cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Mucosal Cell-Associated HIV Type 1 Transmission in Vitro

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can efficiently spread by direct cell-to-cell contact, a mechanism termed cell-associated HIV transmission. By some estimates, cell-associated HIV transmission is 10-1000-fold more effective than cell-free HIV infection. Mucosal cell-associated HIV transmission may occur when HIV-bearing cells in mucosal secretions from an HIV-infected donor transfer virus directly to recipient target cells in or below the mucosal epithelium, or through HIV transcytosis across the mucosal epithelium of a noninfected host. This mechanism may play an important role in the sexual and vertical transmission of HIV-1, yet most in vitro tests of vaccine and microbicide efficacy assess cell-free virus transmission. This article reviews in vitro assays that have been used to model mucosal cell-associated transmission, including microscopy, immune cell cocultures, use of HIV-infected cells in epithelial cell transcytosis assays, and cell-associated infection of mucosal tissue explants. Assays that authentically simulate mucosal cell-associated HIV transmission could provide valuable insight into mechanisms and molecules that can potentially be targeted for HIV prevention, as well as critical models for testing novel HIV prevention strategies for efficacy against cell-associated HIV transmission.
Promoting IT service employees' customer-oriented behaviors: An empirical study of an ERP support center in a healthcare enterprise

IT employees' skills and competency: from technical skills in managing computer operations, programming, and processing data in the 1960s and 1970s, to business operations, management, and interpersonal communication. — IT employees' customer-oriented behaviors: expected in service organizations, e.g., IT help desks and call centers, but not specifically rewarded. — Balancing the trade-off between the two performance measures — effectiveness versus efficiency — becomes a fundamental dilemma for IT executives and managers. — The boundary between in-role (expected job duties) and extra-role (discretionary) customer service behaviors is blurred in IT services.
Understanding memory effects in the automated generation of optimized matrix algebra kernels

Abstract Efficient implementation of matrix algebra is important to the performance of many large and complex physical models. Among important tuning techniques is loop fusion which can reduce the amount of data moved between memory and the processor. We have developed the Build to Order (BTO) compiler to automate loop fusion for matrix algebra kernels. In this paper, we present BTO’s analytic memory model which substantially reduces the number of loop fusion options considered by the compiler. We introduce an example that motivates the inclusion of registers in the model. We demonstrate how the model’s modular design facilitates the addition of register allocation to the model’s set of memory components, improving its accuracy.
Noise in space-charge-limited solid-state devices

Abstract Measurements on noise in space-charge-limited solid-state diodes and triodes show that the limiting noise of these devices is thermal noise. The equivalent noise resistance Rn of the diodes is equal to the d.c. resistance V a I a of the device. The equivalent noise resistance Rn of the triodes is of the order of 2 g m , where gm is the transconductance. At high frequencies there is induced grid noise and a grid conductance g11 in the triode which vary both as ω2 in a wide frequency range. The equivalent noise temperature of the grid conductance is equal to room temperature. The induced grid noise is practically uncorrelated with the anode noise. Present devices show large amounts of excess noise which may extend well into the Mc range.
Penile Vascular Etiology of Primary Impotence

The etiology of primary impotence has long been considered to be mostly psychogenic. On the basis of their study of 400 impotent men, the authors found conversely that a subgroup of 24 patients (6%) with primary erectile dysfunc tion had an organic etiology responsible for the disorder. Of these, 20 (83.3%) were found to have penile arterial insufficiency, either alone or associated with hormonal or neural deficiencies; the remaining 4 patients had hormonal defi ciencies alone. Detected lesions of the penile arteries were subtle and mostly congenital. The authors recommend that a complete urologic and vascular work-up be performed prior to attempting a lengthy psychosexual therapy, be cause modern urologic and vascular therapy does offer definite cure to these patients.
Functional MRI evaluation of supplementary motor area language dominance in right- and left-handed subjects

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive brain imaging technique widely used in the evaluation of the brain function that provides images with high temporal and spatial resolution. Investigation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) function is critical in the pre-surgical evaluation of neurological patients, since marked individual differences and complex overlapping with adjacent cortical areas exist, and it is important to spare the SMA from lesions when adjacent cortical tissue is surgically removed. We used fMRI to assess the activity of SMA in six right-handed and six left-handed healthy volunteers when a task requiring silent repetition of a series of words was given. Brain activation areas in each of the subjects were localized according to the standard Talairach coordinate space, and the individual voxels for each map were compared after 3D sagittal images were created and SMA was delimited. Quantitative analysis of hemispheric and bilateral SMA activation was described as mean ± standard deviation of hot points/total points. The results show that the language task induced bilateral SMA activation. Left SMA activation was significantly higher than right SMA activation in both right-handed and left-handed subjects.
Streptococcus pneumoniae–Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Classification and the Emergence of Serotype 19A

Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an underrecognized condition that mainly occurs in young children. Early diagnosis is important because of the potential to improve morbidity and mortality rates. The purposes of this report are to review the clinical and laboratory features of 14 patients with pneumococcal HUS and present a modified classification to capture cases that may not have been documented with a diagnosis of pneumococcal HUS. We thereby provide a rationale for including patients with concurrent disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and/or those whose culture results were negative, and we highlight the emergence of serotype 19A subsequent to the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine (Prevnar). This is the largest series of such subjects (to our knowledge) from a single center. Sixty-four percent of the patients recovered without any long-term sequelae. Three patients developed chronic kidney disease, 1 developed end-stage renal failure, and 1 died in the acute phase. The greatest risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease is the need for acute dialysis for >20 days, and death in the acute phase is rare unless meningitis is the primary infection.
Characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of N -methyl- D -aspartate ligands under different ethanol training conditions in the cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis )

Abstract Rationale. The current study was designed to extend our knowledge of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor system in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in non-human primates. Objectives. To characterize the discriminative stimulus effects of the NMDA uncompetitive antagonists dizocilpine, phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine in male and female monkeys under different ethanol training conditions. Methods. Adult male (n=8) and female (n=9) cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were divided into four groups and trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol (n=8) versus water or 2.0 g/kg ethanol (n=9) versus water in a 2×2 design with training dose and sex as main group factors. Ethanol (20% w/v) solutions were administered intragastrically (IG) and responding was maintained under a fixed ratio schedule of food reinforcement. Dose-response determinations for dizocilpine [IG and intramuscular (IM)], PCP (IM) and ketamine (IM) were made under two training intervals (30 and 60 min). Results. Dizocilpine, PCP and ketamine dose-dependently substituted for ethanol in three of four training conditions, the notable exception being in males trained with 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects were greater with IM dizocilpine than with IG dizocilpine. At the lower ethanol training dose (1.0 g/kg), there were no sex differences in the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of dizocilpine, PCP or ketamine, nor were there sex differences in the potencies to produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects. Sex differences were readily apparent with the higher ethanol training dose (2.0 g/kg), with the NMDA ligands failing to substitute for ethanol in male monkeys, probably due to the rate-suppressive effects of these compounds. Conclusions. These data suggest that NMDA receptor-mediated activity is a component to the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in male and female nonhuman primates. However, NMDA uncompetitive antagonists were less likely to produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to a high ethanol training dose in male monkeys. In comparison to consistent substitution by GABAA positive modulators for ethanol, substitution patterns produced by NMDA uncompetitive antagonists suggest a less robust mediation of the ethanol discriminative stimulus through NMDA receptor systems in nonhuman primates.
REAL-TIME CONTROL OF BUSES FOR SCHEDULE COORDINATION AT A TERMINAL

Recently, bus transit operators have begun to adopt technologies that enable bus locations to be tracked from a central location in real-time. Combined with other technologies, such as automated passenger counting and wireless communication, it is now feasible for these operators to execute a variety of real-time strategies for coordinating the movement of buses along their routes. This paper compares control strategies that depend on technologies for communication, tracking and passenger counting, to those that depend solely on local information (e.g., time that a bus arrived at a stop, and whether other connecting buses have also arrived). We also develop methods to forecast bus arrival times, which are most accurate for lines with long headways, as is usually the case in timed transfer systems. These methods are tested in simulations, which demonstrate that technology is most advantageous when the schedule slack is close to zero, when the headway is large, and when there are many connecting buses.
Induction of labor

The rate of labor induction continues to rise significantly in the United States because of a growing use of labor induction for postterm pregnancies and elective induction of labor. Although different types and doses of prostaglandins used for cervical ripening often initiate uterine activity, the principal role of these agents is to soften the unripe cervix independent of uterine activity. Several systematic reviews with meta-analyses have shown that prostaglandins are superior to placebo and oxytocin alone in ripening of the cervix. Numerous studies and meta-analyses have assessed misoprostol's efficacy and safety as a labor induction agent. The most appropriate dose and route of administration has not yet been confirmed.
Structure and high-temperature stability of compositionally graded CVD mullite coatings

