cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of indium-lead alloys for controlled collapse chip connection application

Indium-lead solders are used for IBM controlled collapse chip connections (C-4s) to improve fatigue life in temperature cycling for large chip applications. Using 50% In-Pb alloy, which is expensive, has posed a number of manufacturing and reliability concerns. This paper presents the results of development studies leading to the use of a low-indium solder alloy for C-4 applications. This alloy overcomes all previous concerns while exceeding the fatigue life specification of the high-indium alloy. Also described are the variables and tests used to evaluate C-4 performance of In-Pb alloys over the 5% to 50% range. Results are presented graphically and mathematically to show the improvement obtained with indium-content solders over the conventional tin-lead alloys.
A rapid procedure for the determination of phenyl-alanine and tyrosine from blood filter paper specimens

Abstract A method is described for rapid analysis of phenylalanine and tyrosine using eluates of whole blood that has been impregnated into filter paper. This method employs semi-automated ion-exchange column chromatography (amino acid analyzer) and will yield reasonably accurate and consistent quantitative values for phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations within two hours. The technique has significant value in rapidly confirming the presence of increased phenylalanine with or without a concomitant increase in tyrosine concentration in autoclaved or unautoclaved blood filter paper specimens. Thus phenylketonuria can be differentiated from hyperphenylalaninemia due to tyrosinemia within hours after the initial identification of an elevated phenylalanine concentration by a screening method such as the Guthrie test. In addition, further evaluations of phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations can be facilitated in infants on whom only blood filter paper specimens are obtainable.
Characterization and expression of H-2I region gene products on bone marrow-derived macrophages

Antigen-presenting macrophages (M phi) were derived from day 7 cultures of bone marrow stem cells using L cell conditioned medium. The adherent bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM phi) were 100% esterase-positive, 95% positive for C3 receptors, 93% positive for Fc receptors, and 95% actively phagocytic. Indirect immunofluorescence using anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies resulted in 60% Ia-positive BMM phi on day 7 of stem cell culture. BMM phi could stimulate mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) proliferation across an I-A subregion difference, but not across I-J subregion differences. This contrasted with splenic M phi which stimulated MLR proliferation across both an I-A and I-J subregion difference. The apparent lack of I-J subregion determinants on BMM phi correlated with their ability to function as antigen-presenting cells. In these experiments, BMM phi effectively reconstituted the trinitrophenyl-specific IgM plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of B cells but not the primary burro red blood cell (BRBC)-specific IgM-PFC response of M phi-depleted spleen cells. When BMM phi were added to BRBC-primed T and B cells, they reconstituted the secondary IgG PFC response to levels obtained using splenic M phi. These experiments relate the differential expression of H-21 region determinants on antigen-presenting cells with their functional capacity.
Insight on Pure vs Air Exposed Hydroxide Ion Conductivity in an Anion Exchange Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications

Conductivity of pure (air controlled) and air exposed hydroxide ion was compared using a unique sample preparation and conductivity measurements at controlled environment for a commercial FumasepO FAA anion exchange membrane. At 95%RH and 80°C, the membrane had conductivity value of 0.075 S/cm at the pure hydroxide form but reduced merely to 0.017 S/cm when the membrane was exposed to ambient CO2 for 2 days. A comparative anionic (OH-, CO32-, and HCO3- forms) conductivity study showed the reduced ionic conductivity value by ¼ of its pure form; closed to HCO3- forms of the membrane. This indicated the formation of ionic mixture of CO32-, HCO3,- and residual OH- ions in the hydroxide form of the membrane when exposed to air. The hydroxide ions also showed a smaller ionic energy of activation when compared to other anions indicating a smaller ionic transport energy barrier.
Shrinking limits of silicon MOSFETs: numerical study of 10 nm scale devices

Abstract We have performed numerical modeling of dual-gate ballistic n-MOSFETs with channel length of the order of 10 nm, including the effects of quantum tunneling along the channel and through the gate oxide. Our analysis includes a self-consistent solution of the full (two-dimensional) electrostatic problem, with account of electric field penetration into the heavily doped electrodes. The results show that transistors with channel length as small as 8 nm can exhibit either a transconductance up to 4000 mS mm − 1or gate modulation of current by more than 8 orders of magnitude, depending on the gate oxide thickness. These characteristics make the devices satisfactory for logic and memory applications, respectively, although their gate threshold voltage is rather sensitive to nanometer-scale variations in the channel length.
The role of fat cell derived peptides in age-related metabolic alterations.

