cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brains and Persons: A Critique of Veatch’s View

Professor Veatch’s continuing argument with the President’s Commission’s recommendation of a “wholebrain” definition of death is important and bears brief rehearsal. As he pointed out, the Commission committed two basic errors. First, it mistakenly rejected the most plausible conception of death — that oriented toward the “higher brain functions” — in favor of a fundamentally “animalistic” view which gives “highest priority to the capacity to integrate bodily functions” ([6], p. 183), which is what the “whole-brain” definition really comes down to in the end.
Medial iliac stress fractures in athletes: report of two rare cases: review of literature and clinical recommendations

Stress fractures are a common diagnosis in sports medicine and can result in significant loss of function, athlete playing time, and potentially lead to chronic symptoms. However, unusual locations of stress fractures may present with vague symptoms and a relatively benign physical exam, leading to difficulty in arriving at the correct diagnosis. Pelvic stress fractures are less common than lower-extremity stress fractures in athletes, occurring in only 1-5% of all stress fractures and typically occur in pubic rami. Furthermore, iliac bone stress fractures are even rarer, with only a few case reports in the literature. Their presentation can easily be missed on routine workup and imaging. We present two cases of the very rare superomedial iliac bone stress fracture in athletes, an unusual location for this uncommon stress fracture. We review the available literature on this condition and provide clinical commentary on workup and treatment recommendations.
Metabolic rhythms: A framework for coordinating cellular function

Circadian clocks are widespread among eukaryotes and generally involve feedback loops coupled with metabolic processes and redox balance. The organising power of these oscillations has not only allowed organisms to anticipate day-night cycles, but also acts to temporally compartmentalise otherwise incompatible processes, enhance metabolic efficiency, make the system more robust to noise and propagate signals among cells. While daily rhythms and the function of the circadian transcription-translation loop have been the subject of extensive research over the past four decades, cycles of shorter period and respiratory oscillations, with which they are intertwined, have received less attention. Here, we describe features of yeast respiratory oscillations, which share many features with daily and 12 hr cellular oscillations in animal cells. This relatively simple system enables the analysis of dynamic rhythmic changes in metabolism, independent of cellular oscillations that are a product of the circadian transcription-translation feedback loop. Knowledge gained from studying ultradian oscillations in yeast will lead to a better understanding of the basic mechanistic principles and evolutionary origins of oscillatory behaviour among eukaryotes.
Getting better all the time? Facilitating accurate team self-assessments through simulation

Introduction Our study explores the extent to which teams are accurate assessors of their own performance and teamwork, and how simulation can help this critical skill develop over time. Methods Surgery residents in teams of three completed five daily simulations. After each scenario, each team reviewed their performance and jointly completed a scenario-specific team performance evaluation and a 17-item Communication and Teamwork Skills tool. Videos were rated to obtain discrepancy values. Paired-samples t-tests and mean comparisons were used to examine changes in team self-assessment accuracy and comparisons between high-performing and low-performing teams. Results Resident (n=30) teams rated team performance higher than faculty across the first 3 days (p Conclusion Teams that continue to work together over time may become more accurate judges of their own performance, but do not become more accurate assessors of teamwork competencies.
Mine the Gap: Gap Estimation and Contact Detection Information via Adjacent Surface Observation

In general, conventional computer vision techniques suffer from an inability to detect hidden surface contacts due to line-of-sight visibility problems. Rather than fitting models to scene objects and estimating inter-object gaps, our approach is to leverage the fact that light passing between and reflecting off the surfaces can offer valuable information as it alters the appearance of nearby surfaces. For a proof of concept demonstration, we employed a machine learning approach to classifying adjacent surface imagery to estimate hidden surface distances and contact locations in a controlled setting under ambient lighting conditions. Our proof-of-concept results demonstrate relatively high accuracy for the estimation of gap size and the detection of contact between hidden surfaces. We envision such measures could someday provide complementary information to be combined with traditional visible-surface methods, to obtain more precise and robust estimates of hidden surface relationships.
α-Adrenergic receptor regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction

Patients suffering from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) experience impaired limb blood flow during exercise, which may be due to a disease-related increase in α-adrenergic rece...
Zero-dimensional metal oxide Li4TiO4

Low-dimensional metal halides have recently emerged as promising luminescent materials; however, chemical and thermal instabilities of halides present challenges to their practical applications. In this paper, we show that low-dimensional metal oxides can exhibit efficient exciton emission based on hybrid functional calculations. We investigated a zero-dimensional ternary oxide, Li4TiO4, in which the anionic TiO4 tetrahedra are spatially separated by highly electropositive Li cations that largely decouple the TiO4 tetrahedra electronically. The resulting exciton self-trapping leads to the formation of Ti3+ and O23− (Vk center) within a TiO4 tetrahedron. The calculated strong exciton binding against dissociation to polarons/free carriers and giant Stokes shift indicate great potential of efficient luminescence at room temperature. We further suggest that Li4TiO4 should be a promising self-activated neutron scintillator due to the strong neutron absorption by Li and the efficient exciton emission. This work broadens the current research of low-dimensional metal-halide-based luminescent materials to include oxides with improved stability and new functionalities.
The Role of Hydrological Initial Conditions on Atmospheric River Floods in the Russian River Basin

