cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco, Microbes, and Carcinogens: Correlation Between Tobacco Cure Conditions, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Content, and Cured Leaf Microbial Community

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are carcinogenic N-nitrosamine compounds present at very low levels in freshly harvested tobacco leaves that accumulate during leaf curing. Formation of N-nitrosamine compounds is associated with high nitrate levels in the leaf at harvest, and nitrate is presumed to be the source from which the N-nitrosation species originates. More specifically, nitrite is considered to be a direct precursor, and nitrite is linked with N-nitrosation in many environmental matrices where it occurs via microbial nitrate reduction. Here, we initiate work exploring the role of leaf microbial communities in formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Leaves from burley tobacco line TN90H were air cured under various temperature and relative humidity levels, and 22 cured tobacco samples were analyzed for their microbial communities and leaf chemistry. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and total tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels revealed a strong positive correlation between the three variables, as well as a strong positive correlation with increasing relative humidity during cure conditions. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to assess microbial communities in each of the samples. In most samples, Proteobacteria predominated at the phylum level, accounting for >90 % of the OTUs. However, a distinct shift was noted among members of the high tobacco-specific nitrosamine group, with increases in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Several OTUs were identified that correlate strongly (positive and negative) with tobacco-specific nitrosamine content. Copy number of bacterial nitrate reductase genes, obtained using quantitative PCR, did not correlate strongly with tobacco-specific nitrosamine content. Incomplete denitrification is potentially implicated in tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels.
On the implications of species-area relationships for endemism, spatial turnover, and food web patterns

Consequences of species-area relationships (SARs) of the form S = cA are derived. One consequence is an endemics-area relationship (EAR); it is of the same power-law form as the SAR but with an exponent z' that is a function only of z and that always exceeds unity. An explicit formula is derived for the dependence of species turnover in space on census plot size, interplot distance, and the SAR exponent z; this formula can be used to determine z over spatial scales that are too large to permit direct estimate of z by censusing of nested patches. The areal dependence of link-species patterns observed in food webs is also examined; SARs are shown to imply the approximate, but not exact, area-independence of link-species relationships of the form L = kSy, where L is the number of trophic links and y < 2. A relationship between the average range of species in a habitat patch and the exponent z is also derived, leading to the result that average range is a decreasing function of both patch area and z.
Follow the water: Connecting a CO2 reservoir and bleached sandstone to iron-rich concretions in the Navajo Sandstone of south-central Utah, USA

Concretions with thick, iron oxide–cemented rinds and lightly cemented, iron-poor sandstone cores are abundant within the Navajo Sandstone near the southeast fl ank of the Escalante anticline (Utah, United States). Previous workers suggested the spheroidal concretions as analogs for Martian “blueberries” (hematite concretions), and linked the origin of concretions and bleaching of the Navajo Sandstone to the buoyant rise of hydrocarbons toward anticlinal crests. We measured azimuths of 163 pipe-like (pipy), joint-associated concretions and those of 58 “comet tails” that extend from some spherical concretions. Both data sets have vector magnitudes >90%, and subparallel, southeast-directed resultant vectors. Our data indicate that groundwater transported and deposited iron over a fl ow path that spanned more than 100 km from the anticlinal crest to the Colorado River. Buoyant fl uids could not have transported iron from bleached rock to sites of concretion growth, however, because iron moved downdip. We propose that iron was transported southeastward by reducing groundwater that fl owed through a CO 2 - and methane-charged reservoir within the Escalante anticline. Iron-rich carbonates precipitated during CO 2 degassing. After methane was fl ushed from the aquifer, microaerophiles oxidized Fe 2+ in concretions, dissolving the carbonates and forming the iron oxide– rich rinds and iron-poor cores. These concretions defi ne the fl ow direction and geochemical evolution of a paleoaquifer. This approach could be used to follow the water on other planets.
The nonpharmacist business manager: key qualifications and skills for success.

A survey conducted a few years ago found that it typically took employers 3–12 months to fill health-system pharmacy management positions.[1][1] A lack of leadership skills, pharmacy management experience, and interest all were cited as factors contributing to the challenges many health-system
Species distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci in children with septicaemia in Shenzhen

