cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
434 ENHANCED RESPONSE TO hpGRH-40 IN GROWTH HORMONE NEUROSECRETORY DYSFUNCTION

In growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction (GHND), poor growth is due to low 24-h integrated concentration of GH (IC-GH) even though the response to paired pharmacologic stimulation (PS) of GH is normal. We compared the GH response to 1 μg/kg hpGRH-40 of 8 GHND children, 4 children with subnormal GH responses to paired PS tests and subnormal IC-GH (GHD), and 3 short children with normal PS and normal IC-GH (NORMAL SHORT). The peak GH response to hpGRH-40, PS stimulation and IC-GH of the 3 groups is presented as mean±lSD in ng/ml: The response to hpGRH-40 of GHND children was significantly higher than the other groups. Conclusion: 1/GHND children have an increased reserve of releasable GH. 2/GHND lack the neurologic GRH releasing mechanism to maintain adequate spontaneous GH release. 3/The increased response of GHND to hpGRH-40 may be of diagnostic value.
Interference of 21-Deoxycortisol with Cortisol Assay Methods

21-deoxycortisol has been identified by others (1) in the plasma of a patient with the 21-hydroxylase deficiency variant of the adrenogenital syndrome. Because 21-deoxy cortisol* is similar in chemical structure to cortisol,** we tested the relative ability of this steroid to react as “cortisol” in three commonly employed methods of assaying cortisol: competitive protein binding, fluorometric and the phenylhydrazine (Porter-Silber) reaction. On an equal weight basis, 21-deoxycortisol gave 87% of the value of cortisol in the competitive protein binding assay; and 27% of the value of cortisol in the fluorometric assay. The phenylhydrazine reaction with 21-deoxycortisol was negative so that this steroid did not interfere in the Porter-Silber assay. It is concluded that falsely elevated values of plasma “cortisol” may be found in patients with 21- hydroxylase deficiency when cortisol is determined by the fluorometric or competitive binding methods.
Management-Legal Aspects of Crisis Negotiations

(2002). Management-Legal Aspects of Crisis Negotiations. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 65-68.
Differential effects of formamidine pesticides on fixed-interval behavior in rats

Abstract Chlordimeform (CDM), amitraz (AMZ), and formetanate (FMT) are members of the formamidine class of pesticides. To date, effects on operant behavior have been determined only for CDM. This experiment compared the effects of CDM, AMZ, and FMT on schedule-controlled responding. Nine male Long-Evans rats were trained during 1-hr sessions to lever-press under a multiple fixed-interval (FI)-1-min FI-5-min schedule of milk reinforcement. Dose-effect determinations for each compound administered ip, 20 min presession, were carried out in each subject. The dose ranges were: CDM HCl, 0.3–20 mg/kg; FMT HCl, 0.03 – 0.75 mg/kg; and AMZ, 5–75 mg/kg. Under baseline conditions response rates were higher under the FI-1-min than under FI-5-min, and index of curvature (IOC) values (a measure of within-interval response patterning) were generally higher under FI-5-min. All compounds produced dose-dependent decreases in response rate. CDM significantly decreased only FI-1-min response rates; a similar effect of AMZ was seen only at an intermediate dose. FMT decreased responding to the same extent in both components. CDM produced pronounced changes in the pattern of responding in both components, with IOC decreased more under FI-5-min than under FI-1-min. AMZ produced significant decreases in IOC only under FI-5-min. FMT did not appreciably decrease IOC in either component. High doses of AMZ produced general signs of poor health that persisted for several days. In addition, a greater effect on response rates and IOC in both components was obtained when AMZ (75 mg/kg) was given more than 10 days following another dose compared to when it was given 7 days or less after another dose. Formamidine pesticides produce differential effects on FI schedule-controlled behavior that are in turn modulated by the parameter value of the FI schedule.
Laparoscopic gastrostomy as an adjunctive procedure to laparoscopic fundoplication in children

Infants and children requiring fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux frequently have significant associated medical problems necessitating placement of a gastrostomy at the time of fundoplication. This article reviews the techniques, complications, and results of 141 laparoscopic Stamm gastrostomies performed in conjunction with laparoscopic fundoplication in infants and children. The three techniques employed were the T-fastener technique (63/141) which is best utilized in patients with thick abdominal walls; the trocar-site technique (53/141) which is technically easy to perform but prone to infection and fistula formation; and the U-stitch technique (26/141). General complications of laparoscopic gastrostomy include development of gastrocutaneous fistulae (2/141), perigastrostomy cellulitis (8/141), and the formation of granulation tissue at the gastrostomy site (45/141). The only perioperative death was due to a technical error during gastrostomy tube placement. Our preferred method for laparoscopic gastrostomy in most children is the U-stitch technique.
Long-term hydrologic effects on marsh plant community structure in the southern Everglades

