cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a conceptual grammar and lexicon

Computers have made possible the collocation and rearrangement of the multitudinous tokens and relationships of language but as yet we have little in the way of useful methods for such manipulations. Probably the most systematically abstracted body of knowledge about language is in grammars. Many computational linguists, on the assumption that syntax must of necessity reflect human cognitive processes of prime importance, have thrown their energies into developing programs that will automatically identify or utilize grammatical relationships. These programs hope to deal with semantic aspects of language by incorporating data bases which specify the variety of conditions under which particular words may be used in particular grammatical contexts. But there is little reason to believe that grammar as we know it parallels cognitive processes or that it offers a sounder basis for a psychologically relevant analysis of texts than non-grammatical approaches which, for example, employ sentence length, type-token ratio, vocabulary frequency, or any of a host of other measures. Data base, to be adequate to unsystematic and metaphoric word usages, would surely have to exceed in size our largest dictionary, since it must specify all the conditions under which a word may and may not be used, rather than its dictionary meaning. This paper proposes and illustrates a cognitively relevant approach to the analysis of texts, utilizing a concept grammar and a concept lexicon. The concept lexicon is currently employed in a computer program for the automatic analysis of content. The grammatical ideas are at present mere speculation. Two familiar psychological principles are (1) that a fundamental cognitive response to stimuli is to group, classify, or categorize them and (2) that stimuli which occur in close contiguity with each other, even though of different classifications, are associated cognitively. These two principles reiterate Aristotelian ideas (Warren, 1921) about similarity and contiguity as bases for association of stimuli. Contrast was a third feature in the Aristotelian system, but may readily be subsumed under similarity. The two principles suggest that texts might be analyzed and compared for those items that link together conceptually on the basis of some element of similarity, and for those linked by having occurred in the same context.
Texture synthesis based on cluster transition probabilities

This paper introduces an approach for synthesizing natural textures. Textures are modeled using a block-transition probabilistic model. In the training phase, the original textured image is split into equal size blocks, and clustered using the k-means clustering algorithm. Then, the transition probabilities between block-clusters are calculated. In the synthesis phase, the algorithm generates a sequence of indices, each representing a block-cluster, based on the transition probabilities. One advantage of this method over previous block sampling techniques is its stability. More specifically, the texture is synthesized block-by-block in a raster order. The block at a specific location is selected from one of the original image blocks. Thus, synthesis does not lead to artifacts. Additionally, the algorithm uses pre- and post- filtering. The image is filtered by a predictive filter, and the residual image is modeled using the probabilistic approach. The final synthesized image is the result of filtering the residual image by the inverse filter. Using pre- and post- processing eliminates the blockage effect. Moreover, the algorithm is computationally inexpensive, and the synthesis phase is particularly fast since it only requires generation of a sequence of cluster indices. Results show that the proposed method is successful in synthesizing realistic natural textures for a large variety of textures.
Preparing School Counselors for Group Work

The American School Counselor Association has endorsed group work as an important component of school counseling programs, and research has demonstrated the effectiveness of group work in schools. Yet there is still considerable variation in practice of group work in schools. The type of group training preservice school counselors receive is an important factor. School counselor educators should maximize the one group course format by integrating and sequencing content most appropriate for school counseling, linking and infusing group principles in all coursework, especially practicum and internship classes, and consider group leadership skills and competencies in admission and programmatic decisions. This manuscript presents a one-course infusion model for preparing school counselors for group work.
Health-related quality of life in men with erectile dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) DESIGN: Descriptive survey with general and disease-specific measures. The instrument contained three established, validated HRQOL measures, a validated comorbidity checklist,] and sociodemographics. The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 (SF-36) was used to assess general HRQOL. Sexual function and sexual bother were assessed using the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index. The marital interaction scale from the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System Short Form (CARES-SF) was used to assess each patient’s relationship with his sexual partner. SETTING: Urology clinics at a university medical center and the affiliated Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five (67%) of 54 consecutive university patients presenting for erectile dysfunction and 22 (42%) of 52 VA patients who were awaiting a previously prescribed vacuum erection device participated. MAIN RESULTS: The university respondents scored slightly lower than population normals in social function, role limitations due to emotional problems, and emotional well-being. The VA respondents scored lower than expected in all eight domains. Scores for the VA population were significantly lower than those for the university population in physical function, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, and social function. A significant correlation was seen between marital interaction and sexual function (r = –.33, p = .01) but not between marital interaction and sexual bother (r = –.15, p = .26) in the total sample. Sexual function also correlated significantly with general health perceptions (r = .34, p = .01), role limitations due to physical problems (r = .29, p = .03), and role limitations due to emotional problems (r = .30, p = .03). Sexual bother did not correlate with any of the general HRQOL domains. Affluent men reported better sexual function (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: The emotional domains of the SF-36 are associated with more profound impairment than are the physical domains in men with erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction and the bother it causes are discrete domains of HRQOL and distinct from each other in these patients. With increased attention to patient-centered medical outcomes, greater emphasis has been placed on such variables as HRQOL. This should be particularly true for a patient-driven symptom, such as erectile dysfunction.
Interacting lattice gas approaches to space charge distributions

