cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wake-vortex separation distances when flight-path corridors are constrained

Since the vortex wakes of large transport aircraft can pose a hazard to smaller following aircraft during landing and takeoff operations, certain separation guidelines are followed while aircraft are in the approach and departure corridors at airports. These guidelines reduce the capacity of airports because the separation distances are larger than other airport factors require. This paper studies the effect that a decrease in the size of the cross-section of the flight corridors for air traffic control would have on the wake-vortex separation guidelines; e.g., when the Global Positioning System (GPS) is implemented for air traffic control. It is first shown why smaller flight corridors permit reduced spacings at airports. Several arrangements of smaller flight corridors are then presented to illustrate how differing atmospheric and airport conditions can be accommodated. These considerations indicate that a reduction is then permissible in the wake-vortex spacings while still retaining the same or an improved degree of safety.
The kernel energy method of quantum mechanical approximation carried to fourth-order terms

It is now possible to calculate the ab initio quantum mechanics of very large biological molecules. Two things lead to this perspective, namely, (i) the advances of parallel supercomputers, and (ii) the discovery of a quantum formalism called quantum crystallography and the use of quantum kernels, a method that is well suited for parallel computation. The kernel energy method (KEM) carried to second order has been used to calculate the quantum mechanical ab initio molecular energy of peptides, protein (insulin and collagen), DNA, and RNA and the interaction of drugs with their biochemical molecular targets. The results were found to have good accuracy. In this article, the accuracy of the KEM is investigated up to an approximation including fourth-order interactions among kernels. Remarkable accuracy is achieved in the calculation of the energy of the ground state of the important biological molecule Leu1-zervamicin, whose crystal structure is known and used in the calculations.
Cytomegalovirus infection induces anti-endothelial cell antibodies in cardiac and renal allograft recipients

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection represents a signifiant morbidity factor for transplant recipients. CMV infection has an association with the development of allograft rejection (AR) throgh graft endothelial cell (EC) damage, but the mechanisms are not yet clear. There are few reports addressing the role of humoral immunity in vascular EC injury mediated CMV infection whereas many reports are available regarding the mechanism(s) of CMV-associated allograft EC injury mediated by cellular immunity. Here we examine the incidence of CMV infection in 40 cardiac and 25 renal allograft recipients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. We also monitored sera for the development of anti-EC antibodies (AECA0 using an ELISA with human umbilical vein ECs as targets, and IL-2 levels using an ELISA. AECA levels (immunoglobulin-G and immunoglobulin-M) were significantly elevated in allograft recipients who demonstrated CMV-PCR positivity when compared with the CMV-PCR negative group (IgG: 23.1±16.4 vs 4.7 ±4.5, p τ0.0001; IgM: 47.0±53.6 vs. 7.0 ±11.2,pτ0.0001). Serum AECA (IgC and IgM) levels increased one to four weeks after CMV DNA was detected and elevated AECA levels persisted for at least one to two months, and sometimes for several months. Elevated AECA levels correlated well with serum IL-2 levels. These results suggest that CMV infection is associated with an incrased humoral immune response to EC antigens,, which may be a risk factor for vascular rejection, chronic rejection and decreased allograft survival.
Application of an accelerated boundary-based mesh-free method to two-dimensional problems in potential theory

The boundary node method (BNM) is a boundary-only meshfree method based on boundary integral equations (BIE). One drawback of the usual BNM, however, is that it typically requires much more computer time than the usual boundary element method (BEM). The multipole method (MM) has been demonstrated, in the context of the n body problem, and the BEM, to greatly accelerate these methods while still maintaining sufficient accuracy. The present paper explores, for the first time, a coupling of the BNM with the MM (called the BNMM) in the context of 2-D potential theory. Numerical results (for selected problems) from the BNM are compared with those from the BNMM with regard to accuracy and computational efficiency.
Clinical aspects of anaerobic infection

Summary This paper is a review of clinical aspects of anaerobic infections considered in the light of current anaerobic cultural techniques. Three themes recur from clinical observations, first, that certain conditions predispose to anaerobic suppuration—compromised blood supply, tissue destruction or antecedent infection with aerobic bacteria or viruses. These conditions produce low oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) favourable for growth of anaerobes. Second, that anaerobes are secondary invaders in which the inaugural event is spread of normal flora beyond the confines of mucocutaneous barriers. The third observation is that at the infected site there is, in many anaerobic infections, a complex bacteriological flora. The classical idea of, ‘one organism, one disease’ is no longer tenable in these situations. Clinical clues to the possible presence of anaerobes as a cause of infection include, site of infection (on or close to mucosal surfaces), presence of foul-smelling discharge, severe tissue necrosis, gas in tissues, failure to culture aerobes where sepsis is obvious, and failure of chemotherapy when drugs inactive against anaerobes are used. Anaerobic infections in the head and neck, chest, abdominal cavity, female pelvis and soft tissues are described in detail, relating clinical features, site of- infection and bacterial pathogens—emphasising the role of anaerobes.
PATTERN AREA AND DISCRIMINATION LEARNING WITH PATTERN SPACING, PATTERN HEIGHT, PATTERN-BORDER CONTIGUITY, AND PATTERN MANIPULATION CONTROLLED

