cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a system for the in-situ characterisation of thoroughbred horse racing track surfaces

A significant challenge in the operation of a thoroughbred horse racing venue is the optimisation of the racetrack for fairness, consistency and the reduction of safety concerns. Trainers, jockeys, owners and the betting public expect a properly maintained track for racing and training. Currently the track condition is evaluated in qualitative terms such as “fast and hard” or “wet.” Maintenance of the surface depends on the experience and judgement of the track superintendent. Improved methods to test the track by measuring functional parameters would benefit horses and jockeys whilst keeping the sport open to innovative track designs. The surface loading conditions of the track materials in horse racing are unique. More than 9 kN of force is applied during each stride to the contact area of the hoof. The hoof contact area is approximately 9500 mm 2 and the hoof moves downward at a speed of more than 5 m s −1 during each stride. This paper describes work on a system that simulates the initial impact and loading phase of the gait of a horse at a gallop. The system applies to the track an impact velocity and load that approximates that of a horse during galloping while also acquiring five channels of data. Data from a load cell is monitored and the vertical and horizontal accelerations are obtained from the device measurement. Initial base-line data from tracks around the United States showed a large coefficient of variation for the two simple measured parameters considered in this paper; i.e. the peak load and the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical acceleration. The ability to detect a change in the harrow depth due to a malfunctioning implement at one track was demonstrated. The potential now exists for superintendents to develop track maintenance techniques which ensure that different tracks have the same performance characteristics. This is similar to techniques that are used to compare soccer and other sports pitches [FIFA (2006). Handbook of Test Methods for Football Turf, March 2006 ed., Federation Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland]. This measurement technique will allow the effects of maintenance on the track performance to be evaluated.
Interpersonal and economic resources and marital quality

This article examines the impact of interpersonal and economic resources in the context of marital interaction. The Foa and Foa (1973) typology of resources is used to conceptualize how interpersonal and economic resources are interrelated. It is proposed in this article that marital quality is, in part, dependent upon both spouses having access to a variety of types of resources. Implications are drawn for how the changing context of economic issues influences marital quality as we approach the end of the century.
Expression cloning of a new member of the ABO blood group glycosyltransferases, iGb3 synthase, that directs the synthesis of isoglobo-glycosphingolipids.

Abstract The large array of different glycolipids described in mammalian tissues is a reflection, in part, of diverse glycosyltransferase expression. Herein, we describe the cloning of a UDP-galactose: β-d-galactosyl-1,4-glucosylceramide α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (iGb3 synthase) from a rat placental cDNA expression library. iGb3 synthase acts on lactosylceramide, LacCer (Galβ1,4Glcβ1Cer) to form iGb3 (Galα1,3Galβ1,4Glcβ1Cer) initiating the synthesis of the isoglobo-series of glycosphingolipids. The isolated cDNA encoded a predicted protein of 339 amino acids, which shows extensive homology (40–50% identity) to members of the ABO gene family that includes: murine α1,3-galactosyltransferase, Forssman (Gb5) synthase, and the ABO glycosyltransferases. In contrast to the murine α1,3-galactosyltransferase, iGb3synthase preferentially modifies glycolipids over glycoprotein substrates. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed a widespread tissue distribution of iGb3 synthase RNA expression, with high levels observed in spleen, thymus, and skeletal muscle. As an indirect consequence of the expression cloning strategy used, we have been able to identify several potential glycolipid biosynthetic pathways where iGb3 functions, including the globo- and isoglobo-series of glycolipids.
Progression of renal function in preterm neonates with gestational age ≤32 weeks

Serum creatinine (SeCr), creatinine clearance (CrCl), and fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) were measured in 83 preterm neonates divided into four groups according to gestational age (GA). At birth, there were no differences in mean SeCr values in the four groups nor any significant correlation between initial values and GA. In all groups there was an initial SeCr increase; an inverse correlation between SeCr and GA was observed from the 3rd day of life to the 5th week (p<0.001). CrCl showed a positive correlation to GA from the first week onwards (p<0.001); in each group CrCl values correlated positively to days of life (p=0.0001). Rate of CrCl increase correlated positively to GA(p=0.0005). FeNa showed an inverse correlation to GA from the first week (p<0.001). In each group, the FeNa value correlated negatively to postnatal age (p<0.001) and the velocity of decrease was directly correlated to GA (p=0.0358). Our findings indicate that glomerular function shows a progression directly correlated to GA and postnatal age, while tubular function correlates inversely to the same parameters. The values reported could be useful for following renal function in very low birth weight infants.
Mechanical ventilation induces diaphragmatic mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidant production

