cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of local and regional sources on the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide in the tropical free troposphere and tropopause layer

[1] Measurements and models of the spatiotemporal variability of surface N2O mixing ratios and isotopic compositions are increasingly used to constrain the global N2O budget. However, large variability observed on the small spatial scales of soil chambers and shipboard sampling, which appears to be very sensitive to local environmental conditions, has made extrapolation to the global scale difficult. In this study, we present measurements of the isotopic composition of N2O (δ15Nbulk, δ15Nα, δ15Nβ, and δ18O) from whole-air samples collected at altitudes of 0.5 to 19km by the NASA DC-8 and WB-57 aircraft during the Costa Rica-Aura Validation Experiment (CR-AVE) and the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4) campaigns in January–February 2006 and July–August 2007, respectively. The vertical profiles of isotopic composition showed predictable, repeating patterns consistent with the influence of a surface source at lower altitudes and the influence of stratospheric photochemistry in the lower stratosphere. Their correlations with marine tracers at lower altitudes are consistent with a predominantly oceanic source, although a soil source cannot be ruled out. Measurements in a combustion plume revealed a strong depletion in 15N at the central nitrogen atom (i.e., low δ15Nα values), providing new information on N2O isotopic compositions from combustion. This new data set demonstrates that a coherent picture of the isotopic composition of tropospheric N2O is possible at currently attainable precisions and that its variations from 0.5 km to the lower stratosphere are a useful tool in investigating the sources and distributions of this important greenhouse gas.
Through a Glass Clearly: Standards, Architecture, and Process Transparency in Global Supply Chains

Despite evidence that a lack of interoperable information systems results in enormous costs, development, implementation, and effective use of interorganizational systems (IOS) remain an elusive goal for many companies. Lack of interoperability across systems is especially problematic for manufacturers dependent on global supply chains. We develop propositions about the characteristics of IOS that affect information transparency in supply chains. Specifically, we propose that data and process standards are necessary, but not sufficient, to solve such information transparency problems. Instead, standards need to be complemented by hub-type information technology architectures that are shared by organizations participating in an industrial field, not just by the participants in one manufacturer's supply chain. These arguments are supported by an automotive industry case study involving data and process standardization and a shared, cloud-based architecture. We conclude with additional aspects of the case that may be relevant to addressing information transparency problems in global supply chains.
An Olfactometer for Rapid and Critical Odor Measurement

SUMMARY An olfactometer is described that will deliver calculated amounts of odor to subjects in a rapid and reproducible manner. It was found that sparging air through a test liquid will saturate the air at the vapor pressure of the liquid. Sensitivities, for a panel, were determined at two levels of acetic acid concentrations; they were 0.939 deviates per mg (× 10−5) per L for a concentration of 1.90 × 10−5 mg per L, and 0.587 deviates per mg (× 10−5) per L for a concentration of 3.37 × 10−5 mg per L. Some modifications of the olfactometer are suggested and discussed.
The dynamics of a disturbance: New and established interests in technology policy debates

The effects of technological change have political implications. A “disturbance,” such as the rise of the Internet as a mass medium, brings about new policy issues and establishes new interest organizations in the lobbying community. The differential mobilization of interests can affect the resolution of these policy issues. I combine face-to-face interviews with Washington representatives from organizations involved in Internet policy debates with compiled data on the extent of their involvement to outline the difficulties that organizations face when building lobbying capacity, developing an agenda, and forming coalitions. The results indicate that new entrants face substantially more constraints than established interests and that these differences may affect policy outcomes.
Statistical Independence and Threshold Functions

The memory we describe here is a logical and practical outgrowth of the content addressable distributed logic memory of Lee and Paull.1 However, there are several significant differences: the inclusion of a "match" flip-flop and a "control" flip-flop in each cell of the memory, the addition of a "Mark" line to activate many cells simultaneously, and the control of the propagation of the marking signal. As a consequence of these, the memory has some novel capabilities, among which are the ability to simultaneously shift the contents of a large group of cells, thus opening or closing a gap in the memory, and the ability to simultaneously mark strings of interest in separate parts of the memory.
Graduate education and teachers' understandings: A collaborative case study of change

Abstract Changes in the educational understandings and practice of two teachers, resulting from participation in an experimental Masters of Education program, form the core of this paper. The teachers entered the program with different educational philosophies and teaching practices. One teacher used the ideas of the program to change her educational philosophy. The second teacher reported extensive questioning of her educational philosophy, and made few changes in her classroom practice. The changes in philosophy and practice of each teacher were in the direction of the guiding philosophy of the Masters program.
Implementing Physical Best in higher education courses.