Although large-scale transformation of Everglades landscapes has occurred during the past century, the patterns of association among hydrologic factors and southern Everglades freshwater marsh vegetation have not been well-defined. We used a 10-year data base on the aquatic biota of Shark Slough to classify vegetation and describe plant community change in intermediate- to long-hydroperiod Everglades marshes. Study area marsh vegetation was quantitatively grouped into associations dominated by 1)Cladium jamaicense, 2) a group of emergents includingEleocharis cellulosa, Sagittaria lancifolia, andRhyncospora tracyi, 3) taxa associated with algal mats (Utricularia spp. andBacopa caroliniana), and 4) the grassesPanicum hemitomon andPaspalidium geminatum. During the decade evaluated, the range of water depths that characterized our study sites approached both extremes depicted in the 40-year hydrologic record for the region. Water depths were near the long-term average during the mid-1980s, declined sharply during a late 1980s drought, and underwent a prolonged increase from 1991 through 1995. Overall macrophyte cover varied inversely with water depth, while the response of periphyton was more complex. An ordination analysis, based on plant species abundance, revealed that study area vegetation structure was associated with hydrologic patterns. Marsh plant community structure showed evidence of cyclic interannual variation corresponding to hydrologic change over the decade evaluated. Lower water depths, the occurrence of marl substrates, and high periphyton cover were correlated. These factors contributed to reduced macrophyte cover in portions of the study area from which water had been diverted.
Dependence of polymer electronic structure on molecular architecture

Abstract A review of the influence of macromolecular architecture on the electronic structure of polymers is presented. Calculations of the density of valence electron states (DOVS) based on the CNDO/S3 molecular orbital model are presented for polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(2,5-thienylene), poly(1,6 heptadiyne), and poly(p-xylylene). These DOVS are shown to provide good descriptions of measured valence electron photoemission spectra in all cases for which such spectra are available. The model is applied to demonstrate the occurrence of short chain segments in mixed cis-trans polyacetylene. Relationships between macromolecular architecture and characteristic features in the photoemission spectra are demonstrated. In particular, criteria leading to extended pi-electron states are identified.
Activity of botulinum neurotoxin type D (strain 1873) in human neurons.

Botulinum Neurotoxin type D (BoNT/D) causes periodic outbreaks of botulism in cattle and horses, but is rarely associated with human botulism. Previous studies have shown that humans responded poorly to peripheral injection of up to 10 U of BoNT/D. Isolated human pyramidalis muscle preparations were resistant to BoNT/D, whereas isolated human intercostal muscle preparations responded to BoNT/D similarly as to other BoNT serotypes. In vitro data indicate that BoNT/D does not cleave human VAMP1 efficiently, and differential expression of the VAMP 1 and 2 isoforms may be responsible for the above observations. Here we examined sensitivity of cultured human neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to BoNT/D. Our data indicate that BoNT/D can enter and cleave VAMP 2 in human neurons, but at significantly lower efficiency than other BoNT serotypes. In addition, BoNT/D had a short duration of action in the cultured neurons, similar to that of BoNT/E. In vivo analyses indicated a slower time to death in mice, as well as a later onset and shorter duration of action than BoNT/A1. Finally, examination of BoNT/D activity in various rodent and human cell models resulted in dramatic differences in sensitivity, indicating a unique cell entry mechanism of BoNT/D.
Revisiting heme mechanisms. A perspective on the mechanisms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), Heme oxygenase (HO), and cytochrome P450s (CYP450s)

Despite the essential biological importance of reactions that involve heme, mechanisms of heme reactions in enzymes like nitric oxide synthase (NOS), heme oxygenase (HO), and cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) are still not well-understood. This Perspective on NOS, HO, and CYP450 mechanisms is written from the point of view of the heme chemistry. Steps in the classical heme catalytic cycle are discussed based on the specific environment within each of these enzymes. Elucidation of the mechanisms of NOS inactivation by some substrate analogues provides important mechanistic clues to the NOS catalytic mechanism. On the basis of mechanistic studies of NOS inactivation by amidine analogues of l-arginine and other previous mechanistic results, a new mechanism for NOS-catalyzed l-arginine NG-hydroxylation (the first half of the catalytic reaction) is proposed in this Perspective. The key step in the second half of the NOS catalytic reaction, the internal electron transfer between the substrate and heme, is discussed on the basis of mechanistic results of NOS inactivation by NG-allyl-l-arginine and the structures of the substrate intermediates. Elucidation of the mechanism of NOS inactivation by amidines, which leads to heme degradation, also provides important mechanistic implications for heme oxygenase-catalyzed heme catabolism. Focusing on the meso-hydroxylation step during inactivation of NOS by amidines as well as the HO-catalyzed reaction, the essential nature of the heme-oxygen species responsible for porphyrin meso-hydroxylation is discussed. Finally, on the basis of the proposed heme degradation mechanism during NOS inactivation and the HO-catalyzed reaction, the mechanism for the formation of the monooxygenated heme species in P450-catalyzed reactions is discussed.
Diatoms from the Great Lakes. I. Rare or Poorly known Species of the Genera Diploneis, Oestrupia and Stauroneis

