cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed Model for Small Semiarid Watersheds

A distributed model for estimation of runoff volumes and peak rates of flow from small semiarid watersheds is shown to produce reasonable estimates for mean runoff and flood frequency distributions. The model is simplified and constructed to require a minimum of observed data for calibration. The model simulates runoff volume and peak discharge rates for individual storm events. It can also be used to estimate water yield and a surface water balance incorporating transmission losses in ephemeral stream channels. Experimental data are compared with the simulation model predictions. Individual components of the model could be improved with further research and data. However, based on available information contained in soils and topographic maps and published sources, the distributed model can be used to estimate runoff rates and amounts from ungaged watersheds in semiarid regions.
A Series of New Screening Procedures for Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, and Glutathione Reductase Deficiency

A new type of screening procedure for the detection of enzymatic defects of the red cell has been described. The blood or red cell sample is added to the reaction mixture. After a suitable period of incubation a drop of the mixture is spotted on filter paper, permitted to dry, and examined for fluorescence under UV light. In this way the oxidation of reduction of pyridine nucleotides is readily evaluated. Reaction mixtures for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and glutathione reductase deficiency are described. The same general procedure should be readily adaptable to the detection of other enzymatic deficiencies of red cells, such as phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency or triosephosphate isomerase deficiency.
Cancer in Obese Women: Potential Protective Impact of Bariatric Surgery

Background The use of bariatric surgery has been increasing over the last several years in response to the obesity epidemic, and the objective of this study was to report on the types of cancer in morbidly obese women undergoing bariatric surgery and compare these with types of cancer in obese women without surgery. Study Design A retrospective, observational study was conducted. The bariatric surgery database identified women who underwent operations between 1990 and 2006 at the University of Virginia. Medical records and the institution's and state's cancer registries were searched for demographics and cancer data. Morbidly obese patients not undergoing bariatric surgery were used for comparison. Results There were 1,482 women who had bariatric surgery, and 53 of these (3.6%) were diagnosed with cancer. The most common cancer site was the breast (n = 15, 28.3%) followed by the endometrium (n = 9, 17%) and the cervix (n = 6, 11.3%). The mean age at cancer diagnosis was 39.4 years. Most cancers (n = 34, 64.1%) were diagnosed before the bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery patients with cancer were older than noncancer patients at time of surgery (mean age 44.7 versus 41.6 years; p=0.019), but otherwise did not differ significantly with regard to race, body mass index, or comorbid conditions. Compared with a control group of 3,495 morbidly obese women who had not undergone bariatric surgery, the surgery patients had fewer cancers (3.6% versus 5.8%, p=0.002), were younger (41.7 versus 46.9 years, p Conclusions Breast and endometrial cancers remain the most common types in obese women and may occur at young ages; bariatric surgery may decrease cancer development in obese women.
The use of halothane in a patient with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy: A case report

An elderly patient with demonstrated asymmetrical intraventricular septal hypertrophy and ventriculo-aortic pressure gradient was anaesthetized with nitrous oxide with oxygen, narcotic, and muscle relaxant for abdominal surgery. In addition to the cardiovascular variables customarily monitored, a systolic time interval (STI) measured from the Q wave of the ECG to the foot of the radial pulse (the QF interval) was calculated in milliseconds beat-to-beat by a computer. With anaesthesia, and particularly following the beginning of operation, the QF interval lengthened as an indication of either decreased cardiac inotropy or increased pressure gradient across the aortic outflow tract. When halothane 0.25 per cent was added to the anaesthetic mixture, the QF interval shortened by about 20 milliseconds without an observed change in direct arterial pressure. Since halothane is a cardiac depressant and normally lengthens the STI, it apparently relaxed the muscular stenosis of the ventricular outflow tract and reduced the pressure gradient and, subsequently, the QF interval. By measuring cardiovascular function with this STI, the beneficial action of cardiac depression from low-dose halothane was observed, which would have escaped detection by common monitoring indices.
A finite element method for large domains

Abstract A combined analytical and numerical method is devised to solve elliptic boundary value problems in large or infinite domains. First the domain is divided by an artificial boundary B into a small computational domain Ω and a large or infinite residual domain D . In D the problem is solved analytically, and from the solution an exact nonlocal relation between the solution and its derivatives on B is deduced. This relation is used as a boundary condition to complete the formulation of a problem in Ω which has exactly the same solution there as the original problem. Then a finite element formulation of this new problem in Ω is presented. The exact nonlocal boundary condition is given explicitly for Laplace's equation, for the equations of plane stress and plane strain in linear elastostatics, and for certain equations governing beams and axisymmetric cylindrical shells. The artificial boundary is chosen to be a sphere or a circle. The properties and computational implications of the boundary condition are discussed. Some numerical examples are presented, and the results are compared with those obtained by the standard finite element method using different approximate local boundary conditions on the artificial boundary.
Bensulfuron methyl のイネ体内への吸収と分布

