cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Chronic Peer Difficulties in the Development of Children's Psychological Adjustment Problems

A longitudinal investigation was conducted to explicate how the confluence of early behavioral dispositions, relational histories, and cognitive representations of the self and others contributes to internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and loneliness. One-hundred and ninety three girls, and 206 boys were assessed annually from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 10 (Grade 4). Early aggressive behavior was related to Grade 4 maladjustment directly and indirectly through subsequent relational stressors. Significant associations emerged between chronic friendlessness and rejection and later adaptation not accounted for by concurrent relational difficulties. Self- and peer beliefs partially mediated the relation between peer difficulties and internalizing problems and loneliness. The results highlight the utility of child-by-environment models as a guide for the investigation of processes that antecede psychosocial maladjustment.
Revised Geologic Site Characterization of the North Korean Test Site at Punggye-ri

An evaluation of terrain characteristics provides a way to make geologic interpretations for denied-access sites. This contribution illustrates the utility of this approach by developing a revised geologic map of the North Korean test site through reconnaissance-based geomorphometrics (defined as the science of quantitative land surface analysis) and geospatial investigation. This study provides a way to quantify the geologic differences at the test site and suggests that geologic factors contributed to the prompt release of detected radionuclides associated with the 2006 nuclear test event compared to the 2009 and 2013 events. This method is relevant for test monitoring by providing: 1) A better understanding of host rock integrity and geologic coupling characteristics; 2) A means to facilitate a more accurate determination of explosive yields; 3) A better understanding of event containment and the likelihood of venting, and 4) An enhanced understanding of potential radionuclide transport mechanisms that...
211At radiocolloid therapy: further observations and comparison with radiocolloids of 32P, 165Dy, and 90Y.

Abstract We compared the therapeutic efficacy of α and β emitting radiocolloids for the treatment of experimental malignant ascites. 211 At is an almost pure α- emitter. As 211 At-tellurium colloid, the dose survival curve is linear and extrapolates through the origin in a manner similar to other high linear energy transfer radiations. Doses of 25 μCi were curative. Less than curative doses showed a graded prolongation of median survival. In cured mice, long term histological changes were seen in thyroid tissue. Acute changes were seen in the gastrointestinal tract as early as 2 hr after radiocolloid administration; these changes reached a plateau at 6 hr and were essentially gone 36 hr later. By comparison, radiocolloids of the beta emitters 32 P, 165 Dy and 90 Y were not curative, but relatively large doses did substantially prolong median survival. The doses for maximal effect were 150 μCi 32 P-chromic phosphate, 8000 μCi 165 Dy-ferric hydroxide macroaggregates and 200 μCi 90 Y-citrate. The most compelling reason for the increased therapeutic efficacy of 211 At-tellurium colloid is the direct and densely ionizing character of the emitted alpha radiations.
Innate recognition of non-self nucleic acids

The immune system has evolved a plethora of innate receptors that detect microbial DNA and RNA, including Toll-like receptors in the endosomal compartment and RIG-I-like receptors and Nod-like receptors in the cytosol. Here we discuss the recognition of and responses to non-self nucleic acids via these receptors as well as their involvement in autoimmune diseases.
Exploring Contraceptive Pill Taking among Hispanic Women in the United States

Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth have previously shown greater risk of inconsistent contraceptive pill use among Hispanic women. We used the same data to test aculturally based model of pill use among the subsample of Hispanic women. Hierarchical logit analyses revealed that primary use of Spanish, negative attitudes about women in the workplace, two or more recent sex partners, and recent pill adoption were factors that increased the odds of inconsistent use. Living alone or with non-kin was associated with more consistent use, as were showing preference for a stay-at-home model of motherhood, frequent church attendance, and frequent sexual intercourse. Our findings suggest that the strong effects of behavioral variables (e.g., duration of pill use, number of sex partners) are mediated by cultural indicators (e.g., primary use of Spanish, attitudes about sex roles). The extent to which programs address important cultural dimensions of health behaviors could enhance effectiveness.
A Maoist Counterpoint Peruvian Maoism Beyond Sendero Luminoso

A review of the history of one of the most influential Marxist parties in Peru, the Partido Comunista del Peru—Patria Roja, helps to place the militancy of Sendero Luminoso in context. Patria Roja ...
Registering multisensor datasets from a robotic inspection platform

In this paper we present a new method for the registration of multiple sensors applied to a mobile robotic inspection platform. Our main technical challenge is automating the integration process for various multimodal inputs, such as depth maps, and multi-spectral images. This task is approached through a unified framework based on a new registration criterion that can be employed for both 3D and 2D datasets. The system embedding this technology reconstructs 3D models of scenes and objects that are inspected by an au tonomous platform in high security areas. The models are processed and rendered with corresponding multi-spectral textures, which greatly enhances both human and machine identification of threat objects.
Belding Hibbard Scribner—Better Known as Scrib

It is particularly appropriate the Hall of Fame series should honor Belding Scribner in 2010, 50 years after he developed the device that first allowed treatment of irreversible chronic renal failure ([Figure 1][1]). Now, in 2010, there are between two and three million dialysis patients alive
Quality-of-life-adjusted survival analysis of interferon alfa-2b adjuvant treatment of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.

