cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causality between export growth and industrial development: Empirial evidence from the NICs

Abstract This paper investigates the causal relationship between export growth and industrial development in eight Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs). Results of Sims' causality test show that for most of the NICs, there is a strong bidirectional causality between the growth of exports and industrial development. These findings support the export-led growth strategy in that expansion in exports not only promote the growth of national income but also lead to structural transformation of the developing countries.
Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Appetite and Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Rat Brain

Brain amino acids were measured in 30-day-old male Long-Evans rats subsequent to feeding a 20% egg white biotin-enriched zinc-deficient diet for 9 days. The zinc-deficient (ZD) group was given distilled deionized water. Zinc-supplemented control groups included pair-fed (PF), ad libitum-fed (AL) and ad libitum-fed, overnight fasted (OF) animals. Brain tyrosine concentrations and related amino acid ratios tended to be higher when food was consumed in all groups. Brain tryptophan concentrations and a brain amino acid ratio (glycine + serine + glutamine + taurine:leucine + isoleucine + valine + methionine) were not related to food intake in ZD rats in contrast to zinc-adequate controls. Also the brain ratio of tryptophan to the sum of large neutral amino acids minus tryptophan was not related to food intake in the ZD and AL-OF groups in contrast to the PF group. There were some differences in brain amino acid concentrations between ZD rats and the control groups; however, the pattern of the brain amino acids in ZD rats did not suggest that food intake was directly influenced by them.
Hybrid wavelet/spread-spectrum system for broadband wireless LANs

This paper develops a signaling system for high bit rate wireless LANs, made possible by a new class of signaling pulses. They are derived from the OWDM pulses by spreading them in the wavelet domain, using a suitable family of PN codes. Unlike the pulses used in OFDM, TDMA, and even OWDM, these new pulses have both a wide time support and a wide frequency support. Some of the advantages realized are: (a) single or multiple user capability, (b) inherent frequency diversity for overcoming frequency selective fading, (c) continuously pipelined operation (in contrast to OFDM), and (d) a high BW efficiency, which is about twice that for DS-CDMA (assuming rectangular chips for DS-CDMA). The target bit rates for this work range from 100 Mbps and up, in the 5.7 GHz band.
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Locus of Control in Children Referred for Gifted Programs: The Effects of Vulnerability Factors:

The relationships among ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability factors and locus of control were investigated for gifted and nongifted children. Eight hundred five ethnically diverse, 5th- through 7th-grade children were evaluated for intellectual ability, locus of control, and the presence of vulnerability factors. A 2×2×4 ANOVA revealed significant (p < .01) main effects for Giftedness, Ethnic Background, and Vulnerability Factors and a significant Ethnic × Vulnerability Interaction (p < .038). In addition, a 2(Gender) × 2(Giftedness) × 4(Ethnic Background) ANOVA yielded a significant (p < .024) main effect for Gender. Overall, higher internal locus of control was associated with female Caucasians not at risk. Results confirm previous findings in showing a more internal locus of control in gifted children and further indicate that for gifted and intellectually bright non-Caucasians vulnerability is associated with, and may serve to strengthen, a greater internal locus of control.
Application of mixed potential theory in hydrometallurgy

Abstract The concept of mixed potentials has been applied to explain important aspects of corrosion for many years. In many hydrometallurgical systems, reactions occur by means of electrochemical mechanisms. Application of mixed potential theory to explain the kinetics of oxidative and reductive leaching processes is a useful concept in explaining observed results qualitatively. It explains the often observed rapid shift from one kinetic regime to another and provides basic information regarding sequential phase changes. Quantitative application of mixed potential theory requires a knowledge of individual electrode kinetics. From the individual electrode kinetics, mixed potentials and overall reaction kinetics may be calculated. Examples are presented for contact reduction, cyanidation and sulfide leaching.
Wavelets: an important tool of mathematical analysis for image/signal processing applications

Abstract This paper explores the application ofwavelets to a variety of real life problems and more specifically to image processingproblems. A general review of the construction and analysis of wavelet analysis will be presented. The issues like multiresolutionanalysis in the context of sensor integration and pattern recognition and other salient features of the images using wavelets will be discussed in detail.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTIONFourier analysis has been the dominant principal analyticaltool in the mathematical sciences and engineering, offering a rich framework with powerful techniques to study properties of functions and operators, and signals via their spectra. In some *Dr. Iyengar is currently Chairman of the Department of ComputerScience and is the coauthor of a well known text book on Wavelets published by CRC Press. He has published over 220 papers research papers in first rate Computer Science, IEEE Journals, and various refereed proceedings. He is an IEEE Fellow, Williams
Tumor cell growth and cell kinetics

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways, but most importantly by not responding to normal growth-control mechanisms. Whereas the growth and division of normal cells is carefully regulated to meet the needs of the body, tumor cells proliferate autonomously and continually, eventually interfering with and destroying the functions of normal tissue. Knowledge of molecular cell biology has grown exponentially over the last decade. Yet much remains to be understood before there can be a significant impact on our ability to design more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, thereby decreasing mortality.
Oxidative coupling of methane: An inherent limit to selectivity?