Abstract Aging in humans is associated with alterations in body fat distribution and a parallel gradual increase in the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as well as mortality of all causes. Because of nutrient cost, availability, and the sedentary life-style, half of the western world population has fat mass in excess of 30% of the body weight that weighs 3–4 times more than the fat mass of lean subjects. Recent discoveries of various hormones, cytokines and complement factors secreted by adipose cells opened a new avenue of research, looking at the role of these fat derived peptides in different conditions. We will focus here on the potential role of fat tissue in different physiological and physiopathological conditions associated with age-related metabolism and risk factors for diseases. We will also exemplify how body fat capacity, distribution and function can be directly linked, and may play a central role in energy metabolism and homeostasis, atherosclerosis, and possibly in the defense against cancer. We hypothesize that biological pathways involved in nutrient regulation in fat tissue may be important in inducing longevity in calorie restricted animals.
Nonlinear ac dynamics of pinned charge-density waves: Third-harmonic generation.

We report the observation of third-harmonic generation in ac-field-driven charge-density waves pinned by impurities. Over a broad range of fields ${E}_{0}$ and frequencies $\ensuremath{\omega}$, the third-harmonic response ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}(3)}$ is a universal function of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and ${E}_{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}(3)}\ensuremath{\sim}g(\frac{{E}_{0}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}})$ with $\ensuremath{\gamma}l1$, and consequently ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}(3)}$ diverges as $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The relation of these findings to calculations based on random-field models will be discussed.
Molecular Determinants of Modulation of CaV2.1 Channels by Visinin-like Protein 2

CaV2.1 channels, which conduct P/Q-type Ca2+ currents, initiate synaptic transmission at most synapses in the central nervous system. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent facilitation and inactivation of these channels contributes to short-term facilitation and depression of synaptic transmission, respectively. Other calcium sensor proteins displace calmodulin (CaM) from its binding site, differentially regulate CaV2.1 channels, and contribute to the diversity of short-term synaptic plasticity. The neuronal calcium sensor protein visinin-like protein 2 (VILIP-2) inhibits inactivation and enhances facilitation of CaV2.1 channels. Here we examine the molecular determinants for differential regulation of CaV2.1 channels by VILIP-2 and CaM by construction and functional analysis of chimeras in which the functional domains of VILIP-2 are substituted in CaM. Our results show that the N-terminal domain, including its myristoylation site, the central α-helix, and the C-terminal lobe containing EF-hands 3 and 4 of VILIP-2 are sufficient to transfer its regulatory properties to CaM. This regulation by VILIP-2 requires binding to the IQ-like domain of CaV2.1 channels. Our results identify the essential molecular determinants of differential regulation of CaV2.1 channels by VILIP-2 and define the molecular code that these proteins use to control short-term synaptic plasticity.
Environmentally induced limb malformations in mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis).

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of frog deformities throughout many of the northern states of North America. The most readily noticed malformations involve the hindlimbs of peri-metamorphic animals. We have analyzed skeletal preparations of metamorphosing mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis) collected from a site in Minnesota, in order to develop a better understanding of the possible causes. In this paper we describe the categories of abnormalities found at this site. The spectrum of deformities includes missing limbs, truncated limbs, extra limbs (including extra pelvic girdles), and skin webbings. We also describe a newly recognized malformation of the proximal-distal limb axis, a bony triangle. In this abnormality, the proximal and distal ends of the bone are adjacent to one another forming the base of a triangle. The shaft of the bone is bent double and protrudes laterally, the midpoint of the bone forming the apex of the triangle. In this paper we consider several recently proposed explanations for the recent outbreak of amphibian deformities. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the spectrum of abnormalities seen in these frogs is remarkably similar to the range of abnormalities that has been reported as a result of exposure of developing vertebrates to exogenous retinoids. Given the potential implications of this possibility for the welfare of humans as well as wildlife, further studies are needed to determine whether environmental retinoids are responsible for the frog deformities at the site we have examined. J. Exp. Zool. 284:207–216, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Notes on clavarioid fungi: Three new species of Clavariadelphus

Three new species of Clamriadelphus (Homobasidiomycetidae; Gomphaceae) are described, two from continental Europe, one from North America. C. lignicola appears to fruit on wood, a hitherto unreported ecological niche for this genus. Additional characters are supplied to the former descriptions of C. unicolor.
The Spandrels of Self-Deception: Prospects for a Biological Theory of a Mental Phenomenon

