cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology and pharmacological approaches for prevention of coronary artery restenosis following coronary artery balloon angioplasty and related procedures

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has become a mainstay in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, with an estimated 300,000 procedures performed annually in the United States. Despite significant advances in reducing the acute complications of percutaneous revascularization procedures with periprocedural medications and better techniques, chronic restenosis of dilated lesions remains a serious and frequent problem, occurring in 30% to 50% of cases. With a peak incidence between 1 and 4 months after PTCA, restenosis has been thought to reflect an exaggerated healing response to balloon injury, in which platelets and other cells secrete mitogens that induce smooth muscle cells from the media to migrate to and proliferate in the intima, compromising the coronary lumen and invoking ischemic symptoms. Several factors, including remodeling with compensatory arterial enlargement, normalization of wall shear stress, and recoil, are also likely to play key roles. Based on these concepts, several pharmacological approaches directed at reducing the incidence of restenosis have been investigated. Although studies frequently report suppression of neointimal proliferation in animal models of balloon vascular injury, few drug approaches have met with clear success in clinical trials. This can be explained in several ways, including mistaken understandings of the pathophysiology of restenosis, gross histopathological dissimilarities between animal vascular injury models and clinical restenosis, and inadequate dosing. This report proposes to extensively review the vast literature on the subject to serve as a guide for clinicians to the pathophysiology of restenosis and the pharmacotherapeutic management of patients after PTCA and coronary atherectomy. Those drug approaches that currently show the most clinical promise and that warrant further investigation will be highlighted.
Development and Evaluation of the University of Michigan's Practice-Oriented Research Training (PORT) Program

We describe the development and evaluation of a clinical research training program designed specifically for such health professionals as occupational and physical therapists. Outcomes of program success included trainees' self-rating of research skills before and after the program, as well as submission of a formal grant application to a grant competition for program participants. At program completion, participants reported improvements in their research skills, with the most gain in formulating research questions and writing a testable hypothesis and the least gain in understanding statistics. Of the 21 participants, 43% submitted a grant proposal to a competitive intramural grant program. In the next year, grantees of the program will continue to be mentored by the program mentors while conducting their research projects. Given the initial successes, this program represents a promising model for providing research training to practicing clinicians.
Acetylation of KLF5 Alters the Assembly of p15 Transcription Factors in Transforming Growth Factor-β-mediated Induction in Epithelial Cells

KLF5 plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. Recently KLF5 was shown to reverse its function in proliferative and p15 regulation upon transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-mediated acetylation. To understand how KLF5 acetylation functions in TGFβ-induced p15 transcription, we characterized the interactions of KLF5 with other transcription factors and promoter DNA elements in the context of TGFβ. KLF5 interacted with Smad2–4 and Miz-1 in a TGFβ-independent manner, but interacted with Myc only when TGFβ was activated, and at least some of the interactions had an additive effect on TGFβ-induced p15 transcription. Oligo pulldown assays showed that binding of Myc to the Inr element was KLF5-dependent, and TGFβ could enhance the binding when more KLF5 was available. Furthermore, TGFβ induced an interaction between KLF5 and the p300 acetylase, and acetylation of KLF5 was necessary for Smad4 to associate with p300. Failure in KLF5 acetylation not only prevented p300-assembled Smad4-KLF5 complex formation on p15 promoter but also affected the binding of Smad4 and FOXO3 on the p15 promoter in vivo. These findings suggest that without TGFβ, some KLF5 associates with Smads in the nucleus and other KLF5 associates with Miz-1 on the p15 promoter to repress its transcription. Activation of TGFβ recruits p300 to the KLF5-Smad complex to acetylate KLF5, and the complex with acetylated KLF5 binds to the Smad binding element and alters the binding of other factors to p15 promoter to induce its transcription.
ON THE THEORY OF MULTICOMPONENT CHROMATOGRAPHY

A theoretical study of multicomponent chromatography is here presented in which the system is considered to be one-dimensional, isothermal, locally at equilibrium and to have negligible diffusion effects. The discussion starts with constant initial and entry conditions and goes on to stepwise constant data with an arbitrary number of discontinuities. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is perfectly fitted to the exposition of the mathematical theory of quasilinear equations for it leads to explicit forms for the Riemann invariants and characteristic parameters. This paper develops the theory of simple waves and of shock waves on an independent basis and illustrates this theory by the construction of solutions and the analysis of the interaction of waves. It is shown incidentally that the entropy change across a shock is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. The separation of solutes is discussed and brief consideration is given to the problems associated with non-uniform geometry and non-isothermal adsorption.
Residual stresses near a rail end

