cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intensification of pond aquaculture and high rate photosynthetic systems

Abstract Aquaculture production systems may range from tanks and raceways, in which water quality is controlled by water dilution and discharge to the environment to captive water systems, in which water quality is controlled by microbial reactions within the tank or pond. Attempts at intensification of pond aquaculture beyond the commonplace practice of supplemental aeration may be classified into categories of physical/chemical techniques and a broad range of microbial techniques. Most of these techniques are directed at raising the ‘ceiling’ of the system ammonia detoxification rate. Physical–chemical techniques for intensification of pond aquaculture have included use of in-pond cages and raceways, water blending and shading of the algal community, as well as, direct flocculation and removal of algal and bacteria biomass from ponds. A variety of microbial processes can be used to reduce ammonia levels in a conventional pond. These processes include nitrification/denitrification, photosynthesis, and heterotrophic bacterial re-growth. In this paper, simplified microbial growth fundamentals, and elemental mass balances are used to analyze and compare the various aquaculture intensification techniques and, in particular, to compare conventional and heterotrophic techniques to the use of high rate photosynthetic systems. Direct or indirect photosynthetic systems include enhanced algal systems (with water mixing), polyculture, hydroponics, wetlands, and terrestrial irrigation/fertilization. The development of Clemson University's Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) constitutes an attempt to combine a number of the various physical, chemical, and microbial intensification techniques into a single integrated system. The PAS represents an adaptation of high rate microalgal culture to produce a sustainable, minimal discharge, high yield, and more controllable fish production process. The PAS combines the advantages of process control of recirculating tank aquaculture with the lower costs of earthen pond aquaculture. Central to the economic success of the PAS is the use of low speed (1–3 r.p.m.) paddlewheels as an energy efficient means of establishing a uniform water velocity field within an aquaculture pond. The PAS represents a redesign of the conventional aquaculture pond culture technology providing a spectrum of applications ranging from moderate yield (6700–11 200 kg/ha) ‘engineered ecosystems’ to high yield (16 800–33 600 kg/ha) controlled ‘production processes’. This high rate photosynthetic system offers the potential for a 90% reduction in total water usage per unit of fish produced. The modular nature of the PAS, the increased productivity per unit area, reduced water requirement, and reduced environmental impact offers the potential for fish culture systems to be installed at sites not currently suitable for conventional aquaculture.
Multiphase non-Newtonian effects on pulsatile hemodynamics in a coronary artery

Hemodynamic stresses are involved in the development and progression of vascular diseases. This study investigates the influence of mechanical factors on the hemodynamics of the curved coronary artery in an attempt to identify critical factors of non-Newtonian models. Multiphase non-Newtonian fluid simulations of pulsatile flow were performed and compared with the standard Newtonian fluid models. Different inlet hematocrit levels were used with the simulations to analyze the relationship that hematocrit levels have with red blood cell (RBC) viscosity, shear stress, velocity, and secondary flow. Our results demonstrated that high hematocrit levels induce secondary flow on the inside curvature of the vessel. In addition, RBC viscosity and wall shear stress (WSS) vary as a function of hematocrit level. Low WSS was found to be associated with areas of high hematocrit. These results describe how RBCs interact with the curvature of artery walls. It is concluded that although all models have a good approximation in blood behavior, the multiphase non-Newtonian viscosity model is optimal to demonstrate effects of changes in hematocrit. They provide a better stimulation of realistic blood flow analysis.
Influenza Viruses: Breaking All the Rules

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAV) are significant pathogens able to repeatedly switch hosts to infect multiple avian and mammalian species, including humans. The unpredictability of IAV evolution and interspecies movement creates continual public health challenges, such as the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus from swine, as well as pandemic threats from the ongoing H5N1 and the recent H7N9 epizootics. In the last decade there has been increased concern about the “dual use” nature of microbiology, and a set of guidelines covering “dual use research of concern” includes seven categories of potentially problematic scientific experiments. In this Perspective, we consider how in nature IAV continually undergo “dual use experiments” as a matter of evolution and selection, and we conclude that studying these properties of IAV is critical for mitigating and preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
The Development of Object Categorization in Young Children: Hierarchical Inclusiveness, Age, Perceptual Attribute, and Group versus Individual Analyses.

