cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of alternative footwear on human energy expenditure

The study was funded by a grant awarded by the Graduate Student Council at the author’s University.
Husserl's Theory of Language as Calculus Ratiocinator

This paper defends an interpretation of Husserl's theory of language, specifically as it appears in the Logical Investigations, as an example of a larger body of theories dubbed 'language as calculus'. Although this particular interpretation has been previously defended by other authors, such as Hintikka and Kusch, this paper proposes to contribute to the discussion by arguing that what makes this interpretation plausible are Husserl's distinction between the notions of meaning-intention and meaning-fulfillment, his view that meaning is instantiated through meaning-intending acts of transcendental consciousness, and his view that the content of meaning-intending acts is ideal meaning simpliciter. As well, the paper argues that the phenomenological method of reduction itself presupposes the notion that reality as such can be reached by subtracting the influence of the language of the natural attitude and its ontological commitments and it, thus, presupposes the conception of language as a reinterpretable calculus.
The Formation Of Planetary Systems

The orbital characteristics of the planets imply their formation in the rotating disk of gas and dust that earlier produced the sun. Observations of star-forming regions suggest that such protoplanetary disks are common around young stars, and hence that planetary systems are abundant in the galaxy. Our understanding of the star formation process is fairly robust, in large part because of our ability to study pre-collapse clouds, protostars, young stellar objects, and pre-mainsequence stars in nearby star-forming regions, and to revise and extend the theory of star formation accordingly. While we are achieving a similar understanding of the large scale structure of protoplanetary disks, the absence of examples of other newly-formed or mature planetary systems (prior to the discoveries of 1995–96) has greatly hampered our ability to test and improve upon theories of planet formation. The recent discovery of several giant planets and brown dwarf stars orbiting nearby stars marks the advent of a new era, the era of the discovery of extrasolar planetary systems. Current theories of the formation of terrestrial and giant planets and of brown dwarf stars are discussed in the light of these discoveries. The extremely small separation (0.05 AU) between 51 Peg and its ∼ 1/2 Jupiter-mass companion implies that if 51 Peg B formed as a giant planet, then it must have migrated inward to its present location following its formation. Gravitational interaction with an exceptionally long-lived disk is the likely cause of this migration.
A remark on mixed L2/L∞ bounds

This note shows that the Dym-Gohberg maximal entropy solution to the Nehari problem also satisfies a particularL 2 bound. Using this bound we give a simple proof of the Kaftal-Larson-WeissL 2/L ∞ Nehari interpolation theorem.
Phase 2 Study of Dose-Reduced Consolidation Radiation Therapy in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of reducing the dose of consolidation radiation therapy (RT) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Methods and Materials This phase 2 study enrolled patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified and primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma in complete response on positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging after ≥4 cycles of a rituximab/anthracycline-containing combination chemotherapy regimen. Consolidation RT used a dose of 19.5 to 20 Gy. The primary endpoint was 5-year freedom from local recurrence. Results Sixty-two patients were enrolled between 2010 and 2016. Stage distribution was as follows: I to II (n = 49, 79%) and III to IV (n = 13, 21%). Bulky disease (defined as ≥7.5 cm or ≥10 cm) was present in 23 (40%) and 16 (28%) patients, respectively. Chemotherapy was R-CHOP (then list the drugs) in 58 (94%) and R-EPOCH (then list the drugs) in 4 (6%) with a median of 6 cycles. With a median follow-up of 51 months, 7 patients developed disease progression (6 outside the RT field, 1 within the RT field). Freedom from local recurrence at 5 years was 98% (90% lower confidence bound, 88%). Progression-free and overall survival at 5 years were 83% and 90%, respectively. Conclusions With more effective systemic therapy (e.g., addition of rituximab) and more refined chemotherapy response assessment (e.g., positron emission tomography-computed tomography), the dose of RT in combined modality treatment programs may potentially be reduced to 20 Gy. This achieves excellent local control with the potential to decrease acute and long-term side effects.
Dissecting intratumoral myeloid cell plasticity by single cell RNA-seq

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are the most abundant leukocyte population within tumors. Molecular cues from the tumor microenvironment promote the differentiation of immature myeloid cells toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. However, the in situ dynamics of the transcriptional reprogramming underlying this process are poorly understood. Therefore, we applied single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to computationally investigate the cellular composition and transcriptional dynamics of tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 4 early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Our scRNA-seq analyses identified 11 485 cells that varied in identity and gene expression traits between normal and tumor tissues. Among these, myeloid cell populations exhibited the most diverse changes between tumor and normal tissues, consistent with tumor-mediated reprogramming. Through trajectory analysis, we identified a differentiation path from CD14+ monocytes to M2 macrophages (monocyte-to-M2). This differentiation path was reproducible across patients, accompanied by increased expression of genes (eg, MRC1/CD206, MSR1/CD204, PPARG, TREM2) with significantly enriched functions (Oxidative phosphorylation and P53 pathway) and decreased expression of genes (eg, CXCL2, IL1B) with significantly enriched functions (TNF-α signaling via NF-κB and inflammatory response). Our analysis further identified a co-regulatory network implicating upstream transcription factors (JUN, NFKBIA) in monocyte-to-M2 differentiation, and activated ligand-receptor interactions (eg, SFTPA1-TLR2, ICAM1-ITGAM) suggesting intratumoral mechanisms whereby epithelial cells stimulate monocyte-to-M2 differentiation. Overall, our study identified the prevalent monocyte-to-M2 differentiation in NSCLC, accompanied by an intricate transcriptional reprogramming mediated by specific transcriptional activators and intercellular crosstalk involving ligand-receptor interactions.
Appendix A: The Greek Inscription from Qazion

