cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Subunit A of Cholera Toxin

Abstract Cholera toxin is a multisubunit protein (M r 84,000) with a molecular composition αγβ5 that is produced by V. cholerae . The A subunit (αγ) possesses NAD + ase activity and the B subunit (β 5 ) contains the cell binding sites. We have isolated 29 hybrid myeloma cell lines which secrete mouse antibodies against the A subunit of cholera toxin and have developed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the toxin subunits to characterize the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies for the subunits. Of the 29 hybridomas, all produced antibodies that reacted with the α chain, none produced antibodies that reacted with the γ chain, and 19 produced antibodies that reacted with intact toxin. Ten of the hybridomas were negative when tested against intact toxin indicating that the α chain of the A subunit provides sites of interaction with the B subunit.
Robust free space construction for a polyhedron with planar motion

Abstract We present a free space construction algorithm for a polyhedron that translates in the x y plane and rotates around its z axis, relative to a stationary polyhedron. We employ the proven paradigm of constructing the configuration space subdivision defined by patches that comprise the configurations where the boundary features of the polyhedra are in contact. We implement the algorithm robustly and efficiently. The challenge is to detect degenerate predicates efficiently and to handle them correctly. We use our ACP (Adaptive Controlled Perturbation) robustness strategy to prevent degenerate predicates due to input in special position. The remaining cases are predicates that are identical to the zero polynomial because their arguments are derived from overlapping sets of input vertices. We detect and handle these cases with custom logic. We validate the implementation by computing maximum clearance paths.
Effective at Every Phase: The Role of Conscientiousness across Phases of Negotiation

Conscientiousness is a predictor of many social outcomes, such as work performance, and academic achievement (Borghans, Duckworth, Heckman, & Ter Weel, 2008). Conscientiousness is a trait consisten...
Distribution and function of the muscarinic receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are widely known to mediate numerous functions within the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, they have become attractive therapeutic targets for various disorders. It has long been known that the parasympathetic system, governed by acetylcholine, plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular function. Unfortunately, due to the lack of pharmacologic selectivity for any one muscarinic receptor, there was a minimal understanding of their distribution and function within this region. However, in recent years, advancements in research have led to the generation of knockout animal models, better antibodies, and more selective ligands enabling a more thorough understanding of the unique role muscarinic receptors play in the cardiovascular system. These advances have shown muscarinic receptor 2 is no longer the only functional subtype found within the heart and muscarinic receptors 1 and 3 mediate both dilation and constriction in the vasculature. Although muscarinic receptors 4 and 5 are still not well characterized in the cardiovascular system, the recent generation of knockout animal models will hopefully generate a better understanding of their function. This mini review aims to summarize recent findings and advances of muscarinic involvement in the cardiovascular system.
Genetic Test Reporting and Counseling for Melanoma Risk in Minors May Improve Sun Protection Without Inducing Distress

Genetic testing of minors is advised only for conditions in which benefits of early intervention outweigh potential psychological harms. This study investigated whether genetic counseling and test reporting for the CDKN2A/p16 mutation, which confers highly elevated melanoma risk, improved sun protection without inducing distress. Eighteen minors (Mage = 12.4, SD = 1.9) from melanoma-prone families completed measures of protective behavior and distress at baseline, 1 week (distress only), 1 month, and 1 year following test disclosure. Participants and their mothers were individually interviewed on the psychological and behavioral impact of genetic testing 1 month and 1 year post-disclosure. Carriers (n = 9) and noncarriers (n = 9) reported significantly fewer sunburns and a greater proportion reported sun protection adherence between baseline and 1 year post-disclosure; results did not vary by mutation status. Anxiety symptoms remained low post-disclosure, while depressive symptoms and cancer worry decreased. Child and parent interviews corroborated these findings. Mothers indicated that genetic testing was beneficial (100%) because it promoted risk awareness (90.9%) and sun protection (81.8%) without making their children scared (89.9%); several noted their child’s greater independent practice of sun protection (45.4%). In this small initial study, minors undergoing CDKN2A/p16 genetic testing reported behavioral improvements and consistently low distress, suggesting such testing may be safely implemented early in life, allowing greater opportunity for risk-reducing lifestyle changes.
Florida’s Natural® and the supply of Florida oranges

This case study provides a thorough description of the U.S. orange juice industry, and focuses on Florida’s Natural, a cooperative of citrus growers and owner of the Florida’s Natural® brand. Florida’s Natural® competes mainly with Tropicana, owned by PepsiCo, and with Minute Maid and Simply Orange, brands of The Coca-Cola Company. The objective of the case is to evaluate the orange juice industry, assess the position of Florida’s Natural within the industry, and propose business actions for the cooperative. By the end of 2016, the orange juice industry was in the midst of a severe crisis, threatened by decreasing supply and changing consumption preferences. Total orange production in the State of Florida during the 2015-16 season was the smallest crop since the 1960s due mainly to a disease known as citrus greening. Marketers were also facing consumers’ concerns regarding high levels of calories and sugar in some juice categories. Furthermore, on May 2016, the Food and Drug Administration mandated a chan...
Low-income respondents' perceptions about food retail and food pantry shopping environments.

