cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material Properties Measurement and Numerical Simulation for Characterization of Ultra-Low-Power Consumption Hotplates

The results of a thorough thermoelectric characterization, performed both in a vacuum chamber and at atmospheric pressure, of ultra-low-power hotplates based on suspended structures with different layouts are presented in this work and compared with thermoelectric 2D and thermal 3D finite elements simulations. Electrical and thermal properties of the thin films used in the devices have been also measured, involving appropriate on-chip test structures, and their values were employed in both 2D and 3D model. Temperature vs. heating power experimental curves showed the great influence of conduction through air on power consumption and an excellent agreement with the simulated results.
On successive approximations for nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces

Let X be a Banach space and K a convex subset of X . A mapping T of K into K is called a nonexpansive mapping if | T (x) – T (y) | ≦ | x – y | for all x, ye K .
Adherence to airway clearance therapy in pediatric cystic fibrosis: Socioeconomic factors and respiratory outcomes.

Objectives The evidence linking socioeconomic status (SES) and adherence in cystic fibrosis (CF) is inconclusive and focused on medication uptake. We examined associations between SES, adherence to airway clearance therapy (ACT), and CF respiratory outcomes.
Pseudoaneurysm of the mammary to left anterior descending artery anastomosis after off-pump CABG

A 55-year-old male developed anterior wall ischemia on electrocardiogram 10 days after an off-pump left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending artery (LAD) CABG. Angiography revealed a 1.5 cm anastomotic pseudoaneurysm (Fig. 1). The pseudoaneurysm (Fig. 2) was opened, under cardiopulmonary bypass, and a small hole at the toe of the anastomosis was suture closed. ECHODoppler showed good flow in the distal LAD. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 23 (2003) 243
Intramolecular Regulation of the Sequence-Specific mRNA Interferase Activity of MazF Fused to a MazE Fragment with a Linker Cleavable by Specific Proteases

The genomes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) consist of single-stranded RNA encoding polyproteins, which are processed to individual functional proteins by virus-encoded specific proteases. These proteases have been used as targets for drug development. Here, instead of targeting these proteases to inhibit viral infection, we utilized the protease activity to activate a toxic protein to prevent viral infection. We engineered the MazE-MazF antitoxin-toxin system of Escherichia coli to fuse a C-terminal 41-residue fragment of antitoxin MazE to the N-terminal end of toxin MazF with a linker having a specific protease cleavage site for either HIV PR (HIV-1 protease), NS3 protease (HCV protease), or factor Xa. These fusion proteins formed a stable dimer (instead of the MazF2-MazE2-MazF2 heterohexamer in nature) to inactivate the ACA (sequence)-specific mRNA interferase activity of MazF. When the fusion proteins were incubated with the corresponding proteases, the MazE fragment was cleaved from the fusion proteins, releasing active MazF, which then acted as an ACA-specific mRNA interferase cleaving single-stranded MS2 phage RNA. The intramolecular regulation of MazF toxicity by proteases as demonstrated may provide a novel approach for preventive and therapeutic treatments of infection by HIV-1, HCV, and other single-stranded RNA viruses.
A research and mentoring program for undergraduate women in computer science

This paper describes a new program for female undergraduate computer science students. The program uses recognized strategies for engaging women in computer science. It includes multi-faceted mentoring, community building activities, and a research program with significant educational components. The research component gives women an opportunity to work in research teams under the direction of a female faculty member who serves as role model. While there are other programs that allow students to work with female faculty on their research, this research program was designed to develop our female students. The research team presents its research at an appropriate conference each year. The team members also reach out to other students by participating in recruiting activities and presenting their research to high school students at local career days. Our program is currently in its second year. This paper describes the program and changes that we have made based on what we learned during the first year.
Testing the testing effect in the classroom

Laboratory studies show that taking a test on studied material promotes subsequent learning and retention of that material on a final test (termed the testing effect). Educational research has virtually ignored testing as a technique to improve classroom learning. We investigated the testing effect in a college course. Students took weekly quizzes followed by multiple choice criterial tests (unit tests and a cumulative final). Weekly quizzes included multiple choice or short answer questions, after which feedback was provided. As an exposure control, in some weeks students were presented target material for additional reading. Quizzing, but not additional reading, improved performance on the criterial tests relative to material not targeted by quizzes. Further, short answer quizzes produced more robust benefits than multiple choice quizzes. This pattern converges with laboratory findings showing that recall tests are more beneficial than recognition tests for subsequent memory performance. We conclude that in the classroom testing can be used to promote learning, not just to evaluate learning.
Does exercise training play a role in the treatment of essential hypertension

Endurance exercise training reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressures in approximately 75% of people who have essential hypertension; these reductions are approximately 10 mmHg for both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Exercise training at intensities of 40-70% VO2max appears to lower systolic blood pressure somewhat more and diastolic blood pressure to the same degree as higher-intensity training. Additional benefits of endurance exercise training on other risk factors for coronary heart disease make such training an efficacious intervention for people who have mild-to-moderate elevations in blood pressure.
Nitric oxide participates in calcium-mediated regulation of renin release.

