cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drainage Network Structure and Hydrologic Behavior of Three Lake-Rich Watersheds on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska

Abstract Watersheds draining the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of Alaska are dominated by permafrost and snowmelt runoff that create abundant surface storage in the form of lakes, wetlands, and beaded streams. These surface water elements compose complex drainage networks that affect aquatic ecosystem connectivity and hydrologic behavior. The 4676 km2 Fish Creek drainage basin is composed of three watersheds that represent a gradient of the ACP landscape with varying extents of eolian, lacustrine, and fluvial landforms. In each watershed, we analyzed 2.5-m-resolution aerial photography, a 5-m digital elevation model, and river gauging and climate records to better understand ACP watershed structure and processes. We show that connected lakes accounted for 19 to 26% of drainage density among watersheds and most all channels initiate from lake basins in the form of beaded streams. Of the > 2500 lakes in these watersheds, 33% have perennial streamflow connectivity, and these represent 66% of total lake area ext...
Radial glia regulate Cajal–Retzius cell positioning in the early embryonic cerebral cortex

The organization of neocortex, along its radial axis, into a six-layered structure is one of the most exquisite features of the brain. Because of their strategic localization in the marginal zone, and their expression of reelin, a signal that controls spatial ordering of cortical layers, Cajal-Retzius (C-R) cells play a crucial role in cortical patterning along this axis. Yet, it remains less well understood how C-R cell targeting itself is regulated. At the onset of corticogenesis when C-R cells first arrive in the cortex via tangential migration, radial glia (RG) are the main cell type present. This suggests that RG may play a role in C-R cell localization. To test this, we used genetic approaches to perturb RG scaffold during early corticogenesis. We found that disrupting RG endfoot adhesion to basal lamina consistently results in C-R cell displacement. These displacements do not appear to result from primary defects in neural progenitor cell proliferation, deficits in the meninges or basement membrane, or cell autonomous defects in C-R cells. Instead, they show close temporal and spatial correlation with RG endfoot retraction. Moreover, ablation of RG via cell cycle blockade similarly results in local displacement of C-R cells. These lines of evidence thus indicate that, during early corticogenesis, RG play a primary role in regulating spatial targeting of C-R cells. Since RG are also neural progenitors as well as neuronal migration scaffolds, these findings suggest that, during nervous system development, neuroepithelial stem cells may not only be responsible for generating a diverse array of neuronal cell types and facilitating their radial migration. They may also, through regulating the placement of guidepost cells, coordinate spatial patterning of the nervous system along its radial axis.
Semistructured mesh generation for three-dimensional Navier-Stokes calculations

To mesh complex geometries efficiently, is the authors' view that a fully unstructured mesh generation technique holds the most promise. There are many papers detailing mesh generation and flow solutions for inviscid flows on unstructured meshes ; however, the computation of viscous flows on unstructured meshes is a relatively new area of research. To accurately and efficiently compute viscous flows, highly stretched cells aligned in the proper direction are required in the viscous layers. Many of the currently available unstructured mesh generators provide at most a limited ability to create these cells. In the current work a method that builds layers of highly stretched prismatic cells on an existing unstructured surface triangulation is described. The outer surface of this inflated triangulation provides a natural starting point for the advancing front algorithm used to fill the interior with tetrahedra. Care is taken to limit the possibility of a crossed-over mesh in concave geometrical regions. If the mesh does cross over, then the offending cells are removed. The combined algorithm of surface inflation and advancing front is demonstrated on a range of internal and external flow test cases. A limited number of flow solutions are also presented.
Method to protect a targeted amino acid residue during random mutagenesis.

To generate a random mutant library that is free from mutation at a particular amino acid residue, we replace the codon of interest with a detachable, short DNA sequence containing a BsaXI recognition site. After PCR mutagenesis, this sequence is removed and intramolecular ligation of the sequences flanking the insert regenerates the gene. The three-base cohesive ends for ligation correspond to the codon for the targeted residue and any sequences with mutations at this site will fail to ligate. As a result, only the variants that are free from mutation at this site are in the proper reading frame. In a random library of C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM, this method was used to exclude readily accessible mutations at position F26, which confer C40 synthase function. This enabled us to identify two additional mutations, W38C and E180G, which confer the same phenotype but are present in the random library at much lower frequencies.
Remote backwards lasing in air

We demonstrate high gain lasing in air from two-photon dissociation of molecular oxygen and simultaneous resonant two-photon pumping of an atomic oxygen fragment. This backwards emission provides a remote laser source for standoff detection.
Investigation into pedestrian exposure to near-vehicle exhaust emissions

