cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilingual Memory and Hierarchical Models: A Case for Language Dominance

tain associations pertaining to rela tionships or emotions involving objects, things, or persons, espe cially for a monolingual speaker of English. Now, consider this same concept in a bilingual setting. Does the concept of "love" carry infor mation regarding its translation equivalent of amor (e.g., the fact that in Spanish this concept is used primarily to show emotions to per sons, but not to animals or objects)? Early researchers addressed this question at a general level by pos ing that there are separate memory stores if the two languages are learned in different settings (e.g., home vs. school), but a common memory store if the languages are learned simultaneously in the same setting (Ervin & Osgood, 1954). Re cent research, however, has ad dressed this classic question by fo cusing more closely on how the bilingual's two languages are re lated in real time and what mecha nisms and processes are involved during word retrieval and lan guage processing. The purpose of this review is to consider some issues regarding how bilinguals organize their two languages in memory. My aim in this discussion is not to be exhaus tive; rather, the discussion is selec tive. I start by providing a brief discussion of current models of bi
Predictive validity of an age-specific MET equation among youth of varying body size

The purpose of this study was to cross-validate the age-specific Freedson MET equation among children and adolescents of varying body size. Sixty-seven children (41 boys; 26 girls) between 6 and 13 years completed five 3-min trials (1.6, 3.2, 4.0, 4.8, and 6.4 km h−1) on a motorized treadmill. During each trial, participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer while oxygen consumption was assessed by indirect calorimetry. Using the Actigraph activity counts, predicted MET values were determined with the age-specific Freedson equation and were compared with measured MET values using dependent t tests. Participants were divided into body size categories based on their calculated body surface area (BSA, m2) (small: BSA ≤ 0.96 m2; medium: 0.96 m2 1.20 m2) to determine if body size influenced the difference between measured and predicted MET values. The measured MET value was similar to the predicted MET value at the slowest treadmill speed (1.6 km h−1) (2.3 vs. 2.3 METs); however, the measured MET value was lower than the predicted MET value at the remaining speeds (3.2, 4.0, 4.8, and 6.4 km h−1) (P < 0.001). With the exception of the fastest treadmill speed (6.4 km h−1), the mean difference between the measured and predicted MET values was greater between the two smaller BSA categories compared to the largest BSA category. The results suggest that the age-specific Freedson child equation significantly overestimates energy expenditure (METs) during locomotor speeds between 3.2 and 6.4 km h−1. This effect was primary observed among relatively smaller children.
Structure of polymerizable lipid bilayers III: two heptacosadiynoyl phosphatidylcholine isomers

Abstract The structures of hydrated bilayers of 1,2-bis(10,12-heptacosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8, 13PC) and 1,2-bis-(11,13-heptacosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC9, 12PC) were investigated using low-angle X-ray diffraction. Multilayer stacks of these diacetylenic phosphatidylcholine derivatives were highly ordered, typically yielding up to 16 orders of lamellar diffraction. The unit cell repeat was smaller than expected for lipids of this size. The electron density profiles of both 27 carbon lipid bilayers contained peaks at 10 A and 16 A from the bilayer center due to the diacetylene moieties. The electron density profile for DC8, 13PC was similar to that of the previously studied polymerizable lipid. DC8, 9PC, except that in the DC8, 13PC profile, the distance between diacetylene electron density maxima on opposing sides of the bilayer was ∼4 A further apart. The electron density profile of DC9, 12PC showed that the peaks corresponding to the diacetylenic regions were at approximately the same positions as in the DC8, 13PC bilayers, but were less well resolved. Acyl chains in model structures inferred from the electron density data are tilted relative to the bilayer normal and may not be as well ordered as previously believed.
Quantitative Method to Model the Underreporting of Safety Incidents

AbstractConventional statistical and regression analyses of safety incidents ignore the prospect for underreporting. In settings where underreporting is anticipated, the use of conventional models may lead to incorrect conclusions. This note summarizes a regression method that disentangles the incidence and reporting phenomena. The regression produces coefficient estimates for each of the underlying functions and thus should lead to more accurate conclusions regarding safety and reporting phenomena, and thus more efficient policy recommendations and resource allocation.
Hardened planar nitride based cold cathode electron emitter

Low threshold electron emission from planar AlN/Silicon heterostructures is reported. The surface emitting ballistic electron structure consisted of an undoped AlN layer grown on Silicon by Molecular Beam Epitaxy, a Ti/Au Ohmic contact, and a thin Pt Schottky contact fabricated by e-beam deposition. Tunnel-transparent Pt Schottky contact was deposited on a 1 &#956;m thick Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) layer and covered a 4 x 4 matrix of 50 &#956;m diameter via produced in the SiO2 layer using photolithography The measurements were performed in vacuum (~10-8 Torr) using a metal grid separated from the structure by a 60 micron thick Kapton® polyimide film having an opening aligned with the via. Bias voltages in the range of 0-130 V were applied across the Schottky diode, while currents were recorded across the structure for grid voltages ranging from 0 to 50 V. The field emission nature of the measured currents was confirmed by plotting the Fowler-Nordheim dependence. Current density of at least 2.5x10-4A/cm2 was achieved for a grid voltage of 50 V and a bias of 130 V. Degradation of the structure performance was observed at bias voltages exceeding 90 V as a result of Schottky barrier modification under the elevated temperature and high electric field operation. The solid-state electron emitting structure indicated a threshold field as low as 0.2 V/&#956;m under applied grid voltage of 12 V.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transfer in oddity problems as a function of type and amount of pretraining

