cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The community of inquiry instrument: Validation and results in online health care disciplines

This descriptive study using survey design sought to establish the efficacy of the Community of Inquiry instrument utilized in a study published by Shea and Bidjerano in 2009 exploring an online community of business students in a multi-institutional study. The current study sought to validate the instrument with a population of students in three health care disciplines (nursing, physical therapy and health care administration (HCA)) which includes health information management (HIM) at a large private western university. A secondary aim was to identify similarities and differences in the Community of Inquiry model among selected health care disciplines comparing sample student populations in previously described research. Results indicate that the instrument was validated in the health care disciplines on all subscales. Significant differences were found in social presence and cognitive presence among the three groups of students with no significant differences in teaching presence. There was a significant difference in presence by course experience (number of courses completed) for the second versus the fifth course in the social presence construct. The three factor model was validated with this population of students; however, when additional factor analysis was done, results indicated a potential four factor model consistent with recent research by Diaz, Swan, Ice, and Kupczynski (2010), Bangert (2009) and Shea and Bidjerano (2009a). These studies provided evidence of two factors within teaching presence whereas the current study yielded two factors within the construct of social presence (social comfort and social experience).
The four faces of social responsibility

I magine that your company is considering introducing a new plastic container to the market. Your company considers itself to be socially responsible; therefore, an extensive impact assessment program is undertaken. One of your environmentally-minded employees suggests that people might light the containers and then cook their meals over the fire. Although the idea sounds bizarre, you don ' t want to take any chances, so for over a month you cook hamburgers over a fire made from your plastic bottles. Rats are fed this hamburger, then carefully monitored for negative side effects. Tests indicate that these rats suffer no ill effects. Of course you also perform an extensive series of tests involving energy usage, disposal, and recycling opportunities. Then you invite the public to carefully scheduled hearings across the country in order to encourage consumer inputs. Finally, you market the new product and land a major soft drink company as a customer. Sound as if your company has fulfilled its responsibilities and forestalled any possible objections? In the mid-1970s Monsanto went through this very process in developing Cycle-Safe bottles and spent more than $47 million to market the product. But in 1977 the FDA banned the bottle because, when stored at 120 degrees for an extended period of time, molecules strayed from the plastic into the contents. Rats, fed with doses that were equivalent to consuming thousands of quarts of soft drink over a human lifetime, developed an above-normal number of tumors. Monsanto felt that they were providing a product that did something for soc ie ty -a plastic bottle that could be recycled. But social responsibility is unavoidably a matter of degree and interpretation. Forces outside of the business are liable to interpret a product to be socially unacceptable, even when the company has undertaken an extensive impact analysis. A precise evaluation of what is
Growth and phenology of Dittrichia graveolens, a rapidly spreading invasive plant in California

Dittrichia graveolens is a rapidly spreading invasive plant in California. While populations are observed primarily in disturbed areas, there is concern it may expand into adjacent undisturbed areas, particularly grasslands and riparian corridors. In a field experiment conducted in two successive years, we compared plant growth and phenological development of fall, winter, and spring sown seeds. Plants establish equally well in disturbed upland sites in both above and below average precipitation years but the absence of late spring rainfall negatively affected total plant biomass. In a greenhouse experiment, we compared growth in four light environments (100, 50, 27 and 9 % available light). Total plant growth decreased exponentially with decreasing light. This suggests that D. graveolens is not competitive in low light environments, such as woodlands and riparian forests. All plants flowered in early- to mid-September, coinciding with flowering in field grown plants, suggesting that photoperiod is the primary signal for reproductive growth. Using a minirhizotron system, we measured root growth over time in D. graveolens and three common California annual grassland species, two non-natives, Centaurea solstitialis and Bromus hordeaceus, and the native forb Holocarpha virgata. Root growth of D. graveolens began later in the season than the other species, reaching depths >1 m by late May. Roots of C. solstitialis and H. virgata reached >1 m earlier in the season. The temporal difference in root growth suggests that D. graveolens may be less competitive for soil moisture with other early season annuals than other deep-rooted broadleaf species found in grasslands.
Violence, Gender, and Intemperance in Early National Connecticut

In 1815, Middletown, Connecticut resident Peter Lung beat his wife Lucy to death after both engaged in a two-day bout of drinking. In succeeding trials, Lung was sentenced to death, and eventually executed in 1816. Publicity surrounding the case reveals much about changing notions of violence, gender, and intemperance. In particular, the varying ways in which the interested parties depicted Lucy Lung and her drinking illustrates a trend toward viewing woman as innately moral beings who were often victimized by male violence. Lung's defense of his actions emphasized his wife's drunkenness as a cause of her death, and harked back to colonial conceptions of woman as carnal and sinful. The legal and clerical establishment downplayed Lucy's intemperance, employing images of woman victimized by male drunkenness that would become dominant in the antebellum temperance movement.
Mice with Impaired Extrathyroidal Thyroxine to 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Conversion Maintain Normal Serum 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Concentrations

