cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public policy and R&D when research joint ventures are costly

In this paper we examine the role of policy when forming a R&D joint venture is costly. Contrary to previous studies, we document an active role for public policy, since the interests of firms are not necessarily aligned with societal interests. The nature of policy, however, depends on the joint venture cost. If it is relatively low, then policy may call for subsidizing the joint venture to encourage collaboration. If forming a joint venture is very costly, however, then there are cases where social welfare is improved if policy encourages R&D competition with no joint venture. JEL Classification: D43, L13 Politique publique et R&D quand les alliances strategiques en recherche sont couteuses. Ce memoire examine le role de la politique publique quand la mise en place d'une alliance strategique en recherche est couteuse. Contrairement a ce qu'ont suggere des etudes anterieures, les auteurs montrent qu'il y a un role positif pour la politique publique, a proportion que les interets des entreprises ne sont pas necessairement alignes sur les interets de la societe. La nature de la politique depend cependant du cout de l'alliance strategique. Si le cout est faible, alors une politique de subvention pour encourager la collaboration peut s'imposer. Si le cout est eleve, alors il existe des cas ou une politique de concurrence dans le R&D sans alliance strategique peut mieux servir le mieux etre collectif.
Dense quark matter in nature

According to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), matter at ultra-high densities will take the form of a color-superconducting quark liquid, in which there is a condensate of Cooper pairs of quarks near the Fermi surface. I present a review of the physics of color superconductivity. I give particular attention to the recently proposed gapless CFL (gCFL) phase, which has unusual properties such as quasiquarks with a near-quadratic dispersion relation, and which may well be the favored phase of quark matter in the density range relevant to compact stars. I also discuss the effects of color superconductivity on the mass-radius relationship of compact stars, showing that one would have to fix the bag constant by other measurements in order to see the effects of color superconductivity. An additional parameter in the quark matter equation of state connected with perturbative corrections allows quark matter to imitate nuclear matter over the relevant density range so that hybrid stars can show a mass-radius relationship very similar to that of nuclear matter, and their masses can reach 1.9 M O ..
Effort or timing: The effect of lump-sum bonuses

This article addresses the question of whether lump-sum bonuses motivate salespeople to work harder to attain incremental orders or whether they induce salespeople to play timing games (behaviors that increase incentive payments without providing incremental benefits to the firm) with their order submissions. We find that lump-sum bonuses primarily motivate salespeople to work harder—a result that is consistent with the widespread use of bonuses in practice, but that contradicts earlier empirical work in academics.
Effective user experience in online technical communication courses: employing multiple methods within organizational contexts to assess usability

In teaching online technical communication courses, shaping an electronic interface requires extensive consideration of the user experience, both for students and for faculty members who design and teach the courses. Technical communication faculty members should provide strong examples of effective user experiences and should be leaders in making the interfaces of online learning management systems as usable as possible.Principles of usability designed for general web sites may or may not apply to learning management systems designed for educational purposes. In order to create effective online technical communication courses, one needs to consider both usability concerns and pedagogical concerns.To assess the usability and pedagogical effectiveness of online courses, faculty members may use indirect means such as heuristic analyses. In addition, they may use direct means such as usability testing, student feedback, and analytic tools. Each approach has advantages as well as limitations. Faculty members will gain the richest information through using multiple approaches.In assessing usability and pedagogical effectiveness, faculty members also need to consider the situational constraints and resources in their unique contexts. Understanding and adapting their approaches to use resources well and to work within constraints will benefit their abilities to enhance their student users' experiences with online courses.
Investigating decoherence in a simple system.

I present the results of some simple calculations designed to study the loss of quantum coherence. The relevant physical issues are briefly reviewed, and then a very simple "toy" model is analyzed. Exact solutions are found using numerical techniques. The type of decoherence exhibited by the model can be changed by varying a coupling strength. I study the system from two points of view. One, the Schmidt paths approach, is closely related to the conventional approach of studying decoherence by checking the form of the density matrix. The consistent histories approach is also used, and the relationship between the two approaches is explored.
How famous is a scientist?—Famous to those who know us

Following a recent idea, to measure fame by the number of Google hits found in a search on the WWW, we study the relation between fame (Google hits) and merit (number of papers posted on an electronic archive) for a random group of scientists in condensed matter and statistical physics. Our findings show that fame and merit in science are linearly related, and that the probability distribution for a certain level of fame falls off exponentially. This is in sharp contrast with the original findings about WW I ace pilots, for which fame is exponentially related to merit (number of downed planes), and the probability of fame decays in power law fashion. Other groups in our study show similar patterns of fame as for ace pilots.
‘Loser Dogs’ and ‘Demon Hags’: Single Women in Japan and the Declining Birth Rate