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving intervention used in patients with acute respiratory failure. Unfortunately, prolonged MV results in diaphragmatic weakness, which is an important contributor to the failure to wean patients from MV. Our laboratory has previously shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in mediating diaphragmatic weakness after MV. However, the pathways responsible for MV-induced diaphragmatic ROS production remain unknown. These experiments tested the hypothesis that prolonged MV results in an increase in mitochondrial ROS release, mitochondrial oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, adult (3–4 months of age) female Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to either a control or a 12-h MV group. After treatment, diaphragms were removed and mitochondria were isolated for subsequent respiratory and biochemical measurements. Compared to control, prolonged MV resulted in a lower respiratory control ratio in diaphragmatic mitochondria. Furthermore, diaphragmatic mitochondria from MV animals released higher rates of ROS in both State 3 and State 4 respiration. Prolonged MV was also associated with diaphragmatic mitochondrial oxidative damage as indicated by increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Finally, our data also reveal that the activities of the electron transport chain complexes II, III, and IV are depressed in mitochondria isolated from diaphragms of MV animals. In conclusion, these results are consistent with the concept that diaphragmatic inactivity promotes an increase in mitochondrial ROS emission, mitochondrial oxidative damage, and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction.
Sequential anaerobic–aerobic treatment of an aquifer contaminated by halogenated organics: field results

In situ, sequential, anaerobic to aerobic treatment of groundwater removed perchloroethene (PCE, 1.1 microM) and benzene (0.8 microM) from a contaminated aquifer. Neither aerobic nor anaerobic treatment alone successfully degraded both the chlorinated and non-chlorinated organic contaminants in the aquifer. After the sequential treatment, PCE, trichloroethene (TCE), vinyl chloride (VC), chloroethane (CA), and benzene were not detectable in groundwater. Desorption of residual aquifer contaminants was tested by halting the groundwater recirculation and analyzing the groundwater after 3 and 7 weeks. No desorption of the chlorinated contaminants or daughter products was observed in the treated portion of the aquifer. Sequential anaerobic to aerobic treatment was successful in remediating the groundwater at this test site and may have broad applications at other contaminated sites. Over the 4-year course of the project, the predominant microbial environment of the test site varied from aerobic to sulfate-reducing, to methanogenic, and back to aerobic conditions. Metabolically active microbial populations developed under all conditions, demonstrating the diversity and robustness of natural microbial flora in the aquifer.
Relaxation of Nuclear Magnetization of Liquid He 3 in Confined Geometries

We present a model for the relaxation of the magnetization of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in contact with a solid substrate, leading to an explanation of the generally seen linear dependence of ${T}_{1}$ on temperature. The temperature dependence of the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ relaxation time results from the localization of the relaxation to the interfacial layer of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. The model, tested for experiments on a fluorocarbon substrate, fits the data over three decades of temperature, with one adjustable parameter.
Civil Systems Aspects of the SSC

The Reference Designs Study (RDS) of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) came to a conclusion in May, 1984. During the course of the study, the design team had shown the feasibility of designing and constructing an SSC. An important element in the overall project concerned the physical plant for the new research laboratory. About 1/3 of the approximately $3 billion cost estimate was devoted to the construction of the tunnels, buildings and conventional facilities for the project. The SSC is planned to be constructed in less than six years following the development phase, currently estimated to end in October, 1987. This paper briefly reviews the civil systems that were developed during the course of the RDS. The technical features of the SSC led to a consideration of the siting needs and criteria. The criteria that have been suggested to DOE will be briefly described. Finally, the study and design work to be undertaken in the next couple years is outlined including a brief exploration of issues and problems.
Development and analytical validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in serum and faeces from cats

The objective of this study was to develop and analytically validate an ELISA for the measurement of alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (α(1)-PI) in serum and faeces from cats. Lower detection limit, linearity, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and reference intervals were determined. The lower detection limits were 0.02 g/L for serum and 0.04 μg/g for faeces. The observed-to-expected (O/E) ratios for serial dilutions of serum and faecal samples ranged from 100.0 to 129.7% (mean±SD: 112.2±9.9%) and 103.5 to 141.6% (115.6±12.8%), respectively. The O/E ratios for samples spiked with seven known concentrations of α(1)-PI ranged from 82.3 to 107.8% (94.7±7.6%) for serum, and 78.5 to 148.7% (96.8±18.2%) for faeces. The coefficients of variation for intra-assay and inter-assay variability were <7.9% and <12.1% for serum, and 5.3%, 11.8%, 14.2%, and 7.7%, 10.2%, 20.4% for faeces, respectively. Reference intervals were 0.6-1.4 g/L for serum and upto 1.6 μg/g for faeces. We conclude that this ELISA is sufficiently linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for clinical evaluation.
External Capacitor-Less Low Drop-Out Regulator With 25 dB Superior Power Supply Rejection in the 0.4–4 MHz Range

