cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subsonic, transonic, and supersonic nozzle flow by the inverse technique.

The inverse technique is used to obtain a mathematically and physically consistent solution of the flowfield in a nozzle from the mass generation surface through the supersonic region. The inverse method employs an assumed centerline function which is of the Cauchy type in that the values and the derivatives of the function are known. Since the Cauchy boundary conditions can give rise to numerical instabilities, the governing gasdynamic equations for rotational steady flow were transformed into a form which puts the geometry into a rectangular shape, and which spaces the network of interior points more finely in regions of the greatest gradients of the dependent variables. For arbitrarily specified centerline data, the solution of the governing flow equations may not exist, and if it does it may not depend continuously on the data.
Accretion in wind-driven X-ray sources

The hydrodynamics of axisymmetric accretion flow in stellar wind-fed X-ray sources is investigated, including momentum deposition by radiation, as well as radiative heating and cooling by Compton and bremsstrahlung processes. The results of two-dimensional numerical simulations for mass accretion rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.4 of the Eddington value reveal a variety of behaviors. At low rates radiative effects are unimportant, and the accretion flow is nearly adiabatic. In this case the flow is steady. For intermediate accretion rates, radiative heating and cooling effects become important. The flow remains steady, but the accretion rate is significantly reduced from the Hoyle-Lyttleton estimate. At the highest mass accretion rates, radiative momentum transfer and energy exchange are important and lead to nonsteady behavior. For the parameters relevant to massive X-ray binary systems accreting at high rates, the results reveal that the accretion flows can be complex and time dependent.
Involvement of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in the rat

Abstract The involvement of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron in secondary hyperalgesia was evaluated using a model of secondary hyperalgesia induced by a small intradermal injection of capsaicin in the rat, a procedure known to produce mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia in humans. Capsaicin injection into the glabrous skin of the hind paw led to increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments at the injection site (i.e. primary hyperalgesia) as well as in an area of the hind paw remote from the site of injection (i.e. secondary hyperalgesia). Surgical removal of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the hind paw plantar skin before the capsaicin injection prevented secondary hyperalgesia. However, decentralization of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons subserving the hind paw did not effect secondary hyperalgesia. Phentolamine, an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, as well as prazosin, an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, given systemically, both blocked the development of secondary hyperalgesia. Yohimbine, an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was without effect. Prazosin also blocked the development of secondary hyperalgesia when given intradermally at the site of capsaicin injection. Activation of C-fibres with capsaicin induces secondary hyperalgesia, which is sympathetic postganglionic neuron-dependent. This sensory-sympathetic interaction is, however, independent of preganglionic sympathetic outflow and seems to be mediated by an α1-adrenergic mechanism. Sensory-sympathetic interaction appears to take place in the area of capsaicin-induced C-fibre nociceptor activation.
A unifying study of tandem-junction, front-surface-field, and interdigitated-back-contact solar cells

Abstract A theoretical-experimental study of tandem-junction, front-surface-field, and interdigitated-back-contact solar cells is presented. The approach taken in the theoretical analysis emphasizes detailed qualitative physical reasoning which leads to quantitative results. This approach enables the three-dimensional boundary-value problems describing these solar cells to be made tractable. A major result is a unifying view of the physics underlying the performance of these cells. The important physical mechanisms are identified and described, and cell design considerations and trade-offs are discussed.
Marxism and Chinese Population Policies

The compatibility of Marxism with family planning policies is examined and the relationship between population programs and economic modernization in China is discussed. The authors argue that family planning is not only consistent with Marxism but is fundamental to its concept of socioeconomic transformation and that the Chinese population policy developed throughout the 1970s and early 1980s is consistent with the conceptual framework of Marx and Engels. A distinction is made between the orientation of Chinese policies and those actions developed by neo-Malthusians. The authors conclude by explaining how China is working toward a coordinated approach to human and material reproduction.
A limiting effect in narrow permalloy lines

Large stresses can occur in the Permalloy films employed for bubble propagation and detection. In narrow lines and features anisotropic stress relaxation can lead to strong magnetic anisotropies. It is shown that these anisotropies can have a dominant influence on the magnetic behaviour of narrow lines and on the chevron sensor.
A note on the alkaloidal ratios in certain species of Datura

Abstract A comparative study was made of D. stramonium L., D. stramonium L. var. inermis, D. tatula L. It consisted of the determination of the total and individual alkaloidal contents of the leaves. Paper chromatography was the method employed in separating the total alkaloids into the individual components which were subsequently assayed. Known sample mixtures of pure hyoscyamine and scopolamine were separated by the use of paper electrophoresis at a pH of 9.5 after a two-hour period of electromigration
Paper has been my ruin: Conceptual relations of polysemous senses