In 2004, the winner of the 'Vogue Word Award' in Japan was the neologism makeinu, which refers to single women in their 30s without children and means, literally, 'loser dogs'. The word was coined by freelance writer Sakai Junko in her best-selling book, Makeinu no Tiboe (Howl of the Loser Dogs). The book has so far sold 330,000 copies, highly unusual for a non-fiction book of this genre. The word makeinu quicldy gained national attention and is now widely used in the media and in everyday conversation. Regardless of Sakai's original intention, the word makeinu has spread and become part of the common parlance for deriding single women in their 30s for their failure to find marriage partners. Onibaba-ka suru Onna-tachi (Women who are Becoming Demon Hags), which has sold over 200,000 copies, is another best-seller with similar subject matter; i.e. the problems of women who are unmarried and childless. In the Preface, author Misago Chizuru, who is a professor of reproductive health at Tsuda College, explains that the old folk tale of the onibaba, in which a lonely demon hag attacks a lost boy at night, is actually a tale about unmarried, post-menopausal women who, because they did not assume their appropriate roles in society and did not have the chance to release their sexual and reproductive energies, end up sexually assaulting young men. She warns that the number of onibaba, which she broadens the meaning to include nasty old women, is increasing and attempts to explain how to avoid becoming one. Both Sakai's and Misago's books were highly controversial, widely covered in the media and extensively reviewed in journals and discussed on the Web. Behind the debates, on these books lies a major social issue in contemporary Japan: the country's low birth rate, which is associated with a low marriage rate and high average age of marriage. Japan's fertility rate is at the all-time low of 1.29 children per woman.1 The average age at first marriage is approaching 28 for women and among women in their late 30s-the core makeinu generation-13.8% were single in the year 2000.2
Evaluating an Individually Self-Administered Generic Teamwork Skills Training Program Across Time and Levels:

The authors employed a longitudinal quasi-experimental design to examine individual- and team-level outcomes associated with an individually delivered, technology-based (CD) training program aimed at developing generic teamwork skills. Data were collected from 54 members of 8 trained and 8 quasi-control MBA student teams who competed in a business simulation. At the individual level of analysis, trained members exhibited higher teamwork knowledge scores and peer ratings of teamwork behaviors than did members of quasi-control teams. At the team level of analysis, trained teams exhibited increasingly improved performance over time relative to quasi-control teams. Additionally, team processes mediated the relationship between teamwork training and team performance. The authors discuss implications for the use of technology-based teamwork training programs and identify promising areas of future research.
Postsecondary Pathways and Persistence for STEM Versus Non-STEM Majors: Among College Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Little is known about postsecondary pathways and persistence among college students with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, 2001-2009, a nationally representative sample of students in special education with an ASD who progressed from high school to postsecondary education. Findings suggest that most college students with an ASD enrolled in a 2-year community college at some point in the postsecondary careers (81%). Those in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields were more likely to persist in a 2-year community college and were twice as likely to transfer from a 2-year community college to a 4-year university than their peers in the non-STEM fields. College persistence rates varied by gender, race, parent education level, and college pathway and major. Educational policy implications are discussed.
Expectations and the Black Market Premium

The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the black market premium—the percentage differential between the black market and the official exchange rate. Tests are used to see whether the black market premium responds to variations in expectations about the official exchange rate in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. Expectations of devaluation do cause movements in the black market premium for Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico but this behavior is not observed for Colombia. Colombian economic agents seem less sensitive to expected returns. This perhaps explains the relatively flat black market premium series observed for Colombia.
Entrepreneurs and the Ordering of Institutional Reform: Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine Compared

We use survey data to examine new firms in Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. By measures of job growth, security of property, and market development, our countries fall into two groups: an advanced group including Poland, Romania and Slovakia, with Slovakia falling somewhat behind the other two; and a backward group of Russia and Ukraine. Macroeconomic stability is not sufficient for private-sector growth. A lack of bank finance does not seem to prevent private-sector growth. More inhibiting than inadequate finance are insecure property rights.
Optical Infrared Sky Survey Instrumentation

An unusual, highly modified, Baker reflector-corrector class telescope has been adapted for wide field survey photography in the near infrared. This optical system uses a full field corrector plate and a field flattening lens to provide a flat field subtending about 4.5 deg on the sky. The small aperture telescope (20 inch primary) has been modified for use in the Newtonian focus configuration while preserving the optical elements of the Prime focus configuration. The telescope has been further modified to accept a very large format (146mm diameter photocathode) image intensifier camera to serve as a detector. The camera output is recorded photographically on film rather than glass plates. This unique instrument system is used in a program of sky survey photography in the optical infrared (8000-9000A bandpass) supplemented by visual bandpass photography. The photographs obtained with this system are of value not only for the extreme redness of the band but also because of their high resolution and their freedom from hydrogen emission.
Blunt-Body Wave Drag Reduction Using Focused Energy Deposition

