cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating Robot Calibration in a Manufacturing Environment

A problem encountered in the implementation of multiple robotic manipulators in a light machining work cell is the requirement to individually teach the part programs to each robot used in the work area. This process is extremely time-consuming and tedious for the operators of this type of system. When equipment within the work cell (i.e..rotary tables, conveyors, etc…) must be taken apart for maintenance or repair, the locations of the fixtures within the work cell are changed and new programs must be developed, or old programs modified by hand, to incorporate these changes. The main reason that each robot must be taught the programs individually is the differences between the robot work cells in terms of tool and fixture locations, as well as the uniqueness of each individual robot. If exact duplicates of manipulator arms and work cells could be made then this problem would be eliminated. However, this is not a practical or realistic approach to the problem. The calibration research at Texas A&M University is directed towards the solution of this problem by means of an efficient, and relatively inexpensive method. This calibration method uses a lump sum approach to correct the tolerance buildup within the manipulator arm and the location of the tooling fixtures.
Growth of inch-sized KCa0.8Sr0.2I3:Eu2+ scintillating crystals and high performance for gamma-ray detection

A quaternary iodide KCa0.8Sr0.2I3:Eu2+ scintillator with 2.5% energy resolution at 662 keV in a 5 mm3 sample shows great potential for use in gamma-ray spectroscopy applications. In this work, we report the state-of-the-art growth of high quality 25, 38, and 50 mm diameter KCa0.8Sr0.2I3:Eu2+ single crystals by the vertical self-seeding Bridgman method. KCa0.8Sr0.2I3:Eu2+ with a size of ∅25 mm × 25 mm can achieve excellent energy resolutions of 3.15% at 662 keV and 6.8% at 122 keV irradiation, which are superior to that of a commercial NaI:Tl+ of the same size. The nonuniformity of light collection and production in ∅25 mm × 25 mm and ∅38 mm × 38 mm KCa0.8Sr0.2I3:Eu2+ crystals was evaluated by using a technique based on a collimated 137Cs source and coupling the crystal to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in different directions. The performances of the packaged crystals for practical use were also measured.
When Solidarity Works: Labor-Civic Networks and Welfare States in the Market Reform Era

Why do some labor movements successfully defend the welfare state even under the pressures of neo-liberal market reform? Why do some unions (and their allied parties and civic associations) succeed in building more universal and comprehensive social policy regimes, while others fail to do so? In this innovative work, Cheol-Sung Lee explores these conundrums through a comparative historical analysis of four countries: Argentina, Brazil, South Korea and Taiwan. He introduces the notion of 'embedded cohesiveness' in order to develop an explanatory model in which labor-civic solidarity and union-political party alliance jointly account for outcomes of welfare state retrenchment as well as welfare state expansion. Lee's exploration of the critical roles of civil society and social movement processes in shaping democratic governance and public policies make this ideal for academic researchers and graduate students in comparative politics, political sociology and network analysis.
2.02 – Headspace Analysis

Headspace analysis is a gas-extraction technique allowing for the direct analysis of volatile compounds present in a sample matrix. For decades, headspace analysis has been routinely and widely used for the analysis of volatile compounds in environmental, toxicological, and food applications. In general, two types of headspace analyses exist: static (equilibrium) and dynamic (purge and trap) consisting of continuous gas extraction. This chapter describes the fundamental theory, principles, and hardware associated with both of these headspace techniques. For static headspace, the physicochemical relationships defining equilibrium are presented, as well as influences of factors such as temperature and sample volume on method sensitivity. Regarding dynamic headspace, a review of the traps used for volatile compound collection is presented. In addition, issues surrounding sample handling, headspace sensitivity, and qualitative analysis of data are presented. Finally, new enrichment techniques developed to improve method sensitivity and selectivity are presented, including instrumental modifications such as cryogenic trapping and new sampling configurations. In addition, modifications to sampling are discussed, such as sample derivatization and the use of ionic liquids during extraction.
701. Long-Term Complications of Glycogen Storage Disease Type IA in the Dog Model Treated With Gene Replacement Therapy

