cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The axonemal microtubules of the Chlamydomonas flagellum differ in tubulin isoform content

Little is known of the molecular basis for the diversity of microtubule structure and function found within the eukaryotic flagellum. Antibodies that discriminate between tyrosinated alpha tubulin and post-translationally detyrosinated alpha tubulin were used to localize these complementary tubulin isoforms in flagella of the single-celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Immunofluorescence analysis of intact axonemes detected both isoforms along most of the lengths of flagella; however, each had a short distal zone rich in tyrosinated tubulin. Localizations on splayed axonemes revealed that the microtubules of the central-pair apparatus were rich in tyrosinated tubulin, while outer doublets contained a mixture of both isoforms. Immunoelectron analysis of individual outer doublets revealed that while tyrosinated tubulin was present in both A and B tubules, detyrosinated tubulin was largely confined to the wall of the B hemi-tubules. The absence of detyrosinated tubulin from the A tubules of the outer doublets and the microtubules of the central pair, both of which extend past the B hemi-tubules of the outer doublets in the flagellar tip, explained the appearance of a tyrosinated tubulin-rich distal zone on intact axonemes. Localizations performed on cells regenerating flagella revealed that flagellar assembly used tyrosinated tubulin; detyrosination of the B tubule occurred during later stages of regeneration, well after microtubule polymerization. The developmental timing of detyrosination, which occurs over a period during which the regrowing flagella begin to beat more effectively, suggests that post-translational modification of the B tubule surface may enhance dynein/B tubule interactions that power flagellar beating.
The Role of Special Masters in Federal Tax Cases

The role of a special master is to aid a court in complex civil trial or appeals proceedings. The court appoints a special master and establishes the allocation of the master’s compensation to the parties in the case. This study is the first to analyze the use of special masters in federal tax litigation as disclosed in 79 court opinions through 2012. Utilizing the case survey archival research method, this paper provides insights into the use of special masters in federal tax cases. Beginning in 1924, District Courts were the first to disclose the use of special masters and their roles. Magistrate judges and lawyers have been most frequently disclosed as special masters. Since 2001, accountants have been disclosed as special masters in two federal tax cases. They have acted as post-trial and consent special masters. Both assignments included auditing financial data. Some assignments performed by unidentified special masters were also within the scope of forensic accounting. Appeals courts overturned only a few decisions that were based on errors made by special masters and when a judge either did not give due regard to a special master’s fact finding or applied a clearly erroneous standard. As accounting is one of the recognized special master subject areas, the authors suggest that forensic accountants could help courts with additional assignments in fact-driven complex civil tax cases.
Observations of nearshore groundwater discharge : Kahekili Beach Park submarine springs, Maui, Hawaii

Abstract Study region The study region encompasses the nearshore, coastal waters off west Maui, Hawaii. Here abundant groundwater—that carries with it a strong land-based fingerprint—discharges into the coastal waters and over a coral reef. Study focus Coastal groundwater discharge is a ubiquitous hydrologic feature that has been shown to impact nearshore ecosystems and material budgets. A unique combined geochemical tracer and oceanographic time-series study addressed rates and oceanic forcings of submarine groundwater discharge at a submarine spring site off west Maui, Hawaii. New hydrological insights for the region Estimates of submarine groundwater discharge were derived for a primary vent site and surrounding coastal waters off west Maui, Hawaii using an excess 222Rn (t1/2 = 3.8 d) mass balance model. Such estimates were complemented with a novel thoron (220Rn, t1/2 = 56 s) groundwater discharge tracer application, as well as oceanographic time series and thermal infrared imagery analyses. In combination, this suite of techniques provides new insight into the connectivity of the coastal aquifer with the near-shore ocean and examines the physical drivers of submarine groundwater discharge. Lastly, submarine groundwater discharge derived constituent concentrations were tabulated and compared to surrounding seawater concentrations. Such work has implications for the management of coastal aquifers and downstream nearshore ecosystems that respond to sustained constituent loadings via this submarine route.
Physicochemical basis of fouling prediction and prevention in the process industry

In this report the physicochemical principles of deposition and fouling of heavy organics and other compounds are presented and discussed. The basic requirements for predictive modeling and mitigation of fouling in industrial processes are presented. The possible mechanisms of fouling in various processes are discussed in light of the general principles of fouling known and the available industrial processes fouling data. The various stages of fouling and the fouling prediction modeling requirements for those stages in industrial processes are specified and the data requirements for each stage are presented. Parameters influencing the fouling are specified and the foundations for predictive model1ing, which will help to mitigate fouling and increase the useful life of processes, are specified.
Foreign Ownership of U.S. Treasury Securities (Abridged)

