cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The replantation and transplantation of teeth. A review.

Abstract The factors which controlled or influenced incorporation of the replant or transplant into the host site were complex and vague. Certain similarities between animal and human studies were noted. Preservation of the periodontal membrane seemed to be an important consideration, as did proper storage of teeth, even for short times prior to replanting or transplanting. Although long-term results were favorable in many cases, resorption of the root was often seen. This resorption was unpredictable in its degree and onset. Generally, where pulpal elements were left intact, degeneration of vital elements followed and eventually produced a pulp that was replaced with a bonelike substance. Both replants and transplants showed successful clinical results well beyond 2 years. Rarely did periodontal pocket formation result from the procedure, and teeth were usually immobile and functional in a relatively short period of time. Root radiolucencies were infrequent, and the regeneration of bone about the root of the tooth was the usual finding. Partially formed teeth did have the ability to complete amelogenesis and cementogenesis, as well as to re-establish a normal periodontal membrane space. The variations in the odontoblast layers seen in normal teeth 146 made this a difficult measure of transplant success, although odontoblasts were observable in many successful transplants. Only brief mention of the “inductive effect” of tooth transplants was made in the literature. The interesting possibilities of this concept parallel those seen in other types of hard tissue graft and transplant. The immunologic implications of tooth transplantation remains a subject of loose interpretation. The literature reflects the need for more sophisticated measures in assessing this important aspect. The storage of tooth tissues in various ways must be a part of the investigation. The uses for replantation and transplantation of teeth are more varied than many would imagine. The fact cannot be denied that enough is now known about these procedures to consider them a part of any dental practice. Long-term results compare favorably with those of other types of therapy, such as fixed prosthetics. It is necessary, however, to pay strict attention to proper case selection and to follow the steps which, to date, have seemed to work the best. The dentist must make every effort to make his case data known, so that the assessment of many of these procedures may be more statistically valid. Furthermore, the basic science challenge has been offered to dentistry in an area where much of dentistry can participate. The reward of our participation is great—better therapy for our patients.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a term used to describe the clinical manifestations of reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The manifestations range from heartburn to severe erosive esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. GERD has diverse clinical manifestations, and people differ significantly in their sensitivity to esophageal acid exposure. Some patients have classic symptoms and tissue injury, but many have esophageal symptoms without evidence of esophageal mucosal damage. A few have considerable mucosal damage and complications, such as Barrett’s esophagus without having symptoms.
A management of postpartum hemorrhage by prolonged administration of oxytocics

Abstract Two methods of controlling postpartum hemorrhage are described and recommended. 1. 1. Administration of posterior pituitary extract (Pitocin) and Ergotrate in alternate doses, at half-hour intervals, over a period of three to four hours. 2. 2. The use of dilute Pitocin intravenously—1 to 2 c.c. Pitocin in 1,000 c.c. 5 per cent glucose solution. This prolonged administration of oxytocics to patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage has yielded us a high degree of success.
Identity Construction and the Gaze in The Hunger Games

While The Hunger Games is a dystopian novel about life under a despotic government, it is also a bildungsroman in which we follow Katniss Everdeen and her transformation from ordinary girl into Reality TV hero. This transformation occurs when she is pulled from her home in a coal-mining district and forced to participate in the Hunger Games, an annual event in which children fight to the death in an arena. The structure of these games follows the Reality TV format and is broadcast across the nation. By following Katniss through her character-building transformation, we can explore the relationship between identity construction and Reality TV as a genre: her journey is an example that shows us how Reality TV has changed the way we watch television. The Hunger Games also asks its adolescent audience to think critically about the way television influences their own identity construction process.
The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.
Current Business and Legal Issues in Japan's Banking and Finance Industry

This book is the 2nd edition of the author's earlier book with the same title. It contains additional five chapters that are added to reflect the most recent changes in the economy and law in Japan.At a time when foreign interest in the current Japanese market and economy is significant and becoming increasingly prominent, Japanese corporate behavior and practices are two potentially confusing areas for international businessmen, accountants and lawyers. This book features numerous insights into Japanese perspectives on finance, law and business, based on the author's expertise in these three areas. As the data provided in this book is pertinent to understanding Japanese laws and business practices, this text will be of great interest to foreign companies aspiring to be successful in Japan. Contents: The Tokyo International Capital Market for Foreign Issuers and Required Disclosure; Japan's Big Bang Reform; Banks and Bad Loans in Japan; Disclosure Principle in Japan; Sales Recognition in Japan and the US – Possibility of Adopting International Accounting Standard in Japan; The Japanese Issues and Perspective on the Convergence of International Accounting Standards; Shareholders' Action and Director's Responsibility in Japan; A New Trend in Japan's Security Regulations – Efficiency Test of US Laws in the Different Markets; MA A Recent Reform of Banking Law – US and Japanese Comparative Study on Creation of Legal System for Banking Agencies; Japanese Shareholders' Lawsuits Concerning Political Donations; Financing Japanese Investments in the United States: Case Studies of a Large and a Medium-Sized Firm; New Japanese-Style Management in a Changing Era; Successful Japanese Management Cases as a Contrarian.
Ultrashort Near-Infrared Fiber-Optic Sensors for Carbon Dioxide Detection

