cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uptake and Distribution of 14C-Permethrin in Blattella germanica by Surface Contact and Topical Application Routes of Exposure

チャバネゴキブリにおける14C-標識パーメスリンの吸収と移行をドライフィルム法と局所施用法を用いて比較検討した. パーメスリンのノックダウン効果はドライフィルム法 (100%が30分以内) が局所施用法 (100%が40～90分) より優れていた. 脚部, 頭部, および残りの部分 (胸部と腹部) に分布する放射能を体外および体内別に施用30分後 (局所施用法ではノックダウンは起こっていない段階) と施用40～90分後 (局所施用法でノックダウンが起こった段階) に分けて調べた. 施用30分後では, 頭部と脚部に高い放射能がドライフィルム法で認められたが, 局所施用法では少なかった. さらに施用30分後と施用40～90分後の比較からドラィフィルム法による速やかなノックダウン効果が脚部の放射能と密接な関係にあることが判明した. 以上の結果, パーメスリンのドライフィルム法による速やかなノックダウン効果が, 脚部末梢神経系のパーメスリンに対する高い感受性にあることが示唆された. さらにドライフィルム法と局所施用法では薬剤 (ピレスロイド) の作用の仕方が異なり, ドライフィルム法ではおもに末梢神経系が, また局所施用法ではおもに中枢神経系が攻撃される可能性が示された.
Cytoskeletal proteins of the cell surface in Tetrahymena I. Identification and localization of major proteins.

Abstract Isolated pellicles (cell ‘ghosts’) have been prepared from Tetrahymena thermophila strain B by two different methods. Using differential solubilization in combination with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, we have tentatively identified the major proteins found in the surface-associated cytoskeleton. The ‘epiplasm’, a continuous layer of fibrous material found just beneath the surface membranes, appears to contain two major proteins. The smaller of the two (mol. wt 122 000 D) is believed to be present throughout the layer, whereas the larger protein (mol. wt 145 000 D) appears to be localized in the regions where ciliary basal bodies connect to the epiplasmic layer and to surface membranes. Evidence is presented which suggests that actin may also be present in this structure. Tubulin has been isolated from the cytosol of Tetrahymena and compared with cytoskeletal tubulin and porcine brain tubulin. A major protein of mol. wt 250 000 D which is found in Tetrahymena pellicles appears to be the major component of kinetodesmal fibers (striated elements which attach to the ciliary basal bodies).
Effects on pregnancy outcomes of changes in the North Carolina State Abortion Fund

Extending work of Cook et al. (1999, 1996), this paper examines abortion funding cutoffs for poor women in North Carolina, a unique setting allowing for a strong quasi-experimental design. Using vital registration data and additional administrative data from North Carolina, we decompose program effects on the abortion/birth ratio into two components: coverage (i.e., the proportion of all abortions that are state funded) and substitutability (the proportion of state funded abortions that would have been births in the absence of the state program). We show that both components are crucial for understanding the effects of fund cutoffs and that both components vary by age and by race. We offer explanations for these differences. Overall, we conclude that: the North Carolina State Abortion Fund (SAF) had powerful and pervasive effects: i.e., the SAF cutoffs reduced abortions and increased births.
Tax Discrimination and Capital Neutrality

"Tax discrimination" is an increasingly important legal concept for international trade and cross-border investment. Commentators have observed that the nondiscrimination article found in thousands of tax treaties based on the OECD Model lacks a coherent guiding principle, and in my remarks, I will argue that the explanation for the incoherence of the nondiscrimination article lies in fundamental uncertainty regarding the purpose and function of tax treaties. Furthermore, I am skeptical of recent suggestions from international tax policymakers that the tax treaty nondiscrimination principle should be brought in line the European Union conception of discrimination. Instead, I would urge you as OECD member state representatives to conduct a more fundamental reconsideration of the goals of tax treaties and what those goals mean for the nondiscrimination article. As requested, I will dedicate part of my remarks to describing my understanding of how various legal prohibitions on tax nondiscrimination relate to the familiar international tax neutrality benchmarks of capital import neutrality (CIN) and capital export neutrality (CEN).
The Library's Legal Answer Book

