cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and death of cells of the mesencephalic fifth nucleus in Rana pipiens larvae

Positions, numbers, and nuclear sizes of mesencephalic fifth nucleus M-V) cells were determined in Rana pipiens larvae in stages XIII through the end of metamorphosis at stage XXV, in a few just postmetamorphic juveniles, and in adults. M-V cells are found throughout the tectum, with the greatest concentrations just anterior to each optic ventricle, and along the medioanterior aspect of each ventricle. Some cells lie below these levels, adjacent to the ependyma of the expanded aqueduct, the mesencephalic ventricle; a very few cells occur in the anterior medullary velum and in the adjacent anterior cerebellum. Up to 879 M-V cells were seen in single animals in stages XIV-XVIII, with mean values near 650 cells. Pyknotic M-V cells appear in all stages from XVII through XXV, and possibly in the youngest juveniles. Peak rates of cell loss occur at stage XXI, some 4-5 days after the forelimbs have emerged. Mean postmetamorphic cell numbers are about 350, suggesting an average M-V cell loss of 300 per animal. Nuclear cross-sectional areas are 72 microns2 at stage XIII, slightly above the size of such cells in hypophysectomized tadpoles. Nuclear growth is progressive to 102-111 microns2 at stages XXI-XXV. Adult sizes increase to a mean of 121 microns2. Hypophysectomized animals display pyknotic cells only after the tadpoles have been strongly stimulated by thyroid hormone, as demonstrated by significant growth of the legs and of the M-V cells themselves.
Role of rac 2 in hemopoietic stem cell motility

Abstract Rho GTPases (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) act as molecular switches to regulate cellular functions. We have recently generated a mouse deficient in Rac 2, a GTPase which is expressed only in hematopoietic cells (Roberts et al. Immunity, 1999), and shown defects in PMN movement and other actin-based functions in vivo and in vitro . We now demonstrate that Rac 2 is expressed in purified hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HSC) (lin−,c−kit+Sca-1+). Analysis of the function of Rac 2−/− HSC shows multiple abnormalities in vitro and in vivo . Adhesion to the extracellular matrix molecule fibronectin via integrin VLA-4 is significantly reduced. Surprisingly, movement of progenitor/stem cells in response to SDF-1 is increased in both modified Boyden chamber assays and in quantitative time-lapsed video imaging. This increased movement is associated with increased size of filopodia, and increased f-actin content, reminiscent of enhanced activity of Cdc42, suggesting cross-talk between GTPase pathways. Importantly, these abnormalities are mirrored by changes in cell movement in vivo . G-CSF-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells is enhanced nearly 3-fold in Rac 2−/− mice, while the augmentation of G-CSF mobilization by concurrent administration of antibodies to VLA-4 is reduced, further supporting the role of Rac 2 in VLA-4 function in stem/progenitor cells localization in the bone marrow microenvironment. These data demonstrate that Rac 2 is critical for normal adhesion and movement of HSC, and suggest that deficiency of Rac 2 in these cells may lead to altered activity of other GTPases, particularly Cdc42.
Assessment and Direction Through Nonlexical Vocalizations in Music Instruction

Musicians commonly make use of vocalizations in order to represent, rather than describe, a melody or musical phrase. The present study considers the role these “semantically empty” vocalizations play in the situated activity of music instruction. Data from video recordings of a clarinetist and his instructor demonstrate that these vocal representations are used for two distinct actions: assessment and direction. In assessments, the vocalizations take the form of quotations; what was previously played is reenacted through voice and other embodied modalities to highlight and comment on facets of the performance. In direction, rather than quoting what has occurred previously, the vocalization is used to demonstrate how the music should be played, and so directs the recipient to make changes to his future performances. The study of how these vocalizations are used for these two actions reinforces the need for the continued study of multimodal communication practices as an interactional tool.
Evaluation of biodegradation kinetic testing methods and longterm variability in biokinetics for BTEX metabolism

Abstract Two methods were investigated for measuring the substrate utilization Monod biodegradation kinetics of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o -xylene, and p -xylene (BTEX) by mixed bacterial cultures grown under three different conditions. The mixed cultures were grown in completely mixed reactors that were batch fed every two hours with either BTEX or benzene and operated at a 5-day solids retention time (SRT); a BTEX-fed culture was also grown at a 20-day SRT. Only maximum specific substrate degradation rates ( k ) could be determined in batch tests where BTEX concentrations were measured at discrete time points, since not enough data could be acquired at low substrate concentrations near the half-saturation concentration ( K s ) of the compounds. Both k and K s could be determined in batch tests using an indirect method where dissolved oxygen depletion was continuously measured. The measured biokinetics of each of the cultures varied over time (coefficient of variation of the k and K s values of 27–44% and 43–100%, respectively), despite constant growth conditions. This biokinetic variability should be incorporated into design uncertainty to develop safety factors for reliable bioreactor performance. Results also showed that the operating solids retention time of the reactor and the combination of growth substrates affected the biokinetic coefficient values of the individual BTEX compounds.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of purification in a column crystallizer of material with impurities of the eutectic forming type

