cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine: Multi‐decadal whole‐watershed experimental acidification

The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) is a long‐term research site established to study the response of forest ecosystem function to environmental disturbances of chronic acidic deposition and ecosystem nitrogen enrichment. Starting in 1989, the West Bear (treated) watershed received bimonthly applications of ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] fertilizer from above the canopy, whereas East Bear (reference) received ambient deposition. The treatments were stopped in 2016, marking the beginning of the recovery phase. Research at the site has focused on soils, streams, and vegetation. Here, we describe data collected over three decades at the BBWM—input and stream output nutrient fluxes, quantitative soil pits and soil chemistry, and soil temperature and moisture.
Homemade facemasks: particle filtration, breathability, fit, and other performance characteristics.

Homemade cloth masks and other improvised face coverings have become widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic driven by severe shortages of personal protective equipment. In this study, various alternative (mostly common household) materials, which have not traditionally been used in respiratory protective devices, were tested for particle filtration performance and breathability. Most of these materials were found of some-but rather limited-utility in facemasks. At a breathing flow rate of 30 L min-1, 17 out of 19 tested materials demonstrated collection efficiency below 50%; at 85 L min-1, only one material featured particle collection efficiency above 50%. Pressure drop values were mostly below 4 mm w.g. (observed in 89% of cases for the two flow rates), which provides comfortable breathing. Only for one fabric material (silk) tested at 85 L min-1 did the pressure drop reach 11 mm w.g. Based on these results, a three-layer facemask prototype was designed and fabricated comprised of the best performing materials. Additional tests were conducted to examine possible particle detachment/shedding from the materials used in the newly developed facemask, but no such phenomenon was observed. The prototype was evaluated on 10 human subjects using the standard OSHA-approved quantitative fit testing protocol. The mask protection level, determined as an adopted fit factor, was found to lie between that of the two commercial surgical/medical masks tested for comparison. A 10-cycle washing of the mask prototype lowered its collection efficiency across the particle size range; however, washing did not substantially affect mask breathability. The study revealed that although homemade masks offer a certain level of protection to a wearer, one should not expect them to provide the same respiratory protection as high-end commercial surgical/medical masks or-by any means-NIOSH-certified N95 filtering facepieces.
vWCluster: A Network Based Clustering of Multi-omics Breast Cancer Data Based on Vector-Valued Optimal Transport

Abstract In this paper, we present a network-based clustering method based on the vector-valued Wasserstein distance derived from optimal mass transport (OMT) theory. This distance allows for the natural integration of multi-layer representations of data in a given network from which one derives clusters via a hierarchical clustering approach. In this study, we applied the methodology, called vector Wasserstein clustering (vW-cluster), to multi-omics data from the two largest breast cancer studies. The resultant clusters showed significantly different survival rates in Kaplan-Meier analysis in both datasets. CIBERSORT scores were compared among the identified clusters. Out of the 22 CIBERSORT immune cell types, 9 were commonly significantly different in both datasets, suggesting the difference of tumor immune microenvironment in the cluster. vWCluster can aggregate multi-omics data represented as a vectorial form in a network with multiple layers, taking into account the concordant effect of heterogeneous data, and further identify subtypes of tumors with different survival rates.
Resolution of Insolvent Thrifts: Fundamental Issues

Once insolvent thrifts are under its control, FSLIC must provide financial assistance to induce others to assume deposit liabilities. But how should FSLIC use its primary resolution alternatives -- assisted acquisition and liquidation -- to minimize the cost of meeting its obligations to depositors? Should FSLIC liquidate all insolvent thrifts? If only some, which ones? In this section we discuss principles that should guide the resolution process and thereby establish a basis for our substantive analysis in Chapters 4 through 6 that follow.
Autoimmune Reactivity in Graft Injury: Player or Bystander?

Organ transplantation is the only viable treatment for several end-stage organ failures. However, chronic rejection prevents long-term graft survival. Traditionally, this rejection was attributed to the development of alloimmunity in transplant patients. However, recent evidence suggests that autoimmunity plays a larger role in chronic rejection of certain organ transplants, than alloimmunity. In this review, we will focus on the history of autoimmunity in solid organ transplantation and look at the collagen type V, Kα1 tubulin, vimentin, cardiac myosin, and heat shock proteins as classical examples of autoantigens in organ transplantation. We will also look at some of the recent reports looking at the mechanisms of autoimmunity and try to provide answers to some of the age-old questions in autoimmunity.
Signaling in Swarming and Aggregating Myxobacteria

