cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Redox Conditions with Flow-Based and Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Redox Indicators: Application to Reductive Dehalogenation in a Bioaugmented Soil Column

Redox indicators were employed to monitor redox status in a bioaugmented, sediment-packed column during the dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to ethene (ETH). The speciation of the indicators thionine and cresyl violet, immobilized on transparent films, was spectrometrically monitored with a flow sensor based on circulating the column solution through a specially constructed flow cell placed in a conventional spectrometer. A fiber optic redox probe based on immobilized azure C was constructed. A 75-cm column with 4 sets of ports along the column axis at regular intervals was constructed and packed with aquifer material. These ports enabled sampling to determine concentrations of chlorinated ethene species and allowed for in situ or non-invasive monitoring of redox conditions with negligible O 2 contamination. The flow sensor and fiber optic sensor showed similar responses to redox conditions in the column. After 60 days, complete conversion of PCE to ETH occurred by the end of the column and the r...
Bending of DNA by asymmetric charge neutralization: all-atom energy simulations.

DNA dodecamers of the alternating d(CG).d(CG) sequence with six phosphate groups either charge-neutralized or substituted by neutral methylphosphonates across the major or minor groove have been subjected to energy minimization to determine the conformational effect of the asymmetric elimination of phosphate charge. We report bending angles, directions of bending, and detailed structural characteristics such as groove widths and local base-pair parameters. Our principal results are that charge neutralization on one face of the DNA induces significant bending toward the neutralized face, in agreement with theoretical predictions on a simplified model and experimental data on a similar base-pair sequence, and that the DNA conformation averaged over all stereospecific methylphosphonate substitutions is nearly the same as the conformation produced by charge neutralization of the phosphates. Individual isomers, however, cover a wide range of structures, with the magnitude and direction of overall bending sensitive to the precise stereochemical pattern of neutralization. Our simulation does not explicitly contain counterions, and the results therefore suggest that counterions can influence DNA structure by neutralizing the phosphate charge. These data provide new hints into the molecular mechanisms which underlie the deformations of DNA structure induced by the binding of positively charged proteins and other tightly associated cationic species.
Inhibition of in vitro T cell activation by corneal endothelial cells

Abstract Cells and tissues of the anterior uvea and aqueous humor express activities which inhibit immune responses. These activities include soluble factors such as TGF-β and uncharacterized cell surface interactions. Relatively little is known regarding the immunologic activities of corneal endothelium, despite its potentially important role in contributing to the immune privilege of the anterior chamber and the high success rate of corneal transplantation. In this report, in vitro studies of cultured rat corneal endothelial (CE) cells were done using S-antigen-specific LEW rat T cell lines, or S-antigen-specific T cell hybridomas, to examine the immunologic capabilities of CE cells. Monolayers of LEW rat CE cells were unable to present antigen or a mitogen, Con A, to T cell lines or hybridomas as assessed by the lack of a proliferative response or IL-2 secretion. Furthermore, the CE cells exerted a potent inhibitory effect when added to in vitro proliferation assays of T cell lines stimulated with antigen or Con A. When T cells were preactivated on conventional antigen presenting cells and then transferred to wells containing CE cells, their proliferation was not inhibited. Although CE cells inhibited activation of T cell lines and hybridomas, they did not inhibit the growth of T cell hybridomas or CTLL cells, nor did the CE cells adversely affect the viability of resting T cells cultured on CE monolayers. The inhibitory effect was reversible as preincubation of T cells on CE cells for up to 6 days followed by washes restored T cell responsiveness when assayed on splenocytes. The inability to stimulate proliferative responses was not affected by preincubation of the CE cells with lymphokines which increase MHC antigen expression. The inhibition observed in these assays was not MHC-restricted as CE cells from both LEW and BN rats were equally inhibitory. CE cells from rabbits and cats were also potent inhibitors of T cell activation, suggesting that the mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. The mechanism of inhibition by CE cells is unknown at this time.
Repair of Peripheral Meniscal Tears: Open Versus Arthroscopic Technique

Abstract Tears in the peripheral vascular zone of 71 menisci in 68 knees were repaired by us from 1978 to 1986. The meniscus repair was done by open arthrotomy in 26 cases and by arthroscopic techniques in 45 cases. We have assessed the relative efficacies of open and arthroscopic repair techniques. The results were compared in knees with and without anterior cruciate laxity. The indications for meniscal repair included unstable peripheral detachments and longitudinal tears of the outer third of the meniscus. Open repair was performed by a posteromedial arthrotomy incision. Arthroscopic repair was done using the double-lumen guide system with a limited posterior incision for retrieval of needles. We have found that the arthroscopic technique is easier to perform than the open repair because some tears are too far inside the rim to lend themselves to open suture. The average follow-up is 4 years, 2 months, with a range of 2–10 years. There have been no neurologic or vascular injuries from either technique. Twenty-five patients have had a repeat arthroscopy. The overall failure rate was 9.8%. The difference between the failure rate of 11% in the open-repair group and 8.8% in the arthroscopic repair group was not statistically significant. The failure rate in anterior cruciate-stable knees was 8% versus a 13% failure in cruciate-deficient knees. We conclude that both open and arthroscopic meniscus repair techniques are safe and effective with few complications in both stable and unstable knees. Anterior cruciate ligament stability is ideal, but it is not mandatory for a successful result.
Reversible conversion of coenzyme F420 to the 8-OH-AMP and 8-OH-GMP esters, F390-A and F390-G, on oxygen exposure and reestablishment of anaerobiosis in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