A theoretical analysis of the operation of a Schildknecht type of column crystallizer is presented and simplified to three special cases. Experimental determinations were made of concentration profiles established during the purification of benzene with cyclohexane as impurity under steady state, batch conditions of operation. Benzene containing 34 to 500 ppm. cyclohexane was obtained by processing feed material with 5,000 to 30,000 ppm. cyclohexane. It was found that experimental data obtained under conditions of normal operation are well correlated by theoretical expressions if it is assumed that the crystals are not pure but contain cyclohexane at the level of 34 to 100 ppm. It was further established that the resistance to mass transfer between the liquid which adheres to the crystals and the wash liquid is negligible in comparison to backmixing effects as represented in the model by an eddy diffusion term. Smooth operation of the column was obtained at crystal rates below a limiting upper value and at oscillation frequencies above a lower limit.
MEASUREMENT OF INTRINSIC ARTICULAR JOINT STABILITY

Concavity-compression is an important mechanism for keeping a joint centered despite a large range of motion. The purpose of this study was to explain how the results of a test measuring the joint intrinsic stability can be interpreted and related to joint architecture. As an example, the method was demonstrated for the glenohumeral joint although the versatility allows any articulating joint, whether natural or prosthetic, to be analyzed. The initial slope from the central point was relatively steep, indicating a large resistance to translation. The peak translation force occurred within the first 5 mm of displacement for the glenohumeral joint, indicating a high congruence between the humerus and glenoid surfaces. Stability ratio, calculated as the maximum translation force divided by the applied joint compressive force, makes it possible to compare the stabilizing effect under different compressive loads for different anatomical directions. In hanging arm position, the joint stability ratio ranged from 30.5% to 60.1%. Finally, the effective depth of the concavity and the maximum range of joint translation can be measured by completely dislocating the joint. For the glenohumeral specimen, the smallest glenoid concavity depth, 3.8 mm, occurred in the anterior direction. The joint translation limit was smallest in the anterior-posterior direction (28.0 mm). The methodology presented in this study will allow consistent testing parameters between different trials, easily allowing parametric studies to gain a more complete understanding of articular joints.
CALCULATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF A FORMULATED FOOD SYSTEM TO ANY GIVEN WATER ACTIVITY

The objective of this work was to develop a working equation for calculating moisture content of a formulated food system giving the desired aw. It was hypothesized that the total moisture content at a given aw is equal to a weighted-average of the moisture bound by each component at the given aw. A mass balance equation based on this hypothesis was tested with mixtures of starch, casein, sugar, salt, propylene glycol, and ground beef in binary and ternary. combinations. In 22 determinations, the discrepancy between calculated and measured moisture contents ranged from -3.52 to +3.82% with an algebraic average of -0.014%. A t test showed the equation valid at 1% confidence level. The regression line for calculated vs experimental had a slope of +1.0191 and intercept of -0.0044. The coefficient of determination was 0.9976. It was concluded that the mass balance hypothesis is valid at aw 0.90-0.33 for both desorption and absorption.
Vibration induced osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by cytoskeletal remodeling but not fluid shear

Consistent across studies in humans, animals and cells, the application of vibrations can be anabolic and/or anti-catabolic to bone. The physical mechanisms modulating the vibration-induced response have not been identified. Recently, we developed an in vitro model in which candidate parameters including acceleration magnitude and fluid shear can be controlled independently during vibrations. Here, we hypothesized that vibration induced fluid shear does not modulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and mineralization and that cell's sensitivity to vibrations can be promoted via actin stress fiber formation. Adipose derived human MSCs were subjected to vibration frequencies and acceleration magnitudes that induced fluid shear stress ranging from 0.04 Pa to 5 Pa. Vibrations were applied at magnitudes of 0.15 g, 1g, and 2g using frequencies of both 100 Hz and 30 Hz. After 14 d and under low fluid shear conditions associated with 100 Hz oscillations, mineralization was greater in all vibrated groups than in controls. Greater levels of fluid shear produced by 30 Hz vibrations enhanced mineralization only in the 2g group. Over 3d, vibrations led to the greatest increase in total cell number with the frequency/acceleration combination that induced the smallest level of fluid shear. Acute experiments showed that actin remodeling was necessary for early mechanical up-regulation of RUNX-2 mRNA levels. During osteogenic differentiation, mechanically induced up-regulation of actin remodeling genes including Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein, a critical regulator of Arp2/3 complex, was related to the magnitude of the applied acceleration but not to fluid shear. These data demonstrate that fluid shear does not regulate vibration induced proliferation and mineralization and that cytoskeletal remodeling activity may play a role in MSC mechanosensitivity.
Optimizing sediment sampling plans