Abstract Stress fields near a cut end of a rail containing longitudinal residual stress typical of roller-straightened rail were studied using analysis and a finite element model. For a self-equilibrating residual stress distribution with equal maximum and minimum stresses, the distance to reach 95% of the mid-rail residual stress field is from 0.7 to 1.8 times the rail height, with the finite element model predicting a length of 1.1 times the rail height. This gives a measure of the accuracy of the simpler analytical models. At the rail end, the longitudinal residual stress goes to zero, and the vertical residual stress near mid-web reaches a maximum of approximately 27 ksi (186 MPa) (1.35 times the maximum mid-rail longitudinal residual stress of 20 ksi, or 138 MPa). The maximum shear stresses are 6 ksi (41 MPa) and −8 ksi (−55 MPa) near the head-web and web-base intersections, respectively, approximately 2 in. (51 mm) from the end of a 7.3 in. (185 mm) high rail. The shear stress is zero at the cut end and in mid-rail. The worst possible end-crack is a horizontal web crack in the vertical residual stress field at the rail end. The stress intensity KI on such a crack is estimated to reach 20 ksi√in. (22 MPa√m) for cracks 0.5 in. (13mm) long. This is already 0.4 to 0.8 times KI for carbon and alloy rails, and about 0.5 times KIc for a long crack.
Intrauterinely Acquired Pseudomonas Infection in the Neonate

The case is presented of a premature infant with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, apparently acquired in utero. After a complicated postnatal course, the child was noted to have a profound hearing loss. This infection itself, was rapid and progressive, with the infant showing signs and symptoms characteristic of Pseudomonas infection, such as necrotizing skin vasculitis and "green" purulent discharge. Pseudomonas infection poses a virulent and life-threatening challenge to the immunologically immature infant. Infection with this organism, uncommon in the neonate, results in significant morbidity and mortality.
Gas-solid chromatography of ethane on activated carbon at 25 C

Abstract The adsorption and diffusion of ethane in a chromatographic column packed with activated carbon were investigated for different concentrations and flow-rates. The adsorption isotherm of ethane can be represented by a three-parameter equation. The experimental data and theoretical asymptotic concentration profiles agree at high inlet concentrations and deviate at low inlet concentrations. The longitudinal diffusion coefficients were extracted from fitting the experimental data. Analytic criteria presented here for achieving an asymptotic concentration profile predict that the best result occurs at the flow-rate corresponding to the minimum of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate.
Intelligence scales for the blind: A review with implications for research

Abstract The verbal section of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) has become a frequently used assessment device and research tool with blind children. This article reviews and critiques studies involving the WISC with samples of blind subjects. Discussion focuses on reliability, validity, and research strategy. Recommendations and suggestions for further research place emphasis upon experimental analysis of behavior.
Letter by Uretsky regarding article, "Outcomes in patients with de novo left main disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention using paclitaxel-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass graft treatment in the synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) trial".

To the Editor: I read with great interest the report by Morice et al on the left main (LM) subgroup of the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial.1 This landmark trial was used as the major piece of evidence to upgrade LM stenting to a class IIB indication in …
Experimenter-Supplied and Subject-Originated Mnemonics in Retention of Word-Pairs:

The effectiveness of E-supplied and S-originated first-letter and descriptive-sentence mnemonics were compared to a simple-repetition condition. Ss using E-supplied schemes suffered no significant ...
962 BICARBONATE (B) AND INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH) IN HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

We studied the relationship between B administration and ICH in 53 infants with HMD. 27 had no ICH (Group I). 26 had ICH of whom 10 received B prior to the diagnosis of ICH (Group IIa) and 16 received B after ICH was diagnosed (Group IIb). There were no significant differences between the groups in the level of serum sodium, osmolality, inborn/outborn ratio and age of admission to NICU. We conclude that a direct relationship exists between ICH, perinatal asphyxia and prematurity. No correlation was found between B administration and ICH.
Molecular bonding in FO2 and ClO2

Non-empirical LCAO-MO-SCF calculations are reported for the ground state and some excited states of FO2 and ClO2 in both the symmetrical, C2v and unsymmetrical, Cs, geometries. In the case of FO2 the unsymmetric configuration, FOO, is found to be much more stable than the symmetric configuration, OFO. However, the ground state of the Cs configuration of ClO2 is found to be only slightly lower than the ground state of the C2v configuration. The possible existence of FO2 in the symmetric geometry is discussed.
Identification of local clusters for count data: a model-based Moran's I test

We set out I DR as a loglinear-model-based Moran's I test for Poisson count data that resembles the Moran's I residual test for Gaussian data. We evaluate its type I and type II error probabilities via simulations, and demonstrate its utility via a case study. When population sizes are heterogeneous, I DR is effective in detecting local clusters by local association terms with an acceptable type I error probability. When used in conjunction with local spatial association terms in loglinear models, I DR can also indicate the existence of first-order global cluster that can hardly be removed by local spatial association terms. In this situation, I DR should not be directly applied for local cluster detection. In the case study of St. Louis homicides, we bridge loglinear model methods for parameter estimation to exploratory data analysis, so that a uniform association term can be defined with spatially varied contributions among spatial neighbors. The method makes use of exploratory tools such as Moran's I s...
Positive chemical ionization mass spectra of polycyclic chlorinated pesticides