Polysemous words have different but related meanings (senses), such as paper meaning a newspaper or writing material. Six experiments examined the similarity of word senses using categorization and inference tasks. The experiments found that subjects did not categorize together phrases that used a polysemous word in different senses, though they did when the word was used in the same sense. Different senses of a word were categorized together no more than 20% of the time, only slightly more often than different meanings of homonyms. Pre-exposing subjects to a polysemous relation did not increase categorization of word senses that had that relation. Finally, induction from one sense of a word to a different sense was also weak. The results are consistent with the view that polysemous senses are represented separately, often with little semantic overlap, helping to explain previous results that using a word in one sense interferes with using it in another sense, even if the senses are related. Implications for lexical representations are discussed.
Range queries for mobile objects in wireless sensor networks

This work addresses the problem of processing spatio-temporal range queries when the mobile entities are tracked in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). We demonstrate that in many realistic settings, depending on the parameters of a given range query, the tracking of a particular moving object may not be needed past certain thresholds in space and/or time. We also propose and analyze distributed data-reduction techniques for the purpose of reducing the energy consumption due to communication.
Pursuit afternystagmus asymmetry in humans

It is known that prolonged unidirectional motion of a large field induces a reflexive drift of the eyes in the same direction when the stimulus is turned off. The phenomenon, which is called optokinetic afternystagmus, is known to be stronger after upward than downward stimulus motion. It is now reported that a similar anisotropy exists in the afternystagmus associated with the smooth pursuit system (PAN). The speed of the PAN reflexive drift was found to be greater following upward tracking at all times tested during a 15 s interval when compared to the values following downward tracking. A psychophysical measure of illusory motion, presumed to be generated by suppression of PAN in order to maintain fixation upon a stationary target, also showed a significantly greater amplitude and duration for the upward direction. If the directional asymmetry is a property of a velocity integrator that is believed to generate the afternystagmus, then the results are compatible with the existence of a common integrator for both optokinetic and pursuit systems.
Designing a model of turbulent dissipation by internal wave breaking

In some regions of the ocean, massive internal waves travel vertically through the water column. Buoyed by strong temperature and pressure gradients, the waves—which can be hundreds of meters tall—carry cold, deep water up toward the surface. The slow-moving waves are a major component of ocean turbulence, and their existence drives a large-scale redistribution of salt, energy, heat, and nutrients. When one of these oceanic internal waves breaks, however, the dissipation of turbulent energy diminishes ocean stratification, mitigating further mixing.
AORTIC DISSECTION PRESENTING AS HEMOPERICARDIUM AND PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE

The diagnosis of acute Type A aortic dissection requires a high index of suspicion because of the variable initial clinical presentation and high mortality rate without appropriate therapy. Syncope is an ominous presenting symptom as it may reflect pericardial tamponade. A 70-year-old male smoker
Solution sensitivity-based scenario reduction for stochastic unit commitment

A two-stage stochastic program is formulated for day-ahead commitment of thermal generating units to minimize total expected cost considering uncertainties in the day-ahead load and the availability of variable generation resources. Commitments of thermal units in the stochastic reliability unit commitment are viewed as first-stage decisions, and dispatch is relegated to the second stage. It is challenging to solve such a stochastic program if many scenarios are incorporated. A heuristic scenario reduction method termed forward selection in recourse clusters (FSRC), which selects scenarios based on their cost and reliability impacts, is presented to alleviate the computational burden. In instances down-sampled from data for an Independent System Operator in the US, FSRC results in more reliable commitment schedules having similar costs, compared to those from a scenario reduction method based on probability metrics. Moreover, in a rolling horizon study, FSRC preserves solution quality even if the reduction is substantial.
Shifts in tonic accommodation after near work are related to refractive errors in children

A link between changes in tonic accommodation (TA) produced by sustained near work and the development of adult-onset myopia has been suggested in studies of young adults. Measures of TA before and after near work have been lacking in children of school age, which is the most susceptible period for the development and progression of juvenile-onset myopia. In the present study accommodation was measured in 87 children, aged 7 to 16 years, before and after 15 minutes of video game playing. All children were refracted before testing and wore optical correction during measures of accommodation with a Canon R1 autorefractor. Most children showed initial values of TA (far focus minus dark focus) between 0.0 and 1.0 D, with a mean of 0.68 D. Grouped by refractive status, the myopic children initially showed 0.30 D of TA, while the emmetropic children showed 0.75 D and the hyperopic children showed 0.94 D. After playing the video game, TA of the myopes increased by 1.15 D, compared to smaller increases for the emmetropes (0.68 D) and hyperopes (0.24 D). Comparable values have been obtained from young adults. These results indicate that the smallest initial values of TA and the largest inward shifts in TA are found during the period of acquisition and progression of myopia, regardless of age.
Striving for social dominance over peers: The implications for academic adjustment during early adolescence.