Three puzzles about self-deception make this mental phenomenon an intriguing explanatory target. The first relates to how to define it without paradox; the second is about how to make sense of self-deception in light of the interpretive view of the mental that has become widespread in philosophy; and the third concerns why it exists at all. In this paper I address the first and third puzzles. First, I define self-deception. Second, I criticize Robert Trivers’ attempt to use adaptionist evolutionary psychology to solve the third puzzle (existence). Third, I sketch a theory to replace that of Trivers. Self-deception is not an adaptation, but a spandrel in the sense that Gould and Lewontin give the term: a byproduct of other features of human (cognitive) architecture. Self-deception is so undeniable a fact of human life that if anyone tried to deny its existence, the proper response would be to accuse this person of it. (Allen Wood, 1988 )
Deuterium exchange of α‐helices and β‐sheets as monitored by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Deuterium exchange was monitored by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to study the slowly exchanging (hydrogen bonded) peptide hydrogens of several alpha-helical peptides and beta-sheet proteins. Polypeptides were synthetically engineered to have mainly disordered, alpha-helical, or beta-sheet structure. For 3 isomeric 31-residue alpha-helical peptides, the number of slowly exchanging hydrogens as measured by ESI-MS in 50% CF3CD2OD (pD 9.5) provided estimates of their alpha-helicities (26%, 40%, 94%) that agreed well with the values (17%, 34%, 98%) measured by circular dichroic spectroscopy in the same nondeuterated solvent. For 3 betabellins containing a pair of beta-sheets and a related disordered peptide, their order of structural stability (12D > 12S > 14D > 14S) shown by their deuterium exchange rates in 10% CD3OD/0.5% CD3CO2D (pD 3.8) as measured by ESI-MS was the same as their order of structural stability to unfolding with increasing temperature or guanidinium chloride concentration as measured by circular dichroic spectroscopy in water. Compared to monitoring deuterium exchange by proton NMR spectrometry, monitoring deuterium exchange by ESI-MS requires much less sample (1-50 micrograms), much shorter analysis time (10-90 min), and no chemical quenching of the exchange reaction.
Topography of cerebroside sulfotransferase in Golgi-enriched vesicles from rat brain

Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of sulfatide (sulfogalactocerebroside) by transferring the sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to galactocerebroside. Orientation of CST was studied in vesicles enriched in this enzyme obtained from 21-d-old rat brain. Several lines of evidence indicate that CST is located on the luminal side of these vesicles. (a) Sulfation of endogenous galactocerebroside occurred in vesicles only in the presence of a detergent to render the membranes permeable to exogenous PAPS. (b) There is a pool of latent enzyme within the vesicle, which is released by Triton X-100. (c) CST is not destroyed by trypsin unless the vesicle membranes are first made permeable by Triton X-100. (d) Glycolipid substrate, when covalently attached to agarose beads, was not sulfated unless the enzyme was solubilized. These results are similar to those obtained with thiamine pyrophosphatase, which is known to be located within the lumen of the vesicles. This study establishes that an enzyme synthesizing a complex glycolipid is localized within Golgi-enriched vesicles. Since the product of the CST reaction must also be localized to the luminal side of the vesicles, it is most likely that sulfatide is located at the intraperiod line (outer layer) of myelin. The orientation of CST within the vesicle provides a mechanism for the asymmetrical assembly of glycolipids in bilayers.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK : III. THE RÔLE OF THE LIVER AND THE HEPATIC CIRCULATION IN THE METABOLIC CHANGES DURING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT AND THE CAT

1. In a series of rats subjected to hemorrhage and shock a high negative correlation was found between the portal and peripheral venous oxygen saturations and the arterial blood pressure on the one hand, and the blood amino nitrogen levels on the other, and a high positive correlation between the portal and the peripheral oxygen saturations and between each of these and the blood pressure. 2. In five cats subjected to hemorrhage and shock the rise in plasma amino nitrogen and the fall in peripheral and portal venous oxygen saturations were confirmed. Further it was shown that the hepatic vein oxygen saturation falls early in shock while the arterial oxygen saturation showed no alteration except terminally, when it may fall also. 3. Ligation of the hepatic artery in rats did not affect the liver's ability to deaminate amino acids. Hemorrhage in a series of hepatic artery ligated rats did not produce any greater rise in the blood amino nitrogen than a similar hemorrhage in normal rats. The hepatic artery probably cannot compensate to any degree for the decrease in portal blood flow in shock. 4. An operation was devised whereby the viscera and portal circulation of the rat were eliminated and the liver maintained only on its arterial circulation. The ability of such a liver to metabolize amino acids was found to be less than either the normal or the hepatic artery ligated liver and to have very little reserve. 5. On complete occlusion of the circulation to the rat liver this organ was found to resist anoxia up to 45 minutes. With further anoxia irreversible damage to this organ's ability to handle amino acids occurred. 6. It is concluded that the blood amino nitrogen rise during shock results from an increased breakdown of protein in the peripheral tissues, the products of which accumulate either because they do not circulate through the liver at a sufficiently rapid rate or because with continued anoxia intrinsic damage may occur to the hepatic parenchyma so that it cannot dispose of amino acids.
Remineralization Therapies for Initial Caries Lesions