Abstract Two different lattice gas models of the diffuse space-charge layer at a blocking electrode are discussed and their predictions compared to those of the conventional continuum Gouy-Chapman approach and to recent Monte Carlo results for the primitive model of an aqueous electrolyte. Self-consistent results of both lattice gas approaches can differ appreciably from Gouy-Chapman predictions but may be made to agree well with the Monte Carlo calculations.
Categorical spectral analysis of periodicity in human and viral genomes

Periodicity in nucleotide sequences arises from regular repeating patterns which may reflect important structure and function. Although a three-base periodicity in coding regions has been known for some time and has provided the basis for powerful gene prediction algorithms, its origins are still not fully understood. Here, we show that, contrary to common belief, amino acid (AA) bias and codon usage bias are insufficient to create base-3 periodicity. This article applies the rigorous method of spectral envelope to systematically characterize the contributions of codon bias, AA bias and protein structural motifs to the three-base periodicity of coding sequences. The method is also used to classify CpG islands in the human genome. In addition, we show how spectral envelope can be used to trace the evolution of viral genomes and monitor global sequence changes without having to align to previously known genomes. This approach also detects reassortment events, such as those that led to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus.
Prognosis in Patients With an Abnormal Exercise Radionuclide Angiogram in the Absence of Significant Coronary Artery Disease

To investigate the prognostic importance of abnormal exercise left ventricular function on radionuclide angiography in the absence of significant angiographic coronary artery disease, 79 consecutive patients with these findings were followed up for a mean of 25 months (range 12 to 55). All patients had 1) an ejection fraction at rest ≥0.40, 2) an ejection fraction that decreased with exercise or peak exercise ejection fraction >0.60, and 3) no significant coronary artery disease. The mean change in ejection fraction was a decrease of 0.07. In 63 patients (80%), the ejection fraction decreased during exercise; in 45 patients, it decreased by ≥0.05. Twenty patients (25 %) had a peak exercise ejection fraction >0.50. All patients were alive at follow-up study. One patient had a nonfatal myocardial infarction, and three patients were hospitalized for recurrent chest pain. No patient underwent coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery. The calculated infarction-free survival rate at 4 years by life table analysis was 97%. Patients with an abnormal exercise radionuclide angiogram in the absence of significant angiographic coronary artery disease have an excellent short-term prognosis.
Utility of Both Muscle and Fascia Flaps in Severe Lower Extremity Trauma.

Background The evolving technology in trauma management today permits salvage of many severe lower extremity injuries previously even considered to be lethal. An essential component for any such treatment protocol must be adequate soft tissue coverage that often will use vascularized flaps. Traditionally, calf muscles have been used proximally and free flaps for the distal leg and foot. The reintroduction of reliable local fascia flaps has challenged this dictum, proving to be a simpler and yet versatile option. Materials and method The role of both muscle and fascia flaps in lower extremity injuries has been retrospectively reviewed from a 2-decade experience. Soft tissue deficits requiring some form of vascularized flap occurred in 160 limbs in 155 patients. The frequency of use of flap types, specific complications and benefits, effect of timing of wound closure, and rate of limb salvage were compared. Results Initial coverage after significant lower extremity trauma in these 160 limbs required 60 local muscle flaps, 50 local fascia flaps, and 74 free flaps. These flaps had been selected on a nonrandom basis according to wound location, its severity, and flap availability. Complications were directly related to the severity of injury, and for free flaps as a group (39%), although these were not independent variables. Local muscle (27%) or fascia flaps (30%) were similar with regard to this morbidity. Healing was more likely to be uneventful if coverage were accomplished during the acute period after injury, regardless of flap type. Muscle flaps were still used in two thirds of all cases, with the soleus muscle used as often for the distal leg as the mid-leg. Local fascia flaps were most valuable for smaller defects, especially in the distal leg or foot, and often as a reasonable alternative to a free flap. Conclusion The traditional role of the gastrocnemius muscles for flap coverage of knee and proximal leg defects and the soleus muscle for the middle third of the leg was reaffirmed. The soleus muscle often also reached distal leg defects as could local fascia flaps, where classically, otherwise, a free flap would have been necessary. The largest or most severe wounds, irrespective of limb location, required free flap coverage. Local fascia flaps proved to be a valuable alternative.
Where creeds meet incredulity: educational research in a post-utopian age