A cross-sectional self-administered survey was conducted with adult participants from Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Education Program class ser...
Voice onset time and onset f0 as correlates of voicing in American learners of French

Voice Onset Time (VOT) and onset f0 are known correlates of voicing distinctions in stops and both contribute to the perception of voicing (House & Fairbanks, 1953; Abramson & Lisker, 1965). The values of VOT and onset f0 which correspond to voicing categories vary cross-linguistically. Second language (L2) learners often have to acquire a novel use of these acoustic cues to produce and perceive L2 voicing. The acquisition of primary voicing cue, VOT, has been studied extensively in L2 research (Flege & Eefting, 1988; Flege 1991; Birdsong et al. 2007) but less is known about the acquisition of secondary cues. The present study compares the use of VOT and onset f0 in French and English speech produced by American learners of French (22). The study also examines the role of back transfer in L2 learners by comparing their English productions to a monolingual control group (33). The results demonstrate that although learners’ VOT values in French were heavily influenced by English, their onset f0 production i...
Word-external properties in a typology of Modern English: a comparison with German

Author(s): Hawkins, JA | Abstract: A large number of grammatical and lexical changes occurred in Middle and Early Modern English leading to the type of language we witness today. Other West Germanic languages were more conservative. This article focuses on some of the major contrasts between Modern English and German and proposes a new unifying generalization for them, going beyond Sapir's (1921) 'drift' and the comparative typology of Hawkins (1986, 1995). The contrasts involve a systematic expansion in word-external properties in English, whereby individual words carry less syntactic and semantic information in their grammatical and lexical representations and have become more reliant on neighboring words for the assignment of linguistic properties. Defining drift in this way captures more of the observed contrasts and subsumes counterexamples to earlier unifying generalizations. It also has implications for theories of real-time language processing and for the interface between linguistic typology and psycholinguistics.
Half-Life Your Message: A Quick, Flexible Tool for Message Discovery:

Academic writers and presenters need concrete activities to help them learn how to communicate more effectively. We describe such a tool, called “Half-Life Your Message,” which is adapted from a commonly used improvisational theater game and can be applied in three minutes to distill a central thesis for any communication effort. Users can increase the value provided by Half-Life Your Message by scaffolding its application with an introduction and opportunity to self-reflect and debrief. We emphasize the tool’s utility based on our experiences in using it ourselves and in teaching it to undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty.
The functional movement screening (fms)™: an inter-rater reliability study between raters of varied experience.

Background: Previous researchers have reported on the reliability of the scoring of the FMS™ movement screens. Those authors have reported good to excellent inter‐rater reliability between paired raters of similar experience level (either novice or expert), but no comparisons of inter‐rater reliability exist between a novice and an expert.
Translation of serial recursive codes to parallel SIMD codes

Parallelizing compilers are an important way for making parallel systems easy to use and more acceptable to the mainstream of computing. Several approaches to parallelization have been taken, such as loop parallelization and dependence-graph based parallelization. This paper will undertake another approach: the exploitation of recursion in serial recursive coders to translate the latter to parallel nonrecursive SIMD codes. The principal idea is to perform first a formal data-dependence data-flow analysis on both the input partitioning process and the subsolution-merge process to determine the computation and communication of each partition and each merge, then develop a system of equations whereby we derive the sequences of computation instructions and communication instructions along with their processors-enabling/disabling masks for the SIMD target code. We develop the approach, give a code translation algorithm, and apply it to a sample of common recursive algorithms to illustrate its power. The approach is very effective and efficient, especially for recursive algorithms that are balanced and whose input can be padded to an appropriate size without affecting the desired output. For some recursive algorithms that do not fit this category, it will be argued that a top-down MIMD execution of these algorithms is preferable to SIMD execution. Finally, we note that our approach is generalizable to interleaved recursion.
QUALITATIVE BEHAVIOR OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE QUASILINEAR AND RELATED TYPES

This chapter discusses the qualitative behavior of ordinary differential equations of the quasilinear and related types. These equations have a counterpart in systems of the form y ' = A ( t , y ) y where A ( t , y ) y is an n × n matrix-valued function defined on I × R n . Such systems are of interest in their own right and also as a type of linearization of nonlinear systems. The systems of the form y ' = A ( t , y ) y , with a nonlinear vector term a ( t , x ) added on the right hand side, were studied by R. Conti, in connection with boundary value problems. The asymptotic behavior of solutions was studied by Corduneanu and Kartsatos; the latter introduced multivalued fixed point theorems into this area. Kartsatos and Anichini also studied properties that can lead to periodic solutions of y ' = F ( t , y ). Quasilinear systems of partial differential equations have also been solved by fixed point methods. This chapter presents some results on the qualitative behavior of solutions.
Arguments for routine administration of probiotics for NEC prevention.

