cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior of non-Rayleigh statistics of microwave forward scatter from a random water surface

Measurements of the phase-quadrature components of the microwave field forward-scattered from random water waves have continued since the observance in 1963 of non-Rayleigh probability distributions of the incoherent scattered field. Measurements of the variances of the phase-quadrature components of the incoherent field at various phase angles with respect to the coherent field have yielded new results not explained by plane-wave theory: 1) The equiprobability ellipse of the phase-quadrature components of the incoherent field rotates us a function of apparent surface roughness. 2) The rotation of the equiprobability ellipse varies more rapidly with roughness for "narrow" surface illumination and less rapidly for "broad" illumination. 3) The greatest ratio of the two variances appears to rise from unity with increasing roughness to a peak value (maximum departure from Rayleigh), and presumably decreases at greater roughnesses. The data indicate that nonplanar illuminating and receiving wavefronts may be responsible for these divergences from plane-wave theory.
Law, Educational Reform, and the School Psychologist.

Abstract The law has become a major vehicle for those seeking to reform education. The two areas of reform which most affect school psychologists are the extension of the right to a public education to previously discriminated against and excluded groups, and the extension of the protection of the Bill of Rights to all school children. The potential impact of these areas on the role of the school psychologist is suggested by preliminary findings on one such reform, the right of retarded children to an appropriate education and the guarantee of that right through the provision of procedural due process. Any response to the reform by school psychologists will involve risks and opportunities which must be carefully weighed if a wise choice is to be made from the point of view of both children and the profession.
Efficient Intrinsic Photoprotection in Strongly Coupled (Bacterio) Chloropyll Complexes

Chlorophyll (Chl) molecules in photosynthetic proteins are known to produce highly toxic singlet oxygen under illumination as a result of energy transfer from their triplet excited states to oxygen. To prevent the formation of singlet oxygen, carotenoids (Car) are typically positioned close to Chl to ensure rapid triplet-triplet energy transfer from Chl to Car, which can then safely dissipate the energy of the excited states. Our recent studies revealed a new, unconventional, but very efficient photoprotection mechanism in strongly coupled natural and artificial light-harvesting complexes that does not rely on the presence of carotenoids. Experimental studies on carotenoid-free chlorosomes and artificial bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) aggregates show that these structures are at least three orders of magnitude more stable to photodamage than monomeric forms of BChl. It was proposed that this photoprotection in strongly coupled arrays of pigments is due to triplet exciton formation, which lowers the energy of the triplet exciton substantially below that of singlet oxygen.In this report we present the results of our ongoing comprehensive study of the properties of triplet excited states of monomeric BChls, Chl aggregates and chlorosomes by means of EPR, time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy and steady-state IR phosphorescence spectroscopy.
Saphenous Vein Graft Infection: A Fatal Complication of Postoperative Mediastinitis

Infection and erosion of the saphenous vein graft with mediastinal hemorrhage is a rare but highly lethal complication of cardiac surgery. This is associated with a mortality rate of 50%. We present a patient who died during the postoperative period due to this complication.
Study of a molten carbonate fuel cell combined heat, hydrogen and power system

Abstract To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP (combined heat, hydrogen and power) system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC (direct fuel cell) 1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
An Artin relation of length n in the braid group

Abstract In Coxeter (1984) the existence of some Artin type relations in unitary reflection groups was examined which do not appear explicitly among the standard defining relations. This paper examines a particularly nice occurence in the braid groups, and comprises a solution to Problem 100, posed in Coxeter (1989).
Image technique for multiresolution time-domain using nonsymmetric basis functions

The image technique is required in order to model perfect-electric-conductor and perfect-magnetic-conductor boundary conditions using the multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) method. The strategy of directly imposing the image principle on the field-expansion coefficients is valid only if the basis functions of the multiresolution analysis are symmetric or satisfy the interpolation property. Here we address the rigorous incorporation of the image principle into the framework of the multiresolution time-domain using nonsymmetric basis functions which do not satisfy the interpolation property. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 44–47, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21076
Feminist cautions about casuistry: The Supreme Court's abortion decisions as paradigms

This article explores recent efforts to resurrect casuistry as an effective means for resolving public policy debates on difficult issues such as abortion. The essay begins by comparing casuistical and legal methods of decision-making and goes on to consider the possible benefits of a casuistical approach to abortion policy. On the basis of a detailed examination ofRoe v. Wade andPlanned Parenthood v. Casey, I argue that apparent similarities between feminist methodologies and casuistry do not render casuistry an approach to moral reasoning compatible with feminist concerns for improving women's lives in relation to abortion decisions.
Optimization for Pedestrian and Vehicular Delay in a Signal Network

