cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An SPC monitoring system for cycle-based waveform signals using haar transform

Due to the rapid development of computer and sensing technology, many measurements of process variables are readily available in manufacturing processes. These measurements carry a large amount of information about process conditions. It is highly desirable to develop a process monitoring and diagnosis methodology that can utilize this information. In this paper, a statistical process control monitoring system is developed for a class of commonly available process measurements-cycle-based waveform signals. This system integrates the statistical process control technology and the Haar wavelet transform. With it, one can not only detect a process change, but also identify the location and estimate the magnitude of the process mean shift within the signal. A case study involving a stamping process demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology on the monitoring of the profile-type data. Note to Practitioners-Cycle-based signal refers to an analog or digital signal that is obtained through automatic sensing during each operation cycle of a manufacturing process. The cycle-based signal is very common in various manufacturing processes (e.g., forming force in stamping processes, the holding force, and the current signals in spot welding processes, the insertion force in the engine assembly process). In general, cycle-based signals contain rich process information. In this paper, cycle-based signal monitoring will be accomplished by monitoring the wavelet transformation of the signal, instead of monitoring the raw observations themselves. Further, a decision-making technique is developed using the SPC monitoring system to locate where the mean shift occurred and to estimate magnitudes of mean shifts. Thus, this paper presents a generic framework for the enhanced statistical process control technique of cycle-based signals.
From ST-elevation myocardial infarction to ST elevation with no myocardial infarction—review and overview of a new horizon of computerized electrocardiographic ischemia detection using high-fidelity implantable devices

ST-segment elevation is the clinical hallmark of ST-elevation myocardial infarction; however pathophysiologically ST elevation occurs in association with acute coronary occlusion long before any myocardial necrosis occurs, for example. with no myocardial infarction (MI). The clinical utility of these laboratory observations has previously been limited; however, with the advent of permanently implantable high-fidelity electrocardiogram monitors, such utility constitutes a new horizon for high-risk patients. Rapidly progressive changes in the endocardial electrogram, with real-time alarms, could shift the timing, and hence the paradigm of care from interruption of MI to prevention of MI.
Chronic modifications of lung and heart development in glucocorticoid‐treated newborn rats exposed to hyperoxia or room air

We assessed the mechanics and morphology of the lung in 165 rats treated neonatally with either room air (RA), O2, RA + steroids, or O2, + steroids. Newborn Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to these groups. O2,-exposure (0.96-1.0 FiO2 lasted 5 days, and dexamethasone treatment consisted of eight daily S.C. injections of drug or buffer in successive doses of 0.5,0.4.0.3,0.2,0.1, 0.1. 0.1. and 0.1 mg/kg. At 58 days, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVP) was measured. At 60 days, all rats were sacrificed for obtaining lung weight and DNA, saline pressure-volume (P-V) curves, and morphometry. We weighed right ventricles (RV) and left ventricles + septa (LV). Hyperoxia alone did not, but steroid decreased survival rate to 79.4% (95.3% in RA rats, P < 0.02). Only 21 of 40 (52%) O2 + steroids rats survived, less than in both RA groups (P < 0.001). RV weight, RVP and muscularization of alveolar duct arteries were significantly increased in O2 vs. RA rats. In RA + steroids rats, weight of the LV was decreased but RV, RVP, and lung vasculature were not affected. These effects were additive in the O2 + steroid group. Wet lung weights and DNA were increased for RA + steroid rats over all others. O2 and steroids shifted the P-V curve to the left and O2+ steroids still further. Maximal lung volume increased significantly with RA + steroids and still further in O2 + steroids but not in O2 alone. O2 and steroids significantly increased the mean linear intercept and O2 + steroids even more so. In O2- and steroid-treated rats, the parenchymal air space increased. In conclusion, both neonatal hyperoxia and steroid administration caused aberrations in the growth of lung and connective tissue. The effects of the two were additive. The vascular system, maximal lung volume, and DNA responded differently, presumably by different modes of action. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993; 16:81–88. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observations of rock spectral classes by the Opportunity rover's Pancam on northern Cape York and on Matijevic Hill, Endeavour Crater, Mars

