cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tachycardia on the adequacy of subendocardial oxygen delivery in experimental aortic stenosis.

We studied the interaction of tachycardia and aortic stenosis on the adequacy of subendocardial oxygen delivery. In 18 open-chest dogs with acute supravalvular aortic stenosis, we produced subendocardial ischemia by increasing either heart rate (atrial pacing) or the severity of aortic stenosis. Ischemia was determined from ST-elevation of the intracavitary electrocardiogram. Subendocardial oxygen supply was assessed by measuring subendocardial flow (radioactive microspheres, 8 to 10 microns) and arterial oxygen content, and related to simultaneous oxygen demand [estimated from the tension time index (TTI)]. The adequacy of the supply/demand relationship in the subendocardium was estimated from the ratio DPTI × O2 content (supply)/TTI (demand). Subendocardial ischemia occurred at aortic gradients ranging from 30 to 100 mm. Hg and heart rates from 120 to 180 beats per minute. Ischemic hearts were characterized by (1) redistribution of coronary flow away from the subendocardium (endo/epi flow ratio < 1.0), (2) reduced subendocardial oxygen delivery per unit of demand (TTI) (p < 0.01), (3) failure to lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with tachycardia, and (4) supply/demand ratios (DPTI × O2 content/TTI) below 15 (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that (1) the principal determinant of subendocardial ischemia in aortic stenosis is the unfavorable alteration of the supply/demand relationship caused by the interaction between heart rate and severity of stenosis, rather than absolute heart rate or aortic gradient and (2) the adequacy of subendocardial oxygen delivery can be assessed from readily obtained measurements of blood pressure and oxygen content.
A 3-D immersive environment for characterizing EEG signatures of target detection

Visual target detection is one of the most studied paradigms in human electrophysiology. Electroencephalo-graphic (EEG) correlates of target detection include the well-characterized N1, P2, and P300. In almost all cases the experimental paradigms used for studying visual target detection are extremely well-controlled - very simple stimuli are presented so as to minimize eye movements, and scenarios involve minimal active participation by the subject. However, to characterize these EEG correlates for real-world scenarios, where the target or the subject may be moving and the two may interact, a more flexible paradigm is required. The environment must be immersive and interactive, and the system must enable synchronization between events in the world, the behavior of the subject, and simultaneously recorded EEG signals. We have developed a hardware/software system that enables us to precisely control the appearance of objects in a 3D virtual environment, which subjects can navigate while the system tracks their eyes and records their EEG activity. We are using this environment to investigate a set of questions which focus on the relationship between the visibility, salience, and affect of the target; the agency and eye movements of the subject; and the resulting EEG signatures of detection. In this paper, we describe the design of our system and present some preliminary results regarding the EEG signatures of target detection.
Object-oriented military simulation development and application

The Department of Defense (DoD) is currently embracing object-oriented programming as a possible solution to problems that beset current simulation tools. The object paradigm, while extremely powerful, has associated costs that must be considered. To realize object-oriented programming benefits such as object reuse (sharing objects between simulations), data hiding (encapsulation), and code reuse and extension (polymorphism), the DoD modeling and simulation community must build objects to a set design standard. The immediate need facing the military simulation community is to agree on and build a framework for object-oriented simulations.
Timing marine–freshwater transitions in the diatom order Thalassiosirales

With species found throughout both marine and fresh waters, the diatom order Thalassiosirales is one of the most phylogenetically and ecologically diverse lineages of planktonic diatoms. A clear understanding of the timescale of Thalassiosirales evolution would provide novel insights into the rates and patterns of species diversification associated with major habitat shifts, as well as provide valuable context for understanding the age and evolutionary history of the model species, Cyclotella nana (= Thalassiosira pseudonana). The freshwater fossil record for Thalassiosirales is extensive, well characterized, and generally supportive of a Miocene origin for the major freshwater lineages. The marine record is, by comparison, more sparse and in many cases, unverified. The discovery of freshwater thalassiosiroids in Eocene sediments pushed the freshwater fossil record considerably further back in time, highlighting an apparent gap of some 30 million years. An alternative interpretation is that the Miocene and Eocene reports represent competing hypotheses. In the absence of additional independent and decisive fossil data, I explored the relative plausibility of these two scenarios with Bayesian relaxed molecular clock methods under a range of fossil calibration schemes. Although I found no support for the Eocene fossil dates, the two major freshwater colonization events probably occurred much earlier than previously thought—as early as the Paleocene for Cyclotella, followed by an Eocene origin for the cyclostephanoid lineage. Much of the extant freshwater diversity in both lineages traces back to the Miocene, however, giving the impression of a single Miocene origin. Efforts to infer the timescale of Thalassiosirales evolution more accurately would benefit from a systematic reevaluation of the marine fossil record and formal integration of fossil species into existing phylogenetic hypotheses.
Defying Gender Norms in Rural Bangladesh: A Social Demographic Analysis

