cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Agricultural Biotechnology Regulation in the U.S.

The regulation of agricultural plant and microbial biotechnology products in the United States of America has a rich history that reflects the challenges the federal government has faced in the development of appropriate rules and standards needed to determine their safety to humans and the environment. Several factors – the insufficient global food supply, loss or curtailment of the use of older chemistries to control pests due to risks and environmental persistence, the rising demand for safer food commodities, and the uncertainty surrounding the sustainability of agriculture in this and other countries – have added to these challenges. The chapter introduces the U.S. Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology (“Framework”), and the roles of its members: the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in regulating agricultural biotechnology in accordance with U.S. federal statutes. The Framework agencies use scientific, risk-based approaches in carrying out their regulatory responsibilities for the products of biotechnology. Relying on their experiences with risk assessment and risk management policies and principles for more conventional products, the Framework agencies have adapted new risk and exposure scenarios into their evaluations to ensure the safe use of these products in agriculture.
Electron microscope studies of lichen reproductive structures in Physcia aipolia.

A modified technique has been developed which gives greater reliability in the embedding and sectioning of lichen ascocarps for electron microscope study. It has been possible to observe stages in ...
Rapid adaptation in the constancy of visual direction with active and passive rotation

Very rapid adaptation in the constancy of visual direction was obtained with an arrangement yielding displacements of the visual field during head movements by continuous exposure to the specific conditions that presumably cause the adaptation. Adaptation was obtained also when, in place of active head movements, S was turned back and forth on a rotating chair.
Reversible (G0) and nonreadily reversible (Q) noncycling cells in human peripheral blood. Immunological, structural, and biological characterization.

PHA-stimulated human lymphoctes (normal-resting-proliferating) at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 144 h were studied with Acridine Orange (AO) staining. By viable cell sorting, by subsequent subculturing, and by use of biochemical, biophysical, and immunological assays, not only have the G0 resting and G1 (cycling) cell cycle phases been objectively characterized, but a separate subpopulation of quiescent cells that are functionally viable and deeply committed to nonproliferation, the Q cells, has been identified. Multiparameter cytofluorimetric analysis, methyl14C-thymidine incorporation, automated image analysis, and mitogen stimulation studies have shown that the “Q” cell, compared to the “G0” resting but easily recruitable cell, exhibits quite lower red and green AO emission, possesses 2c to 4c DNA content (rather than only 2c), has a higher average optical density, and is either nonrecruitable or recruitable-with-difficulty in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures.
Pre-evaluation of occupational hazards in the expand construction project of coal power plant

Objective To identify,analyze the occupational hazards possibly existed in the expand construction project of the coal power plant,and evaluate hazard level,provide necessary suggestion and strategy of preventing occupational diseases.Methods Analogy and checklist methods was applied in the occupational risk factors with qualitative and quantitative analysis.Results The site selection,general layout,protective measures on occupational disease,personal protective equipment,the management of occupation hygiene and emergency rescue measures achieved the hygiene requirements.The main occupational hazards in the analogy project were coal dust,fly ash dust,ammonia,hydrazine,hydrochloric acid,carbon disulfide,noise,heat stress and power frequency electric field,the total dust concentrations of five types of work exposure and noise intensities of two types of work exposure(88.6 dB(A) and 91.1 dB(A))exceeded occupational exposure limits,CSTEL and CTWA for dust were 0.3-38.7 mg/m3 and 0.3-12.2 mg/m3.Other occupational hazards of all types of work were in accord with occupational exposure limits.Conclusion The project is a serious harm of occupational disease,occupational protective measures and additional measures adopted will satisfy occupational requirements.
Computer Technology and Contemporary University Archives Management

With the rapid development of computer technology and the popularization of computer network, the world is entering the age of information digitalization and the computer application has greatly changed the way people exchange and handle the information. In this article, the author gives some points of view on how to apply computer technology to university archives management and tries to make some initial analysis on the future development.
Effects of oscillating dietary protein on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and gastrointestinal organ mass in sheep