The present study was designed to investigate whether different degrees of acquisition of pre-experimentally acquired discriminative responses (prior habit arousal) would prove a significantly more effective means of facilitating the subsequent learning of the oddity problem than corresponding amounts of activation of warm-up (receptor-orientating responses). Ss were 156 second grade children assigned to seven groups, including six treatment conditions, and matched for sex. Three groups had different amounts of experiences in seeing-and-discriminating among the stimuli and three groups had parallel amounts of pretraining in seeing (warm-up) experiences. All pretraining groups learned the oddity problem in fewer trials than the control group with the prior habit arousal groups being superior to the warm-up groups. Amount of pretraining and interaction effects were not statistically significant.
An update and review of acute kidney injury in pediatrics.

OBJECTIVES To inform the pediatric intensivist of recent advancements in acute kidney injury diagnosis and management. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified from MEDLINE (OVID), PubMed, and the Cochrane Library for topics relevant to acute kidney injury. We also reviewed bibliographies of relevant studies. DATA EXTRACTION, SYNTHESIS, AND OUTLINE REVIEW: Because of the lack of prospective trials, a majority of information is extracted from observational and retrospective data. The pathophysiology section reviews acute kidney injury mechanisms and highlights data regarding distal injury from experimental acute kidney injury. The epidemiology section focuses on incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury, highlighting new strategies for diagnosis. The management section cites studies investigating hemodynamic optimization, nutrition, and fluid management, including the indications and impact of continuous renal replacement therapy in fluid overload. CONCLUSIONS There is limited data-driven evidence in pediatrics regarding effective therapy for acute kidney injury, a significant problem in the pediatric intensive care unit extending length of stay, ventilator days, and overall mortality. Sublethal kidney injury may be contributing to overall morbidity. We conclude that prospective clinical trials are needed to evaluate specific diagnostic aids, such as biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies, such as early initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy in children with fluid overload.
Matrix method for systematising sequential-circuit design

A matrix method for systematising sequential-machine realisation is described. This method has the advantage of allowing the designer to proceed, in an algorithmic fashion, directly from a machine's state table to the required excitation function, without explicit derivation of transition tables or excitation maps.
Proliferation of muscle satellite cells on intact myofibers in culture

Abstract Muscle satellite cells are quiescent myogenic stem cells situated between the basal lamina and plasmalemma of mature skeletal muscle fibers. Injury to the fiber triggers the activation and proliferation of satellite cells whose progeny subsequently fuse to form new myotubes during regeneration. In this paper we report the proliferation of satellite cells on single muscle fibers isolated from adult rats and placed in culture. Viable fibers were liberated from muscle with collagenase and purified from non-muscle cells. The fibers were covered with a basal lamina and retained normal morphological characteristics. Each fiber contained two to three satellite cells per 100 myonuclei. Satellite cells showed little proliferative activity in medium with 10% serum but could be induced to enter the cell cycle by chick embryo extract or fibroblast growth factor. Other polypeptide mitogens such as epidermal growth factor, multiplication stimulating activity, and platelet-derived growth factor were ineffective. Mitogen-stimulated satellite cells fused to form new myotubes after 4–5 days in culture. These results imply that satellite cells are under positive growth control since they proliferate in contact with viable mature fibers when stimulated with mitogen. The mature fibers remained viable in culture but did not give rise to mononucleated cells. After several days, however, the fibers began to extend sarcoplasmic sprouts and underwent dedifferentiative changes that led to the formation of multinucleated cells resembling myotubes. These cells reexpressed embryonic isozymes of creatine kinase not made by the mature fibers.
A reversion of the starch-dextrin reaction

In the reversions of enzymic and catalytic processes heretofore recorded, the synthesis has been brought about by a high concentration of the products of analysis, or by the addition of fresh enzyme to a solution that had reached a state of equilibrium. In the starch dextrin reversion the synthesis was attempted in an entirely different and original way, that is, by a rapid increase of temperature of a solution that is near or at the point of equilibrium in relation to substances studied. In accordance with a known law this change of temperature should move the point of equilibrium endothermically.In studying this phenomenon it must be borne in mind that in the digestion of liquid boiled starch there may be going on coincidently at least three independently but serially related processes which are dependent upon the activities of three enzymes — one, in the depolymerization of the liquid starch into dextrins (amylase); another, in the hydrolysis of dextrins into maltose (dextrinase); and another, in the h...
Cystic changes in fetal kidneys following ureteral ligation: Studies by microdissection

