cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlates of College Students' Loneliness:

Loneliness has been linked with excessive drug and alcohol use, overeating, suicide, and other harmful means of coping (1, 3, 4 ) . Several writers have idenrified social isolation (absence of social network) and emotional isolarion (lack of fulfilling relationships) as primary determinants of loneliness (1, 3 ) . College students away from home, in a new community, are likely to be especially vulnerable ( 2 ) . The present study sought to idenrify the relationships demographic, social, and interpersonal adjustment variables have with subjective ratings of loneliness and time spent alone among college students. It was predicted that loneliness would correlare with indices of emotional and social isolation and increased reliance on coping. A 30-item questionnaire employing rating scales was administered to 179 undergraduate psychology students (82 males and 97 females) at the University of Nebraska. The subjects' mean age was 19.4 yr. (SD = 2.6 yr. ) and 67 % were freshmen. Analysis of the 39-variable correlation matrix showed ratings of loneliness were positively correlated ( p 4 .05) with time alone ( r = .18), time spent studying alone ( T = .15) , number of older siblings ( T = .19), and were negatively correlated with dating frequency ( r = -.17). These results provide minimal support for the predicted association with social and emotional indicators of isolation. Time spent alone was also significantly associated with having employment ( r = .18) and study time alone ( r = .26). As was predicted significant negative relationships were found between alone rime and time spent with friends ( r = .23), dating frequency ( r = . 2 4 ) , party attendance ( r = -.17), number of close friends ( T = -.19), frequency of discussing personal problems with others ( r = .29), time spent studying with friends ( T = -.30), and number of younger siblings ( r = -.16). Men spent more time alone than women ( r = -.17). These data suggest thar, while there was some overlap between ratings of loneliness and time spent alone the measures of alone time had a more consistent association with social and emotional isolation variables than did the subjective racings of loneliness. Perhaps self-reported ratings of loneliness are more likely to elicit emotional defensiveness compared to estimates of time spent alone. The number of casual friends, social club membership, attendance at religious activities imply the presence of a social network but were nonsignificantly related to loneliness or to time spent alone. Contrary to expcctarions, such things as watching TV and using drugs and alcohol were not significantly related to loneliness or time spent alone.
Computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing zirconia implant fixed complete prostheses: clinical results and technical complications up to 4 years of function.

Objective To report the clinical results and technical complications with computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia, implant fixed complete dental prostheses (IFCDPs) after 2–4 years in function. Materials and methods Fourteen consecutive edentulous patients (16 edentulous arches) were included in this study. Ten of the patients were women and four were men, with an average age of 58 years (range: 35–71). Ten mandibular and six maxillary arches were restored with porcelain fused to zirconia (PFZ) IFCDPs. Of the 16 arches, 14 received one-piece and 2 received segmented two-piece IFCDPs, respectively. The mean clinical follow-up period was 3 years (range: 2–4). At the last recall appointment, biological and technical parameters of dental implant treatment were evaluated. Results The implant and prosthesis survival rate following prosthesis insertion was 100% up to 4-year follow-up. The prostheses in 11 of the 16 restored arches were structurally sound, exhibited favorable soft tissue response, esthetics, and patient satisfaction. Five IFCDPs (31.25%) in four patients exhibited porcelain veneer chipping. Chipping was minor in three prostheses (three patients) and was addressed intraorally with polishing (one prosthesis) or composite resin (two prostheses). One patient with maxillary and mandibular zirconia IFCDP exhibited major porcelain chipping fractures which had to be repaired in the laboratory. Function, esthetics, and patient satisfaction were not affected in three of the four fracture incidents. Median crestal bone loss was 0.1 mm (0.01–0.2 mm). The presence of parafunctional activity, the IFCDP as opposing dentition, and the absence of occlusal night guard were associated with all the incidents of ceramic chipping. Conclusion CAD/CAM zirconia IFCDPs are viable prosthetic treatment after 2–4 years in function, but not without complications. The porcelain chipping/fracture was the most frequent technical complication, with a 31.25% chipping rate at the prosthesis level. Despite the technical complications, increased patient satisfaction was noted.
A beta microirradiator

