cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stacked species distribution models and macroecological models provide congruent projections of avian species richness under climate change

Aim Using survey data for North American birds, we assess how well historical patterns of species richness are explained by stacked species distribution models and macroecological models. We then describe the degree to which projections of future species richness differ, employing both modelling approaches across multiple emissions scenarios. Location USA and Canada.
"Quadrupolar" molecular nonlinear optics

Summary form only given. Measurement and exploitation of the various rotational invariants of the first hyperpolarisability tensor have been the subject of recent study. In particular, the quadrupolar and octupolar invariants may be of interest as new approaches to attaining noncentrosymmetric materials for application in second order nonlinear optics. In this work, we will examine the structure-property relationships for the J=2, or quadrupolar rotational invariant.
K-ABC and Controversy

This article represents an integrated response to the 13 invited articles on the K-ABC, all of which were written by experts in diverse domains of research, theory, and applications of intelligence tests; altogether, this invited response and the 13 papers constitute a special issue of the Journal of Special Education devoted to the K-ABC. This paper is organized by topic and treats the following seven areas: validity of the K-ABC, theory underlying the intelligence portion of the battery, role of the clinician in intellectual assessment, distinction between ability and achievement in the K-ABC, evaluation of alternate models, remedial applications of the sequential-simultaneous processing dichotomy, and understanding black-white differences on the K-ABC.
Technology Forecasting Methods

This study analyzes the origins and historical evolution and revolution of technology forecasting methods, a discipline that identifies the concept, assumptions and evaluates technology forecasting techniques with significant relationship between them. A variety of technology forecasting approaches, initiated in the 1950s, with the pioneering researches carried out by US department of Defense, and some researchers of The RAND Corporation. For over 1960 years, numerous technology forecasting methods have been developed and recently become a distinct field of investigation of future world. Mostly revolutionary techniques would have been to combine different methods characterized by the several disciplines, such as exploratory, normative and intuitive approaches. This paper proposes the gap of the main techniques of technology forecasting, developed over the course of time, identifying their methodological origin. Some concluding remarks and lessons learned complete the research.
Quantification of nano-scale carbon structure by HRTEM and lattice fringe analysis

Image processing is applied to extract material structure on the nanometer scale.Output statistics are shown to be insensitive to processing parameters.The image analysis algorithm is robust for diversity of nanoscale structure.Solid-state transformation is demonstrated for e-beam irradiated polyhedral carbon. An image analysis algorithm is applied to materials for characterization of solid-state structure on a nanometer scale using model carbon materials. Nanoscale carbons in the form of soots offer ease of demonstration while being relevant to human health and climate concerns. Demonstrated here is an image analysis algorithm applied to three nanoscaled carbon materials: a disordered soot, and two highly ordered soots featuring flat or curved atomic layer planes. Nanostructure parameters consisting of graphene layers length and tortuosity are extracted from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The algorithm is composed of two major parts: (a) image processing that generates a skeletonized binary image, and (b) characterization that generates statistics on length and tortuosity based on the skeletonized image of the graphene layers. Algorithm robustness for variations in image processing parameters of contrast and threshold is demonstrated by similarity of output distributions of disordered diesel engine produced soot. Algorithm processing range was illustrated using highly ordered soots with flat (graphitic) and curved lattice nanostructure. Time resolved image analysis of an image sequence for polyhedral onions under electron irradiation demonstrate algorithm utility for tracking solid-state transformations. Display Omitted
Rate forecasting during boundary-dominated multiphase flow: The rescaled exponential model

Abstract Well performance forecasting is an important analytical technique used for field development to guide economic decisions during the life of a reservoir. For the case of dry and liquid-rich gas wells, traditional well performance models are developed based on solving the resultant highly nonlinear gas flow equations via pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time linearization. In this study, we provide a straightforward, density-based alternative to traditional models. We show, as done previously for the case of dry gas wells ( Ayala H. and Zhang, 2013 , Zhang and Ayala, 2014a ), that a rescaled exponential model is a rigorous decline solution that can be extended to liquid-rich gas wells producing under constant bottomhole-flowing-pressure (BHP) during boundary-dominated flow (BDF) and multiphase conditions. The proposed multiphase rescaled-exponential model is derived analytically from governing multiphase flow equations; comparisons between numerically simulated results and proposed analytical model for a variety of combinations of reservoir and fluid properties demonstrate that the proposed rescaled-exponential model is a valid and reliable forecast model for constant-BHP liquid-rich gas wells under BDF.
MALE GENDER STEREOTYPES IN PAKISTANI ADVERTISEMENTS

