cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of CO2 on a highly active and stable Cu/FeOx/CeO2 catalyst: tuning catalytic performance by oxide-oxide interactions

Nanoparticles of FeOx dispersed on ceria exhibit unique chemical and textural properties. They undergo a dynamic FeOx ↔ Fe transformation depending on the reaction conditions. The high density Fe oxide clusters dispersed over CeO2 are effective texture promoters that enhance the stability of Cu/CeO2 catalyst in the high temperature reverse water gas shift reaction. At the optimal Fe loading, the deactivation rate constant of a 5Cu1.6Fe/CeO2 catalyst is only 0.003 h−1, five times smaller than that of the monometallic 5Cu/CeO2 catalyst. In situ XRD, AP-XPS and XAFS characterizations reveal that the partially reduced Fe nanoparticles would be oxidized by CO2 in the reductive atmosphere and re-disperse into high density FeOx clusters under the high temperature CO2 hydrogenation process. The wetting phenomenon, maximizing the density of FeOx particles on the CeO2 support, benefits from strong oxide-oxide (Fe–O–Ce) interactions.
Patterns of Cerebellar Connectivity with Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorders

There is growing evidence of altered connectivity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) between the cerebellum and cortex. Three intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) are especially important to cognitive processing in ASD: the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), and salience networks (SNs). The goal of this study was to compare resting-state functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the DMN, ECN, and SN in ASD and typically developing children (n = 74, ages 7–12 years). Children with ASD showed stronger connectivity between the ventral DMN and left cerebellar lobules I–IV. No meaningful relationships were observed between ICN-cerebellar functional connectivity and ASD symptoms. These results suggest that the cerebellum contributes to altered network connectivity in ASD.
A Single-Center, Open-Label Trial of Isavuconazole Prophylaxis against Invasive Fungal Infection in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

ABSTRACT Isavuconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole approved for treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). In this open-label, single-arm study, we evaluated isavuconazole for antifungal prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Adult patients admitted for first HCT received micafungin 150 mg i.v. daily from admission through day +7 (D+7) post-transplantation (±2 days) followed by isavuconazole prophylaxis (i.v./p.o. 372 mg every 8 hours for 6 doses and then 372 mg daily) through maximum D+98 post-HCT. Patients were followed through D+182. The primary endpoint was prophylaxis failure, defined as discontinuation of prophylaxis for proven/probable IFI; systemic antifungal therapy for >14 days for suspected IFI; toxicity leading to discontinuation; or an adverse event. Between June 2017 and October 2018, 99 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 95 were included in our analysis. The median patient age was 57 years (interquartile range [IQR], 50 to 66 years). Sixty-four (67%) patients received peripheral blood, 17(18%) received bone marrow, and 14 (15%) received a cord blood allograft for acute leukemia (55%), lymphoma (17%), myelodysplastic syndrome (16%), or another hematologic disease (14%). One-third (n = 31; 33%) of patients underwent CD34+-selected HCT. Isavuconazole prophylaxis was given for a median of 90 days (IQR, 87 to 91 days). Ten patients (10.7%) met the primary endpoint. Candidemia occurred in 3 patients (3.1%), 1 of whom had grade III skin acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Toxicity leading to discontinuation occurred in 7 patients (7.4%). The most common toxicity was liver function abnormalities in 5 patients, including grade 1 transaminitis in 2 patients and grade 3 hyperbilirubinemia in 3 patients. Four patients (4.2%) had early discontinuation of isavuconazole for reasons not meeting the primary study endpoint. Six patients died during the study period, including 3 during prophylaxis and 3 during follow-up. No deaths were attributed to isavuconazole. The majority (85%) of allogeneic HCT recipients completed isavuconazole prophylaxis according to protocol. The rate of breakthrough candidemia was 3.1%, and there were no invasive mold infections. Our data support the utility of isavuconazole for antifungal prophylaxis after HCT.
Theory of birefringence correction for polarization-controlled CARS

Polarization-controlled coherent Raman spectroscopy is used as a high-throughput method to characterize the anisotropic nature of a molecular system, such as the molecular orientation distribution. However, optical birefringence originating from the molecular anisotropy can cause the observed Raman spectrum to be significantly distorted, making it extremely challenging to obtain quantitative information from polarization Raman measurements. Here, the birefringence effect on the signal intensity and the spectral shape of a polarization-controlled coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is theoretically described using a uniaxially symmetrical model system. Due to the complexity, the effect of phase delay in the incident lights is not considered but only that of the generated CARS signal is considered. A new analytical method is presented to eliminate the birefringence contribution from polarization-controlled CARS data by analyzing polarization intensity profiles and retrieving the resonant Raman susceptibility spectra. This method is tested with two sets of polarization-controlled CARS data simulated with various combinations of symmetries of multiple underlying Raman modes. The analysis result clearly demonstrates that the effect of birefringence can be corrected for polarization-controlled CARS data and the symmetry tensor elements of all underlying Raman modes can be quantitatively characterized.
Design and fabrication of a highly sensitive and naked-eye distinguishable colorimetric biosensor for chloramphenicol detection by using ELISA on nanofibrous membranes.

Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) is highly specific and selective towards target molecules and is convenient for on-site detection. However, in many cases, lack of high sensitivity makes it hard to reveal a significant colorimetric signal for detecting a trace amount of target molecules. Thus, analytical instruments are required for detection, which limits the application of ELISA for on-site detection. In the present study, a highly sensitive and naked-eyed detectable colorimetric biosensor for chloramphenicol (CAP) was prepared by incorporating ELISA onto surfaces of microporous and nanofibrous membranes. The high specific surface areas of the nanofibers significantly increased the number of antibodies covalently linked onto the fiber surfaces and binding capacity of the sensor with antigens present in a sample. With such an integration, the sensitivity of the ELISA sensor was dramatically increased, and a trace number of targets could reveal a naked-eye detectable color. The immunoassay sensor exhibited a significant naked-eye distinguishable color to chloramphenicol (CAP) at 0.3 ng/mL. The successful design and fabrication of the nanofibrous membrane immunoassay sensor provide new paths towards the development of on-site inspection sensors without the assistance from any instrument.
SAT0591 REAL-WORLD PATTERNS OF PEGLOTICASE USE FOR TREATMENT OF GOUT IN THE U.S.

Background: Pegloticase is used in severe refractory gout or in cases of intolerance to other urate lowering therapies but the real-world use of pegloticase since its U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010 is not known. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the real-world patterns of pegloticase use in the U.S. and the incidence of safety outcomes with its use. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study using data from two U.S. commercial insurance claims databases (MarketScan and Optum, 2010-2018). We identified new initiators of pegloticase with ≥1 gout diagnosis code in the 365-day baseline period prior to pegloticase initiation. We measured the number and duration of pegloticase therapy. We assessed the risk of anaphylaxis, cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction or stroke, hospitalization for heart failure (new onset or exacerbations) while receiving pegloticase therapy. Results: Among 2.9 million patients with ≥1 diagnosis code for gout, we identified only 483 (179 in Optum and 304 in MarketScan) pegloticase initiators. The mean age and % female was 55.6 years, 10.9% for MarketScan and 60.6 years and 17.3% for Optum (Table). Cardiovascular comorbidities were prevalent in both cohorts. Hypertension was present in up to 85%, diabetes mellitus in 38%, chronic kidney disease in 46%, and heart failure in 21% of the patients. As expected, use of gout-related medications at baseline was common. The median duration of pegloticase therapy was 93 days (interquartile range [IQR] 56-186) in MarketScan and 105 (IQR 56-127) in Optum. The median number of pegloticase infusions was 4 (IQR 2-10) for MarketScan and 5 (IQR 2-12) in Optum. In MarketScan, 57 (18.8%) patients switched to allopurinol, 64 (21.1%) to febuxostat, and 2 (0.7%) to probenecid during the mean 0.5-year followup time. Similarly, during the mean 0.5-year followup time in Optum, 38 (21.2%) patients switched to allopurinol, 34 (19.0%) to febuxostat, and 2 (1.1%) to probenecid. During the mean 0.5-year follow-up time on pegloticase, there were 3 (0.6%) anaphylaxis, 7 (1.4%) composite cardiovascular, 31 (6.4%) heart failure hospitalizations, and 3 (0.6%) deaths in both datasets. Conclusion: Pegloticase is rarely used in gout, and the median duration of pegloticase therapy was 3 months. There were few anaphylaxis events captured in this claims-b ased study, while heart failure hospitalizations were common. Disclosure of Interests: Sarah Chen Employee of: After finishing the work for this abstract, she has moved to work for Gilead., Jun Liu: None declared, Seoyoung Kim Grant/research support from: Research grants from Pfizer, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Roche for unrelated studies
Research Agenda-Setting in Medicine: Shifting from a Research-Centric to a Patient-Centric Approach

Traditional approaches to research agenda-setting focus on researchers and their ability to review and synthesize literature, identify gaps, prioritize their ideas, and find the resources to make them a reality. Recent initiatives in medical research have shifted the focus away from the researcher to other stakeholders. Through a series of semi-structured interviews with medical researchers, we illustrate both the traditional researcher-centric as well as the novel patient-centric approaches. The patient-centric approach allows patients to contribute their diverse perspectives and pose unique questions, which can direct more impactful research agenda-setting. This paper provides insights into how medical research agendas are established, what factors impact decision-making and how an innovative use of crowdsourcing can refocus attention on the patient and their needs.
Long-term impact of a single interprofessional education high-fidelity simulation experience: a pilot study

