cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term sequelae of inflatable penile prosthesis: clinical characteristics of patients who develop distal cylinder tip extrusion

Background: Impending distal cylinder tip extrusions (DCTE) make up approximately 5-33% of all inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reoperations. While there have been a few case reports of DCTE in patients with diabetes and trauma, the current literature regarding risk factors for DCTE is limited. In this study, we examined the long-term sequelae among a large cohort of IPP patients to identify clinical risk factors for impending DCTE. Methods: A retrospective review was completed of our single surgeon IPP database of 797 IPP placement cases from the years 2007 to 2018. We identified those who had a surgical intervention for a confirmed DCTE. Infected prostheses were excluded. The primary clinical end point of this study was to identify the time to extrusion repair from original penile prosthesis placement. Secondary clinical end points included location of extrusion and presence of corporal fibrosis. Results: Between the years 2007 to 2018, 26 cases (3%) of impending or complete cylinder extrusions were identified in our IPP database (n=797). The mean age at initial IPP placement was 58 years, compared to a mean of 66 years at the time of extrusion. The mean time from initial placement to extrusion repair surgery was 8.4 years (median 5.5 years). Most patients (15/26, 57.7%) had a history of prior IPP placement, five of whom had two or more prior prostheses. Location among the 26 extrusions varied—12 (46.2%) lateral, 9 (34.6%) distal urethra, 2 (7.7%) glanular, 2 (7.7%) mid-shaft, and 1 (3.8%) coronal sulcus. Concomitant pathologies identified include Peyronie’s disease (7, 26.9%), idiopathic corporal fibrosis (7, 26.9%) and sickle cell disease with priapism induced erectile dysfunction (3, 11.5%). Conclusions: The risk of IPP extrusion appears to be associated with increased time from initial prosthesis placement, prior history of IPP placement, and the presence of corporal fibrosis or deformity. Patients should be counseled to recognize this important long-term sequela of IPP surgery.
The Unique Disease Course of Children with Very Early onset-Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND Insight into the pathogenesis of very early onset-inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) has expanded through the identification of causative monogenic defects detected in a subset of patients. However, the clinical course of this population remains uncertain. The study objective is to determine whether VEO-IBD is associated with more severe disease, defined as increased surgical intervention and growth failure, than older pediatric IBD. Secondary outcomes included therapeutic response and hospitalizations. METHODS Subjects with IBD diagnosed younger than 6 years old (VEO-IBD) were compared with children diagnosed 6 to 10 (intermediate-onset) and older than 10 years of age (older-onset IBD). Metadata obtained from the medical record included age of onset, disease phenotype and location, surgeries, medical therapy, and comorbid conditions. Length of follow-up was at least 1 year from diagnosis. RESULTS There were 229, 221, and 521 subjects with VEO, intermediate-onset, and older-onset IBD, respectively. Very early onset-inflammatory bowel disease subjects underwent more diverting ileostomies (P < 0.001) and colectomies (P < 0.001) than the older children. There was less improvement in weight- and height-for-age Z scores during the follow-up period in subjects with VEO-IBD. Additionally, subjects with VEO-IBD had higher rates of medication failure at 1 year and were more frequently readmitted to the hospital. Targeted therapy was successfully used almost exclusively in VEO-IBD. CONCLUSION Patients with VEO-IBD can have a more severe disease course with increased surgical interventions and poor growth as compared with older-onset IBD patients. Further, VEO-IBD patients are more likely to be refractory to conventional therapies. Strategies using targeted therapy in these children can improve outcome and, in some cases, be curative.
Informal Round Table Discussion on Supercooled Liquids

No attempt has been made in this report to keep records on those participating in this discussion or on their contributions, since this round table has not been taped; hence no detailed statements of the discussion progress can be made. However, it is appropriate here to refer briefly to the subjects which were discussed and the extent of interest expressed by the conferees in them.
How Requirements Engineering is Performed in Small Businesses

Despite that small businesses dominate the land-scape of the software industry firms, they have been understudied by the requirements engineering community. So, motivated by understanding how RE is conducted by small business firms, we extracted and analyzed sample data belonging to seven small businesses from a recent online survey we conducted in 2020 on the RE state of practice. In this paper, we present a panoramic overview of the findings from the analyzed sample.
The Mental Health System: Access, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Monitoring

This chapter reviews the mental healthcare cycle—the process that takes an individual from problem recognition to treatment. The mental healthcare cycle is multi-faceted and rarely straightforward. It involves creating access to care, conducting a professional assessment/diagnostic evaluation, selecting appropriate interventions from the wide variety of treatment options, and finally monitoring the individual for both treatment response as well as maintenance of care. Understanding each part of the cycle is important to the informatician, so that they can best identify the components that provide data points for their work. In order to do so, each part of the cycle will be reviewed, beginning with the various pathways to mental healthcare through the meeting between a person and a mental health provider.
Effects of operant reinforcement on the GSR.