(1997). Defying Gender Norms in Rural Bangladesh: A Social Demographic Analysis. Population Studies: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 153-172.
RNA Interference Guides Histone Modification during the S Phase of Chromosomal Replication

Summary Background Heterochromatin is chromosomal material that remains condensed throughout the cell division cycle and silences genes nearby. It is found in almost all eukaryotes, and although discovered (in plants) almost 100 years ago, the mechanism by which heterochromatin is inherited has remained obscure. Heterochromatic silencing and histone H3 lysine-9 methylation (H3K9me2) depend, paradoxically, on heterochromatic transcription and RNA interference (RNAi). Results Here, we show that heterochromatin protein 1 in fission yeast (Swi6) is lost via phosphorylation of H3 serine 10 (H3S10) during mitosis, allowing heterochromatic transcripts to transiently accumulate in S phase. Rapid processing of these transcripts into small interfering RNA (siRNA) promotes restoration of H3K9me2 and Swi6 after replication when cohesin is recruited. We also show that RNAi in fission yeast is inhibited at high temperatures, providing a plausible mechanism for epigenetic phenomena that depend on replication and temperature, such as vernalization in plants and position effect variegation in animals. Conclusions These results explain how "silent" heterochromatin can be transcribed and lead to a model for epigenetic inheritance during replication.
Death and epilepsy.

. Recently, the risk of death associated with seizure dis-orders has received greater attention in the press. Numerous studies have shown that individuals with epilepsy have an increased rate of premature death compared with the general population. This is multifac-torial, and can be attributed to accidental death, suicide, status epilepticus and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).
Reduction of incidence of diethylstilbestrol induced aortic ruptures in turkeys by iodinated casein.

SummaryTurkeys treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) were fed various levels of iodinated casein (Protomone). Mortality was lowered and body weights were elevated by increasing amounts of Protomone in the feed of DES-treated poults. Systolic blood pressure and plasma composition of DES-treated poults fed a high level of Protomone, most nearly approximated the corresponding values for control birds, but did not attain the values for control poults. The histology of the thyroid glands of DES-treated turkeys was altered by the feeding of a high level of Protomone.
The propagation of single-cycle THz pulses in random media

Summary from only given. We report the first measurements of the transmission of single-cycle THz pulses through a random medium. A model random medium can be constructed using commercially available polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, teflon) spheres (n = 1.43). The spheres are contained in a teflon sample cell, with windows a fixed distance apart. In order to perform length-dependent studies, we fabricated fifty such cells.
A common evaluation framework for the African Health Initiative

Abstract Background The African Health Initiative includes highly diverse partnerships in five countries (Ghana, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia), each of which is working to improve population health by strengthening health systems and to evaluate the results. One aim of the Initiative is to generate cross-site learning that can inform implementation in the five partnerships during the project period and identify lessons that may be generalizable to other countries in the region. Collaborators in the Initiative developed a common evaluation framework as a basis for this cross-site learning. Methods This paper describes the components of the framework; this includes the conceptual model, core metrics to be measured in all sites, and standard guidelines for reporting on the implementation of partnership activities and contextual factors that may affect implementation, or the results it produces. We also describe the systems that have been put in place for data management, data quality assessments, and cross-site analysis of results. Results and conclusions The conceptual model for the Initiative highlights points in the causal chain between health system strengthening activities and health impact where evidence produced by the partnerships can contribute to learning. This model represents an important advance over its predecessors by including contextual factors and implementation strength as potential determinants, and explicitly including equity as a component of both outcomes and impact. Specific measurement challenges include the prospective documentation of program implementation and contextual factors. Methodological issues addressed in the development of the framework include the aggregation of data collected using different methods and the challenge of evaluating a complex set of interventions being improved over time based on continuous monitoring and intermediate results.
Electromagnetic-wave propagation in a random nonlinear dispersive medium

Propagation of a plane electromagnetic wave in an unbounded random nonlinear dispersive isotropic medium is studied by employing a new iteration method. This method not only eliminates the secular terms but also offers some computational advantages over the Poincare-Lindstedt perturbation method. Furthermore, it is devoid of the usual difficulty of the phase matching in the traditional method used in nonlinear optics. Here the angular frequency ω is regarded as given and the coefficients of the nonlinearities are assumed to bo Gaussian random functions oft forx > 0. The results obtained here are better than any existing results. The ensemble averages of the electromagnetic fields and the energy flux density are computed. It is found that they propagate with the averaged phase velocity and simultaneously experience damping in the direction of propagation. Our result also shows the well-known effects of the nonlinearities, the generation of third harmonic and the dependence of the propagation constant on the amplitude of the fundamental wave.
Expansion of the genetic code: Site‐directed p‐fluoro‐phenylalanine incorporation in Escherichia coli