The efficiency of an arterial network can be enhanced by optimizing the user costs incurred because of delays and other socioeconomic factors. Until recently, research mostly focused on minimizing vehicular delay to optimize user costs. Currently, no signal coordination tool exists to balance delays to both vehicles and pedestrians. A methodology that uses known techniques and available tools to identify an optimal signal coordination plan is developed. Pedestrian delay patterns are obtained from previous research. Delay data for vehicles are based on the modeling of peak-hour traffic conditions in urbanized areas of a hypothetical city. The signal optimization software Synchro (Version 3.2) was used to investigate the variations in vehicle delay with different signal coordination plans and offsets. The results reveal that the best offsets for vehicles and pedestrians are not necessarily the same. Consequently, a signal coordination plan that would benefit both should consider the total user costs of the ...
Modification of phospholipid metabolism in dibutyryl-cAMP-mediated morphological conversion of CHO cells.

Abstract The cellular uptake and incorporation of [1- 14 C]palmitic acid and 32 P into lipids of Chinese hamster ovary cells, clone K 1 (CHO-K 1 ) have been investigated under conditions where the cells are converted from the compact, epithelial-like shape to the elongated fibroblast-like morphology by N 6 ,O 2′ -dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-phosphate. The primary alteration in lipid metabolism accompanying the morphological conversion to the fibroblast form was an increased incorporation of lipid precursors into all phospholipid classes and a decreased incorporation into the “neutral” lipid fraction. These results reflect the cells' need for phospholipid precursors when the membrane expands to form the fibroblast shape. When the fibroblast-shaped cells were allowed to revert to the epithelial shape, lipid metabolism was similar to that found in untreated cells.
Reactor diameter impact on hot zone dynamics in an adiabatic packed bed reactor

Recent analysis revealed that a pseudohomogeneous model of a uniformly active, adiabatic packed bed reactor can predict formation of stable hot zones in the cross-section of the reactor if the kinetic rate expression can lead to isothermal rate oscillations. This prediction was confirmed by simulations of CO oxidation. We show that hot zone formation in a shallow reactor can be predicted also for C2H4 hydrogenation, the kinetic model of which is structurally different from that of CO oxidation. Qualitatively different spatiotemporal temperature patterns may form under the same operating conditions. Their number increases as the reactor diameter is increased. An increase in the reactor diameter increases the time constant of the transversal heat dispersion and decreases the temperature synchronization among points on the same reactor cross-section. The interaction and conjugation among qualitatively different moving temperature patterns can lead to formation of complex motions. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Measurement of krypton-85 in the ocean

Abstract To measure 85 Kr in the ocean, methods have been developed to extract gases from large volumes of water, to isolate trace quantities of krypton from these extracted gases, and to measure low levels of 85 Kr radioactivity. Gases are extracted with an efficiency of 91% by a continuous flow, vacuum extraction technique which operates at a water flow rate of 7 l min −1 . Typically, 4 l of gas are extracted from a 250-l seawater sample. Using a combination of chemical reactions and gas chromatography, approximately 20 μl of krypton and 100 ml of argon are isolated from a 4-l gas sample, with recoveries in excess of 95 and 99%. 85 Kr radioactivity is measured with miniature gas proportional counters (1 ml volume). The counting efficiency ranges from 63 to 70% and the counter background ranges from 0.03 to 0.06 cpm. The minimum detectable amount of 85 Kr is 0.4 dpm/ml Kr and the precision for surface water samples is ± 4%. The dynamic range of the measurement is approximately 100.
Numerical modeling for underground nuclear test monitoring

The symposium for Numerical Modeling for Underground Nuclear Test Monitoring was held March 23–25 in Durango, Colo. Funded by the DOE Office of Arms Control and Nonproliferation (OACN) and hosted by the Source Region Program at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the meetings's purpose was to discuss the state-of-the-art in numerical simulations of nuclear explosion phenomenology with applications to test-ban monitoring. In particular, we wished to focus on the uniqueness of model fits to data, the measurement and characterization of material response models, advanced modeling techniques, and applications of modeling to monitoring problems. The concept for the meeting arose through discussions with Marv Denny, who was on assignment at Department of Energy Headquarters from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). In these conversations, the following question was discussed: how are numerical modeling techniques being used to understand the effects of explosion- source phenomenology on test-ban treaty monitoring? Numerical studies are becoming increasingly important in the evaluation of capabilities for proliferation monitoring; this trend has accelerated with the curtailment of the nuclear testing program. During these discussions, the issue of the uniqueness and limitations of numerical models arose. It was decided to address these questions by convening a group of experts to present and discuss the problems associated with modeling of close-in data from explosions.
The Localization of Endogenous Peroxidase in the Rat Uterus and Its Induction by Estradiol