The interprofessional education (IPE) simulation literature lacks research assessing long-term IPE outcomes. During the 2018-19 and 2019-20 academic year, third year and fourth year medical students, respectively, engaged in an IPE simulation experience focused on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Students completed the Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Survey. There was a statistically significant positive change (p
Anticipated versus Actual Synergy in Merger Partner Selection and Post-Merger Innovation

Past research has primarily focused on what happens after a merger has occurred. This research attempts to find out whether anticipated benefits from the merger do actually accrue. The authors characterize the effects of observed variables on whether pairs of firms merge, vis-a-vis roommate matching, and then link these factors to post-merger innovation (number of patents). They jointly estimate the two models using MCMC methods with a unique panel data set of 1,979 mergers between 4,444 firms across industries and countries from 1992 to 2008. They find that similarity in national culture and technical knowledge has a positive effect on both partner selection and post-merger innovation. However, anticipated synergy from sub-industry similarity is not realized in post-merger innovation. Further, firms overlook key sources of synergy when selecting a merger partner. For example, financial synergy from higher total assets and complementarity in total assets and debt leverage and knowledge synergy from breadth and depth of knowledge positively influence innovation but not partner selection. Furthermore, firms fail to anticipate factors that dilute synergy (e.g., higher debt levels) and merge with firms that detract from their innovation potential. Overall, the results reveal some incongruity between anticipated and realized synergy, offering implications for firms using mergers as a way to increase their innovation potential.
Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression in Vivo

In this chapter, the invasion locus of serovar Typhimurium is used to exemplify several general points about the regulation of virulence gene expression in vivo. The chapter also includes a brief description of in vivo expression technology (IVET), designed to select for bacterial genes that are transcriptionally induced in the host. The regulation of invasion gene expression involves an increasingly large number of regulatory loci in addition to HilA and InvF. The original IVET system was based on the fact that purA mutants of serovar Typhimurium are completely incapable of surviving within the animal host. PurA is required at all stages of Salmonella infection in all host tissues. Researchers designed an analogous system using the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase or cat gene as a reporter in place of purA. A number of researchers have subsequently developed IVET systems that are variations on a theme and have used these systems to identify in vivo-induced genes in a variety of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. These IVET systems fall into three categories: (i) selection systems based on metabolic (e.g., purA) or antibiotic (e.g., cat) reporters, (ii) recombination-based systems, and (iii) green fluourescent protein (GFP)-based systems. Approximately 10% of the genes that answered these selections encode products that are known or thought to be involved in serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis.
The Harry Potter Lexicon and the World of Fandom: Fan Fiction, Outsider Works, and Copyright

Fan fiction, long a nearly invisible form of outsider art, has grown exponentially in volume and legal importance in the past decade. Because of its nature, authorship, and underground status, fan fiction stands at an intersection of issues of property, sexuality, and gender. This article examines three disputes over fan writings, concluding with the recent dispute between J.K. Rowling and Steven Vander Ark over the Harry Potter Lexicon, which Rowling once praised and more recently succeeded in suppressing. The article builds on and adds to the emerging body of scholarship on fan fiction, concluding that much fan fiction is fair use under 17 U.S.C. section 107. But much is not, as well.
Mandel v. Myers: Judicial Encroachment on Legislative Spending Powers

In Mandel v. Myers,' the California Supreme Court considered the power of courts to compel satisfaction of money judgments rendered against the state when the state refuses to pay them. A money judgment under state law against the state traditionally has been held merely to liquidate the litigant's claim, while satisfaction of the judgment has been left to the legislature. The Mandel majority decided that the legislature's refusal to satisfy Mandel's court-awarded attorney fees amounted to an unconstitutional re-adjudication of the judicial decision to award those fees, and was therefore an encroachment on judicial power. The court held that a fund appropriated for operating expenses and equipment for the state agency that Mandel sued, though not legislatively intended to pay the attorney fees, could by virtue of the budget's broad language be applied to the claim by judicial writ of mandate.
Chaos in the Markets - Moral, Legal & Economic Signals in Three Fantastic Bubbles

Markets are sometimes accused of "irrational exuberance." Some distrust stock markets because of "predatory" behavior by speculators. Three fantastic bubbles - Tulip mania, the Mississippi Company and the South Sea Company are held out as horrid examples of market excess and malfunction by the public and sophisticated commentators alike. Tulip mania never occurred and was, instead, a rational attempt to organize markets for rare commodities in a primitive futures market. The Mississippi Company collapse and the loss of liquidity in France are linked to the South Sea Bubble. Both the Mississippi Company and South Sea Company were spectacular investments with major structural flaws. But they were not morality tales. This paper delves into the economics, finance, psychology, legality and morality of these bubbles. It demonstrates that the markets often worked rationally and efficiently, that the investments were not wildly unsound, and that exogenous factors (the Plague in Holland) and politics and illegality in France may have played major roles in these "disasters." The paper concludes that markets got it right and that popular wisdom has failed to appreciate the market's wisdom.
The 100th Anniversary of Tubal Sterilization

