cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coronary Inflow and Outflow Responses to Coronary Artery Occlusion

Sudden complete occlusion of a major coronary artery (left circumflex or right coronary artery) was produced in anesthetized dogs. The effect on arterial inflow, venous outflow and O2 saturation of coronary venous blood from the nonischemic left ventricle was studied. The usual response to occlusion of the left circumflex artery was an increase in flow in the left anterior descending artery and in outflow from the great cardiac vein. The O2 saturation of venous blood from the nonischemic muscle decreased. These changes did not occur following occlusion of the right coronary artery. It was not possible to measure tissue pressure accurately to relate this measurement to flow changes. Observations on coronary sinus flow and O2 saturation were also made following occlusion of the left circumflex artery and retrograde flow collection from it. These observations plus the changes in anterior descending inflow and great cardiac vein outflow with coronary occlusion suggest that these changes are more likely due to...
Mapping the Auditory Central Nervous System ofXenopus laevis with 2-Deoxyglucose Autoradiography

Abstract We report here on our use of 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography to identify acoustically-sensitive nuclei in the brain of the South African clawed frog,Xenopus laevis. The superior olive, lateral lemniscus, torus semicircularis, and posterocentral thalamus all selectively accumulated radioactively labeled deoxyglucose during acoustic stimulation. In frogs with middle ear bones removed on one side, the laminar nucleus of the torus was more heavily labeled on the side opposite the intact ear. Some cells within this area are known to concentrate sex hormones. This finding is, to our knowledge, the only example of a hormone-sensitive auditory nucleus in vertebrates.
VALUING DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF PREGNANT WORKING WOMAN IN THE UNITED STATES

In 1987, Claire Logan, a sales representative for a garment manufacturer in New York City, was looking forward to her first bonus after moving to a commission‐based pay schedule. She had brought in over US$5 million in sales for her employer, including a new $2 million account with a major department store, and was owed a $15,000 bonus. After receiving a partial payment of $5,000 from her employer, Logan discovered she was pregnant and informed her boss. Within days she found herself out of a job and short $10,000 of the bonus owed to her. Logan filed a complaint against her employer with New York City's Human Rights Commission and four years later settled her claim of discrimination for $45,000.
Electrocardiogram in double chamber right ventricle

Thirty patients with a double chamber right ventricle were seen during a 7 year period. The majority of patients had associated cardiac anomalies, most commonly a ventricular septal defect. In this series, as in others, the history, clinical examination, chest roentgenogram and echocardiogram were inconclusive for diagnosing double chamber right ventricle. Symptoms were generally related to the severity of the associated anomalies. In 40 percent of the patients reviewed, upright T waves were found in lead V 3 R as the only electrocardiographic finding suggestive of right ventricular hypertrophy. Because upright T waves in lead V 3 R in the absence of other evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy are not commonly seen in patients with an isolated ventricular septal defect or a defect associated with other forms of right ventricular outflow obstruction, this finding should alert the cardiologist to the possibility of the presence of double chamber right ventricle prior to cardiac catheterization.
POLITICS AND COMMUNITY: CHICAGO'S NEAR WEST SIDE BLACK UNDERCLASS

The black underclass are one population group that has recently experienced a devastating decay of their built environment. This article examines the attitudes and political response of the black underclass to this process. Our focus on Chicago's Near West Side probes resident perceptions of the problem, resident mobilization around political agendas, leader actions at public forums, and levels of institutionalized obstacles to effective leader participation. The results suggest that this population had little opportunity to reverse this decay. Obstacles to controlling neighborhood change were embedded in everyday social life, communicative discourses, community institutional actions, and local government policy. While formal political procedures prevented this group's meaningful public participation, underclass social life ravaged their incentives to participate. We conclude that opening up community development to the black underclass requires restructuring the game's rules and this group's impoverished condition.
Numerical modeling of the propagation and strengthening of tsunami waves near the Crimean Peninsula and the Northeast Coast of the Black Sea

The linear model of long waves is used for the evaluation of the parameters of tsunami waves along the South Coast of Crimea, in the near-Kerch zone, and near the northeast coast of the Black Sea. Our numerical investigations are carried out for 24 probable locations of the elliptic zones of tsunami generation over the continental slope of the basin. The amplitude characteristics of tsunamis are computed for 27 sites of the Black-Sea coast. It is shown that significant strengthening of tsunami waves is possible in the course of their propagation toward the coast. The highest waves are formed at the sites of the coast closest to the seismic source. The dependence of the intensity of tsunami waves along the Black-Sea coast on the location of the seismic source and its magnitude is analyzed.
Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in stands of the wetland grass Panicum hemitomon along a wide hydrologic gradient

