cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Priority Assignment Under Imperfect Information on Customer Type Identities

In many service systems, customers are not served in the order they arrive, but according to a priority scheme that ranks them with respect to their relative “importance.” However, it may not be an easy task to determine the importance level of customers, especially when decisions need to be made under limited information. A typical example is from health care: When triage nurses classify patients into different priority groups, they must promptly determine each patient's criticality levels with only partial information on their conditions. We consider such a service system where customers are from one of two possible types. The service time and waiting cost for a customer depends on the customer's type. Customers' type identities are not directly available to the service provider; however, each customer provides a signal, which is an imperfect indicator of the customer's identity. The service provider uses these signals to determine priority levels for the customers with the objective of minimizing the long-run average waiting cost. In most of the paper, each customer's signal equals the probability that the customer belongs to the type that should have a higher priority and customers incur waiting costs that are linear in time. We first show that increasing the number of priority classes decreases costs, and the policy that gives the highest priority to the customer with the highest signal outperforms any finite class priority policy. We then focus on two-class priority policies and investigate how the optimal policy changes with the system load. We also investigate the properties of “good” signals and find that signals that are larger in convex ordering are more preferable. In a simulation study, we find that when the waiting cost functions are nondecreasing, quadratic, and convex, the policy that assigns the highest priority to the customer with the highest signal performs poorly while the two-class priority policy and an extension of the generalized cμ rule perform well.
Report: seminar on the integrated development and management of coastal areas: A pilot experience

Abstract In 1974 a group of experts on coastal development assembled for a meeting at the United Nations Headquarters. The result of this meeting was the initiation of a program on coastal area development and management to be directed by the UN/ Ocean Economics and Technology Branch (OETB). The program consisted of a number of interregional, regional, and subregional activities to be implemented in four coastal regions. One program component was a national seminar on coastal management convened in 1981 at Guayaquil at the request of the government of Ecuador. The seminar was jointly organized by the government of Ecuador and the United Nations with the Department of Technical Cooperation for Development (DTCD) as the lead agency and the UNOETB providing substantive support. The national counterpart was the Ecuadorian Navy. This article provides a chronology and the highlights of the Ecuadorian project. The success of this initiative should be of value to those countries and international assistance organ...
Desmoplakin Is Required Early in Development for Assembly of Desmosomes and Cytoskeletal Linkage

Desmosomes first assemble in the E3.5 mouse trophectoderm, concomitant with establishment of epithelial polarity and appearance of a blastocoel cavity. Throughout development, they increase in size and number and are especially abundant in epidermis and heart muscle. Desmosomes mediate cell–cell adhesion through desmosomal cadherins, which differ from classical cadherins in their attachments to intermediate filaments (IFs), rather than actin filaments. Of the proteins implicated in making this IF connection, only desmoplakin (DP) is both exclusive to and ubiquitous among desmosomes. To explore its function and importance to tissue integrity, we ablated the desmoplakin gene. Homozygous −/− mutant embryos proceeded through implantation, but did not survive beyond E6.5. Mutant embryos proceeded through implantation, but did not survive beyond E6.5. Surprisingly, analysis of these embryos revealed a critical role for desmoplakin not only in anchoring IFs to desmosomes, but also in desmosome assembly and/or stabilization. This finding not only unveiled a new function for desmoplakin, but also provided the first opportunity to explore desmosome function during embryogenesis. While a blastocoel cavity formed and epithelial cell polarity was at least partially established in the DP (−/−) embryos, the paucity of desmosomal cell–cell junctions severely affected the modeling of tissue architecture and shaping of the early embryo.
Reporting of Postoperative Pain Management Protocols in Randomized Clinical Trials of Mandibular Fracture Repair: A Systematic Review.

Importance The control of pain associated with mandibular fractures is an important treatment outcome that affects function, adherence to treatment regimens, and patient comfort and satisfaction. Objective To explore the pain management protocols reported in studies of mandibular fractures, including the reporting of quality-of-life measures. Evidence Review PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomized clinical trials published from 1970 to July 2014. We followed PRISMA reporting standards to assess study eligibility and extract data. Studies of patients older than 16 years who underwent operative mandibular fracture management were included. The primary data collected included the type of analgesic prescribed, associated adverse effects of the analgesic, method of pain assessment, and use of quality-of-life measures. A pain attentiveness score was assigned to studies based on the comprehensiveness of the information reported. Several variables were reviewed to determine the factors that predict reporting of pain-related data. Assessments of risk for bias were performed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s domain-based evaluation method. Findings The initial search identified 111 articles, of which 38 met inclusion criteria. Among the 38 reviewed articles, there were 38 trials and 1808 unique patients represented. Among the 38 articles, the procedures reported included maxillomandibular fixation only in 6 (16%), open reduction with internal fixation only in 20 (53%), and both in 12 (32%). Specific analgesics prescribed were reported in only 5 of the 38 studies (13%), and 3 of these used a combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen (paracetamol). Thirteen studies (34%) reported pain assessments and 5 (13%) included quality-of-life measures. Geographic region was the only variable that predicted pain attentiveness, with studies from Europe (3 of 11 studies [27%]) and Asia (6 of 16 studies [38%]) most likely to have a high pain attentiveness score. A low rating was least common in the United States (2 of 5 studies [40%]) ( P = .047, Fisher exact test). Most of the studies had unclear (n = 27) or high (n = 6) risks for bias in the key domains assessed. Conclusions and Relevance Pain management is a neglected outcome in randomized clinical trials of mandibular trauma; most studies did not describe the specific analgesics used. Many randomized clinical trials (13 [34%]) assessed pain levels among patients without providing information about the agents prescribed. The incorporation of validated pain measures and quality-of-life scores in future studies of mandibular trauma would focus attention on this key outcome measure.
Proficiency Testing in Clinical Toxicology: Program Sponsored by the Center for Disease Control