Methane chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra for a series of ten polycyclic chlorinated insecticides and metabolites have been examined. In all cases except heptachlor epoxide the base peak corresponded to elimination of Cl, or OH from the molecule ion. In the spectrum of heptachlor epoxide the [M + H]+ and [M − Cl]+ clusters were of approximately equal intensity. The CI spectra were remarkably simple, invariably less complex than the corresponding electron-impact (EI) mass spectra and the intensity of the ions with high information content, e.g. [M − CI]+ was uniformly high. All of these features are important to the analytical potential of these studies. Retro Diels-Alder (RDA) fragments were observed for the chlordanes, aldrin, isodrin, nonachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The reported preliminary data suggest that the relative intensity of RDA ions in CI mass spectra may be useful in establishing molecular configurations.
Polysaccharide hydrolysis in aggregates and free enzyme activity in aggregate-free seawater from the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico

Summary Marine snow aggregates represent hotspots of carbon remineralization in the ocean. Various aspects of bacterial dynamics have been investigated on marine snow. To date, extracellular enzymatic activities in aggregates have been measured using small substrate proxies that do not adequately reflect the complexity of biomacromolecules such as polysaccharides,proteinsandlipids.Toaddressthisissue,we used six structurally distinct, fluorescently labelled polysaccharides to measure enzymatic hydrolysis on aggregatesformedwitharollertableandinaggregatefree (ambient) seawater from two near-coast sites, north-eastern Gulf of Mexico. A single polysaccharide was incubated in aggregates and ambient seawater. Changes in polysaccharide molecular weight were monitored over time to measure the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. All six polysaccharides were hydrolysed in aggregates, indicating a broad range of enzyme activities in aggregate-associated bacteria. Four substrates were also hydrolysed in ambient waters. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed that nearly all of the bacteria present in original waters were incorporated into aggregates. Therefore hydrolytic activities in ambient waters were presumably due to enzymes spatially disconnected from cells and aggregates. Our results show substantial enzymatic activity in cell/aggregate-free seawater, suggesting a significantroleoffreeenzymesinhydrolyticactivityin waters from the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico.
A computational study of bond dissociation enthalpies and hydrogen abstraction energy barriers in model urethanes

Ab initio energies obtained at the MP2/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory were employed using isodesmic reactions to compute C–H and N–H room temperature bond dissocation enthalpies (BDEs), for the various hydrogens in a series of model alkyl urethanes (carbamates). It was found that the BDEs [in kJ/mol] vary in the order α-C(N) [402]<α-C(O) [417]<β-C(N) [425]≈β-C(O)≪N–H [465] (where α-C(N) refers to the α-carbon on the nitrogen side of the functional group, etc.). The unusually high N–H BDE was found to result from the loss of stabilization via conjugation with the carbonyl's π-electrons in the radical. The low C–H bond strengths on both the α-carbons were attributed to resonance stabilization of the radical center by the nitrogen or oxygen lone-pair electrons. These results, in which it is predicted that the C–H on the α-C(N) is the weakest bond, are in accordance with the results of a recent experimental study on photodecomposition of polyurethanes, where it was concluded that initial radical attack is at this site. It was also found that C–H BDEs on the α-carbons increase when a methyl group is added at this position. This trend was rationalized on the basis of lessened resonance stabilization of the branched radicals. Transition state structures and energies, and reaction energy barriers, ΔE0‡, were computed for hydrogen abstraction reactions by a methyl radical, RH+CH3→R+CH4, for the C–H and N–H bonds in the four model urethane. There was an excellent correlation between ΔE0‡ and BDE for all hydrogens on the linear alkyl urethanes. However, energy barriers for the removal of hydrogen atoms from the α-carbons of the two branched urethanes lay significantly below the curve established by the linear species. This observation was explained on the basis of comparative structures of the parent compounds, transition states and radicals. As ΔE0‡[α-C(N)] was lower for the branched than the linear urethane, it was concluded that one should not expect any significant enhancement of the photochemical stability of branched aliphatic polyurethane coatings relative to their linear counterparts.
Isotope Ratio Biases in Resonance Ionization Mass Spectroscopy Due to Population Trapping

Population trapping via hyperfine ground-state coherences is proposed as a potential source of isotope ratio bias in resonance ionization mass spectra with coherent excitation of the first transition. Sample calculations are presented for a model 4-level Doppler-broadened system and qualitatively verified by experimental fluorescence excitation measurements.
Occurrence of Three-stranded DNA within a RecA Protein Filament