Mechanistic considerations show that pressure must be taken into account in evaluating oxidative coupling catalyst performance, and predict an upper limit of around 30% yield of higher hydrocarbons at one atmosphere.
The circadian rhythm of blood pressure during pregnancy.

Objective To review the literature on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure during pregnancy. Data Sources Computerized searches on MEDLINE, CINAHL, and MIRLYN. Study Selection Selected studies from 1969 to 1997 were evaluated. Data Extraction Data were extracted and information was organized under the following areas: definition of and the interconnection between circadian rhythm and blood pressure; the circadian variability of blood pressure throughout the trimesters; the patterns of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure in pregnancies defined as normal and those complicated by chronic hypertension and preeclampsia; and clinical implications. Data Synthesis The circadian rhythm of blood pressure in pregnancy is the same as in the nonpregnant state, with a nocturnal decrease, especially during sleep. In patients with chronic hypertension, the nocturnal fall in blood pressure may be steeper. Patients with mild preeclampsia may experience a less pronounced nocturnal decrease in blood pressure. Patients with severe preeclampsia may display a reversed circadian rhythm, with no decrease and/or an increase in nocturnal blood pressure. Conclusions The patterns of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure during normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension and preeclampsia warrant consideration when monitoring patients and implementing management plans.
Evaluation of the Stillinger-Weber classical interaction potential for tetragonal semiconductors in nonideal atomic configurations.

A classical potential incorporating two- and three-body interaction terms has recently been introduced by Stillinger and Weber (SW) for simulation of the liquefaction transition of silicon. The equilibrium mechanical properties of this potential are determined and found to agree well with experimental values. The potential also seems to be adequate for problems involving computation of defect energies, such as the stability of strained-layer superlattice interfaces. However, inadequate treatment of configurations with low coordination number makes modeling of the epitaxial growth of (111) silicon impossible. Simple modifications of the SW potential form do allow for (111) epitaxial growth, but the earliest stages of growth then become unphysical.
Biodegradation of elastin‐like polypeptide nanoparticles

Protein polymers are repetitive polypeptides produced by ribosomal biosynthetic pathways; furthermore, they offer emerging opportunities in drug and biopharmaceutical delivery. As for any polymer, biodegradation is one of the most important determinants affecting how a protein polymer can be utilized in the body. This study was designed to characterize the proteolytic biodegradation for a library of protein polymers derived from the human tropoelastin, the Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). ELPs are of particular interest for controlled drug delivery because they reversibly transition from soluble to insoluble above an inverse phase transition temperature (Tt). More recently, ELP block copolymers have been developed that can assemble into micelles; however, it remains unclear if proteases can act on these ELP nanoparticles. For the first time, we demonstrate that ELP nanoparticles can be degraded by two model proteases and that comparable proteolysis occurs after cell uptake into a transformed culture of murine hepatocytes. Both elastase and collagenase endopeptidases can proteolytically degrade soluble ELPs. To our surprise, the ELP phase transition was protective against collagenase but not to elastase activity. These findings enhance our ability to predict how ELPs will biodegrade in different physiological microenvironments and are essential to develop protein polymers into biopharmaceuticals.
Perspectives on the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the prevention of infective endocarditis

In 2007, the American Heart Association published a guideline statement dramatically changing its previous position on the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients at risk of infective endocarditis (IE). This year, these views were incorporated in an update of the 2006 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease. The new recommendations represent a dramatic shift with regard to which patients should receive antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of IE and for what procedures. The shift in recommendations is striking in that the recommendations are based not on new data, but on no data. (There are no large, prospective, randomized double-blind trials testing the efficacy of IE prophylaxis.) However, available data suggest that there may be no real risk associated with IE prophylaxis. Even if few cases of IE are successfully prevented using antibiotic prophylaxis, those few cases may represent a favorable risk-benefit ratio. On an individual basis, patients with organic heart valve disease who are trying to delay or avoid surgical intervention have something very real to risk if they develop IE, and a very real benefit if they avoid it. Pending data from prospective randomized trials, a strategy of individual decision-making by informed patients may be best.
Larval esterases of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella: Temporal changes and specificity

Abstract Disc electrophoresis was used to examine and characterize the esterases present in the fat body, haemolymph, and midgut of last stage larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella . Significant temporal changes were observed in the pattern of the 4 major esterases of the fat body and 3 major esterases of the haemolymph. These changing profiles presumably relate, in part, to a requirement for the degradation of juvenile hormone (JH) in preparation for metamorphosis. The binding capacity of esterases present in the larval midgut towards JH I and three JH mimics (alkyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoates) was also examined. The midgut of last stage nondiapausing larvae was shown to contain a carboxylesterase which bound all three JH mimics. Another esterase which bound JH I, but not the mimics, was also present. An esterase with a similar electrophoretic mobility was detected in the haemolymph and integument. Since the JH I binding esterase did not bind the JH mimics, the mimics do not appear to synergize JH by inhibiting its ester hydrolysis.
Insulin receptor substrate signaling suppresses neonatal autophagy in the heart

