cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linker-Free Modification of TiO2 Nanorods with PbSe Nanocrystals

We report on a colloidal synthesis of PbSe/TiO2 heterostructures, comprising small-diameter PbSe nanocrystals epitaxially grown onto the surface of TiO2 nanorods. The deposition of lead selenide onto prefabricated TiO2 nanocrystals proceeds via formation of a thin PbSe shell that subsequently breaks into sub-2-nm islands. Additional precursor injections are then used to increase the size of PbSe nanocrystals up to 5 nm. In the case of small-size PbSe, a 2.1-ns transfer of photoinduced carriers into TiO2 domain was evidenced through quenching of the PbSe band gap emission. Overall, the present synthesis demonstrates a colloidal approach to all-inorganic modification of TiO2 surfaces with semiconductor nanocrystals, which provides a viable alternative to a more common supramolecular assembly of nanocrystal-oxide composites.
UNIT 9.5 Selection of Transfected Mammalian Cells

To determine the function of a gene in vitro, expression in heterologous cells is often employed. This can be done by transient expression, but often requires a more permanent expression of the gene and the creation of a cell line. This process can involve decisions as to the nature of construct used for expression, and invariably uses some strategy to select the transfected cells. Typically, these strategies use one of a number of genes that confer resistance to an added drug that will kill untransfected cells but not the transfected cells (positive selection). Alternatively, sometimes the strategy uses a gene that will confer sensitivity to a compound and kills the transfected cells (negative selection). This chapter discusses some of the strategies and genes used in creating cell line for in vitro study of gene function. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 86:9.5.1-9.5.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: stable integration; selection; mammalian cell; stable transfection; selection marker; Cre-lox; Flp-FRT; expression
Photolysis of Caged Glutamate for Use in the CNS

Caged glutamate is a biologically inert, photolabile precursor of L-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) that is used to produce concentration jumps of glutamate on neurons. Organic chemists have synthesized many chromophores for uncaging, but not all caged glutamates are made equal. A survey of these caged compounds, especially with reference to two-photon photolysis in brain slices, reveals that the ideal properties for a photolabile glutamate find their best combination in acylnitroindolinyl-caged glutamates, such as MNI-glu.
Second physician review of radiographs after wrist and ankle reductions offers limited utility to clinical management.

The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical utility of second-physician review of radiographs obtained after reduction of distal radius and ankle fractures. Fifty consecutive ankle and distal radius fractures requiring reduction were reviewed. The time from post-reduction radiograph to second-physician interpretation was obtained. The second-physicians’ interpretation was evaluated for clinically influential information. Patients requiring a repeat reduction were identified, and the timing of the repeat reduction radiograph was compared with the timing of the second-physician interpretation of the initial post-reduction radiograph. The mean time of second-physician interpretation for post reduction ankle radiographs was 6 h and 47 min (range 4 min to 43 h and 3 min). Eleven of 50 (22%) interpretations of post reduction ankle radiographs commented on acceptability of reduction. The mean time of second-physician interpretation for post reduction distal radius radiographs was 5 h and 34 min (range 8 min to 22 h and 59 min). Seven of 50 (14%) interpretations of post reduction distal radius radiographs commented on acceptability of reduction. Three distal radius (6%) and 8 ankle fractures (16%) required repeat reduction. Repeat reductions were completed in 10/11 cases (91%) before the second-physician review of the initial post reduction radiograph was obtained. In only 1 case of repeat reduction was the second-physician review of the post reduction radiograph available before repeat reduction was attempted. The timing and quality of second-physician review of post-reduction radiographs offers little utility to the clinical management of ankle and distal radius fractures.
Root respiration and biomass responses to experimental soil warming vary with root diameter and soil depth

Respiration of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) surface fine roots has been shown to partially acclimate to experimentally increased soil temperature. In this study, we assessed how larger roots and roots at deeper depths responded to experimental warming. We quantified specific root respiration and root biomass for three different diameter classes (<1, 1–2, and 2–10 mm) from three soil depths (0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm) in a sugar maple forest that had received a factorial combination of increased soil temperature (4 to 5 °C above ambient) and supplemental precipitation for three growing seasons. Partial temperature acclimation occurred for respiration of fine-roots (<1 mm) at 0–10 cm, limiting the increase to 30% above that for roots in the control treatment. In contrast, there was no evidence for acclimation of fine-roots at deeper depths, where soil warming caused respiration to more than double. There was evidence of acclimation for 1–2 mm roots at the 0–10 cm depth (20% reduction in respiration at an 18 °C reference temperature) but not for the larger diameter roots at any of the three soil depths. Root biomass was not altered by soil warming or moisture addition. Despite partial thermal acclimation in surface fine-root respiration, soil warming caused an overall 41% increase in the C flux to the atmosphere from respiration of roots in the upper 30 cm of soil, from 21.3 to 30.1 μmol m−2 s−1, potentially reducing C availability for biomass production.
Cyanine Nanocage Activated by Near-IR Light for the Targeted Delivery of Cyclosporine A to Traumatic Brain Injury Sites.