Inhalation of diesel particulate matter (DPM) is known to have a negative impact on human health. Consequently, there are regulations and standards that limit the maximum concentrations to which persons may be exposed and the maximum concentrations allowed in the ambient air. However, these standards consider steady exposure over large spatial and time scales. Due to the nature of many vehicle exhaust systems, pedestrians in close proximity to a vehicle's tailpipe may experience events where diesel particulate matter concentrations are high enough to cause acute health effects for brief periods of time. In order to quantify these exposure events, instruments which measure specific exhaust constituent concentrations were placed near a roadway and connected to the mouth of a mannequin used as a pedestrian surrogate. By measuring concentrations at the mannequin's mouth during drive-by events with a late model diesel truck, a representative estimate of the exhaust constituent concentrations to which a pedestrian may be exposed was obtained. Typical breathing rates were then multiplied by the measured concentrations to determine the mass of pollutant inhaled. The average concentration of diesel particulate matter measured over the duration of a single drive-by test often exceeded the low concentrations used in human clinical studies which are known to cause acute health effects. It was also observed that higher concentrations of diesel particulate matter were measured at the height of a stroller than were measured at the mouth of a mannequin. Diesel particulate matter concentrations during drive-by incidents easily reach or exceed the low concentrations that can cause acute health effects for brief periods of time. For the case of a particularly well-tuned late-model year vehicle, the mass of particulate matter inhaled during a drive-by incident is small compared to the mass inhaled daily at ambient conditions. On a per breath basis, however, the mass of particulate matter inhaled is large compared to the mass inhaled at ambient conditions. Finally, it was determined that children, infants, or people breathing at heights similar to that of a passing vehicle's tailpipe may be exposed to higher concentrations of particulate matter than those breathing at higher locations, such as adults standing up.
The major locus for mouse adenovirus susceptibility maps to genes of the hematopoietic cell surface-expressed LY6 family

Susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 is associated with the major quantitative trait locus Msq1. Msq1 was originally mapped to a 13-Mb region of mouse chromosome (Chr) 15 in crosses between SJL/J and BALB/cJ inbred mice. We have now narrowed Msq1 to a 0.75-Mb interval from 74.68 to 75.43 Mb, defined by two anonymous markers, rs8259436 and D15Spn14, using data from 1396 backcross mice. The critical interval includes 14 Ly6 or Ly6-related genes, including Ly6a (encoding Sca-1/TAP), Ly6e (Sca-2/Tsa1), Ly6g (Gr-1), and gpihbp1 (GPI-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1), as well as the gene encoding an aldosterone synthase (Cyp11b2). The Ly6 family members are attractive candidates for virus susceptibility genes because their products are GPI-anchored membrane proteins expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells, with proposed functions in cell adhesion and cell signaling. To determine interstrain variation in susceptibility and produce additional resources for cloning Msq1, we assayed the susceptibility phenotype of four previously untested inbred mouse strains. Susceptibility of strain 129S6/SvEvTac was subsequently localized to the Ly6 complex region, using polymorphic genetic markers on Chr 15 in a population of 271 (129S6/SvEvTac x BALB/cJ)F(1) x BALB/cJ backcross mice. We identified a major 129S6/SvEvTac susceptibility allele, Msq1(129S6), on Chr 15 in the same region as Msq1(SJL). The results indicate that a major host factor in mouse adenovirus type 1 susceptibility is likely to be a member of the Ly6 gene family.
Method for single-shot measurement of picosecond laser pulse-lengths without electronic time dispersion

A two-source shear pattern recording is proposed as a method for single-shot measurement of the pulse shape from nearly monochromatic sources whose pulse lengths are shorter than their coherence times. The basis of this method relies on the assertion that if two identical electromagnetic pulses are recombined with a time delay greater than the sum of their pulse widths, the recordable spatial pattern has no fringes in it. At an arbitrary delay, translated into an actual spatial recording position, the recorded modulated intensity will sample the corresponding laser intensity at that delay time, but with a modulation due to the coherence function of the electromagnetic pulse. Two arrangements are proposed for recording the pattern. The principles, the design parameters, and the methodologies of these arrangements will be presented. Resolutions of the configurations and their limitations will be given as well.
Why do neurons die when deprived of trophic factor

In this commentary we present circumstantial evidence which supports the hypothesis that neuronal death produced by trophic factor deprivation (i.e., axotomy, target loss, etc.) is not a passive process resulting from a loss of trophic stimulation. Rather, we suggest that it is due to the activation of an endogenous "suicide program" requiring mRNA and protein synthesis. The possible mechanistic relationship of neuronal death to death of other cell types, both in the developing and adult organism, is discussed. If this hypothesis of active death is true, then loss of transcriptional control of this program may be involved in neuronal attrition in aging or neurodegenerative disease.
Object Tracking and Target Reacquisition Based on 3-D Range Data for Moving Vehicles

