cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lead-cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor

Lead-cooled reactor systems capable of accepting either zero or unity conversion ratio cores depending on the need to burn actinides or operate in a sustained cycle are presented. This flexible conversion ratio reactor is a pool-type 2400 MWt reactor coupled to four 600 MWt supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) power conversion system (PCS) trains through intermediate heat exchangers. The cores which achieve a power density of 112 kW/l adopt transuranic metallic fuel and reactivity feedbacks to achieve inherent shutdown in anticipated transients without scram, and lead coolant in a pool vessel arrangement. Decay heat removal is accomplished using a reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) complemented by a passive secondary auxiliary cooling system (PSACS). The transient simulation of station blackout (SBO) using the RELAP5-3D/ATHENA code shows that inherent shutdown without scram can be accommodated within the cladding temperature limit by the enhanced RVACS and a minimum (two) number of PSACS trains. The design of the passive safety systems also prevents coolant freezing in case all four of the PSACS trains are in operation. Both cores are also shown able to accommodate unprotected loss of flow (ULOF) and unprotected transient overpower (UTOP) accidents using the S-CO2 PCS.
Statistical variation in stress-volumetric strain behavior of westerly granite☆

Abstract A lower bound was determined for the experimental uncertainty, caused by “natural rock variability”, in measurements of stress-volume strain. Ten similar, hydrostatic and triaxial compression experiments were performed on Westerly granite. The uncertainty owinf to rock variability was estimated by determining the mean and standard deviations of the volume strain is given several stresses. Under hydrostatic compression, mean volume strain is given by ϵ H = 202 rmP 0.618, where P is the pressure in MPa. One standard deviation (S) and the standard deviation of the mean (Sm) for P = 50 MPa were 21% (7%) and for P = 100 MPa were 15% (5%). After rejection of three of the experiments that showed large deviations from the mean, I found S(Sm) to be 9% (3%) and 5% (2%) for the same pressures, respectively. The dilatant volume-strain data (over 1000 ϵv − τ pairs) for triaxial compression up to 80% of fracture stress could be fitted within ±20%, using the relation ϵv = [a0 + a1τ + b0 expo(b1τ)], where τ is the shear stress. The fracture curve was reproducible within 2% in τ and 3% in mean stress σ . The hydrostatic bulk modulus was reproducible within about 4%. These results suggest that a lower bound for experimental deviation in measurements of physical properties of rocks is about 20% in absolute volume strain. Therefore, modeling and theoretical efforts aimed at better describing limited data are not justified at this time.
Labeling Gifted Youngsters: Long-term impact on Families:

This stxa r"n"ihe term effects of the "gifted e families in this study had at least one child identified as gifted a minimum of five years prior to the study. The results of the study show that the long-term effects of the gifted label are in part a reverse of the reported immediate effects. Research on immediate effects indicates difficulties for non-labeled siblings. Long-term effects indicate that siblings "came to terms" with the label and did not seem to harbor negative feelings or recollections. While the families reported an overall positive attitude towards the gifted member, it was the gifted member who seemed less certain of the positive feelings of siblings and parents regarding the label.
The rage for postism, and a Chinese scholar’s dissent

I n an age of scholarly communication by fax and electronic mail, North American academic trends in the humanities tend to travel around the world with accelerating rapidity. Scholars in developing countries often assume that Western scientific advances must imply a similar "cutting-edge" leadership role in Western humanities scholarship, and commonly approach the latest conjectural drift among the Modern Language Association elite with an attitude of deference that borders upon awe. Thus we observe one younger-generation scholar of the literature of the People's Republic of China (PRC) after another treating highly dubious cultural hypotheses of the Duke neo-Marxist critic FredricJameson as incontrovertible theories. Xiaobing Tang of the University of Chicago is not unusual among his youthful peers in vehemently insisting that poststructuralist and postmodernist "New Theory" will inevitably dominate literary studies in China someday, "like it or not. "1 However, relatively dispassionate veterans in literary studies have countered by soberly subjecting poststructuralism and other postisms to the kind of critical scrutiny that Jameson and his eager disciples usually reserve only for humanistic and other non-postist approaches to literary study.
The issue of national integration in Nepal: An ethnoregional approach

The PDF of this file is 1,218 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v5i0.1093 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.5 1996 p.17-38
On calculating losses in current carrying conductors in an external alternating magnetic field

A common approach in calculating ac resistance is to add together losses due to a magnetically isolated conductor and the losses due to eddy currents induced in the same conductor by an externally excited magnetic field in the absence of primary conductor current. This method is employed in the design of large current carrying devices such as multiphase cables and reactive elements. The present analysis shows that this "superposition" method for calculating ac resistance is an approximation which is valid only under restrictive conditions. This is illustrated by calculating the total joulean losses in a single layer coil in Cartesian coordinates and identifying the contributions due to the primary coil current and eddy currents induced by the external field.
Preignition dynamics of RDX-based energetic materials under CO2 laser heating☆

