cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation associated brainstem injury.

Publications relating brainstem radiation toxicity to quantitative dose and dose–volume measures derived from three-dimensional treatment planning were reviewed. Despite the clinical importance of brainstem toxicity, most studies reporting brainstem effects after irradiation have fewer than 100 patients. There is limited evidence relating toxicity to small volumes receiving doses above 60–64 Gy using conventional fractionation and no definitive criteria regarding more subtle dose–volume effects or effects after hypofractionated treatment. On the basis of the available data, the entire brainstem may be treated to 54 Gy using conventional fractionation using photons with limited risk of severe or permanent neurological effects. Smaller volumes of the brainstem (1–10 mL) may be irradiated to maximum doses of 59 Gy for dose fractions ≤2 Gy; however, the risk appears to increase markedly at doses >64 Gy.
Factors controlling Sexual Reproduction and Growth in Pythium graminicola

RECENTLY, it was found that sterols induce the formation of oogonia in certain species of Pythium1 and Phytophthora2. We have shown that the response of these organisms to sterols depends on the composition of the medium in which they are grown3. This communication shows that zinc and manganese as well as sterol are essential to oogonium formation in an isolate of Pythium graminicola; calcium seems to be required for maturation of oogonia. Zinc, manganese and sterol are also very stimulatory to the vegetative growth of this fungus.
Variationally Determined Free Energy Profiles for Structural Models of Proteins: Characteristic Temperatures for Folding and Trapping†

Characterizing the phase diagram for proteins is important both for laboratory studies and for the development of structure prediction algorithms. Using a variational scheme, we calculated the generic features of the protein thermostability over a large range of temperatures for a set of more than 50 different proteins using a model based on native structure alone. Focusing on a specific system, protein G, we further examined, using a more realistic model that includes the nonnative interaction, the thermostability of both the native state and a collection of trap structures. By surveying the native structures for many proteins and by paying closer attention to the various trap structures of protein G, we obtained an overall understanding of the folding dynamics far from the conditions usually focused on; namely, those near the folding temperature alone. Two characteristic temperatures (shown to scale with folding temperature in general) signal drastic changes in the folding mechanism. The variational calculations suggest that most proteins would, indeed, fold in a barrierless manner below a critical temperature analogous to a spinodal in crystallization. For fixed interaction strengths, this temperature, however, seems to be generally very low, approximately 50% of the equilibrium folding temperature. Likewise, native proteins, in general, would unfold in a completely barrierless way at a temperature 25% above folding temperature according to these variational calculations. We also studied the distribution of free energy profiles for escape from a set of trap structures generated by simulations.
Effects of a participatory bird census project on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of coffee farmers in Colombia

This study presents an evaluation of a participatory bird census (PBC) project that has been administered to coffee farmers in Colombia. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect of the PBC project on conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of coffee farmers and (2) to learn about the barriers farmers perceive toward adopting conservation practices. We conducted 261 interviews on four groups to control for the effects of involvement with an environmental coffee certification program (Rainforest Alliance—RA) and the PBC project. The four groups were (1) non-PBC participant, non-RA certified; (2) PBC participant, non-RA certified; (3) non-PBC participant, RA certified; and (4) PBC participant, RA certified. PBC participant/RA and PBC participant/non-RA were more knowledgeable about migratory and threatened birds. PBC participant/RA, PBC participant/non-RA, and non-PBC participant/RA groups believed they had the skills to perform bird conservation practices on their farms. A majority of respondents indicated that they were performing bird conservation practices and had positive attitudes toward birds. Farmers believed that lack of environmental awareness and lack of knowledge were the main barriers to perform bird conservation practices. Evaluating participatory programs with Colombian farmers can reveal environmental literacy improvements, but self-reported surveys may not be adequate to ascertain attitude changes and adoption of conservation practices. Direct observations on individual farms would be required to determine the impacts on such outreach efforts. Bird conservation seems popular with Colombian coffee farmers, and outreach programs that give detailed biodiversity management information could help aid bird conservation efforts on coffee farms.
Robust architectures for embedded wireless network control and actuation

Networked cyber-physical systems are fundamentally constrained by the tight coupling and closed-loop control of physical processes. To address actuation in such closed-loop wireless control systems there is a strong need to rethink the communication architectures and protocols for reliability, coordination, and control. We introduce the Embedded Virtual Machine (EVM), a programming abstraction where controller tasks with their control and timing properties are maintained across physical node boundaries and functionality is capable of migrating to the most competent set of physical controllers. In the context of process and discrete control, an EVM is the distributed runtime system that dynamically selects primary-backup sets of controllers given spatial and temporal constraints of the underlying wireless network. EVM-based algorithms allow network control algorithms to operate seamlessly over less reliable wireless networks with topological changes. They introduce new capabilities such as predictable outcomes during sensor/actuator failure, adaptation to mode changes, and runtime optimization of resource consumption. An automated design flow from Simulink to platform-independent domain-specific languages, and subsequently, to platform-dependent code generation is presented. Through case studies in discrete and process control we demonstrate the capabilities of EVM-based wireless network control systems.
Endothelin-1 Induced Contractile Responses of Human Coronary Arterioles via Endothelin-A Receptors and PKC-α Signaling Pathways