Sunmasy.-The relationship between pattern area and pattern discrimination learning was explored. The possibly confounding effects of pattern spacing, height, contiguity, and manipulation were removed or controlled by: (a) presenting illuminated .25-, I-, and 4-sq. in. parterns in a totally dark room, (b) alternating correct and incorrect patterns in a randomly determined temporal succession, (c) equating pattern height for all pattern-area conditions, (d) prohibiting pattern manipulation. Increasing pattern height fcom 1 to 4 sq. in. still resulted in improved learning. Results were interpreted in terms of utilization
Secular evolution in young galaxies

Young galaxies viewed at high redshift have high turbulent velocities, high star formation rates, high gas fractions, and chaotic structures, suggesting wild instabilities during which giant gas clumps form and make stars in their dense regions, stir other disk stars and gas, and transport angular momentum outward with a resulting net mass flow inward (e.g., Ceverino et al.2010). At z=1.5, 40% of star-forming galaxies have significant clumps (Elmegreen et al.2007; Wuyts et al.2012), and in these, 10%-20% of the stellar mass is in clumps that last ~150 Myr (Elmegreen et al.2009; Wuyts et al.2012). The thick disk and bulge in modern galaxies could form in this phase. The similarity in the α/Fe ratio (Melendez et al.2008), K-giant abundances (Bensby et al.2010) and ages for the Milky Way bulge and thick disk suggest they formed at the same time. High dispersion gas at z ~ 1.5 can do this because it makes the young disk thick and the SF clumps big enough to drive fast secular evolution (Elmegreen et al.2006; Genzel et al.2008; Bournaud et al.2009). Local analogues might be present in dynamically young galaxies like BCDs (Elmegreen et al.2012). The high fraction of z ~ 1.5 galaxies with massive clumps suggests clump formation is a long-lived phase and that clump torques should last ~ 1 Gyr or more even if individual clumps come and go on shorter timescales. Clump formation may cease when stars finally dominate the disk mass (Cacciato et al. 2012).
Accurate calculation of excess thermal, infinite dilution, and related properties of liquid mixtures via molecular-based simulation

Abstract The recently developed single charging-integral method , for the accurate determination of excess thermal and infinite dilution properties of mixtures, is extended to the evaluation of residual thermal properties of pure fluids. The method is applied to testing the thermodynamic consistency of reported theoretical predictions and simulation results for the chemical potential of Lennard-Jones mixtures at infinite dilution. Finally, the rationale behind the test of accuracy for molecular theories of fluids is discussed with an example.
Survival distributions in crossing fields containing clusters of mines with possible detection and uncertain activation or kill

The present paper presents an algorithm for the exact determination of survival distributions in crossing mine fields. The model under consideration considers clusters of mines, scattered at random in the field around specified aim points. The scatter distributions of the various clusters are assumed to be known The encounter process allows for a possible detection and destruction of the mines, for inactivation of the mines and for the possibility that an activated mine will not destroy the object. Recursive formulae for the determination of the survival probabilities of each object (tank) in a column of n crossing at the same path are given. The distribution of the number of survivors out of n objects in a column is also determined. Numerical examples are given.
Glacier Changes and Regional Climate: A Mass and Energy Balance Approach*

The mass balance of a glacier is a complex consequence of the combination of atmospheric variables that control it. However, the understanding of past, present, and future glacier states is often predicated on very simplified representations of the mass balance–climate relationship. Here, a full surface energy and mass balance (SEMB) model is developed to explore the relationship between glacier equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) and climate at a regional scale. This model is applied to central Asia because of the diverse climate regimes and glacier history. The model captures the pattern in ELAs well; the seasonal cycle in energy balance terms are comparable to studies on individual glaciers in central Asia, and the proportionality factor relating melt to temperature is within the range of those reported for individual glaciers within the area. In regions where precipitation is low, ablation at the ELA is dominated by sublimation. Conversely, where precipitation is high, ablation at the ELA is dominated by melt and surface runoff. In turn, the sensitivity of the ELA to changes in climate is strongly tied to the dominant ablation process. In particular, ELAs in melt-dominated regions are most sensitive to interannual variability in air temperature, while ELAs in sublimation-dominated regions are most sensitive to interannual variability in precipitation. Glaciers in sublimation-dominated regions are acutely sensitive to even small changes in atmospheric variables. Finally, changes in clouds are shown to be important in all regions through their influence on the shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes, which dominate the surface energy balance at the ELA.
Anticoagulant therapy in acute lung injury: a useful tool without proper operating instruction?