AbstractA body of work over the last decade or so has demonstrated that most major floods along the U.S. West Coast are attributable to atmospheric rivers (ARs). Recent studies suggest that observe...
Surgical Management for Removal of Essure Device

Video Objective To present two surgical cases of laparoscopic removal of Essure hysteroscopic sterilization device via salpingectomy with and without cornuectomy. Setting One 37-year-old woman with heavy menstrual bleeding, joint pain, and fatigue reported by rheumatology to have a nickel allergy who desired Essure removal and one 51-year-old woman with pelvic pain and multiple co-morbidities who desired Essure removal. Both patients underwent surgical management for the removal of Essure at an academic medical center. Interventions In this surgical video, we present two cases of women desiring Essure implant removal secondary to adverse effects from the device. The first case describes the step by step approach to removal of an intact Essure implant by laparoscopic salpingectomy. The second case describes an approach to removal of Essure by salpingectomy with cornuectomy which is particularly helpful when the endometrial cavity has been previously ablated as in second case, or if there was a complicated insertion with perforation. Additionally, we describe the Essure implant composition in detail, describing how intact removal is imperative as fracturing of the device may lead to further complications or adverse effects. Conclusion Laparoscopic salpingectomy with and without cornuectomy are safe and effective procedures for the intact removal of Essure and are feasible alternatives to hysterectomy for women who desire removal of Essure.
Resistance Exercise-induced Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis to Intraset Rest.

During a traditional set configuration of resistance exercise (TRD), characterized by a continuous completion of repetitions, a decrease in power output tends to occur throughout a set of repetitions. Inclusion of intraset rest, otherwise known as a cluster set configuration (CLU), counteracts this power decline. However, the effect of a CLU configuration on postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (MPS) and anabolic signaling has not been investigated. PURPOSE We aimed to determine if any mechanistic differences exist between TRD and CLU signaling events associated with muscle anabolism. METHODS In randomized crossover trials, eight resistance-trained participants (23 ± 1 yr, 81 ± 4.7 kg, body fat: 18% ± 1.9%; 1 repetition maximum [1RM], 150 ± 9.1 kg) performed an acute bout of CLU (4 sets × (2 × 5) repetitions, 30-s intraset rest, 90-s interset rest) and TRD (4 sets × 10 repetitions, 120-s interset rest) barbell back squats at approximately 70% 1RM with total volume load equated during primed continuous L-[ring-C6]phenylalanine infusions. Blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected at rest and after exercise at 0, 2, and 5 h. RESULTS There was no difference in postexercise MPS between the CLU and TRD condition (P > 0.05) and no changes in phosphorylation of mTORC1 downstream targets (p70S6K and 4EBP1). Total and phosphorylated yes-associated protein on Ser127 transiently increased (P < 0.01) immediately after exercise (t = 0) in CLU (~2.1-fold) and TRD condition (~2.2-fold). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that CLU is a viable anabolic option by preserving power output with similar MPS stimulation when compared with the TRD condition in trained young adults.
Three roles for education in climate change adaptation

Education, appropriately conceived, can be a powerful tool in enabling effective adaptation to climate change. In this article, we identify three distinct but overlapping policy uses. First, protec...
A Different Approach to Deriving Price and Income Elasticities: Applications to Telecommunications and Gasoline & Motor Oil

The primary purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how a framework developed from data embodied in surveys of households’ consumer expenditures can be used to calculate complete arrays of own- and cross-price elasticities. The procedure is illustrated for simulated changes of ±10% in the price of telecommunications and for ±50% and −50%/+75% changes in the price of gasoline & motor oil. The engine for the analysis is a matrix of “intra-budget” coefficients that represent the direct relationships amongst the different categories of expenditure in households’ budgets. A strength of the framework is that price changes can be translated immediately into real-income effects, which in turn allows for straightforward separation of income and substitution effects.
Techno-economic assessment of animal cell-based meat