In this paper, we report a fiber-optic carbon dioxide (CO2) near-infrared (IR) absorption sensor with only 8-cm sensing length that is coated with nanoporous metal-organic framework material Cu-BTC (BTC = benzene-1,3, 5-tricarboxylate). The multimode optical fiber was etched by hydrofluoric acid to remove the cladding and part of the core, resulting in larger evanescent field to sense the near-IR absorption induced by the adsorbed CO2. The Cu-BTC thin film with 100 nm thickness was then grown onto the ethced core through a stepwise layer-by-layer method. Our real-time measurement results show that the CO2 detection limit is better than 500 ppm and the overall response time is 40 s for absorption and 75 s for desorption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the shortest near-IR fiber-optic sensor for CO2 detection at 1.57- $\mu \text{m}$ wavelength.
Wildflower plantings enhance the abundance of natural enemies and their services in adjacent blueberry fields

Wildflower plantings can support local abundance of natural enemies, but their influence on biological control of pests in adjacent crop fields is less well documented. To test whether biological control is enhanced by these plantings, we established native, perennial wildflowers in areas adjacent to highbush blueberry fields. Once wildflowers were established we found greater abundance of natural enemies in the fields adjacent to wildflower plantings compared with those adjacent to unenhanced control field perimeters. Predaceous arthropods, including spiders, hoverflies, and lady beetles, were among the most common natural enemies observed and collected in the blueberry fields. Using corn earworm eggs, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as sentinel prey, we found a similar pattern of biological control, with higher biological control services index values in fields adjacent to the wildflower plantings than in the unenhanced control fields. Our results provide evidence for the ability of wildflower plantings to support natural enemy populations in agricultural landscapes, and to potentially provide local enhancement of biological control in adjacent crops.
Were global numerical weather prediction systems capable of forecasting the extreme Colorado rainfall of 9–16 September 2013?

[1] From 9–16 September 2013 significant portions of Colorado experienced extreme precipitation and flooding resulting in large socioeconomic damages and fatalities. Here we investigate the ability of eight global state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction systems to forecast rainfall during the event. Forecasts were analyzed from initializations at 12 UTC 5 September to 12 UTC 12 September to determine when, and how well, the event was captured. Ensemble mean rainfall patterns initialized on 5 September (roughly 4+ day lead time) did not forecast the event's persistent nature; conversely, forecasts initialized on 9 September captured the rainfall patterns reasonably well, although with incorrect rainfall values. Accumulated rainfall forecasts improved when the region considered increased from a 0.5° area centered over Boulder to the entire state of Colorado. We conclude that the models provided guidance indicating a significant period of rainfall in Colorado from 9 September 2013, although not necessarily in the correct locations.
Radiographic signs of open median sternotomy in neonates and infants.

Background Leaving the median sternotomy wound open following cardiac surgery is employed to avoid cardiovascular compression. Horizontal struts can be used. Radiologists interpreting portable radiographs might be unaware of the open median sternotomy (OMS).
Investigation of the mercury(II) coordination chemistry of tris[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]amine by X-ray crystallography and NMR

The coordination chemistry of Hg(II) with tris[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]amine (TMIMA) was investigated. The structures of [Hg(TMIMA)2](ClO4)2 (1), [Hg(TMIMA)(NCCH3)](ClO4)2 (2) and [Hg(TMIMA)Cl]2(HgCl4) (3) were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 has six strong Hg–Nimidazoyl bonds ranging from 2.257(5) to 2.631(6) A. Ligand geometry suggests the Hg–N(NR3) distances of 2.959(6) A in 1 reflects weak bonding interactions. This complex has a 199Hg chemical shift of −1496 ppm, significantly upfield from nitrogen coordination complexes with lower coordination numbers. The five-coordinate complex 2 has Hg–N(NR3), Hg–Nimidazoyl and Hg–Nacetonitrile bond lengths of 2.642(8), 2.198(5) and 2.264(11) A, respectively. Complex 3 is also five coordinate, with Hg–N(NR3), Hg–Cl and average Hg–Nimidazoyl distances in the cations of 2.758(7), 2.424(2) and 2.29(4) A, respectively. Conditions for slow exchange on the J(HgH) coupling time-scale were found for both 1 ∶ 1 metal-to-ligand complexes in acetonitrile-d3. Observed heteronuclear coupling constants were similar to those associated with Hg(II) substituted proteins with histidine–metal bonds. Solution and solid-state comparisons to the Hg(II) coordination chemistry of tetradenate pyridyl ligands are made. Relevance to development of 199Hg NMR as a metallobioprobe is discussed.
Order statistic last output reference filters

