cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canada's Supreme Court ruling on HIV disclosure is unjust, say HIV advocacy groups.

Canada has earned a reputation as a nation with a high rate of criminal prosecutions of people with HIV who fail to disclose their HIV positive status to sexual partners. On 5 October the Canadian Supreme Court announced new appeals judgments that will continue to allow the criminalisation of non-disclosure of HIV status. A coalition of HIV and AIDS advocacy groups in Canada quickly condemned the Supreme Court’s judgments as “unjust,” a “major step backwards for public health and human rights,” and “a cold endorsement of AIDS-phobia.”1 Canada has no specific law requiring someone who has tested positive for HIV to reveal their condition to sexual partners. However, prosecution lawyers have successfully used …
A Bilinear Source-Scaling Model for M-log A Observations of Continental Earthquakes

The Wells and Coppersmith (1994) M -log A data set for continental earthquakes (where M is moment magnitude and A is fault area) and the regression lines derived from it are widely used in seismic hazard analysis for estimating M , given A . Their relations are well determined, whether for the full data set of all mechanism types or for the subset of strike-slip earthquakes. Because the coefficient of the log A term is essentially 1 in both their relations, they are equivalent to constant stress-drop scaling, at least for M ≤ 7, where most of the data lie. For M > 7, however, both relations increasingly underestimate the observations with increasing M . This feature, at least for strike-slip earthquakes, is strongly suggestive of L-model scaling at large M . Using constant stress-drop scaling (Δσ = 26.7 bars) for M ≤ 6.63 and L-model scaling (average fault slip ū = α L , where L is fault length and α = 2.19 &times 10-5) at larger M , we obtain the relations \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\mathbf{M}=\mathrm{log}{\ }A+3.98{\pm}0.03,{\ }A{\leq}537{\ }\mathrm{km}^{2}\] \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\mathbf{M}=4{/}3{\ }\mathrm{log}{\ }A+3.07{\pm}0.04,{\ }A{>}537{\ }\mathrm{km}^{2}.\] \end{document} These prediction equations of our bilinear model fit the Wells and Coppersmith (1994) data set well in their respective ranges of validity, the transition magnitude corresponding to A = 537 km2 being M = 6.71. Manuscript received 15 April 2001.
Unfiltering Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Scanner Radiances Using the CERES Algorithm and Its Evaluation with Nonscanner Observations

AbstractThe NOAA-9 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) scanner measured broadband shortwave, longwave, and total radiances from February 1985 through January 1987. These scanner radiances are reprocessed using the more recent Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) unfiltering algorithm. The scene information, including cloud properties, required for reprocessing is derived using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on board NOAA-9, while no imager data were used in the original ERBE unfiltering. The reprocessing increases the NOAA-9 ERBE scanner unfiltered longwave radiances by 1.4%–2.0% during daytime and 0.2%–0.3% during nighttime relative to those derived from the ERBE unfiltering algorithm. Similarly, the scanner unfiltered shortwave radiances increase by ~1% for clear ocean and land and decrease for all-sky ocean, land, and snow/ice by ~1%. The resulting NOAA-9 ERBE scanner unfiltered radiances are then compared with NOAA-9 nonscanner irradiances by integrating the...
Early-onset neonatal sepsis in the era of group B streptococcal prevention.

Objective. To determine whether intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease has resulted in an increased rate of non-GBS or antibiotic-resistant early-onset invasive neonatal disease. Methods. Maternal and infant chart review of all infants with bacteria other than GBS isolated from blood or spinal fluid in 1996 through 1999 in 19 hospitals (representing 81% of in-state births to state residents) throughout Connecticut. Suspected cases were identified through clinical microbiology laboratory records or through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes when microbiology records were incomplete. Results. Ninety-four cases of non-GBS early-onset sepsis or meningitis were detected between 1996 and 1999. The rate of GBS-related early-onset infection (days 0-6 of life) dropped from 0.61/1000 to 0.23/1000 births, but the annual rate of non-GBS sepsis remained steady, ranging from 0.65 to 0.68/1000 during the surveillance period. There was an increase in the proportion of Escherichia coli infections that were ampicillin resistant between 1996 and 1998, but the proportion decreased, in 1999 Conclusion. There was no increase in the incidence of non-GBS early-onset neonatal infections between 1996 and 1999. Fluctuations in the annual incidence of E coli infections, including ampicillin-resistant infections, suggest the need for continuation of surveillance in Connecticut and expansion to monitor larger populations. Pediatrics 2001;108:1094-1098; neonatal infections, sepsis, bacterial infections, bacterial infections/cause, bacterial infections/prevention and control, infant, premature, newborn.
Condensates in quantum chromodynamics and the cosmological constant