Myxobacteria are renowned for the ability to sporulate within multicellular fruiting bodies whose shapes are species-specific. That capacity arises from the ability of M. xanthus to organize high cell density swarms, in which the cells are aligned with each other while constantly moving. The head-tail polarity of rod-shaped cells lays the foundation, and each cell uses two polarized engines for gliding on surfaces, including on the surface of other cells. Regularly periodic reversals of the gliding direction were found to be required for swarming. Such reversals are generated by a G-protein switch that is driven by an oscillator tuned by protein modification. Developmental gene expression is regulated by a network of 2-component systems, which senses the approach of starvation and regulates the transitions between phases.
Masters of War: Epilogue: “This Is a Real War”: Military Dissent and Politics after Vietnam

I did some checking. I found that it had been traditional that the JCS spied on the White House. They wanted to know what was going on. Richard Milhous Nixon The U.S. military may have checked out of Vietnam in the 1970s, but it still had not left. Just as that war continues to shape American foreign and military policy and the nation's cultural politics, it has also conditioned the armed forces' approach to policy making and civil-military relations for the past two decades. Even before the war ended, service leaders feared that they were bearing the burden for the U.S. failure in Vietnam as the military's previously respected standing in American public life dropped markedly. Thus Harold K. Johnson complained that “the whole onus for Vietnam … has fallen upon ‘the military,’” while Matthew Ridgway lamented that “not before in my lifetime – and I was born into the Army in the nineteenth century “ has the Army's public image suffered so many grievous blows and fallen to such low esteem in such wide areas of our society.” The decline in military prestige and influence did not last long, however. In the aftermath of Tet, American service leaders intensified their efforts to score political points and regain traditional levels of credibility and power, while civilian leaders in turn continued their own political struggles against the brass.
Glycoenzymes: Enzymes of Glycoprotein Structure

Publisher Summary Glycoenzymes contain carbohydrate residues covalently linked in their molecular structure. These enzymes are found in wide variety of biological materials, including plant tissues, animal organs, and microbial extracts. Glycoenzymes often occur in multimolecular forms and such forms are isoglycoenzymes, differing only in the carbohydrate portion of the molecules. It is noted that the hydrolase group of enzymes contains the largest number of glycoenzymes. The most common monosaccharide constituents of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoenzymes are D-mannose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Other monosaccharides encountered are D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, and sialic acid. The monosaccharides can occur either as oligomeric or polymeric chains, attached to specific amino acid residues of the polypeptide chains of the enzymes. However, some glycoenzymes possess a single carbohydrate chain attached to a specific amino acid residue of the protein, others contain many such chains attached to many amino acid residues. The monosaccharide residues are glycosidically joined as in typical glycans.
Determining the Role of neurogenin1 in the Development of the Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Neurogenin1 (ngn1) is required for the development of one sub-type of neuron in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) since ngn1 knockout mice specifically lack nociceptive neurons. This shows that ngn1 is required for neural development but does not indicate whether it is involved in neural vs. glial fate determination in nociceptive progenitors or if it participates in neural sub-type specification. Because an analogous gene in the olfactory system (mash1) plays a role in neural fate determination, we hypothesize that ngn1 functions in neural vs. glial fate determination in the DRG. To test this hypothesis, we compared the expression of known cell-type specific markers to determine the developmental fate of cells in the absence of ngn1 function. If ngn1 is involved in neural fate determination we expected to see a decrease in the proportion of nociceptors and an increase in the proportion of glial cells in the knockout mice relative to their wild-type littermates. Gene expression was analyzed on transverse tis...
Prevalence of residential smoke alarms and fire escape plans in the U.S.: results from the Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS-2).

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to estimate (1) the proportion of U.S. homes with installed smoke alarms and fire escape plans, and (2) the frequency of testing home smoke alarms and of practicing the fire escape plans. METHODS: The authors analyzed data on smoke alarms and fire escape plans from a national cross-sectional random-digit dialed telephone survey of 9,684 households. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of surveyed households reported at least one installed smoke alarm and 52% had a fire escape plan. The prevalence of alarms varied by educational level, income, and the presence of a child in the home. Only 15% tested their alarms once a month and only 16% of homes with an escape plan reported practicing it every six months. CONCLUSION: While smoke alarm prevalence in U.S. homes is high, only half of homes have a fire escape plan. Additional emphasis is needed on testing of installed smoke alarms and on preparedness for fire escape plans. Language: en
Living on the Edge with Only Clouds to Fall Back on