The Library's Legal Answer Book should find a home on every library administrator's bookshelf. Libraries face a host of legal questions daily: copyright, fair use, privacy, and Internet filters, to name a few. The purpose of this book is “to alert librarians about potential legal trouble…to set off some alarm bells so…the librarian can stay away from trouble with the law” (p. vii), especially in the public setting. The authors—one a lawyer with a master's of library science, the other a librarian with a law degree—provide detailed answers, with case law citations, to more than 600 legal questions that might arise in the library. The questions are divided into nine areas: copyright, library Web pages, Internet filters and other restrictions, digital library resources and patrons with disabilities, privacy, meeting rooms and displays, professional liability, employment issues, and lobbying by nonprofit groups. Each chapter begins with a list of the questions addressed in the section. This enables readers to determine quickly if answers to their questions might be in the chapter. A general overview of the topic is presented. Each question is then repeated in the chapter with pertinent discussion by the authors. This discussion ranges from a few sentences to over four pages, depending on the complexity of the issue. Each chapter has a reference list of the pertinent statutes and case law cited in the answers. In some cases, additional appendixes, such as the state-by-state library confidentiality statutes, are provided. The most extensive discussion, 20% of the book, is devoted to the issues surrounding copyright, fair use, interlibrary loan, and patrons' usage as it relates to library liability in this area. The shortest chapter in the book is the chapter on filters and other restrictions on Internet access. The authors point out a challenge to the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was scheduled to be heard by the US Supreme Court as the book was going to press. The decision in the case (United States v. American Library Association) was handed down June 23, 2003. A full discussion of the decision can be found at www.ala.org/cipa/. Designed as a reference to be used by librarians and their attorneys, the book does not claim to constitute legal advice. It should serve as a starting point for research on library-related issues. Scanning the chapters at leisure can provide a heads-up to administrators about potential trouble spots in their libraries. At first glance, the book appears to be of value only to public or academic libraries, but a closer reading reveals its usefulness to libraries of all types and sizes.
Continuous Conditional Random Fields for Regression in Remote Sensing

Conditional random fields (CRF) are widely used for predicting output variables that have some internal structure. Most of the CRF research has been done on structured classification where the outputs are discrete. In this study we propose a CRF probabilistic model for structured regression that uses multiple non-structured predictors as its features. We construct features as squared prediction errors and show that this results in a Gaussian predictor. Learning becomes a convex optimization problem leading to a global solution for a set of parameters. Inference can be conveniently conducted through matrix computation. Experimental results on the remote sensing problem of estimating Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) provide strong evidence that the proposed CRF model successfully exploits the inherent spatio-temporal properties of AOD data. The experiments revealed that CRF are more accurate than the baseline neural network and domain-based predictors.
U. S. light duty vehicle fleet emissions performance and the emissions impact of technology changes

This paper determines the level of improvement in Federal Test Procedure (FTP) exhaust emissions realized by typical in-use vehicles over the last twenty years as emission standards have become increasingly stringent. Furthermore, this paper explores the likelihood that in-use emission performance improvements will continue now that emission standards have stabilized.
Similarity analysis of model experiments for film cooling in gas turbines

This report investigates our present ability to predict the thermal performance of film cooling arrangements used to protect the hot components of gas turbines. The required information is usually obtained by model experiments carried out at near room temperature as opposed to the high temperature encountered in the gas turbines. Dimensional or similarity analysis is used to develope the functional relationships for film effectiveness and convective heat transfer and the use of mass transfer experiments with foreign gas injection and naphthalene sublimation based on the heat-mass transfer analogy is discussed. The law of superposition is used to describe the combined effects of film cooling, surface convection or radiation and frictional heating. An order of magnitude estimate indicates to what extent local temperature gradients are alleviated in the cooled walls by internal heat conduction.
Confessions: Evidentiary Reliability of

Contradicting the commonsense belief that “I'd never confess to a crime I did not commit”, false confessions are a contributing factor in roughly one quarter of all post-conviction DNA exonerations. Voluntary, compliant, and internalized false confessions are distinguished and a sequence of three processes is articulated as responsible for these confessions and the adverse legal consequences that follow. First, police often target innocent people for interrogation on the basis of confident but erroneous judgments of truth and deception made in a preinterrogation interview. Second, innocent people sometimes confess during interrogation as a result of certain dispositional vulnerabilities (such as compliant and suggestible personalities, mental illness and retardation, adolescence, and the phenomenology of innocence) and/or the use of certain coercive tactics (prolonged isolation, the false evidence ploy, and minimization). Third, people cannot accurately distinguish between true and false confessions, and jurors fail to discount even those confessions they see as coerced. As a matter of policy, it is suggested that police should videotape entire interrogations using a neutral, “equal focus” camera perspective and that psychological experts can help to educate judges and juries about the various risk factors. Keywords: admissions; confessions; false confessions; innocence; police interviews; interrogations
Adenosine-Mediated Presynaptic Modulation of Glutamatergic Transmission in the Laterodorsal Tegmentum

The laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) neurons supply most of the cholinergic tone to the brainstem and diencephalon necessary for physiological arousal. It is known that application of adenosine in the LDT nucleus increases sleep in vivo (Portas et al., 1997) and directly inhibits LDT neurons in vitro by activating postsynaptic adenosine A(1) receptors (Rainnie et al., 1994). However, adenosine effects on synaptic inputs to LDT neurons has not been previously reported. We found that both evoked glutamatergic EPSCs and GABAergic IPSCs were reduced by adenosine (50 micrometer). A presynaptic site of action for adenosine A(1) receptors on glutamatergic afferents was suggested by the following: (1) adenosine did not affect exogenous glutamate-mediated current, (2) adenosine reduced glutamatergic miniature EPSC (mEPSC) frequency, without affecting the amplitude, and (3) inhibition of the evoked EPSC was mimicked by the A(1) agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (100 nm) but not by the A(2) agonist N6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(methylphenyl)-ethyl]-adenosine (10 nm). The A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT; 200 nm) potentiated the evoked EPSCs, suggesting the presence of a tonic activation of presynaptic A(1) receptors by endogenous adenosine. The adenosine kinase inhibitor, 5-iodotubercidin (10 micrometer), mimicked adenosine presynaptic and postsynaptic effects. These effects were antagonized by CPT or adenosine deaminase (0.8 IU/ml), suggesting mediation by increased extracellular endogenous adenosine. Together, these data suggest that the activity of LDT neurons is under inhibitory tone by endogenous adenosine through the activation of both presynaptic A(1) receptors on excitatory terminals and postsynaptic A(1) receptors. Furthermore, an alteration of adenosine kinase activity modifies the degree of this inhibitory tone.
A malonyl-CoA fuel-sensing mechanism in muscle: effects of insulin, glucose, and denervation

Increases in the concentration of malonyl-CoA in skeletal muscle have been observed in the KKAy mouse, an obese rodent with high plasma insulin and glucose levels [Saha et al. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Endocrinol. Metab. 30): E95-E101, 1994]. To assess whether insulin and glucose directly regulate malonyl-CoA in muscle, soleus muscles from young rats were incubated with insulin and glucose at various concentrations, and their content of malonyl-CoA was determined. In addition, the effect on malonyl-CoA of denervation and electrically induced muscle contractions was assessed. The concentration of malonyl-CoA in the soleus, taken directly from a rat fed ad libitum, was 2.0 +/- 0.2 nmol/g. In muscles incubated for 20 min in a medium devoid of added insulin and glucose, the concentration was decreased to 0.8 +/- 0.2 nmol/g. When the medium contained 0.5, 7.5, or 30 mM glucose, malonyl-CoA levels were 1.3 +/- 0.1, 1.8 +/- 0.1, or 2.4 +/- 0.2 nmol/g, respectively, in the absence of insulin and 1.7 +/- 0.1, 4.6 +/- 0.3, or 5.5 +/- 0.6 nmol/g in its presence (10 mU/ml). Compared with its level in a control muscle, the concentration of malonyl-CoA was increased threefold in the soleus 6-8 h after denervation and remained twofold higher for > or = 48 h. In contrast, muscle contractions induced by sciatic nerve stimulation, in vivo, acutely decreased the concentration of malonyl-CoA by 30-35%. The results indicate that insulin and glucose, and probably contractile activity, regulate the concentration of malonyl-CoA in muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Testing and Developing Theory in Drug Court: A Four-Part Logit Model to Predict Program Completion:

The expansion of drug courts into numerous additional jurisdictions continues at a rapid pace. Despite this, and the commensurate growth of drug court literature, there remains a surprising paucity of empirical studies that test and develop an underlying theory for drug court. This research is an empirical study that analyzes and tests therapeutic jurisprudence as the theory behind the drug court mission and its day-to-day operations. A logit model is used to assess the strength of specific theoretical components on an offender's ability to complete the drug court program. The findings indicate, among other things, that the manner of interactions between the judge and offenders can increase the likelihood of an offender's ability to remain abstinent and stay engaged in treatment for the duration of the drug court program.
Molecular orbital calculation of preferred conformations of acetylcholine, muscarine, and muscarone.

Using extended Huckel theory molecular orbital calculations, the preferred conformations of acetylcholine, L-(+)-muscarine, and D-(-)-muscarone have been predicted from total-energy minimization as a function of geometry. The calculations for muscarine and acetylcholine reveal a preferred conformation strikingly similar to conformations reported in the literature based upon crystal X-ray analysis. A comparison of calculated preferred conformations of L-(+)-muscarine and D-(-)-muscarone leads to the observation that the heteroatoms in the two molecules bear spatial relationships similar to each other. It is concluded that D-(-)-muscarone approaches the muscarinic receptor with the opposite face than does L-(+)-muscarine. From a consideration of the calculations on the three compounds, a complementary pattern of forces representing the muscarinic receptor is proposed.
Complementary effects of TNF and lymphotoxin on the formation of germinal center and follicular dendritic cells.

