cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where Has All the Psychology Gone? (Twenty Years Later)

Aguinis et al. (2017) contribute interesting analyses of cited sources in contemporary undergraduate industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology textbooks and continue their ongoing investigation into the long-term viability of I-O psychology as a unique discipline (see Aguinis, Bradley, & Brodersen, 2014). These analyses, conducted by authors who are members of business schools, attempt to answer questions related to the nature of work conducted by I-O psychologists, comparing the quality and importance of work conducted by faculty in business schools with that conducted by faculty in psychology departments. One of their general themes is that members of business schools are conducting important research that is influencing the future of I-O psychology by overtaking undergraduate textbooks. As such, the article has the feel of a conquering hero taunting its vanquished foe.
2-Dodecylcyclobutanone Does Not Induce Mutations in the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test or Intrachromosomal Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae†

Treatment of foods, such as red meat and poultry, that contain palmitic acid with ionizing radiation leads to the formation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB), a compound found only in irradiated foods. In this study, the Salmonella mutagenicity test and the yeast DEL assay were used to evaluate the genotoxic potential of 2-DCB. Salmonella Typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 were exposed to 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg per well of 2-DCB, with and without exogenous metabolic activation (5% S9 fraction), using the microtiter plate-based Miniscreen version of the test. 2-DCB did not induce mutations in the Salmonella mutagenicity test. When Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain RS112, which contains a nonfunctional duplication of the his3 gene that can be induced to form a functional HIS3+ gene by intrachromosomal recombination, was exposed to 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/ml of 2-DCB, no increase in the rate of intrachromosomal (DEL) recombination was observed. The absence of genotoxicity observed in this study using purified 2-DCB agrees with the lack of genotoxic and teratogenic activity observed in previously conducted multigeneration feeding studies of laboratory animals (rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits) that used radiation-sterilized poultry that contained 2-DCB as a unique radiolytic product.
Abstract 14663: Mechanisms of Ventricular Tachycardia Recurrence and Outcomes of Repeat Catheter Ablation After Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients

Background: Cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) is a useful adjunct for treatment of ventricular tachycardia (VT). The mechanisms of VT recurrence after CSD and outcomes of repeat catheter ablati...
A Rare Case of Neuroborreliosis Presenting with Intracranial Hypertension (P5.120)

Objective: To report a rare case of CNS Lyme Disease presenting with Intracranial Hypertension. Background: Neuroborreliosis (NB) is the involvement of the nervous system secondary to tick-borne systemic Lyme disease caused by the pathogenic species of the spirochete, Borrelia. Common clinical features of NB include radiculopathy, cranial nerve (mostly CN VII) palsies, peripheral neuropathy or lymphocytic meningitis. Intracranial Hypertension associated with NB is a rare entity with only a few case reports found in the literature. Design/Methods: A 59-year-old man with no recent history of fever or rash presented with complaints of a persistent headache, double vision and recurrent episodes of confusion with associated expressive aphasia for 3 weeks. He had earlier been evaluated with an MRI of the brain and CT Angiogram of head and neck that were both normal. Long-term EEG monitoring revealed no abnormalities. His physical examination was significant for bilateral papilledema and mild bilateral abducens nerve palsy. He also complained of radicular pain in right leg and motor examination revealed mild weakness in right foot dorsiflexion and inversion along with diminished ankle reflexes. Results: Contrast-enhanced MRI of the brain and Lumbar spine were normal. MRV of the brain showed no evidence of cerebral venous thrombosis. Lumbar puncture revealed an elevated opening pressure and CSF analysis was notable for lymphocytic pleocytosis (RBC 2, WBC 177, Protein 118, Glucose 110). The screening Lyme ELISA test and the confirmatory Western Blot test were positive. The patient was started on doxycycline for treatment of CNS Lyme disease and prescribed acetazolamide for intracranial hypertension. His symptoms and papilledema resolved within 2 weeks, however, his right foot drop persisted. Conclusions: NB is an infectious neurologic disease with varied manifestations and should be considered in the differential diagnosis while evaluating patients with new-onset double vision or intracranial hypertension, particularly in endemic regions. Disclosure: Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rath has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meira Benchaya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nouh has nothing to disclose.
Chapter 9 - Fiber Optic Raman Amplifiers

Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is the fundamental nonlinear process that turns optical fibers into broadband Raman amplifiers. Although Raman amplification in optical fibers was observed as early as 1972, until recently SRS was mainly viewed as a harmful nonlinear effect because it could also severely limit the performance of multi-channel light-wave systems by transferring energy from one channel to its neighboring channels. This chapter focuses on the SRS phenomenon from the standpoint of Raman amplifiers. The chapter also discusses the basic physical mechanism behind SRS, with an emphasis on the Raman gain spectrum. It also presents the coupled pump and Stokes equations that one needs to solve for predicting the performance of Raman amplifiers. The simplest case in which both the pump and Stokes are in the form of continuous-wave (CW) beams is considered. It introduces forward, backward, and bi-directional pumping configurations and focuses on modern broadband Raman amplifiers pumped by multiple lasers, whose powers and wavelengths are optimized to produce uniform gain over a wide spectral range in the 1.55-txm region. The chapter also deals with several practical issues that are relevant for Raman amplifiers.
Biomedical Image Analytics: Automated Lung Cancer Diagnosis

