cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A-Posteriori Analysis of Surface Energy Budget Closure to Determine Missed Energy Pathways

[1] The residual of the surface energy budget is represented as the linearized sum of energy losses due to storage, advection and flux underestimation. Individual contributions to the residual can be quantified through constrained multiple linear regression which identifies the site specific processes that are responsible for the lack of energy budget closure. This residual decomposition approach is applied to energy balance data from the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test (SLTEST) site at the Dugway Proving Grounds in the Utah Salt Flats. In this case, energy storage in the soil and underestimation of the soil heat flux accounted for 89% of the residual variance. Underestimation of the sensible and latent heat fluxes had no apparent contribution to the residual, and the contribution of advection to the residual was not statistically significant.
A glycosylation-specific interaction between the Sigma-1 and Neuorkinin-1 receptors (659.13)

The putative chaperone protein Sigma-1 Receptor (S1R) has been implicated in chronic pain via pharmacological and gene knockout studies, however, how S1R affects pain is not known. Activation of the GPCR Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK1R) is implicated in pain signaling. Herein we demonstrate a novel robust interaction between S1R (FLAG-tagged) and NK1R (HA-tagged) using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) in transiently transfected HEK293 cells. NK1R are glycoproteins with several mobility-shifted immunoreactive bands present on a Western blot. Co-IP demonstrates specific interaction between S1R and only the non-glycosylated NK1R. This specific interaction was confirmed by tunicamycin-treatment to eliminate the glycosylation and by expression of a glycosylation-deficient NQ-NK1R mutant. Additionally, we assay a panel of GPCRs for S1R interaction, (including the NK2R, NK3R, MOR, DA1, and MRGR), and demonstrate that all of the interactions are restricted to the non-glycosylated GPCR. We conclude that S1R acts as a pr...
Quantitation of genes and transcripts by saturation hybridization in urea solutions using strand-selected probes.

Abstract This report describes methods for quantifying specific sequences in preparations of single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acids. We use saturating amounts of hybrid-selected, strand-specific probes and perform hybridizations in urea solutions. Hybrids (RNA-DNA or DNA-DNA) are then analyzed by either of two methods. The first employs standard S1 nuclease digestion, precipitation of resistant material on glass fiber filters, and assay by liquid scintillation counting. This method is generally chosen in the assay of rare transcripts in total nucleic acid extracts as well as preparations of polyadenylated RNA. The second employs the separation of excess probe from probe-target hybrids by gel electrophoresis, recovery of hybrids on ion-exchange paper, and determination of cpm bound by liquid scintillation counting. This method is of particular value in the assay of double-stranded sequences and the quantitation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Whereas both methods are accurate over ranges of target abundance representing at least several orders of magnitude, the latter (“NA45 assay”) is most sensitive, and the selection of M13-bound or unbound DNA fragments by this method can be exploited in a variety of other applicatons.
Interconnection parameter extraction of printed circuit board by hybrid measurements of TDR and S-parameter

A modified technique for extracting the electrical parameters of transmission line on PCBs is proposed. It exploits hybrid measurements of the time domain and frequency domain response and does not require complicated and erroneous procedures such as DC capacitance measurement and parameter de-embedding. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more accurate than conventional methods.
Genetic association of lint yield with its components in cotton chromosome substitution lines

Dissection of the genetic relationship between lint yield and its yield components at the chromosome level may provide an additional avenue for yield enhancement in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Based on the conditional additive-dominance (AD) genetic model, we investigated the genetic structures of lint yield with its three component traits, lint percentage, boll weight, and boll number, using a two-location data set containing cotton chromosome substitution lines (chromosome or chromosome arm substituted from G. barbadense L. into G. hirsutum L., TM-1) which are defined as CS-B lines and their F2 hybrids with CS-B recurrent parent TM-1. We calculated the conditional variance components, contribution ratios, and contribution effects subject to the additive and dominant components. Our results showed that boll number or boll number with boll weight greatly reduced the conditional variance components and phenotypic variance for lint yield and thus indicated that boll number plays a more important role in lint yield than the other two component traits. We demonstrated that the G. barbadense chromosomes in CS-B16, CS-B18, and CS-B4sh were directly associated with reduced lint yield. Substituted chromosome arms 14sh, 22sh, and 22Lo were associated with reduced additive effects for lint yield through the component of boll weight, thus suggesting that some substituted chromosomes or chromosome arms may be indirectly associated with lint yield through yield component traits. This study provides a better understanding of cotton yield and its component traits at the chromosome level and this information should be useful in cotton breeding.
Forward mutations and DNA-protein crosslinks induced by ammonium metavanadate in cultured mammalian cells.

