cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of the ionosphere on an L-band space based radar

We have quantified the impact that the ionosphere would have on a L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mission using a combination of simulation, modeling, Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected during the last solar maximum, and existing spaceborne SAR data. Using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM) total electron content (TEC) estimates derived from the worldwide array of GPS stations, we determined that the sun synchronous orbit which would minimize TEC at the time of imaging has dawn and dusk equator crossings. Such an orbit also avoids the equatorial post-sunset irregularities. We used the GIM data to examine the day-to-day variability in the background ionosphere and to quantify the impact of the background ionosphere on single pass SAR performance. With the exception of Faraday rotation related effects on single polarization systems, degradation due to the background ionosphere can be avoided if a reasonable model for the ionosphere is used during processing. Our studies reveal that Faraday rotation angles rarely exceeded the 10/spl deg/ threshold that impacts biomass retrieval and that repeat pass interferometric SAR decorrelation due to variations in the background ionosphere causing variable Faraday rotations is a negligible effect. Even a dawn-dusk orbit will not avoid high latitude ionospheric irregularities. We evaluated the strength of the ionospheric irregularities using GPS scintillation data collected at Fairbanks, Alaska and modeled the impact of these irregularities on azimuth resolution, azimuth displacement, peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR), and integrated sidelobe ratio (ISLR). Our examination of ionospheric artifacts in InSAR data has revealed that the artifacts occur primarily in the polar cap data, not auroral zone data as was previously thought.
Taking Stock of Malthus: Modeling the Collapse of Historical Civilizations

The collapse of historical civilizations has received much attention in archeology and anthropology. The findings are in line with the ideas of the classical economist Thomas Malthus, who envisioned a society in which environmental limits crucial for livelihood bind, leading to a Malthusian trap for the society. It is easy to dismiss Malthus as painting an unrealistic global future or to say that his forecast has so far not materialized, but the evolving problem of global warming provides reasons for concern. If our biosphere were to decline drastically due to global warming, no substitute could soon take our biosphere's place. If only to be prudent, it is incumbent upon us to take stock of Malthus. We can gain insight by considering the modeling literature on collapse in resource economics. The literature explains the evolution of the historical societies and attempts to solve their problem. This literature offers a gloomy outlook, although the situation is not hopeless. There are things we can do to avo...
Measurement of two- and three-bond 13C-1H J couplings to the C delta carbons of leucine residues in staphylococcal nuclease.

A new 1H-detected 3D NMR experiment is described that permits quantitative measurement of two- and three-bond 13C−1H couplings in proteins with selectively 13C-enriched methyl sites. The method is demonstrated for staphylococcal nuclease selectively [5,5 13C]-labeled in all 11 leucine positions and ligated with thymidine 3′,5′-biphosphate and Ca2+. Two- and three-bond 13C methyl-proton couplings are reported and, together with the measured three-bond JCαCδ in uniformly 13C-enriched staphylococcal nuclease, the χ 2- and the stereospecific assignments of the Cδ methyl group with respect to the prochiral β-protons were determined. The same residues that were previously found to have high degrees of internal mobility on the basis of 13C relaxation times have measured coupling constants that are indicative of motional averaging.
A novel paramyxovirus

In public databases, we identified sequences reported as human genes expressed in kidney mesangial cells. The similarity of these genes to paramyxovirus matrix, fusion, and phosphoprotein genes suggests that they are derived from a novel paramyxovirus. These genes are sufficiently unique to suggest the existence of a novel paramyxovirus genus.
Worldwide Inflation and International Monetary Reform: Exchange Rates or Interest Rates?

The international dollar standard is malfunctioning. Near-zero US short-term interest rates launch massive hot money outflows into emerging markets (EM) in Asia and Latin America. Each EM central bank buys dollars to prevent its currency from appreciating but loses monetary control. Despite some appreciation, average inflation in EMs is now much higher than in the old industrial economies and world commodity prices are bid up sharply. This inflation on the dollar's periphery only registers in the US CPI with a long lag. However, the more immediate effect of the Fed's zero interest rate is to upset the process of bank intermediation within the American economy. Bank credit continues to decline while employment languishes. Therefore, constructive international monetary reform calls for the Fed to abandon its zero-interest rate policy, which is best done in cooperation with the European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan, and the Bank of England also abandoning their ultra low interest rates.
Yields and Composition of Edible and Inedible By-Products of Broilers Processed at 6, 7, and 8 Weeks of Age