Eleven taxa of diatoms occurring in the Great Lakes which have not been adequately treated in the North American literature are briefly described and figured. Taxa treated include 4 species of Diploneis, 1 species and one variety of Oestrupia, and 1 species and 4 infraspecific taxa of Stauroneis. The presently known distribution of these entities in the Great Lakes and their ecological and distributional affinities are discussed.
Pathology of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa looper in alternate hosts

Abstract The symptomatology and histopathology of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from a larva of the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica, was studied by examining 13 tissues in the original and following alternate hosts: cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni; beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua; saltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea; corn carworm, Heliothis zea; cotton leafperforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella; and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. In all hosts, the hypodermal, tracheal matrix, and fat body cells were infected. Other tissues infected in some hosts included the Malpighian tubules, muscle, hemocytes, ganglia, midgut, hindgut, juvenile tissue (imaginal buds), and testes. No major changes in tissue tropisms were observed. The external symptoms were typical of nuclear polyhedrosis in all species except the corn earworm; in this host, development of the disease and death were delayed.
Sedation and Anesthesia Outside the Operating Room: Answers to Common Questions

In recent years, practitioners have recognized the importance of providing comfort to children and have increased their use of analgesics and anxiolytics during painful medical procedures. In this article, the author reviews commonly asked questions regarding administering sedation to children for painful procedures outside the operating room. Current safety guidelines are reviewed, as well as qualifications of personnel performing sedations, contraindications to sedation, fasting guidelines before sedation, and common sedation techniques.
Altered mercaptopurine metabolism, toxic effects, and dosage requirement in a thiopurine methyltransferase-deficient child with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency, inherited as an autosomal codominant trait, is associated with aberrant mercaptopurine metabolism leading to excessive cellular accumulation of 6-thioguanine nucleotides, the active metabolites of mercaptopurine. We describe a case of severe thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency (activity 8 erythrocytes) in a young girl with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The level of 6-thioguanine nucleotide in the patient's erythrocytes was seven times the population median value, and she had intolerable hematologic toxic effects during postremission therapy with a standard dosage of mercaptopurine (75 mg/m 2 per day). Subsequent therapy with 6% of this dosage (10 mg/m 2 three times weekly) yielded erythrocytic 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations consistently above the population median but not associated with prohibitively toxic effects. This case demonstrates that thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency does not absolutely contraindicate mercaptopurine therapy, and it also provides insight into the mechanism of excessive toxic effects of mercaptopurine sometimes observed in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Inaccuracy of a "spiked curve" for monitoring unfractionated heparin therapy.

Our purpose was to determine whether the in vitro (or “spiked curve”) method for the therapeutic heparin range is an accurate and valid method for heparin monitoring. Many laboratories use the in vitro method for determining the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)-based unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapeutic range as a more practical method to determine the therapeutic heparin range. Is this a valid method compared with the recommended ex vivo method? Plasma samples from patients receiving UFH and a normal plasma pool spiked with UFH were compared for 8 APTT reagents (18 lots). The in vitro curve has significantly increased lower limit and upper limit values and has a significantly widened range compared with the ex vivo method. When APTT values are compared with both methods, more samples are underheparinized with the in vitro curve method. The in vitro method is not a valid method to determine an accurate therapeutic heparin range.
Satellites of Jupiter

Future historians of science will look back on the arrivals of the Voyager spacecraft at the Jupiter system in 1979 as very significant events, primarily because of the remarkable diversity of new phenomena discovered on the Galilean satellites. In a short time period, there was almost a doubling of the number of solid “planetary” bodies for which substantial scientific analysis is possible. Scientists were introduced to the novelties of tidally heated bodies and of ice tectonics. From a more fundamental point of view, there is much to be learned about the origin and evolution of planets and their environments from analysis of the satellite systems. Any doubts about the importance of studying planetary satellites must have been dispelled by the Voyager missions.
A "Geometric Clutch" Hypothesis to Explain Oscillations of the Axoneme of Cilia and Flagella