For T3 to mediate its biological effects, the prohormone T4 must be activated by removal of an outer-ring iodine by the type 1 or 2 deiodinases (D1 and D2) with approximately 60% of the daily T3 production in rodents being produced extrathyroidally through this pathway. To further define the role of these enzymes in thyroid hormone homeostasis, we backcrossed the targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene into C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice with genetically low D1 expression to create the C3H-D2KO mouse. Remarkably, these mice maintain euthyroid serum T3 levels with normal growth and no decrease in expression of hepatic T3-responsive genes. However, serum T4 is increased 1.2-fold relative to the already elevated C3H levels, and serum TSH is increased 1.4-fold. Despite these increases, thyroidal 125I uptake indicates no difference in thyroidal activity between C3H-D2KO and C3H mice. Although C3H-D2KO hepatic and renal D1 activities were well below those observed in wild-type mice (∼0.1-fold for both), they were 8-fold and 2...
Formulation and solution of distribution system voltage and VAR control with distributed generation as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem

Abstract Coordinated voltage and VAR control (VVC) can provide major economic benefits for distribution utilities. Incorporating distributed generations (DG) for VVC can improve the efficiency and reliability of distribution systems. This paper presents an approach to formulate and solve distribution system VVC with DG units as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. The method can be utilized to create an effective control scheme for both the traditional VVC devices and DG units. The MINLP formulation is based on three-phase power flow formulation, and is solved with an open-source BONMIN optimization solver with outer approximation (OA) algorithm. BONMIN is interfaced with Matlab via a third-party optimization toolbox. The proposed approach is applied to several distribution feeder models with promising results.
Prediction and Postdiction in Clinical Decision Making

An article on “Post Hoc Reasoning in Possible Cases of Child Sexual Abuse: Symptoms of Inconclusive Origin” by Sbraga and O'Donohue (2003, this issue) illustrates some general guidelines for clinical decision making. Most important in this regard is the fact that psychological assessment data are considerably more dependable for describing what people are like than for predicting how they are likely to behave or postdicting what they are likely to have done or experienced. This commentary reviews the nature of this difference in dependability and some related considerations involving nomothetic and idio-graphic appraisal, heterogeneity and nonspecificity of group characteristics, and markers and probabilities for identifying conditions. Awareness of these considerations can help clinicians and other psychological decision makers avoid unwarranted certainty in offering opinions about the likely occurrence of past or future events.
Comparison of direct aortic and femoral cannulation for port-access cardiac operations.

Abstract Background . Differences in outcome after direct aortic cannulation (AORT) in the chest versus standard femoral arterial cannulation (FEM) have not been defined for minimally invasive cardiac operations utilizing the port-access approach. Methods . A retrospective study was performed of 165 patients undergoing port-access cardiac mitral valve operation (n = 126) or coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 39). In 113 patients, FEM was used, while in 52 patients, AORT was accomplished through a port in the first intercostal space. Results . AORT eliminated endoaortic balloon clamp migration (0/36 [0%] vs 17/95 [18%]), and groin wound or femoral arterial complications (0/52 [0%] vs 11/113 [10%]) without changing procedure times (363 ± 55 vs 355 ± 70 minutes). Complications attributable to AORT were injury to the right internal mammary artery and aortic cannulation site bleeding in 1 patient each. Conclusions . Direct aortic cannulation is technically easy, allows use of an endoaortic clamp, and avoids aorto-iliac arterial disease, the groin incision, and possible femoral arterial injury associated with femoral arterial cannulation. Direct arterial cannulation should expand the pool of patients eligible for port-access operation, and may become the standard for port-access procedures.
Electro-thermal microcantilever with integrated solid- state heater, conductive tip, and Schottky diode

This paper reports a heated atomic force microscope cantilever having a Schottky diode fabricated near the cantilever free end and a highly conducting tip. The forward bias and reverse bias operation of this probe offer different current-voltage characteristics, such that the cantilever heating and temperature sensing capabilities are different in forward bias versus reverse bias operation. The asymmetric characteristics are due to the diode junction at the metal-silicon interface, which grants an additional degree of electro-thermal control compared to other types of heated cantilevers. To our knowledge this is the first batch-fabricated heated microcantilever with a metal-silicon diode junction fabricated near a tip.
Press-Public Collaboration as Infrastructure Tracing News Organizations and Programming Publics in Application Programming Interfaces