(2007). Implementing Physical Best in Higher Education Courses. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 33-50.
LIE FACTOR IN TRAFFIC SAFETY: COMPARISON OF POLICE AND HOSPITAL REPORTING OF SEAT BELT AND ALCOHOL USE IN HAWAII

A linked database composed of police crash reports and hospital records was used to compare seat belt and alcohol use. For these linked cases, the police reported a belt use rate of 88.1 percent; hospital records, however, indicated a use rate of 59.9 percent. Although police overreported the seat belt use rate, they underreported the alcohol involvement rate. Hospital records indicated alcohol involvement in 25.5 percent of the cases; police reporting captured only a fraction of the alcohol cases (8.4 percent of total cases). In addition to reporting the general patterns of inconsistency between police and hospital reporting across driver, vehicle, and crash characteristics, it was shown that there are significant problems associated with reporting of seat belt and alcohol use. The analysis is based on comprehensive information from Hawaii of about 369 drivers with linked crash and hospital records in 1990. Some recommendations for improving the quality and accuracy of reporting are provided.
The Princeton Cyclotron Data Acquisition System

The Princeton Cyclotron minicomputer based data acquisition system is used for nuclear physics research. The system includes eight 13-bit resolution ADC's, computer readable scalers and a general analog and digital I/O crate interfaced to a Data General Eclipse S/230 with 80K words of memory running under the RDOS operating system. The acquisition program ACQUIRE is a general multiparameter sorting and analysis code capable of high data rates (40 kHz without loss for a repetitious pulser).
Density functional theory study of bulk platinum monoxide

The ground state electronic structure of platinum monoxide (PtO) has been calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with periodic boundary conditions and Gaussian type orbitals. Several DFT exchange-correlation functionals, including a hybrid functional based on a screened Coulomb potential for exact exchange have been used. Our study reveals that functionals based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) or meta-GGA do not give qualitatively different results from those of the local spin density approximation, predicting PtO to be metallic, whereas the hybrid functional predicts a semiconductor with a band gap of $0.86\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. A reduced band gap of $0.56\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ is found in the oxygen deficient $\mathrm{Pt}{\mathrm{O}}_{0.9}$ system.
Sudden death, arrhythmic events and measurements of heart rate variability.

Fauchier et al., in their recent report [(1)][1], have made an important contribution to the use of heart rate variability for risk stratification. However, I have some concerns about the data as presented. Of concern in Table 3 in their article is the report that SDANN was greater than SDNN in both
Tour Guides as Creators of Empathy: The Role of Affective Inequality in Marginalizing the Enslaved at Plantation House Museums:

Criticized for ignoring or misrepresenting slavery, some docents at plantation house museums have responded by including more references to slavery, but rarely move beyond mere factual references o...
Characterizing the Ruminative Process in Young Adolescents

Rumination involves repeatedly and passively dwelling on negative feelings and brooding about their causes and consequences. Prior work has found that rumination predicts many forms of psychopathology including anxiety, binge eating, binge drinking, self-injury, and especially depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008). In the present study, we attempt to characterize the ruminative process in real time in young adolescents, specifically by examining factors that predict rumination following an interpersonal stressor. A community sample of 105 youth ages 9 to 14 (70% girls; 66% Caucasian) completed questionnaires regarding depressive symptoms and trait rumination along with an assessment of selective attention using an emotional faces dot-probe task. Participants then underwent an interpersonal stressor and audio rumination induction in the laboratory during which time thoughts were sampled regularly and coded. Results indicate that negative self-referential thought is a common response to the stressor and is predicted by trait rumination scores. Although most participants were able to disengage from this type of thinking, 10.5% persisted through (i.e., ruminated) until the end of the study. These individuals were characterized by higher depressive symptoms and an attentional bias away from happy (relative to neutral) faces. Differences in attentional processes may characterize rumination in youth. Implications for the measurement of rumination as well as treatment are discussed.
A unique expression pattern for a sperm membrane protein during sea urchin spermatogenesis

Specific mRNAs coding for a 63 kDa sperm membrane protein (63-SMP) were localised in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus testis sections using in situ hybridisation techniques. 35S-labelled antisense RNA probes transcribed from a 766 base pair fragment of the gene coding for the 63-SMP hybridised to all spermatogenic cells in the basal germinal epithelia of testicular acini, except the most peripherally located (least differentiated) spermatogonia. No hybridisation to the luminally located mature spermatozoa or somatic cells of the testis was observed. Using monoclonal antibody J17/30 and indirect immunofluorescence techniques, the 63-SMP was localised to the same subset of spermatogenic cells that contain the 63-SMP mRNA, suggesting that expression of this gene is transcriptionally controlled. In combination with previous studies on the expression of sperm histones and sperm binding, these results show that multiple, perhaps sequential, classes of gene activity contribute to the differentiation of sea urchin sperm.
Enriched stable carbon isotopes in the pore waters of carbonate sediments dominated by seagrasses: Evidence for coupled carbonate dissolution and reprecipitation