Cloud computing provides a rich set of applications to more resource-limited mobile devices. The traditional cloud data center has its limitations, however, in terms of the connectivity, latency, bandwidth, and agility provided to mobile devices. Cloud-type resources (agile computation and storage) are needed at the edge of the network, where the people live -- in access points, in cars, in homes, in coffee shops, etc. Moreover, the most interesting, timely data are generated at the edge, by the billions of mobile devices and soon hundreds of billions of smart sensors in the Internet of Things. Thus, data management tasks -- query processing, analytics, indexing, caching, storage, privacy protection -- should be increasingly done at the edge in a distributed, streaming fashion. This talk presents our ongoing work in this area at the Intel Science and Technology Center for Cloud Computing, and important future directions.
Information Sources for New Ventures in the Turkish Clothing Export Industry

Recently "born global" firms have received considerable attention in the entrepreneurship and international business literature. Managers leading these new ventures typically face substantial resource constraints when seeking information critical to internationalization. This paper examines how the owner/operators of new ventures in the Turkish clothing export industry utilize their informal and formal social networks to acquire the information they need to export successfully. Field research and a survey of 250 Turkish clothing firm owners was conducted in Istanbul, Turkey to explore this issue. Findings indicate that informal social ties – particularly friends and family connections – are key sources of information for new-venture firm owners in this industry. Two formal organizations provide export information to entrepreneurs in the Turkish clothing industry, but only one was found to be easily accessible to new-venture firm owners: the Istanbul Textile and Clothing Exporters' Union (ITKIB). OLS regression results reveal that new venture firm owners' perceptions of ITKIB's importance can be explained by their perceived importance of various kinds of export-oriented information offered by this organization. In particular, perceived importance of export-law, market-research, and export-process information drive their perceptions of the importance of their ITKIB membership.
Change in consciousness as an ecological strategy

Purpose – Pursue Gregory Bateson’s observation that human consciousness as we see it today is tightly focussed on finding and pursuing purposes. Taken too far, the wider world of nature suffers from imbalance. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – Bateson’s cybernetic speculation suggests that strategies to avoid ecological catastrophe need to take human consciousness into account. The author searches for cases of consciousness better aligned with reality and consider current possibilities for developing such consciousness. Findings – Findings from the literature of philosophical anthropology are reviewed, showing that consciousness that is better aligned with reality has occurred in history, including with the San Bushmen and in the Greek polis. Yet these cases are rare and quite different from today’s culture. In addition, there are several distinct features of current culture that prevent the development of aligned consciousness. Originality/value – Philosophical anthropol...
Studying quantum field theories numerically on the continuum and a new look at perturbation theory

Abstract The Source Galerkin method finds approximate solutions to the functional differential equations of field theories in the presence of external sources. While developing this process, it was recognized that approximations of the spectral representations of the Green's functions by Sinc function expansions are an extremely powerful calculative tool. Specifically, this understanding makes it not only possible to apply the Source Galerkin method to higher dimensional field theories, but also leads to a new approach to perturbation theory calculations in scalar and fermionic field theories. This report summarizes the methodologies for solving quantum field theories with the Source Galerkin method and for performing perturbation theory calculations using Sinc approximations.
Anteroinferior tears of the glenoid labrum: fat-suppressed fast spin-echo T2 versus gradient-recalled echo MR images.

Objective. To compare fat-suppressed fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted images with gradient-recalled echo (GRE) T2*-weighted images in the evaluation of anteroinferior labral tears. Design. MR images were retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists masked to the history and arthroscopic findings. They separately interpreted the anteroinferior labrum as torn or intact, first on one pulse sequence and then, 4 weeks later, on the other sequence. The MR interpretations were correlated with the arthroscopic findings. Patients. Nine patients with anteroinferior labral tears, and nine similarly-aged patients with normal, labra were studied. Results and conclusions. Observer 1 had a sensitivity of 0.56 on the GRE images and 0.67 on the FSE images (P>0.5), with a specificity of 1.0 for both sequences. Observer 2 had a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.89 for both sequences. In this small study there is no significant difference between GRE and fat-suppressed FSE images in their ability to diagnose anteroinferior labral tears. When evaluating the labrum with conventional MRI, axial fat-suppressed FSE T2-weighted images can be used in place of GRE images without a loss of accuracy.
Effect of 6-aminonicotinamide on pentose cycle activity in isolated hepatocytes

1. 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN), a purported inhibitor of 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) dehydrogenase, has been regarded as an inhibitor of the pentose cycle. 2. Incubation of isolated hepatocytes with 6AN caused a time- and concentration-dependent accumulation of 6PG. 3. At 5 mM, 6AN increased the 6PG level 1000-times to values comparable to those observed in the livers of rats injected with this niacin antagonist. 4. Despite the accumulation of 6PG, neither the total rate of lipogenesis, nor the incorporation of radioactivity from [3-3H]glucose, used to estimate the activity of the pentose cycle, were impaired to a large extent. 5. The evidence presented suggests that the accumulation of 6PG is not a sufficient criterion to establish blockade of the pentose cycle.
ADAM SMITH ON THE FALLING RATE OF PROFIT: A REAPPRAISAL

This article questions David Ricardo's interpretation of the causes for the rate of profit to fall in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and tries to show that the tendency for the rate of profit to fall does not result from competition but from an increase in the stock (or capital) in all the society. The argument goes as follows. The increased use of fixed capital raises its own maintenance (depreciation) and the cost of circulating capital. Thus, capital costs become a larger proportion of the total value produced and the amount of profits over the total capital decreases. Copyright 1992 by Scottish Economic Society.
TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF A CLASS OF NONEQUILIBRIUM RADIATING SYSTEMS.

