cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brainstem network controlling descending drive to phrenic motoneurons in rat.

Contraction of the diaphragm is controlled by phrenic motoneurons that receive input from sources that are not fully established. Bulbospinal (second-order) neurons projecting to phrenic motoneurons and propriobulbar (third-order) neurons projecting to these bulbspinal neurons were investigated in rat by transsynaptic transport of the neuroinvasive pseudorabies virus. Bulbospinal neurons were located predominantly in the medullary lateral tegmental field in two functionally described regions, the ventral respiratory group and Botzinger complex. An intervening region, the pre-Botzinger complex, contained essentially no phrenic premotoneurons. Bulbospinal neurons were also located in ventral, interstitial, and ventrolateral subnuclei of the solitary tract, and gigantocellular, Kolliker-Fuse, parabrachial, and medullary raphe nuclei. A monosynaptic pathway to phrenic motoneurons from the nucleus of the solitary tract was confirmed; monosynaptic pathways from upper cervical spinal cord, spinal trigeminal nucleus, medical and lateral vestibular nuclei, and medial pontine tegmentum were not verified. Locations of third-order neurons were consistent with described projections to the ventral respiratory group, from contralateral ventral respiratory group, Botzinger complex, A5 noradrenergic cell group, and the following nuclei; solitary, raphe, Kolliker-Fuse, parabrachial, retrotrapezoid, and paragigantocellular. Novel findings included a projection from locus coeruleus to respiratory premotoneurons and the lack of previously described pathways from area postrema and spinal trigeminal nucleus. These second- and third-order neurons from the output network for diphragm motor control which includes numerous behaviors (e.g., respiration, phonation, defecation). Of the premotoneurons, the rostral ventral respiratory group is the primary population controlling phrenic motoneurons.
Response requirements as constraints on output

Abstract Two experiments studied how added response requirements affected fixed-interval schedule performance. Experiment 1 involved tandem fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules, and Experiment 2 studied conjunctive fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules. In both, pigeons' output, defined as overall response rate or as responses during the interval, first increased and then decreased as the ratio was raised. With small ratio requirements, the frequency of reinforcement in time either did not change or decreased slightly. With progressively larger ratios, reinforcement frequency decreased consistently. Alternative explanations were discussed. The first, a reinforcement theory account, was that response strength is an increasing monotonic function of both the response requirement and reinforcement frequency, and the bitonic output function represents interacting effects. Increases in the response requirement accompanied by small changes in reinforcement frequency enhance output, but further increases result in large enough decrements in reinforcement frequency so that output is lowered. The second explanation does not view reinforcement as a basic process but, instead, derives from concepts of economics and conservation. Organisms allocate their behavior among alternatives so as to maximize value, where value is a function of the responses that can occur in a given situation under the set of restrictions imposed by particular schedules. One form of this theory explicitly predicts that output is a bitonic function of ratio requirements in simple ratio schedules. However, it was not clear that this model could explain the present effects involving joint ratio and interval schedule restrictions.
Feeling Blue in the South Valley: A Case Study of Nitrate Contamination in Albuquerque's South Valley.

This article examines, by way of a case study, a community where groundwater has been highly contaminated with nitrate and how that situation brings together matters of public policy, environmental justice, and emerging technology. The Mountain View community lies in an unincorporated area of Bernalillo County, New Mexico; the neighborhood is 77% Hispanic and is a pocket of poverty whose residents are considered at risk for environmental injustice. Groundwater nitrate contamination was discovered in the 1960s, but residents were merely encouraged to dig deeper wells, until 1984 when most residents were put on nearby municipal water after a child was poisoned and hospitalized with methemoglobinemia, known as blue baby syndrome. In situ biodenitrification is an emerging technology that has been shown to completely remediate groundwater nitrate contamination after the injection of a food source for naturally occurring denitrifying bacteria; this technology is being considered for use in Mountain View.
Evaluating science—performance assessment in research

For more information about science policy, visit:Asia: Links to pages maintained by various Asian governments.http://www.uow.edu.au/crp/links.htm#AsiaAustralia: Australian Academy of Sciencehttp://www.science.org.au/policy/policy.htmlCentre for Policy Research on Science and Technology (Simon Fraser Univ.): A terrific site, including contact information for faculty members.http://mot.cprost.sfu.ca/cprost/Europe: WEST (European Web on Science and Technology) hosts meetings and electronic forums about European science and technology issues.http://www.west.it/Japan: Science and Technology Agency. This is an English-language site sponsored by the Japanese government.http://www.sta.go.jp/welcome-en.htmlUSA: AAAS is the publisher of the journal Science. The site contains reports on Congressional activities regarding science, and information on policy fellowships offered by AAAS.http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/cstc/cstc.htmCanada: Industry Canada. Industry Canada's mission is to foster a growing competitive, knowledge-based Canadian economy. The site is very large but comprehensive.http://info.ic.gc.caThe Science, Technology and Innovation Systems Policy Information Map (STIMAP): An excellent page of links to all aspects of science policy worldwide.http://stimap.matrixlinks.ca/Beech Tree Publishing: Produces four international, peer-reviewed academic journals and a newsletter on public policy for science and technology, research or project/programme appraisal.http://www.scipol.demon.co.uk/
Do physicians employ aides efficiently?: Some new evidence on solo practitioners