Abstract Biomedical informatics as an emerging field has been fascinating talents from artificial intelligence and machine learning for its unique opportunities and challenges. Fast-growing biomedical and healthcare data have encompassed multiple scales ranging from molecules, cells, and individuals to populations, and have connected various entities in healthcare systems such as providers, pharma, and payers with increasing bandwidth, depth, and resolution. These data are becoming an enabling resource to harness for scientific knowledge discovery and clinical decision making. Meanwhile, the sheer volume and complexity of the data present major barriers toward their translation into effective clinical actions. In particular, biomedical data often feature large volumes, high dimensions, imbalance between classes, heterogeneous sources, noises, incompleteness, and rich contexts, which challenges the direct and immediate success of existing machine learning and optimization methods. For instance, deep learning methods have made notable advances for biomedical informatics needs, especially in processing brain-imaging data and making neuroscience discovery, although their utilities to more types of data in more biomedical informatics use-cases still awaits further assessment and development. Therefore, there is a compelling demand for novel algorithms, including machine learning, data mining and optimization, that specifically tackle the unique challenges associated with biomedical and healthcare data and allow decision-makers and stakeholders to better interpret and exploit the data [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] . One of the challenges of using machine learning techniques with medical data is the frequent dearth of source image data for training. In this chapter, we introduce automated lung cancer diagnosis as a representative example, where nodule images need to be classified as suspicious or benign. In this work we propose an automatic synthetic lung nodule image generator. Our 3D shape generator is designed to augment the variety of 3D images. Our proposed system takes root in autoencoder techniques, and we provide extensive experimental characterization that demonstrates its ability to produce quality synthetic images.
Effects of state motivation in overload and underload vigilance task scenarios.

Abstract Vigilance, or sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for prolonged periods of time. Interestingly, to date, few studies on vigilance have focused on the role of state motivation in sustaining attention. To address this disparity in the literature, the present study examined the effect of two types of state motivation on vigilance performance across task types (cognitive or sensory) and across the number of displays (one, two, or four). A sample of 105 participants completed a 24-min overload or underload vigilance task in a research laboratory. Participants were randomly assigned to either a cognitive or sensory vigilance task, and were randomly assigned to monitor one, two, or four displays for target stimuli. The results indicated that intrinsic state motivation predicted correct detection performance and state success motivation predicted sensitivity, but not false alarm performance, response bias, or global workload. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical applications of this research.
Gene-diet interactions: dietary rescue of metabolic defects in spen-depleted Drosophila

ABSTRACT Obesity and its co-morbidities are a growing health epidemic. Interactions between genetic background and the environment and behavior (i.e. diet) greatly influence organismal energy balance. Previously, we described obesogenic mutations in the gene Split ends (Spen) in Drosophila melanogaster, and roles for Spen in fat storage and metabolic state. In Spen-deficient storage cells lipid catabolism is impaired, accompanied by a compensatory increase in glycolytic flux and protein catabolism. Here we investigate gene-diet interactions to determine if diets supplemented with specific macronutrients can rescue metabolic dysfunction in Spen-depleted animals. We show that a high-yeast diet partially rescues adiposity and developmental defects. High sugar partially improves developmental timing as well as adult longevity. Gene-diet interactions were heavily influenced by developmental-stage-specific organismal needs: extra yeast provides benefits early in development (larval stages) but becomes detrimental in adulthood. High sugar confers benefits at both larval and adult stages, with the caveat of increased adiposity. A high-fat diet is detrimental according to all tested criteria, regardless of genotype. Whereas Spen depletion influenced phenotypic responses to supplemented diets, diet was the dominant factor in directing the whole-organism steady-state metabolome. Obesity is a complex disease of genetic, environmental, and behavioral inputs. Our results show that diet customization can ameloriate metabolic dysfunction underpinned by a genetic factor.
Administrative Churn in SNAP and Health Care Utilization Patterns.

