cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GPU implementation of Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS)

The Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS) algorithm (Med. Phys. 35, pg. 660, 2008) has been applied to several computed tomography applications with both standard CT systems and flat-panel based systems designed for guiding interventional procedures and radiation therapy treatment delivery. The PICCS algorithm typically utilizes a prior image which is reconstructed via the standard Filtered Backprojection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm. The algorithm then iteratively solves for the image volume that matches the measured data, while simultaneously assuring the image is similar to the prior image. The PICCS algorithm has demonstrated utility in several applications including: improved temporal resolution reconstruction, 4D respiratory phase specific reconstructions for radiation therapy, and cardiac reconstruction from data acquired on an interventional C-arm. One disadvantage of the PICCS algorithm, just as other iterative algorithms, is the long computation times typically associated with reconstruction. In order for an algorithm to gain clinical acceptance reconstruction must be achievable in minutes rather than hours. In this work the PICCS algorithm has been implemented on the GPU in order to significantly reduce the reconstruction time of the PICCS algorithm. The Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) was used in this implementation.
Trapping Ring Electrode Cell: A FTICR Mass Spectrometer Cell for Improved Signal-to-Noise and Resolving Power

A novel FTICR cell called the trapping ring electrode cell (TREC) has been conceived, simulated, developed, and tested. The performance of the TREC is compared to a closed cylindrical cell at different excited cyclotron radii. The TREC permits the ability to maintain coherent ion motion at larger initial excited cyclotron radii by decreasing the change in radial electric field with respect to z-axis position in the cell. This is accomplished through postexcitation modulation of the trapping potentials applied to segmented trap plates. Resolving power approaching the theoretical limit was achieved using the novel TREC technology; over 420 000 resolving power was observed on melittin [M + 4H]4+ species when employed under modest magnetic field strength (3T) and a data acquisition duration of 13 s. A 10-fold gain in signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated over the closed cylindrical cell optimized with common potentials on all ring electrodes. The observed frequency drift during signal acquisition over long ti...
Libration of the Hydroxyl Ion in Alkali Halide Crystals

This paper presents experimental data for a direct absorption band near 300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ due to the hydroxyl ion in several alkali halides. This excitation is also seen as a combination band 300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ above the 3600-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ O---H stretching band. The lines are broad, even at helium temperatures, and seem to be Lorentzian. Dichroism induced by a static electric field indicates that the transition dipole moment is perpendicular to the O---H axis. The Devonshire model is unable to explain the O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-O${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ isotope shifts, and predicts more than the one strong band which is seen. A simple torsional harmonic-oscillator model can explain relatively well the isotope shifts and the oscillator strengths for both the direct librator and the librational sideband. Better agreement can be obtained by assuming some anharmonicity in the angular potential energy and/or assuming a slight displacement of the axis of rotational oscillation from the c.m. The temperature dependence of the linewidths may indicate a coupling between the torsional librational oscillator and the "30-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$" or "non-Devonshire" levels studied earlier.
Detection or estimation of insect populations in bulk-stored wheat with probe traps

Insect infestations of wheat stored on 20 Kansas farms were estimated with probe traps and 0.265-kg samples of wheat between September 1984 and June 1985. Traps in wheat bins for 2 d were 1.7-, 2.6-, 2.4-, and 2.6-fold more likely than wheat samples to detect infestations of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), respectively. Sample-to-sample variation and percentage of samples with insects increased with insect density in a similar manner for both methods. The ratio of insects caught in trap to insects per wheat sample was quite variable and seemed to increase with insect density. Two methods for obtaining more quantitative estimates with traps are discussed.
Inhibition of alveolar macrophage 5-lipoxygenase metabolism by auranofin☆

We have examined the effect of the oral gold compound auranofin (AF) on calcium ionophore A23187-induced arachidonic acid metabolism in the rat alveolar macrophage. Both reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic and radioimmunoassay analyses revealed that AF dose-dependently inhibited leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis in a parallel fashion with an %I - 4.3 pg/ml. At the same time, AF augmented A23187-induced arachidonate release and cyclooxy- genase metabolism. A possible mechanism for the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase was suggested by the capacity of AF to dose-dependently deplete ATP (ICY - 5.9 pg/ml), a cofactor for 5-iipoxygenase. These data indicate that, at therapeutic concentrations, AF acts in vitro as a selective in~bitor of macrophage 5-lipoxygenase metabolism. This likely represents an implant mechanism of action of AF in chronic inflammatory disorders. Chrysotherapy has well-established efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (l). In addition, gold salts have been shown to attenuate airway responsiveness in animals (2) as well as humans (3), and to decrease symptom scores and medication requirements in patients with asthma (3,4). It is generally recognized that chronic inflammation plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of both rheu- matoid arthritis (S) and asthma (6), and prominent among the many potential mediators of inflammation which have been suggested to be impo~ant in these conditions are the eicosanoids, a group of oxy- genated derivatives of arachidonic acid (AA) (7). Recent studies have demonstrated that auranofin (AF), an oral gold compound, inhibits the synthesis of leukotrienes, potent pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxy- genase metabolites of AA, in human blood neu- trophils (8,9), basophils (lo), and lung mast cells WI* Although the macrophage is thought to play a central role in chronic inflammatory disorders (ll), has the capacity to release relatively large amounts of cyclooxygenase and 5lipoxygenase eicosanoids 1121, and is a putative target cell for the anti-inflam- matory effects of gold 1131, we are aware of no information on the modulation by gold compounds of macrophage-derived eicosanoid synthesis. We therefore examined the effect of AF on calcium ionophore A23187-induced AA metabolism in the rat alveolar macrophage (AM), a cell which produces large amounts of 5lipoxygenase metabolites includ- ing both leukotrienes B4 (LTBI) and C4 (LTC3 (14). Our results indicated that AF inhibits AM 5- lipoxygenase metabolism at therapeutic concen-
An investigation of the kinematics of stretch blow molding poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles

An experimental study of the kinematics of inflation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) parisons in a Corpoplast stretch blow molding process is reported. LVDT displacement transducers have been placed at various positions along the length and at the top of a specially designed and built mold. A six-channel LVDT demodular circuit was built and attached to a minicomputer. Studies were conducted at 90 and 100°C at various pressures. Kinematic models were developed for the parison inflation, and stress fields along the deforming surface of the parison were computed using membrane theory.
β3-Adrenergic receptor Trp64Arg polymorphism does not predict incident CHD or carotid intima-media thickness in a community-based sample of whites: the ARIC study

The β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) is expressed in adipose tissue and plays a significant role in controlling energy expenditure through the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. The possible clinical importance of the β3-AR Trp64Arg polymorphism has prompted us to investigate the association between it and the extent of atherosclerosis and risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD). The ability of the β3-AR Trp64Arg polymorphism to predict the extent of atherosclerosis and incident CHD has been evaluated in participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Incident CHD cases (n=271) were compared with a stratified random sample of the ARIC cohort (n=700). Comparisons were also made between a group with increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery walls, but without prevalent CHD (n=324), and a thin-walled control group (n=407). The frequency of the Arg64 allele was 0.081 and 0.069 in the incident CHD cases and cohort sample, respectively, and 0.062 and 0.057 in the IMT cases and thin-walled controls, respectively. Comparison of incident CHD cases and the cohort sample by Cox proportional hazards modeling indicated that the Arg64 allele was not a significant predictor of incident CHD, either alone (RR=0.99, P=0.98) or after inclusion of body mass index (BMI) and fasting insulin and glucose measurements (RR=1.02, P=0.93). A comparison of IMT cases and thin-walled controls by multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the Arg64 allele was not a significant predictor of carotid artery intima-media thickness when evaluated alone (OR=1.32, P=0.29) or after BMI and fasting insulin and glucose measurements were added to the model (OR=1.28, P=0.35). We infer that the β3-AR Trp64Arg polymorphism is not a major predictor of atherosclerosis or incident CHD in this sample of middle-aged white Americans.
Influence of molecular weight on intracellular antioxidant activity of invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) protein hydrolysates

Protein hydrolysates from underutilized silver carp (SPH) were prepared using Flavourzyme (F-15 to F-60) and Alcalase (A-15 to A-60) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively. SPH F-30 and A-60 showed promising chemical-based antioxidant activity and were further fractionated according to size to evaluate caco-2 cell based antioxidant activity. F-30 and A-60 peptide fractions with <3 kDa (F-30 < 3, A-60 < 3) showed higher cell-based antioxidant activity under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Further, IC50 values of F-30 < 3 (1–3 mg/mL) was lower than A-60 < 3 fractions (4 to 12 mg/mL), indicating higher cellular antioxidant activity of F-30 < 3 compared to A-60 < 3 under all conditions. The presence of active peptides with desired amino acid sequence in F-30 < 3 compared to A-60 < 3 may have contributed to its higher cellular antioxidant activity. Overall, SPH exhibited antioxidant capacity, hence using an underutilized, invasive fish for environmental and economic gain in the form of promising functional ingredients.
Carbon stabilized A15 Cr3Re precipitates and ductility enhancement of Cr-based alloys

Abstract A new metastable A15 phase in the Cr–Re system is predicted based on full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FLMTO) calculations of its electronic structure and cohesive properties. While A15 Cr3Re is unstable as a bulk compound, we demonstrate that nonstoichiometry and carbon impurities play a dominant role in stabilizing this phase and may lead to the occurrence of A15 type particles in Cr-based alloys. Thus, these A15 precipitates may scavenge carbon impurities and prevent the formation of brittle carbides and, additionally, provide an obstacle for dislocation motion. The formation of small close-packed particles appear to explain the improvement of both ductility and strength and is most likely the mechanism of the “rhenium effect” in Cr (W, Mo) based alloys.
Clinical utilization of grayscale workstations