Abstract Fabrication of a micro-irradiator probe of 10 μm diameter active area is described. As the β-source, tritiated propionate ions were used. They were electrochemically incorporated into polyaniline layers deposited on platinum disk microelectrodes. The activity of the probes was verified by liquid scintillation counting and by direct imaging of emitted electrons. The simple electrochemical fabrication procedure demonstrates the possibility of preparing micro-irradiatiators (μ-irradiator) with different emitters. These microirradiators are new tools that can safely deliver precise doses of radiation to a microscopic area. As such, they should find application in radiobiology, health physics, materials science and solid-state electronics.
Self‐esteem and sense of competence as moderators of the job satisfaction of professionals in dual career families

esteem, be used in future investigations. Sekaran's (1982, 1983) research on dual career families, however, would seem to indicate that both concepts may be equally important moderators for professional married couples to experience satisfaction at the workplace. This study examined the moderating effects of both self-esteem and sense of competence on the relationship between four work variables - career salience, job involvement, income, and discretionary time or personal time spent on job-related activities - and the job satisfaction of professionals in dual career families. More specifically, it examined if each of these two variables would explain incremental variance in job satisfaction over and above the other. If they did, both variables must be considered to be relevant for future research on professional couples. If such is not the case, and self-esteem is not a variable which significantly contributes to the incremental explained variance, then Tharenou and Harker may be right in saying that it is not a useful variable for organizational research.
Species-selective detection in gas chromatography by photothermaldeflection spectroscopy

Abstract The use of photothermal deflection spectroscopy is demonstrated as a species-selective detection technique for gas chromatographic analyses. The technique is illustrated by selectively detecting Freons dissolved in dichloromethane. It was also used selectively to detect two of the three isomers of dichlorodifluoroethylene. The mass detection limits for the Freon mixture range from 0.7 to 4 ng, showing the good sensitivity of the technique. Several applications in atmospheric analysis and liquid chromatography are briefly discussed.
Stereoinversion of tertiary alcohols to tertiary-alkyl isonitriles and amines

The SN2 reaction (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) is a well-known chemical transformation that can be used to join two smaller molecules together into a larger molecule or to exchange one functional group for another. The SN2 reaction proceeds in a very predictable manner: substitution occurs with inversion of stereochemistry, resulting from the 'backside attack' of the electrophilic carbon by the nucleophile. A significant limitation of the SN2 reaction is its intolerance for tertiary carbon atoms: whereas primary and secondary alcohols are viable precursor substrates, tertiary alcohols and their derivatives usually either fail to react or produce stereochemical mixtures of products. Here we report the stereochemical inversion of chiral tertiary alcohols with a nitrogenous nucleophile facilitated by a Lewis-acid-catalysed solvolysis. The method is chemoselective against secondary and primary alcohols, thereby complementing the selectivity of the SN2 reaction. Furthermore, this method for carbon-nitrogen bond formation mimics a putative biosynthetic step in the synthesis of marine terpenoids and enables their preparation from the corresponding terrestrial terpenes. We expect that the general attributes of the methodology will allow chiral tertiary alcohols to be considered viable substrates for stereoinversion reactions.
Skeletons on the coffee table

The Diatoms. Biology and Morphology of the Genera. ByF. E. Round R. M. Crawford and D. G. Mann. Cambridge University Press: 1990. Pp. 747. £125, $250.
Attaching Molecules to Chlorinated and Brominated Amorphous Carbon Substrates via Grignard Reactions.

Amorphous carbon thin films are an attractive material because they provide a chemically robust surface that has been utilized in biomolecule array, biosensor, and bioelectronic applications. These thin films are particularly versatile because they are deposited at room temperature, making them readily integrated with other materials and devices. Here we present an alternative means of functionalizing carbon substrates based on Grignard chemistry. First, the amorphous carbon substrates are halogenated with a solution-based, radical-initiated halogenation reaction using PX5 (X = Br or Cl). Next, the halogenated surfaces are modified via the formation of a carbon−carbon bond between the surface and the Grignard reagents employed. Alkyl-, perfluoroalkyl-, and poly(ethylene glycol)-Grignard reagents were chosen to show the utility of this reaction scheme in functionalizing carbon surfaces to withstand oxidation and provide a hydrophobic and/or biocompatible substrate.
Structural Models for Interactions between the 20S Proteasome and Its PAN/19S Activators

Proteasome activity is regulated by sequestration of its proteolytic centers in a barrel-shaped structure that limits substrate access. Substrates enter the proteasome by means of activator complexes that bind to the end rings of proteasome α subunits and induce opening of an axial entrance/exit pore. The PA26 activator binds in a pocket on the proteasome surface using main chain contacts of its C-terminal residues and uses an internal activation loop to trigger gate opening by repositioning the proteasome Pro-17 reverse turn. Subunits of the unrelated PAN/19S activators bind with their C termini in the same pockets but can induce proteasome gate opening entirely from interactions of their C-terminal peptides, which are reported to cause gate opening by inducing a rocking motion of proteasome α subunits rather than by directly contacting the Pro-17 turn. Here we report crystal structures and binding studies of proteasome complexes with PA26 constructs that display modified C-terminal residues, including those corresponding to PAN. These findings suggest that PA26 and PAN/19S C-terminal residues bind superimposably and that both classes of activator induce gate opening by using direct contacts to residues of the proteasome Pro-17 reverse turn. In the case of the PAN and 19S activators, a penultimate tyrosine/phenylalanine residue contacts the proteasome Gly-19 carbonyl oxygen to stabilize the open conformation.
Multimedia Interactive Training Development–Journey: Discovering Social Services CD-ROM