This is a review of the latest scientific advances in technologies for effective management of initial (non-cavitated) caries lesions. The increasing emphasis on preventive and minimal intervention dentistry coupled with the established higher prevalence of non-cavitated caries compared to cavitated tooth surfaces is encouraging nonsurgical management of early caries among the practicing dentists. Thus, there is need for effective treatment strategies to facilitate non-operative care of initial caries lesions (remineralization). The new strategies should either facilitate fluoride action, work better than or synergistically with fluoride to provide a fuller remineralization of the lesions. An overview of new developments shows encouraging number of scientifically sound therapies with promising potential to be efficacious. However, there is shortage of strong clinical evidence generated through randomized clinical trials to support the efficacy and effectiveness of these new technologies. Devices with high validity and accuracy to measure and monitor remineralization are also needed to enable clinical data collection to validate effectiveness of these therapies.
Chromatographic solute identification using peak shape analysis

Abstract Solute identification by retention data alone does not yield a positive identification for two or more solutes with approximately the same retention times. In such cases, two columns with two different stationary phases are needed for solute verification. For this reason, the concentration profiles of gas chromatographic peaks have been studied using the empirically derived eight-parameter model of Chesler and Cram. A non-linear least squares fit of the data to this model has made it possible to derive parameters which allow homologous class recognition and specific solute identification. Two methods for determining the initial estimates are presented. In one method the initial estimates were calculated from the data in a purely empirical manner, while the other is based mathematically on the model. The fitted values of the parameters from the two methods are compared for the purpose of illustrating the dependence of the fit on the choice of initial estimates. Some of the parameters are believed to have physical significance. For example, an almost linear relationship between one of the fitted parameters, C 2 , and the diffusion coefficient, D AB , of the solute in the carrier gas was found. Similar results were found for C 7 versus D AB , the capacity ratio k ′ and C 2 , and k ′/(1 + k ′) 2 and C 2 .
Distribution of angiotensin II receptors in the brain of nonhuman primates

Angiotensin II binding sites were demonstrated at discrete nuclei in the brain of three nonhuman primate species by autoradiography, using the agonist ligand, [Sar1]AII. Although there were some differences in location of the binding sites, all three species exhibited a characteristic pattern of distribution in areas related to water intake, vasopressin secretion, and blood pressure regulation through modulation of sympathetic activity. Studies in the cynomolgus monkey with the antagonist ligand, [Sar1,Ile8]AII, which localizes in pathways as well as nuclei, revealed novel regions of binding including the habenular-interpeduncular pathway, ventral bundle, and XII nerve, in addition to the X nerve. These data indicated that AII, as in other species, has a role in the central homeostatic control mechanisms in the primate.
Location and completeness of reinnervation by two types of neurons at a single target: The feline muscle spindle

Muscle spindles from the tenuissimus muscle of the cat were examined microscopically to assess the precision and completeness of reinnervation of intrafusal muscle fibers by efferent and afferent neurons. Positions of motor and sensory nerve terminals were charted relative to the cross-sectional area enclosed by the outer capsule of the spindle. Profiles of nerve endings were measured for normally innervated and reinnervated spindles. The tenuissimus was deprivedof innervation by freezing its nerve, sometimes in conjunction with either spinal ganglion removal or ventral rhizotomy. Sensory and motor terminals occupied separate locales along the length of normal muscle spindles. Nerve terminals of efferent and afferent neurons were located in appropriate positions along the length of spindles when axons of both types of neurons regrew-together and when either category of axon regenerated alone. Precise reinnervation of muscle spindles occurred in spite of a diminished diameter of intrafusal fibers. Repopulation of the spindle with motor endings was less complete than that by sensory endings, based on the proportion and size of the regenerated terminals. We conclude that under optimal conditions for axonal regrowth, efferent and afferent neurons reinnervate their respective regions along intrafusal muscle fibers but motor lags sensory reinnervation within the spindle. The mechanism by which positional specificity happens during reinnervation of intrafusal fibers requires neither an interaction between terminals of the two types of neurons nor target cells of normal bulk. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
40Gbit/s multi-lane distribution interface converter and its application to cost-effective optical transceiver for 40G SONET/SDH signals

We create a 40Gbit/s multi-lane distribution (MLD) interface converter for STM-256 to STL-256.4 and OTU3 to OTL3.4. We successfully demonstrate a cost-effective optical transceiver for STM-256/OC-768/40G-POS by using our 40Gbit/s MLD interface converter prototype.
SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING IN ENGLISH USAGE.