The regulation of renin release is unusual in that intracellular calcium reportedly acts as an inhibitory second messenger. Increased calcium not only inhibits renin release but is a cofactor in nitric oxide synthesis. Also, nitric oxide can inhibit renin release. This study was done in vitro using rat renal cortical slices to determine whether calcium-mediated renin inhibition could be in part due to the concurrent production of nitric oxide. Renin concentration in the incubation medium was determined by radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I (Ang I) generation (in nanograms Ang I per hour per milligram per 30 minutes of incubation). In all studies, n = 6 to 17. In normal-calcium incubation medium (2.6 mmol/L), 10(-4) mol/L NG-monomethyl L-arginine, which blocks nitric oxide synthesis, caused an 18% increase in basal renin release (78.6 +/- 8.9 versus 66.7 +/- 5.8 [ng Ang I/h]/mg per 30 minutes incubation, P < .05). When calcium was eliminated from the incubation medium, basal renin release doubled (to 133.1 +/- 15.2 [ng Ang I/h]/mg per 30 minutes incubation, P < .001). Without calcium, inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis had no further effect on renin release (126.8 +/- 17.7 [ng Ang I/h]/mg per 30 minutes incubation). High-calcium medium (7.8 mmol/L) reduced basal renin release by half (30.8 +/- 4.8 [ng Ang I/h]/mg per 30 minutes incubation, P < .001), but inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis in high-calcium medium stimulated renin release by 50% (46.9 +/- 6.2 [ng Ang I/h]/mg per 30 minutes incubation, P < .005). Addition of the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 completely reversed the inhibition of renin by high-calcium medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
VSHAPER: an efficient method of serving video streams shaped for diverse wireless communication conditions

The transmission of video over wireless channels is a challenging problem, in part due to the rapid and wide variations in wireless channel bandwidth and error conditions. In this paper, we present a run-time method for assembling a video stream, VSHAPER, that shapes the video stream depending on the current wireless channel conditions. Previous methods for shaping video streams have either concentrated on bandwidth adaptation only, or have required the video stream to be compressed at run-time. VSHAPER assembles the output video stream from several pre-compressed videos, requiring minimal computational overhead at the video server. A modified rate-distortion optimization method for deciding how to shape the video stream is also used to minimize computational overhead. The output of VSHAPER is a video stream that can be read by any standard video decoder. Significant gains in the video quality of received video during varying wireless conditions are observed. In addition, a video server's capacity (number of video streams it can simultaneously serve) is increased significantly.
The Privatized City: The Manhattan Institute, the Urban Crisis, and the Conservative Counterrevolution in New York

This article discusses the founding of the Manhattan Institute as part of a wider mobilization of conservative ideology and activism in 1970s New York. Important to the success of this mobilization...
Do sociodemographics and economic status predict risks for type II diabetes in African Americans

The prevalence of type II diabetes and the metabolic characteristics in high-risk African Americans were examined to determine whether certain socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (SED) increase the risk for type II diabetes in this population Study participants were high-risk African Americans between the ages of 25 and 64 years. Glucose tolerance status was assessed and questionnaires were completed to obtain information regarding SED, hypertension, and physical activity. The majority of patients had normal glucose tolerance; undiagnosed type II diabetes was identified in 36 of 164 patients. Questionnaire data revealed that, in highly selected African Americans at risk for type II diabetes, there was a higher rate of obesity, prior gestational diabetes, and undiagnosed type II diabetes despite higher educational and income levels and greater access to health care and recreational facilities. Findings indicate that African Americans may be at higher risk for type ll diabetes, regardless of socio...
A Conceptual Critique of the Cultural Cognition Thesis

I offer a critique of the cultural cognition thesis. I argue that cultural cognition is not a theory about culture or cognition per se; rather, it is a thesis that aims to explain why specific American groups with opposing political views disagree over a select number of contemporary science issues. I highlight that cultural cognition can be characterized as a “strange loop” as it frequently defines its core theoretical properties (e.g., group, culture, political ideology) in terms of one another. The approach also overgeneralizes specific findings from social psychology and underappreciates the many audiences that comprise the general “public”.
On the Use of the Energy-Momentum Principle in General Relativity