Activation of the coagulation cascade resulting in alveolar fibrin deposition is recognized as a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Anticoagulant treatment with recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) appears promising, because – like in sepsis – there is a deficiency of protein C in ALI, which is correlated with poor outcome in both syndromes. Recently in Critical Care, Waerhaug and colleagues confirmed the beneficial effects of rhAPC on pulmonary function in ovine endotoxin-induced ALI. Notably, the authors reported no differences in hemorrhage in histologic analyses between rhAPC-treated and untreated animals. However, a recently reported randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial in ALI patients without severe sepsis failed to identify any differences in the number of ventilator-free days or 60 day-mortality between the rhAPC and placebo group. In addition to (or perhaps because of) the complex pathogenesis, the discrepancy between clinical and experimental results in ALI is another common feature with sepsis. The future challenge will be to transfer our theoretical knowledge adequately into daily clinical practice. Anticoagulant therapy might be a useful tool in the treatment of ALI; however the proper operating instruction remains to be defined.
Metaplastic Breast Cancer: Clinical Overview and Molecular Aberrations for Potential Targeted Therapy

Metaplastic breast cancer is a rare subtype of invasive mammary carcinoma, with an aggressive behavior and usually poor outcome. Responses to systemic chemotherapy are suboptimal compared to patients with standard invasive ductal carcinoma. Limited data are available in regards to best treatment modalities, including chemotherapy. This review gives an overview of metaplastic breast cancer and its clinical and pathologic characteristics, in addition to treatment strategies, clinical trials, and future directions.
Object handling using two arms without grasping

Two cooperative manipulators equipped with open-palm end effectors are particularly suited to handle large objects. This can be achieved by having one palm push from one end and the other from the ...
TECHNOCRATIC NORMS, POLITICAL CULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE

In this article we analyse the challenges of multi- scalar governance within climate change as an element of the green economy. Speci�耀cally, we focus on the ways in which global neo - liberal discourses of governance predicated on technocratic norms interface with regional, national, and subnational contexts. The goal of the analysis is to develop a better understanding of how pur- portedly universalistic prescriptions for addressing climate change developed at the global level - the �耀nancialization of carbon emis - sions through managed markets - interact with local political eco- nomic cultures. We argue local political economic cultures play a crucial role in governing how local economies operate and that uni- versalistic policy prescriptions are unlikely to succeed if they do not incorporate �耀exibility to take account of unique local econom - ic practices. To support this argument, we examine the dynamics of climate governance through the creation of emissions markets in three different cultural contexts: the European Union, Australia, and the state of California in the United States. In each, we �耀nd varying interactions between global technocratic narratives and scale-level political and cultural structures. These context speci�耀c interactions in turn contribute to different governance and econom- ic outcomes with respect to climate change.
Geomorphology: The wind in the hollows

Flowing water shapes most of Earth's canyons, obscuring the contributions of other erosional mechanisms. A comparison of adjacent canyons with and without wind shielding shows that wind can amplify canyon incision on windblown Earth and Mars.
Unidirectional optical Bloch oscillations in garnet/silicon-on-insulator waveguide arrays

We demonstrate the existence of unidirectional optical Bloch oscillations in transversely magnetized, garnet/silicon-on-insulator waveguide arrays. This phenomenon enables the design and fabrication of multi-functional on-chip devices.
Electron Scattering and Nuclear Charge Distributions

Assumptions and approximations made in the analysis of experiments on electron scattering are discussed. From the detailed shape of the differential cross section vs. angle curve, information is deduced about nuclear charge distributions. (W.D.M.)
High order stacking of a perfluoro ‘Y-enyne’

Abstract The X-ray structure of perfluorophenyl substituted Y-enyne 1 reveals a face-to-face stacking interaction between phenyl and perfluorophenyl groups of different molecules resulting in a high order in the solid state. Acetylene–arene and acetylene–fluorine interactions also contribute to the high order stacking. The X-ray structure suggests a distorted conjugation of the chromophore.
Development and Evaluation of a Rapid Bioassay for Monitoring Propargite Resistance in Tetranychus Species (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Cotton

Cotton test plots treated with the selective acaricides propargite, avermectin B1 or left untreated showed that a Tetranychus urticae Koch population can cause loss of efficacy of propargite. In contrast, test plots infested with mixed species and resistance levels of Tetranychus species were maintained closer to economic thresholds by propargite. A rapid bioassay for detection of T. urticae and T. pacificus McGregor populations resistant to propargite was developed. Comparison of the rapid with the standard leaf bioassay method using discriminating concentrations of 1,000 and 3,162 ppm resulted in the same prediction of significant levels or frequencies of propargite resistance in 86.7 and 88.7% of the replications tested. A threshold of <70% mortality with a discriminating concentration of 1,000 ppm propargite was chosen for the rapid test to identify spider mite populations that are most likely to cause field efficacy problems. The rapid propargite bioassay was used in combination with sampling of cotton leaves to show that it can be used commercially to evaluate the severity of propargite resistance in individual fields.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Boundary Scattering Effects for Power MOSFET Performance