Abstract Sediment sampling at sea is a costly undertaking and inefficiency and redundancy must be minimized. Conversely, it is essential that the sampling density is high enough to obtain sufficiently reliable estimates of the variables of interest. In order to formalize these goals, an analysis of nine textural variables measured on samples from 450 stations on the continental shelf was made. A criterion for sufficient reliability was determined and optimal sampling plans were derived on the basis of this criterion. In an example of the analysis on one of the variables, mean phi size, the results indicate that even with optimal allocation of effort, much more extensive sampling is required for the resolution usually sought.
Formation of oligosaccharides by β-galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus

Abstract The β-galactosidase of Streptococcus thermophilus exhibited substantial glycosyl transferase activity during the hydrolysis of lactose in milk. The new sugars formed accounted for 25% of the total sugars when the lactose had been 94% hydrolysed. Sixty per cent of the new sugars were identified as allolactose and 30% as 6-O-β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -galactose . No other disaccharides, trisaccharides or higher oligosaccharides were detected. The ratio of free glucose to free galactose during hydrolysis was as high as two to one.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a tool for characterizing nanostructures containing molecular components

Raman spectroscopy, which is based on inelastic scattering of light that interacts with phonons or molecular vibrations in the nanostructure, has been widely used to identify chemical and biological molecules. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) greatly enhanced the sensitivity of conventional Raman spectroscopy by a factor of >106 through the use of a plasmon-generating substrate [1, 2]. This study investigated the use of Raman spectroscopy/SERS to verify that synthesized nanostructures contain active molecular components critical to their functioning. In particular, this study uses SERS to identify the signature spectrum of Methylene Blue (MB) and uses standard Raman spectroscopy to verify the fictionalization of a DNA aptamer terminated with MB.
Acquiring CMS funding for an APA-accredited postdoctoral psychology fellowship program.

In 2001 Congress reinterpreted existing legislation allowing hospital based, postdoctoral psychology training programs that were accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) to file for and receive allied health reimbursement through the Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services (CMS). This became effective on March 13, 2001 (Health Care Financing Administration, 2001). Historically physician and other allied health training programs have received government funding, while psychology training has been nonfunded. This new legislation symbolized a shift in federal health policy and recognized psychology as a valuable discipline within the health care system. This article discusses several postdoctoral programs successful approach in obtaining CMS funding and encourages other eligible programs to pursue it as well.
Higher-order sample autocorrelations and the unit root hypothesis

Abstract Hanza (1980) has derived the limiting distributions of sample autocorrelations for ARIMA (p, 1, q) processes; it appears that the sample autocorrelations minus one, times the sample size, converge in distribution to functions of a Wiener process. In this paper we extend Hasza's results in the following ways. First, we shall not assume a parametric form of the data-generating process, but adopt instead mixing conditions. Second, next to the sample autocorrelation function considered by Hasza we also consider a slightly different form of the autocorrelation function, and it appears that the limiting distributions involved are different. Third, we allow the lag length to grow with the sample size, leading to limiting distributions that are independent of the covariance function of the differenced time series under review. Fourth, we also consider the case of detrended time series. Finally, we construct new tests of the unit root hypothesis, based on higher-order sample autocorrelations.
Educational Policy as an Ecology of Games

Educational policy can be considered as a set of overlapping games. Each has its own winners and losers, but each feeds and is fed by others. This metaphor identifies some of the functions and dysfunctions of the policy process. The time perspective of all players is shorter than the whole process, so no one sees the whole picture. Policies interact, so decisions do not reflect what is good for just one issue. Viewing the policy process as multiple games makes uniformity of response to policy less important so that implementation mechanisms that take advantage of local variation can be built. The ecology-of-games metaphor clarifies research use. Research can also be conceived as a game that provides inputs to and gets output from various policy games. The difficulties of putting research to use stem from the discontinuities among games.
Hydrodynamic waves and correlation functions in dusty plasmas

A hydrodynamic description of strongly coupled dusty plasmas is given when physical quantities vary slowly in space and time and the system can be assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The linear waves in such a system are analyzed. In particular, a dispersion equation is derived for low-frequency dust acoustic waves, including collisional damping effects, and compared with experimental results. The linear response of the system is calculated from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and the hydrodynamic equations. The requirement that these two calculations coincide constrains the particle correlation function for slowly varying perturbations. It is shown that in the presence of weakly damped, long-wavelength dust-acoustic waves, the dust autocorrelation function is of the Debye–Huckel form and the characteristic shielding distance is the dust Debye length.
Tunneling spectroscopy study of YBa2Cu3O7 thin films using a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope.

