cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of epithelial membrane protein 2 (EMP2) as a molecular marker and correlate for angiogenesis in meningioma

Although intracranial meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults, treatment options are few and have traditionally been limited to surgical resection and radiotherapy. Additional targeted therapies and biomarkers are needed, especially as complete surgical resection is frequently not feasible in many patients. Non-pathologic brain tissue from 3 patients undergoing routine autopsies and tumor specimens from 16 patients requiring surgical resection for meningioma were collected. EMP2 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. EMP2 mRNA expression was also investigated using surgical specimens and validated by analysis of several independent NCBI GEO databases. EMP2 mRNA expression levels were found to be higher in meningioma relative to non-pathologic meninges (P = 0.0013) and brain (P = 0.0011). Concordantly, strong EMP2 protein expression was demonstrated in 100% of meningioma specimens from all 16 patients, with no observable protein expression in normal brain tissue samples from 3 subjects (P < 0.001). EMP2 expression was confirmed by western blot analysis in five samples, with EMP2 protein intensity positively correlating with histologic staining score (R2 = 0.780; P = 0.047). No association was found between EMP2 mRNA or protein levels and WHO grade or markers of proliferation. However, EMP2 expression was positively associated with an angiomatous pattern on histologic evaluation (P = 0.0597), VEGF-A mRNA expression (P < 0.001), and clinical markers of tumor vascularity such as operative blood loss (P = 0.037). EMP2 is not found in normal brain tissue, yet has shown consistently high mRNA and protein expression in meningiomas, and may serve as a useful molecular marker for these tumors.
Older and younger adult definitions of emotion terms: a mixed-method content analysis.

Conceptualizations of emotions might evolve over the course of adult development as motivations shift, but there are gaps in knowledge regarding these changes. This mixed-methods study tested theor...
Foreign aid, oil revenues, and political accountability: Evidence from six experiments in Ghana and Uganda

Foreign aid may act much like oil money in reducing voters’ willingness to demand accountability from their government, enabling corruption, clientelism, and repression. This is an important causal mechanism connecting public budgets to quality of governance. Yet other scholarship counters that aid is more beneficial than oil, either indirectly because of donor oversight or directly because aid is more likely to produce citizen pressures on governments. Empirical work on the topic employs observational data at the national, macro level, and has left the question unresolved. At the micro level, in some countries citizens have experience with aid revenues and oil funds, thus possessing information about the political implications of these different revenue sources. This article provides the first experimental tests of the direct mechanism linking aid and oil revenues to demands from citizens for greater political accountability. We report the effects of randomly assigned treatments identifying aid funds compared to oil money on behavior of citizens in six survey and lab experiments in Ghana and Uganda. We find no differences in accountability pressures when subjects are randomly assigned to aid or oil conditions in any experiment, including a survey-based field experiment in Uganda that employed very strong information treatments on the extent of aid and oil funds. Though little evidence suggests that either windfall necessarily reduces accountability demands from baseline in a meaningful way, citizens’ actions for aid money were statistically indistinguishable from oil revenues across all experiments. Aid may well have governance effects through the indirect route of donor oversight, but the results presented here suggest no evidence that aid, compared to oil, directly induces greater accountability demands among citizens.
Distinct within North America: living standards in French Canada, 1688–1775

I use a novel dataset of prices and wages from the French colony of Quebec (Canada’s second largest province today) to measure colonial-era living standards. Following Allen’s (Explor Econ Hist 38(4):411–447, 2001; The British industrial revolution in global perspective, Cambridge University, Cambridge, 2009; Econ Hist Rev 68(1):1–22, 2015) welfare-ratios approach, I find that Quebec was poorer than the American colonies and London, but somewhat richer than Paris and Southern England. The Quebec–Paris comparison is sensitive to changes in the basket used to compare wages. Shifting from a bare bones basket to a respectable basket, Quebec loses its advantage over Paris, but remains poorer than the American colonies and London.
Crayfishes of Mississippi: A Provisional Checklist with Distributions and Discussion of Unresolved Taxonomic Issues

Recent state crayfish records, species descriptions, taxonomic revisions, and extensive additional collecting have rendered the previous Mississippi crayfish list, published in 2002, outdated. We compiled 9597 crayfish collection records from multiple sources, georeferencing localities that lacked coordinates. The new state list includes 65 species and possibly 5 subspecies. Thirteen species and 1 subspecies are endemic to the state, and another 21 species occur in only 1 other state. We created species lists by county and 4- and 8-digit hydrologic unit codes (HUCs) and discussed taxa whose presence in the state was recorded but questionable or not recorded but plausible. We coarsely estimated that 175–200 records were necessary to consider a county well-sampled; 18% of counties met that threshold. Finally, we summarized numerous, unresolved taxonomic issues.
Food Safety Education for Elementary School Students Worldwide