The primary purpose of this article is to obtain from the general relativity form of the energy-momentum principle certain new consequences which are needed for later work that the author has in mind. In addition, it is the intention to give at the same time a somewhat comprehensive and coherent treatment of the principle and its consequences, which it is hoped will increase the confidence and facility of physicists in the use of this important part of the general theory of relativity. In carrying out the investigation, it has seemed desirable for English readers, to take Eddington's "Mathematical Theory of Relativity" as a starting point, and this has incidentally led to a new form of deduction for certain consequences of the energy-momentum principle that were already known. After presenting the energy-momentum principle in the form discovered by Einstein and showing its application to the case of the conservation of energy in an isolated system, an important expression is derived which gives the total densities of energy and momentum in the form of a divergence. This expression is equivalent to one previously obtained by Einstein but on account of the starting point adopted is derived and expressed in terms of the quantities gμν and gαμν instead of the gμν and gαμν. Following this, the limiting values at large distances from an isolated material system are obtained for the quantities gαβ∂L/∂gγαβ and gα4∂L/∂gγα4. These values, which have considerable use, have not previously received explicit expression. This is followed by a deduction from our present starting point of Einstein's famous relation U=m between the energy and gravitational producing mass of an isolated system. An important expression is then obtained which gives the energy of a quasi-static isolated system in the form of an integral which has to be extended only over the portion of space actually occupied by matter or radiation. This expression has not previously received a satisfactory derivation. The result is used to obtain an expression for the energy of a spherical distribution of a perfect fluid, and it is then shown that this expression, in the case of a sphere of ordinary material, approaches in a sufficiently weak field to the classical expression for energy including the potential gravitational energy. This result is not only intrinsically useful, but also shows for a particular case that a higher order of approximation to the general relativity value for total energy is obtained by including the classical gravitational energy than by going at once to flat space-time as is often done. Finally, a general consideration is given to the problem of determining the conditions imposed on those changes from one static state to another which could occur in a non-isolated system forming part of a larger static system, without changing the distribution of matter and radiation outside the boundary and without contravening the energy-momentum principle as applied to the system as a whole.
Theory and reality. The influence of friction, air resistance, and elasticity of the material and the support on the motion of the top.

Corresponding to the dominant position of astronomical applications in the older mathematical literature, the problem of the rotation of the Earth has been of conspicuous influence on the development of the theory of the top, as is proven, for example, by our borrowed nomenclature: regular precession, nutation, and line of nodes.
Long term outcomes of a curriculum on care for the underserved

Acknowledgements This work was funded by HRSA grants D16HP00067 and D08PE50097. Background Evaluations of curricula to enhance ability to care for the underserved are often limited to short-term medical student outcomes. Purpose This study evaluates retention of short-term improvements in outcomes from post-curriculum to graduation. Methods Third-year students on 2003–2004 pediatric clerkships were randomized to a curriculum on caring for the underserved in one of three formats: established “readings only”, faculty-led, or web-based. Outcomes (knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and clinical skills) were assessed at three timepoints—pre- and post-curriculum and at graduation. Analyses, from 2009–2010, included Fisher’s exact test to assess the relationship of curriculum group with response patterns, demographics, and outcomes at graduation. Multivariate regression was used to model the longitudinal relationship between outcomes and curriculum groups, adjusting for prior clerkship experiences, baseline scores, and clustering by student. Results Of 137 students, 135 (99%) completed the pre-curriculum survey, 128 (93%) completed the post-curriculum survey and 88 (64%) completed the graduation survey. Post-curriculum improvements in self-efficacy and clinical skills seen among students receiving the faculty-led or web-based curricula were retained at graduation. At graduation, web-based curriculum students’ self-efficacy was significantly greater for “establishing achievable goals with underserved families” compared to established curriculum students. With regard to skills relevant to caring for the underserved, few graduates had facilitated a referral to Women, Infants and Children (33%) or followed up to ensure a patient accessed a needed resource (56%). Conclusions Self-efficacy and skills gained through web-based and faculty-led curricula were retained at graduation. Data from items at graduation support targeted curricular improvement.
Multiple cytosolic calcium buffers in posterior pituitary nerve terminals

Cytosolic Ca2+ buffers bind to a large fraction of Ca2+ as it enters a cell, shaping Ca2+ signals both spatially and temporally. In this way, cytosolic Ca2+ buffers regulate excitation-secretion coupling and short-term plasticity of release. The posterior pituitary is composed of peptidergic nerve terminals, which release oxytocin and vasopressin in response to Ca2+ entry. Secretion of these hormones exhibits a complex dependence on the frequency and pattern of electrical activity, and the role of cytosolic Ca2+ buffers in controlling pituitary Ca2+ signaling is poorly understood. Here, cytosolic Ca2+ buffers were studied with two-photon imaging in patch-clamped nerve terminals of the rat posterior pituitary. Fluorescence of the Ca2+ indicator fluo-8 revealed stepwise increases in free Ca2+ after a series of brief depolarizing pulses in rapid succession. These Ca2+ increments grew larger as free Ca2+ rose to saturate the cytosolic buffers and reduce the availability of Ca2+ binding sites. These titration data revealed two endogenous buffers. All nerve terminals contained a buffer with a Kd of 1.5–4.7 µM, and approximately half contained an additional higher-affinity buffer with a Kd of 340 nM. Western blots identified calretinin and calbindin D28K in the posterior pituitary, and their in vitro binding properties correspond well with our fluorometric analysis. The high-affinity buffer washed out, but at a rate much slower than expected from diffusion; washout of the low-affinity buffer could not be detected. This work has revealed the functional impact of cytosolic Ca2+ buffers in situ in nerve terminals at a new level of detail. The saturation of these cytosolic buffers will amplify Ca2+ signals and may contribute to use-dependent facilitation of release. A difference in the buffer compositions of oxytocin and vasopressin nerve terminals could contribute to the differences in release plasticity of these two hormones.
Comparative activity of isologous versus homologous mouse bone marrow on lymphoid tumor production following irradiation.