This study investigated the proposal that social dominance goals are an important, but overlooked, aspect of social goals for young adolescents' academic adjustment. Self-reports of social goals (dominance, intimacy, and popularity goals) early in the school year were used to predict subsequent engagement (self-reports and peer nominations of effort toward school work and disruptive behavior) and achievement (i.e., grades) when students were in 6th grade (N = 718) and again after the transition to middle school when students were in 7th grade (N = 656; 52% African American and 48% White; 52% female and 48% male). In line with hypotheses, social dominance goals were associated with maladaptive forms of engagement and low achievement in 6th and 7th grades. For intimacy goals, relations were more limited, but when found, these goals were associated with adaptive forms of engagement in 6th and 7th grades. Popularity goals were not generally associated with engagement or achievement. The exception was 6th-grade African American girls, for whom popularity goals were associated with maladaptive engagement, (i.e., low effort, high disruptive behavior, and low peer nominations for trying hard and getting good grades).
Mitigating or Exacerbating Effects of Maternal-Fetal Programming of Female Mice Through the Food Choice Environment

Humans live, eat, and become overweight/obese in complex surroundings where there are many available food choices. Prenatal exposure to poor food choices predisposes offspring to increased negative health risks, including obesity. Many animal experiments have analyzed intergenerational body weight parameters in an environment without food choices, which may not be directly translatable to the human food environment. In this study, offspring from mothers with a defined high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) were arbitrarily assigned to either an exclusively LFD or HFD or to a diet where they have a choice between LFD and HFD (choice diet). Offspring displayed negative outcomes of increased body weight, body fat, serum leptin, and blood glucose levels when given the choice diet compared with offspring on the LFD. Conversely, improved energy expenditure was found for offspring given the choice diet compared with offspring from HFD dams given LFD. In addition, maternal diet-specific influences on offspring metabolic parameters were identified, especially in offspring from HFD dams, including positive outcomes of reduced leptin in LFD offspring, reduced corticosterone and cholesterol levels in HFD offspring, and increased exercise levels in choice offspring, as well as the negative outcome of increased calorie intake in LFD offspring from HFD dams. This defined model can now be used as the basis for future studies to characterize the cycle of inter- and intragenerational obesity and whether more realistic diet environments, especially those including choice, can mitigate phenotype.
Starvation Resistance in Lake Trout Fry

Newly hatched fry were acclimated to 7 or 12°C and either fed daily (controls) or denied food for varying lengths of time and then fed daily until the end of the study (day 91 at 7°C and day 43 at 12°C). Growth was reduced by delays in the onset of feeding of 27 or more days at 7°C and 7 or more days at 12°C. Mortality of fry unfed for more than 34 days at 7°C, or more than 21 days at 12°C, was higher than among controls. Daily mortality increased with the length of the food deprivation period and did not cease immediately when food was made available, but reached zero by the end of the study. Mortality among unfed fry reached 50% in about 59 days at 7°C and 32 days at 12°C. Study results permitted calculation of the “point-of-no-return” (PNR) mortality, which included the mortality that occurred during the period of food deprivation, and also the delayed component of mortality that was directly attributable to starvation and that occurred after food was made available. The PNR for 50% mortality for food-deprived fry occurred after 52 days at 7°C and 24 days at 12°C. Thus, both measures of mortality indicate that lake trout fry would be highly resistant to death by starvation in the thermal habitat they would be expected to occupy in the Great Lakes. We conclude that a more likely adverse effect of reduced food availability would result from a reduction in growth rate that extends the length of time fry remain small and vulnerable to predation by adult alewives and other non-native fishes with which they associate.
Catalytic mechanism of heme oxygenase through EPR and ENDOR of cryoreduced oxy-heme oxygenase and its Asp 140 mutants.

Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the O2- and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase-dependent conversion of heme to biliverdin, Fe, and CO through a process in which the heme participates both as a prostheti...
The Role of Patient-Centered Care in Nursing

Patient-centered care (PCC) has become a key focus in the delivery of health care. It is necessary to gain some perspective of its fit into nursing, which has become physically and mentally demanding in the care of diverse populations. Although there is no agreed-upon definition or classification, there are several key aspects that work with PCC that are discussed in detail. This article provides more clarity to the role of nursing using several aspects of PCC in its many forms to improve the quality of care provided in a way that is both manageable and safe.
Application of pattern recognition techniques to nuclear reactor surveillance

A multivariate statistical pattern recognition system for analyzing reactor noise signatures is presented. The capabilities of the system to detect deviations from normal operation were evaluated by experiments conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High-Flux Isotope Reactor. Power perturbations of less than 0.1% of the mean value in selected frequency ranges were readily detected by the system.
CONSUMER EVALUATION OF SODIUM REDUCED, RESTRUCTURED LAMB ROASTS