This paper investigates the issue of efficient employment of aides in the production of medical care services by self-employed solo practice physicians. Several alternative specifications of the production function for physician services are estimated. The parameter estimates obtained are then used to draw inferences about medical care delivery technology and allocation efficiency. The findings suggest that solo practice physicians overemploy aides and in so doing neither maximize medical practice profit nor minimize the cost of delivering medical care services.
Phenolic Compounds of the Mesocarp of Cresthaven Peaches during Storage and Ripening

Prominent phenolic compounds in the mesocarp of Cresthaven peaches are chlorogenic acid, a caffeoyl derivative, epicatechin, catechin, and cyanidin. Trace amounts of p-hydroxyphenylacetic, gallic, gentisic, and protocatechuic acids, quercetin, myricetin, and delphinidin are also present. Little change occurs in the quantities of these compounds in immature, threshhold mature and mature fruit during storage at 0°C with subsequent ripening at 20°C. HPLC analysis determined that small but significant changes occur in the quantities of epicatechin in the threshold mature and mature fruit during storage and in the quantities of cyanidin in the immature fruit. Changes in the degree of polymerization of these compounds did not vary as determined by vanillin-leucoanthocyanidin ratios.
Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries in a Normally Septated Truncus Arteriosus

The first reported case of anomalous origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries with a normally septated truncus arteriosus Is presented. Embryologic mechanisms are discussed, and a possible explanation for the development of the anomaly Is advanced. Surgical correction was unsuccessful in this case, but is feasible and mandatory for long-term survival.
Mixture of polymers on square lattices

Abstract We obtain the entropy per site of non-overlapping rigid polymers of different lengths and different absolute activities, distributed on square lattices. Exact solutions are obtained for lattices consisting of one, two and three infinite strips of equally spaced lattice sites ( M =1,2,3). Technically, there are no difficulties in extending the calculations to any number of infinite strips. In the absence of any polymer-polymer or polymer-lattice interaction energy, the partition function per site is well behaved and, near close packing, is shown to be proportional to the absolute activity per site of the polymers. The results of the one-dimensional problem (one strip or M =1) form the basis of approximate solutions for several strips ( M =2,3, etc) in terms of the molecular freedom per site at close packing.
Water Management Models in Practice: A Case Study of the Aswan High Dam

The stated purpose of this volume is the development and evaluation of operating policies for the Aswan High Dam and their relation to the development of water resources policy in Egypt. That objective is admirably fulfilled through discussions of water use in Egypt and the operation objectives of the High Dam, the behavior of the physical system and simulation of the reservoir, a realtime management model of the dam, management of water shortages and trade-offs between major uses, and coordinated operation of the dam with new upstream as well as downstream developments. The High Dam has been a source of controversy, particularly with regard to its environmental impacts. Its adverse effects include changes in the water table and attendant salt buildup in irrigated areas, excessive growth of aquatic plants below the dam, shoreline erosion, and increases in water-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis (bilharzia). The dam was intended to offset rapid population growth by increasing food supplies through the transformation of irrigated land in southern Egypt from seasonal to perennial cultivation and by providing water for the reclamation of desert land. Unfortunately, such benefits have been outstripped by the rapidly growing population, and water shortages will be experienced by the end of the century.
Embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells express a novel SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase isoform that partners with the Grb2 adapter protein.

SH2–containing inositol 5′-phosphatase (SHIP) modulates the activation of immune cells after recruitment to the membrane by Shc and the cytoplasmic tails of receptors. A novel SHIP isoform of approximately 104 kd expressed in primitive stem cell populations (s-SHIP) is described. It was found that s-SHIP is expressed in totipotent embryonic stem cells to the exclusion of the 145-kd SHIP isoform expressed in differentiated hematopoietic cells. s-SHIP is also expressed in primitive hematopoietic stem cells, but not in lineage-committed hematopoietic cells. In embryonic stem cells, s-SHIP partners with the adapter protein Grb2 without tyrosine phosphorylation and is present constitutively at the cell membrane. It is postulated that s-SHIP modulates the activation threshold of primitive stem cell populations.
Screening environmental samples for source-specific bacteriophage hosts using a method for the simultaneous pouring of 12 petri plates