Median filtering can be viewed as operation that selects a sample from each window close to the last output. This observation results in a new edge preserving smoother called the last output reference (LOR) filter. The LOR filter is similar in function to the median or recursive median filters, but has additional advantages particularly in suppressing impulses. It has been shown that repeated applications of LOR filtering produces a sequence that is invariant to subsequent passes through the same filter. Also, it has been proven that any sequence can be converted to a locally monotone sequence by using a combination of "forward" and"backward" LOR filters. When the LOR filter is applied to an actual noisy image, it is shown to perform well.
Prevalence and Significance of G6PD Deficiency in Patients of an Urban HIV Clinic

The rationale to screen for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in HIV-infected individuals is their increased likelihood to receive oxidant drugs and subsequent potential of hemolytic events. However, current guidelines regarding who should be screened are conflicting. The authors examined the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and the frequency of hemolytic events in an urban HIV clinic. They used data from a military database as a comparison. In both cohorts, a relatively high number of black females were found to be G6PD deficient (10% and 13%), which was similar to the rate in men (15% and 12%). No white females were G6PD deficient. The authors identified 8 drug-related hemolytic events in HIV clinic patients. Two patients necessitated blood transfusions; both were triggered by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Although G6PD screening prior to the use of TMP/SMX is not often considered by clinicians, the authors' finding of 2 hemolytic events requiring transfusion suggests this would be beneficial.
The information content of U.S. versus Japanese GAAP annual and quarterly earnings announcements and their relative informativeness to Japanese investors: A small case study

Abstract This study examines U.S. GAAP Japanese annual and quarterly earnings announcements to determine whether they convey information to Japanese investors. Also, a comparison is conducted to investigate the relative informativeness to Japanese investors of Japanese GAAP unconsolidated and U.S. GAAP consolidated earnings announcements, and U.S. GAAP consolidated annual and quarterly earnings announcements. Using an event methodology with unexpected returns, the results indicate that U.S. GAAP consolidated annual and quarterly earnings announcements have information content. Furthermore, Japanese GAAP unconsolidated earnings announcements are not more informative to Japanese investors than U.S. GAAP consolidated earnings announcements, nor are U.S. GAAP consolidated annual earnings announcements more informative to Japanese investors than U.S. GAAP consolidated quarterly earnings announcements.
Probabilistic composite micromechanics

Probabilistic composite micromechanics methods are developed that simulate expected uncertainties in unidirectional fiber composite properties. These methods are in the form of computational procedures using Monte Carlo simulation. A graphite/epoxy unidirectional composite (ply) is studied to demonstrate fiber composite material properties at the micro level. Regression results are presented to show the relative correlation between predicted and response variables in the study.
Binary phase shaping for mitigating self-phase modulation

In applications involving lasers with high peak intensities, such as optical amplification or pulse delivery through an optical fiber, self-phase modulation is an unwanted phenomenon which affects the spectrum, phase, and temporal profile of laser pulses. Here we report on the use of binary phase shaping for mitigation of self-phase modulation. We provide theoretical simulation and estimated efficiency of the mitigation supported by experimental results using both chirped and binary phase shaped pulses.
A Demnocratic Oakeshott

This study explores features of Michael Oakeshott's political thought that have attracted interest from an unexpected source, those who are advocates of radical democratic theory and practice. I examine aspects of this interest in Oakeshott's concepts of civil and enterprise association, and his preference of the former over the latter. I suggest that the primary difference between these concepts is based in the relationship between power and freedom in the modern state. When conceived as the state, enterprise association cannot maintain the freedom it offers, whereas civil association can. I argue, however, that Oakeshott, who is skeptical of the notion that a common good could serve as the basis of state as enterprise association, is himself not skeptical about the consensus required for the acknowledgment of the authority of civil association. Nonetheless, even in his removal of issues of authority from politics, Oakeshott ironically highlights a site for engagement for the democratic citizen.
Facts, values, and technical expertise in a renewable energy siting dispute

