cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Growth, Taxes and Government Spending: Theory and Evidence*

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical investigation of the simultaneous effects of taxes and government spending on long-run economic growth in an endogenous growth framework. A two-sector model is considered: one sector produces physical output and the other produces human capital. Government expenditure is divided into several categories, and several types of taxes are included. The property tax is especially interesting because it is a major source of revenue for local government. The theoretical model is estimated using annual panel data from North Carolina counties. This study finds that state-level fiscal policies affect economic growth but county-level fiscal policies do not.
The efficacy of hypnotic analgesia in adults: A review of the literature

This article both summarizes the previous reviews of randomized, controlled trials of hypnotic analgesia for the treatment of chronic and acute pain in adults, and reviews similar trials which have recently been published in the scientific literature. The results indicate that for both chronic and acute pain conditions: (1) hypnotic analgesia consistently results in greater decreases in a variety of pain outcomes compared to no treatment/standard care; (2) hypnosis frequently out-performs non-hypnotic interventions (e.g. education, supportive therapy) in terms of reductions in pain-related outcomes; and (3) hypnosis performs similarly to treatments that contain hypnotic elements (such as progressive muscle relaxation), but is not surpassed in efficacy by these alternative treatments. Factors that may influence the efficacy of hypnotic analgesia interventions are discussed, including, but not limited to, the patient's level of suggestibility, treatment outcome expectancy, and provider expertise. Based upon this body of literature, suggestions are offered for practitioners who are using, or would like to use, hypnosis for the amelioration of pain problems in their patients or clients.
Clinical Scientists Improving Clinical Practices: In Thoughts and Actions

Purpose In this article, the author comments on aspects of Kamhi's (2014) article, which caused the author to think more deeply about definitions of language, theories of learning, and how these two core components of intervention prepare clinical scientists as they search the literature for new knowledge. Interprofessional collaborative practice as a model for team-based intervention in school settings is also discussed. Method The article addresses aspects of Kamhi's article that aligned or did not align with the author's definition of language and theory of learning and explains why considering these alignments is important for clinical scientists. Two challenges to staying current with the research base are also described, and suggestions are offered for addressing these challenges. Finally, the article provides an overview of interprofessional collaborative practice. Conclusion Clinical scientists should continue to strive to use their knowledge of what language is and how it is learned, combined wit...
Developing a consortial approach to cataloging and intellectual access

In 1993 the Virtual Library of Virginia (VIVA) was established to provide a source of electronic collections and services for Virginia higher education institutions. Over time it became apparent that issues related to providing access to these electronic resources needed to be explored. To meet this need the VIVA Cataloging and Intellectual Access Task Force (VIVACAT) was formed. This article discusses the development of VIVACAT and its projects and accomplishments. It examines how cataloging and intellectual access function in a consortium and relates challenges and opportunities of working within such an environment.
Validity of orally administered Beck and Zung Depression Scales in a state hospital setting.

Thirty-six consecutively admitted psychiatric inpatients were orally administered the Beck and Zung depression scales. Wide Range Achievement Test reading scores also were obtained. The Beck and Zung correlated significantly (p .001) with Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) depression criteria. When the patients were subdivided by diagnosis (Depression and mixed Depression vs. others), and depression scores compared, only the Zung significantly differentiated the two groups (F = 12.51, p less than .001). When subdivided by reading scores, both high (grade level M = 8.7) and low (grade level M = 3.2) groups' Beck and Zung scores correlated equally well with the DSM-III criteria measure. This study substantiates the common practice of orally presenting written tests to low functioning patients most convincingly in the case of the Zung Depression Scale.
Can the Fisheries Supply More Food during a National Emergency

Abstract The yield of our American fisheries can be increased 46 per cent during a National emergency. The 1938 yield of the fisheries of the United States and Alaska was 4,254,000,000 pounds. Under conditions of a war-time emergency necessitating greater supplies of food and industrial by-products, this yield could be increased to 4,628,000,000 pounds in 3 or 4 years and eventually a sustained total of about 6,200,000,000 pounds could be produced each year. Minor modification of methods of utilization will permit an increase in food production from the fisheries of 86 per cent. The increases would necessitate an immediate application of scientific management measures and a partial diversion of certain species from non-food to food uses. Included in the estimated ultimate increase also is the assumption that the greater demand and higher prices for fishery products will make profitable an extension of the fisheries to more distant grounds and that certain discarded or partially utilized species in both ma...
An averaging method for the weakly unstable shallow water equations in a flat inclined channel