The formation of germinal centers (GC) around follicular dendritic cells (FDC) is a critical step in the humoral immune responses that depends on the cooperative effects of B cells and T cells. Mice deficient in either TNF or lymphotoxin (LT) fail to form both GC and FDC network in B cell follicles. To test a potential complementary effect of TNF and LT, a mixture of bone marrow cells from TNF −/− mice and LTα −/− mice was transferred into irradiated LTα −/− mice or TNF −/− mice. Interestingly, the formation of both GC and FDC clusters in B cell follicles was restored in such chimeric mice, suggesting that TNF and LT from different cells could complement one another. To identify the exact contributions of each subset to the complementary effect of TNF and LT, different sources of T and B cells from LTα −/− mice or TNF −/− mice were used for reconstitution. Our study demonstrates that either T or B cell-derived TNF is sufficient to restore FDC/GC in the presence of LT-expressing B cells. However, TNF itself is not required for GC reactions if the FDC network is already intact. Thus, the development and maintenance of these lymphoid structures depend on a delicate interaction between TNF and LT from different subsets of lymphocytes.
Direction Constancy in the Oculomotor System

Whenever a visual image moves across the retina, the brain is faced with a dilemma: Did the image move because an object in the environment (or the environment itself) changed location or because the eyes changed location with respect to a stable environment? If the brain compares the retinal positions of individual objects within the visual image and finds that only one moved with respect to the others, then it can reasonably assume that the retinal motion was caused by motion of the object and not of the eyes. (This comparison of an object's position with the positions of other objects is known as exocentric, or allocentric, localization.) But how does the brain react to this dilemma when the entire visual image moves, whether the image is a fully structured scene or merely a single object In otherwise complete darkness? LJnder these conditions, exocentric localization techniques fail, and the brain must rely on its ability to localize the objects with respect to itself, the observer. For this egocentric localization, the brain must combine information concerning the retinal location of the visual im-
Nicorandil: A Potassium Channel Opening Drug for Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease

Nicorandil is the first oral potassium channel activating drug to be used for the treatment of symptomatic coronary artery disease. It appears to relax vascular smooth muscle through membrane hyperpolarization via increased transmembrane potassium conductance and, like nitrates, through an increase in intracellular cyclic GMP. In addition, nicorandil, in a nitrate-like manner, dilates normal and stenotic coronary arteries and reduces both ventricular preload and afterload. In contrast to nitrates, however, nicorandil does not appear to cause tolerance with long-term administration. In placebo and comparison clinical trials, nicorandil has demonstrated some efficacy and safety in patients with both stable and vasospastic angina pectoris, and it was found to be a myocardial protective agent in animal studies. The antianginal activity of nicorandil, however, is relatively short lived after dosing, which will necessitate the development of extended-release formulations of the drug.
ART 3: Hierarchical Search Using Chemical Transmitters in Self-Organizing Pattern Recognition Architectures

Abstract A model to implement parallel search of compressed or distributed pattern recognition codes in a neural network hierarchy is introduced. The search process functions well with either fast learning or slow learning, and can robustly cope with sequences of asynchronous input patterns in real-time. The search process emerges when computational properties of the chemical synapse, such as transmitter accumulation, release, inactivation, and modulation, are embedded within an Adaptive Resonance Theory architecture called ART 3. Formal analogs of ions such as Na− and Ca2− control nonlinear feedback interactions that enable presynaptic transmitter dynamics to model the postsynaptic short-term memory representation of a pattern recognition code. Reinforcement feedback can modulate the search process by altering the ART 3 vigilance parameter or directly engaging the search mechanism. The search process is a form of hypothesis testing capable of discovering appropriate representations of a nonstationary input environment.
Avoiding cross-contamination in immediate denture treatment

Abstract A technique that minimizes the risk of cross-contamination in immediate denture treatment has been described. Careful adherence to the recommended procedures can greatly reduce the potential for infection in immediate denture patients.
A neuroanatomical gradient in the pontine tegmentum for the cholinoceptive induction of desynchronized sleep signs.

Abstract Microinjection of cholinergic agonists into the tegmentum was used to evoke a state which was polygraphically and behaviorally similar to desynchronized (D) sleep. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the production of this pharmacologically induced D sleep-like state (D-ACh) was dependent upon the anatomical locus of drug administration within the pottine tegmentum. Four dependent variables of D sleep were measured: D latency, D percentage, D duration and D frequency. Multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were performed to evaluate the relationship between the three-dimensional coordinates of the injection site (posterior, vertical and lateral) and these 4 dependent measures. The intrapontine site of drug administration accounted for a statistically significant amount of the variance in D latency, D percentage and D duration. There was no significant relationship between the anatomical site of saline injection and the dependent measures of D sleep. A significance increase in D frequency following microinjection of cholinergic agonists was found to be independent of injection site. Pontine injection sites which yielded the shortest D latencies were found to be the same sites from which the highest D percentages were evoked. Rostrodorsal pontine tegmental injection sites were most effective in producing the highest percentages of D-ACh with the shortest latencies to onset. Injections made more caudally and ventrally within the pontine tegmentum produced lower percentages of D-ACh with longer latencies to onset. These data suggest the existence of an anatomical gradient within the pontine tegmentum for the cholinoceptive evocation of a D sleep-like state, and further support the concept that D sleep is generated, in part, by pontine cholinergic mechanisms.
Automatic Sweep-Frequency Ionosphere Recorder, Model C-4

An improved sweep-frequency ionosphere recorder was needed to carry out the expanded program of observation planned for the IGY. The resulting equipment included improvements in output power, receiver sensitivity, purity of output signal, and other details, over earlier equipments. The basic principles of operation are described and the transceiver-type of circuitry explained. The operating characteristics are: frequency range, 1-25 mc; output power, 10-30 kw peak pulse power; pulse length, 50 ?sec; repetition rate, variable from 10-70 pulses per second. An elaborate control and programming system is provided which can be used to operate the equipment on an unattended automatic basis. The "virtual height" of the ionospheric layers, as a function of frequency, is recorded on photographic film by two cameras?a 35-mm uniformlymoving-film unit, and a frame-by-frame 16-mm camera, which produces time-lapse motion pictures of the changes which occur. A brief history of the development of the sweep-frequency recorder technique is given.
Online and offline experimental techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons recovery and measurement.

