cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple phase transitions and magnetoresistance of HoFe4Ge2

Abstract A systematic study of the structural, magnetic, heat capacity, electrical resistivity and magnetoresistance properties of HoFe 4 Ge 2 has been performed. The temperature dependencies of the magnetization and heat capacity show three magnetic transitions at T N = 51 K, T f 1 = 42 K, and T f 2 = 15 K. The high temperature transition is antiferromagnetic ordering and the two low temperature phase transitions are due to rearrangements of the magnetic structure. A kinetically arrested phase is observed below a freezing point of ∼11 K. Below 35 K, the behavior of the isothermal magnetization reflects a first-order metamagnetic phase transition. Multiple phase transitions are also manifested in the electrical resistivity behavior. For a field change of 30 kOe, a large magnetoresistance of ∼30% is observed near T f 2 (15 K).
Comparison of the in vitro cytotoxicity (L1210) of 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine with its therapeutic and toxic effects in mice

The in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) on L1210 leukemia are reported and related to the pharmacokinetics of DAC in CDF mice. L1210-bearing mice (1 X 10(4) cells, i.v.) given DAC i.v. (6.5-225 mg/kg) on day 3 showed a 50-212% increase in lifespan (ILS), with an estimated 3-6 log cell kill of L1210. Optimal effects with late treatment were obtained when DAC was given either on a multiple-dose regimen (10 mg/kg i.v., q 3 hr X 4, day 3 or 5) or by a constant s.c. infusion (2.0 mg/kg/hr X 12 hr, day 3), ILS 328-414%. Following 10 or 100 mg/kg i.v., plasma DAC declined in a triexponential manner with an intermediate elimination t 1/2 of 31 min. Urinary excretion accounted for 28.5% of DAC plasma clearance. When L1210 cells were exposed to DAC in vitro (0.5-100 micrograms/ml for 24-120 hr) a maximum 3-4 log cell kill was obtained. Both in vivo and in vitro response to DAC demonstrated the importance of exposure time as a determinant of cell kill. DAC is estimated to be more cytotoxic in vivo than in vitro. The critical cytotoxic concentration of DAC appears to be between 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/ml.
Hemoconcentration and stress: a review of physiological mechanisms and relevance for cardiovascular disease risk.

Abstract Elevated levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin have been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of a number of diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke. A growing body of evidence also indicates that elevations in hematocrit and hemoglobin are present in situations involving both physical and mental Stressors. This paper reviews the evidence linking decreases in plasma volume causing hemoconcentration with hemodynamic adjustments associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and the potential relevance of stress-induced hemoconcentration in triggering deleterious cardiovascular events. The importance of blood viscosity in understanding the effects of hemoconcentration is discussed, along with the need to evaluate the degree of hemoconcentration during stress for accurate interpretation of changes in certain blood constituents.
A recursive quadratic programming algorithm for semi-infinite optimization problems

The well known, local recursive quadratic programming method introduced by E. R. Wilson is extended to apply to optimization problems with constraints of the type $$\mathop {\max }\limits_\omega \phi (x,\omega ) \leqslant 0$$ , whereź ranges over a compact interval of the real line. A scheme is proposed, which results in a globally convergent conceptual algorithm. Finally, two implementable versions are presented both of which converge quadratically.
Molecular translational-rovibronic hamiltonian. I. Non-linear molecules

Abstract The translational-rovibronic hamiltonian for a non-linear polyatomic molecule is derived by using the Schrodinger equation in tensor form and employing the Eckart conditions (determining the nuclear-framework rotational variables). The present derivation is a unified comprehensive one by a quantum-mechanical pathway and contrasts with fragmentary previous derivations via a classical-intermediate path. The method presented affords a firm conceptual picture of the nature of the transformation and the origin of coupling terms, and avoids mathematical complexities with their residue of obscurity. The correct form of the total angular momentum operators is also derived quantum mechanically.
Plasticity of astroglia: evidence supporting process elongation by "stretch".

The structural plasticity of cerebral astroglia was investigated in vivo by implantation experiments. Immunocytochemical markers for glia filament protein were used to identify the astrocytes. First it was established that implanted nitrocellulose filters provided a substrate for astrocytes from different brain regions of young rats. Astrocytes attached to the filter and projected fine processes into it. Longer implantation times increased the density and length of glial processes within filter spaces. Astrocytes that penetrated the filters implanted in the tectum exhibited more processes than those in the cortex, suggesting regional differences of astrocyte distributions. Second it was observed that astrocyted that attached to the filter formed elongated processes when they were tethered within an expanding matrix. This was shown by implanting the nitrocellulose filter together with PC12 cells that continued to grow. The implantation of neither PC12 cells without filters nor nitrocellulose filters alone induced the formation of elongated astroglia with parallel aligned processes, resembling radial glia. Such glial forms only occurred in the filter/PC12 cell cografts. This indicates that processes of astrocytes adherent to nitrocellulose filters could be stretched in response to expansion of the surrounding tissue.
An algorithm for computing singular values of large matrices for use in the analysis of large systems