A kinetic-theoretic approach is employed to analyze the temporal behavior of simple radiating systems that are, generally, not at equilibrium. The system models considered herein are simple in the sense that streaming of radiation and particles (hydrogenic atoms) is neglected, relativistic effects are not considered, and bound-bound radiative transitions are taken to be the dominant interaction process. Of major concern is the manner in which physically interpretable factors bear on the approach of mean (singlet) densities of atoms in various states and of photons to their steady-state values. Additionally, the present work is of sufficient generality, statistically, to allow the retention of higher-order densities. That is, mean square (doublet) densities for the atoms in their various states and for the radiation (this includes joint doublet densities between species) are explicitly included. These additional terms comprise the vehicle that statistically couples the various distributions in a system to the next-higher order (than the first). The cases for which solutions have been obtained are parametrized by radiation linewidths, by statistical weights of atomic levels, and, of course, by initial conditions on the atomic and radiation densities. Major trends and characteristic results are noted and mechanistically discussed; and elemental limits on the application and interpretation of the kinetic theory, per se, for this class of radiating systems are indicated.
Polyethylene glycol-surfactant for lavage lung injury in rats.

Addition of ionic and nonionic water-soluble polymers to pulmonary surfactants in the presence of inactivating substances prevents surfactant inactivation in vitro and improves lung function in several models of lung injury. However, a recent report found opposite effects when surfactant plus polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to treat lung injury caused by saline lung lavage. Therefore, we examined the reasons why the polymer effect is less evident in the saline lung lavage lung injury model. We treated rats with lavage lung injury with a commercial lung surfactant extract derived from bovine lung (Survanta) with or without addition of PEG. Groups treated with Survanta + PEG had significantly higher static post mortem lung volumes than groups treated with Survanta. However, groups treated with Survanta + PEG had more tracheal fluid and no significant benefit in arterial oxygenation compared with the group treated with Survanta, despite our use of measures to reduce pulmonary edema. Measurements after intravascular injections of 125I-labeled albumin confirmed that addition of PEG increased extravascular lung water and that this effect is mitigated by furosemide. We conclude that surfactant + PEG mixtures are less effective in lavage injury than in other forms of lung injury because of increased extravascular lung water.
A Deterministic Model of the Response of Threadfin Shad to Aquatic Macrophyte Control

Abstract A computer simulation model was developed to investigate the relationships between aquatic macrophytes, chlorophyll-a, and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense abundance in Lake Conroe, Texas. Areal coverage of vegetation was used as a driving variable in the model to regulate algal biomass in the limnetic zone, larval shad survival, and adult reproductive fitness. Empirical data used in model development were collected before and after grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were stocked in 1981–1982 to control over 3,500 hectares of submersed vegetation. Complete vegetation control by 1983 resulted in increased chlorophyll-a concentrations in the limnetic zone and increased threadfin shad abundance. The model plausibly accounted for the positive response by the shad population but responded slower than the real system to macrophyte removal. Sensitivity analysis revealed the model was most sensitive to larval mortality rates and the functional form of the relationship between macrophyte abundance and c...
Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine and Associated Risk Factors on Language Development

During the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of children born with prenatal exposure to cocaine. However, there is very little hard data concerning the later development of these children. The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare the language development profiles of 5 children prenatally exposed to cocaine and associated risk factors to the language development profiles of a matched non-exposed control group in terms of analyses of the discourse-pragmatic, semantic, and form components of language. The language evaluation was based on the analysis of a 30-minute language sample. The results suggested differences between the two groups as well as differences within the cocaine-exposed group. The major differences between the two groups were in discourse-pragmatics although less marked differences in syntactic development were also found. The results are discussed in relation to the potential contribution of pertinent medical and environmental risk factors. The study suggests that for children with prenatal exposure to cocaine in combination with multiple associated risk factors, language development may be compromised.
Phenotypic and evolutionary plasticity of body composition in rats selectively bred for high endurance capacity

