cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer

Background & Aims: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) staging is used for management of esophageal cancer, but its effect on the outcome of patients is unknown. Our aim was to study the association of receipt of EUS and overall survival in a cohort of patients with esophageal cancer. Methods: All persons 65 years or older who were diagnosed with esophageal cancer between January 1994 and December 1999 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked database were identified. Relevant demographic, cancer-specific information and EUS procedural information were extracted. Results: Two thousand eight hundred thirty patients with esophageal cancer (48% squamous cell cancer) were eligible for analysis. Only 303 (10.7%) patients underwent a EUS examination. Patients who had EUS evaluation were more likely to undergo esophageal resection (21.1% vs 14.7%, P = .01) and more likely to have received adjuvant therapy (11.2% vs 6.7%, P = .008). When adjusted for age at diagnosis, race, gender, comorbidity, histology, and tumor stage, receipt of EUS was associated with a reduced risk of death (relative hazard, 0.594; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.68; P = .001). Conclusions: Undergoing EUS in patients with esophageal cancer is independently associated with improved survival, possibly because of improved stage-appropriate management such as use of adjuvant therapy and surgical resection.
Average Distribution of Supersingular Drinfeld Modules

Abstract Letφbe a rank 2 Drinfeld module defined over F q(T). For each monic prime polynomialp∈ F q(T) which is a regular prime ofφ, the reduction ofφatpis a rank 2 Drinfeld moduleφpover the finite field F q(T)/(p); depending on the structure of the ring End(φp), the regular primepis either a supersingular or an ordinary prime ofφ. We prove in this paper that,on average, supersingular primes are distributed according to the Lang-Trotter conjecture (for Drinfeld modules). We first show this result averaging over all Drinfeld modules, and then over all isomorphism classes of Drinfeld modules.
Modeling and Theory of Intermittent Motions in a Machine Tool With a Friction Boundary

In this paper the simplified mechanical model for a machine-tool system is presented. The state and domains are defined with respect to the (contact and frictional force) boundaries in this system. The switching sets for this machine-tool will be defined for all the boundaries considered herein. The forces and force product components at the switching points are determined according to discontinuous systems theory. The forces and force product govern the passability of the machine-tool through the respective boundary. Mapping definitions and notations are developed through the switching sets for the boundaries. A mapping structure and notation for one type of intermittent cutting periodic motion is defined as an example.
TF022 - grain size effects of A:B site ratio in BaTiO3 thin films

BaTiO3 films with thickness ~1 micron were deposited on Pt and Cu foil substrates via a CSD process with varying A:B site ratios and were fired at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200°C. The intent of this study is to determine the impact of A:B site ratio on phase assembly, grain growth, morphology, and film density. Films with excess Barium, up to 5%, fired at and above 1000°C exhibited grain sizes exceeding 5 microns with uniform and isotropic morphology. Films with excess Barium showed no formation of a secondary phase via XRD at 1100°C but a secondary phase was present at 1200°C with barium excess exceeding 4%. For films with large Ba excess and grain sizes in excess of 1 ?m there is no evidence of tetragonality. Electrical testing as a function of voltage and temperature revealed room temperature permittivities of 4000 and tunability greater than 13:1 at 35V applied bias for Ba excess of 3%. Though more thorough research is needed, these results suggest that tuning the Ba:Ti ratio presents possibilities for dielectric property engineering in BaTiO3.
Molecular mapping of the tubby (tub) mutation on mouse chromosome 7

Using 180 F2 progeny of a C57BL6/J x CAST/Ei tub/+F1 intersubspecific intercross, a map of 28 molecular markers (including eight genes) on chromosome 7 surrounding the tub locus was generated. Using 33 obese F2 progeny, tub was localized approximately 50-52 cM distal to the centromere on mouse chromosome 7 in the interval defined proximally by hemoglobin beta (Hbb), D7Mit38, D7Mit217, D7Mit37, D7Mit96, and D7Mit33 and distally by D7Mit 98. Using 39 obese F2 progeny from a similar intersubspecific intercross, a telomeric boundary of the interval defining tub was defined by D7Mit53; the order centromere-Hbb/tub-D7Mit53/D7Mit328/D7Mit220-parathyroid hormone (Pth)-calcitonin (Calc)-zona pellucida 2 (2p2) was established. By combining the data from the two crosses, the most likely gene order on mouse chromosome 7 is centromere-Hbb-tub-Pth-Calc, thus making it likely that the human homolog of tub resides on 11p15, where the gene order HBB-PTH-CALC is conserved. Assignment of the human tubby homolog to 11p15 allows selection and development of polymorphic molecular markers that can be used to examine segregation of a human homolog of tubby in pedigrees segregating for obesity. The gene sulfonylurea receptor was eliminated as a candidate gene for tubby on the basis of its map position, approximately 3.1 {plus_minus} 3.1 cM centromericmore » of tyrosinase and approximately 14.9 {plus_minus} 4.8 cM centromeric of Hbb. 47 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
AAEM minimonograph #3: Motor unit recruitment

