cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scientific authorship. Part 1. A window into scientific fraud

The examination of a single scientific manuscript seldom alerts scientists, reviewers, editors, and scientific administrators to the fabrication and falsification of data and information. This review shows that most documented cases of scientific fraud involve falsification (altering truthful information) and fabrication (inventing information where none previously existed). Plagiarism is much less frequent. The review of published accounts also shows that the publication of scientific papers containing recognizable fraudulent material is very low, probably less than 0.02% and extremely difficult to detect. Because most reported cases of fraud have involved research done at prestigious organizations with distinguished co-authors, and that is published in journals with exacting review processes, it becomes evident that some unscrupulous scientists are adept at fabricating and falsifying data. However, "significant" scientific fraud is detected when scientists repeatedly report results that cannot be independently verified, when colleagues report suspicious behavior, or scientific audits are performed. This review documents and compares many of the better-known cases of scientific fraud. Fraudulent behavior has served as the impetus for the scientific community to develop publication procedures and guidelines that help to guard against not only fraudulent behavior but also against other types of unethical or undesirable behaviors. A companion paper reviews the non-fraudulent issues associated with scientific publication.
Explore Transplant at Home: a randomized control trial of an educational intervention to increase transplant knowledge for Black and White socioeconomically disadvantaged dialysis patients

Compared to others, dialysis patients who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or Black are less likely to receive education about deceased donor kidney transplant (DDKT) and living donor kidney transplant (LDKT) before they reach transplant centers, often due to limited availability of transplant education within dialysis centers. Since these patients are often less knowledgeable or ready to pursue transplant, educational content must be simplified, made culturally sensitive, and presented gradually across multiple sessions to increase learning and honor where they are in their decision-making about transplant. The Explore Transplant at Home (ETH) program was developed to help patients learn more about DDKT and LDKT at home, with and without telephone conversations with an educator. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), 540 low-income Black and White dialysis patients with household incomes at or below 250 % of the federal poverty line, some of whom receive financial assistance from the Missouri Kidney Program, will be randomly assigned to one of three education conditions: (1) standard-of-care transplant education provided by the dialysis center, (2) patient-guided ETH (ETH-PG), and (3) health educator-guided ETH (ETH-EG). Patients in the standard-of-care condition will only receive education provided in their dialysis centers. Those in the two ETH conditions will receive four video and print modules delivered over an 8 month period by mail, with the option of receiving supplementary text messages weekly. In addition, patients in the ETH-EG condition will participate in multiple telephonic educational sessions with a health educator. Changes in transplant knowledge, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and informed decision making will be captured with surveys administered before and after the ETH education. At the conclusion of this RCT, we will have determined whether an education program administered to socioeconomically disadvantaged dialysis patients, over several months directly in their homes, can help more individuals learn about the options of DDKT and LDKT. We also will be able to examine the efficacy of different educational delivery approaches to further understand whether the addition of a telephone educator is necessary for increasing transplant knowledge. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02268682
The Dynamics of Family Trouble: Middle-Class Parents Whose Children Have Problems

Because families are primary venues for self construction, they are also common sites of identity disruption, loss, and inner turmoil. Sociologists have a long tradition of studying the personal effects of troublesome family circumstances such as separation or divorce, illness, and death. However, scholars of these topics contribute to separate lines of research and rarely build on one another’s work. Drawing from interviews with middle-class parents whose children suffered from a range of problems, this article introduces “family trouble” as a concept that captures the similar social psychological elements of disruptive family events. On a broader level, the article highlights the relationship between the disruption of social order and the disruption of selves.
Contemporary Laparoscopic and Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: Pathologic Outcomes and Kattan Postoperative Nomograms Are Equivalent

OBJECTIVES Although contemporary cohort comparisons are lacking, open surgeons have questioned the oncologic efficacy of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) owing to the lack of haptic feedback. As such, we compared the pathologic outcomes and predicted the progression-free survival after open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and LRP in a single referral setting within a defined period, thereby isolating the effect of the surgical technique alone. METHODS Data were collected on 169 ORPs and 111 LRPs performed at our institution from May 2003 to May 2005. The surgical pathologic outcomes were compared, and the Kattan postoperative nomogram was used to calculate the 5 and 7-year progression-free probabilities after ORP and LRP. RESULTS On univariate analysis, no differences were found in age, Gleason sum, stage, margin status, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion. The positive margin rate was 29% for LRP and 35% for ORP (P = 0.29), and no difference was found even after stratifying by pathologic stage. After controlling for Gleason sum, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, nodal involvement, margin status, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen, no difference was found in detectable prostate-specific antigen after ORP and LRP (P = 0.73). When the Kattan postoperative nomogram was used to compute the biochemical progression-free probabilities, no differences were found at 5 (P = 0.51) and 7 years (P = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS In this contemporary series without the confounding effects of stage migration, regional practice variation, or the use of historical controls, the pathologic outcome after conventional LRP was similar to that after ORP. Biochemical progression-free survival was also similar using a validated multivariate predictive model.
Mode of Death in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure

Although the landscape of heart failure continues to rapidly evolve, and the widespread use of evidence-based pharmaceutical and device therapies has improved overall survival rates, mortality rates in heart failure patients remain high. Understanding the mode of death in heart failure is particularly important if we are to improve survival. This study reviews the evaluation of modes of death from heart failure and discusses the therapies, both pharmaceutical and device, that are useful in preventing these sequelae.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva presenting as a neck mass

Abstract Objective To report a case of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) initially presenting as a neck mass and alert the practicing otolaryngologist to the imperative to avoid harmful biopsy. Case A 2-year-old male presented with a firm left posterior neck mass and bilateral great toe malformations. Imaging was non-diagnostic and after 2 weeks of antibiotics the lesion was larger. At surgical biopsy, the mass was pale, firm, and avascular. Histopathology showed low grade fibromyxoid tissue. Rheumatology service diagnosed FOP based on clinical examination of neck mass, bilateral great toe deformities, stiff joints. Biopsy proved unnecessary and the patient developed heterotopic ossification at the site of surgical trauma. The patient was started on anti-inflammatories and steroids with minimal benefit. This case highlights the need for a broader understanding among clinicians who may encounter patients with FOP regarding the clinical aspects of diagnosis and the potential harm caused by surgical interventions.
Functional Capacity as a Significant Independent Predictor of Postoperative Mortality for Octogenarian ASA-III Patients

Background. The American Society of Anesthesiology’s (ASA) 6-point physical status classification remains one of the most significant predictors of perioperative morbidity and mortality and is the most widely used risk stratification tool worldwide. Its utility is significantly limited for octogenarians, however, as the majority of these patients are classified as ASA-III. Thus, for patients aged 80 or older, we hypothesized that incorporating patients’ functional status, defined by the ability to perform activities of daily living independently, would improve perioperative risk stratification. Methods. All data were extracted from the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program, a perioperative prospectively maintained computerized database. ASA-III patients were reclassified into subgroups IIIA or IIIB, with IIIA representing functionally independent patients and IIIB representing partially or fully dependent patients. Functional status was self-reported during preoperative assessments. In this database, mortality data (primary outcome) was reli ably available for all patients for the duration of the 96-month follow-up period, as were other perioperative patient data. Results. Seven hundred and fifty-nine (72.4%) patients were classified as ASA-IIIA, and 290 (27.6%) patients were ASA-IIIB. Thirty-day and long-term survival was significantly better in the ASA-IIIA group, irrespective of type of surgery (hazard ratio 1.87, confidence interval 1.55–2.25, p < .001). ASA-IIIB hazard ratios for mortality were greatest for orthopedic and vascular surgery patients, but a significant divergence in survival between ASA-IIIA and IIIB patients was observed in all surgical specialties.
A service platform for on-line games

Providing a satisfying experience for players of on-line first-person and multiplayer role-playing games is greatly influenced by the distribution and scalability of the game server infrastructure. Deploying a large, dedicated server infrastructure to support a single game title, however, is an expensive approach that does not make the best use of available resources. In this work-in-progress report, we propose a shared, on-demand service platform for hosting on-line games based on grid technology. A standards-based grid infrastructure provides economies of scale and high availability, necessary prerequisites for a successful on-line gaming service. We give an overview of the service architecture, and a detailed description of a number of middleware services that comprise the game hosting platform. In addition, we describe existing standards in grid technology and show how standard grid toolkit services can be leveraged to realize a gaming grid.
The Structure of Neurexin 1α Reveals Features Promoting a Role as Synaptic Organizer

α-neurexins are essential synaptic adhesion molecules implicated in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. The α-neurexin extracellular domain consists of six LNS domains interspersed by three EGF-like repeats and interacts with many different proteins in the synaptic cleft. To understand how α-neurexins might function as synaptic organizers, we solved the structure of the neurexin 1α extracellular domain (n1α) to 2.65 A. The L-shaped molecule can be divided into a flexible repeat I (LNS1-EGF-A-LNS2), a rigid horseshoe-shaped repeat II (LNS3-EGF-B-LNS4) with structural similarity to so-called reelin repeats, and an extended repeat III (LNS5-EGF-B-LNS6) with controlled flexibility. A 2.95 A structure of n1α carrying splice insert SS#3 in LNS4 reveals that SS#3 protrudes as a loop and does not alter the rigid arrangement of repeat II. The global architecture imposed by conserved structural features enables α-neurexins to recruit and organize proteins in distinct and variable ways, influenced by splicing, thereby promoting synaptic function.
High-titer MSCV-based retrovirus generated in the pCL acute virus packaging system confers sustained gene expression in vivo

