cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of physical activity interventions implemented with American Indian and Alaska Native populations in the United States and Canada.

Abstract Objective To describe physical activity (PA) interventions implemented in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States and Canada. Data Sources MEDLINE, PubMed, ERIC, and Sociological Abstracts were used to identify peer-reviewed journal articles. Dissertation abstracts, Web sites, and conference proceedings were searched to identify descriptions within the gray literature from 1986 to 2006. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The target population had to be described as AI/AN, aboriginal, native Hawaiian, and/or native U.S. Samoan. PA interventions among indigenous populations of Latin America were not included. Data Extraction Descriptions of 64 different AI/AN PA interventions (28 peer-reviewed journal articles and 36 in the gray literature) were identified. Data Synthesis Data were synthesized by geographic region, intervention strategy, target audience, activities, and sustainability. Results Most interventions were conducted in the southwest United States (35.4%...
Scheduling medical residents to rotations: solving the large-scale multiperiod staff assignment problem

The resident scheduling problem is a specific case of the multiperiod staff assignment problem where individuals are assigned to a variety of tasks over multiple time periods. As in many staffing and training situations, numerous limitations and requirements may be placed on those assignments. This paper presents a procedure for addressing two major problems inherent in the determination of a solution to this type of problem: infeasibilities that naturally occur in the scheduling environment but are obscured by complexity; and the intractable nature of large-scale models with this structure. The procedure developed describes a systematic approach that allows decision makers to resolve system-inherent infeasibilities, and a heuristic based on rounding to develop good feasible solutions to the model. The procedure is illustrated via a case example of resident assignments for teaching and training modules in a university affiliated teaching hospital.
Evidence that a novel somatostatin receptor couples to an inward rectifier potassium current in AtT-20 cells

Abstract The recent cloning of five somatostatin receptors has made it possible to begin screening for selective ligands in order to begin characterization of these receptor subtypes expressed endogenously. We have recently reported the characterization of ligands selective for SSTR2 and SSTR5 [Raynor K. et al. (1993) Molec. Pharmac. 43 , 838–844; 44 , 385–392]. Both of these somatostatin receptor subtypes are endogenously expressed in the mouse pituitary cell line AtT-20 [O'Carroll A.-M. et al. (1992) Molec. Pharmac. 42 , 939–946; Patel Y. C. et al. (1994) J. biol. Chem. 269 , 1506–1509; Tallent M. et al. (1996) Neuroscience 71 , 1073-1081]. Using these selective ligands, as well as other somatostatin analogs, we have characterized the somatostatin receptor which couples to the inward rectifier K + current in AtT-20 cells. This receptor is sensitive to hexapeptide analogs of somatostatin, but insensitive to octapeptide analogs. This pharmacological profile is distinct from any of the cloned somatostatin receptors and therefore may represent a novel receptor. Somatostatin has been shown to potentiate an inward rectifying K + channel in many different types of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The activation of this current is thought to be an important mechanism by which somatostatin inhibits neuronal firing and decreases neurotransmitter and hormone release [Mihara S. et al. (1987) J. Physiol. 390 , 335–355]. Therefore, the novel somatostatin receptor coupling to the inward rectifier in AtT-20 cells may be important in somatostatin's role in regulating neurotransmission and hormone release.
A CMOS enhanced solid-state nanopore based single molecule detection platform

Solid-state nanopores have emerged as a single molecule label-free electronic detection platform. Existing transimpedance stages used to measure ionic current nanopores suffer from dynamic range limitations resulting from steady-state baseline currents. We propose a digitally-assisted baseline cancellation CMOS platform that circumvents this issue. Since baseline cancellation is a form of auto-zeroing, the 1/f noise of the system is also reduced. Our proposed design can tolerate a steady state baseline current of 10μA and has a usable bandwidth of 750kHz. Quantitative DNA translocation experiments on 5kbp DNA was performed using a 5nm silicon nitride pore using both the CMOS platform and a commercial system. Comparison of event-count histograms show that the CMOS platform clearly outperforms the commercial system, allowing for unambiguous interpretation of the data.
FURTHER STUDIES ON VARIABILITY OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: EFFICIENCY OF SAMPLING PROGRAMMES ON AN UNCULTIVATED BROWN EARTH

Summary Assessments of mean and range of variation for pH, loss on ignition, total nitrogen, and exchangeable K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Mn in the surface horizon of a uniform uncultivated soil have been made by nine sampling programmes. The selected soil was known to have spatial chemical variability of magnitudes widely found in other soils and situations. The effort involved in these programmes was, for sampling and analysis time, from 1.2 to 66 man-days. The most complete sampling programme (275 samples each a composite of 10 cores), was used as a standard against which to compare the efficiency of the other programmes. Mean values for chemical quantities other than loss on ignition differed statistically significantly between programmes but there was no consistent trend with any particular programme. Knowledge of the range of variation is believed to be very important in interpretation of analyses and it is found that a programme using only 6 composite samples measures > 50 per cent of the range for most quantities and that a programme using about 25 composite samples measures at least two-thirds to three-quarters of the total range.
Intelligence quotient-adjusted memory impairment is associated with abnormal single photon emission computed tomography perfusion.

