cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guideline for coronary artery bypass grafting: 2011 updates.

The American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association have now updated the Practice Guidelines for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. These guidelines were developed with, and endorsed by, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and the Society for Thoracic Surgeons (STS). The initial guidelines for CABG surgery were published in 1991 and later revised in 1999 and 2004. With the evolution in the surgical approach to coronary artery disease (CAD) and significant advances in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technology, the current CABG guidelines are now internally consistent with the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association consensus guidelines for PCI. The process to arrive at these consistent guidelines involved combining some of the writing committees from both the CABG and PCI groups to reach a broad consensus on the revascularization guidelines. With advances in stent technology, the indications to perform PCI have expanded. This is reflected by recommendations concerning the use of stents for the treatment of left main disease. Although CABG surgery remains the reference standard for the treatment of left main disease, PCI has gained some value, especially for patients who are not ideal surgical candidates (eg, the very elderly with multiple co-morbidities) and has become a reasonable alternative to CABG for selected patients: The current guideline now suggest that ‘‘those with (1) anatomic conditions associated with a low risk of PCI procedural complications and a high likelihood of good long-term outcome (eg, a low SYNTAX score of 22, ostial or trunk left main CAD); and (2) clinical characteristics that predict a significantly increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (eg, STS [risk score] predicted operative mortality 5%)’’ (class IIa, level of evidence B), might benefit from left main PCI. The new guidelines also introduced the role of SYNTAX scores as a method of documenting the extent and
Initial Fixation Strength of Transosseous-Equivalent Suture Bridge Rotator Cuff Repair Is Comparable With Transosseous Repair

Background: The outcome of rotator cuff repair correlates with tendon healing. Early studies of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair demonstrate lower healing rates than traditional open techniques. Transosseous-equivalent repair techniques (suture bridge) were developed to improve the initial fixation strength.Purpose: To compare the initial in vitro tensile fixation strength of a transosseous-equivalent suture bridge (TOE-SB) rotator cuff repair construct to a traditional transosseous (TO) suture construct.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Identical simulated rotator cuff tears were created on 8 matched pairs of humeri. Each matched pair underwent repair with 4 sutures using either the TOE-SB or TO technique. Initial fixation strength was tested in a custom testing jig. Each shoulder underwent 1000 cycles each of low and then high load testing. Gap displacement was measured at anterior and posterior sites of the repair with digital video tracking of paired reflective markers and recorded at...
A Nonthrombogenic, Nonanticoagulant-Dependent Mitral Valve Prosthesis

Thromboembolism stems from incompletely covered foreign body which is in physical continuity with tissue. Cardiac valve prostheses which remain partially exposed show, at the tissue-to-prosthesis junction, incomplete healing which is characterized by continuing granulation and proliferating immature unstable scar tissue, from which thrombosis originates and propagates. The principle of complete encapsulation with healthy granulation tissue, maturation into stable fibrous tissue without inflammation, covered by a normal antithrombogenic endothelial surface, is a more logical approach than [see Figure in the PDF file] methods which attempt to prevent thrombosis by altering the character of the surface of the exposed foreign body or the blood coagulation mechanism. A valve is described which functions eminently satisfactorily as a replacement for the calf mitral valve.
Adaptive Algebraic Reconstruction Technique Optimized for Fast Robust Bio-luminescence Tomography: Optical/CT Dual Modality In vivo Studies

An optimized adaptive algebraic reconstruction technique for fast robust 3D bio-luminescence tomography is presented. Speed and performance of the algorithm in depth and flux quantification are examined by in silico, phantom and in vivo studies.
Disambiguating aspect-oriented security policies

Many software security policies can be encoded as aspects that identify and guard security-relevant program operations. Bugs in these aspectually-implemented security policies often manifest as ambiguities in which aspects provide conflicting advice for a shared join point. The design and implementation of a detection algorithm for such ambiguities is presented and evaluated. The algorithm reduces advice conflict detection to a combination of boolean satisfiability, linear programming, and regular language non-emptiness. Case studies demonstrate that the analysis is useful for debugging aspect-oriented security policies for several existing aspectual security systems.
Slow viscous motion of a sphere parallel to a plane wall—I Motion through a quiescent fluid

Abstract Asymptotic solutions of the Stokes equations are derived for both the translational and rotational motions of a sphere parallel to a plane wall bounding a semi-infinite, quiescent, viscous fluid in the limit where the gap width tends to zero. In a numerical sense these solutions are shown to agree asymptotically with the ‘exact’ bipolar co-ordinate solutions of O'N eill [1] and D ean and O'N eill [2] after correcting the numerical computations of the latter. The results are applied to the motion of a sphere ‘rolling’ down an inclined plane under the influence of gravity. It is demonstrated that the sphere cannot be in physical contact with the wall, and that it ‘slips’ as it rolls down the wall. Failure of the theory to agree with the experimental data of C arty [3] is tentatively attributed to cavitation.
Treatment of schistosomiasis by purine nucleoside analogues in combination with nucleoside transport inhibitors.

