cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary Interactions During R&D and Early Design of Large Engineered Systems

Designing Large-Scale Complex Engineered Systems (LaCES) such as aircraft and submarines requires the input of thousands of engineers and scientists whose work is proximate in neither time nor space. Comprehensive knowledge of the system is dispersed among specialists whose expertise is in typically one system component or discipline. This study examined the interactive work practices among such specialists seeking to improve engineering practice through a rigorous and theoretical understanding of current practice. This research explored current interdisciplinary practices and perspectives during R&D and early LaCES design and identified why these practices and perspectives prevail and persist. The research design consisted of a three-fold, integrative approach that combined an open-ended survey, semi-structured interviews, and ethnography. Significant empirical data from experienced engineers and scientists in a large engineering organization were obtained and integrated with theories from organization science and engineering. Qualitative analysis was used to obtain a holistic, contextualized understanding. The over-arching finding is that issues related to cognition, organization, and social interrelations mostly dominate interactions across disciplines. Engineering issues, such as the integration of hardware or physics-based models, are not as significant. For example, organization culture is an important underlying factor that guided researchers more toward individual sovereignty over cross-disciplinarity. The organization structure and the engineered system architecture also serve as constraints to the engineering work. Many differences in work practices were observed, including frequency and depth of interactions, definition or co-construction of requirements, clarity or creation of the system architecture, work group proximity, and cognitive challenges. Practitioners are often unaware of these differences resulting in confusion and incorrect assumptions regarding work expectations. Cognitively, the enactment and coconstruction of knowledge are the fundamental tasks of the interdisciplinary interactions. Distributed and collective cognition represent most of the efforts. Argument, ignorance, learning, and creativity are interrelated aspects of the interactions that cause discomfort but yield benefits such as problem mitigation, broader understanding, and improved system design and performance. The quality and quantity of social interrelations are central to all work across disciplines with reciprocity, respectful engagement, and heedful interrelations being significant to the effectiveness of the engineering and scientific work.
On the predictable representation property for super-processes

In this note a simple proof of the equivalence of the predictable representation property of a martingale with respect to a filtration associated with an orthogonal martingale measure and the extremality of the underlying probability measure P is given. The representation property enables us to characterize all measures which are locally absolutely continuous with respect to P. We apply this to superprocesses and remark on a related property of the excursion filtration of the Brownian motion.
Information-Based Manufacturing with the Web

Manufacturing has been evolving over the years as different needs and technologies arise. This paper describes an emerging manufacturing technology driven by information systems, the global network infrastructure, and new business models driven by the availability of real-time information. Information-based manufacturing concerns using the right information to know what products to make, when to make them, and then making them the best possible. This becomes more complicated when a number of products, facilities, markets, and companies are involved. More than just information is needed. Connectivity, ability to coordinate and integrate, and implementation strategy all are important. Information systems provide the infrastructure to carry out these objectives. Because of the need for an effective information infrastructure, the Internet has the potential to further enhance information-based manufacturing. Information-based manufacturing can be efficient only when the underlying supply-chain network is run efficiently, for the supply chain provides the infrastructure for directing all the activities from receiving raw materials to the delivery of final products. This paper illustrates how the Web technology can help coordinate the supply-chain activities in manufacturing. It also illustrates the relationships between product types, supply-chain structures, information-sharing, coordination, and the Web.
Boolean pairs formed by the Δn0-sets

Abstract It will be shown that for all numbers n and m with n > m ⩾ 1 the Boolean pairs (Δn0, Δm0) have undecidable elementary theories.
Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence from U.S. Federal Transfer Programs

While some recent evidence suggests that more decentralization is associated with reduced corruption, no empirical work has examined whether different types of decentraliz- ation have differential effects on corruption. The theoretical literature has emphasized that expenditure decentralization will only be effective if accompanied by the devolution of rev- enue generation to local governments. In this paper we examine this hypothesis empirically, by studying the mismatch between revenue generation and expenditure in U.S. states. Larger federal transfers are associated with higher rates of conviction for abuse of public office, supporting the theory that soft-budget constraints created by federal transfers are potentially problematic.
Hopes and Fears: the Conflicting Effects of Risk Ambiguity

The Ellsberg Paradox documented the aversion to ambiguity in the probability of winning a prize. Using an original sample of 266 business owners and managers facing risks from climate change, this paper documents the pres- ence of departures from rationality in both directions. Both ambiguity-seeking behavior and ambiguity-averse behavior are evident. People exhibit 'fear' effects of ambiguity for small probabilities of suffering a loss and 'hope' effects for large probabilities. Estimates of the crossover point from ambiguity aversion (fear) to ambiguity seeking (hope) place this value between 0.3 and 0.7 for the risk per decade lotteries considered, with empirical estimates indicating a crossover mean risk of about 0.5. Attitudes toward the degree of ambiguity also reverse at the crossover point.
Evidence on the Demand for Money Function in Uganda

