cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forming and Performing: How Group Structure Evolves in Successful Multiteam Systems

Multiteam systems are a unique organizational form in which two or more traditional teams must interface in order to achieve goals beyond the scope of the local units. These systems are important c...
Ethical Considerations in Human Subjects Research: Emerging Issues in Cancer Research

Clinical research ethics continues to evolve. This evolution is due in large part to increasing amounts of data that must be managed appropriately. Existing regulations in the United States continue to provide not only the legal framework but because they are based historically on ethical principles they also provide an ethical framework against which emerging issues in clinical research are cast. These emerging issues include big data, biobanks, clinical and research tissue, and informed consent related to tissue-based research.
Memory and the hippocampal formation following pediatric traumatic brain injury

Introduction Previous research indicates disruption of learning and memory in children who have experienced traumatic brain injury (TBI). Objective This research evaluates the impact of pediatric TBI on volumetric differences along the long axis of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that is critical for explicit memory. Methods Structural brain data and behavioral measures were collected 6 weeks following TBI or extracranial injury (EI), in children aged 8–15 years and from a group of age matched typically developing controls (TDC). Total hippocampal volume and hippocampal subregion volumes corresponding to hippocampal head, body, and tail were compared across groups and were examined in relation to verbal and visual memory. Results Group differences were evident such that hippocampal body volume was found to be smaller for TBI and EI groups compared to the TDC group. Analysis restricted to the TBI group indicated that hippocampal head volume was associated with severity of injury. The relation between severity of injury and hippocampal head volume is particularly important considering results from our investigation of hippocampal volume-to-memory performance relations indicating positive correlations between hippocampal head volume and performance on memory measures for both the TBI group and the TDC group. Significant negative correlations between hippocampal body volume and memory were evident for the TBI group but not EI or TDC groups. Correlations between memory performance and hippocampal tail volume were not significant for the TBI or TDC groups, although for the EI group, a positive correlation was found between hippocampal tail volume and memory. Conclusion Together these results underscore an important relation between hippocampal structure and memory function during the subacute stage of recovery from pediatric TBI.
Mentoring teachers in systematic phonics instruction: effectiveness of an intensive year-long program for kindergarten through 3rd grade teachers and their students

Teaching systematic phonics effectively to beginning readers requires specialized knowledge and training which many primary grade teachers lack. The current study examined effects of a year-long mentoring program to improve teachers’ knowledge and effectiveness in teaching phonics and the extent that it improved students’ achievement in reading and spelling. Teachers in urban, lower SES schools completed a 45 h course followed by 90 h of in-school training. Mentors (N = 29) worked with kindergarten, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grade teachers (N = 69) twice a week for 30 weeks during the year. Each visit included a 45 min prep period plus 45 min of modeling and feedback in the classroom. Mentors taught teachers how to provide systematic phonics instruction to their students (N = 1,336). Monthly ratings by mentors revealed that teachers improved their phonics teaching skills with many reaching the highest ratings by May. Teachers who were non-native speakers of English took a bit longer to learn the English sound system for letters, mainly because they lacked sufficient knowledge of English sounds and had to learn them. Given the increasing diversity of the teacher work force, future research is needed to study this difficulty, its solution, and impact on students. Teachers’ agreement with principles of phonics instruction remained strong or increased from fall to spring. Students’ reading and spelling skills showed large gains during the year and far exceeded effect sizes from comparable data sources. Students met grade-level expectations at the end of kindergarten and first grade but fell short in second and third grades. General education students outperformed bilingual/ELL and special needs students although all subgroups made large gains. Findings reveal the effectiveness of an intensive mentoring model of professional development applied to a subject that is difficult to teach and to a student population known for lower reading achievement. Findings point to the need for better pre-service teacher preparation coupled with appropriate curricula and PD from districts in order to improve students’ reading achievement.
Interplay of Experiment and Theory in Determining Molecular Geometries B. Theoretical Methods

The previous chapter (Chap. 6) was primarily concerned with experimental methods which can provide the highest presently possible absolute accuracy in the determination of molecular geometry parameters. In favorable cases, this may involve uncertainties of only a very few tenths of a picometer or tenths of a degree. As a parallel presentation, this chapter concerns theoretical methods that can hope to approach comparable absolute accuracy. The importance of accuracy at this level was stressed in Chap. 6. Structural information is used in chemistry as a probe of the small shifts of electron density that distinguish one molecule from closely related ones, and also to suggest interpretations for molecular individuality in properties and reactivity. Substituent effects and interactions between component parts of a molecule typically cause geometry alterations on the order of no more than a few picometers or degrees, so very high accuray is required if structural data, experimental or theoretical, are to provide the maximum chemically useful information.
Cell-specific and ubiquitous factors are responsible for the enhancer activity of the rat insulin II gene