Cognitive reserve among highly intelligent older individuals makes detection of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) difficult. We tested the hypothesis that mild memory impairment determined by IQ-adjusted norms is associated with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion abnormality at baseline and predictive of future decline. Twenty-three subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0, were reclassified after scores were adjusted for IQ into two groups, 10 as having mild memory impairments for ability (IQ-MI) and 13 as memory-normal (IQ-MN). Subjects underwent cognitive and functional assessments at baseline and annual follow-up for 3 years. Perfusion SPECT was acquired at baseline. At follow-up, the IQ-MI subjects demonstrated decline in memory, visuospatial processing, and phonemic fluency, and 6 of 10 had progressed to a CDR of 0.5, while the IQ-MN subjects did not show decline. The IQ-MI group had significantly lower perfusion than the IQ-MN group in parietal0precuneus, temporal, and opercular frontal regions. In contrast, higher perfusion was observed in IQ-MI compared with IQ-MN in the left medial frontal and rostral anterior cingulate regions. IQ-adjusted memory impairment in individuals with high cognitive reserve is associated with baseline SPECT abnormality in a pattern consistent with prodromal AD and predicts subsequent cognitive and functional decline. (JINS, 2007, 13, 821–831.)
Variance Specfication in Event Count Models: From Restrictive Assumptions to a Generalized Estimator

This paper discusses the problem of variance specification in models for event count data. Event counts are dependent variables that can take on only nonnegative integer values, such as the number of wars or coups d'etat in a year. I discuss several generalizations of the Poisson regression model, presented in King (1988), to allow for substantively interesting stochastic processes that do not fit into the Poisson framework. Individual models that cope with, and help analyze, heterogeneity, contagion, and negative contagion are each shown to lead to specific statistical models for event count data. In addition, I derive a new generalized event count (GEC) model that enables researchers to extract significant amounts of new information from existing data by estimating features of these unobserved substantive processes. Applications of this model to congressional challenges of presidential vetoes and superpower conflict demonstrate the dramatic advantages of this approach.
Membranous dysmenorrhea: a case series.

The purpose was to illustrate the variability of hormonal contraception of patients that presented with membranous dysmenorrheal. A case analysis chart review was completed on six patients referred to a Pediatric Gynecologist in an academic setting. In each case the patient underwent a thorough pelvic and bimanual exam. Following the initial presentation, each patient continued to be followed on a regular visits. Cases: Two were using the transdermal contraceptive patch and oral contraceptive, but following the expulsion of decidual cast, they were both placed on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) without further complications. Three of the six cases were on DMPA prior to the similar occurrence of membranous dysmenorrheal and following this incident, continued on DMPA without further problems. The final case was on the transdermal patch prior to decidual cast expulsion and remained on this form of hormonal contraception without further complications. These cases indicate that membranous dysmenorrheal is not limited to the use of DMPA.
The impact of long-term nitrogen addition on microbial community composition in three Hawaiian forest soils.

We evaluated the microbial communities in three Hawaiian forest soils along a natural fertility gradient and compared their distinct responses to long-term nitrogen (N) additions. The sites studied have the same elevation, climate, and dominant vegetation, but vary in age of development, and thus in soil nutrient availability and nutrient limitation to plant growth. Fertilized plots at each site have received 100 kg ha year-1 N addition for at least 8 years. Soil parameters, water content, pH, and ammonium and nitrate availability differed by site, but not between control and N-addition treatments within a site at the time of sampling. Microbial biomass also varied by site, but was not affected by N addition. In contrast, microbial community composition (measured by phospholipid analysis) varied among sites and between control and N-addition plots within a site. These data suggest that microbial community composition responds to N addition even when plant net primary productivity is limited by nutrients other than N. This may have implications for the behavior of forests impacted by atmospheric N deposition that are considered to be “nitrogen saturated,” yet still retain N in the soil.
DiGeorge syndrome: the use of model organisms to dissect complex genetics