Objective:The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from blood cultures in shenzhen Children's Hospital.Methods:Species identification and susceptibility of these staphylococci against 15 kinds of antimicrobial agents were performed by the VITEK system.Results:Of 68 strains of staphylococci isolated from blood cultures,the species were as follows:s.aureus 35;s.epidermidis 14;s.hominis,5;s.simulans,5;S.capitis,3;s.haemolytic,3;s.cohnii,2 and s.sciuri,1.The resistant rates of S.aurues and S.epidermidis to ampicillin/sulbactam,cefazolin,erythromycin,oxacillin and tetracycline were 63%,63%,77%,63%,71%and 86%,86%,64%,86%,79%,respectively,whereas they were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin-G.The coagulase-negative staphylococci(CNS) except S.epidermidis were resistant to ampicillin,ampicillin/sulbactam,cefazolin,oxacillin and penicillin-G.The staphylococci were highly susceptibly to the ciprofloxacin,clindamycin,gentamycin and ofloxacin.No isolates showed resistance to vancomycin and nitrofurantonin.Conclusions:These characteristics of the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility should be considered when selecting antibiotic treatment in children with septicaemia.
S6-1: Attention and Interocular Competition

Visual attention functions to select relevant information for further processing among vast amounts of visual input, and attention is generally important for resolving competition between neural representations. I will first describe a set of EEG experiments investigating the role of attention in resolving interocular competition. Using an EEG frequency tagging method to track cortical representations of the conflicting images presented separately to the two eyes, we show that when attention was diverted away interocular competition remained unresolved. I will also describe a series of behavioral experiments showing that voluntary attention can be eye-specific, modulating visual processing within a specific monocular channel, despite that fact that observers normally do not have explicit access to the eye-of-origin information.
Hydra Matrix Metalloproteinase (HMMP)

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of hydra matrix metalloproteinase (HMMP). HMMP has a similar domain organization to that seen in vertebrate MMPs such as MMP-1 or MMP-3. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of HMMP with other MMPs shows that HMMP has an overall 30–35% identity with known MMPs. The sequence identity is about 10% higher if only the catalytic domains are compared. The sequences of two critical regions, the Cysswitch and catalytic Zn2+-binding region are well conserved in HMMP. The hinge region of HMMP is somewhat hydrophilic in nature, suggesting that this region is exposed as shown by the crystal structure of the full-length porcine MMP-1. The region of lowest identity is the C-terminal hemopexin domain. A detailed analysis of the HMMP sequence indicates that this enzyme has many similarities to vertebrate MMPs but also a number of features that make it unique. One region of variation in HMMP is the cysteine-switch region where a leucine residue is substituted for the valine residue typically seen in many vertebrate MMPs.
Academic Undermatch: How General and Specific Cultural Capital Structure Inequality†

Recent literature has added another dimension to the well-documented patterns of social class inequality in education: academic undermatch. Undermatch (which occurs when students attend institutions of lower selectivity than they are academically qualified to attend) is both widespread and unequal, with students from less advantaged families more likely to undermatch. Although proliferating, the research on undermatch has focused primarily on documenting the extent of, and less on exploring the mechanisms underlying, undermatch. Moreover, this literature has developed largely independent of the sociological research on cultural capital. Therefore, when scholars consider underlying mechanisms, they often focus narrowly on college-specific information, without considering the broader cultural context in which students are embedded. Drawing on the literature on undermatch, as well as the sociological research on cultural capital, I differentiate between general and specific cultural capital. Moreover, instead of simply estimating whether students undermatch or not, I consider different types of undermatch. Results from the Educational Longitudinal Survey reveal that the effects of cultural capital are indeed heterogeneous, both with respect to its relationship to undermatch and its contribution to social class inequality. Findings have important implications for understanding undermatch and the role of cultural capital in reducing and reproducing social inequality.
Enacting Knowledge Strategy Through Social Media: Passable Trust and the Paradox of Non-work Interactions

Research Summary: Despite the recognition that knowledge sharing among employees is necessary to enact knowledge strategy, little is known about how to enable such sharing. Recent research suggests that social media may promote knowledge sharing because they allow social lubrication and the formation of trust. Our longitudinal and comparative analysis of social media usage at two large firms indicates that users who participate in nonwork interactions on social media catalyze a cycle of curiosity and passable trust that enables them to connect and share knowledge. Paradoxically, the very nonwork‐related content that attracts users to social media and shapes passable trust can become a source of tension, thwarting a firm's ability to encapsulate knowledge in the form of routines and to use it to enact its strategy. Managerial Summary: Integrating knowledge from across a firm is a critical source of competitive advantage. Firms are increasingly implementing internal social media sites to promote knowledge sharing among their employees. Our analysis indicates that employees’ curiosity about nonwork‐related and work‐related interactions motivate them to use the sites. The integration of nonwork and work content allows employees to identify people with valuable knowledge, and gauge the passable trust that they need to share knowledge on the sites or offline. Paradoxically, the nonwork‐related content that attracts users to the sites can become a source of tension, thwarting the production of knowledge to enact firms’ knowledge‐based strategies. To foster work‐related knowledge sharing, managers should accommodate nonwork‐related interactions on social media.
System Level Testing for ESD Susceptibility

