Risk factors for higher mortality at the highest levels of spKt/V in haemodialysis patients

Background. The survival of patients on haemodialysis improves as the delivered doses of dialysis attain a KtuV of 1.2 or more. However, a consistent yet paradoxical finding in the KtuV survival relationship is that the mortality tends to increase at the higher ends of KtuV. Method. To determine the relationship of KtuV with survival at a time when increasing doses of dialysis are being delivered and to examine the effect of body mass and nutritional markers including serum pre-albumin on the paradoxical relationship, we analysed relative mortality risk (RR) as a function of single-pool KtuV (spKtuV) in the Cox proportional hazard model. We used body mass index (BMI), dry body weight and nutritional parameters including serum pre-albumin obtained in 1151 patients on chronic haemodialysis as covariates. Results. The mean spKtuV for February and March of 1997 was 1.46"0.28 ("SD). A spKtu Vo f)1.2 was achieved in 82.5% of patients and 20% of patients received a spKtu Vo f)1.68. Using spKtuV in deciles and assigning the third decile (spKtuV 1.2‐1.3) as the reference group with an RR of 1, the extreme first and the tenth deciles displayed a higher RR imparting a Ushaped configuration to the curve. In this unadjusted analysis, there was no dependency between delivered dose of spKtuV and RR values. spKtuV values were re-analysed in quintiles. The U-shaped relationship persisted between spKtuV and RR, and an unadjusted analysis again exhibited no clear dependency between spKtuV and RR. The patients in the highest fifth spKtuV quintile, who received the highest dose of dialysis and had the paradoxical increase in RR, had the lowest body weight, BMI, serum pre-albumin and creatinine. Adjustments for case-mix characteristics (age, gender, race and diabetes) in the Cox multivariate model did not reduce the paradoxical increase in RR. However, introduction of BMI or dry body weight along with serum creatinine and pre-albumin to the above case-mix covariates for the first time produced a dose-dependent inverse relationship between the first four quintiles of the spKtuV and their respective RR. With the above variables adjusted, the fifth quintile RR of 1.6 (0.9, 3.1) was reduced to 0.9 (0.4, 2.0), but was not corrected to the lowest RR of 0.6 (0.2, 1.2) noted in the fifth spKtuV quintile. This difference between the adjusted RR of fifth and fourth quintile was not statistically significant, but persisted after adjusting for any clustering variation. Conclusions. Our analysis, which is the first to include serum pre-albumin in the KtuV survival analysis, demonstrates a steeper rise in the unadjusted RR at the highest end of spKtuV levels than reported previously and suggests that patients with lower weight and nutritional parameters may mostly account for the spKtuV and RR paradox. As we find a worsening in the spKtuV‐RR paradox at a time when higher doses of dialysis are being delivered, we speculate that factors other than underweight and malnutrition such as ‘toxicity’ of rapid dialysis, especially in sick and underweight patients, may contribute to the paradox. If future studies were to verify this possibility, sick and underweight patients could benefit from less vigorous but frequent sessions of haemodialysis.