Abstract Dense, uniform and crack-free mullite (3Al 2 O 3 ·2SiO 2 ) coatings were deposited on SiC by chemical vapor deposition. The coatings were compositionally graded, with the Al/Si ratio increasing towards the outer surface of the coatings for improved corrosion resistance. The coatings were found to start out as a nanocrystalline layer, which is an intimate mixture of γ-Al 2 O 3 nanocrystallites imbedded in a vitreous silica-rich matrix at the substrate/coating interface. Mullite grains nucleated when the surface composition of the growing coating was in a narrow range close to that of stoichiometric mullite. The phase transformations occurring in these coatings during high-temperature anneals in the range 1100–1400 °C were studied. These phase transformations, which include a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transformation, mullitization and devitrification of silica in the nanocrystalline layer, and α-alumina precipitation and twinning of the alumina-rich mullite, are discussed in light of the adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coatings.
Oxidation and nitridation of niobium in air above 1150°C

When niobium is heated in static air, layers of oxides and nitrides form on the surface, depending on the temperature. At 1150–1500°C, a layer of solid Nb2O5 forms with linear growth kinetics. At 1500–1900°C, a layer of Nb2N forms under a two-phase layer of liquid oxide+solid NbO2. The two-phase oxide layer has linear growth kinetics, while the Nb2N layer has parabolic kinetics. Above 1900°C, successive layers of Nb2N, NbN, and liquid oxide form, with both nitrides exhibiting parabolic growth kinetics. The activation energies of layer growth are as follows: Q=105 kJ/mol for Nb2O5, 120 kJ/mol for the two-phase oxide layer, and 220 kJ/mol for Nb2N (Q for liquid oxide and NbN layer formation was not determined). Above 1500°C, the nitride layers are somewhat protective, in that they slow the oxide formation rate and prevent ignition.
Comments on Hauer's approach to statistical inference

Hauer's ideas on the proper use of statistical inference in safety countermeasure evaluation are discussed and some problems are pointed out.
For-Profit Medicine

IN the past two decades the U.S. health care system has made revolutionary advances in diagnosis and therapy — for example, the development of new imaging devices and surgical techniques for the tr...
Long-term clinical outcome of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency who received related donor bone marrow transplants without pretransplant chemotherapy or post-transplant GVHD prophylaxis.

Objective To determine long-term health benefits of nonablative bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), we investigated our cohort of 161 related donor bone marrow–transplanted patients with SCID. Only 16 (10%) had HLA-identical donors. Study design All 124 survivors were sent questionnaires about their current clinical statuses. Details from clinic visits were also compiled. One hundred eleven patients (90%) were reached. We compared outcomes of patients transplanted before and after 3.5 months of life and by molecular defect. Results The overall survival rate was 77%, but the rate for the 48 infants transplanted in the first 3.5 months of life was 94%, compared with 70% for the 113 transplanted after 3.5 months ( P = .002). Twenty-eight (76%) of the 37 deceased patients died of viral infections present at diagnosis. One or more clinical problems were reported to have been present in the past 2 years in 71 (64%) of the survivors, although 95 (86%) were considered healthy by their families. Conclusions Most patients with SCID transplanted with related donor marrow without pretransplant chemotherapy have done well in the long term, but those transplanted at
U.S. spent nuclear fuel management: Political, fiscal, and technical feasibility

Successful U.S. spent nuclear fuel management policy must satisfy political, fiscal, and technical constraints. Technical requirements have been thoroughly investigated in the United States and Nordic countries for volcanic tuff, salt, and granite. Fiscal planning requires an inflation-adjusted revenue stream and predictable real interest rate earnings on fund balances. A prompt solution satisfying political constraints requires compromise between the overlapping but distinct goals of seven different sets of interests at the federal level. Absent such compromise, there will be delay until sufficient support for one of three strategies evolves: (1) force the Yucca Mountain repository on Nevada, (2) open a centralized storage facility without coupling to repository licensing, or (3) follow a “consent-based” process for repository licensing. Formulations of each of these strategies to overcome impediments to their success are described.
The return of photoelastic stress measurements: utilizing birefringence to monitor damage and repair in healable materials

Photoelastic stress measurements have proven quite useful in the analysis of residual and induced stress within transparent polymer materials. We show the utility of polymer birefringence as an avenue for assessing location and type of damage, as well as the extent of repair, in healable polymers based on the thermally reversible Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction of dicyclopentadiene. These healable polymers were subjected to compressive loading in a controlled fashion to create an isochromatic–stress calibration curve. The correlation between birefringence and stress was then utilized to analyze samples visibly deformed in compressive loading; following a thermal healing treatment, these samples not only regained their initial mechanical properties and recovered their initial specimen dimensions, but also showed a complete release of the residual stress induced during the damage event. The photoelastic properties of these and similar materials can be utilized as a non-contact and non-destructive method for real-time analysis of damage and repair in healable materials.
PHILOSOPHY IN FRAGMENTS: CULTIVATING PHILOSOPHIC THINKING WITH THE PRESOCRATICS

