cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study of bolus-infusion flavopiridol followed by cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone for acute leukemias

Flavopiridol is a protein bound, cytotoxic, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Flavopiridol given by 1-hour bolus at 50 mg/m(2) daily 3 times followed by cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone (FLAM) is active in adults with poor-risk acute leukemias. A pharmacologically derived "hybrid" schedule (30-minute bolus followed by 4-hour infusion) of flavopiridol was more effective than bolus administration in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Our phase 1 trial "hybrid FLAM" in 55 adults with relapsed/refractory acute leukemias began at a total flavopiridol dose of 50 mg/m(2) per day 3 times (20-mg/m(2) bolus, 30-mg/m(2) infusion). Dose-limiting toxicity occurred at level 6 (30-mg/m(2) bolus, 70-mg/m(2) infusion) with tumor lysis, hyperbilirubinemia, and mucositis. Death occurred in 5 patients (9%). Complete remission occurred in 22 (40%) across all doses. Overall and disease-free survivals for complete remission patients are more than 60% at more than 2 years. Pharmacokinetics demonstrated a dose-response for total and unbound plasma flavopiridol unrelated to total protein, albumin, peripheral blast count, or toxicity. Pharmacodynamically, flavopiridol inhibited mRNAs of multiple cell cycle regulators, but with uniform increases in bcl-2. "Hybrid FLAM" is active in relapsed/refractory acute leukemias, with a recommended "hybrid" dose of bolus 30 mg/m(2) followed by infusion of 60 mg/m(2) daily for 3 days. This clinical trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00470197.
A Lifecycle Model to Evaluate Carbon Sequestration Potential and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics of Managed Grasslands

Soil amendments can increase net primary productivity (NPP) and soil carbon (C) sequestration in grasslands, but the net greenhouse gas fluxes of amendments such as manure, compost, and inorganic fertilizers remain unclear. To evaluate opportunities for climate change mitigation through soil amendment applications, we designed a field-scale model that quantifies greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) from the production, application, and ecosystem response of soil amendments. Using this model, we developed a set of case studies for grazed annual grasslands in California. Sensitivity tests were performed to explore the impacts of model variables and management options. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to provide estimates of the potential error associated with variables where literature data were sparse or spanned wide ranges. In the base case scenario, application of manure slurries led to net emissions of 14 Mg CO2e ha−1 over a 3-year period. Inorganic N fertilizer resulted in lower greenhouse gas emissions than the manure (3 Mg CO2e ha−1), assuming equal rates of N addition and NPP response. In contrast, composted manure and plant waste led to large offsets that exceeded emissions, saving 23 Mg CO2e ha−1 over 3 years. The diversion of both feedstock materials from traditional high-emission waste management practices was the largest source of the offsets; secondary benefits were also achieved, including increased plant productivity, soil C sequestration, and reduced need for commercial feeds. The greenhouse gas saving rates suggest that compost amendments could result in significant offsets to greenhouse gas emissions, amounting to over 28 MMg CO2e when scaled to 5% of California rangelands. We found that the model was highly sensitive to manure and landfill management factors and less dependent on C sequestration, NPP, and soil greenhouse gas effluxes. The Monte Carlo analyses indicated that compost application to grasslands is likely to lead to net greenhouse gas offsets across a broad range of potential environmental and management conditions. We conclude that applications of composted organic matter to grasslands can contribute to climate change mitigation while sustaining productive lands and reducing waste loads.
Clinical meaning of the Keane PTSD scale

A correlational study that included 82 male inpatient alcoholics was conducted to determine the clinical meaning of the Keane PTSD Scale of the MMPI. The PTSD Scale was correlated with the variables of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale, the Life Purpose Questionnaire, the Existential Depression Test, and the standard MMPI measures, plus the A, R, Es and MacAndrew Scales. The pattern of correlations suggested that the PTSD scale measures general psychological maladjustment and dysphoric feelings rather than any specifiable syndrome. The strong correlation with the Welch A, which measures a general level of maladjustment, suggests that the PTSD and Welch A scales are measuring the same factor. The PTSD scale, therefore, appears to provide very little information about this population beyond that available from the overall clinical profile and the Welch A scale.
Reform Litigation on Trial

Legal scholars in recent decades have devoted considerable attention to analysis regarding the utility of litigation as a resource for social reform in the United States. By and large, the tenor of this scholarship has changed in response to shifts in broader political currents. From the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, many studies by liberal-minded intellectuals celebrated the increasing responsiveness of courts to disadvantaged minority groups and progressive causes within society. That optimism gave way during the mid-1970s and early 1980s to more critical perspectives reflecting disillusionment with litigation as a tool for advancing social transformation. Stuart Scheingold's innovative book The Politics of Rights (1974)1 developed a general framework of analysis that both typified and informed much of this more critical work. In his view, optimistic assessments of judicial action on behalf of long disadvantaged and disenfranchised groups often reflect a naive faith in what he calls the "myth of rights"-that is, the myth that all victims are assured of their day in court and that judicially affirmed rights are self-implementing forces of social change removed from the constraints of political power. Studies over the next decade further explored and demonstrated many of the ideological, organizational, and financial limitations on reform litigation Scheingold identified.
Motion-based DNA detection using catalytic nanomotors