Background We investigated the contractile function in responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the human coronary microvasculature as well as the roles of endothelin receptors and protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) in these responses. Methods Human atrial tissue was harvested from patients who underwent cardiac surgery pre- and post-cardioplegia (CP)/cardiopulmanory bypass (CPB). Microvascular constriction was assessed in pre- and post-CP/CPB samples in responses to ET-1, in the presence and absence of an endothelin-A (ET-A) receptor antagonist, an endothelin-B (ET-B) receptor antagonist, or a PKC-α inhibitor, respectively. The expression and localization of the ET-A and ET-B receptors were also examined using immunoblot and immunofluorescence photomicroscopy. Results The post-CP/CPB contractile response of coronary arterioles to ET-1 was significantly decreased compared with the pre-CP/CPB responses. The response to ET-1 was significantly inhibited in the presence of the ET-A antagonist BQ123 (10−7mol/L), but these values remained unchanged with the ET-B receptor antagonist BQ788 (10−7mol/L). Pretreatment with the PKC-α inhibitor safingol (2.5 × 10−5 mol/L) reversed the ET-1 responses from contraction into relaxation. The total polypeptide levels of ET-A and ET-B receptors were not altered post-CP/CPB. Immunoblot and immunofluorescent staining displayed strong signals for ET-A receptors and relatively weak signals for ET-B receptors localized on coronary microvasculature. Conclusion CP/CPB decreases the contractile function of human coronary microvessels in responses to ET-1. ET-A receptors are predominantly localized in the human coronary microcirculation, whereas ET-B receptors seem to be less abundant. The contractile response to ET-1 is in part through the activation of ET-A receptors and PKC-α. These results suggest a role of ET-1-induced contraction in the vasomotor dysfunction after cardiac surgery.
Terahertz Horn Antenna Based on Hollow-Core Electromagnetic Crystal (EMXT) Structure

An all-dielectric terahertz (THz) horn antenna based on hollow-core electromagnetic crystal structure is designed, fabricated and characterized. Simulation shows that the antenna works above 100 GHz, with better than 30 dB return loss and highly directional radiation pattern. Fabrication of the antenna is done using a THz polymer-jetting rapid prototyping technique. Characterization of the antenna is performed using a THz time-domain spectrometer. Measurement results of the far-field radiation patterns show good agreement with simulation results.
Release of membrane constituents following polyethylene glycol treatment of HEp-2 cells

HEp-2 cell monolayers were treated with 40% polyethylene glycol for 5 min which resulted in fusion during the subsequent incubation period. A loss of cell membrane components was detected in the polyethylene glycol-treated as well as phosphate buffer/saline-treated control cells, however the polyethylene glycol-treated cells released nearly twice the amount of [14C]acetate-labeled material and [3H]glycerol-labeled lipids into culture fluids than the control cells. It was further detected that the polyethylene glycol-treated cells released only approximately half the amount of protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid as the control cells. These results suggest that polyethylene glycol exerts a differential mode of action against cell surface components and causes the treated cells to release membrane components rich in lipids but relatively low in protein and carbohydrate-containing components.
Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

The generation of chimeric embryos is a widespread and powerful approach to study cell fates, tissue interactions, and species-specific contributions to the histological and morphological development of vertebrate embryos. In particular, the use of chimeric embryos has established the importance of neural crest in directing the species-specific morphology of the craniofacial complex. The method described herein utilizes two avian species, duck and quail, with remarkably different craniofacial morphology. This method greatly facilitates the investigation of molecular and cellular regulation of species-specific pattern in the craniofacial complex. Experiments in quail and duck chimeric embryos have already revealed neural crest-mediated tissue interactions and cell-autonomous behaviors that regulate species-specific pattern in the craniofacial skeleton, musculature, and integument. The great diversity of neural crest derivatives suggests significant potential for future applications of the quail-duck chimeric system to understanding vertebrate development, disease, and evolution.
Secondary intraocular lens implantation: Rigid/semi-rigid versus flexible lenses

