cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Normative Model of Consumer Information Processing

A model of information search is proposed which assumes that a consumer chooses the next piece of information so as to maximize his expected value of sample information. The cost of processing, the perceived correlation between attributes, and the perceived importance of attributes would all affect information choice. Three sets of propositions are derived. The model is also estimated and tested for subjects performing an information display board task.
Effect of Daily Restriction and Age at Initiation of a Skip-A-Day Program for Young Broiler Breeders

Two experiments were conducted with Cobb feather sex broiler breeders comparing skip-a-day (SAD) feeding programs which began at either 2, 4, 6 or 8 wk of age. A fifth program, daily restriction started at 2 wk of age, was also compared. Chicks hatched in December and July, respectively, in Experiments 1 and 2 were exposed to natural daylight until 20 wk of age. All birds were fed ad libitum until the respective restriction programs began. All grower programs terminated at 20 wk of age. A breeder diet was given daily after 20 wk. Males and females were grown together. Sexual maturity was reached earlier in the 2-wk restriction groups (2-wi SAD in Experiment 1 and the 2-wk daily restriction in both experiments) than in the 8-wk SAD group. Egg production in Experiment 1 was also improved by the early restriction. Fertility and hatchability were not significantly affected by treatment. Based on the results of these experiments a SAD program beginning at 2 wk of age was as good as or better than one initiated at later ages. The 2-wk daily restriction program was equivalent to the 2-wk SAD program.
Binding Prometheus: How the 19th Century Expansion of Trade Impeded Britain’s Ability to Raise an Army

This article explores how the dramatic expansion of British trade in the decades prior to World War I affected Britain's ability to raise an army. We first develop a simple institutionally based model of British army recruiting which we then perturb by expanding trade while holding all other variables constant. Our theoretical analysis suggests that the expansion of trade would impede Britain's ability to raise an army, a prediction that finds substantial support in the historical record using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that trade enhances a state's military power, we find that the expansion of trade did not ease Britain's resource constraints by making labor more freely available for military purposes. Rather, by raising the civilian demand for labor, the expansion of trade made labor more expensive and difficult to mobilize, even as a more effective army became more important to British strategy.
Stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active thioether PAF analogs.

A novel stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active thioether analogs of platelet-activating factor (PAF) is reported. The synthesis is based upon: i) the use ofD-serine to provide the chiral center for the construction of the optically active phospholipid molecule; ii) development of thesn-1-thioalkyl function via thioacetate displacement of methanesulfonate-activated primary hydroxyl group followed by alkylation of thesn-1-thiolate function; and iii) introduction of the phosphocholine moiety through the 2-chloro-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane/trimethylamine sequence. The entire scheme relies on the use of a single protecting group. The synthetic thioether phospholipid 1-S-hexadecyl-2-N-acetamidodeoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine has been shown to be a potent antitumor active phospholipid, exhibiting tumor cytotoxicity against a lymphoblastoid lymphoma (Li-A) cell line and a malignant histiocytic (DHL-4) cell line of human origin at the same level of potency as ET-18-OMe and 1-O-octadecyl-2-N-acetamidodeoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The synthetic method described has a great deal of flexibility, providing a convenient general route to a wide range of thioether PAF analogs.
What does the ultrasonic activity recording device measure

Rats were observed while their behavior was being monitored by an ultrasonic activity recording device. It was found that the device yielded more counts when Ss were being more active. But very active behavior is relatively rare, so that most of the counts over a period of time are likely to result from the more frequent but less active kinds of behavior, such as grooming.
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of muscle function after surgery.

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have created new opportunities to study muscle function in vivo before and after surgery. This commentary is on the use of cine phase contrast MRI to study the function of the rectus femoris muscle after surgical transfer. Rectus femoris transfer surgery is performed to correct a stiff-knee gait in persons with cerebral palsy. In this procedure, the distal tendon of the rectus femoris is moved posterior to the knee and sutured to one of the hamstring tendons. The surgery is thought to convert the rectus femoris from a knee extensor to a knee flexor; however, the outcomes are inconsistent, and it is not known if the surgery successfully converts the muscle to a knee flexor. Cine phase contrast (cine-PC) MRI allowed us to visualize the motion of the knee flexor and extensor muscles, and to quantify the velocities of the muscles during knee motion. We characterized the in vivo action of the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius (knee extensors), and the hamstring muscles (knee flexors) by measuring the velocities of muscle tissue during knee motion. We used cine-PCMRI to measure the velocities of these muscles in ten unimpaired control subjects (ten limbs) and six subjects (ten limbs) after rectus femoris transfer surgery. Cine phase contrast MRI requires numerous cycles of repeated motion to acquire multiple time frames of images representing one motion cycle [1]. We analyzed the motion and velocity of the muscles using sagittal plane cine-PC movies with 24 time frames. The cine-PC MR images were acquired with a 36×27 cm field of view, 17 ms repetition time (TR), 30° flip angle, 256×128 matrix, and 1-cm slice thickness. Knee range of motion within the MR scanner was approximately 40 degrees. The superior–inferior tissue velocity is depicted in the grayscale value of each pixel in the velocity images. We encoded velocities in the range of −20 to +20 cm/s. We calculated the velocity of the muscles from the images using custom software developed at Stanford University [2]. The dynamic cine-PC video of the lower limb of control subjects and subjects after surgery can be viewed online (See Electronic supplementary material (ESM)). Descriptions of the findings follow. The sagittal plane cine-PC anatomy images of a control subject show the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles anterior to the femur and the hamstrings muscles posterior to the femur (video 1); the knee flexor and extensor muscles move in opposite directions during knee motion as expected. In the corresponding velocity images of this subject (video 2), the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles have Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s00256-006-0163-8 and is accessible for authorized users.
Incrementally maintaining run-length encoded attributes in column stores

