cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced simulation methods to detect resonant frequency stack up in focal plane design

Wire used to connect focal plane electrical connections to external electrical circuitry can be modeled using the length, diameter and loop height to determine the resonant frequency. The design of the adjacent electric board and mounting platform can also be analyzed. The combined resonant frequency analysis can then be used to decouple the different component resonant frequencies to eliminate the potential for metal fatigue in the wires. It is important to note that the nominal maximum stress values that cause metal fatigue can be much less than the ultimate tensile stress limit or the yield stress limit and are degraded further at resonant frequencies. It is critical that tests be done to qualify designs that are not easily simulated due to material property variation and complex structures. Sine wave vibration testing is a critical component of qualification vibration and provides the highest accuracy in determining the resonant frequencies which can be reduced or uncorrelated improving the structural performance of the focal plane assembly by small changes in design damping or modern space material selection. Vibration flow down from higher levels of assembly needs consideration for intermediary hardware, which may amplify or attenuate the full up system vibration profile. A simple pass through of vibration requirements may result in over test or missing amplified resonant frequencies that can cause system failure. Examples are shown of metal wire fatigue such as discoloration and microscopic cracks which are visible at the submicron level by the use of a scanning electron microscope. While it is important to model and test resonant frequencies the Focal plane must also be constrained such that Coefficient of Thermal expansion mismatches are allowed to move and not overstress the FPA.
Synthesis and Ligand-Exchange Reactions of a Tri-Tungsten Cluster with Applications in Biomedical Imaging.

In this experiment students are exposed to concepts in inorganic synthesis and various spectroscopies as applied to a tri-tungsten cluster with applications in biomedical imaging. The tungsten−acetate cluster, Na[W3(μ-O)2(CH3COO)9], 1, was synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, UV-vis, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. 1H-NMR shows three characteristic chemical shifts of the bridging (δ 2.30 ppm), terminal (δ 2.15 ppm), and free (δ 2.07 ppm) acetate groups in methanol-d4. The UV-vis spectrum shows two distinct absorption peaks at 376 and 455 nm, and the IR and Raman spectra exhibit a number of coincident peaks that verify the non-centrosymmetric D3h or C3h symmetry of the structure. From a 1H-NMR experiment in which 1 is heated in neat acetic-d3 acid-d, students are able to monitor the sequential exchange of the terminal acetate groups followed by the bridging acetate groups with deuterated acetate. Extrapolating from this experiment, students are in a position to adapt the ligand-exchange reaction and replace the acetate groups with acrylate to form a new, functionalized tungsten acrylate cluster 2. UV-vis spectroscopy shows the conversion from 1 to 2 with a distinctive red shift of the absorption peak from 455 nm to 470 nm and the disappearance of the peak at 376 nm. Undergraduate and graduate teaching laboratories can easily adapt this experiment into their curriculum, allowing students to gain deeper experience with both synthetic and analytical aspects of inorganic chemistry.
Eastern Bluebirds Choose Nest Boxes Based on Box Orientation

Abstract Substantial declines in populations of Sialia sialis (Eastern Bluebird) have prompted a large movement throughout North America to construct human-made nest boxes to facilitate bluebird nesting. While large-scale habitat preferences of nesting bluebirds have been well-established, the factors that influence nest-box preference within relatively homogeneous habitats remain unclear. We tested the effects of vegetation height and nest-box orientation, comparing northeast-, southeast-, southwest-, and northwest-facing boxes, on nest-box occupancy in a population of Eastern Bluebirds in Athens, GA. Vegetation height surrounding nest boxes influenced nest-box preferences. Over 65% of boxes with little to no surrounding vegetation were occupied, as compared with only 21% of boxes surrounded by high vegetation. Nest-box orientation also influenced box selection. Over 68% of boxes facing northwest were occupied, compared with less than 34% of boxes facing all other directions. These findings differ from t...
Laminar Distribution of Neurons Projecting from Area V1 to V2 in Macaque and Squirrel Monkeys

The present study reevaluates the sublaminar distribution and cellular morphology of neurons projecting from area V1 to V2. Observations are based on retrogradely transported HRP, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), or biocytin after injections made in area V2 of three squirrel monkeys and eight macaques. With material prepared in the coronal or horizontal tissue planes, it is clear that projection neurons in V1, in both species, are concentrated in layer 4B and in a single band (150-250 microns wide) restricted to the upper subdivision of layer 3 (layer 3A). There are also labeled neurons, but fewer in number, in layers 3B and 4A, and occasionally in layers 2 and 5. Golgi-like labeling from PHA-L or biocytin confirmed that most of the projection neurons in layer 3A are pyramidal. As reported for several other corticocortical systems, these pyramidal neurons differ in soma size, soma shape, and dendritic geometry. These results emphasize the complex organization of layer 3, and the distributed nature of efferent projections from area V1. Given the selective connectivity of vertical interlaminar networks, these results specifically suggest that information transmitted to area V2 from neurons in layer 3A reflects more highly processed, convergent input than that originating from either layer 3B or 4B.
Polyhedral-based nonlinear optical materials. 2. Theoretical investigation of some new high nonlinear optical response compounds involving polyhedral bridges with charged aromatic donors and acceptors.

