cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State-to-state dynamics of the H + CD3(CH2)4CD3 → H2 + CD3((CH2)3CH)CD3 reaction : Dynamics of abstraction of secondary H in linear alkanes

Abstract Quantum state distributions for the H 2 product of the reaction of H atoms with CD 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CD 3 at 1.6 eV collision energy have been measured to characterize the dynamics of hydrogen atom abstraction at secondary sites in linear alkanes. The measured distributions are compared with those obtained previously for the H+ n -C 6 H 14 →H 2 +C 6 H 13 reaction. The two distributions are quite similar. The small differences seen between them are evaluated within a local reaction model developed for these types of reactions.
Alcohol Use in Adolescent Twins and Affiliation with Substance Using Peers

Affiliation with substance using peers is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent alcohol use. This association is typically interpreted causally: peers who drink incite their friends to drink. This association may be complicated by uncontrolled genetic and environmental confounds because teens with familial predispositions for adolescent substance use may be more likely to select into social networks where drinking is common. We test this alternative hypothesis using a sample of 1,820 twin and sibling pairs, and their same-sex best friends, from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Across all three waves, peer report of substance use did not influence adolescent alcohol use when genetic and shared environmental predispositions for drinking were considered. The association between alcohol use and peer behavior may be a spurious association attributable to a shared genetic liability to drink alcohol and associate with peers who drink alcohol.
Derivation of possible chain conformations for poly‐β‐1,4‐anhydroxylose

An oriented fiber diagram of deacetylated O-acetyl xylan from white birch has been obtained. The quality of the x-ray pattern, while better than any reported to date, is still inferior to the various cellulose patterns. Only 14 intensity maxima are recorded and available for analysis. The repeat distance parallel to the chain direction has been directly calculated from the x-ray data as 14.84 ± 0.3 A. Systematic meridional absences indicate a threefold screw axis along the chain. Using these data, and assuming x-ray structure parameters for small molecules to apply to the monomer unit in the polymer, the basic repeat unit has been described mathematically. All possible relative settings of two monomer rings consistent with a threefold screw axis and a given repeat distance for a left- and right-handed helix have been calculated and examined. This approach is equivalent to that used for cellulose where the C1OC4,′ angle is allowed to vary in order to satisfy the above conditions. Choice of probable conformations is made by simultaneously considering existing infrared dichroic data for oriented xylan films and generally accepted stereochemical concepts. The problem has been programmed for and run on an IBM 1620 data processing system. The choice of a unique conformation is not possible but evidence seems to favor the left-handed conformation with a C1OC4 bond angle of about 116°, for which an intramolecular hydrogen bond (O5…O3) is possible. The H1… H4′ distance for this conformation is 2.4 A., while the CH2 transition moment vector is strongly perpendicular (88° to the chain axis) as required by the infrared data. None of the right-handed conformations allowed an (O5…O3′) intramolecular hydrogen bond and usually a serious overlap of van der Waals' radii for O2 and H4' atoms was found.
CONSTRUCTING JOB FAMILIES: AN ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES USED FOR GROUPING JOBS

A Monte Carlo study was conducted to examine the performance of several quantitative grouping strategies for the purpose of grouping jobs into job families. Two factors were found to substantially affect the accuracy of these grouping strategies in terms of identifying the correct number of families, and accurately classifying jobs into those families. Through simulation of job analysis data sets designed to reflect various underlying structures among a set of jobs, it was found that techniques based on the commonly used hierarchical cluster analysis model were relatively inaccurate when applied to data containing measurement error or overlap between job families. Alternatively, Q-type factor analysis and hybrid techniques involving a combination of factor and cluster analysis proved to be viable and robust grouping strategies for job classification research.
Measurement and compensation of horizontal crabbing at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring Test Accelerator

In storage rings, horizontal dispersion in the rf cavities introduces horizontal-longitudinal ($xz$) coupling, contributing to beam tilt in the $xz$ plane. This coupling can be characterized by a ``crabbing'' dispersion term ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{a}$ that appears in the normal mode decomposition of the 1-turn transfer matrix. ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{a}$ is proportional to the rf cavity voltage and the horizontal dispersion in the cavity. We report experiments at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring Test Accelerator where $xz$ coupling was explored using three lattices with distinct crabbing properties. We characterize the $xz$ coupling for each case by measuring the horizontal projection of the beam with a beam size monitor. The three lattice configurations correspond to (i) 16 mrad $xz$ tilt at the beam size monitor source point, (ii) compensation of the ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{a}$ introduced by one of two pairs of rf cavities with the second, and (iii) zero dispersion in rf cavities, eliminating ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{a}$ entirely. Additionally, intrabeam scattering is evident in our measurements of beam size vs rf voltage.
Children's Perceptions of Their Neighborhoods

Abstract This study examined how children's perceptions of neighborhood violence and safety were related to their socio-emotional functioning, neighborhood violent crime rates, and parent ratings of neighborhood safety and violence. Two hundred twenty-three elementary school children (7–11 years old; 126 boys, 97 girls) from low n = 114 and high violence n = 109 communities in a large west coast city drew pictures of their neighborhoods, completed a neighborhood safety survey, and rated their perceived self-competence and locus of control. Parents rated the safety of their neighborhoods and children's prior exposure to violent events. The results showed children living in high violence neighborhoods felt unsafe playing outdoors, were more distrustful of the police, had lower perceived self-competence, an external locus of control, and more violent content in their drawings than did children living in low violence neighborhoods. The findings suggest that exposure to neighborhood violence may negatively affect children's feelings of well-being, sense of self, control over events in their lives, and opportunities to play safely in their neighborhoods.
Self-choices, preferences, and personality traits.

