cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of International Adjudicators

This chapter, forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication, provides an analytical overview of the burgeoning literature on the effectiveness of international courts and tribunals (ICs). It considers four dimensions of effectiveness that have engendered debates among scholars or received insufficient scrutiny. The first dimension, case-specific effectiveness, evaluates whether the litigants to a specific dispute change their behavior following an IC ruling, an issue closely linked to compliance with IC judgments. The second variant, erga omnes effectiveness, assesses whether IC decisions have systemic precedential effects that influence the behavior of all states subject to a tribunal’s jurisdiction. The third approach, embeddedness effectiveness, evaluates the extent to which ICs anchor their judgments in domestic legal orders, enabling national actors to remedy potential treaty violations at home and avoid the need for international litigation. The fourth type, norm-development effectiveness, considers how IC decisions contribute to building a coherent body of international jurisprudence. For each dimension of effectiveness, the chapter reviews recent studies, identifies contested or under-analyzed issues, and suggests avenues for future research.
WBE-Based Anti-collusion Fingerprints: Design and Detection

Digital fingerprinting is a technique whereby a unique digital fingerprint associated with each legitimate user is hidden in the multimedia content so that consumers who redistribute the content illegally can be traced. Typically, robust watermarking techniques are used to embed digital fingerprints in order to provide resilience to a variety of processing attacks. However, one cost-effective strategy to attack digital fingerprints is collusion, where several colluders average their individual copies to disrupt the underlying fingerprints. Recently, a new class of fingerprinting codes, called anti-collusion codes (ACC), was proposed for use with code-modulated data embedding. Two important issues need to be considered when designing ACC: accommodating as many users as possible for a given fingerprint dimensionality, and identifying the colluders effectively from the colluded signal. In this chapter, we identify an underlying similarity between the colluder detection problem and the multiuser detection problem from code division multiple access (CDMA). We propose that fingerprints can be constructed using sequence sets satisfying the Welch Bound Equality (WBE). In order to identify the colluders when employing WBE-based ACC, we further propose a powerful detection algorithm utilizing sphere decoding to identify the colluders from the colluded signal. We compare our WBE-ACC against orthogonal fingerprints and BIBD-based anti-collusion codes via simulations, and show that the proposed WBE-based ACC and detection algorithm gives a better performance than the BIBD-based ACC under the same configuration.
Transport in quantum dots

Abstract The description of a quantum dot can be applied to a great variety of structures, some of which are defined by physical characteristics, such as self-assembled dots, and others of which are defined by the imposition of a self-consistent potential applied through confining gates. Indeed, the range of these different types of structures is sufficiently large that no single review can hope to cover them in anything like adequate detail. Yet the application of quantum dots has become important in an equally wide range of technical fields, for both optical and electronics applications. For that reason, we will try to outline the range of quantum dots that can occur, before we limit ourselves to a couple of examples that have proven useful for the investigation of new phenomena in transport physics. Perhaps the largest area of quantum dots (QDs) that has been of interest is self-assembled QDs. Here, we refer to the creation of a QD during a growth process or subsequent annealing process. The leading example is that of InAs or InGaAs QDs, which are created on a GaAs substrate via the Stransky-Krastanov (SK) growth process 1 .
Feeding performance in broiler chickens fed diets containing DAS-59122-7 maize grain compared to diets containing non-transgenic maize grain

Abstract Event DAS-59122-7 is a maize (Zea mays) genetically modified to contain cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain PS149B1 and the pat (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. In planta, co-expression of the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins confer resistance to corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte and Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, respectively; CRW), a major pest of maize. Expression of the PAT protein confers tolerance to herbicides containing glufosinate-ammonium. The current study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of grain containing event DAS-59122-7 (59122) by comparing the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens fed diets prepared with 59122 maize grain as the sole source of corn with that of broiler chickens fed diets containing near isoline maize grain (control) and three non-transgenic reference maize-grain controls (Pioneer hybrids 33P66, 33J56, and 33R77). Diets produced with 59122 or non-transgenic maize grain were fed to broilers (n = 120/group) for a period of 42 days in three phases: Starter, Days 0–21 [530 g maize grain per kg of diet], Grower, Days 22–35 [580 g maize grain per kg of diet] and Finisher, Days 36–42 [700 g maize grain per kg of diet] in accordance with standard commercial poultry farming practice. Performance and standard carcass yield data were determined at the end of the feeding trial. Differences between 59122 maize and near isoline control maize-grain means were evaluated with statistical significance at P
Pituitary desensitization and the regulation of pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors following chronic administration of a superactive GnRH analog and testosterone