Context: Foodborne disease is one of the leading causes of early childhood death and childhood diarrhea worldwide. Providing food safety education is believed to be of necessity to prevent foodborne diseases among school-aged students; however, limited studies have addressed food safety education worldwide, particularly for elementary school students. Hence, we conducted this comprehensive review to examine the availability and impact of food safety education for elementary school students worldwide and identify areas that are still needed for future research. Evidence Acquisition: Our inclusion criteria comprised all the studies on elementary school students (aged 5-12) and food safety components that have been published in English between 2010 and 2020, without geographic restriction. In this review project, we utilized nine major data sources, including PubMed, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and CINAHL. Results: Food safety guidelines and educational resources have been established worldwide; however, limited food safety education has been targeted to elementary school students, particularly in developing countries. There is a lack of additional findings concerning food safety behaviors among elementary school students, and insufficient food safety training for teachers. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to provide effective food safety education to elementary school students, which specifically focuses on improving their behaviors. Furthermore, sufficient food safety training and professional development needs to be provided for school teachers.
Advances in space microbiology.

Summary Microbial research in space is being conducted for almost 50 years now. The closed system of the International Space Station (ISS) has acted as a microbial observatory for the past 10 years, conducting research on adaptation and survivability of microorganisms exposed to space conditions. This adaptation can be either beneficial or detrimental to crew members and spacecraft. Therefore, it becomes crucial to identify the impact of two primary stress conditions, namely, radiation and microgravity, on microbial life aboard the ISS. Elucidating the mechanistic basis of microbial adaptation to space conditions aids in the development of countermeasures against their potentially detrimental effects and allows us to harness their biotechnologically important properties. Several microbial processes have been studied, either in spaceflight or using devices that can simulate space conditions. However, at present, research is limited to only a few microorganisms, and extensive research on biotechnologically important microorganisms is required to make long-term space missions self-sustainable.
Use and Interpretation of Pooled Metabolic Profiles for Evaluating Transition Cow Health Status

Use of metabolic profiles for evaluating herd nutritional or health status has not been widely accepted in the United States. Costs associated with metabolic profiling have been a primary deterrent, as well as interpretation. In a traditional profile protocol eight to 12 individuals are sampled within a herd or animal group for evaluation. Profile results are then interpreted as a mean value or percent of individuals deviating from some defined values. Use of pooled samples was evaluated as a method to collect usable information on herd metabolic status without the high cost of individual sampling. Objectives of this study were to determine if blood metabolite concentrations from pooled serum samples were different from arithmetic mean results of individual samples, and to develop preliminary guidelines for interpretation of pooled samples.
Operationalizing Language Access Rights For Limited English Proficient Taxpayers

Taxpayers with limited English proficiency (LEP) face inherent barriers to exercising important rights under the tax laws. This Essay, prepared for the Temple Law Review's Symposium, Taxpayer Rights in the United States: All the Angles, explains the legal obligations that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has for making the tax system accessible to LEP taxpayers. While the IRS has developed comprehensive written policies for language access, it still faces challenges in operationalizing these rights for LEP taxpayers.
Quantification of US Food and Drug Administration Premarket Approval Statements for High-Risk Medical Devices With Pediatric Age Indications.

Importance Medical device companies submit premarket approval (PMA) statements to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of the highest-risk class of devices. Devices indicated for the pediatric population that use the PMA pathway have not been well characterized or analyzed. Objective To identify and characterize high-risk devices with pediatric age indications derived from PMA statements. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study of PMA statements, those statements containing the wordsindicatedorintendedfor medical devices listed in the FDA PMA database as of February 2020 were retrieved. Age indications were manually annotated in these approval statements via PubAnnotation. Based on the PMA identification from the PMA statements, device metadata including product codes, regulation numbers, advisory panels, and approval dates were queried. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was discernment of the distribution of devices indicated for the pediatric population (neonate, infant, child, and adolescent). Secondary measures included outlining the clinical specialties, device types, and lag time between the initial approval date and the first date of an approval statement with a pediatric indication for generic device categories. Results A total of 297 documents for 149 unique devices were analyzed. Based on the manual age annotations, 102 devices with a pediatric indication, 10 with a neonate age indication, 32 with an infant age indication, 60 with a child age indication, and 94 with an adolescent age indication were identified. For indications for patients from age 17 to 18 years, the number of devices available nearly doubled from 42 devices to 81 devices. Although more than half of the surveyed devices had a pediatric age indication, many were available only for a limited range of the pediatric population (age 18-21 years). For indications for patients from age 0 to 17 years, the mean (SD) number of clinical specialties at each age was 7.27 (1.4), and 12 clinical specialties were represented from ages 18 to 21 years. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study on device PMA statements, a gap was identified in both quantity and diversity of high-risk devices indicated for the pediatric population. Because the current scarcity of pediatric devices may limit therapeutic possibilities for children, this study represents a step toward quantifying this scarcity and identifying clinical specialties with the greatest need for pediatric device innovation and may help inform future device development efforts.
A qualitative evidence synthesis of normative rhetorical theory scholarship