Efforts by the Center for Disease Control to monitor and Improve laboratory performance Include proficiency testing of toxicology laboratories In the areas of drugs of abuse, drug overdose and therapeutic monitoring, blood lead, and environmental poisoning. Over 1,600 laboratories participate in these programs, the Intent of which is to assist laboratories In identifying possible performance problems and to provide the subsequent Input necessary to Improve the quality of their performance.
The Responses of Rare and Common Trilliums (Trillium reliquum, T. cuneatum, and T. maculatum) to Deer Herbivory and Invasive Honeysuckle Removal

Abstract Assessing the factors that may contribute to rarity in flowering plants is important in preserving biodiversity. One method of examining these factors is through comparisons of rare species to more common congeners. While these studies are fairly common, most focus on comparisons of intrinsic factors, such as growth and dispersal rates and other physical attributes. In contrast, this study examined the effects of extrinsic factors, specifically herbivory by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and competition with an invasive vine, Lonicera japonica, on a rare forest herb, Trillium reliquum and its more common congeners, Trillium maculatum and Trillium cuneatum. We used a factorial design involving deer exclusion and honeysuckle removal to determine effects on relative growth of rare and common trilliums. We found that a common trillium was more susceptible to herbivory than T. reliquum in one of the three sites with a similar trend in a second site and no effect in the third. Deer also sig...
A Mathematical Model of Prediction-Driven Instability: How Social Structure Can Drive Language Change

I discuss a stochastic model of language learning and change. During a syntactic change, each speaker makes use of constructions from two different idealized grammars at variable rates. The model incorporates regularization in that speakers have a slight preference for using the dominant idealized grammar. It also includes incrementation: The population is divided into two interacting generations. Children can detect correlations between age and speech. They then predict where the population's language is moving and speak according to that prediction, which represents a social force encouraging children not to sound out-dated. Both regularization and incrementation turn out to be necessary for spontaneous language change to occur on a reasonable time scale and run to completion monotonically. Chance correlation between age and speech may be amplified by these social forces, eventually leading to a syntactic change through prediction-driven instability.
Minimizability of random Boolean functions

The average number of prime k-cubes and essential k-cubes in an n-variable, single-output Boolean function has already been obtained combinationally. The authors show how the same quantities can be obtained geometrically, using the theory of random clumping and take an initial step in calculating, for k-cubes in the minimized form of a function. The authors compare their results to minimizations produced by ESPRESSO and a cruder algorithm. >
Variable-field permanent-magnet quadrupole for the SSC

A set of compact variable-field permanent-magnet quadrupoles have been designed, fabricated, and tested for use in the SSC linac matching section. The quadrupoles have 24 mm-diameter apertures and 40 mm-long poles. The hybrid (permanent-magnet and iron) design, uses a fixed core of magnet material (NdFeB) and iron (C-1006) surrounded by a rotating ring of the same magnet material and iron. The quadrupole gradient-length product can be smoothly varied from a minimum of 0.7 T up to a maximum, of 4.3 T by a 90/spl deg/ rotation of the outer ring of iron and magnet material. >
Neural stem/progenitor cells react to non-glial cns neoplasms

