cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD4 + T helper cells and the role they play in viral control

The natural history of untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by progressive erosion of the immune system with eventual loss of viral control. T helper cell responses to HIV-1 are typically weak or absent in chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. CD4+ T helper cell responses have been shown to be important in a number of experimental viral infection systems, and here we explore the ways in which T helper cells might aid in the control of viruses in general and HIV-1 in particular. We first review the relationship between T helper cells and other arms of the immune system. We then focus on the role T helper cells play in viral control in murine and nonhuman primate models, and finally review what is known of CD4+ T helper cell function in HIV-1 infection.
Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo-based photon treatment planning using a standard measured data set.

An accurate dose calculation in phantom and patient geometries requires an accurate description of the radiation source. Errors in the radiation source description are propagated through the dose calculation. With the emergence of linear accelerators whose dosimetric characteristics are similar to within measurementuncertainty, the same radiation source description can be used as the input to dose calculation for treatment planning at many institutions with the same linear accelerator model. Our goal in the current research was to determine the initial electron fluence above the linear accelerator target for such an accelerator to allow a dose calculation in water to within 1% or 1 mm of the measured data supplied by the manufacturer. The method used for both the radiation source description and the patient transport was Monte Carlo. The linac geometry was input into the Monte Carlo code using the accelerator’s manufacturer’s specifications. Assumptions about the initial electron source above the target were made based on previous studies. The free parameters derived for the calculations were the mean energy and radial Gaussian width of the initial electron fluence and the target density. A combination of the free parameters yielded an initial electron fluence that, when transported through the linear accelerator and into the phantom, allowed a dose-calculation agreement to the experimental ion chamber data to within the specified criteria at both 6 and 18 MV nominal beam energies, except near the surface, particularly for the 18 MV beam. To save time during Monte Carlotreatment planning, the initial electron fluence was transported through part of the treatment head to a plane between the monitor chambers and the jaws and saved as phase-space files. These files are used for clinical Monte Carlo-based treatment planning and are freely available from the authors.
Design and Implementation of Clinical Trials of Antimicrobial Drugs and Devices Used in Periodontal Disease Treatment

The design and implementation of clinical trials (CTs) carried out to evaluate antimicrobial and anti-infective drugs and devices are one of the most difficult challenges in contemporary periodontal research and product development. The overwhelming amount of evidence which has established a microbial etiology for periodontitis is the basis for developing and testing antimicrobial treatments. Well-designed antimicrobial CTs start with a carefully crafted hypothesis and a protocol which explicitly integrates the requirements of the patient, the clinician, the sponsor, and regulatory authorities. Surrogate variables for effectiveness must be clinically relevant, scientifically sound, and statistically valid. Currently, clinical attachment level measurements and alveolar bone assessments are accepted as proof of effectiveness. Indication and claim support of the antimicrobial product guide the design and implementation of the CT. Adverse microbiologic consequences, such as lack of antimicrobial susceptibility, wrong spectrum, incorrect dosage, non-compliance, and drug interference, must be monitored. Successful CTs balance a large group of variables used to screen, randomize, and assign subjects to experimental and control groups to ensure that prognostic and risk factors are properly accounted for.
Rare conjoined twins / twin research reviews / twins in the news.

Conjoined twins are rare, but craniopagus conjoined twins are rarer still. A pair of four-year-old craniopagus female twins with an unusual brain structure may offer new clues as to how the brain functions. This overview is followed by reviews of recent twin research on mothers of twins, twin transfusion syndrome, twin delivery options and twin literary themes. Relevant topics appearing in the media include twin tennis champions, twins' parallel lives and deaths, a new book for families with twins and a performance about a twin musical legend.
A taxonomy for information flow policies and models

A notation for describing information flow policies that can express transitive, aggregation and separation (of duty) exceptions is proposed. Operators for comparing, composing, and abstracting flow policies are described. These allow complex policies to be built from simpler policies. Many existing confidentiality (and by using a dual model, integrity) policies and their models can be captured in this framework. A high water mark model is described that can enforce a large class of these information flow policies. The model provides the basis for a taxonomy of existing high water mark mechanisms. >
Diamonds in the outer planets

