cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Online Instruction and Gender-based Differences in Learning: A Quasi-Experimental Study of American Government

College teachers are increasingly using instructional technology to supplement or substitute for face-to-face instruction. The incentives and arguments for doing so are many, including facilitation of higher education for non-traditional students and changing student demographics, skill building to improve student preparation for workplaces that are likely to use computer technology, space restrictions in universities with growing enrollment, the opportunities that Internet classrooms provide for organizing and monitoring student work and assignments, and so on. However, little is known about how online instruction affects the learner. Online instruction is, in many ways, fundamentally different from face-to-face instruction (see, for example, Lee 2003; McCormack and Jones 1998; Palloff and Pratt 1999). For instance, instructors are unlikely to simply post their lecture notes online in the hope that the students will read, take notes, memorize, and retain the information, which would be the closest equivalent to a traditional lecture classroom. Consequently, it cannot be assumed that different instructional modes (such as lectures or online instruction) necessarily have the same learner outcomes. This lack of knowledge concerning the effects of online instruction on learner outcomes also extends to the question of gender equality.Authors are listed in reverse alphabetical order. We gratefully acknowledge financial support for both the redesign and the evaluation of the course from the Pew Learning and Technology Program, Center for Academic Transformation, Pew Grant Program in Course Redesign.
Fusion studies with RIBs

Recent developments in fusion studies with radioactive beams are reviewed critically from the perspective of an experimentalist. Typical available radioactive beam intensities and purities are shown along with the methods used to study evaporation residues and fission fragments. The fusion of halo and other loosely bound nuclei, i.e., 6He, 11Be, 17F, is discussed. Fusion studies with intermediate mass beams such as 29Al and 38S are reviewed. Recent studies with n-rich fission fragments such as 132Sn are shown. A discussion of fusion hindrance is presented and the use of radioactive beams in studying heavy nuclei is examined.
Special functions and generating functions associated with reflection groups

This is a survey paper concerning multi-variable special functions associated with finite reflection groups. The key tool is the algebra of differential-difference ("Dunkl") operators. The methods are illustrated for several important types of these groups. There is a brief treatment of a generating function with icosahedral symmetry.
Synthesis of 6-substituted pyrimidines by the wittig reaction. II . Via 2-acetamido-4-hydroxy-5-phenylbutylpyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde

Condensation of isopropyl 6-phenylhexanoate with ethyl diethoxyacetate followed by guanidine afforded 2 - amino-6-diethoxymethyl-5-phenylbutyl-4-pyrimidinol (VII). Acid hydrolysis of VII gave an excellent yield of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-5-phenylbutylpyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde (IV); the latter could be condensed with stabilized Wittig reagents such as carbethoxymethylene triphenyl phosphorane and cinnamylidene triphenyl phosphorane, but not unstabilized Wittig reagents such as carbethoxypropylene or cyano-propylene triphenyl phosphorane. Reduction of the Wittig products afforded pyrimidines with functionalized side-chains in the 6-position such as the 6-phenylbutyl (XVIII) and 6-carboxyethyl (XV) derivatives of 2-amino-5-phenylbutyl-4-pyrimidinol.
Ovarian pathology for the pediatric urologist.

Objectives To report the breadth of ovarian conditions that pediatric urologists may encounter through diverse referral patterns. Methods Two regional pediatric centers reviewed cases from 2000 to 2010, yielding 13 females with gonad-related conditions. Results Six of 13 patients (46%) were referred for a presumed urological condition that was later discovered to be of ovarian origin or were already known to the urology clinic for a congenital urological anomaly. Six patients had tumor markers drawn, all of which were normal. Median age was 11.2 years. The most common presenting symptoms were pain (6/13), emesis (5/13), and precocious puberty (2/13). Median mass diameter was 7.5 cm with 2 patients having masses greater than 20 cm. Histologic diagnosis was mature teratoma (4/13), streak gonad (3/13), and hemorrhagic cyst (2/13). Two patients had potentially malignant tumors (immature teratoma and juvenile granulosa cell tumor). Conclusions At our centers, an ovarian condition is encountered an average of 1.3 times per year. As management of pediatric ovarian cysts and masses is controversial, pediatric urologists should be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.
Heterologous expression of hexaheme fragments of a multidomain cytochrome from Geobacter sulfurreducens representing a novel class of cytochromes c.