Multiple levels of category inclusiveness in 4 object domains (animals, vehicles, fruit, and furniture) were examined using a sequential touching procedure and assessed in both individual and group analyses in 80 12-, 18-, 24-, and 30-month-olds. The roles of stimulus discriminability and child motor development, fatigue, and actions were also investigated. More inclusive levels of categorization systematically emerged before less inclusive levels, and a consistent advantage for categorizing high versus low perceptual contrasts was found. Group and individual analyses generally converged, but individual analyses added information about child categorization over group analyses. The development of object categorization in young children is discussed in light of efficiency of processing and similarity/differentiation theories.
cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I and Smooth Muscle Relaxation: A Tale of Two Isoforms

See related article, pages 1096–1103 The maintenance of vascular tone is central to the regulation of blood pressure and tissue perfusion and plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Vascular tone is determined by the balance of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor stimuli. After several decades of research, the NO/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) pathway is now recognized as an important mediator of vasodilation. However, the mechanisms by which cGK causes smooth muscle relaxation continue to be an important question. Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are tightly coupled to the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively, of the regulatory myosin light chain.1 Myosin light chain phosphorylation state is determined by the relative activities of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). MLCK phosphorylates MLC leading to contraction,2 and MLCP dephosphorylates MLC, leading to relaxation3 (Figure). Both MLCK and MLCP activities are highly regulated. MLCK activity is activated by the binding of calcium/calmodulin and thus is the primary mechanism linking intracellular calcium concentration to smooth muscle contractility.4 MLCP activity is regulated by both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor stimuli, and is therefore responsible for much of the calcium-independent regulation of contractility (reviewed in5). Figure. MLC phosphorylation determines smooth muscle contractility. Contractile agonists lead to inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (IP3) production or activation of RhoA (RhoA-GTP). IP3 binding to its receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum leads to release of Ca2+. Ca2+/calmodulin binds to and activates MLCK, which in turn phosphorylates MLC (calcium-dependent contraction). Activated RhoA binds to and activates ROCK, leading to phosphorylation and inhibition of MLCP, inhibiting MLC dephosphorylation (calcium-independent contraction). cGKI mediates relaxation by inhibiting both calcium-dependent and -independent contraction. cGKIα activates MLCP by a direct interaction and by inhibition of RhoA, and activates RGS2 to inhibit Gαq …
Statistical extraction of Drosophila cis-regulatory modules using exhaustive assessment of local word frequency

Background Transcription regulatory regions in higher eukaryotes are often represented by cis-regulatory modules (CRM) and are responsible for the formation of specific spatial and temporal gene expression patterns. These extended, ~1 KB, regions are found far from coding sequences and cannot be extracted from genome on the basis of their relative position to the coding regions.
Immunization with a Peptide Containing MHC Class I and II Epitopes Derived from the Tumor Antigen SIM2 Induces an Effective CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Response

Here, we sought to determine whether peptide vaccines designed harbor both class I as well as class II restricted antigenic motifs could concurrently induce CD4 and CD8 T cell activation against autologous tumor antigens. Based on our prior genome-wide interrogation of human prostate cancer tissues to identify genes over-expressed in cancer and absent in the periphery, we targeted SIM2 as a prototype autologous tumor antigen for these studies. Using humanized transgenic mice we found that the 9aa HLA-A*0201 epitope, SIM2237–245, was effective at inducing an antigen specific response against SIM2-expressing prostate cancer cell line, PC3. Immunization with a multi-epitope peptide harboring both MHC-I and MHCII restricted epitopes induced an IFN-c response in CD8 T cells to the HLA-A*0201-restricted SIM2237–245 epitope, and an IL-2 response by CD4 T cells to the SIM2240–254 epitope. This peptide was also effective at inducing CD8 + T-cells that responded specifically to SIM2-expressing tumor cells. Collectively, the data presented in this study suggest that a single peptide containing multiple SIM2 epitopes can be used to induce both a CD4 and CD8 T cell response, providing a peptide-based vaccine formulation for potential use in immunotherapy of various cancers.
Micro-pocket fission detectors (MPFD) for in-core neutron flux monitoring

Micro-pocket fission detectors (MPFD) have been fabricated and tested as in-core flux monitors in the 250 kW TRIGA nuclear reactor at Kansas State University. The prototype devices have been coated with a natural uranylnitrate to provide a neutron reactive coating. The devices are composed of alumina substrates sealed together to form a miniature gas pocket 3 mm in diameter and 1 mm wide. The devices are radiation hard and can operate in pulse mode in a neutron flux exceeding 10 12 cm � 2 s � 1 . Placed in the central thimble of the reactor core, the MPFDs have shown count rate linearity from low to high power. Dead time losses become apparent at power levels exceeding 100 kW, yet are still low enough to allow for pulse mode operation. r 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 29.40.Cs
β-Defensin Expression in Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Germ-Free and Candida albicans-Monoassociated Mice