The results of space exploration over the last 2 years have provoked considerable and widespread interest, among geoscientists, in the interiors of the outer planets. Even new data on remote Uranus and Neptune are becoming available, and so it is not unusual to expect a round of new speculation on their interior compositions and properties. In a very recent article in Nature (292, 435–436, 1981), one of the most eminent theoretical physicists in the field of gas thermodynamics at high pressure has developed a model of the layered structures of Uranus and Neptune. Marvin Ross of the University of California (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), taking into account the knowledge that the outer planets have an inner layer, or mantle, consisting of forms of water, methane, and ammonia (in addition to various proportions of hydrogen plus helium in solar abundance), suggests that there could be a process that forms diamonds and metallic compounds. In the Nature article, entitled ‘The Ice Layer in Uranus and Neptune—Diamonds in the Sky?,’ Ross makes a serious analysis of existing shock wave and theoretical data on methane, carbon, and hydrogen with which he compared the interior of Uranus (Neptune is very similar, he says). The results could have far reaching implications in the theory and understanding of the solar system. The postulation properties of the mantles of Uranus and Neptune could cause magnetic fields and the generation of radio waves.
Hepatic portal venous gas in a patient with penetrating injuries

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) refers to the branching area of low attenuation extending to within 2 cm of the liver capsule in computed tomography scan. The most common causes of HPVG are mesenteric ischaemia in adults and necrotising enterocolitis in infants. HPVG in trauma patients is mostly reported in cases of blunt abdominal trauma. We present a deceased patient who had chest and abdominal wall penetrating injuries with concomitant hypovolemic shock. A computed tomography scan revealed HPVG and pulmonary artery air emboli. The mechanism of the presentation of HPVG in this patient and the possible cause of death would be discussed.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Control for a Flat-Window Cylindrical Turret

This work presents multiple high-fidelity large-eddy simulations of flow over a cylindrical turret with a flat window oriented at two angles, 90 and 100 deg. For the 100 deg case, additional computations were performed to investigate the effectiveness of multiple types of flow control including rows of short pins, tall pins, and steady blowing wall jets inserted upstream of the turret as well as a steady suction slot at the leading edge of the flat window. The large-eddy simulation computations were obtained using a well-validated high-order Navier–Stokes flow solver employing a sixth-order compact spatial discretization in conjunction with an eighth-order low-pass spatial filter. Overall, large-eddy simulation solutions compared favorably to experimental time mean and fluctuating velocity profiles as well as the general flow structure at both angles. Additionally, valuable insight was obtained on how rows of pins, blowing jets, and steady slot suction control flow separation. Slot suction at the upwind a...
Determination of two-photon excitation and emission spectra of fluorescent molecules in single living cells

Modelocked Ti:Sapphire lasers are widely used in two-photon microscopes (TPM), partly due to their tunability over a broad range of wavelengths (between 700 nm and 1000 nm). Many biophysical applications, including quantitative Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and photoswitching of fluorescent proteins between dark and bright states, require wavelength tuning without optical realignment, which is not easily done in tunable Ti:Sapphire lasers. In addition, for studies of dynamics in biological systems the time required for tuning the excitation should be commensurate with the shortest of the time scales of the processes investigated. A set-up in which a modelocked Ti:Sapphire oscillator providing broad-bandwidth (i.e., short) pulses with fixed center wavelength is coupled to a pulse shaper incorporating a spatial light modulator placed at the Fourier plane of a zero-dispersion two-grating setup, represents a faster alternative to the tunable laser. A pulse shaping system and a TPM with spectral resolution allowed us to acquire two-photon excitation and emission spectra of fluorescent molecules in single living cells. Such spectra may be exploited for mapping intracellular pH and for quantitative studies of protein localization and interactions in vivo.
Analysis of Rate of Development of Insecticide Resistance Based on Simulation of a Genetic Model

A model was developed to simulate by computer insect populations developing resistance to insecticides. Variables used in the model included level of selection pressure, level of resistance associated with different resistance genes and heterogeneity of response of insect populations to the insecticides. The data are based on known toxicological and biochemical parameters of resistance in the house fly, Musca domestica L. The results show resistance developed rapidly under most test conditions simulated. Factors associated with rapid resistance development include high level of selection pressure, high level of resistance caused by a resistance gene and high homogeneity of response to the selecting insecticide, i.e., steep slope to the dosage-mortality line. The results suggest resistance problems can be minimized by keeping selection pressure low, by using insecticides detoxified by several rather than single enzymatic pathways and by using insecticides to which susceptible insect populations respond in a highly heterogenous manner, i.e., shallow slope to the dosage-mortality line.
Bioacoustic variation of swimbladder disturbance sounds in Neotropical doradoid catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae, Auchenipteridae): Potential morphological correlates

