cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A121: Suppression of orthotopic pancreatic cancer growth by sulforaphane is associated with activation of FOXO transcription factors

FoxO (forkhead box O) transcription factors are crucial regulators of cell fate. This function of FoxO proteins relies on their ability to control diverse functions such as proliferation, differentiation, DNA repair and apoptosis. Constitutively active AKT and ERK in cancer cells have been shown to phosphorylate FoxO transcription factors (FKHR, FKHRL1 and AFX), which bind to protein 14-3-3 and sequester in the cytoplasm. In the absence of survival signals, FoxO proteins dephosphorylate, translocate to the nucleus and upregulate a series of target genes, thereby promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Sulforaphane a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, exerts anti cancer effects through diverse mechanisms. In this study we have shown that sulforaphane acts both by suppressing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in pancreatic tumors orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Sulforaphane regulates cell survival and cell death by modulating the expression of two interacting survival signaling pathways. The inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways by sulforaphane resulted in the inhibition of cytoplasmic phosphorylation of FOXOs, and enhanced their nuclear translocation and transcriptional activities leading to apoptosis. Furthermore, deletion of FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4 genes by shRNA abrogated sulforaphane-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis whereas the phosphorylation deficient triple mutants of FOXOs enhanced sulforaphane-induced FOXO transcriptional activity and apoptosis by nuclear translocation of FOXO. Sulforaphane-treated mice showed significant inhibition in tumor growth which was associated with reduced phosphorylation of ERK, PI3K, AKT, FOXO1 and FOXO3a, cyclin D1 and induction of FOXO’s target genes Bim, p21/CIP1, and p27/KIP1. These data suggest that inhibition of ERK and AKT pathways act together to activate FOXO transcription factors which are involved in sulforaphane-mediated pancreatic tumor growth suppression, thus supporting the use of sulforaphane as a chemopreventive agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Wei Yu, Rakesh Srivastava, Sharmila Shankar. Suppression of orthotopic pancreatic cancer growth by sulforaphane is associated with activation of FOXO transcription factors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A121.
Concepts and Categorization

Traditionally, concepts have been viewed as mental representations that enable people to categorize or pick out a group of nonidentical but equivalent things (e.g., a concept of dog allows one to categorize many entities as “dogs” even though they are not identical). This chapter provides a broad overview of the fields of concepts and categorization, describing early research but giving special attention to work published in the last 15 years. It describes different views of the structure of human concepts (i.e., what they consist of), as well as formal mathematical models of categorization and category learning. These models assume that categorization is based on how similar an entity is to other members of the empirical category. This chapter describes research addressing the sufficiency of this approach, which suggests that similarity is a dynamic process involving the comparison of complex mental representations, and that category learning involves the integration of empirical learning with background knowledge. The chapter also examines research describing the taxonomic and thematic organization of concepts in memory. Finally, the chapter addresses the functions that concepts serve beyond their traditional role in classification. Keywords: categorization; category learning; concept; exemplar model; prototype model; similarity
Some Binding-Related Drug Properties are Dependent on Thermodynamic Signature

The binding affinity is determined by the Gibbs energy of binding (ΔG) which is the sum of enthalpic (ΔH) and entropic (-TΔS) contributions. Because the enthalpy and entropy contribute in an additive way to the binding energy, the same binding affinity can be achieved by many different combinations of enthalpic and entropic contributions; however, do compounds with similar binding affinities but different thermodynamic signatures (i.e., different ΔH, -TΔS combinations) exhibit the same functional effects? Are there characteristics of compounds that can be modulated by modifying their thermodynamic signatures? In this paper, we consider the minimization of unwanted conformational effects arising during the development of CD4/gp120 inhibitors, a new class of HIV-1 cell entry inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors of protein/protein interactions run the risk of triggering the very same signals that they are supposed to inhibit. Here, we show that for CD4/gp120 inhibitors, the magnitude of those unwanted effects is related to the proportion in which the enthalpy and entropy changes contribute to the binding affinity. The thermodynamic optimization plot (TOP) previously proposed to optimize binding affinity can also be used to obtain appropriate enthalpy/entropy combinations for drug candidates.
Motivation for Statistical Approaches

This chapter contains sections titled: Lack of Detailed Information Sensitivity of Fields to Cavity Geometry and Excitation Interpretation of Results Problems
Iron and zinc interactions in humans

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world; zinc deficiency is associated with poor growth and development and impaired immune response. Several Third World countries are taking measures to increase the dietary intake of iron and zinc with fortification of foods or dietary supplements. Several studies showed that high iron concentrations can negatively affect zinc absorption in adults when these trace minerals are given in solution. However, when iron and zinc are given in a meal, this effect is not observed. Solomons (J Nutr 1986;116:927-35) postulated that the total amount of ionic species affects the absorption of zinc and that a total dose of >25 mg Fe may produce a measurable effect on zinc absorption. This could occur if iron supplements are taken with a meal, and iron experts recommend that iron supplements be taken between meals. Recent studies using stable isotopes showed that fortifying foods with iron at current fortification amounts has no adverse effect on zinc absorption. There are 5 zinc salts listed as generally recommended as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration for food fortification. From 1970 to 1987, the total amount of zinc salts used in food continually increased, with zinc oxide and zinc sulfate showing the largest increases. Twelve iron sources are listed as GRAS; elemental iron has become the source of choice because it is less expensive to produce and has fewer organoleptic problems. Use of ferrous fumarate is also increasing.
The use of autopsy in preclinical medical education: a survey of pathology educators.

