cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADB Distinguished Lecture Renminbi Internationalization: Tempest in a Teapot?

Internationalization of the renminbi is a stated goal of the Chinese government, its brief flirtation with Special Drawing Rights and an Asian Currency Unit notwithstanding. Chinese officials understand that a dollar-centric international monetary and financial system is a mixed blessing. Doing cross-border business in their own currency confers convenience value and efficiency advantages on United States (US) banks and firms. It frees them from the costs of converting currencies and hedging exchange rate exposures, something that Chinese banks and firms will enjoy only when they are similarly able to conduct international transactions in their home currency. Relying on the dollar for international liquidity and reserves lays the People’s Republic of China (PRC) open to the foibles of US policy, whose downside was made clear by the incipient liquidity shortage that followed the failure of Lehman Bros. in 2008. It exposes the PRC to the risk of capital losses on its foreign security holdings. Renminbi internationalization is part and parcel with Chinese leaders’ efforts to rebalance their economy from investment to consumption, from exports to domestic absorption, and from manufacturing to services, including financial services. This explains why Chinese policy makers have set their sights on “basic capital account convertibility” within five years and on elevating Shanghai to first-class-financial-center status within ten, at which time the renminbi will be a leading international and reserve currency. 1 In earlier writings I staked out a relatively positive position on the prospects for renminbi internationalization. 2 Currency internationalization, appropriately implemented, is in the PRC’s interest. Chinese officials have a carefully calibrated approach, beginning with authorization for domestic and foreign companies to settle their merchandise transactions in the currency, followed by permitting a limited but growing range of financial transactions to be conducted in it, and culminating in the use of the country’s currency in a range of additional financial roles, not least as a form for countries to hold their reserves. This is not unlike the PRC’s incremental
On non perturbative corrections to the potential for heavy quarks

Abstract We discuss non perturbative corrections to the Coulomb-like potential of heavy quarks at short distances. We consider both the standard framework provided by infrared renormalons and the assumption that confinement does not allow weak fields to penetrate the vacuum. In the former case the leading correction at short distances turns out to be quadratic in r for static quarks. In the latter case we find a potential which is proportional to r as r→0. We point out that similar effects arise due to a new kind of non perturbative correction proportional to 1/Q2, which is unaccounted for by the operator product expansion and which was recently discussed within a different framework. Phenomenological implications of the linear correction to the potential are briefly reviewed.
Total synthesis of (+/-)-kalihinol C

The total synthesis of kalihinol C, a bis-isonitrile marine diterpenoid isolated from Acanthella sp., is reported. The decalin framework was established via an intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloaddition and subsequently functionalized through a series of substrate-controlled diastereoselective transformations to install the tertiary isonitrile, β-hydroxy isonitrile, and pendant tetrahydrofuranyl ring.
Local Structure of Layered Oxide Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are promising candidates for electrical energy storage in applications ranging from portable electronics to hybrid and electric vehicles. In this context, layered compounds in the Li(1+delta)(TM(x)Mn(1-x))(1-delta)O(2) family (TM = transition metal) have received much attention due to their high capacity and stability. In this Research News article we describe recent advances on structural characterization of Li-ion electrode materials using state-of-the-art electron microscopy. Direct evidence of the monoclinic nature of Li(2)MnO(3) has been provided. It has been demonstrated that differences in Z-contrast imaging between Li(2)MnO(3) and LiTMO(2) may be used to screen samples for phase separation in the 10-100 nm scale.
Arabian names and Arabic numerals

In an earlier article ("The Name Puzzle," AP-S Newsletter, vol. 25, p. 30, Dec. 1983) the author pointed out the structural differences of some 'foreign' names as compared with conventional American or British usage. This note continues with a discussion of Arab names and Arabic numerals. It is noted that most Arab names have three parts: the first part is the person's given-name; the second part is his father's given-name; and the third part is his grandfather's given-name.
2MASS Extended Source Catalog: Overview and Algorithms

The 2 Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS)will observe over one-million galaxies and extended Galactic sources covering the entire sky at wavelenghts between 1 and 2 m. Most of these galaxies, from 70 to 80%, will be newly catalogued objetcs.
Enforceable security policies

A precise characterization is given for the class of security policies enforceable with mechanisms that work by monitoring system execution, and automata are introduced for specifying exactly that class of security policies. Techniques to enforce security policies specified by such automata are also discussed.
Genetic search - An approach to the nonconvex optimization problem

Principles of genetics and natural selection are adapted into a search procedure for function optimization. Such methods are based on a randomized selection from that restricted region of the design space that yields and improvement in the objective function. An implementation of the approach to a class of problems in structural optimization with demonstrated nonconvexities or disjointness is discussed in the paper. The principal drawback of the method is an increase in function evaluations necessary to locate an optimum. Possible strategies to overcome this limitation are presented
Prediction of Rocket Plume Flowfields for Infrared Signature Studies