Summary1. Lymphoid tumor development in irradiated C57BL mice was inhibited specifically by isologous marrow: homologous marrow, including F1 hybrid marrow, was incapable of inhibiting the tumor process in C57BL mice after sublethal radiation exposures. 2. F1 (C57BL x BALB) hybrid mice were protected against radiation-induced lymphomas by compatible marrow. The protection was essentially equal, whether the marrow injected was from F1 hybrid or from either parental strain. The similarity between these results and those previously reported with respect to marrow-mediated thymic weight regeneration is discussed. Since host immune reactions to incompatible cells are not abolished at these radiation dose levels, it is inferred that these effects of marrow injection require persistent presence of viable marrow cells. 3. A number of lymphomas were tested for transplantability into various strains. Of those tested, none arising in C57BL mice injected with homologous marrow were found to be other than C57BL tumors...
Traumatic Shock in Adrenalectomized

Summary1. Adrenalectomizetl, Iwt not normal rats are sensitive to trauma and usually die from n~oderate tissue injury. 2. Injection of normal saline is effective in protecting shocked rats from death. 3. The toxemia theory of shock explains this susceptibility of adrenalectornized rats to injury.The writer would like to express his appreciation to Profcssor Herberr M. Evans for his encouragement and aid in the prosecution of the research.
Vortex Formation and Aerodynamic Force of Low Aspect-Ratio Plate in Translation and Rotation

A low aspect-ratio plate under translational or rotational motion in a wide range of angles of attack is studied using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). Vortex formation and aerodynamic performance generated in the two motions are discussed. The aerodynamic forces obtained from two methods are calculated and compared. One method is the typical surface integration of pressure and shear stress tensor; another method is the time derivative of the volume integration of vorticity moment. The calculated forces from the two methods match reasonably well.
Would Socrates Have Actually Used the “Socratic Method” for Clinical Teaching?

Medical students and residents are familiar with clinical teaching methods in which a faculty member poses a series of questions to them. This technique is often called the “Socratic method,” but it is frequently perceived by learners as an attempt to demean them, a practice that is colloquially known as “pimping.” The distinction between Socratic teaching and pimping lies in the perception of “psychological safety.” Psychological safety allows learners to answer questions or ask for help without threats to their dignity or worthiness. In a psychologically safe clinical teaching context, learners recognize that questions posed by attending physicians probe their current understanding and guide them to expand their knowledge. In pimping, questions are posed to embarrass the learner and to reinforce the teacher’s position of power over them. Absent a threat of disparagement or condemnation, learners are able to focus on building schema for knowledge, skills, and attitudes, rather than worrying about shielding their self-worth. This article presents the proper Socratic method, as intended by Socrates, and contrasts it with pimping. This perspective defines psychological safety as the pivotal factor distinguishing Socratic teaching from pimping, and establishes the foundation for empirical studies of these common practices in medical education.
Chorioamnionitis and culture-confirmed, early-onset neonatal infections

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease recommend diagnostic evaluations and empirical antibiotic therapy for well-appearing, chorioamnionitis-exposed newborns. Some clinicians question these recommendations, citing the decline in early-onset group B streptococcal disease rates since widespread intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis implementation and potential antibiotic risks. We aimed to determine whether chorioamnionitis-exposed newborns with culture-confirmed, early-onset infections can be asymptomatic at birth. METHODS: Multicenter, prospective surveillance for early-onset neonatal infections was conducted during 2006–2009. Early-onset infection was defined as isolation of a pathogen from blood or cerebrospinal fluid collected ≤72 hours after birth. Maternal chorioamnionitis was defined by clinical diagnosis in the medical record or by histologic diagnosis by placental pathology. Hospital records of newborns with early-onset infections born to mothers with chorioamnionitis were reviewed retrospectively to determine symptom onset. RESULTS: Early-onset infections were diagnosed in 389 of 396 586 live births, including 232 (60%) chorioamnionitis-exposed newborns. Records for 229 were reviewed; 29 (13%) had no documented symptoms within 6 hours of birth, including 21 (9%) who remained asymptomatic at 72 hours. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis exposure did not differ significantly between asymptomatic and symptomatic infants (76% vs 69%; P = .52). Assuming complete guideline implementation, we estimated that 60 to 1400 newborns would receive diagnostic evaluations and antibiotics for each infected asymptomatic newborn, depending on chorioamnionitis prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Some infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis may have no signs of sepsis at birth despite having culture-confirmed infections. Implementation of current clinical guidelines may result in early diagnosis, but large numbers of uninfected asymptomatic infants would be treated.
On the Historic Study of Development Outlook