Abstract Context.—Declining rates and increased competition for student contact hours pose challenges to integrating autopsies into preclinical curricula. Some have stated that the practice is minimally used with few students having the opportunity to observe necropsies. Objective.—To determine the degree to and manner in which autopsies are used in the preclinical medical education. Design.—A survey was distributed to the membership of the Group for Research in Pathology Education, an organization of preclinical pathology educators, assessing the nature of preclinical student exposure to postmortem examinations, how the experience was integrated in curricula, and attitudes toward the practice. Results.—Fifty-one of 131 instructors (38.9%) responded. Most (86.2%) integrated autopsy material into coursework, usually in pathology education (63.1%) with 10.7% using it in discussions on end-of-life issues. The majority (74.5%) furnish students the opportunity to observe autopsies, typically in small groups. V...
Morphology of Echovirus 22

Abstract Purified preparations of echovirus 22 were examined in the electron microscope. The virus was found to possess 32 capsomers arranged at the vertices of either a pentakis dodecahedron or a rhombic triacontahedron. The size of the virions ranges from 22 × 10−3 to 32 × 10−3 μm with a mean of 27 × 10−3 μm and a mode of 28 × 10−3 μm.
The quasi-uniformity condition for reproducing kernel element method meshes

The reproducing kernel element method is a hybrid between finite elements and meshfree methods that provides shape functions of arbitrary order and continuity yet retains the Kronecker-δ property. To achieve these properties, the underlying mesh must meet certain regularity constraints. This paper develops a precise definition of these constraints, and a general algorithm for assessing a mesh is developed. The algorithm is demonstrated on several mesh types. Finally, a guide to generation of quasi-uniform meshes is discussed.
Association of Maternal Floor Infarction of the Placenta with Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome † 1191

Association of Maternal Floor Infarction of the Placenta with Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome † 1191
Nanoscale microcavities for biomedical sensor applications

Porous silicon nanostructures are ideal hosts for sensor applications because of their large internal surface area, which implies strong adsorbate effects. The average pore size can be easily adjusted to accommodate either small or large molecular species. When porous silicon is fabricated into a structure consisting of two high reflectivity multilayer mirrors separated by an active layer, a microcavity is formed. Multiple narrow and visible luminescence peaks are observed with a full width at half the maximum value of 3 nm. These multiple peak microcavity resonators are very sensitive structures. Any slight change in the effective optical thickness induces a change in the reflectivity spectra, causing a shift in the interference peaks. We demonstrate the usefulness of this microcavity resonator structure as a biosensor. Biosensors are devices that exploit the powerful recognition capability of bioreceptors. We have fabricated a DNA biosensor based on a porous silicon multiple peak microcavity structure. An initial strand of DNA is first immobilized in a porous silicon substrate and then subsequently exposed to its complementary DNA strand. Shifts in the luminescence spectra are observed and detected for DNA concentrations less than 1 (mu) M. When exposed to a non- complementary DNA strand, no shifts are observed. A detailed study on the selectivity and sensitivity issues of porous silicon microcavity biosensors is presented.
Plate motion controls on back-arc spreading

The motions of the subducting and the overriding plates influence the spatial and temporal distribution of back-arc spreading. Cenozoic plate motions in hot spot-fixed and no-net-rotation reference frames were studied with attention to correlations between changes in motion and episodes of back-arc spreading in the western Pacific. The results suggest that major back-arc opening occurs when both the overriding plate retreats from the trench in an absolute sense and the subducting plate undergoes a significant speed-up. Neither phenomenon alone is sufficient to initiate spreading. Three major plate velocity increases can be identified in the Cenozoic: (1) the Pacific plate 5-9 Ma; (2) the Indian plate at 27 Ma; and (3) the Pacific plate at 43 Ma, due to its shift from northerly to more westerly motion. At the present time, the Indian and Philippine are the only overriding plates that are retreating from their Pacific trenches and back-arc spreading occurs only on these two retreating plates. Although the Indian plate has been retreating for at least 25 Ma, back-arc spreading began only following the Pacific plate speed-up 5-9 Ma. Earlier, during the Indian plate speed-up, no overriding plates were retreating strongly and no back-arc spreading epsiodes are preserved from this time. For the earliest Pacific plate shift at 43 Ma, the Eurasian plate was not advancing, thus creating the only favorable plate kinematic conditions in the Cenozoic for back-arc basin formation in this region. It is unclear whether extension in the Japan Sea is a result of these conditions.
Interferometric technique for the measurement of photonic band structure in colloidal crystals

