cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Snakes and Dragons, Rat’s Liver and Fly’s Leg: The Butterfly Dream Revisited

The Zhuangzi begins with Peng, a soaring bird transformed from a bounded fish, which is the first metaphor that points beyond limited standpoints to a higher point of view. The transformation is one-way and symbolizes that there is a higher viewpoint to attain which affords mental freedom and the clarity and scope of great vision. Under the alternate thesis of constant transformation, values and understandings must ceaselessly transform and collapse. All cyclical transformations must collapse into skeptical relativism and confusion. But Peng does not turn back into a fish, and the awakened sage does not fall into a slumber of ignorance and confusion. It is only the thesis of a one-way transformation that leaves the sage in a state of knowledge.
Many-body electronic structure and Kondo properties of cobalt-porphyrin molecules.

We use a combination of first-principles many-body methods and the numerical renormalization-group technique to study the Kondo regime of cobalt-porphyrin compounds adsorbed on a Cu(111) surface. We find the Kondo temperature to be highly sensitive to both molecule charging and distance to the surface, which can explain the variations observed in recent scanning-tunneling-spectroscopy measurements. We discuss the importance of many-body effects in the molecular electronic structure controlling this phenomenon and suggest scenarios where enhanced temperatures can be achieved in experiments.
Formation and Absorption Spectrum of Copper Nanoparticles from the Radiolytic Reduction of Cu(CN)2

Colloidal copper particles (20−100 nm) are formed in the γ-irradiation of aqueous solutions of KCu(CN)2, which also contain methanol or 2-propanol as OH scavenger. The radiation chemical yield is of the order of 0.1 Cu atoms formed per 100 eV absorbed radiation energy and decreases with increasing concentration of excess KCN. A reduction mechanism is proposed, in which the hydrated electron reacts with Cu(CN)2-, whereas organic radicals attack a copper-I species, possibly colloidal Cu2O, present in low concentration by partial hydrolysis of Cu(CN)2-. Free copper atoms do not appear as intermediates in this mechanism. The optical absorption spectrum of Cu particles of different size is also reported; it contains the plasmon band in the 560−580 nm region and a UV band at 222 nm and becomes flatter with increasing particle size. The copper particles have almost spherical shape when formed at high irradiation dose rates but exhibit very pronounced polyhedra and rodlike contributions at low-dose rates.
Recent rainfall fluctuations in Africa and their relationship to past conditions over the continent

This paper examines the rainfall conditions which have prevailed over Africa during the last two decades. Throughout this period rainfall has been abnormally low over most of the continent. These conditions are compared and contrasted with those which previously prevailed during historical and geologic times. A trend towards increasing aridity since about 1970 has been neither continuous nor apparent in all regions but is evident as an increase in the area affected by subnormal rainfall and in the size of the deficit in the semi-arid regions. These conditions contrast markedly with the 1950s and are unlike any which occurred earlier in the century, and may signal a major change in prevailing global- scale climate. The continental patterns of reduced rainfall are analogous to historical fluctuations, most notably those of the early nineteenth century, and are of relevance to understanding the causal mechanisms of climate change in the late Pleistocene. The patterns are supportive of an underlying climatic ...
Informational requirements and strategic complexity in repeated games

Abstract We propose a measure of strategic complexity in repeated games based on the idea that strategies requiring more detailed information are more complex. Our measure often yields a more intuitive ranking of strategies than other measures. In repeated games, the simplest strategy which produces a given equilibrium path is a grim-trigger strategy. We characterize the set of Nash and perfect equilibrium payoffs in n -player repeated games in which preferences over game payoffs and complexity costs are lexicographic.
Licensing NPIs and licensing silence: Have/be yet to in English

This paper discusses the syntax of the have/be yet to construction in English, as in John has/is yet to eat dinner. As pointed out by Kelly (2008), this construction raises a number of questions. How is the NPI yet licensed? Why is have interpreted as a perfect auxiliary verb, in spite of the fact that it appears to take an infinitival complement, rather than a perfect participle? What accounts for the apparent free alternation between have and be? We argue that have in the have yet to construction is, for many speakers, perfect have, which selects for a silent raising predicate that has negative implicative semantics. This predicate is responsible for licensing the NPI yet. We further show that the apparent free alternation between have yet to and be yet to is illusory. The category of the silent predicate can be shown to be different in each case in a way that is to be expected given independent c-selectional properties of have and be in English.
Histone acetylation-independent effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on Akt through the reshuffling of protein phosphatase 1 complexes.

