cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Etiology and molecular-epidemiological characteristics of viral meningoencephalitis of Zhejiang province in 2013].

Objective: To understand the pathogens and molecular-epidemiologic characteristics of viral meningo-encephalitis in Zhejiang province during 2002 to 2018. Methods: All the samples were collected from suspected patients admitted to the hospitals under the monitoring program. Of the total samples, 2 173 were cerebrospinal fluids while the other 455 were stool specimens. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were subject to real-time qPCR for the detection of Human enterovirus (HEV), Mumps virus (MuV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Stool sample were subject to real-time qPCR for HEV. ELISA was used to detect the IgM antibodies in CSF, in the 5 kinds of virus mentioned above. VP1 genes from all RNA-positive specimen were amplified, sequenced, for typing and for evolution analysis. Results: 871 (40.1%) of the 2 173 samples were detected as HEV nucleic acid positive during 2002 to 2018. 654 (38.1%) of the 1 718 CSF sample were HEV nucleic acid positive while 217 (47.7%) of the 455 stool sample were HEV nucleic acid positive. Among the total positive nucleic acid sample, 670 of them were VP1 sequence positive, including 5 HEV-A and 665 HEV-B. There were 23 HEV serotypes, including Coxsackievirus (CV) CVA4, CVA6, CVA9, CVA10, CVB1-5, Echovirus (EchoV; E) E3, E4, E6,E7, E9, E11, E14, E16, E18, E21, E25, E30, E33 and EV-71. The top three serotypes went to E30, E6 and CVB5. These three serotypes presented enhanced viral activity in every several years. 795 CSF samples were detected as virus nucleic acid positive, including 374 HEV, 6 MuV, 5 HSV and 5 CMV, from 2012 to 2015 and in 2018. 5 kinds of IgM antibodies were detected simultaneously in 368 CSF samples, including 2 HEV positive, 6 JEV positive and 1 MuV positive for 5 viruses, respectively. Except for EV-71, there were 517 EchoV and 152 CV viruses presented, with the ratio of 3.4∶1. These two kinds of viruses alternately changed for each predominant epidemic strains in every 3-5 years. Based on VP1, results from the phylogenetic tree showed that HEV from Zhejiang province clustered into HEV-A and HEV-B clades respectively. E30 developed both h and i sub-genotypes. Conclusions: HEV-B seemed the main pathogen for viral meningo-encephalitis in Zhejiang province. Ratio of positive detection on EchoV was significantly higher than that on CV. These two kinds of virus alternately presented changing tendency in every several years. Predominant epidemic strains E30, CVB5 and E6 were presenting enhanced viral activity, also in every several years. High correlation was found in both HEV viral activity from the surveillance sites and in time line of the viral meningo-encephalitis outbreaks.
An interval fuzzy truth-value approach to the generalized modus ponens

One of the desirable properties of generalized modus ponens in fuzzy logic is: if X is A/spl rarr/Y is B, and X is not A, then Y is unknown. From a truth-value viewpoint, "unknown" can be represented as the interval [0,1]. However most existing fuzzy reasoning mechanisms use the truth value 1 to represent "unknown". In this paper, we propose a new approach to fuzzy reasoning based on a possible world approach. We show that our approach obtains the desired interval truth valve [0,1] when the the antecedent is known to be false. We also compare our approach to Baldwin's (1979) and Godo's (1989) approaches and discuss the impact of the proposed approach to other desired properties of generalized modus ponens and generalized modus tollens.
Role of self-monitoring of blood glucose in glycemic control.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the role of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the management of diabetes mellitus. Methods Current trends and published evidence are reviewed. Results Despite the widespread evidence that lowering glycemic levels reduces the risks of complications in patients with diabetes, little improvement in glycemic control has been noted among patients in the United States and Europe in recent years. Although SMBG has been widely used, considerable controversy surrounds its role in achieving glycemic control. The high cost of test strips has made considerations regarding appropriate recommendations for SMBG a priority, especially in light of the current climate of health-care cost-containment. Existing clinical recommendations lack specific guidance to patients and clinicians regarding SMBG practice intensity and frequency, particularly for those patients not treated with insulin. Previous studies of the association between SMBG and glycemic control often found weak and conflicting results. Conclusion A reexamination of the role of SMBG is needed, with special attention to the unique needs of patients using different diabetes treatments, within special clinical subpopulations, and during initiation of SMBG versus its ongoing use. Further understanding of the intensity and frequency of SMBG needed to reflect the variability in glycemic patterns would facilitate more specific guideline development. Educational programs that focus on teaching patients the recommended SMBG practice, specific glycemic targets, and appropriate responses to various blood glucose readings would be beneficial. Continuing medical education programs for health-care providers should suggest ways to analyze patient SMBG records to tailor medication regimens. For transfer or communication of SMBG reports to the clinical staff, a standardized format that extracts key data elements and allows quick review by health-care providers would be useful. Because the practice of SMBG is expensive, the cost-effectiveness of SMBG needs to be carefully assessed. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12[Suppl 1]:110-117)
Reflexivity in Television Depictions of Media Industries: Peeking Behind the Gilt Curtain