This paper presents design techniques for a high power supply rejection (PSR) low drop-out (LDO) regulator. A bulky external capacitor is avoided to make the LDO suitable for system-on-chip (SoC) applications while maintaining the capability to reduce high-frequency supply noise. The paths of the power supply noise to the LDO output are analyzed, and a power supply noise cancellation circuit is developed. The PSR performance is improved by using a replica circuit that tracks the main supply noise under process-voltage-temperature variations and all operating conditions. The effectiveness of the PSR enhancement technique is experimentally verified with an LDO that was fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology with a power supply of 1.8 V. The active core chip area is 0.14 mm2, and the entire proposed LDO consumes 80 μA of quiescent current during operation mode and 55 μA of quiescent current in standby mode. It has a drop-out voltage of 200 mV when delivering 50 mA to the load. The measured PSR is better than -56 dB up to 4 MHz when delivering a current of 50 mA. Compared to a conventional uncompensated LDO, the proposed architecture presents a PSR improvement of 34 dB and 25 dB at 1 MHz and 4 MHz, respectively.
An analytic model for kinetics of hemoglobin reacting with ligand.

Abstract The saturation function Y(t) descriptive of the kinetics of ligand binding by a biological macromolecule such as hemoglobin can be represented by Y(t) = Yeq{[1+e][1-exp- (σ1t)]} {[1+e]-e exp-(σ1t)}, where Yeq is the fraction of sites bound at equilibrium, and σ1 and e are parameters which can be determined by kinetics measurements. If the sites bind independently, fixed functional relations hold between the quantities (Yeq,σ1,e). These relations do not hold for cooperative ligand binding. The departures of these quantities from that required by the independent sites relations provide a measure of cooperativity. The present formulation, which includes the approximation that the multiplicity of chemical relaxation processes are dominated by a single one, can be extended for more refined applications.
Glycolytic enzyme interactions with yeast and skeletal muscle F-actin.

Interaction of glycolytic enzymes with F-actin is suggested to be a mechanism for compartmentation of the glycolytic pathway. Earlier work demonstrates that muscle F-actin strongly binds glycolytic enzymes, allowing for the general conclusion that “actin binds enzymes”, which may be a generalized phenomenon. By taking actin from a lower form, such as yeast, which is more deviant from muscle actin than other higher animal forms, the generality of glycolytic enzyme interactions with actin and the cytoskeleton can be tested and compared with higher eukaryotes, e.g., rabbit muscle. Cosedimentation of rabbit skeletal muscle and yeast F-actin with muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (aldolase) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) followed by Scatchard analysis revealed a biphasic binding, indicating high- and low-affinity domains. Muscle aldolase and GAPDH showed low-affinity for binding yeast F-actin, presumably because of fewer acidic residues at the N-terminus of yeast actin; this difference in affinity is also seen in Brownian dynamics computer simulations. Yeast GAPDH and aldolase showed low-affinity binding to yeast actin, which suggests that actin-glycolytic enzyme interactions may also occur in yeast although with lower affinity than in higher eukaryotes. The cosedimentation results were supported by viscometry results that revealed significant cross-linking at lower concentrations of rabbit muscle enzymes than yeast enzymes. Brownian dynamics simulations of yeast and muscle aldolase and GAPDH with yeast and muscle actin compared the relative association free energy. Yeast aldolase did not specifically bind to either yeast or muscle actin. Yeast GAPDH did bind to yeast actin although with a much lower affinity than when binding muscle actin. The binding of yeast enzymes to yeast actin was much less site specific and showed much lower affinities than in the case with muscle enzymes and muscle actin.
Recent results in heavy quark physics from lattice QCD

I discuss several new results from lattice heavy quark physics that have appeared in the last year.
On an Eigenflow Equation and its Lie Algebraic Generalization

This paper deals with a dynamical system of the form u A = ((N,A T + A),A) + �((A T ,A),A), where A is an n × n real matrix, N is a constant n × n real matrix, � is a positive constant and (A,B) = AB − BA. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to establish a sorting behavior of the dynamical system and to represent it in a general Lie algebraic setting. Moreover, some applications of the dynamical system are presented.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Flour Characteristics and Effect on Fresh and Frozen Dough Quality

ABSTRACT Growers are targeting hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (HRSW) for frozen dough end uses. Consequently, it is important to determine whether increasing nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates and grain protein content (GPC) improve frozen dough quality. Four HRSW cultivars were grown in low-N soils at three locations over two years in North Dakota and fertilized with N rates of 0 kg/ha, 67.2 kg/ha, and 134.4 kg/ha. End use characteristics were analyzed using farinograph, extensigraph, and baking tests. Fresh and frozen doughs were analyzed to determine the effects of N treatments on frozen storage. A cultivar × N treatment interaction existed for extensigram curve area of fresh dough. A significant increase in GPC existed between the 0 and 67.2 kg/ha N treatments. Farinograph water absorption, arrival times, and peak times increased significantly at the 67.2 kg/ha N treatment. Bread loaf volume of fresh dough increased significantly with all treatments, while loaf volume of frozen dough increase...
The KP equation with quasiperiodic initial data

