cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Co-clustering across Multiple Social Media

Combining multiple source information can often lead to improved performance on the learning task. Information from different sources could potentially compensate the missing information in a single source. However, designing an effective combining scheme is not always straightforward in practice. This paper aims to combine information from multiple social media websites to enhance the co-clustering performance of two types of objects (social media objects and users) in one social network, since users could leave footprints across different social media websites, such as Twitter, Foursquare, etc. Data generated from multiple heterogeneous sources can be casted in a multi-view setting. Specifically, we construct the relationship matrix as relationship view and features of each individual object from different sources as different feature views. In previous works, features besides relationship matrix were added to co-clustering in the following manners: different features are taken indiscriminately, those features act as hard constraints to force final co-clusters agree with these constraints. A co-regularized collaborative co-clustering model (Co-CoClust) is proposed to simultaneously perform co-clustering on relationship view and clustering on multiple feature views. In this framework, features from different sources are treated discriminately since they are divided into separate views and utilized based on the distance from relationship matrix. Co-regularization technique is introduced to impose a common constraint between co-clustering and clusterings such that the relationship matrix and feature matrix are unified. By alternating minimization, results of co-clustering and clustering from different views are iteratively optimized. Therefore, co-clustering results are improved by leveraging multiple source information. The proposed algorithm proves its effectiveness in social media datasets and traditional document-word datasets.
Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the results of experiments conducted to study genetic control of immune responsiveness. Evidence for the presence of histocompatibility linked immune response (Ir) genes was presented or reviewed for a large number of antigens in the workshop. Two immune response genes associated with mouse immunoglobulin allotypes were also described. A brief discussion of the effect of polyanions in restoring the immune response not controlled by histocompatibility linked genes in genetically or surgically athymic mice was also given. It was pointed out that if immune response genes are linked with, but not identical to HL-An antigen, then studies of HL-A disease associations may fail to show such associations because of recombination in a random breeding population. This effect will be lessened if the linkage is very close, or if association of particular Ir and HL-A genes is selected for, or functionally related.
Decarbonylative Phosphorylation of Amides by Palladium and Nickel Catalysis: The Hirao Cross-Coupling of Amide Derivatives

Considering the ubiquity of organophosphorus compounds in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical discovery agrochemical crop protection and materials chemistry, new methods for their construction hold particular significance. A conventional method for the synthesis of C-P bonds involves cross-coupling of aryl halides and dialkyl phosphites (the Hirao reaction). We report a catalytic deamidative phosphorylation of a wide range of amides using a palladium or nickel catalyst giving aryl phosphonates in good to excellent yields. The present method tolerates a wide range of functional groups. The reaction constitutes the first example of a transition-metal-catalyzed generation of C-P bonds from amides. This redox-neutral protocol can be combined with site-selective conventional cross-coupling for the regioselective synthesis of potential pharmacophores. Mechanistic studies suggest an oxidative addition/transmetallation pathway. In light of the importance of amides and phosphonates as synthetic intermediates, we envision that this Pd and Ni-catalyzed C-P bond forming method will find broad application.
The Historical Progression From ADL Scrutiny to IADL to Advanced ADL: Assessing Functional Status in the Earliest Stages of Dementia.

Background Decrements in instrumental activities (IADL) have been observed in the prodromal phase of dementia. Given the long predementia stage in neurodegenerative diseases, it has been proposed that subtle functional changes may precede clinical IADL impairment. Incorporating more challenging advanced ADLs (eg, volunteer work) into the assessment process may increase the sensitivity of functional measures, thus expanding the window for monitoring or interventions. Methods Longitudinal cohort study was used (follow-ups, 18-24 month), with subjects aged 60 and older (n = 3,635). To elucidate the relationship between cognitive ability and functional status we employed an IADL scale with an extended range (ADL-extended; includes IADL but also more challenging advanced ADLs) that meets item response theory properties of dimensionality, monotonicity, and item hierarchy. Procedures involved (a) a dynamic change model employed to inspect the temporal relationship between ADL-extended and cognitive status and (b) Cox proportional hazards to assess the risk of incident dementia based on ADL-extended scores. Results Growth curve modeling: baseline ADL-extended was significantly associated with all four cognitive domains investigated. Worse baseline ADL-extended was associated with more rapid declines in speed/executive function, and worse baseline memory was associated with more rapid declines in ADL-extended; a concurrent association was found for language and ADL-extended. Cox model: the risk of dementia was decreased for each additional ADL-extended item endorsed (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval = 0.81-0.90). Conclusions An increased risk of dementia could be observed in the ADL-extended items, which reflects an area of the functional continuum beyond IADL competencies.
Dividing attention in the classroom reduces exam performance