Abstract Despite advances in understanding the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in tumorigenesis, the mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors mediate antineoplastic effects remains elusive. Modifications of the histone code alone are not sufficient to account for the antitumor effect of HDAC inhibitors. The present study demonstrates a novel histone acetylation-independent mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors cause Akt dephosphorylation in U87MG glioblastoma and PC-3 prostate cancer cells by disrupting HDAC-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes. Of four HDAC inhibitors examined, trichostatin A (TSA) and HDAC42 exhibit the highest activity in down-regulating phospho-Akt, followed by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, whereas MS-275 shows only a marginal effect at 5 μm. This differential potency parallels the respective activities in inducing tubulin acetylation, a non-histone substrate for HDAC6. Evidence indicates that this Akt dephosphorylation is not mediated through deactivation of upstream kinases or activation of downstream phosphatases. However, the effect of TSA on phospho-Akt can be rescued by PP1 inhibition but not that of protein phosphatase 2A. Immunochemical analyses reveal that TSA blocks specific interactions of PP1 with HDACs 1 and 6, resulting in increased PP1-Akt association. Moreover, we used isozyme-specific small interfering RNAs to confirm the role of HDACs 1 and 6 as key mediators in facilitating Akt dephosphorylation. The selective action of HDAC inhibitors on HDAC-PP1 complexes represents the first example of modulating specific PP1 interactions by small molecule agents. From a clinical perspective, identification of this PP1-facilitated dephosphorylation mechanism underscores the potential use of HDAC inhibitors in lowering the apoptosis threshold for other therapeutic agents through Akt down-regulation.
Sparse coding and high-order correlations in fine-scale cortical networks

Sensory cortical neurons are interconnected at different scales, from fine-scale networks tens of micrometres in size to long-range links spanning several hundred micrometres, presumably related to differences in functional interactions. Using maximum entropy models, Ohiorhenuan et al. explore the correlation structure of neurons in the primary visual cortex of anaesthetized macaque monkeys recorded using multiple tetrodes. They conclude that whereas distant neurons display pair-wise correlations, local networks can exhibit more complex interactions that may act to 'sparsify' the neural code. Sensory cortical neurons are interconnected at different scales, and this could be related to differences in functional interactions. Using maximum entropy models, these authors explore the correlation structure of neurons in primary visual cortex of anaesthetized monkeys recorded using multiple tetrodes. They conclude that distant neurons display pairwise correlations but that local networks can have more complex interactions that may act to sparsify the neural code. Connectivity in the cortex is organized at multiple scales1,2,3,4,5, suggesting that scale-dependent correlated activity is particularly important for understanding the behaviour of sensory cortices and their function in stimulus encoding. We analysed the scale-dependent structure of cortical interactions by using maximum entropy models6,7,8,9 to characterize multiple-tetrode recordings from primary visual cortex of anaesthetized macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta). We compared the properties of firing patterns among local clusters of neurons (<300 μm apart) with those of neurons separated by larger distances (600–2,500 μm). Here we report that local firing patterns are distinctive: whereas multi-neuronal firing patterns at larger distances can be predicted by pairwise interactions, patterns within local clusters often show evidence of high-order correlations. Surprisingly, these local correlations are flexible and rapidly reorganized by visual input. Although they modestly reduce the amount of information that a cluster conveys, they also modify the format of this information, creating sparser codes by increasing the periods of total quiescence, and concentrating information into briefer periods of common activity. These results imply a hierarchical organization of neuronal correlations: simple pairwise correlations link neurons over scales of tens to hundreds of minicolumns, but on the scale of a few minicolumns, ensembles of neurons form complex subnetworks whose moment-to-moment effective connectivity is dynamically reorganized by the stimulus.
Contaminant and Nutrient Concentrations of Natural Ingredient Rat and Mouse Diet Used in Chemical Toxicology Studies

The NIH-07 open formula natural ingredient rat and mouse ration is the standard diet for chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity studies conducted for the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Contaminant and nutrient concentrations were determined in 2 to 94 lots of this diet used in the NTP toxicology studies. All nutrient concentrations were equivalent to or greater than the requirements for rats and mice as set forth by the National Research Council. Aflatoxins, Hg, chlorinated hydrocarbons except methoxychlor, organophosphates except malathion, estrogenic activity, and Salmonella sp. were not present at the detectable levels. Fluorine, As, Cd, Pb, Se, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosomorpholine, nitrate, nitrite, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethylene dibromide, methoxychlor, malathion, and trypsin inhibitor activity were present at or above the detectable levels. Five lots of diet had nitrosamine content of 100 to 273 ppb and 7 lots had 2.08 to 3.37 ppm of Pb. All other lots of NIH-07 diet used for NTP toxicology studies contained low levels of the contaminants. After determination of the contaminant concentrations in the 94 lots of diet and the contaminant concentrations in natural ingredients used in formulating NIH-07 diet, maximum allowable levels of contaminants were established and a flexible scoring system for acceptability of each lot of diet for chemical toxicology studies was developed. By prescreening ingredients such as fish meal for heavy metals and nitrosamines, and applying the flexible scoring system proposed, more than 95% of the lots of NIH-07 diet produced during the last 3 years had scores of greater than or equal to 95 out of 100 points and were considered acceptable for toxicology studies.
Base‐ and acid‐catalyzed condensation reactions of reissert compounds with vinylpyridines