The Opportunity rover's exploration of the portion of the rim of Endeavour crater known as Cape York included examination of the sulfate-bearing Grasberg formation and the Matijevic Hill region. Multispectral visible and near-infrared (VNIR) Pancam observations were used to characterize reflectance properties of rock units. Using spectral end-member detection and classification approaches including a principal components/n-dimensional visualization, automatic sequential maximum angle convex cone method, and classification through hierarchical clustering, six main spectral classes of rock surfaces were identified: light-toned veins, Grasberg fm., the smectite-bearing Matijevic formation, the hematitic “blueberry” spherules, resistant spherules within the Matijevic fm. dubbed “newberries,” and the Shoemaker formation impact breccia. Some of these could be divided into spectral subclasses. There were three types of veins: veins in the bench unit of Cape York, thinner veins in the Matijevic fm., and boxwork pattern-forming veins. The bench unit veins had higher 535 nm band depths than the other two vein subclasses and a steeper 934 to 1009 nm slope. The Grasberg fm. has VNIR spectral features that are interpreted to indicate higher fractions of red hematite than in the sulfate-bearing Burns Fm. The Matijevic fm. includes both light-toned, fine-grained matrix, and dark-toned veneers. The latter has a weak near-infrared absorption band centered near 950 nm consistent with nontronite. Observations of Rock Abrasion Tool brushed and ground newberries indicated that cuttings from the RAT grind had a longer wavelength reflectance maximum and deeper 535 nm band depth, consistent with more oxidized materials. Greater oxidation of cementing materials in the newberries is consistent with a diagenetic concretion origin.
An analysis of path sensitization criteria

We introduce a new framework for describing path sensitization criteria in combinational networks. This framework is used to analyze and categorize several sensitization criteria proposed in the past. We discuss some misconceptions of existing sensitization criteria, and evaluate the effects of hazards on the delay of combinational circuits. Finally, we introduce a new sensitization criterion representing a lower bound on the delay of the longest sensitizable path. >
A model of monocular cell development by competition for trophic factor

Recent experimental evidence has shown that application of certain neurotrophic factors (NTs) to the developing primary visual cortex prevents the development of ocular dominance (OD) columns. One interpretation of this result is that afferents from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) compete for postsynaptic trophic factor in an activity dependent manner. Application of excess trophic factor eliminates this competition, thereby preventing monocular cell development. We present a model of monocular cell development, incorporating Hebb-like synaptic modification and activity-driven competition for NT, which accounts for the following results: 1) monocular cells form normally when available NT is below a critical amount, 2) monocular cells form in the presence of positive inter-eye correlations, while being entirely self-normalizing in that no normalization of synaptic strengths is necessary to enforce the competition, and 3) monocular cells are prevented in a local neighborhood in which excess NT has been added. The model integrates several disparate neurobiological findings into a cohesive framework, and makes predictions concerning the quantitative dependence of monocular cell development on trophic factor availability.
Behavioral Evidence for More than One Taste Signaling Pathway for Sugars in Rats.

By conventional behavioral measures, rodents respond to natural sugars, such as glucose and fructose, as though they elicit an identical perceptual taste quality. Beyond that, the metabolic and sensory effects of these two sugars are quite different. Considering the capacity to immediately respond to the more metabolically expedient sugar, glucose, would seem advantageous for energy intake, the present experiment assessed whether experience consuming these two sugars would modify taste-guided ingestive responses to their yet unknown distinguishing orosensory properties. One group (GvF) had randomized access to three concentrations of glucose and fructose (0.316, 0.56, 1.1 m) in separate 30-min single access training sessions, whereas control groups received equivalent exposure to the three glucose or fructose concentrations only, or remained sugar naive. Comparison of the microstructural licking patterns for the two sugars revealed that GvF responded more positively to glucose (increased total intake, increased burst size, decreased number of pauses), relative to fructose, across training. As training progressed, GvF rats began to respond more positively to glucose in the first minute of the session when intake is principally taste-driven. During post-training brief-access taste tests, GvF rats licked more for glucose than for fructose, whereas the other training groups did not respond differentially to the two sugars. Additional brief access testing showed that this did not generalize to Na-saccharin or galactose. Thus, in addition to eliciting a common taste signal, glucose and fructose produce distinct signals that are apparently rendered behaviorally relevant and hedonically distinct through experience. The taste pathway(s) underlying this remain to be identified. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The T1R2+T1R3 heterodimer is thought by many to be the only taste receptor for sugars. Although most sugars have been conventionally shown to correspondingly produce a unitary taste percept (sweet), there is reason to question this model. Here, we demonstrate that rats that repeatedly consumed two metabolically distinct sugars (glucose and fructose), and thus have had the opportunity to associate the tastes of these sugars with their differential postoral consequences, initially respond identically to the orosensory properties of the two sugars but eventually respond more positively to glucose. Thus, in addition to the previously identified common taste pathway, glucose and fructose must engage distinct orosensory pathways, the underlying molecular and neural mechanisms of which now await discovery.
Laboratory Diagnostic Tests for Retroviral Infections in Dairy and Beef Cattle