This is the third in a series of studies based on the Personality Assessment System (PAS), a new approach to relating personality traits to intellectual test performance. In the sample were 152 young, white, “normal” males of at least average intelligence. The purpose was to test hypotheses involving Ss' self-concepts and preferences as obtained independently of the intelligence test data on an instrument devised along theory-determined lines. 9 hypotheses were drawn up in advance, of which 5 were upheld statistically. The study provides an example of the kind of specific hypothesis testing the PAS permits and some further evidence in support of its theoretical formulations.
Observations of Flux Rope Formation in the Outer Corona

In previous studies employing the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO), we identified a class of white-light ejections that separate into incoming and outgoing components at distances of ~3-5 R☉ from Sun center. These events, of which up to several per month are observed during high solar activity, are generally preceded by a gradual outward expansion of faint loops over a period of a day or more. The expansion terminates when the streamer material, in the form of an elongated stalk or a sheetlike structure, suddenly tears apart. The collapsing material is sometimes recognizable as a collection of loops, while the ejected component is usually poorly resolved. Here we describe a streamer detachment observed on 2005 December 11, in which the outgoing component can be clearly identified as a cylindrical flux rope with its ends anchored in the Sun. Based on simple three-dimensional white-light reconstructions, we conclude that in/out pairs in general represent the pinching off of streamer loop arcades to form flux ropes, as seen from different viewing angles.
Optical, chemical and physical properties of aerosols over the antarctic ice sheet

Multiwavelength optical measurements of atmospheric extinction and sky brightness in the solar aureole were made at Ross Island and at South Pole Station, Antarctica, to derive the column-integrated size distribution and mass loading of suspended aerosol. In addition, the composition and particle size distribution near the surface at South Pole, the Ross Ice Shelf and from the summit of Mt Erebus volcano were derived by electron microscopic analysis and X-ray spectrometry. The aerosol over the ice sheet has a bimodal size distribution with modal radii in dn/dr at < 0.05 μm and at 0.14 ± 0.02 μm. The number concentration and mass loading for the large mode are 40cm−3 and 300 ng m−3, respectively, while the number concentration of particles in the smaller mode is ~ 103 cm−3. The particles over the polar ice sheet are dominated by ammonium sulfate and hydrated droplets of sulfuric acid (60–80% by mass) although trace amounts of oceanic and crustal-derived material have also been detected. Aerosols on the Ross Ice Shelf are relatively large and consist mainly of crustal material, presumably from the exposed land within 20 km distance. Submicron particles collected at the fuming vent of Mt Erebus volcano contained 34% Cl, 22% K and only 18%S. The sulfur aerosol residing over the ice cap shows evidence of being produced by nucleation of trace sulfurbearing gases; the most likely source is organic compounds, possibly CS2 and COS, released by the oceans. These compounds have long lifetimes (3 and 20, respectively), hence they can be transported to the central polar ice cap and converted to sulfates. It is estimated that downwelling air from the stratosphere is probably not an important source for sulfate particles. The rate of removal of particles to the snow and ice surface of the continentis −300 × 10−16g cm−2s−1; ninety percent of the removal is by nucleation of snow flakes and ice crystals.
Further results on error estimators for local refinement with first‐order system least squares (FOSLS)

Adaptive local refinement (ALR) can substantially improve the performance of simulations that involve numerical solution of partial differential equations. In fact, local refinement capabilities are one of the attributes of first-order system least squares (FOSLS) in that it provides an inexpensive but effective a posteriori local error bound that accurately identifies regions that require further refinement. Previous theory on FOSLS established the effectiveness of its local error estimator, but only under the assumption that the local region is not too ‘thin’. This paper extends this theory to the case of a rectangular domain by showing that the estimator's effectiveness holds even for certain ‘thin’ local regions. Further, we prove that when the approximation satisfies a local saturation property, convergence of a FOSLS ALR scheme is guaranteed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneity of testosterone hydroxylases in rat and rabbit liver microsomes. Quantification of major hydroxytesterone metabolites by a thin layer radiochromatographic procedure.

