cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulating plasma thyroid hormone levels at hatching alters development of endothermy and ventilation in Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica).

At hatching in precocial birds, there are rapid physiological and metabolic phenotypic changes associated with attaining endothermy. During the transition to ex ovo life, thyroid hormone levels naturally increase, peaking at hatching, and then declining. To better understand the role of the natural increase in thyroid hormone at hatching in regulating the developmental trajectory of the Pekin duck9s endothermic phenotype, we examined development of O2 consumption (Vo2) and ventilation (frequency, tidal volume, and minute ventilation) while inhibiting the developmental increase in thyroid hormones that occurs at hatching via administration of the thyroid-peroxidase inhibitor methimazole (MMI) or accelerating the developmental increase via triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation. Animals were dosed only on day 24 of a 28-day incubation period and studied on incubation day 25, during external pipping (EP), and 1-day post hatching (dph). On day 25, there was an increase in Vo2 in the hyperthyroid treatment compared with the other two treatments. During the EP stage, there was a significant effect of thyroid status on Vo2 with hyperthyroid Vo2 being highest and hypothyroid lowest. By 1dph, the supplemented T3 and control animals had similar Vo2 responses to cooling with comparable thermal neutral zones followed by increased Vo2. Hypothyroid 1dph hatchlings had a lower resting Vo2 that did not increase to the same extent as the supplemented T3 and control animals during cooling. During EP, inhibiting the rise in T3 resulted in embryos with lower ventilation frequency and tidal volume than control and supplemented T3 embryos. At 1dph, ventilation frequency of all animals increased during cooling, but tidal volume only increased in supplemented T3 and control hatchlings. Our data supports the role of the late incubation increase in T3 in regulating the systemic development of endothermic metabolic capacity and associated control of ventilation occurring at hatching of the Pekin duck.
Developing Graph Theoretic Techniques to Identify Amplification and Coordination Activities of Influential Sets of Users

Social media, with its accessibility and anonymity, has helped malicious actors to thrive and coordinate several campaigns. Such users successfully utilize social media to coordinate different kinds of movements that could influence political aspects, damage the crucial infrastructure and affect the economy of several countries around the world. Malicious users could coordinate to cripple the transportation system by closing the main highways and bridges in big cities or spreading false security information that causes panic and hysteria in large societies. Since the traditional community detection methods fall short in finding these users, our research proposes an integrated model to find, analyze, and suspend these coordinated malicious sets of users in online complex networks. The Focal Structures Analysis model is a two-level analysis to study individual-level features using closeness centrality and group-level features by implementing the spectral modularity method. The model decomposes the interactions between both individual-level and group-level to find key sets of users that are responsible for propagating behavior through online social media platforms. The proposed model is applied to a fake news YouTube co-commenter network. The outcomes were validated via modularity methods and depth-first search to measure each set’s influence at individual-level and at the entire network-level.
Pain associates with subjective memory problems and cognition in older Puerto Rican adults

This study examined whether pain is associated with subjective memory problems or cognition in Puerto Rican older adults. Participants came from the Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions (PREHCO) study, aged 60 and over (n = 2,144). Analyses examined concurrent and longitudinal associations of pain with subjective memory problems and cognition using a cognitive screener. Overall, participants with pain were more likely to report concurrent subjective memory problems than those without pain. Older adults with pain also exhibited slightly lower concurrent cognition. Novel pain was associated with cognitive decline and greater likelihood of incident subjective memory problems at follow-up. Persistent pain was only related to incident subjective memory problems at follow-up. Pain is associated with cognitive decline and subjective memory problems in older Puerto Ricans. Future studies should implement more in-depth neuropsychological assessments and examine the potential role of barriers to pain management in this population.
DSEE: Dually Sparsity-embedded Efficient Tuning of Pre-trained Language Models.

Gigantic pre-trained models have become central to natural language processing (NLP), serving as the starting point for fine-tuning towards a range of downstream tasks. However, two pain points persist for this paradigm: (a) as the pre-trained models grow bigger (e.g., 175B parameters for GPT-3), even the fine-tuning process can be time-consuming and computationally expensive; (b) the fine-tuned model has the same size as its starting point by default, which is neither sensible due to its more specialized functionality, nor practical since many fine-tuned models will be deployed in resource-constrained environments. To address these pain points, we propose a framework for resource- and parameter-efficient fine-tuning by leveraging the sparsity prior in both weight updates and the final model weights. Our proposed framework, dubbed Dually Sparsity-Embedded Efficient Tuning (DSEE), aims to achieve two key objectives: (i) parameter efficient fine-tuning - by enforcing sparsity-aware weight updates on top of the pre-trained weights; and (ii) resource-efficient inference - by encouraging a sparse weight structure towards the final fine-tuned model. We leverage sparsity in these two directions by exploiting both unstructured and structured sparse patterns in pre-trained language models via magnitude-based pruning and $\ell_1$ sparse regularization. Extensive experiments and in-depth investigations, with diverse network backbones (i.e., BERT, GPT-2, and DeBERTa) on dozens of datasets, consistently demonstrate highly impressive parameter-/training-/inference-efficiency, while maintaining competitive downstream transfer performance. For instance, our DSEE-BERT obtains about $35\%$ inference FLOPs savings with <1% trainable parameters and comparable performance to conventional fine-tuning. Codes are available in https://github.com/VITA-Group/DSEE.
How Do Sex, Age, and Osteoarthritis Affect Cartilage Thickness at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint? Insights from Subject-Specific Cartilage Modeling