Detection of bovine retroviruses stretches our diagnostic creativity to its limits. The nucleic acid-based, PCR-amplified assays are finding increased clinical use as the veterinary and livestock industry seek earlier detection of infection for eventual corrective management decisions. We are evolving from a point of disease diagnosis by tumor identification through conventional histopathology, to molecular diagnostics for early identification of retroviral nucleic acid (provirus). The clinical use of antibody-based assays lies in the simplicity of testing large numbers of animals, the relative sensitivity of the assays, and the low cost of testing. Although the pathogenicity of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) for cattle has been well documented, the disease potential for bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) for cattle is still being determined. Nevertheless, pressure to test for retroviral infections of livestock and, when feasible, removal of these infected animals from the herd will be increased.
Heterophile antibody interference in qualitative urine/serum hCG devices: Case report

Abstract Objectives This case report investigates the origin of a false positive result on a serum qualitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) device. Patient and methods A 46-year-old woman diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia presented with nausea and vomiting. A qualitative serum hCG test was interpreted as positive; however, a quantitative serum hCG test was negative ( Results The qualitative test result was negative after pretreatment with heterophilic blocking reagent. Other devices composed of antibodies from different animal sources also demonstrated mixed results with the patient's sample. Blocking reagent obtained from the automated quantitative assay inhibited the heterophile antibody interference in the patient's sample. Conclusion This case demonstrates that positive serum point-of-care hCG results should be interpreted with caution and confirmed with a quantitative serum hCG immunoassay when clinical suspicion is raised.
Facts and classes as complexes and as truth makers

L'A. souleve le probleme ontologique de l'existence d'une classe definie dans la theorie axiomatique des ensembles par d'autres entites (fonctions, concepts, proprietes) et par la notion d'appartenance qui permettent de poser le postulat de l'existence d'une classe, dont la verite depend d'une theorie de la verite-correspondance qui soit aussi proche que possible d'un atomisme logique
Regulation of mitochondrial gene expression in mammalian cells.

The unique compactness and economy of gene organization o f the mammalian mitochondrial genome and its very high CCJPY number demand that the regulation of expression of this genome follow unusual rules. Work over the past 10 years in our and other laboratories has identified some of the mechanisms operating in the control of mitochondrial gene expression in mammalian cells in culture and in differentiated mammalian cell systems. As a consequence, a general picture has begun t o emerge concerning the mechanisms by which mammalian cells adapt t o the changing energetic demands in response to functional, developmental and pathological factors.
Prostate cancer: Radiotherapy might improve survival, even in the oldest men

In a recent study, men ≥80 years who received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer lived longer than those who were observed. Greatest benefits were reported in men with moderate or aggressive disease, and those with few comorbidities. The study also emphasizes the large proportion of men who went untreated after diagnosis.
Bone Modeling and Remodeling

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting its structure. It is initially formed during development through either an intramembranous or endochondral ossification process. Once formed, the bone grows and changes shape by modeling, a process in which either bone formation or bone resorption occurs on a given bone surface. Bone remodeling functions to renew the skeleton and involves sequential bone resorption and formation at the same spatial location. Both processes affect overall bone structure, while remodeling affects material properties such as microdamage, mineralization, and collagen cross-linking. The clinical assessment of bone formation and resorption can be made through the histologic assessment of bone biopsies or through the more common use of serum or urine biomarkers.
Chemical and biological protection

In many aspects of everyday living, it is necessary to provide protection against hazardous Chemical/Biological (CB) materials. Proper protective clothing is needed during everyday household chores; in industrial, agricultural, and medical work; during military operations, and in response to terrorism incidents. The clothing generally involves a respirator or dust mask, hooded jacket and trousers or one-piece coverall, gloves, and overboots, individually or together in an ensemble. Choices must be made as to which items of protective clothing to select for a given situation or environment. A number of variables to be considered include weight, comfort, level of protection, and the duration of protection required. In addition, the types of challenge to be encountered are of significant consideration. Due to the large number of variables involved, a spectrum of CB protective materials and clothing systems have been developed. Fully encapsulating ensembles made from air impermeable materials with proper closures provide the highest levels of protection. These ensembles are recommended for protection in situations where exposure to hazardous chemicals or biologicals would pose an Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH).
The importance of electrode location in cochlear implantation.

Objectives As indications for cochlear implantation have expanded to include patients with more residual hearing, increasing emphasis has been placed on minimally traumatic electrode insertion. Histopathologic evaluation remains the gold standard for evaluation of cochlear trauma, but advances in imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to determine scalar electrode location in vivo. This review will examine the relationship between scalar location of electrode arrays and audiologic outcomes. In addition, the impact that surgical approach, electrode design, and insertion depth have on scalar location will be evaluated. Data Sources: PubMed literature review Review Methods: A review of the current literature was conducted to analyze the relationship between scalar location of cochlear implant electrode arrays and speech perception outcomes. Further, data were reviewed to determine the impact that surgical variables have on scalar electrode location. Results Electrode insertions into the scala tympani are associated with superior speech perception and higher rates of hearing preservation. Lateral wall electrodes, and round window/extended round window approaches appear to maximize the likelihood of a scala tympani insertion. It does not appear that deeper insertions are associated with higher rates of scalar translocation. Conclusion Superior audiologic outcomes are observed for electrode arrays inserted entirely within the scala tympani. The majority of clinical data demonstrate that lateral wall design and a round window approach increase the likelihood of a scala tympani insertion. Level of Evidence N/A.
Low Frequency Imaging Technique for Acoustic and Elastic Waves