Intracellular levels of F390 (AMP and GMP adducts of the 5-deazaflavin cofactor F420) in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were analysed after gasing fermenter cultures with several consecutive cycles of substrate gas and gas mixtures containing 5% oxygen. No F390 was detected in growing cells, hydrogen starved cells and CO2 starved cells prior to O2 contamination. Also, no F390 was found in hydrogen depleted cells after O2 treatment. Exposure of exponentially growing cells and CO2 starved cells to oxygen lead to the formation of F390 species; the increase in the detected amount of F390 was coupled to a decrease of the F420 level. As soon as anaerobiosis was reestablished F390 cofactors were degraded and growth proceeded. Independent of the physiological condition of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum methanopterin was formed upon O2 exposure. After normal growth conditions were restored the level of detected methanopterin decreased again.
The electron’s self photon

Abstract Equations of motion (EOM’s) are presented for the electron and photon. The electron EOM is the same as Dirac’s equation with mass interpreted to be totally electromagnetic in nature. The photon EOM is considered here to be the EOM for the electron’s self photon. The electron EOM and photon EOM together are presented as a single theory of the electron which is distinct from QED, in which separate matter and light theories are used for the electron and photon respectively. A temporarily bound state is found for the point proton–electron-self-photon three-body combination which possibly represents a neutronic state. In support of this surmise the theory is used to calculate the neutronic state-proton mass difference, the lifetime of the neutronic state against electron emission, and the neutronic state’s magnetic moment. This interpretation of the neutronic state suggests that the self photon and the neutrino share the same EOM and are possibly the same particle.
CYCLOTRON BEAM CURRENT LIMITS BASED ON RESIDUAL RADIATION.

Abstract Beam current limits, based on residual radiation levels, were determined for protons, deuterons, helium-3, and alpha particle beams in the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron. The basis for setting the limits is the radiation level, due to radioactivity induced by beam loss in the extraction system, should be the same after sixteen hours' cooling for the various particle types and range of energy. The energies extend to 40 MeV for deuterons, 65 MeV for protons, and 80 MeV for helium-3 and alpha particles. All of the significant radioactivities were taken into account. Excitation functions, based on experimental data, were used. A computer program was used to perform the residual radiation calculations. Maximum permissible beam losses were thus determined for the present ORIC extraction system, which consists of components of carbon, alumunium, copper, and tantalum. The effects on the bram current limits of variation of cooling times and bombardment times were also explored. Similar calculations were made for an all copper extraction system. Calculated residual radiation levels are compared with experimental measurements.
Calibration Of Long Term Data Sets From Operational Satellites Using The Space Shuttle

Modifications made to the SBUV/2 (solar backscatter ultraviolet mod 2) to make it compatible with the Shuttle are examined. The Shuttle SBUV (SSBUV) in-flight radiometric calibration checking system is also described. Requirements, constraints, and methodology for combining SSBUV data with SBUV/2 data to remove its long-term drift are discussed.
Rings of regular functions on nilpotent orbits and their covers

LetG be a complex semisimple algebraic group with Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{g}$$ . Let $$\mathcal{O} \subset \mathfrak{g}$$ be a nilpotentG-orbit, $$R(\mathcal{O})$$ its ring of regular functions. We derive a formula for $$R(\mathcal{O})$$ as aG-module and prove some partial results on $$R(\tilde {\mathcal{O}}),\tilde {\mathcal{O}}$$ a cover of $$\mathcal{O}$$ . We then relate this formula to various existing multiplicity formulas forK-types in Harish-Chandra bimodules ofG.
Complementary permutations for abelian groups

LetG be an additively written abelian group and leth: G → G be a given function. M. Hall Jr. (1952) and L. Fuchs (1958) already answered the following question. For what functionsh: G → G does the functional equationσ(x) + τ(x) = h(x) (x ∈ G) have as its solution a pair of permutationsσ andτ ofG? In this paper, we give explicit constructions of such a pairσ, τ in a number of cases, in particular whenh(x) ≡ x andG is finite. We further determine the finite groupsG where the latterσ, τ can be chosen to be automorphisms.
Resistivity anomaly in beta-brass