The asymptotic behavior of small disturbances as they evolve in space from boundary conditions in a flat inclined channel under weakly unstable conditions is determined using a method of averaging. The shallow water equations are first transformed to a normal form using a variation of parameters technique, and then a new method of averaging is defined. The method of averaging developed differs from averaging methods for ordinary differential equations and other partial differential equations by averaging along the characteristics of the linearized equations rather than along the time variable. It is found that the solution is dominated by the evolution of the solution along one characteristic. Both asymptotic and numerical results for periodic disturbances are presented. In addition, connections to dynamical systems concepts are described.
Antidepressants Noncompetitively Inhibit Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are diverse members of the neurotransmitter-gated ion channel superfamily and play critical roles in chemical signaling throughout the nervous system. The present study establishes for the first time the acute functional effects of sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), nefazodone (Serzone), and venlafaxine (Effexor) on two human and one chick nAChR subtype. This study also confirms previous findings of nAChR functional block by fluoxetine (Prozac). Function of human muscle-type nAChR (alpha1/beta gammadelta) in TE671/RD cells, human autonomic nAChR (alpha3/beta4alpha5 +/- beta2) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, or chick V274T mutant alpha7-nAChR heterologously expressed in native nAChR-null SH-EP1 epithelial cells was measured using 86Rb+ efflux assays. Functional blockade of human muscle-type and autonomic nAChRs is produced by each of the drugs in the low to intermediate micromolar range, and functional blockade of chick V274T-alpha7-nAChR is produced in the intermediate to high micromolar range. Functional blockade is insurmountable by increasing agonist concentrations at each nAChR subtype tested for each of these drugs, suggesting noncompetitive inhibition of nAChR function. These studies open the possibilities that nAChR subtypes in the brain could be targets for therapeutic antidepressants and could play roles in clinical depression.
Industrial applications of high energy micro-beams

Abstract The University at Albany ion scanning microprobe has been used for industrial applications. Several examples of such applications will be presented. Focused proton and helium ion beams of 1–2 μm dimensions have been used for the analysis. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis have been performed on very large scale integrated circuits, thin film superconductors, small structures of high voltage cables and for several other industrial applications. Several examples of chemical and microstructural analysis will be presented.
Benefits of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

(2007). Benefits of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 131-134.
Computation of psychophysical thresholds using the probit technique

Probit analysis is a statistical technique that can be used for the computation of psychophysical thresholds, although it was originally developed for the analysis of pharmacological and toxicological data. Probit analysis may be applied to psychophysical data if the method of constant stimuli has been used for data collection. A computer program written in APPLESOFT BASIC that performs probit analyses on such psychophysical data is presented and explained.
Formation of a Surface-Mediated Donor−Acceptor Complex: Coadsorption of Trimethylamine and Boron Trifluoride on the Silicon (001) Surface

The interaction of trimethylamine and boron trifluoride on the Si(001) surface has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectroscopy. XP spectra show the TMA forms a dative bond with the clean Si(001) surface, while on the clean surface BF3 bonds dissociatively, yielding Si−BF2 and Si−F species. If the surface is first “saturated” with TMA, however, BF3 will continue to adsorb, giving rise to new F(1s) XP peaks. Based on an analysis of the energies and thermal behavior of these peaks, we propose that the adsorption of TMA and BF3 on the Si(001) surface leads to the formation of a novel surface-mediated donor−acceptor complex of the structure TMA−Si−Si−BF3.
Bcl-XL is the primary mediator of p21 protection against hyperoxia-induced cell death

ABSTRACTA tight balance between anti- and proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family controls cell survival and death. Exposure to hyperoxia shifts this balance towards a prodeath state that ultimately activates Bak- and Bax-dependent cell death. Mechanisms underlying this shift are undefined; however, the cell cycle inhibitor p21 delays the loss of antiapoptotic Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, and protects against hyperoxia. Here, H1299 human lung adenocarcinoma cells are used to investigate how these and other members of the Bcl-2 family cooperate with p21 to protect against hyperoxia. Expression of antiapoptotic Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, but not Bcl-2 or A1, declined during hyperoxia, whereas proapoptotic Bak, but not Bax, increased. Conditional overexpression of p21 selectively delayed the loss of Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, without affecting expression of the other members. siRNA knockdown of Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL sensitized cells to hyperoxia, but only the loss of Bcl-XL ablated the protective effects of p21. Conversely, overexpression o...
Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors

The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
Knowledge Production, Publicness, and the Structural Transformation of the University: An Interview with Craig Calhoun

Calhoun is interviewed regarding the relationship of his work on the university to his other research interests. Calhoun elaborates on his hope for a debate over transformations in the structure of the university that is much more sensitive to the public role universities play and the importance of the collective goods they create. In the process he articulates the possibilities for an institutional analysis of the university that meets scholarly standards of knowledge production while remaining engaged with central issues that arise out of institutional transformation. By situating universities in relationship with the public sphere, Calhoun provides a basis for debates about the transformation of the university to overcome the structured and structuring dispositions of the participants, while remaining grounded in social and historical analysis-an approach that can be considered an alternative public sociology.
Characterization of Transcription Factor Binding to Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA during Cellular Differentiation