The contribution of various gasdynamic processes affecting rocket exhaust plume structure in the altitude range of 0-60 km is discussed in terms of their relative influence on plume infrared radiation signature predictions. It is demonstrated that spatial details of the nearfield inviscid/shock structure in rocket plumes can appreciably affect flight signature levels at higher altitudes (i.e., /?> 30-40 km). Spatial details are also required in the analysis of most laboratory plumes. Simplified gasdynamic models which globally incorporate the effects of inviscid structure into the startline conditions for a pressure-equilibrated farfield mixing analysis are shown to be adequate in flight signature studies at lower altitudes (i.e., h> 20-30 km). The sensitivities of rocket plume emission to variations in turbulence modeling parameters are presented for flight signature studies at representative lower and higher altitudes in the range of interest. It is demonstrated that, under all conditions, turbulent mixing processes play a dominant role in the prediction of plume signature levels.
Computer simulations of planetary accretion dynamics - Sensitivity to initial conditions

The implications and limitations of program ACRETE were tested. The program is a scheme based on Newtonian physics and accretion with unit sticking efficiency, devised to simulate the origin of the planets. The dependence of the results on a variety of radial and vertical density distribution laws, the ratio of gas to dust in the solar nebula, the total nebular mass, and the orbital eccentricity of the accreting grains was explored. Only for a small subset of conceivable cases are planetary systems closely like our own generated. Many models have tendencies towards one of two preferred configurations: multiple star systems, or planetary systems in which Jovian planets either have substantially smaller masses than in our system or are absent altogether. But for a wide range of cases recognizable planetary systems are generated - ranging from multiple star systems with accompanying planets, to systems with Jovian planets at several hundred AU, to single stars surrounded only by asteroids.
Unsteady transonic small-disturbance theory including entropy and vorticity effects

Modifications to unsteady transonic small-disturbance theory to include entropy and vorticity effects are presented. The modifications have been implemented in the CAP-TSD (Computational Aeroelasticity Program - Transonic Small Disturbance) code developed recently at the NASA Langley Research Center. The code permits the aeroelastic analysis of complete aircraft configurations in the flutter critical transonic speed range. Entropy and vorticity effects have been incorporated within the solution procedure to more accurately analyze flows with strong shock waves. The modified code includes these effects while retaining the relative simplicity and cost efficiency of the TSD formulation. The paper presents detailed descriptions of the entropy and vorticity modifications along with calculated results and comparisons which assess the modified theory. These results are in good agreement with parallel Euler calculations and with experimental data. Therefore, the present method now provides the aeroelastician with an affordable capability to analyze relatively difficult transonic flows without having to solve the computationally more expensive Euler equations.
Self-assembled multiporphyrin arrays mediated by self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bond motifs

Discrete squares and tapes of porphyrins are self-assembled by self-complementary hydrogen bonding between diacetamidopyridyl recognition groups rigidly linked to the chromophore.
Presence of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in the Pancreatic Transection Margin does not Influence Outcome in Patients with R0 Resected Pancreatic Cancer

Background Margin status is one of the strongest prognosticators after resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The clinical significance of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) at a surgical margin has not been established.
Shadows of blow-up algebras

We study different notions of blow-up of a scheme $X$ along a subscheme $Y$, depending on the datum of an embedding of $X$ into an ambient scheme. The two extremes in this theory are the ordinary blow-up, corresponding to the identity, and the 'quasi-symmetric blow-up', corresponding to the embedding of $X$ into a nonsingular variety. We prove that this latter blow-up is intrinsic of $Y$ and $X$, and is universal with respect to the requirement of being embedded as a subscheme of the ordinary blow-up of some ambient space along~$Y$. We consider these notions in the context of the theory of characteristic classes of singular varieties. We prove that if $X$ is a hypersurface in a nonsingular variety and $Y$ is its 'singularity subscheme', these two extremes embody respectively the conormal and characteristic cycles of $X$. Consequently, the first carries the essential information computing Chern-Mather classes, and the second is likewise a carrier for Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes. In our approach, these classes are obtained from Segre class-like invariants, in precisely the same way as other intrinsic characteristic classes such as those proposed by Fulton, and by Fulton and Johnson. We also identify a condition on the singularities of a hypersurface under which the quasi-symmetric blow-up is simply the linear fiber space associated with a coherent sheaf.
On The Operating Performance of REITs Following Seasoned Equity Offerings: Anomaly Revisited