Although wetland plant species usually aggregate into zones that correspond with their water depth/dryness tolerances, it is not known whether associated arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi show a similar zonation. We assessed the distribution of AM fungi in two similar depressional wetlands dominated by the semi-aquatic grass Panicum hemitomon by sampling soil in plots along dry-to-wet gradients that spanned 80 cm in relative elevation, and identifying/counting viable AM fungal spores. We found that eight of nine AM fungal species were common to both of the wetlands. Within each wetland, there were significant differences in species composition related to relative water depth. The zonation patterns were not identical between wetlands but revealed that certain species were relegated to the drier portions of the gradient in both. No species were relegated to only the wet portions of the wetlands; those that dominated there were also present in the drier areas. Our data show that water depth is an important factor determining the distribution of the AM fungi, even when, as in our study wetlands, the host plant remains constant along a dry-to-wet gradient. This suggests that the fungi are not physiologically equivalent in their tolerance to wetland conditions.
Monoclonal Gammopathy of the Immunoglobulin a Class in a Two-Year-Old Girl with Ataxia Telangiectasia:

Ataxia telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder which is frequently associated with a deficiency of IgA immunoglobulin. We report an unusual case of monoclonal gammopathy of the IgA kappa type in a 2-year-old female patient newly diagnosed with ataxia telangiectasia. Quantitative analysis of the patient's immunoglobulins revealed a marked elevation in the IgA fraction with a value of 672 mg/dL (normal 14–123 mg/dL). The IgG and IgM fractions were normal. Serum protein electrophoresis showed a band of restricted mobility present in the gamma region, which was identified as a monoclonal IgA kappa immunoglobulin on immunofixation electrophoresis. This is the first case report of a patient with ataxia telangiectasia associated with an IgA monoclonal gammopathy.
Specification and verification of data-driven web services

We study data-driven Web services provided by Web sites interacting with users or applications. The Web site can access an underlying database, as well as state information updated as the interaction progresses, and receives user input. The structure and contents of Web pages, as well as the actions to be taken, are determined dynamically by querying the underlying database as well as the state and inputs. The properties to be verified concern the sequences of events (inputs, states, and actions) resulting from the interaction, and are expressed in linear or branching-time temporal logics. The results establish under what conditions automatic verification of such properties is possible and provide the complexity of verification. This brings into play a mix of techniques from logic and automatic verification.
Novel Copolymers of Styrene. 12. Halogen Ring-Substituted Methyl 2-Cyano-3-Phenyl-2-Propenoates

Electrophilic trisubstituted ethylenes, halogen ring-substituted methyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH=C(CN)CO2CH3 (where R is 3-Br-4-CH3O, 5-Br-2-CH3O, 2-F-5-CH3, 2-F-6-CH3, 4-F-3-CH3, 4-F-3-PhO, 2-F-5-I, 2-F-6-I, 2-F3C, 4-F3C) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The monomers were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and methyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene (M1) in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The compositions of the copolymers were calculated from nitrogen analysis and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. The order of relative reactivity (1/r 1) for the monomers is 2-F-5-CH3 (6.4) > 4-F-3-PhO (5.6) > 4-F3C (4.8) > 3-Br-4-CH3O (3.7) > 2-F-5-I (3.6) > 2-F3C (2.2) > 2-F-6-I (2.1) > 5-Br-2-CH3O (1.9) > 4-F-3-CH3 (1.8) > 2-F-6-CH3 (1.2). Relatively high T g of the copolymers in comparison with that of polysty...
Is wealth accumulation a luxury good

Abstract This paper structurally estimates the Capitalist Spirit Model, in which utility derives from direct preferences for wealth. Its results support the hypothesis that wealth accumulation is a luxury good, by showing that the marginal utility from wealth declines more slowly than that from consumption.
Canine ceroid-lipofuscinosis-a model for human neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis and aging.

Abstract A controlled longitudinal morphologic study revealed that the formation and accumulation of an autofluorescent lipopigment, identified as “ceroid” in the isolated state, commences in utero and progresses linearly with time. Only after a distinct loss of neurocytoplasm and its functional organelles is demonstrable, do clinical signs and symptoms develop. At that time, loss of functional neuronal cytoplasm appears to result from pigment formation. Nerve cells which have suffered this fate will eventually die and disappear. The process leads to a severe global neurologic disturbance and a cerebral atrophy. By the time of death from the disease at age 25 months, the brain weight is reduced to 70% of normal controls. Extraneural accumulations of ceroid pigments are massive and lead to an increase in the size of many lymph nodes but damage of viscera, demonstrable either by functional tests or by unequivocal morphologic criteria, was not observed. The morphogenesis of pigment accumulation has not been conclusively revealed. However, it appears reasonably safe to assume that a “prepigment” forms randomly in the cytoplasm which in the process of repetitive focal cell degradation becomes incorporated in autophagic vacuoles and by lysosomal digestion, which removes the catabolizable moieties, the residual pigment is being formed. The internal structures of the pigment bodies span a wide range and their architecture does not appear to be of pathognostic or pathogenetic significance.
Metrifonate treatment of AD influence of APOE genotype