The categories of development and development outlook are the prerequisite to the historic study of development outlook.The historic study of development outlook is the basis for the theoretic study of development outlook.To study the history of development outlook,one should make nationalities as a basic unit,the stage of development as the main background and the problems of development as the important content.
A study on the applicability of measurement indexes for nanoparticles exposure in workplaces

Objective To explore the applicability of measurement indexes for nanoparticles or ultrafine particles,including mass concentration( MC),number concentration( NC) and surface area concentration( SAC),to evaluate exposure level in workplaces. Methods The exposure level of nano- Fe2O3,nano- Al2O3,welding particles and diesel exhaust in different workplaces were detected,and The change ratio of concentration,exposure rank and size distribution were obtained. The correlation between different exposure metrics served as evaluation indexes was analyzed. Results The change ratios of NC and SAC were greater than MC of nano- Fe2O3in the packaging and welding locations. The NC of nano- Al2O3in the packaging process was highest,followed by sampling process,background particles and control room. The rank of NC for nano- Al2O3was consistent with SAC,but not with MC. The MC percentages of nano- Al2O3particles and welding fume whose particle size was less than 100 nm were 54. 55% and 65. 77% respectively,which was significantly less than NC percentages of similar- size particles. Correlation coefficient was 0. 611 between NC and SAC,which was higher than that between MC and NC( 0. 322) or MC and SAC( 0. 239)( P 0. 01). Conclusion The exposure metrics of NC and SAC are much more applicable for nanoparticle exposure assessment than MC in workplaces.
How will we solve the critical shortage of clinician-scientists in psychiatry?

The number of graduating psychiatry residents who choose a career in academic medicine is remarkably small, and the percentage who become National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded investigators is even smaller. Although this trend for a reduced number of physician-scientists is true in all branches of medicine and has reached criticialproportions, the perception is that this shortage is even more severe in psychiatry. The purpose of this essay is to increase awareness of the problem and begin a discussion of the reasons why the field finds itself in this problematic situation.First, however, it is important to more clearly define the nature of the problem. At the current time, NIH funding for research and training grants (Research Career Development Awards) has attained unprecedentedly high levels, with the percent of submitted applications that are funded higher than ever thought possible. Physicians who submit NIH grant applications are as successful as their PhD colleagues, dispelling the myth that physicians cannot compete with PhDs for such funding. Others have raised the question as to whether physicians are necessary or even desirable as investigators. In other words, the entire concept of a clinician-scientist is considered by some to be simply passe.
Error propagation in the estimation of glomerular pressure from macromolecule sieving data.

The theoretical effects of the glomerular transmural hydraulic pressure difference (delta P) on the sieving coefficients (theta i) of macromolecules of varying size have led to a number of attempts to use sieving curves to estimate delta P noninvasively, with inconsistent results. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which experimental errors and imperfections in the theoretical models limit the ability to obtain reliable estimates of delta P using this method. Our approach was to generate many sets of synthetic “experimental data” using computer simulations of glomerular sieving and to compute values of delta P by fitting models to those data in the presence of various types and magnitudes of errors. Unbiased experimental errors were simulated by adding random amounts to individual values of theta i, and systematic errors were investigated by using a model based on one type of pore-size distribution to fit “data” generated using a model of a different type. We found that with random...
Ressentiment , Public Virtues, and Malcolm X

In this chapter I interpret The Autobiography of Malcolm X in terms of the ethical problem of ressentiment and the corresponding need for public virtues. The problem of ressentiment, or animosity towards human otherness, will be linked to the need for ‘public’ virtues, those moral qualities affirmed to be normative for the members of every community. I will first explicate the issues at stake in terms of ethical theory, and then turn to Malcolm’s autobiography for significant insights into forms of ressentiment and into the nature of the public virtues. The Autobiography of Malcolm X reveals the workings of conscience as Malcolm struggled to recognize ressentiment in his own experience and to practice his conception of the public virtues.
A fixed-size systolic system for the transitive closure and shortest path problems

The paper presented a fixed-size systolic system for the transitive closure and shortest path problems. The system can solve an arbitrarily large size matrix by partitioning it into smaller submatrices that fit the fixed-size systolic arrays. Equations for the execution time, area-time product and area-time2 product for the fixed-size system were derived and plotted. A comparison with the full-size array showed that the fixed-size system is more efficient in terms of area-time product. It also showed that the area-time2 complexity of the algorithms can also be reduced using the fixed-size systolic system.
An Evaluation of University Recreation Center Outdoor Programs for People With Disabilities: Perspectives From Professionals