Normative rhetorical theory (NRT, also called normative theory of social support; Goldsmith, [(2004). Communicating social support. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511606...
Visually guided respiratory motion management for Ethos adaptive radiotherapy

Purpose Ethos adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is emerging with AI-enhanced adaptive planning and high-quality cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Although a respiratory motion management solution is critical for reducing motion artifacts on abdominothoracic CBCT and improving tumor motion control during beam delivery, our institutional Ethos system has not incorporated a commercial solution. Here we developed an institutional visually guided respiratory motion management system to coach patients in regular breathing or breath hold during intrafractional CBCT scans and beam delivery with Ethos ART. Methods The institutional visual-guidance respiratory motion management system has three components: (1) a respiratory motion detection system, (2) an in-room display system, and (3) a respiratory motion trace management software. Each component has been developed and implemented in the clinical Ethos ART workflow. The applicability of the solution was demonstrated in installation, routine QA, and clinical workflow. Results An air pressure sensor has been utilized to detect patient respiratory motion in real time. Either a commercial or in-house software handled respiratory motion trace display, collection and visualization for operators, and visual guidance for patients. An extended screen and a projector on an adjustable stand were installed as the in-room visual guidance solution for the closed-bore ring gantry medical linear accelerator utilized by Ethos. Consistent respiratory motion traces and organ positions on intrafractional CBCTs demonstrated the clinical suitability of the proposed solution in Ethos ART. Conclusion The study demonstrated the utilization of an institutional visually guided respiratory motion management system for Ethos ART. The proposed solution can be easily applied for Ethos ART and adapted for use with any closed bore-type system, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, through incorporation with appropriate respiratory motion sensors.
Methods for proteomics in neuroscience

Proteomics reveals complex protein expression, function, interactions and localization in different phenotypes of neuron. As proteomics, regarded as a highly complex screening technology, moves from a theoretical approach to practical reality, neuroscientists have to determine the most-appropriate applications for this technology. Even though proteomics compliments genomics, it is in sheer contrast to the basically constant genome due to its dynamic nature. Neuroscientists have to surmount difficulties particular to the research in neuroscience; such as limited sample amounts, heterogeneous cellular compositions in samples and the fact that many proteins of interest are hydrophobic proteins. The necessity of exclusive technology, sophisticated software and skilled manpower tops the challenge. This review examines subcellular organelle isolation, protein fractionation and separation using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) as well as multi-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) followed by mass spectrometry (MS). The methods for quantifying relative gene product expression between samples (e.g., two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) and iTRAQ) are elaborated. An overview of the techniques used currently to assign post-translational modification status on a proteomics scale is also evaluated. The feasible coverage of the proteome, ability to detect unique cell components such as post-synaptic densities and membrane proteins, resource requirements and quantitative as well as qualitative reliability of different approaches is also discussed. While there are many challenges in neuroproteomics, this field promises many returns in the future.
Brilliant Disguise: An Empirical Analysis of a Social Experiment Banning Affirmative Action

The notion of a colorblind society captured the imagination of voters who passed propositions banning affirmative action in higher education admissions in California, Washington, more recently in Michigan, and on November 4th, in Nebraska. Affirmative action is no longer required, proponents assert, because society no longer judges people by their skin color. They argue that the need for affirmative action is a vestige of a bygone era, and such a policy only creates resentment and stigma. This paper confronts the colorblind ideal myths of stigma and resentment, which appear at much greater rates in anti-affirmative action states. In analyzing data from a national survey of 335 students majoring in the sciences, this paper tests the three main arguments of affirmative action opponents and finds: 1. that under-represented minorities experience far more hostility at institutions of higher learning in states that bar affirmative action in admissions than in those states that permit race-based admissions; 2. that under-represented minority students encounter more external and internal stigma at institutions in states that ban race-based admissions; and 3. students who experience critical mass by never being racially isolated in the classroom encounter the least amount of overt racism and stigma. Thus, contrary to what anti-affirmative action advocates argue, students of color endure silencing, the pressure of "performing" and the hostility of "imposition" in white spaces at a far greater rate in the states that espouse a colorblind ideal. Moreover, this paper raises questions about the court's use of a diversity rationalization, the benefits of critical mass, and the effects of stereotype threat and makes recommendations.
FFT Signal processing for non-coherent radar systems