We examine the operating performance of equity REITs following seasoned equity offerings from 1990–2007. This study uses a variety of measures of operating cash flow and documents improvements in industry-adjusted operating performance prior to issue and a statistically significant decline in these measures after issuance. The deterioration in operating performance of REITs is similar in magnitude to that found for industrial firms in prior studies. We find evidence of mean reversion in operating performance and timing by issuing firms, and that information asymmetry plays an important role in the results. Notably, in using a longer sample period and a variety of cash flow measures and benchmarks, this study finds evidence that is in contrast to results found in an earlier analysis of REIT operating performance.
Numerical simulations of gun-launched kinetic energy projectiles subjected to asymmetric projectile base pressure

Summary Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to determine the effect of an asymmetric base pressure on kinetic energy projectiles during launch. A matrix of simulations was performed in two separate launch environments. One launch environment represented a severe lateral load environment, while the other represented a nonsevere lateral load environment based on the gun tube straightness. The orientation of the asymmetric pressure field, its duration, the projectile's initial position and the tube straightness were altered to determine the effects of each parameter. The pressure asymmetry translates down the launch tube to exit parameters and is not washed out by tube profile. Results from the matrix of simulations are presented.
Fusion frames and distributed processing

Let {Wi}i∈I be a (redundant) sequence of subspaces of a Hilbert space each being endowed with a weight vi, and let H be the closed linear span of the Wis, a composite Hilbert space. {(Wi,vi)}i∈I is called a fusion frame provided it satisfies a certain property which controls the weighted overlaps of the subspaces. These systems contain conventional frames as a special case, however they reach far “beyond frame theory.” In case each subspace Wi is equipped with a spanning frame system {fij}j∈Ji, we refer to {(Wi,vi,{fij}j∈Ji)}i∈I as a fusion frame system. The focus of this article is on computational issues of fusion frame reconstructions, unique properties of fusion frames important for applications with particular focus on those superior to conventional frames, and on centralized reconstruction versus distributed reconstructions and their numerical differences. The weighted and distributed processing technique described in this article is not only a natural fit to distributed processing systems such as sensor networks, but also an efficient scheme for parallel processing of very large frame systems. Another important component of this article is an extensive study of the robustness of fusion frame systems.
Conductivity of doped two-leg ladders.

Recently, conductivity measurements were performed on the hole-doped two-leg ladder material Sr{sub 14-x} Ca{sub x}Cu {sub 24}O{sub 41} . In this work, we calculate the conductivity for doped two-leg ladders using a model of hole pairs forming a strongly correlated liquid. Quantum interference effects are handled using renormalization group methods. We find that our model can account for the low-energy features of the experiments. However, at higher energies there are deviations from the predictions of this model. Using the results of our calculations as well as results on the ground state of doped two-leg ladders, we suggest a scenario to explain the experimental results.
PROBING THE IONIZING CONTINUUM OF NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES. I. OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS

We present optical spectra and emission-line ratios of 12 narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies that we observed to study the ionizing EUV continuum. A common feature in the EUV continuum of active galactic nuclei is the big blue bump (BBB), generally associated with thermal accretion disk emission. While Galactic absorption prevents direct access to the EUV range, it can be mapped by measuring the strength of a variety of forbidden optical emission lines that respond to different EUV continuum regions. We find that narrow emission line ratios involving [O II] λ3727, Hβ, [O III] λ5007, [O I] λ6300, Hα, [N II] λ6583, and [S II] λλ6716, 6731 indicate no significant difference between NLS1 galaxies and broad-line Seyfert 1 (BLS1) galaxies, which suggests that the spectral energy distributions of their ionizing EUV-soft X-ray continua are similar. The relative strength of important forbidden high-ionization lines like [Ne V] λ3426 compared to He II λ4686 and the relative strength of [Fe X] λ6374 appear to show the same range as in BLS1 galaxies. However, a trend of weaker F([O I] λ6300)/F(Hα) emission-line ratios is indicated for NLS1 galaxies compared to BLS1 galaxies. To recover the broad emission line profiles, we used Gaussian components. This approach indicates that the broad Hβ profile can be well described with a broad component (FWHM 3275 ± 800 km s-1) and an intermediate broad component (FWHM 1200 ± 300 km s-1). The width of the broad component is in the typical range of normal BLS1 galaxies. The emission-line flux that is associated with the broad component in these NLS1 galaxies amounts to at least 60% of the total flux. Thus, it dominates the total line flux, similar to BLS1 galaxies.
Green alcohol couplings without transition metal catalysts: base-mediated β-alkylation of alcohols in aerobic conditions

Benzylic secondary alcohols can be alkylated in good yields at the β-position with primary alcohols promoted by KOH and NaOH, eliminating the need for toxic and expensive transition metal catalysts.
Free radical formation in the photooxidative alkylations of dicyanonaphthalene with alkyltriphenylborate salts

Abstract One electron oxidation of alkyltriphenylborate salts leads to carbon—boron bond cleavage and the formation of free alkyl radicals.
Peridynamics and Material Interfaces