Multiheme cytochromes c are of great interest for researchers for a variety of reasons but difficult to obtain in quantities sufficient for the majority of studies. The genome of δ-proteobacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens contains more than a hundred genes coding for c-type cytochromes. Three of them represent a new class of multiheme cytochromes characterized by a mixed type of heme coordination and multidomain organization. We cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli three hexaheme fragments corresponding to two-domain fragments of one such protein containing 12 heme binding motifs and believed to consist of four triheme domains. Despite high sequence similarity among the fragments, expression levels varied significantly. Expression was optimized either by host strain variation or by reducing the rate of apoprotein synthesis. All three fragments were purified by cation exchange followed by gel filtration and were shown to contain six covalently attached hemes as confirmed by mass spectrometry. Their visible spectra are typical of c-type cytochromes. One of the fragments was crystallized and its preliminary X-ray structure shows two separate domains.
Placing HPV Vaccination Within a Social Work Context: The Issue of Access to Care

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and the leading cause of cervical cancer. Consistent disparities in the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer for racial minorities and low-income women have been found. To date, there have been no articles written in a social work journal about HPV. This article presents an argument for including HPV under social work's purview and presents research findings that suggest access to the HPV vaccine, Gardasil®, may be difficult for financially vulnerable consumers. Recommendations for future interventions and research are offered.
The solution of the compressible Euler equations at low Mach numbers using a stabilized finite element algorithm

Abstract We present a streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) algorithm for the solution of the compressible Euler equations at low Mach numbers. The Euler equations are written in terms of entropy variables which result in Jacobian matrices which are symmetric. We note that, in the low Mach number limit, the SUPG method with the standard choices for the stabilization matrix fail to provide adequate stabilization. This results in a degradation of the solution accuracy. We propose a stabilization matrix which incorporates dimensional-scaling arguments and which exhibits the appropriate behavior for low Mach numbers. To guide in the derivation of the new stabilization matrix, the non-dimensionalized equations are transformed to a new set of variables that converge, when the characteristic Mach number tends to zero, to the incompressible velocity and pressure variables. The resulting algorithm is capable of accurately computing external flows with free stream Mach numbers as low as 10−3.
Rational and genus equivalence of forms

Let k be any finite extension of the rational field Q and D a given order of k. Consider the set of the full decomposable forms which correspond to the invertible fractional ideals of D. In an earlier paper the author studied partitioning this set under rational and genus equivalence when kQ was a normal extension with D invariant under its galois group. There it was shown that the set of rationally equivalent classes of such forms is a group under composition of forms, and similarly for the set of genera. The number of rationally equivalent classes of forms in each genus of forms was found to be a certain multiple of the index of the subgroup of global norms in the group of everywhere local norms of kQ. In this paper these results are proved in complete generality for any order D of an arbitrary number field k, using an idelic approach suggested to the author by recent work of Miyake on the theory of central extensions. For an invariant order D in a normal extension kQ, we exploit the Galois cohomology together with Miyake's results to say much more about the group structure induced by rational equivalence.
Observations on a slow burning regime for hydrocarbon droplets: n-Heptane/air results

Experiments on n-heptane/airdroplet combustion under reduced gravity have served as a benchmark for much of the existing theoretical efforts on the modeling of sphero-synmmetric droplet burning. New experiments conducted in the NASA-Lewis Research Center 2.2 second droptower (at less than 10 exp -5 g) which emphasize the production of sphero-symmetry and low relative droplet/gas convection produce burning rates in air (for about 1 mm droplets) as much as 40-percent lower than the classical result (0.78 sq mm/s). The burning rate is proportional to the measured droplet/gas relative velocity, and the observed functional dependence is much larger than predicted by published convective correlations. New results clearly indicate that the droplet/laboratory velocity does not correspond to the relative droplet/gas velocity. Thus, the convective effects on droplet combustion is not properly characterized by droplet motion alone. Differences in the burning rates are speculated to result from the effects of the accumulated soot as well as the asymmetry (caused by convection) in the temperature and species distributions surrounding the droplet.
College Students’ Alcohol-Related Problems: A Test of Competing Theories

This study examined binge drinking, drinking-driving, and other negative behaviors among college students. Specifically, this study tested the explanatory power of three criminological theories: self-control, social bonds, and routine activities. Data used in this research were collected from a survey of 558 students in a state university. Findings indicated that college students with low self-control were significantly more likely to engage in binge drinking, drinking-driving, and negative behaviors. Students who rarely participated in university-organized events or frequently attended parties were more likely to have problems of binge drinking, drinking-driving, and negative behaviors. Several control variables, such as gender and location of residence, were also predictive of alcohol-related problems among college students. Implications for future research are discussed.
Hydrogen isotope measurement of bird feather keratin, one laboratory's response to evolving methodologies

Hydrogen in organic tissue resides in a complex mixture of molecular contexts. Some hydrogen, called non-exchangeable (Hnon), is strongly bound, and its isotopic ratio is fixed when the tissue is synthesized. Other pools of hydrogen, called exchangeable hydrogen (Hex), constantly exchange with ambient water vapor. The measurement of the δ2Hnon in organic tissues such as hair or feather therefore requires an analytical process that accounts for exchangeable hydrogen. In this study, swan feather and sheep wool keratin were used to test the effects of sample drying and capsule closure on the measurement of δ2Hnon values, and the rate of back-reaction with ambient water vapor. Homogenous feather or wool keratins were also calibrated at room temperature for use as control standards to correct for the effects of exchangeable hydrogen on feathers. Total δ2H values of both feather and wool samples showed large changes throughout the first ∼6 h of drying. Desiccant plus low vacuum seems to be more effective than r...
If you teach them, they will learn: why medical education needs comparative effectiveness research

