cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with African Americans

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly distressing disorder and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Research has shown that several self-report measures of OCD are not valid for use with ethnoracially diverse populations, therefore it is important that all OCD measures be validated cross-culturally. There has been particularly scant work in validating OCD measures in African Americans. Research to date indicates that several self-report measures (Padua Inventory and Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory) are not predictive of OCD in non-clinical samples of African Americans. However, the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, Revised (OCI-R) is suitable in this population when employing a higher cut-off score. In addition, the clinician administered Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) appears to be valid in African Americans. All other measures have not been validated in African Americans with and without OCD. To confidently identify clinically relevant symptoms, it is important to understand how OCD manifests in this population.
Formation of huge in-plane anisotropy of intrinsic stress by off-axis growth of diamond

The present study shows that the heteroepitaxial growth of diamond by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on Ir/YSZ/Si(111) substrates with off-axis angles of few degrees can generate intrinsic stress with huge anisotropy of several GPa in the diamond films. For all investigated off-axis directions and angles, a plane stress state with a perpendicular component σ33 ∼ 0 GPa is derived by X-ray diffraction. The size and direction of the associated in-plane stress tensor components exhibit a unique dependency on the off-axis tilt direction. They can combine the simultaneous presence of tensile and compressive stress within a layer. Stress anisotropy increases with the off-axis angle. For diamond with off-axis tilt towards [110] and [112], the principal axes of the tensor are parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the projection of the off-axis direction into the film plane, whereas for [ 11¯0] they are rotated by an angle of ∼30°. For a consistent explanation of this complex behaviour, it is suggested tha...
Designing steganographic distortion using directional filters

This paper presents a new approach to defining additive steganographic distortion in the spatial domain. The change in the output of directional high-pass filters after changing one pixel is weighted and then aggregated using the reciprocal Holder norm to define the individual pixel costs. In contrast to other adaptive embedding schemes, the aggregation rule is designed to force the embedding changes to highly textured or noisy regions and to avoid clean edges. Consequently, the new embedding scheme appears markedly more resistant to steganalysis using rich models. The actual embedding algorithm is realized using syndrome-trellis codes to minimize the expected distortion for a given payload.
Integrating mechanisms of response and resistance against the tubulin binding agent Eribulin in preclinical models of osteosarcoma.

// Valerie B. Sampson 1 , Nancy S. Vetter 1 , Wendong Zhang 2 , Pratima U. Patil 3 , Robert W. Mason 3 , Erika George 4 , Richard Gorlick 2 , Edward A. Kolb 1 1 Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA 2 Department of Pediatrics - Hematology and Oncology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA 3 Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Correspondence to: Valerie B. Sampson, email: vsampson@nemours.org Keywords: eribulin, microtubule destabilization, G2/M arrest, mitotic catastrophe, cell death Received: March 22, 2016 Accepted: October 29, 2016 Published: November 15, 2016 ABSTRACT Osteosarcoma is the most frequently occurring bone cancer in children and adolescents. Unfortunately, treatment failures are common. Eribulin is a synthetic microtubule inhibitor that has demonstrated activity in preclinical osteosarcoma models. The effects of eribulin were evaluated in two human osteosarcoma cell lines as well as in eribulin-sensitive and -resistant osteosarcoma xenograft tumors of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) by characterizing cell viability, microtubule destabilization, mitotic arrest and mechanism of cell death. Eribulin demonstrated cytotoxic activity in vitro , through promotion of microtubule dynamic instability, arrest of cells in the G2/M phase, mitotic catastrophe and cell death. The microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin-1 (STMN1) was coimmunoprecipitated with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 indicating that these cytoplasmic complexes can protect cells from the microtubule destabilizing effect of eribulin. Increased tumoral expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and TUBB3 were also associated with lower drug sensitivity. In summary, eribulin successfully blocked cells in G2/M phase but interfered with mitochondria activity to inhibit proteins involved in apoptosis. Understanding the complex and inter-related mechanisms involved in the overall drug response to eribulin may help in the design of therapeutic strategies that enhance drug activity and improve benefits of eribulin in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma.
Empirical Studies in Institutional Change

(1997). Empirical Studies in Institutional Change. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 843-846.
Texting preferences in a Paediatric residency.