Under suitable conditions polystyrene microsphere colloids form photonic crystals capable of diffracting visible light, analogous to x-ray diffraction from atomic crystal planes. The lattice spacings of these crystals can be tailored to satisfy the Bragg condition along a certain direction for a particular desired wavelength. A modified Mach–Zehnder interferometer has been developed for accurately measuring relative phase shifts of light propagating in photonic crystals to determine the dispersion resulting from photonic band structure near the band edges.
Characterization of an unusual DNA length polymorphism 5' to the human antithrombin III gene

Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that a DNA length polymorphism 5' to the human antithrombin III gene is due to the presence of 32bp or 108bp nonhomologous nucleotide sequences (variable segments) 345bp upstream from the translation initiation codon. Sequences at the 3' borders of both variable segments can form intrastrand inverted repeat structures with sequences further downstream. An inverted repeat is also found immediately 5' to the site where the variable segments are located. Thus, cruciform structures may form flanking the variable segments of both alleles of this DNA length polymorphism. DNA secondary structure may be detected with single strand specific nucleases. S1 nuclease sensitive sites were mapped in recombinant plasmids containing the cloned alleles of the ATIII length polymorphism. The site most sensitive to S1 is located upstream from the variable segments in an AT-rich segment flanked by 6bp direct repeats. A region of lesser nuclease sensitivity was also observed in the AT-rich loops formed between the inverted repeats 5' to the variable segments.
Low-lying electronic structure of triangular cobaltite

Abstract We report detailed Fermi surface topology and quasiparticle dynamics of the host cobaltate Na0.7CoO2. A direct mapping of the Fermi surface is carried out by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Fermi surface at 16 K is a hole-pocket centered around the Γ-point. A highly correlated nature of the electron liquid in this system is evidenced from strong on-site Coulomb interaction seen through a valence satellite and via renormalization of the quasiparticle dispersion. The quasiparticle band disperses less than 100 meV and exists in the T-linear regime of resistivity up to 120 K.
Reflectively tapped optical fibre transversal filters

A continuous length of silica fibre containing dielectric mirrors produced by a novel fusion-splicing technique is used in demonstrating delay-line signal processors.
Forest management treatments, tree resistance, and bark beetle resource utilization in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona

We show experimentally that forest restoration treatments that used thinning to reduce ponderosa pine density near Flagstaff, Arizona decreased the percentage of trees with successful bark beetle attacks induced by beetle community response to a Dendroctonus brevicomis pheromone. Underlying mechanisms for the beneficial effect of restoration treatments on tree resistance to bark beetles included stimulation of resin defenses. Resin flow after phloem wounding was greater in full and partial restoration treatments than the control in the first and second year after treatment. Five bark beetle species, Ips pini, D. brevicomis, D. valens, D. adjunctus, and D. frontalis, colonized and produced brood in the trees. There was a negative correlation between resin volume and number of brood that emerged from the bole. Niche breadth of the bark beetle species over bole positions was widest for I. pini and narrowest for D. brevicomis.
A model for the structure of ionomers

The nature of the distribution of ionic groups in cesium salts of ethylene-methacrylic acid and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers containing 2.1 to 6.3 mol% acid was examined using the small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering techniques. The low-angle data containing a maximum characteristic of these materials were analyzed according to principles of small-angle scattering theory. The radial distribution functions for a typical salt and unionized copolymer were derived from the combined small- and wide-angle data. The results of these two approaches indicate the presence of ionic clusters of the order of 10–20 A in size. There is evidence that these clusters are of spherical geometry. The low-angle maximum is interpreted as an interference resulting from short range ordering of ionic groups around ionic clusters.
Poloidal rotation velocities in the outer half of Alcator- C plasmas

Poloidal rotation velocities in the outer half of ohmically heated Alcator-C plasmas have been determined from the Doppler shift of impurity emission lines. The measurements were made using a high-resolution photon-counting detector, sensitive to wavelengths from \ensuremath{\sim}1200 to \ensuremath{\sim}2000 A\r{}, mounted in the exit plane of a 1-m Ebert-Fastie spectrometer. The following transitions were used: 2s2${p}^{1}$P${\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}_{1}$\char21{}2${p}^{2}$${}^{1}$${D}_{2}$ at 1371.292 at 1371.292 A\r{} in O v, 2s${}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}$\char21{}2${p}^{2}$P${\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}_{1/2}$ at 1242.804 A\r{} in N v (both of which exist near the limiter radius in Alcator-C), and 1s2s $^{3}S_{1}$\char21{}1s2p $^{3}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}_{2}$ at 1623.63 A\r{} in O vii (which exists at r/a\ensuremath{\sim}0.8). The measured rotation velocities are 4\char21{}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ cm/s in the direction of the electron diamagnetic drift at the radius of the O v emission shell and \ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ cm/s at the radius of the O vii emission shell, again in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. Therefore poloidal rotation of the outer half of the Alcator-C plasma with a velocity of several times ${10}^{5}$ cm/s in the direction of the electron diamagnetic drift is firmly established by these measurements.
Low-Rise Architectural Aerodynamics: The Texas Tech University Experimental Building