Miniaturization of microelectronic devices has lead to many new issues not seen in larger structures, such as hot carrier effects and interfacial effects. In power MOSFETs, degradation of the transconductance can occur over the lifetime of a device. This decrease in performance is a result of hot carriers in the channel region scattering at a Si/SiO2 interface that has been passivated with hydrogen. Eventually hot carriers liberate the hydrogen, leaving silicon bonds with an entirely different scattering cross section. The current work presents a Monte Carlo simulation of carrier transport in silicon near an interface. Scattering parameters at the interface are parameterized and studied. It was found that electron mobility, which is proportional to transconductance, is a function of the energy loss rate and type of scattering at the interface. Results indicate that dangling bonds and H-Si bonds can be characterized by different scattering mechanisms.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Costimulation by interleukin-1 of multiple activation responses in a developmentally restricted subset of immature thymocytes.

An intriguing feature of thymocyte differentiation is that the competence to express both interleukin-(IL)2 and CD25 is acquired even prior to T cell recept or (TcR) expression. When T cell receptor-independent stimuli are used, immature cells can express IL-2 at levels comparable to mature cells, but unlike the mature cells, immature cells require IL-1 as a costimulus. Here we present evidence that IL-1 affects a variety of responses by members of the CD25^+ subset of immature thymocytes. Cells in this population are IL-1 dependent not only for induction of IL-2 expression, but also for high-level maintenance of CD25 expression. CD^(25+) expression is amplified by IL-1 through a mechanism highly sensitive to changes in Ca^(2+) ionophore concentration. The effects of IL-1 on CD25 maintenance are not mediated by IL-2, because of the divergent effects of cAMP on IL-2 and CD^(25+) expression. IL-1 costimulation also increases RNA accumulation in the cell cycle, and this effect too seems to be separable from the effects on IL-2 and CD^(25+) expression. All these effects of IL-1 are developmentally stage-specific, manifest in the CD25^+ subset of immature thymocytes but not in later-stage thymocytes or splenic T cells. Multiparameter cell sorting experiments that dissect the transitional stages between immature and TcR^+ thymocytes imply that all immature cells pass through an IL-1 responsive state. Responsiveness to IL-1 costimulation is then lost by these cells, apparently irreversibly, at a stage just prior to detectable cell-surface TcR expression. These results indicate that IL-1 responsiveness is a defining characteristic of the activation physiology of cells in a particularly important developmental stage.
Antiphase domains and reverse thermoremanent magnetism in ilmenite-hematite minerals.

Examination of synthetic ilmenite-hematite samples by transmission electron microscopy has for the first time revealed the presence of well-defined antiphase domains and antiphase domain boundaries in this mineral system. Samples quenched from 1300°C have a high density of domain boundaries, whereas samples quenched from 900°C have a much lower density. Only the high-temperature samples acquire reverse thermoremanent magnetism when cooled in an applied magnetic field. The presence of a high density of domain boundaries seems to be a necessary condition for the acquisition of reverse thermoremanent magnetism.
Characterization studies of a semi‐automated separation method for analysis of non‐ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in environmental samples

Non‐ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners can account for the majority of the dioxin‐like toxicity in environmental samples, yet analysis for these congeners is difficult because other PCB congeners co‐elute with them in most Chromatographic methods. An automated method was developed which incorporates a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column which is commercially available. Non‐ortho substituted congeners were successfully separated from interfering PCB congeners. Recoveries of non‐ortho substituted congeners were consistently reproducible (CV < 9%) when chicken eggs were fortified with individual congeners.
Phylogeography of endemic ermine (Mustela erminea) in southeast Alaska

The North Pacific Coast (NPC) of North America is a region of high mammalian endemism, possibly due to its highly fragmented landscape and complex glacial history. For example, four island and one mainland subspecies of ermine, Mustela erminea, have been described as endemic to southeast Alaska alone. To better understand the role of past climatic change in generating diversity in the region, we examined DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 210 ermine from across North America, with an emphasis on Alaska and British Columbia. We found three distinct (1.5-3.6% uncorrected 'p') lineages of ermine, all of which occur in southeast Alaska. One lineage includes a southeast Alaska endemic and specimens from Alaska (outside of southeast) and Eurasia. A second lineage includes two southeast Alaskan endemics and ermine from western Canada and the coterminous United States. The close relationships of these purported endemics to ermine outside of southeast Alaska suggest that they colonized the region from Beringian and southern glacial refugia, respectively, following deglaciation of the NPC. The third lineage appears restricted to the Prince of Wales Island complex in southeast Alaska (two subspecies) and Graham Island (Haida Gwaii), British Columbia. This restricted distribution suggests that these populations may be derived from relicts that persisted in a coastal refugium during the Wisconsin glaciation. Studies of nuclear genes and adaptive morphological evolution are necessary to further explore discrepancies between the geographical pattern of differentiation based on mtDNA and the existing subspecific taxonomy based on morphology.
Development of the amorphous layer (protective layer) in xylem parenchyma of cv. Golden Delicious apple, cv. Loring peach, and willow

