cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Cooperative Power Allocation for Energy-Harvesting-Enabled Relay Networks

In this paper, we present a new power-allocation scheme for a decode-and-forward (DF) relaying-enhanced cooperative wireless system. While both the source node (SN) and relay node (RN) have limited energy storage, the SN can also draw power from the surrounding radio-frequency (RF) signals. In particular, we assume a deterministic RF energy-harvesting (EH) model under which the signals transmitted by the relay serve as the renewable energy source for the SN. The amount of harvested energy is known for a given transmission power value of the forwarding signal and channel condition between the SN and RN. To maximize the overall throughput while meeting the constraints imposed by the initially stored energy and the renewable RF energy source, an optimization problem is formulated and solved. Based on different harvesting efficiency values and channel conditions, closed-form solutions are derived to obtain the optimal joint source and relay power allocation. It is shown that, instead of demanding high on-grid power supply or high green energy availability, the system can achieve compatible or higher throughput by utilizing the harvested energy.
Thermoanalytical characterization (DTA and TG) of RBa1.5Sr0.5Cu3O7−x and RBaSrCu3O7−x (R = Y, Gd, Sm OR Nd) superconductors

Abstract Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize RBa 1.5 Sr 0.5 Cu 3 O 7− x and RBaSrCu 3 O 7− x superconductors (R=Y, Gd, Sm or Nd). It was found that the replacement of Ba by Sr increases the onset melting temperature of the perovskites. The effect is larger for compounds which contain an R atom with a small ionic radius. TG curves show that the temperature of the orthorhombic-tetragonal transition is modified by the presence of Sr.
THE BEAUTY OF LATTICE PERTURBATION THEORY: THE ROLE OF LATTICE PERTURBATION THEORY IN B PHYSICS

As new experimental data arrive from the LHC the prospect of indirectly detecting new physics through precision tests of the Standard Model grows more exciting. Precise experimental and theoretical inputs are required to test the unitarity of the CKM matrix and to search for new physics effects in rare decays. Lattice QCD calculations of non-perturbative inputs have reached a precision at the level of a few percent; in many cases aided by the use of lattice perturbation theory. This review examines the role of lattice perturbation theory in B physics calculations on the lattice in the context of two questions: how is lattice perturbation theory used in the different heavy quark formalisms implemented by the major lattice collaborations? And what role does lattice perturbation theory play in determinations of non-perturbative contributions to the physical processes at the heart of the search for new physics? Framing and addressing these questions reveals that lattice perturbation theory is a tool with a sp...
Orbit improvement from satellite imaging data obtainable from outer planet missions.

Equations of motion are established for a dynamical system in which a spacecraft flies close to and interacts with an outer planet and one or more of its satellites. For the computation of the state and mass partials needed in a simultaneous orbit correction of n interacting bodies, a notably compact set of variational equations is derived. The above system of differential equations is integrated numerically on a computer. Spacecraft-satellite direction measurements accurate to plus or minus 10 sec were simulated along three representative trajectories (Mariner/Jupiter/Saturn 1977 missions) approaching Io, Titan, and Iapetus to within 41000, 13000, and 7000 km, respectively. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the need for future work on the orbits of the satellites of the outer planets.
Regression with strongly correlated data

This paper discusses linear regression of strongly correlated data that arises, for example, in magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium reconstructions. We have proved that, generically, the covariance matrix of the estimated regression parameters for fixed sample size goes to zero as the correlations become unity. That is, in this limit the estimated parameters are known with perfect accuracy. Simple examples are shown to illustrate this effect and the nature of the exceptional cases in which the covariance of the estimate does not go to zero.
Merging Cold Fronts in the Galaxy Pair NGC 7619 and NGC 7626

We present results from Chandra observations of the galaxy pair NGC 7619 and NGC 7626, the two dominant members of the Pegasus group. The X-ray images show a brightness edge associated with each galaxy, which we identify as merger cold fronts. The edges are sharp, and the axes of symmetry of the edges are roughly antiparallel, suggesting that these galaxies are falling toward one another in the plane of the sky. The detection of merger cold fronts in each of the two dominant member galaxies implies a merging subgroup scenario, since the alternative is that the galaxies are falling into a preexisting ~1 keV halo without a dominant galaxy of its own, and such objects are not observed. We estimate the three-dimensional velocities from the cold fronts and, using the observed radial velocities of the galaxies, show that the velocity vectors are indeed most likely close to the plane of the sky, with a relative velocity of ~1190 km s–1. The relative velocity is consistent with what is expected from the infall of two roughly equal mass subgroups whose total viral mass equals that of the Pegasus group. We conclude that the Pegasus cluster is most likely currently forming from a major merger of two subgroups, dominated by NGC 7619 and NGC 7626. NGC 7626 contains a strong radio source, consisting of a core with two symmetric jets, and radio lobes. Although we find no associated structure in the X-ray surface brightness map, the temperature map reveals a clump of cool gas just outside the southern lobe, presumably entrained by the lobe, and possibly an extension of cooler gas into the lobe itself. The jet axis is parallel with the projected direction of motion of NGC 7626 (inferred from the symmetry axis of the merger cold front), and the southern leading jet is foreshortened as compared to the northern trailing one, possibly due to the additional ram pressure encountered by the forward jet.
The composition and origin of the moon.