Run-length encoding is a popular compression scheme which is used extensively to compress the attribute values in column stores. Out of order insertion of tuples potentially degrades the compression achieved using run-length encoding and consequently, the performance of reads. The in-place insertions, deletions and updates of tuples into a column store relation with n tuples take O(n) time. The linear cost is typically avoided by amortizing the cost of updates in batches. However, the relation is decompressed and subsequently re-compressed after applying a batch of updates. This leads to added time time complexity. We propose a novel indexing scheme called count indexes that supports O(log n) in-place insertions, deletions, updates and look ups on a run-length encoded sequence with n runs. We also show that count indexes efficiently update a batch of tuples requiring almost a constant time per updated tuple. Additionally, we show that count indexes are optimal. We extend count indexes to support O(log n) updates on bitmapped sequences with n values and adapt them to block-based stores.
Assessing manufacturing performance: an advanced manufacturing technology portfolio perspective

Addresses the relationship between firm performance on 15 manufacturing attributes and the extensiveness of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) portfolios that firms adopt. Mail survey data obtained from 116 manufacturing firms in the USA that had adopted a variety of AMT are used in this research. On average, responding firms reported some improvements in manufacturing performance for all variables except changes in average labour cost (total labour cost/number of direct and indirect labour employees). Adoption of AMT tended to result in marginal reductions in the number of operators and marginal increases in average labour costs across all technology portfolio classifications. For all technology groups, firms recorded their highest level of improvement for product quality, and operator output rates/operator productivity. The majority of firms that had adopted both integrated process technologies and integrated information/logistic technologies reported improvements for 14 of the 15 performance attributes covered in this study.
Release of Adenovirus Messenger RNA from Isolated Nuclei

Nuclei from adenovirus infected cells release labelled viral RNA as ribo-nucleoprotein when incubated with ATP and an ATP generating system.
Origin of oil in the Wilmington field in California

No presente trabalho, o autor trata da formacao de campo petrolifero que se teria formado as expensas de organismos planctonicos, misturados com areia das dunas, material esse que teria sido transportado pelo vento. Refere-se, assim, o autor, ao campo petrolifero de "Wilmington", situado na Ilha Terminal, ao sul de Los Angeles, California. Esse campo, que ja fora descrito, em 1943, por GILLULY & GRANT, faz parte do Mioceno e do Plioceno inferior, achando-se separado dos schistos Jurassicos metamorficos, por uma discordância localizada a 6.000 pes de profundidade. O conjunto das camadas petroliferas alcanca espessura de 1 .500 pes, sendo cada uma delas separada das outras por estratos do "siltstone" (siltito). O tamanho dos graos, nos dois tipos de rochas, e o de depositos eolicos, mas, ao contrario do que acontece em depositos sub-aereos, esses graos sao angulosos ou sub-angulosos. De acordo com MCNAUGHTON , esses depositos se teriam formado em profundidade crescente, de 200 a 5.000 pes; esse fato, relacionado com as dimensoes dos graos, leva a crer que o material tenha sido transportado pelo vento. A sedimentacao deu-se longe da costa, de maneira muito lenta, provavelmente em consequencia de tempestades de excepcional intensidade. O petroleo teria sido produzido por organismos planctonicos que se teriam misturado com areia das dunas, sendo a velocidade da sedimentacao desta, muito menor. Os calculos indicam que foram armazenados somente 23% dos hidrocarbonetos que cairam sobre a areia de sedimentacao, sob a forma de organismos mortos. M. V.
DRAINMOD-DSSAT model for simulating hydrology, soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and crop growth for drained crop land

