cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flexible design methodology for analog test wrappers in mixed-signal SOCs

The manufacturing test cost for mixed-signal SOCs is widely recognized to be much higher than that for digital SOCs. It has been shown in recent prior work that the use of analog test wrappers (ATWs) for embedded analog cores in mixed-signal SOCs reduces test cost. ATWs enable analog test using digital test access mechanisms, thereby reducing the need for expensive mixed-signal testers. However, analog cores, which tend to be application-specific, evolve more than digital cores with changes in technology. The ATW specifications are therefore subject to change due to the speed/frequency requirements of the newer and faster analog cores that are embedded in the SOC. These changes in specifications require the redesign of the data converters in an ATW. We propose an automated parameter translation and ATW redesign methodology. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology using a set of analog tests specified for a representative analog core. We further study the tradeoffs between test time and silicon area. Experimental results are presented for three ITC'02 benchmark SOCs that have been augmented with five representative analog cores.
Continuously deforming finite elements

A general class of time-dependent co-ordinate transformations is introduced in a variational formulation for evolution problems. The variational problem is posed with respect to both solution and transformation field variables. An approximate analysis using finite elements is developed from the continuous variational form. Modified forms of the variational functional are considered to ensure the deforming mesh is not top irregular. ODE system integrators are utilized to integrate the resulting semidiscrete systems. In Part I we consider the formulation for problems in one spatial dimension and time, including, in particular, convection-dominated flows described by the convection-diffusion, Burgers' and Buckley–Leverett equations. In Part II the extension of the method to two dimensions and supporting numerical experiments are presented.
Time to degree: Factors related to years in earning a doctorate

The National Research Council (1993) reports that time to degree has increased over the last 30 years. Total time to degree increased 20% from 8.8 to 10.6 median years while the registered time to degree changed from 5.3 to 7.1 years, an increase of 34%. Using the data of a single institution from the Survey of Earned Doctorates of the National Research Council, the present study attempts to analyze this recent change and identify factors associated with it. The increase in time to degree was substantiated by the current study both in direction and length. The time was found to be related to the characteristics of the students. Factors such as gender, marital status, number of dependents, ethnicity, age beginning graduate school, field, and citizenship status were found to be related, but not always in the direction expected, most especially when funding status was considered in light of these characteristics. Being single, male, white, and beginning graduate school at an early age seemed to shorten the p...
Rapid evolutionary dynamics of zucchini yellow mosaic virus.

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is an economically important virus of cucurbit crops. However, little is known about the rate at which this virus has evolved within members of the family Cucurbitaceae, or the timescale of its epidemiological history. Herein, we present the first analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of ZYMV. Using a Bayesian coalescent approach we show that the coat protein of ZYMV has evolved at a mean rate of 5.0×10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year. Notably, this rate is equivalent to those observed in animal RNA viruses. Using the same approach we show that the lineages of ZYMV sampled here have an ancestry that dates back no more than 800 years, suggesting that human activities have played a central role in the dispersal of ZYMV. Finally, an analysis of phylogeographical structure provides strong evidence for the in situ evolution of ZYMV within individual countries.
An Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter for Data Assimilation

Abstract A theory for estimating the probability distribution of the state of a model given a set of observations exists. This nonlinear filtering theory unifies the data assimilation and ensemble generation problem that have been key foci of prediction and predictability research for numerical weather and ocean prediction applications. A new algorithm, referred to as an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter, and the more traditional implementation of the ensemble Kalman filter in which “perturbed observations” are used, are derived as Monte Carlo approximations to the nonlinear filter. Both ensemble Kalman filter methods produce assimilations with small ensemble mean errors while providing reasonable measures of uncertainty in the assimilated variables. The ensemble methods can assimilate observations with a nonlinear relation to model state variables and can also use observations to estimate the value of imprecisely known model parameters. These ensemble filter methods are shown to have significant advantag...
Crossed versus conventional pseudophakic monovision: Patient satisfaction, visual function, and spectacle independence