This chapter provides an overview of system level testing for immunity to electrostatic discharge (ESD), as performed in manufacturing facilities and independent test laboratories. A system is a completed unit, module, or subsystem that may be affected by an ESD event. The purpose of ESD testing electronic and electronically controlled products is to ensure survivability and continued operation of electronic products when exposed to static discharges in the environment. System level ESD testing can be divided into two main areas: testing for compliance and testing for product reliability. The world's most widely used standard for testing systems is IEC 61000-4-2. Contact mode testing is the preferred test method since it eliminates some of the variables that are inherent in air discharge testing. For compliance purposes, ESD testing is performed to all surfaces of a product that are accessible to the operator.
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: An Analysis of Globalization Effects on Union and Disintegration of Yugoslavia

The purpose of writing this project is to identify the influence globalization had in two most important parts of Yugoslavia: its formation as well as its fragmentation. The effects of this ongoing process range from direct intervention in the breakup of Yugoslavia to more indirect influence in its formation. This research strongly centers on previously established and well accepted theories of globalization to illustrate the consequences globalization had on Yugoslavia specifically. Throughout the research, the concept of critical globalism emerges as the prevailing method in the attempt to explain the events that took place in this region. The findings and conclusions may prove to be a useful in the interpretation of Yugoslavia's history not through a region-centric lens but through a more global understanding. Globalization, as it has been discussed, has a polarizing effect: either being the answer to world struggles or an agent of cultural erosion. This has been illustrated in what are today seven separate states: (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Kosovo [which was not an original republic, but a province]) in the Balkans where once existed one: Yugoslavia. In this region, globalization joined the nation-states together in 1943 and in the 1990’s was an agent of separation. From a mix of three distinctly different languages and three different religions, a national adhesion was present for more than 40 years. During that time, Yugoslavia and its citizens enjoyed prosperity unmatched in most of Europe and a distinct collectivist culture was present, regardless of ethnicity or other formal distinctions. Beginning in the late 1980’s to the early 1990’s turmoil was beginning to surface that would become irreparable separation not only of borders but of people as well. Though the events that led to the tumultuous breakup of Yugoslavia are still relatively fresh, and not enough time has passed for all to objectively reflect upon, both internal power struggles as well as international pressures Bobinac: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: An Analysis of Globalization Ef Published by ScholarWorks@BGSU, 2013
Transforming the Physician Practice: Interviewing Patients with a Computer

Physician practices have evolved dramatically from the solo operations of yesteryear consisting of the husband-physician and wife-nurse team. Today, most physician practices are members of a larger group practice, sometimes a group of three physicians and sometimes multispecialty conglomerates with several hundred physicians. Within these myriad possibilities, there exist a variety of managed care structures, such as health maintenance organizations (HMO), preferred provider organizations (PPO), and physician hospital organizations (PHO). This evolution has resulted in the emergence of physician practice management as a field of study and in the reorganization of physician practices, in such a manner that the quality of patient care is of utmost priority.
Safety and Efficacy of Pegfilgrastim When Given Less Than 14 Days Before the Next Chemotherapy Cycle: Review of Every 14-Day Chemotherapy Regimen Containing 5-FU Continuous Infusion:

Background:Pegfilgrastim should not be given <14 days from the next chemotherapy because of concerns for cytopenias. Some clinicians are prescribing pegfilgrastim to be given <14 days in patients r...
Introduction to this special issue: urban analytics and mobility (part 1)

Mobility in Urban environments is a problem of global scale. According to the latest INRIX Global Traffic Scorecard [1], drivers in the United States wasted $305 billion in 2017 alone. This number is derived from more than 11 billion liters of wasted fuel per year, and 6.9 billion of man-hours stuck in traffic per year [2]. In addition, the INRIX study shows that this problem is global. Measured per-capita, people in Russia and Thailand spend even more time in traffic, while Brazil, South Africa, the UK, and Germany are only slightly behind the US.
Teaching in Diversity: Managing “Differences” in a Multicultural Classroom

Numerous studies have paid attention to the presence of diverse cultural voices in a multicultural educational setting. This article continues this important conversation by focusing on how the different voices meet and negotiate with each other in a classroom where diversity exists, and yet is not equally represented. Thus, finding a solution that can respect and manage the different cultural norms and practices is vital to the success of the class and students. Grounded on the theoretical foundation of discourse analysis, this study was conducted through interviewing the course instructors, students, and observing their classes. The analysis shows that developing a mutually inclusive cross-cultural dialogue among students can lead to the positive integration of the distinct cultural perspectives. Ultimately, a productive and respectful teaching and learning environment will be fostered and sustained. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.6.2
Spectral Invariants of Conformal Metrics

