cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood lipid changes in cows of different breeds fed rations depressing milk fat test.

Abstract Blood lipid changes in response to a high-grain ration that depressed milk fat test were studied in four cows each of the Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey breeds. Milk fat percentage decreased from 4.9 to 3.7 in Guernseys, 3.3 to 2.2 in Holsteins, and 5.3 to 4.3 in Jerseys. Protein content of the milk increased. Although there were some significant breed differences in levels of the blood lipid components, within-breed variations were considerable. Plasma levels of phospholipids, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, free fatty acids, and acetate decreased during the experimental period in all the breeds. Over-all mean arteriovenous differences exceeded 10% of the arterial level only in acetate, triglycerides, and ketone bodies. Arteriovenous differences for acetate decreased significantly during the experimental period to almost one-third of the original level, whereas the uptake of triglycerides and ketone bodies was not changed significantly. Levels of blood plasma acetate and triglycerides and blood ketone bodies during the post-experimental period exceeded the original levels and were accompanied by arteriovenous differences exceeding the original levels. The milk fat test recovered to the original level 3 wk after returning to a normal ration. Higher levels of propionate and lower levels of acetate in the rumen during the experimental period appeared to be the key factors responsible for the observed changes.
Reasoning with power defaults

This paper introduces power default reasoning (PDR), a framework for non-monotonic reasoning based on the domain-theoretic idea of modeling default rules with partial-information in a higher-order setting. PDR lifts a non-monotonic operator at the base (syntactic) level to a well-behaved, almost monotonic operator in the higher-order space of the Smyth power-domain --effectively a space of sets of models. Working in the model space allows us to prove the dichotomy theorem and the extension splitting theorem, leading to a more well-behaved logic and (modulo the usual complexity conjectures) a less complex logic than standard default logic. Specifically, we prove that skeptical normal default inference is a problem complete for co-NP(3) in the Boolean hierarchy for strict propositional logic and NP(4)-complete in general. These results (by changing the underlying semantics) contrasts favorably with similar results of Gottlob (J. Logic Comput. 2(3) (1992) 397-425), who proves that standard skeptical default reasoning is Π2P-complete. Furthermore, we show that the skeptical non-monotonic consequence relation, defined using our domain-theoretic semantics, obeys all of the laws for preferential consequence relations defined by Kraus, Lehmann, and Magidor. In particular, we get the property of being able to reason by cases, and the so-called law of cautious monotony. Both of these laws fail for the standard propositional default logic of Reiter (Artificial Intelligence 13 (1980) 81-132), but hold in PDR as a consequence of the dichotomy theorem and the extension splitting theorem.
Atypical NK-cell proliferation of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with antigliadin antibodies but not celiac disease.

We describe a unique case of atypical natural killer (NK)-cell proliferation likely related to gluten sensitivity, mimicking NK-cell lymphoma. The patient, a 32-year-old man, has had persistent multiple erythematous bull-eye lesions in the stomach, small bowel, and large bowel for 3 years. Histologi
Unilateral odor deprivation: Early postnatal changes in olfactory bulb cell density and number

Surgical closure of an external naris of the rat from postnatal day 1 to day 30 results in a 25% decrease in the size of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. Decreases in size must result from changes in either the number of neurons and/or glia, or their size or both. The present study was designed to quantify cell density (Nv) and number at various early postnatal ages in order to examine both normal patterns of maturation and sequences of change resulting from deprivation. Data from control subjects indicated that numbers of mitral cells remained constant while numbers of external tufted cells increased. Both relay cell populations exhibited increases in nuclear size suggestive of substantial postnatal differentiation. All interneuronal and glial populations increased in number, although differences in maturational patterns were observed between cell species. For example, light and dark subpopulations of granule cells differed in the timing of peak cellular density, and an inside-to-outside gradient of maturation was found for dark granule cells. Growth curves were generally similar in occluded and control pups until approximately day 20, when deprivation resulted in decreased number and nuclear area of external tufted cells and density and number of granule cells and their associated glia. Light granule cells were affected earlier than dark cells, perhaps because of their earlier arrival in the granule cell layer. The affected cell groups represent the last relay and interneuronal populations to be generated, perhaps explaining their particular susceptibility to the effects of experience. Most of the changes emerged late, thus suggesting that they represent the culmination of a series of experience-induced changes within the maturing bulb. The observed effects may result from either altered cellular proliferation or death patterns (or both), alternatives now under investigation.
Robust control of a swarm of UCAVs

The control of the Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle's swarm behavior is studied. One command string controls the motion of all Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles in a mission. Each Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle moves according to the control decoded from the same control command string. There is no explicit coordination among them. However, the decoding of a control command string partially depends on other Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles surrounding it. If the control command string is properly chosen, the motion of the swarm of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles will perform well collectively. Genetic algorithm is used to evolve the control command string. The robustness of the control is studied. Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with Genetic Algorithm is used to evolve the robust control when wind-gust disturbance exists. The results of different approached are compared.
Metabolism in vitro of the sulphhydryl amino acids, l- and d-penicillamine