A simple apparatus was developed to allow 12 petri plates to be poured simultaneously by hand. It was used when screening bacterial isolates from sewage and dog feces for their ability to detect phages from these sources. This was done to assess the ease with which source-specific phage hosts can be isolated from these sources of fecal pollution. Host bacteria that consistently detected phages from sewage were easily isolated from sewage. These bacterial isolates did not detect phages from dog feces. Host bacteria were not isolated from dog feces even after screening hundreds of colonies from fecal samples from six dogs. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 124–126.
Growth And Characterization Of Ti:Al203 Crystals For Laser Applications

A seeded vertical gradient-freeze technique has been used to grow Ti:Al203 single crystals with low residual infrared absorption from charges containing between 0.15 and 1.0 wt.% Ti203 in tungsten crucibles. In laser experiments on samples cut from these crystals, room-temperature cw operation has been achieved for rods containing between 0.024 and 0.099 wt.% Ti203.
Diazo liquid crystals for potential infrared applications

Nine series of liquid crystals containing an electron-donating group at one end of a conjugated system and an electron-withdrawing group at the other end have been synthesized. The electron-donating group is 4-n-alkylpiperazine and the electron-withdrawing group is the nitro group; and the conjugated system is diphenyldiazene with zero, one or two substituents on the phenyl ring not containing the nitro group. The substituents are-F,-Cl, and-CH3. Most of the compounds synthesized are nematogenic and exhibit rather broad liquid crystalline ranges. The effects of the lateral substituents on the optical absorption and phase transition temperatures are correlated with their nature and position of substitution. Dielectric anisotropy and birefringence measurements were made using mixtures containing 10 wt % of synthesized liquid crystals dissolved in commercial mixture E7.
Coincidence studies of heavy fragments in deeply inelastic collisions between heavy ions: Sequential fission probability in reactions of 730-MeV 86 Kr with Au

Angular correlations have been measured between heavy fragments in $^{86}\mathrm{K}$R + $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ reactions using two gas telescopes. The data have been analyzed to yield a separation of two-body from multibody events. The assumption that sequential fission accounts for all multibody breakup allows the determination of sequential fission probability as a function of inelastic energy transfer. Comparison to fission excitation functions for similar heavy compound nuclei provides insight into the deposition of energy and angular momentum. For $\ensuremath{-}Q$ of \ensuremath{\approx} 200 MeV or E* \ensuremath{\approx} 140 MeV typical spin values of $30\ensuremath{-}40\ensuremath{\hbar}$ can be estimated for the heavy (Aulike) fragments.
The effect of imputed values on the distribution of the goodness-of-fit chi-square statistic

Abstract A method used to compensate for nonresponse is to impute missing values; that is, to replace each missing value with a respondent value selected from all observed values or from a subset of observed values. The imputation procedure used in this paper selects imputed values from the respondent data using simple random sampling with replacement within homogeneous subsets and replaces the missing values with these values to complete the data set. The empirical distribution of the goodness-of-fit chi-square statistic computed from the ‘completed’ data set is compared to its asymptotic distribution and to the distribution of the traditional chi-square test statistic applied to the completed data set by ignoring the imputation. At nominal levels of five and ten percent, the asymptotic distribution of the goodness-of-fit chi-square statistic computed from the completed data set is shown to have a good empirical behavior at moderate sample sizes. When the imputed values are treated as actual responses and the imputation is ignored, the empirical levels of significance are much larger than the nominal levels.
Seasonal trends in los angeles ambient organic aerosol observed by high-resolution gas chromatography

Ambient samples of fine organic aerosol collected from four locations in the Los Angeles Basin over a 1-year period have been characterized quantitatively via high-resolution gas chromatography. Bulk chemical characteristics, such as the mass of acidic versus neutral organic material, have been determined for these samples. The seasonal variations of these bulk characteristics are examined over a year-long time period. Due to weather patterns typical of the Los Angeles area, the ambient concentration levels in the western Los Angeles Basin exhibit a strong peak during the fall/winter period that is driven by changes in the concentration of higher molecular weight neutral organic compounds; such compounds are characteristic of motor vehicle exhaust, tire dust, road dust, and vegetative detritus. When meteorological effects are excluded, this seasonal variation in the higher molecular weight neutral organic fraction collected from all four sites is removed completely. Correction for the effect of seasonal c...
YBa2Cu3O7 is an s-wave superconductor

Muon spin rotation (μ + SR) data on a single-crystal of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (T c 91.3 K, ΔT c < 0.5 K) are reported. After properly accounting for flux-pinning effects as functions of both field and temperature, we find the bulk ground state to be strong-coupled s-wave in character. The probability that YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is a bulk d-wave superconductor is less than 4×10 -6 .
The excretion of pentoxifylline and its metabolites into human breast milk