This study considers whether television shows depicting the media industries are reflexive about the challenges currently facing traditional media. It draws upon a multimethod qualitative analysis of five series—30 Rock, Entourage, Mad Men, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ,a ndUgly Betty—to investigate whether reflexivity constitutes an attempt to safeguardtheseindustries’mythicalplaceatthe‘‘mediatedcenter.’’Wearguethatreflexivity elucidates these shows in 3 ways: via textual reflexivity (within the shows themselves); producer reflexivity (as articulated by the production staff); and research reflexivity (how we, as researchers, engage with the data and their contradictions). We conclude, however, that reflexivity is used to inoculate these representations from highlighting the very real threats facing traditional media industries. An episode from the second season of the NBC Emmy-winning sitcom 30 Rock opens with a promotion for a fictional reality TV series, MILF Island ,i n which teenage boys compete for the attention of attractive older women. Following this vignette, NBC/GE Executive Jack Donaghy coaxes head writer Liz Lemon to develop a spin-off of the show centered on one of the MILF Island contestants, DeBorah: ‘‘just a struggling actress living in LA ...[with] real star quality.’’ Despite Jack’s fervor, Liz declines the spin-off, stating, ‘‘I don’t want anything to do with MILF Island, that show’s kinda lowest common dominator.’’ When Jack responds, ‘‘The critics said the same thing about Shakespeare,’’ Liz counters with, ‘‘Yeah, but Shakespeare never had a Confessional Shower sponsored by Dove Pro-age.’’ Jack says she’s turning down ‘‘an obscene amount of money.’’ Her defense of her artistic integrity is intercut with scenes from her own show, The Girlie Show (TGS), in which Tracy Jordan loses control of the ‘‘Fart Engine’’: ‘‘It’s farting! It’s farting!’’
Arc‐parallel flow within the mantle wedge: Evidence from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south central Alaska

[1] Residual mantle exposures in the accreted Talkeetna arc, Alaska, provide the first rock analog for the arc-parallel flow that is inferred from seismic anisotropy at several modern arcs. The peridotites exposed at the base of the Jurassic Talkeetna arc have a Moho-parallel foliation and indicate dislocation creep of olivine at temperatures of ∼1000° to >1100°C. Slip occurred chiefly on the (001)[100] slip system, which has only rarely been observed to be the dominant slip system in olivine. Stretching lineations and olivine [100] slip directions are subparallel to the long axis of the Talkeetna arc for over 200 km, indicating that mantle flow was parallel to the arc axis. The alignment of the olivine [100] axes yields a calculated S wave anisotropy with the fast polarization direction parallel to the arc. Thus (1) the fast polarization directions observed parallel to some modern arcs now have an exposed geological analog; (2) arc-parallel fast polarization directions can be caused by anisotropic peridotites and do not require the presence of fracture zones, fluid-filled pockets, or glide on the (010)[001] H2O-induced slip system; (3) seismic anisotropy beneath modern arcs may be due to slip on (001)[100] with a horizontal foliation rather than slip on (010)[100] with a vertical foliation; and (4) the observed dominance of the (001)[100] slip system may be due to high H2O concentrations, suggesting that strain in the oceanic upper mantle may be accommodated dominantly by (001)[100] olivine slip.
Signal Analysis of Dynamic Forces Experienced by Individual Needles in High Speed Needle Punching

Dynamic forces experienced by individual needles are measured and investigated in time and frequency domains to deduce the needle force signal due to fiberweb resistance during penetration and withdrawal of the needles from the fiberweb. A technique de veloped to deduce a needle force signal due to fiberweb resistance for the entire nee dling cycle for any number of cycles enables the determination of peak penetration force, peak stripping force, and penetration and stripping energies due to fiberweb resistance. The force parameters are essential to loom and needle manufacturers for design purposes. Equally important, the force parameters are related to needled fabric end use performance. This relationship can be used to produce consistent fabric prop erties by controlling the process variables that influence needle force parameters.
Incorporating Time-Lag Effects Into the Expectancy Model of Motivation: A Reformulation of the Model

The article focuses on the Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) theory and presents a VIE behavioral choice model that includes time-lag effects. The components of the VIE model are motive, force, effort, task goal performance, and outcome attainment. A time lag between effort and outcome--or the performance-reward time lag--is hypothesized to affect motivational force in regard to expending effort to achieve an outcome. Research shows that the effectiveness of money as a reinforcer depends on its administration schedule.
Role of benzylamine oxidase in the cytotoxicity of allylamine toward aortic smooth muscle cells