Abstract The resistivity anomaly in β-brass is shown in a plot of Δρ / ΔT as a function of ( T − T c ). The critical behavior is discussed.
Alpha/Beta Interferon and Gamma Interferon Synergize To Inhibit the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

In vivo evidence suggests that T-cell-derived gamma interferon (IFN-γ) can directly inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). However, IFN-γ is a weak inhibitor of HSV-1 replication in vitro. We have found that IFN-γ synergizes with the innate IFNs (IFN-α and -β) to potently inhibit HSV-1 replication in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of Vero cells with either IFN-β or IFN-γ inhibits HSV-1 replication by
Hyperfine Structure of the 24-kev Transition in Sn 119

The Zeeman splittings of the two lower levels of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{119}$ were measured by the method of recoilless emission and resonant absorption of the 24-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ radiation emitted in the decay of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{119m}$. The source consisted of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{119m}$ diffused into 0.002-in. iron foil. Grey tin metal at a temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C was used as the absorber. The magnitude of the internal magnetic field at the source nuclei was sufficient to allow resolution of the six absorption peaks resulting from the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ $M1$ transition. Measurements were made with the internal fields aligned by application of a small external magnetic field; in this manner the central line of each triplet could be enhanced or suppressed by observing the radiation emitted either perpendicular or parallel to the external field. The splitting parameters obtained from the measurements yield a value of 0.672\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.025 nm for the magnetic moment of the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{119}$, and an effective magnetic field at the tin nuclei in the iron environment of 78.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0 koe. The chemical shift is such that the transition energy in the source is less than that in the absorber by (4.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ev. Within the limits of measurement, no quadrupole coupling was observed.
A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MOUSE THYMUS DIFFERENTIATION.

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for the quantitative assay of lymphoid differentiation using an electronic cell counter and size analyzer. 2. 2. Using this method, the normal in situ differentiation of the prenatal and early postnatal mouse thymus has been described in terms of increase in lymphocyte number and decrease in cell size. 3. 3. The implications of the results are briefly discussed.
Oligomerization of 2-methylpropene and transformation of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene over supported and unsupported perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid catalysts

Abstract Oligomerization of 2-methylpropene was studied with two types of supported (on alumina and on silicon carbide) as well neat perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid catalysts. The heterogeneous reactions were carried out over the solid acid catalysts in a continuous flow reactor at temperatures between 85 and 170°C under atmospheric pressure. Under the studied conditions (85 to 105°C, 1 atm pressure, WHSV : 1–3 g/g · h) all catalysts studied are suitable for oligomerization of 2-methylpropene. Product distributions show regular temperature dependence: upon increasing temperature the molecular weight of oligomers decreases, with no difference in the selectivity of the catalysts. Transformation of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene in the liquid phase at room temperature shows surprising selectivity using either the hydrated or dehydrated forms of the resinsulfonic acids. In the case of the hydrated forms of the acids, only double bond isomerization takes place. With dehydrated acids oligomerization as well as isomerization occurs. Above 50°C the selectivity is lost.
Acute angioneurotic edema of the lips and tongue due to emotional stress

Angioneurotic edema, though a fairly common medical condition, is rarely seen in dental practice. As laryngeal involvement can occur spontaneously and suddenly in the dental office or a similar complication can develop abruptly after administration of certain drugs used in dentistry, an understanding of this condition is definitely indicated. Moreover, as the hereditary form of this clinical entity can be precipitated by trauma, such as various dental and oral surgical procedures with a high incidence of laryngeal edema, an awareness of this phenomenon is an absolute necessity for sound medical and dental practice.
Generations, Aging, and Social Stratification: on the Development of Generational Units1

A crucial but underdeveloped aspect of generational analysis concerns the importance of class groupings on the development of generation-based issues, and the necessity of examining the way in which superordinate and subordinate class groupings mediate the experience of age-cohort membership. If one distinguishes the demographic (or cohort) perspective on generations from that which focuses on smaller age-based groupings that provide specific impetus for social change (generation units), one can explore the antecedents of generation unit formation among upper-middle class youth of the past decade, and examine the role of social and technological innovation in the creation of alternative generational styles. Four types of generational units among youth are delineated—radicalism, freakism, communalism, and revivalism—and the possibility of generational units among the elderly is discussed.
Conservative management of groin pain during pregnancy: a descriptive case study.