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) in dogs closely resembles human GSD-Ia where untreated patients develop complications associated with glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency (hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, growth retardation, and early death). For the past 3 decades survival of human patients that are placed under intensive nutritional management with uncooked corn starch has improved; however, long-term complications persist including renal failure, nephrolithiasis, hepatic adenomas, and a high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Affected dogs fail to thrive with dietary therapy alone, but treatment with gene replacement therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) expressing G6Pase has greatly prolonged life and prevented hypoglycemia. In this study, 7 GSD-Ia affected dogs treated with AAV-G6Pase were followed up to 8 years of life to describe long-term complications. All required readministration of AAV vector(s) pseudotyped as a new serotype to avoid anti-AAV antibodies, due to decreased ability to maintain normoglycemia during fasting. Two dogs developed chronic renal disease as denoted by polyuria, polydipsia, and azotemia at 6 and 8 years of age. Calcium oxalate and phosphate urolithiasis was detected in 2 dogs; 1 dog had evidence of polycystic ovarian disease. Four of the 7 dogs were euthanized due to reaching humane endpoints related to liver and/or kidney disease, at 3 to 8 years of life, and 1 dog succumbed to acute hypoglycemia. Necropsy revealed several focal hepatic lesions in all deceased dogs; 2 dogs had lesions confirmed histologically as hepatocellular carcinoma, the largest tumor reached 8 cm in diameter (Fig. 1). One dog demonstrated lesions consistent with hepatocellular adenoma and in the other 2, there was hepatocellular hyperplasia. There was no significant difference in amount of vector DNA in hepatic tumors compared with normal tissue (n=4 dogs), suggesting that insertional mutagenesis by the AAV vector was not the mechanism for tumor formation (Fig. 2). View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide View Large Image | Download PowerPoint SlideGlomerular sclerosis, fibrosis of Bowman's capsules and focal interstitial nephritis were found in the 2 dogs with clinical renal disease. Two dogs, both female, remain in good health with no evidence of liver masses appreciable on ultrasound examination; they are 4 and 5 years of age. Hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney disease, polycystic ovaries and urolithiasis are common findings among GSD-Ia patients. Here we show that the canine GSD-Ia model demonstrates similar long-term complications in spite of AAV-mediated gene replacement therapy. Further development of gene therapy is needed to prevent long-term complications of GSD-Ia.
Accounting for the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Quantifying Human-In-The-Loop Error Probabilities

Human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulations cannot collect enough data from human operators to validate estimates of error probabilities for task components. Error rates for tasks have been estimated by using laboratory data for error rates depending on variables such as the cognitive complexity of the task. The limited channel capacity of human operators compels error rates to be strongly related to the time available for the task, the speed-accuracy trade-off. HITL simulations can provide valuable data on the time available for the operator's tasks. We propose that the response times be used in conjunction with measured speed-accuracy curves to estimate the operator error rates contributing to mission failure. Such analyses should be especially important in the estimation of error rates in off-nominal situations.
Radar Observations of Wintertime Mountain Clouds over Colorado and Utah

Ludlam (1955) postulated that seedable clouds for initiating snowfall are the extensive, shallow orographic clouds. He referred to these as "extensive low clouds". He specifically excluded clouds that contain persistent vertical motions not associated with localities where the airstream flows over mountains. The orographic, randomized Climax, Colorado cloud seeding experiment conducted during the 1960’s followed the seeding hypothesis for orographic clouds as proposed by Ludlam (Grant, 1987). This paper presents the results of recent radar observations of the characteristics of differing types of clouds that form over the mountains of Colorado and Utah. Cloud radar echo observations show that deep, stable and deep, convective cloud systems in the interior areas of the western United States during winter generally extend to elevations higher than the 50 Kpa pressure level where temperatures during winter are sufficiently cold to permit efficient ice nucleation processes to occur. Shallow, orographically forced clouds, on the other hand, almost always occur in their entirety at elevations below the 50 Kpa level where wintertime temperatures are variable with respect to temperatures at which natural ice nucleation can be either efficient or inefficient.
System-Level Design of Networks-on-Chip for Heterogeneous Systems-on-Chip

The network-on-Chip (NoC) is a critical subsystem for many large-scale systems-on-chip (SoC). We present a complete framework for the design and optimization of NoCs at the system-level. By combining a library of pre-designed configurable NoC modules specified in SystemC with high-level synthesis, we can generate a variety of alternative 2D-Mesh NoC architectures for a given SoC. We also support the automatic synthesis of network interfaces to translate between IP-specific messages and NoC flits. We demonstrate our approach with the design-space exploration of two complete SoCs running complex applications on a high-end FPGA board.
Tomographic imaging with UAVSAR: Current status and new results from the 2016 AfriSAR campaign

We present our progress results of SAR tomographic imaging using L-band NASA/JPL UAVSAR data collected in Gabon during the 2016 AfriSAR campaign. Several tomographic experiments were conducted in February 2016 over four different sites with a broad diversity of vegetation types, soil characteristics and weather conditions. Here we describe the campaign objectives and report on the status of the UAVSAR tomographic processor for retrieving the 3D structure of forests. We discuss several algorithms, including stack formation, phase calibration and structure retrieval. The availability of NASA/GSFC LVIS waveforms enables cross-comparison of the radar-derived structure with the lidar-derived structure. Results are reported for the Lope National Park and demonstrate the maturity of the 3D UAVSAR tomographic processing for ecosystem science and applications.
Design and modeling of a microscale diabatic distillation column for small capacity ammonia–water absorption systems

Abstract The concept of diabatic distillation is applied to desorption and rectification in an ammonia–water absorption system. Results of a hydrodynamic investigation of novel components for these processes are used to develop a non-equilibrium model to predict heat and mass transfer performance. A modular modeling approach is proposed whereby physical consistency of various heat and mass transfer processes is achieved while reducing model complexity. A target vapor generation rate of 3 g s−1 with an ammonia mass fraction of 0.9985 is specified. It is shown that highly compact, lightweight desorption and rectification components can be realized. Heat source temperature and mass flow rate control are used to optimize system performance, and performance predictions are made over wide range of operating conditions. These results are also used to obtain reduced-order heat and mass transfer performance measures that facilitate incorporation of system performance into system level models and dynamic models.
In context-the turning point model state public health act.