The induction of autophagy in the mammalian heart during the perinatal period is an essential adaptation required to survive early neonatal starvation; however, the mechanisms that mediate autophagy suppression once feeding is established are not known. Insulin signaling in the heart is transduced via insulin and IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rs). We disrupted insulin and IGF-1R signaling by generating mice with combined cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Irs1 and Irs2. Here we show that loss of IRS signaling prevented the physiological suppression of autophagy that normally parallels the postnatal increase in circulating insulin. This resulted in unrestrained autophagy in cardiomyocytes, which contributed to myocyte loss, heart failure, and premature death. This process was ameliorated either by activation of mTOR with aa supplementation or by genetic suppression of autophagic activation. Loss of IRS1 and IRS2 signaling also increased apoptosis and precipitated mitochondrial dysfunction, which were not reduced when autophagic flux was normalized. Together, these data indicate that in addition to prosurvival signaling, insulin action in early life mediates the physiological postnatal suppression of autophagy, thereby linking nutrient sensing to postnatal cardiac development.
Social Capital and Organizational Change in High-Involvement and Traditional Work Organizations

We present new evidence indicating that changing from a traditional human resource management (HRM) environment to an innovative one entails a change not only in formal work practices, but also in the informal networks and patterns of interaction among employees. We focus on differences in the social capital of these workplaces and measure differences in the structure of interactions and information transfer among employees across a sample of manufacturing lines with a common production technology and different HRM systems. We then consider the implications of these differences and show that the change from one form of workplace practices to the other is therefore not just a matter of paying for the direct costs of a new set of HRM practices. Rather, it would involve a disruptive overhaul in the entire network of interactions among all workers at the plant.
Elevated T Cell Receptor Signaling Identifies a Thymic Precursor to the TCRαβ+CD4−CD8β− Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Lineage

The origin and developmental pathway of intestinal T cell receptor αβ(+) CD4(-)CD8β(-) intraepithelial lymphocytes (unconventional iIELs), a major population of innate-like resident cytolytic T cells, have remained elusive. By cloning and expressing several TCRs isolated from unconventional iIELs, we identified immature CD4(lo)CD8(lo)(DP(lo))CD69(hi)PD-1(hi) thymocytes as the earliest postsignaling precursors for these cells. Although these precursors displayed multiple signs of elevated TCR signaling, a sizeable fraction of them escaped deletion to selectively engage in unconventional iIEL differentiation. Conversely, TCRs cloned from DP(lo)CD69(hi)PD-1(hi) thymocytes, a population enriched in autoreactive thymocytes, selectively gave rise to unconventional iIELs upon transgenic expression. Thus, the unconventional iIEL precursor overlaps with the DP(lo) population undergoing negative selection, indicating that, concomitant with the downregulation of both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, a balance between apoptosis and survival signals results in outcomes as divergent as clonal deletion and differentiation to the unconventional iIEL lineage.
A repeatable alignment method and local coordinate description for knee joint testing and kinematic measurement

Abstract A method for aligning cadaver knee specimens to a mechanical testing rig and determining local anatomical coordinate systems using landmarks identifiable on plane X-rays is introduced. Three sequential rotational alignments are used to position the femur and tibia relative to the coordinate system of the testing mechanism. To validate this methodology five independent observers aligned the same knee specimen. The maximum error in the alignment orientations of the tibia and femur was 2.2° from the mean. These small misalignments produced variations of up to 4.7° in tibio-femoral rotations measured during knee flexion. Kinematic measurements of 15 specimens aligned using this procedure indicate that knee alignment is reproducible and physiologically relevant.
How T Cells Count

The rules by which the T cells of the immune system are activated by foreign peptides have seemed inconsistent and counterintuitive. In this week's issue, Viola et al. (p. 104) report that the T cells actually count how many T cell receptors are engaged. When the number 8000 is reached, the T cell becomes activated. In her Perspective, Rothenberg describes the many questions this discovery resolves.
Rigid Linear Nano-Actuator Self-Assembled from DNA

A self assembling DNA nanostructure is proposed that will permit expansion and contraction in only one dimension. This actuator restricts two rigid platforms, each in the shape of a hexagonal disk of radius 9 nanometers and of depth 14 nanometers, to move apart from one another with separations between 4 and 18 nanometers. Designed to resist bending, shearing, or torsional stresses, the actuator is composed entirely of DNA and can be self-assembled from two single-stranded DNA plasmids and hundreds of single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. The actuator is illustrated in the accompanying figure where DNA double helices are represented as cylinders. A detailed schematic is presented and preliminary findings are shown. The creation of nanometer-sized structures that can undergo constrained motion is a critical step towards building nano-machines.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Perceptions, obstacles, and solutions for offering Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences in the community hospital setting: A qualitative survey