This study identified children's perception of sex differences in the areas of language usage and occupational roles. The survey instrument used consisted of 28 items. Each item was a pair of statements identical except for one word or phrase. One statement was definitely male or female according to the literature. The other statement was either neutral or one that would be said by the other sex. Subjects were asked to identify statements that would be said by a man on one section of the instrument. They were asked to identify statements that would be said by a woman on the other section. Subjects consisted of 121 children from an inner city school in a low socio-economic area in north central Florida. The children composed five classrooms in grades one through five. One classroom was randomly selected from each grade level. The results indicate that children perceive differences both between the language usage of men and women, and between the conception of occupational roles traditionally assigned to each sex.
Laminar thermal boundary layers on continuous surfaces.

References 1 Chapman, D. R., "An Analysis of Base Pressure at Supersonic Velocities and Comparison with Experiment," Rept. 1051, 1951, NACA. 2 Love, E. S., "Base Pressure at Supersonic Speeds on TwoDimensional Airfoils and on Bodies of Revolution with and without Fins Having Turbulent Boundary Layers," TN 3819, Jan. 1957, NACA. 3 Whiffield, J. D. and Potter, J. L., "On Base Pressures at High Reynolds Numbers and Hypersonic Mach Numbers," AEDC TN 60-61, March 1960, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Tullahoma, Tenn. 4 Potter, J. L., Whitfield, J. D., and Strike, W. T., "Transition Measurements and the Correlation of Transition Sensitive Data," AEDC TR 59-4, Feb. 1959, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Tullahoma, Tenn. 5 Cassanto, J. M., "Base Pressure Results at M — 4 Using FreeFlight and Sting-Supported Models," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 1411-1414. 6 Bogdonoff, S. M., "A Preliminary Study of Reynolds Number Effects on Base Pressure at M = 2.95," Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 3, March 1952, pp. 201-206. 7 Kurzweg, H. H., "Interrelationship Between Boundary Layer and Base Pressure," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 11, Nov. 1951, pp. 743-748. 8 Crocco, L. and Lees, L., "A Mixing Theory for the Interaction Between Dissipative Flows and Nearly Isentropic Streams," Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 10, Oct. 1952, pp. 649-676. 9 Cassanto, J. M., "Radial Base Pressure Gradients in Laminar Flow," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 12, Dec. 1967, pp. 2278-2279. 10 Cassanto, J. M. and Hoyt, T. L., "Flight Results Showing the Effect of Mass Addition on Base Pressure," TIS 70SD248, March 1970, General Electric Company, Re-Entry and Environmental Systems Division, Philadelphia, Pa.; also AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 9, Sept. 1970, pp. 1705-1707. 11 Cassanto, J. M., "Effect of Cone Angle and Bluntness Ratio on Base Pressure," AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 12, Dec. 1965, pp. 23512352. 12 Cassanto, J. M. and Storer, E. M., "A Revised Technique for Predicting the Base Pressure of Sphere Cone Configurations in Turbulent Flow Including Mass Addition Effects," ALFM 68-41, Oct. 1968, General Electric Company, Re-Entry and Environmental Systems Division, Philadelphia, Pa. 13 Sherman, M. M., and Nakamura, T., "Flight Test Measurements of Boundary Layer Transition on a Non-Ablating 22° Cone," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 7, No. 2, Feb. 1970, pp. 137-142 14 Ames Research Staff, "Equations, Tables, and Charts for Compressible Flow," Rept. 1135, 1953, NACA.
Kernel Fisher linear discriminant with fractional power polynomial models for face recognition

This paper presents a kernel Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD) method for face recognition. The kernel FLD method is extended to include fractional power polynomial models for enhanced face recognition performance. A fractional power polynomial, however, does not necessarily define a kernel function, as it might not define a positive semi-definite Gram matrix. Note that the sigmoid kernels, one of the three classes of widely used kernel functions (polynomial kernels, Gaussian kernels, and sigmoid kernels), do not actually define a positive semi-definite Gram matrix, either. Nevertheless, the sigmoid kernels have been successfully used in practice, such as in building support vector machines. The feasibility of the kernel FLD method with fractional power polynomial models has been successfully tested on face recognition using a FERET data set that contains 600 frontal face images corresponding to 200 subjects. These images are acquired under variable illumination and facial expression. Experimental results show that the kernel FLD method with fractional power polynomial models achieves better face recognition performance than the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method using various similarity measures, the FLD method, and the kernel FLD method with polynomial kernels.
The Effect of Self-Efficacy and Psychosocial Development on Major-Changing Behavior.

