cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tardive dyskinesia and informed consent

Abstract The clinical literature pertaining to tardive dyskinesia (TD) indicates that this drug-induced extra pyramidal syndrome alters the risk/benefit ratio of neuroleptic drug therapy for two distinct groups of patients: those who receive neuroleptic agents continuously for more than one year, and those who already have TD but must nevertheless continue treatment with these agents. Written informed consent for treatment should be obtained from these two groups of patients as a condition for neuroleptic drug therapy to protect both patients and clinicians. Evidence is presented that employing such written consent will not adversely affect patient compliance.
Doppler imaging with transmit focusing and receive array data

This paper provides a method for imaging a target scene in space and velocity domains. The method relies on a transmit focusing method to spotlight the region of interest with an ultrasonic beam; this is to improve the energy of the echo signature from the desired area. A receiver array is used to measure the resultant echoed signals; the receiver array provides spatial resolution within the spotlights target area. A wide-bandwidth continuous wave (WB-CW) signaling scheme is used to resolve targets in the Doppler domain.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Blinded sample size re-estimation in clinical trials comparing several treatments

An important question that arises in clinical trials is how many additional observations, if any, are required beyond those originally planned. This has satisfactorily been answered in the case of two-treatment double-blind clinical experiments. However, one may be interested in comparing a new treatment with its competitors, which may be more than one. This problem is addressed in this investigation involving responses from arbitrary distributions, in which the mean and the variance are not functionally related. First, a solution in determining the initial sample size for specified level of significance and power at a specified alternative is obtained. Then it is shown that when the initial sample size is large, the nominal level of significance and the power at the pre-specified alternative are fairly robust for the proposed sample size re-estimation procedure. An application of the results is made to the blood coagulation functionality problem considered by Kropf et al. [Multiple comparisons of treatme...
DNA homology requirements for mitotic gap repair in Drosophila

Abstract We used P transposable-element mobilization to study the repair of double-strand DNA breaks in Drosophila melanogaster premeiotic germ cells. Distribution of conversion tracts was found to be largely unaffected by changes in the length of sequence homology between the broken ends and the template, suggesting that only a short match is required. However, the frequency of repair was highly sensitive to single-base mismatches within the homologous region, ranging from 19% reversion when there were no mismatches to 5% when 15 mismatches were present over a 3455-bp span.
An electronic analogue computer for a coal transportation problem

The transportation problem and linear programming are defined and an electronic analogue of the problem and its optimum solution is described.A computer with a 5×20 matrix has been built using current and opposing e.m.f. to simulate coal flow and route costs respectively. The circuits are described and a Section on operating technique is included.A typical problem and its solution are given, and it is concluded that a larger computer is feasible.
Measurements and calculations of two-beam coupling in air

We performed experiments demonstrated an effective energy-exchange between filament-forming beams intersecting in air. Theory considering the impulsive stimulated Raman response as the relevant nonlinear mechanism reproduces data well and points toward techniques for optimization.
Implementing Open Innovation in the Public Sector : the Case of Challenge.gov

This article is free to read on publisher website Abstract As part of the Open Government Initiative, the Barack Obama administration has called for new forms of collaboration with stakeholders to increase the innovativeness of public service delivery. Federal managers are employing a new policy instrument called Challenge.gov to implement open innovation concepts invented in the private sector to crowdsource solutions from previously untapped problem solvers and to leverage collective intelligence to tackle complex social and technical public management problems. The authors highlight the work conducted by the Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies at the General Services Administration, the administrator of the Challenge.gov platform. Specifically, this Administrative Profile features the work of Tammi Marcoullier, program manager for Challenge.gov, and Karen Trebon, deputy program manager, and their role as change agents who mediate collaborative practices between policy makers and public agencies as they navigate the political and legal environments of their local agencies. The profile provides insights into the implementation process of crowdsourcing solutions for public management problems, as well as lessons learned for designing open innovation processes in the public sector.
Presence of calreticulin in vector fleas (Siphonaptera).