Casher and Susskind [Casher A, Susskind L (1974) Phys Rev 9:436–460] have noted that in the light-front description, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is a property of hadronic wavefunctions and not of the vacuum. Here we show from several physical perspectives that, because of color confinement, quark and gluon condensates in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are associated with the internal dynamics of hadrons. We discuss condensates using condensed matter analogues, the Anti de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, and the Bethe–Salpeter–Dyson–Schwinger approach for bound states. Our analysis is in agreement with the Casher and Susskind model and the explicit demonstration of “in-hadron” condensates by Roberts and coworkers [Maris P, Roberts CD, Tandy PC (1998) Phys Lett B 420:267–273], using the Bethe–Salpeter–Dyson–Schwinger formalism for QCD-bound states. These results imply that QCD condensates give zero contribution to the cosmological constant, because all of the gravitational effects of the in-hadron condensates are already included in the normal contribution from hadron masses.
An Architecture for Bitonic Sorting with Optimal VLSI Performnance

We propose a class of designs of a new interconnection network, the pleated cube-connected cycles (PCCC), which can impleement stable bitonic sorting of n records of size q in area A = O(q2n2/T2), where T, the computation time, is in the range [?(q log2 n), O(q ?n/(q+ log n))]. Thus, this network is an AT2,/R-optimal bitonic sorter in the synchronous VLSI model of computation under the word-local restriction.
Computer and Internet Use by Persons After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Goodman N, Jette AM, Houlihan B, Williams S. Computer and internet use by persons after traumatic spinal cord injury. Objective To determine whether computer and internet use by persons post spinal cord injury (SCI) is sufficiently prevalent and broad-based to consider using this technology as a long-term treatment modality for patients who have sustained SCI. Design A multicenter cohort study. Setting Twenty-six past and current U.S. regional Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems. Participants Patients with traumatic SCI (N=2926) with follow-up interviews between 2004 and 2006, conducted at 1 or 5 years postinjury. Interventions Not applicable. Results Results revealed that 69.2% of participants with SCI used a computer; 94.2% of computer users accessed the internet. Among computer users, 19.1% used assistive devices for computer access. Of the internet users, 68.6% went online 5 to 7 days a week. The most frequent use for internet was e-mail (90.5%) and shopping sites (65.8%), followed by health sites (61.1%). We found no statistically significant difference in computer use by sex or level of neurologic injury, and no difference in internet use by level of neurologic injury. Computer and internet access differed significantly by age, with use decreasing as age group increased. The highest computer and internet access rates were seen among participants injured before the age of 18. Computer and internet use varied by race: 76% of white compared with 46% of black subjects were computer users ( P P P Conclusions While the internet holds considerable potential as a long-term treatment modality after SCI, limited access to the internet by those who are black, those injured after age 18, and those with less education does reduce its usefulness in the short term for these subgroups.
Do human cancers express sharedprotectiveantigens? or The necessity of remembrance of things past

Abstract A majority of CTL-recognized antigens of human melanomas have turned out to be unmutated differentiation antigens expressed on melanomas and melanocytes alike. Additional, relatively cancer-specific antigens which are expressed on a significant proportion of melanomas, but not on most normal tissues, have also been shown to be recognized by CTLs. Finally, CTLs have been shown to detect mutated oncoproteins which are expressed in a wide spectrum of cancers but not in normal tissues. These observations have given rise to a view that human cancers share a number of antigens, which can form the basis for their immunotherapy. In contrast, cancer antigens of mice and rats (which are detected tumor rejection assays in vivo , rather than CTLs generated in vitro ) have been observed, generally, to be individually distinct, i.e. unique for each individual cancer. No convincing examples of shared cancer antigens exist in animal models of cancer. This dichotomy between the nature of cancer antigens of humans (‘shared’), and of rodents (‘unique’) is addressed, and hopefully, resolved in this article.
Training science teachers with fully-interactive, distance education technology

Our experience with interactive distance education for science teachers has been both exciting and rewarding. This class has convinced us that activity-based science method classes can be presented with this technology. Working with distance education equipment requires the creative combination of long-established teaching techniques with novel procedures required by the technology. Although the technology does involve inevitable limitations and compromises, it sharpens some teaching skills and provides an opportunity for teachers to learn and do more science. As available tools for distance education become even more sophisticated, delivery techniques will have to be altered continually. Doubtlessly, technological developments will continue to be increasingly site friendly. In the future, one can anticipate forms of distance education that will enable communication with an infinite number of remote sites, thus establishing the definitive electronic science classroom.
Making a killing south of the border: transnational cigarette companies in Mexico and Guatemala.