The United States National Science Foundation sponsored Colorado State University/Texas Tech University Cooperative Programme on Wind Engineering (CPWE) provides a focus for research on wind effects on man-made, low-rise buildings and structures. This unique cooperative programme permits a creative binding of experience in post-disaster evaluation, architectural aerodynamics, building codes, wind-tunnel simulation and computational fluid dynamics modeling methods. This paper summarizes some results extracted from one part of a total of eight components to the project. The CSUITTU CPWE is a five year programme of model and full-scale experimentation which is currently in its third year.
The Central American Midsummer Drought: Regional Aspects and Large-Scale Forcing

Abstract The midsummer drought (MSD) is a diminution in rainfall experienced during the middle of the rainy season in southern Mexico and Central America, as well as in the adjacent Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific seas. The aim of this paper is to describe the regional characteristics of the MSD and to propose some possible forcing mechanisms. Satellite and in situ data are used to form a composite of the evolution of a typical MSD, which highlights its coincidence with a low-level anticyclone centered over the Gulf of Mexico and associated easterly flow across Central America. The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the region is reduced in amplitude during midsummer. The MSD is also coincident with heavy precipitation over the Sierra Madre Occidental (part of the North American monsoon). Reanalysis data are used to show that the divergence of the anomalous low-level flow during the MSD is the main factor governing the variations in precipitation. A linear baroclinic model is used to show ...
A survey of hrim alumni: Were their expectations met?

One hundred and fifty-four responded to a survey mailed to alumni of Michigan State University's School of Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management who graduated from 1982 to 1987 While the findings point to some areas for improve ment, the overall conclusion of the study is that the realities of working in the hospitality industry are living up to the expectations these alumni had when they graduated. Differences in response patterns between males and females, as well as between those in the hotel industry and food service industry are presented.
The Opioid Treatment Agreement: A Real-World Perspective

Use of formal opioid treatment agreements (OTAs) predates recognition of the public health crisis of prescription drug abuse but has since gained increased attention. Alarming rates of prescription...
The Synthesis Of 2,3,6,7-Tetrasubstituted Naphthalenes: 2,3,6,7-Tetrachloronaphthalene

Abstract The synthesis of 2,3,6,7-tetrasubstituted naphthalenes and naphthalene derivatives via the cycloaddition reaction of 4,5 dichloro-o-quinodimethane has been accomplished.
Other transgenic mutation assays: APRT: A versatile in vivo resident reporter of local mutation and loss of heterozygosity

We describe an in vivo mutagenesis model that utilizes reverse mutation and forward mutation at the endogenous Aprt locus. Reverse mutation provides an in situ method for detecting environments or agents that cause point mutations. Forward mutation detects large chromosomal events, including mitotic recombination, chromosome loss, and large multilocus deletion, all of which can lead to loss of heterozygosity. Detection of reverse mutation in vivo is based on the differential capacity of Aprt+ and Aprt− cells to sequester radiolabeled adenine by catalyzing its conversion to adenosine monophosphate with subsequent incorporation into nucleic acids. Cells lacking APRT activity cannot accumulate exogenously administered, tagged adenine, whereas Aprt− cells can and will thereby become marked. Thus, genetically modified mice with mutant but revertible Aprt alleles should be a useful vehicle for in situ detection of mutagenic activity in the whole animal. The feasibility of this model has been illustrated, first, by showing that APRT-deficient mice are viable and, second, by demonstrating that the minority of Aprt+ cells within a chimeric tumor growing in an Aprt− mouse can be selectively labeled following IP injection of [14C]-adenine and can be identified by autoradiography. Forward mutation, detected by growth in selective medium of primary cells derived from Aprt+/- heterozygous mice, provides an independent estimate of in viva mutation frequency. The frequency with which Aprt− colonies arise provides a measure of the frequency of Aprt−-negative cells in the tissue at that point in time. Culture of skin fibroblasts in 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) produced Aprt− colonies with a frequency of about 10−4. This frequency is similar to that found for human T lymphocytes from individuals heterozygous at the Aprt locus. In both cases, the majority of mutagenic events involved allele loss. Polymerase chain reaction with linked polymorphic microsatellites on mouse chromosome 8 demonstrated that allele loss was mediated mostly by mitotic recombination, as was the case for human T lymphocytes. The high frequency of mitotic recombination and allele loss at a neutral locus has significant implications for the process of tumorigenesis and argues that spontaneous or induced mitotic recombination may play a causal role in the progression to cancer. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Neck Mass in a Young Child

The following Brief Report was written by residents. A discussion by a member of the residents' faculty follows. We invite any resident to submit such articles, together with commentary by a faculty member.
Extended mechanical circulatory support with a continuous-flow rotary left ventricular assist device.