Purpose of reviewProbiotic administration to premature infants for the purpose of prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis is common in many parts of the world but uncommon in the United States. The present review will emphasize recent findings in support of routine administration of probiotics to th
La Gestión Ambiental Urbana De Lima, Perú

Este articulo trata de alinear la teoria y la practica contemporaneas de la gestion ambiental urbana para proponer soluciones a los problemas reales que enfrenta una de las principales ciudades de Latinoamerica. Dichas ciudades tienen problematicas mas inmediatas que los paises desarrollados y cuentan con menos recursos para resolverlas. Este estudio analiza el contexto latinoamericano y trata de profundizar en distintas cuestiones relacionadas con temas como la reduccion de la pobreza, la industria, las aguas residuales y el saneamiento, el agua, la energia, el transporte y las finanzas de Lima, Peru. Finalmente, se propone un plan a cinco anos para ayudar a resolver los problemas del entorno urbano del area metropolitana de Lima, una ciudad ambientalmente compleja e importante, ubicada entre el oceano Pacifico y el desierto. En dicho plan se consideran las limitaciones de recursos economicos y se propone un presupuesto proporcional a las intervenciones que se plantean. This article brings the contemporary thinking and practice of Urban Environmental Management (UEM) to the solution of real problems in a major city of a developing country in Latin America. Such cities both face more immediate problems than the developed world and have fewer resources to deal with them. The study first considers the Latin American context and then reviews issues of poverty alleviation, industry, sewage and sanitation, water, energy, transportation and finance in Lima, Peru. Finally, it proposes a 5-year plan to help solve the urban environmental problems of Metropolitan Lima, an environmentally difficult, but important Latin American metropolitan area located between the Pacific Ocean and a hilly desert, utilizing a real world database and a limited budget.
Fundamentals of PET and PET/CT Imaging

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been in existence since the 1970s due in large part to the pioneering work of Michael Phelps, PhD, Michel Ter-Pogossian, PhD, and others in the fields of medical physics and nuclear medicine [1]. Although initially a research tool, over the past 10 years PET has become increasingly used in the clinical setting, particularly after CMS (the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, formerly known as the Health Care Financing Administration or HCFA) began reimbursing for PET evaluation of myocardial perfusion in 1995. Clinical utilization rose dramatically in 1998, when CMS began reimbursing for PET evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules and initial staging of lung cancer. (CMS coverage as it relates to PET is covered in detail in Chapter 2.) 1998 also saw the creation of the first PET/computed tomography (CT) hybrid system, and in 2001, such systems became commercially available. Major manufacturers such as General Electric, Siemens, and Philips are now combining their latest CT technology with their latest PET technology to create very powerful hybrid systems that are the industry mainstay. PET/CT hybrids represent the state of the art in PET scanning, and it is estimated that PET/CT combination systems comprise 90% of sales in the current PET market [2]. The evolution of PET from its beginnings as an instrument of research to its present day wide and growing use in cancer, cardiac, and neurological imaging has resulted in instrumentation that is making a major impact in clinical care. Before launching an in-depth discussion of the clinical applications of PET, it is important to describe the fundamental basic scientific principles behind nuclear medicine imaging, of which PET is a part.
Chloride, Bromide and Iodide Glasses

Since the discovery of the ease of glass-formation of the fluorozirconates in 1975(1), there has been wide-spread of research on fluorides. Prior to that time, the only glass-forming halides which had received a great deal of attention were those based on BeF2 as the glass-former. The only non-fluoride halide glass which was most widely known was probably znCl2. A critical review on these halide glasses up to 1981 has been published (2). A few other glass-forming halide systems known up to that time include those based on AgCl, AgBr, AgI and PbBr2 (3), PbCl2-BaCl2 (4), SnCl3-PbI2 (5), and TlCl (6).
Effect of pidotimod combined with amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium sequential therapy on symptom improvement and serum CD4+ /CD8+ levels in children with acute tonsillitis