Synthetic nanomotors, which convert chemical energy into autonomous motion, hold considerable promise for diverse applications. In this paper, we show the use of synthetic nanomotors for detecting DNA and bacterial ribosomal RNA in a fast, simple and sensitive manner. The new motion-driven DNA-sensing concept relies on measuring changes in the speed of unmodified catalytic nanomotors induced by the dissolution of silver nanoparticle tags captured in a sandwich DNA hybridization assay. The concentration-dependent distance signals are visualized using optical microscopy, particularly through straight-line traces by magnetically aligned 'racing' nanomotors. This nanomotor biodetection strategy could be extended to monitor a wide range of biomolecular interactions using different motion transduction schemes, thus providing a versatile and powerful tool for detecting biological targets.
Sampling Adjustment Factors for Rainfall Recorded at Fixed Time Intervals

Precipitation data collected at fixed time intervals will most likely miss true maximum accumulations for durations equal or close to the sampling interval. This becomes a problem when fixed-interval rainfall data are used for frequency analysis. Sampling adjustment factors (SAF) are often used to correct for this mismatch between true and observed maxima. An SAF is the average ratio of the true maximum accumulation to the maximum given by a fixed-interval gauge record. This paper uses high temporal-resolution data from ALERT-type rain gauges in the Kansas City area to derive an empirical relationship for SAF versus the sampling ratio, which is the ratio of the duration of interest to the sampling interval. This relationship is consistent across durations ranging from 1 to 24 h, and is in good agreement with other studies.
Patient age and results of balloon aortic valvuloplasty: The mansfield scientific registry experience

Abstract Patients enrolled in the Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry were followed up a mean of 7 months after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Results were compared for patients The results of valvuloplasty were comparable in all three age groups, and indexed final valve area was not significantly different among the groups. In-hospital mortality ranged from 4.2% to 9.4%, but this and other complications were not significantly different among the groups. Total 7 month mortality was 23%. As performed in this registry study, balloon aortic valvuloplasty produced similar results in older and younger patients, despite initially more severe disease in the older patients.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL COMPLEXES WITH N,N -BIS(2-HYDROXYBENZYL)-DIETHYLENETRIAMINE-N,N',N -TRIACETIC ACID AND THE STABILITIES OF ITS COMPLEXES WITH DIVALENT AND TRIVALENT METAL IONS

Abstract The synthesis, characterization and metal ion affinities of a new multidentate ligand, N , N ″-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-diethyl- enetriamine - N , N ′, N ″-triacetic acid (HBDT) are described. Protonation constants of the ligand and stability constants of its 1:1 complexes with trivalent and divalent metal ions are determined by potentiometric, spectrophotometric methods and by potentiometric determination of ligand-ligand competition. The stabilities of complexes formed by the trivalent ions Fe 3+ , Ga 3+ and In 3+ with HBDT are compared with those of structurally related ligands. While this new octadentate ligand, which contains two phenolate donor groups, forms stable complexes with trivalent metal ions its stability constants are significantly lower than those of hexadentate N , N ′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-ethylenediamine- N , N ′-diacetic acid (HBED) which also contains two phenolate donor groups. The difference is rationalized on the basis of ligand structure and the probable arrangement of donor groups around the metal center.
Patient-reported versus doctor-diagnosed dry eye: the assessment of symptoms.

The definition of dry eye reported by the NEI/Industry workshop includes the presence of ocular symptoms. 1 A clinician often uses patient-reported symptoms in making a dry eye diagnosis. 2.3 The presence or absence of symptoms is also used in epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence of dry eye. 4-6 It is, therefore, very important to understand the symptoms associated with this condition. The assessment of ocular symptom presence or absence is, however, based on patient self-report. This study evaluates discrepancies in reported symptoms between patients diagnosed with dry eye by the doctor and patients who think they have dry eye.
Ammonia abundances in four comets

NH2 emission band strengths were measured in four comets and the NH2 column densities were determined in order to measure the ammonia content of the comets. The mean ammonia/water abundance ratio derived for the four comets is found to be 0.13 + or - 0.06 percent, with no significant variation among the comets. The uniformity of this abundance attests to a remarkable degree of chemical homogeneity over large scales in the comet-forming region of the primordial solar nebula, and contrasts with the CO abundance variations found previously in comets. The N2 and NH3 abundances indicate a condensation temperature in the range 20-160 K, consistent with virtually all comet formation hypotheses.
Growth hormone resistance in uremia