An algorithm for computing a few or many of the singular values (and a few of the corresponding singular vectors) of large matrices is presented. If the matrices under consideration are sparse, then this procedure has storage requirements that increase only linearly with the order of the matrix. Such an algorithm may prove useful in sensitivity and stability analyses of very large systems.
Polaro–cryptic mirror of the lookdown as a biological model for open ocean camouflage

With no object to hide behind in 3D space, the open ocean represents a challenging environment for camouflage. Conventional strategies for reflective crypsis (e.g., standard mirror) are effective against axially symmetric radiance fields associated with high solar altitudes, yet ineffective against asymmetric polarized radiance fields associated with low solar inclinations. Here we identify a biological model for polaro–crypsis. We measured the surface-reflectance Mueller matrix of live open ocean fish (lookdown, Selene vomer) and seagrass-dwelling fish (pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides) using polarization-imaging and modeling polarization camouflage for the open ocean. Lookdowns occupy the minimization basin of our polarization-contrast space, while pinfish and standard mirror measurements exhibit higher contrast values than optimal. The lookdown reflective strategy achieves significant gains in polaro–crypsis (up to 80%) in comparison with nonpolarization sensitive strategies, such as a vertical mirror. Lookdowns achieve polaro–crypsis across solar altitudes by varying reflective properties (described by 16 Mueller matrix elements mij) with incident illumination. Lookdowns preserve reflected polarization aligned with principle axes (dorsal–ventral and anterior–posterior, m22 = 0.64), while randomizing incident polarization 45° from principle axes (m33 = –0.05). These reflectance properties allow lookdowns to reflect the uniform degree and angle of polarization associated with high-noon conditions due to alignment of the principle axes and the sun, and reflect a more complex polarization pattern at asymmetrical light fields associated with lower solar elevations. Our results suggest that polaro–cryptic strategies vary by habitat, and require context-specific depolarization and angle alteration for effective concealment in the complex open ocean environment.
Restoring pragmatism in American governance

Purpose – The greatest asset of US capitalism until recently has been a blend of pragmatism with a passion to create the best socio‐economic system in the world. Today the USA is besieged by unprecedented budget deficit, public debt, financial crises, unemployment and rising anti‐governmentalism. The author believes the root cause lies in the elimination of the principles of pragmatism from governance, together with an assumption that the system which triumphed over communism is infallible. The purpose of this paper is not to find proof that an interventionist government would always be better or that higher taxes benefit the economy. Instead, using the examples of various policy mishaps, the paper seeks to prove the superiority of pragmatism over any ideology as a guiding principle of good governance.Design/methodology/approach – The author uses pragmatism as criteria for impartial, non‐partisan, non‐ideological evaluation of the state of the American economy and the causes for the rise of populist movem...
Male-specific, sex pheromone-selective projection neurons in the antennal lobes of the moth Manduca sexta.

1. A subset of olfactory projection neurons in the brain of maleManduca sexta is described, and their role in sex pheromone information processing is examined. 2. These neurons have extensive arborizations in the macroglomerular complex (MGC), a distinctive and sexually dimorphic area of neuropil in the antennal lobe (AL), to which the axons of two known classes of antennal pheromone receptors project. Each projection neuron sends an axon from the AL into the protocerebrum (Figs. 4, 7, 9, 13 and 15). 3. Forty-one projection neurons were characterized according to their responses to electrical stimulation of the antennal nerve as well as olfactory stimulation of antennal receptors (Fig. 1). 4. All neurons exhibited strong selectivity for female sex pheromones. Other behaviorally relevant odors, such as plant volatiles, had no obvious effect on the activity of these neurons (Fig. 2). 5. Two broad physiological categories were found: (a) cells that were excited by stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with pheromones (29 out of 41), and (b) cells that received a mixed input (inhibition and excitation) from pheromone pathways (12 out of 41). 6. Of the cells in the first category, 13 out of 29 were equally excited in response to stimulation of the antenna with either the principal natural pheromone (bombykal) or a mimic of a second unidentified pheromone (‘C-15’) and were similarly excited by the natural pheromone blend (Fig. 3). 7. The remaining 16 out of 29 cells responded selectively, and in some cases, in a dose-dependent manner, to stimulation of the antenna with bombykal or C-15, but not both (Figs. 5, 6 and 8). Some of these neurons had dendritic arborizations restricted to only a portion of the MGC neuropil (Fig. 9), whereas most had arborizations throughout the MGC. 8. Of the cells in the second category, 9 out of 12 were excited by bombykal, inhibited by C-l 5, and showed a mixed response to the natural pheromone blend (Figs. 11 and 12). For the other 3 out of 12 cells, the response polarity was reversed for the two chemically-identified odors (Fig. 14). 9. Two additional neurons, which were not tested with olfactory stimuli, were tonically inhibited in response to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral antennal nerve (Fig. 15). 10. These observations suggest that some of the male-specific projection neurons may signal general pheromone-triggered arousal, whereas a smaller number can actively integrate inputs from the two known receptor classes (Bal- and C-15-selective) and may operate as ‘mixture detectors’ at this level of the olfactory subsystem that processes information about sex pheromones.
Organizational Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Decision Support Systems: the Case of Fuel Management System at Delta Air Lines