Abstract A RecA protein-generated triple-stranded DNA species can be observed by electron microscopy, within narrowly defined conditions. Three-stranded DNA is detected only when initiation of normal DNA strand exchange is precluded by heterologous sequences within the duplex DNA substrate, when ATP is hydrolyzed, and when the DNA is cross-linked with a psoralen derivative prior to removal of RecA filaments. When adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) is used, only the product hybrid duplex DNA can be cross-linked within the RecA filament. The third strand is either displaced or interwound in a conformation that does not permit cross-linking. When ATP is hydrolyzed by RecA, all three strands are cross-linked within the filament in a complex pattern that suggests a dynamic structure. This structure is altered when RecA protein is removed before cross-linking. Hsieh et al.(1990) and Rao et al.(1991, 1993) have proposed, on the basis of nuclease protection and chemical modification studies, that a stable triple-stranded DNA species can persist after removal of RecA protein. We have been unable to visualize these triple-stranded structures by the methods used in the present investigation. When RecA removal was followed immediately by interstrand cross-linking, only the two strands of the hybrid duplex DNA were cross-linked.
Reminiscences of The New York Botanical Garden 1925–1940

Reminiscences of employment at The New York Botanical Garden between 1925 and 1940 are given.
Expression of rat Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 (Mrp2) in male and female rats during normal and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN)-induced postnatal ontogeny

Abstract The normal maturation of biliary organic anion excretion in newborn rats can be enhanced by microsomal enzyme-inducing chemical treatment, yet the mechanism for this phenomenon is not known. Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 (Mrp2) is a biliary efflux transporter that is inducible by select microsomal enzyme-inducing chemicals. Thus, the aims of this study were to compare the normal and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN)-induced postnatal ontogeny of Mrp2 in male and female rats. Mrp2 protein increased in an age-dependent manner in both sexes between 0 and 90 days of age. At birth, Mrp2 protein in both male and female rats was the same, approximately 70% of adult levels. Mrp2 protein in both sexes reached maximal expression levels that were higher than adult levels (male: days 25–40; female: day 45), then decreased to adult levels, at which age Mrp2 protein expression in male and female rats was the same. Second, male and female rats of various ages were treated with PCN (75 mg/kg, ip) or corn oil for 4 days, after which livers were removed and analyzed for Mrp2 protein and mRNA expression. PCN accelerated the expression of Mrp2 protein in male and female rats as early as 10 days of age, whereas, PCN did not affect male and female Mrp2 mRNA ontogeny. These data suggest that PCN increased Mrp2 protein by a sex-independent posttranscriptional mechanism.
Manipulating Underdetermination in Scientific Controversy: The Case of the Molecular Clock

Where there are cases of underdetermination in scientific controversies, such as the case of the molecular clock, scientists may direct the course and terms of dispute by playing off the multidimensional framework of theory evaluation. This is because assessment strategies themselves are underdetermined. Within the framework of assessment, there are a variety of trade-offs between different strategies as well as shifting emphases as specific strategies are given more or less weight in assessment situations. When a strategy is underdetermined, scientists can change the dynamics of a controversy by making assessments using different combinations of evaluation strategies and/or weighting whatever strategies are in play in different ways. Following an underdetermination strategy does not end or resolve a scientific dispute. Consequently, manipulating underdetermination is a feature of controversy dynamics and not controversy closure.
Parameters of neuritic growth from ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro: influence of laminin, schwannoma polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factor ciliary neuronotrophic factor

Abstract Ciliary ganglion neurons extend neuritic processes when cultured for 24 h in medium containing ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF) and on a polyornithine substratum precoated with either laminin or a Schwannoma-derived neurite promoting factor (PNPF). We have examined the roles of laminin, PNPF and CNTF for each of four parameters of neuritic growth, including: initiation time, neuronal polarity, neuritic branching and average neurite output (lengths) with time. Increasing laminin and PNPF levels were found to advance the time of neurite initiation as well as shift the majority (70–80%) of the neurons from a unipolar to multipolar neuritic morphology. The polarity imposed by any given concentration of either neurite promoting factor remained constant over the 24 h culture period examined. The average lengths from the longest neurites per neuron over a 10–28 h culture interval were not affected by increasing levels of laminin or PNPF, but total neuritic output per neuron was increased. This increased total neuritic output could be attributed to a combination of earlier neuritic initiation time and an increased neuronal polarity at high laminin or PNPF levels. CNTF at threshold survival levels did not promote initiation time, neuronal polarity or total neuritic output. However, cultures receiving less CNTF than that required for maximal neuronal survival displayed an increased neuronal polarity and a reduced neuritic output before any apparent loss of neurons. Neuritic branching was not affected by either the neurite promoting or trophic factors after 24 h of culture. Laminin and PNPF were found to be indistinguishable in their effects on the ciliary ganglion neurons in each of the four parameters studied.
Laparoscopic inversion esophagectomy: simplifying a daunting operation.