Studies of the δ13C of pore water dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) were carried out in shallow water carbonate sediments of the Great Bahamas Bank (GBB) to further examine sediment–seagrass relationships and to more quantitatively describe the couplings between organic matter remineralization and sediment carbonate diagenesis. At all sites studied δ13C-DIC provided evidence for the dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO2 (i.e., CO2 produced during sediment organic matter remineralization); these observations are also consistent with pore water profiles of alkalinity, total DIC and Ca2+ at these sites. In bare oolitic sands, isotope mass balance further indicates that the sediment organic matter undergoing remineralization is a mixture of water column detritus and seagrass material; in sediments with intermediate seagrass densities, seagrass derived material appears to be the predominant source of organic matter undergoing remineralization. However, in sediments with high seagrass densities, the pore water δ13C-DIC data cannot be simply explained by dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO2, regardless of the organic matter type. Rather, these results suggest that dissolution of metastable carbonate phases occurs in conjunction with reprecipitation of more stable carbonate phases. Simple closed system calculations support this suggestion, and are broadly consistent with results from more eutrophic Florida Bay sediments, where evidence of this type of carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation has also been observed. In conjunction with our previous work in the Bahamas, these observations provide further evidence for the important role that seagrasses play in mediating early diagenetic processes in tropical shallow water carbonate sediments. At the same time, when these results are compared with results from other terrigenous coastal sediments, as well as supralysoclinal carbonate-rich deep-sea sediments, they suggest that carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation may be more important than previously thought, in general, in the early diagenesis of marine sediments.
IL-2/Anti–IL-2 Antibody Complex Treatment Inhibits the Development but Not the Progression of Herpetic Stromal Keratitis

The IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab immunocomplex has recently been shown to expand the naturally occurring pool of CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we show that administration of the IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab immunocomplex to C57BL/6 mice, prior to corneal HSV-1 infection, significantly increased the pool of Foxp3 + Tregs when measured at early time points postinfection. Increased numbers of Foxp3 + Tregs on days 2 and 4 postinfection resulted in a marked reduction in the development of severe herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). When compared with corneas from the control group, corneas from the immunocomplex-treated group showed a significant reduction in the amount of infectious virus on day 2 but not on day 4 postinfection. Reduced viral load was associated with a 2-fold increase in NK cell numbers in corneas from the immunocomplex-treated group of mice. Moreover, a dramatic reduction in the influx of CD4 T cells in inflamed corneas was determined on days 7 and 16 postinfection in the immunocomplex-treated group of infected mice. Immunocomplex treatment given on days 5, 6, and 7 postinfection significantly increased Foxp3 + Tregs in draining lymph nodes and in the spleen but failed to reduce the severity of HSK. In terms of the influx of CD4 T cells and granulocytes into inflamed corneas, no significant differences were noted between both groups of mice on day 16 postinfection. Our findings demonstrate that increasing Foxp3 + Tregs early but not late postinfection in secondary lymphoid tissues is more efficacious in controlling the severity of HSK.
SIF: a selective instrumentation framework for mobile applications

Mobile app ecosystems have experienced tremendous growth in the last five years. As researchers and developers turn their attention to understanding the ecosystem and its different apps, instrumentation of mobile apps is a much needed emerging capability. In this paper, we explore a selective instrumentation capability that allows users to express instrumentation specifications at a high level of abstraction; these specifications are then used to automatically insert instrumentation into binaries. The challenge in our work is to develop expressive abstractions for instrumentation that can also be implemented efficiently. Designed using requirements derived from recent research that has used instrumented apps, our selective instrumentation framework, SIF, contains abstractions that allow users to compactly express precisely which parts of the app need to be instrumented. It also contains a novel path inspection capability, and provides users feedback on the approximate overhead of the instrumentation specification. Using experiments on our SIF implementation for Android, we show that SIF can be used to compactly (in 20-30 lines of code in most cases) specify instrumentation tasks previously reported in the literature. SIF's overhead is under 2% in most cases, and its instrumentation overhead feedback is within 15% in many cases. As such, we expect that SIF can accelerate studies of the mobile app ecosystem.
Co-occurrence of two terpenoid isocyanide-formamide pairs in a marine sponge (Halichondria sp.)