Abstract Two series of secondary intraocular lens implantations with anterior chamber lenses are reported. Series 1 consisted of our first 199 consecutive procedures using rigid or semi-rigid lenses, performed between May 1, 1977, and September 30, 1982. Series 2 consisted of our first 101 consecutive procedures using flexible lenses, performed between October 1, 1982, and October 30, 1984. Best-corrected final postoperative visual acuity was either better than or within one Suellen line of best-corrected preoperative vision in 84% of cases with rigid or semi-rigid lenses and in 85% of cases with flexible lenses. Surgical complications were minimal in both series. No instances of uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome were encountered. Endothelial cell loss was low. Because of the short follow-up in Series 2 and the fact that these groups were operated upon at different times, the two series are not directly comparable. Nonetheless, the results do show that secondary intraocular lens implantation is a viable alternative for aphakic patients, particularly those who are intolerant of aphakic spectacles and contact lenses. Certain provisos involving patient education and motivation as well as lens selection are noted in this report.
Metal particle combustion and nanotechnology

Abstract Metal combustion has received renewed interest largely as a result of the ability to produce and characterize metallic nanoparticles. Much of the highly desirable traits of nanosized metal powders in combustion systems have been attributed to their high specific surface area (high reactivity) and potential ability to store energy in surfaces. In addition, nanosized powders are known to display increased catalytic activity, superparamagnetic behavior, superplasticity, lower melting temperatures, lower sintering temperatures, and higher theoretical densities compared to micron and larger sized materials. The lower melting temperatures can result in lower ignition temperatures of metals. The combustion rates of materials with nanopowders have been observed to increase significantly over similar materials with micron sized particles. A lower limit in size of nanoenergetic metallic powders in some cases may result from the presence of their passivating oxide coating. Consequently, coatings, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), and the development of composite materials that limit the volume of non-energetic material in the powders have been under development in recent years. After a brief review of the classifications of metal combustion based on thermodynamic considerations and the different types of combustion regimes of metal particles (diffusion vs. kinetic control), an overview of the combustion of aluminum nanoparticles, their applications, and their synthesis and assembly is presented.
Review Essay: Beyond Bullets, Bombs, and Grassroots Kuriansky, Judy (Ed.), Beyond Bullets and Bombs: Grassroots Peacebuilding between Israelis and Palestinians. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007. 382 pp. ISBN 0—275—99880—0 (hbk)

This article addresses several of the most relevant ideas, implicit and explicit, in Judy Kuriansky's collection Beyond Bullets and Bombs. Identity development is highlighted as a key component of peacebuilding attempts; more detail is given on the psychosocial portion, which is elaborated as a dialectic between one's perception of others, one's view of how one is perceived by others, and the relationship between the two. A maturity development model, a dialogical interaction model, and the importance of power dynamics are also explored. The limitations of focusing only on the grassroots level in order to create a culture of peace are discussed, and other areas of investigation, such as tiers of leadership and structural-institutional conditions, are proposed.
COPD: balancing oxidants and antioxidants

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the world. The disease encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airway obstruction and can be caused by environmental exposures, primarily cigarette smoking. Since only a small subset of smokers develop COPD, it is believed that host factors interact with the environment to increase the propensity to develop disease. The major pathogenic factors causing disease include infection and inflammation, protease and antiprotease imbalance, and oxidative stress overwhelming antioxidant defenses. In this review, we will discuss the major environmental and host sources for oxidative stress; discuss how oxidative stress regulates chronic bronchitis; review the latest information on genetic predisposition to COPD, specifically focusing on oxidant/antioxidant imbalance; and review future antioxidant therapeutic options for COPD. The complexity of COPD will necessitate a multi-target therapeutic approach. It is likely that antioxidant supplementation and dietary antioxidants will have a place in these future combination therapies.
A real time processor for the Australian synthetic aperture radar

The INGARA Australian Airborne Radar Surveillance System, formerly called AuSAR, is a low cost airborne imaging radar technology demonstrator under development at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in Adelaide, Australia. The aims of INGARA are to provide the Australian Defence Forces with a flexible radar system to assess airborne multimode radar technology such as synthetic aperture radar and moving target indicator, to develop in-country expertise in this field, and to provide the scientific and remote sensing community access to an in-country imaging radar sensor for evaluation. The paper describes the real time SAR processor for the INGARA system. >
Adsorption of plasma proteins on to poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) triblock copolymer films: a focus on fibrinogen