Abstract L -Penicillamine is not active as a substrate of L -amino acid oxidase. Its enantiomorph, however, is slowly oxidized by D -amino acid oxidase. Although neither isomer of penicillamine is desulphhydrated by L -cysteine desulphhydrase, the L -isomer inhibits the action of this enzyme. These findings are correlated with the enzyme-inhibiting and therapeutic activities of penicillamine.
Evidence of Beneficial Effect of Physical Therapy After Lower-Extremity Trauma

Abstract Castillo RC, MacKenzie EJ, Archer KR, Bosse MJ, Webb LX, for the LEAP Study Group. Evidence of beneficial effect of physical therapy after lower-extremity trauma. Objective To examine the effect of physical therapy (PT) use on a range of measures of physical impairment in a cohort of patients with lower-extremity trauma. Design Longitudinal, observational study of patients with severe lower-extremity trauma. Patients were interviewed by a research coordinator and examined by an orthopedic surgeon and a physical therapist during initial admission and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postdischarge. Setting Eight level I trauma centers. Participants Patients (N=382) whose legs were salvaged after limb-threatening trauma to the lower limb. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Unmet need for PT was assessed from 2 perspectives: an orthopedic surgeon and a physical therapist independently evaluated each patient and were asked whether the patient would benefit from PT. Patients classified by these health professionals as needing PT services over a given period and who reported receiving no PT at the end of that period were classified as having unmet need as evaluated by the orthopedic surgeon or physical therapist for that follow-up period. Multiple variable regression techniques were used to compare improvement in 5 measures of physical impairment and functional limitation between the met and unmet need groups over the periods of 3 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 24 months: percentage of impairment in knee and ankle range of motion (ROM), reciprocal stair climbing pattern, gait deviations when walking, self-selected walking speed greater than 1.2m/s (4ft/s), and the mobility subscores of the FIM instrument. Results Patients with unmet need for PT as assessed by a physical therapist were statistically significantly less likely to improve in all 5 of the selected domains of physical impairment and functional limitation than patients whose PT need was met. These results remained constant after adjustment for patient sociodemographic, personality, and social resources, as well as injury and treatment characteristics, reported pain intensity, and impairment level at the beginning of the study period. Patients with unmet need for PT as evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon were significantly worse off than patients with met need in only 1 of the 5 selected measures (ROM). Conclusions The results are consistent with a beneficial effect of PT after lower-extremity trauma. The results point to a need for improved standards for the prescription of PT services, and highlight the importance of involving a PT professional in the prescribing process.
Coupling of In-Plane Flexural, Tangential, and Shear Wave Modes of a Curved Beam

In this paper, the coupling effects among three elastic wave modes, flexural, tangential, and radial shear, on the dynamics of a planar curved beam are assessed. Two sets of equations of motion governing the in-plane motion of a curved beam are derived, in a consistent manner, based on the theory of elasticity and Hamilton’s principle. The first set of equations retains all resulting linear coupling terms that includes both static and dynamic coupling among the three wave modes. In the derivation of the second set of equations, the effects of Coriolis acceleration and high-order elastic coupling terms are neglected, which leads to a set of equations without dynamic coupling terms between the tangential and shear wave modes. This second set of equations of motion is the one most commonly used in studies on thick curved beams that include the effects of centerline extensibility, rotary inertia, and shear deformation. The assessment is carried out by comparing the dynamic behavior predicted by each curved beam model in terms of the dispersion relations, frequency spectra, cutoff frequencies, natural frequencies and mode shapes, and frequency responses. In order to ensure the comparison is based on accurate results, the wave propagation technique is applied to obtain exact wave solutions. The results suggest that the contributions of the dynamic and high-order elastic coupling terms to the response of a thick curved beam are quite significant and that these coupling terms should not be neglected for an accurate analysis of a thick curved beam with a large curvature parameter.
Privatized Default Risk and Real Estate Recessions: The U.K. Mortgage Market

A mortgage pricing model is developed when a borrower goes through a series of distress states, including delinquency, long-term nonpayment and ultimate default. These steps are sequential, and depend on prices and alternatives faced by the borrower. The multistate default model is applied to the mortgage market in the United Kingdom. As a byproduct, a pricing structure for the U.K. endowment mortgage, which combines a good and a life insurance policy, is developed. Income and liquidity constraints are shown to affect the decision to keep a mortgage current in different states of distress. Solvent borrowers may thus keep their mortgages current, even when equity is negative.
A Multimedia Module for Discussion-Leading Skills