In this study, we sought to determine whether psychosocial development and self-efficacy of major changers differ from those classified as relatively stable. Participants completed the Life-Skills Inventory-College (Picklesimer, 1991) form to measure psychosocial development and the General Self-efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) scale to measure students' level of self-efficacy. Major changers reported a lower level of self-efficacy than relatively stable students, and relatively stable students scored higher on the self-perception measures of the Problem-Solving/Decision-Making subscale on the Life-Skills Development Inventory than did major changers.
A methodology which requires user participation in the design of information systems

Abstract User participation in the design of computerized information systems is an accepted philosophy. The goal is to enhance the appreciation for and thus utility of the new system. In reality, however, system design procedures tend not to achieve this goal. The reason is that participation is implemented half heartedly, allowing the user to ask and answer questions, but not get involved in the design. This paper presents an adaptation of Nadler's “IDEALS” approach to the design of information systems. The approach presented is a five step procedure which removes the user from his daily information related activities and allows him to hypothesize an idealized use of information in his job. The approach then proceeds to allow the user and analyst to creatively implement a close approximation to the ideal design target.
Caring in the Ivory Tower

In this paper I argue that the teacher educators who deliberately create and nurture caring teacher–student relationships, despite the many challenges, benefit both themselves and their students in several ways. Although the notion that teachers should care for their students is not new, it may well be that professors too seldom communicate their caring clearly to students. First, I outline the literature on caring in education and provide examples of how professors show they care – and why students find this so important. Building on my belief that all (good) teaching involves humans in relation, I then describe how I use beginning-of-the-semester, one-to-one meetings with new students as one example of how caring can be operationalized. In an era when content-matter dissemination and accountability are increasingly reified, it is crucially important to see and treat our students as whole people rather than consumer-critics so that the dominant reductionist and consumerist traditions can be challenged an...
Tourist or Explorer? Reflection in the Foreign Language Classroom

The primacy of form over content has long dominated the teaching of foreign languages, and in a predominantly positivistic educational environment the acquisition of content has often been equated with the learning of facts. Such learning and teaching is at odds with John Dewey's views of education in general and with his philosophy of language in particular. This paper uses the metaphors of “tourist” and “explorer” to illuminate the distinction between acquiring linguistic forms and cultural facts on the one hand and using a second language to construct an understanding of another social reality on the other hand. E-mail messages of German and U.S. students are used to illustrate this point. The paper argues that students and teachers should not take received messages at face value, but that careful reading and asking questions can lead to an understanding of another and of one's own culture. It does not really matter which topics the students discuss under the guidance of their teachers, as long as the students are inquisitive and curious. Such an approach views language as a tool that gives access to another culture, and it is compatible with ethnographic methods of research. Reflection and thought/illness is both a prerequisite and an outgrowth of foreign language instruction that is based on the assumptions outlined in the paper. This can be achieved at fairly low proficiency levels.
Ionotropic glutamate‐receptor gene expression in hypothalamus: Localization of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor RNA with in situ hybridization

In situ hybridization and Northern blots were used to study the ionotropic subtypes of the glutamate receptor in the rat hypothalamus. Widespread expression of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor RNA was found in the hypothalamus with the transcripts the same size and number as found in other regions of the brain. Most of the glutamate-receptor subunits studied were expressed in greater amounts in hippocampus than in hypothalamus; GluR5, on the other hand, showed a greater expression in hypothalamus than in hippocampus. On the basis of Northern blot analysis, all regions of the brain examined, including hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus, expressed all eight of the subunits studied. Each subunit showed different relative expressions in the different regions. In the hypothalamus, GluR1 and GluR2 were among the most widely expressed of the non-NMDA ionotropic receptors. Other AMPA-preferring receptors, GluR3 and -R4, were also found, but to a lesser extent. Scattered cells expressed the kainate-preferring receptors GluR5, -R6, and -R7. The NMDA receptor NMDAR1 was detected throughout the hypothalamus. In many regions of the hypothalamus, only scattered cells showed detectable expression of the glutamate-receptor mRNA as detected by autoradiographic silver grains over neurons; unlabeled cells were mixed among labeled cells. Every region of the hypothalamus had several different glutamate receptors. The expression of many different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors throughout the hypothalamus suggests that multiple modes of ion channel regulation by glutamate probably operate here and provides further support for the importance of the excitatory transmitter glutamate in hypothalamic regulation.
A Goal Seeking Investment Model

A probabilistic investment model is formulated as a Wiener process with a barrier. A planning horizon, targeted rate of return, discount rate, and the mean and variance rate of return are the important parameters in the model. Sensitivity analyses are studied. Several significant statements can be made: 1 contrary to traditional mean-variance portfolio models, rate of return variance may not always be an undesirable characteristic, since higher variance can increase the chances of achieving certain types of investment goals; 2 one can almost always achieve certain types of investment goals if the time horizon is sufficiently long.
Thirty Years of Changing Federal, State, and Local Relationships in Employment and Training Programs

