cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomical considerations for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery.

Success in surgical procedures relies on the surgeon's understanding of anatomy and the ways in which the internal organs relate to one another. Recently, a new surgical technique has been introduced. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) uses the body's natural orifices (mouth, anus, urethra, or vagina) as entrance points to the peritoneal cavities (through the stomach, rectum, bladder, or posterior vaginal fornix). NOTES techniques have proven feasible in both animal and early human trials. While it remains to be seen what advantages NOTES possesses over traditional surgical approaches, a clear understanding of human anatomy will be critical for successful, safe NOTES procedures. This article summarizes the development and the basic techniques of NOTES and reviews those anatomical considerations specific to NOTES. Clin. Anat. 22:627–632, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lipid profiles of female and male Drosophila

Background: D. melanogaster is increasingly used as a lipid metabolism model, but the D. melanogaster metabolome is not well studied. A number of studies strongly suggest that lipid metabolism is linked to sexual behavior and gametogenesis. Findings: We determined the levels of 400 different lipids in the non-gonadal soma of D. melanogaster females and males. We found higher levels of saturated cholesterol esters and lysophosphatidylcholine in males, and higher levels of polyunsaturated cholesterol esters in females. We also determined the levels of these lipids in females and males without a germline to determine if the absence of gamete “sinks” for metabolic products, such as yolk and lipid deposits in eggs, altered somatic lipid profiles. We observed little change in lipid profiles between these samples. Conclusions: Overall lipid compositions are similar between the sexes, although there are differences in saturation states of two lipid classes, where saturated fatty acids were male-biased and polyunsaturated fatty acids were female-biased. The presence of a germline did not significantly influence lipid profiles, raising the possibility that germline-dependent changes in metabolic gene expression patterns serve a homeostatic purpose.
Transcuprein is a macroglobulin regulated by copper and iron availability

Abstract Transcuprein is a high-affinity copper carrier in the plasma that is involved in the initial distribution of copper entering the blood from the digestive tract. To identify and obtain cDNA for this protein, it was purified from rat plasma by size exclusion and copper–chelate affinity chromatography, and amino acid sequences were obtained. These revealed a 190-kDa glycosylated protein identified as the macroglobulin α1-inhibitor III, the main macroglobulin of rodent blood plasma. Albumin (65 kDa) copurified in variable amounts and was concluded to be a contaminant (although it can transiently bind the macroglobulin). The main macroglobulin in human blood plasma (α2-macroglobulin), which is homologous to α1-inhibitor III, also bound copper tightly. Expression of α1I3 (transcuprein) mRNA by the liver was examined in rats with and without copper deficiency, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methodology and Northern blot analysis. Protein expression was examined by Western blotting. Deficient rats with 40% less ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and liver copper concentrations expressed about twice as much α1I3 mRNA, but circulating levels of transcuprein did not differ. Iron deficiency, which increased liver copper concentrations by threefold, reduced transcuprein mRNA expression and circulating levels of transcuprein relative to what occurred in rats with normal or excess iron. We conclude that transcupreins are specific macroglobulins that not only carry zinc but also carry transport copper in the blood, and that their expression can be modulated by copper and iron availability.
Context, transcripts and appellate readers

The process of turning spoken/acted legal proceedings into written records necessarily involves the loss of some of the contextual clues to meaning that were available for the participants involved. That problem has not escaped attention by the courts, but in general it has been treated as a de minimus issue relevant only to demeanor evidence, which higher courts are traditionally reluctant to review. This paper suggests that such an assumption needs reexamination. Citing the literature and three empirical studies, a case is made that contextual features not only survive the transcription process (and do so variably, depending on the court reporter's theory of verbatimness), but that they are regularly relied on by judicial readers and are potentially important to the appellate process.
Black-White Ethnic Differences In Identification With The Work Ethic: Some Implications For Organizational Integration

Literature discussing the social role training and occupational readiness of American blacks for their propensity to identify with the four themes of the work ethic is reviewed. The findings are incorporated within a new conceptual model. It depicts the mechanism of how black ethnic values, coupled with negative job experiences, prevent a large majority of the black population from strongly identifying with the work ethic. Implications for organizational policy and the utility of culture-assimilator training for bringing about the necessary organizational integration are discussed.
Monoclonal antibodies and other biologic therapies.

The treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents a significant therapeutic challenge: multi-organ involvement and a variable disease course characterized by clinical exacerbations and remissions make it difficult to predict outcome. Few products have been specifically developed in this clinical indication and most accepted therapies have not been tested in randomized controlled trials in SLE. A variety of biologic agents under investigation as potential treatments for SLE are designed to interfere with specific immunologic responses, hopefully avoiding gneralized immunosuppression. These include therapies to downregulate IL-10 and/or upregulate TGFb production. Agents which interfere with T cell activation and T cell–B cell collaboration, such as CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibodies, may result in long term therapeutic benefit; alone or in combination, even following brief treatment courses. Products designed to decrease production of anti-dsDNA antibodies or inhibit complement ...
A multi-part lab exercise for analyzing the effect of peer-to-peer software on a university network

Over the past few years, university campuses have dealt with peer-to-peer software and its usage on their network. While it is easy to see the bandwidth consumption this software uses, other affects on hardware and software have not been adequately studied or taught. Many networking-based classes do not include specific instructional labs that adequately explain what peer-to-peer traffic looks like, what affects it has on a network, and in what ways networks can be designed to handle it better.Through a multi-part lab, students will learn how to create and program Java and MySQL-based applications to monitor the health of a network. This monitoring will include recording CPU, memory, and packet statistics from switches, routers, and firewalls. Additional information can be collected from intrusion protection devices, packet shapers, and content engines if devices are available. Through analysis of the recorded data, students will learn to recognize CPU and memory usage patterns. Additional packet investigating will be used with network protocol analyzing software such as Wireshark.As each step in the lab is completed, students will learn how to appropriately monitor a network using programs they have created. Skills obtained through this lab include better understanding of SNMP; switch, router, and firewall command line configuration; and packet size, type, and analysis. Students will also discover system administration through self-created applications. This analysis and discovery is best understood through studying Layers 2 through 4 of the OSI model. The data collected will indicate how switches (Layer 2), routing (Layer 3), and TCP/UDP packet types (Layer 4) are affected by peer-to-peer software.
Ion implantation in group III-nitride semiconductors: a tool for doping and defect studies

Ion implantation is a flexible process technology for introducing an array of doping or compensating impurities into semiconductors. As the crystal quality of the group III-nitride materials continues to improve, ion implantation is playing an enabling role in exploring new dopant species and device structures. In this paper we review the recent developments in ion implantation processing of these materials with a particular emphasis on how this technology has brought new understanding to this materials system. In particular, the use of ion implantation to characterize impurity luminescence, doping, and compensation in III-nitride materials is reviewed. In addition, we address the nature of implantation induced damage in GaN which demonstrates a very strong resistance to amorphization while at the same time forming damage that is not easily removed by thermal annealing. Finally, we review the coupling of implantation with high temperature rapid thermal annealing to better understand the thermal stability of these materials and the redistribution properties of the common dopant (Si, O, Be, Mg, Ca, and Zn).
Genetic Variants of 11 Telomere-Pathway Gene Loci and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Women’s Genome Health Study

Abstract Objective Leukocyte telomere length shortening has recently been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Whether this observation was modulated by genetic variation within the telomere-pathway genes remains elusive. To date, no prospective epidemiological data on the relationship of telomere-pathway gene variation with T2D are available. Methods The association between 150 tagging-SNPs (tSNPs) of 11 telomere-pathway genes ( TERC , UCP1 , TERT , POT1 , TNKS , TERF1 , TNKS2 , TEP1 , ACD , TERF2 and TERF2IP ) and incident T2D was investigated in 22,715 Caucasian female participants of the prospective Women's Genome Health Study. All were free of known cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes at baseline. During a 13-year follow-up period, 1445 participants developed an incident T2D. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between genotypes and T2D risk assuming an additive genetic model. Haplotype block analysis was also performed. Results A total of eleven tSNPs within TERF1 , TNKS , TEP1 , ACD , and TERF2 were associated with T2D risk (all p -uncorrected TERF1 , and TEP1 with T2D risk (all p -uncorrected Conclusion If corroborated in other prospective studies, the present findings suggest that genetic variation within the telomere-pathway gene loci examined may be useful predictor for T2D risk assessment.
The interaction of chlorine with copper I. Adsorption and surface reaction

Abstract The chlorination behavior on Cu surfaces has been investigated using the quartz-crystal-micro-balance technique, X-ray photoemission. Auger spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering in the exposure range from 10 to 1010 L. The surface reaction rates and reaction products are determined and analyzed based on the spectroscopic data, in particular, the XPS and Auger measurements. Upon C12 exposure, a surface layer with an average stoichiometry CuClx is formed and the value of x can vary continuously from 0 to almost 2 as a function of the gas pressure and the exposure time. The reaction does not proceed as a simple layer-by-layer growth of stoichiometric CuCl and the surface composition is greatly affected by the rates of bulk diffusion. Under relatively low exposure conditions with x 1, coexistence of CuCl and CuCl2 is detected. The Cu-Cl2 reaction is also compared with other metal systems. It is suggested that a reaction mechanism similar to the Cabrera-Mott theory of oxidation is responsible for the observed Cu chlorination reaction.
Return of Fire to a Free‐Flowing Desert River: Effects on Vegetation

