cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
102. Prenatal stress, depression, and herpes viral reactivation

Psychosocial stress is a predictor of prenatal depression. Prenatal depression may be associated with herpes viral reactivation. The purpose of this study was to analyze relationships among prenatal stress, depression, herpes viral titers, and metabolites of indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) activation, an enzyme that is highly upregulated in pregnancy. IDO activation decreases tryptophan production and increases phenylalanine/tyrosine metabolism, respectively. Prenatal depression may occur from tryptophan stealing through the IDO pathway which results in decreased serotonin and increased risk for latent viral reactivation. Participants ( N = 382) were between 16 to 25 gestational weeks. The data included demographics, Perceived Stress Scale, and Profile of Mood States scores. The plasma was analyzed for HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG, CMV IgG and nitrite, neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Perceived stress was correlated with depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were correlated with HSV-2 IgG titer ( r = .215, p
Learning about reflection through exploring narrative inquiry

This article illustrates what can be learned about reflection through exploring narrative inquiry as a productive research method in the study of teachers’ experiences of school reform. By focusing on five qualities of narrative inquiry: (1) research in the midst; (2) research on the boundaries; (3) knowing through relationship; (4) narrative truth; and (5) following where the story leads, the paper illustrates how each dimension fruitfully contributed to my developing understandings of what teachers came to know in the context of organized school reform at T.P. Yaeger Middle School, the campus where I have conducted research for over a decade. In the final analysis, my discussion concerning the use of narrative inquiry to excavate teachers’ experiences of school reform and the connections between it and reflective practice demonstrates the never ending complexities of school landscapes, school reform efforts and educators’ lives lived in relationship and across time and place. It also shows how integral ...
A Synchronization Attack and Defense in Energy-Efficient Listen-Sleep Slotted MAC Protocols

As wireless motes are battery powered, many listen-sleep Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been proposed to reduce energy consumption. Security issues related to the design of these protocols have, however, largely been ignored. In this paper, we present a novel attack (the synchronization attack) on listen-sleep MAC protocols. This attack can cause 100% message loss and approximately 30% higher energy drain throughout either a cluster or the entire network, with only a single constrained malicious node modifying its schedule. We show this attack can be applied to many slotted listen-sleep protocols such as Sensor MAC (S-MAC), its enhanced version Global Schedule Adoption (GSA), Timeout MAC (T-MAC), Dynamic Sensor-MAC (DSMAC), and Mobile S-MAC (MS-MAC). We propose a heuristically near-optimal threshold-based scheme to defend against large scale synchronization attack. Depending on the traffic rate, our defense can limit the message delay to at most 20% and the message drop to at most 12%. We performed extensive simulations to show the attack and its defense. Our theoretical analysis proves these results in a general listen-sleep framework. An important impact of this work is that without a reliable MAC layer, higher layer secure protocols cannot be developed, e.g. secure routing depends on a reliable exchange of messages and our attack disrupts this exchange.
Wage Kates in Philadelphia, 1790-1830

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate more thoroughly the experience of the urban and agricultural wage earner during the first four decades of American history by focusing on one major city and its environs. While the majority of Americans were engaged in independent agricultural pursuits during this period, the proportion of wage earners to total population was much greater in urban areas. Artisans, laborers, domestics, and mariners were among the largest of wage-earning groups.
Four serine proteinases expressed in Manduca sexta haemocytes.

Several putative serine proteinases were detected in Manduca sexta larval plasma by labelling with radio-active diisopropyl fluorophosphate. To begin to identify and characterize such enzymes, a polymerase chain reaction was carried out using haemocyte cDNA as template and primers designed to amplify conserved sequences from serine proteinases. Four serine proteinase cDNA fragments were cloned. These were used as probes to screen an M. sexta larval haemocyte cDNA library to obtain full-length clones encoding haemocyte proteinases 1–4 (HP1, HP2, HP3 and HP4). HP1 and HP2 contain an aminoterminal ‘clip’ domain similar to those found in horse-shoe crab clotting enzyme and clotting factor B and also in the Drosophila melanogaster proteinases snake and easter. HP3 and HP4 are most similar to proteinases from mammalian leucocytes. HP1 and HP2 are both present in plasma. HP1 is expressed in haemocytes (granular cells and oenocytoids) and not in fat body. HP2 is expressed in fat body and in granular haemocytes, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids. After injection of larvae with bacteria, the level of HP2 mRNA decreased in haemocytes and increased in fat body.
Criminalized Women and the Health Care System: The Case for Continuity of Services

Drawing upon research with criminalized women in Massachusetts, this article examines barriers to health care before, during, and after incarceration. Although very few of the surveyed women report...
Optimization of a rectangular cross-section wingbox using genetic search algorithms