A parametric computational study of energy deposition upstream of generic two-dimensional and axisymmetric blunt bodies at Mach numbers of 6.5 and 10 is performed utilizing a full Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code. The energy deposition modifies the upstream shock structure and results in large wave drag reduction and very high power effectiveness. Specifically, drag is reduced to values as low as 30% of baseline drag (no energy deposited into flow) and power effectiveness ratios (ratio of thrust power saved to power deposited into the flow) of up to 33 are obtained. The fluid dynamic and thermodynamic bases of the observed drag reduction are examined
Theoretical Infrared Spectra for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Neutrals, Cations and Anions

Calculations are carried out using density functional theory (DFT) to determine the harmonic frequencies and intensities of the neutrals and cations of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) up to the size of ovalene. Calculations are also carried out for a few PAH anions. The DFT harmonic frequencies, when uniformly scaled to account primarily for anharmonicity, agree with the matrix isolation fundamentals to within an average error of about 10 cm-1. Electron correlation is found to significantly reduce the intensities of many of the cation harmonics, bringing them into much better agreement with the available experimental data. While the theoretical infrared spectra agree well with the experimental data for all of the neutral systems and for many of the cations, there still remain discrepancies with the experimental matrix isolation data for some species that are difficult to rationalize entirely in terms of limitations in the calculations. In agreement with previous theoretical work, the present ca...
DIRECT SIMULATIONS OF SMALL MULTI-FERMION SYSTEMS

I explore computer simulations of the dynamics of small multi-fermion lattice systems. The method is more general, but I concentrate on Hubbard type models where the fermions hop between a small number of connected sites. I use the natural mapping of fermion occupation numbers onto computer bits. Signs from fermion interchange are reduced to bit counting. The technique inherently requires computer resources growing exponentially with the system volume; so, it restricted to modestly small systems. Large volume results would require combining these techniques with further approximations, perhaps in a recursive renormalization group manner.
Conglomerates and Industry Distress

Focusing on economic distress episodes in an industry, we estimate the effect of conglomeration on resource allocation. Distressed segments have higher sales growth, higher cash flow, and higher expenditure on research and development than single-segment firms. This is especially true for segments with high past performance, for unrated firms, and in competitive industries. Single-segment firms increase cash holding, and the diversification discount reduces during industry distress. Firms with high past performance acquire their industry counterparts, and firms with low past performance exit the distressed industry. Industries more prone to distress have greater conglomeration. Overall, conglomeration enables segments to avoid financial constraints during industry distress. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Point defect interactions and growth of dislocation loops

A direct method of determining the effective measure of the interaction of point defects with dislocation loops is proposed. A system of partial differential rate equations for loop growth is formulated and is solved by a numerical method. An in-situ HVEM irradiation experiment was conducted to study growth kinetics of dislocation loops in Ni at 450/sup 0/C. It is found from systematic variations of the vacancy migration energy, E/sub v//sup m/, and the preference factor of dislocation loops for self-interstitials, delta/sub i/, that delta/sub i/ = 0.06 and E/sub v//sup m/ = 1.2 eV together yield reasonable agreement between the theoretical model and the experimental observations.
THE DIVERSE SOLAR PHASE CURVES OF DISTANT ICY BODIES II. THE CAUSE OF THE OPPOSITION SURGES AND THEIR CORRELATIONS

We collect well-measured opposition surge properties for many icy bodies orbiting the Sun (mostly from our own observations) plus for many icy moons, resulting in a database of surface and orbital properties for 52 icy bodies. (1) We put forward four criteria for determining whether the surge is being dominated by shadow hiding or coherent backscattering (CB) based on readily measured quantities. The CB surge mechanism dominates if the surge is color dependent, the phase curve is steeper than 0.04 mag deg?1, the phase curve shape matches the CB model of Hapke, or if the albedo is higher than roughly 40%. (2) We find that virtually all of our sample have their phase curves dominated by CB at low phase angles. (3) We present a graphical method to determine the Hapke surge parameters B C0 and hC . (4) The Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) and Centaurs have relatively high surge amplitudes, B C0 0.5 and widths with hC ~ 3?. (5) We find highly significant but loose correlations between surge properties and the colors, albedos, and inclinations. We interpret this as young surfaces tending to have low surge slopes, high albedo, and gray colors. (6) Nereid has its surface properties similar to other icy moons and greatly different from KBOs and Centaurs, so we conclude that Nereid is likely a nearly ejected inner Neptunian moon rather than a captured KBO.
Mechanisms underlying capsaicin effects in canine coronary artery: implications for coronary spasm