AbstractDecision Support Systems development and implementation requires substantial organizational time and effort with several factors contributing to DSS success. This paper presents a framework for evaluating the organizational factors that can lead to project continuance, delay and/or abandonment. A case study of a large scale DSS, Fuel Management System (FMS) at Delta Air Lines is presented and its implementation is evaluated in the context of this framework. The research case provides insight into organizational issues relating to the implementation of DSS project. The DSS, although successful, was delayed primarily due to the lack of organizational direction and clarity. The paper articulates conclusions and implications for managing DSS projects more effectively.
Cellular studies on antigen presentation by class II MHC molecules

Particularly prominent during the past year was the analysis of the subcellular compartment in which MHC class II molecules are located. Some investigators also analyzed the site where peptides are generated for MHC class II binding. Studies of invariant chain were particularly important in trying to establish the functional significance of this molecule.
Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Hospital Type on Disparities of Lymph Node Evaluation in Colon Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND: A minimum of 12 dissected lymph nodes (LNs) has been recommended as a consensus guideline for resections in colon cancer patients. This study assessed the influence of both socioeconomic status (SES) and hospital type on compliance with this colon LN dissection guideline and examined the time trend for ≥12 LNs dissected. METHODS: Stage I to III incident colon cancer cases diagnosed from 1996 to 2007 were obtained from the Louisiana Tumor Registry. A composite census tract-level SES score was created to serve as a surrogate for individual-level SES. Hospitals performing colon resections were categorized into 5 groups according to the Commission on Cancer Accreditation Program. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 10,460 colon cancer cases diagnosed during the study period, 43.9% had ≥12 LNs dissected. Patients residing in less affluent SES areas were less likely to receive a dissection of ≥12 nodes than those residing in more affluent areas. SES was no longer significant after adjusting for race, sex, age, stage, grade, anatomic subsite, diagnosis year, and hospital type. In contrast, hospital type was significantly associated with the number of LNs dissected, even after adjusting for other factors. Patients diagnosed from 2002 to 2007 were twice as likely (95% confidence interval, 1.84-2.17) to have ≥12 LNs dissected than those diagnosed from 1996 to 2001 after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In Louisiana, hospital type is an independent significant predictor of adequate LN evaluation for colon cancer. Training and education are needed to reduce this disparity in the facilities with consistently lower LN yield in their dissections. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Measurement Of Megampere Currents With Optical Fibers

We have used fiber optic sensors routinely to measure multi-megampere currents. The sensors are low noise, absolutely calibrated, and electrically decoupled from the pulsed power source. Polarized light from a HeNe laser is guided past the current carrier by a single-mode, low-birefringence fiber. The magnetic field from the current causes a Faraday rotation of the light polarization which is detected by a polarization analyzer and photo-diode at the end of the fiber. We observe a rotation of about 250°/MA ± 5%, slightly less than the Verdet constant for non-birefringent silica glass. We find that highly birefrin-gent (polarization preserving) optical fibers do not work in this application. We are now trying to ruggedize the sensor for field use with high-explosive-driven current sources by using a diode laser and single mode fiber couplers to replace the laboratory system of lenses and spatial filters.
INFLUENZA A VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM WATERFOWL IN TWO WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS OF PENNSYLVANIA

A survey was conducted at two wildlife management areas of Pennsylvania (USA) to evaluate an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the detection of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in cloacal swabs from waterfowl and to determine the influenza A virus subtypes and the distribution of these viruses among waterfowl. We collected 330 cloacal swabs from hunter-killed waterfowl in the fall of 1990 and from cage-captured waterfowl in the summer of 1991. Thirty-one hemagglutinating agents were isolated by chicken embryo inoculation (CEI) of which 27 were influenza A viruses and four Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). The prevalence of AIV infection was 8.2%. Compared to CEI, AC-ELISA was only 15% sensitive and 61% specific. Based on the distribution of AIV by species of waterfowl, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American wigeons (Anas americana) were at equal risk of AIV infection even though most of the AIV isolates came from mallards. Although significant crude effects of sampling site ...
Ab initio calculations on blocked Pro-Ala dipeptides