Objective: To investigate whether an interaction exists between APOE genotype and the response of AD patients to metrifonate treatment and whether APOE genotype independently affects the rate of AD progression. Background: Metrifonate is a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of AD symptoms. Methods: Data were pooled from four prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials and analyzed retrospectively. A total of 959 patients who received once-daily placebo (n = 374) or metrifonate (30 to 60 mg based on weight or a 50-mg fixed dose, n = 585) for up to 26 weeks agreed to APOE genotyping. Results: Metrifonate clearly improved the cognitive performance of the AD patients when compared with placebo (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale [ADAS-Cog], p = 0.0001). The interaction of APOE genotype and the metrifonate effect on cognitive performance were not significant ( p = 0.25). Metrifonate also clearly improved the global function of the AD patients when compared with placebo (Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change with Caregiver Input [CIBIC-Plus], p = 0.0001). The interaction of APOE genotype with the metrifonate effect on global function also was not significant ( p = 0.70). No significant three-way interactions were observed among APOE genotype, gender, and response to metrifonate treatment (ADAS-Cog, p = 0.68; CIBIC-Plus, p = 0.26). APOE genotype did not influence disease progression as evaluated by either cognitive performance (ADAS-Cog, p = 0.93) or global function (CIBIC-Plus, p = 0.64). Conclusions: The findings from these studies of up to 26 weeks’ duration do not clearly support an interaction between APOE genotype and metrifonate treatment effects. They suggest that APOE genotypes do not necessarily predict an AD patient’s response to metrifonate treatment and that APOE genotype may not influence the rate of disease progression for patients with mild to moderate AD.
Primary fibroma in the right atrium of a dog

Signs of congestive heart failure developed in a 1 -year old male Irish Setter during a 3-week period. Pleural effusion and right atrial enlargement were evident on radiographs. The electrocardiogram had low voltage and small negative P-waves in leads II, III and aVF. The dog did not respond to therapy. At necropsy, a neoplasm was found involving parts of the right atrial wall and filling most of the right atrial lumen. The histological diagnosis was fibroma.
Actors as a special case of concurrent constraint (logic) programming

Saraswat recently introduced the framework of concurrent constraint programming [14]. The essence of the framework is that computations consist of concurrent agents interacting by communicating constraints. Several concurrent constraint programming languages have been defined. They differ in the kinds of constraints that can be used as well as the kinds of operations on constraints which are available. In this paper we introduce a very simple concurrent constraint language we call Lucy, designed to closely mimic the actor model of computation. Agents can communicate only by the posting of constraints upon bags (un-ordered collections possibly with duplicate elements). This very impoverished concurrent constraint language is a syntactic subset of Janus, a concurrent constraint language which closely resembles concurrent logic programming languages such as Guarded Horn Clauses [21], Strand [5], Parlog [2] and Flat Concurrent Prolog [13]. By identifying the subset of Janus which is an actor language, we elucidate the relationship between actors and concurrent logic programming (and its generalization as concurrent constraint programming). Lucy is best not thought of as a unification of logic and constraint programming with actor and object-oriented programming, but as the missing link between these programming language genera.
The Sophists and Democracy Beyond Athens

Abstract Scholars agree that a connection existed between the early sophists and democracy, usually in theoretical terms or in the association of sophists with the Athens of Pericles. However, to discuss the sophists and demokratia exclusively in the context of Athens makes little sense, given that the earliest sophists came from outside Athens and thus began to develop the ideas and practices that made them famous in other contexts. This paper considers what political experiences or background the early sophists may have had outside Athens. Examining the backgrounds of Protagoras, Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Prodicus, and Hippias, one can build a case for clear democratic associations beyond Athens. This may affect our understanding of the causes% ——and possibly the consequences——of the so-called ““sophistic movement”” with respect to democracies in Greece.
Stop SIDS--sleeping solitary supine, sucking soother, stopping smoking substitutes.

The recognition of prone sleeping and maternal smoking as modifiable risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), has drastically decreased SIDS incidence. However, during the last years other factors have become necessary to consider to further reduce the risk of SIDS. Side sleeping implies a greater risk than supine sleeping but is still common. Bed sharing may increase the risk of SIDS, while use of a pacifier seems to be protective. Replacement of maternal smoking with nicotine substitutes is not harmless. Conclusion: To further reduce the risk of SIDS, exclusive supine sleeping should be encouraged and side sleeping discouraged. When the breast-feeding is established, a pacifier can very well be used at bedtime. Bed sharing can increase the risk of SIDS if the infant is below 2/3 months of age, especially if the mother is a smoker. Any nicotine use should be avoided during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON PHOSPHORYLASE AND URIDINEDIPHOSPHOGLUCOSE-GLYCOGEN TRANSFERASE IN DECIDUAL CELLS OF THE RAT.

