cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MS-Mentions: Consistently Annotating Entity Mentions in Materials Science Procedural Text

Material science synthesis procedures are a promising domain for scientific NLP, as proper modeling of these recipes could provide insight into new ways of creating materials. However, a fundamental challenge in building information extraction models for material science synthesis procedures is getting accurate labels for the materials, operations, and other entities of those procedures. We present a new corpus of entity mention annotations over 595 Material Science synthesis procedural texts (157,488 tokens), which greatly expands the training data available for the Named Entity Recognition task. We outline a new label inventory designed to provide consistent annotations and a new annotation approach intended to maximize the consistency and annotation speed of domain experts. Inter-annotator agreement studies and baseline models trained upon the data suggest that the corpus provides high-quality annotations of these mention types. This corpus helps lay a foundation for future high-quality modeling of synthesis procedures.
Empirically Supported Intervention Practices for Autism Spectrum Disorders in School and Community Settings: Issues and Practices

With the increasing numbers of children who qualify for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), researchers have also seen a contemporaneous increase in the number of interventions available to families of children with autism. Unfortunately, many interventions lack a sound research foundation and are minimally effective or ineffective altogether. Furthermore, research suggests that an eclectic approach to intervention for children with autism is less effective than a single, intensive, scientifically sound intervention in terms of improving cognition, language, and adaptive behavior (Howard, Sparkman, Cohen, Green, & Stanislaw, 2005). Because the earlier that intervention starts the higher the likelihood of more positive outcomes (L. K. Koegel, 2000), ineffective and inefficient interventions can be damaging to the development of a child with autism. In short, if we are to accelerate the habilitation process during the early years, efficacious, effective, and efficient individualized interventions are critical.
SU-E-T-502: Initial Results of a Comparison of Treatment Plans Produced From Automated Prioritized Planning Method and a Commercial Treatment Planning System

Purpose We developed an automated treatment planning system based on a hierarchical goal programming approach. To demonstrate the feasibility of our method, we report the comparison of prostate treatment plans produced from the automated treatment planning system with those produced by a commercial treatment planning system. Methods In our approach, we prioritized the goals of the optimization, and solved one goal at a time. The purpose of prioritization is to ensure that higher priority dose-volume planning goals are not sacrificed to improve lower priority goals. The algorithm has four steps. The first step optimizes dose to the target structures, while sparing key sensitive organs from radiation. In the second step, the algorithm finds the best beamlet weight to reduce toxicity risks to normal tissue while holding the objective function achieved in the first step as a constraint, with a small amount of allowed slip. Likewise, the third and fourth steps introduce lower priority normal tissue goals and beam smoothing. We compared with prostate treatment plans from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center developed using Eclipse, with a prescription dose of 72 Gy. A combination of liear, quadratic, and gEUD objective functions were used with a modified open source solver code (IPOPT). Results Initial plan results on 3 different cases show that the automated planning system is capable of competing or improving on expert-driven eclipse plans. Compared to the Eclipse planning system, the automated system produced up to 26% less mean dose to rectum and 24% less mean dose to bladder while having the same D95 (after matching) to the target. Conclusion We have demonstrated that Pareto optimal treatment plans can be generated automatically without a trial-and-error process. The solver finds an optimal plan for the given patient, as opposed to database-driven approaches that set parameters based on geometry and population modeling.
Hume's Distinction Between the Natural and Artificial Virtues

Contre l'interpretation evaluative du probleme traditionnel et contre le probleme reconsidere par J. L. Mackie, l'A. defend la legitimite de la distinction entre vertus naturelles et vertus artificielles, operee par Hume dans le domaine de la morale, distinguant la justice des autres vertus
Copyright Conspiracy: How the New Copyright Alert System May Violate the Sherman Act

In July 2011, a consortium of major content providers and Internet service providers announced their intention to implement the Copyright Alert System, a graduated response plan aimed at stemming online copyright infringement by individual users. While other commentators have examined the rise of these systems abroad and certain potential issues with the implementation of such measures in the United States, little has been said about the antitrust implications of a private system of copyright enforcement. This article recounts the history of online infringement leading up to the Copyright Alert System and then analyzes the system from the perspective of antitrust law, taking the position that the system announced raises significant antitrust concerns. The article concludes with recommendations for improving the current system to protect the rights of consumers.
Effects of reduced gravity on heat transfer.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the effects of reduced gravity on heat transfer. The study of heat-transfer processes in reduced and zero gravity is of interest for reasons of both practical and basic research importance. To experimentally study reduced and very low gravity behavior, a facility is needed that will provide a specified gravity reduction with reasonable convenience. Some of these facilities have been reviewed and some pertinent characteristics are considered. Gravity or a similar-body force field appears in the analytical predictions and experimental correlations for free convection as a natural consequence of the buoyancy force being the defined driving potential for the flow. Pool boiling provides very high heat-transfer coefficients and, hence, can have useful applications in the high-performance heat-transfer devices employed in space applications. For low-gravity applications in a system where there is a net vapor generation, a difficulty, arising as a result of the low buoyancy force, is the separation of the vapor from the liquid. The discussion of condensation will begin with situations where there is no forced-flow pumping pressure applied to move either the liquid or the vapor so that the fluid motion is produced only by the gravity field. An interest in forced-flow condensation in reduced gravity stems from the design of electric-generating plants for space use. A system that shows some promise is a Rankine cycle turbogenerator unit that utilizes a liquid metal as the working fluid. Some combustion processes depend on gravity because free convection accounts for the circulation of some of the reactants into the flame zone. Studies in reduced gravity are important: (1) for specific applications in space devices, (2) to determine the validity of the gravity dependence in theoretical and experimental correlations, and (3) to remove unwanted effects of free convection in certain experiments.
Vanquishing the Terror of Poliomyelitis