Pancreatic beta-cell-specific expression of the insulin gene is mediated, at least in part, by an enhancer element termed the rat insulin promoter element 3 (RIPES) found within the rat insulin II gene between positions -126 and -86. Here we identify three distinct factors interacting with RIPE3, namely 3a1, 3a2, and 3b1, which bind to the sequences between -100 to -90, -108 to -99, and -115 to -107, respectively. Factors 3a1 and 3b1 are beta-cell specific whereas 3a2 is ubiquitously distributed. The 3a1 site contains the consensus binding sequence (CANNTG) for a group of DNA-binding proteins called basic-helix-loop-helix proteins. We showed in this study that the 3a1 binding activity contains E12/E47, a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix protein family, or an E12/E47-like protein. Sequence comparison of the 3a2 and 3b1 binding sites suggest that they are unique and may bind to novel transcription factors. Mutation analysis of each individual binding site in transient expression experiments indicates that all of the three binding sites contribute to the enhancer activity of the RIPE3 in beta-cells. Mutation in any one of the three binding sites not only disrupts binding of the corresponding factor but decreases RIPE3 enhancer activity by 4-7-fold. The results suggest that interactions among the 3a1, 3a2, and 3b1 factors are required for maximum enhancer activity of the RIPE3 in insulin-producing cells.
Enriched optimization of molecular properties under constraints: an electrochromic example

We present a deterministic optimization procedure of molecular properties that ensures diverse coverage of the given chemical compound search space. Diversity is ensured by enriching the set of computed molecules by candidates which maximize the distance to the given set. Each new such point becomes the starting point for a (constrained) optimization as introduced by J. M. Elward and B. C. Rinderspacher, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, 17, 24322–24335. We demonstrate the capabilities on the design of electrochromic chromophores in a search space of 5184 molecules. The enriched optimizations utilizing a dynamic reordering of the search space found the global optima in all studied problems.
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons.

We report experimental 2D infrared (2D IR) spectra of coherent light–matter excitations––molecular vibrational polaritons. The application of advanced 2D IR spectroscopy to vibrational polaritons challenges and advances our understanding in both fields. First, the 2D IR spectra of polaritons differ drastically from free uncoupled excitations and a new interpretation is needed. Second, 2D IR uniquely resolves excitation of hybrid light–matter polaritons and unexpected dark states in a state-selective manner, revealing otherwise hidden interactions between them. Moreover, 2D IR signals highlight the impact of molecular anharmonicities which are applicable to virtually all molecular systems. A quantum-mechanical model is developed which incorporates both nuclear and electrical anharmonicities and provides the basis for interpreting this class of 2D IR spectra. This work lays the foundation for investigating phenomena of nonlinear photonics and chemistry of molecular vibrational polaritons which cannot be probed with traditional linear spectroscopy.
Shifting from the shift: Loss of dialect distinction in the US

Historically, /ae/ in the Northern Cities Shift (NCS) dialect area is realized as raised, lengthened, and diphthongized in all consonantal contexts (Boberg and Strassel 2000) and that pre-oral /ae/ is realized with as much nasalization as pre-nasal /ae/ (Plichta 2004). Recent studies suggest that young speakers in the dialect area are adopting a nasal pattern for /ae/ such that only tokens before nasal consonants are raised and fronted in phonetic space (in Lansing, MI (Wagner et al. 2016), in Syracuse, NY (Driscoll and Lape 2015), in Upstate NY (Thiel and Dinkin 2017), in Detroit, MI (Acton et al. 2017)). Through acoustic analysis of 1310 /ae/ tokens produced by 26 speakers born and raised in Lansing, MI (date of birth 1991–1997), the current study finds that younger speakers are not simply lowering and retracting this vowel, they are rejecting all phonetic components of the NCS /ae/ system. For these speakers, only pre-nasal /ae/ tokens are realized as long, diphthongal, and nasalized, while pre-oral tokens are short, monophthongal, and have little to no nasalization. Vowel quality for /ae/ in the NCS dialect area is thus undistinguishable from that in the western and midland states in the US (e.g., California and Kansas).
Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease: A Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Study