Understanding and evaluating systems for open collaboration depends, in part, on appreciating their normative and institutional contexts. In this article, I examine press-public collaboration by tracing how and why news organizations both distance themselves from and depend on networked actors outside the newsroom to achieve professional and organizational goals. I situate contemporary press-public networks within infrastructure scholarship, review their relationship to models of the public sphere, and trace the motivations and assumptions embedded within news organizations' application programming interfaces, software toolkits that let those outside the newsroom access and repurpose journalistic data.
The casting accuracy of nickel-chromium alloys for fixed prostheses

The casting accuracy of four nickel--chromium alloys (Ultratek, Omega, Microbond N/P2, and Nobil-Ceram) was compared to that of a precious alloy, Jelenko "O". The experiment consisted of fabricating and fitting cast copings to a cobalt--chromium test preparation of a maxillary central incisor and measuring the marginal discrepancy in eight selected points. The experiment indicated that Jelenko "O" had the greatest casting accuracy, followed successively by Ultratek, Nobil-Ceram, Microbond N/P2, and Omega. Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant difference between Jelenko "O" and Ultratek alloys in fit of five of eight test points, but Jelenko "O" was significantly better in fit than Nobil-Ceram, Microbond N/P2, and Omega alloys. The following conclusions may be drawn from this experiment: 1. The nickel--chromium alloys tested did not cast as consistently or as accurately as precious alloy Jelenko "O". 2. The casting accuracy may be related to the amount of casting shrinkage that occurs in each alloy type, and further research is necessary to determine if expansion compensation of the selected phosphate-bonded investment recommended by the alloy manufacturers is adequate for the casting shrinkage of the test alloys. 3. Alloy composition and technique parameters may also influence the accuracy of the casting, but further research is necessary to determine their singular effects.
Factors Impacting the Development of Substance Abuse Counseling Supervisors

In this study, the authors sought to examine factors that contribute to the overall development of supervisors in the substance abuse field. Significant predictors for supervisor development were found as were differences in these predictors that were based on supervisor recovery status.
Caregiving and Employment: Competing or Complementary Roles?

This study examines the potential benefits and costs of having both work and elder care responsibilities, based on interviews with 94 employed caregivers. For the majority of the respondents, the negative aspects of combining work and caregiving roles were outweighed by positive aspects, such as a sense of accomplishment, enhanced interpersonal relationships, and opportunities to compensate for limitations experienced in each of the separate roles. Workplace policies and programs considered most helpful by respondents were those which provided options for adapting work routines to complement caregiving responsibilities.
Vocal tract area based artificial bandwidth extension

In this paper we present a method of artificial bandwidth extension based on vocal tract areas. This method exploits the many-to-one mapping between the vocal tract areas and linear prediction polynomial, and the quasi-stationary nature of speech to estimate the high-frequency (4 kHz to 8 kHz) components of speech given the narrowband signal (0 to 4 kHZ). Contrary to some of the pre-existing methods, this algorithm does not estimate the missing high-frequency components but directly estimates the broadband vocal tract areas using codebook mapping and ergodic HMMs, to synthesize broadband speech.
Natural‐Channel‐Design Restorations That Changed Geomorphology Have Little Effect on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Headwater Streams

Stream restorations that increase geomorphic stability can improve habitat quality, which should benefit selected species and local aquatic ecosystems. This assumption is often used to define primary restoration goals; yet, biological responses to restoration are rarely monitored or evaluated methodically. Macroinvertebrate communities were inventoried at 6 study reaches within 5 Catskill Mountain streams between 2002 and 2006 to characterize their responses to natural-channel-design (NCD) restoration. Although bank stability increased significantly at most restored reaches, analyses of variation showed that NCD restorations had no significant effect on 15 of 16 macroinvertebrate community metrics. Multidimensional scaling ordination indicated that communities from all reach types within a stream were much more similar to each other within any given year than they were in the same reaches across years or within any type of reach across streams. These findings indicate that source populations and watershed-scale factors were more important to macroinvertebrate community characteristics than were changes in channel geomorphology associated with NCD restoration. Furthermore, the response of macroinvertebrates to restoration cannot always be used to infer the response of other stream biota to restoration. Thus, a broad perspective is needed to characterize and evaluate the full range of effects that restoration can have on stream ecosystems.
Real-world luck egalitarianism

Luck egalitarians maintain that inequalities are always unjust when they are due to luck, but are not always unjust when they are due to choices for which the parties are responsible. In this paper, I argue that the two halves of this formula do not fit neatly together, and that we arrive at one version of luck egalitarianism if we begin with the notion of luck and interpret responsible choice in terms of its absence, but a very different version if we begin with the notion of responsible choice and interpret luck in terms of its absence. I argue, further, that the difference between the two versions is significant because many real-world inequalities fall precisely in the gap between them, and that attempts to adjudicate between them lead quickly to hard questions about the relation between equality and responsibility.
Selective Extraction of Thermostable Pectinesterase