A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the sizing and layout of a simple, rectangular aircraft wingbox subjected to a set of hierarchical buckling and stress constraints. The constraint-handling scheme is based on an expression operator which is used to alter the genetic makeup of infeasible designs. This operator is shown to be superior to penalty function techniques for enforcing constraints. The performance of the GA is compared to traditional mathematical programming algorithms for a single load case with a prescribed rib spacing. The GA performs as well as the mathematical programming algorithms with exact gradients , and better than the algorithms with finite difference constraints. The GA is also used to solve the problems of multiple load cases and the single load case with the rib spacing as a variable. The ease of adding constraints and variables is shown to be noteworthy for genetic algorithms.
An Update on Neurocognitive Profiles in Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism

This article provides an overview of the similarities and distinctions between individuals with autism and those with Asperger syndrome (AS). First, we review the cognitive and neurocognitive profi...
Physician practice characteristics and satisfaction: a rural-urban comparison of medical directors at U.S. Community and Migrant Health Centers.

For this study, the association between physician practice characteristics and satisfaction of medical directors at rural and urban Community and Migrant Health Centers (C/MHCs) was investigated. Data for this study came from a 1996 cross-sectional survey of C/MHCs' medical directors. A total of 411 centers (68.3 percent) responded to the survey, including 240 rural (67.4 percent) and 171 urban (68.7 percent) C/MHCs. Factor analysis was used to synthesize physician practice characteristics related to overall satisfaction. The resulting factors were entered as new variables in a predictive logistic regression model of overall satisfaction. Growing up in an inner-city community was significantly associated with practicing in an urban center; whereas, growing up in a rural or frontier community was more likely to result in practicing in a rural center. The majority of medical directors (82.3 percent) were either somewhat satisfied or very satisfied with their work. Satisfaction with work was most significantly associated with overall level of satisfaction, followed by satisfaction with administration, peers and patients. Recruitment efforts are more likely to succeed when they target individuals with prior exposure to underserved areas. Improving the working conditions and interactions with administrators would help sustain the high level of satisfaction experienced by medical directors at C/MHCs.
Spontaneous platelet activation and aggregation during obstructive sleep apnea and its response to therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. A preliminary investigation.

Study objective To determine whether alterations of platelet reactivity occur during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and, if so, whether therapy with nasal-continuous positive airway pressure (N-CPAP) alters this reactivity. Design Patients with suspected moderate to severe OSA had blood drawn for spontaneous platelet aggregation (sAGG) and activation (sACT) measurements at hourly intervals during diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and, in those with confirmed OSA, on a separate night during which N-CPAP was applied. Setting Tertiary care center sleep laboratory. Patients Six patients with OSA had matched blood samples drawn on both diagnostic and N-CPAP treatment nights. Five patients without confirmed OSA served as controls. Interventions N-CPAP was applied to those patients with OSA and pressures adjusted with goals of eliminating apneas; N-CPAP was then maintained through the night. Measurements and results sACT and sAGG were measured using flow cytometric determination of P-selectin expression using a monoclonal antibody. Platelet aggregation was assessed by measuring the proportion of platelets larger than resting platelets by light scatter techniques. Mean values for sACT and sAGG were higher on the diagnostic night compared with treatment night (p=0.001 and p=0.003, analysis of variance, respectively). The mean baseline supine sACT compared with completion supine sACT for both diagnostic and N-CPAP nights also revealed significant differences (mean=16.6 ± 3.5% vs 36.9 ± 7.5%, p=0.04; and 11.9 ± 3% vs 39.5 ± 9.1%, p=0.04). Platelet activation during sleep in five subjects without OSA resembles that found in patients with OSA during N-CPAP. Conclusions: Increased platelet sACT and sAGG occur during sleep in patients with OSA. This effect is greatly reduced by N-CPAP.
Like a Bridge over Troubled Waters: Innervation Changes in the Malfunctioning Heart