SUMMARY. Minimally invasive esophageal resection is a technically demanding procedure that may reduce patient morbidity and improve convalescence when compared with the open approach. Despite these proposed advantages, the minimally invasive approach has not been widely embraced and is routinely performed in only a few specialized centers around the world. The laparoscopic inversion esophagectomy attempts to eliminate some of the technical obstacles inherent in this procedure by simplifying the transhiatal mediastinal dissection, facilitating vagal preservation, and enhancing safety. We present a case of a 37-year-old man who underwent laparoscopic inversion esophagectomy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Immediate and long-term outcome measures are being prospectively gathered in order to establish the ultimate value of this procedure.
Complex spike activity in the oculomotor vermis of the cerebellum: a vectorial error signal for saccade motor learning?

Brain stem signals that generate saccadic eye movements originate in the superior colliculus. They reach the pontine burst generator for horizontal saccades via short-latency pathways and a longer ...
“Our Theater,” in Performance

The final chapter of Miguel Rubio Zapata’s El cuerpo ausente (performance politico) ‘Absent body (political performance)’ begins with an epigraph from Antonin Artaud, at first glance a very unexpected inspiration for a group famed for its politically-charged performances... This introductory material is available in Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol32/iss2/2 Our Theater, In Performance Debra A. Castillo Cornell University The final chapter of Miguel Rubio Zapata’s El cuerpo ausente (performance politico) ‘Absent body (political performance)’ begins with an epigraph from Antonin Artaud, at first glance a very unexpected inspiration for a group famed for its politically-charged performances. Rubio cites a passage from the essay “On the Balinese Theater” (I cite from the available English translation rather than Rubio’s Spanish): “Our purely verbal theater, unaware of everything that makes theater, of everything that exists in the air of the stage, which is measured and circumscribed by that air and has a density in space— movements, shapes, colors, vibrations, attitudes, screams—our theater, with respect to the incommensurable, which derives from the mind’s capacity for receiving suggestion. . .” (Artaud 56). “Our purely verbal theater” ‘nuestro teatro puramente verbal’ is implicitly linked to Yuyachkani’s long trajectory in Peruvian culture, yet the quote is ambiguous, perhaps intentionally so. For in context, Artaud argues that Balinese theater could teach “our” excessively rational, overly verbal, European theater a thing or two about spirituality, about the metaphysics of gesture, about the “movements, shapes, colors, vibrations, attitudes, screams” that for him define his controversial approach to spectacle. Unlike European theater, in the Bali of Artaud’s imagining, the critical emphasis remains on ritualized qualities, located in the physical rather than the verbal, highlighting the role of gesture, music, dance, of the performative spectacle that does not rely on a pre-existing/dramatic text. These 1 Castillo: “Our Theater,” in Performance Published by New Prairie Press 250 STT’ (see Nigro for a discussion of another of Rascon Banda’s important bordercrossing plays). Thus, the French theorist who found inspiration in the image of the exotic Mexican Indian in his cosmopolitan city of Paris, travels back and forth across the ocean, and is finally brought back to the Americas and reframed here, both north and south, in theorizations that begin with the homely Indian, in the daily life of our America. Mad, drug-addicted, contradictory, Artaud still remains a significant force in our thinking about performance today, in that he, 2 Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature, Vol. 32, Iss. 2 [2008], Art. 2 http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol32/iss2/2 DOI: 10.4148/2334-4415.1676
Naloxone blocks morphine enhancement of kainic acid neurotoxicity.

Abstract Kainic acid (KA) is a potent convulsant which, when administered subcutaneously, induces sustained limbic seizures and a pattern of limbic brain damage that is thought to be seizure-mediated. Diazepam suppresses and morphine enhances both the seizures and brain damage induced by KA. Here we show that morphine enhancement of KA neurotoxicity is blocked in a dose-dependent manner by subcutaneous pretreatment with naloxone. These and related findings support the hypothesis that morphine enhances the seizure-linked neurotoxicity of KA by an opiate specific action at certain limbic receptor sites where opiates suppress GABAergic activity, thereby lowering the threshold for propagation of seizure activity in limbic circuits.
Interruption of systemic venous return with portal continuation: Assessment using magnetic resonance imaging

A case of interruption of both the superior and infrahepatic inferior vena cava with portal continuation of the systemic venous return is described. This unusual abnormality is probably acquired and represents the result of earlier, silent thrombosis of the venae cavae. Magnetic resonance imaging provided valuable anatomic information supplementing venography.
Satellite-derived estimates of evapotranspiration in the Gediz basin

Abstract Satellite-derived estimates of the regional evapotranspiration in the Gediz basin, Turkey, are presented. The remote sensing approach applied is based on a feedback relationship in which the surface temperature is used to obtain the vapour pressure deficit in the overlying air. The method has the advantage of allowing for the application of remotely sensed data in conjunction with conventional evapotranspiration models. It also represents a convenient approach for the application of satellite-derived estimates of regional evapotranspiration within hydrological models. The feedback relationship was applied in conjunction with NOAA-AVHRR and LANDSAT images of the region obtained for two selected dates in summer of 1998; the surface temperature, vapour pressure deficit and net radiation estimates derived from the satellite images were applied within a conventional evapotranspiration model to produce daily estimates. Data obtained from tower-mounted instrumentation in the agricultural region of the Gediz basin are used to verify the estimates of the input variables. The results from both remote sensing platforms showed evapotranspiration rates in the range of 2.5–4.5 mm/d for the basin.
Dissecting the notion of place in society