Abstract In this study we demonstrate that by inhibiting benzylamine oxidase (BzAO) with either semicarbazide or phenelzine, aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) are protected from cytolethal injury by the cardiovascular toxin allylamine. We find that although both semicarbazide and phenelzine inhibit BzAO or ASMCs grown in vitro, phenelzine is the more effective inhibitor. We further demonstrate that although semicarbazide - at concentrations inhibiting BzAO - protects ASMCs from cytolethal concentrations of allylamine, it does not fully protect ASMCs from sublethal injury as assessed by [3H]uridine uptake. In contrast, phenelzine appears to afford complete protection of ASMCs from allylamine injury. Although semicarbazide and phenelzine pretreatment does not interfere with [14C]allylamine uptake by ASMCs, retention time of the 14C-moiety from radiolabeled allylamine is less in pretreated ASMCs. Subcellular distribution studies of ASMCs exposed to [14C]allylamine demonstrate that inhibiting BzAO activity in ASMCs results in marked derangement of the distribution pattern of 14C-moiety in subcellular fractions of ASMCs, with 14C-moiety not localized to mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum enriched fractions.
Malaria selectively targets pregnancy receptors.

In this issue of Blood , Rieger et al show that malaria parasite infiltration in the human placenta requires a specific geometry and affinity of host receptors to facilitate strong adhesion.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Schematic representation of the adhesion of P falciparum -infected erythrocytes to
Complexity of constructing solutions in the core based on synergies among coalitions

Coalition formation is a key problem in automated negotiation among self-interested agents, and other multiagent applications. A coalition of agents can sometimes accomplish things that the individual agents cannot, or can accomplish them more efficiently. Motivating the agents to abide by a solution requires careful analysis: only some of the solutions are stable in the sense that no group of agents is motivated to break off and form a new coalition. This constraint has been studied extensively in cooperative game theory: the set of solutions that satisfy it is known as the core. The computational questions around the core have received less attention. When it comes to coalition formation among software agents (that represent real-world parties), these questions become increasingly explicit. In this paper we define a concise, natural, general representation for games in characteristic form that relies on superadditivity. In our representation, individual agents' values are given as well as values for those coalitions that introduce synergies. We show that this representation allows for efficient checking of whether a given outcome is in the core. We then show that determining whether the core is nonempty is NP-complete both with and without transferable utility. We demonstrate that what makes the problem hard in both cases is determining the collaborative possibilities (the set of outcomes possible for the grand coalition); we do so by showing that if these are given, the problem becomes solvable in time polynomial in the size of the representation in both cases. However, we then demonstrate that for a hybrid version of the problem, where utility transfer is possible only within the grand coalition, the problem remains NP-complete even when the collaborative possibilities are given. Finally, we show that for convex characteristic functions, a solution in the core can be computed efficiently (in O(nl^2) time, where n is the number of agents and l is the number of synergies), even when the collaborative possibilities are not given in advance.
An investigation of task-technology fit for managers in Greece and the US

Based on a task-technology fit (TTF) model, this study adds to our understanding of how computer-based information systems (CBIS) support managerial decision making. Based on four views of decision making and various classifications of CBIS, the findings indicate that both the Greek and US managers value CBIS most highly for resource allocation, evaluating alternatives, identifying problems, ranking alternatives, and short-term decision making. Few TTF differences were found between Greek and US managers. One difference, concerning the value of office information systems, may have arisen from technological differences; however, additional research is needed to understand if these TTF differences arise from technological or cultural differences. Two surprising hypotheses emerge from the findings to provide guidance for future research: (1) standard, fixed-schedule, fixed-format information reporting systems (IRS) provide greater value for managers than more flexible decision support systems (DSS), at least for some managerial decision-making activities, and (2) the amount of use of a CBIS is not directly related to its perceived value. Overall, the results indicate that the fit between managerial decision-making activities, and CBIS has considerable room for improvement.
Density functional theory simulation of hydrogen-bonding structure and vibrational densities of states at the quartz (1?0?1)-water interface and its relation to dissolution as a function of solution pH and ionic strength

Two hypotheses for the dissolution of SiO2 in ionic solutions are investigated via ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The hypotheses are (1) that the presence of ions induces orientations in H2O molecules at the surface, which favor proton transfer to bridging oxygen (BO) atoms, and (2) the presence of ions induces stronger H-bonding between terminal hydroxyl (TH) groups and BO atoms, allowing proton transfer. It is found that the model structures produced by density functional theory simulations do not support the former hypothesis and are more consistent with the latter.
Agent-based framework for integrated facility engineering

An agent-based framework for the development of integrated facility engineering environments in support of collaborative design is introduced. This framework aims at integrating design software by allowing better software interoperability. Within their framework, design agents represent various existing design and planning systems that communicate their design information and knowledge partially and incrementally using the Agent Communication Language (ACL). ACL is a formal language proposed as a communication standard for disparate software. It is based on a logic-based language called Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) and a message protocol called Knowledge Query Manipulation Language (KQML). Design agents are linked and their communication of design information is coordinated via system programs called facilitators in a federation architecture. The federation architecture specifies the way design agents and facilitators communicate in an integrated software environment. In concert with pursuing fundamental research concepts, we have been developing an integrated design software environment that spans different phases of the facility life cycle. This environment serves to demonstrate the primary aspects of this research methodology. In this paper, we first discuss the integration problem and review related research projects. We then present the major aspects of agent-based software engineering methodology and its application to integrated facility engineering. A highlight of the current integrated design environment development is given to illustrate the advantages of this approach. Finally, we summarize and discuss some of the important research issues in light of previous research.
Comprehensive Peptidomimetic Libraries Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions

Transient protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential components in cellular signaling pathways as well as in important processes such as viral infection, replication, and immune suppression. The unknown or uncharacterized PPIs involved in such interaction networks often represent compelling therapeutic targets for drug discovery. To date, however, the main strategies for discovery of small molecule modulators of PPIs are typically limited to structurally characterized targets. Recent developments in molecular scaffolds that mimic the side chain display of peptide secondary structures have yielded effective designs, but few screening libraries of such mimetics are available to interrogate PPI targets. We initiated a program to prepare a comprehensive small molecule library designed to mimic the three major recognition motifs that mediate PPIs (α-helix, β-turn, and β-strand). Three libraries would be built around templates designed to mimic each such secondary structure and substituted with all triplet combinations of groups representing the 20 natural amino acid side chains. When combined, the three libraries would contain a member capable of mimicking the key interaction and recognition residues of most targetable PPIs. In this Account, we summarize the results of the design, synthesis, and validation of an 8000 member α-helix mimetic library and a 4200 member β-turn mimetic library. We expect that the screening of these libraries will not only provide lead structures against α-helix- or β-turn-mediated protein-protein or peptide-receptor interactions, even if the nature of the interaction is unknown, but also yield key insights into the recognition motif (α-helix or β-turn) and identify the key residues mediating the interaction. Consistent with this expectation, the screening of the libraries against p53/MDM2 and HIV-1 gp41 (α-helix mimetic library) or the opioid receptors (β-turn mimetic library) led to the discovery of library members expected to mimic the known endogenous ligands. These efforts led to the discovery of high-affinity α-helix mimetics (K(i) = 0.7 μM) against HIV-1 gp41 as well as high-affinity and selective β-turn mimetics (K(i) = 80 nM) against the κ-opioid receptor. The results suggest that the use of such comprehensive libraries of peptide secondary structure mimetics, built around effective molecular scaffolds, constitutes a powerful method of interrogating PPIs. These structures provide small molecule modulators of PPI networks for therapeutic target validation, lead compound discovery, and the identification of modulators of biological processes for further study.
The nature and properties of squirrel lens yellow pigment

Abstract The low molecular weight yellow pigment in the gray squirrel lens is confirmed to be n-acetyl-3-OH-kynurenine (NAK). This conclusion is based upon the results of studies of the compoud's optical, chromatographic, and mass spectroscopic properties. The original tentative identification of this compound was reported by Van Heyningen (1971, 1973). The pigment is distributed equivalently throughout the lens. Its absorbance increases with age, but the increase is related to the growth of the lens and not to an increase in pigment concentration. The function of NAK in the squirrel lens is to enhance vision by eliminating short-wavelength light that causes scattering and chromatic aberration. The pigmented lens also protects the retina from near-UV radiation-associated damage to the photoreceptors Collier and Zigman 1987.
Intestinal tumor progression is associated with altered function of KLF5.

Kruppel-like transcription factors have been linked to cell growth regulation and tumorigenesis in a number of systems. In the intestinal epithelium, expression of KLF5 (IKLF/BTEB2) is limited to proliferating crypt cells, indicating a growth-promoting role. Consistent with this role, we demonstrate that expression of KLF5 in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells (ileal IEC-18 and Immorto-Min Colon Epithelial (IMCE) cells) enhances colony formation, cyclin D1 transcription, and cell growth. However, in contrast to these effects in non-transformed cells, KLF5 reduced colony number, failed to enhance cyclin D1 transcription, and was negatively correlated with cell growth in colon cancer cell lines. The relationship between tumor progression and KLF5 was further investigated using Ras-mediated transformation of IEC-18 and IMCE cells as syngeneic models. Ras-transformation recapitulated differences in the effects of KLF5 on cell growth and cyclin D1 transcription, providing a direct link between intestinal tumor progression and altered function of KLF5. Ras-transformation also markedly down-regulated KLF5; further analysis indicated that reduced expression of KLF5 mRNA and destabilization of KLF5 protein occur in intestinal tumors. Reduced levels of KLF5 mRNA were also detected in APCmin mouse and human familial adenomatous polyposis adenomas compared with normal crypt epithelium, indicating that down-regulation of KLF5 is an early event in intestinal tumorigenesis in vivo. Collectively, these data indicate that intestinal tumor progression is associated with a change in the growth-related functions of KLF5 and that intestinal tumors down-regulate KLF5 expression by multiple mechanisms.
Subclinical thyroid disease in the elderly