We recently demonstrated that chronic daily administration of a superactive GnRH analog to intact rats resulted in an initial stimulation of serum LH levels with a subsequent return of LH levels to baseline at a time when testosterone levels were markedly decreased. These data demonstrated pituitary desensitization following chronic GnRH analog treatment. Administration of GnRH analog with a dose of testosterone which did not markedly lower serum LH levels when administered alone prevented the stimulation of LH secretion by analog. The present studies were undertaken to determine the effects of GnRH analog and testosterone administration on the regulation of pituitary GnRH receptors. Pituitary GnRH receptor binding was increased by analog treatment alone at 20 days and returned to control levels at 40 and 60 days of treatment in parallel to the observed changes in serum LH, demonstrating that one mechanism by which chronic GnRH analog treatment leads to pituitary desensitization is down-regulation of pituitary GnRH receptors. Testosterone administration alone decreased pituitary GnRH receptor binding. Combined GnRH analog and testosterone administration prevented the increase in pituitary GnRH receptors observed with analog administration alone. These studies demonstrate that change in pituitary GnRH receptor binding correlate with changes in serum LH and that the stimulatory effects of analog administration on LH are sensitive to inhibition by small doses of testosterone.
Validity of the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation

Solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation for several simple models in which a light particle, mass $m$, is bound to a heavy particle, mass $M$, which in turn is bound to another heavy particle which may be fixed are considered as expansions in the parameter $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{(\frac{m}{M})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. A characteristic of such systems is that when the light particle is far from the heavy particle, it centers on the mean position of the heavy particle and when it is close to the heavy particle, it centers on the heavy particle. The classical prediction that the change in centering takes place when the motional frequencies of the light and heavy particles are equal is borne out in quantum mechanics except that here the transition takes place over an extended region as shown by the detailed investigation of models. General arguments are presented which show how low and high momenta of the light particle contribute, respectively, to centering on the mean position and on the changing position of the heavy particle.The effect of the centering on expectation values of quantities dependent on the density of the light particle at the heavy one is of the order of the ratio of an average radius of the heavy particle motion to an average radius of the light particle motion. Further corrections due to incomplete centering are of the order $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ times this ratio.
A population‐based case‐control study of EBV and other viral antibodies among persons with Hodgkin's disease and their siblings

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been consistently found to be associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in two ways: cases generally have elevated titer distributions of antibodies against the viral capsid antigen, and the occurrence of HD among persons with a history of EBV infectious mononucleosis is two or three times higher than expected. We evaluated this association by measuring the prevalence and level of antibodies against EBV and related viruses among 304 cases of HD interviewed in a population-based study in comparison to 285 of their siblings. The most significant finding was that antibody titers to the viral capsid antigen of EBV were elevated (greater than or equal to 1:320) in 39% of the cases and in only 14% of the sibling-controls; the relative risk adjusted for age and sex was 4.1. The geometric mean titer was three-fold higher among cases (175.6 vs. 58.1) Subjects who reported a history of IM had a higher distribution of titers than those who did not. Cases also had elevated titers against the early antigen of EBV - the D Component being most prominent. A significantly higher proportion of cases has elevated titers against CMV, relative risk = 3.4, but the prevalence of CMV antibody was relatively low and not consistently higher among cases. The findings support the hypothesis that EBV may play a role in the pathogenesis of HD among persons with elevated titers. The findings neither confirm nor deny a possible role of CMV.
Fabrication and optical characteristics of silicon-based two-dimensional photonic crystal Mach–Zehnder interferometers

Abstract Photonic crystals have many potential applications because of their ability to control light-wave propagation. We report on the fabrication and properties of quasi-two-dimensional photonic crystals with triangular lattices of dielectric rods in air. Rod-type photonic crystal structures were fabricated in silicon by electron beam lithography and dry-etching techniques. Mach–Zehnder interferometers were fabricated from two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides. Transmission spectra were measured and device operation was shown to be in agreement with theoretical calculations. The interferometers can be used in the visible light region. Such an approach to photonic element systems should enable new applications for designing components in photonic integrated circuits.
Lung transplantation: the Cleveland Clinic experience.

BACKGROUND Lung transplantation has been steadily developing as a therapeutic option for end-stage lung disease. METHODS Retrospective analysis of all 26 patients who underwent lung transplantation at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between February 1990 and February 1992. RESULTS Nineteen single-lung transplantations and seven bilateral lung transplantations were performed. The 1-year actuarial survival for all recipients was 65%. A trend was noted towards better survival in recipients with emphysema (100%) and poorer survival in those with pulmonary hypertension (37.5%). Fungal sepsis and reimplantation lung injury were the most common causes of death, and most deaths (8 of 9) occurred within the first 4 weeks. Of 119 pulmonary complications, 82% occurred in the first 3 months, with infection (39%) and acute rejection (29%) being the most common. Bacterial and fungal infections occurred mainly in the first month, and cytomegalovirus infections occurred mainly in the second and third months. The majority of survivors have shown improvement in functional status. CONCLUSIONS The early perioperative and 1-month post-transplantation period appears critical to long-term survival. Even though the complications are numerous, they are usually manageable and, in general, do not result in long-term morbidity. The early perioperative and 1 -month posttransplantation periods appear critical to long-term survival. Complications are usually manageable and do not lead to long-term morbidity.
On the numerical solution of a nonlocal boundary value problem