Abstract The effect of the chirality of the amino acid at position i + 2 on a β-turn was investigated by a grid scan ab initio calculation on the Ac- l -Pro- l -Ala-NH 2 and Ac- l -Pro- d -Ala-NH 2 blocked dipeptides. Th6–31G basis set was used to estimate the effect of the alanyl side chain on the conformation of the peptide backbone in a blocked dipeptide as a simple, but complete model for a reverse turn. This study provides a quantum mechanical evaluation of the ability of the NH at the i + 3 residue to form the Hbond that closes the 10 membered ring which stabilizes the turn. The lowest energy of all 64 probed conformations of the D -Ala containing peptide corresponded to a good type II β-turn with a hydrogen bond distance between the acetyl oxygen and the amide terminal hydrogen of 2.21 A. A comparison with the nonblocked dipeptide ab initio study indicates that the presence of the end blocks enhances the propensity of the d -Ala-containing dipeptide for a type II β-turn, but does not seem to enhance the propensity of the l -Ala-containing dipeptide for a type I β-turn. The energies and geometric parameters for the lowest four optimized conformations identified by the grid scan search for each molecule have been calculated.
Hydrodynamic Modeling of NOM Transport in UF: Effects of Charge Density and Ionic Strength on Effective Size and Sieving

The transport behavior of natural organic matter (NOM) across polyethersulfone (PES) UF membranes having a range of nominal molecular weight cutoffs (MWCOs) was investigated and described with a hydrodynamic transport model. Transport of whole NOM and NOM fractionated on an anion exchange resin (IRA 958) was measured to investigate the impact of NOM size and charge density. It was found that the dominant transport mechanism, characterized by the membrane Peclet number, depended on the membrane MWCO, and transitioned from diffusion to convection at a MWCO of about 10 kDa. Increasing ionic strength significantly decreased the effective solute radius and decreased the observed rejection of charged NOM fractions, whereas no significant change was seen for neutral fractions. Using an available theoretical model for partitioning of charged solutes, the effect of ionic strength on the electrical double layer thickness can account for the observed changes in effective solute radius. These results provide insight ...
A Critical Review of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Treatment of Motor Dysfunction in Hemiplegia

The purpose of this review is to critically assess the clinical efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in treating motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. Three distinct applications are reviewed in the areas of motor relearning, shoulder dysfunction, and neuroprostheses. Assessment of clinical efficacy and recommendations on clinical implementation are based on the weight of published scientific evidence. With respect to motor relearning, evidence supports the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to facilitate recovery of muscle strength and coordination in hemiplegia. However, effects on physical disability are uncertain. With respect to shoulder dysfunction, neuromuscular electrical stimulation decreases shoulder subluxation, at least in the short term. However, effects on shoulder pain and disability are also uncertain. With respect to neuroprosthesis systems, clinically deployable upper extremity systems must await the development of more sophisticated control methods and greater fundamenta...
Normative implications of equilibrium models: Homogeneous expectations and other artificialities

Abstract A new round in an ongoing discussion about the usefulness and validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) began with an academic paper by Fama and French. The tumult is not just the result of opposing ideas, but is also about conflicting professional and economic interests. The disagreements often obscured by academic rhetoric, are really about normative applications of positive theories in general, and about the normative implications of equilibrium-restricted β statistics in particular. The purpose of this paper is to show where the line of demarcation between positive and normative issues should be drawn in this debate.
Telling Bacteria: Do Not LytTR

Transcriptional regulators containing the LytTR-type DNA-binding domain control production of virulence factors in several bacterial pathogens. In this issue of Structure , Sidote et al. report the crystal structure of this elusive domain in complex with its DNA target (Sidote et al., 2008).
AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF YBa2Cu3O7

We present ab-initio calculations for the electronic structure and superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO). The electronic structure was calculated using a self-consistent ab-initio LCAO method. We solved the anisotropic Eliashberg gap equation numerically. The strong coupling of the high energy optical phonons around 60-73 meV, with the electrons at the Fermi surface, leads to a high Tc in YBCO. The calculated Tc is about 89 K for μ*=0.1. The good agreement of the calculated results with experimental measurements and the ab-initio nature of the calculations support the scenario of an anisotropic s-wave superconductor for YBCO.
Impact of progestins on estrogen-induced neuroprotection: Synergy by progesterone and 19-norprogesterone and antagonism by medroxyprogesterone acetate