A theoretical study of several new classes of polyhedral-based molecules has shown that these species display large calculated nonlinear optical responses. These new classes of molecules are based on charged aromatic subunits connected through polyhedral cluster bridges, such as closo-[1-(C7H6)-12-(C5Me4)C2B10H10]. These compounds show calculated first hyperpolarizabilities (β) ranging from 6.5 to 8413.9 × 10-30 cm5 esu-1. A basis for understanding the origin of these large responses is proposed based on the two-state model and consideration of the orbital and electronic features of the molecules. In general, the highest occupied molecular orbitals for these species are localized on the aromatic donor rings, such as the cyclopentadienyl system, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals are largely on the aromatic acceptor rings, such as the tropylium system. The electronic properties of these polyhedral-based systems appear to be significantly different from the analogous organic [5.6.7]quinarene sys...
Risk Factors for Acute Leukemia in Children: A Review

Although overall incidence is rare, leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It accounts for 30% of all cancers diagnosed in children younger than 15 years. Within this population, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurs approximately five times more frequently than acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and accounts for approximately 78% of all childhood leukemia diagnoses. Epidemiologic studies of acute leukemias in children have examined possible risk factors, including genetic, infectious, and environmental, in an attempt to determine etiology. Only one environmental risk factor (ionizing radiation) has been significantly linked to ALL or AML. Most environmental risk factors have been found to be weakly and inconsistently associated with either form of acute childhood leukemia. Our review focuses on the demographics of childhood leukemia and the risk factors that have been associated with the development of childhood ALL or AML. The environmental risk factors discussed include ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, hydrocarbons, pesticides, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and illicit drug use. Knowledge of these particular risk factors can be used to support measures to reduce potentially harmful exposures and decrease the risk of disease. We also review genetic and infectious risk factors and other variables, including maternal reproductive history and birth characteristics.
Characterization of high nuclearity close-packed anionic platinum carbonyl clusters by 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry☆

Abstract 252 Cf-plasma desorption mass spectrometry has been used to investigate a series of high nuclearity, di- and tetraanionic platinum carbonyl clusters containing Pt 19 , Pt 24 , Pt 26 and Pt 38 closest-packed metal cores. Abundant singly-charged negative ions produced by loss of an electron, form an envelope of peaks corresponding to successive losses of carbonyl ligands from the intact metal core. A remarkable series of oligomeric negative ions formed by self-condensation of the metal core are also observed for the dianionic clusters that extend beyond m/z 50 000. Slightly less abdundant positive parent and oligomer ions are also observed for these clusters. The oligomer peaks extend beyond m/z 100 000 in the spectrum of the Pt 26 cluster. The astonishing formation of these positively charged aggregates that contain in excess of 500 Pt atoms is even more remarkable because there is no incorporation of the associated cation despite the strong presence of the cation in the positive ion spectrum. These investigations have established that 252 Cf-PDMS can be used to unequivocally identify the platinum stoichiometry of these high nuclearity clusters, thus providing a new tool in the vast array of spectroscopic techniques used to structurally characterize solution-soluble metal clusters. The unusual ions formed by this class of compounds represent the largest positive and negative ions observed by 252 Cf-PDMS. They may also provide a probe of the complex reactions that occur in the fission fragment track and in the ejected plume of neutrals and ions. These large Pt clusters give quite good intensities even at m/z & >; 50 000 where the mechanism for detection must involve potential electron emission. The electronic structure of these metal clusters may be revealing a new aspect of potential emission where the Fermi level structure of the incident ion plays a role.
Neuron localization and neuroblastoma cell expression of brain-derived growth factor

Bovine brain-derived growth factor (BDGF) is a approximately 16-17 kD polypeptide mitogen with a broad spectrum of cell specificity. Using a highly specific mouse polyclonal anti-BDGF antiserum for indirect immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent stainings, BDGF was found to be specifically localized in the neurons of bovine brain cortex. The indirect immunofluorescent staining was blocked by the presence of excess purified BDGF. Human neuroblastoma cells showed cytoplasmic staining with anti-BDGF antiserum. The cell lysates of neuroblastoma cells elicited a BDGF-like activity which could be completely inhibited by preincubation with anti-BDGF antiserum.
Controlled Utilization of Induced Sputum Analysis in the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