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) require terminal differentiation of the host cell to produce infectious virions. The process of viral maturation involves a variety of changes in the expression/activity of host proteins that lead to high-level replication of the viral genome and expression of the late viral genes. Although the late promoter regions of HPV type 16 (HPV-16) are still not fully characterized, differentiation-dependent regulation of viral genes is thought to involve changes in the binding of host cell transcription factors to the viral promoter and regulatory regions. Currently, very little is known about specific cellular transcription factors involved in this process. We used the Panomics TransSignal protein/DNA array to identify changes in the levels of cellular transcription factors during methylcellulose-induced differentiation of W12 (20863) cells containing HPV-16. We then identified the differentially expressed transcription factors that specifically bind to HPV-16 DNA, including the known promoter and regulatory regions. We have validated the results obtained from the Panomics array by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we have shown that many of the transcription factors identified in the above screen bind to the HPV-16 promoter/regulatory sequences in vivo and that the level of this binding is increased during differentiation. This approach identified approximately 30 transcription factors that specifically bind to HPV-16 sequences and may be involved in regulating HPV-16 transcription during differentiation. Although some of these transcription factors have previously been suggested to be involved in HPV-16 transcription, a number of them represent novel viral DNA-host protein interactions.
Identification of Mass Distribution of Nominally Identical Microresonator Arrays in the Presence of Measurement Noise

The use of micro- and nanoscale mechanical resonators for mass detection is a maturing concept. Recently, researchers have begun to consider coupled arrays of resonators and the notion of examining system eigenmodes as well as resonant frequencies to extract information about the system. This paper describes a method for the use of measured eigenmodes of a linear chain of nominally identical oscillators to identify the masses of the individual oscillators. This allows characterization of initial mass variation as well as changes due to the presence of one or more target analytes. This work uses numerical simulation to explore the sensitivity of this method to measurement noise. Mass identification is shown to be more accurate on oscillators with significant vibration amplitude in a given eigenmode. We discuss various averaging techniques for combining results from multiple eigenmodes to reduce sensitivity to noise.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Paleoenvironmental basis of cognitive evolution in great apes

A bias favoring tree-dominated habitats and ripe-fruit frugivory has persisted in great ape evolution since the early Miocene. This bias is indicated by fossil ape paleoenvironments, molar morphology, dental microwear, the geographic pattern of extinctions, and extant apes' reliance on wooded settings. The ephemeral aspect of high-quality fruit has placed a premium on cognitive and social means of finding and defending food sources, and appears related to great apes' affinity since the Miocene for wooded, fruit-rich environments. These habitats have, however, undergone a severe withdrawal toward the low latitudes of Africa and Southeast Asia since the late Miocene, corresponding to a decline in the diversity of great apes beginning 9.5 million years ago. Plio-Pleistocene records imply that wooded settings of Africa and SE Asia were prone to substantial fragmentation and coalescence. Once apes were confined to equatorial settings, therefore, habitat instability heightened the spatial/temporal uncertainty of ripe-fruit sources. Prolonged learning, the assignment of attributes to distant places, mental representation, and reliance on fallback foods were all favored in this dynamic environmental context. These abilities helped sustain forest frugivory in most lineages. Fluid social grouping afforded the animals opportunities to locate ephemeral foods in continuous and fragmented forests. Fission-fusion grouping also magnified the problems of object impermanence (of individuals) and dispersion manifested by food sources in the ecological realm. Thus the spatial and temporal dynamics of fruit and wooded habitats since the Miocene are reflected in important components of great ape cognition, foraging, and sociality. In contrast to great apes, cercopithecoid monkeys have increased their plant dietary options and diversified in seasonal environments since the late Miocene. Early hominins eventually severed the habitat bias that characterized the evolution of great apes, and later expanded into diverse environments.
A Cultural Dialectics of Generational Change: The View From Contemporary Africa

ventional markers of adulthood increasingly hard to attain. In many cases, civil conflict, sometimes paired with high rates of HIV/AIDS, exacerbates these difficult economic conditions. Given that young people compose more than 75% of the population (United Nations, 2008), these circumstances mean that vast numbers of people find themselves trapped in a state of extended dependence akin to social childhood. Most young people in Africa desperately want to become adult, but poverty, and the violence that sometimes accompanies it, prevents them from doing so according to existing institutional paths. Such straitened circumstances even force young people to grow up in ways that appear very far from any idealized norm.
A protein kinase C isozyme is translocated to cytoskeletal elements on activation.