Twenty-four wether lambs (BW = 37.5 ± 0.8 kg) were used in a 64-d randomized complete block design experiment to evaluate the effect of oscillating dietary CP with undegradable intake protein (UIP) on diet digestibility, N retention, and gastrointestinal (GI) organ mass. Four treatments consisted of a 13, 15, or 17% CP diet fed daily or a regimen in which dietary CP was oscillated between 13 and 17% on a 48-h basis (ACP). All diets consisted of 65% bromegrass hay (10.5% CP, 61.9% NDF, 37.2% ADF) and 35% corn-based supplement, and were formulated to contain the same amount of degradable intake protein (9.6% of dry matter), plus additional UIP (from SoyPLUS) to accomplish CP levels above 13%. Beginning on d 52, N balance collections were conducted for 8 d, after which lambs were killed on d 62 and 64 of the trial for measurement of GI organ mass. Because intake was restricted to 3.0% of initial body weight (dry matter basis), dry matter intake did not differ (P ≥ 0.67) and no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.36) on ADG, feed efficiency, or total tract DM digestibility were observed. Increasing dietary CP from 13 to 17% linearly increased (P = 0.0001) N digestibility, but lambs fed ACP had lower (P = 0.07) total tract N digestibility than those fed 15% CP daily. Although urinary N excretion increased linearly (P = 0.0001) with increasing CP, a linear increase (P = 0.07) was observed in N retention (g/d) with increasing dietary CP. Although the quantity of N retained by lambs fed ACP was not statistically different (g/d, P = 0.19; % of digested N, P = 0.23) from those fed 15% CP daily, N retention in lambs fed ACP was 42% lower than in those fed 15% CP daily (1.8 vs 3.1 g/d, respectively). Increasing CP linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.09) weights of the reticulorumen, abomasum, and small intestine, but did not affect (P ≥ 0.16) liver or omasum weights. Length of the small intestine was not affected (P ≥ 0.45) by treatment, but lambs fed ACP had greater (P = 0.03) small intestine weights than those fed 15% CP daily. Increasing dietary CP linearly decreased (P = 0.03) total GI organ mass, and lambs fed ACP had a greater (P = 0.03) total GI organ mass than those fed 15% CP daily. Oscillating dietary CP may increase the weights of the GI organs, which may subsequently have negative effects on N and energy metabolism in the animal. Likewise, the potential for decreased GI organ mass in response to increased supply of CP with UIP deserves further investigation.
The Role of Treatment Data in Studying the Epidemiology of Substance Use and Abuse

In this chapter a number of uses of treatment data to support epidemiological research, analysis, and interpretation were reviewed. It is clear that treatment data alone or integrated with other sources of information can provide important insights into the epidemiology of drug abuse. The major contributions appear to be in estimating trends and comparing these across geographic or demographic groups. The utility of treatment data to accurately estimate prevalence is limited by the proportionately few persons who enter treatment.
Potassium Dynamics in US Coastal Plain Soils

ABSTRACTPotassium (K) deficiency in crops in southern US Coastal Plain soils has been documented since the l880s. Long-term soil fertility studies such as Alabama’s “Cullars Rotation” experiment (circa 1911) have been conducted with K since 1911. Other Alabama long-term experiments on several Coastal Plain and related Hapludults, Paleudults, and Kandiudults also contain K variable treatments which have been monitored since 1929. Soil test data from these long-term experiments have allowed us to answer some practical questions regarding K dynamics in Coastal Plain soils. Potassium movement through the soil profile is dependent on the soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) but relative accumulation is greater in the plow layer regardless of soil CEC. While subsoil K testing may be useful for identifying situations where subsoil K has been depleted, this extra effort and expense is not necessary for most cropping situations. A crop will remove most of its K from the plow layer if it is present in sufficient q...
A 0.6mW 31MHz 4 th -order low-pass filter with +29dBm IIP3 using self-coupled source follower based biquads in 0.18µm CMOS

A highly compact low-pass filter (LPF) using self-coupled source follower based biquads is presented. The biquad cell synthesizes a 2nd-order low-pass transfer function in a single branch, using only two capacitors and a source follower with embedded local feedback for excellent linearity. A 4th-order Chebyshev LPF prototype is designed with a cascade of two biquads in 0.18µm CMOS, and occupies an active area of 0.1mm2. A cut-off frequency of 31MHz is measured with a stop-band rejection of 76dB. The prototype filter draws only 0.46mA current from a 1.35V supply, and achieves an in-band IIP3 of +29dBm. The averaged in-band input-referred noise is 22.8nV/√Hz, resulting in a dynamic range of 71dB.
\Sigma _{1}^{1} in Every Real in a \Sigma _{1}^{1} Class of Reals Is \Sigma _{1}^{1}

We first prove a theorem about reals (subsets of \(\mathbb {N}\)) and classes of reals: If a real X is \(\Sigma _{1}^{1}\) in every member G of a nonempty \(\Sigma _{1}^{1}\) class \(\mathcal {K}\) of reals then X is itself \(\Sigma _{1}^{1}\). We also explore the relationship between this theorem, various basis results in hyperarithmetic theory and omitting types theorems in \(\omega \)-logic. We then prove the analog of our first theorem for classes of reals: If a class \(\mathcal {A}\) of reals is \(\Sigma _{1}^{1}\) in every member of a nonempty \(\Sigma _{1}^{1}\) class \(\mathcal {B}\) of reals then \(\mathcal {A}\) is itself \(\Sigma _{1}^{1}\).
Modeling the effects of land use change from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to perennial bioenergy grasses on watershed hydrology and water quality under changing climate