Abstract During the last decade the environmental problem and the social movement it inspired served to define technology as a social problem. Controversies have persistently surrounded the siting of large-scale energy production facilities, in particular nuclear and coal-fired power plants. This paper sheds additional light on public response to the scale of energy development by focusing on a dispute that involved a renewable energy technology — a 25 MW wood-fired electric power plant (WFPP) to have been sited in the remote nonmetropolitan community of Hersey, Michigan. Following a summary of the two year (1978–1980) controversy, facts/values are analyzed relative to the social and political impact of technical expertise. The method entailed a content analysis of the site hearing and accounts in the county weekly newspaper. Findings include a shift toward value issues when experts disagree. Implications are discussed for consumer behavior and energy policy in connection with the scale of renewable energy development, the concomitant distribution of social costs, and the use of expertise to depoliticize issues.
Deceleration of streaming alpha particles interacting with waves and imbedded rotational discontinuities

[1] Alphas (He42+) and other ions in the interplanetary medium show a tendency to stream near or below the local Alfven speed (VA) relative to the main component of protons. Because VA decreases with increasing distance from the Sun, forces must exist to slow the heavier ions with increasing distance. We have conducted hybrid simulations in a plasma with particle protons and alphas and with a quasineutralizing electron fluid. Simulation runs with other streaming minor ions were also performed. In our simulations, a group of Alfven waves steepen and generate imbedded rotational discontinuities (RDs) and compressional waves. We examine cases of almost steady waveforms and RDs and ones with evolving waveforms and RDs due to a significantly nonuniform background. When alphas stream with the waves and imbedded RDs faster than the protons, they decelerate more rapidly from higher speeds and heat. We have concluded that alphas do not remain at one streaming speed due to nonlinear Lorentz forces from the wave compressional component and the presence of collisionless dissipation, which dissipates this component so that bulk alpha kinetic energy is ultimately deposited into alpha thermal energy. Imbedded RDs play no significant role in the overall deceleration of alphas. Protons heat similarly to cases without alphas and are slightly accelerated so that the total ion momentum along B0 is nearly conserved. For small streaming speeds (≲0.5 Alfven speeds), the deceleration rate can be relatively small because the loss of streaming energy competes with the gain in wave kinetic energy required by large-amplitude Alfven waves. Less proton and more alpha heating is also found since alphas can resonate with the left-handed portion of oblique waves. Starting from rest, alphas and protons can develop a small differential flow in which Lorentz and pressure forces become balanced. The simulation behavior of alphas for streaming speeds near the Alfven speed is fairly consistent with solar wind observations in high-speed streams. Turbulent Alfvenic fluctuations do have a small compressional component and so might be responsible for the observed deceleration and heating of alphas. Simulations with other streaming minor ions also gave deceleration, suggesting that the behavior of a wide range of solar wind minor ions might be explained by the same processes that affect alphas.
On the Organization of Repair in Multiperson Conversation: The Case of “Other”-Selection in Other-Initiated Repair Sequences

This article examines a previously undocumented way in which the presence of more than two interlocutors matters for the organization of repair (Schegloff, Jefferson, & Sacks, 1977): when the repair initiation is addressed to—and thereby selects as the next speaker—somebody other than the speaker of the trouble-source turn (“other”-selection, for short). The speaker of the trouble-source turn is ordinarily the one who is selected to repair it (Sacks, Schegloff, & Jefferson, 1974). Under what circumstances, then, is “other”-selection used? The analysis shows that, while rare, “other”-selection in other-initiation of repair is a systematically deployed practice. In selecting somebody other than the speaker of the trouble-source turn to provide a repair solution, the repair initiator orients to two broad considerations (sometimes concurrently): progressivity and social epistemics. The article examines how these considerations play out in a variety of contexts and considers implications of “other”-selection f...
The Pattern of Hydatidiform Moles in Singapore