In this paper, we propose an approach for tracking an object of interest based on 3-D range data. We employ particle filtering and active contours to simultaneously estimate the global motion of the object and its local deformations. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of range information to deal with the challenging (but common) situation in which the tracked object disappears from the image domain entirely and reappears later. To cope with this problem, a method based on principle component analysis (PCA) of shape information is proposed. In the proposed method, if the target disappears out of frame, shape similarity energy is used to detect target candidates that match a template shape learned online from previously observed frames. Thus, we require no a priori knowledge of the target's shape. Experimental results show the practical applicability and robustness of the proposed algorithm in realistic tracking scenarios.
GABA Uptake and Heterotransport Are Impaired in the Dentate Gyrus of Epileptic Rats and Humans With Temporal Lobe Sclerosis

In vivo dialysis and in vitro electrophysiological studies suggest that GABA uptake is altered in the dentate gyrus of human temporal lobe epileptics characterized with mesial temporal sclerosis (M...
Abstract 1750: Clinically relevant paclitaxel concentrations cause chromosome missegregation rather than mitotic arrest.

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic, microtubule-stabilizing drug used to treat a variety of cancers, including those of the breast. In the neoadjuvant setting, paclitaxel effects tumor shrinkage in up to half of patients. Identification of a biomarker to predict response to paclitaxel would reduce side effects and improve patient outcomes. It has long been known that micromolar concentrations of paclitaxel cause cells in culture to arrest in mitosis, which can lead to cell death. However, the concentration range found within patient tumors remains unclear, both because it has not been directly measured and because paclitaxel accumulates intracellularly up to 1000 fold. In a pilot clinical trial, we are directly measuring the intratumoral drug concentration in breast tumors following neoadjuvant paclitaxel treatment. Our preliminary data support the hypothesis that treatment of cultured cells with a low nanomolar concentration more accurately models the intratumoral drug levels in breast cancer patients. Unlike treatment with micromolar concentrations, treatment with low nanomolar paclitaxel does not cause a significant mitotic arrest. Rather, cells treated with low nanomolar paclitaxel frequently proceed through mitosis with multipolar mitotic spindles, resulting in chromosome missegregation and the production of two or more daughter cells. This alternative mechanism of action may explain why tumors treated with paclitaxel fail to show an increase in mitotic index. Previous studies have shown that low rates of chromosome missegregation are well tolerated, but high rates of chromosome missegregation cause cell death due to loss of both copies of one or more essential chromosomes. Therefore, the fidelity of chromosome segregation may be of use as a predictor of response to paclitaxel. In chromosomally stable breast cancer cells, exposure to paclitaxel for two days is sufficient to induce aneuploidy, and within three days there is an increase in cell death. However, a subset of cells are able to survive in low nM paclitaxel for over one week, and survival is higher than in cells which exhibit chromosomal instability (CIN), and have a preexisting rate of chromosome missegregation during division. In patients, chromosomal stability is of potential use as a predictive biomarker to select patients most likely to respond to paclitaxel treatment. Citation Format: Lauren M. Zasadil, Mark Burkard, Beth A. Weaver. Clinically relevant paclitaxel concentrations cause chromosome missegregation rather than mitotic arrest. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1750. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1750
A Remark on the Kakeya Problem

(1963). A Remark on the Kakeya Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 706-711.
Titrimetric applications of multiparametric curve-fitting

A multiparametric curve-fitting procedure is described for locating the equivalence point of a potentiometric titration and is applied to data obtained in titrations of acetate ion with hydrochloric acid over a wide range of concentrations (down to 6.5 · 10-5 M acetate). It does not depend on the existence of a point of inflection on the titration curve, and therefore yields useful results in titrations of this very weak base at concentrations well below that at which the point of maximal slope disappears. Three parameters are involved: the concentration of the base being titrated, the concentration dissociation constant Ka of its conjugate acid in the medium employed, and the apparent activity coefficient yH+ of hydrogen ion in that medium, and all three of these must be evaluated when a new supporting electrolyte is employed. In 3.0 M potassium chloride at 24°, the apparent activity coefficient of hydrogen ion is 1.7460, and this value permits data obtained in titrations of other or unknown bases in this medium to be interpreted by two-parameter fits. The value of Ka for acetic acid in this medium is 1.3134 · 10-5 M; by means of these two numerical values routine titrations of acetate in this medium can be interpreted by one-parameter fits. It is possible to locate the equivalence point with an accuracy and a precision that cannot be approached by other techniques and even to obtain useful and reliable results under conditions so unfavorable that other techniques fail completely.
Expression of β-galactosidase in preimplantation ovine and porcine embryos