Objective Our aim was to assess risk of Parkinson disease (PD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI), including specifically mild TBI (mTBI), among care recipients in the Veterans Health Administration. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we identified all patients with a TBI diagnosis in Veterans Health Administration databases from October 2002 to September 2014 and age-matched 1:1 to a random sample of patients without TBI. All patients were aged 18 years and older without PD or dementia at baseline. TBI exposure and severity were determined via detailed clinical assessments or ICD-9 codes using Department of Defense and Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center criteria. Baseline comorbidities and incident PD more than 1 year post-TBI were identified using ICD-9 codes. Risk of PD after TBI was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographics and medical/psychiatric comorbidities. Results Among 325,870 patients (half with TBI; average age 47.9 ± 17.4 years; average follow-up 4.6 years), 1,462 were diagnosed with PD during follow-up. Compared to no TBI, those with TBI had higher incidence of PD (no TBI 0.31%, all-severity TBI 0.58%, mTBI 0.47%, moderate-severe TBI 0.75%). In adjusted models, all-severity TBI, mTBI, and moderate-severe TBI were associated with increased risk of PD (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: all-severity TBI 1.71 [1.53–1.92]; mTBI 1.56 [1.35–1.80]; moderate-severe TBI 1.83 [1.61–2.07]). Conclusions Among military veterans, mTBI is associated with 56% increased risk of PD, even after adjusting for demographics and medical/psychiatric comorbidities. This study highlights the importance of TBI prevention, long-term follow-up of TBI-exposed veterans, and the need to determine mechanisms and modifiable risk factors for post-TBI PD.
The National Institutes of Health Experience with Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies: Lymphoma, Melanoma, and Colon Cancer

The hybridoma technique of Kohler and Milstein (1975) permits one to develop monoclonal antibodies (MoABS) against tumor-associated antigens that are highly specific, of very strong avidity for the antigen, and available in large quantities as purified protein. In the last few years, MoABS have been developed against tumor associated antigens for most of the common solid tumors: lung, colon, breast, pancreas, prostate, ovary; as well as some that are not so common, such as melanoma and soft-tissue sarcomas. In addition, MoABS that recognize antigens on hematopoietic neoplasms, such as T- and B-cell lymphomas have been developed. In principle, these monoclonal antibodies can be used as carriers for targeting radionuclides to tumors in vivo, as a means of diagnosis and therapy.
The Contingency Professor, the Tenured Professor, and the Generalist: Life as a Community College Political Scientist

An academic career at a community college is in a number of ways quite different from a career at a four-year university. From the emphasis on teaching and pedagogy to the absence of the “publish o...
Temporal Decomposition for Security-Constrained Unit Commitment

This paper proposes a temporal decomposition strategy to reduce the computation time of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC). The novelty of this paper is twofold. The scheduling horizon is decomposed into multiple subhorizons. The concept of coupling intervals is introduced, and a set of auxiliary counting variables and logical expressions along with their equivalent linear models are formulated to handle intertemporal ramp constraints and minimum on/off times between consecutive subhorizons. An accelerated analytical target cascading (A-ATC) algorithm is developed to coordinate SCUC subproblems and find the optimal solution for the whole operation horizon in a distributed manner. An initialization strategy is presented to enhance the convergence performance of A-ATC. The proposed algorithm is tested on four test systems.
Association of Thoracic Epidural Pain Management with Urinary Retention after Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

The association of thoracic epidural analgesia and urinary retention after complex abdominal wall reconstruction (CAWR) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the presence of a thoracic epidural, timing of Foley catheter removal, and the rates of urinary retention and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in patients undergoing CAWR. All patients undergoing CAWR, who had an epidural catheter for postoperative pain management at our institution from September 2015 through April 2016, were prospectively followed. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 had their Foley catheters removed on postoperative day one, whereas Group 2 had their Foley catheters removed after epidural removal. The incidence of urinary retention and CAUTI were compared between the two groups. A total of 67 patients met inclusion criteria; 27 (40.3%) patients were in Group 1. Patients in Group 1 were significantly more likely to experience urinary retention requiring Foley catheter replacement (P = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of CAUTI between the two groups (P = 0.51). Patients undergoing CAWR with thoracic epidural pain management are at risk of experiencing postoperative urinary retention. Foley catheter removal after epidural removal does not place the patient at an increased risk for CAUTI and therefore should be strongly considered in this patient population.
Urethral duplication-Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment in a case series of 19 patients.