Many of the properties of the moon, including its “enrichment” in Ca, Al, Ti, U, Th, Ba, Sr and the REE and “depletion” in Fe, Rb, K, Na and other volatiles can be explained by early condensation processes in the solar nebula. Thermodynamic calculations show that Ca-, Al- and Ti-rich compounds condense first in a cooling nebula. The initial high temperature mineralogy is gehlenite, spinel, perovskite, Ca-Al-rich pyroxenes and anorthite. Inclusions in type III carbonaceous chondrites such as the Allende meteorite are composed primarily of these minerals and are highly enriched in trace refractories such as REE relative to carbonaceous chondrites. These inclusions can yield basalt and anorthosite in the proportions required to eliminate the europium anomaly, leaving a residual spinel-melilite interior. A high Ca-Al deep interior does not imply an unacceptable mean density or moment of inertia for the moon. The inferred high U content of the lunar interior, both from the Allende analogy and the high heat flow, indicates a high temperature interior. The model is consistent with extensive early melting, shallow melting at 3 AE, and with presently high deep internal temperatures. It is predicted that the outer 250 km is rich in plagioclase and FeO. The low iron content of the interior in this model raises the interior temperatures estimated from electrical conductivity by some 800°C. The deep interior may be partially molten at the present time.
Parity violation, the neutron radius of lead, and neutron stars

The neutron radius of a heavy nucleus is a fundamental nuclear-structure observable that remains elusive. Progress in this arena has been limited by the exclusive use of hadronic probes that are hindered by large and controversial uncertainties in the reaction mechanism. The parity radius experiment at the Jefferson Laboratory offers an attractive electro-weak alternative to the hadronic program and promises to measure the neutron radius of 208Pb accurately and model independently via parity-violating electron scattering. In this contribution we examine the far-reaching implications that such a determination will have in areas as diverse as nuclear structure, atomic parity violation, and astrophysics.
THE ANISOTROPIC WILSON GAUGE ACTION

Anisotropic lattices, with a temporal lattice spacing smaller than the spatial one, allow precision Monte Carlo calculations of problems that are difficult to study otherwise: heavy quarks, glueballs, hybrids, and high temperature thermodynamics, for example. We here perform the first step required for such studies with the (quenched) Wilson gauge action, namely, the determination of the renormalized anisotropy Ξ as a function of the bare anisotropy Ξ0 and the coupling. By, essentially, comparing the finite-volume heavy quark potential where the quarks are separated along a spatial direction with that where they are separated along the time direction, we determine the relation between Ξ and Ξ0 to a fraction of 1% for weak and to 1% for strong coupling. We present a simple parameterization of this relation for 1 ⩽ Ξ ⩽ 6 and 5.5 ⩽ β ⩽ ∞, which incorporates the known one-loop result and reproduces our non-perturbative determinations within errors. Besides solving the problem of how to choose the bare anisotropies if one wants to take the continuum limit at fixed renormalized anisotropy, this parameterization also yields accurate estimates of the derivative ∂Ξ0∂Ξ needed in thermodynamic studies.
Cyclization Reactions Leading to β-Hydroxyketo Esters

□ The purpose of the research was to synthesize β-diketo esters and to evaluate them for anticonvulsant activity. The reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with dimethyl malonate in the presence of potassium carbonate gave an uncyclized product that underwent a Clalsen condensation to yield methyl 2-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohex-2-en- 1-oate (5a). Similarly, other cyclized β-hydroxyketo esters were prepared, and their spectrometric data confirmed that the enol tautomers were preferred to the β-diketo tautomers. The synthetic work clarified the reaction pathway for the Michael addition of malonate esters to enones. Of the intermediates and products tested for anticonvulsant activity, dimethyl 2,2-bis-(3-oxobutyl)malonate (9a) was found to possess anticonvulsant property. However, it is emphasized that the β-hydroxyketo esters could be useful intermediates in the synthesis of enaminone anticonvulsants.
iBOA: the incremental bayesian optimization algorithm

This paper proposes the incremental Bayesian optimization algorithm (iBOA), which modifies standard BOA by removing the population of solutions and using incremental updates of the Bayesian network. iBOA is shown to be able to learn and exploit unrestricted Bayesian networks using incremental techniques for updating both the structure as well as the parameters of the probabilistic model. This represents an important step toward the design of competent incremental estimation of distribution algorithms that can solve difficult nearly decomposable problems scalably and reliably.
Solid support linker strategies

