cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of (±)-Cycloclavine and (±)-5-epi-Cycloclavine

Novel routes to the naturally occurring indole alkaloid cycloclavine and its unnatural C(5)-epimer are described.Keyfeatures include the rapid construction of the heterocyclic core segments by two DielsAlder reac- tions.Anindoleannulationwasaccomplishedbyalate-stage intramolecular DielsAlder furan cycloaddition, and a methylenecyclopropane dienophile was used for a stereo- selective intramolecular (4 þ 2) cycloaddition to give the cyclopropa(c)indoline building block present in cycloclavine.
Degradation of Three Warm‐Season Grasses in a Prepared Cellulase Solution

Information is needed on the relationship between anatomical structure and the rate and extent of cell wall degradation in warm-season forage grasses. The objective was to study the pattern, rate, and extent of tissue degradation of three warm-season grasses in a prepared cellulase solution, using light microscopy. Most recent fully collared leaf blades from field-grown big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) were cut into 5-cm sections and digested in 10 mL prepared cellulase solution with an acid-pepsin pretreatment. All material was in a vegetative state. Leaf segments were retrieved after 3, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h incubation and prepared for light microscopy by fixation, debydration and embedding in Spurr's low-viscosity resin. Sections 5 μm thick were made using an ultramicrotome, and undigested tissues in cross section were measured with a computer-based image analysis system. The proportion of undigested tissue in cross section after 72 h incubation ranged from 25.4% in big bluestem to 35.0% in switchgrass. Switchgrass contained a higher percentage of parenchyma bundle sheath tissue than either big bluestem or indiangrass. Digestion of all tissues except mesophyll and phloem was delayed until after 24 h incubation. Differences among species tended to be greater in extent of digestion than in rate. Degradation of the parenchyma bundle sheath was siggnificantly less in switchgrass than in either big bluestem or indiangrass after 72 h incubation. Digestion of the abaxial epidermis was nearly complete in big bluestem after 72 h incubation. The adaxial epidermis was more readily degraded than the abaxial epidermis. These results imply that differences in digestibility among the three warm-season grasses could be attributed to differences in the degradation of their individual tissue types
Documentation in Contemporary Times: Challenges and Successes in Teaching

Abstract Teaching documentation skills and concepts to the emerging professional is a new challenge for nurse educators as the infusion of meaningful use is implemented within nursing's affiliating agencies. Discipline mandates and accreditation requirements expect the emerging professional to be current in technology and communication as one prepares to care for patients in contemporary times. The purpose of this instructional opportunity was to examine issues contributing to the successful learning of electronic documentation within an undergraduate nursing course in western Pennsylvania. This article documents one approach to infusing documentation skills into an obstetrical clinical experience. However, the best method of instruction for teaching learning to undergraduate nursing students as relates to electronic documentation remains unclear at this time. Current inquiry and future research into evidence-based practice are needed as preparation gears toward workforce ready graduates who will be skilled and adept at documentation using current technologies. Teaching skills for information systems, particularly the electronic health record, requires identification of challenges and obstacles, which can be surmounted if academe and corporate culture work in tandem.
DFT examination of rare α-SiMe3 abstraction in Ta(NMe2)4[N(SiMe3)2]: formation of the imide compound Ta(NSiMe3)(NMe2)3 and its trapping to give guanidinate imides

A density functional theory (DFT) investigation on the formation of Ta(NSiMe3)(NMe2)3 (B) and Me3SiNMe2 (C) from Ta(NMe2)4[N(SiMe3)2] is reported. Three different ground-state minima are computed for Ta(NMe2)4[N(SiMe3)2], and of these only the stereoisomer based on a square pyramid (A2) with an apical N(SiMe3)2 group undergoes α-elimination to give Ta(NSiMe3)(NMe2)3 (B) and Me3SiNMe2 (C). The barrier computed for the concerted α-elimination is in agreement with the results from our earlier experimental study. The thermodynamics for the monomer–dimer equilibrium involving Ta(NSiMe3)(NMe2)3 (B) has been computationally evaluated, and the preference for the dimeric form of the compound is discussed relative to the Nugent imide derivative Ta(NCMe3)(NMe2)3, which exists as a monomer. The trapping of the intermediate B by the heterocumulene MeNCNMe has been modeled, and the mechanism involved in the formation of the guanidinate-based insertion products Ta(NSiMe3)(NMe2)2[MeNC(NMe2)NMe] (G1) and Ta(NSiMe3)(NMe2)[MeNC(NMe2)NMe]2 (I) is presented.
Thiol-ene Free-Radical and Vinyl Ether Cationic Hybrid Photopolymerization