Studying the morphology of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint cartilage in both health and disease is warranted by the high incidence of CMC osteoarthritis (OA), especially in women; however, quantifying CMC cartilage variation in vivo remains challenging with current modalities. We used a subject-specific cartilage model that is based on joint space volume computations from sequential CT scans to find that cartilage thickness does not differ with sex and age, but that it does with early signs of OA. These findings advance the general understanding of CMC joint mechanics and OA pathogenesis by verifying that metabolic or genetic differences, under the influence of mechanical loading, rather than mechanical factors alone, are implicated in the pathoetiology of CMC OA. This model may be used to study cartilage degradation in vivo, may be incorporated into subject-specific mechanical simulations, and may have clinical applications for OA staging if combined with dynamic volume CT.
12b 50MSample/s two-stage A/D converter

A 12 b 50 MSample/s two-stage A/D converter in a complementary bipolar process uses coarse and fine encoders based upon a cascaded magnitude amplifier design. The ADC provides 80 dB SFDR for a 20 Mz analog input at 50MSPS while dissipating only 575 mW. Compared to other pipeline ADCs, a two-stage subranging flash architecture minimizes the number of analog and digital pipeline delays, but requires a large number of comparators in the coarse and fine flash converters to implement a high-resolution design. An architecture to implement the coarse and fine A/D converters requires only eleven absolute value or magnitude amplifiers, referred to as magamps, to realize a 12 b 50 MSample/s two-stage sub-ranging ADC. The gain alignment of the coarse and fine converters and the subtraction DAC rely on the statistical matching of the process, and 12 b linearity is obtained without laser trim. The ADC is fabricated on a high-speed dielectrically isolated complementary bipolar process that allows for more than 80 dB harmonic suppression up to an analog input frequency of 20 MHz while keeping the total ADC power dissipation at 575 mW from a single +5 V supply.
Large fabrication tolerance of ultrabroadband sub-wavelength grating reflector

The fabrication tolerance of the highly reflective sub-wavelength grating (SWG) structure is examined, particularly the effect of reflectivity from etching imperfections, with calculations using rigorous coupled wave analysis method.
Variations in the Abilities of Several Lines of L Cells to Produce and to Be Affected by Interferon

Lockart, Royce Z., Jr. (The University of Texas, Austin). Variations in the abilities of several lines of L cells to produce and to be affected by interferon. J. Bacteriol. 89:117–122. 1965.—The amounts of interferon produced by three different lines of L cells and mouse embryonic cells when inoculated with two strains of Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were determined. One cell line consistently produced more interferon than the others. NDV stimulated more interferon than did WEE virus in all the cell lines tested. The interferons failed to show homologous specificity in their ability to inhibit virus production in the three cell lines. The cell line that produced the most interferon also was most sensitive to viral inhibition. This cell line was also most sensitive to the viral inhibitory ability of an interferon prepared in mouse embryonic cells.
Effect of coliform and Proteus bacteria on growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Cultures of coliform and Proteus bacteria, mostly from foods, were tested for their effect on growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Trypticase Soy Broth. Inhibition of the staphylococcus by these competitors increased with increasing proportions of inhibiting (effector) bacteria in the inoculum and decreasing incubation temperatures (37 to 10 C). Time required for 2 × 104 staphylococci to increase to 5 × 106 cells per milliliter, the minimal number assumed to be necessary for food poisoning, varied with the species of effector, the original ratio of effector bacteria to staphylococci in the medium, and the incubation temperature. When the original ratio was 100:1, the staphylococci did not reach 5 × 106 cells per milliliter at 10, 15, 22, or 30 C (with one exception), when growing with cultures representing six species of coliform bacteria and two of Proteus. When the ratio was 1:1, all effectors either greatly delayed the staphylococcus or prevented it from reaching hazardous numbers at 15 C, six of the eight caused a delay of 2 to 3 hr at 22 C, and only Escherichia coli delayed the coccus at 30 C. All effectors were ineffective at 22 and 30 C when original numbers of effectors and staphylococci were in the ratio 1:100. Greatest overall inhibition was by E. coli, E. freundii, and Proteus vulgaris, and these species were more effective than the others at 22 and 30 C. Aerobacter cloacae and Paracolobactrum aerogenoides were more effective at 15 C. In general, results were similar with different strains of a species. Except for Aerobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella sp., and P. aerogenoides, which apparently did not compete for nutrients, inhibition of the staphylococcus was by a combination of antibiotic substances and competition for nutrients.
Planificación de la preparación para la influenza pandémica: esfuerzos regionales