In contrast to Jean-Francois Lyotard’s classic warning, postmodern society in the United States seems increasingly influenced by metanarratives—religious metanarratives. This article examines the implications of this religious resurgence for educational researchers. It offers a competing analysis of the postmodern that draws on Harold Bloom, Slavoj ŽiŽek and others to identify the gnostic elements in contemporary religiosity, both in Europe and the United States. This competing reading of postmodern religiosity suggests a reframing of Lyotard’s paralogy—research that searches for instabilities in the framework of knowledge. Drawing examples from recent educational research, I will argue for ways in which researchers can better engage religion in their work.
Optimal site-centered electronic structure basis set from a displaced-center expansion: Improved results via a priori estimates of saddle points in the density

Site-centered, electronic-structure methods use an expansion inside nonoverlapping ``muffin-tin'' (MT) spheres plus an interstitial basis set. As the boundary separating the more spherical from nonspherical density between atoms, the ``saddle-point'' radii (SPR) in the density provide an optimal spherical region for expanding in spherical harmonics, as used in augmented plane wave, muffin-tin orbital, and multiple-scattering [Korringa, Kohn, and Rostoker (KKR)] methods. These MT-SPR guarantee unique, convex Voronoi polyhedra at each site, in distinction to Bader topological cells. We present a numerically fast, two-center expansion to find SPR a priori from overlapping atomic charge densities, valid also for disordered alloys. We adopt this MT-SPR basis for KKR in the atomic sphere approximation and study (dis)ordered alloys with large differences in atomic size (fcc CoPt and bcc CrW). For this simple and unique improvement, we find formation energies and structural parameters in strikingly better agreement with more exact methods or experiment, and resolve issues with former results.
Aryl-substituted dithiafulvenes: synthesis, electronic properties, and redox reactivity

Abstract A series of aryl-substituted dithiafulvenes (DTFs) has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The studies indicate that the aryl-substituents not only affect the structures and electronic properties of the DTF derivatives, but also impose significant impact on their stability and reactivity when oxidized into radical cations.
‘Coastal’ and ‘Tifton 44’ Bermudagrass Availability on Animal and Pasture Productivity

Hybrid cultivars of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] are a major feed source for ruminants across the southeastern United States. This 4-yr experiment compared animal and pasture performance of 'Coastal' and 'Tifton 44' bermudagrasses over three canopy heights designated as short (5.6 cm), medium (10.1 cm), and tall (13.1 cm). The relationship of canopy height to ingestive mastication and canopy characteristics was also studied. Soil was a Cecil clay loam (clayey, Kaolinitic thermic Typic Hapludult). Pastures were continuously stocked using variable stocking to maintain the targeted canopy heights. Herbage mass (to soil surface) was similar between Coastal and Tifton 44 (T44) within each canopy height averaging 2.36, 4.08, and 5.25 Mg ha -1 . Steer average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P = 0.09) from T44 than Coastal (0.58 vs. 0.51 kg) but no differences were noted in pasture productivity. Increasing herbage mass linearly increased (P < 0.01) ADG (0.40-0.59 kg) but reduced (P < 0.01) stocking rate (16.1-11.2 steers ha -1 ), which influenced animal days (1810-1079 d ha -1 ), weight gain (1057-786 kg ha -1 ), and effective feed units (6392-4452 kg ha -1 ). Steer ADG increased (P = 0.01) from short to medium canopy height (0.40-0.64 kg) with little change between medium and tall canopy height (0.64-0.59kg). Tifton 44 pasture is ofgreater quality than Coastal giving greater ADG but both were productive producing about 1100 kg of gain ha -1 when effectively managed and utilized.
Linkage relationship between the genes for thymidine kinase and galactokinase in different primates.

In this study we investigated the expression of primate galactokinase in somatic cell hybrids between a thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cell line and two different primate cell lines, one of which was derived from African green monkey kidney cells and the other from chimpanzee fibroblasts. All the African green monkey-mouse hybrid clones, selected in HAT medium, expressed monkey galactokinase activity and contained a monkey chromosome similar to a human E-group chromosome. When these clones were backselected in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine, both this chromosome and the monkey galactokinase activity were lost. All the hybrid clones between mouse and chimpanzee cells, which were selected in HAT medium, contained the chimpanzee chromosome 17 and expressed chimpanzee galactokinase activity. These results indicate that the linkage relationship between galactokinase and thymidine kinase has been maintained in 3 divergent primate species—man, chimpanzee, and Old World monkey.
Stimulation of RNA and Protein Synthesis in Isolated Chondrocytes by Human Serum1