Triblock copolymers of the form PEO(alpha)PPO(beta)PEO(alpha) [where PEO is poly(ethylene oxide) and PPO is poly(propylene oxide)] have many biomedical applications, many of which depend on the surface properties of the copolymers and the influence that those properties have on the adsorption of proteins. As a tool to help us better understand, predict and exploit the influence of these triblock copolymers on protein adsorption, we developed a model system in which well-defined monolayers of the copolymers are supported by solid, hydrophobic, microscopic beads. At the bead/water interface, the copolymers all form stable films in which the nominal molecular areas correspond to those of the molecules when they are packed rather tightly at the air/water interface. Beads coated with condensed films of copolymers that contain short PEO segments and elicit appreciable inflammation absorb appreciable quantities of plasma proteins, including fibrinogen, from aqueous solution. Beads coated with fibrinogen aggregate when they are stirred in the presence of thrombin, a consequence of interbead fibrin formation. Beads coated with condensed films of copolymers that contain long PEO segments and elicit little inflammation absorb little plasma protein, and they do not aggregate in the presence of thrombin. Our data and observations are consistent with the prevailing notion that the utility of triblock copolymers as agents for modifying the surface properties of blood-contacting surfaces derives from the influence of the copolymers on the adsorption of plasma proteins. In this regard, the ability of the copolymers to influence fibrinogen-mediated adhesive events may be particularly important. As to the mechanism of protein resistance, our data support the proposal that sibling PEO segments of copolymers in condensed films fold back across their parental PPO cores, limiting access of proteins to the hydrophobic cores themselves.
Infrared absorption enhancement of fluorinated poly‐acrylate thin films on Co‐alloy substrate

Fluorinated poly-acrylate films coated on continuous Co-based metal substrate show significant IR absorption enhancement. The degree of enhancement depends greatly on the type of chemical bonds in the polymer molecules and the corresponding vibrations of chemical dipoles. Strong polar groups like CO, CF and CO show the strongest absorption enhancement that also coincides with significant blueshift of the corresponding IR bands. In this paper, the possible mechanism for IR absorption enhancement and band shift are discussed on the basis of the electric field intensification on metal surface, charge transfer and dipole reorientation of the polymer molecules adsorbed on the metal surface. Chemisorption of the polymer molecules on Co-alloy is established through the interaction between the oxygen atoms in carboxylic group and the substrate cobalt atoms reacting through electron overlap and spin-coupling of oxygen π-orbital and cobalt d-orbital. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreasing the burden of congenital heart anomalies: an epidemiologic evaluation of risk factors and survival

The burden of congenital heart anomalies is ancient but not inevitable, and can be decreased through primary prevention (removing causes) and improved survival. An epidemiologic, population-based evaluation of heart defects can help gauge and accelerate progress in that direction. Major heart defects are currently diagnosed in 1 in 110 newborns, and account for at least 1 in 3 infant deaths due to congenital anomalies. The reported rates of heart defects have increased over the last decades, in relation to improvements in ultrasound technology, though whether such technological advances accounts for all the reported increase in rates remains an open question. Mortality for children with heart defects has improved in the last decades (40% decline since 1979 in the US). However, population-based data suggest reveal a racial gap in mortality, which appears to be 20% higher among black compared of white infants. Such gap calls for further assessment and action to reduce preventable deaths. Among specific heart anomalies, hypoplastic left heart syndrome emerges because its associated mortality rate is higher and has declined more slowly compared to many other heart anomalies. Finding and removing the primary causes (primary prevention) of these conditions can dramatically improve the overall burden of disease. Effective primary prevention will benefit from aggressively pursuing parallel tracks of intervention and research. Intervention should maximize the potential for prevention by ensuring that known causes of heart defects (uncontrolled diabetes, teratogenic drugs and infections ) are effectively removed from women of childbearing age. Research into the genetic and environment determinants of heart defects is also urgently needed because most of the cases of heart defects still remain without a known cause. One area of research that could potentially translate in key preventive opportunities is the role of periconceptional use of multivitamin supplements in reducing the risk for heart defects. 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Detecting Enzyme Activities with Exogenous MRI Contrast Agents

This review focuses on exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that are responsive to enzyme activity. Enzymes can catalyze a change in water access, rotational tumbling time, the proximity of a (19)F-labeled ligand, the aggregation state, the proton chemical-exchange rate between the agent and water, or the chemical shift of (19)F, (31)P, (13)C or a labile (1)H of an agent, all of which can be used to detect enzyme activity. The variety of agents attests to the creativity in developing enzyme-responsive MRI contrast agents.
Fault Injection Results of Linux Operating on an FPGA Embedded Platform

An FPGA-based Linux test-bed was constructed for the purpose of measuring its sensitivity to single-event upsets. The test-bed consists of two ML410 Xilinx development boards connected using a 124-pin custom connector board. The Design Under Test (DUT) consists of the “hard core” PowerPC, running the Linux OS and several peripherals implemented in “soft” (programmable) logic. Faults were injected via the Internal Configuration Access Port (ICAP). The experiments performed here demonstrate that the Linux-based system was sensitive to 92,542 upsets-less than 0.7 percent of all tested bits. Each sensitive bit in the bit-stream is mapped to the resource and user-module to which it configures. A density metric for comparing the reliability of modules within the system is presented.
Racial Differences in the Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment for Adolescent and Young Adult Depression, Heavy Drinking, and Violence

This study examined racial differences in the consequences of childhood maltreatment for depression, heavy drinking, and violence during adolescence and young adulthood among black and white young men.
Access to dental care in two long-term refugee camps in western Tanzania; programme development and assessment.

