cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic medical records--promises, promises!

We reviewed the long-term survival, treatment-related mortality and morbidity of a continuous cohort of patients with Hodgkin's disease diagnosed and staged at the Haematology unit of the Belfast City Hospital between January 1973 and October 1992. The analysis included a comparison of the survival of those patients who were entered into BNLI (British National Lymphoma Investigation) trials compared to those not entered during this 20 year period. In addition univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed. The complete remission rate (CR) was 79.6% with a 15 year survival of 55.3%. On multivariate analysis in which deaths due to active Hodgkin's disease only were considered age > 50 emerged as the most significant prognostic factor (P < 0.0007), the presence of B symptoms also having independent significance (P = 0.008). Trial status did not have any independent prognostic significance. Eighty one deaths occurred: active Hodgkin's disease (50), second malignancy (9), treatment-related (10), unrelated (9), unknown (3). This long-term follow up study provides useful information additional to the data produced by clinical trials which are biased by selection criteria. The occurrence of Haemophilus Influenzae meningitis in a patient 17 years following splenectomy highlights the need for appropriate vaccination of patients splenectomised for Hodgkin's disease.
The Role of Care in Programmatic Actions for Nutrition: Designing Programmes Involving Care

Incorporating care practices and resources for care into existing health, nutrition, and integrated programmes can have significant positive effects on children's growth and development. Correlational studies and a few efficacy trials suggest the promise of this approach for improving the survival, growth, and development of children, particularly those under three years of age. This paper defines the concept of care, clarifies characteristics of nutrition programmes that include care, and describes four intervention strategies for health and nutrition that incorporated care. It summarizes lessons learned from these and other experiences and current actions that UNICEF and others are taking regarding care, and suggests further steps.
Not All Carried Interests are Created Equal

Recently, a significant debate over the taxation of so-called “carried interest” in private equity funds has received much attention from scholars, the government, commentators, and the media. This debate has focused on whether private equity fund managers who earn a percentage of the returns generated by the fund should be entitled to preferential “capital gain” treatment on such returns. The primary concern in this debate revolves around whether managers are effectively being compensated for services normally taxed at higher rates while receiving the benefit of preferential rates reserved for capital gains. Proponents of reform point to the services being performed by the managers, while proponents of the current system point to the investment exposure to the underlying assets of the fund. In reality, however, both sides are partially correct: carried interest is “blended” in that it represents both a return to services and a return on capital. Since carried interest is blended in this manner, an analogy to either proves less than satisfying.The issue of blended labor/investment returns is not new to the tax laws, however. Historically, one way the law has attempted to address the issue was not by deconstructing such returns into constituent parts, but instead by imposing a “holding period” requirement. Under this approach, not all capital investments are created equal; rather, only capital investments held for an arbitrary period of time while bearing the risk of loss qualify for preferential rates. The current debate over the taxation of carried interest in private equity has failed to incorporate this element into the analysis, i.e., the role that holding period plays in denying preferential rates to blended labor/investment returns, such as carried interest. This Article will do so, concluding that, to the extent any reform of the taxation of carried interest within the existing framework of the income tax is appropriate, a better approach may be through the application of the holding period rules rather than through current proposals to either change the definition of capital gains or further complicate the partnership tax rules.
Mean Value Analysis: a Personal Account

In 1977, I was manager of a small group “Distributed System Studies” in the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. At that time, ARPANET had already grown into a big US-wide meshed network using innovative technology such as adaptive routing and datagrams. By this comparison, IBM’s System Network Architecture (SNA) was quite backward. It grew out of so called “Telecommunication Access Methods” and was basically a feeding network for a single mainframe complex with tree topology (Fig. 1).
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center

Background : Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is an autoimmune disorder presenting with obsessive compulsive disorder and/or tics. Like Sydenham’s chorea, its presumed pathogenesis consists of autoantibodies cross-reacting with neurons in response to a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (GASI). There are currently no diagnostic laboratory findings and management ranges from antibiotic prophylaxis to intravenous immunoglobulin to plasmapheresis. The diagnosis remains controversial, resulting in inconsistent referrals and significant patient anxiety. Methods : A retrospective study was performed on all patients referred to the Pediatric Infectious Disease Division with a pre-referral diagnosis of PANDAS. Patients were analyzed by demographics, medical history, co-morbidities, symptoms, prior treatment, laboratory tests, management strategies, and treatment outcomes. Results : From 2003 to 2013, there were 21 patients with a pre-referral diagnosis of PANDAS. Only five met the diagnostic criteria. No patient at referral had an objective scale to monitor symptoms. Eight referrals had a major psychiatric disorder, and none fulfilled diagnostic criteria (p<0.01). Discussion : The majority of the patients referred with a pre-diagnosis of PANDAS do not fulfill diagnostic criteria nor do they have objective criteria for symptom monitoring. Major psychiatric disorders do not seem to be associated with PANDAS, and better physician education may prevent misdiagnoses. Multidisciplinary management is recommended.
Rethinking computer architecture research