Calreticulin has been defined in the cat flea, Ctenophalides felis (Bouche), and oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild). Calreticulin, a major endoplasmic reticulum protein, was previously identified as a component of ixodid tick saliva. Using a riboprobe generated from the tick calreticulin complementary DNA (cDNA), we distinguished 2 transcripts for calreticulin in cat fleas by Northern blot analysis. Increased expression of calreticulin was not evident in fed versus unfed adult fleas. We were able to amplify a calreticulin flea product from fed female messenger RNA (mRNA) using primers designed from the tick calreticulin gene. One of these products hybridized to the tick riboprobe. Localization of specific antibody to cat flea tissues showed calreticulin in the midgut with no detection in the salivary glands. We also observed specific labeling of calreticulin with antibody in the ovaries of fed females. Several cat flea polypeptides appear to crossreact with anticalreticulin antibody in Western blots. We did not detect a calreticulin using antibody to the tick-secreted protein in cat flea salivary glands. This antibody did recognize a protein in the rat flea salivary glands. Our results show that fleas have calreticulin and, possibly, several isoforms. It appears that the salivary glands of the cat and oriental rat flea differ in detectable levels of calreticulin. The specific antibody labeling of the ovaries is interesting and remains to be understood. Calreticulin's appearance in the midgut suggests a possible source of calreticulin as a flea secretion. Further studies are in progress to complete the sequencing of the flea polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product to compare to tick-secreted calreticulin. Comparisons to other blood-feeding arthropods at the protein and gene level are also being done. We hope to define further the expression of calreticulin in fleas, and in general, blood-feeding arthropods, with respect to its role in feeding and pathogen transmission.
Muscarinic cholinergic binding sites in an orthopteran central nervous system.

Homogenates of cricket (Acheta domesticus) central nervous system (CNS) specifically bind the potent muscarinic ligand [3H]-QNB. Binding assay and pharmacologic data indicate that the cricket CNS contains a high density of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites. These sites appear to be a unique class of invertebrate cholinergic receptor with properties distinct from those of previously described nicotinic receptors.
The Berkeley FrameNet Project

FrameNet is a three-year NSF-supported project in corpus-based computational lexicography, now in its second year (NSF IRI-9618838, "Tools for Lexicon Building"). The project's key features are (a) a commitment to corpus evidence for semantic and syntactic generalizations, and (b) the representation of the valences of its target words (mostly nouns, adjectives, and verbs) in which the semantic portion makes use of frame semantics. The resulting database will contain (a) descriptions of the semantic frames underlying the meanings of the words described, and (b) the valence representation (semantic and syntactic) of several thousand words and phrases, each accompanied by (c) a representative collection of annotated corpus attestations, which jointly exemplify the observed linkings between "frame elements" and their syntactic realizations (e.g. grammatical function, phrase type, and other syntactic traits). This report will present the project's goals and workflow, and information about the computational tools that have been adapted or created in-house for this work.
Variable Effects of Adenosine on Retrograde Conduction in Patients with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia

Adenosine has been demonstrated to reliably produce transient block of atrioventricular nodal (AVN) conduction, and has been advocated as a method of differentiating retrograde conduction via the atrioventricular node from accessory pathway conduction. However, the response of retrograde AVN to adenosine in patients with typical atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) remains unclear. We evaluated 13 patients (mean age 45 +/- 20 years) with typical AVNRT prior to AVN modification. During right ventricular pacing, a rapid bolus of adenosine (0.2 mg/kg; maximum 18 mg) was administered. Adenosine sensitivity, defined by transient ventriculoatrial block, was observed in six patients, while in seven patients ventriculoatrial conduction was unaffected. An adenosine bolus administered during sinus rhythm or atrial pacing resulted in antegrade atrioventricular block in all the adenosine resistant patients in whom this was performed (n = 6). Comparisons of AVN electrophysiological characteristics between the adenosine sensitive and adenosine resistant patients were performed. There was no difference with respect to ventriculoatrial effective refractory period, ventriculoatrial Wenckebach, AVNRT cycle length, and His to atrial echo interval in AVNRT. However, there was a trend toward a longer antegrade fast pathway ERP in the adenosine sensitive group (P = 0.07). Electrophysiological properties do not predict retrograde AVN adenosine sensitivity. Adenosine does not cause retrograde AVN block in all patients with AVNRT, and therefore cannot reliably distinguish between retrograde conduction via the AVN or an accessory pathway.
AMUSE: a new blind identification algorithm

The mathematical formulation of the blind identification problem is presented. Various theoretical properties are discussed. The AMUSE algorithm is derived on the basis of the necessary condition of source identifiability and shown to have good performance and wide application. >
High performance FDSOI CMOS technology with metal gate and high-k

A high performance FDSOI CMOS technology featuring metal gate electrodes and high-k gate dielectrics is presented. Work-function tuning is accomplished by materials and process modification to achieve appropriate threshold voltages for FDSOI CMOS. The gate stacks exhibit an extremely thin effective inversion thickness (T/sub inv/) down to 14A with a gate leakage current of 0.2A/cm/sup 2/. This represents a six order of magnitude leakage reduction compared to Poly/SiO/sub 2/. By optimizing the gate stack, the highest unstrained electron mobility is realized (207cm/sup 2/A/s at E/sub eff/=1Mv/cm) at T/sub inv/=14A. Drive currents of 1050/spl mu/A//spl mu/m and 770/spl mu/A//spl mu/m at I/sub off/ of 90nA//spl mu/m and 28nA//spl mu/m are achieved for nMOS and pMOS respectively. This is the highest reported pFET drive current for metal gate transistors with high-k gate dielectrics. We also present FDSOI metal gate high-k ring oscillators and SRAM cells with static noise margin (SNM) of 328mV at V/sub dd/=1,2V.
Platelet volumes in patients with ischaemic heart disease, and in controls

