cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Children with ASD: Evaluation of a Contextual Model of Parental Factors.

Parental adjustment, parenting behaviors, and child routines have been linked to internalizing and externalizing child behavior. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a comprehensive model examining relations among these variables in children with ASD and their parents. Based on Sameroff’s Transactional Model of Development (Sameroff in: The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2009), researchers hypothesized that these factors would collectively predict child behavior. Parents (n = 67) completed measures of parental adjustment, parenting behaviors, child routines, and child behavior using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, Child Routines Inventory, and Child Behavior Checklist, respectively. Results indicated that parental adjustment predicted harsh/disengaged parenting (B = 0.17, p < .01) and internalizing behavior (B = 0.32, p < .01). Harsh/disengaged parenting and warm/supportive parenting predicted externalizing behavior (B = 0.59, p < .01) and internalizing behavior (B = − 0.49 p < .01), respectively.
Tracking working memory maintenance with pupillometry

Phasic pupillary responses were used to track the active maintenance of information in working memory (WM). In seven experiments participants performed various change detection tasks while their pupils were continuously recorded. Across the experiments phasic pupillary responses increased as the number of maintained items increased up to around 4-5 items consistent with behavioral estimates of capacity. Combining data across experiments demonstrated that phasic pupillary responses were related to behavioral estimates of capacity. Furthermore, phasic pupillary responses demonstrated WM load-dependent relations only when active maintenance was required. When instructed to passively stare at the items or to drop items from WM, the pupil remained near baseline levels. These phasic pupillary responses also tracked the time course of maintenance demonstrating sustained responses early in the delay period, but declined thereafter. Finally, phasic pupillary responses tracked selection processes at encoding (filtering and pre-cues), but did not suggest evidence for item removal following retro-cues. These results are consistent with the notion that maintaining items in WM requires the allocation of effortful attention and further suggest that phasic pupillary responses can be used to track the active maintenance of items in WM.
Characterization of pinna motion patterns in hipposiderid bats

Hipposiderid bats have a set of highly differentiated pinna muscles that support different pinna motion patterns during biosonar behaviors. It has been shown that these bats' pinna motions fall into two separate categories: Rigid motions that change only pinna orientation and non-rigid motions that also change pinna shape. It remains unclear if further subdivisions of these two categories (e.g., different orientations for rigid motions and different deformation patterns for non-rigid motions) can be made. In order to investigate this question, experiments have been conducted where the positions of a dense set of landmark points (50–80 per pinna) were reconstructed based on footage from an array of four high-speed video cameras. The resulting point trajectory data (positions as a function of time) was clustered to facilitate the detection of patterns. Clustering revealed a structure of coherent surface patches for rigid as well as non-rigid motion. For the rigid motion pilot data set, these patches followe...
Accelerating nonlinear interactions in tapered multimode fibers

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that the processes of multimode soliton fission and dispersive wave generation in parabolic-index multimode fibers, are substantially altered when the rate of intermodal nonlinear interactions is progressively increased during propagation.
Stopped Feynman-Kac Functional

Let D be a domain in ℝ d , and for a function q ∈ β d , let $$ e_q (\tau _\mathcal{D} ) = \exp (\int_0^{\tau _\mathcal{D} } {q(X_t )dt} ), $$ where {X t} is the Brownian motion in ℝd, and τD is the exit time from D defined in Section 1.5. The random variable in (1) is well defined if and only if \( \int_0^{\tau _\mathcal{D} } q (X_t )dt \) is well defined, almost surely. This is trivially the case if q ∈ 0, or if q is bounded and τD 0, $$ \int_0^t {\left| q \right.(X_s )\left| {ds < \infty } \right.} $$ a.s.; thus, the same is true when t is replaced by τD provided the latter is finite a.s. As before, ‘a.s.’ will be omitted in what follows when the context is obvious. Under these circumstances we have 0 0, then $$ 0 < E^x \left\{ {\tau _\mathcal{D} < \infty ;e_q (\tau _\mathcal{D} )} \right\} \leqslant \infty . $$
Ecology of Phragmites australis and responses to tidal restoration

Tidal wetland restoration typically has as one of its primary goals the reestablishment of ecosystem-level functions and services to marsh habitats degraded by reductions in tidal flow. On a fundamental level, reduction or restriction of tidal flooding alters the wetland environment so dramatically that soils, hydrology, and vegetation are all impacted, so that wetland function de facto is changed. Luckily, restoration of tidal flows in many wetlands can reverse some of the functional changes caused by tidal restriction.
Subwavelength Atom Localization