Objectives This study sought to evaluate the use of a continuous-flow rotary left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as a bridge to heart transplantation. Background LVAD therapy is an established treatment modality for patients with advanced heart failure. Pulsatile LVADs have limitations in design precluding their use for extended support. Continuous-flow rotary LVADs represent an innovative design with potential for small size and greater reliability by simplification of the pumping mechanism. Methods In a prospective, multicenter study, 281 patients urgently listed (United Network of Organ Sharing status 1A or 1B) for heart transplantation underwent implantation of a continuous-flow LVAD. Survival and transplantation rates were assessed at 18 months. Patients were assessed for adverse events throughout the study and for quality of life, functional status, and organ function for 6 months. Results Of 281 patients, 222 (79%) underwent transplantation, LVAD removal for cardiac recovery, or had ongoing LVAD support at 18-month follow-up. Actuarial survival on support was 72% (95% confidence interval: 65% to 79%) at 18 months. At 6 months, there were significant improvements in functional status and 6-min walk test (from 0% to 83% of patients in New York Heart Association functional class I or II and from 13% to 89% of patients completing a 6-min walk test) and in quality of life (mean values improved 41% with Minnesota Living With Heart Failure and 75% with Kansas City Cardiomyopathy questionnaires). Major adverse events included bleeding, stroke, right heart failure, and percutaneous lead infection. Pump thrombosis occurred in 4 patients. Conclusions A continuous-flow LVAD provides effective hemodynamic support for at least 18 months in patients awaiting transplantation, with improved functional status and quality of life. (Thoratec HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist System [LVAS] for Bridge to Cardiac Transplantation; NCT00121472)
Activity-Based Costing/Management and Its Implications for Operations Management

Activity-Based Costing/Management (ABC/M) is an Information System developed in the 1980s to overcome some of the limitations of traditional cost accounting and to enhance its usefulness to strategic decision-making. In this paper, we show how an ABC/M system can serve as a useful information system to support effective operations decision-making processes. We propose a conceptual framework, Operations Hexagon, to discuss the managerial implications of an ABC/M system for various operations management decisions related to product planning and design, quality management and control, inventory management, capacity management and work force management. By viewing an ABC/M system as an enabler to improve the operations decision-making, we demonstrate that these systems enable an operations manager to enhance the quality of the decision-making process.  2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Response to “Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy”: A Dramatic Effort to Redefine Short-Term and Time-Limited Services

Therapeutic Enactment (TE) groups, as presented in the article, “Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy,” offer an exciting and promising addition to the types of groups traditionally offered in university counseling centers. The brevity of member participation, the lack of empirical evidence of effectiveness, and the significant level of leader competency required for effective facilitation of the groups are notable limitations that deserve attention.
Robust techniques for testing heterogeneity of variance effects in factorial designs

Several ways of using the traditional analysis of variance to test heterogeneity of spread in factorial designs with equal or unequaln are compared using both theoretical and Monte Carlo results. Two types of spread variables, (1) the jackknife pseudovalues ofs 2 and (2) the absolute deviations from the cell median, are shown to be robust and relatively powerful. These variables seem to be generally superior to the Z-variance and Box-Scheffe procedures.
Effect of separate and combined maternal ingestion of alkali metals on the developing mouse.

The effect of postnatal maternal ingestion of LiCl, CsCl or both during weaning period on the developing newborn was studied in the albino mouse. Maternal exposure to CsCl alone or in combination with LiCl reduced the weanling body weight from corresponding control which persisted for a subsequent 2 weeks after separation of the offspring from maternal breast feeding. This was compared to a moderate reduction in offspring growth by maternal Li- exposure during alkali metal-free period. Exposure of nursing dams to either alkali metals studied, but not their combination, decreased brain weight of the developing mouse. The maternal Li- exposure caused a marked increase in female but not male offspring spleen weight as compared to a reduction of kidney weight from corresponding controls. Coadministration of CsCl with LiCl negated this sex-dependent Li-mediated changes of the offspring's tissue weights. The maternal Li-treatment caused sex-dependent induction of offspring hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase but not alcohol dehydrogenase. The results suggest that breast feeding by nursing dams ingesting these alkali metals could cause retarded growth during development. The Cs+ appears to negate some of the changes produced by Li on brain and kidney weights. The interaction between Cs+ and Li+ may prove useful in minimizing some of the neonatal toxicity studied.
Arousal from hibernation alters contextual learning and memory.