If you teach a medical student, can they learn? The answer may seem self-evident. After all, undergraduates don’t make it into medical school without demonstrating a remarkable capacity to learn and perform well on tests. So asking if medical students (or other health professionals and students) are capable of learning should be a superfluous question. Yet education researchers seem compelled to repeatedly ask this question. And surprisingly (or not), they repeatedly come up with the same answer. Figure 1 shows the results of over 750 studies, summarized from 4 separate metaanalyses (Cook et al. 2010a, 2008b, 2011a, McGaghie et al. 2011), comparing various forms of training with no intervention. For example, a meta-analysis of Internet-based education found 126 studies comparing training with no intervention (either a single-group pretest–posttest study, or a no-intervention comparison group; Cook et al. 2008b). Only 2 studies failed to favor the training group for outcomes of knowledge, and the average effect size was 1.0—which according to Cohen (1988) would be considered a large effect. Results were similarly large for outcomes of skills and behaviors. Another meta-analysis found similar results for computer-based virtual patients (Cook et al. 2010a). Most recently, two meta-analyses of simulation-based education confirmed similarly strong benefits, with effect sizes ranging 0.8–2.0 (Cook et al. 2011a; McGaghie et al. 2011). Moreover, these results held true across various learner subgroups (medical students, postgraduate physician trainees, physicians, nurses and nursing students, and others), study designs (there were over 150 randomized trials), and multiple other subgroup analyses. Only when actual impact on patients was considered was a lower effect size noted, and then it was still a moderately-large 0.50. Even after adjusting for possible publication bias
The police budget crunch: Problem or opportunity

Local police agencies are in a fiscal crisis prompted by inflation on one hand and citizen tax revolt on the other. However, there is opportunity inherent in the budget crunch. It provides local government and police administrators with unprecedent political leverage to cut budgets in a manner where highly productive programs are retained while the unproductive ones are deleted. To this end the essay discusses avenues, drawn from recent police scholarships, for using budgetary retrenchment as means for substantive police reform.
A Numerical Study on Comparing the Active and Passive Cooling of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

In this paper, the power density capability of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) made on Si, SiC, and diamond substrates were compared with devices on Si and SiC with integrated microchannel cooling. A device temperature limit of 200 °C was used to define the power density. The numerical model accounts for heat transfer from channel of the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs to the heat sink, fluid flow rates, pressure drop, and pumping power required for liquid cooling. The diamond substrate was shown to be superior in reducing the junction temperatures in conventional passive cooling methods employing high thermal conductivity substrates. However, single-phase liquid cooling with microchannels integrated into a SiC substrate showed that it is possible to operate the devices at power densities higher than that on 200- $\mu $ m-thick diamond substrates, considering a maximum operational temperature of 200 °C. Microchannels integrated into the Si substrate also showed a slight increase in the power density compared with passively cooled devices on SiC. Overall, this methodology shows a promising alternative to expensive high thermal conductivity substrates for cooling AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Endovascular and Surgical Options for Ruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Review of the Literature

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms are common entities, and those of the bifurcation are the most frequently encountered sublocation of MCA aneurysm. MCA bifurcation (MBIF) aneurysms commonly present with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), are devastating, and are often lethal. At the present time, the treatment of ruptured MBIF aneurysms entails either endovascular or open microneurosurgical methods to permanently secure the aneurysm(s). The purpose of this report is to review the current available data regarding the relative superiority of endovascular versus open microneurosurgical clipping for the treatment of ruptured middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms.
Graduate Social Work Students’ Experiences with Group Work in the Field and the Classroom

For decades, group work scholars have described a discrepancy between student preparation for group work practice and opportunities to work with groups in the field practicum and professional practice. Educators in related disciplines such as counseling and psychology have expressed similar concerns. This article reports findings of a study of MSW students in a program that includes a practice methods specialization in group work. The purpose was to determine the prevalence of group assignments among all students regardless of their method specialization. A majority of all respondents reported substantial opportunities to practice group work and receive appropriate supervision. Opportunities for majors in group work were significantly greater than for their non-group work counterparts. However, a majority of all students did not feel classes prepared them for group practice. Findings suggest social work must renew its commitment to preparing all students for this practice modality.
Trials that matter: liquid-based cervical cytology: disadvantages seem to outweigh advantages.