Objective To study the effects of pidotimod combined with amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium sequential therapy on the improvement in symptoms and serum CD4+ /CD8+ levels in children with acute tonsillitis. Methods A total of 130 children with acute tonsillitis admitted to Children’s Hospital of Shanxi from April 2017 to April 2018 were enrolled in the study. And they were divided into study group (n=65) and control group (n=65) according to the random number table method. The control group was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium sequential therapy, and the study group was treated with pidotimod on the basis of treatment for the control group. The treatment effects, clinical symptoms improvement (fever regression, tonsil secretion regression, sore throat disappearance, pharyngeal congestion disappearance), the incidence of adverse reactions, immune function indicators before and after treatment (T lymphocyte subsets, including CD4+ /CD8+ , CD4+ /CD3+ , CD8+ /CD3+ ) and changes in white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and neutrophil percentage (NEUT%) were compared between the two groups. Results ①The total effective rate of the study group was 98.46% (64/65), which was significantly higher than 86.15% (56/65) of the control group (P 0.05). Conclusions Pidotimod combined with amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium sequential therapy can significantly improve the therapeutic effect on children with acute tonsillitis, which can improve the immune function of children, reduce the inflammatory response, and promote the improvement of clinical symptoms. Moreover, it is safe and reliable, and has high application value. Key words: Acute tonsillitis; Pidotimod; Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium; Immune function
Undergraduate students’ experiences with educational podcasts to learn about inclusive and integrated physical education:

Currently, there is a dearth of research that has examined how podcasts influence kinesiology students’ learning experience. More specifically, research is needed to better understand how different...
Amy ty lilin-draza'ay : Building Archaeological Practice on Principles of Community.

The significant economic and health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have forced archaeologists to consider the concept of resilience in the present day, as it relates to their profession, students, research projects, cultural heritage, and the livelihoods and well-being of the communities with a stake in the sites they study. The global crisis presents an opportunity to cement archaeological practice in a foundation of community building. We can learn from the ancestors, razana, how investing in community-social networks at different scales-makes us more resilient to crises. In so doing, we can improve the quality and equity of the science we produce and ensure relevant outcomes for living communities and future generations.
Development of Temperament in Infancy and Childhood

In this chapter, we focus on the development of temperament in infancy and childhood. First, we describe ancient origins as well as recent and contemporary perspectives. Then, we describe elements of temperament theory, including definitions of theoretical constructs, proposals for the structure of temperament, and the nature of temperament dimensions and types. Then, we treat temperament development, including expectations for stability and change and developmental significance. Next, developmental behavior genetic findings are detailed. We conclude by suggesting future directions for genetic studies of the development of child temperament.
Lp approximation with rates by multivariate generalized discrete singular operators

Here we give the approximation properties with rates of multivariate generalized discrete versions of Picard, Gauss-Weierstrass, and Poisson-Cauchy singular operators over R N , N ? 1. We treat both the unitary and non-unitary cases of the operators above. We derive quantitatively Lp convergence of these operators to the unit operator by involving the Lp higher modulus of smoothness of an Lp function.
Limitations of morphological ploidy estimation methods in Fragaria

BACKGROUND: Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is prone to natural polyploidization. Strawberry shoots regenerated through tissue culture callus may exhibit variations in ploidy. Rapid and accurate ploidy estimation is important for basic research as well as cultivar improvement. OBJECTIVES: Ploidy-measurement methods are well established in strawberry and other plants. The objective of this work was to define the strengths and limitations to various ploidy-estimation tests. METHODS: Measurements were performed on a set of known diploids and polyploids as well as synthetic colchiploids. Comparisons were made using petiole size, stomatal size, leaf dimensions, and pollen diameter and compared to flow cytometry results. RESULTS: Simple methods like leaf proportions and stomatal size may vary greatly based on environmental factors. Pollen measurement proves reliable, but only within tetraploids arising from a single genotype. Measurements made with flow cytometry reliably indicated ploidy and revealed within-plant variation such as mixoploidy. CONCLUSIONS: Methods for measuring ploidy in Fragaria vary in complexity, ease, execution time and precision. This work defines the strengths and limitations of several methods, along with the considerations required for accurate comparisons between genotypes and ploidy levels.
A Way Forward for an Ailing Legal Education Model

I. A CRISIS FOR LEGAL EDUCATION There is a crisis in legal education right now; there is a crisis in the practice of law right now. Law practice has changed as a result of technology, globalization, and economic pressures. The market for legal education’s product, law graduates, has diminished. And now, for the first time in decades, the market for legal education has diminished.1 Law schools cannot remain the same in this environment. There has been an economic transfer that has taken place in moving away from a system in which mostly corporate clients willingly paid for training of beginners at major law firms. Law firms could pick up those costs if partners were willing to see their incomes shrink, but so far they are not doing so. The old but wildly-successful-in-its-day pyramid structure is breaking down.2 Billing for newly minted associates’ time is substantially decreasing.3 Far fewer law graduates find jobs in major firms, and the few who do are not being trained as they once were.4 Everyone interested in this issue wants to turn to the law schools and say “it’s your turn folks, you have to do this for us.” Law firms and their clients, prospective law students, and even the New York Times have turned to law schools to be more effective at preparing students for the practice of law.5 So there is an economic transfer that is taking place in moving from a system of corporate clients paying for the training of beginners to an effort
Continuous access to medication and health outcomes in uninsured adults with type 2 diabetes