Abstract In contrast to their effects on mammalian cells, the nucleoside transport inhibitors nitrobenzylthioinosine 5′-monophosphate (NBMPR- P ) dilazep, benzylacyclouridine (BAU), and to a lesser extent, dipyridamole have no significant effect on the in vitro uptake of adenosine analogues by Schistosoma mansoni [el Kouni and Cha, Biochem. Pharmac . 36 , 1099 (1987)]. Coadministration of either NMBPR- P or dilazep with potentially lethal doses of tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine), nebularine or 9-deazaadenosine protected mice from the toxicity of these adenosine analogues. Dipyridamole caused partial protection, whereas BAU did not protect the animals from this toxicity. Toyocamycin caused delayed mortality (after 16 weeks) which could not be prevented by coadministration of NBMPR- P . In S. mansoni infected mice, treated with the combination of NBMPR- P and 9-deazaadenosine was not effective against the parasite. On the other hand, the combinations of NBMPR- P or dilazep with either tubercidin or nebularine were highly toxic to the parasite but not the host. Combination therapy caused a marked reduction in the number of pairing of worms. Effectiveness of combination therapy could also be noted by a drastic decrease in the number of eggs in the liver and small intestine. All eggs found were dead, indicating a direct effect on ovigenesis. Although dipyridamole was less effective than NBMPR- P or dilazep in protecting the host from the toxicity of tubercidin or nebularine, the combinations with dipyridamole produced similar significant therpeutic effects in animals that survived. Mice receiving the combination of tubercidin (or nebularine) plus NBMPR- P or dilazep, as well as those that survived the combination with dipyridamole, appeared healthy and were found to have normal size livers and spleens. These results suggest that highly selective toxicity against schistosomes can be achieved by Coadministration of various nucleoside transport inhibitors with adenosine analogues.
Pathways to Problem Behaviors: Chaotic Homes, Parent and Child Effortful Control, and Parenting.

Guided by Belsky's and Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad's heuristic models, we tested a process model with hypothesized paths from parents' effortful control (EC) and family chaos to indices of parenting to children's EC, and finally children's externalizing problem behavior. Parents reported on all constructs and children ( N = 188; M age = 9.55 years) reported on their EC and externalizing problem behaviors. Consistent with expectations, parents' EC promoted their positive (and inhibited negative) reactions to children's negative emotions. In addition, high levels of family chaos predicted low levels of parental positive reactions to children's emotion. Children's EC was predicted by high levels of positive reactions and low levels of negative reactions. As expected, children's externalizing problem behaviors were negatively related to their EC. Results clarify possible family processes by which children's EC is enhanced and problem behaviors are reduced.
Approximating convolution products better than the DFT while keeping the FFT

In recent years there has been considerable interest in the use of the Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm (FFT) to calculate the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), allowing—in particular—for the fast computation of convolution products of finite sequences of numbers. Generalizations of the DFT and FFT to dimensions n = 2, 3,… are immediate, but their use in dimensions n > 1 to (approximately) calculate convolution integrals appears quite limited, even though integral equations involving multi-dimensional convolutions are common in physics. Most likely this situation is due to the fact that the quadrature formulas for approximating multi-dimensional convolution integrals obtained via the DFT are quite poor if n > 1. It is shown how the FFT can be used to calculate each of a whole class of newly defined transforms, the LPT or Lattice Point Transforms (hence, each LPT has a “fast algorithm” implementation). In a manner analogous to the n-dimensional DFT, each n-dimensional LPT allows one to (approximately) compute n-dimensional convolution integrals. Some of the quadrature formulas so obtained are exceptionally good. Such quadrature formulas correspond to LPTs generated by “good lattice points”. The cataloguing of “good lattice points” represents an area of research in present day multi-dimensional integration theory. Where N1 denotes the number of points of functional evaluation used, the expected error of the quadrature formulas arising through the use of the DFT is O(N1−1n), while the expected error of the quadrature formulas arising through the use of LPTs generated by “good lattice points” is only slightly larger than O(N1−1). Applications to integral equations are discussed.
Contained? The Religious Life of George F. Kennan and Its Influence

Nine experts on Cold War history offer commentaries about John Lewis Gaddis's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of George F. Kennan, the first head of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Staff. The commentators come from several countries and offer a wide range of perspectives about Gaddis's George F. Kennan: An American Life, published by Penguin Books in 2011. Although most of the commentators express highly favorable assessments of the book, they also raise numerous points of criticism. Two of the commentators, Barton J. Bernstein and Anders Stephanson, present extended critiques of Gaddis's biography. The forum concludes with a reply by Gaddis to all the commentaries, especially those by Bernstein and Stephanson.
Concentration and temperature dependence of diluent dynamics studied by line shape experiments on a phosphate ester in polycarbonate