Cystic changes in fetal kidneys following ureteral ligation: Studies by microdissection. Intrauterine ureteral ligation of fetal rabbits is followed by the development of dilatation of collecting ducts and dilatation or cyst formation in nephrons in the obstructed kidneys or both. Microdissection reveals the presence of cysts in various portions of the nephron, the most striking being localized in the loop of Henle and, particularly, at the bend of the loop. The cysts of the loop of Henle in fetal rabbit kidneys are similar to those so frequently encountered in microdissection studies of human cystic kidneys. The unquestioned relationship of the experimental cysts to pressure effects gives insight into one mechanism for the causation of the human cysts. The cysts of loop of Henle which occur in the presence of urinary tract obstruction in human kidneys are readily explained. In the absence of urinary tract obstruction, however, the cysts of nephrons of certain human kidneys may result from local obstruction to individual nephrons by pressure of contiguous cysts of collecting ducts.
Mammalian Spindle Orientation and Position Respond to Changes in Cell Shape in a Dynein-dependent Fashion

In animal cells, positioning of the mitotic spindle is crucial for defining the plane of cytokinesis and the size ratio of daughter cells. We have characterized this phenomenon in a rat epithelial cell line using microscopy, micromanipulation, and microinjection. Unmanipulated cells position the mitotic spindle near their geometric center, with the spindle axis lying roughly parallel to the long axis of the cell. Spindles that were initially misoriented underwent directed rotation and caused a delay in anaphase onset. To gain further insight into this process, we gently deformed cells with a blunted glass needle to change the spatial relationship between the cortex and spindle. This manipulation induced spindle movement or rotation in metaphase and/or anaphase, until the spindle reached a proper position relative to the deformed shape. Spindle positioning was inhibited by either treatment with low doses of nocodazole or microinjection of antibodies against dynein, apparently due to the disruption of the organization of dynein and/or astral microtubules. Our results suggest that mitotic cells continuously monitor and maintain the position of the spindle relative to the cortex. This process is likely driven by interactions among astral microtubules, the motor protein dynein, and the cell cortex and may constitute part of a mitotic checkpoint mechanism.
Steroid signaling promotes stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila testis

Stem cell regulation by local signals is intensely studied, but less is known about the effects of hormonal signals on stem cells. In Drosophila, the primary steroid twenty-hydroxyecdysone (20E) regulates ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) but was considered dispensable for testis GSC maintenance. Male GSCs reside in a microenvironment (niche) generated by somatic hub cells and adjacent cyst stem cells (CySCs). Here, we show that depletion of 20E from adult males by overexpressing a dominant negative form of the Ecdysone receptor (EcR) or its heterodimeric partner ultraspiracle (usp) causes GSC and CySC loss that is rescued by 20E feeding, uncovering a requirement for 20E in stem cell maintenance. EcR and USP are expressed, activated and autonomously required in the CySC lineage to promote CySC maintenance, as are downstream genes ftz-f1 and E75. In contrast, GSCs non-autonomously require ecdysone signaling. Global inactivation of EcR increases cell death in the testis that is rescued by expression of EcR-B2 in the CySC lineage, indicating that ecdysone signaling supports stem cell viability primarily through a specific receptor isoform. Finally, EcR genetically interacts with the NURF chromatin-remodeling complex, which we previously showed maintains CySCs. Thus, although 20E levels are lower in males than females, ecdysone signaling acts through distinct cell types and effectors to ensure both ovarian and testis stem cell maintenance.
Computational experience with a globally convergent primal-dual predictor-corrector algorithm for linear programming

Kojima, Megiddo, and Mizuno proved global convergence of a primal—dual algorithm that corresponds to methods used in practice. Here, the numerical efficiency of a predictor—corrector extension of that algorithm is tested. Numerical results are extremely positive, indicating that the safety of a globally convergent algorithm can be obtained at little computational cost. The algorithm is tested on infeasible problems with less success. Finally, the algorithm is applied to a warm started problem, with very encouraging preliminary results.
The Radiation-Induced Polymerization and Copolymerization of Butadiene in Emulsion

Abstract The polymerization of butadiene in emulsion initiated by 6 0Co gamma radiation has been studied in some detail. Similar studies with styrene and styrene-butadiene comonomer mixtures were also conducted. The rates of polymerization were found to be much lower than anticipated from the reported kp values for butadiene and for the comonomer mixtures. Styrene, on the other hand, polymerizes at normal rates. A number of possible explanations for this behavior is discussed.
Task force on out-of-print (AAP/ALCTS Joint committee report)