After a long period in which fuel loads were sparse, fire recently has occurred with high frequency in the ungrazed riparian zone of the Upper San Pedro River in southern Arizona’s Chihuahuan Desert. We studied four accidental fires that occurred during 1994–2003 (two in different years at the same site). Woody vegetation was contrasted between three burned sites and matched spatial controls, and before and after the most recent fire. Herbaceous vegetation was sampled in multiple years producing a chronosequence of time since fire (from 4 months to 8 years). Riparian fire was associated with reductions in woody plant species diversity and canopy cover. In contrast, fire caused a short-term (2 year) pulse of herbaceous plant diversity, driven by annual species, and persistent increase in herbaceous cover. Path analysis indicated that the increase in herbaceous cover was mediated in part by the reduction in tree canopy cover. Ordination (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) and regression analysis also indicated that canopy cover and/or fire played a role in structuring the herbaceous community, although its effects were secondary to that of hydrologic factors (stream flow rate, seasonal flood size). By converting riparian forests to grasslands and savannahs, fire may be shifting structure of the Upper San Pedro floodplain vegetation closer toward conditions present during past centuries when fire was frequent in the upland desert grasslands and embedded riparian corridor.
Epidemiological aspects of student riots.

Abstract The social sciences are becoming more exact, and one area which might lend itself to sociometric analysis is the student riot. A mathematical model is proposed which incorporates the total population " at risk ", the number of students rioting at a given time, the number of outsiders joining in, and the numbers " immune " to such behaviour. The relative contributions of these numbers could be determined by on-the-spot and retrospective survey; knowing them could enable observers to sort out the probable cause or outcome of a disturbance.
Sp1 up-regulates cAMP-response-element-binding protein expression during retinoic acid-induced mucous differentiation of normal human bronchial epithelial cells.

Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response-element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) is an important transcription factor that is differentially regulated in cells of various types. We recently reported that RA rapidly activates CREB without using retinoic acid (RA) receptors RAR and RXR in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells. However, little is known about RA’s role in the physiologic regulation of CREB expression in the early mucous differentiation of NHTBE cells. Here, we report that RA upregulated CREB gene expression and that using 5′-serial deletion promoter analysis and mutagenesis analyses, two Sp1-binding sites located at nucleotides −217 and −150, which flank the transcription initiation site, were essential for RA induction of CREB gene transcription. Furthermore, we found that CREs located at nucleotides −119 and −98 contributed to basal promoter activity. Interestingly, RA also upregulated Sp1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of endogenous Sp1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased RA-induced CREB gene expression. However, the converse was not true: knockdown of CREB using CREB siRNA did not affect RA-induced Sp1 gene expression. We conclude that RA upregulates CREB gene expression during the early stage of NHTBE cell differentiation and that RA-inducible Sp1 plays a major role in upregulating human CREB gene expression. This result implies that cooperation of these two transcription factors play a crucial role in mediating early events of normal mucous cell differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells.
Competitive adsorption of model charged proteins: the effect of total charge and charge distribution

The adsorption of mixtures of charged proteins on charged surfaces is studied using a molecular theory. The theory explicitly treats each of the molecular species in the system. The mixtures treated in this work are composed by two types of proteins, dissociated monovalent salt and solvent. The intermolecular and surface interactions include electrostatic, van der Waals and excluded volume. The theory is more general than the Poisson-Boltzmann approach since the size and shape of all the molecular components are explicitly treated. The studies presented in this work concentrate on the differences in competitive adsorption when the proteins in the mixtures differ in their total charge or in the spatial distribution of the charges within the proteins. In the cases of mixtures that differ in the number of charges it is found, as expected, that the particles with the larger charge adsorb in excess. The ratio of adsorbed proteins can vary by 3-5 orders of magnitude by varying the bulk salt concentration from 1 to 100 mM. This is the result of an increase on the adsorption of the proteins with larger charge and an even stronger decrease on the adsorption of the less charged particles. The simple model systems studied provide guidelines on how to separate charge ladder proteins and proteins with different charge distributions. In the case of proteins with the same total charge but different charge distribution, it is found that the partition of the proteins depends upon the bulk composition. However, in general the particles with the highest localized charge tend to adsorb more on the surfaces. The proteins are adsorbed in one or more layers. The structure of the second adsorbed layer is determined mostly by the bulk properties of the solution. In all cases it is found that in the range of salt concentrations studied the number of adsorbed ions from the salt is very large. This is due to competitive adsorption with the proteins and their very low bulk concentration compared to the salt. The limitations of the theory and directions for improvement of the approach as well as the model for the proteins are discussed.
Condoms, coercion, and christianity: A princeton tale