In 2004, for the first time, foreigners owned more than half of privately held U.S. public debt, mostly in the form of marketable U.S. Treasury securities. In internal discussions at the U.S. Treasury Department, the increase in foreign appetite for Treasury securities represented global investors' vote of confidence in the U.S. economy. Many in the Treasury believed that broad foreign ownership helped lower Treasury borrowing costs. But there was an increasing uneasiness among many in Washingtons power circle about U.S. dependence on foreign loans. This case describes the meeting between the Treasury and the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee (TBAC) of the Bond Market Association on August 3, 2004, in which the Treasury gave the Committee the charge to discuss, among other issues, the level of foreign ownership. Written for a first-year course entitled "Global Economies and Markets," this case describes the market for U.S. Treasury securities, giving details on market institutions and market participants, and some of the reasons U.S. Treasury securities serve as benchmarks and hedging instruments. As the third case in the module on global markets, it is used to describe a market that is closest to the ideal of a perfectly competitive market and to illustrate the relationship between market institutions and structure on the one hand, and market liquidity and efficiency on the other.
Radical Polymers and Their Application to Organic Electronic Devices

Macromolecules bearing stable radical groups have emerged as extremely useful active materials in organic electronic applications ranging from magnetic devices to flexible batteries. Critical to the success of these open-shell polymers has been the readily tunable nature of their molecular architectures; this important molecular structure–property–performance design paradigm has allowed for significant device performance metrics to be achieved. In this Perspective, the recent advancements regarding the design and device functionality of a common class of open-shell macromolecules, radical polymers, are discussed. Here, radical polymers are defined as macromolecules with nonconjugated carbon backbones, whose optoelectronic functionalities arise due to the presence of stable radical sites on the pendant groups of macromolecular chains. This class of materials provides a unique platform for the design of unique optical and electronic properties in soft materials; however, as with many organic electronic mate...
Inverse methods and kinetic models of hydrocarbon generation. II, Case histories for residual kerogen analysis

Using the results of the first paper in this series, which dealt with an inverse procedure for hydrocarbon generation, this paper focuses on case histories and numerical implementation of the model. Experimental data on residual kerogen analysis have been used with the inverse procedure to examine the applicability of the model to hydrocarbon generation directly from the degradation of kerogen, and to derive the kinetic parameters for the construction of a prediction equation. Energy-dependent channeling probability distributions are used to exhibit the stability of the model in describing the processes of kerogen degradation. The numerical methods for the solution of the inverse procedure and a sensitivity analysis are also discussed.
Agencies Utilized in Disseminating Information on Insect Control: Commercial Agencies for Disseminating Information on Insect Control

The importance of controlling insects, even in times of burdensome crop surpluses, is looked upon as essential by producer and consumer alike. The increasing demand for dependable information on how to prevent or control injurious insects is shown by the rapid growth in personnel and services of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the various state experiment stations during the past 25 years. During this time the extension entomologist came into being. Still more recently, various commercial and industrial organizations have recognized entomology in their business to the extent of contributing in a substantial way to research studies on inscet control or of employing an entomologist whom, for want of a better name, we call the “commercial entomologist.”
Optical Measurement of Preform Impregnation in Resin Transfer Molding

Infiltration of preforms used to manufacture high-performance, advanced polymer composites can lead to void formation due to inhomogeneities within the preforms. Void formation occurs at three distinct length scales: the fiber, tow and part scales. Flow visualization experiments were used to characterize void formation at the tow and fiber scales. Effects of tow-scale inhomogeneities were studied by varying the warp angle of a woven fabric. Effects of fiber-scale inhomogeneities were studied using scale models of typical tows. The experiments indicate that minimization of void content requires a trade-off between fiberscale and tow-scale void formation.
Effect of Passive Bleed System on an Integrated Diverterless Supersonic Inlet

The present work is an extension of our earlier computational study (24) on an integrated Diverterless Supersonic Inlet (DSI) where complete external and internal (intake duct) flow features along with intake performance characteristics were presented. In this paper the computed flow and performance characteristics at low angle-of-attack (AOA) of a passive bleed system on the same DSI are presented near intake design mass flow rate. The passive bleed system comprises of a porous wall segment on the bump compression surface that is connected to a bleed chamber with a single outlet exposed to a specific pressure. The bleed mass flow rate is controlled through controlling the bleed chamber outlet pressure. The subsonic characteristics of this passive bleed system on the DSI are evaluated at M∞=0.8 while the supersonic characteristics are evaluated at M∞=1.7, which is near the design Mach number for the intake. The results of the present study indicates that although some low energy bleed chamber air seeps into the intake duct at M∞=0.8, however the passive bleed system on the whole results in some improvement in engine face total pressure recovery due to removal of part of bump compression surface residual boundary layer. At supersonic conditions (M∞=1.7) the boundary layer diversion mechanism behind the shock wave (24) prevents the low energy bleed chamber seepage air, along with upstream boundary layer from entering the intake duct. However, the passive bleed system results in significant deterioration of engine face total pressure recovery due to its affect on the inlet shock wave structure and related flow field.
Respiratory Tract Nosocomial Infection in PICU: Analysis and Prevention