The paper provides an empirical analysis of the demand for money function in Uganda. It argues that monetary policy: based on monetarist views of the dynamics of a less developed economy is, to say the least, ineffective in regulating the economy. An error correction model is used to examine the character of the demand for money - in particular if it is stable in order for traditional monetary policy to be effective. The evidence on Uganda suggests that the demand for money function is unstable and hence, monetary policy needs to be used in conjunction with other policies to achieve the goal of economic stabilisation and adjustment.
Starting An Electronic Journal In Law

Starting and operating an electronic journal is similar to starting and operating any journal; it is only the actual “mailing” of an electronic journal that is easier. The author discusses his experience in starting the Journal of Online Law, an electronic journal dealing with the legal issues of cyberspace. He describes his experience in addressing questions such as whether to charge for access, how to gain visibility for the journal, what type of articles make the most sense for electronic publication, which forms of electronic distribution make the most sense, and other issues.
The subworld concept lexicon and the lexicon management system

Natural language processing systems require three different types of lexicons: the concept lexicon that describes the (sub)world ontology and the analysis and generation lexicons for natural languages. We argue that the acquisition of the concept lexicon must precede any lexical work on natural language and that a comprehensive lexicon management system (LMS) is necessary for lexicon acquisition in large-scale applications. We describe the interactive concept lexicon acquisition module of the LMS for TRANSLATOR, a knowledge-based, sublanguage-oriented machine translation project.
CO at high redshifts

The prospects for molecular astrophysics at high redshifts are presented. The discussion is concentrated on the sources IRAS 10214+4724.
Reusable launch vehicle attitude control using a time-varying sliding mode control technique

We present a time-varying sliding mode control (TVSMC) technique for reusable launch vehicle (RLV) attitude control in ascent and entry flight phases. In ascent flight the guidance commands Euler roll, pitch and yaw angles, and in entry flight it commands the aerodynamic angles of bank, attack and sideslip. The controller employs a body rate inner loop and the attitude outer loop, which are separated in time-scale by the singular perturbation principle. The novelty of the TVSMC is that both the sliding surface and the boundary layer dynamics can be varied in real time using the PD-eigenvalue assignment technique. This salient feature is used to cope with control command saturation and integrator windup in the presence of severe disturbance or control effector failure, which enhances the robustness and fault tolerance of the controller.
Phase Partitioning of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures

The efficiency of oil recovery by waterflooding can be greatly improved by the addition of judiciously selected surfactants. Under certain conditions, when surfactant solutions are mixed with oil, microemulsions are formed that may be in equilibrium with an excess oil (Type I), an excess aqueous phase (Type II), or both (Type III). The partitioning of the surfactant between those coexisting equilibrium phases is important to consider in the design of microemulsion processes for oil recovery. This is particularly true because different phases generally move at differing velocities within the pore spaces of an oil reservoir and therefore fractionation will occur in successive stages along the flow path. This leads to chromatographic separation of the surfactant molecules. The problem is complicated because all surfactant systems are blends of molecules, and chromatographic separation will result in a change in the optimal salinity of the surfactant system. Thus, a system that is initially optimized will not remain optimized during the course of the flood. To examine the question of selective surfactant partitioning, we varied the composition of oil/water/surfactant equilibrated systems so that they would pass through the optimal formulation region. The partitioning of anionic surfactants into the oil in Type I and Typemore » III phase systems was small. Furthermore, binary and ternary mixtures of these surfactants were found to copartition; that is, little if any fractionation was detectable. Their collective behavior was intermediate between those of the pure components. Nonionic surfactants, unlike anionics, partition substantially into the oil phase in Type I and Type III phase systems. This was found to be an intrinsic property of the surfactant structure and not unique to those nonionic surfactant systems that are polydisperse. Selective fractionation also was found for polydisperse nonionic surfactants.« less
Function of steryl esters in plants: a hypothesis that liquid crystalline properties of some steryl esters may be significant in plant sterol metabolism.