It is well established that the normal human brain contains populations of neural stem/progenitor cells. Recent studies suggest that they migrate toward a variety of CNS tissue injuries. In an investigation of the potential role of neural stem cells in the pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphomas (NHL-CNS), we observed that neural stem/progenitor cells appeared to accumulate at the border of the tumors with the brain and in the advancing edge of the tumors, in a pattern similar to that seen with reactive gliosis. We identified neural stem/progenitor cells using standard immunohistochemical markers thereof, including CD133, nestin, Group II Beta-tubulin, Musashi1, and the transcription factor Sox2, in neurosurgically obtained specimens of NHL-CNS metastatic carcinoma , and metastatic melanoma . We had similar results with each of these markers but found that Sox2 antibodies provided the clearest and most robust labeling of the cells at the borders of these non-glial tumors. To exclude that the immunoreactive cells were actually neoplastic, double-label immunohistochemistry for Sox2 and CD20 (for NHL-CNS), Sox2 and cytokeratin (CAM5.2, for carcinomas), or Sox2 and HMB45 (for melanomas) showed that in each tumor type, Sox2-immunoreactive cells adjacent to and among the tumor cells were separate from neoplastic cells. Sox2/GFAP double-labeling revealed a consistent pattern of Sox2 immunopositivity both in reactive GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes and in GFAP-negative cells, at the interface of tumor and non-neoplastic brain. These results suggest that neural stem/progenitor cells migrate to non-glial neoplasms in the CNS, are a source of reactive astrocytes, and that Sox2 is a reliable immunohistochemical marker for these cells.
Pure Moment Testing for Spinal Biomechanics Applications: Fixed Versus 3D Floating Ring Cable-Driven Test Designs

For spine biomechanical tests, the cable-driven system in particular has been widely used to apply pure bending moments. The advantages to pure moment testing lie in its consistency as an accepted standard protocol across previous literature and its ability to ensure uniform loading across all levels of the spinal column. Of the methods used for pure moment testing, cable-driven set-ups are popular due to their low requirements and simple design. Crawford et al [1] were the first to employ this method, but prior work by our group indicated a discrepancy between applied and intended moment for this system in flexion-extension only [2]. We hypothesize that this discrepancy can be observed in other bending modes and minimized with a second-generation floating ring design to eliminate off-axis loads.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Weyerhaeuser and the Search for Antitrust's Holy Grail

A general definition of exclusionary conduct has become a sort of Holy Grail for antitrust scholars. At present, four proposed definitions appear most promising: (1) conduct that could exclude an equally efficient rival; (2) conduct that raises rivals' costs unjustifiably; (3) conduct that, on balance, impairs consumer welfare by creating market power without providing countervailing consumer benefits; and (4) conduct that makes no economic sense but for its exclusionary effect on rivals. In Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co., 127 S. Ct. 1069 (2007), the U.S. Supreme Court implicitly weighed in on this debate over a generalized exclusionary conduct test. The issue before the Weyerhaeuser Court - should the legal standards governing predatory pricing similarly apply in predatory bidding cases? - appears on first glance to be rather narrow. In resolving that seemingly narrow issue, though, the Court seems implicitly to have rejected the second, third, and fourth definitions of exclusionary conduct (i.e., the raising rivals' costs approach, the consumer welfare effects test, and the no economic sense test). The Court's holding and reasoning are consistent with only the equally efficient rival approach. This article asserts two primary claims, one descriptive and one normative. As a descriptive matter, the article asserts that the Supreme Court has implicitly rejected all the proposed exclusionary conduct definitions except for the equally efficient rival approach. As a normative matter, the article argues that this is a salutary development - that the equally efficient rival test, while somewhat underdeterrent, is the best of the proposed generalized definitions.
For the Defense

In some respects, our work in McConnell v. FEC began years before the passage of McCain-Feingold. During 1996–1997 we served on a commission organized by Herbert Alexander to create a political scientists' view of campaign financing. The majority voted 6 to 3 to recommend removing limits on the amounts that parties could contribute to candidates. Our dissent, with Janet Box-Steffensmeier, asserted that such a move would do little to strengthen parties or make elections more competitive, while increasing the potential for donors to corrupt parties (Citizens' Research Foundation 1997). Shortly afterward, we were contacted by lawyers from the FEC looking for expert witnesses in Colorado Republican II to argue on behalf of congressional limits on parties' “coordinated expenditures” (Sorauf and Krasno 1997). A few years later, we were asked by lawyers from the office of Missouri's Attorney General to testify on behalf of that state's regulation of party finances (modeled on FECA) in Missouri Shrink PAC v. Lamb (Krasno and Sorauf 2000). In all of these cases our “testimony” consisted of lengthy reports written for district courts or panels.
Ecology or catastrophe: the life of Murray Bookchin, by Janet Biehl, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, xii + 332 pp.; index, £22.99 (hardback), ISBN 978-0199342488

Murray Bookchin’s life churned with the ceaseless activity of a professional revolutionary. While his prodigious theoretical output made him one of the most renowned anarchist and ecological thinke...
Nature vs. Nurture: The Genetic Basis of Fraud Victimization

Behavioral genetics offers numerous opportunities to bridge gaps in biological research of organizational science and to shed light on the nature versus nurture debate. This study seeks to explain persistent vulnerability to fraud victimization from a genetic perspective. A synthesis of current literatures on cognitive neuroscience, decision making, and fraud victimization suggests that there may potentially be a genetic basis for user susceptibility to fraudulent scams. Using the classic twin design, this study reports estimated heritability of fraud victimzation to be up to 38% by comparing concordance between 144 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins and that between 52 pairs of same-sex dyzygotic (DZ) twins on a fraud victimization test. On the other hand, individual differences in responses to a simulated fraudulent "mimicking" scam has a much smaller genetic explanation at 6%, showing that the behavioral response is explained largely by both shared and non-shared environmental influences. Zygosity of the twin pairs serves as the primary independent variable in these behavioral genetics analyses. Implications of the study results are discussed with respect to anti-fraud research as well as managerial practices.
When weaning from mechanical ventilation fails