Aims The TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1, agonist capsaicin is considered to be beneficial for cardiovascular health because it dilates coronary arteries through an endothelial-dependent mechanism and may slow atheroma progression. However, recent reports indicate that high doses of capsaicin may constrict coronary arterioles and even provoke myocardial infarction. Thus far, the mechanisms by which TRPV1 activation modulates coronary vascular tone remain poorly understood. This investigation examined whether there is a synergistic interplay between locally acting vasoconstrictive pro-inflammatory hormones (autacoids) and capsaicin effects in the coronary circulation. Methods and results Experiments were performed in canine conduit coronary artery rings and isolated smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). Isometric tension measurements revealed that 1–10 μM capsaicin alone did not affect resting tension of coronary artery rings. In contrast, in endothelium-intact rings pre-contracted with a Gq/11-coupled FP/TP (prostaglandin F/thromboxane) receptor agonist, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; 10 μM), capsaicin first induced transient dilation that was followed by sustained contraction. In endothelium-denuded rings pre-contracted with PGF2α or thromboxane analogue U46619 (1 μM, a TP receptor agonist), capsaicin induced only sustained contraction. Blockers of the TP receptor or TRPV1 significantly inhibited capsaicin effects, but these were still observed in the presence of 50 μM nifedipine and 70 mM KCl. Capsaicin also potentiated 20 mM KCl-induced contractions. Fluorescence imaging experiments in CASMCs revealed that the Gq/11-phospholipase C (PLC)-protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca2+-PLC-PKC pathways are likely involved in sensitizing CASMC TRPV1 channels. Conclusion Capsaicin alone does not cause contractions in conduit canine coronary artery; however, pre-treatment with pro-inflammatory prostaglandin–thromboxane agonists may unmask capsaicin's vasoconstrictive potential.
Peripheral fillings of relatively hyperbolic groups

In this paper a group theoretic version of Dehn surgery is studied. Starting with an arbitrary relatively hyperbolic group G we define a peripheral filling procedure, which produces quotients of G by imitating the effect of the Dehn filling of a complete finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold M on the fundamental group π1(M). The main result of the paper is an algebraic counterpart of Thurston’s hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem. We also show that peripheral subgroups of G ‘almost’ have the Congruence Extension Property and the group G is approximated (in an algebraic sense) by its quotients obtained by peripheral fillings.
Collision integrals and high temperature transport properties for N-N, O-O, and N-O

Accurate collision integrals for the interactions of N(4S0) + N(4S0), O(3P) + O(3P), and N(4S0) + O(3P) are reported. These are computed from a semiclassical formulation of the scattering using the best available representations of all of the potential energy curves needed to describe the collisions. Spectroscopic curves and other accurate measured data are used where available; the results of accurate ab initio electronic structure calculations are used to determine the remaining potential curves. The high-lying states are found to give the largest contributions to the collision cross sections. The nine collision integrals needed to determine transport properties to second order are tabulated for translational temperatures in the range 250-100,000 K. The viscosity, thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient, and thermal diffusion factor for a gas composed of nitrogen and oxygen atoms in thermal equilibrium have been calculated. It is found that the second-order contribution to the transport properties is small. Graphs of these transport properties for various mixture ratios are presented for temperatures in the range 5000-15,000 K.
A blue fluorescent antibody-cofactor sensor for mercury.

A chemically programmed antibody sensor, consisting of a stilbenyl boronic acid cofactor and monoclonal antibody EP2−19G2, provides a new method of mercury detection. The fluorescent antibody sensor generates an intense powder blue fluorescence when bound to the stilbenyl boronic acid cofactor; however, it is quenched in the presence of Hg2+ ions. The EP2−19G2-cofactor biosensor provides micromolar sensitivity and selectivity toward Hg2+ ions over a wide range of metal ions in aqueous solution.
Lower bounds for identifying subset members with subset queries

An instance of a group testing problem is a set of objects $\cO$ and an unknown subset $P$ of $\cO$. The task is to determine $P$ by using queries of the type ``does $P$ intersect $Q$'', where $Q$ is a subset of $\cO$. This problem occurs in areas such as fault detection, multiaccess communications, optimal search, blood testing and chromosome mapping. Consider the two stage algorithm for solving a group testing problem. In the first stage a predetermined set of queries are asked in parallel and in the second stage, $P$ is determined by testing individual objects. Let $n=\cardof{\cO}$. Suppose that $P$ is generated by independently adding each $x\in \cO$ to $P$ with probability $p/n$. Let $q_1$ ($q_2$) be the number of queries asked in the first (second) stage of this algorithm. We show that if $q_1=o(\log(n)\log(n)/\log\log(n))$, then $\Exp(q_2) = n^{1-o(1)}$, while there exist algorithms with $q_1 = O(\log(n)\log(n)/\log\log(n))$ and $\Exp(q_2) = o(1)$. The proof involves a relaxation technique which can be used with arbitrary distributions. The best previously known bound is $q_1+\Exp(q_2) = \Omega(p\log(n))$. For general group testing algorithms, our results imply that if the average number of queries over the course of $n^\gamma$ ($\gamma>0$) independent experiments is $O(n^{1-\epsilon})$, then with high probability $\Omega(\log(n)\log(n)/\log\log(n))$ non-singleton subsets are queried. This settles a conjecture of Bill Bruno and David Torney and has important consequences for the use of group testing in screening DNA libraries and other applications where it is more cost effective to use non-adaptive algorithms and/or too expensive to prepare a subset $Q$ for its first test.
Ligand K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: A Direct Probe of Ligand−Metal Covalency