The longissimus dorsi (LD) and psoas major (PM) muscles were removed from the racks and loins of nine lamb carcasses (18 sides). Each LD was cut in half to yield 36 pieces of each muscle. Three defatted LD pieces and one PM were randomly grouped together (4 replications) and assigned to the following treatments at 1.5% of the fresh muscle weight: (1) 100% NaCl (control); (2) 75% NaCl + 25% KCl; (3) 50% NaCl + 50% KCl. Water (5%) and sodium tripolyphosphate (.3%) were also added. Muscle pieces were tumbled for 2 h, tied into roasts, cooked and smoked. Proximate analysis results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatment groups for percentage moisture and fat. The 100% NaCl control had significantly higher (P < 0.05) cooking yields than the 50% KCl replacement treatment. A consumer sensory panel found no consistent differences among treatments for juiciness, flavor desirability, off-flavor, or overall acceptability among treatments. Consumer panel responses indicate that the low-fat (5.3–6.8%), low-sodium (455–744 mg/100g), restructured lamb roasts evaluated in this experiment would be an acceptable new processed lamb product.
Hydrogen-mediated model for defect metastability in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

We propose a hydrogen-mediated model for defect metastability in hydrogenated amorphous silicon which associates the creation of paramagnetic defects with the transfer of hydrogen between the dilute and clustered phases of bonded hydrogen. Hydrogen in the clustered phase is predominantly paired on sites which we identify as weak Si-Si bonds when unhydrogenated. An elementary statistical-mechanics calculation based on this model accounts for the observed thermally activated paramagnetic defect density and also rationalizes the changes in spin density observed following electron irradiation and hydrogen evolution.
The Facilities Layout Problem in Perspective

The relative location of facilities in a functional layout has been determined under the criterion of materials handling cost minimization. Recent advances in analytical methods have provided superior solutions within this criterion hut the validity of certain underlying assumptions must be questioned. Materials handling as a criterion is deficient for many facilities layout problems; yet a modified definition of "materials" may yield considerable insight to the improved location of people. Each layout problem is made unique by its particular assumptions, constraints, limitations, and the intrinsic activity of the components; a guide to establishing this uniqueness and to selecting appropriate tool3 for analysis is presented.
D-series resolvin attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell activation and neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury

Recent evidence suggests that specialized lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids control resolution of inflammation, but little is known about resolution pathways in vascular injury. We sought to determine the actions of D-series resolvin (RvD) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and vascular injury. Human VSMCs were treated with RvD1 and RvD2, and phenotype was assessed by proliferation, migration, monocyte adhesion, superoxide production, and gene expression assays. A rabbit model of arterial angioplasty with local delivery of RvD2 (10 nM vs. vehicle control) was employed to examine effects on vascular injury in vivo. Local generation of proresolving lipid mediators (LC-MS/MS) and expression of RvD receptors in the vessel wall were assessed. RvD1 and RvD2 produced dose-dependent inhibition of VSMC proliferation, migration, monocyte adhesion, superoxide production, and proinflammatory gene expression (IC50≈0.1–1 nM). In balloon-injured rabbit arteries, cell proliferation (51%) and leukocyte recruitment (41%) were reduced at 3 d, and neointimal hyperplasia was attenuated (29%) at 28 d by RvD2. We demonstrate endogenous biosynthesis of proresolving lipid mediators and expression of receptors for RvD1 in the artery wall. RvDs broadly reduce VSMC responses and modulate vascular injury, suggesting that local activation of resolution mechanisms expedites vascular homeostasis.—Miyahara, T., Runge, S., Chatterjee, A., Chen, M., Mottola, G., Fitzgerald, J. M., Serhan, C. N., Conte, M. S. D-series resolvin attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell activation and neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury.
Sildenafil Citrate-Restored eNOS and PDE5 Regulation in Sickle Cell Mouse Penis Prevents Priapism Via Control of Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress

Sildenafil citrate revolutionized the practice of sexual medicine upon its federal regulatory agency approval approximately 15 years ago as the prototypical phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor indicated for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction. We now provide scientific support for its alternative use in the management of priapism, a clinical disorder of prolonged and uncontrolled penile erection. Sildenafil administered continuously to sickle cell mice, which show a priapism phenotype, reverses oxidative/nitrosative stress effects in the penis, mainly via reversion of uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase to the functional coupled state of the enzyme, which in turn corrects aberrant signaling and function of the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP/protein kinase G/phosphodiesterase type 5 cascade. Priapism tendencies in these mice are reverted partially toward normal neurostimulated erection frequencies and durations after sildenafil treatment in association with normalized cyclic GMP concentration, protein kinase G activity and phosphodiesterase type 5 activity in the penis. Thus, sildenafil exerts pleiotropic effects in the penis that extend to diverse erection disorders.
Historical Perspective on Lead Biokinetic Models