The prevailing methodology in architecture research is to propose a mechanism, incorporate it in some existing execution-driven software simulator and collect statistics related to some standard benchmarks to determine the merits of the architectural proposal In recent architecture conferences as many as ninety five percent of the papers have followed this methodology. Some of the pitfalls of this approach are well known: frequent omissions (either deliberately or inadvertently) of important aspects of the system, total disregard for implementation complexity, inability to model time accurately in situations where interactions are nondeterministic and thus, potentially deeply affected by timing assumptions, and inability to run realistic applications with large enough data sets, especially in parallel systems Architects of real systems have generally ignored such simulation studies because of aforementioned weaknesses They are driven primarily by constraints such as power and clock speeds, and by compatibility with their own older systems The relative importance of these constraints changes from time to time and sometimes that can affect the microarchitecture under consideration For example, the next generation technology will offer so much variability in power and speed that it may require us to reconsider the whole notion of “timing closure”. There are two new developments that together enables a more “implementation aware” study of microarchitectures Availability of FPGA's with as many as 6-million gates, multiple RISC cores and 256K bytes of memory make it possible to implement very complex devices (e.g., a complex 64-bit processor) on a single FPGA Furthermore, high-level synthesis tools, such as Bluespec, make it possible for a small team to generate RTL for complex devices within a matter of weeks, if not days A proper setup with FPGA's and high-level synthesis tools can enable universities to architectural studies that are much more rewarding and useful than pure software simulations The same high-level synthesis techniques can also be directed toward ASICs and custom circuits where physical layout and other backend issues can be considered. We will illustrate this new style of “implementation aware” research through several ongoing projects at MIT and CMU.
Obtaining High‐Resolution Images of Ceramics from 3‐D X‐Ray Microtomography by Region‐of‐Interest Reconstruction

3-D X-Ray imaging technology, when applied to advanced ceramics, is limited in some cases by detector sensitivity. This limitation can be overcome to some degree by the use of region-of-interest (ROI) reconstruction software. We have developed such software and applied it to 28 mm-diameter, injection-molded Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] with known hole-type defects ranging in diameter from 25.4, [mu]m to 508 [mu]m. We have also applied the ROI concept to large (22 cm)-diameter Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] turbocharger rotors, demonstrating the ability to resolve only the critical blade-hub region for each blade.
Lawsuits Arising Out of Reconstruction

This paper focuses on cases involving negligence on the part of an administrative agency and concludes by stating that in educating personnel in the basic concepts of road liability law, and by integrating that knowledge in procedures and guidelines for decision making, a road authority can use the body of law as a positive means of making more effective decisions and reducing its potential liabilities. Language: en
Protecting Journalists in Foreign War Zones

In light of the recent beheadings of journalists Steven Sotloff and James Foley at the hand of ISIS, this paper will examine the threats to life and freedom of expression that foreign correspondents face in war zones, ultimately arguing for greater protection for combat journalists. The paper begins with an overview of the history of war reporting, which began in the American Civil War and saw heightened repercussions in the Vietnam War. Next, this paper inspects the current extent of journalist fatalities, the problem addressed in this policy brief. Journalists in war zones are under considerably greater danger today because the changing nature of war makes the frontlines of battle less recognizable. Reporters are often specifically targeted as a result of their status, and fatalities of foreign correspondents are on the rise, with the highest death rate in 2012. With the growing importance of this problem, three solutions are offered in attempt to solve the growing issue. The plans presented in this policy brief intend to better protect foreign correspondents and the truth they uncover in war zones.
Exotic Plant Species of Cumberland Island, Georgia1

Abstract A survey of exotic plant species on Cumberland Island (Georgia) was conducted during 2003–2004. Of sixty-six exotic plant species identified, twenty-three of these are recognized as invasive or potentially invasive by either the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GAEPPC) or the Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council (FLEPPC) and 11 species occurred in natural areas of Cumberland Island National Seashore. Areas containing exotic plant species, obtained in the form of Geographic Information System layers, ranged from 1 m2 to 2,273,708 m2. Rankings of impact determined by the Alien Plant Ranking System (APRS) ranged from 4 to 60, but did not coincide well with rankings by the GAEPPC or FLEPPC. Five species listed by GAEPPC or FLEPPC ranked 40 or above by APRS, while all others ranked below 38.
Stratospheric ozone change

One of the potentially most important responses of the atmosphere to increasing amounts of trace constituents is a change in the amount and distribution of ozone (O3) in the stratosphere (the region of the atmosphere from approximately 12–50 km). Ozone is important to the terrestrial environment because it absorbs the bulk of the Sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the important UVB wavelength region (290–320 nm). If ozone abundances were reduced, more DNA-destroying radiation would penetrate to the Earth’s surface, leading to an increased incidence of skin cancers, cataracts, and damage to plant and animal life. This inverse relationship between ozone amounts and penetration of ultraviolet radiation has made the determination of what changes in ozone amounts are actually occurring and what changes are forecast for the future into important environmental questions.
Stepping Down and Stepping In: Youth's Perspectives on Making the Transition from Residential Treatment to Treatment Foster Care.