We investigated the outcome and potential cost savings of a system designed to limit physician access to induced sputum analysis (ISA) for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Four respiratory medicine physicians screened all requests for ISA to determine the pretest likelihood of PCP. Twenty-two of 102 requests for ISA over a 1-year period were denied due to a low clinical suspicion for PCP. Seven individuals had a definitive alternative diagnosis confirmed and the remaining 15 were empirically treated for a presumptive diagnosis. All individuals were followed for at least 60 days or until death. None of the 22 individuals developed PCP during the follow-up period. We estimate that this approach saved $27,474, avoided exposure of health care workers to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and was educational for the referring physicians.
364. The Effect of Overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells on Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is important in tumor biology, ischemic diseases, wound healing and many other areas. In our study, we studied the effect of overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mouse embryonic stem cells (10T1/2 cells)through retroviral transfection. Blood vessels are made of 2 types of cells namely perictyes/smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. 10T1/2 cells are considered to be the progenitor cells of pericytes/smooth muscle cells. 10T1/2 cells do not express VEGF when they are cultured alone and our study showed that even after co-culturing them with endothelial cells (ECs) for more than 5 days did not induce VEGF production. We showed that 10T1/2 cells were being able to be transfected by this method which resulted in overexpression of the VEGF transgene as well as the GFP transgene (our control).
Influence of critical care nurse education and work environment on outcomes of mechanically ventilated older adults

Demand for critical care services is increasing yet a comprehensive understanding of how critical care nurses - the largest group of ICU direct care providers - impact outcomes remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine how critical care nurse education (hospital proportion of bachelor's prepared ICU nurses) and ICU work environment influenced 30-day mortality of mechanically ventilated older adults.
Tubularized Incised Plate Hypospadias Repair: Results of a Multicenter Experience

AbstractPurpose: We report a multicenter experience using tubularized incised plate urethroplasty to correct distal hypospadias.Materials and Methods: A total of 148 patients underwent repair by 6 pediatric urologists at different institutions in the United States and Europe.Results: Tubularized incised plate repair created a functional neourethra with a vertically oriented meatus. Complications, including meatal stenoses and fistulas, occurred in 10 patients (7 percent).Conclusions: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty can be performed in most cases of distal hypospadias. Cosmetic results are superior to those of other popular techniques.
A lower bound to the broad-band power scattered from an electrically linear antenna with a general lumped load

A mode analysis that is independent of detailed field expression is made of the total power P/sub sc/( omega ) scattered from an electrically linear body of arbitrary size and shape, excited by a single-frequency incident field and loaded at a reference port. This load may be linear, nonlinear, and passive, or nonlinear and active at a given frequency omega . P/sub sc/( omega ) is the sum of a scatter mode power that is proportional to the scatter-mode radiation resistance, a transmitter mode power that is proportional to the port radiation resistance, and their cross power. The form of this expression for P/sub sc/ yields criteria for determining whether an antenna could be a minimum-scattering (MS) Dicke antenna, an MS antenna as defined by W.K. Kahn and H. Kurss (1965), or a CMS antenna of the type of W.K. Kahn and W. Wasylkiwskyj (1966). The general expression for P/sub sc/( omega ) yields a load-independent lower bound. An expression analogous to P/sub sc/ for the bistatic power P/sub sc/( omega ) scattered into a specified solid angle is presented. A lower bound to P/sub sc/( omega ) is obtained. Its integral frequency yields the broadband lower bound. >
SITE Demonstration of Enhanced In‐Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Nonchlorinated Organic Compounds in Fractured Bedrock

A field demonstration of an enhanced in-situ bioremediation technology was conducted between March 1998 and August 1999 at the ITT Industries Night Vision (ITTNV) Division plant in Roanoke, Virginia. The bioremediation process was evaluated for its effectiveness in treating both chlorinated and nonchlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater located in fractured bedrock. Chlorinated compounds, such as trichloroethene (TCE), in fractured bedrock pose a challenging remediation problem. Not only are chlorinated compounds resistant to normal biological degradation, but the fractured bedrock presents difficulties to traditional techniques used for recovery of contaminants and for delivery of amendments or reagents for in-situ remediation. The demonstration was conducted under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The SITE program was established to promote the development, demonstration, and use of innovative treatment technologies for the cleanup of Superfund and other hazardous waste sites. This article presents selected results of the demonstration and focuses on understanding the data in light of the fractured bedrock formation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial formulation of the Orr‐Sommerfeld equation for thin liquid films flowing down a plane