Among more than 45 000 women randomly assigned to conventional or liquid-based cervical cytology, the frequency of false-negative results was the same for both methods, but liquid-based cytology ha...
High-pressure phase transition in BaSe

A new high-pressure phase transition in BaSe has been found to occur at a pressure of 60 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2 kbar using both direct visual and x-ray-diffraction high-pressure techniques. The phase transition, from a $\mathrm{NaCl}(B1)$ to the $\mathrm{CsCl}(B2)$ structure, has an associated volume decrease of 13.9% and produces a color change in the specimen from yellow to a deep red.
Achieving Teamwork: Linking Watershed Planning and Coastal Zone Management in the Great Lakes

A common challenge within coastal management is how to best integrate watershed planning into regional efforts intended to address critical coastal issues, especially those related to water resources and water quality. To examine this challenge two case studies of watershed planning efforts from the coastal environ of Lake Erie have been selected for comparative review. The preparation of a watershed restoration plan for the Maumee Area of Concern (AOC) in northwest Ohio required the assessment of coastal management measures for the Lake Erie portion of the watershed. For the Long Point region, Ontario, on the north shore of Lake Erie, separate planning initiatives for coastal management and watershed planning have evolved over the last two decades. However, what are the best means to ensure that efforts to address water resources are linked between the often focused but distinct planning approaches for coastal and watershed areas within a common management regime? Can a more effective and efficient plann...
“There's a Spirit That Transcends the Border”: Faith, Ritual, and Postnational Protest at the U.S.-Mexico Border

Religion is increasingly moving beyond private confines to public venues, where it challenges and informs public morality and civil society. This article focuses on the Posada Sin Fronteras, an annual politi- cal and religious-informed event that calls attention to the rising death toll at the U.S.-Mexico border caused by changes in U.S. border enforcement policies. Based on ethnographic data and on-the-spot interviews with par- ticipants at the event, this article analyzes the Posada as a collective ritual and examines the meanings it holds for its varied participants. The crisis in U.S. immigration and border enforcement policies, and the cultural influ- ences brought about by Mexican and, to lesser extent, Central American immigration provide the conditions for the Posada. Interfaith religious morality allows for the adoption of Mexican and Catholic cultural forms by diverse groups, including people who are of neither Mexican nor Catholic heritage. We refer to this process as "religio-ethnic cultural expansion," and we suggest that religious discourse of Christian kinship, unity, and shared humanity constitute one of the key forces animating the post- national challenge to nation-state border and citizenship policies. It's a Saturday afternoon, about ten days before Christmas, and several hundred people have gathered at a desolate spot in San Ysidro, California, where the fence dividing the United States from Mexico extends into the Pacific Ocean. This is one of the few places in the San Diego area, a woman tells us, where you can actually see through the chain-link fence to other side. If your hands are small, you can stick your wrists through to touch people on the other side, as we'll do later that evening as part of the ceremony. In other areas, thick air landing mats from the Gulf War now block visual and human access. We're here for the annual Posada Sin Fronteras, an interfaith, predominantly
A pharmacokinetic study of phenobarbital in mature horses after oral dosing.

Ravis, W.R., Duran, S.H., Pedersoli, W.M. & Schumacher, J. A pharmacokinetic study of phenobarbital in mature horses after oral dosing. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.10, 283–289. The pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital were determined in six mature horses after a single oral dose. Horses were administered a 5.5 mg/kg of body weight oral dose of phenobarbital tablets. Based on the combined evaluation of i.v. and oral results, phenobarbital displayed two-compartment pharmacokinetics in the horse with a terminal half-life of 19.0 ± 4.4 (mean ± SD) h. This half-life is considerably shorter than those reported for dogs and humans. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss/F) and the total body clearance (Cl1/F) of phenobarbital were 0.753 ± 0.115 1/kg and 27.9 ± 9.2 ml/h/kg, respectively. The average extent of oral absorption was 101% with a range of 76 to 124% among the six horses. Examination of the absorption kinetics demonstrated a biphasic absorption process in four horses with a rapid absorption followed by a slower absorption phase. The mean residence time (MRT) was 36.9 ± 4.1 h and the mean residence time for oral absorption (MRTabs) was 11.3 h. Based on the results of the present study, an oral dosing regimen of 11 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h can be recommended.
Hypothalamic Suppression Decreases Bone Strength Before and After Puberty in a Rat Model

The incidence of menstrual irregularities, both primary and secondary amenorrhea, has been reported to be as high as 60%, with the highest incidence in younger athletes, suggesting possible adverse effects on bone development. It was hypothesized that in a rat model, suppressed hypothalamic activity via a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-a) before onset of puberty would result in a relatively larger bone strength deficit compared with suppression after puberty. Hypothalamic suppression was achieved by providing GnRH injections. Animals received injections for 25 days either before puberty (pre group) (age 23-46 days) or after puberty (post group) (age 65-90 days). Body weights and uterine weights were measured. Serum estradiol was assayed. Mechanical strength of the right femora and histomorphometry of the left femur were measured. Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was confirmed by significant atrophy of uterine tissue and suppressed estradiol levels. The peak moment was significantly lower in the pre and post GnRH-a groups compared with control. The percentage difference of the average peak moment and stiffness values from the respective age-matched control groups yielded a greater percentage difference in the pre group. The cortical area was less in the GnRH-a-treated groups, but no significant difference between the relative deficits between pre and post groups were found. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis suppression before puberty resulted in a significantly larger deficit in mechanical strength compared with postpubertal animals. The time before puberty may represent a time when skeletal strength is more compromised. Women experience both primary and secondary amenorrhea; however, the treatment may need to be different for each condition.
Characterization of an IL-6-like molecule from an echinoderm (Asterias forbesi).