After the AAP/RTSD Joint Committee’s program on out of print at the ALA annual meeting in 1988, Sandy Paul asked for volunteers to delve more deeply into the problems of out of print materials. Over 125 individuals expressed interest in this task between the program and the Task Force’s meeting on June 24, 1989. Sandy began by reporting that the issue of out of print materials had been receiving some good publicity since formation of the task force. She cited a recent article in American Libraries [l] as well as a series of articles in Against the Grain [2-4]. She also introduced Edward Johnson of Abacus who announced that his company is negotiating with a major library sup plier to bring up an out of print database by the fall of 1989. Readers may get in touch with Mr. Johnson at the following address: POB 543, Owings Mills, MD 21117. Other news included an announcement that the Black Studies Discussion Group was holding a meeting at the same time as the Task Force to discuss the problem of O.P. titles in the field of Black studies. Also, it was noted that Bowker is publishing a new edition of The Glarsary of Terms for the Book Industry which could include some terminology relevant to out of print transactions. At the January 1989 meeting of the Task Force, the members divided into various working groups. The summer meeting, therefore, dealt primarily with receiving reports from the groups. The first subcommittee, “Author Contacts,” was chaired by Helen Miller. She reported that she had sent a letter to 22 author-affiliated organizations asking for their perspective on the out of print problems. She had heard from two. The Writers’ Guild, East indicated that their area of interest is film and television scripts and they did not think they could be of help. Helen Stephenson, from the Author’s Guild, responded and suggested that the Task Force
Lessons from scene graphs: using scene graphs to teach hierarchical modeling

Abstract The scene graph, as defined in VRML and Java3D, is a powerful tool for modeling a scene. The ideas contained in the scene graph are fundamental principles in modeling. They give beginning computer graphics students the tools to understand and apply the techniques of hierarchical modeling in scene design and can be directly applied to graphics programming in several graphics APIs, including OpenGL. This note outlines the approach to modeling with scene graphs and describes how students in a first computer graphics course can build their modeling designs with this approach.
Darwin and the physiologists, or the Medusa and modern cardiology.

Historians of biology have become aware that our understanding of the relationship between evolutionary and physiological thought in the nineteenth century seems to belie the cliche that The Origin of Species effected a revolution in all aspects of biological science. As long ago as 1925, the physiologist Pembrey, in a contribution on his speciality to the book, Evolution in the Light of Modern Knowledge, noted that "it is a matter for surprise that. . . [the effects of the Darwinian theory upon physiology] are not more obvious and definite." 1 Mendelsohn, in a review article on the biological sciences in the nineteenth century has entered "a plea . . . to bring evolution back into biology and to examine the impact that evolutionary concepts had on other studies of living systems." 2 Schiller has contrasted "evolution with its synthetic view embracing a great variety of natural phenomena, the use of the species as working material, the importance of chance, the anti-teleological outlook," and "physiology with its analytical procedures, the use of the individual as working material, the deterministic explanation of each particular phenomenon excluding chance, conceived as an end in itself and devised as such by the experimental approach."3 According to Schiller, the reasons for the independent development of nine-
Nursing home utilization: A comparative study of the Hutterian Brethren, the old order Amish, and the Mennonites

Abstract Though many have claimed that industrialization resulted in the emergence of nursing homes, this conjunction of events remains to be explained. This article examines the differential use of the nursing home in three agricultural communities on the Great Plains: the Old Order Amish, the Hutterian Brethren and the Alexanderwohl Mennonite. Using life-history interviews, nursing home registries, data from fieldwork, and census records, the article demonstrates that the structure of the Mennonite ‘household formation’ required adjunct residential care for the elderly, while the Amish and Hutterian ‘community formations’ did not. This comparison shows that while all three groups experienced industrialization, only the Mennonites introduced the nursing home. The article argues that it is the internal structure of the formation that elderly are located within that accounts for the emergence of nursing homes, not the inexorable effects of industrialization.
Enantioselective synthesis of the phosphate esters of the immunosuppressive lipid FTY720

Abstract The enantiomers of FTY720-phosphate ( 3 ) were synthesized via 2-methylene-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol ( 7 ), 2,3-epoxy alcohol 8 , and Δ 2 -oxazoline 10 . These compounds have potential use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and prevention of kidney transplant rejection.
L-type calcium channel targeting and local signalling in cardiac myocytes.

In the heart, Ca2+ influx via CaV1.2 L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) is a multi-functional signal that triggers muscle contraction, controls action potential duration, and regulates gene expression. The use of LTCC Ca2+ as a multi-dimensional signalling molecule in the heart is complicated by several aspects of cardiac physiology. Cytosolic Ca2+ continuously cycles between ∼100 nM and ∼1 μM with each heartbeat due to Ca2+ linked signalling from LTCCs to ryanodine receptors. This rapid cycling raises the question as to how cardiac myocytes distinguish the Ca2+ fluxes originating through L-type channels that are dedicated to contraction from Ca2+ fluxes originating from other L-type channels that are used for non-contraction-related signalling. In general, disparate Ca2+ sources in cardiac myocytes such as current through differently localized LTCCs as well as from IP3 receptors can signal selectively to Ca2+-dependent effectors in local microdomains that can be impervious to the cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients that drive contraction. A particular challenge for diversified signalling via cardiac LTCCs is that they are voltage-gated and, therefore, open and presumably flood their microdomains with Ca2+ with each action potential. Thus spatial localization of Cav1.2 channels to different types of microdomains of the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane as well as the existence of particular macromolecular complexes in each Cav1.2 microdomain are important to effect different types of Cav1.2 signalling. In this review we examine aspects of Cav1.2 structure, targeting and signalling in two specialized membrane microdomains—transverse tubules and caveolae.
Catalog of scaled verbal material