Cigarette smoking is the most unnecessary of modern epidemics in the world today, according to the World Health Organization. In response to declining sales at home, multinational cigarette companies are increasingly targeting allegedly developing countries with their deadly products, often with the strong support of the U.S. government. While Asian countries have been most heavily targeted in recent years, Latin American countries have not been overlooked. This paper discusses macro-level and micro-level implications of the tobacco companies' promotions, based on data gathered in Mexico and Guatemala during 1990. Recommendations for combating the corporations' efforts are also discussed.
Chemoreceptor sensillum structure in Limulus

The chemoreceptors of Limulus polyphemus (L.) are polyneuronal sensilla found in the spines of the coxal gnathobases of each walking leg, the spines of the chilarial appendages, and the chelae of all the limbs. Each sensillum contains 6–15 bipolar sensory cells that share a single pore in the cuticle. The dendrites of the sensory cells of each sensillum course to the cuticle together. These attenuate sharply and enter a canal in the cuticle as a very narrow terminal thread. The dendrites retain their identity in the thread, but with the light microscope, they are usually not visible individually. Each thread, consisting of 6–15 dendrites, is accompanied to the cuticular surface by a cuticular tubule found within the canal. The chemoreceptor sensilla of the gnathobase, chilarium, and chela, the temperature organs of Patten, and the flabellar receptor organs all have the same basic organization. In general this is the same structural plan shown by chemoreceptors of other arthropods. Several different mechanisms of peripheral physiological interaction among receptor cells are possible with a sensillum organization like that described here for Limulus.
A Family of Stress-Inducible GADD45-like Proteins Mediate Activation of the Stress-Responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK

The stress-responsive p38 and JNK MAPK pathways regulate cell cycle and apoptosis. A human MAPKKK, MTK1 (= MEKK4), mediates activation of both p38 and JNK in response to environmental stresses. Using a yeast two-hybrid method, three related proteins, GADD45alpha (= GADD45), GADD45, (= MyD118), and GADD45gamma, were identified that bound to an N-terminal domain of MTK1. These proteins activated MTK1 kinase activity, both in vivo and in vitro. The GADD45-like genes are induced by environmental stresses, including MMS, UV, and gamma irradiation. Expression of the GADD45-like genes induces p38/JNK activation and apoptosis, which can be partially suppressed by coexpression of a dominant inhibitory MTK1 mutant protein. We propose that the GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the p38/JNK pathway, via MTK1/ MEKK4, in response to environmental stresses.
Corporate responsibility and economic theory: an anthropological perspective

A basic worldview of economic theory is the notion that humans have unlimited material wants and limited means to satisfy these wants. In this framework the task of economists is to design policy instruments to meet human preferences for material commodities as efficiently as possible, that is, with the minimum amount of society's scarce resources. An interesting perspective on this aspect of contemporary economics is offered by anthropologists who trace the origins of economic man back hundreds if not thousands of years. Such a long-term perspective is all the more important since the standard economic preference satisfaction model of consumer and firm behaviour is being replaced by models consistent with current research findings in the fields of psychology, anthropology and other behavioural sciences about human decision-making. Much of traditional management theory and the theory of the firm are based on the preference satisfaction model, so the demise of that conceptual base has far-reaching implications for the analysis of sustainable corporate behaviour.
Priming dominant and unusual senses of ambiguous words

The priming technique was used to investigate the conditions under which a homograph’s dominant and/or nondominant semantic sense will be retrieved. Subjects verified whether “A(n) A is a(n) B” when A was an ambiguous word and B was a word corresponding to either a dominant or an unusual semantic sense of word A. When word B most often corresponded to the dominant sense of word A (Experiment I), a Priming by Dominance interaction was obtained in the reaction time (RT) data; viz, the facilitatory effect of priming was greater for the dominant-sense sentences than for the unusual-sense sentences. When the word B equally often corresponded to the dominant and unusual senses of A (Experiment 2), the facilitatory effect of priming was equal for the dominant-sense and unusual-sense sentences. These results were interpreted within the framework of a two-stage model of lexical access (d. Posner & Snyder, 1975; Neely, 1977). An application of this two-stage model to the now rather extensive literature on homographic processing helps clear up the apparent contradictions that have been prevalent in this literature.
Thermal conductivity of Si/Ge superlattices: A realistic model with a diatomic unit cell

This paper considers the effects of a realistic description of phonons in diamondlike semiconductors and their conversion on the abrupt heterointerfaces on the thermal conductivity of the superlattice (SL). Due to the much larger mass of Ge atoms in comparison to Si, the most probable acoustic phonons in Si layers at room temperature have no counterpart in Ge. In simplified models where Si and Ge are simulated by monatomic crystals with fitted parameters, this leads to the highly efficient trapping of high-energy acoustic phonons in Si layers and drastic reduction of the SL thermal conductivity. The proposed approach incorporates the optical branches and the effective conversion of the phonons at interfaces extends the temperature range for which the model is valid and thereby leads to corrections to predicted thermal conductivity.
RF aerosol plasma fabrication of indium tin oxide and tin oxide thin films

