cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Even some internally damped vibrating control systems lose stability when small delays occur in their feedbacks

Results are presented concerning the effects of small time delays in the controls of a class of infinite-dimensional linear vibrating systems whose homogeneous versions (i.e. those for which the controls are zero) are uniformly asymptotically stable. It is shown that an undelayed feedback control involving the velocity vector does not destroy and may even enhance stability. However, in some instances arbitrarily small time delays in the feedback result in periodic and even unstable motions. It is shown that this destabilization phenomenon can be avoided if the feedback gain is chosen to be sufficiently small. >
Fate of Dead Fish in a Small Lake

Abstract Observations and experiments were conducted on natural mortality of fish at a small Michigan lake during spring. During an extensive fish die-off in 1989, only 22% (202) of the dead fish were found even though an estimated 10% (918) of the fish population >150 mm TL died. Scavengers, principally yellow bullheads (Ameiurus natalis) and turtles feeding in the littoral zone, claimed approximately 60% of the dead fish that year and 82% in another year with a smaller die-off. The remainder decomposed in 6–34 days. The long-standing mystery of why so few large dead fish are noticed in lakes, despite high annual natural mortality rates of abundant fish populations, was adequately explained by unseen decomposition in deep water and the ability of resident scavengers to keep up with the supply of dead fish except during unusually concentrated fish die-offs.
More on mistaken memory

But this substitution would not help Malcolm. If my objections to Malcolm's defence of (2) are sound they can also be directed at a revised version for (2'). It may be that Naylor thinks that (2') needs no defence, but it surely does, especially since it must be a logical entailment if it is to help Malcolm. Furthermore, (2') sacrifices something essential for the argument. The term 'mainly true' in (2) gives us reason to think that not all the true statements about the past are those about the events of the last five minutes. If, as in (2'), we can only guarantee that at least some are true, then there is no reason to think that at least one of them is about the past before five minutes ago. Indeed it would seem most likely that if we can only be sure of a very few, then they are those
Ocean Acidification - A Paleo Perspective

Dissolution of atmospheric CO2 in seawater has lowered ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations with impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems. The geological record contains long-term evidence for a variety of global environmental perturbations, including ocean acidification, and the biotic responses associated with them, and can provide insight into consequences of current anthropogenic acidification. This e-lecture focuses on the paleo-perspective of ocean acidification, proxy evidence for pH changes and several events exhibiting evidence for elevated atmospheric CO2, global warming, and ocean acidification over the past ˜300 million years are reviewed. Comparison between these events and the present suggests that the current and projected rate of acidification may be unprecedented in past events with unknown consequences for marine life and humans who depend on it. The target audiences for this e-Lecture are upper division undergraduate students and graduate students with some previous background in oceanography and paleoceanography. This could be a lecture in an “introduction to paleoceanography” class that discusses archives and proxies or a lecture in a topical “ocean acidification” class covering paleo ocean acidification. Depending on audience background the lecture may take 50 minutes (students versed in paleoceanography) or 90 minutes (novice students).
Dietary effects on the formation of dolichyl monophosphate mannose by microsomal preparations of rat adipose tissue

Microsomal preparations from rat adipose tissue catalyse the transfer of [(14)C]mannose from GDP-[(14)C]mannose to an endogenous acceptor forming a [(14)C]mannosyl lipid. The mannosyl lipid co-chromatographs with hen oviduct dolichyl monophosphate beta-mannose on three solvent systems. It is stable to mild alkaline hydrolysis, but strong alkaline treatment yields a compound that co-migrates with mannose 1-phosphate. The mannosyl lipid is labile to mild acid hydrolysis, yielding [(14)C]mannose. Formation of the compound is reversible by GDP, but not GMP, and is stimulated by exogenous dolichyl phosphate. The kinetics of transfer of [(14)C]mannose from GDP-[(14)C]mannose to form dolichyl monophosphate mannose were studied by using preparations derived from rats fed on one of four diets: G (high glucose), L (high lard), F (fructose) or GC (high glucose, 0.9% cholesterol). The K(m) and V(max.) values for transfer from GDP-mannose were virtually indistinguishable in the four preparations.In the absence of exogenous dolichyl phosphate, the largest amount of transfer of [(14)C]mannose into the mannosyl lipid was observed with preparations from fructose-fed animals. Preparations from glucose-fed animals showed about 60% as much transfer, whereas membranes from rats fed the other diets showed intermediate values between the fructose- and glucose-fed animals. The inclusion of cholesterol in the glucose diet elicited an increase in transfer of mannose. Under conditions of saturating exogenous dolichyl phosphate, preparations from lard-fed animals have 1.5 times as much enzyme activity as do preparations from animals fed the other three diets.
Emotional processes in borderline personality disorder: An update for clinical practice.