Tubal sterilization is a relatively new operation within gynecology. The history of tubal sterilization since 1809 is traced through old medical texts. Certain details of the procedures being performed to effect tubal sterilization are reviewed. Although laparoscopic tubal sterilization seems to have been tried 1st in 1941 more than 1/4 of a century elapsed before it gained in popularity as a method of sterilization.
Optimization of Composite Structures Using Response Surface Approximations

Response surface techniques have been originally developed for improving designs based on testing in the laboratory or the field. These techniques fit simple functions, typically low order polynomials, to the experimental data, using least square fit, in a process known as regression. The least square fit filters out some of the variability and experimental errors, especially if the number of experiments is substantially larger than the number of unknown coefficients in the fitted function. The design optimization process then can employ the simple fitted function, and requires minimal effort.
EVIDENCE‐BASED PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS: NOVEL CHALLENGES FOR TRAINING AND IMPLEMENTATION

The Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) report on psychosocial interventions challenges us to think not only about the way we study and deliver these important treatments, but also the way we teach and implement them. The report’s emphasis on protecting consumers by ensuring that effective psychosocial interventions are delivered in forms that closely approximate the ones for which the evidence exists has major implications for recruitment and training of faculty, didactic and supervisory teaching methods, competency standards held by national accreditation organizations, and research training. We briefly outline each of these issues below. Perhaps, the real game-changing suggestion of the report is that psychosocial interventions be delivered, taught, and researched using an “elements approach.” In its most radical form, this model, which is somewhat analogous to dimensional model of psychopathology taken by the NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), identifies elements that are both effective and common to multiple types of psychotherapy so that these elements can be studied, taught, and delivered a la carte. This is an exciting and challenging way to conceptualize psychosocial interventions that would require an entirely new approach to training. Curricula would cease to consist of separate courses and supervisors for each type of treatment, instead of employing a single “psychosocial interventions” course that would teach each of the effective elements and how and when to use them. Faculty trained in each of the psychotherapies would have to be retrained in the elements approach, with new or harmonized terminology and an “un-silo-ing” of their approach to assessment, treatment, and formulation. This could be difficult, as loyal practitioners of different psychotherapies often mix as well as oil and water. Even if psychotherapies continued to be delivered and taught in their extant forms, beginning to think about the effective elements of these interventions could prompt new and innovative ways to teach these common elements, much as we teach factors such as therapeutic alliance, empathic listening, and maintaining frame/boundaries as being common to all forms of therapy. The elements approach would also require new directions for psychotherapy research training, with requisite reframing for established psychotherapy research mentors. Beyond the discussion of the elements approach, the major thrust of the report is the importance of delivering psychosocial interventions that maintain fidelity to the effective form for which evidence exists. Sadly, much is often lost in translation, leading to less than ideal health care delivery. Changing this for psychosocial interventions will require increased attention to quality measures, as well as altering training in the following domains.
Review of Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests

Wheat is one of the most important globally consumed and produced crops. Its production is not only vital to our survival but also to the concerns of wheat growers, agricultural researchers, and co...
Uptake and persistence of imidacloprid in grapevines treated by chemigation

Abstract The uptake and persistence of a systemic formulation (240 g l −1 SC) of imidacloprid was studied in grapevines treated by chemigation, with the objective of defining suitable application rates for control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say. The sharpshooter is an important vector of Pierce's Disease in southern California, and insecticide treatments are necessary for effective management of insect populations and disease transmission. Uptake of imidacloprid was most rapid at the highest rates of application (281 and 562 g ha −1 ), reaching target threshold levels within the xylem fluid of 10 μg l −1 within 2 days in younger vines (4 years old). At 141 g ha −1 , however, uptake was slow and threshold levels were not achieved in every vine. In older vines (20 years old), 6–8 days elapsed before threshold levels were detected in vines treated with 281 and 562 g ha −1 . Despite the initial delay in uptake, once the target threshold was reached, it was maintained throughout the season. It is clear from available information on the population dynamics of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, particularly relating to its seasonal movement from citrus orchards to neighboring vineyards, that appropriate timing of insecticide treatments can play a crucial role in the management of this pest.
Effects of oxygen and nitrogen on drifting electrons in a liquid argon TPC

Abstract The attenuation length of electrons drifting in liquid argon is examined as a function of electric drift field from 0.5 to 3.0 kV cm−1, and of impurity level for low concentrations of oxygen (∼ ppb) and nitrogen (∼ ppm). Deviations from the “standard” formula are noted, possible explanations are discussed, and a new, semiempirical formula is proposed.
Interrelationships between thyrocalcitonin, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D: control of serum calcium in hypervitaminosis D.