Site-directed incorporation of the amino acid analogue p-fluoro-phenylalanine (p-F-Phe) was achieved in Escherichia coli. A yeast suppressor tRNA(Phe)amber/phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase pair was expressed in an analogue-resistant E. coli strain to direct analogue incorporation at a programmed amber stop codon in the DHFR marker protein. The programmed position was translated to 64-75% as p-F-Phe and the remainder as phenylalanine and lysine. Depending on the expression conditions, the p-F-Phe incorporation was 11-21-fold higher at the programmed position than the background incorporation at phenylalanine codons, showing high specificity of analogue incorporation. Protein expression yields of 8-12 mg/L of culture, corresponding to about two thirds of the expression level of the wild-type DHFR protein, are sufficient to provide fluorinated proteins suitable for 19F-NMR spectroscopy and other sample-intensive methods. The use of a nonessential "21st" tRNA/synthetase pair will permit incorporation of a wide range of analogues, once the synthetase specificity has been modified accordingly.
[Incidence rate of HIV transmission in HIV discordant couples in Zhejiang province 2009-2013].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the HIV transmission in discordant couples and the epidemic characteristics of concordant couples related to HIV infection. METHODS: HIV/AIDS database was down-loaded from AIDS information reported system for analysis. Patients with HIV-negative couples between 2009 and 2013 in Zhejiang province were enrolled in this study. Information included demography characteristics highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) HIV incidence rate and risk factors characteristics on HIV concordant couples. RESULTS: The HIV incidence rate on HIV-negative couples of 2 575 HIV/AIDS was 3.56 per 1 000 person-year reducing from 5.49 per 1 000 person-year in 2009 to 3.20 per 1 000 person-year in 2013. There was a slight increase on HIV incidence rate among couples in those HIV-positive men who were heterosexual while it decreased among couples of HIV-positive women. Initiation of HAART over 1 years (OR = 0.063 95% CI: 0.019-0.204) seemed to be a preventive factor for HIV transmission between the couples under study. Factors as history of infection longer than 3 years (OR = 3.564 95% CI: 1.296-9.804) and beingnon-local resident (OR = 2.626 95% CI: 1.098-6.230) were risky factors. CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of HIV transmission between HIV discordant couples was low but imbalance in different areas. People who were non-local residents under HIV discordant status would need more attention. HAART time of infection status of residency appeared risk factors for HIV transmission within the couples.
Natural Law in Jurisprudence and Politics: Introduction: Natural Law Jurisprudence and Natural Law Political Philosophy

The Central Claims of Natural Law Jurisprudence and Natural Law Political Philosophy The central claim of natural law jurisprudence is that there is a positive internal connection between law and decisive reasons for action: law is backed by decisive reasons for action. (For there to be a decisive reason to ϕ is for ϕ-ing to be a reasonable act for one to perform and not ϕ-ing an unreasonable act for one to perform, and so for a law to be backed by decisive reasons is for there to be decisive reasons to perform any act required by that law.) The central claim of natural law political philosophy is that law has this reason-giving force through the common good of the political community. Natural law jurisprudence most fundamentally asserts that it is of the essence of law to bind in reason; natural law political philosophy most fundamentally asserts that what makes law bind is its role with respect to the common good of the political community. Why should we take the view that these are the central theses of natural law jurisprudence and political philosophy to be anything more than stipulation? As the term ‘natural law theory’ is now used, Aquinas is the paradigmatic natural law theorist. If one would like evidence for Aquinas's status as the paradigm, one can look at any anthology of moral, political, or legal philosophy that includes a section on natural law theory: any such anthology contains a selection from Aquinas or about Aquinas.
Ultrasonography in the Assessment of Lateral Ankle Ligament Injury, Instability, and Anterior Ankle Impingement: A Diagnostic Case Report.

Objective The purpose of this case report is to describe the diagnostic value of ultrasonography (US) in a patient with injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle with concomitant ankle joint osteoarthritis and anterior impingement.
The Tragedy of Centralization: The Political Economics of American Natural Resource Federalism