Abstract Assessing the impacts of biofuel-induced land use change on hydrology, water quality and crop yield under the current and future climate scenarios enables selection of appropriate land uses and associated best management practices under the changing climate. In this study, the impacts of land use change from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to perennial grasses in the Double Mountain Fork Brazos watershed in the Texas High Plains were assessed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). While switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) was assumed to replace cotton in irrigated areas, dryland cotton was replaced by Miscanthus × giganteus under the hypothetical land use change scenarios. Climate change impacts were assessed based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate projections of 19 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 during two 30-year periods of middle (2040–2069) and end (2070–2099) of the 21st century. Median irrigation water use of cotton was simulated to decrease by 41%–61% in the future when compared to historic (1994–2009) period based on projections by 19 GCMs. Under the future climate change scenarios, when compared to cotton, median annual irrigation water use by switchgrass reduced by 62%–89%. Simulated future median total nitrogen load decreased by 30%–40% under perennial grasses when compared to future cotton land use. The median irrigated switchgrass yield decreased by 16%–28%, but the median dryland Miscanthus yield increased by 32%–38% under the future climate change scenarios.
4 – VAPOR DIFFUSION, VENTILATION, AND COLLISIONAL EFFICIENCIES OF ICE CRYSTALS

The development of ice-containing clouds is naturally influenced greatly by the growth of individual ice particles. There are two main modes of ice particle growth in clouds: diffusion and collision. Diffusional growth is the mechanism by which water vapor molecules are added directly to the ice particles. The opposite of this is, of course, evaporation or sublimation whereby water molecules leave the surface of ice particles and become vapor. I shall use the generic term “evaporation” to represent the vaporization of both liquid and solid phases. Collisional growth is the mechanism by which ice particles become bigger by collecting either water droplets or other ice particles. We are only concerned with the collision between ice particles and supercooled droplets, a process called riming . The collection and melting of ice particles by water drops or the collection of ice particles by ice particles (aggregation process) will not be considered here.
Multiple Mechanisms Drive Calcium Signal Dynamics around Laser-Induced Epithelial Wounds

Epithelial wound healing is an evolutionarily conserved process that requires coordination across a field of cells. Studies in many organisms have shown that cytosolic calcium levels rise within a field of cells around the wound and spread to neighboring cells, within seconds of wounding. Although calcium is a known potent second messenger and master regulator of wound-healing programs, it is unknown what initiates the rise of cytosolic calcium across the wound field. Here we use laser ablation, a commonly used technique for the precision removal of cells or subcellular components, as a tool to investigate mechanisms of calcium entry upon wounding. Despite its precise ablation capabilities, we find that this technique damages cells outside the primary wound via a laser-induced cavitation bubble, which forms and collapses within microseconds of ablation. This cavitation bubble damages the plasma membranes of cells it contacts, tens of microns away from the wound, allowing direct calcium entry from extracellular fluid into damaged cells. Approximately 45 s after this rapid influx of calcium, we observe a second influx of calcium that spreads to neighboring cells beyond the footprint of cavitation. The occurrence of this second, delayed calcium expansion event is predicted by wound size, indicating that a separate mechanism of calcium entry exists, corresponding to cell loss at the primary wound. Our research demonstrates that the damage profile of laser ablation is more similar to a crush injury than the precision removal of individual cells. The generation of membrane microtears upon ablation is consistent with studies in the field of optoporation, which investigate ablation-induced cellular permeability. We conclude that multiple types of damage, including microtears and cell loss, result in multiple mechanisms of calcium influx around epithelial wounds.
Quasiperiodic Quantum Ising Transitions in 1D

Unlike random potentials, quasiperiodic modulation can induce localization-delocalization transitions in one dimension. In this Letter, we analyze the implications of this for symmetry breaking in the quasiperiodically modulated quantum Ising chain. Although weak modulation is irrelevant, strong modulation induces new ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases which are fully localized and gapless. The quasiperiodic potential and localized excitations lead to quantum criticality that is intermediate to that of the clean and randomly disordered models with exponents of ν=1^{+} (exact) and z≈1.9, Δ_{σ}≈0.16, and Δ_{γ}≈0.63 (up to logarithmic corrections). Technically, the clean Ising transition is destabilized by logarithmic wandering of the local reduced couplings. We conjecture that the wandering coefficient w controls the universality class of the quasiperiodic transition and show its stability to smooth perturbations that preserve the quasiperiodic structure of the model.
Multitasking Ska in Chromosome Segregation: Its Distinct Pools Might Specify Various Functions