Abstract Interest in animal cell-based meat (ACBM) or laboratory grown meat has been increasing, however the economic viability of these potential products has not been thoroughly vetted. Recent studies suggest monoclonal antibody production technology can be adapted for the industrialization of ACBM production. This study provides a scenario-based assessment of the projected cost per kilogram of ACBM based on cellular metabolic requirements and process/chemical engineering conventions. A sensitivity analysis of the model identified the nine most influential cost factors for ACBM production out of 67 initial parameters. The results indicate that technological performance will need to approach technical limits for ACBM to achieve profitably as a commodity. However, the model also suggests that low-volume high-value specialty products could be viable based on current technology. One Sentence Summary A model based upon cellular metabolism and engineering conventions was created to examine the economic viability of animal cell-based meat. Significance statement Animal cell-based meat (ACBM) has received a significant amount of media attention (as well as corporate investment) in recent years based on its perceived potential to displace traditional meat production, whether beef, poultry, or fish. However, a robust techno-economic assessment (TEA) of these potential products is not publicly available. Our study examined the capital and operating expenditures for potential ACBM products based upon fundamental cellular attributes, the use of proposed near-term/existing technology, and process engineering conventions. Our findings suggest that the current production pathways are far from producing cost-competitive ACBM products, as well as highlight the technical metrics that must be achieved for an ACBM product to become economically viable.
California Poison Control System Implementation of a Novel Hotline to Treat Patients with Opioid Use Disorder

In response to the opioid epidemic, California state officials sought to fund a variety of projects aimed at reducing opioid-related deaths. We describe the California Poison Control System’s (CPCS) successful effort in integrating itself into the state’s public health response to the opioid epidemic and describe poison control center staff attitudes and perceptions regarding the role of poison control centers at treating opioid withdrawal and addiction. The CPCS created a leadership team and a separate 24/7 hotline, called the CPCS-Bridge line, to field calls from frontline health care providers interested in initiating medications for opioid use disorder for their patients. The implementation process also included training of all CPCS staff. In addition, the leadership team conducted an anonymous survey study to analyze attitudes and perceptions of poison center staff on the role of the poison center in the management of opioid use disorder. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the data. Calls to the new hotline increased over time, along with CPCS-initiated outreach and advertisement. A majority of questions received by the hotline were related to uncomplicated buprenorphine starts in special populations. A pre-training survey was completed by 27 (58%) of CPCS specialists, many of whom had no prior experience treating patients with opioid use disorder. Only one specialist (2%) did not believe that poison centers should play a role in opioid addiction. The California Poison Control System successfully created a hotline to assist frontline health care providers in treating patients with opioid use disorder and highlight the critical role of poison centers in the public health domain. Increased federal funding to poison centers is likely to be mutually beneficial to all parties involved.
What was globalization

This contribution draws on world-system, Marxist, and feminist theories to argue that globalization is a stage in the evolution of the capitalist world-system, with distinct geographic, class, and ...
A Cost-Efficient Digital ESN Architecture on FPGA for OFDM Symbol Detection

The echo state network (ESN) is a recently developed machine-learning paradigm whose processing capabilities rely on the dynamical behavior of recurrent neural networks. Its performance outperforms...
State Pension Funds: What is Their Future in Real Estate?

This study investigates state pension plan participation in the real estate equity market and pension management attitudes toward the ownership of real estate. A series of hypotheses regarding the motivating factors behind state ownership of real estate equities is investigated.
Quantification of protein kinase enzymatic activity in unfractionated cell lysates using CSox-based sensors.

Defining perturbations in protein kinase activity within biological samples can provide insight into disease mechanisms as well as potential targets for drug development. In this protocol, we present a method that utilizes a phosphorylation-sensitive amino acid, termed CSox, to afford kinase-selective biosensors capable of reporting on enzymatic activity directly in biological samples. These sensors produce an increase in fluorescence in response to phosphorylation of an amino acid residue adjacent to CSox. Probes can be designed for either serine/threonine or tyrosine kinases and analysis can be performed using standard fluorescence equipment. The procedures provided herein represent our optimized protocols for the design, validation and application of CSox-based protein kinase activity sensors.
The effects of ziprasidone on steady-state lithium levels and renal clearance of lithium

Aims To assess the potential of ziprasidone to alter the renal clearance and steady-state serum levels of lithium. Methods Healthy subjects who had stable serum lithium levels during the first 7 days of treatment with lithium 900 mg day− 1, given as two divided daily doses, were randomized to receive concomitant treatment with either ziprasidone, 40 mg day− 1, given as two divided daily doses, on days 9–11 followed by 80 mg day− 1, given as two divided daily doses on days 12–15 (n = 12), or placebo twice daily (n = 13). Ziprasidone or placebo was administered 2 h before each dose of lithium. Results Ziprasidone administration was associated with a 0.07 mmol l− 1 (13%) mean increase in steady-state serum lithium levels compared with a mean increase of 0.06 mmol l− 1 (10%) with placebo. Mean renal clearance of lithium decreased by 0.09 l h− 1 (5%) in the ziprasidone group and by 0.14 l h− 1 (9%) in the placebo group. None of these differences between the two groups was statistically or clinically significant. Conclusions Ziprasidone does not alter steady-state serum lithium concentrations or renal clearance of lithium.
S100B inhibition reduces behavioral and pathologic changes in experimental traumatic brain injury

Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized to contribute to chronic tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction. Circulating levels of S100B increase after TBI and have been used as a biomarker. S100B is produced by activated astrocytes and can promote microglial activation; signaling by S100B through interaction with the multiligand advanced glycation end product-specific receptor (AGER) has been implicated in brain injury and microglial activation during chronic neurodegeneration. We examined the effects of S100B inhibition in a controlled cortical impact model, using S100B knockout mice or administration of neutralizing S100B antibody. Both interventions significantly reduced TBI-induced lesion volume, improved retention memory function, and attenuated microglial activation. The neutralizing antibody also significantly reduced sensorimotor deficits and improved neuronal survival in the cortex. However, S100B did not alter microglial activation in BV2 cells or primary microglial cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide or interferon gamma. Further, proximity ligation assays did not support direct interaction in the brain between S100B and AGER following TBI. Future studies are needed to elucidate specific pathways underlying S100B-mediated neuroinflammatory actions after TBI. Our results strongly implicate S100B in TBI-induced neuroinflammation, cell loss, and neurologic dysfunction, thereby indicating that it is a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
Reinforcement, verbal behavior and psychotherapy.

In recent years a “new” approach to investigating the psychotherapy process utilizing social reinforcement and behavior control has gained increasing prominence. The research studies in this area, such as verbal operant conditioning, are reviewed, with their implications for personality theory, clinical applications and especially for the influencing of value systems.
Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity

Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Roy A. Rappaport. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.536 pp.
Socioeconomic inequality of cancer mortality in the United States: a spatial data mining approach

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of an association rule mining approach to discover associations between selected socioeconomic variables and the four most leading causes of cancer mortality in the United States. An association rule mining algorithm was applied to extract associations between the 1988–1992 cancer mortality rates for colorectal, lung, breast, and prostate cancers defined at the Health Service Area level and selected socioeconomic variables from the 1990 United States census. Geographic information system technology was used to integrate these data which were defined at different spatial resolutions, and to visualize and analyze the results from the association rule mining process. Health Service Areas with high rates of low education, high unemployment, and low paying jobs were found to associate with higher rates of cancer mortality. Association rule mining with geographic information technology helps reveal the spatial patterns of socioeconomic inequality in cancer mortality in the United States and identify regions that need further attention.
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of protein deposits.

Publisher Summary The central problem in applying physical methods to the study of protein deposits is the intermediate degree of order. The molecules aggregate into assemblies sufficiently large that the overall tumbling correlation time becomes very long, making normal “solution” nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) line widths very large. However, the long-range order is not sufficient to give high-resolution diffraction data, although fiber diffraction data have been very useful in understanding the basic features of amyloid aggregates. Spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used, but cannot generally give accurate structural information, especially on a site-resolved basis. One of the few methods that can still be applied, and can yield detailed local structural information, is solid-state NMR. There are a variety of experiments that have been applied in peptide systems, producing useful information; however, these techniques are demanding both of the spectrometers and sample preparation methods. This chapter describes the major approaches, with examples of work on protein and peptide aggregates. The challenges of working on larger systems are also discussed in this chapter.
Photonic Plasma Instabilities and Soliton Turbulence in Spatially Incoherent Light

We develop a plasma theory of nonlinear statistical optics. In this model, partially spatially incoherent light is treated as an ensemble of speckles which can interact through the nonlinearity. A photonic plasma frequency is defined, as is a photonic Debye length. This approach unifies previous observations using partially coherent light and predicts a new class of optical phenomena. Examples include the two-scale energy transfer common to modulation instability and the continuous excitation of modes from the gradient-driven bump-on-tail instability. The latter example, well-known from plasma physics, represents a new regime for optical experiments. We observe it here by considering the nonlinear coupling of two partially coherent beams in a self-focusing photorefractive crystal. For weak wave coupling, determined by small modal density within a Debye sphere, we observe momentum exchange with no variation in intensity. For strong wave coupling, modulations in intensity appear, as does evidence for wave (Langmuir) collapse at large scales. To achieve a broader range of wave coupling, we consider a double bump-on-tail geometry. This system can be modeled as a pair of coupled single-hump instabilities whose interaction involves general issues of nonlinear competition, synchronization, etc. For the case of strong wave coupling, the multiple humps merge into a single-peaked profile with an algebraic k-2 inertial range. This self-similar spectrum, representing an ensemble of dynamically-interacting solitons atop a sea of radiation modes, is a definitive observation of soliton (Langmuir) turbulence.
Trade‐offs between cost minimization and equity in water quality management for agricultural watersheds