Percent yields and nutrient composition were determined on inedible by-products and giblets of broilers processed at 6, 7, and 8 weeks of age. All inedible by-products and giblets were collected from 120 broilers (mixed sexes) for each age group and percent yield determined as a function of live weight. Wet yields of the various products were: blood, 3.1%; feathers, 21.3%; feet, 4.1%; heads, 3.0%; necks, 3.6%; gizzards, 3.0%; livers, 2.0%; hearts, .6%; and viscera, 8.0% for the 7-week-old birds. Some offal yield differences were noted among the three age groups. Moisture content of the offal averaged approximately 70% for most products. Exceptions were blood (Ca. 84%) and gizzards, feet, and necks (Ca. 60%) moisture. Approximate lipid composition was 17% for neck, gizzards, and hearts; 11% for feet and viscera; 8% for heads and livers; and 1.5% for blood and feathers. On a wet basis, protein content for hearts, blood, and viscera averaged approximately 12%; heads, necks, and gizzards, 15%; feet and livers, 20%; and feathers, 25%. (Key words: by-products, offal, giblets, yields, proximate analysis, broilers)
CONSTRUCTING INFANTS: ANTHROPOLOGICAL REALITIES AND ANALYTIC HORIZONS

Systems of psychology, like those who invent them, are lopsided affairs. In illuminating one aspect of the human situation, they neglect its other aspects .... Moreover, though each system will presume universal and perennial truth, the modest fact is that each psychology is, in its own way, a particular and contemporaneous response to the dilemma of a particular age. And why should it be otherwise? —Ferber, Lying, Despair, Jealousy, Envy, Sex, Suicide, Drugs, and the Good Life There is no life that is not in community. —T.S. Eliot, The Rock During the last twenty years, there has been an explosion of parent–infant research, and with it an ongoing debate about the subjectivity and intersubjectivity of infancy. Previously held ideas of infancy (e.g., autistic stage) have receded in importance, relegated to the back shelves, except to demonstrate their weak assertions and to bolster the argument for new paradigms that provide greater clarity. This is to be expected. Whenever there is a change in paradigms (Kuhn, 1970), which seems to be part of the perennial human tendency to define and redefine ourselves (Taylor, 1971), a corresponding attempt to disclaim previous views occurs. At the same time, the discourse surrounding the new paradigm involves continual refinement of and argument about conceptual distinctions and definitions, questioning the logic of each assertion, and disputing evidential claims. We see this, for instance, in the spirited debates and clarifications about whether the infant is innately intersubjective and what forms or characteristics comprise the infant’s intersubjectivity. The new (or old) theories of human development we hold dear and defend are treated as objects, representing various approximations
X-band magnicon amplifier for the Next Linear Collider

The magnicon is a scanning-beam microwave amplifier that is being developed as a high power, highly efficient microwave source for use in powering the next generation of high gradient electron linear accelerators. In this paper, we present a progress report on a new thermionic magnicon experiment designed to produce more than 50 MW at 11.4 GHz, using a 210 A, 500 kV beam from an ultrahigh convergence thermionic electron gun driven by a rep-rated modulator. This new design has a predicted efficiency in excess of 60%.
Free Surface, Velocity Gradient Flow Past Hemisphere

The drag on a hemisphere in a finite-flow field with free surface effects is evaluated by successively studying six flow fields, which allows the study of one new variable at a time. These flow fields are: the semi-infinite uniform and nonuniform flow fields, the finite uniform and nonuniform flow fields without free surface effects, and the finite uniform and nonuniform flow fields with free surface effects. Three regimes of flow are defined for the hemisphere which are: (1) A regime of pronounced free surface effects, (2) a regime of moderate free surface effects, and (3) a regime of negligible free surface effects. The effect of these variables and range of conditions under which they are effective is considered.
A Simple Technique for Investigating Stromatal Formation in the Sclerotiniaceae

The stromata of the Sclerotiniaceae, whether of the sclerotial or substratal types, have become important in an understanding of the relationships among the genera of this family, as Whetzel (1945) has pointed out. Natural substrata have, for the most part, been used for the study of these stromata by various workers, but these offer one prime difficulty in comparisons of different genera or even different species of the same genus: a critical comparison is impossible when both fungi are unable to colonize the same natural substratum. The following technique was devised in order to overcome this difficulty, and to provide the answers to other, related problems.
Abstract 2527: Impact of community-based breast cancer education intervention in New York State Capital Region.

Objectives: We conducted a community-based education intervention among targeted understudied groups in the New York State Capital Region to assess baseline knowledge of breast cancer and determine the effectiveness of newly developed educational tools in improving knowledge. Methods: We recruited 417 students from five participating colleges/universities and 67 women from four community group organizations. Educational intervention involved about an hour-long lecture on breast cancer using Microsoft PowerPoint® presentations tailored to each of the two participating groups of colleges/universities and community group organizations. Baseline and post-education knowledge was assessed via self-administered questionnaires. In addition to multiple choice questions, pre- and post-education questionnaires designed for college/university students also contained an open-ended question soliciting their suggestions for public health preventive actions against breast cancer. The effectiveness of our education intervention in improving breast cancer knowledge was estimated using a paired t-test. Descriptive and qualitative analyses of demographic variables and answers to the open-ended questions were also conducted. Results: Our analyses revealed a statistically significant improvement (P Conclusions: This community-based education intervention was motivated by lack of a readily available breast cancer educational tool as well as lack of information about baseline knowledge of breast cancer among communities in the New York State Capital Region. Our findings of low levels of both baseline knowledge and prior attendance in a breast cancer lecture/seminar by participants in our study underscore the importance of education interventions. Our community-based education intervention was effective in increasing knowledge about breast cancer among college students and community group members in upstate New York. Our findings provide leads for public health prevention strategies. Citation Format: Nur Zeinomar, Roxana Moslehi. Impact of community-based breast cancer education intervention in New York State Capital Region. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2527. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2527
Diel Activity of Nymphal Dermacentor occidentalis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Relation to Meteorological Factors and Host Activity Periods

Relation of diel activity and questing behavior of nymphal Dermacentor occidentalis Marx and Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls to meteorological factors was investigated in a shaded versus a sun-exposed outdoor arena. Oak-woodland soil covered partially with leaf litter and small rocks, and 24 vertically oriented grass stems 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 cm tall were provided as substrate and potential questing sites. Tick activity and weather conditions were monitored bihourly during 15 diel (24-h) experiments ( D. occidentalis ,8; I. pacificus ,7). In shade, D. occidentalis was active throughout the day, but questing occurred mainly at night and in the morning on grass stems or atop soil when temperatures were cool and relative humidities high. Ticks seemed to prefer to quest at heights between ∼4 and 10 cm. The time of day and height at which D. occidentalis quested on grass stems coincided with the activity periods and size of its lagomorph and rodent hosts. Low percentages (≤15%) of I. pacificus nymphs ( n = 100 or 200) were active atop soil or leaf litter at night or sporadically throughout the day, but none ascended grass stems. This finding was reconfirmed by monitoring diurnal behavior of nymphs in an outdoor aquarium having leaf litter as substrate; ≤4% of 53 ticks were detected on the topmost layer of leaves and, of those, most I. pacificus were situated on the lower versus the upper surfaces of such leaves. Activity of I. pacificus was correlated positively with relative humidity and negatively with soil temperature in one experiment. In the sun-exposed arena, ticks of both species died within 9–11 d as daytime soil-surface temperatures sometimes reached maximums of 73–77°C and relative humidities dropped to 14–24%. In contrast, D. occidentalis and I. pacificus survived for up to 6 and 8 wk, respectively, in the shaded arena. After its introduction into the shaded arena, the western fence lizard ( Sceloporus occidentalis Baird & Girard) acquired more I. pacificus nocturnally while asleep in soil than during its diurnal period of activity above ground. Sleeping wild lizards also became infested more often and had significantly greater burdens of I. pacificus subadults, primarily larvae, than diurnally active lizards. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that I. pacificus subadults are capable of locating and attaching to their saurian hosts subterraneanly as well as above ground.
Predigest adding load method of explosion effect on concrete liner of tunnel structure

To study the effects of blast vibration on the adjacent structure,the method of numerical simulation was used to analyze the effect of blast vibration on the adjacent concrete liner in a certain large-scale tunnel.Based on the attenuation law of the blast waves in rock of the cylinder charge,the dynamical load added on the excavation face after the attenuation was used to simulate the excavation explosion vibration.The numerical simulation results agree well with the experimental observation.
Isolation and inactivation of high pathogenic avian influenza virus(H5N1) from a patient in Fujian province, China

To isolate the high pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV,H5N1) from a human infected case and to determine of the virus inactivation conditions for the purpose of a safe and effective viral antigen. The specimen in respiratory tract from a patient was inoculated into the SPF embryonated chicken eggs for the isolation, the allantioic fluid was collected and confirmed to carry HPAIV by electron microscope and RT-PCR. The viral collection was inactivated by methanal or glutaraldehyde at variant final concentrations. The inactivated viral fluid was incubated into embryonated chicken eggs to evaluate the inactivation effect and detected its hemagglutinin activity by HA test. The results indicated that the virus could be completely inactivated by methanal or glutaraldehyde at the final concentrations ranging from 1% to 5% at 4℃ for 24 hours. The high concentration of the inactivation reagents used could affect the virus HA titer, and HA activity was gradually lost with raising concentrations of the inactivation reagents. The virus treated by methanal of final concentration of 1‰, at 4℃ for 24 hours, could maintain its HA activity for at least 4 weeks. The inactivation effect by methanal is better than that by glutaraldehyde in terms of maintenance of the viral HA activity. It shows that the method is suitable for preparation a large amount of safe and effective viral antigen for serodiagnosis of HPAIV.
Urodynamic Evaluation of incontinence in Patients Undergoing Modified Campbell Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: A Prospective Study

A prospective urodynamic study was performed on 17 consecutive patients undergoing a modified Campbell radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostatic carcinoma. There was 1 postoperative death, leaving 16 evaluable patients. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. The only urodynamic parameter 6 months postoperatively that differed significantly from the preoperative value was the functional urethral length, 1.6 and 4.3 cm., respectively. The incidence of clinical and/or urodynamic urinary incontinence preoperatively was 19 per cent and 6 months after the procedure it was 87 per cent. The incontinence rate did not correlate with the pathological stage or histological grade of the tumor. There was a strong trend toward improvement of continence with time but all patients who were incontinent 6 months postoperatively and followed for more than 1 year remained incontinent. While this incontinence rate is the highest reported, we believe that it reflects detailed patient interviews and objective fluoroscopic evidence of urethral urinary loss. These results and those of others suggest that modification of the technique of radical prostatectomy to produce a functional urethral length of at least 2.8 cm. may be desirable.
Zur Lokalisation der horizontalen Blicklähmung und der internukleären Ophthalmoplegie

1. Zwei eigene Falle vonhorizontaler Blicklahmung (HB) mit Lasion der paramedianen Bruckenhaube in Hohe des Trigeminusaustritts werden dargestellt. 2. Im ersten fand sich eine erbsgrose Krebsmetastase in der rechten ventralen paramedianenFormatio reticularis (PPRF), im zweiten ein schmaler canceroser Invasionssaum in diedorsale paramediane Bruckenhaube, der mit einer Plexusmetastase des vierten Ventrikels verbunden war. 3. Begleitsymptom der gleichseitigen HB war in beiden Fallen eine supranukleare und zum Herdkontralaterale Facialisparese, im ersten Fall infolge Drucklasion auf die mediale Schleife auch eine kontralaterale Sensibilitatsstorung. 4. Die HB selbst war in beiden Fallenvoll konjugiert. 5. Die autoptisch kontrolliertenHB-Falle der Literatur gleicher Hohenlokalisation wurden mit den eigenen Fallen korreliert und das allen gemeinsame Syndrom herausgestellt. In allen diesen Beobachtungen erwies sich dieBlicklahmung alsvoll konjugiert und zur Seite des Herdes. In fast allen gab es eine die unteren Gesichtshalfte betreffendePacialisparese, entweder auf der Herd- oder Gegenseite; in einigen dazu auch noch Vestibularisreizsymptome undSensibilitatsstorungen. Nur wenn der pathologische Prozes auserdem in den Bruckenfus hereinreichte, wurden auch herdgegenseitige motorische Ausfalle beobachtet. 6. Konstanz und Eigenstandigkeit des klinischen Syndroms sind damit gesichert. Das anatomische Substrat ist ein zur Blicklahmung gleichseitiger Herd in der paramedianen Haube der mittleren Brucke.
Identifying the Root Causes or Patterns of Adverse Health Events: Statistical Methods

After a period of intense focus on efforts to improve the cost efficiency of health care, there is a sense of rising urgency about identifying and improving the associated levels of the quality of care. A widely acknowledged indicator of quality is the occurrence of adverse, sentinel, events during care. The step toward reducing the risk of such events is to understand sometimes about their causes and the variation in their occurrence.
Formation of nanoscale composites of compound semiconductors driven by charge transfer

Mixing of different materials is routinely used to create alloys or composites with new functionalities and properties tailored for specific applications. We have synthesized a uniform stoichiometric composite of CdO and SnTe, two compound semiconductors with distinctly different electrical properties and electronic band structure. The carrier concentration in the composite varies from about 1020 cm−3 electrons in CdO to about 1021 cm−3 holes in SnTe with a semi-insulating material in the intermediate composition range. The optical absorption edge shows a non-monotonic dependence on the composition. These unusual properties are explained by a nanocomposite whose formation is driven by charge transfer between the constituent compounds.
Methods of Microprobe Analysis

Microanalytical techniques were first developed by Pregl [1] for the determination of elementary composition of organic materials. Such procedures provided a means of characterization for materials such as products of biological processes which were available in small amounts only. The observation of precipitation reactions under the microscope [2] permitted the scaling down of qualitative analytical procedures for inorganic materials, and the formation of colors and precipitates was used for qualitative microanalysis in Feigl’s “Tupfelanalyse” (spot analysis)[3]. However, the separation methods of chemical quantitative (“wet”) analysis were difficult to adapt, mainly because of the strong capillary effects in the manipulation of liquids in the microscopic domain.
Note on the crystal field parameters of rare earth garnets

Abstract The results of various investigators on the crystal field parameters of garnets of the heavy rare earths are examined and compared, including discussion of their relation on the model which we used in the preceding paper on TmGaG. A number of inconsistencies and errors in the literature are noted. The empirical ratios of sixth to fourth order terms which have been reported are practically always larger, sometimes by about a factor 10, than the values obtained by a point charge calculation with Freeman-Watson radii for the 4 f electrons.
Influence of smooth temperature variation on hotspot ignition

Autoignition in thermally stratified reactive mixtures originates in localised hotspots. The ignition behaviour is often characterised using linear temperature gradients and more recently constant ...
Dual-mode Energy Efficient Ethernet with Packet Coalescing: Analysis and simulation

Abstract The recently-proposed and studied Dual-Mode Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) amends the conventional EEE with an additional low-power mode called Fast Wake. Dual-Mode EEE has shown to be much more effective than EEE in reducing the power consumption of Ethernet links at 40 Gb/s and higher due to impractically-high transition times of using only one low-power mode at these capacities. However, even with two low-power modes, the still relatively-high transition times between the modes prevent Dual-Mode EEE from taking full advantage of the power reduction of the low-power modes and approach energy-proportional operation. We design and formulate Packet Coalescing for Dual-Mode EEE links at 40 Gb/s and higher. Packet Coalescing is to collect multiple packets before transmitting them on a link as a burst of back-to-back packets. By coalescing packets into bursts, the overhead of transition times can be reduced and nearly energy-proportional operation can be achieved, albeit at the expense of a bounded increase in the packet delay. We analytically model the power consumption of Dual-Mode EEE with Packet Coalescing and present closed-form formulae for the average percentage of time a link would spend in each low-power mode and transition. We also simulate a 40 Gb/s Dual-Mode EEE link with Packet Coalescing and present results suggesting that the compromise in the average per-packet delay is likely to be worthwhile under most circumstances considering the power reduction.
Acceleration of Dijkstra's algorithm on multi-core processors

The Single Source Shortest Path (SSSP) problem has been solved using various algorithms. We focus on accelerating a well known SSSP algorithm, the Dijkstra's algorithm using a multi-core CPU. We achieve acceleration by using the iParallel kernel, a hybrid kernel that runs on the sequential as well as parallel kernels intelligently. Our experimental results help find an optimal threshold to exploit parallelism for different sizes of the search terrain. We have achieved an overall acceleration of −48% and −51% on a dual-core ARM A9 processor and a 16-core Epiphany co-processor respectively.
The Demand for Cameras by Consumers—A Model of Purchase, Type Choice, and Brand Choice

In 1948, Dr. Edwin Land and the Polaroid Corporation introduced its first instant camera and film. The technology involved a photograph which required that the consumer manually remove a protective peel-away layer. Consumers were also involved in the somewhat messy process of “stopping” the development and applying a protective gel. By the 1960s Polaroid had introduced an enormously successful color version of its black and white technology. In 1972, Polaroid introduced a revolutionary technology with its SX-70 instant camera and film. The technology which is similar to that sold in stores today, automatically ejected a photograph which develops before one’s eyes. There was no longer any need to peel off the protective layer or to intervene in the timing of the picture development. Hailed as a major technological achievement, the SX-70 sold well despite its relatively high price as compared to conventional photography.
CHAPTER V – Central Limit Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses different versions of the central limit theorem that provide conditions guaranteeing the asymptotic normality of n–1/2X'ɛ. As with laws of large numbers, different conditions will apply to different kinds of economic data. Under general conditions, the sample average of a sequence has a limiting unit normal distribution when appropriately standardized. The results that follow specify precisely the restrictions that are sufficient to imply asymptotic normality. As with the laws of large numbers, there are natural trade-offs among these restrictions. Typically, greater dependence or heterogeneity is allowed at the expense of imposing more stringent moment requirements. The chapter discusses independent identically distributed observations, independent heterogeneously distributed observations, dependent identically distributed observations, dependent heterogeneously distributed observations, and martingale difference sequences.
Recent Developments in the Brazilian Insurance Market

The Brazilian insurance industry has grown rapidly over the last ten years. From a historical level of around 1 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), premiums have doubled to around 2 percent in 1994 and, since then, have been increasing annually, reaching 3.4 percent of GDP in 2004.285 The jump observed in 1994 is associated with a new economic regime that created a new currency, called the Real, and the growth that followed was driven mainly by the newly created defined contribution pension plans.
Collective properties of insulin-secreting cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the collective properties of insulin-secreting cells. Calcium functions as part of a dual negative feedback system, involving both electrical activity and secretion. Calcium removal leads to depolarization and terminates the silent phase by deactivating calcium-activated potassium channels. This depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium and HH-like potassium channels, and initiates spiking. The ensuing influx of calcium ultimately inhibits spiking as calcium accumulates. The connection with secretion is through glucose metabolism, which increases with glucose levels in the blood, and provides the energy for calcium removal. Bistability in the fast subsystem underlies the models' bursting behavior. The lower steady state is slowly tracked during the silent phase, and the limit cycle oscillations around the depolarized level correspond to the spikes in the active phase. This view shows how the active phase begins when the lower steady state coalesces with the saddle point. When the minimum voltage of a spike meets the rising threshold, the active phase terminates.
Risk Assessment: A Means for Linking HACCP Plans and Public Health

HACCP plan adoption has greatly enhanced the food industry's ability to systematically design programs to ensure the microbiological safety of foods. Yet, this widening acceptance of the HACCP system has revealed several areas where its application is limited due to reliance on qualitative consideration of hazards and their control. In particular, HACCP planning is limited both conceptually and practically by its inability to quantify the potential combined influence of multiple control-point deviations and to relate the successful operation of a HACCP system to a measurable public-health impact. Recent advances in quantitative microbiological risk assessment appear to offer a means of overcoming these limitations. The integration of HACCP plans with the development of dynamic risk-assessment models offers a means for considering the entire farm-to-table continuum and for relating food-manufacturing operations to public health goals. Such capabilities may be critical to establishing equivalence among HACCP systems.
Effects of canonical color, luminance, and orientation on sustained inattentional blindness for scenes

Whether scene gist perception occurs automatically and unconsciously has been the subject of much debate. In addition to demonstrating a new method that adapts the Mack and Rock (1998) inattentional blindness cross procedure to allow for sustained inattentional blindness over a large number of trials, we report evidence from a series of experiments that shows that canonical scene features reduce inattentional blindness to scenes by facilitating the extraction of scene gist. When attentional demands are high, the combination of canonical color, canonical luminance, and canonical orientation reduces rates of inattentional blindness. However, when attentional demands are reduced, canonical features are independently sufficient to facilitate gist extraction and to capture attention. These results demonstrate that canonical color, canonical luminance, and canonical orientation all contribute to scene gist perception, and that when attentional demands are high, only highly canonical stimuli are sufficient to capture attention.
Effects of volatile anesthetics on the coronary circulation in chronically instrumented dogs.

Although it had been generally assumed that the potent inhalation anesthetics could directly relax vascular smooth muscle including coronary,1–3 there had been few published accounts of the direct effects of anesthetics on the coronary vasculature. The initial experiments concerning the effect of volatile anesthetics on the coronary circulation suggested that the metabolic depression produced by the potent inhalation anesthetics overrode the direct vasodilating effects, resulting in a dose-dependent decrease in coronary blood flow without appreciable effect on calculated coronary vascular resistance.4–8 However, the study in humans by Reiz and colleagues challenged this universal effect of inhalation anesthetics9 and subsequent studies in animals under controlled conditions have shown that isoflurane is indeed a coronary vasodilator even in the chronically instrumented intact animal.10–13 Since coronary vasodilation can produce deleterious redistribution of myocardial perfusion especially in collateralized hearts,14 there has been great interest in this coronary vasodilating effect of isoflurane. Although Buffington demonstrated that isoflurane can produce this maldistribution of myocardial perfusion under carefully defined conditions,15 others have disputed his contention.16,17 Part of the controversy has stemmed from a question about the magnitude of the coronary vasodilation produced by isoflurane. With the advent of two new inhalation anesthetics, sevoflurane and the isoflurane analog desflurane, it seemed appropriate and necessary to compare the coronary dynamic effects of the new anesthetics with isoflurane.
Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: What Works in the United States and Is Promising for Great Britain

The government of Great Britain is searching for additional strategies to address high levels of juvenile crime and disruptive behavior. Based on an extensive survey of program evaluations, this st...
Abstract TP103: The Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Various Vascular Malformations Appears to be Safe

Introduction: The number of acute ischemic stroke patients who receive IV r-tPA have been shown to be lower than those estimated to be eligible for acute thrombolysis. One potential reason provider...
Field performance evaluation of pervious concrete pavement reinforced with novel discrete reinforcement

Abstract Pervious concrete (PC) pavements are used for stormwater management and flood mitigation. However, the highly porous macrostructure of PC results in low mechanical properties compared to portland cement concrete (PCC). Cured Carbon Fiber Composite Material (CCFCM) is heavily used in manufacturing of high-performance products. Therefore, large quantities of excess CCFCM materials are generated, requiring proper disposal and reuse applications. In this study, recycled CCFCM were used as discrete structural reinforcement in a PC pavement demonstration project. In addition to one Control section, two pavement sections were paved using PC mixed with 0.27 and 0.40% volume fractions of CCFCM, respectively. Field cores and cast specimens from CCFCM-PC mixes achieved similar 7 and 28-day flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths to the Control, although their porosity was higher. Furthermore, CCFCM-PC sections had higher infiltration rates than the Control. Using lightweight deflectometer load testing, CCFCM-PC pavement sections showed lower surface deflection than the Control under the same applied load. Based on these findings, CCFCM was successfully implemented as reinforcing elements in PC, providing an environmentally-friendly solution to recycle this material.
Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Wastes

Abstract Fossil fuels continue to be used in massive quantities. Wastes generated from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production (E&P wastes) can devastate the environment if not handled properly. The problem grew throughout the 20th century, with a more recent increase in the use of hydraulic fracturing.
Atlantooccipital Synovial Cyst with Isolated Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy: Case Report of Nonfusion Surgical Approach and Review of Literature

Background Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy caused by an atlantooccipital synovial cyst is a rare lesion, with fewer than 5 cases reported in the literature. Case Description Our patient presented with acute hypoglossal nerve dysfunction. Our differential included neoplasm, trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other inflammatory/infectious etiology. Imaging revealed a peripherally enhancing, extradural focus in the left premedullary cistern, most likely consistent with a synovial cyst. Conclusions A left suboccipital craniectomy was performed in the region of the left hypoglossal canal, in which a cystic structure was noted at the occipital condyle and C1 vertebral junction. The nerve was adequately decompressed via aspiration of the cyst. Postoperatively, the patient substantially improved. Although rare, synovial cysts must be included in the differential diagnosis of atlantooccipital lesions.
Differentially Private Learning with Adaptive Clipping.

We consider the problem of hyperparameter tuning in training neural networks with user-level differential privacy (DP). Existing approaches for DP training (e.g., DP Federated Averaging) involve bounding the contribution of each user's model update by *clipping* them to a fixed norm. However there is no good *a priori* setting of the clipping norm across tasks and learning settings: the update norm distribution depends on the model architecture and loss, the amount of data on each device, the client learning rate, and possibly various other parameters. In this work, we propose a method wherein instead of using a fixed clipping norm, one clips to a value at a specified quantile of the distribution of update norms, where the value at the quantile is itself estimated online, with differential privacy. Experiments demonstrate that adaptive clipping to the median update norm works well across a range of federated learning problems, eliminating the need to tune any clipping hyperparameter.
Cholesterol efflux capacity assay using immobilized liposomes and apolipoprotein B-depleted serum

Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), an important functional step in reverse cholesterol transport, is the main anti-atherosclerotic function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Assays that improve the determination of CEC ex vivo for clinical applications are constantly explored. In the accompanying article, Horiuchi et al. (Biosci. Rep. (2019) 39(4), BSR20190213) evaluate the availability of apolipoprotein B-depleted serum for CEC assays. Using their recently developed immobilized liposome-bound gel beads (ILG) method, Horiuchi et al. demonstrate that apolipoprotein B-depleted serum obtained with poly ethylene glycol precipitation enables CEC assays to be easily and accurately introduced into laboratory medicine.
Training and Diffusion of Change: The Impact of Training and Proactivity on Change-Related Advice Giving:

This study investigates the effects of organizational change–related training on the diffusion of change through the employee advice network. It also examines the contribution of employee proactivi...
Examination of Regional Interdependence Theory in Chronic Neck Pain: Interpretations from Correlation of Strength Measures in Cervical and Pain-Free Regions.

OBJECTIVE Impairments present in chronic pain conditions have been reported not to be limited to the painful region. Pain-free regions have also been proposed to be adversely affected as a cause or consequence of the painful condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between muscle strength in painful and pain-free regions and chronic neck pain. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Rehabilitation hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS One hundred twenty-two patients with chronic neck pain (87 female) and 98 asymptomatic volunteers (52 female) were included in the study. METHODS Maximal isometric strength measures of the neck, scapulothoracic, shoulder, trunk, and hip muscles were assessed using a hand-held dynamometer in all participants. Pain intensity and pain-related disability were also assessed in patients through visual analog scale and Neck Disability Index scores, respectively. RESULTS Principal component analysis revealed one component for each of the studied regions. Multivariate analysis of variance found neck (d = 0.46), scapulothoracic (d = 0.46), shoulder (d = 0.60), trunk flexor (d = 0.38), extensor (d = 0.36), and hip (d = 0.51) strength components to be lower in the neck pain patients compared with asymptomatic participants (P < 0.01). Logistic and linear regression analyses found the shoulder strength component both to be a significant predictor for neck pain occurrence (β = 0.53, P < 0.01) and to have a considerable effect on pain intensity score (β=-0.20, P = 0.02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results found that some pain-free regions in addition to the cervical spine to exhibit lower levels of muscular strength in neck pain patients. These findings support the regional interdependence theory, which proposes that impairments are not limited to the painful area and are possibly mediated by central mechanisms.
ALDEFLUOR-positive populations in breast cell lines: evidence for cancer stem cells properties and gene expression profile (GEP)

1307 Evidence for the cancer stem cell concept has emerged recently in many fields of cancerous pathology. As in leukemia, myeloma, melanoma, brain, colon and prostate malignancies, it was shown that breast tumors derive from and are driven by a small population of cancer stem cells. The extension of this concept to different kinds of tumors suggests that some same markers will identify cancer stem cells in different malignancies. One approach to find these “universal” markers is to rely on conserved stem or progenitor cells functions. Aldehyde dehydrogenase1 (ALDH1), a detoxifying enzyme implicated in retinoic acid metabolism, fits this description is enzymatic activity has been associated with the identification of cancer stem cells in multiple myeloma and leukemia. Here, we have aimed at characterizing in breast cell lines, a population of cells sorted by flow cytometry using an enzymatic fluorescent assay, ALDEFLUOR, based on ALDH activity. First, we showed that the presence of ALDEFLUOR-positive cells was more frequent and higher in the 15 basal-like breast cell lines than in the 13 luminal ones in which only 5 cell lines contained ALDEFLUOR-positive cells. We had previously established the subtype of the 29 cell lines using DNA microarrays. Second, we demonstrated the ability of the ALDEFLUOR-positive to form much more spheres in suspension cultures compared to the negative populations in the same cell lines. Third, we proved the tumorigenic properties of the ALDEFLUOR-positive population compared to ALDEFLUOR-negative and whole cell line, by injecting orthotopically limiting dilution of each population in cleared and humanized NOD/SCID mice fat pads. These in vitro and in vivo analyses confirmed the cancer stem cell properties of the ALDEFLUOR-positive population.Finally, we profiled the ALDEFLUOR-positive and negative cells from ten cell lines with Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 human oligonucleotide microarrays. We compared the gene expression profile (GEP) of the ALDEFLUOR-positive population with previously established stem cell signatures, and determined the molecular subtype by comparison to the ALDELFUOR-negative or the whole cell line population. The GEP of ALDEFLUOR-positive cells will help discover other potential cancer stem cell markers and develop the field of new targeted therapies for breast cancers.
On Minimizers and Critical Points for Anisotropic Isoperimetric Problems

Anisotropic surface energies are a natural generalization of the perimeter functional that arise, for instance, in scaling limits for certain probabilistic models on lattices. We survey two recent results concerning isoperimetric problems with anisotropic surface energies. The first is joint work with Delgadino, Maggi, and Mihaila and provides a weak characterization of critical points in the anisotropic isoperimetric problem. The second is joint work with Choksi and Topaloglu and describes energy minimizers in an anisotropic variant of a model for atomic nuclei.
Alcoholism in Contemporary Greece

The extent of alcoholism in Greece cannot be ascertained reliably on the basis of available evidence. A historical review suggests that alcoholism has attracted attention since classical antiquity;...
Is bicycling getting safer? Bicycle fatality rates (1985–2017) using four exposure metrics

Abstract The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration cites decreasing bicyclist fatalities in the United States over the past several decades as evidence of improved bicycling safety. However, with users possessing a diverse range of tolerances, purposes, and socio-demographics, bicycle safety is an important yet complex problem, one that does not have a simple yes/no answer. To gain a better understanding, we need to take a variety of perspectives. Traditional bicycle safety analyses take a transportation engineering perspective by using distance-based exposure metrics or those based on the number of trips. But there are other perspectives – such as public health (using population) and transportation planning (using bicycle participation) – that could provide us with a fuller picture. This paper applies four measures of bicycling exposure to take a broad, interdisciplinary perspective on bicycling safety to answer the question of whether bicycling is actually getting safer and, if so, for whom. We first explore age differences with respect to the direction and magnitude of bicyclist fatality rates in the United States between 1985 and 2017. We then investigate whether any safety benefits are shared equally among commuters and recreational riders. Using fatality data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and exposure data from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census, and the National Sporting Goods Association (NSGA) – a relatively novel approach to measuring exposure through a comprehensive national bicycling participation survey – we derived trends of age-specific bicyclist fatality rates and corresponding confidence intervals for children and adults. We also compare exposure to fatality outcomes by deriving Pearson's correlation coefficients. This is the first research to provide a longitudinal, age-specific statistical analysis of bicycle fatality rates using these four exposure metrics. Results suggest that overall declines in bicycle fatality rates have been primarily driven by a sharp decline in child bicyclist fatalities while adult bicycle fatality rates have generally trended upwards (especially for the general population) or remained stagnant (for commuters). This work adds to the understanding of bicyclist safety and gives direction to future research regarding the importance of considering age and exposure sources.
Understanding Patient Perception of Medical Artificial Intelligence: A Proposed Qualitative Study

This study requires individual questionnaires to explore how patients perceive medical AI during traditional medical procedures in radiology (thoracic imaging). By determining the factors that contribute to patients’ perception of AI it will benefit patients and can facilitate the implementation of medical AI patient protocols.
Some bounds for the knot Floer τ–invariant of satellite knots

This paper uses four dimensional handlebody theory to compute upper and lower bounds for the Heegaard Floer ‐invariant of almost all satellite knots in terms of the ‐invariants of the pattern and the companion. 57M27; 57R58