Summary: Hydatidiform mole is common in Singapore, and the incidence of malignant trophoblastic neoplasia is significantly higher than in Western countries. Within a 10-year period (1968–1977), 538 cases of hydatidiform mole were diagnosed. On retrospective study, 498 (92.6%) were considered to be complete and 40 (7.4%) partial. The ratios of complete to partial moles were similar for the major population groups. In the present study, only complete moles were found to give rise to persistent trophoblastic disease. The lack of such association in partial hydatidiform moles is in keeping with their known low malignant potential. Occasional abnormal post-evacuation hCG curves, however, are being described from other centres, and while the underlying pathology remains largely undocumented, partial moles have to be dealt with on an empirical basis in the light of the hCG follow-up levels.
Effect of dietary copper on selenium toxicity in Fischer 344 rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ameliorating effects of dietary copper supplementation on selenium toxicity. Nine groups (n=6) of weanling Fischer 344 female rats were randomly assigned to treatment groups and fed diets containing nontoxic levels of copper as CuCl2 and/or selenium as selenite or selenocystamine. Weight gain, liver and spleen weights, plasma lipid peroxidation, and liver selenium and copper content were analyzed after the 6-wk treatment period. Concentrations of up to 10 times the daily lethal dose of dietary selenium were well tolerated in rats supplemented with dietary copper. As the dietary level of selenium was increased, the ratio of selenium to copper measured in the liver decreased. In the groups of rats in which dietary copper supplementation was absent and dietary selenium was supplemented, copper stores in the liver remained unchanged from control values. Copper’s protective effects from dietary selenium toxicity may come from the formation of a copper-selenide complex that renders both selenium and copper metabolically unavailable and nontoxic.
Thermochemistry of the chromium hydroxides Cr(OH)n, n = 2-6, and the oxyhydroxide CrO(OH)4: ab initio predictions.

We here present a high-level ab initio study of the thermochemistry of the chromium hydroxides Cr(OH)n, n = 2−6, and of the oxyhydroxide CrO(OH)4. Optimum geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies were determined at the B3LYP level of theory using basis sets of triple-ζ quality including polarization and diffuse functions. Heats of formation were obtained from isogyric reaction energies computed at the CCSD(T) level of theory using large basis sets and including corrections for core-valence correlation, scalar relativistic effects, and basis set incompleteness. Additionally, polynomial fits were performed for the heat capacity and the standard enthalpy and entropy over the 100−3000 K temperature range. While our computed heats of formation agree well with previously obtained experimental data for some of these species, our results suggest that revision of the experimental data for others may be appropriate.
Patterns of care survey data on family history and ulcerative colitis in rectal cancer

Data from a short-term survey on rectal cancer, sponsored by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons, were analyzed in order to assess the association between family history of bowel cancer, ulcerative colitis, and rectal cancer. Overall, 7.4% of rectal cancer patients had a positive family history of bowel cancer and 2.5% reported personal history of ulcerative colitis. The association between these two factors was statistically significant. Patients with a positive family history were significantly younger than those without a family history of bowel cancer. Significantly more white patients than black patients had positive family histories. Significantly greater proportions of patients with earlier stage disease and well differentiated tumors were observed among persons with a family history of bowel cancer. No such association was observed among patients with a history of ulcerative colitis.
Integrin expression by primary and immortalized human chondrocytes: evidence of a differential role for α1β1 and α2β1 integrins in mediating chondrocyte adhesion to types II and VI collagen

Abstract Objective Chondrocytes have been shown to express β1-containing integrins both in vitro and in situ , but their role in regulating chondrocyte function is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine how the relative expression of different integrins may be modulated in relation to the differentiated state and proliferative capacity of the chondrocyte. Design Integrin expression by four different cell lines of human chondrocytes immortalized with Simian virus 40 large T-antigen (SV40-TAg) was studied and compared to primary chondrocytes. Differences in α1 and α2 integrin subunit expression were utilized to further study the role of these integrins in mediating adhesion to types II and VI collagen. Results The overall cell-surface levels of β1-containing integrins were higher on all four immortalized cell lines which expressed over 10-fold higher levels of α2 and α3 integrin subunits compared to primary cells. However, primary cells expressed higher levels of the α1 integrin subunit which was not expressed by T/C28a4 cells and expressed at variable and lower levels in the other lines. Levels of the α3 integrin subunit were significantly greater on the highly proliferative juvenile costal chondrocyte lines (T/C-28a4, C-28I2, and C-20a4) compared to primary articular chondrocytes and tsT/AC-62 cells which were derived from adult articular chondrocytes. Expression of α5 was similar among primary cells and cell lines except on C-20/A4 cells which had an average of over 4-fold higher levels. None of the primary or immortalized chondrocytes tested expressed significant levels of α4. Cell adhesion assays revealed that both α1β1 and α2β1 could serve as chondrocyte adhesion receptors for types II and VI collagen. In cell lines expressing both integrins, α1β1 was the preferential receptor for type VI collagen while α2β1 was the preferential receptor for type II collagen. Rather than inhibiting adhesion, incubation with the α3 blocking antibody P1B5 increased adhesion of C-28/I2 cells to both fibronectin and type II collagen by 67% and 100% respectively. Conclusions Immortalization with SV40-TAg results in altered integrin expression by chondrocytes. Changes in the relative levels of α1, α2, and α3 subunits may significantly alter the manner in which chondrocytes interact with types II and VI collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Ultrastructural observations on the developmental cytology of the pituitary gland in the spotted newt