Despite prior assumptions about poor prognosis, the surge in research on borderline personality disorder (BPD) over the past several decades shows that it is treatable and can have a good prognosis. Prominent theories of BPD highlight the importance of emotional dysfunction as core to this disorder. However, recent empirical research suggests a more nuanced view of emotional dysfunction in BPD. This research is reviewed in the present article, with a view towards how these laboratory-based findings can influence clinical work with individuals suffering from BPD.
Genotyping of Frequent Mutations in Solid Tumors by PCR-Based Single-Base Extension and MassARRAY Analysis

Over the last decade, cancer genome sequencing has revealed in detail the genomic landscapes of an increasing number of common solid human tumors. This has greatly impacted the clinical care of cancer patients based on the fact that many of these tumors exhibit activating mutations in driver genes that are prone to target therapy, largely impacting cancer management strategies. Genomic heterogeneity of tumors is becoming an increasingly recognized phenomenon relevant to genome-based medicine. Because a large number tumors may display several mutations at the same time, multiplexing has become the preferred approach to reveal the mutational landscape in patient samples and to better design a targeted approach to their illness.
A Textual History of Christian–Muslim Relations: Seventh–Fifteenth Centuries

Several good overviews of the history of Christian–Muslim relations have been available for some time, such as Hugh Goddard’s A History of Christian–Muslim Relations (2000). They describe important...
The activation loop of PIP5K functions as a membrane sensor essential for lipid substrate processing

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K), a representative member of the phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) family, is a major enzyme that biosynthesizes the signaling molecule PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) in eukaryotic cells. The stringent specificity toward lipid substrates and the high sensitivity to the membrane environment strongly suggest a membrane-sensing mechanism, but the underlying structural basis is still largely unknown. We present a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study on a peptide commensurate with a PIP5K's activation loop, which has been reported to be a determinant of lipid substrate specificity and subcellular localization of PIP5K. Although the activation loop is severely disordered in the crystal structure of PIP5K, the NMR experiments showed that the largely unstructured peptide folded into an amphipathic helix upon its association with the 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) micellar surface. Systematic mutagenesis and functional assays further demonstrated the crucial roles of the amphipathic helix and its hydrophobic surface in kinase activity and membrane-sensing function, supporting a working model in which the activation loop is a critical structural module conferring a membrane-sensing mechanism on PIP5K. The activation loop, surprisingly functioning as a membrane sensor, represents a new paradigm of kinase regulation by the activation loop through protein-membrane interaction, which also lays a foundation on the regulation of PIP5K (and other PIPKs) by membrane lipids for future studies.
Governed through Choice. Autonomy, Technology, and the Politics of Reproduction

Political science does not often concern itself with the human body as an autonomous sphere of political activity, at least not since the social contract bound us together as a unit of governed, pr...
Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among members of a health care delivery system

Abstract Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased risk of dementia in male veterans, but little is known in females and civilians. Methods PTSD and comorbidities were abstracted from medical records from 1/1/1996 to 12/31/2001. Dementia incidence from 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2014 in 499,844 health care members aged 60+ years over an average of 8.2 years. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age, demographics, and comorbidities. Results PTSD was associated with increased risk of dementia over an average of 8 years of follow-up (females: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30–1.95; males: HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.51–2.55). There was a two-fold risk of dementia in those with both PTSD and depression (females: HR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.66–2.59; males: HR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.47–2.91) versus those without. Discussion PTSD was a risk factor for dementia in both sexes, with a heightened risk in those with comorbid depression.
Comparison of Triple-Drug Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) With Single-Drug TACE Using Doxorubicin-Eluting Beads: Long-Term Survival in 313 Patients

OBJECTIVE. We compared survival outcomes in 313 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with two different transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) regimens: triple-drug TACE or single-drug TACE using drug-eluting beads. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, patient selection criteria were uniform. The triple-drug group (n = 166) underwent TACE using ethiodized oil with doxorubicin, cisplatin, and mitomycin-C with a microsphere embolic. The single-drug group (n = 147) underwent TACE using doxorubicin-eluting beads. Group characteristics were classified and analyzed, and survival was calculated using standard statistical methods. All patients were followed until death. Those undergoing orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) were also followed. RESULTS. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographics, Child-Pugh class, or Okuda stage. With patients undergoing OLT censored (n = 73), the mean (± standard error) survival in the tri...
The ongoing Syrian Arab Republic health care crisis.

Prior to the Syrian civil war, access and delivery of health care and health care information over the past 4 decades had steadily improved. The life expectancy of the average Syrian in 2012 was 75.7 years, compared to 56 years in 1970. As a result of the civil war, this trend has reversed, with the life expectancy reduced by 20 years from the 2012 level. The Syrian government and its allies have specifically targeted the health care infrastructure not under government control. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:23-25).
Voices of Educational Administration Internship Mentors.