The Turning Point Model State Public Health Act, intended to help states modernize and standardize their public health legislation, has spurred the creation of many new state public health laws. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Plagiarizing smartphone applications: attack strategies and defense techniques

In this paper, we show how an attacker can launch malware onto a large number of smartphone users by plagiarizing Android applications and by using elements of social engineering to increase infection rate. Our analysis of a dataset of 158,000 smartphone applications meta-information indicates that 29.4% of the applications are more likely to be plagiarized. We propose three detection schemes that rely on syntactic fingerprinting to detect plagiarized applications under different levels of obfuscation used by the attacker. Our analysis of 7,600 smartphone application binaries shows that our schemes detect all instances of plagiarism from a set of real-world malware incidents with 0.5% false positives and scale to millions of applications using only commodity servers.
Abstract 3104: Establishment of an oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a never-smoking patient

(Objective) The rising incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in patients who have never smoked and the paucity of knowledge of its biological behavior prompted us to develop a new cell line originating from a never-smoker. (Materials and methods) Fresh tumor tissue of keratinizing OTSCC was collected from a 44-year-old woman who had never smoked. Serum-free media with a low calcium concentration were used in cell culture, and a multifaceted approach was taken to verify and characterize the cell line, designated UCSF-OT-1109.(Results) UCSF-OT-1109 was authenticated by STR DNA fingerprint analysis, presence of an epithelial marker EpCAM, absence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA, and SCC-specific microscopic appearance. Sphere-forming assays and mouse xenografts supported its tumorigenic potential. Spectral karyotype (SKY) analysis revealed numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified 46 non-synonymous and 13 synonymous somatic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one frameshift deletion in the coding regions. Specifically, mutations of CDKN2A, TP53, SPTBN5, NOTCH2, and FAM136A were found in the databases. Copy number aberration (CNA) analysis revealed that the cell line loses chromosome 3p and 9p, but lacks amplification of 3q and 11q (as does HPV-negative, smoking-unrelated OTSCC). It also exhibits four distinctive focal amplifications in chromosome 19p, containing 131 genes without SNPs. Particularly, 52 genes showed >3- to 4-fold amplification and could be potential oncogenic drivers.(Conclusion) We have successfully established a novel OTSCC cell line from a never-smoking patient. UCSF-OT-1109 is potentially a robust experimental model of OTSCC in never-smokers. Citation Format: Steven J. Wang, Saurabh Asthana, Annemieke van Zante, Adam B. Olshen, Frank McCormick, Osamu Tetsu. Establishment of an oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a never-smoking patient [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3104.
Omenana as Postcolonial Mythopoetics: An Introduction to the Writings of Remy Ilona

This article is a brief introduction to the writings of Nigerian scholar and writer Remy Ilona. In his work, Ilona argues that an undeniable induction can be made that the Igbo of Nigeria are relig...
A Proposal to Increase the Accuracy of Admission Medication Reconciliation to Enhance Patient Safety and Quality of Care

Rationale: Evidence has demonstrated that transitions in care are susceptible to errors; of specific interest are errors due to inaccuracy of medication. While integral to patient care, a precise medication reconciliation is not always obtained. This reveals the need for a systematic, clearly defined process to correctly obtain medication reconciliation upon admission to the hospital. Aim: Nurses and pediatric residents on the general pediatric floor and IMC will work together to complete accurate medication reconciliation (correct name, dosing, schedule, and medication route) for patients who are on 2 or more home medications. There will …
Cost implications of potentially avoidable hospitalizations among Oncology Care Model patients with prostate cancer.

114Background: Hospital-based care remains a major contributor to cost in oncology and thus represents an important cost-saving opportunity. We previously developed a rigorous two-stage consensus d...
Vestibular and Balance Dysfunction Following Sport-Related Concussion

Purpose Sport-related concussion is a significant public health concern that requires a multidisciplinary team to appropriately manage. Athletes often report dizziness and imbalance following concu...
Transformation of Cloud Workflow Graphs into Computational Models

Cloud applications can be modeled as workflows. These workflows can be represented as Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) or non-DAGs. A graph shows the relationship between tasks that compose a workflow and the dependencies between them. In this paper, we introduce a method for transforming a workflow application graph into its computational model graph. The generated model provides all possible execution times with their respective probabilities to generate more precise execution time estimates which can be used in better scheduling and resource allocation.
Transport and Kinetics Properties of LaF3 in FLiNaK Molten Salt Determined by Electrochemical Methods