The selection of an appropriate linker is critical to the success of any strategy for the solid-phase synthesis of small molecule libraries. While the primary function of the linker is to covalently attach the initial substrate to the support, innovative strategies have emerged recently in which linkers fulfill important auxiliary roles. These include the cleavage of compounds into solution leaving no trace of the support attachment site, cleavage via cyclization, cleavage by introduction of additional diversity into the structure, and cleavage whereby portions of the compound are sequentially released into solution.
Categorical Resolutions, Poset Schemes, and Du Bois Singularities

We introduce the notion of a poset scheme and study the categories of quasi-coherent sheaves on such spaces. We then show that smooth poset schemes may be used to obtain categorical resolutions of singularities for usual singular schemes. We prove that a singular variety $X$ possesses such a resolution if and only if $X$ has Du Bois singularities. Finally we show that the de Rham-Du Bois complex for an algebraic variety $Y$ may be defined using any smooth poset scheme which satisfies the descent over $Y$ in the classical topology.
A PROLOG-based expert system for tuning MVS/XA

This paper will discuss some of the issues involved in building an Expert System that embodies tuning rules for IBM's MVS/XA operating system. To understand the components of an Expert System and their functions, PROLOG on an IBM PC (Turbo-PROLOG from Borland International) was chosen as the development environment. The paper will begin by defining the key concepts about Expert Systems, Knowledge Engineering, and Knowledge Acquisition. The reader will be given a brief overview of PROLOG, from which we can explain how an inference mechanism was developed. Finally, the paper will describe the Expert System that was developed, and additionally will provide a set of key issues that should be addressed in the future. It is our overall objective to provide new insight into the application of AI to CPE.
Flight Trajectory Simulation of Fluid Payload Projectiles

A flight trajectory simulation method has been developed for calculating the six degree of freedom motion of fluid filled projectiles. Numerically calculated internal fluid moments and experimentally known aerodynamic forces and moments are coupled to the projectile motion. Comparisons of predicted results with flight test data of an M483 155mm artillery projectile with a highly viscous payload confirm the accuracy of the simulation. This simulation clearly shows that the flight instability is due to the growth of the nutation component of angular motion caused by the viscous effects of the fluid payload. This simulation procedure, when used in conjunction with the previously developed method for calculating internal fluid moments, allows the designer to examine the effects of various liquid payloads and container geometries on the dynamic behavior of flight vehicles.
Choosing Our Energy Future

Reports on effective energy planning strategies for the future. We are in a period of energy transition away from the transient bonanza provided by low-cost petroleum and natural gas. Because of worldwide inflation in basic energy costs during the past 10 years, industrial nations now face two alternatives: accommodate to perceived shortages and plan an energy-limited society or exploit new energy sources to ensure their availability,even though they may be more costly than today's sources.
Copper(I)-catalyzed disilylation of alkylidene malonates employing a Lewis base activation strategy.

The disilylation of activated α,α-unsaturated esters has been accomplished by utilizing symmetrical disilanes and catalytic quantities of copper(I) salts in the presence of Lewis bases such as DMF. This new methodology with various alkylidene malonates is moderate to high yielding and affords α-silyl diesters, compounds that previously have not been readily accessible, that can be further manipulated to cleanly afford useful α-substituted α-hydroxy esters.
Synthetic approaches to novel cis and trans dideoxynucleosides of the apiose family

Abstract Stereoselective synthesis of the complete family of optically active dideoxygenated nucleosides of the apiose family have been developed. The chiral aldodiol system 7 , a key intermediate in this synthesis, was prepared from the prochiral molecule 6 , through the action of the lipase from Candida cylindracia . Approaches to novel enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric dideoxynucleosides containing the tetrahydrofuranethanol moiety have also been discovered. A key intermediate in this approach was the optically active trans-allyllactone 61 , prepared from L-glutamic acid, and its isomerization product, the corresponding cis-allylbutyrolactone 62 . The methodologies developed have generality and allow synthetic access to a wide variety of new nucleosides.
Logic programs with propositional connectives and aggregates

Answer set programming (ASP) is a logic programming paradigm that can be used to solve complex combinatorial search problems. Aggregates are an ASP construct that plays an important role in many applications. Defining a satisfactory semantics of aggregates turned out to be a difficult problem, and in this article we propose a new approach, based on an analogy between aggregates and propositional connectives. First we extend the definition of an answer set/stable model to cover arbitrary propositional theories; then we define aggregates on top of them both as primitive constructs and as abbreviations for formulas. Our definition of an aggregate combines expressiveness and simplicity, and it inherits many theorems about programs with nested expressions, such as theorems about strong equivalence and splitting.
Estimating the distance to a monotone function