The photopolymerization kinetics of mixtures containing a trithiol and a trivinyl ether (in different molar ratios) with a cationic photoinitiator were investigated by real-time infrared and real-time rheology. Using this combination of real-time methods to follow both chemical conversion and rheological property development, a clear picture of physical property development during the complete polymerization process is obtained. This represents the first example of a thiol−ene radical/ene cationic two-step hybrid photopolymerization process in which thiol copolymerizes with vinyl ether functional groups in a rapid radical step growth process followed by vinyl ether cationic homopolymerization. The sequential thiol−vinyl ether copolymerization and the vinyl ether cationic polymerization result in cross-linked networks with thermal and mechanical properties that are combinations of each system.
Self-administration of cocaine: scopolamine combinations by rhesus monkeys.

Rationale. Several halogenated analogs of benztropine (BZT) have previously been characterized as potent dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitors with diminished reinforcing effects relative to cocaine. In addition to their effects on DA uptake, these compounds are potent muscarinic cholinergic antagonists. Objectives. The present experiments were designed to examine the hypothesis that the anticholinergic action of the BZT analogs contributes to their relatively low levels of self-administration. Methods. Rhesus monkeys self-administered cocaine (0.03 mg/kg per injection, i.v.) under either a fixed-ratio 25 (FR 25; n=5) or progressive-ratio (PR; n=5) schedule until stable responding was established. Saline, cocaine (0.0003–0.1 mg/kg per injection), scopolamine (0.001–0.1 mg/kg per injection), or various combinations of cocaine and scopolamine were then made available for self-administration. Results. Cocaine maintained dose-related self-administration under both schedules whereas scopolamine did not. In the majority of cases, combinations of cocaine and scopolamine maintained less self-administration than cocaine alone. Conclusions. This study supports the hypothesis that anticholinergic actions contribute to the diminished self-administration of BZT analogs relative to cocaine. The mechanism may involve antagonism of the reinforcing effect of cocaine and/or punishment of the self-administration response by the addition of an anticholinergic component of action.
Calcium-substituted Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors with enhanced T c synthesized at elevated oxygen pressures

Calcium substitution in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system at elevated P(${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) results in superconducting compounds with novel and enhanced properties: tetragonal ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Y}}_{(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x})}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{y}}$ with ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=86 K for x=0.2 prepared at P(${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$)=16 bars, and ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Y}}_{(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x})}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{y}}$ (1:2:4) with ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=89 K for x=0.1 prepared at 50--200 bars. Calcium substitution shifts the phase-stability boundary between 1:2:3, 2:4:7, and 1:2:4 phases to higher P(${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$), and stabilizes a tetragonal 1:2:3 structure at moderately elevated P(${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) without substantial decrease in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of 1:2:4 increases with Ca substitution up to x=0.1, and then decreases gradually for larger x, possibly because of excessive hole concentration.
Approach strategy for the rendezvous with comet Tempel 2

The methods used to locate the comet nucleus and safety navigate through the debris surrounding the comet are discussed. The approach to the nucleus is in two parts: a high-speed (1.9 km/s) leg which ends with the spacecraft 200,000 km sunward of the nucleus, and a low-speed (25 m/s) leg which traverses the 200,000 km to the nucleus. The nucleus will be recovered by the narrow-angle camera 30 days prior to the completion of the high-speed inbound leg. The debris density is low enough to permit the safe passage of the spacecraft through the surrounding cometary debris.
METHYLPREDNISOLONE “PULSE” THERAPY (MPT) IN CHILDHOOD SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)

Pulse therapy has been reported to be useful for the treatment in SLE Nephritis. Histopathologic correlation and response to therapy has yet to he determined. We are reporting 11 patients ages 13 + 3 years who were treated with MPT (1 gram/day/3 days). The mean follow up range was between 6 months to three years. The patients were divided into three groups. Group I (5 pts.) had Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (DPGN); Group II (4 pts.) had severe SLE systemic manifestations no DPGN; Group III (2 pts.) had Rapidly Progressive DPGN. Serum creatinines in groups I and II were normal, while in Group III creatinine values were 2.9 and 3.3 mg/dl, but had been normal within the last 3 months. All patients demonstrated prompt resolution of non-renal systemic manifestation. In Group III, patients' serum creatinine levels continued to rise despite treatment, but stablized or decreased by day 10. Hypertension (HBP) was observed in one patient in Group I, and exacerbation of preexisting HBP in both patients in Group III. In addition one patient in Group I developed diabetes; this was the only significant morbidity associated with this regimen. Based on the above observations, we conclude that the high dose of MPT is as safe as the accepted steroid regimen for SLE. Prompt clinical improvement, lack of infectious complications, or other steroid side effects suggests superiority of the MPT regimen. Long term side effects and patient outcome are not known.
Magnesium Hall Thruster with Active Thermal Mass Flow Control