Objective To describe the management of groin pain occurring during pregnancy using a comprehensive conservative approach.
TEMPERAMENT TYPES: MIDLIFE DEATH CONCERNS, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND INTENSITY OF CRISIS

Individuals (N = 331) between the ages 35 and 55 completed a death concern scale and a temperament type sorter and provided information relative to the intensity of and their ability to identify a midlife crisis event. Participants were classified within temperament types by gender, education level, crisis intensity, and ability to identify the crisis event. Five temperament types (ESTJ [extrovert, sensing, thinking, judging], ESFJ [extrovert, sensing, feeling, judging], ISFJ [introvert, sensing, feeling, judging], ISTJ [introvert, sensing, thinking, judging], and ENFP [extrovert, intuitive, feeling, perceiving]) significantly correlated with thinking about and anxiety about death. Gender and education level, as well as crisis intensity, also correlated significantly with death concerns. Temperament type characteristics that may have relevancy to the findings are discussed.
The Complex Genetic Architecture of Drosophila Life Span

Continuous phenotypic variation in life span results from segregating genetic variation at multiple loci, the environmental sensitivity of expression of these loci, and the history of environmental variation experienced by the organism throughout its life. We have mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) that produce variation in the life span of mated Drosophila melanogaster using a panel of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) that were backcrossed to the parental strains from which they were derived. Five QTL were identified that influence mated life span, three were male-specific, one was female-specific, and one affected life span in both sexes. The additive allelic effects and dominance of QTL were highly sex-specific. One pair of QTL also exhibited significant epistatic effects on life span. We summarize all of the QTL mapping data for Drosophila life span, and outline future prospects for disentangling the genetic and environmental influences on this trait.
Secreted noggin protein mimics the Spemann organizer in dorsalizing Xenopus mesoderm

ADORSALIZING signal acts during gastrulation to change the specification of lateral mesodermal tissues from ventral (blood, mesenchyme) to more dorsal fates (muscle, heart, pronephros)1–3. This signal, from Spemann's organizer, cannot be mimicked by the mesoderm inducers activin and fibroblast growth factor2. The gene noggin is expressed in the organizer4, and could be the dorsalizing signal. Here we show that soluble noggin protein added to ventral marginal zones during gastrulation induces muscle, but that activin does not. Dorsal pattern can be partially rescued in ventralized embryos by injection of a plasmid that expresses noggin during gastrulation. The results suggest that the noggin product may be the dorsalizing signal from the organizer.
Acute lethality of D- and L-ethionine in Swiss mice

Summary The acute, 7-day LD 50 in Swiss mice of D-ethionine administered intraperitoneally, was determined as 185 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits of 163 and 210 mg/kg. L-ethionine, the stereoisomer, which is more potent in inhibiting liver RNA synthesis, was not lethal at 2500 mg/kg. This acute toxicity of D-ethionine was suppressed by L-methionine and adenine. Blood accumulation in the thoracic cavity and pericardium was the probable cause of death.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Past, Present, Future

In recent years fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has become a routine method for determining diffusion coefficients, chemical rate constants, molecular concentrations, fluorescence brightness, triplet state lifetimes, and other molecular parameters. FCS measures the spatial and temporal correlation of individual molecules with themselves and so provides a bridge between classical ensemble and contemporary single-molecule measurements. It also provides information on concentration and molecular number fluctuations for nonlinear reaction systems that complement single-molecule measurements. Typically implemented on a fluorescence microscope, FCS samples femtoliter volumes and so is especially useful for characterizing small dynamic systems such as biological cells. In addition to its practical utility, however, FCS provides a window on mesoscopic systems in which fluctuations from steady states not only provide the basis for the measurement but also can have important consequences for the behavior and evolution of the system. For example, a new and potentially interesting field for FCS studies could be the study of nonequilibrium steady states, especially in living cells.
Preparation and conformational characterization of Cr (III) hemoglobin.

Abstract Chromium(III) substituted hemoglobin has been prepared. Circular dichroism spectra in the UV region have been recorded in the presence and absence of the allosteric affector inositol hexaphosphate. The reactivity with bromthymol blue and p-mercuribenzoate has been measured. All data indicate a T state (or T state-like) structure, whereas an R structure would be expected from the chromium stereochemistry. Similarities to cobalt(III) hemoglobin suggest that the chromium derivative also exists as an internal hemichrome. Thus, despite major tertiary structure differences, “denatured” hemichromes may have a quaternary structure quite similar to deoxyhemoglobin.
Screening Mammography for Elderly Women

Purpose: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among elderly women, but there is little consensus in the literature about appropriate screening guidelines for the elderly. In this report, evidence-based studies addressing the efficacy and effectiveness of mammography screening programs for elderly women are analyzed and interpreted. Overview: Although there is little direct scientific evidence to support (or to disavow) the benefits of mammography screening for elderly women, a review of the relevant literature supports the benefits of screening mammography for this population. The authors believe that the current evidence supports the efficacy and effectiveness of mammography screening programs for women up to at least age 80 and also suggests that women older than age 80 who are in good general health will also benefit from screening. Clinical implications: Most individuals rely on their healthcare providers' recommendations to aid them in making decisions regarding their health. When healthcare professionals are equipped with evidence-supported guidelines, they can ensure that appropriate recommendations are being made for their patients. Healthcare professionals who treat the elderly should implement the authors' recommendations, supported by current evidence. The lack of direct evidence should not be interpreted as evidence against the use of screening mammography for the elderly but rather as a call for clinical research on preventive healthcare for senior citizens.
Gender, Race and the National Education Association: Professionalism and its Limitations