Radar, active sonar, and ultrasonic pulse-echo nondestructive testing have the common goal of extracting as much information about the target as possible from backscattered signals.
Clinical Utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in the Assessment of Major Depression After Broad-Spectrum Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Objective To determine the predictive validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) when screening for symptoms of depression after traumatic brain injury. Design Retrospective analysis of data collected as part of routine clinical outpatient care over a period of 30 months. Setting Regional rehabilitation facility. Participants Persons (N=137) with mild to severe traumatic brain injury who were referred for neuropsychological evaluation within 1 to 12 months. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures PHQ-9 and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Results PHQ-9 scores ≥10 had a sensitivity of 91.7 and a specificity of 60.2 for predicting a diagnosis of major depression. Correlations between scores of PHQ-9 and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form Demoralization (.64) and Low Positive Emotions (.48) scales ranged from large to medium. Premorbid outpatient psychiatric treatment was the most consistent predictor of PHQ-9 elevations as well as final diagnoses of major depression. Conclusions The PHQ-9 has adequate clinical utility as a screening instrument for depression in outpatients with traumatic brain injury. Elevations on this instrument cannot, however, be automatically attributed to neuropathology, especially not in the context of premorbid psychiatric dysfunction. Clinicians should conduct more thorough follow-up assessment in those with highly elevated PHQ-9 scores.
An Assessment of the PCAOB's Risk-Based Inspection Program: Are Inspection Findings Generalizable and Do They Improve Audit Quality?

I examine the extent to which the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (“PCAOB”) risk-based inspection process produces a generalizable signal of the annually inspected firms’ audit quality and improves audit quality. Specifically, I test whether account-specific deficiencies (revenues) are associated with account-specific audit quality (discretionary revenues) and if the association applies to a firm’s extended client portfolio or just clients that exhibit a higher likelihood of being selected by the inspection program. To do this, I create a selection model to approximate the PCAOB’s risk-based inspection process. Results suggest that inspection findings (at the firm level) can be generalized to the audit quality of those deficient accounts for the clients that exhibit higher levels of selection risk. Further, I find that audit quality increases in the subsequent fiscal year for the deficient accounts for clients with increased selection risk, indicating that the PCAOB risk-based inspection process improves audit quality.
Modulating silica-rubber interface by a biorenewable urushiol derivative. Synthesis, surface modification, and mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of vulcanizates therefrom

Hydrogenated urushiol (i.e., 3-pentadecylcatechol) can be used to directly modify silica particles via surface complexation with silicon. The degree of surface coverage can be varied by experimental conditions. Mooney viscosity and Payne effect studies of uncured rubber compounds show that dispersion of silica filler completely covered by hydrogenated urushiol in the absence of coupling agent bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT) is as effective as dispersion of standard unmodified silica in the presence of TESPT under otherwise identical mixing conditions. Low bound rubber content and observation of filler flocculation at the early stage of vulcanization demonstrate that the filler-rubber interaction is physical in nature as the result of surface modification by hydrogenated urushiol. When silica is partially covered by hydrogenated urushiol, it can be used in conjunction with TESPT. Judicial combination of partially covered silica and TESPT can give optimal properties to the resultant vulcanizate, including reduced Payne effect and improved cut resistance while maintaining other key parameters the same in comparison with a standard silica-TESPT reinforced rubber. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 135, 45937.
Small-World Network Analysis of Cortical Connectivity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Using Quantitative EEG

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between complex brain networks in people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and neurocognitive impairment. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) recordings were taken from 14 people with CFS and 15 healthy controls (HCs) during an eye-closed resting condition. Exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) was used to estimate cortical sources and perform a functional connectivity analysis. The graph theory approach was used to characterize network representations for each participant and derive the “small-worldness” index, a measure of the overall homeostatic balance between local and long-distance connectedness. Results showed that small-worldness for the delta band was significantly lower for patients with CFS compared to HCs. In addition, delta small-worldness was negatively associated with neurocognitive impairment scores on the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ). Finally, delta small-worldness indicated a greater risk of complex brain network inefficiency for the CFS group. These results suggest that CFS pathology may be functionally disruptive to small-world networks. In turn, small-world characteristics might serve as a neurophysiological indicator for confirming a biological basis of cognitive symptoms, treatment outcome, and neurophysiological status of people with CFS.
Proteome Profiling of Developing Murine Lens Through Mass Spectrometry.