BACKGROUND Administrative churn occurs when a household exits the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and then returns to the program within 4 months. Although a number of studies have examined health care utilization patterns related to Medicaid administrative churn less is known about health care utilization patterns among Medicaid-insured SNAP enrollees. OBJECTIVES To investigate the characteristics and health care utilization patterns of Medicaid insured SNAP participants who experience SNAP administrative churn. RESEARCH DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using 2010-2013 SNAP benefit data from the state of Missouri linked to Medicaid claims data for the same time period. Individual fixed effect regression analysis was used to investigate differences in health care claims for churners and nonchurners across various health care settings. SUBJECTS Missouri residents ages 18-64 who were Medicaid-insured SNAP enrollees. MEASURES Inpatient, outpatient, emergency department (ED), and pharmacy claims, and churn status. RESULTS Half of our sample (49.63%) experienced administrative churn. In the descriptive analyses, churners had fewer claims for prescription drugs than nonchurners (25.42% vs. 30.47%), but more claims for ED visits (3.79% vs. 2.74%). Adjusting for individual fixed characteristics, inpatient claims occurred with more frequency during periods of churn than while on SNAP, whereas ED, outpatient, and pharmacy claims occurred with less frequency during periods of churn than while on SNAP. CONCLUSIONS SNAP administrative churn was very common among our study sample. Given that health care utilization patterns varied for churners compared with nonchurners, it is important that researchers and public health professionals not assume stable SNAP receipt among participants.
Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation decreases brain activity during trauma scripts.

Abstract Background Traumatic stress can have lasting effects on neurobiology and result in psychiatric conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesize that non-invasive cervical vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS) may alleviate trauma symptoms by reducing stress sympathetic reactivity. This study examined how nVNS alters neural responses to personalized traumatic scripts. Methods Nineteen participants who had experienced trauma but did not have the diagnosis of PTSD completed this double-blind sham-controlled study. In three sequential time blocks, personalized traumatic scripts were presented to participants immediately followed by either sham stimulation (n = 8; 0–14 V, 0.2 Hz, pulse width = 5s) or active nVNS (n = 11; 0–30 V, 25 Hz, pulse width = 40 ms). Brain activity during traumatic scripts was assessed using High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography (HR-PET) with radiolabeled water to measure brain blood flow. Results Traumatic scripts resulted in significant activations within the bilateral medial and orbital prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, insula, hippocampus, right amygdala, and right putamen. Greater activation was observed during sham stimulation compared to nVNS within the bilateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, premotor cortex, temporal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and left anterior cingulate. During the first exposure to the trauma scripts, greater activations were found in the motor cortices and ventral visual stream whereas prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate activations were more predominant with later script presentations for those subjects receiving sham stimulation. Conclusion nVNS decreases neural reactivity to an emotional stressor in limbic and other brain areas involved in stress, with changes over repeated exposures suggesting a shift from scene appraisal to cognitively processing the emotional event.
Ambroxol and Ciprofloxacin Show Activity Against SARS-CoV2 in Vero E6 Cells at Clinically-Relevant Concentrations

We studied the activity of a range of weakly basic and moderately lipophilic drugs against SARS CoV2 in Vero E6 cells, using Vero E6 survival, qPCR of viral genome and plaque forming assays. No clear relationship between their weakly basic and hydrophobic nature upon their activity was observed. However, the approved drugs ambroxol and ciprofloxacin showed potent activity at concentrations that are clinically relevant and within their known safety profiles, and so may provide potentially useful agents for preclinical and clinical studies in COVID-19.
Three-dimensional black holes via Noether symmetries

We investigate the Noether symmetries of the Lagrangian for the stationary rotating Banados, Teitelboim, and Zanelli (BTZ)--type three-dimensional spacetimes in the $f(R)$ theory of gravity. A detailed analysis of Noether symmetries of ($2+1$)-dimensional rotating BTZ-type black hole spacetime model is presented. Applying the Noether symmetry approach, the first integrals (constants of motion) for each of the Noether symmetries are obtained to look for the exact solutions. After solving the first integral equations depending on the form of the function $f(R)$, we derived some new ($2+1$)-dimensional rotating BTZ-type black hole solutions. We discussed the physical implications of the derived exact solutions. The thermodynamical properties of the obtained BTZ-type black hole solutions are analyzed by making use of the mass $M$ and the angular momentum $J$ in terms of ${r}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, where ${r}_{+}$ is the event horizon and ${r}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ is the inner horizon. Further, it is shown that thermodynamic quantities obey the first law, and the Smarr-like formulas of the solutions we found are obtained.
Leukocyte Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of Mild Acute Ischemic Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, and Stroke Mimic