Abstract Accurate measurement of the position of an atom has been a problem of interest ever since the thought experiment posed by Werner Heisenberg through the so-called Heisenberg’s microscope. Modern quantum optical techniques have made it possible to realize such a device giving birth to the field of atom localization. In the last couple of decades the techniques have matured enough to offer atom localization along all three spatial dimensions in the subwavelength domain. Furthermore, ideas behind atom localization are general enough to apply to other fields requiring precise control or measurement of the position of atom-like entities such as microscopy, nano-lithography, optical trapping of atoms, optical lattices, and atom optics. I will discuss why such methods work in the context of the Rayleigh limit of resolution and review the progress in the field of atom localization both on the theoretical and experimental front.
The effect of implant placement and simultaneous soft tissue augmentation in the esthetic zone using either connective tissue autograft or acellular dermal matrix allograft on per-implant hard and soft tissue healing

THE EFFECT OF IMPLANT PLACEMENT AND SIMULTANEOUS SOFT TISSUE AUGMENTATION IN THE ESTHETIC ZONE USING EITHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE AUTOGRAFT OR ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX ALLOGRAFT ON PERI-IMPLANT HARD AND SOFT TISSUE HEALING Gretchen A. Wigand, DMD
Reproductive Flourishing: A Framework for Teaching Reproductive Ethics in Clinical Education

Decisions about reproduction are among the most important and impactful that human beings make in our lives, and there is a need for clinicians-in-training to understand how to best help patients navigate through these challenging decisions. Several frameworks offer opportunities for students to examine these ethical issues: natural law, reproductive rights, reproductive justice, and reproductive flourishing. Each of these has benefits and problems; most frameworks focus primarily on the permissibility or impermissibility of particular choices or are directed at a broad policy level, but the framework of reproductive flourishing is best suited to teach students how to focus on meeting the needs of their patients. The framework is useful in education because it reduces the conflict orientation that students often bring into discussions about ethics in reproductive care and refocuses the discussion on the practical challenges of patient care while simultaneously allowing students to reflect on their own values and goals in reproduction.
Performance-Based Cyber Resilience Metrics: An Applied Demonstration Toward Moving Target Defense

Energy resilience has emerged as a national security priority over the past fifteen years. Recent research efforts have aimed to develop metrics and analysis methods for energy resilience, but most of those efforts have focused on extreme weather and other natural hazards as the threat of interest. This paper introduces a novel set of resilience metrics and exemplifies how they can be applied to analyze resilience for growing concerns about cyber threats. The metrics are formally described with mathematical equations and demonstrated in a case study that evaluates the resilience benefits of a new moving target defense technology.
CONTRIBUTION OF CT-DERIVED BODY FAT COMPOSITION WITH FRAILTY AND LENGTH OF HOSPITAL STAY FOLLOWING TRANSCATHER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Aging is associated with gradual replacement of muscle with fat and fibrous tissue as well as increased total body fat content. We assessed whether muscle fat index, visceral fat index, and total body fat index can predict frailty and Length of hospital Stay (LOS) following Transcatheter Aortic
Photophysics and stereomutation of aromatic sulfoxides

Aromatic sulfoxides are photochemically active molecules. At 77 K in ether/isopentane/ethano! (EPA) glass, aromatic sulfoxides are shown to have weak phosphorescence. The triplet energies are a few kilocalories per mole higher than the corresponding ketones. The diaryl sulfoxides are about 3 kcal/mol lower than the corresponding ketones, and the diaryl sulfoxides are about 3 kcal/mol lower than the corresponding aryl methyl sulfoxides. The lifetimes of emission are generally under 100 ms. From the diffuse vibrational structure of the spectra, the lifetimes, and the effect of solvent on the triplet energy, it is concluded that the triplets are delocalized aromatic states that involve substantial charge transfer off the oxygen atom. The effect of a methanesulfinyl group on the photophysics of several aromatic chromophores has been investigated. Compared to the parent arenes, the spectroscopic singlet energies and the triplet energies are relatively unchanged by the substitution (±2 kcal/mol). The fluorescence quantum yields are reduced by at least one order of magnitude, whereas the phosphorescence quantum yields at 77 K are enhanced. Fluorescence lifetimes are greatly shortened, consistent with the reduced Op. The triplet yields at room temperature are slightly enhanced by the substitution. Unusual fluorescence quantum yield enhancements are observed on cooling the samples to 77 K. For instance, a 15-fold increase of fluorescence of 1-methanesuIfinylpyrene is observed upon freezing the sample whereas only a factor of 2 is seen in the unsubstituted pyrene. An attempt to relate the observed photophysics to photoinduced racemization is made, since the photoracemization is negligible at 173 K. Racemization yields as a function of temperature have also been obtained. For methanesulfmyl pyrene, the activation barrier of photoracemization is estimated to be 2-7 kcal/mol. Aromatic sulfoxides quench singlet excited states of sensitizers whose singlet energies render energy transfer unlikely as a mechanism. Well over 50 rate constants for singlet quenching of various sensitizers by a series sulfoxides have been obtained, as have estimates of the redox potentials for the series of sulfoxides. These data strongly suggest that the mechanism for quenching involves electron transfer and/or exciplex formation. Charge (electron) transfer is from the sensitizer to the sulfoxide.
Macrophages reprogram after ischemic stroke and promote efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in the mouse brain