Within the field of leadership preparation, there is agreement by both scholars and practitioners of the need to engage aspiring leaders in authentic field-based learning experiences that tightly a...
CORONARY AND PERIPHERAL VASOMOTOR RESPONSES TO MENTAL STRESS

Endothelial cells are involved in regulating coronary blood flow (CBF) and coronary vascular resistance (CVR). However, the role of endothelial function in regulating CBF responses during mental stress (MS) remains understudied In 38 patients (Age 61±11 years) with stable CAD, endothelium-
Platform PI-PD co-design and validation for power efficient HSIO interfaces

An efficient and effective methodology for platform power delivery and power integrity (PD-PI) co-analysis and design optimization has been developed, for investigating high yield loss, to support SoC validation. Both frequency and time domain results have demonstrated good correlation between simulation and lab measurement. Consequently it enabled quick verifying the root cause and optimizing work-around power delivery fixing solutions, and further provided optimal PD configuration scheme to key customers for their platform design.
The Influence of Ion Bombardment on the Surface Composition of 70 wt% Cu-30 wt% Zn Alpha-Brass

The short time ion bombardment during ion milling resulted in a dramatic change in the surface composition of alpha-brass, selectively removing up to 2/3 of the Zn atoms during the first 5 to 10 minutes of ion milling. This differential sputtering occurred at various ion beam energies and at target temperatures as low as −196°C (LN2 temperature). The effect of differential sputtering completely disappeared after ion milling times in excess of three hours. Such a dramatic change in composition could not be attributed either to a difference in sputtering yield or to different ion milling conditions. It was shown that under constant ion milling conditions this differential sputtering depends strongly and only on the condition of the foil surface. The unexpected disappearance of the effect of differential sputtering with time was attributed to stabilization of a characteristic surface topography produced by long time ion bombardment.
The coffee shop experience and its associations with social capital and quality of life

A 'first place' is the home, while a 'second place' is the work setting. A 'third place' refers to places where people choose to linger. All three are keys to building social capital and improving quality of life. This study explored coffee shops in Greater Lansing, Michigan as a third place and its associations with social capital and quality of life. Survey participants (n = 196) rated factors that defined their social capital, their quality of life, and the importance of different elements within the coffee shop. Dimension reduction and multiple linear regressions were used to find significant relationships among the coffee shops to quality of life and to social capital. The quality of the intangible coffee shop characteristics significantly correlate with higher levels of quality of life and social capital. It is vital for business owners to celebrate the spirit of the place to improve the patrons' happiness in the third place.
The structure of Pd-Y solid solutions

The structural possibilities considered are Y-atoms distributed substitutionally on fcc lattice sites and Y-atoms located in the octahedral interstitial sites in the fcc lattice. Topics considered in this paper include palladium alloys, yttrium alloys, solid solutions, fcc lattices, interstitials, and microstructure.
Applications of CPBS to Cancer Hazard Identification

The field of genetic toxicology finds itself at a crossroads. On the one hand, the premise of the somatic mutation theory of cancer, which provides a scientific basis for the development of short-term tests for predicting cancers, has been amply vindicated by the discovery of oncogene activation. On the other hand, however, recent NTP-sponsored studies have cast doubt upon the performance of short-term tests as predictors of carcinogenicity (Tennant et al., 1987). Analysis of the NTP results by the CPBS shows that this is an incorrect conclusion resulting from an oversimplification (Rosenkranz and Ennever, 1988a). Also, it appears that we have no choice but to continue using short-term tests since the other alternatives are (a) not to test but to wait for untoward effects in our exposed human population and (b) to continue relying solely on animal bioassays.
Propensity score methods for causal inference: an overview

Propensity score methods are popular and effective statistical techniques for reducing selection bias in observational data to increase the validity of causal inference based on observational studies in behavioral and social science research. Some methodologists and statisticians have raised concerns about the rationale and applicability of propensity score methods. In this review, we addressed these concerns by reviewing the development history and the assumptions of propensity score methods, followed by the fundamental techniques of and available software packages for propensity score methods. We especially discussed the issues in and debates about the use of propensity score methods. This review provides beneficial information about propensity score methods from the historical point of view and helps researchers to select appropriate propensity score methods for their observational studies.
Combined transcranial direct current stimulation with virtual reality exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and pilot results.