Coherent and non-coherent radar detection of moving targets is analyzed and expressions relating the post-video-detection moving target signal-to-noise ratio to the pre-video-detection moving target signal-to-noise and clutter-to-noise ratios are obtained for non-coherent detection. The effect of processing this resulting real (non-coherent) signal with an FFT processor is then analyzed and compared to the FFT processing of a complex (coherent) signal. Results show that as the number of pulses processed becomes large, and under favorable clutter conditions, FFT signal processing of the non-coherent signals approaches 3 dB of the integration gain realized with a coherent, matched-filter receiver.
Automatic real time gait recognition based on spatiotemporal templates

Gait recognition is a biometric method used to recognize humans based on the style of their walk. In the last few years, wide varieties of gait recognition approaches have been proposed, and significant improvements have been made. Unlike other biometric methods, such as face and body recognition, gait recognition requires dealing with a large number of video frames. As a result, most of the successful gait recognition algorithms are computationally expensive and not applicable for real-time surveillance applications. This paper focuses on developing a framework for automatic gait recognition, and proposes a novel algorithm to create a 2D spatiotemporal gait template that is reliable for person recognition in real-time surveillance applications. A neural network is used for classification where the input is the spatiotemporal gait template. The complete gait recognition framework developed in this paper involves automatic detection and segmentation of the human body, alignment and registration, feature extraction, and classification.
Phycobilisomes in Spheroplasts of Anacystis nidulans

Phycobilisomes in Anacystis nidulans can be seen more readily in spheroplasts than in cells with intact walls.
Sensors Model Student Self Concept in the Classroom

In this paper we explore findings from three experiments that use minimally invasive sensors with a web based geometry tutor to create a user model. Minimally invasive sensor technology is mature enough to equip classrooms of up to 25 students with four sensors at the same time while using a computer based intelligent tutoring system. The sensors, which are on each student's chair, mouse, monitor, and wrist, provide data about posture, movement, grip tension, arousal, and facially expressed mental states. This data may provide adaptive feedback to an intelligent tutoring system based on an individual student's affective states. The experiments show that when sensor data supplements a user model based on tutor logs, the model reflects a larger percentage of the students' self-concept than a user model based on the tutor logs alone. The models are further expanded to classify four ranges of emotional self-concept including frustration, interest, confidence, and excitement with over 78% accuracy. The emotional predictions are a first step for intelligent tutor systems to create sensor based personalized feedback for each student in a classroom environment. Bringing sensors to our children's schools addresses real problems of students' relationship to mathematics as they are learning the subject.
Free Medial Femoral Condyle Vascularized Bone Grafting for Scaphoid Nonunions with Proximal Pole Avascular Necrosis and Carpal Collapse

Treating scaphoid nonunions complicated by avascular necrosis and collapse with humpback deformity has proven challenging. Conventional nonvascularized interposition grafts restore the structural architecture, but fail to restore the vascular supply to the scaphoid. Pedicled inlay grafts restore blood flow, but fail to correct the humpback deformity or restore scaphoid length. Restoration of both vascularity and geometry is critical for promoting bony union. The free vascularized medial femoral condyle bone graft provides both and has proven successful in treating this problematic subset of scaphoid nonunions. The rationale, indications, contraindications, anatomical basis, and technique of scaphoid preparation, bone graft harvest, insetting, fixation, and microvascular anastomosis are presented for the treatment of scaphoid nonunions with avascular necrosis and carpal collapse.
Excimer absorption kinetics in electron-beam-excited rare-gas and rare-gas-halide plasmas with Ne/Xe/NF3 and/or F2

A physical model of time, temperature, composition, and wavelength-dependent optical absorption behavior of e-beam pumped Ne/Xe/NF3(F2) plasmas is developed and discussed. A data correlation based on the progressive analysis of results pertaining to increasingly complex mixtures is developed. Comparisons of the derived model with medium absorption data are presented and discussed. Where useful, data relating to fluorescence efficiency and medium gain are used to further develop aspects of the model left obscure by the available data relating to medium absorption.
Comparison of tube occlusion rates with and without the use of routine saline flushes in patients with percutaneous nephrostomy and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drains