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC)1 isozymes comprise a family of related cytosolic kinases that translocate to the cell particulate fraction on stimulation. The activated enzyme is thought to be on the plasma membrane. However, phosphorylation of protein substrates occurs throughout the cell and is inconsistent with plasma membrane localization. Using an isozyme-specific monoclonal antibody we found that, on activation, this PKC isozyme translocates to myofibrils in cardiac myocytes and to microfilaments in fibroblasts. Translocation of this activated PKC isozyme to cytoskeletal elements may explain some of the effects of PKC on cell contractility and morphology. In addition, differences in the translocation site of individual isozymes--and, therefore, phosphorylation of different substrates localized at these sites--may explain the diverse biological effects of PKC.
Avian flocking in the presence of a predator

Although there are several possible advantages of flocking1–3, many authors suggest that birds forage in groups to reduce the risk of predation (see citations in ref. 4). One version of the ‘many eyes’ hypothesis proposes that flocking allows individuals to spend less time scanning for predators and more time feeding5,6. However, flocking may also cause individuals to lose time and energy in fighting one another. The way a bird divides its time among these activities, its time budget, may depend on variables governing foraging requirements and the chance of predation7. As one such variable is the frequency of attacks by predators8, we flew a trained hawk over flocks of granivorous yellow-eyed juncos (Junco phaeonotus) to compare time budgets in the presence and absence of a predator. We found that time budgets changed after the predator was introduced and also that flock size increased in the presence of the predator.
How much divergence has occurred between Africa and Arabia as a result of the opening of the Red Sea

Large coastline gaps in Red Sea palinspastic reconstructions are not tenable if interpretations of seismic refraction data from the continental margin of southwest Saudi Arabia in the southern Red Sea typify the crustal configuration of most of the basin. The composition of the crust beneath 4–6 km of shelf and coastal-plain sediment is not certain. Ely assuming (1) that it is extended continental crust that could be reorganized in a kinematically reconstructed cross section of the prerift continent, the minimum possible divergence between the stable parts of Africa and Arabia can be determined. The maximum divergence is derived by assuming (2) that the crust formed from a mantle source by rift-related igneous processes (i.e., “oceanic” crust). Such crust would disappear during the reconstruction. Assumption 1 suggests that the widest possible shoreline gap was 30 km at lat 17°N, corresponding to a minimum divergence of about 320 km. The Arabian and African shorelines would overlap by at least 25–40 km if assumption 2 is used. This suggests a maximum divergence of about 380 km. The buried rocks are probably a mixture of continental and oceanic types; thus some amount of coastline overlap is desirable in tectonic reconstructions of the early Afro-Arabian continent.
On the stability of mg nanograins to coarsening after repeated melting.

Herein we report on the extraordinary thermal stability of ∼35 nm Mg-nanograins that constitute the matrix of a Ti2AlC-Mg composite that has previously been shown to have excellent mechanical properties. The microstructure is so stable that heating the composite three times to 700 °C, which is 50 °C over the melting point of Mg, not only resulted in the repeated melting of the Mg, but surprisingly and within the resolution of our differential scanning calorimeter, did not lead to any coarsening. The reduction in the Mg melting point due to the nanograins was ∼50 °C. X-ray diffraction and neutron spectroscopy results suggest that thin, amorphous, and/or poorly crystallized rutile, anatase, and/or magnesia layers separate the Mg nanograins and prevent them from coarsening. Clearly that layer is thin enough, and thus mechanically robust enough, to survive the melting and solidification stresses encountered during cycling. Annealing in hydrogen at 250 °C for 20 h, also did not seem to alter the grain size sig...
An Unusual Conformation of α-Haloamides Due to Cooperative Binding with Zincated Porphyrins

CD and NMR spectroscopic evidence of cooperative binding between an α-halogen atom and a carboxamide group with a zinc porphyrin leads to an unprecedented conformation for the determination of the absolute stereochemistry of α-haloamides (α-halocarboxylic acids derivatized with 1,4-phenylenediamine) through the use of exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD). With the use of chiral lactams, whose rotomeric contributions are minimized, both ECCD and NMR spectroscopy demonstrate that the porphyrin favors binding to the side of the sterically more demanding halogen atom as compared to the smaller hydrogen atom. In all, the data is strongly suggestive of an unusual conformation not observed before for α-chiral amides. A mnemonic for determining the absolute stereochemistry of α-halogenated carboxylic acids is provided.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Q-switched/cw pulse trains produced by mode-locked fiber laser

A mode-locked erbium-ytterbium fiber laser operating at 1550 nm using multiple quantum well (MQW) saturable absorbers was developed. The laser was constructed in a Fabry-Perot configuration using a fiber Bragg grating as a front reflector and a fiber chirped Bragg grating output as a back reflector of the laser cavity. The laser can either produce Q-switched or CW passively mode-locked pulse trains by simply changing the location of the saturable absorber with respect to a focal plane. The pulse train of laser Q- switching operates at an 85-KHz repetition rate when the position of the absorber is near the focus. Peak power of the Q-switching pulses is about thirty times higher than for the CW mode locking which occurs when the absorber is placed exactly at the focal plane. The CW passively mode-locked pulse trains have a 19-MHz repetition rate with 2.6-mW average output power.
Tri‐α‐naphthylbenzene as a crystalline or glassy matrix for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization: a model system for the study of effects of dispersion of polymer samples at a molecular level

Tri-α-naphthylbenzene (TαNB) can exist as either a crystalline or glassy solid at ambient temperatures, making it a unique matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spectroscopy. Electrosprayed TαNB is crystalline and has a melting point of 180 ± 2 °C, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A glass of TαNB is obtained upon heating above the crystalline melting point with a glass transition temperature of 68 ± 2 °C having no remaining crystallinity. MALDI samples containing mass fraction 1% polystyrene (PS) are run in both the crystalline and amorphous states. In the crystalline state, there is a strong spectrum typical of PS, but upon melting and quenching to the glassy state, the MALDI signal disappears. If the transparent, amorphous sample is treated with 1-butanol, it becomes white, and the MALDI signal returns. DSC shows that the 1-butanol treatment leads to the return of some of the crystallinity. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) shows that the crystalline state has large aggregations of PS while the amorphous state has molecularly dispersed PS molecules. MALDI gives strong signals only when there are large aggregations of polymer molecules, with individually dispersed molecules producing no signal. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating User Input Into Optimal Constraining Procedures for Survey Estimates

We examine the incorporation of analyst input into the constrained estimation process. In the calibration literature, there are numerous examples of estimators with “optimal” properties. We show that many of these can be derived from first principles. Furthermore, we provide mechanisms for injecting user input to create user-constrained optimal estimates. We include derivations for common deviance measures with linear and nonlinear constraints and we demonstrate these methods on a contingency table and a simulated survey data set. R code and examples are available at https://github.com/mwilli/Constrained-estimation.git.
Applying Nursing Theory to Perioperative Nursing Practice

The perioperative nursing role has evolved from that of task-oriented specialists to patient-centered professionals. The concept of caring is significant to perioperative nurses and is manifested by the many caring behaviors perioperative nurses demonstrate toward surgical patients. This article describes how the element of caring is an essential function of perioperative nursing and relates the perioperative nursing role to the work of three nursing theorists (le, Florence Nightingale; Virginia Henderson, RN, AM; Carol L. Montgomery, RN, PhD).
Leukemogenic activity of filtrates from radiation-induced lymphoid tumors of mice.

Cell-free filtrates of x-ray-induced lymphoid tumors of strain C57BL/ Ka mice have elicited, on injection into newborn isologous hosts, a lymphoma incidence of 15 to 19 percent. In control mice of the same subline, the incidence of spontaneous lymphoma is about 1 percent. No leukemogenic activity could be detected in filtrates from thymi harvested at 2 to 32 days following completion of x-ray treatment. Activity was evident at 64 days and was perhaps somewhat greater at 128 days. Serial cell-free passage of filtrates in newborn F 1 hybrid mice resulted in a marked increase in lymphoma incidence (69 percent), coupled with a shortening of the median latency. Supplementary x-irradiation failed to enhance the activity of filtrates after neonatal injection.
Pub Matters @ AGU: How is AGU doing? Very well in most areas

There is some misinformation floating around, and the Council suggested I share some facts with you: Membership numbers are ahead of previous years. Member and institutional subscriptions are above 2001 levels at this time. Manuscript submissions for most journals are above last year's levels and overall are approximately 11% higher through June 2002 (see www.agu.org/pubs/stats).
Tough strained fibers of a polyelectrolyte complex: pretensioned polymers

Polyelectrolyte complexes, PECs, are formed spontaneously by the interaction of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. When hydrated, PECs are tough, elastic, biocompatible materials, but when dry they are hard and brittle. In either form, PECs have long been considered “unprocessable”. Here, we show that PECs are transformed from brittle to tough (when dry) by extrusion into highly strained fibers. Partial molecular strain in dry fibers may be relaxed by exposure to solutions of salt or hot water under a salt/temperature equivalence. Efficient shape memory of a complex strained in hot water is possible by cooling and recovering the original shape later in hot water.
Type curves for recovery of a discharging well with storage

Abstract The analysis of water level recovery data is usually carried out using the straight line or late time solution. Recently Case et al. presented a method based upon the reversion of the series representing the exponential integral whereby recovery data could be analyzed if only two points were known on the recovery curve. This analysis was based upon the Theis equation and consequently subject to all of the assumptions to the Theis equation. Important of these assumptions is the lack of storage in the discharging well. Papadopulos and Cooper solved the problem and presented appropriate type curves for well recovery after instantaneous charge of water when the well contained storage. Fenske presented an extension of the Theis equation which considers both discharging and observation well storage. The simpler mathematics makes the derivation of type recovery curves for radial flow systems with discharging well storage readily feasible. It is found that as pumping time becomes very short relative to recovery time, the type recovery curves approach as a limit the curves of Cooper, et al. for recovery after instantaneous drawdown. Recovery data from a test at Dawsonville, Georgia, is used as an example.
Measurements of a stator-induced circumferentially varying flow

The flow physics associated with the generation of both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric swirl by various deflection patterns of a stator array was investigated experimentally through surface pressure and Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry measurements. A three-dimensional rendering technique was developed to reconstruct the flow field around the model and in its wake. The three-dimensional fluid volume was reconstructed from multiple two-dimensional measurement planes. A cyclic distribution of the stators’ deflections resulted in non-axisymmetric distributions of the surface pressure and the flow field downstream of the stator array. The addition of a shroud had an amplifying effect: accelerating the flow through the stator array while reducing the non-uniform tangential velocity component generated by the stators. In the model near wake the flow field is associated with secondary flow patterns in the form of coherent streamwise vortical structures that can be described by potential flow mechanisms. The collective pitch distribution of the stators produces a flow field that resembles a potential Rankine vortex, whereas the cyclic pitch distribution generates a flow pattern that can be described by a potential vortex pair in a cross-flow.
Civilian PTSD scales: relationships with trait characteristics and everyday distress.

Strong associations between civilian posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scales and measures of general psychological distress suggest that the scales are nonspecific to PTSD. Three common PTSD scales were administered to 122 undergraduates who had experienced an emotionally salient, nontraumatic event: a college examination. Results indicated that normal levels of anxiety associated with the examination were positively correlated with scores on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale, and PTSD Checklist-CivilianVersion. Multiple regression analyses indicated that substantial variance in the PTSD scales was accounted for by trait characteristics such as negative and positive affectivity and affect intensity (R2.29 to .53). Negative affectivity correlated as highly with PTSD measures (r = .46 to .71) as those measures correlated with each other (r = .48 to .65). A high proportion of participants exceeded clinical cutoffs on these measures. The findings suggest that these PTSD...
Fetal seizures: Further observations

Background Previous reports of ultrasonographically diagnosed seizure activity in utero have described fetuses with obvious, gross, tonic-clonic movements of trunk and extremities. Cases Three fetuses with akinesia deformation sequence are described: two with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and one with Pena-Shokeir syndrome. Each was demonstrated by serial real-time ultrasound examinations to have joint contractures, absent fetal breathing motions, and lack of gross movements other than sonographically evident subtle seizure activity. Conclusion Fetal seizure activity can be subtle when seen in the presence of fetal anomalies that limit joint movement. The prognosis remains poor.
SU‐FF‐T‐634: Dosimetric Impact of Imaging Artifacts From KVCT and MVCT in the Presence of Metallic Prostheses

Purpose: To determine the most acceptable dose distribution for patients with metallic implants by quantifying the dosimetric impact of metal‐induced CT artifacts from two different imaging techniques (traditional kVCT and Tomotherapy MVCT) on optimization‐based treatment planning.Method and Materials: Six prostheses of varying composition and design were scanned in a 54 × 35.5 × 30 cm water tank using a 4 slice GE Discovery LS CT scanner and a Tomotherapy Hi‐ART megavoltage CT system. Corresponding image value to density tables (IVDTs) were created for each CT type. Four spherical regions of interest (ROIs) were created: a PTV at isocenter, and Regions 1–3 at 6 cm, 10 cm and 10 cm from isocenter, respectively. Both the kVCT and MVCT data sets were used to optimize 5‐field IMRT plans using Pinnacle's IMRT optimizer and Tomotherapy's treatment planningsoftware. 60 Gy was delivered to the PTV. For each planning system, the chosen machine parameters, beam arrangements and number of optimization iterations were kept the same for all plans. Beam arrangements were chosen to avoid the prostheses. Results: Point doses to the center of the ROIs varied significantly between kVCT and MVCT image‐based plans. The Tomotherapy planning system reported higher doses for the MVCT plans than the corresponding kVCT plans, except for the points located in Region 1. The maximum difference in reported dose to Region 1 between scan types was 4.1 Gy for Tomotherapy and 1.5 Gy for Pinnacle. The maximum dose difference elsewhere was 0.8 Gy for Tomotherapy and 1.76 Gy for Pinnacle. Conclusion: Metal artifacts significantly affect the beam shape, weighting and resulting dose distribution in the two optimization algorithms. Megavoltage scans are recommended for dose calculation, since the quantity and severity of metal‐induced artifacts are minimized and the dose to regions at risk near the PTV is in general reduced.
A technique for matching orthogonal megavoltage fields.