The implementation of techniques aimed at improving engine performance and reducing particulate matter (PM) pollutant emissions is strongly influenced by the limited understanding of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation chemistry, in combustion devices, that produces the PM emissions. New experimental results which examine the formation of multi-ring compounds are required. The present investigation focuses on two techniques for such an experimental examination by recovery of PAH compounds from a typical combustion oriented experimental apparatus. The online technique discussed constitutes an optimal solution but not always feasible approach. Nevertheless, a detailed description of a new online sampling system is provided which can serve as reference for future applications to different experimental set-ups. In comparison, an offline technique, which is sometimes more experimentally feasible but not necessarily optimal, has been studied in detail for the recovery of a variety of compounds ...
Characterization of anticancer properties of 2,6-diisopropylphenol–docosahexaenoate and analogues in breast cancer cells

The present study describes the characterization and evaluation of novel anticancer conjugates, 2,6-diisopropylphenol-docosahexaenoate (PP-DHA), and its analogues including 2,4-diisopropylphenol-docosahexaenoate (DIPP-DHA), 2-isopropylphenol-docosahexaenoate (IPP-DHA), 2-cyclohexanephenol-docosahexaenoate (CHP-DHA) and phenol-docosahexaenoate (P-DHA) on breast cancer cell lines. Representative breast cancer cell lines, based on estrogen alpha receptor (ER) and oncogene Her-2 expression, were used and include MDA-MB-231 (ER-negative, Her-2-negative), MCF-7 (ER-positive, Her-2-negative) AU565 (ER-negative, Her-2-positive) and MDA-MB-361 (ER-positive, Her-2-positive). The PP-DHA conjugate significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell loss in the breast cancer cell lines similarly; however, this conjugate was not effective against normal mammary epithelial cells. The effect of various conjugates were in PP-DHA>IPP-DHA>DIPP-DHA>CHP-DHA>>P-DHA order. PP-DHA and IPP-DHA conjugates were stable in human and mouse serum. Furthermore, the non-hydrolyzable amide-linked conjugate analogues affected breast cancer cells in a manner similar to that of the ester-linked conjugates. This suggests that ester-linked PP-DHA and IPP-DHA conjugates were stable during treatment to breast cancer cells due to structural hindrance. PP-DHA did not affect PPARalpha or PPARgamma activities but its anticancer effects appear to be mediated in part though the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Further experiments are needed to confirm their molecular target and to test the effectiveness of these compounds in an in vivo model for their anticancer properties. In conclusion, these results suggest that the novel PP-DHA and IPP-DHA conjugates and their amide derivatives may be useful for the treatment of breast cancer.
Intracellular pH of Rat Atrial Muscle Fibers Measured by Glass Micropipette Electrodes

Measurements of the intracellular pH of mammalian hearts by means of ordinary sealed electrodes are difficult mainly because of the small diameter of most of these muscle fibres. An open-tip pH micro-electrode was designed. The difference between the measurements with this electrode and measurements with a control pyrex glass electrode of the same resistance, filled with the same medium, and immersed in the same solution, is specific for the pH variations of this solution. The new pH electrode, if filled with 0.5 M KCl, has an electrical resistance of 30 to 100 megohms and a sensitivity of about 30 mv/pH unit. The sensitive head of the device has a diameter of about half a micron and a length of one to two microns. The intracellular pH value of isolated rat atria, beating at 200/min in a Krebs-Ringer solution maintained at 30°C and at a pH value of 7.4, was measured with this method and found to be 6.9.
A male-produced aggregation pheromone in Tribolium brevicornis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and interspecific responses of several Tribolium species☆☆☆

Abstract Evidence for a male-produced aggregation pheromone in Tribolium brevicornis (LeConte) is reported. Methanol extracts of Tenax ® -trapped volatiles were attractive to both sexes in a Petri dish bioassay. Both sexes, 2–45 days old, responded to male odors. The minimum amount of male pheromone needed to elicit a response was 10 −6 insect day equivalents. Tribolium destructor, T. audax, T. castaneum and T. confusum were attracted to male extracts of their own species. Tribolium brevicornis responded to male extracts from T. castaneum and T. confusum , however the latter two species did not respond to male extracts from T. brevicornis .
19F and 27Al n.m.r. spectroscopic study of the fluoro complexes of aluminum in aqueous solution and in zeolites: Dealumination of zeolites by fluoride ions