The linear stability problem for thin liquid films flowing down a plane is formulated in terms of disturbance which are harmonic in space and time and grow or decay spatially. A closed-form analytical solution to the resulting spatial formulation of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation is shown to compare more favorable with wave property data than do solutions to the classical temporal formulation of this stability problem. The predictions of Gaster that the spatial and temporal formulations will be equivalent only for weakly amplified nondispersive disturbances are confirmed for falling film flow.
Prediction of dislocation nucleation during nanoindentation of Al3Mg by the orbital-free density functional theory local quasicontinuum method

The first-principles prediction of dislocation nucleation in metallic systems subject to realistically sized indenters requires a multiscale approach due to the prohibitive computational expense. The largest empirical atomistic simulations include at most a billion atoms, at the same time requiring the parameterization of new interactions whenever an additional species or crystal structure is added. The multiscale orbital-free density functional theory–local quasicontinuum (OFDFT-LQC) method overcomes these problems by using first-principles OFDFT to capture the atomic interactions while relying upon LQC to evolve the macroscopic system. We use this method to indent the (111) surface of a 2×2×1μm piece of L12 Al3Mg. Using a localization criterion, the first dislocation is predicted to form off-axis on the slip plane in the direction after the indenter has penetrated 70 nm. Other popular dislocation nucleation criteria give different predictions. These results are strikingly similar to those for indentatio...
Darwin on Variation and Heredity

Darwin’s ideas on variation, heredity, and development differ significantly from twentieth-century views. First, Darwin held that environmental changes, acting either on the reproductive organs or the body, were necessary to generate variation. Second, heredity was a developmental, not a transmissional, process; variation was a change in the developmental process of change.An analysis of Darwin’s elaboration and modification of these two positions from his early notebooks (1836–1844) to the last edition of the Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication(1875) complements previous Darwin scholarship on these issues. Included in this analysis is a description of the way Darwin employed the distinction between transmission and development, as well as the conceptual relationship he saw between heredity and variation. This paper is part of a larger project comparing commitments regarding variation during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Simulation of vertical concentration gradient of influenza viruses in dust resuspended by walking.

UNLABELLED Particles are resuspended from the floor by walking and are subject to turbulent transport in the human aerodynamic wake. These processes may generate a vertical concentration gradient of particles. To estimate the magnitude of turbulence generated by walking, we measured the velocity field in the wake from floor to ceiling at 10-cm intervals with a sonic anemometer. The resulting eddy diffusion coefficients varied between 0.06 and 0.20 m(2) /s and were maximal at ~0.75-1 m above the floor, approximately the height of the swinging hand. We applied the eddy diffusion coefficients in an atmospheric transport model to predict concentrations of resuspended influenza virus as a function of the carrier particle size, height in the room, and relative humidity, which affects the resuspension rate coefficient and virus viability. Results indicated that the concentration of resuspended viruses at 1 m above the floor was up to 40% higher than at 2 m, depending on particle size. For exposure to total resuspended viruses, the difference at 1 vs. 2 m was 11-14%. It is possible that shorter people are exposed to higher concentrations of resuspended dust, including pathogens, although experimental evidence is needed to verify this proposition. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Forces generated by walking can resuspend particles from the floor and create higher concentrations close to the floor and lower concentrations above it. These particles may include pathogens, such as the influenza virus, that were previously emitted into the air by an infected individual and that settled to the ground. Due to particle resuspension and turbulent transport, it is possible that shorter people are exposed to higher concentrations of particles, including certain pathogens, than are taller people. This work could be used in support of epidemiological investigations into the incidence of influenza as a function of a person’s height and to guide the design of more effective control strategies to reduce transmission of influenza.
Sangeet Swara: A Community-Moderated Voice Forum in Rural India

Interactive voice forums have emerged as a promising platform for people in developing regions to record and share audio messages using low-end mobile phones. However, one of the barriers to the scalability of voice forums is the process of screening and categorizing content, often done by a dedicated team of moderators. We present Sangeet Swara, a voice forum for songs and cultural content that relies on the community of callers to curate high-quality posts that are prioritized for playback to others. An 11-week deployment of Sangeet Swara found broad and impassioned usage, especially among visually impaired users. We also conducted a follow-up experiment, called Talent Hunt, that sought to reduce reliance on toll-free telephone lines. Together, our deployments span about 53,000 calls from 13,000 callers, who submitted 6,000 posts and 150,000 judgments of other content. Using a mixed-methods analysis of call logs, audio content, comparison with outside judges, and 204 automated phone surveys, we evaluate the user experience, the strengths and weaknesses of community moderation, financial sustainability, and the implications for future systems.
CAVA: Hiding L2 Misses with Checkpoint-Assisted Value Prediction