Knowledge regarding the timing of embryonic expression of the mammalian genome is of relevance for the development of preimplantation diagnostic methods for human genetic diseases. For development of preimplantation diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases, it will be necessary to know at which embryonic stage the genes for lysosomal enzymes are expressed. In previous studies by other investigators, it has been shown that lysosomal alpha- and beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase in murine embryos increase 50- to 100-fold in activity between the two-cell and late blastocyst stage. We describe here expression of lysosomal beta-galactosidase in preimplantation ovine (two-cell through midblastocyst) and porcine (two-cell through late blastocyst) embryos. Expression of beta-galactosidase in ovine and porcine preimplantation embryos followed a similar rate of increase as that described for murine embryos. Activity of beta-galactosidase increased over 10-fold between the two- to four-cell and midblastocyst stages in ovine embryos, and 300-fold between the two- to four-cell and late blastocyst stages in porcine embryos. Activity expressed on a per cell basis was relatively constant in ovine embryos, as has been described in murine embryos, and increased approximately 5-fold on a per cell basis in porcine embryos. Activity of beta-galactosidase in ovine and porcine embryos initially was greater than 12-fold on a per cell or per embryo basis than in murine embryos evaluated. The knowledge of beta-galactosidase embryonic expression may provide the basis for preimplantation diagnosis of genetic beta-galactosidase deficiency in these species.
Production of Bulbing Onion Overwintered in New Hampshire with Protection by Low Tunnels

High demand for local produce year-round has led growers in the northeastern United States to experiment with fall planting of bulbing onion (Allium cepa) for spring harvest. Over two seasons, we evaluated survival, bolting, and bulbing of several cultivars of fall-planted onion in two sites in New Hampshire. Plants were seeded in August and September, and transplanted in September and October into raised beds covered with black plastic mulch. Low tunnels covered with 1.25-oz/yard rowcover and one layer of 6-mil-thick clear polyethylene were installed over the plants in late fall. Harvest dates ranged from 19 Apr. to 6 June in 2012, and from 22 May to 2 July in 2013. All onion cultivars showed high percentages of survival (65% to 100%). Cultivar, planting date, and the interaction between the two had a significant effect on the percentage of bolting and bulb diameter at harvest. In general, those planted later exhibited lower percentages of bolting and slightly smaller bulbs at harvest. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to harvest large bulbed onions in May and June in the northeastern United States in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones 4B and 5B using low-tunnel season extension technology. This may provide additional marketing opportunities for growers in cold climates.
Clinical Characteristics of Primary Renal Tubular Hypokalemic Alkalosis

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of primary renal tubular hypokalemic alkalosis.Methods Eight patients with primary renal tubular hypokalemic alkalosis were selected in the Children′s Hospital of Tianjin.There were 4 patients with Bartter syndrome(BS) and 4 patients with Gitelman syndrome(GS).Clinical data,biochemical tests,therapy and outcome were retrospectively analyzed.Results The onset age of BS were at infancy stage.The main symptoms included diarrhea,vomiting,dehydration and growth retardation.And the onset age of GS ranged from 10 to 15 years old with the main symptoms of weakness,paralysis and tetany.They had normal blood pressure.The biochemical tests showed hypokalemic,metabolic alkalosis,increase of urine potassium and urine chlorine in all patients.Four patients with BS had hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism.Angiotonin was elevated in all 4 patients with GS,while rennin was elevated in 3 patients of them and aldosterone was obviously elevated in 2 patients.The urine Ca/Cr ratio in BS was elevated(0.2),while patients with GS had hypomagnesaemia and low level of urine Ca/Cr ratio(0.2).B-type ultrasonic wave showed that both kidneys′s resonance had even reinforce in 2 patients with BS,and one of them had left pyelectasis.All symptoms resolved after treatment with potassium or combined magnesium supplementation,indomethacin,spironolactone and captopril.Conclusions Primary renal tubular hypokalemic alkalosis is characterized by hypokalemic,metabolic alkalosis,hyperreninemic,hyperaldosteronism and normal blood pressure.Measured level of serum magnesium,urine potassium and chlorine and Ca/Cr ratio,rennin angiotonin and aldosterone can help make diagnosis.There are differences in onset mechanism,clinical manifestation,treatment and prognosis between BS and GS.
Oxygen radical scavengers and myocardial preservation during transplantation: role of xanthine oxidase.

Cardiac transplantation has emerged as an important therapeutic option in the treatment of end-stage heart disease. Advances in surgical techniques in the ′50s and ′60s and myocardial preservation and immunosuppressive therapy in the ′70s have been responsible for the current success of cardiac transplantation in the ′80s. Advances in myocardial preservation used in non-transplant heart surgery have been applied to the preservation of the donor heart during its procurement, transport, and implantation. In optimal situations the generally accepted limit of hypothermic preservation of the human heart for transplantation is approximately four hours.
SU-G-BRC-05: Conundrum for VMAT Cranial Multiple Lesions Treated with HD120 MLC