Adult virgin females were made pseudopregnant by cervical stimulation and four days after stimulation the uteri were traumatized with a thread. The animals were autopsied 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after trauma. Frozen sections of the deciduomata were sectioned on the cryostat. For the identification of phosphorylase the sections were placed in the substrate containing 50 mg glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P), 10 mg muscle adenylic acid, 15 ml distilled water, 10 ml 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 5.8), 25 units of insulin and 5 mg of glycogen. To demonstrate uridinediphosphoglucose (UDPG)-glycogen transferase sections were placed in the substrate containing 50 mg UDPG, 10 mg glycogen, 20 mg Versene, 10 mg G-6-P, 14 ml distilled water, 10 ml 0.2 M tris buffer (pH 7.4) and 1 ml absolute alcohol. Following incubation for one hour at 37° the sections were treated with either Lugol's or Gram's solution until the color developed. A positive response for phosphorylase was a blue-black color while a red-purple color indicated UDPG-glycogen transferase. The periodic-leucofuchsin technique was used to identify glycogen and hemotoxylin and eosin sections were studied for general morphology. Glycogen and phosphorylase were observed in the decidual cells. However, the enzymatic activity was not as intense or as extensive as the polysaccharide. UDPG-glycogen transferase activity was observed in only two of the 50 deciduomata studied. On the basis of the present observations it may be suggested that the important pathway for glycogen synthesis in the decidual cells is from G-1-P by the action of phosphorylase and not from UDPG by the action of UDPG-glycogen transferase.
Mechanisms of cGMP-induced cerebral vasodilatation: contractile agonist and developmental age make a difference

Abstract In light of observations that maturation dramatically influences cerebrovascular metabolism of cGMP, the present study examines the hypothesis that the ability of cGMP to produce cerebral vasodilatation changes during maturation. Specifically, these experiments explore age-related changes in cGMP's ability to depress cytosolic calcium concentration and attenuate myofilament calcium sensitivity. The results obtained in α-toxin-permeabilized and Fura-2-loaded ovine basilar arteries demonstrate that cGMP produces relaxation by attenuating both the cytosolic calcium concentration and myofilament calcium sensitivity in ovine basilar arteries. More importantly, these findings reveal that the vasorelaxant potency and efficacy of cGMP are much greater in immature than in mature cerebral arteries. Together with the elevated levels of the cGMP characteristic of immature cerebral arteries, these data implicate cGMP as a major regulator of cerebrovascular tone in the immature cerebral circulation.
Early recognition of Alzheimer's disease in EEG using recurrent neural network and wavelet transform

The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the present time remains dependent upon clinical symptomatology. Lifetime accuracy in the best clinics remains 86-89 percent, and mean diagnostic delay in the clinical course of the disease remains 3.6 years after symptomatic onset. Although EEG is an obvious quantitative parameter related to the illness, its limitation is the absence of an identified set of features that discriminates AD EEG abnormalities form those due to confounding conditions. As a consequence, no computerized method exists up to date that can reliably detect those abnormalities. The objective of this study is to develop a robust computerized method for early detection of AD in EEG. We explore the ability of specifically designed and trained recurrent neural networks (RNN), combined with wavelet preprocessing, to discriminate between EEGs of early onset AD patients and their age-matched control subjects. We have used a similar approach previously for predicting the onset of epileptic seizure in EEG. The RNNs are chosen because they can implement extremely nonlinear decision boundaries and possess memory of the state, which is crucial for the considered task. The result on eyes-closed resting EEG reveals particularly favorable network behavior when applied to wavelet-filtered subbands as opposed to original signal data.
REXDC—a remote execution mechanism

A new concept, Remote EXecution with During Construct (REXDC), is introduced. In addition to the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) functionality, it allows the client to execute cooperatively with the server during the call period. The During Construct (DC) is a unit where effective cooperation between the client and the server is provided. A mechanism is proposed to integrate the REXDC into a many-client and many-server environment. The mechanism provides a way to program different types of process to process communication and synchronization.
Video-based ergonomic analysis to evaluate thoracostomy tube placement techniques.