Abstract A rapid radiochromatographic procedure using thin layer silica gel plates has been developed for the quantification of the major hydroxylated (2β, 6β, 7α and 16α) metabolites of testosterone formed by the mammalian liver microsomal mixed function oxidases. 6β and 16α Hydroxytestosterone, identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were the major metabolites formed by rat and rabbit liver microsomes. The effects of in vivo/in vitro modifiers has further indicated that separate testosterone hydroxylases exist in rat and rabbit liver. The rabbit 16α hydroxylase has a much greater KM than the 6β hydroxylase and the rat 2β, 6β and 16α hydroxylases and was more susceptible to inhibition by benzphetamine but not cytochrome c. High phosphate buffer concentrations (>0.1 M) or increased ionic strength inhibited rabbit 6β and 16α hydroxylases equally. The rat hydroxylases have a similar Km and there was a similar inhibition in the presence of benzphetamine and cytochrome c. The 2β, and 16α hydroxylases, but not the 6β hydroxylase, were inhibited by high phosphate buffer concentrations or increased ionic strength and by 3 methylcholanthrene pretreatment.
Companion Animals Alleviating Distress in Children

ABSTRACTPhysiological arousal and behavioral distress in children aged from two to six years undergoing a physical examination were examined with and without the presence of a companion dog. An experimental/control group, repeated measures design was utilized to study children at a pediatric clinic. Thirty-four (14 males, 20 females) children were assigned randomly either to a treatment group (n=15) in which a therapy dog was present during their examinations or to a control group (n=19) which had the usual pediatric exam without a dog present. Physiological variables (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, heart rate, and fingertip temperatures) were measured at baseline and at two-minute intervals during each examination. Subjects were videotaped during the examination for analysis of behavioral distress using the Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD). Physiological measurements were not statistically significantly different between the dog and no-dog groups but were found not to be...
Low-power laser driving of a binary liquid

We have investigated the interaction of a laser beam with a near-critical binary liquid by observing how the growth of the concentration gradient due to gravity (the barodiffusion gradient) is modified by the presence of the beam. We observe definite evidence of laser driving in the system: The size of the steady-state barodiffusion gradient increases with increasing laser power, and the system exhibits different dynamical behaviors in the limit of high and low powers. Since our results cannot be explained by a purely diffusive model, we conclude that convection must be important in the system and present an estimate of the laser power at which convection should become significant.
Color comparisons of denture teeth and shade guides

9. Gilmow HW, Lund MR, Bales DJ, Vernetti JP: Operative Dentistry, ed 4. St. Louis, 1982, The CV Mosby Co, pp 136-140. 161. Baum L, Phillips RW, Lund MR: Textbook of Operative Dentistry. Philadelphia, 1981, WB Saunders Co, pp 276-298. Black GV: Operative Dentistry, ed 8. Woodstock, Ill, 1947, Medico-Dental Publishing Co, vol 2, pp 203-206. Hollenback GM: The economic value of amalgam in operative dentistry and the technic of its use. J Am Dent Assoc 24~1318, 1937. Sweeney JT: Amalgam manipulation: manual vs. mechanical aids. Part II. Comparison of clinical applications. J Am Dent ,Assoc 27:1940. 1940. Ingraham R, Koser ,JR: The anatomic matrix. J Am Dent Assoc 51:590. 1955. Sturdevant CM, Barton RE, Brauer JC: The Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. New York, 1968, McGraw-Hill Book Co, pp 249-256. Birtcil BF Jr, Starr JM: Individualized matrix bands for amalgam restorations. J PROSTHET DENT 33:547, 1975. 10. Graham DA, Daniels JA, Kahl EA. Pelzner XH Birtcil RF Jr. Pre-contoured matrix bands for Class Ii ,tmzOl~:am restoratmns Gen Dent 28:52. 1980. 11. St Arnauh FD, Evans PR: The copper ~I.IX~ for m,ltrlcing problems. Can Dent Assoc J 48:194, 1982 12. Tocchini JJ: Restorative Dentiwy. Nrw Sorlc l’)GT. Mrri rle;id sof[. ,J PR0S’l‘tlE.T DEWI 46:224. 1981,
Inducing enantioselectivity in electrodeposited CuO films by chiral etching

The enantioselectivity of electrodeposited CuO with a chiral orientation is enhanced if the CuO is first etched in a solution of tartaric acid. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies show that CuO(111) electrodeposited from l-tartrate etches faster in l-tartaric acid, whereas CuO(111) electrodeposited from d-tartrate etches faster in d-tartaric acid. The enantioselectivity is probed by cyclic voltammetry. The proposed mechanism differentiates between chiral orientation and chiral surface. The enhancement of enantioselectivity of the films with chiral orientations is attributed to an increase in the chiral surface area of the etched CuO films.
Mechanistic aspects of the Wolff-Kishner reaction. V. The cation effect on the reaction of benzophenone hydrazone in butyl carbitol and decyl alcohol

The rate of the Wolff-Kishner reaction of benzophenone hydrazone in butyl carbitol increases as the cation of the alkoxide base is varied in the order K>Na>Li>Mg. The replacement of butyl carbitol by 1-decanol also accelerates the reaction, and an additional increase is caused by the presence of “crown ether”. On the basis of changes in the activation parameters, it is concluded that the reactivity of the hydrazone anion increases as the contact ion pair becomes more fully solvated and dissociated.
SPECIFIC FLUORESCENT ANTIGLOBULINS FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS YEAST-PHASE CELLS.