Background and purpose Achievement of recommended targets for HbA1c, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and blood pressure (BP) improves outcomes in adults with diabetes. To meet targets, access to an affordable and consistent supply of medication is necessary, which can be challenging for the medically underserved. The Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) framework guided variable selection in this study, which explored the relationship between continuous access to medication and HbA1c, LDL, and BP in adults with type 2 diabetes who are uninsured and of low socioeconomic status. Methods This study was conducted using archived medical record data and a convenience sample of adults (n = 65) who received health care on a mobile health van and medications from a pharmaceutical procurement program. Pre–post data were analyzed using dependent t-tests. Conclusions Continuous access to medication was related to improved HbA1c (p = .003), LDL (p = .004), and systolic BP (p = .025). Access to a consistent source of medications for chronic disease is related to improved health outcomes. Practice implications Knowledge was gained about the effect of improved access, nontraditional healthcare delivery systems, and improved outcomes related to collaboration among community partners. Interventions aimed at the wider SDOH may reduce disparities of the medically underserved.
The treatment of pertussis with lyophile hyperimmune human pertussis serum

Summary 1. Twenty-three patients with pertussis were treated with lyophile hyperimmune human pertussis serum. 2. Twelve of the patients treated were in the 1-to 3-month age group. Seventy-five per cent of these infants had a good response. There were no deaths in this group. 3. Treatment early in the course of pertussis was effective. In addition, two patients treated in the eighth and ninth week of illness had a good response. 4. There were demonstrable circulating agglutinins following the administration of the serum. 5. The lymphocytosis of the blood was suppressed after the administration of the serum. 6. Eleven patients who had pneumonic involvement were treated with the serum in addition to sulfadiazine. 7. There was no extension or recurrence of the pulmonary involvement and no development of pneumonia after a full course of serum therapy.
Implementing Quality by Design in Pharmaceutical Salt Selection: A Modeling Approach to Understanding Disproportionation

Salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients are often used to enhance solubility, dissolution rate, or take advantage of other improved solid-state properties. The selected form must be maintained during processing and shelf-life to ensure quality. We aimed to develop a model to quantify risk of disproportionation, where the salt dissociates back to the freebase form. A mechanistic model based on thermodynamics was built to predict disproportionation. Stress testing of molecules in combination with excipients was used to benchmark model predictions. X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR were used to quantify the formation of freebase experimentally. 13 pharmaceutical compounds were screened in 4 formulations containing different combinations of excipients. The test set spanned molecules which did and did not disproportionate and also formulations which did and did not induce disproportionation. Model predictions were in qualitative agreement with the experimental data, recovering trends of how disproportionation varies with humidity, formulation excipients, base pK a and solubility of the API. The model can predict the balance between different driving forces for disproportionation with limited experimental data resulting in a tool to aid in early-phase risk assessment and formulation design with respect to disproportionation.
A family of main-chain polymeric Lewis acids: synthesis and fluorescent sensing properties of boron-modified polythiophenes.

A new family of main-chain organoborane polymeric Lewis acids (PTh−BAr) that contain Lewis acidic boron groups embedded into a polythiophene backbone has been prepared under mild conditions through tin−boron exchange reaction. When phenyl and pentafluorophenyl groups are attached to boron, blue and green luminescence is observed, respectively, while the attachment of ferrocenyl substituents leads to a characteristic red color. The incorporation of readily accessible highly Lewis acidic groups into the conjugated polymer backbone provides an opportunity for sensing of Lewis basic substrates. For instance, treatment of the polymer containing phenyl substituents on boron with pyridine leads to efficient quenching of the fluorescence, while the polymer containing ferrocenyl groups changes color from dark red to light orange.
The decomposition of stochastic automata

Finite-state stochastic sequential systems which are interconnections of two or more component systems exhibit a special structural property in their transition matrices as a consequence of the statistical independence of the next states of the component systems given the present states and the input to the interconnection. Along with the concept of a “lumpable” stochastic matrix, this structural property is of central importance to the decomposition theory presented. These ideas allow a generalization to the stochastic case of the definitions used by Hartmanis in his study of the decomposition of conventional switching circuits. With these definitions we are able to prove decomposition theorems for stochastic automata which reduce to those of Hartmanis in the deterministic case.
Calculation of scattering wave functions by a numerical procedure based on the Møller wave operator