Abstract The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation is known to admit exact, quasiperiodic solutions that can be written in terms of Riemann theta functions, with a finite number of phases in each solution. In this paper, we propose a method to solve the initial-value problem for the KP equation, for initial data taken from this class of quasiperiodic functions.
Marine transgressions and the evolution of Cretaceous dinosaurs

FLUCTUATIONS (transgressions and regressions) of intercon-tinental sea-ways during the Mesozoic Era affected the habitat area of coastal plains by alternately restricting the space during transgressive phases and expanding the space during regressive phases. In western North America a coastal plain stretched along the eastern front of the young Rocky Mountains during most of the Late Cretaceous. Here we report results of a six-year field study of the sediments and dinosaur remains from this coastal plain in Montana that provide evidence that anagenesis characterized dinosaur evolution at this time, and that the evolutionary pulse coincided with a marine transgression.
Magnetization switching and inverted hysteresis in perpendicular antiferromagnetic superlattices

The magnetization of antiferromagnetic (AFM) superlattices as a function of applied field was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. The simulated hysteresis loops of systems with N magnetic layers with AFM coupling between the layers exhibit distinct steps with magnetization that decreases with increasing N. Systems with odd N exhibit 3 steps and inverted hysteresis for N > 3, whereas systems with even N exhibit 4 steps, for N > 2, and their microscopic switching sequence is non-deterministic and can take two distinct pathways, even though the switching of the global magnetization is exactly reversible.
The role of technology in the delineation of the anabolic action of testosterone

Abstract The author describes the role of different technologies in his studies of the discovery of the anabolic action of testosterone and the subsequent studies to delineate the phenomenon from events in the whole animal to those at the molecular level, pointing to testosterone action at the DNA level and the involvement of soluble factors. The advances required the use of established technology, the modification of existing technology, and the adaption of timely introduced new tools. In some instances, the available technology was not equal to the challenge and the investigation had to be interrupted for several years until a suitable technology became available.
Streamlining the PK/PD data transfer process — 1 year later

AbstractThis paper is a follow-up to a paper in issue 3.1 of the Pharmaceutical Programming Journal where we provided an overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) component of clinical trials as well as an initiative taken by the Biostatistics and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK) departments at Biogen IDEC to develop more efficient processes for the handling and flow of PK/PD data in clinical trials. In this paper we describe the implementation of procedures developed in the initiative and the impact they have had on several clinical programs at Biogen. We have concluded that having a formal PK/PD data flow process has given the DMPK Scientists a place at the table when designing and conducting clinical trials as well as creating efficiencies for all involved functions.
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality and is clinically characterized by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The histopathology is marked by vascular proliferation/fibrosis, remodeling, and vessel obstruction. Development of PAH involves the complex interaction of multiple vascular effectors at all anatomic levels of the arterial wall. Subsequent vasoconstriction, thrombosis, and inflammation ensue, leading to vessel wall remodeling and cellular hyperproliferation as the hallmarks of severe disease. These processes are influenced by genetic predisposition as well as diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Recent studies have provided a glimpse at certain molecular pathways that contribute to pathogenesis; these have led to the identification of attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. We will review our current understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the genetic and exogenous/acquired triggers of PAH. The resulting imbalance of vascular effectors provoking pathogenic vascular changes will also be discussed, with an emphasis on common and overarching regulatory pathways that may relate to the primary triggers of disease. The current conceptual framework should allow for future studies to refine our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of PAH and improve the therapeutic regimen for this disease.
Improving the nutritional value of cool season food legumes

Abstract Cool season food legumes such as pea, lentil, chickpea, faba bean, grasspea and lupin have been consumed in animal and human diets since domestication and have been cultivated for over 9000 years. Due to their nutritional value they continue to make up a substantial portion of diets in developing countries worldwide. Seeds are composed of protein, starch, fiber, lipids, vitamins and minerals as well as several antinutritional compounds. Protein and starch combined account for 50-75% of seed mass. Similar amounts of protein and starch are present in each species and range from 15-40% and 35-53%, respectively. Fiber accounts for 1-22% of the seed mass. Chickpea is quite variable for fiber content, but faba bean, grasspea and lupin all contain approximately 15% fiber while pea and lentil have substantially lower levels, 4-8%. Protein composition is deficient in the sulfur amino acids, methionine and cysteine, but contains adequate levels of lysine making the legumes an excellent dietary complement t...
Determining when rare (zoo-)archaeological phenomena are truly absent

Archaeologists are regularly faced with the dilemma of determining if the absence of a class of item is the result of that class never having been present in an area or if its absence is the result of sample deficiencies. This dilemma is especially apparent when a class of item is rare and has a patchy distribution. Comparison of samples that lack specimens of the class with samples that have specimens reveals criteria of an adequate sample. These criteria must be met by a sample in order to convincingly argue that the class of item was never present in the area from which the sample derives, and to provide guidelines for developing sampling designs aimed at discovering rare phenomena.
Organic Phosphorus Compounds. 63. The Synthesis and Properties of α-Chloro-β-Styrenephosphonic-, Phenylacylphosphonic-, and α-Chloro-β-Methyl-β-Styrenephosphonic Acid1