SummaryPurpose Text messaging is ubiquitous among residents, but remains an underused educational tool. Though feasibility has been demonstrated, evidence of its ability to improve standardised test scores and provide insight on resident texting preferences is lacking. The authors set out to evaluate: (1) satisfaction with a hybrid question-and-answer (QA and (2) pre-/post-paediatric in-training exam (ITE) performance. Methods A prospective study with paediatrics and internal medicine–paediatrics residents. Residents were divided into subgroups: adolescent medicine (AM) and developmental medicine (DM). Messages were derived from ITE questions and sent Monday–Friday with a 20 per cent variance in messages specific to the sub-group. Residents completed surveys gauging perceptions of the programme, and pre- and post-programme ITE scores were analysed. Results Forty-one residents enrolled and 32 (78%) completed a post-programme survey. Of those, 21 (66%) preferred a Q&A format with an immediate text response versus information-only texts. The percentage change in ITE scores between 2013 and 2014 was significant. Comparing subgroups, there was no significant difference between the percentage change in ITE scores. Neither group performed significantly better on either the adolescent or developmental sections of the ITE. Text messaging… remains an underused educational tool Conclusions Overall, participants improved their ITE scores, but no improvement was seen in the targeted subgroups on the exam. Although Q&A texts are preferred by residents, further assessment is required to assess the effect on educational outcomes.
Novel intramedullary device for lengthening transfemoral residual limbs

Lower limb loss is a highly disabling medical condition that can severely impact a person’s quality of life. Recovery becomes especially challenging if an amputee has a short residual limb, which can complicate proper prosthetic fitting, causing discomfort, difficulties in suspension, and reduced mobility. Current limb lengthening techniques such as the Ilizarov apparatus and external fixators are cumbersome, uncomfortable, and have high complication rates. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a novel limb-lengthening device that uses intramedullary bone lengthening and requires only one percutaneous rod at the end of the limb during the distraction phase. Only the intramedullary nail remains after the distraction phase, and no external components are required during the consolidation phase. We hypothesize that this system would create a much easier experience for the patient. The system was first tested in a mock surgical implantation using plastic femur bones. The device was then tested in a series of cadaveric experiments using pelvis-to-knee specimens by a group of surgeons. Surgeons evaluated the surgical insertion technique, soft tissue considerations, hardware fixation strategies, and the effectiveness of the distraction mechanism. Revisions and improvements to the device and surgical procedure were made based on the results from the cadaveric experiments. A questionnaire was given to two visiting surgeons following the final iteration of the device. The surgeons reported that the system effectively lengthened the limb, was sturdy, and could be installed efficiently. However, there remains a risk of infection and soft tissue imbalances, similar to that introduced by an external fixator device. Suggestions on how to improve the design of the device and mitigate infection through postoperative management and surgical standard of care will be considered for future clinical trials. The described intramedullary residual limb-lengthening device has evolved from a prototype to a mature model tested in six cadaveric experiments to date. Further mechanical and functional testing is needed to finalize the device before testing in patients.
Critique [of Gong Lum v. Rice: The Convergence of Law, Race and Ethnicity by Malik Simba]

For all intent and purposes the United States of America in 1927 was an apartheid state. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision in 1896 determined that the best social policy for this nation to pursue was one which required racial separation. The Plessy decision essentially capped a series of Supreme Court decisions which underscored the destruction of Reconstruction and the return of “states rights” to southern governments. Decisions like the Slaughter House Cases (1872) and the Civil Rights Cases (1883) gave clear evidence of the federal government9s hasty retreat from serving as an advocate for the civil rights of African Americans.
An analysis and comparison of the statistical sensitivity of semantic similarity metrics

Semantic similarity has been used for comparing genes, proteins, phenotypes, diseases, etc. for various biological applications. The rise of ontology-based data representation in biology has also led to the development of several semantic similarity metrics that use different statistics to estimate similarity. Although semantic similarity has become a crucial computational tool in several applications, there has not been a formal evaluation of the statistical sensitivity of these metrics and their ability to recognize similarity between distantly related biological objects. Here, we present a statistical sensitivity comparison of five semantic similarity metrics (Jaccard, Resnik, Lin, Jiang & Conrath, and Hybrid Relative Specificity Similarity) representing three different kinds of metrics (Edge based, Node based, and Hybrid) and explore key parameter choices that can impact sensitivity. Furthermore, we compare four methods of aggregating individual annotation similarities to estimate similarity between two biological objects - All Pairs, Best Pairs, Best Pairs Symmetric, and Groupwise. To evaluate sensitivity in a controlled fashion, we explore two different models for simulating data with varying levels of similarity and compare to the noise distribution using resampling. Source data are derived from the Phenoscape Knowledgebase of evolutionary phenotypes. Our results indicate that the choice of similarity metric along with different parameter choices can substantially affect sensitivity. Among the five metrics evaluated, we find that Resnik similarity shows the greatest sensitivity to weak semantic similarity. Among the ways to combine pairwise statistics, the Groupwise approach provides the greatest discrimination among values above the sensitivity threshold, while the Best Pairs statistic can be parametrically tuned to provide the highest sensitivity. Our findings serve as a guideline for an appropriate choice and parameterization of semantic similarity metrics, and point to the need for improved reporting of the statistical significance of semantic similarity matches in cases where weak similarity is of interest.
Dripped Lidocaine: A Novel Approach to Needleless Anesthesia for Mucosal Lacerations.

