cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salmonella acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages.

Summary Bacteria harbour both ferrous and ferric iron transporters. We now report that infection of macrophages and mice with a Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain containing an inactivated feoB-encoded ferrous iron transporter results in increased bacterial replication, compared to infection with wild type. Inactivation of other cation transporters, SitABCD or MntH, did not increase bacterial replication. The feoB mutant strain does not have an intrinsically faster growth rate. Instead, increased replication correlated with increased expression in macrophages of the fepB-encoded bacterial ferric iron transporter and also required siderophores, which capture ferric iron. Co-infection of mice with wild type and a feoB mutant strain yielded a different outcome: FeoB is clearly required for tissue colonization. In co-infected primary mouse macrophages, FeoB is required for S. Typhimurium replication if the macrophages were IFNγ treated and contain phagocytosed erythrocytes, a model for haemophagocytosis. Haemophagocytes are macrophages that have engulfed erythrocytes and/or leucocytes and can harbour Salmonella in mice. These observations suggest that Salmonella acquires ferrous iron from haemophagocytic macrophages.
Polyploidy induction as a consequence of topoisomerase inhibition : a flow cytometric assessment

Abstract Following recovery from a 4-hr exposure to clinically achievable concentrations of the topoisomerase II inhibitors Adriamycin®, teniposide, or amsacrine or the putative topoisomerase II inhibitor crisnatol, murine erythroleukemic cells remained viable for up to 48 hr, but did not proliferate. Cell cycle analysis after a 24-hr recovery revealed blocks in G2 (4N DNA) or >G2 (up to 8N DNA) polyploid stages. The relative percentages of cells in either stage was a function of drug concentration and cell cycle stage at time of exposure: typically, cells exposed during S phase became blocked in G2, whereas those exposed during G2/M progressed into >G2 polyploid stages. G2-blocked cells exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in nuclear protein content and cellular/nuclear volume (i.e. unbalanced growth) and ~5% more DNA stainability (as a consequence of nuclear conformational changes rather than redundant DNA synthesis). In all cases, at the drug concentrations studied, mitotic figures were absent and G2 and >G2 blocks were irreversible, indicating that the mechanism of polyploidy induction differs from that of microtubule inhibitors. These findings suggest that although topoisomerase inhibitors interfere with DNA synthesis in the S phase, their induction of >G2 polyploid blocks may involve direct or indirect inhibition of chromosome condensation.
Operating Experiences and Test Results of Six Cold Helium Compressors

Three small and three large cold helium centrifugal compressors have been operated at Brookhaven National Laboratory between 1981 and 1986. The three small cold compressors have been installed on a 1000 W refrigerator for testing a string of superconducting magnets and for R&D purposes. The three large units are components of the BNL 24.8 KW refrigerator to be used to provide cooling for the RHIC project. These compressors are used either to circulate a large amount of supercritical helium through a group of magnets or to pump on the helium bath to reduce temperature in the system. One small circulating compressor tested employs tilting-pad gas bearings and is driven by a DC motor. The two small cold vacuum pumps tested use oil bearings and are driven by oil turbines. The three large oil-bearing cold compressors are driven by DC motors through a gear box. A unique feature of the large vacuum pump is the combination of two pumps with a total of four stages on the same shaft. The adiabatic efficiencies are found to be 57% for the large vacuum pumps and close to 50% for the large circulating compressor. Good overall reliability has been experienced.
SU-E-T-660: Quantitative Fault Testing for Commissioning of Proton Therapy Machines

Purpose: To ensure proper fault testing for the first single room proton therapy machine by establishing a common set of acceptance testing and commissioning parameters with the manufacturer. The following work details the parameters tested and associated results. Methods: Dose rates in service mode were varied to ensure that when the threshold for maximum or minimum MU/min was met, the beam promptly shut off. The flatness parameter was tested by purposely assigning an incorrect secondary scatter, to ensure the beam shut off when detecting a heterogeneous profile. The beam symmetry parameter was tested by altering the steering coil up to 3.0A, thereby forcing the beam to be asymmetric and shut off. Lastly, the quench system was tested by ramping down the magnet to 5% capacity, whereby the quench button was engaged to bring down the magnet current to a safe level. Results: A dose rate increase or decrease in excess of 10% shut the beam off within 5 seconds as observed by the current on a Matrixx ionization chamber array (IBA Dosimetry, Bartlett, TN) A 3.0A change in the beam steering coil introduced a 2% change in the flatness and symmetry profiles with respect to baseline measurements resulting in the beam shutting off within 5 seconds. An incorrect 2nd scatterer introduced a flatness of 4.1% and symmetry of 6.4% which immediately triggered a beam shut off. Finally, the quench system worked as expected during the ramp down procedure. Conclusion: A fault testing plan to check dosimetric faults and the quench system was performed for the first single room proton therapy system. All dosimetric parameters and machine conditions were met to our satisfaction. We propose that the same type of fault testing should be applied to any proton system during commissioning, including scanning beam systems.
Management of ventricular arrhythmias in structural heart disease

Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) are a source of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with structural heart disease (SHD). The advent of the implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) has had a positive effect on mortality, but the associated morbidity remains a significant problem. Modern treatment of VA has advanced far beyond medical therapy and includes strategies as simple as intelligent ICD programming and as complex as catheter ablation (CA). In these pages, the spectrum of management strategies will be discussed; from anti-arrhythmic drugs and ICD implantation and programming to CA and autonomic modulation. The focus of this review will be on strategies for secondary prevention of VA in patients with SHD, supported by clinical evidence for their utilization.
The Book Of The Dead Man (conversation)

The dead man hath spoken with Matthew Arnold about ignorant armies. He hath cautioned Keats on the isolate love of beauty. If there were ever Grecian odes on the shore, they were smashed in the general onslaught. Like sand castles adrift in the idea of architecture, like bas reliefs planed to the texture of papyrus, like rubber in acid, the repositories of beauty did not outlast the idea of them. The dead man is of a mind, and a mind to, and his exploration has been in the places where an idea may fit. It has been a long thrill in the dark for the dead man and friends. The dead man is on the side of art but also on the side of artlessness. Absent the blank page, the word must forever be muddied. The words can be true only to one another, like Arnold's lovers ?the ideal. Well, says the dead man, what have we here? It seems the dead man has caught the words in a compromising position. This verbal interruptus is aquiver from circling an invisible vase where the lovers have been trying to catch one another. Must poetry forever be anticipation and delayed gratification? The dead man has been talking with T. S. Eliot about escaping one's personality, which he has.
Neurobehavioral Toxicology of Substances of Abuse

Drug addiction is a pathophysiological disorder characterized by the progression of acute drug use into patterns of chronic drug abuse associated with craving and seeking behavior as well as increasing risk for relapse in drug use during attempts at withdrawal. Drugs of abuse include a wide variety of substances diverse in structure, pharmacology, toxicology, and long-term clinical sequelae but with the common target of brain reward centers. The authors discuss drugs within each of the major classes of abused substances from the perspectives of the history of each drug’s use as well as chemical properties, mechanisms of action including selective receptor interactions, pharmacokinetics of distribution-metabolism-elimination, and the toxicology of these drugs. The major classes of drug reviewed include the two most commonly used substances, ethanol and tobacco, as well as stimulants, opiates, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.
Comparison of Sample Preparation Methods, Instrumentation Platforms, and Contemporary Commercial Databases for Identification of Clinically Relevant Mycobacteria by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

When mycobacteria are recovered in clinical specimens, timely species-level identification is required to establish the clinical significance of the isolate and facilitate optimization of antimicrobial therapy. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently been reported to be a reliable and expedited method for identification of mycobacteria, although various specimen preparation techniques and databases for analysis are reported across studies. Here we compared two MALDI-TOF MS instrumentation platforms and three databases: Bruker Biotyper Real Time Classification 3.1 (Biotyper), Vitek MS Plus Saramis Premium (Saramis), and Vitek MS v3.0. We evaluated two sample preparation techniques and demonstrate that extraction methods are not interchangeable across different platforms or databases. Once testing parameters were established, a panel of 157 mycobacterial isolates (including 16 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates) was evaluated, demonstrating that with the appropriate specimen preparation, all three methods provide reliable identification for most species. Using a score cutoff value of ≥1.8, the Biotyper correctly identified 133 (84.7%) isolates with no misidentifications. Using a confidence value of ≥90%, Saramis correctly identified 134 (85.4%) isolates with one misidentification and Vitek MS v3.0 correctly identified 140 (89.2%) isolates with one misidentification. The levels of accuracy were not significantly different across the three platforms (P = 0.14). In addition, we show that Vitek MS v3.0 requires modestly fewer repeat analyses than the Biotyper and Saramis methods (P = 0.04), which may have implications for laboratory workflow.
Social Workers' Role in the Disproportionality of African American Students in Special Education

There is an overrepresentation of African American students in special education. Research on this phenomenon has primarily focused on educators within schools. School social workers are in unique positions to impact the disproportionality. Patricia Collins’ Domains-of-Power Framework is used to demonstrate how school social workers can practice transformational resistance to eliminate the overrepresentation of African American students in special education. School social workers should: 1) attend IEP meetings and conduct home visits and biopsychosocial evaluations with students who are being assessed for special education services, 2) offer to evaluate and conduct home visits with students whom teachers deem to be “at-risk” to prevent inappropriate assessments for special education, 3) create a school culture of acceptance of difference, and 4) ask themselves how they individually foster racial domination or emancipation in their daily actions.
Is Political Public Administration a Threat to Legislative Supremacy