Abstract Older youth preparing to emancipate from the foster care system are often served in residential treatment settings where they have limited opportunities to practice skills for independent living in a community setting. Stepping these youth down to less restrictive environments such as treatment foster care is a growing trend, especially for youth with mental health issues. Yet, few studies have explored the youth's perspective on making this transition. This study utilized qualitative interviews with youths who were participating in a treatment foster care intervention study (n = 8) to gain their perspectives on the process of transitioning from residential care. Youths were interviewed right before they exited residential care and two months after placement in the new foster home. Youths reported hopes for gaining family in the new home as well as fears of placement disruption. Findings point to the need to enlist youths in discussion and problem solving about difficulties they anticipate in the new home and expectations for their relationship with the new foster parents. In addition, the struggles described after two months in the home point to the need for youths to build specific skills to better manage ongoing relationships with foster parents and for foster parent training on how to help build these skills.
Classification and regression: money *can* grow on trees

With over 800 million pages covering most areas of human endeavor, the World-wide Web is a fertile ground for data mining research to make a difference to the effectiveness of information search. Today, Web surfers access the Web through two dominant interfaces clicking on hyperlinks and searching via keyword queries This process is often tentative and unsatisfactory Better support is needed for expressing one's information need and dealing with a search result in more structured ways than available now. Data mining and machine learning have significant roles to play towards this end.In this paper we will survey recent advances in learning and mining problems related to hypertext in general and the Web in particular. We will review the continuum of supervised to semi-supervised to unsupervised learning problems, highlight the specific challenges which distinguish data mining in the hypertext domain from data mining in the context of data warehouses, and summarize the key areas of recent and ongoing research.
Use of horseradish peroxidase-labelled antiglobulin for the colorimetric quantitation of erythrocyte antibodies.

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled antiglobulin has been used extensively as a histochemical marker. In the method described the stable reaction product formed by using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the hydrogen donor in the peroxidase reaction was dissolved in a fluoro alcohol, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HPF). Reproducible standardisation curves resulted with HRP. Based on these observations a colorimetric assay procedure was developed to quantitate the amount of antibody coating red cells. This was achieved by treating the coated red blood cells with HRP-labelled rabbit anti-human IgG followed by hypotonic lysis, separating the ghosts for colour development with the DAB reagent, solubilisation in HFP, and reading at 450 nm. Preliminary estimates of the number of anti-D molecules on Rhesus positive red cells were found to approximate the results reported using radioiodinated antibodies. The smallest number of anti-D molecules detected was 350 per red cell. Qualitative studies indicate that this procedure can be applied to other blood group systems.
Suggested modification of CMC formula for acceptability

The Colour Measurement Committee [CMC] formulas for color-difference acceptability do not describe ellipsoids in CIELAB space, but the literature describes the acceptability surfaces as ellipsoids. It turns out that the discrepancy does not affect computational results [as long as the CMC parameter c is 1]. However, if the ellipsoid equations were substituted for the existing quartic formulas, the possibility for conceptual confusion would be much reduced. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Anomalous heat capacity of vitreous silica: Effect of interstitial 4He

Abstract 4 He (gas or liquid) sorbs into SiO 2 glass at liquid helium temperatures. The term in the heat capacity of vitreous silica which is linear in temperature is increased by the presence of interstitial 4 He. (The linear term is believed to be generally characteristic of glasses). A number of experiments on SiO 2 glass are suggested using H 2 , 3 He, and 4 He as probes of mass 2, 3, and 4 to explore the mechanism which is responsible for the anomalous heat capacity.
Mouse muscle phosphofructokinase is partially phosphorylated.

Abstract Phosphofructokinase isolated from mouse skeletal muscle 18 hours after intraperitoneal injection of [ 32 P]- PO 4 3− contained 0.12 to 0.15 moles of covalently bound phosphate per protomer on the basis of the specific activity of radiolabel in the γ-position of ATP. Under identical conditions, muscle pyruvate kinase and aldolase had no covalently bound phosphate.
Establishing School Volunteer Programs

Abstract Schools can no longer rely on students' mothers as a primary source of volunteers. Over the past decade, retired persons have contributed more assistance in the classroom than any other group. The partnership between schools and older members of the community can be viewed as a creative process that offers inherent benefits for both the children and the volunteers. The children may benefit from the individualized attention and from gaining knowledge about older people. For the adults, volunteering may make them feel more productive and may reduce feelings of loneliness or depression. Specific guidelines and a tool for providing volunteer feedback are offered to educators that are designed to maximize program success and sustained volunteer involvement.
A balancing act: physical balance, through arousal, influences size perception.