Urban presents the NEA in its historical context, turning a fair and clear eye on this powerful and controversial organization, and using this context to both criticize and commend. The culmination of a three decade long study, this unique volume presents an unusually thorough and much needed holistic view of the NEA.
Trypsin-induced alterations of insulin binding, microfilament organization and cell shape in fibroblastic cultures from non-diabetic and diabetic mice.

Abstract Although fibroblastic cultures from the skin of both non-diabetic and diabetic (db/db) mice have specific receptors for insulin, cells from diabetic mice bind only half as much insulin as those from non-diabetic animals. Treatment of cultures from non-diabetic and diabetic mice with trypsin caused an increase in the total number of binding sites from 7.7 × 10 4 to 11.0 × 10 4 per cell in nondiabetic and from 2.9 × 10 4 to 5.1 × 10 4 per cell in diabetic cells. The increase is reversible and apparently specific for trypsin. Cells cultured from non-diabetic and diabetic animals are flat and fusiform and have microfilaments of various sizes occurring individually in the cytoplasm and in bundles running parallel with the plasma membrane. Trypsin treatment causes rounding of cells, with development of numerous blebs and folds, and depolymerization and disappearance of microfilament bundles in both non-diabetic and diabetic cells. The present study demonstrates that although diabetic fibroblasts have fewer insulin receptors than cells from non-diabetic littermates, the effects of trypsin on insulin receptors, organization of macrofilament bundles, and cell morphology have not been altered by the expression of the diabetic state.
Transfer RNA Misidentification Scrambles Sense Codon Recoding

Sense codon recoding is the basis for genetic code expansion with more than two different noncanonical amino acids. It requires an unused (or rarely used) codon, and an orthogonal tRNA synthetase:tRNA pair with the complementary anticodon. The Mycoplasma capricolum genome contains just six CGG arginine codons, without a dedicated tRNA(Arg). We wanted to reassign this codon to pyrrolysine by providing M. capricolum with pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase, a synthetic tRNA with a CCG anticodon (tRNA(Pyl)(CCG)), and the genes for pyrrolysine biosynthesis. Here we show that tRNA(Pyl)(CCG) is efficiently recognized by the endogenous arginyl-tRNA synthetase, presumably at the anticodon. Mass spectrometry revealed that in the presence of tRNA(Pyl)(CCG), CGG codons are translated as arginine. This result is not unexpected as most tRNA synthetases use the anticodon as a recognition element. The data suggest that tRNA misidentification by endogenous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases needs to be overcome for sense codon recoding.
The effects of benzamide analogues on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale: Based on the differential distribution of dopamine (DA) D3 receptors in mesolimbic regions relative to nigrostriatal regions, the hypothesis was that D3-selective antagonists (i.e., higher affinity at D3- than D2-receptors) would be more potent than D2-selective antagonists at decreasing total cocaine intake relative to disrupting rates of responding. Objective: To evaluate the effects of acute administration of seven DA antagonists with varying affinities for D2 and D3 receptors in monkeys self-administering cocaine. Methods: Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (0.01–0.3 mg/kg per injection) under a fixed-interval (FI) 5-min schedule during daily 4-h sessions. The use of a FI schedule allowed for independent assessment of rate effects and changes in reinforcement frequency as a consequence of drug pretreatments. The compounds examined, in order of D3 binding affinity, were: 2,3-dimethoxy-N-(9-p-fluorobenzyl)-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3β-yl benzamide (MABN) = eticlopride = 5-bromo- 2,3-dimethoxy-N-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl]benz-amide (BBP) > spiperone > fluoroclebopride (FCP) > 2,3-dimethoxy-N-(p-fluorobenzyl)piperdin-4-yl benzamide (MBP) > haloperidol. Results: In the absence of any pretreatments, cocaine-maintained responding varied as a function of dose and was characterized as an inverted U-shaped function, while cocaine intake increased in a dose-related fashion. When the dose of cocaine that maintained peak rates was available, all DA antagonists decreased response rates and cocaine intake in a dose- dependent manner. Increases in cocaine dose attenuated the effects of the DA antagonists, resulting in rightward shifts of the cocaine dose–response curves. Based on the ratio of behavioral potency at decreasing response rates relative to intake (ED50 rate/ED50 intake) when the highest cocaine dose was available, the order of potency and ED50 ratio values were: MABN (2.5) > eticlopride (1.63) > BBP = spiperone (1.5) > FCP (1.35) > MBP = haloperidol (0.89). This order parallels each compound’s affinity at D3 receptors (r2=0.84) to a greater degree than D2 receptor affinity (r2=0.34). Conclusions: These results, using a FI schedule of cocaine self-administration, suggest that D3 receptor antagonists are more likely to selectively decrease intake relative to response rates than D2 receptor antagonists.
Heat Transport Characteristics in a Miniature Flat Heat Pipe With Wire Core Wicks

A mathematical model predicting the heat transport capability in a miniature flat heat pipe (FHP) with a wired wick structure was developed to analytically determine its maximum heat transport rate including the capillary limit. The effects of gravity on the profile of the thin-film-evaporation region and the distribution of the heat flux along a curved surface were investigated. The heat transfer characteristics of the thin-film evaporation on the curved surface were also analyzed and compared with that on a flat surface. Combining the analysis on the thin-film-condensation heat transfer in the condenser, the model can be used to predict the total temperature drop between the evaporator and condenser in the FHP. In order to verify the model, an experimental investigation was conducted. The theoretical results predicted by the model agree well with the experimental data for the heat transfer process occurring in the FHP with the wired wick structure. Results of the investigation will assist in the optimum design of the curved-surface wicks to enlarge the thin-film-evaporation region and a better understanding of heat transfer mechanisms in heat pipes.
Transmission of Edwardsiella ictaluri from Infected, Dead to Noninfected Channel Catfish

Abstract Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) was transmitted horizontally from channel catfish Icialurus punctatus that had died from Edwardsiella ictaluri infection to contact channel catfish during 2 d of habitation in a tank. The contact channel catfish became positive for E. ictaluri antibody, became infected with this bacterium, and had signs of ESC and died within 12 d postexposure. Edwardsiella ictaluri was recovered from 24 of the 30 contact channel catfish that died from ESC, as well as from 9 of the 25 tested contact survivors. The cannibalizing of E. ictaluri-infected fish, or the shedding of E. ictaluri from dead fish, or both, were shown to be mechanisms of horizontal transmission of ESC among channel catfish.
“Aunt Jemima is Alive and Cookin’?” An Advertiser’s Dilemma of Competing Collective Memories:

This article discusses how a proposed advertising theme created a strategic and public relations dilemma for a team of modern-day marketing executives when viewed in the context of the promotional history of the Aunt Jemima brand. Using collective memory theory as a framework, this article explores alternative perspectives of the brand’s image among black and white consumers in light of a controversial proposed advertising theme. Archival records housed in the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History allow for a reconstruction of the executives’ decision scenario, ramifications of the advertising strategy, and a discussion of implications for contemporary practitioners.
The Nutcracker Syndrome Managed by Autotransplantation

Entrapment of the left renal vein between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery can cause renal venous hypertension, resulting in renal vein and left gonadal vein varices. This condition, which is a rare cause of hematuria and left flank pain, has previously been described as the nutcracker syndrome. It is not known why compression of the vein occurs in only a few cases, although passage of the left renal vein between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery is a normal anatomical finding. The diagnosis is made according to pressure gradients of the left renal vein and inferior vena cava during investigation of left hematuria. Surgery is controversial but autotransplantation is safe and it should be considered a treatment alternative. We report a case of the nutcracker syndrome managed by autotransplantation.
Utility of Preload Alteration in Assessment of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Doppler Echocardiography: A Simultaneous Catheterization and Doppler Echocardiographic Study

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of preload alterations in assessing left ventricular filling pressures with transmitral Doppler velocity curves. Background. Doppler mitral inflow velocities, used to estimate left ventricular filling pressures noninvasively, are limited in predicting left ventricular filling pressures, especially in patients with normal systolic function and a “pseudonormal” mitral filling pattern. Methods. Forty-nine patients were studied in the cardiac catheterization laboratory with simultaneous Doppler echocardiography using high fidelity catheters to compare left ventricular diastolic filling pressures (pre–A wave left ventricular pressure) and Doppler mitral inflow at baseline and during reduction of preload during the strain phase of the Valsalva maneuver (n = 27) or sublingual nitroglycerin (n = 36), or both (n = 14). Doppler measurements consisted of E (initial peak velocity), A (velocity at atrial contraction), deceleration time (time from E velocity to deceleration of flow extrapolated to baseline) and absolute A wave velocity (A′ [peak A wave velocity minus velocity at onset of atrial contraction]). Results. In patients with high pre–A wave pressure (≥15 mm Hg), there was a greater change in the E/A′ ratio during the Valsalva maneuver than in patients with a normal pre–A wave pressure (−1.22 ± 1.1 vs. −0.35 ± 0.17; p = 0.02). A similar change was seen when comparing the change in the E/A′ ratio after administration of nitroglycerin in patients with a high versus a normal pre–A wave pressure (0.81 ± 0.49 vs. 0.18 ± 0.17; p Conclusions. Alterations in preload during assessment of Doppler echocardiographic indexes may be useful in noninvasively assessing left ventricular filling pressures.
Tracing the Impact of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market