We study a nonlinear boundary value problem involving a nonlocal (integral) operator in the coefficients of the unknown function. Provided sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution, for its approximation, we propose a numerical method consisting of a classical discretization of the problem and an algorithm to solve the resulting nonlocal and nonlinear algebraic system by means of some iterative procedures. The second order of convergence is assured by different sufficient conditions, which can be alternatively used in dependence on the given data. The theoretical results are confirmed by several numerical tests.
Integrating Producibility and Product Performance Tools Within a Web-Service Environment

This paper describes the integration of a producibility and product performance tool in a web service environment. First, we provide a background on web services and a review of product development environments that utilize a service-based architecture. Next, the paper describes the implementation of two services—a process capability database coupled with an aircraft engine fuel nozzle performance model. Discussions close addressing the challenges faced in the current software services development environment.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Joining in the Dance: Catholic Social Teaching and Ecology

This paper charts the emergence of environmental themes in Roman Catholic Social Teaching (CST). I argue that not only has this strand not been adequately acknowledged, but also that the theological basis for these ideas are rooted in core Roman Catholic teachings on creation, Christology and anthropology. In other words, concern for environmental issues is not an optional extra for Christian practice, but expresses in a fundamental way deep incarnation and human image-bearing as responsible stewardship. I argue that a particular concern with issues of social justice shapes the way environmental problems are addressed, so terms such as human ecology, ecological conversion, solidarity, the common good and world peace all take up ecological threads that are then woven into the account. While Pope John Paul II arguably laid the foundation for the theological bases for these ideas, Pope Benedict XVI applies these ideas more explicitly to current concerns. Yet while the former gave witness to the power of contemplation of the natural world, the latter is more concerned with distortions in philosophical reasoning in the Western world, including dangers he perceived in naturalism and pantheism. Both pontiffs show a lack of specific understanding of ecological systems and tend to idealise both nature in terms of harmonious relationships and humans in terms of mastery.
A Novel Mouse Model for Acute and Long-Lasting Consequences of Early Life Stress

Chronic early-life stress (ES) exerts profound acute and long-lasting effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, with relevance to cognitive function and affective disorders. Our ability to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects should benefit greatly from appropriate mouse models because these would enable use of powerful transgenic methods. Therefore, we have characterized a mouse model of chronic ES, which was provoked in mouse pups by abnormal, fragmented interactions with the dam. Dam-pup interaction was disrupted by limiting the nesting and bedding material in the cages, a manipulation that affected this parameter in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of their week-long rearing in the limited-nesting cages, mouse pups were stressed, as apparent from elevated basal plasma corticosterone levels. In addition, steady-state mRNA levels of CRH in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of ES-experiencing pups were reduced, without significant change in mRNA levels of arginine vasopressin. Rearing mouse pups in this stress-provoking cage environment resulted in enduring effects: basal plasma corticosterone levels were still increased, and CRH mRNA levels in paraventricular nucleus remained reduced in adult ES mice, compared with those of controls. In addition, hippocampus-dependent learning and memory functions were impaired in 4- to 8-month-old ES mice. In summary, this novel, robust model of chronic early life stress in the mouse results in acute and enduring neuroendocrine and cognitive abnormalities. This model should facilitate the examination of the specific genes and molecules involved in the generation of this stress as well as in its consequences.
Maturation characteristics of Rubus pennsylvanicus fruit: are black and red the same?

Fruit of the blackberry, Rubus pennsylvanicus Poir. (Rosaceae), were examined to determine variation in maturation characteristics. Maturation timing and rate varied greatly among individual fruits, resulting in a bi-colored fruiting display comprised largely of two maturation stages, pre-ripe (salmon and scarlet) and ripe (dark brown and black). While ripe fruit were generally larger and heavier than pre-ripe fruit, exhibiting greater fresh and dry fruit weight, diameter, water content, and total seed weight, no significant differences were found in energy content, i.e. numbers of calories per gram pulp, or in pulp:seed ratio. The differences between ripe and pre-ripe fruit appear to be due largely to an increase in water content and seed weight with maturity. The fact that little energetic benefit accrues to the preferential selection of ripe fruit suggests that bi-colored Rubus displays may be considered to be unicolored.
Migration and the family: the female perspective.