There have been three major training programs in the United States in the past thirty years: the Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA)from 1962 to 1973, the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA)from 1973 to 1982, and the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)from 1982 to the present. MDTA was a categorical program, with service providersfiunded directly by thefederal government. CETA was a hybrid block grant program that gave local units of government substantial autonomy in administering the basic training component, but CETA also included categoricalprograms for specific target groups and for public service employment. Over time, CETA was increasingly regulated. JTPA is regulated more by the states and theprivate sector, and in 1992 amendments targeted the program more sharply and restricted activities that could be undertaken. Federalism in employment and training programs hasfollowed a course similar to other areas, with cooperativefederalism ending in 1978 being replaced by coercive federalism. In recent years, states have started a number of innovative programs.
Climatic control of river‐ice hydrology: a review

Ice is present during a part of the year on many rivers of cold, and even temperate, regions of the globe. Though largely ignored in hydrological literature, river ice has serious hydrologic impacts, including extreme flood events caused by ice jams, interference with transportation and energy production, low winter flows and associated ecological and water quality consequences. It is also a major factor in the life cycle of many aquatic and other species, being both beneficial and destructive, depending on location and time of year. A brief review of the hydrologic aspects of river ice shows strong climatic links and illustrates the sensitivity of the entire ice regime to changes in climatic conditions. To date, this sensitivity has only partly been documented: the vast majority of related studies have focused on the timing of freeze-up and break-up over the past century, and indicate trends that are consistent with concomitant changes in air temperature. It is only in the past few years that attention has been paid to the more complex, and practically more important, question of what climatic change may do to the frequency and severity of extreme ice jams, floods and low flows. The probable changes to the ice regime of rivers, and associated hydrological processes and impacts, are discussed in the light of current understanding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute Care Nurse Practitioners in Oncologic Critical Care: The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Experience

Nurse practitioners (NPs) are increasingly being used to fill the physician-staffing void in intensive care units. This article describes the initiation and role development of our collaborative physician-NP critical care medicine (CCM) program at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The challenges that our program encountered with recruiting, training, transitioning, collaborating, communicating, and addressing end-of-life issues are detailed in this article. Finally, we delve into the emotional impact NPs have on this new role and propose future directions to strengthen the CCM NP model. We hope that this descriptive article of the development of our CCM NP group will allow others who are seeking to cultivate their own CCM NP teams to benefit from our experience.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Youth Sports: The Role of the Sports Manager and Coach

The number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rapidly increasing throughout the United States. This increase also has an impact on participation in local community programs such as youth sports and recreational activities. The administrators of these agencies and departments will be required to develop and implement programs that meet the needs of the children and families affected by ASD. Certain programs are designated as therapeutic recreation programs, with the specific structure and resources to support and provide activities for children with special needs. However, private and municipal youth leagues for soccer, baseball, and basketball generally focus on serving the general public without the resources and specific means to address the needs of children affected by ASD. The purpose of this article is to focus on the sport and recreation programs that are not considered therapeutic recreation programs.
Roles of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the transition to the hydrogen economy

Closed-system regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) are an alternative to non-regenerative fuel cells as a transition technology and mainstay of a hydrogen economy. Substantially petroleum-free automobiles can spontaneously evolve from hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) based solely on the economic viability of replacing batteries with RFCs as fuel cell prices decrease. The evolution can be projected first to plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and finally to a substantially hydrogen-based transportation system. While there is uncertainty in quantifying the projected costs of fuel cells, the qualitative price tend projections and resulting vehicle power system evolution can be projected with certainty. An important stage in the PHEV evolution is the “combined” use of battery packs and RFC systems as an alternative to relying on only battery packs for storing electrical power on PHEVs. The combined systems are projected to reduce the cost of PHEVs by more than $1000 and reduce vehicular gasoline consumption by > 80%. 2005 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pilot study of a robotic protocol to treat shoulder subluxation in patients with chronic stroke

Background Shoulder subluxation is a frequent complication of motor impairment after stroke, leading to soft tissue damage, stretching of the joint capsule, rotator cuff injury, and in some cases pain, thus limiting use of the affected extremity beyond weakness. In this pilot study, we determined whether robotic treatment of chronic shoulder subluxation can lead to functional improvement and whether any improvement was robust.
The Care People Need and the Education of Physicians

cancer. J Clin Oncol 28:1467-1472, 2010 25. Neubauer MA, Hoverman JR, Kolodziej M, et al: Cost effectiveness of evidence-based treatment guidelines for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer in the community setting. J Oncol Pract 6:12-18, 2010 26. Hoverman JR, Cartwright TH, Patt DA, et al: Pathways, outcomes, and costs in colon cancer: Retrospective evaluations in 2 distinct databases. Am J Manag Care 17:SP45-SP52, 2011 (suppl 5 developing) 27. Campion FX, Larson LR, Kadlubek PJ, et al: Advancing performance measurement in oncology. Am J Manag Care 17:SP32-SP36, 2011 (suppl 5 developing) 28. Meyerhardt JA: Beyond standard adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: Role of nonstandard interventions. Semin Oncol 38:533-541, 2011 29. Paskett ED, Harrop JP, Wells KJ: Patient navigation: An update on the state of the science. CA Cancer J Clin 61:237-249, 2011 30. [No authors listed]: Cancer survivors: Still room for improvement. Lancet Oncol 12:609, 2011
Coordinate transformations in modern crystallographic computing