An active thermal mass flow control system for condensable propellant Hall-effect thrusters was demonstrated. The control system has the ability to arrest thermal runaway in a direct evaporation feed system and stabilize the discharge current during voltage-limited operation of a 2 kW magnesium-fueled Hall-effect thruster. The system supplemented plasma discharge heating at the evaporative anode with a resistive heater located behind the anode. A proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm was implemented to enable automated operation of the mass flow control system using the discharge current as the measured variable and the anode heater current as the controlled parameter. Steady-state operation at constant voltage with discharge current excursions less than 0.35 A was demonstrated for 70 min. A thrust of 44 mN was measured at a discharge voltage of 300 V at 6 A, yielding a thrust-to-power ratio of 24.4±0.8 mN/kW. A thrust of 50 mN was measured at a discharge voltage of 300 V at 7 A, yielding a ...
Replication of bacteriophage M13. XIII. Structure and replication of cloned M13 miniphage.

Abstract Restriction analysis of the duplex replicative forms of four cloned M13 miniphage indicates that all species examined contain a single copy of the intergenic space between genes II and IV plus one or more copies of a portion of the genome extending from within gene IV to a site in the Hae III G fragment within the intergenic space. Both the viral and the complementary strand origins of replication have been localized previously within the 160 base-pair Hae III G fragment. Since reiteration of a portion of the Hae III G fragment could possibly lead to phages having multiple copies of the origin of replication, we have determined the location of the viral strand origin-terminus in M13 miniphage by mapping the position of the discontinuity(ies) in mini-RFII ‡ molecules isolated during asymmetric viral strand synthesis. Limited repair of late life-cycle mini-RFII molecules with DNA polymerase I in the presence of labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates followed by restriction analysis demonstrates that the discontinuity in the RFII is contained at a unique site within the single Hae III G fragment. The absence of a discontinuity in the reiterated DNA sequence containing only a portion of the Hae III G fragment indicates that the reiterations of the origin region do not include the entire sequence specifying the viral strand origin-terminus.
Effects of Friend vs. Foe Discrimination Training in Action Video Games

Action video games have received intensive study because they improve players’ visual attention and perception abilities more than other types of video games. However, experimenters’ ability to att...
Economic life, rights, and obligations: Perspectives from theological teleology

Even while acknowledging the autonomy of “laws” specific to economics, theology situates the view of economics as a “means-ends” science of human choices within an unavoidable overarching moral order. After all, economic life is merely part of a much larger personal quest for happiness. Thus, the efficient selection of means for particular ends necessarily takes place within the context of objective standards of economic rights and obligations as part of human nature. The teleological perspectives of theology add much to our understanding of economic life by providing the warrants for these rights and obligations.
Can the torsion always prevent singularities

Abstract A curvature invariant of spacetimes that are solutions to the Einstein-Cartan-Weyl equations is studied. It is found that in the static plane symmetric case this invariant is singular.
Distorted mapping techniques to achieve high performance in mirrored disk systems

Mirrored disk systems provide high reliability by multiplexing disks. Performance is improved with parallel reads and shorter read seeks. However, writes must be performed by both disks, limiting performance. We introducedistorted mirrors, a mirroring system which combineswrite anywhere semantics with traditional database-specified block locations. This technique radically reduces the cost of small writes, making it attractive for random access applications such as OLTP, while retaining the ability to efficiently perform large sequential accesses. Distorted mirrors also scale better than traditional mirrors in terms of both disk caching and large mirrored sets. We show the effectiveness of distorted mirrors on the TP1 benchmark.
Interrelations of basket cell axons and climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex of the rat.

An analytical study was undertaken with both electron microscopy and the rapid Golgi method in order to clarify the interrelations of climbing fibers, basket cell axons, and Purkinje cell dendrites. The two fibers are readily distinguished in electron micrographs by means of their differing content of microtubules and neurofilaments, the packing density of synaptic vesicles, and the disposition of their synaptic junctions on the Purkinje cell dendrite. Climbing fibers are generally thin and contain many microtubules. They give off attenuated collaterals, whose rounded varicosities are densely packed with vesicles and which form en passant synapses with clusters of thorns projecting from the major Purkinje dendrites. In contrast, basket axons are relatively thick and contain many neurofilaments. By means of slight dilatations containing loosely aggregated vesicles, the axon and its collaterals form numerous synapses en passant with the smooth dendritic shafts and the perikaryon of the Purkinje cell. Climbing fibers and basket cell axons run along parallel with each other but without forming axo-axonic synapses as they ascend over the surface of the Purkinje dendrites. Both fibers form especially elaborate intertwined festoons at the branching points of the major dendrites. The kinds of synapses found are described in detail, and the functional implications are discussed.
John Jenkins and The Art of Writing: Handwriting and Identity in the Early American Republic