"This article shows that a family perspective is especially important for the analysis of female migration because: (1) women are major participants in 'family migration' as defined by governments and, although they benefit from family reunification provisions, they are also constrained by them; (2) migrant women are important economic actors and their participation in economic activity is closely related to the needs of their families, so that the choices that migrant women make regarding work cannot be understood without taking into account the situation of their families and women's roles within them; (3) women are increasingly becoming migrant workers in order to improve the economic status of their families; and (4) women rely on their families to provide various types of support that both make migration possible and condition its outcome. A review of the literature provides evidence supporting each of these observations."
Blotching in roll coating

After thermoforming, plastic parts are stacked for shipping, and these parts tend to stick together. Called nesting, sheet stock is often first coated with a silicone compound before thermoforming to prevent this. The coating usually consists of a small amount of lubricant dispersed in a majority of carrier fluid, and this fluid must then dry before reaching the sheet winder or else the coating blotches. This coupling of coating and drying to determine when to expect blotching is examined. Roll coating involves a dimensionless group called the elasticity number that governs the thickness of the coating to be dried. The drying section involves the evaporation of the coating carrier fluid, and then diffusion into the dry surrounding atmosphere. When analyzing the drying, a new dimensionless group that governs blotching is discovered, called blotchability. The result of this analysis allows practitioners to determine which operating conditions cause blotching, and how to eliminate it. Roll coating uses a deflecting rubber roll to apply vanishingly thin coatings (≤1 μm), an interesting elastohydrodynamic problem.
Insights into eisosome assembly and organization

Eisosomes, large protein complexes that are predominantly composed of BAR-domain-containing proteins Pil1 and its homologs, are situated under the plasma membrane of ascomycetes. A successful targeting of Pil1 onto the future site of eisosome accompanies maturation of eisosome. During or after recruitment, Pil1 undergoes self-assembly into filaments that can serve as scaffolds to induce membrane furrows or invaginations. Although a consequence of the invagination is likely to redistribute particular proteins and lipids to a different location, the precise physiological role of membrane invagination and eisosome assembly awaits further investigation. The present review summarizes recent research findings within the field regarding the detailed structural and functional significance of Pil1 on eisosome organization.
Deactivation in catalytic hydrodemetallation I. Model compound kinetic studies

Abstract Model compound hydrodemetallation (HDM) studies are used to examine the effect of accumulating metal-sulfide deposits on catalyst deactivation in a clean reactant system. Experiments are carried out in a catalyst-slurry batch reactor, using a sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst and a low-promoter alumina carrier. The model compounds are nickel etioporphyrin (Ni-EP) and vanadyl etioporphyrin (VO-EP). Standard experimental conditions are 320°C, 4.8 MPa total pressure, and 14 kPa hydrogen sulfide. Ni-EP HDM studies carried out with the sulfided CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst operating in the kinetic regime show that, contrary to expectations, the catalyst does not deactivate significantly as it accumulates nickel-sulfide deposits to levels as high as 100 wt% Ni. Ni-EP HDM studies carried out with a low-promoter alumina carrier show that the carrier has a low level of catalytic activity, and neither deactivates nor acquires catalytic activity as nickel-sulfide deposits accumulate to 25 wt% Ni. The relative activity for the two catalysts matches the relative promoter loadings. VO-EP HDM studies carried out under diffusion-limited conditions with the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst show that it deactivates steadily as vanadium-sulfide deposits accumulate. Both the reactivity and the apparent effective diffusivity of VO-EP on the sulfided catalyst are significantly lower than those of Ni-EP.
Does nonlinear dynamic matrix control provide integral control

Abstract Nonlinear dynamic matrix control guarantees integral control if the output horizon is infinite, and may fail to provide integral control if the output horizon is finite, the input weight is nonzero, and d h ( u )/d u =0 for some u = u , where y = h ( u ) describes the steady-state input–output behavior. Possible modifications to the algorithm to guarantee integral control are discussed.
Cellular prion protein is expressed on endothelial cells and is released during apoptosis on membrane microparticles found in human plasma.

BACKGROUND: Blood and plasma of animals experimentally infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) can transmit TSE infection by transfusion. A conformational isoform of prion protein (PrPsc) is believed to be the TSE-infectious agent that propagates by converting the cellular prion protein (PrPc) to additional molecules of PrPsc. In orally infected animals, PrPsc accumulates in intestinal endothelial cells. In blood, two thirds of PrPc resides in plasma, but its source is not known. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The expression of PrPc in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was studied using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR. Flow cytometry was used to characterize endothelial membrane microparticles (MPs) in cell culture supernatants and in normal human plasma. RESULTS: HUVECs and bovine aorta endothelial cells express PrPc. The number of surface PrPc molecules per cell in HUVECs was 58,000 ± 2,800. The induction of apoptosis in HUVECs led to a marked release of membrane MPs (60,000-80,000 MPs/103 cells) that expressed PrPc and other endothelial antigens. The presence of endothelial cell-derived MPs expressing PrPc was demonstrated in platelet-free human plasma. CONCLUSION: Endothelial cell apoptosis is associated with the release of PrPc-positive MPs. These MPs contribute to the PrPc pool in plasma and may have a role in disseminating TSE infectivity in blood.
Storage stability of diesel fuel marine: relation to e.s.r. measurements