Abstract Several clinical problems in radiotherapy call for homogeneous irradiation of an extended volume using adjacent but orthogonal fields. This paper evaluates an orthogonal field matching method using isocentric setups with a "half-beam" block. Problems posed by beam divergence, gap estimation, patient repositioning and difficult patient anatomy are minimized; if reasonable care is exercised, there should be little risk of "hot" or "cold" areas in the treatment volume. Dosimetry verification has been obtained on cobalt and linear accelerator therapy machines by exposure of radiographic film in a phantom. Differential and integral dose parameters are used to compare conventional gapping and penumbra generation techniques with isocentric half-beam blocking and the latter is shown to be generally superior on both qualitative and quantitative bases. Clinical setups are demonstrated.
Bits and brains: Information flow in the nervous system

Abstract Until recently there have been no convincing quantitative measurements on the rates of information transmission in real neurons. Here we review the theoretical basis for making such measurements, together with the data which demonstrate remarkably high information rates in a variety of systems. In fact these rates are within a factor of two of the absolute physical limits set by the entropy of neural spike trains. Theses observations lead to sharp theoretical questions about the structure of the code and the strategy for adapting the code to different ensembles of input signals.
Experimental Characterization of Ultrasonic Phenomena by a Neural-Like Learning System

This paper describes a novel approach for analyzing ultrasonic signals to permit an experimental determination of the relations between elastic wave phenomena and the properties of a source of sound in a material. It is demonstrated that an adaptive learning system comprising an associative memory can be used to map source and waveform data and vice versa with the auto- and cross-correlation portions of the associative memory. Experiments are described which utilize such an adaptive system, running on a laboratory minicomputer, to process the data from a transient ultrasonic pulse in a plate specimen. In the learning procedure, the system learns from experimental pattern vectors, which are formed from the ultrasonic waveforms and, in this paper, encoded information about the source. The source characteristics are recovered by the recall procedure from detected ultrasonic signals and vice versa. Furthermore, from the discrepancy between the presented and the learned signals, the changes in the wave phenomenon, corresponding, for example, to changes in the boundary conditions of a specimen, can be determined.
Effects of diphenylhydantoin and diazepam on hippocampal evoked responses.

Abstract Diphenylhydantoin and diazepam were compared with regard to their effects on responses to single stimuli, and on post-tetanic potentiation of evoked potentials within the hippocampus of anaesthetized rats. Interhippocampal afferents to pyramidal cells were stimulated electrically, while extracellular field potentials were recorded at successive depths within the contralateral hippocampus. Recording electrodes penetrated perpendicularly from a surface point homotopic to the site of stimulation. The anticonvulsants (40 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin, 5 mg/kg diazepam), 30 min after intravenous infusion, depressed post-tetanic potentiation in the stratum radiatum. At these doses, responses to single stimuli were essentially unaltered. Doses nearer the toxic range (80 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin, 10 mg/kgdiazepam) also reduced post-tetanic potentiation in the stratum radiatum, but increased (up to 150%) post-tetanic potentiation recorded from granule cells in the area dentata. The results indicate that diphenylhydantoin and diazepam have: (1) selective actions on hippocampal post-tetanic potentiation which are site and dose dependent; (2) qualitatively similar end-effects on post-tetanic potentials in two hippocampal subregions; (3) minimal effects on responses to single stimuli at doses which depress or enhance hippocampal post-tetanic potentiation.
Trisomy 18 (16–18) associated with congenital glaucoma and optic atrophy

A case of trisomy 18 in a female infant is reported. Many abnormalities characteristic of this syndrome were present, including failure to thrive, mental retardation, hypertonicity, low-set ears with partial absence of antihelices, prominent occiput, flexion abnormality of the hands, syndactyly of the toes, interventricular septal defect, unilateral kidney, hypertrichosis of the forehead, and corneal opacities. In addition, the patient had bilateral congenital glaucoma and optic atrophy which had not been reported previously. The child was amaurotic and deaf. Hypogammaglobulinemia was also noted but tentatively attributed to the failure to thrive. The opportunity for chromosomal markers that may be afforded by autosomal trisomies is briefly mentioned.
Gate Direct Tunneling Currents in Uniaxial Stressed MOSFETs

We present a simple physical picture for uniaxial stress altered gate direct tunneling current in n and p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). Experimental data shows that the nMOSFET gate electron tunneling current decreases (increases) for uniaxial tensile (compressive) stress. The pMOSFET stress altered gate hole tunneling current is opposite to the electron current. These results can be understood from the strain-altered out-of-plane effective mass, energy splitting, and carrier population. For instance, longitudinal uniaxial tensile stress increases barrier height and the electron population in the ?2 valleys that have a higher out-of-plane mass resulting in reduced electron tunneling current. Whereas in p-channel MOSFETs, uniaxial tensile stress increases the hole tunneling current by decreasing the hole population in the top band with has a higher out-of-plane mass.
Anterior-posterior patterning and segmentation of the vertebrate head