The preignition dynamics of a series of RDX-based energetic materials were investigated experimentally using a high-power CO[sub 2] laser ignition system. The materials tested were three formulations of RDX mixed with GAP binder and the energetic plasticizers TMETN or BTTN. All ignition tests were conducted at one atmosphere with varied amounts of ambient oxygen. The delay time based upon the onset of light emission (t[sub LE]) decreased monotonically with the increase of incident laser energy flux. In general, the slope of the t[sub LE] versus log-log plot became less steep as the oxygen concentration in the ambient gas was increased. This effect was more pronounced for the samples containing energetic plasticizers. For most test conditions, the initial appearance of luminous emission occurred in the gas phase above the sample surface; this implies that gas-phase reactions play an important role in the initial phase of laser-induced ignition of RDX-based energetic materials. Chemical analysis of gaseous products generated from the pyrolysis and ignition processes was conducted using a gas chromatograph and a GC/MSD (mass selective detector). Five different gas-phase zones were observed during the ignition interval: a primary reaction zone close to the sample surface, the first preparation zone, a secondary reactionmore » zone, the second preparation zone, and the final luminous flame zone. Gas analysis showed that the products of the secondary reaction zone were NO, N[sub 2]O, C[sub 2]N[sub 2], and HCN. These intermediate species were consumed in the final flame when the luminous flame was present.« less
Polarization-Dependent Absorption of Laser Radiation Incident on Dense-Plasma Planar Targets

Polarization-dependent absorption of obliquely incident laser radiation by dense plasmas has been observed. Irradiation of a planar plasma with a nearly collimated $p$-polarized laser beam shows an enhancement in absorption by a factor of 2 to 2.5 over $s$-polarized irradiation. Theoretical estimates of the effect of resonance absorption under the present conditions show agreemwnt with the experimentally observed results.
Communicative competence in the plural and the teaching of english in non-native contexts

Abstract A native speaker model of communicative competence can neither adequately describe English language learning and use in non-native contexts nor can it be used to address the unique pedagogical concerns of non-native speakers. Required is a pluralistic view that recognizes formal and functional variation across Englishes. This paper describes the nature of competence in English and illustrates why and how a pluralistic model of communicative competence should and can be applied in addressing three major pedagogical issues in non-native contexts: (1) model of language, i.e. whose English learners should strive to approximate; (2) intelligibility, i.e. the degree to which learners' English may deviate from the norm and still be considered acceptable and understandable; and (3) the particular communicative competence learners are to develop, i.e. what uses they are going to make of English, where and with whom they will use it. Examples of English learning and use drawn from West Germany, Japan and India will demonstrate that communicative competence in the plural is an essential consideration if English language teaching in non-native contexts is to be responsive to the needs of learners and realistic in terms of the goals and expectation for use set for them.
Electron-spinwave scattering in gadolinium

Abstract The electrical resistivity due to magnetic scattering in polycrystalline gadolinium has been determined in the temperature range between 4.2°K and 30°K. The part of the resistivity due to scattering by domains and magnetic impurities is practically independent of temperature, whereas that due to spinwave scattering follows above 10°K a T3.1±0.2 law and is considerably smaller than the resistivity due to phonon scattering. The temperature dependence of the latter varies between T3.5 and T3.8.
Malignant neoplasms in cardiac transplant recipients1

Abstract Purpose: Heart transplant recipients have an increased risk of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) associated with monoclonal antilymphocyte (OKT 3 ) immunosuppression and Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) infections. These studies were undertaken to determine whether polyclonal antilymphocyte therapy can reduce the incidence of malignant neoplasia. Methods: We reviewed our experience with polyclonal induction therapy to assess the risk of malignant neoplasms in 223 transplant recipients between April 1985 and September 1998. Posttransplant immunosuppression therapy employed either polyclonal antilymphocyte or antithymocyte globulin given as 10mg/kg/day in divided doses for 3 days followed by cyclosporine, azothioprine, and steroids. OKT 3 was used in only 2 patients for persistent rejection. Results: Twenty-nine patients developed invasive malignant neoplasms (a mean of 57.9 months posttransplant; range 7 to 125). Invasive malignancies included carcinoma of the lung (7 patients), colon (3), kidney (3), bladder (2), prostate (1), squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (1), malignant melanoma (2), Kaposi's sarcoma (1), and squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (1). Five patients developed lymphoma: 3 patients had PTLD, 2 patients had Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Positive EBV IgG titers (>4:1) were found in 3 patients, but only 1 of these developed PTLD and none of these patients received OKT 3 . Of the 29 patients with invasive malignancy, 13 (45%) died secondary to their malignancy; 5 died of unrelated causes (sepsis, myocardial infarction, and organ failure); and 11 are alive after surgical excision and/or chemotherapy. The age-adjusted incidence of invasive neoplasm was 7.33 (95% 5.95 confidence interval 8.09) times as great as rates for the general population in the State of Michigan between 1988 and 1995. Conclusion: While induction polyclonal antilymphocyte therapy may reduce the risk of PTLD, the incidence of posttransplant malignancy remains high. A vigilant cancer surveillance protocol is mandatory in these high-risk patients.
Merrimack: A new variety of potato resistant to late blight and ring rot and adapted to New Hampshire