A review of 4 × 4-matrix notation and of tensor formalism focused on crystallographic applications is presented. A discussion of examples shows how this notation simplifies tasks encountered in crystallographic computing.
Patterns of change in diets of two piscivorous seabird species during 35 years in the Pribilof Islands

As upper level predators in the marine ecosystem, seabirds reflect fluctuations in the marine environment that influence their prey supply. Studies of seabird diets thus provide insight into the physical and biological mechanisms that potentially drive population changes in both predators and their prey. The eastern Bering Sea shelf, among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world, has undergone significant restructuring in recent decades that is likely to continue in light of anticipated climatic change. Using a dataset spanning 35 years at two of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea, we examined temporal patterns in diet and their relationships with oceanographic variables for black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia), two piscivorous seabirds with differing foraging strategies. Diets varied significantly among years and between islands and species. Our substantially expanded dataset supported conclusions found in previous studies of this system, including the importance of pollock, particularly age-0 class, in kittiwake diets and the absence of capelin in diets of either species since the late 1970s. Diets of both species contained more gadids at St. Paul Island and more squid and euphausiids at St. George Island, likely reflecting differences in foraging location between islands. We found some relationships between kittiwake diet and broad-scale oceanographic variables (Arctic Oscillation Index and regional summer sea surface temperature) but not with local physical variables. Almost no time series data exist on availability and abundance of zooplankton or forage fish species such as age-0 pollock, myctophids, and sandlance in the eastern Bering Sea. Our measure of diet (number of individuals within each prey type) appears too coarse for detecting complex relationships between local oceanographic variables and seabird responses, but may provide invaluable information about changes in forage fish stocks, which are frequently expensive or difficult to otherwise measure. Future diet analyses should increase emphasis on evaluating caloric input (i.e., size and nutrient composition of each prey type) as well as attempts to measure the diet of murre chicks.
Variations in risk attitude across race, gender, and education

Background. Significant disparities in health care utilization exist across gender and race. Little is known about the patient-specific factors that may contribute to this variation. This study examined variations in risk attitude across major sociodemographic groups.Methods. A survey elicited utility measures for health states under risk-insensitive and risksensitive conditions (time tradeoff and standard gamble methods, respectively). Risk attitude was modeled assuming constant proportional risk posture, thus the utility function used was a power function. A multivariable linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between risk attitude and sociodemographic factors.Results.Of the 62 study subjects, the mean age was 47.6 years, 47% were female, and 33% were African American. Overall, 37% of respondents-were decidedly risk averse, 37% moderately risk averse, 15% moderately risk seeking, and 11% decidedly risk seeking. Significant predictors of increasing risk aversion in multivariate mode...
Regular multicast multihop lightwave networks

A class of multicast multihop lightwave networks (MLNs) is presented. These networks have a two-layered architecture, with the upper "logical layer" implemented electronically, and supported by an underlying "physical layer" implemented as a purely optical network. The unique feature studied is that the logical topology has a regular multicast structure, which is created through the use of optical multicast in the physical layer. It is shown that this type of logical topology yields networks which have significantly superior performance features, when compared with either purely optical networks, or with multihop networks based on point-to-point connections. Special regular logical topologies based on Kautz hypergraphs are used in designing the networks.
A Design Methodology for Compositional High-Level Synthesis of Communication-Centric SoCs

Systems-on-chip are increasingly designed at the system level by combining synthesizable IP components that operate concurrently while interacting through communication channels. CAD-tool vendors support this System-Level Design approach with high-level synthesis tools and libraries of interface primitives implementing the communication protocols. These interfaces absorb timing differences in the hardware-component implementations, thus enabling compositional design. However, they introduce also new challenges in terms of functional correctness and performance optimization. We propose a methodology that combines performance analysis and optimization algorithms to automatically address the issues that SoC designers may accidentally introduce when assembling components that are specified at the system level.
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy of the Accessory Cuneate Nucleus in Horses

Data were collected from 37 horses with a neurologic disability and compared to a group of 34 normal horses. Affected horses had neuroaxonal dystrophy, gliosis, vacuoles, and sometimes pigment localized to the accessory cuneate nuclei with minimal or no changes in the spinal cord and no changes in the proximal peripheral nerves. The focal nature of the change and usual absence of significant light microscopic spinal cord or peripheral nerve changes are different than previously described equine neuropathologic conditions.