This paper deals with the study of how men are portrayed and perceived in television commercials in electronic media. After reviewing existing literature on gender stereotypes and in advertisements, a research gap has been identified in the field of gender stereotype studies in electronic media: male gender stereotypes and their utilization in advertisements. Hence, this research combines these aspects in an attempt to fill the aforementioned gap. Content analysis is chosen as a method to evaluate male gender stereotypes, if any. The analysis of the study is comprised 60 ads which were further coded for nine distinguished categories and sub-categories. The outcome of this study supports the proposed hypothesis. Stereotypes of male gender roles exist today in our society and dominate the overall portrayal. Key words: Gender stereotypes, traditional stereotypes, masculinity, advertising, society
CLEAR Opportunities: Technical Writing and Communication for Engineering Students

Despite being well versed in scientific and technical concepts, engineering students often struggle with technical writing and communication. The CLEAR (Communication, Leadership, Ethics and Research) program at the University of Utah prepares engineering undergraduates for success in their careers through coursework aimed to improve oral and written communication skills, teamwork and ethical understanding. Along with an evaluation of ongoing CLEAR curricula in engineering laboratory and design classes, we are developing tools to assess student outcomes as defined by ABET criteria. These outcomes will inform how best to implement CLEAR curricula at the University of Utah, and ensure our graduates are better prepared to join the engineering workforce.
Determination of sodium cyclamate in quality control beverage samples

Objective To develop a method for measured sodium cyclamate in beverages from the quality control samples by capillary gas chromatography. Methods CO2 was removed, injection and addition of odium nitrite content were optimized in pretreatment of samples to set up the method for determination of sodium cyclamate in quality control beverage samples by capillary column gas chromatography. Results In this condition, the linear relationship of sodium cyclamate in the quality control samples was good with linearity range of 0.3~2.0 mg/mL, the correlation coefficients was equal to 0.99995, the limit for detection of sodium cyclamate was 2 × 10-4g/kg based on the ratio of signal to noise S/N = 3. The relative standard deviation(RSD) of quality control samples in parallel was less than 3.0%. The added standard recoveries of sodium cyclamate samples for low, medium and high concentrations were 99.0% ~ 104.0%. Conclusion The method is accurate for determination of sodium cyclamate in beverage samples for quality control assessment.
Motor Correlates of Vocal Diversity in Songbirds

Oscine songbirds invest a substantial amount of time producing song, which has important roles in male-male competition and in attracting and stimulating a mate (Howard, 1920), as well as in species (Becker, 1982) and individual (Falls, 1982) recognition. Their diverse and often elaborate songs have placed them at the interface of neurobiology, behavior, and ecology as excellent subjects in which to study vocal communication. Toward this end, neurobiologists have made important advances in understanding the neural basis of vocal learning (e.g., Doupe, 1993; Arnold, 1992) and the central control of song production (e.g., Yu and Margoliash, 1996; Vu et al., 1994) and behavioral ecologists have gained new insights into the perceptual significance and communicative functions of song (e.g., Searcy and Yasukawa, 1996).
Photoionization and breakdown

For some time it has been recognized that in the Townsend mechanism of breakdown, radiation is the only mechanism that appears to be fast enough to account for the speed of breakdown. Considerable attention has been directed to photoemission but this has been unable to account for observed phenomena. Recently data1 has been obtained which makes it possible to make quantitative determinations of photoionization. This paper describes calculations made using a digital computer to apply the available data on photoionization to the Townsend breakdown of gaps of the order of 1 cm at atmospheric pressure.
Worry about recurrence and patient preferences for provider roles in collaborative breast cancer care.

158Background: Prior studies have shown that worry about recurrence is a common problem during cancer treatment and survivorship and may be associated with symptom response and surveillance after primary treatment. However, whether worry about recurrence influences patient preferences for which provider to see for their continuing care remains unknown. Methods: A random sample of patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer in 2014-15 as reported to the Georgia and Los Angeles SEER registries were surveyed approximately 6 months after diagnosis (N = 2,502, 70% response rate). Frequency of worry about recurrence was defined by asking women to indicate on a 5-pt scale how often they worried about their cancer coming back in the past month (not at all-always) and was then dichotomized as frequent worry (sometimes/often/almost always) vs. less worry (almost never/rarely). Patient preferences for which provider manages certain aspects of care after treatment were ascertained for: follow-up mammograms, screening...
The Trump Tax Reform Plan: Implications for Europe

On April 26, 2017, the Trump administration unveiled a one page tax reform outline (the “Trump Plan”) that differs significantly from the tax reform plan proposed in June, 2016 by the House Republicans (the “House Blueprint”). The two most important changes are deleting both the cash flow element and the destination based element of the House Blueprint. These changes have significant implications for European foreign direct investment (FDI) into the US and for US FDI into Europe. In this paper we will first discuss provisions that are similar between the House Blueprint and the Trump Plan, and that are therefore likely to be included in final tax reform legislation. We will then discuss the differences, and finally conclude by discussing implications for FDI.
The Baryon Content of the Local Lyα Forest