Atotal of 172 studies presenting informationon scaledverbal material (letters, CVCs, words, ete.) were summarized and indexed. For each study, the following information was abstracted: kind of materials, type and number of subjects, task, and data presentation format. These studies were indexed accordingto the type of materials sealed and, within material type, by type of seale information (objective information, subjective rating, or subject production). All studies were from a readily accessible English language source.
Buoyancy-Driven Coastal Currents off Oregon during Fall and Winter

During fall/winter off the Oregon coast, oceanographic surveys are relatively scarce because of rough weatherconditions.Thischallengehasbeenovercomebytheuseofautonomousunderwaterglidersdeployed along the Newport hydrographic line (NH-Line) nearly continuously since 2006. The discharge from the coastal rivers between northern California and the NH-Line reach several thousands of cubic meters per second, and the peaks are comparable to the discharge from the Columbia River. This freshwater input creates cross-shelf density gradients that together with the wind forcing and the large-scale Davidson Current results in strong northward velocities over the shelf. A persistent coastal current during fall/winter, which the authorscalltheOregonCoastalCurrent(OCC),hasbeenrevealed bythegliderdataset.Basedon atwo-layer model, the dominant forcing mechanismof the OCC is buoyancy,followed by the Davidson Current and then the wind stress, accounting for 61% (622.6%), 26% (618.6%), and 13% (611.7%) of the alongshore transports, respectively. The OCC average velocities vary from 0.1 to over 0.5ms 21 , and transports are on average 0.08 (60.07) Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv [ 10 6 m 3 s 21 ), with the maximum observed value of 0.49 Sv, comparable to the summertime upwelling jet off the Oregon coast. The OCC is a surface-trapped coastal current, and its geometryis highly affectedby the wind stress, consistentwith Ekmandynamics.The windstress has an overallsmall direct contribution to the alongshoretransport;however,it plays a primaryrole in modifyingthe OCC structure. The OCC is a persistent, key component of the fall/winter shelf dynamics and influences the ocean biogeochemistry off the Oregon coast.
Comment on “Mechanics of tidally driven fractures in Europa's ice shell” by S. Lee, R.T. Pappalardo, and N.C. Makris [2005. Icarus 177, 367–379]

Abstract We show Lee, Pappalardo, and Makris' [2005. Icarus 177, 367–379] argument that surface cracks in Europa's icy shell penetrate 3–10 times deeper in the presence of subsurface ocean is not correct. We use numerical calculations to demonstrate that there is at most 50% increase in penetration depth for a crack opening in a shell of finite thickness compared to a half-space. We also propose a simple equation based on force balances to estimate the maximum thickness of an ice shell that can be opened under tensile stress. Our calculations show that a crack can only penetrate 330-m-thick ice shell under 200 kPa far-field tensile stress and half of that if the stress is 100 kPa. But the presence of water would allow crack penetrate ∼4.0 km into the ice shell with zero porosity.
Chloride Channel in Vanadocytes of a Vanadium-Rich Ascidian Ascidia sydneiensis samea

Abstract Ascidians, so-called sea squirts, can accumulate high levels of vanadium in the vacuoles of signet ring cells, which are one type of ascidian blood cell and are also called vanadocytes. In addition to containing high concentrations of vanadium in the +3 oxidation state, the proton concentrations in vanadocyte vacuoles are extremely high. In order to elucidate the entire mechanism of the accumulation and reduction of vanadium by ascidian vanadocytes, it is necessary to clarify the participation of anions, which might be involved as counter ions in the active accumulation of both vanadium and protons. We examined the chloride channel, since chloride ions are necessary for the acidification of intracellular vesicles and coexist with H + -ATPase. We cloned a cDNA encoding a chloride channel from blood cells of a vanadium-rich ascidian, Ascidia sydneiensis samea . It encoded a 787-amino-acid protein, which showed striking similarity to mammalian ClC3/4/5-type chloride channels. Using a whole-mount in situ hybridization method that we developed for ascidian blood cells, the chloride channel was revealed to be transcribed in vanadocytes, suggesting its participation in the process of vanadium accumulation.
Atomistic modeling of the segregation of lead impurities to a grain boundary in an aluminum bicrystalline solid

Abstract Using Monte Carlo simulations, new insights into the atomic segregation of lead (Pb) impurities to a Σ5 〈1 0 0〉 {2 1 0} tilt aluminum (Al) grain boundary have been obtained. Interatomic interactions in the Al–Pb alloy system were described using a modified embedded atom method potential with parameters that fit to the results of density functional calculations. The simulations predict segregation of Pb impurities along the Al grain boundary prior to the formation of Pb clusters. Analyses of grain boundary energies for varying concentrations of Pb suggests that grain boundaries in Al can be thermodynamically stabilized by Pb impurities with respect to a dilute solid solution of Pb in Al.
Low-loss low-crosstalk silicon rib waveguide crossing with tapered multimode-interference design