The synthesis of a wide variety of desmethyl, 4α- and 4,4-dimethyl steryl esters, whose physical properties have been described elsewhere, has indicated that side chain structure and the position of a double bond in the nucleus are critical in determining whether or not a steryl ester can form a mesophase (liquid crystalline state). Since the capability of mesophase formation seems rather specifically distributed in the biosynthetic steps leading to the formation of animal, plant, and fungal sterols, the hypothesis is presented that such mesophase formation, or lack of it, may control the biosynthetic sequence by virtue of the viscosity changes associated with the formation of liquid crystals. Mesophase formation of thermotropic liquid crystals is influenced by a number of physical factors, including heat, electrical current, pressure, and impurities, e.g. solvents. Some preliminary experiments with incubation of cell-free extracts ofPhaseolus vulgaris are reported, with heat as the physical parameter studied, following the addition of cholesteryl-1,2-3H, sitosteryl-22,23-3H(N) palmitates, and the respective free compounds to the cell-free extracts. Although some possible influence of heat during the incubation of the compounds upon their distribution in subcellular fractions was indicated, no consistent pattern was found. However, some observations on the capability of the subcellular organelles to hydrolyze the added esters and esterify the free compounds are presented. The data suggest that hydrolysis of steryl esters and their synthesis by plant cell-free extracts are both of more than coincidental occurrence.
A re-examination of the great transformation: The establishment of money as a fictitious commodity in the United States

Abstract This article re-examines the argument presented by the economic historian Karl Polanyi in his major work, The Great Transformation , regarding the integration of money into a self-regulating market system in the United States. Polanyi argued that money was only included in the self-regulating market system in 1900 with the establishment of a formal gold standard. The establishment of the Federal Reserve System appeared to be the initial response to this development. It is the contention of this article that money was included in the self-regulating market system as early as 1879 with the establishment of a de factor gold standard. In addition, while the Federal Reserve System was a response to the self-regulating market system it was not the initial central banking response, due to the intervention of the U.S. Treasury in the free operation of the gold standard, nor was it a complete response due to the nature of the theory underlying the Federal Reserve Act.
Autobiographical Memory and Past Time Reference

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the acquisition of language and the development of autobiographical memory. The investigation was based on the analysis of longitudinal caregiver-child interaction data from 10 children learning English during the period from approximately 2 to 4 years of age. Three forms of past reference were analyzed: (1) regular and irregular simple past tense, (2) past progressive, and (3) subordinate clause constructions with when and past time reference (i.e., past when-sentences). Simple past was acquired relatively early at 2;4 (cf. Brown, 1973), past when-sentences relatively late at 3;6 (cf. Limber, 1973), and past-progressive in the interim at 2;10. The discourse segments surrounding the sentences that contained these forms were analyzed for the following three elements: (1) reference time context established, (2) a supporting event expressed in the segment, and (3) reference made to a self-relevant, real-life event. The likelihood that a...
Activated Fps/Fes to the rescue

The emergence and development of the hematopoietic and endothelial lineages in the developing murine embryo are intimately linked. Both mesoderm-derived lineages appear to descend from a common precursor cell, the hemangioblast, and require yolk sac visceral endoderm-derived factors for normal
LHRH ANALOG ADMINISTRATION TO PUBERTAL CHILDREN WITH ISOLATED GH DEFICIENCY

In children with isolated GH deficiency, not treated early with hGH, final height may be compromised by puberty initiation. Previous attempts to inhibit pubertal development in such subjects by cyproterone acetate failed to improve final height. We attempted to inhibit puberty with LHRH analog in two adolescents with isolated GH deficiency, aged 14.5 years (case I) and 12 years (case II) respectively, in order to prolong the growth period and possibly improve final height. One received LHRH analog by nasal spray and the other IM monthly injection (TRp6 microcapsule). hGH was given IM, 4IU 3 times weekly. The most pertinent data are listed below: Although it is too early to predict the efficacy of such intervention, a ratio of ΔHt. age to ΔB. age greater than 2 suggests that improvement in final height might be achieved. This however requires confirmation by longer follow-up period.
HEPARIN-BINDING EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR IS AN AUTOCRINE MEDIATOR OF HUMAN PROSTATE STROMAL CELL GROWTH IN VITRO

Purpose: The physiological mechanisms by which soluble mediators of cell proliferation and survival alter expansion of the prostatic stroma in benign prostatic hyperplasia are poorly understood. We recently identified heparin-binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor (HB-EGF) as a product predominantly of the smooth muscle cell compartments of the adult human prostate. We assess the potential role of this growth factor as a stromal cell regulator.Materials and Methods: Primary cultures of desmin and α-actin positive human prostate stromal cells were shown to express several cell associated HB-EGF isoforms as well as the primary cognate HB-EGF receptor, ErbB1/HER1, suggesting the existence of an autocrine or juxtacrine regulatory loop. The related receptor tyrosine kinase, ErbB2/HER2, was also expressed as assessed by reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HB-EGF messenger RNA levels in human prostate stromal cells increased modestly (70%) in response to a repetitive mechanica...
Molten salt applications in materials processing