Motor unit recruitment is the process by which different motor units are activated to produce a given level and type of muscle contraction. At minimal levels of muscle contraction (innervation), muscle force is graded by changes in firing rate (rate coding) of individual motoneurons (MNs). At higher levels of innervation, recruitment is accomplished by the addition of different motor units firing at or above physiologic tremor rate. During slowly graded and ballistic increases in force, motor units are recruited in rank order of their size. In addition to MN soma diameter, other factors contribute to the selectivity of MN activation. For la afferent MN activation in the cat, synaptic density and efficacy as well as specific membrane resistance are also rank ordered for slow, fatigue resistant, and fast fatigue motor units with slow motor units recruited first. The central drive for motor unit activation is distributed to all the MNs of the pool serving a given muscle. Size-structure organization of the MN pool determines the order of recruitment and how MNs interact with each other. Disorders of the motor unit affect recruitment. A method for the clinical electromyographic assessment of recruitment is suggested. Assessment is made at three levels of innervation: minimal contraction for onset and recruitment firing rates; moderate contraction required to maintain the limb against gravity for the maximum number of motor units, their firing rates, and motor unit spikes/s; maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for detection of high threshold enlarged motor units characteristic of reinnervation and completeness of the interference pattern (IP). Loss of muscle fibers results in early and excessive recruitment at minimal and moderate levels of innervation. Loss of motor units can result in both an increased rate and range of single motor unit firing at all levels of innervation. With reinnervation and enlargement of motor units, firing rates increase significantly and the interference pattern during MVC is incomplete.
A sexual bill of rights for dying persons.

Abstract All people are sexual beings regardless of their age, physical status, or stage in life. This article draws on the experience of two professionals who have counseled numerous dying people and their significant others. It identifies 15 “rights.” For each “right,” a theoretical discussion is given as well as case studies illustrating the acquisition of the “right.” Human sexuality is life affirming. The process of dying can be a growing, life-affirming, sexual experience.
Milieu therapy reexamined.

Abstract Milieu has been used to mean a democratic value system, a ward management system, and an environmental treatment approach. Sullivan's dictum, although partially true, can create the impression that the environmental needs of madmen are exactly equivalent to the needs of any group of people living together. We cannot be content with the similarities between our patients and ourselves. We must investigate the meaning of schizophrenia as it relates to the interaction of a specific organism and its environment. This requires a sophisticated interactional theory, such as Piaget 22 has developed in the area of cognitive development. Such a theory accounts for the nuances of the organism, as well as the nuances of the environment, in a manner that cannot be totally achieved by the sociologic and behavioral models. Two phenomenologic approaches to environmental specificity are discussed as ways of illustrating alternatives to the more global, sociologic and behavioral models. It is hoped that increasingly environmental treatment can focus on the interaction between specific needs of different types of patients and the environment in which they are treated.
Kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of type II isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase from Thermus thermophilus: evidence for formation of substrate-induced flavin species.

Type II isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Although the reactions catalyzed by the type II enzyme and the well-studied type I IPP isomerase are identical, the type II protein requires reduced flavin for activity. The chemical mechanism, including the role of flavin, has not been established for type II IPP isomerase. Recombinant type II IPP isomerase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 was purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The aerobically purified enzyme was inactive until the flavin cofactor was reduced by NADPH or dithionite or photochemically. The inactive oxidized flavin−enzyme complex bound IPP in a Mg2+-dependent manner for which KD ∼ KmIPP, suggesting that the substrate binds to the inactive oxidized and active reduced forms of the protein with similar affinities. N,N-Dimethyl-2-amino-1-ethyl diphosphate (NIPP), a transition state analogue for the type I isomerase, competitively inhibits the type II enzyme, but with...
Subprime Lenders and Mortgage Market Completion

Without a subprime market, some borrowers by virtue of poor credit history, unstable income, and other characteristics are unable to qualify for a mortgage. With a subprime market, there is a more complete credit supply schedule with the market pricing for poorer credit quality in the mortgage rate. By completing the capital market, subprime lenders reduce borrowing constraints. The result is a social welfare gain. Low-credit applicants otherwise denied funding are able to qualify by paying higher interest rates in exchange for offering more equity or lower loan-to-value ratios. This prediction is consistent with the subprime applicants financing or refinancing their mortgages at relatively low loan-to-value ratios.
Osteosarcoma Phenotype Is Inhibited by 3,4-Methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene.