Abstract The synthesis and properties of α-chloro-β-styrenephos-phonic acid (I), phenylacylphosphonic acid (II), and α-chloro-β-methyl-β-styrenephosphonic acid (III) are described and the 1H- and 31P[sbnd]NMR spectra are discussed.
Perspectives on the ecomorphology of bony fishes

The field of ecomorphology has a long history with early roots in Europe. In this half of the century the application of ecomorphology to the biology of fishes has developed in the former Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia, The Netherlands, and in North America. While the specific approaches vary among countries, many North American studies begin by comparing morphological variation with variation in ecological characteristics at the intra or interspecific levels. These initial correlative studies form the ground work for hypotheses that explore the mechanistic underpinnings of the observed ecomorphological associations. Supporting these mechanistic hypotheses are insights from functional studies which demonstrate the limits to potential resource use resulting from a particular morphology; however, the actual resource use is likely to be more limited due to additional constraints provided by internal (e.g., behavior, physiology) and external (e.g., resource abundance, predator distribution) factors. The results from performance studies in the laboratory or field can be used to test specific ecomorphological hypotheses developed from the initial correlational and functional studies. Such studies may, but rarely do, incorporate an ontogenetic analysis of the ecomorphological association to determine their effect on performance Finally, input from phylogenetic analyses allow an investigator to examine the evolution of specific features and to assess the rates and directionality of character evolution. The structural and ecological diversity of fishes provides a fertile ground to investigate these interactions. The contributions in this volume highlight some of the specific directions for ecomorphological research covering a variety of biological processes in fishes. These include foraging, locomotion, reproduction, respiration, and sensory systems. Running through these papers are new insights into universal ecomorphological issues, i.e., the relationships between form and ecological role and the factors that modify these relationships.
Retinal breaks after photocoagulation of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy.

• Retinal breaks developed in four eyes of four patients with hemoglobin SC disease and advanced proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR) after argon laser photocoagulation of feeder vessels. These cases represented 8.7% of the 46 eyes with PSR treated with the argon laser at our institution in 1977 and 1978. In three patients, the retinal breaks were immediately adjacent to the site of photocoagulation. A scleral buckling procedure was necessary in only one of the four eyes; the breaks were successfully managed in the other three cases by encirclement with further laser treatment. None of the four eyes lost vision. In patients with vitreous traction in association with seafan neovascularization, argon laser photocoagulation may result in retinal breaks and retinal detachment.
Speaker attitude as a predictive factor in listener perception of gay men’s speech

Research on listener identification of sexual orientation (e.g., Gaudio 1994, Piccolo 2008) has produced conflicting results. I argue that one contributing factor to linguistic perception of sexual orientation is the speaker’s assumptions about gay male ways of speaking American English or about specific linguistic features that the speaker believes listeners will associate with “sounding gay” in American English. Interviews I conducted with eight gay men highlight the ways in which positive and negative attitudes become realized in discourse about sounding gay or gay male ways of speaking and its link to other social practices. I then present results from a language perception study, which suggest that negative attitudes toward sounding gay decrease the possibility that a speaker will use linguistic features associated with sounding gay and will, as a result, be less likely to be perceived as gay than gay men who hold positive attitudes toward sounding gay.
COMPARISON OF CATIONS FROM SELECTED TISSUES IN MAGNES IUM (Mg)-FED AND Mg-DEFICIENT BABY RATS TAKEN WHEN KILLED VS. TAKEN AFTER TWO DAYS POSTMORTEM

To learn what effect a delayed autopsy might have on cation composition of diagnostic tissues, selected tissues were taken immediately after death, and remaining tissues from the same rats were taken after storage at 3° for 42-46 h. Cations were analyzed on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and calculated on the basis of dry, defatted tissue weight. Cations in vitreous humor were relatively stable, but significant shifts of cations in or out of heart and skeletal muscle occurred in the opposite direct-ion from those of bone in both Mg-fed and Mg-deficient rats. This work Was Supported by the Missouri Heart Association.
Predicting the Outcome of Selective Thoracic Fusion in False Double Major Lumbar "C" Cases With Five-to Twenty-Four-Year Follow-up