Aims Blood-borne monocytes/macrophages infiltrate the brain in massive numbers after ischemic stroke, but their impact on poststroke brain injury and recovery remains elusive. This study examined the transcriptomic changes in monocytes/macrophages after ischemic stroke and the functional implications of these changes, particularly with regards to the contribution of these cells to the phagocytic clearance of dead/dying cells (efferocytosis) in the poststroke brain. Methods We performed whole-genome RNA sequencing on the monocyte/macrophage population sorted from mouse brain and peripheral blood 5 days after permanent focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, the spatial and temporal profiles of macrophage efferocytosis were examined in vivo by immunohistochemistry 3-7 days after brain ischemia. Results Robust transcriptomic changes occurred in monocytes/macrophages upon infiltrating the poststroke brain. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a transcriptome of brain macrophages that strongly favored efferocytic activity. A large number of efferocytosis-related genes were upregulated in brain macrophages, the products of which are essential components involved in various steps of efferocytosis, such as chemotaxis, recognition of dead cells, engulfment, and processing of phagosomes. The efferocytic activity of brain macrophages were verified by immunohistochemistry, wherein Iba1-labeled microglia/macrophages effectively cleared apoptotic neurons in the infarct during the subacute stage after brain ischemia. We also identified PPARγ and STAT6 as potential upstream regulators that shaped this proefferocytic and inflammation-resolving transcriptome of macrophages in the poststroke brain. Conclusion Macrophages play a crucial role in the phagocytic clearance of dead neurons after ischemic stroke and promote the resolution of inflammation in the brain. Molecular therapies that enhance macrophage efferocytic capability may be promising treatments for ischemic stroke by facilitating inflammation resolution, brain repair, and recovery of neurological functions.
Solvatochromic Parameters of Deep Eutectic Solvents: Effect of Different Carboxylic Acids as Hydrogen Bond Donor

The physicochemical properties of carboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were measured by solvatochromic probes: Nile red, N,N-diethyl-4-nitroaniline, and 4-nitroaniline. UV–vis absorb...
Protecting Patient Safety and Preventing Modifiable Complications After Acute Ischemic Stroke

Topic Protecting patient safety and preventing modifiable complications after acute ischemic stroke. Clinical relevance Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in adults. Stroke survivors often experience a variety of deficits related to mobility, nutrition, immunity, mood, and cognition. These post-stroke complications and residual effects can adversely affect safety, placing the patient at risk for further injury. In order to develop a plan of care that protects patient safety, critical care and progressive care nurses must understand the unique needs of this patient population. Purpose To describe selected ischemic stroke-related physiological changes, how these changes contribute to safety risks, and methods of enhancing patient safety. Content covered Stroke physiology and stroke-specific interventions that can enable nurses to reduce the risk of falls, dysphagia, malnutrition, dehydration, altered glucose metabolism, device-related infections, aspiration pneumonia, delirium, and depression.
A Novel Risk Scoring System for Predicting Primary Graft Dysfunction after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Introduction Despite advances in graft survival following orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT), primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains a major problem. PGD - defined as ventricular dysfunction occurring within 24 hours after OHT not associated with a discernible cause - is the leading cause of death in the first 30 days post OHT. The etiology of PGD is multifactorial including donor age, recipient inotropic support and amiodarone use. Hypothesis We would be able to identify novel donor and recipient factors associated with increased incidence of PGD. Methods We analyzed patients undergoing OHT from January 2014 to December 2019. Patients without 1-year follow up data were excluded. PGD was diagnosed based on the 2013 ISHLT consensus definition. Donor and recipient characteristics were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher exact test as appropriate, 2-tailed, with p Results 122/143 OHT recipients had 1 year followup. PGD occurred in 36 (29.5%) patients. Patient proportions with donor-recipient height mismatch>20% (0 vs 0), weight mismatch>20% (34% vs 42%, p=0.32), and sex mismatch (13.8% vs 10.5%, p=0.76) were similar for PGD and non-PGD groups. Independent predictors of PGD were donor pH 50% (OR 13.85, 95%CI 3.3-58, p=0.01). Based on beta coefficients in the regression model, we allotted 1 point to milrinone use, 2 to amiodarone use, and 3 points each to donor pH 50%. The derived risk score demonstrated a powerful association with PGD occurrence (per point increase OR 2.0; p Conclusion We identified novel factors associated with the development of PGD, including recipient milrinone use and elevated class 2 PRA, while confirming prior well-validated risk factors such as amiodarone use and donor acidemia. A PGD risk score incorporating these factors powerfully predicts PGD occurrence, and may assist in future donor utilization and identification of recipients at risk for PGD.
Managing app testing device clouds: issues and opportunities