Author of the first truly American handwriting book (1791), John Jenkins introduced an innovative pedagogy that, he promised, would make elegant handwriting “plain and easy” for all. Fusing old wit...
Drell–Yan massive lepton-pair's angular distributions at large QT

Abstract By measuring Drell–Yan massive lepton-pair's angular distributions, we can identify the polarization of the virtual photon of invariant mass Q which decays immediately into the lepton-pair. In terms of a modified QCD factorization formula for Drell–Yan process, which is valid even if Q T ⪢ Q , we calculate the massive lepton-pair's angular distributions at large Q T . We find that the virtual photons produced at high Q T are more likely to be transversely polarized. We discuss the implications of this finding to the J/ ψ mesons' polarization measured recently at Fermilab.
Degradation of p22phox and inhibition of superoxide generation by Ehrlichia chaffeensis in human monocytes

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium which replicates in monocytes or macrophages, the primary producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, effects of ROS on E. chaffeensis infection and whether E. chaffeensis modulates ROS generation in host monocytes are unknown. Here, E. chaffeensis was shown to lose infectivity upon exposure to O(2)(-) or hydrogen peroxide. Upon incubation with human monocytes, E. chaffeensis neither induced O(2)(-) generation by human monocytes, nor colocalized with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase components. Instead, it actively blocked O(2)(-) generation by monocytes stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and caused the rapid degradation of p22(phox), a component of NADPH oxidase. These effects were not seen in neutrophil, which is another potent ROS generator, but a cell type that E. chaffeensis does not infect. Trypsin pretreatment of monocytes prevented the inhibition of O(2)(-) generation by E. chaffeensis. The degradation of p22(phox) by E. chaffeensis was specific to subsets of monocytes with bound and/or intracellular bacteria, and the degradation could be reduced by heat treatment of the bacterium, lipopolysaccharide pretreatment of monocytes, or the incubation with haemin. The degradation of p22(phox) by E. chaffeensis and its prevention by haemin or protease inhibitors also occurred in isolated monocyte membrane fractions, indicating that host cytoplasmic signalling is not required for these processes. The amount of gp91(phox) was stable under all conditions examined in this study. These findings point to a unique survival mechanism of ROS-sensitive obligate intraleucocytic bacteria that involves the destabilization of p22(phox) following the binding of bacteria to host cell surface proteins.
GROUPS, GRAPHS, AND THE HANNA NEUMANN CONJECTURE

Submultiplicativity, an analytic property generalizing the Strengthened Hanna Neumann Conjecture (SHNC) to complexes was proved in [2] assuming the deep-fall property. This in particular implied SHNC. The purpose of this note is to write the proof of the original SHNC and purely in terms of groups and graphs. We also give explicit examples showing that the upper bound in SHNC is sharp.
Abstract 916: BRCA1 mutations impair breast epithelial differentiation through upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Slug

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Tumor histopathology is a strong predictor of patient mortality, although the molecular and cellular factors that are responsible for this phenotypic diversity remain poorly understood. Women with inherited mutations in the BRCA1 gene have increased risk for the development of breast cancer, but also exhibit a specific predisposition for the development of aggressive basal-like breast cancers. Here we study the interplay between inherited mutations in BRCA1 and tumor differentiation by examining the regulation of progenitor cell fate in disease-free breast tissues from BRCA1 mutation carriers. We demonstrate for the first time that cell populations derived from patients harboring mutations in BRCA1 (BRCA1mut/+) give rise to tumors with increased basal differentiation, relative to cells obtained from BRCA1+/+ patients. Molecular analysis of disease-free breast tissues from BRCA1mut/+ patients revealed significant defects in epithelial progenitor cells that are present prior to cancer incidence. Moreover, we discovered that the transcriptional repressor Slug is an important functional regulator of human breast progenitor cell lineage commitment and differentiation and that it is aberrantly expressed in BRCA1mut/+ tissues and cells prior to neoplastic transformation. In addition, Slug expression is necessary for the increased basal-like phenotypes prior to and following neoplastic transformation. These findings demonstrate that the genetic background of patient populations, in addition to affecting incidence rates, significantly impacts progenitor cell fate commitment and therefore, tumor phenotype. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 916. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-916
The Invisible Computers

Marc Donner's valedictory EIC message addresses the ubiquity of computers as system components, whose embedded, interconnected systems have prompted a new generation of security and privacy issues.
Availability of polychlorinated biphenyls in field‐contaminated sediment