31P Hahn spin echo line shape and proton line shape experiments are reported on bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPAPC)-tris(2-ethylehexyl)phosphate (TOP) systems to study the concentration and temperature dependence of the local dynamics. In an earlier 31P line shape study a lattice model was presented as a framework to interpret the plasticization and antiplasticization behavior of the diluent based on a fractional population given by the type of nearest neighbor contacts in the mixed polymer-diluent glass. In this study, 31P spin echo line shapes of BPAPC, with 5%, 10% and 15% TOP, which monitor the diluent dynamics, at different temperatures and echo delay times are simulated in terms of fast- and slow-moving components, and the resulting fractional populations are compared with that predicted by the lattice model. Comparisons with the lattice model calculations are also made in the simulation of the 1H line shapes on BPAPC with 5% and 10% TOP, which probes both the polymer and diluent dynamics, and on BPAPC with 5% and 10% perdeuterated trioctylphosphate (DTOP), which detects only the polymer motion. Fairly good line shape simulations and agreement between the lattice model and the fitting results at low diluent concentrations are obtained in all cases. Restricted cone motion best describes the slow-moving component in the 31P line shape fittings. For the fast component, rotational Brownian diffusion with a distribution of correlation times corresponding to a stretched exponential function is used. An activation energy Ea of 56 kJ/mol and an exponent alpha of 0.7 for the fractional exponential correlation function are obtained and used to calculate the mechanical loss peak which was compared with the experimental loss data. The plateau character of the fractional population as a function of temperature can also be interpreted and understood in terms of the lattice model.
Exploring Daily Religious/Spiritual Activities Among Older Couples: Religious/Spiritual Influence Moderating the Effects of Health Symptoms on Marital Interactions

Using data from 191 later-life couples across 14 days, patterns of husband and wife religious/spiritual activities were explored, as well as how those activities predicted daily marital processes and how they moderated the links between daily physical symptoms and marital interactions. Husband and wife reports of religious/spiritual influence were linked with their own positive and negative marital interactions (“actor” effects). However, only husband religious/spiritual influence was linked with wife marital interactions (“partner” effects). Religious/spiritual influence moderated the link between symptoms and marital interactions for wives. Findings suggest a buffering effect of religious/spiritual activities on daily symptoms for older married wives.
An algorithm for the rapid evaluation of the power function for fisher's exact test

A new algorithm is introduced for the calculation of the power function for Fisher's Exact Test for 2 × 2 tables. The algorithm restricts its calculations to a very small subset of the sample space, obtaining an accurate answer in reasonable time. The algorithm is feasible for very large sample sizes.
Photooxidation of mitochondrial cytochrome c by isolated bacterial reaction centers: Evidence for tight-binding and diffusional pathways.

The binding of horse heart mitochondrial cytochrome c to isolated reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is described. The kinetics of photooxidation of cytochrome c following a short actinic flash is compared to the expected binding state of the cytochrome at various concentrations and at different ionic strengths. At low ionic strength a very tight binding site (KD ≦ 10-8 M) is apparent which is nonfunctional with respect to electron donation to the bound reaction center. This tightly bound cytochrome can react with another reaction center in a diffusion limited, second order process. A weaker binding site (KD ≃ 0.3 • 10−6 M) is also observed which is associated with rapid, first order electron transfer from cytochrome to reaction center. Both binding processes are weakened in the presence of salt and there is no detectable binding in 100 mM NaCl. Under such conditions cytochrome oxidation is entirely a diffusional, second order process. However, analysis of the flash intensity dependence of the extent of cytochrome oxidation, by the method of van Grondelle (van Grondelle, R. (1978) Ph.D. Thesis, State University, Leiden) indicated that the cytochrome was not freely mobile even in 100 mM NaCl, at least in the sense that reduced cytochrome only slowly dissociates from unactivated reaction centers. An overall kinetic/equilibrium scheme for cytochrome c binding and photooxidation by reaction centers is presented. This is very similar to that described earlier for cytochrome c2 (Overfield, R.E., Wraight, C.A. and DeVault, D. (1979) FEBS Lett. 105, 137–142), but the tight binding site and associated diffusion controlled oxidation is unique to cytochrome c.
Comprehensive Lipid Management in the Coronary Artery Disease Patient

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the lipoprotein most implicated in atherosclerosis, and aggressive statin therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment. Adjunct therapies are often required to reach LDL-C goals, and recent studies have only fueled the debate over ezetimibe versus niacin. Alternate dosing regimens of high-potency statins can be used in those who cannot tolerate side effects. Residual risk may remain after LDL-C goals are achieved. Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C) must be calculated in patients with elevated triglycerides. Omega-3 fatty acids are most effective in lowering non–HDL-C. Low HDL-C levels can be raised with niacin, but clinical events may not be significantly reduced. Newer therapeutic targets, such as cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, raise HDL-C and are being evaluated for safety and efficacy. Several ongoing, randomized controlled trials are investigating the relative efficacy of adjunctive therapies for reducing coronary heart disease events in high-risk patients.
Cruise ships and kayaks: welfare and rehabilitation approaches for women with disabilities in poverty.