SUMMARY This article describes a multimedia 9-module training program which uses text, graphics, animation, narration, and video as well as a planned approach to the use of color, pace, tone, setting, and instructional activities to achieve its goal of orienting new workers to the complexity of a public social service agency.
A review of important concepts in the trophic organization of pelagic ecosystems

The physical environment has an important influence on the size composition of primary producers in plankton communities. This effect is transmitted through the trophic structure by size selective feeding processes at each level. A pictorial representation of trophic organization in pelagic ecosystems is presented which illustrates the complex involvement of individual species in the food web and the dynamic nature of ecosystem development along alternate pathways.
Extubation failure in the elderly.

Abstract To determine the causes, risk factors and complications of planned extubation failure of critically ill elderly patients, we conducted a prospective study of 175 consecutive patients (⩾70 years old) admitted with respiratory failure. Thirty-six (21%) failed extubation within 72 h after planned extubation. Compared to a younger age group ( 4 days (OR, 4.3; 95% CI 1.8–10.2), and albumin levels
Ligandin: an adventure in liverland.

Ligandin is an abundant soluble protein which has at 1/2 of 2–3 days, is induced by many drugs and chemicals, and is stabilized in the absence of thyroid hormone. The protein is strategically concentrated in cells associated with transport and detoxification of many endogenous ligands, such as bilirubin, and exogenous ligands, such as drugs and chemicals. The protein is a dimer in rat liver. Whether the dimer is a primary gene product or at least two genes are involved is not known. The protein has broad, low affinity catalytic activity as a GSH-S-transferase for many ligands having electrophilic groups and hydrophobic domains. It catalyzes formation of GSH conjugates, noncovalently binds some ligands prior to their biotransformation or excretion in bile, and covalently binds other ligands, such as activated carcinogens. Recent studies include the possible role of ligandin in chemical carcinogenesis, diagnosis of inflammatory and neoplastic disease of the liver and kidney, and participation in intracellular transport. Although some of the roles that have been outlined are speculative, any single function is important. The GSH-Stransferases are primitive enzymes and non specific binding proteins but “it is precisely their simplistic design that allows such protean serviceability”. Ligandin illustrates a group of hepatic disposal mechanisms which involve bulk transport of ligands. Although specific uptake and transport mechanisms have been described for several hormones which enter the hepatocyte in small quantities and regulate intermediary metabolism and, possibly, cell maturation, bulk transport of ligands into, through and out of the liver involves mechanisms which accomodate many metabolites, drugs and chemicals of diverse structure. The liver is bathed in sewage which contains what we ingest or are injected with and potentially toxic products of intestinal microorganisms. The chemical formulas of the many substances which are metabolized by the liver provide a horror show of potentially reactive and toxic metabolites, mutagens and carcinogens. Despite this alimentary “Love Canal”, we and our livers do remarkably well. These hepatic disposal mechanisms, as exemplified by ligandin, evolved in ancient times. They are present, albeit sluggishly, in insects and ancient elasmobranchs. Hepatic uptake and removal mechanisms of high capacity, modest affinity and broad substrate range permit us to live in what has probably always been a threatening world.
Traumatic renal artery dissection identified with dynamic helical computed tomography

Intimal tears in the renal arteries typically result from traumatic mechanisms that produce rapid deceleration. These injuries usually progress to secondary thrombosis of the vessel. When the tear leads to dissection with luminal stenosis, early diagnosis and repair will preserve parenchymal function. Computed tomography has replaced intravenous pyelography as the radiographic study of choice for renal trauma. We present two patients with unilateral delay of renal contrast enhancement during dynamic helical computed tomography scan due to arterial stenosis from intimal dissection confirmed with arteriography. Both vessel injuries were successfully managed with endovascular stent placement. No previous description of this diagnostic strategy is reported in the literature. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:562-4.)
Texture characterization and defect detection using adaptive wavelets

Many textures such as woven fabrics and composites have a regular and repeating texture. This paper presents a new method to capture the texture information using adaptive wavelet bases. Wavelets are compact functions which can be used to generate a multiresolution analysis. Texture constraints are used to adapt the wavelets to better characterize specific textures. An adapted wavelet basis has very high sensitivity to the abrupt changes in the texture structure caused by de- fects. This paper demonstrates how adaptive wavelet basis can be used to locate defects in woven fabrics. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumenta- tion Engineers.
Morphological and biochemical characterization and analysis of apoptosis