Swimbladder disturbance sounds of doradoid catfishes (Doradidae and Auchenipteridae) demonstrated striking waveform and spectrographic variation. We surveyed sounds of 25 doradoid species in 20 genera comparing these to sounds of four vocal outgroup catfish families. Sounds were either continuous waveforms (lacking interpulses) or pulsed (groups of pulses repeated at fixed temporal intervals). This is the first evidence for swimbladder calls with fixed interpulse patterns in catfishes. Vocal mechanism components that were similar between doradids and auchenipterids included: swimbladder shape, swimbladder dimensions and sonic muscle-somatic index. Morphological traits that showed variation among taxa and were evaluated for potential correlates of call diversity are: 1) diverticula (marginal outpocketings of the swimbladder with no connection to inner ear) and 2) elastic spring apparatus Mullerian rami (ESA-Mr). Within the doradid subfamilies and within the Auchenipteridae most species differed significantly in dominant frequency with frequency ranges overlapping to some extent for most. Doradid swim-bladder diverticula did not explain dominant frequency variation within the doradoid superfamily. Some doradids with conical ESA-Mr had the highest dominant frequency sounds. Auchenipterids included both relatively lower and higher dominant frequency sound producers but lacked diverticula and had discoidal ESA-Mr. Comparing a phylogeny of doradoid genera with out-group taxa, we infer that complex diverticula and conical ESA-Mr are derived characters within the Doradidae. Species representing outgroup families produced either continuous lower dominant frequency sounds (aspredinids, mochokids and pseu-dopimelodids) or pulsed higher dominant frequency sounds (pimelodids).
Postasphyxial Management of the Newborn

In this article, postasphyxial management of the newborn is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the multisystem approach to complications that can occur in an infant who has sustained significant hypoxia and ischemia. The frequently involved organs are reviewed individually with respect to specific complications that arise secondarily to the initial injury. Depending on the severity of damage to the organ, therapeutic interventions are frequently required; however, medical management is often limited to supportive measures and serial evaluations.
Thermodynamics and phase diagram of the binary system Bi2O3-B2O3

Abstract We analyzed the thermodynamic data of the binary system Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 . The phase diagram contains five compounds, of which four melt congruently, and a miscibility gap, close to pure B 2 O 3 . The three sets of transformation data of Bi 2 O 3 , the enthalpy of mixing data in the liquid, and the critical point of the miscibility gap gave five equations for the excess Gibbs energy of mixing and five sets of values for the enthalpies of formation of the binary compounds. The critical point data yielded another set of transformation data for Bi 2 O 3 . Using the monotectic composition and the enthalpy of mixing data also yielded a set of transformation data for Bi 2 O 3 . The values obtained using the enthalpy of mixing data are the most reliable values.
Physicality for Physicalists

How should the “physical” in “physicalism” be understood? I here set out systematic criteria of adequacy, propose an account, and show how the account meets those criteria. The criteria of adequacy focus on the idea of rational management: to vindicate philosophical practice, the account must make it plausible that we can assess various questions about physicalism. The account on offer is dubbed the “Ideal Naturalist Physics” account, according to which the physical is that which appears in an ideal theory that both meets the explanatory goals of physics (understood in terms of explaining all ordinary physical events and all of its own domain) and is naturalist in a sense to be explained. The combination of these two provides a satisfying account of the physical that meets the criteria of adequacy and can be used to predict puzzle cases as well.
Comparative Effects of Isometric and Isotonic Training Programs on Relative-Load Endurance and Work Capacity

The effects of isometric and isotonic training programs on relative-load endurance, work capacity, and the relationship between strength and endurance were compared. Sixty-four college males were m...
A Pilot Study: Is Sorting of Recyclable and Non-­Recyclable Refuse Correlated to Inclusion in a Group?

College-age dining hall patrons were observed while discarding refuse into receptacles where a partition for recyclable plastic bottles and cans and a partition for general refuse were immediately adjacent to each other. This study examined the behavior of dining hall patrons while discarding refuse into a partitioned receptacle. The objective of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between incidence of sorting and if a patron is included in an alone, small group, or large group cohort. While the incidence of sorting varied slightly by cohort, this study concludes that the incidence of sorting by any patron is not correlated to their inclusion in any cohort.
Evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite

Repeated exposure to inhibitory compounds can drive the evolution of resistance, which weakens chemical defense against antagonists. Floral phytochemicals in nectar and pollen have antimicrobial properties that can ameliorate infection in pollinators, but evolved resistance among parasites could diminish the medicinal efficacy of phytochemicals. However, multi-compound blends, which occur in nectar and pollen, present simultaneous chemical challenges that may slow resistance evolution. We assessed evolution of resistance by the common bumble bee gut parasite Crithidia bombi to two floral phytochemicals, singly and combined, over six weeks (~100 generations) of chronic exposure. Resistance of C. bombi increased under single and combined phytochemical exposure, without any associated costs of reduced growth under phytochemical-free conditions. After six weeks’ exposure, phytochemical concentrations that initially inhibited growth by >50%, and exceeded concentrations in floral nectar, had minimal effects on evolved parasite lines. Unexpectedly, the phytochemical combination did not impede resistance evolution compared to single compounds. These results demonstrate that repeated phytochemical exposure, which could occur in homogeneous floral landscapes or with therapeutic phytochemical treatment of managed hives, can cause rapid evolution of resistance in pollinator parasites. We discuss possible explanations for submaximal phytochemical resistance in natural populations. Evolved resistance could diminish the antiparasitic value of phytochemical ingestion, weakening an important natural defense against infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of bi-atrial pacing for reducing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common after cardiac surgery and adds significant cost and morbidity. The use of prophylactic pacing strategies to prevent post-operative AF has been controversial. We previously performed a pilot study which suggested that the combination of beta-blockers and bi-atrial pacing (BAP) may reduce AF after cardiac surgery.
Comparative Effectiveness of Plantar-Massage Techniques on Postural Control in Those With Chronic Ankle Instability.

Context: One of the major concerns after an acute lateral ankle sprain is the potential for development of chronic ankle instability (CAI). The existing research has determined that clinician-delivered plantar massage improves postural control in those with CAI. However, the effectiveness of self-administered treatments and the underlying cause of any improvements remain unclear. Objectives: To determine (1) the effectiveness of a self-administered plantar-massage treatment in those with CAI and (2) whether the postural-control improvements were due to the stimulation of the plantar cutaneous receptors. Design: Crossover study. Setting: University setting. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 20 physically active individuals (6 men and 14 women) with self-reported CAI. Intervention(s): All participants completed 3 test sessions involving 3 treatments: a clinician-delivered manual plantar massage, a patient-delivered self-massage with a ball, and a clinician-delivered sensory brush massage. Mai...
Direct thermal effects of the Hadean bombardment did not limit early subsurface habitability

Abstract Intense bombardment is considered characteristic of the Hadean and early Archean eons, yet some detrital zircons indicate that near-surface water was present and thus at least intervals of clement conditions may have existed. We investigate the habitability of the top few kilometers of the subsurface by updating a prior approach to thermal evolution of the crust due to impact heating, using a revised bombardment history, a more accurate thermal model, and treatment of melt sheets from large projectiles (>100 km diameter). We find that subsurface habitable volume grows nearly continuously throughout the Hadean and early Archean (4.5–3.5 Ga) because impact heat is dissipated rapidly compared to the total duration and waning strength of the bombardment. Global sterilization was only achieved using an order of magnitude more projectiles in 1/10 the time. Melt sheets from large projectiles can completely resurface the Earth several times prior to ∼4.2 Ga but at most once since then. Even in the Hadean, melt sheets have little effect on habitability because cooling times are short compared to resurfacing intervals, allowing subsurface biospheres to be locally re-established by groundwater infiltration between major impacts. Therefore the subsurface is always habitable somewhere, and production of global steam or silicate-vapor atmospheres are the only remaining avenues to early surface sterilization by bombardment.
Obesity Interventions for Older Adults: Diet as a Determinant of Physical Function

Throughout the world, a high prevalence of obesity in older populations has created a new phenotype of frailty: the obese, functionally frail older adult. The convergence of the obesity epidemic with global graying will undoubtedly increase the prevalence of this concern. Barriers to treatment include ambiguities about the appropriate level of obesity that should trigger an intervention, due to age-related physiologic changes and a lack of consensus on specific criteria and cutoffs. Moreover, obesity interventions for this population have been limited by concerns about negative effects on lean mass, bone mineral density, and even mortality. However, newly reported approaches for restoring physical function by obesity reduction have shown good short-term efficacy. Because the majority of these interventions have used exercise as part of the treatment, this review focuses specifically on current understanding of the discrete effects of dietary interventions for geriatric obesity with regards to functional outcomes on tests including the Short Physical Performance Battery, the Physical Performance Test, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. The literature showed roughly equal benefits to function from a weight reduction diet or exercise regimen, although neither modality was as efficacious alone as the 2 combined. Only 1 of 3 studies of protein intake during weight loss showed a positive effect of protein on function, but findings to date are too limited to prove or disprove a protein benefit. We conclude that although diet and exercise should be combined whenever possible, it remains important to further investigate the beneficial and likely unique effects that calorie restriction and/or nutrient modification can provide, particularly for obese and functionally frail older populations.
Automatic Machine Knitting of 3D Meshes