The uptake and distribution of bensulfuron methyl (DPX F5384), the active ingredient in “Londax” herbicide, was examined in rice roots and shoots. When roots were directly exposed (short-term uptake) to a solution containing 14C-bensulfuron methyl, considerable uptake of 14C material was observed. In contrast, when rice was grown in soil in a simulated paddy environment (long-term uptake), shoots tended to accumulate more 14C material than roots.Extraction of 14C material from roots and shoots of plants exposed to bensulfuron methyl (in solution) for 24 hours revealed rapid metabolism of the compound by shoots but not by roots. Shoots converted 72% of the accumulated 14C material to a polar metabolite, whereas in roots, 76% of the extracted 14C was associated with parent material.These data indicate that rice roots can potentially accumulate bensulfuron methyl to a significant extent when directly exposed to the compound. However, due to soil binding kinetics in the paddy ecosystem, relatively little bensulfuron methyl would be available for root uptake. This was substantiated by the smaller degree of 14C accumulation in rice roots compared with shoots, when plants were grown in soil.
The Media's Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We've Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them?

Survey, correlational, randomized control, and covariance structure modeling investigations indicate that the media are a significant factor in the development and maintenance of eating and shape-related disorders. One specific individual difference variable, internalization of societal pressures regarding prevailing standards of attractiveness, appears to moderate or even mediate the media's effects on women's body satisfaction and eating dysfunction. Problematic media messages inherent in existing media portrayals of eating disorders are apparent, leading researchers to pinpoint intervention strategies that might counteract such viewpoints. Social activism and social marketing approaches are suggested as methods for fighting negative media messages. The media itself is one potential vehicle for communicating productive, accurate, and deglamorized messages about eating and shape-related disorders.
Demographic challenges for socioeconomic planning

This study is concerned with the future rate of demographic aging and the implications of changing age structure for various public and private socioeconomic planning concerns. The geographic focus is on the United States. The process of demographic aging is first reviewed. Next the authors examine the current status of todays elderly emphasizing "the complex interplay between quantitative and qualitative dimensions of population aging that will shape our collective future. In the last section [they] discuss forces of change focusing particularly on changes in life expectancy and related trends in morbidity and disability." (EXCERPT)
Interactions between food-web structure and nutrients on pond organisms

THE suggestion that the densities of organisms are regulated by interactions involving entire food chains1 has resurfaced into a new debate about the role of population regulation in environments that vary in productivity2–5. Past work has shown that density responses of organisms to enhanced productivity should be strongly affected by the number of trophic levels in the food chain6–11 but more recent theoretical work on this question has suggested that heterogeneity within a trophic level can be just as important12–15. Here we present direct experimental evidence for such an interaction between environmental productivity and the species composition of herbivores. Our results illustrate that differences in food-web structure similar to those documented in natural communities16,17 can dramatically alter how organisms will respond to abiotic factors such as nutrients that regulate primary productivity.
Replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament using a synthetic prosthesis: An evaluation of graft biology in the dog

The ACL of 21 adult mongrel dogs was replaced with a knitted dacron velour prosthesis. The biologic fate of these synthetic grafts was then evaluated at various intervals from 1 to 12 months postoperatively using routine histology and a vascular injection (Spalteholz) technique.Following implantation the knitted dacron prosthesis was encapsulated with a vascular synovial tissue in a manner similar to that observed with autogenous pa tellar tendon grafts. This revascularization process was followed by a proliferation of fibroblasts throughout the extent of the prosthesis. While the grafts appeared to support a fibrous tissue proliferation in and around the design of the prosthesis, this tissue demonstrated only a random orientation of collagen fibers as late as 1 year postoperatively. It would appear, therefore, that al though the knitted dacron prosthesis is capable of inducing and supporting tissue encapsulation and in growth, it does not allow for the functional orientation of this tissue.
Electrocorticographic gamma activity during word production in spoken and sign language

