cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cone Beam Computed Tomography Updated Technology for Endodontic Diagnosis

Cone beam computed tomography has gained acceptance in the endodontic community for assistance with diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of outcomes. This article reviews a multitude of applications, from basic principles to clinical applications, using specific cases and supporting literature to demonstrate the benefits for both the specialist and general practitioner.
Synthesis of surface conductive polyurethane films

Polyurethane films containing 3-methylthiophene were first prepared by the condensation of poly(propylene glycol) diol, poly(propylene glycol) triol and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate in the presence of a catalyst and 3-methylthiophene, at room temperature, overnight. The immersion of the films in a suitable organic solution of ferric chloride led to their rapid coating with conductive layers of poly(3-methylthiophene) via the diffusion-oxidative reaction of 3-methylthiophene and ferric chloride. The effects of the oxidative reaction time, the concentration of ferric chloride, the type of polyurethane, the solvent used for ferric chloride and the weight ratio of 3-methylthiophene to polyurethane were investigated. The coating layer was of the order of tens of micrometers and its conductivity was as high as 42 S/cm.
Generalized synchronization of chaos: The auxiliary system approach.

Synchronization of chaotic oscillators in a generalized sense leads to richer behavior than identical chaotic oscillations in coupled systems. It may imply a more complicated connection between the synchronized trajectories in the state spaces of coupled systems. We suggest a method here that can be used to detect and study generalized synchronization in drive-response systems. This technique, the auxiliary system method, utilizes a second, identical response system to monitor the synchronized motions. The method can be implemented both numerically and experimentally and in some cases it leads to analytical results for generalized synchronization.
The Ratio of the Two Elementary Charges

Since the oil drops in Millikan's experiments were exactly neutral, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} a small integral number of electronic charges, to 1/1000 of an electron, and since they contained as many as 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{14}$ protons and nearly the same number of electrons, it follows that the magnitudes of the charges on protons and electrons are equal to one part in 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{17}$.
Evidence for charge Kondo effect in superconducting Tl-doped PbTe

We report results of low temperature thermodynamic and transport measurements of Pb1-xTlxTe single crystals for Tl concentrations up to the solubility limit of approximately 1.5 %. The material superconducts for x > 0.3 %, with a maximum Tc of 1.5 K for the highest Tl concentrations. All superconducting samples exhibit an anomalous resistivity upturn at low temperatures, whereas non-superconducting samples (x < 0.3%) do not. The temperature and field dependence of this resistivity upturn are consistent with a charge Kondo effect involving degenerate Tl valence states differing by two electrons, with a characteristic Kondo temperature TK ~ 6 K. The observation of such an effect supports an electronic pairing mechanism for superconductivity in this material and may account for the anomalously high Tc values.
Performance characteristics of an optically addressed ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator

Key performance characteristics of an optically addressed ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator have been measured and compare favorably with those of other commercially available spatial light modulators. Several characteristics that are important for optical pattern recognition, including imaging resolution, visibility, and response time, are discussed. Maximum resolution was measured to be 40 line pairs/mm at an imaging rate of 60 Hz. This differs from previously published results [Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 537 (1989)], primarily because the device was operated so that good sensitivity was obtained with moderate illumination while the high resolution of the device was retained.
Empirical evidence from Hangzhou's urban land reform: Evolution, structure, constraints and prospects

Abstract China's urban land reform is a gradualist process of transforming a planned land allocation system to an open land market system, while the ownership of the land remains under the control of the state. Through a series of reforms in institutions and policies, urban land markets have emerged rapidly. This study aims to analyse the evolution of urban land reform in Hangzhou, one of the spearhead cities in China's urban land reforms, to discuss its emerging structure of urban land market—its legal, institutional and financial frameworks, to identify the current urban land management characteristics and the principal constraints, and to propose relevant recommendations for urban land reform with emphasis on rural land rights and expropriation, interactions between central and local governments, and non-government sector's participation in urban land use management. Besides the policy implications, the study concludes that urban land reform in Hangzhou has been actively interacting with economic reforms in other fields in a variety of ways; that a monopolized supply mechanism of urban land is not necessarily a detriment to the development of a market system in the urban land economy; and that a government-led land use management model with little civil society and public participation is one of the most significant constraints in China's urban land reforms.
LIGAND K-EDGE X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES : METAL-LIGAND COVALENCY IN TRANSITION METAL TETRATHIOLATES