Women with disabilities have low employment rates and about one-third live in poverty. They represent half of the population using either services of the vocational rehabilitation (VR) system or the welfare system, and many use both. Although both systems have made gains in improving their employment status, neither comprehensively addresses the needs of this population. Welfare policy has encouraged state level innovation and moved large numbers of people into employment in as little as five years. State welfare agencies offer a range of services specifically addressing the needs of families with children. VR agencies have decades of specific experience assisting people with disabilities gain employment. Welfare reform has been the cruise ship moving large numbers of people across an ocean. VR agencies have been the kayak builders designing specialized small craft to move specific people along tributaries. What can they learn from each other?
Reproductive phenology of newly introduced populations of the brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt

The introduction of the brown alga, Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, into new habitats in North America and Europe has provided a unique natural experiment to examine the factors controlling the reproductive and growth phenologies of this species. S. muticum has an annual cycle of growth and reproduction in which the newly recruited individuals and the new fronds of perennial hodfasts begin to grow in the early fall. The plants grow vegetatively for a period of time and then undergo a relatively short period of reproduction.
Designing and implementing an interactive scatterplot visualization for a tablet computer

Tablet computers now offer screen sizes and computing capabilities that are competitive with traditional desktop PCs. Their popularity has grown tremendously, but we are just beginning to see information visualization applications designed for this platform. One potential reason for this limited development is the challenge of designing and implementing a multi-touch interface for visualizations on mobile, tablet devices. In this work, we identify the primary challenges that touch screen interactions pose for information visualization applications. We explore the design space of multi-touch interactions for visualizations and present a prototype information visualization application using a specific technique, a dynamic scatterplot, for an iPad.
975 IMMUNE BASIS FOR EUSTACHIAN TUBE (ET) OBSTRUCTION

Recent studies in our laboratories have documented the development of allergic rhinitis (AR) and subsequent ET obstruction after provocative intranasal pollen or house dust mite antigen challenges in hypersensitive subjects. The induced ET obstruction was antigen dose dependent and inversely related to the patient's specific IgE antibody titer. Since prolonged ET obstruction underlies the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME), these data suggest a role for AR in the etiology of OME. To ascertain if ET obstruction and/or OME develop during natural pollen exposure, weekly bilateral ET function was measured by the 9-step pressure swallow tympanometric test. Eight children ages 5 to 14 years with documented ragweed AR and recurrent OME were studied before, during and after the 1984 ragweed season which was estimated by daily pollen counts. Ragweed allergy was confirmed by positive skin test with serum RAST ranging from 1 to 10 percent. Symptom score and medication diaries were kept. Whereas 9 of 16 ears (56%) showed normal ET function before pollen season and 10 of 16 (63%) after pollen season, only 2 of 15 (13%) had normal ET function at the peak of pollen season and 23 of 75 (30%) ears tested had normal ET function during the 5 week pollen season (p <0.05). OME did not develop in these patients. These studies have shown for the first time in children with a history of OME a causal relationship between an allergic reaction and the development of ET obstruction.
Sexual differentiation and the Kiss1 system: hormonal and developmental considerations.

The nervous system (both central and peripheral) is anatomically and physiologically differentiated between the sexes, ranging from gender-based differences in the cerebral cortex to motoneuron number in the spinal cord. Although genetic factors may play a role in the development of some sexually differentiated traits, most identified sex differences in the brain and behavior are produced under the influence of perinatal sex steroid signaling. In many species, the ability to display an estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is sexually differentiated, yet the specific neural population(s) that allows females but not males to display such estrogen-mediated “positive feedback” has remained elusive. Recently, the Kiss1/kisspeptin system has been implicated in generating the sexually-dimorphic circuitry underlying the LH surge. Specifically, Kiss1 gene expression and kisspeptin protein levels in the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus of the hypothalamus are sexually differentiated, with females displaying higher levels than males, even under identical hormonal conditions as adults. These findings, in conjunction with accumulating evidence implicating kisspeptins as potent secretagogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), suggest that the sex-specific display of the LH surge (positive feedback) reflects sexual differentiation of AVPV Kiss1 neurons. In addition, developmental kisspeptin signaling via its receptor GPR54 appears to be critical in males for the proper sexual differentiation of a variety of sexually dimorphic traits, ranging from complex social behavior to specific forebrain and spinal cord neuronal populations. This review discusses the recent data, and their implications, regarding the bidirectional relationship between the Kiss1 system and the process of sexual differentiation.
Retransmission Error Control with Memory

Automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) is one of the most commonly used error control techniques today. In this paper, an error control technique that is a basic improvement over ARQ is presented. The technique uses the simple idea of utilizing erroneously received blocks in an ARQ system for error control, retaining most of the other aspects of ARQ. The technique is termed ARQ-with-memory (MRQ). The general MRQ system is described, and simple upper and lower bounds are derived on the throughput achievable by MRQ. The performance of MRQ with respect to throughput, message delay and probability of error is compared to that of ARQ by simulating both systems using error data from a VHF satellite channel being operated in the ALOHA packet broadcasting mode [9].
Outcome of twin gestations with a single anomalous fetus

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine whether the presence of one anomalous fetus in a twin gestation affects pregnancy outcome when compared with twin pregnancies without fetal anomalies. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal and neonatal data from 970 twin pregnancies delivered from 1988 to1995 were collected. Three groups of twin gestations were identified: one fetus with a major anomaly ( n =18), one fetus with a minor anomaly ( n = 38), and both fetuses without anomalies ( n = 914). RESULTS: Maternal demographic characteristics (age, race, and antepartum complications) were similar among the groups. There was no difference in neonatal outcome (gestational age at delivery, birth weight, cord pH, sepsis, and death) in the minor anomaly and no anomaly groups. There were significant differences between the major anomaly group and the no anomaly group in gestational age at delivery (32.9 vs 35.6 weeks, p p p CONCLUSION: The presence of a fetus with a major anomaly in a twin gestation increases the risk of preterm delivery. The neonatal outcome of the nonanomalous fetus does not appear to be affected by the anomalous fetus. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:849-52.)
A high performance, hybrid wave-pipelined linear feedback shift register with skew tolerant clocks

Clock skew and clock distribution are increasingly becoming a major design concern in synchronous pipelined systems. We present a novel high-speed hybrid wave-pipelined linear feedback shift register that manages clock skew by permitting the clock to travel with its associated data through the pipeline. The wave-pipelined clock has a skew 8.34 times lower than that of a buffered clock and is 1.2 times faster.
Simple magnetic holders for critical point drying of microspecimen suspensions.

SUMMARY Microspecimens can be critical point dried from suspension in holders consisting of three magnets and two filters. These holders are inexpensive, require no construction, and are easily assembled and disassembled.
A molecular genome scan analysis to identify chromosomal regions influencing economic traits in the pig. II. Meat and muscle composition

Genome scans can be employed to identify chromosomal regions and eventually genes (quantitative trait loci or QTL) that control quantitative traits of economic importance. A three-generation resource family was developed by using two Berkshire grand sires and nine Yorkshire grand dams to detect QTL for growth and body composition traits in pigs. A total of 525 F2 progeny were produced from 65 matings. All F2 animals were phenotyped for birth weight, 16-day weight, growth rate, carcass weight, carcass length, back fat thickness, and loin eye area. Animals were genotyped for 125 microsatellite markers covering the genome. Least squares regression interval mapping was used for QTL detection. All carcass traits were adjusted for live weight at slaughter. A total of 16 significant QTL, as determined by a permutation test, were detected at the 5% chromosome-wise level for growth traits on Chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, and X, of which two were significant at the 5% genome-wise level and two at the 1% genome-wise level (on Chrs 1, 2, and 4). For composition traits, 20 QTL were significant at the 5% chromosome-wise level (on Chrs 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18), of which one was significant at the 5% genome-wise level and three were significant at the 1% genome-wise level (on Chrs 1, 5, and 7). For several QTL the favorable allele originated from the breed with the lower trait mean.
An analysis of residential PV system price differences between the United States and Germany

Residential photovoltaic (PV) systems are significantly more expensive in the United States than in Germany ($5.18/W vs. $2.59/W in 2012). These price discrepancies stem from differences in “soft costs” between the two countries. A survey of German PV installers was deployed to collect granular data on PV soft costs in Germany, and the results are compared to those of a similar survey of US PV installers. Non-module hardware costs and all analyzed soft costs are lower in Germany, especially for customer acquisition, installation labor and profit/overhead costs, but also for expenses related to permitting, interconnection and inspection procedures.
The Comparative Biology of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Infections: Latency-Associated Transcript Promoter Activity and Expression in Vitro and in Infected Mice