More than 2.8 million annually in the United States are afflicted with some form of traumatic brain injury (TBI), where 75% of victims have a mild form of TBI (MTBI). TBI risk is higher for individ...
Relational teletherapy experiences of couple and family therapy trainees: "Reading the room," exhaustion, and the comforts of home.

Couple and family therapists are increasingly using telehealth platforms to deliver services. Unfortunately, the literature on relational teletherapy is not well developed. This study sought to understand experiences of teletherapy with couples and families as it contrasts with individual clients and in-person therapy. We utilized a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry from data collected through open-ended questions on a web-based survey of graduate student trainees (n = 66) in COAMFTE-accredited couple and family therapy programs. Thematic analysis identified the body-of-the-therapist and client as they exist (and are obstructed) due to technology for creating barriers and opportunities in translating CFT intervention to telehealth platforms. Relational teletherapy cultivated therapist creativity and exhaustion. It also made plain the need for systemic interventions with children and adolescents that engages their parents and home environments. Implications for CFT practice, training, and intervention research are outlined.
Correction to: Recruitment of Plasma Membrane GABA-A Receptors by Submembranous Gephyrin/Collybistin Clusters

The original version of this article unfortunately contained editorial errors in supplementary material.
Active Mission Success Estimation through PHM-Informed Probabilistic Modelling

Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) techniques have traditionally been used to analyze electrical and mechanical systems, but similar techniques can be adapted for less mechatronically-focused processes such as crewed space missions. By applying failure analysis techniques taken from PHM, the probability of success for missions can be calculated. Extensive work has been conducted to predict space mission failure, but many existing methods do not take full advantage of modern computing power and the potential for real-time calculation of mission failure probabilities. The Active Mission Success Estimation (AMSE) method is developed in this paper to track and calculate the probability of mission failure as the mission progresses, and is intentionally adaptable for shifting mission objectives and parameters. This form of mission modelling takes a broader view of the mission and objectives, and develops statistical probability models of success or failure for multiple possible choice combinations that is used to inform real-time decisions and maximize probability of mission success. A case study of a generalized crewed Mars mission that has turned into a survival scenario is considered where an astronaut has been left behind on the surface and must survive for an extended period of time before undertaking a long-distance journey to a new launch site for rescue and return to Earth. The AMSE method presented here aims to establish real-time probabilistic modeling of decision outcomes during an active mission and can be used to inform mission decisions.
Against Criminal Law Localism

Scholars have long called for greater localism in criminal justice as a response to the crises of racialized mass incarceration and over-policing. A downward shift of power to smaller local governments is thought to maximize an array of values, including liberty, equality, and efficient experimentation, and also to allow for criminal justice to better reflect societal viewpoints in policies. But no criminal “justice” localists have recognized that a critical distinction exists between the devolution of power over criminal “law” and devolution of power over criminal “procedure.” Because of foundational features of local government law, localities have no authority to decriminalize conduct criminalized by a state—their option is only to add more offenses to the existing state code. Increased localism in criminal law, then, functions as a one-way ratchet for more misdemeanor criminalization and all its attendant ills: incarceration, crippling fines and fees, and the authorization of more policing, surveillance, and managerial social control of marginalized groups. Criminal “law” localism will counteract the benefits that criminal “justice” localism is expected to advance. Pragmatic criminal justice localists should therefore narrow their claim, excising substantive criminal law from their devolutionary program.
Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Abuse Potential of Opioids

Opioids were the most common drug class resulting in overdose deaths in the United States in 2019. Widespread clinical use of prescription opioids for moderate to severe pain contributed to the ongoing opioid epidemic with the subsequent emergence of fentanyl-laced heroin. More potent analogues of fentanyl and structurally diverse opioid receptor agonists such as AH-7921 and MT-45 are fueling an increasingly diverse illicit opioid supply. Overdose from synthetic opioids with high binding affinities may not respond to a typical naloxone dose, thereby rendering autoinjectors less effective, requiring higher antagonist doses or resulting in a confusing clinical picture for health care providers. Nonscheduled opioid drugs such as loperamide and dextromethorphan are associated with dependence and risk of overdose as easier access makes them attractive to opioid users. Despite a common opioid-mediated pathway, several opioids present with unique pharmacodynamic properties leading to acute toxicity and dependence development. Pharmacokinetic considerations involve half-life of the parent opioid and its metabolites as well as resulting toxicity, as is established for tramadol, codeine, and oxycodone. Pharmacokinetic considerations, toxicities, and treatment approaches for notable opioids are reviewed.
The multiple mechanisms of MCL1 in the regulation of cell fate.