We report the design and fabrication of silicon rib-waveguide crossings based on taper-integrated multimode-interference. Measured devices built in a 130nm SOI CMOS process showed an insertion loss of 0.1dB/crossing, and an extracted crosstalk below −35dB.
‘Are These Not Also Men?’: The Indians' Humanity and Capacity for Spanish Civilisation

When on an Advent Sunday morning in 1511 Fray Antonio Montesinos uttered the phrase ‘Are these [Indians] not also men?’ he ignited a political controversy that would rage in Spain for the next four decades. And the continuing fall-out of that fiery speech still has the potential to inflame scholarly tempers and spark heated contests nearly five hundred years later. At stake for Spaniards of the sixteenth century was the way the inhabitants of the New World were to be treated. At issue for subsequent historians has been how that Spanish civilisation's treatment of the natives in the New World is to be assessed.
Efficient Preparation of Natural and Synthetic Galactosides with a Recombinant β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-/UDP-4′-Gal Epimerase Fusion Protein.

The numerous biological roles of LacNAc-based oligosaccharides have led to an increased demand for these structures for biological studies. In this report, an efficient route for the synthesis of beta-galactosides using a bacterial beta-4-galactosyltransferase/-UDP-4'-gal-epimerase fusion protein is described. The lgtB gene from Neisseria meningitidis and the galE gene from Streptococcus thermophilus were fused and cloned into an expression vector pCW. The fusion protein transfers galactose to a variety of different glucose- and glucosamine-containing acceptors, and utilizes either UDP-galactose or UDP-glucose as donor substrates. A crude lysate from Escherichia coli expressing the fusion protein is demonstrated to be sufficient for the efficient preparation of galactosylated oligosaccharides from inexpensive UDP-glucose in a multigram scale. Lysates containing the fusion protein are also found to be useful in the production of more complex oligosaccharides in coupled reaction mixtures, e.g., in the preparation of sialosides from N-acetylglucosamine. Thus, bacterially expressed fusion protein is well suited for the facile and economic preparation of natural oligosaccharides and synthetic derivatives based on the lactosamine core.
Cutaneous vascolitis in the LE patient

Abstract Specific cutaneous findings in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—chronic cutaneous or discoid lesions, subacute lupus lesions (psoriasiform or annular polycyclic), and acute lesions such as the malar "butterfly" rash 1 —have been dealt with elsewhere. Nonspecific findings of LE, such as alopecia and mucous membrane ulcers, will not be discussed. Instead, this chapter will focus mainly on the cutaneous manifestations of the nonspecific finding of vasculitis, emphasizing new data regarding urticaria-like vasculitic lesions in lupus erythematosus. The cutaneous manifestations of vasculitis are varied, ranging from small purpuric lesions in the nail bed and tips of fingers, to large areas of infarction with subsequent ulceration. In addition, palpable purpuric lesions, bullous formation, erythema multiforme-like, and urticaria-like lesions are cutaneous manifestations of vasculitis that have been reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In general, vasculitic lesions occur in lupus patients with severe disease. 2
Prolonged Jackson-Pratt drainage in the management of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

Abstract Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a complication of spinal surgery. Intraoperative or postoperative identification of a CSF leak often results in wound healing complications, lumbar drain placement, and/or reoperation. These complications usually extend a patient's hospital stay, can be painful, and have their own associated risks. The authors describe a technique that may improve on traditional interventions by managing postoperative CSF leaks after lumbar instrumentation without an additional procedure or extended hospitalization. Methods A retrospective review of lumbar instrumentation cases performed by 5 attending surgeons from the Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, was performed. In all, 184 charts were reviewed, spanning a 3-year period. There were 16 cases in which a dural tear and repair were carried out and subsequently treated with subfascial Jackson-Pratt (JP) drainage. Of those 16 cases, 8 patients were managed with prolonged JP drainage using the intraoperatively placed subfascial drain. Patients were discharged home on oral antibiotics according to the customary criteria with the JP drain in place and were instructed regarding proper drain maintenance. Jackson-Pratt drains were removed in clinic in a delayed fashion, approximately 10 to 17 days postoperatively. Patients were subsequently reevaluated at regular intervals for any persistent CSF leak. Results In the 8 cases reviewed, all patients were discharged in a time frame comparable to that of patients undergoing similar instrumentation in which no CSF leak was identified, or in whom a CSF leak was identified and repaired intraoperatively. No patients suffered complications arising from prolonged drain presence. No patients suffered from persistent CSF leak after drains were removed. Conclusion Our study suggests that routine intraoperative subfascial JP drain placement aids in the early diagnosis of postoperative lumbar CSF leak. Primary closure of dural tear remains the standard of care. Furthermore, in select cases, prolonged JP drainage in the setting of postoperative CSF leak may be a useful technique for the treatment of these leaks.
Adaptive multimodality processing for the discrimination of landmines