The method that we have developed measures platelet volumes by the use of an electronic particle counter (Coulter Model B) in conjunction with an automatic histogram plotter (Coulter Model J). Venous blood, collected about 1 89 hours after breakfast into plastic syringes, is added to 3.8 % sodium citrate. Whole blood is diluted 1 : 500 with formalinised particle-free saline and centrifuged at 120 x g for 120 sec to remove the majority of the red cells in a modification of the method of Williamson 2. This is then further diluted I : 5 and 0.05 ml is passed through the burette of tile Coulter counter. The electrical impulses are counted and their size, which is proportional to the volume of tile cells, is recorded in 20 classes in the range of 4-17 #3. Our studies have shown that these particles are in fact blood platelets, and further confirmation is that directly comparable results have also been obtained using citrated platelet rich plasma. Ptatelet counts by visual, light microscopy methods, and from the electronic particle counter have been compared, and in a preliminary series of 50 patients studied, the correlation coefficient was 0.79, whilst in a later series when techniques had been perfected, in a series of 19 patients studied, the correlation coefficient was 0.92. The data obtained from the frequency distribution plots were handled by an I.B.M. 800 computer programmed to convert millimetre measurements of the fie-
Anchoring and Adjusting in Questionnaire Responses

Do survey designers bias respondents' answers on attitude/opinion questionnaires through the organization of their survey items? We hypothesize that respondents often employ an anchoring and adjusting strategy in which their response to an initial survey item provides a cognitive anchor from which they insufficiently adjust in answering the subsequent item. Three experiments indicate that respondents often anchor and insufficiently adjust in certain situations. Ultimately, this tendency can affect reliability estimates of scales and the resultant correlations with other measures. In organizing their surveys, researchers may wish to combat this bias by intermixing items designed for different but related constructs.
Path-following for nonminimum phase systems removes performance limitations

We highlight an essential difference between path-following and reference-tracking for nonminimum phase systems. It is well known that in the reference-tracking, for nonminimum phase systems, there exists a fundamental performance limitation in terms of a lower bound on the L/sub 2/-norm of the tracking error, even when the control effort is free. We show that this is not the case for the less stringent path-following problem, where the control objective is to force the output to follow a geometric path without a timing law assigned to it. Furthermore, the same is true even when an additional desired speed assignment is imposed.
The Influence of Response Bias on Segregation and Linkage Analysis

Response bias in epidemiologic studies can occur if affected individuals are more (or less) likely to participate in a survey than their unaffected counterparts. To examine the effect of response bias in the context of a family study, we conducted segregation and linkage analysis in all 1,000 individuals in the Problem 2 data set, and in two different 65% samples: one sample consisting of 648 randomly selected individuals, and the other sample nonrandomly constructed so that individuals with high levels of Q1 were oversampled. In this simulation the ability to detect major genes for Q1-Q4 in segregation analysis and to link these putative major genes to genetic markers in linkage analysis was not markedly different between the 65% random and the 65% enriched samples.
Guidelines for the Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth

Much confusion exists in the dental community regarding the restoration of endodontically treated teeth; few review articles present succinct guidelines for the restoration of these teeth. This article reviews the literature and presents guidelines for restoration of endodontically treated teeth.
The scientific study of inspiration in the creative process: challenges and opportunities.

Inspiration is a motivational state that compels individuals to bring ideas into fruition. Creators have long argued that inspiration is important to the creative process, but until recently, scientists have not investigated this claim. In this article, we review challenges to the study of creative inspiration, as well as solutions to these challenges afforded by theoretical and empirical work on inspiration over the past decade. First, we discuss the problem of definitional ambiguity, which has been addressed through an integrative process of construct conceptualization. Second, we discuss the challenge of how to operationalize inspiration. This challenge has been overcome by the development and validation of the Inspiration Scale, which may be used to assess trait or state inspiration. Third, we address ambiguity regarding how inspiration differs from related concepts (creativity, insight, positive affect) by discussing discriminant validity. Next, we discuss the preconception that inspiration is less important than “perspiration” (effort), and we review empirical evidence that inspiration and effort both play important—but different—roles in the creative process. Finally, with many challenges overcome, we argue that the foundation is now set for a new generation of research focused on neural underpinnings. We discuss potential challenges to and opportunities for the neuroscientific study of inspiration. A better understanding of the biological basis of inspiration will illuminate the process through which creative ideas “fire the soul,” such that individuals are compelled to transform ideas into products and solutions that may benefit society.
Coping Flexibility, Potentially Traumatic Life Events, and Resilience: A Prospective Study of College Student Adjustment