PURPOSETo evaluate the quality-of-life effects of adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa-2b (IFN alpha 2b) treatment of high-risk melanoma.PATIENTS AND METHODSA quality-of-life-adjusted survival analysis (Quality-Adjusted Time Without Symptoms, and Toxicity [Q-TWiST]) was applied to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E1684, which compared high-dose IFN alpha 2b treatment for 1 year versus observation in 280 high-risk patients. IFN alpha 2b was administered at a dosage of 20 mU/m2 intravenously daily for 5 days per week for 4 weeks, and then three times weekly at 10 mU/m2 subcutaneously for 48 weeks.RESULTSAfter 84 months of median follow-up time, the IFN alpha 2b group gained a mean of 8.9 months without disease relapse (P = .03) and 7.0 months of overall survival (P = .07) as compared with the observation group, but had severe treatment-related toxicity for 5.8 months, on average. The IFN alpha 2b group had more quality-of-life-adjusted time than the observation group regardless of the relative val...
Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes: a convergence of knowledge

Plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium graminearum infect seeds of the most important food and feed crops, including maize, wheat, and barley. More importantly, these fungi produce aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes, respectively, which threaten health and food security worldwide. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms and environmental factors that regulate mycotoxin biosynthesis in each fungus, and discuss the similarities and differences in the collective body of knowledge. Whole-genome sequences are available for these fungi, providing reference databases for genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. It is well recognized that genes responsible for mycotoxin biosynthesis are organized in clusters. However, recent research has documented the intricate transcriptional and epigenetic regulation that affects these gene clusters. Significantly, molecular networks that respond to environmental factors, namely nitrogen, carbon, and pH, are connected to components regulating mycotoxin production. Furthermore, the developmental status of seeds and specific tissue types exert conditional influences during fungal colonization. A comparison of the three distinct mycotoxin groups provides insight into new areas for research collaborations that will lead to innovative strategies to control mycotoxin contamination of grain.
A compact 5–6 GHz T/R module based on SiGe BiCMOS and SOI that enhances 256 QAM 802.11ac WLAN radio front-end designs

A compact high linearity 4.9-5.9 GHz T/R FEM is presented, which consists of a SiGe BiCMOS PA and a SOI switched LNA realized in an ultra-compact 2.3 × 2.3 × 0.33 mm3 QFN package. The Tx chain has > 30 dB gain and meets -35 dB DEVM up to 17 dBm at 3.3 V and 20 dBm at 5V, insensitive to modulation bandwidths and transmission data length up to 4 mS. With digital pre-distortion (DPD), the PA can be down-biased to save 30 mA while maintaining its linearity. The Rx chain features <;2.5 dB NF and 12 dB gain with 4 dBm IIP3 and 8 dB bypass attenuator with 29 dBm IIP3. All the unique features enhance the front-end circuit designs of complex 802.11ac radios.
Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial.

ContextAmong cancer-free women aged 35 years or older, tamoxifen reduced the incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)–positive but not ER-negative breast cancer. The effect of tamoxifen on breast cancer incidence among women at extremely high risk due to inheritedBRCA1 or BRCA2mutations is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on incidence of breast cancer among cancer-free women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsGenomic analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 for 288 women who developed breast cancer after entry into the randomized, double-blind Breast Cancer Prevention Trial of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (between April 1, 1992, and September 30, 1999).Main Outcome MeasureAmong women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, incidence of breast cancer among those who were receiving tamoxifen vs incidence of breast cancer among those receiving placebo.ResultsOf the 288 breast cancer cases, 19 (6.6%) inherited disease-predisposing BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Of 8 patients with BRCA1 mutations, 5 received tamoxifen and 3 received placebo (risk ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-10.70). Of 11 patients with BRCA2 mutations, 3 received tamoxifen and 8 received placebo (risk ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-1.56). From 10 studies, including this one, 83% of BRCA1 breast tumors were ER-negative, whereas 76% of BRCA2 breast tumors were ER-positive.ConclusionTamoxifen reduced breast cancer incidence among healthy BRCA2 carriers by 62%, similar to the reduction in incidence of ER-positive breast cancer among all women in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. In contrast, tamoxifen use beginning at age 35 years or older did not reduce breast cancer incidence among healthy women with inherited BRCA1 mutations. Whether tamoxifen use at a younger age would reduce breast cancer incidence among healthy women with BRCA1 mutations remains unknown.
CONGENITAL ATRIAL FLUTTER WITH COMPLETE HEART BLOCK.