Abstract Integrated agricultural systems modeling represents an effective research tool to meet the evolving challenges facing agricultural production and environmental quality. An integrated, process-based model was developed to simulate the impacts of the changing environment and different water and farming management practices on the hydrology, water quality, and crop growth and yield for artificially drained cropping systems. The new model; named DRAINMOD–DSSAT, was developed by integrating three different process based models: the hydrological model, DRAINMOD; the soil carbon and nitrogen (N) dynamics model; DRAINMOD-NII, and selected crop modules of the DSSAT–CSM model; CROPGRO and CERES-Maize. The integration of the three component models is implemented at the source code level and allows for daily interactions and feedback among simulated climatic conditions, soil water and nitrogen, and crop growth. DRAINMOD–DSSAT performance was evaluated using a 10-yr dataset collected from a corn–soybean production system on a subsurface drained field in Iowa, with corn receiving low, medium, and high N fertilization rates. The model was calibrated using the data collected from the high-N treatment, and validated for the other two treatments. Annual and monthly subsurface drainage outflows were predicted with modeling efficiencies (NSE) of 0.95 and 0.83, respectively. The NSE's for annual and monthly NO3–N mass losses were 0.87 and 0.70 for the high N-treatment, 0.93 and 0.86 for the medium N-treatment, 0.94 and 0.67 for the low N-treatment, respectively. Predicted and measured crop yields were accurately predicted with an absolute percent error less than 8% in 27 of the 30 simulated plot-years (3 plots × 10 yrs). Nitrogen removal in crop grain was reasonably predicted. This first model application suggested the potential capability of DRAINMOD–DSSAT of simulating the hydrology, water quality, and crop growth and yield for corn and soybean production on artificially drained fields in response to varying climatic conditions and nutrient management practices. Further research, using more intense field measurements, is needed to validate the model for its intended use.
A 120 K bulk superconductor: (Tl1Ba1Ca1)Cu2Ox

Abstract We report initial findings on the superconducting system containing thallium, calcium, barium, copper, and oxygen. We have synthesized ceramic material with a single superconducting phase that shows both a diamagnetic (Meissner) and resistive onset above 120 K and zero resistance as high as 120 K. The Meissner signal is constant below 100 K, and its magnitude indicates that ≃60 vol% of the material is superconducting. Electron microprobe analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray data suggest that the chemical composition of the superconducting phase is approximately (Tl 1 Ba 1 Ca 1 )Cu 2 O x , where the written stoichiometry is appropriate for the 120 K phase but a solid solution of the cations in parenthesis, primarily the Ba and Ca, is possible with a range of other T c 's. X-ray and electron diffraction show a tetragonal unit cell of a=b=3.841 A and c =19.77 A . We also present details of the synthesis protocol, to which the superconducting properties are extremely sensitive, much more so than for the Y-Ba-Cu-O system.
Irradiation of FDG-PET Defined-Active Bone Marrow Subregions and Acute Hematologic Toxicity in Anal Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoradiation

Purpose Irradiation of pelvic bone marrow (BM) has been correlated with hematologic toxicity (HT) in patients undergoing chemoradiation for anal cancer. We hypothesized that irradiation of hematologically active bone marrow (ABM) subregions defined by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is a principal cause of radiation-associated HT. Methods and Materials The cohort included 45 patients with nonmetastatic anal cancer who underwent FDG-PET imaging prior to definitive chemoradiation with mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil. Total bone marrow (TBM) was defined as the external contour of the pelvic bones from the top of lumbar 5 (L5) to the bottom of the ischial tuberosity. Standardized uptake values (SUV) for all voxels within the TBM were quantified and normalized by comparison to normal liver SUV. Subvolumes of the TBM that exhibited the highest and lowest 50% of the SUVs were designated ABM 50 and IBM 50 , respectively. The primary endpoint was the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) nadir during or within 2 weeks of completion of treatment. Multivariate linear modeling was used to analyze the correlation between the equivalent uniform doses (EUD) with an a value of 0.5, 1 (equivalent to mean dose), 3, 7, and 12 to the BM structures and the ANC. Results Mean ± SD ANC nadir was 0.77 × 10 9 /L (±0.66 × 10 9 /L). Grades 3 and 4 ANC toxicity occurred in 26.7% and 44.4% of patients, respectively. The EUD a parameter of 0.5 was optimal for all BM models indicating high radiation sensitivity. EUD of TBM and ABM 50 and IBM 50 were all significantly associated with ANC nadir. However, model performance for ABM 50 was not superior to that of the TBM and IBM 50 models. Conclusions Irradiation of pelvic BM was associated with HT. However, FDG-PET–defined ABM models failed to improve model performance compared to the TBM model.
High Speed Binary Parallel Adder

A study of the output of a heuristic computer program reveals two four-state binary Turing machines which yield the highest known score for four states in Rado's co-called "Busy Beaver" logical game. There is evidence which supports the conjecture that this score of 13 is the particular value of ?(4), where ?is a noncomputable integer function associated with this game. It is also conjectured that S(4) = 106, where S is another noncomputable function, the maximum shift number, of interest in Rado's study. Complete solution of the problem for four states has been reduced to a relatively small set of machines.
Impact of Rotavirus Infection at a Large Pediatric Hospital