BACKGROUND Defensins are important components of innate immunity and play a key role in the fight against infectious diseases; however, little is known about their role in resistance to fungal infection. METHODS We examined gene expression of mouse beta -defensins (mBDs) 1-4 in orogastric tissues from germ-free (gf) and Candida albicans-monoassociated immunocompetent (C57BL/6) and immunodeficient (Tg epsilon 26 or gp91(phox-/-)/NOS2(-/-)) mice, using competitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The basal levels of beta -defensin gene expression in orogastric tissues from gf mice varied significantly between immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice and by the particular tissue analyzed. During gastric and lethal oroesophageal candidiasis, expression of mBD1, -3, and -4 was induced at the infection sites (stomach and tongue) and was concomitant with an induction of tumor necrosis factor- alpha expression in Tg epsilon 26 mice, compared with that in tissues from gf mice. Induction of mBD4 expression in response to gastric candidiasis, however, was dependent on the immune competency of the host. A C. albicans mutant that lacked key genes important for filamentation and virulence also significantly induced expression of mBD1, -3, and -4 in Tg epsilon 26 mice. CONCLUSIONS These data not only demonstrate quantitative and qualitative differences in beta -defensin expression in gf and gnotobiotic mice, they also suggest a role for these peptides in resistance to gastric and lethal oroesophageal candidiasis.
Geographic variation in the Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in south-eastern Europe

Studied was geographic variation in 12 skull measurements of 24 samples of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) from south-eastern Europe. Morphological principal component 1 (69.5% of variance explained) was highly size related. Morphological principal component 2 (10.6% of variance explained) correlated significantly only with interorbital constriction. Most of the interlocality variation was due to size, which increased clinally from the north-west to the south-east. Clustering of character means produced two clusters. The ranges of overlap of condylocanine length between the two size-related clusters showed no evidence of the existence of two clearly defined populations. July precipitation levels best explained the size variation observed. I propose that R. f. martinoi be considered a synonym of R. f. ferrumequinum.
Active Site Residues of Human β-Glucuronidase EVIDENCE FOR GLU540 AS THE NUCLEOPHILE AND GLU451 AS THE ACID-BASE RESIDUE

Abstract Human β-glucuronidase (hGUSB) is a member of family 2 glycosylhydrolases that cleaves β-d-glucuronic acid residues from the nonreducing termini of glycosaminoglycans. Amino acid sequence and structural homology of hGUSB and Escherichia coliβ-galactosidase active sites led us to propose that residues Glu451, Glu540, and Tyr504 in hGUSB are involved in catalysis, Glu451 being the acid-base residue and Glu540 the nucleophile. To test this hypothesis, we introduced mutations in these residues and determined their effects on enzymes expressed in COS cells and GUSB-deficient fibroblasts. The extremely low activity in cells expressing Glu451, Glu540, and Tyr504 hGUSBs supported their roles in catalysis. For kinetic analysis, wild type and mutant enzymes were produced in baculovirus and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Thek cat/K m values (mm −1·s−1) of the E540A, E451A, and Y504A enzymes were 34,000-, 9100-, and 830-fold lower than that of wild type hGUSB, respectively. High concentrations of azide stimulated the activity of the E451A mutant enzyme, supporting the role of Glu451 as the acid-base catalyst. We conclude that, like their homologues in E. coli β-galactosidase, Glu540 is the nucleophilic residue, Glu451 the acid-base catalyst, and Tyr504 is also important for catalysis, although its role is unclear. All three residues are located in the active site cavity previously determined by structural analysis of hGUSB.
Adult Intramedullary Teratoma of the Spinal Cord: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Background Teratomas of the spinal cord constitute 0.1% of all spinal tumors, and these lesions are extremely rare in adults. The authors describe a rare case of intradural intramedullary teratoma of the conus medullaris and perform review of literature of intramedullary teratomas seen in the thoracolumbar region. Case Description A 48-year-old man presented with fasciculations in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Radiologic findings revealed an L2–L3 level intradural, nonenhancing, extramedullary cystic mass measuring 15 × 13 mm with a 6-mm enhancing nodule at the level of the conus medullaris. The patient was followed up for 1 year, during which time enlargement of the lesion with new areas of patchy contrast enhancement were observed. L1–L2 decompressive laminectomies were performed, and gross total resection of the lesion was achieved. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of benign mature cystic teratoma. A literature review revealed no incidence difference in intramedullary teratomas between males and females (P > 0.05). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 36.4 ± 12.3 years for men and 41.3 ± 11.6 for women (P Conclusions Teratomas should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of intramedullary lesions when the imaging reveals variable signal intensity because of tissue heterogeneity. A partial resection is a viable treatment option when the lesion is attached to vital structures because of the low recurrence rates reported in the literature.
Durban: Geoengineering as a response to cultural lock-in

Recent developments in the UN process intended to address anthropogenic climate change, including the conference of the parties in Durban, South Africa, have increased concerns about how successful current policy initiatives are liable to be. Change in the existing policy structure is, however, unlikely because of cultural lock-in, including the institutional and psychological commitments of many participants to the current process. Accordingly, there may be increased pressures to develop geoengineering technologies, intended to reduce anthropogenic climate change by either capturing atmospheric CO 2 , or reducing solar insolation. These technologies are still nascent, however, and pose significant risk if deployed at scale prematurely.
Images of Smokers and Willingness to Smoke Among African American Pre-adolescents: An Application of the Prototype/Willingness Model of Adolescent Health Risk Behavior to Smoking Initiation