Abstract Background Facilitating neural activity using non-invasive brain stimulation may improve extinction-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective/hypothesis Here, we examined the feasibility of simultaneous transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) application during virtual reality (VR) to reduce psychophysiological arousal and symptoms in Veterans with PTSD. Methods Twelve Veterans with PTSD received six combat-related VR exposure sessions during sham-controlled tDCS targeting ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Primary outcome measures were changes in skin conductance-based arousal and self-reported PTSD symptom severity. Results tDCS + VR components were combined without technical difficulty. We observed a significant interaction between reduction in arousal across sessions and tDCS group (p = .03), indicating that the decrease in physiological arousal was greater in the tDCS + VR versus sham group. We additionally observed a clinically meaningful reduction in PTSD symptom severity. Conclusions This study demonstrates feasibility of applying tDCS during VR. Preliminary data suggest a reduction in psychophysiological arousal and PTSD symptomatology, supporting future studies.
Incision and Drainage (Abscesses, Acne, and Milia)

Incision and drainage (I&D) poses threats of both sharps and splash injuries. Eye protection is mandatory. Anesthesia is warranted but may propel toward the eyes and mouth. A ring block is an alternative to anesthesia tangential to the point of incision. Stabilizing the blade to the patient affords fine control. A plastic shield over an abscess may prevent splash towards onlookers. Do not close an incised abscess or cyst with sutures. When handling a #11 blade during acne surgery, hold it perpendicularly to the fingers and place it down before retrieving a comedone extractor. Splay the skin, providing traction from behind the blade. Do not place fingers in the path of the blade. Do not attempt to nick with one hand and extract with the other. Similarly, blot only after the blade is placed on the surgical tray. When extracting on areas with little support, drag the skin to a bony prominence or provide support with a finger. Ensure adequate hemostasis, which often requires a few minutes of direct pressure.
Early Chronic Low-Level Lead Exposure Reduced C-C Chemokine Receptor 7 in Hippocampal Microglia

Abstract Chronic low-level lead exposure alters cognitive function in young children however the mechanisms mediating these deficits in the brain are not known. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that early lead exposure reduced the number of microglial cells in hippocampus/dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 J mice. In the current study, C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) were examined to investigate whether these neuroimmune factors which are known to trigger cell migration and antigen presentation, were altered by early chronic lead exposure. Thirty-six C57BL/6 J male mice were exposed to 0 ppm (controls, n = 12), 30 ppm (low-dose, n = 12), or 430 ppm (higher-dose, n = 12) of lead acetate via dams’ milk from postnatal day (PND) 0 to 28. Flow cytometry was used to quantify cell types and cell surface expression of MHC II and CCR7 in hippocampal and whole brain microglia. Non-parametric independent samples median tests were used to test for statistically significant differences between groups. As compared to controls, CCR7 in hippocampal microglia was decreased in the low-dose group, measured as geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI); in the higher-dose group CCR7+MHC II− hippocampal microglia were decreased. Further analyses revealed that the higher-dose group had decreased percentage of CCR7+MHC II− hippocampal macrophages as compared to controls but increased MHC II levels in CCR7+MHC II+ hippocampal macrophages as compared to controls. It was also noted that lead exposure disrupted the balance of MHC II and/or CCR7 in lead exposed animals. Reduced CCR7 in hippocampal microglia might alter the neuroimmune environment in hippocampi of lead exposed animals. Additional studies are needed to test this possibility.
Reliability-Based Codes (LRFD)

There are many design codes used in engineering design today. Originally most codes used some form of an allowable or working stress design (ASD/WSD) approach.
Immune tolerance induction in paediatric patients with haemophilia A and inhibitors receiving emicizumab prophylaxis

INTRODUCTION The formation of neutralizing antifactor VIII (fVIII) antibodies, called inhibitors, is the most common complication in modern haemophilia A care. Novel non-factor replacement therapies, such as emicizumab, have sought to address the limitations of bypassing agents for bleeding management in patients with inhibitors. However, immune tolerance induction (ITI) remains the primary method for eradicating inhibitors and restoring the hemostatic response to fVIII. AIM The aim of this study was to review a case series of paediatric patients with haemophilia A and inhibitors who have received ITI for inhibitor eradication concomitantly with emicizumab prophylaxis for bleeding prevention. METHODS Single institution retrospective chart review of paediatric patients with severe haemophilia A receiving ITI and emicizumab. RESULTS Seven patients were included in this cohort. Six patients used three different recombinant fVIII products at 100 IU/kg three times per week, and one patient used a plasma-derived fVIII product at an initial dose of 50 IU/kg three times per week. Three patients achieved a negative inhibitor titre <0.6 Chromogenic Bethesda Units per mL (CBU/mL), and two patients achieved a normal fVIII recovery ≥66%. There were nine bleeding events in four patients, but no thrombotic events. All patients remained on ITI and emicizumab. CONCLUSION Immune tolerance induction while on emicizumab prophylaxis is a feasible approach in paediatric haemophilia A patients with inhibitors. This is the first report of the concomitant use of ITI in patients receiving emicizumab prophylaxis described as the 'Atlanta Protocol'.
A prospective study of yogurt and other dairy consumption in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes among black women in the USA.