The methylxanthine pentoxifylline enters human breast milk after a single oral dose, with a milk-plasma ratio of 0.87 +/- 0.62 at 4 hours.
The Ericson-Ericson Lorentz-Lorenz correction

Abstract The Lorentz-Lorenz correction is briefly reviewed for the electromagnetic system and then the arguments of the Ericsons for the pion-nucleus many-body system are given. A transparent discussion by Torleif Ericson is repeated. The importance of the Ericson-Ericson Lorentz-Lorenz correction is discussed. In particular, it is shown that with the classical value of this correction, multiple scattering of the pions is highly suppressed. Experimental data confirms such a suppression, indicating that in pionic units the value of the EELL parameter cannot be far from the classical (g′ 0 ) N Δ = 1 3 . No stiffness is seen in the longitudinal response of 208Pb to polarized protons, indicating that (g′0)NN must be substantially greater than 1 3 , seeming to require (g′ 0 ) NN ⪆0.9 . This poses a problem, however, because reanalysis of the Bonn potential in nucleon-nucleon scattering, together with a G-matrix calculation for nuclear matter, does not allow (g′0)NN to be larger than ∼0.525. This value would, however, give pionic contributions which would strongly disagree with EMC and especially, Drell-Yan experiments which measure the change in quark sea in going from deuterium to medium weight nuclei. Some of the discrepancy is removed by noting that the p-meson exchange contribution to (g′0)NN is increased in medium by the factor ( m n m n ∗ ) 2 , where mn nucleon effective mass. Since, however, the proton scattering favors the nuclear surface where m n ∗ is not much smaller than mn, this enhancement is not large for this experiment. It is pointed out that when the decrease with momentum of screening by isobar-hole excitations and the increase in p-exchange tensor contribution with angle is taken into account, (g′0)NN becomes a function of momentum. Its value is estimated to be ⪆0.9 for the momentum transfer k = 1.75 fm−1 where the experiments were performed. Possible reasons why (g′0)NΔ is so much smaller than (g′0)NN are discussed.
Aqueous self-assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) copolymers: disparate diblock copolymer compositions give rise to nano- and meso-scale bilayered vesicles

Nanoparticles formed from diblock copolymers of FDA approved PEO and PCL have generated considerable interest as in vivo drug delivery vehicles. Herein, we report the synthesis of the most extensive family PEO-b-PCL copolymers that vary over the largest range of number-average molecular weights (Mn: 3.6-57k), PEO weight fractions (fPEO: 0.08-0.33), and PEO chain lengths (0.75-5.8k) reported to date. These polymers were synthesized in order to establish the full range of aqueous phase behaviours of these diblock copolymers and to specifically identify formulations that were able to generate bilayered vesicles (polymersomes). Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) was utilized in order to visualize the morphology of these structures upon aqueous self-assembly of dry polymer films. Nanoscale polymersomes were formed from PEO-b-PCL copolymers over a wide range of PEO weight fractions (fPEO: 0.14-0.27) and PEO molecular weights (0.75-3.8k) after extrusion of aqueous suspensions. Comparative morphology diagrams, which describe the nature of self-assembled structures as a function of diblock copolymer molecular weight and PEO weight fraction, show that in contrast to micron-scale polymersomes, which form only from a limited range of PEO-b-PCL diblock copolymer compositions, a multiplicity of PEO-b-PCL diblock copolymer compositions are able to give rise to nanoscale vesicles. These data underscore that PEO-b-PCL compositions that spontaneously form micron-sized polymersomes, as well as those that have previously been reported to form polymersomes via a cosolvent fabrication system, provide only limited insights into the distribution of PEO-b-PCL diblocks that give rise to nanoscale vesicles. The broad range of polymersome-forming PEO-b-PCL compositions described herein suggest the ability to construct extensive families of nanoscale vesicles of varied bilayer thickness, providing the ability to tune the timescales of vesicle degradation and encapsulant release based on the intended in vivo application.
Inherited Genetic Markers and Cancer Outcomes: Personalized Medicine in the Postgenome Era