OBJECTIVE To investigate the cause and preventive measurement for respiratory tract nosocomial(infection) in pediatric ICU(PICU).METHODS Prospective studies were conducted on the basis of clinic data with the positive result in(sputum) culture and X-ray report sheet from Jan to Dec 2005.RESULTS Eight sputum(specimens) of lower(respiratory) tract were positive.Eleven X-ray report sheets showed infection in lungs.(CONCLUSIONS) To explore the cause of infection in lower respiratory tract with mechanical ventilation,to strengthen training,strictly obey the rules of preventing nosocomial infection,and strengthen the surveillance etc are the main measurements to prevent(nosocomial) infection in PICU.
Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy in the older person.

With more widespread use of effective chemotherapy, more elderly patients are candidates for treatment with cytotoxic drugs. This article reviews and discusses the relevant age-related factors that may alter drug disposition and its relationship to pharmocokinetics effects and to pharmacodynamic effects in the elderly
An exploratory case study of three scales of food pantries in Story County, Iowa

Story County, Iowa, has the highest rate of food insecurity (15.2%) in the state (12.7%). As a result of this large need, the county has responded by creating 16 private food pantries and one soup kitchen. Many people, however, require both public (e.g. SNAP, WIC, TEFAP, and School Lunch/Breakfast Program) and private assistance, indicating the depth of food insecurity is great. As a result of this growing demand for private emergency food to supplement public food assistance programming, questions emerge about the effectiveness of this approach. Thus, an exploratory case study looking at three scales of food pantries in the county was employed to understand the experiences of food pantry customers also utilizing public assistance, along with the perceptions of food pantry customers’ by the pantry volunteers. Customer surveys and indepth interviews, combined with a focus group with food pantry volunteers, show a clear dichotomy between the volunteers and customers as to how food pantries should be used. These differences are important to highlight and change as private assistance becomes a more prominent response to food insecurity in the United States.
Potentiometric Ion-Selective Electrodes

Publisher Summary The chapter emphasizes on potentiometric ion-selective electrodes. Potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) belong to one of the most important groups of chemical sensors. The application of ISEs has evolved to a well-established routine analytical technique in many fields, including clinical and environmental analysis, physiology, and process control. The essential part of ISEs is the ion-selective membrane that is commonly placed between two aqueous phases: the sample and the inner solutions containing an analyte ion. The membrane can be a glass, a crystalline solid, or a liquid. A very low analyte activity can be determined only by measuring the potential difference rather than detecting a very small signal. The liquid membranes are hydrophobic and immiscible with water, and are commonly made of plasticized poly. Principles of liquid membrane ISEs can be introduced by using simple concepts of ion-transfer equilibrium at liquid membrane interfaces. ISEs depend on a change in the phase boundary potential at the membrane solution interface, which can be controlled by bulk equilibrium.
Task switching in older adults with and without insomnia.

Abstract Background Task-switching deficits are common in older adults and in those with insomnia. Such deficits may be driven by difficulties with sleep continuity and dampened homeostatic sleep drive. Objective To identify the aspects of task switching affected by insomnia and its treatment, and to determine whether such effects are associated with sleep continuity and homeostatic sleep drive. Methods Polysomnographic sleep and task switching were tested in healthy older adults aged 60–93 years with insomnia (n = 48) and normal sleeping controls (n = 51). Assessments were repeated in the insomnia group after eight weeks of cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia. Sleep measures included wake after sleep onset (WASO) and quantitative indices of homeostatic sleep drive (delta power during nonrapid eye movement [NREM] sleep and the ratio of delta power during the first and second NREM periods). A cued task-switching paradigm instructed participants to perform one of two tasks with varying preparatory cue-target intervals, manipulating task alternation, task repetition, and task preparation. Results The effect of preparatory cues on accuracy was diminished in the insomnia group compared with that in controls. Across the two groups, a stronger effect of preparatory cues was associated with a higher delta sleep ratio. Following insomnia treatment, task-repetition accuracy significantly improved. This improvement was associated with improvements in WASO. There were no group or treatment effects on response time or task alternation accuracy. Conclusions Effects of insomnia diagnosis and treatment apply to conditions that depend on the maintenance of a task set, rather than a domain general effect across task switching. Such effects are associated with homeostatic sleep drive and sleep continuity.
Translational and Rotational Invariance in Networked Dynamical Systems