Two lots of rabbit anti-Blastomyces dermatitidis globulins were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. These reagents stained brightly elements of the yeast and mycelial phases of 10 strains ofB. dermatitidis. In addition, the labeled antibodies cross-reacted with elements of the yeast and mycelial phases of 7 strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum and cells of numerous other heterologous fungi. Adsorption of one lot of labeled antibodies twice with yeast cells ofH. capsulatum and once with elements ofGeotrichum candidum rendered the conjugate specific for the yeast phase ofB. dermatitidis. Three adsorptions with yeast cells ofH. capsulatum followed by a single adsorption with elements ofG. candidum rendered the second conjugate specific for yeast-phase cells ofB. dermatitidis. The specific reagents did not react with the mycelial phase of this fungus.
The influence of hydrogen chloride doping level on the complex refractive indices of anisotropic polyaniline film: Application of a new internal reflection waveguide coupling technique

Nondestructive three-dimensional refractive-index measurements are used for the determination of both crystallinity and orientation in thin polymer films. The prism waveguide coupler is particularly suitable for three-dimensional isotropic and anisotropic thin-film studies because of the quantitative character of the information obtained and the ease of data acquisition. It has been limited, however, to measuring the refractive index of optically transparent or weakly absorbing films. This study shows that a modified prism waveguide coupler can be used to determine the complex refractive index over a range from transparent to highly absorbing films from the internally reflected light intensity. Thus, both the refractive index, n, and the extinction coefficient, k, can be obtained. This method is used to determine the anisotropic three-dimensional n and k values of spin-coated emeraldine base and hydrogen chloride doped emeraldine salt polyaniline films.
A constructive proof of Tucker's combinatorial lemma

Abstract Tucker's combinatorial lemma is concerned with certain labellings of the vertices of a triangulation of the n-ball. It can be used as a basis for the proof of antipodal-point theorems in the same way that Sperner's lemma yields Brouwer's theorem. Here we give a constructive proof, which thereby yields algorithms for antipodal-point problems. Our method is based on an algorithm of Reiser.
A "test of concept" comparison of aerodynamic and mechanical resuspension mechanisms for particles deposited on field rye grass ( Secale cercele).—Part 2. Threshold mechanical energies for resuspension particle fluxes

Abstract Kinetic energy from the oscillatory impacts of the grass stalk against a stationary object was measured with a kinetic energy measuring device. These energy inputs were measured as part of a resuspension experiment of uniform latex microspheres deposited on a single rye grass seed pod in a wind tunnel. The experiment was designed to measure resuspension from aerodynamic (viscous and turbulent) mechanisms compared to that from mechanisms from mechanical resuspension resulting from the oscillatory impact of the grass hitting a stationary object. The experiment was run for deposited spherical latex particles with diameters from 2 to 8.1 μm. Wind tunnel tests were run for wind speeds from 2 to 18.5 m s −1 and a turbulence intensity (root-mean-square fluctuation wind speed/mean wind speed) of 0.1. Our experiments showed the following: • Threshold mechanical energy input rates increased from 0.04 to 0.2 μJ s −1 for resuspension of spherical polystyrene latex particles from 2 to 8.1 μm diameter. • Kinetic energy flux generated by mechanical impact of the wind-driven oscillating grass was found to be highly sensitive to slightly different placements and grass morphology. • The kinetic energy input by impaction of the grass against a stationary cylinder is roughly proportional to the kinetic energy flux of the wind.
Effects of terminal voltage, load current, and minimum rotor speed on the weight of D-C aircraft generators

THE weight of aircraft electric power systems is of major importance because unnecessary weight carried in an airplane reduces the pay load.
Neuroprotective role of Nrf2 for retinal ganglion cells in ischemia-reperfusion.

Retinal ischemia plays a critical role in multiple vision-threatening diseases and leads to death of retinal neurons, particularly ganglion cells. Oxidative stress plays an important role in this ganglion cell loss. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a major regulator of the antioxidant response, and its role in the retina is increasingly appreciated. We investigated the potential retinal neuroprotective function of Nrf2 after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. In an experimental model of retinal I/R, Nrf2 knockout mice exhibited much greater loss of neuronal cells in the ganglion cell layer than wild-type mice. Primary retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) isolated from Nrf2 knockout mice exhibited decreased cell viability compared to wild-type RGCs, demonstrating the cell-intrinsic protective role of Nrf2. The retinal neuronal cell line 661W exhibited reduced cell viability following siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 under conditions of oxidative stress, and this was associated with exacerbation of increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im (2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-imidazolide), a potent Nrf2 activator, inhibited ROS increase in cultured 661W under oxidative stress conditions and increased neuronal cell survival after I/R injury in wild-type, but not Nrf2, knockout mice. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 exhibits a retinal neuroprotective function in I-R and suggest that pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 could be a therapeutic strategy.
Photoelectrochemical effect with poly(p-phenylene sulfide) films