Abstract The science of molten salt electrochemistry for electrowinning of reactive metals, such as calcium, and its in situ application in pyro-reduction has been described. Calcium electrowinning has been performed in a 5–10 wt% calcium oxide–calcium chloride molten salt by the electrolytic dissociation of calcium oxide. This electrolysis requires the use of a porous ceramic sheath around the anode to keep the cathodically deposited calcium and the anodic gases separate. Stainless steel cathode and graphite anode have been used in the temperature range of 850–950 °C. This salt mixture is produced as a result of the direct oxide reduction (DOR) of reactive metal oxides by calcium in a calcium chloride bath. The primary purpose of this process is to recover the expensive calcium reductant and to recycle calcium chloride. Experimental data have been included to justify the suitability as well as limitations of the electrowinning process. Transport of oxygen ions through the sheath is found to be the rate controlling step. Under the constraints of the reactor design, a calcium recovery rate of approx. 150 g/h was achieved. Feasibility of a process to produce metals by pyrometallurgical reduction, using the calcium reductant produced electrolytically within the same reactor, has been shown in a hybrid process. Several processes are currently under investigation to use this electrowon calcium for in situ reduction of metal oxides.
Speckle In Optical Fibers

With a sufficiently narrow source spectrum, and either fiber movement or source frequency shift, a changing speckle pattern exists at a multimode optical fiber output plane which results in signal power fluctuations known as "modal noise." For the case of a step-index optical fiber, we report the measurement and analysis of the speckle spatial frequency distribution as a function of fiber parameters, and the correlation of two speckle patterns as a function of source frequency difference. We show how knowledge of the frequency correlation function and the source spectrum can be used to determine the speckle contrast. Again for a step-index fiber, we report the analysis and measurement of the probability density function of the optical power received by a detector at the end of a fiber as a function of the speckle's contrast and including the possibility of spatial filtration of the speckle, as might occur at a misaligned connector.
Respiratory viral threats.

Purpose of review To assess new information from peer-reviewed publications in 2005 regarding emerging respiratory viral threats. Recent findings The expanding epizootic of avian A/H5N1 influenza and increasing number of human cases heighten concern regarding the threat of pandemic influenza. Studies of the 1918 pandemic virus have shown the potential for direct interspecies transmission from an avian host. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antiviral agents could provide an important response measure. Inadequate supplies and potential antiviral resistance are limiting factors. Seasonal influenza heavily affects infants and young children, who also serve to foster transmission at the community level, findings that indicate the need for broader immunization strategies in pediatric populations. Like avian influenza, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus was a zoonotic infection, perhaps derived from related coronaviruses in bats. Molecular diagnostic techniques have led to the recent identification of several new coronaviruses and a respiratory parvovirus. It has also helped to define the impact of previously described ones such as human metapneumovirus and rhinoviruses, which account for the majority of asthma exacerbations and frequent lower respiratory tract illnesses. Summary Progress has been made in development of possible specific interventions for influenza and possibly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, but effective antivirals and vaccines for most other respiratory viruses are currently lacking.
Usefulness of Peripheral Vascular Function to Predict Functional Health Status in Patients With Fontan Circulation

After the Fontan operation, patients are at a substantial risk of the development of impaired functional health status. Few early markers of suboptimal outcomes have been identified. We sought to assess the association between peripheral vascular function and functional health status in Fontan-palliated patients. Asymptomatic Fontan patients (n = 51) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 22) underwent endothelial pulse amplitude testing using a noninvasive fingertip peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) device. Raw data were transformed into the PAT ratio, an established marker of vascular function. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed using the Bruce protocol. In the Fontan cohort, 94% of patients were New York Heart Association functional class I and 88% had a B-type natriuretic peptide level of
The Relationship between Appearance and Personality Across the Life Span

Using archival data, the relationship of appearance to personality was investigated from childhood to age 60. Lagged effects of appearance on personality and vice versa, as well as accuracy of appearance stereotypes, were assessed. For men, lagged effects of attractiveness on personality were consistent with a self fulfilling prophecy; for adolescent boys, lagged effects of babyfaceness on personality were consistent with a self-defeating prophecy; for women, lagged effects of personality on attractiveness were consistent with a Dorian Gray effect, whereby early personality produces a congruent later appearance. There was no evidence for accuracy of the baby-face stereotype, which was significantly inaccurate for adolescent boys. Accuracy of the attractiveness stereotype required effects of a stable earlier appearance on later personality or a stable earlier personality on later appearance.
Upper limit on a time reversal noninvariant part of Wigner's random matrix model