Abstract Observations have been made on the ultrastructure of the pituitary gland in the eastern spotted newt during embryonic, larval, and red eft stages. Secretory granules were first seen in the presumptive pars intermedia prior to hatching at a developmental stage equivalent to embryonic stage 40 of the harrison series for Amblystoma. In recently hatched larvae the cells of the pars intermedia reached definitive form, being characterized by granules of varying electron opacity. At this stage axon endings become apparent in both the pars nervosa and the pars intermedia. Up to the hatching stage the cells of the pars distalis were without granules but soon thereafter minute granules were apparent in some cells. By the premetamorphic stage agranular cells with elongate processes called stellate cells and a cell type with granules in the 180–250 mμ range were distinguished. Three more cell types appeared; one with smaller granules late in metamorphosis, one with a double population of granules in the first year eft and one with larger granules in the second year eft. The possible functions of these cell types are discussed.
Activation of the lipopolysaccharide signaling pathway in hepatic transplantation preservation injury

Background. Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiates a cascade of complications of septic shock and multiple organ failure seen in Gram-negative bacterial infections. The first step of this pathway, which leads to activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activating protein (AP)-1, and other transcription factors, is the formation of the LPS receptor complex by LPS, LPS-binding protein (LBP), CD14, and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 or 4. We examined whether the LPS signaling pathway is activated by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in the transplant setting. Methods. Orthotopic syngeneic rat liver transplantation was performed with 0 to 18 hr of cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution. Animals were killed 1 to 48 hr after reperfusion. Northern blot analysis for CD14, LBP, and TLR2 mRNA, immunohistochemistry for LBP, liver enzyme analysis, and gel shift assay for NF-κB and AP-1 were performed. Results. LPS levels were elevated early after reperfusion. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase maximally increased 12 hr after transplantation. LBP mRNA and protein and CD14 mRNA were significantly up-regulated peaking at 6 to 12 hr after reperfusion. TLR2 mRNA was also increased. NF-κB activity showed a biphasic peak at 1 to 3 hr and 12 hr after reperfusion, whereas AP-1 activity showed a peak at 3 to 6 hr. The induction of CD14 mRNA correlated with the length of cold ischemia time. Conclusions. These data indicate that multiple components of the LPS signaling pathway are activated during ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.
Bose–Einstein condensation

In quantum mechanics, elementary particles of the same type are considered identical. For example, an electron in an atom could be replaced by another electron and the atom would behave in exactly the same way. Nature has taken particular advantage of this, allowing only two types of elementary particles: bosons and fermions. They differ fundamentally in how a collection of identical particles interact. Identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state (only one per state!). Identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state. The statistics of identical particles (how they act in groups) has profound affects. For example, the rich and complex structure of the periodic table arises from the principle that only one electron can occupy each quantum state. The spin and the statistics of particles are closely connected: (fermions) bosons have (half-)integer spin. (Spin is an internal angular momentum measured in units of Planck’s constant.)
Surface adsorption of model dendrimers

Abstract Lattice model dendrimers interacting with an adsorbing planar surface are studied by computer simulation, where G is the number of generations of the dendrimer and A is the interaction strength. With increasing A , dendrimers are observed to spread out and flatten down on the surface, as expected. In certain regions of G - A space, two competing configurations states, S 2 and S 3 , are observed. In S 3 all three dendrons are adsorbed on the plane. In S 2 two dendrons are adsorbed, while the third sits up and away from the surface. G - A space divides into five separate regions: a desorption region where A is too weak to maintain adsorption, a weak adsorption region in which the dendrimer tends to maintain contact but with only weak perturbation of its shape, a region in which S 2 and S 3 compete because they have comparable free energies and are separated by a modest free energy barrier, a region in which S 3 dominates because it has lower free energy, and finally a region in which S 2 and S 3 both have high stabilities because they are separated by a large free energy barrier.
Association between polymorphisms in caspase recruitment domain containing protein 15 and allergy in two German populations.