College has been shown to be a particularly stressful time both due to unique emergent stressors and because of increased vulnerability for exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Both of these conditions are associated with heightened risk for the development of stress-related pathology. However, while this period may be particularly challenging, previous work shows most students adapt in a number of heterogeneous ways that result in little or no stress-related symptomatology over the four years of college. There is indication from the coping literature that the ability to flexibly move between multiple coping behaviors may foster resilient outcomes. In this study, we examined trajectories of distress, using Latent Growth Mixture Modeling, and whether flexible coping aids in adaption. Results showed that trajectories were not influenced by exposure to a PTE and that the common outcome was little or no distress over the four years of college. Flexible coping was strongly associated with a resilie...
Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions

Accelerated biotic turnover during the Late Triassic has led to the perception of an end-Triassic mass extinction event, now regarded as one of the ‘‘big five’’ extinctions. Close examination of the fossil record reveals that many groups thought to be affected severely by this event, such as ammonoids, bivalves and conodonts, instead were in decline throughout the Late Triassic, and that other groups were relatively unaffected or subject to only regional effects. Explanations for the biotic turnover have included both gradualistic and catastrophic mechanisms. Regression during the Rhaetian, with consequent habitat loss, is compatible with the disappearance of some marine faunal groups, but may be regional, not global in scale, and cannot explain apparent synchronous decline in the terrestrial realm. Gradual, widespread aridification of the Pangaean supercontinent could explain a decline in terrestrial diversity during the Late Triassic. Although evidence for an impact precisely at the boundary is lacking, the presence of impact structures with Late Triassic ages suggests the possibility of bolide impact-induced environmental degradation prior to the end-Triassic. Widespread eruptions of flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) were synchronous with or slightly postdate the system boundary; emissions of CO2 and SO2 during these eruptions were substantial, but the contradictory evidence for the environmental effects of outgassing of these lavas remains to be resolved. A substantial excursion in the marine carbon-isotope record of both carbonate and organic matter suggests a significant disturbance of the global carbon cycle at the system boundary. Release of methane hydrates from seafloor sediments is a possible cause for this isotope excursion, although the triggering mechanism and climatic effects of such a release remain uncertain. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Rta DNA Binding

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic transactivator Rta activates promoters through direct binding to cognate DNA sites termed Rta response elements (RREs). Rta also activates promoters that apparently lack Rta binding sites, notably Zp and Rp. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of endogenous Rta expressed during early replication in B95-8 cells was performed to identify Rta binding sites in the EBV genome. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed strong enrichment for known RREs but little or no enrichment for Rp or Zp, suggesting that the Rta ChIP approach enriches for direct Rta binding sites. Rta ChIP combined with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified most known RREs and several novel Rta binding sites. Rta ChIP-seq peaks were frequently upstream of Rta-responsive genes, indicating that these Rta binding sites are likely functioning as RREs. Unexpectedly, the BALF5 promoter contained an Rta binding peak. To assess whether BALF5 might be activated by an RRE-dependent mechanism, an Rta mutant (Rta K156A), deficient for DNA binding and RRE activation but competent for Zp/Rp activation, was used. Rta K156A failed to activate BALF5p, suggesting this promoter can be activated by an RRE-dependent mechanism. Rta binding to late gene promoters was not seen at early time points but was specifically detected at later times within the Rta-responsive BLRF2 and BFRF3 promoters, even when DNA replication was inhibited. Our results represent the first characterization of Rta binding to the EBV genome during replication, identify previously unknown RREs, such as one in BALF5p, and highlight the complexity of EBV late gene promoter activation by Rta.
The Interaction of Alphavirus E1 Protein with Exogenous Domain III Defines Stages in Virus-Membrane Fusion

ABSTRACT Alphaviruses such as Semliki Forest virus (SFV) are enveloped viruses that infect cells through a low-pH-triggered membrane fusion reaction mediated by the transmembrane fusion protein E1. E1 drives fusion by insertion of its hydrophobic fusion loop into the cell membrane and refolding to a stable trimeric hairpin. In this postfusion conformation, the immunoglobulin-like domain III (DIII) and the stem region pack against the central core of the trimer. Membrane fusion and infection can be specifically inhibited by exogenous DIII, which binds to an intermediate in the E1 refolding pathway. Here we characterized the properties of the E1 target for interaction with exogenous DIII. The earliest target for DIII binding was an extended membrane-inserted E1 trimer, which was not detectable by assays for the stable postfusion hairpin. DIII binding provided a tool to detect this extended trimer and to define a series of SFV fusion-block mutants. DIII binding studies showed that the mutants were blocked in distinct steps in fusion protein refolding. Our results suggested that formation of the initial extended trimer was reversible and that it was stabilized by the progressive fold-back of the DIII and stem regions.
Differently Able: A Review of Academic Library Websites for People With Disabilities