The human spindle and kinetochore associated (Ska) complex is required for proper mitotic progression. Extensive studies have demonstrated its important functions in both stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions and spindle checkpoint silencing. We suggest a model to explain how various Ska functions might be fulfilled by distinct pools of Ska at kinetochores. The Ndc80-loop pool of Ska is recruited by the Ndc80 loop, or together with some of its flanking sequences, and the recruitment is also dependent on Cdk1-mediated Ska3 phosphorylation. This pool seems to play a more important role in silencing the spindle checkpoint than stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions. In contrast, the Ndc80-N-terminus pool of Ska is recruited by the N-terminal domains of Ndc80 and appears to be more important for stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions. Here, we review and discuss the evidence that supports this model and suggest further experiments to test the functioning mechanisms of the Ska complex.
Optogenetic Stimulation of Drd1 Expressing Neurons Produces Rapid and Long-Lasting Antidepressant Effects

Depression and anxiety affect a large portion of society leading to significant social and economic costs. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that impaired function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a key contributor to depression, and the therapeutic response produced by novel rapid-acting antidepressants such as ketamine are mediated by PFC activity. The PFC contains several pyramidal cell subtypes, but it is unclear whether a particular subtype is targeted to produce a rapid antidepressant response. Here we tested two major subtypes, Drd1 and Drd2 dopamine receptor expressing pyramidal neurons and found that targeting and activating channelrhodopsin in Drd1 expressing pyramidal cells produces rapid and long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic responses. Importantly, the results demonstrate that optogenetic silencing of Drd1 neurons blocks the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. In contrast, photostimulation of Drd2 containing pyramidal cells was ineffective across anxiety and depression measures. Pharmacological approaches also demonstrate that infusion of a D1 receptor agonist into the medial PFC produces antidepressant and anxiolytic responses, while antagonist infusion blocks the effects of ketamine. These findings aid in understanding the cellular target neurons and mechanisms of rapid-acting antidepressants and offer novel therapeutic sites that can impact antidepressant behaviors.
Genitofemoral Nerve Entrapment

Neuropathy involving the genitofemoral nerve occurs infrequently, but must be distinguished from entrapment of the ilioinguinal nerve. The nerve eventually divides into the external spermatic (genital) and the lumbo-inguinal (femoral) nerves. The genital branch passes through the internal inguinal ring where it is subject to entrapment. The syndrome is characterized by chronic pain and paresthesia in the distribution of the nerve.
Elastic Relaxation and TEM Image Contrasts in Thin Composition-Modulated Semiconductor Crystals

Strong image contrasts can arise in transmission electron micrographs from remarkably small strain gradients in thinned crystals. Shear strains with amplitudes as small as 10-4 can produce detectable contrasts under optimum imaging conditions [1], much more than would be predicted on the basis of the perturbed projected potential alone. Strong dynamical scattering effects, stimulated by the bending of diffracting lattice planes, are primarily responsible for these strong contrasts. Internal shear strains (ie lattice bending) can result from stresses associated with crystal defects, such as dislocations, point defects, coherent interfaces, planar defects, inclusions, compositional inhomogeneities, surfaces, surface steps and surface irregularities. Temperature gradients, due to uneven electron beam heating, can also generate internal stresses. Although it is possible to fabricate semiconductor materials which are essentially free of structural defects, most operational semiconductors contain dopants and interfaces. Atomic radii of dopant atoms are generally not identical to that of the host lattice, thus static disorder is introduced into the lattice. Molecular beam epitaxy permits the microfabrication of semiconductor materials which have coherent strain fields deliberately introduced, such as strained layer superlattices [2]. If structural details of such materials are to be interpreted accurately from electron micrographs, it is important that the imaging and structural artifacts caused by internal stresses be thoroughly understood.
Lateral Surface Superlattices and Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures in GaAs

Two types of field-effect transistors on a modulation-doped GaAs/GaA1As heterostructure will be discussed. The first type has a gate electrode that consists of a 0.2 µm-period Ti/Au grid which presents a tunable, two-dimensional periodic potential modulation (lateral surfacesuperlattice, LSSL) to electrons traveling from source to drain. The other type consists of 100 parallel GaAs/GaAlAs channels, each about 40 nm-wide where the electron density is controlled by backgate bias or illumination. Conductance measurements at 4.2 K exhibit clearly a super-lattice effect (i.e., coherent back-diffraction) and provide evidence of sequential resonant tunneling in the LSSL-type device. Similar measurements show clear evidence of quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) density of states and corresponding electron mobility modulation in the Q1D type devices.
Sex-specific long-term blood pressure regulation: Modeling and analysis

Hypertension is a global health challenge: it affects one billion people worldwide and is estimated to account for >60% of all cases or types of cardiovascular disease. In part because sex differences in blood pressure regulation mechanisms are not sufficiently well understood, fewer hypertensive women achieve blood pressure control compared to men, even though compliance and treatment rates are generally higher in women. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify which factors contribute to the sexual dimorphism in response to anti-hypertensive therapies targeting the renin angiotensin system (RAS). To accomplish that goal, we develop sex-specific blood pressure regulation models. Sex differences in the RAS, baseline adosterone level, and the reactivity of renal sympathetic nervous activity (RSNA) are represented. A novel aspect of the model is the representation of sex-specific vasodilatory effect of the bound angiotensin II type two receptor (AT2R-bound Ang II) on renal vascular resistance. Model simulations suggest that sex differences in RSNA are the largest cause of female resistance to developing hypertension due to the direct influence of RSNA on afferent arteriole resistance. Furthermore, the model predicts that the sex-specific vasodilatory effects of AT2R-bound Ang II on renal vascular resistance may explain the higher effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers in treating hypertensive women (but not men), compared to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
Typologies of Suicide: A Critical Literature Review.