OBJECTIVE: To describe the etiologies and indicators of weaning failure and to provide a framework for planning interventions to facilitate weaning of long-term ventilation patients. DATA SOURCE: A Medline search of human studies in English on weaning from mechanical ventilation. ARTICLE SELECTION: Articles were selected if they pertained to the assessment and management of weaning failure. Both research and review articles were included. DATA EXTRACTION: All pertinent articles were described, along with their limitations. DATA SYNTHESIS: Weaning from mechanical ventilation is an emerging science. Caring for patients who are difficult to wean requires expert clinical decision making so patients do not feel defeated and have the best chances for success. Combining the limited research on weaning intervention with clinical expertise helps to build a scientific basis for care and can assist clinicians in tailoring interventions to specific problems that precipitate weaning failure. CONCLUSION: A scientific approach to care may promote weaning in difficult cases and provide directions for future research into the etiologies of weaning failure.
JDubiel: A Java Applet for Pitch-Class Set Analysis

Computer programs that facilitate analysis of atonal music are indispensable tools for music theorists. However, most of the programs currently available on the Web are limited to the derivation of Tn/TnI types and interval vectors and basic twelve-tone operations and cannot handle rotational arrays of tone rows, transformational relations between pcsets, and so on. By contrast, “JDubiel,” written in Java, is platform-independent, easy to use, and ready for almost all analytical techniques employed in pc-set theory and transformational theory.
Other Kinds of Pests and Other Biological Methods of Pest Control

On occasion, vertebrate species become pests when they are accidentally or purposely introduced from one area of the world to another. If the new habitat provides no natural population control, the population of the introduced vertebrate expands dramatically and an artificial means of population control must be implemented, either through harvesting or biological control. Examples of such introductions are: the marine toad, Bufo marinus L., in Australia, the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevus in Florida, the Norway rat, Rattus sp., throughout the world, and the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus L., in various regions of the world (Figure 11.1).
Problem alcohol use in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury: Associations with cognitive performance and psychiatric symptoms

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Given that little is known about the associations between alcohol use, cognition, and psychiatric symptoms among veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), we aimed to (a) characterize how they differ from veteran controls on a measure of problem drinking; (b) investigate whether problem drinking is associated with demographic or mTBI characteristics; and (c) examine the associations between alcohol use, mTBI history, psychiatric functioning, and cognition. Method: We assessed 59 veterans (n = 32 with mTBI history; n = 27 military controls) for problem alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: AUDIT), psychiatric symptoms, and neuropsychological functioning. Results: Compared to controls, veterans with mTBI history were more likely to score above the AUDIT cutoff score of 8 (p = .016), suggesting a higher rate of problem drinking. Participants with mTBI history also showed elevated psychiatric symptoms (ps < .001) and lower cognitive scores (ps < .05...
AI-23 Multiplexed mechanistic assays for characterising SLE

Background SLE is a complex disease with very few approved therapeutic options. Unique opportunities exist to characterise blood cells, tissues such as kidney and skin, urine, serum and plasma as part of ongoing longitudinal cohort studies such as Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP) and Autoimmunity Centres of Excellence (ACE), and investigator initiated or company-sponsored clinical trials. Materials and methods SLE blood and tissue samples are being studied using a variety of single cell measurements as well as studies of biofluids. Several of these technologies are becoming firmly established in the SLE field, including single cell RNA Seq of blood and dissociated kidney using recently-developed methods in several consortia related to SLE and cancer; low input RNA-Seq of bulk purified cells; Assay of Transposase Accessible Chromatin (ATAC Seq); CyTOF and EpiCyTOF developed through the ACE consortium; transcript profiling using many methodologies; meta analysis of existing transcript profiling datasets; autoantibody profiling using autoantigen microarrays, and arrays composed of secreted factors such as cytokines and chemokines; multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI); and unpublished imaging methods such as CODEX. Results An overview of multiplexed methods will be presented and will focus on efforts by the Stanford ACE and collaborating investigators to develop methods specifically for the study of SLE. Historical methods will be compared, and ACE datasets on human SLE, and mouse models of SLE characterised as part of ALR studies, will be described that demonstrate unique roles for interferons and STAT signalling in lupus. Conclusions Big data analyses and multiplexed assays of samples derived from SLE patients, as well as patients with related autoimmune diseases, have tremendous potential and should be included in all clinical trials, with a goal to better understand pathogenesis and to identify novel therapeutic targets. Acknowledgements Alliance for Lupus Research, NIAID, NIAMS, Henry Gustav Floren Trust, Baxter Foundation, and many patients with SLE who have provided samples
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 and Type I Interferon Cooperate To Control Acute Gammaherpesvirus Infection.