Growth retardation is a major complication in children with uremia. Protein restriction, calorie deficit, metabolic acidosis, renal osteodystrophy, and endocrinologic disturbances contribute to the growth failure. The effect of these factors on growth retardation can be attenuated in part by therapy with vitamin D metabolites, adequate nutrition, alkalization, and dialysis. Linear growth in children with uremia is markedly retarded despite normal or increased levels of circulating serum growth hormone. An increased growth hormone level in children with uremia is due to normal growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and impaired growth hormone clearance in the kidney. However, the elevated growth hormone level does not lead to a commensurate rise in serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I); the serum IGF-I level is decreased or normal in relation to the degree of renal failure. This discrepancy suggests growth hormone resistance in the liver in uremia. Recent molecular techniques open a new era in studying the gene expression for growth hormone or IGF-I. There is no doubt today that growth hormone treatment has the beneficial effect of growth promotion in children with uremia, which also suggests endogenous growth hormone resistance in target organs or target cells in uremia.
A blog considered from the perspectives of social practice theory

The focus of this study is a group blog site of special librarians who work at the library department in a large geographically dispersed corporation. We examined the field data through the framework of "history in person" in order to understand the relation of the blog with the historical aspects of librarians and the library and information science (LIS) field. This blog serves as a mediator among librarians with diverse viewpoints and also between them and the relentlessly changing LIS field.
Cardio-accelerating factors from the terminal abdominal ganglion of the American cockroach

Abstract Saline extracts of the terminal abdominal ganglion stimulate the contraction of the cockroach heart. Gel filtration of P-4 and P-10 polyacrylamide gel separates the active components into two fractions. One of these appears to be a peptide(s) of a molecular weight between 3500 and 7500 whereas the other is much smaller. Further fractionation of the smaller component on G-10 Sephadex yields two peaks of activity. The smaller of the two correponds to a molecular weight of approximately 150. The larger absorbs in u.v. light and is thought to be aromatic in nature. Oscilloscope recordings show a heartbeat of increased amplitude after the addition of the larger peptide. Bathing the heart with the smallest component yields an increased frequency of contraction similar to that observed for authentic acetylcholine.
Using fluorine-induced chemiluminescence to detect organo-metalloids the headspace of phototrophic bacterial cultures amended with selenium and tellurium

Abstract Purple nonsulfur bacteria are resistant to metalloid oxyanions. The key to this resistance seems to lie in their ability to reduce and, in some cases, methylate these toxic chemical species. Six strains of purple nonsulfur bacteria have been grown under photo-heterotrophic conditions and exposed to varied concentrations of inorganic forms of selenium, tellurium and dimethyl selenone, a proposed biological intermediate of the selenium reduction/methylation process. Selenium and tellurium metallic powders have also been added to live cultures. All of the phototrophic bacteria studied here reduce and methylate one or the other oxyanion of Se used, and three strains reduce and methylate Te° and Se°. All strains respond to the addition of dimethyl selenone by producing dimethyl selenide and/or dimethyl diselenide. In all six cases the highest amounts of volatile selenium compounds are found in cultures amended with dimethyl selenone and the lowest amounts in cultures doped with selenate. Some of the phototrophic bacteria studied here, when amended with oxyanions of both Se and Te, increase their release of dimethyl telluride (produced by their bioreduction and methylation of tellurate) in the presence of selenate. Control experiments show that this synergism is biological and not merely caused by the presence of other organo-sulfides or -selenides in culture.
Trees with Cantor Eigenvalue Distribution

We study a family of trees with degree k at all interior nodes and degree 1 at boundary nodes. The eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix have high multiplicities. As the trees grow, the graphs of those eigenvalues approach a piecewise-constant Cantor function. For each value of , we will find the fraction of the eigenvalues that are given by λ = 2k - 1 cos().
Oxygen flux limitation in aerobic fixed-film biotreatment of a hazardous landfill leachate

A bench-scale, continuous-flow submerged aerated biofilter was used to treat a RCRA-hazardous landfill leachate under steady- and non-steady hydraulic and organic loadings. At 1.37 day empty bed contact time and constant hydraulic flow rate, the biofilter achieved a removal efficiency of 76% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), equivalent to 95% of estimated biologically degradable COD in the influent. Aerobic fixed-film treatment achieved substantial removals of several RCRA-listed organic chemicals, but best demonstrated available technology standards were not met for all compounds. Biofilter COD removal efficiency decreased dramatically following hydraulic and organic shock loading. Mathematical modeling of oxygen and electron donor flux into attached biofilm suggests that oxygen diffusion may limit the ability of aerobic fixed-film reactors to respond to the sudden increases in flow rate which are common to landfill leachates.
Industrial concentration and fringe benefits