Transparent, conductive indium-tin oxide (ITO) and tin oxide thin films were deposited on soda-lime-silicate (SLS) float glass and silica glass substrates by an RF aerosol plasma technique in an atmospheric environment. The ITO films were deposited from solutions with various In: Sn ratios. The dependence of the film properties on the substrate temperature, deposition time, and tin concentration has been studied. The films were characterized by several techniques including XRD, EDS, electrical resistivity, SEM, optical (IR-UV-Vis transmission), Mossbauer, and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that film phase, morphology, thickness, crystallite size, and conductivity depend on the solution composition and deposition parameters. XRD revealed that In2O3 was present in the film when a In: Sn ratio of 5: 5 or higher was used; otherwise only SnO2 shown. SEM analysis showed that dense and uniform films were formed with particle sizes ranging from approximately 50 nm to 150 nm. The resistivity of the ITO films ranged from 0.12 to 5.0 ohm-cm at room temperature. Optical transmission of the ITO-coated glasses was not different from the uncoated samples. Infrared results indicated that the structure of the near surface of the glasses was significantly modified with a higher indium concentration. The advantages of the atmospheric, RF aerosol plasma deposition process over other techniques are discussed.
New compression paddle for wire localization in mammography.

Rationale and Objectives Current wire localization compression paddles provide a limited access window with no compression in this window. We describe a new compression paddle that addresses these issues and report on preliminary patient testing. Materials and Methods Four mechanical engineering students collaborated with a medical physicist, a radiographer, and two radiologists. Several concept designs were developed, one of which used a mesh surface. This went on to prototype development. After phantom testing, internal review board approval, US Food and Drug Administration waiver for nonsignificant risk device, and Medicare Part A exemption were obtained, the device was used in 10 patients going to wire localization for medical indications. Informed consent was obtained and a range of breast size was included. Wires were positioned from superior, lateral, and medial approach. Results A total of 10 wires were successfully positioned in nine patients. The one technical failure was due to inadequate access to the axillary region because of the single prototype size. The grid system provided accurate localization of suspicious findings. The mesh was not visible in digital mammograms so there was no interference. Conclusion The new paddle improves on currently available models. Advantages included lack of visual (on imaging) and technical interference from the compression mesh, and compression of the active window allowed localization of subtle findings. The large active area facilitated multiple wire placements within a single window. All localizations were easily performed on the initial image because of the large active window, obviating the need for acquisition of additional images and the associated additional radiation.
Studies on the absorption,distribution and excretion of radioactivity after intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of 14C-methyl ester of amphotericin B

Distribution and balance studies with carbon-14-labeled amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were carried out in mice. The radioactive AME was administered by either the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) route. In the organ distribution study, the percent radioactivity accumulating in the lung of i.v. treated mice at 1 hour after administration was about 150 times greater than that observed when the intraperitoneal route was used. No accumulation of radioactivity with time was detected in the kidneys of either the i.v. or i.p. treated mice. After 4 days, about 51% of the total radioactivity was excreted into the urine and feces of mice after i.v. administration, but only about 15% of the total radioactivity was excreted in the case of mice receiving radioactive AME by the i.p. route. In the identification of the substances excreted in the urine, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), radioactivity, and bioautographic evidence suggest that there was no detectable de-esterification of AME to the parent compound in mice treated either intraperitoneally or intravenously with AME.
Distributed computing paradigms for collaborative processing in sensor networks

In sensor networks, collaborative processing between multiple sensor nodes is essential in order to complement for each others sensing capability, tolerate faults, and provide reliable information. The client/server-based paradigm is typical for distributed processing. However, it is not the most efficient in the context of sensor networks. In this paper, we present a mobile agent-based paradigm to carry out collaborative processing, where instead of each sensor node sending local information to a processing center, as is typical in the client/server-based computing, the processing code is moved to the sensor nodes through mobile agents. This approach has great potential in providing energy-efficient and scalable collaborative processing with low latency. We design two metrics (execution time and energy consumption) and use simulation tools to quantitatively measure the performance of different computing models in collaborative processing. Experimental results show that the mobile agent paradigm performs much better when the number of nodes is large while the client/server paradigm is advantageous when the number of nodes is small. Based on this result, we develop a cluster-based hybrid computing paradigm to combine the advantages of both paradigms. We analyze two different scenarios in hybrid computing and simulation results show that there is always one scenario that performs better than either the client/server- or mobile-agent-based paradigm.
PREFERENCE FOR STARTING AND FINISHING BEHAVIOR PATTERNS