Application of an electron-microscopic histochemical staining method to rat uterus demonstrated endogenous peroxidase activity in erythrocytes, blood and tissue eosinophils and in theuterineepithelium. The reaction in the epithelium was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Under certain conditions a positive reaction, possibly attributable to cytochrome oxidase was also present in the intracristal space and between the limiting membranes of the mitochondria. The epithelial “peroxidase” was sensitive to cyanide and carbon monoxide. It was normally present only during estrus but could be induced in intact or ovariectomized rats by administration of estradiol. The first signs of peroxidase activity appeared 12 hr after estrogen treatment in segments of the endoplasmic reticulum scattered through the cytoplasm. The activity subsequently spread throughout the reticulum and into the nuclear envelope but the Golgi complex and nucleoplasm remained negative. The induction of “peroxidase” in the estrogen stimulated uterus could be prevented by administration of an inhibitor of protein synthesis. It is believed that this epithelial “peroxidase” or hemoprotein may be involved in the metabolism of estradiol in the uterus.
A tritium exchange method for characterization of modified histidyl residues and its application to fumarase.

A technique using tritium incorporation into the C-2 position of the imidazolyl ring of histidine for the identification of alkylated histidyl residues is reported. The first-order rate constant for the incorporation of tritium from water into N-methylhistidine (pH 8.0, 80°C) is 3.3 × 10−2 min−1 (t12 = 21 min). No other amino acid tested gave more than 0.3% as much incorporation of tritium as did N-methylhistidine. A modified amino acid residue derived from fumarase which had been inactivated by the bifunctional reagent 3,4-bis(bromomethyl) benzoate (I) was conclusively identified as a histidine-I adduct by the above characterization procedure. The technique of measuring tritium incorporation allows the qualitative identification of compounds as histidyl (or imidazolyl) or, alternatively, the quantitative determination of known histidyl compounds, both at picomole levels.
On the form of the momentum equation for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation

Nearly all generalized wave continuity (GWC)-based models utilize the velocity-based, non-conservative form of the momentum equation to obtain the depth-averaged changes in velocity. It has been hypothesized that a flux-based, conservative form of the momentum equation may improve accuracy and stability. Herein, we study the impact of the choice of dependent variable and form of the momentum equation in a GWC-based finite element shallow water model. The impact of this change on mass balance, stability, and accuracy (spatial and temporal) is rigorously assessed, first for 1D barotropic flows and then for 2D barotropic flows in a variety of basins. Both 1D and 2D results indicate that the conservative form improves mass balance on both global and local scales, with the most significant gains found in local mass balance in areas with steep bathymetry gradients. This is also the region where the conservative form shows an increase in local spatial accuracy. Taylor series analysis and numerical simulations indicate a strong correlation between local spatial truncation errors and local mass balance errors. Stability, temporal accuracy and global spatial accuracy do not show statistically significant changes between the two algorithms in both 1D and 2D studies.
Differential accumulation of isoprenoids in glanded and glandless Artemisia annua L

Abstract The relative abundance of steam-distillable isoprenoids and other volatile compounds in leaves of glanded and glandless Artemisia annua L. was investigated. Steam distillation of leaves bearing glandular trichomes yielded 0.24% essential oil on a fresh weight basis. Monoterpenes were predominant in this essential oil, of which α -pinene (26.7%), pinocarvone (15.8%), and artemisia ketone (11.0%) were the major constituents. The essential oil distilled from glandless leaves amounted to 0.06% of fresh weight, and consisted mostly of sesquiterpenes, of which germacrene- D (49.8%) and β -caryophyllene (25.1%) were the major components. Only one monoterpene, β -ocimene, present in trace amounts, was detected in the oil distilled from the glandless tissue. The sesquiterpene artemisinin, found only in the glanded biotype, is heat-labile and cannot be extracted by steam distillation, during which it decomposes into non-distillable products.
Abnormal growth hormone secretory dynamics in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Growth hormone secretory dynamics and plasma somatomedin C concentrations were assessed in four prepubertal patients with defects in the low-density hpoprotein (LDL) receptor pathway before and after
Gross Failure of the Conventional Adiabatic Criterion; Structure and Coherence in the Low-Energy Excitation of Helium Atoms by Helium Ions

Failure of conventional adiabatic criterion in case of excitation of helium atoms by helium ions
Expression of anger as a function of assertiveness and sex

Examined differences between asserters and nonasserters and between the sexes on anger expression. Thirty-seven male and 53 female college students were administered the College Self-Expression Scale, the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory, and the Anger Self-Report. As hypothesized, asserters and males expressed more anger and aggression, and nonasserters experienced more covert anger. The clinical/treatment implications of these findings were discussed. A finding discrepant with previous research and the present researchers' expectations, that men scored higher than women on guilt and condemnation of anger, was thought to reflect this study's sample rather than an actual population difference.
A randomized double-blind fluvoxamine/placebo crossover trial in pathologic gambling.