Abstract: This article presents a strategy for introducing Presocratic thought to students in a manner that is both engaging and relevant. The first section addresses students' reactions to the claim that the Presocratics were the first philosophers. The second section considers how the fragmentary state of Presocratic thought does not hinder its comprehension. The third section proposes a classroom exercise for testing the scientific merits of each of the Presocratic theories. The final section proposes the use of a mock trial as a means of applying the materialist approach introduced by the Presocratics to contemporary debates about free will and determinism.
The casting and mechanism of formation of semi-permeable polymer membranes in a microgravity environment

Abstract The National Electric Company of Venezuela, C.A.D.A.F.E., is sponsoring the development of this experiment which represents Venezuela's first scientific experiment in space. The apparatus for the automatic casting of polymer thin films will be contained in NASA's payload No. G-559 of the Get Away Special program for a future orbital space flight in the U.S. Space Shuttle. Semi-permeable polymer membranes have important applications in a variety of fields, such as medecine, energy, and pharmaceuticals, and in general fluid separation processes such as reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration, and electro-dialysis. The casting of semi-permeable membranes in space will help to identify the roles of convection in determining the strucutre of these membranes.
Effects of Nitric Acid Gas Alone or in Combination with Ozone on Healthy Volunteers

Nitric acid (HNO3) is the most prevalent acid air pollutant in the western United States and has the potential to cause adverse respiratory effects through both acidification and oxidation reactions. To study this potential, we measured physiologic (specific airway resistance, SRaw, FEV1, and FVC) and bronchoalveolar lavage (total and differential cell counts, LDH, fibronectin, and total protein) end points in a group of 10 healthy, athletic subjects who were exposed to 500 micrograms/m3 of HNO3 gas or filtered air for 4 h during moderate exercise (ventilatory rate, 40 L/min) and underwent bronchoscopy 18 h later. Under an identical protocol, 10 healthy subjects were exposed to 500 micrograms/m3 of HNO3 gas plus 0.20 ppm ozone (O3) or 0.20 ppm O3 alone to determine if HNO3 might enhance the toxicity of O3. In addition to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), we employed the techniques of isolated left mainstem bronchial lavage and bronchial biopsy to determine if proximal airway injury was caused by pollutant exposure and whether there was any correlation with the degree of distal lung injury as assessed by BAL. We found no significant differences in pulmonary function tests or in the cellular or biochemical constituents in either the BAL or the left mainstem lavage fluids between the HNO3 and the air exposures. Similarly, there were no differences in these end points between the HNO3/O3 and the O3 exposures. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the bronchial biopsy specimens between the HNO3 and air exposures or between the HNO3/O3 and O3 exposures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measurement of apoptosis in heterogenous cell populations

The increasing interest in programmed cell death has created the need to measure apoptosis in complex cell systems. We have combined the use of fluorescent antibodies with the Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide system in order to quantitate programmed cell death in fractions of heterogenous cell populations. Here we describe the analysis of T-cell apoptosis after ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor by superantigen in vitro and ex vivo. This technique can separate cells according to seven parameters, fluorescence caused by FITC, PE, allophycocyanin, incorporation of Hoechst 33342, PI, forward scatter, and side scatter, and it allows determination of elevated Hoechst 33342 uptake in less than 10% of the cell population.
Regulating Microtubules and Genome Stability via the CUL7/3M Syndrome Complex and CUL9

In this issue, two studies from Yue Xiong and colleagues (Li et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2014) show that CUL7, OBSL1, and CCDC8, all mutated in 3M short stature syndrome, form a centrosomal complex that regulates CUL9 and its substrate survivin to link mitosis to cell survival.
Computer simulations of cell-target encounter including biased cell motion toward targets: Single and multiple cell-target simulations in two dimensions

In order for immune cells to carry out many of their functions, including clearance of infectious agents from tissue, they must first encounter their targets in the tissue. This encounter process is often the rate-limiting step in the overall function. Most immune cells exhibit chemotactic ability, and previous continuum models for encounter rates and dynamics have shown that chemotaxis can be a great advantage to cells by greatly increasing encounter rates relative to those for randomly moving cells. This paper describes computer simulations of discrete cell-target encounter events in two dimensions, for the two cases considered by the continuum models: where only a single cell and a single target are present, and where many cells and targets are present. The results of these simulations verify our previous model predictions that a small amount of chemotactic bias dramatically decreases the encounter time, while further increases in the amount of bias have a much smaller effect. Chemotactic ability is shown to be an important determinant of the kinetics of target clearance, and its effects depend on the initial cell-target ratio and the initial distributions of cells and targets. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first computer simulations of particle-target encounter in which there is biased motion of particles toward their targets, and is therefore of general interest beyond specific application to immune cell function.
Quantitative Differences in Nourishment Affect Caste-Related Physiology and Development in the Paper Wasp Polistes metricus