This paper uses a major micro data set to examine the association between market structure and the provision of fringe benefits. By focusing on the probability of fringe benefit provision and by using individual data, this study departs from those which precede it. The analysis reveals that industrial concentration is an independent correlate with a large variety of fringe benefits, a finding which contrasts with earlier conclusions.
Reuse and Interoperability of Avionics for Space Systems

The space environment presents unique challenges for avionics. Launch survivability, thermal management, radiation protection, and other factors are important for successful space designs. Many existing avionics designs use custom hardware and software to meet the requirements of space systems. Although some space vendors have moved more towards a standard product line approach to avionics, the space industry still lacks similar standards and common practices for avionics development. This lack of commonality manifests itself in limited reuse and a lack of interoperability. To address NASA s need for interoperable avionics that facilitate reuse, several hardware and software approaches are discussed. Experiences with existing space boards and the application of terrestrial standards is outlined. Enhancements and extensions to these standards are considered. A modular stack-based approach to space avionics is presented. Software and reconfigurable logic cores are considered for extending interoperability and reuse. Finally, some of the issues associated with the design of reusable interoperable avionics are discussed.
A new era of federal involvement in regional economic development? The case of the WIRED initiative

In November 2005 the US Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration announced a bold new initiative—Workforce Innovations in Regional Economic Development (known as WIRED). In its first iteration the WIRED initiative awarded thirteen three-year regional planning and development grants to assist regions in integrating their workforce and economic development systems to better serve emerging technologies and high employment growth sectors. In this paper I discuss the WIRED initiative as a model for federal involvement in regional economic development. Despite a sound basis in regional development theory, the implementation of WIRED fell short of its original goals that, in many cases, stymied regional attempts at innovation. The difficulties experienced by first-generation WIRED recipients led to a stark revision of the federal WIRED concept and a reversion to more traditional workforce development approaches. To be truly effective, future federal endeavors in regional economic development ...
Legal Issues in Child Maltreatment

The most common medicolegal issues include reporting child maltreatment, the presentation of ethical and effective expert testimony, informed consent in child maltreatment cases, and various liability risks related to child maltreatment cases. The health care professional who remains knowledgeable about the laws within their jurisdiction, the mandates of their professional society and state medical board, and the local resources (eg, child abuse pediatrician and hospital counsel) available to them minimizes medicolegal risk.
WE-B-AUD A-01: Brachytherapy: General Clinical Applications

Brachytherapy has had a long history and formed the original intensity‐modulated, three‐dimensionally conformal radiotherapy. This presentation discusses some of the clinical applications of brachytherapy with an emphasis on the physical aspects of treatments. The presentation will focus particular attention on treatments with rapidly evolving procedures, particularly brachytherapy applications in breast, prostate, uterine cervix and liver. The discussion will consider how the physical nature of brachytherapy enhances and limits the treatments. Educational Objectives: 1. Consider the physical aspects of brachytherapy. 2. Understand the physical limitations in clinical applications of brachytherapy. 3. Know some of the emerging developments in the physical aspects of clinical applications in brachytherapy.
UPS and TDS studies of the adsorption of CO and H2 on Cu/Ni

The adsorption of CO and H2 on a Cu/Ni (110) surface has been studied utilizing a combination of techniques including ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). UPS is found to be a useful chemical probe to study ensemble and ligand effects in chemisorption. The techniques of chemical shift analysis utilized in X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) are extended to the valence band region and used to detect changes in the chemical nature of the binding site. As the adsorption site for CO changes from principally Ni sites to a mixture of Cu, Cu/Ni, and Ni sites, the CO emission features are found to shift by ~0.8 eV. This is detected by comparing UPS spectra taken for CO chemisorbed at room temperature and at 160 K, and at various CO coverages, and by relating these spectra to TDS data. This is a direct reflection of the ensemble effect in chemisorption. A ligand effect was observed for CO adsorbed at Cu sites by comparing UPS spectra for CO on pure Cu and CO adsorbed at Cu sites on the alloy. The CO emission features for CO adsorbed at Cu sites on the alloy are shifted by ~0.6 eV compared to CO on pure Cu. Strong adsorbate-adsorbate interactions were observed in both the UPS and TDS data when hydrogen and carbon monoxide were coadsorbed. Preadsorbed hydrogen apparently blocks a number of CO adsorption sites, in particular, certain Ni and Cu/Ni sites. Because of this, CO is adsorbed at Cu sites at much lower CO exposures when H2 is first preadsorbed.
Use-Exposure Relationships of Pesticides for Aquatic Risk Assessment