Abstract Each of nine Ss was run for 11 daily sessions. Except for the first (operant level) and last two (extinction) sessions, 500-ohm drops in skin resistance were followed by reinforcement (light). These reinforcement periods lasted 20 min and were preceded by 10-min control periods during which no reinforcement was administered. Although the results showed no evidence for operant conditioning of the GSR, they did indicate that increased emission of GSR's occurred during the reinforcement period. This effect was shown to hold for Ss with low operant levels of GSR's but not for Ss with high operant levels.
Wake integration to predict wing span loading from a numerical simulation

Introduction A N important aspect in the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the determination of the resulting forces on the geometry of interest. The typical approach to computing forces on a body consists of integrating the pressures (and possibly skin friction) over the surface. However, the grid required to obtain an accurate resolution of the forces varies drastically with the geometry and can be memory-prohibitive in some cases. The integration of pressure can also provide some difficulties when overset grids are used due to the overlapping regions of the surface grids. A new approach to computing wing span loading from a CFD result is presented in this Note. The method uses the CFD solution to create an "equivalent" lifting line model from which the lift and induced drag are computed.
Prosopopoeia Through Agency in THE BLACK CAT

A peculiarity easily overlooked in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Black Cat,” especially in the shadow of its macabre and callous narration, is the absence of a dedicated praenomen for any human character;...
Light-induced currents from oriented purple membrane: II. Proton and cation contributions to the photocurrent

The sign of B2, the micro-second component of the photocurrent from oriented purple membrane, is that of positive charge moving away from the purple membrane in the direction of proton release. B2 could be due to internal dipole or proton movement, proton release, or metal cation release. We found that the waveform of B2 is virtually insensitive to changes in the salt concentration as long as it is >40 mM KCl, >5 mM CaCl 2 , or >0.5 mM LaCl 3 . However, below these limits, B2's apparent rate of decay increases as the salt concentration decreases without any change in the initial amplitude. This salt dependence suggests that B2 is due to a positive charge, either a metal cation or a proton, moving from the membrane into the solution. That the positive charge is not a metal cation is suggested by the waveform of B2 remaining unchanged upon replacing the cations both in solution and in the binding sites of the purple membrane. Direct evidence that the positive charge movement is due to protons was obtained by examining the correlation of B2 with the proton dependent processes of bacteriorhodopsin in buffers and dyes. Based on these observations, we suggest that most, if not all, of the intrinsic B2 component of the photocurrent at moderate salt concentration is due to proton release. The photocurrents from purple membranes whose surface potential has been reduced by delipidation or chemical modification of carboxyl groups with methyl esters were found to be only modestly changed. This suggests that the salt effect is not through its modulation of the surface potential. Rather, we propose that in low salt B2 represents the sum of a proton release from the surface of the purple membrane and a second current component, due to cations moving back towards the membrane, which is only important in low salt. The cation counter current is induced by proton release which creates a transient uncompensated negative charge on the membrane.
A Drosophila OBP Required for Pheromone Signaling

The 2005 Eppendorf and Science prize for Neurobiology was awarded to Pingxi Xu, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. In his prize-winning essay "A Drosophila OBP Required for Pheromone Signaling," Xu describes work that gives new insights into the molecular mechanism behind insectsi?½ behavioral responses to pheromones. Manipulating these responses might provide new methods of pest control. Justin Blau, Paul Frankland, and Johanna Montgomery were finalists, and their essays are available at Science Online.
A Monoidal Closed Category of Event Structures

This paper introduces the following new constructions on stable event structures: the tensor product, the linear function space, and the exponential. It results in a monoidal closed category of stable event structures which can be used to interpret intuitionistic linear logic.
ADIABATIC ADSORPTION IN FIXED BEDS FOR QUASI-LINEAR ISOTHERMS

Abstract An analysis of patterns of adiabatic adsorption in fixed beds for quasi-linear isotherms is based on the simultaneous use of the classical conditions L, conditions F and integral curves, corresponding to the simple concentration and thermal waves These patterns, allowing to increase the efficiency of adsorption separation, are considered. The simple formulae to calculate the heat-mass transfer zone are obtained.
A terrestrial auxiliary stratotype point and section for the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the Turkana Basin, East Africa