ABSTRACT Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infection in >95% of adults worldwide and are associated with a variety of malignancies. Coevolution of gammaherpesviruses with their hosts has resulted in an intricate relationship between the virus and the host immune system, and perturbation of the virus-host balance results in pathology. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a tumor suppressor that is also involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we show that type I interferon (IFN) and IRF-1 cooperate to control acute gammaherpesvirus infection. Specifically, we demonstrate that a combination of IRF-1 and type I IFN signaling ensures host survival during acute gammaherpesvirus infection and supports IFN gamma-mediated suppression of viral replication. Thus, our studies reveal an intriguing cross talk between IRF-1 and type I and II IFNs in the induction of the antiviral state during acute gammaherpesvirus infection. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses establish chronic infection in a majority of adults, and this long-term infection is associated with virus-driven development of a range of malignancies. In contrast, a brief period of active gammaherpesvirus replication during acute infection of a naive host is subclinical in most individuals. Here, we discovered that a combination of type I interferon (IFN) signaling and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) expression is required to ensure survival of a gammaherpesvirus-infected host past the first 8 days of infection. Specifically, both type I IFN receptor and IRF-1 expression potentiated antiviral effects of type II IFN to restrict gammaherpesvirus replication in vivo, in the lungs, and in vitro, in primary macrophage cultures.
514. Targeting the Negative Immune Regulatory Molecule B7-H4 on Both Tumor and Normal Tissue With Anti-B7-H4 CAR T Cells

B7-H4 is a negative immune regulatory molecule frequently overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells and immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Ligation of B7-H4 with an unknown receptor on activated T cells results in inhibited effector function via cell cycle arrest, decreased proliferation and reduced IL-2 production. B7-H4 expression levels in ovarian cancer inversely correlate with patient survival, making B7-H4 an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention. However, trials of B7-H4 targeted therapy have not been conducted and the biodistribution of B7-H4 protein in mice or humans is not well understood.Here, we tested the hypothesis that safe and effective B7-H4 targeting can be achieved using T cells genetically redirected with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) against B7-H4 in a preclinical model of human ovarian cancer. Four independent anti-B7-H4 CAR lentivirus constructs were generated using anti-B7H4 single chain variable fragments (scFv) with affinities ranging from low to high, which were transduced into primary human T cells. Transduced T cells efficiently expressed CARs on their cell surface, and each CAR was capable of binding both human and mouse recombinant B7-H4 protein with distinct binding patterns; two CARs (3#68 and 3#54) had high capacity for rhB7-H4 protein binding, another had low binding capacity (56), and the last had virtually none (26). In co-culture assays, high binding B7-H4 CAR T cells secreted Th1 cytokines and specifically lysed human B7-H4+ ovarian cancer cells. In an immunodeficient mouse model, transferred B7-H4 CAR T cells persisted after infusion and exerted efficient anti-tumor activity against subcutaneous B7-H4+ human ovarian tumor xenografts.Unexpectedly, B7-H4 CAR T cell treated mice reproducibly showed signs of delayed onset, lethal toxicity emerging 6-8 weeks after therapy. Postmortem analysis revealed widespread immunopathology in nearly all tissue analyzed, with marked infiltration and destruction of peripheral nerve bundles and perivasculature regions that was inconsistent with non-specific graft versus host disease (GVHD). Immunopathology was evident in both tumor-bearing and healthy mice administered B7-H-4 CAR T cells, and mice administered control CAR T cells experienced tumor regression but without concomitant toxicity, ruling out a generalizable GVHD effect.Our results indicate that CAR T cell-based targeting of B7-H4 can mediate control of B7-H4+ cancer outgrowth in vivo, however, long-term engraftment of B7-H4 CAR T cells mediates lethal on-target, off-tumor toxicity that is likely due to wide expression of B7-H4 in healthy mouse organs. Accordingly, B7-H4 CAR T cells represent an important preclinical model system for the evaluation of safety approaches that limit CAR-mediated toxicity whilst maintaining potent anti-tumor activity in vivo.
What Will Happen to the US Textile and Apparel Industry if the NAFTA Goes

This study provides a quantitative evaluation of how the termination of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) proposed by the Trump administration will affect the US textile and apparel (...
Judicial Review and Legal Pragmatism