Abstract Our previous studies have demonstrated the presence of two of the three vertebrate inflammatory cytokines in invertebrates, namely, interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). We studied the coelomic fluid of the echinoderm, Asterias forbesi , to determine whether it contained the third inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. Coelomic fluids were concentrated and then fractionated by a combination of gel sieve chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The M r observed for the invertebrate IL-6-like molecule was ≈30 000 and the pI was 5.5. Western blot analysis using a polyclonal rabbit antiserum to human IL-6 detected a band at ≈30 000 Da. The invertebrate IL-6 was inhibited by an antiserum to human IL-6 when used in the B9 assay. Finally, the coelomocytes were found to be capable of releasing the IL-6-like molecule as early as 12 h following stimulation by LPS. These results, together with our other data, show that echinoderms possess correlates of all three vertebrate inflammatory cytokines.
Surgeon volume as an indicator of outcomes after carotid endarterectomy: an effect independent of specialty practice and hospital volume.

Abstract Background High-volume hospitals have been shown to have superior outcomes after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), but the contribution of surgeon volume and specialty practice to CEA outcomes in a national sample is unknown. Study design Using the National Inpatient Sample for 1996 and 1997, 35,821 patients who underwent CEA (ICD-9-CM code 3812) and had data for unique surgeon identification were studied. Surgeons were categorized in terms of annual CEA volume as low-volume surgeons ( 4 days) were the primary outcomes variables. Unadjusted and case-mix adjusted analyses were performed. Results The overall in-hospital mortality was 0.61%. CEA was performed annually by high-volume surgeons in 52% of patients, by medium-volume surgeons in 30% of patients, and by low-volume surgeons in 18% of patients. Observed mortality by surgeon volume was 0.44% for high-volume surgeons, 0.63% for medium-volume surgeons, and 1.1% for low-volume surgeons (p 65 years (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1, p=0.001), low-volume surgeon (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.5, p Conclusions More than 50% of the CEAs in the United States are performed by high-volume surgeons with superior outcomes. Health policy efforts should focus on reducing the number of low-volume surgeons, regardless of surgeon specialty or total hospital CEA volume.
Robust controller design with general criteria for uncertain conic nonlinear systems with disturbances

A robust state feedback scheme is proposed to control a large class of continuous-time uncertain nonlinear systems with locally conic type nonlinearities and driven by finite energy disturbances. It is assumed that there is also uncertainty regarding the center and the boundary of the cone in which the nonlinearity resides in order to allow the robust control of systems whose models contain a higher degree of uncertainty. Results are presented for various performance criteria using linear matrix inequalities. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Tumor blood-flow changes following protoporphyrin IX-based photodynamic therapy in mice and humans

The effects of aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) on tumor blood flow are controversial. This study examines the effects of ALA and Photofrin-based PDT on blood flow of Colon-26 tumors implanted in mice as well as the effects of ALA-based PDT on blood flow of human colorectal carcinomas and a carcinoid tumor in situ. Tumors are implanted in both flanks of mice. One tumor of each animal serves as a control. Blood flow is measured using a laser Doppler method. Tumor blood flow in mice not receiving a photosensitizer but treated with three different light fluences (50, 100 and 150 J/cm2) does not differ significantly from blood flow in the untreated tumor in the opposite flank. PDT after ALA administration using the three different light fluences does not significantly affect blood flow. In contrast, PDT after Photofrin administration causes a significant decrease in tumor blood flow with each light fluence, but this change is not as dramatic as reported in other studies. In contrast to mice, six patients who receive ALA prior to surgery all show a decrease in blood flow (mean = 51.8%, p < 0.001) after PDT using 100 J/cm2. Comparison with other published results suggests that it is likely that flow measurement by the laser Doppler method underestimates the effects of PDT on tumor blood flow due to the depth of laser penetration. Nevertheless, the present observations on blood flow suggest that the effects of ALA-based PDT on adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum as well as an intra-abdominal carcinoid tumor in humans are more pronounced than would be predicated by some animal studies.
STUDIES UPON THE ETIOLOGY OF DENGUE FEVER : II. CULTIVATION AND NATURE OF THE VIRUS.

