cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade Secrets and Antitrust Law

The antitrust treatment of trade secrets has remained largely hidden, with trade secrets today being viewed as simply the equivalent of other forms of intellectual property. Closer examination reveals, however, that although the antitrust treatment of trade secrets fits generally into the debate over the proper antitrust treatment of intellectual property rights, the arguments for according deference to the protection of confidential trade secret information are somewhat different from, and far weaker than, the arguments for according such deference to either patents or copyrights.This article begins by exploring the two fundamental issues for antitrust analysis of trade secrets: What is a trade secret and what consequence should flow from a firm's decision to choose the trade secret regime when it wants to protect information. The second section maps the state of the law dealing with antitrust and trade secrets, discussing the early history (which predates the Sherman Act) and then describing how the courts have come to deal with licensing issues under Section 1 of the Sherman Act and with exclusionary conduct under Section 2. The final section sets out and applies a more general framework for antitrust analysis of trade secrets, proposing three guiding principles: 1) Trade secrets should receive no deference or presumptions when raised as a defense to anti-competitive conduct. 2) Antitrust courts, when assessing the economic consequences of trade secret protection, should be mindful of the legal properties of trade secrets. 3) Antitrust courts should respect - but not expand - the bargain that holders of trade secret protection are provided as an incentive to invest in the production of information.
Hepadnaviral infection augments hepatocyte cytotoxicity mediated by both CD95 ligand and perforin pathways.

Background/Aim: Recently, we documented that hepatocytes can eliminate contacted cells via the CD95 ligand (CD95L)–CD95 pathway and that they are also equipped in perforin and granzyme B and can eradicate other cells via the granule exocytosis mechanism. The aim of this study was to assess whether hepadnaviral infection modifies hepatocyte-mediated cell killing. Methods: Primary hepatocytes from woodchucks with progressing or resolved hepadnaviral hepatitis and hepatocyte lines transfected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) genes were examined for cytotoxic effector activity against cell targets susceptible to CD95L and/or perforin-dependent killing. Hepatocytes from healthy animals served as controls. Results: Actively progressing and resolved hepadnaviral hepatitis is associated with a significantly greater capacity of hepatocytes to kill contacted cells. Both hepatocyte CD95L- and perforin-dependent cytotoxicity were augmented. Hepatocytes transfected with WHV X gene, but not those with complete WHV genome or virus envelope or core gene, transcribed significantly more CD95L and perforin and killed cell targets more efficiently. Exposure to interferon-γ profoundly enhanced hepatocyte cell killing. Conclusions: Hepatocyte cytotoxic potential is significantly augmented during and following resolution of active hepadnaviral hepatitis. Hepatocyte cytotoxic activity may contribute to both liver physiological functions and the pathogenesis and progression of liver disease, including viral hepatitis.
Lipid rafts in neuronal signaling and function

Lipid rafts are plasma membrane microdomains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, which provide a particularly ordered lipid environment. Rafts are enriched in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, as well as proteins involved in signal transduction and intracellular trafficking. In neurons, lipid rafts act as platforms for the signal transduction initiated by several classes of neurotrophic factors, including neurotrophins and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-family ligands. Emerging evidence also indicates that such rafts are important for neuronal cell adhesion, axon guidance and synaptic transmission. Thus, lipid rafts are structurally unique components of plasma membranes, crucial for neural development and function.
Size distribution dynamics in a salting out crystallizer

A laboratory continuous mixed suspension salting out crystallizer was designed and constructed to test the dynamic crystallization model proposed by Randolph and Larson. The model relates the crystal size distribution to nucleation and growth kinetics and operating conditions. The ammonium alum-ethanol-water system was selected because of its ease of operation and control. The results of this work were in agreement with the steady state model. Under the conditions of these experiments, it was found that the nucleation rate dNo/dt was related to the growth rate r by dNo/dt = k1r2. The crystallizer was also operated under unsteady state conditions which resulted from variations in the production rate. The theoretical model with experimentally determined parameters was simulated on an analog computer and solved for production rate changes. The results indicated that the model was in agreement with the dynamic data for production rate upsets.
Parametric Ghost Image Processes for Fixed-Charge Problems: A Study of Transportation Networks