Until World War II, the United States was the only legal system to have active judicial review, and it was also the legal system within which a functionalist or pragmatist rather than a formalist approach to law generally was best established in legal education, commentary, and judicial discourse. What is the connection between these two phenomena? One possibility is that judicial review furthers a "statesmanlike" and hence a flexibly pragmatic approach to legal questions. Such a story can plausibly be told about how over the last half century legal systems around the world have gotten more pragmatic in their approach to law generally, as they have adapted to judicial review. A similar story can be told about American legal history - that John Marshall in establishing judicial review also inaugurated the Grand Style that led on to Cardozo and Llewellyn by direct inspiration. But on examination the latter story doesn't hold up. If judicial review led to pragmatic jurisprudence in this country, it was by reaction, not direct inspiration. The legal Progressives, who were skeptics about judicial review, effectively joined into a single "assault on formalism" their critiques both of Langellian private-law conceptualism, and of the aggressive classic-liberal constitutional doctrines of the Lochner era. These two tendencies were only loosely related, as we can see when we analyze the elements that lead us to describe a body of thought as formalist. But the Progressives' successful conflation of them into a single impressive bogeyman helped motivate the establishment of the functionalist orthodoxy that was articulated over the course of the twentieth century by Holmes, Thayer, Gray, Pound, Cardozo, Brandeis, Corbin, Wigmore, Llewellyn, Fuller, Traynor, Posner, and the many other pragmatist legal thinkers who have made up the mainstream of modern American legal thought.
PROSTACYCLIN AS AN ANTI-ATHEROSCLEROTIC HORMONE - A HYPOTHESIS

Although many factors in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis still remain unknown, intravascular activation of blood platelets seems to play an important role in the development of this disease. The thrombogenic hypothesis of atherosclerosis (the so called “incrustation theory”) was proposed as early as in 1842 by Carl von Rokitansky (1), but Virchow’s “infiltration theory” prevailed and dominated the academic community for many years, owing greatly to Anichkov’s experimental demonstration (2) that atherosclerosis in rabbits could be induced by a diet high in lipids and cholesterol content. The yellow streaks of lipids which “infiltrated” the rabbit aorta could be seen with the naked eye.
Effect of storage on normal neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis.

Storage limits for granulocytes have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine these limits for neutrophils collected by discontinuous-flow centrifugation and stored at 4 degrees-6 degrees C. The parameters studied were total leukocyte and absolute cell counts, viability measured by dye exclusion, morphology, percentage phagocytic neutrophils, number of Candida organisms ingested per phagocytic neutrophil, candidacidal activity by differential staining, and chemotaxis under agarose. There was a progressive loss of neutrophils on storage that was statistically significant by 48 hr. Phagocytosis was the best preserved function. Microbial killing measured by candidacidal activity was less well preserved. Chemotaxis was the most poorly maintained parameter. There was mild impairment at 24 hr and a severe functional loss at 48 hr. The data suggest the following: (1) the first functions lost on storage are the most highly integrated, i.e., chemotaxis, followed by microbial killing and then phagocytosis; and (2) assuming that these functional losses are irreversible, storage of normal neutrophils used for transfusion should be limited to approximately 24 hr because a severe defect in migration occurs between the first and second days.
The response of transgenic mice to beta-adrenergic agonist administration is different from that of normal mice.

Eighteen transgenic mice carrying an ovine metallothionein la-ovine growth hormone (oMTla-oGH) transgene and 18 littermate normal mice were used to investigate the effects of transgene expression and clenbuterol administration on growth performance and skeletal muscle characteristics. The oGH transgene was activated from 21 d of age, and half of the mice were fed 15 ppm clenbuterol from 42 to 70 d of age. All mice were killed at 70 d of age after 4 wk of treatment, and organs and muscles were dissected, weighted, and analyzed. Transgenic mice (TM) gained 2.6 times more than normal mice (NM). However, TM had a significantly lower (-20%, P < .01) proportion of muscle, expressed as percentages of body weights, and a higher percentage of heart (+10%), liver (+26%, P < .01) and spleen (+64%, P < .01) than NM. Clenbuterol improved the weight gain of TM by 20%, compared with 10% for NM. The growth-promoting effect of clenbuterol was almost exclusively confined to skeletal muscle (24% increase) in NM, in contrast to a more generalized growth increase in all tissues including skeletal muscle (11% increase) in TM. The skeletal muscles of TM were longer but smaller in diameter due to 30% smaller muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Clenbuterol increased the muscle fiber size of all fiber types by 60% in NM, compared to 30% in TM. Muscle DNA concentrations and content were higher (P < .05) in TM than in NM, and clenbuterol administration decreased DNA concentrations but not total DNA content for both genotypes. Cathepsin B, C, and H activities were higher (P < .01) in TM muscle, but the significance is not clear at the present time, although it points to a potential for greater protein degradation and(or) turnover rates as suggested by smaller muscle weights.
Differences in risk factors and resource utilization for women undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and lower extremity peripheral vascular intervention.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in risk factors and in-hospital outcomes for women undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and peripheral vascular intervention (PVI). BACKGROUND The clinical impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is well characterized and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is lack of data comparing risk factors and in-hospital outcomes for PCI and PVI, particularly in women. METHODS Only female hospitalizations (age ≥ 18 years) who underwent PCI or PVI from 2005 to 2014 were identified using appropriate International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes from the National Inpatient Sample database. Charlson's Comorbidity Index (CCI) was selected as the primary endpoint of the study. Coprimary endpoint was the cost of hospitalizations associated with PCI or PVI. RESULTS Of the 2,461,328 female hospitalizations that were included, 85.6% (N = 2,105,236) underwent PCI and 14.4% (N = 356,092) received PVI. Compared to PCI, PVI hospitalizations were 3.2 years older (p < .001) and consisted of significantly more hospitalizations above 80 years of age (26.5% vs. 18.6%; p < .001). Hospitalizations with CCI ≥3 were significantly higher in the PVI cohort (29.1% vs. 24%; p < .001). CCI in women increased during the study period for both groups. PVI hospitalizations had a significantly longer length of stay (3 days vs. 2 days; p < .001) and cost of hospitalization ($23,610 vs. $20,571; p < .001), compared to PCI. Finally, the mean cost of hospitalizations increased during the study period for PCI and PVI. CONCLUSION Women hospitalized for PVI had a greater risk-profile and resource utilization as demonstrated by the longer length of stay and higher cost compared to PCI.
A Fuzzy-based Controller for Interconnected Systems voltage regulation through FACTS devices