Our recent survey of low column density (NHI ≤ 1014.5 cm-2) HI Lyα absorbers made with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has allowed us a first look at gas in the local intergalactic medium (IGM). Because the cosmic evolution of the number density (dN/dz) of lower column density absorbers found by our survey is much slower than that of the high column density absorbers, the baryon content of the Lyα forest is even more dominated by low column density absorbers at z ∼ 0 than at high-z. Using two different methods for modelling these clouds, we find that the photoionized local Lyα forest can account for 32±6% of all local baryons. This number can increase significantly if these absorbers are hotter than expected or if there are a significant number of collisionally ionized, ‘warm-hot’ clouds. While this number is consistent with the amount of baryons found in the photoionized forest by numerical simulations, it is difficult to determine which Lyα absorptions correspond to which population of absorbers in the simulations, so that exact comparisons are not yet possible.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors*

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) has been widely implicated as having a major role in the modulation of the endocrine, autonomic, behavioral, and immune responses to stress. CRF receptors are part of the superfamily of the seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and mediate the effects of CRF and its related peptides on pituitary-adrenal function and on behavior and cognition.
Political Church: The Local Assembly as Embassy of Christ's Rule

In an American context, discussions over the proper role of churches in political life are swinging between the poles of a revived Christendom on the one hand, and a quietist vision on the other ha...
Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program.

Abstract Background Kratom use in the West has increased recently, yet the prevalence and motives for use among individuals with a history of substance use disorder (SUD) have not been fully examined. Kratom has been documented as a means of treating chronic pain, mitigating drug dependence, and easing withdrawal symptoms, yet it is unclear if substance users are utilizing kratom as a self-medication. Abuse liability, side effects, and overall appeal of kratom remain uncertain. Methods In April 2017, an anonymous survey regarding kratom use and motivations was completed by clients enrolled in a 12-Step-oriented residential program. 500 respondents with a self-reported history of SUD completed the survey. Results 20.8% of respondents endorsed lifetime kratom use and 10.2% reported past-12-month use. Kratom-users were younger (=32.1 vs. 35.9, p Conclusions Among substance users, kratom use may be initiated for a variety of reasons, including as a novel form of harm-reduction or drug substitution, particularly in the context of dependence and withdrawal from other substances.
Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges.

In this letter to colleagues working in Virginia Libraries, Keith Weimer, President of Virginia Libraries Association (VLA), 2017, discusses the year’s events and highlights.
Anesthetic Management of the Patient with Reactive Airways

The American Thoracic Society has defined asthma as “a syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli.” Asthma currently affects 5% of the population. Perioperative bronchospasm may develop into a significant problem for the anesthesiologist. More intraoperative deaths have been noted to occur in asthmatic patients compared to nonasthmatics. Respiratory complications occur more frequently in asthmatic patients. Contemporary optimal management of patients with asthma requires knowledge of 1) the pathophysiology, 2) the triggering or bronehodilating effect of anesthetic agents and maneuvers, as well as 3) the various bronchodilator drugs.
Design of a Photoredox Catalyst that Enables the Direct Synthesis of Carbamate-Protected Primary Amines via Photoinduced, Copper-Catalyzed N-Alkylation Reactions of Unactivated Secondary Halides

Despite the long history of SN2 reactions between nitrogen nucleophiles and alkyl electrophiles, many such substitution reactions remain out of reach. In recent years, efforts to develop transition-metal catalysts to address this deficiency have begun to emerge. In this report, we address the challenge of coupling a carbamate nucleophile with an unactivated secondary alkyl electrophile to generate a substituted carbamate, a process that has not been achieved effectively in the absence of a catalyst; the product carbamates can serve as useful intermediates in organic synthesis as well as bioactive compounds in their own right. Through the design and synthesis of a new copper-based photoredox catalyst, bearing a tridentate carbazolide/bisphosphine ligand, that can be activated upon irradiation by blue-LED lamps, we can achieve the coupling of a range of primary carbamates with unactivated secondary alkyl bromides at room temperature. Our mechanistic observations are consistent with the new copper complex se...
Mis(sed) Conceptions: Motherhood Through the Lens of Involuntary Childlessness

The present study was designed to examine sociocultural and relational predictors of fertility-specific distress in the experience of involuntary childlessness. A hierarchical regression analysis w...
Catalytic Exhaust Gas Recirculation-Loop Reforming for High Efficiency in a Stoichiometric Spark-Ignited Engine through Thermochemical Recuperation and Dilution Limit Extension, Part 2: Engine Performance

This is the second part of a two-part investigation of on-board catalytic fuel reforming to increase the brake efficiency of a multicylinder, stoichiometric spark-ignited (SI) engine. In Part 1 of the investigation, we analytically and experimentally characterized the energetics and kinetics of a candidate reforming catalyst over a range of reforming equivalence ratios and oxygen concentration conditions to identify the best conditions for efficient reforming. In the present part of our investigation, we studied an engine strategy that combined exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)–loop reforming with dilution limit extension of the combustion. In our experiments, we found that, under an engine operating condition of 2000 rpm and brake mean effective pressure (4 bar), catalytic EGR reforming made it possible to sustain stable combustion with a volumetric equivalent of 45%–55% EGR. Under this same operating condition with stoichiometric engine exhaust (and no reforming), we were only able to sustain stable combu...
Faraday-Shielded dc Stark-Shift-Free Optical Lattice Clock.