This article develops a formal model of the centralization of natural resource regulation, and applies that model to explain selected episodes in the history of American natural resource regulation and to critique the Supreme Court's constitutional federalism doctrine. On this model, political pressure for centralized control over the development of public natural resources arises as a virtually inevitable consequence of economic development and geographic market integration. The model reveals the fundamental normative ambiguity of centralized controls over natural resource development. On the one hand, centralized regulation of natural resource development responds to a fundamental inefficiency that arises because local jurisdictions are unable to internalize the full, global value of preserving open access resources. From a distributional point of view, however, such centralized controls may have the effect of penalizing late-developing jurisdictions simply for being latecomers to the interjurisdictional development game. Moreover, unless one believes that the political bargaining process is always efficient, centralized resource development controls may simply represent inefficient rent-seeking by older, more heavily developed jurisdictions. These general normative implications of the model have direct application to the Supreme Court's Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence. The Court has consistently misunderstood state schemes that give state residents discriminatory access to state natural resources as economic protectionism when, as the analysis here shows, they may be necessary to create political support for the conservation of state natural resources. In addition to this normative analysis, the article tests the model's predictions about when and why regulatory centralization has occurred against both qualitative historical data and more quantitative contemporary data on the federal Endangered Species Act. Original and previously unavailable data are presented here which show radical disparities across states in the actual applicability of the Endangered Species Act's takings prohibition, and which show also that Congressional positions on the ESA are influenced as much or more by whether the ESA actually applies to limit land development in a state or district than by political party affiliation.
Sampled nonlinearly-chirped fiber-Bragg-grating for the tunable dispersion compensation of many WDM channels simultaneously

We have fabricated and characterized a tunable dispersion compensator that utilizes a specially designed sampled nonlinearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG), which is suitable for wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) channels. The dispersion can be tuned from 200 to -1200 ps/nm. We experimentally demonstrated tunable dispersion compensation using the sampled nonlinearly chirped FBG in a 10-Gbit/s WDM system. All three channels achieve BER=10/sup -9/ after both 60 km and 120 km of SMF by tuning the dispersion of the grating between -550 and -1100 ps/nm.
Screw Placement Accuracy and Outcomes Following O-Arm-Navigated Atlantoaxial Fusion: A Feasibility Study

Study Design Case series of seven patients. Objective C2 stabilization can be challenging due to the complex anatomy of the upper cervical vertebrae. We describe seven cases of C1–C2 fusion using intraoperative navigation to aid in the screw placement at the atlantoaxial (C1–C2) junction. Methods Between 2011 and 2014, seven patients underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion using intraoperative frameless stereotactic O-arm Surgical Imaging and StealthStation Surgical Navigation System (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States). Outcome measures included screw accuracy, neurologic status, radiation dosing, and surgical complications. Results Four patients had fusion at C1–C2 only, and in the remaining three, fixation extended down to C3 due to anatomical considerations for screw placement recognized on intraoperative imaging. Out of 30 screws placed, all demonstrated minimal divergence from desired placement in either C1 lateral mass, C2 pedicle, or C3 lateral mass. No neurovascular compromise was seen following the use of intraoperative guided screw placement. The average radiation dosing due to intraoperative imaging was 39.0 mGy. All patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months. All patients went on to solid fusion. Conclusion C1–C2 fusion using computed tomography-guided navigation is a safe and effective way to treat atlantoaxial instability. Intraoperative neuronavigation allows for high accuracy of screw placement, limits complications by sparing injury to the critical structures in the upper cervical spine, and can help surgeons make intraoperative decisions regarding complex pathology.
A 4D CPM-Based Graphic Scheduling System

The emerging four dimensional modeling techniques have been proven to be useful and promising in construction planning. However, the current applications in 4D modeling still lack an efficient modeling approach, an analytical capability, and a dynamic capability. This paper proposed a 4D-CPM based graphical scheduling system aiming to address the problems. The system synergizes the creating of a conflict-free 4D model into the process of schedule development, generates and adjusts the workspace semi-automatically according to different construction methods and user options, and identifies space time conflict efficiently by analyzing the CPM network topology. It complements the traditional CPM scheduling and 3D modeling method, and could serve as an effective explanative communication tool in construction project management. The proposed system could be enhanced in three aspects: formalize a 4D topological framework, develop a 4D construction database, and enhance the collaborative and interactive capability to cater for large scale projects.
A coupled analysis of viscoplastic deformation and heat transfer—I: Theoretical considerations

Abstract A thermodynamic theory of deformation using internal variables is adapted to rigid viscoplastic materials, and the formulations for finite element discretization are given specifically for metal forming problems. A scheme of numerical integration of heat-balance equations that leads to the coupled analysis of deformation and heat transfer is presented.
Above Politics: Credible Commitment and Efficiency in the Design of Public Agencies

The state has, since its origins, been characterized both by the production of public goods and a competition for the surplus benefits generated by the creation of those goods. Holmstrom 's (1982) analysis of an impossibility result leads to the conclusion that this problem is logically inescapable. There is no process for exactly allocating the benefits of an interdependent social process that eliminates moral hazard. Furthermore, morally hazardous behavior can undermine the efficiency of the processes that generate the benefits. In both firms and states, therefore, the credible constraint of morally hazardous behavior is a fundamental concern. In both forms of social organization, delegation to bureaucracy can enhance efficiency by creating barriers between those actors with moral hazard and the producers of the benefits. The characteristics of Weberian bureaucracy, including rational/legal constraints and autonomous professional norms, serve to insulate
Establishment of an Attentional Set via Statistical Learning