Because creating and maintaining an in-house test lab is expensive and time-consuming, companies and app developers often use device clouds to test their apps. Because quality-assurance activities depend on such device clouds, it is important to understand possible issues related to their use. To this end, in this paper we present a preliminary study that investigates issues and highlights research opportunities in the context of managing and maintaining device clouds. In the study, we analyzed over 12 million test executions on 110 devices. We found that the management software of the cloud infrastructure we considered affected some test executions, and almost all the cloud devices had at least one security-related issue.
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Transposition for Endosseous Implant Placement: A Preliminary Report

Summary Nerve repositioning is a viable alternative for patients with an atrophic edentulous posterior mandible. Patients should be informed, however, of potential risks of neurosensory disturbance, which in the author's study occurred in 40% of the patients. Documentation of the baseline neurosensory function should be performed with a two point discrimination test or directional brush stroke test. Recovery of nerve function should be expected in 3 to 6 months. The potential for mandibular fracture also should be discussed with the patient. This can be avoided by maintaining the inferior cortex of the mandible. When seating the implant, one should avoid over-seating of the implant, which avoids stress along the inferior border of the mandible. The procedure does allow for the placement of longer implants, which should improve longevity. Patients are generally satisfied with their implants.
Transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiographic guidance for pacemaker lead extraction.

BACKGROUND The ability of transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) to aid in pacemaker lead extraction has not yet been evaluated. 3DE provides real-time evaluation of intracardiac anatomy and the location of pacemaker leads in greater detail than either fluoroscopy or -two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), aiding in the extraction of such leads, which can be potentially dangerous. We sought to investigate the feasibility and utility of 3DE to visualize intracardiac anatomy and pacemaker leads, and to assist in lead extraction procedures. METHODS We utilized 3DE in nine encounters for eight different patients, to visualize intracardiac anatomy and leads before, during, and after extraction to evaluate the feasibility and utility to aid in the procedure and evaluate for potential sequelae. RESULTS 3DE was able to identify pertinent intracardiac anatomy and leads in all cases. 3DE detected procedural complications or altered management in five of nine encounters (five of eight patients); this included detection of an avulsed papillary muscle, tricuspid valve leaflet damage, and cast/thrombus after lead removal, as well as adjustment of excess lead slack to avoid future valve damage, or risk stratification of lead removal. CONCLUSION 3DE is feasible and adds utility to lead extraction cases by visualizing intracardiac anatomy and leads beyond fluoroscopy or 2DE, providing real-time information during extraction, and identifying potential complications.
Developing fluency and comprehension with the secondary fluency routine

This article examines the effects of a reading fluency intervention on the fluency and comprehension of struggling middle school readers. The secondary fluency routine was developed by the first au...
Quantum symmetries in orbifolds and decomposition

In this paper, we introduce a new set of modular-invariant phase factors for orbifolds with trivially-acting subgroups, analogous to discrete torsion and generalizing quantum symmetries. After describing their basic properties, we generalize decomposition to include orbifolds with these new phase factors, making a precise proposal for how such orbifolds are equivalent to disjoint unions of other orbifolds without trivially-acting subgroups or one-form symmetries, which we check in numerous examples.
Identification, quantification, and growth profiling of eight different microalgae species using image analysis

Abstract Algal blooms and associated oxygen depletion have devastating consequences for freshwater ecosystems. Identifying and quantifying microalgae species require highly expensive equipment that is unaffordable to many research units, mostly those in developing countries. The development of a low-cost technique to quantify the microalgae species could reduce the research expenses and boost microalgae research in developing nations. Therefore, a cost-effective and straightforward microalgae quantification method using an image analysis methodology was developed in this study. Eight different microalgae strains include Oocystis minuta, Synechococcus sp., Acrochaetium sp., Rhodosorus marinus, Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana, Phormidium inundatum, and Phormidium fragile were cultured, and their images were captured during the growth periods (0–28 days). A user-coded plugin known as MAIJA – Microalgae ImageJ Analyzer was developed and used for analyzing the images. The principle involved in microalgae quantification relied on the color intensity increase along with the growth of algae. Seven different color vegetation indices were employed to determine a suitable index for algae quantification. Results indicated that the algae species can be differentiated between homogenously and non-homogeneously dissolving species using the developed approach. Linear models were developed to estimate dry cell mass from culture volume (0.86 ≥ R2 ≤ 0.99) as well as from different vegetation indices (R2 up to 0.99). Among five color kinetic models tested, results showed that the first-order kinetic model with vegetative index was the most suitable indicator to obtain the trend of algae growth (RMSE = 0.2–0.4). Further, the vegetative index was also found to be suitable for differentiating similar colored algae species (Oocystis minuta vs. Synechococcus sp., and Phormidium fragile vs. Rhodosorus marinus). The developed method has the potential to improve the quantification of mixed microalgae culture compared to the traditional solid dried mass method.
A Constant $g_m$ Current Reference Generator With Pseudo Resistor-Based Compensation