We demonstrate the absence of a dc Stark shift in an ytterbium optical lattice clock. Stray electric fields are suppressed through the introduction of an in-vacuum Faraday shield. Still, the effectiveness of the shielding must be experimentally assessed. Such diagnostics are accomplished by applying high voltage to six electrodes, which are grounded in normal operation to form part of the Faraday shield. Our measurements place a constraint on the dc Stark shift at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ level, in units of the clock frequency. Moreover, we discuss a potential source of error in strategies to precisely measure or cancel nonzero dc Stark shifts, attributed to field gradients coupled with the finite spatial extent of the lattice-trapped atoms. With this consideration, we find that Faraday shielding, complemented with experimental validation, provides both a practically appealing and effective solution to the problem of dc Stark shifts in optical lattice clocks.
Spectral Analysis of Ultrasound Radiofrequency Backscatter for the Detection of Intercostal Blood Vessels

Spectral analysis of ultrasound radiofrequency backscatter has the potential to identify intercostal blood vessels during ultrasound-guided placement of paravertebral nerve blocks and intercostal nerve blocks. Autoregressive models were used for spectral estimation, and bandwidth, autoregressive order and region-of-interest size were evaluated. Eight spectral parameters were calculated and used to create random forests. An autoregressive order of 10, bandwidth of 6 dB and region-of-interest size of 1.0 mm resulted in the minimum out-of-bag error. An additional random forest, using these chosen values, was created from 70% of the data and evaluated independently from the remaining 30% of data. The random forest achieved a predictive accuracy of 92% and Youden's index of 0.85. These results suggest that spectral analysis of ultrasound radiofrequency backscatter has the potential to identify intercostal blood vessels. (jokling@siue.edu) © 2018 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology.
Distribution of deep-water Alcyonacea off the Northeast Coast of the United States

A database of deep-water alcyonacean records has been assembled using information that reaches back to the work of A.E. Verrill from the 1800s. These database records fall into two time periods, those from 1874 to 1920, and from 1950 to 2001. A total of 25 species in 10 families are so far known from the northeastern U.S. Most of these species are common in deeper waters of the continental shelf, with a few being restricted to the canyons and other slope environments. A comparison of western and eastern North Atlantic records indicates there is little similarity between the regions. In the cold-temperate to boreal part of the region there is about 41 % similarity of the “stoloniferous” and “massive body” soft coral species, but only about 28 % similarity amongst all the “gorgonian” species. In the warm temperate part of the region the similarity for all groups is less than 10 %. Deep-water alcyonaceans are strongly impacted by bottom fishing gear so it is likely that modern distributional records will not be exactly similar to those from deep in the past.
A New Theory of Racism that Implies a Fair, No-Fault, Solution Using Game Theory, Psycholinguistics and Mathematical Network Theory

This paper proposes a model of the development of racism from the benign way in which we go about the efficient coordination of action with others (described by Herbert Clark). The argument uses simple game theory, basic psycholinguistics and rudimentary mathematical network theory to show that, if unchecked, this activity will result in racism. This analysis has a surprising result: If we believe that a group of "others" have the same talents and abilities as we do, then we won't collaborate with them. The theory also suggests an approach to eradicating racism that does not rely on an altruistic change of heart, or on reparative redressing of wrongs that members of the majority can react against as being unfair.
Simulations on Thermoplastic Elastomers from Polypropylene

Computer simulations have been carried out to investigate sequence lengths, and sequence-length distributions in stereoregular polymers. Simulations were also used to investigate the development of reinforcing crystallites in thermoplastic elastomers. New types of stereoblock polypropylene which have been prepared from some metallocene catalytsts and which function as thermoplastic elastomers through controlled crystallization are of particular interest in this regard. While it is widely believed that the sequence distributions in these polymers is of primary importance in their crystallization, no adequate theory is currently available. In the present investigation, the Windle approach with Monte Carlo methods was used to simulate one hundred copolymeric chains in order to search for crystallizable sequence matches in these polymers. Based on the amounts of crystallinity reported for these polymers at various feed compositions, estimates were made of melting points, interfacial free energies, standard free energies of fusion, and Young’s moduli at small extensions. The approach is also useful for predicting the sizes of the crystallites and the minimum sequence lengths required for crystallization.
Long eye relief fundus camera and fixation target with partial correction of ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration.