Abstract It is found that lanthanum species can exist in the form of LaF63− in FLiNaK (46.5 LiF-11.5 NaF-42 KF, mol%) molten salt in previous studies. The understanding of transport and reaction kinetics parameters of LaF63− ions in FLiNaK molten salt is essential for the electrochemical separation of lanthanum from FLiNaK melt to achieve the coolant clean-up in fluoride salt cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR). Through conducting chronopotentiometry tests, the diffusion coefficients of LaF63− ions in FLiNaK molten salt at the temperature range of 923 K–1023 K were determined. By conducting potentiodynamic polarization measurements at different concentrations and temperatures, the exchange current density, reaction rate constant, and charge transfer coefficient were obtained. The experiment data of potentiodynamic polarization were analyzed using a non-simplified electrode kinetics equation which incorporates both mass transfer and reaction kinetics.
Cardiovascular disease behavioral risk factors among Latinos by citizenship and documentation status.

Studies have observed that recent Latino immigrants tend to have a physical health advantage compared to immigrants who have been in the US for many years or Latinos who are born in the United States. An explanation of this phenomenon is that recent immigrants have positive health behaviors that protect them from chronic disease risk. This study aims to determine if trends in positive cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk behaviors extend to Latino immigrants in California according to citizenship and documentation status. We examined CVD behavioral risk factors by citizenship/documentation statuses among Latinos and non-Latino US-born whites in the 2011–2015 waves of the California Health Interview Survey. Adjusted multivariable logistic regressions estimated the odds for CVD behavioral risk factors, and analyses were stratified by sex. In adjusted analyses, using US-born Latinos as the reference group, undocumented Latino immigrants had the lowest odds of current smoking, binge drinking, and frequency of fast food consumption. There were no differences across the groups for fruit/vegetable intake and walking for leisure. Among those with high blood pressure, undocumented immigrants were least likely to be on medication. Undocumented immigrant women had better patterns of CVD behavioral risk factors on some measures compared with other Latino citizenship and documentation groups. This study observes that the healthy Latino immigrant advantage seems to apply to undocumented female immigrants, but it does not necessarily extend to undocumented male immigrants who had similar behavioral risk profiles to US-born Latinos.
Multivariate Rational Approximation Using a Stabilized Sanathanan-Koerner Iteration.

The Sanathanan-Koerner iteration developed in 1963 is classical approach for rational approximation. This approach multiplies both sides of the approximation by the denominator polynomial yielding a linear problem and then introduces a weight at each iteration to correct for this linearization. Unfortunately this weight introduces a numerical instability. We correct this instability by constructing Vandermonde matrices for both the numerator and denominator polynomials using the Arnoldi iteration with an initial vector that enforces this weighting. This Stabilized Sanathanan-Koerner iteration corrects the instability and yields accurate rational approximations of arbitrary degree. Using a multivariate extension of Vandermonde with Arnoldi, we can apply the Stabilized Sanathanan-Koerner iteration to multivariate rational approximation problems. The resulting multivariate approximations are often significantly better than existing techniques and display a more uniform accuracy throughout the domain.
A 12-b 18-GS/s RF Sampling ADC With an Integrated Wideband Track-and-Hold Amplifier and Background Calibration

We discuss a 12-b 18-GS/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in 16-nm FinFET process. The ADC is composed of an integrated high-speed track-and-hold amplifier (THA) driving up to eight interleaved pipeline ADCs that employ open-loop inter-stage amplifiers. Up to 10 GS/s, the THA operates at the full sampling rate using a non-interleaved single sample network, thereby eliminating the interleaving sampling time and bandwidth mismatch. Above 10 GS/s, the THA is programmed to use two ping-ponged, or an optional (2 + 1) randomized, sample networks to spread the residual post-calibration interleaving spurs in the noise floor. The THA enables an input bandwidth of 18 GHz and employs dither injection and optional pseudorandom chopping. In the pipeline stages, dither-based background calibration detects and corrects gain, settling, memory, and kick-back errors. New dither-based background calibration algorithms are employed to detect and correct the arbitrary non-linearity in the form of integral non-linearity (INL) breaks and harmonic distortion up to the fifth order in the THA and in the references, DACs, and inter-stage open-loop amplifiers of the pipeline ADCs. Moreover, new dither-based background calibration is implemented to detect and correct the chopping non-idealities, memory errors, interleaving mismatches, and order-dependent randomization errors. Compared to the fastest state-of-the-art with similar performance, this ADC achieves 80% higher sample rate and 2.4 $\times $ higher input bandwidth, and incorporates a THA that supports a 3.3 $\times $ higher non-interleaved sample rate.
Spatial/temporal variability in transportation emissions and air quality in NYC cordon pricing