Summary Background Urethral duplications are rare congenital anomalies of the urinary tract. Because of their rare occurrence, evidence about epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment is limited. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics, presentation, and treatment of a single large cohort of patients. Study design The authors describe a cohort of 19 consecutive patients with urethral duplications treated at a single referral institution over a 15-year period. Type of duplication, comorbidities, diagnosis, and treatments are described. Results 68% of the patients were male, and the age at diagnosis ranged from 0 days to 120 months. The most common type of urethral duplication in this cohort of patients was IIA-2 according to Effmann (26%). Diagnosis was made by healthcare providers in 90% and by the children's mothers in 10% of the patients. Furthermore, 10% of patients presented with urinary tract infections. Only 26% of the patients did not have associated diseases or disorders. Fifteen (79%) patients were treated surgically, with a mean number of 2 (standard deviation 1.6) surgeries per patient. Surgeries were performed ranging between 2 days and 10 years of age. Discussion The authors report one of the largest cohorts of patients with urethral duplication. There was a male preponderance, urinary tract infections were rare, and most patients had associated disorders, which is in line with previous reports. In this cohort, most duplications were discovered by healthcare providers, and a small number of patients did not undergo surgical treatment. The broad spectrum of duplications could be confirmed with type IIA-2 being the most common type. The mean number of two procedures per patient was low compared with previous reports. Download : Download high-res image (323KB) Download : Download full-size image
Oncology Nurse Navigation: Expansion of the Navigator Role Through Telehealth.

Background Residents of communities without local access to clinical oncology care face significant challenges that can be addressed through the use of technology. Teleoncology uses secure, interactive video- and audioconferencing and telephone communication to remotely deliver quality cancer care. Objectives This article introduces the role of the oncology nurse navigator (ONN) as a collaborative caregiver and virtual resource for patients and teleoncology providers. Methods The literature on telehealth, nurse navigation, and teleoncology was reviewed to describe the ONN role and its integration with eHealth technologies. Findings As a member of the interprofessional provider team, the ONN works collaboratively with patients and their family members and serves as a virtual resource. The ONN also provides clinical communication among clinical oncology providers and support staff. The ONN supports eHealth as a method of providing clinical care to patients close to their homes.
Case Studies in Forensic Physics

Abstract This book focuses on a forensics-style re-examination of several historical events. The purpose of these studies is to afford readers the opportunity to apply basic principles of physics t...
A Fast Potential and Self-Gravity Solver for Non-Axisymmetric Disks

Disk self-gravity could play an important role in the dynamic evolution of interaction between disks and embedded protoplanets. We have developed a fast and accurate solver to calculate the disk potential and disk self-gravity forces for disk systems on a uniform polar grid. Our method follows closely the method given by Chan et al. (2006), in which an FFT in the azimuthal direction is performed and a direct integral approach in the frequency domain in the radial direction is implemented on a uniform polar grid. This method can be very effective for disks with vertical structures that depend only on the disk radius, achieving the same computational efficiency as for zero-thickness disks. We describe how to parallelize the solver efficiently on distributed parallel computers. We propose a mode-cutoff procedure to reduce the parallel communication cost and achieve nearly linear scalability for a large number of processors. For comparison, we have also developed a particle-based fast tree-code to calculate the self-gravity of the disk system with vertical structure. The numerical results show that our direct integral method is at least two order of magnitudes faster than our optimized tree-code approach.
Slow-Growing Thumb Nodule

A patient presented with a small, firm nodule on the volar aspect of the interphalangeal joint of the left thumb.
Injecting Errors for Fun and Profit: Error-detection and correction features are only as good as our ability to test them.

It is an unfortunate fact of life that anything with moving parts eventually wears out and malfunctions, and electronic circuitry is no exception. In this case, of course, the moving parts are electrons. In addition to the wear-out mechanisms of electromigration (the moving electrons gradually push the metal atoms out of position, causing wires to thin, thus increasing their resistance and eventually producing open circuits) and dendritic growth (the voltage difference between adjacent wires causes the displaced metal atoms to migrate toward each other, just as magnets will attract each other, eventually causing shorts), electronic circuits are also vulnerable to background radiation. These fast-moving charged particles knock electrons out of their orbits, leaving ionized trails in their wake. Until those electrons find their way back home, a conductive path exists where there once was none.
Adaptive sampling design for multi-task learning of Gaussian processes in manufacturing

Abstract Approximation models (or surrogate models) have been widely used in engineering problems to mitigate the cost of running expensive experiments or simulations. Gaussian processes (GPs) are a popular tool used to construct these models due to their flexibility and computational tractability. The accuracy of these models is a strong function of the density and locations of the sampled points in the parametric space used for training. Previously, multi-task learning (MTL) has been used to learn similar-but-not-identical tasks together, thus increasing the effective density of training points. Also, several adaptive sampling strategies have been developed to identify regions of interest for intelligent sampling in single-task learning of GPs. While both these methods have addressed the density and location constraint separately, sampling design approaches for MTL are lacking. In this paper, we formulate an adaptive sampling strategy for MTL of GPs, thereby further improving data efficiency and modeling performance in GP. To this end, we develop variance measures for an MTL framework to effectively identify optimal sampling locations while learning multiple tasks simultaneously. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method using a case study on a real-world engine surface dataset. We observe that the proposed method leverages both MTL and intelligent sampling to significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods which use either approach separately. The developed sampling design strategy is readily applicable to many problems in various fields.
ALS monocytes exhibit a pro-inflammatory gene expression (I11-1B)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether circulating monocytes/macrophages in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have a unique inflammatory gene expression. BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence supports the role of the immune system in ALS disease progression. We have previously reported that decreased regulatory T lymphocytes are associated with rapid disease progression in ALS, but the monocyte/macrophage population has not been carefully studied. This population can be divided into classical (CD14 + /CD16 - ), non-classical (CD16 + /CD14 low ), and intermediate (CD16 + /CD14 + ) subpopulations, each having their unique gene expression signatures. DESIGN/METHODS: Human monocytes were obtained from peripheral blood of 45 ALS patients and 24 healthy volunteers, and subsequently purified by negative selection. From a portion of these purified cells, total RNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure gene expression levels. The remaining purified monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for the levels of the three different subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages. RESULTS: The demographics between the ALS patients and volunteers were similar. qRT-PCR revealed that expression of inflammation-related genes, IL-1β, NLRP3, IL-8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 were increased in ALS monocytes compared with the healthy control monocytes. When ALS patients were divided into slowly and rapidly progressing groups, CXCL2 mRNA was increased in the rapid group, but not in the slow group. Flow cytometric analysis determined that rapidly progressing ALS patients had less non-classical (CD16 + /CD14 low ) monocytes, but enhanced numbers of TIM3 + monocytes, than slowly progressing ALS patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: ALS monocytes are skewed towards a pro-inflammatory state, and are in accord with reduced anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells, suggesting their participation in inflammation. The increased CXCL2 expression, the increased TIM3+ monocytes and the decreased CD16 + /CD14 low monocytes in rapidly progressing ALS patients could possibly serve as biomarkers for disease progression, and for monitoring response to treatment in clinical trials. Study Supported by: Glaxosmithkline, NIH, Muscular Dystrophy Association Disclosure: Dr. Zhao has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Beers has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Christopher has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Appel received personal compensation for activities with Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as a scientific advisory board member.
Growth and Virulence of Candida albicans after Oral Inoculation in the Chick with a Monoflora of Either Escherichia coli or Streptococcus faecalis

Balish, Edward (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), and A. W. Phillips. Growth and virulence of Candida albicans after oral inoculation in the chick with a monoflora of either Escherichia coli or Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 91:1744-1749. 1966.-Bacterial protection against intestinal infection by Candida albicans was investigated in chicks with a monoflora of either Escherichia coli or Streptococcus faecalis. These animals were obtained by orally inoculating germ-free chicks (3 days old) with pure cultures of bacteria. Each bacterial species was established in large numbers in the gut of separate groups of animals within 24 hr of inoculation; these numbers were similar in chicks examined 34 days later, at which time all animals were killed. The numbers of bacteria from contents of the crop, small intestine, and ceca were similar in chicks with the E. coli monoflora. Comparable results were obtained in chicks with the S. faecalis monoflora, except for decreased numbers in the duodenum and jejunum. Some of the monoflora chicks (7 days old) were transferred into separate isolators, orally inoculated with C. albicans, and observed for 34 days. All chicks grew well and appeared healthy. However, examinations at autopsy revealed severe crop infections in chicks with a diflora containing S. faecalis. Preferential growth of hyphae (C. albicans) occurred in the lesions and throughout the gut. The numbers of S. faecalis in the gut were comparable to those found in unchallenged animals. Agglutinins against C. albicans were not detected in our test or control chicks. Chicks with a diflora containing E. coli and C. albicans had a few microscopic crop lesions containing small numbers of hyphae. C. albicans was well established in the gut of these animals, largely as the yeast form. The numbers of E. coli in the gut were similar to those in control chicks. Thus, it was concluded that E. coli provided protection against crop infection by C. albicans. In crop contents from unchallenged animals, chicks with S. faecalis monoflora were about pH 5, whereas birds with E. coli monoflora were about pH 7. The challenge did not greatly change the former value, and the latter was slightly decreased. In the crop of unchallenged birds, negative E(h) values were found in chicks with S. faecalis and positive E(h) values in those with E. coli. Challenge did not greatly change these values. These data on pH and E(h) were related to conditions for morphogenesis of C. albicans and virulence. No major difference in the concentrations of serum proteins was seen in chicks with E. coli or S. faecalis after challenge with C. albicans. Possible mechanisms of the protective effect of E. coli are discussed.
Experimental Evaluation of R134a Emission with Various Hose Constructions

The focus of this paper is to understand, from experimental data, the R134a refrigerant emission rates of various hose materials due to permeation. This paper focuses on four main points for hose assembly emission of R134a: (1) characteristics of hose permeation in response to the effect of oil in R134a and the characteristics of hose permeation of vapor vs. liquid refrigerant; (2) conditioning of the hose material over time to reach steady state R134a emission; (3) the relative contribution of hose permeation and coupling emission to the overall hose assembly refrigerant emission; (4) transient emission rates due to transient temperature and pressure conditions. Studies include hoses with different materials and constructions resulting in various levels of R134a permeation.
Drive‐by BI: Tailored in‐class mini‐instruction sessions for graduate and upper‐level undergraduate courses

Purpose – This paper seeks to describe a program that provides quick and relevant library instruction and research support for teaching faculty and their students within the context of the classroom.Design/methodology/approach – The paper identifies the pressures on teaching faculty to improve critical inquiry and to conform with the state requirements and demands of future employers as providing an opportunity for academic librarians to present library instruction as a win‐win solution, consistent with library priorities in supporting research and promoting information literacy.Findings – This project describes a strategy for implementing a drive‐by BI mini‐session, including identifying key courses and faculty, contacting them, positioning the drive‐by BI opportunity for the best effect and impact, and following up with the faculty and students.Practical implications – This approach is particularly useful for librarians who are striving to reach teaching faculty and, through them, students with the bene...
Effect of dietary bulk on small intestinal morphology and cell renewal in the rat.

Abstract Feeding an elemental diet (Vivonex) to rats over 9 days causes a decrease in the rate of cell renewal and a reduction in villus size in both the jejunum and ileum, as compared with rats fed regular chow. The addition of bulk to elemental diet cannot prevent the reduction in villous size, but it can cause a small increase in the rate of cell renewal, which is still much lower than that in chow-fed rats. The serum gastrin level of rats fed the elemental diet is about one-third of the level found in chow-fed rats, and it is not changed by the addition of bulk.
Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables

Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude −0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude −0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude −0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude −0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. The correlation between biodiversity and growth potential was estimated at 0.7658 and that between sediment contamination and natural variability at −0.3769.
Electromagnetic signature of supermassive black hole binaries that enter their gravitational-wave induced inspiral

Mergers of gas-rich galaxies lead to black hole binaries that coalesce as a result of dynamical friction on the ambient gas. Once the binary tightens to $\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{3}$ Schwarzschild radii, its merger is driven by the emission of gravitational waves (GWs). We show that this transition occurs generically at orbital periods of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\char21{}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{years}$ and an orbital velocity $v$ of a few thousand $\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, with a very weak dependence on the supply rate of gas ($v\ensuremath{\propto}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{M}}^{1/8}$). Therefore, as binaries enter their GW-dominated inspiral, they inevitably induce large periodic shifts in the broad emission lines of any associated quasar(s). The probability of finding a binary in tighter configurations scales as ${v}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ owing to their much shorter lifetimes. Narrow-band monitoring of the broad emission lines of quasars on time scales of months to decades can set a lower limit on the expected rate of GW sources for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.
Lack of TIM-3 Immunoregulation in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS white matter associated with T cell infiltrates and alterations of immune functions that can be measured in the peripheral immune system. TIM-3 has been identified as a central regulator of IFN-γ-secreting type 1 Th (Th1) cells and immune tolerance. In this study, using a newly generated mAb against human TIM-3, we examined TIM-3 function on ex vivo CD4+ T cells isolated from the circulation of healthy subjects and patients with MS. Blocking TIM-3 during T cell stimulation significantly enhanced IFN-γ secretion in control subjects but had no effect in untreated patients with MS, demonstrating a defect in TIM-3 immunoregulation. Treatment with glatiramer acetate or IFN-β reversed this functional defect. Reduced levels and altered kinetics of T cell TIM-3 expression, which was restored in treated patients, is one mechanism that can explain the loss of TIM-3 regulation of T cell function in untreated patients with MS. These data provide functional, mechanistic data for dysregulated TIM-3 immunoregulation in a human autoimmune disease and suggest that approved therapies for the treatment of MS may function in part by restoring TIM-3 immunoregulation of T cell function.
Iterative decoding of a class of cyclic codes