Ligand K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a new experimental probe of the covalency of a metal−ligand bond. The intensity of the ligand pre-edge feature is proportional to the mixing of ligand orbitals into the metal d orbitals. The methodology to determine covalencies in one-electron (hole) and many-electron systems is described and demonstrated for a series of metal tetrachlorides [MCl4]n-, metal tetrathiolates [M(SR)4]n-, and dimeric iron−sulfur (Fe−S) clusters [Fe2S2(SR)4]2-. It is then applied to blue Cu proteins, the CuA site, hydrogen bonding in Fe−S clusters, and the delocalization behavior in [2Fe-2S] vs [4Fe-4S] clusters. The covalencies determined in these studies provide important electronic structure insight into function.
Macroscopic description of pressure-anisotropy-driven collective instability in intense charged particle beams

Abstract The macroscopic warm-fluid model developed by Lund and Davidson [Phys. Plasmas 5 (1998) 3028] is used in the smooth-focusing approximation to investigate detailed stability properties of an intense charged particle beam with pressure anisotropy, assuming small-amplitude electrostatic perturbations about a waterbag equilibrium. Stability properties are calculated numerically for the case of extreme pressure anisotropy with P0‖(r)=0 and P0⊥(r)≠0, assuming axisymmetric wave perturbations (∂/∂θ=0) of the form δφ( x ,t)=δ φ (r) exp (ik z z−iωt) , where kz is the axial wavenumber, and Imω>0 corresponds to instability (temporal growth). For sufficiently large values of kzrb, where rb is the beam radius, the analysis leads to an anisotropy-driven instability (Imω>0) provided the normalized Debye length (ΓD=λD⊥/rb) is sufficiently large and the normalized beam intensity (s b = ω 2 pb /2γ b 2 ω 2 β⊥ ) is sufficiently below the space-charge limit.
The Linking Probability of Deep Spider-Web Networks

We consider crossbar switching networks with base $b$ (that is, constructed from $b\times b$ crossbar switches), scale $k$ (that is, with $b^k$ inputs, $b^k$ outputs, and $b^k$ links between each consecutive pair of stages), and depth $l$ (that is, with $l$ stages). We assume that the crossbars are interconnected according to the spider-web pattern, whereby two diverging paths reconverge only after at least $k$ stages. We assume that each vertex is independently idle with probability $q$, the vacancy probability. We assume that $b\ge2$ and the vacancy probability $q$ are fixed, and that $k$ and $l=ck$ tend to infinity with ratio a fixed constant $c>1$. We consider the linking probability $Q$ (the probability that there exists at least one idle path between a given idle input and a given idle output). In a previous paper [Discrete Appl. Math.,} 37/38 (1992), pp. 437-450] it was shown that if $c\le2$, then the linking probability $Q$ tends to $0$ if $01$. This is done by using generating functions and complex-variable techniques to estimate the second moments of various random variables involved in the analysis of the networks.
Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies.

A new organizational entity has emerged at research universities: the technology transfer office (TTO). TTOs were established to facilitate commercial knowledge transfers from universities to practitioners or university/industry technology transfer (UITT). Despite the potential importance of UITT in fostering technological diffusion and as a source of revenue to the university, there has been little systematic analysis of the role of organizational practices in this process. Thus, we rely on an inductive, qualitative approach to identify the key organizational issues in promoting successful knowledge transfers. Based on 55 structured interviews of 98 UITT stakeholders associated with five US research universities, we conclude that there are numerous impediments to effectiveness in UITT: cultural and informational barriers among the three key stakeholder types (university administrators, academics, and firms/entrepreneurs), TTO staffing and compensation practices, and inadequate rewards for faculty involvement in UITT. Two somewhat surprising results are that many faculty members have decided to circumvent the formal UITT process and that involvement in UITT may actually increase the quantity and quality of basic research.
Optical coupling to nanoscale optomechanical cavities for near quantum-limited motion transduction

A significant challenge in the development of chip-scale cavity-optomechanical devices as testbeds for quantum experiments and classical metrology lies in the coupling of light from nanoscale optical mode volumes to conventional optical components such as lenses and fibers. In this work we demonstrate a high-efficiency, single-sided fiber-optic coupling platform for optomechanical cavities. By utilizing an adiabatic waveguide taper to transform a single optical mode between a photonic crystal zipper cavity and a permanently mounted fiber, we achieve a collection efficiency for intracavity photons of 52% at the cavity resonance wavelength of λ ≈ 1538 nm. An optical balanced homodyne measurement of the displacement fluctuations of the fundamental in-plane mechanical resonance at 3.3 MHz reveals that the imprecision noise floor lies a factor of 2.8 above the standard quantum limit (SQL) for continuous position measurement, with a predicted total added noise of 1.4 phonons at the optimal probe power. The combination of extremely low measurement noise and robust fiber alignment presents significant progress towards single-phonon sensitivity for these sorts of integrated micro-optomechanical cavities.
Generalized extended Lagrangian Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics

Extended Lagrangian Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory is generalized in the limit of vanishing self-consistent field optimization prior to the force evaluations. The equations of motion are derived directly from the extended Lagrangian under the condition of an adiabatic separation between the nuclear and the electronic degrees of freedom. We show how this separation is automatically fulfilled and system independent. The generalized equations of motion require only one diagonalization per time step and are applicable to a broader range of materials with improved accuracy and stability compared to previous formulations.
Pseudoscalar correlators and the problem of the chiral limit in the compact lattice QED with Wilson fermions

The phase diagram for the compact lattice QED with Wilson fermions is shown. We discuss different methods for the calculation of the ‘pion’ mass mπ near the chiral transition point κc(β).
Synthesis of lonapalene

Abstract An efficient and practical synthesis of the antipsoriatic drug Lonapalene is reported. This involves the thermal rearrangement of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-2,3- dimethoxycyclobutenone to 6-chloro-1,4-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene which was converted to Lonapalene upon treatment with acetic anhydride/pyridine.
Market selection and asymmetric information

We consider a dynamic general equilibrium asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents and asymmetric information. We show how agents' different methods of gathering information affect their chances of survival in the market depending upon the nature of the information and the level of noise in the economy.
Coupled numerical simulation of the external and engine inlet flows for the F-18 at large incidence

Abstract This paper presents a numerical simulation of the external and engine inlet flows for the F-18 aircraft at typical high-angle-of-attack flight conditions. Two engine inlet mass flow rates, corresponding to flight idle and maximum power, were computed. This was accomplished using a structured, overset grid technique to couple the external and internal grid systems. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solutions were obtained using an implicit, finite-differencing scheme. Results show a strong coupling of the external and engine inlet flows, especially at the maximum power setting. Increasing the mass flow rate through the inlet caused the primary vortex breakdown location to move downstream. This trend is also observed in flight tests performed on the F-18. A reversed flow region upstream of the inlet duct is visible in the faired-inlet and flight-idle computations. This flow reversal is not present in the maximum power setting computation. These large-scale changes in flow structure highlight the importance of simulating inlet conditions in high-angle-of-attack aircraft computations.
Organocatalyzed synthesis of 2-amino-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles

2-Amino-8-oxo-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles were synthesized for the first time from a tandem Michael addition - cyclization reaction between cyclohexane-1,2-dione and benzylidenemalononitriles. An enantioselective synthesis of these compounds was achieved in moderate ee values (up to 63% ee) by using a cinchona alkaloid-derived thiouea catalyst.
High-temperature sulfuric acid decomposition over complex metal oxide catalysts

Abstract Activity and stability of FeTiO 3 , MnTiO 3 , NiFe 2 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , NiCr 2 O 4 , 2CuO·Cr 2 O 3 , CuO and Fe 2 O 3 for the atmospheric decomposition of concentrated sulfuric acid in sulfur-based thermochemical water splitting cycles are presented. Catalyst activity was determined at temperatures from 725 to 900 °C. Catalytic stability was examined at 850 °C for up to 1 week of continuous operation. The results were compared to a 1.0 wt% Pt/TiO 2 catalyst. Surface area by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction analyses, and temperature programmed desorption and oxidation were used to characterize fresh and spent catalyst samples. Over the temperature range, the catalyst activity of the complex oxides followed the general trend: 2CuO·Cr 2 O 3 > CuFe 2 O 4 > NiCr 2 O 4 ≈ NiFe 2 O 4 > MnTiO 3 ≈ FeTiO 3 . At temperatures less than 800 °C, the 1.0 wt% Pt/TiO 2 catalyst had higher activity than the complex oxides, but at temperatures above 850 °C, the 2CuO·Cr 2 O 3 and CuFe 2 O 4 samples had the highest activity. Surface area was found to decrease for all of the metal oxides after exposure to reaction conditions. In addition, the two complex metal oxides that contained chromium were not stable in the reaction environment; both leached chromium into the acid stream and decomposed into their individual oxides. The FeTiO 3 sample also produced a discoloration of the reactor due to minor leaching and converted to Fe 2 TiO 5 . Fe 2 O 3 , MnTiO 3 and NiFe 2 O 4 were relatively stable in the reaction environment. In addition, CuFe 2 O 4 catalyst appeared relatively promising due to its high activity and lack of any leaching issues; however it deactivated in week-long stability experiments. Complex metal oxides may provide an attractive alternative to platinum-based catalyst for the decomposition of sulfuric acid; however, the materials examined in this study all displayed shortcomings including material sintering, phase changes, low activity at moderated temperatures due to sulfate formation, and decomposition to their individual oxides. More effort is needed in this area to discover metal oxide materials that are less expensive, more active and more stable than platinum catalysts.
Multiscale Modeling of Coarse-Grained Macromolecular Liquids

