cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Mechanisms in Stem Cell Biology

Stem cells are a subject of intense and increasing interest because of their biological properties and potential medical importance. Unfortunately, the field has been difficult for the nonspecialist to penetrate, in part because of ambiguity about what exactly constitutes a stem cell. A working definition is useful in order to pose the important questions in stem cell biology. However, since different people define stem cells in different ways (for examples, see37 and 76), formulating a generally acceptable definition can lead to a conclusion similar to that of U. S. Supreme Court Justice Byron White's in regard to pornography: “It's hard to define, but I know it when I see it.” A minimalist definition is that stem cells have the capacity both to self-renew and to generate differentiated progeny. Although this is in many respects inadequate, it immediately highlights some important problems: How at each cell division is a stem cell able to pass on its “stem” properties to at least one of its two daughters? And what determines whether stem cell divisions will be self-renewing, or differentiating?
Quantitative measurements of strain and birefringence with common-path polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate the first system for optical coherence tomography (OCT) that enables simultaneous measurement of quantitative birefringence and strain in biological samples using a common-path configuration. Owing to its superior phase stability, common-path polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (CoPPSe-OCT) achieves a sub-nanometer displacement sensitivity of 0.52 nm at an SNR of 48 dB. We utilize CoPPSe-OCT to measure reflectance, birefringence, and strain for distinguishing burnt regions in a birefringent biological sample (chicken breast muscle).
Continuous synthesis of SnTe nanorods

Microreactors offer a unique opportunity in creating kinetically controlled growth of nanocrystals (NCs) by precise control of temperature, concentration and reaction time. The shape and size of SnTe NCs can be tuned by controlling the reaction conditions. The nuclei suppression by binding strength and steric effect of surfactants resulted in a higher concentration of monomers that were available in the growth step. This high concentration along with the higher temperature promoted the formation of rod-shaped SnTe NCs.
A Template-Based Approach for Multilevel Blast Resistant Panel Design

Multilevel design is a subset of engineering design in which design problems are defined and analyzed at various levels of model complexity or resolution. Due to the potential for propagated uncertainty in a multilevel design process, design goals for maximizing system robustness to uncertainty in noise and control factors are included in the Blast resistant panels (BRP) design process. Blast resistant panels (BRPs) are sandwich structures consisting of two solid panels surrounding a honeycomb core. Under impulse loading, BRPs experience less deflection than similarly loaded solid panels of equal mass due to core crushing. In order to manage complexity in BRP concurrent product and materials design, a multilevel design approach is proposed. Additionally, in order to collect and store BRP design information in a modular and reusable format, a template-based design approach is implemented in BRP multilevel design. In this paper, a generic multilevel design template based on existing design methods (the compromise Decision Support Problem and the Inductive Design Exploration Method) is presented. The multilevel design template is then particularized and applied to BRP preliminary design, highlighting the advantages of a templatebased approach to multilevel design.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
On the Optimization of In Situ Nb 3 Sn-Cu Wire

In this paper we report on two aspects of our efforts to optimize large-scale in situ Nb3Sn-Cu superconductor wire. First, results will be presented that show that the as-drawn Nb filament size is critical in optimizing Jc values and depends upon the temperature of the Sn diffusion anneal. Second, laboratory-size experiments show that utilizing C containers for ingot preparation results in a small C contamination and significantly lower Jc values. To scale-up the in situ process, we have previously developed arc-casting techniques capable of producing 30-kg ingots utilizing graphite-lined Cu molds. Results are presented here on efforts to reduce C contamination in these large castings by utilizing ceramic coatings on the graphite liner.
Improving the binding efficiency of a vascular drug delivery system by using a dual-receptor targeting strategy

Targeted drug delivery offers several advantages with respect to conventional delivery methods including reduced side effects and lower drug doses. However, the delivery efficiency is significantly affected by the choice of the target epitopes that selectively interact with endothelial cells located in inflammatory sites. In this study we present a novel dual-receptor targeting approach to enhance the drug carrier's binding efficiency to the inflamed diseased tissue. Dual-receptor targeted drug carriers were prepared by coating polymer microspheres with different molar ratios of antibodies against ICAM-1 (aICAM-1) and E-selectin (aE-selectin). A flow chamber was used to study the interaction of the microspheres with TNF-α activated HUVECs under different flow conditions. Our experimental results shows that our dual-receptor targeted drug carriers have significantly higher binding efficacy compared to single-receptor targeted drug carriers. Moreover, we found that the optimal ratio of aICAM-1:aE-selectin for binding efficacy is 70:30. The level of adhesion of our carriers appeared to decrease with increase in wall shear stress. We conclude that the adhesion efficiency of the dual-receptor targeting system is significantly higher than the single-receptor. Moreover, the drug carrier adhesion ability can be improved by optimizing the ratio of the two receptors on the surface of the microspheres.
The consistency of consistent histories: a reply to d'Espagnat