Pigeon's key pecking was reinforced with food in two experiments in which the correspondence between preference for starting one of two reinforced behavior patterns and the likelihood of finishing it subsequently was examined. Reinforcers were scheduled according to concurrent schedules for two classes of interresponse times, modified such that reinforcers followed a center-key peck terminating either a shorter interresponse time started by a left-key peck or a longer interresponse time started by a right-key peck. In Experiment 1, the times when reinforcers potentially were available were not discriminated, whereas in Experiment 2 they were. Absolute reinforced pattern durations were varied. The relative frequency of starting a particular pattern was highly correlated with relative frequency of that completed pattern in both experiments. Other relations between starting and finishing a pattern depended on whether reinforced interresponse times were discriminated. For instance, preference for starting a pattern sometimes correlated negatively with the likelihood of subsequently completing it. The present experiments are described as capturing part of the ordinary language meaning of "intention," according to which an organism's behavior at one moment sets the occasion for an observer to say that the organism "intends" in the future to engage in one behavior rather than another.
Forelimb lameness in the young patient.

This article discusses causes of forelimb lameness in dogs younger than 1 year of age. The major categories covered include congenital, developmental, traumatic, infectious, nutritional, metabolic, and neoplastic disorders. Diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis are covered for each disorder.
A new derivation of the generating function for the major index

Abstract We present a new proof of the well-known combinatorial result [ n k ] q = Σ w q Maj( w ) where w is a permutation of 0k1n−k, by showing a bijection between the set of partitions of an integer m that fit in a k × n − k rectangle and the set consisting of all permutations w of 0k1n−k having Maj(w) = m.
Autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background Autophagy is a basic cellular homeostatic process important to cell fate decisions under conditions of stress. Dysregulation of autophagy impacts numerous human diseases including cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease. This study investigates the role of autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Developing a biomonitoring educational pamphlet for potential participants in a breast milk biomonitoring study.

Over the past decade, biomonitoring research initiatives in the United States have increased because of growing concern over the accumulation of environmental chemicals in the human body. One matrix that has become a viable biological sample for estimating human exposure to environmental chemicals is breast milk. However, breast milk biomonitoring research can induce anxiety and confusion about breastfeeding if communication is lacking between researchers, community partners, and participants. To bridge this communication gap, an informative, reassuring 8-page pamphlet was developed to educate community partners and potential participants about research on 1 class of environmental chemicals—polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Not only did the pamphlet assist in participant recruitment, but it forged positive relationships with valuable community partners.
All Atwitter About Radiation Oncology: A Content Analysis of Radiation Oncology-related Traffic on Twitter

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Twitter, a social networking service with over 465 million users, has been used to predict stock market fluctuations, follow natural disasters, and monitor disease spread. However, little is known about how tweets are used to disseminate information relating to Radiation Oncology. Using Twitter, we evaluated the online content, links, topics addressed, and users tweeting about radiation oncology to determine the content of the subject matter discussed on the Twitter platform.
Early adoption of transoral robotic surgical program: preliminary outcomes.

Objective. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of establishing a transoral robotic surgical (TORS) program in the post-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval setting. Early outcomes are compared with the previously reported results of pioneering centers. Study Design. Clinical data from a prospective TORS study. Setting. Academic university institution. Subjects and Methods. Sixty-one patients treated with 63 TORS procedures. Main outcome measures: intraoperative times, margin status, complications, time to diet, and percutaneous en- doscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube retention rate. The authors also report oncologic outcomes on their first 30 patients. Results. The spectrum of subsites included tongue base, tonsil, parapharyngeal space, retromolar trigone, supraglottis, and posterior pharyngeal wall. Surgical console time averaged 79 ± 53 minutes. After re-resection of 4 patients, final negative margin status was 94% (50/53). A subset of 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma reaching an average of 18 months of follow-up had a local regional control rate of 97% with a disease-free survival rate of 90%. The PEG tube retention rate was 7%. Complications included 2 readmissions with dehydra- tion, 1 aspiration pneumonia, and 2 with minor oropharyngeal bleeding. Ninety-one percent of patients resumed an oral diet by the first postoperative visit. Conclusion. The initiation of a TORS program in the post-FDA setting can be achieved in a safe and efficient manner. Early re- sults of pioneering TORS centers are reproducible. Continued investigation of TORS as a treatment option for oropharyg- neal carcinoma is warranted.
Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Fluid Intelligence: Evidence for a Developmental Cascade

Processing speed, working memory capacity, and fluid intelligence were assessed in a large sample (N = 214) of children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 7 to 19 years) Results of path analyses revealed that almost half of the age-related increase in fluid intelligence was mediated by developmental changes in processing speed and working memory and nearly three fourths of the improvement in working memory was mediated by developmental changes in processing speed Moreover, even when age-related differences in speed, working memory and fluid intelligence were statistically controlled, individual differences in speed had a direct effect on working memory capacity which, in turn was a direct determinant of individual differences in fluid intelligence
On the communication complexity of 3D FFTs and its implications for Exascale