We examine the impact of liquidity shocks by exploiting cross-bank liquidity variation induced by unanticipated nuclear tests in Pakistan. We show that for the same firm borrowing from two different banks, its loan from the bank experiencing a 1 percent larger decline in liquidity drops by an additional 0.6 percent. While banks pass their liquidity shocks on to firms, large firms-particularly those with strong business or political ties-completely compensate this loss by additional borrowing through the credit market. Small firms are unable to do so and face large drops in overall borrowing and increased financial distress.
The cardiotoxicity of carbon monoxide as a component of polymer pyrolysis smokes.

Abstract Groups of adult male rats were repeatedly exposed to the pyrolysis products of a rigid polyurethane foam or of hemlock to which was added 0, 500, or 1000 ppm carbon monoxide under conditions that did not result in depletion of oxygen in the exposure atmosphere. Other groups were exposed to carbon monoxide in air. These exposures were associated with the development of cardiotoxicity which, although mild, was reflected consistently in increased in cardiac-specific plasma creatine phosphokinase activity, in increased numbers of ectopic beats in response to norepinephrine stress, and in the appearance of microscopic focal lesions in the myocardium. In general, the magnitudes of these effects increased as the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exposure atmosphere increased. However, the carbon monoxide content of both mixtures of pyrolysis products, and in particular of the pyrolysis products of the rigid polyurethane foam, was insufficient to account quantitatively for the total cardiotoxicity of these smokes.
Gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with naproxen sodium vs ibuprofen

Background: The risk of gastrointestinal tract bleeding requiring hospitalization associated with naproxen sodium was compared with that with ibuprofen, using a prescription database to approximate over-the-counter dosing. Objective: To evaluate the safety of naproxen sodium. Methods: A claims database containing Ohio Medicaid data from January 1986 through February 1993 and Michigan Medicaid data from April 1983 through July 1993 was used to compare 101318 patients dispensed naproxen sodium with 277 601 patients dispensed ibuprofen. Using a case-cohort design, all 59 patients from the full cohort who had been hospitalized with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (UGIB) that developed within 14 days after the first prescription for the study drugs were compared with a subcohort made up of a 10% random sample of subjects selected from the combined drug cohorts. Results: The incidence of UGIB occurring within 14 days after the first prescription in the naproxen sodium cohort was 26 (0.026%) of 101 318 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.017%-0.038%), compared with 33 (0.012%) of 277 601 patients (95% CI, 0.008%-0.017%) in the ibuprofen cohort. Overall, the use of naproxen sodium vs ibuprofen was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 2.0 (95% CI, 1.1-3.8). Among people with multiple prescriptions, the crude relative risk for those receiving therapy in a dose typical of over-the-counter use was 4.1 (95% CI, 1.2-13.8). Conclusions: The overall incidence of UGIB is low with both drugs. There is little additional absolute risk posed by the use of low-dose naproxen sodium, compared with low-dose ibuprofen, despite an increased relative risk. However, given the widespread use of these drugs, a substantial number of additional cases of UGIB could result from use of naproxen sodium. This increased risk should be considered, especially for patients whose baseline risk of UGIB is elevated. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2626-2631
Bladder Rupture in Premature Infant During Voiding Cystourethrography

We report what we believe to be the youngest patient with bladder rupture during voiding cystourethrography. If voiding cystourethrography needs to be done in a premature infant, the filling pressures should be minimized, multiple filling cycles should be avoided, and the voiding pressures should be minimized by using a small, balloon-less catheter.
Examining condom use self‐efficacy and coping in sexual situations

This investigation involves the examination of college students' condom self‐efficacy (knowledge and skills regarding condom use) and coping strategies in sexual situations. Results indicate that although students report high condom efficacy, efficacy is weakly correlated with actual condom use. Overall, efficacy is weakly correlated with coping styles in sexual situations. In general, students are opting for non‐communicative ways of coping (e.g., avoidance) in sexual situations as opposed to communicative ways (e.g., discussion with partner) of coping. However, those who report “always” using a condom use communicative coping strategies more frequently than non‐communicative coping strategies. Efficacy is positively related to communicative coping styles versus non‐communicative coping styles. Marital partners differ from unmarried couples in that they use more “planning ahead” coping strategies. Discussion and implications follow.
Coding properties of an ochre-suppressing derivative of Escherichia coli tRNAITyr