The sympathetic nervous system allows us to increase our cardiac output rapidly—an effect we all appreciate when we run up stairs. The stimulatory effects of sympathetic nerves (which produce the neurotransmitter norepinephrine) are balanced by the parasympathetic nervous system, which produces acetylcholine and reduces cardiac performance. In congestive heart failure, increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes damage to the heart muscle, a decline in heart function, and potentially lethal arrhythmias. β blockers, a major pillar of therapy for congestive heart failure, function by inhibiting sympathetic nervous system activity. Now, Kanazawa et al . demonstrate how a failing heart tries to keep these deleterious effects of sympathetic innervation at bay. In an apparent cry for help, failing rat heart muscle cells secrete cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor, a member of the interleukin-6 family that signals through cytokine receptors containing the gp130 subunit. In response, the sympathetic nervous system itself offers a helping hand. Kanazawa et al . showed that norepinephrine-secreting fibers of these nerves respond to the cytokines by transdifferentiating into fibers that release acetylcholine instead. This same transdifferentiation was seen when gp130 was overexpressed solely in sympathetic neurons. Because earlier studies had shown that stimulation of the heart with acetylcholine enhances survival of animals with congestive heart failure, these results suggest that transdifferentiation protects an ailing heart. Is this result relevant in humans? It appears so, because hearts from patients with congestive heart failure showed evidence of a similar neurotransmitter switch. The question arises whether such transdifferentiation plays a role in other diseases, such as diabetes, in which the ability of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism is impaired. The current study exemplifies transdifferentiation of the sympathetic nervous system and how to study it. H. Kanazawa et al ., Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents. J. Clin. Invest . 120 , 408–421 (2010). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/39778
Individually Reported Effectiveness of Therapy for Chronic Pain

In 1996, a primary care-based multidisciplinary group model for treating patients with chronic pain was begun in a large HMO. Prior to the visits, patients completed an assessment, which included their description of previous and current therapies and their effectiveness (inventory developed by A. G. Lipman). This article describes the reports of the first 163 patients. Females were referred three times more often than males; the average age was 52 (range 18 to 88); average years in pain = 11 (range 0.3-50). Most patients reported more than one source of pain. No therapy was reported to be effective for everyone; what was highly effective for one could actually increase pain in another. Side effects caused patients to discontinue even effective therapy. Costly does not mean more effective. It is, therefore, essential that a systematic process of accessment, evaluation, and titration be employed with every intervention.
A VLSI chip set for a multiprocessor workstation. I. An RISC microprocessor with coprocessor interface and support for symbolic processing

A 40-70 MIPS multiprocessor workstation is considered. VLSI implementation of the central processing unit (CPU) chip, based on reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture and with support for LISP, is described. The 1.3-cm/sup 2/ CPU chip uses a direct-mapped 512-b on-chip instruction cache and 138 40-b registers organized in eight overlapping windows to achieve 10 MIPS per processor peak performance with a 10-MHz, four-phase clock. >
NMR studies of the surface structure and dynamics of semiconductor nanocrystals

H-1 NMR studies of thiophenol capping groups on cadmium sulfide nanocrystals demonstrate that the coverage of the capping molecule depends on the size of the nanocrystal. Data are presented which show that as the size of the nanocrystal increases, the coverage of thiophenol decreases. In addition, information about the overall tumbling of the nanocrystal and the motion of the capping groups relative to the surface can be obtained from linewidth studies, indicating that the rotation of the capping groups is hindered in the smaller nanocrystals (r almost-equal-to 12 angstrom) and becomes less so in larger nanocrystals (r almost-equal-to 20 angstrom). The coverage data are related to the electronic properties of this important class of compounds.
Dead People Don’t Eat: Food Governmentenomics and Conflicts-of-Interest in the UDSA and FDA

Conflicts of interest permeate the governance of the federal advisory committees that issue recommendations to consumer protection agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and, therefore, American consumers need a federal solution to protect their health from biased recommendations. In order to promote a business-friendly food pyramid, agribusinesses and food industrialists lobby for dietary guidelines to adapt the dietary guidelines illustrated by the food pyramid to boos their sales. The resulting guidelines cause great damage to public health, environmental pollution, and loss of democratic freedoms. As a result, the FDA and USDA’s bifurcated tasks, protection of both food producers and consumers, create a conflict of interest within the agencies that often favor the food industry over consumer protection. This paper describes the problems embedded within the FDA and USDA’s conflict of interest and the resulting revolving door of the heavily-invested lobbyists, and, finally, suggest statutory amendments to solve this problem. The proposed amendments will dispense with ineffective disclosure requirements and eliminate the possibility to waive conflicts of interest for advisory committee members. By rebalancing the composition of the advisory committees and the scientific bases for the dietary recommendations, the proposed amendments will close the loopholes that large food industrialists currently abuse. The result will be that the consumer protections agencies, such as the FDA and USDA are empowered to police the federal advisory committees issuing the dietary recommendations and prevent government officials’ from breaching their fiduciary duties to American consumers.
Mass Revolutions vs. Elite Coups