The development of sensitive assays for thyrotropin (TSH) has led to the discovery that many older patients have abnormal TSH levels without other alterations in serum thyroid hormone levels, conditions termed subclinical hypothyroidism (isolated elevation of TSH levels) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (isolated suppression of TSH levels). Subclinical hypothyroidism occurs in 5% to 10% of elderly subjects, and is especially prevalent in elderly women. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is less common, affecting less than 2% of the elderly population. The causes of subclinical thyroid disease in the elderly are similar to those of thyroid disease in the general population, although medications and iodine-containing compounds may play an increased role. Potential risks of subclinical hypothyroidism in the elderly include progression to overt hypothyroidism, cardiovascular effects, hyperlipidemia, and neurological and neuropsychiatric effects. Potential risks of subclinical hyperthyroidism in the elderly include progression to overt hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular effects (especially atrial fibrillation), and osteoporosis. Decisions to treat elderly subjects with subclinical thyroid disease should be based on a careful assessment of these risks in the individual patient.
Loie fuller's art of music and light

Loie Fuller's name is usually associated with light: "The Fairy of Light," "The Magic Princess of Pearly Tints," "The Painter with Light." Yet it is almost as if the brilliance of her illuminations eclipsed the rest of her career, for there is a tendency among dance historians to view Fuller simply as a rather pudgy solo dancer who predated Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis and left no substantial legacy of theory or technique to modern dance beyond her experiments with light. She is frequently said to have had poor taste in music. Among such misperceptions there is one truth: she was, in fact, pudgy. An overnight sensation in Paris in 1892, she was hailed as the creator of a new dance art. Her ideas about modernism in dance, stagecraft, music, and scenic design influenced her contemporaries and shaped visions of the future, She brought before the general public an extraordinary moder dance and it was she who began the migration of American modern dancers to Paris, where they sought the critical and public recognition denied them at home. She wrote extensively about herself and her ideas. Unfortunately, her writings are uneven-ranging from the elegant to the ridiculous-and the hundreds of articles written about her are scattered all over Europe and America. In discussing herself, she could be as flexible and shifting as the silks that surrounded her when she danced. In the interest of good press, she adapted her legends to the
Picosecond Optoelectronics In High-Speed Integrated Circuits

The direct addressing of ultrafast integrated circuits by picosecond optical pulses has numerous applications in electronics and data processing. These include new and unambiguous ways of characterizing the speeds of Gigahertz logic circuits, contact-free diagnosis of problems or failures in complex circuits, and the presentation of novel possibilities for data input and interconnections in future high-speed data processors and super-computers.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TH‐B‐AUD C‐01: Functional Imaging for Therapy

The clinical value of in vivo functional and physiological imaging (perfusion, diffusion, and diffusiontensorimaging) for assessment of therapeutic responses has been demonstrated in recent years. In vivo functional and physiological imaging can provide early prediction for treatment outcomes and organ and tissue complications, compared to conventional clinical methods and anatomic imaging. The advantage of early assessment is to allow for re‐optimizing individual patients' treatment plans, including decisions of total dose, modifying risks of critical normal tissue, and optimizing use of concomitant therapies. Clinical applications of perfusion, permeability, diffusion and diffusiontensorimaging are increasing rapidly. This lecture will provide an overview of physiological origins of perfusion, permeability, diffusion and diffusiontensorimaging, as well as clinical applications, typical imaging acquisition protocols, and image processing methods. The limitations of these techniques will also be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the physiological origins of perfusion, diffusion and diffusiontensorimaging. 2. Understand typical imaging acquisition protocols and basic image processing methods. 3. Understand clinical applications and limitations.
Inverse-free-electron-laser beat-wave accelerator

It has been proposed [J. L. Bobin, Opt. Commun. 55, 413 (1985)] that the presence of a plasma can, under certain conditions, enhance the accelerating electric field in an inverse free-electron laser. In this scheme, the beat wave generated by a laser and an undulator is expected to couple to the plasma oscillations generated by the electron beam streaming through the plasma. We have undertaken an analytical and numerical study of the proposed acceleration scheme. Our results show that the electric field is dominantly the self-field of the electron beam, and the plasma makes a negligible contribution to the electric field. Based on our analysis, we propose an alternative method of acceleration that employs a high-current electron beam to generate a beat wave that is subsequently used to accelerate a higher-energy beam. We show that an accelerating electric field \ensuremath{\sim}1 MeV/cm can be achieved with an electron beam of current density \ensuremath{\sim}20 kA/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The results of the analytical study agree well with numerical results from a two-dimensional computer code. The parameters of a proof-of-principle experiment are presented.
Density stratification in ionically enriched Onondaga lake, U.S.A.