We present the first computational approach that can transform three-dimensional (3D) meshes, created by traditional modeling programs, directly into instructions for a computer-controlled knitting machine. Knitting machines are able to robustly and repeatably form knitted 3D surfaces from yarn but have many constraints on what they can fabricate. Given user-defined starting and ending points on an input mesh, our system incrementally builds a helix-free, quad-dominant mesh with uniform edge lengths, runs a tracing procedure over this mesh to generate a knitting path, and schedules the knitting instructions for this path in a way that is compatible with machine constraints. We demonstrate our approach on a wide range of 3D meshes.
Articulated Thoughts About Antigay Hate Crimes

This study employed the articulated thoughts in simulated situations (ATSS) paradigm in the investigation of college students' thoughts upon confrontation with a conspiracy to commit a sexual-orientation-based hate crime versus a nonbias crime. In a between-subjects experimental design, participants were exposed to an audiotaped scenario depicting either the planning of a hate crime or a comparable nonhate crime. Content analysis of participants' articulated thoughts in response to these stimuli revealed that the hate crime resulted in more intentions to physically aggress against the perpetrator. This supports the notion that hate crimes have a greater potential than other crimes to lead to future violence. More people were also willing to intervene and help the hate crime victim than the nonhate crime victim. In addition, antigay attitudes turned out to be predictive of anger against the hate crime victim, disapproval of the hate crime victim, and support of the hate crime perpetrators. Implications of these findings, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.
Training and Supporting Caregivers in Evidence-Based Practices

Given the increase in prevalence rates of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and evidence that intensive early intervention is important in prognosis, there is an increased need for services and interventions for children with ASD. However, given the limited resources in many areas, there has been increased emphasis placed on providing evidence-based parent training and parent support to enhance outcomes and quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to review the research supporting parent training programs and the variety of methods currently available. Factors related to parental stress and mental health are discussed, along with parent and family factors to consider when choosing a parent training program. Limitations to the existing research and areas for future consideration are also presented.
Roma Filmic Representation as Postcolonial “Object”

In post-Yugoslav film, depictions of Roma abound in associations with inferiority and an inability to conform to cultural and social norms of the majority. This projection mirrors the position of B...
Therapeutic Vaccines for Genitourinary Malignancies

The field of genitourinary malignancies has been a showcase for therapeutic cancer vaccine success since the application of intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for bladder cancer in the 1970s and enjoyed a renaissance in 2010 with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer. Several vaccine strategies have emerged, such as autologous or allogeneic whole-tumor vaccines, DNA vaccines, use of viral vectors, and peptides as immunostimulatory adjuvants. Despite impressive early trials, vaccine monotherapy has achieved limited success in the clinical world; however, combinations of vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibition or vaccine and cytokine stimulation are expected to move the field forward. This article reviews pivotal trials of cancer vaccines in prostate, renal, and bladder cancer and ongoing trials combining vaccines with other immune therapy agents.
Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy for diagnosing peripheral lung lesions in lung transplant recipients: a single-center experience.

Lung nodules are common in lung transplant recipients (1), but the immunosuppressed status of these patients means that diagnosing these nodules is urgent. Differential diagnoses in lung transplant recipients with lung nodules include infection (i.e., bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial), malignancy [e.g., bronchogenic, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), or metastatic malignancy], and hemorrhage after previous transbronchial biopsies (1,2).
Water-Thirsty Energy Production

This chapter review the role that water plays in energy production. It is necessary for conventional and nonconventional oil and gas production, for steam-driven turbines that produce electricity, and for cooling in thermal and nuclear power generation plants. In all these applications, the processes often severely pollute the water, which then may be discharged untreated into surface water and groundwater supplies.
Toward Reporting Support and Quality Assessment for Learning from Reporting: A Necessary Data Elements Model for Narrative Medication Error Reports

To understand and prevent medication errors, spontaneous reporting systems are developed and implemented to aggregate medication error reports for root cause analysis (RCA). Despite of the rich relational information in medication error reports, low quality, especially incompleteness, impedes effective utilization of the reports for analyzing and learning. The lack of a completeness evaluation tool for narrative medication error reports is a barrier to improving the quality of reports. Moreover, no effective mechanisms are integrated in reporting systems for knowledge support upon reporting. In this study, we developed a minimal data model which defines necessary elements in narrative medication error reports and utilized it to evaluate patient safety organization (PSO) medication reports. This study holds promise in bridging the gap between the low quality of narrative reports and the needs of analyzing and learning from medication errors.
Topological surface states above the Fermi level in Hf 2 Te 2 P