When Opus Dei, an organization of traditional Catholics, established a house near Princeton University, a furor arose which raises questions about the prevailing level of intellectual tolerance. Observing that the crux of the issue for Opus De:'s opponents seemed to be its views on issues of sexual morality, Prof. Hitchcock describes the misleading and unsavory tactics used to attack the organization.
Fomblin as a reference compound for negative ion fast atom bombardment high‐resolution mass spectrometry in the mass range of 180–3000 u

Fomblin, a mixture of perfluoropolyethers, was found to be a useful calibration compound for negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) high-resolution mass spectrometry. The negative ion FAB mass spectrum of fomblin includes a series of intense peaks extending from 180 to 3000 u, with a mass interval of less than 22 u. Fomblin worked well with matrices such as glycerol and nitrobenzyl alcohol.
Self-Organization of Steps in Growth of Strained Films on Vicinal Substrates

The continued miniaturization of electronic devices is leading us into a realm of nanostructures, which exhibit novel electronic and optical properties, and have a wide range of potential applications such as single-electron transistors, quantum-dot lasers, and quantum computing. Quantum well devices are already widespread. Recent effort has been devoted to fabricating quantum wires and quantum dots, respectively, oneand zero-dimensional analogs to the quantum well. Just as uniform thickness is a prerequisite for a film in a quantum well device, uniform size and spacing are prerequisites for applications of wires and dots. Different routes to fabricating wires and dots are possible. One can perform direct substrate patterning or lithography [1], or wirelike and dotlike structures can be induced to “self-assemble” during the growth of thin films. These self-assembled structures sometimes exhibit surprising uniformity [2–5], suggesting that their application in actual devices is a real possibility. An approach that is, in a sense, a hybrid between deliberate nanopatterning and self-assembly is the use of vicinal surfaces as templates for the growth of wires and dots. Such surfaces are cut at a small angle to the atomic planes, creating a staircase of atomic-height steps that can serve as preferential sites for the growth of wires [6,7] and the nucleation of clusters [8,9]. But single steps tend to meander [10], and their spacing is often irregular [7]. These drawbacks have caused difficulties in previous efforts to use steps to grow semiconductor and metallic wires [6,7] or vertical superlattices [6]. Step bunches, on the other hand, tend to be much straighter than individual steps, due to their greater “stiffness” [10]. They can also have different heights depending on the number of steps in the bunches, allowing the possibility of different thicknesses for quantum wires, or direct control of the size of quantum dots that nucleate on the step bunches [11]. Recently it was shown that the steps on a vicinal surface can be induced to bunch by introducing stress, through the deposition of a thin layer of a lattice mismatched film (e.g., a SiGe alloy on Si) [12,13]. The problem is to control the bunching, in order to achieve a useful template structure.
Performance monitoring reconciles intentional reasons with neural causes

Endorsing the conceptual clarity of Nachev and Hacker, we offer an alternative perspective on intention and action that focuses on consequences instead of the antecedents of action. We propose that given many-to-one mapping of brain states to body movements, the brain processes that monitor action consequences offer a reconciliation of intentional reasons with neural causes. This proposal offers an enriched compatibilist position providing useful leverage on questions of responsibility and culpability.
A NOTE ON LEARNING CURVE PARAMETERS

This note describes differences in the feasible range of values that the learning curve parameter may take when a unit learning approach is used as opposed to a cumulative-average learning curve. Clarification of this point is important because learning curve theory now is used in a variety of areas.
Calibration techniques for imaging FTIR data

Full utilization of hyper-spectral imagery in the thermal infrared region requires a high-quality calibration, and the calibration quality requirement increases with the power and sophistication of the retrieval algorithms to be employed. Here we examine calibration issues associated with an airborne imaging Michelson Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)Spectrometer operating in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) region. In addition to the fundamental challenge of extracting a weak signal of interest from a complex background, problems which arise in such an instrument include pointing jitter, detector non-linearity, sampling position errors and etalon effects within the focal plane array. In each case, a frequent, high-quality calibration can ameliorate these problems. We discuss several hyper-spectral data analysis techniques, and how our calibration strategy, incorporating both ground and on-board calibration systems, improves the sensitivity of the retrievals.
High‐performance nanoparticle‐enhanced tunnel junctions for photonic devices

We describe GaAs-based tunnel junctions that are compatible with photonic devices, including long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and multi-junction solar cells. Tunneling was enhanced with semimetallic ErAs nanoparticles, particularly when grown at reduced substrate temperatures. Additionally, we present the first direct measurement of the quality of III-V layers grown above ErAs nanoparticles. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that III-V material quality does not degrade when grown above ErAs nanoparticles, despite the mismatch in crystal structures. These findings validate these tunnel junctions as attractive candidates for GaAs-based photonic devices (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observations of Seven African Easterly Waves in the East Atlantic during 2006