This article is a response to various assertions made by B. d'Espagnat about the consistent history approach to quantum mechanics. It is argued that the consistent history interpretation allows for counterfactual definitions, does not imply that the future influences the past, is “realistic” according to d'Espagnat's own definition of that term, and provides a consistent substitute for classical logic in the quantum domain.
A hierarchical iterative procedure for the analysis of composite laminates

Abstract A multilevel recursively defined preconditioner for use with the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm is developed and applied to solve thin and thick laminated plate problems. The preconditioner is constructed from a sequence of hierarchical vector spaces arising from the p-version of the finite element (FE) method. Numerical studies have been conducted using quadrilateral elements for two-dimensional problems up to p=8 and serendipity brick elements for three-dimensional problems up to p=5. The efficiency of the iterative procedure is illustrated using bending response of laminated plates. The effects of element span ratios, convergence tolerance, polynomial order, material properties, and plate span ratios on the number of iterations required for convergence has been investigated. Results indicate that the preconditioner developed herein can be used to produce an efficient iterative solver for two- and three-dimensional problems in structural mechanics.
Ring fencing and consolidated banks’ stress tests☆

Abstract The recent crisis has spurred the use of bank stress tests as a crisis management and early warning tool. However, a weakness is that current stress tests are based on consolidated balance sheets, and thus omit potential risks embedded in banking groups’ geographical structures by assuming that capital and liquidity are available wherever they are needed within the group. This study presents a framework to integrate ring fencing and regulatory differences (e.g., minimum capital requirements) into cross-border bank stress tests. Case studies show how some forms of ring fencing—home or host regulators limiting flows of capital and income within a group—could significantly increase banks’ capital needs.
Consideration of Cultural and Relational Issues in Bereavement: The Case of an Italian American Family:

Recently, the literature on loss and grieving has begun to acknowledge the need to consider both individual and family processes involved in grieving, as well as the social and cultural context within which grieving occurs. The present article provides a discussion of the multiple dimensions of the grieving process. Using an example of an Italian American family, it also shows how to assist bereaved families as they cope with loss in the context of individual, familial, and social/cultural influences.
Quantum dot photodiodes fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly

In this paper we demonstrate photodiodes based on Schottky junction between multilayers of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and thermally evaporated Au thin film. The CdTe QDs are synthesized and dispersed in aqueous solution with either positively (amino group) or negatively (carboxylate group) charged capping ligands. By electrostatic attraction, the QDs are self-assembled layer-by-layer on a silane functionalized substrate. By changing the number of layers, the thickness of the QD thin film can be well controlled. For the photodiode with 180 nm-thick CdTe QD thin film, external quantum efficiency = 1.38% can be achieved under 405 nm laser illumination and applied voltage = 10 V.
Electron diffraction phenomena observed with a high resolution STEM instrument

Because of the high brightness of the cold field emission source used in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrument, it is possible to focus electrons to a cross-over of width 3A or less and, with a suitable detection system, to obtain diffraction patterns from specimen regions of this size or greater. Coherent interference effects are visible in shadow images (in-line holograms) and in convergent beam diffraction patterns. Special techniques have been developed for gathering information from the diffraction patterns for application to the study of the structures of crystal defects, crystal surfaces and small particles. Possibilities have been explored for holographic reconstruction from shadow images.
A novel view of the function of pituitary folliculo-stellate cell network.

Abstract Folliculo-stellate (FS) cells are a non-endocrine population of cells abundant in the anterior pituitary lobe of many species. These cells are structurally interconnected in an extensive and complex tridimensional configuration, but their properties and functions have not been completely characterized. The expression of gap-junction channels in FS cells supports the hypothesis that they also operate as a network of functionally interconnected cells. Further evidence comes from a recent study with rat pituitary slices that demonstrated the presence of spontaneous, voltage- and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced intercellular calcium signals that were abolished by gap junction channel blockers. The study also revealed an unexpected feature of FS cells – their excitability. Thus, although agranular, these cells share the common ‘neuronal language' with granular (endocrine) cell types that might provide an efficient mechanism for the synchronization of intrapituitary electrical and calcium signaling.
Single-operator Ultrasound-guided Intravenous Line Placement by Emergency Nurses Reduces the Need for Physician Intervention in Patients with Difficult-to-establish Intravenous Access