Purpose To compare patient satisfaction, visual function, and spectacle independence in patients with crossed or conventional pseudophakic monovision. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, Taylor, Michigan, USA. Design Retrospective comparative cohort study. Methods Cataract surgery patient records from June 1999 to December 2013 were reviewed. Crossed monovision patients were identified. Control conventional monovision cases were matched for age, sex, general health, personal lifestyle/main hobbies, preoperative refractive status, postoperative refractive status, uncorrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected near visual acuity, astigmatism level, and anisometropia level. A survey was mailed to participants, and results were independently analyzed. Results The review comprised 7311 patient records. Forty-four crossed monovision patients were identified, and 30 of them were enrolled. Thirty matched pairs were surveyed. The mean anisometropia was 1.19 diopters (D) in the conventional and 1.12 D in the crossed monovision groups. No significant difference was identified for eye–hand coordination, eye–foot coordination, or sport-related depth perception, but satisfaction was slightly better in the crossed monovision group ( P = .028). No significant difference was identified for 6 of 8 spectacle independence measures, but nighttime driving was a little easier for the crossed monovision group ( P = .025). Seventy-seven percent of crossed and 50% of conventional monovision patients did not use glasses for intermediate distance activities ( P = .037). Conclusion Crossed pseudophakic monovision appears to work as well as conventional pseudophakic monovision in terms of patient satisfaction and spectacle independence in patients with a mild degree of anisometropic pseudophakia. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The role of host rock properties in determining potential CO2 migration pathways

Abstract This work examines CO2⿿brine⿿cement⿿rock interactions and the associated permeability changes to understand the role of host rocks in determining CO2 migration pathways into groundwater aquifers under conditions relevant to geological carbon sequestration. Composite sandstone⿿cement and limestone⿿cement cores were used for an eight-day flow-through experiment. X-ray Micro-CT imaging revealed that CO2⿿brine⿿cement interaction predominated at the sandstone⿿cement interface, leading to a permeability increase by a factor of three. In the limestone⿿cement core, however, the CO2-rich flow diverted itself primarily into the higher permeability limestone, creating wormholes and a dominant flow path inside the limestone, resulting in a permeability increase by a factor of twenty four. Mass balance measurement indicates that the limestone⿿cement core lost about three times more of its original mass compared to the sandstone⿿cement core. These observations suggest differing CO2 migration pathways into underground drinking water resources through preferential pathways in host rocks.
Full and Equal Rights of Conscience

The core problem in the constitutional jurisprudence of law and religion may be that in the United States there is not now, nor has there ever been, a clear way to identify or to cabin the essential autonomy of religious life. It is uncommonly easy in the realm of religion, in fact, to identify exceptions and limitations. Thus there is a tendency to argue from extreme examples of one slippery slope or another. 100 Perhaps for this very reason, it would be wise to heed the nuances of historical context, rather than to seek a simply originalist key to unlock some purported Framers' intent.
Effect of alcohol on auditory and visual time perception

Visual and auditory time perception were both significantly changed in men and women given intravenous injections of alcohol or saline, but significantly more after alcohol. The internal clock theo...
Judges or Hostages? The Bureaucratization of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights

Court staff occupy a critical position in the administration of justice around the world. They typically represent a diverse corps of subordinated professionals whom judges delegate responsibilities for multiple aspects of their adjudicative and administrative functions. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) are no strangers to this practice. The size and influence of their non-judicial personnel is striking, raising the question of whether judges have become hostages to the bureaucracy in their own courts. Drawing on the emerging field of the sociology of European institutions, this chapter argues that the two supranational European courts exhibit a number of typically bureaucratic traits, such as organization by functional specialty, hierarchical relationships, impersonality and consistency in decision-making. What can account for this level of bureaucratization? Along institutional design, I single out as explanatory factors the specific constraints imparted by international adjudication which generate various asymmetries between the judges and the staff. The chapter hypothesizes that the rise of a European court bureaucracy may paradoxically foster elements of non-bureaucratic culture. Judges and staffers are not separated by an invisible (and impassable) wall. Both the CJEU and ECtHR hire domestic judges to work as staffers. At the same time, a growing number of judges are recruited from among the rank of their court’s staff or other European bureaucracies. This growing professional endogamy could make judges captives to their staff, but I suggest instead that it facilitates exchanges across the judge-staff divide, leading to more opportunities for intra-court deliberations.
Domestic Victims Aren't the Only Victims: Deporting Aliens Who Commit Violent Crimes

Aliens may be deportable for a wide variety of wrongs, ranging from minor issues like failing to provide notice of a change of address to serious crimes like espionage and aggravated felonies. But unless they commit crimes involving moral turpitude or crimes of domestic violence, they are not removable for just any violent crime. Under section 237(a)(2)(E)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), “[a]ny alien who at any time after admission is convicted of a crime of domestic violence...is deportable.” The problem is determining whether the domestic requirement needs to be an explicit element in the underlying state statute to make the alien removable under the federal INA. Courts use three approaches to determine whether a state crime satisfies the federal deportation statute. The categorical and modified categorical approaches require state statutes to include the relevant federal elements as part of the state offense. But the circumstance-specific approach allows a court to consider other evidence in determining whether a state conviction satisfies the federal INA’s requirements. Federal circuit courts are split about whether courts may use the circumstance-specific approach in interpreting the INA's domestic requirement. This Article will analyze the three approaches and determine that the circumstance-specific approach should be used. And it will propose that the INA should be modified, so aliens would be deportable for all crimes of violence, not only for crimes of domestic violence.
Measuring Value: Patient Preferences for Riluzole in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (P03.173)