Retroviral gene transfer using vectors encoding tumor suppressor genes has been tested repeatedly as a potential anti-tumor therapy. However, most attempts have been hindered by the inability to deliver genes efficiently and to obtain sustained expression in cells growing in vivo. In this paper we describe a method for producing high-titer MSCV virus using the pCL acute retroviral packaging system. This method facilitates the generation of MSCV virus encoding genes that convey the cytostatic or cytocidal phenotypes of benefit in the treatment of cancer. Amphotropic MSCV virus with an average titer of 6 x 10(6) CFU/ml has been routinely produced in this system. We demonstrate that, unlike the pCL retroviral vectors, the MSCV vector is capable of directing sustained in vivo expression of the green fluorescent protein in infected glioma cells following implantation and tumor growth in nude mice.
Multitargeting by turmeric, the golden spice: From kitchen to clinic

Although much has been published about curcumin, which is obtained from turmeric, comparatively little is known about turmeric itself. Turmeric, a golden spice obtained from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has been used to give color and taste to food preparations since ancient times. Traditionally, this spice has been used in Ayurveda and folk medicine for the treatment of such ailments as gynecological problems, gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of turmeric against such disorders. Various chemical constituents have been isolated from this spice, including polyphenols, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenoids, sterols, and alkaloids. Curcumin, which constitutes 2–5% of turmeric, is perhaps the most-studied component. Although some of the activities of turmeric can be mimicked by curcumin, other activities are curcumin-independent. Cell-based studies have demonstrated the potential of turmeric as an antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal, antimutagenic, radioprotector, and anticancer agent. Numerous animal studies have shown the potential of this spice against proinflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. At the molecular level, this spice has been shown to modulate numerous cell-signaling pathways. In clinical trials, turmeric has shown efficacy against numerous human ailments including lupus nephritis, cancer, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, acne, and fibrosis. Thus, a spice originally common in the kitchen is now exhibiting activities in the clinic. In this review, we discuss the chemical constituents of turmeric, its biological activities, its molecular targets, and its potential in the clinic.
Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Gynecologic Cancers

The role of minimally invasive surgery in the management of gynecologic cancers continues to expand. Radical vaginal trachelectomy with laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy has emerged as a safe, reasonable option for women with early-stage cervical cancer desiring fertility preservation. Similarly, laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy has been systematically described, is feasible, and can be offered to women with early-stage cervical cancer who do not desire future childbearing. In the treatment of early-stage endometrial cancer, the surgical approach of laparoscopic hysterectomy, peritoneal washings, and pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection, with or without an omentectomy, is being compared with the same surgery performed via laparotomy in the cooperative Gynecologic Oncology Group LAP 2 study, which has completed accrual, and appears to be a reasonable surgical option. In ovarian cancer, minimally invasive surgery has been incorporated to manage early-stage, advanced-stage, and recurrent disease, as well as second-look procedures. Hand-assisted laparoscopy has also recently been described in managing larger volume primary and recurrent gynecologic cancers. Extraperitoneal laparoscopy for para-aortic and pelvic lymph node dissections has been shown to yield adequate nodal counts and to be safe and feasible in the management of gynecologic cancers.
Elevated intrinsic reactivity of seryl hydroxyl groups within the linear peptide triads his-xaa-ser or ser-xaa-his

Abstract Chemical modification studies of peptide hormones and random peptides have revealed that seryl hydroxyl groups had enhanced reactivity toward acylating reagents when they occurred in the linear triads His-Xaa-Ser or Ser-Xaa-His (Xaa = any amino acid). O-acylation of serine within these triads was achieved by reaction with N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of biotin (NHS-biotin) and succinic anhydride. Seryl residues not occurring in His-Xaa-Ser/Ser-Xaa-His triads showed no reactivity toward NHS-biotin under reaction conditions described. Results of histidine replacement studies and studies of the pH dependence of O-biotinylation indicated that the increased nucleophilicity of the seryl hydroxyl group was due to intramolecular interaction between the seryl and histidyl residues. Our findings provide strong evidence that such triads represent novel consensus motifs in peptides.
Optimizing Social Security Benefits: Strategies For Married Couples With Above Average Age Differences And With Ratios Of Primary Insurance Amounts Of 0.5 Or Better