Abstract X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the sulfur K-edge at ∼ 2460 eV has been applied to a series of S 4 M(SR) 4 2− complexes (M  Ni(II), Co(II), Fe(II) and Mn(II)) (R = 2-Ph-C 6 H 4 ) to determine to covalency of the thiolate-metal bond. Previously, a methodology was developed for a T d MCl 4 2−1 series (M  Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) amd Fe(II)) which relates the intensity of the pre-edge feature to covalency. This study is now extended to metal tetrathiolates where S 4 site symmetry is applied and there is anisotropic covalency in the thiolate valence orbitals. This research forms the foundation for future sulfur K-edge XAS studies of electronic structure in transition metal centers in proteins and model complexes.
Current Research on the Gulf Coast of Mexico

The Gulf Coast of Mesoamerica is a culturally and environmentally heterogeneous area that encompasses the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico as well as rugged inland highlands. Blessed with a wealth of valued resources and a favorable geographical setting, the pre-Hispanic Gulf Coast played a critical role as a cultural and economic crossroads, and its cultures contributed vital elements to other Mesoamerican traditions. Gulf Coast archaeology currently is experiencing the most active period in its history. This recent research underscores the diversity and dynamism of the area's cultures and environment. An enormous expansion of settlement pattern studies reveals considerable diversity in sociopolitical organization, urbanism, and human–land relationships. A second important trend focuses on documenting and understanding variation in craft production and exchange systems. A third is the continuing emphasis on interregional interaction through all time periods. These three foci merge in a growing interest in variation and change in Gulf Coast political economies. Future research will need to incorporate theoretical perspectives that focus on the generation of cultural variation, including agency-based models of technological choice and political economy, as well as those, like Darwinian approaches, that emphasize the differential persistence of variation.
Dissolution of cemented carbide powders in artificial sweat: implications for cobalt sensitization and contact dermatitis

Skin exposure to cobalt-containing materials can cause systemic immune sensitization and upon repeat contact, elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Data on cobalt dissolution rates are needed to calculate uptake through skin and for development of models to understand risk of sensitization or dermatitis. The purpose of this research was to measure the dissolution kinetics of feedstock and process-sampled powders encountered in the production of hard metal alloys using artificial sweat. The physicochemical properties of each material were characterized prior to evaluation of dissolution behavior. Variations in artificial sweat solvent pH and chemistry were used to understand critical factors in dissolution. Dissolution of cobalt, tungsten, and tungsten carbide was often biphasic with the initial rapid phase being up to three orders of magnitude faster than the latter long-term phase. Artificial sweat pH did not influence dissolution of cobalt or tungsten carbide. Solvent composition had little influence on observed dissolution rates; however, vitamin E suppressed the dissolution of cobalt and tungsten carbide from sintered particles obtained from a chamfer grinder. There was no effect of particle size on dissolution of feedstock cobalt, tungsten, tungsten carbide, and admixture powders. Particle physicochemical properties influenced observed dissolution rates with more cobalt and tungsten carbide dissolving from chamfer grinder particles compared to the feedstock powders or admixture powder. Calculations using the observed dissolution rates revealed that skin exposure concentrations were similar to concentrations known to induce cobalt sensitization and elicit ACD. Observed dissolution rates for cobalt in artificial sweat indicate that dermal uptake may be sufficient to induce cobalt sensitization and allergic dermatitis.
106—EFFECTS OF FIBRE DIAMETER AND CRIMP ON PROPERTIES OF WOOL FABRICS AND OTHER FIBRE ASSEMBLIES: PART II. PROPERTIES OF TOP, ROVING, YARN, AND FABRIC

The wools described in Part I were processed on the French-worsted system, and the yarns were woven into fabric. The specifications of the original experimental design1 were met reasonably well at the greasy-wool stage. As a result of fibre breakage during processing, however, crimp and length became confounded in terms of the original design. In the context of this study, this means that, effectively, only the consequences of variations in fibre diameter and crimp may be ascertained, with the effects of fibre length assumed to be negligible. The uncrimping behaviour of the 6 wools, as estimated from single-fibre load-extension curves, has been found to agree well with the level of crimp in the greasy-wool staples. The usual inverse relationship between uncrimping stress and Young's modulus obtains, and the stresses at 20% extension for the fibres from all 6 wools are statistically indistinguishable. The fibres from the high-crimp wools, however, exhibit lower breaking stresses, breaking extensions, and b...
Reemergence of Goss's Wilt and Blight of Corn to the Central High Plains

Goss's bacterial wilt and blight, also known as leaf freckles and wilt was first identified in Dawson Co. in south central Nebraska in 1969. The disease was soon identified in 54 Nebraska counties ...
A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant.