This review highlights proposed suicide typologies and identifies areas of future research. The current study is an illustrative, rather than exhaustive, qualitative review of theoretical and empir...
Exploring Warfare and Violence from a Cross-Cultural Perspective

This special issue of Human Nature presents selected works from the 2015 and 2017 "Warfare, Environment, Social Inequality, and Pro-Sociability" (WESIPS) conferences held at the Center for Cross-Cultural Study in Seville, Spain. These investigations explore the manifestations of indigenous warfare and violence from a host of theoretical perspectives. Topics range from the origins of warfare to the psychological repercussions of combat, the relationship between warfare and status, as well as the documentation of peace processes among warring groups. This issue also examines the effects of militarization and coercive conservation on indigenous peoples.
Computational analysis of tensile damage and failure of mineralized tissue assisted with experimental observations

In this study, deformation and failure mechanisms of mineralized tissue (bone) were investigated both experimentally and computationally by performing diametral compression tests on millimetric dis...
Tuning and jamming reduced to their minima

Inspired by protein folding, we smooth out the complex cost function landscapes of two processes: the tuning of networks and the jamming of ideal spheres. In both processes, geometrical frustration plays a role-tuning pressure differences between pairs of target nodes far from the source in a flow network impedes tuning of nearby pairs more than the reverse process, while unjamming the system in one region can make it more difficult to unjam elsewhere. By modifying the cost functions to control the order in which functions are tuned or regions unjam, we smooth out local minima while leaving global minima unaffected, increasing the success rate for reaching global minima.
Interpreting the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire in Clinical Trials and Clinical Care: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

To improve the patient-centeredness of care, patient-reported outcomes have been increasingly used to quantify patients' symptoms, function, and quality of life. In heart failure, the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) has been qualified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a Clinical Outcome Assessment and recommended as a performance measure for quantifying the quality of care. By systematically asking the same questions reproducibly over time, the KCCQ can validly and sensitively capture the impact of heart failure on patients' lives and is strongly associated with clinical events over time. This review describes how to interpret the KCCQ, how it should be analyzed in clinical trials to maximize the interpretability of results, and how it can be used in clinical practice and population health. By providing a deeper understanding of the KCCQ, it is hoped that its use can further improve the patient-centeredness of heart failure care.
Regenerated Cellulose Fibers (RCF) for Future Apparel Sustainability: Insights from the U.S. Consumers

Today, less than 1% of apparel is recycled into new fibers for apparel production, representing a loss of more than $100billion worth of materials each year. As a major cellulose fiber, more than 95% of cotton is utilized for consumer goods, such as apparel and home textiles. The amount of post-consumer cotton waste generated has been accelerating with the increased cotton product consumption. An increasing number of textile and apparel companies are inventing novel green technologies to produce regenerated cellulose fibers (RCF) out of pre- and post-consumer textile waste. RCF could significantly reduce virgin cotton production and decrease textile waste in incineration and landfill. However, our knowledge on U.S. consumers’ willingness to purchase apparel made of this novel sustainable fiber is still limited. To address the gap in the literature, this study aimed to identify the factors significantly influencing the U.S. consumers’ purchase intention toward RCF made apparel.
Who is hardest hit by a pandemic? Racial disparities in COVID-19 hardship in the U.S

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted Americans’ lives and livelihoods from a wide range of socioeconomic and public health perspectives, some racial/ethnic groups more profoundly than others. Beyond the...
CLASP: c o l laborating, a utonomous s tream p rocessing systems

There are currently a number of streaming data analysis systems in research or commercial operation. These systems are generally large-scale distributed systems, but each system operates in isolation, under the control of one administrative authority. We are developing middleware that permits autonomous or semi-autonomous streaming analysis systems (called "sites") to interoperate, providing them opportunities for data access, performance improvements, and reliability far exceeding that available in a single system. Unique characteristics of our system include an architecture for the management of multiple cooperation paradigms depending on the degree of trust and dependencies among the participating sites; a multisite planner that converts user-specified declarative queries into specifications of distributed jobs; and a mechanism for automatic recovery of site failures by redispatching failed pieces of a distributed job. We evaluate our architecture via experiments on a running prototype, and the results demonstrate the advantages of multisite cooperation: collaborative jobs that share resources, even across only a few sites, can produce results 50% faster than independent execution, and jobs on failed sites can be recovered within a few seconds.
Bioacoustics of California Cacama Distant, 1904 with the first state record of C. moorei Sanborn & M. Heath, 2011 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

