cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying task-level parallelism by functional transformation with side-effect domains

Functional programming languages typically minimize side effects and make the side effects that do exist explicit. This allows a compiler to easily extract task-level parallelism. Imperative languages rely on the programmer to order each operation to account for hidden side effects. An imperative compiler is not easily able to extract parallelism since it cannot always know if two operations are independent.In this paper, we introduce the concept of side-effect domains, where external API functions are declared as belonging to domains in which side-effects only affect functions with common domains. We describe techniques to use dependence graphs with the introduction of side-effect dependences to transform imperative application logic into a functional representation in which task-level parallelism can be identified.
An Electron Trap for Studying Cross-Field Mobility in Hall Thrusters

An electron-trapping apparatus was constructed to study electron dynamics in the defining fields of a Hall-effect thruster. An electron plasma is confined using vacuum electric and magnetic fields in the absence of neutral-plasma effects and dielectric walls, which are present in a typical Hall thruster. Crossfield electron mobility was investigated in response to changes in magnetic and electric field strengths and background neutral density, and has been found to be much larger than what classical theory predicts. Experimental mobility is on the same order as Bohm mobility; however, the agreement with Bohm mobility is suspected to be coincidental, and the elevated mobility observed is thought to be due to static electric field asymmetries or external electrostatic perturbations, which can be correlated with electrostatic disturbances found in a Hall thruster.
A simulation model to analyze the impact of hole size on putting in golf

We develop a model of golfer putting skill and combine it with physics-based putt trajectory and holeout models to study the impact of doubling the radius of the hole on the putting performance of professional and amateur golfers. The putting skill model reflects golfer execution errors, i.e., that golfers cannot hit the ball at exactly their intended velocity and direction. A green reading skill model reflects a golfer?s inability to perfectly estimate the slope or contour of the putting surface. The model is calibrated to professional and amateur putting data. Optimal putting strategies are computed using stochastic dynamic programming. Quasi-Monte Carlo and other methods are used to speed up computations. Doubling the hole radius improves the putting performance of both professional and amateur golfers, as expected. However, the improvement for amateur golfers is shown to be relatively larger than for professionals.
Dopamine Prediction Errors in Reward Learning and Addiction: From Theory to Neural Circuitry

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are proposed to signal reward prediction error (RPE), a fundamental parameter in associative learning models. This RPE hypothesis provides a compelling theoretical framework for understanding DA function in reward learning and addiction. New studies support a causal role for DA-mediated RPE activity in promoting learning about natural reward; however, this question has not been explicitly tested in the context of drug addiction. In this review, we integrate theoretical models with experimental findings on the activity of DA systems, and on the causal role of specific neuronal projections and cell types, to provide a circuit-based framework for probing DA-RPE function in addiction. By examining error-encoding DA neurons in the neural network in which they are embedded, hypotheses regarding circuit-level adaptations that possibly contribute to pathological error signaling and addiction can be formulated and tested.
A system for estimating direct and diffuse photosynthetically active radiation from hemispherical photographs

Abstract A computer-based system to estimate the amount of photosynthetically active solar radiation received on a horizontal surface from hemispherical photographs is presented. This system reduces the cost and time required for manual analysis to estimate radiation from hemispherical photographs. The equipment required for the system is a camera with a 180° fisheye lens, computer, and scanner. The basic structure and assumptions of the system are described. The system is designed to produce data applicable to a broad range of research projects studying light-plant interactions.
Physiographic characteristics of bridge-stream intersections