The convergence of a peridynamic model for solid mechanics inside heterogeneous media in the limit of vanishing nonlocality is analyzed. It is shown that the operator of linear peridynamics for an isotropic heterogeneous medium converges to the corresponding operator of linear elasticity when the material properties are sufficiently regular. On the other hand, when the material properties are discontinuous, i.e., when material interfaces are present, it is shown that the operator of linear peridynamics diverges, in the limit of vanishing nonlocality, at material interfaces. Nonlocal interface conditions, whose local limit implies the classical interface conditions of elasticity, are then developed and discussed. A peridynamics material interface model is introduced which generalizes the classical interface model of elasticity. The model consists of a new peridynamics operator along with nonlocal interface conditions. The new peridynamics interface model converges to the classical interface model of linear elasticity.
Moenomycin family antibiotics: chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and biological activity.

Covering: up to May 2010 This review (with 214 references cited) is devoted to moenomycins, the only known group of antibiotics that directly inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan glycosytransferases. Naturally occurring moenomycins and chemical and biological approaches to their derivatives are described. The biological properties of moenomycins and plausible mechanisms of bacterial resistance to them are also covered here, portraying a complete picture of the chemistry and biology of these fascinating natural products.
Triphenylphosphine dibromide: a simple one-pot esterification reagent

We report a one-pot, expedient protocol for the conversion of carboxylic acids to their esters using excess triphenylphosphine dibromide, base, and the alcohol. The reaction gave the esterified product in moderate-to-high yields (30-95%). For chiral acids, the reaction proceeded with little or no racemization. Use of a chiral alcohol in this transformation gave the ester with retention of configuration of the stereogenic center. Information is presented indicating that esterification proceeds through the intermediate generation of an acyloxyalkoxyphosphorane and where steric interactions play an important role in the energetics of the reaction.
Provenance Information Model of Karma Version 3

Provenance that captures e-Science activity has long term value only if the right amount and kind of information is collected. In this paper, we propose a two-layer model for representing provenance information capable of representing both execution information and higher level process details. The information model forms the basis for efficient relational database storage and query, and sets the stage for investigation of the necessary and sufficient information for long-term preservation.
Complex Infomax: Convergence and Approximation of Infomax with Complex Nonlinearities

Independent component analysis (ICA) for separating complex-valued sources is needed for convolutive source-separation in the frequency domain, or for performing source separation on complex-valued data, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging or radar data. Previous complex Infomax approaches that use nonlinear functions in the updates have proposed using bounded (and hence non-analytic) nonlinearities. In this paper, we propose using an analytic (and hence unbounded) complex nonlinearity for Infomax for processing complex-valued sources. We show by simulation examples that using an analytic nonlinearity for processing complex data has a number of advantages. First, when compared to split-complex approaches (i.e., approaches that split the real and imaginary data into separate channels), the shape of the performance surface is improved resulting in better convergence characteristics. We also show that using an analytic complex-valued function for the nonlinearity is more effective in generating the higher order statistics required to establish independence when compared to complex nonlinear functions, i.e., functions that are ? ? ?
Number fields unramified away from 2

Abstract Consider the set of number fields unramified away from 2, i.e., unramified outside { 2 , ∞ } . We show that there do not exist any such fields of degrees 9 through 15. As a consequence, the following simple groups are ruled out for being the Galois group of an extension which is unramified away from 2: Mathieu groups M 11 and M 12 , PSL ( 3 , 3 ) , and alternating groups A j for 8 j 16 (values j ⩽ 8 were previously known).
Frost formation and heat transfer on a cold surface in ice fog

In this paper a semi-empirical model describing heat and mass transfer on a cold surface in humid air under supersaturated frosting conditions is presented. The lack of psychrometric data in the supersaturated zone of the psychrometric chart has historically impeded the ability of researchers to accurately predict heat and mass transfer in supersaturated air. The work described in this paper has been partially made possible by developing a systematic procedure to compute the properties of supersaturated air, especially in the low temperature zone of the psychrometric chart. Development of such a capability will allow us to predict the amount of frost collected, the frost deposition and heat transfer rates, frost thickness and surface temperature, and other important parameters.
Histogram analysis of GALLEX, GNO and SAGE neutrino data: Further evidence for variability of the solar neutrino flux