Objective: We characterized patient preferences for riluzole, an expensive medication for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) which extends survival 3 months. Background Although coverage for expensive life-prolonging therapies with modest efficacy is controversial, few have investigated whether patients find such treatments valuable, particularly compared to other supportive treatments. Design/Methods: Cross-sectional survey of ALS/Motor Neuron Disease (MND) patients, characterizing preferences for riluzole compared to 4 other supportive measures: durable medical equipment (DME), home services, home modifications and medications for symptom management. We measured preferences using a ranking task, followed by a point-allocation task. Using latent class analysis, we identified groups with distinctive patterns of preference. Using discrete choice analysis we calculated preferences for each therapy compared to riluzole. Finally, using multivariate logistic regression, we identified predictors of strong preference for riluzole. Results: We surveyed 98 ALS/MND patients and found preferences for riluzole were sharply divided. Nearly 2/3 of patients ranked riluzole either most important (30%) or least important (33%). Patients displayed two distinctive preference patterns: strong preference for riluzole (with weak preferences for all other categories, HR 0.101-0.215, p Conclusions: Patients expressed sharply polarized preferences about riluzole9s value compared to other supportive therapies, particularly DME. Insurance policies may improve care by understanding and incorporating patient preferences to promote high quality end-of-life care. Disclosure: Dr. Tsou has nothing to disclose. Dr. Long has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCluskey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoskins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cary has nothing to disclose. Dr. Karlawish has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for American Geriatrics Society. Dr. Karlawish holds stock and/or stock options in Senior Bridge Inc. Dr. Karlawish has received research support from Pfizer Inc and NIA.
Contemporary management of giant renal and visceral arteriovenous fistulae.

PurposeTo evaluate our experience with treatment of giant arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) involving the renal and visceral vasculature and assess outcomes.MethodsClinical data from 12 consecutive pat...
Investigation of Ultra-Low Temperature for Fungal Cultures. II. Cryo-Protection Afforded by Glycerol and Dimethyl Sulfoxide to 8 Selected Fungal Cultures

During a study to freeze 104 strains of non-sporulating fungi (2), 8 cultures demonstrated an unexpected response. The fungi were frozen as mycelial-plugs from agar plate cultures in a 10% glycerol menstruum. Although 96 strains showed the expected high recovery, 8 strains deviated as follows: From each of the three ampules per strain recovered from the frozen state, five strains were not viable, and in the other three strains poor viability in varying degree was noticed. These cultures were refrozen in 10% glycerol immediately to assure that the apparent damage was not an artifact. Repeated occurrence of this evidence convinced us that an alternative protective agent should be investigated. Successful freezing of other microbes using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a protective agent (3) led us to try this compound with these 8 fungi. The beneficial effect of DMSO as a cryoprotective agent upon these 8 test cultures is the substance of this report.
Tel induces a G1 arrest and suppresses Ras-induced transformation

The Tel gene is a major target of translocations in leukemia and loss of heterozygosity is regularly observed for the non-translocated allele, thus supporting the notion that Tel is a tumor suppressor. Most tumor suppressors influence cellular proliferation, differentiation and cell death and thereby prevent oncogenic transformation and genetic instability. We found that overexpression of Tel retards proliferation of many cell types, primary cells and immortalized cells, by inducing a G1 arrest. Tel's block of cellular proliferation is rescued by high seeding densities. Furthermore, Tel suppressed Ras-mediated colony growth in soft agar and tumor formation in nude mice. The Pointed and DNA binding (DB) domains of Tel were required for all Tel-induced phenotypes.
Birth Cohorts Analysis of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking and Subsequent Marijuana and Cocaine Use.