We present a parametric approach for solving fixed-charge problems first sketched in Glover (1994). Our implementation is specialized to handle the most prominently occurring types of fixed-charge problems, which arise in the area of network applications. The network models treated by our method include the most general members of the network flow class, consisting of generalized networks that accommodate flows with gains and losses. Our new parametric method is evaluated by reference to transportation networks, which are the network structures most extensively examined, and for which the most thorough comparative testing has been performed. The test set of fixed-charge transportation problems used in our study constitutes the most comprehensive randomly generated collection available in the literature. Computational comparisons reveal that our approach performs exceedingly well. On a set of a dozen small problems we obtain ten solutions that match or beat solutions found by CPLEX 9.0 and that beat the solutions found by the previously best heuristic on 11 out of 12 problems. On a more challenging set of 120 larger problems we uniformly obtain solutions superior to those found by CPLEX 9.0 and, in 114 out of 120 instances, superior to those found by the previously best approach. At the same time, our method finds these solutions while on average consuming 100 to 250 times less CPU time than CPLEX 9.0 and a roughly equivalent amount of CPU time as taken by the previously best method.
Well plate circular dichroism reader for the rapid determination of enantiomeric excess

Circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimeters typically employ one photoelastic modulator. However, spectropolarimeters employing two or even four modulators are more versatile and can be used to subvert common measurement errors arising from imperfectly isotropic samples or sample holders. Small linear anisotropies that can cause large errors in CD measurement can be associated with multi-well sample holders. Thus, high-throughput CD analyses in multi-well plates have not yet been demonstrated. One such application is the determination of enantiomeric excess of a library of reaction products. Herein, a spectropolarimeter employing four photoelastic modulators and a translation stage was used to determine the enantiomeric excess of a family of chiral amine complexes much more rapidly than could be achieved with a robotic fluid injection system. These experiments are proof of concept for high-throughput CD analysis. In practice, commercially available glass bottomed well plates are sufficiently strain free that a simple instrument with just one photoelastic modulator and a vertical optical train should be able to deliver the CD without special considerations given herein. On the other hand, polystyrene well plates cannot be used in this way.
Preparing Global Citizens for Leadership in the Textile and Apparel Industry

In a global society where textile and apparel graduates will be increasingly exposed to different cultures through their industry positions, it is important to ensure that they are educated to unde...
Statistical Models for Limiting Nutrient Relations in Inland Waters

Abstract The ecological theory of limiting factors holds that the observed level of response in a biological process will be governed by the input factor in least supply—the limiting factor. This theory has formed the basis for numerous attempts by aquatic ecologists to describe the relation between the biological productivity of inland waters and the availability of plant nutrients required for algal growth. Regression analysis has been the primary statistical tool used in the development of such relations, yet any statistical model that represents the limiting effect of some explanatory factor as an expectation contradicts the substantive theory of limiting factors. Limnological data not resulting in an adequate regression of chlorophyll on phosphorus have been viewed as failing to support the limiting effect of this nutrient on algal biomass in lakes. But when represented by a more appropriate model, such data may be seen to provide similar evidence for the relation of chlorophyll to phosphorus as does...
Using Open Source Software in Computer Science Courses

Open Source Software (OSS) has become mainstream in recent years, making a wide variety of software tools available to instructors and students. In particular, a large collection of OSS source code is now available for use in college courses in disciplines that involve software development. Concomitantly, Computer Science (CS) educators have been exploring different ways to reinvigorate the CS curriculum to make it more attractive, amenable, and applicable to college students. We regard appropriate OSS use to represent a major prong of a multi-pronged approach to a revamped CS curriculum. Due to our use of OSS in advanced CS courses, our students have gained useful insights into software design and development. They have also felt empowered as they worked on real-world team projects that do not necessarily end with the academic term. This paper uses a database system implementation course to illustrate our approach to OSS and provides an initial assessment.
Index of Productive Syntax.

A new method for evaluating the grammatical complexity of preschool natural language corpora is introduced. In the Index of Productive Syntax, occurrences of 56 syntactic and morphological forms are counted, yielding a total score and subscores for noun phrases, verb phrases, questions/negations, and sentence structures. Development of the index and analyses of its reliability and age-sensitivity when applied to language samples of 2- to 4-year-olds are described. Some advantages and limitations of the index as a research and clinical instrument are also discussed.
Strange Parallels: Japan