The ability overcome attentional capture and attend goal-relevant information is typically viewed as a volitional, effortful process that relies on the maintenance of current task priorities or “attentional sets” in working memory. However, the visual system possesses statistical learning mechanisms that can incidentally encode probabilistic associations between goal-relevant objects and the attributes likely to define them. Thus, it is possible that statistical learning may contribute to the establishment of a given attentional set and modulate the effects of attentional capture. Here we provide evidence for such a mechanism, showing that implicitly learned associations between a search target and its likely color directly influence the ability of a salient color precue to capture attention in a classic attentional capture task. This indicates a novel role for statistical learning in the modulation of attentional capture, and emphasizes the role that this learning may play in goal-directed attentional control more generally.
Summability of Series

(1932). Summability of Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 62-71.
Twitter Trouble: The Communications Decency Act in Inaction

The Communications Decency Act affords Internet service providers with immunity from liability for defamation, among other crimes, to allow self-policing of websites. However, due to this immunity, websites have no incentive to remove defamatory content, which dodges the entire purpose of the Communications Decency Act. To improve this statute and promote the removal of defamatory content, the United States should follow in the footsteps of countries with more effective Internet laws. This Note presupposes that a higher percentage of Twitter removal requests in which Twitter has withheld some content indicates a higher efficacy of the Internet laws in those countries. The data published by Twitter shows that France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and Russia are the top five countries in terms of percentage of removal requests with which Twitter has complied. Four of these five countries have laws similar to the notice and take down provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which requires an Internet service provider to quickly remove content once made aware of its unlawful nature. Therefore, a notice and take down provision with a critical opinion safe harbor should be added to the Communications Decency Act.
Aging-Induced Electrical Resistance Changes in an RDX-Loaded Nitrate Ester Propellant with Polyglycol Adipate (PGA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Cross-Linked Binders Subject to Various Thermal and Moisture Environmental Conditions

ABSTRACTTwo Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)-loaded nitrate ester propellant formulations with polyglycol adipate and polyethylene glycol binders, respectively, are subjected to accelerated aging at 70°C in various humidity environments ranging from 0 to 100% relative humidity (RH). The electrical resistance of each sample is monitored throughout aging, along with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) used to measure the mass fraction of the stabilizers and nitroso/nitro derivatives at the beginning and end of aging. Stabilizer and nitroso/nitro derivative dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions are used to evaluate the electrical resistance of these species as a function of mass fraction. The results indicate a weak correlation of the sample electrical resistance with stabilizer and nitroso/nitro mass fraction and a strong correlation with the moisture content of the sample. Moisture is postulated to affect the electrical resistance of the samples predominately by acid ...
Media multitasking during political news consumption

Growth of digital, social, and mobile media has enabled engagement with multiple media activities during news consumption in a more efficient and synchronous fashion than before. This study investigates whether media multitasking activities while consuming political news affects individuals' levels of subjective and factual political knowledge. Results from a Web survey of online panel members show that on the whole, pairwise and bundled forms of media multitasking are negatively related to factual political knowledge. Also, those who engage in media multitasking are more likely to report that they are politically knowledgeable but they do not know about politics as much as they think they do. Implications are discussed for media multitasking and an informed citizenry. We examine the relationship between media multitasking and political knowledge.Multitasking while consuming news is related to lower factual political knowledge.Multitasking while consuming news is related to greater knowledge miscalibration.Bundled multitasking has stronger effects on knowledge than pairwise multitasking.
Translational Immuno therapeutics for lung and breast cancer

I an effort to identify molecular markers of tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), we investigated the expression of mesothelin (MSLN), as well as its biologic and clinical relevance. In a training and validation set of patients with early-stage (I-III) lung ADC (n = 1,209), a tissue microarray consisting of tumors and normal lung tissue was used to examine the association between MSLN expression and recurrencefree survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). MSLN was expressed in 69% of lung ADC tumors, with one in five patients strongly expressing MSLN and no expression in normal lung tissue. Increased MSLN expression was associated with reduced OS [HR = 1.78; CI, 1.26-2.50; P < 0.01] and RFS (HR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.21-2.27; P < 0.01) in multivariate analyses, even after adjustment for currently known markers of tumor aggressiveness in lung ADC: male sex, smoking history, increasing stage, morphologic pattern, visceral pleural invasion, lymphatic or vascular invasion, and mutation status. In TNBC, 36% of patients express MSLN associated with early recurrence, higher metastases and decreased survival. We further developed MSLNtargeted T-cell therapy in preclinical models and are now in the process of initiating clinical trial for patients with metastatic lung and breast cancer.
Radiographic Patterns of Osteointegration With Proximally Coated, Cementless Tapered Wedge Stems