Arst-principle multiscale modeling approach is presented, which is derived from the solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation for the coarse-grained representation of polymer liquids. The approach is analytical, and for this reason is transferable. It is here applied to determine the structure of several polymeric systems, which have dierent parameter values, such as molecular length, monomeric structure, local exibility, and thermodynamic conditions. When the pair distribution function obtained from this procedure is compared with the results from a full atomistic simulation, it shows quantitative agreement. Moreover, the multiscale procedure accurately captures both large and local scale properties while remaining computationally advantageous.
Enterprise System Flexibility and Implementation Strategies: Aligning Theory with Evidence from a Case Study

Flexibility can have important consequences for the operational efficiency and long-term effectiveness of an enterprise system, yet is often not considered explicitly as a decision factor during system design and implementation. In this article, we join managerial advice for implementation strategies with insights from a theory that determines the flexibility requirements of an enterprise system in relation with characteristics of the business process that the system is intended to support. We align our theoretical considerations with practical evidence from the case of an electronic procurement system that was implemented at a Fortune 100 firm. Based on our findings, we present a roadmap that can guide flexibility and implementation strategies based on both project and process characteristics.
Prospects For A Strategic Stockpile In Natural Gas

To ensure full utilization of existing natural gas storage fields, gathering systems, and pipelines while maintaining an adequate gas supply, the US should establish a strategic stockpile supplied primarily by gas imported from overseas producers and transported in the form of either methanol or LNG, recommends a University of Michigan study. An analysis of the relative merits of changing natural gas to methanol vs. LNG indicates that although methane-methanol reforming is more expensive and less thermally efficient than methane liquefaction, the cost of shipping methanol is much cheaper, particularly as the distance increases. In general, an LNG route appears the practical choice for delivering gas from Nigeria, Algeria, the Caribbean, and the North American Arctic, whereas transport as methanol is more economic for Mideast, Australian, and Siberian gas sources.
Aircraft Ice Accretion Prediction Based on Neural Networks

Many experimental research efforts in the past two decades have revealed that the complete picture of aircraft ice accretion has many components, resulting in a complex physical structure. Although overwhelmingly complex, the icing phenomenon needs to be understood because of its impact on aircraft performance and safety. This requires a detailed knowledge of ice accretion physics, subsequent flow over the aircraft, and the resulting modified aircraft performance. Experimental and numerical studies to address these issues have their own advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, which further limit the analysis of the icing phenomena. The motivation behind this study is the belief that complex phenomena in nature have an orderly structure on the large scale. Based on this premise, it is thought that icing phenomena also have orderly, albeit nonlinear, behavior that can be modeled by neural networks, which have a proven capability for modeling nonlinear systems. The methodology developed in the present study incorporates the Fourier series expansion of an ice shape following a conformal mapping, which suppresses the effect of airfoil geometry, and then utilizes neural networks to model the Fourier coefficients and the downstream extent of the ice shape. The neural network can be trained to make ice accretion predictions, given a set of data including the flight and atmospheric conditions, along with the Fourier coefficients and the extent of the resulting ice shape. The neural network also provides statistical output of the relative significance of the input parameters in the training. The preliminary results show that the proposed method has reasonable capabilities and has merit for further investment, because it can be coupled with other systems to create advanced computational ice accretion models and ice protection systems. Nomenclature ai, bi = coefficients of the cosine and sine functions of the Fourier series expansion, respectively f = actual perturbation geometry from the parabola surface ˜ f = approximated perturbation geometry LWC = liquid water content of oncoming air in grams per cubic meter M = number of Fourier terms for the truncated Fourier series expansion MVD = median volumetric diameter in micrometers N = number of data points of the actual ice geometry T∞ = static temperature in the oncoming air in kelvin V∞ = free stream velocity in meters per second x‐y = data coordinates of the experimental ice shape x � ‐y � = ice shape coordinates nondimensionalized by the leading-edge radius (LER) of the airfoil ξ ‐η = coordinates of the ice shape in the transformed plane ξ � ‐η � = coordinates of the ice shape after separation
The spectral radius of graphs without paths and cycles of specified length

Abstract Let G be a graph with n vertices and μ ( G ) be the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of G . We study how large μ ( G ) can be when G does not contain cycles and paths of specified order. In particular, we determine the maximum spectral radius of graphs without paths of given length, and give tight bounds on the spectral radius of graphs without given even cycles. We also raise a number of open problems.
The future costs of nuclear power using multiple expert elicitations: effects of RD&D and elicitation design