Abstract The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) experiment and its downstream NASA extension, NAMMA, provide an unprecedented detailed look at the vertical structure of consecutive African easterly waves. During August and September 2006, seven easterly waves passed through the NAMMA domain: two waves developed into Tropical Cyclones Debby and Helene, two waves did not develop, and three waves were questionable in their role in the development of Ernesto, Florence, and Gordon. NCEP Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) analyses are used to describe the track of both the vorticity maxima and midlevel wave trough associated with each of the seven easterly waves. Dropsonde data from NAMMA research flights are used to describe the observed wind structure and as a tool to evaluate the accuracy of the GDAS to resolve the structure of the wave. Finally, satellite data are used to identify the relationship between convection and the organization of the wind structure. Results support a necessary d...
A parameter-space search algorithm tested on a Hodgkin–Huxley model

We demonstrate a parameter-space search algorithm using a computational model of a single-compartment neuron with conductance-based Hodgkin–Huxley dynamics. To classify bursting (the desired behavior), we use a simple cost function whose inputs are derived from the frequency content of the neural output. Our method involves the repeated use of a stochastic gradient descent-type algorithm to locate parameter values that allow the neural model to produce bursting within a specified tolerance. We demonstrate good results, including those showing that the utility of our algorithm improves as the pre-defined allowable parameter ranges increase and that the initial approach to our method is computationally efficient.
Cytoplasmic processing events in the polyadenylate region of Physarum messenger RNA

Cytoplasmic processing events in the poly(A) region of mRNA fromPhysarum polycephalum are reviewed. Two classes of poly-containing RNA [poly(A)+ RNA] exist in the cytoplasm. One contains very short poly(A) sequences, averaging about 15 adenylate residues, while the other contains relatively long poly(A) sequences, averaging about 60 residues. Molecules with short poly(A) sequences are found exclusively in the polysomes while those with long poly(A) sequences are restricted to the free cytoplasmic mRNP. Since proteins are associated with only the long poly(A) sequences the poly(A) · protein complex is also restricted to the free mRNP. The long poly(A) sequences are relatively short-lived. They are degraded by two distinct processes, a shortening process in which 15–20 residues are gradually removed and a turnover process in which long poly(A) tracts are rapidly converted to the short sequences. This process, along with the dissociation of the poly(A) · protein complex, occurs when poly(A)+ RNA molecules located in free mRNP are transferred to the polysomes. Poly(A) · protein complex dissociation appears to preceed poly(A) turnover during translational selection. The significance of these processing events in relation to mRNA maturation is discussed.
Action of (ℂ/ℚ)on zeta-integrals and local constants

A  is defined in the more general setting of a finite-dimensional simple Qp-algebra A with center F, d Xx a Haar measure on A  �9 a locally constant function on A with compact support, and p a continuous homomorphism A 112 Such integrals are considered in [1-3] and also as a special case of [6]. The function p can be written p(x)=O(x)rlxlr ~, x~A  where 0 is a continuous character of finite order, s~C, and Ilxll- i =determinant of the F-endomorphism of A sending y~--,xy (or y~--~yx), yeA. The functional equation for Z(~b,p) defines a local constant CA(p) , which is independent of ~. The local constant for p(x) =0(x)[]xl] ~ equals the local root number. We obtain the action of co~Aut(~/Q) on eA(p) directly from the functional equation in Theorem2 without calculating ea(p) explicitly. Such a proof for co=complex conjugation and A =F is in Tate's thesis [7], (valid also for the archimedean case). However, except for co = 1 or complex conjugation, co is not continuous and as result Theorem 1 does not hold for the integrand an arbitrary continuous function with compact support (see Appendix).
Resistance to Bark Beetle Attack in Caribbean Pine: Potential Role of 4‐Allylanisole1

In the Neotropics, Caribbean pine is subject to epidemic attack by southern pine beetle. We found significantly higher levels (>2.5%) of 4-allylanisole in the monoterpenoid fraction of the oleoresin of trees in stands with high beetle-induced mortality, and a negative association between magnitude of attack and levels of 4-allylanisole in individual trees. Results also suggest that individual trees with low 4-allylanisole levels may escape attack if they occur in stands characterized by high levels of this compound. RESUMEN En las regiones Neotropicas, el Pinus caribaea es atacado en proporciones epidemicas por el Dendroctonus frontalis. Descubrimos altas concentraciones (>2.5%, P < 0.001) de 4-allylanisole en la resina de arboles en grupos con alta mortalidad causada por D. frontalis, y una asociacion negativa entre la magnitud del ataque y los niveles de 4-allylanisole en arboles individuales. Ademas, los resultados sugieren que los arboles individuales con los niveles bajos de 4-allylanisole no pueden ser atacados si se encuentran en los grupos caracterizados por altos niveles de este compuesto.
Routine complete capsular closure during hip arthroscopy.