Abstract Background: Early exposure to microbial matter such as LPS may influence the development of asthma and allergies by activation of innate immunity pathways as indicated by studies in farming environments. Recently, polymorphisms in caspase recruitment domain containing protein 15 (CARD15), an intracellular LPS receptor protein, have been associated with Crohn's disease. Because these polymorphisms lead to changes in LPS recognition, they may affect the development of asthma and allergies. Objective: We genotyped a large population of German schoolchildren (N = 1872) from East and West Germany for 3 functional relevant CARD15 polymorphisms for their role in the development of asthma and allergy. Methods: By use of parental questionnaires, skin prick testing, pulmonary function tests, bronchial challenge tests, and measurements of serum IgE levels, children were phenotyped for the presence of atopic diseases. Genotyping was performed with PCR-based restriction enzyme assays. To assess associations between atopic phenotypes and genotypes standard statistical procedures were applied. Results: Children with the polymorphic allele C2722 had a more than 3-fold risk to develop allergic rhinitis ( P P P P P H 2 dominated allergies or T H 1 related Crohn's disease. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:813-7.)
Carbon segregation to a Ni(100) surface in the presence of adsorbed sulfur

Abstract The effect of adsorbed sulfur on the enthalpies of formation and segregation of carbon adsorbed on Ni(100) has been determined using Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. Sulfur coverages in excess of 0.25 monolayer were found to suppress, completely, carbon segregation.
Single- Versus Double-bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

For this inaugural Clinical Faceoff, I have invited two internationally known experts on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction to discuss two approaches: single- and double-bundle reconstruction. Russell Warren, MD, is the Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus at Hospital for Special Surgery and a past president of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. Joining Dr. Warren and me is Freddie Fu, MD, the David Silver Professor and Chairman of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at University of Pittsburgh and past president of AOSSM and the International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. There is great controversy in this area, and the discussion between these two experts addresses the key issues.
Spectral distributed Lagrange multiplier method: algorithm and benchmark tests

We extend the formulation of the distributed Lagrange multiplier (DLM) approach for particulate flows to high-order methods within the spectral/hp element framework. We implement the rigid-body motion constraint inside the particle via a penalty method. The high-order DLM method demonstrates spectral convergence rate, i.e. discretization errors decrease exponentially as the order of spectral polynomials increases. We provide detailed comparisons between the spectral DLM method, direct numerical simulations, and the force coupling method for a number of 2D and 3D benchmark flow problems. We also validate the spectral DLM method with available experimental data for a transient problem. The new DLM method can potentially be very effective in many-moving body problems, where a smaller number of grid points is required in comparison with low-order methods.
The Uses of Myth: A Response to Professor Bassett

In his essay, Professor Bassett traces the roots of the “myth of the nomad,” a myth which was used to justify the dispossession and destruction of Native Americans by colonial settlers. Bassett's primary focus is on a careful exposition of the sources and uses of the myth. The historical evidence he presents is persuasive and interesting, and his analysis is often thought-provoking. I find myself, however, in some disagreement with Bassett over the function this type of work serves. While Bassett recognizes that “[w]e are all creators of myths,” he insists that we should “bring to light” the myths in the law and expose their “insidious uses[s].” As Bassett observes, the first-year property course offers numerous opportunities for the unmasking of such myths. Bassett seems to suggest that we view his fascinating essay as one such attempt to “demythologize the law.” It is not possible, nor would it be desirable, to “demythologize” the law. The law is constructed upon, and often even constituted by, myths. The effort to eliminate those myths would produce legal concepts that were far less human, and probably no more humane. Our task, as both teachers and scholars, should be to recognize and evaluate the myths we use, but not necessarily to abandon them. Bassett's essay offers a fine beginning for this project of understanding.
Effects of propranolol on intestinal microcirculation of normal and portal hypertensive rats

Abstract Background/Aims: The goal of the present study was to compare the efficacy of locally and systemically administered propranolol in normal and prehepatic portal hypertensive rats, and to test the hypothesis that β-adrenoceptor blockade reduces intestinal arteriolar diameter by allowing unopposed a -adrenergic activity. Methods: The small intestine was prepared for in vivo microcirculatory studies and transferred to an intravital microscope where arteriolar diameter and erythrocyte velocity were continuously monitored. First order arteriolar (1A) blood flow was calculated from the product of mean velocity and microvessel cross-sectional area. In separate experiments, diameter responses of 2A and 3A were monitored. Once steady-state conditions were achieved, the preparation was challenged by topically applied doses of propranolol (0.01–100.00 μM) in the presence and absence of the alpha-receptor antagonist, phentolamine. In a separate group of experiments, the effects of systematically administered propranolol (10 mg/kg body weight) were evaluated before and after local alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Results: Propranolol produced significant vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow in both normal and portal hypertensive rats. Portal hypertensive arterioles exhibited an attenuated response to propranolol. Local administration of phentolamine completely blocked the propanolol-induced diameter changes. Comparison of equivalent concentrations of local and systemic propranolol indicated that both routes of administration were equally effective. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the cardiovascular actions of propranolol are predominantly mediated through blockade of peripheral β 2 -adrenoceptor.
Solar energy transfer through semitransparent plate systems