Abstract The axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella is a highly conserved structure that is widely utilized for cellular motility in both the plant and animal kingdoms. The functional significance of the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules may lie in its ability to act as a "clutch" to engage and disengage the action of the molecular "motor", comprised of dynein (the ATPase enzyme) and tubulin. In the hypothetical scheme proposed here, regulation of the dynein-tubulin interaction (and resultant microtubule sliding) depend on the physical separation of the dynein heads from the tubulin binding sites. In turn, the physical separation of the outer-doublet microtubules is governed by axonemal distortion resulting from flagellar bending, a phenomenon arising from the natural geometry of the axoneme. When the axoneme is bent, the internal forces generated transverse to the long axis of the axoneme alter the interdoublet spacing of the individual doublets. Doublets brought into closer proximity to each other undergo dynein-tubulin cross-bridge attachment and inter-doublet sliding. Furthermore, at the natural conclusion of a period of inter-doublet sliding, an internal distorting force is produced that terminates the original sliding episode. This favors initiation of sliding by doublets on the opposite side of the axoneme, causing them to activate and produce the opposite bend polarity. Thus, the natural geometry provides both the potential for selective activation of sliding at specific doublets, and the capacity to produce oscillations by reciprocal activation of the opposing sets of bridges. A computer simulation has been developed based on the principle that dynein activation is controlled by the forces transverse to the axoneme. This model successfully exhibits sustained oscillation, flagella-like or cilia-like beating, self-propagating waves, and many of the properties attributed to living cilia and flagella.
Baudrillard's simulated ecology

Jean Baudrillard, the scholar and critic of postmodernity, struggled with questions of postmodern ontology: representation of the real through the semiotic process of signification is threatened with the rise of simulacra, the simulated real. With this rise, seductive semiotic relationships between signs replace any traditional ontological representamen. This struggle has implications for environmentalism since the problems of contemporary environmental philosophy are rooted in problems with ontology. Hence the question of postmodern ecology: can the natural survive postmodern simulation? Baudrillard's communicative analysis of semiotic postmodernity can both support and extend ecosemiotic theses in response to these questions, questions that must be answered in order to explore our paradoxical understandings of the natural and confirm an understanding of environmentalism for postmodernity. In this paper I will argue for the merit of a semiotic understanding of postmodernity, develop the idea of ecology in this context, and then compare Baudrillard's approach to the contemporary development of ecosemiotics.
Needed: Formal Instruction in Business Ethics for Managers

Considering the highly publicised ethical crisis in public and private administration recently, the flurry of management‐oriented articles on ethics is an encouraging sign. But in their rush to recommend solutions, management theorists have gone off in many different directions. For example, while using the term business ethics, Owens has called for written codes of ethics enforced by appropriate sanctions. Boling, meanwhile, preferring the term management ethics, has suggested democratically developed codes of ethics to reduce emphasis on policing. Finally, Payne has deplored the lack of substantive behavioural research in the area he labels organisation ethics. This somewhat confusing array of terminology aside for a moment, an important remedial option has been ignored or overlook‐ed in these and related treatments. Namely, in the face of encouraging testimonial evidence that business ethics instruction works, the business management classroom affords an excellent opportunity to begin redressing the ethics crisis. Moreover, formal business ethics instruction can help reestablish the administrative importance of such ethically‐grounded values as idealism, compassion, and generosity that researchers have found to be seriously atrophied among business school seniors.
Identifying individuals by sequencing mitochondrial DNA from teeth.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from teeth stored from 3 months to 20 years, including teeth from the semi–skeletonized remains of a murder victim which had been buried for 10 months. Tooth donors and/or their maternal relatives provided blood or buccal cells, from which mtDNA was also extracted. Enzymatic amplification and direct sequencing of roughly 650 nucleotides from two highly polymorphic regions of mtDNA yielded identical sequences for each comparison of tooth and fresh DNA. Our results suggest that teeth provide an excellent source for high molecular weight mtDNA that can be valuable for extending the time in which decomposed human remains can be genetically identified.
Study of a Fine Grained Threaded Framework Design

Traditionally, HEP experiments exploit the multiple cores in a CPU by having each core process one event. However, future PC designs are expected to use CPUs which double the number of processing cores at the same rate as the cost of memory falls by a factor of two. This effectively means the amount of memory per processing core will remain constant. This is a major challenge for LHC processing frameworks since the LHC is expected to deliver more complex events (e.g. greater pileup events) in the coming years while the LHC experiment's frameworks are already memory constrained. Therefore in the not so distant future we may need to be able to efficiently use multiple cores to process one event. In this presentation we will discuss a design for an HEP processing framework which can allow very fine grained parallelization within one event as well as supporting processing multiple events simultaneously while minimizing the memory footprint of the job. The design is built around the libdispatch framework created by Apple Inc. (a port for Linux is available) whose central concept is the use of task queues. This design also accommodates the reality that not all code will be thread safe and therefore allows one to easily mark modules or sub parts of modules as being thread unsafe. In addition, the design efficiently handles the requirement that events in one run must all be processed before starting to process events from a different run. After explaining the design we will provide measurements from simulating different processing scenarios where the processing times used for the simulation are drawn from processing times measured from actual CMS event processing.
Heat transfer and friction in the offset stripfin heat exchanger