β-nitrostyrene compounds, such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene (MNS), inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in tumor cells, but no reports have investigated their role in osteosarcoma. In this study, human osteosarcoma cell families with cell lines of varying tumorigenic and metastatic potential were utilized. Scrape motility assays, colony formation assays, and colony survival assays were performed with osteosarcoma cell lines, both in the presence and absence of MNS. Effects of MNS on human osteoblasts and airway epithelial cells were assessed in monolayer cultures. MNS decreased metastatic cell line motility by 72–76% and colony formation by 95–100%. MNS consistently disrupted preformed colonies in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. MNS had similar effects on human osteoblasts but little effect on airway epithelial cells. An inactive analog of MNS had no detectable effects, demonstrating specificity. MNS decreases motility and colony formation of osteosarcoma cells and disrupts preformed cell colonies, while producing little effect on pulmonary epithelial cells.
Accuracy of sonographic chorionicity classification in twin gestations.

Objectives To evaluate the accuracy of sonographic classification of chorionicity in a large cohort of twins and investigate which factors may be associated with sonographic accuracy. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of preterm birth prevention in twins. Sonographic classification of chorionicity was compared with pathologic examination of the placenta. Maternal (age, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension), obstetric (prior cesarean delivery, gestational age at the first sonographic examination, and antepartum bleeding), and sonographic (oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome) factors were assessed for their possible association with accuracy. Results A total of 545 twin sets in which chorionicity was classified by sonography before 20 weeks' gestation were included; 455 were dichorionic and 90 were monochorionic based on pathologic examination. Sonography misclassified 35 of 545 twin pregnancies (6.4%): 18 of 455 dichorionic twins (4.0%) and 17 of 90 monochorionic twins (19.0%). The sensitivity and specificity of sonographic diagnosis of monochorionicity were 81.1% and 96.0%, respectively. In a multivariable analysis, pregnancies with initial sonographic examinations before 14 weeks' gestation were less likely to have misclassified chorionicity than those with sonographic examinations at 15 to 20 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.96). For each week increase in gestational age, the odds of misclassification rose by 10% (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.2). In the multivariable analysis, maternal age, body mass index, parity, and prior cesarean delivery were not associated with sonographic accuracy. Conclusions Sonography before 20 weeks incorrectly classified chorionicity in 6.4% of twin gestations. Those with first sonographic examinations performed at earlier gestational ages had improved chorionicity diagnosis.
Adaptive instantaneous pitch detector with microcomputer error correction

A microcomputer is interfaced with an analogue circuit to detect the pitch of voiced speech over a 50 to 500 Hz range in real time.
Modeling the evolution of meso‐scale ionospheric irregularites at high latitudes

The modeling of ionospheric plasma density irregularities (ΔN/N) is a necessary first step towards forecasting ionospheric scintillation effects. This modeling challenge is difficult not only because the linear-nonlinear saturation levels of instabilities are not completely understood but also because ΔN/N often evolves on time scales which are long compared to the characteristic time constants of the instability drivers. In this study, the linear 1-D gradient drift instability (GDI) is used in a high latitude simulation of ΔN/N evolution. For the first time snapshots (maps) of ΔN/N are presented demonstrating that it is possible to use a physical model simulation of the ionosphere coupled with a time dependent convection electric field to simulate meso-scale irregularities. It is found that to evaluate the density irregularity in any given location, it is not sufficient to know the instantaneous growth rate; it is necessary to follow the history of the plasma along the convection streamlines.
SEASONAL SUCCESSION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN LAKE PRINCE, SUFFOLK, VIRGINIA: PRELIMINARY REPORT

Lake Prince is a reservoir lake that provides the region with drinking water, recreational boating, and fishing. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries has an interest in the quantity and quality of phytoplankton production in the lake, especially regarding the health of fish populations. Another concern in this reservoir is oxygen availability, and aerators have been installed in the main body of the lake. A year-long examination of the phytoplankton community structure is being conducted. Duplicate surface water samples are collected monthly from three stations, along with physical and chemical baseline data. Community structure and dominance are being examined with regard to the physical and chemical parameters, as well as seasonal climate changes. Cyanobacteria and Cryptophytes are the dominant spring flora. Diatoms and Chrysophytes are sub-dominant populations.
Differential alteration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP).

A single dose (1.7 mg/kg, s.c.) of diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) causes organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in susceptible species. We studied the effects of DFP administration on the mRNA expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an important glycolytic protein at different time points (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days) post-treatment. Total RNA was extracted from cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain, and spinal cord of the control and DFP-treated hens, and northern blots were prepared using standard protocols and hybridized with GAPDH, as well as beta-actin and 28S RNA cDNA (control) probes. There was a distinct spatial/temporal mRNA expression pattern for the different tissues studied. Non-susceptible tissue, cerebrum showed a dramatic increase in GAPDH mRNA at day 1, post-treatment and levels remained high at all time points, suggestive of protective mechanisms from the beginning. In contrast, highly susceptible tissues like brainstem, spinal cord and midbrain showed either no elevation or slight down-regulation at day 1, suggesting trauma and cell injury/cell death. Overall, there was moderate level of induction during the subsequent time points in these tissues, indicative of pathways of either recovery or degeneration. Cerebellum being the less susceptible tissue showed moderate increase initially, followed by higher induction, suggestive of rapid recovery. Our current data on GAPDH provides an important link in this complex network of molecular changes involving pathways identified by our group and others, such as nitric oxide (NO), CaM kinase-II (CaMK-II), protein kinase-A (PKA), c-fos, and phosphorylated-CREB (p-CREB) in DFP-induced OPIDN.
Practical Experiences for IT Students in Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software Projects