Most of the contemporary autocracies were not replaced by a democracy after their collapse. Instead, they were more likely to be replaced by a new autocracy headed by the group that initiated the autocrat’s overthrow. The paper provides a theory of authoritarian breakdown emphasizing the relationship between an autocracy’s economic performance and the probability that it will be replaced by a democracy and the probability that it will be replaced by another autocracy. Our theory is based on the interaction between three political classes: the dictator, who is interested in surviving in power; the elites, who are interested in overthrowing the dictator and in establishing a new autocratic regime wherein they enjoy more power; and the masses, who are interested in overthrowing the dictator and in establishing a democracy. The theory predicts that mass revolutions are likely in bad economic periods, authoritarian stability in good economic periods, and, surprisingly, coups in normal economic periods, not in bad ones. This prediction still holds when we extend our model to an incomplete information environment allowing the dictator to hold less accurate information about his own vulnerability than the elites do. We conclude by showing that this prediction is consistent with available data on authoritarian breakdowns from 1960 2000.
Antimicrobial Stewardship: Application in the Intensive Care Unit

Critical-care units can be barometers for appropriate antimicrobial use. There, life and death hang on empirical antimicrobial therapy for treatment of infectious diseases. With increasing therapeutic empiricism, triple-drug, broad-spectrum regimens are often necessary, but cannot be continued without fear of the double-edged sword: a life-saving intervention or loss of life following Clostridium difficile infection, infection from a resistant organism, nephrotoxicity, cardiac toxicity, and so on. While broadened initial empirical therapy is considered a standard, it must be necessary, dosed according to pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles, and stopped when no longer needed. Antimicrobial stewardship interventions shepherd these considerations in antimicrobial therapy. With pharmacists and physicians trained in infectious disease and critical care, clear-cut interventions can be focused on beginning or growing a stewardship program, or proposing future studies.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neural projections to the systemic vasculature during sexual maturation and delayed puberty in the male Djungarian hamster.

To study GnRH neuron projections to the systemic circulation during sexual maturation and in photoperiod-induced delayed puberty, we injected fluorogold (i.p.) into long- or short-dayreared male Djungarian hamsters. Five days after fluorogold treatment, at 15, 25, or 40 days of age, most GnRH neurons were found to access the systemic vasculature from terminal fields in the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. More than 80% of GnRH cell bodies in the medial preoptic area and diagonal band of Broca contained fluorogold, the locus for the majority of the GnRH neuron system in this species. GnRH cell numbers (-180) and percentages with fluorogold were the same in 15- and 25-day-old males in long days, respectively pre- and peripubertal, and were not different from that in short-day hamsters with delayed puberty. Neither the number of fluorogold-labeled GnRH somata nor intensity of the fluorogold per cell was altered in hamsters during the critical period for initiation of reproductive maturation. Only later, at age 40 days, was the percentage of GnRH somata with fluorogold increased in long-day hamsters or reduced in 40-day-old males in short days relative to that in males at 15 days of age (same day length). The findings indicate that GnRH neuron projections to regions outside the blood-brain barrier are established before puberty and are independent of photoperiod control of reproductive development.
Coordinatively unsaturated o-quinone complexes of iridum(III) and their role in the isomerization of octahedral complexes

The oxidative addition reaction of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone with trans-{IrCl(N2)[P(C6H5)3]2} yields the coordinatively unsaturated complex {IrCl(o-O2C6Cl4)[P(C6H5)3]2} · C6H6 Carbonylation of this complex can be used to prepare two isomers of formula {IrCl(o-O2C6Cl4)(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2}. These are both different than the isomer obtained by Balch and Sohn from the oxidative addition of the quinone to Vaska's compound. The role of coordinatively unsaturated intermediates in the isomerization reactions of the octahedral carbonyl complexes will be discussed. The five coordinated o-quinone complex reacts with water to give an aquo complex. Two criteria for distinguishing cis- and trans-M[P(C6H5)3]2 geometries from intensifies of IR bands in the regions 15701590 and 530550 cm−1 have been tested for octahedral complexes. cis-Ph3P octahedral complexes of iridium(III) have a band of high intensity in the 534541 cm−1 region. There is no systematic relationship between the band intensities in the 15701590 cm−1 region and phosphine geometry.
Abstain or Rebel: Corruption Perceptions and Voting in East European Elections

This paper argues that corruption, threatening democratic governance in the new democracies of Eastern Europe, is another influential determinant of voter turnout. I hypothesize that its impact is complex in that it generates distinct incentives for participation. A recursive model of voting specifies a direct effect where voters get mobilized to bring to power politicians of greater integrity, and an indirect effect in which perceptions of corruption corrode faith in the democratic process and consequently, depress voting. The analysis uses CSES survey data from eight post-communist countries and the results provide empirical support for the theoretical model. The results also suggest that at least in 2001-05, the two opposing incentives for voting balanced each other out, with a slight gain for the mobilization effect. Este articulo argumenta que la amenaza de la corrupcion dentro de los gobiernos democraticos de Europa del Este es un factor influyente en la participacion de votantes. Planteo que su impacto es complejo puesto que genera incentivos contrapuestos para la participacion. Un modelo de voto recursivo especifica un efecto directo donde los votantes se movilizan para llevar al poder a los politicos de mayor integridad, y un efecto indirecto en el cual las percepciones de corrupcion corroen la fe en el proceso democratico y en consecuencia, reduce el voto. El analisis utiliza la investigacion de datos del Estudio Comparativo de los Sistemas Electorales (CSES, por sus siglas en ingles) de ocho paises post-comunistas y los resultados proveen el respaldo empirico para el modelo teorico. Los resultados sugieren tambien que por lo menos en 2001-05, los dos incentivos opuestos para el voto se equilibran mutuamente, con un ligero triunfo del efecto de la movilizacion.
Role of Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins in Gastroduodenal Disease