The intrusion of internet-enabled electronic devices (laptop, tablet, and cell phone) has transformed the modern college lecture into a divided attention task. This study measured the effect of usi...
History of Disaster Epidemiology: 1960-2015

Abstract Disaster epidemiology is not a new field, and the methods utilized to conduct disaster epidemiology studies are no different than the methods used in everyday applied public health research and investigations. The only difference is the circumstances under which the methods are employed. The challenges of conducting epidemiologic studies during a disaster are many—limited access to study sites and populations; access to reliable electricity, connectivity, and communication systems; and typically a short time frame in which to gather, analyze, and report data to decision-makers so that it can be utilized to prevent morbidity and mortality. However, many innovations have been developed by disaster epidemiologists to meet these challenges. Rapid needs assessments, innovative surveillance and tracking systems, and adapted epidemiologic study designs are some of the innovations that will be discussed in this chapter.
The Influence of Footwear Tread Groove Orientation on Slip Outcome and Slip Severity

Previous research utilizing mechanical testing has revealed that footwear tread groove orientation has a significant impact on available friction. However, the influence of tread groove orientation on slip potential in human subjects has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to determine if footwear tread groove orientation influences slip outcome and severity. Thirty-six subjects were allocated into two groups matched by sex, age, height, and weight. Subjects in each group wore a shoe with a different tread groove orientation (parallel versus perpendicular). Subjects ambulated across water-contaminated porcelain ceramic tile, and their slip outcome was recorded. Slip severity was assessed by slip distance as quantified using a motion analysis system. Results indicated that the parallel groove group experienced a greater proportion of slip events (15 of 18) compared with the perpendicular groove group (9 of 18). On average, parallel grooves also resulted in significantly greater slip distances compared with perpendicular grooves (34.6 cm versus 5.6 cm). Our findings indicate that tread groove orientation has an impact on slip outcome and slip severity.
MITRE: predicting host status from microbiota time-series data

Longitudinal studies are crucial for discovering casual relationships between the microbiome and human disease. We present Microbiome Interpretable Temporal Rule Engine (MITRE), the first machine learning method specifically designed for predicting host status from microbiome time-series data. Our method maintains interpretability by learning predictive rules over automatically inferred time-periods and phylogenetically related microbes. We validate MITRE9s performance on semi-synthetic data, and five real datasets measuring microbiome composition over time in infant and adult cohorts. Our results demonstrate that MITRE performs on par or outperforms "black box" machine learning approaches, providing a powerful new tool enabling discovery of biologically interpretable relationships between microbiome and human host.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery System Trialing for Cancer Pain Management

Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) play an important role in cancer pain management. Early placement of IDDS in cancer patients with moderate to severe pain can improve pain control, significantly decrease side effects, and even increase life expectancy (Smith TJ, Coyne PJ, Staats PS, et al., Ann Oncol 16:825–33, 2005; Smith TJ, Staats PS, Deer T, et al., J Clin Oncol 20:4040–9). Proper patient selection is an integral component to the ultimate success of implantation, and the final criteria in the selection process are often response to a trial. While IDDS trials play an important role for patients requiring long-term therapy, the necessity of a trial in cancer patients has been questioned as cancer pain and its treatments can differ from non-cancer pain in a variety of ways. There is currently no standardized trialing technique, and no method has been shown to be superior in predicting post-implantation outcomes.
Antibiotics … and Their Destruction

In this chapter, the learner is exposed to the history, structures and molecular mechanism of action of the major classes of clinically-used antibiotics. This includes those antibiotics which inhibit cell wall, DNA, and/or protein synthesis, as well as those that disrupt membrane function. The creative ways in which bacteria counter the action of antibiotics, including efflux, modification of target, or destruction of drug, are discussed. Future avenues for the development of new anti-bacterial measures are highlighted. The learner will be well-versed in the arms race between pathogenic bacteria and chemical antibiotics and the steps to be taken in the future for humanity to stay ahead.
GC × VUV Study of Diesel: A Two-Dimensional Separation Approach

The characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures remains a challenging task. Advances in analytical characterization have been made in several fronts. One such advance is in gas chromatography–...
Impact of age on atrial fibrillation recurrence following surgical ablation.