This poster presents a summary of student opinion of the practical experiences that students gain via participating in a Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software (HFOSS) project. The poster reports on a study of student participation in HFOSS that includes six institutions with a variety of profiles. Pre-course expectations of what students expect to learn from working on an HFOSS project are presented. These expectations are then compared to post-course observations about student involvement.
METALLOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF MECHANICAL TWINNING IN AN ALPHA-BETA TITANIUM ALLOY

As part of an investigation of the response of titanium alloys to heat treatment, longitudinal metallographic sections were prepared through the fracture region of broken tensile specimens. Metallographic examination of the tensile fractures of commercial titanium–aluminium–manganese (92–4–4) alloy (C-130AM), heat-treated to produceacicular alpha in a beta matrix, has resulted in the discovery of structures tentatively identified as mechanical twins.
A note on computing the asymptotic form of a limited sequence of decision trees

Abstract It is often desirable to compute the asymptotic form of a limited sequence of decision trees (DTs) after the set of decision variables in them has reached a stable, constant membership, that is, at a stage when no additional decision variables appear in some DTs, nor are any missing. Such is the case when the DTs characterize the evolving behavior of a learning strategy in the quasi-optimizer (QO) system. The objectives of the QO system are also outlined in the paper. An algorithm is described which builds the asymptotic decision tree in breadth-first order, node by node, starting at the root. In the course of computing the asymptotic value of a node (that is, its out-degree and the boundary points of its subranges), one of three situations may arise: 1. (1) the computation is possible. 2. (2) the computation seems to be possible, but more DTs of the evolving strategy have to be acquired to reach the desired level of statistical significance. 3. (3) the computation is not possible.
Pseudoaneurysms of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa: Survival without reoperation

Background The tissue spanning the mitral and aortic valves, the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF), may be the site of pseudoaneurysm formation in the setting of infective endocarditis or congenital heart disease, or after valve surgery. Because of potential complications of MAIVF pseudoaneurysms, patients with such lesions are often referred for surgical repair. Methods We identified 3 individuals with MAIVF pseudoaneurysms who were followed without surgical intervention after diagnosis of the MAIVF pseudoaneurysm. The courses of these patients are presented below. Results The MAIVF pseudoaneurysms were measured to be stable in size over several years among 3 patients. Dimensions were 5.3 × 2.3, 7.6 × 4.9, and 4.8 × 2.5 cm. Surgical repair was considered too high a risk in 2 of the individuals, and the third individual refused a third surgical intervention. Of the 3 patients, 2 remain asymptomatic. The third patient was 87 years old when her MAIVF pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed, and she died of noncardiac causes at age 92 years. Conclusions Clinical surveillance and serial imaging of MIAVF pseudoaneurysms may be considered an alternative to surgical management in select individuals.
Cryoablation of septal pathways in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

Eighteen patients with supraventricular tachycardia refractory to medical therapy underwent preoperative electrophysiological study and subsequent operation. There were 6 female and 12 male patients ranging in age from 1.5 to 31.6 years (mean age, 11.9 +/- 7.8 years). Eleven had classic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with intermittent tachycardia, and 7 had a form of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia. Five had impaired left ventricular function preoperatively. The location of the accessory conduction pathway was anteroseptal in 3, posteroseptal in 12, and both anteroseptal and posteroseptal in 3 patients. Pathway location was confirmed by intraoperative mapping in all patients. The pathways were ablated utilizing a cryoprobe at -70 degrees C. All patients survived the operation, had immediate abolishment of delta waves and tachycardia, and were considered cured at the time of hospital discharge. Sixteen (89%) remain cured at a mean follow-up of 16.9 months. One patient with a posteroseptal pathway no longer has a delta wave but has had poorly documented episodes of tachycardia and is taking medication. One other patient with both anteroseptal and posteroseptal pathways had a recurrent delta wave 6 months postoperatively but has had no tachycardia and is asymptomatic without medication. No patient experienced heart block. Ventricular function has returned to normal in all 5 patients with impaired function preoperatively. Cryoablation is an effective method of abolishing accessory conduction pathways located in the anteroseptal or posteroseptal region. The method is easy, and results are comparable with those of other techniques previously described.
A rank 3 simple group G of order 21433537 · 13 · 29. II. Characters of G and Ĝ☆