Estrogen replacement therapy is associated with improvement of cognitive deficits and reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. To compare the impact of therapeutically relevant progestins on estrogen-induced neuroprotection, we treated primary hippocampal neuron cultures with 17β-E2 and progestin, alone and in combination, 48 h before glutamate insult. Estrogen, progesterone, and 19-norprogesterone, alone or in combination, protected against glutamate toxicity. In contrast, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) failed to protect against glutamate toxicity. Not only was MPA an ineffective neuroprotectant but it attenuated the estrogen- induced neuroprotection when coadministered. We addressed the role of MAPK activation in neuroprotection by ovarian steroids. Estrogen and all three progestins tested, alone or in combination, activated MAPK, indicating another mechanism of protection. Bcl-2 expression has been shown to prevent cell death and is up-regulated by 17β-E2. Progesterone and 19-norprogesterone, alone...
Simmel's time-space theory: Implications for experience of modernization and place☆

Recent perspectives on ecological environmental psychology have called for greater attention to the role of temporal-spatial variables in psychological experience, and for better integration of theory and research on this subject. Despite resurgent interest in the psychology of time-space, Georg Simmel's relevant theory of modernity has received scant attention. This paper presents an in-depth theoretical overview of Simmel's insights into the links between modernization, space, time, and psychology. A review of contemporary research findings in environmental and social psychology demonstrates the integrative potential of Simmel's theory. Finally, we present a comprehensive test of Simmel's theory in an empirical case study exploring the impacts of modernization within a sample of Midwestern U.S. Mennonites. In line with Simmel's ideas, we find evidence in this sample for relationships between more ecological variables (modernized habitus), orientations toward time and goals (modernized consciousness), collectivist and individualist values, and a place attachment outcome.
Gynecomastia Associated with Lung Cancer

Four cases are presented as examples to further document the association of lung cancer with gynecomastia. Several hypotheses concerning this relationship are explored, the major of which are that the lung tumor itself produces a substance causing hormonal change, that the presence of a tumor in the lung causes the lung to produce such a substance; that the lung tumor initiates a neural or neurocirculatory reflex resulting in specific end-organ responses; that the gynecomastia is in some way a nonspecific host response to stress or disease, and that the gynecomastia and lung tumor are together or separately manifestations of some unknown factor producing the neoplasia.
An Improved Dipole-Moment Model Based on Near-Field Scanning for Characterizing Near-Field Coupling and Far-Field Radiation From an IC

In this paper, an improved dipole-moment model for characterizing near-field coupling and far-field radiation from an IC based on near-field scanning is proposed. An array of electric and magnetic dipole moments is used to reproduce the field distributions in a scanning plane above an IC. These dipole moments can then be used as noise sources for the IC. In order to ensure the accurate prediction of the near-field coupling from the IC, the regularization technique and the truncated singular-value decomposition method are investigated in this paper, together with the conventional least-squares method, to reconstruct the dipole moments from the near-field scanning data. A simple example is used to demonstrate the approach. The improved dipole-moment model is particularly useful for addressing radio-frequency interference issues where near-field noise coupling needs to be accurately analyzed.
Mitochondrial rRNA secondary structures and genome arrangements distinguish chelicerates: comparisons with a harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangium opilio)

Arachnids are a highly diverse group of arthropods, and many of the mitochondrial genomes that have been sequenced from arachnids possess unusual features in their inferred gene structures and genome organization. The first complete sequence of a mitochondrial genome from the arachnid order Opiliones (harvestmen) is presented here. Secondary structures of the two mitochondrial ribosomal subunits of Phalangium opilio are inferred and compared to mitochondrial rRNA structures of a hexapod and a chelicerate. The large subunit rRNA of P. opilio is found to have more helices conserved than in other arthropods, while the small subunit rRNA shows a complexity similar to that of other arthropods. These comparisons suggest that a reduction in rRNA complexity occurred in Pancrustacea after the divergence of Pancrustacea and Chelicerata from a common ancestor. The gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genome of P. opilio is compared with the gene order of taxa from all seven other orders of arachnids for which representative mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced. Taxa from five of these seven orders possess gene arrangements identical to that of Limulus polyphemus, and P. opilio is found to have a similar arrangement. However, in P. opilio, some genes near the putative control region are rearranged, with the suite of genes encoding tRNA(Gln), the control region, and tRNA(Ile) located downstream of the two ribosomal RNA genes, and upstream of where they are typically located in chelicerates. The genome encodes only 21 of the typical 22 mitochondrial tRNA genes and lacks the gene for tRNA(Leu(CUN)). The protein-coding genes in the mitochondrial genome of P. opilio show a significantly decreased use of codons recognized by tRNA(Leu(CUN)), likely due to selection to utilize the more specific tRNA(Leu(UUR)) anticodon. The gene arrangement and lack of a tRNA(Leu(CUN)) gene in P. opilio is most parsimoniously explained by the occurrence of at least two translocation events, one of which probably destroyed the function of the tRNA(Leu(CUN)) gene. Phylogenetic relationships among the major orders of arachnids are inferred, using all 13 mt protein-coding genes, and gene rearrangements are mapped onto the phylogeny. The phylogenetic analyses are unable to resolve the placement of P. opilio but are generally consistent with an early divergence of members of the Dromopoda (harvestmen, scorpions, and solifuges) from the Micruran arachnids (spiders, whip spiders, vinegaroons, ricinuleids, and mites). However, unlike some morphologically based phylogenetic analyses, the existence of a clade of Dromopoda is not supported. While data on genome arrangement and gene loss do not provide further information to help resolve relationships among the arachnid orders, they distinguish some groups of arachnids, distinguish chelicerates from other arthropods, and further clarify the ancestral gene order of this diverse group of arthropods.
Application of virtual reality to the rehabilitation field to aid amputee rehabilitation: Findings from a systematic review