In this study, the researchers explored the perspectives of recreational practitioners currently working in the field of outdoor adventure programming on college campuses and their knowledge and interactions with students with disabilities participating in integrated outdoor adventure activities. A qualitative descriptive thematic analysis was used for data collection, management, and assessment. In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 professionals working in the field of collegiate outdoor adventure (outdoor recreation). Three themes and 16 categories were identified, which reflected the contemporary perspectives of the interviewed respondents. The themes identified were incomplete knowledge, positive outlook, and student success. The sample for this study consisted of two women and eight men. The findings show that the themes adequately address the research question pertaining to the lack of integrated outdoor adventure programming on college campuses.
Federal Lands and Fossil Fuels: Maximizing Social Welfare in Federal Energy Leasing

Pursuant to several statutes, the Department of the Interior (“Interior”) is tasked with managing the nation’s mineral resources under the principles of “multiple use” and “sustained yield” and must earn “fair market value” for the use of federal lands and their resources. In recent years, Interior’s coal, oil, and natural gas leasing programs have been criticized for failing to keep pace with developments in modern technology, shortchanging taxpayers, and failing to adequately account for climate change and other environmental effects. This Article suggests a rational path forward for federal fossil fuel leasing that has the potential to have bipartisan appeal. Just as a private company would seek to maximize net revenue in its operations, Interior should seek to manage its program to provide maximum net benefits to the public. Yet distinct from a private actor, Interior is the steward of federal lands for current and future generations and must balance production with environmental preservation. This Article recommends that Interior account for all of the costs and benefits of leasing — including environmental and social costs — and adjust the fiscal terms of its fossil fuel leases to recoup unmitigated externality costs. In doing so, Interior can arrive at a social welfare-maximizing leasing program. The Article describes how a social welfare-maximizing framework is consistent with the best interpretation of Interior’s statutory mandates as confirmed by legislative history, judicial precedent, and principles of executive level review in place since the Reagan administration that instruct agencies to maximize the net benefits of their policy choices. The reforms suggested here can significantly increase revenue for states and the federal government while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, illustrating the utility of using fiscal reform as a policy lever in the absence of comprehensive climate change legislation.
Abstract 138: Thermo-Responsive, Self-Adhesive Injectable Heart Scaffold for Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Delivery

Introduction: Regeneration of heart tissue post-infarction is hampered by the limited proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Due to their expandability and pluripotency, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are considered an ideal cell source to produce cardiomyocytes and regenerate heart tissue. However, previous clinical trials revealed the quick loss of injected cells (> 90%) after delivery in aqueous solutions (e.g. phosphate buffered saline, PBS), which significantly limited the clinical outcome. To enhance the retention of cells and promote tissue regeneration, we synthesized a temperature-responsive polymer which is water-soluble to encapsulate cardiomyocytes at room temperature, following injection into epicardium, it quickly forms a gel and holds the cells in situ at body temperature. Functional peptides can be conjugated to this material and facilitate its adhesion to cardiac tissue for optimal cell integration and cardiac regeneration. Materials and Methods: The polymers monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) were copolymerized to produce mPEG-PCL. The polymer was further modified with decorin-derived peptide, which can firmly bind to collagenous tissue. The solution-to-gel transition temperature (Ts) was determined by dissolving the polymer in PBS, slowly increasing the temperature from 4 to 40°C and checking the fluidity of the solution. The viability of cardiomyocytes encapsulated in polymer gel at 37°C for 2 weeks was determined by calcein AM. Peptide-modified polymer solution was injected to the epithelium of adult rat heart. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate the heart functions before and two weeks post injection. The tissue response to this material was studied by histological staining. Results and Conclusion: The material successfully underwent solution-to-gel transition at 37°C. Human iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes encapsulated in the gel were still viable after 2 weeks. There was no heart dysfunction 2 weeks post-injection. No significant inflammatory response was induced in vivo. These demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this material to delivery cardiomyocytes to infarct heart.
Surface engineered nanoparticles dispersed in kerosene: The effect of oleophobicity on droplet combustion