The utility of hip arthroscopy has recently progressed beyond diagnostic to therapeutic purposes addressing central and peripheral compartment pathologies. Capsulotomy provides freedom of visualization and instrumentation. The contribution to hip stability of both dynamic and static hip structures is not fully understood. However, both basic science biomechanical and clinical outcome studies have exhibited a relevant role of the capsule in hip stability. Though rare, iatrogenic post-arthroscopy subluxation and dislocation have been reported. Therefore many surgeons have cautioned against aggressive capsulotomy or capsulectomy without repair, because of the potential for precipitation of iatrogenic hip instability. We typically perform a “T” capsulotomy and recommend complete capsular closure in conjunction with labral repair and osseous femoral and acetabular treatment. A safe, efficient, and effective method to accomplish complete capsular closure is presented to reduce iatrogenic postoperative hip instability.
Learning from the Tragedy at Kent State: Forty Years after May 4:

Sadly, the last few decades have not seen a lack of tragedies big or small on U.S. campuses of higher education. Erica Eckert demonstrates that such profound events, when faced openly and honestly, can provide useful learning opportunities for educators and students.
Teaching Geriatric Fellows How to Teach: A Needs Assessment Targeting Geriatrics Fellowship Program Directors

The entire healthcare workforce needs to be educated to better care for older adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fellows are being trained to teach, to assess the attitudes of fellowship directors toward training fellows to be teachers, and to understand how to facilitate this type of training for fellows. A nine-question survey adapted from a 2001 survey issued to residency program directors inquiring about residents-as-teachers curricula was developed and administered. The survey was issued electronically and sent out three times over a 6-week period. Of 144 ACGME-accredited geriatric fellowship directors from geriatric, internal medicine, and family medicine departments who were e-mailed the survey, 101 (70%) responded; 75% had an academic affiliation, 15% had a community affiliation, and 10% did not report. Academic and community programs required their fellows to teach, but just 55% of academic and 29% of community programs offered teaching skills instruction as part of their fellowship curriculum; 67% of academic programs and 79% of community programs felt that their fellows would benefit from more teaching skill instruction. Program directors listed fellow (39%) and faculty (46%) time constraints as obstacles to creation and implementation of a teaching curriculum. The majority of fellowship directors believe that it is important for geriatric fellows to become competent educators, but only approximately half of programs currently provide formal instruction in teaching skills. A reproducible, accessible curriculum on teaching to teach that includes a rigorous evaluation component should be created for geriatrics fellowship programs.
The Absorption Coefficient for Slow Electrons in Alkali Metal Vapors

The absorption coefficient for electrons has been measured in the vapors of the alkali metals, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. Measurements were made with a beam of electrons bent by a magnetic field through a series of slits arranged on a circle so as accurately to determine the velocity. The path length was kept constant while the pressure was varied by changing the temperature of the metal. The actual value of the vapor pressure is not known accurately and consequently the magnitude of the absorption coefficient is a little uncertain. The shape of the curve is independent of this uncertainty. The absorption coefficient for all the alkali metals increases monotonically from high to low velocity except in the region of the critical potentials where a sharp peak is superimposed on the monotonic rise.
Volumetric composition of the monkey skeleton.

Five adult monkeys (Macaca mulatta) having an average weight of 3.4 kg were analyzed for the overall skeletal contents of water, fat, nonfatty organic fraction, volatile inorganic fraction and ash. Volumes of bone and marrow for each skeletal region were calculated according to an earlier method used in the study of the dog and rabbit (Gong and Arnold, '65; Gong and Reis, 1970). A shortcut method for calculating marrow volume and fresh volumes of trabecu-lar and cortical bone using only two variables, the ash volume (or mass) and the fresh volume of the skeletal region, was also shown. It was found that the marrow constituted approximately 50.7% of the overall skeletal volume. Comparison of the composition of the marrow in the long bone and flat bone regions of the skeleton showed that the general distribution of the various components in these regions was similar to those found in the dog and rabbit; namely, a relatively high fat content in the long bone marrow and relatively high nonfatty organic and water contents in the flat bone marrow.
Calculation of surface stress in a linear combination of atomic orbitals representation

A method is presented for separating bulk'' and surface'' contributions to the strain derivative of the total energy of a two-dimensionally periodic, several-layer slab. The method, involving a layerwise decomposition of the sums and integrals required to calculate the derivative, makes it possible to compute a surface stress via a single, linear combination of atomic orbitals slab calculation. Application to Al(111) yields a predicted tensile surface stress of magnitude 0.090 eV/A[sup 2].
Crossing the gap from imperative to functional programming through refactoring