The research interest in DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is partly due to its clinical importance. However, fundamental questions of genetics and developmental biology related to DGS are inspiring investigators to experiment with model systems. Most DGS cases are caused by a heterozygous chromosomal deletion del22q11, and the search for haploinsufficient genes has been successful in mice and led to the discovery of Tbx1 as a major player in the development of the pharyngeal arches and pouches. Whether TBX1 is haploinsufficient in humans, as several other T-box genes are, is yet to be proven. The puzzling clinical variability in patients with del22q11 is also being addressed in model organisms. Consistent with clinical data, experiments in mice indicate that genetics can only explain part of the phenotypic variability. The recent identification of phenotypic modifiers further underscores the complex genetics of this syndrome.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Toughening of Metallic Glasses

Abstract Metallic glasses exhibit toughness values ranging from those approaching ideally brittle solids (i.e. 1 J m−2) to those of tough steels (i.e. >10,000 J m−2) while possessing near theoretical strengths. The factors affecting the intrinsic plasticity or brittleness of different metallic glass alloys as well as annealing-induced embrittlement are reviewed. Extrinsic toughening approaches are also summarized.
Power of Clouds in Your Pocket: An Efficient Approach for Cloud Mobile Hybrid Application Development

The advancements in computing have resulted in a boom of cheap, ubiquitous, connected mobile devices as well as seemingly unlimited, utility style, pay as you go computing resources, commonly referred to as Cloud computing. However, taking full advantage of this mobile and cloud computing landscape, especially for the data intensive domains has been hampered by the many heterogeneities that exist in the mobile space as well as the Cloud space. Our research focuses on exploiting the capabilities of the mobile and cloud landscape by defining a new class of applications called cloud mobile hybrid (CMH) applications and a Domain Specific Language (DSL) based methodology to develop these applications. We define Cloud-mobile hybrid as a collective application that has a Cloud based back-end and a mobile device front-end. Using a single DSL script, our toolkit is capable of generating a variety of CMH applications. These applications are composed of multiple combinations of native Cloud and mobile applications. Our approach not only reduces the learning curve but also shields developers from the complexities of the target platforms. We provide a detailed description of our language and present the results obtained using our prototype generator implementation. We also present a list of extensions that will enhance the various aspects of this platform.
Spillover Versus Compensation: A Review of the Literature on the Relationship Between Work and Nonwork

This paper reviews the evidence concerning the relationship between workers' experiences on and off the job. Of particular interest is the debate over two rival hypotheses: the "spillover" hypothesis and the "compensation" hypothesis. The former argues that workers' experiences on the job carry over into the nonwork arena, and possibly vice versa, such that there develops a similarity in the patterning of work and nonwork life. The latter marshals several arguments for a negative association between work and nonwork, for example, the contention that the work situation is likely to be deficient in needfulfillment, at least in some respects, for most workers and that they will compensate for these deficiencies in their choices of leisure and family activities. Data from relevant studies support the notions of spillover and compensation under different conditions but, overall, offer more evidence of spillover than compensation. Support for spillover, for example, is reflected in the positive correlations bet...
Prevalence, Significance, and Management of Aortic Insufficiency in Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

Background—Aortic insufficiency (AI) is increasingly recognized as a complication of continuous flow left ventricular assist device support; however, its long-term prevalence, clinical significance, and efficacy of potential interventions are not well known. Methods and Results—We studied the prevalence and management of AI in 232 patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist device at our institution. Patients with aortic valve (AV) surgery before left ventricular assist device implantation were excluded from analysis. To examine the prevalence of de novo AI, patients without preoperative AI were divided into a retrospective and a prospective cohort based on whether a dedicated speed optimization study had been performed at the time of discharge. Forty-three patients underwent AV repair at the time of implant, and 3 subsequently developed greater than mild AI. In patients without surgical AV manipulation and no AI at the time of implant, Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that freedom from greater th...
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS EXISTING IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE I. TTHE METHOD OF INTERSTITIAL SPREAD OF VITAL DYES

The escape of a vital dye from the lymphatics of the ears of living mice and its subsequent movement through normal and pathological connective tissue have been observed at high magnification. The dye first appears outside such channels as bristly, wavy lines of color, which can be bent and twisted by pressure with a micro probe and spring back to their original positions when the pressure is removed, as if the dye were fixed upon or between some tissue elements. Our findings indicate that this is the case, that the bristly lines of color are formed by dye moving between connective tissue fibers or along them. With the onset of mild edema, such as the dye induces secondarily, the bristles disappear, the coloration becoming diffuse and freely movable with the micro probe. When edema is induced before dye is introduced into the lymphatics, the character of its escape is wholly different. It first appears as a colored cloud, freely movable in the edema fluid, the manner of its passage into the tissues being completely changed. In the ears of mice partly dehydrated by bleeding, or in those of dead animals, the bristly or wavy lines were more evident than in normal individuals. It was plain that dehydration did not change the mode of transportation of the dye through the tissue but merely emphasized some of the characteristics of its passage. In animals injected intravenously with large amounts of physiological saline, with result in the presence of more tissue fluid than usual, the colored bristles were seldom seen. It is plain that connective tissue fibers serve indirectly as pathways for the transport of substances of large molecule. We have not been able by the dye method to demonstrate the presence of any free fluid in the normal tissues of the mouse ear.
The Intuitive Psychologist Behind the Bench: Models of Gender Bias in Social Psychology and Employment Discrimination Law