Purpose The use of routine saline flushes performed to help maintain patency of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drains (PTBD) and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) tubes is performed in many institutions with little evidence to support the efficacy of this practice. The purpose of our study was to assess the benefit of routine saline flushes on PTBD and PCN tube occlusion rates. Materials and Methods Data from patients with PTBD and PCN tubes at two similar academic institutions from 1/1/2010 to 10/1/2011 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed after obtaining IRB approval. Saline flushing was performed routinely for all patients with percutaneous tubes at one institution, while the standard practice at the other institution was for no flushing. The mean interval between tube changes for both PTBD and PCN tubes at each institution was calculated and compared. Results For PCN tubes a total of 130 patients were included with 59 patients from the flush cohort and 71 patients from the non flush cohort. A total of 398 PCN tube changes were performed with 244 PCN tube changes in the flush cohort and 154 tube changes in the non flush cohort. The mean follow up period per patient was 233 days for the flush cohort and 198 days for the non flush cohort. The mean interval time between tube changes was 40.6±3.9 days for the flush cohort and 49.7±4.9 days for the non flush cohort which was not significantly different (P=0.143). For PTBD tubes 138 patients were included with 52 patients from the flush cohort and 86 in the non flush cohort. A total of 294 PTBD changes were performed with 146 in the flush cohort and 148 in the non flush cohort. The mean follow up time period per patient was 108 days in the flush cohort and 81 days in the non flush cohort. The mean interval between changes was 34.6±5.4 days in the flush cohort and 40.3±5.1 days in the non flush cohort which was not significantly different, (P =0.476). Conclusion We find no evidence to support the use of routine saline flushes in patients with PTBD or PCN tubes. The potential benefits of routine saline flushes may not outweigh the resulting increased cost and inconvenience to patients.
Dissecting the Mechanism of Epac Activation via Hydrogen−Deuterium Exchange FT-IR and Structural Modeling†

Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac) is a family of cAMP-binding domain containing proteins that play important roles in mediating the effects of cAMP through the activation of down-stream small GTPases, Ras-proximate proteins. To delineate the mechanism of Epac activation, we probed the conformation and structural dynamics of Epac using amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and structural modeling. Our studies show that unlike that of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), the classic intracellular cAMP receptor, binding of cAMP to Epac does not induce significant changes in overall secondary structure and structural dynamics, as measured by FT-IR and the rate of H/D exchange, respectively. These results suggest that Epac activation does not involve significant changes in the amount of exposed surface areas as in the case of PKA activation and conformational changes induced by cAMP in Epac are most likely confined to small local regions. Homology modeling and comparative structural analyses of the CBDs of Epac and PKA lead us to propose a model of Epac activation. Based on our model, Epac activation by cAMP employs the same underlying structural principal utilized by PKA although the detailed structural and conformational changes associated with Epac and PKA activation are significantly different. In addition, we predict that during Epac activation the first β strand of the switchboard switches conformation to a α-helix, which folds back to the β barrel core of the CBD and interacts directly with cAMP to form the base of the cAMP-binding pocket.
Low-affinity binding determined by titration calorimetry using a high-affinity coupling ligand: a thermodynamic study of ligand binding to protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.

A competition-based method is used for the determination of the thermodynamic parameters for a low-affinity ligand binding reaction by isothermal titration calorimetry. This method is based on the coupling of a high-affinity ligand to the binding of the low-affinity ligand. Results are presented for the binding of a nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine analog phosphonodifluoromethyl phenylalanine (F2Pmp)-containing peptide (Ac-Asp-Ala-Asp-Glu-F2Pmp-Leu-NH2), arsenate, and inorganic phosphate to the intracellular human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B(PTP1B). The binding constants are 3.3 x 10(6), 4.3 x 10(3), and 48 M-1 for the F2Pmp-containing peptide, arsenate, and inorganic phosphate, respectively. The binding of arsenate and inorganic phosphate to PTP1B is enthalpy driven. This is in contrast to the binding of the F2Pmp-containing peptide which is mainly driven by entropy. The calorimetrically determined binding constants are in agreement with the Ki values determined by enzyme inhibition studies. This demonstrates that isothermal titration calorimetry can be used to quantitatively determine the thermodynamic parameters for the interactions between proteins and low-affinity ligands if a proper coupling ligand can be identified.
Women's marital-familial statuses and work histories: Some conceptual considerations

Abstract Although vocational psychologists and sociologists have a long history of researching occupational choice, their theoretical postures have almost always been shaped in light of information on males, with little consideration for females. This article is an addition to others which attempt to correct this shortcoming in the literature. The article reviews the dominant conceptual schemes used to study occupational choice, considers potentially female-specific variables, and provides a typology for the analysis of women's marital-familial statuses and work modes.
Vertebral artery disease: radiological evaluation medical management, and microsurgical treatment.