reader to understand that: 'The excitement of Eurasian comparisons derives not from a spurious superficial identity, but from the juxtaposition of overarching similarities with idiosyncratic local outcomes" (lieberman 2009, 119). In "Creating Japan," Chapter 4 of the same volume, Lieberman convincingly shows that Eurasian comparisons offer a valuable, and truly exciting, lens to explore Japan from circa 800 to 1830. He identifies numerous and provocative parallels with other states that present not only fresh ways to consider Japan within world history, but also to locate and assess idiosyncratic elements of the Japanese experience. Lieberman classifies Japan as part of what he terms Eurasia's "protected zone" (or "protected rimlands"), which also includes mainland Southeast Asia and most of Europe, a category that he notes only becomes coherent when contrasted with the "exposed zone" of China, South Asia, and Southwest Asia, an area "defined primarily by subjection to Inner Asian conquest elites" (xxi-xxii). He outlines first, the process by which Japan's "charter civilization," a socio-political order based on Chinese penal and administrative models - the ritsuryo codes emerged in the eighth century. In roughly the first half of the chapter, Lieberman explores the evolution of the charter, ritsuryo polity during the Heian Period (794-1 185) before turning to a discussion of especially the political fragmentation that marked the late Kamakura (1185-1333) and Ashikaga (1336-1571) periods. In the chapter's second half, he examines the subsequent cultural homogeneity and political integration that transpired during the Tokugawa [Edo] period (1603-1868). For Lieberman many of Japan's idiosyncratic characteristics developed because unlike other areas of the Eurasian "protected zone," Japan's geography allowed it to be "exceptionally well protected against unwanted cultural, commercial, and most particularly, military incursions" (376). In a chapter of just over 120 pages, Lieberman presents an immense range of political, social, cultural, demographic, religious, and economic Eurasian parallels as well as idiosyncratic elements of the Japanese experience. To illustrate Lieberman's interpretation, I will highlight aspects of two of his main themes: state
Byrd's Patrons at Prayer

We are fortunate to have a number of devotional manuscripts and commonplace books made by William Byrd's patrons. Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, to whom Byrd dedicated the Mass and Office Propers of the 1605 Gradualia , produced a large collection of pseudo-liturgical 'offices', a self-contained ritual universe that little resembled either the Roman or the Anglican rite. John, Lord Lumley, Elizabethan bibliophile and patron of Byrd's 1591 Cantiones sacrae , kept a pocket-sized devotional notebook featuring Savonarola's meditation Infelix ego , set to music by Byrd and published in the motet book dedicated to Lumley. Documents of this sort shed some new light on Byrd's Latin-texted music and its patrons, their preoccupations, and their often divided religious loyalties.
A profile of Alaska's seniors.

This research reports the demographic and social characteristics of elderly Alaskans from the first comprehensive population-based study of all elderly residents (N = 9,897). Comparisons to the U.S. census indicate that the sample is representative of state population characteristics. Highlighted here are the unique facets of aging in the state of Alaska compared with the rest of the United States and a descriptive profile of Alaska's seniors, a small but growing portion of the Alaskan population.
Salmonella enteritidis Bacteremia in Childhood

We have reviewed the clinical course of 32 children with Salmonella enteritidis bacteremia and compared them with 135 children with acute gastroenteritis caused by S. enteritidis at Wyler Children's Hospital over 4.5 years. Analysis of symptoms of infection, the initial laboratory evaluation, the initial impression of the severity of illness, the clinical course, and the eventual outcome showed no differences between children with bacteremia and those with acute gastroenteritis, nor did a comparison between older children (one year of age or older) and younger children, with either bacteremia or acute gastroenteritis, show appreciable differences. We conclude that bacteremia occurring with acute gastroenteritis was clinically elusive and more common than previously recognized. Furthermore, in the absence of documented risk factors, bacteremia occurring with acute gastroenteritis was not associated with any greater morbidity than was acute gastroenteritis occurring alone.
Observations on the pharmacology of mephenesin carbamate.

ConclusionMC 2303 is a compound similar to mephenesin in potency and activity, and appears to have a longer duration of action.
Learning through Writing: Teaching Critical Thinking Skills in Writing Assignments

Traditional writing assignments often fall short in addressing problems in college students' writing as too often these assignments fail to help students develop critical thinking skills and comprehension of course content. This article reports the use of a two-part (staged) writing assignment with postscript as a strategy for improving critical thinking in a lower-division political science course. We argue that through well-designed writing assignments, instructors can encourage students to reconsider concepts, critically evaluate assumptions, and undertake substantive revisions of their writing.
Developmental Relationship Programs: An Empirical Study Of The Impact Of Peer-Mentoring Programs