This research is based on the Library Services for People with Disabilities Policy, which was approved by the American Library Association in 2001. The policy identified focus areas for libraries including library services, facilities, collections, and assistive technology. Library websites frequently convey this information to users. Our study examined and compared academic library websites for the differently able. What services do academic libraries offer to the differently able? Is there a basic level of services that libraries identify or should offer? Are websites for people with disabilities easily located from the library's home page?
C3‐Mediated Release of Prostaglandin From Human Monocytes: Evidence for Independent Regulation of Thromboxane and Prostaglandin Synthesis

Human mononuclear phagocytes (HMP) lose the capacity to respond to C3b, exogenous arachidonic acid (AA), and other stimuli of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism when precultured for 24 hours prior to the addition of stimulus. Data presented in this report suggest that this reduced capacity is not due to loss of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, to autoinactivation of cyclooxygenase, or to release by the cells of inhibitors of PGE and TxB2 production. Additional metabolism of PGE or a shift of AA metabolism from the cyclooxygenase pathway to the lipoxygenase pathways does not occur and hence cannot account for the observation. HMP precultured for 24 hours with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) retain the capacity to metabolize AA in response to subsequent exposure to C3b and LPS. HMP precultured with LPS or C3b respond to exogenous AA, but not to restimulation with LPS or C3b, by releasing PGE and to a lesser extent TxB2. The amounts of PGE and TxB2 produced under these conditions are reversed when compared to HMP treated with IFN-gamma LPS, or C3b at the initiation of culture. These data suggest that the production of TxB2 and PGE may be independently regulated in HMP and that IFN-gamma affects HMP AA metabolism by different mechanisms than LPS or C3b.
Abstract #4: Sulforaphane destabilizes the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells by inactivating HDAC6

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Background: Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate compound found in broccoli, the consumption of which is associated with reduced rates of prostate cancer development. Sulforaphane, itself, prevents and induces regression of prostate and other malignancies in pre-clinical models, but the full mechanisms by which it exerts these effects remain unclear. Recent reports show that sulforaphane inhibits histone deacetylation and impairs the growth of prostate cancer cells. However, it remains quite possible that this agent may inhibit deacetylation of non-histone proteins, too. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sulforaphane treatment inhibits deacetylation of key regulatory proteins in prostate cancer cells. Specifically, we focused on the acetylation state of HSP90, a chaperone protein that stabilizes the androgen receptor (AR). We hypothesized that hyperacetylation of HSP90 using this agent would lead to AR destabilization and attenuated AR signaling. Methods: LNCaP and VCaP prostate cancer cells were used to assess the effects of treatment with sulforaphane. Co-immunoprecipitation studies were performed to assess changes in acetylation of HSP90 and its interaction with AR after sulforaphane treatment. Western blots were performed to assess the effect of increasing doses of sulforaphane on AR protein expression and the effect of proteasome inhibition on sulforaphane treatment effects. QRTPCR was performed to determine whether sulforaphane resulted in reduced AR target gene expression, and ChIP was performed to assess whether enrichment of AR was decreased at its target genes. Sulforaphane\#8217;s effects on HDAC6 enzymatic activity were assessed in an in vitro assay, and the consequences of over-expressing HDAC6, an HSP90 deacetylase, on sulforaphane treatment effects were also determined. Small interfering RNA against HDAC6 was transfected in order to compare this effect with sulforaphane treatment. Results: Sulforaphane treatment increases the acetylation of HSP90, dissociating it from AR, and consequently leads to AR protein degradation, which is reversed by proteasome inhibition, diminished AR target gene expression and reduced AR enrichment at its target genes. Sulforaphane also inhibits HDAC6 deacetylase enzymatic activity, and over-expression of HDAC6 attenuates sulforaphane-mediated AR protein depletion while small interfering RNA to HDAC6 recapitulates the sulforaphane treatment effects. Conclusions: We conclude that sulforaphane inactivation of HDAC6-mediated HSP90 deacetylation and consequent AR degradation and attenuated AR signaling may represent a principal mechanism by which this agent demonstrates activity as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent in prostate cancer. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4.
Evidence for Intermediate-State Structure from Resonance Neutron Capture in Re 185 and Re 187

Measurements have been made on the high-energy capture $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays associated with neutron resonances in the target nuclides ${\mathrm{Re}}^{185}$ and ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$ using an integral bias level of 4 MeV. The ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$ data show nonstatistical behavior, indicating the influence of at least one extremely narrow intermediate state, with a width of only about 30 eV.
Syringe laws and pharmacy regulations are structural constraints on HIV prevention in the US.