Objective This study used the prototype/willingness model of adolescent health risk behavior to examine factors related to onset of smoking. Methods Two waves of data were collected from a panel of 742 African American children (mean age = 10.5 at Wave 1) and their primary caregivers. Measures included cognitions outlined by the prototype model as well as self-reports of smoking by the parent and child. Results Structural equation modeling revealed a pattern consistent with expectations generated by the prototype model. The relation between contextual, familial, and dispositional factors—including neighborhood risk, parental smoking, and children’s academic orientation—and the initiation of smoking at Wave 2, two years later, was mediated by the children’s cognitions. Primary among these cognitions were the children’s images of smokers and children’s willingness to smoke. Conclusions Smoking cognitions mediate the impact of important distal factors (such as context, family environment, and disposition) on the onset of smoking in children. Perhaps more important, it is possible to predict onset of smoking in African American children as young as age 10 by assessing the cognitive factors suggested by the prototype model.
A DIFFUSION-TRANSPORT HYBRID METHOD FOR ACCELERATING OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY

It is well acknowledged that the equation of radiative transfer (ERT) provides an accurate prediction of light propagation in biological tissues, while the diffusion approximation (DA) is of limited accuracy for the transport regime. However, ERT-based reconstruction codes require much longer computation times as compared to DA-based reconstruction codes. We introduce here a computationally efficient algorithm, called a diffusion–transport hybrid solver, that makes use of the DA- or low-order ERT-based inverse solution as an initial guess for the full ERT-based reconstruction solution. To evaluate the performance of this hybrid method, we present extensive studies involving numerical tissue phantoms and experimental data. As a result, we show that the hybrid method reduces the reconstruction time by a factor of up to 23, depending on the physical character of the problem.
Interleukin 1 type 1 receptor restore: a genetic mouse model for studying interleukin 1 receptor-mediated effects in specific cell types.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates diverse neurophysiological and neuropathological effects in the CNS through type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1). However, identification of IL-1R1-expressing cell types and cell-type-specific functions of IL-1R1 remains challenging. In this study, we created a novel genetic mouse model in which IL-1R1 gene expression is disrupted by an intronic insertion of a loxP flanked disruptive sequence that can be deleted by Cre recombinase, resulting in restored IL-1R1 gene expression under its endogenous promoters. A second mutation was introduced at stop codon of the IL-1R1 gene to allow tracking of the restored IL-1R1 protein by a 3HA tag and IL-1R1 mRNA by tdTomato fluorescence. These animals were designated as IL-1R1r/r and exhibited an IL-1R1 knock-out phenotype. We used IL-1R1 globally restored mice (IL-1R1GR/GR) as an IL-1R1 reporter and observed concordant labeling of IL-1R1 mRNA and protein in brain endothelial cells. Two cell-type-specific IL-1R1 restore lines were generated: Tie2Cre-IL-1R1r/r and LysMCre-IL-1R1r/r. Brain endothelial COX-2 expression, CNS leukocyte infiltration, and global microglia activation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1β were not observed in IL-1R1r/r or LysMCre-IL-1R1r/r mice, but were restored in Tie2Cre-IL-1R1r/r mice. These results reveal IL-1R1 expression in endothelial cells alone is sufficient to mediate these central IL-1-induced responses. In addition, ex vivo IL-1β stimulation increased IL-1β expression in bone marrow cells in wild-type, Tie2Cre-IL-1R1r/r, and LysMCre-IL-1R1r/r, but not IL-1R1r/r mice. These results demonstrate this IL-1R1 restore model is a valuable tool for studying cell-type-specific functions of IL-1R1.
A detailed organic carbon budget as an ecosystem-level calibration of bacterial respiration in an oligotrophic lake during midsummer

During a 1 -month period at the peak of summer stratification, we made intensive measurements of the major inputs and outputs of organic carbon to and from the epilimnetic water column of oligotrophic Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. These measurements included allochthonous and autochthonous components, as well as changes in storage, and were designed to construct a complete carbon budget. Bacterial respiration was compared directly to our budget in an effort to use ecosystem-level constraints to test the major assumptions used to estimate bacterial production and respiration. On the basis of the difference between all other inputs and outputs, bacterial respiration must lie between 0.4 and 6 mmol C m-l d- I. With measured rates of thymidine incorporation and measured bacterial cell sizes, this organic-C budget constrains the thymidine conversion factor (cell nM-’ thymidine) to be between 1 and 6 x lo9 cells nM-’ thymidine for growth yields between 10 and 80%. If the thymidine conversion factor were > 10 x 10” cells nmol-I, bacterial respiration alone would exceed the total input of C to the system, even at assumed growth yields of 80%. The same analysis indicates that the carbon conversion factor cannot exceed 3 x 1O-7 pg pm-3 for any reasonable values of growth yield and thymidine conversion factor. On the basis of our best estimates for all parameters, bacterial production was equal to 16% of primary production and bacterial respiration was about 40% as large as the respiration of macrozooplankton. The respiration of nanohagellate microzooplankton was < 10% as large as the respiration of macrozooplankton and could account for the remineralization of only 25% of bacterial production.
Regional contrasts in the growth of Canadian cities