The aim was to study the evolution of radiographic patterns of osteointegration of tapered wedge stems and determine if there is correlation with bony morphology and initial stem fit. We reviewed primary total hip replacements performed by two surgeons using a single cementless tapered wedge design and that had a complete series of radiographs (defined as preoperative, 6 weeks, 1 year and 5 or more years). Signs of bony remodeling were recorded at each Gruen zone. Calcar remodeling, changes in cortical thickness, evidence of subsidence and pedestal formation were recorded (Figure 1). 57 hips (50 patients) were available for analysis with a mean follow up of 5.03 years. Mean changes in cortical thickness were positive in zones 2(7.51) and 6(5.36) and negative in zones 1(−7.53) and 7(−13.51). Radiolucent lines were found in gruen zones 3,4(39%), and 5. Femoral neck cancellization was seen in zone 7 in 8 patients (14%) in year 1 and 36 (63%) by year 5. Correlations were seen with proximal canal fill and radiolucent lines at zones 3 (0.278; p0.36) and 5 (0.258; p 0.05) and with distal canal fill and hypertrophy of the cortex in zone 3 (0.429; p0.001) and 5. Cortical hypertrophy around the midstem, lack of radiolucent lines around the proximal stem and cancellization of the calcar are all radiographic patterns which occur routinely. A positive correlation with distal canal fill and hypertrophy of zones 3 and 5 was noted. There was no significant correlation with preoperative boney morphology or initial stem fit proximally.
Early discharge. Risks, benefits, and who decides

Over the last several decades, there has been a significant decrease in the length of hospital stays for mothers and their newborns, ranging from the average of 7 to 10 days before World War II to approximately 2 days in recent years. Many women saw the benefit of early discharge as a means to demedicalize the birth process, to be home with their families sooner, and to have their deliveries be a more positive experience. Although the trend toward shorter hospital stays was originally initiated by consumer interest, the recent further shortening of maternity stays has escalated as a result of insurance and managed care plans attempting to contain health care costs. With this trend toward earlier discharge, a litany of problems have been reported, including missed newborn screening, jaundice, feeding problems, missed congenital anomalies, and readmissions. Although cost-efficient use of health care is vital, the ultimate goal should not only be the prevention of unnecessary morbidity and mortality, but the promotion of health and well being for the child and family.
Universal Ideology & Ethical Strategy

Ideology has been described as a framework of ideas used to explain values and purposes. Accordingly, one might consider the possibility of constructing a universal ideology, that is, a framework of ideas that can be used to explain all values and purposes, but especially those most relevant to business ethics. A conceptual framework that meets that description is duly set out in this paper. It is comprised of four partitioned sets of concepts: ethical-theories, human-goods, market-limitations and other bi-polar components. In the spirit of philosophical pragmatism, the framework enables its users to generate systematic explanations and justifications of ethical strategies in business. It might also be used as a tool for a type of moral-diplomacy, where the intention is to promote the radical center and business strategies that compensate for selected market-limitations.
Terrestrial Laser Scanning in the Age of Sensing

For more than a decade, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) has been a primary remote sensing technique for disciplines related to archaeology, architecture, built heritage, earth science, metrology, and land survey. The increasing precision, range, and survey speed of TLS make this technology even more viable for large-scale data capturing in the Age of Sensing. This chapter reviews the state of the art of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in 2015 with the aim to assess its applications in a context of lower data capturing costs for alternative technologies, such as new commodity sensors, Image-based 3D Modeling, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), optical 3D scanning, and Airborne Laser Scanning. More specifically, TLS still maintains a fundamental role in the documentation and interpretation of archaeological contexts at intrasite scale: (i) Terrestrial Laser Scanning delivers high-fidelity data of surfaces and structures of buildings as well as ultra-precise measurements of the morphology of stratigraphic layers; (ii) research in remote sensing proved that TLS point clouds can be successfully interpolated with data recorded with other instruments and techniques, such as magnetometry, Ground Penetrating Radar, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Image-Based Modeling, in order to generate hybrid documentation and new knowledge on natural and cultural heritage sites. Inevitably, the current advancements in TLS bring new questions. For example, how can micro-differences only visible in the point clouds change the analysis and interpretation of layers and buildings? How to improve the monitoring and conservation of a site via automated analysis of TLS data? How to enhance the mapping process of built-heritage using data segmentation or semi-automatic feature extraction of TLS point clouds? This chapter proposes a new approach to TLS based on multi-modal capture workflows, semi-automated post processing, online archiving, and online visualization and management of point clouds with the aim to open new horizons for digital archaeology, architectural survey, and heritage conservation .
Conformality of PVD shell layers on vertical arrays of rods with different aspect ratios investigated by Monte Carlo simulations