Abstract Background Emergency physicians (EPs) have become facile with ultrasound-guided intravenous line (USIV) placement in patients for whom access is difficult to achieve, though the procedure can distract the EP from other patient care activities. Objectives We hypothesize that adequately trained Emergency Nurses (ENs) can effectively perform single-operator USIV placement with less physician intervention than is required with blind techniques. Methods This was a prospective multicenter pilot study. Interested ENs received a 2-h tutorial from an experienced EP. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had either two failed blind peripheral intravenous (i.v.) attempts, or if they reported or had a known history of difficult i.v. placement. Consenting patients were assigned to have either EN USIV placement or standard of care (SOC). Results Fifty patients were enrolled, of which 29 were assigned to USIV and 21 to SOC. There were no significant differences in age, race, gender, or reason for inclusion. Physicians were called to assist in 11/21 (52.4%) of SOC cases and 7/29 (24.1%) of USIV cases ( p = 0.04). Mean time to i.v. placement (USIV 27.6 vs. SOC 26.4 minutes, p = 0.88) and the number of skin punctures (USIV 2.0 vs. SOC 2.1, p = 0.70) were not significantly different. Patient satisfaction was higher in the USIV group, though the difference did not reach statistical significance (USIV 86.2% vs. SOC 63.2%, p = 0.06). Patient perception of pain on a 10-point scale was also similar (USIV 4.9 vs. SOC 5.5, p = 0.50). Conclusions ENs performing single-operator USIV placement in patients with difficult-to-establish i.v. access reduces the need for EP intervention.
Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically characterized as a disorder of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity but there is increasing evidence of deficits in motivation. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we showed decreased function in the brain dopamine reward pathway in adults with ADHD, which, we hypothesized, could underlie the motivation deficits in this disorder. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed secondary analyses to assess the correlation between the PET measures of dopamine D2/D3 receptor and dopamine transporter availability (obtained with [(11)C]raclopride and [(11)C]cocaine, respectively) in the dopamine reward pathway (midbrain and nucleus accumbens) and a surrogate measure of trait motivation (assessed using the Achievement scale on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire or MPQ) in 45 ADHD participants and 41 controls. The Achievement scale was lower in ADHD participants than in controls (11±5 vs 14±3, P<0.001) and was significantly correlated with D2/D3 receptors (accumbens: r=0.39, P<0.008; midbrain: r=0.41, P<0.005) and transporters (accumbens: r=0.35, P<0.02) in ADHD participants, but not in controls. ADHD participants also had lower values in the Constraint factor and higher values in the Negative Emotionality factor of the MPQ but did not differ in the Positive Emotionality factor-and none of these were correlated with the dopamine measures. In ADHD participants, scores in the Achievement scale were also negatively correlated with symptoms of inattention (CAARS A, E and SWAN I). These findings provide evidence that disruption of the dopamine reward pathway is associated with motivation deficits in ADHD adults, which may contribute to attention deficits and supports the use of therapeutic interventions to enhance motivation in ADHD.
Assessment of the Allelopathic Potential of Juniperus ashei on Germination and Growth of Bouteloua curtipendula

Potential allelopathic compounds of Juniperus ashei Buchh. (Ashe juniper) and their effect on a native grass were determined in laboratory and field studies. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to determine if monoterpenes found in the essential oils of J. ashei are released in leaf and litter leachate, as well as volatilized from leaf tissue. Camphor, bornyl acetate, and limonene were found in leaf and fresh litter leachates; however, degraded litter did not contain any of these compounds. Camphor was the most common potentially allelopathic compound found in J. ashei leaf and litter leachate and in volatiles from leaf tissue. The effects of leaf and litter tissue on the germination of Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (side-oats grama) was tested by using the “sandwich agar method”. The highest germination of B. curtipendula (29.6%) occurred in the control, which was significantly higher than fresh litter (13.2%) and degraded litter (16.2%). The lowest germination (6.2%) occurred with J. ashei leaves. In the field experiment, aboveground dry mass of B. curtipendula was evaluated in relation to position within the canopy and intercanopy of J. ashei adult trees when light and water were held constant across locations. Aboveground dry mass of B. curtipendula was significantly greater in the intercanopies of J. ashei (163.7 g m2) compared to the dry mass in the understory (44.8 g m2) and dripline (44.5 g m2), suggesting some negative influence by J. ashei. Chemical analyses indicate that monoterpenes are released through leaching and volatilization from J. ashei, and germination and field studies suggest that these compounds inhibit B. curtipendula.
Estrogen receptor α as a target for indole-3-carbinol

A wealth of preclinical evidence supports the antitumorigenic properties of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), which is a major bioactive food component in cruciferous vegetables. However, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) accounting for these effects remain unresolved. In the present study, estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) was identified as a potential molecular target for I3C. Treating MCF-7 cells with 100 microM I3C reduced ER-alpha mRNA expression by approximately 60% compared to controls. This reduction in ER-alpha transcript levels was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The I3C dimer, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), was considerably more effective in depressing ER-alpha mRNA in MCF-7 cells than the monomeric unit. The suppressive effects of 5 microM DIM on ER-alpha mRNA was comparable to that caused by 100 microM I3C. DIM is known to accumulate in the nucleus and is a preferred ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to I3C. The addition of other AhR ligands, alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF, 10 microM) and luteolin (10 microM), to the culture media resulted in a similar suppression in ER-alpha mRNA levels to that caused by 5 microM DIM. Thus, it is likely that the binding of ligands to AhR inhibits nuclear ER-alpha transcript. The results from these experiments suggest that the antitumorigenic effects of I3C in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells may arise from its ability to reduce ER-alpha expression through the binding of its metabolite, DIM, to the nuclear AhR.
Ground-penetrating radar processing in a dedicated graphical software environment