Summary As a result of the growth of the last five decades, Canadian cities have advanced from a subordinate to a dominant position in the population pattern and the economic life of the Dominion. Their rates of growth, moreover, faithfully reflect major changes in the settlement of the regions of which they are a part. In addition, they are significant as measuring the progress of urbanisation on the poleward margin of the urban area of North America.
The Social Activity/Subjective Well-Being Relation: A Quantitative Synthesis

Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings on the social activity/subjective well-being relation. We chose zero-order and first order associations as our dependent variables and several different measure, sample, and study quality characteristics as our independent variables. We found that social activity is positively and significantly related to subjective well-being. Contrary to activity theory, informal activities and activities with friends were not related to subjective well-being consistently more strongly than were formal activities and activities with neighbors. In addition, the remaining measure, sample, and study quality characteristics were not adequate predictors of variation in activity/subjective well-being associations.
Orai channels - new insights, new ideas.

The basic mechanism of agonist-activated Ca2+ entry in non-excitable cells was first defined by Jim Putney some 25 years ago (Putney, 1986). This mechanism of ‘capacitative’, or store-operated, Ca2+ entry described how such entry was strictly a consequence of the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores, typically those formed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During agonist action such depletion would normally result from the generation of InsP3, and the resulting release of ER Ca2+, but the essential dependence on store depletion per se was demonstrated by the fact that the same entry could be induced by any means that resulted in a corresponding decline in the concentration of free Ca2+ in the ER, including inhibition of SERCA pumps, or increasing Ca2+ buffer levels in the ER. Subsequently, a highly Ca2+-selective conductance representing such an entry pathway was identified, initially in mast cells and T lymphocytes, and its essential biophysical properties described and defined (Hoth & Penner, 1992; Zweifach & Lewis, 1993). This was the CRAC channel (Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel). However, despite extensive analysis of the properties and behaviour of these channels, their molecular identity and the actual processes that link the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with activation of the channels remained unknown for almost 15 years. All of this changed dramatically with a series of papers that appeared in 2005 and 2006. First, the protein STIM1 was identified as the molecule linking the detection of Ca2+ store depletion with the subsequent activation of the CRAC channels (Liou et al. 2005; Roos et al. 2005). Then, a year later, a novel family of proteins named Orai proteins were shown to form the channels themselves (Feske et al. 2006; Vig et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006). The resulting surge of new findings that resulted from this identification of the molecular basis of store-operated Ca2+ entry was nicely summarized in a symposium organized by Anant Parekh and sponsored by The Journal of Physiology, which was held at the 52nd Annual Biophysical Society meeting at Long Beach, California in 2008.
What Is Political Interference in Federal Statistics

Federal statistical agencies are funded and supervised by elected and appointed politicians. What counts as politial interference is not self-evident. This article offers a working definition of interference, emphasizing the importance of an agency offering its best judgment regarding accurate measurement of a given phenomenon, its ability to apply state-of-the-art science in that measurement, and its protection from preclearance of the resulting statistical product. Interference is indicated by efforts to shape statistical products to achieve political advantage. Statistical adjustment to correct the differential undercount in the decennial census is used to illustrate political interference.
Endocannabinoid Signaling and the Regulation of the Serotonin System

Endogenous cannabinoids, also called endocannabinoids (eCBs), are lipid signaling molecules in the mammalians’ central nervous system (CNS), where they regulate neuronal functions and behaviors by activating cannabinoid receptors. The ubiquitous distribution of eCBs in neuronal populations that are associated with stress responses, such as dorsal raphe nucleus (DRn) serotonin (5-HT) neurons suggests that eCB signaling plays a central role in the regulation of stress-related behaviors. Consistent with this notion, human and animal studies have established that eCB signaling is a key modulator of emotional homeostasis and that a dysfunction of eCB signaling contributes to stress-related psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. This leads to the current view that the eCB signaling could be an excellent target for the development of novel therapeutic intervention for stress-related mood disorders. Over the past few years, extensive research has focused on the functional interaction between eCB signaling and 5-HT systems. As a result, steady progress is made in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which eCB signaling regulates the function of 5-HT system. In this chapter, we review the most recent advances in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which eCBs modulate the function of the 5-HT system and how stress mediators regulate eCB signaling in the DRn.
Hydraulic Performance of a Residential Stormwater Infiltration Gallery