Among the classes of LDPC codes that have been constructed and designed, the only class of LDPC codes that are cyclic is the class of codes constructed based on the incidence vectors of lines of finite geometries, called finite geometry LDPC codes. Cyclic finite geometry LDPC codes are known to have large minimum distances and can provide good error performance with very low error-floors using iterative decoding based on belief propagation. Their cyclic structure allows them to be efficiently and systematically encoded with simple shift-registers in linear time with linear complexity. An obvious question is whether, besides cyclic finite geometry LDPC codes, there are other cyclic codes with large minimum distances that can be efficiently decoded iteratively using channel soft information. In this paper, we present one such class of cyclic codes. Codes in this class are two-step majority-logic decodable and they are also constructed based on finite geometries. Two iterative decoding algorithms are devised for this class of cyclic codes and they provide significant coding gain over the two-step majority-logic decoding of codes in this class.
Teaching Melodic Dictation in Advanced Placement Music Theory.

In this study approaches to teaching melodic dictation skills used by Advanced Placement (AP) Music Theory teachers were examined. Twelve high school teachers from four states were interviewed. Fou...
A beam‐propagation technique to analyze integrated photonic circuits

An explicit central difference scheme to implement the beam-propagation algorithm for analyzing pulse propagation in photonic integrated circuits is discussed. The method has been successfully applied to planar waveguides, channel waveguides, and waveguide couplers. The method shows stability even after long propagation distances and does not involve computation of fast Fourier transform at any step, contrary to the methods discussed earlier. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deep-Sea Temperature and Ice Volume Changes Across the Pliocene-Pleistocene Climate Transitions

Earth has undergone profound changes since the late Pliocene, which led to the development [~2.7 million years ago (Ma)] and intensification (~0.9 Ma) of large-scale Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, recorded as transitions in the benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope (δ18Ob) record. Here we present an orbitally resolved record of deep ocean temperature derived from benthic foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios from the North Atlantic, which shows that temperature variations are a substantial portion of the global δ18Ob signal. The record shows two distinct cooling events associated with the late Pliocene (LPT, 2.5 to 3 Ma) and mid-Pleistocene (MPT, 1.2 to 0.85 Ma) climate transitions. Whereas the LPT increase in ice volume is attributed directly to global cooling, the shift to 100,000-year cycles at the MPT is more likely to be a response to an additional change in ice-sheet dynamics.
Reassessment of cryotribology theory

Abstract The interpretation of cryogenic temperature friction is enhanced by the concurrent evaluation of the low-temperature mechanical properties of sliding materials. Absolute sliding stability is greatly desired but difficult to attain in cryogenic systems. Experiments performed to investigate the material factors necessary for smooth motion indicate that interfacial shear creep plays a key role in sliding stabilization. Because viscous creep is typically not observed at cryogenic temperatures, we conclude that it is not possible to guarantee sliding stability based solely on material selection criteria.
SCISSOR: scalable and efficient reachability query processing in time-evolving hierarchies

A time-evolving hierarchy (TEH) consists of multiple snapshots of the hierarchy (collection of one or more trees) as it evolves over time. It is often important to test reachability between a given pair of vertices in an arbitrary (possibly past) snapshot of the hierarchy. While interval-based indexing has been a popular strategy for reachability testing in static hierarchies, a straightforward extension of this strategy to TEHs is impractical because of the exorbitant indexing overheads. In this paper, we propose SCISSOR (selective snapshot indexing with progressive solution refinement), which, to the best of our knowledge is the first time and space efficient framework for answering reachability queries in TEHs. The main idea here is to maintain indexes only for a selective interspersed subset of TEH snapshots. A query on a non-indexed snapshot will be answered by utilizing the index of a temporally-nearby indexed snapshot and analyzing the structural changes that have occurred between the two snapshots. We also present a experimental study demonstrating the scalability and efficiency of the SCISSOR framework in terms of both indexing costs and query latencies.
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY'S SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ON THE DEBT STRUCTURE OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND KOREAN-AMERICAN SMALL BUSINESSES