This stone was first described by Leon Renier, whose report was published in Ernest Renan’s Mission de Phenicie (1864–1874: 774–77). Renan did not publish a photo, but included a raw drawing of the inscribed lintel. Victor Guerin also discussed the inscription, with a critique of Renier’s restoration (see below, on lines 5–6), in Description geographique, historique et archeologique de la Palestine, Partie 3: Galilee (1880: 447–49). The inscription was frequently cited (from Renier’s text) and included in Jean-Baptiste Frey’s Corpus inscriptionum judaicarum (2.972), but was not seen again until 1984. L. Roth-Gerson examined the stone anew and published it in Greek Inscriptions from the Synagogues in Eretz-Israel (1987: 125–27, no. 30); subsequent references have cited Roth-Gerson’s text and discussion.1 The stone is presently located in the garden of the president’s residence in Jerusalem and was examined by and photographed under the supervision of R. Hachlili and A. E. Killebrew in the summer of 2009.
A Machine Learning Framework for Building Passive Surveillance Photogrammetry Models

Determining the geographic location of an object using two-dimensional (2D) images recorded at high-oblique angles is a nontrivial problem. Existing methods to solve this problem rely on parameters that are either difficult to measure or are based on assumptions. This paper investigates the accuracy of building photogrammetric models using machine learning. Our novel approach involves the collection of training examples before using supervised learning to build a nonlinear, multitarget prediction model. We collected training examples using an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that moved throughout the fields of view of multiple cameras. The UGV was tracked and bounded using existing computer vision techniques. With each image frame, the center pixel position (x, y image coordinates) of the vehicle and its bounding box area (in pixels) were mapped to its current GPS coordinates. Multiple machine learning models were created using various combinations of cameras to determine the key features for building accurate photogrammetric models. Data was collected under realistic conditions for ground-based surveillance systems, which may require cameras to be placed at low elevations and high-oblique angles. We found the prediction accuracy of our models to be between 0.58 and 3.54 meters depending upon a number of factors, including the locations, heights, and orientations of the cameras used.
Reasons for Failures of CRM Implementations

Customer relationship management (CRM) systems are enterprise systems that facilitate maintenance of buyer–seller relationships with clients in consumer and business marketing channels. These systems permit firms to better tailor their offerings, to increase market intelligence and achieve increased competency in the markets where they operate. Unfortunately, the ratio of CRM failures to CRM successes exceeds 2–1; little is known about why such an important customer support utility might be so seemingly ineffective because there are few studies that deal with CRM failures and the factors leading to or preventing success. Utilizing a grounded theory methodology, this article spans the disciplines of marketing and information systems in the process of inducing the reasons for CRM failure and success. Results indicate that implementation factors play a significant role in CRM outcomes.
Complementary Interaction Method (CIM) for System Reliability Analysis

Researchers desire to evaluate system reliability uniquely and efficiently. Despite years of research, little progress has been made on system reliability analysis. Up to now, bound methods for system reliability prediction have been dominant. For system reliability bounds, the probabilities of the second or higher order joint events are assumed to be known exactly although there is no numerical method to evaluate them effectively. Two primary challenges in system reliability analysis are how to evaluate the probabilities of the second or higher order joint events and how to uniquely obtain the system reliability so that the system reliability can be used for Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO). This paper proposes the Complementary Interaction Method (CIM) to define system reliability in terms of the probabilities of the component events, Ei = (X |Gi ≤ 0), and the complementary interaction events, Eij = (X |Gi *Gj ≤ 0). For large-scale systems, the probabilities of the component and complementary interaction events can be conveniently written in the CI-matrix. In this paper, three different reliability methods will be used to construct the CI-matrix numerically: First-Order Reliability Method (FORM), Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM), and the Eigenvector Dimension Reduction (EDR) method. Two examples will be employed to demonstrate that the CIM with the EDR method outperforms other methods for system reliability analysis in terms of efficiency and accuracy.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Expression of miRNA141 in photodamaged skin of mice irradiated with ultraviolet B