The hydrochloric acid-catalyzed condensation of 2-p-anisoyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinaldonitrile (3) with 2-vinylpyridine gave 2-(1-isoquinolyl)-3-(2-pyridyl)-5-p-anisylpyrrole (4), and the corresponding reaction of 3 with 4-vinylpyridine afforded 2-(1-isoquinolyl)-3-(4-pyridyl)-5-p-anisylpyrrole (5). The condensation of the lithium salt of 3 with 4-vinylpyridine gave α-(4-pyridyl)-β-(1-iso-quinolyl)-p-methoxypropiophenone (10), which was cyclized to 2-(4-pyridyl)-3-p-anisylpyrrolo-[2,1-a]isoquinoline (7) by the action of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 2-(4-Pyridyl)-3-phenyl-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline (6) and 2-(2-pyridyl)-3-p-anisylpyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline (8) were prepared by analogous sequences of reactions.
TIME AND POLING HISTORY DEPENDENT ENERGY STORAGE AND DISCHARGE BEHAVIORS IN POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE-CO- HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) RANDOM COPOLYMERS *

We studied cycle time (0.01–10 s with triangular input waves) and poling history (continuous versus fresh poling) dependent electric energy storage and discharge behaviors in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] films using the electric displacement — the electric field (D–E) hysteresis loop measurements. Since the permanent dipoles in PVDF are orientational in nature, it is generally considered that both charging and discharging processes should be time and poling history dependent. Intriguingly, our experimental results showed that the charging process depended heavily on the cycle time and the prior poling history, and thus the D–E hysteresis loops had different shapes accordingly. However, the discharged energy density did not change no matter how the D–E loop shape varied due to different measurements. This experimental result could be explained in terms of reversible and irreversible polarizations. The reversible polarization could be charged and discharged fairly quickly (< 5 ms for each process), while the irreversible polarization depended heavily on the poling time and the prior poling history. This study suggests that it is only meaningful to compare the discharged energy density for PVDF and its copolymer films when different cycle times and poling histories are used.
15‐(4‐Chloro­benzyl­amino)‐2‐methoxy­podocarpa‐8,11,13‐trien‐15‐one

At 93 K, the benzylic C—N bond of the title compound [systematic name: N-(4-chloro­benz­yl)-6-meth­oxy-1,4a-di­meth­yl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octa­hydro­phenanthrene-1-carboxamide], C25H30ClNO2, adopts almost perfect coplanarity with the amide carbonyl linkage, the dihedral angle between the C—N—C=O planes being only 2.5 (3)°. There is weak inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the two independent mol­ecules comprising the asymmetric unit involving the carbonyl O atoms; this extends to link neighboring mol­ecules into a chain.
Genomic Characterization of LIGHT Reveals Linkage to an Immune Response Locus on Chromosome 19p13.3 and Distinct Isoforms Generated by Alternate Splicing or Proteolysis

LIGHT is a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily that signals through the lymphotoxin (LT)beta receptor and the herpesvirus entry mediator. LIGHT may function as a costimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus, which may provide significant selective pressure shaping the evolution of LIGHT. Here, we define the molecular genetics of the human LIGHT locus, revealing its close linkage to the TNF superfamily members CD27 ligand and 4-1BB ligand, and the third complement protein (C3), which positions LIGHT within the MHC paralog on chromosome 19p13.3. An alternately spliced isoform of LIGHT mRNA that encodes a transmembrane-deleted form is detected in activated T cells and gives rise to a nonglycosylated protein that resides in the cytosol. Furthermore, membrane LIGHT is shed from the cell surface of human 293 T cells. These studies reveal new mechanisms involved in regulating the physical forms and cellular compartmentalization of LIGHT that may contribute to the regulation and biological function of this cytokine.
Coping with flood: role of institutions in Bangladesh

The article examines the coping strategies that rural households adopted during the 1998 flood in Bangladesh and assesses its impact on household welfare, including coping and vulnerability. Both vulnerability and poverty have in general declined in Bangladesh. Yet, 60% of rural households adopted a coping of one type or another and about half of rural households were both vulnerable as well as found to adopt any coping mechanism during the 1998 flood. Household-level panel data analysis confirms that the flood reduced both consumption and asset, and forced many households to adopt some coping mechanisms to mitigate the adverse effects of flood. Consequently, natural disaster such as flooding increases households' vulnerability to poverty. However, post-flood bumper crop production and operation of targeted programs such as microfinance helped compensate the losses of flood.
A Windows-Based User Friendly System for Image Analysis with Partial Differential Equations

In this paper we present and briefly describe a Windows user-friendly system designed to assist with the analysis of images in general, and biomedical images in particular. The system, which is being made publicly available to the research community, implements basic 2D image analysis operations based on partial Differential equations (PDE's). The system is under continuous development, and already includes a large number of image enhancement and segmentation routines that have been tested for several applications.
A point mutation in Myh10 causes major defects in heart development and body wall closure.