In this article, Apgar described her innovative method for assessing the viability of newborn infants by assigning "scores" of 0, 1, or 2 to the infant's respiration, pulse, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli one minute after birth. This procedure was later known as "Apgar scoring" and is now routinely used in hospitals worldwide.
Surface cleanliness of supported metal catalysts

Abstract The cleanliness of metal surfaces for supported metal catalysts and metal single crystals in their typical environments are compared. The level of surface contamination for metal particles in the micropores of the support could be very low on the average in spite of relatively poor vacuum conditions. The particles sheltered in the micropores of the support are protected from fast coverage by the contaminants.
Inelastic light scattering in halide glasses at high temperatures: boson peaks and the degree of disorder

Abstract Inelastic light scattering measurements as a function of temperature were carried out for three ZrF 4 - or HfF 4 -based fluoride glass samples. The frequency regime probed is from close to the exciting line to 300 cm −1 , with a temperature range extended from ambient to above the glass transition region. The low frequency Raman scattering containing a dominant spectral line (the boson peak) is interpreted in terms of the amplitude and magnitude of the density fluctuations in the glass. The degree and range of disorder in a glass is obtained in a quantitative sense from the behaviour of the spectral form of the boson peak with temperature.
Calorimetric investigation of cyclopentane hydrate formation in an emulsion

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is applied to investigate the formation of cyclopentane hydrates in a water-in-oil emulsion. Protocols of cooling below the ice formation temperature and warming to a temperature above the ice and hydrate melting temperatures are applied. Cyclopentane, which forms hydrates at atmospheric pressure, is a component of the continuous oil phase in the hydrate-forming emulsion and is replaced by iso -octane to obtain a comparable ice-forming emulsion. A method based on comparing the heat flow measured by DSC for samples of identically prepared hydrate-forming and non-hydrate (ice-forming) emulsions is developed to obtain the rate of cyclopentane hydrate growth. Results are reported for a 40% water volume fraction emulsion. Experimental results lead to the conclusion that the hydrate formation takes place primarily at the interface between water drops and the continuous oil phase. In the absence of surfactants, a robust hydrate “shell” develops around the water drop limiting transport of hydrate former to the free water which remains trapped inside the hydrate layer. Direct visualization of hydrate formation in larger water drops under the influence of oil-soluble surfactants shows that the hydrate crystals have much smaller features and the appearance is hairy or mushy. A three-step mechanism – nucleation, surface growth and radial growth – is described to capture the main features of the hydrate formation process. Mechanical stresses developed in the hydrate shell due to volume expansion upon hydrate formation (a liquid–solid transition) are analyzed.
Anharmonic T ⊗ ɛ Jahn-Teller coupling in LiCaAlF6: Cr3+

For an octahedral system, we analyzed the coupling between the triple degenerate electronic states of a transition metal ion and the double degenerate vibration of the ligands of the host matrix. The vibrations of the ligands of the lattice are described by new anharmonic coherent states of the Morse potential. For the linear coupling between electronic states and anharmonic vibrations, we built the matrix elements from the interaction Hamiltonian and corresponding energy levels.
Perceived Health and Locus of Control in the Aged

Several researchers (1, 2, 3 ) suggest that people adjust better to losses in aging if they have an internal rather than external locus of control. But advanced age is associated with decline of a very important variable-physical health. Loss of control of one's physical wellbeing may result in a feeling of reduced influence over all life events and make it difficult to maintain an internal locus of control for those who might need it most. To gather normative data on locus of control for the very old and to determine whether poor health in late life may be associated with external locus of control, we interviewed 197 Minneapolis area residents who were living independently in high rises for senior citizens with low incomes. W e recorded their ages, self-ratings of general health on a scale of 1 to 5 (very poor to very good), and their responses to the 11-item James Locus of Control Scale ( 4 ) . The scale was slightly revised for an older sample and is available from the authors. The maximum external score is 11 (strongly agree with 11 "external items"), the maximum internal score is 44 (strongly disagree) and the mid-point is 27.5 (between agree and disagree). No effects of interviewer or sex differences (33 males vs 164 females) were found. Participants' ages ranged from 68 to 98 yr., with a mean of 80.03 yr. and a standard deviation of 6.74. The mean response on the James Scale was 26.19; SD was 2.89. The mean self-rating of health was 3.83 ( 3 = ok, 4 = good) with a standard deviation of .83. Those participants who rated their health as poor tended to have an external locus of control ( s = .17, p = ,007). For most very old people decline of health is inevitable. If this decline results in a tendency for them to make external attributions for their fate, it has implications for how they adapt to the aging process. If the sense of control and hence the adaptive abilities of older people are to be enhanced ( 5 ) . influences on adaptation such as locus of control and health musr be better understood.
Progress in radiation cured coatings