Abstract A case of congenital complete heart block with atrial flutter without associated cardiac defects is reported. The arrhythmia dating from intra-uterine life has persisted up to the date of this report, almost five years. Although the possibility of primary myocardiopathy exists, we have no reason to believe that any is present in this case. The clinical course has been excellent.
Social Media Ownership

Ownership of social media content has most often been thought of in relation to the increased consolidation of corporate ownership of digital platforms and services. This entry looks instead at the history of scholarship focused on the contested cultural conception of “ownership” in relation to media texts and platforms. In particular, this entry draws from longstanding strands of work on the negotiation of a sense of ownership between audiences and content creators in the discipline of fan studies and how concepts from that work have been applied to research in marketing, sports, and the study of the sites which enable social media discussions. Keywords: audience labor; copyright; fan studies; gift economy; moral economy; ownership; soap opera
Application of a Genetic Algorithm to the Optimization of Hybrid Rockets

A Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique has been successfully applied to the design of a large hybrid rocket booster. Optimizations on gross liftoff weight and total inert weight have been carried out using the Hybrid ROcket Sizing (HYROCS) code developed at Purdue University. The GA was able to optimize designs which contained both continuous and discrete variables. Discrete variables which were optimized included the propellant combination and the number of fuel ports, while continuous variables such as tank and chamber pressure, and oxidizer massflux level were simultaneously optimized using the GA procedure. Results with optimal or very-nearly optimal solutions have been verified on a design space which happened to contain a very broad, shallow minimum in weight.
Confidentiality: an ethical and legal conundrum for family therapists.

Abstract There are several important issues influencing the holding of confidences in family therapy, among them are privacy, family secrets, confidentiality, and privileged communication. Clinicians need to be aware that breach of confidentiality is considered a high-risk area in clinical practice, which could be brought within a “low profile” malpractice configuration by adopting certain risk management techniques. Family therapists have an obligation to maintain their practice under the guidance of professional ethics, agency policies/procedures, and within emerging judicial parameters. The questions of confidentiality that confront family therapists have no clear and easy answers and the legal dilemma is ever present.
Is anxiety really facilitative? reaction to the myth that cognitive anxiety always impairs sport performance

We feel honored to be selected to react to the competitive anxiety portion of Lew Hardy’s Coleman Grif6th Address from the 19% AAASP Conference. Not only have we long considered Lew one of the brightest and most prolific scholars in our field, but he is also an independent and creative thinker who has pioneered several new approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of anxiety. In reacting to Hardy’s first myth that cognitive anxiety is always detrimental to sport performance, we must first acknowledge that we have many more areas of agreement than disagreement with his major points about competitive anxiety. First, we agree that many ideas about competitive anxiety are outdated and need to be overhauled. particularly how the construct is defined and measured. Second, we acknowledge that as currently measured (e.g., CSAI-2, Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump & Smith, 1990). competitive anxiety can be both facilitative and debilitative to performance. Third, we concur that anxiety researchers should spend less time looking at the individual effects of multidimensional anxiety components and spend more time investigating the interaction between cognitive and somatic anxiety and their joint impact on performance. Finally, we are in general agreement with Hardy’s implications for practitioners, even though we recommend modifying these suggestions somewhat to be consistent with the definitional and psychometric points that this reaction addresses. Nevertheless, the focus of our reaction is centered around two major areas where we disagree with Hardy, specifically: (a) how he defines competitive anxiety
Paleoseismologic evidence for multiple Holocene earthquakes on the Calico fault: Implications for earthquake clustering in the Eastern California shear zone

Paleoseismologic data from trenches excavated across the Calico fault in the Eastern California shear zone reveal evidence for four surface ruptures during the past ~9000 yr. Twelve optically stimulated luminescence dates constrain the timing of these surface ruptures, which are defi ned by the geometry of growth strata, fi ssure fi lls, and upward fault terminations, to 0.6‐2.0 ka, 5.0‐5.6 ka, 5.6‐6.1 (or possibly 7.3) ka, and 6.1 (or 7.3) to 8.4 ka. Geomorphologic mapping of the 8 km section of the fault extending southward from the trenches reveals two sets of displacements that record the slip from the past two or three surface ruptures. The slip caused by the most recent event was ~2.0 m, while the cumulative slip during the penultimate (and possibly the antepenultimate) event was ~4.5 m. The ages of the paleoearthquakes coincide with periods of clustered moment release identifi ed previously on other faults in the Eastern California shear zone at 0‐1.5 ka, 5‐6 ka, and ca. 8‐9.5 ka, with two Calico fault surface ruptures occurring during the 5‐6 ka Eastern California shear zone cluster. These data strongly reinforce earlier suggestions that earthquake recurrence in the Eastern California shear zone is highly clustered in time and space. Such seismic clustering suggests that at least some regional fault networks undergo distinct periods of systemwide accelerated seismic moment release that may be driven by feedbacks between fault-loading rate and earthquake activity.
Ties between classical energy based Lyapunov functions in nonlinear circuits and power systems