Purpose. To determine the scope and use of virtual reality (VR) applications in the gait rehabilitation field and to review and characterise VR approaches for application in amputee rehabilitation.Method. A state-of-the-art research analysis was completed to review different approaches of VR to the gait rehabilitation field. Systematic research using Medline, EBSCOhost and Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) was conducted to analyse various VR rehabilitation methods, and we developed a framework to characterise different research findings.Results. Framework for a research approach in the field of VR and rehabilitation was developed based on the literature review. On the basis of outcomes from gait rehabilitation using VR, trials for amputee rehabilitation using VR is warranted and an outline of this potential VR rehabilitation area was identified.Conclusions. Evidence supports the investigation of VR as applied to amputee rehabilitation based on general gait rehabilitation results. Research should be ex...
Genetic feminization of the thoracic nervous system disrupts courtship song in male Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract: Despite the growing research investigating the sex-specific organization of courtship behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, much remains to be understood about the sex-specific organization of the motor circuit that drives this behavior. To investigate the sex-specification of a tightly patterned component of courtship behavior, courtship song, the authors used the GAL4/UAS targeted gene expression system to feminize the ventral ganglia in male Drosophila and analyzed the acoustic properties of courtship song. More specifically, the authors used the thoracic-specifying teashirt promoter (tshGAL4) to express feminizing transgenes specifically in the ventral ganglia. When tshGAL4 drove expression of transformer (tra), males were unable to produce prolonged wing extensions. Transgenic expression of an RNAi construct directed against male-specific fruitless (fruM) transcripts resulted in normal wing extension, but highly defective courtship song, with 58% of males failing to generate detectable court...
FIELD THEORY COMMUTATORS

It is customary to assert that the electric charge density of a Dirac field commutes with the current density at equal times, since the current vector is a gauge-invariant bilinear combination of the Dirac fields. It follows from the conservation of charge that the charge density and its time derivative, referring to any pair of spatial points at a common time, are commutative. (W.D.M.)
A stochastic model of the bactericidal activity of the lung.

Abstract A stochastic process is reported, arising in experimental bacteriology in which radiotracer techniques are used along with quantitative cultures to obtain estimates of the parameters of the process. The experimental situation discussed yields a time homogeneous immigration-death process (infinite channel queue) generalized with a pure death process. Approximations to the maximum likelihood equations are obtained for this model with the aid of asymptotic analysis. In the experimental data considered here, numerical differences between the estimates obtained from the deterministic and stochastic models are very small, which implies that the experimental error in these data overwhelms the internal variability of the stochastic model.
Surgical Apgar Score and prediction of morbidity in women undergoing hysterectomy for malignancy.

Abstract Objective To validate whether Surgical Apgar Score can predict post-operative morbidity in patients undergoing hysterectomies for malignancies. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive hysterectomies performed for cancer at a single academic institution between 2008 and 2010. The Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) was derived as previously reported. Peri-operative complications were as outlined by the American Board for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and then further subdivided into intra-operative and post-operative events. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were utilized. Results A total of 632 patients were identified. Of our cohort, 64% underwent surgery for cancer arising in the uterus, followed by ovary at 28.6% and cervix at 4%. Median patient age was 60years old with a mean American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA) score of 2.5 and a median body mass index of 29. Average Surgical Apgar Score was 7.6. As SAS decreased, the risk of peri-operative complications increased (p Conclusions Low Surgical Apgar Score significantly associates with morbidity in women undergoing hysterectomy for malignancy, but is unable to predict which patients will have postoperative complications. This renders the SAS less helpful for the creation of peri-operative metrics to guide post-operative care.
Parallels between neuron and lens fiber cell structure and molecular regulatory networks.