Most analog circuits need a current reference generator to provide a stable biasing point for the transistors. Given the limited voltage headroom in advanced node technologies, there would be notable restrictions on the tolerance of the reference current deviation. Use of off-chip reference generators adds to the size of the system while the on-chip reference current generators are still partially dependent on the on-chip resistor values which is prone to technology variations. We propose an on-chip reference generator with a fully off-chip resistor which has less sensitivity to process variations. Monte-Carlo simulation results shows that the proposed has 31% more precision compared to the conventional on-chip reference generator. Measurement results in 0.18 μm CMOS shows that the chip produces a stable reference current that is defined based on an off-chip resistor. The proposed structure consumes the same current as conventional and does not add to the power consumption.
Targeted Recruitment of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes for a Physical Activity Intervention

Recruiting sufficient numbers of participants for physical activity trials for individuals with diabetes can be difficult because there are often many behavioral demands for participants, and inclusion and exclusion criteria can be extensive. This study examined the recruitment strategies used for a randomized, controlled trial designed to investigate the efficacy of an automated telephone intervention to promote physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes in an urban Veterans Administration health care system. Traditional recruitment approaches of posting flyers and obtaining referrals from clinicians did not yield sufficient numbers of interested patients. Using the electronic medical record system to identify patients with uncontrolled diabetes allowed staff to send targeted mailings to participants, and 77% of participants were recruited using this method. The targeted mailing approach elicited a positive response rate of 12% (328 of 2,764 potential participants identified) and appeared to produce a more representative and appropriate sample than other recruitment methods used. Lessons learned in this study may be helpful to researchers in future trials who attempt to recruit participants with diabetes for physical activity protocols.
Biochemical and structural studies of actomyosin-like proteins from non-muscle cells. Isolation and characterization of myosin from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract A myosin-like protein was purified from amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum . The purification utilized newly discovered solubility properties of actomyosin in sucrose. The amoebae were extracted with a 30% sucrose solution containing 0.1 m -KCl, and actomyosin was selectively precipitated from this crude extract by removal of the sucrose. The myosin and actin were then solubilized in a buffer containing KI and separated by gel filtration. The purified Dictyostelium myosin bears a very close resemblance to muscle myosin. The amoeba protein contains two heavy chains, about 210,000 molecular weight each, and two classes of light chains, 16,000 and 18,000 molecular weight. Dictyostelium myosin is insoluble at low ionic strength and forms bipolar thick filaments. The myosin possesses ATPase activity that is activated by Ca 2+ but not EDTA, and is inhibited by Mg 2+ ; under optimal conditions the specific activity of the enzyme is 0.09 μmol P 1 /min per mg myosin. Dictyostelium myosin interacts with Dictyostelium actin or muscle actin, as shown by electron microscopy and by measurements of enzymatic activity. The ATPase activity of Dictyostelium myosin, in the presence of Mg 2+ at low ionic strength, exhibits an average ninefold activation when actin is added.
The formation of Valles Marineris: 2. Stress focusing along the buried dichotomy boundary

[1] Although Valles Marineris is widely regarded as an extensional tectonic feature, the source of stress responsible for its formation remains unknown. This study argues that the tensile stresses that triggered Valles Marineris tectonism are a result of its location south of and subparallel to the buried crustal dichotomy boundary beneath Tharsis. The emplacement of the Tharsis volcanic load straddling the pre-existing topographic step of the crustal dichotomy boundary would have resulted in an abrupt change in the thickness of the load, causing differential subsidence and extension across the boundary. Thin-shell flexural models predict a narrow belt of focused tensile stresses south of the buried dichotomy boundary, coinciding with the location of present-day Valles Marineris. The interaction of these boundary-generated stresses with the competing stress fields associated with Tharsis loading can explain the formation of Noctis Labyrinthus in the west, and the deflection of the Valles Marineris troughs away from the buried boundary toward the east. Finite element models demonstrate that the magnitudes and vertical variations of stress at Valles Marineris are sensitive to the timing of loading and flexure in Tharsis. The incremental loading and flexure expected for a large volcanic rise results in the maximum tensile stress at Valles Marineris occurring at depth, with tensile stresses through the majority of the lithospheric column. Dikes forming within this tensile stress belt would propagate through the full vertical extent of the lithosphere due to the stress release associated with the dilation of the dikes, playing a crucial role in the formation of the Valles Marineris troughs.
Isolating the Roles of Individual Covariates in Reweighting Estimation