Abstract Ammonium metavanadate yielded a dose-dependent increase in mutation frequency at the V79 hprt locus following a 24-h exposure period in serum-free F12 medium. Vanadate also increased the mutation frequency of V79 cells by exposure of cells in salts-glucose medium, but these effects were not as striking, or as dose-deequent as they were in serum-free F12 medium. Ammonium metavanadate enhanced the mutation frequency in a V79 vartaining a transfected bacterial gpt gene. These cells are known to be more responsive to oxidative type mutations, and to mutations involving deletions. Although the absolute level of mutations was greater in these cells with ammonium metavanadate, so was the background, and these cells did not exhibit an enhanced mutagenic response to vanadate when compared to the wild-type V79 cells. The vanadate results were compared to a positive control potassium chromate, which exhibited a dose-dependent increase in mutation frequency. Ammonium metavanadate induced DNA-protein crosslinks formation in both Chines hamster ovary and human MOLT4 cells, and the role of these relatively unrepaired genetic lesions in the mutations produced by vanadate and chromate are discussed.
Laboratory culture of juvenile stages of the California spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus (Randall) at elevated temperatures

Abstract Puerulus stage individuals of Panulirus interruptus from coastal waters off San Diego, California, were cultured through juvenile stages at constant temperatures of 22 and 28 °C in closed-system aquaria. In these laboratory trials juveniles exhibited average growth rates of approx. 3.3 mm increase in carapace length ( CL ) per month at 22 °C, and approximately 4.5 mm per month at 28 °C. These rates, respectively, are about two and three times greater than estimated growth rates of juveniles in nature at ambient southern California ocean temperatures. Accelerated growth at elevated temperatures was associated with increased moulting rates (reduced intermoult periods) rather than with greater increments per moult. Aquaculture of P. interruptus juveniles at elevated temperatures appears feasible, but currently is dependent on locating areas where puerulus or post-puerulus stages can be obtained in quantity without adversely affecting natural populations.
Chronic hepatic artery occlusion with collateral formation: imaging findings and outcomes.

Abstract Objective The imaging findings, clinical presentation, and outcome in post liver transplantation patients with hepatic arterial collaterals are reviewed. Materials and Methods Adult post orthotopic liver transplantation patients who underwent an angiography at our institution for suspected hepatic arterial abnormality during an approximately 10-year period were included in our study. A retrospective review of all cases that had hepatic arterial collaterals detected on angiography was then performed. Angiographic findings were correlated with the findings on ultrasound and other imaging studies. Liver function at the time of angiography was recorded. Clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results Of the 129 angiographies performed in the approximately 10-year period, 24 (19.4%) were found to have collaterals on angiography. Maximum size of the collaterals seen on angiography was 3 mm. Twenty patients (83%) with collaterals are currently alive. Twelve patients (50%) had a normal outcome and did not develop any complications on follow-up; however, the rest developed complications. Eleven patients (41.7%) had complication related to the liver ischemia and 2 patients (8.3%) developed malignancy (posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease). Conclusion Collaterals seen in patients with chronic hepatic artery occlusion are usually small in caliber and their significance is unclear. Recognition and understanding of this phenomenon is important as this subset of patients may not need urgent surgical re-exploration/vascular intervention.
Canopy leaf display effects on absorbed, transmitted, and reflected solar radiation

Abstract Diurnal measurements of reflected, transmitted, and absorbed solar radiation, over an 80–280° solar azimuth range, were compared for wheat, corn, cotton, and sorghum canopies to study the effects of crop leaf display on light penetration into plant stands. The diurnal transmitted radiation (400–700 nm) differed for these four crops, apparently due to inherent canopy architecture and stand structure differences. Diurnal reflectance curves for visible (630–690 nm) and near infrared (760–800 nm) were flat except for the infrared reflectance curve of wheat. Thus, transmitted radiation contained most of the spectral information about canopy architecture of the four crops. Measurements several times during the day may be needed to reliably estimate daily absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) for generally erectophile crops such as wheat whereas for planophile crops such as cotton, whose leaves are closely and compactly spaced in the canopy, measurements close to solar noon may characterize the canopy. These results suggest that APAR estimates used in crop growth models may be in error, depending on canopy characteristics if based solely on reflectance and transmittance measurements near solar noon.
A preliminary scale to measure connected and separate knowing: The Knowing Styles Inventory

The present investigation reported the development and validation of the Knowing Styles Inventory (KSI), a scale to measure connected and separate knowing [M. F. Belenky, B. M. Clinchy, N. R. Goldberger, and J. M. Tarule (1986), Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind New York, Basic Books]. In Study 1, principal components analyses for samples of females (N = 300) and males (N = 253) yielded two components, Connected and Separate Knowing. Studies 2 and 3 focused on females exclusively. The results indicated adequate test—retest reliability and internal consistency for both components. Additionally, Connected Knowing was positively correlated with empathic concern, perspective-taking, social desirability, and the femininity factor of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Separate Knowing was positively correlated with the masculinity factor of the BSRI and negatively correlated with social desirability. Suggestions for future research were presented.
Magnetic properties of cerium doped oxide glasses below 1 K

Abstract Temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibilities from 1 K > T > 0.015 K have been determined as functions of cerium concentration for a number of cerium doped borate and silicate glasses. The magnetic susceptibility of all glasses was found to obey a Curie-Weiss Law in the temperature range studied and the Curie and Curie-Weiss constants, λ and θ respectively, were found to scale linearly with cerium composition independent of the glass type. Magnetic ordering temperatures were estimated from magnetic cooling studies. Contrary to the similarity in the glasses above 0.015 K, it was observed that borate glasses order systematically lower in temperature than silicate glasses for given cerium concentrations.
Biologically Significant Population Declines and Statistical Power

The preservation of a species is intimately tied to accurate assessments of its population status. Errors in determining population status can profoundly affect management decisions and may ultimately determine whether or not a species will persist. For example, if the populations of a species are erroneously determined to be robust, when in fact they are in decline, the species might not receive the necessary help it needs to survive. On the other hand, if populations of a species are determined to be in decline, when in fact they are robust or exhibiting natural population fluctuations, mitigation measures might waste resources, conservation biologists might risk a loss in credibility, and there is a potential to compromise future conservation efforts (Blaustein et al. 1994). Retrospective power analysis is one statistical tool that can be used to help assess whether or not a population is in decline. Statistical power is the probability that a test will yield statistically significant results-a significant trend or confidence in a lack of trend (Cohen 1988). Assessing whether or not a population is in decline has been the subject of recent intense debate with regard to amphibians (for recent reviews and discussion see Pechmann & Wilbur 1994; Blaustein & Wake 1995; Stebbins & Cohen 1995). We used retrospective power analysis on nine amphibian populations for which no decline in population was asserted (Reed & Blaustein 1995). Our analysis showed that statistical power was below the required confidence to conclude that populations were not declining. Our analysis was reevaluated and expanded upon by Hayes and Steidl (1997) and by Thomas (1997) who correctly pointed out that doing a retrospective statistical power analysis on non-signifi-
Silent conditioning in the schools

(1941). Silent conditioning in the schools. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 188-194.
Internet Gambling Is Common in College Students and Associated with Poor Mental Health

This study evaluated prevalence of Internet gambling and its association with pathological gambling and mental health status in college students. The South Oaks Gambling Screen and General Health Questionnaire were administered to 1356 undergraduates, and 23% reported ever gambling on the Internet, with 6.3% reporting Internet gambling weekly. Almost two-thirds (61.6%) of regular Internet gamblers were pathological gamblers, compared with 23.9% of infrequent Internet gamblers and 5.0% of non-Internet gamblers. Internet gambling frequency was significantly associated with poor mental health, after controlling for demographics and pathological gambling. These data call for prevention and treatment efforts of Internet gambling in students.
Estimation of hospital-based HIV seroprevalence as a nationwide scale by novel method; 2002-2008 in Korea.

Background In Korea, approximately 70% of HIV-positive individuals are currently diagnosed in hospitals, while most HIV-positive patients were diagnosed at public health centers in 1980 s and 1990 s. However, there are no reporting systems to identify how many HIV tests are performed in the Korean hospitals different from public health centers and Blood centers. We estimated how many HIV tests were performed in hospitals and analyzed the nationwide hospital-based HIV seroprevalence in the present study.
Asians in groups: More than a matter of cultural awareness

Abstract This article discusses group counseling with Asian clients and the need for counselors to become familiar with specific cultural issues and methods of enhancing therapeutic outcomes for individuals of Asian heritage
Transposition of the great vessels with atrial septal defect. A hemodynamic study in two cases.

In complete transposition of the great vessels, survival is possible only when a route of access exists by means of which venous blood may enter the lungs. This report concerns 2 patients in relatively good health in whom a high degree of mixing of venous and arterial blood occurred through an atrial septal defect. The diagnosis was established in both patients by cardiac catheterization.
“The faggot clause”: the embodiment of homophobia in the corporate locker room

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between “locker room” hegemonic masculinities at work and the construction of homophobia, particularly the use of the word “fag” to describe gay men – real or perceived. Although research indicates that men are more homophobic than women, examples are presented which examine some of the reasons why women use the word “fag” at work. Although equal opportunities at work have improved for sexual minorities over the past two decades, studies indicate that some forms of anti‐lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) behaviour continue, which raises the question whether a hierarchy of inequality exists in some organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The data used to analyze this under‐researched phenomenon come from the author's observations working for three multinational corporations in the USA.Findings – The paper shows how men and women engage in locker room culture to construct homophobic narratives.Research limitations/implications – Th...
Assessment of mood state in dementia by use of the visual analog mood scales (VAMS).

Objective The assessment of mood states in individuals with dementia is a challenging yet clinically useful task. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of the Visual Analog Mood Scales (VAMS) in individuals with dementia. Methods Thirty-one patients who met diagnostic criteria for dementia completed the VAMS and a modified Profile of Mood States. Results Authors found good convergent validity between all monotrait-heteromethod mood states. Excellent discriminant validity was found for VAMS Happy, Confused, Angry, and Energetic scales. Conclusion These results provide evidence for the validity of the VAMS in patients with dementia.
Recent advances in rice blast effector research

To cause rice blast disease, the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae produces biotrophic invasive hyphae that secrete effectors at the host-pathogen interface. Effectors facilitate disease development, but some (avirulence effectors) also trigger the host's resistance gene-mediated hypersensitive response and block disease. The number of cloned M. oryzae avirulence effector genes has recently doubled, largely based on resequencing with a Japanese field isolate and association of avirulence activity with presence/absence polymorphisms in novel genes for secreted proteins. Effectors secreted by hyphae in rice cells accumulate in biotrophic interfacial complexes, and this property correlates with their translocation across plasma membrane into the rice cytoplasm. Interestingly, the translocated effectors moved into surrounding uninvaded cells, suggesting that effectors prepare host cells before the fungus enters them.
A Change-Point Principal Component Analysis (CP/PCA) Method for Predicting Energy Usage in Commercial Buildings: The PCA Model

A new method for predicting daily whole-building electricity usage in a commercial building has been developed. This method utilizes a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of intercorrelated influencing parameters (e.g., dry-bulb temperature, solar radiation and humidity) to predict electricity consumption in conjunction with a change-point model. This paper describes the PCA procedure and presents the results of its application in conjunction with a change-point regression, to predict whole-building electricity consumption for a commercial grocery store. Comparison of the results with a traditional Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicates that a change-point, Principal Component Analysis (CP/PCA) appears to produce a more reliable and physically plausible model than an MLR analysis and offers more insight into the environmental and operational driving forces that influence energy consumption in a commercial building. It is thought that the method will be useful for determining conservation retrofit savings from pre-retrofit and post-retrofit consumption data for commercial buildings. A companion paper presents the development of the four-parameter change-point model and a comparison to the Princeton Scorekeeping Method (PRISM).
Hormonal Predictors of Bone Loss in Elderly Women: A Prospective Study

To test the hypotheses that baseline concentrations of sex steroids, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and calciotropic hormones predict rates of bone loss in elderly women, sera were stored at -190 degrees, and calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 9704 community-dwelling white women aged 65 and over (1986-1988). Hip BMD was measured 2 years later (1900). Repeat measurements of a calcaneal and hip BMD were obtained in 1993-1994, after 5.7 and 3.5 years of follow-up, respectively. In 1994, sera were assayed for circulating hormone levels in random subcohorts of 231 and 218 women who did not report current use of hormone replacement therapy at baseline. Lower levels of endogenous estrogens and higher SHBG concentrations were associated with more rapid subsequent bone loss from both the calcaneus and hip. After adjusting for age and weight, women with high SHBG levels (highest quartile or = 10 pg/ml averaged only 0.1% (-0.7%, 0.5%) annual hip bone loss while women with levels below 5 pg/ml averaged 0.8% (0.3, 1.2) hip bone loss per year. Lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with increased hip but not calcaneal bone loss. Levels of parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and Calcium were not significantly associated with bone loss from the calcaneus or hip.
Brief report: DSM-5 "levels of support:" a comment on discrepant conceptualizations of severity in ASD.

Proposed DSM-5 revisions to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include a “severity” marker based on degree of impairment. Although qualitative differences between support levels are described, quantitative methods or practice recommendations for differentiating between levels remain undetermined. This leaves the field vulnerable to potential discrepancies between severity categorizations that may have inadvertent service implications. We examined overlap between mild, moderate, and severe impairment classifications based on autism symptoms, cognitive skills, and adaptive functioning in 726 participants (15 months—17 years) with ASD. Participants with mild, moderate, and severe autism symptoms demonstrated varying levels of adaptive and cognitive impairment. These discrepancies highlight the need for a clearly elucidated method of classifying level of support in ASD diagnosis.
A hierarchical manifold subgraph ranking system for content-based image retrieval

We present a novel hierarchical manifold subgraph ranking system for content-based image retrieval (CBIR). The proposed CBIR system is capable of searching a large scale imagery database via its hierarchical structure. To achieve this scalability, we first apply the SVM-based learning mechanism to construct users' relevance feedback groups and extract high-level semantic features for each image. We then build two-layer manifold subgraphs by incorporating both visual and semantic similarity into the second-layer manifold subgraphs to achieve more meaningful structures for the image space. Finally, a relevance vector is created for each subgraph in the second-layer manifold subgraph by assigning initial scores from the first-layer manifold subgraph. These asymmetric vectors are further used to propagate relevance scores of labeled images to unlabeled images via hierarchical manifold subgraphs. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate the proposed system achieves the best retrieval accuracy when comparing with two manifold-based and five state-of-the-art CBIR systems in the context of correct and erroneous users' feedback.
Mandibular asymmetry and condylar position in children with unilateral posterior crossbite

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if condylar position in children with functional unilateral crossbites was different from that found in children with Class I noncrossbite malocclusions and if there was a change in condylar position after correction of the crossbite by palatal expansion. Mandibular asymmetry in children with functional unilateral posterior crossbite was also compared to that of a Class I noncrossbite group. Thirty-one children aged 6 to 14 years (mean, 9.3 years; standard deviation, 2.2) with functional unilateral crossbites were compared to 31 children aged 9.5 to 14.1 years (mean, 11.9 years; standard deviation, 1.3) exhibiting Angle Class I noncrossbite malocclusions. Pretreatment submentovertex radiographs were used to study mandibular skeletal, dental, and positional asymmetries with reference to cranial floor and mandibular coordinate systems. In addition, the anterior, superior, and posterior joint spaces were measured to determine differences between the groups with the use of pretreatment and posttreatment horizontally corrected tomograms of the temporomandibular joints. Finally, the distances of the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar relative to the buccal groove of the lower first molar were measured in both groups before treatment. Univariate analyses revealed that the mandibles of children in the functional unilateral posterior crossbite group exhibited asymmetry in both anteroposterior and transverse dimensions when compared with the Class I noncrossbite group (P .05). This study raised the question of the appropriateness of measuring joint spaces for routine diagnostic purposes.
A mean-variance model to optimize the fixed versus open appointment percentages in open access scheduling systems

Although healthcare quality may improve with short-notice scheduling and subsequently higher patient show-up rates, the variability in patient flow may negatively impact the service design. This study demonstrates how to select the percentage for short-notice or open appointments in an open access scheduling system subject to two quality performance metrics. Specifically, we develop a mean-variance model and an efficient solution procedure to help clinic administrators determine the open appointment percentage subject to increasing the average number of patients seen while also reducing the variability. Our numerical results indicate that for cases with high patient demand and high patient no-show rates for fixed appointments, one or more Pareto optimal percentages of open appointments significantly decrease the variability in the number of patients seen with only a negligible decrease in the expected number of patients seen. While our method provides a useful tool for clinic administrators, it also presents a modeling foundation for open access scheduling with quality management objectives to smooth patient flow and improve capacity utilization.
Abstraction and Completeness for Real-Time Maude

This paper presents criteria that guarantee completeness of Real-Time Maude search and temporal logic model checking analyses, under the maximal time sampling strategy, for a large class of real-time systems. As a special case, we characterize simple conditions for such completeness for object-oriented real-time systems, and show that these conditions can often be easily proved even for large and complex systems, such as advanced wireless sensor network algorithms and active network multicast protocols. Our results provide completeness and decidability of time-bounded search and model checking for a large and useful class of dense-time non-Zeno real-time systems far beyond the class of automaton-based real-time systems for which well known decision procedures exist. For discrete time, our results justify abstractions that can drastically reduce the state space to make search and model checking analyses feasible.
Assessment of Preschool Classroom Practices: Application of Q-Sort Methodology.

Abstract This paper reports on the application of Q-sort methodology to the development of the Preschool Classroom Practices (PCP) Q-sort. The PCP Q-sort was tested in a sample of 66 preschool teachers and assistants. Results demonstrated the existence of a 2-cluster structure within the Q-sort, comprised of Cognitive Development Activities and Socioemotional Development Activities. Specific properties of the PCP Q-sort, including cluster means, demonstrated consistency across both samples and time. Preschool teachers reported engaging in significantly more Socioemotional Development Activities than Cognitive Development Activities. Relationships to classroom observational measures are presented. Application of the PCP Q-sort as a measure of classroom practices and implications for preschool curriculum are discussed.
The prevalence of Clostridium difficile and toxin in a nursery population: A comparison between patients with necrotizing enterocolitis and an asymptomatic group