Characterization of the anticipated performance of energy technologies to inform policy decisions increasingly relies on expert elicitation. Knowledge about how elicitation design factors impact the probabilistic estimates emerging from these studies is, however, scarce. We focus on nuclear power, a large-scale low-carbon power option, for which future cost estimates are important for the design of energy policies and climate change mitigation efforts. We use data from three elicitations in the USA and in Europe and assess the role of government research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) investments on expected nuclear costs in 2030. We show that controlling for expert, technology, and design characteristics increases experts’ implied public RD&D elasticity of expected costs by 25%. Public sector and industry experts’ cost expectations are 14% and 32% higher, respectively than academics. US experts are more optimistic than their EU counterparts, with median expected costs 22% lower. On average, a doubling of public RD&D is expected to result in an 8% cost reduction, but the uncertainty is large. The difference between the 90th and 10th percentile estimates is on average 58% of the experts’ median estimates. Public RD&D investments do not affect uncertainty ranges, but US experts are less confident about costs than Europeans.
Possibility of the LBL experiment with the high intensity proton accelerator

Abstract We study physics possibility of Very Long Base-Line Neutrino-Oscillation Experiments with the High Intensity Proton Accelerator, which will be completed by the year 2007 in Tokai-village, Japan. As a target, a 100 kton -level water-Cherenkov detector is considered at 2100 km away. Assuming the pulsed narrow-band νμ beams, we study sensitivity of such experiments to the neutrino mass hierarchy, the mass-squared differences, one CP phase and three angles of the lepton-flavor-mixing matrix. We find that experiments at a distance 2100 km can determine the neutrino mass hierarchy if the mixing matrix element |Ue3| is not too small. The CP phase and |Ue3| can be constrained if the large-mixing-angle solution of the solar-neutrino deficit is realized.
Bose-Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage in Photoassociation

We analyze coherent two-color photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate, focusing on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in free-bound-bound transitions from atoms to molecules. This problem raises an interest because STIRAP has been predicted to be absent in the nondegenerate case [Javanainen and Mackie, Phys. Rev. A 58, R789 (1998)]. Nevertheless, we find that Bose stimulation enhances the free-bound dipole matrix element for an atomic condensate, and photoassociative STIRAP turns out to be a viable mechanism for converting an atomic condensate to a molecular condensate with near-unit efficiency.
Is Donor−Acceptor Hydrogen Bonding Necessary for 4,6-O-Benzylidene-directed β-Mannopyranosylation? Stereoselective Synthesis of β-C-Mannopyranosides and α-C-Glucopyranosides

2,3-Di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-thiohexopyranosides, on activation with 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine and triflic anhydride, react with allyl silanes and stannanes, and with silyl enolethers to give C-glycosides. In the mannose series the beta-isomers are formed selectively whereas the glucose series provides the alpha-anomers. This selectivity pattern parallels that of O-glycoside formation and eliminates the need to consider donor-acceptor hydrogen bonding in the formation of the O-glycosides.
Structure of Sputtered Molybdenum Disulfide Films at Various Substrate Temperatures

MoS2 films (300 to 400 A) were radio-frequency sputtered on aluminum and nickel surfaces at elevated, ambient, cold water, and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Electron transmission micrographs and electron diffraction patterns were taken to determine the structural growth. These transmission micrographs revealed that sputtered MoS2 films at ambient and elevated temperatures (320 and 150 C) formed an irregular network of ridges. The electron diffraction patterns of these films showed relatively sharp diffraction rings, indicating crystallinity. At water temperatures (∼7 C), ridge formation was extensively reduced or completely eliminated. The transmission micrographs of sputtered films at liquid nitrogen temperatures revealed a continuous featureless film. The electron diffraction patterns showed broad, diffused rings indicating an amorphous film. The transmission micrographs of a post annealed (425 C) MoS2 film sputtered at liquid nitrogen temperature revealed the tendency for ridge formation. Electron diff...
An Automated Optimal Design of a Fan Blade Using an Integrated CFD/MDO Computer Environment

AbstractThe work discusses the construction and application of an automated, distributed, industry-like multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) environment employed to explore new conceptual designs of propulsion system turbomachinery components optimized for high-efficiency performance. The integrated CFD/MDO system is developed on the basis of commercially available optimization modules, and involves a user-friendly interface that provides an easy link to user-supplied response analysis modules. Various issues in the automated optimization procedure are addressed with focus on turbomachinery design, including the proper geometry parameterization, algorithm selection, and transparent interconnections between different elements of the optimization process. A test study considers the problem of optimal blade design to maximize the aerodynamic performance of a low-speed fan. The approach employs commercial CFD software, coupled with an unstructured mesh generator, as a response analysis tool. The abili...