In this paper, we study the translational and rotational ( $SE(N)$ ) invariance properties of locally interacting multiagent systems. We focus on a class of networked dynamical systems, in which the agents have local pairwise interactions, and the overall effect of the interaction on each agent is the sum of the interactions with other agents. We show that such systems are $SE(N)$ -invariant if and only if they have a special quasilinear form. The $SE(N)$ -invariance property, sometimes referred to as left invariance, is central to a large class of kinematic and robotic systems. When satisfied, it ensures independence to global reference frames. In an alternate interpretation, it allows for integration of dynamics and computation of control laws in the agents’ own reference frames. Such a property is essential in a large spectrum of applications, for example, navigation in global positioning system (GPS)-denied environments. Because of the simplicity of the quasilinear form, this result can impact ongoing research on the design of local interaction laws. It also gives a quick test to check if a given networked system is $SE(N)$ -invariant.
Time for a change: Temporal perspectives and health goals

Abstract Future time perspective influences the relations among age and health behaviors (Stahl & Patrick, 2012). However, past and present temporal perspectives may also play a role in the goals that people pursue. Whether age interacts with temporal perspectives to influence health goals has not been fully examined. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine the associations among age, different temporal frames, and behavioral change goals related to health. We examined these questions using data provided by 253 adults, ages 18–87 years ( M = 40.74, SD = 14.82). Results from mediational regression analyses showed that age and a full range of valenced temporal perspectives accounted for 12% of the variance in the number of health goals adults endorsed. Only positive present temporal perspective related directly to health goals. By using a broader measure of temporal frames simultaneously, we may have a more accurate view of temporal perspective in adulthood.
Anatomy of the Platelet Cytoskeleton

The platelet cytoskeleton maintains the discoid shape of the resting platelet and mediates a rapid shape change in response to external stimuli at sites of vascular injury. At rest, specific cytoskeletal structures and molecules maintain the unique architecture of the platelet actin cytoskeleton, connect it to the plasma membrane, and prevent actin monomer assembly onto actin filaments. Platelet activation stimulates the interactions of cytoplasmic signals with actin regulatory proteins to initiate and amplify actin filament growth necessary for platelet shape change. This chapter reviews the cellular mechanisms and proteins maintaining the morphology of resting and activated platelets, focusing on the actin cytoskeleton and exciting recent mRNA and protein profiling studies, clinical observations, and mouse models.
Cost-Effectiveness of Peginterferon Beta-1a and Alemtuzumab in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, affecting 2.5 million people globally and 400,000 people in the United States. While no cure exists for MS, the goal is to manage the disease using disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which have been shown to slow disease progression and prevent relapses. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) is the most common form of MS at the time of diagnosis. Peginterferon beta-1a (PEG) and alemtuzumab (ALT) were recently approved and have demonstrated good clinical outcomes, including reduced relapse rates in clinical trials. High costs associated with these DMTs necessitates cost-effectiveness analyses to understand their overall value in RRMS management. OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness of (a) Model 1: PEG relative to intramuscular interferon beta-1a (IM IFN), subcutaneous interferon beta-1b (SC IFN), glatiramer acetate 20 mg per mL (GA), fingolimod (FIN), natalizumab (NAT), and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), and (b...
Predictive factors for short- and long-term hearing preservation in cochlear implantation with conventional-length electrodes

Objectives/Hypothesis The aims of this study were to investigate short- and long-term rates of hearing preservation after cochlear implantation and identify factors that impact hearing preservation. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods Patients undergoing cochlear implantation with conventional-length electrodes and air-conduction thresholds ≤80 dB HL at 250 Hz preoperatively were included. Hearing preservation was defined as air-conduction thresholds ≤80 dB HL at 250 Hz. Results The sample included 196 patients (225 implants). Overall, the rate of short-term hearing preservation was 38% (84/225), with 18% (33/188) of patients preserving hearing long term. Multivariate analysis showed better preoperative hearing was predictive of hearing preservation at short (odds ratio [OR]: 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-0.95, P < .001) and long-term follow-up (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91-0.97, P < .001). Lateral wall electrodes and mid-scala electrodes had 3.4 (95% CI: 1.4-8.6, P = .009) and 5.6-times (95% CI: 1.8-17.3, P = .003) higher odds of hearing preservation than perimodiolar arrays at short-term follow-up, respectively. Long-term data revealed better hearing preservation for lateral wall (OR: 7.6, 95% CI: 1.6-36.1, P = .01), but not mid-scala (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 0.4-23.1, P = .28), when compared to perimodiolar electrodes. Round window/extended round window (RW/ERW) approaches were associated with higher rates of long-term hearing preservation (21%) than cochleostomy approaches (0%) (P = 0.002) on univariate analysis. Conclusions Better preoperative residual hearing, lateral wall electrodes, and RW/ERW approaches are predictive of higher rates of long-term functional hearing preservation. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2017
The Nonmarket Benefits of Education and Ability.