(1994). A Multimedia Module for Discussion-Leading Skills. College Teaching: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 32-34.
Comparison of two different doses of preoperative recombinant erythropoietin in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether the response to recombinant erythropoietin is dose dependent in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and to elucidate the relative cost-effectiveness of two dosing regimens. Methods. A prospective, open-label study comparing the effectiveness, cost, and safety of two different doses of recombinant erythropoietin was performed in men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. The first 100 men received 600 IU/kg (high dose) of epoetin alfa. A second group of 100 men received 300 IU/kg (low dose). All men received two doses of erythropoietin on preoperative days 14 and 7, provided their baseline hematocrit levels were less than 48%. Hematocrit levels were measured at baseline (more than 14 days before surgery), at the time of anesthesia induction, in the recovery room postoperatively, on the first postoperative day, and on the morning of discharge. Results. The mean increase in hematocrit from baseline to induction for the high and low-dose groups was 4.50 and 4.69, respectively ( P = 0.7225). Six men (6%) in the high-dose group and seven (7%) in the low-dose group required allogenic blood transfusions. The mean cost of high and low-dose epoetin alfa was $1218 and $656, respectively. The cost per percentage point increase in hematocrit in the low-dose group was significantly less than in the high-dose group. No thromboembolic events occurred in the high or low-dose group. Conclusions. In men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy, the administration of epoetin alfa on preoperative days 14 and 7 was a safe and effective treatment strategy for reducing the risk of allogenic blood transfusions. The 300 IU/kg dosing regimen was significantly more cost effective than the 600 IU/kg dosing regimen.
Comparison of electromyographic responses for the superficial quadriceps muscles: cycle versus knee-extensor ergometry

The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) versus power output relationships for the three superficial quadriceps muscles during incremental cycle (CE) and knee-extensor (KE) ergometry in the same subjects. Eight men performed incremental CE and KE tests to exhaustion. Surface EMG signals were recorded simultaneously from the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM). Polynomial regression analyses on a subject-by-subject basis indicated that the relationship between EMG amplitude versus power output was best-fit with either a linear, quadratic, or cubic model for CE, whereas the relationship was best-fit with a linear model for all subjects for the KE test. No consistent relationship was found for EMG MPF within subjects and between muscle groups for CE or KE. Compared with CE, however, the EMG amplitude during KE exercise was, on average, approximately 87% and 30% higher for the RF and VM muscles, respectively. These results suggest that KE exercise may be a better mode of examining EMG amplitude in the quadriceps muscle during incremental exercise than traditional CE.
Increasing the Salience of Risky Sexual Behavior: Promoting Interest in HIV‐Antibody Testing Among Heterosexually Active Young Adults1

The present study examines whether making the risk associated with unsafe sexual behavior more salient would increase interest in HIV testing. The HIV-related beliefs and behaviors reported by a sample of college students were assessed both before and after they had viewed a vulnerability-oriented film about HIV/AIDS. Viewing the film heightened sexually active participants' belief that they might currently be HIV seropositive. Among participants who were currently sexually active, heightened perceptions of risk and concern about sexual behavior predicted intentions to utilize HIV testing services (controlling for initial risk perceptions and behavior). Those who engaged in behaviors related to HIV testing during the 4-week period after the film had expressed stronger HIV intentions and more pronounced feelings of anxiety and concern about prior sexual behavior. These results suggest that risk-enhancing interventions can stimulate interest in HIV testing.
Getting a Foot in the Door: “Learning,” State Dependence, and the Racial Integration of Firms

Economists have emphasized supply-side learning when explaining long-term trends in racial income differences. This article demonstrates that learning also occurred on the demand side. Estimation of a state-dependence model of the sequence of racial employment outcomes of firms in Cincinnati, Ohio, during World War I shows that the introduction of black workers into a previously all-white firm generated new experiences within the firm, altering its future racial employment decisions.This suggests that more research should be done on how firms and labor markets processed information about workers and how that influenced worker opportunities.
The synthesis of transition metal nitrides via thermolysis of metal-ammine complexes, Part I: Chromium nitride

Abstract The thermal decomposition of a CrN precursor, hexaammine chromium(II) chloride, in ammonia has been investigated via a combination of thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Upon heating, [Cr(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 2 sequentially loses ammonia ligands, ultimately forming CrCl 2 ·NH 3 at ∼400 °C. When heat-treated to 500 °C in ammonia, this compound ammonolyzes to form nanocrystalline CrN.
Kinetically controlled assembly of terpheny-4,4”-dithiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for highly conductive anisotropically conductive adhesives (ACA)