Information is limited about national patterns of rotavirus infection throughout the USA. Discharge records and laboratory rotavirus detection for 1979-1989 at the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, were evaluated to determine the impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis at a large children's hospital. The availability since 1983 of diagnostic assays less expensive than electron microscopy was associated with increased rotavirus detection. Only 67% of rotavirus-positive samples came from children likely to have had community-acquired acute gastroenteritis. Combined laboratory results and ICD-9 discharge diagnosis codes (008.6, 008.8, and 558.9) measured rotavirus activity better than either alone. A case definition for hospitalization for rotavirus infection resulted in an estimate that an average of 473 children were hospitalized for rotavirus infection at Texas Children's Hospital each year over the 10-year period. These cases accounted for 3.0% of all hospital days and $1.5 million per year in bed costs at this hospital. Hospitalization rates and the impact of hospital costs for the USA were estimated by extrapolation.
Partial purification and some enzymatic properties of proteolytic enzyme fractions isolated from Pisaster ochraceus (Echinoderm) pyloric caeca

Abstract 1. 1. Conditions under which high enzymatic activity may be obtained from homogenized pyloric caeca of Pisaster ochraceus were determined and some of the enzymatic properties of the isolated fractions were investigated. 2. 2. The enzymatic activity is believed not to be catheptic in nature because of maximum activity at pH 9·5. 3. 3. The enzymatic activity differs from trypsin in several important respects although p- tosyl- l -arginine methyl ester (TAME) is hydrolyzed and diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP) inhibited enzymatic activity. Differences between P. ochraceus activity and trypsin include: (a) P. ochraceus proteolytic enzyme activity is unstable at pH 3·0 while trypsin is stable at that pH; (b) both native and denatured hemoglobin is hydrolyzed at approximately the same rate by P. ochraceus enzymatic fractions; (c) native bovine ribonuclease (RNA-ase) was inactivated much more rapidly by the P. ochraceus Fraction A than by equivalent amounts of bovine trypsin.
NEOLIBERALISM AS DOXA: BOURDIEU'S THEORY OF THE STATE AND THE CONTEMPORARY INDIAN DISCOURSE ON GLOBALIZATION AND LIBERALIZATION

This paper assesses, on the basis of key arguments from Pierre Bourdieu's work, how and why a consensus about the positive effects of globalization and liberalization could have established itself as a dominant discourse across Indian social space. Describing the discourse that validates globalization and economic liberalization as a particular worldview, which he terms ‘neoliberalism’, Bourdieu describes how neoliberalism establishes itself as a doxa - an unquestionable orthodoxy that operates as if it were the objective truth - across social space in its entirety, from the practices and perceptions of individuals to the practices and perceptions of the state and social groups. The full import of Bourdieu's arguments about neoliberalism, however, can only be grasped with reference to Bourdieu's theory of the state, and with reference to key concepts, such as doxa, habitus, field and capital. This paper, accordingly, seeks to fulfil two related objectives: to explicate Bourdieu's theory of the state and h...
The “Thumbs-up” sign and trapeziometacarpal joint injection: a useful clinical indicator

Several clinical studies investigating the accuracy and efficacy of trapeziometacarpal injection exist. Some studies utilize anatomical landmarks for proper injection placement while others utilize modalities including ultrasound and fluoroscopy. The changes of limb position that occur at the time of intra-articular injection can provide valuable visual and tactile feedback to the clinician. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of the “Thumbs-up” sign with injection of the thumb trapeziometacarpal joint as a useful and reliable clinical indicator of intra-articular trapeziometacarpal injection and correlate level and duration of pain relief. Trapeziometacarpal joint injections were performed on twenty-seven thumbs utilizing anatomic landmarks. At the time of injection, the presence or absence of the “Thumbs-up” sign was noted, and needle location was verified after injection with orthogonal mini-C arm fluoroscopic images. Visual analog pain scale scores were obtained pre-injection and by follow-up telephone calls at 1 week, 6 weeks, and 3 months post injection. Twenty-four of twenty-seven injections demonstrated a positive “Thumbs-up” sign. There were three negative “Thumbs-Up” injections. The thumbs-up sign demonstrated a 92.3 % sensitivity. Eighteen of twenty-seven thumbs had sustained relief at 3 months post injection. The “Thumbs-up” sign is a practical clinical tool that gives the practitioner important visual feedback at the time of injection. Patient relaxation and joint compliance are limiting factors. The “Thumbs-up” sign is an inexpensive indicator of successful intra-articular injection and may obviate the need and expense of advanced imaging modalities at the time of injection.
Dynamic strain aging in magnesium oxide single crystals

Strain rate change transients are considered together with aspects of serrated flow, questions of flow stress and work hardening during dynamic strain aging, and time, temperature, and prestrain dependence of strain aging. On continuing the deformation process after aging for certain periods of time for a particular strain, a subsidiary load drop is sometimes observed in addition to the main yield drops.
Erratic Results from the Merger Ratio