Abstract Electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectroscopy was used to determine the free radical concentrations in several diesel fuel marine samples. Sediment formation in these fuels from accelerated storage-stress tests was measured and compared with their free radical concentrations. Radical concentraions ranged over nearly two orders of magnitude. The highest concentrations corresponded to the fuels with the lowest storage stability. When subjected to photolysis, the free radical concentrations of the fuel samples were significantly reduced.
Photoenhancement by Blue Light of Organogenesis in Tobacco Pith Cultures

Agar-grown cultures of tobacco pith tissue (Wisconsin 38) were incubated in the dark or in the light for 36 days. With 1 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the medium, considerable differentiation, including organogenesis occurred in the light, but not in the dark. Such photoenhancement of differentiation did not occur when 2.4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was substituted for IAA. Blue light of greater than 12 days duration was responsible for the photoenhancement effect.
In search of the system concept

Requirements documents are often tedious to construct, difficult to manage, and poor for mediating communication between stakeholders during a software development project. Using system concepts can simplify the way you determine, handle, and communicate requirements in a busy world. They could even help you design more innovative software systems
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE NEPHROCYTE OF THE GILLS OF TWO MARINE DECAPODS.

The fine structure of the nephrocytes of the phyllobranch of Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall and Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana) is described. The cells contain many small cytoplasmic vesicles, larger peripheral vacuoles, and usually one large, central vacuole. Although it is known that these cells are capable of concentrating dyes within the central vacuole, the functional relationships of these vesicles and vacuoles is not yet completely understood. The central vacuole, which in Pachygrapsus contains myelin figures, may represent a lysosome. Small, elongate processes arise from the free surface of the cell, separating the basement membrane from the surface of the cell, and forming a space, the subsurface cisterna. The fine structure of the cell is discussed in the light of what little is known of the nephrocyte from earlier light microscope studies.
A Horticultural Therapy Program for Individuals with Acquired Aphasia

A horticultural therapy program designed for individuals with acquired aphasia, a communication impairment characterized by difficulty in speaking and understanding speech, is described. Nineteen patients ranging in age from 49 to 90 years of age (mean 73.9) participated in the project. The program consisted of structured activities designed to provide a well-rounded introduction to plant care as a leisure time or avocational activity. More than half of the patients reported that they began to care for plants which were acquired in the project at home. Some participants became volunteers in the greenhouse. Those who participated were observed to increase their verbal behavior and social interaction, and their family members reported a noticeable increase in patient gratification.
U.S. State Documents in Academic Libraries.

Abstract This article presents the results from a survey intended to determine how academic libraries in the United States manage and promote their state document collections. In November 1996, a six-part questionnaire (including general information; coordination of state documents; selection and acquisition of state documents; location of and access to state documents; use of state documents; and electronic access to state documents) was distributed to 350 academic libraries including one flagship institution in each state and 300 institutions randomly selected from the Higher Education Directory, 1996. Two hundred seventy-seven libraries responded to the questionnaire, for a return rate of 79.1 percent. The answers to the survey indicate that about 54 percent of the respondents participate in a state document depository program, and less than 50 percent have a designated librarian coordinating state documents. State documents are acquired either through purchases or through the depository program, are circulated and integrated with the general collections, classified in accordance with the Library of Congress classification system, and accessed through the library Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). The librarians responding to the questionnaire perceived the use of state documents as limited.
Amide transport channels across toad urinary bladder.

Urea and other small amides cross the toad urinary bladder by a vasopressinsensitive pathway which is independent of somotic water flow. Amide transport has characteristics of facilitated transport: saturation, mutual inhibition between amides, and selective depression by agents such as phloretin. The present studies were designed to distinguish among several types of transport including (1) movement thought a fixed selective membrane channel and (2) movement via a mobile carrier. The former wold be characterized by co-transport (acceleration of labele amide flow in the direction of net flow in the opposite direction). Mucosal to serosal (M→S) and serosal to mucosal (S→M) permeabilities of labeled amides were determined in paired bladers. Unlabeled methylurea, a particularly potent inhibitor of amide movement, was added to either the M or S bath, while osmotic water flow was eliminated by addition of ethylene glycol to the opposite bat. Co-transport of labeled methylurea and, to a lesser degree, acetamide and urea with unlabeled methylurea was observed. Co-transport of the nonamides ethylene glycol and ethanol could not be demonstrated. Methylurea did not alter water permeability or transmembrane electrical resistance. The demonstration of co-transport is consistent with the presence of ADH-sensitive amide-selective channcels rather than a mobile carrier.
Purification and characterization of aldo-keto reductases from gerbil liver: Immunochemical evidence for related proteins in other mammalian species☆