Abstract Proper coverings of finite (especially simple) groups are discussed in general, with emphasis on determining the conjugacy classes of elements of the covering group. This is used to determine the conjugacy classes of elements of the 2-fold proper covering group G of the group G of the title. During this determination it is proved that G must have a pair of complex conjugate characters of degree 28 with values in Z[i], the ring of Gaussian integers. A brief general discussion is given of Schur modules (the irreducible components of the tensor powers of the natural module for the general linear group) and their characters. This is then applied to the above pair of 28-dimensional characters of G to obtain many irreducible characters of G and G. The remaining irreducible characters of G and G are then obtained from certain induced characters.
Introduction to the modern theory of dynamical systems

Part I. Examples and Fundamental Concepts Introduction 1. First examples 2. Equivalence, classification, and invariants 3. Principle classes of asymptotic invariants 4. Statistical behavior of the orbits and introduction to ergodic theory 5. Smooth invariant measures and more examples Part II. Local Analysis and Orbit Growth 6. Local hyperbolic theory and its applications 7. Transversality and genericity 8. Orbit growth arising from topology 9. Variational aspects of dynamics Part III. Low-Dimensional Phenomena 10. Introduction: What is low dimensional dynamics 11. Homeomorphisms of the circle 12. Circle diffeomorphisms 13. Twist maps 14. Flows on surfaces and related dynamical systems 15. Continuous maps of the interval 16. Smooth maps of the interval Part IV. Hyperbolic Dynamical Systems 17. Survey of examples 18. Topological properties of hyperbolic sets 19. Metric structure of hyperbolic sets 20. Equilibrium states and smooth invariant measures Part V. Sopplement and Appendix 21. Dynamical systems with nonuniformly hyperbolic behavior Anatole Katok and Leonardo Mendoza.
Tracking students who transfer: Electronic transcript exchange

Electronic transcripts constitute a rich source of data and, if used effectively, can add substantially to an institution's evaluation toolbox.
Math manipulation for students with impaired vision

As support for mathematics accessibility has, historically, been limited, it has served as a barrier for students with impaired vision in learning that fundamental subject. In response to that need, my focus on enhancing mathematics accessibility has emphasized the practice of providing more attention in facilitating "Doing the math" and not just working on the rendering level. My efforts are particularly focused on enabling students with visual disabilities to confront the challenges they face in algebra, and to learn and utilize algebraic skills; i.e., manipulation on the level of basic building blocks of entire expressions, working on complex expressions simplifications and evaluation, and solving algebraic equations.
On the Representation of Sets in Finite Measure Spaces

Abstract This note provides a simple proof of the Bollobas–Varopoulos theorem on the representation of measurable sets for finite measure spaces.
Fast and Accurate Prediction of Numerical Relativity Waveforms from Binary Black Hole Coalescences Using Surrogate Models

Simulating a binary black hole coalescence by solving Einstein’s equations is computationally expensive, requiring days to months of supercomputing time. Using reduced order modeling techniques, we construct an accurate surrogate model, which is evaluated in a millisecond to a second, for numerical relativity (NR) waveforms from nonspinning binary black hole coalescences with mass ratios in [1, 10] and durations corresponding to about 15 orbits before merger. We assess the model’s uncertainty and show that our modeling strategy predicts NR waveforms not used for the surrogate’s training with errors nearly as small as the numerical error of the NR code. Our model includes all spherical-harmonic _(-2)Y_(lm) waveform modes resolved by the NR code up to l=8. We compare our surrogate model to effective one body waveforms from 50M⊙ to 300M⊙ for advanced LIGO detectors and find that the surrogate is always more faithful (by at least an order of magnitude in most cases).
Postprocessing and sparse blind source separation of positive and partially overlapped data

We study sparse blind source separation (BSS) for a class of positive and partially overlapped signals. The signals are only allowed to have nonoverlapping at certain locations, while they could overlap with each other elsewhere. For nonnegative data, a novel approach has been proposed by Naanaa and Nuzillard (NN) assuming that nonoverlapping exists for each source signal at some location of acquisition variable. However, the NN method introduces errors (spurious peaks) in the output when their nonoverlapping condition is not satisfied. To resolve this problem and improve robustness of separation, postprocessing techniques are developed in two aspects. One is to detect coherent and uncertain components from NN outputs by using multiple mixture data, then removing the uncertain portion to enhance signals. The other is to find better estimation of mixing matrix by leveraging reliable source peak structures in NN output. Numerical results on examples including NMR spectra of a ^1^3C-1-acetylated carbohydrate with overlapping proton spin multiplets show satisfactory performance of the postprocessed sparse BSS and offer promise to resolve complex spectra without using multidimensional NMR methods.
IT TAKES TIME: IMPACTS OF EARLY HEAD START THAT LEAD TO REDUCTIONS IN MATERNAL DEPRESSION TWO YEARS LATER

The Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, a random-assignment evaluation, found a broad pattern of positive impacts for children and families. However, there were no program impacts on depression or use of mental health services by the time children reached age 3, at the end of the Early Head Start (EHS) program. This paper presents recent findings from the follow-up study in the spring prior to the children entering kindergarten, when a positive program impact emerged for reducing maternal depression. Results show that earlier program impacts on children and parents (when children were 2 and 3 years of age) mediated, or led to, the delayed impact on maternal depression. The combination of the most promising child factors accounted for over 57% of the later impact on depression, while the most promising parent factors accounted for over 35% of the later impact on depression. Implications for EHS programs are discussed.
Fighting Fair: Adaptive Marital Conflict Strategies as Predictors of Future Adolescent Peer and Romantic Relationship Quality.

This study examined the associations between reasoning during interparental conflict and autonomous adolescent conflict negotiation with peers over time. Participants included 133 adolescents and their parents, peers, and romantic partners in a multi-method, multiple reporter, longitudinal study. Interparental reasoning at adolescent age 13 predicted greater autonomy and relatedness in observed adolescent-peer conflict one year later and lower levels of autonomy undermining during observed romantic partner conflict five years later. Interparental reasoning also predicted greater satisfaction and affection in adolescent romantic relationships seven years later. Findings suggest that autonomy promoting behaviors exhibited in the interparental context may influence adolescents' own more autonomous approaches to subsequent peer and romantic conflict. Possible explanatory models are discussed, including social learning theory and attachment theory.
Rule of 5: angiographic diameters of cervicocerebral arteries in children and compatibility with adult neurointerventional devices

Background and purpose The safety of using adult-sized neuroendovascular devices in the smaller pediatric vasculature is not known. In this study we measure vessel diameters in the cervical and cranial circulation in children to characterize when adult-approved devices might be compatible in children. Methods For 54 children without vasculopathy (mean age 9.5±4.9 years (range 0.02–17.8), 20F/34M) undergoing catheter angiography, the diameters of the large vessels in the cervical and cranial circulation (10 locations, 611 total measurements) were assessed by three radiologists. Mean±SD diameter was calculated for the following age groups: 0–6 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–18 years. To compare with adult sizes, each vessel measurement was normalized to the respective region mean diameter in the oldest age group (15–18 years). Normalized measurements were compared with age and fitted to a segmented regression. Results Vessel diameters increased rapidly from 0 to 5 years of age (slope=0.069/year) but changed minimally beyond that (slope=0.005/year) (R 2 =0.2). The regression model calculated that, at 5 years of age, vessels would be 94% of the diameter of the oldest age group (compared with 59% at birth). In addition, most vessels in children under 5, while smaller, were still potentially large enough to be compatible with many adult devices. Conclusions The growth curve of the cervicocerebral vasculature displays rapid growth until age 5, at which point most children9s vessels are nearly adult size. By age 5, most neuroendovascular devices are size-compatible, including thrombectomy devices for stroke. Under 5 years of age, some devices might still be compatible.
Water Quality in Lemoa, Guatemala

A variety of water supply sources are used in the rural Guatemalan Highlands. Formal municipal systems are rare, but villagers frequently form local water committees that construct spring-based supply systems. Recent work has indicated that groundwater may be a viable water supply source. The water quality from these two sources was characterized as well as water from other common sources including surface water and precipitation collection systems. Typically, all of the water sources contained unacceptable levels of coliform bacteria except for groundwater from a drilled well. Water monitoring indicated that not only did the water contain coliforms at the actual sources, but the infrastructure used to transmit the water to points of use may also be a source of coliforms. A cost comparison indicates that groundwater may be a cost-competitive, higher quality alternative to traditional spring-fed water systems.
Hypothermia reduces the propensity of cortical tissue to propagate direct current depolarizations in the rat

Abstract Both spreading depression (SD) and spontaneous cortical ischemic depolarizations are known to be sensitive to brain temperature. What is unknown is whether this temperature effect is caused by altered sensitivity of cortical tissue to the initiating stimulus or is attributable to an altered ability of cortex to propagate the depolarization wave. To address this, halothane anesthetized rats underwent surface heating/cooling to produce pericranial temperatures of 33°C, 38°C, or 40°C. Spreading depression was first initiated by electrocortical stimulation and then by topical application of KCl. The electrical threshold for SD and the time to direct current shift onset after KCl administration were unaffected by temperature. In contrast, the ability of cortical tissue to propagate the SD wave was temperature dependent. Decreasing temperature from 40°C to 33°C was associated with a slowing of the rate of propagation by 25–30% while the duration of the propagated direct current (DC) shifts was increased by 80% regardless of the initiating stimulus. After elicitation of persistent local DC shift with KCl, the interval between initial waves of SD was progressively increased as temperature was decreased. For either method of stimulation, once SD was initiated, the amplitude of the waveform was temperature independent. These results confirm the importance of temperature regulation in procedures examining SD in vivo. Further, temperature effects on SD reflect propensity of the tissue to propagate depolarization waves although ability of cortex to depolarize in direct response to the stimulus does not undergo substantive change.
Authorship: the coin of the realm, the source of complaints.