Load misses in on-chip L2 caches often end up stalling modern superscalars. To address this problem, we propose hiding L2 misses with Checkpoint-Assisted VAlue prediction (CAVA). When a load misses in L2, a predicted value is returned to the processor. If the missing load reaches the head of the reorder buffer before the requested data is received from memory, the processor checkpoints, consumes the predicted value, and speculatively continues execution. When the requested data finally arrives, it is compared to the predicted value. If the prediction was correct, execution continues normally; otherwise, execution rolls back to the checkpoint. Compared to a baseline aggressive superscalar, CAVA speeds up execution by a geometric mean of 1.14 for SPECint and 1.34 for SPECfp applications. Additionally, CAVA is faster than an implementation of Runahead execution, and Runahead with value prediction.
Linear optical and electronic properties of the polar metallic ruthenate (Sr,Ca)Ru2O6

Using first-principles calculations, we compute the linear optical properties for cation ordered (Sr,Ca)Ru2O6. Our calculations show that this polar ferromagnetic metallic oxide exhibits optical anisotropy along the principal directions of the optical indicatrix owing to the absence of inversion symmetry in the crystal structure. The calculated reflectivity is used to locate the onset of the inter-band transitions at an energy of 1.3 eV. Comparing the optical conductivity with the electronic band structure, we identify the possible optical transitions. Finally, we apply the generalized Drude model to deduce an enhancement of the effective mass, m* ~ 4.9me, in ordered (Sr,Ca)Ru2O6. Moreover, we show that removal of the polar distortions decrease the effective mass to m* ~ 4.4me, suggesting that control over the amplitude of the polar displacements could be used to tune the degree of electronic correlation in oxide conductors without inversion symmetry.
Optimal filters for attribute generation and machine learning

Extensions to inductive inference methods of machine learning are proposed which allow inference from dynamic information contained in sampled data signals. An optimization problem over a set of finite impulse response filters is posed which, while not convex, can provide good quality attributes for classification of signal sources. Characteristics of the optimization problem, possible methods of its solution, and results using nonlinear programming are discussed. >
Spatial Decision Support System for Precision Farming Based on GIS Web Service

As the next generation GIS technology, GIS web service is able to effectively cope with several problems of traditional GIS applications, such as hard to update old systems, lacking of good interoperability and hard to integrate with other systems, etc. This paper studied how to construct a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for precision Farming based on GIS web service. Main components of the system and the decision workflows were discussed in the paper. As examples, Precision fertilization and precision irrigation were used to explain key technologies of the SDSS construction based on GIS web service. The research result shows that GIS web service is suitable for developing spatial decision support system for precision farming, and GIS web service based applications has obvious advantages in dealing with problems such as sharing spatial data, software reuse and reducing the cost of system integration.
The influence of structure and other factors on molecular motions in solid polymers from 4°K TO 300°K

Semicrystalline, as well as amorphous, polymers frequently develop some measure of molecular mobility at temperatures well below their melting temperature, Tm, or their glass transition temperature, Tg. In these polymers, one or more damping or internal friction peaks are usually found to occur in the low temperature region from 4°K to 300°K. The magnitude, and temperature position, of these maxima are dependent upon the structure of the polymer, its mode of preparation and past history, and the local environment of the moving units. For purposes of discussion, the observed relaxation processes may be classified, on the basis of their temperature location at low measuring frequencies (∼1 Hz) as δ-processes, those occurring below 80°K; γ-processes, those occurring in the temperature range from 80°K to about 240°K; and β-processes, those occurring from about 200°K to above 300°K. Various examples will be given of polymers that show significant δ, γ, and β-processes and the influence of structure, structural substitution, crystallinity and low molecular weight diluents will be illustrated. The extent to which relaxation behavior can be correlated to macroscopic ductility and fracture toughness is discussed. It is noted that the lowest temperature δ-relaxations arise primarily from reorientational and/or wagging motions of pendant methyl, ethyl, and phenyl side chains and, as such, have little bearing on macroscopic impact strength. The intermediate temperature γ-processes arise from reorientational motions, of short side chain sequences or from local motion of main chain sequences. Some degree of main chain mobility. appears to be an essential requisite if ductility and toughness are to be realized. The higher temperature β-processes in the 200°K t o 300°K range arise from motion of polar side groups, from motion of short chain sequences involving water complexes, or from large-scale motions associated with the Tg of the amorphous regions. In the latter instance, the β-process i s accompanied by a large increase in ductility and impact strength and this feature is utilized in polyblends and copolymers to raise the fracture toughness of otherwise brittle polymers.
Preservation of Mycobacteria: 100% Viability of Suspensions Stored at -70 C