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact and effectiveness of developmental relationships provided through academic intervention programs at a medium-size master’s level public university in the Northeastern United States. The programs’ curriculum follows the Model of Strategic Learning’s four pillars of learning and is administered to students with diverse interventional needs. This paper presents a brief review of the literature about effective developmental relationship programs (mentoring and coaching) in higher education. Then, Ordinary Least Squares regressions, as well as paired samples t-tests, are used to test the impact of programs offered through developmental relationships to students with varying academic deficiencies. The immediate, as well as longer-term, impact and sustainability of students’ enhanced performance is statistically examined. The paper concludes that students who fully take advantage of developmental relationships benefit the most and sustain their higher level of performance beyond the immediate post one-time intervention period. However, in the absence of additional intervention, the academic performance gains seem to subside and flatten out.
Standard Bar Codes Beware- Smart Phone Users May Prefer QR Codes

Quick Response (QR) codes are free to produce, allow access to data, and can be read with most smartphones. QR codes are already popular in some other countries and are gaining popularity in the United States. This article discusses this growing popularity and the reasons for it, how QR codes are being used in law libraries and the legal profession, and how they may be used by librarians in the future to add value through the marketing of professional and library services and by providing easy access to information from library resources.
Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

While technique is important, understanding the vascular anatomy of the dAVF is paramount to a successful outcome. The use of the term “shunt” versus “fistula” allows a better depiction and frequently an improved understanding of the pathology that is encountered. Shunting further explains why the incomplete treatment of these unique lesions can result in increased vascular recruitment and delayed recurrence of the lesion.
For Your Benefit: Using Casemaker for Legal Research

A service specially designed for, and marketed to, bar associations, Casemaker has been free to dues-payers of the KBA since 2006. Since its debut in Kentucky, it has continued to add databases, search capability and services. It is not Westlaw or Lexis (and certainly not Westlaw Next or Lexis Advance), but it is superior to Internet research in many ways, especially in the area of case law research where its databases are much deeper than even the best of websites such as Google Scholar. The primary focus of this article is not to compare it to those pay services, but to show its role in the universe of free legal resources.
Deeper penetration of large earthquakes on seismically quiescent faults

Why many major strike-slip faults known to have had large earthquakes are silent in the interseismic period is a long-standing enigma. One would expect small earthquakes to occur at least at the bottom of the seismogenic zone, where deeper aseismic deformation concentrates loading. We suggest that the absence of such concentrated microseismicity indicates deep rupture past the seismogenic zone in previous large earthquakes. We support this conclusion with numerical simulations of fault behavior and observations of recent major events. Our modeling implies that the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake on the San Andreas Fault in Southern California penetrated below the seismogenic zone by at least 3 to 5 kilometers. Our findings suggest that such deeper ruptures may occur on other major fault segments, potentially increasing the associated seismic hazard.
Single ectopic ureter causing incontinence after childbirth.

AbstractA woman presented with urinary incontinence after traumatic delivery owing to a single right ectopic ureter. The management of this rare condition in adulthood is reviewed
Asymptotic Stability Conditions for Asymmetric Linear Mechanical Systems

There are inequalities matrix derived which, except for some special cases, are necessary and sufficient for asymptotic stability of asymmetric, time-invariant linear mechanical systems. The results are applicable to systems with gyroscopic and hysteresial effects. Two examples of asymmetric systems include flexural vibration of a pipe conveying a fluid and an actively controlled vibrating system with asymmetric gain matrices
Development and testing of a bridge weigh-in-motion method considering nonconstant vehicle speed

Abstract Bridge weigh-in-motion (BWIM) provides an alternative to conventional static weigh station for obtaining vehicle axle weights. Existing BWIM algorithms assume the vehicles being measured are traveling at a constant speed. This is a reasonable assumption for short-span highway bridges, but will yield large error for railroad bridges and bridges subjected to speed varying traffic. This paper presents a static BWIM methodology to improve the estimation accuracy on axle weights when measuring a vehicle traveling at nonconstant speed. A novel speed correction procedure is proposed and incorporated into the BWIM methodology by converting variable speed response data with nonuniform spatial spacing to uniform spacing. This new method can lead to an increased BWIM accuracy for bridges subjected to speed varying traffic. The BWIM methodology proposed in this paper is based on static analysis, and consists of the following components: Speed Detection, Lateral Load Distribution Determination, Influence Line Determination, Speed Correction, and Axle Weight Determination. In this paper, both numerical study and field study have been conducted. The numerical study is performed using finite element analysis to evaluate the performance of the BWIM results when measuring loads traveling at constant speed and variable speed. The results of the numerical study demonstrate the need of applying speed correction for BWIM analysis, and show the proposed speed correction procedure is able to improve BWIM accuracy for a variable speed vehicle to the similar level of accuracy as a constant speed vehicle. Field study is performed on a steel truss bridge located at the University of Alabama campus. With the obtained data on the bridge, the proposed BWIM methodology is applied to determine the axle weights of a vehicle moving at nonconstant speed. Results of the field study show that large error in axle weight prediction is expected when the vehicle is moving at nonconstant speed on the bridge, and correcting the response data using the proposed procedure can significantly improve the accuracy of axle weight predictions.
Introduction to the Concept of Likelihood and Its Applications