Merrimack is a variety of potato bred by the United States Department of Agriculture and tested in New Hampshire. Maine, and elsewhere as part of the work of the National Potato-Breeding Program. Merrimack competed favorably with standard varieties in New Hampshire. It produced satisfactory yields of potatoes, with a relatively high dry-matter content from which excellent chips and french fries were made. In the Maine tests it did not yield as well as some of the standard varieties but in tests it was found to be highly resistant to, if not immune from, the common race of the late blight fungus in both vines and tubers. It is moderately resistant also to early blight, and was apparently fieldimmune from virus A and highly resistant to net necrosis. Its vines are very susceptible to leaf roll virus. Merrimack is not only highly resistant to ring rot but is the first variety released that is highly resistant to both late blight and ring rot. Its multiple-disease resistance should make it valuable, especially to growers who find it difficult to control late blight and ring rot in standard varieties.
Electron probe X-ray microanalysis

Increasing awareness of the role ion grad- ients in the control of cellular activities has intensified interest in techniques capable of measuring ion distributions in situ. Tech- niques employing radioisotopes, fluorescent molecular probes, ion sensitive microelec- trodes, flame photometry and analytical microscopy each have particular advan- tages and limitations. Our purpose here is to provide enough background information on X-ray microanalysis to permit evaluation of its applicability to specific problems. We will limit our discussion to energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (abbrevi- ated as energy dispersive spectroscopy, EDS) since it is the technique most often used for biological microanalysis; how- ever, much of what follows also applies to wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, a method which employs a different X-ray detection device. The term 'electron-probe' is sometimes used to describe the instru- ments used in either system. Why X-ray mieroanalysis? X-ray microanalysis combines the high spatial resolution of the electron micro- scope with the ability to determine subcellu- lar elemental composition. Under optimal conditions, areas as small as 100 nm 2 can be analysed, a spatial resolution superior to that of any other currently feasible tech- nique. Using EDS, any element with an atomic number greater than 10 (Na and higher) can be detected providing its mass and concen- tration both exceed minimum detection limits (typically for EDS, --10 19 g and -10 mmols/kg dry wt for P to Ca in an organic matrix. Detection limits for Na and Mg are somewhat higher). The total concentration of the element (rather than free ion activity) is measured, since the method does not differentiate between chemical binding states. In this sense, X-ray microanalysis is comparable to flame photometry, but it is also capable of prob- ing single cells or organelles, and thereby providing information conceming indi- vidual variation within the population. The samples must be stabilized by chem-
East Asia, Land Reform and Economic Development

ABSTRACT In trying to explain the economic success of East Asia (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan) reference is often made to the fact that all three of these countries had extensive land reforms. These land reforms are thought to have significantly contributed to the rapid growth of the region by eliminating the landlord class and providing the basis for an equitable distribution of the benefits of growth. However, it is often argued that these land reforms were an exogenous event or experience in that it required an environment of upheaval in which an external force, the United States, played a key role in making the reform possible. This paper argues that land reform in all three countries was the result of the unfolding of similar internal historical and economic forces over an extended period of time. Thus it makes more sense to think of land reform as an endogenous event determined by internal factors.
Using service to transform learning: re‐scripted ABCs for our changing environment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a re‐scripting of how it should educate students in light of a changing environment.Design/methodology/approach – This paper shares a conceptual framework and provide examples from the service learning (SL) courses and data from students (from course‐based reflection and evaluation) to support the framework and recommendations.Findings – Through the experiences, SL to transform students' learning and ability to adapt to the changing, global marketplace has been found.Practical implications – The paper hopes that faculty and educational institutions will consider the outcomes and recommendations to challenge traditional modes of educating and utilize SL as one means for building competencies that facilitate personal and professional success in the current environment.Originality/value – The paper challenges the prevailing wisdom about the role of curricula to focus primarily on knowledge and skills. The context of the unscripted future can quickly render kn...
DETECTION OF THE VIABLE BUT NONCULTURABLE STATE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (EHEC) is recognized as a frequent cause of gastroenteritis ranging from mild to severe bloody diarrhea. The Shiga-like toxin produced by EHEC can result in hemolytic uremic syndrome, now the major cause of acute kidney failure in children in the United States. Inadequately cooked beef is most commonly implicated in the transmission of EHEC, although only a small fraction of cattle appear to harbor the organism. In several studies EHEC positive herds were detected only in the summer months correlating with the occurrence of human infections. Numerous E. coli strains have been shown to enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state as a result of environmental stresses, including low temperature. Using traditional plating methods and the BacLight Molecular Probe, we monitored EHEC strains incubated in river water (RW) and artificial sea water (ASW) at temperatures of 5C and 25C for their entry into the VBNC state. EHEC strains remained culturable for over 40 days in both ASW and RW incubated at 25C. In ASW, these levels were higher than a non-EHEC control. At 5C, the number of culturable EHEC cells dropped gradually in both RW and ASW. Using the BacLight Molecular Probe, we were able to demonstrate that these cells, though not culturable, were viable indicating entry into the VBNC state. Our study suggests that temperature and not salinity is the primary signal for entry into this state.
A New Comprehensive, Mechanistic Model for Underbalanced Drilling Improves Wellbore Pressure Prediction.