Bridges that cross streams can be greatly affected by channel instabilities, such as channel widening, lateral migration and channel bed degradation. Attention to channel conditions in the vicinity of bridges is an important aspect of bridge maintenance and safety. Channel stability is also critical to goals of multi-objective river management. Given that channel stability is important for both river management and the structural stability of bridges, any river management scheme should consider the stability of bridge-stream intersections. In this paper, the characteristics of bridge-stream intersections across the United States are described based on existing literature and recent field observations. A set of recommendations for addressing and improving channel stability at bridges is suggested, including: (1) controlling water and sediment discharges at the catchment level; (2) revegetating channel banks with woody vegetation; (3) reshaping the channel cross-section to a more stable, configuration; (4) removing disturbances from the stream channel, such as cattle and (5) using structures to control flow near channel beds and banks. The physiographic setting is a factor in the solution of at least the first three suggestions in this list. Attention to the physical characteristics of bridge-stream intersections in the various physiographic regions can lead to sustainable solutions for stabilizing channels at bridge-stream intersections. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of foot orthotics on running economy: methodological considerations.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to collect preliminary data to address methodological considerations that may impact subject-specific reactions to foot orthotics during running. Methods Six endurance-trained recreational runners recruited from a chiropractic college campus wore their preferred running shoes and then inserted either their custom-made orthotics during 1 testing session or their shoe-fitted insoles during the other testing session. Comfort perception was measured for each footwear condition. Measurements of oxygen consumption (V o 2 ) at several moderate exercise intensities, to mimic recreational running, generated an individual's economy-of-running line. Predicted running velocity at V o 2max (vV o 2max ) was calculated as an index of endurance performance. Lower extremity muscle activity was recorded. Descriptive statistics, a repeated-measures analysis of variance model, and a paired t test were used to document any systematic changes in running economy, lower extremity muscle activities, and vV o 2max within and across subjects as a function of footwear conditions. Results Decreases in V o 2 at several moderate exercise intensities ( F (1,5)footwear = 10.37, P = .023) and increases in vV o 2max ( t 5 = 4.20, P = .008) occurred in all 6 subjects while wearing their orthotic intervention vs their shoe-fitted insoles. There were no consistent changes in lower extremity muscle activity. Conclusions Methodological decisions to use a sustained incremental exercise protocol at several moderate exercise intensities and to measure comfort perception of a custom-molded foot orthosis were effective at documenting systematic improvements in running economy among the 6 recreational runners tested. The development of a less physically demanding sustained exercise protocol is necessary to determine underlying neuromuscular mechanisms and/or clinical effectiveness of orthotic interventions.
Interferon and Granulopoiesis Signatures in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Blood

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic autoimmune disease characterized by flares of high morbidity. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we now show that active SLE can be distinguished by a remarkably homogeneous gene expression pattern with overexpression of granulopoiesis-related and interferon (IFN)-induced genes. Using the most stringent statistical analysis (Bonferroni correction), 15 genes were found highly up-regulated in SLE patients, 14 of which are targets of IFN and one, defensin DEFA-3, a major product of immature granulocytes. A more liberal correction (Benjamini and Hochberg correction) yielded 18 additional genes, 12 of which are IFN-regulated and 4 granulocyte-specific. Indeed immature neutrophils were identified in a large fraction of SLE patients white blood cells. High dose glucocorticoids, a standard treatment of disease flares, shuts down the interferon signature, further supporting the role of this cytokine in SLE. The expression of 10 genes correlated with disease activity according to the SLEDAI. The most striking correlation (P < 0.001, r = 0.55) was found with the formyl peptide receptor-like 1 protein that mediates chemotactic activities of defensins. Therefore, while the IFN signature confirms the central role of this cytokine in SLE, microarray analysis of blood cells reveals that immature granulocytes may be involved in SLE pathogenesis.
Interference of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) with snap beans

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of large crabgrass densities of 0.5 to 8 plants m−1 of row and emergence time on snap bean yield. Large crabgrass was planted either along with snap beans (early) or when the first trifoliate leaf of snap beans was opening (late). Observed yield loss ranged from 46 to 50%, and predicted yield loss ranged from 53 ± 29.3% to 63 ± 18.3%. Relative leaf area was correlated to snap bean yield (r2 = 0.88 to 0.92). The relative damage coefficient (q), an indication of the competitiveness of large crabgrass with snap bean, was 1.65 ± 1.03 and 1.26 ± 0.72 for early- and late-emerging large crabgrass, respectively. Early-emerging large crabgrass reduced snap bean biomass 10 to 28% and snap bean pod numbers 44 to 60%, depending on the density. Because of intraspecies competition, leaf area index and number of seed for large crabgrass were reduced with increasing density. Emergence of > 2 plants m−1 of large crabgrass with snap beans should be controlle...
Optimization of the Wind Turbine Designs for Areas With Low Wind Speeds

Wind energy has been identified as an important source of renewable energy. In this study, several wind turbine designs have been analyzed and optimized designs have been proposed for low wind speed areas around the world mainly for domestic energy consumption. The wind speed range of 4–12 mph is considered, which is selected based on the average wind speeds in the Atlanta, GA and surrounding areas. These areas have relatively low average wind speeds compared to various other parts of the United States. Traditionally wind energy utilization is limited to areas with higher wind speeds. In reality a lot of areas in the world have low average wind speeds and demand high energy consumption. In most cases, wind turbines are installed in remote offshore or away from habitat high wind locations, causing heavy investment in installation and maintenance, and loss of energy transfer over long distance. A few more advantages of small scale wind turbines include reduced visibility, less noise and reduced detrimental environmental effects such as killing of birds, when compared to traditional large turbines. With the latest development in wind turbine technology it is now possible to employ small scale wind turbines that have much smaller foot print and can generate enough energy for small businesses or residential applications. The low speed wind turbines are typically located near residential areas, and are much smaller in sizes compared to the large out of habitat wind turbines. In this study, several designs of vertical and horizontal axes wind turbines are modeled using SolidWorks e.g. no-airfoil theme, airfoil blade, Savonius rotor etc. Virtual aerodynamic analysis is performed using SolidWorks Flow simulation software, and then optimization of the designs is performed based on maximizing the starting rotational torque and ultimate power generation capacity. From flow simulations, forces on the wind turbine blades and structures are calculated, and used in subsequent stress analysis to confirm structural integrity. Critical insight into low wind speed turbines is obtained using various configurations, and optimized designs have been proposed. The study will help in the practical and effective utilization of wind energy for the areas around the globe having low average wind speeds.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Dasymetric modeling : a hybrid approach using land cover and tax parcel data for mapping population in Alachua county, Florida