Abstract From a marine sponge (Halichondria sp.) we have isolated amorphane sesquiterpenoids that are substituted at C-10 by isocyanide (1), formamide (2), and isothiocyanate (3), and diterpenoids that are 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-1,6,10,14-hexadecatetraenes (geranyllinaloyl) bearing isocyanide (13), formamide (14), and isothiocyanate (16) functions at C-3.
Grinding Temperature Measurements in Magnesia-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia Using Infrared Spectrometry

Results of temperature measurements by analysis of the thermal emission spectra generated during grinding and subsequently transmitted through partially stabilized zirconia workpieces are presented. Portions of emitted visible and near-infrared spectra were collected with spectrometers. Source temperatures were determined by fitting the scaled spectrometer output spectra to blackbody curves. Simulations showed that the effective temperatures determined by this method will be strongly biased toward hot-spot (flash) temperatures, which are expected to occur at the grinding grit–workpiece interface. Hot-spot temperatures on the order of 3000 K were obtained for grinding with both SiC and diamond wheels. These high temperatures modify the grinding process and the phase content of grinding chips.
Posterior exposure of the popliteal artery in reoperative vascular surgery

Reoperative vascular surgical procedures play an important role in the successful salvage of ischemic limbs. Such secondary procedures frequently involve difficult situations where the surgical incisions and the vascular anatomy have been compromised by infection of prior surgery. In such instances an alternative surgical approach may provide a significant advantage and aid in successful revascularization. Use of the posterior approach in reoperative vascular surgery is unusual. The application of this exposure may facilitate selected secondary surgical procedures. We review the use of the posterior approach to the popliteal vessels in three patients who required reoperative vascular reconstruction. These cases illustrate the judicious application of this technique and the resultant benefit of this unusual surgical approach.
Afferent regulation of neurons in the brain stem auditory system

We have reviewed a series of experiments which begin to examine the cellular events underlying afferent regulation of neuronal structure. Our initial interest in such experiments stemmed from a desire to understand the cellular nature of experiential influences on brain development. While this remains a long-range goal, it's elusive nature has become increasingly apparent; how will we know when such a goal is achieved? On the other hand, it has become increasingly clear that by approaching this question as a subset of the larger problem of tissue interactions regulating nervous system structure and function, some progress is possible. In this respect, understanding afferent regulation is part and parcel of understanding "competition." Both exemplify the fact that we are dealing with a dynamic system, where changes in the balance of extracellular factors result in a cascade of events defining a new "steady state." Unfortunately, most of our methods are limited to taking "snap-shots" of a few parameters and attempting to reconstruct an epic. Our analyses of the postsynaptic events following cochlea removal have only scratched the surface. They are beginning to reveal myriad cellular processes that are dramatically altered by changing the balance of synaptic activity, or "synaptic drive," in a neuronal system. We have been continually struck by the rapidity of these postsynaptic changes when the manipulations are performed on immature animals. While the kinetics of metabolic and structural events we have studied do not yet match those of ionic events involved in information transmission, the two classes of intercellular communication are coming much closer. Some neuromodulators can alter synaptic currents for up to many seconds, and we have shown that altering afferent activity can cause changes in protein synthesis within a few minutes. The merging of these two classes of phenomena should come as no surprise since our studies and many others have definitively linked a variety of metabolic and structural events to changes in the synaptic drive between two neurons. On the other hand, this progress does highlight the need for increased attention to the short-term changes following manipulations of afferent activity. Hopefully such studies will lead to an understanding of the intracellular chain of events responsible for the regulation of neuronal form. A second area of interest has been the age restrictions on the events we have studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Lived Experience of Spouses of Patients With a Left Ventricular Assist Device Before Heart Transplantation

• BACKGROUND No publications describe the life experience of spouses who are designated caregivers of patients with a left ventricular assist device before transplantation. • OBJECTIVE To explore what life is like for spouses serving as caregivers of patients with a left ventricular assist device before transplantation and to assess the meaning of such experience to them. • METHODS This phenomenological study included 3 women 38 to 52 years old who were designated caregivers of patients with a left ventricular assist device while the patients were waiting at home for a heart transplant. • RESULTS Three major themes emerged—emotional distress, determination, and optimism: a new lease on life. The identified themes were elucidated by 8 subthemes: guilt and realization of severity of illness, fear and anxiety, recognition that being a caregiver is an overwhelming experience and a burden, coping, living with hope, realization of loving relationship, adaptation to a new life, and joyful feeling. • CONCLUSION The spouses who served as caregivers had strong emotions as they entered each stage of this life experience. The stages were characterized by the identified themes and subthemes, which otherwise might not have been revealed or might have remained private to the study participants. Critical care nurses should recognize and anticipate challenges for these stages of life experienced by the spouses as caregivers. Heightened awareness of this phenomenon will guide nurses in individualizing plans of care, educating patients and patients’ families, and evaluating outcomes of care. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2005;14:145-151)
Cloning, expression, and tissue localization of the calcium-sensing receptor in chicken (Gallus domesticus)