Previous research has demonstrated that manipulating vision influences balance. Here, we question whether manipulating balance can influence vision and how it may influence vision—specifically, the perception of width. In Experiment 1, participants estimated the width of beams while balanced and unbalanced. When unbalanced, participants judged the widths to be smaller. One possible explanation is that unbalanced participants did not view the stimulus as long as when balanced because they were focused on remaining balanced. In Experiment 2, we tested this notion by limiting viewing time. Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1, but viewing time had no effect on width judgments. In Experiment 3, participants’ level of arousal was manipulated, because the balancing task likely produced arousal. While jogging, participants judged the beams to be smaller. In Experiment 4, participants completed another arousing task (counting backward by sevens) that did not involve movement. Again, participants judged the beams to be smaller when aroused. Experiment 5A raised participants’ level of arousal before estimating the board widths (to control for potential dual-task effects) and showed that heightened arousal still influenced perceived width of the boards. Collectively, heightened levels of arousal, caused by multiple manipulations (including balance), influenced perceived width.
Complex cytokine modulation of a continuous line of mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu).

The continuous mink lung epithelial cell line Mv1Lu has proven to be a sensitive reporter line in the bioassay for purified TGF-beta, exhibiting a sigmoid-shaped concentration-response relationship with an EC50 of 12 pM (0.3 ng/mL). Maximal inhibition of Mv1Lu cells generates a 75-95% decrement in the number of adherent cells. However, this bioassay is not specific for TGF-beta as originally claimed. Mv1Lu cells are sensitive to other cytokines and substances found in complex biological fluids. In this study the effects of other biological response modifiers in this assay were tested and several were found to have important growth modulatory capacities that confound the quantitation of TGF-beta. EGF, TGF-alpha, fibronectin, and IGF-I all induce Mv1Lu cell proliferation. In contrast, neither PDGF (-AA, -AB, -BB) nor endotoxin ( or = 10 ng/mL) are the only cytokines examined that inhibit Mv1Lu proliferation. TGF-beta decreases final cell number both by preventing mitosis and by inhibition of adherence of cells to the uncoated dish. Several strategies are suggested to assure the specificity of this otherwise convenient bioassay for TGF-beta.
A method for synthesizing large quantities of carbon nanotubes and encapsulated copper nanowires

A method using a hydrogen arc for synthesizing large quantities of carbon nanotubes filled with pure copper is reported. The interaction of small copper clusters with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is shown to form carbon nanotubes and encapsulated copper nanowires. The effectiveness of this model is demonstrated by showing that no copper filled nanotubes are formed in a helium arc that does not generate PAHs. A direct proof of this model is demonstrated by using pyrene, a PAH molecule, to grow carbon nanotubes and encapsulated copper nanowires.
Asymmetric Four-Point Crack Specimen

Accurate results for the stress intensity factors for the asymmetric four-point bend specimen with an edge crack are presented. A basic solution for an infinitely long specimen loaded by a constant shear force and a linear moment distribution provides the reference on which the finite geometry solution is based.
Synthesis and structure of analogues for the Ni-Fe site in hydrogenase enzymes.

Dithiolate bridging Ni−Fe complexes [(dppe)NiII(μ-SEt)2FeII(CN)2(CO)2]6 and [(dppe)NiII(μ-pdt)FeII(CN)2(CO)2] [dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane and pdt = 1,3-propanedithiolate] have been synthesized and structurally characterized as structural analogues of the active site of Ni−Fe hydrogenase enzymes. The synthesis starts from key intermediate fac-[Fe(CN)2(CO)3I]−. [(dppe)NiII(μ-SEt)2FeII(CN)2(CO)2]6, which features a near-planar diethanethiolate-bridged Ni−Fe rhomb, and the arrangement of 2CN− ligands is cis to each other. In contrast, [(dppe)NiII(μ-pdt)FeII(CN)2(CO)2] shows a much more folded NiS2Fe rhomb, a short Ni−Fe distance, trans 2CN− ligands, and a semibridging CN− between Ni and Fe.
Purified viable fat suspended in matrigel improves volume longevity.

Background: Autologous fat is an excellent soft tissue filler with cosmetic and reconstructive utility. However, graft longevity is unpredictable. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effect on in vivo fat graft performance of contemporary adipocyte tissue engineering techniques that have not previously been applied to mature fat cells due to the difficulty of their purification and their high metabolic demand. Methods: Using a recently reported protocol, the adipocyte viability and purity of lipo-harvested fat were optimized. Before graft administration, these purified cells were suspended in GFR-Matrigel (BDBiosciences), a basement membrane protein matrix known to improve early angiogenesis. It was posited that by suspending the purified cells in this resorbable matrix, the high metabolic demand of these cells would be met and graft performance could be improved. The in vivo longevity of these tissue engineered fat grafts was tested in a murine model in which each subject received posterior subcutaneous injections of three types of fat graft: unpurified fat after lipo-harvest alone; fat harvested in identical fashion, but purified and suspended in GFR-Matrigel; and a control of GFR-Matrigel alone. Graft volumes and quantitative histologic characteristics were examined at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Results: At 3 months, purified fal/GFR Matrigel grafts showed superior fat volume maintenance (80.2% versus 29.7% for unpurified grafts [ P < .05]) and adipocyte cellular longevity (70.1% versus 45.6% [ P < .001). Unpurified grafts were largely replaced by fibrosis at 3 months (96.5% [95% CI 0.90–0.970]), despite starting with three times as many viable adipocytes as purified grafts. A correlation was noted between the poor performance of unpurified grafts and a disproportionate presence of early inflammation in fat grafts prepared without purification techniques. Conclusions: A preparatory regimen consisting of a preadministration purification followed by cellular suspension in a resorbable protein matrix may ultimately improve the predictability and longevity of autologous fat grafts.
Evaluating incorporation of drug restrictions into computerized drug order entries after transition to an electronic health record.