Background: Thoracostomy for relief of pneumo- or hemothorax may be performed emergently at the bedside, in the emergency department or trauma area, often in nonideal circumstances. We hypothesized that ergonomic analysis of thoracostomy techniques can identify areas for potential improvement in patient and operator safety. Methods: Interviews with Subject Matter Experts (SME) provided steps in the task of thoracostomy; 44 thoracostomies (emergent and elective) were video-recorded and reviewed by SMEs. Ergonomic analyses evaluated surgical performance techniques using video clips. Results: Risks to the patient and operator included instrument-tray positioning and instrument content. Analyses of video records revealed that despite SME-survey consensus, operators inconsistently followed recommended techniques. Conclusions: Discrepancies between SME-recommended and observed practice are prevalent, with simple ergonomic problems impeding performance, and creating risks for patients and operators. Video-based ergonomic analysis is a rich source for identifying task performance problems and potential solutions.
Descriptive epidemiology of vaginal cancer incidence and survival by race, ethnicity, and age in the United States†‡

BACKGROUND. Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy. It has many of the same risk factors as cervical cancer, including a strong association with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Descriptive studies of the epidemiology of vaginal cancer are scarce in the literature. METHODS. The 1998 through 2003 incidence data from 39 population-based cancer registries were used, covering up to 83% of the US population. The 1996 through 2003 data from 17 cancer registries were used for survival analysis. Incidence rates, disease stage, and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated by race, ethnicity, and age group. Data analysis focused mainly on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). RESULTS. Incidence rates for all vaginal cancers combined were 0.18 per 100,000 female population for in situ cases and 0.69 for invasive cases. The median age of invasive cases was older than that of in situ cases (aged 68 years vs 58 years). SCC was the most common histologic type (71% of in situ cases and 66% of invasive cases). Compared with the rate for white women, the age-adjusted incidence rate of invasive SCC was 72% higher (P < .05) among black women, whereas the rate among Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women was 34% lower (P < .05). Hispanic women had a 38% higher rate than non-Hispanic women (P < .05) of invasive SCC. The rates for in situ SCC peaked at age 70 years and then declined, whereas the rates of invasive SCC increased continuously with advancing age. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease, and these groups had lower 5-year relative survival rates than their white, non-Hispanic, and younger counterparts. CONCLUSIONS. Incidence rates of vaginal SCC varied significantly by race, ethnicity, and age group. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women had a high proportion of late-stage disease and a low 5-year survival rate. Cancer 2008;113(10 suppl):2873–82. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society.
Containment liner seismic reliability under statistical uncertainty

Abstract Creation of cracks in the containment liner during an earthquake may lead to partial failure of the leak-tightness function of the liner during a subsequent accident. Within a context of an integrated accident and seismic containment reliability study a methodology is presented for the probabilistic description of liner cracking, in terms of the number of liner cracks and the total crack length as a function of the causative ground acceleration. Earthquake intensities well beyond design levels are considered and simple behavior models are used to make feasible consideration of a large number of uncertainties. The focus in on statistical uncertainty that stems from the limited amount of available information about material properties, the actual state of the system, etc. The effects of the individual components of uncertainty and of the order in which they are introduced, are analyzed.
Promotion of frequent tanning sessions by indoor tanning facilities: two studies.

Abstract Background: Indoor tanning may increase the risk of melanoma and other health problems. Frequent users of indoor tanning facilities may be at particularly high risk. Objective: In study 1 our purpose was to assess the prevalence and nature of indoor tanning advertisements; in study 2 we aimed to assess tanning facility compliance to recommended exposure schedules. Methods: In study 1, tanning facility advertisements over a 4-month period from 24 San Diego County newspapers were monitored. In study 2, we assessed compliance with recommended exposure schedules via a telephone interview of 60 San Diego County tanning facilities. Results: Approximately 75% of the indoor tanning advertisements promoted unlimited tanning. Only 5% of facilities were in compliance with recommended tanning schedules, and 100% offered "unlimited" tanning packages. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the indoor tanning industry, through pricing incentives that allow frequent sessions, may be promoting overexposure to UVR. Stronger legislation is needed to address this issue. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:700-5.)
AN ADAPTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR TRACKING UNSTABLE PERIODIC ORBITS

A predictor-corrector control algorithm for stabilizing and tracking unstable periodic orbits is presented. Automatic tracking is made possible by incorporating a stability-analysis subroutine into a map-based control scheme. The method is used to track unstable orbits in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction as a laboratory control parameter is varied.
Pulmonary Valve Replacement Function in Adolescents: A Comparison of Bioprosthetic Valves and Homograft Conduits