SUMMARY A host of recent research has used reweighting methods to analyze the extent to which observable characteristics predict between-group differences in the distribution of an outcome. Less attention has been paid to using reweighting methods to isolate the roles of individual covariates. We analyze two approaches that have been used in previous studies, and we propose a new approach that examines the role of one covariate while holding the marginal distribution of the other covariates constant. We illustrate the differences between the methods with a numerical example and an empirical analysis of black–white wage differentials among males. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scurvy in a 10-year-old boy

Scurvy, or hypovitaminosis C, is an uncommon condition that exists today primarily within certain unique populations-particularly the elderly subjects, patients with neurodevelopmental disabilities or psychiatric illnesses, or others with unusual dietary habits. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient in the human body, and is important in synthesizing collagen factor whose faulty production is responsible for most of the clinical manifestations of scurvy. These clinical manifestations can include dystrophic or corkscrew hairs, gingival hyperplasia, and weakened blood vessel walls, causing bleeding in the skin, joints, and other organs. Although rare in the Unites States, the presence of scurvy should not be forgotten because of its presence among susceptible populations. Moreover, with its diagnosis, treatment and cure is one of the simplest in modern medicine. We report a case of scurvy in a 10-year-old autistic child.
Inflammatory Pathways Linked to Beta Cell Demise in Diabetes

Inflammation is proposed to play a key role in the development of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is well established that autoimmunity against β cells is responsible for massive loss of β cells in T1D. Recently, it has been recognized that chronic low-grade inflammation is not limited to insulin target organs but is also seen in islets in T2D. In T1D, T lymphocytes are primed to destroy the β cells. However, the process that leads to the development of selfreactive T lymphocytes remains elusive and is an area of intense research. A complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, β cells, and immune cells is likely involved in the process. Immunomodulatory therapies have been attempted with some promises in animal models of T1D but have not yielded satisfactory effects on humans. Recent initiatives to evaluate T1D pathology in human donor pancreata hold promise to increase our knowledge in the coming years. In T2D, overnutrition results in metabolic stress including glucolipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress that potentially trigger an inflammatory response in the islets. Substantial evidence exists for an increase in humoral inflammatory mediators and an accumulation of macrophages in the islets of T2D subjects. Anti-inflammatory therapies targeting IL-1β and NFkB have shown improvement in β cell functions in small short term studies of T2D humans, providing a proof of principle for targeting islet inflammation in T2D. However, the nature of islet inflammation in T2D needs better characterization to tailor antiinflammatory therapies that are effective and durable for T2D.
Nitrate Fluxes and Nitrate Reductase Activity of Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells (Effects of Internal and External Nitrate Concentrations)

Cell suspensions of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv KY14) were used to determine the responses of NO3- uptake and NO3- reductase activity (NRA) to exogenous NO3- levels in the absence of long-distance NO3- transport. Tobacco cells grown with complete Murashige and Skoog medium for 7 d were subcultured for 3 d with NH4+-free media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mM NO3-. Cell NO3-, in vitro NRA, NO3- influx, and efflux of cell NO3- were determined. The NRA increased as cell NO3- increased. Cell NO3- efflux values increased as cell NO3- level increased. Cells with low intracellular NO3- had greater NO3- influx than cells with high intracellular NO3-. Woolf-Augustinsson-Hofstee transformations of the NO3- influx kinetic data revealed patterns characteristic of a high- and low-affinity two-component NO3- uptake system. Apparent Vmax values generally decreased and Km values increased as cell NO3- concentration increased. The NRA of cells supplied with 10 and 20 mM NO3- after 3-d growth in N- free medium increased about 5-fold within 2 h and then remained constant for the next 2 h, whereas NRA of cells supplied with 5 mM NO3- increased only 2-fold during the 4-h period. Intracellular NO3- and other N metabolites associated with cell NO3- levels exerted differential effects on the NO3- influx activity and NRA of tobacco cells cultured in suspension. Expression of high NRA was correlated with both high external and intracellular NO3-, whereas maximum NO3- influx activity required a low (depleted) level of cell NO3-.
Updates to the Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract The decision of when to start treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not markedly changed; it is triggered by parameters of active disease, such as progressive symptoms or progressive cytopenias related to bone marrow compromise from disease. How to treat patients with CLL has become less complicated, given the growing list of options for CLL, and generally depends on the patient's age, presence of comorbidities, and risk factors (such as chromosome 17 or 11 deletion). During his presentation at the NCCN 20th Annual Conference, Dr. William Wierda focused attention on many of the new kids on the therapeutic block for CLL--the CD20 monoclonal antibodies obinutuzumab and ofatumumab, the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib, the PI3K inhibitor idelalisib, and the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax--and reviewed some of the clinical data supporting the use of these agents in different patient populations with CLL.
The interaction of southwest monsoon upwelling, advection and primary production in the northwest Arabian Sea