The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is highly adapted for persistent colonization of the human stomach. Approximately one-half of the global human population is colonized by this organism. H. pylori colonization of the stomach is associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric lymphoma. Whether symptomatic disease occurs in H. pylori-infected persons depends in part on host genetic factors. For example, several polymorphisms that affect the production of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma [1]. The risk of developing symptomatic disease is also influenced by geographic factors. H. pylori-associated gastric adenocarcinoma is a leading cause of cancer mortality in Japan, China, South America, Central America, and parts of Eastern Europe but occurs less commonly in several other parts of the world [2]. There is a high level of genetic variation among H. pylori strains cultured from unrelated humans, and this diversity could potentially be another factor that accounts for differences in clinical outcomes [3]. To identify bacterial genetic markers associated with the development of disease, investigators have compared H. pylori strains isolated from patients with symptomatic disease (gastric cancer or peptic ulceration) with strains isolated from patients who have no such history [4-7]. Several of the genetic elements that are distributed unequally between these 2 groups of strains encode factors that modulate in-
Functional Screening and In Vitro Analysis Reveal Thioesterases with Enhanced Substrate Specificity Profiles That Improve Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in Escherichia coli

Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) biosynthesis is pertinent to production of biofuels, industrial compounds, and pharmaceuticals from renewable resources. To expand on Escherichia coli SCFA products, we previously implemented a coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent pathway that condenses acetyl-CoA to a diverse group of short-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. To increase product titers and reduce premature pathway termination products, we conducted in vivo and in vitro analyses to understand and improve the specificity of the acyl-CoA thioesterase enzyme, which releases fatty acids from CoA. A total of 62 putative bacterial thioesterases, including 23 from the cow rumen microbiome, were inserted into a pathway that condenses acetyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA molecule derived from exogenously provided propionic or isobutyric acid. Functional screening revealed thioesterases that increase production of saturated (valerate), unsaturated (trans-2-pentenoate), and branched (4-methylvalerate) SCFAs compared to overexpression of E. coli thioesterase tesB or native expression of endogenous thioesterases. To determine if altered thioesterase acyl-CoA substrate specificity caused the increase in product titers, six of the most promising enzymes were analyzed in vitro. Biochemical assays revealed that the most productive thioesterases rely on promiscuous activity but have greater specificity for product-associated acyl-CoAs than for precursor acyl-CoAs. In this study, we introduce novel thioesterases with improved specificity for saturated, branched, and unsaturated short-chain acyl-CoAs, thereby expanding the diversity of potential fatty acid products while increasing titers of current products. The growing uncertainty associated with protein database annotations denotes this study as a model for isolating functional biochemical pathway enzymes in situations where experimental evidence of enzyme function is absent.
Perioperative stroke in infants undergoing open heart operations for congenital heart disease.

Background The prevalence of perioperative stroke in infants undergoing operations for congenital heart disease has not been well described. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of stroke as assessed by postoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), characterize the neuroanatomic features of focal ischemic injury, and identify risk factors for its development. Methods Brain MRI was performed in 122 infants 3 to 14 days after cardiac operation with cardiopulmonary bypass, with or without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected. Risk factors were tested by logistic regression for univariate and multivariate associations with stroke. Results Stroke was identified in 12 of 122 patients (10%). Strokes were preoperative in 6 patients and possibly intraoperative or postoperative in the other 6 patients, and were clinically silent except in 1 patient who had clinical seizures. Arterial-occlusive and watershed infarcts were identified with equal distribution in both hemispheres. Multivariate analysis identified lower birth weight, preoperative intubation, lower intraoperative hematocrit, and higher blood pressure at admission to the cardiac intensive care unit postoperatively as significant factors associated with stroke. Prematurity, younger age at operation, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were not significantly associated with stroke. Conclusions The prevalence of stroke in infants undergoing operations for congenital heart disease was 10%, half of which occurred preoperatively. Most were clinically silent and undetected without neuroimaging. Mechanisms included thromboembolism and hypoperfusion, with patient-specific, procedure-specific, and postoperative contributions to increased risk.
Whole Body Radioactivity Measurement and Significance