Failure to establish a contingency plan prior to a public health emergency can have catastrophic consequences. The threat of a new influenza pandemic has prompted countries to draft national strategic preparedness plans to prevent, mitigate, and recover from a potential influenza pandemic. This paper examines these preparations in Latin America and the Caribbean and describes potential scenarios of pandemic impact on the burden of mortality and on health services in the Region. In particular, the paper reports on the progress made by Member States in developing national influenza pandemic preparedness plans and implementation mechanisms at both the national and local levels. These achievements were facilitated through a series of planning workshops and self-assessment exercises conducted by PAHO for intersectoral country teams and guided by the WHO global influenza preparedness plan. Although significant progress has been made in plan completeness, intercountry preparedness planning and local level implementation remain key challenges. Multisectoral partnerships are clearly paramount to securing the commitment and resources needed to reach and sustain effective pandemic preparedness in the Americas.
Control of energy metabolism in hamster brown adipose tissue.

Isolated brown fat cells were prepared from hamsters fasted for 48 hours and were incubated in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer. Endogenous respiration was low and was stimulated 6-fold by succinate, 4-fold by α-glycerophosphate, 20-fold by oleate, up to 30-fold by epinephrine or norepinephrine, and 2- to 4-fold by uncoupling agents. The norepinephrine-stimulated respiration was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by oligomycin, arsenite, and uncoupling agents. Succinate respiration was relatively insensitive to inhibition by oligomycin or to stimulation by uncoupling agents. Malonate at concentrations which inhibited completely succinate respiration had no effect on norepinephrine-stimulated respiration. Malate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate were shown to be the end products of succinate and α-glycerophosphate respirations, respectively. The ratio of endogenous ATP to ADP in resting cells was 4.6. This ratio decreased by about one-half when respiration was initiated by norepinephrine or oleate. A submaximal concentration of the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone decreased ATP levels by 60%, whereas subsequent addition of norepinephrine caused an elevation of the ATP content towards control values. Addition of oligomycin also caused a fall of ATP, which was restored almost to normal by addition of norepinephrine. Arsenite caused a small depletion of ATP, but subsequent addition of norepinephrine produced a rapid fall of the ATP content. A similar effect was obtained in the presence of arsenite and oligomycin. Addition of succinate to cells after prior additions of arsenite and norepinephrine was able to spark a large increase of oxygen uptake, possibly by providing ATP for fatty acid activation. The present results emphasize the role of substrate level phosphorylation for generation of high energy phosphate required for the activation of fatty acids to the coenzyme A derivatives. However, it is apparent that some degree of control at phosphorylation sites by phosphate acceptors limits respiration of brown fat in the resting state. Stimulation of the tissue by norepinephrine, which causes the liberation of free fatty acids from triglyceride, provides both substrate and messenger for the release of respiratory control. It is suggested that if fatty acids themselves are the primary uncoupling agent, brown fat mitochondria must be extremely sensitive to the release of respiratory control by these agents.
MO‐FG‐303‐08: PET‐Detectable Bimetallic (Zn@Au) Nanoparticles for Radiotherapy and Molecular Imaging Applications

Purpose: A technical challenge in clinical translation of GNP-mediated radiotherapy is lack of in-vivo imaging tools for monitoring biodistribution of GNPs. While several modalities (x-ray fluorescence, photoacoustic, etc.) are investigated, we propose a potentially more effective technique based on PET imaging. We developed Zn@Au NPs whose Zn core acts as positron emitters when activated by protons, while the Au shell plays the original role for GNP-mediated radiosensitization. Methods: Spherical Zn NPs (∼7nm diameter) were synthesized and then coated with ∼7nm thick Au layer to make Zn@Au NPs (∼20nm diameter). A water slurry containing 29mg of Zn@Au NPs was deposited (<10µm thickness) on a thin cellulose target and subsequently baked to remove the water. The cellulose matrix was placed in an aluminum target holder and irradiated with 14.5MeV protons from a GE PETtrace cyclotron with 4µA for 5min. After irradiation the cellulose matrix with the NPs was placed in a dose calibrator to assay radioactivity. Gamma spectroscopy using a HPGe detector was conducted on a very small fraction (<1mg) of the irradiated NPs. Results: We measured 158µCi of activity 32min after end of bombardment (EOB) using 66Ga setting on the dose calibrator (contribution from the cellulose matrix is negligible) which decreased to 2µCi over a 24hrs period. A gamma spectrum started one hour after EOB on the small fraction and acquired for 700sec showed a strong peak at 511keV (∼40,000 counts) with several other peaks (highest peak <1200 counts) of smaller magnitude. Conclusion: Strong 511keV gamma emission from proton-activated Zn cores can potentially be utilized to image the biodistribution of Zn@Au NPs using a PET scanner. The developed Zn@Au NPs are expected to retain radiosensitizing capability similar to solid GNPs, while observable through PET imaging for human-sized objects. Moreover, bioconjugated PET-detectable GNPs would allow a new option to perform molecular imaging.
On the whitham equations and ( X, ψ ) duality