Field-scale environmental models have been widely used in aquatic exposure assessments of pesticides. Those models usually require a large set of input parameters and separate simulations for each pesticide in evaluation. In this study, a simple use-exposure relationship is developed based on regression analysis of stochastic simulation results generated from the Pesticide Root-Zone Model (PRZM). The developed mathematical relationship estimates edge-of-field peak concentrations of pesticides from aerobic soil metabolism half-life (AERO), organic carbon-normalized soil sorption coefficient (KOC), and application rate (RATE). In a case study of California crop scenarios, the relationships explained 90–95% of the variances in the peak concentrations of dissolved pesticides as predicted by PRZM simulations for a 30-year period. KOC was identified as the governing parameter in determining the relative magnitudes of pesticide exposures in a given crop scenario. The results of model application also indicated that the effects of chemical fate processes such as partitioning and degradation on pesticide exposure were similar among crop scenarios, while the cross-scenario variations were mainly associated with the landscape characteristics, such as organic carbon contents and curve numbers. With a minimum set of input data, the use-exposure relationships proposed in this study could be used in screening procedures for potential water quality impacts from the off-site movement of pesticides.
The GANDALF project

The GANDALF project is concerned with the automated generation of software development environments. In particular, the project has considered project management environments, system version control environments, and incremental programming environments. The artifacts surrounding these environments are described. Later versions of these environments have been constructed as structure editors. The processes and tools involved in generating structure editors for software development environments are also discussed. Future plans of the project are briefly mentioned.
Regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide formation in Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC 4683.

Abstract The regulation of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes in the food spoilage agent Pseudomonas taetrolens ATCC 4683 was investigated. The de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme activities were determined in P. taetrolens ATCC 4683 cells and in cells from an auxotroph deficient for orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity. Pyrimidine supplementation to the culture medium affected the biosynthetic enzyme activities in ATCC 4683 cells. Transcriptional regulation of the biosynthetic pathway by pyrimidines was indicated after the auxotroph was subjected to pyrimidine limitation. At the level of enzyme activity, aspartate transcarbamoylase activity was strongly inhibited by pyrophosphate, ADP, ATP, UDP, UTP and GTP. Transcriptional regulation of pyrimidine synthesis in P. taetrolens was not as highly controlled as in the taxonomically-related species Pseudomonas fragi although both species contained transcarbamoylase activities subject to significant nucleotide inhibition.
A Total Lightning Trending Algorithm to Identify Severe Thunderstorms

Abstract An algorithm that provides an early indication of impending severe weather from observed trends in thunderstorm total lightning flash rates has been developed. The algorithm framework has been tested on 20 thunderstorms, including 1 nonsevere storm, which occurred over the course of six separate days during the spring months of 2002 and 2003. The identified surges in lightning rate (or jumps) are compared against 110 documented severe weather events produced by these thunderstorms as they moved across portions of northern Alabama and southern Tennessee. Lightning jumps precede 90% of these severe weather events, with as much as a 27-min advance notification of impending severe weather on the ground. However, 37% of lightning jumps are not followed by severe weather reports. Various configurations of the algorithm are tested, and the highest critical success index attained is 0.49. Results suggest that this lightning jump algorithm may be a useful operational diagnostic tool for severe thunderstor...
Electromigration threshold in single-damascene copper interconnects with SiO/sub 2/ dielectrics

We demonstrate the electromigration threshold, or the so-called short-length effect, in single-damascene copper interconnects with SiO/sub 2/ dielectrics. With standard electrical lifetime measurements and a simplified equation based on the Blech model, the length-dependent electromigration behavior is studied quantitatively over a temperature range between 295/spl deg/C and 400/spl deg/C. It is shown that the electromigration threshold becomes more prominent with decreasing temperature. The applicability of the proposed equation is justified, and the practical aspects of the electromigration threshold in copper technologies are discussed.
The PP242 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitor Activates Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) in Multiple Myeloma Cells via a Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1)/ Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF-4E)/RAF Pathway and Activation Is a Mechanism of Resistance

Activation of PI3-K-AKT and ERK pathways is a complication of mTOR inhibitor therapy. Newer mTOR inhibitors (like pp242) can overcome feedback activation of AKT in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We, thus, studied if feedback activation of ERK is still a complication of therapy with such drugs in this tumor model. PP242 induced ERK activation in MM cell lines as well as primary cells. Surprisingly, equimolar concentrations of rapamycin were relatively ineffective at ERK activation. Activation was not correlated with P70S6kinase inhibition nor was it prevented by PI3-kinase inhibition. ERK activation was prevented by MEK inhibitors and was associated with concurrent stimulation of RAF kinase activity but not RAS activation. RAF activation correlated with decreased phosphorylation of RAF at Ser-289, Ser-296, and Ser-301 inhibitory residues. Knockdown studies confirmed TORC1 inhibition was the key proximal event that resulted in ERK activation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of eIF-4E blunted pp242-induced ERK phosphorylation. Since pp242 was more potent than rapamycin in causing sequestering of eIF-4E, a TORC1/4E-BP1/eIF-4E-mediated mechanism of ERK activation could explain the greater effectiveness of pp242. Use of MEK inhibitors confirmed ERK activation served as a mechanism of resistance to the lethal effects of pp242. Thus, although active site mTOR inhibitors overcome AKT activation often seen with rapalog therapy, feedback ERK activation is still a problem of resistance, is more severe than that seen with use of first generation rapalogs and is mediated by a TORC1- and eIF-4E-dependent mechanism ultimately signaling to RAF.
Introduction: Electric Power Systems Restructuring :Engineering, Economics and Policy Track