The distinction between worker and reproductive castes of social insects is receiving increased attention from a developmental rather than adaptive perspective. In the wasp genus Polistes, colonies are founded by one or more females, and the female offspring that emerge in that colony are either non-reproducing workers or future reproductives of the following generation (gynes). A growing number of studies now indicate that workers emerge with activated reproductive physiology, whereas the future reproductive gynes do not. Low nourishment levels for larvae during the worker-rearing phase of the colony cycle and higher nourishment levels for larvae when gynes are reared are now strongly suspected of playing a major role in this difference. Here, we present the results of a laboratory rearing experiment in which Polistes metricus single foundresses were held in environmental conditions with a higher level of control than in any previously published study, and the amount of protein nourishment made available to feed larvae was the only input variable. Three experimental feeding treatments were tested: restricted, unrestricted, and hand-supplemented. Analysis of multiple response variables shows that wasps reared on restricted protein nourishment, which would be the case for wasps reared in field conditions that subsequently become workers, tend toward trait values that characterize active reproductive physiology. Wasps reared on unrestricted and hand-supplemented protein, which replicates higher feeding levels for larvae in field conditions that subsequently become gynes, tend toward trait values that characterize inactive reproductive physiology. Although the experiment was not designed to test for worker behavior per se, our results further implicate activated reproductive physiology as a developmental response to low larval nourishment as a fundamental aspect of worker behavior in Polistes.
Parthenocarpic fruits in wild parsnip: Decoy defence against a specialist herbivore

Parthenocarpy, the production of fruits without viable seeds, is a widespread phenomenon in plants. While failure to effect pollination or fertilization is often cited as the cause of parthenocarpy, this explanation alone is inadequate to explain why plants produce, maintain and further develop fruits. Wild parsnips (Pastinaca sativa) frequently produce parthenocarpic fruit. When parsnip webworms (Depressaria pastinacella), specialist feeders on wild parsnip, were given choices between normal fruit and parthenocarpic fruit, they exhibited a strong preference for parthenocarpic fruit. However, on parthenocarpic fruit, insects fed less efficiently and grew more slowly than insects fed normal fruit. Parthenocarpic fruits, then, may act as decoys that divert herbivores away from fruits that contain plant offspring.
Ethnopolitical Processes in the Post-Soviet Space and the Reconstruction of Northern Eurasia

First, I will define an ethnopolitical process. It is a process of interaction among rather large population groups, each of which is characterized, on the one hand, by a clearly articulated ethnic identity and, on the other, by specific (actual or desired) institutions of sovereignty. Thus the ethnic demands made by these groups immediately become political (the extension of sovereignty), while political, economic, or human requirements acquire an ethnic tone, mechanisms of ethnic mobilization are used to achieve them, and so on.
Initial Studies on the Extraction of the Active Substance Inducing Monocoitic Behavior in House Flies, Black Blow Flies, and Screw-Worm Flies

A monocoitic substance extracted from male house flies, Musca domestica L., the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen); and the screw-worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), prevented mating when it was injected into virgin female house flies. The active substance present in the male house fly and screw-worm fly can be extracted with water, methanol, and 95% ethanol. It is more soluble in methanol than in absolute ethanol, and it is insoluble in diethyl ether and chloroform. Dialysis and chromatography on Sephadex® indicated mat it has a low molecular weight. The activity of extracts from the male house fly was not reduced by heating in a boiling water bath for 2 min. Thus, the substance is polar, of a relatively small molecular weight, and not a lipid or protein.
The effects of an experimental intensive juvenile probation program on self-reported delinquency and drug use

In the late 1990s Ventura County, California, USA, implemented the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP), designed to provide intensive, multi-agency services to youth on probation. SOCP built their program guided by Clear’s “corrections of place” model, which argued that community corrections could decrease offender risk by focusing on restorative principles rather than on coercion. SOCP was designed as a randomized experiment, comparing youths in the experimental group with those on routine probation. Researchers interviewed youths in both the experimental and control groups 1 year after random assignment. This article reports on self-reported crime and drug use, finding few significant differences across groups. Specifically, we find that SOCP youths were significantly more likely to indicate that they had committed a violent crime generally, although a majority of both groups indicated they had done so. We found that those in SOCP who robbed people also did so significantly more often than did the comparison group. In the control group, youths reported committing homicide significantly more often, but this was a rare event. Among those youths who reported taking part in gang or posse fights, those in the control group did so significantly more often. Finally, youths in the control group were significantly more likely to have used ecstasy on more days during the previous month than were those in the SOCP.
Characterization of polymeric nonlinear optical materials