A historical review of the development of biokinetic model of lead is presented. Biokinetics is interpreted narrowly to mean only physiologic processes happening within the body. Proceeding chronologically, for each epoch, the measurements of lead in the body are presented along with mathematical models in an attempt to trace the convergence of observations from two disparate fields--occupational medicine and radiologic health--into some unified models. Kehoe's early balance studies and the use of radioactive lead tracers are presented. The 1960s saw the joint application of radioactive lead techniques and simple compartmental kinetic models used to establish the exchange rates and residence times of lead in body pools. The applications of stable isotopes to questions of the magnitudes of respired and ingested inputs required the development of a simple three-pool model. During the 1980s more elaborate models were developed. One of their key goals was the establishment of the dose-response relationship between exposure to lead and biologic precursors of adverse health effects.
Young Adults' Attachment to Pet Dogs: Findings from Open-Ended Methods

ABSTRACTTurning to someone in times of emotional distress (safe haven) is one key feature of an attachment bond. Aspects of pet dogs as sources of safe haven were examined with open-ended methods for two samples of young adults who were college students (total n = 566, mean age = 19.24 years). Based on ranked nominations, relative to other features of pet dogs as attachment figures, safe haven was the least salient. Nonetheless, although participants were less likely to turn to pet dogs than to mothers, friends, and romantic partners in times of distress, they were more likely to turn to pets than to fathers and brothers and just as likely to turn to sisters. Differences between pet dogs and some humans as sources of safe haven were smallest for participants with high levels of involvement in the care of their dogs and participants who regarded their dogs as strongly meeting needs for relatedness. It is concluded that characteristics of both the dog and the owner predispose young adults to regard their do...
Differential RNA expression of α-expansin gene family members in the parasitic angiosperm Triphysaria versicolor (Scrophulariaceae)

Haustoria are parasitic plant specific organs that locate, attach to, and invade host plant tissues. Parasitic species of the Scrophulariaceae develop haustoria on their roots in response to chemical signals released by host plant roots. Haustorium development was induced in vitro in roots of the parasitic Scrophulariaceae Triphysaria versicolor by treating them with exudates obtained from maize roots, the chemical 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone (DMBQ) or the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Morphological responses of T. versicolor roots to these haustoria inducing factors (HIFs) included localized swelling and epidermal hair proliferation near the root tips. These responses were not observed when roots of the non-parasitic Scrophulariaceae Lindenbergia muraria were similarly treated. Because expansin proteins are closely associated with plant cell wall expansion and growth, we examined the expression of expansin genes in response to HIFs. We isolated cDNAs homologous to transcripts encoding three distinct alpha-expansin proteins in T. versicolor. Northern-blot analyses indicated that these transcripts were differentially abundant in different tissues. Steady-state levels of two expansin transcripts increased in T. versicolor roots exposed to BAP, but not DMBQ or maize root exudates. Expansin transcript abundance also increased in L. muraria in response to BAP treatment. These results suggest that the expansins examined fulfill functions distinct from haustorium development.
Vacuum polarization effects on the electromagnetic response of low-lying isoscalar excitations

Abstract We investigate the effects of vacuum polarization on the electromagnetic response of low-lying isoscalar states. Electromagnetic form factors are calculated in a relativistic random phase approximation to the Walecka model. Vacuum polarization tends to reduce the strong collectivity seen in similar calculations that ignore vacuum effects. We have traced this behavior to the weaker effective residual interaction generated in the presence of vacuum loops. As the effective nucleon mass decreases, nucleon-antinucleon pairs are more easily excited in the medium thus becoming more effective in screening the nucleon charge. While this reduction is consistent with the quenching of the charge response seen in quasielastic electron scattering it, unfortunately, reduces some of the coherence needed to explain the strong collective response.
Dare to Compare: Fact-Based versus Simulation-Based Comparison in Daily Life.

Abstract We examined the relative frequency of social, counterfactual, past-temporal, and future-temporal comparison in daily life using an experience-sampling method, in which participants were randomly prompted to record thought samples using palmtop computers carried for two weeks. Comparative thought accounted for 12% of all thoughts, and all four comparison types occurred with equivalent frequency. Comparisons may be either fact-based (i.e., based on actuality, as in social and past-temporal comparison) or simulation-based (i.e., based on imagination, as in counterfactual and future-temporal comparison). Because the latter are more “unbounded,” and because greater perceived opportunity invites greater self-improvement, we predicted and found that counterfactual and future-temporal comparison were more likely to be upward (vs. downward) than social and past-temporal comparison. All comparison types focused on approach more than avoidance motives, except for counterfactuals, which showed equivalent focus on both. These findings reveal the prominence of comparative thought in daily life, and underscore the value of an integrative theory that describes social, counterfactual, or temporal comparison using a common theoretical platform.
Results with chemotherapy comprised of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone followed by radiotherapy with or without prechemotherapy surgical debulking for patients with bulky, aggressive lymphoma.