Studies over the past fifty years have identified extensive similarities between neurons and elongated fiber cells that make up in the interior of the ocular lens. Electron micrographs showed parallels in the organization of their intracellular vesicle transport machinery and between lens fiber cell lateral protrusions and dendritic spines. Consistent with those observations, a number of gene products first characterized as highly neuron-preferred in their expression were also demonstrated in lens fiber cells. Going further, a fundamental network of regulatory factors with critical roles in determining the neuronal phenotype were also identified in lenses, and showed a corresponding mutually exclusive distribution of neural and non-neural factor isoforms in mitotic lens epithelial cells and post-mitotic fiber cells consistent with their interlocking functions in neural cells. These included REST/NRSF transcription factors, members of major RNA binding protein families, and “brain-specific” miRNAs that were each shown to have global roles in governing neural and non-neural gene expression and alternative transcript splicing in vertebrates. This review discusses these extensive parallels between neurons and fiber cells and implications regarding common themes in lens and neural cell physiology and disease, which may also suggest related evolutionary processes.
The language and literacy development of young dual language learners: A critical review

a b s t r a c t The number of children living in the United States who are learning two languages is increasing greatly. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the language and literacy development of dual language learners (DLLs), particularly during the early childhood years. To summarize the extant literature and guide future research, a critical analysis of the literature was conducted. A search of major databases for studies on young typically developing DLLs between 2000 and 2011 yielded 182 peer- reviewed articles. Findings about DLL children's developmental trajectories in the various areas of language and literacy are presented. Much of these findings should be considered preliminary, because there were few areas where multiple studies were conducted. Conclusions were reached when sufficient evidence existed in a particular area. First, the research shows that DLLs have two separate language systems early in life. Second, differences in some areas of language development, such as vocabulary, appear to exist among DLLs depending on when they were first exposed to their second language. Third, DLLs' language and literacy development may differ from that of monolinguals, although DLLs appear to catch up over time. Fourth, little is known about factors that influence DLLs' development, although the amount of language exposure to and usage of DLLs' two languages appears to play key roles. Methodological issues are addressed, and directions for future research are discussed.
BENDING OF DNA BY THE MITOMYCIN C-INDUCED, GPG INTRASTRAND CROSS-LINK

Mitomycin C (MC) forms interstrand and intrastrand cross-link adducts and monoalkylation products (monoadducts) with DNA. Each of the three types of adducts was incorporated site-specifically into both a 15-mer and a 21-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplex. The adduct-containing duplexes were 32P-phosphorylated and ligated to form multimers, which were then analyzed for anomalous electrophoretic mobility by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using the method of Koo and Crothers [(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1763−1767] in order to detect DNA curvature caused by the adducts. The intrastrand cross-link adduct was found to induce a 14.6 ± 2.0° DNA bend per lesion (minimum value) while no DNA bending was detected for either the interstrand cross-link or the monoadduct. Molecular mechanics modeling indicated that the possible origin of the bend lies in a considerable deviation from parallel of the normals to the best planes of the intrastrand cross-linked guanines, due to a shorter tha...
Righting educational wrongs: disability studies in law and education

This collection of essays explores the intersections of disability studies perspectives on education and the law from a US perspective – with the aim of exploring ‘legal studies potential to inform...
Multifunctional nanoparticles as coupled contrast agents

Engineering compact imaging probes with highly integrated modalities is a key focus in bionanotechnology and will have profound impact on molecular diagnostics, imaging and therapeutics. However, combining multiple components on a nanometre scale to create new imaging modalities unavailable from individual components has proven to be challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate iron oxide and gold-coupled core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) with well-defined structural characteristics (for example, size, shell thickness and core-shell separation) and physical properties (for example, electronic, magnetic, optical, thermal and acoustic). The resulting multifunctional nanoprobes not only offer contrast for electron microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and scattering-based imaging but, more importantly, enable a new imaging mode, magnetomotive photoacoustic imaging, with remarkable contrast enhancement compared with photoacoustic images using conventional NP contrast agents.
2.5D system integration: a design driven system implementation schema

This paper investigates a 3D die-stacking based VLSI integration strategy, so-called 2.5D integration, which can potentially overcome many problems stumbling the development of monolithic System-on-Chip (SoC). In this paper, we review available fabrication technologies and testing solutions for the new integration strategy. We also propose a design driven system implementation schema for this new integration strategy. A layout synthesis framework is under development by us to analyze typical "what if" questions and resolve major physical attributes for a 2.5D system according to the design specification and constraints.
The simultaneous evolution of growth and inequality