C ONSIDERABLE effort has been made to measure the frequency, the relative importance, and the impact of the surging urge to merge in the industrial sector. The purpose of this brief note is to point out some erratic results that can be obtained from the merger ratio, a common measure of the relative importance of mergers to the growth of a firm. The productive capacity of a firm may be increased by (1) constructing new facilities or (2) acquiring an existing facility. The former is internal growth; the latter, external growth.' The merger ratio is computed by dividing the cumulative value of acquired assets, or external growth, by the change in assets over the same time period. Stated algebraically this ratio is:
The use of real-time MRI techniques for imaging an extended field of view in magnetic resonance angiography

Accurate, fast, sensitive, and safe imaging of the cardiovascular system has major societal benefits owing to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. This is particularly challenging in imaging the peripheral vasculature, defined as extending from the renal artery origins to the ankles, because of the long (>120 cm) superior-inferior (S/I) field of view. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography provides major advantages compared to other imaging methods because it uses no ionizing radiation, provides 3D images, and requires only a relatively benign intravenous injection of contrast material. However, such imaging has major technical challenges in that the speed of passage of the contrast-enhanced blood through the vasculature is highly variable from patient to patient and the potentially rapid enhancement of veins can interfere with the radiological interpretation of disease in the companion arteries. The purpose of this work is to describe MRI physics and engineering methods designed to rapidly acquire high spatial resolution images of the peripheral vasculature at individual table positions or “stations,” and then to integrate these methods with real-time signal processing to allow interactive control of the MRI patient table, allowing it to advance in synchrony with the advancing contrast on a patient-specific basis. Results are presented with single station techniques to illustrate the potential image performance as well as in the more demanding and desired multi-station application in which the time available for data acquisition is limited at each station.
Radio-Noise Levels of EHV Transmission Lines Based on Project EHV Research

The results of three years of experimental and theoretical research on transmission-line radio noise at Project EHV are presented. Computer programs were developed to process the data on a statistical basis, and as output provide both histograms and regression analyses for four test configurations operated at the 500-and 700-kV levels. Fair weather radio-noise levels were found to be significantly affected by relative humidity, relative air density, and absolute value of wind velocity, and these relationships are discussed. Wet-weather effects are presented and discussed. Both fair-weather and wet-weather experimental results are incorporated in a theoretical analysis of transmission-line radio noise resulting in a procedure which enables the transmission-line designer to predict, in advance of construction, average fair-weather and wet-weather radio-noise profiles for EHV transmission lines.
Intrahospital teleradiology: ER to the ICU connection

Availability of initial radiographic images acquired in the Emergency Department (ED) for patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has been a problem in our operations. It is not uncommon that images from the ED are delivered to the appropriate ICU several hours after admission, and this problem is typically magnified `off hours'. We installed a film digitizer in the ED and required technologists to digitize all chest radiographs as they came out of the film processor. These images are archived and transmitted to a workstation located near one of our busier medical ICUs. The system has been operational for eight months, and it provides reliable timely access to such images. Careful review of a large number of cases clearly demonstrated that such a system is not only feasible, but extremely effective in improving both perceptions and actual quality of radiology services in this difficult environment. Image quality was found to be acceptable for this purpose.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vitellogenic arrest in the cockroach, Blatta orientalis

Abstract Starvation stimulated vitellogenic arrest occurs in the cockroach Blatta orientalis after 5 days. This is characterized by cessation of yolk uptake and oocyte growth. After 5 days of starvation, protein and RNA synthesis decrease, but some macromolecular synthesis continues during the entire starvation period. No oocyte resorption occurs for up to 15 days of starvation. In contrast to starvation, injection of actinomycin-D results in resorption within 8 hr. The results suggest that B. orientalis copes with starvation by maintaining arrested oocytes as an alternative to immediate resorption.
Microbial degradation of some soil-applied insecticides, herbicides, and insecticide-herbicide combinations.

Cette etude a pour but de montrer si des populations de microorganismes du sol adaptees pour la degradation acceleree d'un type de pesticide (par ex. carbamate et thiocarbamate) sont capable de degrader d'autres pesticides chimiquement similaires
Smoking in children: developing a social psychological strategy of deterrence.