Background: Incorporation of drug restriction policy into electronic drug order entries (DOEs) can promote responsible medication use and resource utilization when implemented systematically.Objective: To identify drugs that require further incorporation of formulary restriction policy into their DOEs after migration to an electronic health record with computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE).Methods: After transition to CPOE, test orders for formulary restricted drugs were entered in the CPOE environment. Data were collected about rationale for drug restriction, type of formulary restriction, presence of incorporation of restriction policy into the DOE, and whether incorporation was consistent with a recommended method. Restricted drugs requiring revision of policy incorporation into their DOEs were analyzed to create a prioritized task list based on rationale for the restriction.Results: Of all restricted drugs, 63.6% (287/451) did not have restriction policy incorporated into their DOEs consistent wi...
Extending the discrete selection capabilities of the P300 speller to goal-oriented robotic arm control

A brain-computer interface (BCI), a system that translates a user's brain activity into device commands, can provide a non-muscular means for disabled individuals to interact with their environment. The P300 event-related potential, a transient brain response to a sensory stimulus, has been demonstrated to be a reliable brain signal for controlling a BCI. Traditionally, P300-based BCIs have been used for simple typing tasks using a P300 Speller application, which mimics the functionality of a computer keyboard. Here we extend the discrete selection capabilities of the P300 Speller to achieve high-level control of a 6 degree-of-freedom robotic arm. This study aims to determine if a user's performance, measured in accuracy and communication rate, is affected when a P300 Speller is used to control a robotic arm compared to simple typing. The results indicate that a user's performance is not significantly affected whether typing or controlling a robotic arm.
NMR Analyses of Order and Dynamics in Poly(p-Benzamide)/Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Natural abundance NMR methods were employed to analyze static and dynamic properties of poly(p-benzamide), the parent compound of the aramide family of polymers, dissolved in absolute sulfuric acid. Quantitative determinations of order in the liquid crystal phases arising in these systems were carried out with the aid of bidimensional 13C NMR data collected in the solid phase and of total line shape simulations, and the parameters thus obtained were monitored as a function of temperature, concentration, and polymer molecular weight. These measurements revealed that by contrast to what had been inferred from previous macroscopic order determinations, the alignment of polymer molecules in their nematic domains is essentially independent of temperature. Existing measurements can still be explained in terms of a temperature-dependent isotropic ⇄ nematic equilibrium, whose presence and thermodynamics were unambiguously characterized by NMR. Dynamic aspects of this interphase equilibrium as well as of the intra...
Angiographic correlates of “spotty” coronary artery calcium detected by electron-beam computed tomography in patients with normal or near-normal coronary angiograms

To characterize relations between coronary plaque formation, focal, "spotty" coronary calcified lesions, and luminal narrowing, coronary calcium was examined by electron-beam computed tomography in 49 patients with normal or near-normal angiograms. Based on a coronary segmental analysis and on a patient-by-patient analysis, spotty coronary calcium was associated with slight angiographic changes consistent with early atherosclerotic disease and compensatory arterial remodeling.
Isoelectric focusing of human blood cell membranes

Abstract The technique of isoelectric focusing in stabilized pH gradients has been modified for application to particulate material using both commercial Ampholines in the pH range 3–5 and a specially prepared mixture of organic and inorganic acids for the pH range 1–3. The isoelectric point of red cell membranes was determined as 3.9 but shifted to values as high as 4.2 on extensive washing of the stroma or after treatment with neuraminidase. The isoelectric points of membranes from platelets and lymphocytes determined by this method were 3.9 and 1.9, respectively, in excellent agreement with conventional cytoelectrophoretic methods.
Characterizing the eccentricities of transiting extrasolar planets with Kepler and CoRoT