Objective: To investigate the functional-neuroanatomic substrates of word production using signed versus spoken language. Methods: The authors studied single-word processing with varying input and output modalities in a 38-year-old woman with normal hearing and speech who had become proficient in sign language 8 years before developing intractable epilepsy. Subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) was performed during picture naming and word reading (visual inputs) and word repetition (auditory inputs); these tasks were repeated with speech and with sign language responses. Cortical activation was indexed by event-related power augmentation in the 80- to 100-Hz gamma band, and was compared with general principles of functional anatomy and with subject-specific maps of the same or similar tasks using electrical cortical stimulation (ECS). Results: Speech outputs activated tongue regions of the sensorimotor cortex, and sign outputs activated hand regions. In addition, signed word production activated parietal regions that were not activated by spoken word production. Posterior superior temporal gyrus was activated earliest and to the greatest extent during auditory word repetition, and the basal temporal-occipital cortex was activated similarly during naming and reading, reflecting the different modalities of input processing. With few exceptions, topographic patterns of ECoG gamma were consistent with ECS maps of the same or similar language tasks. Conclusions: Spoken and signed word production activated many of the same cortical regions, particularly those processing auditory and visual inputs; however, they activated different regions of sensorimotor cortex, and signing activated parietal cortex more than did speech. This study illustrates the utility of electrocorticographic gamma for studying the neuroanatomy and processing dynamics of human language.
Base Stacking and Even/Odd Behavior of Hairpin Loops in DNA Triplet Repeat Slippage and Expansion with DNA Polymerase

Repetitions of CAG or CTG triplets in DNA can form intrastrand hairpin loops with combinations of normal and mismatched base pairs that easily rearrange. Such loops may promote primer-template slippage in DNA replication or repair to give triplet-repeat expansions like those associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Using self-priming sequences (e.g. (CAG)(16)(CTG)(4)), we resolve all hairpin loops formed and measure their slippage and expansion rates with DNA polymerase at 37 degrees C. Comparing CAG/CTG loop structures with GAC/GTC structures, having similar hydrogen bonding but different base stacking, we find that CAG, CTG, and GTC triplets predominantly form even-membered loops that slip in steps of two triplets, whereas GAC triplets favor odd-numbered loops. Slippage rates decline as hairpin stability increases, supporting the idea that slippage initiates more easily in less stable regions. Loop stabilities (in low salt) increase in the order GTC CAG approximately GAC > CTG. Loops of GTC compared with CTG melt 9 degrees C lower and slip 6-fold faster. We interpret results in terms of base stacking, by relating melting temperature to standard enthalpy changes for doublets of base pairs and mispairs, considering enthalpy-entropy compensation.
Numerical and approximate solutions for plume rise

Abstract Numerical and approximate analytical solutions are compared for turbulent plume rise in a crosswind. The numerical solutions were calculated using the plume rise model of Hoult, Fay and Forney (1969, J. Air Pollut. Control Ass.19, 585–590), over a wide range of pertinent parameters. Some wind shear and elevated inversion effects are included. The numerical solutions are seen to agree with the approximate solutions over a fairly wide range of the parameters. For the conditions considered in the study, wind shear effects are seen to be quite small. A limited study was made of the penetration of elevated inversions by plumes. The results indicate the adequacy of a simple criterion proposed by Briggs (1969, AEC Critical Review Series, USAEC Division of Technical Information extension, Oak Ridge, Tennesse).
From the Utopians to the Yahoos: Thomas More and Jonathan Swift

IN writing Gullivers Travels Jonathan Swift drew upon several literary traditions, ranging from popular eighteenth-century accounts of fantastic voyages to the classical Menippean satires. In addition, the influence of Utopian works, such as Plato's Republic, Sir Thomas More's U to fia, and Sir Francis Bacon's New Atlantis upon Gulliver's Travels is so pervasive that it has become a literary commonplace. In fact, it is possible to read Book I I I , "The Voyage to Laputa," as a parody of Bacon's New Atlantis and Book IV, "The Voyage to the Houyhnhnms," as an imitation and commentary upon Plato's Re-public and More's Utopia. Comparison of the views of More and Swift on social reform and on dissent, however, points to an important shift in philosophical perspective. Reform is not possible unless men are assumed to be reasonable enough to perceive the need for change ; nor can dissent be tolerated if human beings lack reason, the basis for choosing between truth and error. More's Utopians are not wholly rational beings ; unlike the Houyhnhnms, they commit crimes and so need a criminal code, but their
Effect of controlled hemorrhage on tissue and serum cefazolin clearance.

Effects of blood loss on tissue and serum antibiotic levels were investigated in 30 New Zealand white rabbits. Studies were conducted over a 3.5hr period after intravenous administration of cefazolin, 30 mg/kg, in control animals (Groups I and IV, n = 5 each) and animals having 50% (Groups II and V, n = 5 each) or 100% (Groups III and VI, n = 5 each) of their blood volume removed and replaced with either Ringer’s solution (Groups I, II, and III) or rabbit whole blood (Groups IV, V, and VI) sufficient to maintain central venous pressures at baseline levels. Periodic samples of retroperitoneal fat, iliac artery, and serum were assayed for cefazolin concentration by disc diffusion. Decreased tissue antibiotic levels were observed in animals undergoing 100% blood replacement (Groups III and VI) compared to controls (Groups I and IV) in both fat (P < 0.01) and artery (P 6 0.01) at 90 min. Decreased antibiotic serum half-life accompanying hemorrhage existed when comparing Group II to I (P < 0.06)) Group III to I (P d O.Ol), and Group IV to V (P < 0.01). The increased antibiotic clearance related to blood loss in this study justifies reassess ment of intraoperative dosing intervals. More frequent dosing may be required to maintain stable tissue and serum antibiotic levels during substantial operative hemorrhage.
Sphingophospholipids of species ofAedes andCulex mosquito cells cultivated in suspension culture from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth

Two sphingophospholipids, sphingomyelin (ceramide phosphorylcholine), and ceramide phosphorylethanolamine, were isolated and purified from cells of four mosquito species obtained from the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. Quantitation of the two lipids in both phases of growth from cells of each species was made. The fatty acid composition of the two lipids was compared between the cell types and the two phases of growth. There was a tendency for an increase of ceramide phosphorylcholine and a decrease of ceramide phosphorylethanolamine in the stationary phase. Longer chain fatty acids of ceramide phosphorylcholine were observed in the stationary phase than in the logarithmic phase of growth of the mosquito cells. The four species had distinctly different fatty acid patterns in the two complex lipids which might be useful for taxonomic purposes and cell identification.
Abstract 3928: Inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system differentially regulates glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional processes

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an integral role in controlling protein turnover to modulate cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This occurs through multiple mechanisms that rely on the regulation of numerous transcription factors such as steroid hormone nuclear receptors. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a member of this receptor family and its activation promotes nuclear translocation and downstream transcriptional activity through the recruitment of co-regulatory complexes. Our goal is to understand the mechanisms by which the proteasome regulates glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription. To explore the effects of proteasome inhibition upon GR-mediated transcription, we used ChIP-Seq and microarray studies using breast cancer cells to examine GR binding and gene expression profiles after treatment with dexamethasone (dex) or dex in combination with a proteasome inhibitor, MG132 (dex + mg), for 1 hour and 18 hours. More than 14000 and 5000 GR-binding sites were apparent after both treatments in the 1 hour and 18 hour samples, respectively. GR binding sites seen during 1 hour of treatment can be mapped to more than 9000 genes while the binding sites in the 18 hour treatment samples mapped to over 5000 genes. In addition, over 55% of binding sites in all treatment groups are within 50 kilobases of annotated transcription start sites. To verify these putative interactions, we assayed the transcript levels of genes at both time periods and examined the levels of bound GR throughout the gene. The results reveal a differential regulation of genes that can be divided into three classes: dex-responsive, dex + mg-responsive, or dually responsive. Further analyses will reveal if there are clearly defined chromatin states that demarcate each class. These data provide insights into the intricate mechanisms of proteasome-mediated GR regulation and highlight proteasomal-regulated genes involved in numerous diseases and developmental disorders. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3928. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3928
Deactivation in catalytic hydrodemetallation II. Catalyst characterization

This paper details the characterization of metal-sulfide deposits on catalysts aged in model-compound hydrodemetallation studies. Transmission electron microscopy provides evidence that nickel and vanadium sulfides were present on the catalyst as large and spatially dispersed crystallites. A study of a series of samples with different nickel loadings on a CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst shows that the diameter of the nickel-sulfide crystallites increased with increasing nickel loading, whereas the number of crystallites per unit volume remained approximately constant. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of these samples yielded nickel to aluminum signal ratios significantly lower than the bulk composition. This result is consistent with the nickel-sulfide deposits having a crystallite form, and inconsistent with them being uniform on the catalyst surface. Vanadium-sulfide crystallites on an aged CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst were similar in size and number-density to nickel-sulfide crystallites on the same catalyst. In contrast, nickel-sulfide crystallites on a low-promoter alumina carrier were significantly larger, and therefore had a smaller number-density, than those on an equivalently loaded CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst.
Effect of a forced Couette flow on coupled convective and morphological instabilities during unidirectional solidification

The effect of a forced Couette flow, parallel to a horizontal crystal-melt interface during directional solidification of an alloy of lead containing tin, on the onset of convective and morphological instabilities, is calculated numerically via a linear stability analysis. Such a flow does not affect perturbations with wave vectors perpendicular to the flow. For perturbations with wave vectors parallel to the flow, the onset of morphological instability is somewhat suppressed and thermosolutal convection is greatly suppressed. When instabilities occur, they are oscillatory and correspond to travelling waves. For values of the crystal growth velocity for which mixed morphological and convective modes occur, the presence of a forced flow produces sufficient decoupling to allow otherwise degenerate branches to be identified.
Optical studies of the a-, b-, and c-axis charge dynamics in YBa2Cu3O6+x.