The ability of an ochre-suppressing derivative of Escherichia coli tRNATyrI to suppress amber and ochre mutations in the same codon (homotopic mutations) at several sites in three different genes (E. coli β-galactosidase, phage T4 rIIB cistron and T4 lysozyme) was tested. This suppressor transfer RNA nearly always suppresses the amber mutation better than the ochre mutation. The ratio of ochre codon to amber codon suppression efficiency in homotopic pairs is different at the different sites tested. Thus, reading context must play a role in suppression. However, the influence of context in the genes tested is different on suppressor tRNAs other than su+oc-A2 indicating that parts of tRNAs other than the anticodon sequence UUA must also participate in the suppression process. At some sites nucleotides adjacent to the nonsense codon influenced suppression in a systematic fashion but no general mechanism to explain these effects is yet apparent.
Nonmarital Cohabitation in the Common Law Countries: A Study in Judicial-Legislative Interaction

A study of nonmarital cohabitation in the common law countries is as much a study of the mechanisms of change as it is a study of the substantive legal rules affecting informal families.1 The movement of the law as it addresses the legal issues posed by recent dramatic changes in lifestyles highlights important differences in the legal systems of the common law world. Traditionally the common law has been viewed as a means of piecemeal, incremental change that operates on a case-by-case basis. Its doctrine of stare decisis coordinates what might otherwise be an unruly phenomenon of ad hoc justice. In addition, the realities of a shared language and a shared tradition of judicial reasoning have fostered a cross-pollination of ideas as courts have looked to persuasive opinions of sister-jurisdictions even when respect was not owed under the rules of precedent. Finally, common history and logic have often prompted independent yet parallel developments of the law.
The peri-areolar incision--gateway to the breast!

Background: In breast surgery the challenge for good cosmesis needs to be met in the management of benign or malignant disease. With tumours this must be balanced against good clearance with safe and adequate margins. For excision of benign lesions obvious deforming scars are unacceptable while with breast preserving cancer surgery a badly placed scar reduces reconstructive choices. The peri-areolar incision has a role in skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) and in breast conserving surgery. This paper describes the application of this incision in breast surgery. Methods: Patients undergoing breast surgery for benign and malignant disease have undergone operations using a peri-areolar incision. Examples of use of this incision are shown. Conclusion: The peri-areolar incision provides good cosmesis while allowing for future or immediate reconstruction and without reducing the range of options.
Automatic target recognition with Bayesian networks for wide-area airborne minefield detection

A Bayesian network (BN) is a directed acyclic graphical model that encodes probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. BNs not only provide a natural and compact way to represent the domain knowledge and encode joint probability distributions, but also provide a basis for efficient probabilistic inference. We apply BNs to wide area airborne minefield detection (WAAMD) due to their powerful representation ability of encoding the domain knowledge and their flexible structural extendibility for multi-look and multi-sensor data fusion. We first design BN models for both single-look detection and multi-look and multi-sensor data fusion and then refine them via learning from data using a structural expectation-maximization (SEM) algorithm. We evaluate the performance of our landmine detection scheme using data sets collected by three airborne ground penetrating synthetic aperture radars (GPSARs) (Lynx Ku-band, Mirage stepped-frequency (0.3 - 2.8 GHz), and Veridian X-band GPSARs) from various testing sites that have different terrain and vegetation conditions. Experimental results indicate that BNs can help improve the landmine detection performance significantly. The use of BNs for multi-look and multi-sensor data fusion is also shown to provide significant false alarm reductions.
A double-blind pilot study of risperidone in the treatment of conduct disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine whether risperidone is superior to placebo in the treatment of youths with conduct disorder. Method This was a 10-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 2 parallel arms. Ten youths were randomly assigned to receive placebo and 10 youths were randomly assigned to receive risperidone. Patients were seen weekly throughout the trial. Medications could be increased at weekly intervals during the first 6 weeks of the study from an initial dose of 0.25 mg or 0.50 mg each morning, depending on patient weight. Patients weighing less than 50 kg had a maximum total daily dose of risperidone of 1.5 mg. Patients weighing 50 kg or greater had a maximum total daily dose of risperidone of 3.0 mg. The primary outcome measure was the Rating of Aggression Against People and/or Property Scale. Results Risperidone was superior to placebo in ameliorating aggression on most measures. Risperidone was reasonably well tolerated, with none of the risperidone-treated patients developing extrapyramidal side effects. Conclusions These data provide preliminary evidence that risperidone may have efficacy in the treatment of youths with conduct disorder. Because of the small sample size and the brief length of this study, further research is necessary to confirm these findings.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy

Minimally invasive live donor nephrectomy has been described using both standard laparoscopic dissection and "gasless" endoscopically assisted techniques. We report another method, hand-assisted laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy, which uses an occlusive sleeve to maintain pneumoperitoneum. The procedure is performed under excellent laparoscopic visualization in a generous operative field, and is facilitated substantially by manual assistance, which takes advantage throughout the procedure of the incision that is necessary for intact organ removal. The results of our first procedure are encouraging.