Background—The 3 isoforms of nonmuscle myosin (NM) II (NMII-A, NMII-B, and NMII-C) play various roles during mouse embryonic development. Previous work, using knockout and hypomorphic mice, showed ...
Lessons From Outbreaks of H1N1 Influenza

This article discusses how pandemic influenza viruses get that way, in the context of the new H1N1 triple-reassortant “swine” influenza virus, and recounts some of the lessons that scientists have ...
Prospects of directly measuring charm-nucleon inelastic cross-sections in a D-meson beam

Using data from Fermilab experiment E791, we have established the feasibility of directly measuring D-nucleon inelastic cross-sections using thin-foil targets. A realistic experiment can measure absolute cross-sections with 15% precision and the difference between particle and antiparticle cross-section with 10% precision. Assuming that D cross-sections per nucleus vary asAα, the experiment can determine α with 0.04 precision.
Thiry-Vella Dog as a Biologic Model for Evaluation of Drug Absorption from the Intestinal Mucosa

The Thiry-Vella fistula dog was found to provide a quantitative and reproducible pharmacometric system for the evaluation of drug absorption from the intestinal mucosa. Instillation of buffered solutions of N -acetyl- p -aminophenol (acetaminophen) into the in situ jejunal loop resulted in rapid and essentially complete absorption. Within the range examined (75, 150, 300, and 450 mg.), an increase in dose was reflected by a commensurate increase in the plasma concentration of N -acetyl- p -aminophenol. Plasma concentration curves for each dosage level were parallel over a 2-hr postadministration period. The Thiry-Vella fistula provides a stable, readily accessible segment of intestinal mucosa with blood, nerve, and lymph supplies intact. The chronicity of the fistula preparation permits each animal to serve as its own control and to be used repeatedly to compare the absorption characteristics of the same drug at different dosage levels, as well as different drugs at the same or alternate dosage levels.
Feasibility of Real-Time Broadband Waveform Inversion for Simultaneous Moment Tensor and Centroid Location Determination

We present a feasibility study for an automated system to simulta- neously determine centroid source location and seismic moment tensor (MT) for regional earthquakes. This system uses continuous real-time waveforms in a time window that is continuously shifted forward with a short time interval (20 sec) from a sparse network of broadband seismic instruments, and unlike the current standard method, it performs inversion without prior knowledge of the location and origin time information. We tested 68 earthquakes with ML 4.2 that occurred in northern and central California between 1993 and 1999 and that have well-calibrated solutions obtained by an established procedure of MT determination. The solutions determined by the new system are compared with the well-calibrated solutions for performance appraisal. Results show that onshore earthquakes with Mw 4.5 can be detected and adequately characterized in terms of MT and approximate centroid lo- cation. The threshold value of variance reduction to detect an event is about 70%. In contrast, events that occurred off the Mendocino coast are not as reliably con- strained, reflecting the unmodeled complexity of the transitional structure from ocean to the continent using the current 1D model as well as the gap in azimuthal coverage. Significant improvement of the computational efficiency is expected if the system is fully configured on a powerful PC with multiple CPUs of approximately 1 Gbyte memory and the monitoring of event location and MT determination over the grid can be updated within the time frame of shifting the time window (20 sec).
Interference to ongoing activities covaries with the characteristics of an event-based intention.

Previous studies of event-based prospective memory have demonstrated that the character of an ongoing task can affect cue detection. By contrast, this study demonstrated that there is a reciprocal relationship insofar as cue-verification and response-retrieval processes interfered with making a response in the ongoing task. The amount of interference was determined by the type of intention, which was manipulated to affect the complexity of verification and retrospective response retrieval. These relationships were true even when the interference caused by cue detection was separated from a more general effect to ongoing-task performance caused by shifts in attentional allocation policies. The results have theoretical implications for models that attempt to specify the cognitive microstructure of event-based prospective memory.
New Evidence for Therapies in Stroke Rehabilitation

Neurologic rehabilitation aims to reduce impairments and disabilities so that persons with serious stroke can return to participation in usual self-care and daily activities as independently as feasible. New strategies to enhance recovery draw from a growing understanding of how types of training, progressive task-related practice of skills, exercise for strengthening and fitness, neurostimulation, and drug and biological manipulations can induce adaptations at multiple levels of the nervous system. Recent clinical trials provide evidence for a range of new interventions to manage walking, reach and grasp, aphasia, visual field loss, and hemi-inattention.
SoftBoard-a Web-based application sharing system for distance education

The paper describes the development of SoftBoard, a Web-based application sharing system that provides a convenient writing and sketching tool in delivering instructions and conducting virtual office hours for distance education over the Internet. It is a Web-based shared environment where students and instructors can participate in exchanging information in real time effectively. Similar systems in the form of whiteboards exist today but are quite different from SoftBoard. A SoftBoard system can be invoked by users equipped with a standard browser and Internet connection. A light pen can also be used with SoftBoard to provide a convenient way for creating non-textual contents freehand. Several experiments using different computer labs were conducted. Feedback from participants was very positive.
Interactions of the chemotaxis signal protein CheY with bacterial flagellar motors visualized by evanescent wave microscopy.