Study Design. Retrospective radiographic and clinical study. Objective. To examine the long-term outcome of selective thoracic fusion (STF) performed for lumbar "C" modifier curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. The efficacy of STF in lumbar "C" false double major curves is controversial. We examined the 5- to 24-year outcomes of patients with "C" lumbar curves who underwent STF at a single institution to determine which factors help predict successful outcome. Methods. Thirty-two patients (age, 14.8 ± 2.0 years) with a lumbar "C" modifier underwent primary STF and had minimum 5-year follow-up (mean, 6.8 years). All patients were fused distally to either T12 or L1. At latest follow-up, 18 were considered successful (group S), 2 required reoperation to accommodate worsening deformity (group R), and 12 were considered marginal outcomes (group M), as defined by >3 cm coronal imbalance (n = 5), >5 mm worsening of lumbar apical vertebra translation compared with preoperative (n = 4), >1 Nash-Moe grade worsening of lumbar apical vertebra rotation (n = 1), >10° thoracolumbar junction kyphosis which was at least 5° worse than preoperative (n = 5), and lumbar Cobb angle >5° worse than preoperative (n = 2). Clinical outcomes were determined by Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-30 at final follow-up. Results. Of the multiple factors considered, 2-month postoperative standing lumbar sagittal alignment was most predictive for long-term outcome (P < 0.019 by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Satisfactory outcomes had statistically significantly greater T12-S1 lordosis than those that were marginal (64.8° (group S) vs. 52.0° ° (group M); P = 0.014) or required reoperation (64.8° [group S] vs. 38.0° [group R]; P < 0.001). Traditionally considered variables such as apical vertebra rotation, apical vertebra translation, Cobb angle magnitudes, coronal and sagittal balance, and their respective thoracic-to-lumbar ratios were not independently significant. Conclusion. Selective thoracic fusions performed for lumbar "C" modifier scoliotic deformities generally have excellent long-term radiographic and SRS-30 outcomes at 5- to 24-year follow-up. Care should be taken to ensure that overcorrection of the thoracic curve is not performed beyond the ability of the lumbar curve to compensate. Furthermore, consideration of selective thoracic fusion should not be ruled out simply because the patient may have a somewhat stiff lumbar curve based on side-bending radiographs.
Novel Antiangiogenic Agents in Dermatology

Because angiogenesis underlies the pathogenesis of numerous conditions (cancer, psoriasis, macular degeneration), there is a pressing need for continued investigations into angiogenic signaling and potential drug targets. Antiangiogenic agents can be classified as either direct or indirect. Direct antiangiogenics act on untransformed endothelial cells to prevent differentiation and proliferation; indirect antiangiogenics act to inhibit factors involved in proangiogenic signaling. Agents currently available with dermatologic indications are few; while several established and novel biologics targeting various proangiogenic factors are currently being investigated for potential dermatologic uses, but the jury is still out on their efficacy and safety. In this review, we highlight our experience with a group of existing and novel, small molecules that combine several modes of action against angiogenesis in addition to other properties – triarylmethane dyes and fulvene derivatives.
A Decade of Research on the Environmental Impacts of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents in Canada: Development and Application of Fish Bioassays

Laboratory tests have been used to assess the regulatory and research questions related to the effects of pulp mill effluents on aquatic biota. Acute, short-term laboratory tests have clearly shown the improvement in final effluent quality following installation of secondary treatment at Canadian pulp mills. In an effort to predict and investigate impacts on wild fish, laboratory bioassays were developed to examine sublethal endpoints: induction of hepatic mixed function oxygenase activity and reduction of sex steroid concentrations. These laboratory assays have been used to assess whole effluents, specific chemicals, and components of pulp mill processes, and to discriminate between historical and present-day effluent discharges. These tests have shown that induction of mixed-function oxygenase activity and reduction of sex steroid concentrations are produced by effluents from a variety of mill types, with and without chlorine bleaching, in hardwood and softwood pulping facilities, and before and after effluent treatment. These short-term bioassays have enabled reductions in sex steroid concentrations to be linked to mill process streams, and have provided information on effective waste stream treatment. Longer term, life-cycle fish bioassays have shown that chronic exposure to pulp mill effluents commonly results in growth enhancement, liver enlargement, and decreases in gonad size, secondary sex characteristics, and fecundity. These long-term laboratory exposures are able to mimic the most commonly observed alterations of wild fish exposed to pulp mill effluents: increases in condition factors, increases in liver-somatic indices, and decreases in gonadosomatic indices. This pattern of response is a combination of nutrient enrichment with metabolic disruption. The most sensitive and biologically meaningful endpoint is decreased reproduction in fish life-cycle exposures. As the laboratory tests move forward into the next decade, attention will focus on the reproductive endpoints and on the possibility of shortening the fish bioassays while still maintaining sensitivity and biological relevance.
Computerized Method for Preliminary Structural Design of Composite Wind Turbine Blades

A computerized method has been developed to aid preliminary design of composite wind turbine blades. The method allows for arbitrary specification of the chord, twist, and airfoil geometry along the blade and an arbitrary number of shear webs. Given the blade external geometry description and its design load distribution, the Fortran code uses ultimate-strength and buckling-resistance criteria to compute the design thickness of load-bearing composite laminates. The code also includes an analysis option to obtain blade properties if a composite laminates schedule is prescribed. These properties include bending stiffness, torsion stiffness, mass, moments of inertia, elastic-axis offset, and center-of-mass offset along the blade. Nonstructural materials-gelcoat, nexus, and bonding adhesive-are also included for computation of mass. This paper describes the assumed structural layout of composite laminates within the blade, the design approach, and the computational process. Finally, an example illustrates the application of the code to the preliminary design of a hypothetical blade and computation of its structural properties.
Phosphorylation of adenovirus polypeptides.