Abstract Objectives The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients older than 75 years of age is expected to increase, and its treatment remains challenging. This study evaluated the impact of age on the outcomes of surgical ablation of AF. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent the Cox-maze IV procedure at a single institution between 2005 and 2017. The patients were divided into a younger (age Results The mean age of the elderly group was 78.5 ± 2.8 years. The majority of patients (423/696, 61%) had nonparoxysmal AF. The elderly patients had a lower body mass index (P Conclusions The efficacy of the Cox-maze IV procedure was worse in elderly patients; however, the majority of patients remained free of ATAs at 5 years. The lower success rate in these greater-risk patients should be considered when deciding to perform surgical ablation.
Effects of incentives on viral suppression in people living with HIV who use cocaine or opiates

Abstract Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is essential to maintenance of undetectable viral loads among people living with HIV, which improves health and reduces HIV transmission. Despite these benefits, some people living with HIV do not maintain the level of adherence required to sustain an undetectable viral load. This problem is particularly common among people who use drugs. Objective To determine effects of incentivizing viral suppression in people living with HIV who used cocaine or opiates. Methods In this secondary analysis of data collected during a randomized controlled trial, participants (N=102) with detectable HIV viral loads (>200 copies/mL) were randomly assigned to a Usual Care or Incentive group. Usual Care participants did not earn incentives for viral suppression. Incentive participants earned incentives ($10/day maximum) for providing blood samples with reduced or undetectable ( Results Among participants who used cocaine or opiates, Incentive participants (n = 27) provided more (OR:4.0, CI:1.6−10.3, p = .004) blood samples with an undetectable viral load (69 %) than Usual Care participants (n = 25; 41 %). Among participants who did not use cocaine or opiates, Incentive participants (n = 25) provided more (OR:4.1, CI:1.5−10.7, p = .005) blood samples with an undetectable viral load (78 %) than Usual Care participants (n = 25; 36 %). Effects of incentives did not differ by drug use (OR:1.0, CI:0.3−4.0, p = .992). Conclusions Incentivizing viral suppression can promote undetectable viral loads in people living with HIV who use cocaine or opiates.
Is cytomegalovirus associated with renal disease in AIDS patients

Although it has been suggested that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the kidney might facilitate the development of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) or other morphologic renal changes in patients with AIDS, no systematic study has been performed on kidneys from AIDS patients. We examined 75 autopsy kidneys, two renal biopsy specimens, and a nephrectomy specimen from 78 HIV-infected patients (five with HIVAN) for the presence of CMV. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) utilizing a monoclonal antibody against the late antigen of CMV and in situ hybridization (ISH) with a biotinylated DNA probe for CMV sequences were used. The detection system for both ICC and ISH was streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase with Fast Red TR chromogen. CMV was detected in only 10 of the 78 kidneys examined (12.8%): eight by both methods, one by ISH only, and another by ICC only. All 10 positive kidneys were obtained from autopsies of patients with AIDS. The average number of positive cells (in approximately 15 x 10 mm sections) was 22 with ICC and 10 with ISH. Glomerular intracapillary cells (possibly endothelial cells) were the most commonly stained, followed by positive cells in the interstitium and peritubular capillaries. Relatively few tubular epithelial cells were stained. The majority of positive cells by either ICC or ISH did not show nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions; however, only two of the 10 positive kidneys did not contain cells with typical Cowdry type-A intranuclear CMV inclusions. The most frequent pathologic finding in the kidneys positive for CMV by either ICC or ISH was acute tubular necrosis (in six of 10, 60%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Development and Validation of a Short Form for the Multidimensional Co-Parenting Scale for Dissolved Relationships (MCS-DR12)

Using two independent samples, this study validated a 12-item short form of the Multidimensional Co-Parenting Scale for Dissolved Relationships (MCS-DR12). Findings supported the identified three-i...
Manufacturer rebate and channel coordination in O2O retailing

Abstract Many manufacturers are opening their own online channels due to the growth of e-commerce leading to intensive channel competition with their offline retailer partners. This research proposes an innovative coordination mechanism to lessen channel competition and help enhance the profits of all parties. First, two strategic mechanisms (i.e. a manufacturer rebate to offline consumers and the quantity discount) are proposed and studied. Our results show that although a manufacturer rebate offered to offline consumers helps mitigate the online-to-offline (hereafter O2O) competition conditionally, a quantity discount, unexpectedly, cannot be used to mitigate channel competition effectively. A new mechanism - the combination of the manufacturer rebate to offline consumers combined with a quantity discount to retailers – is developed to lessen channel competition. We find that compared to the first two mechanisms, the combination mechanism, surprisingly, provides a significant advantage in creating greater profits for the entire supply chain. Furthermore, compared to the benchmark O2O model, the combination mechanism also helps create a Pareto situation and thus is an optimal mechanism to be used to mitigate channel competition effectively.
Evolutionary and functional perspectives on signaling from neuronal surface to nucleus.