This Tutorial explains the statistical concept known as likelihood and discusses how it underlies common frequentist and Bayesian statistical methods. The article is suitable for researchers intere...
Ureteroscopy for Ureteral Stones: Case Discussion of Impacted Stone

Technological advances have led to remarkable improvements in the outcomes after ureteroscopy (URS) for ureteral stones. A landmark systematic review and comprehensive analysis of outcomes in 2007 by the American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) showed that URS favorably compares to shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for all stone locations. URS for distal ureteral stones yielded a 94 % stone-free rate which decreased only slightly to 78–79 % for large (>10 mm), mid, or proximal ureteral stones. After medical expulsive therapy, URS has also been shown to be the most cost-effective therapy for all ureteral stones. Notably, prospective randomized trials comparing shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) to semirigid URS for either proximal or distal ureteral stones showed lower costs and statistically significant higher initial stone-free rates with URS. With a continuous trend towards innovation and improvement of endoscopic devices, one can expect that the efficacy and use of URS for the treatment of ureteral stones will only rise. This chapter provides an outline of the technical approach to URS for ureteral stones. We begin with the importance of preoperative counseling, followed by an overall management algorithm, description of surgical equipment, an intraoperative algorithm, and then finish with the postoperative management and recommended follow-up. At the conclusion of the chapter the treatment of a patient with a large impacted proximal ureteral stone will be discussed.
Meta-level knowledge: overview and applications

We define the concept of meta-level Knowledge, and illustrate it by briefly reviewing four examples that have been described in detail elsewhere (2-5). The examples include applications of the idea to tasks such as transfer of expertise from a domain expert to a program, and the maintenance and use of large Knowledge bases. We explore common themes that arise from these examples, and examine broader implications of the idea, in particular its impact on the design and construction of large programs. This work was supported in part by the Bureau of Health Sciences Research and Evaluation of HEW under Grant HS-01544 and by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under ARPA Order 2494. It was carried out on the SUMEX-AIM Computer System, supported by the NIH under Grant RR-00785. The views expressed are solely those of the author.
An obstacle in preparing alloisoleucine

Alloisoleucine, prepared from a mixture of racemic isoleucine–alloisoleucine diastereoisomers, can be heavily contaminated with isoleucine if the recrystallization of acetyl-dl-alloisoleucine is controlled by melting point only. Two commercial specimens were found to be thus contaminated.
Partial purification and characterization of a uracil DNA N-glycosidase from Bacillus subtilis.

A uracil specific DNA N-glycosidase activity has been partially purified from crude extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 24,000 with no subunit structure. It has no requirement for any known cofactors but is inhibited in the presence of CO/sup 2 +/, Fe/sup 2 +/, or Zn/sup 2 +/. The enzyme is specific for uracil in single- and double-stranded deoxyribonucleopolymers and does not release free uracil from RNA or from poly(rU):poly(dA). In addition, neither Udr, dUMP, nor dUTP is recognized as substrate. The enzyme will attack small poly(dU) oligomers but the minimum size recognized as substrate is (pU)/sub 4/. This enzyme may have a role in the repair (by base excision) of uracil in DNA arising either by incorporation during DNA synthesis or by deamination of cytosine in DNA.
SILICON NANOWIRES AND NANOWIRE HETEROSTRUCTURES

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and nanowire heterostructures are unique form of nanosilicon, which are grown by direct synthesis (bottom-up) rather than conventional lithography patterning (top-down) approach. Here we review key advances in SiNWs and SiNW heterostructures enabled by the bottom-up approach to nanoscience. First, we introduce a general method for the synthesis of SiNWs with precisely controlled physical dimensions and electronic properties, which is based on metal nanocluster catalysed vapour–liquid–solid growth. Second, we discuss fundamental low-temperature electrical transport studies that define key differences between our bottom-up SiNWs and top-down silicon nanostructures. Third, we describe the use of SiNWs as fundamental building blocks for a wide range of nanoscale electronic devices and circuits. Fourth, we describe rational strategies for large-scale hierarchical assembly of SiNWs and applications of unique assembly characteristics for macroelectronics. Fifth, we examine the potential of SiNWs as active elements in ultra-sensitive nanoscale sensors for chemical and biological detection. Last, we discuss SiNW heterostructures, which open up new and often unique dimensions of complexity and functionality.
From the League of Nations to the United Nations: The Continuing Preservation and Development of the Geneva Archives