Abstract The Turkana Basin of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia preserves an extensive record of terrestrial sediments and fossils dating from the Oligocene through the Holocene. Of particular significance is the Plio-Pleistocene Omo Group, which documents changes in environments and faunas through the Pli-Pleistocene. Omo Group strata have been intensively studied for nearly three decades, and a tightly constrained stratigraphic framework has been developed. The lithostratigraphic sequence shows that a fluvial system dominated the basin for most of the past five million years, with six relatively short but significant intervals of lacustrine deposition. The sequence is punctuated by some 130 tephra, most of which have been geochemically characterized, and can be used as a basis for local and inter-basinal correlation. These tephra reach as far as the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, providing a means of tightly correlating the marine and terrestrial records. Isotopic dating and magnetic polarity stratigraphy allow good temporal control on the sequence, with over 30 control points in the interval from 4.35 to 0.6 Ma. Extensive paleontological collections from this context provide critical calibration of East African biostratigraphic markers. The Plio-Pleistocene boundary can be closely constrained in the Omo Group deposits based on magnetic polarity stratigraphy. This allows the boundary to be related to components of the stratigraphic framework recognized in the terrestrial sequence there, and thence related to other East African terrestrial localities by a variety of correlation tools. Establishment of the Omo Group sequence as an Auxiliary Stratotype Point for the Plio-Pleistocene boundary will thus allow close relation of these terrestrial localities on the basis of tephro- and biostratigraphy, the most useful correlation tools in the East African terrestrial record.
Ancrod causes rapid thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke.

ABSTRACT Clot lysis is desirable in patients with thrombi in arteries and arterioles by a safe rapidly-acting thrombolytic agent. Ancrod cleaves fibrinogen; the resulting circulating ancrod-fibrin stimulates fibrinolysis. Ancrod action and effect were studied in 20 patients with acute developing stroke in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, and received either normal saline or ancrod 0.5 u/kg in normal saline administered as a constant- rate intravenous infusion over 6 hours. Subsequent doses of ancrod (or saline placebo) were determined daily thereafter for a total treatment period of 7 days. Neither bleeding nor rethrombosis occurred within the 90 day followup period. That ancrod acted rapidly was shown by a significant decrease in functional plasminogen activator inhibitor (PA-I) within 60 minutes, and by significant elevations of fibrinogen) degradation products (FDP) and D- dimer within 3 and 4 hours. The biological effect of fibrinolysis in ancrod infused patients was demonstrated by a greater improvement in stroke score when compared to those infused with saline.
Metal-Metal Bonds and Metal Carbon Bonds in the Chemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkoxides.

Abstract : Metal-metal bonds are found in alkoxides of molybdenum and tungsten when the metal atoms are in oxidation states 2 through 5. Metal-metal bonds may be locailized and multiple or single in order, or may be delocalized in cluster molecular orbitals. The structures of these metal alkoxides are quite different from those seen previously. Metal-metal bonds provide a reservoir of electrons for redox reactions: the reservoir may be tapped in oxidative- addition reactions and filled in reductive-eliminatin reactions. Alkoxide ligands may act as four or two electron donor ligands and may readily change between terminal and bridging sites. This allows for the facile interconnversion of saturated and unsaturated metal centers. As strong Pi-donor ligands, they can enhance backbonding to pi-acid ligands on the same metal. By pi-donating to vacant metal d orbitals, they may suppress metal-hydride abstraction from coordinated alkyl, alkylidene and alkylidyne ligands and they stabilize metals in high oxidation states. A variety of steric control can be engineered by choice of alkyl (RO0 groups and this may greatly influence structure, M-M bonding and reactivity of coordinated ligands.
Invariant manifolds for singularly perturbed linear functional differential equations

Abstract The existence of “slow” and “fast” manifolds, and of invariant manifolds approaching the manifold of orbits of the degenerate system, is discussed for singularly perturbed systems of linear retarded functional differential equations (FDE). It is shown that these manifolds exist only in very degenerate situations and, consequently, the geometry of the flow of singularly perturbed ordinary differential equations does not generalize to FDEs.
Characterization and analysis of epitaxial silicon phosphorus alloys for use in n-channel transistors

Abstract In this work, we demonstrate substitutional phosphorus concentration as high as 12 at.% in epitaxial silicon. It is observed that 10 at.% substitutional phosphorus doping is equivalent in tensile strain to incorporating 2.1 at.% substitutional carbon into the silicon lattice. Phosphorus doping of this order produces tensile strain levels suitable for n-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor uniaxial stressor applications. This work focuses on the experimental and theoretical analyses of phosphorus doped silicon based on high resolution X-ray rocking curves, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and molecular dynamic modeling.
North African Piracy, the Hanoverian Carrying Trade, and the British State, 1728-1828

Recent interest in the early-modern British composite state has neglected Hanover, despite evidence of frequent and informal co-operation between the countries in foreign affairs. This article explores one aspect of diplomacy with particular import for the British–Hanoverian union, British policy in North Africa, and finds a greater degree of integration in trade policy than has been hitherto recognized. Britain's government came to recognize and treat Hanoverians in Morocco as British subjects during the eighteenth century, a policy which was expanded to the rest of North Africa and elsewhere after the acquisition of the maritime state of East Friesland at the Congress of Vienna increased the Hanoverian government's commercial responsibilities beyond its ability to cope. British policy did not reflect a consensus, and it was criticized by some who regarded Hanover as an entirely foreign state beyond the purview of the British government. But British sponsorship of Hanoverian trade prevailed over such dissent until the union's end, so that Britain's experience of composite statehood lasted until 1837.
Law Enforcement and the Long Gun: Do We Need a New Face in the Fight?