Applications such as batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and sensors, can benefit from high surface-to-volume ratio core/shell arrays of nanorods. The fabrication of the conformal shell layers on nanorod arrays has been a formidable task. In order to assess the deposition conditions for the production of conformal shell coatings by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, we employed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations that involved shell depositions under different flux distributions and angles on arrays of rods. We investigated the conformality of PVD shell layers on nanorod arrays of different aspect ratios, which is defined to be the ratio of rod height to the gaps between nearest-neighbor rods. MC simulated core/shell structures were analyzed for the thickness uniformity of the shell layer across the sidewalls of rods. Our results show that a small angle deposition approach involving a uniform oblique flux (U-SAD) with a small incidence angle ≤ 30o can generate a fairly conformal shell coating around small aspect-ratio rods. However, normal angle deposition with an angular flux distribution (A-NAD) achieves superior conformality both on small and high-aspect-ratio structures compared to U-SAD, conventional uniform normal angle deposition (U-NAD), and SAD with an angular flux distribution (A-SAD). A-NAD can be realized in a PVD system such as by high pressure sputter deposition; while U-SAD can be achieved in thermal evaporation system with a small angle incident flux. In addition, U-NAD and A-SAD can correspond to film growth by normal incidence thermal evaporation and SAD-high pressure sputter deposition, respectively.
Interindividual Spread of Herpesviruses.

Interindividual spread of herpesviruses is essential for the virus life cycle and maintenance in host populations. For most herpesviruses, the virus-host relationship is close, having coevolved over millions of years resulting in comparatively high species specificity. The mechanisms governing interindividual spread or horizontal transmission are very complex, involving conserved herpesviral and cellular proteins during the attachment, entry, replication, and egress processes of infection. Also likely, specific herpesviruses have evolved unique viral and cellular interactions during cospeciation that are dependent on their relationship. Multiple steps are required for interindividual spread including virus assembly in infected cells; release into the environment, followed by virus attachment; and entry into new hosts. Should any of these steps be compromised, transmission is rendered impossible. This review will focus mainly on the natural virus-host model of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in chickens in order to delineate important steps during interindividual spread.
Agency and Interest Group Interactions in Wild and Scenic Rivers Management Planning in California

Abstract Planning for management of California's Wild and Scenic rivers is examined. The state agency responsible for planning (California's Department of Fish and Game) has had considerable difficulty in placating the various interest groups involved and in coordinating the activities of other agencies. Most of the problems have stemmed from lack of proper communication, but other problems resulted from incompatible goals.
Computation of Boolean matrix chain products in 3D ReRAM

Energy concerns, the infamous memory wall, and the enormous data deluge of the current big-data age have made the integration of processing and memory elements into a very appealing paradigm. In this paper, we focus on a computation-in-memory solution to the problem of multiplying a set of Boolean matrices, also known as Boolean matrix chain multiplication (BMCM). This is a fundamental computational task with applications in graph theory, group testing, data compression, and digital signal processing. In particular, we propose a framework for mapping arbitrary instances of BMCM to a 3-dimensional (3D) crossbar memory architecture consisting of 1-diode 1-resistor (1D1R) structures.
Outcomes from a university-based low-cost in vitro fertilization program providing access to care for a low-resource socioculturally diverse urban community.

Objective To report on outcomes from a university-based low-cost and low-complexity IVF program using mild stimulation approaches and simplified protocols to provide basic access to ART to a socioculturally diverse low-income urban population. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic infertility center. Patient(s) Sixty-five infertile couples were enrolled from a county hospital serving a low-resource largely immigrant population. Interventions(s) Patients were nonrandomly allocated to one of four mild stimulation protocols: clomiphene/letrozole alone, two clomiphene/letrozole–based protocols involving sequential or flare addition of low-dose gonadotropins, and low-dose gonadotropins alone. Clinical fellows managed all aspects of cycle preparation, monitoring, oocyte retrieval, and embryo transfer under an attending preceptor. Retrieval was undertaken without administration of deep anesthesia, and laboratory interventions were minimized. All embryo transfers were performed at the cleavage stage. Main Outcome Measure(s) Sociomedical demographics, treatment response, and pregnancy outcomes were recorded. Result(s) From August 2010 to June 2016, 65 patients initiated 161 stimulation IVF cycles, which resulted in 107 retrievals, 91 fresh embryo transfers, and 40 frozen embryo transfer cycles. The mean age of patients was 33.3 years, and mean reported duration of infertility was 5.3 years; 33.5% (54/161) of cycles were cancelled before oocyte retrieval, with 13% due to premature ovulation. Overall, cumulative live birth rates per retrieval including subsequent use of frozen embryos was 29.0%; 44.6% (29/65) of patients enrolled in the program achieved pregnancy. Conclusion(s) Use of mild stimulation protocols, simplified monitoring, and minimized laboratory handling procedures enabled access to care in a low-resource socioculturally diverse infertile population.
Craniodental morphology and diet of Leptarctus oregonensis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Mascall Formation (Miocene) of central Oregon