The report of Tsuchiya et al represents an area of research that has the potential to impact personalized genomic medicine; this area is the use of inherited genetic markers to predict clinical outcomes, including prognosis and recurrence, in cancer patients. Tsuchiya et al report that longer repeat polymorphisms in the IGF1 and/or CYP19 genes are significantly associated with poorer prostate cancer–specific survival among men with metastatic prostate cancer. This research complements other reports that inherited genetic markers predict prostate cancer outcomes, including associations with CYP3A4, SRD5A2, the androgen receptor gene (AR), and the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR). Numerous reports have also been made that relate inherited genetic markers and prognosis or recurrence with tumors at other sites. Prediction of clinical outcome by inherited genetic markers is likely to reflect the natural history of disease progression and, therefore, may involve genes and biochemical pathways that act along the continuum from disease causation, recurrence, and mortality (Fig 1). Indeed, IGF1, CYP19, CYP3A4, SRD5A2, AR, and VDR have all been implicated in prostate cancer etiology and outcomes. Inherited genetic markers may also provide predictive or prognostic information in addition to somatic tumor markers or inherited genetic markers of treatment response and toxicity (eg, pharmacogenetic markers; Fig 1). Despite reports associating inherited genetic markers with clinical outcomes, the existing literature is probably insufficient to warrant clinical translation of these markers at this time. What evidence must be gathered before inherited genetic markers could be applied in a clinical setting? Establishing a causal relationship between risk factor and outcome is a minimal requirement, and a variety of criteria for establishing causal inferences has been proposed. As outlined in the following sections, additional factors must be considered before an inherited genetic marker can be applied to predict cancer prognosis, recurrence, or other clinical outcomes.
Firefly luciferase as a reporter of regulated gene expression in higher plants

The firefly luciferase, assayedin vivo with a low-light video camera, acts as a non-invasive, real-time reporter of the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression in single plants. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the luciferase assay in extracts of transformed plant tissue makes it a particularly useful marker in transient or stable transformation experiments.
Fourier descriptors and neural networks far shape classification

There is a pressing need for sign language to English translation capability to supplement the shortage of sign language interpreters and to provide an aid for training. A modular hybrid design is underway to apply various techniques, including neural networks, in the development of a translation system that can facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people as part of an overall system to automatically translate American sign language to spoken English. The key features to be analyzed are hand motion, hand location with respect to the body, and handshape. A neural network is used to recognize and classify alphanumeric handshapes using Fourier descriptor coefficients as an input vector. The algorithm is described and results shown for applying this technique to experimental images.
Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: A review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts

A written Chinese character has a more direct connection with its meaning than a written word in English does. Moreover, because there is no unit in the writing system that encodes single phonemes, grapheme-phoneme mappings are impossible. These unique features have led some researchers to speculate that phonological processing does not occur in visual identification of Chinese words or that meaning is activated earlier than phonology. This hypothesis, however, has been challenged by more recent discoveries that suggest that phonology in Chinese, just as in English, is central to the visual recognition system. The present paper reviews the literature on phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification and considers the specific aspects of phonological and orthographic processing in Chinese that may differ from those in English. It emphasizes that early phonological processes and phonological mediation are two different questions in the identification-withphonology hypothesis. ‘Mediation’ and ‘prelexical phonology’, two very important concepts in the literature on phonological computation in reading English, are both misleading in Chinese.
Testing, diagnosis and repair methods for NBTI-induced SRAM faults

NBTI is a major SRAM aging mechanism, leading to reduced read and hold static noise margins, and increased soft error rate. The existing techniques including guardbanding, on-chip sensor-based detection, and recovery. In this paper, we propose a group of testing, diagnosis, and repair methods for NBTI-induced memory faults. We observe that NBTI leads to SRAM read errors rather than write errors. We propose to identify NBTI-induced memory read errors based on the existing ECC circuitry, differentiate them with soft errors by correction and double checking, and keep them idle for recovery. We further propose an predictive test method for NBTI-induced memory faults by adaptive body biasing. We achieve an adaptive body biasing formula to simulate the NBTI effect. Our experimental results validate the proposed methods and show that they cost little silicon area and power consumption.
In-Situ Investigation of Surface Stoichiometry During InGaN and GaN Growth by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy Using RHEED-TRAXS

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction total-reflection-angle x-ray spectroscopy (RHEED-TRAXS) uses high-energy electrons from RHEED to excite x-ray fluorescence. Monitoring characteristic x-rays of selected elements thus allows study of surface coverage of materials. In this study, surface coverage of Ga and In during growth of GaN and InGaN was probed using this technique. Evolution of the surface layer of Ga on GaN during growth and deposition of Ga on static GaN at room temperature were studied. RHEED-TRAXS measurements were performed during growth of InGaN by measuring the ratio of the In Lα to Ga Kα intensity. A significant surface coverage of In was observed at all temperatures investigated regardless of actual In incorporation.
Tobacco Dependence: Insights from Investigations of Self- Reported Smoking Motives