In previous studies, we characterized an extracellular Ca2+ (Cao(2+))-sensing receptor (CaR) that plays a central role in regulating parathyroid hormone secretion in mammals by sensing Cao2+. In the present study, we have cloned and characterized the chicken (Gallus domesticus) homolog of the CaR. The chicken parathyroid CaR shares a high degree of homology (84% amino acid identity) with the human CaR and displays a similar topology. Moreover, amino acid residues where mutations cause disorders of Cao(2+)-sensing in the human CaR share the wild-type human sequence in the chicken CaR. However, a single region in the extracellular domain of the chicken CaR differs substantially from its mammalian homologs. Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with chicken CaR cRNA respond to elevated ambient levels of Cao2+, extracellular Mg2+, or extracellular Gd3+ with the characteristic activation of inositol trisphosphate-dependent, intracellular Ca(2+)-induced Cl- currents elicited by mammalian CaRs as well as by G protein-linked receptors coupled to activation of phospholipase C. By in situ hybridization, clusters of cells in chicken parathyroid glands were shown to express CaR messenger RNA. Northern analysis and immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of receptor transcripts and/or protein in kidney tubules and intestine as well as in brain. The close conservation of the amino acid sequence of the chicken CaR with its mammalian homologs as well as its similar tissue distribution suggest that the receptor may also play an important role in avian calcium homeostasis.
Two in the middle: digital character production and machinima courses

Many Universities and Colleges are building interdisciplinary programs between engineering and fine arts that focus on games, special effects, animation and other areas that require interdisciplinary efforts. This is in response to the needs of the entertainment industries. The video game and 3D animation businesses fundamentally involve computer scientists and artists working closely together. The Entertainment Arts and Engineering (EAE) program (founded in 2007) is an undergraduate interdisciplinary program at the University of Utah (UofU). Students pursuing an animation or computer science degree may enroll in the program as a means of focusing their education on digital arts and entertainment. Two courses taught at the UofU with curriculum in the middle of the continuum between the two departments are the courses: Digital Character Production and Machinima. These courses provide an extraordinary applied learning experience for students to combine learning concepts that are not commonly taught together. The curriculums are designed to teach students to breakdown extremely complex problems, requiring understanding from both disciplines, into manageable segments that allow easy understanding of diverse concepts from computer graphics principles to sculptural ideology and from graphic algorithms to film/storytelling. It is a process that provides a direct view of the correlations of the critical concepts from each of the disciplines. This paper presents our insights from teaching and reviewing these two classes.
Federal Intrusion into Internal Corporate Governance: The Accounting Provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Two Decades After its Initial Passage (A 20th Anniversary Review)

To strengthen the anti-bribery provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, Congress included provisions in the original Act, and in later amendments, requiring recordkeeping and internal accounting controls for both domestic corporations involved in international business and purely domestic corporations. The significant effect of the passage of the accounting sections was to move SEC authority beyond the traditional disclosure requirements of earlier legislation. The FCPA granted the SEC authority over the entire financial management and reporting requirements of those corporations subject to SEC regulation. On the FCPA's twenty-year anniversary, expansion of the SEC's authority remains a source of concern for the business community because it is a potential tool for extensive federal intrusion into internal corporate affairs.
Non-Abelian ν =1/2 quantum Hall state in Γ 8 valence band hole liquid

In the search for states with non-Abelian statistics, we explore the fractional quantum Hall effect in a system of two-dimensional (2D) charge carrier holes. We propose a method of mapping states of holes confined to a finite width quantum well in a perpendicular magnetic field to states in a spherical shell geometry. We take into account strong coupling between the spin and motion of charge parallel and perpendicular to the 2D layer. This method gives the single-particle hole states used in the exact diagonalization of systems with a small number of holes in the presence of Coulomb interactions, density matrix renormalization group, and topological entanglement entropy calculations. The hole quantum Hall state at half filling of the ground state in a magnetic field near the crossing of single-hole states is likely the Moore-Read Pfaffian state.
Meaningful assessment

Assessment of student learning outcomes is a key process used in education to both evaluate students' level of achievement and to identify opportunities for continuous improvement. The most prevalent technique for analyzing data collected from direct assessment methods is to distill the data to a single measure of central tendency, typically the arithmetic mean. Despite well known awareness and understanding of the limitations of the arithmetic mean, it is still commonly used because it is easy to calculate from the readily available data and is familiar to most educators. This paper argues that use of arithmetic mean alone is a poor assessment practice, and an alternate evaluation technique is presented in detail. To illustrate our conceptual arguments, a case study involving the assessment of an intermediate, college-level information technology course is presented. For the evaluation of an outcome in this course, assessment of student performance for the embedded indicators of that outcome are shown using both the commonly used arithmetic mean and what we believe to be a better, more meaningful assessment technique that places individual student performance data points into categories using an Individual Indicator Metric and then evaluates the group's overall performance based on the distribution of these student performances across the categories using a Group Indicator Metric. The paper's concluding section briefly addresses integrating indirect (subjective) evidence, combining all data source evaluations to evaluate an outcome, identifying and acting on opportunities for improvement, and reassessing changes. The central theme of the paper is that the veracity of assessment can be significantly improved with minimal extra effort.
Do Dogs Know Calculus