Abstract The chemotaxis signal protein CheY of enteric bacteria shuttles between transmembrane methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) receptor complexes and flagellar basal bodies [1]. The basal body C-rings, composed of the FliM, FliG and FliN proteins, form the rotor of the flagellar motor [2]. Phosphorylated CheY binds to isolated FliM [3] and may also interact with FliG [4], but its binding to basal bodies has not been measured. Using the chemorepellent acetate to phosphorylate and acetylate CheY [5], we have measured the covalent-modification-dependent binding of a green fluorescent protein–CheY fusion (GFP–CheY) to motor assemblies in bacteria lacking MCP complexes by evanescent wave microscopy [6]. At acetate concentrations that cause solely clockwise rotation, GFP–CheY molecules bound to native basal bodies or to overproduced rotor complexes with a stoichiometry comparable to the number of C-ring subunits. GFP–CheY did not bind to rotors lacking FliM/FliN, showing that these subunits are essential for the association. This assay provides a new means of monitoring protein–protein interactions in signal transduction pathways in living cells.
The phospholipid requirement of tissue factor in blood coagulation

A B S T R A C T Using a coagulation assay specific for tissue factor, we found that removal of 95% of the tissue factor-phospholipid resulted in a loss of 98%o of its biological activity. The activity could be restored, with yields in excess of 100% by combining the extracted tissue factor with either mixed brain, phospholipids or highly purified phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most active, followed by phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin had little or no activity. In addition, a requirement for unsaturation and the presence of two fatty acids was demonstrated. The activity of phosphatidylcholine was also dependent on the presence of the base. Furthermore, it was shown that activity was not a function of binding of phospholipids to tissue factor, as both active and inactive lipids were equally bound.
Stability of self-induced transparency modelocking as system parameters vary

We determine the stability limits of self-induced transparency modelocking in quantum cascade lasers having interleaved gain and absorbing layers when system parameters are varied. Results demonstrate the robustness of the technique.
Commentary: Competencies in Pediatric Psychology: Polishing Pandora’s Box

I applaud the Task Force on Competencies and Best Training Practice in Pediatric Psychology for painstakingly organizing and detailing core competencies to consider at different stages of training in pediatric psychology. Specifying training in pediatric psychology is a longstanding interest in the field (e.g., Drotar, 1975; Spirito et al., 2003; Tuma, 1980), and the current set of competencies is by far the most comprehensive to date. Detailing agreed-upon pediatric psychology training competencies has value to trainees, trainers, educators, regulators, policy makers, patients, and other stakeholders. Although I am enthusiastic about the classification of training objectives, there are a number of important considerations and challenges when embarking on this endeavor.
Game-y information graphics

In this paper we explore the application of formal elements of games such as goals and scores to information graphics?so called "game-y" information graphics. In order to study how game-y aspects could engender exploration of a dataset, we built two versions of an information graphic, one without game elements and the other incorporating aspects of trivia games. Preliminary results based on a real world deployment of the graphics on a newspaper website suggest that the trivia game information graphic engendered increased exploration of the data space by users as compared to the regular version of the graphic.
The Crystal Structure of E. coli rRNA Pseudouridine Synthase RluE

Pseudouridine synthase RluE modifies U2457 in a stem of 23 S RNA in Escherichia coli. This modification is located in the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. We determined the crystal structures of the C-terminal, catalytic domain of E. coli RluE at 1.2 A resolution and of full-length RluE at 1.6 A resolution. The crystals of the full-length enzyme contain two molecules in the asymmetric unit and in both molecules the N-terminal domain is disordered. The protein has an active site cleft, conserved in all other pseudouridine synthases, that contains invariant Asp and Tyr residues implicated in catalysis. An electropositive surface patch that covers the active site cleft is just wide enough to accommodate an RNA stem. The RNA substrate stem can be docked to this surface such that the catalytic Asp is adjacent to the target base, and a conserved Arg is positioned to help flip the target base out of the stem into the enzyme active site. A flexible RluE specific loop lies close to the conserved region of the stem in the model, and may contribute to substrate specificity. The stem alone is not a good RluE substrate, suggesting RluE makes additional interactions with other regions in the ribosome.
Anti)proton and pion source sizes and phase space densities in heavy ion collisions