If the solar neutrino flux were constant, as is widely assumed, the histogram of flux measurements would be unimodal. On the other hand, sinusoidal or square-wave modulation (either periodic or stochastic) may lead to a bimodal histogram. We here present evidence that the neutrino flux histogram is in fact bimodal. We analyze all available data from gallium experiments, coordinating results from the GALLium EXperiment and the Gallium Neutrino Observatory experiment into one data set and adopting results from the Soviet-American Gallium Experiment as another data set. The two histograms, from the two data sets, are consistent in showing peaks in the ranges 45-75 and 90-120 SNU, with a valley in between. By combining the data into one data set, we may form more detailed histograms; these strengthen the case that the flux is bimodal. A preliminary statistical analysis indicates that the bimodal character of the solar neutrino flux is highly significant. Since the upper peak is close to the expected flux (120-140 SNU), we may infer that the neutrino deficit is due to time-varying attenuation of the flux produced in the core. We estimate the timescale of this variation to be in the range 10-60 days. Attenuation that varies on such a timescale is suggestive of the influence of solar rotation and points toward a process involving the solar magnetic field in conjunction with a nonzero neutrino magnetic moment.
Exactly Marginal Operators and Duality in Four Dimensional N=1 Supersymmetric Gauge Theory

Abstract We show that manifolds of fixed points, which are generated by exactly marginal operators, are common in N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theory. We present a unified and simple prescription for identifying these operators, using tools similar to those employed in two-dimensional N = 2 supersymmetry. In particular we rely on the work of Shifman and Vainshtein relating the β-function of the gauge coupling to the anomalous dimensions of the matter fields. Finite N = 1 models, which have marginal operators at zero coupling, are easily identified using our approach. The method can also be employed to find manifolds of fixed points which do not include the free theory; these are seen in certain models with product gauge groups and in many non-renormalizable effective theories. For a number of our models, S-duality may have interesting implications. Using the fact that relevant perturbations often cause one manifold of fixed points to flow to another, we propose a specific mechanism through which the N = 1 duality discovered by Seiberg could be associated with the duality of finite N = 2 models.
DIASTEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF POLYPROPIONATES : CATIONIC COUPLINGS OF 4-ACETOXY-1,3-DIOXANES WITH CROTYL-METAL REAGENTS

Abstract Lewis acids promote the coupling of 4-acetoxy-1,3-dioxanes 1 with crotyl-metal species to generate propionate motifs such as 2. The reactions show a marked dependence on Lewis acid, the crotyl metal species, and the presence and stereochemical disposition of a C5 methyl group. A 1,3-syn methyl relationship is favored in these additions.
Orbifold index cobordism invariance

Abstract We prove cobordism index invariance for pseudo-differential elliptic operators on closed orbifolds with K-theoretical methods.
D-branes and bundles on elliptic fibrations

Abstract We study the D-brane spectrum on a two-parameter Calabi–Yau model. The analysis is based on different tools in distinct regions of the moduli space: wrapped brane configurations on elliptic fibrations near the large radius limit, and SCFT boundary states at the Gepner point. We develop an explicit correspondence between these two classes of objects, suggesting that boundary states are natural quantum generalizations of bundles. We also find interesting D-brane dynamics in deep stringy regimes. The most striking example is, perhaps, that non-supersymmetric D6–D0 and D4–D2 large radius configurations become stable BPS states at the Gepner point.
(Non)-integrability of geodesics in D-brane backgrounds

Motivated by the search for new backgrounds with integrable string theories, we classify the D-brane geometries leading to integrable geodesics. Our analysis demonstrates that the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for massless geodesics can only separate in elliptic or spherical coordinates, and all known integrable backgrounds are covered by this separation. In particular, we identify the standard parameterization of AdSp × Sq with elliptic coordinates on a flat base. We also find new geometries admitting separation of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in the elliptic coordinates. Since separability of this equation is a necessary condition for integrability of strings, our analysis gives severe restrictions on the potential candidates for integrable string theories.
Dynamics of Interfaces in Superconductors

Abstract The dynamics of an interface between the normal and superconducting phases under nonstationary external conditions is studied within the framework of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations of superconductivity, modified to include thermal fluctuations. An equation of motion for the interface is derived in two steps. First, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to derive a diffusion equation for the magnetic field in the normal phase, with nonlinear boundary conditions at the interface. These boundary conditions are a continuity equation which relates the gradient of the field at the interface to the normal velocity of the interface and a modified Gibbs-Thomson boundary condition for the field at the interface. Second, the boundary integral method is used to integrate out the magnetic field in favor of an equation of motion for the interface. This equation of motion, which is highly nonlinear and nonlocal, exhibits a diffusive instability (the Mullins-Sekerka instability) when the superconducting phase expands into the normal phase (i.e., when the external field is reduced below the critical field). In the limit of infinite diffusion constant the equation of motion becomes local in time and can be derived variationally from a static energy functional which includes the bulk-free energy difference between the two phases, the interfacial energy, and a long range self-interaction of the interface of the Biot-Savart form. In this limit the dynamics is identical to the interfacial dynamics of ferrofluid domains recently proposed by S. A. Langer et al. (Phys. Rev. A46, 1992, 4894). As shown by these authors, the Biot-Savart interaction leads to mechanical instabilities of the interface, resulting in highly branched labyrinthine patterns. The application of these ideas to the study of labyrinthine patterns in the intermediate state of type-I superconductors is briefly discussed.
Matching inviscid/boundary-layer flowfields