Objective To observe the changes of microRNA141 expression in photodamaged skin of mice irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB).Methods Eighteen C57/BL6 mice were equally divided into six groups to receive single irradiation on the hair-removed back with UVB of 0,30,60,90,180 and 270 mJ/cm2 respectively.Skin specimens were obtained from the irradiated sites 24 hours after the irradiation and subjected to paraffin embedding followed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining for the observation of histopathological changes.Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to determine the miRNA141 expression in skin specimens,immunohistochemical staining (IHC) to quantify the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) protein.The TargetScan database was employed for the prediction of miRNA141 targets,and Gostat analysis for functional clustering.Data were processed using SPSS version 13.0 software,and intergroup comparisons were done by analysis of variance.Results The relative expression level of miRNA141 in skin tissue was 2.1354 ± 0.4289,2.4333 ± 0.2517,2.9328 ± 0.3126,3.4125 ± 0.3606,4.5667 ± 0.4014 and 6.7428 ± 0.5158 in mice irradiated with UVB of 0,30,60,90,180 and 270 mJ/cm2 respectively.There was a positive correlation between the expression level of miRNA141 and radiation dose (r =0.992,P ＜ 0.01).Gostat analysis showed that the targets of miRNA141 were mainly related to transcription regulation and signaling transduction.Moreover,PTEN expression gradually decreased with the increase in radiation dose.Conclusions miRNA141 may be involved in UVB-induced photodamage and inflammatory response,and PTEN may play a regulatory role in this process. Key words: microRNAs; Ultraviolet rays; PTEN phosphohydrolase
Establishing and Operating a Body Donation Program

The use of body donors in education and research is a valuable way to teach fundamental anatomy, clinical anatomy, anatomical variations, and anatomical relationships; to advance anatomical research; and to develop ethics and professionalism in health-care professionals. The majority of donors are obtained through university- or state-run body donor programs although some educational programs obtain bodies from for-profit body brokers or as unclaimed bodies. To establish and operate a body donor program, there are six components that should be considered. These are (1) regulatory and governance obligations, (2) ethical obligations, (3) budgetary considerations, (4) facility and hardware requirements, (5) standard operating procedures, and (6) local community involvement. As an example, the South Florida Body Donation Program, a division of the State of Florida Anatomical Board, follows each of these components and emphasizes the respectful and dignified treatment of the donors. This begins with the initial contact with the donors, through the preparation and use of the donors in medical education, to the honoring of the donors in a memorial service, and, finally, to the disposition of the remains of the donors. Each of these steps is described to aid in the establishment or modification of a body donor program.
A History of Instructional Media, Instructional Design, and Theories.

This paper discusses the history of the instructional design and technology field in four major time periods: (1) 1900s – 1930s, (2) World War II – 1970s, (3) 1980s – 1990s, and (4) 21st century. Since the 20th century has been discussed in detail in earlier works, this paper puts more focus on the 21st century section, which includes discussions of social media, online and blended learning, mobile learning, the open educational resource (OER) movement, massive open online courses (MOOCs), virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), digital game-based learning (DGBL), gamification, the maker movement, new instructional design process models, and instructional-design theory. While previous discussions of the history of the field focused on the history of instructional media and instructional design and the evolution of learning theories, this paper includes the discussion of the evolution of instructional-design theories and models, which have received relatively less attention.
Amplifying total RNA of ovules in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.using Super SMART cDNA synthesis technology

Using ovules of the female-sterile Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.mutant and the fertile,which has the similar genetic background,as materials,the total RNA was extracted with Plant RNA assistant kit.The first-strand of cDNA synthesis and double-strands cDNA amplification were performed by Super SMART cDNA synthesis technology.The quality of cDNA was identified by gradient PCR amplification cycles and electrophoresis.Their amplification efficiency was evaluated by the quantitative method.A total of 46.06 and 43.59 μg purified double-strands cDNA were amplified successfully from 1 μg total RNA,respectively,which had high quality and purity.The results indicate that Super SMART cDNA synthesis technology could amplify enough high quality cDNA from trace of total RNA.This method solves the problem of limited research materials and builds up the foundation of suppressed subtractive hybridization in future.
Mental Health of Emergency Department Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 in Brooklyn, New York, United States

Background: Mental health symptoms in Emergency Department healthcare workers were measured in Brooklyn, New York, a COVID-19 epicenter. Methods: An email-distributed survey of Emergency Department healthcare workers was conducted September–December, 2020. Primary outcomes included symptoms of depression, psychological distress, perceived stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Primary predictors included gender, age, race, healthcare worker status, SARS-CoV-2 testing, number of people to talk to, COVID-19-related home problems, mental health care interruption during COVID-19, loneliness, and survey date. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses predicted continuous scores (b-coefficient, p-value). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses modelled likelihoods of clinically-relevant symptom burdens (Odds Ratio (OR) 95%Confidence Interval (95%CI)). Findings: Of 774 healthcare workers, 247 (31.9%) responded (mean age, 38.2±10.8 years; 59.4% White; 52.5% men; 80.1% clinical; 61.6% SARS-CoV-2 tested). Clinically-relevant symptom burdens were observed for psychological distress (35.8% clinical vs 13.8% non-clinical healthcare workers (p=0.019); and suggested for depression (53.9% clinical vs 35.7% non-clinical, p=0.072); perceived stress (63.6% clinical vs 44.8% non-clinical, p=0.053); and PTSD (18.2% clinical vs 3.6% non-clinical, p=0.064). Higher odds of clinically-relevant depression, perceived stress, and PTSD symptoms were observed for clinical vs non-clinical healthcare workers (ORs>1.0, 95%CI>1.00 lower limit). Increasing age, number of COVID-19-related home problems and people to talk to, loneliness and mental health care interruption were adversely associated with mental health (p<0.05); being male and SARS-CoV-2 testing were beneficial. Interpretation: COVID-19-related mental health burden was amplified among Emergency Department healthcare workers in Brooklyn. Funding: Maimonides Research Foundation; the NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/National Institute on Aging, 3U01 HL146202 02S2. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: This protocol was approved by the Maimonides Medical Center institutional review board, and deemed exempt because the survey was anonymous and did not contain personal identifiers.
Coronary Artery Calcifications and Cardiac Risk After Radiation Therapy for Stage III Lung Cancer.

Abstract Purpose Heart dose and heart disease increase the risk for cardiac toxicity associated with radiation therapy. We hypothesized that computed tomography (CT) coronary calcifications are associated with cardiac toxicity and may help ascertain baseline heart disease. Methods and Materials We analyzed the cumulative incidence of cardiac events in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer receiving median 74 Gy on prospective dose-escalation trials. Events were defined as symptomatic effusion, pericarditis, unstable angina, infarction, significant arrhythmia, and/or heart failure. Coronary calcifications were delineated on simulation CTs using radiation software program (130 HU threshold). Calcifications were defined as “none,” “low,” and “high,” with median volume dividing low and high. Results Of 109 patients, 26 had cardiac events at median 26 months (range, 1-84 months) after radiation therapy. Median follow-up in surviving patients was 8.8 years (range, 2.3-17.3). On simulation CTs, 64 patients (59%) had coronary calcifications with median volume 0.2 cm3 (range, 0.01-8.3). Only 16 patients (15%) had baseline coronary artery disease. Cardiac events occurred in 7% (3 of 45), 29% (9 of 31), and 42% (14 of 33) of patients with no, low, and high calcifications, respectively. Calcification burden was associated with cardiac toxicity on univariate (low vs none: hazard ratio [HR] 5.0, P = .015; high vs none: HR 8.1, P Conclusions The presence of coronary calcifications is a cardiac risk factor that can identify high-risk patients for medical referral and help guide clinicians before potentially cardiotoxic cancer treatments.
Rationale and design of a mechanistic clinical trial of JAK inhibition to prevent ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction.

Abstract Introduction Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) is an important phenomenon that has been repeatedly demonstrated in experimental and clinical models of mechanical ventilation. Even a few hours of MV initiates signaling cascades that result in, first, reduced specific force, and later, atrophy of diaphragm muscle fibers. This severe, progressive weakness of the critical ventilatory muscle results in increased duration of MV and thus increased MV-associated complications/deaths. A drug that could prevent VIDD would likely have a major positive impact on intensive care unit outcomes. We identified the JAK/STAT pathway as important in VIDD and then demonstrated that JAK inhibition prevents VIDD in rats. We subsequently developed a clinical model of VIDD demonstrating reduced contractile force of isolated diaphragm fibers harvested after ∼7 vs ∼1 h of MV during a thoracic surgical procedure. Materials and methods The NIH-funded clinical trial that has been initiated is a prospective, placebo controlled trial: subjects undergoing esophagectomy are randomized to receive 6 preoperative doses of the FDA-approved JAK inhibitor Tofacitinib (commonly used for rheumatoid arthritis) vs. placebo. The primary outcome variable will be the difference in the reduction that occurs in force generation of diaphragm single muscle fibers (normalized to their cross-sectional area), in the Tofacitinib vs. placebo subjects, over 6 h of MV. Discussion This trial represents a first-in-human, mechanistic clinical trial of a drug to prevent VIDD. It will provide proof-of-concept in human subjects whether JAK inhibition prevents clinical VIDD, and if successful, will support an ICU-based clinical trial that would determine whether JAK inhibition impacts clinical outcome variables such as duration of MV and mortality.
Finding Memory Vulnerabilities in Protocol Stack Implementations using Hybrid Program Analysis

As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices proliferate, an in-depth understanding of the IoT attack surface has become quintessential for dealing with the security and reliability risks. IoT devices and components execute implementations of various communication protocols. Vulnerabilities in the protocol stack implementations form an important part of the IoT attack surface. Therefore, finding memory errors in such implementations is essential for improving the IoT security and reliability. This paper presents a protocol knowledge guided hybrid program analysis for detecting memory errors in protocol stack implementations. Our approach utilizes the program structure, the precise memory model of symbolic execution, and the high coverage of static analysis for scalable bug finding. We have implemented our approach in a tool called SEESAW and applied it to the USB and Bluetooth modules within the Linux kernel. SEESAW can reproduce known memory vulnerabilities and reach protocol relevant targets in a more scalable way (up to 99% speedup) compared to baseline symbolic execution.
Properties, Direction of Fit and an Argument for Property Realism

There is much debate about the existence of properties and how to consider both tropes and universals. While the antirealist contends that there are no true universal properties, the realist affirms that there are mind-independent universal properties. In this essay I present an argument for the realist approach to the problem of universals based off of the concept of direction of fit. After beginning with a discussion of properties, I discuss antirealist approaches to explaining the problem of universals, arguing that there are inherent problems with antirealism about properties that render it unsatisfactory. It becomes clear that universals must exist, since a mind-to-world direction of fit is necessary to enable the mind to interact
Arthroscopic Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis

Lateral epicondylitis is a common disorder in recreational athletes during their fifth and sixth decades. Insidious onset of lateral elbow pain provoked by resisted wrist extension is the typical presentation. The diagnosis is made by history and physical exam, but adjunctive tests, such as MRI, can be considered if concomitant intra-articular pathology is suspected. With a combination of physical therapy, NSAIDs, and activity modification, nonsurgical treatment is effective in up to 90 % of cases. Athletes may also benefit from equipment modifications or a technique coach. Steroid injections may be useful in short-term management; biologic injectables, such as platelet-rich plasma or whole blood, have shown promising early results but are still being investigated. Refractory cases can be treated with a percutaneous, open, or arthroscopic release with good success rates. Arthroscopic release may be advantageous in the athlete because of purported faster recovery times and the ability to address concomitant intra-articular disease.
Standardized antimicrobial disc susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. I. Susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis to tetracycline.

A modified Bauer-Kirby-Sherris-Turck method for disc susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria is presented. When tetracycline was used against 100 strains of Bacteroides fragilis as a model, reasonably reproducible results were obtained after overnight incubation in both the GasPak atmosphere and an atmosphere achieved by adding 10% CO2 to a mixture of 10% H2 and 90% N2. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the strains determined by the agar dilution technique correlated well with the results of disc tests performed in the GasPak atmosphere with 30-μg tetracycline discs. Among 63 strains isolated from 1970 to the present, only 24 (38.1%) were found to be susceptible to tetracycline.
Synthesis of Viral Ribonucleic Acid During Restricted Adenovirus Infection

The mechanism by which simian virus 40 converts the abortive adenovirus type 7 infection of monkey cells into an efficient lytic infection has been investigated. Analysis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis during unenhanced and enhanced infection of monkey cells has shown that adenovirus RNA synthesized in the abortive infection contains both "early" and "late" sequences. In hybridization competition experiments, early adenovirus RNA from human cells prevented the hybridization of only 20% of the adenovirus RNA transcribed in unenhanced infection. Further, the RNA from unenhanced cells was able to completely block the hybridization of RNA synthesized during enhanced infection. Finally, virus-associated RNA, which is a late RNA transcribed in lytic adenovirus infection, is also produced in the unenhanced infection. An accompanying paper describes a marked deficiency in adenoviral capsid protein synthesis in the unenhanced infection. We conclude that RNA sequences, which are sufficient to code for the synthesis and assembly of structural proteins of adenovirus, are transcribed but are not efficiently translated in the unenhanced adenovirus infection of monkey cells.
Genomic Signatures in de Bruijn chains

Genomes have both deterministic and random aspects, with the underlying DNA sequences exhibiting features at numerous scales, from codons to regions of conserved or divergent gene order. This work examines the unique manner in which oligonucleotides fit together to comprise a genome, within a graph-theoretic setting. A de Bruijn chain (DBC) is a generalization of a finite Markov chain. A DNA word graph (DWG) is a generalization of a de Bruijn graph that records the occurrence counts of node and edges in a genomic sequence generated by a DBC. We combine the properties of DWGs and DBCs to obtain a powerful genomic signature demonstrated as information-rich, efficient, and sufficiently representative of the sequence from which it is derived. We illustrate its practical value in distinguishing genomic sequences and predicting the origin of short DNA sequences of unknown origin, while highlighting its superior performance compared to existing genomic signatures including the dinucleotides odds ratio.
Complex Projective Structures

In this section we consider complex projective structures on Riemann surfaces. These structures provide a generalization of Kleinian groups, and they will be useful in our discussion of the geometric convergence in section 8.17. Here we will give only a general introduction to the theory of complex projective structures. For details and recent developments, see [Hej75], [KT92], [Ka95b], [GKMar], [Gol87b], [Tan97a], [Tan97b], [McM98].
A system theoretic approach to the design of an admission controller for high-speed networks

This paper presents a novel real-time discrete-event admission control (AC) scheme with a desired quality of service (QoS) guarantee and that results in high network utilization in high-speed networks is proposed. The AC uses the following information: the available capacity from a novel adaptive bandwidth estimation scheme, a congestion indicator derived from a congestion controller, Peak bit/cell Rate (PBR/PCR) estimate from new sources, along with the desired QoS metrics, and outputs an 'admit' or 'reject' decision signal to the new sources while guaranteeing QoS and network utilization. The dynamics of the admission controller is expressed as discrete-event system while the bandwidth estimator and the congestion controller dynamics are in discrete-time. The overall stability of the congestion plus the admission controllers is shown using hybrid system theory. The performance of the proposed AC is evaluated based on the predefined QoS metrics and network utilization. Simulation results are presented by streaming ON/OFF and video data into the network. Results show that the proposed AC admits significantly more traffic compared to other available admission control schemes thereby guaranteeing high network utilization while maintaining the desired QoS.
Organochlorine Turnover in Forest Ecosystems: The Missing Link in the Terrestrial Chlorine Cycle

Research in the last 20 years has shown that chlorine undergoes transformations between inorganic and organic forms as part of a complex biogeochemical cycle in terrestrial systems. Natural organochlorine production appears to be associated with the decomposition of plant material on the soil surface, though the chlorine cycle budget implies that a proportion of natural organochlorine enters soil through plant litter and atmospheric deposition as well. Organochlorine compounds may form through biotic and abiotic pathways, but the rates and magnitude of production in the field remain undefined. We have performed a time-dependent trace of chlorine concentration through forest ecosystems, revealing distinct fractions of naturally produced organochlorine in plant biomass. Aliphatic organochlorine constitutes an intrinsic component of healthy leaves that persists through senescence and humification of the plant material, making a substantial contribution to the pool of soil organochlorine. Plant leaves also contain soluble aromatic organochlorine compounds that leach from leaf litter during early decay stages. As decay progresses, high concentrations of insoluble aromatic organochlorine accrue in the humus, through de novo production as well as adsorption. The rates of aromatic organochlorine production and degradation vary seasonally and conversely. This study presents the first unambiguous evidence that there exist multiple poolsmore » of chlorinated organic matter in the soil environment and that leaf litter deposition makes a significant and refractory contribution to the soil organochlorine pool, providing key insights into the biogeochemical chlorine cycle.« less
Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Background A history of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) is consistently cited as one of the strongest predictors of future suicidal behavior. However, stark discrepancies in the literature raise questions about the true magnitude of these associations. The objective of this study is to examine the magnitude and clinical utility of the associations between SITBs and subsequent suicide ideation, attempts, and death. Method We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar for papers published through December 2014. Inclusion required that studies include at least one longitudinal analysis predicting suicide ideation, attempts, or death using any SITB variable. We identified 2179 longitudinal studies; 172 met inclusion criteria. Results The most common outcome was suicide attempt (47.80%), followed by death (40.50%) and ideation (11.60%). Median follow-up was 52 months (mean = 82.52, s.d. = 102.29). Overall prediction was weak, with weighted mean odds ratios (ORs) of 2.07 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.76–2.43] for ideation, 2.14 (95% CI 2.00–2.30) for attempts, and 1.54 (95% CI 1.39–1.71) for death. Adjusting for publication bias further reduced estimates. Diagnostic accuracy analyses indicated acceptable specificity (86–87%) and poor sensitivity (10–26%), with areas under the curve marginally above chance (0.60–0.62). Most risk factors generated OR estimates of <2.0 and no risk factor exceeded 4.5. Effects were consistent regardless of sample severity, sample age groups, or follow-up length. Conclusions Prior SITBs confer risk for later suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, they only provide a marginal improvement in diagnostic accuracy above chance. Addressing gaps in study design, assessment, and underlying mechanisms may prove useful in improving prediction and prevention of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Solving problems using matrix, network, and hierarchy diagrams: The consequences of violating construction conventions

In order for a diagram to be useful for solving a problem, it must be constructed so that its perceptual features facilitate inferences relevant to that problem. In Experiment 1, we established the construction conventions, which relate to how information is assigned to different parts of the diagram, for three spatial representations—networks, hierarchies, and matrices. In Experiment 2, participants solved problems using diagrams that either followed or violated these conventions. As hypothesized, participants took longer to draw inferences from convention-violating matrix and network diagrams than from their convention-following counterparts, and these inferences were less accurate. Convention adherence did not affect reasoning time or accuracy for hierarchy diagrams. The authors concluded that the construction conventions are related to perceptual features that facilitate certain types of inferences for matrix and network diagrams, and they discussed why this might not have been the case for the hierarchy.
Cloning of HTLV-4 and its relation to simian and human immunodeficiency viruses

Although much is now known of the strain variation among the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), which is the cause of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in the United States, Europe, and Central Africa, much less is yet known about a second group of viruses that have been found in West Africans. One member of this group, named human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4), has been isolated from healthy Senegalese. Another is the virus isolated from West Africans with AIDS-like illness and originally called LAV-2 but now renamed HIV-2. Both these viruses seem to be less closely related to HIV-1 than they are to a virus of healthy African green monkeys, known variously as simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which in turn is related to viruses isolated from healthy sooty mangabeys and captive macaques with a form of immunodeficiency (to distinguish these viruses they are referred to as STLV-3 (or SIV)agm, STLV-3mac, or STLV-3smm). To clarify the relationship between the various HIVs, STLV-3s and HTLV-4 we are determining and comparing the molecular and biological characteristics of several of them. Following our recent publication of a restriction-site map of STLV-3agm, we now report that the equivalent map of three isolates of HTLV-4 is remarkably similar to it. In addition we present comparative sequence data on the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HTLV-4, STLV-3agm, HIV-1 and HIV-2, together with evidence that cloned HTLV-4 uses the same receptor as HIV-1 and induces some, but not all, of the cytopathic effects attributed to most isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2.
DNA polymorphisms in two paraoxonase genes (PON1 and PON2) are associated with the risk of coronary heart disease

A common polymorphism at codon 192 in the human paraoxonase (PON) 1 gene has been shown to be associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) in Caucasian populations. However, these findings have not been reported consistently in all Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations, suggesting that this is not a functional mutation but may mark a functional mutation present in either PON1 or a nearby gene. Recently, two other PON-like genes, designated "PON2" and "PON3," have been identified, and they are linked with the known PON1 gene on chromosome 7. Identification of additional polymorphisms in the PON-gene cluster may help to locate the functional polymorphism. In this report, we describe the existence of a common polymorphism at codon 311 (Cys-->Ser; PON2*S) in the PON2 gene, as well as its association with CHD alone and in combination with the PON1 codon 192 polymorphism in Asian Indians. The frequency of the PON2*S allele was significantly higher in cases than in controls (.71 vs. .61; P=.016). The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 2.5 (95% confidence interval s95% CIs=1.8-3.1; P=.0090) for the PON2*S allele carriers. Further stratification of the PON2*S association, on the basis of the presence or absence of the PON1*B allele, showed that the CHD risk associated with the PON2*S allele was confined to PON1*B-allele carriers. Likewise, the PON1*B-allele risk was present only among PON2*S carriers. Age- and sex-adjusted ORs for the PON2*S and PON1*B were 3.6 (95% CI=2.6-4.6; P=.011) and 2.9 (95% CI=2.4-3.5; P=.0002) among the PON1*B and PON2*S carriers, respectively. Our data indicate that both polymorphisms synergistically contribute to the CHD risk in this sample and that this genetic risk is independent of the conventional plasma lipid profile.
Identification of tetracycline antibiotics by electrospray ionization in a quadrupole ion trap

Tetracycline antibiotics, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, methacycline, oxytetracycline, and anhydrotetracycline, are examined by electrospray ionization in a quadrupole ion trap. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the use of metal complexation as an alternative to conventional proton attachment. A variety of metal cationization processes, including attachment of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ were probed. Infrared multiphoton photodissociation and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) were compared for generation of diagnostic fragmentation patterns of protonated and metal cationized tetracyclines. The photodissociation spectra provide a more informative signature, including more low mass ions that are not observed upon CAD. The metal complexes dissociate by pathways that are similar to those observed for the protonated molecules.
A Study of the Minnesota Rating Scale for Measuring Inferiority Attitudes

Resume L'echelle d'evaluation Minnesota pour mesurer les attitudes d'inferiorite a ete appliquee a des groupes d'etudiants universitaires de premiere annee, et on a etudie les resultats dans ses rapports avec d'autres donnees personnelles. L'etude montre que l'echelle concerne les attitudes emotionnelles plutot que l'habilete, puisqu'elle ne montre aucun rapport significatif avec l'intelligence ou les notes des classes, mais elle montre d'ailleurs un rapport toujours positif avec la Feuille de Donnees Personnelles Woodworth, l'Introversion-Extroversion, les Inquietudes, et la Sur-Reaction. L'Attitude mesuree par l'echelle se trouvera le plus souvent parmi les classes sociales inferieures dans l'universite, et elle est associee aux interets qui suggerent qu'on se retire des contacts sociaux et des situations concretes.
Pet ownership protects against the risks and consequences of coronary heart disease.