We have measured reproducible tunneling spectra on ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\sim}85 K) thin films (thickness \ensuremath{\sim}2 \ensuremath{\mu}m) with a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope. We find that the I-V curves are generally of three types. The most common type, featured in a large majority of the data, shows a region of high conductance at zero bias. The amplitude of this region is inversely proportional to the tunneling resistance between the tip and sample. It is possible that this can be explained in terms of Josephson effects within the films, although an alternative is given based on electronic self-energy corrections. Data showing capacitive charging steps are analyzed in terms of two ultrasmall tunnel junctions in series.. Theoretical fits to the data give specific values of the junction parameters that are consistent with the assumed geometry of the tip probing an individual grain of the film. The third type of I-V curves exhibits negative differential resistance. We conclude that this phenomenon is probably due to tunneling to localized states in the surface oxide. We also present and discuss data with energy-gap-like behavior; the best example gives \ensuremath{\Delta} to be about 27 mV.
Fetal-muscle type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in TE-671 cells, and inhibition of fetal movement in a day 40 pregnant goat model by optical isomers of the piperidine alkaloid coniine.

Coniine is an optically active toxic piperidine alkaloid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist found in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Coniine teratogenicity is hypothesized to be attributable to the binding, activation, and prolonged desensitization of fetal muscle-type nAChR, which results in the complete inhibition of fetal movement. However, pharmacological evidence of coniine actions at fetal muscle-type nAChR is lacking. The present study compared (-)-coniine, (+)-coniine, and nicotine for the ability to inhibit fetal movement in a day 40 pregnant goat model and in TE-671 cells that express fetal muscle-type nAChR. Furthermore, α-conotoxins (CTx) EI and GI were used to antagonize the actions of (+)- and (-)-coniine in TE-671 cells. (-)-Coniine was more effective at eliciting electrical changes in TE-671 cells and inhibiting fetal movement than was (+)-coniine, suggesting stereoselectivity by the receptor. The pyridine alkaloid nicotine did not inhibit fetal movement in a day 40 pregnant goat model, suggesting agonist specificity for the inhibition of fetal movement. Low concentrations of both CTxs potentiated the TE-671 cell response and higher concentrations of CTx EI, and GI antagonized the actions of both coniine enantiomers demonstrating concentration-dependent coagonism and selective antagonism. These results provide pharmacological evidence that the piperidine alkaloid coniine is acting at fetal muscle-type nAChR in a concentration-dependent manner.
Popper's Critical Rationalism: A Philosophical Investigation

Popper's Critical Rationalism: A Philosophical Investigation Darrell P. Rowbottom Abingdon, Routledge, 2011 xii + 185 pp., ISBN 9780415992442, £80.00 (hardback) This detailed and thoughtful book ai...
Organic materials for non-linear optics nitropyridine derivatives☆

Abstract A variety of nitropyridine derivatives have been prepared and their second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies measured in the powder form. Based on these powder measurements, two new compounds are the most non-linear substances known with absorption edge cutoffs less than 0.45 μm.
Adult density affects larval recruitment in the calyptraeid gastropod Crepidula fornicata

Abstract Like many other marine invertebrate larvae, those of Crepidula fornicata metamorphose in response to a waterborne cue or cues from conspecific adults. However, the relationship between adult density and larval metamorphosis has not been quantified. Around Long Island, New York, U.S.A., C. fornicata occurs patchily, sometimes at very high densities. The density of adult C. fornicata was experimentally manipulated in the field and larval recruitment was measured. Recruitment increased with increasing adult density, consistent with previous laboratory results demonstrating that larvae settle in response to waterborne cues from conspecific adults. Larvae showed a threshold response to adult cues on the scale of meters, and select adult conspecifics over a control substrate at smaller scales. These results indicate that recruitment in populations of C. fornicata with densities below the threshold of detection may be limited by the ability of larvae to find conspecific adults, which in turn may affect population dynamics at range edges by limiting the species' rate of expansion.
Amperometric homogeneous competitive immunoassay in a perfluorocarbon emulsion oxygen therapeutic (PEOT)

The effect of a perfluorocarbon emulsion oxygen therapeutic (PEOT) on the detection of the drugs theophylline and phenytoin was explored using a commercial enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT®). The EMIT technique is based on the enzymatic production of NADH, which is typically detected in serum samples spectrophotometrically. Here, amperometry using the rotating disk electrode on a single drop of solution is demonstrated to detect theophylline and phenytoin in the presence of PEOT. In the study, 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) added to the immunoassay mixture is reduced by the NADH to DCIPH2. Oxidation of DCIPH2 is monitored electrochemically at +200 mV using a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode. Slopes of amperograms are proportional to the concentration of drug in the immunoassay sample. This technique yields excellent quantitative data in the therapeutic range for both drugs in 2–20 % PEOT.
Experimental cross sections for electron capture from lithium by slow, highly charged, rare-gas projectiles