[1] Allocation of pollution control responsibilities is an important problem in environmental economics. Previous research has developed the least-cost formulation that addresses both cost efficiency and hydrologic uncertainty. However, the least-cost formulation does not explicitly consider the distribution of pollution control responsibilities that has a serious implication on equity. A theoretical framework for evaluating the trade-offs between cost efficiency and equity is developed in this work. In this paper the efficiency equity curve that defines the cost of achieving equity is developed. It also evaluates the impacts of hydrologic variability and parameter uncertainty on the trade-off between cost efficiency and equity, and the impacts of the choice of equity criteria on phosphorus management decisions. A demonstration example is also presented that analyzed phosphorus management in the Fishtrap Creek catchment and the lower Nooksack River basin located in northwestern Washington State.
Nontoxic Antifreeze for Insect Traps

Propylene glycol in water is a safe and effective alternative to ethylene glycol as a capture liquid in insect traps (pitfalls, flight intercepts, pan traps). Propylene glycol formulations are readily available because it is the primary (95%) ingredient in certain automotive antifreeze formulations. However, an even safer and less expensive alternative is the USP food grade RV antifreeze used for winterizing drinking water systems. The automotive formulations contain additives (about 5%) that contribute to the cost and involve safety, environmental, and waste disposal issues. Using bacterial inhibition as an indicator, the preservational attributes of the automotive and RV antifreeze were found to be comparable in laboratory tests. Entomologists are urged to use nontoxic antifreeze in their trapping programs.
Cardamine hongdeyuana (Brassicaceae), a new species from Xizang, China

Cardamine hongdeyuana, a Tibetan endemic, is described and illustrated. Its distinguishing characters from the nearest relative C. yunnanensis are discussed. A brief note of the diversity of Cardamine in China is given.
Neuroscience and Metaphysics

In “Imaging or Imagining? A Neuroethics Challenge Informed by Genetics,” Judy Illes and Eric Racine (see this issue) argue that “traditional bioethics analysis” (TBA), as developed in the field of ...
Novel expression and characterization of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronate receptor 1 (LYVE-1) by conjunctival cells.

Purpose. Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor (LYVE-1) is a newly discovered lymphatic-specific marker. To date, there is no report of its expression on conjunctival cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of LYVE-1 in normal conjunctiva, to phenotype LYVE-1+ cells, and to study changes in their expression levels during corneal inflammation. Methods. Flatmounted conjunctivae or cross sections of eye-balls were harvested from BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks of age) for immunofluorescent confocal microscopic studies. Results. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that in addition to its expression on lymphatic vessels, LYVE-1 was expressed on CD45+, CD11b+, and CD31- conjunctival cells, indicating a bone-marrow-derived monocytic lineage. Surprisingly, the number of cells that expressed LYVE-1 decreased during corneal inflammation, in conjunction with ingrowth of lymphatics into the cornea. Conclusions. A new population of monocytic cells has been found to express LYVE-1 in normal conjunctiva. These cells that normally express LYVE-1 may act as a reservoir for lymphangiogenesis and cell recruitment when the immune system is challenged.
Promoting Critical Reading, Intelligent Behavior in the Secondary School

If students are to function effectively in our complex society they must possess the ability to evaluate what they read. An approach to developing this ability is discussed below.
The effect of exercise training on obstructive sleep apnea and sleep quality: a randomized controlled trial

STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week exercise training program for reducing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity and improving sleep quality, and to explore possible mechanisms by which exercise may reduce OSA severity. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Clinical exercise physiology center, sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Forty-three sedentary and overweight/obese adults aged 18-55 years with at least moderate-severity untreated OSA (screening apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15). INTERVENTIONS Participants randomized to exercise training (n = 27) met 4 times/week for 12 weeks and performed 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, followed by resistance training twice/week. Participants randomized to a stretching control (n = 16) met twice weekly for 12 weeks to perform low-intensity exercises designed to increase whole-body flexibility. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS OSA severity was assessed with one night of laboratory polysomnography (PSG) before and following the 12-week intervention. Measures of sleep quality included PSG, actigraphy (7-10 days), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Compared with stretching, exercise resulted in a significant AHI reduction (exercise: 32.2 ± 5.6 to 24.6 ± 4.4, stretching: 24.4 ± 5.6 to 28.9 ± 6.4; P < 0.01) as well as significant changes in oxygen desaturation index (ODI; P = 0.03) and stage N3 sleep (P = 0.03). Reductions in AHI and ODI were achieved without a significant decrease in body weight. Improvements in actigraphic sleep and subjective sleep quality were also noted following exercise compared with stretching. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training had moderate treatment efficacy for the reduction of AHI in sedentary overweight/obese adults, which suggests that exercise may be beneficial for the management of OSA beyond simply facilitating weight loss. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identification number NCT00956423.
Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect.