Rats which are hypercalcemic due to large doses of vitamin D3 show an additional transient hypercalcemia following thyroparathyroidectomy. Parathyroidectomy did not duplicate this response. Thyroidectomy 8 hr after parathyroidectomy, however, also gave rise to the additional hypercalcemia. Removal of endogenous thyrocalcitonin appears to be responsible for this serum calcium elevation. The ability of thyrocalcitonin to prevent this hypercalcemia was demonstrated with exogenous thyrocalcitonin. Exogenous parathyroid hormone further amplified the serum calcium elevation following thyroparathyroidectomy, an effect which was counteracted with exogenous thyrocalcitonin. In the absence of both thyrocalcitonin and parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3 (20,000 IU/day) was able to induce mobilization of bone to maintain serum calcium at normal levels which might have been expected from the use of vitamin D in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. (Endocrinology 85: 704, 1969)
Regulation of death and survival in astrocytes by ADP activating P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors

ADP is the endogenous agonist for both P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors, which are important therapeutic targets. It was previously demonstrated that ADP and a synthetic agonist, 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-diphosphate (2MeSADP), can induce apoptosis by activating the human P2Y(1) receptor heterologously expressed in astrocytoma cells. However, it was not known whether the P2Y(12) receptor behaved similarly. We demonstrated here that, unlike with the G(q)-coupled P2Y(1) receptor, activation of the G(i)-coupled P2Y(12) receptor does not induce apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of the P2Y(12) receptor by either ADP or 2MeSADP significantly attenuates the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced apoptosis in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. This protective effect was blocked by the P2Y(12) receptor antagonist 2-methylthioAMP and by inhibitors of phospholipase C (U73122) and protein kinase C (chelerythrin), but not by the P2Y(1) receptor antagonist MRS2179. Toward a greater mechanistic understanding, we showed that hP2Y(12) receptor activation by 10nM 2MeSADP, activates Erk1/2, Akt, and JNK by phosphorylation. However, at a lower protective concentration of 100pM 2MeSADP, activation of the hP2Y(12) receptor involves only phosphorylated Erk1/2, but not Akt or JNK. This activation is hypothesized as the major mechanism for the protective effect induced by P2Y(12) receptor activation. Apyrase did not affect the ability of TNFalpha to induce apoptosis in hP2Y(12)-1321N1 cells, suggesting that the endogenous nucleotides are not involved. These results may have important implications for understanding the signaling cascades that follow activation of P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors and their opposing effects on cell death pathways.
Multi-Database Mining

Biomedical data useful for data mining are often distributed across multiple databases. These databases may be aggregated using several techniques to create single data sets that may be mined using standard approaches; however, separate databases may, in their design or data representation, capture information that is analytically useful and that is lost on integration. Recent techniques for mining multiple databases simultaneously but separately may preserve and leverage the unique perspectives within each database. This article presents an example, "dual mining," in which concurrent analysis of a target database with a related knowledge base can improve the identification of association patterns in the target most likely to be of interest for further analysis.
Tax rights in transition economies: a tragedy of the commons?☆

Abstract This paper develops the concept of tax rights to analyze the impact of fiscal institutions on economic development in transition economies. A government’s tax rights are poorly defined when it and other governments and agencies can unilaterally levy taxes on the same tax base. Existing evidence suggests that Chinese local governments have gained more clearly defined tax rights than their Russian counterparts. Using the ‘big push’ model of industrialization [Murphy, K., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R., 1989. Industrialization and the big push. Journal of Political Economy 95, 1003–1026] within a common-property resource framework, we show that this difference in tax rights helps explain why China has been significantly more successful than Russia.
AIDS Education and Policies among Southern Baptist Church Leaders in the State of Texas

A survey was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitudes of 67 preschool and children's directors of the Southern Baptist Convention of Texas during a statewide meeting on AIDS. Data on church policies regarding AIDS and AIDS education were also obtained from the participants.
Socio-economic analysis of cardiac resynchronization therapy