This paper analyzes the nonmarket benefits of education and ability. Using a dynamic model of educational choice, we estimate returns to education that account for selection bias and sorting on gai...
Physically-adaptive computing via introspection and self-optimization in reconfigurable systems

Digital electronic systems typically must compute precise and deterministic results, but in principle have flexibility in how they compute. Despite the potential flexibility, the overriding paradigm for more than 50 years has been based on fixed, non-adaptive integrated circuits. This one-size-fits-all approach is rapidly losing effectiveness now that technology is advancing into the nanoscale. Physical variation and uncertainty in component behavior are emerging as fundamental constraints and leading to increasingly sub-optimal fault rates, power consumption, chip costs, and lifetimes. This dissertation proposes methods of physically-adaptive computing (PAC), in which reconfigurable electronic systems sense and learn their own physical parameters and adapt with fine granularity in the field, leading to higher reliability and efficiency. We formulate the PAC problem and provide a conceptual framework built around two major themes: introspection and self-optimization. We investigate how systems can efficiently acquire useful information about their physical state and related parameters, and how systems can feasibly re-implement their designs on-the-fly using the information learned. We study the role not only of self-adaptation—where the above two tasks are performed by an adaptive system itself—but also of assisted adaptation using a remote server or peer. We introduce low-cost methods for sensing regional variations in a system, including a flexible, ultra-compact sensor that can be embedded in an application and implemented on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). An array of such sensors, with only 1% total overhead, can be employed to gain useful information about circuit delays, voltage noise, and even leakage variations. We present complementary methods of regional self-optimization, such as finding a design alternative that best fits a given system region. We propose a novel approach to characterizing local, uncorrelated variations. Through in-system emulation of noise, previously hidden variations in transient fault susceptibility are uncovered. Correspondingly, we demonstrate practical methods of self-optimization, such as local re-placement, informed by the introspection data. Forms of physically-adaptive computing are strongly needed in areas such as communications infrastructure, data centers, and space systems. This dissertation contributes practical methods for improving PAC costs and benefits, and promotes a vision of resourceful, dependable digital systems at unimaginably-fine physical scales.
To Repeat or Not To Repeat: That is the Question

I had never been in Copenhagen before, yet this was my second visit to the city. The purpose of my travel was to inhabit, at least for several days, the urban environment that once contained the peripatetic musings of Soren Kierkegaard. I went to Denmark’s capital in order to get closer to a vanished writer, a person now gone and replaced by his textual remnants. Words incite motions: I was there, standing right in front of the Vor Frue Kirke, in response to certain pages once read and pondered. My trip was a tribute to the affective consequences of libraries- books can be-come maps, passions, curiosities, displacements, attractions, resistances, temporalities. Ink in-flects life. In addition, after being in Europe I was planning on spending the upcoming summer back in the United States, learning the Danish language at the Kierkegaard Center in St. Olaf Col-lege, Minnesota. I’d reached the point where translation was no longer enough- I demanded a direct acquaintance with the original sound of Kierkegaard’s multiple voices. After many years of conversations and reasonings and debates, our friendship had turned into a relationship.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes Are Associated with Decreased CYP3A4 Protein Expression and Activity in Human Liver.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease in the Western population. We investigated the association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes mellitus on CYP3A4 activity in human liver tissue from brain dead donors (n = 74). Histopathologically graded livers were grouped into normal (n = 24), nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL, n = 26), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 24) categories. The rate of conversion of midazolam to its 1-hydroxy metabolite was used to assess in vitro CYP3A4 activity in human liver microsomes (HLM). A proteomics approach was utilized to quantify the protein expression of CYP3A4 and related enzymes. Moreover, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to allow prediction of midazolam concentration in NAFL and NASH livers. CYP3A4 activity in NAFL and NASH was 1.9- and 3.1-fold (p < 0.05) lower than normal donors, respectively. Intrinsic clearance (CLint) was 2.7- (p < 0.05) and 4.1-fold (p < 0.01)...
Dysphagia and its effects on swallowing sounds and vibrations in adults.