Abstract Because smoking as an identifiable risk factor for several diseases, has not declined in adults and may be increasing in teen-agers and children, a social-psychological strategy to deter smoking in children is currently being implemented in the Houston (Texas) Independent School District. The study, developed by a group at the University of Houston Psychology Department, involves various sociological and psychological devices, such as modeling, identification, and attribution in conjunction with persuasive communication techniques—affect, specificity, and feedback. A pretest, post-test design is employed in a longitudinal study. An independent variable package, used in the pilot study involving seventh graders, includes four different videotapes presented to the subjects on four consecutive days. The role-played sequences in the tapes reflect how pressures by peers, parents, and media can precipitate smoking in children. The tape presentation is followed by focused discussion about coping with these pressures. The dependent variable package, in addition to various attitudinal and reported smoking behavior responses, employs a novel nicotine-in-saliva measure for more objective determination of whether or not a student is smoking. The long term longitudinal study will involve fifth- through 12th-graders. It is hoped that preventing children from starting to smoke will prove to be more effective than attempting to deal with already addicted smokers.
Optimal template matching by nonorthogonal image expansion using restoration

In this paper we present a novel approach for template matching. The basic principle is expansion matching and it entails signal expansion into a set of nonorthogonal templatesimilar basis functions. The coefficients of this expansion signify the presence of the template in the corresponding locations in the image. We demonstrate that this matching technique is robust in conditions of noise, superposition, and severe occlusion. A new and more practical discriminative signal-to-noise ratio (DSNR) for matching is proposed that considers even the filter's off-center response to the template as “noise”. We show that expansion yields the optimal linear operator that maximizes the DSNR and results in a sharp response to the matched template. Theoretical and experimental comparisons of expansion matching and the widely used correlation matching demonstrate the superiority of our approach. Correlation matching (also known as matched filtering) yields broad peaks and spurious responses, both of which hamper good detection. We also show that the special case of expansion with a dense set of self-similar basis functions is equivalent to signal restoration. Expansion matching can be implemented by restoration techniques and also by our recently developed lattice architecture.
Renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis is associated with caspase cleavage of the NHE1 Na+/H+ exchanger.

Renal tubular epithelial cell (RTC) apoptosis causes tubular atrophy, a hallmark of renal disease progression. Apoptosis is generally characterized by reduced cell volume and cytosolic pH, but epit...
A Field Theory of Currents

A new type of model field theory is constructed. Only currents appear as the coordinates. The canonical formalism is abandoned. The self-consistency, Lorentz covariance, energy-momentum conservation, etc., are checked.
Oculocutaneous albinism: developing novel antibodies targeting the proteins associated with OCA2 and OCA4.

Abstract Background Patients with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) have severely decreased pigmentation of their skin, hair and eyes. OCA2 and OCA4 result from mutations of the OCA2 and SLC45A2 genes, respectively, both of which disrupt the trafficking of the critical melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase to melanosomes. Both proteins encoded by those loci (termed P and MATP, respectively) have 12 putative transmembrane regions and are thought to function as transporters, although their functions and subcellular localizations remain to be characterized. Objective To generate specific antibodies against unique synthetic peptides encoded by P and MATP that could be used to characterize their functions and subcellular localizations. Methods Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the specificity of antibodies and to colocalize P and MATP proteins with various subcellular markers. Results Specific antibodies to the P and MATP proteins were generated that work well for Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The localizations of P and MATP with various subcellular organelles were characterized using confocal microscopy, which revealed that they colocalize to some extent with LAMP2, but do not significantly colocalize with markers of the ER, Golgi or melanosomes. Interestingly, both P and MATP colocalize significantly with BLOC-1, a sorting component involved in the intracellular trafficking of melanosomal/lysosomal constituents. Conclusion These results provide a basis to understand how disrupted functions of P or MATP result in the misrouting of tyrosinase and cause the hypopigmentation seen in OCA2 and OCA4.
Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells by retinol and retinoic acid

The effects of retinol and retinoic acid on cytotoxicity and mutation expression at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with or without exogenous metabolic activation were studied in the presence and absence of known chemical mutagens. Neither retinol nor retinoic acid induced mutants at the HGPRT locus of CHO cells at concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 50 microM without exogenous metabolic activation, and at concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 25 microM in the presence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9. Retinol and retinoic acid did not affect 100 micrograms/ml ethyl methanesulfonate-induced cytotoxicity or mutations at the HGPRT locus of CHO cells in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation at concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 25 microM. In contrast, retinol and retinoic acid inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced cytotoxicity and mutation induction at the HGPRT locus of CHO cells when either uninduced Sprague-Dawley rat liver S9, Aroclor 1254-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver S9 or co-cultivated primary Sprague-Dawley rat hepatocytes were used to provide metabolic activation. These data show that retinoids are capable of inhibiting mutation induction in mammalian cells in vitro by a chemical promutagen requiring metabolic activation to a reactive form, and suggest that such inhibition is due to an alteration of mutagen metabolism.
Inversion of IceBridge gravity data for continental shelf bathymetry beneath the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica

A possible cause for accelerated thinning and break-up of floating marine ice shelves is warming of the water in the cavity below the ice shelf. Accurate bathymetry beneath large ice shelves is crucial for developing models of the ocean circulation in the sub-ice cavities. A grid of free-air gravity data over the floating Larsen C ice shelf collected during the IceBridge 2009 Antarctic campaign was utilized to develop the first bathymetry model of the underlying continental shelf. Independent control on the continental shelf geologic structures from marine surveys was used to constrain the inversion. Depths on the continental shelf beneath the ice shelf estimated from the inversion generally range from about 350 to 650 m, but vary from 1000 m. Localized overdeepenings, 20-30 km long and 900-1000 m deep, are located in inlets just seaward of the grounding line. Submarine valleys extending seaward from the overdeepenings coalesce into two broad troughs that extend to the seaward limit of the ice shelf and appear to extend to the edge of the continental shelf. The troughs are generally at a depth of 550-700 m although the southernmost mapped trough deepens to over 1000 m near the edge of the ice shelf just south of 68° S. The combination of the newly determined bathymetry with published ice-draft determinations based on laser altimetry and radar data defines the geometry of the water-filled cavity. These newly imaged troughs provide a conduit for water to traverse the continental shelf and interact with the overlying Larsen C ice shelf and the grounding lines of the outlet glaciers.
Chemisorption of CO on Pd particles supported on mica

A UHV technique is presented for evaluating the adsorption-desorption properties of UHV vapor-deposited metal particles supported on insulating substrates. Desorption studies of CO from particulate and continuous Pd films supported on mica were performed. The desorption results indicate that: the CO desorption energies from the deposited metals are much lower than those from bulk single crystals; two desorption states exist for the vapor-deposited films; and the lower energy desorption peak of the vapor-deposited films is coverage dependent. Possible reasons for the difference between previously reported CO desorption studies on bulk substrates and the present results are discussed.
Minimizing confounding in case studies of agricultural systems

Abstract Agricultural case studies usually involve numerous basic and derived variables, but do not effectively isolate individual variables in treatment comparisons. The resultant confounding of variables is usually unavoidable. Using an example from range and pasture science, this paper presents an analytical approach to aid in minimizing confounding in case studies of agricultural and other complex systems.
Diagnosing a Colorado Heavy Snow Event with a Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Numerical Model Structured for Operational Use

Abstract State-of-the-art data sources, such as Doppler radar, automated surface observations, wind profiler, digital satellite, and aircraft reports, are for the first time providing the capability to generate real-time, operational three-dimensional gridded datasets with sufficient spatial and temporal resolutions to diagnose the structure and evolution of mesoscale systems. A prototype data assimilation system of this type, called the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS), is being developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Forecast Systems Laboratory. The investigation uses the three-dimensional LAPS analyses for initialization of the nonhydrostatic Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model developed at Colorado State University to create a system capable of generating operational mesoscale predictions. The LAPS/RAMS system structured for operational use can add significant value to existing operational model output and provide an improved scientific understanding...
Stress-responsive Gln3 Localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Separable from and Can Overwhelm Nitrogen Source Regulation

Intracellular localization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GATA family transcription activator, Gln3, is used as a downstream readout of rapamycin-inhibited Tor1,2 control of Tap42 and Sit4 activities. Gln3 is cytoplasmic in cells provided with repressive nitrogen sources such as glutamine and is nuclear in cells growing with a derepressive nitrogen source such as proline or those treated with rapamycin or methionine sulfoximine (Msx). Although gross Gln3-Myc13 phosphorylation levels in wild type cells do not correlate with nitrogen source-determined intracellular Gln3-Myc13 localization, the phosphorylation levels are markedly influenced by several environmental perturbations. Msx treatment increases Snf1-independent Gln3-Myc13 phosphorylation, whereas carbon starvation increases both Snf1-dependent and -independent Gln3-Myc13 phosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that a broad spectrum of environmental stresses (temperature, osmotic, and oxidative) increase Gln3-Myc13 phosphorylation. In parallel, these stresses elicit rapid (
Microfluidic devices fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) using hot-embossing with integrated sampling capillary and fiber optics for fluorescence detection

High-aspect-ratio microstructures have been prepared using hot-embossing techniques in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from Ni-based molding dies prepared using LIGA (Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung). Due to the small amount of mask undercutting associated with X-ray lithography and the high energy X-ray beam used during photoresist patterning, deep structures with sharp and smooth sidewalls have been prepared. The Ni-electroforms produced devices with minimal replication errors using hot-embossing at a turn around time of ∼5 min per device. In addition, several different polymers (with different glass transition temperatures) could be effectively molded with these Ni-electroforms and many devices (>300) molded with the same master without any noticeable degradation. The PMMA devices consisted of deep and narrow channels for insertion of a capillary for the automated electrokinetic loading of sample into the microfluidic device and also, a pair of optical fibers for shuttling laser light to the detection zone and collecting the resulting emission for fluorescence analysis. Electrophoretic separations of double-stranded DNA ladders (Φ X174 digested with Hae III) were performed with fluorescence detection accomplished using near-IR excitation. It was found that the narrow width of the channels did not contribute significantly to electrophoretic zone broadening and the plate numbers generated in the extended length separation channel allowed sorting of the 271/281 base pair fragments associated with this sizing ladder when electrophoresed in methylcellulose entangled polymer solutions. The dual fiber detector produced sub-attomole detection limits with the entire detector, including laser source, electronics and photon transducer, situated in a single box measuring 3″ × 10″ × 14″.
Modular design of H− synchrotrons for radiation therapy