We give a sketch of some material on (X, ψ) duality and enhanced dKdV on a Riemann surface from (Carroll (1997a)) plus a new scheme of calculation for enhanced dKdV which simplifies and explicates the procedure. An example is developed on an elliptic curve.
Complete DiGeorge syndrome: development of rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells in 5 cases.

Abstract Background Five patients with DiGeorge syndrome presented with infections, skin rashes, and lymphadenopathy after the newborn period. T-cell counts and function varied greatly in each patient. Initial laboratory testing did not suggest athymia in these patients. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the patients had significant immunodeficiency. Methods Research testing of peripheral blood included immunoscope evaluation of T-cell receptor β variable gene segment repertoire diversity, quantification of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles, and detection of naive T cells (expressing CD45RA and CD62L). Results The patients were classified as having DiGeorge syndrome on the basis of syndromic associations and heart, parathyroid, and immune abnormalities. Immunoscope evaluation revealed that the T-cell repertoires were strikingly oligoclonal in all patients. There were few recent thymic emigrants, as indicated by the very low numbers of naive T cells ( 3 ) and the absence of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles. These studies showed that all 5 patients were athymic. Two patients died, one from infection. No thymus was found during the complete autopsy performed on one patient. Conclusion Patients with DiGeorge syndrome, skin rash, and lymphadenopathy should undergo analysis of naive T-cell numbers and of T-cell receptor β variability segment repertoire to determine whether they are athymic, even if they have T cells with mitogen responsiveness. It is important for physicians to realize that patients with complete DiGeorge syndrome remain profoundly immunodeficient after development of these atypical features (rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells). Prompt diagnosis is necessary for appropriate management.
Accuracy of silicon versus thermopile radiometers for daily and monthly integrated total hemispherical solar radiation

Measurement stations for solar radiation resource assessment data are expensive and labor intensive. For this reason, long-term solar radiation measurements are not widely available. Growing interest in solar renewable energy systems has generated a great number of questions about the quality of data obtained from inexpensive silicon photodiode radiometers versus costly thermopile radiometers. We analyze a year of daily total and monthly mean global horizontal irradiance measurements derived from 1-minute averages of 3-second samples of pyranometer signals. The data were collected simultaneously from both types of radiometers at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) operated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado. All broadband radiometers in service at SRRL are calibrated annually using an outdoor method with reference radiometers traceable to the World Radiometric Reference. We summarized the data by daily total and monthly mean daily total amounts of solar radiation. Our results show that systematic and random errors (identified in our outdoor calibration process) in each type of radiometer cancel out over periods of one day or more. Daily total and mean monthly daily total solar energy measured by the two pyranometer types compare within 1% to 2%. The individual daily variations among different models of thermopile radiometers may be up to twice as large, up to ±5%, being highest in the winter (higher average solar zenith angle conditions) and lowest in summer, consistent with the lower solar zenith angle conditions.
Pathogenesis of anAspergillus flavus infection ofGalleria mellonella eggs

Egg masses of the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonella L. experimentally infected with conidia ofAspergillus flavusLink became rapidly covered with the mycelium and were eventually destroyed. Germ tubes from conidia penetrated not only infertile, but also damaged eggs. Healthy eggs were often penetrated both by conidial germ tubes and mycelia elements. Once penetrated, eggs become filled with mycelium in as little as two days, after which conidiophores and mycelia protrude outwardly through the chorion.
Zero-sum flows of the linear lattice

A zero-sum flow of a graph G is an element of the nullspace of the incidence matrix of G whose entries are nonzero real numbers. A zero-sum flow is called a k-flow if all the entries of the nullspace vector are integers less than k in absolute value. It is conjectured that any graph with a zero-sum flow must admit a 6-flow. In this note, we consider the lattice of subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space over a finite field. We prove the existence of zero-sum flows for the incidence matrix between two levels of the linear lattice with different rank numbers. Using field-theoretic considerations, we also show that there exists an ( m q + 1 ) -flow or ( n - m q + 1 )-flow between levels 1 and m for 2 ź m ź n - 2 whenever m or n - m , respectively, divide n. Additionally, if neither m nor n - m divides n, we show there exists a 2- or 3-flow between levels 1 and m.
Vigilance Performance under Hypoxia: II. Effect of Work-Rest Schedule