In standard property testing, the task is to distinguish between objects that have a property ℘ and those that are e-far from ℘, for some e > 0. In this setting, it is perfectly acceptable for the tester to provide a negative answer for every input object that does not satisfy ℘. This implies that property testing in and of itself cannot be expected to yield any information whatsoever about the distance from the object to the property. We address this problem in this paper, restricting our attention to monotonicity testing. A function f : {1,…,n} ➝ R is at distance ef from being monotone if it can (and must) be modified at efn places to become monotone. For any fixed δ > 0, we compute, with probability at least 2/3, an interval [(1/2 -δ)e,e] that encloses ef. The running time of our algorithm is O(ef-1 log log ef- 1 log n), which is optimal within a factor of loglog ef-1 and represents a substantial improvement over previous work. We give a second algorithm with an expected running time of O(ef-1 log nlog log log n). Finally, we extend our results to multivariate functions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
High‐Precision Optical Interferometry and Application to Be Stars

Abstract : This dissertation presents a new technique for calibrating optical long-baseline interferometric observations that are obtained simultaneously in a number of spectral channels. For certain classes of objects such as emission-line sources or binary systems, the new technique allows the calibration corrections and source characteristics to be obtained from the observations of a program star alone. This is because for such sources, the parameters describing the characteristics of the source have a different functional dependence than the calibration parameters.
Optimal Energy Harvesting from a Membrane Attached to a Tensegrity Structure

The feasibility of harvesting energy using polyvinylidene fluoride patches mounted on a vibrating prestressed membrane, itself attached to a tensegrity structure, was investigated. Kinematics of the tensegrity structure and the attached membrane is described and conditions for stable equilibrium for the structure are derived. Nonlinear partial differential equations describing the dynamics of the membrane attached to the tensegrity structure and under the action of a time-dependent transverse pressure are derived using the principle of virtual work. These equations are linearized and the modes of the structure are obtained using the finite element method. These modes are used as basis functions in developing a reduced-order model to obtain the response of the complete structure under the applied transverse dynamic pressure. The polyvinylidene fluoride patch on the structure is connected to an electrical load resistance. The electrical current passing through the load resistance is calculated using Gauss’s...
Efficient transmural cardiac gene transfer by intrapericardial injection in neonatal mice.

Abstract An efficient cardiac gene transfer technique in murine models would greatly facilitate the elucidation of the pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies and the development of genetic therapies. Direct myocardial injection or catheter-based intracoronary infusion is not easily achievable in mice and resultant transgene expression is often limited in distribution. A replication-defective, recombinant adenovirus encoding luciferase (5×10 9 pfu) or lacZ (4–5×10 10 particles/animal) was injected percutaneously into the pericardial cavity of 4–5 day old mice. Chemiluminescence assay for luciferase activity at 3 days post-injection revealed the highest activity in the heart (heart=288±110, lungs=19±5, liver=11±5 ng/gm tissue, n =11). X-gal staining of cryostat sections demonstrated widespread transmural lacZ expression in the left ventricle, interventricular septum, right ventricle, and atrial appendages, and the average fractional area of X-gal staining in a left ventricle was 66±16% (range 40–92%, n =21 sections). However, the long-term survival of these mice was compromised. Reduction in the injectate volume by 50% significantly improved survival but concurrently reduced lacZ expression. Significant lacZ expression was observed in the right ventricle and interventricular septum but left ventricular expression was predominantly epicardial, with variable myocardial penetration. At 2 months post-injection, lacZ expression persisted only in atrial tissues, pulmonary veins, and great vessels. Despite lack of persistent transgene expression in ventricular tissues, the high degree of transgene expression achieved may be sufficient to allow evaluation of short-term effects of specific genetic manipulations in the heart.
Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution of fortune and broken time reversible symmetry in econodynamics

Abstract Within the framework of stochastic differential equations it is demonstrated that the existence of Boltzmann–Gibbs type distribution in economy is independent of the time reversal symmetry in econodynamics. Both power law and exponential distributions can be accommodated naturally. The demonstration is based on a mathematical structure discovered during a study in gene regulatory network dynamics. Further possible analogy between equilibrium economy and thermodynamics is explored, suggesting that statistical physics methods can indeed play an important role in the study of complex systems.
Infrared Study of Soda-Lime Glass During Hydration and Dehydration

Infrared spectra of two soda-lime silicate glasses were measured after different times of hydration and dehydration. The height of OH and molecular water bands increased proportionally to the square root of time during hydration. The amount of dehydration with time was fit with a diffusion model; the diffusing species was probably molecular water. The rate of dehydration of the two laboratory glasses was many orders of magnitude faster than the rate for a commercial soda-lime glass, consistent with the presence of a transformed layer on the surface of the hydrated laboratory glasses.
Catalytic enantioselective aldol additions of α-isothiocyanato imides to α-ketoesters

A readily available bifunctional thiourea catalyst promotes aldol additions of α-isothiocyanato imides to α-ketoesters under mild reaction conditions to form β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives with high levels of enantioselectivity.
Thermal expansion and effect of pressure on superconductivity in CuxTiSe2

We report measurements of thermal expansion on a number of polycrystalline Cu(x)TiSe(2) samples corresponding to the parts of x-T phase diagram with different ground states, as well as the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature, T(c), for samples with three different values of Cu doping. Thermal expansion data suggest that the x-T phase diagram may be more complex than initially reported. T(c) data at elevated pressure can be scaled to the ambient pressure Cu(x)TiSe(2) phase diagram; however, significantly different scaling factors are needed to accommodate the literature data on the charge density wave transition suppression under pressure.
Exact Perturbation for the Vibration of Almost Annular or Circular Plates

A perturbation solution is presented to analytically determine the eigensolutions for self-adjoint plate vibration problems on nearly annular or circular domains. The irregular domain eigensolutions are calculated as perturbations of the corresponding annular or circular domain eigensolutions. These perturbations are determined exactly. The simplicity of these exact solutions allows the perturbation to be carried through third order for distinct unperturbed eigenvalues and through second order for degenerate unperturbed eigenvalues. Furthermore, this simplicity allows the resulting orthonormalized eigenfunctions to be readily incorporated into response, system identification, and control analyses. The clamped, nearly circular plate is studied in detail, and the exact eigensolution perturbations are derived for an arbitrary boundary shape deviation. Rules governing the splitting of degenerate unperturbed eigenvalues at both first and second orders of perturbation are presented. These rules, which apply for arbitrary shape deviation, generalize those obtained in previous works where specific, discrete asymmetries and first order splitting are examined. The eigensolution perturbations and splitting rules reduce to simple, algebraic formulae in the Fourier coefficients of the boundary shape asymmetry. Elliptical plate eigensolutions are calculated and compared to finite element analysis and, for the fundamental eigenvalue, to the exact solution given by Shibaoka (1956).
Formation, synthetic utility and structure elucidation of a 2-bromomethyl 1,4-dihydropyridine

Abstract The structure of the product obtained by reacting the 1,4-dihydropyridine 6 with pyridinium bromide perbromide has been confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as the 2-bromomethyl derivative 7 and its reaction with a range of nucleophiles has been studied.
Stochastic service systems, random interval graphs and search algorithms

We consider several stochastic service systems, and study the asymptotic behavior of the moments of various quantities that have application to models for random interval graphs and algorithms for searching for an idle server or for an vacant or occupied waiting station. In some cases the moments turn out to involve Lambert series for the generating functions for the sums of powers of divisors of positive integers. For these cases we are able to obtain complete asymptotic expansions for the moments of the quantities in question. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 421-442, 2014
A sharp isoperimetric bound for convex bodies

We consider the problem of lower bounding the Minkowski content of subsets of a convex body with a log-concave probability measure, conditioned on the set size. A bound is given in terms of diameter and set size, which is sharp for all set sizes, dimensions, and norms. In the case of uniform density a stronger theorem is shown which is also sharp.
A Note on compactifications on spin(7) - holonomy manifolds

In this note we consider compactifications of Script M-theory on Spin(7)-holonomy manifolds to three-dimensional Minkowski space. In these compactifications a warp factor is included. The conditions for unbroken N = 1 supersymmetry give rise to determining equations for the 4-form field strength in terms of the warp factor and the self-dual 4-form of the internal manifold.
Convergence of the J-flow on Kähler surfaces

Donaldson defined a parabolic flow on Kahler manifolds which arises from considering the action of a group of symplectomorphisms on the space of smooth maps between manifolds. One can define a moment map for this action, and then consider the gradient flow of the square of its norm. Chen discovered the same flow from a different viewpoint and called it the J-flow, since it corresponds to the gradient flow of his J-functional, which is related to Mabuchi's K-energy. In this paper, we show that in the case of Kahler surfaces with two Kahler forms satisfying a certain inequality, the J-flow converges to a zero of the moment map.
Excitation energies from density-functional orbital energies.

It is shown that the exact difference between the ground-state and first-excited-state electronic energies can be obtained, in principle, as the difference of highest occupied orbital energies from two separate Kohn-Sham calculations. Alternatively, this excitation energy may be taken as the difference between the lowest unoccupied and highest occupied orbital energies of a single Kohn-Sham calculation, provided that one corrects for a certain derivative discontinuity in the exchange-correlation potential that is analogous to the one for the band gap in solids.
Public Debt and Growth

The recent global financial crisis has led to an unprecedented increase in public debt across the world, raising serious concerns about its economic impact. This paper examines the impact of high public debt on long-run economic growth in a large panel of countries over the last four decades. High initial public debt is found to be significantly associated with slower subsequent growth. Non-linearities, currency denomination of debt and differences between advanced and emerging market economies are explored. The adverse effect largely reflects a slowdown in labour productivity growth mainly due to slower capital accumulation. Extensive robustness checks confirm the results.
Finite temperature QED3 with light fermions