Abstract Objective We sought to identify barriers and possible solutions for community hospitals providing Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences (IPPE). Methods A survey was developed and made available online to a segment of members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Responses were collected anonymously. Results of the survey were assessed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 45 individuals who self-identified as being employed in acute care hospitals or hospital systems currently hosting IPPE students responded to the survey, with 35 of these individuals completing the entire survey. Pharmacy department staff-, school-, and student-related burdens and barriers were identified, and successful approaches to providing IPPE were described. It is unknown how many members receiving the survey practice in acute care community hospital settings, so the true response rate for this survey is unknown, and the responses to this survey cannot be generalized. Conclusions Informed planning and preceptor support for IPPE may enhance the quality of learning activities available to students and decrease the burden of providing IPPE for hospital-based preceptors. This survey provides preliminary information that may be built upon; a subsequent quantitative study is needed to glean generalizable information on this topic.
An efficient data structure for the simulation event set

Recently algorithms have been presented for the realization of event scheduling routines suitable for general purpose discrete event simulation systems. Several exhibited a performance superior to that of commonly used simple linked list algorithms. In this paper a new event scheduling algorithm is presented which improves on two aspects of the best of the previously published algorithms. First, the new algorithm's performance is quite insensitive to skewed distributions, and second, its worst-case complexity is O(√n), where n is the number of events in the set. Furthermore, tests conducted to estimate the average complexity showed it to be nearly independent of n.
Thermal non-catalytic coprocessing of Illinois no. 6 coal with Maya resid and Boscan crude

Abstract This paper presents the results of thermal (with no added catalyst) coprocessing of Illinois No. 6 (hvBb) coal with two different petroleum host oils — Maya (650°F+) ATB residual oil and with whole Boscan crude. The relationship between reaction conditions and coal conversion and product selectivity has been studied. The removal of vanadium during coprocessing has been investigated. Supressed removal of sulfur and nitrogen was achieved in coprocessing compared to heteroatom removal when Maya ATB was processed in the absence of coal.
Application of a new ferroin ligand to the automated determination of microgram serum iron and iron binding capacity.

Introduction of a new commercially available ferroin ligand by simple modification and substitution into contemporary automated methodology makes possible the rapid, sensitive determination of serum iron and iron binding capacity at theμg level. The inclusion of a mildly acidic saline mercaptoacetate diluent before protein dialysis prevents interference from serum copper. Results obtained by the proposed method appear to be almost identical to those obtained by theBabson modified method ofYoung andHicks. The moderate cost of Ferrozine together with the intensity of the ferrous Ferrozine chromophore (M. A. 28000) should make this ligand a popular reagent for automated analysis.
Influence of fuel temperature on supersonic mixing and combustion of hydrogen

Results are presented from an experimental investigation of the influence of fuel stagnation temperature on the mixing and reaction of hydrogen injected transverse to a supersonic flow in a duct. The hydrogen fuel was injected stoichiometrically at stagnation temperatures of 300 K and 800 K from a row of five circular orifices in the duct wall. Detailed measurements in the flow at the duct exit are used to determine the overall amount of mixing accomplished at each of three test conditions. Static pressure distributions are used with duct wall temperatures and heat flux in a one-dimensional analysis to deduce the fraction of fuel reacted along the duct. Results from the one-dimensional analyses of the tests with hot fuel indicated slightly more fuel reacted at the exit; however, differences in the accomplished mixing obtained from integrations of exit surveys were small.
Experimental manipulations of microbial food web interactions in a humic lake: shifting biological drivers of bacterial community structure

A previous multiyear study observed correlations between bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) and abundance and the dynamics of phytoplankton populations and bacterivorous grazers in a humic lake. These observations generated hypotheses about the importance of trophic interactions (both top-down and bottom-up) for structuring bacterial communities in this lake, which were tested using two multifactorial food web manipulation experiments that separately manipulated the intensity of grazing and the composition of the phytoplankton community. Our results, combined with field observations, suggest that a hierarchy of drivers structures bacterial communities in this lake. While other studies have noted links between aggregate measures of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton communities, we demonstrate here correlations between succession of phytoplankton assemblages and BCC as assessed by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA). We used a novel approach linking community ARISA data to phylogenetic assignments from sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries to examine the responses of specific bacterial phylotypes to the experimental manipulations. The synchronous dynamics of these populations suggests that primary producers may mediate BCC and diversity through labile organic matter production, which evolves in quality and quantity during phytoplankton succession. Superimposed on this resource-mediated control of BCC are brief periods of intense bacterivory that impact bacterial abundance and composition.
A vector majorization method for solving a nonlinear programming problem

Abstract In the rounding error analysis of a so-called hyperbolic rotation algorithm applied to downdating the Cholesky factor, a sharp upper bound is needed for a product where a = (a 1 ,…,a n T ϵ R n , ∥a∥ ⩽ θ , and θ is fixed. It is shown that In the original proof by Pan and Sigmon, the principle of Lagrange multipliers was used. A second proof by using vector majorization is presented here, which provides insights into this rather strange-looking bound. Moreover, the new proof can be readily generalized to solve a large class of nonlinear programming problems.
Effect of shock pulse width on the shock response of small form factor disk drives

This paper discusses the effect of varying the shock pulse width on the shock response of small form factor hard disk drives. We develop a new shock simulator for hard disk drives which simulates the structural as well as the air bearing dynamics of the disk drive simultaneously. We observe that the response of the disk to the shock pulse is of critical importance and depends strongly on the pulse width of the shock pulse. We also find that if a suspension bending frequency is close to the first umbrella frequency of the disk, there can be failure of the head–disk interface due to resonance.
THE CDNA ENCODING XENOPUS LAEVIS HEAT-SHOCK FACTOR 1 (XHSF1) : NUCLEOTIDE AND DEDUCED AMINO-ACID SEQUENCES, AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENCODED PROTEIN

Abstract We have isolated a cDNA encoding Xenopus laevis (Xl) heat-shock factor 1 (XHSF1). XHSF1, translated from the mRNA synthesized in vitro, will bind specifically to the X1 hsp70 promoter (hsp70). Microinjection of XHSF1 mRNA into Xl oocytes leads to synthesis of XHSF1 which accumulates in the nucleus and selectively activates Xl phsp70p activity at 18°C.
Hemotocolpos: Diagnosis made by ultrasound

A 14 year old girl presented with acute urinary retention. Ultrasonography made an important contribution in the diagnosis of hematocolpos. This is the first case reported in the literature.
THE “BANALITY OF EVIL” REFRAMED: The Social Construction of the “Final Solution” to the “Jewish Problem”

Research on the Nazi Holocaust against the Jews has arguably been dominated by historians. Yet many historians remain confounded by the Holocaust's major paradox: the “banality of evil” that occurr...
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF THE HALOGENATED AROMATICS: EFFECTS ON ENZYME DEVELOPMENT

Our studies were designed to define structure-activity relationships for the effects of pure PCB congeners and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic enzyme development. The organohalogens were usually administered to pregnant rats and enzyme activities measured in fetuses and offspring (6, 20, and 55 days after birth). Offspring of pregnant rats exposed to TCDD had elevated levels of benzpyrene hydroxylase and nonsteroid UDP glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT). Postnatal inductive actions of TCDD were caused primarily by newborn exposure to TCDD in milk. 3,4-3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (4-CB) induced P448-dependent enzymes in 6- and 20 day-old rats whereas 2,4,5-2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) induced P450-dependent enzymes. 4-CB was a potent teratogen (behavioral and kidney abnormalities) but 6-CB produced no such developmental defects. 4-CB might also alter the normal imprinting of sexual differentiation of hepatic metabolism as evidenced by a feminization (decrease) of UDPGT in adult male rats which were exposed neonatally to 4-CB. Therefore, the organohalogens might alter the ontogeny of hepatic metabolism in two ways: induction and imprinting.
MOLECULAR DESIGN OF DURABLE HYDROPHOBIC FILM

The demand for long durable hydrophobic surface is rising as more and more devices are coming to market. Nanotechnology promises more micro- and nanoscale devices for biomedical, aerospace, transportation purposes. Hydrophobicity can be imparted by a thin layer of low surface energy molecules or a densely-packed hydrocarbon film. Because of heterogeneous surface energy and surface defects, very few films can stay defect-free for an appreciate period of time. Eventually, moisture penetrates into the film through pin holes or defects created by surface reconfiguration. This paper describes a novel hydrophobic film design combining geometric stacking concept with self-healing mobile molecules and an polymeric canopy of cross-linking top layer to prevent evaporation of organic molecules, all within two nanometer thick suitable for most micro- and nanodevices applications.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Magnesium-Rich Water from Evaporite-Bearing Shales, and Diagenesis of Subjacent Carbonates--Keuper-Muschelkalk, Iberian Range, Spain: ABSTRACT

Triassic rocks of the Iberian Range consist of a succession of continental sandstones (Buntsandstein), peritidal carbonates and shales (Muschelkalk), and continental claystones and evaporites (Keuper). Dolostone, which comprises 75% of Muschelkalk End_Page 338------------------------------ carbonates, bears no relation to sedimentary facies; to the contrary, it is demonstrably joint-controlled. This evidence, together with the near absence of "dedolomite," indicates a late and sustained source of magnesium in excess of that expected from an evaporite-bearing assemblage. Water samples from Keuper "salinas" (salt-producing evaporating pans) show that meteoric water descending through the Keuper evolves into a brine with Mg:Ca ratios locally 4:1, despite the abundance of gypsum and anhydrite. Samples of Keuper subjected to simple solution in the laboratory liberate Ca:Mg in the ratio of 3:2, which is probably sufficient for dolomitization under reasonable subsurface temperature-salinity conditions. X-ray analysis indicates chlorite as a source of the magnesium, the solubility of which probably reflects diagenetic fixing in the Keuper evaporite basin. The composition of Keuper water, aided prior to unloading by geothermal gradient, is thought to be responsible for Muschelkalk dolomitization. End_of_Article - Last_Page 339------------
Li-Ion polymer cells thermal property changes as a function of cycle-life

Abstract The impact of elevated temperature charge–discharge cycling on thermal conductivity (K-value) of Lithium Ion Polymer (LIP) cells of various chemistries from three different manufacturers was investigated. These included high voltage (Graphite/LiCoO2:3.0–4.35 V), wide voltage (Si:C/LiCoO2:2.7–4.35 V) and conventional (Graphite/LiCoO2:3.0–4.2 V) chemistries. Investigation results show limited variability within the in-plane and through-plane K-values for the fresh cells with graphite-based anodes from all three suppliers. After 500 cycles at 45 °C, in-plane and through-plane K-values of the high voltage cells reduced less vs. those for the wide voltage cells. Such results suggest that high temperature cycling could have a greater impact on thermal properties of Si:C cells than on the LIP cells with graphite (Gr) anode cells we tested. This difference is due to the excess swelling of Si:C-anode based cells vs. Gr-anode cells during cycling, especially at elevated temperatures. Thermal modeling is used to evaluate the impact of K-value changes, due to cycles at 45 °C, on the cells internal heat propagation under internal short circuit condition that leads to localized meltdown of the separator.
Hybrid materials for immobilization of MP-11 catalyst

Microperoxidase-11(MP-11) has been immobilized for the first time in hybrid periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) materials and in a nano-crystalline metal organic framework (MOF). Microperoxidase-11 was physically absorbed from solution into the periodic mesoporous organosilica MBS and functionalized derivatives of MBS as well as in the 3-dimensional [Cu(OOC–C6H4–C6H4–COO)·½ C6H12N2] n metal organic framework. The conversion of Amplex® UltraRed and methylene blue to their respective oxidation products by immobilized MP-11 was determined.
Human osteoblast-like cells and osteosarcoma cell lines synthesize macrophage inhibitory protein 1α in response to interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor α stimulation in vitro

Recent investigations have demonstrated that macrophage inhibitory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) plays a critical role in haematopoiesis. In part, MIP-1alpha limits the differentiation of early haematopoietic cells, thereby ensuring that sufficient quantities of blood precursors are available to meet haematopoietic demands. MIP-1alpha is produced by cells of the marrow microenvironment (marrow stromal cells) in response to a variety of stimuli, including interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Our recent investigations demonstrated that normal human osteoblast-like cells (HOBs) maintain the early phenotype of haematopoietic precursors, like other members of the bone marrow stroma. Although the precise molecular mechanisms for these observations have not been determined, the production of MIP-1alpha remains one such possibility. In the present study, we investigated whether cells of the osteoblast lineage under basal, IL-1beta and/or TNF-alpha stimulation produce MIP-1alpha. We observed that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha stimulated HOBs and human osteosarcoma cells to rapidly express MIP-1alpha mRNA and to secrete large quantities of the protein. MIP-1alpha mRNA and protein was not, however, detected under basal conditions. Perhaps more importantly, enriched human CD34+ bone marrow cells in co-culture may be capable of stimulating the expression of MIP-1alpha mRNA by HOBs in vitro. These findings suggest that human osteoblast-like cells may produce MIP-1alpha in vivo to support haematopoiesis at sites where osteoblasts and haematopoietic cells are closely associated.
Whose Job Is It? Everyday Routines and Quality of Life in Latino and Non-Latino Families of Children With Intellectual Disabilities

Previous studies indicate that families construct daily routines that enable the household to function smoothly and promote family quality of life. However, we know little about how activities are distributed between parents caring for a child with an intellectual disability (ID), particularly in Latino families. To address this gap, we interviewed 145 Latino and non-Latino mothers of children with ID about the division of daily activities. Mothers engaged in far more activities than did their spouses/partners, particularly in lower income households. Cluster analysis was used to reveal patterns of activity distribution. Cluster membership was associated with family income but not ethnicity. Controlling for family income, mothers were more satisfied with their own lives and rated their families as having a better quality of life when activities were more equally distributed, particularly when spouses/partners were knowledgeable about their child’s disability. Implications for increasing paternal engagemen...
Inorganic bedded cherts from the Magadi area, Kenya

The High Magadi beds can be divided into a lower and an upper sequence, separated by a bed rich in Tilapia nilotica remains. The lower sequence contains one or more magadiite horizons. Through digging of trenches it has been possible to establish that the cherts of the “Chert Series” are stratigraphically equivalent to the magadiite horizons. The transition magadiite-chert has been observed in many places and may occur over a distance of less than 50 cm. It is accomplished by removal of sodium by percolating waters. The resulting bedded chert may preserve the fine lamination present in magadiite. The conversion is accompanied by many textural and structural features such as large desiccation polygons, buckling, reticulation, extrusion, casts of mud-cracks and calcite. The precipitation of magadiite is postulated to have taken place in annual increments in a stratified lake at the brine-epilimnion interface. The maximum duration is estimated at 4,000–6,000 years. Solubility measurements indicate that most Magadi waters at the present time are supersaturated with respect to magadiite and kenyaite, though no precipitation has been observed. The presence of chert chips in intraformational gravels indicates that the conversion to chert was already initiated during the magadiite precipitation interval. The inorganic mechanism for the formation of bedded chert observed at Magadi is suggested to apply also to the Dales Gorge Member of the Precambrian Brockman Iron Formation of W. Australia. Evidence for magadiite as chert precursor is found in the depositional rates, the presence of riebeckite and in textures such as macules and cross-pods. The proposed model is extended to include Precambrian banded iron formations in general and the restriction of these formations to the early history of the earth is explained by the likely compositions of waters from closed basins.
Lead exposure lowers the set point for food consumption and growth in weanling rats.

Lead (Pb) depresses growth in infants and young children. Our earlier studies using a weanling rat model of Pb exposure suggest that this Pb effect is due to depression of appetite. In the present study we examined whether this depression of appetite is consistent with a down-regulation of the appetite “set point” as described using dietary manipulations following either lesions of certain hypothalamic regions or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure. Two types of dietary manipulations were employed: (a) consumatory response to hyperalimentation (force-feeding) and (b) consumatory and growth response during the catch-up period following food restriction. In the hyperalimentation experiments, food intake was determined (a) with and without force-feeding, and (b) without Pb and with Pb administered either orally or systemically. Pb exposure reduced food consumption compared to controls. Force-feeding of a liquid diet further reduced food consumption, but only to the level that maintained total caloric intake at, or close to, the level of Pb animals not force-fed. In the food-restriction experiments, weanling rats had their food intake restricted for 4 days and then were provided free access to food, at which time one subgroup of these animals was exposed to Pb. Catch-up of previously food-restricted animals, in terms of food consumption and growth, was the same in the first 2 days, regardless of whether Pb was administered. During the next 10 days, the food intake and growth of the non-Pb-exposed, food-restricted animals gradually converged on the previously free-fed, non-Pb-exposed animals, whereas the food-restricted, Pb-exposed animals converged on the growth-depressed, previously free-fed Pb-exposed animals. All these responses to dietary manipulations are consistent with a reduced set point for appetite rather than with a nonspecific effect of Pb. e.g., aversion to food or general malaise.
A Comparison of Acute Treatment Regimens for Migraine in the Emergency Department

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Migraine headache is a common pediatric complaint among emergency department (ED) patients. There are limited trials on abortive therapies in the ED. The objective of this study was to apply a comparative effectiveness approach to investigate acute medication regimens for the prevention of ED revisits. METHODS: Retrospective study using administrative data (Pediatric Health Information System) from 35 pediatric EDs (2009–2012). Children aged 7 to 18 years with a principal diagnosis of migraine headache were studied. The primary outcome was a revisit to the ED within 3 days for discharged patients. The primary analysis compared the treatment regimens and individual medications on the risk for revisit. RESULTS: The study identified 32 124 children with migraine; 27 317 (85%) were discharged, and 5.5% had a return ED visit within 3 days. At the index visit, the most common medications included nonopioid analgesics (66%), dopamine antagonists (50%), diphenhydramine (33%), and ondansetron (21%). Triptans and opiate medications were administered infrequently (3% each). Children receiving metoclopramide had a 31% increased odds for an ED revisit within 3 days compared with prochlorperazine. Diphenhydramine with dopamine antagonists was associated with 27% increased odds of an ED revisit compared with dopamine antagonists alone. Children receiving ondansetron had similar revisit rates to those receiving dopamine antagonists. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children with migraines are successfully discharged from the ED and only 1 in 18 required a revisit within 3 days. Prochlorperazine appears to be superior to metoclopramide in preventing a revisit, and diphenhydramine use is associated with increased rates of return.
Enhanced cell killing and mutagenesis by ethylnitrosourea in xeroderma pigmentosum cells