AbstractAn increasing number of municipalities are encouraging homeowners to implement on-site residential stormwater management. In some communities, this encouragement takes the form of a stormwater utility fee or rain tax that may be reduced if homeowners take measures to reduce runoff. The most commonly cited techniques for reducing runoff are disconnecting downspouts or installing rain barrels, rain gardens, or permeable pavements. The analysis presented here examines the hydraulic performance of the less commonly recommended residential stormwater infiltration gallery designed to reduce off-site runoff from roof gutters. Case study simulation results based on a 10-year precipitation record for Cleveland, Ohio, indicate that a 30-m (100-ft) infiltration gallery sitting atop soil with a modest infiltration rate of 0.64 cm/h (0.25 in./h) could attain a single downspout roof service-area runoff reduction of 90%, and a 61-m (200-ft) gallery could attain a whole roof runoff reduction of more than 85%. T...
Leer con guantes: Espectáculos pasionales en "El Cojo Ilustrado"

El Cojo Ilustrado puede ser considerado uno de los proyectos editoriales mas importantes de la modernidad y el modernismo en America Latina. La revista se funda en la idea de privilegiar la imagen sobre el texto, incluso haciendo posible que no haya correlacion alguna entre ambos. Propongo que la excelente calidad de las imagenes es tan novedosa y preponderante que impone un tipo de modernidad pretenciosa aunque poco arriesgada, por un lado; y, por el otro, embellece, distrae y contribuye a la creacion de un espacio completamente experimental que le permite a los escritores y colaboradores la posibilidad de ensayar contenidos no siempre domesticados y que pasan totalmente desapercibidos de la supervision editorial. La escision entre imagen y texto crea un espacio incongruente, ilegible si se quiere, que ademas pone en crisis el plan letrado y educativo sustentado por una revista familiar. De esto modo, se presenta un espacio que voy a llamar adulterado en cuanto reta la representacion de cualquier idea fija que pretenda construirse como verdad unica, como moral absoluta y en donde se ensayan las patologias sexuales mas discutidas de la epoca como el masoquismo, el fetichismo y el exhibicionismo.
Compatibility, Incompatibility, Tree-Width, and Forbidden Phylogenetic Minors

Abstract A collection P of phylogenetic trees is compatible if there is a tree that displays all the relationships among species exhibited by the trees in P . We give a simple characterization of compatibility based on graph triangulation. We then study how to deal with incompatibility through edge contraction and tree deletion, and introduce the notion of a phylogenetic minor.
Elective vasectomy by American urologists in 1967.

Urologists listed in the US Directory of Medical Specialists were mailed questionnaires about elective vasectomies that they had performed or refused to perform and re-anastomoses attempted during 1967. Thirty-six percent of the 1109 (39.5% of total listing) urologists replying indicated that they never performed elective vasectomies. A total of 13917 vasectomies were reported done in 1967 from which the national estimate was calculated as 36910. Re-anastamosis was attempted in 934 cases of 6.7% of the vasectomies reported. Of the requests 42% were rejected. Connecticut and Utah legally restrict sterilization. Data was broken down by state legal status religion and occupation. Medical workers were nearly 10 times as likely to have had a vasectomy as blue collar workers. Of the 403 (36%) urologists who never did vasectomies objections listed were legal (171) possibly arising from misinterpretation of the law; ethical and religious (102); hospital regulations (63); and/or professional interests (53). The data showed no clear relationship between religion and the incidence of vasectomy in a given state.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Venture Capital and NIH Funding on Regional Employment

While the emphasis on venture capital and governmental funding as essential financing sources for enhancing entrepreneurial activities expands, little research has focused on the distinct roles of these two types of financial capital in the entrepreneurship literature. This study provides a theoretical framework that suggests that governmental research funds and venture capital can impact regional economy not only directly but also indirectly through enhancing knowledge spillovers in the region. Using the dataset of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, we find that governmental funding creates as many as three times the number of jobs compared to venture capital funding in the medical device industry. Interestingly, the indirect effect of governmental funding is initially of lower magnitude than that of venture capital funding for the first two years, but then it increases at a greater rate, eventually surpassing that of venture capital funding. These findings imply that future investment strategies and policy decisions regarding enhancing entrepreneurial activities should consider the appropriate typology of financial capital and its differential effects, which potentially occur in various manners.
The Regulation of Intracellular Calcium Ion and PH in Young and Old Fibroblast Cells (WI-38)

The cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the cytoplasmic pH (pHi) in young and old cells of normal human diploid cell line, WI-38, were measured with the fluorescent probes, fura-2 and BCECF, respectively. The basal concentrations of cytosolic calcium in young and old cells were approximately the same (40-50 nM). In order to investigate the difference in the regulation of calcium mobilization between young and old cells, both cell lines were stimulated with bradykinin (BK, 0.5 microM), and [Ca2+]i was monitored by fluorescent imaging. The [Ca2+]i increased within 10 sec following bradykinin exposure. The peak values for young and old cells were about 10 and 8 times higher than the basal level. After the peak, the recovery rate in young cells was slower than in old cells. This difference between young and old cells may be due to the change of the influx of extracellular calcium, as this difference was not observed in the calcium free medium. These data suggest that calcium influx may be reduced during cell aging. Intracellular pH in old cells was found to be more acidic than that of young cells in media with either 0.1% or 10% serum. This finding indicates that cell aging might induce acidification which in turn causes an inhibition of cell growth. The relationship between acidification and the activity of calcium channel in old cells is also discussed.
Understanding Urban Governmental Structures: An Analysis Controlling for the Influence of State Law

The question of what leads to the adoption of particular urban governmental structures has not been fully answered. Research on this question has neglected the importance of state influences. This article examines the impact of several independent variables on urban structure, but unlike previous research, state influence is controlled. The age of a city emerges as a major explanatory variable. This is important because age may encompass "shared experiences" with governmental structures resulting from state mandates pertaining to non-home-rule cities. State requirements pertaining to non-home-rule cities seem to predispose cities toward certain structural arrangements even after they gain home rule status.
Perspective on malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis and treatment

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive solid malignancy with dismal prognosis. The majority of newly diagnosed MPM patients present with advanced (IMIG/UICC stage IV) disease and are therefore treated with chemotherapy and supportive measures. The median survival of this group of patients ranges from 12 months with chemotherapy to 7 months with supportive care (1,2). Nonetheless, for a selected group of patients that present with a locally advanced disease (IMIG/UICC stage I–III), a personally tailored multimodality therapeutic (MMT) protocol comprising of cyto-reductive surgery and chemotherapy with or without radio-therapy may be the best therapeutic option. Although MMT is also associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, it remains the sole option to significantly extend the survival of patients that physically and clinically qualify for this aggressive treatment strategy (3-8) .
An Allusion in 1593 to The Taming of the Shrew

The line above is taken from a poem published in I593, Beawtie Dishonoured written under the title of Shores Wife by Antony Chute. These words have not been previously noted as a possible allusion to Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. If they do indeed refer to Kate the shrew, a new fact can be injected into the long debate over the date of Shakespeare's play and its relation to the anonymous play The Taming of a Shrew.' Beawtie Dishonoured is an extremely rare work, with only two known copies surviving? It was entered in the Stationers' Register on June i6, I593, and John Wolfe printed it a few weeks later. Almost all that is known about Chute or his poem is derived from comments made by the quarreling Gabriel Harvey and Thomas Nashe! He was apparently a youthful protege of Harvey's. Although Nashe says that he died in or about 1595, Chute describes his poem as "myne infant labours" and "the first inuention of my beginning Muse".4 Chute's version of the story of Jane Shore is similar in its sentimentality and heavy didacticism to that by Thomas Churchyard. He was indebted to the earlier poem, but it is uncertain whether he used the 1563 version of Shore's Wife or the slightly augmented version published in the spring of i593 in Churchyards Challenge. Chute, being most interested in the general moral and psychological situation, scarcely mentions the names of the principal characters in producing what is almost an abstract treatise. The result is a poem of i,i82 lines,
Immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization in mouse brain development.

During development, the mouse brain is progressively divided into functionally distinct compartments. Numerous neuronal and glial cell types are subsequently generated in response to various inductive signals. Each cell expresses a unique combination of genes encoding proteins from transcription factors to neurotransmitters that define its role in brain function. To understand these important and highly sophisticated processes, it is critical to accurately locate the various proteins and cells that produce them. In this chapter, we introduce the techniques of Immunohistochemistry, which detects the localization of specific proteins, and RNA in situ hybridization, which enables the visualization of specific mRNAs.
Renal Complications of Exercise

Renal complications of exercise that have created concern include proteinuria, hematuria, acute renal failure, and renal trauma. Proteinuria and hematuria related to exercise can occur in healthy athletes without underlying renal disease and do not predispose these athletes to such diseases. These exercise-related findings must be differentiated from similar findings representing underlying renal disease, however. Prevention and prompt recognition of exercise-related acute renal failure and renal trauma is necessary to prevent not only significant chronic complications, but more importantly, loss of life.
Effects of volatile compounds on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep.