Author(s): Boyle, TJ; Rossi, A; Walker, M; Carlson, P; Miller, MK; Zhao, J; Klavins, P; Jozwiak, C; Bostwick, A; Rotenberg, E; Taufour, V; Vishik, IM; Da Silva Neto, EH | Abstract: We report a detailed experimental study of the band structure of the recently discovered topological material Hf2Te2P. Using the combination of scanning tunneling spectroscopy and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with surface K doping, we probe the band structure of Hf2Te2P with energy and momentum resolution above the Fermi level. Our experiments show the presence of multiple surface states with a linear Dirac-like dispersion, consistent with the predictions from previously reported band-structure calculations. In particular, scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements provide experimental evidence for the strong topological surface state predicted at 460meV, which stems from the band inversion between Hf-d and Te-p orbitals. This band inversion comprised of more localized d states could result in a better surface-to-bulk conductance ratio relative to more traditional topological insulators.
The Local Market Perception of Firm Risks During Cross-Listing Events

To date, we know very little about how local market perceives the changes in risk structure for the firms listing in overseas market and specifically how relative firm-specific risks (ratio of firm-specific to total risks) vary by listing type and home market development. In this paper we examine the dynamic step-by-step transition of the local market perceptions of relative idiosyncratic risks around the cross-listing events. Using a sample of 606 ADR firms, we find that increases in cross-listed firms’ relative firm-specific risks on the local market around the listing date are only temporary and small for Level I ADRs. We observe the most variations in Level III ADRs. For exchange listed ADRs from emerging markets, we find that before the listing date, there is a significant decrease in relative firm specific risk in the year prior to listing which then increases during the cross-listing, but we do not find similar changes for developed market firms. For developed market firms we only observe significant increases in relative firm specific risks. We interpret these as evidences of negative relationship between firm opaqueness and relative firm specific risks (Jin and Myers, 2006, Journal of Financial Economics, 79, 257-292).
Predicting current and future anxiety symptoms in cognitively intact older adults with memory complaints.

Objectives Memory complaints are a common concern for older adults and may co-occur with anxiety symptoms. Although both memory complaints and anxiety are associated with heightened cognitive decline risk, little is known about how these symptoms develop over time. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential concurrent and longitudinal relationships among anxiety symptoms and two types of memory complaints in cognitively intact older adults. Methods/design The current study sample was drawn from two longitudinal, nationally representative datasets, the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Cognitively intact older adults aged 65 and over were included, representing six (n = 5069; NHATS) and two (n = 5284; HRS) waves of data, respectively. Using multilevel linear modeling, we tested bidirectional relationships between anxiety and two types of memory complaints: current rating of memory performance and perceived memory decline. Results Concurrent associations between anxiety symptoms and memory complaints were found in both datasets: At times when current memory performance was rated more poorly or perceived memory decline was reported, anxiety symptoms tended to be higher, and vice versa. A longitudinal relationship was identified in NHATS such that perceived memory decline, and not current memory rating, predicted future anxiety symptoms. Conclusion This study provides a better understanding of the relationships between memory complaints and anxiety symptoms over time. Cognitively intact older adults with perceived memory decline are at greater risk for current as well as future anxiety symptoms.
Homozygous JAK2 V617P Gain-of-Function Mutation Is Responsible for Constitutive JAK2/STAT5 Activation and Proliferation of HEL.92.1.7. Cell Line.