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death serving physiologic and homeostatic functions. However, recent evidence implicating apoptosis in the etiology and pathophysiology of known human diseases, such as heart diseases, cancer, AIDS, and neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases are continually surfacing. This has spawned the need for identifying which methods are the most effective and well accepted to decipher its presence in a variety of research settings. We have therefore detailed the morphology and biochemical features of apoptotic cell death, with an emphasis on discriminating it from necrosis. In addition, we describe specific and selective techniques which are optimal to target hallmark apoptotic features, such as microscopy, Annexin V labeling, in situ nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and DNA fragmentation analysis by gel electrophoresis and ELISA for oligonucleosome-sized DNA. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, as well as their experimental importance relative to one another. The methods have been described in a stepwise fashion, and can readily be applied in the majority of cell systems. Whether working on the tissue or single cell level, these methods are highly effective in qualifying and quantifying apoptosis. The application of these methods in conjunction with molecular techniques can further delineate the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis.
Concentration of Cesium-137 in Human Rib Bone

The concentration of fission product cesium-137 in human rib, sampled from various age groups, has been determined by low-level gamma-ray spectrometry. We propose several possible interpretations of the data and point out the possibility that mechanisms of cesium retention may be age-dependent.
Athermal laser design

This paper discusses circuit based and waveguide based athermalization schemes and provides some design examples of athermalized lasers utilizing fully integrated athermal components as an alternative to power hungry thermo-electric controllers (TECs), off-chip wavelength lockers or monitors with lookup tables for tunable lasers. This class of solutions is important for uncooled transmitters on silicon.
Neutrophil apoptosis and the resolution of infection

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most abundant white cell in humans and an essential component of the innate immune system. PMNs are typically the first type of leukocyte recruited to sites of infection or areas of inflammation. Ingestion of microorganisms triggers production of reactive oxygen species and fusion of cytoplasmic granules with forming phagosomes, leading to effective killing of ingested microbes. Phagocytosis of bacteria typically accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, which ultimately promotes the resolution of infection. However, some bacterial pathogens alter PMN apoptosis to survive and thereby cause disease. Herein, we review PMN apoptosis and the ability of microorganisms to alter this important process.
Prediction and timing of tracheostomy in patients with infratentorial lesions requiring mechanical ventilatory support.

Objectives:To determine the frequency and predictors of successful extubations and tracheostomy in patients with infratentorial lesions requiring mechanical ventilation and to determine the optimal time for tracheostomy based on probability of successful extubation and in-hospital survival according
Assessment of toileting difficulties in adults with intellectual disabilities: An examination using the profile of toileting issues (POTI)

A lack of toileting skills is one of many impairments that individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities experience. Unfortunately, little research has focused on problems in this area including assessment, function, and treatment. A newly developed checklist, the Profile of Toileting Issues (POTI), is being considered for use to screen for toileting issues in this population, and to identify potential functions to target in treatment. The purpose of the current study was to examine the reliability of the POTI. Internal consistency was sound (α = .83) and interrater reliability was significant. The implications of these findings are included.
Licensing strong NPIs

This paper proposes that both weak and strong NPIs in English are sensitive to the downward entailingness of their licensers. It is also proposed, however, that these two types of NPIs pay attention to different aspects of the meaning of their environment. As observed by von Fintel and Chierchia, weak NPIs do not attend to the scalar implicatures of presuppositions of their licensers. Strong NPIs see both the truth-conditional and non-truth-conditional (scalar implications, presuppositions) meaning of their licensers. This theory accounts for the puzzling inability, noted by Rullmann and Gajewski, of Strawson anti-additive operators to license strong NPIs, as well as for the effects of Zwarts’s hierarchy of negative strength. Additional issues concerning comparative quantifiers, few, and proportional quantifiers are addressed.
Mixed binary multiplication of optical signals by convolution in an inhomogeneously broadened absorber

We have employed the recently developed technique of real-time optical waveform convolution in inhomogeneously broadened absorbers [ Appl. Phys. Lett.45, 714 ( 1984)] to perform mixed binary multiplication of digital optical signals. We demonstrate that an output signal representing the mixed binary product of up to three numbers encoded into discrete input signals can be generated in a single convolution cycle. We have studied the effect of material relaxation on output signal shapes and intensities. We find that mixed binary product signals up to ∼0.5% as intense as the input signals can be expected in weakly relaxing materials. This method of all-optical multiplication may be useful in high-speed applications, since its bit rate is limited fundamentally only by the inhomogeneous absorption bandwidth of the material used.
EFFECT OF METHOD OF DESICCATION AND STORAGE ON THE GONADOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF THE PITUITARY GLAND1