Lyapunov and energy-based stability analysis for estimating regions of attraction for stable equilibria in power system models has a very long history. The author provides tutorial background on the development of such energy analysis with the goal of establishing connections between the types of energy functions employed in power systems and classical energy based Lyapunov functions in circuits. The main result shows that the dynamic model used in such power system stability analyses has a nonlinear circuit analogy. In this analogy, the power system Lyapunov function is simply stored energy in the circuit. Conditions for existence of a closed-form expression for energy then correspond to reciprocity in the analogous circuit. Nonzero transfer conductances in the power system model appear as nonreciprocal inductance terms in the circuit analogy. Addition of parasitic terms to resolve ill-defined trajectories also has a simple analogy in the circuit model. >
In vivo-selected mutations in methyl-directed mismatch repair suppress the virulence attenuation of Salmonella dam mutant strains following intraperitoneal, but not oral, infection of naïve mice.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium that lacks the DNA adenine methylase (Dam) ectopically expresses multiple genes that are preferentially expressed during infection, is attenuated for virulence, and confers heightened immunity in vaccinated hosts. The safety of dam mutant Salmonella vaccines was evaluated by screening within infected mice for isolates that have an increased capacity to cause disease relative to the attenuated parental strain. Since dam mutant strains are sensitive to the DNA base analog 2-aminopurine (2-AP), we screened for 2-AP-resistant (2-APr) isolates in systemic tissues of mice infected with dam mutant Salmonella. Such 2-APr derivatives were isolated following intraperitoneal but not oral administration and were shown to be competent for infectivity via intraperitoneal but not oral infection of naive mice. These 2-APr derivatives were deficient in methyl-directed mismatch repair and were resistant to nitric oxide, yet they retained the bile-sensitive phenotype of the parental dam mutant strain. Additionally, introduction of a mutH null mutation into dam mutant cells suppressed the inherent defects in intraperitoneal infectivity and nitric oxide resistance, as well as overexpression of SpvB, an actin cytotoxin required for Salmonella systemic survival. These data suggest that restoration of intraperitoneal virulence of dam mutant strains is associated with deficiencies in methyl-directed mismatch repair that correlate with the production of systemically related virulence functions.
Locally Applied Direct Electric Current’s Effect on Springback of 2024-T3 Aluminum After Single Point Incremental Forming

Incremental forming is a sheet metal forming technology that utilizes a spherical tipped tool and a CNC machine to form a part through a series of spiraling tool paths. Springback is one of the largest concerns for incremental forming since a part can be the exact shape desired after forming until the part is unclamped from its forming fixtures, at which point it will springback due to the residual stresses resident in a part due to the forming process. This paper demonstrates how locally applied electric current can be utilized to reduce the springback due to residual stresses. The tests conducted in this paper demonstrate this concept via incrementally formed truncated-pyramid shapes that were formed from 2024-T3 aluminum. The residual stress concentration locations of the pyramid were determined using FEA. Direct electric current was locally applied to the stress concentrations of the pyramid prior to unclamping. Various current densities, time intervals, and electrical pulse locations were examined to find the ideal conditions for reducing springback for a tested geometry of 2024-T3 aluminum.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Moment Inequalities for Multinomial Choice with Fixed Eects

We propose a new approach to the semiparametric analysis of multinomial choice models with xed eects and a group (or panel) structure. A traditional random utility framework is employed, and the key assumption is a group homogeneity condition on the disturbances. This assumption places no restrictions on either the joint distribution of the disturbances across choices or their within group (or across time) correlations. This work follows a substantial nonlinear panel literature (Manski 1987, Honore 1992, Abrevaya 1999, 2000) with the distinction that multiple covariate index functions now determine the outcome. A novel within-group comparison leads to a set of conditional moment inequalities that provide partial identifying information about the parameters of the observed covariate index functions, while avoiding the incidental parameter problem. We extend our framework to allow for: certain types of endogenous regressors (including lagged dependent variables and conditional heteroskedasticity), set-valued covariates, and parametric distributional information on disturbances.
Trends and New Evidence in the Management of Acute and Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Pain-An Overview of the Literature from 2005 to 2015.