The polypeptides of intact adenovirus type 2 can be phosphorylated by an ATP: protein phosphotransferase (protein kinase II) from rabbit red-blood cells. Adenovirus type 12 and bacteriophage λ can also be phosphorylated; bacteriophage T4 and tobacco mosaic virus do not accept phosphate. A protein kinase has been partially purified from extracts of uninfected KB cells and is also present in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2.
POLARITY AND LOCALIZATION OF AUXIN MOVEMENT IN THE HEPATIC, MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA'

A B ST RA CT Transport of '4C-indoleacetic acid in thallus explants of Marchantia polymorpha was basipetal and localized in midrib tissue. Transport was inhibited by aging, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and ethylene. Similarities between these responses and auxin transport in higher plants are considered and morphogenetic potential of the phenomenon in Marchantia identified. THE PRESENCE of endogenous auxin in Marchantia polymorpha has been demonstrated by Schneider, Troxler, and Voth (1967). The role of this hormone in rhizoidal initiation, orthogeotropism, gemmae cup formation, regeneration, apical dominance, and tumor induction in bryophytes has previously been summarized (Maravolo and Voth, 1966; Binns and Maravolo, 1972; Melstrom, Maravolo, and Stroemer, 1974; Davidonis and Munroe, 1972). Mechanisms discussed in these papers suggest that the polarity of auxin distribution is paramount in governing such responses. An auxin oxidation mechanism for mediating polar distribution of auxin was presented by Reynolds and Maravolo (1973) and Spaeth and Maravolo (1973). An alternative method for maintaining polarity of auxin transport in hepatics is presented here.
The use of caged substrates to assess the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in living sea urchin eggs.

Abstract As part of our inquiries into the regulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in the early development of sea urchin eggs and embryos, we have developed a novel method to assess the in vivo activity of the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) before and after fertilization. Our measurements show that the intracellular level of 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) in eggs decreases 60% after fertilization, which is consistent with the increase in the activity of 6PGDH previously reported using irreversibly permeabilized cell assays (Swezey and Epel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 85, 812–816, 1988). The in vivo turnover of the 6PG pool was assessed using a new radioisotopic technique. 1-14C-labeled 6PG was chemically modified such that it was not metabolized by cellular 6PGDH and could be rapidly converted back to 6PG by photolysis. This “caged” 6PG was introduced into unfertilized sea urchin eggs using a transient permeabilization procedure, and then the oxidation of [1-14C]6PG in vivo upon irradiation was followed. Oxidation of 6PG was complete within 7–11 s of irradiation, indicating an extremely rapid turnover of this pool in sea urchin eggs. Based on the 6PG pool sizes and the kinetic properties of 6PGDH, determined here, along with the activity levels seen in permeabilized cells, the half-time for the label in the 6PG pool in sea urchin eggs is calculated to be 26 s. This is inconsistent with the in vivo turnover rates seen in these studies, indicating that the permeabilized cell assays overestimate the degree of inhibition of 6PGDH before fertilization. These results suggest that caution should be exercised in extrapolating data obtained from permeabilized cells to the situation in vivo.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AZ31B Extruded Sheets from Different Casting Processing

A novel way producing magnesium billets, LFEC (low frequency electromagnetic casting processing), was developed in Northeastern University in China. The high-quality magnesium billets with less macrosegregation, refined microstructure, and better surface quality were achieved because the temperature field and the flow pattern of magnesium DC casting were improved significantly after applying low frequency electromagnetic field. Extrusion is an important plastic deformation process for magnesium alloys. In this research, the magnesium billets from LFEC were extruded through a special designed die into sheets. The results of investigation on AZ31B indicated that the extrusion velocity has obvious effects on their microstructures and mechanical properties and the sheets from LFEC had finer microstructure and higher mechanical properties than that from conventional DC casting.
Pressure-broadening of water transitions near 7180 cm−1 by helium isotopes

Abstract In this study, pressure-broadening parameters for several H 2 O transitions near 7180 cm −1 are obtained which describe collisions with 3 He and 4 He. The sensitivity of those parameters to choice of theoretical line profile (Galatry vs. Voigt) is investigated. H 2 O is an important species in atmospheric chemistry and astronomy. Because of this, basic fundamental research, which explores the nature of the H 2 O spectrum in the presence of different gases of varying physical properties, can provide useful reference data which can be applied in the fields of atmospheric and planetary remote sensing. Measurements were made using an intensity-modulated laser photoacoustic spectrometer. Results from the present work show that Galatry line profiles, with a constrained narrowing parameter, more accurately describe experimental spectra than Voigt profiles over a wide range of experimental pressure conditions. Average pressure-broadening parameters were found to be 0.0216 cm −1 /atm and 0.0209 cm −1 /atm for H 2 O in 3 He and 4 He, respectively, and were compared to a literature model for the mass-dependence of line broadening. Specific values were obtained for each transition with nominal combined uncertainties of 2–6%.
Saturation of swelling in neutron-irradiated molybdenum and its dependence on irradiation temperature and starting microstructural state