BACKGROUND The authors performed a case–control analysis of local control, progression free survival, and overall survival in patients with Stage I–II aggressive lymphomas measuring ≥ 7 cm in greatest dimension who were treated initially with or without surgical debulking: All patients then received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy followed by involved-field radiotherapy. METHODS From May 1975 through May 1996, 50 patients were treated with (n = 25 patients) or without (n = 25 patients) resection of > 80% of their bulky lymphomas. Chemotherapy consisted of 3–12 cycles of CHOP. In general, patients who underwent debulking received three cycles of chemotherapy, whereas patients who did not undergo debulking received at least six cycles of chemotherapy. The total radiotherapy dose was 40.8 grays (Gy) ± 4.2 Gy (mean ± standard deviation). RESULTS The median follow-up was 62 months. Patients who underwent debulking were similar prognostically to patients who did not. There was a trend toward improved local control (5-year rates: 96% vs. 80%; P = 0.10) and overall survival (5-year rates: 83% vs. 71%; P = 0.18) in patients who underwent debulking compared with patients who did not, respectively. Progression free survival was significantly better for patients who underwent debulking compared with patients who did not (5-year rates: 88% vs. 62%, respectively; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Because this study was retrospective, selection bias may account for the observed difference in progression free survival. Because it is unlikely that a trial randomizing patients with bulky, aggressive lymphoma to surgery will be conducted, the authors' current efforts are focused on escalation of the total radiotherapy dose as a possibly less costly and less morbid approach toward improving progression free survival for these patients. Cancer 2002;94:601–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10260
Thiophene accumulation in hairy roots of Tagetes patula in response to fungal elicitors.

Hairy roots ofTagetes patula were treated with fungal extracts from 3 different fungi. Treated roots were found to accumulate thiophenes at a higher level than untreated control cultures. The kinetics of thiophene formation varied with the fungus from which the elicitor was prepared, elicitor concentration and duration of exposure.
A Note on John Kain's “Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization”

The purpose of this note is (1) to criticize Kain's methodology with regard to testing hypotheses (2) and (3), and (2) to present alternative results that conflict with hypothesis (2). Kain's data are for geographic areas in Detroit (1957) and Chicago (1956), with ninety-eight observations for each city. With these data he runs regressions using the Negro percentage of total employment in the area as the dependent variable w. The independent variables are R, the Negro percentage of (employed) residents in the areaused as a proxy for employers' propensity to discriminate, and d, the airline distance from the area to either the nearest Negro residence area (more than 2 percent Negro) or to the nearest point in the Negro ghettowith this variable used as a proxy for transportation costs and effects of such costs on job information. The regression coefficients have the expected signs and are statistically significant. Over 75 percent of the total variance is explained for Chicago, and over 35 percent for Detroit. Kain estimates the effect of housing segregation on the level of black employment by assuming that with no housing segregation the proportion of Negro workers would be the same mR for each geographical area. Consequently, for each area R=mR and d=0. Substituting these values into the regression equation (1) (1) w==aR+bd+c,
Apparent relation of metabolites of progesterone to progesterone activity: 16α-hydroxyprogesterone antagonism in the uterine stromal nuclei of the mouse

The fate of an intrauterine injection of progesterone–lα, 2α–3H (P–3H) was investigated in the Hooker—Forbes bioassay system. Essentially no radioactivity from P–3H administered in one uterine horn appeared in the contralateral horn at any time, i.e., there was no detectable circulation of labeled compounds. The disappearance rate from the uterus was indicative of high affinity binding of a limited amount of steroid. After injection of P–3H, one major metabolite (NP), less polar than progesterone, but apparently not 5α– or 5β–pregnane–3,20–dione, was found in amounts similar in concentration to that of P–3H. The addition of 1% by weight of 16α–hydroxyprogesterone (16α–OH—P) to progesterone in the injection mixture antagonized the stromal nuclear response that is the end—point of the bioassay. When the same proportion of 16α–OH—P was injected with 3H—progesterone, the concentration of labeled progesterone metabolites increased significantly, p < 0.025, by 120%, whereas the concentration of P–3H decreased i...
THE ROLE OF HLA ANTIBODIES IN NEONATAL THROMBOCYTOPENIA : A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

The role of HLA antibodies in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is controversial. We prospectively studied the sera of obstetric patients at delivery for HLA antibodies and correlated their presence with umbilical cord blood platelet counts. We studied 493 births at The Johns Hopkins Hospital comprising of 357 African American, 115 Caucasian, and 21 babies of other racial groups. One hundred and thirty nine mothers had HLA antibodies. Of these HLA alloimmunized mothers, only ten infants had platelet counts of 150,000/ microL or less. Three hundred and eight mothers with no detectable antibodies gave birth to 27 infants with platelet counts of 150,000/microL or less. Yates corrected Chi square analysis showed no significant relationship between maternal HLA alloimmunization and baby platelet count (p = 0.709). Only 8 of sixty cord sera from babies of HLA alloimmunized mothers were positive for HLA antibodies. The HLA cord blood antibody results were then correlated with the neonatal platelet counts. The Fisher's exact test showed no significant relationship between the presence of HLA antibodies in cord blood samples and neonatal platelet counts (p = 0.232). Although one third (31%) of mothers have HLA antibodies, neonatal thrombocytopenia is rarely associated with this finding. However, HLA antibodies can cross the placenta, and in these unusual cases, may be associated with a higher risk of neonatal thrombocytopenia.
Effects of Skim Milk Homogenization on Proteolysis and Rheology of Mozzarella Cheese