The results of a Monte Carlo investigation and comparison with experimental data of Wigner's random matrix model with differing amounts of a time reversal noninvariant part are presented. With ${H}_{\mathrm{ij}}={R}_{\mathrm{ij}}+iy{I}_{\mathrm{ij}}$, calculations were performed with $y=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.20,0.50,\mathrm{and}1.00$ using 40\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}40 matrices and $y=0.00,0.05,\mathrm{and}0.10$ with 80\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}80 matrices. After unfolding the density variation of the eigenvalues the behavior of the Dyson-Mehta ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{3}$ statistic was examined for different values of $y$. The behavior of the reduced widths, which has also been examined in a previous calculation by Rosenzweig, Monahan, and Mehta, was found to be considerably more sensitive to small $y$ values than the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{3}$ statistic. Thus the reduced width data can place a much lower limit on $y$ than the level spacing information. A comparison of the calculations performed here with recently collected high quality neutron resonance data gives $yl0.05$ at the 99.7% confidence level. It is also shown that the same value of the Dyson-Mehta ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{3}$ statistic results when the matrix elements of Wigner's model are chosen from a Gaussian or flat distribution.
Sorption coefficients and molecular mechanisms of Pu, U, Np, Am and Tc to Fe (hydr)oxides: a review.

Abstract Pu, U, Np, Am and Tc are among the major risk drivers at nuclear waste management facilities throughout the world. Furthermore, uranium mining and milling operations have generated an enormous legacy of radioactively contaminated soils and groundwater. The sorption process of radionulcides onto ubiquitous Fe (hydr)oxides (FHOs; hematite, magnetite, goethite and ferrihydrite) is one of the most vital geochemical processes controlling the transport and fate of radionuclides and nuclear wastes in the subsurface zones. Meanwhile, understanding molecular-level chemical speciation of radionuclides onto FHOs is crucial to model their behavior in subsurface environments, and to develop new technologies for nuclear waste treatment and long-term remediation strategies for contaminated soils and groundwater. This review article aims (1) to provide risk or performance assessment modelers with macroscopic distribution coefficient (Kd) data of Pu, U, Np, Am and Tc onto FHOs under different conditions (pH, radionuclide concentration, solution ion strength, sorbent loading, partial pressure of CO2 ( P CO 2 ), equilibrium time) pertinent to environmental and engineered systems, and (2) to provide a microscopic or molecular-level understanding of the chemical speciation and sorption processes of these radionuclides to FHOs.
Organic/Inorganic Imide Nanocomposites from Aminophenylsilsesquioxanes

We present here part of an ongoing study on structure−processing−property relationships in cubic silsesquioxane (cube) nanocomposites. Here, we focus on imide nanocomposites prepared from octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (OAPS) as a model nanobuilding block for rigid, high-temperature hybrid nanocomposite materials. OAPS units are linked NH2 vertex to NH2 vertex by reaction with various dianhydrides to form three-dimensional nanocomposites. The architecture of the organic tethers between vertices can be manipulated to optimize processability, rigidity, and thermomechanical properties. Studies were initiated using an extreme tether structure with zero flexibility prepared by solvent casting and then curing mixtures of OAPS with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) at 330 °C. The resulting materials are extremely brittle, making thermomechanical property measurements quite difficult. Tether rigidity, length, and cross-link densities were then modified using reactions of OAPS with oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and ...
Ocular dominance in striate cortex is altered by neonatal section of the posterior corpus callosum in the cat

In adult cats that had previously undergone surgical section of the posterior corpus callosum at 13–18 days after birth, the striate cortex was examined using extracellular single unit recordings. The receptive fields of the cells examined were located from the vertical meridian to 39 ° peripherally, and ranged from above to below the horizontal meridian. Cells were classified according to type (simple, complex), ocular dominance, receptive field size and location. Callosum sectioned cats had 53% of striate cells activated monocularly as compared to 25% for control cats. This increase in monocularly activated units primarily occurred for receptive fields in the paracentral region of the visual field, from 4–39 °. The age at which the neonatal surgery had occurred was correlated with the individual cat's proportion of monocularly activated cells.
A restriction map of bovine papillomavirus type-1 DNA.

Summary A highly detailed restriction map of bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1) DNA is presented. The cleavage sites of 15 restriction endonucleases were determined, providing the locations of 72 specific BPV-1 DNA fragments. This map will be useful for future physical and functional studies of the BPV-1 genome.
Emerging paper standards in computer forensics

Abstract Standards related to computer forensics are being developed to help scientists perform their work effectively. This article describes different types of standards and describes the work of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in this area.
Who gets what from government? Distributional consequences of child-care assistance policies

Given the fragmented structure of child-care assistance in the United States, it has been difficult to obtain accurate estimates of which families are assisted, through which mechanisms, and at what level. Making use of survey data from New York City, we analyze the distribution of several forms of public child-care assistance. Results suggest that about 40% of all families with young children receive some form of child-care assistance. Considering all forms of assistance, the distribution of child-care help is targeted in both expected and some unexpected ways. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of U.S. child-care policies governing access and benefit levels.
Some effects of nitrate‐treated soil upon the sensitivity of buried redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seeds to ethylene, temperature, light and carbon dioxide