A combined 32° full field of view refractive fundus camera and fixation target with a −20 to +10 diopter sphere correction range is described and demonstrated. The optical setup partially corrects the average longitudinal chromatic aberration and spherical aberration of the human eye, while providing a long eye relief to allow integration with reflective adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes, as a viewfinder. The fundus camera operates with 940 nm light, using a maximum 2.9 mm diameter imaging pupil at the eye. The fixation target uses a light projector capable of delivering red, green and/or blue spatially and temporally modulated stimuli to the retina. The design and performance of each sub-system are discussed, and retinal imaging at various wavelengths is demonstrated.
216) Identifying Alterations in Satellite Glial Cell Profile in Response to Cutaneous Inflammation

Primary afferent nociceptors have been extensively characterized. However, like central neurons, they do not function in isolation. Within the dorsal root ganglia, satellite glial cells (SGCs) ensheath the cell bodies of primary afferents, allowing for bidirectional communication between neurons and SGCs. The mechanisms underlying this bidirectional communication and how SGCs can augment nociceptive signaling are not well understood. Ultimately, to understand the role of SGCs in nociceptive processing we have started developing a cellular profile of SGC-related markers during naive and inflamed states using flow cytometry (FC). To do this, female C57BL/6 mice received subcutaneous injections of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) or saline vehicle into the hairy skin of the right hind paw of. Behavioral sensitivity to mechanical stimulation was assessed using von Frey filaments at baseline, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days following injection. We found that mice developed hypersensitivity at 7 days compared to vehicle controls. Next, we isolated L1-L3 DRGs at baseline, 2- and 7-days post-CFA for FC. We found that inflamed mice showed increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the calcium sensing protein, S100, 2 days following inflammation relative to naive controls. Seven days following inflammation we observed a decrease in GFAP, while S100 remained elevated. We also observed upregulation of glutamate converting enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS), but not until 7 days following inflammation. These data suggest that peripheral inflammation may alter SGC-related markers in a temporally-specific manner that may contribute to hypersensitivity. Ongoing experiments are examining how inflammation impacts the expression of additional SGC-related proteins and genes, as well as the effect of anti-inflammatory administration on SGCs. We expect that our approach will provide an in-depth analysis of SGCs heterogeneity, and identify specific targets that are critical for driving SGC response to inflammation.
Too Good to Hire? Capability and Inferences about Commitment in Labor Markets*:

We examine how signals of a candidate’s capability affect perceptions of that person’s commitment to an employer. In four experimental studies that use hiring managers as subjects, we test and show...
An Unexplored Relationship: Women in Computing and Athletics

The literature documents the underrepresentation of women in computer science, reasons for the absence of women in computing, and promising practices for increasing female majors in computer science. Among the many reasons for women's avoidance of computer science are: feelings of intimidation, lack of confidence, and aversion to the competitive climate in computing. This paper reports results from a study whose purpose lies in surveying a sample of 457 students at a Midwest US university to answer the questions: What are the personality traits of female athletes who enroll in computer science courses? How are these traits similar to or different from those of male athletes, non-athletes, and students who do not enroll in Computer Science I (CS1) How do grades in CS1 differ among these groups? How do personality traits, gender, athletic team membership, and grades interact? The results of this research study indicate that when females' levels of confidence and intimidation are similar to those of their male peers, women outperform males in CS1. This novel study and its results open the door to additional research questions, new strategies for recruiting women into computing, and potential projects involving female athletes and computer science.
The parable of the wheat and the weeds (Matthew 13:24-30): is Thomas's version (Logion 57) independent?

1 On the question of the exact date of the discovery, see James M. Robinson, "From the Cliff to Cairo," in Colloque international sur les textes de Nag Hammadi (Quebec, 22-25 aout 1978) (ed. Bernard Bare; Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, Section Etudes 1; Quebec; L'Universite Laval; Louvain; Peeters, 1981), 21-58, esp. 29. For brief histories and overviews of the debates about the relation of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas (as well as the Greek fragments preserved in P.Oxy. 1,654 and 655) to the Synoptics, see Jorg Frey, "Die Lilien und das Gewand: Ev Thorn 36 and 37 als Par adigma fur das Verhaltnis des Ihomasevangeliums zur synoptischen Uberlieferung," in Das Thomasevangelium:Thomasevangelium: Entstehung-Rezeption-Theologie (ed. Jorg Frey, Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schroter; BZNW 157; Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 2008), 122-80, esp. 124-47; cf. Wolfgang Schrage, Das Verhaltnis des Thomas-Evangeliums zur synoptischen Tradition und zu den kopti schenschen Evangelieniibersetzungen (BZNW 29; Berlin: Topelmann, 1964), 1-27; Michael Fieger, Das Thomasevangelium:Thomasevangelium: Einleitung, Kommentar und Systematik (NTAbh 22; Munster: Aschendorff, 1991), 1-11, 281-89; Reinhard Nordsieck, Das Thomas-Evangelium (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neu kirchener Verlag, 2004), 7-30; Nicholas Perrin, Thomas, the Other Gospel (Louisville/London: Westminster John Knox, 2007), 1-69; April D. DeConick, The Original Gospel of Thomas in Trans lation:lation: With a Commentary and New English Translation of the Complete Gospel (Library of New Testament Studies 287; London/New York: TT Uwe-Karsten Plisch, The Gospel Gospel of Thomas: Original Text with Commentary (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2008), 9-36.
Interpretation of Pacemaker Settings