Objectives. To examine whether the drug behavior of adults from different birth cohorts is shaped by adolescent drug experiences and whether adult prevalence of marijuana and cocaine use depends on adolescent cigarette or alcohol use prevalence.Methods. We analyzed 18 birth cohorts comprising 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, sampled from 1991 to 2008, from Monitoring the Future, an annual nationally representative cross-sectional survey of high school students in the United States (n = 864 443).Results. Within cohorts, lifetime rates of 8th and 10th grade cigarette use were significantly associated with subsequent lifetime rates of marijuana and cocaine use, controlling for trends in use and social norms toward drug use. Each percent increase (or decrease) in 8th and 10th grade smoking was associated with an 8% increase (or decrease) in prevalence of later marijuana use and 14% to 23% increase (or decrease) in prevalence of later cocaine use. Relationships were consistent by gender and race/ethnicity.Conclusi...
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Sanjin Tablets in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Sanjin tablets in the treatment of urinary tract infection. METHODS: Retrieved from electronic databases and references literatures by on-line or manual way, RCTs about Sanjin tablets in the treatment of urinary tract infection were collected. Related data were obtained and analyzed with evidence-based medical software statistically. RESULTS: 1 046 patients in 13 studies with were included. Two studies showed that Sanjin tablets had better effect than amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and norfloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections. One study showed there was no significant difference in efficacy of Sanjin tablets and Modified juling tang. Other trials showed that there was no difference in efficacy between Sanjin tablets and Chinese herbal medicine, antibiotics. Three trials showed Sanjin tablets combined with Chinese herbal medicine or antibiotics had the same effect with antibiotics alone in the treatment of urinary tract infection. No severe ADR induced by Sanjin tablets was found in included studies. Funnel plot which assumed asymmetry indicated the existence of publication bias and unsatisfactory methodological quality. CONCLUSION: Few trials show efficacy of Sanjin tablets are better than antibiotics. Most of studies show that there is no significant difference between Sanjin tablets and antibiotics. At present no evidence indicate that efficacy of Sanjin tablet is superior to other drugs. The methodological quality of clinical trials of Sanjin tablets for urinary tract infections should be improved.
Here Begins Chapter Nine on the Barter of Merchandise and Similar Things

I separated this chapter by dividing it into three parts so that any reader quickly finds that to which he wishes to attend and that which he values. The first part is on the barter of common things; the second is on the sale of money already bartered; the third is on the rules for feeding horses with barley in daily care.
Decomposition into Martingales: An Invariance Principle

Our goal in this chapter is to show that arbitrary harmonic functions in the upper half space can be approximated by dyadic martingales so that both the error terms in this approximation and the area function of the martingale are controlled by the area function of the harmonic function. This technique is very similar to the invariance principles discussed in Chapter 6, hence the title for this chapter. Much of what we do here was done in Banuelos, Klemes, and Moore [BKM1], and in Banuelos and Moore [BM2]. However, it is to be emphasized that the techniques of these two references are essentially a refinement of those found in Chang, Wilson, and Wolff [CWW]. In order to understand the motivation for the results and techniques here, as well as the historical precedents, we first discuss the Chang-Wilson-Wolff result.
Simulating generic spin-boson models with matrix product states

The global coupling of few-level quantum systems (``spins'') to a discrete set of bosonic modes is a key ingredient for many applications in quantum science, including large-scale entanglement generation, quantum simulation of the dynamics of long-range interacting spin models, and hybrid platforms for force and spin sensing. We present a general numerical framework for treating the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of such models based on matrix product states. Our approach applies for generic spin-boson systems: it treats any spatial and operator dependence of the two-body spin-boson coupling and places no restrictions on relative energy scales. We show that the full counting statistics of collective spin measurements and infidelity of quantum simulation due to spin-boson entanglement, both of which are difficult to obtain by other techniques, are readily calculable in our approach. We benchmark our method using a recently developed exact solution for a particular spin-boson coupling relevant to trapped ion quantum simulators. Finally, we show how decoherence can be incorporated within our framework using the method of quantum trajectories, and study the dynamics of an open-system spin-boson model with spatially nonuniform spin-boson coupling relevant for trapped atomic ion crystals in the presence of molecular ion impurities.
Restriction Polymorphisms in Tyrosine Kinase Genes in Cells Transformed by Reactive Oxidants: Evidence for Concerted Methylation Changes in a Family of Genes

The restriction map of the tyrosine kinase gene c-abl is altered at specific CCGG sites in DNA from oxidant-transformed 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts (1,2). Similar polymorphisms, which appear to be related to an unusual type of cytosine methylation, have now been detected in other non-receptor tyrosine kinase genes c-yes, c-src, and c-fyn. Such polymorphisms were not seen in other tyrosine kinase genes fc-fes, c-lyn. c-hck. erbB2), nor in other non-kinase oncogenes. These studies suggest that reactive oxidants may produce a concerted, covalent modification in susceptible regions of function- and sequence-related genes which are important in normal tissue development.
Good governance as a foundation for sustainable human development in sub-Saharan Africa

AbstractData indicate that good governance and human development continue to be major issues throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The findings show a significant relationship between the measures of good governance and human development. The findings suggest that policies and efforts aimed at improving government effectiveness and political stability would have the most significant impact on human development and poverty reduction efforts. The findings lend support to the adoption of integrated policy approaches that take into consideration political development along with economic development to reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa.
Inflammatory, Reactive, and Infectious Conditions of the Breast