Thermostable pectinesterase was estimated to represent 98% of total activity extracted from Marsh grapefruit pulp by 1M NaCl without pH adjustment or 17% when extracted with 1M NaCl, 0.25M Tris-Cl- pH 8.0. Total units of pectinesterase solubilized were less in 1M NaCl at endogenous pH values than at pH 8.0, but total thermostable pectinesterase units remained constant. No conversion of thermostable to heat sensitive isozymes was observed. Preparative isoelectric focusing indicated that most activity focused at alkaline pH values. The constant specific activity suggested co-migration of basic proteins.
Unforgettable ultimatums? Expectation violations promote enhanced social memory following economic bargaining

Recent work in the field of neuroeconomics has examined how people make decisions in interactive settings. However, less is currently known about how these social decisions influence subsequent memory for these interactions. We investigated this question by using fMRI to scan participants as they viewed photographs of people they had either recently played an Ultimatum Game with in the role of Responder, or that they had never seen before. Based on previous work that has investigated “cheater detection”, we were interested in whether participants demonstrated a relative enhanced memory for partners that made either fair or unfair proposals. We found no evidence, either behaviorally or neurally, supporting enhanced memory based on the amount of money offered by the Proposer. However, we did find that participants’ initial expectations about the offers they would experience in the game influenced their memory. Participants demonstrated relatively enhanced subjective memory for partners that made proposals that were contradictory to their initial expectations. In addition, we observed two distinct brain systems that were associated with partners that either offered more or less than the participants’ expectations. Viewing pictures of partners that exceeded initial expectations was associated with the bilateral anterior insula, ACC/premotor area, striatum, and bilateral posterior hippocampi, while viewing partners that offered less than initial expectations was associated with bilateral temporal-parietal junction, right STS, bilateral posterior insula, and precuneus. These results suggest that memory for social interaction may not be guided by a specific cheater detection system, but rather a more general expectation violation system.
What is DOSE

NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project (CDP) spearheaded a major scientific and engineering effort over the last decade to develop and apply space geodetic techniques such as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to a wide range of problems in the Earth sciences. Major study areas included plate motion, broad scale crustal deformation, polar motion, and variation in the Earth's rotation rate. Observations were initiated all over the world in collaboration with international scientists and agencies, while university and other scientists in this country received funding for research projects utilizing the new data. Numerous accomplishments over the lifetime of the CDP (to be summarized in an upcoming AGU monograph) include an order of magnitude improvement in the accuracy of space geodetic measurements; monitoring variations in the Earth's pole position and rotation rate with astounding resolution, leading to greatly improved understanding of the underlying physics; and demonstration of a remarkable consistency in plate velocities from geodetic (decadal) to geologic (several-million-year) time scales.
Stage-specific disruption of Stat3 demonstrates a direct requirement during both the initiation and promotion stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis.

Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) has been found in a variety of human malignancies and has been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that Stat3 is required for the development of skin tumors via two-stage carcinogenesis using skin-specific loss-of-function transgenic mice. To investigate further the role of Stat3 in each stage of chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin, i.e. initiation and promotion stages, we generated inducible Stat3-deficient mice (K5.Cre-ERT2 × Stat3fl/fl) that show epidermal-specific disruption of Stat3 following topical treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (TM). The epidermis of inducible Stat3-deficient mice treated with TM showed a significant increase in apoptosis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and reduced proliferation following exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. In two-stage skin carcinogenesis assays, inducible Stat3-deficient mice treated with TM during the promotion stage showed a significant delay of tumor development and a significantly reduced number of tumors compared with control groups. Inducible Stat3-deficient mice treated with TM before initiation with DMBA also showed a significant delay in tumor development and a significantly reduced number of tumors compared with control groups. Finally, treatment of inducible Stat3-deficient mice that had existing skin tumors generated by the two-stage carcinogenesis protocol with TM (by intraperitoneal injection) led to inhibition of tumor growth compared with tumors formed in control groups. Collectively, these results directly demonstrate that Stat3 is required for skin tumor development during both the initiation and promotion stages of skin carcinogenesis in vivo.
Activation of paternally expressed genes and perinatal death caused by deletion of the Gtl2 gene

The Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinting locus is located on mouse distal chromosome 12 and consists of multiple maternally expressed non-coding RNAs and several paternally expressed protein-coding genes. The imprinting of this locus plays a crucial role in embryonic development and postnatal growth. At least one cis-element, the intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) is required for expression of maternally expressed genes and repression of silenced paternally expressed genes. The mechanism by which the IG-DMR functions is largely unknown. However, it has been suggested that the unmethylated IG-DMR acts as a positive regulator activating expression of non-coding RNAs. Gtl2 is the first non-coding RNA gene downstream of the IG-DMR. Although its in vivo function in the mouse is largely unknown, its human ortholog MEG3 has been linked to tumor suppression in human tumor-derived cell lines. We generated a knockout mouse model, in which the first five exons and adjacent promoter region of the Gtl2 gene were deleted. Maternal deletion of Gtl2 resulted in perinatal death and skeletal muscle defects, indicating that Gtl2 plays an important role in embryonic development. The maternal deletion also completely abolished expression of downstream maternally expressed genes, activated expression of silenced paternally expressed genes and resulted in methylation of the IG-DMR. By contrast, the paternal inherited deletion did not have this effect. These data strongly indicate that activation of Gtl2 and its downstream maternal genes play an essential role in regulating Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinting, possibly by maintaining active status of the IG-DMR.
Genetic Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii

OBJECTIVE:To summarize published data identifying known genetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and the correlating phenotypic expression of antibiotic resistance.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE databases (1966-July 15, 2010) were searched to identify original reports of genetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii.DATA SYNTHESIS:Numerous genetic mechanisms of resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics are known to exist in A. baumannii, a gram-negative bacterium increasingly implicated in nosocomial infections. Mechanisms may be constitutive or acquired via plasmids, integrons, and transposons. Methods of resistance include enzymatic modification of antibiotic molecules, modification of antibiotic target sites, expression of efflux pumps, and downregulation of cell membrane porin channel expression. Resistance to β-lactams appears to be primarily caused by β-lactamase production, including extended spectrum β-lactamases (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M. blaKPC), metallo-β-l...
Comparison of a Transplant Multiplex Viral Panel on the ICEPlex System with Real-Time PCR for Detection of Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and BK Virus in Clinical Specimens

We compared a multiplex viral transplant panel on the ICEPlex system to real-time PCR for the detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and BK virus (BKV). The sensitivities of the ICEPlex were 83.3%, 95.5%, and 65.5% for the detection of CMV, EBV, and BKV, respectively. Interestingly, the multiplex assay detected dual infections in 16/280 (5.7%) samples tested.
An approximating algorithm for an optimum aim‐points problem

This paper describes the development and employment of an algorithm that obtains approximate solutions in integers to the problem of assigning weapons to aim points within a target complex so as to minimize the expected target value remaining after the attack. The target complex contains two or more independent targets located such that (a) a nuclear weapon aimed at one target has a nonzero probability of also destroying another target in the complex, (b) a nuclear weapon directed between two or more targets has a nonzero probability of destroying more than one of the targets, or (c) both conditions exist. Also discussed is the extension of the basic technique to the problem of finding the marginal return per weapon allocated. Then, with a dynamic-programming formulation, a method of solving the larger problem of optimum allocation of a stockpile of weapons over a set of target complexes is demonstrated. This broader allocation uses the results of the algorithm. The algorithm and several useful subroutines have been programmed fox the IBM-704 computer.
A stream visual assessment protocol (SVAP) for riparian landowners.

A user-friendly Stream Visual Assessment Protocol(SVAP) was recently developed in a joint effort by theNatural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of theU.S. Department of Agriculture and the University ofGeorgia. SVAP was designed to be an introductoryscreening–level assessment method for peopleunfamiliar with stream assessments. It was designedfor use by NRCS field staff who work with agriculturallandowners. NRCS is in a key position to influenceconservation practices since the organization workswith private stakeholders, maintaining more than 2000field offices throughout the U.S. with a centraloffice in each state.The SVAP measures a maximum of 15 elements and isbased on visual inspection of the physical andbiological characteristics of instream and riparianenvironments. Each element is assigned a numericalscore relative to reference conditions and an overallscore for the stream reach is calculated. Aqualitative description of the stream reach is madebased on overall numerical score. While SVAP is notintended to replace more robust stream assessmentprotocols, it provides quick and reliable informationfor use in NRCS farm assistance programs. It is alsoan educational tool through which landowners can learnabout conservation of aquatic resources. An abridgedcopy of SVAP is attached as an appendix to this articleand the complete document can be found on the web athttp://www.ncg.nrcs.usda.gov/tech_notes.html.
Applying OOK modulation in OFDM to reduce the ICI due to CFO and IQ imbalance

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become one of the promising technologies for the next-generation communications systems to support high-speed high-quality digital transmission and reception. However, conventional OFDM systems are sensitive to both the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance, which cause the inter-carrier interference (ICI) among sub-carriers and greatly degrade the system performance. In this paper, we propose to apply on-off-keying (OOK) modulation in OFDM to reduce the ICI caused by those two factors. The analysis of symbol error rate (SER) is provided. Simulation results show that when the ICI resulting from both the CFO and IQ imbalance is significant, the proposed OFDM system outperforms a conventional OFDM system in terms of the SER due to the ICI reduction resulting from the imposed OOK modulation.
Residual Stress Measurement of Welded Aluminum Light Pole Supports