Objective: To analyse the demographics surrounding and the sustainability of a course in Emergency Dental Care and Health Promotion developed and taught by a team of dentists from the United States to refugee camp health-care workers in two long-term refugee camps in Western Tanzania. Methods: Refugee camp dental patient log books from Mtabila and Nyarugusu camps Kigoma, Tanzania were analysed and demographic data collected on each patient visit from the programme inception in November 2007 until August 2009. Data collection included information relevant to 1961 patient visits. Data were entered into SPSS Statistics 17.0 using the Freq application. Outcomes: Patient visit data included demographics involving both the resident camp populations and the surrounding communities. The distribution of patients treated by nationality was: 58% Burundian (Mtabila), 14% Congolese (Nyarugusu), and 28% Tanzanian citizens residing near both camps. Extractions accounted for 95.5% of procedures performed. Recorded incidences of post-operative complications were 1 > % of patient visits. Patient visits were steady over time and a referral system was implemented for complex cases. Health promotion sessions were held in both camps. Conclusion: This dental programme has been self-sustaining and is providing some access to care where none existed previously. Programmes such as this may be one solution to the access to dental care problem in long-term refugee camps.
Conformational dynamics of the nucleotide binding domains and the power stroke of a heterodimeric ABC transporter

Multidrug ATP binding cassette (ABC) exporters are ubiquitous ABC transporters that extrude cytotoxic molecules across cell membranes. Despite recent progress in structure determination of these transporters, the conformational motion that transduces the energy of ATP hydrolysis to the work of substrate translocation remains undefined. Here, we have investigated the conformational cycle of BmrCD, a representative of the heterodimer family of ABC exporters that have an intrinsically impaired nucleotide binding site. We measured distances between pairs of spin labels monitoring the movement of the nucleotide binding (NBD) and transmembrane domains (TMD). The results expose previously unobserved structural intermediates of the NBDs arising from asymmetric configuration of catalytically inequivalent nucleotide binding sites. The two-state transition of the TMD, from an inward- to an outward-facing conformation, is driven exclusively by ATP hydrolysis. These findings provide direct evidence of divergence in the mechanism of ABC exporters. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02740.001
A Peer-Tutored, Instructional Management Program in Computational Mathematics for Incarcerated, Learning Disabled Juvenile Delinquents

This study examined the feasibility of an instructional management program for learning disabled, incarcerated youths. It compared peer tutors and learning disabilities teachers as implementers of a computational mathematics program for incarcerated, learning disabled juvenile delinquents. Thirty-eight learning disabled juvenile delinquents ranging in age from 12 to 17 years and ranging in grade from seventh to eleventh were instructed for eight weeks. The instructional management of learning disabled, juvenile delinquents using peer tutors was found to be a workable alternative when individualizing a computational mathematics program for these students.
Improving field analogues through conformal mapping

Conformal mapping leads to improved models for the electrolytic tank and similar analogues of fields encountered in engineering problems. The effect of tank boundaries can be eliminated and regions of special interest can be greatly magnified. Conformal mapping has a validity more general than is commonly realized. It can, for example, be applied to the construction of models of rotationally symmetric fields.
Carbon monoxide re-breathing during low-flow anaesthesia in infants and children

Abstract Background Carbon monoxide (CO) has been detected within anaesthesia breathing systems. One potential source in this setting is exhaled endogenous CO. We hypothesized that CO is re-breathed during low-flow anaesthesia (LFA) in infants and children. Methods Twenty children (age 2 months–7 yr) undergoing general anaesthesia were evaluated in a prospective observation study. LFA was established for 60 min followed by high-flow anaesthesia (HFA) for the next 60 min. Exhaled and inspired CO were measured every 5 min within the breathing circuit. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb%) was measured at baseline, at 60 min, after LFA, and at 120 min, after HFA. Results CO concentrations increased during LFA. Inspired CO peaked at 14 ppm. During HFA, exhaled CO levels remained constant whereas inspired CO decreased markedly. Exhaled and inspired CO during HFA differed significantly from LFA. The trajectory of change in exhaled and inspired CO was most closely associated with the fresh-gas flow (FGF):minute ventilation ratio. COHb% significantly increased in children Conclusions LFA increased exhaled and inspired CO and increased COHb% in children
Peters' Concept of Education