Abstract Molybdenum and its alloys are of interest for potential fusion application due to their high melting points and relatively good thermal conductivities. The development of void superlattices during neutron irradiation appears to limit void swelling in pure molybdenum to values below 4% over a wide range of irradiation temperatures. The saturation value of swelling and the void superlattice parameter each appear to be somewhat dependent on temperature, but independent of the thermomechanical starting state. Formation of technetium and ruthenium by transmutation may also play some minor role in the microstructural evolution, but do not appear to be involved in the limitation of swelling observed in this and other experiments.
The possible existence of four new states in Be8

Abstract The existence of four, previously unknown, excited states of Be 8 has recently been proposed by Cavallaro et al. from their study of the Li 7 (p, γ)Be 8 and Li 7 (p, γα)He 4 reactions. A systematic search has been made of the α-particle and γ-ray spectra produced by proton bambardment of Li and of the Li 7 (p, γ)Be 8 differential cross section for evidence to support this proposal and none has been found. An attempt to find αγ coincidences for states in Be 8 above the broad, 2.9 MeV state was also unsuccessful. Alternate interpretations of their results, primarily in terms of target contamination, are given.
Long-term follow-up of acquired nonaccommodative esotropia in a population-based cohort.

Purpose To describe the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of children diagnosed over a 30-year period with acquired nonaccommodative esotropia (ANAET). Design Retrospective chart review of a population-based cohort. Participants All pediatric ( Methods The medical records of all potential patients identified by the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Incidence, clinical characteristics, and long-term motor and sensory outcomes of children with ANAET. Results A total of 174 children were diagnosed during the 30-year period, yielding an incidence of 1 in 287 live births. The median age at diagnosis for the 174 patients was 4.0 years (range, 10 months to 18.2 years), and 61% (107) were male ( P =0.009). Although 11% (8/75) of those queried were diplopic, none of the 174 was subsequently diagnosed with an intracranial lesion. During a mean follow-up of 10.9 years (range, 0 days to 37 years), 127 patients (73%) underwent strabismus surgery (mean, 1 surgery; range, 0–3 surgeries). Among the 127 patients who underwent surgery, the median final stereoacuity was 3000 seconds of arc, including 8 patients (6.3%) with ≥50 seconds of arc. Patients who were older (>44 months) at ANAET diagnosis ( P = 0.005) and without amblyopia at their initial examination ( P Conclusions In this population-based cohort, ANAET occurred in 1 in 287 children and was more prevalent among male children. Although diplopia was relatively common, none of the children were found to have an intracranial malignancy. Most patients achieved good motor and sensory outcomes, with the best results among those with a later onset of their deviation and no amblyopia. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide are complementary reagents for the preparation of epidermal samples for transmission electron microscopy.

Ruthenium tetroxide and osmium tetroxide were compared as post-fixatives in the preparation of human epidermis for transmission electron microscopic examination. Both reagents revealed characteristic lamellar granules within the granular layer and extruded lamellar granule contents in the upper granular layer. The transformation of the granule contents into multilamellar sheets at the interface between the granular and cornified layers and the persistence of these sheets through all levels of the stratum corneum were demonstrated only with ruthenium tetroxide fixation, Therefore, the reactivity of osmium tetroxide with isolated epidermal lipids was examined. The failure of osmium tetroxide to reveal membrane structures in the stratum corneum can be explained by its inability to react with many of the lipid components of these membranes, rather than to selective removal of lipids during tissue processing, as was formerly believed. Ruthenium tetroxide, a stronger oxidizing agent than osmium tetroxide, overcomes this problem but has other severe limitations as a post-fixative.
FIRM EXPANSION THROUGH FRANCHISING: A MODEL AND SOLUTION PROCEDURES

This paper presents a practical model for firm expansion through franchising. The model allows the possibility of opening both company-owned and franchised stores. The objective is to maximize the expected returns to the franchisor from both types of stores, subject to the total capital outlay budget and the excess capacity available at each warehouse. A relaxation for this problem is studied and a heuristic solution procedure that makes use of this relaxation is developed. Experimental results over a wide range of problem structures show this solution methodology to be very effective, with gaps between feasible solution values and upper bounds generally in the 0 to 1 percent range. An efficient branch-and-bound code also is developed. This code is tested on problems with up to 100 potential store locations and 20 regions. It is found to be at least two orders of magnitude faster than a state-of-the-art commercial integer programming package.