HSV-1 and HSV-2 express abundant latency-associated transcripts (LATs) without which these viruses reactivate in animals inefficiently. To further characterize the importance of LATs to the comparative biology of latent HSV-1 and -2 infections, we assessed the relative activities of the viral LAT promoters in vitro using transient transfection assays, and the accumulation of LATs in vivo using a mouse ocular infection model. In vitro, the HSV-2 LAT promoter proved to be six to tenfold more potent than the HSV-1 promoter in driving reporter gene expression. In mice HSV-1 and -2 achieved comparable levels of virus replication in the eye, but HSV-2 grew to higher titers than HSV-1 in trigeminal ganglia and brain. Quantitative-competitive DNA and RNA (RT) PCR and in situ hybridization showed that ganglia latently infected with HSV-2 contained sixfold more copies of DNA (P=0.003), eightfold more LATS (P=0.01), and ninefold more LAT in situ-positive neurons. However, the numbers of LATs per latent genome were equivalent for both viruses. Although the HSV-2 LAT promoter is more potent than the HSV-1 promoter in transient expression assays, the accumulation of HSV-1 and 2 LATs in mouse trigeminal ganglia is comparable.
Wound healing in older adults

Chronic wounds affect a substantial number of individuals throughout the world, and impose a significant psychological, physical and economic burden. As the population ages, the incidence of chronic wounds is also expected to rise. Clinicians struggle to find the optimal approaches to prevention and treatment of these nonhealing or slow-healing wounds. This review discusses current best practices and evidence-based recommendations for preventing and managing chronic wounds in general, as well as pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and venous leg ulcers specifically. This review highlights the significant gaps and inconsistencies in the current evidence base for chronic wound care, which have hindered making substantial progress in improving wound healing rates. It concludes with recommendations for improving the research and clinical knowledge base related to optimal wound-care practices.
An observation-based formulation of snow cover fraction and its evaluation over large North American river basins

[1] Snow cover strongly interacts with climate through snow albedo feedbacks. However, global climate models still are not adequate in representing snow cover fraction (SCF), i.e., the fraction of a model grid cell covered by snow. Through an analysis of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived SCF and the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) gridded snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE), we found that the SCF–snow depth relationship varies with seasons, which may be approximated by variations in snow density. We then added snow density to an existing SCF formulation to reflect the variations in the SCF–snow depth relationship with seasons. The reconstructed SCF with the gridded snow depth and SWE by employing this snow density–dependent SCF formulation agrees better with the AVHRR-derived SCF than other formulations. The default SCF formulation in the National Center for Atmospheric Research community land model (CLM), driven by observed near-surface meteorological forcings, simulates a smaller SCF and a shallower snow depth than observations. Implementation of the new SCF formulation into the NCAR CLM greatly improves the simulations of SCF, snow depth, and SWE in most North American (NA) river basins. The new SCF formulation increases SCF by 20–40%, decreases net solar radiation by up to 20 W m−2, and decreases surface temperature by up to 4 K in most midlatitude regions in winter and at high latitudes in spring. The new scheme reproduces the observed SCF, snow depth, and SWE in terms of interannual variability and interbasin variability in most NA river basins except for the mountainous Columbia and Colorado River basins. It produces SCF trends similar to that of AVHRR. However, it produces greater decreasing trends in ablation seasons and smaller increasing trends in accumulation seasons than those of the CMC snow depth and SWE.
Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces

This paper presents a new methodology for performing theory-based evaluations of user interface designs early in the design cycle. The methodology is an adaptation of the design walkthrough techniques that have been used for many years in the software engineering community. Traditional walkthroughs involve hand simulation of sections of code to ensure that they implement specified functionality. The method we present involves hand simulation of the cognitive activities of a user, to ensure that the user can easily learn to perform tasks that the system is intended to support. The cognitive walkthrough methodology, described in detail, is based on a theory of learning by exploration presented in this paper. There is a summary of preliminary results of effectiveness and comparisons with other design methods.
Compensations during Unsteady Locomotion