Optical and Raman-scattering studies of a-, b-, and c-axis ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ between 0.025 and 5.5 eV are presented as a function of doping, and compared to the results of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. Our doping-dependence studies show that the redistribution of spectral weight in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ differs significantly from that seen in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. We also find that the redistribution of spectral weight in the cuprates is primarily responsible for the loss of two-magnon Raman-scattering intensity with doping. Finally, we show that bound-carrier contributions comprise a significantly larger fraction of the spectral weight below 1 eV in lower-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ cuprates such as the 2:1:4 compounds than in higher-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ cuprates such as ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$.We suggest that the low-frequency conductivity (1 eV) in the 2:1:4 compounds is most appropriately described by a two-component picture, while that in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ is adequately described as a single component of strongly interacting carriers. In the metallic phase we find several interesting consequences of a single-component interpretation of the optical data in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$, such as a linear-in-\ensuremath{\omega} frequency-dependent scattering rate and an increase in the interaction strength with decreased carrier density. Finally, we show that the c-axis optical response in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\sim}90 K) is characterized by a c-axis polarized Raman continuum and a Drude conductivity arising from interbilayer charge transport along the c direction. With decreased doping, the c-axis Drude response decreases dramatically, indicating a decoupling of the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ plane bilayers in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$. By comparison, the ab-plane optical response is not strongly influenced by interbilayer decoupling, suggesting that the unusual ab-plane charge dynamics in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathit{x}}$ persist in nearly isolated ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ plane bilayers.
Everyday Life in Malaysia: Representations of Social Relationships in Malay Humour Magazines

The pictorial and verbal versions of texts about the routines and problems of everyday life in Malaysia that are featured in Malay humour magazines enjoy immense popularity. Popular acceptance among Malays and the near immunity of such texts from government censorship suggest their relevance to the description and analysis of Malay perceptions of ethnic, lifestyle and class relationships in contemporary Malaysian society. Examples of texts and interpretations of them by Malay informants, cartoonists and humour writers as well as readers, indicate a very broad range of Malay perspectives on class and ethnic relations in Malaysia.
A Comparison of the Effects of Continuous and Periodic Fluoride Delivery on Fluoride Levels in Plasma, Enamel, and Bones of Nursing Rats

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the F levels in plasma, enamel, and bones of nursing rat pups that received the same daily dose of F by continuous or periodic delivery during enamel development. The hypothesis was that F delivered continuously would result in enamel F levels higher than those attained when F was delivered periodically. For continuous delivery, copolymer devices (Southern Research Institute) that provide slow release of F were implanted in the backs of four-day-old rat pups. For periodic delivery, rat pups received F by intraperitoneal injection or gastric intubation. The doses were 0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 mg Flday. The rats were killed at 13 days of age, 24 hours after the last periodic delivery. Plasma was collected, femur and calvaria bones were removed, and enamel was scraped from developing first molars. Fluoride assay was by the microdiffusion method of Taves, with a F electrode. For the 0.02 mg Flday dose, plasma levels in control, implanted, injected, and gastric...
Reactions of molybdenum compounds in solution — model reactions for biological systems☆

Abstract Kinetic investigations of the reduction of flavins by Mo(V) complexes in aqueous solution as model systems for Mo—flavin interaction in xanthine oxidase and other molybdenum enzymes are discussed. Data are presented indicating that Mo(V)—dimers may react by either one- or two-electron mechanisms, depending on conditions and ligand environment. The reduction of flavin mononucleotide by the model complex, μ-oxo-bis[oxodihydroxo(L-cysteinato)molybdate(V)], is reported in detail, and mechanisms for its reaction under a variety of conditions are presented. The reduction of this complex with NaBH4 to produce a Mo(III) species is also discussed, and investigations of the oxidation of aldehydes by Mo(VI)—thiol complexes in non-aqueous solvents are reported.
Lattice imaging of metals at one million magnification

Abstract A Philips EM300 100kV electron microscope has been modified by fitting a new projector polepiece to increase the direct magnification to one million. Using a 200μm Wehnelt insert cap in place of the usual 500μm cap, and a tungsten vee filament, previously invisible lattice images with spacings as small as 0.18nm can be seen through the × 10 viewing microscope. Lattice micrographs taken at one million magnification are shown of }111{ fringes in aluminium (0.234 nm spacing) and }110{ fringes in tungsten (0.224nm spacing) and, for the first time, of }110{ lattice fringes in molybdenum (0.223nm spacing), }111{ fringes in copper (0.209nm spacing), }002{ fringes in IN100 superalloy (0.179nm spacing) and }22{ fringes in germanium (0.2nm spacing). Two examples of defect images are given; namely, a dislocation in an }002{ lattice image of aluminium-3% copper alloy and a }111{ lattice image of copper containing a ziroconium oxide inclusion.
Learning by creatifying transfer frames

In the particular kind of learning discussed in this paper, the teacher names a destination and a source. In the sentence, ''Robbie is like a fox'', Robbie is the destination and fox is the source. The student, on analyzing the teacher's instruction, computes a filter called a transfer frame. The transfer frame stands between the source and the destination and determines what information is allowed to pass from one to the other. Creating the transfer frame requires two steps: hypothesis and filtering. In the hypothesis step, potentially useful transfer frames are produced through an analysis of the information in the source and its immediate relatives. For a fox, the transfer frames are created through an analysis of the way foxes compare with other small mammals. In the filtering step, the better of the hypothesized frames are selected through a study of the destination frame and its relatives. For Robbie, the robot, the filtering is done by comparing Robbie with other robots. Each time something is learned, the student takes notes on what happened. These notes are used later to justify subsequent conclusions. Also, the notes sometimes make it possible for the student to create his own source-destination pairs by himself.
Short-range shock formation and coalescence in numerical simulation of broadband noise propagation

The number of jet and rocket noise studies has increased in recent years as researchers have sought to better understand aeroacoustic source and radiation characteristics. Although jet and rocket noise is finite-amplitude in nature, little is known about the existence of shock formation and coalescence close to the source. A numerical experiment is performed to propagate finite-amplitude noise and determine the extent of the nonlinearity over short distances with spherical spreading. The noise is filtered to have a haystack shape in the frequency domain, as is typical of such sources. The effect of the nonlinearity is compared in both the temporal and frequency domains as a function of distance. Additionally, the number of zero-crossings and overall sound pressure level is compared at several distances. The results indicate that the center frequency plays a particularly important role in the amount of coalescence and spectral redistribution that occurs. The general applicability of these results to actual near-field finite-amplitude jet and rocket noise experiments is also presented.
A Communication Network for Educational Researchers

Some computer networks permit educational researchers to use microcomputers, terminals, or communicating word processors for communication with colleages. Networking is defined, several examples are given, and the Educational Research Forum on CompuServe is used to illustrate the possibilities. The organization and structure of the Forum are discussed. Advantages and costs of computer networking are explained, and potential uses for AERA are highlighted.
An exploratory study of the effects of the European Union 8th Directive on Company Law on audit committees: Evidence from EU companies listed on the US stock exchanges

Abstract Member States in the European Union will be required to establish audit committees for all public-interest entities, according to the EU 8th Directive on Company Law. This EU 8th Directive creates a convergence of corporate oversight for both audit processes and financial reporting process and thus provides an opportunity to examine and contrast associations that exist among audit committee, board of directors characteristics with audit committee alignment, and the impact of such alignment on earnings management. Results of a logistic regression analysis suggest that firms with audit committees possessing greater financial expertise, with larger boards and more independent boards are less likely to engage in audit committee alignment while firms with audit committees possessing greater governance expertise are more likely to engage in alignment. In addition, we find that firms associated with audit committee alignment engage in less earnings management.
Shishaldin Volcano: Aleutian high-alumina basalts and the question of plagioclase accumulation

High-alumina basalts (HABs) from volcanic arcs commonly contain 30%-50% (modal) plagioclase. It has been suggested that they reflect plagioclase addition and are not primary compositions. In rocks from the Aleutian volcano Shishaldin, the authors search for evidence of plagioclase accumulation: Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, CaO, and Na{sub 2}O vs. modal plagioclase; europium anomalies in HABs; plagioclase-liquid equilibrium; and the HAB groundmass. The HABs do not appear to be results of plagioclase addition to liquids of dacitic, Fe-Ti enriched, or high-Mg basaltic compositions. Plagioclase loss from HABs does appear to yield the Fe-Ti-enriched basalts. Shishaldin HABs may reflect near-primary compositions, and HAB phase equilibria may thus be useful in evaluating the origin of such arc basalts.
In Vivo Cutaneous and Perceived Comfort Response to Fabric: Part I: Thermophysiological Comfort Determinations for Three Experimental Knit Fabrics

Using a modified Kawabata Thermolabo apparatus housed in a controlled envi ronmental chamber, we obtained measurements of heat transfer through a specially selected set of jersey knit textile fabrics. We then used analytical models to compute thermal comfort limits based on the experimental values and predetermined estimates of human metabolic activity. The jersey knit fabrics differed primarily on the basis of fiber content: the comparisons were between two knits, both made with 100% polyester fibers of different deniers, and a 100% cotton fabric. This research confirms the results of several previous studies that fabric structural features, not component fibers, are the most important controllers of thermal dissipation in the presence of moisture diffusion. Our results also show that heat transfer is highly related to fabric thickness, bulk density, and air volume fraction. Thermal transfer from a simulated sweating skin surface is strongly correlated with fabric porosity and air permeability.
Environmental sampling for aspergilli during building construction on a hospital site

During the course of extensive building activity at Guy's Hospital, London, air sampling was carried out weekly, for one year, to monitor the frequency of spores of Aspergillus spp. in both the hospital grounds and a number of defined ward areas. Nasal swabs were taken from patients on a selected ward to assess the nasal carriage of Aspergillus. The weather conditions were monitored at the time of sampling. The predominant species was Aspergillus fumigatus which occurred at a low frequency throughout the year, with little evidence of seasonal variation bar a peak in March. Few differences were found between internal and external spore counts. Localized building activity in a ward area and a laboratory area did not result in higher internal levels. Six percent of the nasal swabs were positive for A. fumigatus, though none of these patients became infected.
Thermal responses of Symbiodinium photosynthetic carbon assimilation

The symbiosis between hermatypic corals and their dinoflagellate endosymbionts, genus Symbiodinium, is based on carbon exchange. This symbiosis is disrupted by thermally induced coral bleaching, a stress response in which the coral host expels its algal symbionts as they become physiologically impaired. The disruption of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) supply or the thermal inactivation of Rubisco have been proposed as sites of initial thermal damage that leads to the bleaching response. Symbiodinium possesses a highly unusual Form II ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which exhibits a lower CO2:O2 specificity and may be more thermally unstable than the Form I Rubiscos of other algae and land plants. Components of the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM), which supplies inorganic carbon for photosynthesis, may also be temperature sensitive. Here, we examine the ability of four cultured Symbiodinium strains to acquire and fix DIC across a temperature gradient. Surprisingly, the half-saturation constant of photosynthesis with respect to DIC concentration (K P), an index of CCM function, declined with increasing temperature in three of the four strains, indicating a greater potential for photosynthetic carbon acquisition at elevated temperatures. In the fourth strain, there was no effect of temperature on K P. Finding no evidence for thermal inhibition of the CCM, we conclude that CCM components are not likely to be the primary sites of thermal damage. Reduced photosynthetic quantum yields, a hallmark of thermal bleaching, were observed at low DIC concentrations, leaving open the possibility that reduced inorganic carbon availability is involved in bleaching.
Protective and Risk Influences of Drug Use among a Multiethnic Sample of Adolescent Boys

A measurement model was analyzed to demonstrate a differential distribution and cumulative exposure to psychosocial risk and protective influences of adolescent drug use among ethnically-diverse adolescent samples. The sample included U.S.-born (US) Latino (N = 837), foreign-born (FB) Latino (N = 447), White (N = 632), and African American (N = 618) adolescent boys. Psychological Distress, Peer Drug Use, and Adolescent Drug Use were significantly positively correlated with Peer Drug Use and Adolescent Drug Use. In contrast, Family, School, law abidance, and guilt were significantly negatively correlated with Peer Drug Use and Adolescent Drug Use. Multiple group analyses indicated significant similarities and differences among US and FB Latinos, and Whites. Implications for early prevention, multi-level interventions, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Solid oxide fuel cell technology development in the U.S.

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is leading the development and demonstration of high efficiency and low cost solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and fuel cell turbine (FCT) hybrid power generation systems primarily under the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA). Additional long-term basic research is performed at the High Temperature Electrochemistry Center (HiTEC). Distributed generation (DG) systems have ultra low emissions, produce water, and can be configured to isolate/segregate carbon dioxide – all features useable in FutureGen and advanced coal-based systems.
Stereochemically nonrigid organometallic molecules XXX. Observations on some cyclopentadienylmolybdenum compounds

The PMR spectra of (C5H5)2Mo(NO)I and (C5H5)2Mo(NO)CH3 have been examined to temperatures as low as —120°. Neither compound shows any broadening of the resonance due to all ten protons. This result supports our previous views on the structural and dynamical nature of (C5H5)3Mo(NO). Tetracyclopentadienylmolybdenum has been prepared in pure form by the reaction of C5H5Tl with (C5H5)2MoI2. Its PMR spectrum implies the structure (h5-C5H5)2(h1-C5H5)2Mo, with the h1-C5H5 rings fluxional at 25°
Effects of dietary fish oil on human mammary carcinoma and on lipid-metabolizing enzymes.

The growth rate of a human mammary carcinoma, MX-1, was significantly reduced in athymic “nude” mice fed fish oil. Tumors from the fish oil-fed animals also showed a greater sensitivity to two anti-neoplastic agents, mitomycin C and doxorubicin. Mitochondria were isolated from control livers, host livers and tumors from fish oil-and corn oil-fed animals, and increased levels of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 were found in mitochondrial lipids in all three tissues from the fish oil-fed animals. To investigate the effect of dietary n−3 fatty acids on lipid metabolism, the activity of the acyl-CoA:carnitine acyltransferase and three acyl-CoA desaturases were measured. Carnitine acyltransferase activity toward all four acyl-CoA substrates tested was markedly increased in mitochondria from liver by feeding fish oil. In mitochondria from tumors, feeding fish oil resulted in an increased activity toward only 18∶3n−3. These data suggest that fish oil may induce an increase in the oxidation of fatty acids. The Δ9-desaturase activity was decreased in microsomes from liver and tumor from fish oil-fed animals. However, both the Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases were increased in tumor and in control liver as a result of feeding fish oil. The Δ5 desaturase was not altered in microsomes from the host animals. The effect of fish oil on the Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases may involve alterations to metabolism of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids especially in the tumor tissue.
2E4 (Kaptin): A novel actin-associated protein from human blood platelets found in lamellipodia and the tips of the stereocilia of the inner ear