Abstract Hibernation is a unique and highly regulated physiological state characterized by profound, albeit periodically reversible, depression in body temperature, metabolism, and consciousness. Hippocampal synapses undergo pronounced remodeling in concert with torpor and arousal. During hibernation, the number of postsynaptic densities, apical dendritic branches, and spine densities decreases substantially in the hippocampus. Upon arousal these parameters increase beyond pre-hibernation levels and peak within 2–3 h. By 24 h after arousal, dendritic parameters remain elevated but have started to subside, consistent with pruning and differentiation. The present study examined the functional consequences of these natural changes in synaptic structure. Wild-caught Arctic ground squirrels (AGS) were trained in a hippocampal-dependent contextual fear conditioning task at 3 h, 24 h, or 4 weeks after arousal (warm-adapted euthermic control group). All groups acquired the fear conditioned response similarly on the training day. During a subsequent retention test session, AGS in the 24 h group exhibited enhanced expression of contextual fear compared to the other two groups. These data suggest that the morphological and biochemical changes occurring at 24 h after arousal from hibernation affect hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. The natural change in synaptic structure during hibernation may provide a unique opportunity to assess the neural substrates underlying cognitive enhancement.
Cultivating practice & shepherding technology use: supporting appropriation among unanticipated users

Previous work has shown that the successful appropriation of technology into practice depends heavily on users' understandings and narratives around the technology's use. Who drives the successful appropriation process is still ill-defined within the literature. In this paper, we present a case study conducted in a research university, using interviews to understand staff practices and technology appropriation within their work contexts. We found that the successful appropriation of collaborative IT relies on the invisible work conducted by those people within groups who formally or informally aid their colleagues in the successful 'cultivation' of practices and sensemaking around technology-people we call shepherds. We draw parallels to other work that suggest the need for similar types of agents and close with a dialog concerning the challenge of establishing shepherding practices within large organizations.
EVALUATING EQUITY IN THE MARITAL RELATIONSHIP: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

Theory concerning the differing perceptions of marital partners often seems to invite the use of difference scores for measuring concepts such as equity, homogamy, inconsistency in social status, c...
Primary structural relationship of p16 to m16 ribosomal RNA.

IMMATURE ribosomes contain RNAs which can be distinguished from the molecules present in mature ribosomes1. The precursor of 16S rRNA (p16) can be identified in pulse labelled cells2–4; the conversion of p16 to mature 16S rRNA (m16) occurs during the latter stages of ribosome assembly and demands concomitant protein synthesis1. We have compared oligonucleotide fingerprints of E. coli p16 and m16 rRNA mixtures, labelled respectively with32P and3H or32P and33P and now report that the precursor is of 10% greater molecular weight than the mature molecules. Identifiable sequences are cleaved from the precursor during the maturation process.
Analysis of periodic and event-driven rescheduling policies in dynamic shops

Abstract We address the problem of rescheduling production systems in the face of dynamic job arrivals. Using simple single-and parallel-machine models to gain insight, we provide worst-case and computational analyses of periodic and event-driven rescheduling policies. Our results indicate that event-driven policies can obtain high-quality schedules with less rescheduling than continuous rescheduling policies. We also show that if structure in the job arrival process is exploited very effective periodic rescheduling policies can be designed.
Alternative property rights to wetland externalities

Abstract A two-sector model is developed in which wetlands increase the productivity of the fishing industry and enhance the utility of households, or, alternatively, are converted to agriculture. In the context of a perfectly competitive market economy, the optimal quantity of wetlands is fostered by a unit tax on converted wetlands in combination with a unit subsidy on preserved wetlands. The sum of the tax plus the subsidy must equal the marginal benefits of preserved wetlands to the fishing industry and to households. To the extent that property rights to wetland externalities are vested with wetland property owners, the subsidy will be large relative to the tax. Conversely, to the extent that property rights to these externalities are vested with the general public, the tax will be large relative to the subsidy.
Speed and Direction of Swimming by Postlarvae of the American Lobster

Abstract The postlarva (larval stage IV) of the American lobster Homarus americanus is very different in form and behavior from earlier larval stages. Recruitment to the benthic population occurs during the postlarval period. Field observations in Rhode Island nearshore waters showed most postlarvae to be swimming in northerly to easterly directions. Average swimming speed in the field was 18 cm/s. Swimming speeds in the laboratory averaged 13.2 cm/s for field-captured and 10.7 cm/s for hatchery-reared postlarvae. Sustained directional swimming could have a considerable effect on postlarval distribution, and thus on patterns of recruitment to benthic populations.
Invited Review: Nutrition Care of Patients With Acute and Chronic Respiratory Failure

Nutrition is intimately linked to pulmonary function and an understanding of these relationships have therapeutic utility. Malnutrition is known to be associated with impaired mechanical function of the lung in both chronic and acute respiratory insufficiency. Refeeding results in improvement in functional characteristics and may be critical in the weaning of patients from mechanical ventilation. In contrast, overfeeding may result in an increased ventilatory demand resulting in the inability to wean from respiratory support. This article considers the background as well as recommendations for the nutritional care of patients with acute and chronic respiratory failure.
Temporal associations between thoracic volume overload and malignant ventricular arrhythmias: a study of intrathoracic impedance.