Denstity stratification was characterized in ionically enriched Onondaga Lake for a 7 mo period of 1980, based on paired profiles of temperature and cloride collected at 1 m depth intervals from a single deep water location on 54 different occasions. The lake was both thermally and chemically stratified. The chemical component represented 38.5% of the density stratification for the study period. It was most often the dominant component in establishing the depth of the upper mixed layer, which was unusually shallow in the lake. Further, the presense of the chemical component prolonged the stratification period. The chemical component of stratification decreased progressively through the study. The altered stratification characteristics of the lake may have negative effects on the level of biomass in the upper waters and the oxygen resources of the lower waters.
Comments on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion

An algorithmic procedure is given for determining the location of the roots of a polynomial via the Routh table in the presence of purely imaginary roots and a left column zero. The algorithm is computationally attractive. An example is given to illustrate the procedure.
Bengali dative subjects

Abstract The paper discusses the semantics of dative subject constructions in Bengali, an Indo-Aryan language. Bengali dative subject constructions are constrasted formally and semantically with corresponding direct subject constructions (direct counter-parts). Existing theories of the semantics of dative subject constructions in terms of the notions ‘subjective’ and ‘recipient’ are considered and discarded. The greater adequacy of the notions ‘volitional’ and ‘non-volitional’ is seen by contrasting direct and dative counterparts in a variety of contexts. It is proposed that volitionality and possibly other semantic parameters may be cross-linguistically shared. Hence, language areas may be defined not only at the overt but also at the conceptual level of linguistic structure.
Expression in E. coli of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen recognized during human infection

Chlamydia trachomatis, a prokaryotic obligate intracellular parasite of eukaryotic cells, has long been recognized as the agent of trachoma, the major infectious cause of human blindness1. In the past decade, clinical investigations have shown that the frequency and severity of chlamydial genital infection parallels that of gonorrhoea, and that C. trachomatis is a major cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, epidymitis, proctitis, cervicitis and salpingitis, as well as conjunctivitis and pneumonia in neonates2. Despite the new awareness of its role in human disease, there is a need for improved methods of identification and control of C. trachomatis infections. Progress in these areas awaits a more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection, including definition of key antigenic structures recognized in human disease. We have studied the immune response to chlamydial polypeptides during human infection and have found that most infected patients have antibody to polypeptides of molecular weight (Mr) 67,000 (67K), 60K, 40K, 19K and 16K, regardless of infecting immunotype3. We report here the cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the 19K C. trachomatis polypeptide, an immunogen in human chlamydial infection.
The Triple-Harmonic Equivalent Circuit in Three-Phase Power Transformer Banks

The importance of triple-harmonic voltages and currents in electrical power systems is generally recognized by engineers associated with the power and telephone industries. It is desirable to have some convenient method of representation and calculation of the triple-frequency effects in three-phase power systems. The path of the third-harmonic current is different fromn that of the fundamental current and for this reason the circuit can be considered as separate and, distinct. The characteristics of the triplefrequency circuit as determined by laboratory experiment are given in this paper. Methods of measurement of the required quantities for accurate solution of the triple-frequency circuit are described. The results of an experimental investigation of the equivalent triple-frequency circuit as proposed by H. S. Osborne in 1915 are set forth. A typical simple three-phase power network has been set up and the measured currents compared with computed values. Oscillograms are presented of voltages and currents with typical transformer connections demonstrating the principles of operation of the circuit both for normal and abnormal excitation conditions. The effects of various types of connected loads are discussed, with particular attention given to the condition of triple-frequency resonance. It is shown that triple-frequency resonance occurs when the external capacitive reactance of the circuit is equal to the triple-frequency no-load impedance of the transformer. Resonance produces large triple-frequency currents and serious distortion of the line-to-neutral voltage of the system.
Ion distribution and phase boundary potentials during the freezing of very dilute ionic solutions at uniform rates

Abstract Ionic distribution and freezing potentials were investigated in ice samples grown at constant freezing rates from KF, HF, NH4F, HCl, and NH4Cl solutions in the concentration range 10−5 to 10−3 M. The freezing rates ranged from 3.5 microns/sec. to 34.5 microns/sec. Convection in the solution during freezing was suppressed. Freezing potentials of up to 30 volts were measured for NH4Cl solutions. The ionic distribution coefficients ranged from less than 1 × 10−4 to 80 × 10−4. The interface resistance per square centimeter for KF-solutions was of the order of 5 × 106 to more than 50 × 106 ohms. Freezing potential, distribution coefficients, and interface resistance increase with the freezing rate. For a given solute, they also depend on concentration. A small difference between anion and cation distribution coefficients accounts for the freezing potential. The work with ice samples grown at constant freezing rates qualitatively confirms the findings of freezing-cup investigations (characterized by a continuously decreasing freezing rate) concerning the dependence of the freezing potential and of ionic distribution in the solid on the freezing rate and concentration for a given solute.
Biomorphic SiC Prepared from Carbonized Millet by Sol-Gel and Carbothermal Reduction Processing

Biomorphic silicon carbide (bioSiC) was prepared by high temperature pyrolysis and sol-gel and carbothermal reduction processing at 1600 oC. The morphology and microstructure of carbon-silica composites and purified bioSiC samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The phase composition of the resulting sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The results suggest that the bioSiC mainly consists of cubic s-SiC, and principally replicates the shape and microstructure of the carbon template.
EXTRACELLULAR MICROBIAL POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION ON WHEY OR HYDROLYZED WHEY