Abstract Fresh dormant redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seeds were buried 5 cm deep in the field at Stoneville, MS in November 1981. Potassium nitrate (200 kg ha 1) or nothing was applied to the soil in the fall of 1981 and the late winter of 1982. Seeds were recovered at intervals under darkness during the following 2 years and tested for responses to ethylene, temperature, light and carbon dioxide. During the first overwintering, nitrate enhanced loss of primary dormancy and increases seed sensitivity to temperature, light and ethylene. The loss of dormancy reached a maximum at 25 to 30 weeks (early summer) after burial. Examination of the recovered seeds indicated that about 80% of the non-treated seeds and 98% of the nitrate-treated seeds germinated in situ during the period of maximum loss of dormancy. Thus, after one overwintering period, about 20% of the original buried seed population remained dormant in nontreted soil and 2% remained dormant in the nitratetreated soil. After the second overwintering, the percentages of dormant seeds remaining in nontreated or treated soil were both only 1–2%. Nitrate reduced dormancy and enhanced germination in early summer following the first overwintering. Regardless of treatment, the remaining 1 2% of seeds in soil after the second year were of low sensitivity to the germination stimuli (ethylene, temperature, light) and constituted the long-lived portion of the original seed population.
Anti-European violence in Africa: a comparative analysis

of anti-European rioting: in the Belgian Congo, January, 1959; in South Africa and Nyasaland in 1953; in Nigeria in 1950; and in the Gold Coast in 1948. Considering the intensity of anticolonial feeling and the amount of nationalist activity, this is a phenomenal record of non-violence. It is particularly noteworthy in light of the fact that African tribal and regional groups have often engaged in violence against each other, both traditionally and in the past fifteen years. Since it has been common for Africans to inhibit their strong aggressive feelings against Europeans, it is all the more im-
Government Spending, Distortionary Taxation and the International Transmission of Business Cycles

We study the international transmission of aggregate TFP shocks by introducing demand-side shocks to government spending into an otherwise standard DSGE two-country, two-good model. In the model the substitutability in consumption between private and public goods works to limit international risk sharing. Further, the distortive taxation used to finance the provision of public goods works to increase the correlation of employment, investment and output across countries relative to standard models that lack this friction. In the quantitative analysis we can bring the predictions of the theory closer to the observed properties of the data on the comovement of macroeconomic variables between the United States and other OECD countries. We are also able to provide a potential explanation to some of the puzzles in the international RBC literature, as identified by Backus, Kehoe and Kydland (1992). The topic we study is fundamentally relevant and timely at a time when the crisis in the United States has spread to several other countries in the developed world, forcing governments to engage in active fiscal policy to help their economies in recession.
Acquiring Torque and Rotational Speed Data From a Stationary Bicycle for Undergraduate Teaching

A laboratory module was recently developed for an introductory experimental course for sophomore mechanical and aerospace engineering students. The goal of this laboratory is to provide the students with an understanding of digital data acquisition systems for measuring torque and angular velocity in real time. The laboratory comprises of a stationary exercise bicycle, adapted to house a torquemeter on its front axle, an optical tachometer, the data acquisition system and software which converts a computer into a virtual instrument. A group of two or three students is rotated through the laboratory as part of a larger number of laboratory modules. The students access the experiment via the virtual instrument. The experiment requires a student to ride the bicycle. The data acquired are then subsequently analyzed by the students who are required to write individual laboratory reports.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Recognition of leukotriene B4 by a unique subset of human T-lymphocytes☆

Abstract Leukotriene (LT) B 4 , but not 12(S)-LTB 4 or LTC 4 , inhibits the generation of the lymphokine-designated leukocyte inhibitory factor by purified human T-lymphocytes. LTB 4 coupled to fluorescein-labeled human serum albumin interacts specifically with approximately 11% of the T-lymphocytes as assessed by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry. The LTB 4 -reactive T-lymphocytes are distributed between the suppressor-cytotoxic (14%) and helper-inducer (8%) subsets, which were identified concurrently by phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibodies to subset-specific antigens. LTB 4 , but not 12(S)-LTB 4 or LTC 4 , significantly enhances the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated purified suppressor-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes at concentrations of 10 −12 M to 10 −6 M and significantly inhibits the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated purified helper-inducer T-lymphocytes at concentrations of 10 −8 M to 10 −6 M, as assessed by the uptake of [ 3 H]thymidine. The net effect of LTB 4 on blood T-lymphocytes is immunosuppression that may be expressed in some human hypersensitivity and inflammatory diseases.
Speaking truth to power--the need for, and perils of, health policy expertise in the White House.