Although cure of paint coatings by radiation is no new phenomenon, there is considerable increased interest in development of industrial processes using radiation curing for a variety of reasons. Before studying the developments in detail, it is worth noting that radiated energy can basically be divided into two categories. In the first category we have ionising radiation which for our purposes includes electromagnetic radiation of wave lengths less than visible light and also accelerated electrons. In the second category is radiation, which is essentially thermal in its effect ranging from infra red through to microwave and radio frequency. The use of these longer wave length radiations, whose effect is essentially thermal, will not be discussed in detail since all coatings which can be cured in normal high temperature ovens are basically capable of cure with such methods. It is worth noting however, that improvement in the design of infra red lamps with peak radiation in the near infra red at around 120...
Investigation of Disparities in Geographic Accessibility to Emergency Stroke and Myocardial Infarction Care in East Tennessee Using Geographic Information Systems and Network Analysis

Purpose Stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) require timely geographic accessibility to emergency care. Historically, studies used straight line distances as measures of geographic accessibility. Recently, travel time has been recognized as a better indicator of accessibility because travel impedances can be considered. This study used finer grained transportation data and network analysis to investigate neighborhood disparities in travel time to emergency stroke and MI care. Methods Travel times to stroke and cardiac centers were computed using network analysis, while considering distance, speed limit, road connectivity, and turn impedances. Neighborhoods within 30, 60, or 90 minutes travel were identified. Travel time by air ambulance was calculated and adjusted for flying speed and some delays. Results Approximately 8% and 15% of the study population did not have timely geographic accessibility to emergency stroke and MI care, respectively. Populations with poor access were located in rural areas. The entire study population had timely access by air ambulance. Conclusions This study identified disparities in geographic accessibility to emergency stroke and MI care in East Tennessee. Use of air ambulance or telemedicine could play a vital role in addressing these disparities. This information is important for evidence-based health planning and resource allocation.
Validation of Cooking Methods Using Shell Eggs Inoculated with Salmonella Serotypes Enteritidis and Heidelberg

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis has long been associated with eggs, and more recently, Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg has also become associated with eggs. This study was undertaken to determine whether Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg are effectively eliminated from eggs by various cooking methods. Seven cooking methods were chosen--hard and soft cooked, scrambled, over easy, sunny-side up, poached, and free poached--and a pan insert and the free-flowing method were used. Shell eggs, purchased from a grocery store, were inoculated with Salmonella and cooked. The cooked eggs were analyzed by USDA-approved methods for Salmonella recovery. Findings indicated that existing cooking methods for the hard-cooked, soft-cooked, and poaching methods were safe. However, the same was not true for the current sunny-side-up, over-easy, and scrambled egg cooking methods.
Influence of methionine sulfoximine on the photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts

Methionine sulfoximine provided at a concentration which inhibits photosynthesis in intact leaves (10 mM) had no significant influence on the rate of photosynthesis of isolated pea leaf chloroplasts. In contrast, ammonium, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, and D,L-glyceraldehyde all strongly inhibited the photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts. We conclude that low concentrations of methionine sulfoximine (up to 10 mM) have no direct effect on the photosynthetic process.
One platform, five brands: how nature cuts the cost on riboswitches.

Riboswitches regulate gene expression in cis in response to changing metabolite concentrations in cells. Since flavin mononucleotide1,2 and thiamine pyrophosphate1,3 sensing riboswitches were discovered in 2002, more than 20 classes of metabolite-responsive riboswitches have been identified, primarily controlling essential metabolic or virulence genes in bacteria. Riboswitches are typically found in the mRNA 5′ untranslated region where they control expression usually by regulating premature transcription termination or translation initiation. Some riboswitches additionally control mRNA turnover4 or Rho-dependent termination.5 Regardless of their regulatory mechanism, the modular riboswitch structure is composed of an aptamer domain (ligand binding) and an effector domain (regulation). Ligand binding to the aptamer domain stabilizes an alternate structure and induces an effector domain switch to turn gene expression on or off. Riboswitches offer an efficient and rapid means to respond to changing metabolic conditions in a cell.
Procedures for processing cattle fecal samples for NIRS analysis

Abstract Factors related to and methods for processing cattle fecal samples for rapid analysis with near-IR reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for forage diet quality predictions were investigated. No differences (P
Extremum-Seeking Control of a Mode-Locked Laser

An adaptive controller is demonstrated that is capable of both obtaining and maintaining high-energy, single-pulse states in a mode-locked fiber laser. In particular, a multi-parameter extremum-seeking control (ESC) algorithm is used on a nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) based laser using waveplate and polarizer angles to achieve optimal passive mode-locking despite large disturbances to the system. The physically realizable objective function introduced divides the energy output by the kurtosis of the pulse spectrum, thus balancing the total energy with the coherence of the mode-locked solution. In addition, its peaks are high-energy mode-locked states that have a safety margin near parameter regimes where mode-locking breaks down or the multipulsing instability occurs. The ESC is demonstrated by numerical simulations of a single-NPR mode-locked laser and is able to track locally maximal mode-locked states despite significant disturbances to parameters such as the fiber birefringence.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the lingual tonsil.