As in many application areas, performance of landmine detection algorithms is judged in terms of detection and false alarm rates. It is widely accepted that single sensors cannot simultaneously achieve both high detection rates and low false alarm rates, since every sensor has its advantages and disadvantages when dealing with a large variety of landmines, from large metal-cased mines to small plastic-cased mines. The recent development of high quality sensors in conjunction with statistical signal processing algorithms has shown that there are sensors that can not only discriminate targets from clutter, but can also identify subsurface or obscured targets. Here, we utilize this identification capability in addition to contextual information in a multi-modal adaptive algorithm where the identification capabilities of multiple sensors are utilized to modify the prior probability density functions associated with statistical models being utilized by other sensors. In general, every sensor modality is associated with a specific physics-based feature set that is extracted from the sensor data. Often, the statistics describing these features are assumed to follow a Gaussian mixture density, where in many cases the individual Gaussian distributions that make up the mixture result from different target types or target classes. We utilize identification information from one sensor to modify the weights associated with the probability density functions being utilized by algorithms associated with other sensor modalities. Using both simulated and real data, this approach is shown to be improve sensor performance by reducing the overall false alarm rate.
From screening to seeking care: Removing obstacles in hypertension control☆

Abstract Entry into the medical care system of patients screened for hypertension is a major problem faced by a control program. In a sequential screening project at a work site, 54 persons found to have mild to moderate hypertension were followed after initial medical referral. Using a pre-/post-test design, half received specially prepared health education materials and a follow-up visit to discuss these materials. Dependent measures included increased knowledge of hypertension and the making and keeping of medical appointments. At the end of 3 months, 56% of the experimental group, as compared with 26% of the control group, had received medical follow-up. Post-test knowledge scores were also significantly higher for those receiving the educational materials. The results are compared with those of other screening programs.
Copper plating on titanium alloy 6-2-4-2 using an in situ high voltage pulse followed by plate-up

We have used an in situ technique that removes the oxide from the surface of the alloy titanium 6-2-4-2, followed by copper electroplating of the surface. The oxide removal is accomplished by means of a short voltage pulse from a discharging capacitor between the cathode (titanium) and anode while submerged in the plating solution. Within seconds thereafter, the electrodes are switched to a separate power supply for electroplating copper onto the titanium. From the experimental data, we believe that the oxide is removed by means of dielectric breakdown mechanisms giving rise to a statistical probability that all of the surface oxide is removed. When this occurs, we obtain adherent depositions based on standard tape testing of the deposit. We determine a set of voltage and energy density conditions which are most likely to result in good adhesion. Scanning electron micrographs of adherent copper deposits are presented.
Response of the equatorial topside ionosphere to 27‐day variations in solar EUV input during a low solar activity period using C/NOFS

[1] The ion velocity meter (IVM), a part of the CINDI instrument on board the C/NOFS spacecraft, is used to make ion density (Ni) and temperature (Ti) measurements in the low-latitude topside ionosphere in the 400–850 km altitude range during the low-solar activity period 2009–2010. Averages of the Ni measurements are then compared to the daily F10.7 values and the Mg II index values that serve as proxies for solar EUV input to the ionosphere. Before this comparison the IVM ion densities are normalized to a constant 550 km altitude level using the International Reference Ionosphere. Results from daytime data during December 2009–March 2010 indicate the presence of 30–40% Ni variations with an approximately 27-day period. Cross correlation between the density measurements and the daily averaged EUV proxies shows that the ion density variations lag solar EUV by approximately 1 to 3 days in phase. We also note that there is low correlation of the EUV proxies with ion temperature.
Use of Infra-red Spectroscopy to determine the Orientation of Pyridine sorbed on Montmorillonite

ORGANIC molecules sorbed on layer silicates generally adopt one single orientation. For those molecules for which the assignation of the absorption bands to the different vibrational modes has been well established, this association presents a favourable case for analysis by infra-red Spectroscopy. The orientation of the molecules can be inferred from the observed dichroism of specific absorption bands.
Encapsulation of GaAs and GaAsPd in furnace annealing

Arsenic has a tendency to evaporate during high temperature annealing of GaAs. This process can have deleterious consequences for electrical properties of the contact to GaAs and must be controlled during annealing by encapsulants. It would also be advantageous if this cap could be integrated in the contact metallization scheme for GaAs. In this work we compare the behavior of conducting thin-film encapsulants of mere GaAs and of GaAs covered with a Pd film upon furnace annealing. Thin films of Pd are used on GaAs to form a contacting layer by reaction with GaAs. This reaction complicates the encapsulation task because it causes stresses in an already strained thin film encapsulant. We report on experimental study of conducting encapsulants mainly; W, Hf, HfN, and TaSiN, but others have been tried, too. They were sputter-deposited on top of GaAs and GaAsPd samples. During annealing in argon we monitored the evaporants with a thin Cr film deposited on silicon nitride and resting face to face on the encapsulated sample. The captor layer was then analysed by backscattering spectrometry. We found out that Pd enhances As evaporation and GaAsPd could not be encapsulated. The reasons for this will be discussed.
Effects of compressibility on the characteristics of free shear layers