PITUITARY TISSUE that is to be kept for various periods of time may be stored in the frozen or desiccated condition. During the period of storage of the tissue in the frozen condition, or as a result of the method of desiccation, there may be a loss of biological activity when compared with fresh tissue. There are not, however, many reports concerned with the effect of storage or desiccation on the gonadotropic activity of the pituitary gland. Smith and Engle (1) reported in 1927 that implants of beef pituitary glands 8 hours old were not as effective as those 1 hour old. WallenLawrence and Van Dyke (2) showed that after storing the pituitary glands of rats in the frozen condition for 9 to 36 days the gonadotropic activity was decreased when compared with that of fresh glands.
Elevated levels of Factor XI are associated with cardiovascular disease in women

Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be the most frequent cause of death among women in the United States. Although elevated levels of clotting factors have been associated with CAD, few of these studies have been performed in women. Elevated levels of Factor XI have previously been associated with venous thrombosis, but little is known about its effect on arterial thrombosis. We selected women referred for cardiac catheterization who were found to have either normal coronaries or evidence of severe CAD and compared levels of homocysteine, anticardiolipin IgG/IgM antibodies, fibrinogen, platelet count, Factor VII, Factor VIII and Factor XI. Women with severe CAD had significantly higher levels of Factor XI than those without CAD (128% vs. 82%, p 6.18 mmol/l (>239 mg/dl) compared with normocholesteremic women and was also higher in the upper tertile of age, but even when adjusted for these, the association remained significant. This initial study suggests that Factor XI may be an important parameter in arterial as well as venous thrombosis.
Distinguishing between conduct problem and emotionally disturbed students in secondary school: a five-instrument discriminant analysis.

Five instruments, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems, Personality Inventory for Children, Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale, and Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, were employed to effect differentiations between 44 conduct-problem and 31 emotionally disturbed students placed in public elementary school classes for the severely emotionally handicapped. Discriminant analysis of each test's rate of classification germane to both a preassessment categorization as conduct-problem vs emotionally disturbed and a postassessment classification as no problem vs conduct-problem vs emotionally disturbed vs combined problem is presented. The analysis indicated that the Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems, Personality Inventory for Children, and Revised Behavior Problem Checklist can, with variable effectiveness, significantly classify groups using such pre- and postassessment information.
Temporal changes in stable isotope composition of spring waters: Implications for recent changes in climate and atmospheric circulation

Stable isotope values of shallow groundwater emerging from springs in a high-elevation basin in the central Sierra Nevada of California decrease with increasing geochemical groundwater ages. From water recharged in 1960 to water recharged in 1990, a 1.2‰ and 11‰ increase occurs in δ 18 O and δD, respectively. Historic temperature records from surrounding areas show a 1.3 °C increase in mean annual air temperature over the same time period. This temperature change alone is not great enough to explain the observed increase in δ 18 O. We suggest that changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, which have been documented in this region, account for the remaining increase in δ 18 O. The time scale of these climatic changes, recorded in both the historical and the hydrological records, is extremely short (decadal scale) and suggests that the δ 18 O of groundwater can be a useful tool for studying climatic and atmospheric circulation changes over very short time intervals. It also suggests that circulation changes must be considered along with temperature when interpreting paleoclimate data.
Moral dilemmas, disjunctive obligations, and Kant's principle that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’

In moral dilemmas, where circumstances prevent two or more equally justified prima facie ethical requirements from being fulfilled, it is often maintained that, since the agent cannot do both, conjoint obligation is overridden by Kant's principle that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’, but that the agent nevertheless has a disjunctive obligation to perform one of the otherwise obligatory actions or the other. Against this commonly received view, it is demonstrated that although Kant's ought-can principle may avoid logical inconsistency, the principle is incompatible with disjunctive obligation in standard deontic logic, and that it entails paradoxically that none of the conflicting dilemma actions will in fact occur. The principle appears to provide the only plausible safeguard against deontic antinomy, but cannot be admitted because of its collision with considered moral judgments.
Optimum management of pediatric patients with fever and neutropenia.

Fever with neutropenia is a common clinical problem in patients receiving cancer treatment. Prevention and optimum management of infectious complications is critical to the overall success of cancer therapy. This article provides an overview of the current status of this evolving subject. While the basic principles of rapid institution of broad spectrum antibiotics, early intervention with empiric antifungal therapy and continuation of antimicrobials during period of risk are unlikely to change, there is increasing interest in titrating this aggressive approach based on the projected risk of the development of a serious invasive infection. Oral antibiotic therapy and outpatient management are currently being studied in pediatric oncology patients, but even when successful these alternatives to the traditional “in hospital, parenteral antibiotic therapy” approach are unlikely to be applicable in all patient populations and clinical settings. While there is no replacement for clinical acumen and careful monitoring, judicious use of diagnostic resources such as blood cultures and imaging studies is a key component of optimum care. Selection of empiric antibiotics based on ongoing monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns is emphasized.
Factors influencing farm level use of futures and options in commodity marketing