The objective of this study is to develop a model to examine the interaction of solar radiation with systems consisting of semi-transparent plates. The embedding technique is developed so that the model considers both beam and diffuse solar energy entering a system, as well as the conversion of beam to diffuse energy that may occur in some plates. The fraction of the incident radiant energy absorbed by each plate is determined as well as the energy reflected and transmitted by the system. Results are presented to illustrate the absorptances for systems composed of such devices as glass panes and slat-type shades.
Rethinking Police Violence in Brazil: Unmasking the Public Secret of Race

In Brazilian cities, perhaps the most disturbing criminal activity is the violence perpetrated by police officers themselves. This article is an invitation and a provocation to reconsider social scientific thinking about police violence in Brazil. Illustrated by a court decision from a Northeastern city, in which a black man won a case against the state for being falsely arrested and abused by a black police officer on the grounds of racism, this article investigates three paradoxes: Brazilians fear both crime and the police; black police beat black civilians; and government officials disavow responsibility by stigmatizing the police on racial grounds. It then proposes an alternative reading of these paradoxes that opens the possibility for rethinking police reform and argues that democratization in Brazil is deeply intertwined with the future of its darkest-skinned citizens.
Economic viability of high digestibility sorghum as feed for market broilers

Recently, improved lines of the high lysine mutant of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] have been shown by Hamaker, Axtell, and coworkers at Purdue University to have substantially greater digestibility of protein than normal cultivars. These lines exhibit substantially greater digestibility of protein than normal cultivars. Here, we seek to estimate the value of high digestibility sorghum (HDS) relative to regular sorghum for market broilers. To do this, nutritional characteristics of HDS derived from laboratory tests were incorporated into a least-cost feed mix linear programming model. The model was used to optimize rations for starting and grown-formarket broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) in poultry production for three age categories: 0 to 3 wk, 3 to wk, and 6 to 8 wk. The base model established a premium value on HDS of $1.54, $1.24 and $0.96/t for use as feed for chicks in the three corresponding age ranges. Sensitivity analysis was performed with respect to objective function coefficients and HDS amine acid digestibility. Over a range of historical and regional prices, the inclusion of HDS was relatively stable, and average premiums for HDS derived were dose to or above base model values. From amino acid digestibility parametric analysis, it was found that the premium on HDS increases essentially linearly with improvements in digestibility over the 0 to 10% range.
Above-ground antineutrino detection for nuclear reactor monitoring

Abstract Antineutrino monitoring of nuclear reactors has been demonstrated many times (Klimov et al., 1994 [1] ; Bowden et al., 2009 [2] ; Oguri et al., 2014 [3] ), however the technique has not as of yet been developed into a useful capability for treaty verification purposes. The most notable drawback is the current requirement that detectors be deployed underground, with at least several meters-water-equivalent of shielding from cosmic radiation. In addition, the deployment of liquid-based detection media presents a challenge in reactor facilities. We are currently developing a detector system that has the potential to operate above ground and circumvent deployment problems associated with a liquid detection media: the system is composed of segments of plastic scintillator surrounded by 6 LiF/ZnS:Ag. ZnS:Ag is a radio-luminescent phosphor used to detect the neutron capture products of 6 Li. Because of its long decay time compared to standard plastic scintillators, pulse-shape discrimination can be used to distinguish positron and neutron interactions resulting from the inverse beta decay (IBD) of antineutrinos within the detector volume, reducing both accidental and correlated backgrounds. Segmentation further reduces backgrounds by identifying the positron׳s annihilation gammas, a signature that is absent for most correlated and uncorrelated backgrounds. This work explores different configurations in order to maximize the size of the detector segments without reducing the intrinsic neutron detection efficiency. We believe that this technology will ultimately be applicable to potential safeguards scenarios such as those recently described by Huber et al. (2014) [4,5] .
The performance of two pathological gambling screens in college students.

The psychometric properties of two pathological gambling (PG) screening instruments, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Massachusetts Gambling Screen—DSM-IV subscale (MAGS), were explored in a sample of college students (N = 159). Participants completed the two screening instruments, a diagnostic interview for PG, the Gambling—Timeline Followback (G-TLFB), Gambling Self-E ficacy Questionnaire (GSEQ), and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). Both screening measures were found to have adequate internal consistency and were highly correlated with each other and the diagnostic interview. The screening measures demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. Using the diagnostic interview as the criterion measure, the SOGS demonstrated better sensitivity in identifying PG college students than the MAGS. The MAGS demonstrated better specificity in identifying non-PG college students than the SOGS. The results of this study suggest that although neither measure is perfect in identifying PG college...