The field of electrical device therapy has benefited from two basically independent lines of investigation demonstrating mortal benefit from either cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with heart failure. Current clinical evidence data is insufficient to conclude that CRT-defibrillation (CRTD) offers an advantage over CRT-pacing (CRTP) alone. The cost of adding a defibrillator to the CRTP device is substantial and will act as a barrier to wide scale penetration. Annualized sudden death rates are very low in certain primary prevention populations. Consequently, the potential for overtreatment is very large and the negative costs of ICD therapy are distributed equally among those patients who will have a life saving benefit and those who were "destined" never to require the therapy. The perception that these costs are acceptable if lives are saved is commonly cited as justification for expensive therapy on a population scale, but there is an important and practical difference between costs per unit life saved and costs among patients who really never needed the device. Until the a priori predictors of volumetric response to CRT are better understood, the use of CRTD in class IV patients should be discouraged since ICD therapy is unlikely to extend life in volumetric non-responders. Similarly, the use of CRTD in patients who are "destined" for significant volumetric response is probably unwise since their risk of sudden death is minimized due to favorable substrate modification. Clinical trials comparing conventional ICDs, CRTP and CRTD are necessary to rationalize use of expensive hardware resources among different patient populations. Additionally, the importance of patient preference regarding end of life care should receive greater emphasis. While CRTP may be considered palliative in terminal heart failure, the decision to offer CRTD must include a discussion with the patient regarding mode of death and the potential for the defibrillator to replace a sudden and peaceful death with a prolonged death from progressive pump failure.
The Frequency Component of Water Quality Criterion Compliance Assessment Should be Data Driven

A numerical water quality criterion in the U.S. consists of three components representing magnitude, duration, and frequency. While magnitude and duration are well defined and conceptually unambiguous, the meaning of the frequency component is often debatable. We interpret the frequency component as a tool for accounting for uncertainty in estimating the mean concentration of a water quality constituent, after revisiting early works on environmental standards and criteria. Based on this interpretation, we illustrate management-related issues when using the default frequency of one exceedance in 3 years in compliance assessment. We propose a data-driven approach for estimating an appropriate frequency to ensure a consistent level of confidence in a water’s compliance of a water quality criterion. The data-driven frequency is determined by water quality constituent concentration distribution characteristics and sample size. The method is illustrated using two examples.
Design and performance of small-signal microwave transistors

Abstract Recent advances in microwave transistor technology, including 1 μm mask resolution, arsenic diffused emitters, and low-resistance contacts compatible with shallow junctions, have resulted in significant improvements in the high-frequency performance of small-signal npn bipolar silicon transistors. These improvements are described and, in particular, the high-frequency performance of arsenic diffused emitter and phosphorus diffused emitter devices are compared in detail in terms of ƒ T , ƒ max , noise figure and available power gain. The effect of collector thickness and doping on ƒ T and ƒ max is discussed and experimental results are compared with computed values. By suitable choice of collector thickness and doping either ƒ T or ƒ max may be optimized: ƒ T = 15 GHz and ƒ max = 26 GHz have been observed. The minimum noise figure is found to be independent of collector thickness and a typical noise figure of 4 dB at 4 GHz is obtained.
Proximal femoral geometry before and after varus rotational osteotomy in children with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular hip dysplasia.

Background:Surgical management of hip dysplasia in children with cerebral palsy (CP) usually includes varus rotational osteotomy (VRO) of the proximal femur. Several techniques of VRO (end-to-end, EE; end-to-side, ES) have been designed to maximize correction and minimize associated deformities. The
Increased risk of second malignant neoplasms outside radiation fields in patients with cervical carcinoma.

Background. The relative risk of second primary cancers was evaluated in 125 women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stages I and II cervical carcinoma treated radically with radiation therapy between January 1980 and December 1990. Methods. Medical records of patients were reviewed to evaluate the incidence of second malignant neoplasms. Only tumors histologically proven were scored. The annual 5-year age-specific cancer incidence data per 100,000 white women in the years 1981-1985 were obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of observed-to-expected numbers of second cancers, using person-years at risk accumulated for each individual in the study. Results. During the follow-up time (through December 1992), 10 women whose median age was 65.5 years at the time cervical cancer was diagnosed were found to have 11 second primary cancers. Nine of these cancers were metachronous with regard to cervical cancer and included breast (4), lung (2), myeloma (1), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1) and vulva (1). The metachronous tumors were diagnosed at a median age of 74 years and at median follow-up time of 34 months. Two of the cancers were synchronous with cervical cancer and included bladder (1) and thyroid (1). All of the second tumors were located outside radiation fields. None of the patients with second tumors received chemotherapy during treatment for cervical carcinoma. The relative risk of developing a second cancer of any type was 2.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-4.13), whereas the relative risk of developing a metachronous breast cancer was 2.64 (95% CI = 0.72-6.75). Conclusions. An increased risk of second primary cancers developing was observed among 125 patients with FIGO Stages I and II cervical carcinoma, which may suggest an abnormal genetic background and/or a common etiology for the initial and second tumors. The increased risk of breast cancer occurring as a second primary is in contrast with previously published studies reporting a decreased risk of breast cancer in survivors of cervical-cancer Cancer 1995 ;75 :2281-5.
Nurses' responses to changes in maternity care, Part I. Family-centered changes and short hospitalization.