A probit model is used to quantify factors influencing the probability that a selected group of agricultural decision makers (producers and landowners receiving crops from a share lease) used futures or options for commodity marketing during the 1986, 1987, or 1988 marketing years. Respondents were selected from participants in orientation sessions associated with the nationwide Futures and Option Marketing Pilot Program. Results suggest previous use of cash forward contracts, location, size and farming operation (measured by gross farm sales), having a college degree(s), and membership in a marketing club have the greatest impact on the probability of using futures and options.
Management of the Thrombosed Filter-Bearing Inferior Vena Cava

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter thrombosis is a complex problem. Thrombus within an IVC filter may range from an asymptomatic small thrombus to critical IVC occlusion that affects both lower extremities. The published experience of IVC thrombosis management in relation to filters is either anecdotal or limited to a small group of patients; however, endovascular treatment methods appear to be safe and effective in patients with IVC thrombosis. This review focuses on filter-related IVC thrombosis and its endovascular management.
Recipes and Research: A Survey of Cookbook Collection Users

This article outlines the history of the Doris S. Kirschner Cookbook Collection at the University of Minnesota's Magrath Library and details a survey of this collection's users. Because the collection does not circulate, the survey was undertaken to find out some information about who uses this collection and why. Respondents to the survey consisted of primarily University of Minnesota staff and their uses of the collection were varied, encompassing personal, academic, and creative uses. The results of this survey will be used as a basis for further exploration as well as targeted marketing of the collection.
Control Lyapunov functions and stabilizability of compact sets for hybrid systems

For a class of hybrid systems given in terms of constrained differential and difference equations/inclusions, we define control Lyapunov functions, and study their existence when compact sets are asymptotically stable as well as the stabilizability properties guaranteed when they exist. Recent converse Lyapunov theorems for the class of hybrid systems under study enable us to assert that asymptotic stabilizability of a compact set implies the existence of a smooth control Lyapunov function. When control Lyapunov functions are available, conditions for the existence of continuous state-feedback control laws, both providing practical and global stabilizability properties, are provided.
Problem-Based Learning as an Effective Strategy for Science Teacher Professional Development

Abstract The Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Project for Teachers included three days of professional development using PBL to deepen teachers’ content knowledge. Teachers identified the content area in which they wished to work from a list of choices. They worked in facilitated groups of from five to nine participants to solve rich, ill-structured problems. Content knowledge was assessed based on teachers’ written responses to at least one general question and one application question in which they explained some everyday phenomena. Teachers responded to these questions two months before and at the end of the professional development; 80.5 percent of the 41 middle and high school teachers who participated showed improved content knowledge. We also examined the patterns in teachers’ incoming content knowledge and changes in content knowledge. The data indicate that the PBL approach used here was effective in improving the content knowledge of teachers independent of demographic factors and type and degree of...
Pathology of myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, plaque disruption, and the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque

Abstract Despite scientific advances, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in developed countries. The pathologic process responsible for the majority of this mortality is atherosclerosis. Human atherosclerosis is characterized by the transition of arteries through distinct pathologic stages. Initially, there is vascular wall activation, characterized by the formation of a smooth muscle cell rich intimal hyperplasia/thickening. The thickened intima promotes the lipid and macrophage accumulation characteristic of atherosclerosis. In some patients, the atherosclerotic plaque becomes disrupted stimulating formation of luminal thrombus and acute clinical events. Understanding the pathology of such vulnerable plaques has been a challenging and controversial area of investigation. Recent prospective longitudinal imaging studies of human coronary arteries have confirmed earlier pathologic observations reporting pathologic features that predispose to acute events in some patients include plaques with a thin fibrous cap overlying a large lipid-rich necrotic core as well as plaques with severe stenosis.
THE STRUCTURE OF OPEN-SHELL NUCLEI IN THE PAIRING MODEL.

Abstract The possibility of understanding the ground states of even open-shell nuclei in terms of the self-consistent structure of neighboring closed shell nuclei and matrix elements of a realistic nucleon-nucleon interacting using the pairing model is explored. The average strength of the pairing matrix elements is shown to arise solely from the even partial waves of the two-body interaction and to be simply understood in terms of wave function overlap. Schematic calculations are presented which indicate the qualitative effects of shell spacing and the strength of the pairing matrix elements. and realistic calculations are reported for neutron shells in the 40 Ca, 90 zt, 140 Ce and 208 Pb regions.
Systematic properties of CO emission from galaxies. I - Luminosity function