A high Reynolds number two-dimensional constant pressure compressible shear layer was formed at the trailing edge of an 0.5 mm-thick splitter plate. Convective Mach numbers of 0.51 and 0.64 were investigated using a two-component coincident LDV for the measurements. For the lower convective Mach number case, the nondimensionalized shear-layer and vorticity thickness growth rates were over 20 percent higher and the momentum thickness growth rate was over 30 percent higher than those of the higher convective Mach number case. The results seen to indicate that both small scale and large scale mixing are reduced with increasing convective Mach number.
Using network expectations to identify multiple exchange systems: A case study from Postclassic Sauce and its hinterland in Veracruz, Mexico

Abstract Exchanges of material objects often play a pivotal role in the trajectories of political, social, and economic development for ancient societies, but the study can be challenging because of the complexity of exchange. Multiple forms of exchange co-exist in ancient societies including market exchange and social exchange such as gift-giving. A further complicating factor is that different exchange systems such as redistribution and central place market exchange can result in the same regional spatial patterning of artifacts. Recent innovations in identifying exchange systems use network expectations for spatial, contextual, and distributional information to help distinguish between social exchanges such as gift-giving versus market exchange using household inventories. I introduce a Monte Carlo computer simulation to evaluate network expectations for alternative exchange mechanisms, using a case study of decorated ceramics from 65 residential inventories from the center of Sauce and its hinterland during the Middle Postclassic period (1200–1350 A.D.) in southcentral Veracruz, Mexico. Using these new tools, I identify the coexistence of several exchange systems operating simultaneously. The methods developed here demonstrate the potential of using network expectations to refine existing methods to identify different exchange systems that can be applied to other complex ancient economies.
Elucidation of chemical structures of pink-red pigments responsible for ‘pinking’ in macerated onion (Allium cepa L.) using HPLC–DAD and tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract The chemical structures of pink-red pigments responsible for ‘pinking’ in macerated onion were tentatively elucidated using HPLC with a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry. All pigments were produced in conditions that approximated the natural process as closely as possible, using mixtures of onion thiosulphinates, the enzyme alliinase, and free amino acids. The isotopic distribution of protonated molecules of pink-red pigments produced from individual amino acids indicated the absence of sulphur, with the exception of pigment produced from cystine. The pigments had a basic polymethine framework containing two pyrrole rings (3,4-dimethyl-1 H -pyrrole and 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrrole) bridged by methines. The side chains attached to the nitrogen of the pyrrole rings were derived from the reacting amino acid. The simplest pink-red pigment, produced from glycine, was identified as 2-(2-(3-(1-(carboxymethyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1 H -pyrrol-2(5H)-ylidene)prop-1-en-1-yl)-3,4-dimethyl-1 H -pyrrol-1-yl)acetic acid. The pigment from alanine was identified as 2-(2-(3-(1-(carboxymethyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1 H -pyrrol-2-yl)allylidene)-3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrrol-1-yl)propanoic acid. The chemical structures of pink-red pigments from leucine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, and cystine also were determined.
Aggregation of 4,4′,4″,4‴-tetrasulfophthalocyanine in electrolyte solutions

Abstract The dimer formation constant of the 4,4′,4″,4‴-tetrasulfophthalocyanine ion was determined in water-ethanol solutions of HCl, HClO4, NaCl and LiCl and in water-dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of HCl and HClO4 at low electrolyte concentrations. For 20 v/v% aqueous ethanol plots of log QD vs the Davies' ionic strength function gave straight lines in all cases with slopes equal to the theoretical value of 32A within the experimental error. The values of the dimer formation constant at zero ionic strength determined from the intercepts of these plots were not significantly different. The dimerization constant was smaller in 40 v/v% aqueous ethanol. For 0.10 mol fraction dimethyl sulfoxide in water the dimerization constant showed little dependence on ionic strength. Addition of HCl, HClO4, NaCl and LiCl markedly affected the spectrum of aqueous solutions of the dimer. The effect was interpreted in terms of tetramer formation and tetramer formation constants of (6.2 ± 2.6) × 105M and (3.8 ± 1.5) × 106M−1 were found for 0.08 M and 0.16 M NaCl, respectively, at 29°C.
A safe protocol for rapid desensitization in patients with cystic fibrosis and antibiotic hypersensitivity

Background CF patients often demonstrate hypersensitivity to one or multiple antibiotics due to frequent and repeated exposures. Attempts at antibiotic desensitization in this population are historically complicated by higher reaction rates, failure to complete the procedure and consequent withholding of first-line therapy. This study evaluates the outcomes of a rapid desensitization protocol developed at our institution.