Residual stresses play an important role in the behavior of welded structures subjected to cyclic loading. Two different details were evaluated, including three cast shoe base socket connection to extruded tube and two through plate socket connection joints using the hole drilling technique. Hole drilling rosette strain gauges were installed adjacent to the fillet weld toes, and strains measured as holes were milled in 0.254 mm (0.01 in.) increments to a maximum depth of 2.286 mm (0.09 in.). Measured strains were converted to stresses using both the power series and integral methods. Stresses determined from the two methods were compared, and based on sensitivity to errors; the power series methodology was taken to provide more reliable results.
CHOP induces activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) to trigger apoptosis in response to perturbations in protein homeostasis

Environmental stresses that disrupt protein homeostasis induce phosphorylation of eIF2, triggering repression of global protein synthesis coincident with preferential translation of ATF4, a transcriptional activator of the integrated stress response (ISR). Depending on the extent of protein disruption, ATF4 may not be able to restore proteostatic control and instead switches to a terminal outcome that features elevated expression of the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3). The focus of this study is to define the mechanisms by which CHOP directs gene regulatory networks that determine cell fate. We find that in response to proteasome inhibition, CHOP enhances the expression of a collection of genes encoding transcription regulators, including ATF5, which is preferentially translated during eIF2 phosphorylation. Transcriptional expression of ATF5 is directly induced by both CHOP and ATF4. Knockdown of ATF5 increases cell survival in response to proteasome inhibition, supporting the idea that both ATF5 and CHOP have proapoptotic functions. Transcriptome analysis of ATF5-dependent genes reveals targets involved in apoptosis, including NOXA, which is important for inducing cell death during proteasome inhibition. This study suggests that the ISR features a feedforward loop of stress-induced transcriptional regulators, each subject to transcriptional and translational control, which can switch cell fate toward apoptosis.
Impact of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) Infestation and Squash Silverleaf Disorder on Zucchini Yield and Quality

Fruit yield and quality of zucchini, Cucurbita pepo L., plants infested with Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring were evaluated in a screenhouse under spring and fall growing conditions by using closely related sister lines that were either susceptible (ZUC61) or tolerant (ZUC76-SLR) to squash silverleaf disorder. Our objective was to test separately the effects of level of whitefly infestation and expression of silverleaf symptoms on zucchini yield and quality. In a second experiment, yield and quality of fruit produced by silverleaf-tolerant zucchini genotypes incorporating two different sources of tolerance (ZUC76-SLR and ZUC33-SLR/PMR) were compared with that of ‘Zucchini Elite’, a silverleaf-susceptible commercial hybrid. Zucchini fruit yield was reduced in plants exposed to repeated infestations of whiteflies in spring and fall of both experiments. In addition, fruit grew to harvestable size more slowly under the highest whitefly infestations. Fruit quality was reduced at high infestations because of uneven and reduced pigmentation. The fruit yield and quality of ZUC61 and ZUC76-SLR were similarly affected by whitefly infestation despite differences in their susceptibility to squash silverleaf disorder. Fruit from infested plants showed decreased levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids causing the “blanching” of the fruit that is associated with loss of quality and reduced marketability. Leaves of infested plants of all genotypes had reduced levels of photosynthetic and photoprotectant pigments, possibly leading to reduced photosynthesis and consequently reduced yield. We conclude that feeding by high whitefly populations rather than expression of squash silverleaf disorder is responsible for yield and quality reduction in zucchini.
When to Research is to Reveal: The Growing Threat to Attorney and Client Confidentiality from Online Tracking

Attorney-client privilege, work-product protection, and the attorney’s ethical requirement to protect confidentiality of client information are at risk from commercial surveillance of online activity. Behavioral advertising, data aggregation and sale, and government access to commercially assembled profiles have been denounced as threats to privacy and confidentiality interests, but the harm to attorney and client confidentiality is of particular concern. As the legal research and broader information industries shift from print materials to services on the internet, attorneys cannot simply avoid the online environment to protect confidentiality. This article examines the risk from tracking of online legal research and draws two conclusions: 1) Lawyers must take reasonable precautions to protect confidentiality of internet-based research; and 2) Reasonable precautions are elusive due to the constant evolution of tracking technologies and practices, so attorneys should work collectively to update best practices and to evaluate and influence online industry activities so that the time-honored confidential nature of legal representation can be preserved.
SYG/Nephrin/IrreC Family of Adhesion Proteins Mediate Asymmetric Cell–Cell Adhesion in Development