The addition of fluoride ions to aluminum〈III〉 salts or to zeolites in aqueous solutions produces fluoro complexes of the general form [AlFitn](3itn), which have been characterized by 27Al and 19F n.m.r. Each fluoroaluminate complex has distinct 19F chemical shifts, although the 27Al chemical shifts of all of the complexes are approximately the same. The 27Al n.m.r. line width, however, changes as different complexes are formed. Zeolite reacts with aqueous fluoride ion solution at approximately neutral pH. n.m.r., FTi.r. and X-ray powder diffraction measurements suggest that the formation of fluoroaluminate species such as K2NaAlF6 at high fluoride ion concentration inside zeolite is an important dealumination mechanism.
A general method of estimating physical parameters from a distribution with acceptance and smearing effects

Abstract A generalization of the maximum likelihood method of estimating physical parameters is presented which can be used when the data set has been distorbed by acceptance and smearing effects. This method employs events from a Monte Carlo simulation of the experiment directly in the calculation of the likelihood. It is sufficiently general that it can be used consistently, over any number of dimensions, and does not waste information contained in the data set. Systematic errors associated with this technique can be estimated and, if needed, reduced by including more Monte Carlo events.
The Politics of Fashion in Eighteenth-Century America. By Kate Haulman. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011. Pp. ix, 290. $39.95.)

The author of this book posits a simple question: “How was fashion political in eighteenth‐century British North America?” (2). In six chapters and an epilogue, Kate Haulman provides a myriad of in...
Immunocytochemical identification of primary olfactory afferents in rainbow trout

We have used a combination of techniques to analyze the primary olfactory projection in trout: anterograde tract tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunocytochemistry with antisera to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). HRP labeling and the OMP antiserum revealed a subset of ciliated receptor neurons with a wide dendrite that lacked the protruding knob found on other receptor neurons. The organization of the primary olfactory axons was clearly revealed by antisera to KLH, which reacted with no other neurons. When visualized with anti-KLH, fascicles of olfactory axons penetrated the basal lamina of the olfactory rosette at scattered sites and converged to form the olfactory nerve. Fascicles within the olfactory nerve traveled parallel to the long axis of the nerve until resorted by extensive intermixing as they entered the olfactory bulb. Within the olfactory bulb, most axons terminated in nine discrete terminal fields in the glomerular layer; however, a few olfactory nerve axons projected into the ventral medial telencephalon. Fascicles supplying each terminal field in the glomerular layer followed distinctive trajectories within the olfactory nerve layer. Axons ending in two terminal fields made brush-like terminations rather than the glomerular terminations characteristic of the remaining seven fields. After unilateral olfactory nerve transection, returning olfactory axons reestablished the normal pattern of terminal fields within 14 weeks. It is likely that the organization of afferents in the trout olfactory bulb is similarly well regulated during normal receptor cell replacement.
Adhesion characteristics of lactobacillus is a criterion of the probiotic choice.

A sampling of lactobacilli from the German National Collection of Microorganisms and L. fermentum 90 TS-4 (21) reference strain clone 3 (Russian Federation) were studied. The results indicate that the receptors on the surface of lactobacillus strains from the German collection had no structures complementary to type 1 fimbriae, though adhesins of some of them reacted with mannose and galactose receptors. Adhesion on a monolayer of continuous cell cultures showed that adhesion activity of lactobacilli was a function of many derivatives, and hence, the choice of a model for evaluation of the adhesion characteristics of the strain should be based on adhesins exhibiting universal properties in different test systems. One of them can be lectin-binding adhesin; its expression on the surface of cultures of lactobacilli from the German collection varies within the same range as was shown previously for lactobacilli, studied by the same criterion. The molecular weight of lectin-binding adhesin is 25–30 kDa, and the corresponding receptors are frequently present on various eukaryotic cells, and hence, cell models can be considered as the most adequate for studies of the competitive interactions between lactobacilli and adhesins of pathogenic microorganisms.
Evidence for a chronic loss of inhibition in the hippocampus after kindling: electrophysiological studies.

Abstract Rats were kindled with either of 2 protocols: 1. (1) a rapidly recurring hippocampal seizure (RRHS) paradigm in which 10 sec stimulus trains were delivered every 5 min through hippocampal electrodes. 2. (2) a traditional approach in which 1 sec stimulus trains were given to the amygdala once daily. Three groups of kindled rats were prepared: 1. (1) one of amygdala-kindled rats that had experienced 9–15 seizures. 2. (2) one of RRHS-kindled rats that had experienced 96 seizures. 3. (3) one of RRHS-overkindled rats that had experienced 144–336 seizures. After a 1 month seizure-free period, the animals were anesthetized with urethane and measurements were made on the potency of paired pulse inhibition in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. All groups of kindled animals were found to have significantly less paired pulse inhibition than control rats. This decrement was confined to interpulse intervals ⩽70 msec. The amount of inhibition lost correlated with the number of seizure that had occurred. The GABAergic agonist muscimol restored paired pulse inhibition in kindled animals for interpulse intervals ⩽70 msec towards normal values. These results indicate that not only RRHS, but also other modes of kindling, reduced GABAergic inhibition in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and that this diminution was long-lasting, if not permanent.
Interdisciplinary Graduate Training in Teaching Labs