Locomotion in a complex environment is often not steady, but the mechanisms used by animals to power and control unsteady locomotion (stability and maneuverability) are not well understood. We use behavioral, morphological, and impulsive perturbations to determine the compensations used during unsteady locomotion. At the level both of the whole-body and of joints, quasi-stiffness models are useful for describing adjustments to the functioning of legs and joints during maneuvers. However, alterations to the mechanics of legs and joints often are distinct for different phases of the step cycle or for specific joints. For example, negotiating steps involves independent changes of leg stiffness during compression and thrust phases of stance. Unsteady locomotion also involves parameters that are not part of the simplest reduced-parameter models of locomotion (e.g., the spring-loaded inverted pendulum) such as moments of the hip joint. Extensive coupling among translational and rotational parameters must be taken into account to stabilize locomotion or maneuver. For example, maneuvers with morphological perturbations (increased rotational inertial turns) involve changes to several aspects of movement, including the initial conditions of rotation and ground-reaction forces. Coupled changes to several parameters may be employed to control maneuvers on a trial-by-trial basis. Compensating for increased rotational inertia of the body during turns is facilitated by the opposing effects of several mechanical and behavioral parameters. However, the specific rules used by animals to control translation and rotation of the body to maintain stability or maneuver have not been fully characterized. We initiated direct-perturbation experiments to investigate the strategies used by humans to maintain stability following center-of-mass (COM) perturbations. When walking, humans showed more resistance to medio-lateral perturbations (lower COM displacement). However, when running, humans could recover from the point of maximum COM displacement faster than when walking. Consequently, the total time necessary for recovery was not significantly different between walking and running. Future experiments will determine the mechanisms used for compensations during unsteady locomotion at the behavioral, joint, and muscle levels. Using reduced-parameter models will allow common experimental and analytical frameworks for the study of both stability and maneuverability and the determination of general control strategies for unsteady locomotion.
Application of Color Mixing for Safety and Quality Inspection of Agricultural Products

In this paper, color-mixing applications for food safety and quality was studied, including two-color mixing and three-color mixing. It was shown that the chromaticness of the visual signal resulting from two- or three-color mixing is directly related to the band ratio of light intensity at the two or three selected wavebands. An optical visual device using color mixing to implement the band ratio criterion was presented. Inspection through human vision assisted by an optical device that implements the band ratio criterion would offer flexibility and significant cost savings as compared to inspection with a multispectral machine vision system that implements the same criterion. Example applications of this optical color mixing technique were given for the inspection of chicken carcasses with various diseases and for the detection of chilling injury in cucumbers. Simulation results showed that discrimination by chromaticness that has a direct relation with band ratio can work very well with proper selection of the two or three narrow wavebands. This novel color mixing technique for visual inspection can be implemented on visual devices for a variety of applications, ranging from target detection to food safety inspection.
Effect of peripheral nerve action currents on magnetic resonance imaging

Many researchers have attempted to detect neural currents directly using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The action currents of a peripheral nerve create their own magnetic field that can cause the phase of the spins to change. Our goal in this paper is to use the measured magnetic field of a nerve to estimate the resulting phase shift in the magnetic resonance signal. We examine three cases: the squid giant axon, the frog sciatic nerve, and the human median nerve. In each case, the phase shift is much less than one degree, and will be very difficult to measure with current technology.
An object-oriented toolbox for studying optimization problems

The CWP Object-Oriented Optimization Library (COOOL) is a collection of C++ classes for studying and solving optimization problems. It was developed using the freely available GNU compiler gcc. The library contains the basic building blocks for the efficient design of numerical linear algebra and optimization software; it also comes with a variety of unconstrained optimization algorithms and test objective functions drawn from our own research. The only requirement for using one of the optimization methods is that a simple model of communication be followed. This allows us to use exactly the same code to optimize functions tailored for a variety of hardware, no matter what programming language is used. Further, since we have provided class libraries containing building blocks for general purpose optimization and numerical linear algebra software, the development of new algorithms should be greatly aided.
THE PREPARATION OF 1,2:5,6-Di-O-Cyclohexylidene-α-D-Gulofuranose

(1970). THE PREPARATION OF 1,2:5,6-Di-O-Cyclohexylidene-α-D-Gulofuranose. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 83-87.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Correctors and Potentiators

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, a cAMP-regulated anion channel expressed primarily at the apical plasma membrane of secretory epithelia. Nearly 2000 mutations in the CFTR gene have been identified that cause disease by impairing its translation, cellular processing, and/or chloride channel gating. The fundamental premise of CFTR corrector and potentiator therapy for CF is that addressing the underlying defects in the cellular processing and chloride channel function of CF-causing mutant CFTR alleles will result in clinical benefit by addressing the basic defect underlying CF. Correctors are principally targeted at F508del cellular misprocessing, whereas potentiators are intended to restore cAMP-dependent chloride channel activity to mutant CFTRs at the cell surface. This article reviews the discovery of CFTR potentiators and correctors, what is known regarding their mechanistic basis, and encouraging results achieved in clinical testing.
Research in Northwest Church History

The study of church history in the Pacific Northwest—that is, in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia—would seem, at first glance, to be less rewarding than similar study in another region. The Pacific Northwest has never been the center of great religious excitement, or the place of origin for consequential and sustained doctrinal viewpoints. The region did produce one of the important latter-day Indian cults, the Ghost Dance, or Messiah craze, and the region does harbor “Psychiana,” in Moscow, Idaho. At one time there were religious communistic societies in the area, best known of which is probably the Aurora colony, in Oregon. But by and large, the Pacific Northwest cannot be styled a center of religious originality.
Cardiovascular Function Following Surgical Repair of Pectus Excavatum