Introduction The differential diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) versus mild acute ischemic stroke (AIS) during the initial presentation to the emergency department is often difficult, as the diagnosis of both TIA and AIS relies on the presence of focal neurologic signs. As such, roughly 50% of patients with transient or mild neurologic deficits have an uncertain diagnosis prior to neuroimaging. Biomarkers, particularly leukocyte biomarkers, may be used by clinicians to diagnose mild AIS prior to neuroimaging, and this study is the first to describe the use of leukocyte biomarkers for the differentiation of mild AIS, TIA, and stroke mimic. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients discharged from a local hospital with a discharge diagnosis of either TIA or AIS. Past medical history and complete blood cell count with differential upon admission were collected for all subjects. Statistical analyses were performed to compare immune cell parameters between the two groups. For all comparisons, logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of confounding variables, such as age, gender, and medical history for each study variable. Results Of all the immune parameters assessed in this study, the neutrophil percentage was the only significant biomarker that significantly differed between study groups. After adjustment for confounding variables using stepwise logistic regression, mild AIS patients were 5.3 times more likely than TIA cases to have a neutrophil percentage above the normal range. Conclusion Our results suggest that clinicians may utilize neutrophil percentage as an additional piece of information that may aid in their diagnosis of mild AIS versus TIA.
Prevention of information attacks by run-time detection of self-replication in computer codes

This paper describes a novel approach for preventative protection from both known and previously unknown malicious executable codes. It does not rely on screening the code for signatures of known viruses, but instead it detects attempts of the executable code in question to self-replicate during run time. Self-replication is the common feather of most malicious codes, allowing them to maximize their impact. This approach is an extension of the earlier developed method for detecting previously unknown viruses in script based computer codes. The paper presents a software tool implementing this technique for behavior-based run-time detection and suspension of self-replicating functionality in executable codes for Microsoft Windows operating systems.
Network Connections in REIT Markets

Abstract Relationships play a central role across the spectrum of real estate transactions. To better understand the role of relationships in real estate markets, we examine how the connectedness of REIT directors is associated with deal making, growth, and profitability. We find strong evidence that REIT connections are positively associated with both deal making and accounting-based measures of profitability; however, those relationships do not translate into better market returns or higher valuations. One explanation of these somewhat contradictory results is that connections also increase firm risk. Preliminary support for this conjecture is found through our examination of each firm's implied cost of equity capital. Specifically, we find increasing connectedness is associated with a higher cost of equity capital. Thus, connections appear to offer both advantages and disadvantages to REIT managers and shareholders.
Machine Learning in Orthodontics: A New Approach to the Extraction Decision

Introduction: The extraction of permanent teeth for orthodontic treatment has been in debate since almost the beginning of the orthodontics profession, and prominent leaders such as Edward Angle and Charles Tweed have argued opposing sides of the issue. Currently, there is a decreasing trend in premolar extractions for orthodontic treatment, but the decision remains controversial and at times unclear, especially in cases that may be borderline extraction or non-extraction. The advent of machine learning has led to its increased use in medicine and dentistry and has the potential to be used to clarify this classic debate through the analysis of big data.
The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Poetry

The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Poetry presents the major themes, forms, genres and styles of Russian poetry. Using examples from Russia's greatest poets, Michael Wachtel draws on three centuries of verse, from the beginnings of secular literature in the eighteenth century up to the present day. The first half of the book is devoted to concepts such as versification, poetic language and tradition; the second half is organised along genre lines and examines the ode, the elegy, ballads, love poetry, nature poetry and patriotic verse. All poetry appears in the original followed by literal translations. This book is designed to give readers with even a minimal knowledge of the Russian language an appreciation of the brilliance of Russian poetry.
The range of linear fractional maps on the unit ball

In 1996, C. Cowen and B. MacCluer studied a class of maps on C N that they called linear fractional maps. Using the tools of Krein spaces, it can be shown that a linear fractional map is a self-map of the ball if and only if an associated matrix is a multiple of a Krein contraction. In this paper, we extend this result by specifying this multiple in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this matrix, creating an easily verified condition in almost all cases. In the remaining cases, the best possible results depending on fixed point and boundary behavior are given.
Rating Agencies: Is There an Agency Issue? Roy C. Smith and Ingo Walter

This paper examines the potential for conflicts of interest in the debt ratings business. Inherent in the current business model is the fact that firms whose obligations are rated by the agencies pay fees for those ratings, which in turn comprises virtually all of the revenues of the rating agencies. Given the public nature of the ratings, no other business modelseems feasible for rating agencies as commercial ventures, so that conflicts of interest are inherent in this important part of the financial markets infrastructure. This paper examines the nature of this conflict, how it is managed, and the significance of market structure and reputation in preventing conflict exploitation. These issues are linked to the use of ratings for regulatory certification purposes, as well as the international dimensions of debt ratings activity through investments and joint ventures of the major rating groups.
Defective viral genomes arising in vivo promote the onset of lung antiviral immunity (VIR2P.1023)