Abstract A biological model comprising phytoplankton, Zooplankton, detritus, and nitrogen pools has been coupled to a 3-layer reduced-gravity ocean circulation model of the Arabian Sea through the vertical mixing and horizontal transport fields. Coupled biophysical interactions during the southwest monsoon have been investigated using experiments with progressively more physical forcing: (1) initial-value biological calculations with no forcing; (2) upwelling simulations for the southwest monsoon that incorporate vertical forcing only; and (3) coupled physical-biological model experiments that use both upwelling and horizontal advection, and are forced by monthly varying climatological wind stresses and density profiles for the Arabian Sea. The initial-value and upwelling experiments indicate the roles of grazing pressure and remineralization of detritus when physical forcing is present. The coupled model experiments demonstrate the importance of coastal upwelling and offshore advection in determining patterns of total nitrogen in surface waters, both near the coast and offshore. Offshore jets are significant as sources of both transported nutrients and biomass in open waters far from coastal upwelling areas.
Sesquiterpenes from Chrysoma Pauciflosculosa

Abstract The aerial parts of Chrysoma pauciflosculosa (syn. Solidago pauciflosculosa) gave two new sesquiterpenes, (+)-β-turmerone and a bisabolane endoperoxide, together with the known (-)-α-trans-bergamotene and (+)-β-sesquiphellandrene. When exposed to air and light, (+)-β-turmerone and (+)-β-sesquiphellandrene gave oxidative degradation products, involving hydroperoxide intermediates. Photosensitized singlet oxygen reactions of (+)-β-turmerone provided a series of bisabolane-type endoperoxides. The structures of the natural compounds as well as those of the degradation products and derivatives were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, mainly NMR and MS. Aqueous solutions of (+)-β-turmerone,(+)-β-sesquiphellandrene and (-)-α-trans-bergamotene were tested for their effects on the germination and radicle growth of three Florida sandhill species, Rudbeckia hirta, Schizachyrium scoparium, Leptochloa dubia, as well as Lactuca sativa. (+)-β-Turmerone significantly inhibited germination of L. sat...
Role of natural self-pollination in self-fruitfulness of almond

Abstract The capacity for self-fruitfulness in the almond cultivar ‘Le Grand’ is limited by (a) self-incompatibility and (b) insufficient capacity for natural self-pollination. Expression of self-incompatibility following self-pollination by hand reduced fruit-set by 67 and 89% in 2 crop-years in comparison with fruit-set percentages achieved following cross-pollination by hand. Pollen retention following natural self-pollination equalled about 8 pollen grains/stigma and reduced fruit set by 50% when compared with branches receiving non-limiting (> 300 grains) quantities of self-pollen. These data indicate that ‘Le Grand’ is (a) unsuited for planting in monoculture and (b) highly dependent on insect-mediated pollen transfer. Blossom observations made at anthesis indicated that the relative capacity for natural self-pollination among clones may be anticipated by the spatial relationship between dehiscing anthers and receptive stigmas.
Characterizing solutions of supermodular games; intuitive comparative statics, and unique equilibria

We present a technique for locating both an upper and a lower bound on equilibrium points of supermodular games by looking only at the first derivatives of the payoff functions at points of disequilibrium. This technique is useful for characterizing equilibria of games when the closed form solution is difficult to calculate, for performing comparative statics analysis, and for determining the uniqueness of equilibria.
Free Trade: A Governmentality Approach

The content of global free-trade rules and the number of nations beholden to them have expanded dramatically since the Uruguay round of multilateral negotiations; much of it through agreements to form preferential trade areas (PTAs). Drawing on Foucauldian governmentality studies, this paper explores how the spaces of ‘free trade’ are produced through neoliberal spatial and political imaginaries and material practices to construct ‘barriers to trade’ as objects of trade rules. These concepts are explored through a case study of rules of origin in PTAs, increasingly long technical footnotes to trade agreements that aim to sort hybrid flows of commodities and services into single nation-state categories. I argue that projects to create spaces of unimpeded trade reconfigure obstacles and barriers in new and sometimes unexpected ways.
Evidence that the β-amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease represent the redox-silencing and entombment of Aβ by zinc

Aβ binds Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ in vitro, and these metals are markedly elevated in the neocortex and especially enriched in amyloid plaque deposits of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zn2+ precipitates Aβ in vitro, and Cu2+ interaction with Aβ promotes its neurotoxicity, correlating with metal reduction and the cell-free generation of H2O2 (Aβ1–42 > Aβ1–40 > ratAβ1–40). Because Zn2+ is redox-inert, we studied the possibility that it may play an inhibitory role in H2O2-mediated Aβ toxicity. In competition to the cytotoxic potentiation caused by coincubation with Cu2+, Zn2+ rescued primary cortical and human embryonic kidney 293 cells that were exposed to Aβ1–42, correlating with the effect of Zn2+ in suppressing Cu2+-dependent H2O2formation from Aβ1–42. Since plaques contain exceptionally high concentrations of Zn2+, we examined the relationship between oxidation (8-OH guanosine) levels in AD-affected tissue and histological amyloid burden and found a significant negative correlation. These data suggest a protective role for Zn2+in AD, where plaques form as the result of a more robust Zn2+ antioxidant response to the underlying oxidative attack.
Preprocessing Volume Input Data for Improved Traffic Simulation