A hallmark of the development of the multicellular organisms is the cell–cell interaction. One specific type of cellular junction structures that is essential for the function of the nervous system is the chemical synapses. Chemical synapses release chemicals from neurons to their target cells to transmit electrical signals. To establish and maintain such a junctional structure, transsynaptic adhesion molecules play important roles at different developmental stages. Indeed, a number of adhesion molecules have been implicated in the various stages of the “life” of synapses to bring and hold the pre- and postsynaptic partners together in developing and mature synapses. Relatively little is known about which membrane molecules mediate the initial recognition during the process of synaptogenesis. In this chapter, we will focus our discussion on the IrreC/Nephrin/SYG-1 family of adhesion molecules, whose function in synaptic target selection has been studied in much detail in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Interestingly, the members of this family in Drosophila and vertebrates also play essential functions in mediating the cellular recognition in myoblast fusion, eye morphogenesis, and kidney slit membrane formation. These findings suggest that this group of adhesive molecules carry out asymmetric cellular recognition events in diverse developmental events.
Managing complexity in simulations of land surface and near-surface processes

Increasing computing power and the growing role of simulation in Earth systems science have led to an increase in the number and complexity of processes in modern simulators. We present a multiphysics framework that specifies interfaces for coupled processes and automates weak and strong coupling strategies to manage this complexity. Process management is enabled by viewing the system of equations as a tree, where individual equations are associated with leaf nodes and coupling strategies with internal nodes. A dynamically generated dependency graph connects a variable to its dependencies, streamlining and automating model evaluation, easing model development, and ensuring models are modular and flexible. Additionally, the dependency graph is used to ensure that data requirements are consistent between all processes in a given simulation. Here we discuss the design and implementation of these concepts within the Arcos framework, and demonstrate their use for verification testing and hypothesis evaluation in numerical experiments. We describe a conceptual model for managing complexity in multiphysics software.A process tree describes how individual equations are coupled.A dependency graph describes how variables are dependent upon each other.The model is implemented within the Arcos software framework.Examples of code and model runs are shown to demonstrate the idea.
New Variants of the Coelomomyces Psorophorae “Complex” (Chytridiomycetes: Blastocladiales) from the Salt-Marsh Mosquitoes Aedes Cantator and Aedes Sollicitans (Diptera: Culicidae)

New variants of the fungal pathogen Coelomomyces psorophorae are described from larvae of Aedes cantator and an adult Aedes sollicitans collected from a salt marsh in Guilford, Connecticut, USA. Mature resting sporangia from both hosts are ellipsoid and ornamented with a finely punctate wall. The fungus is pathogenic to Ae. cantator and usually kills the host during the 4th larval stadium. Infections occur in spring (May) and fall (September–October) broods only and range from 2.2 to 6.7% ( n = 5832 examined). Infection in Ae. sollicitans was observed in a single blood-fed female. The relatively higher prevalence of infection in Ae. cantator suggests that this mosquito is the primary host of this fungus and that infections in adult Ae. sollicitans are incidental and arise when larvae are infected at a late stage of development. One copepod species, Acanthocyclops vernalis , was collected from the site, but its role as an intermediate host was not determined.
Religious Conversion as a Personal and Collective Accomplishment

Religious conversion has conventionally been treated as something that happens to the person. This represents a passivist paradigm within the mechanistic world view of classical science. An alternative paradigm is proposed from an activist perspective within a contextual world hypothesis typical of interactionist and dramaturgical analysis. In this view, conversion is treated as the accomplishment of an actively strategizing seeker interacting with the others constituting a religious collectivity. The approach is illustrated from the author's earlier investigations of how seekers act to discover and make use of a particular means of personal transformation offered by and institutionalized within a conversionist group. Problems of maintaining a transformed lfe and difficulties in conceptualizing conversion are discussed in some detail.
Results of laboratory surveillance of suspected measles cases in Hainan Province in 2001

Objective The test results of serum and swab samples collected from suspected measles collected from suspected measles cases were analyzed toprobe into the reasons of measles outbreak.Methods The Results of IgM antibody of serum and measles measles virus isolation were combined with epidemiology investigation data and test result of veccine to analyzw.Results 65 serum sampies were collected from suspected measles cases.IgMantibody of 742 were positive.The positive rate was 64.62%.19 swab samples were collected.5 measles virus strains were isolated.The positve rate was 26.32%.All ofthem were H 1 gene type through gene sequence analysis.10 measles vaccines were test their titer.Theaverage titer was 4.15LgTCID 50 /1.0mL.It was conformed withnational standard.Conclusion The measles cases in Hainan province were mainly chidrn under 14 years old.The virus strain caused measles outbreak was native virus strain.The case causedby imported virus strain had not been found yet.The measles surveillance system should be perfected and basic immunization of measles vaccine should be strengthened.
Autonomous Realization of Simple Machines

