cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep and Wakefulness

Major questions on the biology of sleep include the following: what are the molecular functions of sleep; why can wakefulness only be sustained for defined periods before there is behavioral impairment; what genes contribute to the individual differences in sleep and the response to sleep deprivation? Behavioral criteria to define sleep have facilitated identification of sleep states in a number of different model systems: Drosophila, zebrafish, and Caenorhabditis elegans. Each system has unique strengths. Studies in these model systems are identifying conserved signaling mechanisms regulating sleep that are present in mammals. For example, the PKA-CREB signaling mechanism promotes wakefulness in Drosophila, mice, and C. elegans. Microarray studies indicate that genes whose expression is upregulated during sleep are involved in macromolecule biosynthesis (proteins, lipids [including cholesterol], heme). Thus, a key function of sleep is likely to be macromolecule synthesis. Moreover, in all species studied to date, there is upregulation of the molecular chaperone BiP with extended wakefulness. Sleep deprivation leads to cellular ER stress in brain and the unfolded protein response. Identification of genes regulating sleep has the potential for translational studies to elucidate the genetics of sleep and response to sleep deprivation in humans.
Wire stent for tracheomalacia in a five-year-old girl

A wire stent was used successfully to treat life-threatening tracheomalacia in a 5-year-old girl. Wire stents placed bronchoscopically are nonobstructing and have the potential for balloon expansion to accommodate growth.
Implementing pharmacy practice research programs for the management of heart failure

It stands to reason that pharmacists would have a benefic role in the treatment of patients with chronic illnesses wherein complicated pharmacotherapies are required to reduce the risk of acute exacerbation. For chronic heart failure, recent evidence bears this out. When pharmacists take time to provide self-care instructions for patients with heart failure or take part in collaborative healthcare teams, the need for costly urgent healthcare decreases with corresponding decreases in healthcare costs. Further research is needed to address the key supportive roles of pharmacists in the treatment of patients with heart failure.
Independent parcellation of the embryonic visual cortex and thalamus revealed by combinatorial Eph/ephrin gene expression.

Abstract The visual cortex in primates is parcellated into cytoarchitectonically, physiologically, and connectionally distinct areas: the striate cortex (V1) and the extrastriate cortex, consisting of V2 and numerous higher association areas [1]. The innervation of distinct visual cortical areas by the thalamus is especially segregated in primates, such that the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus specifically innervates striate cortex, whereas pulvinar projections are confined to extrastriate cortex [2–8]. The molecular bases for the parcellation of the visual cortex and thalamus, as well as the establishment of reciprocal connections between distinct compartments within these two structures, are largely unknown. Here, we show that prospective visual cortical areas and corresponding thalamic nuclei in the embryonic rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) can be defined by combinatorial expression of genes encoding Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, prior to obvious cytoarchitectonic differentiation within the cortical plate and before the establishment of reciprocal connections between the cortical plate and thalamus. These results indicate that molecular patterns of presumptive visual compartments in both the cortex and thalamus can form independently of one another and suggest a role for EphA family members in both compartment formation and axon guidance within the visual thalamocortical system.
Constructal theory: from thermodynamic and geometric optimization to predicting shape in nature

Abstract This is a review of recent theoretical developments toward predicting macroscopic organization (the occurrence of shape and structure) in natural flow systems, animate and inanimate. The starting point is the question of how to optimize the access between one point and a finite volume (i.e., an infinite number of points). If the volume is an electronic device that generates heat uniformly, then access optimization means minimum thermal resistance between the volume and a point-size heat sink. Similarly, if the volume must be bathed at every point by a flow (e.g., air flow in the lung, or blood flow in a capillary bed), optimal access means minimum flow resistance between the volume and a source or sink. The main discovery is purely geometric: any finite-size portion of this composite can have its shape optimized such that its overall resistance to flow is minimal. Consequently, the optimal-access solution for the total volume is obtained by optimizing volume shape at every length scale, in a sequence that begins with the smallest building block (elemental system), and proceeds toward larger building blocks (assemblies, constructs). The solution is constructed, hence the “constructal” name of the associated theory. The paths form a tree network in which every single geometric detail is determined theoretically. The tree network cannot be determined theoretically when the time direction is reversed, from large elements toward smaller elements. The constructal principle is further illustrated for fluid flow between a volume and one point, for minimum-time travel between an area and one point, and for minimum-cost economics structures.
Silicon Force Transducer for Extraluminal Measurement of Oviduct Contractile Activity

A miniature, implantable force transducer has been developed for the extraluminal measurement of segmental smooth muscle contractility and has been applied to the oviduct in the Macaca mulatta. The force transducer makes use of a commercially available piezoresistive silicon strain sensor bonded to a flexible metal strip. The device is housed in a tissue compatible, gas sterilizable tubule upon which are placed sutures for subsequent extraluminal attachment to an organ.
From guidelines to action: implementation opportunities and realities.