This paper will describe the results attained from advanced signal processing techniques used to improve analysis and interpretation of ground penetrating radar (GPR) profile data. It is anticipated that the GPR processing software and its algorithms will aid the Florida Department of Transportation in recognition and localization of geophysical anomalies through more informative subsurface images, while maintaining the desired non-invasive nature of GPR analysis methods.
Arylindolizines III: Methoxyl and Glyoxyl Derivatives of Several Substituted Phenylindolizines

4-Methoxyphenacylbromide reacts in good yield with 2-benzylpyridine and 2-(4′-chlorobenzyl) pyridine in the Tschitschibabin synthesis to form the corresponding indolizines. The methyl ethers are cleaved with difficulty to the corresponding phenolic compounds which have anomalous solubility characteristics. Arylindolizines with an open 1 position react in good yield with ethoxalylchloride to form the corresponding ethyl glyoxylates.
Virtual species distribution models Using simulated data to evaluate aspects of model performance

Species distribution models (SDMs) have become a dominant paradigm for quantifying species-environment relationships, and both the models and their outcomes have seen widespread use in conservation...
A childhood cavernous conundrum.

Abstract A 9-year-old boy presented with a left-sided “tooth ache.” Subsequently, he developed new onset vertical diplopia. He was found to have a left cranial nerve three palsy. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral cavernous sinus lesions that were initially interpreted as possible “cavernous sinus thrombosis.” Subsequent blood smear and bone marrow biopsy disclosed Burkitt lymphoma. He was treated with chemotherapy and made a dramatic recovery. Burkitt lymphoma rarely presents with a third nerve palsy but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of childhood cavernous sinus syndrome.
Synthesis–structure–performance correlation for polyaniline–Me–C non-precious metal cathode catalysts for oxygen reduction in fuel cells

In this report, we present the systematic preparation of active and durable non-precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) for the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) based on the heat treatment of polyaniline/metal/carbon precursors. Variation of the synthesis steps, heat-treatment temperature, metal loading, and the metal type in the synthesis leads to markedly different catalyst activity, speciation, and morphology. Microscopy studies demonstrate notable differences in the carbon structure as a function of these variables. Balancing the need to increase the catalyst’s degree of graphitization through heat treatment versus the excessive loss of surface area that occurs at higher temperatures is a key to preparing an active catalyst. XPS and XAFS spectra are consistent with the presence of Me–Nx structures in both the Co and Fe versions of the catalyst, which are often proposed to be active sites. The average speciation and coordination environment of nitrogen and metal, however, depends greatly on the choice of Co or Fe. Taken together, the data indicate that better control of the metal-catalyzed transformations of the polymer into new graphitized carbon forms in the heat-treatment step will allow for even further improvement of this class of catalysts.
Fatty acid composition of oil from exotic corn breeding materials

The fatty acid composition of corn oil can be altered to meet consumer demand for “healthful” fats. The first step in altering the oils is to survey existing corn breeding materials for fatty acid composition. The Latin American Maize Project (LAMP), an international program designed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of maize accessions in Latin American and U.S. germplasm banks for future use, provides useful starting materials. LAMP was based on the cooperative efforts of 12 countries. In a two-stage evaluation, the project identified the highest-yielding open-pollinated top 20% of populations, then approximately the top 5% of those 20%. Twenty of the populations from four countries with temperate climates were randomly selected for fatty acid analysis. The populations were from United States, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Fifty S1 lines from each population were randomly chosen for analysis for a total of 1,000 genotypes sampled. Statistical differences in fatty acid composition were computed among the 20 populations and among the four countries. The findings showed a wide range of fatty acid profiles present in unadapted, elite corn breeding materials with ranges for each fatty acid as follows: palmitic acid, 6.3–18.2%; stearic acid, 0.9–4.5%; oleic acid, 18.5–46.1%; linoleic acid, 36.6–66.8%; linolenic acid, 0.0–2.0%; and arachidic acid, 0.0–1.4%. Several populations were significantly different from the others. Some lines had unusual fatty acid compositions, including one with 8.3% total saturates and another with 20.2% total saturates. This study shows that existing corn breeding materials could be used to produce high- and low-saturate oils, but other methods would probably be required to produce a high-oleic corn oil.
Who joins unions in the public sector? The effects of individual characteristics and the law