Polio . An American Story. By David M. Oshinsky . Oxford University Press, New York, 2005. 340 pp. $30, £18.99. ISBN 0-19-515294-8. Splendid Solution . Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio. By Jeffrey Kluger . Putnam, New York, 2004. 381 pp. $25.95, C$38. ISBN 0-399-15216-4. Living with Polio . The Epidemic and Its Survivors. By Daniel J. Wilson . University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005. 300 pp. $29, £20.50. ISBN 0-226-90103-3. The authors offer three perspectives on polio in the United States: Oshinsky gives a broad view of the efforts to eradicate the disease, Kluger focuses on the work of Salk, and Wilson highlights the stories of people who were struck by the virus or lived with its consequences.
Seismology and Space-Based Geodesy

The potential of space-based geodetic measurement of crustal deformation in the context of seismology is explored. The achievements of seismological source theory and data analyses, mechanical modeling of fault zone behavior, and advances in space-based geodesy are reviewed, with emphasis on realizable contributions of space-based geodetic measurements specifically to seismology. The fundamental relationships between crustal deformation associated with an earthquake and the geodetically observable data are summarized. The response and spatial and temporal resolution of the geodetic data necessary to understand deformation at various phases of the earthquake cycle is stressed. The use of VLBI, SLR, and GPS measurements for studying global geodynamics properties that can be investigated to some extent with seismic data is discussed. The potential contributions of continuously operating strain monitoring networks and globally distributed geodetic observatories to existing worldwide modern digital seismographic networks are evaluated in reference to mutually addressable problems in seismology, geophysics, and tectonics.
Rh isoimmunization: A 24 year experience at Duke University Medical Center☆

A retrospective analysis was made of Rh-sensitized patients delivered of their babies at Duke University Medical Center during a 24 year period. Records of 202 obstetric patients representing 280 sensitized pregnancies from a pool of 39,910 deliveries were analyzed for past obstetric history, blood group information, antibody determinations, amniocentesis data, and details of the pregnancy and delivery. The medical records of the corresponding infants were analyzed for their neonatal course. A severity index (SI) was devised to classify the degree of severity of the erythroblastosis fetalis. A significant correlation between SI and the delta OD450 of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord hematocrit, and bilirubin was noted. The evaluation of amniotic fluid delta OD450 is considered to be the cornerstone of clinical management. Twenty-nine patients had initial Liley zone 1 determinations which decreased to delta OD450 = 0.000; however, only 10 of 29 (34.5%) of the infants were unaffected, and 13 of 29 (44.8%) had mild sensitization, four of 29 (13.8%) had moderate sensitization, and two of 29 (6.9%) had severe sensitization. The previously held concept of "critical titer" as a guide for initiating amniocentesis is challenged, and the recommendation is made that amniocentesis for amniotic fluid determination should be undertaken in any patient with a positive indirect Coombs titer.
Fleshing the spirit: spirituality and activism in Chicana, Latina, and indigenous women’s lives

‘I see the world now, I am free to smile/I took a step towards spirituality’s forbidden mile’ (Nunez-Mejia, 190). Fleshing the Spirit: Spirituality and Activism in Chicana, Latina, and Indigenous W...
Oxidative inactivation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and subunit cross-linking involve different dithiol/disulfide centers.