Are you living in the place to be, 'displaced in place' or within the confines of a social category? These are some of the questions that Sarah Bracking's conversation with *Jim Igoe yearn to dissect.
The design and performance evaluation of alternative XML storage strategies

This paper studies five strategies for storing XML documents including one that leaves documents in the file system, three that use a relational database system, and one that uses an object manager. We implement and evaluate each approach using a number of XQuery queries. A number of interesting insights are gained from these experiments and a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches is presented.
Renal Medullary Carcinoma in Patients with Sickle Cell Trait

Renal medullary carcinoma has recently been described as an aggressive neoplasm affecting young African Americans with sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait. We report the presentation, treatment, and outcome in 3 patients with renal medullary carcinoma along with a description of the unsuccessful treatment attempts. A brief discussion and review of the literature is included.
Proton irradiation of InGaAs/InP and InGaAsP/InP Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Degradation of InGaAs/InP and InGaAsP/InP Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes caused by proton irradiation is studied for the first time. Substantial changes in the dark I-V characteristics as well as increases in the dark count rate are observed after irradiation. There are no systematic changes in photon count rate observed or in the amount of after-pulsing. The devices are rendered non-operational following a fluence of 8.1×1010 50-Mev protons/cm2 for room temperature operation.
Layout analysis to extract open nets caused by systematic failure mechanisms

Previously published work has pointed out that open defects are escaping test screens. To plug this hole, tests directed at nets susceptible to opens are required, and, therefore, nets susceptible to opens need to be identified. Opens caused by random particles have been modeled using weighted critical area (WCA) and have been previously studied. Here, we present a model that abstracts a class of systematic failure mechanisms that leads to open nets. An algorithm to calculate net scores using this model is presented. Experimental results on industrial designs show the algorithm to have reasonable performance.
Raiders or Elite Infantry?: The Changing Role of the U.S. Army Rangers from Dieppe to Grenada

Preface Introduction Origins of a Legend American Commandos The Spearheaders Line Infantry The Anomaly of the 6th Ranger Battalion The Rangers in Eclipse Raiders for Korea A Turning Point Rangers Lead the Way "Lurps" and Green Berets Improvisation in Vietnam "A Foot Infantry Battalion ... Finest in the World" "Ronnie's Rangers" Conclusion Bibliographical Essay Index
Bispectral analysis of the rat EEG during various vigilance states

Bispectra were computed to detect phase coupling in the cortical and hippocampal EEG of the rat during various vigilance states. For EEGs recorded from the hippocampus, significant phase coupling was obtained during rapid-eye-movement sleep between the frequency components (6-8 Hz) associated with theta rhythm. The results indicate that the bispectral analysis of the EEG can reveal extra information not obtainable from the power spectrum and may provide insight regarding the formation of the EEG within different brain structures during various vigilance states. >
Simultaneous estimation of the phase content and lamellar thickness in isotactic polypropylene by the simulated annealing of wide-angle X-ray scattering data

Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) pat- terns of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were analyzed in terms of the ideal WAXS patterns of their individual phases. Analysis was done with the technique of simulated anneal- ing. This analysis is a novel method for simultaneously obtaining the volume fractions of the crystalline and amor- phous phases and the average lamellar thickness of the indi- vidual crystalline phases. The method is different from traditional methods as it allowed us to obtain a large amount of information in a single step from a single WAXS pattern. This study was limited to a few selected specimens of iPP, but the method expounded could, in principle, be extended to other polymers and polymer blends. The limits of its applicability and possible shortcomings are discussed. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 2386-2394, 2010
LFP beta power predicts cursor stationarity in BMI task

Beta band oscillations in the local field potential (LFP) have been previously related to behavior in motor tasks. We investigated the correlations between beta oscillations and movement state for brain-machine interfaces. Two macaque monkeys were trained to perform a center-out motor task on a computer under normal movement control and under a ‘brain control’ paradigm, where neural firing directly controls the cursor. In both cases, LFP beta power decreased after movement onset. High beta power was predominantly observed with low movement velocity and vice versa. This observation was used to predict the stationarity of a computer cursor during brain control.
Single-link diffusion strategies over adaptive networks

We propose an adaptive diffusion strategy with limited communication overhead by cutting off all links but one for each node in the network. We keep the “best” neighbor that has the smallest estimated variance-product measure and ignore the other neighbors. The combination coefficients for the interacting nodes are calculated via a maximal-ratio-combining rule to minimize the steady-state meansquare-deviation. Simulation results illustrate that, with less communication overhead and less computations, the proposed algorithm performs well and outperforms other related methods with similar overheads.
Response of African humid tropical forests to recent rainfall anomalies