For robots to become integral parts of human daily experience, they need to be able to utilize the objects in their environment to accomplish any range of tasks. In this work, we focus particularly on physically challenging tasks that push the limits on the robot kinodynamic constraints such as joint limits, joint torques and etc. Previously, we demonstrated an autonomous planner that instructs a human collaborator where to place the available objects in the environment to form a simple machine such as a lever-fulcrum assembly. In this work, we report results on the autonomous realization of such a design by the humanoid robot Golem Krang, focusing on the challenges of autonomous perception, manipulation and control.
Diagnosing Spatial Dependence in the Presence of Covariates

When employing the spatial diagnostics examined in Chapter 4, social scientists will often find evidence of spatial autocorrelation (see, e.g., Eff 2004). As discussed in Chapter 1, this predisposition of social science data toward spatial autocorrelation often results from interdependence between the units studied by social scientists. In other cases, social science data exhibit spatial dependence not as a result of behavioral interdependence but as a consequence of spatial clustering in the sources of behaviors of interest to social scientists. The spatial dependence, in short, may be consistent with either a spatial lag model or a spatial error model. Substantive theory will often lead scholars to believe that a spatial lag specification or a spatial error specification is more appropriate for their particular substantive application. Scholars may, for example, expect that a spatial diffusion process is at work and thus believe that a spatial lag model is warranted. Although such a specification may seem appropriate, such a theoretical expectation should not go untested. It would be inappropriate to estimate a diffusion model with a spatially lagged dependent variable if the spatial dependence diagnosed via, for example, the univariate Moran's I , is instead produced by spatial clustering in the sources of otherwise independent behaviors. This model misspecification will lead the researcher to inappropriate substantive inferences about the nature of the spatial dependence in her data. Inappropriate spatial model specification is all the more problematic because of the close mathematical relationship between a spatial lag model and a spatial error model with spatial autoregressive error dependence. As this chapter will discuss, a spatial autoregressive error model can be rewritten as a spatial Durbin model with both spatially lagged dependent and independent variables if a set of nonlinear common factor constraints are valid. Because of this close relationship between spatial autoregressive dependence in a spatial lag model and spatial autoregressive dependence in a spatial error model, a significant spatial parameter in a spatial lag model may reflect spatial clustering in omitted sources of the behavior of interest rather than true spatial lag dependence consistent with a diffusion process.
Novel developments in vagal afferent nutrient sensing and its role in energy homeostasis

Vagal afferent neurons (VANs) play an important role in the control of food intake by signaling nutrient type and quantity to the brain. Recent findings are broadening our view of how VANs impact not only food intake but also energy homeostasis. This review focuses exclusively on studies of the vagus nerve from the past 2 years that highlight major new advancements in the field. We firstly discuss evidence that VANs can directly sense nutrients, and we consider new insights into mechanisms affecting sensing of gastric distension and signaling by gastrointestinal hormones ghrelin and GLP1. We discuss evidence that disrupting vagal afferent signaling increases long-term control of food intake and body weight management, and the importance of this gut-brain pathway in mediating beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. We conclude by highlighting novel roles for vagal afferent neurons in circadian rhythm, thermogenesis, and reward that may provide insight into mechanisms by which VAN nutrient sensing controls long-term control of energy homeostasis.
Automated Generation of Repeated Geometric Patterns for Customized Additively Manufactured Personal Products

Aesthetic patterning of free-form surfaces is difficult and time consuming, especially for a non-expert user of a 3D Computer-aided design (CAD) system. This paper presents a computational method for automatically generating aesthetic patterns based on minimal user input. The system produces anisotropic geometric feature patterns in three-steps: (1) model preparation, (2) feature interpolation via a tensor field and bubble packing, and (3) pattern generation on a selected surface using standard Boolean operations and CAD engine primitives (e.g., points, planes, and ellipses). The user inputs a small number of geometric features called “seed features” with the desired size and orientation in preferred locations within the target area. The tool generates the location, anisotropic size, and orientation of geometric features while preserving the target-area boundaries. These geometric seed features are then transformed into tensors and used as boundary conditions to generate a Riemannian metric tensor field that represents the anisotropic attributes of the features. A form of the Laplace's heat equation is used to produce the field over the target domain which is subject to the specified boundary conditions. The structure and the field described by Laplace's equation determines the geometric features and increases them whenever this field has the greater value. Repeated geometric patterns are then generated on a free-form curved surface by packing elliptical cells. This process was developed as an add-on for a commercial CAD package. All the features can be edited further within the CAD software if the user desires. In this paper we demonstrate the application of the proposed automated patterning method to additively manufactured personal products.