Summary.-18 Ss were required to perform a visual vigilance task for 2 hr. while breathing either 21% Oa (sea level) or 10 9% 02 (17,000 ft.). The 2-hr. trial period contained either no rest periods, one 10.rnin. rest period, or three 10-min. rest periods. Vigilance performance deteriorated under 10.9% 02, and the introduction of rest periods did not reduce this decrement. Of two individual difference measures taken, IQ and Sensation-seeking score, only IQ related to vigilance performance and only at sea level (21% 02). In a previous study, Cahoon (in press) found that hypoxia produced a significant decrement in vigilance performance such that Ss in a 2-hr. discrimination task showed significant decreases in percentage of signals detected from 21% oxygen (sea level) to 10.9% ,oxygen (17,000-ft. altitude). The present study was designed to determine the effects of rest periods on such decrements. It has been shown, for example, that the use of rest periods varying from 30 sec. (Jenkins, 1958) to 30 min. (Mackworth, 1948) helped to reduce the drop in signal detection found in vigilance studies at sea level. Such rest periods may be particularly effective at high altitude where frequent rest periods appear to be desirable for many types of performance (Gerben & House, 1969). In addition to group changes, the previous study also showed that field dependence was related to poor vigilance performance (Cahoon, in press) in that Ss who scored high on the embedded-figures subtesr of the Cattell A-0 battery indicated a greater ability to discriminate between signals and non-signals than Ss who scored low. In the present srudy, two further measures of individual variation were explored in conjunction with hypoxia exposure. Pollack ( 1929), Poffenberger ( 1938), and Taylor, Thompson, and Spassoff ( 1937) found that subjective feelings of boredom, fatigue, and monotony were related to vigilance performance since the most easily bored Ss showed the greatest decrement in performance. In the present study, this variable was measured by the Sensationseeking Scale developed by Zuckerman, Kolin, Price, and Zoob ( 1964). It has also been found that intelligence as reflected by IQ scores accounts for much of the individual variation in vigilance performance. Kappauf and Powe (1959), for example, showed that Ss who scored low on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) generally showed a greater decrement on an audio'The assistance of Kathryn Keighley in the collection of data and in statistical analysis is gratefully acknowledged.
Aspects of JASIS authorship through five decades

The Journal of the American Society for Information Science (JASIS) is completing 50 years of publication. Aspects of authorship of papers in JASIS were studied by examining one volume from each decade of JASIS's existence. For each substantial paper in these volumes, data were collected regarding number of authors, type of affiliation of each author, author's gender, and author's country if it was not the United States. Also noted were data on length, content, and “colonicity” of the title, and data on the extent of citing and self-citing in the paper. Findings are presented, and are compared with findings of other studies of JASIS and related publications. Based on this survey of JASIS, the literature of information science has grown exponentially, as would be expected in a new or developing discipline. Authorship has been growing even a little faster, because multiple authorship of information science papers has become much more common. Representation of authors from different countries has increased greatly. But, compared to various library journals, JASIS is not outstanding in either multiple authorship or degree of foreign representation. Individual authors, at least in JASIS, are increasingly likely to produce multiple papers; the extent, explanation, and significance of this phenomenon warrant further inquiry. The percentage of authors who are female has grown, but is higher in many related journals than it is in JASIS. Trends in the titling of papers suggest that writings have become more informative, but also considerably wordier. “Scholarliness” of papers has increased on the basis of a rapid rise in use of colons in titles. More importantly, scholarship has increased greatly on the basis of the disappearance of papers that lack citations and the exponential growth in the average number of references per paper. It appears that the field of information science underwent an important transition in authorship characteristics after the 1950s. The proportion of authors with academic affiliations has grown so large that other types of affiliations, although significant in the 1950s, are now hardly represented at all. Contributions by authors whose professional concerns are primarily with applied aspects of information science have thus become rarer. Such changes may have serious implications for information science and for JASIS, and deserve study.
The biology of larvae from the reef coral Porites astreoides , and their response to temperature disturbances