Background Data comparing function and reintervention rates of various pulmonary valve replacements in adolescents are sparse. New transcatheter therapies—including transcatheter pulmonary valves—have been developed, and their utilization could be justified by these data. Methods We performed a retrospective review that included baseline and operative data with cross-sectional follow-up on adolescents aged 10 to 21 years who underwent pulmonary valve replacement (n = 254). We compared homograft conduits (n = 84) with bioprosthetic pulmonary valves (n = 170) in terms of freedom from valve dysfunction—right ventricular outflow tract obstruction greater than 50 mm Hg, or moderate or greater pulmonary regurgitation—and reintervention. Results Median follow-up duration was 4.4 years and was longer in the homograft cohort. Freedom from valvar dysfunction was 72% ± 4% at 5 years and 48% ± 8% at 10 years. Freedom from right ventricular outflow tract reintervention was 90% ± 3% at 5 years, 67% ± 5% at 10 years, and 47% ± 8% at 15 years. No differences existed for dysfunction or reintervention between the homograft and bioprosthetic valve cohorts. Shorter freedom from dysfunction was associated with younger age, smaller implanted valve Z-score, valve replacement after prior homograft, and higher preoperative right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) gradient. Shorter freedom from reintervention was associated with younger age, smaller implanted valve Z-score, and more recent valve implant. Conclusions Adolescents represent an important age group as an increasing number are undergoing pulmonary valve replacement, and they may be particularly impacted by new transcatheter therapies. This study provides baseline comparative data for current surgical options that should help inform medical decision making as longer term data become available for transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement and other new technologies.
Computerized laboratories for psychology instruction: How successful are they?

This paper discusses the impact of two computerized laboratories on the undergraduate psychology program at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. An assessment of student and instructor reactions together with other measures of success is presented, and strengths and weaknesses of upgrading traditional psychology laboratories to computerized facilities are addressed.
Isaac Newton's coloured circles twixt two contiguous glasses

Special interest attaches to Newton's work in optics, since it was the investigation he first considered complete. When he was appointed to the Lucasian chair in I669, he chose the theory of colors for his initial series of lectures, and with a paper drawn from the lectures he presented himself before the scientific community. As the contents of the Portsmouth Papers have become known, moreover, it has proved possible to follow Newton's steps as he developed the theory of colors, from the first suggestion jotted down in a student notebook, probably in 1664, that colors are produced by the analysis of white light, through the systematic essay 'Of Colours' from about I666, to the first series of lectures early in 1670.1 Although the essay 'Of Colours' contains a number of experiments expressing the fundamental conceptions on which his analysis of colors in thin plates rested, experiments which were later elaborated into Book II of the Opticks, most of the early MSS. have seemed to point primarily toward Book I. When he prepared the Lectiones Opticae, he confined their treatment of colors to the material that later went into Book I, and the paper sent to the Royal Society in 1672 covered the same ground in a briefer form. Only in 1675 did the 'Discourse of Observations' bring forward what was to be Book II. Its content has seemed to spring across a gap of nearly ten years, and except for the original suggestions of H00KE and the brief descriptions of I666 it has appeared to arrive at maturity without having had to grow up. On the face of it this was an improbable situation. Newton's basic idea, that colors arise from the analysis of white light rather than from its modification, had from the beginning demanded an explanation of more than the prismatic spectrum. If the concept of analysis were to be viable, it had also to explain the colors of solid bodies, which is exactly what he intended the experiments with thin films to do. Not only refraction, but reflection as well, could analyze the heterogeneous mixture which is white light into its components and reveal colors. 'Of Colours' contained all the elements of the theory woven together into one argument as they were to be again in the Opticks. Why should he have neglected an essential aspect of the argument
Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables.

Modified atmospheres (MA), i.e., elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and reduced levels of oxygen and ethylene, can be useful supplements to provide optimum temperature and relative humidity in maintaining the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest. MA benefits include reduced respiration, ethylene production, and sensitivity to ethylene; retarded softening and compositional changes; alleviation of certain physiological disorders; and reduced decay. Subjecting fresh produce to too low an oxygen concentration and/or to too high a carbon dioxide level can result in MA stress, which is manifested by accelerated deterioration. Packaging fresh produce in polymeric films can result in a commodity-generated MA. Atmosphere modification within such packages depends on film permeability, commodity respiration rate and gas diffusion characteristics, and initial free volume and atmospheric composition within the package. Temperature, relative humidity, and air movement around the package can influence the permeability of the film. Temperature also affects the metabolic activity of the commodity and consequently the rate of attaining the desired MA. All these factors must be considered in developing a mathematical model for selecting the most suitable film for each commodity.
Worker awareness of exposure: industries and occupations with low awareness.