During a period when certain neonates in our nursery developed necrotizing enterocolitis, we studied stool specimens from a population of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients for the presence of Clostridium difficile and its toxin. The presence of the organism among nursery personnel and in the nursery environment was also evaluated. Results showed that five symptomatic neonates and 17 asymptomatic neonates in a population of 37 patients studied in our neonatal intensive care and intermediate care nurseries had positive stool cultures for C. difficile . Toxin was detected in stool from four of five symptomatic patients and was present at dilutions of >1/125 in stool from six asymptomatic patients who were culture positive for C. difficile . The organism was not found in stool samples from any nursery personnel but was recovered from the hand culture of a nursery worker and from the inanimate environment. Although our findings support the notion of nosocomial spread of C. difficile , we were unable to clearly implicate the organism as the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis in our nursery.
Possible ground-state octupole deformation in 229 Pa.

Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a ${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ parity doublet as the ground state of $^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$, in agreement with a previous theoretical prediction. The doublet splitting energy is measured to be 0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 keV. The relation of this doublet to ground-state octupole deformation is discussed.
Visual afferents to norepinephrine-containing neurons in cat locus coeruleus.

A total of 208 single neurons were extracellularly recorded in the locus coeruleus (LC) of 11 cats. In later histofluorescence studies, greenish fluorescent LC neurons, from which we believed to have recorded well-isolated action potentials, were always found in or close to the center of red fluorescent halo due to an injected dye which marked the recording site. One hundred twelve of these 208 neurons were further subjected to electrical stimulation of the dorsal bundle of ascending axons originating from the norepinephrine (NE)-containing LC neurons and thus activated antidromically with a mean latency of 8.9 ms (the remaining neurons were lost before this examination). The mean conduction velocity was 1.2 m/s. Furthermore, it is suggested that 22% of thus antidromically identified NE neurons in the cat LC had an ascending axon of the conduction velocity faster than 2.4 m/s. This finding may be related with an electron-microscopic observation which indicated the presence of myelinated catecholamine (CA) axons, though not many in number, in the cat visual cortex. Responses by the NE-containing LC neurons to various natural visual stimuli, such as flashlight, moving and stationary light-slit, multiple spots, and gratings were examined. It turned out, however, that flash alone was effective to activate LC neurons. The latency of flash evoked activity was between 48 and 96 ms (N = 12; mean: 60 ms). Furthermore, the following areas in the central visual pathway were electrically stimulated to activate LC neurons orthodromically: the optic chiasm (OX), the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the superior colliculus (SC), and the visual cortex (VC). The range and the mean of the latency for orthodromic responses were as follows: OX (N = 36, 8.4–42 ms; mean: 21 ms); LGN (N = 17, 6.0–17 ms; mean: 8.1 ms); SC (N = 12, 3.6–12 ms; mean: 5.6 ms); VC (N = 10, 7.8–40 ms; mean: 16.4 ms). The long latency of these orthodromic responses and its wide distribution suggest that afferents to the LC from the above-mentioned visual structures are most likely polysynaptic in nature. The extensive input convergence, including acoustic and nociceptive afferents, and the polysynaptic connection in each afferent pathway indicated a strong similarity between the afferent connectivity of NE-containing LC neurons revealed in the present study and that known for reticular formation neurons. Then, we would like to suggest that visual signals from the eyes impinge upon the NE-containing LC neurons via the reticular formation and that the afferents from the LGN, the SC, and the VC also join this common path through the reticular formation to reach the LC.
Immunocytochemical method to identify myelin basic protein in oligodendroglia and myelin sheaths of the human nervous system

To study the distribution of basic protein (BP) and other myelin constituents immunocytochemically in human nervous tissue, we modified the unlabeled antibody enzyme (peroxidase-antiperosidase) method. The technique is described here. Because the availability of unfixed tissue from human central nervous system is limited, we tested the method on blocks that had been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin, fixed and stored in 4% formalin, or frozen at autopsy and stored. We obtained the best results with paraffin blocks. BP antiserum scained oligodendroglia and myelin sheaths in the developing human nervous system. In the adult, myelin sheaths were well stained. Also, abnormalities associated with myelin breakdown could be identified in multiple sclerosis lesions. The results suggest that this method will be useful in studying the cellular distribution of myelin components in human demyelinating diseases.
Process optimization of high aspect ratio sub-32nm HSQ/AR3 bi-layer resist pillar