Internists frequently encounter patients with pacemakers or patients with cardiac conditions requiring pacemaker placement. This teaching script provides an overview of pacemakers, including indications for implantation, basic types and functions, and pacemaker-related complications.
Serotonin receptor 5-HT7 in Drosophila mushroom body neurons mediates larval appetitive olfactory learning

Serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine are critical neuromodulators known to regulate a range of behaviors in invertebrates and mammals, such as learning and memory. Effects of both serotonin and dopamine are mediated largely through their downstream G-protein coupled receptors through cAMP-PKA signaling. While the role of dopamine in olfactory learning in Drosophila is well described, the function of serotonin and its downstream receptors on Drosophila olfactory learning remain largely unexplored. In this study we show that the output of serotonergic neurons, possibly through points of synaptic contacts on the mushroom body (MB), is essential for training during olfactory associative learning in Drosophila larvae. Additionally, we demonstrate that the regulation of olfactory associative learning by serotonin is mediated by its downstream receptor (d5-HT7) in a cAMP-dependent manner. We show that d5-HT7 expression specifically in the MB, an anatomical structure essential for olfactory learning in Drosophila, is critical for olfactory associative learning. Importantly our work shows that spatio-temporal restriction of d5-HT7 expression to the MB is sufficient to rescue olfactory learning deficits in a d5-HT7 null larvae. In summary, our results establish a critical, and previously unknown, role of d5-HT7 in olfactory learning.
A Low Noise MEMS Based CMOS Resonator Using Magnetoelectric Sensor

This paper presents a miniaturized complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) oscillator using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonating at 159 MHz frequency. The CMOS circuit is designed and simulated in 0.35,..,m XFAB technology. The fabricated magnetoelectric (ME) sensor offers quality factor of 653. The proposed oscillator provides a phase noise as low as -131.3 dBc/Hz at 10kHz and -137.9 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequencies while consuming 2.24 mW power.
Ablation Informed by Reconciliation of Stimulated Thyroglobulin and Post-Thyroidectomy Iodine Neck Uptake: Radiotheragnostic Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

361 Introduction: The ‘recurrence’ of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) after total thyroidectomy (TT) and radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) was recently clarified. It is currently demonstrated that progression of occult metastatic DTC (omDTC) that was present before the first RAIT explains nearly all ‘recurrences.’ We hypothesized that omDTC could be detected before the first RAIT if maximum Tg produced by remnant benign thyroid (RBT) post-TT under hormone withdrawal stimulation (maxTg-RBT) could be estimated from the RAI uptake at 24 hours (RAIU@24HR) when measured over the thyroid operative bed. Methods: All patients with DTC seen at our institution during 2004-2012 were screened for low-risk characteristics according to ATA criteria and who had negative post-RAIT (ablation) scans and found without DTC at 1 year follow-up by Tg and diagnostic RAI scan (RAIS). Excluded were patients with 1) positive regional metastatic disease at TT or on the first diagnostic RAIS, 2) positive RAIS and/or positive Tg at one-year follow-up, 3) suspicious ultrasound findings or any other indication for the residual disease at one-year follow-up and 4) positive Tg antibody. Therefore, all study patients were extremely likely to have had no omDTC after TT and only had RBT remaining for which they all underwent ablation RAIT. All patients were followed at 5-10 years later for recurrence. Linear regression analysis was performed comparing (reconciling) measured Tg with 24-hour iodine uptake. The best fit line was determined at >95% specificity. Results: The final study cohort included 35 pts. The linear regression equation (Fig. 1) was Tg = 1.18 x RAIU@24HR - 1.39. The best specificity line fit was maxTg-RBT = 2 x RAIU@24HR + 2. The maxTg-RBT calculation in this set of the highly likely disease-free group of patients with DTC after TT showed only 1 out of 35 cases to have excess Tg, i.e. above the “red line” of expected Tg level attributable to RBT (Fig 1, the data point circled in red). This calculates to the specificity of 97%. Indeed, none of the patients followed for 5-10 years in this group developed a ‘recurrence’, which means in the current state of understanding that none of them had residual occult metastatic DTC after TT. Conclusion: We developed the methodology, 9Tulchinsky Tg/RAIU Reconciliation9, for calculating maximum Tg that could be attributed to RBT under hormone withdrawal stimulation (maxTg-RBT), based on measured 24-hour RAIU over the thyroid bed. This method informs us with high level of specificity (97%) that patients have no occult DTC after TT when measured Tg is below the maxTg-RBT, and they are most suitable for remnant ablation. The inverse logical extrapolation (that requires further study/confirmation) is that patients whose Tg calculates above the maxTg-RBT may have metastatic or residual microscopic DTC; therefore, they may be more appropriately considered for adjuvant RAIT.
Mechanisms for Homogeneous Catalysis