Abstract Rat liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGR) is extremely sensitive to oxidative inactivation by low concentrations (micromolar) of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) even in the presence of millimolar concentrations of glutathione (GSH). Inactivation involves the formation of an intramolecular protein-SS-protein disulfide in thiol/disulfide redox equilibrium with the reduced, active enzyme (Cappel, R.E., and Gilbert, H.F. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 12204-12212). In the absence of dithiothreitol, HMGR oxidation has been previously shown to cross-link the microsomal enzyme into a covalent dimer (Ness, G.C., McCreery, M.J., Sample, C.E., Smith, M., and Pendelton, L.C. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12391-12393). Examination of the extent of HMGR cross-linking and residual HMGR activity in microsomes equilibrated with glutathione redox buffers establishes that inactivation and cross-linking result from oxidation of different dithiol pairs. The thiol/disulfide oxidation potential (K(ox)) for the oxidative inactivation of HMGR, E(SH)2,active + GSSG E(S-S)inactive + 2 GSH, is 0.67 +/- 0.07 M. However, the equilibrium constant for HMGR cross-linking, E(SH)2,monomer + GSS E(S-S)dimer + 2 GSH, is 0.19 +/- 0.02 M, significantly lower than that for inactivation (p < 0.001). Because of the significantly different oxidation potentials and the lack of a linear relationship between cross-linking and inactivation, the two processes must involve two different sets of vicinal dithiols. HMGR becomes 5-10-fold more difficult to oxidize in the presence of saturating levels of the substrate, HMG-CoA. Both inactivation and cross-linking exhibit significantly lower oxidation potentials in the presence of this substrate, 0.072 +/- 0.01 and 0.047 +/- 0.007 M, respectively. The decrease in oxidation potential caused by substrate binding is observed for both inactivation and cross-linking, showing that both processes are affected by the binding of substrate to the enzyme. The dithiols involved in HMGR subunit cross-linking are 2-3-fold more difficult to oxidize than the dithiols that affect the enzyme activity. Thus, the observation of partial cross-linking of HMGR in vivo would imply that conditions are sufficiently oxidizing to result in significant enzyme inactivation. The extreme thermodynamic sensitivity of HMGR to oxidative inactivation and cross-linking in glutathione redox buffers that span the physiological redox state implies that thiol/disulfide redox state changes could provide a mechanism for regulating the activity and/or stability of this enzyme.
Encapsulated dental‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in an injectable and biodegradable scaffold for applications in bone tissue engineering

Bone grafts are currently the major family of treatment options in modern reconstructive dentistry. As an alternative, stem cell-scaffold constructs seem to hold promise for bone tissue engineering. However, the feasibility of encapsulating dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells in scaffold biomaterials such as alginate hydrogel remains to be tested. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to: (1) develop an injectable scaffold based on oxidized alginate microbeads encapsulating periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs); and (2) investigate the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells in the microbeads both in vitro and in vivo. Microbeads with diameters of 1 ± 0.1 mm were fabricated with 2 × 106 stem cells/mL of alginate. Microbeads containing PDLSCs, GMSCs, and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as a positive control were implanted subcutaneously and ectopic bone formation was analyzed by micro CT and histological analysis at 8-weeks postimplantation. The encapsulated stem cells remained viable after 4 weeks of culturing in osteo-differentiating induction medium. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results confirmed that apatitic mineral was deposited by the stem cells. In vivo, ectopic mineralization was observed inside and around the implanted microbeads containing the immobilized stem cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time that immobilization of PDLSCs and GMSCs in alginate microbeads provides a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 3285–3294, 2013.
Genes, Women, Equality

Genes, Women, Equality. Mary Briody Mahowald. New York: Oxford University Press,1999.xvii+314pp.
Model-based multi-sensor fusion

A new class of ATR algorithms known in general as model-based have demonstrated some promising results. One major advantage of these new methods is that they are not only data-driven but they ore also model-driven. The fact that they are model-driven removes the dependence of the recognition process on a low level segmentation process. These new model-based approaches accomplish segmentation and recognition simultaneously. In other words, the process entertains multiple segmentation possibilities until a sufficient amount of high level and low level information is gathered so that an intelligent interpretation of what the image contains can be formed. A second major advantage of these new methodologies is the fact that the fusion of information from multiple sensors is a continual process not a one shot deal which is typical of first generation algorithms. This paper concentrates on the model-based ATR algorithm called relational template matching. >
Control of cationic amino acid transport and retroviral receptor functions in a membrane protein family.