Abstract A modular synchrotron for accelerating H− ions and a proton beam delivery system are being developed for radiation therapy with protons under SBIR grants from the National Cancer Institute. The advantage proposed for accelerating H− ions and utilizing charge exchange as a slow extraction mechanism lies in enhanced control of the extracted beam current, important for beam delivery with raster scanning for 3D dose contouring of a tumor site. Under these grants prototype magnets and vacuum systems are being constructed, appropriate H− sources are being developed and beam experiments will be carried out to demonstrate some of the key issues of this concept. The status of this program is described along with a discussion of a relatively inexpensive beam delivery system and a proposed program for its development.
Analytical displacements and vibrations of cantilevered unsymmetric fiber composite laminates

A fiber composite flat cantilever plate that has symmetric and nonsymmetric laminate configurations is theoretically investigated to determine its static and dynamic structural response. The finite element analysis method used includes a unique triangular finite element developed at Lewis for the analysis of fiber composite airfoils. The various responses investigated include tip displacements, natural frequencies, and fundamental mode shapes. The results show that the displacements and the natural frequencies can be in considerable error for nonsymmetric laminate configurations if the membrane-bending coupling is not taken into account. Structural response results obtained from ten laminate configurations are presented in tabular forms and may be used as an aid in selecting laminate configurations for composite airfoils.
Comparison of ground- and excited-state raman transitions using resonant coherent stokes generation

Abstract Coherent Stokes generation was explored as a means to investigate vibrational dephasing in both the ground state and first excited singlet state of pentacene in benzoic acid. The dephasing-induced coherent emission (DICE) was used to obtain the ground- and excited-state Ramon linewidths between 1.6 K and 200 K. The broadening for both modes displayed an Arrhenius energy of ≈100 cm −1 .
Comparison of four mixed layer mesoscale parameterizations and the equation for an arbitrary tracer

In this paper we discuss two issues, the inter-comparison of four mixed layer mesoscale parameterizations and the search for the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer. It must be stressed that our analysis is limited to mixed layer mesoscales since we do not treat sub-mesoscales and small turbulent mixing. As for the first item, since three of the four parameterizations are expressed in terms of a stream function and a residual flux of the RMT formalism (residual mean theory), while the fourth is expressed in terms of vertical and horizontal fluxes, we needed a formalism to connect the two formulations. The standard RMT representation developed for the deep ocean cannot be extended to the mixed layer since its stream function does not vanish at the ocean's surface. We develop a new RMT representation that satisfies the surface boundary condition. As for the general form of the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer, thus far, it has been assumed that there is only the one that originates from the curl of the stream function. This is because it was assumed that the tracer residual flux is purely diffusive. On the other hand, we show that in the case of an arbitrary tracer, the residual flux has also a skew component that gives rise to an additional bolus velocity. Therefore, instead of only one bolus velocity, there are now two, one coming from the curl of the stream function and other from the skew part of the residual flux. In the buoyancy case, only one bolus velocity contributes to the mean buoyancy equation since the residual flux is indeed only diffusive.
Corrosion-creep interaction of stainless alloys in acid chloride solutions

Rupture of passive film is considered as an essential step in the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) process. At constant load, accumulation of creep strain is often associated with the strain to passive film rupture. Therefore, low-temperature creep behavior of a material is important from an SCC point of view. Constant load creep studies carried out on alloy 22 (a Ni-22Cr-13Mo-4W alloy) in acidified chloride environments at 80 °C showed a logarithmic creep behavior. The creep strain decayed logarithmically and reached values less than 4×10−9/s, which is lower than the detectable limit of laboratory scale SCC tests. 304 SS showed SCC failure in acidified chloride solutions in simulated open circuit conditions. A steady-state creep strain rate could be observed during SCC failures, of the order of 10−5 to 10−6/s. The high creep strain rate of 304 SS can be correlated to the observed higher corrosion currents, which were more than 40 times that observed in alloy 22. When the dissolution rate of alloy 22 was increased by impressing about 1 mA/cm2 anodic current, a steady-state creep strain rate of 6.5×10−8/s was observed. The results indicated that anodic dissolution increased the localized plasticity of the material, resulting in creep strain. However, alloy 22 did not show SCC.
Journal and Periodical Usefulness As Rated by Hospitality Faculty Members

Abstract Hospitality educators rate 17 different hospitality-industry periodicals according to their usefulness for professional development, research-related purposes, and classroom applications.
Density functional theory studies of Cu-zeolite de-NOx catalysts

Recent progress in the modelling of exchanged Cu sites and their interactions with small molecules, based on DFT cluster calculations, is briefly reviewed.