In infections with viruses well adapted to the host, virus-encoded proteins that delay the cellular response allow the virus to replicate to high titers prior to host intervention. The mechanisms overcoming viral evasion and leading to the production of the primary antiviral cytokine IFNbeta are not well established. We show that the appearance of defective forms of the viral genome may provide the answer. Defective viral genomes, which were until recently considered an epiphenomenon of in vitro virus replication, accumulate in infected cells at a faster rate than standard viral genomes and potently trigger the sustained activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-kB and the production type I IFNs through a mechanism independent of IFN signaling. Remarkably, our work demonstrates that defective viral genomes are generated naturally during respiratory infections in vivo even in mice lacking the type I IFN receptor, and their appearance coincides with the production of cytokines during infections with Sendai virus or influenza virus. Notably, the hallmark antiviral cytokine IFNβ is only expressed in lung epithelial cells containing defective viral genomes, while cells within the lung that contain standard viral genomes alone do not express this cytokine. Together, our data indicate that defective viral genomes generated naturally during viral replication are a primary source of danger signals for the initiation of the host immune response to infection in vivo.
On detection networks and iterated influence diagrams: application to a parallel distributed structure

For two decades, detection networks of various structures have been used to study information fusion from multiple sensors and/or decision makers. On the other hand, influence diagrams are widely accepted as graphical representations for decision problems under uncertainty. In this paper, the similarities between these two modeling techniques, as well as their advantages and disadvantages are discussed using a parallel network structure as an example paradigm. A framework, termed iterated influence diagrams, which combines influence diagrams and person-by-person optimization, is proposed to take advantage of the benefits from both representations. The key purpose of the iterated influence diagrams is the relaxation of one of the major constraints of a regular influence diagram, viz., decision nodes must be ordered. As a consequence, influence diagram can also be used to represent and solve distributed detection problems, i.e., find the optimal decision policies for all the decision makers.
Millimeter-scale epileptiform spike propagation patterns and their relationship to seizures

Objective. Current mapping of epileptic networks in patients prior to epilepsy surgery utilizes electrode arrays with sparse spatial sampling (~1.0 cm inter-electrode spacing). Recent research demonstrates that sub-millimeter, cortical-column-scale domains have a role in seizure generation that may be clinically significant. We use high-resolution, active, flexible surface electrode arrays with 500 μm inter-electrode spacing to explore epileptiform local field potential (LFP) spike propagation patterns in two dimensions recorded from subdural micro-electrocorticographic signals in vivo in cat. In this study, we aimed to develop methods to quantitatively characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of epileptiform activity at high-resolution. Approach. We topically administered a GABA-antagonist, picrotoxin, to induce acute neocortical epileptiform activity leading up to discrete electrographic seizures. We extracted features from LFP spikes to characterize spatiotemporal patterns in these events. We then tested the hypothesis that two-dimensional spike patterns during seizures were different from those between seizures. Main results. We showed that spatially correlated events can be used to distinguish ictal versus interictal spikes. Significance. We conclude that sub-millimeter-scale spatiotemporal spike patterns reveal network dynamics that are invisible to standard clinical recordings and contain information related to seizure-state.
Domains as Models for Semantic Information

We propose a framework in terms of domain theory for semantic information models. We show how an artificial agent the computer can operate within such a model in a multiple attitude environment fuzziness where information is conveyed. We illustrate our approach by two examples ---taking as the set of the degrees of reliability Kleene's 3-valued strong logic and Belnap-Dunn's 4-valued logic.
Protective effect of acetaminophen against aspirin- and ethanol-induced damage to the human gastric mucosa

Aspirin and ethanol damage the gastric mucosa in humans, whereas acetaminophen does not. Acetaminophen increases prostacyclin activity in animals and thus may increase endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. The effect of acetaminophen was examined in five healthy subjects after intragastric aspirin or ethanol. Hydrogen and sodium ion fluxes were measured in the pylorus-occluded stomach that prevents duodenogastric reflux and gastric fluid losses. Studies were in random order and on 8 separate days. Potential difference was measured throughout and mucosal erosions were endoscopically quantitated (endoscopist masked, no premedication). The isoosmolar test solution (200 ml, 100 mM HCl, 54 mM mannitol, [14C]polyethylene glycol) was instilled into the stomach and removed 15 min later for four 15-min periods. Either aspirin (1300 mg) or ethanol (20% vol/vol) was added to the test solution only during the second 15 min. Acetaminophen (2600 mg) was given orally 1 h before aspirin or ethanol administration. To determine if the effect of acetaminophen was related to prostaglandin synthesis, prostaglandin production was inhibited with indomethacin (50 mg orally 12 h and 1 h before acetaminophen). Aspirin and ethanol alone each produced significant changes in net hydrogen and sodium fluxes, potential difference, and endoscopic changes. Acetaminophen significantly inhibited hydrogen ion flux, change in potential difference, and endoscopic damage; however, it did not totally abolish these changes. The protective effect of acetaminophen was abolished by pretreatment with indomethacin, suggesting that the effect of acetaminophen is likely to be prostaglandin-mediated. Indomethacin alone was without effect. These results demonstrate that oral acetaminophen protects the human gastric mucosa against the damaging effects of aspirin and ethanol.
Sidney and Beatrice Webb's Institutional Theory of Labor Markets and Wage Determination