Purpose We previously completed a comprehensive profile of the mouse lens transcriptome. Here, we investigate the proteome of the mouse lens through mass spectrometry-based protein sequencing at the same embryonic and postnatal time points. Methods We extracted mouse lenses at embryonic day 15 (E15) and 18 (E18) and postnatal day 0 (P0), 3 (P3), 6 (P6), and 9 (P9). The lenses from each time point were preserved in three distinct pools to serve as biological replicates for each developmental stage. The total cellular protein was extracted from the lens, digested with trypsin, and labeled with isobaric tandem mass tags (TMT) for three independent TMT experiments. Results A total of 5404 proteins were identified in the mouse ocular lens in at least one TMT set, 4244 in two, and 3155 were present in all three TMT sets. The majority of the proteins exhibited steady expression at all six developmental time points; nevertheless, we identified 39 proteins that exhibited an 8-fold differential (higher or lower) expression during the developmental time course compared to their respective levels at E15. The lens proteome is composed of diverse proteins that have distinct biological properties and functional characteristics, including proteins associated with cataractogenesis and autophagy. Conclusions We have established a comprehensive profile of the developing murine lens proteome. This repository will be helpful in identifying critical components of lens development and processes essential for the maintenance of its transparency.
Combining adaptivity with progression ordering for intelligent tutoring systems

Learning at scale (LAS) systems like Massive Open Online Classes (MOOCs) have hugely expanded access to high quality educational materials however, such material are frequently time and resource expensive to create. In this work we propose a new approach for automatically and adaptively sequencing practice activities for a particular learner and explore its application for foreign language learning. We evaluate our system through simulation and are in the process of running an experiment. Our simulation results suggest that such an approach may be significantly better than an expert system when there is high variability in the rate of learning among the students and if mastering prerequisites before advancing is important, and is likely to be no worse than an expert system if our generated curriculum approximately describes the necessary structure of learning in students.
Other Than the Sum: Hispanic and Middle Eastern Categorizations of Black–White Mixed-Race Faces:

The racial categorization literature, reliant on forced-choice tasks, suggests that mixed-race targets are often categorized using the parent faces that created the racially mixed stimuli (e.g., Bl...
Erythropoietic stress, macrocytosis, and hemoglobin switching in HbAA sheep

Hemoglobin switching and macrocytosis were studied in homozygous hemoglobinAA sheep. An abrupt initiation of erythropoietic stress, accompanied by a pulsed elevation of circulating erythropoietin levels, was induced by phlebotomy. Sequential blood samples were separated according to density on Stractan gradients to isolate cells newly entering the circulation from the marrow each day. Analysis of hemoglobin phenotype and cell volume distribution in these young reticulocytes revealed a distinct temporal separation in the appearance of hemoglobin C and increased cell volume. The appearance of macrocytes within 24 hr of erythropoietin elevation suggests that macrocytosis could be the result of the action of erythropoietin during the late stages of erythroid maturation. The 72-hr delay in the appearance of hemoglobin C indicates that commitment to a particular hemoglobin phenotype occurs at an early stage of differentiation and involves immature erythroid stem cells. The results of this study show that these consequences of erythropoietic stress are initiated at two different developmental stages, resulting in the production of macrocytosis and hemoglobin switching.
Real-World Case Studies for Sensor Network Design of Drinking Water Contamination Warning Systems

A key aspect of Contamination Warning System design is the strategic placement of sensors throughout the distribution network. There has been a large volume of research on this topic in the last several years, including a “Battle of the Water Sensor Networks” (Ostfeld et al., 2008, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 134(6), 556–568) that compared 15 different approaches to solving this problem. This report focuses on the sensor placement methodologies that have been developed by EPA’s Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Research Team, which is composed of researchers from EPA, Sandia National Laboratories, the University of Cincinnati, and Argonne National Laboratory. This team has developed TEVA-SPOT – the Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment Sensor Placement Optimization Tool – a collection of software tools that can help utilities design sensor networks (Berry et al., 2008, User’s manual: TEVA-SPOT toolkit 2.2, EPA-600-R-08-041; US EPA, 2009a, Tutorial threat ensemble vulnerability analysis – sensor placement optimization tool (TEVA-SPOT) graphical user interface, Version 2.2.0 Beta, EPA-600-R-08-147). This report presents case studies using TEVA-SPOT and discusses open challenges for application of sensor network design to large-scale real-world drinking water systems
Optimizing neural network models : Motivation and case studies

Practical successes have been achieved with neural network models in a variety of domains, including energy-related industry. The large, complex design space presented by neural networks is only minimally explored in current practice. The satisfactory results that nevertheless have been obtained testify that neural networks are a robust modeling technology; at the same time, however, the lack of a systematic design approach implies that the best neural network models generally remain undiscovered for most applications. This paper first presents an experimental study that demonstrates the complex interdependencies between various parameters of neural models. We then present an approach, based on genetic algorithms, for designing optimized neural networks for specific applications. Two case studies are discussed n which the benefits of a systematic design method are exemplified. These studies are on real data sets that are relevant to the power industry. The flexibility of genetic optimization also permits some novel twists on neural modeling: input selection, and the synthesis of network architectures well suited for problem classes can be directly addressed.
Assessment in Postgraduate Training

This chapter provides an overview of the assessment strategies used in postgraduate education. Assessment methodologies commonly used like the mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX), direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), and portfolios are discussed.
The Uniform Metric on Spaces of Cadlag Functions

The theory developed in Chapter IV justifies its existence by what it has to say about the limiting distributions of functional defined on sequences of stochastic processes. Processes X n (t):t ∈ T are identified with random elements of some space X of functions on T, a space large enough to contain the sample paths of every X n ; the functional are maps defined on X to which the Continuous Mapping Theorem can be applied. In this chapter we shall specialize the general theory to the particular function space D[0, 1], under its uniform metric. It will turn out that most applications, especially those that come up with brownian bridges and brownian motions as limit processes, require no fancier setting than this.
Roles of Vitamins as Coenzymes

Vitamins that serve as precursors of coenzymes are principally the B vitamins. These substances occur not only in the free form but also in bound forms from which they must be liberated in the digestive tract by appropriate secreted enzymes before they can be utilized. The transport of vitamins from the digestive tract into the bloodstream and to various cells and finally into the cells may require specific transport proteins for a particular vitamin. Within the cells, most members of the group of B vitamins are converted into coenzyme forms which are required for the activity of specific enzymes. Such a coenzyme may be attached by ionic, coordinate covalent, or, in some cases, covalent bonding to an apoenzyme to provide an enzyme (holoenzyme) catalyzing a specific reaction. In some instances, the vitamin itself is bound covalently to the apoenzyme (protein) directly to form the holoenzyme. Coenzymes are usually integrally involved in the catalytic process of the enzyme, but many coenzymes also serve as cosubstrates or carriers of groups to be modified by enzymic processes.
California DREAM: The Impact of Financial Aid for Undocumented Community College Students.

Ineligibility for state financial aid has traditionally limited undocumented students’ access to higher education. Since 2013, the California Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act...
Vitamin D deficiency in older cancer patients with solid tumors, effect on overall survival.

e22038Background: Vitamin D deficiency is endemic in the American population. Estimates of Vitamin D deficiency are lacking in older cancer patients. Methods: Single site, retrospective cohort stud...
On the link between financial market inclusion and trade openness: An asymmetric analysis

Abstract This study investigates the impact of financial market inclusion, the existence of shadow economy and real output on trade openness for a select group of emerging economies. Trade openness potentially is a major source of economic growth and development. This study is the first employing mixed methods and approaches of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) to estimate the long-run and short-run models for a large group of emerging economies. The more advanced the financial market inclusion is in a country, the higher the financial market development and, eventually, the level of trade openness. This paper examines the asymmetry cointegration approach in line with nonlinearity attribution, using annual data from 1983 to 2014 for 18 emerging economies. Estimate from all models indicate that financial market inclusion has played a significant role in the short run and has symmetric effects on the trade openness of the majority of emerging economies. Also, the nonlinear model and asymmetry cointegration provide more backing.
Perceiving hope from oncologists and prognostic understanding and treatment planning.

21Background: Offering hope during prognostic discussions is widely considered essential to the delivery of humane medical care. However, clinicians always offering hope may undermine realism in patients' prognostic understanding and preparation for what lies ahead. We examine how patients’ perceptions of their oncologists as always offering hope, compared to a more tempered sense of hope, relate to prognostic understanding and treatment planning. Methods: Data came from post-scan baseline assessments of an NCI funded multi-site study on prognostic communication among metastatic cancer patients’ refractory to at least one chemotherapy regimen. The analytic sample consisted of 235 participants, who during structured interviews, rated the question, “how often does your oncologist offer hope,” as “always,” “most of the time” or “sometimes.” A binary variable was created comparing participants endorsing “always” to participants endorsing “most of the time” or “sometimes.” Patients also reported on elements of...
Erythematous and Vascular Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Clinicopathologic Review of Red Entities

Erythematous lesions of the oral mucosa are common and can reflect a variety of conditions, ranging from benign reactive or immunologically-mediated disorders to malignant disease. Together with vascular abnormalities, which can vary from reddish to bluish-purple in color, the differential diagnosis for erythematous oral mucosal change is quite diverse. This review focuses on salient clinical features and histopathologic findings of selected conditions which clinically present as red or vascular-like oral mucosal alterations, including oral vascular malformations and neoplasms, pyogenic granuloma, localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia, denture stomatitis, benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue), orofacial granulomatosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis), megaloblastic anemia, and erythroplakia. Recognition of the characteristic clinical features of these conditions, in conjunction with thorough patient history, will allow clinicians to narrow the differential diagnosis and guide appropriate clinical decision making, including the need for tissue biopsy, in order to complete the diagnostic process and initiate optimal patient care.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Snus Examining the Effect of Complete Versus Partial Cigarette Substitution on Smoking-Related Behaviors, and Biomarkers of Exposure.