Java 8 introduces two functional features: lambda expressions and functional operations like map or filter that apply a lambda expression over the elements of a Collection. Refactoring existing code to use these new features enables explicit but unobtrusive parallelism and makes the code more succinct. However, refactoring is tedious: it requires changing many lines of code. It is also error-prone: the programmer must reason about the control-, data-flow, and side-effects. Fortunately, refactorings can be automated. We designed and implemented LambdaFicator, a tool which automates two refactorings. The first refactoring converts anonymous inner classes to lambda expressions. The second refactoring converts for loops that iterate over Collections to functional operations that use lambda expressions. Using 9 open-source projects, we have applied these two refactorings 1263 and 1709 times, respectively. The results show that LambdaFicator is useful: (i) it is widely applicable, (ii) it reduces the code bloat, (iii) it increases programmer productivity, and (iv) it is accurate.
An autoregulatory circuit for long-range self-organization in Dictyostelium cell populations

Nutrient-deprived Dictyostelium amoebae aggregate to form a multicellular structure by chemotaxis, moving towards propagating waves of cyclic AMP that are relayed from cell to cell. Organizing centres are not formed by founder cells, but are dynamic entities consisting of cores of outwardly rotating spiral waves that self-organize in a homogeneous cell population. Spiral waves are ubiquitously observed in chemical reactions as well as in biological systems. Although feedback control of spiral waves in spatially extended chemical reactions has been demonstrated in recent years, the mechanism by which control is achieved in living systems is unknown. Here we show that mutants of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway show periodic signalling, but fail to organize coherent long-range wave territories, owing to the appearance of numerous spiral cores. A theoretical model suggests that autoregulation of cell excitability mediated by protein kinase A acts to optimize the number of signalling centres.
Hardware accelerated voxelization

Abstract This paper presents a hardware accelerated approach to the voxelization of a wide range of 3D objects, including curves/surfaces, solids, and volumetric CSG models. It allows 3D scenes to be modeled and manipulated in their own representations, and generates the volume representations of regions of interest on-the-fly for volumetric operations. The algorithms take advantages of graphics hardware features in modern graphics workstations, such as texture mapping and frame buffer blending functions, to generate slices of the volume representations for various 3D models. As a result, we are able to perform interactive object manipulations and Boolean operations in an intermixed environment of geometric and volumetric objects under a unified volume graphics framework.
Individual Correlates of Coffee Adoption in the New Guinea Highlands

One of the primary sources of socioeconomic change in the New Guinea Highlands is the earning of money through indentured labor or through coffee selling outside of the village. This paper explores individual characteristics of men in a single village in order to determine what behaviors or qualities are conducive to growing coffee and thereby to earning money.It is discovered that those men who have been to other parts of New Guinea as indentured laborers are the highest money earners through coffee sales on their return to the village. Younger, unmarried men were the first to leave the village and, consequently, are the highest money earners. Traditional political leaders, who were reluctant to leave the village, are low money earners. Both traditional patterns of economic wealth and political influence are changing together and are affected by the age differential in labor migration and coffee adoption.
Retention of a Duplicate Gene Through Changes in Subcellular Targeting: An Electron Transport Protein Homologue Localizes to the Golgi

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme complex of the electron transport chain, contains 13 subunits, 3 encoded by mitochondrial DNA and 10 by nuclear. Several of the nuclear subunits, including subunit VIIa, are known to have two tissue- and development-specific isoforms in mammals. A recently identified third member of the gene family, COX7AR, encodes a protein previously thought to function in mitochondria. However, observation of fluorescent pCOX7AR C-terminal fusion proteins in HeLa cells showed that pCOX7AR is localized to the Golgi apparatus. Sequence analyses indicate that the duplication of COX7AR occurred prior to the origin of the Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates) and that pCOX7AR is more highly conserved than the two other isoforms. These results indicate that, after gene duplication and modification of the mitochondrial targeting signal, pCOX7AR was evolutionarily altered to a new and apparently important function in the Golgi. These results also suggest that predictions of function from homology can be misleading and show that specialization and modification of subcellular localization are similar to cis-element subfunctionalization. In cis-element subfunctionalization, complementary null mutations occur to the cis-elements of the descendents of a gene duplication, causing both descendent genes to be obligate. In the process described in this paper, which could be termed subcellular subfunctionalization, complementary null mutations can occur to the subcellular localization signals of the descendants of a gene duplication, causing both descendent genes to be similarly obligate. Noncomplementary null mutations could also uncover an alternate localization, which is the more likely case for pCOX7AR.
Selling the EE Camera in Europe