(1973). Peters' Concept of Education. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 59-76.
What Kind of Combat Sport Is Sociology?1

Criticism is not merely a good thing; the discipline requires it to advance. Precisely because it is so important, criticism must be held to high scholarly standards. As I will show, Wacquant’s review of Sidewalk quotes selectively and misleadingly and systematically misrepresents the work as a whole. The review is thoroughly inaccurate and unreliable. Forty years after Jane Jacobs wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), a work that represented Greenwich Village sidewalk interaction as the ideal for what makes up a “great” American city, I went back to the neighborhood and revisited Jacobs’s principles. On the sidewalk, I came to know the unhoused vendors, scavengers, and panhandlers. These are people who Hakim Hasan, one of the book’s key subjects, says are “hidden in public space.” On the streets, I found a world filled with illegality, personal defect, and shame and also a world of mutual support, struggles for respectability, ingenuity, and resilience. A core issue of my agenda was to understand the ways in which “moral” behavior and “decency” are and are not constructed within settings seemingly unfavorable to such behavior. I also found that the sidewalk was in some ways quite different than it was when Jacobs described it, when “eyes and ears upon the street” were presumed to make sidewalk life safe and comfortable. In Sidewalk, I enter into a dialogue with her theories of public space under the new conditions of social inequality and cultural difference. My method was participant observation, and I worked as a magazine scavenger and street vendor on and off during more than five years. I developed and systematically employed an extended place method for expanding the boundaries of the traditional neighborhood study by focusing on how institutions of various sorts—especially institutions that
Thin film/substrate systems featuring arbitrary film thickness and misfit strain distributions. Part I: Analysis for obtaining film stress from non-local curvature information

Current methodologies used for the inference of thin film stress through curvature measurements are strictly restricted to stress and curvature states which are assumed to remain uniform over the entire film/substrate system. Recently Huang, Rosakis and co-workers [Huang, Y., Ngo, D., Rosakis, A.J., 2005. Non-uniform, axisymmetric misfit strain: in thin films bonded on plate substrates/substrate systems: the relation between non-uniform film stresses and system curvatures. Acta Mech. Sin. 21, 362–370; Huang, Y., Rosakis A.J., 2005. Extension of Stoney’s Formula to non-uniform temperature distributions in thin film/substrate systems. The case of radial symmetry. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53, 2483–2500; Ngo, D., Huang, Y., Rosakis, A. J., Feng, X. 2006. Spatially non-uniform, isotropic misfit strain in thin films bonded on plate substrates: the relation between non-uniform film stresses and system curvatures. Thin Solid Films (in press)] established methods for film/substrate system subject to non-uniform misfit strain and temperature changes. The film stresses were found to depend non-locally on system curvatures (i.e., depend on the full-field curvatures). The existing methods, however, all assume uniform film thickness which is often violated in the thin film/substrate system. We extend these methods to arbitrarily non-uniform film thickness for the thin film/substrate system subject to non-uniform misfit strain. Remarkably the stress-curvature relation for uniform film thickness still holds if the film thickness is replaced by its local value at the point where the stress is evaluated. This result has been experimentally validated in Part II of this paper.
Trace Minerals and Trace Elements

Trace minerals are inorganic micronutrients, many of which are essential components of enzymes. Because trace minerals are involved in many cellular functions, deficiency of some of these dietary micronutrients may cause debility and disease and may possibly result in death. The dietary sources, human consumption, bioavailability, and health effects of the trace minerals chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc, as well as the trace element iodine, are described herein.
Pulmonary embolism prophylaxis with inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients: a systematic review using the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines

Prophylactic inferior vena cava filters (pIVCFs) for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE) are controversial. Current practice guidelines (EAST and ACCP) are based on the critical appraisal of observational studies. As a result, their recommendations are conflicting and may account for practice pattern variation. The purpose of this study is to critically review the available literature and ascertain the level of evidence both for and against the use of pIVCFs for PE prophylaxis in trauma patients. We searched PubMed and Web of Science for publications from 1950 until July 2010 that assessed the efficacy of PE prevention with pIVCFs in the trauma population. We followed the MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for design, implementation, and reporting. The Newcastle-Ottawa Score was used for quality and comparability assessment. Seven observational studies met inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis, representing 1,900 patients. Only one study was published in this decade. The rate of PE was statistically lower in the IVCF group compared to a matched control group without IVCFs (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.49). There was no significant difference in DVT. Using the MOOSE criteria these results show a decreased likelihood of PE among trauma patients who receive pIVCFs. Although these results could favor the placement of pIVCFs, the lack of contemporary use of pharmacologic prophylaxis across studies does not allow us to make firm conclusions either for or against the routine use of pIVCFs. Prospective randomized trials are needed to determine the role of pIVCFs in high-risk trauma patients.
Dietary iron intake and blood donations in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Excessive iron stores may promote insulin resistance and lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. However, prospective data relating iron intake and blood donations (determinants of body iron stores) to diabetes incidence are limited. Objective: We examined iron intake and blood donations in relation to the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Design: We followed men aged 40–75 y who participated in the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study; were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in 1986; and provided dietary data (n 38 394). Of those participants, 33 541 also provided a history of blood donation during the past 30 y in 1992. Results: During 12 y of follow-up, we ascertained 1168 new cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for age, body mass index, and other diabetes risk factors, total iron intake was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Intakes of total heme iron [multivariate relative risk (RR) for extreme quintiles: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.61; P for trend 0.045] and of heme iron from red meat (RR: 1.63; 1.26, 2.10; P for trend 0.001) were associated with an increased risk. However, heme-iron intake from sources other than red meat was not associated with diabetes risk (RR: 0.99; 0.81, 1.22). No significant associations were found between blood donation and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Heme-iron intake from red meat sources is positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Total iron intake, heme-iron intake from non–red meat sources, and blood donations are not related to the risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:70–5.
The Design, Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Waverider Configurations for Hypersonic Vehicle Applications

Methodologies required for the creation of hypersonic aircraft configurations based on the waverider concept were developed and validated. The design space for these configurations was formulated by using an algorithm that coupled the directional derivatives to the conservation laws and used to generate flow fields in the form of organized sets of stream-surfaces. In general, the design space generated waverider configurations with sharp leading edges. Consequently, a carving methodology was developed and implemented to transform the idealized waverider geometries into practical aircraft configurations with blunted leading edges. Further, methodologies, based on both empirical and analytical relations, were developed and applied with the goal of evaluating the aerothermo-dynamic performance of the resulting hypersonic aircraft configurations. In this effort, methodologies to determine the local pressure, skin-friction and heat flux were also developed, implemented and validated. For example, in regions where the surfaces of vehicle configuration allow for the use of planar models, the flat plate viscous relations for compressible flow were used. However, in other regions, such as, the blunted leading edges, flat plate viscous relations are not applicable, and in those regions the modified Newtonian theory, Fay-Riddell theory and Modified Reynolds analogy were applied. At every stage of this newly develop methodology, the design and analysis routines were validated by either using existing analytical solutions, empirical relationships or independent computer simulation. For example, the set of streamlines that represents the inversely created hypersonic flow field were compared to Taylor-Maccoll exact solution. Similarly, the observed relationships between the local Stanton number and the skin friction coefficient with the local Reynolds number along the ‘slow varying’ regions of the vehicle surface compared extremely well to that of experimental findings. Of particular importance to this effort is the creation of an automated grid generation routine. For the purposes of independent CFD simulations, structured mesh, orthogonal to both the vehicle surface and the freestream, can be generated around the resulting hypersonic vehicle configuration. Based on users’ requirements the grid information is exported to appropriate CFD codes in their respective format. The efficacy of the grid generation technique and the capability of the hypersonic vehicle tool were analyzed. Overall, the independent simulations compared well with the data predicted by the tool. In external flow field comparisons, both approaches; the independent CFD simulations and the vehicle design tool, recovered the exact solution described by the Taylor-Maccoll solution. In addition, the pressure distribution on the vehicle surface compares extremely well to CFD predictions. However, the distribution of the viscous-related surface properties left a bit more to be desired.
Diameter Dependent Current-Voltage Characteristics of InSb Nanowires

Single crystalline Indium Antimonide (InSb) nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique, using gold (Au) nanoparticles as catalyst, via a vapor liquid solid mechanism. Structural properties of the as-grown InSb nanowires were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nanowire field effect transistors (NWFETs) were fabricated in back-gate configuration, on Si/SO2 substrates, using SiO2 as gate insulator. The diameter of InSb nanowires used in the fabricated devices varied from 15-80 nm. Current-voltage measurements were conducted to determine the dependence of NWFETs parameters on the InSb nanowire diameter. Carrier mobility was shown to decrease with decrease of nanowire diameter. Temperature dependen current-voltage measurements were conducted to determine the effect of operating temperature on the InSb NWFET device performance.
Implicit prototypes predict risky sun behavior.