In Experiment 1 subjects studied a mixed list of pictures and words and then received either a free recall test or a word fragment completion test (e.g.,_yr_mi_forpyramid) on which some fragments corresponded to previously studied items. Free recall of pictures was better than that of words. However, words produced greater priming than did pictures on the fragment completion test, although a small amount of picture priming did occur. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the picture priming was not due to implicit naming of the pictures during study. In Experiment 4 subjects studied words and pictures and received either the word fragment completion test or a picture fragment identification test in which they had to name degraded pictures. Greater priming was obtained with words in word fragment completion, but greater priming was obtained with pictures on the picture identification test. We conclude that (1) the type of retrieval query determines whether pictures or words will exhibit superior retention, and (2)our results conform to the principle of transfer appropriate processing by which performance on transfer or retention tests benefits to the extent that the tests recapitulate operations used during learning.
Contrasting Singlet−Triplet Dynamical Behavior of Two Vibrational Levels of the Acetylene S1 2131B2 Polyad†

Surface electron ejection by laser-excited metastables (SEELEM) and LIF spectra of acetylene were simultaneously recorded in the regions of the A1Au−X1Σg+ nominal 213142 Ka = 1 ← 00 and 213162 Ka = 1 ← 00 bands near 46 140 cm-1. The upper states of these two bands are separated by only ∼100 cm-1, and the two S1 vibrational levels are known to be strongly mixed by anharmonic and Coriolis interactions. Strikingly different patterns were observed in the SEELEM spectra in the regions of the 213142 and 213162 vibrational levels. Because the equilibrium structure of the T3 electronic state is known to be nonplanar, excitation of ν4 (torsion) and ν6 (antisymmetric in-plane bend) are expected respectively to promote and suppress vibrational overlap between low-lying S1 and T3 vibrational levels. The nearly 50:50 mixed 213142−213162 character of the S1 vibrational levels rules out this simple Franck−Condon explanation for the different appearance of the SEELEM spectra. A simple model is applied to the SEELEM/LIF ...
Time Series Prediction With Genetic-Algorithm Designed Neural Networks: An Empirical Comparison With Modern Statistical Models

Neural networks whose architecture is determined by genetic algorithms outperform autoregressive integrated moving average forecasting models in six different time series examples. Refinements to the autoregressive integrated moving average model improve forecasting performance over standard ordinary least squares estimation by 8% to 13%. In contrast, neural networks achieve dramatic improvements of 10% to 40%. Additionally, neural networks give evidence of detecting patterns in data which remain hidden to the autoregression and moving average models. The consequent forecasting potential of neural networks makes them a very promising addition to the variety of techniques and methodologies used to anticipate future movements in time series.
Anticipatory and preparatory electrodermal behavior in paired stimulation situations.

Electrodermal indicators of anticipation and preparation accompanying paired stimulation are divided into three classes: (1) features of responding between onsets of the stimuli; (2) changes in response to the second stimulus which occur only when the first stimulus is present; and (3) responses at the point where the response to the second stimulus would occur but which are observed in the absence of the second stimulus. The first two classes are elaborated here. Two experiments explore responses in the interstimulus interval. The number of such responses, their probability of occurrence, and the magnitudes of changes, identified either by ordinal number of occurrence or latency, all show differential behavior in the form of reinforcement effects (pairing vs nonpairing) and trace-delay conditioning differences. Preparatory responses of the second class are illustrated by phenomena from conditioning studies, namely UCR diminution and perceptual disparity responding. The data are interpreted as demonstrating the signal character of the first stimulus which sets or prepares the individual for receipt of the second stimulus.
A Criterion for the Onset of Air Ingress in VHTR by Air Intrusion