A new comprehensive, mechanistic model that allows more precise predictions of wellbore pressure and two-phase flow parameters for underbalanced drilling (UBD) is proposed. The model incorporates the effects of fluid properties and pipe sizes and, thus, is largely free of the limitations of empirically based correlations. The model is validated against actual UBD field data and full-scale experiments in which the gas and liquid injection flow rates as well as drilling fluid properties were similar to those used in common UBD operations. Additionally, a comparison against two different commercial, empirically based UBD simulators shows better performance with the mechanistic model. Introduction It is generally accepted that the success of UBD operations is dependent on maintaining the wellbore pressure between the boundaries determined by formation pressure, wellbore stability, and the surface equipment's flow capacity. Therefore, the ability to accurately predict wellbore pressure is critically important for both designing the UBD operation and predicting the effect of changes in the actual operation. Because of the complex nature of the hydraulic system of UBD operations in which two or more phases (liquid, gas, and solids) commonly flow, the prediction of pressure drop and flow parameters, such as liquid holdup and in-situ liquid and gas velocities, are performed mainly with empirical, two-phase flow methods. The Beggs and Brill 1 correlation is the most popular among the current, commercial UBD simulators. However, it is recognized by the petroleum industry that most of these empirical correlations were developed from experimental databases, thereby making extrapolation hazardous. 2 Moreover, the Beggs and Brill 1 correlation has been shown to overpredict or fail to predict bottomhole pressures for both vertical and horizontal UBD operations. 3 , 4 Since the mid-1970s, significant progress has been made in understanding the physics of two-phase flow in pipes and production systems. This progress has resulted in several two-phase flow mechanistic models to simulate pipelines and wells under steady-state as well as transient conditions. Consequently, mechanistic models, rather than empirical correlations, are being used with increasing frequency for designing multiphase production systems. Based on this trend of improvement, the application of mechanistic models to predict wellbore pressure and two-phase flow parameters seems to be the solution to increasing the success of UBD operations by improving such predictions.
Peritoneal clearance of ammonia and creatinine in a neonate.

W I T H certain technical modifications and precautions, peritoneal dialysis can be adapted for use in the neonate. 1 This procedure has also been used, with limited success, in attempts to control ammonia intoxication from either hepatic failure or urea-cycle enzyme deficiencies3, a The efficiency of this technique for the removal of ammonia has not been previously determined in a neonate. The present report deals with the peritoneal clearances of ammonia and creatinine in a neonate with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
The Upstream Regulatory Regions of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Promoter Are Essential for Its Expression in Transgenic Mice

To understand the molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene transcription in vivo, we report the generation and characterization of transgenic mice harboring various lengths of the mouse HGF promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Analysis of different tissues of the transgenic mouse lines having the 2.7-kilobase (kb) promoter construct revealed a pattern of reporter gene expression in embryonic and adult tissues that paralleled that of endogenous HGF gene expression. A similar expression pattern was observed in the 0.7-kb transgenic lines. However, in contrast to in vitro data, no promoter activity was detected in four independent transgenic lines harboring the 0.1-kb construct. Akin to the activity of the endogenous HGF gene, which is induced in the liver, lung, and spleen in response to 70% partial hepatectomy, the reporter gene driven by the 2.7-kb promoter construct was strongly induced, whereas that driven by the 0.7-kb promoter construct was modestly induced in these organs after partial hepatectomy. Together, these data suggest that the region between -0.1 and -0.7 kb of the HGF gene promoter is essential to drive its expression in vivo and that additional upstream sequences located between -0.7 and -2.7 kb are also necessary for its maximum inducibility in response to cues that stimulate tissue growth and regeneration.
“Rassling the Hog”: The Influence of Correlated Item Error on Internal Consistency, Classical Reliability, and Congeneric Reliability:

The properties of internal consistency (α), classical reliability (ρ), and congeneric reliability (ω) for a composite test with correlated item error are analytically investigated. Possible sources of correlated item error are contextual effects, item bundles, and item models that ignore additional attributes or higher-order attributes. The relation between reliability and internal consistency is determined by the deviance from true-score equivalence. The influence of correlated item error on α, ρ, and ω is conveyed strictly through the total item error covariance. As the total item error covariance increases, ρ and ω decrease, but α increases. The necessary and sufficient condition for α to be a lower bound to ρ and to ω is that the total item error covariance not exceed the deviance from true-score equivalence. Coefficient α will uniformly exceed ρ or ω in true-score equivalent tests with positively correlated item error. Index terms: classical reliability, coefficient alpha, coefficient omega, compound symmetry, congeneric reliability, correlated item error, deviance from true-score equivalence, internal consistency, reliability, total item error covariance, true-score equivalence. The purpose of this article is to analytically compare internal consistency to reliability for composite tests in which the item errors might be correlated. The psychometric literature variously presentsinternalconsistencyasidenticaltoreliability,asanotherkindofreliability(internalconsistency reliability), as a lower bound to reliability, as an approximator to reliability, or as an estimator of reliability. This explication, however, begins atfirst principles and makes no assumptions regarding the relationship between internal consistency and reliability. The development focuses entirely on internal consistency and reliability as parameters; their estimation is only briefly discussed near the end. The notation and model specifications, except for the notation for the true score, are borrowed freely from a special case (continuous variables, no exogenous variables) of Muth´ (2002) structuralequationmodel(seealso,Muth´
Ion and electron beam interaction on surfaces — A detection mechanism for obtaining visual ion beam images

Abstract Two-dimensional images have been obtained of ion beam impact cross sections on solid surfaces by the coincident interaction of a rastered electron beam. This detection method is effective in producing images in real time on various insulator surfaces. The size of these images correlates well with ion beam current density profile measurements (at full width) and, therefore, can be very useful for ion beam diagnostics and alignment.
Performance of Hamming Codes

Evaluation of the performance of error-correcting codes has, in the past, been severely hampered by the lack of functional relationships between the uncoded and coded binit error rates. In this paper, such relationships yielding the exact decoder output error rates are developed for Hamming SED codes of lengths n = 2m - 1, m = 1, 2, 3,···, and for Hamming SEC/DED codes of length n = 2m, m = 1, 2, 3,···. In addition, for the DED codes, a similar family of formulas are derived for the probability that a received information binit is contained in a word containing an error pattern that can be detected but not corrected. A criterion of merit for the coded versus uncoded systems is postulated. A similar criterion is developed based upon word error rates. It is demonstrated that the latter results, in general, in highly erroneous conclusions regarding the comparative worth of coded systems. Graphs are presented illustrating the numerical results based on these formulas for codes ranging in length from 7/8 binits up to and including 511/512 binits, for uncoded channel error rates of 0.5 to 10-10. Similar graphs of code merit, based upon modulation systems for which detection is a linear operation (PSK-MF, for example), are constructed. From these, ranges of channel (uncoded) error probability over which particular code lengths result in the best performance that can be obtained from that type of code are extracted and tabulated.
Propionate is not an important regulator of plasma leptin concentration in dairy cattle.

Abstract Propionate was recently shown to increase leptin synthesis in rodents. To determine if a similar effect occurs in ruminants, propionate was administered to lactating dairy cows. In experiment 1, 31 cows were given an intrajugular Na propionate bolus (1040μmol/kg body weight), increasing plasma propionate from 160 to 5680μM and plasma insulin from 6.8 to 77.8μIU/mL. Plasma leptin concentration decreased from 2.11ng/mL before bolus to 1.99ng/mL after dosing ( P P >0.10). In experiment 2, 12 cows were used in a duplicated 6×6 Latin square experiment to assess the dose–response effect of ruminal propionate infusion on plasma leptin concentration. Sodium propionate was infused at rates of 0, 260, 520, 780, 1040, or 1300mmol/h, while total short-chain fatty acid infusion rate was held constant at 1300mmol/h by addition of Na acetate to the infusate. Coccygeal blood was sampled following 18h of infusion. Increasing the rate of propionate infusion linearly increased plasma propionate concentration from 180 to 330μM ( P P P =0.04) with a maximum at 780mmol/h propionate, but leptin concentrations increased by no more than 8% relative to the 0mmol/h propionate infusion. Leptin concentrations were correlated with insulin concentrations but not with propionate concentrations in plasma. Propionate is not a physiological regulator of leptin secretion in lactating dairy cows.
Low-power, 2 x 2 silicon electro-optic switch with 110-nm bandwidth for broadband reconfigurable optical networks.