We have described the cultivation of a minute organism, upon the special media devised by Noguchi for growing spirochetal organisms, that gives rise to pyrexial and leucocytic reactions in the guinea pig. The reaction in the animal following the injection of culture filtrate is identical with that induced by the inoculation of human dengue blood. While it is possible, it is hardly probable that the infection of animals with cultures of this microorganism several generations removed from the original is due to a mechanically transferred virus with which the visible microorganism cultivated became accidentally associated. Furthermore, it is unlikely that such a virus would remain viable and be carried over to subcultures in sufficient numbers to infect the animal. The microorganisms appear in culture as globoid bodies measuring from 0.1 to 0.3micro in diameter and are arranged singly, in pairs, and in short chains. They readily pass through the Berkefeld filter (N and V) and the filtrate gives rise to a characteristic reaction in the inoculated guinea pig. The filtrate yields in subplants the same globoid bodies of the original culture. Initial cultures have been obtained directly from the blood of the human case as well as from the blood of guinea pigs reacting to the human material. However, only early generations retain the degree of virulence necessary to cause the experimental reaction, the culture of remote generation failing to infect. As far as known this minute organism has characters in common with the globoid bodies of Flexner and Noguchi obtained from cases of poliomyelitis. In plasma semisolid medium the striking feature indicative of growth is colonization, which in itself serves to differentiate the opalescence of the medium occasioned by disintegration of the contained tissue. As regards the presence of spirochetal organisms in the blood of dengue fever, we may state that examination was made of the material from human cases and from. a large number of inoculated animals. Despite the most careful search with the dark-field microscope and repeated examinations of blood specimens stained by the best methods, we have been unable to find any demonstrable spiral organism in the blood of dengue patients or in the experimentally inoculated animal. The minute organism herein described is frequently present in cultures of the blood of human dengue and of animals inoculated with dengue material. The inoculation of the culture into guinea pigs produces a response comparable to that occurring in the human case, and that induced by the injection of human dengue blood in guinea pigs. While we are of the opinion that the anaerobic globular bodies described may bear etiological relationship to dengue, we realize that further proof and confirmation of our work are required to establish the connection.
A robust procedure for comparing several means under heteroscedasticity and nonnormality

By applying Tiku's MML robust procedure to Brown and Forsythe's (1974) statistic, this paper derives a robust and more powerful procedure for comparing several means under hetero-scedasticity and nonnormality. Some Monte Carlo studies indicate clearly that among five nonnormal distributions, except for the uniform distribution, the new test is more powerful than the Brown and Forsythe test under nonnormal distributions in all cases investigated and has substantially the same power as the Brown and Forsythe test under normal distribution.
Protecting future generations through immunization against hepatitis B.

As suggested by the papers by McMahon and Ni and coworkers in this issue, expanding the cohorts of children immunized as infants and decreasing the number of hepatitis B e antigen–positive persons ...
Failure of high fat diets to promote mammary cancers in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Rat strains differ in their susceptibilities to chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis. The present study tested the hypothesis that the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain is resistant to mammary carcinogenesis. Resistance would imply the presence of the mammary carcinoma suppressor (MCS) gene. Therefore, we also wanted to test the ability of this gene to inhibit mammary tumor promotion in the presence of high fat diets. Female SHRs were treated with DMBA (5 mg/rat) at 50 days of age and transferred to either a 20% corn oil or 19% menhaden oil + 1% corn oil diet one week later. At 17 weeks post-DMBA none of the rats in either group developed mammary carcinomas. Multiple palpable nodules formed in the mammary gland indicating that initiation had occurred. We conclude that the SHR strain is genetically resistant to DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis by mechanisms involving a blockade of promotion.
Morphometric observations of the effects of normothermic ischemic arrest on dog myocardial ultrastructure

Abstract The design of the experiment was to examine, using stereological techniques, ultrastructural changes in the left ventricular myocardium of dog hearts exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass with normothermic ischemic arrest. Normothermic ischemic arrest was induced in dogs by cross-clamping the aorta proximal to the brachiocephalic artery for 1 h, after which the hearts were perfused with fixative. For control purposes after achieving cardiopulmonary bypass, the aortas of dogs were cross-clamped proximal to the brachiocephalic artery, and the hearts were immediately perfused with fixative. Normothermic ischemic arrest was associated with a loss of glycogen stores, disrupted sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules, and vacuolization and decrease in matrix density of mitochondria. Stereological measurements showed that the percent volume of myofibrils, mitochondria, T-system, and SR declined significantly following normothermic ischemic arrest. It was also found that although the membrane area of SR and T-system per unit myofibrillar volume remained constant in controls and ischemic hearts, that the membrane area of SR per unit SR volume and the membrane area of the T-system per unit volume of T-system significantly increased in ischemic hearts suggesting vesiculation of these organelles.
230Th/238U and226Ra/230Th fractionation in young basaltic glasses from the East Pacific Rise