Abstract Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of air quality (AQ) impact due to congestion pricing is important since the health and economic benefits of air quality improvements depend on the distribution of traffic-related air pollution. Aiming to improve our knowledge of the AQ impacts from congestion pricing, this study integrates a disaggregate agent-based travel demand model with a hyper-local air quality model to examine emissions, air quality, and exposure. Studying congestion pricing schemes in NYC, we find that daily single-occupancy-vehicle trips to the charging area decreases by 14.5% and 24.3% under the low and high charging schemes, respectively. Correspondingly, the PM2.5 concentration decreases by 5–25% in the Central Manhattan areas in the low-toll scenario, and by more than 10% across almost all of New York City areas in the high-toll scenario. Our results indicate non-linear relations between the adaptation of travel behavior and the resulting air quality/exposure impacts.
Engineering Students’ Learning Journeys: Identity Development

This Work-in-Progress Research paper explores the ways in which students make sense of their individual holistic learning journeys. Using methods of narrative analysis and grounded theory, this study examines how engineering students incorporate their unique moments of learning into a unified narrative of their growth and evolution, and furthermore, into an overall unified sense of self and identity. In particular, we explore how study participants respond to external narratives of learning that are suggested for them – whether these are their parents’ stories about them, or students’ sense of how they are perceived by the academic structures they inhabit. Our data indicate that students either find that external narratives resonate with their sense of self – consonance, – or fail to align with their understanding of self – dissonance. The process of interacting with and making sense of external narratives then helps shape students’ understanding of their identity and their sense of self.
Experiments and simulations of isochorically heated warm dense carbon foam at the Texas Petawatt Laser

An experimental and simulation study of warm dense carbon foams at ambient density (ne ∼ 1021 cm−3) is presented. This study of isochorically heated foams is motivated by their potential application in carbon-atmosphere white-dwarf envelopes, where there are modeling uncertainties due to the equation of state. The foams are heated on an approximately picosecond time scale with a laser-accelerated proton beam. The cooling and expansion of the heated foams can be modeled with appropriately initialized radiation-hydrodynamics codes; xRAGE code is used in this work. The primary experimental diagnostic is the streaked optical pyrometer, which images a narrow band of radiation from the rear surface of the heated material. Presented are xRAGE modeling results for both solid aluminum targets and carbonized resorcinol-formaldehyde foam targets, showing that the foam appears to cool slowly on the pyrometer because of partial transparency. So that simulations of cooling foam are processed properly, it is necessary to account for finite optical depth in the photosphere calculation, and the methods for performing that calculation are presented in depth.
Whole brood mortality increases the opportunity for female-biased sex ratios under local mate competition

Fisher predicted that sex ratios should be even when the cost of producing each sex is equal, assuming large panmictic populations. Hamilton showed that when individuals breed exclusively in small groups (local mate competition), the sex ratio does not comply with Fisherian theory, but instead favours a female bias. Local mate competition has been suggested to explain female biases most often in haplo-diploids and parasitoids, where a small number of foundresses make up a breeding group. Here I show how pre-reproductive mortality can affect the predicted ESS sex ratio under local mate competition. Specifically, whole brood mortality reduces the number of families in the breeding pool each generation and, therefore, increases the probability that brothers will compete for mating opportunities. This effect is predicted to be strongest when females lay a small number of clutches each generation. These findings suggest that Hamilton’s classic model for group-structured sex ratios may be applicable to a much wider range of systems than was previously believed, since the requirements of the model are not always confined to small deme sizes.
Patent Litigation Attorneys' Fees: Shifting from Status to Conduct

Abusive patent assertion results in deadweight losses to society. Faced with the high cost of patent litigation, companies often settle for an amount equal to a fraction of the cost of defending a patent infringement suit. This allows the patent owner to extract settlements from many individuals without the risk of invalidation before a federal court. Shifting attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party is a remedy courts award in exceptional cases to deter patent owners from bringing unreasonable claims of infringement and to return defendants to the position they were in prior to litigation. Current fee-shifting proposals target patent assertion entities rather than scrutinizing the heart of the infringement claim—the patent claims and the activities of the accused infringer. This Note analyzes the history of fee-shifting in patent cases and examines the proposed SHIELD Act. Next, this Note describes the problems with the proposed legislation’s definition of disfavored patent plaintiffs, bad actors, and the loser-pays rule. Finally, this Note concludes by proposing a solution, which modifies the standard for shifting attorneys’ fees under 35 U.S.C. § 285.
Las fuentes del estructuralismo latinoamericano

En su famoso manifiesto estructuralista de 1949, El desarrollo econ6mico de America Latina y sus principales problemas (publicado por la CEPAL)1, RaOl Prebisch introdujo la noci6n de un centro industrializado y hegem6nico y una periferia agricola y dependiente como marco para comprender la divisi6n internacional del trabajo. Present6 la hip6tesis de que los dos elementos estaban relacionados por un proceso de intercambio desigual. Dando por sentado que los paises industrializados cuentan con una tasa mayor de innovaci6n tecnol6gica, sostuvo que habia diferentes respuestas a la conducta del ciclo econ6mico, que daban como resultado efectos seculares para los exportadores de bienes primarios y los de productos manufacturados. Este proceso se producia, en primer lugar, por el poder del trabajo organizado para mantener altos salarios y, por ello, altos precios de exportaci6n en los paises industrializados y, en segundo lugar, debido a la existencia de un oligopolio en los mercados de capital y en los de bienes manufacturados (y su casi ausencia de los mercados de productos primarios).
A functional hypothesis for LGN-V1-TRN connectivities suggested by computer simulation.