Experimental cross sections have been measured for single-electron capture from Li by Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe ions in charge states ($q$) between 2 and 10 and at projectile energies between $100q$ and $1000q$ eV. The cross sections are found to depend on the incident charge state but are nearly independent of both the projectile species and energy. Good agreement between the experimental results and those of absorbing sphere and classical barrier models is found.
Effect of robotic performance-based error-augmentation versus error-reduction training on the gait of healthy individuals

Effective locomotion training with robotic exoskeletons requires identification of optimal control algorithms to better facilitate motor learning. Two commonly employed training protocols emphasize use of training stimuli that either augment or reduce performance errors. The current study sought to identify which of these training strategies promote better short-term modification of a typical gait pattern in healthy individuals as a framework for future application to neurologically impaired individuals. Ten subjects were assigned to each of a performance-based error-augmentation or error-reduction training group. All subjects completed a 45-min session of treadmill walking at their preferred speed with a robotic exoskeleton. Target templates prescribed an ankle path for training that corresponded to an increased step height. When subjects' instantaneous ankle positions fell below the inferior virtual wall of the target ankle path, robotic forces were applied that either decreased (error-reduction) or increased (error-augmentation) the deviation from the target path. When the force field was turned on, both groups walked with ankle paths better approximating the target template compared to baseline. When the force field was removed unexpectedly during catch and post-training trials, only the error-augmentation group maintained an ankle path close to the target ankle path. Further investigation is required to determine if a similar training advantage is provided for neurologically impaired individuals.
Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of trace heavy metal ions using carbon nanotube nanoelectrode array

We describe an ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of trace heavy metal ions using nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) that are based on low-site density carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The NEAs were prepared by sealing the side-walls of CNTs with an epoxy passive layer that reduces the current leakage and eliminates the electrode capacitance, leading to a low background current. This provides a high signal-to-noise ratio. The CNTs-NEAs coated with a bismuth film were used successfully for voltammetric detection of trace cadmium(II) and lead(II) at the sub-ppb level. The detection limit of 0.04 μg L−1 was obtained under optimum experimental conditions. The attractive behavior of the new carbon NEA sensing platform holds great promise for onsite environmental monitoring and biomonitoring of toxic metals.
Note on Test-Retest Reliability of the Self-Concept and Motivation Inventory

Appropriate forms of the Self-concept and Motivation Inventory were administered to 308 girls and 299 boys in Grades 1 to 5 in December and May of a school year. Correlations were quite low suggesting the self-concept is very fluid and/or the inventory is quite unreliable for clinical use.
Interpersonal Trust and Delinquency: A Reply to Rotter

Rotter's comments on the validity of his Interpersonal Trust Scale are discussed in terms of: the validity of the scale with incarcerated delinquents, alternative hypotheses of social class and situational factors to explain our negative results, and the need for further studies before the Interpersonal Trust Scale can be accepted as a measure of interpersonal trust.
Effect of mercury on erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity. In vivo and in vitro studies

Glutathione reductase activity was determined in erythrocyte hemolysates of rats and quail fed various levels of methylmercury. Dietary mercury as high as 30 ppm had no effect on the activity of this enzyme. Micromolar concentrations of inorganic mercuric nitrate added to stroma-free hemolysatesin vitro resulted in a clear inhibition. To get the same decrease in activity with methylmercuryin vitro, however, it was necessary to add a hundred-fold higher level of Hg. Dietary selenium seemed to have some protective effect against the inhibitory effect of mercury addedin vitro.
Diagnosis of stator short circuits in brushless DC motors by monitoring phase Voltages

Two adaptive fuzzy systems are developed for identification and location of short-circuit faults on one phase of the phase-modulation brushless dc motors. Motor performance is computed by a discrete-time numerical model. The waveform of line-to-neutral voltages summation is monitored for feature extraction. Diagnostic indices are derived by processing the characteristic signal using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Testing results show an acceptable diagnosing performance of the proposed scheme.
Interactions of the Intestinal Epithelium with the Pathogen and the Indigenous Microbiota: A Three-Way Crosstalk

The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract harbor a vast number of commensal microbiota that have coevolved with the host, and in addition display one of the most complex relationships with the host. This relationship affects several important aspects of the biology of the host including the synthesis of nutrients, protection against infection, and the development of the immune system. On the other hand, despite the existence of several lines of mucosal defense mechanisms, pathogenic organisms such as Shigella and Salmonella have evolved sophisticated virulence strategies for breaching these barriers. The constant challenge from these pathogens and the attempts by the host to counter them set up a dynamic equilibrium of cellular and molecular crosstalk. Even slight perturbations in this equilibrium may be detrimental to the host leading to severe bacterial infection or even autoimmune diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. Several experimental model systems, including germ-free mice and antibiotic-treated mice, have been used by various researchers to study this complex relationship. Although it is only the beginning, it promises to be an exciting era in the study of these host-microbe relationships.
Radiographic detection of gravel in soft tissue.