The stimulation of isolated chicken embryo chondrocytes was studied by measuring the incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine into cold trichloroacetic acid precipitable material after exposure of the chondrocytes to serum. The doseresponse relationships for the incorporation of uridine and leucine were similar to that of thymidine previously demonstrated. Exposure of the cells to serum-containing buffer for 15 min sufficed both for the stimulation of incorporation into the cells and for the depletion of 28% of the stimulating activity from the medium. Stimulation persisted for at least 17 h after removal of the serum. Studies whereactinomycin D was added to inhibit RNA synthesis suggested that prior RNA synthesis was required for most of the stimulation of protein synthesis by serum factors.
Selectively materializing data in mediators by analyzing source structure, query distribution and maintenance cost

We present an approach to selecting data to materialize in Web based information mediators by analyzing multiple factors. An issue in building Web based information mediators is how to improve the query response time given the high response time for retrieving data from remote Web sources. We had earlier presented a framework for optimizing the performance of information mediators by selectively materializing data. In this paper we describe our approach for automatically selecting the portion of data that must be materialized by analyzing a combination of several factors, namely the distribution of user queries, the structure of sources and the update cost.
Effect of the conformation of concanavalin A on its affinity for manganous ion.

Abstract The stoichiometry of Mn 2+ binding to concanavalin A at pH 6.4–7 which had been established in two independent studies [ J. A. Sophianopoulos, A. J. Sophianopoulos, and W. C. MacMahon (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 223 , 350–359; D. J. Christie, G. R. Munske, and J. A. Magnuson (1979) Biochemistry 18 , 4638–4644] was challenged [ C. F. Brewer, R. D. Brown, III, and S. H. Koenig (1983) Biochemistry 22 , 3691–3702] on grounds of possible experimental errors. Additional evidence is presented in this study in support of the previous finding that at pH 6.4 only one Mn 2+ binds per concanavalin A monomer of M r 25,550. Also, evidence is presented showing that the results of Sophianopoulos et al. could not have been due to contamination by Ca 2+ . A comparison is made of the results in the three studies cited above which indicates that the concanavalin A used by Brewer et al. had decreased affinity for Mn 2+ and it contained an appreciable fraction of concanavalin A incompetent of binding saccharides.
Dependence of plasma sheet energy fluxes and currents on solar wind-magnetosphere coupling

[1] The epsilon solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function was used to estimate the rate at which energy from the solar wind was being dissipated in the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere. The Geotail CPI ion and electron data sets showed that the average percentage of this energy that was carried earthward by energetic particles at |z| < 2.5 RE in the central plasma sheet increased from approximately zero at x = −28 RE to 25% at x = −10 RE when epsilon was high. Much of this increase was attributed to the adiabatic energization of particles as flux tubes collapsed following reconnection events. The Geotail magnetometer and CPI ion data sets also were used to estimate the average electric fields and currents. These parameters provided an alternative viewpoint from which to examine particle energization. The parallel volume current density exhibited a stronger dependence on epsilon than did the perpendicular sheet current density. During disturbed times, a maximum of the parallel current density at a fixed x, y location existed at a distance of ∼3 RE from the neutral sheet. A strong dawn-dusk asymmetry was seen in the long-term averaged region 1 field-aligned currents. The ratio of upgoing dusk side to downgoing dawn side currents at the same x was ∼1.7 throughout the portion of the plasma sheet that could be studied, and was seen during both quiet and disturbed conditions. Previous papers showed that most of this excess upgoing dusk side parallel current was closed through connections to a dusk side downgoing region 0 current system.
Tolerizing DNA vaccines for autoimmune arthritis

Current therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases non-specifically suppress immune function, and there is great need for fundamental approaches such as antigen-specific tolerizing therapy. In this paper we describe development of antigen-specific tolerizing DNA vaccines to treat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, and use of protein microarrays to monitor response to therapy and to identify potential additional autoimmune targets for next generation vaccines. We demonstrate that tolerizing DNA vaccines encoding type II collagen (CII) reduced the incidence and severity of CIA. Atorvastatin, a statin drug found to reduce the severity of autoimmunity, potentiated the effect of DNA vaccines encoding CII. Analysis of cytokines produced by collagen-reactive T cells derived from mice receiving tolerizing DNA encoding CII, as compared to control vaccines, revealed reduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. Arthritis microarray analysis demonstrated redu...
Tensorial Representation of the Effective Elastic Properties of the Damaged Material

New representations of the effective elastic stiffness and compliance ten sors are derived using an appropriate fourth order tensor basis. This paper considers some of the typical crack distributions associated with an initially isotropic matrix and propor tional loading. Resulting isotropic and transversely isotropic responses of the damaged material are described, neglecting direct interaction between adjacent cracks. Derived ten sor representations enable easy manipulations and are particularly convenient in obtaining explicit expressions for the inverse operators.
A Chase-type algorithm for soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoding on Rayleigh fading channels

A soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoding algorithm has been proposed by Koetter and Vardy, which provides a significant coding gain by utilizing channel output reliability information. In this paper we present a Chase-type soft-decision algorithm which provides additional gains at the expense of a small increase in complexity. We evaluate the performance of this decoding algorithm on additive white Gaussian noise channel and Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation results show that coding gains on the order of several dB can be achieved on uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channels over traditional hard-decision Reed-Solomon decoding algorithms.
Relaxation patterns of endlinking polydimethylsiloxane near the gel point

While the rheological behavior at the gel point (GP) itself is well known, many questions remain about the approach to the gel point (from either side). For studying this phenomenon, rheological experiments were performed on crosslinked polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) and characteristic patterns in the relaxation behavior were abstracted into a phenomenological model for the relaxation time spectrum. The well known power law with slope-n and cutoff at the longest relaxation time λmax governs the relaxation near the gel point. Beyond the gel point, an additional box-like contribution appears in the spectrum. The relaxation exponent n decreases with increasing extent of crosslinking. The longest relaxation time λmax and equilibrium modulus Ge show power-law scaling with the distance from the gel point, |p − pc|. For samples with imbalanced stoichiometric ratios r ≥ 1, the function n (p − pc) is independent of r. Samples with strong crosslinker deficiency (r = 0.5) exhibit a different functional form for n (p − pc) from those with r ≥ 1. The power law relaxation with decreasing n in the terminal zone was found previously for a different crosslinking system. It seems to be a common pattern for partially crosslinked materials from polymeric precursors.
Treatment of Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating) and 'crocodile tears' (gustatory epiphora) with purified botulinum toxin.

Purpose To determine whether purified botulinum toxin might be as effective in the treatment of "crocodile tears" (gustatory epiphora) as it has been in the treatment of other hypersecretion syndromes such as Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating). Methods One patient with Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating) was successfully treated with botulinum toxin. After this, two patients with chronic symptomatic crocodile tears (related to previous facial palsy) were treated with botulinum toxin injections into and around the lacrimal gland. Results Both patients reported remarkable relief from symptoms and were observed to have no tearing while eating. Conclusions Purified botulinum toxin appears to be an effective treatment for crocodile tears.
Reverse Engineering TCP/IP-Like Networks Using Delay-Sensitive Utility Functions

TCP/IP can be interpreted as a distributed primal-dual algorithm to maximize aggregate utility over source rates. It has recently been shown that an equilibrium of TCP/IP, if it exists, maximizes the same delay-insensitive utility over both source rates and routes, provided pure congestion prices are used as link costs in the shortest-path calculation of IP. In practice, however, pure dynamic routing is never used and link costs are weighted sums of both static as well as dynamic components. In this paper, we introduce delay-sensitive utility functions and identify a class of utility functions that such a TCP/IP equilibrium optimizes. We exhibit some counter-intuitive properties that any class of delay-sensitive utility functions optimized by TCP/IP necessarily possess. We prove a sufficient condition for global stability of routing updates for general networks. We construct example networks that defy conventional wisdom on the effect of link cost parameters on network stability and utility.
Evidence for Hypodescent and Racial Hierarchy in the Categorization and Perception of Biracial Individuals

Individuals who qualify equally for membership in two racial groups provide a rare window into social categorization and perception. In 5 experiments, we tested the extent to which a rule of hypodescent, whereby biracial individuals are assigned the status of their socially subordinate parent group, would govern perceptions of Asian–White and Black–White targets. In Experiment 1, in spite of posing explicit questions concerning Asian–White and Black–White targets, hypodescent was observed in both cases and more strongly in Black–White social categorization. Experiments 2A and 2B used a speeded response task and again revealed evidence of hypodescent in both cases, as well as a stronger effect in the Black–White target condition. In Experiments 3A and 3B, social perception was studied with a face-morphing task. Participants required a face to be lower in proportion minority to be perceived as minority than in proportion White to be perceived as White. Again, the threshold for being perceived as White was higher for Black–White than for Asian–White targets. An independent categorization task in Experiment 3B further confirmed the rule of hypodescent and variation in it that reflected the current racial hierarchy in the United States. These results documenting biases in the social categorization and perception of biracials have implications for resistance to change in the American racial hierarchy.
The Art of Constructive Arguing: Lessons from the Talmud