IN ADDITION TO being a major stressor, thoracotomies are associated with moderate-to-severe pain, impairment of respiratory function, protracted recovery, and the potential for the development of chronic pain. Of all surgical procedures, thoracotomies may create the greatest demand for postoperative analgesia. Even after less-invasive techniques, such as videoand robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, postoperative pain is of considerable concern. Uncontrolled post-thoracotomy pain has important implications for a patient’s recovery and can add significant morbidity and increase healthcare costs. Absence of adequate post-thoracotomy analgesia in patients undergoing lung surgery may be associated with delayed postoperative extubation. Cywinski et al conducted a logistic regression analysis on 2,068 patients who underwent open thoracotomy for pneumonectomy, lobectomy, or segmental lung resection and found that the absence of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) was a significant predictor of delayed extubation. Based on the authors’ review of the relevant literature, in the past decade no single paradigm shift in the treatment of postthoracotomy pain has been reported. Cumulatively, however, a recent body of evidence now supports an expanded armamentarium of pharmacologic and procedural interventions and an improved understanding concerning the etiology of thoracotomy pain. The aim of this review was to report on many of these numerous incremental findings by providing a concise overview and discussion of recent relevant evidence, which, in aggregate, could contribute to improved clinical outcomes.
Evaluation of an Innovative Fixation System for Chevron Bunionectomy.

Background:Distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy bunionectomy is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity. There are several different methods to s...
Effectively containing an influenza in an acute psychiatry ward of a medical center based on previous experience

Purpose: The implementation of infection control strategies was relatively difficult in psychiatry ward because these patients were not good for caring themselves and obeying medical orders. Therefore, the infections of influenza virus easily clustered in them. However, the outbreak could be stopped if we paid more attention to early detection and intervention of cluster. Methods: In the acute psychiatry ward, two patients suffered from flu in four days. According to the possibility of flu clustering, four empiric strategies were listed below for the intervention of infection control: 1. Practical facility of droplets isolation and hands hygiene, 2. Restriction of patients’ living range, 3. Environmental cleaning and disinfection, 4. Monitoring the health of members. However, cases of flu were consecutively increased in this ward. The team of infectious disease control was notified for surveillance and discussion of flu clustering with key members of this department. The further resolutions from our consensus were listed below: 1. Suspending group activities, 2. Increased frequency of environmental cleaning and disinfection, 3. Practical facility of surgical mask for work, 4. Keeping distance and silent at meal. Results: After our interventions, there was not a new case found. Only one case was proven as influenza virus type A by the virus isolation. Conclusions: In hospital, each member has the responsibility of infectious disease control. They should have the training to deal with abnormal events or episodes of infections in their department. If they obtain the ability and further internalized them as standard operating procedure, the cluster of flu could be controlled more rapidly.
Effect of sulfamethazine on the testes and accessory glands of normal and hypophysectomized rats.

SummaryChronic administration of sulfamethazine to normal male rats causes gross and microscopic atrophic changes in the testes, seminal vesicles and anterior prostate but a hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. The reported hypertrophy of the accessory organs1 of the young male rats treated with sulfamethazine was not confirmed. When hypophysectomized rats were fed with sulfamethazine, only increased atrophy of the testes was manifested. The atrophic changes that occurred in the testes and accessory organs in normal rats, as well as the similar changes in the testes of the hypophysectomized male rats after chronic administration of sulfamethazine, are attributed to a direct effect of the drug on the testes.
Augmentation of European Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for Biological Control of Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an Apple Orchard

European earwigs, Forficula auricularia L., reared on dogfood in an insectary, were released five to six per tree in an experimental block of prebearing apple trees and provided with artificial retreats on the trees and straw spread on the ground. The number of apple aphids, Aphis pomi DeGeer, on these trees declined in 3 weeks from near 500 per tree to less than 50, compared with over 3,000 per tree in an adjacent block kept free of earwigs and nearly 2,000 in a control block.
Parallelized mining of domain knowledge on GPGPU and Xeon Phi clusters

The cognitively enhanced complex event processing (CECEP) architecture being developed at the US Air Force is an autonomous decision support tool that reasons and learns like humans and enables enhanced agent-based decision making. It has applications in both military and civilian domains. One of the most computationally challenging aspects of CECEP is mining domain knowledge captured in cognitive domain ontologies (CDOs). Real-time agents require massively linked knowledge databases to be searched using a large set of constraints to generate intelligent decisions in run time. This study examines how to parallelize and accelerate the CDO knowledge mining algorithm by converting it into a constraint network that can be solved using a parallelized generate and test exhaustive depth first search algorithm. Our results show that 1 GPGPU can provide speed-ups of 100 times over a Xeon CPU core and almost 8 times over a Xeon Phi processor for the search algorithm.
Emotional Abuse and the Long-Term Marriage