Abstract The power that public administrators possess has been one of the most important concerns in the field's discourse for many decades. The widely shared acknowledgement that public administration is a powerful instrument was followed by the question of how to control that power to ensure legislative supremacy in a democratic polity. The traditional response to this question advanced three specific propositions to ensure legislative supremacy: administrative neutrality, policy leadership by elected officials, and legislative oversight. This study first articulates and then evaluates the traditional model using survey data collected from a national sample of city managers in council-manager local governments. The results of structural equation modeling show that the traditional model provides insufficient explanation to understand the relationship between elected leadership and administrative officials. The study then discusses implications of the findings and concludes with some suggestions for futur...
Sunspot motion, flares and type III bursts in McMath 11482

We have studied a series of flares in McMath 11482, 1972 August 19–22, with particular reference to the basis for the flares and comparison with dekameter radio data. We find that the flares were produced by rapid (∼ 1000 km h−1) westward motion of a large new p spot. Many flares occur just in front of the spot, and they cease when the motion stops. All flares occurring in front of the spot produce type III bursts, while even strong flares elsewhere in the region produce little or no type III. The time of type III emission agrees perfectly with the start of the Hα flare. Thus type III bursts are only produced in favorable configurations. Simultaneous K-line movies are compared with Hα films and show little difference in flare appearance.
Hematological response of Japanese quail to acute hemorrhagic stress.

Abstract 1. 1. Hematological and serum biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were determined in both sexes of juvenile and adult Cotumix coturnix japonica over 3 day period following a mechanical hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. 2. 2. There was an initial shift posthemorrhage towards greater numbers of more mature erythrocytes and fewer circulating reticulocytes. Reticulocytosis was indicated 48–72 hr posthemorrhage. 3. 3. Glucose and lactic acid dehydrogenase levels increased after hemorrhage. Serum β-glucuronidase was elevated only in adults. 4. 4. Japanese quail seemed to recover from hemorrhage more rapidly than had been reported for chickens, other birds and mammals.
Developing Courses in Applied Geography for Transportation Planners

From the demand-side, the clients and the student practitioner, TARP was a success. Although some students were not overly enthusiastic, they were exposed to a large set of new ideas and presented new skills to equip them in the transition to multimodal transportation. Local Caltrans directors were pleased with TARP. From the supply side, JCTS, the faculty, and the CSUC Consortium, TARP was a partial success. The positive elements accruing to the faculty have been mentioned. Some of the negative elements of TARP such as high initial cost occurred because of the innovative nature and the grand scale of the program. The pool of potential faculty was probably too small to permit the degree of course specialization planned for in all five locations and given the decentralized approach. Three locations would have been better from the supply-side point of view. While certain difficulties remain with such educational programs in areas of identification of clients and their needs in planning, marketing, and teach...
Anther culture of Petunia: genotypes with high frequency of callus, root, or plantlet formation.

Summary Anthers of several Petunia hybrida cultivars, of P. axillaris, and of hybrids between the two species produced callus, roots, and plantlets when placed on particular culture media. Media formulations for anther plantlet production, root culture, callus culture, regeneration of plants from callus, and rooting of plantlets are described. Ploidy determination and flower color analysis demonstrated a microspore origin for all anther plantlets tested and for at least some of the roots and calli derived from anthers. A few haploid plants were obtained, but most plants derived from anthers were diploid, triploid, or tetraploid. A number of factors, including medium, bud stage, genotype, and incubation conditions, were varied in attempts to improve plantlet and callus formation rates from Petunia anthers. Anther reponse was manipulated most readily by varying the genotype. From backcrosses between P. hybrida Rose du Ciel and P. axillaris, individual plants were obtained whose anthers formed plantlets at rates of greater than 5 %. Individual plants whose anthers are readily cultured can be propagated vegetatively and are useful for the production of haploid and completely homozygous plants. Success in obtaining anther-derived plantlets was enhanced by using anther donor plants that arose from sexual crosses between varieties which regenerate readily from protoplasts. This may be a useful general strategy for obtaining anther-derived plants from species exhibiting poor development in anther culture. A relatively vigorous haploid line was obtained. Since it regenerates readily in tissue culture, it may be a useful line for selection of mutants. Key words: Petunia, anther culture, regeneration, ploidy, root culture, genotype.
Intracellular calcium signaling.

In excitable cells, the major pathway for Ca2+ influx is via highly Ca2+-selective voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC). The original alphabetical nomenclature was replaced recently with standard numerical nomenclature: Cav1.1-1.4, Cav2.1-2.3, Cav3.1-3.3. In skeletal muscle cells, an additional
Factors Associated with Rapid Progression to Esophagectomy for Benign Disease

Background The reasons why some patients with benign esophageal diseases require esophagectomy remain poorly understood. In this study we sought to define the rate of progression to esophagectomy and the postesophagectomy outcomes of patients with benign esophageal conditions in whom 1 or more previous interventions failed. Study Design Using a prospective database, we retrospectively identified patients who had esophagectomies for benign disease between 1978 and 2010. Patients who underwent 1 or more esophageal interventions before resection met inclusion criteria. We examined factors associated with progression to esophagectomy and with postesophagectomy complications. Results One hundred eleven patients underwent 1 or more esophageal interventions before esophagectomy. The most common indications for initial intervention were achalasia (37%, n = 41) and gastroesophageal reflux (33%, n = 37). More rapid progression to esophagectomy was associated with acquired esophageal disease (p Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of increased awareness of the potential progression to esophagectomy during repeated procedural interventions for benign esophageal disease. A subset of the patients who progress more rapidly, including adult patients and those with acquired disease and/or previous fundoplication, may benefit from counseling about potential esophagectomy.
A Hierarchy Among Attitudes Toward the Environment

(1972). A Hierarchy Among Attitudes Toward the Environment. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 4, People, Politics, and Pollution, pp. 10-14.
Cooperative Data Center Selection for Optimal Service Performance: An ILP Formulation

Cross layer optimization is well-known to offer certain cost and performance advantages when designing and operating data networks [1]. It is reasonable to anticipate similar advantages when applying such optimizations across the network layer and the application layer too. In this paper, the authors define one optimization problem whereby the service-to-hosting data center mapping is performed taking into account the available resources in both the data center (CPU cycles) and network (bandwidth) subsystems. The objective function of the optimization problem accounts for the amount of both CPU cycles and bandwidth, which are assigned to each requested service, with the assumption that the user's Quality of Experience (QoE) strictly depends only on these two factors. The problem is formulated using ILP and its numerical results are discussed to gain insights into the potential QoE gains that might result from using this cross layer (cooperative) resource assignment technique.
Impact of isoproterenol infusion on BIS and metabolic values in pediatric patients undergoing electrophysiology studies

Abstract Study Objective To study changes in BIS values and metabolic parameters during an infusion of isoproterenol in pediatric patients. Design Retrospective study approved By Committee For The Protection Of Human Subjects at University Of Texas Medical School at Houston. Setting University-affiliated children's hospital. Measurements The records of pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia for electrophysiology procedures were analyzed. Electronic data collected included Bispectral Index (BIS) values, anesthetics (eg, opioids, expired concentration of inhaled anesthetics, muscle relaxants), hemodynamic values (ie, heart rate, invasive blood pressure), respiratory parameters [ie, tidal volume, respiratory rate, end-tidal CO 2 (ETCO 2 )], and routine arterial blood gases. These parameters were analyzed 10 minutes prior to the start of the isoproterenol infusion (T-pre) and 10 minutes after isoproterenol had reduced the cardiac cycle length by 20% (T-infusion). Main Results Of the 29 records that were screened, 22 met the above criteria (mean age 13 ± 5 yrs). BIS values increased by an average of 8 (33 ± 8 to 41 ± 10; P 2 (median 33 - 36 mmHg; P = 0.01), PaCO 2 (35 - 38 mmHg; P = 0.002), and lactate (1.1 -1.5 mg/dL; P 2 (mean 34 ± 6 mmHg to 37 ± 5 mmHg; P = 0.001) whereas those breathing spontaneously had an increase in minute ventilation (average increase 111 ± 30 mL/kg). Conclusions Isoproterenol increases metabolic, respiratory, and BIS values in pediatric patients during general anesthesia. We recommend the use of BIS, close monitoring of ETCO 2 , and careful titration of anesthetics during isoproterenol infusion, especially when lighter planes of general anesthesia are requested for pediatric electrophysiologic procedures.
A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture

As international entrepreneurship gains momentum as a significant and relevant field of research, scholars need to address methodological issues that can facilitate the triangulation of research results. In this paper, we examine the relationship between culture and four personality characteristics commonly associated with entrepreneurial motivation. By demonstrating systematic variation in entrepreneurial characteristics across cultures, we raise important questions about the boundaries of international entrepreneurship research and the challenges of transcending them.
Using the People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale Among Asian American College Students: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

In this study, an exploratory factor analysis of the People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (PRIAS; Helms, 1995b) among a sample of Asian American college students (N = 225) was conducted. The factorial structure that emerged revealed mixed results in terms of consistency with the People of Color (POC) theory (Helms, 1995a). The measure's construct validity for Asian Americans may be improved through further scale development and revision. Directions for future research on the PRIAS are discussed.
RNA Splicing Is Responsive to MBNL1 Dose