Anisotropically conductive adhesives (ACA) are a promising alternative to solder interconnects for high performance electronic devices due to their increased I/O capabilities and reduced form factor. Previous studies have shown that modification of Au coated Ni/Cu bumps with conjugated self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) increases conductivity, current carrying capacity and reliability of ACA interconnects[1–3]. In this study, we kinetically control the assembly of p-Terphenyl-4,4”-dithiol (TPD) monolayers on Au bumps. Using a custom designed test vehicle we show how TPD SAMs can either increase or decrease the single bump resistance depending on the kinetics of the monolayer formation and its resulting structure. Future studies focusing on controlling monolayer assembly will determine the efficacy of conjugated SAMs at enhancing the conductivity and current carrying capacity of ACA interconnects.
Different DNA contact schemes are used by two winged helix proteins to recognize a DNA binding sequence

The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3)/fork head (fkh) family contains a large number of transcription factors which recognize divergent DNA sequences via a winged-helix binding motif. In this report we present studies on the DNA binding properties of winged-helix HNF-3/fkh homologues 1 (HFH-1) and 2 (HFH-2) which recognize a shared DNA binding site with different affinities. To explore how HFH-1 and HFH-2 proteins recognize this DNA binding sequence, the binding affinities of these two HFH proteins toward a series of DNA sites containing a single strand trimer loop insertion at different positions were studied. This insertion induces a bend of approximately 80 degrees in the DNA binding site (prebending). HFH-1 and HFH-2 were shown to recognize DNA sites prebent at many nucleotide positions on both strands of the DNA sequence. Both HFH-1 and HFH-2 were more sensitive to mismatch insertions on the sense strand of the DNA binding site, especially within the AAAATAAC sequence. Our data suggest that the recognition helix (helix 3) recognizes the AAAATAAC sequence and that the helix 3/DNA interaction results in bending of the DNA which narrows the major groove in the AAAATAAC sequence. Furthermore, the binding affinities of HFH-1 and HFH-2 toward DNA binding sites with base-pair reversion in the AAAATAAC sequence was also investigated. Different patterns of response from HFH-1 and HFH-2 to both prebent and base-pair reverted binding sites was observed. Our results demonstrate that even two highly conserved members of the winged-helix family may contact the same DNA sequence differently.
Durability of treatment response to zolpidem with three different maintenance regimens: a preliminary study

Abstract Background and aim At present, there is no consensus regarding how to medically manage chronic insomnia in the long term. The unstated standard of practice is for patients to use hypnotics intermittently. The present study aimed to compare a partial reinforcement strategy with nightly and intermittent dosing strategies for its potential as a maintenance therapy. Methods A mixed model was used in the study. One between-subjects factor: group ( n = 4). One repeated-measures factor: time (12 weekly assessments). A total of 74 subjects with chronic Insomnia were treated with 10 mg zolpidem for 4 weeks. Treatment respondents were randomized to nightly dosing with 10 mg or 5 mg (QHS-10 and QHS-5), intermittent dosing with 10 mg (IDS-10 [3–5 days weekly]), or partial reinforcement dosing with 10 mg (PRS-10 [nightly pill use with 50% active medication and 50% placebos]) for 12 weeks. Results It was found, in compliant subjects ( n = 55), that all four strategies evaluated maintained treatment response over time (ie, prevented or delayed relapse). For the subjects that remained in remission, the subjects in the intermittent dosing group (IDS-10) group exhibited poorer sleep continuity. Conclusions While best considered a preliminary study, the present findings suggest that the partial reinforcement strategy may be a viable means toward maintaining treatment gains over time with less active medication.
ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES WHICH HELP TO PREDICT BOOK AND PERIODICAL USE

Abstract Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the variables which may help to explain use of library resources. The circulation variables studied were broken down according to user groups. Included in this study was the analysis of periodical availability and its effect upon the frequency of periodical use. Faculty publication output was correlated with the use of books and periodicals. Correlations were checked for statistical significance by using the t test. Regression equations best explaining use of periodicals and books are given.
A multiscale spatial filtering account of the White effect, simultaneous brightness contrast and grating induction