Abstract Liquid propellants benefit from solid particle additives that can optimize combustion performance by promoting phase change heat transfer. In this study, aluminum (Al) nanoparticles with and without self-assembled monolayer surface functionalization were combined with kerosene to examine the changes in droplet regression behavior associated with manipulating particle surface chemistry. Aluminum nanoparticles were coated using a long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acid as the surface binding moiety to induce an oleophobic surface. The resulting particles are thus comprised of self-assembled monolayers of perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHD) (C15F31COOH) around the alumina (Al2O3) shell encapsulating the Al core. The PFHD serves many functions including altering particle wettability and acting as a surfactant that facilitates a stabilized dispersion of particles in kerosene. The Al-PFHD particles are more oleophobic compared with the more oleophilic surface associated with the amorphous alumina shell on aluminum particles. Mixtures with Al-PFHD exhibit a two stage burning behavior with average initial burn rate constant increased by about 121% when compared to pure kerosene. Further analysis using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) showed that Al-PFHD particles in kerosene exhibit evaporation at reduced temperatures that may enhance energy transport during droplet combustion by phase change and convection. These results provide new insight bridging the gap between materials and heat transfer toward achieving the goal of designing particle additives that improve liquid propellant combustion.
A 24-to-72GS/s 8b time-interleaved SAR ADC with 2.0-to-3.3pJ/conversion and >30dB SNDR at nyquist in 14nm CMOS FinFET

Optical communication standards, such as ITU OTU-4, OIF 112G and 100/400Gb/s Ethernet, require ADCs with more than 50GS/s and at least 5 ENOB to enable complex digital equalization, and a growing number of appropriate designs have been presented [1-4], mostly time-interleaved SAR ADCs. Most of these ADCs were not intended for input frequencies up to Nyquist and report an input range up to approximately 20GHz, often equivalent to the analog 3dB bandwidth. Ultimately, the analog bandwidth is less relevant than SNDR at high frequencies because an FIR filter can equalize amplitude degradation, but not increase SNDR. The design presented in this paper does not focus on the 3dB bandwidth, but it is optimized for best SNDR at the Nyquist frequency of up to 36GHz. Low power and area are critical for many applications and are achieved by an optimized SAR that allows low supply voltages while still maintaining high speed and accuracy. At 72GS/s, the ADC achieves 39.3dB at low input frequencies and 30.4dB at Nyquist. It consumes 235mW at 72GS/s and 97mW at 48GS/s, which results in 3.3pJ and 2.0pJ per conversion, respectively. The ADC is implemented in an area of 0.15mm2 in 14nm CMOS FinFET technology.
Plasma-Enabled Adaptive Absorber for High-Power Microwave Applications

The feasibility of realizing an adaptive absorber subject to high-power microwave/electromagnetic (EM) pulse is investigated. To achieve this goal, a passive absorber based on circuit analog topology is designed and then embedded with active components to enable tunability/adaptivity of the absorption bandwidth. This tuning mechanism can be achieved using discrete plasma shells embedded in a low-profile frequency selective surface-based absorber. The absorption center frequency and bandwidth can be tuned by controlling the plasma frequency. A systematic design guide is presented to explain the working principle of the proposed absorber. The proposed design is insensitive to the polarization, and the absorption bandwidth is enhanced by controlling two spectrally overlapped resonances. A full wave EM simulation is performed to present the performance of the proposed absorber. Finally, the peak power handling capability of the active absorber has been investigated.
Relaxation of residual microstress in reaction bonded silicon carbide

Abstract High temperature annealing reduces the residual microstress in the silicon phase and silicon carbide phase in monolithic reaction bonded silicon carbide and in the matrix of melt-infitrated composites of silicon carbide reinforced with silicon carbide fibers. Stress relaxation is related to creep of the silicon carbide with power-law creep exponents similar to tensile creep in reaction bonded silicon carbide.
Abstract 2338: XAV-939, a Wnt/beta-catenin pathway inhibitor, sensitizes liver cancer cells to sorafenib: Implications in sorafenib resistance

Sorafenib is the only FDA-approved drug currently available for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, development of sorafenib-resistance in patients poses a major challenge to make this treatment successful in long-term. There is an urgent need to explore the mechanisms underlying sorafenib-resistance and to develop strategies towards overcoming sorafenib-resistance. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC is suggested to maintain tumor initiating cells, drug-resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. Combining β-catenin inhibitors with sorafenib might thus be an effective therapeutic strategy to target drug-resistant HCC. To explore this, we used wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV-939 in combination with sorafenib to study their effect on the apoptotic potential of HCC cell lines Huh7, Hep3B and HepG2. XAV-939 was demonstrated to effectively reduce the expression of β-catenin in wild-type expressing Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Flow cytometric analysis of these cells pre-treated with XAV-939 followed by sorafenib treatment showed a significant increase in apoptosis in a time dependent manner. Furthermore, these cells revealed increased mitochondrial depolarization which was accompanied by a parallel increase in cytosolic cytochrome c release and downregulation of pro-survival protein Mcl-1. These effects of XAV-939 were further validated following knockdown of endogenous β-catenin, which showed a potentiation of sorafenib effects with β-catenin knockdown. Further, to understand the mechanism associated with sorafenib-resistance, we developed sorafenib-resistant HCC cells by repeated exposure to increasing concentration of sorafenib. To our surprise the combination of sorafenib and XAV-939 was ineffective in increasing the apoptotic potential of these resistant cells, suggesting a differential role of wnt/β-catenin axis in sorafenib-resistance. Taken together, these results suggested that combination of wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor and sorafenib could be effective in sensitizing HCC cells to apoptosis initially, but might be ineffective once these cells acquire sorafenib-resistance. Citation Format: Kanchan Vishnoi, Rong Ke, Navin Vishwakarma, Ajay Rana, Basabi Rana. XAV-939, a Wnt/beta-catenin pathway inhibitor, sensitizes liver cancer cells to sorafenib: Implications in sorafenib resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2338.
Ergonomic Design Solution for Reducing Smoke Build-Up Inside Rural Kitchens in Kenya