Myotonic dystrophy (DM1) is a highly variable, multi-system disorder resulting from the expansion of an untranslated CTG tract in DMPK. In DM1 expanded CUG repeat RNAs form hairpin secondary structures that bind and aberrantly sequester the RNA splice regulator, MBNL1. RNA splice defects resulting as a consequence of MBNL1 depletion have been shown to play a key role in the development of DM1 pathology. In patient populations, both the number and severity of DM1 symptoms increase broadly as a function of CTG tract length. However significant variability in the DM1 phenotype is observed in patients encoding similar CTG repeat numbers. Here we demonstrate that a gradual decrease in MBNL1 levels results both in the expansion of the repertoire of splice defects and an increase in the severity of the splice alterations. Thus, MBNL1 loss does not have an all or none outcome but rather shows a graded effect on the number and severity of the ensuing splice defects. Our results suggest that once a critical threshold is reached, relatively small dose variations of free MBNL1 levels, which may reflect modest changes in the size of the CUG tract or the extent of hairpin secondary structure formation, can significantly alter the number and severity of splice abnormalities and thus contribute to the phenotype variability observed in DM1 patients.
The rate-dependent mechanical behavior of modified 9wt.%Cr-1wt.%Mo steel at 538 °C

Abstract Uniaxial, strain controlled tests at strain rates ranging from 5.0 × 10 −3 to 1.0 × 10 −7 s −1 combined with relaxation tests were performed to determine the mechanical behavior and the influence of recovery of state and other softening mechanisms. In addition, attempts were made to measure the equilibrium (back) stress of modified 9wt.%Cr-1wt.%Mo steel at 538 °C using McLean-type dip tests. Testing was performed with an MTS servohydraulic computer-controlled testing machine, a clamshell furnace and an MTS high temperature extensometer which measured the strain on the gauge length of the specimen.
Media Review: Rentz's Student Affairs Practice in Higher Education

(2012). Media Review: Rentz's Student Affairs Practice in Higher Education. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 347-350.
Suppression of PLRV Titer in transgenic Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet

Potato varieties Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet were transformed with a cDNA version of the 23 kD coat protein cistron (CP) of the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) using anAgrobacterium-mediated procedure. Clones were assayed for presence of thenpt- II and CP genes by Southern analysis, for expression of CP mRNA by Northern analysis, and for presence of PLRV coat protein in uninoculated and aphid inoculated plants by ELISA and Western blot analysis in uninoculated plants. Two putative Russet Burbank transformants were escapes, lacking eithernptll or CP, while one putative Ranger Russet transformant possessed thenpt- II gene but not the CP gene. In Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, some transformants had statistically lower virus titer. The lowered titer was consistent throughout assays at three times during primary infection and one assay of secondary infection. The ranking of virus titer across all tests was statistically consistent. Transformants with the lowest secondary titers had virus contents 15 and 31 % of the titers of untransformed controls for Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, respectively. The virus titer of the two Russet Burbank escapes and the Ranger Russet with only thenpt- II gene did not differ significantly from their respective untransformed controls.
Talking to Bessie: Richard Wright's Domestic Servants

Over the course of the debate concerning Wright's depiction of black women, critics have ignored the manuscript and extensive body of research to which Wright immediately turned after Native Son, a project Wright explicitly identified as female-centered and for which his publisher suggested the title "Native Daughter." To concentrate an assessment of Wright's black female domestic servants solely on the portrayal of Bessie Mears in Native Son obscures the radical evolution in his construction of the black female domestic servant from Mears to Ollie Knight ("Black Hope") to Carl "Lucy" Owens ("Man of All Work") as a result of Wright's extensive interviews with and research on the female domestic servants in the Bronx and Brooklyn in the 1930s and 1940s. Wright's decision to meet and talk directly with the women of the so-called modern slave markets results in a remarkable oral history of these spaces and in a novel that should transform the critical conversation surrounding Wright and women.
Influence of inorganic cations and histone proteins on the terbium(III)-nucleic acid interaction.

We have studied the interaction of the fluorescent lanthanide, terbium(III) (Tb3+), with polynucleotides and linear and superhelical DNA, through employment of mono- and multivalent cations as competitive inhibitors. Increasingly effective competitive inhibition of the Tb3+-nucleic acid interaction was achieved, for the most part, in the cation order monovalent < divalent < tetravalent. The divalent cation Cu2+ proved to be an exception to this trend, and was the strongest competitive inhibitor of all cations tested, exhibiting an affinity for Tb3+ binding sites over twice that of Tb3+ itself. Unexpectedly, a narrow range of low sodium ion concentration (8–20 mM) was found to be effective in inducing localized unwinding or unstacking of linear and supercoiled DNA double helices, a phenomenon detectable through the use of both Tb3+ fluorescence enhancement and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Within a similar range of low sodium ion concentration, moreover, histone H1 was substantially more effective in displacing terbium ion from DNA than either histones H2B or H4, but at higher ionic strength, this difference was absent. These results further confirm the sensitivity and specificity of Tb3+ as a conformational probe of nucleic acids.
Effect of ionic polarizability on electrodiffusion in lipid bilayer membranes.