Context.—Disputes associated with achieving recognition for work done may affect both morale and subsequent resource allocation to medical researchers.Objective.—To assess authorship disputes brought to the Ombuds Office.Setting.—The Ombuds Office, Harvard Medical School, Dental School, School of Public Health, and affiliated hospitals.Main Outcome Measure.—Change in number of queries related to authorship between 1991 to 1992 and 1996 to 1997.Results.—Disputes increased from 8 (2.3%) of 355 issues brought to the office in 1991 to 1992 to 59 (10.7%) of 551 issues in 1996 to 1997. They also increased from involving 0.06% of the total population of faculty, staff, and students affiliated with the schools in 1991 to 1992 to 0.33% of the total population in 1996 to 1997. Such problems appear to occur more often for women (53% of complaints in 1994-1995 through 1996-1997) and for non–US citizens (21% of complaints in 1991-1992 through 1996-1997).Conclusions.—Authorship disputes are increasingly frequent. Institutions should increase enforcement of published authorship standards and place more emphasis on managerial skills for laboratory and research department heads.
Sex ratio does not influence sex change despite its effect on reproductive success

The sex ratio of adults in a population affects the reproductive value of being either a male or female and thus may be a cue for sex change in sequentially hermaphroditic species. We examined the effect of the sex ratio on reproduction and sex change of the reef fish, Lythrypnus dalli, and predicted that the sex ratio would influence the reproductive success for a given body size and thus the probability of sex change. We varied adult sex ratios on artificial patch reefs, monitored egg production over 20 days, and examined rates of sex change. We found no evidence that sex ratio influenced the size at which individuals change sex despite its influence on relative reproductive success. The sex ratio influenced the average reproductive success of males but not females, with males having both a higher probability of mating and higher per capita reproductive success on strongly female-biased reefs. However, females did not capitalize by changing sex to male more frequently. Female per capita reproductive success did not vary with changes in the sex ratio or female density, suggesting that females were not limited by male or resource availability. Male to female sex change was rare, suggesting that, although physiologically possible, this behavior may be uncommon in natural populations. Overall, our results indicate that the sex ratio may not be a good predictor of the reproductive value of sex change for a given individual and that body size alone may provide sufficient information regarding reproductive potential for a given sex.
Market Structure and Technical Efficiency in the Hospital Services Industry: A DEA Approach:

This article uses data envelopment analysis and multiple regression analysis to examine empirically the impact of various market-structure elements on the technical efficiency of the hospital services industry in various metropolitan areas of the United States. Market-structure elements include the degree of rivalry among hospitals, extent of HMO activity, and health insurer concentration. The DEA results show the typical hospital services industry experienced 11 percent inefficiency in 1999. Moreover, multiple regression analysis indicates the level of technical efficiency varied directly across metropolitan hospital services industries in response to greater HMO activity and private health insurer concentration in the state. The analysis suggests the degree of rivalry among hospitals had no marginal effect on technical efficiency at the industry level. Evidence also implies that the presence of a state Certificate of Need law was not associated with a greater degree of inefficiency in the typical metrop...
Microelectrode Studies on Retrograde Concealment of Multiple Premature Ventricular Responses

Retrograde concealment of serially evoked premature ventricular responses was studied in an isolated preparation of rabbit atria and ventricles. Transmembrane potentials were recorded simultaneously from single cells within the atrioventricular (A-V) node and ventricular specialized conduction system, together with atrial and ventricular bipolar electrograms. In these experiments, retrograde conduction delays and block occurred within the ventricles, between ventricular muscle and the Purkinje-bundle branch system, between the bundle branch and His bundle, and within the A-V node. The ventricular specialized conduction system was found to be a major location of retrograde conduction delays and block. Many examples of retrograde concealment and block, previously interpreted as due to A-V nodal mechanisms, almost certainly result instead from mechanisms operating within the ventricular specialized conduction system. Antegrade and retrograde block of sequentially evoked premature responses occurred within th...
Defective cardiovascular development and elevated cyclin E and Notch proteins in mice lacking the Fbw7 F-box protein