Two chemical approaches, Tenax extraction and matrix solid phase microextraction (matrix-SPME), were evaluated as surrogates to estimate bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from field-contaminated sediment. Aroclor 1254 was the primary contaminant found in sediment from Crab Orchard Lake in Marion, Illinois, USA, and a total of 18 PCB congeners were selected for study. Bioaccumulation was determined by exposing the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, to the sediment for 28 d. Differences in the rapidly desorbing fraction of PCBs and fraction desorbed within 6 h, defined by Tenax extraction, accounted for 39 and 31% of the differences among biota-sediment accumulation factor values, respectively. A better relationship (r2 = 0.95) was found between the oligochaete PCB body residues and the concentration of PCBs in the rapidly desorbing fraction of sediment. The degree of chlorination and planarity of the PCB congeners affected both desorption and bioaccumulation. The higher chlorine substituted and planar PCBs showed less chemical and biological availability, due to their stronger sorption to sediment, compared to the lower chlorinated and nonplanar PCBs. Accumulation of PCBs by L. variegatus correlated well (r2 = 0.88) with matrix-SPME fiber concentrations. The ratio of measured body residue to estimated body residue from the pore water concentration measured by matrix-SPME ranged from 0.4 to 1.3 with an average of 0.9. Overall, both Tenax and matrix-SPME approaches were useful surrogates of bioaccumulation for a field-contaminated sediment.
The Percy-“Fisher” Controversies and the Ecclesiastical Politics of Jacobean Anti-Catholicism, 1622–1625

Theologically and ecclesiologically James I of England was a "Gentleman of Wide Swallow." Although he did not possess the type of skepticism that later emerged in post-Restoration latitudinarianism, he did endorse as orthodox only those essential doctrines which Christians had agreed upon in the early centuries of the church, which were grounded in the "expresse word of God" and given their most basic formulation in the creeds. The king viewed himself as an irenic monarch, one who could bring peace to Christendom by promoting an accommodation to these essentials and compromise between conflicting parties. This was an ecumenical approach to religion for his day, and he believed he could help disagreeing Christians "meet in the middest which is the center and perfection of all things."' James's consistency, however, turned out to be grounded in the mutability of his political intentions, and consequently his theological emphases and ecclesiological programs vacillated submissively to the dictates of whatever religious faction or foreign country he was courting at the time.2 His lack of consistency is most apparent in his shifting attitudes and policies directed toward Catholics and the repercussions these policies had upon his own ecclesiastical structure. Before he ascended to the throne James gave his Catholic subjects reason to believe that he might offer them some form of toleration. He assured the earl of Northampton that Catholics who gave outward conformity to the law would not be harassed, and he had been corresponding with the pope in hopes of neutralizing opposition to his inheriting the throne. Even after his ascension James spoke to his first
Slow passage through homoclinic orbits for the unfolding of a saddle-center bifurcation and the change in the adiabatic invariant

Slowly varying, conservative, one degree of freedom Hamiltonian systems are analyzed in the case of a saddle-center bifurcation. At the bifurcation, a homoclinic orbit connects to a nonhyperbolic saddle point. Using averaging for strongly nonlinear oscillations, action is an adiabatic invariant before and after the slow passage of the homoclinic orbit. The homoclinic orbit is assumed to be crossed near to its creation in the saddle-center bifurcation, a dynamic unfolding. A large sequence of nearly homoclinic orbits with autonomous saddle approaches is matched to the strongly nonlinear oscillations valid before and after. Connection formulas are computed, determining the change in the action due to the slow passage through the unfolding of the saddle-center bifurcation. If the energy in one specific saddle region is particularly small, as occurs near the boundaries of the basin of attraction, then the solution in only that saddle region satisfies the nonautonomous Painleve I.
EMU defended: reply to Newman (2014)

In his “EMU and Inference,” Mark Newman European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 4(1):55–74, 2014 provides several interesting challenges to my explanatory model of understanding (EMU, Khalifa Philosophy of science, 79(1):15–37, 2012). I offer three replies to Newman’s paper. First, Newman incorrectly attributes to EMU an overly restrictive view about the role of abilities in understanding. Second, his main argument against EMU rests on this incorrect attribution, and would still face difficulties even if this attribution were correct. Third, contrary to his stated ambitions, his own, inferential model of understanding (IMU) does not have any distinctive advantages over EMU. These three points defend EMU against Newman’s objections.
Adrenal demedullation suppresses schedule-induced polydipsia in rats.