This work presents the first bioacoustical analysis of the complex calling songs of the North American desert cicada genus Cacama Distant, 1904 and treats all species known from the California fauna. Analysis of field recordings found three characters that vary significantly among species: syllable rate, the number of pulses per syllable, and the mean frequency during the main portion of an echeme. A bivariate plot of syllable rate and pulse number separates all California species. The results confirm that a fourth species, C. mooreiSanborn & M. Heath, 2011 belongs to the California state fauna. Courtship songs of C. moorei and C. valvata (Uhler, 1888) are described and the role of songs in mate recognition is discussed.
Neuropsychologically Driven Evidence-Based Interventions in Counseling Psychology

In this chapter, we provide a historical view of the field of counseling psychology, including a history of the ways in which neuropsychological research has informed interventions within the field of counseling psychology over the years. We discuss the influence of related fields, such as rehabilitation psychology and counseling health psychology, on the intersection of neuropsychology and counseling psychology. We discuss the strength-based, developmental, and holistic health focus of counseling psychologists in relation to neuropsychologically driven evidence-based interventions in counseling psychology. We explain the growing emphasis on interprofessional collaboration for counseling psychologists and the increasing numbers of counseling psychologists working in hospitals and other medical settings. We highlight the importance of multicultural awareness, diversity, and inclusion as core values of counseling psychologists. We discuss multicultural considerations for neuropsychologically driven counseling interventions, including cultural implications for psychological assessment and diagnosis. We review neuroscience research applications for counseling psychologists and describe how a greater understanding of neuroplasticity has informed research and practice in the field of counseling psychology in recent years. We provide a rationale for why neuropsychologically driven evidence-based interventions are critical to the professional practice of counseling psychologists, and we provide examples of these interventions and approaches. Lastly, we make recommendation for future research directions.
Soldier and Scholar: Abdias Nascimento and the Origins of Afro-Latin American Studies:

Abdias Nascimento shaped Brazil and the lives of Afro-Brazilians as an activist, as a politician, as an internationally recognized scholar, and through the arts as a playwright, a director, a poet,...
Abstract 583: Analysis of solid pediatric tumor methylomes reveals a shared cancer recurrence signature in cell-free DNA

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in children aged 1-14 years in the United States, with approximately 11,000 new cases and 1200 deaths annually. Due in part to the rarity and diversity of childhood tumors, a non-invasive diagnostic to identify patients at high risk of recurrence does not exist for patients with pediatric solid cancer. Cell-free (cf)DNA is rapidly becoming the standard for non-invasive screening, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of human tumors. In particular, cfDNA methylation detection has proven to be a robust platform for “liquid biopsies,” with several important advantages over simple somatic variant detection. Here we present a cfDNA methylation signature derived from a pan-methylome analysis of recurrent pediatric tumors. The methylomes spanned 34 tumor tissue samples, 13 patient-matched adjacent normal, and 16 patient-matched plasma samples from 27 individuals, representing 11 different pediatric tumor types, including 10 neuroblastomas, 4 osteosarcomas and 2 hepatoblastomas. In addition, 13 adjacent normal samples and 15 normal plasma samples were used as DNA methylation controls. These samples were obtained from the Pediatric Oncology Experimental Investigators9 Consortium (POETIC) under informed consent. DNA methylation was analyzed for all samples by whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Using consensus DNA methylation calling, we identified a set of 402 differentially methylated regions (DMR) in genomic DNA from tissue, with substantial enrichment of hypomethylated DMRs across a majority of samples. CpGs that were commonly hypomethylated were combined into consensus ‘hotspots.9 In order to discriminate between tumor/normal samples in tissue, we applied supervised machine learning to train a classifier on these 402 features. Mean methylation across these 402 CpG hotspots was significantly (p Citation Format: David N. Buckley, Ben Tew, Gerald Gooden, Timothy Triche, Bodour Salhia. Analysis of solid pediatric tumor methylomes reveals a shared cancer recurrence signature in cell-free DNA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 583.
Association of Nursing Home Characteristics With Staff and Resident COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage.