Abstract Background Oral lacerations represent a unique challenge for anesthesia in the emergency department. Many options exist for local anesthesia, but these options are often associated with pain from injections or anxiety from anticipated needle injection. Case Series We introduce a novel and needleless approach to achieving local anesthesia for oral mucosa repair by dripping injectable lidocaine directly onto mucosal wounds prior to repair. This method is well tolerated and achieves appropriate anesthesia without undesirable side effects. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Dripped injectable lidocaine may be an alternative method for mucosal anesthesia in the pediatric population.
First-Order Water Balance Studies Using Smap Soil Moisture

Hydrological water balance studies require knowledge of terrestrial water content within an active storage volume. While the advent of microwave remote sensing has enable frequent and global observations of surface soil moisture, by itself, surface moisture content is not directly suitable for use in water balance studies. An appropriate length-scale, Δz, is required to transform the soil moisture state to total water content. This work demonstrates the applicability of SMAP soil moisture in first-order and observation-driven water balance. First, a novel method is presented to estimate the soil water loss function. Then, by resolving the water balance equation and enforcing mass conservation, estimates of the hydrological length scale over the United States is provided. Mean precipitation is the dominant factor on Δz, such that wetter regions with higher mean precipitation have larger lengths scale. The mean soil moisture state and texture weakly influence Δz.
Redefining the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in Garden Park National Natural Landmark and vicinity, eastern Colorado: Geology of the Intermountain West

The Garden Park National Natural Landmark (GPNNL) is north of Canon City, Colorado, and encompasses all of the major historical dinosaur quarries of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in this area. The formation there can be divided into the lower redefined Ralston Creek Member and an upper unnamed member. The Morrison Formation is bracketed below by the J-5 unconformity and above by the K-1 unconformity. The Ralston Creek Member is composed of up to 55 m of arkosic conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and gypsum conformably underlying the unnamed member. Fossil fishes previously used to infer a Middle Jurassic age are non-diagnostic. A diplodocid skeleton 4 m above the J-5 unconformity from the west-adjacent Shaws Park, and a radiometric date of 152.99 + 0.10 Ma from the Purgatoire River area demonstrate that the Ralston Creek rightly belongs in the Morrison Formation and correlates with the Tidwell and Salt Wash Members on the Colorado Plateau. The Ralston Creek was deposited in a broad playa complex analogous to those of central Australia and here called the Ralston Creek boinka. Groundwater flux played an important role in gypsum deposition in gypsisols and playa lakes. The overlying unnamed member in the GPNNL can be subdivided on the west side of Fourmile Creek into a lower part composed largely of mudstone with many thin, discontinuous channel sandstone beds, and a thicker upper part containing more persistent tabular sandstone beds; this subdivision does not occur east of Fourmile Creek. Several thin limestone beds occur in the Ralston Creek Member and in the lower part of the unnamed upper member. The limestone contains fresh water ostracods and aquatic mollusks indicating a lacustrine origin. However, these fauna are apparently stunted and the ostracod valves closed indicating periodic hypersaline conditions. All detrital rocks in the Morrison Formation at Garden Park are composed of varying amounts of quartz, potassic feldspar, and the clay minerals illite, smectite, and kaolinite. Mapping of the clay minerals in the unnamed member reflect various paleosols throughout the mudstone interval, including protosols and argillisols. At the top of the formation, a sandstone previously assigned to the Morrison is reassigned to the overlying Cretaceous Lytle Formation based on similar weathering characteristics, mineral content, and fabric. Thus, the K-1 unconformity between the Morrison and overlying Lytle rests on the uppermost occurrence of the Morrison Formation mudstone-sandstone-limestone complex and beneath the blocky, cliff-forming Lytle Formation.
Pattern of cochlear obliteration after vestibular Schwannoma resection according to surgical approach