Sydney and Beatrice Webb were among the most influential institutional labor economists of the pre-World War II period yet this portion of their work has fallen out of sight for more than a half-century. This paper reconstructs the Webbs' theory of labor markets and wage determination and explains how it differs from the rival neoclassical labor theory of Alfred Marshall. Key institutional components of their theory are developed, such as rent theory, institutional pyramid, chain of bargains, inequality of bargaining power, unemployed residuum, and common rule. The Webbs' theory is then used to explain the operation of labor markets and why in the absence of regulation they generate numerous social problems, including widespread poverty wages, excessive work hours and injuries, substantial unemployment, and human capital exploitation. Also described is the set of labor policies the Webbs advocate to solve these problems. Implications for modern labor theory and policy are developed.
A comment on early-time solutions of the Smoluchowski equation

We present a simple derivation of classes of early-time solutions of the Smoluchowski equation in the presence of boundaries, simplifying and generalizing an analysis by van Kampen.
Factors Influencing Periodontal Repair and Regeneration

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate independently the regeneration capacity of a reduced periodontium, and the potential for new connective tissue attachment to a periodontally exposed root surface. A reduced periodontium was produced around a maxillary central incisor in two Rhesus monkeys using orthodontic elastics. The regeneration capacity of this reduced peridontium was investigated by extracting the periodontally involved tooth and transplanting into the socket the contralateral incisor which had a normal periodontium. The potential for new connective tissue attachment to a periodontally exposed root surface was evaluated by transplanting an exposed root into a normal periodontium. These exposed roots were the incisors extracted from the reduced peridontium. Control specimens were obtained by extracting and reimplanting or transplanting the remaining maxillary and mandibular incisors. Forty days after the experimental procedures, block sections were removed and prepared for histologic analysis. The exposed root surface that had been put into the normal periodontium was lined with epithelium interposed between root surface and alveolar bone. The normal root surface that had been put into the reduced periodontium had connective tissue reattachment in the periodontal ligament and supracrestal regions. Areas of ankylosis and root resorption were present in all specimens, as was new cementum in the periodontal ligament region. The results indicated that root surface alterations, rather than presence of a reduced periodontium, inhibited new connective tissue attachment.
Hemispheric symmetry in contrast and orientation sensitivity.

This experiment was designed to determine whether there were hemispheric and/or hemiretinal (nasal/temporal) differences in contrast sensitivity and the oblique effect. Contrast sensitivity functions were measured in the left and right eyes for vertically (90°) and obliquely (45°) oriented sinusoidal gratings presented in the right and left visual fields. There were no hemispheric differences in contrast sensitivity for vertically or obliquely oriented gratings. However, sensitivity was lower for obliquely oriented gratings. Thus, the cerebral hemispheres do not appear to differ in sensitivity to contrast or in the magnitude of the oblique effect. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the role of spatial frequency channels in information processing asymmetries between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Barcode Empires: Politics, Digital Technology, and Comparative Retail Firm Strategies

Like other service sectors, information technology has dramatically altered the growth and character of the retail trade sector in the affluent economies. Nevertheless, significant variation exists in the typical strategies of retail firms in different countries. This article explores this variation and proposes an explanation for why retailers achieved scale and solved their make, buy, and partner decisions along such different trajectories. It argues that national bases for scale retailing were shaped by a series of political negotiations starting in the 1960s and 1970s. This demonstrates once again that technology implementation is rarely determined by the technology itself, but more often by social and political rules. Future technology platforms, such as web-based or mobile commerce, should be expected to follow similar political logics. As multinational retailing firms spread around the globe, this has important implications for national competition policy.
Serotonin via presynaptic 5-HT1 receptors attenuates synaptic transmission to immature rat motoneurons in vitro.

Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurons in transverse spinal cord slices from immature (12–20 day) rats and the effects of 5-HT on dorsal root evoked excitatory (EPSPs) and inhibitory (IPSPs) postsynaptic potentials were assessed. With or without causing a membrane polarization, 5-HT (1–300 μM) depressed synaptic responses; the IC50 was 6 μM. The inhibitory effect was potentiated by the uptake inhibitor fluoxetine. The 5-HT1A/1B agonists 5-CT and 8-OH-DPAT and the 5-HT1B/1C agonist TFMPP reduced the synaptic responses as well, with an IC50 of 0.26, 2.2 and 0.28 μM, respectively. The synaptic depressant effect was not antagonized by methysergide (0.1–1 μM), ketanserin (1–5 μM) and MDL 72222 (1–10 μM). Methysergide alone diminished the synaptic responses in some of the motoneurons. Spiperone (1–10 μM) partially and fully antagonized the depressant effect of 5-HT and 8-OH-DPAT, but was ineffective against 5-CT and TFMPP. The 5-HT-induced synaptic depression was not accompanied by a concomitant reduction of glutamate-induced depolarization; the latter were enhanced after repeated exposure to 5-HT in some motoneurons. Finally, 5-HT reduced the afterhyperpolarization following a single spike or a train of spikes. The results indicate that 5-HT inhibits synaptic responses in motoneurons via presynaptic 5-HT1 receptors, the activation of which reduces the liberation of excitatory and inhibitory transmitters from respective nerve endings.
Comment on High-Energy Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