Reliance on Ca{sup 2+} signaling has been well-preserved through the course of evolution. While the complexity of Ca{sup 2+} signaling pathways has increased, activation of transcription factors including CREB by Ca{sup 2+}/CaM-dependent kinases (CaMKs) has remained critical for long-term plasticity. In C. elegans, the CaMK family is made up of only three members, and CREB phosphorylation is mediated by CMK-1, the homologue of CaMKI. CMK-1 nuclear translocation directly regulates adaptation of thermotaxis behavior in response to changes in the environment. In mammals, the CaMK family has been expanded from three to ten members, enabling specialization of individual elements of a signal transduction pathway and increased reliance on the CaMKII subfamily. This increased complexity enables private line communication between Ca{sup 2+} sources at the cell surface and specific cellular targets. Using both new and previously published data, we review the mechanism of a γCaMKII-CaM nuclear translocation. This intricate pathway depends on a specific role for multiple Ca{sup 2+}/CaM-dependent kinases and phosphatases: α/βCaMKII phosphorylates γCaMKII to trap CaM; CaN dephosphorylates γCaMKII to dispatch it to the nucleus; and PP2A induces CaM release from γCaMKII so that CaMKK and CaMKIV can trigger CREB phosphorylation. Thus, while certain basic elements have been conserved from C.more » elegans, evolutionary modifications offer opportunities for targeted communication, regulation of key nodes and checkpoints, and greater specificity and flexibility in signaling.« less
Chemistry of Carbon-Functional Alkylidynetricobalt Nonacarbonyl Cluster Complexes*

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses principally the chemistry of carbon-functional alkylidyrietricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes. Steric hindrance plays an important role in the chemistry of alkylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl. The alkylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes all are highly colored, with colors ranging from red to purple to brown to black, depending on the apical substituent. The general chemical reactivity of the alkylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl includes instability toward attack by oxidizing agents and many basesand nucleophiles. The chapter describes other cluster complexes in which a tetrahedral core of 1 carbon and 3 metal atoms is present. Such complexes in which the nickel atoms are nickel, ruthenium, and osmium are presented in this chapter. Their chemistry remains largely unexplored, except for the transformations of compound XV in strong acid medium. The sensitivity of these cluster complexes to diverse bases, nucleophiles, and oxidizing agents will seriously limit the chemistry that can be carried out, but even with these limitations it should be possible to continue a broad development of the organo-functional interconversions of these complexes.
Human Milk Antibacterial Factors

Bovine milk will eventually spoil at refrigeration temperatures, but endogenous or exogenous pathogenic or spoilage bacteria in human milk stored for delayed feeding will die. We investigated the mechanism for these antibacterial properties and their response to high-tempertature, short-time (HTST, 72°C-75°C, 15 sec) and low-temperature long-time (LTLT, 65°C, 30min) pasteurization. NonpathogenicListeria innocua(106cfu/mL) was inoculated into raw and processed bovine and human milk; bacterial plate counts twice weekly determined antibacterial activities. Up to 99% ofL. innocuawere killed and further growth was inhibited in raw and pasteurized human milk for at least 60 days at 4°C. Reactive IgA antibodies againstListeriaantigens were demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay in some human milk samples; sIgA activity againstEscherichia coliO antigens was significantly decreased by heat treatments (raw, 1.8; HTST, 1.1; LTLT, 1.3 activity units). Adding human lactoferrin (0.5-20 mg/mL) to theListeriainoculum (-107cfu/mL) in 1% peptone water did not inhibit bacterial growth.
Review of Freshwater Bioassay Procedures for Selected Amphipods

Methods previously used for performing gammarid bioassays and several important life-cycle requirements are reviewed. The discussion is largely based on methodology for the amphipods Gammarus fasciatus, Gammarus lacustris, and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, but additional evidence, gathered from other selected freshwater crustacean tests, is included. The survival rate, acclimation period, test chamber size, and age of the amphipods are discussed for short-term tests. The survival rate, isolation versus nonisolation of gravid females, sex ratios during the reproductive period, and test duration are considered for the long-term tests. Primary emphasis should be placed on flow-through methods. The particular problem under investigation will ultimately determine the methods and species required. At present, the choice of species may be G. lacustris because a higher success in laboratory culturing has been achieved for this species, and more information is available about its life-cycle requirements.
Design projects in an undergraduate DSP course and laboratory

Summary form only given. Design projects provide important vehicles for learning. During the last seven years an undergraduate DSP course has been offered as a senior technical elective to electrical and computer engineering students at Cal Poly State University. In parallel with theory and experiments, teams of two or three students propose, design and implement a DSP project and demonstrate the product. The effort and time that is required to complete a project is comparable to three or four experiments. Interested students pursue further DSP work as a senior project, which is a two quarter activity equivalent to 5 quarter units. More DSP design may be carried out under the category of individual-study. In terms of complexity, novelty, challenge and relation to real-world applications, the projects vary. Some are done minimally to satisfy the DSP course requirement at the passing level. Some are innovative, sophisticated, and worthy of industrial consideration, indicating students' facility with the hardware and programming and advanced use of computers. The paper analyzes the experience with undergraduate DSP projects, describes some examples, and draws conclusions. One conclusion is that the project is an essential component of a comprehensive learning experience in DSP. For this to materialize, the project needs to be planned according to the qualification and interest of individual teams and students. The aim of the paper is to document and summarize the Cal Poly experience, disseminating the results, and to present roadmaps for similar activities to interested colleagues elsewhere.
Social influence within immersive virtual environments