This track seeks to explore methods at the frontier of understanding the restructuring of electric power system worldwide. It will focus on engineering, economics and policy issues that are at the forefront of current thinking.
Selectivity enhancement in catalytic purification reactions by poisons

Abstract This work investigates the moderating influence of poisons on the selectivity for consecutive catalytic purification reactions such as removal of acetylene from ethylene streams. It is shown that poisons, which compete for unadsorbed sites, may cause a significant enhancement of the selectivity by reducing the deleterious impact of diffusional limitations. A numerical example is used to examine the influence of the catalytic activity and concentration of the impurity on the desirable level of the poison in the reaction mixture.
Effects of Alkaline Hydrolysis and Dynamic Coating on the Electroosmotic Flow in Polymeric Microfabricated Channels

Protocols are described for control of the electroosmotic flow in microfabricated channels in Vivak copolyester. Alkaline hydrolysis of surface ionizable groups alone or such hydrolysis in combination with dynamic coating with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is shown to provide reproducible electroosmotic flows. Dynamic coating with CTAB can be used to eliminate electroosmosis or to reverse its direction, depending on the concentration employed.
Weapons of Warre: The armaments of the Mary Rose

The Mary Rose may have inspired more scholarly, popular, and journalistic publications than any other shipwreck in the history of nautical archaeology, certainly in British nautical archaeology. Wo...
Surface and interfacial FTIR spectroscopic studies of latexes. XIII. Surfactant exudation in silicone‐modified latex films

Exudation of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS) surfactant molecules to the film–substrate (F–S) and film–air (F–A) interfaces in styrene/n-butyl acrylate (Sty/n-BA) latex films in the presence of trimethoxysilyl propylmethacrylate (MSMA) molecules was examined by polarized attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy. It appears that SDOSS molecules are present at the F–A interface but are not detected at the F–S interface due to their displacement by MSMA. When the second layer of latex is deposited on the previously coalesced latex film with the same composition, SDOSS molecules are detected at the F–A of the top overlayer and the interfacial regions between both films. While the top film contains SDOSS surfactant molecules in their free or COOH hydrogen-bonded forms, the interfacial regions between the films exhibit arrays of SDOSS molecules preferentially parallel to the film surface. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The need for a better means of recording pathological bone proliferation in joint areas.

Osteological materials studied by anthropologists frequently involve abnormal bone accmulation in joint regions, a condition frequently described as “arthritic.” In describing such materials it is suggested that terms implying diagnosis be avoided and a greater emphasis be given to the physical description of specimens. This is advocated in part because of current confusion in pathological nomenclature pertaining to this area and in part because diagnosis of bone pathologies frequently requires technical facilities beyond the scope of initial anthropological review. A more thorough descriptive analysis of such conditions than heretofore customary is suggested and a proposal is included for a terminology which describes in gross details the proliferative conditions commonly encountered, ranging from a simple “lipping” to complete ankylosis with advanced accumulation of bone tissue external to the normal articular surfaces.
The Impact of Tax Incentives: Do Initial Economic Conditions Matter?

Do the returns to business tax incentives differ according to the initial economic conditions of the area providing tax relief? Past research studies have provided conflicting answers to this question. Bartik (1991) concluded that rates of return to business tax incentives are likely to be greater for less affluent areas than for wealthier areas offering equivalent incentives. In contrast, Fisher and Peters (1998) determined that tax incentives tend only to offset higher taxes on businesses located in low income areas. This study examines this issue using a unique data set that allows for a fresh look at this issue. We find that the returns to subsidized investment are greater in lower unemployment and higher income areas. This suggests that tax incentives reinforce pre-existing economic differences across areas.
Mouse Accelerations and Performance of Older Computer Users

In general, as people age, their movement control performance gets worse. Older adults take longer than younger adults to make similar movements. In this study we compared older and younger experienced computer users on their ability to use a mouse to position a cursor. The distance of the movements and the size of the targets were varied to represent a broad range of cursor control tasks that would be used on a computer. We also investigated the effects that dynamic gain adjustment had on performance for both age groups. Our results showed that older adults are both slower and less accurate when using the mouse. There was evidence that the age-related difference in performance was greater when the target size was smaller. Some of the difference in age-related performance could be ameliorated by using a specific dynamic gain function. The results are used to discuss possible age-related computer interface design guidelines
Predictors of opiate agonist treatment retention among injection drug users referred from a needle exchange program