(Editorial Comment: The authors describe a patient with MALT lymphoma of the tonsil with concurrent gastrointestinal pathology.) Lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) arising from the lingual tonsil is a rare phenomenon. We present the third case reported in the literature of MALT lymphoma of the lingual tonsil. The gastrointestinal tract is the most frequent extranodal location for low grade B-cell lymphomas of MALT type. When Waldeyer’s ring is involved, the palatine tonsil is the most commonly affected site. Only 2 cases have previously described lingual tonsillar involvement; however, none exhibited any concurrent gastrointestinal pathology. We present the first case of MALT lymphoma of the lingual tonsil with synchronous gastric involvement. Discovery of MALT lymphoma in the lingual tonsil should prompt complete gastrointestinal evaluation to detect any additional foci of disease that may be present. Further study is necessary to determine appropriate therapy. Lymphomas derived from mucosa-associ
Engineering Service Learning, Engineering Entrepreneurship and assessment: Building a program that works

The U.A. Whitaker School of Engineering at Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU) welcomed its first group of students in 2005, successfully graduating the first class in 2009. A key component to the engineering program includes a two course sequence in Engineering Service Learning and Engineering Entrepreneurship. Engineering Service Learning focuses on identifying a community based need, design criteria and constraints and developing alternative solutions. Engineering Entrepreneurship continues with the engineering design process, emphasizing testing and implementation of the design while developing a business plan and gaining an understanding of the market potential for the solution. Every class in the engineering program is tied directly to targeted assessment outcomes. Engineering Entrepreneurship and Engineering Service Learning support ABET program outcomes d (ability to function on a team) and g (communicate effectively in an interdisciplinary environment), as well as two school specific outcomes l (understand entrepreneurship and business plans) and m (define a community problems and deliver a solution). Outcomes d and g are challenging to assess and are often left to capstone design courses. This paper will provide background on the design and development of the two course series, assessment results from the past two years and changes made based on the assessment results.
Characterization of a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for the coagulogen of Limulus polyphemus

An 869-nucleotide-long cDNA clone for the coagulogen from Limulus amebocyte has been isolated and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. The deduced amino-acid sequence revealed a signal peptide, 20 amino acids long, and a mature protein of 175 amino acids. The amino-acid sequence of the coagulogen was compared to all known proteins by two computer programs. Using these programs, Limulus coagulogen showed 70% homology with the coagulogen of Tachypleus tridentatus (Japanese horseshoe crab). Further computer analysis showed no statistically significant homology to support an evolutionary origin of the horseshoe crab coagulogen common to other protein families. These results place horseshoe crab coagulogen in a new superfamily unrelated to any other proteins investigated. RNA blot analysis of Limulus RNA indicated that the coagulogen mRNA was about 900 bases long and represented an abundant species in the amebocyte while detected only in small quantities in the hepatopancreas. Besides mature RNA, high-molecular-weight forms of coagulogen RNA were also observed. Southern blot analysis of Limulus DNA digested with restriction endonucleases suggested that the Limulus coagulogen gene contains at least three introns, or belongs to a multigene family.
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has been described by some as a long-lived El Nino-like pattern of Pacific climate variability, and by others as a blend of two sometimes independent modes having distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability. A growing body of evidence highlights a strong tendency for PDO impacts in the Southern Hemisphere, with important surface climate anomalies over the mid-latitude South Pacific Ocean, Australia and South America. Several independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles in the past century: “cool” PDO regimes prevailed from 1890–1924 and again from 1947–1976, while “warm” PDO regimes dominated from 1925–1946 and from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Interdecadal changes in Pacific climate have widespread impacts on natural systems, including water resources in the Americas and many marine fisheries in the North Pacific. Tree-ring and Pacific coral based climate reconstructions suggest that PDO variations—at a range of varying time scales—can be traced back to at least 1600, although there are important differences between different proxy reconstructions. While 20th Century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two general periodicities—one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from 50-to-70 years—the mechanisms causing PDO variability remain unclear. To date, there is little in the way of observational evidence to support a mid-latitude coupled air-sea interaction for PDO, though there are several well-understood mechanisms that promote multi-year persistence in North Pacific upper ocean temperature anomalies.
Agent-based cyber control strategy design for resilient control systems: Concepts, architecture and methodologies