Courts make use of psychological theories, especially in cases involving discrimination. But the courts do not appear to be cognizant of recent advances in cognitive social psychology. Flawed intuitive psychological models presently limit the law's effectiveness in dismantling the maternal wall. By understanding how the courts operate, social engaged socially psychologists might work with civil rights lawyers to influence the system and make progress dismantling the maternal wall.
Real-Time Timing Channel Detection in a Software-Defined Networking Virtual Environment

Despite extensive research, timing channels (TCs) are still known as a principal category of threats that aim to leak and transmit information by perturbing the timing or ordering of events. Existing TC detection approaches use either signature-based approaches to detect known TCs or anomaly-based approach by modeling the legitimate network traffic in order to detect unknown TCs. Unfortunately, in an software-defined networking (SDN) environment, most existing TC detection approaches would fail due to factors such as volatile network traffic, imprecise timekeeping mechanisms, and dynamic network topology. Furthermore, stealthy TCs can be designed to mimic the legitimate traffic pattern and thus evade anomalous TC detection. In this paper, we overcome the above challenges by presenting a novel framework that harnesses the advantages of elastic resources in the cloud. In particular, our framework dynamically configures SDN to enable/disable differential analysis against outbound network flows of different virtual machines (VMs). Our framework is tightly coupled with a new metric that first decomposes the timing data of network flows into a number of using the discrete wavelet-based multi-resolution transform (DWMT). It then applies the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) to measure the variance among flow pairs. The appealing feature of our approach is that, compared with the existing anomaly detection approaches, it can detect most existing and some new stealthy TCs without legitimate traffic for modeling, even with the presence of noise and imprecise timekeeping mechanism in an SDN virtual environment. We implement our framework as a prototype system, OBSERVER, which can be dynamically deployed in an SDN environment. Empirical evaluation shows that our approach can efficiently detect TCs with a higher detection rate, lower latency, and negligible performance overhead compared to existing approaches.
On the computation of optimal state transfers with application to the control of quantum spin systems

We study the problem of finding a trajectory from an initial state to a desired final state while minimizing an integral cost. We use an unconstrained optimization approach and obtain the desired terminal constraint through the use of a novel combination of terminal penalty and root finding. This approach is developed in detail for the linear quadratic optimal transfer problem, where the availability of closed form solutions provides key insights. An important use is made of the notion of positive definiteness of a quadratic functional - a significant concept for second order sufficiency conditions. The development continuous with a number of important results for the nonlinear optimal transfer problem. We briefly discuss the use of this approach for the computation of trajectories and propagators for quantum mechanical systems. The fact that the system evolves in a compact manifold alleviates many (stability related) boundedness difficulties that commonly affect trajectory optimization computations. On the other hand, we find that it is essential to respect the state manifold constraint when computing, for example, the second derivative of the terminal cost for use in a Newton descent method.
Molecular Phylogenetic Placement of the Recently Described Armored Scale Insect Abgrallaspis aguacatae and Several Congeners (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

ABSTRACT ‘Hass’ avocado, Persea americana Miller, fruit being imported into California from Mexico are infested with high levels of a previously unknown species of armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). This species has recently been described and given the name Abgrallaspis aguacatae Evans, Watson & Miller. However, the validity of morphological characters used to diagnose genera within the tribe Aspidiotini (Diaspididae) is the subject of continued debate. Here, we seek to circumnavigate the inherent problems associated with interpretation of somewhat plastic phenotypic characters. We use two different nuclear gene regions (28S and Elongation Factor 1α) and three different analysis methods (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses) to infer phylogeny from DNA sequence data for 35 aspidiotine species. Our analyses suggest that the new species is misplaced in the genus Abgrallaspis Balachowsky and that this genus and several closely allied genera are paraphyletic or polyphyleti...
Meeting Client Needs: How Law Firms Can Increase Client Diversity While Decreasing Client Costs