Abstract Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses treated to remove manganese and iron oxyhydroxide coatings containing U and Th decay chain nuclides sequestered from the ambient aqueous environment show little fractionation of ( 230 Th) from ( 238 U), but extensive enrichment of ( 226 Ra) over ( 230 Th). Chronometry based on ( 230 Th)-( 238 U) disequilibrium yields a mean age of 151,000 ± 55,000 (2σ) years ago for Th—U fractionation, from a source region with Th/U (atom ratio) = 1.58 ± 0.43 (2σ) . ( 226 Ra) excesses over ( 230 Th) indicate an enrichment event more recent than the fractionation of Th from U. ( 226 Ra/ 230 Th) correlates well with K/U, providing a rough means of estimating the age since eruption of MORB glasses.
Protein interactions and subcellular localization in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility.

The recent identification of several proteins playing key roles in S -RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility has led both to a greater understanding of the molecular biology of this response, as well as to questions regarding the precise mechanism by which compatible pollen tubes are recognized and accepted. A proposed variant SCF SLF (where SCF is SSK1/cullin/F-box and SLF is S -locus F-box) ubiquitin ligase complex is thought to play a central role in recognizing and inhibiting non-self S -RNases, but the exact role of ubiquitination remains unclear. How the possible sequestration of non-self S -RNases in a pollen vacuolar compartment can be reconciled with the need for protein interaction between S -RNase and the SCF SLF complex needs to be determined. Current work to answer these questions focuses on more precisely defining quantitative protein interactions and subcellular localization of proteins involved in S -RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility.
Carnitine and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Induce Protein Synthesis in Porcine Primary Osteoblast-Like Cells

Age-related bone loss eventually leads to osteopenia in men and women. The etiology of age-related bone loss is currently unknown; however, decreased osteoblast activity contributes to this phenomenon. In turn, osteoblast proliferation and function is dependent on energy production, thus the loss of energy production that occurs with age may account for the deficient osteoblast activity. Carnitine and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), both of which decline with age, promote energy production through fatty acid metabolism. Thus, we hypothesized that carnitine and DHEAS would increase osteoblast activity in vitro. Accordingly, we measured the effect of carnitine and DHEAS on palmitic acid oxidation as a measure of energy production, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and collagen type I (COL) as indices of osteoblast function in primary porcine osteoblast-like cell cultures. Carnitine (10(-3) and 10(-1) M) but not DHEAS (10(-9), 10(-8), and 10(-7) M) increased carnitine levels within the cells. Carnitine alone and in combination with DHEAS increased palmitic acid oxidation. Both carnitine and DHEAS alone and in an additive fashion increased ALP activity and COL levels. These results demonstrate that in osteoblast-like cells in vitro, energy production can be increased by carnitine and osteoblast protein production can be increased by both carnitine and DHEAS. These data suggest that carnitine and DHEAS supplementation in the elderly may stimulate osteoblast activity and decrease age-related bone loss.
Assessment of planning, translating, and revising in junior high writers

This article serves three functions: (a) to provide school psychologists with an overview of what is currently known about the cognitive skills in writing, (b) to report the results of a theory-driven experiment that yielded means and standard deviations for planning, translating, and reviewing/revising which school psychologists could use in group screening or individual psychoeducational assessment, and (c) to review the literature on interventions for deficits in cognitive processes related to writing. The importance of using gender norms in writing assessment is emphasized. Significant gender differences were found in planning, translating, and revising, but they disappeared for quality of translating and revising at the text level when number of words, an index of compositional fluency, was used as a covariate. Boys were inferior to girls in compositional fluency (rate of producing text) but not compositional quality (based on content and text organization).
Image memorability and visual inception

When glancing at a magazine, or browsing the Internet, we are continuously being exposed to photographs. However, not all images are equal in memory; some stitch to our minds, while others are forgotten. In this paper we discuss the notion of image memorability and the elements that make it memorable. Our recent works have shown that image memorability is a stable and intrinsic property of images that is shared across different viewers. Given that this is the case, we discuss the possibility of modifying the memorability of images by identifying the memorability of image regions. Further, we introduce and provide evidence for the phenomenon of visual inception: can we make people believe they have seen an image they have not?
THE SENSIBILITY OF THE NOCTURNAL LONG-EARED OWL IN THE SPECTRUM.