Rural families in Kenya depend on burning biomass for cooking. These fuels usually consist of wood, dried dung and crop residues, all of which produce high levels of smoke. Exposure to this smoke leads to serious respiratory health problems. The persons most affected are women and their children who spent much of their time in these kitchens, but traditional African kitchens do not utilize natural ventilation principles to reduce the high indoor smoke concentrations. Scale models were used to conduct airflow tests to determine why natural ventilation principles to reduce indoor smoke concentrations were not used and to explore new design solutions that could improve indoor air quality without the use of expensive technologies. Based on the results of this study, it was determined that introducing natural ventilation into the kitchens will make the smoke conditions worse. This explains why traditional kitchens did not use windows for ventilation. However, development and implementation of a of a new design solution effectively reduced build-up inside the kitchen without requiring significant modifications to the traditional kitchen. Incorporating the new design into traditional kitchens will provide a healthier environment for the women and their children in the future.
The Sublime in the Poetry of Izet Sarajlić and Jacques Prévert

Izet Sarajlic was a Bosnian poet of Muslim origin, whose poetry evokes the essence of love and yearning, melancholy and loss. His simple language and clear imagery along with the use of repetitive phrases form a dialogue between the reader and the subject matter, creating a new relationship between life and art. Sarajlic brought his world to life from the tragedies of the World War II to the Yugoslav war in the 1990s, and he remains one of the great Bosnian poets of the twentieth century. His work is compared to that of French poet Jacques Prevert, and in my paper I propose to explore the similarities between these two poets’ treatment of the poetic sublime using philosophic thought of Deleuze and Guattari.
Behavior-Genetic and Molecular Studies of Disorders of Speech and Language: An Overview

As of September 2, 2007 when this chapter was written, there were an estimated 994,638 words in the English language (http://www.languagemonitor.com/). Everyone agrees that we are not born with the knowledge of these words and the rules by which they are strung together. A newborn child does not know or use any words. However, a child entering school has a lexicon of ∼13,000 words which, by the end of schooling, expands to ∼60,000 words and during adulthood reaches ∼120,000 words (Pinker, 1999). How this ascent from 0 to 120,000 (and for a tiny minority, all the way to 994,638!) occurs and how we acquire the rules for assembling endless combinations of words into meaningful sentences have been central questions in the fields of developmental and cognitive psychology and linguistics since their emergence. This field of study within and across disciplines is typically referred to as language acquisition. Although everyone agrees that language acquisition has distinct developmental stages, there is also consensus on the high number of individual differences that characterize this process. Mounting evidence indicates that a very important source of these individual differences is the genome. The goal of this chapter is to review the behaviorand moleculargenetic studies elucidating the role of the genome in the atypical acquisition of language that manifests itself in disorders of speech and language.
Muscle Protein and Strength Retention by Bears During Winter Fasting and Starvation

While maintaining the body temperature at only 5°C below normal, black bears in the winter undergo 5 months when they do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. They have a high hypothalamic set point regulating fall hyperphagia and a large fat reserve followed by complete anorexia with a 50% reduction in energy demands while in their den. Cardiac and skeletal muscle is preserved, perhaps at the expense of smooth muscle and labile protein reserves. Winter protein demands are reduced by (1) no arousal bouts, (2) delayed implantation by pregnant females, and (3) urea hydrolysis to avoid urinary nitrogen and water loss. Bears recycle almost 100% of their urea due to urea transporters (UTB) in the bladder and intestines which salvage urea for microbial hydrolysis in the intestine with hepatic reammination of ammonia nitrogen into new amino acids and muscle protein. Bears exhibit subtle EMG patterns and respiratory sinus arrhythmia throughout the denning period. As a result of protein conservation and muscle contraction patterns, bears during 150 days of inactivity and complete food deprivation show no cardiac left ventricular atrophy. In addition, skeletal muscle exhibits no or only marginal loss of: protein, fiber number, size, or conversion of slow oxidative (MHC1) to fast glycolytic (MHC2x) fiber composition with a concomitant retention of strength. Bears are truly adapted to long periods of food deprivation and immobility that can afford a model for the study of humans in space flight and hospital confinement.