Blakeslee and McCourt ((1997) Vision Research, 37, 2849-2869) demonstrated that a multiscale array of two-dimensional difference-of-Gaussian (DOG) filters provided a simple but powerful model for explaining a number of seemingly complex features of grating induction (GI), while simultaneously encompassing salient features of brightness induction in simultaneous brightness contrast (SBC), brightness assimilation and Hermann Grid stimuli. The DOG model (and isotropic contrast models in general) cannot, however, account for another important group of brightness effects which includes the White effect (White (1979) Perception, 8, 413-416) and the demonstrations of Todorovic ((1997) Perception, 26, 379-395). This paper introduces an oriented DOG (ODOG) model which differs from the DOG model in that the filters are anisotropic and their outputs are pooled nonlinearly. The ODOG model qualitatively predicts the appearance of the test patches in the White effect, the Todorovic demonstration, GI and SBC, while quantitatively predicting the relative magnitudes of these brightness effects as measured psychophysically using brightness matching. The model also accounts for both the smooth transition in test patch brightness seen in the White effect (White & White (1985) Vision Research, 25, 1331-1335) when the relative phase of the test patch is varied relative to the inducing grating, and for the spatial variation of brightness across the test patch as measured using point-by-point brightness matching. Finally, the model predicts intensive aspects of brightness induction measured in a series of Todorovic stimuli as the arms of the test crosses are lengthened (Pessoa, Baratoff, Neumann & Todorokov (1998) Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Supplement, 39, S159), but fails in one condition. Although it is concluded that higher-level perceptual grouping factors may play a role in determining brightness in this instance, in general the psychophysical results and ODOG modeling argue strongly that the induced brightness phenomena of SBC, GI, the White effect and the Todorovic demonstration, primarily reflect early-stage cortical filtering operations in the visual system.
Dung, diet, and the paleoenvironment of the extinct shrub-ox (Euceratherium collinum) on the Colorado Plateau, USA

Fossil remains of Euceratherium collinum (extinct shrub-ox) have been found throughout North America, including the Grand Canyon. Recent finds from the Escalante River Basin in southern Utah further extend the animal's range into the heart of the Colorado Plateau. E. collinum teeth and a metapodial condyle (foot bone) have been recovered in association with large distinctively shaped dung pellets, a morphology similar to a ‘Hershey's Kiss’ (HK), from a late Pleistocene dung layer in Bechan Cave. HK dung pellets have also been recovered from other alcoves in the Escalante River Basin including Willow and Fortymile canyons. Detailed analyses of the HK pellets confirmed them to be E. collinum and indicate a browser-type diet dominated (> 95%) by trees and shrubs: Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), Acacia sp. (acacia), Quercus (oak), and Chrysothamnus (rabbit brush). The retrieval of spring and fall pollen suggests E. collinum was a year-round resident in the Escalante River Basin.
Impact of Configurations of Rapid Intermittent Assimilation of WSR-88D Radar Data for the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City Tornadic Thunderstorm Case

Various configurations of the intermittent data assimilation procedure for Level-II Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler radar data are examined for the analysis and prediction of a tornadic thunderstorm that occurred on 8 May 2003 near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Several tornadoes were produced by this thunderstorm, causing extensive damages in the south Oklahoma City area. Within the rapidly cycled assimilation system, the Advanced Regional Prediction System three-dimensional variational data assimilation (ARPS 3DVAR) is employed to analyze conventional and radar radial velocity data, while the ARPS complex cloud analysis procedure is used to analyze cloud and hydrometeor fields and adjust in-cloud temperature and moisture fields based on reflectivity observations and the preliminary analysis of the atmosphere. Forecasts for up to 2.5 h are made from the assimilated initial conditions. Two one-way nested grids at 9- and 3-km grid spacings are employed although the assimilation configuration experiments are conducted for the 3-km grid only while keeping the 9-km grid configuration the same. Data from the Oklahoma City radar are used. Different combinations of the assimilation frequency, in-cloud temperature adjustment schemes, and the length and coverage of the assimilation window are tested, and the results are discussed with respect to the length and evolution stage of the thunderstorm life cycle. It is found that even though the general assimilation method remains the same, the assimilation settings can significantly impact the results of assimilation and the subsequent forecast. For this case, a 1-h-long assimilation window covering the entire initial stage of the storm together with a 10-min spinup period before storm initiation works best. Assimilation frequency and in-cloud temperature adjustment scheme should be set carefully to add suitable amounts of potential energy during assimilation. High assimilation frequency does not necessarily lead to a better result because of the significant adjustment during the initial forecast period. When a short assimilation window is used, covering the later part of the initial stage of storm and using a high assimilation frequency and a temperature adjustment scheme based on latent heat release can quickly build up the storm and produce a reasonable analysis and forecast. The results also show that when the data from a single Doppler radar are assimilated with properly chosen assimilation configurations, the model is able to predict the evolution of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City tornadic thunderstorm well for up to 2.5 h. The implications of the choices of assimilation settings for real-time applications are discussed.
Morphological studies of water trees in polyolefin

The morphological aspects of bow-tie generation in polyolefins are described. The degree of tree generation in a variety of polyolefins has been evaluated and found to be dependent on the degree of crystallinity present, with semicrystalline low-density polyethylenes showing the least resistance. Hydrophilication of crosslinked polyethylene resulted in excellent resistance to bow-tie tree generation. In order to assess the effect of morphological properties, polyethylene samples were subjected to a variety of strains, and bow-tie tree formation was found to be influenced by molecular chain orientation propagating in a specific direction of the chain. This suggests that bow-tie tree growth can be restricted by controlling the molecular chain orientation. >
Circuit breaker for DC micro grids