This study utilizes the Korean-American and Mexican-American samples in the National Minority Business Survey to examine the debt structure of small businesses owned by individuals from these ethnic groups. Small business owners with higher household net worth were more likely to borrow from finance companies, friends, and credit card companies. When controlling for business, business owner and family characteristics, Mexican-American small business owners with high net worth were significantly more likely to borrow from commercial banks than Mexican-American small business owners with low net worth are. Korean-American small business owners with high net worth were significantly more likely to utilize family loans than Korean-American small business owners with low net worth are. Korean-American small businesses appeared to be more financially dependent on the financial strength of their community, while Mexican-American small businesses owners appeared to be more financially independent.
After-School Care: Child Outcomes and Recommendations for Research and Policy

With increases in family employment rates, there is growing interest in how children spend their time after school. This paper reviews the current research literature on relative care, non-relative care, after-school programs, and self-care for school age children with special attention paid to child outcomes from participation in various after school care arrangements. Research shows mixed findings regarding relations between type of after-school care and child outcome. The use of self-care is not associated with negative child outcomes for predominantly Caucasian children within rural and suburban populations. Different outcomes for self-care are found, however, within urban and minority communities. For low-income families, positive effects from participation in formal after-school programs are found. Major policy recommendations are: (1) to increase federal funding available for after-school programs; (2) to set standards for programs; (3) to involve the community in administering after-school programs, and (4) to make more information regarding after-school care options available to parents.
Cytomegalovirus vaccine: persistence of humoral immunity following immunization of renal transplant candidates

Abstract A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Towne live, attenuated cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine in renal transplant candidates underway since January 1979 has enabled us to assess the durability of humoral immunity after immunization. Among 53 seronegative subjects, Towne vaccine elicited a geometric mean indirect immunofluorescent (IF) antibody titre of 72.3, but titres in patients either not transplanted or given kidneys from seronegative donors declined substantially by one year postimmunization. Vaccine boosted the geometric mean IF antibody titre in 21 seropositive untransplanted subjects from 66.5 pre-immunization to 91.0 approximately three months later. Seventeen seronegative subjects given a seropositive kidney and 27 subjects seropositive before immunization experienced a sharp boost in geometric mean antibody titre post-transplant signifying reactivation of their own CMV strain or acquisition of virus from the donor kidney. These data indicate that Towne vaccine is immunogenic in renal transplant candidates but does not completely prevent posttransplant infections.
C−H versus O−H Bond Cleavage Reactions of Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylamine, PhN(o-C6H4OH)2: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Tungsten Aryloxide Complexes Which Exhibit Bidentate, Τridentate, and Tetradentate Coordination Modes

The phenylimino-bridged diphenol PhN(o-C6H4OH)2 reacts with W(PMe3)4(η2-CH2PMe2)H to yield a variety of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes that include [κ2-PhN(C6H4OH)(C6H3O)]W(PMe3)4H2, [μ-κ2,κ2-...
Determinants of compliance with antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: prospective assessment with implications for enhancing compliance.

Non-compliance with therapy is a significant problem, particularly when the disease process is chronic and therapeutic regimens are employed for prolonged periods. We assessed the prevalence and variables associated with compliance with antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, by means of a longitudinal observational study of 46 patients aged 23 to 68 years, with human immunodeficiency virus infection, followed at the Pittsburgh VA Medical Center. Data on demographics, medical status, physical functioning (Karnofsky performance scores), CD4 lymphocyte count, depression (Beck depression inventory), coping (inventory of coping with illness scale scores), and psychological and emotional stress (profile of mood states scale scores), were prospectively assessed on all patients at baseline and every 6 months. Compliance was assessed at 6 and 12 months: patients taking ≥80% of antiretroviral therapy were considered compliant. Overall, 63% of patients were compliant with ant...
Effects of Defendant Age and Juror Bias on Judgment of Culpability: What Happens When a Juvenile is Tried as an Adult?

The current study examined the possibility that trying juveniles as adults was prejudicial. One hundred and fifty three undergraduate mock jurors, classified as either prosecution-biased (PB) or defense-biased (DB), participated in the experiment. The jurors were randomly assigned to read a murder trial summary depicting a 19-year-old adult defendant (AD-19), a 16-year-old juvenile tried as an adult (JA-16), or a 13-year-old juvenile tried as an adult (JA-13). Defendant age interacted with juror bias. In the JA-16 condition, compared with defense-biased jurors, prosecution-biased jurors found the defendant guilty more often, had higher confidence in the defendant’s guilt, and set a lower standard of proof. By all appearances, some jurors might lose neutrality when judging juveniles tried as adults.