On a compact Riemannian manifold (M, g) the Laplace operator \( \Delta = {g^{ - 1/2}}{\partial _i}\left( {{g^{1/2}}{g^{ij}}{\partial _j}} \right) \)acting on functions have discrete spectrum: \( 0 < {\lambda _1} \le {\lambda _2} \le \ldots \)corresponding to the eigenfunctions $$ \Delta u + {\lambda _i}u = 0 $$ .
Argument Optionality in the LinGO Grammar Matrix

We present a library of implemented HPSG analyses for argument optionality based on typological studies of this phenomenon in the world's languages, developed in the context of a grammar customization system that pairs a cross-linguistic core grammar with extensions for non-universal phenomena on the basis of user input of typological properties. Our analyses are compatible with multiple intersecting phenomena, including person, number, gender, tense, aspect and morphological rule formulation. We achieve 80--100% coverage on test suites from 10 natural languages.
Computational modeling and analysis of thoracolumbar spine fractures in frontal crash reconstruction

AbstractObjective: This study aimed to reconstruct 11 motor vehicle crashes (6 with thoracolumbar fractures and 5 without thoracolumbar fractures) and analyze the fracture mechanism, fracture predictors, and associated parameters affecting thoracolumbar spine response.Methods: Eleven frontal crashes were reconstructed with a finite element simplified vehicle model (SVM). The SVM was tuned to each case vehicle and the Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) Ver. 4.01 was scaled and positioned in a baseline configuration to mimic the documented precrash driver posture. The event data recorder crash pulse was applied as a boundary condition. For the 6 thoracolumbar fracture cases, 120 simulations to quantify uncertainty and response variation were performed using a Latin hypercube design of experiments (DOE) to vary seat track position, seatback angle, steering column angle, steering column position, and D-ring height. Vertebral loads and bending moments were analyzed, and lumbar spine indices (unadjusted and a...
Equality in Secularism: Contemporary Debates on Social Stratification and the Indian Constitution

The transnational legal literature has often approached secularism as a normative doctrine that organizes institutions regulating religion in public life. Scholarship on India is not an exception. Considerable ink has been spent on a normative and historical assessment of the content of secularism under the Indian constitution. The most influential accounts of secularism in India stress the uniqueness of the Indian constitutional experiment, interpreting it as principled, ameliorative and contextual. Nevertheless, this methodology may have blind spots. The Indian state institutions have often fallen short of the normative promise of secularism. Religion-inspired reasons – directly or through proxies – have come to dominate the legislative agenda.6 Institutions have not maintained their neutrality, among other things, in dealing with the concerns of security and protection of minority populations.The Indian literature has yet to consistently probe and problematize secularism’s ubiquitous inconsistency in the institutional mechanisms of the country. The chapter approaches Indian secularism from the perspective of social stratification, by focusing on the intersecting institutional debates on affirmative action for Muslims in India. I argue that Indian secularism, as a regulatory practice, is far more slippery and disjointed than most contemporary accounts may concede. Indian secularism is marked by patterns of contradictory constructions of what counts as ‘religious’ as opposed to ‘secular’. Thus, the everyday regulation of religious claims through secularism often does not offer a coherent normative content but is more of a negotiation with religious claims that are seen to be dangerous.
Alpha-2 Agonists

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have various applications in the different fields of medicine, one of which is pain management. They play a role at the central and peripheral levels to provide analgesia. Their use has been established through various routes to provide analgesia.
Thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and background microbiota in unsalted and 10% salted liquid egg yolk

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that may contaminate liquid egg yolk (LEY). A background microbiota, purified and identified as Enterococcus faecium with a 99.0% probability, was found in pasteurized unsalted LEY. This study was conducted to investigate the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes and the background microbiota in unsalted and 10% salted LEY at temperatures between 55 and 67.5°C. Both Weibull model and linear survival model were used to analyze the survival curves. Data analysis showed that the thermal resistance of E. faecium was not affected by the addition of 10% salt in LEY, and it was almost two orders in magnitude higher than that of L. monocytogenes in unsalted LEY. Adding 10% salt to LEY significantly elevated the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes to the level of E. faecium. It can be concluded that the heating conditions used to inactivate L. monocytogenes or Salmonella Enteritidis would not be able to kill E. faecium if it is found in unsalted LEY, while similar heating conditions can be used to kill both L. monocytogenes and E. faecium in 10% salted LEY. The results of this study may be used to design adequate heating conditions to inactivate L. monocytogenes and E. faecium in LEY. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Salted liquid egg yolk (LEY) contaminated with L. monocytogenes may require higher temperature or longer time to process. This study determined the thermal processing conditions that may be required to inactivate L. monocytogenes. The results attained from this study may be useful to the food industry that uses 10% salted LEY in the products.
Overview of Structural Materials in Water-Cooled Fission Reactors

Abstract Nuclear power currently provides a fraction of non-carbon-emitting power generation in the United States and around the world. The existing fleet of water-cooled reactors continues to improve on operations and reliability, as ensuring public safety and environmental protection is a prerequisite, whether water reactor, advanced reactor, or fusion. Materials are important during all phases of a reactor's lifetime and must perform reliably for their entire expected lifetime. Unfortunately, nuclear reactors of all designs present a challenge for component service and material performance, as exemplified in water reactors. Components within a reactor must tolerate the harsh environment of high-temperature water, stress, vibration, and, for those components in the reactor core, an intense neutron field. Degradation of materials in this environment can lead to reduced performance and, in some cases, sudden failure. This chapter will provide an overview of the key water reactor designs, their features, and materials of construction. In addition, this chapter will introduce some of the key degradation modes facing materials for nuclear power reactors, including irradiation effects and corrosion. Finally, this chapter will provide an introduction to the key materials of construction, their use, and key characteristics.
The Iowa Caucuses: First Tests of Presidential Aspiration, 1972-2008

Review of: "The Iowa Caucuses: First Tests of Presidential Aspiration, 1972-2008" by John C. Skipper.
Orthodontic Preparation for Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate

This article provides an overview of the orthodontic preparation prior to secondary alveolar bone grafting of alveolar defects in those with complete cleft lip and palate. Use of cone beam computed tomography in diagnosis and treatment planning for addressing alveolar clefts, the rationale for maxillary expansion prior to alveolar bone grafting, key steps in differential maxillary expansion, potential adverse effects, and outcomes associated with maxillary expansion are provided in this overview.
Development and implementation of a remotely precepted, interprofessional advanced pharmacy practice experience in rural Guatemala.

Abstract Background and purpose It is well-established that interprofessional experiences in the international setting provide students with additional skills in cultural humility and adapting to specific patient circumstances. Though these experiences are integral to the development of students, they are difficult to establish due to a lack of in-country preceptorship. This manuscript describes the development and implementation of an interprofessional advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) and outlines the interventions students have made to advance patient care, build trust, and improve the education of patients and providers in rural Guatemala. Educational activity and setting The APPE in rural Guatemala was developed to include pharmacy distribution activities, education (patient, technician, provider, community), and clinical pharmacy services in an interprofessional environment. Pharmacy faculty served remotely as the primary preceptors using FaceTime, WhatsApp, and email. Findings A total of 12 APPE pharmacy students have completed the six-week Guatemala rotation since implementation. Students reported that they spent the majority of their time (60% to 70%) seeing patients and training the technician. The remaining time was split between assisting United States and Guatemalan providers during clinic visits and conducting home visits with community nurses. Students made 1191 patient care recommendations, of which 969 were accepted (81.4%). Students completed 17 patient education and quality improvement projects. Summary This APPE in Guatemala meets the needs of underserved populations, establishes effectiveness of distance precepting by pharmacy faculty, and provides international, interprofessional opportunities for fourth year pharmacy students.
Mucus layer modeling of human colonoids during infection with enteroaggragative E. coli.

EAEC is a common cause of diarrheal illness worldwide. Pathogenesis is believed to occur in the ileum and colon, where the bacteria adhere and form a robust aggregating biofilm. Among the multiple virulence factors produced by EAEC, the Pic serine protease has been implicated in bacterial colonization by virtue of its mucinolytic activity. Hence, a potential role of Pic in mucus barrier disruption during EAEC infection has been long postulated. In this study, we used human colonoids comprising goblet cells and a thick mucin barrier as an intestinal model to investigate Pic’s roles during infection with EAEC. We demonstrated the ability of purified Pic, but not a protease defective Pic mutant to degrade MUC2. Western blot and confocal microscopy analysis revealed degradation of the MUC2 layer in colonoids infected with EAEC, but not with its isogenic EAECpic mutant. Wild-type and MUC2-knockdown colonoids infected with EAEC strains exposed a differential biofilm distribution, greater penetration of the mucus layer and increased colonization of the colonic epithelium by Wild-type EAEC than its isogenic Pic mutant. Higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was seen in colonoids infected with EAEC than EAECpic. Although commensal E. coli expressing Pic degraded MUC2, it did not show improved mucus layer penetration or colonization of the colonic epithelium. Our study demonstrates a role of Pic in MUC2 barrier disruption in the human intestine and shows that colonoids are a reliable system to study the interaction of pathogens with the mucus layer.
The effect of individual vs pair housing during the pre-weaning period on dairy calf well-being to four months of age

Pair housing of dairy calves during the pre-weaning period helps meet the natural social needs of the calf and has been shown to improve growth and starter intake during the pre-weaning period as compared to individual housing. However, there is little evidence to suggest that pair housed calves maintain their social and growth advantages past the weaning phase. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pair housing on measures of behavioral and physiologic well-being during the first four months of life.
Number of Bound States of Schrödinger Operators with Matrix-Valued Potentials

We give a Cwikel–Lieb–Rozenblum type bound on the number of bound states of Schrodinger operators with matrix-valued potentials using the functional integral method of Lieb. This significantly improves the constant in this inequality obtained earlier by Hundertmark.
Effect of Release Timing of App Innovations based on Mobile Platform Innovations

This study focuses on app innovations based on mobile platform innovations (MPIs), examining how app developers can time the app innovations release to best leverage MPIs and increase app financial...
AR Interfaces for Mid-Air 6-DoF Alignment: Ergonomics-Aware Design and Evaluation

Aligning hand-held objects into mid-air positions and orientations is important for many applications. Task performance depends on speed and accuracy, and also on minimizing the user’s physical exertion. Augmented reality head-mounted displays (AR HMDs) can guide users during mid-air alignments by tracking an object’s pose and delivering visual instruction directly into the user’s field of view (FoV). However, it is unclear which AR HMD interfaces are most effective for mid-air alignment guidance, and how the form factor of current AR HMD hardware (such as heaviness and low FoV) affects how users put themselves into tiring body poses during mid-air alignment. We defined a set of design requirements for mid-air alignment interfaces that target reduction of high-exertion body poses during alignment. We then designed, implemented, and tested several interfaces in a user study in which novice participants performed a sequence of mid-air alignments using each interface.Results show that interfaces that rely on visual guidance located near the hand-held object reduce acquisition times and translation errors, while interfaces that involve aiming at a faraway virtual object reduce rotation errors. Users tend to avoid focus shifts and to position the head and arms to maximize how much AR visualization is contained within a single FoV without moving the head. We found that changing the size of visual elements affected how far out the user extends the arm, which affects torque forces. We also found that dynamically adjusting where visual guidance is placed relative to the mid-air pose can help keep the head level during alignment, which is important for distributing the weight of the AR HMD.
Luminogenic D-Luciferin Derivatives as OATP1B1 and 1B3 Substrates in No-wash Assays†.

The human hepatic organic ion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and -1B3 are uptake transporters that influence the disposition of several small molecule drugs and perpetrate certain adverse drug-drug interactions. To predict these in vivo effects, in vitro systems are used to screen new drug entities as potential transporter substrates or inhibitors. To simplify such studies, we synthesized luminogenic derivatives of the OATP1B1 and -1B3 substrate D-luciferin to test as probe substrates in a rapid, no-wash optical approach for substrate and inhibitor identification and characterization. Each derivative is a pro-luciferin containing a self-immolating trimethyl lock quinone linker that is sensitive to intracellular reducing environments that cause the release of free luciferin in proportion to the amount of probe taken up by the transporter. A subsequent luciferin-limited luciferase reaction produces light in proportion to transporter activity. We tested the derivatives in HEK293 cells that overexpress OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 by transient transfection or viral transduction. Derivatives were identified that showed OATP-dependent uptake that was time and concentration dependent, saturable and sensitive to inhibition by known OATP1B1 and -1B3 substrates and inhibitors. These luminogenic transporter probes enabled an add-only multi-well plate protocol suitable for automation and high throughput screening.
Use of Weight Loss Medications in Patients after Bariatric Surgery

Weight regain after bariatric surgery is unfortunately a common occurrence. In this article, we have reviewed the data addressing this clinical problem focusing on pharmacological management of weight regain. Data from several small, non-randomized, retrospective, and prospective studies provide evidence that a number of pharmacological options, both FDA approved and off-label, are effective in mitigating and managing weight regain after bariatric surgery. There is a suggestion that the optimal time to initiate weight loss medications may be at the time of weight plateau, rather than after weight regain. Adjuvant pharmacotherapy can help treat weight regain after bariatric surgery. Future studies should investigate the optimal timing for starting weight loss medications, as well as the best medication or combinations of medicines, for managing postoperative weight regain in different patient groups, including those who have undergone different types of bariatric surgeries.
The Path Away from the Law

Among the questions that came to mind when I reread Holmes's famous article for this memorial, two are salient: why it is so famous, and whether it has anything to say to us or is merely a museum piece. The first question is easier to answer. The striking aphorisms (such as, "The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law"; "It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV"; "For the rational study of the law the black-letter man may be the man of the present, but the man of the future is the man of statistics and the master of economics") are part of the answer. Another part of the answer is just who Holmes is not who he was in 1897, a state supreme court judge, but what he was fifty years later and still is: the preeminent figure in the history of American law. And there is more to explain the article's fame: the beauty of its prose, the striking combination of breadth and brevity, and most of all, perhaps, the root-and-branch attack on formalism Holmes's most thoroughgoing and memorable; an attack that set the agenda for legal realism and for postformalist legal thought more generally. The more difficult question is whether the article speaks to us. (If it does not, why reprint it in a law review, as distinct from a journal of legal history, to mark its centenary?) Not all famous law review articles do. An article in the Harvard Law Review that has been cited even more frequently than The Path of the Law Wechsler's article on neutral principles' does not.2 Anyway, a mature science is supposed to forget its founders. Well, law is not a mature science, if it is a science at all, and I think we can still learn from The Path of the Law. From a perspective shaped by the dramatic recent changes in legal practice and legal thought, we can now see that Holmes's article mounted an even more radical challenge to accepted thinking about
Recurrence - Implications for heliospheric cosmic ray transport

ABSTRACT An analysis procedure is developed to quantify recurrence tendencies in lists of events. I apply this technique to 27-day recurrent variations in the intensity of the galactic cosmic radiation. Changes in the ground-level nucleonic intensity are significantly more recurrent than are intensity extrema. The recurrence periods of cosmic ray decreases do not respond to changes in the polarity of the heliospheric magnetic field. Corotation of quasi-static structures is a less important cause of recurrence than are the interplanetary disturbances responsible for abrupt cosmic ray changes.
Cryogenic Properties of Iron-Manganese and Iron-Manganese-Chromium Alloys

A wide range of microstructures were obtained in iron-manganese alloys by varying the manganese and chromium contents. When a body centered cubic ..cap alpha.. structure was produced, increasing amounts of manganese were found to be detrimental to low temperature toughness. At manganese levels greater than 12 percent where appreciable amounts of epsilon and ..gamma.. phases formed, the ductile-brittle transition temperature dropped rapidly. In terms of the epsilon + ..gamma.. phases present, the ductile-brittle transition temperature decreased at a rate of 1.3/sup 0/C/ volume percent epsilon + ..gamma... Increasing the epsilon + ..gamma.. content to achieve good low temperature toughness, however, also caused a decrease in the yield strength. Increases in the yield strength were achieved without appreciable increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature by greater manganese and chromium additions.
Characterization of the active center of thioredoxin reductase.

Abstract Reduction of thioredoxin reductase with different reductants has been followed spectrally; by titration with TPNH in the presence of DPNase or with dithionite, it has been shown that this enzyme can accept 4 electrons per FAD. Thus, an additional acceptor group is postulated and is identified as a disulfide group which undergoes reversible reduction to a dithiol. The thioredoxin reductase activity is very sensitive to low concentrations of mercurial, whereas the transhydrogenase activity requires much higher levels for inhibition. Prereduction of the enzyme enhances the former, but not the latter process. Amperometric titrations show that the 4 cysteic acid residues per FAD, determined by amino acid analysis, arise from 2 free sulfhydryls and a disulfide bond which is reducible by TPNH. Mercurials are shown, in spectral experiments, to shift the electrons from the flavin the second redox group by trapping action on the nascent dithiol; after such a treatment, the enzyme is completely reduced by only 2 electrons per FAD and cannot be reoxidized by thioredoxin.
Distributed Decomposition-Based Approaches in Global Optimization

Recent advances in the theory of deterministic global optimization have resulted in the development of very efficient algorithmic procedures for identifying the global minimum of certain classes of nonconvex optimization problems. The advent of powerful multiprocessor machines combined with such developments make it possible to tackle with substantial efficiency otherwise intractable global optimization problems. In this paper, we will discuss implementation issues and computational results associated with the distributed implementation of the decomposition-based global optimization algorithm, GOP, [5], [6]. The NP-complete character of the global optimization problem, translated into extremely high computational requirements, had made it difficult to address problems of large size.The parallel implementation made it possible to successfully tackle the increased computational requirements in in order to identify the global minimum in computationally realistic times. The key computational bottlnecks are identified and properly addressed. Finaly, results on an Intel-Paragon machine are presented for large scale Indefinite Quadratic Programming problems, with up to 350 quadratic variables, and Blending-Pooling Problems, with up to 12 components and 30 qualities.
Rbm8a Haploinsufficiency Disrupts Embryonic Cortical Development Resulting in Microcephaly