A partial cDNA sequence indicated that the T lymphocyte early-activation gene (Tea) encodes a protein related to the dual-function ecotropic retrovirus receptor/cationic amino acid transporter (ecoR/CAT1), and RNA blots suggested highest Tea expression in T lymphocytes and liver (MacLeod, C.L., Finley, K., Kakuda, D. Kozad, C.A., and Wilkinson, M.F. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3663-3674). The sequence of full-length Tea cDNA from liver (3683 bases) predicts a 657-amino-acid protein (CAT2 alpha) with 12-14 transmembrane domains. A long (515 base) region with six initiation codons and termination codons precedes the translation start codon. The liver Tea cDNA is identical to Tea cDNA from T lymphocytes (encoding CAT2 beta) with the exception of an apparent alternatively spliced sequence encoding a hydrophilic loop of 43 amino acids. The liver-specific sequence contains unique consensus sites for phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and by protein kinase C. Injection of Xenopus oocytes with CAT2 alpha or CAT2 beta messenger RNA resulted in expression of Na(+)-independent cationic amino acid transport that was detected by current measurements under voltage-clamp. Although the amino acid sequences of the isoforms differ in only 21 of 43 residues with the majority of substitutions being conservative, the apparent affinity of CAT2 beta for arginine uptake was 70-fold higher than the CAT2 alpha isoform (Km 38 microM versus 2.7 mM). Neither isoform functioned as a receptor for ecotropic or amphotropic murine retroviruses. However, CAT1-CAT2 chimeric proteins that contain the first three putative extracellular loops of ecoR/CAT1 functioned as ecotropic receptors despite a diminished capacity to bind the viral envelope glycoprotein. The chimeric proteins also functioned as basic amino acid transporters with substrate affinities corresponding to the CAT2 isoform constituting the carboxyl-terminal portion. These results demonstrate that domains of these transporters can function in chimeric combinations to control viral receptor and transport functions.
Outrigger Structures for Twisted Tall Buildings

Employing twisted forms in tall buildings is a relatively new architectural phenomenon, as are the cases with the Chicago Spire and Shanghai Tower. These super-tall buildings employ outrigger structures as their primary lateral load resisting systems. This paper presents structural performance of outrigger structures employed for twisted towers. Twisted tall buildings of different twisted rates are designed with outrigger structures. Two cases are studied comparatively. The first case uses spirally slanted perimeter mega-columns in response to the twisted building form. The second case uses vertical mega-columns, set back from the building perimeter, and cantilevered floor slabs from the column lines. The comparative structural efficiency of these cases is presented.
Restricted daily consumption of a highly palatable food (chocolate Ensure®) alters striatal enkephalin gene expression

Brain opioid peptide systems are known to play an important role in motivation, emotion, attachment behaviour, the response to stress and pain, and the control of food intake. Opioid peptides within the ventral striatum are thought to play a key role in the latter function, regulating the affective response to highly palatable, energy-dense foods such as those containing fat and sugar. It has been shown previously that stimulation of mu opiate receptors within the ventral striatum increases intake of palatable food. In the present study, we examined enkephalin peptide gene expression within the striatum in rats that had been given restricted daily access to an energy-dense, palatable liquid food, chocolate Ensure(R). Rats maintained on an ad libitum diet of rat chow and water were given 3-h access to Ensure(R) daily for two weeks. One day following the end of this period, preproenkephalin gene expression was measured with quantitative in situ hybridization. Compared with control animals, rats that had been exposed to Ensure(R) had significantly reduced enkephalin gene expression in several striatal regions including the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), a finding that was confirmed in a different group with Northern blot analysis. Rats fed this regimen of Ensure(R) did not differ in weight from controls. In contrast to chronic Ensure(R), acute ingestion of Ensure(R) did not appear to affect enkephalin peptide gene expression. These results suggest that repeated consumption of a highly rewarding, energy-dense food induces neuroadaptations in cognitive-motivational circuits.
Artificial Thickening of Bone and the Piltdown Skull

ONE of the few things about the Piltdown bones which has not been settled is the unexplained thickness of the cranial bones. The maximum thickness of the parietal bones, for example, is 12 mm. While this can occasionally be matched in a contemporary skull, such a thickness is seldom encountered in a normal skull. Severe chronic anaemia has been suggested as a possible explanation. It occurred to me that fraud might be at least as good an explanation. Since the faker (or hoaxer) faked everything he could, why not also the thickness of the skull bones ? But how does one cause skull bones to thicken ? A hydroxide would seem a likely agent. Some potassium hydroxide being readily available 4½ oz. were dissolved in 36 oz. of tap-water, and in this solution was immersed the right posterior three-fourths of a human parietal bone of an adult male. The bone was a dissecting-room specimen of an individual who died about thirty years ago, and had been degreased in the customary manner with peroxide. It was immersed at 3.50 p.m. on April 15. After remaining, undisturbed, for 6 days in this solution the bone had considerably thickened and become as soft as butter. The bone was gently removed with a ladle at 4.15 p.m. on April 21, and put on a plate. An attempt to wash it under a gentle spray resulted in the removal of innumerable small particles of bone from the inner and outer tables, which rapidly formed a sediment about ¾ in. thick and a little more than an inch square. The bone was placed in the open air to dry, which it did within 5–6 hr., accompanied by much flaking away of the inner and outer tables. No attempt was made to harden or otherwise treat the bone. The bone is now somewhat less thick than when it was first removed from the solution, but in its dried somewhat delaminated state it is thicker than the untreated bone, at the corresponding margins, by some 2–2.5 mm. Where the untreated portion of the same skull bone is at the margin (which was artificially produced by a blow with a hammer which broke the skull into four pieces), 6.2 mm. in thickness, the treated bone is at the corresponding margin 8.7 mm. in thickness. I am confident that with a little more patience one could do a great deal better than that.
Musty/earthy aromas.