Volume Overload and Ventricular Arrhythmias. Background: Acute exacerbations of heart failure (HF) are believed to trigger malignant ventricular arrhythmias, but the temporal association between fluid accumulation and ventricular arrhythmias has not been evaluated in an objective manner. We hypothesized that increased intrathoracic fluid accumulation in patients with HF, as measured by an index of intrathoracic impedance, is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Methods and Results: We analyzed interrogations in a cohort of 96 patients with left ventricular dysfunction (EF ≤ 35%) with devices that monitor intrathoracic impedance (OptiVol fluid index). Treated episodes of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF) were adjudicated and stratified according to predetermined fluid index thresholds (OptiVol indices of 15, 30, 45, 60 Ω-days). VT/VF episodes occurred in 16 patients (17%). VT/VF was more common on days when the fluid index was elevated using threshold values of 15, 30, and 45 Ω-days (P = 0.006, 0.04, 0.02, respectively). There were no differences in the percent of time above any threshold between patients with and without VT/VF. Conclusions: In patients with HF who develop VT/VF, volume overload, as detected by an index incorporating changes in intrathoracic impedance, was temporally associated with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 293-299, March 2011)
Estimation of the effect of neutropenia on rates of clinical bacteraemia in HIV-infected patients

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to quantitate the relationship between neutropenia and rates of clinical bacteraemia among adults with HIV infection receiving medical care at one institution between 1991-5. The primary exposure, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), was summarized as mean ANC within a given week, using a five-level stratification (reference > 1000/microl). ANC stratum-specific rates of bacteraemia were calculated, by organism type. Linear trend tests were performed to assess dose-response relationship between neutropenia and rates of bacteraemia. The cohort included 1645 patients contributing 26,785 patients-weeks and 191 episodes of bacteraemia. The unadjusted effect of neutropenia was most evident for bacteraemia due to E. coli (RR 3.4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (RR 16.7), and P. aeruginosa (RR 10.4). For bacteraemia due to any of these three organisms (47 episodes), with reference ANC > 1000/microl, relative rates were: 751-1000/microl, 1.12; 501-750/microl, 2.11; 251-500/microl, 13.58; 0-250/microl, 21.89.
Test of special relativity by a determination of the Lorentz limiting velocity: Does E=mc2?

We describe a method by which existing precision measurements may be used to provide a new laboratory test of the special theory of relativity. In this test the speed of light ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathrm{em}}$ is compared to the limiting velocity of massive particles, ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}$. Although it is conventionally assumed that ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathrm{em}}$=${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}$ieqc, this need not be the case in phenomenological alternatives to special relativity. Our results impose limits on the quantity (1-${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{m}}$/${\mathit{c}}_{\mathrm{em}}$). Unlike null tests of special relativity, this limit does not depend on assumptions concerning the motion of the laboratory with respect to a preferred frame.
On the Construction of an Euler-Bernoulli Beam from Spectral Data

Abstract A numerical method for approximating coefficients in an Euler-Bernoulli beam equation from spectral data is proposed. The technique is based on a shooting method and constructs a beam that has the given spectral data. Numerical examples illustrate the performance of the method.
Catching a Glimpse of Gut Bacteria–Drug Interactions

Our second genome, the microbiome, is well hidden in the depths of our colonized body cavities. Having established who’s who in these bacterial communities, researchers are now tooling up to tease out interdependencies between the microbiota and its host. The research trio of Maurice, Haiser, and Turnbaugh has paired cell-sorting with RNA sequencing and backed these approaches up with metagenomic studies to study the effects of xenobiotic drugs on the human microbiome. Prompted by findings that the members of microbial communities can show wildly different physiological states, the authors found by means of fluorescent staining that only slightly more than half of the bacteria in stool samples from healthy volunteers are metabolically active. Nearly a third of the gut microbial cells had impaired membrane integrity, and another quarter showed profound damage. Members of the phylum Firmicutes tended to be metabolically active, whereas Bacteroidetes were less so. Damaged bacteria showed a similar communal structure to the active group, suggesting that the increase in metabolism leads to a higher-paced cellular turnover. Gene expression was higher in the active Firmicutes than in the less active Bacteroidetes. This analysis sets the stage to explore the responses of these human gut microbes to small molecules. The authors chose a battery of 14 xenobiotics, which included antibiotics and other, host-targeted drugs, for incubation with fecal samples under ex vivo conditions. As expected, antibiotics induced a more pronounced effect on microbial physiology than did the drugs designed to target host physiology. Antibiotics altered gene expression in about 1700 gene clusters, inducing antibiotic-resistance genes and stress-response pathways. Even the less-effective host-targeting drugs induced gene expression changes in ~300 microbial gene clusters, which included candidate genes for the biotransformation of drugs. As the authors discuss, these findings point the way to mechanistic studies on the modulation of drug efficacy or toxicity by individual or groups of gut microbes. C. F. Maurice et al., Xenobiotics shape the physiology and gene expression of the active human gut microbiome. Cell 152 , 39–50 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2812%2901428-6
Pharmacokinetic allometric scaling of coagulation factors and tissue‐type plasminogen activators