We investigated the effects of genetic selection and prolonged wheel access (8 wk) on food consumption and body composition in lines of rats selected for high and low intrinsic (untrained) enduranc...
1H-NMR assignments and the dynamics of interconversion of the isomeric forms of cytochrome b5 in solution

Cytochrome b5 reconstituted with specifically deuterated hemins has led to the assignment of the resolved 6,7 beta-propionate protons and heme meso protons. Freshly reconstituted cytochrome b5 contains a mixture of two isomers in an approx. 1:1 ratio. As time proceeds the minor isomer decreases in intensity until the equilibrium ratio, approx. 8:1, of the two isomers is reached. The rate of the heme disorder kinetics was investigated for cytochrome b5 as a function of pH, oxidation state and 2,4 heme substitutents. Comparison of the kinetic data for cytochrome b5 with that obtained for other b-type heme proteins supports the proposal that the heme disorder arises from a 180 degree rotation of the heme about the alpha, gamma-meso axis. Computer-difference methods allow the spectra of the two individual isomers to be generated. Comparison of the NMR spectral parameters for the two individual isomers indicates small structural differences for amino acid side-chain orientations.
Effect of 2450 MHz microwave exposure on behavioural thermoregulation in mice

Abstract 1. 1.|The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold specific absorption rate (SAR) during exposure to 2450 MHz continuous wave (CW) microwaves that affected thermoregulatory behaviour in mice. 2. 2.|A Plexiglas shuttle box was placed inside a waveguide imposed with a temperature gradient. The temperature gradient allowed the mice to select a particular section of the shuttle box which was, presumably, related to their state of thermal comfort. Exposing the mice to 2450 MHz inside the waveguide at SARs of 0–5.3 W kg−1 for 1 h caused no significant change in their preferred ambient temperature. 3. 3.|Increasing SAR from 5.3 to 18.1 W kg−1 caused the animals to shift their position to the cooler end of the shuttle box. 4. 4.|Following termination of microwave exposure animals that had selected a cool ambient temperature returned to the warm side of the shuttle box. 5. 5.|It is concluded that for mice exposed to radiation at 2450 MHz the thermoregulatory behaviour is significantly affected at SARs of 5.3 to 9.9 W kg−1.
Anemia in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Background: Anemia is common in HIV infection, particularly in advanced disease states. We wished to determine how highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and other factors affected the level of hemoglobin in HIV infection. Methods: We analyzed data from 905 patients receiving care at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Maryland after July 1, 1996. Analyses were done of hemoglobin levels obtained at baseline and during I year of follow-up in patients who received and did not receive a HAART regimen. Use of HAART and other demographic and clinical factors were examined. Results: Eleven percent of patients had a hemoglobin count 14 g/dL at baseline before HAART was started. During 1 year of follow-up, use of HAART was associated with a hemoglobin levels >14 g/dL in 42% of patients, irrespective of use of zidovudine as part of HAART regimen, compared with 31% of patients who did not use HAART. In multivariate analysis, use of HAART was strongly associated with not having anemia during 1 year of follow-up, adjusting for patient gender, race, injection drug use history, baseline CD4 and HIV-1 RNA levels, and anemia treatments. Conclusions: HAART is an effective treatment of the anemia of HIV infection. Patients who continue to have symptomatic anemia while receiving HAART may need additional intervention.
Test equipment refresh for high reliability, mission critical hardware

addressing the challenges to reviving legacy test capability is a frequent problem facing industry. This is especially true of high reliability, low volume production military hardware with two or more decades for each life cycle. This paper describes the challenges faced when reviving a test capability for module and system test after being dormant for over a decade. Two different test station architectures are presented: traditional COTS vs. a combination of COTS and reuse. The trades used in the selection process are described which include; cost, development and support labor, risk, and technical benefits.
DNA adducts from acetaldehyde: implications for alcohol-related carcinogenesis

Alcoholic beverage consumption is classified as a known human carcinogen, causally related to an increased risk of cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol metabolism seems to be the major mechanism underlying this effect. Acetaldehyde is carcinogenic in rodents and causes sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in human cells. The best-studied DNA adduct from acetaldehyde is N(2)-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine, which is increased in liver DNA obtained from ethanol-treated rodents and in white blood cells obtained from human alcohol abusers. However, the carcinogenic relevance of this adduct is unclear in view of the lack of evidence that it is mutagenic in mammalian cells. A different DNA adduct, 1,N(2)-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine (PdG), can also be formed from acetaldehyde in the presence of histones and other basic molecules. PdG has been shown to be responsible for the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of crotonaldehyde. The PdG adduct can exist in either of two forms: a ring-closed form or a ring-opened aldehyde form. Whereas the ring-closed form is mutagenic, the aldehyde form can participate in the formation of secondary lesions, including DNA-protein cross-links and DNA interstrand cross-links. The formation of these types of complex secondary DNA lesions resulting from PdG may explain many of the observed genotoxic effects of acetaldehyde described above. Repair of PdG and its associated adducts is complex, involving multiple pathways. Inherited variation in the genes encoding the proteins involved in the repair of PdG and its secondary adducts may contribute to susceptibility to alcoholic beverage-related carcinogenesis.
RAIRS and TPD Study of the Direct Photopolymerization of Styrene Thin Films in Ultrahigh Vacuum