Abstract Spatial techniques and fine-scale geographic data may be combined in a variety of innovative ways to serve high-resolution population modeling efforts at local scales, which has been further facilitated by growing computation power and access to open-source spatial data. Previous work has highlighted the importance of a dasymetric approach to produce a parcel-based high-resolution gridded population surface (HGPS). In this study, we investigate the application of land-cover data integrated with the parcel-based HGPS to further improve the accuracy of the HGPS. Consideration is given to twelve combinations made by three land cover strategies (1- no land cover class, 2- five separate classes, and 3- three combined classes) and four property type strategies (1- seven types from an empirical study, 2- eight residential types, 3- seventeen types within Alachua County, and 4- twenty-five types within Florida). Results from different strategies are statistically compared with the most significant combination identified as three combined land-cover classes (heavy vegetation, 0–50% and >50–100% impervious surface) and with seven property types from the empirical study (single family, mobile family, multi-family (≥10 and
Microtubule orientation during stomatal differentiation in grasses

The changing orientation of microtubules (MTs) during formation of the stomatal complex in grasses was observed by immunofluorescence microscopy, beginning with the asymmetrical division of the cell that gives rise to the guard cell mother cell, i.e. the guard cell grandmother cell. The asymmetrically placed preprophase band (PPB) of guard cell grandmother cells and hair cell mother cells is always laid down parallel to the distal end wall even when this wall is oblique to the long axis of the cell. The first step in formation of the PPB of a subsidiary cell mother cell appears to be establishment of an incomplete band of MTs. Whereas the mature PPB forms a curved line in a face view of a subsidiary cell mother cell, in this early stage MTs form fan-shaped arrays that focus on two points along the edge of the subsidiary cell mother cell. Replacement of the transversely oriented interphase microtubule band of the guard cell mother cell with the longitudinally oriented PPB involves several distinctive stages: (1) appearance of MTs directed toward the centre of the periclinal surface along the entire length of the lateral walls. (2) Appearance of another set of MTs along the entire width of both end walls, likewise focused toward the centre of the periclinal surface. Together these two groups of MTs form a cross with broadened tips in face view of the leaf. (3) Disappearance of the first set of MTs, and formation of an increasingly narrow band from the latter at the site of future cytokinesis. Although the anaphase spindles of guard cell grandmother cells, hair cell mother cells and guard cell mother cells are usually diagonally oriented relative to the site occupied previously by the PPB, the line connecting the centres of the spindle poles that are established at prophase is perpendicular to the persisting PPBs. Unlike the situation in certain other hair cells, MTs in leaf hair cells are transversely oriented even when the cells are highly elongated.
A Bayes multinomial probit model for random consumer-surplus maximization

Abstract Willingness to pay measures derived from discrete choice model not only have a clear economic interpretation, but also are a relevant input for welfare analysis, developing marketing strategies, and policy-making. Because inference on parameter ratios is associated with statistical issues, transforming the original utility maximization problem into a consumer surplus maximization model that provides direct inference on willingness to pay is thus desirable. Recent literature uses a parameter reparameterization from the original preference space to the desired willingness-to-pay space. However, we propose a slight variation to this reparameterization that is based on normalizing the marginal utility of income and that works particularly well for models with a general covariance matrix. (For logit-based models the normalization is equivalent to working with the standard reparameterization in willingness-to-pay space.) In fact, we show that Bayes implementation of the normalization of the marginal utility of income solves well-known problems of current multinomial probit samplers. The estimator that we propose effectively avoids defining proper priors on unidentified parameters as well as identification of priors for and making draws of a constrained covariance matrix, and improves the behavior of the predictive posterior of the choice probabilities. In addition, willingness-to-pay estimates from previous studies can easily be used as proper priors in the proposed Gibbs sampler.
Some stochastic differential games with state dependent noise

Some two person noncooperative zero sum stochastic differential games are formulated and solved where the stochastic system is linear with stochastic coefficients and a linear state dependence for the Brownian motion noise and a quadratic payoff for the two players. A direct method is used to obtain the optimal strategies. An example is provided for such a stochastic system.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Analysis of Numerically Simulated Supersonic Jet Flow