Abstract Compounds responsible for earthy and/or musty aromas in various food systems, including drinking water, are discussed. Major emphasis is given to the compounds geosmin, 2‐methyl‐isoborneal, and various pyrazines as contributors to both desirable and undesirable aromas. Occurrences, formation pathways, their sensory properties, and methods of analysis are discussed.
Atomistic calculations of interface elastic properties in noncoherent metallic bilayers

The paper describes theoretical and computational studies associated with the interface elastic properties of noncoherent metallic bicrystals. Analytical forms of interface energy, interface stresses, and interface elastic constants are derived in terms of interatomic potential functions. Embedded-atom method potentials are then incorporated into the model to compute these excess thermodynamics variables, using energy minimization in a parallel computing environment. The proposed model is validated by calculating surface thermodynamic variables and comparing them with preexisting data. Next, the interface elastic properties of several fcc-fcc bicrystals are computed. The excess energies and stresses of interfaces are smaller than those on free surfaces of the same crystal orientations. In addition, no negative values of interface stresses are observed. Current results can be applied to various heterogeneous materials where interfaces assume a prominent role in the systems' mechanical behavior.
Abstract MS01-2: Artificial receptors and the cellular therapy of breast cancer

It is clear that targeting therapy to the specific molecular lesions of breast cancer affords the best opportunity to obtain effective treatment without adverse effects on normal tissues. The immune system remains one of the most effective targeting systems known, and tumor-directed monoclonal antibodies have already shown significant success in treating this and other malignant disorders. Cellular therapies based on T lymphocytes, by contrast, have not yet made an equivalent impact, even though T cell-based immune responses to tumor have many unique characteristics that should make them highly effective. In this presentation I will discuss one historic success story for cellular immunotherapy -the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoid and epithelial malignancies by tumor specific T cells -and show how the lessons learned from analyzing the mechanisms underlying this success can be implemented to treat other solid tumors including breast cancer Four components are required for effective activity;-. 1) The infused T cells must target strong and unique antigens, presented with ample accessory signals and co-stimulation; 2) The T cells should contain a polyclonal and multispecific memory population directed to tumor; 3) The T cells must be able to overcome potent immune escape mechanisms 4) The environment should favor (homeostatic) lymphoid expansion. We and others are developing a systematic approach to meet these requirements by introducing novel artificial receptors (Chimeric Antigen Receptors – CARs) and other cell engineering components into T lymphocytes. As an increasing level of success becomes documented in hematological malignancy and solid tumors, we can be hopeful that these therapies will become part of the standard of care for breast cancer as well. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr MS01-2.
Effect of an Oscillating Fence Actuator on a Stationary and Pitch Oscillating Wing

Experiments have been conducted to characterize the ability of a fence actuator to alter the aerodynamic loading of stationary and pitch oscillating wings. In particular, an oscillating fence on a NACA-23012 airfoil has been examined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and time-resolved pressure measurements. The experiments were designed to study the efiect of actuator frequency and the efiect of angle of attack on the surface pressure footprints and the ∞ow fleld behind the actuator. Experiments over a stationary airfoil show that the fence frequency strongly efiects the evolution of the structures generated by the fence. On both stationary and oscillating airfoils, higher actuation frequencies are more efiective in producing higher suction peaks. For an oscillating airfoil, mean angle of attack variation strongly efiects the baseline pressure distribution. The disturbances, however, remain largely unafiected by the variations in mean angle of attack, showing the limited efiect of airfoil oscillation on the disturbances produced by the fence in the range studied. Integrated lift and moment are used to quantify the efiectiveness of the fence actuator. The su‐ciently large changes produced in the lift and moment coe‐cients show the potential of this device for altering aerodynamic loading of the wing and suppressing ∞utter.
No effect of varying soil resource heterogeneity on plant species richness in a low fertility grassland

Summary 1 Coexistence theory predicts that greater heterogeneity of resources or other fitness-constraining environmental factors will promote species diversity, yet this classic mechanism of coexistence has rarely been tested in manipulative field experiments. 2 Here we present results from the fourth year of a long-term experiment designed to test the heterogeneity-diversity hypothesis in a low productivity grassland where we directly manipulated the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients. In addition to unfertilized controls, we created heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient enrichment treatments by applying fertilizer to field plots in a patchy or uniform manner. Fertilization treatments were crossed with seed addition and cover reduction treatments, to allow examination of the effects of recruitment limitation and competition from established vegetation on diversity responses to nutrient heterogeneity. 3 In contrast to predictions, we found that spatially heterogeneous soil nutrient supply did not promote increased species richness or greater species sorting relative to a uniform supply of soil nutrients. Instead, both nutrient enrichment treatments depressed plant species richness (especially at small spatial scales) and, depending on cover reduction and on spatial location in the field, increased the abundance of two spreading clonal species. 4 Our results do not support the heterogeneity-diversity hypothesis, and suggest that the response of clonal species to nutrient enrichment may constrain how plant diversity responds to resource heterogeneity. Future tests of the heterogeneity-diversity hypothesis should explicitly consider the scale of resource heterogeneity and foraging capability of the plant species in the community.
Using a Multicultural Family Simulation in Public Health Nursing Education