Abstract This paper presents analytical models to predict the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor of the offset strip-fin heat exchanger surface geometry. Two flow regimes are defined—laminar and turbulent. Based on the conditions in the wake, an equation is developed to predict transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Flow visualization experiments were performed to identify the flow structure at transition. The condition predicted by the transition equation corresponds to onset of oscillating velocities in the fin wakes. Equations are developed for the Nusselt number and friction factor by writing energy and momentum balances on a unit cell of the offset strip-fin geometry. A numerical solution is used to calculate Nu and f on the fins in the laminar regime, and a semi-empirical approach is used for the turbulent regime. Predictions are compared to data on scaled-up geometries, taken in the present study, and data on actual heat exchangers. The models predict all data within ±20%.
Identifying Standards for Evaluating Alternate Route Programs

(1986). Identifying Standards for Evaluating Alternate Route Programs. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 8, Evaluating Alternative Certification, pp. 59-65.
The ilmenite/titano-magnetite assemblage: kinetics of re-equilibration

The petrogenesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks is a function of several parameters. Of these, temperature and pressure are of particular importance. Information concerning these two parameters is obtained through the use of mineral indicators. One such commonly used geothermometer/oxybarometer is that involving ilmenite/titano-magnetite. Anomalously low temperatures have been reported in cases in which the geothermometer/oxybarometer was employed. The studies suggest that low temperatures result from slow cooling rates which allows the Fe-Ti oxides to re-equilibrate. The current investigation is mainly concerned with the kinetics of the reduction of ilmenite-hematite solid solution, since this is the slower and, consequently, rate-controlling step in the re-equilibration process. The reaction rates determined for the reduction of ilmenites in the investigation are geologically rapid and must be considered when applying the considered geothermometer/oxybarometer.
An integrated system for manufacturing enterprise

A discussion is presented on the Stanford Integrated Manufacturing Enterprise Management System (SIMEMS), which was developed to provide intelligent decision support for planning and control of operation decision processes and also to provide a link between such decision processes and strategic considerations at the enterprise level so as to yield a competitive advantage. The system is developed to achieve several aspects of integration: integration among functional units within the organization in coordinating operational planning and control; integration of operational policies with strategic position; and integration of systems, AI, and operations research techniques in problem solving. In addition to providing intelligent management decision support for manufacturing enterprise, SIMEMS can be regarded as a prototype example of a powerful modeling technique in support of complex problem solving processes. >
Matching Space Antenna Deformation Electronic Compensation Strategies to Support Structure Architectures

Radar systems are engineered to achieve a complex, yet functional, balance between diverse subsystems and competing requirements. One important trade for large deployable space radar antennas is between antenna dimensional stability and electronic signal processing for deformation compensation. This trade is first investigated for several different electronic compensation methods, and compensation capabilities are mapped into structural requirements. Second the structural requirements are translated into appropriate structural architectures. The scope of this study is limited to space radar systems, where loads causing antenna deformations differ significantly from terrestrial systems. Compensation strategies that allow structural requirements to be reduced by several orders of magnitude are identified. When considered early in the systems engineering process, the methods presented herein can be used to form a rationale for the selection and the development of a complementary combination of compensation electronics and structural architectures.
Light Patterns as a Means of Assessing and Recording Gait. II: Results in Children with Cerebral Palsy

SUMMARY The application of a reliable, uncomplicated method of analyzing and documenting gait of patients with cerebral palsy is described. Present and future application of the apparatus is discussed. RESUME L'application d'une methode fidele et simple a l'analyse et l'enregistrement de la demarche chez l'IMC est decrite. Les applications presentes et futures du procede sont discutees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Anwendung einer verlaslichen und unkomplizierten Methode zur Analyse und Dokumentation des Gehens fur Patienten mit Cerebralparese wird beschrieben. Die gegenwartige und zukunftige Anwendung der Apparatur wird diskutiert. RESUMEN Se describe la aplicacion de un metodo liable y no complicado para analizar y documentar la marcha en individuos con paralisis cerebral. Se discute la aplicacion presente y futura del metodo.
Metamaterials Applied to ESPAR Antenna for Mutual Coupling Reduction

Phased array smart antennas are becoming the primary choice for wireless communication solutions. Along with the increased usage of this technology, the problems related to mutual electromagnetic coupling between elements become evident. On arrays consisting of only one active element and multiple parasite elements (which steer the radiation pattern), as is the case of the electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antenna, it is desirable to have maximum mutual coupling between each parasite element and the active one. However, the mutual coupling between parasite elements decreases the overall efficiency of the adaptive algorithm used to optimize the radiating pattern of the array. This letter explores the use of metamaterial as a near-field electromagnetic insulator. A novel ESPAR antenna structure, composed by metamaterial between parasite elements, has been proposed. The metamaterial structure transforms the conventional behavior of electromagnetic waves. The wave–metamaterial interaction behaves as a high-impedance area, which attenuates electromagnetic waves that move across it. The results show an effective minimization of the mutual coupling between the passive elements, with no significant impact to the mutual coupling between the active element and each passive one.
Modeling and observer design for an array of electrostatically actuated microcantilevers