This paper revisits the communication complexity of large-scale 3D fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) and asks what impact trends in current architectures will have on FFT performance at exascale. We analyze both memory hierarchy traffic and network communication to derive suitable analytical models, which we calibrate against current software implementations; we then evaluate models to make predictions about potential scaling outcomes at exascale, based on extrapolating current technology trends. Of particular interest is the performance impact of choosing high-density processors, typified today by graphics co-processors (GPUs), as the base processor for an exascale system. Among various observations, a key prediction is that although inter-node all-to-all communication is expected to be the bottleneck of distributed FFTs, intra-node communication---expressed precisely in terms of the relative balance among compute capacity, memory bandwidth, and network bandwidth---will play a critical role.
RNase Activity of Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Is Critical at Low Temperature in Escherichia coli and Is Complemented by RNase II

In Escherichia coli, the cold shock response is exerted upon a temperature change from 37°C to 15°C and is characterized by induction of several cold shock proteins, including polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), during acclimation phase. In E. coli, PNPase is essential for growth at low temperatures; however, its exact role in this essential function has not been fully elucidated. PNPase is a 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease and promotes the processive degradation of RNA. Our screening of an E. coli genomic library for an in vivo counterpart of PNPase that can compensate for its absence at low temperature revealed only one protein, another 3′-to-5′ exonuclease, RNase II. Here we show that the RNase PH domains 1 and 2 of PNPase are important for its cold shock function, suggesting that the RNase activity of PNPase is critical for its essential function at low temperature. We also show that its polymerization activity is dispensable in its cold shock function. Interestingly, the third 3′-to-5′ processing exoribonuclease, RNase R of E. coli, which is cold inducible, cannot complement the cold shock function of PNPase. We further show that this difference is due to the different targets of these enzymes and stabilization of some of the PNPase-sensitive mRNAs, like fis, in the Δpnp cells has consequences, such as accumulation of ribosomal subunits in the Δpnp cells, which may play a role in the cold sensitivity of this strain.
Understanding Consumer Evaluations of Mixed Affective Experiences

This research examines the influence of final trend, temporal proximity, and source similarity on consumers' overall retrospective evaluations of sequential mixed affective experiences comprised of positive, negative, and neutral affective responses. Findings from the first experiment indicate that when consumers make comparisons based on similarities among affective responses, evaluations tend to be influenced by final trend. In contrast, when consumers make comparisons based on differences, temporal proximity influences evaluations. A second experiment shows that novelty of the experience attenuates these effects. This research is discussed in view of research on sequential single as well as simultaneous mixed affective experiences.
In vitro characterization of AA71, a potent and selective human monoclonal antibody against CGRP receptor

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that plays a key role in the pathophysiology of migraine. Clinical studies have demonstrated that CGRP receptor antagonism is an effective approach in treating acute migraine pain. We have previously reported the successful generation of a group of human monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that specifically target the human CGRP receptor ( 1 ). In our present study, we detail the characterization of AA71, a potent and selective human monoclonal antibody against the CGRP receptor.
Correctness and Equivalence of Data Types

In this paper, the term “data type” is intended to include both the items of data (of that type) and the permissible operations upon them (such as selectors, boolean tests for non-triviality and the like); this idea is developed (informally) in Knuth (1968), Dahl and Nygard (1966), and Liskow and Zilles (1974) among other places. The starting point for the algebraic approach is to realize that the data representations together with the operations on them constitute an algebra. But the really interesting point is that this algebra is in some sense free, that is, it is determined (up to isomorphism) by the operations, plus some equations; Zilles (1975) seems to have been the first to use this observation. Goguen, Thatcher, Wagner and Wright† (1975) gave a particularly clean formulation using their (1973) notion of many-sorted algebra and their machinery of initial algebra semantics (1974), with applications to proving correctness of both implementations and abstract types. Zilles (1975A) has developed a notion of “data algebra” along similar lines. This paper is intended to argue that many problems can be handled in a still more satisfactory way with algebraic theories, than with just algebras.
Psychometrics and Assessment of an Empathy Distance Gradient

Research has indicated declining empathy within specific professions and social structures. Few psychometric instruments have addressed empathy within the context of psychological distance/relatedness to other individuals and even to other species, relationships that can be important contributors to psychological well-being and health. We developed and tested the Empathy Gradient Questionnaire (EGQ), which contains five subscales (i.e., Family, Friend, Peer, Distant Other, and Species Empathy) representing increasing psycho-spatial distances. We used LISREL to factor validate the five-factor structure of the EGQ, and we evaluated levels of empathy among a sample of n = 161 individuals, aged 18 to 60+. The EGQ was shown to have high subscale (0.80-0.89) and overall internal consistencies (0.94). The factor pattern and structural equation models showed five latent factors explaining 69.8% of variance for all variables (goodness-of-fit index [GFI] = 0.98, adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI] = 0.98, standar...
Handheld Electronic Device Use by Pediatric Hospitalists on Family Centered Rounds