Abstract The neuroradiological evaluation, perioperative medical management, and microsurgical treatment of variously located vertebral artery lesions are presented. Four types of surgical procedures were undertaken: proximal vertebral artery to common carotid artery end-to-side anastomosis; external carotid artery to midcervical vertebral artery end-to-side anastomosis; external carotid artery to distal cervical vertebral artery end-to-end anastomosis; and occipital artery to posterior inferior cerebellar artery end-to-side anastomosis. Each case is used to demonstrate the evaluation and management involved, the type of and rationale for the surgical procedure selected, and the patency of the anastomosis performed. Two points are emphasized. One is that, after careful angiographic evaluation and improved perioperative medical management, lesions of the vertebral artery are indeed amenable to microsurgical intervention with relatively low risk to the patient. The other is that, whenever possible, anastomosis of the largest caliber of vessels with the least number of suture lines is the surgical treatment of choice.
Local distinguishability with preservation of entanglement

I consider the deterministic distinguishability of a set of orthogonal, bipartite states when only a single copy is available and the parties are restricted to local operations and classical communication, but with the additional requirement that entanglement must be preserved in the process. Several general theorems aimed at characterizing sets of states with which the parties can succeed in such a task are proven. These include (i) a maximum for the number of states when the Schmidt rank of every outcome must be at least a given minimum, (ii) an upper bound (equal to the dimension of Hilbert space if entanglement need not be preserved) for the sum over Schmidt ranks of the initial states when only one-way classical communication is allowed, and (iii) separately, a necessary and a sufficient condition on the states such that their original Schmidt ranks can always be preserved. Two additional theorems explicitly demonstrate a trade-off between the extent to which the set of states fill Hilbert space, as measured by their Schmidt ranks, and how refined the parties must make their measurements, an important factor in determining the Schmidt rank the state can retain after it has been identified. It is shown that our bound on the sum of Schmidt ranks can be exceeded if two-way communication is permitted, and this includes the case that entanglement need not be preserved, so that this sum can exceed the dimension of Hilbert space. Such questions, concerning how the various results are affected by the resources used by the parties (amount of classical communication and types of local operations), are addressed for each theorem. This subject is closely related to the problem of locally purifying an entangled state from a mixed state, which is of direct relevance to teleportation and dense coding using a mixed-state resource. In an appendix, I give an extremely simple and transparent proof of ``nonlocality without entanglement,'' a phenomenon originally discussed by Bennett and co-workers several years ago.
Beyond the hype: sustainability & HCI

In this panel we explore: (1) the burgeoning discourse on sustainability concerns within HCI, (2) the material and behavioral challenges of sustainability in relation to interaction design, (3) the benefits and risks involved in labeling a project or product as environmentally sustainable, and (4) implications of taking on (or ignoring) sustainability as a research, design, and teaching topic for HCI.
Globally Embedded Community: Satisfaction and Attachment in Vance, Alabama

Community, as an imagined representation of a social collectivity, is necessarily dynamic and subjective. In the contemporary globalized world, rapid structural changes provide an opportunity to evaluate the extent to which structure and subjectivity interact to create particular patterns of community life. Using multiple regression analysis of data from Vance, Alabama, which suddenly entered the global arena with the announcement and construction of a large German automobile factory there, the argument made here is that structural and contextual models are insufficient on their own to account for community life. Especially as our communities become increasingly incorporated into the global economy, our understanding of community must incorporate the subjectivities of community members.
Auroral kilometric radiation triggered by type II solar radio bursts

The previously-reported triggering of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) during type III solar radio bursts was attributed to the incoming radio waves rather than other aspects of the burst's causative solar flare. This conclusion has now been confirmed by ISEE-1 and ISEE-3 observations showing AKR which seems to have been triggered also by a subsequent type II solar radio burst, up to eleven hours after the flare.
Bio-medicus centrifugal ventricular support for postcardiotomy cardiac failure: A review of 129 cases