The past decade has seen notable progress in confronting the HIV epidemic. By the end of 2013, almost 13 million persons living with HIV had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In addition, progress has also been achieved in terms of HIV prevention with 26 LMIC achieving a 50% decrease in number of new infections including 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. New research findings also offer new efficacious prevention interventions that offer new opportunities for further mitigation of new HIV infections. Such progress has inspired ambitious pronouncements such as achieving “The End of AIDS” or “An AIDS Free Generation.” This progress has also motivated the development of new guidelines aimed to achieving these goals. Implementation of guideline recommendations, however, requires translation of these guidelines into actionable steps and then their successful delivery within established health services. The opportunities offered by new guidelines frequently meet the realities of the frailties of the health system. Achieving current ambitious global targets must confront the specific deficits in the health system that inhibit access and acceptability of programmes as well as hinder achievement of high quality or desired coverage. (Published: 2 November 2014) Citation : Abstracts of the HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow Congress 2014 El-Sadr W. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17(Suppl 3) :19487 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19487 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19487
Stratospheric Aerosol Measurements III: Optical Model Calculations

Abstract : Articles in the literature dealing with light scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols are numerous and of great variety. Many fall into two general categories: those in which the effect of aerosols on radiative transfer processes in the atmosphere is studied, and those in which aerosol size distribution or composition information is obtained (or shown possible to be obtained) from light scattering measurements in the atmosphere. The results reported here, although limited to the stratospheric aerosol layer, are believed to be based on the most consistent and globally extensive measurements of the aerosol size distribution made to date. From this comprehensive set of data and other data on aerosol composition, the authors have constructed appropriate optical models which are used in Mie single-scattering calculations of the aerosol total extinction, absorption, 180 degree lidar backscattering, angular scattering, outward (2 pie hemispheric) scattering for a given solar zenith angle and finally, values of the global stratospheric aerosol albedo.
Serum Somatomedin Activity in Two Animal Models as Measured Using Chick Epiphyseal Plate Cartilage Bioassay

SummaryA somatomedin bioassay measuring sulfate incorporation into young chick epiphyseal plate cartilage was developed and used to determine somatomedin activity in two animal models. The incubation schedule consisted of 4 hr preincubation and 3 hr incubation. The average index of precision, λ, of the bioassay was 0.18 with increased precision evident in later studies. The sensitivity fell within the range of currently used somatomedin bioassays. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, serum insulin and serum growth hormone levels were measured in lean and obese Zucker rats. Serum from obese Zucker rats was found to have reduced growth hormone levels, reduced somatomedin activity, and elevated insulin levels when compared to their lean littermates. There was no difference in somatomedin activity between slow-growing Ossabaw and fast-growing Yorkshire pigs.The radioimmunoassay kit for rat growth hormone assay was supplied through the generosity of the Hormone Distribution Office, NIAMD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
A Fortran preprocessor for the large program environment

The use of a preprocessor to aid structured programming in Fortran has been widely discussed. This article considers a design philosophy which is especially oriented toward large program development and maintenance. The design is distinguished by the retention of the form of the original source program in the standard Fortran output by the preprocessor. A specific implementation is described.
Measurement of boron isotopic ratio with non-gated molecular spectroscopy of femtosecond laser-produced plasma

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy can be augmented by concurrent spectroscopic measurements of molecules and molecular ions resulting from recombination of laser-ablated plasmas with the ablated sample and surrounding environment. Molecular emissions can exhibit significantly greater isotopic shifts than atomic emissions, making this approach attractive for isotopic characterization of nuclear materials. We describe a measurement of boron isotopic ratios in four boron-containing samples utilizing the emission from boron monoxide radicals formed in the expanding laser-induced ablation plume. Femtosecond laser excitation is used and the emission in the 532–540 nm region of interest is studied, where a linear superposition of characteristic spectra for two boron isotopes has been applied for reconstruction of the boron isotopic ratio. It is also demonstrated that the use of non-gated measurements of emission spectra suffices for accurate isotopic characterization using this method. The application of multivariate regression to deconvolve the isotopic ratio from the measured emission spectra is discussed in detail, including the limitations and subtleties of this approach.
A path analysis of the causal relationships between red cell glycolytic intermediates, ADP and ATP in sickle cell anemia