During the last decade, strong negative rainfall anomalies resulting from increased sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic have caused extensive droughts in rainforests of western Amazonia, exerting persistent effects on the forest canopy. In contrast, there have been no significant impacts on rainforests of West and Central Africa during the same period, despite large-scale droughts and rainfall anomalies during the same period. Using a combination of rainfall observations from meteorological stations from the Climate Research Unit (CRU; 1950–2009) and satellite observations of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM; 1998–2010), we show that West and Central Africa experienced strong negative water deficit (WD) anomalies over the last decade, particularly in 2005, 2006 and 2007. These anomalies were a continuation of an increasing drying trend in the region that started in the 1970s. We monitored the response of forests to extreme rainfall anomalies of the past decade by analysing the microwave scatterometer data from QuickSCAT (1999–2009) sensitive to variations in canopy water content and structure. Unlike in Amazonia, we found no significant impacts of extreme WD events on forests of Central Africa, suggesting potential adaptability of these forests to short-term severe droughts. Only forests near the savanna boundary in West Africa and in fragmented landscapes of the northern Congo Basin responded to extreme droughts with widespread canopy disturbance that lasted only during the period of WD. Time-series analyses of CRU and TRMM data show most regions in Central and West Africa experience seasonal or decadal extreme WDs (less than −600 mm). We hypothesize that the long-term historical extreme WDs with gradual drying trends in the 1970s have increased the adaptability of humid tropical forests in Africa to droughts.
Quasi-optical power combining using mutually synchronized oscillator arrays

A quasi-optical method for solid-state power combining with applications to high-power millimeter-wave generation is discussed. The approach uses two-dimensional planar arrays of weakly coupled oscillators. Limiting the strength of the coupling avoids multifrequency moding problems and simplifies the design. A radiating element is embedded in each oscillator so that the power combining is accomplished in free space. The concept which has been demonstrated with two prototype arrays, one using Gunn diodes and the other using MESFETs is discussed. A theoretical description of the coupled-oscillator arrays is presented for design purposes, and is used to investigate phasing problems and stability. Experiments are discussed which indicate that in-phase operation is facilitated by using a quasi-optical reflector element. which influences the operating frequency and coupling between the elements. Equivalent isotropic radiated powers of 22 W at 1% efficiency for a 16-element Gunn array and 10 W at 26% efficiency for a 16-element MESFET array which have been obtained at X-band are discussed. >
ISDN: from custom to commodity service

With a toehold in specialized applications, ISDN is poised for takeoff as the all-digital telephony service affordable by everyone. ISDN has been on the worldwide telecommunications agenda for the last decade and is one of the most important junctions of the Information Superhighway. Despite early satire of the network as the Interface Subscribers Don't Need, operators have diligently brought it to market as an outstanding telephony service capable of revolutionizing users' lives. The ISDN options added by vendors to their product lines are costly because of low installed volume. And high tariffs deter many users who could get ISDN services in their area, however much they appreciate all its technical goodies. Still, from a technological point of view, ISDN is well prepared for mass-market deployment in commodity applications. It needs only a further push by operators (lower tariffs, better geographical coverage) to become in reality the Interface all Subscribers Definitely Need. >
On numerical properties of the ensemble Kalman filter for data assimilation

Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been widely used as a sequential data assimilation method, primarily due to its ease of implementation resulting from replacing the covariance evolution in the traditional Kal- man filter (KF) by an approximate Monte Carlo ensemble sampling. In this paper rigorous analysis on the numerical errors of the EnKF is conducted in a general setting. Error bounds are provided and conver- gence of the EnKF to the exact Kalman filter is established. The analysis reveals that the ensemble errors induced by the Monte Carlo sampling can be dominant, compared to other errors such as the numerical integration error of the underlying model equations. Methods to reduce sampling errors are discussed. In particular, we present a deterministic sampling strategy based on cubature rules (qEnKF) which offers much improved accuracy. The analysis also suggests a less obvious fact — more frequent data assimila- tion may lead to larger numerical errors of the EnKF. Numerical examples are provided to verify the the- oretical findings and to demonstrate the improved performance of the qEnKF.
Evaluation of the efficacy of a live fowlpox-vectored infectious laryngotracheitis/avian encephalomyelitis vaccine against ILT viral challenge