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To investigate the prevalence and course of cochlear obliteration according to microsurgical approach to inform clinical decision making regarding optimal timing of cochlear implantation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective radiologic review and chart review. METHODS Patients who underwent microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) with a minimum of two available postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were analyzed. The prevalence and timing of cochlear and labyrinthine obliteration was classified using relevant MRI sequences. RESULTS MRI studies in 60 patients were analyzed: 20 translabyrinthine (TL), 20 retrosigmoid, and 20 middle fossa (MF) cases. The first and last postoperative MRI was obtained a median of 3.4 months (interquartile range (IQR), 3.0-3.7 months) and 35 months (IQR, 27-83 months) after surgery, respectively. At the time of the first postoperative MRI, 21 (35%) patients had partial basal turn obliteration, and none of the patients had complete basal turn obliteration. At the time of the last postoperative MRI, six (10%) patients had partial basal turn obliteration and 17 (28%) patients had complete basal turn obliteration. The pattern of partial or complete basal turn obliteration differed significantly among all three surgical approaches (P < .001). Specifically, the risk of partial or complete obliteration of the basal turn was highest in the TL cohort and lowest in the MF cohort. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence and timing of cochlear obliteration after VS microsurgery varies significantly according to surgical approach. The risk of early and complete obliteration is highest in the TL group and lowest in the MF cohort. These data may inform clinical decision making regarding optimal timing of cochlear implantation in patients with advanced hearing loss after microsurgical resection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:474-481, 2020.
Correlation Between Kappa Prozone Effect and IgA Kappa M Proteins in Serum Free Light-Chain Assay.

To the Editor: Serum free light-chain (FLC) assays have been incorporated into diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma (1). However, these assays are subject to analytical issues such as lot-to-lot variation, antigen excess, and nonlinearity (2). A recent lot change for κ FLC (Lot 130718, The Binding Site) prompted physician phone calls questioning normal κ results in patients with a history of increased concentrations, triggering laboratory investigations. Further analysis revealed prozone (or hook) effect, which occurs when the antigen (FLC) is present in great excess and impairs immune-complex formation, leading to analyte underestimation. A protocol to mitigate κ FLC antigen excess is to manually reflex to higher dilutions whenever the FLC ratio is ≥2. Samples with antigen excess were identified by this practice or in response to physician inquiry. Sample selection was blinded to any additional characteristics. Samples exhibiting prozone effect are shown in 25 cases in Table 1. Testing was performed on a nephelometric Siemens BN II platform. The discrepancy between the concentrations obtained with the assay's initial 1:100 dilution and the final reported dilution had a median fold difference of 9.0 (range, 2.6–7505). The upper limit of the 1:100 lot-specific calibration curve is 19.6 mg/dL. Therefore, it is distressing that concentrations obtained from the initial dilution do not appear as “>19.6” …
Opioid-Induced Hypogonadism in the United States

Abstract Objective To examine the incidence of screening, diagnosis, and treatment of hypogonadism among men treated with opioids in the United States. Patients and Methods Using one of the nation's largest commercial insurance databases, we identified 53,888 men aged 20 years or older who had 90 or more days of opioid prescriptions in a single 12-month period between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017, with no history of hypogonadism or testosterone therapy in the preceding 12 months. We matched this cohort to 53,888 men with 14 or fewer days of opioid prescriptions based on age, opioid initiation date, opioid indication, and comparable exclusion criteria. We assessed whether men, 14 or fewer days after initiation of opioid treatment, received a serum testosterone test, a diagnosis of hypogonadism, or a prescription for testosterone therapy. All men were followed up until they lost coverage from the commercial insurance plan, experienced one of the study outcomes, or the end of study (December 31, 2017). Results In the multivariable analyses—adjusting for age, year of opioid initiation, region, comorbid disease, glucocorticoid use, and health care utilization—the 53,888 prolonged opioid users, in comparison with 53,888 short-term users, had an increased incidence of serum testosterone screening (5991 [17.15%; 95% CI, 16.70%-17.61%] vs 3514 [11.55%; 95% CI, 11.11%-12.01%] at 5 years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.38-1.55), hypogonadism diagnosis (3125 [9.44%; 95% CI, 9.09%-9.80%] vs 1421 [4.85%; 95% CI, 4.55%-5.16%; HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.60-1.90]), and receipt of testosterone therapy (1919 [5.76%; 95% CI, 5.49%-6.05%] vs 631 [2.21%; 95% CI, 2.04%-2.43%; HR, 2.41; 95% CI, 2.13-2.74]). Each of these findings persisted across multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Prolonged opioid exposure was associated with increased rates of screening, diagnosis, and treatment for opioid-induced hypogonadism, but these rates were much lower than expected based on previous serum-based studies.
Chip-to-chip Optical Data Communications using Polarization Division Multiplexing