This cross-sectional study examines associations of nursing home characteristics with COVID-19 vaccination rates among nursing home staff and residents.
Oestrogen component of COCs: have we finally found a replacement for ethinyl estradiol?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Combined oral contraceptive pills are among the most widely used contraceptive methods globally. Despite their popularity, the potential risks and side effects can lead to both high discontinuation rates and adverse outcomes including thromboembolic events. The quest for a safer alternative to the traditional ethinyl estradiol/progestin combination has led to the use of newer oestrogens. Ethinyl oestradiol alternatives will be reviewed including the newest option, estetrol, as it enters clinical use. RECENT FINDINGS Oestradiol, when combined with a progestin with strong endometrial activity, is a viable alternative to ethinyl estradiol in the form of oestradiol valerate and estradiol, which have been available since 2008 and 2011, respectively. Estetrol is the newest oestrogen available and is found naturally in the foetal liver. Estetrol was approved for use in 2021. All three of these alternatives have high contraceptive efficacy, similar if not improved cycle control and decreased impact on haemostatic factors as compared to ethinyl estradiol. SUMMARY Alternatives to ethinyl oestradiol, including the newest option of estetrol, show promise in providing comparable contraceptive efficacy with potentially lower risk of side effects and thromboembolic events.
Rotational testing: background, technique and interpretation

Publisher Summary This chapter explores that rotational testing of the vestibular system has been used for more than a century to assess vestibular function. It usually induces both eye movements, via the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and perceptions of motion. Both eye movements and perceptions can be recorded, and used as measures of labyrinthine responsiveness. Eye movement recordings, because they are objective and require minimal cooperation of the subject, are considered more reliable than perceptual measures, and thus are more widely used. The chapter also discusses that although the eye movement responses to rotation are influenced by the specific receptors being stimulated, several other factors include: (1) whether or not the rotation of the head is active, (2) the visual condition, and (3) mental state notably alertness. Some types of rotational stimuli are especially technically challenging to deliver, difficult for the subject to tolerate, and/or produce eye movement responses that are difficult to measure and analyze. These types of rotational stimuli are not used routinely in the clinical setting but may be used in selected research environments.
Tight Closure in Characteristic Zero. Local Case

The goal of this chapter is to extend the tight closure theory from the previous chapter to include all Noetherian rings containing a field. However, the theory becomes more involved, especially if one wants to maintain full functoriality. We opt in these notes to forego this cumbersome route (directing the interested reader to the joint paper [6] with Aschenbrenner), and only develop the theory minimally as to still obtain the desired applications. In particular, we will only focus on the local case.
SIRT6 deficiency culminates in low-turnover osteopenia

Deficiency of Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a chromatin-related deacetylase, in mice reveals severe premature aging phenotypes including osteopenia. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of SIRT6 in bone metabolism are unknown. Here we show that SIRT6 deficiency in mice produces low-turnover osteopenia caused by impaired bone formation and bone resorption, which are mechanisms similar to those of age-related bone loss. Mechanistically, SIRT6 interacts with runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix (Osx), which are the two key transcriptional regulators of osteoblastogenesis, and deacetylates histone H3 at Lysine 9 (H3K9) at their promoters. Hence, excessively elevated Runx2 and Osx in SIRT6(-/-) osteoblasts lead to impaired osteoblastogenesis. In addition, SIRT6 deficiency produces hyperacetylation of H3K9 in the promoter of dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), a potent negative regulator of osteoblastogenesis, and osteoprotegerin, an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, the resulting up-regulation of Dkk1 and osteoprotegerin levels contribute to impaired bone remodeling, leading to osteopenia with a low bone turnover in SIRT6-deficient mice. These results establish a new link between SIRT6 and bone remodeling that positively regulates osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.
The relationship of education and moral reasoning to ethical practice: a meta-analysis of quantitative studies.

This meta-analytic article of quantitative studies is aimed at summarizing knowledge gained on ethical practice for the period of 1987 to 1997 and at suggesting directions for future research. It specifically investigated the relationships of education and moral reasoning to ethical practice, with ethical practice as the dependent variable. The sample consisted of eight studies that investigated the relationship between education and ethical practice, and five studies that addressed the relationship between moral reasoning and ethical practice. A small to medium relationship between education and ethical practice was found, with an overall mean for effect sizes, d = .44, p = .000. To test the relationship between moral reasoning and ethical practice the Pearson product moment coefficient r was used as the effect size estimate, as each of the studies in this group reported correlation analyses. A small but significant relationship was found between moral reasoning and ethical practice (overall r of .2, p = .000). These results are evaluated in comparison to those of a decade earlier and overall trends are identified. As before, the majority of the studies are in the form of dissertations, and few of their authors have published their work in the general scientific literature. Similarly, clarity has not yet been achieved with regard to the conceptual and operational definitions of ethical practice. Theoretical, measurement, and policy issues are discussed in highlighting the implications of the study.
Immunoisolation of Protein Complexes from Xenopus