The factors influencing the image fidelity of gray-scale monitors and how they are determined through both physical and psycho-physical measurements are discussed. Estimation techniques for the amount of image data to be displayed, both the daily digital image data volume and the estimation of the number of gray-scale display stations required, are also examined. Gray-scale display station hardware and software designs are presented. It is pointed out that exceptional attention must be paid to the details of workstation design, as this is the sole interface of the radiologist to the resources of the digital image management network. >
The Effects of SNP Genotyping Errors on the Power of The Cochran‐Armitage Linear Trend Test for Case/Control Association Studies

The questions addressed in this paper are: What single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping errors are most costly, in terms of minimum sample size necessary (MSSN) to maintain constant asymptotic power and significance level, when performing case-control studies of genetic association applying the Cochran-Armitage trend test? And which trend test or chi2 test is more powerful under standard genetic models with genotyping errors? Our strategy is to expand the non-centrality parameter of the asymptotic distribution of the trend test to approximate the MSSN using a Taylor series linear in the genotyping error rates. We apply our strategy to example scenarios that assume recessive, dominant, additive, or over-dominant disease models. The most costly errors are recording the more common homozygote as the less common homozygote, and the more common homozygote as the heterozygote, with MSSN that become indefinitely large as the minor SNP allele frequency approaches zero. Misclassifying the heterozygote as the less common homozygote is costly when using the recessive trend test on data from a recessive model. The chi2 test has power close to, but less than, the optimal trend test and is never dominated over all genetic models studied by any specific trend test.
Sensory quality and food safety of boneless chicken breast portions thawed rapidly by submersion in hot water.

Abstract Boneless chicken breast portions were thawed by submersion in hot water (60 °C) and compared to refrigerator thawing. Thawing in hot water was significantly quicker (2–8.5 min) than refrigerator thawing (10–15.5 h). Thawing time in hot water increased with an increase in meat thickness. Sensory panelists could not distinguish a difference between hot water versus refrigerator thawed and subsequently grilled chicken breast portions. A model for Salmonella growth predicts that thawing chicken breast at the slowest rate in this study (0.5 °C/min) would result in a lower increase in the Salmonella concentration than that expected for room temperature storage for 4 h.
Oxidative stimuli-responsive nanoprodrug of camptothecin kills glioblastoma cells

Abstract The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize nanometer-sized prodrug (nanoprodrug) of camptothecin. The camptothecin prodrug was synthesized using tetraethylene glycol spacer linked via carbonate bond to camptothecin and via ester bond to α-lipoic acid. The nanoprodrug was prepared through the spontaneous emulsification mechanism using the mixture of camptothecin prodrug and α-tocopherol which served as a structural matrix. The nanoprodrug was activated readily by porcine liver esterase and, with a much slower rate, by hydrolytic degradation. Upon longterm storage, the α-lipoic acid moiety of the camptothecin prodrug gradually oxidized without loss of structural integrity and therapeutic efficacy. Interestingly, the hydrolytic activation was negligible before the oxidation, but was significantly accelerated after the oxidation of the α-lipoic acid moiety, suggesting an oxidative stimuli-responsive activation of the prodrug. The camptothecin nanoprodrug was found to possess significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of U87-MG glioma cells with an IC 50 of 20 nM.
QSAR modeling using chirality descriptors derived from molecular topology.

Topological descriptors of chemical structures (such as molecular connectivity indices) are widely used in Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationships (QSAR) studies. Unfortunately, these descriptors lack the ability to discriminate between stereoisomers, which limits their application in QSAR. To circumvent this problem, we recently introduced chirality descriptors derived from molecular graphs and applied them in QSAR studies of ecdysteroids (Golbraikh A.; Bonchev, D.; Tropsha, A. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 147−158). In this paper, we extend our earlier work by applying chirality descriptors to four data sets containing chiral compounds. All models were derived with the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) QSAR method developed in our laboratory (Zheng, W.; Tropsha, A. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 185−194). They were validated using the same training and test sets that were employed in various, mostly 3D-QSAR, investigations published by other authors. We show that for all data sets 2D-QSAR mod...
Trace-gas sensing using the compliance voltage of an external cavity quantum cascade laser

We present experimental demonstration of a new chemical sensing technique based on intracavity absorption in an external cavity quantum cascade laser (ECQCL). This new technique eliminates the need for an infrared photodetector and gas cell by detecting the intracavity absorption spectrum in the compliance voltage of the laser device itself. To demonstrate and characterize the technique, we measure infrared absorption spectra of chemicals including acetone and Freon-134a. Sub-ppm detection limits in one second are achieved, with the potential for increased sensitivity after further optimization. The technique enables development of handheld, high-sensitivity, and high-accuracy trace gas sensors for in-field use.
A background suppression chopper for the High-Flux Backscattering Spectrometer at NIST