The projected prismatic and pebble-bed preconceptual designs for the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) both have large diameter, horizontally-oriented, exit ducts that lead hot helium from the core exit through the lower plenum to the balance-of-plant. In the event a significant leak is present in the exit duct the system will depressurize and the possibility of air ingress into first the lower plenum and then the core must be considered. The intrusion of air against helium flow is driven by the weight difference between the two fluids. Thus the potential for air intrusion always exists. Whether such a phenomenon will actually occur is not as clear. This paper proposes a simple criterion for the onset of air intrusion. The criterion is expressed in terms of a densimetric Froude number (the inverse of the bulk Richardson number) and a scaled pressure difference between the duct exit and the containment. The pressure difference is rendered dimensionless by dividing it with the product of the duct radius and the difference of specific weight of the two fluids. The dimensionless variables in the criterion enable its validity be verified by experiments using fluids other than helium and air. This paper presents the development of this criterion and experimental validation using water and biodiesel as the testing fluids. The relevance and application of this criterion to VHTR air ingress scenarios are described.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Incidence, Timing, and Predictors of Delayed Shunting for Hydrocephalus After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Although hydrocephalus is often treated with permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting during hospitalization for acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), little is known about the development of delayed hydrocephalus. Using administrative data on all visits to nonfederal emergency departments and acute care hospitals across California from 2005 to 2010, we identified patients with SAH and discharged without placement of a CSF shunt. Patients were followed for up to 7 years to determine whether they subsequently developed delayed hydrocephalus, as indicated by hospitalization for a permanent CSF diversion procedure. In 8,889 patients discharged with SAH, 116 (1.3 %) went on to develop delayed hydrocephalus. Most (>90 %) diagnoses of delayed hydrocephalus occurred within the first year after discharge. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified microsurgical clipping (hazard ratio 2.0; 95 % confidence interval 1.2–3.3), temporary ventriculostomy placement (2.5; 1.6–4.1), mechanical ventilation (1.7; 1.1–2.8), and discharge to a skilled nursing facility (2.9; 1.8–4.6) as being significantly associated with the development of delayed hydrocephalus. At 1 year after discharge, the cumulative rate of delayed hydrocephalus was 0.9 % (95 % CI, 0.7–1.1 %) for those without temporary ventriculostomy placement during the initial hospitalization, versus 5.7 % (95 % CI, 3.9–8.1 %) in those who had received a temporary ventriculostomy. Delayed hydrocephalus after SAH occurs rarely overall, but in a substantial proportion of patients who required temporary ventriculostomy during the initial hospitalization. These results support vigilant surveillance of patients after removal of a temporary ventriculostomy, given the potential of delayed hydrocephalus to impair recovery or even result in clinical deterioration following SAH.
Second-order homogenization estimates incorporating field fluctuations in finite elasticity

This paper presents the applicaition of a recently proposed "second-order"homogenization method (Ponte Castaneda 2002; J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50, 737) to the estimation of the effective behavior of hypetrelastic composites subjected to finite deformations. The key idea is to introduce an optimally chosen "linear comparison composite" which can then be used to convert available homogenization estimates bor linear composites directly into new estimates for the nonlinear hyperelastic composites. More precisely, the method makes use of "generalized" secant moduli that are intermediate between the standard "secant" and "tangent" moduli of the nonlinear phases, and that depend not only on the averages, or first moments of the fields in the phases, but also on the second moments of the field fluctuations, or phase covariance tensors. The use of the method is illustrated in the context of carbon-black-filled, and fiber-reinforced elastomers, and estimates analogous to the well-known Hashin=-Shtrikman and self-cons...
Efficacy and Safety of an Insulin Infusion Protocol in a Surgical ICU

Background Hyperglycemia is associated with complications in the surgical intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of nurse-driven insulin infusion protocols in lowering blood glucose (BG) in critical illness. Study design All patients in a 24-bed surgical intensive care unit who required IV insulin infusions during 3 noncontiguous 6-month periods from 2002 to 2004 were evaluated. In the preintervention phase, 71 patients received a physician-initiated insulin infusion without a developed protocol. They were compared with 95 patients who received a nurse-driven insulin infusion protocol with a target BG of 120 to 150 mg/dL and to 119 patients who received a more stringent protocol with a target BG of 80 to 110 mg/dL. Results There was a stepwise decrease in average daily BG levels, from 190 to 163 to 132 mg/dL (p Conclusions Implementation of a nurse-driven protocol led to more rapid and more effective BG control in critically ill surgical patients compared with physician management. Tighter BG control can be obtained without a significant increase in hypoglycemia, although this is associated with increased time on an insulin infusion.
Abrasion Biopsy in Studies of Mineral Density of Experimental Enamel Lesions

The profile of mineral density of experimental enamel lesions was determined by means of sampling with a new abrasion biopsy technique. Three types of lesions were produced on bovine enamel slabs: (1) pre-softened in lactic acid buffer for 16 hr; (2) pre-softened and exposed to a test for acid resistance for seven days; and (3) pre-softened, exposed to the seven-day Intra-oral Cariogenicity Test with extra-oral immersions in 1000 ppm F solutions for one min twice daily (ICT/F), plus the seven-day test for acid resistance. Lesions were assessed with measurements of surface microhardness, microradiography of thin sections, and abrasion biopsy. For abrasion biopsy of the experimental lesions, 15 parallel layers of approximately 10 microns each were abraded simultaneously with reference slabs of sound enamel on strips of lapping film. The depth of abrasion for each sample was calculated from the phosphorus content of the reference sample. Exposure to the ICT/F formed an acid-resistant zone within the lesion which diminished the microhardness change, although it did not have an appreciable effect on the total lesion depth as assessed with microradiography; abrasion biopsy indicated the formation of a mineral-dense zone within the lesion. This recently-developed technique of abrasion biopsy of experimental lesions offers the opportunity to link the composition of the lesion to controlled experimental conditions which will improve our understanding of demineralizing and remineralizing reactions on a standard tooth substrate.
Infrared Focal Plane Array Technology Development For Navy Applications