We employ computer simulation to investigate the function of neural circuitries between thalamic sensory relay nuclei, primary sensory cortices, and the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Computational similarities exist between these circuits and the architecture of a simple artificial neural network. We impose processing parameters on this network architecture in keeping with anatomical and physiological details of the mammalian geniculo-cortical visual pathway, and then run the simulation on a task involving multiple simultaneous inputs from the simulated visual field. After two to three loops through the simulation, activity in cortical and thalamic units whose receptive fields include the stronger stimulus remains constant, while activity in other cortical and thalamic units activated by weaker stimuli declines toward resting values. These results suggest that the modeled neural circuitry functions to “prime” selective attentional mechanisms further up the visual streams toward specific portions of the total visual stimulus. Besides extending existing models and evidence about the function of these neural circuits, our results also provide physiologists with predicted activity profiles of thalamic and cortical elements of the modeled neural system for a task not yet studied experimentally.
Where Have All the Mammoth Gone

The Early Settlement of North America The Clovis Era. Gary Haynes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. 359 pp. $80, £60. ISBN 0-521-81900-8. Paper, $29, £21.95. ISBN 0-521-52463-6. After reviewing previous research and the available evidence on the Clovis culture, Haynes presents an interpretation that reflects recent findings from biology, ecology, behavior, and archaeology.
Entry of Low Energy Solar Protons into the Magnetosphere

Some aspects of the temporal and spatial variations of low energy solar protons are examined by comparing data from the polar orbiting satellite 1963 38C with measurements in interplanetary space by Explorers 33 and 34. Selected periods during the events of September 1966 and May 1967 are used to show a variety of features in the polar region latitude profiles. The proton intensity in the low latitude ‘rim’ of the polar region appears to track the interplanetary flux of solar protons more readily than does the polar intensity. The rim straddles the energetic electron trapping boundary, and the rim intensity is frequently greater than the polar plateau flux. The inter-satellite comparisons and latitude profiles are discussed in terms of model requirements.
Overcoming Framing Bias in Stroke Neurologists’ Assessments of the Minimally Clinically Important Difference for Novel Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapies (P4.187)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the MCID worth detecting for acute ischemic stroke therapies. BACKGROUND: The determination of the minimally clinically important difference (MCID) worth detecting is an essential prerequisite for clinical trial sample size calculation, funding decisions by NIH and other sponsors, and drug or device approval by regulatory agencies. However, prior surveys to establish expert judgment of MCID have had a cognitive framing bias by offering response options with midpoints in the 5-15[percnt] range, well above the treatment effect actually accepted in practice and national guidelines as worthwhile (1[percnt] for acute aspirin). DESIGN/METHODS: A 5 item internet-based survey was administered to US academic stroke neurologists. Respondents were asked to indicate, for an acute neuroprotective drug free of side effects, how many patients, per 1000 treated, would need to benefit by achieving freedom from disability at 90 days (mRS 0-2) for the agent to be worthwhile for use in clinical practice? RESULTS: Survey responses were received from 122 of 332 academic stroke neurologists. All respondents were engaged in stroke clinical care, with cerebrovascular disease accounting for more than half of practice time in over 75[percnt]. Categorized responses to the value of the MCID were: 1 per 1000 by 3.3[percnt] of respondents, 2-5 in 7.4[percnt], 6-10 by 19.7[percnt], 11-15 by 22.1[percnt], 16-20 by 15.6[percnt], and greater than 20 by 32.0[percnt]. The median MCID was 13 (IQR 8 to > 20). Converted to natural base 100 values, the MCID was 1.3[percnt] (IQR 0.8[percnt] - >2[percnt]). CONCLUSIONS: When assessed with framing based on clinical practice rather than convenience, vascular neurologists indicated the MCID for a safe agent to be worthwhile to use in acute ischemic stroke is about 1[percnt]. Drug and device agencies should consider this value to be the expert opinion MCID for acute ischemic stroke treatments when making regulatory decisions. Disclosure: Dr. Cranston has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaplan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saver has received personal compensation for activities with the University of California, BrainsGate, CoAxia, eV3, Talecris Biotherapeutics Inc., and PhotoThera, Inc.
N‐(Triphenylphosphoranylidene) Isocyanamide