Short distance optical communication is challenging in significant part because the expense of constructing effective systems is high. We describe an optical data communication system that is designed to operate over very short distances (neighboring chips on a board) and is compatible with traditional CMOS fabrication, substantially decreasing the cost to build relative to previous approaches. Polarization division multiplexing is exploited to increase the achievable data rates.
CREB5 reprograms nuclear interactions to promote resistance to androgen receptor targeting therapies

Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC) are treated with therapies that antagonize the androgen receptor (AR). Nearly all patients develop resistance to AR-targeted therapies (ART). Our previous work identified CREB5 as an upregulated target gene in human mCRPC that promoted resistance to all clinically-approved ART. The mechanisms by which CREB5 promotes progression of mCRPC or other cancers remains elusive. Integrating ChIP-seq and rapid immunoprecipitation and mass spectroscopy of endogenous proteins (RIME), we report that cells overexpressing CREB5 demonstrate extensive reprogramming of nuclear protein-protein interactions in response to the ART agent enzalutamide. Specifically, CREB5 physically interacts with AR, the pioneering actor FOXA1, and other known co-factors of AR and FOXA1 at transcription regulatory elements recently found to be active in mCRPC patients. We identified a subset of CREB5/FOXA1 co-interacting nuclear factors that have critical functions for AR transcription (GRHL2, HOXB13) while others (TBX3, NFIC) regulated cell viability and ART resistance and were amplified or overexpressed in mCRPC. Upon examining the nuclear protein interactions and the impact of CREB5 expression on the mCRPC patient transcriptome, we found CREB5 was associated with TGF{beta} and Wnt signaling and epithelial to mesenchymal transitions, implicating these pathways in ART resistance. Overall, these observations define the molecular interactions among CREB5, FOXA1, and pathways that promote ART resistance.
Evaluating multiple factors that can be used as skill predictors in software proficiency

In this ubiquitous computing society, most students are required to be proficient in computer skills to compete in today's global job market. These computer skills usually include skills in business productivity applications. Assessing those skills is normally accomplished by hands-on skills exams, which can become onerous and costly. This study explored whether a combination of a computer self-efficacy (CSE) survey, cognitive questions, and skill-based questions could indeed be a valid alternative to a hands-on skills exam. The findings of this study indicate some types of questions may be better predictors of performance on the hands-on skills exam, and some combinations of survey items and questions may be viable alternatives to hands-on skills exams. As a result of this research, schools and companies could adapt these indirect and direct assessments to their situation to perform their own study or assess the skills of their students/employees.
Pharmacy residents' pursuit of academic positions.

Objective. To describe pharmacy residents’ interest in and pursuit of academic positions. Methods. An electronic presurvey and postsurvey were sent to pharmacy residents during the 2011-2012 residency year. The initial survey evaluated residents’ job preferences and interest in academia at the beginning of residency, and the follow-up survey focused on job selection and reasons for pursuing or not pursuing positions in academia. Results. Nine hundred thirty-six residents responded to the initial survey and 630 participated in both the initial and follow-up survey. Forty-eight percent of those responding to both surveys strongly considered a career in academia in the initial survey, 28% applied for an academic position, and 7% accepted a position. Second-year postgraduate residents were more likely than first-year postgraduate residents to apply for and be offered a faculty position. Conclusion. Pharmacy residents are interested in academia. While increasing interest among residents is encouraging for faculty recruitment, the academy should also encourage and develop adequate training experiences to prepare residents to succeed in these positions.
Modeling the mortality reduction due to computed tomography screening for lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer remains controversial because results from the National Lung Screening Trial are not yet available. In this study, the authors used data from a single-arm CT screening trial to estimate the mortality reduction using a modeling-based approach to construct a control comparison arm. METHODS: To estimate the potential lung cancer mortality reduction because of CT screening, a previously developed and validated model was applied to the screening trial to predict the number of lung cancer deaths in the absence of screening. By using age, gender, and smoking characteristics matching those of the trial participants, the model was used to simulate 5000 trials in the absence of CT screening to produce the expected number of lung cancer deaths along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), while adjusting for healthy volunteer bias. RESULTS: There were 64 observed lung cancer deaths in the screening cohort (n = 7995), whereas the model predicted 117.7 deaths (95% CI, 98 deaths-139 deaths), indicating a mortality reduction of 45.6% (P < .001). When a more conservative healthy volunteer adjustment was applied, 111.3 lung cancer deaths were predicted (95% CI, 91 deaths-132 deaths), for a lung cancer-specific mortality reduction of 42.5% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicate that CT screening along with early stage treatment can reduce lung cancer-specific mortality. This mortality reduction is greatly influenced by the protocol of nodule follow-up and treatment, and the length of follow-up. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Can You Buy a President? Politics After the Tillman Act

A Political Action Committee (PAC) is defined as any organization that seeks to influence the outcome of an election or policy decision through financial donations. Until recently, there have been ...
Tony Lawson on Critical Realism: What's Teaching Got to Do with It?