New York matrimonial law permits divorces based on cruel and inhumane treatment, but the plaintiff spouse in a long term marriage must prove more egregious conduct than those in shorter marriages. This policy has developed despite our awareness of the harms of psychological abuse. As a result, the plaintiff in the longer marriage is often unable to convince a court that he or she is entitled to a divorce even when there is credible evidence of emotional and psychological abuse by the other spouse.The purpose of the article is to address the development of this policy and offers a critical analysis and reform options for the divorce law in order to reflect current, prevailing views of harms from psychological abuse, and social realities.
Analysis of Three Trust Relationships between Governments,Non-governmental Organizations and Citizens in China

Non-governmental Organizations,governments and citizens are important variables affecting on public management and the citizen's life,so it is of great significance to collate and stipulate three trust relationships between them. The non-government organizations should be relatively independent,but its independence is on undue intervention by governments,the relations of society and governments needing to be thoroughly straightened out. Non governmental organizations should be a self managed,can be worth the trust by the government and society,but its social credibility is not high. Because the management system of nongovernment organization is not perfect,it can not effectively protect the rights of citizens and provide public services. In view of this,we must strengthen trust between governments and non-governmental organizations straighten out the duty relationships between them. And in accordance with the democracy and efficiency requirements,we need to clarify the internal working relationships in non-governmental organizations and promote its management level.
Treatment of the psychiatrically ill patient in the medical bed of a general hospital.

In discussing the treatment of psychiatrically ill patients in medical beds of a general hospital, the author stresses the need for collaboration between psychiatric and medical services. The reasons for admitting patients to areas of the hospital outside of the Department of Psychiatry are detailed, and specific treatment modalities are presented in more detail. Contraindications and pitfalls of this approach are discussed as well.
Improved kinetics and potency of dxl-625 (cd20) compared to rituximab

4070 The use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) as therapeutic agents for a variety of cancers is well established. Expanding the therapeutic range of existing MAbs and inclusion of new agents may be possible in many cases through enhancement of their binding kinetics and of their ability to mediate effector functions (potency). A unique approach to increase the potency of monoclonal antibodies involves conferring “autophilic” or self-binding activity to the biologic agent. Antibodies photo-chemically conjugated to novel, self-associating DXL™ peptides remain monomeric in solution however “cluster” together following engagement with their target epitope. The present report delineates improved kinetics and potency of the DXL-conjugated preclinical candidate antibody, DXL-625 (CD20), compared to a commercially available therapeutic CD20 antibody (rituximab). Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensorgrams illustrate that despite similar association kinetics between the two antibodies with immobilized CD20 immunogenic peptides [kon (DXL-625) = 1.3 μM s-1 vs. kon (Rituximab) = 1.6 μM s-1], DXL-625 dissociates substantially more slowly from immobilized CD20 compared to rituximab [ koff (DXL-625) = 0.002 s-1 vs. koff (rituximab) = 0.016 s-1]. Flow cytometry revealed that DXL-625 also “sees” more surface-expressed antigen on established B-cell lines, an effect magnified in the low CD20 expressing cells (MFI (DXL-625 @ 10 μg/ml) = 25,150 vs. MFI (rituximab @ 10 μg/ml) = 2,621). DXL-625 was superior to rituximab in mediating in vitro apoptosis of established B-cell tumor lines (indicated by annexin V staining and propidium iodide exclusion). Ongoing in vivo proof-of-principle studies will compare potency of these two agents in a clinically relevant xenograft tumor model. We conclude that the preclinical candidate DXL625 (CD20) has a kinetic binding profile displaying greater avidity for the target immunogen and that this kinetic difference correlates with potency advantage over unmodified, therapeutic anti-CD20 antibodies.
An agent-based computational approach for representing aspects of in vitro multi-cellular tumor spheroid growth

There have been many efforts to explain and simulate tumor growth with mathematical and computational models. However, none have systematically examined the behaviors of tumor spheroids during growth. The interactions among tumor cells during growth are also not well understood. We have implemented an agent-based computational approach to study the macro- and micro- behaviors of avascular tumor spheroids during growth. Our simulations of tumor spheroid growth begin with a single tumor cell in optimal environmental conditions. We observe an initial phase of rapid growth, during which the shape of the collective approximates a spheroid. Subsequently a characteristic layered structure develops, consisting of an outermost proliferating cell layer, an intermediate quiescent cell layer, and a central necrotic core. These behaviors of our in silico spheroids map well to experimental in vitro observations.
Molten fluoride salt and liquid metal multistage extraction model

Abstract A multistage extraction model based on the distribution of actinides and rare earths between two phases of lithium activated bismuth and molten LiF BeF 2 (66 mole % LiF) has been developed. The model shows that the distribution across the cascade is affected by the concentration of Li in the metal phase, system temperature, flow rates of each phase, and the presence and concentration of other elements in the molten salt phase. Based on the model, it is predicted that an online molten salt coolant purification system could be used to separate both rare earths and actinides from the primary salt coolant in fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactors (FHRs). Additionally, the results provide sufficient evidence that this extraction method can separate primarily actinides prior to extraction of other rare earth elements, which would allow for fission products and other reactor poisons to be discarded, while fuel materials (U and Pu) can be recycled back into a reactor system.
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Infestations in Tree Borders and Subsequent Patterns of Abundance in Soybean Fields