Platelet activation, crucial for hemostasis, requires actin polymerization, yet the molecular mechanisms by which localized actin polymerization is mediated are not clear. Here we report the characterization of a novel actin-binding protein, 2E4, originally isolated from human blood platelets and likely to be involved in the actin rearrangements occurring during activation. 2E4 binds to filamentous (F)-actin by F-actin affinity chromatography and is eluted from F-actin affinity columns and extracted from cells with ATP. Its presence at the leading edge of platelets spread on glass and in the lamellipodia of motile fibroblasts suggests a role in actin dynamics. Using localization to obtain clues about function, we stained the sensory epithelium of the embryonic inner ear to determine whether 2E4 is at the barbed end of actin filaments during their elongation. Indeed, 2E4 was present at the tips of the elongating stereocilium. 2E4 is novel by DNA sequence and has no identifiable structural motifs. Its unusual amino acid sequence, its ATP-sensitive actin association and its location at sites of actin polymerization in cells suggest 2E4 plays a unique role in the actin rearrangements that accompany platelet activation and stereocilia formation.
Hexahydropyrimidines I. Preparation of 2-substituted-1,3-bis(p-dimethylaminobenzyl)-hexahydropyrimidines

A number of 2-substituted-1,3-bis(p-dimethylaminobenzyl)hexahydropyrimidines have been prepared by allowing various aldehydes to react with 1, 3-bis(p-dimethyl-amino)propane. The latter diamine was prepared by the catalytic reduction of the di-Schiff base 1, 3-bis(p-dimethylaminobenzylideneamino)propane. It was felt that these compounds might possess antifungal, antibiotic, and antiviral activity.
A Note on Monotonicity Assumptions for Exact Unconditional Tests in Binary Matched‐Pairs Designs

Summary Exact unconditional tests have been widely applied to test the difference between two probabilities for 2 × 2 matched-pairs binary data with small sample size. In this context, Lloyd (2008, Biometrics64, 716–723) proposed an E + M p-value, that showed better performance than the existing M p-value and C p-value. However, the analytical calculation of the E + M p-value requires that the Barnard convexity condition be satisfied; this can be challenging to prove theoretically. In this article, by a simple reformulation, we show that a weaker condition, conditional monotonicity, is sufficient to calculate all three p-values (M, C, and E + M) and their corresponding exact sizes. Moreover, this conditional monotonicity condition is applicable to noninferiority tests.
The relationship of social phobia to avoidant personality disorder: a proposal to reclassify avoidant personality disorder based on clinical empirical findings

In the DSM system social phobia and avoidant personality have been conceptualized as independent entities. Each had separate, if overlapping diagnostic criteria. The specific inclusion and exclusion criteria provided by DSM allowed empirical research to guide future revisions. This review evaluates the empirical literature and evolution of the concepts of these diagnoses from DSM-III to DSM-IIR to DSM-IV. The empirical evidence leads us to the conclusion that there is no dividing line between social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. In addition to their being no dividing line diagnostically between the disorders, there appears to be no separation of the two by treatment techniques. This raises interesting questions about how we differentiate Axis I from Axis II disorders. Suggestions for revisions of the social phobia and avoidant personality disorder categories are given.
Analytic properties of off-energy shell potential scattering amplitudes

A proof is given that a double dispersion relation in the momentum transfer and outgoing energy holds for off-energy shell scattering by a Yukawa potential in which the incoming energy is held fixed and real. It is shown that unitarity then determines the off-shell in terms of the on-shell amplitude. The analytic properties of the off-shell amplitude on unphysical Riemann sheets are described and some results on the domain of holomorphy in both energy variables are also included.
Uptake of Copper(II) by Wool

The uptake of copper(II) onto wool from aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate is investigated as a function of treatment time and temperature, amount of copper applied, and pH. Longer heating times and higher temperatures lead to increased uptake: 1 hour near the boil gives optimal results. Increasing the amount of applied copper increases the total uptake, but the fraction of applied copper taken up decreases with the amount applied. As pH is increased, copper uptake increases linearly with pH up to a pH of approximately 6; above pH 6, solid copper salts are precipitated. The possibility of specific buffer interference with copper uptake is discussed.