The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) assesses 13 theoretically derived dimensions of smoking motivation. These 13 subscales were intended to index comprehensively the severity of tobacco dependence and provide insight into the disorder. Recent studies indicate that four subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance) represent the core features of tobacco dependence, and these have been dubbed the primary dependence motives (PDM). The remaining nine subscales, the secondary dependence motives (SDM), may be clinically relevant but index nonessential or auxiliary features of dependence.
The Past, Present, and Future of Energy Regulation

This essay is a contribution to a symposium at University of Utah. It begins with a summary of the history of energy regulation from 1960 until 2011. It then makes three arguments. First, the essay argues that the US should abandon pursuit of the goal of energy independence and pursue exclusively the goal of global warming mitigation. Second, it argues that the US should replace its present reliance on expensive and ineffective subsidies and mandates to mitigate global warming with a single mechanism to attain that goal – a large carbon tax. Third, the essay recognizes that, while a carbon tax offers the best prospect of mitigating global warming, that task is so difficult that it might not be attainable through any means.
'Transmitted-wave' boundary condition for the wave equation multiscale computation of electromagnetic waves

We present in this paper a boundary condition solving the wave equation at the interfaces of connected grids having arbitrary resolution. This algorithm applies to the finite-difference form of the wave equation and has been developed for the computation of electromagnetic fields on a multiple spatial scale level domains. Because this algorithm is local and explicit, it allows domain decomposition with efficient scaling of run time on parallel computers. This algorithm is being implemented in the 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell code BPIC3D for beam transport calculations in Heavy-Ion Inertial Fusion.
Flow feature extraction in oceanographic visualization

This paper presents a novel method to detect an important flow feature, vortices, in the ocean. Our method can detect closed streamlines around vortex cores. Coupled with existing vortex core detection, the entire vortex area, which is the combination of the vortex core and surrounding streamlines, can be detected. A variety of feature extraction methods are presented, and those more pertinent to this study are implemented. Detection results are evaluated in terms of accuracy, clarity and usability
Papanicolaou stain may not be necessary in majority of head and neck fine-needle aspirations: evidence from a correlation study between Diff-Quik-based onsite diagnosis and final diagnosis in 287 head and neck fine-needle aspirations.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a useful tool for immediate assessment of palpable lesions, especially in the head and neck region. The objective of this study is to evaluate the degree of correlation between Diff–Quik-based onsite diagnosis (OD) and final diagnosis (FD) and further improve the efficiency of FNA practice. Two hundred and eighty-seven cytopathologist-performed FNAs from the head and neck region were evaluated. Number of passes, number and type of slides and correlation (agreement, modified final diagnosis and disagreement) between OD and FD were evaluated. Among 287 FNAs, the average number of passes per FNA case was 2 (range, 1–5&.rpar;). The mean number of slides reviewed per case was 5 including 2 Diff–Quik (D–Q)-stained slides, 2 Papanicolaou (Pap)-stained slides, and 1 cell block (CB)/1 cytospin (Cy). 247 of 287 (86%) cases showed agreement between OD and FD. FD on 36 out of 287 cases (12.5%) was slightly modified or refined after reviewing additional slides. A major diagnostic discrepancy was noted in four cases (1.5%), three of which were classified as squamous cell carcinoma on final diagnosis, and confirmed on surgical follow-up. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved in the majority (86%) of head and neck FNAs based on immediate examination of D–Q stained slides alone. In a small number of cases (12.5%), reviewing additional slides may refine the final diagnosis. In rare cases, especially cystic squamous lesions, Pap-stained slides appeared to be helpful. It is plausible to use D–Q-stained slides alone with most head and neck FNAs in order to provide more cost effective and efficient triaging and patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:846–853. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc..
Isolation of Intact Protein Storage Vacuoles from Barley Aleurone (Identification of Aspartic and Cysteine Proteases)

Within the cereal aleurone reserve proteins are stored in specialized organelles, the protein storage vacuoles (PSV). We developed an aqueous method for the isolation of intact PSV. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya) aleurone protoplasts were gently lysed by passing them through a syringe needle. PSV were separated from cytoplasmic components by microfiltration and low-speed centrifugation. Isolated PSV appeared by light microscopy to be identical with those within barley aleurone protoplasts. Luminal contents were retained throughout the isolation procedure. We used isolated PSV to identify and characterize PSV-associated proteolytic activities. Isolated PSV contained cysteine proteases and aspartic proteases (APs). Gibberellic acid treatment of protoplasts increased cysteine protease activity. Protein blots probed with anti-H. vulgare aspartic proteinase (HvAP) indicated that one PSV-AP was HvAP. Immunocytochemical localization by electron microscopy confirmed the presence of HvAP within the lumen of PSV. We conclude that isolated barley aleurone PSV will be useful in further characterizing this organelle.
Monte Carlo simulation of a two-dimensional random rough surface using the sparse-matrix flat-surface iterative approach