Objective: To review the legal and regulatory barriers that restrict pharmacy sales of syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) and to discuss how reducing these barriers can facilitate access to sterile syringes for IDUs and improve HIV prevention. Background: IDUs' access to sterile syringes from community pharmacies in the United States is limited by state laws and regulations governing syringe sales. Restricted availability of sterile syringes from pharmacies is a structural barrier that greatly impedes HIV prevention for IDUs, who often share and reuse syringes because they cannot obtain and possess sterile syringes. These high-risk behaviors contribute to the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne pathogens among IDUs, their sexual partners, and their children. State experiences: In Connecticut, because of high HIV prevalence among IDUs, restrictive syringe laws were changed. After the legal changes in Connecticut, both pharmacy sales of syringes in areas of high drug use and purchases of syringes in pharmacies (reported by IDUs) increased, while syringe sharing (reported by IDUs) decreased. Maine and Minnesota have made similar changes in laws. Conclusions: Increasing access to sterile syringes through pharmacies requires the repeal or modification of legal barriers. Pharmacy sale of syringes to IDUs is an inexpensive HIV prevention intervention with the potential to substantially reduce HIV transmission. Further studies are needed to document how changes to legal barriers can influence HIV prevention for IDUs.
Digital Inca: An Assembly Method for Free-Form Geometries

Inca masons mastered a unique procedure of stone construction resulting in complex and precise configurations of visually zero-tolerance alignment. Each stone is nibbled away by a gradual transition of hammerstones from course to fine as the carving approaches a precise alignment on each edge at the visible face. Beyond this shared front edge, a gap opens to allow mortar to be packed in from behind for structural and setting purposes. These formations are limited to vertical walls as a result of the use of plumb technology. With so much current attention being focused on free-form geometries and procedural methods for masonry vaulting (Andriaenssens et al. 2014), this paper proposes a translation of the Inca wedge method into a digital process whereby stones align with each other to produce a global figure without the use of templating, falsework, or formwork. This differs from most conventional masonry processes whereby mortar is applied to units before positioning, allowing alignment to templates through the malleability of the mortar. Instead, units are dry fit to each other and then set in place. This inversion of the alignment procedure relies on precision carving of voussoirs to align with each other at specific moments in order to ensure proper self-assembly while simultaneously accepting mortar for setting. The resulting prototype shell structure is composed of uniquely carved voussoirs of autoclave-aerated concrete set with plaster in a similar manner to the Catalan and Guastavino methods. Previous research (Ramage 2006) has demonstrated the advantage of this lightweight material for vaulting purposes. The combination of this material property with the Inca assembly method results in an expedient assembly of complex shell structures. The potentials of this proof-of-concept suggests through results that future research can advance the intelligence of error aggregation through the aid of measuring, correcting, and carving throughout the assembly process just as the Incas constructed.
Deconstructing the Film Sinister through the Lens of Psychiatry

Films have long entertained people and affected their attitudes regarding a multitude of issues including mental illness. Over the decades, movies have depicted various aspects of psychiatry ranging from acculturation to the patient-therapist relationship. This paper summarizes a case formulation of the film, Sinister, and demonstrates how introducing a trivial modification to the plot could transform the film into a teaching didactic on the Dissociative Disorders
Acute life-threatening asthma.

PreviewTherapy must be started at once in severe cases of acute asthma. As Dr Dellinger discusses, bronchodilators are often life-saving, but anti-inflammatory drugs are also necessary to relieve the chronic inflammation that is usually responsible for bronchospasm. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed in some patients.
Pancreatic Carcinoma in an African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis)

This report describes the histologic features of a pancreatic carcinoma in an adult female African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The animal was found to be in poor body condition and subsequently euthanized for a complete necropsy. Histologically, the pancreas was effaced by packets of polyhedral cells consistent with a pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. Metastatic disease was not identified. Pancreatic tumors are uncommon in amphibians, and this report is the first to describe a pancreatic carcinoma in an African clawed frog.
Low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins in subcellular fractions of the pancreas: regulated phosphoryl G proteins