Abstract Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) films coated on conducting SnO2 and Pt surfaces were found to attain p-type semiconducting properties on electrochemical cycling. Upon illumination of these films with visible light (λ
Application of shadow moire method in measuring children's jawbones

In this paper the shapes of children's lower jawbones are deterained by the shadow-ioire iethod and the coiputer systei is used to collect and process experiiental data. The results show this iethod is a better one in studying the growth characteritics of children's jawbones.
Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes and graphitic nanofibers

We review experiments and computer simulations of adsorption of hydrogen on carbon nanotubes and on graphitic nanofibers. New results for adsorption of hydrogen on bundles of nanotubes intercalated with alkali metals are presented. The size and charge of the metal clusters is explicitly accounted for through a simple model. Charge transfer of electrons from the metal clusters to the nanotubes is also modeled. Results indicate that adsorption of hydrogen in metal-intercalated nanotube bundles is substantially enhanced compared with adsorption onto pure nanotubes. We compare simulations of adsorption in bundles with various lattice spacings to experimental results that claim swelling of nanotube bundles by adsorption of hydrogen. We find good agreement between the simulations and the experiments at higher pressures, indicating that hydrogen at 80 K probably does intercalate and swell nanotube bundles, thereby increasing the capacity of the sorbent.
U.S. Supreme Court decision making, case salience, and the attitudinal model

Does case salience condition the role of ideological preferences in the decisions of U.S. Supreme Court justices? Does the attitudinal model of judicial behavior hold equally true in high salience and low salience cases? In this article, we analyze the role of case salience as a moderating influence on the explanatory capacity of the attitudinal model and test the strength of the model in high salience versus low salience contexts. Using civil rights votes during forty-seven Supreme Court terms, from 1953 through 2000, we find that the attitudinal model is sensitive to case salience and that justices rely significantly more on ideological preferences when deciding high salience cases than low salience ones. Our findings represent an important qualification to the attitudinal model.
Temporal aspects of spatial vision in the cat

Using behavioral techniques, contrast sensitivity for flickering and stationary gratings was measured in ordinary cats. Gratings of low spatial frequency were more easily detected by the cat when temporal modulation was present, but at high spatial frequencies temporal modulation reduced grating visibility. These psychophysical results are consistent with neurophysiological evidence for the existence of two classes of visual cells in the cat, which are distinguishable in terms of their spatio-temporal response properties.
On the Conformal Ionic Solution Theory Principles and Applications

An overview of the conformal ionic solution (CIS) theory is presented with special emphasis on applications of the derived equations to practical problems. The principles of the theory, the derivation of the equations, and the theoretical extension to multicomponent ionic systems are briefly discussed. A variety of examples is given to illustrate the use of this theory in practical problems, e.g., a priori calculations of phase diagrams and of other thermodynamic properties of ternary and higher order molten salt systems and of solubility products.
Correlation of squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels and treatment response in cervical cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) was measured by serum radioimmunoassay in 82 patients with primary (55) or recurrent (27) squamous carcinoma of the cervix, to determine correlation with the clinical presence of tumor and response to radiation and chemotherapy. Sixty-seven percent of those with newly diagnosed cancer and eighty-one percent of those presenting with recurrence had values above 2.5 ng/ml. In the newly diagnosed patients, 17% of those with stage I and 80% of those with stages II and above had abnormal values. Mean titers for stages I through IV were 2, 9, 19, and 144 ng/ml, respectively, confirming an association with tumor burden. Twenty-four patients underwent radiation therapy; eighteen of these had elevated pretreatment levels and were assessed for response. Titers accurately predicted regression and progression in all cases. Thirty patients received chemotherapy; twenty-seven of them had elevated pretreatment levels and were evaluable for response correlation. Titers predicted response in 96% of cases. An additional group of 20 patients successfully treated and with no evidence of disease was followed with SCC levels every 3 months. In 19 of these 20 patients (95%), the marker accurately predicted the status of disease. In 2 of these patients, who recurred while on the study, the SCC level increased before the tumor became clinically apparent. We conclude that SCC levels are useful in evaluating the response of primary and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix to radiation and chemotherapy.
Boron contaminations and their kinetics in Ni3(Si,Ti) alloys

Abstract The sources of boron contamination in Ni3(Si,Ti) alloys originally prepared as boron- free alloys in two different places were determined using an Auger instrument. Based on the correlation between the detected grain boundary compositions and the adopted processings, the cross-annealings with boron-doped alloys and annealings in a previously boron-contaminated furnace were identified as the possible sources of the boron contamination. Also, a simulation of the boron contamination where a boron-free Ni3(Si,Ti) alloy was cross-annealed in vacuum with a boron-doped Ni3(Si,Ti) alloy was performed. The boron penetration from the alloy surface was measured, and the corresponding diffusion coefficient of boron was estimated. Based on the obtained results, some implications are discussed.
Formation and Wetting Characteristics of Adsorbed Layers of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids at a Fluorite Surface