The high-energy behavior of the sixth-order fermion-fermion scattering amplitude in the Yang-Mills theory is recalculated, and found to be qualitatively different from that given previously.
Anaerobic biodegradation of nitroglycerin

Abstract Nitroglycerin (C 3 H 5 (ONO 2 ) 3 ) or glycerol trinitrate (GTN), a constituent of various propellant formulations and a vasodilator prescribed to treat angina pectoris and other heart diseases, was completely mineralized in serum vials under strict anaerobiosis by mixed cultures from an anaerobic digester. Anaerobic biodegradation occurred via successive denitration of the parent molecule and production of glycerol dinitrate (GDN), and glycerol mononitrate (GMN), which was converted to a utilizable carbon source, most likely glycerol. Both isomeric forms of GDN were detected, namely glycerol 1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN) and glycerol 1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN), which were converted to glycerol 1-mononitrate (1-GMN) and glycerol 2-mononitrate (2-GMN). Significant regioselectivity of the enzymatic degradation was observed with preferential attack at the secondary (C2) nitro group, which favored production of 1,3-GDN and 1-GMN. Addition of cosubstrates substantially enhanced the rates of conversion of GTN; however, biodegradation also occurred in the absence of external carbon sources. The rates of biodegradation were significantly decreased at each successive denitration, with conversion of GMN to glycerol being the rate limiting step. The destruction of the GDN and GMN intermediates, which are more soluble than the parent compound, and possibly more toxic and mutagenic, is extremely important for the treatment of wastewater and soils contaminated with GTN. Nitrate and nitrite, the main nitrogen products of denitration, were also removed under anaerobic conditions.
Emma Goldman: passion, politics, and the theatrics of free expression

Abstract The article is an exploration of the ways in which Emma Goldman was both a virtuoso of political theatrics – especially effective in a period when challenging ideas were suppressed – and an advocate of politically conscious theater. Goldman was among the first to bring awareness of European modern drama to the USA. Her appreciation for the theater was an integral part of her intellectual development and a strategic component of a political strategy that aspired to embrace all aspects of the human experience. The themes addressed in the plays about which she lectured and wrote served an integrative role – crossing class, ethnic, and national boundaries. Goldman herself lived with a high sense of drama, and played an imposing role on the political stage, which resonates even today.
Production of nitrogen retention in hypophysectomized rats by small doses of hypophyseal growth hormone.

ConclusionGrowth hormone administration in amounts as small as 30γ per day produces nitrogen retention in hypophysectomized rats maintained on a constant and restricted food intake.
Genetics and evolution of the hemocyanin multigene—I. Genetic variability in UCA pugilator from beaufort, NC

Abstract 1. 1. Hemocyanin from Uca pugilator is a polymer of peptides coded for by 6 distinct loci. 2. 2. Naturally occurring allelic variation provides evidence that 4 of these loci may be located on a single chromosome. 3. 3. A model for the evolution of an arthropodan hemocyanin multigene is presented based on genetic and biochemical data.
Furanose ring anomerization: a kinetic study of the 5-deoxypentoses and 5-O-methylpentoses.

The anomerization of 5-deoxy-L-pentoses (1-4) and 5-O-methyl-D-pentoses (5-8) in aqueous solution has been studied by 13C saturation-transfer n.m.r. (s.t.-n.m.r.) spectroscopy, using compounds substituted with 13C at the anomeric carbon atom. Unidirectional rate-constants of ring-opening (k open) and ring-closing (k close) have been obtained for these compounds under identical solution conditions (50mM acetate buffer, pH 4.0 at 60 degrees), and have been compared to those measured for the D-tetroses (9 and 10) and the four D-pentose 5-phosphates (11-14). Based on these comparisons, several correlations between furanose structure and reactivity have been revealed, and models have been proposed to explain the observed kinetic behavior of compounds (1-10). The effect of exocyclic structure on acid-catalyzed rate-constants was also examined by comparing the behavior of 5-deoxy-L-(1-13C)-lyxose and 5-O-methyl-D-(1-13C)lyxose. Some consideration has been given to identifying the factors (enthalpic and entropic) that may play roles in determining the effect of structure on anomerization reactivity.
A Model for Local Melting of Metalloprotein Structure