Physicians increasingly use handheld electronic devices (HED) to assist in daily work activities. The objectives of our study were to describe the practice patterns of pediatric hospitalists in the use of HED during daily work activities and Family Centered Rounds (FCR). We also examined perceptions of pediatric hospitalists on benefits and barriers of these devices on trainee education and family/patient interactions. An anonymous cross-sectional survey was sent to the American Academy of Pediatrics' Section on Hospital Medicine Listserv between October---November 2012, to determine pediatric hospitalists usage and attitudes of HED on FCR. A total of 140 Listserv members responded. Seventy six percent reported using a HED in daily work activities. One-third claimed their institution has a policy on device use. Eighty one percent of respondents practice FCR at their institution. Only 34 % of those who practice FCR use a HED on FCR. Those who have used a HED on FCR responded "always" or "often" to the following questions: 48 % feel the use of these devices improves educational experiences for learners on FCR, and 49 % feel these devices improve patient/family educational opportunities on FCR. Over 75 % of pediatric hospitalists used a HED in their daily work activities. A majority is unaware or claims their institution has no policy on handheld device use. While most respondents practice FCR, only one-third used these devices on FCR despite the belief that these devices improve trainee and patient/family educational opportunities on FCR.
National Variation in Use of Immunosuppression for Kidney Transplantation: A Call for Evidence-Based Regimen Selection.

Immunosuppression management in kidney transplantation has evolved to include an increasingly diverse choice of medications. Although informed by patient and donor characteristics, choice of immunosuppression regimen varies widely across transplant programs. Using a novel database integrating national transplant registry and pharmacy fill records, immunosuppression use at 6-12 and 12-24 mo after transplant was evaluated for 22 453 patients transplanted in 249 U.S. programs in 2005-2010. Use of triple immunosuppression comprising tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid or azathioprine, and steroids varied widely (0-100% of patients per program), as did use of steroid-sparing regimens (0-77%), sirolimus-based regimens (0-100%) and cyclosporine-based regimens (0-78%). Use of triple therapy was more common in highly sensitized patients, women and recipients with dialysis duration >5 years. Sirolimus use appeared to diminish over the study period. Patient and donor characteristics explained only a limited amount of the observed variation in regimen use, whereas center choice explained 30-46% of the use of non-triple-therapy immunosuppression. The majority of patients who received triple-therapy (79%), cyclosporine-based (87.6%) and sirolimus-based (84.3%) regimens continued them in the second year after transplant. This population-based study of immunosuppression practice demonstrates substantial variation in center practice beyond that explained by differences in patient and donor characteristics.
Comprehensive Aircraft Preliminary Design Methodology Applied to the Design of MALE UAV

The Structured Design Methods such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Pugh’s concept generation and selection methods have been shown in the industry to improve the problem definition and design synthesis for the new products hence resulting in the better product design. The application is however limited in the aerospace industry, because the decisions are mostly based on the intuition, simplified back-of-the-envelope calculations and few hand-drawn sketches instead of any higher-fidelity design data using Computer Aided Design and Engineering (CAD/CAE) tools. This leads to the skepticism about the findings of such design methods and reduces their wider acceptance and application in the aerospace design. The examples showing significant improvements in the product definition solely based on the computationally supported design methods are almost negligible. This paper describes work undertaken to add quantitative analysis to these methods in order to reduce such deficiencies. A comprehensive approach has been applied to integrate the mission analysis with high fidelity CAD, CFD and FEA tools that in return provide high fidelity data to enter in the QFD matrix or Pugh’s Concept generation and selection matrix. MS Excel spreadsheet coupled to high level CAD and CAE tools has integrated several aircraft design disciplines for the preliminary design phase. The objective is to demonstrate that the application of Design Methods results in better problem specification and solution synthesis when the scores and rankings are based on the CAD and the high fidelity multidisciplinary design data from aerodynamics and structures. The integration methodology is also used to illustrate the unification of two distinct design phases in the traditional design process i.e. the conceptual and preliminary design into one Preliminary design phase. It is suggested that with the integration of CAD and CAE tools, one can perform all the activities and tasks in one unified phase with reduced design cycle time as compared with two separate design phases comprising of two separate teams. The Pugh’s Method is applied to generate, analyze and select the design concepts for a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) UAV utilizing high fidelity information.
Topiramate-induced palinopsia: a case series and review of the literature.