Background. Bio-Medicus centrifugal ventricular support has been used widely for postcardiotomy cardiac failure. The purpose of this study was to review a large series of support patients examining complications and outcomes. Methods. One hundred twenty-nine patients undergoing cardiac operations at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, were placed on Bio-Medicus centrifugal ventricular support for postcardiotomy cardiac failure; 102 were male and 27 were female with a mean age of 61.6 years. These patients were selected for ventricular support based solely on failure to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass or progressive postcardiotomy cardiac failure shortly after arrival in the intensive care unit. Results. These patients experienced numerous complications including coagulopathy, renal insufficiency or failure, sepsis, neurologic deficits, ventricular failure, arrhythmias, and death; 56.3% of patients were weaned from mechanical support and 21.0% were discharged alive. Causes of death included ventricular failure (62.4%), arrhythmias (12.9%), triage (6.9%), perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest (5.0%), coagulopathy (4.0%), sepsis syndrome (4.0%), cardiac graft failure (3.0%), and device related (1.0%). The one device-related death was a venous cannula dislodgment in the intensive care unit with subsequent exsanguination. Device-related complications were seen in only 1.6% of patients. Conclusions. Bio-Medicus centrifugal ventricular support can be implemented rapidly and relatively easily. There are few device-related complications and the cost is relatively inexpensive compared with other assist systems. This series demonstrates that a substantial number of patients who experience reversible postcardiotomy myocardial injury will benefit from temporary centrifugal ventricular support.
Chemical-kinetic problems of future NASA missions

Thermochemical nonequilibrium in the shock layer surrounding vehicles entering the atmospheres of earth and Mars at superescape velocities is studied, deriving reaction rate coefficients that reproduce experimental data obtained in shock tubes. Thermodynamic properties and emitted radiation intensities are obtained for shock tube flow and flow in a shock layer over a blunt body. The results indicate that the viscous layer of the ablation product over an ablating heat shield is likely to be in chemical nonequilbrium. For earth entry flight, the thickness of the nonequilbrium region is between and 2 cm at the expected peak radiation point in the aerobraking trajectory, For Martian entry flight it is between 8 and 23 cm. For the earth entry case, nonequilibrium phenomena reduce radiative heating rate, while the opposite occurs for the Martian case. The radiative heat transfer rates are significant for the Mars entry conditions at entry velocities equal to or greater than 7 km/s.
Effects of Approach and Avoid Mindsets on Performance, Self-regulatory Cognition, and Affect in a Multi-task Environment

Despite numerous studies of approach- and avoidant mindsets, relatively little research has addressed the impact of such motivational orientations on performance and emotion in a real-time, multi-task setting. A laboratory simulation is reported that examines the influence of an induced approach-centered, an avoidance-centered, and a “neutral” motivational mindset upon multiple aspects of task performance, self-regulatory cognition, and affect. Undergraduate females randomly assigned to one of three mindset conditions performed a simulated automobile drive across one practice and two experimental trials. Dependent measures included divided attention, behavioral indicators of driving “cautiousness” in relatively safe straight roadway sections as well as during more risk-filled driving, multiple aspects of self-regulatory thinking (including self-monitoring, intended effort, and self-administered consequences), and positive and negative affect. Results revealed that the avoidant mindset produced poorer executive attention (i.e., fewer correctly detected divided attention events), more “cautious” driving behavior and reduced performance variability (i.e., greater control) when driving on presumably safe, straight roadway sections, lower self-reports of intended effort, and greater negative affect relative to the approach mindset. Results are intepreted within a self-regulation-centered motivational framework. Implications of the multi-task simulation for the study of normal and disordered adjustment are considered.
Effect of isotonic volume expansion on proximal tubular reabsorption of Na and fluid in the developing rat kidney

Young rats (aged 22-24 days) and adult rats (aged 40-42 days) were studied during hydropenia (HP) and during volume expansion (VE) in order to clarify the role of the proximal tubule of the immature kidney in the blunted natriuretic response seen in young mammals during VE. The position of the last accessible site for micropuncture of the proximal tubular segment was determined. The disadvantages of using lissamine green as a marker of different tubular segments were investigated. Tubular function was ascertained by micropuncture of superficial proximal nephrons. Measurements of tubular length were made from latex casts of the proximal tubule. No side-effects of lissamine green were detected, when small quantities were used (20-30 microliter) and at least 20 min elapsed between the infusions of the dye and tubular samplings. The last accessible proximal tubule available for micropuncture was found to be similarly located in young and adult rats. Fractional reabsorption during HP remained constant during development. An equivalent degree of VE induced an increase in tubular load in both age groups, but it was more marked among younger rats. Absolute proximal reabsorption in both young and old rats in HP paralleled that of the tubular load. Fractional reabsorption, however, decreased slightly during VE but to the same extent in both age groups. This indicates a great flexibility in the immature proximal tubular under various tubular loads although it had been thought that this part of the nephron was in the later stages of development. The results simply that the proximal tubule does not create the blunted sodium response in the immature kidney during VE.
Radio emissions from the aurora