Abstract Our earlier studies on long-term preservation of mycobacteria have been expanded to include other species in this genus. Mycobacterium kansasii and M. marinum, like mammalian tubercle bacilli and BCG, survive much better when stored at -70 C. By statistical analysis, M. gordonae, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. terrae, M. fortuitum, and M. smegmatis survived equally well at -20 C or -70 C; however, viable counts of all strains stored at -20 C were always lower than those of paired suspensions stored at -70 C, suggesting that the lower temperature is preferable for prolonged storage periods. Advantages of preservation at -70 C in Tween-albumin liquid medium are: (i) 100% viability of bacterial populations for long periods, (ii) highly reproducible inocula for animal experiments, (iii) minimal clonal selection of undesirable mutants, (iv) maintenance of genetic characteristics, and (v) adaptability to a „seed lot” system. On the basis of available information, a discussion of lyophilization versus freezer storage is presented.
Congenital pseudarthrosis of the leg. Late results

Forty-six patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the leg were followed for twelve years or more. Forty of these patients were examined, interviewed, or both from 1974 to 1975. Congenital pseudarthrosis is a condition most often combined with neurofibromatosis. In neurofibromatosis the prognosis of the pseudarthrosis is dependent on the roentgenographic type. Of the procedures used, insertion of intramedullary rods and grafting gave the highest rate of union. Atrophy, shortening, valgus deformity, and limited range of motion complicated the functional results.
Family Factors and Adolescent Substance Use: Models and Mechanisms

This article considers the relation of family factors to adolescent substance use, with a focus on the specific pathways by which family factors have their effects. We review findings on four types of variables (family substance use, parental support and monitoring, parent-child conflict, and family life events) and discuss theoretical models of how family risk and protective factors are related to adolescents' outcomes. The evidence favors a transactional model in which family factors have largely mediated effects on adolescent substance use through relations to adolescents' self-control, life events, and peer affiliations; interactions between variables are also prominent. We discuss the implications of mediated effects for theoretical models of human development and consider how the transactional approach opens avenues for preventive intervention.
Analysis of purported erythromycin-warfarin interaction.

In their article about a potential interaction between warfarin and erythromycin ointment, Parker et al.[1][1] applied the Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS)[2][2] to assess the probability of a causal relationship between the purported drug interaction and changes in the International
Biosynthesis of rubrofusarin by Fusarium graminearum.

Using radioactively labeled acetate, evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that the biosynthesis of rubrofusarin proceeds through a polyketide chain intermediate. It was shown that labeled acetate when diluted with nonlabeled malonate, is preferentially incorporated into the terminal acetate starting unit of the polyketide chain.
Selective excitation of the TE/sub 01/ mode in hollow-glass waveguide using a subwavelength grating

In this work we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, a novel subwavelength optical element for the selective excitation of the TE/sub 01/ mode inside a 300-/spl mu/m bore diameter hollow-glass waveguide (HGW) in order to reduce the transmission loss. The device consists of form birefringent gratings, where each section is oriented in a different direction so as to convert a linearly polarized input light to a rotating polarized one matching the TE/sub 01/ mode. Using this polarization converting element, we measured a 1.65-dB decrease in the transmission loss in the HGW at a wavelength of 1.55 /spl mu/m.
Decreased Diversity but Increased Substitution Rate in Host mtDNA as a Consequence of Wolbachia Endosymbiont Infection

A substantial fraction of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are infected with parasitic, maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate host reproduction. In addition to imposing direct selection on the host to resist these effects, endosymbionts may also have indirect effects on the evolution of the mtDNA with which they are cotransmitted. Patterns of mtDNA diversity and evolution were examined in Drosophila recens, which is infected with the endosymbiont Wolbachia, and its uninfected sister species D. subquinaria. The level of mitochondrial, but not nuclear, DNA diversity is much lower in D. recens than in D. subquinaria, consistent with the hypothesized diversity-purging effects of an evolutionarily recent Wolbachia sweep. The dN/dS ratio in mtDNA is significantly greater in D. recens, suggesting that Muller's ratchet has brought about an increased rate of substitution of slightly deleterious mutations. The data also reveal elevated rates of synonymous substitutions in D. recens, suggesting that these sites may experience weak selection. These findings show that maternally transmitted endosymbionts can severely depress levels of mtDNA diversity within an infected host species, while accelerating the rate of divergence among mtDNA lineages in different species.
Woody Debris in the Mangrove Forests of South Florida