This is the first paper of the SPIE seminar-in-depth called "Marketing in Europe". We anticipate that this may be the first time that many of you (seminar participants) have considered this market. Therefore, we have designed this paper to give you an overview of all the aspects associated with the European Market. To illustrate our paper, we have selected a product which was designed primarily for the amateur photographer, although it has universal application in business and industry. Since most of you are engaged in the design and fabrication of industrial products, you may wonder why we selected an amateur product for the overview. We feel that this selection gives us a greater opportunity to illustrate all of the essential aspects of marketing in Europe. In the final analysis, your marketing budget will decide which aspects you will give priority. However, don't fail to make your own overview; so that, having considered each of the aspects, your final priorities will be meaningful.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biochemical studies of mammalian oogenesis: Possible existence of a ribosomal and poly(A)-containing RNA-protein supramolecular complex in mouse oocytes

Mouse follicles were labeled with [3H]uridine and then cultured in vitro for 3 days. When oocytes were disrupted, about 40% of the total radiolabeled RNA could be sedimented at 9,000g. Fractionation of this RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose revealed that about 30% and 60% of the total amount of radiolabeled poly(A)− and poly(A)+ RNA, respectively, were in the pellet fraction. Treatments that disrupt protein structure reduced the amount of 9,000g sedimentable RNA and affected to the same extent the distribution of poly(A)− and poly(A)+ RNA in the pellet and supernatant fractions. CsCl centrifugation of formaldehyde-fixed pellets revealed that virtually all of the radiolabeled RNA had a density significantly lower than that of ribosomes. The sedimentable RNA appeared not to be polysomal, membrane bound or associated with a cytoskeleton. Agarose gel electrophoresis after poly(U)-Sepharose fractionation of either the pellet or supernatant revealed the presence of 28S, 18S, 5S + 4S, and heterodisperse poly(A)+ RNA. The size distribution of poly(A)+ RNA in the pellet and supernatant fractions was fairly similar. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the stability of poly(A)− RNA in the pellet and supernatant fractions was the same within the experimental error and a similar situation was found for poly(A)+ RNA. RNA in the pellet translated in vitro coded for discrete size classes of protein. Since the relative band intensities were similar for both total and pellet RNA translated in vitro there seemed to be no major partitioning of specific size classes of mRNA into the pellet fraction. These results are discussed in terms of a possible composition of the lattice structures that accumulate during mouse oocyte growth and have been postulated to be a storage form for ribosomes (Burkholder et al., '71).
Kinetics of hypothiocyanite production during peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate

We report here a kinetic study of the generation of hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), a product of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate ion. Previous studies have measured OSCN- by reactions involving the oxidation of sulfhydryl compounds. Our results show that a more suitable kinetic analysis of OSCN- can be based on absorbance changes measured at 235 nm. About 90% of the oxidation products of SCN- observed at 235 nm were reactive with sulfhydryls and could be reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol. Both thiocyanate and peroxide were rate-limiting and the formation of OSCN- was proportional to the initial concentration of H2O2 until an equimolar concentration of H2O2 and SCN- was reached. This equimolar concentration gave the maximum generation of OSCN-. High concentrations (greater than 100 micrograms/ml) of lactoperoxidase decreased OSCN- generation, but only if the SCN- was added to the enzyme prior to addition of H2O2. With lactoperoxidase concentrations exceeding 1 microgram/ml, the reaction velocity was rapid, but the decay of OSCN- was slow. Free H2O2 in the reaction mixture always resulted in rapid decay of OSCN-. Addition of varying concentrations of peroxide to solutions containing 1 microgram/ml of enzyme and [SCN-] = 5 mM gave a family of hyperbolic A235 vs. time curves. Both the initial slopes and the plateaus of these curves increased linearly with increasing initial peroxide concentrations up to [H2O2] = 0.4 mM, remained relatively constant in the range [H2O2] = 0.4 to 0.8 mM, and decreased rapidly above [H2O2] = 0.8 mM. These results are consistent with the following kinetic model: Hydrogen peroxide reacts rapidly with lactoperoxidase to produce compound I. This compound I oxidizes SCN- to OSCN- and also oxidizes OSCN- to O2SCN-. The OSCN- also reacts with SCN-. The formation of OSCN- is associated with the appearance of an absorbance peak at 225-235 nm. The oxidation of OSCN- by excess peroxide or its decomposition at high concentrations is associated with a decrease in A235 and the appearance of a peak at 245-255 nm. The extinction coefficient for OSCN- was determined to be 1.29 x 10(3) M-1 . cm-1. The second-order rate constant for the oxidation of thiocyanate by compound I was estimated to be 2 x 10(5) M-1 . s-1.