Abstract Study objective: We sought to quantify the detectable size of varying compositions of gravel using a cadaveric chicken leg wound model and standard plain-film two-view radiographs. Methods: We conducted a randomized, blinded, descriptive study with the assistance of faculty from the emergency medicine and radiology residency programs of a private urban teaching hospital. A standardized wound was created in each of 160 cadaver chicken legs. Zero, one, or two pieces of gravel of four differing compositions, ranging in size from .25 to 2.0 mm, were inserted into the wounds as determined with computer-generated randomization. The legs were then radiographically imaged (anteroposterior and lateral views). Three faculty physicians independently interpreted the radiographs to determine the number of foreign bodies and rated the ease of visibility. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver reliability. Results: The accuracy with which gravel was detected ranged from an average of 97.7% for 2-mm and 1-mm particles to less than 75% for .5-mm and .25-mm particles. Visibility ratings were also lower for particles in the smaller ranges. Sensitivity was greater for the emergency physicians than for the radiologists, but their specificity was lower. Salt-and-pepper gravel was the most easily identified foreign body. Conclusion: In this wound model, gravel particles of less than 1 mm were not accurately identified. [Chisholm CD, Wood CO, Chua G, Cordell WH, Nelson DR: Radiographic detection of gravel in soft tissue. Ann Emerg Med June 1997; 29:725-730.]
Thermally developing microtube gas flow with axial conduction and viscous dissipation

Abstract A comparative study of the first and second order slip flow models on the thermal development of dilute gas flow in a microtube with axial conduction and viscous dissipation has been performed. The velocity profiles for the two models have been derived analytically assuming the flow to be fully developed hydrodynamically. The energy equation is solved numerically for a constant wall temperature with velocity slip and temperature jump conditions at the wall. Analytical solutions for the asymptotic values of the mean temperature and Nusselt number are given for the second-order slip flow model in terms of Brinkman number Br , Knudsen number Kn , temperature jump parameter κ , and slip parameter ρ s . The effect of these parameters and the Peclet number Pe on the development of local mean fluid temperature and the local Nusselt number are displayed graphically and compared with the results available in the literature. For the fully developed hydrodynamic condition, the second-order slip model predicts higher velocities in the central region of the flow but the trend is reversed near the wall region. For fixed values of Pe , Kn , κ , and three different Br , the second order model predicts higher fluid temperatures compared with those predicted by the first-order model. For thermally developing flow, the second order model in general predicts significantly higher mean fluid temperatures (maximum of 21% in one case), compared with those predicted by the first-order model. However, the difference in the local Nusselt number between the two slip models is small.
Integration of Decision Analysis and Scenario Planning for Coastal Engineering and Climate Change

This paper develops a methodology for eliciting shifts in preference across future scenarios in the performance assessment of infrastructure policies and investments. The methodology quantifies the robustness of alternative portfolios across a variety of scenarios and identifies the scenarios that greatly affect the assessments. An innovation of the methodology is to elicit, for each scenario, only a few relative increases or decreases in importance of selected terms of the value function, which is more efficient than a full elicitation of the value function for each scenario. The identification of critical scenarios via our methodology can be used to focus resource-intensive and potentially costly modeling activities. The methodology integrates preference orders, centroid weights, and the Borda method. In a demonstration, the methodology assesses the relative sea level and other climate-change scenarios that could affect the performance of coastal protections.
Non-regulatory approaches to management of coastal resources and development in San Francisco Bay

Abstract San Francisco Bay is the largest coastal water body in California. Many large, enclosed water bodies in other countries are likely to experience at least some of the Bay's problems. The management of the Bay's coastal resources may be relevant for other nations now facing similar problems. In particular, the California State Coastal Conservancy's experience as a non-regulatory problem-solving agency may be pertinent to situations which either have similar complex regulatory systems as the Bay Area, or which face problems not amenable to regulatory solution.
Equalisation of recursive digital fitters

The purpose of this paper is to apply a recent minimax optimisation algorithm to the design of equalised recursive digital filters satisfying prescribed amplitude specifications. The technique is applied to the design of a lowpass, a highpass and a bandpass filter.
A Stratified Statistical Filter with Nonlinear Application