BACKGROUND Yogurt consumption and low-fat dairy consumption have been associated with reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in some studies. OBJECTIVE We assessed the relation of yogurt and other dairy consumption to incidence of T2D in black women, a population group with a disproportionately high incidence of T2D. METHODS The Black Women's Health Study has followed 59,000 US black women since 1995 through biennial questionnaires which update health information. Each questionnaire inquired about doctor-diagnosed diabetes in the previous 2 y. FFQs completed by participants in 1995 and 2001 provided information on yogurt and other dietary intake. HRs with 95% CIs for yogurt (nonfrozen or frozen) and other dairy consumption in relation to incident T2D (n = 8061 cases) were estimated with Cox proportional hazards regression, controlling for risk factors for T2D. RESULTS The HR for consumption of ≥1 serving of yogurt/d relative to <1 serving/mo was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.13, P trend = 0.65) after control for dietary and nondietary risk factors for T2D. The multivariable HR was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.27; P trend = 0.74) for 2 or more servings/d of low-fat dairy other than yogurt relative to <1 serving/mo and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.25, P trend = 0.36) for 2 or more servings/d of regular dairy relative to <1 serving/mo. CONCLUSION Results from this study do not support an inverse association of yogurt consumption or other dairy consumption with T2D risk in black women.
Substitution of two insulin receptor carboxy-terminal tyrosines with phenylalanine impairs the expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) mRNA.

Cells expressing mutant insulin receptors (Y/F2), in which tyrosines 1316 and 1322 have been replaced with phenylalanine, exhibit enhanced insulin-induced MAP kinase activity and DNA synthesis in comparison with cells expressing wild type insulin receptors (Hirc B). To elucidate the mechanism of enhanced responsiveness, the expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a negative regulator of MAP kinase activity, was measured in Hirc B and Y/F2 cells incubated in the absence and presence of insulin for various periods of time, and over increasing concentrations of the ligand. Treatment of both cell lines with insulin induced a time and concentration-dependent relative increase in MKP-1 mRNA expression. However, in Y/F2 cells both basal and insulin-stimulated MKP-1 mRNA levels were more than 60% lower than that observed in cells transfected with the wild-type receptors. Cyclic AMP analog (8-Br-cAMP)/inducer (Forskoline) increased MKP-1 mRNA levels in both cell lines, and to a lesser extent in Y/F2 cells. In contrast to insulin the relative increase in MKP-1 mRNA expression induced by 8-Br-cAMP or forskoline was similar in Y/F2 and Hirc B cells. The overexpression of MKP-1 in Y/F2 cells inhibited insulin stimulated DNA synthesis. Transfection of wild type insulin receptors into Y/F2 cells increased basal levels of MKP-1. These results suggest that insulin receptor tyrosine residues 1316 and 1322 play an important role in the regulation of MKP-1 expression both under basal and insulin stimulated conditions, and are not necessary for the induction of MKP-1 mRNA by cAMP. Furthermore, the enhanced insulin induced mitogenic signaling seen in Y/F2 cells is, at least in part, due to impaired MKP-1 expression.
Generalized paradoxical effects in excitatory/inhibitory networks

Abstract An inhibition-stabilized network (ISN) is a network of excitatory and inhibitory cells at a stable fixed point of firing rates for a given input, for which the excitatory subnetwork would be unstable if inhibitory rates were frozen at their fixed point values. It has been shown that in a low-dimensional model (one unit per neuronal subtype) of an ISN with a single excitatory and single inhibitory cell type, the inhibitory unit shows a “paradoxical” response, lowering (raising) its steady-state firing rate in response to addition to it of excitatory (inhibitory) input. This has been generalized to an ISN with multiple inhibitory cell types: if input is given only to inhibitory cells, the steady-state inhibition received by excitatory cells changes paradoxically, that is, it decreases (increases) if the steady-state excitatory firing rates decrease (increase). We generalize these analyses of paradoxical effects to low-dimensional networks with multiple cell types of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The analysis depends on the connectivity matrix of the network linearized about a given fixed point, and its eigenvectors or “modes”. We show the following: (1) A given cell type shows a paradoxical change in steady-state rate in response to input it receives, if and only if the network with that cell type omitted has an odd number of unstable modes. Excitatory neurons can show paradoxical responses when there are two or more inhibitory subtypes. (2) More generally, if the cell types are divided into two nonoverlapping subsets A and B, then subset B has an odd (even) number of modes that show paradoxical response if and only if subset A has an odd (even) number of unstable modes. (3) The net steady-state inhibition received by any unstable mode of the excitatory subnetwork will change paradoxically, i.e. in the same direction as the change in amplitude of that mode. In particular, this means that a sufficient condition to determine that a network is an ISN is if, in response to an input only to inhibitory cells, the firing rates of and inhibition received by all excitatory cell types all change in the same direction. This in turn will be true if all E cells and all inhibitory cell types that connect to E cells change their firing rates in the same direction.
Active Feed Tuning for Excitation Symmetry in Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Antennas