New boundary-layer equations are developed and the solutions match all of the boundary-layer properties, except for the normal velocity, exactly with the corresponding inviscid properties. The numerical procedure solves tridiagonal matrices at each marching station. As part of the solution an inviscid transpiration velocity at the surface is calculated from the boundary-layer solution. This transpiration velocity could be used as a boundary condition to calculate a new inviscid solution. If the inviscid/boundary-layer solutions are interacted, then the normal velocity from the boundary-layer solution will match the inviscid values exactly. Solutions are calculated for shear flows over a flat plate. Results from the present method compared well with Navier-Stokes solutions for incompressible constant shear flow and sinusoidal shear flow. Iterations of the inviscid/boundary-layer solutions were not necessary. Compressible flow of an exponential shear at Mach 3 was calculated for cold and hot walls. It was found that inviscid/boundary-layer interactions were significant for hot walls but negligible for cold walls. The present method should yield accurate boundary-layer solutions at Reynolds numbers lower than the traditional boundary-layer equations.
Fast incremental and personalized PageRank

In this paper, we analyze the efficiency of Monte Carlo methods for incremental computation of PageRank, personalized PageRank, and similar random walk based methods (with focus on SALSA), on large-scale dynamically evolving social networks. We assume that the graph of friendships is stored in distributed shared memory, as is the case for large social networks such as Twitter.For global PageRank, we assume that the social network has n nodes, and m adversarially chosen edges arrive in a random order. We show that with a reset probability of e, the expected total work needed to maintain an accurate estimate (using the Monte Carlo method) of the PageRank of every node at all times is [EQUATION]. This is significantly better than all known bounds for incremental PageRank. For instance, if we naively recompute the PageRanks as each edge arrives, the simple power iteration method needs [EQUATION] total time and the Monte Carlo method needs O(mn/e) total time; both are prohibitively expensive. We also show that we can handle deletions equally efficiently.We then study the computation of the top k personalized PageRanks starting from a seed node, assuming that personalized PageRanks follow a power-law with exponent α q ln n random walks starting from every node for large enough constant q (using the approach outlined for global PageRank), then the expected number of calls made to the distributed social network database is O(k/(R(1-α)/α)). We also present experimental results from the social networking site, Twitter, verifying our assumptions and analyses. The overall result is that this algorithm is fast enough for real-time queries over a dynamic social network.
Sign-time distribution for a random walker with a drifting boundary

We present a derivation of the exact sign-time distribution for a random walker in the presence of a boundary moving with constant velocity.
Childhood imbalance and chronic otitis media with effusion: effect of tympanostomy tube insertion on standardized tests of balance and locomotion.

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of chronic otitis media with effusion as a cause of childhood imbalance. Nineteen 4- to 6-year-old children with chronic otitis media with effusion and 14 matched control children underwent a series of laboratory tests, including two standardized tests of balance and locomotion: the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP). The children in the chronic otitis media with effusion group underwent tympanostomy tube insertion. Both groups underwent the same battery of tests within 6 to 8 weeks of initial testing. Analysis of variance for the PDMS and BOTMP demonstrated significantly lower performance in the balance subscales for the otitis group before (P < .01). Both otitis and control groups improved when retested. The improvement was greater and approaching significance in the otitis group on the PDMS and BOTMP (P = .056 and .097, respectively). It is concluded that chronic otitis media with effusion significantly affects balance and coordination skills in 4- to 6-year-old children. These skills improve after tympanostomy tube insertion at a rate greater than that of the control group.
True Metal-Catalyzed Hydroboration with Titanium

Dicarbonyltitanocene is an efficient and highly selective catalyst for alkyne hydroborations by catecholborane and dimethyltitanocene is an efficient and highly selective catalyst for alkene hydroborations. These results contrast the hydroboration chemistry with other early transition metal complexes that simply lead to decomposition of catecholborane to form diborane and parallel the hydroboration chemistry of permethylcyclopentadienyl lanthanide complexes. Titanocene dicarbonyl leads to exclusive anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry and to exclusive single additions of catecholborane across alkynes. Dimethyltitanocene leads to predominantly anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry with alkyl-substituted olefins, and exclusive anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry with vinylarenes. Two titanium(III) complexes, Cp2Ti(H2Bcat) and Cp2Ti(Bcat2), were isolated from the reaction mixtures. These Ti(III) complexes, as well as [Cp2TiH]2 and [Cp2TiMe]2, catalyze the addition of catecholborane to olefins more slowly than the titanium(...
IN-VIVO NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF CALCIUM IN MAN.