A characteristic of backscattering spectroscopy is the limited flux in achieving high resolution. This means that one requires a very high signal-to-noise ratio by keeping the background to a minimum. The high-flux backscattering spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research uses a phase-space transformation (PST) chopper to enhance the flux by a factor of 4.2. The chopper has six equal size sectors, alternating between open and pyrolytic graphite. The background in this spectrometer arises from neutrons from the main guide. Measurements show that neutrons which pass through an open sector of the PST chopper at the same time that the monochromatized beam passes through on its way to the sample, contribute to 60% of the background. In order to reduce this background while retaining 80% of the present neutron flux, we propose a second chopper placed between the local shutter and the entrance to the converging guide, synchronized with the PST chopper.
The utilization of a Taylor series-based transformation in fingerprint verification

Dealing with non-linear distortion in fingerprint images is a major difficulty for automated fingerprint verification systems. While this distortion can be a nuisance in minutiae matching systems, it is a major concern when matching smaller structures, such as points along ridges and pore locations. In this paper we show that a simple transformation derived from a Taylor series expansion can be used in conjunction with a set of corresponding minutia points to improve the correspondence of finer fingerprint details within a fingerprint image. This is demonstrated by applying the transformation to a database of fingerprint images and examining the ridge and pore match scores with and without the transformation. The results of our study show that this transform does provide a noticeable increase in matching accuracy.
Response and Stability of a Gas Pocket Damper Seal to Large Rotor Displacements

Pocket damper seals (PDSs) have been shown to offer an improved rotordynamic performance compared to conventional labyrinth seals, providing large amounts of direct damping and small cross-coupled coefficients. To this date, the rotordynamic characteristics of the PDSs have been determined using linearized models, with validity limited to small displacements of the rotor. The present investigation determines the effect of the nonlinear forces arising from the pocket damper seal on the response and stability of a PDS-rotor system when subjected to large dynamic excitations. It is determined that the nonlinear forces maintain bounded amplitudes of vibration (“limit cycles”) after the rotor passes the threshold speed of instability predicted by the linear theory. It is also found that the critical speed of the PDS-rotor system is well predicted by using both linear and nonlinear models of the seal forces, as both predictions compare well with the experimental measurements.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Aerosol Characterization with Centrifugal Aerosol Spectrometers: Theory and Experiment

A general mathematical model describing the motion of aerosols in spiral duct centrifuges has been developed. The model has been validated by comparisons of theoretically predicted deposition sites with experimental data from tests sizing aerosols in centrifuges of three different duct configurations. By accurately simulating factors which influence centrifuge performance, the model enhances the versatility of existing instruments and promotes computer aided design (CAD) of new units.
On the simple constrained‐search reformulation of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem to include degeneracies and more (1964–1979)

The constrained-search reformulation provides a transparent proof of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem, while extending it to include degeneracies, solving the w-representability problem, and more. This proof, as first presented at the 1979 Sanibel meeting, is reviewed within the context of a brief historical perspective and my interactions at that meeting. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Assessing the developmental stress hypothesis in the context of a reaction norm

Spencer and MacDougall-Shackleton (S&M hereafter) comprehensively reviewed published evidence to suggest that early life developmental conditions can play important roles in later life selection events. My intention here is to provide a constructive critique of how this ‘‘developmental stress hypothesis’’ is framed and studied, which may help guide further research. Commentaries on Invited Review 13
Mechanism and dynamics of azobenzene photoisomerization.

The excited-state dynamics of trans-azobenzene were investigated by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics. Two near-degenerate ππ* excited states, S2 and S3,4, were identified in a region hitherto associated with only one excited state. These results help to explain contradictory reports about the photoisomerization mechanism and the wavelength dependence of the quantum yield. A new model for the isomerization mechanism is proposed.
Percutaneous suprasternal puncture (Radner technique) of the pulmonary artery in transposition of the great vessels.

Introduction of a cardiac catheter into the pulmonary artery from the right heart is not possible in a substantial proportion of patients with transposition of the great vessels. It is necessary to obtain the pulmonary artery pressure and oxygen saturation value to evaluate the degree of pulmonary stenosis and the pulmonary vascular resistance. Twenty-three patients are described in whom this was accomplished by percutaneous suprasternal puncture. There was no mortality and there were no significant complications. The technique appears to be safe and reliable.
A syntax-directed approach to pattern recognition and description

Pattern recognition has held the attention of researchers for quite some time. Early efforts were in optical character recognition and were intended to provide easier and more rapid communication from man to machine. In more recent years, this research has expanded to include the processing of pictorial information, such as that from high energy physics or medical research.
Stripping voltammetry of chromium(VI) at a poly(4-vinvlpyridine)-coated platium electrode