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is caused by an alphaherpesvirus, and latency can be produced by previous exposure to vaccine virus. The main sites of latency for the ILT virus have been shown to be the trigeminal ganglion and the trachea. Reactivation of latent virus is one factor related to the production of clinical signs. The development of a genetically engineered ILT vaccine has been suggested for many years as a tool to eliminate viral latency. Several approaches have been suggested. Included among them is the development of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant or the insertion of ILT viral glycoproteins into a viral vector such as a poxvirus. A commercially available, live, fowlpox-vectored infectious laryngotracheitis + avian encephalomyelitis (FP-LT+AE) vaccine was used in field trials in leghorn pullet flocks and evaluated by tracheal challenge in a laboratory setting with the use of the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (Ames, IA) ILT challenge virus. Interference of the pigeon pox vaccine, which is often administered concurrently with fowlpox vaccine, was also evaluated when given in conjunction with the FP-LT+AE vaccine. Overall, the results indicate that the FP-LT+AE vaccine provides adequate protection against ILT viral challenge. Proper administration is essential. In one flock, inadequate protection was most likely a result of either poor vaccine administration or previous exposure to pox virus. In addition, the simultaneous administration of pigeon pox vaccine did not appear to interfere with protection against ILT viral challenge.
CSF in Fever-Associated Status Epilepticus

Investigators at Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Columbia University, NY; and other centers on behalf of the FEBSTAT Study Team assessed CSF findings in 154 (77%) of 200 patients with fever-associated status epilepticus (FSE).
ATTITUDES TOWARD MENTAL ILLNESS IN A MARYLAND COMMUNITY.

A SERIES of investigations of public attitudes toward mental illness and the mentally ill conducted during the 1950's reached disheartening conclusions. In the words of the Cummings (1), the public reacts toward mental illness in a pattern of "denial, isolation, and rejection." In 1960, during the development of a plan for home and emergency care of the mentally ill, a survey was conducted in Baltimore by Lemkau and Crocetti (2-4) in order to evaluate the milieu in which the program, the patient, and his family would function. Responses of the majority of persons interviewed in the Baltimore study appeared to reflect a humane and patient-oriented attitude toward the mentally ill. To test the representativeness of these results, the study has been repeated in different populations. One such effort, a survey employing portions of the Baltimore questionnaire, but using less rigorous sampling techniques was conducted in three small communities in Carroll County, Md. (5). The results of this study tended to confirm those from Baltimore. The current study was undertaken to sample the opinion of an urban, though nonmetropolitan, population in contrast to the distinctly metropolitan population studied by Lemkau and Crocetti. For the purpose, the Maryland eastern shore community of Easton (1960 population 6,337) was selected.
Indications and techniques for the use of heparin in the treatment of thromboembolism.

Heparin acts by binding to antithrombin, thereby potentiating its ability to destroy activated clotting factors. There are two distinct, mutually exclusive modes of heparin therapy. These are (a) full-dose intravenous heparin for treatment of established venous thromboembolic disease, and (b) low-dose subcutaneous heparin for prevention of venous thrombosis in patients at risk. Substantial evidence from prospective clinical trials indicates that heparin is the single most effective agent in both the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Although the administration of heparin necessarily increases the risk of bleeding, attention to details of treatment can minimize that risk. In the appropriate clinical setting, heparin is truly a lifesaving drug.
Medical and ethical consequences of the human genome project.

The history of biology was forever altered a decade ago by the bold decision to launch a research program that would characterize in ultimate detail the complete set of genetic instructions of the human being. The idea captured the public imagination, perhaps less in the manner of America's wars on cancer and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than in the manner of the great expeditions — those of Lewis and Clark, Sir Edmund Hillary, and even Neil Armstrong. Scientists wanted to map the human genetic terrain, knowing it would lead them to previously unimaginable insights, and from there to the common . . .
A new species of Hirstionyssus from Liomys irroratus in Tesas (Acari: Misostigmata).

Described as new is Hirstionyssus liomys from Liomys irroratus, collected in Cameron Co., Texas. Descriptions and illustrations are given for the female, male and deutonymph. Hirstionyssus perognathi Herrin, 1970 is also recorded from the same host and locality (new distributional records).
Electroencephalograms in behavior changes in cats.

SummaryElectroencephalographic studies of cats curarized with erythroidin show no discernible differences between cortical potential patterns in normals, operated controls and cats showing “savage” behavior after production of relatively specific hypothalamic lesions.
Pressure dependence of stabilized Criegee intermediate formation from a sequence of alkenes.

Ozonolysis is a key reaction in atmospheric chemistry, although important details of the behavior of the ozonolysis intermediates are not known. The key intermediate in ozonolysis, the Criegee inte...
Novel pre-strain method for dielectric electroactive polymers

Dielectric electroactive polymers have demonstrated their significant potential in a variety of applications due to their material strength and elastomeric material properties. Mechanical pre-strain has been shown to enhance material actuation potential significantly. However, with this enhancement comes sacrifices. Mechanical pre-strain imposes a stiff mechanical boundary on the dielectric material in order to maintain the strain. In this research, investigations were made into the mechanisms of mechanical pre-strain and into alternate pre-strain methods. These studies discovered alternate methods capable of producing enhanced pre-strains and final actuation without the addition of the solid strain boundary.