We present a mathematical model for the dynamics of an array of capacitively actuated microcantilevers. We propose a system where the current measured at each cantilever is used as the sensing signal of the cantilever state through an observer. We show that such an array is a spatially invariant system with distributed control and sensing. For the common case of periodically excited cantilevers, we show that the underlying dynamics are those of a periodic system described by a Mathieu equation. We exploit the spatial invariance of the problem to design an optimal distributed observer, where the temporal periodicity is handled using the lifting technique.
High-Pressure Compaction Studies and Chemistry of Solutions Squeezed Out of Muds at Different Stages of Compaction: ABSTRACT

Remaining moisture content (% dry basis) was determined for various clays (montmorillonite, hectorite, illite, kaolinite, dickite, halloysite), marine mud, and soil samples and plotted versus the logarithm of pressure (up to 500,000 psi.). The straight-line relation at pressures above 40-1,000 psi. (depending on type of clay) suggests that compaction is more or less a simple continuous process in the pressure range studied. The resistance to compression apparently increases with higher packing density and more strongly coalesced structures. Most of the water is squeezed out during a relatively short period of time (1-4 days), and equilibrium is reached after about 7-60 days (depending on type of clay). The calculated (from water loss) permeability of clay at high overburd n pressures (15,000-400,000 psi.) is in the order of 10-10-10-13 darcys, values characteristic of nearly impervious soils. Consequently, compaction appears not to be limited by low permeability, but rather by resistance to grain deformation. The salinity of squeezed-out solutions (using fresh marine mud, various types of clay, and sea water) progressively decreases with increase in overburden pressure. Consequently, mineralization of interstitial solutions in shale should be less than that of waters in associated sandstone. Reliable results in determining the chemistry of interstitial solutions of marine mud require that nearly all fluid be squeezed from each sample and require pressures in the 150,000-400,000 psi. range. Experiments concerning X-ray analysis of compacted clay for deciphering the magnitude of overburden pressure were inconclusive. End_of_Article - Last_Page 608------------
Adoption of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) on a Personal Computer

As a result of improved performance and decreasing costs of microcomputers, they are considered as effective tools for classroom instruction. In fact, the rapid proliferation of microprocessors has presented the engineering educators with a number of difficult questions. How can classroom presentations be kept abreast of the rapidly changing technology? How far can we use readily available software for classroom instruction? What is the share of mainframe, and microcomputer usage for instruction? With this trend, new computer aided courses are introduced in several Universities, with the following goals. a) Microcomputer based instrumentation, and b) Software aided design and analysis. Microprocessor based instrumentation is the key to achieve accuracy, and repeatability. Software based analyses are carried out in spreadsheeting, equation solving, and graphics. The standard software packages are useful for engineers who are working in different disciplines. In the narrow specializations such software packages are not readily available, and developments are not likely to occur in the near future, since the demand is not very high. In such areas there is a need to adopt existing software packages from the mainframe. Power system is such a narrow specialization, and the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is a widely used software package for classroom instruction on mainframe computers. In this paper, the performance of EMTP on a microcomputer is studied. Computer-aided analysis has proven to be a viable tool in understanding transients in power systems.
A new model for GPS yaw attitude

modeling of the GPS satellite yaw attitude is a key element in high-precision geophysical applications. This fact is illustrated here as a new model for the GPS satellite yaw attitude is introduced. The model constitutes a significant improvement over the previously available model in terms of efficiency, flexibility and portability. The model is described in detail and implementation issues, including the proper estimation strategy, are addressed. The performance of the new model is analyzed and an error budget is presented. Finally, the implementation of the yaw bias on the GPS satellites is reviewed from its inception until it reached a steady state in November, 1995.
The Role of Thermal Grooving, Thermotransport and Electrotransport on the Failure of Thin Film Metallizations

Grain boundary grooving, thermotransport and electrotransport operate simultaneously during current stressing of thin film metallizations. For different operating conditions or positions along a stripe, they may compete or reinforce each other in promoting hole formation. This work demonstrates that second components may influence this competition in a variety of ways. As the interactions become better understood, they may ultimately provide the basis for controlling hole formation and predicting reliability of thin film stripes.
Experiential learning in teams