Abstract HEL (Human erythroleukemia) is a growth factor independent erythroleukemic cell line established from the bone marrow of a patient with relapsed Hodgkin disease after autologous bone marrow transplantation (Martin P & Papayannopoulou T: Science 1982; 216:1233–1235). HEL cells display a block in differentiation at the level of common erythroid-megakaryocytic progenitor and have been commonly used as a model to study erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Liu RY et al. ( Blood 1999; 93:2369–2379) reported that constitutive activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase in Dami/HEL cell line correlated with factor independent growth. Recently, several groups of investigators described a point mutation V617P in the autoinhibitory regulatory (JH2) domain of JAK2 tyrosine kinase in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). This acquired mutation results in constitutive activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway in hematopoietic cells. To date, the V617P mutation represents the most common causative genetic defect detected in patients with Philadelphia chromosome negative MPD. Interestingly, rare cases of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were found to have the same mutation. We tested several hematopoietic cell lines including HL-60, HEL, KG-1, K-562, TF-1, U937 and UT-7 for the presence of V617P mutation using RFLP and automatic DNA sequencing. We found the homozygous mutation V617P only in HEL cells. This cell line has a very complex karyotype suggesting that a defect of multiple oncogenes or antioncogenes could be responsible for sustained cell proliferation. We employed the JAK2 inhibitor, AG490 at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 mM and measured proliferation of HEL and control K562 cell lines using MTT assay. We observed dose-dependent inhibition of HEL cell proliferation with low micromolar concentrations of AG490 in contrast to K562 control cell line, harboring bcr-abl fusion tyrosine kinase. IC50 was 13 mM for HEL cells and 65 mM for control K562 cells, respectively. Low concentrations of AG490 significantly decreased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5 in HEL cells but not in control K562 cell line, where bcr-abl activates separately JAK2 and STAT5 pathway. Exposure of HEL cells to AG490 [0–50mM] induced apoptosis as measured by annexin V labeling in a concentration dependent fashion. No significant increase in apoptosis was detected in K562 cells using similar concentrations of the JAK2 inhibitor. Overall, these results suggest that the mechanism of proliferation of the HEL cell line is driven by constitutive activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase secondary to V617P gain-of-function mutation. Our data provides further evidence that the JAK2/STAT5 intracellular signaling pathway is preserved in this cell line. Thus, HEL cells can serve as a model to test novel JAK2 specific inhibitors in preclinical studies.
Obsidian procurement and social interaction at the Harris site, Mimbres River Valley, New Mexico

Abstract In this paper, we use obsidian sourcing and lithic analysis data to explore obsidian use and its relationship to social interaction at the Harris site, a large pithouse village located in the Mimbres Valley of southwestern New Mexico. We also use the data to examine whether differences in obsidian procurement strategies and access to obsidian were present between households at the Harris site. The sourced assemblage is one of the largest from a single site in the American Southwest and many of the artifacts are from dated contexts that allow the examination of patterns of obsidian procurement through time as well as within and between households.
Hormonal control of motivational circuitry orchestrates the transition to sexuality in Drosophila

Newborns and hatchlings of many species perform incredibly sophisticated behaviors, but all vertebrates and many invertebrates selectively abstain from sexual activity at the beginning of life. Hormonal changes have long been associated with adolescence, but it is not clear how these circulating factors create a new motivation and drive its associated behaviors. We show that the transition to sexuality in male Drosophila is controlled by juvenile hormone, which spikes at eclosion and declines over days as the propensity for courtship gradually increases. Juvenile hormone directly inhibits the activity of at least three courtship-motivating circuit elements, ensuring the complete suppression of sexual motivation and behavior. Blocking or overriding these inhibitory mechanisms evokes immediate and robust sexual behavior from very young and otherwise asexual males. These results provide a first example of hormonal changes gating the transition to sexuality by activating latent, but largely developed and functional, motivational circuitry.
Family Involvement, Governmental Connections, and IPO Underpricing of SMEs in China:

This study draws on institutional theory to explore the relationship between family involvement, governmental connections, and initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in China. We explore these ...
Diversity in the C-Suite: The Dismal State of Diversity Among Fortune 100 Senior Executives

There has been a broad push in recent years to increase diversity at the board and CEO levels of public corporations. Despite this effort, diversity on boards and in senior leadership positions has not reached the levels to which advocates aspire. We provide new insight into this topic by examining the size, structure, and demographic makeup of the C-suite (the CEO and the direct reports to the CEO) in each of the Fortune 100 companies. Demographic statistics by each functional role are provided. Organizational charts of the C-suites of each company as of February 2020 are provided by reference. We find that women (and, to a lesser extent, racially diverse executives) who directly report to the CEO are underrepresented in positions that directly feed into future CEO and board roles (such as CFO and P&L leaders) and have greater representation in positions that are less likely to lead to these appointments (such as general counsel or human resources). That is, diversity statistics in the C-suite—even though low—still overstate the likelihood of increased diversity among corporate leadership in coming years. We ask: • At what step along the way does the process of promoting diverse executives break down? • Should companies disclose diversity in greater detail by level or function? • What accounts for the fact that women have much higher representation in lower potential C-suite roles? • What accounts for the very low levels of racial diversity across C-suite roles? • When will company initiatives actually lead to tangible improvements in diversity?
The Journey West: The Mormon Pioneer Journals of Horace K. Whitney with Insights by Helen Mar Kimball Whitney