NA44 has measured midrapidity deuteron spectra from $\mathrm{AA}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{nn}}}\ensuremath{\approx}18$ GeV at the CERN SPS. Combining these spectra with published p, $\overline{p},$ and $\overline{d}$ data allows us to calculate, within a coalescence framework, p and $\overline{p}$ source sizes and phase space densities. These results are compared to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ source sizes measured by Hanbury Brown\char21{}Twiss (HBT) interferometry and phase densities produced by combining pion spectra and HBT results. We also compare to $\mathrm{pA}$ results and to lower energy (AGS) data. The $\overline{p}$ source is larger than the proton source at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{nn}}}=17.3$ GeV. The phase space densities of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and p are not constant but grow with system size. Both ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and proton radii decrease with ${m}_{T}$ and increase with $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{nn}}}.$ Pions and protons do not freeze out independently. The nature of their interaction changes as $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{nn}}}$ and the $\ensuremath{\pi}/p$ ratio increases.
Early group bias in the Faroe Islands: Cultural variation in children's group-based reasoning

Recent developmental research demonstrates that group bias emerges early in childhood. However, little is known about the extent to which bias in minimal (i.e., arbitrarily assigned) groups varies ...
A Physical Interpretation of the Structure of the Ventilation Coefficients for Freely Falling Waterdrops

Abstract A qualitative picture of the flow patterns around a falling drop as a function of Reynolds number is deduced from the experimentally determined structure of the ventilation coefficient. These predicted flow patterns are compared with the present experimental and theoretical knowledge of flow around circular cylinders and spheres.
Force-based optimization of pseudopotentials for non-equilibrium configurations

Abstract We have used a multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize pseudopotentials for force accuracy and computational efficiency. Force accuracy is determined by comparing interatomic forces generated using the pseudopotentials and forces generated using the full-potential linearized augmented-plane wave method. This force-based optimization approach is motivated by applications where interatomic forces are important, including material interfaces, crystal defects, and molecular dynamics. Our method generates Pareto sets of optimized pseudopotentials containing various compromises between accuracy and efficiency. We have tested our method for LiF, Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 , and Mo and compared the performance of our pseudopotentials with pseudopotentials available from the ABINIT library. We show that the optimization can generate pseudopotentials with comparable accuracy (in terms of force matching and equation of state) to pseudopotentials in the literature while sometimes significantly improving computational efficiency. For example, we generated pseudopotentials for one system tested that reduced computational work by 71% without loss of accuracy. These results suggest our method can be used to generate pseudopotentials on demand that are tuned for a user’s specific application, affording gains in computational efficiency.
Traveltime inversion of multi-azimuthal walkaway VSP data for a model with dipping TI layers

Summary Walkaway vertical seismic profiling (WVSP) data potentially provides the most reliable anisotropy estimates. In many cases, a 1D depth velocity model is not adequate for WVSP data inversion. If the walkaway first break function is not symmetrical with respect to the well then a velocity model with lateral velocity changes is needed. In this paper, I present a first break constrained traveltime inversion approach for a 3D tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) parameter estimation that takes into account lateral velocity changes above the shallowest receiver. A new methodology, based on the constrained first break inversion, was developed to estimate anisotropic parameters in a 3D model. This method includes residual source statics calculation, walkaway first break correction due to zero-offset misfit for different walkaway lines, lateral velocity changes above the shallowest receiver, dipping boundaries and visual uncertainty analysis of estimated anisotropic parameters. Dipping boundaries, interval velocities and anisotropic TI parameters are simultaneously estimated through the least squares method with adaptive stabilizing weights. This approach was applied to a four-line walkaway dataset. The results showed small residual time differences between actual and synthetic first breaks with a standard deviation of 2 msec.
Effects of nutrition education on weight gain prevention: a randomized controlled trial

Body weight (BW) reduction through energy restriction is ineffective at impacting the obesity epidemic. Shifting from an obesity treatment to weight gain prevention focus may be more effective in decreasing the burden of adult obesity. This was a 1-year randomized controlled trial of weight gain prevention in healthy premenopausal women, aged 18–45 y, with a body mass index (BMI) of >18.5 kg/m2. Eighty-seven women were randomized to a weight gain prevention intervention delivered by a registered dietitian (RDG) or counselor (CSG), or to a control (CON) group. Eighty-one women (mean ± SD, age: 31.4 ± 8.1 y; BW: 76.1 ± 19.0 kg; BMI: 27.9 ± 6.8 kg/m2) completed baseline testing and were included in intention-to-treat analyses; anthropometric, blood pressure, dietary intake and physical activity measurements and biochemical markers of health were measured every three months. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA, with significance at P < 0.01. Sixty-two percent of women met the weight gain prevention criteria (BW change within ±3 %) after one year; this did not differ by group assignment. Body fat % was lower in the RDG versus CSG and CON groups at all intervals (P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure increased from month 6 to 9 and decreased from month 6 to 12 in the CON group (P < 0.001), with a significant group x time interaction (P < 0.01). Estimated carbohydrate intake (%) was higher in the RDG vs. CON group at month 9 (P < 0.01); fat intake (%) was lower in the RDG vs. CON group and CSG vs. CON group at months 3 and 9, respectively (P < 0.01). Estimated fruit intake (svgs/d) was higher in the RDG vs. CON group at months 3, 6, 9 and 12 (P < 0.01), and non-meat protein sources (svgs/d) was higher in the RDG vs. CSG and CON groups at month 3 (P < 0.001). Estimated energy, macronutrient and food group intakes did not change over time. A majority of all participants maintained BW over one year and were able to do so regardless of whether they received nutrition education. Additional studies that include a variety of clinical outcomes are needed to evaluate further aspects of nutrition education on weight gain prevention and health status over the long term.
Fuzzy Logic Clustering of Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem for Self -Crossover Based Genetic Algorithm