INTRODUCTION This 8-week multisite, randomized controlled trial of snus examined the differential effects of instructions on (1) snus use, (2) smoking and smoking-related measures, and (3) exposure to tobacco-related constituents. METHOD US adult daily cigarette smokers (n = 150; 43.3% female; Medianage = 43.5) were recruited from Minneapolis, Minnesota; Columbus and Coshocton, Ohio; and Buffalo, New York. Following a 1-week sampling phase of snus, participants who used at least 7 pouches were randomized to either (1) partial substitution (PS; "use snus as you like with your cigarettes"), (2) complete substitution (CS; "avoid cigarettes"), or (3) usual brand cigarettes (UB). Analyses included between-group analyses (eg, PS vs. CS) using Wilcoxon rank sum test of cigarettes per day and snus pouches per day, and a linear mixed model (biomarkers). RESULTS Compared to the PS and UB groups, smokers assigned to CS reported greater reductions in cigarettes per day (ps < .001), using more snus pouches per day (p = .02), and more smoke-free days (CS median = 14.5, PS and UB medians = 0, p < .001). In addition, results demonstrated reductions in carbon monoxide (p < .001), total nicotine equivalents (p = .02), and four out of five measured volatile organic compounds (ps < .01) over time among the CS group. Exposure to N'-nitrosonornicotine increased by trial end only among the PS group (p < .04). Phenanthrene tetraol increased among all groups by trial end (p = .02) with no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS Instructions to completely switch from cigarettes to snus resulted in the greatest reduction in cigarettes and exposure to harmful constituents. IMPLICATIONS Directly instructing smokers to switch completely to snus, rather than using ad libitum (with no instructions to avoid cigarettes), is necessary for reductions in smoking and subsequent exposure to harmful constituents.
Flat Lenses for Ultra-lightweight Longwave-Infrared Broadband Imaging

We demonstrate the design and experiments for chromatic aberration rectified, high NA, polarization insensitive, diffractive flat lenses operating in the LWIR ( $8\mu \mathrm{m}$ to $12\mu \mathrm{m}$ ) regime. © 2019 The Author(s)
Phononic comb generation in high-Q quartz resonators

We report on the observation of high-fidelity, high-Q, phononic combs in AT-cut 100-MHz shear-mode quartz resonators. The comb generation was observed on the first spurious mode above the fundamental mode resonance when driven a few kHz off resonance at power levels between +11 and +18 dBm. These combs exhibit the expected phase coherence between the teeth with no measurable line broadening from the nonlinear generation. Interestingly, the combs can exhibit a complex structure at particular temperatures. These changes in the comb structure over temperature are thought to be driven by the relative frequency shifts between the interacting modes. Teeth with both much larger and smaller frequency sensitivities to the drive frequency have been observed. These characteristics may be useful for enhancing the sensitivity of resonant-mode MEMS sensors or improving the phase stability of oscillators. In addition, if cryogenically cooled, these highly coherent combs may provide a component for phononic quantum processing studies.
Redox reactions of iron and manganese oxides in complex systems

Conspectus: Redox reactions of Fe- and Mn-oxides play important roles in the fate and transformation of many contaminants in natural environments. Due to experimental and analytical challenges associated with complex environments, there has been a limited understanding of the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in actual environmental systems, and most of the studies so far have only focused on simple model systems. To bridge the gap between simple model systems and complex environmental systems, it is necessary to increase the complexity of model systems and examine both the involved interaction mechanisms and how the interactions affected contaminant transformation. In this Account, we primarily focused on (1) the oxidative reactivity of Mn- and Fe-oxides and (2) the reductive reactivity of Fe(II)/iron oxides in complex model systems toward contaminant degradation. The effects of common metal ions such as Mn2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ and Cu2+, ligands such as small anionic ligands and natural organic matter (NOM), and second metal oxides such as Al, Si and Ti oxides on the redox reactivity of the systems are briefly summarized.
Renewable Cyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acid (CBDA) Building Block Synthesized from Furfural via Photocyclization

A novel renewable building block with a semirigid structure, (1α,2α,3β,4β)-2,4-di(furan-2-yl)cyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (CBDA-5), was synthesized from furfural. The synthesis started with a ...
Phylogenetic and physiological signals in metazoan fossil biomolecules.