The mammalian F-box protein Fbw7 and its Caenorhabditis elegans counterpart Sel-10 have been implicated in the ubiquitin-mediated turnover of cyclin E as well as the Notch/Lin-12 family of transcriptional activators. Both unregulated Notch and cyclin E promote tumorigenesis, and inactivating mutations in human Fbw7 suggest that it may be a tumor suppressor. To generate an in vivo system to assess the consequences of such unregulated signaling, we generated mice deficient for Fbw7. Fbw7-null mice die around 10.5 days post coitus because of a combination of deficiencies in hematopoietic and vascular development and heart chamber maturation. The absence of Fbw7 results in elevated levels of cyclin E, concurrent with inappropriate DNA replication in placental giant trophoblast cells. Moreover, the levels of both Notch 1 and Notch 4 intracellular domains were elevated, leading to stimulation of downstream transcriptional pathways involving Hes1, Herp1, and Herp2. These data suggest essential functions for Fbw7 in controlling cyclin E and Notch signaling pathways in the mouse.
Simulation of broken rotor bars in an induction motor

This paper presents the results of running both a transient, finite element model and an equivalent circuit model of an induction motor with broken rotor bars and/or broken end rings. The frequency analysis of the terminal current shows a component that can be identified as being caused by the broken rotor bar.
Hodgkin disease as the terminal malignancy in richter syndrome

A case of Richter syndrome in which autopsy revealed typical infiltrates of Hodgkin disease, including Reed-Sternberg cells, is reported. Previous reports of this association have met with skepticism. Clinical findings in patients with Hodgkin infiltrates do not differ from those with histiocytic lymphoma, except for the more frequent occurrence of a declining lymphocyte count. The present case is further evidence that Hodgkin disease does occur as a terminal malignancy in Richter syndrome.
Continuous Integration for Concurrent Computational Framework and Application Development

Development of scientific software relies on specialized knowledge from a broad range of diverse disciplines including computer science, mathematics, engineering, and the natural sciences. Since it is rare for a given practitioner to simultaneously be an expert in each of the aforementioned fields, teamwork and collaboration are now the norm for scientific software development. This short paper discusses specific software development conventions that have led to the success of the MOOSE multiphysics framework at Idaho National Laboratory (INL), and ongoing plans to bring MOOSE to a wider community of developers as an open source project on GitHub.
Facility layout using swarm intelligence

Facility layout problems are intriguing combinatorial problems that involve determining the location and shape of various departments in a facility based upon inter-department volume and distance measures. We propose a method that divides a facility into a swarm of intelligent tiles and devises a set of simple rules for tile behavior. Using these simple rules, the tiles self-organize, and a solution to the layout problems evolves. This method provides improved results compared to CRAFT, which is one of the primary methods for facility layout in use today.
Localization of semantic processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging

The relationship between the functional components of language and the anatomic foci of their neural systems represents a central issue in cognitive neuroscience. Conflicting results from a number of laboratories using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques have led to a significant controversy over the specific neuroanatomic sites engaged by semantic processing. We report here results of an experiment designed to address this controversy, that is, whether semantic processing activates temporal and/or frontal brain regions. In this experiment we used cognitive tasks that emphasized either semantic or phonological information processing but that were similar on both memory search and responce generation components, together with functional magnetic resonance imaging, to examine the neuroanatomic loci of lexical-semantic as opposed to phonological processing. We studied nine right-handed men performing two silent generation tasks: rhyme, and semantic category. The former focuses on word form (phonological information) while the latter focuses on word meaning (semantic information). By “phonological” we mean the process of apprehending the sound structures of language. By “semantic” we mean information about the word's contextually specified meanings. Semantic processing makes demands on, and activates widespread areas within, brain including the inferior frontal regions bilaterally and the left posterior temporal region. Phonological processing engages a more restricted neuroanatomic assembly involving primarily anterior left temporal lobe sites. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Do Hydropeaking Flows Alter Juvenile Fish Growth Rates? A Test with Juvenile Humpback Chub in the Colorado River

Riverine ecosystems have been altered in many large catchments by dam development to provide water, power, flood control and navigational benefits to humans. Conservation actions in these river ecosystems are commonly focused on minimum releases of water to downstream ecosystems. Increasingly minimum release approaches are being replaced with ‘experimental’ flows that mimic natural conditions in order to benefit riverine ecosystems. While these new policies are intuitive in their design, there is limited data of how riverine ecosystems actually respond to more natural flows. A test of more natural steady-flow water release was compared with typical fluctuating hydropower flows in the adaptive management programme at Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, during 2008–2011 to assess growth improvements of endangered juvenile humpback chub Gila cypha. Our results are counterintuitive and show that more natural steady flows reduced growth rates of juvenile humpback chub compared with fluctuating flows when both treatments occurred within the same year. Daily growth rates during steady flows of 2009 and 2010 were 0.05 and 0.07mmday 1 slower, respectively, than fluctuating flows those same years, despite similar water temperatures. Juvenile humpback chub also grew more slowly during steady flows that occurred in the same season. During the summer, juvenile humpback chub grew 0.12 and 0.16mmday 1 in fluctuating flow regimes in 2009 and 2010, respectively, and only 0.07mmday 1 in the experimental steady flow regime in 2011, despite higher water temperatures. Our results suggest that optimal conservation management policies for endangered species in regulated rivers may not always be achieved with more natural flows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.