Abstract Non-compact QED 3 is simulated both in the quenched and unquenched cases. In particular, we investigate the restoration of chiral symmetry at finite temperature. We also compute the zero temperature spectrum of the theory, including (in the quenched case) the dynamical fermion mass. From these two set of data, one can obtain estimates for the ratio of the mass gap to the critical temperature, of particular interest for applications to high- T c superconductivity.
An interrupted Ugi reaction enables the preparation of substituted indoxyls and aminoindoles

In a variation of the classical Ugi reaction, an acid-promoted reaction between imines and isocyanides forms both 3-aminoindoles and substituted indoxyls. A recently reported triflyl phosphoramide is shown to be critical to obtain high yields under mild conditions.
Multiscale Modeling of Four-Component Lipid Mixtures: Domain Composition, Size, Alignment, and Properties of the Phase Interface

Simplified lipid mixtures are often used to model the complex behavior of the cell plasma membrane. Indeed, as few as four components—a high-melting lipid, a nandomain-inducing low-melting lipid, a macrodomain-inducing low-melting lipid, and cholesterol (chol)—can give rise to a wide range of domain sizes and patterns that are highly sensitive to lipid compositions. Although these systems are studied extensively with experiments, the molecular-level details governing their phase behavior are not yet known. We address this issue by using molecular dynamics simulations to analyze how phase separation evolves in a four-component system as it transitions from small domains to large domains. To do so, we fix concentrations of the high-melting lipid 16:0,16:0-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and chol, and incrementally replace the nanodomain-inducing low-melting lipid 16:0,18:2-PC (PUPC) by the macrodomain-inducing low-melting lipid 18:2,18:2-PC (DUPC). Coarse-grained simulations of this four-component system reveal ...
Comparison of Jump Frequencies of 111In/Cd Tracer Atoms in Sn3R and In3R Phases Having the L12 Structure (R = Rare-Earth)

Measurements were made of jump frequencies of 111In/Cd tracer atoms on the Sn-sublattice in rare-earth tri-stannides having the L12 crystal structure via perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy (PAC). Phases studied were Sn3R (R= La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Gd). Earlier measurements on isostructural rare-earth tri-indides showed that the dominant diffusion mechanism changed along that series [4]. The dominant mechanism was determined by comparing jump frequencies measured at opposing phase boundary compositions (that is, more In-rich and more In-poor). Jump frequencies were observed to be greater at the In-rich boundary composition in light lanthanide indides and greater at the In-poor boundary composition in heavy-lanthanide indides. These observations were attributed to predominance of diffusion via rare-earth vacancies in the former case and indium vacancies in the latter. Contrary to results for the indides, jump frequencies found in the present work are greater for the Sn-poor boundary compositions of the stannides, signaling that diffusive jumps are controlled by Sn-vacancies. Possible origins of these differences in diffusion mechanisms are discussed.
Diastereoselective formation of contiguous quaternary centers: the modified carroll rearrangement

Abstract A method is described for the diastereoselective formation of adjacent quaternary carbon atoms. The process involves a two-step transformation of an allylic β-ketoester into a single silyl keteneacetal which then undergoes a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement to generate the desired carbon-carbon bond in good yield and with excellent stereocontrol.
Flux sensitivity of VERITAS

Abstract VERITAS is a new major ground-based gamma-ray observatory with an array of seven 10 m optical reflectors to be built at the Whipple Observatory in southern Arizona, USA. It will consist of an array of imaging Cherenkov telescopes designed to conduct critical measurements of AGNs and SNRs in the energy range of 50 GeV-50 TeV. The design of the array has been optimized for the highest sensitivity to point sources in the 100 GeV-10 TeV band when the stereoscopic imaging technique is employed. Maximum versatility of the array has been another major optimization criterion. We present the flux sensitivity of the baseline VERITAS configuration.
The Pattern Speeds of M51, M83, and NGC 6946 Using CO and the Tremaine-Weinberg Method

In spiral galaxies in which the molecular phase dominates the ISM, the molecular gas as traced by CO emission will approximately obey the continuity equation on orbital timescales. The Tremaine-Weinberg method can then be used to determine the pattern speed of such galaxies. We have applied the method to single-dish CO maps of three nearby spirals, M51, M83, and NGC 6946, to obtain estimates of their pattern speeds: 38 ± 7, 45 ± 8, and 39 ± 8 km s-1 kpc-1, respectively, and we compare these results to previous measurements. We also analyze the major sources of systematic errors in applying the Tremaine-Weinberg method to maps of CO emission.
Prevention of heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive process and the objective of treatment should be to prevent progression. Treatment should begin at the stage of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (LVD), not
“Click, Click, Cyclize”: A DOS Approach to Sultams Utilizing Vinyl Sulfonamide Linchpins

A diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) strategy termed “Click, Click, Cyclize” is reported. This approach relies on functional group (FG) pairing between a vinyl sulfonamide and an array of functional groups to synthesize skeletally diverse sultams. Several FG pairing pathways on central tertiary vinyl sulfonamide linchpins have been developed including intramolecular Heck, aza-Michael, ring-closing enyne metathesis, Pauson−Khand, and chemoselective oxidation/Baylis−Hillman reactions.
Why are proposed spinoffs withdrawn