Pelagic larvae play a fundamental role in the life history of virtually all scleractinian corals, yet much of their biology remains unexplored. One aspect of coral larvae – their response to temperature perturbations – has potentially important consequences for understanding the effects of global warming and El Nino–Southern Oscillation events on coral recruitment. The present study tests the effects of temperature perturbations on coral larvae using Porites astreoides larvae as a model system. In June 1999, larvae were collected from 18 m depth on Conch Reef, Florida, and incubated at ambient (28°C), depressed (26°C), and elevated (33°C) temperatures in outdoor tanks shaded from direct sunlight. Treatments were repeated with new larvae every 24 h, and treatment effects quantified as larval motility, mortality, metamorphosis and metabolism. Elevated temperature significantly increased mortality and metamorphosis, and a similar trend was observed at the reduced temperature, although this was not significant. Neither elevated nor reduced temperatures affected larval motility. Gross photosynthesis (P) was significantly depressed by elevated and reduced temperatures, and respiration (R) varied proportionately with temperature (Q 10≈2), although this effect was not statistically significant. At the highest temperature the P/R ratio declined to <1, indicating that thermal stress reduces the potential for autotrophy. Together, these results suggest that elevated temperatures affect coral larvae by depressing photosynthesis and creating an energy shortage, which ultimately could reduce recruitment (by increasing mortality), shorten larval longevity and favor premature metamorphosis. An unexpected finding was that larvae differed physiologically among release dates. Although preliminary, this suggests that larval fitness in Porites spp. may vary depending on the day of release, a phenomenon that could have significant ramifications with respect to the population structure of adults.
Analysis and design of rolling-contact joints for evaluating bone plate performance

An apparatus for testing maxillofacial bone plates has been designed using a rolling contact joint. First, a free-body representation of the fracture fixation techniques utilizing bone plates is used to illustrate how rolling contact joints accurately simulate in vivo biomechanics. Next, a deterministic description of machine functional requirements is given, and is then used to drive the subsequent selection and design of machine elements. Hertz contact stress and fatigue analysis for two elements are used to ensure that the machine will both withstand loads required to deform different plates, and maintain a high cycle lifetime for testing large numbers of plates. Additionally, clinically relevant deformations are presented to illustrate how stiffness is affected after a deformation is applied, and to highlight improvements made by the machine over current testing standards, which do not adequately re-create in vivo loading conditions. The machine performed as expected and allowed for analysis of bone plates in both deformed and un-deformed configurations to be conducted. Data for deformation experiments is presented to show that the rolling-contact testing machine leads to improved loading configurations, and thus a more accurate description of plate performance. A machine for evaluation of maxillofacial bone plates has been designed, manufactured, and used to accurately simulate in vivo loading conditions to more effectively evaluate the performance of both new and existing bone plates.
Another Look at the Dimensionality of a Learning Style Questionnaire

The dimensionality of a new learning style questionnaire (LSQ) was examined using a principal components analysis with an orthogonal rotation. While the number of dimensions found agreed with the hypothesized number, the composition of the dimensions was significantly different from what was hypothesized.
Temperature dependent magnetic contributions to the high field elastic constants of nickel and an Fe-Ni alloy

Abstract Since the fundamental interaction between magnetic moments in a ferromagnet makes a contribution to the total energy, there should also be a corresponding contribution to the elastic constants. In order to observe this effect, the elastic constants C 44 , 1 2 (C 11 −C 12 ) and 1 2 (C 11 +C 12 +2C 44 ) have been measured in nickel and an Fe-30% Ni alloy through their respective Curie temperatures at high enough applied magnetic fields to eliminate the ordinary “Δ E effect” associated with domain wall motion. The intrinsic magnetic interaction which should produce changes in the elastic constants upon passing through the Curie temperature was clearly observed in both materials. The first and the second derivatives of the exchange energy are estimated from these results. Such an interpretation is relatively straightforward for nickel, but the large volume magnetostriction of the Fe-Ni alloy makes the analysis of the data difficult. The measurements on nickel were extended down to 4.2°K while those on the alloy do not go below room temperature because of a possible martensitic transformation of this alloy.
THE 2000 NORTH CAROLINA RELIGIOUS ADHERENCE RATE: A DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLANATION

An area's religious adherence rate may be impacted by such factors as community stability, deregulated religious markets, educational attainment, income level, the sex ratio, and a population's age structure. Utilizing 2000 Glenmary and census data for each of North Carolina's 100 counties, the impact of these demographic factors on the religious adherence rate is assessed. North Carolina is an interesting case since it has traditionally been a strong Southern Baptist state. However, in recent years the state has experienced significant growth through migration. As a result Baptist primacy has eroded slightly. Findings indicate that the religious adherence rate varies directly with a community's income level and the percentage of the population that is elderly. More importantly, support is given to Stark's claim that monopolistic and competitive forces may interact within a given religious market to stimulate religious involvement.
Pressure of an elastic body on a rigid base with a recess partially filled with a liquid that does not wet their surfaces

We have investigated the contact interaction of an elastic body with a rigid base having a surface recess causing a gap between the bodies. At the gap center, there is an intersurface bridge of an incompressible nonwetting liquid, and, at its edges, there is a gas under a constant pressure. Using the method of functions of intercontact gaps, we have reduced the problem to a singular integral equation for the gap height, which has been solved analytically. We have also analyzed the dependence of the length of the region with the liquid and its pressure on the load, liquid volume, and its surface tension.
The composition, charge and architecture of hydronium ions as observed in the crystalline state