Analysis of a large micro-data set shows that state public-sector bargaining laws significantly influence state and local government union membership in several ways. Membership probability is lowest where a right-to-work law is present; it is greatest when there are mandatory agency shop provisions. Compulsory arbitration leads to a significantly greater probability of membership than does the right-to-strike. Simulations based on model estimates indicate that policy changes along the lines of proposed national public bargaining laws could lead to major changes in public-sector union density. Among individual and demographic characteristics, membership probability is significantly affected by full-time/part-time status and the statewide extent of private-sector unionism. Although non-whites and males are more likely to be union members, race and gender membership differentials are shown to be relatively small.
Transgenic labeling of the corticospinal tract for monitoring axonal responses to spinal cord injury

The rodent corticospinal tract (CST) has been used extensively to investigate regeneration and remodeling of central axons after injury. CST axons are currently visualized after injection of tracer dye, which is invasive, incomplete and prone to variation, and often does not show functionally crucial but numerically minor tract components. Here, we characterize transgenic mice in which CST fibers are specifically and completely labeled by yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Using these CST-YFP mice, we show that minor CST components are responsible for most monosynaptic contacts onto motoneurons. Lesions of the main dorsal CST lead to extension of new collaterals, some of them originating from large, heavily myelinated axons within the minor dorsolateral and ventral CST components. Some of these new collaterals form additional direct synapses onto motoneurons. We propose that CST-YFP mice will be useful for evaluating strategies designed to maximize such remodeling and to promote regeneration.
Identification of a Polymorphism in the Human Neurotensin Receptor Gene

A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding the neurotensin receptor was isolated from a human substantia nigra cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence of this clone was almost identical to that of a cDNA for this receptor cloned from a previously described HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line. We found three base changes between the previously reported HT29 cDNA clone and the current cDNA clone. We investigated these changes by using polymerase chain reactions to amplify these areas from various human samples. One of the differences, which resulted in an amino acid change at AA194 (a leucine in the HT29 sequence was a phenylalanine in the current sequence), was found in some, but not in all, human samples. This finding represents genetic variability in human neurotensin receptors, the first such report for a peptide receptor. Both of these receptors, however, when expressed separately in transfected cell lines, had similar affinities for neurotensin and some related peptides.
Reservoirs of Pseudomonas in an intensive care unit for newborn infants: Mechanisms of control

Potential reservoirs of pseudomonas within a neonatal ICU were evaluated. Colonization of infants by the same pseudomonas pyocin types could be classified as cluster colonization (occurring over three to ten days), or serial colonization (occurring over longer times). Hands of personnel, sink surfaces, and solutions used to rinse nasopharyngeal catheters were identified as the principle reservoirs. Utilization of a liquid iodophor agent for hand washing and of acetic acid for rinsing suction catheters was associated with a significant reduction in the histologic evidence of sepsis and of pneumonia observed among autopsied infants.
Effect of Wet Cleanings on GST Surface: XPS Characterization

GST is an alloy composed by Ge, Sb, Te whose importance is increasing more and more in semiconductors manufacturing due to its usage in Phase Change Memories (PCM) architecture, as a charge storage element. As a consequence its integration in PCM architectures requires a deeper understanding of the effect that commonly used wet cleanings may have on the surface of the alloy.
Evaporative processes of sputtered alkali halide cluster ions

Abstract Metastable cluster ions produced by 8 keV atom sputtering of alkali halides have been measured. The dominant evaporative mechanism of the metastable (MX)nM+ cluster ions involves both monomer and dimer loss, and these processes have been examined using semi-empirical self-consistent-field molecular orbital methods to determine the geometry-optimized structures and decomposition energetics.
Impacts of Elevation Data Spatial Resolution on Two-Dimensional Dam Break Flood Simulation and Consequence Assessment

AbstractIn the United States, there are approximately 84,000 dams including approximately 14,000 dams that are classified as high hazard. Approximately 50% of high hazard dams do not have an emergency action plan (EAP), a document describing potential emergency conditions and potential areas at risk of flooding. A critical data set required for identifying flood risk regions through modeling and simulation is digital elevation models (DEM). These data have become increasingly available at high resolution. The difficulty in utilizing the higher resolution data is that model computation time is increased drastically and becomes, in the case of wide-area (regional) analyses, infeasible to use. The tendency for modelers, therefore, is to use lower resolution data for these model applications. It is clear that when using the lower resolution data that topographic features are not represented as well, but it is not as clear what impact this has on two-dimensional modeling and flood risk estimation. Additionally...
Preparation and characterization of highly swelling smart grafted polymer networks of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid–co–acrylamide)

Smart grafted polymer networks comprising random copolymer of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) and polyvinyl alcohol and exhibiting extraordinary water imbibtion property were prepared by free radical polymerization method and characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, Ultra Violet spectroscopy, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and X–ray Diffraction. The mesh size (ξ) and chain flexibility factor (α) of interpenetrating polymer networks were calculated for various grafted polymer network compositions and correlated with their water sorption capacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 84–95, 2006
Optimizing Staff Performance in an Institutional Behavior Change System A Pilot Study