It was shown previously that following treatment with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) SV40-transformed cells from xeroderma pigmentosum patient XP12RO, complementation group A remove O6-ethylguanine from their DNA 2 to 3 times more slowly than do such cells from a normal individual (GM637), but that each of the several other DNA adducts studied are removed at the same rate by both cell lines. If O6-ethylguanine contributes significantly to the cytotoxic effect of ENU, a population which can excise this lesion more rapidly than another during the posttreatment period should exhibit a higher survival. We compared these two cell lines for survival of colony-forming ability following exposure to ENU. XP12RO-SV40 cells proved approximately 3.5-fold more sensitive than GM637. To extend this study to non-transformed diploid human fibroblasts, we compared the survival of cells derived from normal individuals (NF) with that of fibroblasts from several XP patients: XP12BE (group A), XP7BE (group D), and XP4BE (an XP variant). The survival curve of NF, XP7BE, and XP4BE cells, but not XP12BE cells, exhibited a distinct shoulder. The slope of the survival curve for XP12BE cells was 3-fold steeper than that of the exponential part of the curve for NF; the slope of the curve for XP7BE cells, 2-fold steeper; and that of XP4BE cells, 1.7-fold steeper. This enhanced cytotoxicity was not observed in XP12BE cells treated with methylating agents such as methylnitrosourea or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. We compared NF and XP12BE cells for sensitivity to the mutagenic action of ENU and found approximately 3-fold higher frequencies of 6-thioguanine resistant mutants in the XP cells. This result is expected if the XP cells are slower than normal in excising O6-ethylguanine and if this adduct is mutagenic. When we compared the frequency of mutations induced by ENU and u.v. radiation at doses which caused equal cell killing, ENU was 4-fold more efficient a mutagen than u.v.
Reducing Uncertainty of Risk Estimates for Mixtures of Chemicals within Regulatory Constraints

Reducing uncertainty in estimated risks is always desirable. While regulatory assumptions and policies regarding risk assessment of chemicals can be debated, these are the rules under which many risk assessments are currently conducted. Methods for reducing the uncertainty in risk estimates generated under those rules are therefore useful, whether or not one agrees with the models and the underlying assumptions that comprise those rules. The guidance for risk assessment of mixtures of chemicals used by EPA was reexamined to determine methods for reducing the uncertainty in the cumulative risk estimates. It was found that the uncertainty could be significantly reduced if the assumptions concerning the assessment of mixtures of chemicals were combined with the assumptions for evaluating the risks of individual chemicals. Methods are proposed for reducing the uncertainty of mixtures of chemicals whose individual constituents are evaluated by cancer potency factors, hazard quotients, or margins of exposure. The methods developed do not require data beyond that which would be required for generating the current risk estimates for the individual chemicals. These analyses also demonstrated that some of the assumptions currently in use for regulatory risk assessment may lead to inconsistencies that should be reevaluated. As the proposed methods do not require any change in the current assumptions to reduce uncertainty in the risk estimates, the proposed methods should prove useful until such time as the assumptions are reevaluated and possibly changed.
Traumatic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is an uncommon sequela of blunt abdominal injury. This report details the radiographic findings of a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in which the diagnosis was missed at initial exploratory laparotomy and on multiple portable chest radiographs. At reoperation, the stomach was found within the pericardial sac.
Precis of executive dyscontrol as a cause of problem behavior in dementia

Frontal lobe executive control functions (ECF) are proposed as a source of problem behavior in dementia. The behavior and personality changes that follow frontal lobe brain damage overlap with those seen in dementia, and frontal lobe structural and metabolic lesions can be demonstrated across a variety of dementing illnesses. ECF help explain the importance of social and environmental cues in the production of disruptive behavior and suggest interpersonal strategies for their control. This model has considerable face validity and leads to several testable hypotheses.
Reply to the comment by C. J. Goebel entitled "Angular momentum of the cosmic background radiation"

It is argued that the critical discussion by C. J. Goebel of a paper of Jakobsen, Kon, and Segal explaining the Woody-Richards anomaly by an assumption of nontrivial isotropic angular momentum in the cosmic background radiation (in galactic vicinities or otherwise) lacks logical coherence, specific relevance to the cited paper, and is generally without scientific metric.
Scheduling a Full-Time Workforce to Meet Cyclic Staffing Requirements

A simple algorithm is developed for the problem of assigning days off to full-time staff given a cyclic seven-day demand pattern. The formulation assumes that employees are entitled to two consecutive days off each week and that the objective is to find a minimum staff size capable of meeting the requirements. The algorithm involves only hand calculations, and its computing effort is predictable.
The dynamical degrees of freedom in spatially homogeneous cosmology

The true analogues of superspace and conformal superspace for spatially homogeneous cosmology are introduced and discussed in relation to the kinematics of the evolution of Cauchy data from a spatially homogeneous initial value surface using a spatially homogeneous lapse function. Having fixed the slicing of spatially homogeneous spacetimes to be the natural one, an obvious restriction on the freedom of choice of the shift vector field occurs, and its relation to the three-dimensional diffeomorphism gauge group of the problem is explained. In this context the minimal distortion shift equation of Smarr and York naturally arises. Finally these ideas are used to simplify the dynamics.