The implementation of automated regulatory control has been around since the middle of the last century through analog means. It has allowed engineers to operate the plant more consistently by focusing on overall operations and settings instead of individual monitoring of local instruments (inside and outside of a control room). A similar approach is proposed for cyber security, where current border-protection designs have been inherited from information technology developments that lack consideration of the high-reliability, high consequence nature of industrial control systems. Instead of an independent development, however, an integrated approach is taken to develop a holistic understanding of performance. This performance takes shape inside a multi-agent design, which provides a notional context to model highly decentralized and complex industrial process control systems, the nervous system of critical infrastructure. The resulting strategy will provide a framework for researching solutions to security and unrecognized interdependency concerns with industrial control systems.
Note on motion in the Schwarzschild field

It is often said that the speed of a freely falling test particle in the Schwarzschild field approaches the speed of light at the Schwarzschild radius. It is shown that this is not the case. (auth)
Intra and interspecific behavior of Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus pinetorum

Field captured adult meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and adult pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) were behaviorally tested in a large arena in the laboratory to compare intra and interspecific behaviors. Five behavioral categories were compared and used to evaluate dominance relationships. Intraspecific within sex comparisons showed female meadow voles were more aggressive than males while within pine voles males exhibited more aggressive and retreat behaviors than females. Female meadow voles exhibited a greater frequency of contacts than males while male pine voles were more contact-oriented and females exhibited more attentive and aggressive behaviors. Interspecific within sex comparisons indicated that male pine voles were more aggressive than male meadow voles. However, in female interspecific encounters no significant difference in aggression occurred though other behaviours differed. An overall evaluation of behavioral data indicates that maintenance of individual distance both within and between these species may be expressed by pine voles via aggressive behavior and by meadow voles by non-aggressive dominant behavior or mutual avoidance.
Interpretation of columnar content measurements of the solar-wind turbulence

The temporal spectrum of measurements of the integrated electron columnar content between the earth and a distant source are considered. The relation between this spectrum and the three-dimensional wavenumber spectrum of the solar-wind density is derived under the assumption that the correlation scale is the smallest scale of interest. The specific case of round-trip measurements to a spacecraft is investigated for a power-law solar-wind density spectrum. The resulting spectrum has a power-law envelope one power less steep than the solar-wind density spectrum with several deep minima superposed.
Atypical facial scarring after isotretinoin therapy in a patient with previous dermabrasion

The increased use of isotretinoin therapy for severe cystic acne has posed new problems for dermatologic surgeons. There have been recent reports in the literature of unexpected "atypical" scarring after dermabrasion in patients who have previously taken isotretinoin. This scarring was considered atypical because it occurred outside the typical "danger zones" (e.g., mandible and malar eminences) where scarring most often occurs after dermabrasion. This is the first reported case of atypical scarring in a patient who began isotretinoin therapy 2 months after dermabrasion.
Liquid chromatographic determination of copper speciation in jet fuel resulting from dissolved copper

Abstract A method involving a dual normal-phase/ion-exchange mechanism, preconcentration and separation of copper cyclohexanebutyrate, copper tetramethylheptanedionate and N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-propylenediaminocopper on the polymeric stationary phase poly(vinyl alcohol) using a ternary gradient of 2-propanol, acetonitrile and 10 m M KCF 3 SO 3 , in methanol was developed. Copper compounds with formation constants of 10 20 or greater in water were retained via a normal-phase mechanism, whereas copper compounds with formation constants of 10 15 or less were retained via an ion-exchange mechanism. The method was used to characterize and to determine copper compounds with a limit of detection of 10 μg/1. The developed method was used to monitor the five classes of copper complexes formed when jet fuel samples with and without DuPont Metal Deactivator (DMD), the active ingredient of which is N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-propylenediamine, were placed in contact with a metallic copper surface.
Gene duplication, modularity and adaptation in the evolution of the aflatoxin gene cluster