Ion-carrier complexes and organic ions of similar size and shape have mobilities in lipid bilayer membranes which span several orders of magnitude. In this communication, an examination is made of the hypothesis that the basis for this unusually wide range of ionic mobilities is the potential energy barrier arising from image forces which selectively act on ions according to their polarizability. Using Poisson's equation to evaluate the electrostatic interaction between an ion and its surroundings, the potential energy barrier to ion transport due to image effects is computed, with the result that the potential energy barrier height depends strongly on ionic polarizability.
Diurnal Changes in Exocytosis and the Number of Synaptic Ribbons at Active Zones of an on-Type Bipolar Cell Terminal

The number and morphology of synaptic ribbons at photoreceptor and bipolar cell terminals has been reported to change on a circadian cycle. Here we sought to determine whether this phenomenon exist...
The influence of magnetic field on the thermal properties of solids

The response of a solid to an applied magnetic field can be determined several ways: by direct measurements and by calculating it from magnetization and from the heat capacities as functions of temperature and magnetic field. The magnetocaloric properties of various types of solids are reviewed: normal ferromagnets, materials with multiple magnetic transitions, materials which undergo a first-order transition, and superconductors. Recent developments indicate that the application of the magnetocaloric effect for air conditioning, refrigeration (including freezers), gas liquefaction, etc. is a viable technology. Environmental considerations are also discussed.
THE SHAPE OF MEDICINES TO COME: PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

The pharmaceutical sciences are advancing rapidly in the post-genomic era of the 21st century with the completion of the human genome, as well as those of many other organisms including bacteria and parasites, and the rapid advances in proteomics. Genomics and proteomics, with advances in combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, are yielding enormous amounts of data that are linked and integrated through bioinformatics to provide actual information on new targets, new delivery systems, gene and gene repair therapies, and personalized medicine. However, these promised, but thus far incompletely realized, advances will be challenged by the economics of health care delivery in both the rich and the poor worlds, where poverty and environmental degradation continue to grow in this era of globalization. Demands for medicines to treat existing, reemerging and new diseases will escalate and intellectual property rights and patent protection will be increasingly challenged. The rich world?s reluctance to deal with these issues in an honest and equitable manner provides naught for our comfort.
Orbital sequelae of rhinosinusitis after cochlear implantation in children

Objectives: The objectives of this retrospective case review were to describe orbital complications in children after cochlear implantation, to define rhinosinusitis as a possible preoperative risk factor, and to suggest a possible pathophysiological mechanism for this previously unreported occurrence. Methods. Records of children undergoing cochlear implantation over a 7-year period at a tertiary academic medical center were reviewed. Four children who experienced postoperative orbital sequelae were identified. We describe the demographics, clinical course, and radiologic findings in these children. Results: The records of 91 children who underwent cochlear implantation were reviewed. The mean age was 6.0 years (range, 0.9-16.9 years). Forty-nine children (54%) were female and 51 (56%) were white. Four children developed postoperative orbital complications on the ipsilateral side to implantation. Orbital complications were characterized by periorbital edema and preseptal cellulitis necessitating prolonged hospitalization in all four children (mean length of stay, 3.3 days). Each child's orbital complication resolved with medical therapy that included intravenous antibiotics and nasal saline. Temporal bone images before implantation showed evidence of rhinosinusitis in all four cases. Of 76 available preoperative scans from the unaffected children, only 11 (14%) studies showed evidence of rhinosinusitis. Conclusions: Children with preoperative radiologic evidence of rhinosinusitis may be at risk of orbital sequelae after cochlear implantation. Positioning of the patient during surgery, length of surgery, and minor trauma to the lamina papyracea during drilling of the mastoid may be important etiologic factors. A careful review of medical history and computed tomography imaging before implantation may identify at-risk children.
Using Building Information Modeling for Green Interior Simulations and Analyses

There is a growing trend of green building design that relies on technologies and computer simulations based on building information modeling (BIM) during the design process. Green building project teams are increasingly adopting BIM due to its capabilities of analyzing and simulating various design scenarios to make informed decisions to achieve green objectives. However, there is currently a gap in the technological approach to achieving green design in interior design. In order for interior designers to make informed decisions for effective green interior designs, interior designers need to understand the critical functions of BIM-based simulations and analyses in achieving green interior environments. This exploratory paper intended to discuss how BIM can be used for green simulations during the design process and to provide a framework for incorporating BIM-based green simulations and analyses to interior design projects based on four categories found from literature review. Four types of methods included are visual analysis, prescriptive analysis, web-based external simulation, and external simulation and visualization. Four types of methods were examined with case studies performed in an interior design course over 3 years. The course utilized BIM and BIM-based external building performance simulation and analysis tools to achieve green interior environments. Lastly, the paper discusses interior design pedagogical issues with using BIM-based simulations and analyses including student learning experiences as well as the challenges and benefits of incorporating green simulations to interior design projects.
Emerging genomic applications in coronary artery disease.