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is performed on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) data and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data from an underexpanded axisymmetric jet. PIV measures the streamwise and radial velocity components along a streamwise plane while LES provides data for the full domain and includes all flow variables (three velocity components, density, pressure, and temperature). A qualitative comparison between the POD modes from the LES and PIV data shows features similar in wavelength and shape particularly just downstream of the nozzle exit. An energy analysis shows that the biggest difference between the two cases was near the nozzle exit and believed to be the low turbulence level near the nozzle exit in LES data. At downstream positions, both cases have a similar distribution of POD modal energy. The analysis also shows that the large-scale flow features captured by the POD modes are strongly dependent on the domain size. Small domains are good for extracting the smaller-scale and low energy flow features near the nozzle exit. Further downstream the smaller domain spatially filters the largest flow features from the POD modes. The LES data is further post-processed to see if the streamwise and/or radial velocity can be used to estimate the tangential velocity, pressure, or density. It is found that the streamwise velocity can predict the pressure field, the radial velocity can predict the tangential velocity, and neither component does a good job at predicting the density. The prediction of flow variables is most likely due to the under-expanded nature of the jet and shows how PIV data can be used to further estimate other flow variables.
Clinical analysis of resection of metastatic lung tumor originating from renal cell carcinoma

腎細胞癌 (以下腎癌) 肺転移切除例について, 臨床病理学的にみた予後を検討し, 外科的治療方針について検討した.症例は1986年から2000年までに腎癌肺転移と診断された18例である.腎癌肺転移18例の肺転移巣切除後からの術後生存率は, 5年で42.9%, 10年で32.1%と比較的良好であった.臨床病理学的因子別 (性別, 腫瘍径別, 転移個数別, 発生部位別, N因子別など) の予後を検討した結果, 統計学的有意差をもつ予後不良因子は肺門縦隔リンパ節転移陽性例であった.以上の結果から, 腎癌肺転移例ではその多くは積極的な外科的切除の対象となるが, 肺門縦隔リンパ節転移例では予後が不良であるため, その適応については, 免疫療法との組み合せも考慮に入れた検討が必要である.
Construction of an Intelligent Hydropower Plant Based on IEC 61850 Standard

With a view to gaining a better understanding of the concept of the smart hydropower plant and its whole architecture,this study proposes an intelligent hydropower plant architecture system based on IEC 61850 standard.The technical characteristics of this architecture are analyzed,with focus on the technical implementation plan which includes the object-oriented modeling technology,product development based on the MMS communication protocal,conversion of non-IEC 61850 protocol into the IEC 61850 protocol,IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 model mapping.This study can serve as references for further research on the intelligent hydropower plant.
Nonspecific inhibition of adenosine-activated K+ current by glibenclamide in guinea pig atrial myocytes

The ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel blocker glibenclamide was reported to inhibit the K+ current activated by adenosine. This study investigated whether the inhibition by glibenclamide of the adenosine-induced current is due to a specific blockade of KATP channels in guinea pig atrial myocytes. In the absence of adenosine, the basal background current was an inward rectifier K+ current (IK1). Glibenclamide at concentrations of 10, 30, and 100 microM reduced the basal background K+ current by 15 +/- 6, 43 +/- 10, and 63 +/- 11%, respectively. In the presence of adenosine (10 microM), glibenclamide (30 microM) decreased the adenosine-induced K+ current by 39 +/- 3%. A similar inhibitory effect of glibenclamide on the outward K+ currents activated by either the muscarinic agonist carbachol or the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate was observed. A low concentration (1 microM) of glibenclamide did not significantly attenuate the current elicited by adenosine, although it completely abolished the outward K+ current activated by pinacidil, a KATP channel opener. Thus we conclude that the inhibition of adenosine-induced K+ current by glibenclamide at high concentrations (> 1 microM) is not due to a specific blockade of KATP channels, but rather, resulted from a blockade of IK1.
CHAPTER 7 – Laser-Induced Fluorescence

In laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) a gas-phase molecule or atom is excited by a laser, and the spontaneous emission to a lower state, i.e., fluorescence, is spectrally analyzed and detected. This is sometimes also called laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) or laser-excited fluorescence (LEF). The species is detected either by a selective identification in absorption or fluorescence, and can be identified unambiguously. In dispersed fluorescence experiments, the molecule is excited at a fixed, resonant transition and the fluorescence spectrum is dispersed by a monochromator. The monochromator is scanned to obtain a spectrum that looks hke an emission spectrum. In excitation LIF, either broadband fluorescence or the fluorescence at a specific wavelength is monitored as the excitation wavelength is scanned with a tunable laser; this gives a spectrum very similar to the absorption spectrum.
Evaluating partisan gains from Congressional gerrymandering: Using computer simulations to estimate the effect of gerrymandering in the U.S. House ☆