The biosynthesis of aflatoxin (AF) involves over 20 enzymatic reactions in a complex polyketide pathway that converts acetate and malonate to the intermediates sterigmatocystin (ST) and O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), the respective penultimate and ultimate precursors of AF. Although these precursors are chemically and structurally very similar, their accumulation differs at the species level for Aspergilli. Notable examples are A. nidulans that synthesizes only ST, A. flavus that makes predominantly AF, and A. parasiticus that generally produces either AF or OMST. Whether these differences are important in the evolutionary/ecological processes of species adaptation and diversification is unknown. Equally unknown are the specific genomic mechanisms responsible for ordering and clustering of genes in the AF pathway of Aspergillus. To elucidate the mechanisms that have driven formation of these clusters, we performed systematic searches of aflatoxin cluster homologs across five Aspergillus genomes. We found a high level of gene duplication and identified seven modules consisting of highly correlated gene pairs (aflA/aflB, aflR/aflS, aflX/aflY, aflF/aflE, aflT/aflQ, aflC/aflW, and aflG/aflL). With the exception of A. nomius, contrasts of mean Ka/Ks values across all cluster genes showed significant differences in selective pressure between section Flavi and non-section Flavi species. A. nomius mean Ka/Ks values were more similar to partial clusters in A. fumigatus and A. terreus. Overall, mean Ka/Ks values were significantly higher for section Flavi than for non-section Flavi species. Our results implicate several genomic mechanisms in the evolution of ST, OMST and AF cluster genes. Gene modules may arise from duplications of a single gene, whereby the function of the pre-duplication gene is retained in the copy (aflF/aflE) or the copies may partition the ancestral function (aflA/aflB). In some gene modules, the duplicated copy may simply augment/supplement a specific pathway function (aflR/aflS and aflX/aflY) or the duplicated copy may evolve a completely new function (aflT/aflQ and aflC/aflW). Gene modules that are contiguous in one species and noncontiguous in others point to possible rearrangements of cluster genes in the evolution of these species. Significantly higher mean Ka/Ks values in section Flavi compared to non-section Flavi species indicate increased positive selection acting in the evolution of genes in OMST and AF gene clusters.
Informative voting and condorcet jury theorems with a continuum of types

We consider a model of information aggregation in which there are two possible states of the world and agents receive private signals from the set of probability measures over the binary state space – the unit interval. For a reasonably general set of signal densities, a unique symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium in responsive strategies exists and voting is informative in this equilibrium. Asymptotic analysis shows that society makes the correct decision almost surely as population size grows. In contrast to findings of Feddersen and Pesendorfer (1998) in the finite signal space case and Duggan and Martinelli (1999) in an alternative model in which the signal space is a continuum, this result holds for unanimity rule. The key to the efficiency of unanimity rule is that there are perfectly informative (or at least nearly perfectly informative) signals. A corollary to the asymptotic efficiency result is that for all rules the collective performs better than a single agent's dictatorship for large but finite populations. This need not be true for arbitrary population sizes.
Electronic Mail: An Issue of Privacy Versus Property Rights

Do you use Electronic mail (E‐mail)? Do you know if anyone other than the intended recipient is reading the mail you send? And, what would you do if it fell into the wrong hands? Employees around the world use E‐mail more than a million times a day (Elmer‐Dewitt, 1993). E‐mail is used for a multitude of purposes including telling jokes, discussing confidential matters, or even spreading gossip that could be potentially offensive if overheard by the wrong person. E‐mail is more convenient for most to use rather than having to pick up the phone or wander down a hall to tell someone something. A common misconception many have concerning the use of E‐mail is that it is as private as mail or a phone call (Elmer‐Dewitt, 1993).
The cyclic production of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the opilionid.

Techniques were developed for the measurement of two cyclic responses in the opilionid, Leiobunum longipes . These responses were an overt locomotor behavior and an internal secretory activity, both measured over a 24-hour period. An activity platform was designed to measure and to record continuously the movements of the opilionid. The procedure of fluorometric analysis, used to quantitate indoles, was adapted for use with the opilionid and the presence of the neurosecretory compound, 5-hydroxytryptamine, was established. A method was developed for maintaining tissues in culture over extended periods. Adult males and females of Leiobunum longipes showed a unimodal pattern of locomotor activity. The pattern of secretion of 5-HT was also shown to be unimodal in character. There was an interesting parallel between the patterns of activity and secretion of 5-HT, with greatest peak at 2:00 AM, which suggested a relationship between the two. The secretion, of 5-HT from tissues in vitro showed a bimodal cyclic output with a primary peak at 2:00 AM. A secondary peak occurred at midmorning, when the secretion in intact animals was at a low point.
Isolation of Bcl-2 binding proteins that exhibit homology with BAG-1 and suppressor of death domains protein.

The Bcl-2 oncoprotein is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis and is overexpressed in a variety of different malignancies. Bcl-2 function is regulated through heterodimerization with other members of the Bcl-2 protein family. In addition, several proteins that are not members of the Bcl-2 family can bind to Bcl-2, including BAG-1 protein. In this study, we screened for proteins that bind to Bcl-2, and isolated two additional members of the BAG-1 protein family, BAG-3 and BAG-4. The BAG-4 protein that we cloned also corresponds to the recently isolated suppressor of death domains (SODD) protein, a molecule that binds and inhibits signaling by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). Both BAG-3 and BAG-4/SODD were found to physically associate with Bcl-2, and both proteins are well conserved from human to mouse. A region of homology, comprising 68 amino acids, is present in the carboxyl termini of BAG-3 and BAG-4/SODD, and this region corresponds with sequences termed BAG domains that are found in other members of the BAG-1 protein family. In BAG-3 and BAG-4/SODD, the BAG domains appear to constitute the Bcl-2 binding regions of these molecules. BAG-3 and BAG-4/SODD, like BAG-1, were also shown to bind to Hsp70 inside the cell. Moreover, BAG-3 overexpression modestly inhibited apoptosis resulting from cytokine deprivation of IL-3-dependent 32D cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that other members of the BAG-1 protein family, namely BAG-3 and BAG-4/SODD, bind to Bcl-2 and provide a potential link between pathways regulated by Bcl-2 and pathways regulated by Hsp70, as well as TNFR1.
Effects of terbufos on juvenile red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Differential routes of exposure