Microsimulation has become an increasingly indispensable tool in demanding intelligent transportation systems and planning applications. To build reliable and realistic simulation models, high-quality input data, including roadway geometry, vehicle and driver characteristics, traffic volumes, and composition, are required. Volumes of these data are important but hard to obtain; even when collected with advanced surveillance systems, they are susceptible to miscounting, gaps in time and space, and other inaccuracies. Data that appear to be accurate often do not balance out (i.e., they are inconsistent in terms of maintaining conservation throughout the system). These problems could lead to anomalies or errors during the simulation, seriously tainting the reliability and accuracy of the outputs and weakening the credibility of the conclusions. A comprehensive methodology is proposed for improving the quality of freeway traffic volumes for simulation purposes. Established and enhanced procedures for checking...
Malnutrition in Congenital Heart Disease: Management to Improve Outcomes

Advanced corrective and palliative cardiovascular surgical procedures have significantly reduced mortality related to congenital heart disease. However, in infants with congenital heart disease, inadequate nutrient intake, insufficient nutrient absorption, and increased energy needs limit the ability to grow and develop. Infants with congenital heart disease have a high prevalence of malnutrition. Nutrition provides an opportunity to optimize growth, development, and quality of life in an era of increased survival. Early intervention and identification of at-risk patients has the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality related to malnutrition in infants with congenital heart disease. Currently, a paucity of research prohibits practitioners from providing comprehensive evidence-based care and compromises the care of the growing population of patients with congenital heart disease who survive infancy. The purpose of this article is to examine existing evidence that could contribute to guidelines for i...
On exact unsteady navier-stokes solutions

Abstract Exact “universal” unsteady rotational flow solutions are compared to an earlier class of exact unsteady flows. They apply to different flow situations.
Structure and dynamics of dark‐state bovine rhodopsin revealed by chemical cross‐linking and high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Recent work using chemical cross-linking to define interresidue distance constraints in proteins has shown that these constraints are useful for testing tertiary structural models. We applied this approach to the G-protein-coupled receptor bovine rhodopsin in its native membrane using lysine- and cysteine-targeted bifunctional cross-linking reagents. Cross-linked proteolytic peptides of rhodopsin were identified by combined liquid chromatography and FT-ICR mass spectrometry with automated data-reduction and assignment software. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to verify cross-link assignments and locate the exact sites of cross-link attachment. Cross-links were observed to form between 10 pairs of residues in dark-state rhodopsin. For each pair, cross-linkers with a range of linker lengths were tested to determine an experimental distance-of-closest-approach (DCA) between reactive side-chain atoms. In all, 28 cross-links were identified using seven different cross-linking reagents. Molecular mechanics procedures were applied to published crystal structure data to calculate energetically achievable theoretical DCAs between reactive atoms without altering the position of the protein backbone. Experimentally measured DCAs are generally in good agreement with the theoretical DCAs. However, a cross-link between C316 and K325 in the C-terminal region cannot be rationalized by DCA simulations and suggests that backbone reorientation relative to the crystal coordinates occurs on the timescale of cross-linking reactions. Biochemical and spectroscopic data from other studies have found that the C-terminal region is highly mobile in solution and not fully represented by X-ray crystallography data. Our results show that chemical cross-linking can provide reliable three-dimensional structural information and insight into local conformational dynamics in a membrane protein.
Comitogenic activity of n-alkane and related tumor promoters in murine lymphocytes

Linear alkanes of specific chain length were found to enhance differentially the mitogenic response of murine spleen lymphocytes to the lectin phytohemagglutinin. Within the homologous series of compounds having between six and eighteen carbon atoms, a biphasic structure–function relationship was found, with maximum comitogenic activity occurring for tetradecane, and none or little for octane and octadecane. No alkane was mitogenic per se, and no alkane displaced the optimum mitogenic concentration of the lectin. The concentration of tetradecane having equivalent comitogenic activity was similar to that of methyl myristate, a simple alkyl ester of equal alkyl chain length, but approximately four orders of magnitude less that of the potent promoter 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). A similar ratio of potencies of TPA and the alkane dodecane, also a lymphocyte comitogen, has previously been found for promotion of mouse epidermal tumorigenesis. Maximum comitogenic activity was found when alkane and lectin were added to cultures simultaneously, the effect decreasing sharply when alkane addition was delayed relative to lectin. These findings suggest the existence of a cellular receptor with specificity for hydrophobic functions with chain lengths lying within a restricted range. Binding to this receptor also appears to be a common early event in tumor promotion, comitogenicity, and comutagenicity by agents of several chemical types.