Abstract Clinical sites are a challenge to find for students in some areas of nursing, including experiences in community and public health settings. The use of clinical simulation is gaining popularity and allows worthwhile experiences that emphasize concepts important in the home care environment. This article discusses how faculty developed both a simulated home environment and a simulation experience to facilitate students' learning how to address client safety and culturally competent home care across the life span.
Sex and sex-typing effects on computer attitudes and aptitude

Previous research has supported a sex difference favoring males on computer-related variables. This study examines the potential mediating effects of psychological sex typing on computer variables. One hundred twenty-five undergraduates were administered measures assessing sex typing, computer experience, computer attitudes, computer self-efficacy, and computer aptitude. When the effects of specific computer experience and sex-typing variables were removed using analyses of covariance, male/female comparisons on computer aptitude and self-efficacy variables were no longer significant. Participant sex as well as masculinity and several computer experience variables were significant in the computer attitude analysis.
Drinking Patterns and Correlates of Drinking Among Pregnant Teenagers

Many adolescents drink, and the rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing, yet the effect of drinking among pregnant teenagers has received little attention. We present a description of the drinking patterns of 124 pregnant teenagers attending a prenatal clinic in Pittsburgh. Sixty-nine percent of the women were African-American, and the average age was 16 years (range 13-18 years). Eighty-two percent drank the year before pregnancy, while 54%, 19%, and 15% drank during the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. All substance use decreased between the first and third trimesters, with the exception of tobacco, which rose significantly. Binge drinking (5+ drinks/occasion) occurred in 31% of the sample before pregnancy, rose to 35% in the first trimester, and then fell precipitously. Binge drinkers during pregnancy were more likely to be white and heavier users of tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. Binge drinkers experienced alcohol and tobacco use and sexual intercourse earlier than nonbinge drinkers. Binge drinking in the first trimester may be considered a risk factor for infants of adolescents.
Isolation of cytomegalovirus from a cohort of 100 infants throughout the first year of life.

SummaryA cohort of 100 apparently normal newborn infants was studied five times during the first year of life to determine the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection. Virus was isolated from oropharyngeal or urine specimens at least once from 15 of the infants. Initial isolations were obtained as follows: one infant on hospital day 2, two at one month, nine at 3 months, three at 6 months, and none later. Most children once positive continued to shed the virus. CMV CF antibodies were demonstrated in 8 of 11 virus excretors and none of 39 nonexcretors. One of the 3 excretors without CF antibody had CMV neutralizing antibody and the other 2 had virus isolated only once. Both sets of twins included in the study became infected. Virus isolation was not related to sex, maternal age or parity, breast feeding, or occupation of father. The mean birth weight of babies who subsequently excreted virus (with or without the twins) was significantly lower than that of the nonexcretors. During the follow-up period, the g...
Atomic resolution crystallography reveals how changes in pH shape the protein microenvironment

Hydrogen atoms are a vital component of enzyme structure and function. In recent years, atomic resolution crystallography (>or=1.2 A) has been successfully used to investigate the role of the hydrogen atom in enzymatic catalysis. Here, atomic resolution crystallography was used to study the effect of pH on cholesterol oxidase from Streptomyces sp., a flavoenzyme oxidoreductase. Crystallographic observations of the anionic oxidized flavin cofactor at basic pH are consistent with the UV-visible absorption profile of the enzyme and readily explain the reversible pH-dependent loss of oxidation activity. Furthermore, a hydrogen atom, positioned at an unusually short distance from the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Met122 at high pH, was observed, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism of cofactor stabilization. This study shows how a redox active site responds to changes in the enzyme's environment and how these changes are able to influence the mechanism of enzymatic catalysis.
Generalized Burr-Pareto-Logistic distributions with applications to a uranium exploration data set

A distribution developed previously (Cook and Johnson 1981) has been generalizedu sing Morgenstern's distribution to include more useful dependence structures. The new distribution provides better fits to a uranium survey data set. The effectiveness of Atkinson's (1982) graphical aid for discriminating separate models is also demonstrated in comparing the usual normal model with the new distribution having normal marginal distributions.
Effects of Rearing Density on Growth, Survival, and Fin Condition of Atlantic Salmon

Abstract Parr of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared to final densities of 0.53-4.29 lb/ft2 of rearing container bottom area under conditions of constant temperature, water quality, and diet. Growth and survival were not affected by density. After 171 d, the condition of pectoral and dorsal fins had not changed from that initially recorded and did not differ among treatments. We conclude that rearing density alone does not affect growth, survival, or fin condition of Atlantic salmon reared at densities likely to occur at production hatcheries.
Response of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 to conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or endovascular exclusion: implications for endoleak.