[73789-56-7] C19H15N2P (MW 302.31) InChI = 1S/C19H15N2P/c1-20-21-22(17-11-5-2-6-12-17,18-13-7-3-8-14-18)19-15-9-4-10-16-19/h2-16H InChIKey = ;NIDTXBFHPXMXTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (preparation of diazoketones1 and an NNC unit in the formation of heterocycles3-11) Alternate Names: N-isocyanoiminotriphenylphosphorane, (isocyanoimino)triphenylphosphorane. Physical Data: mp 159–160 °C. Solubility: sol in common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: white solid, commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: HPLC, 1H NMR.
Functional characterization of spikelet activity in the primary visual cortex

Key points In vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in cat visual cortex revealed small deflections in the membrane potential of neurons, termed spikelets. Spikelet statistics and functional properties suggest these deflections originate from a single, nearby cell. Spikelets shared a number sensory selectivities with the principal neuron including orientation selectivity, receptive field location and eye preference. Principal neurons and spikelets did not, however, generally share preferences for depth (binocular disparity). Cross-correlation of spikelet activity and membrane potential revealed direct effects on the membrane potential of some principal neurons, suggesting that these cells were synaptically coupled or received common input from the cortical network. Other spikelet–neuron pairs revealed indirect effects, likely to be the result of correlated network events. Abstract Intracellular recordings in the neocortex reveal not only the membrane potential of neurons, but small unipolar or bipolar deflections that are termed spikelets. Spikelets have been proposed to originate from various sources, including active dendritic mechanisms, gap junctions and extracellular signals. Here we examined the functional characteristics of spikelets measured in neurons from cat primary visual cortex in vivo. Spiking statistics and our functional characterization of spikelet activity indicate that spikelets originate from a separate, nearby cell. Spikelet kinetics and lack of a direct effect on spikelet activity from hyperpolarizing current injection suggest they do not arise from electrical coupling to the principal neuron being recorded. Spikelets exhibited matched orientation tuning preference and ocular dominance to the principal neuron. In contrast, binocular disparity preferences of spikelets and the principal neuron were unrelated. Finally, we examined the impact of spikelets on the principal neuron's membrane potential; we did observe some records for which spikelets were correlated with the membrane potential of the principal neuron, suggesting that these neurons were synaptically coupled or received common input from the cortical network.
Changes in hydrology and streamflow as predicted by a modelling experiment forced with climate models

Changes in precipitation and temperature have direct effects on crop water use, water stress, crop yield, evapotranspiration, water nutrient dynamics and other indicators. This study, built on a modelling framework with the Soil and Watershed Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Raccoon River Watershed in central Iowa, a typical US Midwestern agricultural watershed, examines the watershed response to changes in meteorological inputs from an ensemble of ten global climate models under the A1B scenario. Changes in climate were directly applied to observations (the delta change method) assuming that the estimates of climate change are reliable even if the simulated current climate may be biased. The ensemble average for the mid-century (1946–1965) predicted 0.7% increase in daily precipitation (monthly variation from −11.3% to +19.5%) and 2.78 °C increase in average temperature over the entire watershed. These predictions were translated through a well-calibrated SWAT modelling setup into 22% decrease in snowfall, 16% decrease in surface runoff, 18% decrease in baseflow, 8% increase in evapotranspiration and 17% decrease in total water yield. The spatial impact at the subwatershed level revealed a wide variation (but no defined trend) with decrease in water yield that ranged from 10% to 23%. Flow near the watershed outlet (Van Meter, Iowa) is expected to decline by 17% on an average annual basis with the highest impact occurring during summer months with a maximum 39% reduction in August. Changes in climate were found to have a clear and significant impact signal of decreasing streamflow at the watershed outlet with far-reaching implication for drinking water supplies for the central Iowa communities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GnRH Evokes Localized Subplasmalemmal Calcium Signaling in Gonadotropes

The binding of GnRH to its receptor initiates signaling cascades in gonadotropes, which result in enhanced LH and FSH biosynthesis and secretion. This process is necessary for follicular maturation and ovulation. Calcium influx activates MAPKs, which lead to increased transcription of LH and FSH genes. Previous research suggests that two MAPK signaling pathways, ERK and jun-N-terminal kinase, are activated by either calcium influx through L-type calcium channels or by global calcium signals originating from intracellular stores, respectively. Here we continued this investigation to further elucidate molecular mechanisms transducing GnRH receptor stimulation to ERK activation. Although it is known that GnRH activation of ERK requires calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, direct evidence supporting an underlying local calcium signaling mechanism was lacking. Here we used a combination of electrophysiology and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to visualize discrete sites of calcium influx (calcium sparklets) in gonadotrope-derived αT3–1 cells in real time. GnRH increased localized calcium influx and promoted ERK activation. The L-type calcium channel agonist FPL 64176 enhanced calcium sparklets and ERK activation in a manner indistinguishable from GnRH. Conversely, the L-type calcium channel antagonist nicardipine inhibited not only localized calcium sparklets but also ERK activation in response to GnRH. GnRH-dependent stimulation of L-type calcium channels was found to require protein kinase C and a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. Taken together, we provide the first direct evidence for localized L-type calcium channel signaling in αT3–1 cells and demonstrate the utility of our approach for investigating signaling mechanisms and cellular organization in gonadotropes.
Vibrational Assignments of Organosilanetriols. II. Crystalline Phenylsilanetriol and Phenylsilanetriol-D3:

Fourier transform infrared spectra (3800 to 450 cm−1) and laser Raman spectra (4000 to 0 cm−1) of crystalline phenylsilanetriol and phenylsilanetriol-d3, and liquid state phenylsilanetriol and phenylsilanetriol-d3 are first reported. Complete band assignments are attempted. All vibrational modes of the SiOH group except for the SiC torsional mode, including the SiOH in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes, are observed. In addition to the phenylsilanetriols, infrared and laser Raman spectra of crystalline diphenylsilanediol and triphenylsilanol are also studied to aid the band assignments.
Quantification of human angiotensinogen by a novel sandwich ELISA

The urinary angiotensinogen excretion rates show a clear relationship to kidney angiotensin II content, suggesting that urinary angiotensinogen may serve as an index of angiotensin II-dependent hypertensive rats. However, simple and accurate methods to measure human angiotensinogen are unavailable at this time. We have developed two antibodies and a sensitive and specific quantification ELISA system for human angiotensinogen to be applicable to human subjects. The ELISA is able to detect human angiotensinogen at range of 0.01-1 microg/well (R(2)=0.9945) using standard ELISA plates. This ELISA will be a useful tool to investigate the relationship between urinary angiotensinogen excretion rates and reactivity to antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive human subjects.
Assessing respiratory therapists' awareness of the organ donor referral criteria and attitudes toward organ donation.

ContextRespiratory therapists provide care for every potential organ donor but do not receive formal education regarding organ procurement.ObjectiveTo assess the number of respiratory therapists who are aware of the organ donor referral criteria and their attitude toward organ donation before and after an organ procurement organization provided an educational course.DesignA retrospective analysis of surveys following an educational course.SettingHospital respiratory therapy departments within the Texas Organ Sharing Alliance northern region.ParticipantsRespiratory therapists who attended the educational course.Main Outcome Measure(s)Measured outcomes were respiratory therapists' attitude scores before and after the organ procurement organization provided the educational course, the number of organ donor cases experienced during the respiratory therapists' careers, the unit(s) of the hospital in which the respiratory therapists worked, and the respiratory therapists' awareness of the organ donor referral c...
Photoinduced reactions of dibenzoyl peroxide as studied by EPR and spin-trapping

Abstract The photochemical reactions of dibenzoyl peroxide with some organic compounds were found by EPR and spin-trapping to generate free radicals in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions at room temperature. Two reaction mechanisms occur which determine the structures of the radicals generated. The first involves a one-electron oxidation and the second a hydrogen atom transfer. The prevailing mechanism is primarily dependent on the structure of the substrate. With carboxylic acids the one-electron oxidation occurs exclusively, leading to the loss of the carboxyl group and to formation of the alkyl radical. For alcohols both alkoxy radicals and hydrogen-abstraction α-carbon radicals were spin trapped. The alkoxy radicals were generated by the electron transfer mechanism. Finally pyrimidine bases such as thymine and cytosine yielded C(5)-centered radicals which could also be explained by an electron transfer mechanism. These observations are of interest because of the recently observed skin tumor-promoting activity of dibenzoyl peroxide.
Preoptic temperature during oral and intragastric feeding

Preoptic brain temperatures of rats were recorded during oral and intragastric feeding. Oral ingestion of solid dry food was the only treatment that significantly increased preoptic temperature. Oral ingestion of liquid food and infusion of either liquid food or water directly into the stomach via a cannula failed to produce a significant change in brain temperatures. These data are not consistent with Brobeck’s (1951) thermoregulatory hypothesis which predicts that both ingested and infused liquid nutrients should also increase preoptic temperature.
Liquid and Ice Cloud Microphysics in the CSU General Circulation Model. Part 1: Model Description and Simulated Microphysical Processes

Abstract Microphysical processes responsible for the formation and dissipation of water and ice clouds have been incorporated into the Colorado State University General Circulation Model in order to 1) yield a more physically based representation of the components of the atmospheric moisture budget, 2) link the distribution and optical properties of the model-generated clouds to the predicted cloud water and ice amounts, and 3) produce more realistic simulations of cloudiness and the earth's radiation budget. The bulk cloud microphysics scheme encompasses five prognostic variables for the mass of water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, and snow. Graupel and hail are neglected. Cloud water and cloud ice are predicted to form through large-scale condensation and deposition processes and also through detrainment at the tops of cumulus towers. The production of rain and snow occur through autoconversion of cloud water and cloud ice. Rain drops falling through clouds can grow by collecting cloud water, and ...