Purpose: To commission a custom 6MV-SRS-AAA Eclipse beam model for VMAT multiple lesions cranial SRS treatment on a Varian TrueBeam STx. Methods: Six clinical plans were created using a customized beam model with dosimetric-leaf-gap(DLG) optimized for clinical treatments. Each plan had 4–6 non-isocentric targets with size from 0.2 to 7.1cc. All fields were measured with EBT3 film in the coronal plane in a solid water phantom and with an AS1000 EPID using gantry rotation. In addition, an end-to-end test was performed with coronal and sagittal films in an anthropomorphic phantom verifying dosimetry and localization accuracy. Portal dose distributions were generated with a custom portal dosimetry algorithm(PDIP). Measured dose distributions were compared with calculations using average dose difference (DD), and gamma function, γ. Using a 1.25mm grid, the γ criteria, local DD ≤ 3% and 2mm distance-to-agreement, were applied in regions with dose 50% of maximum. Results: The respective DD and γ for all films were 94.2%. The portal dose γ scores for all the plans were >94.9%. However, local regions with underdose >10%, were observed when targets were treated with the 5mm leaves. The same plans re-optimized with two isocenters such that all lesions were under the 2.5mm leaves did not show this effect. The DD and localization error of the end-to-end test were within 3.4% and 1.0mm respectively. Conclusion: The custom AAA beam model is capable of calculating acceptable dosimetry for targets using only the 2.5 mm leaves. This restricts lesions to within ±4cm of isocenter. The observed underdose beneath the 5mm leaves is attributed to a limitation in Eclipse that uses a single DLG representing the DLG's of both 2.5mm and 5mm leaves. If lesions are >4cm from isocenter, a multiple isocenter technique should be considered to allow the use of only the 2.5mm leaves.
Combined oral contraceptive treatment for bleeding complaints with the etonogestrel contraceptive implant: a randomised controlled trial

AbstractObjective: Estimate symptom improvement rate of women with bleeding complaints using the etonogestrel contraceptive implant when started on continuous combined oral contraceptives (COC).Methods: We conducted a double-blinded randomised controlled trial of women reporting troublesome bleeding related to their etonogestrel contraceptive implant and desiring intervention. Participants received continuous COCs or placebo for four weeks to evaluate self-reported bleeding improvement at four weeks. Participants could continue study treatment or prescribed COCs for another eight weeks if desired. We planned to enroll 130 participants between two sites (80% power to detect a 20% effect size at a 0.05 significance level, with 10% loss to follow up).Results: We closed the study after enrolling 26 participants due to recruitment futility. All women on COCs and 75% of placebo users reported bleeding improvement at four weeks (p = 0.09), with 92% and 42%, respectively, reporting significant improvement (p = 0....
Study of Discrete Scattering Operators for Some Linear Kinetic Models

In this paper, we consider spatially homogeneous linear kinetic models arising from semiconductor device simulations and investigate how various deterministic numerical methods approximate their scattering operators. In particular, methods including first and second order discontinuous Galerkin methods, a first order collocation method, a Fourier-collocation spectral method, and a Nystrom method are examined when they are applied to one-dimensional models with singular or continuous scattering kernels. Mathematical properties are discussed for the corresponding discrete scattering operators. We also present numerical experiments to demonstrate the performance of these methods. Understanding how the scattering operators are approximated can provide insights into designing efficient algorithms for simulating kinetic models and for the implicit discretizations of the problems in the presence of multiple scales.
Association between colorectal cancer, cigarette smoking, second-hand smoke exposure, and age at diagnosis.

Fifth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, Nov 12-15, 2006 A212 Objective: To examine the effect of cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure on age at diagnosis among colorectal cancer patients. Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with primary, incident colorectal cancer at Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1957 and 1997 and completed a detailed epidemiological questionnaire were eligible for this case-only analysis. Approximately 3,539 colorectal cancer cases were classified by their self-reported cigarette smoking and SHS exposure status. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke exposures were the main independent variables, age at diagnosis was the outcome, and covariates included year of diagnosis, gender, and alcohol use (never or ever). Retsults: Active smoking was associated with a younger age at onset of colorectal cancer. Current smokers were diagnosed 6.8 years (p<0.001) prior to those who never smoked, while former smokers who recently quit (within the past 5 years prior to interview) were diagnosed 4.3 years before never smokers (p<0.001). Similar results were observed for other measures of active smoking such as amount smoked and pack years. A dose-response was also observed, where increased active smoking was associated with a younger age at diagnosis. SHS exposure among never smokers was also associated with an earlier age at diagnosis. Never smokers who were currently exposed to SHS at the time of diagnosis were diagnosed 2.5 (p=0.14) years earlier, while those who only had past SHS exposure were diagnosed 8.6 (p<0.001) years before those not exposed to SHS. Those exposed to both current and past SHS were diagnosed 11.6 (p<0.001) years prior to never smokers not exposed to SHS. Conclusions: Both cigarette smokers and never smokers exposed to SHS were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at a significantly younger age compared to their unexposed counterparts. If the results are confirmed, this could have implications for colorectal cancer screening, smoking cessation advice, and smokefree policies.
Indirect Atomic-Absorption Spectrometric Methods of Analysis