This article takes on two competing concerns that currently plague corporate counsel – the desire for a diverse legal workforce and a need to lower the costs of outside counsel. In-house corporate counsel can achieve both these objectives by insisting that their outside counsel work less. Using data from a variety of disciplines, the article shows that not only are large law firms difficult places for women to succeed, but they also foster work environments that are inefficient and therefore cost clients more. Lowering billable hours will help solve both these problems. Using studies of sleep deprivation and sleep restriction, this article explores what clients are getting for their money from sleep deprived high billable hour lawyers. It is clear that both sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction impair the average person’s ability to function on many levels – including neurocognitive performance that has important implications for lawyering. In addition, studies of workplace productivity have shown that limiting working hours can actually increase productivity. Studies of lawyers suggest that high billable hour requirements exacerbate the difficulties women have in practice, especially for those women who have family responsibilities. This leads to high drop out rates from law firm practice that hurt both law firms and their clients. Lowering billable hours will increase the possibility that women will succeed in these workplaces while making lawyers more efficient. Thus, limiting hours logically should produce more efficient and better lawyering while making law firms more feasible work environments for women.
Caloric Restriction and Longevity

Studies in experimental animals (usually mice or rats) show that dietary restriction (DR) of caloric intake, but without essential nutrient malnutrition, generates many desirable biological outcomes (see Holehan and Merry, 1986; Masoro, 1988; Walford et al., 1987; Weindruch and Walford, 1988). In rodents, caloric restrictions of 30–70% reduce the incidence and delay the onset of many late-life diseases. The rates of change for almost all the age-sensitive biological parameters tested to date are slowed by DR. These effects of DR on rodents are unmatched by competitor methods. As a result, rodents subjected to DR are widely viewed as the best model available to study the biology of decelerated aging in homeothermic vertebrates.
Adhesion molecules in arthritis: Control of T cell migration into the synovium

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects approximately 0.8% of the world population [1,2]. Although there are frequent systemic manifestations of inflammation, the primary physiological events occur within the synovial tissue lining of diarthrodial joints. In spite of intense investigation, the cause of RA and the precise pathophysiological events remain uncertain. Much attention has focused on T lymphocytes and the role they play in the pathogenesis of RA. Along with functional analyses of T cell populations, the mechanisms by which T cells enter rheumatoid synovium has been the focus of considerable investigation. A number of studies have demonstrated an essential role for cell surface adhesion receptors in T cell migration, although the specific receptors employed by T cells and their counterreceptors on endothelial cells have not been completely delineated. Postcapillary venules appear to be the site of T cell entry into the synovium, although this conclusion is based more on analogy to other tissue sites rather than direct experimental verification in the synovium.
Sunscreens and Ultraviolet Light: What You Need to Know

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer and photoaging. Avoiding direct sunlight, wearing protective clothing, and proper use of sunscreen protect the skin from the damaging effects of UV light. It is important to understand how UV radiation affects the skin and how sunscreens work and current guidelines on sunscreen use and labeling.
Physical processes in Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica: Inferences from sediment cores

Abstract The hydrologic system beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet is thought to influence both the dynamics and distribution of fast flowing ice streams, which discharge most of the ice lost by the ice sheet. Despite considerable interest in understanding this subglacial network and its affect on ice flow, in situ observations from the ice sheet bed are exceedingly rare. Here we describe the first sediment cores recovered from an active subglacial lake. The lake, known as Subglacial Lake Whillans, is part of a broader, dynamic hydrologic network beneath the Whillans Ice Stream in West Antarctica. Even though “floods” pass through the lake, the lake floor shows no evidence of erosion or deposition by flowing water. By inference, these floods must have insufficient energy to erode or transport significant volumes of sediment coarser than silt. Consequently, water flow beneath the region is probably incapable of incising continuous channels into the bed and instead follows preexisting subglacial topography and surface slope. Sediment on the lake floor consists of till deposited during intermittent grounding of the ice stream following flood events. The fabrics within the till are weaker than those thought to develop in thick deforming beds suggesting subglacial sediment fluxes across the ice plain are currently low and unlikely to have a large stabilizing effect on the ice stream's grounding zone.
Effect of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor on the occurrence and development of estrogen related cancer

Estrogen or estrogenic substances can act via not only typical estrogen receptor α and β but also G protein-coupled estrogen receptor( GPER). GPER is a crucial factor which can play an essential part in the non-genomic transduction pathway through which estrogen realizes its cellular functions,especially in the occurrence and treatment of estrogen related cancer. Here is a brief review concerning the current advancements on the role of GPER in estrogen related cancer.
Adolescent Sleep and the Impact of Technology Use Before Sleep on Daytime Function.