Program equipment changes (two levels), information feedback (three levels), and administrative policy changes (two levels) were serially introduced to reduce errors made by nonprofessional staff in a forensic psychiatry institution. Errors were reduced from an initial level of 62.2% to 6.2%. Due to the uncontrolled nature of the design, it was not possible to determine the independent contributions of the three variables. However, introduction of the program equipment changes resulted in the smallest error reductions. The introduction of information feedback produced the next largest error reductions. Errors were optimally reduced when the information feedback was presented to the line staff and first level supervisors but attenuated when presented to second level supervisors. The largest and most consistent error reductions occurred following the introduction of administrative policy changes.
Study of ELOG GaN for Application in the Fabrication of Micro-channels for Optoelectronic Devices

Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a promising wide band gap semiconductor material for many optoelectronic applications, especially in the near UV range. Over the past several years, an extensive technical effort has been focused on improving the quality of GaN films through various overgrowth techniques such as epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG), facet controlled epitaxial lateral overgrowth (FACELO), and Pendeoepitaxy. ELOG has been shown to reduce the density of threading dislocations by up to five orders of magnitude [1], however a complete physical model describing lateral overgrowth is needed in order to take full advantage of the process. A lateral overgrowth model will allow for the design and fabrication of three dimensional structures that can lead to novel devices and also to efficient biosensors by integrating micro and nano channels on the same chip as the optoelectronic components. A two-step process has been used to successfully control the geometry of overgrown GaN. Conditions have been identified which give a reduced lateral growth rate, in order to allow expansion of the {112n} plane to form vertical sidewalls and for the design of channel width. These geometries are being examined for possible application in laser diode and micro-channel fabrication for integrating bio-agent detection modules.
Influence of Experimental Edema on Metabolically Determined Blood Flow

To evaluate the effects of edema and elevated tissue pressure on metabolically determined blood flow, forelimb vascular resistance was determined by two techniques. Peak reactive hyperemic blood flow after release of a 5-minute arterial occlusion was bilaterally measured in the brachial arteries of 11 dogs before and after venous congestion of one limb for 4 hours at 70 mm Hg and after infusion of 1,000 ml of 6% Dextran 70. Before determining peak reactive hyperemic blood flow, congestion was released; venous pressure was then similar in both limbs. Congestion reduced peak reactive hyperemic blood flow from 23.9 ± 5.7 (SE) to 16.0 ± 3.6 ml/min 100 g-1 (P 0.5) at the time when it was reduced in the congested limb. Total tissue pressure measured with a needle was greater in the congested limb (9.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg) than it was in the uncongested limb (2.5 ± 1.5 mm Hg, P < 0.01)....
Molecular prediction of time to metastasis from ocular melanoma fine needle aspirates

A77 Ocular (uveal) melanoma is the most common primary cancer of the eye and the second most common form of melanoma. Despite local therapy, about 50% of these cancers metastasize hematogenously to the liver, after which death occurs within a few months. The delay from ocular diagnosis and treatment to clinical detection of liver metastasis varies from a few months to many years, indicating that micrometastases can remain dormant for long periods of time. By the time metastatic disease becomes clinically detectable, it has grown to a large tumor burden that is highly resistant to therapy. If patients with micrometastatic disease could be identified prior to clinical presentation, prophylactic therapy may delay or prevent metastatic death. Various methods have been proposed for identifying patients with micrometastatic disease, including clinicopathologic algorithms and detection of circulating melanoma cells, but none of these methods has demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity for clinical decision-making in individual patients. However, we recently described a gene expression-based classification of ocular melanomas that predicts metastatic death with extremely high predictive accuracy. Primary tumors exhibiting a class 1 signature have a low risk and those with a class 2 signature a high risk of metastasis (P
Nicardipine: Myocardial protection in isolated working hearts

The effectiveness of the calcium antagonist nicardipine in protecting the ischemic myocardium was evaluated using the hemodynamic recovery of isolated working rat hearts subjected to hyperkalemic cardiac arrest followed by ischemia at 37.5 degrees C and 10 degrees C. Rat hearts (n = 51) received 20 mL of cardioplegia and were subjected to 27 minutes of ischemia at 37.5 degrees C. Group A (control) did not receive nicardipine. Groups B through F received nicardipine in the cardioplegia with total doses ranging from 2 micrograms to 6 micrograms. Group A had 46% survival of ischemia, whereas groups C (3 micrograms) and D (4 micrograms) had survival rates of 88% and 100%, respectively (p less than 0.05). The recovery of aortic flow after ischemia was 35% in group A, compared with 76% in group B (2 micrograms) and 81% in group D (p less than 0.05). Group A had 49% postischemic recovery of cardiac output, whereas groups B and D had 82% and 85% recovery (p less than 0.05). The postischemic recovery of stroke volume was 48% in group A compared with 84% in group B, 87% in group D, and 73% in group E (5 micrograms) (p less than 0.05). Additional rats were exposed to 210 minutes of ischemia (n = 41) or 240 minutes of ischemia (n = 56) at 10 degrees C. Control groups did not receive nicardipine, whereas treatment groups received nicardipine in the cardioplegia with total doses ranging from 1.4 micrograms to 6.4 micrograms. There were no significant differences in the survival of ischemia or the recovery of function after ischemia at 10 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Saying Isn't Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in a French Newfoundland Community