The expert adviser must both “speak truth to power” and aid in the exercise of power. Jacob Hacker questions whether the adviser's talents can really be used, or be useful, in the bare-knuckles world of American politics.
Polydesmoid Diplopoda from the Pacaraima Mountains

Four species of polydesmoid Diplopoda collected by Mr L. D. E. F. Vesey-Fitzgerald, from the Pacaraima Mountains, British Guiana are described: Mestosoma hylaeicum Jeekel, Iphyria macconnelli (Pocock), Leptherpum jeekeli sp. nov. and a new genus and species of Chytodesmid, Adenomeropus fitzgeratdi. A revised key to Leptherpum is given including L. jeekeli and a new combination, L. schomburgkii.
Microwave-induced stimulation of l-DOPA, phenolics and antioxidant activity in fava bean (Vicia faba) for Parkinson’s diet

Abstract Fava bean sprouts are rich in levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine ( l -DOPA), the precursor of dopamine, and are being investigated for use in the management of Parkinson’s disease. The phytopharmaceutical value was improved during germination by a microwave treatment of the seeds, the phenolic content of the germinated sprouts increasing 700% and l -DOPA content by 59% compared to control. A higher antioxidant activity that was observed correlated with total phenolics and l -DOPA contents. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity peaked on the seventh day of germination with a concurrent increase in phenolics indicating enhanced mobilization of carbohydrates. A higher guaiacol peroxidase activity was observed indicating an increased polymerization of phenolics. The elevated superoxide dismutase activity was proportional to the stimulation of antioxidant activity. The major implication from this study is that microwave treatment can significantly stimulate the phenolic antioxidant activity and Parkinson’s relevant l -DOPA content of fava beans sprouts.
In vivo studies of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 biosynthesis in rat hypothalamus.

The biosynthesis of somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) and somatostatin-28 (SRIF-28) was studied in rat hypothalamus after injection of 35S-labeled cysteine into the third ventricle. Cysteine specific activity was quantitated, and found to decline rapidly after injection of the labeled amino acid: less than 0.1% of the injected label remained as free cysteine in the hypothalamus 30 min post injection. Incorporation of label into SRIF-14 and SRIF-28 reached maximum values 8 h post injection, compared with a labeling maximum at 1-2 h for acid-precipitable protein. Within 2 h after [35S]cysteine injection, nearly half of the total labeled hypothalamic SRIF appeared in the medial basal hypothalamus; 24-h post injection this percentage reached approximately 75%. Colchicine administration dramatically reduced the appearance of labeled SRIF in medial basal hypothalamus, but had no apparent effect on the total incorporation of [35S]cysteine into SRIF-14, SRIF-28, or acid-precipitable protein, or on radioimmunoassayable SR...
A Habit of the Common Periwinkle ( littorina littorea Linn.)

AN interesting habit of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea Linnaeus, which does not appear to have been recorded by previous writers, is worthy of some attention. On boulder-strewn shores, such as that at Penrhyn Bay, North Wales, where these observations were made, this species may occur in enormous numbers at and below the half-tide level in situations devoid of the larger Fucoid algae. The boulders are covered with barnacles and afford no shelter from the sun except on the north side or in shady crevices. The periwinkles, nevertheless, cling in closely packed rows to the sides of the boulders, especially near the base where it is damp, but also higher up, and they may become completely dried on a hot day.
Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the 20 largest US cities : a hierarchical modelling strategy

Summary. Reports over the last decade of association between levels of particles in outdoor air and daily mortality counts have raised concern that air pollution shortens life, even at concentrations within current regulatory limits. Criticisms of these reports have focused on the statistical techniques that are used to estimate the pollution-mortality relationship and the inconsistency in findings between cities. We have developed analytical methods that address these concerns and combine evidence from multiple locations to gain a unified analysis of the data. The paper presents log-linear regression analyses of daily time series data from the largest 20 US cities and introduces hierarchical regression models for combining estimates of the pollution-mortality relationship across cities. We illustrate this method by focusing on mortality effects of PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 ,um in aerodynamic diameter) and by performing univariate and bivariate analyses with PM10 and ozone (03) level. In the first stage of the hierarchical model, we estimate the relative mortality rate associated with PM10 for each of the 20 cities by using semiparametric log-linear models. The second stage of the model describes between-city variation in the true relative rates as a function of selected city-specific covariates. We also fit two variations of a spatial model with the goal of exploring the spatial correlation of the pollutant-specific coefficients among cities. Finally, to explore the results of considering the two pollutants jointly, we fit and compare univariate and bivariate models. All posterior distributions from the second stage are estimated by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. In univariate analyses using concurrent day pollution values to predict mortality, we find that an increase of 10 ,ig m3 in PM10 on average in the USA is associated with a 0.48% increase in mortality (95% interval: 0.05, 0.92). With adjustment for the 03 level the PM10coefficient is slightly higher. The results are largely insensitive to the specific choice of vague but proper prior distribution. The models and estimation methods are general and can be used for any number of locations and pollutant measurements and have potential applications to other environmental agents.
Sedimentary Basins—Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget, Second Edition