Low molecular mass guanine nucleotide-binding proteins [small guanosine 59-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins] and phosphoproteins of the pancreatic acinar cell were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. [35S]GTP alpha S blotting analysis of the total cell protein revealed 20 GTP-binding proteins ranging in molecular mass from 20 to 28 kDa and pI of 4.8-6.4. Analysis of 32P-labeled total cell protein revealed over 300 phosphoproteins. The subcellular distribution of the small GTP-binding proteins was examined: 17 were located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) fraction, 19 in the smooth microsome fraction, 14 in the zymogen granule membrane fraction, and 11 in the cytosolic fraction, with overlap between fractions. Of the GTP-binding proteins, two were also found to be phosphoproteins, one located on the RER and one on the zymogen granule membrane. The phosphorylation of both small GTP-binding proteins was increased by secretagogue stimulation of the cells but with different time courses. The RER small GTP-binding protein demonstrated a rapid and transient increase in 32P labeling, whereas the granule membrane small GTP-binding protein showed an increase at longer times (30 min). Two of the cytosolic small GTP-binding proteins were also seen in particulate fractions, especially in the zymogen granule membrane fraction, suggesting the possibility of cycling between cytosolic and membrane-associated forms.
Modelling interactions among the housing market and key US sectors

AbstractThis study evaluates the dynamic interactions among the housing market and ten key US sectors including: consumer discretionary, consumer staples, energy, financials, industrial, technology, health care, materials, utility and telecommunications. Long-run results indicate that the housing market is integrated with each of the ten sector and that the degree of convergence has increased over time and especially after the onset of the most recent housing crisis. Moreover, the housing market contributes most heavily to the common trends indicating that the housing market is the ‘leader’ market that drives each sector towards the long-run equilibrium relationships. Short-run analyses indicate causal linkages emanating from the housing market to each sector with reciprocal feedback. Finally, impulse response function analysis reveal that shocks from each sector affect the housing market but that shocks from the housing market have a (comparatively) more profound and persistent impact on each sector.
Designing health information programs to promote the health and well-being of vulnerable populations: The benefits of evidence-based strategic health communication

Members of vulnerable populations—including people who are poor, elderly, immigrants, members of minority groups, have disabilities, and/or those with low levels of education—are at great risk for negative health outcomes. They need relevant, accurate, timely, up-to-date, understandable, culturally sensitive, and easy-to-use health information to make good health decisions about avoiding health risks, responding to health problems, and promoting health. Health information specialists, such as health educators, health promotion experts, campaign designers, health librarians, journalists, science writers, and others face tremendous challenges in designing health communication programs that effectively reach and influence vulnerable populations. Complex societal, cultural, educational, and literacy-related factors often compromise the success of health communication efforts. This chapter will examine the use of community-based research strategies for addressing these challenges and guide the development of evidence-based health communication programs that meet the unique information needs of at-risk populations.
Electronic Performance Support, E-Learning, and Knowledge Management

The key outcome of the current transition from the “old economy” to the “new economy” is the dramatic shift from investments in physical capital to investments in intellectual capital. Today, approximately 70% of a country’s wealth is in human capital as opposed to physical capital, as estimated by Gary S. Becker, Nobel laureate and professor of economics and sociology at the University of Chicago (Ruttenbur, Spickler, & Lurie, 2000). In the knowledge-based economy, organizations as well as individuals need to focus on protecting and enhancing their biggest asset: their knowledge capital. The increasing economic importance of knowledge is blurring the boundary lines for work arrangements and the links between education, work, and learning. Today, business needs workers who can perform, but to perform well they need timely, relevant, and task-specific knowledge, learning opportunities, and guidance. Traditional means of knowledge support ranging from conventional classroom training to computer-based training are becoming severely limited. At the same time, managers are voicing dissatisfaction with the IT investments in the workplaces because of unrealized productivity gains. Most often it is because of the fact that IT is adopted but not exploited properly.
Color Opponency from Eye to Brain

The opponent colors theory of Ewald Hering (1878; 1920) has proved to be a remarkable insight into the neural signals of many visual pathways. Physiological and psychophysical evidence for opponency has accumulated rapidly since Svaetichen and MacNichol (1958) reported spectrally selective S-potentials recorded from the retina of fishes. The concept of opponency is so well accepted now that one easily forgets the controversy and skepticism surrounding it in the first part of the century (Jacobs, 1986; Sperling, 1986).
Campaign Simulation for American Government: An Active Learning Approach to Campaigns and Elections

Instructors of American government are challenged with teaching students from a variety of disciplines. Utilizing active learning methods captures students in a manner traditional lectures cannot. For this study I employed an experimental design to assess a campaign simulation used in an Introduction to American Government course. Results show the simulation aided in students’ learning about campaigns and elections.
Bond Study on CFRP Rod Panels Externally Adhered to Concrete

AbstractFiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates used as externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) to strengthen or repair concrete structural members have proven to be an economical retrofit alternati...
Predictors of sexual abstinence: A prospective study of college women in the United States