Photoinduced polymerization of styrene monomer thin films condensed on a Ag(110) substrate has been studied using a combination of reflectance absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). At 100 K, styrene polymerizes upon ultraviolet irradiation. Postirradiation TPD indicates that several species form in the film. These species are identified as styrene dimer, trimer, and tetramer. RAIR spectra as a function of temperature provide evidence for the formation of polystyrene as well. A mechanism for the direct UV photopolymerization of styrene thin films is proposed.
Gender, Class, and Ideology: The Social Function of Virgin Sacrifice in Euripides’ Children of Herakles

Abstract This paper explores how gender can operate as a disguise for class in an examination of the self-sacrifice of the Maiden in Euripides9 Children of Herakles . In Part I, I discuss the role of human sacrifice in terms of its radical potential to transform society and the role of class struggle in Athens. In Part II, I argue that the representation of women was intimately connected with the social and political life of the polis. In a discussion of iconography, the theater industry and audience I argue that female characters became one of the means by which different groups promoted partisan interests based on class and social status. In Part III, I show how the Maiden solicits the competing interests of the theater audience. After discussing the centrality (as a heroine from an aristocratic family) and marginality (as a woman and associated with other marginal social groups) of the Maiden9s character, I draw upon the funeral oration as a comparative model with which to understand the quite different role of self-sacrifice in tragedy. In addition to representing and mystifying the interests of elite, lower class and marginal groups, the play glorifies a subordinate character whose contradictory social status (both subordinate and elite) embodies the social position of other ““marginal”” members of Athenian society. The play stages a model for taking political action to transform the social system and for commemorating the tragic costs of such undertakings.
Veil and Veneer of Intellectual Aesthetics An Afrocentric Reading of Imani Perry’s Prophets of the Hood

This article examines Imani Perry’s explanation of the African creation and development of hip hop music. Through the lens of critical theory, she argues in her book Prophets of the Hood that hip h...
An alternative conception of mentor–novice relationships: Learning to teach in reform-minded ways as a context

Abstract Teacher educators have suggested that mentoring has the potential to help novices learn to teach in reform-minded ways. This suggestion implies a change in the nature of mentor–novice relationships as conceptualized in the existing literature and an understanding of the complexities of mentoring relationships. Based on critical constructivist and social cultural perspectives of learning as well as research on learning to teach, we conceptualize 16 types of mentor–novice relationships and identify challenges and complexities associated with moving novices toward reform-minded teaching. Drawing on exemplary mentoring cases, we illustrate some of our conceptualized mentor–novice relationships and their consequences on learning to teach in reform-minded ways. Finally, we suggest that helping mentors and novices develop a shared vision for teaching and relevant beliefs about learning to teach is a central challenge for using mentoring to support reform-minded teaching.
Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA intera...
Simulation of Non-Darcy Porous Media Flow According to the Barree and Conway Model

Non-Darcy porous media flow has been traditionally handled using the Forchheimer equation. However, recent experimental studies have shown that the Forchheimer model is unable to fit laboratory results at high flow rates. On the other hand, the non-Darcy flow model, proposed by Barree and Conway, is capable of describing the entire range of relationships between flow rate and potential gradient from low- to high-flow rates through proppant packs. In this paper, we present a numerical model by incorporating the Barree and Conway model into a general-purpose reservoir simulator for modeling single-phase and multiphase non-Darcy flow in porous and fractured media. The numerical formulation is based on the TOUGH2 methodology, i.e., spatial integral-finite-difference discretization, leading to an unstructured grid, followed by time discretization carried out with a backward, first-order, finite-difference method. The final discrete nonlinear equations are handled fully implicitly by Newton iteration. In the nu...
Effect of phenytoin on bone and vitamin D metabolism

Calcium and vitamin D metabolism were evaluated in 5 adult epileptic patients before and during treatment with phenytoin. Significant decreases occurred in serum concentrations of calcium, albumin, and 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol. The decreases in serum calcium paralleled those in serum albumin. Significant increases occurred in serum alkaline phosphatase and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, in urinary hydroxyproline, and in the fractional gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. Urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate and serum parathyroid hormone did not change. The results suggest that the bone disease resulting from phenytoin therapy may be associated with a deficiency of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and not of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and that reduced gastrointestinal absorption of calcium or changes in parathyroid function may not be necessary for the development of bone disease.
An Expanded Model of Faculty Vitality in Academic Medicine.