Background To report palinopsia as a possible side effect of topiramate. Methods Case series and review of the literature. Results Nine patients in our series, and 4 previously reported patients, who developed palinopsia while on topiramate, are reviewed. All patients were women, and comorbidities included migraine, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and bulimia nervosa. Palinopsia resolved in 8 patients after stopping or decreasing the dose of topiramate. The lowest dose of topiramate causing palinopsia was 25 mg twice a day. More than half of our patients reported exacerbation of visual disturbance in early morning or late evening. Conclusions Topiramate-induced palinopsia may be underdiagnosed because physicians do not inquire about such visual symptoms.
Videos in clinical medicine. Suprapubic bladder aspiration.

This video demonstrates suprapubic bladder aspiration in infants and children, both with and without the use of ultrasound guidance. Familiarity with this procedure is important when neither a clean-catch urine sample nor a urethral catheterization specimen can be obtained.
Diffusion of Pharmacy-Based Influenza Vaccination Over Time in the United States.

Objectives. To examine pharmacy-based influenza vaccination using diffusion of innovation theory.Methods. We used 1993 to 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to generate weighted prevalence rates of influenza vaccination, stratified by age (18–64 years vs ≥ 65 years) and state of residence. The diffusion of innovation theory adopter categories were residents of states allowing pharmacist vaccination before 1996 (“innovator/early adopters”), between 1996 and 1998 (“early majority”), between 1999 and 2004 (“late majority”), and in 2007 or later (“laggards”).Results. For adults aged 18 to 64 years, vaccination rates were similar before the innovation (1993), diverged as the innovation reached the majority (2003), and were significantly lower for laggard states by 2013. Younger adults’ vaccination rates steadily increased from 12% to 16% in 1993 to 29% to 36% in 2013. For older adults, there was no significant difference in vaccination rates between adopter categories in any year and no advan...
Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine in a retired military population

Previous studies have linked the use of caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol to health complications and have also found that the use of these substances significantly covary. Given the prevalence of health problems of older adults, it is surprising that no studies to date have examined the co-occurrent use of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine in a senior population. This investigation evaluated the co-occurrent use of cigarettes, caffeine, and alcohol in a community sample of older Americans. Respondents (1,095 women and 1,371 men) completed a questionnaire examining their use of caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. This study replicated earlier findings that tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol use co-occur and that there are consistent use patterns for these substances. The results suggest that health organizations could better target services by prescreening for smoking, alcohol, and caffeine use and possibly targeting smokers and ex-smokers for potentially problematic use patterns of caffeine and alcohol.
Comparison of a 550,000 dalton cartilage matrix glycoprotein in cartilage from immature and mature dogs

Cartilage matrix glycoprotein is a disulfide bonded 550,000 dalton protein found in cartilage and in the vitreous of the eye. Immunofluorescence studies using a specific antiserum to this glycoprotein have previously demonstrated a difference between the topographic distribution of staining for cartilage matrix glycoprotein in cartilage from immature and mature animals. Using a polyclonal antiserum to cartilage matrix glycoprotein, we studied this protein in cartilage from normal immature and mature dogs to determine if it changes with maturation. Cartilage matrix glycoprotein from immature canine cartilage migrates as a doublet, with apparent molecular weights of 100-116,000, regardless of its state of reduction, and is immunologically cross reactive with cartilage matrix glycoprotein from adult canine cartilage. Cartilage matrix glycoprotein from mature canine cartilage is disulfide bonded before reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and its 116,000 Da subunit migrates as a single band after reduction.
Evaluating Breast Cancer Cell Morphology as a Predictor of Invasive Capacity

Breast cancer is dangerous not for its activity at the initial site but due to the ability of cells within the primary tumor to breach the surrounding basement membrane, invade dense collagen I-rich breast tissue, and ultimately reach and form secondary tumors in distant organs with critical functions. Previous studies on breast cancer cell lines have shown correlations between measures of invasion and static properties including cell aggregate morphology. Specifically, it has been shown that cells demonstrating stellate aggregate morphology typically outperform cell lines demonstrating other aggregate morphologies in the Transwell invasion assay. To further assess whether morphology can be used as a predictor of invasive capacity, six cell lines that have previously been identified as forming putatively aggressive stellate aggregates or less aggressive grape-like aggregates were evaluated for their ability to invade in various contexts- from a simple two dimensional gap migration assay to a more complex three dimensional spheroid invasion assay that recapitulates cell-cell and cell-environment contacts as they exist in vivo in the context of the primary breast tumor. We found that morphology alone was insufficient to predict how well cells performed in each of these assays. Migratory ability on a two dimensional substrate, contractility of the three dimensional environment, and presence of proper integrins for binding to the extracellular matrix also failed to fully predict invasive capacity in a three dimensional environment. Correlations between performance in the three dimensional spheroid invasion assay and gene expression profiles suggest this assay can be used to identify invasive breast cancer cells independent of their morphology.