We present an actively tuned balun to enable simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) antennas to achieve greater isolation. Specifically, for the first time, we propose placing a chip into the antenna feed to control the amplitude of the current density. Nearly perfect balance of the feed currents enables STAR antennas to maintain strong isolation despite unpredictable fabrication imperfections. Two identical prototypes were fabricated for comparison, one passive and the other with active tuning inserted. Measurements demonstrate a minimum isolation of 42 dB across a 250 MHz bandwidth, representing an 11 dB improvement over the passive case. This is the best reported transmit/receive isolation enhancement to date. Further, this novel tuning method is significant because it enables STAR antennas with low-cost substrates, such as FR-4, to achieve greater isolation than passive designs. Notably, the balun was tuned across 1.68–1.93 GHz, part of the Federal Communication Commission's AWS-3 spectrum auction. Measurements show good comparison with simulation.
Cancer Immunology and the Evolution of Immunotherapy

Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of interactions between host immune cells and cancer cells led us to the development of cancer immunotherapeutics, one of the greatest achievements in the life sciences. In this chapter, we review how tumor cells acquire resistance to host anti-tumor immunity and the cancer immunotherapy modalities approved by the FDA or in preclinical studies/clinical trials. Finally, we discuss the future of cancer immunotherapy.
A Blueprint for Diagnosing the Readiness of Human Service Contracts Data for Spatial Access Analysis

Each year, government spends more than a trillion dollars in combined federal, state, and local funds to support hundreds of thousands of local service providers in a highly decentralized system of human service provision in the U.S. – making it hard to gain a bigger picture perspective on whether these combined funds go to where needs are concentrated. In light of the promise of data-driven decision making and government open data, this article provides a blueprint to assess how ready open administrative data are for gaining such a perspective. As the case example, we analyze 2017 open financial contracts data for human services funded by Chicago, Cook County and Illinois to identify spatial access gaps to these services (with funding amounts). We conclude that these data are not yet ready for such an analysis and outline 5 major data gaps, including a lack of data on service site locations and fiduciaries. What we find is that the institutional fragmentation of human services contracting leads to a multitude of disparate data sources, unstandardized data definitions and non-systematic coverage of key information on human services that need to be addressed in order to gain a perspective of where funding goes across departments and jurisdictions. We outline what data elements are still needed to close the identified gaps and point to a spatial access prototype we developed for the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) for new data it collected to address several of these gaps.
Constructing Functional Networks of Phosphorylation Sites Using Co-Phosphorylation

Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism that plays a central role in cellular signaling. According to recent estimates, up to 70% of human proteins can be phosphorylated. Therefore, characterization of phosphorylation dynamics is critical for understanding a broad range of biological and biochemical processes. Technologies based on mass spectrometry are rapidly advancing to meet the needs for high-throughput screening of phosphorylation. These technologies enable untargeted quantification of thousands of phosphorylation sites in a given sample. Many labs are already utilizing these technologies to comprehensively characterize signaling landscapes by examining perturbations with drugs and knockdown approaches, or by assessing diverse phenotypes in cancers, neuro-degerenational diseases, infectious diseases, and normal development. Here, we comprehensively investigate the concept of "co-phosphorylation", defined as the correlated phosphorylation of a pair of phosphosites across various biological states. Here, we integrate nine publicly available phospho-proteomics datasets for various diseases (including breast cancer, ovarian cancer and Alzheimer9s disease) and utilize functional data related to sequence, evolutionary histories, kinase annotations, and pathway annotations to investigate the functional relevance of co-phosphorylation. Our results across a broad range of studies consistently show that functionally associated sites tend to exhibit significant positive or negative co-phosphorylation. Specifically, we show that co-phosphorylation can be used to predict with high precision the sites that are on the same pathway or that are targeted by the same kinase. Overall, these results establish co-phosphorylation as a useful resource for analyzing phospho-proteins in a network context, which can help extend our knowledge on cellular signaling and its dysregulation.
Mechanisms of Gasdermin Recognition by Proteases.