Background Despite numerous published reports, there is no consensus in the literature as to whether the surgical repair of the pectus excavatum improves cardiovascular function. As a result, it has been suggested that correction should be considered a cosmetic procedure, and therefore, many health insurance companies have questioned whether the repair of the pectus excavatum improves cardiovascular function and thus are reluctant to authorize the procedure. The purpose of this study was to apply metaanalysis methodology to generate a quantitative synthesis of the effects of surgical repair on cardiovascular function and to test the hypothesis that surgical repair of the pectus excavatum results in significant improvements in cardiovascular function. Methods Studies were retrieved via computerized literature searches, cross-referencing from original and review articles, and a review of the reference list by a recognized authority in the area of pectus excavatum repair. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) reporting quantitative measures of preoperative and postoperative cardiovascular function; (2) published in the English language; (3) indexed between January 1960 and May 2005; (4) reporting the duration between which preoperative and postoperative assessments were conducted; and (5) describing the cardiovascular assessment procedures. Results A comprehensive search of the literature identified eight studies that met all of the inclusion criteria. These studies, representing 169 pectus excavatum patients, were used for the metaanalysis. Random-effects modeling yielded a mean weighted effect size (ES) for cardiovascular function that was statistically significant (ES, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.92; p = 0.0006). Conclusions The findings of the present study indicated that surgical repair of the pectus excavatum significantly improves cardiovascular function and contradicts arguments that surgical repair is primarily cosmetic yielding minimal physiologic improvement.
Condensation in carbon dioxide jet plumes

Carbon dioxide jet plumes condensation on model nozzle in vacuum chamber, noting particle size and growth rate
Dynamics of a paraffin crystal

Recently it has become possible to make a series of simulations on a supercomputer of the molecular motion of a pentacontane (C50H102) crystal containing close to 10000 atoms. Such a crystal is big enough to serve as a model of a macroscopic crystal. It can also serve as a model for polyethylene. The large volume of detailed information on the structure and motion permits a new level of understanding. Information on crystal appearance, pseudo-symmetric crystal structures, picosecond time-scale formation of conformational defects and the beginning of the melting process is presented.
Increasing the reliability of three-tier applications

In this paper we describe an infrastructure that provides increased reliability for three-tier applications, transparently, using commercial off-the-shelf application servers and database systems. In this infrastructure the application servers are actively replicated to protect the business logic processing. Replicating the transaction coordinator renders the two-phase commit protocol non-blocking and, thus, avoids potentially long service disruptions caused by coordinator failure. A thin interpositioning library provides client-side automatic failover, so that clients know the outcome of their requests. The interaction between the application servers and the database servers is handled through replicated gateways that prevent duplicate requests from reaching the database servers. Aborted transactions, caused by process or communication faults, are automatically retried on the client's behalf.
Building an Effective and Affordable K–12 Geoscience Outreach Program From the Ground Up: A Simple Model for Universities

ABSTRACT University earth science departments seeking to establish meaningful geoscience outreach programs often pursue large-scale, grant-funded programs. Although this type of outreach is highly successful, it is also extremely costly, and grant funding can be difficult to secure. Here, we present the Geoscience Education Outreach Program (GEOP), a small-scale, very affordable model tested for 5 y in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of California, Riverside (UCR). GEOP provides in-class presentations for local K–8 classrooms; science, technology, engineering, and mathematics mentoring for middle and high school students; day-long events on the UCR campus for middle and high school students; and it allows UCR Department of Earth Sciences to participate in a wide range of community events. The program is managed by UCR graduate students, affects ~4,000 people (K–12 students, UCR students, the Riverside community at large) and operates for less than $3,000 U.S. annually. The GEOP model pr...
Cost-conscious decisions in the timing of operation for minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias in male patients

Abstract Background Expectant management (EM) and early open repair (OR) are safe and effective as initial management strategies for minimally symptomatic inguinal hernia in male patients. Extended follow-up of patients in EM protocols have shown that most patients will eventually require repair, but it is not clear which strategy is less costly over the long term. Methods We constructed a mathematical model to compare 3rd-party payer expenditures for EM vs OR or laparoscopic repair in a simulated cohort of patients with inguinal hernia. Cohort characteristics and expenditures were calibrated to recent randomized trials that reported initial follow-up and expenditures at 2 years and long-term crossover rates from EM to OR. Results Cost comparisons between OR and EM are sensitive to direct long-term costs of inpatient and outpatient care, the likelihood of crossover from EM to operation, cost differences between OR and laparoscopic repair, and the net present value of longer-term costs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that short-term costs of EM are less than those of OR and Lap-R, but early OR provides the highest long-term savings.