Etude du developpement de la couche protectrice du parenchyme xylemique chez le pommier et le pecher qui montrent une forte surfusion, et le saule qui presente seulement un gel extracellulaire
Long-term outcome of repeated lead chelation therapy in progressive non-diabetic chronic kidney diseases

BACKGROUND Previous research suggest that repeated lead-chelation therapy decelerates progression of renal insufficiency in non-diabetic (non-DM) patients with high-normal body lead burden (BLB). Study findings are limited by relatively short-term follow-up and small sample size. METHODS A total of 116 non-DM patients with chronic kidney diseases (serum creatinine level of 1.5-3.9 mg/dl), high-normal BLB (>60 microg and <600 microg) and no lead exposure history were randomly assigned to a chelation or control group in this 4-year clinical trial. For 3 months, the 58 chelation group patients received initial lead-chelation therapy with calcium disodium EDTA, and the 58 control group patients received placebos. During the ensuing 48 months, repeated chelation therapy was administered weekly to chelation group patients unless, on repeated testing, BLB was <60 microg; the control group patients received weekly placebo infusions for 5 weeks at 6-month intervals. RESULTS Mean change in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the chelation group was -1.8 +/- 8.8 ml/min/1.73 m(2), as compared with -12.7 +/- 8.4 ml/min/1.73 m(2) in the control group (P <0.0001) at study end. Chelation group rates of decline in the GFR was lower than that in the control group, although they had similar decline rates before chelation. At study end, 18 patients, including 15 control group patients, had elevated serum creatinine levels to two times the baseline values. Both Cox and Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated repeated chelation therapy was the important determining factor of progression of renal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS Repeated chelation therapies can, over a four-year period, slow progression of renal insufficiency in non-DM patients with high-normal BLB.
The product of ORF O located within the domain of herpes simplex virus 1 genome transcribed during latent infection binds to and inhibits in vitro binding of infected cell protein 4 to its cognate DNA site.

The partially overlapping ORF P and ORF O are located within the domains of the herpes simplex virus 1 genome transcribed during latency. Earlier studies have shown that ORF P is repressed by infected cell protein 4 (ICP4), the major viral regulatory protein, binding to its cognate site at the transcription initiation site of ORF P. The ORF P protein binds to p32, a component of the ASF/SF2 alternate splicing factors; in cells infected with a recombinant virus in which ORF P was derepressed there was a significant decrease in the expression of products of key regulatory genes containing introns. We report that (i) the expression of ORF O is repressed during productive infection by the same mechanism as that determining the expression of ORF P; (ii) in cells infected at the nonpermissive temperature for ICP4, ORF O protein is made in significantly lower amounts than the ORF P protein; (iii) the results of insertion of a sequence encoding 20 amino acids between the putative initiator methionine codons of ORF O and ORF P suggest that ORF O initiates at the methionine codon of ORF P and that the synthesis of ORF O results from frameshift or editing of its RNA; and (iv) glutathione S-transferase–ORF O fusion protein bound specifically ICP4 and precluded its binding to its cognate site on DNA in vitro. These and earlier results indicate that ORF P and ORF O together have the capacity to reduce the synthesis or block the expression of regulatory proteins essential for viral replication in productive infection.
Wave power extraction by a train of rafts: hydrodynamic theory and optimum design

Abstract A theory is given for a two-dimensional wave power device which consists of a train of floating rafts whose wave-induced rotation about the hinges is used to generate energy. Ideal efficiency, wave forces and raft movements are studied by a linearized shallow water theory which is sufficiently simple to enable an investigation for optimum designs under a variety of criteria of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. For a sample raft train, a numerical theory for arbitrary wavelength is also applied, yielding results which are not essentially different from those by the long wave approximation.
Optimal path planning with obstacle avoidance for autonomous surveying

In order to perform surveying with an autonomous vehicle, a path must often be designed for geometrically complex boundaries, while also accounting for mapped obstacles. In this paper, several algorithms that solve different aspects of the problem are presented. Together, the algorithms generate a path with the following characteristics: (a) it completely covers a field given its respective corner points, (b) considers the desired initial orientation of the vehicle, (c) provides methods for known obstacles to be avoided by defining areas that are not to be mapped, and (d) can cover a composition of multiple, disjoint fields. The algorithm represents an integration of several theoretical concepts, including: Dubins's paths for basic planning, modified visibility graphs to define feasible paths around obstacles, Dijkstra's algorithm to search for the shortest path, and…
Membrane and cytoplasmic structure at synaptic junctions in the mammalian central nervous system