In the highly competitive age of the Internet and globalization, an organization has to be creative to prosper. This means that people have to work together and learn how to have productive meetings. Today’s U.S. Congress is a prime example of what happens when people have lost the ability to argue in a productive manner. The American public has no respect for Congress and refers to it as being worthless and dysfunctional. It is interesting to note that the Talmud which took shape after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE consists of thousands of disagreements regarding Jewish law yet served as a device to keep the Jewish people united. For example, Abaye and Rava had hundreds of arguments about law in the Talmud yet were the best of friends; they are even buried together in the same cave. Talmudic arguments did not lead to ugly battles but were seen as the way to clarify the law as well as answer philosophical questions. This paper will explore the lessons we can learn from the Talmud about constructive arguing. Nine rules that can be used to ensure that arguments are productive are provided.
SELF-PERCEIVED SOMATOTYPES AND CLOTHING-RELATED BEHAVIOR OF OLDER MEN AND WOMEN

507 older men and women (65 yr. or over) participated in an investigation of relationship between clothing-related behavior of older men and women and self-perceived somatorypes. Analysis indicated that body-type was significantly related to significance of apparel, self-esteem, and chronological age. No sex differences were found in perception of body-types. Several implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.
N-glycosylation controls functional activity of Oatp1, an organic anion transporter

Rat Oatp1 (Slc21a1) is an organic anion-transporting polypeptide believed to be an anion exchanger. To characterize its mechanism of transport, Oatp1 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under...
Where Do Different Neurons Come From

SUMMARY The ability to make functionally competent brain precursor cell lines may have important consequences for a number of outstanding questions in mammalian CNS development. The diversity of neurons is one of the most striking conclusions of recent molecular studies of the nervous system. In our work we provided some of the earliest data to support this conclusion.30-32 Our preliminary data with precursor cell lines suggest that these cells give neurons with highly differentiated characteristics. If further work continues to support this conclusion, then immortal cell lines will be useful in analyzing the mechanisms that make neurons different. The methods that can be applied to these cell lines include manipulation in tissue culture, transplantation into the developing CNS, and application of the methods of mammalian cell genetics to link gene function to neuronal specificity.
Novel Technique to Prevent Phrenic Nerve Injury during Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using Preprocedural Imaging

Prevention of Phrenic Injury Using Imaging Introduction Phrenic nerve (PN) injury is one of the major complications of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Pace mapping for PN capture is routinely used to identify areas with high risk for injury along the anterior border of the right pulmonary veins (PVs). Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of using preprocedural imaging to identify areas where no PN capture is possible along the anterior border of the right PVs, thus avoiding the need for pace mapping during PVI. Methods and Results It was hypothesized that PN capture along the anterior border of the right PVs does not occur in the area where the right and left atria overlap. Three-dimensional segmentation of both atria was performed on preprocedural magnetic resonance and computed tomography angiograms in 40 patients before undergoing PVI. The area of overlap between the right and left atria was delineated. Image registration was performed during the procedure. Using pacing, regions with and without PN capture were marked along the anterior border of the right PVs. A total of 361 points were tested for PN stimulation (9 ± 4 points/patient). PN capture occurred in 97 out of the 189 points (51%) in the area with no overlap between the right and left atria. No PN capture occurred in the area of overlap (172 points, P< 0.001). Conclusion Delineation of the area of overlap between the right and left atria derived from preprocedural imaging reliably identifies regions where PN pace capture does not occur. Testing for PN stimulation before ablation may not be necessary in these regions.
Solar cycle variations in the electron heat flux: Ulysses observations

Solar wind observations by the Ulysses spacecraft now include nearly ten years of continuous ion and electron measurements. In this study, we report detailed measurements of the electron heat flux in the solar wind. In particular, we examine the heat flux measurements for long-term correlations with wave activity and solar wind speed. We find that the average heat flux, when scaled by R 2,9 to account for variations due to distance from the Sun, is constant and independent of heliographic latitude or solar cycle. We find that during both solar maximum and solar minimum, there is no significant correlation between the magnitude of the electron heat flux and the solar wind speed. Comparison of the electron heat flux data with wave activity indicates that the whistler heat flux instability does not play an important role in limiting the solar wind heat flux.
The effect of color priming on infant brain and behavior

Behavioral studies have identified select experiences that can prime infants to attend to color information as the basis for individuating objects prior to the time they do so spontaneously. For example, viewing pretest events in which the color of an object predicts the function in which it will engage leads 9-month-olds (who typically do not attend to color differences) to demonstrate increased sensitivity to color information in a subsequent individuation task (Wilcox and Chapa, 2004). In contrast, viewing pretest events in which the color of an object predicts distinct object motions, but the motions are not functionally relevant, does not produce color priming. The purpose of the present research was to identify the cortical underpinnings of these behavioral effects. Infants aged 8 and 9 months viewed function or motion pretest events and then their capacity to individuate-by-color was assessed in an object individuation task. Behavioral and neuroimaging data were collected. Two main findings emerged. First, as predicted, the infants who viewed the function but not the motion pretest events showed prolonged looking to the test event, a behavioral indicator of object individuation. In addition, they evidenced increased activation in anterior temporal cortex, thought to be a cortical signature of object individuation. A second and unexpected finding was that viewing either type of pretest events led to increased activation in the posterior temporal cortex, as compared to infants who did not see pretest events, revealing that prior exposure to the motion pretest events does influence infants' processing of the test event, even though it is not evident in the behavioral results. The cognitive processes involved, and the cortical structures that mediate these processes, are discussed.
A parallel algorithm for the constrained shortest path problem on lattice graphs