Demand variations in large load centers happen naturally and at any time over the day, which directly affects the voltage profile system busses. In this way, reactive power supports are crucial for this kind of control. The strategies for the control of voltage in the buses are the most diverse and in recent times has seen a great improvement with the development of FACTS devices (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems). This work aims to present a review of the most common strategies for voltage control and at the same time present an approach of a Fuzzy reactive power controller for voltage regulation using a fuzzifier and defuzzifier configuration. The simulation was performed in MATLAB environment with the assistance of the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. Numerical results were held in the IEEE benchmark system. A quasi-steady power flow with a solution through a scanning method was used to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.
Quantifying the impact of adherence to screening strategies on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.

Current recommendations of The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) on colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategies are based on models that assume 100% adherence. Since adherence can have a large effect on screening outcomes, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of CRC screening strategies under reported adherence rates at the population level. We developed and validated a microsimulation model to assess the effectiveness of colonoscopy (COL), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS), high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood-test (HS-gFOBT), fecal immunochemical test (FIT), multitarget stool DNA test (FIT-DNA), computed tomography colonography (CTC), and methylated SEPT9 DNA test (SEPT9) in terms of CRC incidence and mortality, incremental life years gained (LYG), number of colonoscopies, and adverse events for men and women 50 years or older over their lifetime. We assessed outcomes under 100% adherence rates and reported adherence rates. We also performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of varying adherence levels on CRC outcomes. Assuming 100% adherence, FIT-DNA, FIT, HS-gFOBT, and SEPT9 averted 42-45 CRC cases and 25-26 CRC deaths, COL 46 cases and 26 deaths, CTC 39 cases and 23 deaths, FS 32 cases and 19 deaths per 1000 individuals. Assuming reported adherence, SEPT9 averted 37 CRC cases and 23 CRC deaths, COL 34 cases and 20 deaths, FIT-DNA, FIT, CTC and HS-gFOBT 16-25 cases and 10-16 deaths per 1000 individuals. LYG reflected the effectiveness of each strategy in reducing CRC cases and deaths. Adverse events were more common for COL (3.7 per 1000 screened) and annual SEPT9 (3.4 per 1000 screened), and proportional to the number of colonoscopies. Among the screening strategies recommended by USPSTF, colonoscopy results in the largest benefit when we account for adherence. Adherence rates higher than 65%-70% would be required for any stool or blood-based screening modality to match the benefits of colonoscopy.
Incidental periprostatic schwannoma discovered during evaluation for prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Schwannomas of the prostate are exceedingly rare. We present a noteworthy case of a sporadic prostatic schwannoma diagnosed in conjunction with prostatic adenocarcinoma. A 60-year-old male presented with mild lower urinary tract symptoms and a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 4.84 ng/mL. A transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy revealed multifocal Grade Group 2 prostate cancer. MRI demonstrated a PI-RADS 4 lesion and a periprostatic cystic lesion. Prostatectomy was performed. Final pathology demonstrated prostatic adenocarcinoma, with a separate periprostatic schwannoma. We present the first case in the literature of a sporadic periprostatic schwannoma discovered during evaluation for prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Authentic Assessment in the Curriculum: Employability & Contemporary Issues within Higher Education Business Schools

Employability is a key component within the curriculum of UK Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with the recently introduced Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) reforms focusing on employability as well as government benchmarking with an emphasis on graduate salary outcomes and value for money. This can potentially have major implications for university business schools as they will face competitive challenges from peer universities and by employers recruiting school and college leavers. Greater use of authentic assessment using reports, business plans, etc. could address the issue. This study will conduct a literature review of authentic assessment in the context of a millennial workforce and employers that are moving away from degree classification as their primary graduate recruitment filtering criterion.
Finding a naming rights partner for the Stump Grinders