Radial velocity planet searches have revealed that many giant planets have large eccentricities, in striking contrast with the giant planets in the solar system and prior theories of planet formation. The realization that many giant planets have large eccentricities raises a fundamental question: Do terrestrial-size planets of other stars typically have significantly eccentric orbits or nearly circular orbits like the Earth? While space-based missions such as CoRoT and Kepler will be capable of detecting nearly Earth-sized planets, it will be extremely challenging to measure their eccentricities using radial velocity observations. We review several ways that photometric measurements of transit light curves can constrain the eccentricity of transiting planets. In particular, photometric observations of transit durations can be used to characterize the distribution of orbital eccentricities for various populations of transiting planets (e.g., nearly Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone) without relying on radial velocity measurements. Applying this technique to rocky planets to be found by CoRoT and Kepler will enable constraints on theories for the excitation of eccentricities and tidal dissipation. We also remind observers that several short-period transiting planets are known to have significant eccentricities and caution that assuming they are on a circular orbit can reduce the probability of detecting transits, impact planning for follow-up observations, and adversely affect measurements of the physical parameters of the star and planet.
N,N'-Bis(4-azidobenzoyl)cystine--a cleavable photoaffinity reagent.

Abstract A water-soluble, cleavable, heterobifunctional photoaffinity label has been synthesized in one step from N -hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-azidobenzoate and cystine. The resultant compound, N,N′ -bis(4-azidobenzoyl) cystine [(ABC) 2 ], reacts with protein sulfhydryl groups through disulfide exchange to generate photoactive derivatives. Since [ 35 S]cystine of high specific activity is readily available, it is possible to produce highly radioactive (ABC) 2 . ABC-derivatized ovalbumin is antigenic in vivo , and monoclonal antibodies specific for ABC have been produced. The antigen binding site of these antibodies was covalently labeled with ABC.
Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions and cholinergic control of female sexual behavior

Ovariectomized female rats received bilateral electrolytic or sham lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMNH). They were tested for sexual receptivity in response to estrogen (EB) and progesterone (P) treatment. Following this they were treated with a small dose of EB and tested for their response to intraventricular microinjection of a muscarinic cholinergic agonist or a vehicle solution. Those animals with lesions involving almost the entire extent of the VMNH displayed an impaired response to EB and P and to the agonist. Lesions which spared 30-50% of the anterior portion of the VMNH did not result in an impairment to EB and P or to the agonist. It is suggested that the disruption of the cholinergic induction of receptivity by such lesions was due either to destruction of estrogen receptors located in cell bodies in the VMNH which send projections to extrahypothalamic cholinergic neurons or to estrogen- and cholinergic-responsive cells intrinsic to the VMNH which are critical for the expression of sexual receptivity.
Tolerance induction permits the development of graft-versus-host disease: donor-mediated attack following small bowel transplantation in mixed chimeras.

Abstract The induction of tolerance to organ allografts would eliminate acute and chronic rejection as well as the need for nospecific immunosuppression. We have shown that tolerance induced through the creation of mixed allogeneic bone marrow chimeras allows for the long-term engraftment of cardiac and small bowel allografts across strong multiple major histocompatibility barriers. The possibility that tolerance might render the host susceptible to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has not been investigated in this or other models of tolerance. To test this possibility chimeras were created by transplantation of T-cell depleted ACI and Lewis bone marrow into lethally irradiated Lewis rats. Chimerism was determined post bone marrow transplant (BMTx) by flow cytometry of lymphocytes from reconstituted animals. ACI/Lew chimeras (ALC), Lewis/ACI F1 (LACF1), and Lewis (LEW) rats all received heterotopic ACI vascularized small bowel grafts. A second group of chimeras received small bowel grafts from ACI rats pretreated with low dose irradiation to eliminate T-cells from the graft. LEW→LEW smal bowel isografts were also performed. Animals were examined for evidence of GVHD by clinical signs and histologic examination of biopsied tissues. GVHD was quantified using the popliteal lymph node enlargment assay. All LACF1 rats developed severe lethal GVHD following ACI small bowel transplant. Bone marrow chimeras, ALC (n = 6), developed fatal GVHD in a similar fashion after receiving a small bowel transplant. LEW→LEW isografts and chimeras receiving bowel from irradiated ACI rats survived long term without GVHD while ACI→LEW allogeneic transplants all underwent acute rejection. GVHD or its absence was confirmed histologically. Popliteal lymph node enlargement indices reflected the presence of GVHD in the chimeras (1.87) and LACF1 (5.4) receiving allografts, but not in isografts or chimeras receiving irradiated allogeneic transplants. Analysis of cytokines in the tongues of rats undergoing GVHD showed elaboration of Th1 type proinflammatory cytokines which was not seen in isografted rats or rats receiving preirradiated small bowel. These results demonstrate that tolerance induction through mixed chimerism results in susceptibility to small bowel induced GVHD. Preirradiating the donor bowel prior to SBTx can prevent GVHD.
A Posteriori Local Discontinuous Galerkin Error Estimation for Two-Dimensional Convection---Diffusion Problems