RRAM is the candidate of next generation new non-volatile memory. The etched stacking film thickness of RRAM cell pillar is not easy to reduce below 50 nm during CD scaling down since part of RRAM cell pillar height is removed during CMP polishing of dielectric passivation to expose the pillar top surface for the following metallization process. Therefore resist pillar pattern with high aspect ratio (AR) is needed to act as etch mask for defining thick RRAM cell pillar structure. Bilayer resist (BLR) process is most suitable for forming high AR pattern. Dry develop process is the key step for generating sub-32 nm high AR BLR pillar pattern. In this study optimization of dry develop process is investigated for high AR pillar with hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as upper thin imaging layer for e-beam exposure and AR3-600 as the thick underlayer for etching resistant. Experimental results are summarized below. Highest AR of ~6 for HSQ/AR3 BLR semi-dense L/S=1/2 pillar with vertical profile is obtained under optimized dry develop condition with O2, N2, Ar flow rates, chamber pressure, top and bottom power of 8, 5, 0 sccm, 1 mTorr, 200 and 100 watts respectively. AR is lower for looser pattern density. CD variation between HSQ/AR3-600 BLR pillars with different pattern density is optimized to 5.6 nm. The pillar profile is vertical in vacuum for pattern of any density but distorts more severe for denser pattern during ventilation to atmosphere. The most critical process parameters for obtaining high aspect ratio BLR pillar are O2 flow rate and top power. Sidewall profile angle of pillar is mainly dependent on chamber pressure and bottom power.
Effects of trichloroethylene and its metabolite trichloroacetic acid on the expression of vimentin in the rat H9c2 cell line

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and its metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) are environmental contaminants with specific toxicity for the embryonic heart. In an effort to identify the cellular pathways disrupted by TCE and TCAA during heart development, we investigated their effects on expression of vimentin, a marker of cardiac differentiation. Previous studies had shown that the level of vimentin transcript was inhibited in rat embryonic heart after maternal exposure to TCE via drinking water. In the same study, maternal exposure to TCAA produced the opposite effect, inducing an increased level of vimentin mRNA. In this study, we selected an in vitro system, the rat cardiac myoblast cell line H9c2, to further characterize the molecular mechanisms used by TCE and TCAA to disrupt normal heart development. In particular, we investigated the effects of both toxicants on vimentin, at both the RNA and protein levels, using dose-response and time course curves. Our experimental findings indicate that vimentin expression is affected by TCE and TCAA in H9c2 cells similarly as in vivo. The work is significant because it provides a suitable in vitro model for studies looking at toxicant effects on myocardiac cells, and it suggests that vimentin is a good marker of TCE exposure in the embryonic heart.
Experimental Study of Airflow Around the Syracuse CoE Building

The Center of Excellence (CoE) in Environmental and Energy Building in Syracuse is currently under construction and is planned for completion in 2009. In this study, wind tunnel experiments of the CoE Building were performed. A 3D CAD model was created from architectural blueprints and was used to create a scale (1/16th inch = 1 foot) physical model using the stereo-lithography techniques. The details of the building structure were captured in the model for features with characteristic lengths greater than 1% of the building height. The physical model included 54 surface pressure taps located over the model’s exterior surface. The model was installed on a turntable built into the floor of the wind tunnel. Pressure measurements were taken at several wind speeds for different wind directions. PIV measurements were performed in 2 planes for the same wind directions and speeds. From the PIV measurements, 2D mean and root-mean square (RMS) velocities mean and RMS vorticity were calculated. The experimental data was compared with the computer simulation study and good agreement was found.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Pleistocene/Holocene transition in Peru and its effects upon human use of the landscape

Abstract This paper reviews the state of our knowledge regarding the effects of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition on the kinds and range of human adaptations in what is now Peru. Following a discussion of geological, paleoclimatic, and archaeological data, the paper focuses upon four aspects of environmental change with specific regard to how these would have affected human adaptations: environmental changes on the Pacific littoral, the extinction of Pleistocene faunal and floral species and their replacement with modern faunas, the adaptive radiation of these modern flora and fauna, especially into the Andean highlands, and characteristics of newly available high elevation environments that would have affected the process by which foraging peoples moved into them. Although Pleistocene fauna have been discovered in Peru, none of these finds have been made in the context of indisputable human activity, and therefore, the effect of their extinction on early foraging peoples is unknown. The earliest acceptable archaeological sites in Peru date around 11–12,000 years ago, and are found on the coastal lowlands. The highlands were not occupied until after 11,000 years ago. While high elevation environments were attractive after 11,000 years ago, they were only slowly occupied by humans due to the constraints of the combined effects of hypoxia and cold.
Asset digitization: moving beyond facsimile

The digitization of primary sources has long emphasized facsimile as the primary goal. We show examples illustrating the shift from facsimile-focused to digitization as data collection, enabling a much broader set of goals: analysis, restoration, narrative construction, and visualization. While facsimile remains an important by-product, digitization as data collection enables new possibilities in digital restoration, context-preserving language translation, detection of change over time, and the construction of high-level narratives that provide a compelling interpretive framework. Each of these examples is made possible by acquiring more data than what may be necessary for facsimile alone, part of a necessary change in the mindset of conservators, curators, and digitization teams.
Courtroom Observation of Ethnic Representation among Jurors in Harris County, Texas:

The ethnic composition of 22 juries in Harris County, Texas was compared with the ethnic composition of the decennial census of the county. Results showed an under-representation of Hispanic members and an over-representation of Euro-American jury members in civil, family law, and criminal trials. African-American members were represented on juries in proportion to their presence in the general population in the county. Whether this misrepresentation reflects selection factors in developing the jury pools, is the result of exercise of peremptory challenges by lawyers, or some other biasing factor is unknown.
Maintaining the myth of individualized justice: Probation presentence reports

The presentence investigation, hailed in some circles as an invaluable tool to sentencing, serves in actual practice to maintain the myth of individualized justice without disturbing the judicial considerations of offense and prior criminal record. Using an ethnographic perspective, I demonstrate how probation officers accomplish this goal. I show that early in the investigation probation officers, in an attempt to satisfy judicial expectations, weigh prior criminal record and present offense and then classify defendants into types that reflect eventual sentencing recommendations. Although other data such as defendants' attitudes and social history are collected subsequently and included in the report, probation officers structure this information to legitimate their initial typings.
In Vitro Biological Activity and Structural Analysis of 2,4-Diamino-5-(2’-arylpropargyl)pyrimidine Inhibitors of Candida albicans

In order to develop new antifungal agents effective against two species of Candida, we have designed a series of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. Here, we explore the structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors toward Candida albicans DHFR by evaluating enzyme inhibition, antifungal activity and toxicity to mammalian cells. Analysis of docked complexes of the enzyme and inhibitors yields the structural basis of relative potency. The meta-biphenyl series of this class exhibits the greatest enzyme inhibition, selectivity and antifungal activity.
The future of digital music sales among web-enabled professionals: an empirical investigation

Typically, artists and recording companies sell their music to distributors or retail stores. Digital music offers them the opportunity to change their strategies and compete directly against retailers. The basic premise of this research is that there are Customer Relations Management (CRM) implications of digital music and how it affects the future of the record industry. A stratified sample of employed professional, web-enabled representatives of the service industry (mainly financial and customer services) located in the metropolitan section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania resulted in 200 useable questionnaires from an initial sampling frame of over 300. From an analyses derived from multiple regression and exploratory factor techniques, it has that a number of variables could discriminate the importance of the price of piracy as a dependent variable factor-based construct. The Shared Usage and Convenience construct was found to be highly significant and positively related to the price of piracy, while significant and inversely related to the price of piracy were the Content Issues, Technology Usage, and Online Music Buying constructs, since they are the very reasons why many customers turn to legitimate sources of digital music products and services. A number of specific recommendations were made to management based on the results.
Excess Volumes of Mixtures of Alkanols with Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The excess volumes of twenty binary mixtures of four aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene) and five linear alkanols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol) at 20 °C are reported. The excess volume of systems with the same alkanol increases with increasing size and number of substituents on the benzene ring. For systems with the same aromatic hydrocarbon it increases with the length of the alkanols. The dependence of ∆V/φ1ϑ2 values on composition is noticeably asymmetric. Systems with benzene as one of the component show larger ∆V/φ1ϑ2 values than other systems and systems with methanol show different compositional dependence patterns.
Understanding abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Cyclophilin A modulates susceptibility to abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice; mice that are deficient in this molecule are resistant to aneurysms induced by angiotensin II.
Island biogeography effects on microbial evolution may contribute to Crohn's disease.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease (CD), involve a poorly understood and complex immune response to both the biota of the human gut and the gut itself. The role of the gut biota in human health has been ill defined and attitudes toward the intestinal flora have ranged from judging them largely irrelevant to declaring them a human organ system. A better way to view the intestinal flora is as a group of evolutionarily self-interested species that form large, potentially interbreeding populations that utilize human beings as a series of semi-isolated habitats, like islands in an archipelago. Here we propose that the imposition of modern sanitation and hygiene standards has drastically attenuated the connection between the “islands” inhabited by the gut flora, and that existing work drawn from evolutionary biology studies of island ecosystems, rather than medicine, predicts that the evolution of gut flora should now be pushed toward limited-dispersion forms of intestinal microorganisms – a proposition borne out by the discovery of so-called “adherent invasive Escherichia coli.” This pathogenic variant of the gut bacterium E. coli clings to and invades the intestinal epithelium and has been implicated in CD. Gut flora and diseases of the gut should arguably be studied as ecology as much as medicine, and treated within this context.