: A descriptive study was conducted to determine what changes nurses report in maternity care and how these changes affect them and their practice. The stratified random sample was composed of six female, full-time registered nurses with a minimum of three years’ maternity experience from each of 10 hospitals in central Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas. Fifty-nine interviews, using a semistructured format, were completed, transcribed, and coded. Changes related to family-centered maternity care, short postpartum hospitalization, and patient characteristics are reported here. Patients know more about what to expect than they did only a few years ago, but also seem to expect the ideal; they are both older and younger than before, and many are sick or at high risk. Nurses reported more job satisfaction overall, but that their workloads had increased as a result of these changes, with more “traffic managing” and patient teaching required. Conflicts arise from lack of postpartum teaching time, lower patient census causing job insecurity, and from the need to care for all the members of the family instead of only mothers or babies. Some interdisciplinary conflict was also reported.
A Flow Visualization Study of the Jet Dynamics in a Round Jet Impinging on a Foamed Aluminum Porous Media

The high surface area of foamed metals makes them an attractive choice for impingement heat sinks. If the jet can effectively penetrate the foam, the high surface area will lead to enhanced thermal performance. However, if the jet fails to effectively penetrate the foam, the surface enhancement effect will be reduced. Previous studies have suggested that for high density foams, the jet does not effectively penetrate the foam and under certain flow conditions may in fact deflect off the foam. In this study, the flow dynamics of round jets impinging on both aluminum foams and solid cubes are studied using smoke wire visualization to identify the effects of Reynolds number and jet exit to surface spacing. The differences in the impinging jet dynamics between the foams and the solid cubes are identified. It is found that the penetration of the impinging flow into the porous media is significantly affected by permeability. As permeability decreases, flow deflection off the impact surface of the foam increases, approaching the fluid dynamics behavior of impact on a solid cube. The jet-exit-to-surface spacing and Reynolds number are also found to significantly affect the flow dynamics.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Yes/No Versus Forced-Choice Recognition Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: Patterns of Impairment and Associations with Dementia Severity

Memory tests are sensitive to early identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but less useful as the disease advances. However, assessing particular types of recognition memory may better characterize dementia severity in later stages of AD. We sought to examine patterns of recognition memory deficits in individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Memory performance and global cognition data were collected from participants with AD (n = 37), MCI (n = 37), and cognitively intact older adults (normal controls, NC; n = 35). One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) examined differences between groups on yes/no and forced-choice recognition measures. Individuals with amnestic MCI performed worse than NC and nonamnestic MCI participants on yes/no recognition, but were comparable on forced-choice recognition. AD patients were more impaired across yes/no and forced-choice recognition tasks. Individuals with mild AD (≥120 Dementia Rating Scale, DRS) performed better than those with moderate-to-severe AD (<120 DRS) on forced-choice recognition, but were equally impaired on yes/no recognition. There were differences in the relationships between learning, recall, and recognition performance across groups. Although yes/no recognition testing may be sensitive to MCI, forced-choice procedures may provide utility in assessing severity of anterograde amnesia in later stages of AD. Implications for assessment of insufficient effort and malingering are also discussed.
Antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition in FeRh.

First-principles band-structure calculations based on the augmented-spherical-wave method and the fixed-spin-moment procedure are used to determine the volume dependence of the total energy and the local moments in ordered FeRh. The calculations reveal the coexistence of antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) solutions over a wide range of volume. The zero-pressure equilibrium state is found to be AF with \ensuremath{\sim}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.0${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ iron local moments and precisely zero rhodium local moments, in agreement with experiment, and the calculated lattice constant is within 0.14% of the experimental value. A metastable ferromagnetic state with iron and rhodium local moments of \ensuremath{\sim}3.1${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ and 1.0${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ lies just above the AF state and has a minimum energy at a lattice constant \ensuremath{\sim}0.5% larger than the AF state, implying that when the system undergoes the AF-FM transition at finite temperatures, the transition is accompanied by an enhanced thermal expansion. At expanded volumes, the FM state becomes energetically more favorable than the AF state. Calculations also show that type-II AF is more stable than type-I AF in the CsCl structure, in agreement with experiment.
Fixed points and graph images for minimal maps on the once punctured torus

Abstract A fixed point detection theorem for a family of maps defined on the once punctured torus is proved. As a consequence, we produce an example of a homotopy class [ f ] of self-maps on the once punctured torus that illustrates the following: (i) there is a map in the homotopy class that has no fixed points, and (ii) if the image of f lies in a 1-complex that embeds as a homotopy equivalence, then f must have a fixed point.
Detection of spatial-specific phytochrome responses using targeted expression of biliverdin reductase in Arabidopsis.