A sensitive survey of normal galaxies covering a wide range of luminosities and morphological types is combined with galaxy observations in the literature to provide a sample for statistical study. The global CO emission of these galaxies is extrapolated by modeling the galaxies with an exponential radial profile. The maximum-likelihood distribution functions of CO luminosity and CO/H I flux ratio are similar in behavior. Both have long tails of bright galaxies. However, the typical galaxy has a CO luminosity of about 10 to the 6th Jy km/s Mpc-squared or less and a CO/H I ratio of the order of 10 or less. Averages of the distributions of CO luminosity and CO/H I flux ratio are higher for galaxies of Hubble type Sb-Sbc than for groups of earlier or later types. Quantitative estimates of the possible error sources in the conversion of CO luminosity to molecular mass indicates that the peaking of CO emission at intermediate types is a fairly confident result.
Cellular localization and temporal elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA in hippocampal injury response induced by trimethyltin

In certain pathologic states, cytokine production may become spatially and temporally dysregulated, leading to their inappropriate production and potentially detrimental consequences. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mediate a range of host responses affecting multiple cell types. To study the role of cytokines in the early stages of brain injury, we examined alterations in the 17-day-old mouse hippocampus during trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration characterized by neuronal necrosis, microglia activation in the dentate, and astrocyte reactivity throughout the hippocampus. By 24 h after dosing, elevations in mRNA levels for TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 mRNA were seen. TGF-beta1 mRNA was elevated at 72 h. In situ hybridization showed that TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha were localized to the microglia, whereas TGF-beta1 was expressed predominantly in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, EB-22, Mac-1, and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels were elevated within the first 3 days of exposure in the absence of increased inducible nitric oxide synthetase and interferon-gamma mRNA. These data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the progression and pattern of neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus.
Interplay between partnership formation and competition in generalized May-Leonard games

In order to better understand the interplay of partnership and competition in population dynamics, we study a family of generalized May-Leonard models with $N$ species. These models have a very rich structure, characterized by different types of space-time patterns. Interesting partnership formations emerge following the maxim that ``the enemy of my enemy is my friend''. In specific cases cyclic dominance within coarsening clusters yields a peculiar coarsening behavior with intriguing pattern formation. We classify the different types of dynamics through the analysis of the square of the adjacency matrix. The dependence of the population densities on emerging pattern and propagating wave fronts is elucidated through a Fourier analysis. Finally, after having identified collaborating teams, we study interface fluctuations where we initially populate different parts of the system with different teams.
Chemical oxidation of tetrachloroethene in a fractured saprolite/bedrock aquifer

Two chemical oxidizers, Fenton's Reagent (FR) and sodium permanganate (NaMnO4), were used to remediate groundwater contaminated by tetrachloroethene (PCE) in a fractured saprolite and bedrock aquifer in Rockville, Maryland. Initial PCE concentrations ranged from 11 to 25,000 μg/L, averaging 8,684 μg/L in March 2000. A total of 28,256 pounds of hydrogen peroxide (as 35 percent solution) and iron catalyst were injected during the FR treatment program. The FR failed to achieve the desired clean-up goal, after which 11,114 pounds of NaMnO4 (as 40 percent solution) were diluted to a 20 percent solution and injected into the aquifer. An additional 855 pounds of dilute NaMnO4 was later injected, which ultimately reduced the original PCE mass by an estimated 95 percent through November 2001. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of electronic structure on chiral induction in outer-sphere electron transfer reactions of complexes with the C3 symmetric ligand, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris[2′(R)-2′-propionate](-3)

Abstract The ligand 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris[2′( R )-2′-propionate](-3)(( R )-tacntp 3− ), binds stereospecifically to transition metal ions. The structures of the complexes [Cr(( R )-tacntp)]·NaBr and [Fe(( R )-tacntp)]·H 2 O have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Both complexes have the Λ-configuration but the conformation of the chelate rings in Λ-[Cr(( R )-tacntp)] is (λ,λ,λ) with a geometry close to octahedral while in Λ-[Fe(( R )-tacntp)] it is (δ,δ,δ) and the geometry is closer to that of a trigonal prism. Chiral induction in the electron transfer reactions of Λ-[Co(( R )-tacntp)], Λ-[Fe(( R )-tacntp)] and Λ-[Mn(( R )-tacntp)] with [Co(( RR,SS )-chxn) 3 ] 2+ has been investigated. All three reactions are outer-sphere and four isomeric [Co(( RR,SS )-chxn) 3 ] 3+ products are identified in each case. The oxidants Λ-[Fe(( R )-tacntp)] and Λ-[Mn(( R )-tacntp)] show very similar selectivities, quite different from those of Λ-[Co(( R )-tacntp)]. Reasons for this behavior are discussed.
SOCRATES Invades Central Europe