What is the effect of gerrymandering on the partisan outcomes of United States Congressional elections? A major challenge to answering this question is in determining the outcomes that would have resulted in the absence of gerrymandering. Since we only observe Congressional elections where the districts have potentially been gerrymandered, we lack a non-gerrymandered counterfactual that would allow us to isolate its true effect. To overcome this challenge, we conduct computer simulations of the districting process to redraw the boundaries of Congressional districts without partisan intent. By estimating the outcomes of these non-gerrymandered districts, we are able to establish the non-gerrymandered counterfactual against which the actual outcomes can be compared. The analysis reveals that while Republican and Democratic gerrymandering affects the partisan outcomes of Congressional elections in some states, the net effect across the states is modest, creating no more than one new Republican seat in Congress. Therefore, the partisan composition of Congress can mostly be explained by non-partisan districting, suggesting that much of the electoral bias in Congressional elections is caused by factors other than partisan intent in the districting process.
A security framework for content retrieval in DTNs

In this paper, we address several security issues in our previously proposed content retrieval scheme for Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs). The content retrieval is built upon the social-tie relationships among DTN nodes for routing and content lookup service placement. Malicious nodes can launch attacks by advertising falsified social-tie information to attract and drop packets intended for other nodes, or simply disrupt and destroy the query and delivery paths. Furthermore, selfish nodes, while not seeking to attack, are unwilling to forward packets of others. Both malicious and selfish behaviors contribute to the deterioration of the content retrieval performance. To address the problem, we propose to secure both social-tie records and content delivery records during a contact between two nodes. The unforgeable social-tie records prevent malicious nodes from falsifying the social-tie information. The delivery records from which the packet forwarding ratio of a node is computed, help detect selfish behavior. Lastly, we propose a blacklist distribution method that allows nodes to filter out misbehaving nodes from their social contact graph, effectively preventing network traffic from flowing to misbehaving nodes. Extensive real-trace-driven simulation results show that our scheme can detect misbehaving nodes and mitigate their effects efficiently, thus improving the content retrieval performance.
The Microbiome: What Will the Future Hold?

Current research on the human microbiome has opened our eyes to the intimate relationship that we have with the bacteria that populate our gastrointestinal tract and its potential relationship to health and disease. To date, clinical research on the microbiome has identified intriguing associations between an altered microbiome and disease states, but proven therapeutic applications have been very limited. The ingestion of prebiotics, probiotics, and/or synbiotics is appealing to the general public and has significant commercial value, but as yet, solid evidence for clinical efficacy in liver disease has been lacking due, in large part, to the paucity of high-quality clinical trials. On the other hand, the resounding success of fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection has opened our eyes to the real potential of “pharmabiotics” and may well provide an intriguing template for the development of novel approaches to modulate the microbiome and its interactions with the host and thereby treat and/or prevent disease states. We will attempt to examine the current state of microbiome therapeutics and predict how these approaches might fit into the management of liver diseases in the future.
Evolving virtual fireflies

In this paper, we present a study in the evolution of cooperative behavior, specifically synchronization, through digital evolution and multilevel selection. In digital evolution, a population of self-replicating computer programs exists in a user-defined computational environment and is subject to instructionlevel mutations and natural selection. Multilevel selection links the survival of the individual to the survival of its group, thus encouraging cooperation. Previous approaches to designing synchronization algorithms have taken inspiration from nature: In the well-known firefly model, the only form of communication between agents is in the form of "flash" messages among neighbors. Here we demonstrate that populations of digital organisms, provided with a similar mechanism and minimal information about their environment, are capable of evolving algorithms for synchronization, and that the evolved behaviors are robust to message loss. Moreover, analysis of the dominant genome reveals that the evolved solution utilizes an adaptive frequency strategy strikingly similar to that observed in fireflies.
A constitutive relationship for electrokinetic dewatering of phosphatic clay slurries