Proteins, lipids, and sugars establish animal form and function. However, the preservation of biological signals in fossil organic matter is poorly understood. Here, we used high-resolution in situ Raman microspectroscopy to analyze the molecular compositions of 113 Phanerozoic metazoan fossils and sediments. Proteins, lipids, and sugars converge in composition during fossilization through lipoxidation and glycoxidation to form endogenous N-, O-, and S-heterocyclic polymers. Nonetheless, multivariate spectral analysis reveals molecular heterogeneities: The relative abundance of glycoxidation and lipoxidation products distinguishes different tissue types. Preserved chelating ligands are diagnostic of different modes of biomineralization. Amino acid–specific fossilization products retain phylogenetic information and capture higher-rank metazoan relationships. Molecular signals survive in deep time and provide a powerful tool for reconstructing the evolutionary history of animals.
Field Mapping: What Is the “Media” of Media Studies?1:

This short article explores the changing meanings of “media” in media studies in relation to emerging technologies and critical paradigms in the field. After brief discussion of various media studi...
The Electoral College and the Federal Popular Vote

The notion of holding a popular vote for the president of the United States is, in theory, an intuitively simple idea. We hold popular elections for the governor of each state. We hold popular direct elections for basically every other office, from United States Senator to local dog catcher. We even elect judges in many states. The National Popular Vote, or NPV, would change our existing system, where the winner of the Electoral College wins the presidency, to a system that more closely resembles these other elections. The NPV turns the Electoral College into a mechanism by which the winner of the aggregate total of the popular vote in the fifty states and the District of Columbia becomes the winner of a majority of the electors in the Electoral College. And its purported virtue is that it does so without the onerous need to go through the constitutional amendment process. But any talk of a "national" popular vote is a misnomer at best, and an outright lie at worst. The only existing mechanism we have to compile voting preferences is federal, not national, in nature. In contrast, the only way to create a national popular vote is through nationwide regulation at the congressional level, which the Constitution does not presently authorize. While piecemeal efforts might bring about some greater uniformity, a federal constitutional amendment is the only means to determine a national popular vote.
Fewer Exposed Lysine Residues May Explain Relative Resistance of Chicken Serum Albumin to In Vitro Protein Glycation in Comparison to Bovine Serum Albumin

Protein glycation and formation of advanced glycation end products is associated with several diseases resulting from high blood glucose concentrations. Plasma albumin is directly exposed to circulating glucose concentrations and is therefore at greater risk of glycation than hemoglobin. As plasma glucose concentrations in birds are 1.5–2 times higher than mammals of similar mass, avian albumin may be particularly at risk of glycation. Thus, the goal of the present study was to compare the in vitro formation of glycated albumin in chicken serum albumin (CSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) exposed to a range of glucose concentrations over a 16-week period. The level of glycation for CSA and BSA was quantified using boronate affinity columns to separate glycated albumin from non-glycated albumin and calculating the difference in protein concentration of each sample. The results indicate that CSA is glycated to a lesser degree than BSA when the albumins are exposed to increasing concentrations of glucose (38.8–500 mM). This was most apparent at week sixteen (500 mM glucose) where BSA expressed a higher degree of glycation (37.8 ± 0.76%) compared to CSA (19.7 ± 1.06%, P < 0.05). Additionally, percent glycation at week sixteen was significantly higher than the glucose-free solutions for both BSA and CSA, indicating that glycation is glucose-dependent. Analyses of the protein structures suggest that the relative resistance of CSA to glycation may be due to fewer lysine residues and variations in protein folding that shield more lysine residues from the plasma. Moreover, comparisons of reconstructed ancestral albumin sequences show that the ancestor of birds had 6–8 fewer lysine residues compared to that of mammals.
Theory-Guided Machine Learning Finds Geometric Structure-Property Relationships for Chemisorption on Subsurface Alloys

Summary Developing physically transparent and quantitatively accurate models that relate the chemical interaction (chemisorption strength) between an adsorbate and a solid surface to the adsorption site's geometry is critical for our understanding of catalysis, corrosion, and electrochemistry. We develop a theory-guided machine-learning (ML) approach, which uses an interpretable class of ML models called generalized additive models (iGAM models), to discover predictive structure-property models that can quantify and explain the link between the geometric structure of an adsorption site and the chemisorption strength. We demonstrate the approach through several case studies, where we analyze the chemisorption strength of chemically distinct adsorbates (O, OH, S, and Cl) on subsurface metal alloy surfaces subjected to various strain- and ligand-induced changes in the local geometric structure. By comparing the ML-derived chemisorption models to previously established electronic-structure models, we clarify the critical physical parameters that control the chemisorption process on metal surfaces.