Application of rapid freezing, freeze substitution fixation, and freeze fracture techniques to the study of synaptic junctions in the mammalian central nervous system has revealed new aspects of synaptic structure that are consistent with and partially explicate advances in synaptic biochemistry and physiology. In the axoplasm adjacent to the presynaptic active zone, synaptic vesicles are linked to large spectrin-like filamentous proteins by shorter proteins that resemble synapsin I in morphology. This mesh of presynaptic filamentous proteins serves to concentrate synaptic vesicles in the vicinity of the active zone. The affinity with which the vesicles are bound by the mesh is probably modulated by the extent of phosphorylation at specific sites on the constituent filamentous proteins, and changes in the binding affinity result in changes in transmitter release. The structural organization of the postsynaptic density in Purkinje cell dendritic spines consists of very fine strands with adherent, heterogeneous globular proteins. Some of these globular proteins probably correspond to protein kinases and their substrates. The postsynaptic density, positioned at the site of the maximal depolarization caused by synaptic currents, apparently serves as a supporting framework for a variety of proteins, which respond to and transduce postsynaptic depolarization. At least two classes of filamentous protein fill the cytoplasm of spines with a complex mesh, which presumably contributes to maintenance of the spine shape. Membrane bound cisterns are a ubiquitous feature of Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Studies of rapidly frozen tissue with electron probe microanalysis and elemental imaging reveal that these cisterns take up and sequester calcium, which is derived from the extracellular space, and which probably enters the spine as part of the synaptic current.
Sacral neuromodulation for multiple sclerosis patients with urinary retention and clean intermittent catheterization.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, debilitating, neurological disease with numerous urological manifestations including urinary detrusor overactivity, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, and urinary retention. Can sacral neuromodulation be successfully implemented for urinary retention in ambulatory women with multiple sclerosis? Between January 2002 and January 2008, we conducted an observational retrospective case–control study where 12 of 14 consecutive, ambulatory women with multiple sclerosis had stage 1/2 sacral neuromodulation performed under general anesthesia for urinary retention. Twelve of 14 patients (86%) were successfully implanted, with a mean follow-up of 4.32 ± 1.32 years and mean postvoid residual of 50.5 ± 21.18 ml. The mean maximum uroflow was 17.7 ± 7.9 ml/s. Two of the 12 patients (17%) required revisional surgeries for lead migration, and 40% needed battery replacement. Urinary retention in multiple sclerosis female patients can be successfully and safely managed with sacral neuromodulation with few complications with a mean of 4 years follow-up.
High-Throughput and High-Resolution Flow Cytometry in Molded Microfluidic Devices

We describe the design, fabrication, and operation of two types of flow cytometers based on microfluidic devices made of a single cast of poly(dimethylsiloxane). The stream of particles or cells injected into the devices is hydrodynamically focused in both transverse and lateral directions, has a uniform velocity, and has adjustable diameter and shape. The cytometry system built around the first microfluidic device has fluorescence detection accuracy comparable with that of a commercial flow cytometer and can analyze as many as 17 000 particles/s. This high-throughput microfluidic device could be used in inexpensive stand-alone cytometers or as a part of integrated microanalysis systems. In the second device, a stream of particles is focused to a flow layer of a submicrometer thickness that allows imaging the particles with a high numerical aperture microscope objective. To take long-exposure, low-light fluorescence images of live cells, the device is placed on a moving stage, which accurately balances the translational motion of particles in the flow. The achieved resolution is comparable to that of still micrographs. This high-resolution device could be used for analysis of morphology and fluorescence distribution in cells in continuous flow.
MERMAC: A model and system for instructional test and questionnaire analysis

An evaluation model was developed to aid the classroom instructor in teaching his course more effectively by providing him with the basic data upon which to make judgments about student abilities, course attitudes, grade distributions, test appropriateness, etc. The MERMAC system was designed so that each instructor could obtain the data in a usable format and also be able to provide relatively immediate feedback to the students taking an examination or filling out a course evaluation questionnaire. A description of the software system and its interface to the evaluation model is presented.
Flank collapse at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, recorded by volcanic mass-flow deposits in the Copper River lowland