Inflammatory, reactive, and infectious conditions are relatively uncommon benign lesions found in core biopsies of the breast. In some instances, core biopsy of an inflammatory lesion is necessary to exclude a malignant process, as these lesions can sometimes simulate malignancy both clinically and on imaging.
Sources of change in the demand for energy by Indonesian households: 1980–2002

Abstract This paper describes the energy transition in Indonesia and examines the determinants of energy demand, by fuel. The key innovation of this paper is the documentation of how these relationships have evolved over time. We present a new method to combine econometric analysis and index decomposition analysis to examine household energy transition. This approach also allows us to consider a broad range of demographic and structural factors, while providing a clear and concise representation of our findings. We find that the composite indices mask important underlying patterns. In particular, our results indicate that energy transition in Indonesia cannot be confidently attributed to any one index. Rather, it has been driven predominantly by the triple interaction of demographics, income growth, and change in demand/supply parameters. Our findings point to the importance of utilizing time-series data in studying both the characteristics and determinants of energy transition in developing countries.
A New Model of Acute Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusion Elicited by IgGMediated Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions

Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a single amino acid substitution in the β-globin chain of hemoglobin. Acute vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is an important complication of SCD and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for these patients. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy is widely used to manage SCD. However, IgG-mediated delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) represent a serious side effect of transfusion therapy, and HTR can frequently trigger VOC in SCD patients. To understand HTR pathophysiology in SCD, we established a model of alloimmune IgG-mediated HTRs using a well-characterized humanized murine model of SCD (Paszty et al., Science 1997). We previously showed that VOC in this murine model of SCD is caused by interactions in the microvasculature between sickle RBCs and adherent white blood cells (WBCs) (Turhan et al, P.N.A.S. 2002). In addition, because IgG-mediated HTRs in wild-type (WT) mice are associated with a cytokine storm (Hod et al., Blood 2008), we hypothesized that the circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by HTRs would lead to VOC in the murine model of SCD. To this end, fluorescently labeled RBCs from human glycophorin A transgenic (hGPA-Tg) or WT mice were transfused into SCD mice that had been passively immunized with an IgG monoclonal anti-hGPA antibody. Serial flow cytometry analyses revealed that the survival of incompatible hGPA-Tg RBCs in passively immunized SCD mice was 42 ± 10% 2 hours after transfusion, whereas the survival of compatible WT RBCs was 98 ± 2%. Using intravital microscopy, we examined leukocyte recruitment in post-capillary and collecting venules, and evaluated the interactions between RBCs and WBCs in passively immunized mice that were not previously treated with inflammatory cytokines. As compared to the transfusion of compatible WT RBCs, transfusion of incompatible hGPA-Tg RBCs significantly increased leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium by 1.6 fold (2,669 ± 186 vs 1,717 ± 107 adherent WBCs per mm2; p
Comparing Fatigue, Physical Activity, and Posture among Nurses in Two Staffing Models:

The high variability and complexity of patient care needs have led to the development of various nurse staffing models. While “pod nursing” has been observed to result in favorable outcomes such as...
The Predictive Value of the NEO-FFI Items: Parsing the Nature of Social Anhedonia Using the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale and the ACIPS

The goal was to examine the nature of social anhedonia using two validated measures and study their relationship to scores on the NEO-FFI. Nearly nineteen hundred college-aged participants completed the Chapman revised social anhedonia scale (RSAS), Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS), and the NEO-FFI. Although both the RSAS and ACIPS were associated with the NEO-FFI domains of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, linear regression analyses revealed that the RSAS and ACIPS were differentially predicted by NEO-FFI item clusters. The RSAS scores were predicted by Sociability, Nonantagonistic Orientation, Positive Affect, and Activity item clusters. The ACIPS scores were predicted by Sociability, Prosocial Orientation, Activity, aand Positive Affect item clusters in addition to gender. In summary, it appears that social anhedonia is multidimensional, associated with various personality domains encompassing social approach and withdrawal.
Ejecta Production from Second Shock: Numerical Simulations and Experiments