We purified a hepatic aldehyde reductase (AR1) and two carbonyl reductases (CR1, CR2) from the Mongolian gerbil, an animal recently shown to closely resemble man in its metabolism of a carbonyl containing organochlorine pesticide. The apparent molecular weights of AR1, CR1, and CR2 were 40,700, 33,000, and 34,700, respectively. Typical of similar enzymes in other species, gerbil AR1 reduced aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and was inhibited by phenobarbital or valproate, whereas CR1 and CR2 catalyzed the reduction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones as well as quinones and were inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate, mercuric chloride, or pyrazole. All three enzymes were insensitive to metal chelating agents and utilized NADPH as their cofactor. CR1 was unique in being equally active with NADH as its cofactor. Antibodies raised against CR1 reacted with purified CR1 and CR2, but not with AR1, as judged by immunoblot analyses. There were three immunochemically related proteins in gerbil liver cytosol (30 to 35 kDa range) recognized by the anti-CR1 IgG. Similar immunoblot analyses of hepatic cytosolic proteins from other mammalian species revealed immunoreactive proteins only in the hamster, the rabbit, and man, and not in the rat, the mouse, or the guinea pig. Quantitative immunoblot analyses of human liver cytosol from seven patients revealed three immunoreactive proteins. These were present in unequal and varying concentrations, although there were only small interindividual differences in the total concentration of the immunoreactive proteins. We conclude that there are multiple molecular forms of immunochemically related hepatic carbonyl reductases in the gerbil and in some other mammalian species, including man.
Meaningful literacy: Writing poetry in the language classroom

This paper develops the concept of meaningful literacy and offers a classroom methodology – poetry writing – that manifests this approach to ESL/EFL literacy instruction. The paper is divided into three sections. The first deals with the concept of meaningful literacy learning in second and foreign language pedagogy; the second summarizes empirical evidence that characterizes second language (L2) poetry writing; and the third describes the practical aspects of teaching poetry writing. This approach is presented as a way of humanizing the second and foreign language classroom by refocusing on the individual language learner as the center of the learning process.
Continuing Bonds in the Resolution of Grief in Japan and North America

The article is a cross-cultural study of continuing bonds to the dead as an aspect of bereavement in Japan and North America. Japanese ancestor rituals, rooted in Buddhism, are well-developed cultural forms for managing continuing bonds. North American material is from a study of continuing bonds among bereaved parents in a self-help group. Cultural differences create very different ways of experiencing and managing the thoughts and emotions modern psychology calls grief. In both Japan and North America, the transformation of the relationship from living to a continuing bond is accomplished by embedding the attachment to the deceased in a network of social bonds. In both, bonds to the dead connect survivors to larger attachments, to religion, and to nation. The level of abstraction ranges from how relating to the dead functions in individual lives to how grief and continuing bonds are shaped by the culture's economic and political power arrangements.
Critical temperature for unilamellar vesicle formation in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions from specific heat measurements

Using a heat conduction calorimeter with very high resolution (+/- 0.00005 J/degrees C.cm3), we have measured the specific heat CpL between 25 and 35 degrees C of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in aqueous dispersions. Previous studies of the temperature dependence of the chemical potential of DMPC in the L alpha phase (lamellar, liquid crystalline) indicated that a dispersion consisting only of unilamellar vesicles forms spontaneously at a critical temperature T* of 29.0 degrees C. Our present measurements show an anomaly in CpL between 28.70 and 29.50 degrees C: the curve for CpL versus T first decreases and then exhibits an inflection point at 28.96 degrees C before it flattens. This anomaly is attributed to the transformation from multilamellar dispersion to unilamellar vesicles at T* = 28.96 degrees C. Two independent properties of the CpL data also indicate T* is a critical point for the formation of unilamellar vesicles: (a) the time to reach equilibrium upon changing temperature increased dramatically between 28.7 and 28.96 degrees C, increasing as (T* - T)-1; at T > T* the dramatic "slowing-down" phenomenon was not observed. This slowing-down near T* is a general characteristic of critical phenomena. (b) The free energy change for the multilamellar-unilamellar transformation was obtained from the CpL-T data over this temperature interval and found to be 3.2 J/mol or 0.016 ergs/cm2 of bilayer, in agreement with other estimates of the interaction energy between neutral bilayers. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for membrane bilayer stability of these newly identified dynamic properties of the transformation.
Four-wave mixing in strong dispersion-managed WDM soliton systems

A linear evolution equation which describes the four-wave mixing dynamics in a strong dispersion-managed WDM soliton system is obtained. The results of the linear model are compared with direct numerical simulations.
Surgical approach to the congenital megaprepuce

The megaprepuce (MP) is a very rare malformation of unknown aetiology, with anatomical findings similar to those observed in the congenital buried penis (BP). The aspect of this entity and the symptoms are rather typical: the penis is totally buried and before micturition an evident pubic and scrotal swelling denounces the urine collection in an abnormal preputial cavity surrounding the entire shaft. Early surgery is recommended, in order to deal with functional and cosmetic aspects. The very diminutive phallus is the most important cause of family anxiety. The authors present six infants, aged 5, 12, 13, 18, 20 and 43 months, operated upon for MP. The surgical approach consisted in the complete exteriorization of the shaft with section of the penile ligament, the restoring of the pubo-penile and peno-scrotal angles and the tailoring of the cutaneous cylinder. No intra- or postoperative complications were observed. Late functional and cosmetic results were judged satisfactory by both parents and surgeons. The surgical approach to BP is not simply transferable to the correction of MP. The cosmetic arrangement of the shaft skin is the more difficult step of the MP correction in order to avoid postoperative complications and an unsatisfied cosmetic appearance.
Operations for an Under-Ice Ecology Program

Abstract A pilot program tested the feasibility of conducting a study on the under-ice ecology of the Great Lakes. The east arm of Grand Traverse Bay, in the lower peninsula of Michigan, was chosen as the test area. The project was conducted in three phases; (1) a pre-ice cruise (open water), (2) an under-ice phase, and (3) a post-ice cruise (open water). Overall, an under-ice ecology program that could produce sound scientific results was found to be feasible. However, to be successful, detailed planning is essential and careful attention must be given to operational safety, proper winter clothing, and scientific coordination.
Cytokine profiles following interaction between bovine alveolar macrophages and Pasteurella haemolytica.

Abstract Pasteurella haemolyticais a Gram negative bacterium frequently isolated from the lungs of calves suffering from a fibrinous pneumonic condition known as shipping fever. To understand the pathogenesis of this disease, we investigated the induction of cytokin gene expression in cultures of bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM) stimulated with heat-killedP. haemolytica. Northern blot analysis of total RNA showed thatP. haemolyticainduced early, abundant, and consistent synthesis of IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-8 mRNA. Cytokine mRNAs were detected within 1 hr post-stimulation with heat-killedP. haemolytica. IL-1 and IL-8 mRNA accumulated to high levels with increase in stimulation time, whereas TNF-α mRNA clearly declined by 4 and 8 h post stimulation. IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-8 proteins were also secreted into the culture medium of BAM stimulated with heat-killedP. haemolytica. All three proteins were detected at high levels 8 and 12 h post stimulation withP. haemolytica. BAM cells treated with bovine interferon-α and then stimulated withP. haemolyticaproduced higher amounts of IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-α proteins compared to BAM stimulated withP. haemolyticaalone. These findings demonstrate the powerful and selective induction of cytokine mRNA and protein synthesis in BAM stimulated with heat-killedP. haemolyticaand may explain certain aspects of shipping fever pathogenesis.
People, fire, and wildland environments

The mixing of people, wildlands, and fire hazards—the urban/wildland interface—is creating a management problem that offers both challenges and opportunities to resource managers. This paper provides an overview of the many facets of the urban/wildland fire interface. The nature of the problem is defined, and the steps that managers have taken since the mid-1980s to define the problem and increase awareness are described. Building awareness of policy problems, however, is only a first step in any policy development process. Concern and interest must be translated into sustained policy action. To do so will require capturing the attention of a broader audience, transferring technological improvements to all impacted interests, and systematically evaluating a broad range of innovative policy alternatives. The activities taking place in Palm Coast, Florida illustrate the involvement and resources of local citizens, researchers, and government entities that will need to be marshalled to work toward a solution of the problem.
Outcomes and Prognostic Variables in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Recent Experience

Purpose To analyze the recent experience of patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma treated with radiation therapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Methods and Materials From 1990 to 2004, a total of 59 patients with a diagnosis of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck received radiation therapy at our institution. The subsite distribution was oral cavity, 28% ( n = 17); paranasal sinuses, 22% ( n = 13); parotid, 14% ( n = 8); submandibular, 14% ( n = 8); oropharynx, 10% ( n = 6); sublingual, 3% ( n = 2); nasopharynx, 3% ( n = 2); and other, 5% ( n = 3). T Stage distribution was T1, 34% ( n = 20); T2, 19% ( n = 11); T3, 14% ( n = 8); and T4, 34% ( n = 20). Twenty-nine percent of patients ( n = 17) were treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy; 25% ( n =15), with three-dimensional conformal therapy, and the remainder, with conventional techniques. Ninety percent ( n = 53) of patients received treatment including the base of skull. Results Median follow-up for surviving patients was 5.9 years. Five-year and 10-year rates of local control and distant metastases–free survival were 91%/81% and 81%/49%, respectively. Five-year and 10-year rates of disease-free and overall survival were 76%/40% and 87%/65%, respectively. On univariate analysis, stage T4 ( p = 0.004) and gross/clinical nerve involvement ( p = 0.002) were associated with decreased progression free survival, whereas stage T4 and lymph node involvement were associated with decreased overall survival ( p = 0.046 and p Conclusions Radiation therapy in combination with surgery produces excellent rates of local control, although distant metastases account for a high proportion of failures. Routine treatment to the base of skull reduces the significance of histologic perineural invasion, but major nerve involvement remains an adverse prognostic factor.
Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

• Photodynamic therapy is an experimental modality for tumor treatment based on the combined action of the tumor-localizing agent, ie, hematoporphyrin derivative, and red light. From 1985 through 1989, 26 patients were treated using hematoporphyrin-derived drugs and 630-nm light delivered by a tunable dye laser. All patients had biopsy-proved squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and they had either failed the traditional treatment modalities or refused conventional therapies. Histological complete responses were achieved in 20 (77%) of 26 patients and partial responses in 5 (19%) of 26 patients for periods up to 48 months. Only minimal toxic reaction was noted in the group. As a guide to treatment planning for a patient group with large tumors, we used an optical dosimetry model based on tissue optics. The rate of complete responses to this treatment was 8 (73%) of 11. Our data indicate that photodynamic therapy is capable of inducing significant clinical and histological responses in the majority of those treated, and in some patients a prolonged response is produced. In certain select head and neck malignancies, photodynamic therapy has an important role as a treatment modality. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:1267-1270)
Development of the semiempirical droplet model

The motivation behind the development of the droplet model is presented with the mass formula that results. Values for the 16 coefficients appearing in this new formula are given. Most of these values were taken from the literature or estimated on the basis of simple physical arguments. However, the four main (liquid-drop model) coefficients and some of the new coefficients introduced by the droplet model were determined by fitting to masses, deformations, fission barriers, and radii. Graphical comparison is made between measured values of a number of different nuclear properties and the corresponding droplet-model predictions. In addition, the predicted values of the mass defects of 8000 nuclides with N and Z greater than or equal to 10 are given in the main table of this issue.
Diagnostic Techniques for Thermal Plasmas

A broad overview is given of diagnostic techniques applicable to thermal plasmas used for materials processing, chemical synthesis and plasma spraying.
Bayesian models describing microhabitat associations of infrequently captured small mammals sampled under a complex hierarchical design

Abstract Knowledge about the relationship between habitat structure and abundance of a target species facilitates biodiversity conservation in managed forests. However, modeling the relationship for infrequent small mammal species in silvicultural experiments introduces the challenge of excessive zero counts and complex hierarchical sampling. A common solution has been to ignore infrequent species. The goal of this study was to model microhabitat associations of infrequently captured forest floor small mammal species with Bayesian models that accounted for subsampling and the blocking design of a large-scale variable-retention harvest experiment. Poisson, negative binomial and overdispersed Poisson Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were fitted to data for three small mammal species with different rates of capture. Shrew–mole ( Neurotrichus gibbsii ) and Keen’s deer mouse ( Peromyscus keeni ) were the two infrequent species and southern red-backed vole ( Myodes gapperi ) was the frequent species selected for modeling. Capture rate was predicted from variables representing vegetation structure, and results were compared to corresponding Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). GLMMs predicted stronger and sometimes contrary effects of vegetation structure with wider confidence intervals compared to GLMs. The overdispersed Poisson GLMM provided the most consistent and adequate fit to infrequent species. Capture rate of the shrew–mole was found to be negatively associated with tall shrub cover and coarse woody debris volume. Similarly, capture rate of Keen’s deer mouse was negatively associated with herb cover and coarse woody debris volume. Finally, captures of southern red-backed vole was associated negatively with herb cover and coarse woody debris volume but positively associated with vertical complexity of overstory vegetation. With correct GLMM specification, statistical inferences of habitat predictors were more reliable as autocorrelation between samples was properly accounted for and valid standard errors were estimated. Furthermore, the GLMMs in this study fitted capture rates of infrequent species well and produced admissible results on the association of these species to microhabitat features. Infrequent species need not be excluded from analysis; in fact, inclusion of these species is crucial to conservation of species diversity by designing silvicultural treatments that produce or protect suitable habitat.