We present a procedure that numerically evaluates the scattering wave function. The solution to the time‐independent Schrodinger equation is calculated by a novel combination of: (a) the Mo/ller operator of scattering theory, (b) time‐dependent wave packets whose shape is unconstrained, and (c) efficient wave packet propagation on a dynamically‐adapted grid. The superposition of packets appropriate to the scattering boundary conditions yields the full wave function, from which scattering amplitudes are then obtained. Since the procedure does not make use of basis‐set expansions, its computational cost is independent of the number of open channels. It explicitly calculates the wave function not only in the asymptotic region but also within the interaction region, so it allows one to evaluate additional information beyond the scattering amplitude, as well as the functional sensitivity of transition probabilities with respect to changes in the potential. Applications here are illustrated by two simple exampl...
Instructional explanations in history

Abstract Beginning with a distinction among families of explanations (common, disciplinary, self-, and instructional), this article describes research on two aspects of instructional explanations in history with the aim of contributing to research on explanations and on instructional discourse. The two aspects are: the different epistemic occasions that prompt an explanation and a model of goals and actions for instructional explanations in history. The occasions include events, themes, structures, and metasystems. The four goal states are: understanding the nature of the problem or query under discussion; completing in a coherent way the multiple verbal strands that comprise the explanation; using appropriate, accessible representations and analogies; and identifying fundamental disciplinary principles as they are used. Excerpts from the classroom discourse of an advanced history course provide two examples of instructional explanations that illustrate both the occasions being explained and the model of explanation.
Sequential processing of insulin by cultured kidney cells

It is now well established that in kidney, as in liver, endosomes participate in the degradation of insulin. Degradation in this compartment involves the action of the insulin-degrading enzyme or a similar enzyme with the formation of large intermediate products. The role of lysosomes is less clear, for although earlier studies suggested that they are the major or sole site of degradation, this has been increasing questioned. More recently, it has been concluded that endosomes, at least in liver, are the major site of insulin degradation and that classic lysosomes are only involved in the latter stages of degradation if at all. As intracellular insulin processing varies among cell types, we set out to examine directly the processing of insulin within cultured proximal-like opossum kidney cells. By means of analytical subcellular fractionation and reverse phase HPLC analysis of products, we established the following sequence of events. After internalization, [125I]A14-insulin is partially degraded in endos...
Muscle mitochondrial changes with aging and exercise

Aging has been reported to be accompanied by reduced mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity. Whether these deleterious effects result from chronological age or lifestyle-related factors such as adiposity and physical inactivity remains debatable. The beneficial effects of exercise on mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity are well documented; however, it is unclear whether exercise can effectively prevent, reverse, or delay the onset of these age-related dysfunctions. Other investigators and we have found that endurance exercise enhances mitochondrial function across the life span, highlighting the beneficial role of exercise in combating age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. The literature is mixed concerning the ability of endurance exercise to normalize age-related insulin resistance; however, emerging evidence points to adiposity rather than age per se as a primary determinant of age-related declines in insulin sensitivity. Recent data from our laboratory also shed some light on the controversial relation between mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity. Although some investigators purport a causal role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of insulin resistance, we provide evidence that the reverse may be true based on the fact that insulin stimulates mitochondrial function in healthy control subjects but not in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, we find that these 2 variables are completely dissociated in some populations, such as Asian Indians, who exhibit elevated mitochondrial capacity despite marked insulin resistance compared with European Americans. Our data not only point to regular endurance exercise as a viable strategy to delay the onset of age-related dysfunctions but they suggest that mitochondrial function and insulin resistance may be linked by additional factors such as physical activity.
Modeling task allocation using a decision theoretic model

Mediation is the process of decomposing a task into subtasks, finding agents suitable for these subtasks and negotiating with agents to obtain commitments to execute these subtasks. This process involves several decisions to be made by a mediator including which tasks to mediate, when to interrupt the current task mediation to pursue a better task, etc. The main contribution of this work is integrating the different aspects of a mediator decision problem into one coherent and simple decision theoretic model. This model is then used to learn an optimal policy for a mediator.We propose a generalization of the original Semi Markov Decision Process (SMDP) model, which allows efficient representation of the mediator decision problem. Also the concurrent action model (CAM) is extended to allow better performing policies to be found. Experimental results are presented showing how our model outperforms the original SMDP and CAM models.
Minimal free resolutions that are not supported by a CW-complex

Abstract We provide the first examples of minimal free resolutions of monomial ideals which cannot be supported by any CW-complex. Their existence answers negatively the fundamental question of whether every monomial ideal admits a minimal cellular resolution.
The presidents private sector survey on cost control: A response to an opinion essay on its proposals

Abstract This article is a reply to Robert M. Hayes, “The President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control: An Opinion Essay on the Grace Commission Report,” Government Information Quarterly , 3, no. 1 (1986): 73–81. The President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control in the Federal Government (PPSS) welcomes factual analysis of its report and debate on its recommendations. The author's article on the PPSS Report to the President in the last issue of GIQ , however, provides no evidence that he looked at our report in detail, evaluated our proposals based on factual knowledge, or had any intent other than to discredit the report. While the author states that the PPSS report “should be read with the greatest care by everyone concerned with governmental policies,” our response concludes that he uses innuendo and misdirection to derive his conclusions, since he presents no evidence to support his opinions.
Simulation of low-Reynolds-number flow via a time-independent lattice-Boltzmann method.