In this effort, a heuristic method in the form of a fuzzy logic system (FLS) was implanted within the Self-CROssover GEnetic algorithm (SCROOGE) in order to improve performance for the multiple traveling salesman problem (MTSP). This FLS is part of the “UNburdening through CLustering Efficiently” (UNCLE) system. UNCLE SCROOGE takes a MTSP, breaks it down into individual different TSP problems with optimized clusters, and then produces accurate results within a much more reasonable timeframe.
Latex Maturation Studies by Low Angle Light Scattering Photometry

Abstract Basic information on the relationship between processing variables and the physical chemical changes occurring during the “precure” of latex blends is required for optimum process control. To obtain this type of information, the particle size and particle size distribution of a latex blend undergoing a maturation or precure treatment were monitored by low angle light scattering techniques. The absence of any measurable particle size change during precure indicates that the process is simply an initiation of crosslinking within the individual latex particles which is caused by penetration of molecular sulfur and other activators and accelerators. Volume swelling measurements were performed at intervals to determine the degree of precure attained by the blend.
Advances in Numerical Modeling of Downhole Dynamics for Perforated Well Completions

© 2014 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST. Advances in Numerical Modeling of Downhole Dynamics for Perforated Well Completions
When A Dolphin Loves A Boy: Some Greco-Roman and Native American Love Stories

This article catalogues and interprets an underexplored body of Greek and Roman narratives of animals who fall in love with humans. These narratives, unlike myths and fables, purport to tell of events which occur in the real world of their day; they are stories of desire ( eros ), but not of copulation; and their configurations of desire are characteristically Greco-Roman (the desiring animal is almost always male, and the human object of his desire is a woman or a young man explicitly or implicitly described as beautiful). With their anthropocentric and hierarchically configured models of desire, and their emphasis on the impossibility of fulfillment, these narratives illustrate some lasting Western perspectives on the relationship between animals and humans and on desire itself. Some Native American narratives of animal-human love, emphasizing relationship and kinship, stand in suggestive contrast.
"That Neighborhood is Sketchy!": Examining Online Conversations about Social Disorder in Transitioning Neighborhoods

In this paper, we examine online conversations about a Chicago neighborhood that is currently transitioning from a lower to a higher socioeconomic population (otherwise known as "gentrifying"). Based on patterns identified in the online conversations, we present our findings related to social disorder as it was one of the most prevalent topics. Our results suggest that comments about social disorder were mostly based on perception of safety rather than personal experience or real data, where online respondents who had negative comments shared mostly anecdotal information, while positive comments were heavily legitimized and supported with more persuasive arguments.
Research and Design for the Modeling of Simulation of CPS

The simulation and modeling of CPS are of great significance in the development of CPS-System,not only can help testing and validating in the process of building system,but also are the Model-driven development's important part.Cyber physical system can be divided into physical entity and computation entity by means of essence and refining.Physical entity can be constructed by dynamic continuous-and time-based motion-state of behavioral model and using finite state-machine of behavioral model to carry on construct computation entity.This paper extended these two beha-vioral models through time oriented state-refinement,and used the extended models to complete the simulation and mode-ling of CPS,besides,discussed the ability of using Unified Model Language to build computation entity and using Simulink/RTW tools to construct physical entity,and proposed the approach for integration of heterogeneous models at the framework of UML.
Mutant cycle analysis with modified saxitoxins reveals specific interactions critical to attaining high-affinity inhibition of hNaV1.7

Improper function of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na V s), obligatory membrane proteins for bioelectrical signaling, has been linked to a number of human pathologies. Small-molecule agents that target Na V s hold considerable promise for treatment of chronic disease. Absent a comprehensive understanding of channel structure, the challenge of designing selective agents to modulate the activity of Na V subtypes is formidable. We have endeavored to gain insight into the 3D architecture of the outer vestibule of Na V through a systematic structure–activity relationship (SAR) study involving the bis-guanidinium toxin saxitoxin (STX), modified saxitoxins, and protein mutagenesis. Mutant cycle analysis has led to the identification of an acetylated variant of STX with unprecedented, low-nanomolar affinity for human Na V 1.7 (hNa V 1.7), a channel subtype that has been implicated in pain perception. A revised toxin-receptor binding model is presented, which is consistent with the large body of SAR data that we have obtained. This new model is expected to facilitate subsequent efforts to design isoform-selective Na V inhibitors.
Postmodern Portfolio Theory