Over the last 4 years, an unprecedented number of studies illuminating the genomic underpinnings of common “polygenic” diseases including coronary artery disease have been published. Notably, these studies have established numerous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) variants within or near chromosome 9p21.3, the LPA, CXADR, and APOE genes, to name a few, as key coronary artery disease and sudden cardiac death susceptibility markers. Most importantly, many of these DNA variants confer over a 2-fold increase in risk for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ventricular fibrillation. Additionally, loss-of-function variants in the hepatic cytochrome 2C19 system have now been found to be the predominant genetic mediators of clopidogrel antiplatelet response, with variant carriers having a >3-fold increase in risk for stent thrombosis. In the near future, many additional rare polymorphisms, structural variants, and tissue-specific epigenetic features of the human genome including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin state will emerge as significant contributors to disease pathogenesis and drug response. In aggregate, these findings will have the potential to radically change the practice of cardiovascular medicine. However, only the individual clinician can ultimately enable the translation of these important discoveries to systematic implementation in clinical practice.
A novel CpG-free vertebrate insulator silences the testis-specific SP-10 gene in somatic tissues: Role for TDP-43 in insulator function

Regulation of cell type-specific gene transcription is central to cellular differentiation and development. During spermatogenesis, a number of testis-specific genes are expressed in a precise spatiotemporal order. How these genes remain silent in the somatic tissues is not well understood. Our previous studies using the round spermatid-specific mouse SP-10 gene, which codes for an acrosomal protein, revealed that its proximal promoter acts as an insulator and prevents expression in the somatic tissues. Here we report that the insulator tethers the SP-10 gene to the nuclear matrix in somatic tissues, sequestering the core promoter in the process, thus preventing transcription. In round spermatids where the SP-10 gene is expressed, this tethering is released. TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), previously shown to interact with the SP-10 insulator, was found to be in the 2 m NaCl-insoluble nuclear matrix fraction. TDP-43 prevented enhancer-promoter interactions when artificially recruited between the two by Gal4 strategy. Knockdown of TDP-43 using small interfering RNA released the enhancer-blocking effect of the SP-10 insulator in a stable cell culture model. Mutation of TDP-43 binding sites abolished this effect. Finally, a 50-bp subfragment of the SP-10 insulator, which includes TDP-43 binding sites, functioned as a minimal insulator in transgenic mice and silenced an otherwise ectopically expressed transgene in somatic tissues. The SP-10 insulator lacks CpG dinucleotides or CTCF binding sites. Thus, the present study characterized a novel vertebrate insulator in a physiological context and showed for the first time how a testis-specific gene is silenced in the somatic tissues by an insulator.
Photoimmunology—illuminating the immune system through photobiology

We review the field of photoimmunology with emphasis on immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet B radiation. Recent studies have focused on UVB-induced alterations in epidermal Langerhans cell function, resulting in a shift from Th1 to Th2 phenotype and the activation of regulatory T cells as the source of IL-10 that is central to this form of immunosuppression.
Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin and Clinical Mastitis: Incidence, Discarded Milk Following Therapy, and Culling

Holstein cows (n = 555) from four Michigan dairy farms were randomly assigned to receive bovine somatotropin (bST) or to serve as untreated controls. Bovine somatotropin (500 mg) was administered every 14 d beginning at 63 to 69 d of lactation and continuing until approximately 21 d prior to dry-off or until the cow was removed from the herd. Trial objectives were to determine the effect of bST on the incidence of clinical mastitis, number of days that milk was discarded because of therapy for clinical mastitis, and culling for mastitis. A total of 127 (22.9%) cases of clinical mastitis occurred during lactation. In the pretrial period (before 63 to 69 d of lactation), 42 (33.1%) cases occurred, and 85 (66.9%) cases occurred during the trial. Of the 42 pretrial cases, 57.1% occurred in control cows, and 42.9% occurred in treated cows. Of the 85 trial cases, 47.1% occurred in control cows, and 52.9% occurred in treated cows. Using logistic regression, the odds ratio for the occurrence of clinical mastitis in treated cows was 1.06 (95% confidence interval = 0.62 to 1.81). The number of days that milk was discarded following therapy for clinical mastitis and the culling rate for mastitis did not differ between study groups.
The Application of Phase Equilibrium Data to Certain Aspects of Clay Mineralogy1

The recent interest in the determination of the phase diagrams for many systems involving water as one component has been in those systems which are of greatest importance to clay mineralogy. The importance of both published and more recent work on synthesis of the clay is demonstrated in the ability to prepare chemically pure, mineralogically homogeneous kaolinites, montmorillonites, micas, and chlorites. The stability and identification of the clay minerals are discussed in relation to some of the major problems of clay mineralogy. Some of the chief objections to data obtained by the usual hydrothermal techniques are treated at length.
Isolation of mutant adenosine deaminase by coformycin affinity chromatography