We present a numerical method to solve the equations for low-Reynolds-number (Stokes) flow in porous media. The method is based on the lattice-Boltzmann approach, but utilizes a direct solution of time-independent equations, rather than the usual temporal evolution to steady state. Its computational efficiency is 1[endash]2 orders of magnitude greater than the conventional lattice-Boltzmann method. The convergence of the permeability of random arrays of spheres has been analyzed as a function of mesh resolution at several different porosities. For sufficiently large spheres, we have found that the convergence is quadratic in the mesh resolution. [copyright] [ital 1999] [ital The American Physical Society]
Thinking one step ahead: strategies to strengthen epidemiological data for use in risk assessment.

Risk assessment is a cornerstone of environmental health research and policy making.1 A commentary in this issue of EHP presents a set of recommendations and guidelines to help researchers more effectively characterize uncertainty in epidemiological findings.2 Not only will this provide more transparency for the science itself, says coauthor Jennifer Pierson, a scientific program manager at the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, it should also lead to more sound policies when those findings are integrated into risk assessments.
Old and New Forms of Racial Bias in Mediated Sports Commentary: The Case of the National Football League Draft

Applying Social Identity Theory and Linguistic Intergroup Bias to the analysis of mediated sports commentary, this study examines racial bias surrounding the National Football League draft. A conte...
Metal Complexes with Cis alpha Topology from Stereoselective Quadridentate Ligands with Amine, Pyridine, and Quinoline Donor Groups.

Though the principles governing quadridentate topology and metal stereochemistry have been known for some time, the cis α topology has been little exploited in designing catalysts for asymmetric reactions. Investigation of the inorganic chemistry of labile metal cis α complexes was undertaken as a prelude to exploring their potential to serve as catalysts for a variety of different reactions. The synthesis of a series of first row transition metal complexes of quadridentate ligands with ethylenediamine (en) and S-propylenediamine (S-pn) backbones that have been alkylated at nitrogen with either pyridine (py) or quinoline (qn) donor groups as well as with noncoordinating benzyl (Bn) or pentafluorobenzyl (F5Bn) groups was undertaken. The steric and electronic properties vary throughout the ligand series, en(Bn)py, 1, en(F5Bn)py, 2, S-pn(F5Bn)py, 3, and S-pn(F5Bn)qn, 4. These ligands were reacted with MCln salts (n = 2, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; n = 3, M = Fe) to generate, in most cases, octahedral complex...
Analysis of inflammatory mediators in temporomandibular joint synovial fluid lavage samples of symptomatic patients and asymptomatic controls.

Purpose It was our purpose to study IgA, IgG, and β-glucuronidase levels in temporomandibular joint fluid lavage samples in order to find a correlation between biochemical markers and joint pathology. Materials and Methods Our patient population included 20 patients (18 female and 2 male) with severe pain and limitation of mandibular movement that failed to improve with at least 3 months of a full course of nonsurgical therapy. After institutional review board approval, 13 control subjects (6 female and 7 male), with no history of temporomandibular joint pain/dysfunction, were obtained. Arthroscopic examination of the patient and control groups involved classification of joints for osteoarthritis and synovitis using a visual grading system. All synovial fluid samples were analyzed for β-glucuronidase, IgA, and IgG using fluorometric assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results β-Glucuronidase was significantly elevated ( P t test) in the patient group compared with the control group (4.13 ± 8.30 versus 0.9 ± 0.83 [mean ± SD]). The difference in the IgG level was also statistically significant (31,638 ± 70,714 versus 4,407 ± 1,324) ( P t test). IgA level showed a similar trend between the patient and control groups (6,315 ± 19,037 versus 425 ± 192) ( P = .10, t test). Conclusions Quantitative synovial fluid analysis of β-glucuronidase, IgA, and IgG demonstrates elevated levels of inflammatory mediators in diseased joints compared with asymptomatic nondiseased joints. We hypothesize that high levels of IgA, IgG, and β-glucuronidase in the TMJ synovial fluids are due to infiltration from the sera and chronic inflammatory cells residing in the synovium. High levels of immunoglobulins in a closed joint space can elicit strong inflammatory reaction and cause destruction to the joint tissues via complement activation and immune complex deposition. Complement activation increases blood vessel permeability to enable recruitment of neutrophilic leukocytes, which then liberate various lysosomal enzymes and damage the articular cartilage.
Direct from polyacrylamide gel infrared laser desorption/ionization