A goal of occupational health is to inform workers of hazards on their jobs. This analysis addresses this goal by identifying industries and occupations with low worker awareness of potential exposures. Industries and occupations were ranked by the greatest positive difference between the proportion of workers exposed and proportion perceiving exposure to chemical and physical hazards. Those with low awareness had the greatest difference, i.e., high exposure and low perception. This analysis was performed by adding exposure data from a national exposure survey to a national health survey with perceived exposure data. The hospital and construction industries and occupations in these industries ranked among the top five for all hazards. For example, for hospital workers the difference between proportion exposed and proportion perceiving exposure to chemicals was 62% and to radiation was 42%, and for workers in construction the difference was 54% for exposure to noise and 63% for exposure to vibration. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Salvage of a misplaced hickman catheter: a new endovascular technique.

for the same purpose and, in more than 200 insertions, have not had to revert to the use of the peel-away sheath. We also begin with micropuncture access but, after insertion of the micropuncture coaxial dilator, an introducer sheath, 5.5 F or larger, is inserted. The tunnelling is carried out in the same manner but, at this stage, we insert two guide wires through the sheath, which is then removed. We prefer a hydrophilic wire and find the Radiofocus Stiff Type (Terumo; Tokyo, Japan) most suitable. Dilation of the venous puncture is performed only to 14 F (in almost all cases) over either wire. After removal of the 14-F dilator and while digitally compressing the venous puncture site, the back ends of both wires are inserted into the distal ends of the split catheter and brought out from the proximal ends. While grasping both wires at their proximal exit, the catheter may now be inserted into the internal jugular vein (usually with slight resistance on introduction of each side of the catheter, ensuring a snug fit and lack of venepuncture bleeding) and placed with ease in the desired central position, after which the guide wires are removed and the procedure is finished in the standard fashion. Our technique has the following advantages in addition to those described by Patel et al (1): 1. The insertion of the two wires into the two sides of the split catheter is an extremely simple maneuver; 2. The presence of two wires has allowed insertion of the catheter without the peel-away sheath in all our cases so far, with resistance caused by extensive scarring or other factors necessitating further venepuncture dilatation to 16 F in rare cases; 3. When a left-sided approach is necessary, we use a longer introducer sheath (usually 24 cm), which is placed in the superior vena cava, allowing placement of both guide wires in the superior vena cava; the catheter easily follows both wires around the angles formed with the left brachiocephalic vein without a tendency to buckle or turn superiorly at the junction with the superior vena cava. Nothing comes without a price; this technique necessitates a guide wire and introducer sheath that the procedure of Patel et al (1) does not, but we believe the advantages gained are worth it.
Implementing pre-engineering curricula in high school science and mathematics

The demand for engineers is increasing but the number of students pursuing careers in engineering is not. The Pre-Engineering Instructional and Outreach Program was established to inform students, teachers, parents, and school counselors about careers in engineering and provide teachers with pre-engineering curriculum to better prepare students to enter engineering degree programs. The curriculum focuses on pre-engineering skills and teachers learn to use instructional strategies that support the connections between standards-based science, mathematics and real world engineering. Besides increased enrollment in college engineering programs, successful outcomes include increased knowledge about engineers and more positive attitudes to engineering. Survey instruments to measure attitudes to engineering, and knowledge about engineering careers have been developed. The current paper describes the development of the teachers' survey and reports the programs' effect on high school teachers' attitudes to and knowledge about engineering, their concerns about implementing the new curricula and their self-reported preparedness to teach the new curricula and the programs' effect on their students
Psychosocial Development in Refugee Children and Youth through the Personal–Social Responsibility Model

The Personal–Social Responsibility (PSR) Model is a sport-based model that helps young people build their character through physical activity (Hellison, 2003). This article describes a sport program for refugee children and youth in the United States based on the PSR Model. The goals of the program are presented, along with specific strategies and procedures utilized in the implementation of the program. Lessons learned, challenges faced, and recommendations for other sport psychology specialists are also included.
Estradiol receptors in the pituitary and anterior hypothalamus of the rat: Measurement by agar gel electrophoresis

Abstract Agar gel electrophoresis has been applied to the measurement of the high-affinity saturable estrogen binding component in the cytosol of rat pituitary and anterior hypothalamus. Under the conditions employed, the number of available binding sites can be determined in small samples with good precision and accuracy. The total number of estrogen binding sites in the anterior hypothalamus of 28-day-old females was measurably (⋍15%) greater than that in males. A significant difference in the pituitary could not be demonstrated. The total number of binding sites in the pituitary was twice that in the anterior hypothalamus in both males and females.
Modeling, analysis, and self-management of electronic textiles