The cerebral cortex is built during embryonic neurogenesis, a period when excitatory neurons are generated from progenitors. Defects in neurogenesis can cause acute neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly (reduced brain size). Altered dosage of the 1q21.1 locus has been implicated in the etiology of neurodevelopmental phenotypes; however, the role of 1q21.1 genes in neurogenesis has remained elusive. Here, we show that haploinsufficiency for Rbm8a, an exon junction complex (EJC) component within 1q21.1, causes severe microcephaly and defective neurogenesis in the mouse. At the onset of neurogenesis, Rbm8a regulates radial glia proliferation and prevents premature neuronal differentiation. Reduced Rbm8a levels result in subsequent apoptosis of neurons, and to a lesser extent, radial glia. Hence, compared to control, Rbm8a-haploinsufficient brains have fewer progenitors and neurons, resulting in defective cortical lamination. To determine whether reciprocal dosage change of Rbm8a alters embryonic neurogenesis, we overexpressed human RBM8A in two animal models. Using in utero electroporation of mouse neocortices as well as zebrafish models, we find RBM8A overexpression does not significantly perturb progenitor number or head size. Our findings demonstrate that Rbm8a is an essential neurogenesis regulator, and add to a growing literature highlighting roles for EJC components in cortical development and neurodevelopmental pathology. Our results indicate that disruption of RBM8A may contribute to neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with proximal 1q21.1 microdeletions.
Fathoming the Changes: The Evolution of some Technical Terms and Interpretive Strategies in Yijing Exegesis

This essay maps the changing contours of Yijing 《易經》 (Classic of Changes, aka Changes) exegesis, focusing in particular on certain specialized terms that deal with the related problems of “knowing fate” (zhiming 知命) and “establishing fate” (liming 立命). Among the concepts to be discussed (listed alphabetically in pinyin transliteration) are hui 悔, ji 吉, jiu 咎, li 利, li 厲, lin 吝, wang 亡, heng 亨, wujiu 旡咎, xiong 凶, yong 用, yuan 元, and zhen 貞.
FINANCING LONG-TERM CARE: LESSONS FROM ABROAD

As the United States searches for ways to reform its system of financing long-term care, it may learn from the experiences of other developed nations. In Japan and much of Europe, public benefits for the long-term care of the aged have become a pillar of social policy, on par with retirement and health care.Many of these nations embarked on major reforms in their long-term care programs beginning in the mid-1990s. However, they have taken quite different approaches. This brief will review the experiences of Germany, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom and highlight potential lessons for the United States.
A study of the attitudes of pre-service teachers toward the use of computers

This study investigated the relationship between the selected variables (gender, computer experience, and nature of computer experience) and computer attitudes (anxiety, confidence, and liking). Subjects were 60 college students who were enrolled in a general educational methods course. The Instrument used in this study was the computer attitude scale designed by Loyd and Gressard (1984a). The instrument contained three subscales: computer anxiety, computer confidence, and computer liking. Multivariate analyses of variance were conducted in order to see an interplay among the computer subscales. Post hoc comparisons were conducted on the variables that had more than two levels of a factor. Recommendations were drawn for pre-service teachers based on the findings of this study.
The Bailey criterion: statistical derivation and applications to interpretations of durability tests and chemical kinetics

The Bailey durability criterion, well known in mechanics of materials, has also been used in other fields of study such as the kinetics of chemical reactions. This paper rationalizes the wide applicability of this criterion in terms of Markovian statistical properties of systems. Two particular cases are discussed as examples of the general approach: durability of a wide class of solid materials and cure (cross-linking) reactions employed for fabrications of thermosets and rubbers.
An optimization model for combined heat and power dispatch with short-term forecasted wind power

In this paper, a model is presented to solve the problem of combined heat and power (CHP) dispatch. The system under consideration consists of both thermal generators and wind turbines. The wind power is a random variable following the Beta distribution, which is mainly used for the short-term forecasting. In the proposed model, the probability of wind power is included in the constraint set. A computer program is developed to implement the model. Results of numerical simulations for a generic system are presented. It is shown that the effects of wind power on the generated power and heat can be readily assessed. The proposed approach can be extended to large systems with a series of forecasted wind parameters.
Concentration-dependent oxygen diffusivity in YBa2Cu3O6+x: I. Argon annealing studies

Abstract Electrical resistance measurements were used to follow the isothermal in-diffusion characteristics in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x (YBCO) as a function of the initial oxygen content, x , at temperatures ranging from 650–708°C. Prior to the determination of oxygen in-diffusion rates, the initial oxygen contents in both polycrystalline and single crystal specimens were controlled by out-gassing in argon for different periods of time. An increasing dependence of the chemical diffusivity with decreasing initial oxygen content was observed which was typical of a vacancy diffusion mechanism. However, the magnitude of the dependence (and comparison with tracer diffusion studies) suggested that other factors (e.g., correlation effects or the thermodynamic factor) were responsible for the concentration dependence. The results are important for the development of atomic diffusion models for the oxygen mobility in YBCO.