Modern research and training in the life sciences require cross-disciplinary programs, integrating concepts and methods from biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics. We describe the structure and outcomes from an example of one such approach, the Physiology Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and discuss how similar intensive, team-building research courses are also being applied to improve graduate education in universities. These courses are based on teaching laboratories that have students address contemporary research questions by combining ideas and approaches from biology, computation, and physics.
Hearing the Voices of Lesbian Women Having Children

Though the path is laden with barriers, lesbian women are choosing to become mothers in greater numbers than previously seen. This reproductive path is weighed down with complex social messages (e.g., lesbians should not want to be mothers, they cannot be adequate mothers, their relationships are less valued than marriages, and their sexual orientation may even harm their children). Grounded in phenomenological pedagogy, the goal of this paper is to give a voice to these women as they answer the question “What is the most difficult thing for a lesbian woman while she is deciding to enter or avoid motherhood?” Overcoming the logistics of starting a family, financial strain of legalizing relationships, losing social and family support, facing obstructive laws, and a fear of confronting homophobia in society were the primary fears reported by respondents. Discussion of the significance of findings and implications are presented.
Age-Related Changes in Heritability of Behavioral Phenotypes Over Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Meta-Analysis

The relative proportions of genetic and environmental variance in behavioral measures have been studied extensively. A growing body of literature has examined changes in heritability measures over time, but we are unaware of any prior efforts to assess developmental heritability changes for multiple behavioral phenotypes using multiple data sources. We have chosen to explore the proportional genetic influences on a variety of behaviors during the genetically and environmentally labile adolescent and young adult years. This meta-analysis examined 8 behavioral domains and incorporated only primary research articles reporting two or more heritability time points in order to minimize the age-to-age error variability. Linear regression analyses revealed significant cross-time heritability increases for externalizing behaviors, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, IQ, and social attitudes and nonsignificant increases for alcohol consumption, and nicotine initiation, but no evidence of heritability changes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A variety of mechanisms may underlie these findings including the rising importance of active genotype-environment correlation, an increase in gene expression, or proportional reductions in environmental variance. Additional longitudinal studies and the inclusion of measures of total variance in primary research reports will aid in distinguishing between these possibilities. Further studies exploring heritability changes beyond young adulthood would also benefit our understanding of factors influencing heritability of behavioral traits over the lifespan.
Hemoglobin adsorption to silica monitored with polarization-dependent evanescent-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

Evanescent-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy was used to monitor the adsorption of human hemoglobin to a fused-silica surface from aqueous solution. An uncoated dove prism was situated in a ring-down cavity such that the beam entered and exited with a normal-incidence geometry. This afforded ring-down times as high as 5 μs and values of στ/τ as low as 0.3%. Normal-incidence geometry permits the detection of both S- and P-polarized light, yielding some information of the orientation of adsorbates. The orientation of the adsorbed hemoglobin molecules is found to change as adsorption progresses, but with a different time profile than adsorption itself. The adsorption kinetics from a quiescent solution is consistent with a reaction−diffusion model that includes both reversible and irreversible adsorption operating in parallel. Systems behaving according to this model also seem to display adsorption isotherms, although the increased adsorption from more concentrated solutions is only a consequence of the syst...
Dissection of functional domains in the adenovirus 2 early 1B 55K polypeptide by suppressor-linker insertional mutagenesis.

Abstract To determine whether the viral replication functions of the adenovirus E1 B 55K protein play a role in its ability to transform cloned rat embryo fibroblast cells in culture, we constructed an extensive series of insertion mutations throughout the 55K gene. The mutations were recombined into infectious virus and characterized for their abilities to produce stable 55K protein in HeLa cells, replicate virus in HeLa cells, express late viral proteins efficiently, and transform CREF cells following infection. Mutant 55K transforming activity in primary baby rat kidney cells was also assayed following DNA transfection. The functions required for viral replication are encoded in several patches of the 55K linear sequence, while the CREF transforming functions are sensitive to all of the insertions. An insertion at amino acid 380 created a mutant virus which was reduced in transforming activity, but was not reduced for viral replication. Therefore, a function required for efficient transformation of CREF cells can be separated from functions required for late gene expression and viral replication. Transformation of BRK cells following DNA transfection was reduced by complete disruption of the 55K protein gene, but was not significantly affected by any of the insertions.
B lineage--specific interactions of an immunoglobulin enhancer with cellular factors in vivo

The mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin gene contains a tissue-specific enhancer. The enhancer and flanking sequences were studied in vivo by carrying out dimethyl sulfate protection experiments on living cells, in combination with genomic sequencing. Relative to reactions on naked DNA, there are changes (protections and enhancements) in the reactivity of guanine residues to dimethyl sulfate within the enhancer sequence in myeloma, B, and early B cells, whereas virtually no alterations appear in cells of non-B lineage. Most of the affected residues are in four clusters, in sequences homologous to the octamer 5'CAGGTGGC 3' (C, cytosine; A, adenine; G. guanine; T, thymine). The alterations in the pattern of G reactivity are consistent with the tissue-specific binding of molecules to the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer.
Naming names: Trademark strategy and beyond: Part two—Dealing with rival brand names

Part one of this article examines the interplay between trademark law and marketing strategy in selecting a brand name. Part two presents several strategies for limiting the ability of rivals to select and use other brand names.
Drug-induced circling preference in rats. Correlation with monoamine levels.

Drugs of abuse, such as phencyclidine (PCP), methamphetamine (METH), and cocaine (COC) are known to affect several behaviors in rats, such as motor activity, stereotypy, and circling. In this study, we evaluated whether these drugs produce circling preferences in the presence or absence of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of the caudate nucleus. Adult male CD rats were lesioned with 10 μg 6-OHDA/site. Animals were dosed with PCP (15 mg/kg, ip), its congener, (+) MK-801 (0.15 mg/kg, ip), METH (2 mg/kg, ip), COC (60 mg/kg, ip), or apomorphine (0.2 mg/kg, ip). circling preference was recorded in control and lesioned rats for 2 h before animals were sacrificed to determine monoamine levels by HPLC/EC. In control animals, administration of these drugs produced 60–70% left circling. In, lesioned animals, these drugs produced 78–90% ipsilateral (toward the lesion) circling, except apomorphine, which produced 60–80% contralateral (away from the lesion) circling. Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations significantly decreased ipsilaterally in lesioned caudate nucleus (CN) and substantia nigra (SN). However, no significant changes were observed in nucleus accumbens (NA) and olfactory tubercles (OT). These data demonstrate that drugs of abuse like PCP, its congener (+) MK-801, METH, and COC produce a greater preference to turn toward the left than the right, a finding similar to that found in human psychosis. Since 6-OHDA lesions enhanced the circling bias and depleted DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA, it also suggests that the dopaminergic system may be involved in the circling behavior.
Detecting Gulf of Mexico Oceanographic Features in Summer Using AVHRR Channel 3

Abstract Efforts to monitor the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and mesoscale ocean features using IR satellite imagery in the summertime have been significantly hindered by 1) strong surface heating that masks surface frontal gradients and 2) extremely high atmospheric water vapor attenuation that lowers effective satellite brightness-temperature values. These problems can now be addressed, provided high-quality multichannel infrared data are available during nighttime satellite passes. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) consists of three IR channels that include channels 3 (3.55–3.93 µm), 4 (10.3–11.3 µm), and 5 (11.5–12.5 µm). Of these, channel 3 is least affected by water vapor attenuation, making it better suited for viewing the ocean through a humid atmosphere. All satellites prior to NOAA-11, however, experienced substantial noise in channel 3 soon after launch, rendering the channel relatively useless for long-term oceanographic ...
Elemental concentrations in nbs biological and environmental standard reference materials

Abstract Elemental concentrations reported by 325 investigators in 16 NBS SRM's are summarized. Mean values, standard deviations and comparative data from NBS and other reviews are provided.
The Sources of Terrorist Financing: Theory and Typology

Terrorism costs money. Although the costs of specific operations may be relatively inexpensive, terrorist organizations require much larger budgets in order to function. But how do terrorist groups acquire funding? What explains the variation in the particular sources used by different groups? This article develops a theory of terrorist financing that identifies criteria by which we can evaluate the different sources of terrorist funding, particularly in terms of their advantages and disadvantages to the terrorist group. These criteria are then applied across a typology of four primary types of terrorist financing: state sponsorship, illegal activity, legal activity, and popular support.
Diseño de un fotobiorreactor Airlift a escala banco

En este trabajo se evaluo un Fotobiorreactor tipo Airlift (FBR) a escala banco para el cultivo y generacion de biomasa microalgal. El proceso de evaluacion se desarrollo en diferentes etapas desde el analisis de variables de diseno, seleccion de materiales, ensamblaje del equipo y pre-experimentacion. El equipo comprende cuatro subsistemas: presion, temperatura, agitacion y luminico; cada uno de estos es descrito de acuerdo con los parametros relevantes que garantizan el adecuado diseno teorico de los mismos. El funcionamiento del equipo fue verificado lo que permitio la determinacion de las condiciones y rangos de operacion basica del fotobiorreactor.
Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a large asymptomatic retroperitoneal pelvic leiomyoma

A large, asymptomatic retroperitoneal leiomyoma, originating at the level of the pelvic floor and occupying the entire pelvis, was noted during routine gynecologic examination. Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings of this unusual tumor are discussed.