Many faculty in today’s academic medical centers face high levels of stress and low career satisfaction. Understanding faculty vitality is critically important for the health of our academic medical centers, yet the concept is ill-defined and lacking a comprehensive model. Expanding on previous research that examines vital faculty in higher education broadly and in academic medical centers specifically, this study proposes an expanded model of the unique factors that contribute to faculty vitality in academic medicine. We developed an online survey on the basis of a conceptual model (N = 564) and used linear regression to investigate the fit of the model. We examined the relationships of two predictor variables measuring Primary Unit Climate and Leadership and Career and Life Management with an overall Faculty Vitality index comprised of three measures: Professional Engagement, Career Satisfaction, and Productivity. The findings revealed significant predictive relationships between Primary Unit Climate and Leadership, Career and Life Management, and Faculty Vitality. The overall model accounted for 59% of the variance in the overall Faculty Vitality Index. The results provide new insights into the developing model of faculty vitality and inform initiatives to support faculty in academic medical centers. Given the immense challenges faced by faculty, now more than ever do we need reliable evidence regarding what sustains faculty vitality.
A Framework for an Agent-Based Model to Manage Water Resources Conflicts

Competition for use of water is increasing and leads to many conflicts among competing interests with complex goals and water management systems. Technical system models are essential to create performance and other decision information, but models to simulate views of the competing parties are also needed to help resolve or mitigate conflicts. Agent-based models (ABMs) offer promise to fill this role, and in this study a new approach to agent-based modeling is introduced to simulate the behavior and interactions of the parties participating in a conflict scenario, which is modeled as a game. To develop this framework, we considered water issues of California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region as an example of a long-standing situation, with emphasis on the San Joaquin watershed. However, this approach can be used in other watersheds and more complex systems. The ABM explains the interactions among the parties and how they can be encouraged to cooperate in the game to work toward a solution. The model also enables decision-makers to test management scenarios and understand the consequences of their decisions on different stakeholders and their behaviors.
A simple derivation of capture probabilities for the j+1: j and j+2: j orbit-orbit resonance problems

We present a simplified analytic derivation of the capture probabilities for the j+1∶j and j+2∶j orbital resonances. We apply Henrard's method which is based on an extension of the theory of adiabatic invariants and recover the results originally obtained by Yoder.
Differentiation of the Rapidly Growing M. Balnei, M. Fortuitum, and Saprophytic Mycobacteria by Means of a Three-Day Phenolphthalein Sulfatase Test: A Comparative Study of Techniques

SUMMARY The present investigation was undertaken to study further the usefulness of a three-day phenolphthalein sulfatase test for the differentiation of the rapidly growing M. balnei, M. fortuitum, and saprophytic acid-fast bacilli. Two different test methods were compared. It was found that, with the liquid medium test technique and a 0.0005M concentration of the enzyme substrate, tripotassium phenolphthalein disulfate, all of the M. fortuitum strains could be differentiated from all of the other mycobacteria. With a substrate concentration of 0.002M all of the saprophytic mycobacteria could be separated from all of the M. balnei and M. fortuitum strains and most of the M. balnei organisms could be differentiated from most of the M. fortuitum strains. With the solid medium test procedure and a substrate concentration of 0.000125M, all of the M. fortuitum strains could be differentiated from all of the other mycobacteria. With a substrate concentration of 0.0005M all of the saprophytic mycobacteria could be separated from all of the M. balnei and M. fortuitum strains and most of the M. balnei organisms could be differentiated from most of the M. fortuitum strains. On the basis of the present findings, the liquid medium test technique has proved somewhat more useful than the solid medium test method because of the more clear-cut results which have been obtained in the majority of the tests performed. Additional study will be required before this can be determined definitely. Thus far, the phenolphthalein sulfatase test has proved to be a rapid and useful screening tool for the differentiation of these three groups of mycobacteria.
Nonrenewable Resources with Switching Costs

Abstract This paper considers a firm's decision to commence or to suspend extraction of a nonrenewable resource when there are start-up or shut-down costs. For a given level of reserves, the critical price that would cause an inactive mine to be opened exceeds the price that would induce an active mine to be closed. As one would expect, greater switching costs cause firms to be less inclined to change status; this impact can be substantial even for modest switching costs. Possible implications of switching costs are considered, including the potential for firms to abandon mines with economically valuable remaining reserves.
Multipole sum rule analysis of single-nucleon transfer reactions on 51V