In order to eliminate power conversion steps, future micro grids with renewable energy sources are being visualized as dc power systems. System components such as sources (solar panels, fuels cells, etc.) loads, and power conversion have been identified and are readily available. However, when it comes to dc circuit breakers, many designs are still in the experimental phase. The main limitation is that interrupting a current which does not have a zero crossing will sustain an arc. This paper introduces a new type of dc circuit breaker. It uses a short conduction path between the breaker as well as mutual coupling to automatically and rapidly switch off in response to a fault. The proposed breaker also can have a crowbar switch on the output so that it can be used as a dc switch. Mathematical analysis, detailed simulation, and laboratory measurements of the new dc switch are included.
Financial and Monetary Policy of Great Britain During the Napoleonic Wars

The circumstances attending the Bank Restriction, 398. — Deviations in exchange rates and specie, 398. — Sentiments of Paine, Fox, and Sheridan; their political objectives, 400. — Walter Boyd's statement of a depreciation theory; responsibility attributed solely to the Bank; indices of excessive issue, 404. — Henry Thornton and the purchasing-power-parity theory; confusion between convertible and inconvertible conditions; defense of the Bank, 407. — Horner's interpretation, 411. — Lord King's view of excess and depreciation; disregard of political factors; exoneration of the country banks, 413. — John Wheatley's program for war financing by systematic lowering of prices; refutation of the country-bank doctrine, 415. — Writings of Ricardo; agitation for immediate contraction of Bank issues and possibly resumption of cash payments; theoretical confusions and inconsistencies; hostility to the Bank; possibly explained by stock-exchange interests, 423. — The Bullion Committee Report a theoretical essay divorced from facts, abounding in misconceptions, and proposing impossible policy, 430. — Ricardo's striking change of attitude in 1819, 437.
Congenital Blepharoptosis Varieties, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment

Congenital blepharoptosis can vary from a slight cosmetic de fect to a complete covering of the pupil by the eyelid. The sexes are equally affected and 25 per cent of the patients are bilateral. An ophthalmologic examination is indicated in every case to rule out strabismus or amblyopia. For moderate to severe cases the correction is surgical, preferably after the age of three.
Machine maintenance with workload considerations

Machine maintenance is modeled in the setting of a single-server queue. Machine deterioration corresponds to slower service rates and failure. This leads to higher congestion and an increase in customer holding costs. The decision-maker decides when to perform maintenance, which may be done pre-emptively; before catastrophic failures. Similar to classic maintenance control models, the information available to the decision-maker includes the state of the server. Unlike classic models, the information also includes the number of customers in queue. Considered are both a repair model and a replacement model. In the repair model, with random replacement times, fixed costs are assumed to be constant in the server state. In the replacement model, both constant and variable fixed costs are considered. It is shown in general that the optimal maintenance policies have switching curve structure that is monotone in the server state. However, the switching curve policies for the repair model are not always monotone in the number of customers in the queue. Numerical examples and two heuristics are also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
The importance of physiological ecology in conservation biology