To utilize cervical auscultation as a means of screening for risk of dysphagia, we must first determine how the signal differs between healthy subjects and subjects with swallowing disorders. In this experiment we gathered swallowing sound and vibration data from 53 (13 with stroke, 40 without) patients referred for imaging evaluation of swallowing function with videofluoroscopy. The analysis was limited to non-aspirating swallows of liquid with either thin (< 5 cps) or viscous ( $$\approx 300\,{\text{cps}}$$ ) consistency. After calculating a selection of generalized time, frequency, and time frequency features for each swallow, we compared our data against our findings in a previous experiment that investigated identical features for a different group of 56 healthy subjects. We found that nearly all of our chosen features for both vibrations and sounds showed significant differences between the healthy and disordered swallows despite the absence of aspiration. We also found only negligible differences between dysphagia as a symptom of stroke and dysphagia as a symptom of another condition. Non-aspirating swallows from healthy controls and patients with dysphagia have distinct feature patterns. These findings should greatly help the development of the cervical auscultation field and serve as a reference for future investigations into more specialized characterization methods.
Do wind turbines pose roll hazards to light aircraft

Abstract. Wind energy accounted for 5.6 % of all electricity generation in the United States in 2016. Much of this development has occurred in rural locations, where open spaces favorable for harnessing wind also serve general aviation airports. As such, nearly 40 % of all United States wind turbines exist within 10 km of a small airport. Wind turbines generate electricity by extracting momentum from the atmosphere, creating downwind wakes characterized by wind-speed deficits and increased turbulence. Recently, the concern that turbine wakes pose hazards for small aircraft has been used to limit wind-farm development. Herein, we assess roll hazards to small aircraft using large-eddy simulations (LES) of a utility-scale turbine wake. Wind-generated lift forces and subsequent rolling moments are calculated for hypothetical aircraft transecting the wake in various orientations. Stably and neutrally stratified cases are explored, with the stable case presenting a possible worst-case scenario due to longer-persisting wakes permitted by lower ambient turbulence. In both cases, only 0.001 % of rolling moments experienced by hypothetical aircraft during down-wake and cross-wake transects lead to an increased risk of rolling.
ATP and cytosol requirements for transferrin recycling in intact and disrupted MDCK cells.

Abstract We have developed an in vitro system for studying membrane transport during receptor-mediated endocytosis. Using nitrocellulose disruption to permeabilize selectively the apical domain of filter-grown MDCK cells, the recycling of receptor-bound transferrin (Tfn) from an intracellular pool was reconstituted in vitro with a rate and efficiency similar to that of intact cells. Tfn and Tfn receptor recycling from endosomes back to the cell surface was dependent on added ATP and cytosol-derived proteins. Thus, incubation of intact cells under conditions of ATP depletion resulted in the clearance of Tfn receptors from the basolateral membrane, this was reversible upon removal of the energy poisons. Reappearance of previously internalized receptors could also be obtained in disrupted cells but required the addition of both ATP and cytosol to the assay mixture. Similarly, when intact cells were allowed to internalize labeled Tfn prior to disruption, efficient and rapid release of ligand back into the medium was markedly stimulated by ATP and cytosol. Recycling was judged to be both selective and vectorial since only the expected small fraction of a previously internalized horseradish peroxidase was released after addition of ATP and cytosol, and release was primarily into the basal medium. While the cytosol contributed one or more protein factors, none was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. Alkylation of the disrupted cells, however, did inactivate recycling.
Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis of the Influence of Coupling Constraints on Interpersonal Coordination and Communication

This chapter describes a methodological strategy for studying the influence of coupling constraints on interpersonal coordination using cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA). In Study 1, we investigated interpersonal coordination during conversation in virtual-reality (VR) and real-world environments. Consistent with previous studies, we found enhanced coordination when participants were talking to each other compared to when they were talking to experimenters. In doing so we also demonstrated the utility of VR in studying interpersonal coordination involved in cooperative conversation. In Study 2, we investigated the influence of mechanical coupling on interpersonal coordination and communication, in which conversing pairs were coupled mechanically (standing on the same balance board) or not (they stood on individual balance boards). We found a relationship between movement coordination and performance in a conversational task in the coupled condition, suggesting a functional link between coordination and communication. We offer these studies as methodological examples of how CRQA can be used to study the relation between interpersonal coordination and conversation.
Yoga's Flexibility in Math.