Abstract We review the formalism of the recently developed multipole sum rules for single-nucleon transfer reactions. These rules are then applied in detail to available data for a 51V target. From the dipole sum rule we “determine” the spin and magnetic dipole moment of 51V and find good agreement between our direct-reaction deduced values and the known values. The energy-weighted sum rules are also employed to demonstrate the manner in which information about the residual interaction can be extracted from spectroscopic data. The analysis clearly displays the structure of these sum rules.
Competitive Intermolecular Energy Transfer and Electron Injection at Sensitized Semiconductor Interfaces

Sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO{sub 2} electrodes with molecular chromophores forms the basis for efficient solar energy conversion in regenerative photoelectrochemical cells. The study of interfacial electron-transfer dynamics in these solar cells is an area of intense and active investigation. The nanocrystalline materials also have the potential to act as supports for molecular reagents and could increase the efficiency of reactions that are otherwise limited by diffusive encounters in fluid solution. The ability to photoinduce interfacial electron transfer coupled with exploitation of lateral reaction chemistry will produce materials that have applications that extend beyond solar energy conversion. Here the authors report an unprecedented example of molecular excited states that can be switched from lateral energy transfer across a nanocrystalline TiO{sub 2} surface to orthogonal interfacial electron injection by electrolyte modification or with an externally applied potential. Significantly, the process is reversible and serves as a molecular charge-energy transfer switch.
Bacteriophage and the Evolution of Epidemic Cholera

In January 1991, the seventh pandemic of cholera reached the west coast of Peru. It spread rapidly throughout South and Central America, and within a period of 11 months, over 300,000 cases of diarrhea were reported to the Pan American Health Organization ([11][1]). The Vibrio cholerae strain
REGULATION OF THE GROWTH POTENTIAL OF DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS DURING DORMANCY

Summary The three experiments indicated that individual buds were the receptors for the growth stimulus produced by extended photoperiods during the autumn and winter. No evidence of transport of growth stimulatory materials from active to dormant bud was noted. Buds whose chilling requirements were fully satisfied initiated growth in response to favourable temperatures rather than to long photoperiods. Initiation of activity by lateral cambia required material exported from both expanding buds and mature foliage. No significant correlation between shoot and root growth was found. Although neither active buds nor applications of exogenous IAA or GA stimulated roots growth, both root elongation and initiation were found to be dependent upon some substance or substances, presumably hormones or carbohydrates, exported from mature foliage. Findings indicated that seedling physiology during the dormant period may be controlled by a changing balance in growth inhibitors and promoters.
STUDIES ON THE AUTECOLOGY OF THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA NORDENSKIOELDII. II. THE INFLUENCE OF CELL SIZE ON GROWTH RATE, AND CARBON, NITROGEN, CHLOROPHYLL a AND SILICA CONTENT1

The effect of cell size on growth rates and some cellular contents of Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve has been measured at 0 and 10 C. At 0 C the growth rate did not vary with cell size. The 2 smallest clones at this temperature had reduced growth rates because of the induction of sexuality in that size range. The clones grown at 10 C showed a significant negative relationship between growth rate and valve diameter with the cell surface area/volume ratio positively related to growth rate. At both temperatures the smaller cells had proportionately more carbon and nitrogen/unit cell volume. The amount of chlorophyll a and silica/unit cell surface area increased with increasing cell surface area at both 0 and 10 C. Both the C/N and C/chl a ratios showed no significant change with cell size at either temperature but there was a significant increase in the C/chl a ratio at 0 C. The C/Si ratio decreased with increasing cell size at both 0 and 10 C.
Altered subcellular distribution of transcriptional regulators in response to Aβ peptide and during Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Recent studies have shown that various cell cycle proteins are expressed in post-mitotic neurons within affected brain regions during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cell cycle proteins have been proposed to function in mechanisms of neuronal cell death during AD. To further explore the role of cell cycle proteins in neurodegeneration associated with AD, we utilized PC12 cells to examine the subcellular distribution of cell cycle transcriptional regulators, including the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb), E2F1 and FAC1, during β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration. Moreover, we examined the immunolocalization of pRb and E2F1 in non-demented control and AD brain tissue. We found that pRb exhibited increased levels of Ser795 phosphorylation in response to Aβ in the nucleus of PC12 cells and also in the nucleus of a subset of neurons during AD. E2F1 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and neurites of PC12 cells in response to Aβ and in the cytoplasm of cells in AD brain. FAC1 exhibited a rapid redistribution from the cytoplasm to the perinuclear region in PC12 cells treated with Aβ. These data indicate that altered phosphorylation and subcellular distribution of transcriptional regulators occur in response to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and during AD.