Many of the threats to the persistence of populations of sensitive species have physiological or pathological mechanisms, and those mechanisms are best understood through the inherently integrative discipline of physiological ecology. The desert tortoise was listed under the Endangered Species Act largely due to a newly recognized upper respiratory disease thought to cause mortality in individuals and severe declines in populations. Numerous hypotheses about the threats to the persistence of desert tortoise populations involve acquisition of nutrients, and its connection to stress and disease. The nutritional wisdom hypothesis posits that animals should forage not for particular food items, but instead, for particular nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus used in building bones. The optimal foraging hypothesis suggests that, in circumstances of resource abundance, tortoises should forage as dietary specialists as a means of maximizing intake of resources. The optimal digestion hypothesis suggests that tortoises should process ingesta in ways that regulate assimilation rate. Finally, the cost-of-switching hypothesis suggests that herbivores, like the desert tortoise, should avoid switching food types to avoid negatively affecting the microbe community responsible for fermenting plants into energy and nutrients. Combining hypotheses into a resource acquisition theory leads to novel predictions that are generally supported by data presented here. Testing hypotheses, and synthesizing test results into a theory, provides a robust scientific alternative to the popular use of untested hypotheses and unanalyzed data to assert the needs of species. The scientific approach should focus on hypotheses concerning anthropogenic modifications of the environment that impact physiological processes ultimately important to population phenomena. We show how measurements of such impacts as nutrient starvation, can cause physiological stress, and that the endocrine mechanisms involved with stress can result in disease. Finally, our new syntheses evince a new hypothesis. Free molecules of the stress hormone corticosterone can inhibit immunity, and the abundance of "free corticosterone" in the blood (thought to be the active form of the hormone) is regulated when the corticosterone molecules combine with binding globulins. The sex hormone, testosterone, combines with the same binding globulin. High levels of testosterone, naturally occurring in the breeding season, may be further enhanced in populations at high densities, and the resulting excess testosterone may compete with binding globulins, thereby releasing corticosterone and reducing immunity to disease. This sequence could result in physiological and pathological phenomena leading to population cycles with a period that would be essentially impossible to observe in desert tortoise. Such cycles could obscure population fluctuations of anthropogenic origin.
Efficacy and economic evaluation of a volume-based cathflo activase protocol versus a fixed-dose alteplase protocol for catheter occlusions in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVES This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and economic benefit of Cathflo Activase and a volume-dependent protocol versus a previously utilized fixed-dose 2 mg/mL alteplase aliquot protocol for central venous catheter clearance in pediatric patients. METHODS All pediatric patients with a medically diagnosed catheter occlusion were eligible for inclusion into this study. Retrospective data was analyzed from an approved data collection form, which had been implemented during the utilization of the alteplase protocol. Data collection indicators included catheter type, dose, dwell time, outcome of attempt (successful or unsuccessful), additional measures taken, and comments. A new protocol utilizing Cathflo Activase and manufacturer recommended volume-based dosing was prospectively implemented and data was collected and evaluated and compared to data from the alteplase protocol. RESULTS Alteplase and Cathflo protocol data was evaluated for a total of 96 courses in 48 patients (0.09 - 22.8 years, 2.15 - 105.2 kg). Complete resolution was achieved in 69.6% of patients with the alteplase protocol, partial resolution was attained in 8.7%, and treatment failure occurred in 21.7% of patients. For the Cathflo Activase group, complete resolution was observed in 82% of occlusions, with 8% partial resolution and treatment failure of 10%. The average cost per dose utilized by our patients during this study was $49.68 and $30.56 for the alteplase and Cathflo Activase groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the Cathflo Activase protocol may be as efficacious as the previous alteplase protocol. Furthermore, there are added time and cost benefits.
Because You’re You: factors influencing item selection in a digital sheet music collection

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing user selection of individual works in a collection of digitized sheet music. Design/methodology/approach – Google Analytics page view data were grouped by source (directing link) and correlated with five factors: inclusion in a collaborative indexing project (Sheet Music Consortium); browse list order; cover appearance; inclusion in mini-collections; and presence of links to audio versions. Findings – Four of the five factors examined showed some influence on user selection: Works listed in the Sheet Music Consortium had more views/work than those not listed; Works at the top of the Sheet Music Consortium browse list had more views by Consortium users than those lower down; Works with cover graphics had more views/work than those with covers containing words alone; Works included in mini-collections received more views/work from users with access to those mini-collections; Works with links to audio versions did not have more views/work...
A quasi-optical isolator

A nonferrite X-band quasi-optical isolator is presented. The isolator consists of six cascaded printed gratings loaded with lumped elements and exhibits less than 2-dB insertion loss. The isolator is designed for protection and stabilization of quasi-optical amplifiers. A linearly polarized output wave from a quasi-optical amplifier becomes circularly polarized in the isolator, which in this case serves as a linear-to-circular polarization converter as well. Isolation of 9 and 19 dB was measured for the co- and cross-polarized waves, respectively.
A 2 GHz Low Power Down-conversion Quadrature Mixer in 0.18-μm CMOS

This paper describes a 1.5-V 2 GHz I/Q down conversion mixer for a WCDMA front-end receiver in a 0.18-mum CMOS process. The mixer achieves a conversion gain of 20.55 dB within 1-dB compression point (iCP1dB) of -9.2 dBm. It also achieves a double side band (DSB) noise figure (NF) of 8.96 dB. The mixer acquires the third order input referred intercept point (IIP3) of -0.54 dBm. The mixer consumes only 4.0 mA of current from a 1.5-V power supply
Critical Perspectives on Adolescent Vocational Guidance in Chile

In this article, the lens of critical psychology is applied to adolescent career development and vocational guidance in Chile. The authors describe and critique the status of adolescent vocational guidance in Chile, the reproduction of extant social inequities in Chilean education, and offer recommendations for enhancing vocational guidance practice, training, and research. The authors’ recommendations may be applicable to other contexts in which social disparities limit the vocational potential of significant groups in society.
Surgical Technique and Anatomic Study of Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Transfers