(2003). Do Dogs Know Calculus? The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 178-182.
Oilfield Mobile GIS Service Based on Mobile SVG

With the development of mobile technology, especially the development of 3G and mobile IP, the calculation function of the handset is becoming more and more powerful, which provides new method to solve the difficulties encountered in real-time accessing GIS information caused by the characteristics of remote outwork in oilfields. On the basis of studying in-depth on the technologies of J2ME platform, Mobile SVG and mobile data transfer, etc., and according to the practical situation of oilfield, the design framework of oilfield mobile GIS service is put forward and the schemes of key technologies are given in this paper, which establishes the technical foundation for the construction of "Digital Oilfield".
The Road to Kabul

In the third period of Soviet expansion, 1975–1980, the pattern that emerged in the previous rounds of the cold war was repeated. Four steps taken by the Leonid Brezhnev and his colleagues in this period stand out: the joint Cuban-Soviet intervention in Angola in 1975, its sequel in the Horn of Africa two years later, the coup in South Yemen in 1978 and the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The first two occurred on a continent that had not, up to that point, been a focal point of the cold war and where neither power appeared to have vital interests; the last was, like those at the beginning of the cold war, on the Soviet border. Despite the geographical differences, it appears once again that the Soviets’ perception of the reputation of the United States played a key role in their decisions.
Instrumentation and Data Reduction for Radioassay

This is the final article in a continuing education series on radioimmunoassay. After reading and studying this article, the reader should be able to: 1) discuss instrumentation available for RIA; 2) compare and contrast various methods of data reduction for RIA; and 3) describe quality assurance parameters of curve fitting.
Laudation at the AFSI 2014 Conference Banquet Celebrating Tayfun Tezduyar’s 60th Birthday, Tokyo, Japan, March 2014

Thanks to Kenji Takazawa and Yuri Bazilevs for organizing this wonderful conference, and thank you to all the attendees who are here to honor Tayfun.
Removing Cosmic Spikes Using a Hyperspectral Upper-Bound Spectrum Method:

Cosmic ray spikes are especially problematic for hyperspectral imaging because of the large number of spikes often present and their negative effects upon subsequent chemometric analysis. Fortunately, while the large number of spectra acquired in a hyperspectral imaging data set increases the probability and number of cosmic spikes observed, the multitude of spectra can also aid in the effective recognition and removal of the cosmic spikes. Zhang and Ben-Amotz were perhaps the first to leverage the additional spatial dimension of hyperspectral data matrices (DM). They integrated principal component analysis (PCA) into the upper bound spectrum method (UBS), resulting in a hybrid method (UBS-DM) for hyperspectral images. Here, we expand upon their use of PCA, recognizing that principal components primarily present in only a few pixels most likely correspond to cosmic spikes. Eliminating the contribution of those principal components in those pixels improves the cosmic spike removal. Both simulated and experimental hyperspectral Raman image data sets are used to test the newly developed UBS-DM-hyperspectral (UBS-DM-HS) method which extends the UBS-DM method by leveraging characteristics of hyperspectral data sets. A comparison is provided between the performance of the UBS-DM-HS method and other methods suitable for despiking hyperspectral images, evaluating both their ability to remove cosmic ray spikes and the extent to which they introduce spectral bias.
Organizational Infrastructure in the Collegiate Athletic Training Setting, Part II: Benefits of and Barriers in the Athletics Model.

Context: The athletics model, in which athletic training clinical programs are part of the athletics department, is the predominant model in the collegiate athletic training setting. Little is know...
Intersecting motivations for leaving abusive relationships, substance abuse, and transactional sex among HIV high-risk women.

Background Women bear a significant burden of the HIV epidemic in the United States. Women classified as 'HIV high-risk' often bring co-existing histories of intimate partner violence (IPV), drug use, and transactional sex. To help inform future comprehensive HIV prevention strategies, we aimed to explore common motivating reasons and barriers to leaving and/or terminating engagement in each of these risk-promoting situations. Methods Between August and November 2014, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 HIV high-risk women in Atlanta, Georgia who had experienced IPV in the previous 12 months, and used drugs and/or engaged in transactional sex in the previous five years. Participants were asked about histories of IPV, drug use, and/or engagement in transactional sex, and the motivating reasons and barriers to terminating each. Results Women reported a range of motivating reasons for leaving IPV, drug use, and transactional sex. Overlapping themes included impact on children, personal physical health/safety, and life dissatisfaction. Financial need was identified as a common barrier to leaving. Conclusions Future HIV prevention research should further explore the perceived impact of IPV, drug use, and transactional sex on physical health/safety, life dissatisfaction, one's children, and financial need as motivators and barriers to reducing upstream HIV risk.
Introduction to Scientific Programming: Computational Problem Solving Using Maple and C