Abstract Background The threat of rifles in the hands of criminals is now well recognized within law enforcement. Current emergency response systems are not equipped to operate in this combat-like environment. Growing statistics indicate that of the peace officers that were killed in the line of duty in the United States nearly half died by gunfire evidence. Objective As Emergency Medical Services (“EMS”) training and standards evolve, the lessons learned from the Tactical Combat Casualty Care doctrine should be incorporated to improve the safety and outcomes of injured law enforcement officers. Statistics show that deaths by gunfire have the highest average percentage of all officer deaths. Although new weapons, armor, and tactics are continually evolving to meet the challenge of officer safety, in the past decade, little has changed in how our EMS system responds to a critically wounded officer. Discussion Combat data from the US military leads us to believe that to save a wounded officer, emergency care must start immediately, regardless of the ongoing gun battle. Conclusion It is time for the emergency medical system to evolve to meet the critical needs of today's law enforcement environment.
On-the-fly background data filtering system for database architectures

The discrepancy between the capacities of mass storage devices and main memory of computing systems is here to stay. The article introduces the concept of cost effective filtering with various options such as basic filter for selections, concurrent filtering extension for selections and projections, and concurrent filtering extension incorporating dynamic filtering for join, projection, and selection. After presenting these, detailed performance modeling of the filtering options is provided. Based on these performance models, a simulator is constructed and experiments for comparative filtering performance assessments are conducted. The results showed performance gains on the part of the systems employing filtering, especially in environments where high selectivities and concurrency are involved.
Two simple 3-spheres

On presente des exemples de 3-spheres pour lesquelles le theoreme de Steinitz sur la representation des complexes cellulaires est en defaut
Modeling of sorbent-based gas filters: Development, verification and experimental validation

Adsorption-based air filters/cleaners are often used to remove gaseous contaminants to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) for residential and office buildings. The performance of a sorbent filter is affected by the sorbent filter design parameters (i.e., granular particle size, packing density), the environmental conditions (i.e., flow velocity, challenge gas concentration, temperature, and relative humidity), and the sorbent properties such as sorption isotherm and in-pellet diffusion coefficient. It is the combined effects of all these parameters that determine the performance of the filter. In this study, Convective Mass Transfer (C-MT) model and Convective and Diffusive Mass Transfer (C&D-MT) model were developed and numerically implemented to simulate the fundamental transport and sorption processes in sorbent-based filters. The models’ behaviors were investigated by simulating the effect of different parameters, and were validated by comparison with experimental data. Detailed mechanism analysis was conducted based on both modeled and experimental results, which indicates that the surface diffusion is a much more important mechanism than pore diffusion, and the external convective mass transfer process is a controlling factor compared to pellet diffusion. This model also provides a useful tool for designing, selecting or maintaining sorption-based filter/air cleaner for non-industrial building applications based on the predicted filter performance over its service life.
Evaluating the performance of a user interface

Abstract A considerable amount of research has been done in the area of human-computer interaction. High quality human-computer interfaces are especially important when a program needs to perform in nearly real-time. In this paper, a particular human-computer interface is analyzed. The observations made are abstracted and generalized to problems in interfaces for process control. Specific benchmarks for evaluation of interfaces in a real-time or near real-time setting are developed. We show that these benchmarks are more useful than general performance measures of computer systems for estimating computer performance. We develop general guidelines for designing interfaces which satisfy severe time constraints and determine to what extent they follow generally accepted principles for interface design.
Toward the synthesis of the taxol C,D, ring system: Photolysis of α-methoxy ketones

Abstract Model systems for the synthesis of the C and D rings of taxol are described, involving photolyses of α-methoxy ketones. Cis-fused oxetanols common to taxol are formed along with novel trans-fused oxetanols. Experiments bearing on the selectivity of this process as well as a mechanistic hypothesis are also described.
A study of the epidemiology of cancer of the breast. II. The influence of hysterectomy.