ABSTRACTThe development of organic nonlinear optical materials requires the accurate measurementof its nonlinear optical and electrooptical properties. These measurements provide a guide to the synthesis and fabrication of new nonlinear organic materials with improved proper- ties. A new technique for the electrooptical characterization of thin polymeric films is presented. This technique is used to measure the linear electrooptical Pockels effect in poled MNA /PMMA guest host glassy polymers. These results are compared to x(2) valuesderived from second harmonic generation studies. D. C. Kerr effect results are reported fora novel sol gel glass /PMMA composite material containing MNA. These results probe the rela- tive mobility of MNA in PMMA at room temperature and elevated temperatures. x(3) values of several organic liquids are also measured by third harmonic generation studies in air. These values are compared with those derived from measurements in vacuum and good agreementis found between the two techniques.
Evaluation of a Locus of Azeotropes by Molecular Simulation

The technique proposed here for the evaluation of azeotrope lines by molecular simulation builds on ideas used to devise the Gibbs-Duhem integration (GDI) technique for evaluating phase equilibria by molecular simulation. Beginning with a known azeotropic state point, the method integrates a differential equation for the locus of azeotropes with a single semigrand-ensemble molecular simulation performed at each integration state point. Unlike the standard GDI method, fluctuation quantities are needed to conduct the integration. Although these quantities are measured less precisely than simple ensemble averages, the integration is not adversely affected by this difficulty. The method is demonstrated by applying to three model Lennard-Jones binaries. Among these mixtures is one in which the molecular diameter of one species is varied along the azeotrope line. This application shows how details of the intermolecular interactions affect azeotropic behavior. Such an understanding might be useful in formulating additives to break an azeotrope.
Sputtering of condensed gases by nuclear stopping: Chemical aspects

Sputtering of room-temperature solids has been studied now for nearly a century and a 1 half, and an enormous body of data on the various aspects of sputtering of these materials has been collected. Sputtering of the much more fragile and elusive condensed gases, however, has been studied systematically only for the last dozen years. The motivation for studying condensed gases comes primarily from the need to quantify erosion rates and chemical transformations of icy astronomical objects such as comets and certain Saturnian and 2-11 Jovian satellites, the need to understand erosion processes of pellets of solid hydrogen and deuterium injected into plasma devices, 12'13 and the need to understand the effects of high-energy particles impacting on cryopumping surfaces 14'15 ~ such as those found in fusion reactors. Additional motivation has been provided, particularly in our laboratory, by the discovery that the sputtering of these surfaces induces interesting chemical transformations in the residual solid 16"19 and forms an excellent intense source of a broad range of cluster ions 16'19-32 which are difficult to generate by other means. Finally, an understanding of the detailed nature of the processes that lead to the ejection of ions from chemically simple frozen gases may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the currently very popular tools of analytical chemistry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS). Considerable progress has been made in the relatively short time that condensed gases have been studied, and the physical and chemical processes specific to this type of target are beginning to be understood. Enough is now known that a number of general observations are commonly accepted. The sputtering yield is independent of temperature below a threshold; measured yields are as much as an order of magnitude greater than those predicted by standard linear cascade theory and increase rapidly with increasing stopping power; the kinetic energy distribution of the sputtered material retains the E "2 tail characteristic of a linear cascade but peaks at a very low energy; the large cluster ions which are observed preferentially retain polar or polarizable solvating units; only selective chemical transformations occur when reactive frozen gases or mixtures of gases are sputtered; and sputtering yields of condensed inert gases have been observed to decrease with increasing ion dose from a high initial value. Most of these observations have been summarized in a number of recent reviews which emphasize various areas of interest. Schou has discussed primarily the electronic sputter33 ing of condensed gases. Sigmund has presented the current state of theoretical work on
Subjective sleep quality in women experiencing intimate partner violence: Contributions of situational, psychological, and physiological factors

This study, guided by an adaptation of the theory of unpleasant symptoms, examined the complex relationships of childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence (IPV), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and physical health symptoms with global sleep quality and disruptive nighttime behaviors. Data were analyzed using covariance structure analysis. A convenience sample of 157 women currently experiencing IPV was recruited from crisis shelters and community agencies. Findings provide empirical support that women concurrently experiencing PTSD, depression, and stress-related physical health symptoms demonstrated poor global sleep quality and frequent disruptive nighttime behaviors. Posttraumatic stress disorder and stress health symptoms functioned as mediators of childhood maltreatment and IPV effects on both global sleep quality and disruptive nighttime behaviors, but depression did not.
The Religious Dimensions of Sustainability: Institutional Religions, Civil Society, and International Politics since the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Beginning with the first wave of environmentalism in North America and Europe around the turn of the 20th century, this article briefly characterizes the emergence and globalization of the idea of sustainable resource management, and later sustainable development and sustainability, focusing specifically on the religious dimensions of these social movements. Religious ideation, language, imagery, and metaphor have been important in the ways that sustainability has been framed in the public sphere, particularly in the past one hundred years. Interestingly, it is through the medium of these spiritualized public discourses that disparate, affectively oriented sustainability narratives contact each other and sometimes cross-pollinate. Manifestations of sustainability and sustainable development discourse from the global North intersect the religious dimensions of sustainability discourse deployed by indigenous and other marginalized cultures, which have advanced their own understandings of such terms and their own constitutive values. In such cases, sustainability discourse is both decidedly religious and highly political.
Identity Form Matters: White Racial Identity and Attitudes Toward Diversity