AbstractPurpose: Using the theory of reasoned action (TRA), this research examined predictors of sexual intercourse among first- and second-year college women. Methods: Participants completed a confidential self-administered questionnaire on their attitude, subjective norm, and intention regarding sexual intercourse and their behavioral beliefs about the consequences of abstinence and sexual intercourse. Results: At baseline, 58 (34%) of the 172 participants (mean age = 18.2; SD = 0.56) reported ever having sexual intercourse, and 41 (24%) reported having sexual intercourse within the last three months. Proportional-odds analysis on baseline data revealed that attitude and subjective norm were associated with a greater intention to have intercourse, as was relationship status (i.e. being in a relationship), a variable external to the TRA. Three-month follow-up questionnaires were completed by 165 (96%) of the participants. Logistic regression indicated that baseline intention and relationship status predi...
Secrecy, Computational Loads and Rates in Practical Quantum Cryptography

Abstract. A number of questions associated with practical implementations of quantum cryptography systems having to do with unconditional secrecy, computational loads and effective secrecy rates in the presence of perfect and imperfect sources are discussed. The different types of unconditional secrecy, and their relationship to general communications security, are discussed in the context of quantum cryptography. In order to carry out a quantum cryptography protocol it is necessary that sufficient computational resources be available to perform the various processing steps, such as sifting, error correction, privacy amplification and authentication. We display the full computer machine instruction requirements needed to support a practical quantum cryptography implementation. We carry out a numerical comparison of system performance characteristics for implementations that make use of either weak coherent sources of light or perfect single photon sources, for eavesdroppers making individual attacks on the quantum channel characterized by different levels of technological capability. We find that, while in some circumstances it is best to employ perfect single photon sources, in other situations it is preferable to utilize weak coherent sources. In either case the secrecy level of the final shared cipher is identical, with the relevant distinguishing figure-of-merit being the effective throughput rate.
Robust Wide Range Control of Power Plants

Abstract An integrated feedforward-feedback control (FF/FBC) policy is proposed for wide range robust control of commercial-scale steam-electric power plants. The feedforward control (FFC) policy is generated via nonlinear programming for simultaneous optimization of all control inputs under specified constraints. This family of optimized trajectories, which represent the best achievable performance of the plant under specified conditions, serve as tracking signals for the FF/FBC system. The feedback control (FBC) law is synthesized following the H∞-based structured singular value (μ) approach to achieve the specified stability and performance robustness.
Progression-specific markers in breast cancer obtained by microarray analysis are located to the malignant epithelial tumor cells

834 Hematogenic metastasis is the major cause of mortality from malignant tumors. The potential of human breast tumor cells to metastasize is enabled after DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) to IDC (invasive ductal carcinoma) transition, when the cells become invasive and break through the basement membrane. It is imperative to gain more information about the molecular events accompanying this crucial step to improve the classification in risk groups for DCIS patients according to risk of relapse or progression and to advance in individualizing the therapy for DCIS and IDC patients. Our group combined Affymetrix microarray analysis with laser capture microdissection (LCM) to analyze matched DCIS and IDC tissue from nine patients. Subsequent to extensive statistical analysis (rank product, paired t-test, paired Mann-Whitney test), 446 up-regulated and 102 down-regulated Affymetrix probe sets were identified to be expressed differentially in either stage of the nine tumours (p-value: 0.01), characterizing the transition from DCIS to IDC. This gene list contains genes, already associated with breast cancer invasion (PLAU/uPa and MMP11) confirming the accuracy of the accomplished methods. Differential gene expression of 18 candidate genes (15 up-regulated, 3 down-regulated) was confirmed, analyzing triplicate real-time PCR experiments. Four PCR-validated candidates were selected for in situ hybridization experiments and the proteins of five PCR-validated candidates were detected using immunohistochemistry. These experiments confirm the localization of the transcripts or proteins for all tested candidates to the cytoplasm of the epithelial tumor cells. Regarding the immunohistochemical evaluation, differential gene expression corresponding to the microarray data could be visualized. In conclusion, we identified progression-specific candidate genes using an accurate stringent approach combining LCM and high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. New candidates, not yet correlated with breast cancer progression, could be validated using real-time PCR. Expression of candidate transcripts and proteins was localized to the epithelial tumor cells, respectively. Among these candidates are transmembrane receptors, transcription factors and tumour antigens, thus gene products with potential clinical importance.
Elizabeth I and the Politics of Invoking Russia in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost

In recent years, scholars of both Elizabeth I and William Shakespeare have become increasingly interested in these two figures’ communications with and representations of Russia. This essay examines the Muscovite scene in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost within contemporary texts related to Russia that would have resonated with Elizabeth during the play’s performance at court—contexts that include the queen’s correspondence with Tsar Theodor and his chief counselor, Boris Godunov. Shakespeare invoked Russia to flatter Elizabeth as a queen able to establish lucrative trade, create diplomatic relations that evade binding commitment, and increase England’s military strength.