Abstract Absolute levels of total-body calcium can be determined by exposing a subject to a uniform neutron depth flux from 14-MeV neutrons produced by the 3H(d, n)4He reaction. The induced 49Ca can be measured with a whole-body counter with an invariant response to geometry and attenuation. This in-vivo neutron activation technique for measuring Ca was shown to have an accuracy of ±1.7 per cent in phantom studies. While 14-MeV neutrons permit the analysis of total-body Ca with a dose to the subject of 0.637 rem, the use of lower energy neutrons (4.5 MeV) from portable (α, n) sources such as PuBe should prove even more effective, since only one-fifth the previous dose to the subject is required. The neutron activation technique provides a valuable tool for the measurement of the rate of loss of Ca from the body in the study of calcium kinetics in normal aging subjects, as well as in numerous disorders of the skeleton involving the loss of calcium. The radiation dose to the subject is comparable to that received in standard diagnostic procedures. Ca is only one of a number of important body elements that can be measured by this technique. In-vivo neutron activation analysis has considerable potential for use in medical research and diagnosis in living man.
Large Deviations for Stochastic Partial Differential Equations Driven by a Poisson Random Measure

Abstract Stochastic partial differential equations driven by Poisson random measures (PRMs) have been proposed as models for many different physical systems, where they are viewed as a refinement of a corresponding noiseless partial differential equation (PDE). A systematic framework for the study of probabilities of deviations of the stochastic PDE from the deterministic PDE is through the theory of large deviations. The goal of this work is to develop the large deviation theory for small Poisson noise perturbations of a general class of deterministic infinite dimensional models. Although the analogous questions for finite dimensional systems have been well studied, there are currently no general results in the infinite dimensional setting. This is in part due to the fact that in this setting solutions may have little spatial regularity, and thus classical approximation methods for large deviation analysis become intractable. The approach taken here, which is based on a variational representation for nonnegative functionals of general PRMs, reduces the proof of the large deviation principle to establishing basic qualitative properties for controlled analogues of the underlying stochastic system. As an illustration of the general theory, we consider a particular system that models the spread of a pollutant in a waterway.
Intangible capital, knowledge and new product development competence in supply chains: process, interaction and contingency effects among SMEs

Leveraging the strengths of a firm’s supply chain partners for new product development (NPD) has become essential to satisfy rapidly changing customer demands and to remain competitive. Firms are, therefore, aiming to further their NPD competence, which we define as the ability of the supply chain to improve and generate new products and services, based on the processes and relationships established with suppliers and customers. This study examines how intangible capital and knowledge further the development of NPD competence within the context of a supply chain. A theoretical model, based upon resource-advantage theory, is tested via structural equation modelling utilising survey data collected from 195 small- and medium-sized enterprises in the manufacturing industry reporting on their primary supply chain. Our findings indicate that more easily transferable capital manifests itself in explicit knowledge and less easily transferable capital manifests itself in tacit knowledge. We further identify comple...
Oil price volatility and the asymmetric response of gasoline prices to oil price increases and decreases

This paper analyzes the effect of volatility in oil prices on the degree of asymmetry in the response of gasoline prices to oil price increases and decreases. Several time series measures of the asymmetry between the responses of gasoline prices to oil price increases and decreases and several measures of the oil price volatility are constructed. In all models, the degree of asymmetry in gasoline prices declines with an increase in oil price volatility. The results support the oligopolistic coordination theory as a likely explanation of the observed asymmetry and are not consistent with the standard search theory and the search theory with Bayesian updating.
Some equations relating multiwavelets and multiscaling functions

Abstract The local trace function introduced in [Dutkay, The local trace function of shift invariant spaces, J. Operat. Theory 52(2) (2004), 267–291] is used to derive equations that relate multiwavelets and multiscaling functions in the context of a generalized multiresolution analysis, without appealing to filters. A construction of normalized tight frame (NTF) wavelets is given. Particular instances of the construction include NTF and orthonormal wavelet sets.
The input admittance of a prolate-spheroidal monopole antenna fed by a magnetic frill

A realistic model is presented for the prolate-spheroidal monopole antenna fed through an image plane by a coaxial line. In the model, a magnetic current frill replaces the coaxial aperture in the image plane, and this current is approximated using the electric field for the transverse electromagnetic mode in the coaxial line. An analytical expression is derived for the input admittance of the antenna in the form of an infinite series involving special functions, and an efficient method for summing this series is presented. This method applies for spheroids that have height-to-width ratios covering a large range. An experimental model for the antenna is described, and admittances measured using this model are compared with the theoretical results. The two are found to be in very good agreement.
Determinants and effects of option listings: evidence from ADRs