A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship of artificial menopause to breast cancer and to determine the reliability of patient response to questions about the type and extent of pelvic surgery experienced. Hospital records of 1596 breast cancer patients between 1954-1959 were compared with 1573 controls. Interviews with an additional 280 breast cancer patients and 280 controls (matched for age and religion) during 1959-1960 were substantiated by hospital descriptions of the pelvic surgery. It was found that nearly half of the women did not know or failed to relate the correct extent of pelvic surgery which they had experienced. These data were analyzed to determine frequency of artificial menopause frequency of artificial menopause by marital status frequency of castration type of operation interval before the onset of breast cancer and age at operation. The relative risk of developing breast cancer among women with a history of artificial menopause was calculated as .71 in the record and .70 in the interview study. The risk was found to be .56 among castrated women and .86 among noncastrated women. Women who were castrated prior to age 37 had a risk of less than .17. It is concluded that these findings are in agreement with those which show that reduction of the estrogen level in women through castration or cessation of menstruation as through long-term lactation will reduce the incidence of breast cancer. The interesting aspects of breast cancer revealed by the present study should undergo further evaluation in a prospective study.
Cutaneous effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected patients

Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased survival in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, HAART is not without toxicities. Cutaneous adverse reactions from antiretroviral agents have become increasingly important to recognize as the population of patients surviving with HIV infection grows. Dermatologists play an important role in managing these cutaneous effects of HAART therapy in HIV patients. This article reviews cutaneous adverse effects from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors, as well as separately addresses lipodystrophy, and immune reconstitution.
On-road facility to measure and characterize emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

In response to lingering concerns about the utility of dynamometer data for mobile source emissions modeling, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has constructed an on-road test facility to characterize the real-world emissions of heavy-duty trucks. The facility was designed to effectively demonstrate the full range of vehicle operation and to measure the emissions produced. Since it began operation, the facility has been continuously upgraded to incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Its potential uses include collecting modal emissions data, validating dynamometer test parameters and results, and demonstrating new emission control technologies.
Pulmonary physiotherapy in neonates: Physiologic changes and respiratory management

To investigate physiologic alterations in respiratory function associated with chest physiotherapy, arterial blood gases, respiratory patterns, lung mechanics, and functional residual capacity were measured in 13 neonates (weights 1.25 to 3.20 kg) during the control period, after vibration of the chest and suctioning, after hyperventilation, and two hours after suctioning. Compared to control values, mean PO2decreased significantly after suctioning to 43 mm Hg and increased significantly after hyperventilation to 78 mm Hg. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory resistance and a trend toward decrease in expiratory resistance after suctioning, with return to control levels after hyperventilation. Respiratory rate increased significantly after suctioning. Functional residual capacity, dynamic lung compliance, and tidal volume, as well as PCO2 and base excess, were not changed appreciably throughout the protocol. Because of potentially severe hypoxemia, this study suggests that suctioning and hyperventilation are not warranted on a routine basis in infants recovering from respiratory diseases.
Recombinant expression of bovine LFA-1 and characterization of its role as a receptor for Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin

Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin (LktA) is the primary virulence factor contributing to the pathogenesis of lung injury in bovine pneumonic mannheimiosis (BPM), a disease which causes major economic loss to the US cattle industry annually. Recent work from our laboratory using an antibody-based approach has shown that LktA binds to bovine LFA-1 in target cells. While this study suggests that LFA-1 might be a specific receptor, it remains to be conclusively shown that LFA-1 is sufficient to induce susceptibility to LktA. It was of interest to determine if functionally active bovine LFA-1 could be reconstituted on a LFA-1 negative cell line and reconstitute susceptibility to LktA. Here, we report the successful recombinant expression of bovine LFA-1 on the cell surface of the human erythroleukemic K562 cell line. The BoLFA-1 transductant expresses bovine CD18 and CD11a as a heterodimer. We found that LktA binds to both the CD18 and CD11a subunits of BoLFA-1 cells. Exposure of BoLFA-1 cells to LktA, induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the CD18 tail, elevation of intracellular calcium, and cytolysis. This is the first report on recombinant expression of functionally active bovine LFA-1 by transduction into an LktA-non-susceptible human cell line.
Measurement of gas holdups and sauter mean bubble diameters in bubble column reactors by dynamics gas disengagement method

Abstract In the present study pressure transducer signals were used to measure the rate of liquid level drop during the bubble disengagement process. This enables one to use the dynamic gas disengagement method in opaque systems (i.e. industrial reactors operating at high pressures, and/or temperature) and has some advantages in comparison to analysis based on visual observations of the expanded height during large bubble disengagement. Methodology for analyzing raw data and obtaining bubble size distribution (i.e. Sauter mean bubble diameter) is described. The theory is illustrated with data obtained in bubble columns 0.05 and 0.21 m in diameter and 3 m tall in a molten wax - nitrogen system at 265°C and atmospheric pressure for superficial gas velocities up to 0.12 m/s. Results obtained from analysis of data from pressure transducers, were found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained previously from visual observations of the dispersion during the disengagement process (Patel ., 1990).
Growth And Characteristics Of Organic-On-Inorganic Semiconductor Heterostructures