[Social psychology is] an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual imagined, or implied presence of others. Gordon Allport, 1954 [1]
A predistortion technique for RC‐active biquadratic filters

A general method of forcing the transfer function of a biquadratic active filter to have poles/zeros in the desired locations is presented. Examples of the required calculations are shown. an example predistortion of a Thomas-Tow section has been performed, and the resulting predistorted natural frequency and selectivity are presented graphically for a wide range of q-factors and amplifier gain-bandwidth products. the technique has also been applied to the point-by-point predistortion of a digitally tuneable filter. the general predistortion method has been used to obtain estimates of frequency and selectivity errors in non-predistorted filters. the expression for relative q errors agrees with previous high-q approximations of this error.
Immigrants in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area Labor Market

This working paper highlights two major findings regarding the DC metro area’s immigrant population. The first finding is that the region’s foreign-born population is substantially different from its native born counterpart in many aspects. Overall, the foreign-born population in the region is more likely to have no high school diploma. They have higher labor participation rates, higher self-employment rates, lower median earnings and median household income, and are employed in different industry sectors than the native-born population.The second major finding is that the DC metro area’s immigrant population is a very heterogeneous group and it is misleading to draw conclusions about this population without differentiating by region of origin or citizenship status, for example. Substantial differences exist among the foreign-born population in terms of educational level, earnings, income, and industries engagement, depending on the immigrants’ country/region of origin and citizenship status.
The paradox of thrift and crowding-in of private investment in a simple IS-LM model

This paper derives conditions for two key Keynesian propositions in a simple IS-LM model: (a) the paradox of thrift, and (b) the crowding-in of private investment expenditures by government expenditures. A linear speci cation of the model is then presented as a special case that can be used for empirical analysis. Using data for the US economy for the period 1959-2009, time series estimation of the linear model using instrumental variables regression shows that the paradox of thrift and crowding-in are real possibilities, especially in the sub-period, 1974-2009, that excludes the Golden Age of capitalism. JEL Categories: E12, E20.
Bayesian Reliability Estimation and Prediction

It is often the case that some information is available on the parameters of the life distributions from prior experiments or prior analysis of failure data. The Bayesian approach provides the methodology for formal incorporation of prior information with the current data.
An Interview with Alycen McAuley, Director of Corporate Sponsorships, Charles Schwab

Alycen McAuley is the Director of Corporate Sponsorships for Charles Schwab, a Fortune 500 financial services company. Here she talks with Jay Gladden about the sponsorship industry, Schwab's goals with sponsorship, sponsorship evaluation and the future of corporate sponsorship.
The Ecology of Crop-Weed Interactions

Summary Understanding the ecology of crop-weed interactions includes a wide array of population and community ecology theory. The first thorough application of theory in Weed Ecology was predicting weed impacts on crops. The generality of crop yield response to weeds has been well supported with a wealth of empirical studies, however, inclusion of these models into weed management decision support systems (DSS) has been less fruitful. Parameterization of the empirical models has indicated extreme variability over space and time, even in experimental plots. Thus, further development and implementation of ecologically based weed management must depend on understanding sources of crop response variation, understanding complexity of interactions among the many sources of variation, and the realization that forecasting crop response will always have some level of uncertainty. Ecological theory may help us understand how to best construct conceptual and predictive models of crop-weed communities to accomplish o...
A double-loop adaptive sampling approach for sensitivity-free dynamic reliability analysis

Abstract Dynamic reliability measures reliability of an engineered system considering time-variant operation condition and component deterioration. Due to high computational costs, conducting dynamic reliability analysis at an early system design stage remains challenging. This paper presents a confidence-based meta-modeling approach, referred to as double-loop adaptive sampling (DLAS), for efficient sensitivity-free dynamic reliability analysis. The DLAS builds a Gaussian process (GP) model sequentially to approximate extreme system responses over time, so that Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) can be employed directly to estimate dynamic reliability. A generic confidence measure is developed to evaluate the accuracy of dynamic reliability estimation while using the MCS approach based on developed GP models. A double-loop adaptive sampling scheme is developed to efficiently update the GP model in a sequential manner, by considering system input variables and time concurrently in two sampling loops. The model updating process using the developed sampling scheme can be terminated once the user defined confidence target is satisfied. The developed DLAS approach eliminates computationally expensive sensitivity analysis process, thus substantially improves the efficiency of dynamic reliability analysis. Three case studies are used to demonstrate the efficacy of DLAS for dynamic reliability analysis.
The effect of shallow water on the manoeverability of ship