Molecular layers of unsaturated carboxylates on a fluorite surface were prepared by spontaneous adsorption from alkaline aqueous solutions of 10-undecenoic and 10-undecynoic acids. The adsorption density and the kinetics of adsorption were examined by Fourier transform infrared internal reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR/IRS). Both 10-undecenoic and 10-undecynoic acids chemisorb on the fluorite surface and may form a monolayer from alkaline aqueous solutions. As much as 30 min is required to form such monolayers from 0.5--0.7 mM solutions at pH 9.5--9.6 under turbulent conditions. However, the formation of a perfect monolayer with a well-organized structure was difficult to control in this study. Advancing and receding contact angles were measured for water drops on submonolayers and monolayers of the unsaturated carboxylates using the sessile-drop technique. The effect of surface heterogeneity, as inferred from the extent of carboxylate adsorption, on contact angle hysteresis for various drop sizes was examined. It was found that both contact angle hysteresis and contact angle/drop size relationships depend on the deviation of the carboxylate layer from the well-organized monolayer state. Further, the contact angle data suggest that the formation of carboxylate monolayers is not a uniform process over the entire surface of the fluorite crystal, but rather involves the nucleationmore » of hydrophobic aggregates, patches composed of adsorbed carboxylates, whose size increases with time.« less
A two-step photon-intermediate technique for the production of electricity, chemicals or lasers in nuclear energy conversion

Abstract The authors have developed an energy conversion concept, called Photon-Intermediate Direct Energy Conversion (PIDEC), that makes possible a two-step conversion of high grade nuclear energy (fission or fusion) to electricity or other useful high grade energy forms without intermediate thermalization. In PIDEC the nuclear fuel has a low average density, with local scale lengths significantly shorter than the range of the energetic nuclear reaction products. In the first step of the process, the nuclear energetic reaction product energy is transported to a fluorescer gas which converts it into photons. Then, in the second step of the process, the photons are transported out of the nuclear reactor to a medium which converts the photon energy to the desired product high grade energy form, such as electricity. We calculate that electricity can be produced, non-thermally, with an efficiency of up to 30%. With the addition of intermediate and bottoming thermal cycles, efficiency for electricity production could be as high as 70%, double that of conventional nuclear power plants. In addition to electric power, photolysis makes other product forms possible. These products include useful feedstock, or combustion chemicals, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and excited molecular and atomic states, used for laser amplifiers or oscillators.
Stress and coping in fathers of newborns: comparisons of planned versus unplanned pregnancy

The purpose of this survey was to identify stresses and coping styles in fathers of newborns, and to explore if these vary according to pregnancy planning. Data from 69 subjects were collected using the Ireton Personal Inventory and the Jalowiec Coping Scale. The most common and least often sources of stress or worry were reported. Fathers' predominant mode of coping was problem oriented. Compared to fathers with planned pregnancies, fathers with unplanned pregnancies were found to be significantly more stressed about numerous issues as well as feeling powerless in adapting to the arrival of a new infant. Implications for practice and research are explored.
Predictors of clinically significant weight loss and participant retention in an insurance-sponsored community-based weight management program.

Health insurance providers are a logical partner in providing third-party payment for behavioral weight loss programming, but little evidence of predictors of improved outcomes or retention in large, insurance-sponsored lifestyle programming is available. The purpose was to determine predictors of weight loss and retention in an insurance-sponsored, community-based weight management program. Current and former participants (N = 2,106) were recruited to complete a program evaluation survey. Respondents’ survey and objective outcome data (n = 766) were analyzed using logistic regression procedures to understand the factors predictive of clinically-significant (5%) weight loss and program retention (>6 months). Clinically significant weight loss was predicted by completing more than 6 months of the program, positive ratings of staff interaction, and social support from friends on success. Ratings of positive impact of site hours of operation, nurse calls, and availability of safe places to be active and feel...
NOx formation from the combustion of monodisperse n-heptane sprays doped with fuel-nitrogen additives

A series of experiments with simulated synthetic fuels were conducted in order to investigate the effect of droplet size on the conversion of fuel-nitrogen to NOx. Pyridine and pyrrole were added to n-heptane as nitrogen-containing additives and burned as monodisperse fuel droplets under various operating conditions in a spray combustion facility. The experimental results indicate that under stoichiometric and fuel-rich conditions, reducing the droplet size increases the efficiency of fuel-N conversion to NOx. This observation is associated with improved oxidation of the pyrolysis fragments of the additive by better oxygen penetration through the droplet flame zone. The dominant reactions by which fuel-N is transformed to NOx were also considered analytically by a premixed laminar flame code. The calculations are compared to the small droplet size results.
Thoracic aorta occlusion-reperfusion decreases hemostasis as assessed by thromboelastography in rabbits.