Abstract The influence of milk homogenization on proteolysis and functional properties of Mozzarella cheese was examined in an effort to develop low-fat Mozzarella with desirable textural and melting properties. Two-stage homogenization of skim milk at 6870/3430 kPa prior to the addition of nonhomogenized cream did not inhibit the meltability of full-fat or low-fat cheeses, when compared with cheeses made from nonhomogenized milk, but the meltability of full-fat cheese made from homogenized milk was greatly decreased. Homogenization of whole or skim milk had no significant effect on other rheological parameters or on proteolysis of αs1-casein in full-fat and low-fat cheeses. Refrigerated storage at 4 °C caused meltability and proteolysis to increase and the other parameters to decrease. Differences in fat content caused significant changes in hardness, springiness and meltability. Fat globule size and homogenization of protein affected proteolysis and rheology much less than fat content and storage time.
Optimal wavefront control for adaptive segmented mirrors

A ground-based astronomical telescope with a segmented primary mirror will suffer image-degrading wavefront aberrations from at least two sources: (1) atmospheric turbulence and (2) segment misalignment or figure errors of the mirror itself. This paper describes the derivation of a mirror control feedback matrix that assumes the presence of both types of aberration and is optimum in the sense that it minimizes the mean-squared residual wavefront error. Assumptions of the statistical nature of the wavefront measurement errors, atmospheric phase aberrations, and segment misalignment errors are made in the process of derivation. Examples of the degree of correlation are presented for three different types of wavefront measurement data and compared to results of simple corrections.
Stability estimate for the relativistic Schrödinger equation with time-dependent vector potentials

We consider the relativistic Schr?dinger equation with a time dependent vector and scalar potential on a bounded cylindrical domain. Using a geometric optics ansatz we establish a logarithmic stability estimate for the recovery of vector and scalar potentials.
Peripheral progesterone levels in pregnant and non-pregnant heifers following use of HCG

Abstract Progesterone concentration in jugular blood of bred beef heifers was determined on days 9 and 16 in two trials. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was administered to some of the heifers in each trial in an attempt to improve pregnancy percentage. In Trial 1, 183 heifers were divided into a control group and three groups of animals which were subjected to a 9-day estrous synchronization treatment prior to breeding. The treatment consisted of an ear implant containing 17 α acetoxy-11-beta-methyl 17 nor preg 4-ene 3, 20 dione (norgestomet) left in place for 9 days and an injection of 5 mg estradiol valerate (EV) and 3 mg of norgestomet given at the time of implantation. The heifers in one group received .25 mg estradiol-17β at time of implant removal; heifers in the 2nd group received 1500 IU of HCG in 5% beeswax and 95% sesame oil at breeding time, while heifers in the 3rd group received a placebo injection containing 5% beeswax and 95% sesame oil at breeding time. No differences in serum levels of progesterone were observed (P>0.5) between treatments or between pregnant and non-pregnant heifers on day 9 or 16 (P>.05). Pregnancy percentage in heifers receiving HCG was similar to that noted in the control heifers or the placebo injected heifers while injection of estradiol 17β decreased the proportion of heifers which became pregnant. In trial 2, 58 heifers which had been bred 1 or 2 times without becoming pregnant were divided into a control group and a group in which heifers received 1000 IU of HCG 96 hr. after observed estrus. In heifers receiving HCG, serum levels of progesterone were higher (P .05) between pregnant and non-pregnant heifers on day 9 or 16. The proportion pregnant did not differ (P>.05) between heifers receiving HCG and control heifers.
Naloxone-induced augmentation of the photically evoked afterdischarge in conscious rats ☆

Naloxone, at subconvulsive dose levels, from 1 to 15 mg/kg were administered to conscious rats. Significant increases in photically evoked afterdischarge occurrence were seen at naloxone dose levels above 5 mg/kg with no clinical evidence of seizure activity being observed. Typically photically evoked afterdischarge augmentation is only observed following the administration of convulsive drugs.
Learning to Reach by Constraining the Movement Search Space

Trial-and-error learning strategies play a central role in sensorimotor development during early infancy. However, learning to reach by trial-and-error normally requires a slow and laborious search through the space of possible movements. We propose a computational model of reaching based on the notion that early sensorimotor control is driven by the generation of exploratory movements, followed by the selection and maintenance of adaptive movement patterns. We find that, instead of exhaustively exploring the full search space of movement patterns, the model exploits several emergent constraints that limit the initial size of the movement search space. These constraints exploit both mechanical and kinematic properties of the reaching task. We relate these results to the development of reaching during infancy, and discuss recent findings that have identified similar constraints in young infants.
Corporate board attributes and bankruptcy