Abstract The phenomenon of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) has been classified as nonregulatory, thus attempts to identify behavioral controls have taken precedence over physiological explanations. The present investigation initially focused upon SIP as a directional behavior with underlying physiological correlates. Rats were bilaterally adrenalectomized and given free access to demineralized water and 2% saline solution during SIP. Each animal redirected its consumption pattern to compensate for the natriuresis, and an overall decline in total fluid volume consumed was measured. A second experiment demonstrated suppressed SIP levels with adrenal demedullation suggesting that catecholamines may play a role in this phenomenon. These results indicate that the adrenal medulla is important in the maintenance of schedule-induced polydipsia, but the precise relationship between central and circulating levels of catecholamines, and SIP remains to be determined.
Comparative Understanding of School Subjects: Past, Present, and Future:

Research has elevated the proposition of knowledge’s domain specificity from a working hypothesis to a de facto truth. The assumption of domain specificity structures handbooks, organizes branches of funding agencies, and provides headings for conference proceedings. Leading researchers often focus on a single slice of the school day despite the possibility that such segments swirl into a blur for children. The authors examine the domain-specific landscape, beginning with the recent past, when domain generality, not domain specificity, reigned supreme. They then examine the transition to domain-specific approaches. Next, they offer an alternative to both positions, a stance they call the comparative understanding of school subjects. A comparative understanding trains attention on how the same children understand multiple subjects in the curriculum. The authors argue that this approach represents a promising path for conceptualizing research on children, schooling, and thinking by raising new questions abo...
Microspectrofluorometry in the study of biogenic amines: Automatic correction of excitation spectra

SUMMARY An on-line digital system for correcting fluorescence excitation spectra for the response of the exciting light system is described.
Agency Costs, Information, and the Structure of Corporate Debt Covenants

We analyze the determinants of covenant structure in private debt contracts. While previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between firm characteristics and the overall strictness of loan contracts, few studies have examined why covenants are written on a range of accounting variables and what determines their selective use. Using a simple model of firm investment where firms face uncertain cash flows and investment opportunities, we characterize the conditions under which it is optimal for a debt contract to specify a restriction on investment or to specify a minimum cash flow realization. Consistent with this model, we find that the application of covenants based on these variables is not necessarily monotonic in firm risk. While the financially riskiest firms tend to employ capital expenditure covenants, cash flow and net worth covenants are most common among moderately risky firms with greater profitability and firms with stronger banking relationships. The results also highlight the importance of debt covenants in both mitigating agency frictions and maximizing the value of future private information.
New Species of Bent-Toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus Gray 1827) from Pulau Aur, Johor, West Malaysia

Abstract A new species of Crytodactylus from Pulau Aur in the Seribuat Archipelago off the southeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia is differentiated from all other Sundaland species in having a unique suite of characteristics involving tuberculation, scale counts, and color pattern. This increases the total number of endemic species in the Seribuat Archipelago to at least 18 and is the second endemic gecko known from Pulau Aur.
The role of the ocean in the global atmospheric budget of acetone.

[1] Acetone is one of the most abundant carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere and it plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The role of the ocean in the global atmospheric acetone budget is highly uncertain, with past studies reaching opposite conclusions as to whether the ocean is a source or sink. Here we use a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation of atmospheric acetone to evaluate the role of air-sea exchange in the global budget. Inclusion of updated (slower) photolysis loss in the model means that a large net ocean source is not needed to explain observed acetone in marine air. We find that a simulation with a fixed seawater acetone concentration of 15 nM based on observations can reproduce the observed global patterns of atmospheric concentrations and air-sea fluxes. The Northern Hemisphere oceans are a net sink for acetone while the tropical oceans are a net source. On a global scale the ocean is in near-equilibrium with the atmosphere. Prescribing an ocean concentration of acetone as a boundary condition in the model assumes that ocean concentrations are controlled by internal production and loss, rather than by air-sea exchange. An implication is that the ocean plays a major role in controlling atmospheric acetone. This hypothesis needs to be tested by better quantification of oceanic acetone sources and sinks.
Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy

Surface microscopy using vacuum tunneling is demonstrated for the first time. Topographic pictures of surfaces on an atomic scale have been obtained. Examples of resolved monoatomic steps and surface reconstructions are shown for (110) surfaces of CaIrSn 4 and Au.
Are urban safety-net hospitals losing low-risk medicaid maternity patients?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine data on Medicaid and self-pay/charity maternity cases to address four questions: (1) Did safety-net hospitals' share of Medicaid patients decline while their shares of self-pay/charity-care patients increased from 1991 to 1994? (2) Did Medicaid patients' propensity to use safety-net hospitals decline during 1991-94? (3) Did self-pay/charity patients' propensity to use safety-net hospitals increase during 1991-94? (4) Did the change in Medicaid patients' use of safety-net hospitals differ for low- and high-risk patients? STUDY DESIGN: We use hospital discharge data to estimate logistic regression models of hospital choice for low-risk and high-risk Medicaid and self-pay/charity maternity patients for 25 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in five states for the years 1991 and 1994. We define low-risk patients as discharges without comorbidities and high-risk patients as discharges with comorbidities that may substantially increase hospital costs, length of stay, or morbidity. The five states are California, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York. The MSAs in the analysis are those with at least one safety-net hospital and a population of 500,000 or more. This study also uses data from the 1990 Census and AHA Annual Survey of Hospitals. The regression analysis estimates the change between 1991 and 1994 in the relative odds of a Medicaid or self-pay/charity patient using a safety-net hospital. We explore whether this change in the relative odds is related to the risk status of the patient. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The findings suggest that competition for Medicaid patients increased from 1991 to 1994. Over time, safety-net hospitals lost low-risk maternity Medicaid patients while services to high-risk maternity Medicaid patients and self-pay/charity maternity patients remained concentrated in safety-net hospitals. IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY: Safety-net hospitals use Medicaid patient revenues and public subsidies that are based on Medicaid patient volumes to subsidize care for uninsured and underinsured patients. If safety-net hospitals continue to lose their low-risk Medicaid patients, their ability to finance care for the medically indigent will be impaired. Increased hospital competition may improve access to hospital care for low-risk Medicaid patients, but policymakers should be cognizant of the potential reduction in access to hospital care for uninsured and underinsured patients. Public policymakers should ensure that safety-net hospitals have sufficient financial resources to care for these patients by subsidizing their care directly.
A unified DCT/IDCT architecture for VLSI implementation

A unified discrete cosine transform/inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT/IDCT) architecture suitable for VLSI implementation is presented. A single VLSI NMOS chip design and layout for realizing this architecture is described. Algorithm simulations and experimental performance of integrated test subcircuits indicate that this chip would be capable of real-time processing of 10-MHz video signals. It is considered that circuits of this type could be very useful in real-time image data compression. >
STEP: Source Traceability Elimination for Privacy against Global Attackers in Sensor Networks

Preserving privacy is one of the most challenging yet essential issues in many mission critical WSN applications. As most of the existing privacy solutions additionally inject fake traffic assuming limited local adversary models, they can be easily defeated by highly motivated global attackers that monitor the entire network communications. We propose a scheme against a global adversary model, named Source Traceability Elimination for Privacy (STEP) using heterogeneous links. The STEP uses wormhole pairs (WHPs) to hide the communication of an original source location and scatter it to a remote location. Unlike the existing privacy mechanisms, the STEP provides privacy without incurring any additional communication overhead. We quantify a source location privacy level, evaluate the STEP with various parameters, and discuss its effect when used with other privacy techniques simultaneously.
An integrated approach to topology, sizing, and shape optimization

Topology optimization has become very popular in industrial applications, and most FEM codes have implemented certain capabilities of topology optimization. However, most codes do not allow simultaneous treatment of sizing and shape optimization during the topology optimization phase. This poses a limitation on the design space and therefore prevents finding possible better designs since the interaction of sizing and shape variables with topology modification is excluded. In this paper, an integrated approach is developed to provide the user with the freedom of combining sizing, shape, and topology optimization in a single process.
A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) from the forested highlands of western Kenya, East Africa

Abstract A new species of freshwater crab, Potamonautes subukia, from the forested highlands of western Kenya, East Africa, is described. The small body size at maturity, smooth carapace, and slim outwardly directed first gonopod clearly distinguish this species from all other congeners.
A Study of Distribution Power Flow Analysis Using Physically Distributed Processors

With distributed intelligent devices becoming more prevalent throughout the distribution system, distributed control and monitoring schemes become more feasible. The coordination and communication of these devices is essential in order for each of these devices to optimize local control decisions. A simulation platform to accommodate the testing of such systems is then also required. The necessary considerations for distributed processing of distribution system analysis will be presented along with an implementation of a remotely distributed power flow analysis. The distributed power flow method is based on a partitioned model of the distribution system where each partition is simulated remotely and information is communicated between partitions. Network partition models will be presented along with a functioning software architecture to run such distributed processing studies
Error Modeling and Accuracy Analysis of a Novel 3-DOF Parallel Machine Tool

The kinematics accuracy is a key factor in the design of parallel machine tool (PMT). By taking a novel 3-DOF PMT as an example, this paper investigates the accuracy of PMT system with degrees of freedom (DOF) fewer than 6. The machine tool architecture is introduced firstly. The mapping from the errors of legs and joints to the terminal is proposed by using matrix method with differential of the inverse kinematics solutions. A program in the Matlab language is presented to calculate the error model with Monte-Carlo method. Position error and pose error of the terminal are obtained under the condition of determinate machine error. The simulation indicates that among the error sources, the legs error is the main factor causing the terminal error. The maximum position error is about 0.085mm, and the maximum pose error is near 5 degrees. The machine tool can achieve great precision in the workspace.
Capacitance analysis of wire-array solar cell