Abstract The structures of hydronium ions present in single crystals have, by and large, been thought as being relatively simple and characterized by the classical formulae H3O+, H 5 O 2 + , H 7 O 3 + and H 9 O 4 + . All of them are thought to be quasi-planar, acyclic entities of charge +1, exclusively. In this review, we show that such is not the case in view of the fact that there exist documented examples of cyclic hydronium ions, that their charge can be larger than +1 and that they exist in aggregates containing more than four oxygens. Moreover, it is documented that hydronium ions exist in the form of geometrical isomers or conformers. To cite this article: I. Bernal, C. R. Chimie 9 (2006).
Risk Factor Analysis of Postoperative Complications in Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Purpose: We evaluate our experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy to determine risk factors for postoperative complications.Materials and Methods: A prospectively maintained database of 507 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy procedures since September 1999 was retrospectively analyzed with emphasis on postoperative complications. Severity of complications was graded using a 5-tiered scale based on National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Version 2.0 reporting criteria. Complication rates were compared between 1999 to 2002 and 2003 to 2006. Multivariate analysis of baseline and perioperative variables was performed to identify risk factors associated with postoperative complications for the 2 eras.Results: After 507 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy procedures 93 patients (19.7%) had 107 complications, including 49 urological (9.7%) and 58 nonurological (11.4%). Of the complications, 20.6% were grade I, 45% were grade II, 30% were grade III, 4.7% were grade IV and none were grade V. On multi...
Submicroampere Per Root Hz, High Bandwidth Current Sensor Based On The Faraday Effect In Ga:YIG

We demonstrate an optical fiber current sensor based on the Faraday effect in gallium substituted yttrium iron garnet that has a measured sensitivity of approximately 3.0 /spl deg//A, a noise equivalent current of about 500 nA/spl radic/Hz, and a 3 dB bandwidth of approximately 10 MHz. The sensitivity-bandwidth product is about a factor of 40 greater than an all-fiber current sensor with the same diameter.
The influence of muscles on knee flexion during the swing phase of gait

Although the movement of the leg during swing phase is often compared to the unforced motion of a compound pendulum, the muscles of the leg are active during swing and presumably influence its motion. To examine the roles of muscles in determining swing phase knee flexion, we developed a muscle-actuated forward dynamic simulation of the swing phase of normal gait. Joint angles and angular velocities at toe-off were derived from experimental measurements, as were pelvis motions and muscle excitations. Joint angles and joint moments resulting from the simulation corresponded to experimental measurements made during normal gait. Muscular joint moments and initial joint angular velocities were altered to determine the effects of each upon peak knee flexion in swing phase. As expected, the simulation demonstrated that either increasing knee extension moment or decreasing toe-off knee flexion velocity decreased peak knee flexion. Decreasing hip flexion moment or increasing toe-off hip flexion velocity also caused substantial decreases in peak knee flexion. The rectus femoris muscle played an important role in regulating knee flexion; removal of the rectus femoris actuator from the model resulted in hyperflexion of the knee, whereas an increase in the excitation input to the rectus femoris actuator reduced knee flexion. These findings confirm that reduced knee flexion during the swing phase (stiff-knee gait) may be caused by overactivity of the rectus femoris. The simulations also suggest that weakened hip flexors and stance phase factors that determine the angular velocities of the knee and hip at toe-off may be responsible for decreased knee flexion during swing phase.
On approximation of XN by incomplete polynomials

where iIfIIm = sup{]f(x)l : 0 < x < 1:. For example, p,& = 2P+‘T, , where T,(x) = cos(n cos-l x) are the Chebyshev polynomials. It is easy to verify that not all the coefficients of p,*,, are bounded as IZ tends to infinity. In fact, the “middle” coefficients of pa,, have the order of magnitude n-lj2 (27/16)“j4. In this paper, we show that if m does not tend to infinity with n, then all the coefficients of pz,, are bounded. This is included in the following
Zero-one programming with many variables and few constraints

Abstract One of the more successful techniques for solving zero-one integer programs has been the implicit enumeration strategy first introduced by E. Balas. However, experience has shown that the efficiency of these enumerative techniques depends critically upon the bumber of variables. In this paper an algorithm is developed and computational experience provided for solving zero-one integer programs with many variables and few constraints. Sub-problems solved via implicit enumeration are generated from the linear programming relaxation and the variables in these sub-problems correspond to the fractional variables obtained in the linear program. Since the number of fractional variables in the linear program is bounded by the number of constraints in the linear program, the sub-problems will in general contain many fewer variables than the original zero-one integer program.
Mechanisms of meiotic non-disjunction in man.