The objective of this article is to explore the current reality faced by higher education students in Central and Eastern Europe and to draw out the implications of this current reality for policy makers in the future. In the article, I explore the influence of transnational corporations' training programs on education as it currently pertains to Central and Eastern European higher education and employment. In addition, multinational corporate entities exercise influence on European Union policy through the role of lobby organizations and activities. I explore the influence of these practices on education with an emphasis on the emerging importance of Western language skills. In addition, I focus on the European Union and its efforts to expand into Central and Eastern Europe in order to provide a focal point for analysis.
■ REVIEW : Olfactory Receptors: A Large Gene Family with Broad Affinities and Multiple Functions:

Five years have passed since the first cloning and sequencing of a large family of G protein-coupled receptors from the olfactory epithelium. These receptors are believed to be the initial sites of odor transduction. Although direct experimental evidence concerning the properties of these molecules is still limited, a variety of studies has provided fascinating insights into a range of possible functions, extending beyond olfactory transduction to include functions as diverse as sperm navigation and neural and cardiac development. To serve these functions, the olfactory receptors appear to express interesting adaptations of the basic seven transmembrane domain structures found in the neurotransmitter members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. We review here this evidence and propose hypotheses for the molecular mechanisms underlying several distinct functions for this receptor family as guides for future experimental testing. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:262-271, 1996
Research Opportunities in Space Propulsion

Rocket propulsion determines the primary characteristics of any space vehicle; how fast and far it can go, its lifetime, and its capabilities. It is the primary factor in safety and reliability and the biggest cost driver. The extremes of heat and pressure produced by propulsion systems push the limits of materials used for manufacturing. Space travel is very unforgiving with little room for errors, and so many things can go wrong with these very complex systems. So we have to plan for failure and that makes it costly. But what is more exciting than the roar of a rocket blasting into space? By its nature the propulsion world is conservative. The stakes are so high at every launch, in terms of payload value or in human life, that to introduce new components to a working, qualified system is extremely difficult and costly. Every launch counts and no risks are tolerated, which leads to the space world's version of Catch-22:"You can't fly till you flown." The last big 'game changer' in propulsion was the use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel. No new breakthrough, low cost access to space system will be developed without new efficient propulsion systems. Because there is no large commercial market driving investment in propulsion, what propulsion research is done is sponsored by government funding agencies. A further difficulty in propulsion technology development is that there are so few new systems flying. There is little opportunity to evolve propulsion technologies and to update existing systems with results coming out of research as there is in, for example, the auto industry. The biggest hurdle to space exploration is getting off the ground. The launch phase will consume most of the energy required for any foreseeable space exploration mission. The fundamental physical energy requirements of escaping earth's gravity make it difficult. It takes 60,000 kJ to put a kilogram into an escape orbit. The vast majority (-97%) of the energy produced by a launch vehicle is used to get propellants off the ground to be burned later. A modem launch vehicle is usually able to put no more than 1.5%-3% of its total liftoff weight into low earth orbit.
Long wavelength optical phonons in mixed crystals

Abstract Experimental data on optical phonons in mixed crystal systems obtained by infra-red, Raman, and other optical measurements are reviewed. In terms of their spectral behaviour, mixed crystals may be classified into different types, using as criteria the mass ratios of the constituent atoms and the inter-atomic forces. Several phenomenological models have so far been proposed for the explanation of the mixed crystal behaviour; these are reviewed. The difficulties facing a realistic and thorough lattice dynamical calculation of a disordered system are pointed out. Further experimental work needed for confirming and gaining understanding of the true behaviour types of some mixed crystal systems is suggested.
Analog-FM vs. Digital-PSK Transmission

This paper provides a comparison of the transmission of information in analog form by frequency modulation (FM) and in digital form by phase shift keying (PSK). The two systems are compared on the basis of relative accuracy provided, relative power and bandwidth required, and relative equipment complexity involved, with the emphasis being on spacecraft application. Although the two systems require about the same transmitter power (within 1 dB) to provide rms output signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios between 20 and 30 dB at threshold, the analog system is generally simpler, whereas the digital system is capable of greater accuracy. However, the digital system is more efficient for extremely high S/N ratios. The transmission bandwidth required by the FM system is less than that for the pulse code modulation (PCM) system for moderate S/N ratios. For S/N ratios above 35 dB, however, the PCM system requires less bandwidth, as well as less power, than the FM system. Although the analog-FM technique is usually the most straightforward approach, the information may be transmitted in digital form in order to take advantage of one or more of the following factors: 1) transmitter power savings over conventional analog-FM transmission for high S/N ratios 2) ability to regenerate the digital signal 3) solidity with which the information is known when digitized 4) ease of handling YES-NO or ON-OFF signals 5) ease of multiplexing digital signals 6) ability to encrypt the digital signal 7) practicality of processing and sending information at extremely slow rates, as from deep space probes, when in digital form.