We present an ultra-broadband Mach-Zehnder based optical switch in silicon, electrically driven through carrier injection. Crosstalk levels lower than -17dB are obtained for both the ‘on’ and ‘off’ switching states over an optical bandwidth of 110nm, owing to the implementation of broadband 50% couplers. Full 2×2 switching functionality is demonstrated, with low power consumption (~3mW) and a fast switching time (<4ns). The utilization of standard CMOS metallization results in a low drive voltage (~1V) and a record-low VπL (~0.06V·mm). The wide optical bandwidth is maintained for temperature variations up to 30K.
Multinuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of tumor tissue

Abstract Current biomedical research requires quantitative and qualitative studies of tissue metabolites. In this review, we discuss recent advances in multinuclear magnetic resonance (MR) technology that enhance biomedical research. The advances presented herein clearly show that MR is a diagnostic tool for the study of tumor tissue metabolism associated with changes in small molecule concentrations. Biomedical MR offers a non-invasive view of cancer cell metabolism by detection of resonance nuclei such as hydrogen-1, carbon-13, phosphorus-31 and fluorine-19. Due to current progress in MR technology, it is now possible to monitor changes in cancer cell metabolism before and after therapy. Our criteria for the selection of research papers for this review were focused on those that show progress in biomedicine achieved by using MR. Our review demonstrates that small molecule detection in cancer tissue by MR has advanced biomedical research allowing for significant improvements in tumor detection and treatment.
Hydrogen effects on deformation -- relation between dislocation behavior and the macroscopic stress-strain behavior

Direct observations of the effects of H on dislocation mobility, carried out using an environmental cell TEM technique, have shown that the presence of H in solid solution increases the dislocation velocities at constant stress for edge, screw, and mixed dislocations and for isolated dislocations and dislocations in tangles.'' This increased dislocation velocity due to H has been observed in fcc, bcc, and hcp systems and in relatively pure'' materials, in solid solution alloy, in precipitation strengthened alloys, and in gamma prime strengthened alloys. Hydrogen softening'' or increased dislocation mobility due to hydrogen has been shown to result from elastic shielding'' which minimizes the elastic interaction between dislocations and obstacles. In contrast to the microscopic observations, many stress-strain measurements show an increase in the measured stress for plastic deformation when H is used as an alloy element. There remain significant differences in observations of the effects of H on the flow stress of metals. The present paper discusses one aspect of this problem, the effects of H on shear localization, which may account for the discrepancies.
Proteomic Identification of a Novel Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA Binding Protein That Regulates a Putative Transcription Factor

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligatory intracellular bacterium. Little is known about the gene regulatory mechanisms for this bacterium. A gene encoding a putative transcription factor, tr1, upstream of three tandem genes encoding outer membrane proteins, including the major outer membrane protein P44, is driven by a strong promoter. In the present study, gel mobility shift assays revealed the presence of A. phagocytophilum proteins that interact with the promoter region of tr1. These proteins interacting with the tr1 promoter region were purified by biotin-labeled DNA affinity chromatography from a large amount of host cell-free bacteria. Mass spectrometry identified the major protein as an A. phagocytophilum 12.5-kDa hypothetical protein, which was named ApxR. In a DNase I protection assay, recombinant ApxR (rApxR) bound cooperatively to four 24- or 25-bp sites within 235 bp upstream of tr1: regions III and IV proximal to tr1 had higher affinity than regions I and II did. Deletion assays showed that regions III and IV were essential for rApxR binding, whereas regions I and II upstream of regions III and IV were not. The primary cis-acting region was region IV, since region IV alone was sufficient for rApxR to strongly transactivate the downstream gene in a lacZ reporter assay. Addition of regions I, II, and III did not enhance transactivation. These results show that ApxR is a novel transcriptional regulator that directly regulates tr1.
Integrating UAS into NextGen automation systems

• UAS have become an integral part of U.S. military and government operations spanning the Departments of Defense (DoD), Homeland Security (DHS), Interior (DoI), and other agencies
Mechanism of the Nitric Oxide-Induced Blockade of Collecting Duct Water Permeability

Abstract Nitric oxide has a diuretic effect in vivo. We have shown that nitric oxide inhibits antidiuretic hormone–stimulated osmotic water permeability in the collecting duct; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. We hypothesized that inhibition of antidiuretic hormone–stimulated water permeability by nitric oxide in the collecting duct is the result of activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which in turn decreases intracellular cAMP. To test this hypothesis, we microperfused cortical collecting ducts. Antidiuretic hormone–stimulated water permeability was 317±47 μm/s ( P <.001). Addition of spermine NONOate, a nitric oxide donor, to the bath decreased water permeability to 74±38 μm/s ( P <.002). In the presence of LY 83583, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, spermine NONOate did not change water permeability. Addition of spermine NONOate increased cGMP production ( P <.01). In the presence of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, spermine NONOate did not change water permeability. Since antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability by increasing cAMP, we hypothesized that nitric oxide inhibits water permeability by decreasing cAMP. In tubules pretreated with antidiuretic hormone, intracellular cAMP was 18.9±3.9 fmol/mm. In tubules treated with antidiuretic hormone and spermine NONOate, cAMP was 9.3±1.7 fmol/mm ( P <.03). We also examined the effect of spermine NONOate on dibutyryl-cAMP–stimulated water permeability. In the presence of dibutyryl-cAMP, water permeability was 388±30 μm/s. Addition of spermine NONOate had no significant effect on water permeability. Time controls and inhibitors by themselves did not change antidiuretic hormone–stimulated water permeability. We concluded that nitric oxide decreases antidiuretic hormone–stimulated water permeability by increasing cGMP via soluble guanylate cyclase, activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase and decreasing cAMP.
Enzymatic Resolution of 2, 2, 2-Trifluoro-1-(1-pyrenyl) ethanol with Lipases

The optical resolution of (±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(1-pyrenyl)ethanol was achieved by using lipases. In particular, Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase (lipase LIP) showed high enantioselectivity (E = > 100) and reactivity in the alcoholysis of the chloroacetyl ester of the title compound. The reactivity of the lipase LIP-catalyzed enantioselective alcoholysis of the chloroacetate with 1-hexanol was much higher than that of the acetylating the alcohol with vinyl acetate.
Crystallization of Amorphous Germanium in a Silver Germanium Layered System

We studied crystallization of amorphous germanium (a-Ge) induced in a Ag/a-Ge layered system, using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Amorphous Ge was found to crystallize at about 270°C with the heat of reaction of 10±lkJ/mol. In situ TEM revealed that Ag grains migrate into the a-Ge phase leaving the crystalline Ge (c-Ge) phase behind. From this observation, we propose a model whereby the Ag provides the fastest path for the Ge atoms to diffuse from a-Ge to c-Ge phases.
Policy specification and matching for business performance management

Business performance management (BPM) has emerged as a critical discipline to enable enterprise to manage their business solutions in an on demand fashion. BPM applications promote an adaptive means by emphasizing the ability to monitor and control both business processes and IT events. BPM policy governs the BPM behavior of a business entity that takes the environmental stimulus, analyzes it, makes decisions, and renders actions. Business entities are never isolated islands. They tend to interact with one another in order to achieve business functions. Henceforth, BPM policies as a means to govern the monitoring and control behavior of business entities need to be integrated together in a meaningful and scalable fashion. In this paper, we show that how BPM policies can be constructed and weaved into large-scale (e.g. enterprise) policy solutions using formal models. This paper presents a framework for specifying and matching policies based on order-sorted predicate logic; and how this framework can help build scalable enterprise level BPM policies
Arbitrage, Speculation, and Public Policy Toward Ticket Scalping:

Ticket scalping is typically analyzed from the point of view of the demanders of the product. The question of why a profit-maximizing producer would let someone purchase its product for speculation...
Deciding to land a UAV safely in real time

The difficulty of autonomous free-flight of a fixed-wing UAV is trivial when compared to that of takeoff and landing. There is an even more marked difference when deciding whether or not a UAV can capture or recapture a certain trajectory, since the answer depends on the operating ranges of the aircraft. A common example of requiring this calculation, from a military perspective, is the determination of whether or not an aircraft can capture a landing trajectory (i.e., glideslope) from a certain initial state (velocity, position, etc.). As state dimensions increase, the time to calculate the decision grows exponentially. This paper describes how we can make this decision at flight time, and guarantee that the decision gives a safe answer before the state changes enough to invalidate the decision. We also describe how the computations should be formulated, and how the partitioning of the state-space can be done to reduce the computation time required. Flight testing was performed with our design, and results are given.
Preservice Music Teachers' Attitudes toward Popular Music in the Music Classroom.

The purpose of this study was to examine preservice music educators’ attitudes toward popular music in the music classroom. On a survey instrument designed by the investigators, participants (N = 8...
Analysis of Spatial Temperature Distribution in ICs

Technology scaling to achieve higher performance and increased functionalities on silicon substrate leads to non uniform temperature distribution across the IC, which will directly impact its performance and reliability. This paper analyzes and discusses the impacts of spatial temperature distribution. A relation between the size of the heat source and the peak temperature rise has been demonstrated. This analytical approach can be implemented in any thermal model. A spatial frequency analysis reveals that for heat sources with larger sizes (i.e. having lower spatial frequencies) the thermal impedance is greater due to the DC component. Sources with small dimensions (higher spatial frequencies) the impedance drops to smaller values due to the presence of AC component in thermal spatial capacitance. Hence, for the same power density, a smaller dimension of hotspot would cause a lesser peak temperature than that of a larger dimension.
Sex Among the Rabble: An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730–1830 – By Clare A. Lyons

In the decades leading up to the American Revolution, Philadelphia hosted a pleasure culture in which casual sexual relations outside of marriage were common. Adultery, self‐divorce, informal marri...
Corruption and Government: Reform of the Civil Service

A personnel system based on patronage and political loyalty undermines the efficient delivery of services and leads to the unfair administration of tax and regulatory laws. If corruption and self-dealing are imbedded in a government that is otherwise democratizing and downsizing, this can delegitimize political and economic reform. The goal is not to isolate public administration completely from politics – an impossible task in any event – but to find ways to mediate the relationship. Traditionally, a professional civil service is politically neutral, has security of tenure, is paid a decent salary, is recruited and promoted on merit, and does not have property or business interests that conflict with the fair performance of its duties (Adamolekun 1993). Some present-day reformers question aspects of this traditional model, but even they support the principle that civil servants should not be hired and fired for political reasons (Reid and Scott 1994; Scott 1996). Countries emerging from a period of one-party or authoritarian rule face the challenge of creating a professional civil service. The executive branch needs to be politically accountable, but it also must perform day-to-day tasks with a minimum of corruption and favoritism. In Mexico, for example, as the long history of one-party dominance weakens, the national government is considering the establishment of a professional civil service (Guerro Amparan 1998). A democracy where parties alternate in power does not appear compatible with a public employment system based on political patronage.
The SD1 Subdomain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Capsid Protein Plays a Critical Role in Nucleocapsid and Particle Assembly.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an important human and animal pathogen, for which no safe and efficient vaccines or therapeutic means have been developed. Viral particle assembly and budding processes represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. However, our understanding of the mechanistic process of VEEV assembly, RNA encapsidation and the roles of different capsid-specific domains in these events remain to be described. The results of this new study demonstrate that the very amino terminal VEEV capsid-specific subdomain is a critical player in the particle assembly process. It functions in a virus-specific mode, and its deletion, mutation or replacement by the same subdomain derived from other alphaviruses, have strong negative effects on infectious virus release. VEEV variants with mutated SD1 accumulate adaptive mutations in both SD1 and SD2, which result in more efficiently replicating phenotype. Moreover, efficient nucleocapsid and particle assembly proceeds only when both subdomains, SD1 and SD2, are derived from the same alphavirus. These two subdomains together appear to form the central core of VEEV nucleocapsids, and their interaction is one of the driving forces of virion assembly and budding. The similar domain structures of alphavirus capsid proteins suggest that this new knowledge can be applied to other alphaviruses. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses are a group of human and animal pathogen, which cause periodic outbreaks of highly debilitating diseases. Despite a significant progress made in understanding the overall structure of alphavirus and VEEV virions, and glycoprotein spikes in particular, the mechanistic process of nucleocapsid assembly, RNA encapsidation and the roles of different capsid-specific domains in these processes remain to be described. Our new data demonstrate that the very amino terminal subdomain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein, SD1, plays a critical role in the nucleocapsid assembly. It functions synergistically with the following SD2 (Helix I) and appears to form a core in the center of nucleocapsid. The core formation is one of the driving forces of alphavirus particle assembly.
Introduction: Teaching in a Transformative Age: The Law School of the Future

This article is an introduction to the papers published from the 2010 Society of American Law Teachers Conference, Teaching in a Transformative Age: The Law School of the Future. The goal of the conference was to “address curricula reform and develop methods to reinforce the ethical principle of the lawyer as a public citizen who has a special responsibility to the quality of justice.” This introduction provides an overview of the conference and the papers presented at it.
Aging and Interference With Memory

Input and output interference in both short-term and long-term memory were measured in three age groups (aged 20-39, 40-59, 60-80 years). A paired-associate probe technique was used, which, by factorially combining the positions of the pairs at presentation and recall, allowed an examination of output interference for all positions in the input list. No differential output interference or input interference due to age was found for items assumed to be recalled from long-term memory. Evidence, however, did indicate that adult aging primarily affects long-term memory, since no differences between groups were found for items assumed to be recalled from short-term memory.