Saying Isn't Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in. French Newfoundland Community. Gary R. Butler. Social and Economic Studies, 42. St. Johns, Newfoundland: The Institute of Social and Economic Research and The American Folklore Society, 1990. 199 pp. $24.95 CAN (paper)
Perioperative Voice Recovery: Adherence to Treatment, Quality of Life, and Patient Personality

Voice rest is often prescribed after the surgical removal of benign vocal fold lesions. Adherence to voice rest recommendations and recovery from phonomicrosurgery present unique challenges to pati...
Rac1 and Aurora A regulate MCAK to polarize microtubule growth in migrating endothelial cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) migrate directionally during angiogenesis and wound healing by polarizing to extracellular cues to guide directional movement. EC polarization is controlled by microtubule (MT) growth dynamics, which are regulated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs) that alter MT stability. Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) is a MAP that promotes MT disassembly within the mitotic spindle, yet its function in regulating MT dynamics to promote EC polarity and migration has not been investigated. We used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis to elucidate the role of MCAK in regulating MT growth dynamics, morphology, and directional migration of ECs. Our results show that MCAK-mediated depolymerization of MTs is specifically targeted to the trailing edge of polarized wound-edge ECs. Regulation of MCAK function is dependent on Aurora A kinase, which is regionally enhanced by signaling from the small guanosine triphosphatase, Rac1. Thus, a Rac1–Aurora A–MCAK signaling pathway mediates EC polarization and directional migration by promoting regional differences in MT dynamics in the leading and trailing cell edges.
Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data

An ancient north polar ocean on Mars has been proposed (Parker et al., 1989) and we use MOLA data to test the hypothesis. Of the two proposed contacts/shorelines, the younger Contact 2 shows the closest approximation to an equipotential surface; vertical variations along this surface oc- cur in areas with post-contact-formation geological activity or suspected changes in the position of an equipotential surface (e.g., Tharsis) with time. The surface of Mars is smoother at all scales below Contact 2 than above. The volume of the re- gion below Contact 2 (-1.5 x 107 km 3) is between the mini- mum estimated total outflow channel discharge and the maxi- mum estimated megaregolith pore space. These results are con- sistent with the hypothesis that a large standing body of water occupied the northern lowlands in the past history of Mars. gin. To account for the draped appearance, they interpreted the plains to represent sediment deposition in a sea, and suggested that the gradational unit contact represents the shoreline. In a subsequent more regional analysis, Parker et al. ( 1993) noted that the northern lowland plains comprise one-third of Mars' surface area, that most outflow channels/valley networks empty into the lowlands, and that channel cutting does not ex- tend far into the plains, although the regional basinward topo- graphic gradient continues into the northern lowlands. They raised the question of where the water went and favored the hypothesis that the channels represented streams that flooded the northern lowlands to produce a standing body of water (see also Lucchitta et al., 1986; Gulick and Baker, 1989; Baker et
The 50 MeV beam test facility at LBL

A new beam line, expected to be built by September 1993, will transport the 50 MeV electron beam from the ALS LINAC into an experimental area to support various R&D activities in the Center for Beam Physics at LBL. A variety of experiments are planned involving the interaction of such a relativistic electron beam with plasmas (plasma focusing), laser beams generation of femtosecond X-ray pulses) and electromagnetic cavities (Crab cavities etc....). The beam line is designed using the measured emittance and Twiss parameters of the ALS linac. It accommodates the different requirements of the various experiments on the electron beam properties (charge, energy, pulse length) and on the handling of the beam before and after the interaction point. Special attention has also been given to incorporate diagnostics for measuring the beam properties (such as the electron energy, bunch length and charge) needed in the interpretation of the experiments. >
THE M2 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR MEDIATES IN-VITRO BLADDER CONTRACTIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH NEUROGENIC BLADDER DYSFUNCTION

Bladder muscle specimens from seven patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction were analyzed to determine whether the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating contraction shifts from M3 to the M2 su...
Progressive Resistance to Apoptosis in a Cell Lineage Model of Human Proliferative Breast Disease