Abstract This paper examines how the composition and characteristics of corporate boards relates to firms' success and solvency; the study here focuses on the question of insolvency. This study finds that both board composition and member characteristics relate to whether or not firms can avoid bankruptcy. Boards have a major role to play in whether or not the company can remain solvent. A more versus less independent board, one which is larger and comprised of older members, has more members currently serving as CEOs of other companies, and whose independent/outside directors own less stock is best positioned to help a firm remain out of bankruptcy. Firms may use the results to custom tailor boards as older members retire and new members are inducted.
Interval-value based circuit simulation for statistical circuit design

An interval-value based circuit simulation engine is proposed to estimate the transistor-level circuit performance distribution without Monte-Carlo simulations. In the proposed flow, variability in process variables is first casted into an interval representation; then an interval-valued circuit simulator, in which all real number operations are replaced by interval operations, is used to simulate the circuit; the interval-valued simulation results can be used to extract performance statistics. A runtime reduction over both Monte-Carlo simulation and response surface modeling has been demonstrated, while excellent accuracies in transistor-level performance statistics are maintained. Future work includes incorporating non-Gaussian distributions into the interval simulation, and adapting an interval-value based framework into a design flow suitable for statistical performance optimization.
Single neurons in the dentate gyrus and CA1 of the hippocampus exhibit inverse patterns of encoding during trace fear conditioning

Trace fear conditioning is a hippocampus-dependent learning task that requires the association of an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and a shock unconditioned stimulus (US) that are separated by a 20-s trace interval. Single-neuron activity was recorded simultaneously from the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 of rats during unpaired pseudoconditioning and subsequent trace fear conditioning. Single neurons in DG showed a progressive increase in learning-related activity to the CS and US across trace fear conditioning. Single neurons in CA1 showed an early increase in responding to the CS, which developed into a decrease in firing later in trace conditioning. Correlation analyses showed that DG and CA1 units exhibit inverse patterns of responding to the CS during trace fear conditioning.
CERIUM FILLING AND DOPING OF COBALT TRIANTIMONIDE

We have fabricated and studied the structural, magnetic, and transport properties of filled skutterudites of the form Ce{sub y}Fe{sub 4{minus}x}Co{sub x}Sb{sub 12} with 0{lt} y{lt}1 and x=3.25 and 4. For samples containing 100{percent} Co, Ce can be inserted into approximately 10{percent} of the voids in the skutterudite structure. It is shown that the rare earth is trivalent and dopes the host CoSb{sub 3} n-type. With substitution of Fe for Co the void occupancy by Ce increases. The thermal conductivity is strongly depressed even at small (5{percent}) rare-earth filling fractions, and is further degraded by substitution of Fe for Co. Although the electron mobility in n-type samples is smaller than the hole mobility in p-type samples, due to their large electron masses the Seebeck coefficient in n-type material maintains large values at high electron concentrations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Multiple Wnt/ß-catenin responsive enhancers align with the MYC promoter through long-range chromatin loops.

Inappropriate activation of c-Myc (MYC) gene expression by the Wnt/s-catenin signaling pathway is required for colorectal carcinogenesis. The elevated MYC levels in colon cancer cells are attributed in part to s-catenin/TCF4 transcription complexes that are assembled at proximal Wnt/s-catenin responsive enhancers (WREs). Recent studies suggest that additional WREs that control MYC expression reside far upstream of the MYC transcription start site. Here, I report the characterization of five novel WREs that localize to a region over 400 kb upstream from MYC. These WREs harbor nucleosomes with post-translational histone modifications that demarcate enhancer and gene promoter regions. Using quantitative chromatin conformation capture, I show that the distal WREs are aligned with the MYC promoter through large chromatin loops. The chromatin loops are not restricted to colon cancer cells, but are also found in kidney epithelial and lung fibroblast cell lines that lack de-regulated Wnt signaling and nuclear s-catenin/TCF4 complexes. While each chromatin loop is detected in quiescent cells, the positioning of three of the five distal enhancers with the MYC promoter is induced by serum mitogens. These findings suggest that the architecture of the MYC promoter is comprised of distal elements that are juxtaposed through large chromatin loops and that s-catenin/TCF4 complexes utilize this conformation to activate MYC expression in colon cancer cells.
Predicting burning time variations in solid rocket motors

Factors tending to cause dispersions in solid rocket motor burning time are discussed and quantified within this paper. A theoretical treatment of burning time variability is followed by detailed discussions of each of the factors affecting the overall dispersion. Effects of variations in propellant weight, burning rate, density, characteristic velocity, and throat area are all considered. Variations in burning surface area due to port ovality, mandrel offset, and mandrel misalignment are also discussed as they affect motor burning time. Considering all of these factors, estimations for burning time variability can be made for specific solid rocket motor designs.