In this article we explore the implications of Tony Lawson's critical realism for teaching. Rather than offering a critique of Lawson's perspective, we use his ideas as they appear to relate to our experience as educators in our respective disciplines. In this sense we hope to suggest a way of integrating disciplinary scholarship and reflection on teaching. Therefore, we emphasize the aspects of Lawson's work which are most meaningful to us, namely his attempt to develop a combination of epistemological relativism and ontological realism and his emphasis on the relationship between social structure and human agency.
598 FOOD PROTEIN-INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS: DETECTION OF ORALLY INGESTED ANTIGEN IN SERUM AND URINE

598 FOOD PROTEIN-INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS: DETECTION OF ORALLY INGESTED ANTIGEN IN SERUM AND URINE
Females' initiation into violent street crime

The present study is concerned with understanding when and how women become involved in violent street crime. Specifically, the study explores the correlates or explanatory factors of such offending in a sample of women arrested and/or incarcerated for violent street crimes in New York City. The findings suggest that an adequate understanding of female offending must consider the impact of neighborhood, peer, and addiction factors which affect both males' and females' participation in criminal violence. In addition, different configurations of these factors appear to contribute to the initiation of violent offending, depending on the age of onset. Early initiation into violent crime was accompanied by participation in a wide variety of other offending behaviors and deviant lifestyles. In contrast, those women who began their violent offending later did so in the context of a criminal career which, until the beginning of substance abuse, was more specialized and focused on typically nonviolent, gender-cong...
Jónsson posets and unary Jónsson algebras

We show that if P is an infinite poset whose proper order ideals have cardinality strictly less than \({|P|}\) and \({\kappa}\) is a cardinal number strictly less than \({|P|}\), then P has a principal order ideal of cardinality at least \({\kappa}\). We apply this result to characterize the possible sizes of unary Jonsson algebras.
Centromere and kinetochore structure

Recent studies have begun to yield some insight into the structural and regulatory components of centromeres, and new assays have been developed that promise to be of use in advancing our understanding of centromere structure and function. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae new proteins that are required for centromere function have been identified and an in vitro microtubule-binding assay that should assist in dissecting the process of centromere microtubule attachment has been developed. The centromere-specific DNA sequences in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been identified and partially characterized. In addition, several mammalian centromere proteins have been further characterized, and localization and inhibition studies suggest roles for these proteins in the regulation and assembly of a functional kinetochore.
Baseline Susceptibility of Creontiades signatus1 to Cotton Insecticides, with Emphasis on Malathion

Abstract. We report the susceptibility of a green plant bug, Creontiades signatus Distant, a pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and other crops in South Texas, to malathion and other cotton insecticides using the adult vial test, and an oral “floral foam” assay for systemic insecticides, when active eradication of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, has been in effect for six seasons in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Field-collected green plant bugs exhibited malathion tolerance ratios of 1.68 to 4.83 when compared to unexposed plant bugs reared in the laboratory for six generations. The associated 95% C.l.'s for LC50 values did not overlap following six consecutive paired (field versus laboratory) assays from November 2006 to October 2009. The greater tolerance ratios and LC50 values may be the result of an average of 18 to 20 applications of ultra-low volume (ULV) malathion applied in the process of boll weevil eradication in cotton fields. Field-collected green plant bugs also had lar...
Improved power by collapsing rare and common variants based on a data-adaptive forward selection strategy

Genome-wide association studies have been used successfully to detect associations between common genetic variants and complex diseases, but common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected by these studies explain only 5–10% of disease heritability. Alternatively, the common disease/rare variants hypothesis suggests that complex diseases are often caused by multiple rare variants with moderate to high effects. Under this hypothesis, the analysis of the cumulative effect of rare variants may thus help us discover the missing genetic variations. Collapsing all rare variants across a functional region is currently a popular method to find rare variants that may have a causal effect on certain diseases. However, the power of tests based on collapsing methods is often impaired by misclassification of functional variants. We develop a data-adaptive forward selection procedure that selectively chooses only variants that improve the association signal between functional regions and the disease risk. We apply our strategy to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 unrelated individuals data with quantitative traits. The type I error rate and the power of different collapsing functions are evaluated. The substantially higher power of the proposed strategy was demonstrated. The new method provides a useful strategy for the association study of sequencing data by taking advantage of the selection of rare variants.
Biodistribution of Encapsulated Indocyanine Green in Healthy Mice