The total body potassium in humans was determined by measuring the K 40 radioactivity in a whole body liquid scintillation counter. These values were used to study the lean body mass and the fat content as a function of age and physical fitness. The effect of an anorectic-tranquilizer drug combination and food substitute therapy on the body composition of obese humans undergoing weight loss was also investigated. The techniques reported for the in vivo , nondestructive detection and measurement of low levels of γ-emitting radionuclides in large animals and man has opened up entirely new opportunities for research of significance to the pharmaceutical sciences, which heretofore has not been possible.
LWIR 128*128 GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well hybrid focal plane array

The authors describe the fabrication and performance of a new type of hybrid focal plane array (FPA). The hybrid consists of a 128*128 GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice multiple-quantum-well detector array with peak response at 7.7 mu m mated to a high-performance CMOS readout with direct injection input. The quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP) array was fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Optical gratings were excluded to facilitate evaluation of the basic detector-technology. The mean D* at 78 K was 5.76*10/sup 9/ cm- square root Hz/W. Total FPA 1/f noise was negligible, as corroborated by imagery having minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) of 30 mK at 0.07 cycles/mrad. No gain nonuniformity correction was used in the imaging demonstration. >
MOCVD Regrowth of InP on Hybrid Silicon Substrate

Epitaxial growth/regrowth technology is important for many photonic integration applications to realize high-performance active components and low-loss passive part on single substrate [1, 2]. But a compatible regrowth process is still lacking for hybrid Silicon system, in which a low temperature (<400°C) wafer bonding technology is usually adopted [3]. MOCVD growth of InP typically requires temperature higher than 550°C, which is too high for the bonded III/V-on-Silicon sample. Serious material degeneration can result from bonding interface bubble generation due to trapped gas molecules and the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the bonding materials at that temperature. In this work we discuss the effort of MOCVD regrowth of InP on the hybrid Silicon substrate.
SCREENING AND MONITORING FOR BLADDER CANCER: REFINING THE USE OF NMP22

Purpose: While detecting bladder cancer, bladder tumor markers demonstrate improved sensitivity compared with urinary cytology but the current limitation is the low specificity and positive predictive value, that is high false-positive rate. We examined the clinical categories of the false-positive results, established relative exclusion criteria, and recalculated the specificity and positive predictive value of this assay with these criteria.Materials and Methods: A total of 608 patients considered at risk for bladder cancer presented to a urology clinic and submitted a single urine sample. Of the 608 patients 529 (87%) presented with de novo hematuria or chronic voiding symptoms without a diagnosis of bladder cancer. There were 79 (13.0%) patients being monitored with a known history of bladder cancer. Each urine sample was examined via cytology, urinalysis, culture and NMP22‡ protein assay. All patients underwent office cystoscopy, and transurethral resection and/or biopsy if a bladder tumor was suspec...
Standard-of-care testimony: best practices or reasonable care?

The standard of care is a mixed question of law and fact in which the factfinder is asked to determine what society is entitled to expect of a physician acting under certain specific circumstances. States frame this determination through case law and statutes.[1][1] The precise definition of the
Family Status and Mental Health: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Some of the earliest and most well-known sociological studies showed that marriage was beneficial to mental health, marriage benefited the mental health of men more than women, and parenthood caused psychological distress, especially for women. However, recent longitudinal research, reviewed in this chapter, questions these basic relationships. Recent studies show that though marriage is associated with improved mental health, these improvements are more modest than previously suggested and depend on other factors such as marital quality, race, and age. Cohabitors have higher psychological well-being than the single, though not as high as the married. Longitudinal studies suggest no gender difference in the average mental health benefit associated with transition into marriage. Recent research confirms that parenthood increases psychological distress, especially for young single parents. Future research should use an intersectionality framework to examine how multiple stratification systems work together to influence the relationship between family status and mental health.
Mitose und Meiose

Wie bereits ausgefuhrt, lauft die DNA-Synthese wahrend des gesamten Zellzyklus eines Bakteriums. Wahrend sich der DNA-Gehalt verdoppelt, vergrosert sich die Zelle und beginnt mit der Synthese einer trennenden Zellwand in der Mitte der Zelle. Dies dient dazu, die beiden Tochterchromosomen auf die beiden Kompartimente aufzuteilen. Nach Beendigung der Zellwandsynthese trennen sich die beiden Tochterzellen. Dieser Vorgang wiederholt sich, solange die Zellen teilungsfahig sind. In Kapitel 4 haben wir den eukaryontischen Zellzyklus im Detail beschrieben: er unterscheidet sich deutlich von dem eines Bakteriums. Korperzellen (nicht die Keimbahnzellen) durchlaufen vier verschiedene Phasen des Zellzyklus, die als Gl, S, G2 und M bezeichnet werden. Die Chromosomen verdoppeln sich in der S-Phase. In der Mitose (M) wird der verdoppelte Chromosomensatz auf zwei Tochterzellen verteilt, so das jede Zelle dasselbe genetische Material wie die Elternzelle enthalt (Ausnahmen werden in einem spateren Kapitel besprochen).
Better than Real Life: Ultra Content for Ultra Broadband Networks