The complex rules and inter-related choices regarding spousal and survivor benefits imbedded in the social security system make the optimization of lifetime benefits for married couples a complex decision which can reduce or increase lifetime benefits significantly—even hundreds of thousand dollars. This paper focuses on strategies for couples with above average age differences and with ratios of Primary Insurance Amount (PIA) of 0.5 or better. In regards to age differences, about 40% of marriages have 4 or more years in age difference between spouses. The difference of four or more years is important because it means that one spouse is at or past full retirement age (FRA) when the other spouse becomes 62. Since both spouses must be eligible for regular social security benefits (past 62 years of age) to jointly execute an optimization strategy, the time period to execute strategies for couples is reduced by above average age differences. This paper evaluates the financial benefits of three major strategies for couples with above average age differences and with PIA ratios of 0.5 or more: (1) Use “Restricted application” for spousal benefits; (2) Delay start of benefits until one spouse has reached 70 years of age; and; (3) Early start for benefits as soon as the youngest spouse reaches 62 years of age. Each strategy is affected by the differences of age between the individual spouses, their individual work records (PIA ratio), and their individual life expectancies. The analytical framework presented in this paper illustrates that couples can increase life time benefits by hundreds of thousands of dollars by choosing the appropriate strategy.
Fluency, Satisfaction, Truth: Reassessing James in Light of Some Contemporary Psychology

A notable feature of classical American pragmatism is its close association with the birth of experimental psychology. In particular, William James’ work as a psychologist influenced, and was influenced by, his pragmatism. This paper seeks to support this reading of the relation between Jamesian psychology and pragmatism, particularly through his “Sentiment of Rationality” and the later contention that the true is the satisfactory. In addition, James’ insights are tested and expanded through reference to contemporary research on processing fluency, as well as concepts of ecological rationality.
Taxpayers or Investors: Who Paid for the Land-Grant Railroads?*

Professor Mercer examines the subsidies to seven major land-grant railroads in the United States and Canada and finds that such subsidies made very substantial contributions toward paying for the investment in those railroads.
Occurrence of Coati in Northern Arizona

On January 30, 1956, one Nasua narica pallida , coati, “chulu,” adult male was brought in to the Research Center of …
Mood States of U.S. Army Ranger Students Associated With a Competitive Road March

Mood state has been associated with performance in athletes; U.S. Army Rangers are the Army’s equivalent to the elite athlete. Purpose: To examine the relationship between mood and success on a qualification road march during Ranger School. Methods: Thirty-nine male Ranger students (mean ± sd; age, 25 ± 4 yrs; ht: 177 ± 5 cm, wt: 80 ± 9 kg; % body fat: 15 ± 4%, two-mile run fitness test: 12:50 ± 0:58 min) from two training classes participated. Road march distances were 8 and 12 miles for summer and winter classes, respectively. Environmental conditions were summer: 24.4° to 25.0°C air temperature (Ta), 82% to 89% relative humidity (RH), winter: -6.2°C to -4.4°C Ta and 51% to 60% RH. To achieve a passing grade and avoid being dropped from Ranger School, students needed to complete the march under a 16:25 min/mile pace while carrying ~31 kg of equipment. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was administered immediately after the march. The POMS assesses six moods (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion). Results: Road march times were 2:00 + 0:07 (hr:min) (avg 15:02 min/mile) for the 8-mile course and 3:03 + 0:12 (avg 15:15 min/mile) for the 12-mile course. A significant correlation between two-mile run times and road march times existed ( r = 0.80, p = 0.001 (summer) and r = 0.47, p = 0.05 (winter)). Correlations between mood and road march times were not significant for the winter class. However, significant correlations for tension r = 0.60; p = 0.004), depression: r = 0.60; p = 0.004), fatigue: r = 0.60; p = 0.004), and confusion: r = 0.53; p = 0.01) and road march times were seen in the summer class. Interaction effects from an analysis of variance between class (summer vs. winter) and passing the qualification standard (pass vs. fail) existed for tension ( p = 0.001), depression ( p = 0.28), fatigue ( p = 0.001), and confusion ( p = 0.022). Conclusions: Mood and performance were not related during the winter march. During the more environmentally- challenging summer march, mood was related to performance with more negative moods associated with those not meeting the U.S. Army Ranger School standard. The combined effects of the physical stress of completing the road march for time, the hotter environmental temperatures during the summer, and the disappointment of not meeting the Ranger School standard, likely contributed to these negative mood states.
Predictors of symptomatic urinary tract infection after 20 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) after 20 weeks’ gestation. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of all deliveries at three North Carolina hospitals between 1990 and 1993. A total of 7403 deliveries remained after exclusions (pre-pregnancy diabetes, HIV-positive, structural urologic abnormalities, no prenatal care) and restrictions (black or white race, county of residence). Cystitis and pyelonephritis were identified by clinician diagnosis. Multiple logistic regression was conducted. RESULTS: Prior UTIs (both before and earlier in pregnancy), nonprivate clinics, and a history of chlamydia (white women only) doubled the risk of symptomatic UTIs after 20 weeks’ gestation. The strongest predictor of pyelonephritis was prior antenatal UTIs (adjusted incidence odds ratio = 5.3, 95% confidence interval of 2.6–11.0), followed by less education (<12 years), a history of chlamydia, nonprivate clinics, illicit drug use, sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, and being unmarried. CONCLUSION: Medical history and demographic factors predict cystitis and pyelonephritis after 20 weeks’ gestation. Prospective studies of pyelonephritis predictors and screening strategies are warranted.
Predictors of basic needs and supervisory neglect: Evidence from the Illinois Families Study