Metalloprotein complexes that are able to explore a range of structures will isomerize as the temperature is raised when the isomeric state is coupled to a soft mode in the vibrational spectrum. A model based on a local mode description of the metal center provides insight into the driving forces for the isomerization reaction, which is the local analog of global melting transitions well-known for cooperative systems (proteins, nucleic acids, and crystals). Thermal isomerization of the active site in manganese superoxide dismutase appears to be an example of this type of transition, the azide complex converting between six- and five-coordinate forms at a temperature Tm = 220 K. In superoxide dismutase, mode melting defines the pathway for ligand binding at ambient temperatures, stabilizing the functional form of the active site. Thermal isomerization may be a very general characteristic of complex molecules in solution or in the gas phase, reflecting a transition in molecular dynamics.
A refined Newton’s mesh independence principle for a class of optimal shape design problems

Shape optimization is described by finding the geometry of a structure which is optimal in the sense of a minimized cost function with respect to certain constraints. A Newton’s mesh independence principle was very efficiently used to solve a certain class of optimal design problems in [6]. Here motivated by optimization considerations we show that under the same computational cost an even finer mesh independence principle can be given.
Who Saved the Emperor

The dominant school of literature on the occupation of Japan stresses the role of Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur in "saving" Hirohito and the imperial institution from the harsh policy intended by officials in Washington and the American public. MacArthur9s role in emperor policy was actually much less influential than is commonly believed. Washington9s choice to retain Hirohito and the imperial institution evolved out of a wartime assumption that the emperor was central to U.S. plans for postwar Japan and East Asia. Rather than a flash of inspiration from the supreme commander, American policy toward the emperor represented a confluence of motivations that crystallized in the early days of the occupation.
Supercritical droplet combustion and related transport phenomena

An overview of recent advances in theoretical analyses of supercritical droplet vaporization and combustion is conducted. Both hydrocarbon and cryogenic liquid droplets over a wide range of thermodynamic states are considered. Various important high-pressure effects on droplet behavior, such as thermodynamic non-ideality, transport anomaly, and property variation, are reviewed. Results indicate that the ambient gas pressure exerts significant control of droplet gasification and burning processes through its influence on fluid transport, gas-liquid interfacial thermodynamics, and chemical reactions. The droplet gasification rate increases progressively with pressure. However, the data for the overall burnout time exhibit a considerable change in the combustion mechanism at the criticl pressure, mainly as a result of reduced mass diffusivity and latent heat of vaporization with increased pressure. The influence of droplet size on the burning characteristics is also noted.
Validity of perceptual reports of experienced and inexperienced observers.

Under identical instructions for passive viewing, rates of reversal of a reversible figure reported by 10 Os practiced in describing their perceptual experiences were compared with those made by 14 Os who were inexperienced in perceptual reporting. All Os were naive with respect to the hypothesis to be tested, and further precautions were taken to mask the purpose of the experiment. In order to establish a set to “see” reversals, three ambiguous reversible figures were presented before the test figure which was similar to the last ambiguous figure in the series but was actually unambiguous and nonreversible. The inexperienced Os generally did not overcome the set to “see” reversals, while most of the experienced Os did so. Distraction in the form of noise did not influence the latter, but it increased the effect of the set on the inexperienced Os.
Educating Through Meeting: Reflections on a Dialogic Pedagogy for Teaching Religious Studies

This article originated as a brief reflection on pedagogical issues intended to catalyze collegial discussions at a meeting of the Comparative Religious Studies faculty at San Jose State University. The author distinguishes four interrelated elements that motivate his own teaching: human meaning, dialogic inter-activity, responsible response, and multi-methodologic study. Dialogic pedagogy is illustrated with concrete examples of how theory fits in the classroom. To further clarify the discussion, Martin Buber's theory of educating is applied to the teaching process, especially his understanding of “one-sided inclusion.”
The impact of the transition to high school on the self-system and perceived social context of poor urban youth.

Examined the effects of the normative school transition to senior high school (n=330) on the self-system and perceived school and peer social contexts of poor, black (n=83), European American (n=115), Latino (n=105), and Asian American (n=27) youth in the public school systems of three Eastern urban cities. The only negative effect of the school transition on the self-system was a decline in grade point average (GPA). Concurrently, the school transition was perceived to be associated with changes in the school and peer contexts. Across the transition, students reported increased disengagement from school (i.e., increased social support and extracurricular involvement) and increased engagement with peers (i.e., decreased daily hassles and increased involvement). These changes in the school and peer microsystems, like the changes in the self-system, were also common across race/ethnicity and gender. In addition, transition-associated school changes, and in particular changes in daily academic demands/hassles and involvement in school activities, were associated with changes in the academic dimensions of the self-system (i.e., academic efficacy expectations and GPA). Results and implications for preventive intervention are discussed within a developmental mismatch framework.