Previous research has drawn mixed conclusions regarding the relationship between White racial identity and attitudes toward diversity. We propose that identity form may help to disambiguate this relationship. In the present study, White participants wrote brief essays and were grouped based on their exhibition of one of three White identity forms: power-cognizant, prideful, or weakly identified. These groups were then compared on measures of White identification and attitudes toward diversity. A power-cognizant identity was associated with more pro-diversity attitudes than a prideful identity, despite equivalently high identification. A weakly identified form was associated with low identification and relatively neutral attitudes toward diversity. The findings suggest that, when predicting Whites' attitudes toward diversity, identity form matters.
Bioinspired hydraulic control systems

Hydraulic control systems are a known power dense form of actuation for large scale systems such as excavators, aircraft, and agricultural equipment. Fluid power at the meso-scale is much rarer since electromechanical actuation is usually sufficient for the application. However, the application at hand is a humanoid, lower extremity, bipedal robot, and with the required forces, electromechanical actuation would result in bulky actuators at the joints. Since not much has been done on this size, and scaling effects are not intuitive, it was not obvious what system pressures should be used to ensure the hydraulic control’s power density was taken advantage of. A study of the effects of operating pressure on system weight is presented herein. The results indicate there is indeed an optimal operating pressure in terms of overall weight.
Oxygen precursor to the reactive intermediate in methanol synthesis by Cu-ZSM-5

The reactive oxidizing species in the selective oxidation of methane to methanol in oxygen activated Cu-ZSM-5 was recently defined to be a bent mono(μ-oxo)dicopper(II) species, [Cu2O]2+. In this communication we report the formation of an O2-precursor of this reactive site with an associated absorption band at 29 000 cm−1. Laser excitation into this absorption feature yields a resonance Raman (rR) spectrum characterized by 18O2 isotope sensitive and insensitive vibrations, νO−O and νCu−Cu, at 736 (Δ18O2 = 41 cm−1) and 269 cm−1, respectively. These define the precursor to be a μ-(η2:η2) peroxo dicopper(II) species, [Cu2(O2)]2+. rR experiments in combination with UV−vis absorption data show that this [Cu2(O2)]2+ species transforms directly into the [Cu2O]2+ reactive site. Spectator Cu+ sites in the zeolite ion-exchange sites provide the two electrons required to break the peroxo bond in the precursor. O2-TPD experiments with 18O2 show the incorporation of the second 18O atom into the zeolite lattice in the ...
Identification of genotype-selective antitumor agents using synthetic lethal chemical screening in engineered human tumor cells

We used synthetic lethal high-throughput screening to interrogate 23,550 compounds for their ability to kill engineered tumorigenic cells but not their isogenic normal cell counterparts. We identified known and novel compounds with genotype-selective activity, including doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, camptothecin, sangivamycin, echinomycin, bouvardin, NSC146109, and a novel compound that we named erastin. These compounds have increased activity in the presence of hTERT, the SV40 large and small T oncoproteins, the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins, and oncogenic HRAS. We found that overexpressing hTERT and either E7 or LT increased expression of topoisomerase 2alpha and that overexpressing RAS(V12) and ST both increased expression of topoisomerase 1 and sensitized cells to a nonapoptotic cell death process initiated by erastin.
First synthesis of lower-rim-substituted aryl ethers of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene.

With the use of SNAr or Ullmann reactions, the synthesis of the first lower-rim aryl ether derivatives of tert-butylcalix[4]arene is reported, as are some of their conformational properties, 1H NMR spectra, and X-ray crystal structures. The lower-rim aryl pendants reported herein provide for new scaffolds upon which a host of other new molecular architectures can be constructed, thus extending the capability of the versatile calix[4]arenes even further.
Analysis of some synthetic insect pheromones by gas—liquid chromatography