Abstract Approximately 80% of the over 3 million reports of child maltreatment each year are due to concerns of child neglect (United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2015). The literature is growing, but relatively little is known about the predictors of the subtypes of neglect. The current study uses data from the Illinois Families Study to run fixed effects logistic regression models to estimate the predictors of two distinct forms of neglect: basic needs (failure to provide adequate food, clothing, or shelter) and supervisory (failure to provide adequate supervision). Within individual mothers, welfare receipt was associated with increased odds for basic needs neglect. Having worsening health conditions, gaining more child care concerns, and moving from a safe neighborhood to an unsafe neighborhood were positively associated with supervisory neglect. Our findings suggested that policies and practices that enhance economic stability over a longer period would likely decrease basic needs neglect, while policies and practices that aim to support families in terms of providing flexible childcare options for working mothers, improving socioeconomic status, and promoting health and wellness would be more beneficial for reduction of supervisory neglect.
Abstract P6-13-05: Androgen receptor (AR): A novel target and mechanism for radiosensitization and treatment in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC)

Background: Increased rates of locoregional recurrence have been observed in TNBC despite chemotherapy and radiation (RT). Thus, approaches that result in radiosensitizaton in TNBC are critically needed. We characterized the RT response of 21 breast cancer cell (BCC) lines using clonogenic survival assays. We paired this with high-throughput drug screen data to identify AR as a top target for radiosensitization and assess AR inhibition as a radiosensitization strategy for TNBC. Methods: Clonogenic survival assays were used to determine the intrinsic RT sensitivity of 21 BCC lines. IC50 values were determined for 130 clinically available compounds and correlation coefficients were calculated using IC50 values and SF-2Gy. Gene expression was measured using RNA Seq and protein expression was measured using RPPA arrays in human tumor samples (n=2,061) and BCC lines (n=51). AR function was assessed using siRNA knockdown or functional inhibition with MDV3100 (enzalutamide). We measured in vivo tumor growth with varying control and treatment groups (16-20 tumors/group). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to estimate local control and survival. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors of survival, and MVA was used to determine variables associated with LRF survival. Results: Our radiosensitizer screen nominated bicalutamide as a most effective drug in treating RT-resistant BCC lines (R2= 0.46, p-value 2000 human breast tumor samples and found significant heterogeneity in AR expression with enrichment of expression at the protein and RNA level in TNBC. This same heterogeneity was also identified in human BCC lines. There was a strong correlation between AR RNA expression and protein expression (R2= 0.72, p Conclusion: Our results implicate AR as a mediator of radioresistance in breast cancer and support the rationale for developing clinical strategies, including clinical trials, to inhibit AR as a novel radiosensitizing target in TNBC. Citation Format: Speers C, Zhao SG, Liu M, Rae JM, Hayes DF, Feng FY, Pierce LJ. Androgen receptor (AR): A novel target and mechanism for radiosensitization and treatment in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-13-05.
Selective reduction of 2

NaBH4 reduction of 2,5-bis[(4‘-(n-alkoxy)benzoyl)oxy]benzaldehydes produces primarily the rearranged phenol, which does not generate liquid crystalline phases when laterally attached to a polymer b...
Electrophysiologic Evaluation of Facial Nerve. Function After Paralysis

Usually, the clinical evaluation of facial paralysis is limited to a perfunctory appraisal of facial motion based on meager clinical guidelines. We have shown that using linear measurement and integrated electromyography it is possible to obtain meaningful, accurate data about the function of the facial nerve in various regions. By applying these techniques to facial paralysis patients it is possible to estimate the force of the facial muscles and the number of intact fibers in the facial nerve in different regions during maximum motion. Of even greater significance, it is possible to analyze the activity of the facial motor units during grades contractions. In 30 patients with facial paralysis of different etiologies, the number of nonfunctioning, partially functioning, and normally functioning motor units in several regions of the face was determined and motion vs. force graphs were derived.
Correlation of Coronal Plasma Properties and Solar Magnetic Field in a Decaying Active Region