The Goddard group has been a leading force in developing new generations of organometallic catalysts, working with experimentalists like Brent Gunnoe, Jay Groves, Roy Periana, and Alan Goldman to design the ligands in advance of experiments, greatly accelerating the development of improved catalysts. In these studies, the Goddard group showed tremendous insight and intuition about reaction mechanisms combined with their deep understanding of how to include high levels of correlation and solvation in quantum mechanics [QM] calculations of complex reaction mechanisms in various solvents has been critical. Their predictions nearly always preceded the experiments, often eliminating many potential catalysts that would have to be much less active or selective, and were nearly always correct. Our only real mistake was waiting for the experimental confirmation before publishing. This made the theory easier to publish in good journals, but the result is that the experimental community does not have a way to judge the accuracy in advance of experimental validation.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 1 Beta Suppress Myofibroblast Activation Via Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling in 3D-Cultured Mitral Valve Interstitial Cells

Mitral valve disease is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity throughout the world. Many different mitral valve pathologies demonstrate a pronounced degree of fibrotic remodeling, often accompanied by an inflammatory state. Mitral valve fibrosis is mediated by valvular interstitial cells (VICs), which reside in the valve leaflets and show a tendency to differentiate into myofibroblast-like cells during disease conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) on mitral VICs, since these pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to exert pleiotropic effects on various cell types in other fibrotic disorders. Using biomimetic three-dimensional culture systems, we demonstrated that TNF-α and IL-1β suppress myofibroblast differentiation in mitral VICs, as evidenced by gene and protein expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle 22 alpha. Addition of TNF-α and IL-1β also inhibited mitral VIC-mediated contraction of collagen gels. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB, which is downstream of TNF-α and IL-1β, reversed these effects. These results reveal targetable pathways that could enable the development of pharmaceutical treatments for alleviating fibrosis during mitral valve disease.
Parent immigration stress predicts youth externalizing behavior trajectories among Latino families in an emerging immigrant context.

According to ecodevelopmental and social learning models, Latino immigrant parents experience considerable stress associated with the immigration process, and such immigration-related stress is theorized to influence behavioral outcomes among their youth. Using a three-year longitudinal design among 217 Latino immigrant families in western Oregon, we assessed whether parents' (94% mothers, Mage = 36.2 years) experience of immigration-related stress influenced the trajectory of their adolescents' (43% female, Mage = 13.4 years) externalizing behaviors. Controlling for covariates (gender, acculturation, age at migration, and gender), results showed that youth exhibited a normative downward trajectory for externalizing behaviors, and parents' experience of immigration stress significantly and negatively predicted this trajectory. Findings suggest that parents' experience of immigration stress may disrupt a normative trajectory of declining externalizing behaviors among Latino immigrant adolescents.
A length-dependent model for the thermomechanical response of ceramics

Abstract We present a length-dependent model for the thermomechanical response of ceramics through a concurrent multiscale scheme that accounts for: (i) the locally varying values of the sub-grain thermal conductivity tensor due to the interaction of phonons with microstructural features such as grain boundaries, and (ii) a continuum model of thermal stresses that explicitly resolves the polycrystalline structure of the material. At the sub-grain level, we compute the values of the thermal conductivity tensor using the Boltzmann transport equation under the relaxation time approximation. At the continuum level, the polycrystalline structure of the specimen is resolved explicitly by a finite element mesh and the texture of the polycrystal is assumed to be given. At this level, we adopt a Fourier model of heat conduction which utilizes values of thermal conductivity obtained at the lower scale. The mechanical response of the grains is modeled as elastic and anisotropic. The capabilities of the model are demonstrated through a series of examples, which highlight the potential of our approach for designing materials with improved thermomechanical response.
Optimal Irrigation Depths — A Method of Analysis

The concept of a system optimal depth (SOD) is derived, where the SOD represents that average depth of water that must be infiltrated by an irrigation to bring about the maximum net income for that particular irrigation. It minimizes the combined losses due to deficit irrigation and excess irrigation for the particular irrigation system that is being used. The concept is demonstrated for two particular irrigation practices: (1) When the irrigation requirement is fixed, the water distribution as a function of time is known, and the optimal application depth is to be determined; and (2) when the final water distribution and the average depth of application is fixed and the optimal requirement is to be determined. Examples of how the concept can be used to determine optimal operation procedures are shown.
Regulation of rat natural killing. II. Inhibition of cytolysis and activation by inhibitors of lipoxygenase: possible role of leukotrienes.