Teamwork is prevalent in organizations, yet it has pitfalls such as social loafing, groupthink, overdependence on a dominant leader, overcommitment to goals, and diffusion of responsibility. Such negative factors can be overcome and team effectiveness improved when teams intentionally focus on learning. This article draws on nearly four decades of research and theory on experiential learning theory in teams. We identify learning as the key component of six aspects of team development: purpose, membership, role leadership, context, process, and action. Teams learn differently in early versus later stages of development. The Kolb Team Learning Experience addresses all six aspects through a structured written simulation. Upon completion of the simulation, the team has knowledge about the functions of teams in general, experience about the functions of its team specifically, and awareness of learning and progress through the learning cycle modes.
An Anatomic Investigation of the Mandibular First Molar Using Micro–Computed Tomography

Abstract Introduction The mandibular first molar is the most frequently endodontically treated tooth and is extremely anatomically challenging. The purpose of this micro–computed tomographic evaluation was to quantitatively investigate the morphology of the mandibular first molar to improve both orthograde and retrograde treatment. Methods Twenty-two mandibular first molars were scanned, reconstructed, and subjected to various linear measurements. The average, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean of each linear measurement were calculated, and the mode for each nominal data category was determined. Results/Conclusions The furcal aspect of the entire mesial root should be considered a “danger zone.” Mesial canals were found to be much more variable than distal canals in morphology, whereas the relative position of the orifices of the mesial canals was relatively consistent at 1.5 mm from the pulpal floor. Root-end resection of 3 mm would remove the majority of lateral canals and apical ramifications.
EFFECTS OF TRACE ANAESTHETIC GASES ON BEHAVIOURAL PERFORMANCE OF VOLUNTEERS

Nitrous oxide and halothane, in concentrations as low as 50 p.p.m. and 1.0 p.p.m. respectively, caused measurable decrements in performance in psychological tests in healthy male volunteers. Nitrous oxide alone caused similar effects. The functions apparently most sensitive to these low concentrations of anaesthetic agents were visual perception, immediate memory, and a combination of perception, cognition and motor responses required in a task of divided attention to simultaneous visual and auditory stimuli. These effects were absent in subjects exposed to nitrous oxide 25 p.p.m. and halothane 0.5 p.p.m.
Antibody to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase and its use in chromfltin analysis

Abstract To facilitate investigations on the organization of poly (ADP-Rib) polymerase in chromatin, and to elucidate its biological function, polymerase purified from HeLa nuclei was used to elicit antibodies in mice. The anti-polymerase sera was found to be specific by multiple criteria. The association of polymerase with oligonucleosomes of differing chain size was determined by the specific binding of polymerase antibody (and as control, anti-histone H3) to nitrocellulose transfers of native electrophoretic gels of these particles. By this technique, polymerase appears to be associated with a select subclass of nucleosomes. Further resolution of the polymerase binding sites within nucleosome classes was achieved with the antibody by two-dimensional native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and nitrocellulose transfer.
Focal Pulmonary Embolism Presenting as Diffuse Pulmonary Edema

We report the unique occurrence of bilateral pulmonary edema in a patient with a small focal pulmonary embolus without evidence of underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease. The most likely mechanism for this involves the release of humoral factors leading to extravasation of fluid across pulmonary capillary membranes. This case illustrates that pulmonary emboli should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary edema.
The Subcellular Distribution of β-Carotene in Bovine Corpus Luteum

The distribution of beta-carotene was determined in various subcellular fractions of bovine corpus luteum. It was found in significant amounts in all subcellular fractions examined including nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, cytosolic, and floating lipid. Much of the beta-carotene found in the crude nuclear and mitochondrial fractions was loosely bound and could be removed with repeated washings. In contrast, the microsomal beta-carotene could only be removed by detergent extraction suggesting that it is an integral component of this membrane preparation. In the cytosol fraction beta-carotene was bound to high-molecular-weight protein(s), quite possibly a plasma-derived lipoprotein. The subcellular distribution of beta-carotene in corpus luteum is quite similar to the distribution of its metabolite, retinol, in liver. This finding coupled with other recently published data suggests that beta-carotene could play a distinct role in corpora lutea function.
A case study of statistical downscaling in Australia using weather classification by recursive partitioning