We present the analysis of a decaying active region observed by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on Hinode during 2009 December 7-11. We investigated the temporal evolution of its structure exhibited by plasma at temperatures from 300,000 to 2.8 million degrees, and derived the electron density, differential emission measure, effective electron temperature, and elemental abundance ratios of Si/S and Fe/S (as a measure of the First Ionization Potential (FIP) Effect). We compared these coronal properties to the temporal evolution of the photospheric magnetic field strength obtained from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager magnetograms. We find that, while these coronal properties all decreased with time during this decay phase, the largest change was at plasma above 1.5 million degrees. The photospheric magnetic field strength also decreased with time but mainly for field strengths lower than about 70 Gauss. The effective electron temperature and the FIP bias seem to reach a basal state (at 1.5 x 10(exp 6) K and 1.5, respectively) into the quiet Sun when the mean photospheric magnetic field (excluding all areas <10 G) weakened to below 35 G, while the electron density continued to decrease with the weakening field. These physical properties are all positively correlated with each other and the correlation is the strongest in the high-temperature plasma. Such correlation properties should be considered in the quest for our understanding of how the corona is heated. The variations in the elemental abundance should especially be considered together with the electron temperature and density.
The crystal structure of poly(ethylene furanoate)

Abstract The crystal structure of poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) has been determined using X-ray fiber diffraction (XRFD) combined with molecular modeling. Analysis of the XRFD data suggested the space group was P21, with a monoclinic unit cell where a = 5.784 A, b = 6.780 A, c = 20.296 A, and γ = 103.3°, giving a calculated unit cell density of the crystal phase was 1.562 g/cm3. The repeating unit consisted of two monomers related to each other by a 21 screw axis. It was also shown that two PEF chains were included in each unit cell, with the center-chain being staggered with respect to the corner-chain. Polymer chains were found to be near planar, although careful evaluation showed that the best fit with the data required the cell to contain a mixture of 3/12 and 5/12 center-chain-staggering.
Multiple Satellite Networks: Performance Evaluation via Simulation

A simulation that models networks having satellites and Earth stations as intercommunicating nodes is described. The orbital mechanics and Earth rotation cause the topology to be dynamic as nodes move in and out of range of each other or are eclipsed by the Earth. Each node has a directive steerable beam transmit antenna and an omnidirectional receive antenna. Link access is accomplished using a pure ALOHA protocol with link level acknowledgments. Either random routing or deterministic routing can be selected. Message traffic is parameterized by the mean distance between source and destination. The performance evaluation capabilities of the simulation tool are demonstrated by consideration of specific cases, including the analysis of two satellite constellations that are special in that all orbits are circular and at equal altitudes; this symmetry simplifies performance characterization. Output statistics presented include the end-to-end and link level throughput, message delays, and queue sizes.
Investigating reduced metal species via sequential ion/ion and ion/molecule reactions: The reactions of transition metal phenanthrolines with allyl iodide

Abstract Sequential ion/ion and ion/molecule reactions are demonstrated in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer and are used to probe the reactivity of metal complexes in unusual ionization states. Taking advantage of the instrument’s electron transfer dissociation (ETD) capabilities, the mono- and bis-phenanthroline complexes of Fe(I), Co(I), Ni(I), Cu(I), and Zn(I) were formed by reduction of the corresponding M(II) species in an ion/ion reaction with the fluoranthene radical anion. The chemistry of the M(I) species was probed in ion/molecule reactions with allyl iodide. The bis-phenanthroline complexes generally give slow reactions and the metals were oxidized to M(II) iodide complexes with presumably the release of allyl radicals. The mono-phenanthroline complexes are much more reactive and give M(II) iodide complexes, M(II) allyl complexes, and adducts. The overall reactivity is in accord with density functional theory calculations and mirrors that of proposed intermediates in condensed-phase catalytic cycles.
Update on Managing Serious Wound Infections in Horses: Wounds Involving Soft Tissues

Abstract Chronic soft tissue wound infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria are a clinical challenge. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE), aminoglycoside-resistant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are examples of several problematic pathogens. A multipronged clinical approach is necessary for resolution of these chronic infections and a good medical outcome.
Providing Guaranteed Protection in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks with Interference Constraints

We consider the problem of providing protection against failures in wireless networks subject to interference constraints. Typically, protection in wired networks is provided through the provisioning of dedicated backup paths. This approach has not been previously considered in the wireless setting due to the prohibitive cost of backup capacity. Assigning capacity for dedicated backup paths in a wireless setting can more than double the total resources required from what was needed without protection, which can make protection infeasible. However, we show that in the presence of interference, guaranteed protection can be provided for all demands with little, and oftentimes no , additional resources beyond what was required without any protection. This is due to the fact that after a failure, links that previously interfered with the failed link can be activated, thus leading to a “recapturing” of lost capacity. We provide an ILP formulation to find an optimal solution for both binary and SINR interference constraints, and develop corresponding time-efficient algorithms. Our approach utilizes up to 87 percent less protection resources than traditional disjoint path routing to provide guaranteed protection. For the case of 2-hop interference, our protection scheme requires only 8 percent more resources on average than providing no protection whatsoever.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence and its metabolic associations in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes

We investigated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence and its metabolic associations in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and in insulin-naive and insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Baseline data from patients who had liver fat content (LFC) evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in four phase 3 studies of basal insulin peglispro (BIL) were analysed. Associations of NAFLD with clinical characteristics, glycaemic control and diabetes therapy were evaluated. The prevalence of NAFLD (defined as LFC ≥ 6%) was low in T1D (8.8%) but high in T2D, with greater prevalence in insulin-naive (75.6%) vs insulin-treated (61.7%) T2D patients. LFC (mean ± SD) was higher in T2D patients (insulin-naive, 13.0% ± 8.4%; insulin-treated, 10.2% ± 7.8%) than in T1D patients (3.2% ± 3.2%). In T2D, NAFLD was associated with several markers of insulin resistance. In all three populations, there was an absence of association of HbA1c with LFC, but insulin doses were higher in patients with NAFLD.
Abstract 64: Meis1 Is a Key Regulator of Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Arrest

Heart failure is a costly and deadly disease affecting over 5 million Americans. The inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate following injury lies at core of the pathophysiology of heart failure. We recently showed that the neonatal mammalian heart is capable of complete regeneration following resection of the entire ventricular apex. Moreover, our preliminary data indicate that the neonatal mouse heart is also capable of complete regeneration following ischemic myocardial infarction. In both these types of injury, the regenerative response is associated with robust proliferation of cardiomyocytes without significant hypertrophy or fibrosis. Genetic fate mapping studies demonstrated that the majority of newly formed cardiomyocytes originated from pre-existing cardiomyocytes. In an effort to determine the mechanism of cardiomyocytes cell cycle arrest after the first week of life, we performed a gene array after cardiac injury at multiple post-natal timepoints. This enabled us to identify Meis1 as a potential regulator of neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation. Meis1, which belongs to the TALE family of homeodomain transcription factors, is required for normal hematopoiesis and cardiac development. While Meis1 has been extensively studied in the hematopoietic system, little is known about its role in the heart. Our results indicate that Meis1 expression and nuclear localization in the post-natal cardiomyocytes coincides with cell cycle arrest. To further explore this pattern, we generated a cardiomyocyte-specific Meis1 knockout mouse, and showed that loss of Meis1 results in robust cardiomyocyte proliferation in the adult heart. Moreover, we identified p16 and p21; two synergistic cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors that induce arrest at all three cell cycle checkpoints, as potential targets for transcriptional activation by Meis1. These results identify Meis1 as a key regulator of post-natal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, and a potential therapeutic target for cardiac regeneration.
A Domain of Herpes Simplex Virus pU L 33 Required To Release Monomeric Viral Genomes from Cleaved Concatemeric DNA.

Monomeric herpesvirus DNA is cleaved from concatemers and inserted into preformed capsids through the actions of the viral terminase. The terminase of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is composed of three subunits encoded by UL15, UL28, and UL33. The UL33-encoded protein (pUL33) interacts with pUL28, but its precise role in the DNA cleavage and packaging reaction is unclear. To investigate the function of pUL33, we generated a panel of recombinant viruses with either deletions or substitutions in the most conserved regions of UL33 using a bacterial artificial chromosome system. Deletion of 11 amino acids (residues 50 to 60 or residues 110 to 120) precluded viral replication, whereas the truncation of the last 10 amino acids from the pUL33 C terminus did not affect viral replication or the interaction of pUL33 with pUL28. Mutations that replaced the lysine at codon 110 and the arginine at codon 111 with alanine codons failed to replicate, and the pUL33 mutant interacted with pUL28 less efficiently. Interestingly, genomic termini of the large (L) and small (S) components were detected readily in cells infected with these mutants, indicating that concatemeric DNA was cleaved efficiently. However, the release of monomeric genomes as assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was greatly diminished, and DNA-containing capsids were not observed. These results suggest that pUL33 is necessary for one of the two viral DNA cleavage events required to release individual genomes from concatemeric viral DNA.IMPORTANCE This paper shows a role for pUL33 in one of the two DNA cleavage events required to release monomeric genomes from concatemeric viral DNA. This is the first time that such a phenotype has been observed and is the first identification of a function of this protein relevant to DNA packaging other than its interaction with other terminase components.
Structure Theory of Semisimple Rings

This chapter discusses the structure theory of semisimple rings. For further details, the reader may refer to [43].
Dermal Damage from Ultraviolet Radiation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is increasingly recognized as the cause of a vast number of changes in the skin of humans and animals. These include alterations at the molecular, cellular, tissue and systemic levels. In the recent past, much has been learned about the immediate effects in skin of acute UV exposure (i.e. sunburn) with its epidermal cell death, inflammation and vasodilation (1,2). With chronic exposure, many of the clinical and histologic effects can be seen only after decades. Visually, these are hyper-and hypopigmented macules, dry scaly, wrinkled skin with a variety of benign, pre-malignant and malignant neoplasms. All epidermal in origin, they lead, inexorably in humans, to the appearance we described as photo-aged (3). Underlying many of these visible manifestations are drastic changes in the dermis. These relate chiefly to destruction of mature collagen, with a compensatory overproduction of reticulin fibers, hyperplasia of elastic fibers eventuating in elastosis, increased levels of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) comprising the ground substance and changes in the microvasculature. First described in actinically damaged humans (4,5), systematic investigation required an animal model.
Diplornavirus- (Reovirus-), Coronavirus- und andere Virusinfektionen des Menschen