Abstract By coating an electrod with a thin film of a polymer that has ion-exchange properties, the scope of stripping voltammetry can be extended to include electrochemically irreversible, ionic analytes. Such species are accumulated on the electrode by an ion-exchange reaction rather than by electrolysis. This approach was demonstrated by preconcentrating chromium(VI) in a protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) film from a 0.15 M sodium fluoride electrolyte buffered at pH 3.5. The ion-exchange preconcentration required 60 s at 0.9 V vs. SCE. The stripping was effected by applying a 50 mV s −1 potential scan. The peak at 0.2 V vs. SCE, which was due to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), was proportional to the Cr(VI) concentration over the 10 −6 –10 −8 M range. Because of the anion-exchange property of the film, cations such as Fe(III) and Cu(II) did not interfere. A 1000-fold excess of Cr(III) did not alter the peak current. Anions which are electroactive in the range 0.9–0.1 V vs. SCE will interfere. Because they can affect the partitioning of Cr(VI) into the film, interference will also be caused by high concentrations of multivalent and strong hydrogen-bonding anions. The electrode is simple to prepare and is stable.
Recent advances of zwitterionic carboxybetaine materials and their derivatives.

Zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine (pCB)-based materials have drawn special attention due to their outstanding properties of resisting proteins adsorption, biofilm formation and cell attachment on a variety of substrates and surfaces, reducing the uptake of pCB-coated nanosized materials, as well as providing the capability of further functionalization. Zwitterionic pCBs have been proven to be excellent choices for many applications, not only limited to the field of antifouling. This review will summarize the recent progress on the development of pCB materials and the understanding of the structure–function–property relationships of carboxybetaine materials.
Effects of acute and chronic administration of pentobarbital on GABA system

Abstract The acute administration of pentobarbital caused an increase in the brain level of GABA which was associated with pentobarbital induced narcosis. In addition, the activity of GAD measured during pentobarbital-induced narcosis was higher than that of the control group. On the other hand, chronic administration of pentobarbital resulted in a decrease of both GABA and glutamate levels. There was a concomitant 30% decrease in the activity of GAD. Brain GABA remained at significantly lower levels after an abrupt withdrawal from pentobarbital; however, brain glutamate level showed no significant difference as compared to the control group. The involvement of GABA system in pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions in pentobarbital dependent animals also was studied. The further decrease in GABA was observed in dependent mice that convulsed after the administration of pentylenetetrazol as compared with those that did not. In addition, the activity of GAD measured in dependent mice that convulsed was significantly lower than those of nonconvulsed dependent mice. Our studies also reveal that acute administration of pentobarbital increased the maximum amount of bound GABA at synaptosomal binding sties. On the contrary, GABA binding was significantly inhibited in mice continuously exposed to pentobarbital. The data strongly suggest that GABA system plays an important role in barbiturate actions.
Adsorption and coadsorption with oxygen of xenon on the (110) and (100) planes of tungsten

The adsorption of Xe on clean and oxygen covered (110) and (100) tungsten surfaces has been investigated. On clean surfaces monolayers of Xe (5.5 × 1014atoms/cm2) decrease work function by 0.45 eV on (110) and by 1.1 eV on (100). Binding energies Ead are estimated to be 5.3 kcal/mole on (110) and 6.2 kcal/mole on (100). Preadsorbed oxygen decreases the work function change, slightly on (110), and drastically on (100). On (110) a precoverage of OW = 0.5 increases Ead slightly after anneal at 400–800 K. On (100) OW = 0.5 increases Ead by 4–7 kcal/mole for 50% of the Xe layer; the effect decreases with increasing annealing temperature. For full oxygen monolayers only a slight effect is seen. If Xe is preadsorbed, O2 can reach the W(100) surface at 20 K through 1 Xe layer, to become chemisorbed, and at 33 K by diffusion through 2 or 3 Xe layers. For Xe preadsorption on (100) even very high oxygen coverages increase Ead profoundly, suggesting that oxygen is “steered” to appropriate sites by Xe. It is argued that the XeO interaction is chemical in nature and possible only when O atoms occupy sites which make available to Xe oxygen 2p orbitals in favorable orientations.
Interaction of adjacent bursts in the wall region

Motivated by a desire to control the turbulent boundary layer via feedback, the effect on a naturally occuring streamwise vortex pair of a perturbing pair produced by an actuator is examined. It is shown how the resulting velocity field modifies coefficients in the low‐dimensional models of Aubry et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 192, 115 (1988)], and a control strategy is sketched that reduces the bursting rate and hence the turbulent drag in the model problem.
Human keratinocytes adhere to multiple distinct peptide sequences of laminin

In normal human skin, basal layer keratinocytes of the epidermis are intimately associated with the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. Laminin, which is an 850-kD glycoprotein that has a cruciform shape by rotary shadowing and electron microscopy, is localized to the lamina lucida. The present study was aimed at further characterizing the interaction between laminin and cultured human keratinocytes. Initial studies revealed that laminin-coated substrata significantly promoted keratinocyte attachment in a concentration-dependent manner. To further define keratinocyte binding regions within laminin, a 440-kD proteolytic fragment of laminin was generated by limited chymotrypsin digestion, which renders laminin devoid of all terminal globular domains. Substrata coated with this 440-kD laminin fragment did not promote keratinocyte adhesion, suggesting that the globular domains may play an important role in cell adhesion. Based on these experiments, a series of chemically synthesized peptides derived from the A or B1 chains of laminin were studied. Among these, three peptides were found to be active in directly promoting keratinocyte adhesion: peptide F-9 (RYVVLPRPVCFEK) from the inner globule of the human B1 chain, TG-1 (RPVRHAQCRVCDGNSTNPRERH) from the top globule of the amino terminus (short arm) of the A chain, and GD-6 (KQNCLSSRASFRGCVRNLRLSR) from the large carboxy terminal globule at the end of the long arm of the A chain. In competition assays, these peptides in solution were shown to inhibit laminin-mediated keratinocyte adhesion. These studies show that normal human keratinocytes bind directly to laminin at a minimum of three distinct sites.
Basics of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Normal and Abnormal Postoperative CT Appearances

Knowledge about the surgical technique, the spectrum of normal postoperative imaging findings, and common postoperative complications is critical in the accurate evaluation of the patient after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Should repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect be delayed until later in childhood

Surgical repair of partial atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) has been successful for more than 60 years. However, recent data from the Pediatric Heart Network show that 31% of patients have moderate or severe left atrioventricular valve regurgitation (LAVVR) at follow-up. Previously, our institution found that only 9% of patients had more than moderate LAVVR at the last follow-up. Our objective was to determine the long-term outcomes after repair of partial AVSD in the current era. We reviewed all patients with partial AVSD who had primary biventricular repair from January 1995 to June 2011 at our institution. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival free of an event, and factors were evaluated for an association with each outcome using the log-rank test. All 105 patients with partial AVSD who had surgery during this period were evaluated. The median age at surgery was 7.9 years. The overall survival rate at 1 year was 97%. Median follow-up was 5.3 years (interquartile range 1.7 to 11.1). At 3 years, the survival rate free from reoperation was 89%. Thirteen patients required reoperations with the most common reason being LAVVR. A total of 10 patients developed more than moderate LAVVR with a cumulative incidence of 8% by 2 years. The discrepancy with the Pediatric Heart Network data may be due to the later age of operation for patients in our cohort suggesting that elective repair of partial AVSD should be deferred until children are somewhat older (ages 5 to 8 years). Neither patient age (p = 0.11) nor severity of preoperative LAVVR (p = 0.16) were identified as statistically significant risk factors. In conclusion, there is less morbidity and mortality after surgical repair for partial AVSD.
Hypertension and triglyceride catabolism: implications for the hemodynamic model of the metabolic syndrome.

Objective: We sought to determine if hypertensive adults have a blunted triglyceride catabolic rate (TG K2) and if related hemodynamic and vascular alterations are determinants of TG K2.Methods: Fasting levels of insulin, glucose, lipoproteins and plasma catecholamines were measured in 10 normotensive and 10 hypertensive adults. TG K2 was determined by an intravenous fat tolerance test. Forearm blood flow, maximum forearm blood flow and minimal forearm vascular resistance were determined by strain gauge plethysmography. Vascular compliance and systemic hemodynamics were measured by computerized arterial pulse waveform analysis.Results: Compared to normotensives, hypertensives had a significantly elevated blood pressure (145 ± 8/94 ± 11 versus 111 ± 15/74 ± 14 mm Hg, p < 0.001), systemic vascular resistance (1695 ± 441 versus 1172 ± 430 dynes × sec × cm−5, p = 0.02) and reduced large vessel compliance (11.7 ± 3.6 versus 15.1 ± 3.1 ml/mm Hg × 100, p = 0.04). There were no significant group differences in TG...
Novel synthesis of N‐substituted polyacrylamides: Derivatization of poly(acrylic acid) with amines using a triazine‐based condensing reagent

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was derivatized through the reaction of its pendant carboxylic acid (CO2H) groups with a wide range of amine-terminated molecules. These molecules contained alkyl, hydroxyl, sulfonic acid, or perfluoroalkyl groups. N-substitution of PAA was carried out by the simple addition of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM), a triazine-based condensing reagent, to a mixture of PAA and amine-terminated molecules. From proton nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, it was confirmed that these functional molecules were introduced into the PAA side chain via amide bonds. By the alteration of the synthetic conditions, functional side-chain contents of greater than 95% were achieved for aqueous reactions with taurine, ethanol amine, and butyl amine. Side-chain conversion was limited to ≤80% for reactions with perfluoroalkyl amines in methanol. Thus, DMTMM is an attractive replacement for carbodiimide condensing reagents such as 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 126–136, 2006
Lysine modifications and autophagy

Nutrient deprivation or cellular stress leads to the activation of a catabolic pathway that is conserved across species, known as autophagy. This process is considered to be adaptive and plays an important role in a number of cellular processes, including metabolism, immunity and development. Autophagy has also been linked to diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, highlighting the importance of a better insight into its regulation. In the present chapter, we discuss how PTMs (post-translational modifications) of lysine residues by acetylation and ubiquitination alter the function of key proteins involved in the activation, maturation and substrate selectivity of autophagy. We also discuss the clinical potential of targeting these modifications to modulate autophagic activities.
A compact dual-polarized multibeam phased-array architecture for millimeter-wave radar

A broad-band dual-polarized phased array is presented, which allows for independent beam control of the vertical and horizontal polarization with multibeam scanning in azimuth and elevation. The system is based upon a compact tray architecture with element spacing of 0.6/spl lambda/. Using stereolithography, a miniature dual-polarized waveguide front end was fabricated, which provides a low-loss transition to the microstrip phase-shifting circuitry. A p-i-n diode switch followed by a low-noise amplifier is implemented for each tray to allow for the electronically controlled beam scanning with a 49/spl deg/ field of view. The phased array demonstrates broad-band characteristics from 34 to 40 GHz with better than 20-dB cross-polarization signal discrimination.
Reducing risks in diabetes self-management: a systematic review of the literature.

Objective The purpose of this systematic review was to review published literature on risk-reducing interventions as part of diabetes self-management. Data Sources Medline (1990-2007), CINAHL (1990-2007), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (first quarter 2007) databases were searched. Reference lists from included studies were reviewed to identify additional studies. Study Selection Intervention studies that addressed reducing risks to help prevent or minimize diabetes complications were included. Data Extraction Study design, sample characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. Data Synthesis Thirty-three studies, represented by 39 articles, met the criteria for inclusion and were classified as smoking cessation (n = 3), eye examination (n = 2), foot care (n = 10), oral health (n = 2), vaccination (n = 1), cardiovascular risk reduction (n = 9), and comprehensive risk reduction (n = 6). Only 46.3% of the 283 outcomes measured in the 33 studies were significantly improved. Conclusions Reducing risks involves implementing effective risk reduction behaviors to prevent or slow the progression of diabetes complications. Recognizing risk factors for complications and what constitutes optimal preventive care is an important part of managing diabetes. Intervention studies are lacking in some areas of reducing risks. Further studies are needed to test specific interventions to reduce the risks of diabetes complications.
Not With A Bang, But A Whimper: Explaining Organizational Failures

This article uses an ideal stereotypical approach to examine the process of the organizational failures. Private sector stereotypes of government organizations are used to generate hypotheses about when public organizations fail. The hypotheses are tested using 1,000 school districts in Texas. In direct contrast to the hypotheses, the extent of bureaucracy is not related to failures. The only consistent results are that failures are linked to multiple goals and more difficult tasks.
The flux of tidal energy across latitude 60°S

How and where the ocean tides dissipate their energy are longstanding questions with both oceanographic and astronomical implications. Two decades ago, Doake suggested that flexing of Antarctic ice shelves by the underlying ocean tide is an important energy sink, perhaps accounting for over half the global dissipation rate. Observational constraints on Antarctic dissipation have been scarce. Here two new and complementary ocean-tide models, both derived from Topex/Poseidon satellite altimeter measurements, are used to determine the flux of tidal energy across 60°S toward the Antarctic coastline. Our results show relatively small fluxes and they therefore rule out Doake's suggestion: Antarctica is an insignificant sink in the global tidal energy budget.
Rain or Shine: Where is the Weather Effect?

Saunders (1993) and Hirshleifer and Shumway (2001) document the effect of weather on stock returns. The proposed explanation in both papers is that investor mood affects cognitive processes and trading decisions. In this paper, we use a database of individual investor accounts to examine the weather effects on traders. Our analysis of the trading activity in five major U.S. cities over a six-year period finds virtually no difference in individuals' propensity to buy or sell equities on cloudy days as opposed to sunny days. If the association between cloud cover and stock returns documented for New York and other world cities is indeed caused by investor mood swings, our findings suggest that researchers should focus on the attitudes of market-makers, news providers or other agents physically located in the city hosting the exchange. NYSE spreads widen on cloudy days. When we control for this, the significance of the weather effect is dramatically reduced. We interpret this as evidence that the behavior of market-makers, rather that individual investors, may be responsible for the relation between returns and weather.
31P NMR Studies of Aqueous Colloidal Dispersions Stabilized by Polyphosphazene Adsorption

The molecular interactions that act to stabilize a colloidal dispersion in solutions containing phosphazene trimers or polymers were investigated using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Behavioral Interventions to Enhance Smoking Cessation: A Summary of the Current Evidence

In the United States, the rate of cigarette smoking has significantly declined over the past 2 decades, but much more work is needed, as almost 20% of adults still smoke and smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of death. Furthermore, rates of smoking in certain subpopulations have remained relatively stable and have historically been neglected in smoking cessation research. Pharmacotherapy (both prescription and over-the-counter) and behavioral support are known to aid cessation, and their combination is more effective than either alone. There are significant barriers to access, use, and adherence, however, especially with pharmacotherapy. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an update and overview of the numerous behavioral approaches that have been used to enhance smoking cessation. The research described can be classified into the type of approach used, the setting in which it is delivered, and the population targeted. Regardless of the classification, all the approaches...
Big brains do matter in new environments

Why are some species' brains so large despite the metabolic and developmental costs? Why would two species with the same body size have two different brain sizes? These have been central questions in the field of brain evolution for decades and are the driving questions behind the article by Sol et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS. Correlations among various measures of brain size, cognitive capacity, problem solving, and behavioral ecology have been recorded in many groups of animals. The conventional approach has been to interpret these correlations as proxies for “as-yet-unknown” causal relationships while relying on the assumption that large brains confer greater cognitive abilities. Such studies in recent years have benefited from enhanced methodological capacities to measure brain size (e.g., computed tomography), collect large behavioral databases, and apply powerful statistical tests to such data. Collectively, this body of work has brought to light some broad consistent patterns of association among brain size, cognition, and ecology across animal groups that can be summarized as follows. Various measures of brain size (e.g., encephalization quotient, brain–body residuals, neocortex ratio) are positively correlated with 1. feeding innovation, learning, and tool use in birds and primates (2–10); 2. behavioral repertoire size in mammals (11); 3. social complexity in birds, primates, carnivores, and some insectivores (8, 12–16); 4. dietary complexity in primates (17–20); and 5. unpredictability of the environment in hominids (21, 22). The significance of these findings is that, collectively, they suggest that there are some “universals” across animal groups in terms of which ecologies support, and perhaps encourage, large brains. Furthermore, these findings are consistent …
In situ studies of atomic, nano- and macroscale order during VOHPO4·0.5H2O transformation to (VO)2P2O7

Transformation of VOHPO4·0.5H2O precursor to well-crystallized (VO)2P2O7, for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride was studied by in situ Raman and XRD techniques. Atomic scale changes observed in the precursor structure at 583 K provided new insights into its transformation to (VO)2P2O7. In addition to (VO)2P2O7, nanocrystalline oxidized -VOPO4 invisible to XRD was detected during transformation in n-butane/air, possibly due to the specificity of the in situ conditions. Under catalytic reaction conditions the disordered nanocrystalline (VO)2P2O7 in the fresh catalysts (ca. 10–20 nm domains) gradually transformed into well-crystallized (VO)2P2O7 in the equilibrated VPO catalysts (>30 nm domains) with time on stream. Simultaneously, a disordered layer ca. 2 nm thick which was covering the surface (1 0 0) planes of (VO)2P2O7 disappeared yielding a solid with high steady-state catalytic performance. Only (VO)2P2O7 was observed both at room temperature and reaction temperature in the equilibrated VPO catalysts. Specific surface termination of the (1 0 0) planes of (VO)2P2O7 in the equilibrated VPO catalysts is believed to be responsible for high activity and selectivity of these catalysts for maleic anhydride formation. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Left hemidiaphragm rupture following high-speed motor vehicle crash

A 16-year-old woman sustained multiple injuries after a high-speed motor vehicle crash. Initial chest radiograph demonstrated left hemidiaphragm elevation, right pneumothorax, first and second left rib fractures, and left clavicle fracture (Fig 1). Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated intrathoracic position of the stomach and a dependent viscera sign suggesting diaphragmatic rupture (Fig 2A). Findings were confirmed on sagittal reformations (Fig 2B). Additional injuries included extremity, pelvic, and tripod fractures. Intraoperatively, a 6-cm left diaphragmatic laceration and herniation of portions of the stomach, colon, and omentum were found and repaired. Diaphragmatic injuries may occur with blunt or penetrating trauma occurring in up to 6% of patients with major thoracic injuries. 1 Concomitant high morbidity and mortality injuries are typical. The diagnosis is seen in only 46% of initial chest radiographs 2 and positive pressure ventilation may delay the diagnosis by preventing herniation of abdominal contents until the patient is extubated. 3 Delayed diagnosis increases the risk of strangulation of herniated viscera and its complications. Left diaphragmatic ruptures are reported 3 times more commonly than right but an equal distribution in autopsy studies suggests underdiagnosis of right-sided injuries. 4 Typically, diaphragmatic ruptures are large,
Everett Lee Hunt on rhetoric

This article discusses the contributions made by Everett Lee Hunt to the study of rhetoric. Tracing Hunt's career from his early days at Huron College to his retirement, the author analyzes Dean Hunt's activities as teacher, writer, critic, administrator and rhetorician.