Several organisms have been screened for their ability to produce extracellular microbial polysaccharides when lactose or glucose: galactose (1:1) were used as the carbon source during fermentation. Organisms were selected from known gum producing strains (on glucose) of Alcaligenes, Xanthomonas, Arthrobacter, Zooglea, and others. Results indicate that all organisms studied can produce polymers from hydrolyzed lactose while only Alcaligenes viscosus and Zooglea ramigera produced a gum from whey, when using conditions as reported here.
Firm size, web site content, and financial performance in the transportation industry

Abstract The transportation industry has been revolutionized by the World Wide Web with the Internet rapidly emerging as the optimal medium for the exchange of information between shippers and carriers throughout the supply chain. Despite this, many motor carrier firms may still not be placing enough emphasis on the Internet. Recent empirical research studies suggest that Internet utilization in the supply chain is significantly influenced by firm size. This study analyzes the informational and interactive content of the Top 100 U.S. motor carrier firms' web sites to examine the relationship between firm size and Internet utilization. In addition, as there is little research that assesses the payoff in terms of benefits for firms that place more emphasis on the Internet for commercial activity, secondary financial data are used to evaluate the association between Internet utilization and firm financial performance in the transportation industry.
Manganese-enhanced MRI in the evaluation of cell-based therapy for myocardial restoration

Background To date, the underlying mechanism responsible for the restoration of the injured myocardium following transplantation of stem cells has not been clearly identified. Three major hypotheses have been previously proposed: cardiac differentiation of transplanted cells (de novo myocardial regeneration), paracrine effect on existing myocardium (myocardial salvage) or recruitment of cardiac progenitor cells. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) has recently been published as a reliable method of imaging viable myocardium (Dash et al 2011). Utilizing MEMRI, we evaluated the changes in the viability of the injured myocardium to further investigate the underlying mechanism of functional restoration using stem cell therapy. Methods Thirteen Fox Chase SCID Beige mice were subjected to permanent left anterior descending (LAD) ligation to create the mouse myocardial infarction model. 2.5 x 10^5 reporter-gene transduced embryonic stem cells (ESC-RGs) containing firefly luciferase (fluc) were subsequently transplanted into the intra-infarct region in eleven mice. Two mice were injected with normal saline into the intra-infarct region to serve as controls. 3T cardiac MRI was performed weekly for 4 weeks following LAD ligation and ESC-RGs transplantation to obtain LVEF measurements and MEMRI images. Additionally, bioluminescence images (BLI) were obtained weekly utilizing the transduced fluc gene to demonstrate persistent viability of the ESC-RGs. At selected time points (weeks 2, 3 and 4), the hearts were explanted, sectioned along the short axis plane and processed for H&E staining. The H&E stained slides provided histological correlation of MEMRI and bioluminescence images. Results We demonstrate a trend towards improved LVEF with ESC-RGs transplanted hearts, consistent with the results of our group’s previously published data. The control group, in contrast, demonstrates no functional improvement with a stable but depressed LVEF following LAD ligation. A more sensitive measurement of myocardial restoration is significantly increased MEMRI signal observed in the ESC-RGs vs. control mice (.119+.005 cm3 vs .0736+.001 cm3 respectively, p=0.034), indicating improved myocardial viability (Figure 1). BLI confirmed the presence as well as engraftment of the transplanted ESC-RGs, which were confirmed histologically (Figure 2). Conclusions This study demonstrates the functional improvement in ESC-RG transplanted mice. In addition, MEMRI shows a significant increase in viable myocardium in ESC-RG transplanted hearts, indicating myocardial restoration. This finding may support the hypothesis that functional improvement with stem cell therapy may be due to myocardial salvage.
Sedation interruption for mechanically ventilated patients.

Although both strategies studied in the recent trial by Dr Mehta and colleagues1 have been shown to be superior to liberal sedation methods,2 we believe both groups may have received more sedation than necessary
Stromal neoplasms of the rectum and anal canal.

Abstract Nineteen mural-based stromal tumors of the rectum and anal canal were reviewed, with the objective of delineating pathologic features discriminative of malignancy in these uncommon neoplasms. Ten locally excised tumors failed to recur during long-term follow-up and were considered benign. All occurred in the submucosa and ranged in size from 1.0 to 7.0 cm (mean, 2.1 cm). Three were sparsely cellular; seven had the appearance of gastric-type cellular leiomyomas. All lacked nuclear atypia and displayed mitotic activity not exceeding 1 mitosis/50 high-power microscopic fields. In contrast, of nine tumors exhibiting malignant behavior, eight (89%) were located in the muscularis propria. Their mean size was 4.5 cm (range, 1.6 to 11 cm). Necrosis was present in six tumors (67%). Seven sarcomas retained a cellular leiomyomatous appearance but exhibited moderate cytologic atypia. Mitotic counts ranged from 5 to 58 mitoses/50 high-power microscopic fields. Three locally excised sarcomas recurred in the rectum at 2, 2, and 7 years. In five patients tumor recurred in the pelvis. Five patients died of disease 0.67, 1.2, 3, 5, and 11 years postdiagnosis. One patient died with sarcoma at 31 years. Three patients are without evidence of recurrent neoplasm 5, 5, and 7 years postresection. Our data indicate that not all anorectal, mural-based stromal neoplasms are a priori malignant. While location within the muscularis propria, size, nuclear atypia, and tumoral necrosis correlate with malignancy, mitotic activity is the cardinal indicator of sarcomatous behavior in stromal neoplasms of the rectum and anal canal.
Short-range rotational sar imaging of indoor environments using UWB OFDM sensor