Modern portfolio theory, its name notwithstanding, needs a thorough renovation. The reaction of an informed contemporary critic to this venerable model of financial analysis would be comparable to that of a postmodern architect who encounters the naked geometry of a Brutalist monument for the first time: the edifice has nice “bones,” so to speak, but it needs to be rebuilt with human needs and emotions in mind before anyone will live in it.1
Estimating durability of the piles using the criteria of deterioration

穿孔抵抗による木材の劣化診断を,IML製レジストグラフM-300により実施した。今回は,野外で暴露されたスギ材とヒノキ材の穿孔抵抗値と容積密度数の関係から,劣化の可能性が高いと判断する基準を,「穿孔深さが10mm以上の範囲における穿孔抵抗出力値の平均が,スギ材で2resi以下,ヒノキ材で3resi以下」と定めた。ここで,resiとはチャート紙上で示された穿孔抵抗出力値を表す単位で,1mmを1resiと定義した。この基準値を用いることで,約3年間野外で設置された杭の内部の劣化状況を定量的に把握することができた。また,丸棒加工材にポリエチレン樹脂を被覆することで,少なくとも設置後3年までの劣化は軽減される傾向にあること,一方で,樹脂を被覆しても内側の木材の辺材部には腐朽が生じることが確認された。
Antibacterial Activities of Wasabi against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus are two of the major pathogens frequently involved in foodborne outbreaks. Control of these pathogens in foods is essential to food safety. It is of great interest in the use of natural antimicrobial compounds present in edible plants to control foodborne pathogens as consumers prefer more natural “green” foods. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is an antimicrobial compound naturally present in wasabi (Japanese horseradish) and several other edible plants. Although the antibacterial effects of pure AITC and wasabi extract (essential oil) against several bacteria have been reported, the antibacterial property of natural wasabi has not been well studied. This study investigated the antibacterial activities of wasabi as well as AITC against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus. Chemical analysis showed that AITC is the major isothiocyanate in wasabi. The AITC concentration in the wasabi powder used in this study was 5.91±0.59 mg/g. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of wasabi against E. coli O157:H7 or S. aureus was 1% (or 10 mg/ml). Wasabi at 4% displayed higher bactericidal activity against S. aureus than against E. coli O157:H7. The MIC of AITC against either pathogen was between 10 and 100 µg/ml. AITC at 500 µg/ml was bactericidal against both pathogens while AITC at 1000 µg/ml eliminated E. coli O157:H7 much faster than S. aureus. The results from this study showed that wasabi has strong antibacterial property and has high potential to effectively control E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus in foods. The antibacterial property along with its natural green color, unique flavor, and advantage to safeguard foods at the point of ingestion makes wasabi a promising natural edible antibacterial plant. The results from this study may be of significant interest to the food industry as they develop new and safe foods. These results may also stimulate more research to evaluate the antibacterial effect of wasabi against other foodborne pathogens and to explore other edible plants for their antimicrobial properties. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the antibacterial activity of wasabi in its natural form of consumption against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus.
Kinematic outcomes following ACL reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction aims to restore the translational and rotational motion to the knee joint that is lost after injury. However, despite technical advancements, clinical outcomes are less than ideal, particularly in return to previous activity level. A major issue is the inability to standardize treatment protocols due to variations in materials and approaches used to accomplish ACL reconstruction. These include surgical techniques such as the transtibial and anteromedial portal methods that are currently under use and the wide availability of graft types that will be used to reconstruct the ACL. In addition, concomitant soft tissue injuries to the menisci and capsule are frequently present after ACL injury and, if left unaddressed, can lead to persistent instability even after the ACL has been reconstructed. Advances in the field of biomechanics that help to objectively measure motion of the knee joint may provide more precise data than current subjective clinical measurements. These technologies include extra-articular motion capture systems that measure the movement of the tibia in relation to the femur. With data gathered from these devices, a threshold for satisfactory knee stability may be established in order to correctly identify a successful reconstruction following ACL injury.
A LASSO Method to Identify Protein Signature Predicting Post-transplant Renal Graft Survival

Identifying novel biomarkers to predict renal graft survival is important in post-transplant clinical practice. Serum creatinine, currently the most popular surrogate biomarker, offers limited information of the underlying allograft profiles. It is known to perform unsatisfactorily to predict renal function. In this paper, we apply a LASSO machine-learning algorithm in the Cox proportional hazards model to identify promising proteins that are associated with the hazard of allograft loss after renal transplantation, motivated by a clinical pilot study that collected 47 patients receiving renal transplants at the University of Michigan Hospital. We assess the association of 17 proteins previously identified by Cibrik et al. [5] with allograft rejection in our regularized Cox regression analysis, where the LASSO variable selection method is applied to select important proteins that predict the hazard of allograft loss. We also develop a post-selection inference to further investigate the statistical significance of the proteins on the hazard of allograft loss, and conclude that two proteins KIM-1 and VEGF-R2 are important protein markers for risk prediction.