Corporate naming rights are the key issue in this case study. Here readers must act as part of the Stump Grinders, a professional football organisation, in order to evaluate naming rights sponsors for the team's football stadium. Students will be asked to weigh a number of factors as they contemplate the future naming rights sponsor for the Stump Grinders. Issues presented include: 1) organisational fit; 2) sponsorship goals; 3) financial health. When considering financial health of the potential naming rights partners, readers will be tasked with conducting ratio analysis as a tool for comparison. Ultimately, the case will present readers with four sponsorship proposals from which they will select the most appropriate naming rights partner for the Stump Grinders.
Landsat-derived bathymetry of lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska

Abstract. The Pleistocene sand sea on the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of northern Alaska is underlain by an ancient sand dune field, a geological feature that affects regional lake characteristics. Many of these lakes, which cover approximately 20 % of the Pleistocene sand sea, are relatively deep (up to 25 m). In addition to the natural importance of ACP sand sea lakes for water storage, energy balance, and ecological habitat, the need for winter water for industrial development and exploration activities makes lakes in this region a valuable resource. However, ACP sand sea lakes have received little prior study. Here, we collect in situ bathymetric data to test 12 model variants for predicting sand sea lake depth based on analysis of Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images. Lake depth gradients were measured at 17 lakes in midsummer 2017 using a Humminbird 798ci HD SI Combo automatic sonar system. The field-measured data points were compared to red–green–blue (RGB) bands of a Landsat-8 OLI image acquired on 8 August 2016 to select and calibrate the most accurate spectral-depth model for each study lake and map bathymetry. Exponential functions using a simple band ratio (with bands selected based on lake turbidity and bed substrate) yielded the most successful model variants. For each lake, the most accurate model explained 81.8 % of the variation in depth, on average. Modeled lake bathymetries were integrated with remotely sensed lake surface area to quantify lake water storage volumes, which ranged from 1.056 × 10 - 3 to 57.416 × 10 - 3 km 3 . Due to variations in depth maxima, substrate, and turbidity between lakes, a regional model is currently infeasible, rendering necessary the acquisition of additional in situ data with which to develop a regional model solution. Estimating lake water volumes using remote sensing will facilitate better management of expanding development activities and serve as a baseline by which to evaluate future responses to ongoing and rapid climate change in the Arctic. All sonar depth data and modeled lake bathymetry rasters can be freely accessed at https://doi.org/10.18739/A2SN01440 (Simpson and Arp, 2018) and https://doi.org/10.18739/A2HT2GC6G (Simpson, 2019), respectively.
Decreasing the Miss Rate and Eliminating the Performance Penalty of a Data Filter Cache

While data filter caches (DFCs) have been shown to be effective at reducing data access energy, they have not been adopted in processors due to the associated performance penalty caused by high DFC miss rates. In this article, we present a design that both decreases the DFC miss rate and completely eliminates the DFC performance penalty even for a level-one data cache (L1 DC) with a single cycle access time. First, we show that a DFC that lazily fills each word in a DFC line from an L1 DC only when the word is referenced is more energy-efficient than eagerly filling the entire DFC line. For a 512B DFC, we are able to eliminate loads of words into the DFC that are never referenced before being evicted, which occurred for about 75% of the words in 32B lines. Second, we demonstrate that a lazily word filled DFC line can effectively share and pack data words from multiple L1 DC lines to lower the DFC miss rate. For a 512B DFC, we completely avoid accessing the L1 DC for loads about 23% of the time and avoid a fully associative L1 DC access for loads 50% of the time, where the DFC only requires about 2.5% of the size of the L1 DC. Finally, we present a method that completely eliminates the DFC performance penalty by speculatively performing DFC tag checks early and only accessing DFC data when a hit is guaranteed. For a 512B DFC, we improve data access energy usage for the DTLB and L1 DC by 33% with no performance degradation.
Variation in muscle and neuromuscular junction morphology between atrophy-resistant and atrophy-prone muscles supports failed re-innervation in aging muscle atrophy.

Abstract In advanced age, there is an accelerated decline in skeletal muscle mass that appears to be secondary to repeated cycles of denervation-reinnervation and eventually, failed reinnervation. However, whether variation in reinnervation capacity explains why some muscles are less vulnerable to age-related atrophy has not been addressed. In this study we examined changes in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber type, accumulation of severely atrophied myofibers, and expression of a marker of denervation in four muscles that exhibit differences in the degree of age-related atrophy and which span the extremes of fiber type composition in 8 mo old (8 M) and 34 mo old (34 M) male Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Aging muscle atrophy was most pronounced in the fast twitch gastrocnemius (Gas; 25%) and similar between extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (Sol) muscle (14–15%), whereas the slow-twitch adductor longus (AL) increased in mass by 21% between 8 M and 34 M (P