Abstract Members of the gasdermin family contain positively charged N-terminal domains (NTDs) capable of binding phospholipids and assembling membrane pores, and C-terminal domains (CTDs) that bind the NTDs to prevent pore formation in the resting states. The flexible NTD-CTD linker regions of gasdermins are highly variable in length and sequences, which may be attributable to gasdermin recognition by diverse proteases. In addition, protease cleavage within the NTDs is known to inactivate several gasdermin family members. Recognition and cleavage of the gasdermin family members by different proteases share common and distinct features at the protease active sites, as well as exosites recently identified for the inflammatory caspases. Utilization of exosites may strengthen enzyme-substrate interaction, improve efficiency of proteolysis, and enhance substrate selectivity. It remains to be determined if the dual site recognition of gasdermin D (GSDMD) by the inflammatory caspases is employed by other GSDMD-targeting proteases, or is involved in proteolytic processing of other gasdermins. Biochemical and structural approaches will be instrumental in revealing how potential exosites in diverse proteases engage different gasdermin substrates. Different features of gasdermin sequence, structure, expression characteristics, and post-translational modifications may dictate distinct mechanisms of protease-dependent activation or inactivation. Such diverse mechanisms may underlie the divergent physiological and pathological functions of gasdermins, and furnish opportunities for therapeutic targeting of gasdermins in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.
A post-transcriptional regulon controlled by TtpA, the single tristetraprolin family member expressed in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Post-transcriptional processes mediated by mRNA binding proteins represent important control points in gene expression. In eukaryotes, mRNAs containing specific AU-rich motifs are regulated by binding of tristetraprolin (TTP) family tandem zinc finger proteins, which promote mRNA deadenylation and decay, partly through interaction of a conserved C-terminal CNOT1 binding (CNB) domain with CCR4-NOT protein complexes. The social ameba Dictyostelium discoideum shared a common ancestor with humans more than a billion years ago, and expresses only one TTP family protein, TtpA, in contrast to three members expressed in humans. Evaluation of ttpA null-mutants identified six transcripts that were consistently upregulated compared to WT during growth and early development. The 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of all six 'TtpA-target' mRNAs contained multiple TTP binding motifs (UUAUUUAUU), and one 3'-UTR conferred TtpA post-transcriptional stability regulation to a heterologous mRNA that was abrogated by mutations in the core TTP-binding motifs. All six target transcripts were upregulated to similar extents in a C-terminal truncation mutant, in contrast to less severe effects of analogous mutants in mice. All six target transcripts encoded probable membrane proteins. In Dictyostelium, TtpA may control an 'RNA regulon', where a single RNA binding protein, TtpA, post-transcriptionally co-regulates expression of several functionally related proteins.
Science and the Enlightenment

Preface 1. The character of the enlightenment 2. Mathematics and the exact sciences 3. Experimental physics 4. Chemistry 5. Natural history and physiology 6. The moral sciences Bibliographic essay Sources of quotations Index.
Females are choosier in the dark: environment-dependent reliance on courtship components and its impact on fitness.

A broad understanding of multimodal courtship function necessitates knowledge of the potential information content of signal components, the efficacy of signal components in eliciting the appropriate receiver response, and the fitness consequences of mating decisions based upon various signal components. We present data addressing each of these requirements for the multimodal-signaling wolf spider, Schizocosa flori dana Bryant. Using diet manipulations, we first demonstrate that both visual and seismic courtship signals are condition-dependent. Next, us ing high- and low-quantity diet individuals in mate choice trials across manipulated signaling environments, we demonstrate that the seismic signal is crucial for mating success and further show that female choosiness is environment-dependent. Females mated more with high diet males only in the absence of visual signals, showing no discrimination in the presence of visual signals. Finally, by quantifying the number of offspring produced by our mated females, we reveal that a female’s mating environment, in conjunction with her potential resource availability, influences her fitness—in environments in which females exerted choice, heavier females produced more offspring. Together, this comprehensive set of experiments demonstrates that female choosiness varies across environments, leading to direct fitness consequences.
An effective methodology for improving equipment reliability and reducing excursions during a factory ramp

This paper describes the continuous improvement methodology that was developed and used in the Cu CMP area of Intel's Fab 20 during the 0.13 /spl mu/m logic technology production ramp from July 2001 through Sept. 2002. Significant and lasting improvements were realized by the systematic application of manufacturing engineering principles. Although many technical process changes were made as a result of these activities, the main focus of the paper is the methodology employed and a reflection on the effectiveness of the key elements of overall effort.
Propagation and infection analysis (PIA) applied to debugging

A method for locating faults with particular failure rates using the results of propagation and infection analysis (PIA) is discussed. It is shown how PIA can be applied to fault location during debugging. PIA gives indications of what fault class might be causing the failure rate. PIA's worth is in quickly narrowing the number of locations that will have to be manually checked. Results show that PIA can support a tool for debugging software which exhibits a low failure rate. Several experiments affirming this conclusion are mentioned. >
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Arson

Objectives:To investigate the characteristics of spatial and temporal patterning of arson incidents in a large urban county.Methods:Using multiyear geocoded crime data from the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Office (2005 to 2012), arson incidents are analyzed for significant space–time interaction using the Monte Carlo simulation-based Knox method, originally developed for epidemiology research. Several additional contrasts are presented according to situational and routine activities factors that may be implicated in target selection and guardianship efficacy.Results:Evidence illustrates that arson generally exhibits enhanced likelihood of near repeat follow-up incidents in close spatial and temporal proximity to an initiating event. Also, spatiotemporal patterns for arson exhibit systematic differences when contrasting subtypes including residential versus non-residential, daytime versus nighttime, and weekday versus weekend arsons.Conclusions:Comparatively little empirical research has been published in ...
Acute hemodynamic effects of abdominal exercise with and without breath holding.