The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in the Mid-Atlantic United States. In order to assess the influence of nonmanaged wooded borders on H. halys infestation patterns in soybean, 12 soybean fields in Orange and Madison Counties, VA, were sampled each week from July to October in 2013 or 2014 for H. halys. At each location, five 2-min visual counts of H. halys life stages were made on tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Mill.) and other favorable host trees along a wooded border, on the adjacent soybean edge, 15 m into the soybean field, and 30 m into the field. Seasonal data showed a clear trend at all locations of H. halys densities building up on A. altissima-dominated wooded borders in July, then, gradually moving into adjacent soybean field edges later in the summer. Halyomorpha halys did not move far from the invading field edge, with approximately half as many bugs being present at 15 m into the field and very few being detected 30 m into the field. These results have implications for continued monitoring and management using field border sprays, particularly on edges adjacent to woods.
Energy Subsidies Reform in the Republic of Yemen: Estimating Gains and Losses

Subsidizing fuel products and electricity has a long history in Yemen. Falling hydrocarbon revenues and the increasing fiscal deficit in 2014 urged the government to adjust fuel prices and initiate subsidies reform. This chapter explores the distributional and fiscal impacts of different reform options including the actual increase in prices in August 2014, focusing on fuel and electricity subsidies. The distributional analysis shows that only kerosene subsidies are pro-poor, and that subsidies for other products are pro-rich. Full removal of the remaining subsidies on LPG, diesel, and gasoline is expected to generate a negative impact increasing poverty by 1.1 percentage points. Full removal of subsidies on electricity is not a feasible option to consider. Instead, a more realistic reform would be introducing more brackets and a progressive increase in tariffs partially removing electricity subsidies. In terms of political economy, the history of unsuccessful reforms in Yemen suggests that successful implementation of subsidies reforms depends crucially on the right timing and a sound compensation scheme with targeted benefits. In addition, adequate public campaigns are needed to inform the public about the benefits of reforms. Finally, introducing automatic adjusting mechanisms of domestic prices to international commodities prices by law may reduce the politicians’ ability to manipulate prices.
Food Security: Food Defense and Biosecurity

Food defense programs are designed to reduce intentional contamination of the food system, whereas food safety programs reduce unintentional contamination. There were more than 350 confirmed malicious contaminations of food from 1950 to 2008, and there have been 169 separate recorded incidents of economically motivated adulteration around the world since 1980. According to the US Presidential Policy Directive 8, a food defense emergency preparedness plan should include five frameworks: prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. Collaboration on all emergency preparedness frameworks between the food industry and the government agencies is needed to advance the overall security of the food system.
The microrailgun: A new class of high velocity microactuator

Unlike linear current Lorentz force actuators, μ-railguns generate forces proportional to the square of current producing very high forces and velocities when driven by ultrafast capacitor discharges. μ-railguns were fabricated on an SOI wafer with 15 μm thick device layer. A test set-up was built for high speed capacitive discharge and synchronous stroboscopic imaging of device under actuation. Initial results demonstrate μ-railguns with actuation velocity of 45 m/s at resonant frequency of ∼ 1 MHz, nearly 2 times higher than possible with PZT piezoelectrics.
Sources of error in state revenue forecasts or how can the forecast possibly be so far off

State and federal revenues fell well short of projections in 2002. While revenues normally turn down in a recession, those revenue shortfalls were much greater than would have been expected given how mild the 2001 recession turned out to be. This paper examines some of the reasons for the large forecast variances observed in recent years using specific examples from forecasts made for the state of Minnesota. Key factors identified include inaccurate forecast for U.S. economic growth; inadequate, untimely and inaccurate data; imperfect models; and unrecognized changes in the structure of the economy. These factors came together and reinforced each other, ultimately producing a larger reduction in state revenues than could have been anticipated in advance.
Determination of the Acid Dissociation Constant of a Phenolic Acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Experiment for the Upper Level Analytical Chemistry Laboratory.