Recently, several crystalline organic semiconductors have been found to form rectifying heterojunctions when deposited onto inorganic semiconductor substrates. In this paper, we discuss the growth and characterization of these organic-on-inorganic (0I) heterostructures. Both the purification of organic materials, and the fabrication procedures for OI heterostructures are described in detail. The electrical properties, as well as the microstructure of the organic material are found to be very sensitive to the deposition conditions. The valence band discontinuity at the OI heterojunction is measured for the first time, using both forward current-voltage characteristics and internal photo-emission. The interface state densities have been studied for several different organic semiconductors deposited on p-Si substrates. A model is proposed to account for the observed results.
The role of outcome expectations in the experience of a state of communication apprehension

Following the trend toward cognitive explanations of social phenomena, an expectation‐based model of the processes leading to a state of communication apprehension is advanced. Further, an initial test of the model is reported. The results of this study indicated that expectations are a significant predictor of communication apprehension as measured by self‐report. In addition, importance of communicative goals and the interaction of expected outcome and goal importance were also significant predictor variables. These relationships were not observed when heart‐rate was used as a measure of anxiety.
Management of anticipated and actual shoulder dystocia: Interpreting the literature

Abstract Shoulder dystotia is a rare but serious obstetric complication that can result in significant neonatal and maternal morbidity and in costly litigation. Conflict exists in the literature regarding definition, incidence, predictability and preventability, relationship to neonatal injury, and appropriate management models. Anticipatory clinical interventions for potential shoulder dystocia have included ultrasound assessment of macrosomia; elective induction of labor; elective caesarean section; altered place of birth; and generous episiotomy/episioproctotomy. The authors note that these interventions often conflict with client desires and nurse-midwifery philosophy of birth, generate significant risks and costs in themselves, and do not address the poor predictability of shoulder dystocia. In recent literature, the safety and efficacy of maternal position change maneuvers (such as McRoberts maneuver, hands-knees position, and squatting) have been presented as methods to resolve most cases of shoulder dystocia. Despite the success of these more benign, external maneuvers, the episiotomy mandate remains in nearly all obstetric and midwifery texts and handbooks (1–8) and journal references (9–19). A literature review of related professional disciplines was undertaken to study these conflicts and to identify support for applying a philosophy of minimal, appropriate intervention to the complex issue of shoulder dystocia.
Hyaline ring granuloma : a distinct oral entity

Hyaline ring granuloma (HRG) is a distinct oral entity. In this study, 64 cases from the literature are analyzed and two new cases are reported. The lesions could be classified by location as central hyaline ring granuloma (42%) and peripheral hyaline ring granuloma (53%). Radiographically, a radiolucent area irregularly outlined by well-formed trabeculae of bone was found in central HRG, and a poorly defined erosion at the crest of the alveolar ridge was often found in peripheral HRG. Occasionally, the lesion occurred in the connective tissue wall of cysts (5%). The etiology of this condition is controversial, but most lesions were in edentulous areas and most patients had a history of tooth extraction or other trauma. The majority of cases (83%) occurred in the mandible, usually posterior to the premolar. The mean age of patients at diagnosis was 43 years, and the male/female ratio was 1.9:1. Pain was not a symptom, although local discomfort, such as recurrent swelling and tenderness, was noted in many cases. Hyaline rings with giant cell inclusions are the significant features for histopathologic diagnosis. HRG is treated by curettage or surgical excision, care being taken to remove the entire lesion. The removal of a peripheral HRG in an edentulous jaw should be followed by careful smoothing of the bone surface, since the lesion tends to infiltrate and is not well demarcated. Recurrence, probably due to incomplete excision, is uncommon.
Hot moments and hot spots: Identifying factors explaining temporal and spatial variation in turtle road mortality

Many conservation strategies focus on reducing the risk of road mortality. Turtles, which are highly susceptible to road mortality, exhibit life history traits that increase their vulnerability to population declines because of road mortality. Here, we use Akaike's Information Criterion to identify road mortality hot moments and hot spots for 5 turtle species (Chelydra serpentina, Pseudemys concinna, Terrapene carolina, Terrapene ornata, and Trachemys scripta). We tested 2 hypotheses: 1) Hot moments coincide with the breeding season of each species and 2) hot spots are associated with the habitat where each species is most commonly observed. As predicted, breeding season (May–Jun) explained most of the temporal variation in road mortality for all 5 species. Over 98% of all observed road mortality occurred during this 2-month span. For C. serpentina and T. ornata, spatial variation in road mortality was best explained by the distance to the nearest water body, whereas distance to the nearest forest was the best model for T. scripta. The null model ranked best for P. concinna and T. carolina, suggesting none of our spatial models sufficiently explained mortality patterns of these 2 species. These results, coupled with previous studies, suggest that hot moments may be consistently associated with the breeding season. However, hot spots may be species-specific, requiring conservation efforts to be targeted at certain species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The MLL (11q23) and AF-4 (4q21) Genes Disrupted in t(4;11) Acute Leukemia: Molecular and Clinical Studies