The edges of a graph are assigned weights and passage times which are assumed to be positive integers. We present a parallel algorithm for finding the shortest path whose total weight is smaller than a pre-determined value. In each step the processing elements are not analyzing the entire graph. Instead they are focusing on a subset of vertices called active vertices. The set of active vertices at time t is related to the boundary of the ball \(B_t\) of radius t in the first passage percolation metric. Although it is believed that the number of active vertices is an order of magnitude smaller than the size of the graph, we prove that this need not be the case with an example of a graph for which the active vertices form a large fractal. We analyze an OpenCL implementation of the algorithm on GPU for cubes in \(\mathbb Z^d\).
Evolution of Robotic Approaches for Colorectal Surgery

The evolution of robotic surgery is not unlike the process described by Charles Darwin (Fig. 2.1) in his seminal treatise, On the Origin of Species. His premise of natural selection is based on the concept that certain genetic traits of an organism encode for enhanced robustness and fecundity. Organisms capable of adapting to their environments reproduced, passed on their genetic material, and survived. The development of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is analogous in that techniques which have translated into improved outcomes and perceived advantages have established themselves in surgical culture and continue to develop.
Electron microscopy observations on a new herpes-type virus isolated from Iguana iguana and propagated in reptilian cells in vitro.

Abstract Ultrastructural observations on a new viral isolate, designated iguana virus, indicate that it is consistently present in intranuclear inclusions, possesses a ± 115-nm nucleocapsid, ranges from 165 to 300 nm in diameter in the enveloped form, and exhibits cubic symmetry (probably 162 capsomeres). It is concluded that it is a herpes-type virus, the morphological evidence being in agreement with and supporting the biological and physical characteristics presented by Clark and Karzon. Several fine-structural features, among them the encapsidization of small 35-nm hexagonal bodies and the viral membrane envelope enclosure of cell-derived moieties are presented and discussed.
Absorption Enhancement in Ultrathin Structures Based on Crystalline-Si/Ag Parabola Nanocones Periodic Arrays with Broadband Antireflection Property

In this study, we examine the optical properties and unique features of a novel design of a parabola nanocone consisting of a homogenous shell-like cover layer of crystalline silicon (c-Si) and an Ag core which provides an enhanced absorption efficiency and significant photocurrent conversion during exposure to an incident light. Determining the geometrical sizes of the c-Si/Ag parabola nanocone, we designed an antireflection nanostructure based on certain arrays of investigated cone arrays on a GaAs substrate. We proved that the examined nanostructure shows a low percentage of reflectance of 6.24 % and a significant short current density of ~37.2 mA/m 2 as well as broadband antireflection facility. This understanding paves the way for novel methods toward the use of a simple and two layer nanoparticle in designing efficient and high performance antireflection layers of photovoltaics and solar cells that are able to function over a wide range of spectrum.
Cardiac Surveillance Guidelines for Trastuzumab-Containing Therapy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Getting to the Heart of the Matter