Segmentation of the vertebrate head emerges out of earlier processes that establish the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. Recent genetic studies and comparisons across species have led to a better understanding of the links between A-P patterning and segmentation. These point to similar signals acting on both head and trunk, such as retinoic acid and fibroblast growth factors. These form interacting networks of diffusible morphogen gradients that pattern both hindbrain rhombomeres and mesodermal somites. New computational models, particularly for retinoic acid, have revealed how morphogen gradients are established and made robust to changes in signaling levels. However, the orientations of these gradients, as well as how they interact to generate segments, differ remarkably between germ layers and body regions. Thus, the vertebrate head is, in part, built through modifications of the same processes that link A-P patterning and segmentation in the trunk, but fundamental differences in how these processes are deployed lend further doubt to the notion that head and trunk segments are homologous.
Discrete sizing for leakage power optimization in physical design: A comparative study

While sizing has been studied for over three decades, the absence of a common framework with which to compare methods has made progress difficult to measure. In this article, we compare popular sizing techniques in which gates are chosen from a discrete standard cell library and slew and interconnect effects are accounted for. The difference between sizing methods reduces from roughly 53p to 8p between best and worst case after slew propagation is taken into account. In our benchmarks, no one sizing technique consistently outperforms the others.
16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 reduces bile acid-mediated intestinal vascular injury in rats

To examine the effects of prostaglandin on bile acid-mediated intestinal vascular injury, male rats were given 50 mg/kg of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-stained dextran 70 or 25 mg/kg of Evans Blue intravenously. Before intestinal injury with 45-minute perfusion of 5 mmol/L chenodeoxycholic acid, rats received 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (5 micrograms/kg intravenously or 0.5 micrograms/mL or in the perfusate for 15 minutes or vehicle). FITC-dextran clearance from the blood to the intestinal lumen and tissue Evans Blue content were used as measures of intestinal vascular injury. Morphological mucosal injury was assessed by transmission electron microscopy and quantitative histological analysis. Chenodeoxycholic acid perfusion caused villous denudation and shortening of and ultrastructural damage to villous venules. Functional vascular injury was evidenced by a 10-fold increase in the rate of FITC-dextran blood-to-lumen clearance and a 3-4-fold increase in tissue Evans Blue content. Pretreatment with either intravenous or intraluminal 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 reduced FITC-dextran clearance by 70%-80% and tissue Evans Blue content by 50%. However, only luminal prostaglandin reduced superficial mucosal morphological injury, possibly because of differences in the local concentrations of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 or chenodeoxycholic acid or because of superficial mucosal protection and injury being, at least in part, independent of mucosal microvascular injury and protection.
Attribution of decadal variability in lower-stratospheric tropical ozone

[1] The variability of ozone in the lower stratosphere in a climate-chemistry model is investigated by multiple regression analysis. The model includes forcing due to changes in solar irradiance and to anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST). When ozone calculated for the period 1979–2003 is regressed against time and 10.7 cm radio flux (f10.7), the regression coefficient of f10.7 at 52 hPa is 2.8% per 100 flux units. This decreases to 1.8% if a lagged index of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is included in the regression model, and to 0.78% if the period of analysis is extended to 1950–2003. The last value is in good agreement with simulations of fixed solar maximum vs. solar minimum conditions that do not include SST variability. These results suggest that some of the decadal variability in tropical ozone previously attributed to solar variability may instead be related to the occurrence of ENSO events.
Pyrolytic Fate of Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile, A Contaminant of Phencyclidine, During Smoking

The pyrolysis products of 1-(1-piperidino)cyclo-hexanecarbonitrile (PCC), the major contaminant of illicit phencyclidine (PCP), have not been previously reported. In order to quantify PCC in mainstream smoke as well as to identify the pyrolysis products, (/sup 3/H)piperidino-(/sup 14/C)cyano-PCC was synthesized. Marijuana placebo cigarettes were impregnated with this double-labeled PCC and burned with an apparatus that simulated smoking. The mainstream smoke was passed through a series of traps containing glass wool, H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, or NaOH. Approximately 75% of the /sup 3/H was collected in these traps, and 46, 11, and 5% of the /sup 14/C was found in the glass wool, H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, and NaOH traps, respectively. Contents of the traps were analyzed by GC/MS. The glass wool trap contained 1-(1-piperidino)-1-cyclo-hexene, PCC, piperidine, and N-acetylpiperidine, and cyanide ion was detected in all three traps. Approximately 47% of the PCC was found intact in mainstream smoke. Approximately 58% was cleaved to form cyanide and 1-(1-piperidino)-1-cyclohexene. The latter was further broken down to cyclohexanone (which represented 21% of the starting material), piperidine (29%), and N-acetylpiperidine (7%), and about 2% remained intact.