Abstract Background: The study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine in the treatment of pathologic gambling (PG). Methods: A 16-week randomized double-blind crossover design insured that each subject received 8 weeks of fluvoxamine and 8 weeks of a placebo. Fifteen patients entered and 10 subjects, all male, completed the study. Results: Fluvoxamine resulted in a significantly greater percent improvement in overall gambling severity on the PG Clinical Global Impression (PG-CGI) scale. There was a significant drug effect on gambling urge and behavior as measured by the PG modification of the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and PG-CGI scale improvement scores; however, there was a significant interaction of drug effect with the order of administration of drug and placebo. Post hoc analysis, treating each phase as a separate trial, demonstrated a significant difference between fluvoxamine and the placebo in the second phase of the trial but not in the first. Fluvoxamine side effects were of only mild intensity and consistent with SSRI treatment and were not associated with early withdrawal from the study. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fluvoxamine is well tolerated and may be effective in the treatment of PG in an acute trial, and that an early placebo effect in PG treatment appears to diminish over time. To confirm this finding and to determine whether improvement persists over an extended period of time, a longer duration parallel-design trial with long-term maintenance follow-up should be conducted in a larger and more diverse PG population.
Building New York's Sewers: Developing Mechanisms of Urban Management

Offering a unique perspective on the conditions, constraints, and concerns of city government during the first half of the nineteenth century, Goldman investigates the links between decision making and the contemporary notions on disease, the environment, and city responsibility. As new theories on the transmission of disease heightened concerns over public health and urban sanitation, physicians and professional engineers pressured the city to provide comprehensive sewage facilities. The locally oriented Common Council resisted the effort because it would entail the creation of administrative bodies that would have the authority to make city-wide decisions. In the end, it was only after the state provided sufficient authority, resources, and expert personnel that the city-wide project could be fully realized. In essence, the decision to construct a comprehensive sewer system pitted individual liberty against the common good and politics against science. This history of policy formation is the story of changing values and ideas that can only be understood within the context of the social, economic, political, and intellectual concerns of the nineteenth century. Well researched and written, Goldman's perspective is unique and compelling.
From Bench to Bedside: Future Potential for the Translation of Prolactin Inhibitors as Breast Cancer Therapeutics

A role for prolactin (PRL) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer has been confirmed at the cellular level in vitro, with multiple transgenic and knockout models in vivo, and within sizable patient populations through epidemiologic analysis. It is the obvious "next step" that these findings are translated into meaningful therapies to block PRL/PRLr function in human breast cancer. Several broad categories of PRL/PRLr antagonists are discussed in their pre-clinical context, including inhibitors of endocrine PRL elaboration, mutant ligand antagonists, ligand chimeras, and inhibitors of PRL-induced signaling and transactivation. The clinical potential for GHr antagonists are also discussed. These varied approaches all have demonstrated as proof-of-principle that PRL/PRLr antagonism can inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of breast cancer. Further pre-clinical development is required for most, however, before translation to clinical trials in breast cancer patients can occur.
Influence of sucrose on NaCl-induced gelation of heat denatured whey protein solutions

Abstract A solution of heat-denatured whey proteins was prepared by heating 10 wt.% whey protein isolate at pH 7.0 to 80°C for 10 min in the absence of salt. This treatment caused the globular protein molecules to partially unfold and aggregate. When the heat-denatured whey protein solution was cooled to room temperature and mixed with 200 mM NaCl it formed a gel. The influence of sucrose (0 to 10 wt.%) in the protein solutions prior to NaCl addition on the gelation rate was investigated. At relatively low concentrations (0–8 wt.%) sucrose decreased the gelation rate, presumably because sucrose increased the aqueous phase viscosity. At higher concentrations (> 8 wt.%) sucrose increased the gelation rate, probably because it decreased the thermodynamic affinity of the globular proteins for the aqueous solution, which increased the attraction between proteins. This data has important implications for the application of cold-setting whey protein ingredients in sweetened food products such as deserts and beverages.
More on the uniqueness of the Golay codes

Abstract If C is a set of 3 6 ternary vectors of length 12, distance ⩾6, containing 0, then we show that the supports of the weight 6 vectors in C hold an S (5, 6, 12). Further we show that C must be a linear, self-dual [12, 6, 6] code, hence the Golay code. Also any set C of 3 6 ternary vectors of length 11, distance ⩾5, containing 0, is linear and hence the Golay [11, 6, 6] code. The supports of the vectors of weight 5 in C hold an S (4, 5, 11). Similarities and differences with the binary case are discussed.
Comparison of cyclosporine and FK506 effects on glutathione levels in rat cochlea, brain, liver and kidney.

Cyclosporine treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) caused increases in rat renal reduced glutathione (GSH) levels of 205 and 673%, respectively, after 5 and 10 days. No changes were seen in liver GSH with either dose of cyclosporine. FK506 (2.5 mg/kg/day, p.o., for 7 days) caused an approximately 200% increase in kidney GSH, and an approximately 250% increase in hepatic GSH levels. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was never more than 1-2% of the level of the reduced form in any tissue from control animals. Small increases in the ratios of oxidized to reduced glutathione were seen in livers and kidneys from both cyclosporine- and FK506-treated animals. No changes in GSH or GSSG levels were seen in brains or cochleas from any animal.
Real-time observation of laser-induced ir fluorescence of organic pollutants in the ambient atmosphere: suggested mechanism of laser-induced ir fluorescence

Abstract A modified optical system has been developed for the continuous monitoring of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere by laser-induced i.r. fluorescence. The system includes a large gathering mirror, a modulated laser source to eliminate interferences from thermal emission, and phase-shifting equipment to eliminate interferences from back-scatter, particularly at the resonance wavelengths. The mechanism of excitation is discussed and a proposal put forward to explain how several photons may be simultaneously absorbed, causing fluorescence at wavelengths shorter than that of the excitation beam. Some data on the variation of the fluorescence intensity from ambient pollutants with time of day are presented for a TGS detector and a cryogenic detector.
A chemical vapor deposition method for the manufacture of silicon carbide tubes

Abstract An investigation on the deposition of silicon carbide to manufacture silicon carbide tubes from thermal decomposition of CH3SiCl3 in a hydrogen atmosphere is presented. A thermodynamic analysis is carried out to obtain the optimum conditions for this operation. A detailed design of the reactors is described. Two critical problems in the operation of the deposition and the solutions are given. A method of carbon coating is used to eliminate the crack induced by the different expansion coefficients of the β-SiC coating and the graphite substrate. The problem of scaling up is discussed.
Negative index of refraction microwave frequency structures based on high permittivity inclusions and effective medium theory

A metamaterial designed to have simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability may be built from a cubic lattice of spheres and a three dimensional wire grid embedded in a host medium. Based on reported theory, the spheres must have higher permittivity than the surrounding medium and be smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation in the host medium. Metamaterials based on embedded spheres are expected to be isotropic. This paper presents simulated and effective medium theory reflection and transmission parameters of a plane parallel structure of this new metamaterial. The predicted behavior exhibits a pass band structure where the permittivity and permeability are simultaneously negative.
Hypertension and chronic renal failure: The use of ACE inhibitors

The incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased 9% a year over the past 10 years, due primarily to diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Over this period of time, mortality rates for hypertensive heart disease and stroke have decreased substantially, in large part because of greater recognition and improved therapy of hypertension. Why then is there an increasing incidence of ESRD in diseases in which hypertension plays a significant role in causation and/or progression of renal failure? Is it possible that a lower level of blood pressure than usually recommended is necessary to prevent kidney disease (particularly in blacks) or to prevent or slow progression in most forms of renal failure? Furthermore, are there specific renoprotective drugs? This report will focus primarily on large prospective studies that may provide information to answer these questions.
Discrimination of spatial displacements by patients with retinitis pigmentosa

We compared maximum displacement thresholds (Dmax) with minimum displacement thresholds (Dmin) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in order to characterize the nature of their visual disability, as well as to assess possible models of foveal vision loss. Thresholds for discriminating the direction of the spatial displacement of random dot patterns were measured in a group of 20 patients with typical RP or Usher syndrome whose visual acuities were 2040 or better and who had minimal or no clinical evidence of changes in the ocular media. Findings were compared with those from an age-similar group of 15 visually normal subjects. Displacement thresholds were measured using a two-frame random dot cinematogram and a four-alternative forced-choice procedure. Measurements were made at each of three dot contrasts and three dot sizes. For the patients with RP, reducing either the dot contrast or dot size increased Dmin and decreased Dmax such that the range of discriminable displacements became considerably restricted, even at modest reductions in dot contrast or size. This restriction in the displacement thresholds of the patients with RP was correlated significantly with their visual acuity. By comparison, the control subjects showed little change in either Drain or Dmax under these conditions. These results indicate that patients with RP who have only relatively minor reductions in their visual acuity can have severely compromised motion perception. The pattern of findings suggests that an abnormal contrast response of the foveal cone system is a major determinant of the impaired displacement thresholds of these patients with RP. © 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Examining Self-Protection Measures Guarding Adult Protective Services Social Workers Against Compassion Fatigue

Little research has focused on the risk factors, effects, and experiences of compassion fatigue among gerontological social workers. This qualitative study explores the experiences and perspectives of nine Adult Protective Services (APS) social workers in relation to compassion fatigue. Results show that the APS social workers combined personal characteristics and professional factors to develop boundary-setting mechanisms that protected them from experiencing the deleterious symptoms and effects of compassion fatigue. Implications center around the elements needed to implement boundaries in order to maintain a separation between the work and home environment. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Investigating the Sensitivity of Aggregate Size within Sand Mastic by Modeling the Microstructure of an Asphalt Mixture

The objective of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of aggregate size within sand mastic by modeling the microstructure of an asphalt mixture. The sensitivity of the maximum aggregate size on the sand mastic phase is investigated through discrete-element simulations. A three-dimensional (3D) discrete-element model of asphalt mixture was prepared from X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) images. In the discrete-element model, an asphalt mixture is divided into aggregate, sand mastic, and air void phases. In this study, the sand mastic is defined as fines and fine aggregates mixed with asphalt binder. Three different nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMASs) of sand mastic, namely, 1.18 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.3 mm, were used in the 3D model to investigate the best gradation of sand mastic. The dynamic moduli of three different NMASs of sand mastic were measured for use in the 3D discrete-element modeling simulation. Laboratory-measured dynamic moduli of asphalt mixtures were compared with prediction results. The sand mastics with NMASs of 1.18 mm and 0.6 mm could be used to predict the asphalt mixture modulus across a range of temperatures and loading frequencies with good accuracy. The sand mastic with a NMAS of 0.3 mm overpredicted at high and low temperatures. The overprediction resulted from the difficulty of proper visualization of the smaller aggregate size in the model.
Effect of Etomidate on Hepatic Drug Metabolism in Humans

The authors studied the effect of etomidate on drug metabolism in vivo in humans and in vitro using human liver microsomes. When these liver microsomes were incubated with different concentrations of etomidate, dose-dependent inhibition of ketamine N-demethylation, a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymatic process, was produced. Cytochrome P-450 binding spectra displayed type II binding with a UV light absorption maximum (lambda max) at a wavelength of 424 nm in the presence of etomidate. In vivo studies were conducted using ketamine and antipyrine as substrates. Evaluation of antipyrine's pharmacokinetic variables after an intravenous infusion of etomidate (0.34 +/- 0.17 mg/kg) revealed an 18% increase in its elimination half-life (P = 0.04). In addition, there were 16% and 11% decreases in the area under the curve (P = 0.05) and in the clearance rate (P = 0.07) for antipyrine, respectively. In patients administered a bolus dose of ketamine during brief outpatient operations, etomidate produced no significant changes in ketamine's pharmacokinetics compared to thiopental. The authors conclude that the etomidate-induced inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism can prolong the elimination of drugs with low hepatic clearance rates (e.g., antipyrine). However, etomidate would not be expected to alter the rate of elimination of high clearance anesthetics and analgesic drugs (e.g., ketamine, fentanyl).
Emerging Cognitive Skills for Writing: Sensitivity to Audience Presence in Five-Through Nine-Year-Olds' Speech

A prevailing claim in frequently cited writing research is that children in the early primary grades cannot modify their speech to be verbally informative for an audience that they cannot see or hear. In this study, I test that claim. Ten children between 5 and 9 years old taught 5 magic tricks to absent and present peers through tape-recorded and face-to-face instructions. Children's informative, descriptive, and persuasive speech was compared for absent and present peers, and effects of age, practice, and trick length were assessed. When dictating their instructions for an absent peer, children used morn descriptive words and phrases, talked about more steps, and listed the materials needed for the tricks. However, children were less likely to remark about their absent peer's attitudes or explain for absent peers why steps had to be done in a certain way. These results reveal skills for informative and expository writing—a task that permeates schoolwork—that primary school teachers can build on in young...
Possible rectification in Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of organic D-σ-A molecules

Abstract Amphiphilic molecules D-σ-A (D = one-electron organic donor, σ = saturated linking bridge, A = good organic one-electron acceptor, such as TCNQ) form Pockels-Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface, which can be transferred as Langmuir-Blodgett films onto solid substrates. Geometry-optimized MNDO calculations for some of these molecules provide the molecular size, and rough guides for the foreward and reverse rectification barriers. Fourier transform infrared spectra of monolayers by grazing-angle reflectance are reported. Crude rectification experiments gave negative results. A modified scanning tunneling microscope revealed that a single molecule of the (n-dodecyl)-aminophenyl-carbamate of 2-bromo-5-hydroxyethoxyTCNQ (BDDAP-C- BHTCNQ), transferred as part of a Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer onto a Au | Ag | mica surface, behaves as a rectifier of electrical current.
A METHOD OF REDUCING SPECIMEN CONTAMINATION IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

SYNOPSIS Specimen contamination can be greatly reduced by constricting the electron beam before it passes through the specimen and by introducing a surface-absorbent layer in its vicinity.
Expanded Functions from the Perspective of Dental Assistants of the Indian Health Service

Most dental assistants employed by the Indian Health Service think it is appropriate for them to perform expanded functions for dental patients. Results of a survey show that most of these assistants are younger than 24 years of age, have been employed less than three years, received their training during or after 1960, and have received on-the-job training. Formal training in an Indian Health Service dental assistant school has probably influenced their attitude.
Specific heat of glassy carbon between 0.4° and 4.5°K—I☆

The specific heat of Glassy Carbon was investigated in the temperature range from 0.4°–4.5°K. Samples of Glassy Carbon heat-treated to 1000°C (GC10) were prepared in form of tubes by the Tokai Electrode Manufacturing Company of Japan. They were heat-treated to various temperatures up to 3200°C in our graphite tube furnace. It was found that above 2°K, all samples follow the relation C = γT + αT3, with γ going through a strong maximum and α varying only slightly with increase in heat-treatment temperature. On the average the cubic term α is about the same as for soft carbons heat-treated to 1000–1250°C. In the lower temperature range evidence of a specific heat peak located below 0·4°K is obtained. The observed high temperature tail of the peak increases and then decreases in parallel with changes of the linear term γ. The room temperature specific heat of Glassy Carbon changes very little with heat-treatment giving evidence of the nongraphitizability of this material.
A note on the hybrid-mixed C 0 curved beam elements

Abstract This paper gives different ways to construct locking free curved beam elements. Two hybrid-mixed C 0 curved beam elements proposed in Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol. 60, 1987, pp. 95–121 are found to be identical to reduced integration elements. The locking phenomenon is discussed.
Studies in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Candida sepsis in children☆

Abstract The pathogenesis of Candida sepsis was investigated by animal studies in the laboratory and by correlation of experimental data obtained with a 10-yr clinical experience in the management of 29 children with yeast septicemia. The intestinal tract of the primate was found to be much more susceptible to fungal invasion than was a bacteria-free granulating wound in the dog. Prophylaxis against Candida sepsis by oral nystatin in 100 randomized burned children gave results that agreed with these findings. Difficulties in confirming the clinical diagnosis of Candida septicemia are probably due to tissue filtration of yeast from the circulation, thereby making venous blood samples of little value until late in the patient's course. Arterial or right atrial blood has now been demonstrated to provide a more reliable specimen. For treatment to be successful, the source of Candida invasion must be eliminated as soon as possible. Mere parenteral antifungal drugs alone are of little benefit, while continuation of systemic antibiotics almost assures a fatal outcome.
Precision measurement of sin2θW from vFe scattering at the Tevatron

Abstract We present the results of a preliminary determination of sin 2 θ W from a study of vFe scattering in the Lab E detector at Fermilab. The analysis is based on a sample of 5 × 10 5 events with a mean neutrino energy of 166 GeV. Our result, sin 2 θ W = 0.2242 ± 0.0044 expt . ± 0.0047 model , is the highest energy high statistics determination of the weak mixing angle using neutrino data.
A Cross-sectional Validation Study of the FICSIT Common Data Base Static Balance Measures

Background Two simple balance scales comprising three or four familiar tests of static balance were developed, and their validity and reliability are described. The scales were such that the relative difficulties of the basic tests were taken into consideration. Methods Using FICSIT data, Fisher's method was used to construct scales combining ability to maintain balance in parallel, semi-tandem, tandem, and one-legged stances. Reliability was inferred from the stability of the measure over 3-4 months. Construct validity was assessed by cross-sectional correlations. Results Test-retest reliability (over 3-4 months) was good (r = .66). Validity of the FICSIT-3 scale was suggested by its low correlation with age, its moderate to high correlations with physical function measures, and three balance assessment systems. The FICSIT-4 scale discriminated balance over a wide range of health status; the three-test scale had a substantial ceiling effect in community samples. Conclusion A balance scale was developed that appears to have acceptable reliability, validity, and discriminant ability.
Avoidance reaction of yolk-sac larvae of the inland silverside menidia beryllina (Atherinidae) to hypoxia

Larvae of the inland silverside Menidia beryllina (Atherinidae) were observed in a chamber with two horizontal water layers to study their aversive response to hypoxia. When larvae descended from an upper normoxic layer into a lower hypoxic layer, they displayed a characteristic avoidance reaction consisting of a burst of fast swimming that always ended in an upward direction leading the larva away from the hypoxic region. Each swimming burst lasted for approximately 2–3 s, with a maximum speed of approximately 25 mm s(−)(1), which is approximately four times the maximum swimming speed observed in the normoxic layer. The avoidance reaction was present in larvae from 6 h until 64 h post hatching. At 72 h we observed 50 % mortality as a result of starvation. The avoidance reaction was correlated with the O(2) concentration but not with the N(2) concentration nor with salinity or with salinity gradients. The avoidance response was observed at O(2) levels ranging from 4.7 to 0. 8 mg O(2)l(−)(1). For all concentrations below 3.8 mg O(2)l(−)(1), the distribution was significantly different from that observed in normoxic control layers of the same salinity. No avoidance responses were observed at 6.6 mg O(2)l(−)(1). We propose that the avoidance reaction of larvae of M. beryllina to hypoxic water is an innate behavioural adaptation to the hypoxic conditions present in the estuaries that are the spawning, hatching and nursery grounds of this species.
Language Acquisition without an Acquisition Device.

Most explanatory work on first and second language learning assumes the primacy of the acquisition phenomenon itself, and a good deal of work has been devoted to the search for an ‘acquisition device’ that is specific to humans, and perhaps even to language. I will consider the possibility that this strategy is misguided and that language acquisition is a secondary effect of processing amelioration: attempts by the processor to facilitate its own functioning by developing routines of particular sorts.
Integrative miRNA-mRNA Profiling of Adipose Tissue Unravels Transcriptional Circuits Induced by Sleep Fragmentation

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition and strongly associated with metabolic disorders. Sleep fragmentation (SF) is a major consequence of OSA, but its contribution to OSA-related morbidities is not known. We hypothesized that SF causes specific perturbations in transcriptional networks of visceral fat cells, leading to systemic metabolic disturbances. We simultaneously profiled visceral adipose tissue mRNA and miRNA expression in mice exposed to 6 hours of SF during sleep, and developed a new computational framework based on gene set enrichment and network analyses to merge these data. This approach leverages known gene product interactions and biologic pathways to interrogate large-scale gene expression profiling data. We found that SF induced the activation of several distinct pathways, including those involved in insulin regulation and diabetes. Our integrative methodology identified putative controllers and regulators of the metabolic response during SF. We functionally validated our findings by demonstrating altered glucose and lipid homeostasis in sleep-fragmented mice. This is the first study to link sleep fragmentation with widespread disruptions in visceral adipose tissue transcriptome, and presents a generalizable approach to integrate mRNA-miRNA information for systematic mapping of regulatory networks.
Relativistic Collective Effect Accelerator to Reach Ultrahigh Energies

A collective circular particle accelerator is proposed, with the potential to reach ultrahigh particle energies, including large luminosities. In the accelerator an electron cloud is produced within a large toroidal magnetic solenoid by inductive charge injection through the action of a travelling magnetic wave running around the torus. At the same time, the travell ing magnetic wave accelerates the electron cloud to relativistic energies. By continuous inductive charge injection the cloud can be relativistically densified and the thusly densified cloud becomes the source of ultrastrong electric and magnetic fields, many times stronger than is possible using only externally applied fields. These large fields can then be used to keep ions in a circular orbit, and an accelerator with a circumference of 10 km could accelerate protons up to 103 TeV with luminosities up to 1033 cm-2sec-1.
Thermal design of GA ECH launcher mirror for long pulse operation

Each GA ECH launcher mirrors is used to transmit 800 kW of power to the plasma. Until 2000, the pulse length for use of these mirrors was limited to 2 s due to temperatures of the mirrors resulting from 1) a high ratcheted bulk temperature and 2) a large increase in temperature of the mirror during the pulse. A new design was proposed and implemented which has extended the capability of the mirror to 10 s with passive cooling. The important features of the new design are 1) increase in the passive heat transfer rate during cooling and 2) a modified shape of the mirror. The analysis shows that, the new mirrors can be used for 10 s pulses. The new mirrors have been installed in DIII-D, they have been used for up to 2 s pulses.
Regulation of early signaling and gene expression in the α-particle and bystander response of IMR-90 human fibroblasts

Background The existence of a radiation bystander effect, in which non-irradiated cells respond to signals from irradiated cells, is well established. To understand early signaling and gene regulation in bystander cells, we used a bio-informatics approach, measuring global gene expression at 30 minutes and signaling pathways between 30 minutes and 4 hours after exposure to α-particles in IMR-90 fibroblasts.
Action of prokaryotic enhancer over a distance does not require continued presence of promoter-bound σ54 subunit

The mechanism by which an enhancer activates transcription over large distances has been investigated. Activation of the glnAp2 promoter by the NtrC-dependent enhancer in Escherichia coli was analyzed using a purified system supporting multiple-round transcription in vitro. Our results suggest that the enhancer–promoter interaction and the initiation complex must be formed de novo during every round of transcription. No protein remained bound to the promoter after RNA polymerase escaped into elongation. Furthermore, the rate of initiation during the first and subsequent rounds of transcription were very similar, suggesting that there was no functional ‘memory’ facilitating multiple rounds of transcription. These studies exclude the hypothesis that enhancer action during multiple-round transcription involves the memory of the initial activation event.