During rain events, terbufos may be transported into aquatic ecosystems via agricultural runoff. Because crayfish are closely associated with sediment, they may be exposed to aqueous terbufos through the gills or by ingesting contaminated sediment, detritus, or plants. Bioavailability of terbufos in food and toxicity of terbufos to crayfish were examined by measuring mortality and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and by observing behavior. A 96-h aqueous exposure and a 12-h dietary exposure of juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to terbufos produced median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 5.9 μg/L (95% CI: 4.4, 8.1) and 4.4 μg/g pellet (95% CI: 2.9, 6.7), respectively. Aberrant behavior, such as loss of motor control and equilibrium, was noted at concentrations almost 50% of the aqueous LC50 and 80% of the dietary LC50. As concentration increased, AChE activity decreased and mortality and aberrant behavior increased. I50s, the percentage of AChE inhibition at which 50% of the crayfish died, for aqueous and dietary exposures were 76.5% (95% CI: 67.4, 85.6) and 86.1% (95% CI: 78.1, 94.1) of control activity, respectively. Based on present study results, terbufos is available for uptake by crayfish through ingestion and causes detrimental effects at concentrations less than expected in agricultural runoff.
The ultrastructural localization and quantitation of cholinergic receptors at the mouse motor endplate.

The snake venom toxin, α-bungarotoxin, is known to bind specifically to the acetylcholine receptor at skeletal muscle endplates. In this study, tritiated α-bungarotoxin has been used in conjunction with electron-microscope autoradiography to visualize and enumerate acetylcholine receptor sites at the neuromuscular junctions of the mouse diaphragm. From an analysis of the grain distribution, the receptor sites appear to be located specifically on the postjunctional membrane. The density there is about 8,500/μ2 of membrane surface. For comparison purposes, cholinesterases and related active centers were labeled using [3H] diisopropylfluorophosphate; they were shown to be at this same concentration over the synaptic membranes (or along the cleft). The 1∶1 relationship of the receptors to the cholinesterase type of site, found previously to hold in studies on whole endplates, is also true at the ultrastructural level in this case. In fact, this 1∶1 relationship is believed to be a characteristic of the postsynaptic membranes of endplates in other muscles and other vertebrates. Based on the constant density value thus arrived at, the total surface areas of postsynaptic and of presynaptic membranes are at once obtained from the known total numbers of these sites per endplate, available from previous studies in this laboratory. Examples of such synaptic surface area values are given. These values are only reliable for a given muscle type if the approximate fiber size is defined.
The swan-song phenomenon: last-works effects for 172 classical composers

Creative individuals approaching their final years of life may undergo a transformation in outlook that is reflected in their last works. This hypothesized effect was quantitatively assessed for an extensive sample of 1,919 works by 172 classical composers. The works were independently gauged on seven aesthetic attributes (melodic originality, melodic variation, repertoire popularity, aesthetic significance, listener accessibility, performance duration, and thematic size), and potential last-works effects were operationally defined two separate ways (linearly and exponentially). Statistical controls were introduced for both longitudinal changes (linear, quadratic, and cubic age functions) and individual differences (eminence and lifetime productivity). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that composers' swan songs tend to score lower in melodic originality and performance duration but higher in repertoire popularity and aesthetic significance. These last-works effects survive control for total compositional output, eminence, and most significantly, the composer's age when the last works were created.
Chemotherapy of Experimental Rabies of Rats

ConclusionsAgainst a heavy infecting dose of fixed rabies virus administered intracranially to rats, the oral administration of sulfanilamide or of sodium sulfanilylsulfanilate resulted in a slight prolongation of life but failed to save the life of any animal.
A global optical model for neutron scattering for a > 53 and 10 MeV < E < 80 MeV

Abstract A non-relativistic spherical optical model for neutron scattering has been parametrized for A>53 and 10 < E < 80 MeV. The model is based on σ(θ) and Ay(θ) data for neutrons and protons, and on total and reaction cross sections for neutrons. Qualitatively good fits to the large body of neutron data were achieved using customary Woods-Saxon form factors and reasonable well depths and geometry parameters.