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive performance of pharmacokinetic interspecies scaling of coagulation factors and tissue-type plasminogen activators to predict clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state and half-life in humans from animal data. The human pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted using one, two or at least three animal species. The results of the study indicated that the pharmacokinetic parameters of coagulation factors and tissue-type plasminogen activators can be predicted with reasonable accuracy in humans when three or more animal species are available. Two-species scaling can also be performed, but the accuracy of predicted parameters is less than three-species scaling.
Linking microcomputers and dedicated word processing systems for increased productivity

Abstract With the decline in cost of hardware, more and more professionals are acquiring personal computers at their desk. Most common uses of these office computers are word processing and spreadsheet (e.g. LOTUS 123, MULTIMATE, FRAMEWORK, etc. 1 ) applications. Professionals typically generate text directly on the personal computer (in lieu of hand written copy) and use spreadsheet programs to tabulate and analyze collected field data. A problem in some offices is integrating text and data prepared on the personal computer with existing dedicated word processing systems which have existed in many office environments for some time. One solution is to have the text and tabulated data retyped into the word processing system, however, this approach is not an effective use of resources. The Industrial Hygiene Section, Industrywide Studies Branch (DSHEFS), NIOSH has developed procedures for electronically linking personal microcomputers with an office-wide word processing system. Using a commercially available hardware “board” (which may be inserted into an open slot in an IBM-PC or compatible), the rough copy report and tabulated spreadsheet data can be electronically linked and “uploaded” from a microcomputer to the word processing system. At NIOSH, a WANG word processing system is the office-wide system for preparing and publishing final reports. This system is not readily compatible with IBM-PC (or similar) microcomputers; however, using MULTIMATE (a commercially available word processing program) and the hardware board, documents can be readily transferred to the WANG virtually unchanged from the copy generated on the microcomputer. Importantly, spreadsheet data can be similarly transferred and linked to a document on the WANG wordprocessing system. This paper describes the sequence of steps, along with necessary hardware and software, to achieve the integration of written documents and numerical data (analyzed by LOTUS 123) from a microcomputer to a office-wide WANG word processing system.
The resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna

An experimental investigation of the radiation and circuit properties of a resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna has been undertaken. The radiation patterns and input impedance have been measured for structures of various geometrical aspect ratios, dielectric constants, and sizes of coaxial feed probes. A simple theory utilizing the magnetic wall boundary condition is shown to correlate well with measured results for radiation patterns and resonant frequencies.
Daisaku Ikeda's Philosophy of Soka Education in Practice: A Narrative Analysis of Culturally Specific Language

The author analyzes two teachers' narratives of their understanding and practice of Daisaku Ikeda's (1928–) philosophy of Soka (value-creating) education in relation to narratives of their experiences as students at the Soka schools he founded. These narratives both triangulate an implicit though culturally specific language used to articulate Ikeda's philosophy of Soka education and suggest the participants' teaching embodies his philosophy.
Effects of memory processing on regional brain activation : cerebral blood flow in normal subjects

The role of the temporal lobe in memory has been implicated in lesion studies, which have also suggested the hypothesis of greater left hemispheric involvement in verbal, and right hemispheric involvement in facial memory. We tested these hypotheses in a sample of 27 normal right-handed subjects using the Xenon clearance method for measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF). The CBF was measured during resting baseline, word recognition, and face recognition conditions in counterbalanced order. CBF increased during recognition compared to baseline, and for the midtemporal lobe this increase was asymmetric to the left hemisphere for words and to the right for faces. While overall CBF levels and task related increases in CBF were uncorrelated either with performance or with A performance (excess performance relative to basal memory abilities), laterality of task-related CBF correlated with both performance indices, showing regional specificity of correlations. This neurobehavioral probe paradigm can be applied in ...
Functional analysis and etiology

Cummins (1982) argues that etiological considerations are not onlyinsufficient butirrelevant for the determination offunction. I argue that his claim of irrelevance rests on a misrepresentation of the use of functions in evolutionary explanations. I go on to suggest how accepting anetiological constraint on functional analysis might help resolve some problems involving the use of functional explanations.