharostoma (Blepharostomaceae). He included the following species and varieties under the genus: T. nemtatodes with the var. antillarurm and var. ion gifolia, and T. bicuris. Stephani (1909), did not recognize the genus Telaraneea, but included the above species under the genus Lepidozia. In the work on the European Hepaticae, Muiller (1914, p. 276) did not recognize the genus Telaranea as such, but divided Lepidozia into three subgenera, namely Eu-Lepidozia, Microlepidozia [Microlepidozia], and Telaranea. He mentioned that the latter contained only exotic species and that the following species of Lepidozia belonged to this subgenus: L. neesiana Ldbg., L. lawesii St., L. trisetosa St., and L. longifolia St. [all from the Pacific], L. blepharostoma St. and L. sejuncta [from South America], and L. nematodes Aust. [W. Indies, etc.]. The same author later (Muller 1939), pointed out in a paper on the types of oil bodies in Hepaticae (mostly European species), that oil bodies were present in species of Lepidozia and were not found in Microlepidozia. No mention was made of Telaranea. Since that time Hattori (1951) has found oil bodies in a species of Microlepidozia and Schuster and Blomquist (1955) have reported them in the North American representative, Telaranea nematodes. In the recent revision of the European Hepaticae, Muller (1956, p. 1133) changed his earlier view and raised his subgenus Telaranea to generic rank as distinct from Lepidozia, but he then ineluded Micropidozia as a synonym, and again stated that oilbodies were not present in the cells. Confusion such as this, in large measure, results from attempting to establish relationships of the genera of the Northern Hemisphere, when the genera or species in question are the isolated northward extensions of larger taxa which are widespread in the Southerln Hemisphere. This is only one of the many examples. As was pointed out in an earlier paper2, there is little justification for consid-