Scaling in CMOS device technology has made it possible to cheaply embed intelligence in a myriad of devices. In particular, it has become feasible to fabricate flexible materials (e.g., woven fabrics) with large numbers of computing and communication elements embedded into them. Such computational fabrics, electronic textiles, or e-textiles have applications ranging from smart materials for aerospace applications to wearable computing. This paper addresses the modeling of computation, communication and failure in e-textiles and investigates the performance of two techniques, code migration and remote execution, for adapting applications executing over the hardware substrate, to failures in both devices and interconnection links. The investigation is carried out using a cycle-accurate simulation environment developed to model computation, power consumption, and node/link failures for large numbers of computing elements in configurable network topologies. A detailed analysis of the two techniques for adapting applications to the error prone substrate is presented, as well as a study of the effects of parameters, such as failure rates, communication speeds, and topologies, on the efficacy of the techniques and the performance of the system as a whole. It is shown that code migration and remote execution provide feasible methods for adapting applications to take advantage of redundancy in the presence of failures and involve trade offs in communication versus memory requirements in processing elements.
Liberalizing European steel trade

This paper constructs a simple model of the steel sector in Europe distinguishing eight western and two eastern European regions. It models the production of steel and also the various trade restrictions extant in 1992. It uses this model first to calculate the output and welfare effects of rationalizing the sector to remove the excess capacity experienced in 1992 and second to explore the consequences of the mutual trade liberalization between east and west Europe envisaged under the Europe Agreements. The latter allow major increases in output in the east (18%) and offer western steel users significant welfare benefits (ECU 190 million). Eastern consumers and western producers suffer (smaller) loses, but total output in the EU falls only by about 1.5%.
Robust control and time-domain specifications for systems of delay differential equations via eigenvalue assignment

An approach for eigenvalue assignment for systems of delay differential equations (DDEs), based upon the Lambert W function, is applied to the problem of robust control design for perturbed systems of DDEs, and to the problem of time-domain specifications. The real stability radius, which measures the ability of a system to preserve its stability under a certain class of real perturbations, can be computed from known nominal coefficients of the DDE representing the system. In this paper, considering the stability radius, the real part of the eigenvalues is assigned. Also, time-domain specifications for the transient response of systems of DDEs are improved in a way similar to systems of ordinary differential equations using the eigenvalue assignment approach.
TRUTH CONDITIONS OF TENSED SENTENCE TYPES

Quentin Smith has argued that the new tenseless theory of time is faced with insurmountable problems and should be abandoned in favour of the tensed theory of time. Smith's main argument attacks the fundamental premise of the tenseless theory: that tenseless truth conditions for tokens of tensed sentences adequately capture the meaning of tensed sentences. His position is that tenseless truth conditions cannot explain the logical relations between tensed sentences, thus the tensed theory must be accepted. Against Smith, this paper adopts an alternative approach to the explanation of the entailment relations between sentences which contain indexicals. The approach drops the reliance upon tokens and instead relies on the evaluation of sentence types with respect to a context rather than upon actual or possible utterances of tokens of the types. This (new) version of the tenseless theory of time can adequately explain the relevant entailment relations between tensed sentences.
Vapour-phase gold-surface-mediated coupling of aldehydes with methanol

Many synthetic processes rely on the ability to selectively couple oxygenated molecules. Here a study of low-temperature selective cross-coupling of aldehydes with methanol on a gold surface is presented. The results allow the construction of a mechanistic model for such coupling reactions that will be applicable under a wide range of reaction conditions.
Robust Modeling of the Rocking Problem

The rocking motion of a solid block on a moving deformable base is a dynamic problem that, despite its apparent simplicity, involves a number of complex dynamic phenomena such as impacts, sliding, geometric and material nonlinearities and, under some circumstances, chaotic behavior. For this reason, since the first model proposed by G.W. Housner in 1963, a number of alternative models have been proposed for its mathematical simulation. In this work, two new models are developed for the simulation of a rigid body experiencing a 2D rocking motion on a moving deformable base. The first model, the concentrated springs model, simulates the ground as tensionless vertical springs with vertical dampers placed at each of the two bottom corners of the body, whereas the second, the Winkler model, simulates the ground as a continuous medium of tensionless vertical springs with vertical dampers. Both models take into consideration sliding (with the use of both a penalty method and an analytical formulation for frictio...
Therapist training: A critical review of skill training studies

Abstract Ford's review of the therapist training literature revealed that there was little evidence that training interventions improved trainee's skill levels sufficiently to guarantee that they could deliver therapy effectively. In the present article, therapist training studies published subsequent to J.D. Ford's comprehensive review are critically assessed in order to evaluate the current status of the field. The studies reviewed are evaluated with respect to: (a) dependent variable selection, definition, and measurement, (b) internal validity, and (c) generalization and maintenance issues. Therapist training studies involving more traditional process-related skills appear to have progressed little in methodological sophistication or clinical relevance. Several studies addressing complex clinical assessment and behavior therapy skills have been conducted that include a number of conceptual and methodological refinements relative to more traditional investigations. It is concluded that, in general, investigators need to aspire to higher standards of basic research design and measurement strategies if the knowledge base for our training technology is to advance.