The immunoaffinity isolation of protein complexes is an essential technique for the purification and -concentration of protein complexes from cells and tissues. In this chapter we present the methodologies for the purification of proteins and protein complexes from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Specific to this protocol are the techniques for the cryolysis of Xenopus cells and tissues, a procedure that limits contamination from yolk proteins while preserving endogenous protein complexes, the methodologies for immunoaffinity purification of proteins using magnetic beads, and the protocols for western blot analysis. In addition, the procedures in this chapter can be extended to use with proteomic analysis of protein complexes as presented in the following chapter.
TRIM28 regulates RNA polymerase II promoter proximal pausing and pause release (LB206)

Promoter proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a major checkpoint in transcription. An unbiased search for novel human proteins that could regulate paused Pol II at the HSPA1B gene iden...
Epidemiology of chain saw related injuries, United States: 2009 through 2013

Problem. Chain saws are a commonly used tool with the potential to inflict severe injuries. Methods. Descriptive epidemiological estimates for emergency department (ED) visits for injuries associated with the use of a chain saw were calculated using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for the years 2009–2013. Results. A total of 115,895 ED visits for injuries related to the use of a chain saw occurred during the study period. Most injury visits occurred among males (95%) and persons aged 30–59 years and during the months of September through November. The main body sites injured were the hand/fingers and knee. The majority of injuries were lacerations (80%). Conclusions. Chain saw injuries present with characteristic patterns which can aid in prevention of injuries related to the use of these tools. Examination of the epidemiology of chain saw injuries will help to ascertain targeted needs for prevention and control efforts.
The ecdysis of the cricket, teleogryllus oceanicus: Generation of the pharyngeal air-swallowing motor program by the isolated frontal ganglion

Abstract 1. 1. Air swallowed during the hour prior to rupture of the old cuticle of an ecdysing cricket produces sensory feedback which recruits abdominal peristaltic waves and other ecdysial motor programs. 2. 2. The frontal ganglion contains pharyngeal motor neurons, and produces rhythmical bursts from most of its nerves which are synchronous with swallowing movements and continue for up to an hour after the ganglion is isolated surgically and recorded in vitro. 3. 3. The frontal ganglion acquires this “activated state” with endogenous bursting during the period when air-swallowing is normally recruited.
Identity shifts in temporal lobe epilepsy

It has long been suggested that there is an association between epilepsy and psychosis [1]. The psychosis associated with epilepsy may be ictal, postical or interictal, but usually is similar to the psychosis of schizophrenia. In fact, the phrase ‘schizophrenia-like psychosis’ has been used to describe the chronic psychosis of epilepsy. This syndrome, similar to schizophrenia, usually includes symptoms such as disorganized thought, auditory hallucinations and persecutory delusions [2]. It is also well known that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy can experience dissociative symptoms such as depersonalization and fugue [1]. Some cases of dissociative identity disorder have also been found in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy [3]. However, a Medline search found no reported cases of a patient adopting other people’s identities. In this case report, we describe an interesting patient with temporal lobe epilepsy who developed the acute onset of psychosis and dissociative identity symptoms. The unusual feature of this case was that the patient adopted other people’s identities. These identities included her mother, her uncle, and several different doctors.
LINGUISTICS. H. G. Widdowson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv + 134. £5.85 paper.

This first volume in an Oxford series of introductions to language study aims to provide both the student of linguistics and the general reader with a broader overview of linguistic science. Widdowson attempts to present a coherent outline of the central issues in linguistics that is accessible to the novice yet not simplistic. Following the series format, the volume is divided into four sections: Survey, Readings, References, and Glossary.
Results from adjunctive radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy

A significant number of patients with apparently localized prostate cancer have stage C disease on pathologic examination. Over 1/3 of these patients will develop local and systemic disease if left untreated. Radiation is the option preferred by patients because it is not associated with loss of libido. Use of adjuvant radiation after radical prostatectomy for pathologic stage C disease substantially reduces the incidence of local recurrence. The radiation is most effective and has the least morbidity at a dose of <6,000 rads, given within 3 months after surgery in a patient who has regained continence. The major side effect of adjuvant radiation in combination with surgery is a high incidence of impotence. In limited studies with short follow-up, adjuvant radiation does not appear to reduce the incidence of systemic recurrences. However, larger randomized, uncontrolled trials should be carried out to confirm this. The availability of serum prostatic-specific antigen may provide a useful marker for screening appropriate patients for adjuvant radiation.
Group A streptococcal pharyngitis and bacteremia associated with a Ludwig's Angina-like syndrome

Ludwig's Angina (LA) is an infection of the submandibular and sublingual spaces usually initiated by abscesses of the inferior molars due to mixed oral flora. Pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) rarely results in bacteremia. A patient presented with the classical findings of LA, and had no odontogenic focus but had GABHS pharyngitis and bacteremia. Attempts to isolate other microbiological organisms from the submandibular and sublingual spaces were unsuccessful. The patient required emergent tracheostomy and was treated with penicillin G for 4 wk with complete resolution of his clinical illness. The case demonstrates a previously unreported association between GABHS pharyngitis and the development of LA.