Benchtop experiments were performed, in which an electric field was used to enhance separation of water from phosphatic clay suspensions from a central Florida mine. A constitutive relationship was established that relates the increase in solids content to operating time and the applied electric field. An upper limit to the degree of separation was found to be a function of electric field, and the time required to achieve this limiting value was also a function of electric field. The energy requirement for removal of water ranged from 1.25 to 175 Wh/kg water removed as a function of the electric field. A mathematical model was developed that provided good agreement to the experimental values and served to validate the constitutive relationship.
Microbiological quality and safety of fresh produce in West Virginia and Kentucky farmers’ markets and validation of a post-harvest washing practice with antimicrobials to inactivate Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality/safety of fresh produce from farmers’ markets (FM) and assess the post-harvest washing practice with antimicrobials to inactivate Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh produce. In study I, 212 produce samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella and Listeria spp. using modified FDA-BAM methods. Aerobic plate counts (APCs), total coliforms (TCCs), and yeast/molds were analyzed on petri-films. Among the 212 samples, the APCs, TCCs, and yeast/molds were 3.72–5.63, 3.67–5.47, and 3.07–4.13 log CFU/g, respectively, with spinach containing the highest ( P Salmonella enterica spp. enterica was detected on 18.6% of spinach, 10.9% of tomatoes, 18.5% of peppers, and 56.3% of cantaloupes, which is much higher than previous reported. Only 3.78% of the samples were confirmed for Listeria spp., and 50% of them were identified as L. monocytogenes , based on multiplex PCR results. Due to the high percentage of pathogens detected on the farmers marker produce an evaluation of post-harvest produce washing with various antimicrobials was conducted in study II. Specifically, spinach, tomatoes, green peppers and cucumbers were inoculated with S . Typhimurium and Tennessee or L. monocytogenes and washed in tap water, vinegar water (10%), lactic acid (5%), a lactic and citric acid blend (2.5%), and sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm) for 30 s or unwashed. Vinegar water (10%) showed better ( P S. Typhimurium and Tennessee on tomatoes and cucumbers, and L. monocytogenes on tomatoes and peppers than tap water. The three antimicrobials reached an additional reduction level of 0.9–2.7 ( S. Typhimurium and Tennessee) and 0.2 to 1.4 log CFU/g ( L . monocytogenes ) compared to tap water. Lactic acid indicated the best ( P S. Typhimurium and Tennessee on spinach and green peppers, and sodium hypochlorite showed the best ( P L. monocytogenes on cucumbers. The results supplied important information for FM vendors to develop post-harvest protocols to control foodborne pathogens.
P528 RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME (RLS) IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (HE) IN DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS. A CLINICAL PILOT STUDY

Objective: The prevalence of RLS is close to 10% in the general population; which adversely affects the quality of life (QOL). Exact etiology of RLS is still unknown. Iron deficiency, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have clear associations with RLS. Decompensated cirrhosis with portal hypertension has multiorgan involvement causing minimal and overt encephalopathy, sleep disturbances ( dysnomia, parasomnia) and stupor; all of which has a clear association with sub acute bacterial peritonitis ( SBP ) which has a precipitating clinical state along with SIBO. This clinical study evaluates the association of RLS in HE amongst decompensated cirrhotics. Methods: One hundred and eight (n=108) patients were recruited and subdivided into three subgroups. Group A (n=36) decompensated cirrhotic (mean MELD of 16, OHE 20/36 (55%), MHE 16/36 (44%), esophageal varices grade II 24/36 (67%). Group B (n=36) chronic liver disease without cirrhosis with mean MELD 6: Alcohol related 9/36 (25%), NASH 12/ 36 (33%), HCV 12/36 (33%), HBV 1/36 (3%) and AIH 2/36 (6%). Group C (n=36) healthy controls. Initially all received Xifaxan 550mg orally twice daily for 10 days to eradicate coexisting SIBO. All underwent Methane breath test for SIBO. Baseline labs: Serum levels for renal function, ferritin, iron studies, hemoglobin and hematocrit, ammonia, Celiac and IBD serology, stool lactoferrin & calprotectin and urine for toxicology screening were collected. Groups A and B underwent neuro-psychometric and flicker testing for MHE and OHE and sleep testing for RLS (with Mayo RLS questionnaire). Exclusion: Chronic iron deficiency, Celiac disease, IBD, major depression, IBS, benzodiazepines, narcotics, alcohol, anti-psychotics and use of illicit drugs. Results: Group A 24/36 (67%) had RLS: [ OHE 16/20 (80%), MHE 8/16 (50%), esophageal varices 8/10 (80%), alcoholic cirrhotic 10/14 (71%), CHC 3/ 6 (50%), NASH 3/6 (50%) and SIBO 14/36 (39%) ]. Group B 1/36 (3%) RLS and SIBO 7/ 36 (19%). Group C : 2/36 (6%) RLS and SIBO 3/36 (8%). All individuals were confirmed by sleep study and RLS questionnaire. Serum ammonia has no impact on RLS. Conclusion: This clinical trial postulates that decompensated cirrhotics with Hepatic encephalopathy have high incidence of RLS with portal hypertension. Larger trials will validate this finding.
Role of Host Factors on the Regulation of Tat-Mediated HIV-1 Transcription.