Solar cell texturized with wire-array structure is an emerging solar cell architecture that promises to improve the performance of low-cost but low lifetime solar materials [1]. Central to this idea is conformal (radial) cylindrical p-n junction geometry that allows radial carrier collection orthogonal to the light absorption direction. Despite many efforts to produce wire-array solar cells so far there have been no known method to identify the presence of this conformal junction. In this paper we demonstrate unique capacitance voltage analysis to determine the junction structures in the wire-array solar cells and successfully identify which cell that offers best performance. This method also provides a novel way to determine solar cell junction depth via simple C-V analysis and thus can be utilized as a process monitor in the emitter formation step of standard (planar) solar cells. The method and analysis described here are critical to realize a performance-enhancing wire-array solar cell.
Therapy-related pro-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of two patients with MLL amplification

Improvements in chemotherapy and medical support of patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation have led to an ever-increasing number of cancer survivors. Unfortunately, a small fraction of these patients develop secondary hematologic malignancies as a consequence of their exposure to genotoxic anti-cancer regimens. Most of these are myeloid malignancies, therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) or myelodysplasia (t-MDS); however, a small but growing body of literature exists, which describes therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemias (t-ALL). Nearly all these cases are reportedly associated with translocations involving chromosome 11q23, the site of the MLL gene. We herein report two cases of ALL occurring after chemotherapy for other malignancies that showed complex karyotypic abnormalities and distinct MLL amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Immunophenotypic analysis showed that both cases expressed a pro-B cell (CD10−) phenotype with aberrant myeloid antigen expression. Although MLL amplification has been reported in therapy-related myeloid disease, to our knowledge this is the first report of MLL amplification occurring in therapy-related B cell ALL.
Gaussian Distributions and the Heat Equation

In this chapter the Gaussian distribution is defined and its properties are explored. The chapter starts with the definition of a Gaussian distribution on the real line. In the process of exploring the properties of the Gaussian on the line, the Fourier transform and heat equation are introduced, and their relationship to the Gaussian is developed. The Gaussian distribution in multiple dimensions is defined, as are clipped and folded versions of this distribution. Some concepts from probability and statistics such as mean, variance, marginalization, and conditioning of probability densities are introduced in a concrete way using the Gaussian as the primary example. The properties of the Gaussian distribution are fundamental to understanding the concept of white noise, which is the driving process for all of the stochastic processes studied in this book. The main things to take away from this chapter are: To become familiar with the Gaussian distribution and its properties, and to be comfortable in performing integrals involving multi-dimensional Gaussians; To become acquainted with the concepts of mean, covariance, and informationtheoretic entropy; To understand how to marginalize and convolve probability densities, to compute conditional densities, and to fold and clip Gaussians; To observe that there is a relationship between Gaussian distributions and the heat equation; To know where to begin if presented with a diffusion equation, the symmetries of which are desired.
Oxidative stress as an indicator of the costs of reproduction among free-ranging rhesus macaques

Sex differences in longevity may reflect sex-specific costs of intra-sexual competition and reproductive effort. As male rhesus macaques experience greater intrasexual competition and die younger, we predicted that males would experience greater oxidative stress than females and that oxidative stress would reflect sex-specific measures of reproductive effort. Males, relative to females, had higher concentrations of 8-OHdG and malondialdehyde, which are markers of DNA oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Older macaques had lower 8-OHdG levels than younger ones, suggesting that oxidative stress decreases in parallel with known age-related declines in reproductive investment. Among males, a recent period of social instability affected oxidative status: males who attacked others at higher rates had higher 8-OHdG levels. Multiparous lactating females with daughters had higher 8-OHdG levels than those with sons. No differences in antioxidant capacity were found. These results lend initial support for the use of oxidative stress markers to assess trade-offs between reproductive effort and somatic maintenance in primates.
Polycystic ovary syndrome: A review for dermatologists: Part I. Diagnosis and manifestations

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women who are of reproductive age. The pathogenesis involves several associated hormonal pathways that culminate in metabolic, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects. The hallmark features of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia have systemic long-term implications. Dermatologists frequently evaluate and manage the cutaneous manifestations of PCOS (ie, acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism, acne, and alopecia), and therefore play a key role in its diagnosis and management. In part I of this continuing medical education article, we review the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of PCOS.