Review of: "The Journey West: The Mormon Pioneer Journals of Horace K. Whitney with Insights by Helen Mar Kimball Whitney," edited by Richard E. Bennett.
Blocking pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor receptors and activating cell survival pathways: A novel therapeutic strategy in experimental ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVE: Acute ischemic stroke triggers complex neurovascular, neuroinflammatory, and synaptic alterations. This study explores whether blocking pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) plus selected docosanoids after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) would lead to neurological recovery. The following small molecules were investigated: (a) LAU-0901, a PAF-R antagonist that blocks pro-inflammatory signaling; and (b) derivatives of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), and aspirin-triggered NPD1 (AT-NPD1), which activates cell survival pathways and are exert potent anti-inflammatory activity in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats received 2 h MCAo and LAU-0901 (30 or 60 mg/kg, 2 h after stroke), NPD1, and AT-NPD1 (333 μg/kg), DHA (5 mg/kg), and their combination were administered intravenous at 3 h after stroke. Behavior testing and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging were conducted on day 3 or 14 to assess lesion characteristics and lipidomic analysis on day 1. Series 1 (LAU-0901 + NPD1, 14d), Series 2 (LAU-0901 + AT-NPD1, 3d), and Series 3 (LAU-0901 + DHA, 1d). RESULTS: All combinatory groups improved behavior compared to NPD1, AT-NPD1, or DHA treatments alone. Total lesion volumes were reduced with LAU-0901 + NPD1 by 62% and LAU-0901 + AT-NPD1 by 90% treatments versus vehicle groups. LAU-0901 and LAU-0901 + DHA increased the production of vasoactive lipid mediators (prostaglandins: PGE2, PGF2-α, 6-keto-PGF1-α, and PGD2) as well an inflammatory regulating mediator hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. In contrast, LAU-0901 and LAU-0901 + DHA decreased the production of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a pro-inflammatory mediator. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with LAU-0901 and selected docosanoids is more effective than the single therapy, affording synergistic neuroprotection, with restored pro-homeostatic lipid mediators and improved neurological recovery. Altogether, our findings support the combinatory therapy as the basis for future therapeutics for ischemic stroke.
Under the Influence: Social Media Influencers’ Impact on Response to Corporate Reputation Advertising

Social media influencers (SMIs) are now a significant element in organizations’ marketing mix. However, there has been little attention paid to how SMIs might change the way people process a commer...
The role of fear of COVID-19 in motivation to quit smoking and reductions in cigarette smoking: a preliminary investigation of at-risk cigarette smokers.

Preliminary data suggest that cigarette smokers could have an increased mortality risk from the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), and that certain factors (e.g., increased age, medical comorbidities) can also increase risk of poor coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outcomes. Between April 30th, 2020 and May 28th, 2020, we evaluated self-reported changes in recent smoking patterns and motivation to quit smoking among current daily cigarette smokers (N = 103) on Amazon Mechanical Turk. We also assessed the relationship of these outcomes to age, medical comorbidity status, and fear of COVID-19. Most participants (68.9%) reported smoking less frequently than usual in the last 28 days. Among daily smokers, increased fear of COVID-19 predicted increased motivation to quit smoking and actual smoking reductions (ps < .05). Endorsement of one or more medical comorbidities, but not increased age, predicted increased motivation to quit smoking (p < .05). These data suggest the potentially greater relevance of psychological factors (e.g., fear of COVID-19) over external risk factors (e.g., medical comorbidity, increased age) on motivation to quit smoking and actual reductions in smoking patterns, and may reflect that the pandemic is a suitable time for offering smoking cessation intervention.
Specifying, Estimating, and Interpreting Time-Varying Effect Models

In this chapter, we guide the reader through model specification and interpretation in time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) with a continuous dependent variable. We begin by discussing selecting data that meet the requirements for TVEM and structuring the dataset. Next, we discuss technical details, including two variants of spline regression to estimate the coefficient functions, weighted estimation, nested structures in repeated-measures data, model selection, and significance testing. We then walk readers through a progression of four hypothetical models: an intercept-only TVEM, a model with a single independent variable (i.e., main effect model with a single covariate), an extended model that incorporates a statistical control variable, and a model to examine time-varying moderation. For each, we describe the mathematical model, the variables included in the analysis, specification of the model in SAS, and interpretation of the resultant coefficient functions. Finally, we present an empirical example examining depressive symptoms across age using data from a longitudinal panel study to facilitate a concrete understanding of the concepts presented earlier in this chapter. In this section, we walk the reader through the various decisions an analyst must make when using TVEM. A sample results section based on this empirical example, similar to what one might include in an applied paper, is included.