Abstract Despite decreasing coronary heart disease mortality among both men and women, this disease still remains the leading cause of death in the United States. In addition to known physiologic factors, such as hypertension, smoking, and elevated plasma cholesterol, psychosocial factors including anxiety, marital status, and social isolation have been shown to contribute to the risk of coronary heart disease. There is increasing evidence suggesting that pet ownership causes measurable short term psychological and physiological effects in people, including reduction of blood pressure and mitigation of psychological indicators of anxiety. There is also evidence that pet ownership is associated with clinically significant health effects in people, including improved survival after a coronary event. We hypothesize that pet ownership, through its ability to positively influence psychosocial risk factors, results in a lowered risk of coronary heart disease and increased survival after a coronary event if it occurs, and that increased pet ownership would further reduce mortality from coronary heart disease.
Genetics of childhood disorders: XXXV. Autoimmune disorders, part 8: animal models for noninflammatory autoimmune disorders of the brain.

Useful animal models for the investigation of autoimmune disorders that involve the brain are essential, especially in children in whom access to the CNS is limited. The paucity of such models can hinder an understanding of causation, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatments. This is particularly true when one is investigating postulated antibody-mediated disorders in which evidence supporting pathogenesis is derived from in vitro studies. The interpretation of such studies is confounded by the frequent nonpathogenic antineuronal antibody binding associated with chronic disorders, such as autism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, as well as normal aging. Differentiating pathogenic from nonpathogenic antibodies cannot be done without a biological assay such as an animal model. This need is seen in the ongoing discussion of the pathogenesis of autoantibodies in childhood Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS), and Sydenham chorea (SC). An animal model should reflect the type of immune response occurring or postulated to occur in the brain, utilize brain regions involved in the disorder, and maintain the brain’s unique immune environment. When studying putative immune brain disorders, it is useful to initially group disorders by the presence or absence of acute inflammation. This distinction is important because
SCAAT: incremental tracking with incomplete information

The Kalman filter provides a powerful mathematical framework within which a minimum mean-square-error estimate of a user's position and orientation can be tracked using a sequence of single sensor observations, as opposed to groups of observations. We refer to this new approach as single-constraint-at-a-time or SCAAT tracking. The method improves accuracy by properly assimilating sequential observations, filtering sensor measurements, and by concurrently autocalibrating mechanical or electrical devices. The method facilitates user motion prediction, multisensor data fusion, and in systems where the observations are only available sequentially it provides estimates at a higher rate and with lower latency than a multiple-constraint approach. Improved accuracy is realized primarily for three reasons. First, the method avoids mathematically treating truly sequential observations as if they were simultaneous. Second, because each estimate is based on the observation of an individual device, perceived error (statistically unusual estimates) can be more directly attributed to the corresponding device. This can be used for concurrent autocalibration which can be elegantly incorporated into the existing Kalman filter. Third, the Kalman filter inherently addresses the effects of noisy device measurements. Beyond accuracy, the method nicely facilitates motion prediction because the Kalman filter already incorporates a model of the user's dynamics, and because it provides smoothed estimates of the user state, including potentially unmeasured elements. Finally, in systems where the observations are only available sequentially, the method can be used to weave together information from individual devices in a very flexible manner, producing a new estimate as soon as each individual observation becomes available, thus facilitating multisensor data fusion and improving the estimate rates and latencies. The most significant aspect of this work is the introduction and exploration of the SCAAT approach to 3D tracking for virtual environments. However I also believe that this work may prove to be of interest to the larger scientific and engineering community in addressing a more general class of tracking and estimation problems.
Jenner by himself

Letters of Edward Jenner: And Other Documents Concerning the Early History of Vaccination. Edited by Genevieve Miller. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1983. Pp.145. $15, £12.75.
Regional distribution of rat brain alpha1-adrenergic receptors: Correlation between (125I)-heat membrane binding and autoradiography

(/sup 125/I)-HEAT has proven useful for in vitro autoradiography as a specific alpha/sub 1/-adrenergic radioligand. We compared the binding of (/sup 125/I)-HEAT to membranes from ten brain regions with the densitometric readings of these regions in autoradiographs. There was an excellent correlation between receptor numbers from membrane binding and relative optical densities from the autoradiography. The affinity of HEAT for binding to membranes from various regions was similar. The results of this direct comparison are further evidence that HEAT binds to alpha/sub 1/-adrenergic receptors in lightly fixed tissue sections. A further interesting observation is that in regions with a heterogeneous distribution of binding sites, membrane binding may not reflect the presence of a dense local population of receptors. 19 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
Dependence of the electrophilicity of coordinated cyclic π-hydrocarbons on the metal in the chromium, manganese, and iron triads

Abstract Phosphorus nucleophiles rapidly add to the coordinated arene in [(arene-M(CO) 3 ] + (M = Mn, Re) and [(arene) 2 M] 2+ (M = Fe, Ru, Os). Kinetic data for these reactions are reported. It is suggested that π-bonding is important in determining the dependence of the coordinated ring electrophilicity on the metal within a given triad. The relationship between ring activation and reduction potential of the organometallic electrophile is discussed. It is shown that phosphites as compared to phosphines are much more reactive towards a metal centered electrophile than towards a carbon electrophile