An areally extensive volcanic mass-flow deposit of Pleistocene age, known as the Chetaslina volcanic mass-flow deposit, is a prominent and visually striking deposit in the southeastern Copper River lowland of south-central Alaska. The mass-flow deposit consists of a diverse mixture of colorful, variably altered volcanic rocks, lahar deposits, glaciolacustrine diamicton, and till that record a major flank collapse on the southwest flank of Mount Wrangell. The deposit is well exposed near its presumed source, and thick, continuous, stratigraphic exposures have permitted us to study its sedimentary characteristics as a means of better understanding the origin, significance, and evolution of the deposit. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow in the Chetaslina River drainage are primary debris-avalanche deposits and consist of two principal facies types, a near-source block facies and a distal mixed facies. The block facies is composed entirely of block-supported, shattered and fractured blocks with individual blocks up to 40 m in diameter. The mixed facies consists of block-sized particles in a matrix of poorly sorted rock rubble, sand, and silt generated by the comminution of larger blocks. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow exposed along the Copper, Tonsina, and Chitina rivers are debris-flow deposits that evolved from the debris-avalanche component of the flow and from erosion and entrainment of local glacial and glaciolacustrine diamicton in the Copper River lowland. The debris-flow deposits were probably generated through mixing of the distal debris avalanche with the ancestral Copper River, or through breaching of a debris-avalanche dam across the ancestral river. The distribution of facies types and major-element chemistry of clasts in the deposit indicate that its source was an ancestral volcanic edifice, informally known as the Chetaslina vent, on the southwest side of Mount Wrangell. A major sector collapse of the Chetaslina vent initiated the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow forming a debris avalanche of about 4 km 3 that subsequently transformed to a debris flow of unknown volume.
Evaporation from large water-surfaces based on records in California and Nevada

Much work has been done on measurements of evaporation from tanks and the coefficients which should be used to reduce such tank-observations to the evaporation from large water-surfaces. This work has made available fairly dependable methods and records from which the probable evaporation from large water-surfaces in nearly all areas can be estimated as closely as may be essential in most water-supply studies. However, all such methods involve factors of adjustment and are necessarily less satisfactory than direct records from such large water-surfaces.
Microscopic characteristics of orthoquartzite from sliding friction experiments. II. Gouge

Abstract Optical, TEM and SEM observations were made on gouge from orthoquartzite subjected to sliding friction experiments (Hayes, 1975; Dunn and Hayes, 1975) at a constant effective confining pressure of 500 bars and a strain rate of 2.5 · 10 −5 s −1 , both dry and in the presence of pore fluids. All experiments exhibited stick-slip behavior, and brittle fracture of both surface asperities and the gouge is the dominant deformation mechanism. Crystalline, smooth filamentous projections on larger fragments and individual filaments found throughout the gouge indicate that ductile flow is occurring at the tips of surface asperities. Welded gouge and a small amount of glass are found in the dry samples. The presence of a fluid inhibits the formation of welded gouge and glass but promotes the production of angular fragments by causing them to move past one another instead of clumping. The gouge showed a 99.7% reduction in the average grain size for all experimental conditions indicating that mechanical abrasion is highly effective even with 2.5–5.9 mm axial displacements. The experimental results can aid our understanding of the formation of gouge and fractures during faulting and the stabilization of fault movements to prevent earthquakes. The experimentally-produced gouge is analogous to cataclastic rocks lacking primary cohesion which are produced during near-surface brittle fracturing. Observations of experimental and natural faults suggest that fracturing along the sliding surface increases with increased displacement. Fault stabilization is enhanced by the presence of a fluid which lowers the coefficient of sliding friction and which completely wets the gouge produced during the movement.
Effect of nearby supernova explosions on atmospheric ozone

An investigation has been conducted of the probable effects of a nearby supernova event on the ozone layer of the earth. It is found that the ozone depletion, although smaller than that estimated by Ruderman (1974), is still significant, and could, as a result of cosmic rays, extend over periods of time from 1000 to 10,000 years. However, the probability of the occurrence of such an event within the past 100 million years appears to be low. The calculated ozone depletion seems to be the major effect of a supernova on a earth-like planet at a distance in the range from 5 to 10 pc.
Clinical molecular imaging

This review summarizes the rapidly growing field of molecular imaging, the spatially localized and/or temporally resolved sensing of molecular and cellular processes in vivo. Molecular imaging is used to map the anatomic locations of specific molecules of interest within living tissue and has enormous potential as a powerful means to diagnose and monitor disease. Molecular imaging agents comprise a targeting component that confers localization and a component that enables external detectability with an imaging modality, such as PET, SPECT, MRI, optical, and ultrasound. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these modalities are discussed in regard to spatial resolution, temporal resolution, sensitivity, and cost. Molecular imaging agents can be divided into three categories, Type A, which bind directly to a target molecule, Type B, which are accumulated by molecular or cellular activity by the target, and Type C, which are undetectable when injected but can be imaged after they are activated by the target. The current status of clinical molecular imaging agents is presented as well as examples of some preclinical applications. The value of molecular imaging is illustrated by some examples for diseases such as cancer, neurological and psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disease, infection and inflammation, and the monitoring of gene therapy and stem cell therapy.
A non-perturbative, semi-classical approach to the calculation of the quark force☆