In 2009 the League of Nations Archives were included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register. This designation not only reflects the exceptional value of this documentary heritage as the continuous archival documentation of an international organization established before 1945, but also recognizes the United Nations’ responsibility for its integrity, preservation, and accessibility.
Neural Crest Cells Change their Homing Behavior Following Treatment with a Phorbol Ester Drug

The neural crest is a transient embryonic structure seen at the end of neurulation during vertebrate embryogenesis. Neural crest cells originate within the neural tube, but leave the tube to migrate along characteristic pathways in the embryo, eventually giving rise to a wide variety of different cell types in the adult, including neuronal and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, endocrine cells, pigment cells of the integument, and various connective tissue cell types in the head and neck (Le Douarin, 1982).
Enhanced thermoelectric efficiency in topological insulator Bi 2 Te 3 nanoplates via atomic layer deposition-based surface passivation

We report in-plane thermoelectric measurements of Bi2Te3 nanoplates, a typical topological insulator with Dirac-like metallic surface states, grown by chemical vapor deposition. The as-grown flakes exposed to ambient conditions exhibit relatively small thermopowers around −34 μV/K due to unintentional surface doping (e.g., gas adsorption and surface oxidation). After removal of the unintentional surface doping and surface passivation by deposition of 30 nm of Al2O3 using atomic layer deposition (ALD), the Seebeck coefficient of these flakes increases by a factor of 5× to −169 μV/K. Here, we believe that the ALD-based surface passivation can prevent the degradation of the thermoelectric properties caused by gas adsorption and surface oxidation processes, thus, reducing the unintentional doping in the Bi2Te3 and increasing the Seebeck coefficient. The high surface-to-volume ratio of these thin (∼10 nm thick) nanoplates make them especially sensitive to surface doping, which is a common problem among nanomaterials in general. An increase in the sample resistance is also observed after the ALD process, which is consistent with the decrease in doping.
Discontinuity of Reference Hinders Children's Learning of New Words.

When referring to objects, adults package words, sentences, and gestures in ways that shape children's learning. Here, to understand how continuity of reference shapes word learning, an adult taught new words to 4-year-old children (N = 120) using either clusters of references to the same object or no sequential references to each object. In three experiments, the adult used a combination of labels and other object references, which provided informative discourse (e.g., This is small and green), neutral discourse (e.g., This is really great), or no verbal discourse. Switching verbal references from one object to another interfered with learning relative to providing clustered references to a particular object, revealing that discontinuity in discourse hinders children's encoding of new words.
CNS atypical T-cell lymphoproliferative disease following treatment with alemtuzumab

Autoimmune disease is a well-recognized complication of alemtuzumab therapy in MS; however, the risk of subsequent malignancy is another important consideration in this highly efficacious therapy. Here, we report a fatal atypical T-cell hematologic disorder.
The Isomorphism Problem and Undecidable Properties for Finitely Presented Lattice-Ordered Groups

Resume Nous donnons une version abstraite d'une technique generale permettant de montrer, sous des hypotheses convenables, que la plupart des problemes algorithmiques concernant l'ensemble recursif des algebres finiment presentees (d'une variete d'algebres recursivement axiomatisee) ne sont pas resolubles recursivement quand il existe une algebre finiment presentee avec un probleme des mots non resoluble. Nous etablissons un lemme technique (The messuage Lemma) pour les groupes reticules, qui utilise les groupes d'automorphismes de chaines, et nous l'utilisons pour montrer, par exemple, qu'il n'y a pas d'algorithme pour determiner si oui ou non un groupe reticule finiment presente quelconque a un seul element, ou est abelien, ou est totalement ordonne.
Anisotropic Material Characterization of Human Cervix Tissue Based on Indentation and Inverse Finite Element Analysis

The cervix is essential to a healthy pregnancy as it must bear the increasing load caused by the growing fetus. Preterm birth is suspected to be caused by the premature softening and mechanical failure of the cervix. The objective of this paper is to measure the anisotropic mechanical properties of human cervical tissue using indentation and video extensometry. The human cervix is a layered structure, where its thick stromal core contains preferentially aligned collagen fibers embedded in a soft ground substance. The fiber composite nature of the tissue provides resistance to the complex three-dimensional loading environment of pregnancy. In this work, we detail an indentation mechanical test to obtain the force and deformation response during loading which closely matches in vivo conditions. We postulate a constitutive material model to describe the equilibrium material behavior to ramp-hold indentation, and we use an inverse finite element method based on genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to determine best-fit material parameters. We report the material properties of human cervical slices taken at different anatomical locations from women of different obstetric backgrounds. In this cohort of patients, the anterior internal os (the area where the cervix meets the uterus) of the cervix is stiffer than the anterior external os (the area closest to the vagina). The anatomic anterior and posterior quadrants of cervical tissue are more anisotropic than the left and right quadrants. There is no significant difference in material properties between samples of different parities (number of pregnancies reaching viable gestation age).
Use of rivaroxaban for treatment of cranial vena cava syndrome secondary to transvenous pacemaker lead thrombosis in a dog.