The exact solution of scattering by a two-dimensional random rough surface (three-dimensional scattering problem) with moderate RMS height and slopes is calculated using a new numerical method called the sparse-matrix flat-surface iterative approach. Comparison is also made with the second-order Kirchhoff approximation.
Brow Lift via the Direct and Trans-Blepharoplasty Approaches

Brow ptosis occurs as part of the aging process, and as a complication of facial nerve paresis. The article addresses the options available for correction of brow ptosis. The direct brow lift is effective for medial and central brow ptosis, and additional lift laterally may occasionally be needed. This is achieved with either a temporal external lift or an internal lift combined with blepharoplasty. The direct brow lift is suitable for any degree and pattern of brow ptosis, usually in males. It is also suitable for older females as well as male patients with facial paresis or marked involutional brow ptosis. The trans-blepharoplasty brow lift is suitable for relatively small degrees of brow ptosis affecting mainly the lateral two-thirds of the brow in any age group. It is often combined with upper lid blepharoplasty and is performed through the same incision. Complications associated with the direct brow lift include a cosmetically disturbing scar, granuloma formation due to the use of braided absorbable sutures rather than monofilament sutures, and the brow descending again. There may be temporary patches of reduced sensation in the forehead which normally recover in a few months. Complications associated with the trans-blepharoplasty brow lift include less lift than desired, and sutures causing dimpling of the skin. These two techniques are useful additions to the approaches for patients with brow ptosis.
Fundamentally Flawed Indexing

Fundamental indexers argue that capitalization weighting is an inferior investment strategy because it necessarily invests more in overvalued stocks and less in undervalued stocks. This article shows that this claim is false. Capitalization weighting does not, by itself, create a performance drag.
A limited comparative study of dimension reduction techniques on CAESAR

Understanding and organizing data is the first step toward exploiting sensor phenomenology. What features are good for distinguishing people and what measurements, or combination of measurements, can be used to classify people by demographic characteristics including gender? Dimension reduction techniques such as Diffusion Maps that intuitively make sense [1] and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) have demonstrated the potential to aid in extracting such features. This paper briefly describes the Diffusion Map technique and PCA. More importantly, it compares two different classifiers, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Adaptive boost (Adaboost), for gender classification using these two dimension reduction techniques. The results are compared on the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project (CAESAR) database, provided by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Human Effectiveness Directorate and SAE International. We also compare the results described herein with those of other classification work performed on the same dataset, for completeness.
“Saving the Phenomena” Today

Bogen and Woodward argued the indirect connection between data and theory in terms of their conception of “phenomena.” I outline and elaborate on their presentation. To illuminate the connection with contemporary thinking in terms of models, I distinguish between phenomena tokens, representations of which can be identified with data models, and phenomena types that can be identified with relatively low-lying models or aspects of models in the model hierarchy. Throughout I stress the role of idealization in these considerations.
Return of the JRAD

Ignacio Diaz Aguilar’s felony conviction for document forgery made him a priority for deportation and disqualified him from the possibility of discretionary relief from removal, despite apparently significant equities and mitigating factors. And yet, when Federal District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein sentenced Mr. Aguilar, he recommended that the government not deport him, even though no legal rules provided him with a route to that result. This essay places Judge Weinstein’s recommendation in a broader context, explaining its importance within the modern deportation regime. Statutory reforms and new agency practices have made criminal history the primary marker of noncitizen undesirability. Even longtime lawful permanent residents with only minor convictions often cannot escape removal or make a case for discretionary relief. As a result, the immigration system is in tension with the principle that under a humane system of justice the penalty should fit the crime.Judge Weinstein’s sentencing order in Aguilar points the way to an administrative reform that would decrease the likelihood of disproportionate removals in cases that involve noncitizens with a criminal history. This essay argues that a sentencing judge’s recommendation against deportation could serve as a disproportionality rule of thumb, tempering and refining the role that criminal history plays in deportation decisions. Immigration authorities could rely on such recommendations -- as well as other forms of relief from all-out criminal punishment (e.g., pardons, expungements, and deferred adjudications) -- as signals that a noncitizen’s encounter with the criminal system presumptively should not lead to deportation. While this presumption can and should be overcome in some situations, deportation should be the exception in cases where the end result of the criminal process involves elimination or mitigation of the underlying criminal conviction. So long as Congress fails to restore adjudicative discretion to immigration judges or to rollback over-inclusive deportation grounds through legislative means, the system must rely on second-best solutions to achieve proportionality.
A Retention Study of Career-Based Intervention Teachers in Ohio