UNLABELLED Perioperative hemorrhage and thrombosis are serious complications associated with major vascular surgery. We hypothesized that thoracic aortic occlusion-reperfusion in rabbits would adversely affect hemostasis as assessed by thromboelastographic variables (reaction time, alpha angle and G [a measure of clot strength]). Isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits underwent either sham operation (n = 10) or 30 min of aortic occlusion followed by 90 min of reperfusion (n = 10). Blood samples (350 microL) were exposed to 10 microL of either 0.9% NaCl or cytochalasin D (a platelet inhibitor, 10 microM final concentration) and analyzed for 1 h by using thromboelastography after 30 min of postpreparation equilibration and at 30 and 90 min of reperfusion. Aortic occlusion-reperfusion resulted in a significant (P: < 0.05) increase in reaction time, decrease in alpha angle, and decrease in G at 30 and 90 min of reperfusion compared with the sham-operated group. The decrease in hemostatic function after aortic occlusion-reperfusion was observed to the same degree in samples with or without platelet inhibition. There were no significant differences in platelet concentration between the sham-operated and aortic occlusion-reperfusion groups. Aortic occlusion-reperfusion decreased hemostatic function in rabbits primarily by decreasing the coagulation factor-dependent, platelet-independent contribution to clotting. IMPLICATIONS Thoracic aortic occlusion-reperfusion decreased hemostatic function in rabbits primarily by decreasing the coagulation factor-dependent, platelet-independent contribution to clotting. This decrease in hemostatic function may contribute to hemorrhagic complications associated with major vascular surgery.
Behavioral effects of serotonin and serotonin agonists in two crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes rusticus.

Abstract Exogenous serotonin elicits several behaviors in Procambarus clarkii , including a flexed, elevated posture, reduced locomotion, and changes in aggressive behavior. We conducted experiments to determine if several serotonin agonists mimicked the behavioral effects of serotonin in two crayfish species, P. clarkii and Orconectes rusticus . Drugs tested were 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-piperazine dihydrochloride (mCPP), Oxymetazoline, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), CGS-12066A, and (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -dipropylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). In P. clarkii , mCPP most closely mimicked the effects of serotonin, significantly increasing the performance of the flexed, elevated posture and reducing locomotion; 8-OH-DPAT significantly reduced locomotion as well. Both of these drugs produced significant increases in elevated posture and decreases in locomotion in O. rusticus , and in this species, the drugs at test concentrations were more effective in eliciting these effects than serotonin. The effects of the drugs on behaviors performed during fighting bouts were variable. In both species, only 8-OH-DPAT significantly reduced several agonistic behaviors, and no agonist or 5-HT itself produced significant increases in agonistic behavior.
A Cardiac Specific Inducible Mouse Model of Timothy Syndrome 2

Timothy syndrome (TS) is an extremely rare human disorder resulting from a single point mutation (G406R) in the intracellular part of the S6 transmembrane segment of domain 1 of Cav1.2. This region is encoded in a mutually exclusive manner by exons 8/8a.The identical glycine to arginine mutation occurs in both the 8a and 8 human splice variants resulting in TS1 and TS2. Heterozygous expression of the TS2 defect is lethal to mice. However, the TS2 defect is tolerated when suppressed though transcriptional interference by the NEO promoter (TS2-NEO mouse). By crossing TS2-NEO with a cardiac-specific tamoxifen-inducible CRE we can upregulate expression of the mutant TS2 calcium channel.We extracted mRNA from cardiac left ventricle and probed with PCR primers to exon 7 and exon 9. Individual PCR products were incorporated into plasmid DNA and individual clones were isolated. This method detected exon 8a:8 ratios in normal mice as 0:58 and 1:56 in TS2-NEO mice suggesting very low level expression of the exon related to TS1. Only 1 in 56 TS2-NEO colonies expressed mutant channels in heart suggesting that the NEO cassette effectively supressed mutant exon 8 isoforms. TS2-NEO mice were crossed with a cardiac specific promoter regulating a CRE recombinase which can be induced with tamoxifen. When activated with tamoxifen (to remove the NEO cassette and suppression of the TS2 mutation) the ratio of mutant to non-mutant exon increased from 1:34 to 29:72. Removal of the NEO cassette induced a strong slowing of inactivation in isolated myocytes. Tamoxifen-induced removal of suppression of the TS2 mutant exon increased QT duration from 33.1±1.8 ms to 74.0±5.5 ms (n=5,p<0.01). These results demonstrate the critical role of the L-type calcium channel inactivation in repolarization.
Filter clogging by the extracted gamma prime and its measurement

The extraction of gamma-prime sample residues from Ni-based superalloys varies greatly in efficiency with the type of heat-treatment that had previously been applied to the alloy; this effect has prompted the present formulation of a standardized procedure for measuring the residues' filter-clogging factor (FCF). The FCF differences between heat treatments can be correlated with the quantity and size distribution of extracted particles; this procedure could accordingly furnish a means of checking the accuracy of heat treaments.
Vacancy versus pipe diffusion mechanisms for subgrain growth in OFHC copper

Oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper wires have been annealed in a temperature range of 443–473 K. The subgrain size (D) in these wires have been observed to follow a parabolic growth law (D2 = d2 + K · t) with respect to annealing time (t) at a given temperature, where d is the subgrain size in the cold worked condition and K is a temperature dependent constant. It has been found that K decreases as the amount of prior cold work increases while it increases as the annealing temperature increases. The temperature dependence of K has been analysed in terms of both vacancy and pipe diffusion mechanisms. The pipe diffusion mechanism dominates the subgrain growth process at lower recovery temperatures while the conventional vacancy mechanism prevails at higher recovery temperatures.
Lactoferrin A Roadmap to the Borderland between Caries and Periodontal Disease

Lactoferrin is one of a number of multifunctional proteins that are present in or on all mucosal surfaces throughout the body. Levels of lactoferrin are consistently elevated in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, corneal disease, and periodontitis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lactoferrin have been shown to be present in individuals susceptible to Escherichia coli-induced travelers' diarrhea and in tear fluid derived from virally associated corneal disease. Here, we review data showing a lactoferrin SNP in amino acid position 29 in the antimicrobial region of lactoferrin that acts against caries associated bacteria. This SNP was initially discovered in African American subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) who had proximal bone loss but minimal proximal caries. Results were confirmed in a genetic association study of children from Brazil with this same SNP who showed a reduced level of caries. In vitro data indicate that lactoferrin from whole saliva derived from subjects with this SNP, recombinant human lactoferrin containing this SNP, or an 11-mer peptide designed for this SNP kills mutans streptococci associated with caries by >1 log. In contrast, the SNP has minimal effect on Gram-negative species associated with periodontitis. Moreover, periodontally healthy subjects homozygous for this lysine (K) SNP have lactoferrin in their saliva that kills mutans streptococci and have reduced proximal decay. The review summarizes data supporting the ecologic plaque hypothesis and suggests that a genetic variant in lactoferrin with K in position 29 when found in saliva and crevice fluid can influence community biofilm composition. We propose that, for caries, this SNP is ethnicity independent and protective by directly killing caries-provoking bacteria (reducing proximal decay). However, the clinical effect of this SNP in LAP is ethnicity dependent, destructive (increases LAP incidence), and complex with mechanisms still to be determined.
New developments in solid-state extrusion

Abstract A few developments have been discussed that extend the range of the solid-state extrusion process for processing polymers and polymer morphologies that were difficult to process by conventional solid-state extrusion. The split billet and the push-pull extrusion techniques proceed at faster rates by comparison to the conventional process. When combined they allow the preparation of extrudates of maximum draw ratio that can be obtained under a load equivalent to the tensile strength of the extrudate at the extrusion temperature. The split billet technique as a coextrusion process eliminates various problems associated with the extrusion process. Thus, by adjusting the dimensions of the components the extrusion pressure and the extent of shear flow may be reduced. In the coextrusion of aliphatic polyamides with HDPE the presence of the ammonia plasticizer reduces significantly the load required to deform the polyamides in the solid state.
Ultrasound-assisted cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A prospective comparison to the external landmark-guided technique.

BACKGROUNDCentral venous access is an essential part of patient management in many clinical settings and is usually achieved with a blinded, external landmark-guided technique. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether an ultrasound technique can improve on the traditional method.METHODS AND RESULTSWe prospectively evaluated an ultrasound-guided method in 302 patients undergoing internal jugular venous cannulation and compared the results with 302 patients in whom an external landmark-guided technique was used. Ultrasound was used exclusively in an additional 626 patients. Cannulation of the internal jugular vein was achieved in all patients (100%) using ultrasound and in 266 patients (88.1%) using the landmark-guided technique (p < 0.001). The vein was entered on the first attempt in 78% of patients using ultrasound and in 38% using the landmark technique (p < 0.001). Average access time (skin to vein) was 9.8 seconds (2-68 seconds) by the ultrasound approach and 44.5 seconds (2-1,000 seconds) by ...
A study of the use of impulse oscillometry in the evaluation of children with asthma: analysis of lung parameters, order effect, and utility compared with spirometry.

Background The ability to objectively measure lung function in children is critical in the assessment and treatment of asthma in this age group. We thus determined the effectiveness of impulse oscillometry (IOS) as a non-invasive technique to assess lung function in children and in comparison to spirometry for sensitivity and specificity, testing variability, and the order effect of sequential testing of IOS and spirometry.
In vitro development of tooth rudiments of embryonic mice

Embryonic mouse mandibular tooth rudiments, completely excised from the host and placed in vitro at a “glass-plasma clot” interface, fail to develop normally. The organization of the rudiment is destroyed by migration of cells into the cloth. Rudiment morphology is maintained and histodifferentiation occurs when such rudiments are grown on artificial filter membranes. In cultures of 16 day embryonic incisors, a “refractile” material is noted on the distal-incisal-labial side of the developing rudiment after three days in vitro growth; this material increases in extent during subsequent growth. Histological sections show normal differentiation of the cells of the rudiment; extracellular matrices are deposited by the odontocytes and also by amelocytes. The position of amelocyte matrix correlates with that of the “refracticle” material seen in the living culture. The sequence of changes during cellular differentiation in vitro corresponds to that occurring in vivo.