Abstract Finnoff JT, Smith J, Low PA, Dahm DL, Harrington SP. Acute hemodynamic effects of abdominal exercise with and without breath holding. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1017-22. Objectives: To compare the magnitudes of change in heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure, and rate-pressure product (RPP) during 3 abdominal exercises: straight partial sit-up (SPSU), oblique partial sit-up (OPSU), and the AbSculptor® sit-up; and to examine the effect of breath holding on these parameters. Design: Prospective, repeated measures. Setting: Autonomic research laboratory in a major medical center. Participants: Fourteen normal male and female volunteers (age range, 24–37y; mean, 30.4y). Interventions: Hemodynamic parameters were recorded during each abdominal exercise performed with and without breath holding. Mean peak values were calculated for 1 minute before exercise, during exercise, and for 10 minutes after exercise. Main Outcome Measures: Statistical analysis examined for differences in the hemodynamic changes among the 3 exercises under both conditions (with and without breath holding). Results: Heart rate, SBP, DBP, mean blood pressure, and RPP increased during all 3 exercises. The mean peak heart rate and RPP increases were greater for the OPSU than the AbSculptor (heart-rate increase, 21.1±6.6bpm vs 17.6±5.7bpm, P =.03; RPP increase, 36.9±15.5bpm·mmHg vs 29.4±10.1bpm·mmHg, P =.05). For all 3 exercises, breath holding significantly increased the hemodynamic parameter elevations during exercise, with the exception of heart rate (SBP, P P P P =.02). Quantitatively, breath holding during the OPSU resulted in the largest exercise-associated increases in heart rate (21.0±8.1bpm), mean blood pressure (22.2±16.4mmHg), and RPP (44.9±22.3bpm·mmHg). Postexercise, all hemodynamic parameters generally returned to baseline within several minutes. Conclusion: When performing the OPSU, SPSU, or the AbSculptor exercises as used in this investigation, normal individuals exercising at low intensities may experience peak heart rate and mean blood pressure increases of 30bpm and 50mmHg, respectively. Voluntary breath holding significantly increased the peak blood pressure elevations and RPP for all 3 exercises, but particularly for the OPSU.
Resonance Assignments and Structure Determination of Large and Challenging Proteins

NMR has become a method of choice for determining structures of proteins in near-physiological conditions, in particular for dynamic systems. However, in large proteins, line-broadening and spectral overlap often preclude resonance assignment of the many correlation maps needed for structural studies. Various well-described spectroscopic techniques and specific isotopic labeling strategies offer relief from these problems, but it is not always clear which samples should be employed to overcome a particular challenge, nor with which pulse sequences they should be used. Here, we review the challenges associated with assigning large proteins, discuss the many labeling schemes employed to overcome hurdles, and describe associated pulse sequences with focus on both practical concerns and the information content each sequence supplies. Keywords: large protein NMR ; isotopic labeling; protein assignment; backbone resonance assignment; side chain
Hilbert space : compact operators and the trace theorem

1. Preliminaries 2. Orthogonality 3. Isomorphisms and isometries 4. Bounded linear operators 5. Elementary spectral theory 6. Self-adjoint operators 7. Compact operators on Hilbert space 8. Square roots 9. The weak Weyl inequality 10. Hilbert-Schmidt and trace class operators 11. The Lidskij trace theorem Bibliography.
THE MONETARIST CHALLENGE TO THE KEYNESIAN VIEW

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the monetarist challenge to a Keynesian view. The early classical economists thought that the velocity of money was constant and that real output was independent of monetary factors. Therefore, an increase in the stock of money meant proportional increase in prices. Many early Keynesians, influenced by the Great Depression, thought that an increase in the supply of money would be offset by a reduction in its velocity. Under these conditions, monetary policy would influence neither aggregate demand nor prices. Modern Keynesians believe that a monetary policy, acting through the interest rate, influences aggregate demand and the price level. Monetarists emphasize that households and business firms demand money because it yields a stream of services. People demand money by refraining from the purchase of goods. The demand for money is a function of the price level, income, the price of closely related financial assets, the expected rate of inflation, and institutional factors. Monetarists believe that there is a direct link between the money market and other basic aggregated markets. Thus, an increase in the supply of money would create an excess supply of money balances.