The direct determination of certain metals is impractical because of oxide formation in the use of flame atomizers, and the direct determination of nonmetals is often not feasible because either a suitable source of incident radiant energy is unavailable or the absorption lines are in the vacuum-ultraviolet region. Indirect methods are being developed to circumvent some of these difficulties. The general technique involves the formation of a complex consisting of the desired constituent and a metal which can be determined directly by atomic-absorption spectrometry. It is important that the ratio of desired constituent to metal be stoichiometric and it is advantageous if this complex is extractable from aqueous solution with an immiscible organic solvent. Specific indirect methods for germanium, phosphorus, silicon, nitrate, thiocyanate, etc., will be discussed.
SELF-ORGANIZATION OF MICROTUBULES AND MOTORS

Here we introduce a model for spatio-temporal self-organization of an ensemble of microtubules interacting via molecular motors. Starting from a generic stochastic model of inelastic polar rods with an anisotropic interaction kernel we derive a set of equations for the local rods concentration and orientation. At large enough mean density of rods and concentration of motors, the model describes orientational instability. We demonstrate that the orientational instability leads to the formation of vortices and (for large density and/or kernel anisotropy) asters seen in recent experiments. The corresponding phase diagram of vortexasters transitions is in qualitative agreement with experiment.
Lessons from the Efforts to Manage the Shift Away from Defined Benefit Plans to Defined Contribution Plans in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

This Article examines what lessons may be learned from examining how Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States have tried to manage the shift away from defined benefit plans towards defined contribution plans. This shift has fundamentally changed the relationship between workers and the financial industry. While defined contribution plans provide employees with some advantages over defined benefit plans (e.g., portability, early vesting, greater autonomy), they also force employees to manage certain risks (longevity risk, investment risk) that they are ill prepared to manage. In addition, the differences in the way funds in defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans are managed affects the distribution of funds within financial markets that is potentially damaging to the economy. For example, these differences can lead to decreases in efficient allocation of investments and the creation of asset bubbles. These factors played a role in the recent financial crisis and, if left unaddressed, may contribute to future financial crises.
The Changing Roles of ILL Staff, Supply-Chain Management

As technology has changed the ways in which the student perceives and interacts with the academic library, the resource-sharing units need to adapt to new sets of demands and expectations. One of the best ways to adapt to the changing climate is to rethink the ways in which we approach the business of resource sharing. Gone are the days of thinking about resource sharing as a modified reference experience. In today's fast-paced academic libraries, the model that closely relates to the actual work being done is logistical and supply-chain management. It is in these models that the new resource-sharing departments can find tools, tips, and tricks to help reengineering existing workflows to meet new demands. The focus for this chapter is discussing the underlying assumption of supply-chain management and how those functions can change the way resource sharing is implemented and evaluated.
Exploring Open Educational Resources for College Algebra.

It is estimated that the average student spends around 1200 USD on books and supplies every school year; thus, textbook affordability has become more and more of a challenge for students. Replacing traditionally expensive learning resources with open educational resources (OER) can have a great impact in the reduction of cost for post-secondary education and student learning. With these benefits as a backdrop, this article describes a case study in which one college instructor adopted OER for College Algebra, offered as a hybrid learning model. This paper discusses this experience with adopting such materials and their impact on student success.
Trends in AM, Government, Industry, Research, Business

In this chapter, we identify current trends in government sponsored programs, universities, industry, and private enterprise, technology development, and adoption. Taking a higher level view we predict how the technology will connect these sectors and where we will see the greatest impact in the next 5 years. 3D printing and AM technology have been in development for at least the past two decades with the hard work of science and engineering being done at universities, national labs, and within corporate research labs. Advanced manufacturing has seen large investments on the order of billions of dollars driving a higher level of activity and high profile of media attention. The global impact of additive manufacturing is gaining momentum with high levels of funding seen at the government, university, and major corporation levels. Emerging economies are seeing the advantages of developing AM capabilities without the burden of historical infrastructures and as a potential means to leap frog the development of costly infrastructure or creating an advanced manufacturing infrastructure well suited to regional needs. Business, commerce, intellectual property, global, and social issues are discussed and reference leading national and global intelligence reports. The author concludes with a summary of the trends and destinations of highest impact for AM metal technology.
Bisections and Reflections