Die Reoviren des Menschen waren die ersten Viren, bei denen man eine doppelstrangige RNS als Genom nachweisen konnte und Reovirus wurde vom International Committee an Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV) als Genusbezeichnung fur die Gruppe der Reoviren festgelegt. Reovirus Typ 1 gilt als Prototyp-Species (Reovirus h-1). Spater konnte auch bei anderen Viren doppelstrangige RNS als Virusgenom nachgewiesen werden, diese Viren wiesen weitere Gemeinsamkeiten mit den Reoviren auf, unterschieden sich jedoch in anderen Eigenschaften von ihnen. Nach den gegenwartig vorliegenden Befunden kann man vermuten, das Reoviren ein Teil einer groseren Gruppe von Viren, Diplornaviren, sind. Alle Viren dieser Gruppe enthalten eine, in mehreren Segmenten vorliegende doppelstrangige RNS, sind nach einer IkosaederSymmetrie gebaut, eine Hulle ist nicht vorhanden, gegen Lipidlosungsmittel sind sie resistent. Die Viren entwickeln sich im Cytoplasma, wo sich im Partikel ein elektronenoptisch dichter Innenkorper nachweisen last. Die Synthese der Viren geschieht in enger Verbindung mit der granularen Matrix im Cytoplasma der Wirtszelle und wird von der Ausbildung regelmasig substrukturierter filamentoser und tubularer Elemente begleitet.
Chronic Obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava

Although chronic occlusion of the vena cava is a relatively rare clinical entity, symptoms can be significant and debilitating in certain patients. The minority of cases arise secondary to congenital defects of the central veins, but much more frequently it is associated with malignancy and a systemic hypercoagulable state, or from instrumentation such as insertion of inferior vena cava filters. The degree of symptoms is the primary driver for intervention; this is usually reserved for patients with CEAP classifications C3 – C6. The current treatment paradigm emphasizes an endovascular-first approach, with open bypass still representing a good option for select patients. Provided the lesion can be crossed, good long-term outcomes can be achieved with balloon venoplasty, with or without stenting. Thrombosis due to IVC filters can also be crossed, and the filter crushed and displaced with a Palmaz stent to create a flow channel. Following intervention, the majority of patients should be maintained on systemic anticoagulation, with compression therapy and local wound care as needed.
Sin, Weakness, and Psychopathology:

This article is concerned with distinguishing the peculiar characteristics of the biblical themes of sin and weakness. In the Bible, and in Christian theology, sin is considered to be a power not c...
Simulated execution of hybrid quantum computing systems

We use modeling and simulation to study the behavior and performance of hybrid quantum computing systems. Our approach is based on a layered design with abstract machine models, which identify the key components and interfaces for quantum processing units, quantum programming models, and hybrid execution models. We use discrete-event simulating to track the dynamical state of hierarchical abstract machine models while executing test programs, and we collect statistics on time and energy consumption to forecast the resources required by quantum processors for future scientific computation.
Benchmark Aerostructural Models for the Study of Transonic Aircraft Wings

Since its introduction, the NASA Common Research Model has proved a useful aerodynamic benchmark for predicting computational-fluid-dynamics-based drag and aerodynamic design optimization. The mode...
The CSMA/DM LAN protocol: Research Articles

We propose an extension of the classical CSMA/CD protocol that eliminates its three main drawbacks. The new protocol, called dual-mode CSMA/CD (CSMA/DM), operates in two modes, light mode and heavy mode. The light mode of CSMA/DM is almost the same as the original CSMA/CD protocol and is primarily used when the LAN load is light. The heavy mode is a collision free mode and is applied when the LAN load is heavy.The proposed modification to CSMA/CD is minimal while performance gain is significant. CSMA/DM automatically switches between its two modes based on the observed LAN load. Under heavy mode, the monitor station in a CSMA/DM LAN allocates bandwidth to those busy stations without collisions. The newly added priority scheme in the heavy mode allows stations to reserve bandwidth for their high priority frames.Compared with the current collision-free fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, CSMA/DM has the advantage of not needing any extra switches or hubs while maintaining comparable performance. Its priority scheme provides more flexibility on bandwidth distribution than in fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. It can also be easily adapted for high-speed wireless LANs. More importantly, CSMA/DM should be a good alternative of the widely used CSMA/CA (collision avoidance) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and sensor networks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.