BACKGROUND The viral transactivator Tat protein is a key modulator of HIV-1 replication, as it regulates transcriptional elongation from the integrated proviral genome. Tat recruits the human transcription elongation factor b, and other host proteins, such as the super elongation complex, to activate the cellular RNA polymerase II, normally stalled shortly after transcription initiation at the HIV promoter. By means of a complex set of interactions with host cellular factors, Tat determines the fate of viral activity within the infected cell. The virus will either actively replicate to promote dissemination in blood and tissues, or become dormant mostly in memory CD4+ T cells, as part of a small but long-living latent reservoir, the main obstacle for HIV eradication. OBJECTIVE In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the multi-step mechanism that regulates Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription and RNA polymerase II release, to promote viral transcription elongation. Early events of the human transcription elongation factor b release from the inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and its recruitment to the HIV promoter will be discussed. Specific roles of the super elongation complex subunits during transcription elongation, and insight on recently identified cellular factors and mechanisms regulating HIV latency will be detailed. CONCLUSION Understanding the complexity of HIV transcriptional regulation by host factors may open the door for development of novel strategies to eradicate the resilient latent reservoir.
The impact of trails on property values: a spatial analysis

Convenient and local access to open green space is highly valued in many communities, particularly those comprised largely of individuals who participate in natural resource outdoor recreation. Understanding the value outdoor recreation communities place on access to open space is critical for informing policy decisions on land use including zoning and other restrictions, government open space purchases, and open space access points such as trailheads. In this article, we analyze the impact of trail access on property values in Ogden, Utah, using spatial hedonic pricing models. We consistently find substantial premiums for properties located closer to trailheads. Using a spatial Durbin error model, we find a 0.6% direct effect premium for each minute closer in driving time to the nearest trailhead, and a 1.4% premium when accounting for the total impact. We also find direct premiums between 0.4 and 1.9% for each minute closer in driving time to individual trailheads in this region. Additionally, homes adjacent to trailheads do not experience negative spillovers that homeowners may experience from increased traffic and congestion.
Wide conization of cervix

T HE, problem of the operative treatment, of extensive chronic cervicitis has taxed the ingenuity of some of the outstanding leaders in gynecology since the early part of the nineteenth century. A brief review of the main steps in working out the solution of this problem will help one to realize the difficulties encountered, and will give an historical perspective of the development of our present-day methods.
Comorbidity Among Disruptive Behavior Disorders: Impact on Severity, Impairment, and Response to Treatment

Comorbidity among the disruptive behavior disorders is the rule rather than the exception. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature that documents comorbidity with the disruptive behavior disorders and develops a conceptual frame of reference for understanding this phenomenon.
Mull, R.F., Beggs, R.A. & Renneisen, M. (2009). Recreation Facility Management: Design, Development, Operations and Utilization

(2009). Mull, R.F., Beggs, R.A. & Renneisen, M. (2009). Recreation Facility Management: Design, Development, Operations and Utilization. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 179-180.
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for Evaluation of the Right Ventricle—Updates on Image Acquisition and Analysis

Review three-dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) acquisition and analysis of the right ventricular (RV) chamber, the recommended technique by the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. 3DE acquisition and analysis of RV size and function is available in the majority of clinical echocardiographic laboratories. Recent publications showed this approach provides accurate information despite the challenging chamber anatomy and physiology, when compared to magnetic resonance imaging as reference. 3DE assessment directly measures RV volumes without geometric assumptions. Accordingly, 3DE analysis was found more accurate and reproducible than conventional 2DE methodology, which measures only surrogate parameters of RV function. RV 3DE assessment is ready for routine clinical use and has direct implications for patient management. 3DE evaluation has the potential to expand the analysis not only to traditionally parameters of size and function, but to new indices including shape, which may become a new useful diagnostic and prognostic information.
Learning semantic descriptions of web information sources

The Internet is full of information sources providing various types of data from weather forecasts to travel deals. These sources can be accessed via web-forms, Web Services or RSS feeds. In order to make automated use of these sources, one needs to first model them semantically. Writing semantic descriptions for web sources is both tedious and error prone. In this paper we investigate the problem of automatically generating such models. We introduce a framework for learning Datalog definitions for web sources, in which we actively invoke sources and compare the data they produce with that of known sources of information. We perform an inductive search through the space of plausible source definitions in order to learn the best possible semantic model for each new source. The paper includes an empirical evaluation demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach on real-world web sources.
Transaction Execution Models in Partially Replicated Transactional Memory: The Case for Data-Flow and Control-Flow