It is the premise of this paper that we are entering an inflection point that is as powerful as the emergence of television 65 years ago.The paper discusses the impact of gigabit-speed networks on media content. Such impact will clearly not be simply on “more” – a widening of offerings, but also on richer media, i.e., a deepening in terms of informational intensity. I have discussed this in the past, and this is the starting point for further analysis on the implications. First, I want to identify, using incipient offerings, in what directions media content is likely to move, and the nature of interactive and immersive content. Second, what are the societal implications of content that is “better than reality”, where content that is dense in impressions is directed at viewers and users, whether at home or on the move? Third, what are the economic foundations of such a media system? Fourth, what are the likely market structures of such an environment, both U.S. domestically and globally? And fifth, what are the policy and regulatory issues we need to prepare for? The paper starts with data and then moves into interpretation.While some of this might be speculative in nature, many elements of this analysis would be based on data analysis of the continuation of long-term trends in information enrichment, of a shift from shared media to individualized ones, and of production costs and user fragmentations. While it might be easier to schedule papers that are focused on narrow and immediate issues, I believe that an event such as TPRC also requires a broad-gauged discussions of ‘where is all this taking us’. I therefore respectfully propose that this paper would be part of a multi-presentation plenary that is devoted to such a discussion. Such a plenary would go beyond the frequently trite presentations of mid-level Washington policy makers extolling their agencies’ accomplishments or critiquing those of their successors. A more forward-looking panel would provide common food for thought as well as an agenda for future research. I am ready to assist in the creation of such a panel.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Human Impacts on the Rainforest Environment in Ecuador

Renowned for biological diversity, Amazonian rainforests are also regions of high cultural diversity. However, in recent decades, most indigenous rainforest people have become settled and acquired titles to large tropical forest areas, are increasingly integrating into the market economy, and are experiencing rapid sociocultural change. In this chapter, we examine five ethnic groups in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon and highlight the importance of sociocultural and economic contexts in understanding indigenous patterns of forest use. Using ethnographic and survey data collected in 2001, we compare and contrast these indigenous populations in terms of demographic characteristics, involvement in the market economy, and patterns of forest conversion and faunal exploitation, observing different degrees of external pressures and opportunities, cultural values, and historical constraints, which, taken together, influence their choices about resource use and market contact and their long-run prospects for cultural survival.
Care of the Young Athlete

J. Andy Sullivan and Steven J. Anderson, editors. Oklahoma City: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000. 524 pages. $75.00. This book represents a collaborative effort by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The topics selected and the order of presentation are specifically designed to meet the needs of the primary-care physician, as stated in the introduction by the authors. The book is divided into five sections. The first section reviews the risks and benefits of organized …
A Method to Estimate Residual Stress in Metal Parts Made by Selective Laser Melting

Accurate evaluation of residual stresses in structures is very important because they play a crucial role in the mechanical performance of the components. As residual stresses can be introduced into mechanical components during various thermal or mechanical processes such as heat treatment, forming, welding and additive manufacturing. As an additive manufacturing method, selective laser melting (SLM) has become a powerful tool for the direct manufacturing of three dimensional nano-composite components with complex configurations directly from powders using 3D CAD data as a digital information source and energy in the form of a high-power laser beam. Therefore, the application of the SLM technology is necessary to manufacture Inconel 718 superalloy, which has been widely employed in industrial applications due to its remarkable properties. Hence, it is critical to measure and reduce the residual stress in the Inconel 718 parts formed by SLM due to rapid cooling and reheating. In this study, the process-induced residual stress in Inconel 718 parts produced by selective laser melting (SLM) has been investigated using the model established by Carlsson et al., which is an instrumented indentation technique based on the experimental correlation between the indentation characteristic and the residual stress. The samples were sectioned from an Inconel 718 block along its build direction, and subsequently prepared with general metallographic methods for Vickers indentation and measurements by optical microscopy. The residual stress on the scanning surface (Z-plane) and side surface (X-plane) at different build heights have been evaluated in micro-scale with the contact area, indentation hardness and the equai-biaxial residual stress and strain fields. The results show that the residual stress is unevenly distributed in the SLMed parts with some areas have an maximum absolute value around 350 MPa, about 30 percent of the yield strength of Inconel 718. The average residual stresses in the Z-plane and X-plane samples are tensile and compressive, respectively. Besides, the residual stress does not change significantly along the building direction of the part. Moreover, the Vickers hardness of the parts built with the SLM process is comparable to the literature, and the X-plane surface has a higher hardness than the Z-plane surface. The microstructures and texture evolution of the SLM processed Inconel 718 alloy are also investigated. The X-plane shows the columnar structure due to the large temperature gradient while the Z-plane presents the equiaxed structures. The random texture is shown in the SLM processed specimens.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Statement on Accounting Disclosure About Derivative Financial Instruments

The Financial Economists Roundtable (FER) is a group of senior financial economists who meet annually to discuss current policy questions relating to investments, corporate finance, financial institutions, and financial markets. The FER issues statements from time to time about specific topics of current importance to increase the awareness and understanding of public policymakers, the financial economics profession, the communications media, and the general public. At its 1995 meeting, the FER examined reporting requirements for financial assets and liabilities as well as derivatives. Its statement here reflects the consensus view of the majority of members attending. In brief, it recommends that: 1. All financial assets and liabilities, and derivatives used to hedge them, should be recorded at fair value, i.e., should be marked to market. 2. Profits and losses on derivatives used to hedge non- financial assets or future expenditures should be recognized in the same period that the specified event or hedged item is taken into income or expense. 3. External reporting must be supported by an adequate risk management internal control system.
Spatiotemporal Modeling of Brain Dynamics Using Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Gaussian Hidden Markov Model.

Abstract Analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time courses with dynamic approaches has generated a great deal of interest because of the additional temporal features that can be extracted. In this work, to systemically model spatiotemporal patterns of the brain, a Gaussian hidden Markov model (GHMM) was adopted to model the brain state switching process. We assumed that the brain switches among a number of different brain states as a Markov process and used multivariate Gaussian distributions to represent the spontaneous activity patterns of brain states. This model was applied to resting-state fMRI data from 100 subjects in the Human Connectome Project and detected nine highly reproducible brain states and their temporal and transition characteristics. Our results indicate that the GHMM can unveil brain dynamics that may provide additional insights regarding the brain at resting state.
An Evolving Scientific Public Sphere: State Science Enlightenment, Communicative Discourse, and Public Culture from Imperial Russia to Khrushchev's Soviet Times

By the late nineteenth century, science pedagogues and academicians became involved in a vast movement to popularize science throughout the Russian empire. With the aftermath of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, many now found the new Marxist state a willing supporter of their goals of spreading science to an under-educated public. In the Stalin era, Soviet state officials believed that the spread of science and technology had to coalesce with the Communist Party's utilitarian goals and needs to revive the industrial sector of the economy. This resulted in a new Stalinist technologically oriented popularization campaign. In the Khrushchev era (1953–64), Soviet politicians became increasingly more aware of the competitive power of Soviet technology in the global arena and developed extensive campaigns to publicize Soviet feats for a broad domestic and foreign public audience. This was particularly true for topics such as the space program and big technologies such as nuclear power.
Health equity-the foundation of public policy for construction of healthy city

Based on analyses of status quo of health equity in China,the systematic factors that influenced health equity have been found out and some suggestions for public policy on the realization of health equity in construction of healthy city have been presented.We should add up the investment in health,implement the health developmental model of "low level,extensive coverage,high efficiency and sustainability" so as to supply the whole people with essential health care,set up the system of health security of the whole nation with features of fund-raising in diversified ways,multiple forms of security systems and multi-channels of security level.
Utility of leopold maneuvers in screening for malpresentation

Malpresentation is a common complication of pregnancy. Using ultrasound as the gold standard, we prospectively tested Leopold maneuvers as a screen for nonvertex presentation in the third trimester. In our hands this technique performed poorly. Values for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 28, 94, 24, and 95%, respectively, in a population with a 7% prevalence of noncephalic presentation. Much of the correlation between the screening and diagnostic tests seemed to arise from chance (kappa = 0.13).
Collimated Irradiation and Transient Phenomena

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the analysis of radiative transfer in multidimensional absorbing, emitting, and scattering media with collimated irradiation. By collimated irradiation we mean external radiation that penetrates from the outside into a participating medium (as opposed to emission from a bounding surface), with all light waves being parallel to one another (or approximately so). Typical examples include solar radiation through the atmosphere and into the ocean, laser irradiation of particles or liquids, and so on. With the advent of short-pulsed lasers with pulse durations measured in picoor even femtoseconds, transient radiation effects have also become of interest. Since, in engineering applications, virtually all transient radiation effects are due to short-pulsed lasers, these two topics are treated jointly in the present chapter.