Abstract While there are economic motives and empirical support for spinoffs, about one in every four planned spinoffs is withdrawn. This study is the first to explain why some spinoffs are withdrawn. We find that the probability that a spinoff is withdrawn is inversely related to the share price response to proposed spinoff announcement. The likelihood of a proposed spinoff withdrawal is also inversely related to the change in the industry conditions of the unit and parent during the spinoff interval. Moreover, a withdrawal is more likely when the change in the unit's industry valuation is less favorable than the parent's industry valuation over the interval, and when the market for takeovers is weak. These results suggest that market timing influences the decision to withdraw a proposed spinoff. Overall, firms are more likely to withdraw their spinoff proposals when their respective industry conditions following the spinoff proposal announcement reduce their potential for extracting hidden value.
Investigation of layered intergrowth LixMyMn1−yO2+z (M=Ni, Co, Al) compounds as positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries

Abstract Layered substituted lithium manganese oxides suitable for use as lithium ion battery electrodes may be prepared from the corresponding sodium manganese metal oxide compounds by ion-exchange. Stacking arrangements (O2, O3, or O2/O3 intergrowths) in the lithiated materials are dependent upon the Na/transition metal ratio in the sodium-containing precursors, the degree of substitution, and the identity of the substituting metal. O3 layered materials deliver up to 200 mA h/g at moderate current densities in lithium cell configurations, but convert rapidly to spinels upon cell cycling, while O2 compounds are more stable but deliver less capacity. Intergrowths show intermediate behavior, with higher capacities than pure O2 materials and better phase stability than O3 compounds. Some intergrowth structures do not appear to convert to spinel during normal cycling, suggesting it may be possible to tailor high energy density, phase stable layered manganese oxide electrodes for lithium batteries.
Dynamic moment analysis of the extracellular electric field of a biologically realistic spiking neuron

Based on the membrane currents generated by an action potential in a biologically realistic model of a pyramidal, hippocampal cell within rat CA1, we perform a moment expansion of the extracellular field potential. We decompose the potential into both inverse and classical moments and show that this method is a rapid and efficient way to calculate the extracellular field both near and far from the cell body. The action potential gives rise to a large quadrupole moment that contributes to the extracellular field up to distances of almost 1 cm. This method will serve as a starting point in connecting the microscopic generation of electric fields at the level of neurons to macroscopic observables such as the local field potential.
Intensity correlation of ionizing background at high redshifts

The joint probability distribution of intensities of ionizing field at two different places is derived. The intensity correlation function ξ J is calculated for randomly distributed QSOs as the main ionizing sources, taking into account the absorption produced by QSO absorption-line systems. It is shown that the Ly α forest line clouds can be used as intensity indicators to reveal ξ J at high z. The equivalent width correlation ξ 1/W for eight selected QSOs is measured and significant 1/W correlations produced mainly by the lines near the QSO emission redshifts are found in some cases
Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectrometry: Using Interferograms to Determine Chemical Composition

Previous research has demonstrated several advantages accrued by transforming dispersion-based near-infrared spectra from the wavelength domain to the Fourier domain. Those advantages include: (1) smoothing wavelength-domain data without loss of end points, (2) correcting for the particle size anomaly encountered in solid sample analyses by simply omitting the mean term Fourier coefficient from the "retransformation" process, (3) minimizing the multicollinearity problem prevalent in wavelength space, (4) generating wavelength-space derivatives from Fourier space without loss of end points, (5) performing band enhancements via Fourier self-deconvolution, (6) identifying sample type using Fourier vectors, (7) estimating chemical composition using only the first few (≤12) Fourier coefficients, (8) cutting of computer storage requirements by more than 96%, (9) cutting of calibration time by more than 96% and, hence, (10) reducing the drudgery of maintaining calibrations.
Tree-level correlators of scalar and vector fields in AdS/CFT

Extending earlier results by Paulos, we discuss further the use of the embedding formalism and Mellin transform in the calculation of tree-level correlators of scalar and vector fields in AdS/CFT. We present an iterative procedure that builds amplitudes by sewing together lower-point off-shell diagrams. Both scalar and vector correlators are shown to be given in terms of Mellin amplitudes. We apply the procedure to the explicit calculation of three-, four- and five-point correlators.
Pleuropulmonary blastoma in an adult: an initial case report

Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department ofMedicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, WashingtonUniversity Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri.Presented at the American College of Chest Phy-sicians Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, Novem-ber 10, 1998.Address for reprints: Louis P. Dehner, M.D., Divi-sion of Surgical Pathology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital(South Campus), One Barnes-Jewish HospitalPlaza, St. Louis, MO 63110.Received September 8, 1998; revision receivedJanuary 1, 1999; accepted January 26, 1999.
Fast numerical calculations of ion-atom collisions