To regulate levels of holophytochrome in a spatial-specific manner and investigate the major sites of action of phytochromes during seedling development, we constructed transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plant lines expressing plastid-targeted mammalian biliverdin IXα reductase (pBVR) under regulatory control of CAB3 and MERI5 promoters. Comparative photobiological and phenotypic analyses indicated that spatial-specific expression of pBVR led to the disruption of distinct subsets of phytochrome-regulated responses for different promoters. pBVR expression in photosynthetic tissues (CAB3∷pBVR lines) had intermediate effects on chlorophyll accumulation, carotenoid production, anthocyanin synthesis, and leaf development responses in white-light conditions. CAB3∷pBVR expression, however, resulted in distinctive phenotypes in far-red (FR) conditions. A number of FR high irradiance responses were disrupted in CAB∷pBVR lines, including FR-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and stimulation of anthocyanin accumulation. By contrast, preferential expression of pBVR in the shoot apical meristem in MERI5∷pBVR lines resulted in a phytochrome-deficient, leaf development phenotype under short-day growth conditions. These results implicate leaf-localized phytochrome A as having a unique role in regulating FR-mediated hypocotyl elongation and meristem- and/or leaf primordia-localized phytochromes as having a novel role in phytochrome-dependent responses. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the efficacy of selectively inactivating distinct phytochrome-mediated responses by regulated expression of BVR in transgenic plants, a novel means to investigate the sites of phytochrome photoperception and to regulate specifically light-mediated plant growth and development.
Serum Uric Acid and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children with Primary Hypertension

Hyperuricemia is associated with primary hypertension (HTN) in adults and children. Furthermore, uric acid levels during childhood are associated with blood pressure (BP) levels in adulthood. We measured 24-h ambulatory BP and serum uric acid (SUA) in 104 children referred for possible hypertension. Mean age was 13.7 +/- 2.6 y (range, 7-18 y) with 67 males and 37 females; 74 were African-American, 29 Caucasian and one Asian. SUA was associated with age (r = 0.38, p = 0.0001) and BMI Z-score (r = 0.23, p = 0.021). SUA was significantly associated with mean ambulatory systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP. Mean ambulatory BP was normalized to gender- and height-specific reference standards using BP index. SUA was significantly associated with 24-h DBP index and nocturnal DBP index after adjusting for age, gender, race, BMI Z-score and urinary sodium excretion. SUA was also significantly associated with 24-h DBP load and nocturnal DBP load. Uric acid was significantly associated with increased likelihood for diastolic HTN (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.2, 3.7; p = 0.0063) after adjusting for other co-variables. Among children at risk for HTN, the likelihood for diastolic HTN (as defined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) increases significantly as SUA increases. SUA may be associated with increased severity of HTN during youth.
Use of Balanced Experiential Inquiry to build ethical strength in the workplace

Purpose – Managers’ willingness to proceed with right action can be diminished by the need for approval and feeling the negative emotions that often accompany ethical challenges. This paper seeks to describe Balanced Experiential Inquiry (BEI), a learning activity designed to help managers develop sustained moral performance.Design/methodology/approach – Using their past experiences for reflective learning, managers engage in BEI to understand what promotes and curtails their ability to respond to ethical issues.Findings – A field study showed that managers engaging in BEI perceived less need for praise from others and experienced a reduction in negative emotions.Research limitations/implications – Future research evaluating BEI should use a control group, diverse sample, and a longitudinal design that tracks outcomes over time.Practical implications – Application of BEI is a promising mechanism to help organizations bolster managers’ internal desires to stay on an ethical decision‐making path.Originality...
Influence of Algal Community Structure on Denitrification Rates in Periphyton Cultivated on Artificial Substrata

We conducted a field survey of periphyton cultivated on benthic mesh installations in freshwater aquatic systems, including two constructed wetlands and a pond, and also studied periphyton grown on a benthic mesh in laboratory mesocosms. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine if periphyton cultivated on benthic mesh denitrifies at higher rates than the underlying sediments and (2) determine if denitrification rates within periphyton vary with characteristics such as algal and bacterial community structure and biomass. We measured denitrification potential rates of field and laboratory periphyton by the acetylene inhibition method. We characterized algal community composition by algal identification and bacterial community composition by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Periphyton collected on benthic mesh from our field sites denitrified at significantly higher rates than the underlying sediments, regardless of sampling site or season. Results from both our field survey and laboratory studies indicated a significant, positive correlation between diatom presence and denitrification rate. In our laboratory studies, we found that periphyton with the highest diatom abundance showed the highest denitrification rates as well as a distinct bacterial community composition. These results suggest a synergistic relationship between diatoms and denitrifying bacteria that warrants further study.
Learning When School Is Out

Even with current evidence-based preschool programming efforts for children from high-risk backgrounds, many children vary in their skill levels at school entry. The authors examined the influence of using an evidence-based literacy curriculum during a 6-week summer program. The authors documented improvements in children's letter-naming, picture-naming, and rhyming skills when compared with a nonparticipating control group. Differences between the treatment and control groups were not as strong for the children's alliteration skills. These positive results suggest that a 6-week summer prevention program could increase the likelihood that children from high-risk backgrounds will have a positive beginning school experience.