Objective: Despite the fact that skin cancer is highly avoidable, incidence and death rates in the United States continue to climb. The pattern is particularly problematic among young, White women, who sometimes overexpose themselves to harmful ultraviolet rays in hopes of being tan. Research has suggested that positivity toward prototypes of individuals who engage in unhealthy behavior, like tanning, influences the likelihood that an individual will personally engage in those behaviors. Although the prototype-to-behavior link is considered to operate automatically, researchers have typically relied on people’s self-reported evaluations of prototypes, which are more controlled and susceptible to selfpresentational concerns. Method: In the present research, we developed a measure of implicit prototypes and compared it with measures of explicit prototypes in predicting the safe sun behavior of 731 women. Results: Meta-analysis of 5 different prototypes (i.e., cool, fun, healthy, intelligent, and attractive) suggested that implicit prototypes predicted more variance in women’s current behavior, planned behavior, behavioral willingness, and tanning frequency than did explicit prototypes. Conclusion: Although some models recognize that health behavior may be based on automatic processes, they exclusively use measures of self-reported attitudes and prototypes to predict behavior. The results suggest that measuring implicit prototypes may provide important explanatory power.
China's Higher Education of Artistic and Cultural Value,Cultivation and Highlight

Because art and culture is composed of university culture and even the culture and education,and the lack of art and culture in the existing higher education of our country is more serious,especially in higher education art and culture has great value to improve quality,improve the consciousness and value creation for students. Therefore,the important role of art and culture in higher education can no longer be ignored,it is needed cultivation in the construction of campus culture,faculty,student activity guide and other aspects,and through social services,education,cultural heritage and other ways to continue to highlight the arts and culture in colleges and universities.
The effects of baseline ovarian cysts on cycle fecundity in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.

Patients undergoing COH were prospectively studied in 174 cycles for the presence of baseline ovarian cysts. In 37.4% of all cycles, a baseline cyst >10 mm mean diameter was found, but a cyst was more common in subsequent cycles than on the first (41.5% versus 15.8%). Cycle fecundity as determined by life table analysis was significantly higher if no baseline cyst were present (0.25 versus 0.06, P<0.01). These findings suggest that baseline ovarian cysts may adversely affect the chances for pregnancy in COH not associated with IVF or GIFT
Settling behavior of particles in fiber-containing Herschel Bulkley fluid

Abstract Fiber-containing, or fibrous, fluids are used in the petroleum industry to improve well-bore cleaning. Field studies indicate that fiber-containing sweep fluids can clean horizontal and highly inclined wells of drill cuttings very effectively. Fibrous fluids are also utilized in fracturing operations to place proppant particles within induced fractures. Efficiency of solid particle transport by these fluids depends on their ability to hinder settling of the dispersed particles. This article presents results of experimental and theoretical investigations conducted on settling behavior of spherical particles in Herschel-Bulkley fluids containing chemically inert monofilament fibers 10 mm in length and 0.1 mm diameter at concentrations ranging up to 0.08% by weight. A model has been developed to predict particle settling velocity under transient and steady state settling conditions. Experiments were carried out with spherical glass particles 2 to 8 mm in diameter in a 100-mm fully transparent cylinder of sufficient length (2 m) to establish terminal settling conditions. Wall effects were minimized by maintaining a ratio of particle diameter to cylinder internal diameter (d p /d cyl ) no greater than 0.08. To vary the rheological properties of the fluid, xanthan gum suspensions with three different polymer concentrations were used as base fluids. A moving digital video camera was used to track settling particles. The camera records were used to determine instantaneous settling velocity of each particle as a function of time. In fibrous suspensions, resistance to settling is provided by both the base fluid (viscous drag) and the fibers (fiber drag). Fiber drag arises from mechanical and hydrodynamic interferences. Measurements of the terminal velocity of particles in the base fluids were used to compute viscous drag, while the terminal velocity data in the fibrous fluids was utilized to determine total drag (i.e. fiber drag plus viscous drag). Analysis of the data resulted in the development of an empirical correlation for the “fiber drag coefficient,” which varies with particle Reynolds number, fiber concentration and fluid behavior index. With this information, a model has been developed that can be used to predict settling velocity of spherical particles in suspensions of the prescribed fiber in Herschel-Bulkley fluids.
Why Stress Remains an Ambiguous Concept: Reply to McEwen & McEwen (2016) and Cohen et al. (2016)

This reply to the commentaries by Cohen, Giannaros, and Manuck (2016, this issue) and McEwen and McEwen (2016, this issue) acknowledges investigators' reluctance to relinquish the term stress, despite the lack of agreement on its meaning and the evidence that is a sign of its presence. This brief reply urges scientists studying the exemplars of this ambiguous concept to search for robust relations that specify the type of event, the properties of the agent, the agent's circumstances, and the behavioral or biological consequences. The accumulation of these relations will reveal that the word stress adds little to our understanding.