Recurring chromosomal translocations involving chromosome band 11q23 have been observed in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially AML with FAB M4 or M5 phenotype. Though numerous partner chromosomes have been documented, the t(4;11) is the translocation seen most commonly in infant ALL. t(4;11) leukemia, associated with hyperleukocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and central nervous system (CNS) disease, has a dismal prognosis. Leukemia with 11q23 rearrangement often shows both lymphoid and myeloid characteristics, leading to speculation that the disrupted gene is involved in lymphoid and myeloid differentiation. The genes at 11q23 and 4q21 have been cloned and sequenced; the data is consistent with a role for these genes in transcriptional regulation. Absence of molecular rearrangement of 11q23 identifies a group of infants with a good prognosis.
The zebrafish floating head mutant demonstrates podocytes play an important role in directing glomerular differentiation.

In zebrafish, the pronepheric glumerulus occupies a middle position underneath the notochord and is vascularized through angiogenic capillary ingrowth from the dorsal aorta. The midline mutants floating head (flh), sonic you (syu), and you-too (yot) provide the opportunity to study glnzuerolur differentiation in the absence of the notochord and vascularization from the dorsal aorta. In flh, syn, and yot mutants, glomeruli differentiate at ectopic lateral positions within the embryo and contain morphologically identifiable podocyte and endothelial cell types. In the absence of the dorsal aorta, endothelia from an alternate source are recruited by podocytes during glomerular vascularization to make functional glomeruli. Our results suggest that middle signals are required for proper glomerular morphogenesis but not for the differentiation of podocytes. Podocytes apper to play an important role in directing celluar recruitment events leading to glomerular differentiation. Furthermore, we find defects in sclerotomal development that correlate with defects in glomerular morphogenesis suggesting a possible link between the formation of these embryonic stuctures.
Trends in Relative Mortality Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Whites Initiating Dialysis: A Retrospective Study of the US Renal Data System

Background Hispanic patients undergoing long-term dialysis experience better survival compared with non-Hispanic whites. It is unknown whether this association differs by age, has changed over time, or is due to differential access to kidney transplantation. Study Design National retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Using the US Renal Data System, we identified 615,618 white patients 18 years or older who initiated dialysis therapy between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2007. Predictors Hispanic ethnicity (vs non-Hispanic whites), year of end-stage renal disease incidence, age (as potential effect modifier). Outcomes All-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results We found that Hispanics initiating dialysis therapy experienced lower mortality, but age modified this association ( P cs ], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64-0.71) and 40-59 years (HR cs , 0.67; 95% CI, 0.66-0.68), 19% lower at ages 60-79 years (HR cs , 0.81; 95% CI, 0.80-0.82), and 6% lower at 80 years or older (HR cs , 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97). Accounting for the differential rates of kidney transplantation, the associations were attenuated markedly in the younger age strata; the survival benefit for Hispanics was reduced from 33% to 10% at ages 18-39 years (adjusted subdistribution-specific HR [HR sd ], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.94) and from 33% to 19% among those aged 40-59 years (HR sd , 0.81; 95% CI, 0.80-0.83). Limitations Inability to analyze Hispanic subgroups that may experience heterogeneous mortality outcomes. Conclusions Overall, Hispanics experienced lower mortality, but differential access to kidney transplantation was responsible for much of the apparent survival benefit noted in younger Hispanics.
Ecohydrology of root zone water fluxes and soil development in complex semiarid rangelands