Abstract When an ion impinges on an atom, the cross sections for electronic transitions can be described in the independent electron model by functions of single electron amplitudes. A single centered expansion of the time-dependent wave functiion of an electron about the heavier nucleus, with charge Z N , is shown to be moderately successful in explaining the dependence of K-shell hole production on the charge, Z rmp , of the projectile. However, capture of electrons by the projectile is important for a complete understanding and can be incorporated, in principle, in the single-center approach by evaluation of a transition matrix element involving a final state on the projectile. This is not an easy theoretical problem even in an asymmetric ( Z p ⪡ Z N ) collision, because long times are involved which aggravate the inadequacies of a couple-state calculation where the continuum is replaced by a discrete set of pseudostates. Nevertheless a method has been devised which allows convergence in the truncated expansion of Hilbert states. Comparisons are made to experiment. Future developments are discussed.
Dissipation-driven superconductor-insulator transition in a two-dimensional josephson-junction array

We have fabricated a two-dimensional array of Josephson junctions within 100nm of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. The screening provided by the 2DEG causes the array to show superconducting behavior despite a large junction resistance. Varying the resistance per square of the 2DEG changes the dissipation in the electrodynamic environment of the array independently of any other parameters in the system. As the resistance increases, the current-voltage characteristics of the array change from superconducting to insulating in character. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION STRUCTURE AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CHOICES

Using data that reflect the significant growth in incentive compensation during the last decade, we extend research in this area by specifying a more complete model that addresses both corporate governance and risk-sharing factors that theory suggests should influence compensation policy. We find that the extent of incentive compensation is systematically related to other features of corporate governance, as well as to factors affecting managerial risk aversion. The results support the following conclusions: (a) the presence of outside directors and blockholders facilitates the use of incentive compensation, (b) incentive compensation is inversely related to use of leverage, and (c) the incentive pay component of compensation is lower for CEOs near or at retirement age and is decreasing in the percentage of firm stock already owned by the CEO. JEL classification: G34
ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEMS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND HILBERT SPACE

In this paper, we are concerned with spectral-theoretic features of general iterated function systems (IFS). Such systems arise from the study of iteration limits of a finite family of maps τi, i=1,…,N, in some Hausdorff space Y. There is a standard construction which generally allows us to reduce to the case of a compact invariant subset X⊂Y. Typically, some kind of contractivity property for the maps τi is assumed, but our present considerations relax this restriction. This means that there is then not a natural equilibrium measure μ available which allows us to pass the point-maps τi to operators on the Hilbert space L2(μ). Instead, we show that it is possible to realize the maps τi quite generally in Hilbert spaces ℋ(X) of square-densities on X. The elements in ℋ(X) are equivalence classes of pairs (φ,μ), where φ is a Borel function on X, μ is a positive Borel measure on X, and ∫X|φ|2 dμ<∞. We say that (φ,μ)~(ψ,ν) if there is a positive Borel measure λ such that μ≪λ, ν≪λ, and We prove that, under general conditions on the system (X,τi), there are isometries in ℋ(X) satisfying the identity operator in ℋ(X). For the construction we assume that some mapping σ:X→X satisfies the conditions σ◦τi=idX, i=1,…,N. We further prove that this representation in the Hilbert space ℋ(X) has several universal properties.
Inhibition of the calcination of calcium carbonate

Abstract Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and fly ash were respectively mixed with calcium carbonate (calcite, CaCO3) in a ratio of 1:20 (w/w) and the mixtures were studied at a constant temperature of 700 ° C in a DTA-TGA analyzer. The results of calcination rate (wt% h−1) have shown that (Al2O3) and CaO do not have any effect on the calcination rate of CaCO3, while V2O5 and fly ash inhibit the calcination rate of CaCO3. An explanation is proposed.
Blood glucose regulation with stochastic optimal control for insulin-dependent diabetic patients

Diabetes is a disease resulting from the impaired mechanism of insulin secretion from the pancreas, which prevents glucose from entering the cells and being utilized and leads to wide swings of blood sugar and many complications such as heart disease and stroke, kidney disease and amputations. In order to prevent these complications and achieve a better quality of life for diabetic patients, effective regulation of blood glucose is essential. This study aims to achieve a better blood glucose control profile by incorporating the time-dependent uncertainties in diabetic patient parameters into formulations of optimal control using a novel approach which originates from finance literature. The time-dependent uncertainties are represented using stochastic processes called Ito processes and the mathematical formulation for this problem is presented. The usefulness of this approach is shown using experimental data from a diabetic patient and stochastic and deterministic optimal control profiles are computed. The stochastic profile results in fewer variations in blood glucose from the reference value of 4.5 mmol/L as compared to the deterministic profile in the presence of parametric uncertainty. This method holds a lot of promise in reducing the wide swings of blood glucose observed in diabetic patients and preventing possible complications of diabetes.