Trastuzumab-containing regimens for breast cancer have significantly improved survival both in the early-stage and metastatic settings.1-8 Nevertheless, given the early signals of cardiotoxicity, a prevailing concern exists regarding the risk of cardiotoxicity, defined as a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) both asymptomatic and symptomatic. This concern that LVEF decline would be an early and actionable surrogate for subsequent development of congestive heart failure (CHF) led to the design and implementation of specific eligibility criteria and LVEF surveillance guidelines for the pivotal randomized adjuvant trials. These guidelines were subsequently adopted as the standard of care. However, it is increasingly unclear whether these specific recommendations are justified for all patients. Resolution of this matter is critical for our community because adherence to these guidelines was recently proposed as a quality metric.9 This issue raises the general question of the level of evidence needed to accept a toxicity screening schedule as a quality indicator. If following these guidelines is not associated with improved outcomes, then adherence to them as a quality metric should be challenged. Cardiotoxicity screening can serve to illuminate this issue. Here, we review the historical events that led to the development of the current guidelines and highlight critical knowledge gaps with regard to the benefits of screening and intervention.
Asthma, oculonasal symptoms, and skin test sensitivity across National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Abstract Background The increasing prevalence of allergies and asthma has been reported. However, the progression of the prevalence of allergy (the "allergic diathesis progression") has not been examined over time from skin test positivity to oculonasal symptoms to the development of asthma. Objective To investigate the change in the prevalences and associations of positive skin test reactions, oculonasal symptoms, and asthma during the Second and Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES II and NHANES III, respectively). Methods Data collected during NHANES II and III were used. The prevalence and associations of positive skin test reactions, oculonasal symptoms, and asthma and the linear trend of oculonasal symptoms and asthma prevalence across different cumulative positive skin test reactions were calculated for each NHANES period. Results From NHANES II to NHANES III, the prevalence of asthma doubled (2 times) and increased for positive skin test reactions (2.2 times), oculonasal symptoms (3.3 times), and concurrence of asthma, oculonasal symptoms, and positive skin test reactions (5.3 times). People were sensitive to an increasing number of allergens. Positive skin test reactions increased from 0.2% (NHANES II) to 2.7% (NHANES III) for people allergic to all 6 allergens. Conclusion Despite some methodologic differences in skin tests across NHANES II and III, this study demonstrated significant increases in allergen sensitivities (prevalence and number of allergens), oculonasal symptoms, and asthma over a 20-year course, indicating that increased sensitivity led to increased allergic symptoms and asthma during the 20 years from NHANES II to NHANES III.
Submajorization and the Geometry of Unordered Collections

In this paper, we use submajorization to compare distances between either multisets of real numbers or multisets modulo translation on the real line. We provide a geometrical in- terpretation in which multisets are represented by points in an orbifold and bijections between multisets are represented by paths between these points. This interpretation shows that sub- majorization is closely related to the geometrical principle that the shortest path between two points is a straight line. Our results have applications to diverse problems from economics to music theory; moreover, they suggest generalizations of statistical measures of the center and spread of a distribution.
Consistency in platelet morphology in whole blood.

The morphology of instantaneously fixed platelets in whole blood was assessed for intra-subject consistency in 24 subjects; 10 were healthy and 14 had metastatic carcinoma. In both groups two samples were obtained from each subject. The time between samples varied for the normal group from 1 to 17 months (average of 6 months) and for the cancer group from 13 to 39 days (average of 14 days). Analysis of variance pertaining to unactivated discs (i.e., discs without pseudopods) revealed that a factor that differs among individuals rather than any uncontrolled artifact probably accounts for the large range of values obtained. Additionally, it appears that, in a given individual, platelet morphology in whole blood, expressed as % discs, remains fairly constant over a period of weeks or months. These findings suggest that characteristic levels of unactivated platelet forms exist in whole blood and that these levels reflect in vivo conditions.
Effects of Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) on the Development, Morphological Appearance, and Activity of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae

The effects of parasitism by Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) on Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) development and activity were studied at 25–26°C. Larvae of each instar were parasitized and the number of days required for development to the cocoon stage was compared with that of unparasitized larvae of the same age. The development time for larvae parasitized during the 3rd or 4th stadium was longer than that for unparasitized larvae. No significant difference existed between the time for development of larvae parasitized as 1st or 2nd instars and that for unparasitized larvae. The activity rate and distance traveled for unparasitized and parasitized larvae did not differ. All attempts to visually separate parasitized from unparasitized larvae were unsuccessful. Yellowish larvae had a higher percentage parasitism than green larvae, but the difference was not great enough to be of practical value.
Metaproteomics reveals biomarkers of system collapse in a dynamic aquatic ecosystem

Forecasting and preventing rapid ecosystem state changes is important but hard to achieve without functionally relevant early warning indicators. Here we use metaproteomic analysis to identify protein biomarkers indicating a state change in an aquatic ecosystem resulting from detrital enrichment. In a 14-day field experiment, we used detritus (arthropod prey) to enrich replicate aquatic ecosystems formed in the water-filled pitcher-shaped leaves of the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea. Shotgun metaproteomics using a translated, custom metagenomic database identified proteins, molecular pathways, and microbial taxa that differentiated control oligotrophic ecosystems that captured only ambient prey from eutrophic ecosystems that were experimentally enriched. The number of microbial taxa was comparable between treatments; however, taxonomic evenness was higher in the oligotrophic controls. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria dominated control and enriched ecosystems, respectively. The molecular pathways and taxa identified in the enriched treatments were similar to those found in a wide range of enriched or polluted aquatic ecosystems and are derived from microbial processes that occur at the base of most detrital food webs. We encourage the use of metaproteomic pipelines to identify better early-warning indicators of impending changes from oligotrophic to eutrophic states in aquatic and other detrital-based ecosystems.