This paper introduces a statistical filter (or, more strictly, a filtering algorithm) which has intended application in the area of nonlinear systems. Within this context, the filter enables one to investigate the convergence effects produced by varying the initial estimates associated with the respective state variables, together with the various system parameters. The present algorithm is not intended to replace the more powerful optimal statistical filters used in linear theory, but rather to provide a simulation tool which can readily be applied to a given nonlinear system. The application considered in this paper bears a similarity to a tracking problem which might be encountered by an optical device, where angular information is the primary observable quanity. In this particular application, angular observations are available, and statistical estimates are desired for a position variable, together with an unknown parameter. The application is introduced primarily for the purpose of demonstrating the behavior of the filter when applied to a relatively simple nonlinear system.
Activation symptoms and discharge in elderly chronic schizophrenic inpatients

Three hundred thirty-three elderly schizophrenic inpatients were rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and those remaining in the hospital after 1 year (N = 267) were rated and followed for an additional year. Based on previous studies showing that aggressive episodes and hostile behavior predicted inability to discharge schizophrenics, we hypothesized that low discharge rates would be correlated with high baseline ratings on the activation factor of the PANSS (PANSS-AF), obtained by summing six items (hostility, poor impulse control, excitement, uncooperativeness, poor rapport, and tension). Baseline PANSS-AF scores were found to be inversely correlated with discharge rates, independent of ratings on other symptom dimensions. PANSS-AF scores were a better predictor of outcome than any individual PANSS item (e.g., hostility), and individual item scores did not add significantly to prediction of discharge. Attention to and development of treatments for activation symptoms, highly prevalent in schizophrenia but not included in our present diagnostic systems, may increase the chances of elderly inpatients with schizophrenia of moving to community settings.
Grazing of Euphausia superba Dana on natural phytoplankton populations

Selective feeding by Euphausia superba (krill) has been suggested from stomach content analysis (Nemoto 1971/1972) and from the comparison of krill and phytoplankton species distribution (Kawamura 1981). Laboratory experiments can help determine whether krill selectively graze certain phytoplankton species. Grazing experiments were conducted at Palmer Station, Antarctica, during the austral summer 1977/1978. krill, collected from waters surrounding the Antarctic Penninsula, were maintained in flow-thru aquaria at Palmer Station. E. superba were added to glass bottles (4.48 1), containing 220 μm mesh filtered sea water. Bottles, with and without krill, were incubated in the dark at sea surface temperature, for two to twenty-seven hours. End point determinations were made for phytoplankton cell number. The cell counts were divided into size and species categories, and the calculated filtering rates were compared through analysis of variance. These experiments led to the conclusion that krill “selectivity” for phytoplankton species is probably size dependent, with solitary cells smaller than 20 μm (maximum diameter) being filtered less rapidly than larger diatoms and chain forming species.
Ferroelectric thin films for Smart Spatial Light Modulator applications

Abstract System, device and material issues for the use of ferroelectric ceramic thin films in the realization of Smart Spatial Light Modulators are considered. Results show that ferroelectric thin films such as PLZT PBN, KTN, and SBN are particularly attractive.
Improvements in the laser damage behavior of Ta2O5/SiO2 interference coatings by modification of the top layer design

We have investigated the properties and laser damage behavior of Ta2O5/SiO2 quarter wave stacks designed for λ=1 µm operation by substituting the Ta2O5 layer by either Y2O3 or HfO2 and the SiO2 by Al2O3 in the top 3 pairs of the multilayer stack. The high reflectors were deposited by dual ion beam sputtering. Laser damage at 1 µm using 350 ps showed enhanced performance when the Ta2O5/SiO2 stack had HfO2 or Y2O3 in its top few pairs. targets were used. For the present study fused silica substrates, with surface roughness of ~ 6 A were used. The total thickness of each HR stack was ~ 5 µm. The surface quality of the IBS HR was determined using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) using a NovaScan ESPM 3D operated in tapping mode. Root mean square (RMS) surface roughness was calculated using the included software for AFM. Glancing angle x-ray diffraction scans of the single layers showed the films are amorphous. Optical properties of the transparent films were investigated using a spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 190 to 1100 nm. Scattering measurements were performed using total integrating sphere with laser light illumination at λ=1.064 µm (details to be published elsewhere). The optical absorption loss of the coatings deposited on fused silica, was measured at λ = 1.064 µm with the photothermal common-path interferometry (PCI) 7 . Laser damage measurements were performed using 100-on-1 test at λ= 1.03
Toward effective use of cause‐related marketing alliances

Companies have become increasingly active in developing relationships between their brands and popular causes in such areas as the environment (e.g. nature conservancy) and health issues (e.g. breast cancer awareness crusade). As such alliances become a more important strategic component of the brand’s marketing mix, managers seek direction as to how to generate the most impact with these tie‐ins. This article uses associative learning principles as a framework for understanding how to facilitate building connections between brands and causes so as to increase the value of this highly visible marketing activity. Specific associative learning principles are detailed and applied, improving the use of cause‐related marketing alliances.
Elevated FGF 23 and phosphorus are associated with coronary calcification in hemodialysis patients