From detailed numerical simulations and comparison with recent experiments, we explore ejecta production at an interface that is impulsively accelerated by two successive shock waves. The perturbed material interface demarcates the boundary between a metal and vacuum resulting in the formation of ejecta driven by the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. The numerical simulations were performed with the astrophysical FLASH code, in which the shocked metallic response is conceptually modeled using continuum hydrodynamics. The experimental data were obtained from a two-shockwave, high-explosive tool at Los Alamos National Laboratory capable of generating ejecta from a shocked Sn surface in to a vacuum. In both the simulations and the experiment, linear growth is observed following the first shock event, while the second shock strikes a finite-amplitude interface leading to nonlinear growth. The timing of the second incident shock was varied systematically in our simulations to realize a finite-amplitude re-initialization of the RM instability driving the ejecta. We take advantage of the nonlinear growth following the second shock, to evaluate a recently proposed model for sourcing of mass in ejecta formation that accounts for shape effects through an effective wavelength. In particular, we find the agreement between simulations, experiments and the mass model is improved when such shape effects associated with the interface at the instance of second shock are incorporated. The approach outlined here of combining continuum simulations with validated nonlinear models can aid in the design of future experimental campaigns.
Enantioselective Conjunctive Cross-Coupling of Bis(alkenyl)borates: A General Synthesis of Chiral Allylboron Reagents

Palladium-catalyzed conjunctive cross-coupling is used for the synthesis of enantioenriched allylboron reagents. This reaction employs nonsymmetric bis(alkenyl)borates as substrates and appears to occur by a mechanism that involves selective activation of the less substituted alkene followed by migration of the more substituted alkene during the course of a Pd-induced metalate rearrangement.
Transcriptomics in toxicology.

Abstract Xenobiotics, of which many are toxic, may enter the human body through multiple routes. Excessive human exposure to xenobiotics may exceed the body's capacity to defend against the xenobiotic-induced toxicity and result in potentially fatal adverse health effects. Prevention of the adverse health effects, potentially associated with human exposure to the xenobiotics, may be achieved by detecting the toxic effects at an early, reversible and, therefore, preventable stage. Additionally, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity may be helpful in preventing and/or managing the ensuing adverse health effects. Human exposures to a large number of xenobiotics are associated with hepatotoxicity or pulmonary toxicity. Global gene expression changes taking place in biological systems, in response to exposure to xenobiotics, may represent the early and mechanistically relevant cellular events contributing to the onset and progression of xenobiotic-induced adverse health outcomes. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity resulting from exposure to xenobiotics are discussed as specific examples to demonstrate the potential application of transcriptomics or global gene expression analysis in the prevention of adverse health effects associated with exposure to xenobiotics.
[18F]FMAU for PET imaging in breast cancer patients.

11056 Background: To develop a practicable method of synthesizing 18F-labeled 2’-deoxy-2’-fluour-5-methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([18F]FMAU) for clinical investigation and study [18F]FMAU in ...
Social Entrenchment: Social Network Cohesion and Board Responsiveness to Shareholder Proposals

Shareholder activism has become an increasingly prominent means for investors to voice their concerns in corporate governance matters. Past work examines a number of firm and proponent characterist...
Sibling relationships of youth in foster care: A predictor of resilience

Abstract Few empirical investigations have been conducted examining sibling relationships among youth in foster care, and even fewer have explored relationship warmth as a protective factor. With a sample of 246 youth from a non-profit organization's summer camp program, Camp To Belong, this study examined the association between a warm sibling relationship and resilience for youth in foster care. A warm sibling relationship significantly predicted individual resilience for both middle childhood and adolescence developmental periods. Younger youth with poorer sibling relationship warmth had lower resilience. The implications of these findings are important given that resilience is a factor associated with improved outcomes in the face of adversity. The promotion of sibling relationships, a readily available resource, can be drawn upon by those in clinical practice to improve outcomes for youth in foster care.
Disturbance type influences plant community resilience and resistance to Bromus tectorum invasion in the sagebrush steppe

QUESTION: How does type of disturbance alter plant community composition when an invasive species with high intrinsic population growth rate is present? The sagebrush steppe is a cold semi‐arid steppe dominated by the native shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt., native bunchgrasses, and has been invaded by the non‐native winter annual Bromus tectorum L. LOCATION: Sagebrush steppe, Montana, USA. METHODS: We assessed the effect of fire and soil disturbance, due to bulldozing to create a firebreak, on the resilience of plant communities and their resistance to invasion by B. tectorum. Plant species richness and species composition were monitored for 3 years at two sites post‐fire and firebreak construction. RESULTS: Burned plant communities were resilient and had similar native grass cover and native species richness compared with the unburned sites after 3 years. Soil disturbance from firebreak construction resulted in species composition that was distinct and had lower native grass cover. Type of disturbance also affected the community's resistance to B. tectorum. Bromus tectorum cover was similar in burned and unburned areas, but increased up to three times and remained high where soil disturbance occurred, suggesting a shift to an alternative state. CONCLUSION: In this northern portion of the sagebrush steppe, communities with native plant cover were resilient to fire but not soil disturbance, which facilitated B. tectorum increase and a transition to an alternative state. In areas of high native plant cover, management tactics should avoid soil disturbance.
The Family Context of Failure to Thrive