The need for qualified teachers in America's elementary and secondary schools has been a subject of a significant number of studies in the past twenty years. In the mid-1980's two widely disseminated reports focused attention on the coming shortage of teachers (National Academy of Sciences, 1987;National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983). Due to increasing student enrollments and the aging of the present teaching workforce, these two reports predicted a commensurate increase in demand for new teachers. These predictions have been upheld by numerous other studies, including studies which delineated the shortages in specific teaching fields, such as math, science and special education (Boe, Bobbitt & Cook, 1997;Grissmer & Kirby, 1997;Weisbaum & Huang, 2001).
Functional Group Diversity and Responses to Disturbance

In tropical moist forests, disturbance may enhance the coexistence of species through reduction of competition by dominants (Connell 1978; Huston 1979) and creation of establishment sites for seedlings (Brokaw 1985; Denslow 1980a, 1987). However, intense, repeated, and extensive human disturbance causes high rates of species extinctions (Wilson 1988). The debate on how best to manage tropical forests commercially shows that the relations between disturbance patterns, species diversity, and ecosystem processes are not well understood (Whitmore and Sayer 1992). In particular, the effects of species richness on disturbance regimes and successional patterns are more poorly understood than the effects of disturbance on community composition. This chapter examines the effects of species and groups of species on both disturbance regimes and the successional processes they trigger.
Oral Poetry and Hegemony: Yorùbá Oríkì

S'inspirant de la demarche de Bolanle Awe qui presuppose que l'art oratoire, comme d'autres artefacts culturels, conserve les elements fondamentaux de l'interaction sociale, l'A. suggere cependant que la nature stratifiee des societes traditionnelles, mettant en avant plus particulierement les groupes sociaux dominants, ne permet pas la presence de la conscience subalterne dans les traditions orales disponibles pour l'analyse critique. Afin de mettre en evidence le caractere hautement selectif du type de passe preserve dans les genres oraux que la critique litteraire africaine assimile a la tradition classique, l'A. analyse les maneuvres poetiques utilisees simultanement pour valoriser la distinction sociale et obliterer le mecontentement social dans la poesie de louange - oriki - des Yoruba. L'A. insiste particulierement sur le silence de la plupart des traditions orales populaires d'Afrique quant a certains aspects de l'histoire, comme l'esclavage ou le colonialisme, dont le fardeau est supporte par les classes defavorisees.
Phillips' Lambda function: Data summary and physical model

Measurements of Phillips' Lambda function describing the average length of breakers on the ocean per unit area at speed cb are summarized. An expression is developed that fits these data within reasonable bounds. A physical model for the Lambda function is derived based on the assumption that breaking occurs when the surface steepness exceeds a threshold value. The energy contained in the breaking region is related to the fifth power of the breaker speed, as Phillips showed, and from this the probability of finding a breaker with a speed cb may be determined from a simulation of the long-wave surface based on a linear superposition of Fourier components. This probability is directly related to the Lambda function so that a form for this function can be determined. The Lambda function so determined agrees in both shape and intensity with the fit to the measured Lambda functions.
Galerkin method solution of a volume-averaged model for efficient conjugate heat transfer analysis

ABSTRACTA numerical method is developed to efficiently model flow and conjugate heat transfer in heat sinks with arbitrary heat flux inputs. Volume averaging theory (VAT) is applied to the governing conservation equations to obtain a geometrically simplified model of the heat sink. The nonlinear momentum conservation equation is solved using finite difference, while the coupled energy partial differential equations are solved using a Galerkin method with modified Fourier series as basis function. Conduction in the base is significant, and its temperature distribution is obtained analytically. The predicted thermal and hydraulic performance parameters for water-cooled microchannel heat sinks are within 5% of experimental data. Results obtained with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software were shown to provide similar accuracy, but require ~103 times more CPU time.
Experience with an Orifice Flow Meter Installed in a Helium Refrigerator

The Cryogenic Engineering Section of the Superconducting Power Transmission Line Project at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has been evaluating the performance of force-flow heat transfer systems. This includes the measurement of temperature profiles[1], thermal pulse transmittal rates [2] and the thermal performance of cryogenic insulation and refrigeration systems [3] All of these tasks require the measurement of the mass flow rate of gaseous helium near 10 K provided by a closed-loop helium refrigeration system. An orifice flow meter installed within the cold box of a CTI model 1400 helium refrigerator/liquefier, along with the gas density inferred from pressure and temperature measurements, is used to determine the helium mass flow rate. This paper describes the calibration and use of this mass flow meter.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Carbamazepine for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this carbamazepine guideline using drug prescribing ­information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications, contraindications, assessments prior to and during treatment, dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions or personal characteristics, and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy, mood disorders, and/or challenging behaviors in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A carbamazepine drug utilization review that ­summarizes this guideline is described.