SummaryWe consider the process of reflecting a point on the side of a polygon across successive angle bisectors. As we iterate this process, we find an interesting and sometimes periodic pattern. In particular, we show that for any polygon with an odd number of sides, a point on any side is returned to its original position by a finite number of reflections that is either one or two times the number of sides. Additionally, for a polygon with an even number of sides, a point is guaranteed to return to its original position as soon as possible or not at all.
History of Adaptive and Disabled Rights within Society, Thus Creating the Fertile Soil to Grow, Adaptive Sports

The history of sports for individuals with disabilities cannot be fully understood without discussing the disabled rights movement history. The disabled rights movement in many ways parallels various civil rights movements of the last 200 years. A series of historic changes took place starting in the late eighteenth century that led to significant advancement in the recognition, acceptance, and civil rights of people with disabilities. In addition, there were several events, organizations, and movements progressing in separate but parallel lanes. These movements converged resulting in a cohesive and mostly seamless pathway from childhood recreation and competition to team play and elite-level completion—from the Special Olympics, to Paralympics, to athletes with bilateral lower extremity limb deficiency competing against able-bodied athletes in the London Olympics in 2014.
D term and the structure of pointlike and composed spin-0 particles

This work deals with form factors of the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) of spin-0 particles and the unknown particle property $D$ term related to the EMT, and it is divided into three parts. The first part explores free, weakly and strongly interacting theories to study EMT form factors with the following findings. (i) The free Klein-Gordon theory predicts for the $D$ term $D=\ensuremath{-}1$. (ii) Even infinitesimally small interactions can drastically impact $D$. (iii) In strongly interacting theories one can encounter large negative $D$ though notable exceptions exist, which include Goldstone bosons of chiral symmetry breaking. (iv) Contrary to common belief one cannot arbitrarily add ``total derivatives'' to the EMT. Rather the EMT must be defined in an unambiguous way. The second part deals with the interpretation of the information content of EMT form factors in terms of 3D densities with the following results. (i) The 3D-density formalism is internally consistent. (ii) The description is subject to relativistic corrections but those are acceptably small in phenomenologically relevant situations including nucleons and nuclei. (iii) The free-field result $D=\ensuremath{-}1$ persists when a spin-0 boson is not pointlike but ``heuristically given some internal structure.'' The third part investigates the question of whether such ``giving of an extended structure'' can be implemented dynamically, and it has the following insights. (i) We construct a consistent microscopic theory which, in a certain parametric limit, interpolates between extended and pointlike solutions. (ii) This theory is exactly solvable which is rare in $3+1$ dimensions, admits nontopological solitons of $Q$-ball type, and has a Gaussian field amplitude. (iii) The interaction of this theory belongs to a class of logarithmic potentials which were discussed in the literature, albeit in different contexts including beyond-standard-model phenomenology, cosmology, and Higgs physics.
Feasibility of Robotic-Assisted Transabdominal Preperitoneal Ventral Hernia Repair

Abstract Purpose: Published results from mesh placement in the preperitoneal space between the posterior fascia and peritoneum for ventral hernia repair are limited. We describe our initial experience regarding the feasibility of a robotic-assisted transabdominal preperitoneal (rTAPP) ventral hernia repair. Methods: The study is a retrospective review and descriptive analysis of consecutive and prospectively collected data regarding rTAPP ventral hernia repair conducted by a single surgeon between 2014 and 2016. Results: Fifty-four consecutive rTAPP ventral hernia repairs were performed, and all but two cases were elective. Indications were: 41 primary ventral, 5 incisional, 3 lumbar, 2 Spigelian, 1 recurrent incisional, 1 combined flank and inguinal, and 1 combined primary ventral and inguinal. The mean operative time was 73 minutes (range 25–217 minutes). The average hernia defect was 9.7 cm2, whereas the average size of synthetic mesh was 178 cm2. Forty-six cases were completed through an rTAPP approac...
Sub-Doppler slit jet infrared spectroscopy of astrochemically relevant cations: Symmetric (ν1) and antisymmetric (ν6) NH stretching modes in ND2H2.

Sub-Doppler infrared rovibrational transitions in the symmetric (v1) and antisymmetric (v6) NH stretch modes of the isotopomerically substituted ND2H2+ ammonium cation are reported for the first time in a slit jet discharge supersonic expansion spectrometer. The partially H/D substituted cation is generated by selective isotopic exchange of ND3 with H2O to form NHD2, followed by protonation with H3+ formed in the NHD2/H2/Ne slit-jet discharge expansion environment. Rotational assignment for ND2H2+ is confirmed rigorously by four line ground state combination differences, which agree to be within the sub-Doppler precision in the slit jet (∼9 MHz). Observation of both b-type (ν1) and c-type (ν6) bands enables high precision determination of the ground and vibrationally excited state rotational constants. From an asymmetric top Watson Hamiltonian analysis, the ground state constants are found to be A″ = 4.856 75(4) cm−1, B″ = 3.968 29(4) cm−1, and C″ = 3.446 67(6) cm−1, with band origins at 3297.5440(1) and ...
Adversary Problem Solving by Humans