BACKGROUND: Combined latissimus dorsi and teres major musculotendinous transfer has been described for the treatment of massive rotator cuff deficits. The procedure is technically complex because of the proximity of the radial nerve, the axillary nerve and its posterior branches, and the neurovascular bundles to the muscles. The purpose of the present cadaveric study was to examine surgically relevant relationships for latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfers. METHODS: Twelve cadaveric shoulder girdles were dissected, and the latissimus dorsi, the teres major, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and its branches were identified. The relationships between the tendons and local neurologic structures were measured during various steps of the latissimus dorsi/teres major transfer procedure. The effect of humeral rotation on the exposure of the latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons through the posterior approach was quantified, and relevant surgical landmarks were described. RESULTS: The radial nerve passed directly anterior to the tendons at an average of 2.9 cm medial to the superior aspect and 2.3 cm medial to the inferior aspect of the humeral insertions. From the posterior axillary approach, maximal internal rotation facilitated exposure for tenotomy by delivering the tendon insertions on the humerus into the surgical field. During axial mobilization of the musculotendinous units, the neurovascular pedicles to the latissimus dorsi and teres major were identified at an average of 13.1 and 7.4 cm axial to the humeral insertions, respectively. The posterior branch of the axillary nerve was noted to cross superficially over the transferred tendons as they were tunneled under the posterior deltoid. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple steps of the combined latissimus dorsi and teres major musculotendinous transfer place local neurologic structures at risk. These steps include tendon release, musculotendinous axial mobilization, and tendon tunneling in the plane between the infraspinatus-teres minor and the posterior deltoid. We have quantified and described the relationship of the axillary and radial nerves to the tendons during tenotomy, the distance from the tendons' insertions to their neurovascular bundle that must be identified during axial mobilization, and the course of the posterior branch of the axillary nerve in relation to the tunneled path of the tendons. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study provides important anatomic findings for the safe mobilization and transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons during the surgical treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears. ORIGINAL ABSTRACT CITATION: “Surgical Technique and Anatomic Study of Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Transfers” (2006;88:1524-31).
Breaking symmetry in protein dimers: Designs and functions

Symmetry, and in particular point group symmetry, is generally the rule for the global arrangement between subunits in homodimeric and other oligomeric proteins. The structures of fragments of tropomyosin and bovine fibrinogen are recently published examples, however, of asymmetric interactions between chemically identical chains. Their departures from strict twofold symmetry are based on simple and generalizable chemical designs, but were not anticipated prior to their structure determinations. The current review aims to improve our understanding of the structural principles and functional consequences of asymmetric interactions in proteins. Here, a survey of >100 diverse homodimers has focused on the structures immediately adjacent to the twofold axis. Five regular frameworks in α-helical coiled coils and antiparallel β-sheets accommodate many of the twofold symmetric axes. On the basis of these frameworks, certain sequence motifs can break symmetry in geometrically defined manners. In antiparallel β-sheets, these asymmetries include register slips between strands of repeating residues and the adoption of different side-chain rotamers to avoid steric clashes of bulky residues. In parallel coiled coils, an axial stagger between the α-helices is produced by clusters of core alanines. Such simple designs lead to a basic understanding of the functions of diverse proteins. These functions include regulation of muscle contraction by tropomyosin, blood clot formation by fibrin, half-of-site reactivity of caspase-9, and adaptive protein recognition in the matrix metalloproteinase MMP9. Moreover, asymmetry between chemically identical subunits, by producing multiple equally stable conformations, leads to unique dynamic and self-assembly properties.
RAISING DARWIN'S CONSCIOUSNESS: FEMALES AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

Early studies of primate social behavior were distorted by observational, methodological, and ideological biases that caused researchers to overlook active roles played by females in the social lives of monkeys. Primatology provides a particularly well documented case illustrating why research programs in the social and natural sciences need multiple studies that enlist researchers from diverse backgrounds
Mobile applications that empower people to monitor their personal health

Researchers have an opportunity to develop assistive applications that empower people to change unhealthy habits through monitoring their behavior. Mobile applications can enhance self-monitoring by providing real-time feedback and employing persuasive technology. The projects presented demonstrate the potential of persuasive, assistive applications for both chronically ill and healthy individuals.
Incorporating Surface-Winds and Rainfall Rates into the Initialization of a Mesoscale Hurricane Model

Abstract The initialization of a three-dimensional model with operational data for Hurricane Eloise (1975) was studied to assess the impact of using bogus storm data, surface winds, rainfall rates, and a high-resolution surface pressure analysis in the initialization of forecasts of hurricane track and intensity. Because the track and intensity forecasts based on the unaugmented NMC analyses were unsatisfactory, various data improvement procedures were used. Boundary-layer flow was diagnosed from the surface pressure with a primitive equation PBL model, a climatological hurricane circulation was inserted into the NMC wind analysis above the boundary layer, and the three-dimensional moisture field was defined with the aid of visible-image satellite photographs. Model simulations with this improved data set were designed to test the effectiveness of dynamic initialization (DI) and the data enhancement procedures in improving the numerical hurricane forecasts. A 24 h time period, starting at 0000 GMT 21 Sept...