Whether using yoga as a physical activity break in a math class or measuring postural alignments and shapes in the gym, yoga and mathematics can complement each other. This article focuses on eleme...
Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexing with Isothiocyanate

A study of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes with isothiocyanate ion has been completed, using a low-temperature, multinuclear magnetic resonance technique that permits the observation of separate resonance signals for bound and free ligand, and Cd(II) metal ion. The Zn2+–NCS− complexes were studied by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy. In the 1H spectra, the intensity of the coordinated water signal, corresponding to a Zn(II) hydration number of six in the absence of NCS−, decreases dramatically as this anion is added, indicating the complexing process involves more than a simple 1:1 ligand replacement. The 13C and 15N NMR spectra reveal signals for four species, most reasonably assigned to a series of tetrahedrally coordinated Zn2+–NCS− complexes. In the Cd2+–NCS− solution spectra, the 13C and 15N signals for four complexes also are observed and they are three line patterns, corresponding to a doublet from 113Cd J-coupling, and a dominant central peak, resulting from bonding to magnetically inactive Cd isotopes. The 113Cd spectra, showing signals for four complexes, correlate well in all respects with the 13C and 15N results, including coupling in specific cases. The spectral results for both metal ions reflect binding at the nitrogen atom of NCS−, with the complexes changing from an octahedral to a tetrahedral configuration when doing so. Confirming evidence for these conclusions also was provided by several infrared measurements of these metal–ion systems.
Interactions of Hindered Amine Stabilizers in Acidic and Alkaline Environments

Publisher Summary This chapter describes interaction of hindered amine stabilizers in acidic and alkaline environments. Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS) are very effective UV-stabilizers that outperform all other types of UV-stabilizers mainly in polyolefins. In addition some HAS are known to offer outstanding long term thermal stability. This high efficiency is based on a radical scavenging mechanism. The chemical reactivity of HAS is needed for their outstanding performance it can cause antagonistic interactions in the presence of other reactive chemicals. These interactions can significantly decrease the UV-performance of HAS. In addition, interactions between HAS and reactive chemicals can also influence the long term thermal stability, processing stability, and discoloration effects of polyolefins. The high alkalinity of some HAS structures is responsible for interactions that can reduce the performance of HAS. Moreover, certain discoloration phenomena appear to be caused by the alkalinity of HAS. Consequently, the selection of the HAS structure should take into consideration the performance under non-ideal, for example, acid exposure conditions and should not only focus on the UV aspect. Finally, the selection must focus on the performance of HAS and the potential risk of premature failure due to HAS deactivation.
Erich L. Lehmann's Work on the Philosophy of Statistics

Erich Lehmann’s work on the foundations of probability and statistics is discussed in this chapter but his contributions in this area are dispersed over other chapters in these volumes, particularly the chapter on his work on the history of classical statistics. The books Theory of Point Estimation (TPE) and Testing Statistical Hypotheses (TSH) also contain implicit and explicit ideas on the foundations of statistics. As expected, the Neyman-Pearson-Wald school is dominant in these works. In addition, Lehmann (2008) and the soon-to-be-published Fisher, Neyman, and the Creation of Classical Statistics, contain many of Erich’s thoughts on philosophical issues and the historical breakthroughs that have impacted and provided directions for the future of the discipline.
The Support of a Statistics Program Library

This paper describes a set of general purpose statistical analysis programs accessed by users of various locations by means of a remote terminal network. The principal objectives which must be satisfied in preparing and documenting computer programs for..
Evolving and Enduring Patterns Surrounding Student Usage and Perceptions of Academic Library Reference Services.

This descriptive study analyzes results from an 18-item survey which assessed students’ usage and perceptions of library reference services at a comprehensive public metropolitan university. Among 235 surveys completed between November 2016 and January 2017, the majority of respondents represented the “Generation Z” population of college students, 18 to 24 years of age. Quantitative and qualitative findings revealed patterns of reference service usage, perceptions of librarians, and barriers and facilitators to seeking help from a librarian. These findings can inform decision-making to improve marketing and outreach to students regarding general reference services, reference models, and liaison roles.
Robot Classification of Human Interruptibility and a Study of Its Effects

As robots become increasingly prevalent in human environments, there will inevitably be times when the robot needs to interrupt a human to initiate an interaction. Our work introduces the first interruptibility-aware mobile-robot system, which uses social and contextual cues online to accurately determine when to interrupt a person. We evaluate multiple non-temporal and temporal models on the interruptibility classification task, and show that a variant of Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), the Latent-Dynamic CRF, is the most robust, accurate, and appropriate model for use on our system. Additionally, we evaluate different classification features and show that the observed demeanor of a person can help in interruptibility classification; but in the presence of detection noise, robust detection of object labels as a visual cue to the interruption context can improve interruptibility estimates. Finally, we deploy our system in a large-scale user study to understand the effects of interruptibility-awareness on human-task performance, robot-task performance, and on human interpretation of the robot’s social aptitude. Our results show that while participants are able to maintain task performance, even in the presence of interruptions, interruptibility-awareness improves the robot’s task performance and improves participant social perceptions of the robot.
2 Stainless Steels