Infrared radiation (750–1500 mµ) produces no iris contraction in the typically nocturnal long-eared owl even when the energy content is millions of times greater than that of green light which easily elicits a pupil change. The energies in different parts of the visible spectrum required for a minimal iris response yield a spectral visibility curve for the owl which is the same as the human visibility curve at low light intensities. Functionally, the owl's vision thus corresponds to the predominantly rod structure of its retina, and the idea that nocturnal owls have a special type of vision sensitive to infrared radiation for seeing in the woods at night is erroneous.
A short-duration dark adaptation protocol for assessment of age-related maculopathy

Dark adaptometry may be a useful diagnostic test and clinical trial endpoint for age-related maculopathy (ARM) because impaired night vision is a hallmark of early ARM. A novel dark adaptometer, the AdaptDx, was evaluated for the detection of ARM. The AdaptDx incorporates a 20-minute protocol optimized for the detection of ARM. ARM patients (N = 17) exhibited substantial dark adaptation impairment compared with normal adults (N = 17). The diagnostic sensitivity was 88% and the specificity was 100%. The diagnostic test characteristics of the AdaptDx are similar to previously reported studies using 60- to 120-minute protocols.
Metastasis Suppression: The Evolving Role of Metastasis Suppressor Genes for Regulating Cancer Cell Growth at the Secondary Site

ABSTRACTPurpose: The prevention and treatment of prostate cancer metastasis continue to provide a significant clinical challenge. Identification of the rate limiting steps of metastasis and their underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to new therapeutic targets and also allow more accurate risk stratification for clinical metastases. We review the literature supporting growth of disseminated tumor cells at the secondary site as a key rate limiting step in metastasis. We also reviewed the definition, identification and characterization of metastasis suppressor genes, and discuss their evolving role in regulating this step.Materials and Methods: We performed MEDLINE searches and manual bibliographic reviews on the specific steps of metastasis, including growth at the secondary site. In addition, we performed a comprehensive literature review to identify genes fitting the classic definition of a metastasis suppressor gene. The literature was also searched to assess the status of each gene in clinical cance...
Defects in semiconductors and their effects on devices

The classification of defects in semiconductors and their electronic properties are discussed. The sources of dislocations in bulk crystals and defects in epitaxial layers have been identified. Some of the approaches used to lower the density of dislocations in crystals and layers are presented. Effects of defects on devices are also considered.
Intellectual Portrait Gallery: Augusto Fauni Expiritu’s "Five Faces of Exile"

Espiritu writes a book which may be described as a “collective intellectual biography” of five figures in Philippine letters whose lives and texts were influenced by their expatriation in America: Carlos P. Romulo, Carlos Bulosan, Jose Garcia Villa, N.V.M. Gonzalez, and Bienvenido Santos. With a biographer’s touch, Espiritu identifies the themes that are more or less common and played out differently among them: performativity, ambivalence, nationalism in their selfrepresentation, cultural hybridity, and patronage relations—leading to what may be called a genuine “transnational” perspective for Asian American intellectual history. However, his use of other big terms such as “exile,” “nation,” “Filipino” and “Filipino-American,” and “intellectual” raises questions and provokes discussions that may yet inform our reading of these critical biographies.
Analytical Method for Determination of Trace Organics in Gas Samples Collected by Canister

Developpement d'une methode analytique comprenant une chromatographie gazeuse et un spectrometre de masse pour l'analyse de routine d'echantillons d'air collectes dans des cartouches. On a obtenu des limites de detection de l'ordre des ppb pour un certain nombre de composes cible
EFFECTS OF OFFICE INTERIOR COLOR ON WORKERS' MOOD AND PRODUCTIVITY

The experiment was designed to examine the effects of a red versus a blue office environment on a typing task and mood. Empirical evidence in this area is sparse, but the prevailing view is that “w...
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition modifies left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in pigs.

Abstract Background: Global and regional shape changes that occur within the left ventricular wall after myocardial infarction have been termed infarct expansion . A potential mechanism for this postinfarction remodeling is activation of the matrix metalloproteinases. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on left ventricular global geometry after myocardial infarction in pigs. Methods: Myocardial infarction was created in pigs by means of occlusion of the first and second obtuse marginal branches of the circumflex coronary artery, resulting in a uniform left ventricular free wall infarct size of 21% ± 2%. At 5 days after infarction, the pigs were randomized to undergo broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibition (n = 9; PD166793, 20 mg · kg −1 · d −1 by mouth) or myocardial infarction alone (n = 8). Ten pigs served as noninfarction control animals. Left ventricular end-diastolic area, determined by means of echocardiography, was measured 8 weeks after infarction. Results: Left ventricular end-diastolic area increased in both the myocardial infarction plus broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibition and myocardial infarction only groups compared to reference control animals (3.7 ± 0.2 cm 2 ), but was reduced with broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibition compared to myocardial infarction alone (4.5 ± 0.2 vs 4.9 ± 0.2 cm 2 , respectively; P 2 ), but was attenuated in the myocardial infarction plus broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibition group compared to the myocardial infarction alone group (663 ± 108 vs 1242 ± 251 g/cm 2 , respectively; P P P Conclusions: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduced postinfarction left ventricular dilation, reduced regional myocardial wall stress, and modified myocardial material properties. These unique findings suggest that increased myocardial matrix metalloproteinase activation after infarction contributes directly to the left ventricular remodeling process. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:602-10