Woody debris is abundant in hurricane-impacted forests. With a major hurricane affecting South Florida mangroves approximately every 20 yr, carbon storage and nutrient retention may be influenced greatly by woody debris dynamics. In addition, woody debris can influence seedling regeneration in mangrove swamps by trapping propagules and enhancing seedling growth potential. Here, we report on line-intercept woody debris surveys conducted in mangrove wetlands of South Florida 9‐10 yr after the passage of Hurricane Andrew. The total volume of woody debris for all sites combined was estimated at 67 m3/ha and varied from 13 to 181 m3/ha depending upon differences in forest height, proximity to the storm, and maximum estimated wind velocities. Large volumes of woody debris were found in the eyewall region of the hurricane ,w ith av olume of 132 m 3 /ha and a projected woody debris biomass of approximately 36 t/ha. Approximately half of the woody debris biomass averaged across all sites was associated as small twigs and branches (fine woody debris), since coarse woody debris >7.5 cm felled during Hurricane Andrew was fairly well decomposed. Much of the small debris is likely to be associated with post-hurricane forest dynamics. Hurricanes are responsible for large amounts of damage to mangrove ecosystems, and components of associated downed wood may provide a relative index of disturbance for mangrove forests. Here, we suggest that a fine:coarse woody debris ratio ≤0.5 is suggestive of a recent disturbance in mangrove wetlands, although additional research is needed to corroborate such findings.
Comparison of Label Free and 18 O Labeling Mass Spectrometry in Relative Protein Quantification

Mass–spectrometry-based quantification methods have been increasingly applied to measure proteomic changes in biological systems between different physiological states. In this report, we compared two popular mass-spectrometry-based quantification strategies, stable isotope labeling and label free approaches. We spiked known amounts of standard peptides into a complex biological sample and analyzed this mixture with both stable isotope 18O labeling and label free mass spectrometry methods. We optimized data pre-processing and normalization algorithms for each method, and compared their sensitivities and accuracies. We found that both methods gave relatively accurate results, and the label free methods provided higher proteome coverage.
The Marriage Contract

This article is intended to serve as an introduction to the concept of the marriage contract, which has proved to be a useful clinical tool for clarification and treatment of troubled marriages. Transactional as well as intrapsychic factors are important aspects of marital dynamics. The contract concept employs both these behavioral parameters and facilitates therapeutic intervention at both levels.
A deterministic analysis of stochastic approximation with randomized directions

We study the convergence of two stochastic approximation algorithms with randomized directions: the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm and the random direction Kiefer-Wolfowitz algorithm. We establish deterministic necessary and sufficient conditions on the random directions and noise sequences for both algorithms, and these conditions demonstrate the effect of the "random" directions on the "sample-path" behavior of the algorithms studied. We discuss ideas for further research in the analysis and design of these algorithms.
Bowie Kuhn's Worst Nightmare

Students are presented with a narrative concerning the contentious negotiations between Major League Baseball MLB franchise owners and the Major League Baseball Players Association MLBPA over a new collective bargaining agreement in the early 1980s. Details of the 1981 players' strike, ensuing collective bargaining agreement, and strategy for resuming the interrupted season and facilitating the playoffs are provided. Prestrike win/loss records and number of post-strike scheduled games are provided for each team. This case gives students great insight into the formulation of integer programming problems and interpretation of the resulting optimal solutions; in this case they must formulate constraint satisfaction problems with integer decision variables to assess the advisability of the MLB plan for resuming the season and revising the playoff structure to reflect the games lost to the strike and the potential for an occurrence of Simpson's Paradox. As such, this case is also unique in its use of optimization to demonstrate a statistical phenomenon. Furthermore, although the case deals with a baseball-related problem, it is relatively self-contained and requires no understanding of how baseball is played, so students who are unfamiliar with the sport will not be seriously disadvantaged.
Multiscale Convective Overturning in Mesoscale Convective Systems: Reconciling Observations, Simulations, and Theory

Abstract An analysis of how parameterized convection interacts with hydrostatic, explicitly resolved precipitation processes to represent multiscale convective overturning in a mesoscale-resolution numerical simulation is presented. Critically important ingredients of the successful simulation are identified and the degree to which simulations are consistent with observations and theoretical considerations is examined. Of particular concern is how convective parameterization routines reconcile the deep moist absolutely unstable structures that form in mesoscale convective systems. It is found that these structures arise primarily from resolvable-scale vertical motion and that the model responds to these structures not only by maintaining parameterized convection, but also by developing a hydrostatic manifestation of convective overturning on its smallest resolvable horizontal scales. The strongest and most distinctive mesoscale perturbations develop in regions where the mesoscale contribution to convectiv...
Campylobacter Colonization of the Crops of Newly Hatched Leghorn Chicks

SUMMARY. We have studied colonization of crops in newly hatched leghorn chicks (a layer breed) by wild-type and mutant strains of Campylobacter jejuni. We established that the wild-type parent strain forms a stable population level within the crop and that the mutant strains will do likewise. Concentrations of mutant strains in the crop were usually below that of the wild-type parent strain and ranged from 103 to 105 colony-forming units. These results differ from results we have previously reported concerning cecal colonization, where these same mutant strains lacked colonizing ability. The present results, therefore, indicate that bacterial factors necessary for colonization of the crop are not the same as those needed for colonization of the cecum.
Clinical improvisation and its effect on anxiety: A multiple single subject design

Abstract Individual responses to music psychotherapy and vocal psychotherapy were examined to evaluate effects on anxiety symptoms. The study sought to explore if co-created improvised music between therapist and client was effective in the treatment of anxiety. The study used a multiple single subject design (SSD). Repeated measures with a convenience sample of 16 participants were conducted. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was administered weekly for 12 consecutive weeks in one-hour individual weekly music therapy sessions. Data were analyzed and presented through visual representation and in aggregate form to supplement the SSD analysis. The BAI items with the highest baseline frequencies were: unable to relax, nervous, heart pounding, terrified or afraid, and fear of the worst happening. Results indicated that after clinical instrumental and vocal improvisation, participants’ anxiety symptoms significantly decreased by week 6 of treatment. Results also revealed decreased symptoms from initial baseline to end of treatment. Additional studies are required to support these results which provide partial support for the use of co-created improvised music as an appropriate method to address anxiety symptoms.
Notes on Chinese American Historical Research in the United States

Chinese have lived in the United States for at least two hundred years. However, it was not until after the mid-nineteenth century that the Chinese became numerically significant and their society, activities, and role in this country attracted much attention. Their earliest chroniclers were observers outside the community: white missionaries such as William Speer, A.W. Loomis and Otis Gibson and writer/journalists or historians/social scientists such as Charles Nordhoff, Stewart Culin, and H.H. Bancroft. There were also sojourning Chinese diplomats such as Chen Lanbin and Zhang Yinhuan and travellers such as Li Gui and Liang Qichao. Such writings, either by Chinese or non-Chinese from outside the community, were numerous from the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century when the controversy over Chinese labor was a hotly debated issue. After Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the Chinese population began to decline, public attention was diverted to other more immediate issues. Chinatown came before the public only in relation to events such as “tong wars.” Similarly, during the first half of the twentieth
Final Note: ‘The Year We Killed Creativity’

In the Preface, I wrote about discussions with graduate students in my classes on the development of creativity at a school of education. Those discussions have been crucial to the viewpoint expressed in this analysis of the ideology of creativity, especially its identification of pragmatic functions. In line with the participatory synthesis, the concepts presented here have emerged from participation in collaborative networks where I acted in the official role of professor, as well as the longer-term creative roles of producer (instigator and sustainer of the enterprise), provocateur and curator. In that process many artifacts of the material world played important roles, from the institutional spaces where classes and advanced readings groups met to art materials students used to schematize ideas to, of course, books that convey thinking from one context to others.
Multiobjective Decision Analysis with Probability Management for Systems Engineering Trade-off Analysis

Most of the systems engineering trade-off analysis literature use multi-criteria decision analysis. Surprisingly, many of the published studies have not modeled uncertainty. This paper uses an influence diagram to model the systems engineering trade-off analysis. The model is analyzed with Monte Carlo simulation. The paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of Monte Carlo propriety software and freeware provided by Probability Management.
Business Travelers’ Intention to Purchase: The Application of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

ABSTRACTThis research focused on parameters of e-comments effecting business travelers’ intention to purchase a hotel room. In order to explore the relationships among behavioral belief toward ease of use and usefulness of e-comments with intention to purchase, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used. The results of this research indicated a positive relationship between usefulness of e-comments and business travelers’ intention to purchase. The study also found that age was a moderating effect on ease of use of e-comments. The findings of this research can help both hoteliers and online-review website operators. Since business travelers are considered an important target market in the hotel industry, hoteliers need to put more emphasis on these factors to attract more business travelers. On the other hand, online-review website operators should design websites that make it easier for users to write and read e-comment reviews.
Anesthetic management of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in children

Objective To analyze the characteristics of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in order to explore effective anesthetic management in children. Method We reviewed the anesthetic management of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in 20 cases of children from March,.2006 to July,.2010..Results All cases accomplished surgery with general anesthesia,without happening acute myocardial infarction..Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) time was 58-204(80.6±44.4)min, and aortic clipped time was 25-125(53.4±32.2)min. All hearts automatically re-beat after opening aorta. We used the vasomotor drugs to keep anesthetization remain stable.After cardiopulmonary bypass,SBP was.(78.6±8.0)mmHg,DBP was.(45.4±3.5)mmHg,and HR was.(130.8±10.5)beat/min..No death or anesthetic complications happened during the operation. One child died from serious low cardiac output syndrome the next day after operation,with death rate of 5%,.and the others were cured. Conclusions The key to the anesthetic management of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in children is to maintain the hemodynamic stability and avoid aggravating myocardial ischemia.This is the right way and we can use it in the kind of operation in children whose function of heart has been impaired.