We present a simple, efficient, and asymptotically correct a posteriori error estimates for a minimal dissipation local discontinuous Galerkin method applied to two-dimensional diffusion and convection---diffusion problems on rectangular meshes. The finite element spaces are obtained by performing a local error analysis and a posteriori error estimates are computed by solving local problems on each element. We present computational results for several problems to show the efficiency and accuracy of our error estimates. It is shown that even in the presence of boundary layers our error estimates converge to the true error under mesh refinement when Shishkin meshes are used.
Effect of chicken breast tissue anisotropy on absorption and scattering spectra

We used oblique incidence reflectometry technique to deduce absorption and reduced scattering spectra of chicken breast tissue from wavelength-resolved measurements of the relative diffuse reflectance profile of white light as a function of source-detector distance with the probe oriented at 0 and 90 degrees relative to the muscle fibers.[1, 2] We found that the deduced optical properties varied with the probe orientation due to the tissue's structural anisotropy.
Comparison of rectal and infrared thermometry for obtaining body temperature in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Background It would be clinically advantageous to develop a method of body temperature evaluation in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) that did not require sedation, restraint, surgical manipulation, or expensive equipment. Methods Body temperatures of 51 cynomolgus macaques were taken with rectal thermometry and non-contact infrared thermometry (NIFT) on the shoulder, face, abdomen, and axillary region. Results and conclusions Body temperature measurements from NIFT were statistically different (P < 0.0001) from rectal thermometry. In addition, there was greater between- and within-subject variability in values using NIFT. There was no correlation between any sites of the NIFT and rectal thermometry. It was concluded that NIFT was not a valid alternative to rectal thermometry in cynomolgus macaques.
Dependence of the composition of the protein moiety of nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles on the extent of particle purification as studied by electrophoresis including a two-dimensional procedure

Abstract Extraction with 0.1 M NaCl in 0.01 M Tris · HCl buffer, pH 8.0 releases from liver nuclei 30–40-S ribonucleoprotein particles containing newly synthesized RNA. Separation of the protein moiety of these particles by acid-urea gel electrophoresis depends on the concentration of β-mercaptoethanol in the buffer used for the solubilization of the particles. At low concentration or with short time of solubilization, only a polypeptide chain with apparent molecular weight 38 000 penetrates into the gel and can be detected by electrophoresis. By introduction of two-dimensional polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis, we succeeded to separate the protein moiety of these particles into a core group of 4 major and 6 minor polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 38 000 to 50 000 and a second group of 19 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 50 000 to 120 000. The composition of the protein moiety of these particles is dependent on the extent of purification. Polypeptides with molecular weight below 50 000 represent 55% of the total protein of particles purified only by centrifugation through a 15–30% sucrose gradient. If the particles were first purified by gel filtration through Bio-Gel A-50m followed by centirifugation in sucrose gradient, the low molecular weight proteins represent 80% of all the proteins of the particles. The purification removed selectively the minor high molecular weight polypeptides without resulting in any extensive release of the four major polypeptides with molecular weight below 50 000 which form a stable core particle. By repeated purification it is possible to strip the particles of the high molecular weight polypeptides even further. An increase in the NaCl concentration of the extraction buffer to 0.35 M will extract additional 30–40-S particles associated with a newly synthesized RNA from the cell nucleus. These particles contain the same polypeptides as particles extracted at lower salt concentration. Extraction with 0.1 M and 0.35 M NaCl at pH 8.0 removed from the nucleus approximately 55% of all RNA labeled in 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of [ 3 H] orotic acid to the rats.
Growth and characterization of low temperature AlInAs

Abstract Al0.48In0.52As lattice matched to InP and grown by MBE over a temperature range of 250 to 100°C and under an As4 pressure of 1x10−6 to 2x10−5 Torr has been investigated. Over this temperature range of 250 to 100°C, resistivity decreases from 2x107 to 3x106 Ω cm while photoluminescence intensity decreases by two orders of magnitude. Resistivity showed little sensitivity to change in As4 overpressure over the range investigated. Single crystal samples grown in the range of 100 to 150°C showed nonstochiometric excess As of up to 1.4% as determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and lattice expansion of 0.1% as determined by X-ray diffraction. Samples grown at temperatures greater than 200°C showed no excess As or lattice expansion.
Beyond the Talking Groundhogs: Trends in Science Trade Books

Resources for selecting high-quality elementary science trade books include lists exclusively for science and those that contain a broad spectrum of content foci such as the IRA’sTeachers’ Choices list. In this study, the genres and content areas of science-basedTeachers’ Choices books from the list’s inception in 1988 through 2004 were analyzed for trends. Based on our analysis, the storybook genre has decreased while informational books, particularly those classified as non-narrative informational books (Donovan & Smolkin, 2002), showed marked increases. Life science was the most prevalent content area. The implications of this increase in informational books are discussed in terms of integrating science and literacy.
Theoretical authority in social science