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent probe used in various optically mediated diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, utility of ICG remains limited by its unstable optical properties and nonspecific localization. We have encapsulated ICG within electrostatically assembled mesocapsules (MCs) to explore its potential for targeted optical imaging and therapy. In this study, we investigate how the surface coating and size of the MCs influences ICG’s biodistribution in vivo. ICG was administered intravenously to Swiss Webster mice as a free solution or encapsulated within either 100 nm diameter MCs coated with dextran; 500 nm diameter MCs coated with dextran; or 100 nm diameter MCs coated with 10 nm ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, themselves coated with polyethylene glycol. ICG was extracted from harvested blood and organs at various times and its amount quantified with fluorescence measurements. MCs containing ICG accumulated in organs of the reticuloendothelial system, namely, the live...
Shear processes in bulk metallic glasses

Abstract We investigated Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow in bulk metallic glasses by compressing cube-shape specimens that have a central hole. The hole localized deformation along well-defined shear planes, which enabled us to plastically deform the same volume of the glass specimen along differently oriented glide directions. We found that the glass has a memory of its previous plastic deformation, but this memory is largely independent of the previous glide direction. The transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian flow is abrupt and occurs at a Deborah number, De = γ ˙ · τ , of 0.5, where γ ˙ is the plastic shear strain rate and τ is the relaxation time for the annihilation of the flow defects. This value of De is consistent with that observed at the onset of flow instabilities in Newtonian liquids, which occurs at De ≈ 1.
Assessment of space-use patterns in the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)

Ecological interpretation of space use patterns often suffers from two methodological problems: inadequate number of captures per individual and pooling of data over time intervals. Insufficient sample size biases the computation of spatial areas, while pooling data over time intervals may mask shifts in space use due to changes in resource abundance. Radiotelemetry was used to alleviate these problems in an analysis of space use by the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Home range area was greater for males than females, was largest during summer and winter months, was positively correlated with body hass, and was negatively correlated with population dencity. Exclusivity of home range revealed a high degree of ntolerance (41% exclusivity) and was positively correlated with body mass for males. In addition, like-sex categories (male-male, female-female) were more exclusive than unlike sex categories (male-female). Habitat composition of home ranges of females was significantly different from that of males and from that available. This result suggested home ranges of females were responsive to habitat composition (and quality), while males may respond more to female occurrence than resource availability. Space-use patterns of the hispid cotton rat indicated a solitary existence with greater tolerance of individuals of the opposite sex. Home range size decreased as population size increased, whereas home range overlaps were not affected by population density. These results reinforced the view of a dominance hierarchy in this species and suggested the existence of a polygynous mating system.
Structural determinants of oxidative folding in proteins.

A method for determining the kinetic fate of structured disulfide species (i.e., whether they are preferentially oxidized or reshuffle back to an unstructured disulfide species) is introduced. The method relies on the sensitivity of unstructured disulfide species to low concentrations of reducing agents. Because a structured des species that preferentially reshuffles generally first rearranges to an unstructured species, a small concentration of reduced DTT (e.g., 260 μM) suffices to distinguish on-pathway intermediates from dead-end species. We apply this method to the oxidative folding of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and show that des[40–95] and des[65–72] are productive intermediates, whereas des[26–84] and des[58–110] are metastable dead-end species that preferentially reshuffle. The key factor in determining the kinetic fate of these des species is the relative accessibility of both their thiol groups and disulfide bonds. Productive intermediates tend to be disulfide-secure, meaning that their structural fluctuations preferentially expose their thiol groups, while keeping their disulfide bonds buried. By contrast, dead-end species tend to be disulfide-insecure, in that their structural fluctuations expose their disulfide bonds in concert with their thiol groups. This distinction leads to four generic types of oxidative folding pathways. We combine these results with those of earlier studies to suggest a general three-stage model of oxidative folding of RNase A and other single-domain proteins with multiple disulfide bonds.
NEW ANALYSIS METHOD FOR GENERAL ACOUSTIC-STRUCTURAL COUPLED SYSTEMS

A new solution procedure has been developed for the analysis of the most general cases of vibro-acoustic problems, using a one-dimensional system as the model. The responses of the acoustic-structural coupled system with viscous and structural damping elements as well as absorbing material can be easily obtained. The solution algorithm utilizes the generalized orthogonality of the system eigenvectors to decouple the system matrix equation. The procedure is not only numerically efficient, but it also provides more insights to the system characteristics. The Sherman-Morrison formula is applied to the one-dimensional case, which reveals some interesting aspects of the effect of absorbing materials on the system response. The validity of the developed procedure is verified by comparing its results to the exact solutions.
Time varying neural networks