Observations are reported of radio waves in the range 2.5-6 MHz, emitted by the aurora. Two distinct types of emissions are seen: bursts, which are broad band emissions with a time scale of the order of .1 sec, and roars, which are narrow band (300 kHz) emissions with a time scale of ten minutes.
Learning to think like a teacher

Abstract This article reports research examining the types of information available to novice teachers from a relatively simple procedure for collecting pupil responses to lessons. Relationships are noted between classroom patterns of pupil response to lessons taught by student teachers and patterns of observable interactive behavior during those lessons. Evidence is provided to indicate that patterns of pupil response shift as student teachers and cooperating teachers use alternative instructional processes. The research basis suggesting the value of increasing novice teachers' awareness of pupil responses to instruction is explored briefly, and possible implications for teacher education are discussed.
Quantifying uncertainty in load–hardness relationships

This article presents methodology for constructing a probability space that quantifies the load–hardness relationship in ceramics. Aspects of this space are indicative of uncertainties introduced by variations in material microstructure, instrument repeatability, and technician skill. The developed method is general in nature, and can be made specific to particular types of hardness measurements or equations used to describe the load–hardness relationship such as Meyer’s law, the modified proportional specimen resistance model, and others. Construction of the probability space is accomplished by applying Bayesian hypothesis testing to determine the likelihood function of critical parameters of the chosen load–hardness equation. A demonstration of this methodology is presented for Vickers hardness measurements made at four applied loads on tungsten carbide. The utility of the technique in quantifying microstructural uncertainty is shown using Knoop hardness datasets for aluminum oxynitride and two types of silicon carbide. Analysis of the normality of hardness values was shown to provide an objective criterion for determining when enough measurements have been made to adequately describe material behavior. The probability spaces constructed for each material were used to quantify uncertainty in the load–hardness curve that would extend to predictions regarding microstructural features or performance based on this relationship.
Against the odds: Slum rehabilitation in neoliberal Mumbai

In urban India, slum policies have become increasingly reliant on the market and on local ‘self-help’ agencies, a trend in step with the neoliberal turn across the developing world. The emphasis on local solutions is particularly interesting because the challenge of urban slums is now widely acknowledged to be one of global proportions. This paper examines the impact of this changing institutional environment on slum rehabilitation efforts in Mumbai. It provides an overview of Mumbai’s slums and slum policies and it presents a case study of a rehabilitation project in Ganesh Nagar D, a small community in the southern part of the city. While the case of Ganesh Nagar D appears a striking success, it is shown that it was only in part based in new policy schemes and that it in fact violated some of the main tenets of neoliberal policies. It is concluded that some new opportunities for rehabilitation strategies have arisen but that the fundamental conditions of neoliberalism in urban India are unlikely to be conducive to large-scale successes.
The ups and downs of neural progenitors: Cep120 and TACCs control interkinetic nuclear migration.

The nuclei of dividing neural progenitors undergo a cell-cycle-dependent change in position along the apico-basal axis known as interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). The functional relationship between INM and the mode of division of neural progenitors remains elusive, in part because its regulation at the molecular level is poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron , Xie et al. identify two centrosomal proteins (Cep120 and TACCs) regulating the INM of cortical neural progenitors.
Investigation of non-linear effects of coupling materials in sonic IR imaging

We have presented our preliminary results on studying the effect of two different coupling materials in Sonic Infrared (IR) Imaging, which is a hybrid ultrasonic/infrared NDE technology and can detect defects in materials and structures by detecting the changes of IR radiation of defective objects through sensors during an ultrasound excitation pulse (can be a fraction of a second), in the Smart Structures and NDE in San Diego in March 2007. Those two coupling materials produced different results in the sense of producing different IR signal levels. We have been further investigating the non-linear phenomena of different coupling materials in Sonic IR Imaging because this non-linear effect appears to play a very important role in Sonic IR Imaging technology. We focus our study on the effect of the level of coupling mechanical energy from the ultrasound transducer to the target, and the level of infrared signals produced around the defects. We present our results from those aspects in this paper.
The SSA+ for scattering from dielectric surfaces at very low grazing angles

Previously we developed a practical model for scattering from randomly-rough surfaces at very low grazing angles for the Dirichlet problem which was found to give good numerical results. In this paper, we derive the expression for the bistatic scattering cross-section for the non-local small slope approximation for dielectric interfaces. We then extend our practical model to dielectric surfaces based on this result. We discuss numerical results for scattering at low forward grazing angles for a Gaussian roughness spectrum with an angle of incidence of 80○.