Purpose – In this paper, the authors aim to test the assertion that options act as a substitute for short sales by allowing investors an alternative way to act on bearish sentiment. An empirical test of this assertion requires a researcher to observe both types of firm – those that weren’t short sale constrained, as well as those that were. The authors examine the ability of options to alleviate the short sales constraint directly – in an environment where the constraint is likely to differ across firms in a systematic fashion, namely the market for American Depository Receipts (ADRs).Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine 190 option introductions on ADRs over the period of 1982 to 2006. The question of how ADRs are chosen for options listing, and whether those criteria differ from those found using purely domestic options, is addressed using logistic regressions. The authors use the event study methods of Brown and Warner to examine the price effect of the listing. They use OLS regression to i...
Star formation in bright-rimmed clouds. I. Millimeter and submillimeter molecular line surveys

We present the results of the first detailed millimeter and submillimeter molecular line survey of bright-rimmed clouds, observed at FCRAO in the CO (J = 1 → 0), C18O (J = 1 → 0), HCO+ (J = 1 → 0), H13CO+ (J = 1 → 0), and N2H+ (J = 1 → 0) transitions, and at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope in the CO (J = 2 → 1), HCO+ (J = 3 → 2), HCO+ (J = 4 → 3), H13CO+ (J = 3 → 2), and H13CO+ (J = 4 → 3) molecular line transitions. The source list is composed of a selection of bright-rimmed clouds from the catalog of such objects compiled by Sugitani et al. We also present observations of three Bok globules done for comparison with the bright-rimmed clouds. We find that the appearance of the millimeter CO and HCO+ emission is dominated by the morphology of the shock front in the bright-rimmed clouds. The HCO+ (J = 1 → 0) emission tends to trace the swept-up gas ridge and overdense regions, which may be triggered to collapse as a result of sequential star formation. Five of the seven bright-rimmed clouds we observe seem to have an outflow; however, only one shows the spectral line blue-asymmetric signature that is indicative of infall in the optically thick HCO+ emission. We also present evidence that in bright-rimmed clouds the nearby shock front may heat the core from outside-in, thereby washing out the normally observed line infall signatures seen in isolated star-forming regions. We find that the derived core masses of these bright-rimmed clouds are similar to other low- and intermediate-mass star-forming regions.
The political economy of investment: Sclerotic effects from interest groups

Abstract We investigate the relationship between interest group activity and investment by analyzing an unbalanced panel of observations on 126 countries over three time periods. We find that the number of interest groups in a nation is negatively related to investment, consistent with a sclerotic effect due to rent-seeking by interest groups. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of a variety of additional common controls in the specification, to potential outlying observations, and to varied sample-selection procedures. We do find, however, that the sclerotic impact of groups on investment is stronger across developed OECD countries than for the developing non-OECD countries. Effects also tend to be stronger in democratic nations, but are dependent upon how strict a definition of democracy is used.
M-estimators with non-standard rates of convergence and weakly dependent data

This paper analyzes M-estimators over general objective functions. We do not assume convexity and differentiability of the functions. A new result regarding M-estimators is derived. Unlike most of the former econometric literature, the rate of convergence is not square root n. The rate of convergence is non-standard and depends on the moment bounds of the objective function analyzed. We can actually connect the rate of convergence to the smoothness of the objective function in certain class of functions as described in van der Vaart and Wellner (Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes, Springer, Berlin, 1996). We also simplify this rate of convergence idea and extend to weakly dependent data from iid case. This rate is simple and usable in econometrics literature. We illustrate the techniques by deriving the rate of convergence for LAD estimator for censored regression and maximum score estimator with weakly dependent data.
Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication in vitro

Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication have been expedited by the use of cell-free systems capable of initiation of DNA replication. The system capable of replicating plasmid DNAs containing the SV40 origin of DNA replication in vitro is a paradigm for studies on the replication of other virus DNAs and the replication of cellular chromosomes. This review outlines some of the contemporary issues and developments related to this complex problem.
Indirect detonation initiation using acoustic timescale thermal power deposition

AbstractA uid dynamics video is presented that demonstrates an indirectdetonation initiation process. In this process, a transient power depo-sition adds heat to a spatially resolved volume of uid in an amountof time that is similar to the acoustic timescale of the uid volume.A highly resolved two-dimensional simulation shows the events thatunfold after the heat is added. Traditionally, combustion modelers have concluded that detonations formeither by direct initiation or by Deagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT).Direct initiation is accomplished by depositing a large amount of energy de-posited in a short time period such that a blast wave is created inside thereactive gas mixture. In DDT, di usion, viscosity, and turbulence play amajor role in preheating the reactive mixture to facilitate detonation for-mation [1, 4, 5, 6, 8]. These transport processes have little or no e ect indirect initiation.Direct initiation and DDT can be seen as two limiting extremes on acontinuum scale using the acoustic timescale theory of Kassoy [2]. Considera uid volume of length scale land sound speed asuch that the acoustictimescale of the uid volume can be de ned t