Abstract The isomeric composition of insect pheromones belonging to primary olefinic alcohols and their derivatives was analysed by gas—liquid chromatography. The chromatographic behaviour of geometric isomers on liquid crystalline stationary phases was studied. The effectiveness and selectivity of the chromatographic columns and the Kovats retention indices of ( E,Z )- and ( Z,Z )-7,9-dodecadienyl acetates were determined and their dependence on temperature was investigated. Geometric and positional isomers of primary aliphatic alcohols and acetates with one and two double bonds can be separated on capillary columns with 1,2,3-tris-(β-cyanethoxy)propane, diethylene glycol succinate and cholesteryl p -methoxybenzoate.
Comparison of logistic and generalized surplus-production models applied to swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the north Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Recent assessments of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the north Atlantic Ocean by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) have included fitting a nonequilibrium logistic (Schaefer) surplus-production model. The logistic model offers simplicity, but concern has been expressed that its fixed model shape may bias estimates of quantities of management interest. Here, I compare results from the logistic estimator used by ICCAT to those from an otherwise equivalent generalized (Pella–Tomlinson) production-model estimator. Following initial estimation with nonlinear least-squares, a resistant fitting method was used to identify statistical outliers, and both models were refit with outliers removed. The estimate of model shape from the generalized model was then close to the logistic, and estimates of stock status from the two estimators were similar. A simulation study conditioned on the trimmed generalized fit suggests that any systematic estimation error caused by assuming logistic shape for this stock is small. Moreover, the generalized estimator was sensitive to outlying observations and thus less precise than the logistic estimator, and it exhibited larger median proportional unsigned error. Sensitivity to outliers and lack of precision in an estimator make it more likely to provide misleading estimates in a given analysis; therefore, if the generalized production model with estimated shape parameter is used in stock assessment, it should be applied with skepticism and in conjunction with the more robust logistic form. Unless a good external estimate of model shape is available, the logistic model appears more suitable for routine assessment use on stocks similar to swordfish.
Modeling the transition of the inner plasma sheet from weak to enhanced convection

[1] We seek to determine whether the adiabatic plasma transport and energization resulting from electric and magnetic drift can quantitatively account for the plasma sheet under weak and enhanced convection observed by Geotail presented in the companion paper [Wang et al., 2004]. We use a modified Magnetospheric Specification Model to simulate the dynamics and distributions of protons originating from the deep tail and low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) under an assigned, slowly increasing convection electric field. The magnetic field is Tsyganenko 96 model, modified so that force balance is maintained along the midnight meridian. Our simulation results reproduce well the observed radial profiles and magnitudes of pressure and magnetic field. The changes of these parameters with convection strength are also well reproduced, indicating that the electric and magnetic drift control the large-scale structure of the plasma sheet. The plasma flows near midnight are diverted toward dusk by diamagnetic drift. We obtain a steady state plasma sheet under strong and steady convection, showing that magnetic drift and field line stretching bring the plasma sheet away from possible convection disruption. The protons from the LLBL strongly affect the plasma sheet density and temperature during quiet times but not during enhanced convection. For the same cross–polar cap potential, stronger shielding of the convection electric field results in smaller energization. The penetration electric field is important in moving the plasma sheet to smaller geocentric radial distance. Our results suggest that the frozen-in condition E = −v × B is not valid in the inner plasma sheet because of strong diamagnetic drift.
Long-Term Toxicity Monitoring via Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

Purpose In cancer treatment trials, clinicians traditionally report patient toxicity symptoms. Alternatively, patients could provide this information directly. Patients and Methods The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) is the mandated instrument for tracking patient toxicity symptoms in National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored cancer treatment trials. We adapted CTCAE symptom items into patient language and uploaded these to an online platform. Lung cancer outpatients receiving chemotherapy were invited to self-report selected symptoms at visits via waiting area computers or optional home access. Symptom reports were printed for nurses at visits, but no instructions were given with regard to use of this information. Results From June 2005 through March 2006, 125 patients were invited to participate, and 107 chose to enroll. Mean length of participation was 42 weeks (range, 1 to 71 weeks), by which time 35% died. The average number of clinic visits was 12 (range, 1 to 40 visits). At e...
Laser ablated YBa2Cu3O(7-x) high temperature superconductor coplanar waveguide resonator

Several 8.8-GHz coplanar waveguide resonators are fabricated and tested that are made from laser ablated YBa2Cu3O(7-x) thin films on LaAlO3 substrates. A quality factor of 1250 at 77 K was measured. A correlation between the microwave performance of the resonators and the critical temperature and morphology of the films was observed.
High-Hole-Mobility Field-Effect Transistors Based on Co-Benzobisthiadiazole-Quaterthiophene

High-mobility organic thin film transistors based on a benzobisthiadiazole-containing polymer are presented together with their morphological and optical properties. A very tight packing pattern of "edge-on" orientated polymer chains is observed in their thin films after annealing, and the hole mobility of this polymer is up to 2.5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) .