Theoretical authority is the evaluation of scientific work by its compatibility with what is accepted as confirmed theoretical knowledge. It is manifested as the application of the criteria of “significance” and “coherence”. I argue that the logical “legitimacy” of theoretical authority depends upon one's philosophy of social science. My purpose is not to discern which philosophy of social science is correct, but to demonstrate that efforts to do so have important implications for the organizational norms appropriate for social science. Disputes within the philosophy of social science are ipso facto disputes over the “constitutional principles” of social scientific disciplines.
The relative contributions of seed bank, seed rain, and understory vegetation dynamics to the reorganization of Tsuga canadensis forests after loss due to logging or simulated attack by Adelges tsugae

Profound changes are occurring in forests as native insects, nonnative insects, or pathogens irrupt on foundation tree species; comprehensive models of vegetation responses are needed to predict fu...
Effect of High-Nitrate Consumption on Lactation and Vitamin A Nutrition of Dairy Cows

Abstract Groups of dairy cows obtaining about one-half of their total digestible nutrients (TDN) from high nitrate corn silage 0.78% KNO 3 , dry basis) or from regular corn silage (0.40% KNO 3 , dry basis) with either 1.25% or 0.75% KNO 3 added to their diet dry matter continued to produce normal outputs of milk with normal fat, protein, and vitamin A content during a nine-wk period. There was no demonstrable effect of nitrate supplementation on hemoglobin, on plasma carotene and vitamin A, or on liver carotene and vitamin A. Cows of different milking levels secreted in milk 1% to 2% of the two to more than three million I. U. of vitamin A consumed as carotene with no demonstrable effect of the nitrate levels being consumed. The 24 cows were quite consistent in having 55 I. U. to 65 I. U. of vitamin A per gram of milk fat produced. There was no observed effect of the nitrate feeding on the reproductive performance of the cows. Milk cows fed good rations showed no evidence of adverse effects to sublethal nitrate intakes even early in the experiment.
Investigation of a resorcinol–formaldehyde resin by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and intrinsic viscosity measurement

Various molecular weight fractions and oligomers isolated from a novolac type resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) wood adhesive resin were studied by 13C-NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The 13C-NMR results indicate that methylene groups occur mostly between C4–C′4 and C2–C′4 carbons and in minor amounts between C2–C′2 carbons of resorcinol rings. By suppressing the nuclear Overhauser effect (nOe) and using a long delay time for 13C-NMR measurements, reasonable methylene/aromatic carbon ratios were obtained from the aromatic C1 carbon patterns that have resulted from different numbers of methylene groups bonded on the aromatic ring. This analysis results indicate that the RF resin has an appreciable amount of branch structures and compare favorably with the gel permeation chromatography and intrinsic viscosity measurement results. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imagining the law : common law and the foundations of the American legal system

Now Doniger paced, using Kramer as an audience of one, “We are all ruled by the past, although no on understands it. No one recognizes the power of the past” he said, with a sweep of his hand. “But if you think about it, the past has always been more important than the present. The present is like a coral island that sticks above the water, but is built upon millions of dead corals under the surface, that no one sees. In the same way, our everyday world is built upon millions and millions of events and decisions that occurred in the past. And what we add in the present is trivial.
Vertically shaken column of spheres. Onset of fluidization

The onset of surface fluidization of granular material in a vertically vibrated container, z = A cos ωt , is studied experimentally. Recently, for a column of spheres it has been theoretically found (see T. Poschel, T. Schwager, C. Salue na, Phys. Rev. E 62, 1361 (2000)) that the particles lose contact if a certain condition for the acceleration amplitude ≡Aω2/g = f (ω) holds. This result is in disagreement with other findings where the criterion = = const was found to be the criterion of fluidization. We show that for a column of spheres a critical acceleration is not a proper criterion for fluidization and compare the results with theory.
A New, Aqueous 1H NMR Shift Reagent Based on Host−Guest Molecular Recognition Principles for Organic Compound Structural Analysis: Non-covalent π−π and Hydrophobic Interactions Using a Supramolecular Host, [Cp*Rh(2‘-deoxyadenosine)]3(OTf)3

We have discovered that the supramolecular host [Cp*Rh(2‘-deoxyadenosine)]3(OTf)3 (1, Cp* = η5-C5Me5, OTf = CF3SO3-) has utility as a new, aqueous 1H NMR shift reagent, via a host−guest molecular recognition process that occurs by non-covalent π−π and hydrophobic interactions, with a wide variety of H2O-soluble organic substrates. These organic compound guests that we present, to illustrate the utility of host 1 as a novel, aqueous 1H NMR shift reagent, encompass examples such as aromatic carboxylic acids, phenylacetic acid (G1), 1-naphthoic acid (G2), and 2-naphthoic acid (G3), an aliphatic carboxylic acid, cyclohexylacetic acid (G4), as well as biological compounds, a di- and a tetrapeptide containing terminal l-tryptophan (Trp) or l-phenylalanine (Phe) groups, l-Trp-l-Phe (G5) and l-Trp-l-Met-l-Asp-l-Phe amide (G6) in the pH range 5−10. A discussion of the molecular recognition parameters that effect the 1H NMR shifts of the organic guests and a comparison with the water-soluble lanthanide shift reagen...