IT is useful at this stage of human cytogenetics to keep in mind the whole spectrum of possibilities of chromosomal behaviour. In this sense Dr. Stewart's emphasis on the possibility of non-disjunction during the second meiotic division is valuable. His discussion rests on the assumption that non-disjunction is preceded by crossing-over between homologous chromosomes. In my discussion of second division non-disjunction I had specified absence of crossing-over (and, thus, made no assumption as to closeness of the locus for colour blindness to the kinetochore). According to Dr. Stewart's scheme it would follow that genes distantly located would less often become homozygous than proximal genes. This is the opposite to what is well established in Drosophila, although it cannot be excluded, of course, that human chromosomes may behave differently. In Drosophila the more frequent homozygosis for distal than proximal genes signifies that non-disjunction preceded by crossing-over occurs during the first meiotic division.
Apotransferrin stimulation of thyroid hormone dependent rat pituitary tumor cell growth in serum-free chemically defined medium : role of FE(III) chelation

Triiodothyronine (T3) dependent growth of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells in serum-free defined culture requires apotransferrin (apo Tf) (Sirbasku et al.: Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 77:C47–C55, 1991). Diferric transferrin (2Fe · Tf) also is necessary as an iron source (Eby et al.: Anal. Biochem., 203:317–325, 1992). Further, T3 dependence is prevented by soluble Fe(III) addition to the medium (Sato et al.: In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 27A:599–602, 1991). While our data suggested that apo Tf caused growth by chelation of Fe(III), direct evidence was required. We used urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis along with autoradiography and Western immunoblotting to measure the Fe(III) content of growing GH1 cell cultures and identify the apo Tf, mono-metal transferrins and 2Fe · Tf present. We found that apo Tf per se did not cause growth but instead chelated inhibitory levels of Fe(III). In fact, apo Tf need not be present at all provided that Fe(III) is reduced to ≤0.6 μM. In addition, other protein and non-protein Fe(III) chelators were shown to be as effective as apo Tf. Here, we report that pituitary cells are completely inhibited by ≥1.2 μM Fe(III), which are concentrations which might be expected in many culture media and usually are not thought to influence growth. The high sensitivity of pituitary cells to Fe(III) suggests further study to determine what cellular functions are affected and how they interfere with thyroid hormone dependence. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Location in Search

As users turn increasingly to handheld devices to find information, the research community has focused on real-time location signals (GPS signals) to improve search engine effectiveness. Location signals have been investigated for predicting businesses the user will frequent[3], assigning geographic coordinates to media files[1], and to improve mobile search ranking[2]. While the increased focus on real-time user location has produced excellent research, there remains a gap between the capabilities being developed in the research community, and the capabilities being developed by commercial search engines. The core of this discrepancy between the advances in research and advances in industry is understanding the user's location. The vast majority of research on user location assumes that the user's location is known, because the user has provided a GPS signal. For many systems, there is no GPS signal available. The user may choose not enable it, or the system chooses not to prompt the user for the location because doing so degrades the user experience. For these interactions, the system relies on the user's IP address for location information. Further, much of the current research uses public geocoded data such as Foursquare (http://www.foursquare.com visited June 2015), and Twitter (http://www.twitter.com visited June 2015). These data are an incomplete picture of places a user may visit, and are potentially biased in their representation of actual users. The information contained in these data is not the same type of information typically available to a commercial search engine. In this talk we discuss gaps between current research on location, and industry advances in using location signals to improve search results. We focus on user location as one example of a gap between research and development.
Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: The new face of an old disease.

Purpose: To provide an overview of tuberculosis (TB), especially the persistent threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and the role of the nurse practitioner (NP) in diagnosis, treatment, and public health surveillance. Data sources: Public health sources such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control as well as current literature. Conclusions: One hundred twenty-five years after the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the disease remains a persistent threat and a leading cause of death worldwide. Medication adherence and prevention are critical to successfully treating and ultimately eradicating this killer disease. Healthcare providers need to be knowledgeable in the detection and diagnosis of TB and to understand that they assume responsibility for public health by monitoring treatment adherence and/or appropriate referral. Implications for practice: The persistent and increasing threat of MDR-TB and XDR-TB is a significant public health threat. Healthcare providers need to be knowledgeable and vigilant in diagnosing and treating this disease.
Fostering creativity in CS1 by hosting a computer science art show

Computer science is ultimately about creating. Most people enter the field of computer science with a desire to create something new, whether that is "software" (of whatever type), web applications, mobile applications, video games, self-driving cars, etc. However, creativity is probably not a term the common public widely associates with computing. To address this misconception, we developed and directed campus-wide Computer Science Art Shows to be run in conjunction with Media Computation-based CS1 classes. The Computer Science Art Show enables students to showcase their work to their peers while simultaneously highlighting the opportunity to create in computer science. This article describes the art show, details how to integrate the class homework problems into the show, and provides guidance to potential show directors.