Abstract Aims The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a case management intervention on retention in opiate agonist therapy among injection drug users (IDUs) referred from a needle exchange program (NEP). Design, intervention, participants, and setting A randomized trial of a strengths-based case management intervention versus passive referral (control) was conducted among NEP attendees requesting and receiving referrals to subsidized, publicly funded opiate agonist treatment programs in Baltimore, MD. Measurements Multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify predictors of treatment retention using an ecological model approach, taking into account factors at the individual, social, and environmental level. Findings Of 245 IDUs, 127 (51.8%) entered opiate agonist treatment, for whom median retention was 7.9 months. The intervention was not associated with longer retention (p = .91). Individual-level factors predictive of shorter retention included being employed and greater levels of psychiatric distress. Participants who had prior treatment experience and multiple treatment requests were retained significantly longer. Social factors adversely affecting treatment retention included unstable housing and buying drugs for others. Living further away from the treatment site was an environmental barrier that negatively affected treatment retention. Conclusions Multilevel interventions that address individual, social, and environmental factors are necessary to improve substance abuse treatment retention and treatment outcomes among IDUs referred from NEP.
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in the absence of Na(+) - Ca2+ exchange.

Abstract We investigate cardiac excitation–contraction coupling in the absence of sarcolemmal Na+–Ca2+ exchange using NCX1 knock out mice. Knock out of NCX1 is embryonic lethal, and we measure Ca2+ transients and contractions in heart tubes from embryos at day 9.5 post coitum. Immunoblot and electron microscopy both indicate that sarcoplasmic reticular membranes are diminished in the knock out (NCX−/−) heart tubes. Both Ni2+ and nifedipine block excitation–contraction coupling in NCX-containing (NCX+) and NCX−/− heart tubes indicating an essential role for the l -type Ca2+ current. Under basal conditions (1 Hz stimulation), the NCX−/− heart tubes have normal Ca2+ transients but are unable to maintain homeostasis when Ca2+ fluxes are increased by various interventions (increased stimulation frequency, caffeine, isoproterenol). In each case, the NCX−/− heart tubes respond to the intervention in a more deleterious manner (increased diastolic Ca2+, decreased Ca2+ transient) than the NCX+ heart tubes. Expression of the sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump was not upregulated. The sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump, however, was able to compensate surprisingly well for the absence of Na+–Ca2+ exchange under basal conditions.
Effects of the predator Dugesia dorotocephala (Tricladida: Turbellaria) on selected nontarget aquatic organisms: laboratory bioassay

The effects ofDugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth), a proven predator of aquatic Diptera, on 17 species of nontarget aquatic organisms were determined under controlled laboratory conditions. Only 3 of the nontarget organisms,Aeolosoma sp.,Cyclops sp. andToxorhynchites amboinensis (Doleschall), were significantly affected byD. dorotocephala. No significant difference in prey preference was found when planaria were maintained together with the target organism,Aedes aegypti, and the 3 adversely affected nontarget organisms. Results of this initial evaluation indicate thatD. dorotocephala is potentially safe to integrate as a biological control with most nontarget aquatic organisms tested.
Formation and Protection of Fe-Cr Oxide Spinel During the Oxidation Process of Stainless Steels in LBE Environment

The formation of the spinel of magnetite and chrome oxide, is a very complex process, especially with the scale removal effect in flowing lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) nuclear coolant. This paper studied the formation and the protection of the spinel of magnetite and chrome oxide on stainless steel, in different environments at a mesoscopic level. The role of the alloying element has been analyzed. The formation of the spinel of magnetite and chrome oxide and the scale removal effect are simulated using a stochastic cellular automaton method. The protection of this spinel layer to the structural materials has been analyzed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Parametric formulation of CMOS latch-up as a function of chip layout parameters

The relationship between the CMOS latch-up characteristics and the chip layout parameters such as the location and spacing of the well and substrate tie-ups (straps) is studied. By measuring the strap current I/sub c/ at varying distances from the well-substrate boundary, it is found that placing these straps at the boundary is most effective. The holding current I/sub h/(x, N) at a point in the circuit is quantitatively related to (1) the distance of x of the well-substrate strap from this point, and (2) the doping level N of the respective region. An analytical expression of the form I/sub h/ (x, N)=e/sup a-b square root x/=I/sub oe//sup -b square root x/ is developed to predict the required frequency of strapping for a particular process technology, where coefficients a and b are functions of the doping. The impact of a strapping scheme on latch-up is explained in terms of a simple engineering model. >
Genetic Approaches to Attenuation of Influenza A Viruses for Man