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiment for the upper level analytical chemistry laboratory is described. The students consider the effect of mobile-phase composition and pH on the retention times of ionizable compounds in order to determine the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of a phenolic acid. Results are analyzed using nonlinear regression.
AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES AS INHIBITORS OF SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN GELATION

We have used direct measurements of the solubility of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin and of the kinetics of gelation to study the effects of potential non-covalent inhibitors of sickling. This work is based on the hypothesis that amino acids or oligopeptides from contact regions between hemoglobin tetramers may act as competitive inhibitors of the gelation reaction. We have found that, of twenty-one amino acids tested, only the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophane, and possibly tyrosine, significantly increase solubility. Several short sequence-derived peptides containing phenylalanine are comparable to the amino acid in effectiveness, while longer peptides generally have a paradoxical effect in decreasing solubility. Preliminary experiments show slow, but significant, uptake of several dipeptides by normal erythrocytes. The implications of this work for finding oligopeptides which might act as stereochemically specific inhibitors of sickling are discussed.
Preprocessing and Hybrid Biochemical/Thermochemical Conversion of Short Rotation Woody Coppice for Biofuels

Preprocessing with air classification, followed by a hybrid biochemical / thermochemical conversion scheme, was utilized to improve the quality of short rotation woody coppice for biofuels production. Air classification improved sugar release during enzymatic hydrolysis by 6-12 % for poplar and willow coppice respectively. Total theoretical sugar release for these hardwood coppices was ~70 %, which suggests that they could be utilized for biochemical conversion. Improved sugar yields after air classification were tied to compositional changes of reduced ash and extractives which can neutralize dilute acid pretreatment and inhibit fermentation. However, air classification was shown to have little to no effect on pyrolytic thermochemical conversion as it removed material without returning a significant improvement in liquid yield. It was also shown that pyrolysis of biochemical conversion lignin rich residue gives liquid yields comparable to whole tree (without any fractionation) pyrolysis, with a higher quality oil that has ~60 % reduced total acid number. Using this combined biochemical / thermochemical conversion strategy can improve yields of fermentable sugars and pyrolysis liquid above 80 %, instead of the 60 % yield of sugars or bio-oil when using a single conversion strategy. Overall, it has been shown that preprocessing and hybrid conversion pathways are a viable strategy for maximizing biorefinery viability.
Sexual Orientation Identity, Race/Ethnicity, and Lifetime HIV Testing in a National Probability Sample of U.S. Women and Men: An Intersectional Approach

Abstract Purpose: We examined differences in lifetime human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in relation to both sexual orientation identity and race/ethnicity among U.S. women and men. Methods...
Spin-Down and Active Nutation Controller /SDANC/ for the Galileo project

The Spin-Down and Active Nutation Controller stabilizes the Galileo spacecraft during spin-down from approximately 70 to 1 rpm. Angular motion of the spacecraft is sensed through a pair of accelerometers and a sun sensor which is needed only at low spin rates. Spin and nutation information is derived by a set of 'loosely coupled' spin and transverse rate estimators. Spin rate is reduced by two spin-down thrusters. The transverse angular rate is compared with a variable threshold; exceeding the threshold activates axial thrusters which impart appropriate transverse torque to reduce the nutation. The scheme was verified by extensive computer simulations and has been demonstrated over a wide range of initial conditions.
Regional variation in stroke mortality in Wisconsin, 1989-1998.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the regional variation in stroke mortality and determine the level of excess stroke mortality in Wisconsin over the period 1989-1998. METHODS Wisconsin stroke mortality (ICD-9 430-438) data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC WONDER) were analyzed by county for the period 1989-1998 using indirect age standardization. RESULTS Estimates of observed and excess number of deaths associated with cerebrovascular disease in Wisconsin varied considerably by county during the 10-year time frame studied. Twenty-five counties had an observed number of stroke deaths that were statistically significantly different from what was expected given the age structure of their population. Of these, 14 had significantly more deaths than expected while 11 had significantly fewer. DISCUSSION There is substantial variation in stroke mortality between Wisconsin counties. Potential reasons for regional variation are unknown and warrant further research. This paper may give Wisconsin counties a benchmark of their progress in preventing stroke mortality to date and give direction for future public health efforts.
Genome-wide association of volatiles reveals candidate loci for blueberry flavor

Plants produce a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which are perceived by the human olfactory system, contributing to a myriad flavors. Despite the importance of flavor for consumer preference, most plant breeding programs have neglected it, mainly because of the costs of phenotyping and the complexity of disentangling the role of VOCs in human perception. To develop molecular breeding tools aimed at improving fruit flavor, we carried out target genotyping of and VOC extraction from a blueberry population. Metabolite genome-wide association analysis was used to elucidate the genetic architecture, while predictive models were tested to prove that VOCs can be accurately predicted using genomic information. A historical sensory panel was considered to assess how the volatiles influenced consumers. By gathering genomics, metabolomics, and the sensory panel, we demonstrated that VOCs are controlled by a few major genomic regions, some of which harbor biosynthetic enzyme-coding genes; can be accurately predicted using molecular markers; and can enhance or decrease consumers' overall liking. Here we emphasized how the understanding of the genetic basis and the role of VOCs in consumer preference can assist breeders in developing more flavorful cultivars at a more inexpensive and accelerated pace.