In this paper we discuss the SAR processing algorithm and results associated with the ultra-wideband (UWB) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. An efficient method of OFDM SAR imaging for strip-map configuration has been proposed before; in this work we expand upon it and add a new configuration - rotational SAR. We derive the relevant parameters of the rotational SAR system; explore challenges associated with extremely short-range UWB rotational SAR imaging; and present simulation results of imaging point-like targets in presence of noise.
The Market for Local Economic Development The Growth of Suburban Retail Trade, 1972-1982

Suburbs are now active participants in the market for economic development. They use local policies to compete with one another for the location of business and for the growth of local employment. Despite the fact that suburbs support a wide range of policies to lure business growth, empirical and theoretical issues remain regarding the effectiveness of their pro-growth policies. This article investigates the growth of the retail sector in a sample of suburbs in the years 1972-1982. The effects on retail growth of local tax and service packages are estimated and compared to the effects of other forces over which local governments have less direct control. It is argued that the limits on the efficacy of local policy in attracting retail development are severe.
Mower: A New Design for Non-blocking Misprediction Recovery

Mower is a micro-architecture technique which targets the branch misprediction penalty in superscalar processors. It speeds-up the misprediction recovery process by dynamically evicting stale instructions and correcting the Register Alias Table (RAT) using explicit control dependency tracking. Tracking control dependencies is accomplished by using simple bit matrices. This low-overhead technique allows overlapping of the recovery process with instruction fetching, renaming and scheduling from the correct path. Our evaluation of the mechanism indicates that it yields performance very close to ideal recovery and provides up to 5% speed-up and 2% reduction in power consumption compared to a recovery mechanism using a reorder buffer and a walker. The simplicity of the mechanism should permit easy implementation of Mower in an actual processor.
Feather meal as a dietary protein source during parr-smolt transformation in fall chinook salmon

Abstract Juvenile fall chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) were fed variations of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service practical production Abernathy diet for 20 weeks. Feather meal was substituted at levels of 0, 5, and 15% for portions of the fish meal in the diet. Weight gains and condition factors of the fish did not differ at the end of the experiment. Gill ATPase activity began increasing after 16 weeks of feeding (mid-May) and was highest in the fish fed the diet with 15% feather meal. Plasma thyroxine levels peaked before the increase in ATPase; fish fed diets with no feather meal maintained higher levels after peaking than did the other two diet groups. Regulation of plasma sodium levels after a seawater challenge was best in May. Starvation for 1–3 weeks adversely affected ATPase, thyroxine, plasma sodium regulation, and condition factor.
Importance of a C-Terminal Conserved Region of Chk1 for Checkpoint Function

Background The protein kinase Chk1 is an essential component of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. Chk1 is phosphorylated and activated in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe when cells are exposed to agents that damage DNA. Phosphorylation, kinase activation, and nuclear accumulation are events critical to the ability of Chk1 to induce a transient delay in cell cycle progression. The catalytic domain of Chk1 is well-conserved amongst all species, while there are only a few regions of homology within the C-terminus. A potential pseudosubstrate domain exists in the C-terminus of S. pombe Chk1, raising the possibility that the C-terminus acts to inhibit the catalytic domain through interaction of this domain with the substrate binding site. Methodology/Principal Findings To evaluate this hypothesis, we characterized mutations in the pseudosubstrate region. Mutation of a conserved aspartic acid at position 469 to alanine or glycine compromises Chk1 function when the mutants are integrated as single copies, demonstrating that this domain of Chk1 is critical for function. Our data does not support, however, the hypothesis that the domain acts to inhibit Chk1 function as other mutations in the amino acids predicted to comprise the pseudosubstrate do not result in constitutive activation of the protein. When expressed in multi-copy, Chk1D469A remains non-functional. In contrast, multi-copy Chk1D469G confers cell survival and imposes a checkpoint delay in response to some, though not all forms of DNA damage. Conclusions/Significance Thus, we conclude that this C-terminal region of Chk1 is important for checkpoint function and predict that a limiting factor capable of associating with Chk1D469G, but not Chk1D469A, interacts with Chk1 to elicit checkpoint activation in response to a subset of DNA lesions.