In recent years, a family systems perspective has extended understanding of normal developmental processes (Belsky, 1984; Parke, 1979) and deviations ranging from child maltreatment to psychosomatic disorders (Garbarino, 1977; Minuchin, Rosman & Baker, 1978). Our clinical experiences with the families of FTT infants (Drotar & Malone, 1982) have underscored the unique advantages of a family-centered conceptual framework as a guide for intervention in FTT. In addition to its pragmatic value in facilitating treatment planning, a family systems perspective provides a valuable conceptual model to better understand the origins and course of FTT and concomitant risk. This chapter considers clinical assessment of family influences in FTT and the implications for intervention strategies and future research.
Developing and Using Risk Matrices

Risk Matrices have long been adopted in parts of the systems safety community as a simple means of categorisation of risk, yet they are often developed and used incorrectly leading to confusion and poor safety management.
Abstract 4626: A TRIM24-like mutational signature predicts worse relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with metaplastic breast cancer (MpBC)

Background: TRIM24 is a multifunctional, epigenetic PHD/Bromodomain protein that negatively regulates p53, via an E3-ubiquitin ligase RING domain, and co-regulates transcription. Over-expression of TRIM24 in murine mammary epithelium results in the development of carcinosarcomas that bear close histologic resemblance to human MpBCs and are characterized by a distinct genomic signature. Here, we investigate the association between the presence of a TRIM24-like mutational signature and clinical outcomes in a cohort of human MpBCs. Methods: 20 archived samples of human MpBC with annotated clinical data underwent whole exome sequencing. In parallel, we sequenced 7 spontaneously arising carcinosarcomas from a TRIM24 overexpressing mouse model. To compare the mutations with those seen in the human MpBCs, we grouped them into pathways and created a signature of pathway activation seen in TRIM24-driven tumors. Median RFS and OS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between pts with and without a TRIM24-like mutational signature. Results: Baseline clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Of the 20 MpBC pts, 5 had a TRIM24-like mutational signature and the remaining 15 pts did not. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. Median RFS for pts with a TRIM24-like mutational signature was 9 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-undefined months). Median RFS for pts without a TRIM24-like mutational signature has not been reached (log-rank, p=0.0149). Median OS for pts with and without a TRIM24-like mutational signature was 17 months (95% CI: 10-undefined months) and 147 months (95% CI: 22-undefined months), respectively (log-rank, p=0.0402). Conclusion: In this cohort, pts with MpBCs that exhibit a TRIM24-like mutational signature had worse RFS and OS. This finding should be confirmed in larger, prospective studies. Citation Format: Clinton Yam, Aundrietta Duncan, Jeffrey T. Chang, Michael Z. Gilcrease, Vrutant V. Shah, Michelle Barton, Stacy L. Moulder. A TRIM24-like mutational signature predicts worse relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with metaplastic breast cancer (MpBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4626.
Novel landscape elements within natural gas fields increase densities but not fitness of an important songbird nest predator

Abstract Identifying the elements within human-altered landscapes most associated with population and community changes is critical for conservation and management of sensitive species. We investigated which features of habitat change from natural gas development best explained the density of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), an important nest predator of declining sagebrush-obligate songbirds. During 2014–2016, we quantified the spatial extent of habitat change (well pads, roads, and reclaimed areas [i.e., reseeded soils]) surrounding 12 sites spanning two natural gas fields in Wyoming, USA. We further tested whether the altered plant communities within reclaimed areas provided benefits to deer mice, by assessing multiple fitness indices. Deer mouse density increased with surrounding reclaimed area. Powder tracking and dietary analyses confirmed that mice moved through and consumed plant species found exclusively within reclaimed areas. Concomitant fitness metrics of mice, however, were neutrally or negatively related to the amount of surrounding reclaimed area. Mice therefore did not derive any apparent fitness benefits associated with living near reclaimed areas, despite the presence of novel food resources, indicating that increased abundance may be a product of mice dispersing toward reseeded soils. Our study contributes mechanistic insights into the complexities of how human-induced changes to landscapes can influence community dynamics. Minimizing total habitat disturbed during construction, expediting reclamation practices, and using only native and regionally-local seed mixes would likely help minimize increases in synanthropic rodent predators within energy fields. More efficient restoration of disturbed habitat, moreover, may help ameliorate altered predator-prey relationships that affect the success of sensitive species.
Inclusive Learning for Liberal Arts Education: The Case of Landmark College, USA