MCL1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1) is a widely recognized pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma protein 2) family and a promising target for cancer therapy. While the role MCL1 plays in apoptosis is well defined, its participation in emerging non-apoptotic signaling pathways is only beginning to be appreciated. Here, we synthesize studies characterizing MCL1s influence on cell proliferation, DNA damage response, autophagy, calcium handling, and mitochondrial quality control to highlight the broader scope that MCL1 plays in cellular homeostasis regulation. Throughout this review, we discuss which pathways are likely to be impacted by emerging MCL1 inhibitors, as well as highlight non-cancerous disease states that could deploy Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-mimetics in the future. In this review Widden and Placzek synthesize studies characterizing the influence that myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1) has on cell proliferation, DNA damage response, autophagy, calcium handling, and mitochondrial quality control to highlight the broader scope that it plays in cellular homeostasis regulation. They discuss which pathways are likely to be impacted by emerging MCL1 inhibitors, as well as highlight non-cancerous disease states that could deploy BH3-mimetics in the future.
International education and the pursuit of ‘Western’ capitals: middle-class Nigerian fathers’ strategies of class reproduction

Studies have shown the ways in which non-Western middle- and upper-class families are seeking to educate their children in the West. The rationale for this kind of social reproduction strategy is t...
Animal models of corticosteroid- associated bone diseases

Osteonecrosis is a disease that is characterized by lesions of dead bone, most frequently detected in the subchondral bone of the convex side of the major diarthrodial joints (hips, knees, shoulders, and talus). High-dose corticosteroid therapy is one major risk factor for osteonecrosis. The pathological appearance of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, however, is fairly consistent regardless of the etiology. Depending on the stage of the disease, this includes evidence of bone marrow edema, lipocyte and bone cell necrosis, fibrosis, creeping substitution (new bone lying on dead bone), and the presence of osteoporosis [1]. Hemorrhage within the bone marrow compartment has also been observed in patient specimens from corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis [2]. Previous investigators have suggested that corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis has more rapid progression than other etiologies [1, 3]. The mechanisms involved in the development of osteonecrosis [ON] are difficult to explore from clinical samples as they provide a single snapshot at one time point subsequent to the onset of the disease, usually months after the onset of the disease when the symptoms first appear. While some investigators have used corticosteroid-associated animal models to evaluate different potential treatments [4–6], it is not clear whether the results can be extrapolated to the human condition. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms is needed.
Analysis of neurite outgrowth on electrospun fiber scaffolds in the presence of blebbistatin and paclitaxel

In an attempt to increase the rate of neurite extension from E9 chick embryo dorsal root ganglion (DRG) on electrospun fiber scaffolds we experimented with two drugs that have been used previously to affect neuronal growth. Blebbistatin and paclitaxel were added to DRG cultured on electrospun fibers in an attempt to increase the rate of neurite extension along fibrous scaffolds. Blebbistatin increased the length of neurites extending from the DRG explant in comparison to the drug-free control group. In contrast, paclitaxel completely eliminated all neurite extension from the DRG explant when compared to the control. A third treatment group which combined both drugs also resulted in no neurite extension from the DRG explant as was found in all paclitaxel containing treatment groups.
Understanding the role of brine ionic composition on oil recovery by assessment of wettability from colloidal forces

The impact of injection brine salinity and ionic composition on oil recovery has been an active area of research for the past 25years. Evidence from laboratory studies and field tests suggests that implementing certain modifications to the ionic composition of the injection brine leads to greater oil recovery. The role of salinity modification is attributed to its ability to shift wettability of a rock surface toward water wetness. The amount of trapped oil released depends on the nature of rock, oil, and brine surface interactions. Reservoir rocks exhibit different affinities to fluids. Carbonates show stronger adsorption of oil films as opposed to the strongly water-wet and mixed-wet sandstones. The concentration of divalent ions and total salinity of the injection brine are other important factors to consider. Accordingly, this paper provides a review of laboratory and field studies of the role of brine composition on oil recovery from carbonaceous rock as well as rationalization of results using DLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek) theory of surface forces. DLVO evaluates the contribution of each component of the oil/brine/rock system to the wettability. Measuring zeta potential of each pair of surfaces by a charged particle suspension method is used to estimate double layer forces, disjoining pressure, and contact-angle. We demonstrate the applicability of the DLVO approach by showing a comprehensive experimental study that investigates the effect of divalent ions in carbonates, and uses disjoining pressure results to rationalize observations from core flooding and direct contact-angle measurements.
Umbilical cord blood transplantation: current practice and future innovations

Abstract As a source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), umbilical cord blood (UCB) has the advantages of speed of availability, tolerance of 1–2 antigen HLA mismatch, and a low incidence of severe GVHD. Thus, UCB represents a highly convenient HSC source that may significantly extend the HSC donor pool. UCB transplantation (UCBT) has become a standard practice in the treatment of pediatric malignancies. Now, UCBT is being investigated in adults using both conventional and non-myeloablative preparative regimens. As graft cell dose is the major factor determining hematopoietic recovery and survival in URD UCBT, methods to increase cell dose such as multiple-unit transplant and ex vivo expansion are being pursued. This review outlines the current status of UCBT with emphasis on current and future innovations.
Untreated tooth fractures; report of three cases.

Abstract Wide ranges of response, from almost no activity to almost complete repair, were shown in three separate cases of teeth which remained unextracted and untreated for months or years following fracture.
Notas sobre o conceito de Virtude em Platão

Exame introdutorio ao conceito de virtude de Platao considerando especialmente a questao da unidade e das partes, da possibilidade de ensinar a virtude e das relacoes entre a ideia de alma e as condicoes da virtude. O artigo analisa o contexto social e historico da virtude na Grecia antiga e na obra de Platao, examina algumas posicoes teoricas sobre o problema da unidade e das partes da virtude e a questao da aprendizagem da virtude no Menon, Gorgias e Protagoras e, finalmente, examina as implicacoes do conceito de alma presentes na concepcao de virtude em Platao.
Function of a Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 Exonic Splicing Suppressor Requires a Suboptimal Upstream 3′ Splice Site

Alternative splicing is an important mechanism for the regulation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) gene expression during the virus life cycle. Previous studies in our laboratory have identified two purine-rich exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs), SE1 and SE2, located between two alternative 3' splice sites at nucleotide (nt) 3225 and nt 3605. Further analysis of BPV-1 late-pre-mRNA splicing in vitro revealed a 48-nt pyrimidine-rich region immediately downstream of SE1 that inhibits utilization of the nt 3225 3' splice site. This inhibitory element, which we named an exonic splicing suppressor (ESS), has a U-rich 5' end, a C-rich central part, and an AG-rich 3' end (Z. M. Zheng, P. He, and C. C. Baker, J. Virol. 70:4691-4699, 1996). The present study utilized in vitro splicing of both homologous and heterologous pre-mRNAs to further characterize the ESS. The BPV-1 ESS was inserted downstream of the 3' splice site in the BPV-1 late pre-mRNA, Rous sarcoma virus src pre-mRNA, human immunodeficiency virus tat-rev pre-mRNA, and Drosophila dsx pre-mRNA, all containing a suboptimal 3' splice site, and in the human beta-globin pre-mRNA, which contains a constitutive 3' splice site. These studies demonstrated that suppression of splicing by the BPV-1 ESS requires an upstream suboptimal 3' splice site but not an upstream ESE. Furthermore, the ESS functions when located either upstream or downstream of BPV-1 SE1. Mutational analyses demonstrated that the function of the ESS is sequence dependent and that only the C-rich region of the ESS is essential for suppression of splicing in all the pre-mRNAs tested.
Metamorphism of the deepest exposed arc rocks in the Cretaceous to Paleogene Cascades belt, Washington: evidence for large‐scale vertical motion in a continental arc

The Swakane Gneiss and the overlying Napeequa Complex in the North Cascade range, Washington, were metamorphosed and deformed during development of a Cretaceous-Paleogene continental arc, and are among the structurally deepest exposed rocks within the Cordilleran arcs of North America. Peak metamorphic conditions in both the Swakane Gneiss and Napeequa Complex were c. 640–750 °C, 9–12 kbar. Clockwise paths and widespread evidence for high-P metamorphism in meta-supracrustal rocks (burial to >40 km) document major vertical tectonic motion during arc construction and unroofing. These and other moderately high-pressure rocks in the North Cascades-Coast Mountains experienced a dramatically different tectonometamorphic history than metamorphic rocks within other Cordilleran arcs. The exhumed arc complexes of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Ranges are dominated by relatively low-P metamorphic and plutonic rocks (typically <6 kbar). There is no evidence that the northern Cordillera was thickened to a greater degree than these other belts, suggesting that the greater magnitude of vertical motion in the Cascades may have been related to exhumation mechanisms: Eocene extension in the northern Cordillera vs. erosional unroofing in the central and southern Cordillera.
Regression Diagnostics: An Expository Treatment of Outliers and Influential Cases

Gauging the robustness of regression estimates is especially important in small-sample analyses. Here, we examine recent developments in the detection and analysis of outliers and influential cases...
On the plane problem in micropolar elasticity

Abstract The most general solution of micropolar elasticity has been obtained for static plane problems in a circular ring-shaped region. For illustrative purpose, two examples of Volterra's dislocation problem are given to demonstrate the physical meaning of many-valued solutions.
Diffusion indexes and a statistical test for predicting turning points in business cycles

Abstract This paper presents a non-econometric statistical procedure for testing the significance of turning points in a sample diffusion index of leading indicators, allowing one to make inferences with respect to turning points of the corresponding business cycle. The procedure is applied utilizing 30 leading indicators in the prediction of peaks and troughs in the U.S. business cycle between 1969 and 1982. For this time period, the procedure correctly predicts the four peaks and the four troughs in the U.S. business cycle with a lead time range of from zero to twelve months, although false turns with respect to the prediction of peaks were recorded. This procedure compares very favorable with the Neftci non-econometric statistical test approach for predicting turning points in business cycles. Further, this procedure may be used in conjunction with smoothing and weighting techniques for improving predictions from leading indicators.
Role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the development of osteopenia in oophorectomized rats

The effect of ovarian insufficiency on calcium metabolism has been thought to involve an increased bone resorptive effect of parathyroid hormone and possible impaired synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In the present study a rat model allowing for controlled serum levels of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was used. Oophorectomy in this species is associated with increased serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and decreased bone mass. Although thyroparathyroidectomy increased bone mass, an increased sensitivity of bone to parathyroid hormone in oophorectomized rats was not observed. Thus the development of the osteopenia did not seem to be related to increased parathyroid hormone sensitivity or to reduced levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased bone mass in oophorectomized as well as intact rats. Intestinal calcium transport was increased by moderate doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Intestinal calcium transport was also reduced by thyroparathyroidectomy and increased by the administration of parathyroid extract. A tendency for increased accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in blood in oophorectomized rats has been noted. It is suggested that the tendency to hypercalcemia in ovarian-insufficient females given 1-hydroxylated vitamin D compounds may be related to a diminished metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Maternal tactics for mitigating neonate predation risk during the postpartum period in Thomson’s gazelle

The time immediately following birth is a period of high predation risk for ungulate neonates. Ungulate mothers exhibit perinatal behaviors that appear to mitigate offspring risk during this time. However, few studies of infant mortality include the postpartum period. Therefore, the function and effectiveness of these maternal behaviors are untested. We observed perinatal behavior in 11 Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsoni) mother–infant pairs in a free-ranging population under predation pressure. Five of the six fawns that were detected by predators during the perinatal period were killed. Fawn survival therefore depended on avoiding detection by predators. Considered individually, neither prepartum isolation from conspecifics nor birth site selection affected the risk of being detected by a predator. However, analyses revealed two distinct perinatal tactics: mothers either isolated and gave birth in tall grass or remained in their social groups and gave birth in short grass. Both of these tactics resulted in lower risk of predator detection compared to behavior that was inconsistent with either tactic. The tactics represent a maternal trade-off between minimizing the duration of the highly vulnerable postpartum period and minimizing conspicuousness to predators.
The value of explanation in expert systems for auditing: An experimental investigation

Abstract Providing explanations for recommended actions is one of the most important capabilities of expert systems (ESs). The nature of the auditing domain suggests that ESs designed for audit applications should provide an explanation facility. There is little empirical evidence, however, that explanation facilities are, in fact, useful. This paper investigates the impact of explanations on changes in user beliefs toward ES-generated conclusions. Grounded on a theoretical model of argument, the study utilized a simulated expert system to provide three alternative types of ES explanations: trace; justification; and strategy. Ten expert and ten novice auditors performing an analytical review task evaluated the outputs of the system in a laboratory setting. The results indicate that explanation facilities can make a system's advice more agreeable and hence acceptable to auditors, and that justification is the most effective type of ES explanation to bring about changes in auditor attitudes toward the system. In addition, the results suggest that auditors at different levels of expertise may value each explanation type differently.
A new species of Phytomyza fallen from Western Himalaya (Agromyzidae : Diptera)

While studying the Agrorayzidac collection from Northern India the authors came across a couple of very interesting specimens belonging to the genus Phytomyza and reared from the host-plant Thalictrum foliolosum DC. (Fam. Ranunculaceae). A predominently Palaearctic genus, Phytomyza is represented so far only by a single, common and widespread species, P. atricornis Meig., in India. From within the Oriental realm, Spencer (1961) records only four species belonging to this genus, one of them being undetermined.
Reactive infiltration processing and secondary compressive creep of NiAl and NiAl-W composites

Reactive infiltration processing was used to fabricate bulk NiAl and fiber-reinforced NiAl composites. Homogenous, pore-free materials were obtained by chemical reaction between nickel and aluminum after complete infiltration with liquid aluminum of preforms of nickel wires (containing tungsten wires for the composites) with low surface-to-volume ratio, high permeability, and regular infiltration paths. Reactively-processed, monolithic NiAl exhibited compressive creep properties at 715 °C and 1025 °C in good agreement with those of conventionally processed NiAl. The compressive creep behavior of NiAl composites reinforced with 5 to 20 vol pct W was also characterized at the same temperatures. At 715 °C, the NiAl-W composites exhibited secondary creep with little primary and tertiary creep, while at 1025 °C, the composites displayed all three stages. Microstructurally, secondary creep was characterized by pure uniaxial compression of tungsten fibers. The measured composite secondary creep rates could be predicted reasonably well with the role-of-mixtures isostrain model developed for composites where both phases undergo creep deformation using tensile creep data measured on the as-received tungsten fibers.
Building a caring community in teacher education

Abstract We developed and implemented the Caring Community Model (CCM) in teacher education in order to create meaningful relationships in a safe and supportive environment. Preservice teachers who were participants in this qualitative study reported that they cared more about other group members, considered themselves to be members of a family, had shared values, generally practiced the principles of the CCM, and developed personal strength to manage a variety of situations. We propose that using this model to nurture caring attributes in preservice teachers—and thereby influence caring in PreK‐16 classrooms—can help overcome the personal, family, ethnic, and class problems that often get in the way of effective teaching, learning, and living.
Identifying message flow in distributed event-based systems

Distributed event-based (DEB) systems contain highly-decoupled components that interact by exchanging messages. This enables flexible system composition and adaptation, but also makes DEB systems difficult to maintain. Most existing program analysis techniques to support maintenance are not well suited to DEB systems, while those that are tend to suffer from inaccuracy or make assumptions that limit their applicability. This paper presents Eos, a static analysis technique that identifies message information useful for maintaining a DEB system, namely, message types and message flow within a system. Eos has been evaluated on six off-the-shelf DEB systems spanning five different middleware platforms, and has exhibited excellent accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, a case study involving a range of maintenance activities undertaken on three existing DEB systems shows that, on average, Eos enables an engineer to identify the scope and impact of required changes more accurately than existing alternatives.
The hazards of intermediate endpoints

C linical benefit of treatment for advanced prostate cancer is not hard to define. Extension of survival, improved quality of life, and reduced disease complications are concrete examples over which there is little controversy. Clinical trials that rely on alternate endpoints risk producing confusing, if not uninterpretable, results. The article by Carducci et al. in this issue of Cancer presents such a dilemma. Atrasentan, an agent thought promising for prostate cancer based on several prior studies, including randomized Phase 2 data, was investigated in a placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial in metastatic, androgen-independent patients using progression-free survival as the primary endpoint. At first glance, this concept would seem clear enough. However, progression in advanced prostate cancer is not a straight-forward endpoint. It requires a composite construct of clinical and radiographic measures and has not been validated. Consequently, we are left with uncertainty when interpreting the results of this clinical trial. The authors should be congratulated for successfully conducting such a large study without reliance on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a component of the progression endpoint. This is quite an accomplishment in a PSA-driven era, in which both patients and clinicians feel compelled to make and break treatment decisions based on fluctuations in this marker. The temptation of choosing PSA decline as an endpoint in prostate cancer clinical trial design remains strong, but the meaning of such results remains uncertain. Reduction in serum PSA in response to chemotherapy for androgen-independent disease, although it is correlated with survival, is not a direct or universally accepted measure of patient benefit. Furthermore, it is not clear that biologic agents that may benefit patients by stabilizing their disease without classic responses can be evaluated using PSA metrics. Despite the decision to exclude PSA from the progression endpoint of their study, its influence remains: The rigorous bone imaging schedule that may have been the study’s undoing was put in place as an effort to override PSA-influenced progression decisions. In theory, progression-free survival could prove a versatile metric applicable to both cytotoxic chemotherapy and cytostatic agents. However, as evidenced by this trial, progression-free survival is difficult to define and doubly hard to measure in advanced prostate cancer. Progression in this disease has many potential manifestations: a modest increase in the size of asymptomatic— See referenced original article on pages 1959–66, this issue.
Different mechanism of saturation of acetaminophen sulfate conjugation in mice and rats.

Abstract Sulfation of acetaminophen is a high-affinity and low-capacity conjugation pathway in rats. It is thought that sulfation becomes saturated in rats at high doses of acetaminophen because of limited availability of the active sulfate donor, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the supply of which is, in turn, limited by the availability of its precursor, inorganic sulfate. The present study was designed to determine whether a similar mechanism is responsible for capacity-limited sulfation in mice. Saturation of acetaminophen sulfation occurs in both species; however, at the maximal rate of sulfation, sulfate and PAPS concentrations were markedly decreased in rats but not in mice. Administration of sodium sulfate and the sulfate precursor N -acetylcysteine enhanced the formation of acetaminophen sulfate in rats, but not in mice. Mice exhibited lower activities of hepatic PAPS synthetic enzymes (i.e., ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase) and sulfotransferase than rats, which may in part be responsible for their lower capacity to sulfate acetaminophen. In addition, administration of acetaminophen further decreased phenolsulfotransferase activity in mice. In rats, administration of acetaminophen did not influence hepatic sulfotransferase activity. These observations suggest that while the capacity of rats to sulfate acetaminophen is limited by the availability of PAPS, in mice it is limited by sulfotransferase activity.
Pattern of Current Flow in Nonideal Type-II Superconductors in Longitudinal Magnetic Fields. I

The longitudinal magnetization of a wire of a nonideal type-II superconductor in the presence of a stationary longitudinal magnetic field ${H}_{a}$ is seen to oscillate between paramagnetic and diamagnetic as a conduction current is impressed and removed. When a conduction current I near the critical value ${I}_{c}$ is present, the longitudinal magnetization is paramagnetic and attains a maximum. With $I=0$ after passage of a conduction current $I\ensuremath{\lesssim}{I}_{c}$, the longitudinal magnetization is diamagnetic. This diamagnetic magnetization appreciably exceeds the Meissner-effect diamagnetism exhibited by the sample at corresponding fields. This paramagnetism and diamagnetism have been investigated throughout the range $0l{H}_{a}l{H}_{c2}$. The variation of the longitudinal magnetization through paramagnetic and diamagnetic states as the conduction current is isothermally varied through a full cycle starting at $I\ensuremath{\lesssim}{I}_{c}$ has also been measured. All of the observations are satisfactorily described by a simple model which requires that macroscopic conduction and induced currents flow in helical paths which seek to preserve the existing magnetic-flux configuration and maintain a constant inward-directed Lorentz-force density throughout the specimen in the presence of a stationary longitudinal magnetic field.
Non-linear transduction strategies for chemo/biosensing on small length scales

As the function of optically-based chemo/biosensors (CBsensors) evolves towards micro- and nanoscale dimensions, the sensitivity of the device is compromised because there are simply too few reporting active sites. We see this issue as the fundamental challenge confronting the design of small length scale CBsensors, providing an imperative for the development of new optical transduction strategies. To address this challenge, we are currently fabricating: (i) new materials that will amplify the primary optical signal from the CBsensing active site in micro- and nano-environments and (ii) new sensing elements and devices to achieve high gain from a non-linear optical response. We present here the synthesis and characterization of two platforms poised for sensing by non-linear transduction.
The Missing Premise in the HIV-Condom Debate.

Abstract In a recent article in this journal, "Condoms and HIV: The State of the Debate," William Newton argues that there are basically two issues around which parties dispute. The first is whether the use of a condom by a discordant couple amounts to performing a contraceptive act. At issue here is whether a couple's use of a condom to prevent disease transmission renders the act a contraceptive act. The second issue pertains to whether the use of a condom, apart from whatever the intentions of the agents are, is itself a failure to consummate a marital act. It is the second issue that I wish to address in this paper. I aim to argue that the Canon-Law argument, as I will call it, wishes to argue that because condomistic sex fails to consummate a marriage, the sexual act performed is immoral. I argue against this inference on two grounds: the first is that the conclusion succumbs to counterexamples, and second, the inference must rely on a premise that I show is false.
Evidence of an Evolutionarily Conserved LMBR1 Domain-Containing Protein That Associates with Endocytic Cups and Plays a Role in Cell Migration in Dictyostelium discoideum

The ampA gene plays a role in Dictyostelium discoideum cell migration. Loss of ampA function results in reduced ability of growing cells to migrate to folic acid and causes small plaques on bacterial lawns, while overexpression of AmpA results in a rapid-migration phenotype and correspondingly larger plaques than seen with wild-type cells. To help understand how the ampA gene functions, second-site suppressors were created by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) mutagenesis. These mutants were selected for their ability to reduce the large plaque size of the AmpA overexpresser strain. The lmbd2B gene was identified as a suppressor of an AmpA-overexpressing strain. The lmbd2B gene product belongs to the evolutionarily conserved LMBR1 protein family, some of whose known members are endocytic receptors associated with human diseases, such as anemia. In order to understand lmbd2B function, mRFP fusion proteins were created and lmbd2B knockout cell lines were established. Our findings indicate that the LMBD2B protein is found associated with endocytic cups. It colocalizes with proteins that play key roles in endocytic events and is localized to ruffles on the dorsal surfaces of growing cells. Vegetative lmbd2B-null cells display defects in cell migration. These cells have difficulty sensing the chemoattractant folic acid, as indicated by a decrease in their chemotactic index. lmbd2B-null cells also appear to have difficulty establishing a front/back orientation to facilitate migration. A role for lmbd2B in development is also suggested. Our research gives insight into the function of a previously uncharacterized branch of the LMBR1 family of proteins. We provide evidence of an LMBR1 family plasma membrane protein that associates with endocytic cups and plays a role in chemotaxis.
Rarefaction of peritubular capillaries following ischemic acute renal failure: a potential factor predisposing to progressive nephropathy.