Abstract A six-year-old Brussels griffon was presented for cervical swelling three months after implantation of a transvenous pacemaker. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a thrombus associated with the pacemaker lead, partially obstructing right atrial inflow. The laboratory findings were consistent with protein-losing nephropathy. Initial medical therapy consisted of rivaroxaban (0.68 mg/kg orally every 24 hours), clopidogrel (2.5 mg/kg orally every 24 hours), and enalapril (0.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours). Resolution of cervical and thoracic edema was noted within two weeks of initiating therapy. Recheck echocardiography two months and one year later revealed decreasing thrombus size despite worsening proteinuria. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documented use of rivaroxaban for successful medical treatment of cranial vena cava syndrome caused by intracardiac pacemaker lead thrombosis in a hypercoagulable patient.
Strong exciton—photon coupling in anthradithiophene microcavities: from isolated molecules to aggregates

The authors report on strong exciton–photon coupling in all-metal microcavities containing functionalized anthradithiophene (ADT) in host poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices for a wide range of ADT concentrations. Angle-resolved reflectance of polycrystalline films revealed Rabi splittings up to 340 meV. Angle-resolved photoluminescence in films with low ADT concentrations (dominated by “isolated” ADT molecules) showed Rabi splittings which scaled with the square root of oscillator strength. When “aggregated” and “isolated” ADT molecules coexisted in film, cavities preferentially coupled to “isolated” molecules due to an anisotropic distribution of aggregates. As a solutionprocessable high-performance organic semiconductor, ADT shows promise as an (opto)electronic polaritonic material.
Examination of diesel spray combustion in supercritical ambient fluid using large-eddy simulations:

High-pressure conditions in diesel engines can often surpass the thermodynamic critical limit of the working fluid. Consequently, the injection of fuel at these conditions can lead to complex behav...
The Folate Pathway Inhibitor Pemetrexed Pleiotropically Enhances Effects of Cancer Immunotherapy.

Purpose: Combination strategies leveraging chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapy have held the promise as a method to improve benefit to cancer patients. However, most chemotherapies have detrimental effects on immune homeostasis and differ in their ability to induce immunogenic cell death. The approval of pemetrexed and carboplatin with anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, represents the first approved chemotherapy and immunotherapy combination. Although the clinical data suggests a positive interaction between pemetrexed-based chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Experimental Design:Mouse tumor models (MC38, Colon26) and high-content biomarker studies (flow cytometry, Quantigene Plex and nCounter gene expression analysis) were deployed to obtain insights into the mechanistic rationale behind the efficacy observed with pemetrexed/anti-PD-L1 combination. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cell lines was assessed by calreticulin and HMGB-1 immunoassays, and metabolic function of primary T cells was evaluated by Seahorse analysis. Results:Pemetrexed treatment alone increased T cell activation in mouse tumors in vivo, and robustly induced ICD in mouse tumor cells and exerted T cell-intrinsic effects exemplified by augmented mitochondrial function and enhanced T cell activation in vitro. Increased anti-tumor efficacy and pronounced inflamed/immune activation were observed when Pemetrexed was combined with anti-PD-L1. Conclusions: Pemetrexed augments systemic intra-tumor immune responses through tumor intrinsic mechanisms including immunogenic cell death, T cell-intrinsic mechanisms enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis leading to increased T cell infiltration/activation along with modulation of innate immune pathways, significantly enhanced in combination with PD-1 pathway blockade.
Mid-ocean ridge eruption rates, long-term climate change, and the importance of marine seismoacoustics