This chapter will explore the strategies applied by Landmark College in the United States to create inclusive learning models for students with diverse learning profiles. Arguing that students with learning disabilities make up part of the discussion of diversity, it will review the types of learning disabilities served by Landmark College with a focus on how differences in learning can be supported pedagogically. It concludes by asking about the practices that assist in broadening the experience of all students within institutions of higher education.
The current trends of Mg alloys in biomedical applications-A review

Magnesium (Mg) has emerged as an ideal alternative to the permanent implant materials owing to its enhanced properties such as biodegradation, better mechanical strengths than polymeric biodegradable materials and biocompatibility. It has been under investigation as an implant material both in cardiovascular and orthopedic applications. The use of Mg as an implant material reduces the risk of long-term incompatible interaction of implant with tissues and eliminates the second surgical procedure to remove the implant, thus minimizes the complications. The hurdle in the extensive use of Mg implants is its fast degradation rate, which consequently reduces the mechanical strength to support the implant site. Alloy development, surface treatment, and design modification of implants are the routes that can lead to the improved corrosion resistance of Mg implants and extensive research is going on in all three directions. In this review, the recent trends in the alloying and surface treatment of Mg have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the recent progress in the use of computational models to analyze Mg bioimplants has been given special consideration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1970-1996, 2019.
Use of Vestibular Rehabilitation in the Pediatric Population

Purpose The purpose of this article was to provide a perspective on vestibular rehabilitation for children. Conclusion The developing child with vestibular dysfunction may present with a progressiv...
Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular levels and provided cells for use in regenerative applications. Standard approaches for hESC culture using colony type culture to maintain undifferentiated hESCs and embryoid body (EB) and rosette formation for differentiation into different germ layers are inefficient and time-consuming. Presented here is a single-cell culture method using hESCs instead of a colony-type culture. This method allows maintenance of the characteristic features of undifferentiated hESCs, including expression of hESC markers at levels comparable to colony type hESCs. In addition, the protocol presents an efficient method for neural progenitor cell (NPC) generation from single-cell type hESCs that produces NPCs within 1 week. These cells highly express several NPC marker genes and can differentiate into various neural cell types, including dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. This single-cell culture system for hESCs will be useful in investigating the molecular mechanisms of these processes, studies of certain diseases, and drug discovery screens.
Chapter 7 – A Primer on Merger and Acquisition Cash-Flow Valuation

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the basics of valuing mergers and acquisitions (M&A) using discounted-cash-flow methods. Discounted-cash-flow methods such as the zero-, constant-, and variable-growth methods are widely used to estimate the value of the firm. The present value of enterprise cash flows often is referred to as the enterprise value of the firm. Valuation estimates based on equity cash flows are called the equity value. A common technique for estimating equity value is to deduct the market value of the target firm's debt and other nonequity claims from its enterprise value. This chapter begins with a brief review of rudimentary finance concepts, including measuring risk and return, the capital asset pricing model, and the effects of operating and financial leverage on risk and return. The cash-flow definitions, free cash flow to equity (equity value) or to the firm (enterprise value), discussed in this chapter are used in valuation problems in subsequent chapters. The enterprise or FCFF method and the equity or FCFE method are illustrated in the chapter using three cash-flow growth scenarios: zero-growth, constant-growth, and variable-growth rates. The chapter also outlines the valuation approach, which focuses on cash flow generated from net operating assets. The chapter concludes with an illustration of the commonly used enterprise method to value a firm's operating and nonoperating assets and liabilities to determine equity value.
Multi-beam OCT imaging based on an integrated, free-space interferometer

While it is a common practice to increase the speed of swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems by using a high-speed source, this approach may not always be optimal. Parallelization in the form of multiple imaging beams is an alternative approach, but scalable and low-loss multi-beam OCT architectures are needed to capitalize on its advantages. In this study, we demonstrate an eight-beam OCT system using an interferometer architecture comprising planar lightwave circuits (PLC) splitters, V-groove assemblies (VGA), and optical ribbon fibers. We achieved an excess loss and heterodyne efficiency on each channel that was close to that of single-beam systems. In vivo structural imaging of a human finger and OCT angiography imaging of a mouse ear was performed to demonstrate the imaging performance of the system. This work provides further evidence supporting multi-beam architectures as a viable strategy for increasing OCT imaging speed.
Bowie Medal Citation: Wunsch Receives 2006 William Bowie Medal

Carl Wunsch was awarded the 2006 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006, in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research. Carl Wunsch is a visionary in the study of the ocean and its roles in climate change. Through the impact of research, vision, leadership, and unselfish cooperation, he has shaped the landscape of modern oceanography.