The statistical relationships among the glycolytic intermediates (GI)) of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, adenine nucleotides (ANs) and various hematological measures were estimated for 34 sickle cell anemia patients. Heterogeneity in linear and quadratic regressions of hemoglobin and hematocrit, both singly and jointly, on the GI and AN variables implied 1) that any single formula to standardize optical density measures of the GIs and ANs on a per gram hemoglobin or per liter cell water basis would not uniformly remove hemoglobin and hematocrit effects: 2) that ignoring significant hematological effects could bias the estimates of correlation among GIs and ANs; and 3) that hemoglobin and hematocrit measures do not reflect the same source of variability. The correlations among the GIs and ANs, after adjustment for hematological variability, were analyzed by path analysis to determine which of five proposed path models for cause and effect relationships were compatible with the data. AMP had a greater influence on ADP (coefficient of determination (CD) = 23%) than all the GIs together, while G6P and ADP influenced ATP variability the most (CD = 33% and 12%). The contributions of unknown factors to ADP and ATP variability were large for all models (CD = 56--77%) possibly due to stress of sickle cell disease. The path model with AMP and the four GIs (G6P, F6P, FDP, DHAP) influencing ADP variation, and the same GIs and ADP influencing ATP was the model most compatible with the data.
Spectral approach to optical propagation across a linear/nonlinear interface

Propagation of optical signals across a linear–nonlinear interface is investigated by using a spectral decomposition technique involving discrete sideband frequencies. The complexity of the analysis is shown to be appreciably reduced by assuming incommensurate discrete sidebands around the carrier. The efficacy of this formalism is tested for various cases, including discrete stationary modes, evolution of discrete sidebands assuming an undepleted carrier, and, finally, AM pulse propagation across the interface. Among several interesting results, the formation of a narrow-band FM pulse, spatially separated from the ubiquitous AM pulse, is demonstrated. The latter result may be interpreted as a test of the stability of the uniform plane-wave solution.
Relations Among Early Object Recognition Skills: Objects and Letters

Human visual object recognition is multifaceted and comprised of several domains of expertise. Developmental relations between young children's letter recognition and their 3-dimensional object recognition abilities are implicated on several grounds but have received little research attention. Here, we ask how preschoolers' success in recognizing letters relates to their ability to recognize 3-dimensional objects from sparse shape information alone. Seventy-three 2 1/2 to 5-year-old children completed a “Letter Recognition” task, measuring the ability to identify a named letter among 3 letters, and a “Shape Caricature Recognition” task, measuring recognition of familiar objects from sparse, abstract information about their part shapes and the spatial relations among those parts. Children also completed a control “Shape Bias” task, in which success depends on matching exact shapes but not on building an internal representation of the configuration of features characteristic of an object category or letter....
Digit regeneration is regulated by Msx1 and BMP4 in fetal mice.

The regeneration of digit tips in mammals, including humans and rodents, represents a model for organ regeneration in higher vertebrates. We had previously characterized digit tip regeneration during fetal and neonatal stages of digit formation in the mouse and found that regenerative capability correlated with the expression domain of the Msx1 gene. Using the stage 11 (E14.5) digit, we now show that digit tip regeneration occurs in organ culture and that Msx1 , but not Msx2 , mutant mice display a regeneration defect. Associated with this phenotype, we find that Bmp4 expression is downregulated in the Msx1 mutant digit and that mutant digit regeneration can be rescued in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with exogenous BMP4. Studies with the BMP-binding protein noggin show that wild-type digit regeneration is inhibited without inhibiting the expression of Msx1, Msx2 or Bmp4 . These data identify a signaling pathway essential for digit regeneration, in which Msx1 functions to regulate BMP4 production. We also provide evidence that endogenous Bmp4 expression is regulated by the combined activity of Msx1 and Msx2 in the forming digit tip; however, we discovered a compensatory Msx2 response that involves an expansion into the wild-type Msx1 domain. Thus, although both Msx1 and Msx2 function to regulate Bmp4 expression in the digit tip, the data are not consistent with a model in which Msx1 and Msx2 serve completely redundant functions in the regeneration response. These studies provide the first functional analysis of mammalian fetal digit regeneration and identify a new function for Msx1 and BMP4 as regulators of the regenerative response.
Giant Cells of Escherichia coli: a Morphological Study

Abstract Bacterial growth without division was observed in a giant cell-producing strain of Escherichia coli K-12. Giant cell production is controlled by the lon− (failure of cell division after irradiation) and mon− (formation of irregularly shaped cells) genes. Irradiation of a lon−mon− strain (P678-A4) with low doses of ultraviolet or ionizing radiation results in the production of large, amorphous giant cells with 500 to 1,000 times the volume of the nonirradiated parents. The concentration of NaCl in the growth medium was found to influence irradiated-cell morphology. Low concentrations (0.2% NaCl) resulted in elongated cells, whereas spherical giant cells were produced in the presence of high salt (1% NaCl) concentrations. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed an extensive network of intracellular membranes forming vacuoles, vesicles, and cisternae. These structures bear a striking resemblance to the rough and smooth membranes (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, vacuoles, etc.) found in eucaryotic cells.
Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex

The present study investigated whether neural structures become less functionally differentiated and specialized with age. We studied ventral visual cortex, an area of the brain that responds selectively to visual categories (faces, places, and words) in young adults, and that shows little atrophy with age. Functional MRI was used to estimate neural activity in this cortical area, while young and old adults viewed faces, houses, pseudowords, and chairs. The results demonstrated significantly less neural specialization for these stimulus categories in older adults across a range of analyses.
Laparoscopic Paraesophageal Hernia Repair. How I do it

The approach to paraesophageal hernias has changed radically over the last 15 years, both in terms of indications for the repair and of surgical technique. Today we operate mostly on patients who are symptomatic and the laparoscopic repair has replaced in most cases the open approach through either a laparotomy or a thoracotomy. The following describes a step by step approach to the laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia.
Role of methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: where we have been and where we are going

Methotrexate is a cornerstone of therapy worldwide for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, yet there remains vast variability in drug dosing and administration, as well as unpredictable outcomes on the drug. Recent efforts through worldwide organization and collaboration have resulted in large registries from which we can now collect clinical data, attempts to standardize therapeutic management with methotrexate and ongoing goals to further individualize drug therapy. Recent studies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis have begun to predict outcomes on the drug by investigating clinical, genetic and cellular biomarkers in children. Pediatric rheumatology as a field has grown from extrapolating data from adult studies to overcoming the barriers to conduct needed investigations in children; however, there remains much to learn and discover about this commonly used drug in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. This nonsystematic review will briefly discuss the history of methotrexate use in juvenile arthritis, the current c...
AOA 2005 John J. Fahey, MD, Memorial North American Traveling Fellowship: Fellows' Travel Diary.

In 1960, the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA) established the North American Traveling Fellowship (NATF). Inspired by John Fahey, MD, the AOA NATF has served as a mechanism to stimulate an intellectual exchange of ideas and leadership in the field of orthopaedics. The NATF has since evolved into a venue whereby young orthopaedic surgeons who are commencing a potential career in academics may learn by sharing ideas regarding the current leadership and research challenges in orthopaedics. Although it has been held more frequently, the current NATF model is one in which five fellows (four American and one Canadian) are selected every odd year to travel to the East Coast, Midwest, or West Coast of the United States and Canada. Our 2005 tour was organized by Kristy L. Weber, MD (Chief, Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Johns Hopkins University), who coordinated all of our visits on the West Coast. The five traveling fellows were Kevin J. Bozic, a joint replacement surgeon from the University of California San Francisco; Johnny Lau, a foot and ankle surgeon from Toronto, Canada; Rex Haydon, an orthopaedic oncology surgeon from the University of Chicago; Matthew T. Provencher, a shoulder and sports medicine surgeon from the Naval Medical Center in San Diego; and Heather Vallier, an orthopaedic trauma surgeon from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. The fellows were first met in Canada by Dr. Kevin Hildebrand, Chief of Research at the Calgary Orthopaedic Program. As is the tradition of the NATF, a busy social and academic program awaited us at each institution and we were immediately indoctrinated into the demanding schedule we would maintain for the next thirty-one days. On the first morning, the group was treated to orthopaedic grand rounds at the Calgary hospital. Dr. Hildebrand shared his thoughts on posttraumatic elbow contractures, and then the fellows …
Organizational Decline and Innovation: A Contingency Framework

An examination of the diverse literature on organizational decline shows that there is disagreement regarding the effects of decline on innovation. Some research streams suggest that organizational decline interferes with an organization's capacity to innovate, whereas other research implies just the opposite: organizational decline stimulates innovation. In this article we integrate the inconsistent perspectives and findings in these research streams by developing a contingency model. The model identifies variables at the environmental, organizational, and individual levels of analysis that determine whether organizational decline inhibits or stimulates innovation. We summarize the moderating effects of these variables with empirically testable propositions and discuss implications of the framework for future research and management practice.
Total Matrix Intercomparison: A Method for Determining the Geometry of Water-Mass Pathways

Abstract Ocean tracer distributions have long been used to decompose the deep ocean into constituent water masses, but previous inverse methods have generally been limited to just a few water masses that have been defined by a subjective choice of static property combinations. Through air–sea interaction and upper-ocean processes, all surface locations are potential sources of distinct tracer properties, and thus it is natural to define a distinct water type for each surface site. Here, a new box inversion method is developed to explore the contributions of all surface locations to the ocean interior, as well as the degree to which the observed tracer fields can be explained by a steady-state circulation with unchanging surface-boundary conditions. The total matrix intercomparison (TMI) method is a novel way to invert observations to solve for the pathways connecting every surface point to every interior point. In the limiting case that the circulation is steady and that five conservative tracers are perf...
Some Assembly Required: Supporting End-User Sensor Installation in Domestic Ubiquitous Computing Environments

This paper explores end-user sensor installation for domestic ubiquitous computing applications and proposes five design principles to support this task. End-user sensor installation offers several advantages: it can reduce costs, enhance users' sense of control, accommodate diverse deployment environments, and increase users' acceptance of the technology. The five design principles are developed from the design and in situ evaluation of the sensor installation kit for the Home Energy Tutor, a domestic ubiquitous computing application. To generalize the design principles, factors affecting sensor installation are outlined, and the advantages of end-user sensor installation for three ubiquitous computing application domains are discussed.
Frequency reconfigurable CPW-fed hybrid folded slot/slot dipole antenna

This work presents the design of a frequency reconfigurable probe fed finite-ground co-planar waveguide (FGCPW) fed hybrid dual (or twin) slot dipole-folded slot antenna that reconfigures in frequency to enhance the overall bandwidth of the structure. The operation of the antenna is a function of the combined resonant behavior of the two structures as it switches between configurations. In the current configuration, two surface mount switches, hard wired for proof of concept, are used to switch between the two configurations. This approach to reconfiguration (demonstrated on a basic geometry) may be implemented on more complex antenna designs to further enhance their operation.
Time-Shifted Streaming in a Peer-to-Peer Video Multicast System

We propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming system that allows users to individually pause and resume a live video stream as well as to view video that was streamed before the particular user joined the session. Such time-shifted streaming can be provided by caching a portion of the video stream at each peer and serving it asynchronously. We analyze the availability of video contents in the P2P overlay using a Poisson model of peer arrival. We also discuss fast prefetching, which reduces video disruption due to peer churn and also allows peers to disseminate content more quickly, thus reducing server bandwidth requirement. We extend the Stanford Peer-to-Peer Multicast (SPPM) protocol to support time-shifted streaming. The overlay is constructed by selecting parent nodes that are expected to most effectively support fast prefetching. Extensive network experiments show that fast prefetching effectively supports time-shifted streaming with reduced server load.
Development of a microwave design program for undergraduate engineering

The author describes an approach to the problem of educating microwave engineers which relies on computer-aided engineering (CAE). A two-course sequence is described, and illustrated with design examples. The two courses comprising the microwave program are senior design electives. They have as their foundation courses in circuit theory, electromagnetic fields, and transmission lines. In broad terms, the circuit design course covers basic RF and microwave components which are simulated on a computer using professional quality CAE software (TOUCHSTONE). One design from this course is then selected for completion in the second course. Computer-aided drafting software (MiCAD) is used to make the physical layout for the fabrication of a microstrip circuit. The completed component is evaluated in a test laboratory using a vector network analyzer. A special effort has been made to introduce students to modern design methods and test equipment that are standard in the industry. >
Pathophysiology of changes in absolute lung volumes.

Changes in absolute lung volumes are common in lung disease and result in significant impacts on gas exchange, respiratory muscle function, the sensation of dyspnoea, and limitations to maximal exercise. Though our knowledge regarding the magnitude and determinants of changes in lung volumes in health and disease has increased in the past 20 years, a number of important questions remain unanswered. Consideration of the limitations of specific methods for measuring lung volumes is essential when analysing published studies regarding absolute lung volumes in infants, children and adults. Though functional residual capacity is most commonly measured in children and adults with the subject awake and at rest, increasingly attention is being directed to making these measurements under clinically more relevant conditions (e.g. during exercise, sleep, anesthesia, or mechanical ventilation). The relationships between dynamic changes in functional residual capacity, flow limitation during tidal breaths, sensation of dyspnoea and exercise limitation are important to understand, and are the focus of current and future research. Improved understanding of these relationships may lead to improvements in therapy of patients with acute and chronic lung disease and are likely to be particularly important for evaluating the efficacy of and optimal patient selection for new modes of therapy, such as lung volume reduction surgery.
Ethnic Trends in Survival Curves and Mortality

The nature of secular trends in survival curves has been widely debated. Fries (1984) has argued for increasing rectangularization, while Myers and Manton (1984a; 1984b) have observed increases in mean age at death with little or no change in standard deviation--arguing against rectangularization. We hypothesize that ethnic differences in mortality trends may shed light on this argument. Using California population data for 1970, 1980, and 1990, we examined ethnic differences in rectangularization using both visual and means and standard deviations analyses. The resulting patterns varied by ethnicity, gender, and type of analyses. Nearly all female groups demonstrated modest rectangularization, regardless of mean age of death, while most of the male groups did not.
Assessment of resource selection models to predict occurrence of five juvenile flatfish species (Pleuronectidae) over the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Alaska

According to the nursery size hypothesis, flatfish recruitment is constrained by nursery area. Thus, if resource selection models can be shown to accurately predict the location and geographic extent of flatfish nursery areas, they will become important tools in the management and study of flatfish population dynamics. We demonstrate that some resource selection models derived previously to predict the presence and absence of juvenile flatfishes near shore were applicable to the broader continental shelf. For other age-species groups, derivation of new models for the continental shelf was necessary. Our study was conducted in the western Gulf of Alaska (GoA) during October 2011 on four groups of age-0 juvenile flatfishes: Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon); and three groups of age-1 juvenile flatfishes: northern rock sole, flathead sole, and yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera). Sampling occurred at 33 sites across the continental shelf. Fish were collected using a 3-m beam trawl, and a midwater trawl. Environmental data were collected on sediment composition and water temperature and depth. Many of the age-species groups co-occurred in the Shumagin and Barnabus sea valleys; however, age-0 arrowtooth flounder occurred at more locations than other juveniles, perhaps due to a relatively broad tolerance of environmental conditions and to the utilization of midwater habitat. Thus, the large nursery area of arrowtooth flounder may be one reason why they are currently the most abundant GoA flatfish. In fact, among all species, mean recruitment at age 3 increased with the percent occurrence of age-0 juveniles at the 33 sites, a proxy for relative nursery area, in accordance with the nursery size hypothesis, suggesting that mean recruitment among GoA flatfishes is structured by nursery size.
Interoperability Case Study: Mobile Phone Chargers

This case study is part of an ongoing series developed in support of a larger text on interoperability by John Palfrey and Urs Gasser Interop: The Promise and Perils of Highly Interconnected Systems (Basic Books, June 2012). The book is an extension of their 2007 study and paper, “Breaking Down Digital Barriers: When and How ICT Interoperability Drives Innovation”i (Berkman Center Research Publication, 2007). Interop: The Promise and Perils of Highly Interconnected Systems focuses on the relationship between interoperability and innovation in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) environment and beyond. Palfrey and Gasser seek to sharpen the definition of interoperability and identify its relevance for consumers, companies, governments, and the public by examining its driving forces and inhibitors, while considering how it can best be achieved, and why. Authored by research assistants at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society in close collaboration with the authors, the series examines real-world examples where interoperability has played or continues to play a decisive role — in ICT and other sectors, including transportation, retail, and energy. Each case explores how forces such as law, policy, technology, economic incentives, and market innovations drive, or in some cases inhibit, interoperability, and what industry stakeholders seek to achieve via interoperability. Some cases explore well-known innovations, such as the bar code and the UPC system, air traffic control, and the QWERTY keyboard layout. Others touch on more recent examples, including efforts to standardize cell phone chargers in the EU, the evolution of electronic data interchange systems, and digital rights management (DRM) systems. The nature of interoperability and its attendant challenges are also explored in less-traditional contexts, including commons-based knowledge creation models, which require large-scale collective efforts, and complex, next-generation models, like the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and the Smart Grid.
Monitoring and analysis of measles IgG antibody level in Yiliang county in 2012

Objective To investigate measles antibody level of healthy populations in Yiliang county,so as to provide scientific basis for measles control and elimination. Methods Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis of measles IgG antibody level among 365 people who were divided into group less than or equal to 5 years old and group above 5 years old. Results The population aged between 17 months and 19 years had 100% antibody positive rate and was classified as vaccinated population.Populations of other age groups had low positive rate of measles IgG antibody and was classified as unvaccinated populations with high risks of measles. Conclusion Populations under 17 months old and above 20 years old are vulnerable to measles and should be paid special attention to for comprehensive prevention and treatment of measles.
Isolation of Total RNA from Transgenic Mouse Melanoma Subsets Using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting

The majority of tumors, including melanoma, are phenotypically heterogeneous in that they contain various cell populations with differential expression of cell surface antigens such as CD133/Prominin-1. We have used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technology to purify CD133(+) and CD133(-) cellular subsets from mouse melanoma models for high-quality total RNA practical for downstream applications such as expression profiling. Implementation of this strategy can lead to higher resolution of transcripts that are potentially important for the survival and functionality of one cancer cell population relative to another. Suboptimal extraction of RNA after FACS is common and can ultimately result in misinterpretations that impede the effective design of novel therapies. Here, we describe a number of methods that have been amenable to the successful isolation of high-quality total RNA after FACS of CD133(+) and CD133(-) mouse melanoma cell fractions.
Insulin resistance of obese Zucker rats exercise trained at two different intensities.

The effect of exercise intensity on oral glucose tolerance and hindlimb glucose uptake and transport was studied in 26 female obese Zucker rats after a treadmill training program. The rats were ran...
The irreducibility of polynomials related to a question of Schur

In 1908, Schur raised the question of the irreducibility over ℚ of polynomials of the form f(x) = (x + a1)(x + a2)⋯(x + am) + c, where the ai are distinct integers and c ∈{−1,1}. Since then, many authors have addressed variations and generalizations of this question. In this article, we investigate the irreducibility of f(x) and f(x2), where the integers ai are consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression and c is a nonzero integer.
IS THERE A GLYCOLYTIC PARTICLE

SUMMARY 1. In rat liver supernatant fractions prepared in either 0.25 M sucrose or an isotonic salt mixture, and containing between 11.0 and 140.0 mg of protein per ml, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase sediment as individual entities with sedimentation coefficients indicative of complete molecular dispersion of the enzymes. The same appears to be true for aldolase, triose-phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase. 2. The levels of fructose-diphosphate and triose-phosphates in rat liver under conditions of either active glycolysis or gluconeogenesis suggest that the aldolase reaction is near equilibrium in both cases. By combining this hypothesis with a reasonable estimate of the apparent equilibrium constant of the reaction in the living liver cell, it is concluded that the reactants of the aldolase reaction, and possibly other glycolytic intermediates, occupy a space of about 0.2 ml per g fresh liver, or the entire water content of the cell sap. 3. These two observations are discussed in the light of various other findings reported in the literature, with the conclusion that there is essentially no experimental evidence supporting the existence in rat liver of a multienzyme system containing the whole glycolytic system, or even the five members of Bucher's “phospho-triose-glycerate” constant proportion group.
Microbial Genomics of Ancient Plagues and Outbreaks

The recent use of next-generation sequencing methods to investigate historical disease outbreaks has provided us with an unprecedented ability to address important and long-standing questions in epidemiology, pathogen evolution, and human history. In this review, we present major findings that illustrate how microbial genomics has provided new insights into the nature and etiology of infectious diseases of historical importance, such as plague, tuberculosis, and leprosy. Sequenced isolates collected from archaeological remains also provide evidence for the timing of historical evolutionary events as well as geographic spread of these pathogens. Elucidating the genomic basis of virulence in historical diseases can provide relevant information on how we can effectively understand the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases today and in the future.
Trouble in transit: Organizational barriers to workers’ health

Background Valuable insights on the health and behavior of transit workers can be obtained from qualitative research that considers the social environment, which affects job performance and determines levels of perceived stress. Methods Using a grounded theory approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with American transit workers (n = 32). Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a constant comparative method. Results Participants described categories related to entrenched organizational practices, particularly managements’ leadership style, which created an atmosphere of distrust. High demanding work schedules, as a result of technological advances, were discussed in relation to diminished breaks, fatigue, and unhealthy diets. Transit workers also attributed increased work demands and irregular working hours to compromised time with family and friends. Conclusions The described barriers to positive health behaviors and social support underscore the need for interventions that ensure adequate breaks and recovery between shifts and increase safety for transit passengers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:350–367, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal growth and stoichiometry-dependent properties of the ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal ZrCo2-x Sn.

We report the growth of high quality bulk crystals, through crystallization from molten Sn flux, of the predicted ferromagnetic Weyl metal ZrCo2−x Sn with the L21 Heusler phase structure. The concentration of Co vacancies in the single crystals is found to be dependent on the initial concentration of Co in the flux. The saturation magnetization increases approximately linearly with decreasing Co deficiency and the ferromagnetic transition temperature changes significantly. p-type carrier conduction and an anomalous Hall effect are observed. The calculated electronic density of states of ZrCo2−x Sn shows a significant change in minority and majority spin state occupancies and a shift in the Fermi level with Co deficiency.
Ionic Strength Dependence of Rare Earth – NTA Stability Constants at 25°C

Observations of competitive complexation of NTA by Cu2+ and rare earth element (REE) ions are used to determine REE-NTA stability constants at ionic strengths between 0.1 and 5.0 molar. Although REE stability constants change markedly with ionic strength, differences in the ionic strength dependence of REE-NTA stability constants across the rare earth element series are small. The ionic strength dependence of logβ1 for Y and REEs with NTA at 25 °C can be described as: logβ1(M) = logβ1(M)0 - 9.198 I1/2/(1+B I1/2)+C I + D I3/2, where β1(M) = [MNTA°][M3+]-1[NTA3-]-1, I is ionic strength, B = 1.732, C = 0.1596, D = 0.0816, and logβ1(M)° is the metal-NTA stability constant at zero ionic strength.
Mechanotransduction Signaling in Podocytes from Fluid Flow Shear Stress

Recently, we and others have found that hyperfiltration-associated increase in biomechanical forces, namely, tensile stress and fluid flow shear stress (FFSS), can directly and distinctly alter pod...
SOME ASPECTS OF THE THREE NUCLEON PROBLEM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some aspects of the three nucleon problem. The problem of three-body forces can be approached only from the three-body system. The three-body problem can be solved; therefore, one can test the validity of many approximations and models. These models can sometimes be extended into a domain of many nucleon systems. The studies of various N–N interaction terms and forms have been initiated. The purpose is to find those observables and kinematical domain with the largest sensitivity to a specific term of nuclear interaction. The problem to understand the sensitivity of various three body observables to the N–N interaction has been approached in three ways. First is the exact treatment, and second is the formulation of a model and conclusion from the model as to how to proceed to improve the exact calculation. The third approach is to search experimentally for regions of maximum discrepancy between the data and some simple model such as an S-wave separable model and then to guide the theory to investigate the most plausible missing terms of the N–N interaction.
Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria: Catholic Queens in a Protestant Land

This chapter explores what Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria’s confessional identities meant politically and artistically, and how their identities fit into a larger framework of representations of Catholicism, female power and queenship. It explores not only the historical facts of the Reformation, but also the myths that informed people’s fears of Catholic plots against the English church. This chapter also considers how the queens used Catholicism and the images of the sacred feminine in the court entertainments they commissioned. Finally, the chapter concludes with a consideration of Catholic models of female autonomy, early modern stereotypes of Catholicism as a religion, and the ways in which fears of Catholicism and the Catholic woman influence attitudes toward the early Stuart queens.
Designing Phononic Crystals with Wide and Robust Band Gaps

Having a wide and robust phononic band gap is important for controlling mechanical waves in a real device that is imperfect or deformable. Band gaps due to Bragg scattering can be wide, but are intrinsically sensitive to imperfections and deformations, while those due to local resonances are robust, but typically narrow. By combining these two mechanisms (with the latter dominating), this study realizes simultaneously large and resilient band gaps, showing that suppression of instability is essential for robustness against deformation. This approach can drive applications such as devices for wave modulation, and thin-layer materials to control noise or vibration.
Alexander George as Architect, Engineer and Community-Builder

The scholarship of Alexander L. George identifies central puzzles in political psychology and international relations. This essay reviews his pioneering work on personality and foreign policy behavior, cognition and foreign policy behavior, decision making, the importance of “substantive theory” in the explanation of foreign policy behavior, “process theory” and the explanation of decision making, and “policy-relevant theory” that bridges the gap between the academic and policy communities. In his scholarship, George defined an enduring blueprint for the study of the psychology of international relations and simultaneously built bridges across disciplines. George is architect, engineer, and community-builder in political psychology.
Potential Bioterrorism Agents with Mucocutaneous Findings (Anthrax, Plague, Tularemia, Smallpox)

A bioterrorism attack may occur, and prompt recognition is essential to prevent morbidity and mortality induced by these agents. This chapter reviews the classic presentation, atypical presentation, disease time course, and diagnostic features of several conditions that could potentially be used in a bioterrorism attack. Anthrax, plague, tularemia, and smallpox are reviewed, and the evidence-based management of each condition is detailed for the provider.
Structural Change in the World Economy (Routledge Revivals)

The chapters in this edited collection, first published in 1990, examine the key aspects of change in the global economy at the end of the twentieth century and the role of national government policies in this. Drawing on material from a wide range of disciplines, including international trade, technology and economic history, the authors discuss the implications of these changes for the world’s leading capitalist economies. With an analysis of the prospects for the future, this relevant title will be of particular value to students of business studies and economics and those researching the global economy over the past thirty years.