In this chapter we describe solutions for managing concurrency of distributed transactional memory accesses in partially replicated deployments. A system is classified as partially replicated if, for each shared object, there is more than one node responsible for storing the object, thus resulting in multiple copies available in the system. In contrast to full replication, where all objects are replicated on all nodes, partial replication allows storing a huge amount of data that, by nature, cannot fit in a single node and improving scalability by (significantly) increasing the number of node serving transaction requests. Solutions that assume partially replicated deployments are categorized according to the mobility of shared objects. In the control-flow approach shared objects are pinned to nodes for the entire system’s lifetime, whereas in the data-flow objects are allowed to change residence node (also called owner) whenever a transaction commits a new version of the object. Intuitively, adopting the data-flow model, objects follow committing transactions whereas, relying on the control-flow model, transactions’ flow is routed towards objects. There is a number of key factors to be evaluated before preferring one transaction execution model to another. This chapter surveys all of them and provides solutions suited for different deployments. The chapter aims for helping designers to understand the execution model that better fits their requirements.
Laywomen and the Making of Colonial Catholicism in New Spain, 1630–1790

In the first history of laywomen and the church in colonial Mexico, Jessica L. Delgado shows how laywomen participated in and shaped religious culture in significant ways by engaging creatively with gendered theology about women, sin, and guilt in their interactions with church sacraments, institutions, and authorities. Taking a thematic approach, using stories of individuals, institutions, and ideas, Delgado illuminates the diverse experiences of urban and rural women of Indigenous, Spanish, and African descent. By centering the choices these women made in their devotional lives and in their relationships to the aspects of the church they regularly encountered, this study expands and challenges our understandings of the church's role in colonial society, the role of religion in gendered and racialized power, and the role of ordinary women in the making of colonial religious culture.
Solving 2-D highly nonlinear free-surface problems with an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

A numerical program based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been developed to solve the nonlinear fluid–structure interaction problems. The numerical method simulates the breaking free-surface flows and evaluates hydrodynamic loads on structures. A kernel function was employed to interpolate the flow field and solve the Euler equations. The solid boundaries were modelled using a fixed ghost particle method. A particle shifting technique was adopted and improved to minimize the interpolation error caused by the non-uniform particle configuration on the free surface. Validation studies were carried out for three cases, including the dam-break flow impacting a vertical wall, water entry of a free-fall wedge and the sloshing flow in a rectangular container excited by roll motions. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data and other published numerical solutions.
E-155 Endovascular therapy for large vessel occlusion acute stroke in nonagenarians versus octogenarians

Background Little is known on the outcomes of nonagenarians treated with endovascular therapy for acute large vessel occlusion stroke. It is unclear whether they have worse clinical outcomes than octogenarians. Methods We reviewed our prospectively collected endovascular database at a tertiary care academic institution between Sep 2010-Dec 2016. All patients older than 80 years that underwent endovascular therapy for large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke were included and categorized into two groups: 80–89 years (octogenarians), and 90–99 years (nonagenarians). Baseline, procedural, and radiological characteristics, as well as outcome parameters were compared. Results Thirty-one nonagenarians and 181 octogenarians were treated over the 6 year study period. When compared with octogenarians, nonagenarians had lower glucose levels (121±26 vs 138±46, p Conclusions Our study shows that there is no significant difference in procedural and clinical outcomes between nonagenarians and octogenarians treated with endovascular therapy. Baseline stroke severity and successful reperfusion are the main drivers of favorable functional outcome in patients≥80 years-old. Disclosures J. Grossberg: 1; C; Georgia Research Alliance. 4; C; NTI. M. Bouslama: None. D. Haussen: None. M. Frankel: None. R. Nogueira: None.
RX: A SYSTEMATIC MEDICAL ETHICS–STAT!

ABSTRACT This paper examines the current state of crisis in medical ethics and philosophy's apparent failure to produce a solution based on a systematic review of medicine's philosophical history and calls upon medicine herself to take responsibility for her ethical and philosophical health.
The evolution of norms and their influence on performance among self-governing irrigation systems in the Southwestern United States

Irrigation is important for global food supply and is vulnerable to climate change. Internalized cultural norms are important for the performance of Common Pool Resource (CPR) regimes such as irrigation systems, but much is unknown about the role of norms in shaping irrigation performance. This paper applies multi-level selection (MLS) theory and CPR theory to a stratified, semi-random sample of 71 irrigation systems of distinct cultural origins in the Upper Rio Grande Basin of the United States to test hypotheses related to the role of norms in irrigation system form and function. Results show that internalized norms of cooperation are strongly associated with the rules and technologies adopted by irrigators, the frequency of water use violations, average crop production, and the equality of crop production. Systems with internalized norms of cooperation have adopted rules and technologies which are associated with increased care for the commons, public goods, and higher equality between irrigators. Further, agents designated as monitors of CPR use have different effects depending on whether irrigators possess cooperative or competitive norms. Notably, the presence of monitors that enforce rules that are incongruent with norms is associated with increased water use violations and lower average crop production. These findings add weight to the growing body of work giving greater attention to cultural context when analyzing user-governed CPR regimes and climate resilience, and further illustrate the compatibility of MLS theory with other prevailing theories in CPR research.