Purpose Technology has become pervasive in our culture, particularly among adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine associations between use of technology before sleep and daytime function in adolescents. Design and Methods This study is a secondary analysis of respondents aged 13 to 21 years (N = 259) from the 2011 National Sleep Foundation's Sleep in America Poll. The survey included questions on demographics, sleep habits, and use of technology in the hour before bedtime. Daytime sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Student's t -tests, Mann–Whitney U, and Fischer's exact tests were performed to detect differences in demographics, sleep duration, and technology use in the total sample, and between respondents with "adequate" compared to "inadequate" sleep. Correlations were calculated between technology frequency and daytime function. Results Adolescents had mean sleep duration of 7.3 ± 1.3 h. Almost all respondents (97%) used some form of technology before sleep. Increased technology use and the frequency of being awoken in the night by a cell phone were significantly associated with waking too early, waking unrefreshed, and daytime sleepiness ( p p- values Conclusion Technology use before sleep by adolescents had negative consequences on nighttime sleep and on daytime function. Practice Implications Healthcare professionals who interact with adolescents should encourage technology to be curtailed before bedtime and for adolescents to value obtaining adequate sleep.
Current conceptions of voice

Providing an overview to the concept of voice is no simple feat. It is a term most writers have heard or used, perhaps even in their early days of writing, and that many have strong feelings about, whether positive or negative. I myself avoided its use for many years, leery of its imprecise meaning and its often literary and aesthetic overtones. Indeed, one of the thorniest issues with the notion of voice is the broad range of meanings ascribed to it. Metaphorical interpretations are multiple and subject to arguments about how far the metaphor can accurately be extended. It is perhaps this polysemous nature of voice that has made it a somewhat controversial concept in academic writing, and surely this definitional ambiguity has as well contributed to scholarly disputes over the role it should play in the academic writing classroom (e.g. Elbow, 1999; Ramanathan and Atkinson, 1999; Stapleton, 2002; Helms-Park and Stapleton, 2003; Matsuda and Tardy, 2007; Stapleton and Helms-Park, 2008).
Alcohol and Family Violence: Then to Now— Who Owns the Problem

Summary The complex interconnections between family violence and chemical dependency are examined. A review of the literature is provided. Additionally, the historical involvement of the medical, legal and mental health fields in this topic are examined.
The Purpose, Content, and Effects of Expert Testimony on Interrogations and Confessions

The purpose of expert testimony is to provide an overview of the research literature in a way that helps jurors evaluate the credibility of a particular defendant’s disputed confession. We begin by discussing the admissibility of expert testimony and how judges decide whether to allow expert testimony at trial. We then review the substantial research literature on interrogations and confessions emphasizing its usefulness for helping jurors understand why a suspect might falsely admit to committing a crime. Areas covered include bases of police power, interrogation tactics and dynamics of the interrogation process, reshaping of the suspect’s decision process, vulnerability and resistance to false confession, interrogation-related regulatory decline, and suspect characteristics that raise the risk of a false confession (youth, mental impairment, mental illness, limited English proficiency, cultural differences, and being a member of a stereotyped minority group). We then examine research on juror beliefs and discuss how expert testimony educates jurors about what factors to consider when evaluating the credibility of a confession. Finally, we identify issues in need of further exploration. Although much is known about interrogation techniques and the conditions that elevate the risk of false confessions, researchers should explore issues of concern to the jurors who must evaluate a defendant’s confession.
Connections between probability estimation and graph theory

Several authors [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] have characterized limits of graph sequences in terms of extremal distributions on exchangeable random graphs. Parallely, information theorists and statisticians have used patterns of i.i.d. sequences as a framework to develop probability estimation techniques over large alphabets. In this brief note, we observe that measures over patterns of infinite i.i.d. sequences correspond to extremal distributions on exchangeable random graphs.
Inducible overexpression of adiponectin receptors highlight the roles of adiponectin-induced ceramidase signaling in lipid and glucose homeostasis.

Abstract Objective Adiponectin and the signaling induced by its cognate receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, have garnered attention for their ability to promote insulin sensitivity and oppose steatosis. Activation of these receptors promotes the deacylation of ceramide, a lipid metabolite that appears to play a causal role in impairing insulin signaling. Methods Here, we have developed transgenic mice that overexpress AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 under the inducible control of a tetracycline response element. These represent the first inducible genetic models that acutely manipulate adiponectin receptor signaling in adult mouse tissues, which allows us to directly assess AdipoR signaling on glucose and lipid metabolism. Results Overexpression of either adiponectin receptor isoform in the adipocyte or hepatocyte is sufficient to enhance ceramidase activity, whole body glucose metabolism, and hepatic insulin sensitivity, while opposing hepatic steatosis. Importantly, metabolic improvements fail to occur in an adiponectin knockout background. When challenged with a leptin-deficient genetic model of type 2 diabetes, AdipoR2 expression in adipose or liver is sufficient to reverse hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Conclusion These observations reveal that adiponectin is critical for AdipoR-induced ceramidase activation which enhances hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism via rapidly acting "cross-talk" between liver and adipose tissue sphingolipids.
Long-Lasting Changes in the Pharmacology and Electrophysiology of Amino Acid Receptors in Amygdala Kindled Neurons