"Introduction to Scientific Programming" was developed over a period of two years at the University of Utah Department of Computer Science in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Energy-funded Undergraduate Computation in Engineering Science (UCES) program. To encourage the integration of computation into the science and engineering curricula, an introductory course in computing was designed expressly for science and engineering students. This course was created to satisfy the standard programming requirement, while preparing students to immediatly expliot the broad power of modern computing in their sicence and engineering courses. The course has at least four distinguishing features: - It uses a sumbolic mathematics package (Mathematica) in combination with a conventional programming language (C). - It teaches programming concepts in parallel with a scientific problem-solving methodology. - It draws upon a variety of computational problems from the breadth of science and engineering to interest students and establish the relevance of the computational problem-solving approach. - The author has developed an extensive suite of interactive, on-line laboratory materials that students can use via any HTML viewer. All of the "Introduction to Scientific Programming" notes are available on -line and contain a number of embedded interactive URLs.
Colloid Mobilization and Seasonal Variability in a Semiarid Headwater Stream

Colloids can be important vectors for the transport of contaminants in the environment, but little is known about colloid mobilization at the watershed scale. We present colloid concentration, composition, and flux data over a large range of hydrologic conditions from a small watershed (Gordon Gulch) in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Colloids, consisting predominantly of Si, Fe, and Al, were present in most stream samples but were not detected in groundwater samples. Mineralogical and morphological analysis indicated that the colloids were composed of kaolinite and illite clays with lesser amounts of amorphous Fe-hydroxides. Although colloid composition remained relatively constant over the sampled flow conditions, colloid concentrations varied considerably and increased as ionic strength of stream water decreased. The highest concentrations occurred during precipitation events after extended dry periods. These observations are consistent with laboratory studies that have shown colloids can be mobilized by decreases in pore-water ionic strength, which likely occurs during precipitation events. Colloidal particles constituted 30 to 35% of the Si mass flux and 93 to 97% of the Fe and Al mass fluxes in the <0.45-µm fraction in the stream. Colloids are therefore a significant and often overlooked component of mass fluxes whose temporal variations may yield insight into hydrologic flowpaths in this semiarid catchment.
Three-dimensional ultrasound guidance for percutaneous drainage of prostatic abscesses: Editorial Comment

Objectives. To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of three-dimensional ultrasound-guided transperineal puncture and drainage of prostatic abscesses. Methods. Between 1985 and 2003, a prostatic abscess was diagnosed in 22 patients. One of the therapeutic modalities used to drain the abscesses was transperineal puncture under three-dimensional ultrasound guidance. The postoperative results were compared with the outcomes of other modalities. Results. The average patient age was 52 years. Predisposing factors were present in 12 patients. Transperineal puncture was performed in 7 patients under general anesthesia. In addition to antibiotic therapy, a nephrostomy tube was left in place in all cases for a mean period of 3 days to drain the abscess. All patients were treated effectively without additional therapy or complications. Conclusions. Three-dimensional ultrasound-guided transperineal puncture is a minimally invasive and effective technique for the treatment of prostatic abscesses.
Cheap promises: Evidence from loan repayment pledges in an online experiment

Abstract Across domains, people struggle to follow through on their commitments. This can happen for many reasons, including dishonesty, forgetfulness, or insufficient intrinsic motivation. Social scientists have explored the reasons for persistent failures to follow through, suggesting that eliciting explicit promises can be an effective way to motivate action. This paper presents a field experiment that tests the effect of explicit promises, in the form of “honor pledges,” on loan repayment rates. The experiment was conducted with LendUp, an online lender, and targeted 4,883 first-time borrowers with the firm. Individuals were randomized into four groups, with the following experimental treatments: (1) having no honor pledge to complete (control); (2) signing a given honor pledge; (3) re-typing the same honor pledge as in (2) before signing; and (4) coming up with a personal honor pledge to type and sign. I also randomized whether or not borrowers were reminded of the honor pledge they signed prior to the repayment deadline. The results suggest that the honor pledge treatments had minimal impacts on repayment, and that reminders of the pledges were similarly ineffective. This suggests that borrowers who fail to repay loans do so not because of dishonesty or behavioral biases, but because they suffer from true financial hardship and are simply unable to repay.
Team Approach: Osteosarcoma of the Distal Part of the Femur in Adolescents.