We examined the effects of six volatile compounds on alfalfa pellet consumption by lambs. In each experiment, 45 lambs were individually fed alfalfa pellets sprayed with a selected compound (camphor, limonene, cis-jasmone, beta-caryophyllene, borneol, or alpha-pinene) at one of five concentrations. Treatment concentrations were multiples (0, .5, 1, 2, and 10) of the concentration of a specific compound (X) that was related to differential herbivory of tarbush by livestock in previous studies. Treatments were applied to alfalfa pellets (.64 kg x lamb(-1) x d(-1), DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval each morning for 5 d. Lambs were adapted to handling procedures and the pelleted diet (without treatments) for 10 d. Lambs were maintained and fed (approximately 4.5 to 5% of BW) as one group except during 20-min tests. A negative linear effect of treatment concentration on intake was observed for camphor (P < .02) and alpha-pinene (P < .01), and a quadratic response was detected for borneol (P < .02). The other three compounds had no discernible effect on consumption. Although volatile compounds generally had only minor influences on consumption, the negative influences of alpha-pinene and camphor concentrations on pellet consumption suggest that these monoterpenes may partially explain differential herbivory of individual tarbush plants by livestock.
A Distributed-Memory Algorithm for Connected Components Labeling of Simulation Data

This chapter describes a data-parallel, distributed-memory algorithm for identifying and labeling the connected sub-meshes within a three-dimensional mesh. The identification task is challenging in a distributed-memory setting because connectivity is transitive and the cells composing a sub-mesh may span many processors. The algorithm employs a multi-stage application of the Union-find algorithm and a spatial partitioning scheme to efficiently merge information across processors and to produce a global labeling of connected sub-meshes. Marking each vertex with its corresponding sub-mesh label allows mesh features to be isolated based on topology, enabling important analysis capabilities. The algorithm performs well in parallel; results are presented from a weak scaling study with concurrency levels up to 2,197 cores and meshes containing over two billion cells. This chapter is an extension of previous work by Harrison et al. (Data-parallel mesh connected components labeling and analysis. In: EuroGraphics Symposium on Parallel Graphics and Visualization (EGPGV), pp. 131–140, April 2011). It contains significant algorithmic improvements over the previous version, improved exploration of key bottlenecks in the algorithm, and improved clarity of presentation.
Producing “Quality of Life” in the “Nuevo South”: The Spatial Dynamics of Latinos’ Social Reproduction in Southern Amenity Destinations

Through the comparative analysis of two case studies of non-metropolitan localities in the U.S. South, we seek to advance understandings of the spatial dynamics of social reproduction for Latino immigrants settling in amenity destinations. The arrival of Latino immigrants in Greater Williamsburg, Virginia (pop. ∼96,000) and Rabun County, Georgia (pop. ∼16,000), can be linked to the influx of domestic, ex-urban, amenity migrants, whose lifestyle and consumption patterns created a demand for low-wage labor in services and construction. We argue that constrained housing options that emerged from amenity-driven migration and gentrification worked together with intersecting vulnerabilities of race, gender, and immigration status to inhibit Latino newcomers’ ability to navigate the spaces of everyday life. We discuss two patterns of immigrant housing and demonstrate how in a context of dispersed public space and limited transportation options these geographies of social reproduction increased insecurities for Latino newcomers, facilitating the policing of their physical mobility and control over their labor. By attending to the ways in which socio-spatial conditions in these underexplored sites of immigrant reception condition Latinos’ daily life, our analysis brings to further light the many ways that place matters for Latinos’ settlement experiences. [Amenity Migration; Gentrification; Immigration; Latinos; U.S. South]
Central Government Credibility and Local Tax Efforts: a Game Theoretic Model

As discussed in Chapter 1, China introduced a decentralized revenue-sharing system (that is, the fiscal contract system) in 1980. Despite many changes, the fiscal contract system maintained two features between 1980 and 1993: the provincial and lower level governments collected most of the revenues, except for a few taxes such as custom duties; each province remitted a certain amount (or percentage) of its locally collected revenue to the center, or received a certain amount of central governmental transfer, according to a contract signed with the center.
Sacrocolpopexy: Surgical Technique, Outcomes, and Complications.

Pelvic organ prolapse is a non-life-threatening condition that has a wide variety of symptoms. Sacrocolpopexy has been the “gold standard” for management of apical pelvic organ prolapse with reported high success rates for anatomic correction. Herein, we review the surgical procedure, anatomic, and functional outcomes, as well as the intraoperative and postoperative complications. Findings suggest that the ASC has an acceptably low overall complication rate comparable between open and minimally invasive approach. Mesh extrusion and anatomic failure have been shown to increase over time. Patient education and counseling are important preoperatively. It is important to discuss with the patient risks of the surgical procedure, specifically mesh-related extrusion, longer term anatomic recurrence rates, rates of functional improvement, or worsening of bladder and bowel symptoms, as well as rates of dyspareunia.