The amygdala, an almond-shaped area of the limbic brain, is particularly sensitive to kindling.10,29,66 One nucleus of the amygdala, the basolateral nucleus, is most often used to induce kindling.9,20,28,47 Basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons are divided morphologically31,32 and electrophysiologically51,63 into two major classes of neurons: the principal class is comprised of pyramidal and stellate cells, and the smaller proportion of cells are interneurons. Glutamatergic cells are found throughout the nucleus34 and the stria terminalis (ST), a major bidirectional pathway of the amygdala, contains glutamatergic afferent fibers projecting to the BLA.42 The BLA also receives input from the lateral amygdala (LA) and is reported to have recurrent projections.26,58 The BLA contains moderate amounts of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)8 and GABA immunoreactivity.11,43 Morphologically, interneurons comprising ~ 5% of the cells31 have been classified as GABAergic33 and form synapses with the principal cell types. Lesioning the afferent ST pathway did not reduce GABA content, suggesting GABA neurons in the BLA are intrinsic.8
The Link Between Smoking Status and Co-Morbid Conditions in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Abstract Background In individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) comorbidities and quality of life (QOL) may be affected by tobacco use. Objective To evaluate the associations between smoking status, in particular quit attempts, and comorbidities among individuals with MS. Methods We used a web-based survey to obtain cross-sectional data from 335 individuals with MS who were members of the Gateway Chapter of the National MS Society email registry. We then examined the associations between smoking variables (current use, frequency, and quit attempts) and comorbidities. Results The prevalence of participants who ever smoked was 50%, which is greater than that reported for the general population; 20% were current smokers. Migraine headaches were associated with current use and everyday smoking, and those with recent failed quit attempts had a higher prevalence of depression than those who were current smokers but who did not attempt to quit or had successfully quit in the past year. Conclusion Given the associations between smoking and comorbidities in individuals with MS, health care providers should both (1) assess smoking history and quit attempts, and (2) encourage individuals with MS who smoke to become non-smokers and refer for treatment, as indicated. In order to increase the chances that individuals will be successful in becoming non-smokers, clinicians would do well to also assess and treat depression in their patients who smoke and are also depressed.
Sparking Conversations about Graduate Programs in Geoscience Education Research

The calls for a college-educated science and technology workforce, as well as a scientifically literate citizenry, have led to a demand for higher education faculty prepared in discipline-based edu...
Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Isoform selectivity improves survival in a hemorrhagic shock model

BACKGROUND Hemorrhage is a leading preventable cause of death. Nonselective histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), such as valproic acid (VPA), have been shown to improve outcomes in hemorrhagic shock (HS). The HDACs can be divided into four functional classes (I, IIa/IIb, III, and IV). Classes I, IIa/IIb, and III have previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of HS. This study aimed to determine which HDAC class, or classes, are responsible for the survival benefit observed with nonselective HDACIs. METHODS Survival study: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to lethal HS (50% hemorrhage) and randomized to the following groups (n = 8): (1) no treatment, (2) normal saline vehicle, (3) cyclodextrin vehicle, (4) MS275 (class I HDACI), (5) VPA (class I/IIa HDACI), (6) MC1568 (class IIa HDACI), (7) ACY1083 (class IIb HDACI), and (8) EX527 (class III HDACI). Survival was monitored for 24 hours. Mechanistic study: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sublethal HS (40% hemorrhage) and randomized to the same groups (n = 3), excluding EX527, based on results of the survival study. Tissues were harvested at 3 hours posttreatment, and expression of phosphorylated-AKT, β-catenin, acetylated histones H3 and H4, and acetylated α-tubulin were analyzed in myocardial tissue. RESULTS Survival rate was 12.5% in the untreated group, and did not improve with vehicle or MS275 treatment. EX527 improved survival to 50%, although this did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.082). However, treatment with VPA, MC1568, and ACY1083 improved survival rates to 87.5%, 75%, and 75%, respectively (p < 0.05). The VPA-induced acetylation of both histones H3 and H4, while MC1568 and ACY1083 increased acetylation of histone H4. ACY1083 also induced acetylation of α-tubulin. All treatment groups, except MS275, increased phosphorylated-AKT, and β-catenin. CONCLUSION Inhibition of HDAC classes IIa or IIb, but not class I, activates prosurvival pathways, which may be responsible for the improved outcomes in rodent models of HS.
Participatory and Deliberative Practices in Health: Meanings, Distinctions, and Implications for Health Equity