This paper discusses the Navy program for infrared focal plane array (IR FPA) development as well as several ultimate IR FPA system applications. Of particular interest are applications involving missile seekers, threat warning, and search and track. Advantages of IR systems as Navy sensors are discussed, as are problems involved with developing high-performance IR FPAs. Emphasis is placed on specific IR FPA technologies currently being developed as part of the Navy program. These technologies include both hybrid and monolithic arrays (charge-coupled devices, charge-injection devices, and charge-imaging matrix devices). Other technologies are also discussed.
Economic Growth and International Trade in Pure Theory

I. Introduction, 377. — II. The rate of growth, existence, and stability of equilibrium for a small open economy, 378. — III. The terms of trade and the growth solution for a small open economy, 382. — IV. The rate of growth, existence, and stability of equilibrium in a large open economy, 384. — V. The open economy growth model and technological progress, 386. — VI. The golden rule solutions, 390.
EFFECTS OF URBAN LAKES ON SURFACE RUNOFF AND WATER QUALITY

: The effects of an artificial lake system upon the runoff hydrology of a small watershed have been determined by comparing the quantity and quality of runoff with that of an adjacent and similar watershed containing no lakes. Lake storage reduced peak discharge and slowed flood recession rate downstream. Water stored within the lakes is generally of different quality than downstream surface runoff. Salt stored in the lakes from winter deicing is released during periods of surface runoff throughout the rest of the year. During summer or fall runoff events, lake outflow dominates the salt load of the outlet stream, generating double-peaked load hydrographs in which the second, or lake-induced, crest is many times larger than the peak which corresponds to maximum flow. On the other hand, the lakes cause a reduction of salt loads and concentration in winter runoff. The concentration and loads of ions which are not related to road salt are generally less affected by the lakes, although they are increased substantially in the fall.
Monooxygenase system of Bacillus megaterium ALA2: Studies on palmitic acid oxidation products

We identified many novel oxygenated FA produced from linoleic acid by microbial strain ALA2: 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (12,13,17-THOA); 12,13,16-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (12,13,16-THOA); 12-hydroxy-13,16-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid; and 12,17;13,17-diepoxy-16-hydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid. 12,13,17-THOA, the main product, inhibits the growth of some plant pathogenic fungi. Recently, we reclassified strain ALA2 as Bacillus megaterium ALA2 NRRL B-21660 and opened a possible link with the well-studied catalytically self-sufficient P450 monooxygenase of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 (NRRL B-3712) and B. subtilis strain 168 (NRRL B-4219). Now we have found that strain ALA2 also oxidizes palmitic acid into three oxygenated products: 13-, 14-, and 15-hydroxy palmitic acids. This indicates that strain ALA2 also possesses a monooxygenase system similar to the abovementioned well-known strains. These data facilitate studies on the oxygenase system of strain ALA2.
On-Chip Isoelectric Focusing Using Photopolymerized Immobilized pH Gradients

We present the first successful adaptation of immobilized pH gradients (IPGs) to the microscale (muIPGs) using a new method for generating precisely defined polymer gradients on-chip. Gradients of monomer were established via diffusion along 6 mm flow-restricted channel segments. Precise control over boundary conditions and the resulting gradient is achieved by continuous flow of stock solutions through side channels flanking the gradient segment. Once the desired gradient is established, it is immobilized via photopolymerization. Precise gradient formation was verified with spatial and temporal detection of a fluorescent dye added to one of the flanking streams. Rapid (<20 min) isoelectric focusing of several fluorescent pI markers and proteins is demonstrated across pH 3.8-7.0 muIPGs using both denaturing and nondenaturing conditions, without the addition of carrier ampholytes. The muIPG format yields improved stability and comparable resolution to prominent on-chip IEF techniques. In addition to rapid, high-resolution separations, the reported muIPG format is amenable to multiplexed and multidimensional analysis via custom gradients as well as integration with other on-chip separation methods.
Phosphorus Deficiency in Rainbow Trout Fed a Diet Containing Deboned Fillet Scrap

Abstract Whole Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) and hake fillet scrap were ground, heated to accelerate enzymatic hydrolysis, and acidified to prevent microbial degradation. Half of the fillet scrap was screened to reduce the bone content of the product. After 10 d of storage, the liquefied products were combined with feather meal and dried. The dried products replaced fish meal in practical diets, which were fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 22 weeks. Significant reductions in plasma phosphorus and whole-body and vertebral calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations were found in rainbow trout fed the diet containing the deboned fillet scrap, while fish fed a phosphorus-supplemented diet had levels similar to fish fed the diets containing whole fish. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was unaffected by diet. Rainbow trout fed a diet containing unscreened fillet scrap were similar in all respects to fish fed a diet containing whole fish. This study shows that the high dietary ash prese...