Stainless steels are those alloys of iron and chromium, with or without other elements, containing at least 11% chromium. There are six basic classifications of stainless steels: ferritic, martensitic, martensitic age hardening, duplex austenitic-ferritic, and austenitic. The corrosion behavior of the alloying elements in pure form influences the corrosion properties of the stainless or nickel grades containing them. Some forms of corrosion are general corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion and galvanic Corrosion. This chapter presents tables on alloy composition of ferritic, martensitic, martensitic age hardening, duplex austenitic-ferritic, and austenitic stainless steel. It also discusses the metallurgical aspects of alloy selection. The chapter explains some important differences between welding carbon steel and welding stainless steel, and discusses specific issues regarding duplex stainless steels and weld fillers for the high-molybdenum alloys. Keywords: corrosion properties; stainless steels
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in mutagen sensitive mutants of Neurosporacrassa

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) levels were measured in wild type Neurospora and nine mutagen-sensitive mutants, at nine different genes. Eight of these mutants are sensitive to hydroxyurea and histidine and show chromosomal instability, a phenotype which could result from altered levels of dNTPs. Two patterns were seen. Five of the mutants had altered ratios of dNTPs, with relatively high levels of dATP and dGTP and low levels of dCTP, but changes in the dTTPdCTP ratio did not correlate with changes in spontaneous mutation levels. During exponential growth all but two of the mutants had small but consistent increases in dNTP pools compared to wild type. DNA content per microgram dry hyphae was altered in several mutants but these changes showed no correlation with the dNTP pool alterations.
Predictors of 90-Day Readmission in Children Undergoing Spinal Cord Tumor Surgery: A Nationwide Readmissions Database Analysis.

Objective A fair number of hospital admissions occur after 30 days; thus, the true readmission rate could have been underestimated. Therefore, we hypothesized that the 90-day readmission rate might better characterize the factors contributing to readmission for pediatric patients undergoing spinal tumor resection. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to study the patient demographic data, comorbidities, admissions, hospital course, spinal tumor behavior (malignant vs. benign), complications, revisions, and 30- and 90-day readmissions. Results Of the 397 patients included in the 30-day cohort, 43 (10.8%) had been readmitted. In comparison, the 90-day readmission rate was significantly greater; 52 of 325 patients were readmitted (16.0%; P Conclusions The prevalence and charges associated with unplanned hospital readmissions after spinal tumor resection were remarkably high. Younger age, Medicaid insurance, malignant tumors, and complications during the initial admission were significant predictors of 90-day readmission.
Modeling with Delay Differential Equations

Although modeling phenomena with differential equations has a long and successful history over a wide range of applications, some situations lend themselves to adaptations that more seamlessly capture the entity being modeled. This chapter studies one such adaptation called a delay differential equation (DDE). A DDE is an ordinary differential equation that permits dependencies on historical information, and initial conditions are replaced with legacy assumptions that detail the solution’s previously observed behavior. A DDE is a welcome framework for processes that naturally depend on historical trajectories and not just initial values.
P167 Exploring Cooking and Shopping Behaviors in Low-Income African American and Hispanic Participants

Background According to the USDA, 11.8% of US households were food insecure in 2017. The inability to access fresh, healthy food greatly affects diet quality and overall health. Grocery shopping habits, meal preparation methods, and frequency of eating away from home also affect diet quality. Objective To qualitatively explore cooking and shopping behaviors of low-income African American (AA) and Hispanic participants to inform the development of interventions targeting these behaviors. Study Design, Settings, Participants AA (n = 16) and Hispanic (14) participants who identified as the main food preparer in their household were recruited from low-income neighborhoods in Gainesville and Hollywood, Florida. About half (47%) of Hispanic participants and 38% of AA participants reported currently receiving food assistance. Trained focus group moderators used a semi-structured script to ask questions related to food shopping and preparation. Focus groups were conducted in English (n = 3) and Spanish (n = 3). Measurable Outcome/Analysis Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded using thematic analysis. Results The number of weekday and weekend meals differed between AA and Hispanic participants. AA and Hispanic participants reported cooking on average two to three and five days per week, respectively. AA participants cooked more often on weekends. When grocery shopping, both groups consider cost the top factor influencing purchasing decisions. Food preference differed between groups, and even between participants within the Hispanic group, but most participants choose meals that feature familiar foods and take less than one hour to prepare. AA participants frequently reported time and money as barriers to cooking, whereas Hispanic participants did not report any barriers to cooking. Conclusion While there are many similarities between the cooking and shopping behaviors of AA and Hispanic participants, a number of cultural differences also exist. When designing interventions targeting grocery shopping, cooking, and eating behaviors, these cultural distinctions should be addressed, and adaptations should be made based on the target population. Funding Self-funded.