Abstract Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes capable of breaking down all of the components of the extracellular matrix and have been implicated in the development of aneurysm formation. Because matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels are elevated in aortic aneurysmal tissue and in that patient plasma, we hypothesized that plasma MMP-9 levels should decrease significantly after conventional and endovascular infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair but that plasma MMP-9 levels would remain elevated in patients with endoleaks. Methods: A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure plasma levels of MMP-9 in patients with AAA who underwent conventional (n = 26; mean age, 71.5 years) and endovascular (n = 25; mean age, 76.4 years) AAA repair. Levels were drawn before surgery and at 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Eight patients for endovascular repair had endoleaks identified on postoperative computed axial tomographic scans. Results: No correlation existed between preoperative plasma MMP-9 levels when compared with age, gender, or aneurysm diameter. No significant difference in preoperative plasma MMP-9 levels or AAA diameter was identified between patients with conventional repair compared with endovascular repair. Of the 51 patients, 33 had follow-up samples available for analysis. A significant increase in mean plasma MMP-9 levels was noted 1 month (149.5 ± 40.1 ng/mL) after conventional AAA repair compared with preoperative levels (83.9 ± 26.1 ng/mL; P P Conclusion: Plasma MMP-9 levels remain elevated for as much as 3 months after conventional AAA repair, whereas successful endovascular exclusion of an AAA results in decreased plasma MMP-9 levels by 3 months. MMP-9 may have clinical value as an enzymatic marker for endoleak after endovascular AAA exclusion. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:916-22.)
Ventral tegmental area-basolateral amygdala-nucleus accumbens shell neurocircuitry controls the expression of heroin-conditioned immunomodulation

The present investigations sought to determine whether the ventral tegmental area (VTA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and nucleus accumbens shell (NAC) comprise a circuitry that mediates heroin-induced conditioned immunomodulation. Rats were given conditioning trials in which they received an injection of heroin upon placement into a distinctive environment. Prior to testing, rats received unilateral intra-BLA microinfusion of a D(1) antagonist concomitantly with unilateral intra-NAC shell microinfusion of an NMDA antagonist. Disconnection of the VTA-BLA-NAC circuit impaired the ability of the heroin-paired environment to suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses, defining for the first time a specific neural circuit involved in conditioned neural-immune interactions.
ACIDOSIS IS A PRESENTING FEATURE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL TOXICITY

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis and impairs energy production through interference with oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolic acidosis associated with lactic acidemia has not been described as a presenting feature of CAP toxicity. Three critically ill children 6 mos to 11 y/o (congenital hypoaldosteronism, brain stem dysfunction, Reye's syndrome) received CAP (75-100 mg/kg/d) and had normal pH and stable cardiovascular, renal and pulmonary function for 48 hrs. Each developed profound acidosis (arterial pH 7.13-7.22) 60-108 hrs after beginning CAP. Initial CAP conc. were 61, 80, and 30 mcg/ml and subsequent levels decreased; CAP was 30 mcg/ml in the child with Reye's syndrome, a condition with recognized mitochondrial dysfunction. SGPT conc. were 386, 2,620, and 145 IU/1 when acidosis was recognized. Serum lactate was 6.6 and 8.8 mM in 2 patients prior to CAP and increased to 11.1 and 17.1 mM. Mean anion gap increased from 16.8 to 32.3 mM in the 3 patients. Hypotension followed acidosis by 6-19 hrs and was severe in one and mild in 2. Other signs of gray baby syndrome were absent. CAP was stopped in each patient and resolution of acidosis and hypotension paralleled the fall of serum CAP. 1) Unexplained metabolic acidosis is an early sign of CAP toxicity; 2) pre-existing lactic acidemia, hepatic dysfunction, and/or mitochondrial dysfunction may predispose to CAP toxicity; 3) toxicity may occur with CAP levels in a therapeutic range in Reye's syndrome.
Suicidal ideation among elderly homecare patients

OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence, correlates, and one-year naturalistic course of suicidal ideation in a representative sample of elderly adults newly admitted to visiting nurse homecare. METHOD: Five hundred and thirty-nine participants (aged >/= 65), newly initiating homecare for skilled nursing services, were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) and measures of depression severity, medical comorbidity, functional status, and social support. Participants were classified as having no suicidal ideation in the past month, passive ideation, active ideation, or active ideation with poor impulse control or suicide plan. RESULTS: Fifty-seven participants (10.6%) reported passive and six (1.2%) reported active suicidal ideation. Higher depression severity, greater medical comorbidity, and lower subjective social support were independently associated with the presence of any level of suicidal ideation. At one year, suicidal ideation persisted for 36.7% of those with ideation at baseline, and the incidence of suicide ideation was 5.4% CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence, persistence, and incidence of suicidal ideation in medically ill home healthcare patients underscore the relevance of this population for suicide prevention efforts. The clinical and psychosocial factors associated with suicidal ideation in this underserved, high-risk population are potentially modifiable, and thus useful targets for suicide prevention interventions. Language: en
Detergent inhibition of nitric-oxide reductase activity