Research on inequality and growth can be divided into two strands. One, deriving from Kuznets and Lewis, has tried to identify a mechanistic relationship between growth, or level, of income and inequality. The other has tried to find causal explanations of growth and inequality, treating each independently. In this paper, we draw from both strands to test whether growth and inequality are the joint outcomes of other variables and processes. We find that simultaneous examination of growth and inequality yields significantly different results and has different consequences for policy from previous independent studies. The empirical literature on growth and inequality can be divided into two broad strands. One, following the pioneering work of Kuznets and Lewis, is motivated by the pessimistic conjecture that the process of growth and development somehow requires increasing inequality, at least in the early stages. This has led to many efforts to identify a mechanical relationship between the level of development and inequality (Anand and Kanbur, 1993), or to determine whether faster growth requires higher or lower inequality.' The second strand has sought to identify the causal factors influencing the evolution of growth and inequality independently. This research has looked either at growth, for example, (Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995) or at inequality (Li et al., 1997), but has not tried to identify those factors that might simultaneously influence both growth and inequality.2 Thus, the literature that looks simultaneously at growth and inequality, descending most notably from Kuznets (1955), relates them in a mechanistic manner that ignores or minimises the role of other causal factors including policy, while the literature that incorporates other causal factors including policies looks independently at growth and inequality. Neither approach is particularly convincing from a theoretical standpoint: the evolution of growth and inequality must surely be the outcome of similar processes. In addition, neither approach is particularly useful for the policy maker, who needs to balance the impact of policies on both growth and distribution. In this paper, we investigate whether growth and inequality are simultaneously determined and if so whether or not they are subject to
Problems with toluene and the determination of extracellular enzyme activity in soils

Abstract Six of 7 fungi imperfecti, 7 of 13 basidiomycetes, and 6 of 14 bacteria tested were able to grow with 0.1 or 0.05% toluene as a sole source of carbon indicating an invalid use of toluene as a biostatic agent for analysis of extracellular enzymes in soil. Analysis of laccase and peroxidase activities in soil under controlled laboratory conditions revealed significant variability, indicating even greater difficulty in evaluating these soil enzyme activities under natural conditions.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2′-FLUORO-2′-DEOXY-3′-C-ETHYNYL AND 3′-C-VINYL-β-D-LYXOFURANOSYL NUCLEOSIDES

1-(2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (5) and 1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (6) were synthesized as reported earlier. Both of these compounds were converted into 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-3′-C-ethynyl and 3′-C-vinyl-β-D-lyxofuranosyl nucleosides (16–19) by a multistep sequence. All these new nucleosides were evaluated against seven human tumor cell lines in vitro.
An Analysis of Pore Size in Excitable Membranes

It is possible to develop a method of analyzing membrane pore sizes based on quite different principles from those so elegantly described by Dr. Solomon in this Symposium. This depends upon an assumption that ions in aqueous solution will not penetrate through a membrane with pores of less than I o A in radius unless the size of the ion and the size of the pore are almost equal (1). Such a situation makes it possible to equate the permeability of the membrane for an ion to the number of pores in the membrane that just fit an ion of a particular size. The conclusion from such an analysis is that the mean pore radius in excitable membranes is about 4.0 A; this value is in agreement with values deduced for the red cell membrane from quitedifferent considerations (2). The advantage of considering excitable membranes and their pore size distributions is that the marked changes in ion selectivity and conductance exhibited by such structures offer a severe test of any hypothesis offered as an explanation for the operation of such membranes. I t appears that the cycle of permeability change exhibited by the squid axon under voltage clamp conditions accounts quantitatively for the action potential that is observed (3). I t also seems a valid generalization that most electrically excitable systems rely on a similar cycle of permeability change whereby the membrane becomes selectively permeable first to Na + and later to K +. There are, however, exceptions to this mechanism: crayfish muscle is normally not electrically excitable, but is able to give an action potential under conditions in which most of the extracellular cation is Ba ++. It seems likely that the depolarization observed is a consequence of an inward Ba ++ current produced in response to a depolarization of the membrane (4). Barium is also apparently able to serve as a current carrying ion in vertebrate B and C fibers (5). It is also of interest to note that Ba ++ and K + have the same crystal radius. A second system is the plant cell Chara, where the membrane is most permeable to K + but the response to depolarization is a great increase in chloride permeability of the membrane (6), and an increase in potassium permeability. The sodium permeability is unaffected by changes in membrane potential.
Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests

Abstract Upper Amazonian data for tree species richness in 1-hectare plots are reported. All plants ≥10 cm diameter were censused and identified in six plots in Amazonian Peru and one on the Venezuela-Brazil border. The two plots from the everwet forests near Iquitos, Peru, are the most species-rich in the world, with ≈300 species ≥10 cm diameter in single hectares; all of the Peruvian plots are among the most species-rich ever reported. Contrary to accepted opinion, upper Amazonian forest, and perhaps Central African ones, have as many or more tree species as comparable Asian forests. Very high tree species richness seems to be a general property of mature lowland evergreen forests on fertile to moderately infertile soils on all three continents.