Abstract Rat splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity against 51 Cr-labeled YAC-1 or TMT-081 tumor cells can be augmented by culturing at 37 °C for 18 hr. Inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, NDGA, α-phenanthroline, quercetin, ETYA, BW755C, esculetin, and timegadine, inhibited this NK activation and also inhibited NK cytotoxicity when added directly to the NK assay. However, there was a partial loss of sensitivity of activated NK cells to suppression by NDGA, BW755C, and esculetin. Indomethacin failed to reverse the inhibition of NK activation caused by NDGA. However, LTB 4 and LTC 4 (0.01 μg/ml) were able to reverse the inhibitory effect of NDGA on NK activation. Furthermore, spleen cells cultured for 18 hr synthesized detectable amount of LTC 4 in their supernatants. NDGA inhibited the LTC 4 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. These data therefore suggest that (1) leukotrienes are responsible for NK activation, and (2) lipoxygenase activity is essential for NK cytolytic activity.
Mechanical loading causes site-specific anabolic effects on bone following exposure to ionizing radiation

During spaceflight, astronauts will be exposed to a complex mixture of ionizing radiation that poses a risk to their health. Exposure of rodents to ionizing radiation on Earth causes bone loss and increases osteoclasts in cancellous tissue, but also may cause persistent damage to stem cells and osteoprogenitors. We hypothesized that ionizing radiation damages skeletal tissue despite a prolonged recovery period, and depletes the ability of cells in the osteoblast lineage to respond at a later time. The goal of the current study was to test if irradiation prevents bone accrual and bone formation induced by an anabolic mechanical stimulus. Tibial axial compression was used as an anabolic stimulus after irradiation with heavy ions. Mice (male, C57BL/6J, 16 weeks) were exposed to high atomic number, high energy (HZE) iron ions ((56)Fe, 2 Gy, 600 MeV/ion) (IR, n=5) or sham-irradiated (Sham, n=5). In vivo axial loading was initiated 5 months post-irradiation; right tibiae in anesthetized mice were subjected to an established protocol known to stimulate bone formation (cyclic 9N compressive pulse, 60 cycles/day, 3 day/wk for 4 weeks). In vivo data showed no difference due to irradiation in the apparent stiffness of the lower limb at the initiation of the axial loading regimen. Axial loading increased cancellous bone volume by microcomputed tomography and bone formation rate by histomorphometry in both sham and irradiated animals, with a main effect of axial loading determined by two-factor ANOVA with repeated measure. There were no effects of radiation in cancellous bone microarchitecture and indices of bone formation. At the tibia diaphysis, results also revealed a main effect of axial loading on structure. Furthermore, irradiation prevented axial loading-induced stimulation of bone formation rate at the periosteal surface of cortical tissue. In summary, axial loading stimulated the net accrual of cancellous and cortical mass and increased cancellous bone formation rate despite prior exposure to ionizing radiation, in this case, HZE particles. Our findings suggest that mechanical stimuli may prove an effective treatment to improve skeletal structure following exposure to ionizing radiation.
GENETIC INSTABILITY IN MICROSATELLITE SEQUENCES IN PROSTATE-CANCER

Mutations in microsatellite sequences, especially expansion in the number of di- and trinucleotide repeats, have been implicated as the cause of several heritable disorders, including fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. We examined the possibility that a similar mutation mechanism might be involved in human prostate cancer. Our findings indicate that mutations in microsatellite sequences are frequent in prostate cancer. Six of thirty patients (20%) had an allele gain in at least one microsatellite sequence; three patients (10%) had allele gains in multiple loci. The new alleles were present in the tumor DNA, but not in the normal DNA. Although we did not detect mutations in the androgen receptor microsatellite sequences, it is likely that this type of mutation affects other genes important in prostate cancer, thereby promoting tumor development and progression.
Glial cells dissociated from newborn and aged mouse brain

Changes occurring with days in culture and cell passage in cultured glial cells derived from newborn vs aged (18-mo) mouse cerebral hemispheres were compared. The activities of the enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS), an astrocyte marker, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'- phosphohydrolase (CNP), an oligodendrocyte marker, were determined. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) immunoreactivity was used to morphologically identify astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively. In cultures derived from newborn mouse cerebral hemispheres, both GS and CNP activity and GFA-positive and GPDH-rhodamine-positive cells were present with cell passage. In general, GS activity did not change in early cell passage in cultures from either newborn or aged mouse; in passage 5, GS was high in both sources of cell populations. CNP activity increased with cell passage in cultures derived from newborn mouse; in cultures derived from aged mouse CNP was low in the primary cultures, increased with cell passages 2 and 3, and declined with passages 4 and 5. The survival of astrocytes as shown by GS and the decline in oligodendrocytes as shown by CNP was also supported by an increase in the proportions of GFA and GPDH immunoreactive cells. We interpret the increase in GS activity to parallel the astrogliosis observed in vivo in the aging brain. Moreover, the decline in oligodendrocytes in culture may represent a shift of balance between glial cell types that appears to be influenced by the age of brain tissue and time in culture.
Effect of pituitary factor on iodine uptake and cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate formation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Pituitary factor present in semipurified preparations of thyroid stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone inhibits iodine accumulation and raises cAMP concentration in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes only when it is added to the cells before the onset of phagocytosis. Once phagocytosis is in progress however, pituitary factor has no effect. In contrast, aminophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, exerts its effect during the process of phagocytosis and is associated with a dose related decrease of iodide uptake and an increase of cAMP levels.