Osteosarcoma, while rare, is the most common primary bone sarcoma and accounts for up to 10% of all new pediatric cancer diagnoses annually in the United States.Most commonly, osteosarcoma affects the distal part of the femur and occurs as a high-grade intramedullary (conventional) subtype.Patients
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen fuel production from chlor-alkali processes in the United States

Abstract By-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali processes can help meet the increasing demand for hydrogen fuel in early fuel cell electric vehicle markets (e.g., California) in the U.S. Hydrogen produced from chlor-alkali plants is typically combusted for process heat on site, vented to the atmosphere (i.e., wasted), or sold to the external merchant hydrogen market. Whether it is combusted, vented, or sold as a commodity, relevant information is lacking as to the life-cycle environmental benefits or trade-offs of using by-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali plants. A life-cycle analysis framework was employed to evaluate well-to-gate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with by-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali processes in comparison with hydrogen from the conventional centralized natural gas steam methane reforming (central SMR) pathway. U.S.-specific, plant-by-plant, and up-to-date chlor-alkali production characteristics were incorporated into the analysis. In addition to the venting and combustion scenarios, to deal with the multi-functionality of the chlor-alkali processes that simultaneously produce chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen, two different co-product allocation strategies were adopted—mass allocation and market value allocation. It was estimated that by-product hydrogen production from chlor-alkali processes creates 1.3–9.8 kg CO2e/kg H2 of life-cycle GHG emissions on average, which is 20–90% less than the conventional central SMR pathway. The results vary with co-product treatment scenarios, regional electric grid characteristics, on-site power generation, product prices, and hydrogen yield. Despite the variations in the results, it was concluded that the life-cycle GHG emission reduction benefits of using by-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali processes are robust. With a diverse set of scenario analyses, the study developed a comprehensive and detailed life-cycle GHG emissions inventory of the chlor-alkali by-product hydrogen pathway and quantified sensitivity indices in the context of different assumptions and input parameter values.
Agency and Restraint in Interpretation

With the work of Theodore Ziolkowski as a model, this article probes the work of biblical interpretation with reference to both agency and restraint. The exercise of interpretive agency means the i...
Radiation Therapy-Induced Metastasis and Secondary Malignancy

Abstract Radiation therapy (RT) is a common anticancer regimen for the management of many types of human malignancies. However, the development of secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) after RT remains a major problem in the clinic, and is mainly due to the increase in number of cancer survivors. SMNs contribute to the major problem for patients because 1 in 12 cancer survivors develop SMN. The majority of these patients succumb to the SMN, thereby decreasing overall survival for cancer patients. Therefore, it is important to understand how SMNs develop and ways to counteract this serious health concern among cancer patients. Although multiple mechanisms may characterize SMN development and prognosis, this review will specifically discuss how RT induces metastasis thereby leading to SMN development and therapeutic approaches to overcome this problem.
Neonatal exposure to T3 disrupts male reproductive functions by altering redox homeostasis in immature testis of rats.

T3 is the active hormone, produced by peripheral deiodination of thyroxine. Exposure to excess thyroid hormones leads to hypermetabolic state and thus generates oxidative stress which seems to be involved in hyperthyroidism-induced testicular pathophysiology. We investigated the effects of T3 administration on the testis during development throughout sexual maturation in rats. Male pups were divided into two groups. T3 group was administered 80 µg/kg body weight intraperitoneal T3 injections daily for 21 days from the 1st postnatal day, while the control group was administered saline intraperitoneal injections. The pups were sacrificed at pnd 10, 20 and 30. T3 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight at all ages tested and an increase in testis weight during the treatment period. The treatment produced imbalance in their testicular redox status, reflected by a significant increase in the amount of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyl content in the testicular homogenates of 20-day-old rats. We observed a significant increase in antioxidant system activities γ-glutamyl transferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione content and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Histological examination showed altered seminiferous tubules, degenerated germ cells and decreased height of the germinal epithelium. Chronic neonatal exposure to T3 resulted in redox state alterations which contribute to testicular impairment.
A Note on 'The Censored Newsvendor and the Optimal Acquisition of Information'

This paper revisits the finite-horizon model of a censored newsvendor by Ding et al. [Ding, X., M. L. Puterman, A. Bisi. 2002. The censored newsvendor and the optimal acquisition of information. Oper. Res. 50 517–527]. An important result claimed there without a proper proof is that the myopic order quantity is always less than or equal to the optimal order quantity. Lu et al. [Lu, X., J. S. Song, K. Zhu. 2008. Analysis of perishable inventory systems with censored demand data. Oper. Res. 56(4) 1034–1038.] supplied a correct proof of the result. We analyze the same model using the interesting concept of the unnormalized probability, which simplifies the dynamic programming equation considerably and facilitates the proof of the claim. Moreover, it produces the proof of the existence of an optimal solution for an infinite-horizon setting of the problem.