Sedimentary Basins—Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget, Second Edition, Gerhard Einsele, 2002, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 792 p. (Hard Cover, $93.00) ISBN: 3-540-66193-x. The second edition of “Sedimentary Basins—Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget” by Gerhard Einsele is a well-designed textbook that addresses many of the traditional and emerging topics in sedimentary geology. The textbook is divided into five parts. The first section deals with types of sedimentary basins. The most useful part of this first section is the carefully constructed figures showing cross-sectional and plan-view diagrams of different basin types. Overall, I found this first section useful, but somewhat cursory. The second part of the textbook discusses depositional systems and facies models. This part of the text is excellent and very …
The utility of feedback in layered multicast congestion control

Layered multicast is a common approach for dissemination of audio and video in heterogeneous network environments. Layered multicast schemes can be classified into two categories - feedback-based and feedback-free - depending on whether or not the scheme delivers feedback to the sender of the multicast session. Advocates of feedback-based schemes claim that feedback is necessary to match the heterogeneous receiver capabilities efficiently. Supporters of feedback-free schemes believe that feedback introduces significant complexity and that a moderate amount of additional layers can balance any benefit the feedback provides. Surprisingly, there has been no systematic evaluation of these claims. This paper provides a quantitative comparison of feedback-based and feedback-free layered multicast schemes with respect to aligning the provided service to the capabilities of heterogeneous receivers. We discover realistic scenarios when feedback-free schemes require a very large number of additional layers to match the performance of feedback-based schemes. Our studies also demonstrate that a light-weight feedback-based scheme can offer substantial improvement in performance over feedback-free schemes and can closely approximate the efficiency achieved by the optimal feedback-based scheme.
Charitable Lottery Structure and Fund Raising: Theory and Evidence

Do fixed-prize charitable lotteries generate more net revenue than do revenue-dependent lotteries? I present the results of an experiment designed to test a theoretical prediction of the relationship between the prize structure of a lottery funding a public good and individuals' participation in the lottery. I find that a fixed-prize lottery configuration induces significantly greater participation and a significantly higher level of public good funding than does a revenue-dependent lottery.
Cryo-EM structure of a bacteriophage T4 gp24 bypass mutant: The evolution of pentameric vertex proteins in icosahedral viruses

Many large viral capsids require special pentameric proteins at their fivefold vertices. Nevertheless, deletion of the special vertex protein gene product 24 (gp24) in bacteriophage T4 can be compensated by mutations in the homologous major capsid protein gp23. The structure of such a mutant virus, determined by cryo-electron microscopy to 26 angstroms, shows that the gp24 pentamers are replaced by mutant major capsid protein (gp23) pentamers at the vertices, thus re-creating a viral capsid prior to the evolution of specialized major capsid proteins and vertex proteins. The mutant gp23* pentamer is structurally similar to the wild-type gp24* pentamer but the insertion domain is slightly more distant from the gp23* pentamer center. There are additional SOC molecules around the gp23* pentamers in the mutant virus that were not present around the gp24* pentamers in the wild-type virus.
A Note on Direct Costing

Abstract In many organizations the engineer plays an important role in making cost studies, establishing budgets, and setting cost standards. As a result, he becomes involved with a wide variety of cost data and with accounting procedures for treatin3 such data. This being the case, the growing utilization of direct costing in manufacturing concerns has considerable significance for many engineers. The important differences between direct costing and the more traditional absorption cost accounting are summarized in the following article. Even though the reader does not expect to be using direct costing, per se, in the foreseeable future, familiarity with the technique may still be valuable because the perspective it provides leads to. a better understanding of absorption
Guillain-Barré syndrome and Hodgkin's disease: three cases with immunological studies.

A cell-mediated autoimmune reaction to peripheral nervous system (PNS) antigens is widely held to be important in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). We report GBS in 3 patients with Hodgkin's disease in whom we were able to demonstrate partial immunosuppression using in vivo and in vitro methods. Because GBS has been associated with other conditions in which degrees of immunosuppression may ocur (organ transplantation, viral syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus, postoperative states, and pregnancy), we suggest that under certain circumstances, partial and perhaps transient immunosuppression could serve as one contributing factor in triggering an autoimmune disease of the PNS.