Increased mortality of adult chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients is associated with coronary calcifications (CC), increased serum phosphorus (P), use of calcium (Ca)-containing P-binders, and vitamin D deficiency. Serum concentration of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23) is markedly elevated in adults receiving dialysis and is independently associated with increased mortality. Although coronary calcifications have been described in pediatric and adult HD patients, no significant association between serum FGF 23 and CC has been reported. In our study, 5/16 patients had CC. Patients with CC were older, had longer dialysis vintage and higher serum P. Serum Ca, total PTH, elemental Ca intake, and calcitriol doses were not different for CC patients. Serum FGF 23 levels were markedly elevated in all patients (mean 4,024, range 874–8,253), but significantly higher in patients with CC (4,247 ± 10,35 vs 2,427 ± 11,92, p = 0.01) and positively correlated with Agatston calcification score (r = 0.69, p = 0.003) and serum P (r = 0.49, p = 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, serum FGF 23 and serum P remained the most significant factors associated with Agatston score. This study confirms the occurrence of CC in pediatric HD patients and is the first to show a significant association between CC and elevated serum FGF 23 in children.
Relative height on the picture-plane and depth perception.

Summary.-Geometric considerations of the cwo-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional visual field led to hypotheses about the possible effect on depth perception of: relative height in the picture plane, the type of supplied reference plane, and angle of regard. In three experiments Ss viewed pairs of equidistant, horizontal rods in front of one of four backgrounds, with either an upward or downward angle of regard. The results confirm the hypothesis that relative height can operate to influence depth perception, that the type of background influences depth perception in the predicted direction, and that a response set resulting in a tendency for Ss to see higher objects as farther irrespective of the reference plane also occurs. The effects of angle of regard and of degree of vertical separation were not completely elucidated. The relative depth of any two points on a plane oriented in the threedimensional visual field is mapped onto the two-dimensional picrure plane as horizontal and vertical separation. Planes parallel ro the ground line (Fig. 1) represent the set of planes in which the relative depth of any two points on one of [he planes is uniquely mapped onto the picture plane as vertical separation. The set of planes parallel to the ground line may be divided into two subsets: base planes in which the more distant (perpendicular distance from the picrure plane) of two poincs is mapped as higher in the picture plane and ceiling planes in which the more distant of two poincs is mapped as lower in the picture plane. If the picture plane is considered to be the inverted retinal image, these two sitbsets of planes can be distinguished as those plane segments whose extension intersets the prime vertical below [he center of vision, base planes, and those plane segments whose extension intersects the prime vertical above the center of vision, ceiling planes (Fig. 1). Some examples of base planes are ground planes, such as floors; surfaces parallel to the ground plane and below eye level, such as table tops; and some other surfaces parallel to the ground line, such as ascending and descending ramps and hills. Some examples of ceiling planes are surfaces parallel to the ground plane and above eye level, such as ceilings; and some other surfaces parallel to the ground line, such as ascending and descending ceilings and overhangs. Note that since these real surfaces are usually opaque and only the top surface of base planes and the under surface of ceiling
A Numerical Algorithm for Computing the Restricted Singular Value Decomposition of Matrix Triplets.

Abstract An algorithm is developed for computing the restricted singular value decomposition (RSVD) of general matrix triplets. It consists of three stages: we first show that orthogonal transformations can be constructed to extract a regular triplet from a given general matrix triplet; after preprocessing the regular triplet, we reduce the problem to computing the ordinary singular value decomposition of a product of three upper triangular matrices having the same number of dimensions; then we apply the implicit Kogbetliantz technique to this matrix product. Other structural indices of the RSVD can be obtained by computing the ranks of certain submatrices. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the accuracy of the algorithm.
A game theoretic model for two types of customers competing for service

Two types of customers arrive at a single server station and demand service. If a customer finds the server busy upon arrival (or retrial) he immediately departs and conducts a retrial after an exponential period of time and persists this way until he gets served. Both types of customers face linear costs for waiting and conducting retrials and wish to find optimal retrial rates which will minimize these costs. This problem is analysed as a two-person nonzero sum game. Both noncooperative strategies are studied.
The influence of temperature and loading rate on flow and fracture of partially stabilized zirconia

The flow and fracture behaviour of magnesium stabilized partially stabilized zirconia subject to compressive loading is characterized for a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. It is found that the material exhibits plastic flow from 23 to 1200° C, and that the flow stress curve is serrated. Contrary to results for Al2O3, SiC and Si3N4, the strain rate dependence of compressive strength for partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) does not correlate with the stress intensity dependence of subcritical crack growth velocity. These results, combined with the presence of an unusual type of deformation banding, are interpreted in terms of plastic strain-induced, co-operative martensitic transformation of metastable precipitates.