The direct combination of gel electrophoresis and infrared laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been demonstrated. We present results for infrared laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins directly from a polyacrylamide gel without the addition of a matrix. Analyte molecules up to 6 kDa were ionized directly from a vacuum-dried sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel after electrophoretic separation. Mass spectra were obtained at the wavelength of 2.94 microm, which is consistent with IR absorption by N-H and O-H stretch vibrations of water and other constituents of the gel. A 5-nmol quantity of peptide or protein was loaded per gel slot, although it was possible to obtain mass spectra from a small fraction of the gel spot. This technique shows promise for the direct identification of both parent and fragment masses of proteins contained in polyacrylamide gels.
Reaction pathways over copper and cerium oxide catalysts for direct synthesis of imines from amines under aerobic conditions

Abstract Copper(II) oxide, cerium oxide, and several copper(II) oxide supported on cerium oxide catalysts are explored in the aerobic oxidative homocoupling of benzylamine to form N-benzylidenebenzylamine in DMSO at 110 °C. Although both CuO and CeO 2 alone are shown to catalyze the reaction, CuO CeO 2 catalysts are shown to most efficiently catalyze the reaction, providing higher rates (per g Cu) due to the presence of both copper and ceria species in the reactor. Catalysts with lower copper loadings and increased ceria content reduce the product yield, as ceria domains can catalyze the decomposition of the desired product as well. The amine conversion occurs with a significant induction period, associated with the putative formation of an initial benzylimine intermediate in the case of catalysis with CeO 2 alone or from slow copper solubilization in cases where supported or unsupported copper catalysts are used, followed by rapid conversion to the N-benzylidenebenzylamine product. Copper leaching studies clearly demonstrate that catalysis using copper-containing catalysts is primarily associated with turnover by soluble copper species. A series of experiments targeted at elucidating the reaction pathway suggests that copper oxide domains promote the coupling of the initial intermediate, benzylimine, with benzylamine to produce the N-benzylidenebenzylamine product (path A), with a maximum production rate of 888 μmol/m 2 h (13.3 mmol/gCu h) over the pure CuO catalyst or 22.9 μmol/m 2 h (26.1 mmol/gCu h) over the CuO CeO 2 catalyst. In contrast, cerium oxide domains are suggested to primarily convert the benzylimine to benzaldehyde, followed by condensation of the benzaldehyde with benzylamine in a rapid step to yield the N-benzylidenebenzylamine product (path B), with a maximum amine production rate of 2.74 μmol/m 2 h. Both ceria and copper(II) oxide domains promote the initial benzylimine formation at comparable rates. Although the CuO CeO 2 catalyst leaches about 11% of the copper during the reaction, and these soluble copper species are largely responsible for the catalytic turnover, the recovered solid can be recycled until the copper is depleted, catalyzing the reaction with an identical rate per g Cu in a second cycle, after calcination. The copper–ceria family of catalysts offers an alternative, potentially lower cost composition for the target oxidative homocoupling reaction than previously studied precious metal catalysts, although copper leaching is a distinct drawback to the catalyst composition.
The Value of ENSO Forecast Information to Dual-Purpose Winter Wheat Production in the U.S. Southern High Plains

The value of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecast information to southern high plains winter wheat and cattle-grazing production systems was estimated here by simulation. Although previous work has calculated average forecast value, the approach here was to estimate probabilities of the value of single forecasts from value distributions associated with categorical ENSO forecast conditions. A simple ENSO- phase forecast system's value was compared with that of an ideal forecast method that exactly predicted the tercile category of regional November-March precipitation. Simulations were conducted for four price sce- narios with wheat prices that randomly varied about a historical ($3.22 per bushel) and elevated ($7.00 per bushel) mean and with returns on live weight gain that are consistent with the grain producer leasing pas- turage or owning cattle. In the simulations at $3.22 per bushel, the best practices for specific forecast con- ditions varied with cattle-ownership conditions. However, the ENSO-phase system's value distributions were comparable to that of the perfect forecast system; thus more-accurate regional precipitation forecasts may not lead to more forecast value at the farm level. In the simulations at $7.00 per bushel, even perfect categorical forecasts produced only minor profit effects, a result that is attributed here to an increased profit margin rather than to increased wheat value. Under both wheat-price conditions, however, the best no-forecast baseline practices are also shown to have value relative to an arbitrarily chosen management practice. Thus, following practices optimized to climatic conditions and current price and cost conditions might increase profits when no forecast information is available.
Two Gravity-Wave Detectors: A Comparison

The sensitivity of a dumbbell gravity-wave antenna is compared with that for a cylindrical detector. It is concluded that a Weber cylindrical antenna is decidedly the more sensitive at mutually accessible frequencies, particularly if the detector is to operate at higher frequencies in addition to the fundamental. A dumbbell antenna does offer the possibility of sampling the very low-frequency end of the spectrum which is inaccessible to cylinders.