In semiarid complex terrain, the landscape creates spatial niches for different types of vegetation through the effects of aspect, slope and curvature on the water and energy balance at the soil surface. The ecohydrology of rangelands is defined by the interaction of soils, plants and climate occurring on a topographic surface. While these interactions have been studied for subtle terrain, little is known about the controls exerted by terrain position, in particular terrain aspect, on ecosystem processes. Furthermore, differential plant establishment can lead to measurable differences in rates of soil development, which in turn can affect soil hydraulic properties and the surface water balance. In this study, we outline the physical mechanisms affecting plant establishment, soil development and hydrologic fluxes in semiarid complex terrain. We illustrate the interactions between vegetation, root zone water fluxes and soil development using, as an example, a small drainage basin in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), New Mexico. In the study basin, opposing hillslopes are characterized by marked differences in ecosystem composition and soil profile properties, with the north-facing hillslope dominated by one seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) and the south-facing slope consisting of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). We assess the effect of terrain aspect on root zone hydrologic fluxes and soil development in the two ecosystems by using soil observations, hydraulic properties from pedotransfer functions (PTFs), and numerical modelling of vadose zone fluxes. Modelling results show marked differences in root zone fluxes in the north-facing juniper and south-facing creosote ecosystems. Differences in the amplitude and frequency of soil water content and pressure correspond to changes in soil profile and vegetation characteristics. For example, soil properties of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) horizons and differential plant water uptake impact the simulated soil water pressure over an 8-year period in the opposing ecosystems. It is believed that these variations in water fluxes reinforce the development of CaCO3 horizons present in the soil profiles, leading to a feedback between vegetation establishment, soil water fluxes and geomorphic processes in the catchment. Our results also indicate that soil properties and water fluxes compensate for large differences in evaporative demand and lead to similar actual evapotranspiration (AET) in the opposing slopes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relating turbulence parameters to synoptic-scale meteorological data for airborne laser performance modeling

The refractivity structure parameter Cn2 characterizes the strength of refractive index fluctuations in the propagation path of electromagnetic waves and specifies the magnitude of the spatial power spectral density of turbulence-induced phase aberrations. In addition, the integrated value of Cn2 along the propagation path determines the performance of the adaptive optical system. In this study, we explore the statistical relationship between the refractivity structure parameter and synoptic scale meteorological measurements. To this end, we have employed simultaneous measurements of the structure constant and meteorological data associated with fronts and jet streams at the synoptic scale. Using linear regression techniques, the degree of association between the meteorological data and radar-observed structure parameter values was computed. The parameters most strongly related to the structure constant are indicated; however, further research is needed to define the exact relationship between the refractivity structure constant and synoptic-scale meteorological data.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Organizational Contradictions in Public Bureaucracies: Toward a Marxian Theory of Organizations*

An alternative approach to organizational theory is outlined, based on Marxian categories and propositions. The concepts of "productive forces" and "social relations of production" are specified in terms of various organizational phenomena such as organizing activity vs. organization; historical contradictions between organizational control structures and new forms of organizing work activity (e.g., occupational and professional status groups vs. administrative rationalization and bureaucratization; bureaucratic and technocratic administration vs. selforganization of labor and workers' control); the contradictions between such organizational dimensions as labor-power and its manifestations in terms of skills and knowledge, the object of labor (complexity of task structure), the means of labor (technology), the division of labor, the control of labor (cost-accounting and hierarchical authority relations), and the organization of labor (e.g., either in terms of occupations and professions or unions, corporate management, state bureaucracies, or self-organization and workers' control). Organizational contradictions between functional as well as historical phases of the work process are described for work organizations, in general, and for public service bureaucracies and courts of law, in particular. For example, administrative and technical innovations designed to increase productivity tend to come into contradiction with strategies of established authority structures (e.g., of the professional judicial elite) designed to expand domain, thus impeding or nullifying various organizational reform efforts. The paper concludes with a more general discussion of Marxian method.
A study of quantitative variations of nucleic acids in Gossypium.

Abstract The DNA and RNA content of fifteen diploid species representing the six genomes of Gossypium were determined and compared statistically with one another. The DNA content of the species ranged from 59 to 199 μg per gram of seed embryo and followed the genomic pattern C, F, E, B, A, D, with respect to order of decreasing chromosomal size. There was, however, no distinct correlation between RNA content and species or genome grouping. The amphidiploids exhibited a DNA content intermediate between that of the A and D genomes.
Surface alloying of immiscible metals: Mo on Au(1 1 1) studied by STM

Abstract Alloy formation and growth of regular arrays of Mo nanostructures were discovered during studies of Mo growth on Au(1 1 1) surfaces. The behavior of Mo deposited via physical vapor deposition was studied as a function of temperature using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Between 300 K and 450 K, regular arrays of Mo clusters form by preferential nucleation of Mo at elbow sites of the herringbone reconstruction. The Mo clusters are 1 or 2 atomic layers high, and are stable upon annealing up to at least 600 K. For deposition temperatures at or above 525 K, substitutional surface alloying competes with nucleation on terrace sites. The formation of a surface alloy is inferred from the evolution of a serrated step-edge morphology caused by attachment of ejected Au atoms, and a decrease of the Mo surface coverage, as well as the appearance of vacancy islands in the Au surface after chemically-driven de-alloying of Mo. The formation of a Mo–Au surface alloy is quite remarkable as Mo and Au are bulk immiscible. Even surface alloying would not be expected from the viewpoint of stress relaxation.