Background: Proliferative breast disease (PBD) may increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer, perhaps by decreasing cellular sensitivity to apoptosis. To determine whether resistance to apoptosis develops during PBD, we investigated apoptosis initiated through the Fas pathway in a series of cell lines that recapitulates the morphologic changes of PBD in nude/ beige mice. Methods: The series of cell lines used was MCF-10A cells (parental preneoplastic human breast epithelial cells), MCF-10AT cells (transformed with T 24 Ha-ras), and MCF-10ATG3B cells (derivative cells that progress to carcinoma). Fas-mediated apoptosis, induced when a Fas monoclonal antibody bound to and activated the Fas receptor on these cells, was assessed morphologically and by flow cytometry. Levels of proteins involved in Fas-mediated apoptosis and cleavage of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an end product of caspase activation, were determined by immunoblotting. Bcl-2 and Bax het-erodimerization was examined by coimmunoprecipitation. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis decreased with the tumorigenic potential of cells: MCF-10A cells were extremely susceptible, MCF-10AT cells were less susceptible, and MCF-10ATG3B cells were resistant. The percentage of apoptotic cells declined, from 24% to 8% to 6%, respectively. All lines produced Fas ligand (FasL) and had comparable levels of Fas receptor, FasL, Fasassociated death-domain protein, and caspases 3 and 6. Levels of caspase 8 were similar in MCF-10A and MCF-10AT cells but about 30% lower in MCF-10ATG3B cells (P>.01 but .005 but .01 but <.05). PARP cleavage was detected in MCF-10A and MCF-10AT cells but not in MCF-10ATG3B cells. Levels of Bax, Bid, and Bak proteins were similar in all lines, but levels of Bcl-2 were lower in MCF-10AT and MCF-10ATG3B cells than in MCF-A cells, and Bcl-2-Bax heterodimerization progressively declined in the series. Conclusion: Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis appears to develop progressively in the MCF-10AT cell series.
Iatrogenic bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy - Early management and the role of endoscopy and surgery

Keywords: Bile duct injuries; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljs.v29i2.3951 SLJS 2011; 29(2): 87-88
Development of a shape conveying interface based on tactile feedback

A shape conveying interface based on tactile feedback is developed in this paper. To deliver the reference shape, the electromagnetic (EM) position sensors and wearable permanent magnet based EM actuator are used to provide the estimated 3D image by the user's scanning. Principle and experimental results of EM position measurement are provided. ANSYS simulation is used to design a proper dimension of solenoid to drive the permanent magnet actuator. With the designed actuator, the 63.57 mN actuation force at peak current is estimated from measured force-current curve. 50-Hz operation which has been shown to be optimal working frequency is used to produce vibratory stimulation to user's finger. The shape perception experiments performed by 2 volunteers showed that majority of shapes are able to be delivered. More cues may be incorporated in order to improve successful rate of the shape delivery.
APPLICATIONS OF SOME SEMIACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS TO BENCHMARK CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE

Recently, a benchmark cable-stayed bridge model was developed for the control community as a test bed to evaluate the performance of various strategies for the control of cable-stayed bridges during earthquakes. In this paper, the effectiveness and performances of some semiactive and passive control systems for this benchmark cable-stayed bridge are evaluated and presented. The semiactive control systems considered include the semiactive stiffness damper and the semiactive friction damper. Cases of passive linear and nonlinear viscous fluid dampers are also investigated and presented. The performances of semiactive control systems are evaluated using effective control strategies and compared with that of the sample active control system using actuators. Simulation results clearly indicate that the displacement of the bridge deck as well as the shear and moment at the base of the towers can be reduced substantially by installing these passive and semiactive protective devices. It is shown that semiactive a...
Minimizing variation in uptake times in a busy multi- camera PET/CT oncology clinic

2029 Objectives The time from tracer injection to imaging affects standardized uptake values and lesion contrast. Thus, a uniform uptake time is highly desirable especially for patients being imaged multiple times during the course of their cancer therapy. Our objective for this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of countdown clocks and visual monitoring to minimize the variation in radiotracer uptake times. Methods The goal established for time from 18F-FDG tracer injection to the beginning of PET imaging was 60 minutes. In a two camera PET/CT clinic, three uptake rooms were setup. Each room was outfitted with a video camera to allow monitoring of patients by the nuclear technicians from the PET/CT control room. A 45 minute digital countdown clock was placed in each room, in a location clearly visible by the video monitors. Upon tracer injection, the countdown clock was started. Patients then would be taken to the restroom for voiding then placed on the camera table for imaging, initially a CT scan for attenuation correction purposes, followed by PET imaging. Tracer injection times and the start of PET imaging was recorded. Results There were a total of 194 patients evaluated. The average tracer uptake tie was 60.9 +/- 11.9 minutes. A total of 166 patients (86%) fell within the 50 to 70 minute time window, and 178 (92%) fell within the 45 minute to 75 minute time window. A subgroup analysis was done on 26 patients. This found that for uptake times between 50 and 70 minutes, there was not a significant difference in average liver SUV values. Conclusions A system utilizing countdown clocks and video monitoring enables a high patient throughput while minimizing variation in uptake times.