The Leptarctinae are an enigmatic subfamily of mustelids present in North America and Eurasia during the Miocene (Arikareean to Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Ages). Their diet and ecology have been particularly controversial. Some workers have suggested they were similar to koalas, whereas others suggested they were crushing omnivores analogous to raccoons. Leptarctus oregonensis Stock, 1930, a poorly known leptarctine from the early Barstovian, is represented by fragmented cranial elements and isolated teeth from the Mascall Formation of Oregon, and some fairly complete but undescribed material from the Olcott Formation of western Nebraska. Herein, we describe the first well-preserved skull of L. oregonensis from the type formation. Based on this new specimen, we confirm that L. oregonensis is a distinct species from L. primus Leidy, 1856 and L. ancipidens White, 1941 that is characterized by a distinct morphology of its tympanic projections and first upper molars. We are also able to describe intraspecific variation within L. oregonensis coinciding with the geographic distribution of the specimens (Oregon and Nebraska). The most variable characters are concentrated in the morphology of the frontals and the upper fourth premolar. Additional specimens will be needed to settle the debate over sexual dimorphism in this species, but this new specimen suggests that Leptarctus oregonensis, despite being one of the smallest members of the Leptarctinae, was an animal-dominated omnivore with considerable crushing ability.
Health services: #66 Access to psychiatric services in new york city following the septemer 11th terrorist attacks

Abstract PURPOSE: To report community mental health and medication utilization following the September 11th attacks in New York and to identify populations that may not have had adequate access to care. METHODS: We conducted a random-digit-dial telephone survey of adult residents south of 110th Street 5–8 weeks after this event (cooperation rate = 64%). RESULTS: Among 988 respondents surveyed (female = 52%; white = 72%; mean age = 42), 8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.9–10.8) and 9.7% (95% CI = 7.7–11.8), respectively, met the criteria for current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depression (MD), and 12.6% (95% CI = 10.2–14.9) had a panic attack during the disaster. 19.4% (95% CI = 16.7–22.2) and 11.6% (95% CI = 9.5–13.7%), respectively, had a mental health visit or took psychiatric medications 30-days post disaster, and 10% (95% CI = 7.9–12.0) had increased mental health visits after the attacks. 26.7% (95% CI = 18.4–37.1) and 25.1% (95% CI = 17.1–35.3) of those with current PTSD, respectively, had increased visits or took medications after the attacks, and 25.5% (95% CI = 16.9–36.6) and 25.1% (95% CI = 17.3–35.2%) with current MD, respectively, had increased visits or took psychiatric medications. About 45% [95% CI = 16.8–22.2] of those with PTSD or MD, respectively, had at least 1 mental health visit 30-days post-disaster. However, only 27.5% of males with either PTSD or MD actually received post-disaster treatment, compared to 50.7% of females (p = 0.007). In addition, only 7.3% of 18-24 year olds with either PTSD or MD had a post-disaster mental visit, compared to 58% of 45-64 year olds (p = 0.001). Only 1.1% of PTSD or MD cases without health insurance received post-disaster medications, compared to 24.6% of those with insurance (p CONCLUSION: While mental health services in New York after the Trade Center disaster were extensive, males, those between 18–24 years old, and those without insurance may not have received adequate post-disaster care.
Design and Configuration of Firewall Architecture Under Risk, Usability and Cost Constraints

Firewalls are the most deployed security devices in computer networks. Nevertheless, designing and configuring distributed firewalls, which include determining access control rules and device placement in the network, is still a significantly complex task as it requires balancing between connectivity requirements and the inherent risk and cost. Formal approaches that allow for investigating distributed firewall configuration space systematically are highly needed to optimize decision support under multiple design constraints. The objective of this chapter is to automatically synthesize the implementation of distributed filtering architecture and configuration that will minimize security risk while considering connectivity requirements, user usability and budget constraints. Our automatic synthesis generates not only the complete rule configuration for each firewall to satisfy risk and connectivity constraints, but also the optimal firewall placement in the networks to minimizes spurious traffic. We define fine-grain risk, usability and cost metrics tunable to match business requirements, and formalize the configuration synthesis as an optimization problem. We then show that distributed firewall synthesis is an NP-hard problem and provide heuristic approximation algorithms. We implemented our approach in a tool called FireBlanket that were rigorously evaluated under different network sizes, topologies and budget requirements. Our evaluation study shows that the results obtained by FireBlanket are close to the theoretical lower bound and the performance is scalable with the network size.