Abstract A non-perturbative, semi-classical method for the calculation of the effective potential between heavy quarks is here proposed. The technique we present is a minimal extension of the classical Yang-Mills equations to operator equations in the space of isospin states of a static quark-antiquark pair. We obtain a set of non-linear partial differential equations which, when expanded in perturbation theory and improved by the renormalization group, reproduce to within 1% accuracy the order α 3 QCD result for the potential.
Option Pricing with Stochastic Volatility: Information-Time vs. Calendar-Time

Empirical evidence has shown that subordinated processes represent well the price changes of stocks and futures. Using either transaction counts or trading volume as a proxy for information arrival, it supports the contention that volatility is stochastic in calendar-time because of random information arrival, and thus becomes stationary in information-time. This contention has also been supported later in theoretical models. In this paper we investigate the implication of this contention to option pricing. First we price the option in calendar-time where the return of the underlying asset follows a jump subordinated process. We extend Rubinstein's Rubinstein, M. 1976. The valuation of uncertain income streams and the valuation of options. Bell J. Econom. Management Sci.7 407-425. and Ross's Ross, S. 1989a. Information and volatility: The no-arbitrage martingale approach to timing and resolution irrelevancy. Finance44 1-17. martingale valuation methodology to incorporate the pricing of volatility risk. The resulting equilibrium formula requires estimating seven parameters upon implementation. We then make a stochastic time change, from calendar-time to information-time, in order to obtain a stationary underlying asset return process to price the option. We find that the isomorphic option has random maturity because the number of information arrivals prior to the option's calendar-time expiration date is random. We value the option using Dynkin's Dynkin, E. B. 1965. Markov Processes, Vols. I and II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York. version of the Feynman-Kac formula that allows for a random terminal date. The resulting information-time formula requires estimating only one additional parameter compared to the Black-Scholes's in practical application. In this regard, the time change has reduced the computational complexity of the option pricing problem. Simulations show that the formula may outperform the Black-Scholes Black, F., M. Scholes. 1973. The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Political Econom.81 637-659. and Merton Merton, Robert C. 1976a. Option pricing when underlying stock returns are discontinuous. Financial Econom.3 125-143. models in pricing currency options. As a first attempt to derive valuation relationships in the information-time economy, this investigation may suggest that the information-time approach is a functional alternative to the current calendar-time norm. It is especially suitable for deriving "volatility-free" portfolio insurance strategies.
The many intersecting pathways underlying apolipoprotein B secretion and degradation

Because the levels of secreted apolipoprotein B (apoB) directly correlate with circulating serum cholesterol levels, there is a pressing need to define how the biosynthesis of this protein is regulated. Most commonly, the concentration of a secreted, circulating protein corresponds to transcriptionally and/or translationally regulated events. By contrast, circulating apoB levels are controlled by degradative pathways in the cell that select the protein for disposal. This article summarizes recent findings on two apoB disposal pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation and autophagy, and describes a role for post-ER degradation in the increased circulating lipid levels in insulin-resistant diabetics.
Comparison of the Flavor Chemistry and Flavor Stability of Mozzarella and Cheddar Wheys

: The flavor and flavor stability of fresh and stored liquid Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys were compared. Pasteurized, fat separated, and unseparated Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys were manufactured in triplicate and evaluated immediately or stored for 72 h at 3 °C. Flavor profiles were documented by descriptive sensory analysis, and volatile components were extracted and characterized by solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry with aroma extract dilution analysis. Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys were distinct by sensory and volatile analysis (P 8) in fresh Cheddar whey included diacetyl, 1-octen-3-one, 2-phenethanol, butyric acid, and (E)-2-nonenal, while those in Mozzarella whey included diacetyl, octanal, (E)-2-nonenal, and 2-phenethanol. Fresh Cheddar whey had higher concentrations of diacetyl, 2/3-methyl butanal, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-phenethanol, and 1-octen-3-one compared to fresh Mozzarella whey. Lipid oxidation products increased in both whey types during storage but increases were more pronounced in Cheddar whey than Mozzarella whey. Increases in lipid oxidation products were also more pronounced in wheys without fat separation compared to those with fat separation. Results suggest that similar compounds in different concentrations comprise the flavor of these 2 whey sources and that steps should be taken to minimize lipid oxidation during fluid whey processing. Practical Application: Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys are the primary sources of dried whey ingredients in the United States. An enhanced understanding of the flavor of these 2 raw product streams will enable manufacturers to identify methods to optimize quality.
A pepsinogen from rainbow trout.

Abstract 1. 1. A pepsinogen, Ia on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility, from rainbow trout stomach, has an optimum pH near 2 for activation. 2. 2. The cognate pepsin is denatured at pH values above 7, in contrast to the zymogen, which is slightly more alkali-stable. It has an optimum pH of 3 for proteolysis of denatured hemoglobin. 3. 3. The intrinsic reactivity of the zymogen and pepsin (rates of activation and of proteolysis, respectively) are quite high, but as they operate at the environmental temperature of the fish, are remarkably similar to rates of activation and proteolysis by mammalian pepsinogens and pepsins.