The paper presents an analysis of the effect of shallow water on the dynamic characteristics of a ship. Basing on the equation of ship's motion in horizontal plane, the effect of shallow water and ship's speed influence, respectively, on the values of hydrodynamic coefficients of the hull and rudder of ship have been considered. It also shows the nature of changes in the values of differential equations coefficients, which describe the ship motion and the results of computer simulation of the course changes.
Statistical Evaluation of Learning Factor in Reliability Studies

A mathematical formulation is developed which allows the statistical evaluation of certain features of the probability distribution of the ratio between two random variables as in the determination of learning factors. This evaluation is of the mode, an s-confidence band for the ratio, and the effect of sample size.
Intelligent diagnosis of open and short circuit faults in electric drive inverters for real-time applications

This study presents a machine learning technique for fault diagnostics in induction motor drives. A normal model and an extensive range of faulted models for the inverter-motor combination were developed and implemented using a generic commercial simulation tool to generate voltages and current signals at a broad range of operating points selected by a machine learning algorithm. A structured neural network system has been designed, developed and trained to detect and isolate the most common types of faults: single switch open circuit faults, post short-circuits, short circuits and the unknown faults. Extensive simulation experiments were conducted to test the system with added noise, and the results show that the structured neural network system which was trained by using the proposed machine learning approach gives high accuracy in detecting whether a faulty condition has occurred, thus isolating and pin-pointing to the type of faulty conditions occurring in power electronics inverter-based electrical drives. Finally, the authors show that the proposed structured neural network system has the capability of real-time detection of any of the faulty conditions mentioned above within 20 ms or less.
Teaching color measurement in graphic arts

The production of color images has grown in recent years due to the impact of digital technology. Access and equipment affordability are now bringing a new generation of color producers into the marketplace. Many traditional questions concerning color attributes are repeatedly asked by individuals: color fidelity, quality, measurements and device characterization pose daily dilemmas. Curriculum components should be offered in an educational environment that enhance the color foundations required of knowledgeable managers, researchers and technicians. The printing industry is adding many of the new digital color technologies to their vocabulary pertinent to color production. This paper presents current efforts being made to integrate color knowledge in a four year program of undergraduate study. Specific topics include: color reproduction, device characterization, material characterization and the role of measurements as a linking attribute. This paper also provides information detailing efforts to integrate color specification/measurement and analysis procedures used by students and subsequent application in color image production are provided. A discussion of measurement devices used in the learning environment is also presented. The investigation involves descriptive data on colorants typically used in printing inks and color.
Low-spin excitations of 202Hg and 204Hg from inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy

Abstract The heaviest stable mercury isotopes, 202 Hg and 204 Hg, have been studied with the (n, n'γ) reaction. Gamma-ray excitation functions with incident neutron energies up to 3 MeV permitted the placement of many new levels in these nuclei, while γ-ray angular distribution measurements have been used to deduce spin assignments. Several ambiguities and discrepancies about the low-lying level structures were resolved. Comparisons with available theoretical calculations indicate that the level structures of these nuclei are more complex than predicted.
Magnetization and spin-flip energy in Cd0.9Mn0.1Se

Magnetization and spin-flip Raman measurements are reported for Cd1−xMnxSe, x = 0.106, at 1.9 < T < 4.2 K and magnetic fields H up to 80 kOe. The high-field results are combined to determine the exchange energy between donor electrons and Mn++ spins, αN0=261±13 meV. Empirical fits to the magnetization data are described.
Equation of state of cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene melt

Recent equation of state data are analyzed in terms of the hole theory of polymer melts. The good agreement between experimental and theoretical volume-temperature curves at atmospheric pressure, observed previously for a number of amorphous and crystallizable polymers, is again confirmed. Similarly, satisfactory theoretical results for the isotherms ensue, with deviations however becoming noticeable at elevated pressures and low temperatures. The linearity of the isochores observed experimentally is confirmed by the theory, however with somewhat different slopes. Departures of maximally 10 percent from the thermal pressure coefficients derived from the experimental PVT data are noted. Significant differences between theory and experiment apper only in the third derivatives of the partition function, as has also been observed with other pollymers. The characteristic scaling parameters of volume, temperature and pressure show the expected similarity with hevea rubber. Earlier correlations for scaling entropy and segmental volume with scaling temperature are found to be valid within the scatter of these relations. Finally, the applicability of the empirical Tait equation in the form applied to the equation of state in other polymer melts is confirmed. Although the resulting thermal pressure coefficient exhibits an explicit even if smal dependence on temperature, in disagreement with experiment or theory, the Tait equation remains a useful relation for the representation of PVT information.
FACTORS GOVERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK EMBRYO THYROID. I. DETERMINATION OF THE TIME AT WHICH I131 COLLECTION BEGINS

THE results of therapy of thyroid cancer with radioactive iodine have, in general, been disappointing. Despite attempts to improve over-all uptake and homogeneity of distribution by pretreatment with thyroidectomy, thiouracil or the thyrotropic hormone, no cures have been obtained (1). The major barrier to success has been the spotty nature of iodine concentration throughout a given thyroid cancer. Although exceptions have been encountered, the areas of good uptake have generally corresponded to the areas of greatest differentiation, whereas the portions of tumor that are poorly differentiated have failed to concentrate significant quantities of the isotope (2). Our attention was turned toward a study of the factors regulating the differentiation of embryonic thyroid tissue in the hope that information obtained in such studies might eventually be utilized to good advantage in preparing thyroid cancers for treatment with radioactive iodine.
Oxytocin-induced desensitization of the oxytocin receptor

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the oxytocin-induced desensitization of oxytocin-stimulated rises of intracellular calcium in cultured human myocytes. Study design: Culture lines were begun from biopsy specimens of myometrium that had been obtained from women who underwent low transverse cesarean deliveries. Fluorescence changes of calcium green-1 were used to demonstrate the rises of intracellular free calcium. Cells were exposed to 10 nmol/L oxytocin for 1 to 6 hours before the experimentation, allowed to rest for 10 minutes, and then tested for the fluorescence increases that resulted from exposure to 10 nmol/L oxytocin and μmol/L prostaglandin F2α. Subpopulations were defined as type 1 (responded to both oxytocin and prostaglandin F2α), type 2 (responded only to oxytocin), type 3 (responded only to prostaglandin F2α), or type 4 (responded to neither). The distribution of the subpopulations of cells was assessed by the determination of the response of every cell in every experimental run. Results: Pretreatment with oxytocin resulted in a decrease in the percentage of cells that responded to subsequent oxytocin exposure. The decrease was dependent on the duration of oxytocin exposure and was well fit with the Boltzmann sigmoid function. The duration of oxytocin exposure that yielded half-inactivation was 4.2 hours. Without oxytocin pretreatment, the distribution of subpopulations were 37.0% ± 18.0% (type 1), 23.1% ± 11.5% (type 2), 12.6% ± 8.0% (type 3), and 27.3% ± 22.9% (type 4). After 6 hours of oxytocin pretreatment, the percentage of type 1 and type 2 cells decreased to 2.4% ± 3.8% and 2.6% ± 2.4%, respectively, although the percentage of type 3 and type 4 cells increased to 20.4% ± 18.9% and 74.6% ± 22.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Oxytocin-induced desensitization of myocytes to oxytocin stimulation occurred over a clinically relevant time frame (4.2 hours). Continued responsiveness of the cells to prostaglandin F2α stimulation after 6 hours of oxytocin pretreatment indicated that postreceptor signaling pathways were maintained, which indicates that the oxytocin receptor likely is involved in the mechanism of myocyte desensitization to oxytocin stimulation. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:497-502.)
Transcriptional Regulation of the 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose Biosynthetic Genes in Yersinia pestis

Abstract Inducible membrane remodeling is an adaptive mechanism that enables Gram-negative bacteria to resist killing by cationic antimicrobial peptides and to avoid eliciting an immune response. Addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-l -arabinose (4-aminoarabinose) moieties to the phosphate residues of the lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide decreases the net negative charge of the bacterial membrane resulting in protection from the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the PmrA/PmrB two-component regulatory system governs resistance to polymyxin B by controlling transcription of the 4-aminoarabinose biosynthetic genes. Transcription of PmrA-activated genes is induced by Fe3+, which is sensed by PmrA cognate sensor PmrB, and by low Mg2+, in a mechanism that requires not only the PmrA and PmrB proteins but also the Mg2+-responding PhoP/PhoQ system and the PhoP-activated PmrD protein, a post-translational activator of the PmrA protein. Surprisingly, Yersinia pestis can promote PhoP-dependent modification of its lipid A with 4-aminoarabinose despite lacking a PmrD protein. Here we report that Yersinia uses different promoters to transcribe the 4-aminoarabinose biosynthetic genes pbgP and ugd depending on the inducing signal. This is accomplished by the presence of distinct binding sites for the PmrA and PhoP proteins in the promoters of the pbgP and ugd genes. Our results demonstrate that closely related bacterial species may use disparate regulatory pathways to control genes encoding conserved proteins.
Quality of the log transformation for an incorrectly assumed error structure

A log transformation is often applied to nonlinear models with an assumed multiplicative error structure. Then the parameters are estimated using ordinary least squares (o. l. s. ) and back transformed predictions made. This paper examines the bias involved with this procedure when the actual error structure is additive and not multiplicative, A correction factor is introduced to help reduce the bias when the back transformed o. l. s. approach is used. We strongly suggest, however, that one should use nonlinear least squares when the analyst believes he is working with an additive error structure.
Laparoscopic complete/partial nephroureterectomy in children in a single institution-nearly a decade of experience: what have we learned?

Purpose To review our experience of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and hemi-nephroureterectomy over a 10-year period.
Radiation-related Small Head Sizes among Prenatally Exposed A-bomb Survivors

Of 1566 individuals prenatally exposed to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1473 had the circumference of their head measured at least once between ages 9 and 19. Among these 1473 individuals, 62 had small heads—the circumference of the heads was two standard deviations or more below the observed specific-age-at measurement mean. Of 26 cases with severe mental retardation, 15 (58%) had small heads. Most (86%) of the individuals with small heads were exposed in the first trimester (about < 12 weeks postovulation) or second trimester (about 12–24 weeks postovulation)–55% in the former period and 31% in the latter. Various dose-response relationships, with and without a threshold, have been fitted to the data grouped by the trimester or postovulatory age (weeks after ovulation) at which exposure occurred. A significant effect of radiation on the frequency of individuals with atypically small heads is observed only in the first and second trimesters and for the intervals postovulation of 0–7 weel...
Protein O-carboxylmethylation in relation to male gamete production and function.

Abstract Protein O-carboxylmethyltransferase (PCM) activity of differentiating male germ cells in the testis and of spermatzoa is strikingly high. PCM catalyzes the methylesterification by S-adenosylmethionine of dicarboxylic amino acid residues in proteins. PCM appears to be the only type of protein methyltransferase present in mature spermatozoa. Mammalian sperms contain considerable amounts of S-adenosylmethionine and can apparently synthesize this nucleoside from l -methionine and ATP. Spermatozoa are rich in S-adenoyslhomocystein hydrolase. The charactristics of this enzyme in testicular germ cells in sperms are very similar to those in other mammalian tissues: the very sub-stoichiometric extent of methylation of various pur protein substrates, and the rapid spontaneous hydrolysis of thw protein methyl ester products at physiological and especially higher pH values, are particularly remarkable. From studies on processes related to protein O-carboxylmethylation in rat spermatozoa from different regions ofthe epididymis, and in ejaculated spermatozoa from normal and infertile men, unequivocal evidence could not be obtained for hypotheses of other investigators that PCM-catalyzed reactions are of regulatory importance for the aquisition of a potentiality for motility in sperms during their transit and maturation in the epididymis, or for the locomotion of ejaculated sperms. The findings are discussed in the light of the recent hypothesis of S. Clarke that PCM catalyzes methlesterification of d -aspartyl residues that accumulate in certain proteins as a result of slow spontaneous racemization of l -aspartyl residues, and that the methyl esterification of d -aspartyl residues may be related to disposal or repair of proteins damaged in this fashion.
Cascade catalysis for the homogeneous hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol.

This communication demonstrates the homogeneous hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH via cascade catalysis. Three different homogeneous catalysts, (PMe3)4Ru(Cl)(OAc), Sc(OTf)3, and (PNN)Ru(CO)(H), operate in sequence to promote this transformation.
Pathophysiology and management of acute corrosive burns of the esophagus: Results of treatment in 285 children

Abstract Two hundred eighty-five children with possible caustic burns of the esophagus have been managed at two university hospitals using similar protocols. Of these, 235 (82%) had immediate esophagoscopy and 69 (29%) had demonstrated esophageal burns. They were treated with steroids and antibiotics. Eight (12%) with proven burns developed strictures that responded to prolonged dilatations and none have required esophageal replacement. The remainder are free of swallowing symptoms. By contrast, eight patients from other hospitals who were not treated by this protocol were referred for esophageal replacement 6 and prolonged dilatation. 2 Our strong impression is that immediate steroid-antibiotic therapy greatly decreases the incidence of esophageal stricture but does not completely eliminate it. Those children who develop strictures on this treatment regimen seem to have milder esophageal scarring, which usually responds to dilatation rather than requiring esophageal replacement.
Vortex lattice dynamics in a dilute gas BEC

We study the dynamics of large vortex lattices in a dilute gas Bose–Einstein condensate. Rapidly rotating condensates are created that contain vortex lattices with up to 300 vortices. The condensates are held in a parabolic trapping potential, and rotation rates exceeding 99% of the radial trapping frequency are achieved. By locally suppressing the density while maintaining the phase singularities, we create vortex aggregates. To illustrate the underlying Coriolis force driven dynamics, oscillation frequencies of the vortex aggregate area are measured. A related technique also enables us to excite and directly image Tkachenko modes in a vortex lattice. These modes provide evidence for the shear strength that a vortex lattice in a superfluid can support.