The explosion of new information concerning the influenza A viral genome provides a basis for deliberate manipulation of its genes with the intent of introducing specific mutations that render influenza virus attenuated and useful for prevention of disease. Currently there is considerable effort to develop a defined set of mutant genes that confer a specific and desired level of attenuation upon any viral recombinant into which they are transferred. In this manner new antigenic variants of influenza A virus may be satisfactorily attenuated after transfer of the mutant genes. The mutant genes must be readily identifiable by simple in-vitro techniques, thus enabling the genetic basis of attenuation to be monitored directly during all phases of vaccine development, manufacture and utilization in man. We describe our experience with two sets of ts mutant genes which affect viral RNA transcription or synthesis and which effect a reproducible level of attenuation in wild-type influenza A virus.
Hypersomnolence with Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

An elderly, mildly demented, hypertensive male patient developed hypersomnolence on administration of propranolol for treatment of hypertension; no other cause for hypersomnolence was detected . Upon replacement of propranolol with atenolol, he felt better but continued to be quite somnolent. When atenolol was discontinued, he reported to have lack of sleep. On readministration of subtherapeutic doses of the same beta-adrenergic blocking agents, he once again experienced excessive sleepiness. By discontinuing beta-blocking agents and introducing captopril, he felt much better, became pleasant and talkative, and blood pressure was well controlled. Beta antagonists are important drugs in the management of many cardiovascular problems. Propranolol, a lipophilic beta-blocking agent, and atenolol, a hydrophilic beta-blocking agent, are two of the major agents currently used clinically in the United States. Numerous neuropsychiatric side-effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking drugs have been reported, but hypersomnolence is not readily recognized as one of them.
MULTI-ARMED BANDITS UNDER GENERAL DEPRECIATION AND COMMITMENT

Generally, the multi-armed has been studied under the setting that at each time step over an infinite horizon a controller chooses to activate a single process or bandit out of a finite collection of independent processes (statistical experiments, populations, etc.) for a single period, receiving a reward that is a function of the activated process, and in doing so advancing the chosen process. Classically, rewards are discounted by a constant factor β ∈ (0, 1) per round. In this paper, we present a solution to the problem, with potentially non-Markovian, uncountable state space reward processes, under a framework in which, first, the discount factors may be non-uniform and vary over time, and second, the periods of activation of each bandit may be not be fixed or uniform, subject instead to a possibly stochastic duration of activation before a change to a different bandit is allowed. The solution is based on generalized restart-in-state indices, and it utilizes a view of the problem not as “decisions over state space” but rather “decisions over time”.
What Does it Mean to be a Citizen?: Defining Social Studies in the Age of Marginalization and Globalization

Current educational rhetoric rings of goals to educate for 21 century skills preparing students for the competitive challenges of a global economy and interdependent society. Concerns about the American educational system falling behind other leading world nations have fueled national legislation to improve current educational practices. In efforts to promote what are considered essential skills and to ensure the teaching of core competencies, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation has emerged as the driving force defining academic curriculum. Emphases are placed on reading, writing, mathematics, science, and technology skills. Unfortunately, these curricula are emerging not only as core content but also the only content in some grade levels.
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tetanus

Abstract The disease tetanus results primarily from the contamination of wounds with the bacterium Clostridium tetani. C tetani is a grampositive, anaerobic bacillus that produces two exotoxins, one of which is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Generalized tetanus, the most frequent form of the disease, presents with symptoms of muscle rigidity and spasms, and the characteristic feature, trismus (lockjaw). Diagnosis is made primarily by clinical observation combined with a supporting history of a wound and lack of proper immunization. Prevention of the disease is paramount as treatment is mainly supportive, and fatality rates are as high as 75%. Primary prevention consists of a series of immunizations administered in infancy and early childhood of tetanus toxoid combined with diphtheria and pertussis vaccines. Boosters are recommended at 10-year intervals. Secondary prevention involves debridement of wounds and administration of tetanus immune globulin and tetanus toxoid as needed, depending on the type of wound and the immunization history. Despite the excellent rates of immunization in the United States, approximately 50% of adults older than 50 years of age are susceptible to tetanus, either due to declining levels of antibodies or to lack of complete vaccination.
Modification of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA from hamster cells: The presence of GmG and late-methylated UmGmU in the large subunit (17 S) RNA☆

Abstract The methylated residues of the large subunit RNA (17 S) of hamster cell mitochondrial ribosomes have been characterized and quantitated. Digestion of 17 S RNA with alkali or ribonuclease T 2 yielded approximately one equivalent of GmpGp, a fractional equivalent of GmpUp and slightly less than an equivalent of UmpGmpUp. Pulse-labeling experiments indicated that the Um residue of UmpGmpUp was methylated relatively late, and that the GmpUp was derived from a partially methylated precursor to UmpGmpUp. No ψp was detected in 17 S RNA or in the small subunit (13 S) ribosomal RNA. We propose that the UmpGmpUp of 17 S RNA is homologous to a “universal” UmpGmp ψp sequence found in eukaryotic 28 S rRNA and possibly to similar, but incompletely methylated, sequences in fungal mitochondrial ribosomal RNA and in bacterial ribosomal RNA.