If problem solving consists of the search of a problem space (Anderson, 1985), then the presence of an adversary vastly complicates that search. Instead of finding a linear sequence of operators that will transform the initial problem state successively from one subgoal to another until the final goal state is achieved, adversary problem solving faces us with an expanding set of possibilities. If we make any one move, our opponent can make several replies; we can respond to each of these replies, but each response will engender a further set of replies. Hence, the search tree grows exponentially. A complete solution to the problem is often beyond our reach, and beyond the resources of a computer, with the result that our decisions must be based on heuristic principles.
Acetabular Refracture Through Posterior Wall Malunion Treated with Sciatic Neuroplasty and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation: A Report of Two Cases.

Fractures involving the posterior wall are the most common type of acetabular fractures1-3. These injuries are often associated with posterior fracture-dislocations of the hip from high-energy trauma such as motor vehicle collisions4-6. Despite the frequency of these events, repeat acetabular injuries are exceedingly rare and, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported. We present two patients who sustained refracture through malunited, previously stable, nonoperatively treated acetabular fractures of the posterior wall. Challenges including malunited fracture fragment reduction and stabilization, sciatic neuroplasty, and posttraumatic nerve palsy in the setting of this uncommon clinical scenario are discussed. The patient from Case 1 and the patient and her parents from Case 2 were informed that data concerning the cases would be submitted for publication, and they all provided consent. Case 1. A forty-five-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle collision that resulted in a fracture-dislocation of the left hip with a displaced, comminuted acetabular fracture of the posterior wall (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). Examination revealed a left foot drop with 0/5 ankle dorsiflexion and great toe extension strength, as well as numbness of the dorsal part of the foot. He was managed conservatively after evaluation under anesthesia revealed smooth, noncrepitant range of motion and stability at extremes of range of motion. At the six-month follow-up, the patient had regained antigravity function (3/5 strength) of the tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus muscles, with mildly improved sensation of the dorsal part of the foot. Hip stability was maintained despite radiographic evidence of a combined nonunion-malunion of the posterior wall of the acetabulum one year after the trauma (Fig. 2). Initial trauma radiograph (Fig. 1-A) and axial CT (Fig. 1-B) of the pelvis demonstrating a minimally displaced comminuted caudal acetabular fracture of the posterior wall (Case 1). Fig. 1-A Fig. 1-B Fig. 2 Follow-up radiograph one year after initial trauma with clinically stable hip despite nonunion-malunion of the acetabular fracture of the posterior wall (Case 1). …
Investigation of Deep Learning Attacks on Nonlinear Silicon Photonic PUFs

We demonstrate that nonlinear silicon photonic Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are resistant to adversarial deep learning attacks. We find that this resistance is rooted in the optical nonlinearity of the silicon photonic PUF token.
Qualitative Approaches to Policy Research in Education: Contesting the Evidence-Based, Neoliberal Regime:

This issue highlights problems with the neoliberal research regime in education policy—one that marginalizes, homogenizes, and dismisses communities, critical voices, and methodologies that could i...
Terahertz Kerr Effect in ${\beta}$ -Alumina Ion Conductors

We present THz Kerr effect spectra of Na, K, and Ag $\beta$ -alumina solid-state ion conductors as model systems for grid-scale battery applications. We show both a field-following response consistent with electronic polarization, and a slower relaxation consistent with translation of mobile ions. © 2019 The Author(s)
Identification of the Klambothrips myopori (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) predator complex in California.

To identify the predator complex of the invasive thrips, Klambothrips myopori, on its ornamental host plant Myoporum laetum, field surveys were conducted at three sites in southern California over the period of 1 y. Five insect orders and five spider families were represented in the survey. Although the most abundant groups differed among collection sites, syrphid larvae, anthocorids, Chrysoperla spp., Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), and one spider family (Salticidae) were all collected at each site. Based on the field surveys, Orius spp. and Chrysoperla spp. were identified as possible key natural enemies of K. myopori. Laboratory studies were then conducted to determine the consumption rates of Orius insidiosus Say (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) at constant densities of K. myopori and to define the functional responses of the predators. Both predators consumed more second-instar larvae than other prey stages. Orius insidious displayed a type II functional response, while C. rufilabris displayed both type II and type III depending on prey stage. Generally speaking, O. insidiosus and C. rufilabris consumed a higher proportion of prey at lower pest densities, implying that in an augmentative control program using these commercially available natural enemies, predators could be released early in the year when host plants begin to flush and thrips populations are low to suppress population growth.
Quantitative Absorption Spectroscopy of Aluminum Atoms in Cryogenic Parahydrogen Solids.

We report results of quantitative ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy experiments on Al-atom-doped cryogenic parahydrogen (pH2) solids produced by codeposition of Al vapor an...