Summary form only given. The time dependency of neural networks is explored by looking at the role of the synapse. It is proposed that through the additional property of temporal inhibition it may be possible to simulate memory and cognitive networks. Such a device, called a syneuristor (synaptic neuristor), is neuristorlike, with the properties of threshold of stimulability, constant delay, refractoriness and pulse shaping. It also has the properties of temporal inhibition and unidirectional transmission. It has been shown that networks designed with these properties are capable of exhibiting properties such as frequency coding as seen in inhibitory and excitory synapses. >
Beta-adrenergic stimulation of prostaglandin production by human amnion tissue

Abstract Arachidonic acid is released from specific glycerophospholipids in human amnion and is used to synthesize prostaglandins that are involved in parturition. In an investigation of the regulation of prostaglandin production in amnion, the effects of isoproterenol on discs of amnion tissue maintained in vitro were examined. Isoproterenol caused a large but transitory increase in the amount of cyclic AMP in amnion discs and this was accompanied by a sustained stimulation of the release of arachidonic acid (but not palmitic acid or stearic acid) and prostaglandin E2. The dependencies of cyclic AMP accumulation, arachidonic acid mobilization and prostaglandin E2 release on the concentration of isoproterenol were similar, each response was maximal at 10−6 M isoproterenol and was inhibited by propranolol. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP stimulated the release of prostaglandin E2 from amnion discs. Although prostaglandin E2, when added to amnion discs caused an accumulation of cyclic AMP, it did not appear to mediate isoproterenol-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP since the latter effect was insensitive to indomethacin in concentrations at which prostaglandin production was inhibited greatly. These data support the proposition that catecholamines, found in increasing amounts in amniotic fluid during late gestation, my be regulators of prostaglandin production by the amnion.
Social Communication Interventions for Preschoolers: Targeting Peer Interactions during Peer Group Entry and Cooperative Play

Some preschoolers with language impairment approach and manage peer interactions less effectively than typically developing peers. This article discusses assessment and intervention strategies for targeting preschoolers' social communication skills during peer entry and cooperative play situations. Essential features of effective interventions include identification of appropriate social communication targets, addressing and facilitating children's use of these targets during small group sessions with peers, and supporting generalization of newly acquired social communication behaviors to children's peer interactions within the classroom setting.
Second Studio: A Model for Technical Teaching

Experience has shown that students learn technical skills more efficiently and incorporate them more readily into the building design process when the skills are acquired on an as-needed basis during ongoing design projects. In this article, I propose a model for technical teaching in which technical “support” courses are replaced by technically oriented design studios that students take along with an unrelated conventional studio. The design project in a technically oriented studio is carefully formulated to feature particular technical issues while minimizing distractions. Technical lectures are offered within the studio as the students need the information. Formal, spatial, and technical issues are purposely blended into a unified concern for creating good buildings.
Ethical and empowering leadership and leader effectiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how ethical leadership and empowering leadership are related to leader‐member exchange relations (LMX), affective commitment, and leader effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using questionnaires filled out by 259 subordinates of public and private sector managers. Relationships among variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling.Findings – The results indicated that ethical leadership and empowering leadership have positive associations with LMX, subordinate affective commitment, and perception of leader effectiveness.Originality/value – This study is the first to examine the independent and joint relationships of empowering leadership and ethical leadership with leadership effectiveness and the mediating role of LMX.
Design and implementation of the mobility assessment tool: software description.

In previous work, we described the development of an 81-item video-animated tool for assessing mobility. In response to criticism levied during a pilot study of this tool, we sought to develop a new version built upon a flexible framework for designing and administering the instrument. Rather than constructing a self-contained software application with a hard-coded instrument, we designed an XML schema capable of describing a variety of psychometric instruments. The new version of our video-animated assessment tool was then defined fully within the context of a compliant XML document. Two software applications—one built in Java, the other in Objective-C for the Apple iPad—were then built that could present the instrument described in the XML document and collect participants’ responses. Separating the instrument’s definition from the software application implementing it allowed for rapid iteration and easy, reliable definition of variations. Defining instruments in a software-independent XML document simplifies the process of defining instruments and variations and allows a single instrument to be deployed on as many platforms as there are software applications capable of interpreting the instrument, thereby broadening the potential target audience for the instrument. Continued work will be done to further specify and refine this type of instrument specification with a focus on spurring adoption by researchers in gerontology and geriatric medicine.