Gas chromatography revealed that exposure of extracts of the denitrifiers 'Achromobacter cycloclastes', Paracoccus denitrificans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas perfectomarina to Triton X-100 inhibited reduction of NO to N2O, and thus concomitantly inhibited reduction of NO2- to N2O. After exposure of extracts to Triton X-100, the ratio of H+ consumed to NO2- added decreased from approx. 2.0 (for untreated extracts) to approx. 1.5, which indicated that NO2- was reduced to NO by the treated extracts. Addition of a CHAPS-soluble extract (devoid of nitrite reductase activity but rich in nitric-oxide reductase activity) to the Triton X-100-treated extract of P. denitrificans restored capacity for reduction of NO2- on to N2O. Exposure to either the NO that accumulated from reduction of NO2- or to enthetic NO transiently inhibited rates of NO2- reduction in Triton X-100-treated extracts. Use of an Oxides of Nitrogen analyzer indicated that only 5-33% of NO2- reduced by untreated extracts appeared in the stripping gas as NO, whereas 80-95% of NO2- reduced by Triton X-100-treated extracts was recovered as NO.
Determination of moisture content in sunflowers with electronic moisture meters

Accurate estimates of moisture content in sunflower seeds (achenes) with electronic moisture meters require that the sample be adequately equilibrated before testing. Seed which has undergone a rapid drying of the hull (pericarp) surface and is tested without sufficient equilibration time will indicate a moisture content that is 0.2–2.0 percentage points lower than the true moisture content. Seed can be properly equilibrated by placing them in a sealed container for 12 hr. Calibration curves based on quadratic equations provide a better estimate of sunflower seed moisture content over a greater range than do linear equations.
Finite element procedures for fluid-structure interactions and application to liquid storage tanks

Abstract Most of the failures of large tanks after severe earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. In this paper, a nonlinear finite element method is presented which can treated the structural behavior of the tanks in conjunction with fluid, including the dynamics and buckling. Both the formulation and computer implementation aspects are presented. The areas upon which attention is focused are: the mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian kinematical description for modeling fluid subdomains in fluid-structure interaction problems, the finite rotation effects in numerical integration of rate constitutive equations arising in large-deformation analysis and the implicit-explicit finite element techniques for transient analysis. All these nonlinear methodologies have been integrated into a finite element computer code [47]. A number of physically important buckling and dynamic analyses of tanks are being investigated. Various other fluid structure phenomena such as the stability of off-shore structures can be analyzed with this computer program. The proposed nonlinear finite-element procedures can serve as a basis for future developments of various other fluid-structure phenomena such as the transient motion of submerged or partially submerged structures.
SU-FF-I-76: Slot Scan Imaging Versus Anti-Scatter Grid Method in Digital Chest Imaging- a 4-AFC Study

Purpose: To investigate and compare the anti‐scatter grid and slot scanning methods for their effects on the observers' performance in digital chest imaging. Materials and Methods: Anthropomorphic chest phantom was imaged with an a‐Si/a‐Se flat‐panel based digital radiography system. The system was operated in both the slot scanning and full‐field modes. An anti‐scatter grid was used. Imaging technique was 120 kVp and 0.15 to 16 mAs for both modes. After that, the grid was removed and same imaging technique was applied to acquire phantom images for both modes. 1‐cm diameter computer‐simulated nodule with a nominal peak contrast ratio of 5% was used to generate simulated nodules at hilum and sub‐diaphragm locations by applying SPR values for all images. 4‐AFC experiment was conducted to measure the ratio of correct observations as a function of the exposure level for various imaging conditions and locations. 24 sets of four‐512×512 images were generated for each exposure level, resulting in generating 192 sets for each imaging condition and location. These images were displayed randomly on a review workstation. The ratios of correct observations versus exposure levels were computed for various imaging conditions and locations. Result: With low exposure, the observers' performance improved with the exposure level but reached the maximum at ∼4 mAs for all techniques. At the hilum location, slot scan imaging without grid performed the best, followed by full‐field imaging without grid. The use of an anti‐scatter grid in both full‐field and slot scan modes seemed to degrade the performance significantly. Conclusion: Improvement with the exposure level has been observed for all imaging techniques. However, the observers' performance reached the maximum at different rates depending on the nodule location and techniques. (This work was supported in part by a research grant EB000117 from the NIH‐NIBIB and a research grant CA104759 from the NIH‐NCI).