Abstract Adenosine deaminase is a purine salvage enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine. Deficiency of the enzyme activity is associated with T-cell and B-cell dysfunction. Mutant adenosine deaminase has been isolated from heterozygous and homozygous deficient lymphoblast cell lines with the aid of an affinity matrix consisting of coformycin (a potent inhibitor of the enzyme) as the affinity ligand, bound to 3,3′-iminobispropylamine-derivatized Sepharose. Routinely, 80–90% of adenosine deaminase in crude cell homogenates could be bound to the material. Adenosine deaminase was specifically eluted by enzyme inhibitors or less efficiently by high substrate concentrations. Protein preparations isolated from several different deficient cell lines were highly purified and exhibited molecular weights identical to wild-type adenosine deaminase. This method produces a protein that is suitable for structural studies.
Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage after Supratentorial Surgery

OBJECTIVE: Remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) is an infrequent and poorly understood complication of supratentorial neurosurgical procedures. We retrospectively compared 42 patients who experienced RCH with a case-matched control cohort, to delineate risk factors associated with the occurrence of this complication. METHODS: Between 1988 and 2000, 42 patients experienced RCH after supratentorial neurosurgical procedures at our institution. Diagnoses were made on the basis of postoperative computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging findings in all cases. The medical records for these patients were reviewed and compared with those for a control cohort of 43 patients, matched for age, sex, surgical lesion, and type of craniotomy, who were treated during the same period. RESULTS: RCH most commonly occurred after frontotemporal craniotomies for unruptured aneurysm repair or temporal lobectomy and was frequently an incidental finding on postoperative computed tomographic scans. However, some cases of RCH were associated with significant morbidity, and two patients died. Preoperative aspirin use and elevated intraoperative systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with RCH (P 0.026 and P 0.036, respectively). Pathological findings for two cases demonstrated hemorrhagic infarctions in both. CONCLUSION: RCH most commonly follows supratentorial neurosurgical procedures, performed with the patient in the supine position, that involve opening of cerebrospinal fluid cisterns or the ventricular system (such as unruptured aneurysm repair or temporal lobectomy). Preoperative aspirin use and moderately elevated intraoperative systolic blood pressure are potentially modifiable risk factors associated with the development of RCH. Although RCH can cause death or major morbidity, most cases are asymptomatic or exhibit a benign course. Cerebellar “sag” as a result of cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia, causing transient occlusion of superior bridging veins within the posterior fossa and consequent hemorrhagic venous infarction, is the most likely pathophysiological cause of RCH. (Neurosurgery 49:1327–1340, 2001)
Intervention in a cognitive conflict

Abstract The cognitive conflict paradigm, developed within the framework of Social Judgment Theory, was used to determine effects of intervention in interpersonal conflict. Task predictability and the third party's knowledge of task characteristics were manipulated as independent variables. After being trained to have different policies, judges were brought together to work on a common set of judgment problems. During the conflict session, a third party (mediator) intervened to assist judges in making joint predictive judgments. Task predictability was found to have more effect on conflict reduction than did intervention. Overall, intervention did not appear to effect conflict reduction; however, mediator characteristics were significantly correlated with an objective measure of a mediator's relative usefulness. Results are discussed in terms of Social Judgment Theory, T. A. Kochan and T. Jick's (Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1978, 22, 209–240) model of mediation effectiveness, and I. D. Steiner's (Group processes and productivity, New York: Academic Press, 1972) analysis of group productivity.
Neurocircuitry: A Window into the Networks Underlying Neuropsychiatric Disease

Understanding the neurocircuitry that underlies normal and adaptive behaviors is a foundation for elucidating the pathology and pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. The rich history of anatomical observations forms the backbone for what we now consider to be the key structures and pathways associated with aberrant behaviors and psychiatric disorders. Given the focus of psychiatry on the interface of motivation, emotion, and cognition, psychiatric neuroscience has progressively highlighted brain networks that subserve these functional domains and their interactions. The convergence of findings from the variety of techniques in animal studies to human postmortem, neurosurgical, and brain imaging methods have led to major advances that constitute the groundwork for the neurocircuitry pertinent to psychiatric diseases.
Nucleation, crystallization and glass formation

Abstract The kinetic treatment of glass formation has been extended to describe crystallization on reheating a glass and to estimate critical cooling rates for glass formation from three measurable quantities, T g , T L and the heat of fusion. The crystallization temperature on reheating a glass is found to depend strongly on the heating rate and on the barrier to crystal nucleation, and only weakly on the cooling rate used to form the glass. The analysis indicates that simple DTA analyses can be used to estimate the magnitudes of the nucleation barriers of various materials. The simplified treatment of glass formation gives predictions which agree within about an order of magnitude with those obtained using the full detailed kinetic analysis.