Purpose of reviewLong-term renal complications of acute renal failure have generally not been expected in patients that recover from acute renal failure. However, as the incidence of acute renal failure is rising, the incidence of long-term complications is likely to increase. As a corollary to isch
Reliability analysis for hydrokinetic turbine blades

Reliability is an important element in the performance of hydrokinetic turbines. It is also a driving factor of the system lifetime cost. In this paper, we perform time-dependent reliability analysis for the blades of a river-based horizontal-axis hydrokinetic turbine. Based on the stochastic representation of the monthly river velocity and material strength, a limit-state function is established with the classical blade element momentum method. In the limit-state function, a failure is defined as the event when the flapwise bending moment exceeds the allowable moment that corresponds to the ultimate strength of the material. The upcrossing rate method is employed to calculate the time-dependent reliability of the hydrokinetic turbine blade over its design life period. The results indicate that setting a proper cut-out river velocity is important for the reliability of the hydrokinetic turbine blade.
Profiling and mapping of parallel workloads on network processors

Network processors are embedded system-on-a-chip multiprocessors that are optimized to perform simple packet processing tasks at data rates of several Gigabits per second. To meet the performance demands of increasing link speeds and more complex network applications, network processors are implemented with several dozens of processor cores and execute multiple packet processing applications in parallel. The complexity of such systems makes it increasingly difficult for application developers to map applications to the various system resources and achieve optimal performance. We propose an automated profiling and mapping methodology for these highly parallel, embedded systems that starts out with a simple uniprocessor implementation of the networking application. An architecture independent representation of the runtime behavior of the application is used to map and schedule different processing steps to the underlying hardware. An analytic performance model is used in the process to estimate system performance and to find an near-optimal solution through iteration.
Chlorine substituent effects for indole and tryptophan in 13C NMR

The 13 C and 1 H nmr spectra of chloroindoles and chlorotryptophans in methanol-d 4 were assigned based on 1-D and 2-D nmr techniques, including COSY, inverse-detected direct (HMQC) and long-range (HMBC) correlation. Chlorine substitutent effects in chemical shifts (SCS) for chlorotryptophans and chloroindoles were calculated and compared. The correlations were linear except for 4-chlorotryptophan, which suggests structural changes on the indole ring between 4-chlorotryptophan and 4 chloroindole. The conformational analysis based on the coupling constants of the side chain also showed a change in the fractional population of the rotamers between 4-chlorotryptophan and the other chlorotryptophans
The Gibbs' Boston years: early developments in epilepsy research and electroencephalography at Harvard. Interview by James L. Stone and John R. Hughes.

The following candid personal interviews, conducted over a period of more than a year at the request of Dr. Hughes and Dr. Stone, are being published in Clinical EEG because of the specific interest of this readership
Unreliable eating: Patterns of food adulteration in urban India

This article is about food safety and food adulteration in urban India. Situated at the relational interface of foods and their contaminants, it considers ways of thinking and acting at the porous boundaries between bodies and environments. The article details how people attempt to detect where food and its adulteration begins and ends, through ethnographic reflection on several events of adulteration in Mumbai and a context of changing food safety policies in India. The article develops the concept of reliability as a lens onto food politics different than one delimited strictly in terms of consumerism. Reliability refracts the politics of difference at work in times of toxic food environments, in contemporary India and elsewhere, wherein tensions between poison and nourishment take on renewed charges. This framework recasts a choice-focused approach to thinking about food safety by centralizing how living with harm – rather than ridding the world of it, element by element – is what is at stake.
Beam Expander, Pinhole, and Crosshair Alignment to Laser Beams

Simple methods are presented for aligning beam expanders, pinholes, and crosshairs to laser beams. The reliability of these methods illustrates that often these procedures can be greatly simplified by observing the laser beam downstream from the element being aligned.
Polymer-clay nanocomposites from directly micellized polymer/toluene in water and their characterization by WAXD and solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Polymer−clay nanocomposites with hydrophobic-polymer matrixes, such as polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate), were prepared from dispersed unmodified clay and directly surfactant-micellized polymer/toluene in one pot. The mixing of clay and hydrophobic polymer is evidenced by a large long period of ca. 4 nm as observed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Two-dimensional 1H−29Si NMR experiments with 1H spin diffusion confirm the proximity of clay, surfactant, and a significant polymer fraction on the 5-nm scale.
Equation-oriented system: an efficient programming approach to solve multilinear and polynomial equations by the conjugate gradient algorithm

Abstract The factor analysis problem can be conceptualized as an expansion of polynomial equations that are solvable using least-squares methods. The equation-oriented system (EOS) is introduced as a method for solving polynomial equations using a preconditioned conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm for the normal equations. EOS is a fast, easy to program, low computer memory requirement method for accomplishing this task. EOS can be used to solve multilinear and PARAFAC problems. The practical aspects of implementing EOS in MATLAB are discussed.