Abstract Because of their coarse resolution General Circulation Models (GCMs) lack the ability to predict reliably surface variables that may be needed for climate effects studies on a regional scale. Stochastic downscaling methods, based on the relationship between large-scale circulation types and regional surface variables, offer one approach to bridge this scale mismatch. The method explored in this paper uses recursive partitioning (also known as Classification Tree Analysis) to identify circulation patterns (weather states) in observed sea level pressure (SLP) fields that are most closely related to certain rainfall occurrence patterns (dry/wet) at multiple stations. The joint distribution functions of rainfall amounts at a set of stations are then used to define a statistical model for rainfall conditional on these weather states and the previous day's rainfall occurrence/absence. This model is applied to SLP fields from control, 2×CO2 equilibrium and transient 100 year GCM integrations performed at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie, Hamburg to simulate local rainfall corresponding to the large-scale GCM climates. The weather generator is applied for several case studies in Australia. Four regions, one each in the West, the North, the Southeast and East of Australia are considered, for the summer and winter seasons, respectively. These regions correspond to different climate zones: the North has mainly summer monsoon rain, the West has dominant frontal winter rainfall, and moderate Southeast has a relatively uniform rainfall distribution throughout the year. Thus, the performance of the weather generator in different climatic regimes can be evaluated. Since rainfall amounts are simulated by sampling from historical data a statistical uncertainty is attached to the generated rainfall sequences which is due to the procedure used. This is reflected in uncertainties of the downscaled mean rainfall of generally less than ±10%, with larger numerical intervals for dry stations and seasons. The effects of a 2×CO2 signal in the equilibrium run on local rainfall are not dramatic. For the transient experiment, there is an indication of more rainy days and a decrease in the length of dry periods in West Australia in winter. The strongest change is identified in the North in the monsoon season which would have decreasing rainfall. No unequivocal changes were found for the Southeast. However, consistent with earlier studies, the bias of GCM control simulations strongly affects the results, as the difference between precipitation statistics based on observed and control run pressure fields often exceeds the difference between GCM control and altered climate. Considering this deficiency in current GCM simulations, the disagreement between different climate models and the uncertainty attached to the statistical downscaling method, not too much reliance can be put on the relevance of these results for regional hydrologic impact modeling.
Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection in common fluids

Detecting target analytes with high specificity and sensitivity in any fluid is of fundamental importance to analytical science and technology. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has proven to be capable of detecting single molecules with high specificity, but achieving single-molecule sensitivity in any highly diluted solutions remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a universal platform that allows for the enrichment and delivery of analytes into the SERS-sensitive sites in both aqueous and nonaqueous fluids, and its subsequent quantitative detection of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) down to ∼75 fM level (10(-15) mol⋅L(-1)). Our platform, termed slippery liquid-infused porous surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SLIPSERS), is based on a slippery, omniphobic substrate that enables the complete concentration of analytes and SERS substrates (e.g., Au nanoparticles) within an evaporating liquid droplet. Combining our SLIPSERS platform with a SERS mapping technique, we have systematically quantified the probability, p(c), of detecting R6G molecules at concentrations c ranging from 750 fM (p > 90%) down to 75 aM (10(-18) mol⋅L(-1)) levels (p ≤ 1.4%). The ability to detect analytes down to attomolar level is the lowest limit of detection for any SERS-based detection reported thus far. We have shown that analytes present in liquid, solid, or air phases can be extracted using a suitable liquid solvent and subsequently detected through SLIPSERS. Based on this platform, we have further demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of chemical and biological molecules as well as environmental contaminants within a broad range of common fluids for potential applications related to analytical chemistry, molecular diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and national security.
Baccalaureate Nursing Student Preceptorship Programs and the Development of Clinical Competence

Clinical competence is germane to professional nursing practice. One goal of nursing student preceptorship programs is to develop the student's level of clinical competence beyond that of traditional baccalaureate education. This study investigated the effect of nursing student preceptorship programs on the development of clinical competence among 72 senior BSN students. Results indicated that students who participated in summer preceptorship programs gained greater levels of clinical competence, than did students who worked as nursing assistants in noninstructional clinical settings. Both groups perceived their summer work experiences as valuable in helping them to develop skills in problem solving, application of theory to practice, and psychomotor skill performance. They also reported an increased level of self-confidence in a nursing role. Study findings provide baseline data for decision making for nursing faculty and administrators.
Symptom Endorsement and Sociodemographic Correlates of Postnatal Distress in Three Low Income Countries.

Background. Maternal mental illness has been implicated in adverse child development outcomes. Factors such as context and culture may influence experiences of maternal distress and explain differences in outcomes across settings. Methods. We analyzed baseline data from 5,647 mothers in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), and Vietnam participating in an ongoing cohort study (Young Lives) to compare symptom endorsement and sociodemographic correlates of distress. Maternal distress was assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 Items (cutoff: ≥8). Logistic regressions were stratified by sample to identify correlates of distress. Results. Symptom endorsement was similar among distressed women, particularly with regard to feeling unhappy (76%, 80%, and 79%). Notable differences were observed in three items assessing Depressive Thoughts, which were most highly endorsed in Ethiopia (49%–56%). Having a child experiencing a life-threatening event was correlated with distress in all three samples. A variety of correlates were unique to only one sample. Conclusions. There were multiple similarities but also notable differences across sites in the expression and correlates of maternal distress. Feeling unhappy appears to be a hallmark feature of distress. Correlates highlight the relationship between distress and indicators of poverty, child wellbeing, and economic shocks. Differences demonstrate the value of further exploration of cross-cultural differences.