Recent work on mid-ocean ridges suggests that eruption rates may not be as steady-state as once thought. There is evidence that seafloor eruptive activity waxes and wanes with long-term climate cycles potentially both being driven by climatic forcings and possibly serving itself as a climatic forcing. An important piece of evidence in understanding mid-ocean ridge volcanic cycles is to look at present-day eruption rates and compare those with expected eruption rates given well-constrained plate spreading rates. However, given that mid-ocean ridge eruptions appear to be relatively infrequent, seismoacoustic coverage of as much of the ocean as possible is key. Work at Axial Seamount and the East Pacific Rise has documented an impulsive signal that is associated with lava erupting onto the seafloor. Thus with adequate marine seismoacoustic coverage, seafloor eruptions can be identified with some confidence without in situ confirmation. Such monitoring would provide for better quantification of present-day eruption rates in the marine environment and help understand the contribution of mid-ocean ridges to present-day volcanism, as well as possible long-term variability.
Police legitimacy: identifying developmental trends and whether youths’ perceptions can be changed

Examine youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy. Study one establishes age-graded trends in perceptions from childhood into adolescence. Study two tests whether a structured, in-school, non-enforcement-related program involving repeated prosocial exposure to police can improve youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy. In study one, a cross-sectional sample (N = 959) of youth ages 7 to 14 was used to assess age-graded perceptions of police legitimacy. In study two, a 4-school, randomized controlled trial was conducted in Compton, California (N = 499). Age-graded differences in police legitimacy perceptions vary by race, but generally begin declining during late childhood. The program significantly improved youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy. Racial differences in perceptions of police legitimacy can be traced to childhood, and perceptions of law enforcement appear to begin declining during childhood. Further, repeated exposure to law enforcement officials in a positive, non-enforcement capacity may improve youths’ legitimacy perceptions.
Patient-Reported Factors Associated with the Onset of Hyperfunctional Voice Disorders.

Objectives:Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hyperfunctional voice disorders would be improved by better understanding their etiological contributing factors. Therefore, this study estimated ...
Using a Sociogram to Characterize Communication During an Interprofessional Team Huddle

Purpose The complexity of modern medicine requires high-performance teamwork to ensure quality care. Teams rely on communication patterns that are replicable and efficient. The purpose of this observational study was to characterize communication dynamics among interprofessional team members during a team huddle. The study aimed to (a) characterize communication within structured huddles on an inpatient medicine unit by evaluating who talked and to whom and what types of communication took place during each interaction and (b) explore participants' perceptions of the huddles. Materials and methods We used a sociogram to diagram direct observations of the structure and patterns of group interaction. Through the sociogram, we documented the flow and frequency of team members information exchange, questions, and requests. We conducted two follow-up focus groups-one with residents and one with nurses. Results The most frequent type of interaction observed was information exchange: nurse to resident (28.3%) and resident to nurse (47%). Both residents and nurses asked questions: nurse to resident (7.4%) and resident to nurse (14.2%). Nurses made more requests of residents (2.8%) than vice versa (0.3%). Four themes emerged from focus group analysis, including the huddle promotes (1) a better-informed team, (2) relationship building, (3) communication process efficiencies, and (4) logistical challenges. Conclusion Sociograms can serve as a novel tool to characterize what actually happens during information exchange at the point of care and identify the nature of communication among team members. Daily huddles among team members involved in the frontline of patient care provides an opportunity to share information, requests, and questions and update shared mental models to meet team objectives.
Improvement in Inventory Control System to Enhance Life Cycle Assessment by transshipment method using Taguchi’s method with Genetic Algorithm

Inventory control has a major significance in industries for enhancement in their productivity, production timing respective industries have different departments such as quality control, forging, heat treatment process, inspection, store; material is finished and product is developed in industry and several types of inventory is generated to fulfill the customer needs. In our analysis inventory control is optimized by considering taguchi and genetic algorithm approach in respective department i.e. store room to room quality control and from room quality control to the machining line, the transshipment is used between departments , time evaluation is analyzed by considering two variables i.e. dependent variable which means the material is stored before order manually another is independent variable in which semi – finished material is produced after the order of customer, Genetic algorithm methodology is used to analyzed enhancement in optimized parameters for convergence and enhanced forecasting and is found that by applying these technique 38% of improvement with an overall error of 12% with a significance of a 0.2 in taguchi analysis was observed.
Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines from Brugada syndrome affected patients carrying SCN5A mutations.

Abstract SCN5A gene loss-of-function mutations are commonly associated with Brugada syndrome, which is carries a risk of lethal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The present report describes the generation of two human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines reprogrammed from two Brugada syndrome affected patients carrying SCN5A mutations, c.53506 G>A and c.2102 C>T, respectively. Pluripotency markers, karyotype stability, and differentiation capability into derivatives of the three germ layers were assessed and described in the present report. These lines can be used as a reliable cell model for Brugada syndrome investigations and characterization of leading cellular mechanisms.