This paper examines the meanings of and distinctions between public deliberation and a tradition of participation in health committed to community empowerment, collective action, and social justice and their implications for health equity. Although participation (as empowerment) and public deliberation share fundamental democratic ideals, these democratic practices differ in basic respects. Whereas participation in health typically seeks to engage marginalized and minority groups in planning, research, and action on the social determinants of health and wellbeing, deliberative processes seek to create the conditions for reasoned and respectful public dialogue that can lead to well considered collective judgments about important social issues. Whereas the ultimate aim of participation in health is a redistribution of resources and power that will advance health equity and social justice, the ultimate aim of deliberation is a fair process that yields public decisions all will view as legitimate. Proponents of public deliberation often contend that decision-making subject to democratic deliberation will result in (more) just outcomes; yet, public deliberation has been criticized precisely for its inability to include marginalized perspectives and to challenge status quo institutional arrangements and power relations. This analysis concludes that the use of public deliberation to advance health equity and social justice in the U.S. context holds promise despite serious challenges.
Effects of MERV 16 filters and routine work practices on enclosed cabs for reducing respirable dust and DPM exposures in an underground limestone mine

An effective technique to minimize miners' respirable dust and diesel exposure on mobile mining equipment is to place mine operators in enclosed cabs with designed filtration and pressurization systems. Many factors affect the performance of these enclosed cab systems, and one of the most significant factors is the effectiveness of the filtration system. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-type filters are typically used because they are highly efficient at capturing all types and sizes of particles, including those in the submicron range such as diesel particulate matter (DPM). However, in laboratory tests, minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) 16 filters have proven to be highly efficient for capturing DPM and respirable dust. Also, MERV 16 filters can be less restrictive to cab airflow and less expensive than HEPA filters. To verify their effectiveness in the field, MERV 16 filters were used in the enclosed cab filtration system on a face drill and roof bolting mining machine and tested at an underground limestone mine. Test results showed that DPM and respirable dust concentrations were reduced by more than 90% when the cabs were properly sealed. However, when the cab door was opened periodically throughout the shift, the reduction efficiency of the MERV 16 filters was reduced to 80% on average.
Union Raids, Union Democracy, and the Market for Union Control

In this article, Professor Schwab compares the union member-leader relationship to the corporate shareholder-manager relationship and examines what can be learned from the voluminous literature regarding corporate control about problems of internal union democracy. Specifically, he questions whether a viable market for union control does or could exist that might induce leaders to act in the interests of their members. He analyzes the structural weaknesses in the market for union control and the legal factors inhibiting a union takeover market. Schwab concludes that a weak market does exist, despite the nonprofit nature of unions that limits the ability of leaders to exploit the principal-agent slack, the prevalence of no-raid agreements, and the nontransferability of union interests. He suggests, however, that these same factors may help to solve the monitoring problem and also allow significant divergence between the actions of leaders and the desires of members. In fact, the corporate analogy seems to suggest that perfect alignment between the members and leaders may not be optimal and is too costly to achieve.
Researchers' Attitudes Towards Data Discovery: Implications for a UCLA Data Registry

Research output is becoming increasingly digital. To harness the potential of the data and digital research output being produced in all fields, information professionals need to make research data discoverable to other scholars and students. This thesis focuses on understanding the various definitions that scholars use to characterize their data and other research outputs, as well as the methods and tools they use to disseminate, manage, and make their work discoverable. The UCLA Data Registry is a tool designed to serve the greater UCLA research community by collecting and making available surrogate records of research datasets. To figure out how to build this system in accordance with the needs of the community, a total of 20 researchers from disparate disciplines were interviewed about their data and metadata practices. The results indicate that researchers' attitudes towards making their work discoverable depend on their concept and definition of data.
Drug Repurposing for Ebola Virus Disease: Principles of Consideration and the Animal Rule.

Abstract There are no approved drugs or biologics to treat Ebola virus disease (EVD). Literature reviews identified a list of 141 drugs with reports of preliminary in vitro potency and in vivo effectiveness in animals or with reports of clinical use/trials in EVD patients. The majority of these drugs have been individually approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating various non-EVD diseases. The anti-Ebola potency data of these drugs were curated from literature and publicly accessible databases, along with their individual biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic characteristics. To facilitate the development of antiviral drugs including anti-EVD drugs, highlights include optimization of the exposure-response relationship, design of a safe and effective clinical dosing regimen to achieve an adequate high ratio of clinical Cmin to a plasma protein binding-adjusted EC95, and the pharmacokinetic studies needed in animal models (healthy and affected) and in healthy volunteers. The exposure/response relationship for human dose selection is summarized, as described in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration “Animal Rule’’ guidance when human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible.