cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Breathing Simulations in Large-Scale Models of the Lung Airway From the Oronasal Opening to the Terminal Bronchioles

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using large-scale models of the human lung airway and unsteady periodic breathing conditions. The computational domain included fully coupled representations of the orotracheal region and large conducting zone up to generation four (G4) obtained from patient-specific CT data, and the small conducting zone (to the 16th generation) obtained from a stochastically generated airway tree with statistically realistic morphological characteristics. A reducedgeometry airway model was used, in which several airway branches in each generation were truncated, and only select flow paths were retained to the 16th generation. The inlet and outlet flow boundaries corresponded to the oral opening, the physical inlet/outlet boundaries at the terminal bronchioles, and the unresolved airway boundaries created from the truncation procedure. The total flow rate was specified according to the expected ventilation pattern for a healthy adult male, which was supplied by the wholebody modeling software HumMod. The unsteady mass flow distribution at the distal boundaries was prescribed based on a preliminary steady-state simulation with an applied flow rate equal to the average flow rate during the inhalation phase of the breathing cycle. In contrast to existing studies, this approach allows fully coupled simulation of the entire conducting zone, with no need to specify distal mass flow or pressure boundary conditions a priori, and without the use of impedance or one-dimensional (1D) flow models downstream of the truncated boundaries. The results show that: (1) physiologically realistic flow is obtained in the model, in terms of cyclic mass conservation and approximately uniform pressure distribution in the distal airways; (2) the predicted alveolar pressure is in good agreement with correlated experimental data; and (3) the use of reduced-order geometry modeling allows accurate and efficient simulation of large-scale breathing lung flow, provided care is taken to use a physiologically realistic geometry and to properly address the unsteady boundary conditions. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4027485]
The conversion of methyl pseudomonate C to pseudomonic acid A

Abstract A process for the conversion of methyl pseudomonate C to pseudomonic acid A with partial stereoselectivity is described.
The effect of parasitoid host-size preference on host population growth rates: an example of Aphidius colemani and Aphis glycines

1. Direct observations of Aphidius colemani foraging for Aphis glycines demonstrated that A. colemani attacks large aphid size classes selectively, in contrast to other Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species that generally prefer small or medium-sized nymphs of different host species. 2. To determine the effect of this size preference on the potential ability of A. colemani to control A. glycines outbreaks, the stage-dependent survival and fecundity of A. glycines were measured to parameterise a stage-structured demographic model for the density-independent population growth rate of the aphid. 3. Compared with hypothetical parasitoids that show either no size preference or preference for medium-sized host nymphs, the preference of A. colemani for large hosts caused a greater reduction in the population growth rate of A. glycines. This occurs in the model because, by attacking reproductive adults, A. colemani kills those aphids that have the greatest immediate effect on the population growth rate. 4. The strong effect of size preference by A. colemani is diminished somewhat by the continued reproduction of A. glycines adults, which can reproduce for up to 3 days following parasitism. Nonetheless, reproduction by parasitised aphids is not enough to compensate for the stronger, negative effect of the preference of A. colemani for large aphids, which removes individuals with the greatest reproductive value from the A. glycines population.
Critical success factors in data management

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the critical success factors (CSFs) of data and database administration functions. A field survey was made in 16 large corporations of information systems executives who were identified as having a key role and interest in data management issues. Several important data and database administration factors were identified. Of these, three were found to be CSFs for data administration and four were found to be CSFs for database administration. Two overlapped both areas. The overlapping factors had to be considered from both a technical and organizational perspective.
Interacting physical, chemical and biological forcing of phytoplankton thin-layer variability in Monterey Bay, California

Abstract During the 2005 Layered Organization in the Coastal Ocean (LOCO) field program in Monterey Bay, California, we integrated intensive water column surveys by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with satellite and mooring data to examine the spatiotemporal scales and processes of phytoplankton thin-layer development. Surveying inner to outer shelf waters repeatedly between August 18 and September 6, the AUV acquired 6841 profiles. By the criteria: [(1) thickness ≤3 m at the full-width half-maximum, (2) peak chlorophyll at least twice the local background concentrations, and (3) a corresponding peak in optical backscattering], thin layers were detected in 3978 (58%) of the profiles. Average layer thickness was 1.4 m, and average intensity was 13.5 μg l−1 above (3.2x) background. Thin layers were observed at depths between 2.6 and 17.6 m, and their depths showed diurnal vertical migration of the layer phytoplankton populations. Horizontal scales of thin-layer patches ranged from 10,000 m. A thin-layer index (TLI), computed from layer frequency, intensity and thinness, was highest in mid-shelf waters, coincident with a frontal zone between bay waters and an intrusion of low-salinity offshore waters. Satellite observations showed locally enhanced chlorophyll concentrations along the front, and in situ observations indicated that phytoplankton may have been affected by locally enhanced nutrient supply in the front and concentration of motile populations in a convergence zone. Minimum TLI was furthest offshore, in the area most affected by the intrusion of offshore, low-chlorophyll waters. Average thin-layer intensity doubled during August 25–29, in parallel with warming at the surface and cooling within and below the thermocline. During this apparent bloom of thin-layer populations, density oscillations in the diurnal frequency band increased by an order of magnitude at the shelfbreak and in near-bottom waters of the inner shelf, indicating the role of internal tidal pumping from Monterey Canyon onto the shelf. This nutrient transport process was mapped by the AUV. Peak TLI was observed on August 29 during a nighttime survey, when phytoplankton were concentrated in the nutricline. Empirical orthogonal function decomposition of the thin-layer particle size distribution data from this survey showed that throughout the inner to outer shelf survey domain, the layers were dominated by phytoplankton having a cross-section of ∼50 μm. This is consistent with the size of abundant Akashiwo sanguinea cells observed microscopically in water samples. During a subsequent and stronger intrusion of low-salinity offshore waters, spatially-averaged vertical density stratification decreased by > 50%, and phytoplankton thin layers disappeared almost completely from the AUV survey domain.
A rule-based computer scheme for centromere identification and polarity assignment of metaphase chromosomes

Automatic centromere identification and polarity assignment are two key factors in the automatic karyotyping of human chromosomes. A multi-stage rule-based computer scheme has been investigated to automatically detect centomeres and determine polarities for both abnormal and normal metaphase chromosomes. The scheme first implements a modified thinning algorithm to identify the medial axis of a chromosome and extracts three feature profiles. Based on a set of pre-optimized classification rules, the scheme adaptively identifies the centromere and then assigns corresponding polarity. An image dataset of 2287 chromosomes acquired from 24 abnormal and 26 normal Giemsa metaphase cells is utilized to optimize and test the scheme. The overall accuracy is 91.4% for centromere identification and 97.4% for polarity assignment. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can be successfully applied to diverse chromosomes, which include those severely bent and abnormal chromosomes extracted from cancer cells.
Positron emission tomography with [(18)F]-3'-deoxy-3'fluorothymidine (FLT) as a predictor of outcome in patients with locally advanced resectable rectal cancer: a pilot study.

Purpose This pilot study was performed to evaluate whether tumor uptake of 18F-labeled 3′-deoxy-3′fluorothymidine (FLT), a proliferative radiotracer, at baseline and early during therapy, is predictive of outcome in locally advanced rectal cancer.
Peginterferon with or without ribavirin has minimal effect on quality of life, behavioral/emotional, and cognitive outcomes in children

The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the quality of life (QOL), behavioral/emotional functioning, and cognitive status of children undergoing treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In all, 114 children (5 to 18 years old) enrolled in a multisite randomized clinical trial (Peds-C) to evaluate peginterferon alpha 2a (PEG 2a) with ribavirin (RV) or with placebo (PL) completed several standardized measures prior to treatment and at 24 weeks, 48 weeks, 6 months following treatment, and at two annual follow-up visits. After 24 weeks of treatment, mean physical QOL scores declined significantly for both groups from baseline to 24 weeks of treatment (F = 5.8, P = 0.004), although scores remained in the average range. There were no significant time or group effects for behavioral/emotional or cognitive functioning. Three children (5%) in the PEG 2a + RV group and no children in the PEG 2a + PL group had a clinically significant increase in depression symptoms. For those children who received 48 weeks of treatment, there were no significant time or group effects on any of the outcome measures (P > 0.05). A majority of children in both the PEG 2a + RV and PEG 2a + PL groups experienced no clinically significant change in physical QOL, behavioral adjustment, depression, or cognitive functioning during or after treatment. Conclusion: Overall QOL and psychosocial functioning are not deleteriously impacted by PEG 2a + RV or PL treatment of children with HCV. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
On T-Pure and Almost Pure Exact Sequences of LCA Groups

A proper short exact sequence 0! A!f B! C ! 0 ð*Þ in the category of locally compact abelian groups is said to be t-pure if fðAÞ is a topologically pure subgroup of B, that is, if
1341 WHOLE BLOOD PLATELET VOLUME MEASUREMENTS IN NEONATES

The MPV(mean platelet volume)and FLP(fraction of large platelets)were determined for 31 non-thrombocytopenic and 11 thrombocytopenic neonates. Samples were obtained by heel stick, by venipuncture, from cord blood, or from indwelling catheters. 0.1 ml unfractionated anticoagulated whole blood samples were analyzed using a Coulter model S+ cell counter, which determines MPV by direct measurement.The FLP was calculated by determining the fraction of platelets on a platelet volume histogram between 13 and 28μm3. There was no difference between MPV and FLP of capillary blood compared to catheter arterial blood samples. The platelets of 4 thrombocytopenic premature infants(< 100,000) were significantly larger(MPV=9.80, FLp=21.45) than the platelets from 7 non-thrombocytopenic premature infants (MPV=8.20, FLp=10.11). The platelets of 7 thrombocytopenic full-term infants were also significantly larger(MPV=9.61, FLp=28.34) than the platelets of 25 non-thrombocytopenic full-term infants (MPV=8.51, FLp=11.90) Nine of the thrombocytopenic neonates had proved or suspected sepsis; 1 had DIC with severe acidemia; and 1 had aortic thrombosis. This simplified method of platelet volume determination is particularly useful in neonates because of the small volume of blood required and suggests that thrombocytopenia associated with neonatal sepsis is due to increased destruction rather than decreased production.
Stability of high-power generating stations

WITH the increasing use of electric power, the size of electric generating systems has steadily increased, from the small high-frequency stations of the early days, to the huge metropolitan systems of today. This created the problem of limiting the destructiveness of the power which can accidently be concentrated at any point of the system.
Increasing the accuracy of trip rate information from passive multi-day GPS travel datasets: Automatic trip end identification issues

With the availability of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to capture vehicle location, it is now feasible to easily collect multiple days of travel data automatically. However, GPS-collected data are not ready for direct use in trip rate or route choice research until trip ends are identified within large GPS data streams. One common parameter used to divide trips is dwell time, the time a vehicle is stationary. Identifying trips is particularly challenging when there is trip chaining with brief stops, such as picking up and dropping off passengers. It is hard to distinguish these stops from those caused by traffic controls or congestion. Although the dwell time method is effective in many cases, it is not foolproof and recent research indicates use of additional logic improves trip dividing. While some studies incorporating more than dwell time to identify trip ends having been conducted, research including actual trip ends to evaluate the success of trip dividing methods used have been limited. In this research, 12 ten-day real-world GPS travel datasets were used to develop, calibrate and compare three methods to identify trip start points in the data stream. The true start and end points of each trip were identified in advance in the GPS data stream using a supplemental trip log completed by the participants so that the accuracy of each automated trip division method could be measured and compared. A heuristic model, which combines heading change, dwell time and distance between the GPS points and the road network, performs best, correctly identifying 94% of trip ends.
The NX message passing interface

Abstract The challenge in designing a message passing interface for massively parallel distributed memory supercomputers is to balance high performance with usability. The NX interface and its implementations represent successful achievement of that balance in a highly evolved, full featured, high performance interface for parallel applications. It is the vendor-supplied programming interface on Intel multicomputers, implementing the typed send/receive model of multicomputer message passing. Central to this paper is a section on the philosophy behind the NX design, which explains design tradeoffs and why we think they result in a successful interface.
A graphical aid for extracting circular-polarized components from spinning-linear patterns

Gain measurements of circularly polarized antennas are often made with spinning linearly polarized gain standards rather than circularly polarized (CP) gain standards. This communication describes a graphical aid for quickly extracting the CP components.
Computer-Assisted Topic Classification for Mixed-Methods Social Science Research

ABSTRACT Social scientists interested in mixed-methods research have traditionally turned to human annotators to classify the documents or events used in their analyses. The rapid growth of digitized government documents in recent years presents new opportunities for research but also new challenges. With more and more data coming online, relying on human annotators becomes prohibitively expensive for many tasks. For researchers interested in saving time and money while maintaining confidence in their results, we show how a particular supervised learning system can provide estimates of the class of each document (or event). This system maintains high classification accuracy and provides accurate estimates of document proportions, while achieving reliability levels associated with human efforts. We estimate that it lowers the costs of classifying large numbers of complex documents by 80% or more.
Commentary on US R & D programs for seismic base isolation

Today I would like to talk about base-isolation systems research. Before I do that, I will tell you a few things about the purpose and role of my organization. As you are aware, I work for the National Science Foundation (NSF). NSF is an independent agency of the US Federal Government established in 1950 to promote and advance scientific and engineering progress in the United States. We do this by sponsoring scientific and engineering research and by supporting selected activities in science and engineering education. It is important to note that NSF itself does not conduct research. Most proposals for research come to NSF from educational institutions and other organizations rather than from individuals. The NSF also accepts proposals for basic and applied research from commercial firms, and we especially welcome those from small businesses that have strong capabilities in research and development. You should note that NSF strongly encourages collaboration between industry and university researchers, and between industry and state and local governments. The NSF yearly budget is about $2 billion per year. I work in the Engineering Directorate which represents about ten percent of that budget, or a little over $210 million per year. More specifically, I would like to talk with you about our activities in the Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Program where the major portion of the research in base-isolation is being conducted. The programs in the Directorate of Engineering at NSF are organized to achieve four major goals. These goals are (1) to ensure that the USA is at the leading edge of engineering research in all fields; (2) to assist USA engineering schools in producing the world's best
Drag-reducing polysaccharides from marine microalgae: species productivity and drag reduction effectiveness

We have conducted a study of the potential use of drag-reducing biopolymers produced by marine microalgae for engineering applications. Several marine microalgae species were tested for their production of drag-reducing polysaccharides in large custom-designed plate bioreactors. Promising species (such as Porphyridium cruentum, Rhodella maculata, Schizochlamydella capsulata and Chlorella stigmatophora) were cultured for periods of time ranging from a few weeks to over 6 months. The basic drag-reducing ability of the polysaccharides was established by comparing their drag reduction effectiveness at various concentrations in water. The algal polysaccharide mass productivity was also measured per unit area of bioreactor’s illuminated surface. Finally, an all-inclusive criterion, the volumetric production of drag-reducing water giving a set level of drag reduction was quantified, and led us to a ranking of the tested species in order of productivity relevant to implementation. Some aspects of polysaccharide production by aged cultures were investigated as well. We also quantified the drag-reducing effectiveness of intracellular polysaccharides, and visualized the presence of exopolymer particles in the medium.
Two algorithms for weighted matroid intersection

Consider a finite setE, a weight functionw:EźR, and two matroidsM1 andM2 defined onE. The weighted matroid intersection problem consists of finding a setI⊆E, independent in both matroids, that maximizes Σ{w(e):e inI}. We present an algorithm of complexity O(nr(r+c+logn)) for this problem, wheren=|E|,r=min(rank(M1), rank (M2)),c=max (c1,c2) and, fori=1,2,ci is the complexity of finding the circuit ofIź{e} inMi (or show that none exists) wheree is inE andI⊆E is independent inM1 andM2. A related problem is to find a maximum weight set, independent in both matroids, and of given cardinalityk (if one exists). Our algorithm also solves this problem. In addition, we present a second algorithm that, given a feasible solution of cardinalityk, finds an optimal one of the same cardinality. A sensitivity analysis on the weights is easy to perform using this approach. Our two algorithms are related to existing algorithms. In fact, our framework provides new simple proofs of their validity. Other contributions of this paper are the existence of nonnegative reduced weights (Theorem 6), allowing the improved complexity bound, and the introduction of artificial elements, allowing an improved start and flexibility in the implementation of the algorithms.
Entropy Principles in Decision Making Under Risk

This paper considers decision problems where: (1) The exact probability distribution over the states of nature is not precisely known, but certain prior information is available about the possibilities of these outcomes; (2) A prior distribution over the states of nature is known, but new constraint information about the probabilities becomes available. The maximum entropy principle asserts that the probability distribution with maximum entropy, satisfying the prior knowledge, should be used in the decision problem. The minimum cross-entropy principle says that the posterior distribution is the one which minimizes cross-entropy, subject to the new constraint information. The entropy principles have not gone uncriticized, and this literature, together with that justifying the principles, is surveyed. Both principles are illustrated in a number of situations where the distribution is either discrete or continuous. The discrete distribution case with prior interval estimates based on expert opinions is considered in detail.
Mechanisms in retrograde amnesia: a case for biogenic amines

Abstract Research interpretations of the mechanisms by which various treatments produce retrograde amnesia are of three general types: (1) general modification of central nervous system excitability, (2) changes in the rate of brain protein or RNA synthesis, (3) alterations of brain neurotransmitter levels. Here, we review these interpretations and, within the framework of Kety's model, suggest that normal levels of biogenic amines during a critical period of memory storage may be essential for retention.
Tariff and Quota Reform with International Capital Mobility

In a small, open economy with a convex production set, international capital mobility raises the cost of tariff protection on one subset of imports if there are irremovable quotas on another. Given irremovable quotas on one subset of imports, free trade is the optimal policy toward all other imports, with or without international capital mobility. Further, in the scalar case, international capital mobility reduces the optimal implicit excess tariff on the quota-constrained import if an irremovable tariff is in place on the other import.
Synaptamide, endocannabinoid-like derivative of docosahexaenoic acid with cannabinoid-independent function

Docosahexaenoylethanolamide, the structural analog of the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand anandamide, is synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the brain. Although docosahexaenoylethanolamide binds weakly to cannabinoid receptors, it stimulates neurite growth, synaptogenesis and glutamatergic synaptic activity in developing hippocampal neurons at concentrations of 10-100 nM. We have previously proposed the term synaptamide for docosahexaenoylethanolamide to emphasize its potent synaptogenic activity and structural similarity to anandamide. Synaptamide is subjected to hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase, and can be oxygenated to bioactive metabolites. The brain synaptamide content is dependent on the dietary DHA intake, suggesting an endogenous mechanism whereby diets containing adequate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids improve synaptogenesis in addition to well-recognized anti-inflammatory effects.
Lesbians and alcohol: patterns and paradoxes in medical notions and Lesbians' beliefs

There is growing awareness in the lesbian community about the prevalence of alcohol problems, and the meanings and values attached to alcohol use are currently undergoing change. Little research has focused on lesbians' life experiences and alcohol use practices, although in earlier decades a number of medical theories linked lesbianism with alcohol problems as copathologies. More recent theories from the social sciences also linked lesbianism with alcohol problems, but on the basis of sociocultural dynamics and consequent negative self-images. This article compares and contrasts medical theories about lesbians and alcohol with lesbians' own ideas about alcohol use and alcohol problems. Mutually reinforcing themes in medical views and lesbians' experiences are identified. The analysis clarifies what is at stake in the current debates about alcohol, alcohol problems and recovery experiences in the lesbian community, and offers suggestions for research, theory, and practice regarding this significant health issue.
Pharmaceutical composition for treating macular degeneration (WO2012079419)

A pharmaceutical composition composed of several traditional Chinese medicines is claimed to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This represents a novel and alternative therapeutic solution for wet AMD, with the potential advantage of treating both the symptoms and the underlying causes of this devastating degenerative retinal disease.
Three-dimensional numerical modeling for global cochlear dynamics

A hybrid analytical-numerical model using Galerkin approximation to variational equations has been developed for predicting global cochlear responses. The formulation provides a flexible framework capable of incorporating morphologically based mechanical models of the cochlear partition and realistic geometry. The framework is applied for a simplified model with an emphasis on application of hybrid methods for three-dimensional modeling. The resulting formulation is modular, where matrices representing fluid and cochlear partition are constructed independently. Computational cost is reduced using two methods, a modal–finite-element method and a boundary element–finite-element method. The first uses a cross-mode expansion of fluid pressure (2.5D model) and the second uses a waveguide Green’s-function-based boundary element method (BEM). A novel wave number approach to the boundary element formulation for interior problem results in efficient computation of the finite-element matrix. For the two methods a c...
Use of augmented rectus muscle transposition surgery for complex strabismus.

Abstract Purpose Full tendon rectus muscle transposition surgery augmented with posterior fixation sutures has been shown to be effective in the treatment of abducens palsy and Duane's syndrome. The purpose of this study is to summarize our experience with the use of this procedure and a three fourths partial tendon transposition modification of this procedure for a variety of complex vertical and horizontal paralytic eye movement disorders. Design Retrospective noncomparative interventional consecutive case series. Participants Eighteen patients with paralytic strabismus. Intervention Full tendon rectus muscle transposition procedure augmented with posterior fixation sutures (13 patients) or a three fourths partial tendon transposition augmented with posterior fixation sutures (5 patients). Main outcome measures Resolution of diplopia in the primary position and improved ocular alignment. Results Comparing preoperative to postoperative status, presence of primary position diplopia decreased from 64% to 14%, anomalous head posture decreased from 56% to 6%, and primary position alignment improved in all patients. Conclusions Full tendon rectus muscle transposition surgery augmented with posterior fixation sutures and the vessel-sparing three fourths partial tendon transposition modification of this technique are effective for the treatment of a variety of complex vertical and horizontal paralytic ocular motility disorders.
The convergent validity of dichotic listening and hemispheric priming as methods for studying lateralized differences in affective responses

This study investigates affective responses toward the text and music of an advertisement presented via a task involving either dichotic listening or hemispheric priming. The data indicate that affect toward the text and music does differ due to the efficiency of hemispheric specialization and that this pattern of results remains consistent across the two methods for studying lateralized differences. Specifically, the methods based on dichotic listening and hemispheric priming performed similarly in demonstrating the tendency of left-versus right-brain processing to favor words versus music, respectively. These convergent findings compensate, in part, for certain weaknesses in the apparent internal and external validities of the two approaches by supporting the reliability and generalizability of each method in producing results that corroborate those of the other.
Methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis involves the activation of multiple death pathways. Review.

The abuse of the illicit drug methamphetamine (METH) is a major concern because it can cause terminal degeneration and neuronal cell death in the brain. METH-induced cell death occurs via processes that resemble apoptosis. In the present review, we discuss the role of various apoptotic events in the causation of METH-induced neuronal apoptosisin vitro andin vivo. Studies using comprehensive approaches to gene expression profiling have allowed for the identification of several genes that are up-regulated or down-regulated after an apoptosis-inducing dose of the drug. Further experiments have also documented the fact that the drug can cause demise of striatal enkephalinergic neurons by cross-talks between mitochondria-, endo-plasmic reticulum- and receptor-mediated apoptotic events. These neuropathological observations have also been reported in models of drug-induced neuroplastic alterations used to mimic drug addiction (Nestler, 2001).
Substrate Integrated Composite Right-/Left-Handed Leaky-Wave Structure for Polarization-Flexible Antenna Application

An effective development of a composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) leaky-wave (LW) structure for polarization-flexible antenna applications is presented. The proposed leaky transmission line (TL) is a planar passive circuit built using the substrate integrated waveguide technology. It consists of two symmetrical waveguide lines loaded with series interdigital capacitors which radiate orthogonal 45° linearly polarized waves. Its dispersion, Bloch impedance and radiation characteristics are extracted by applying a comprehensive analysis on the unit cell. Its backfire-to-endfire beam-steering capability through frequency scanning due to the CRLH nature is demonstrated and discussed. It is able to generate arbitrary different polarization states by changing the way of excitation, including linear polarization (LP) and circular polarization (CP). This leaky TL is fabricated by the standard printed-circuit board process. Two broadband couplers are also designed and fabricated for the specified excitation purpose. Six different polarization states, including four LP cases and two CP ones, are experimentally verified. The propagation and radiation parameters, including the S-parameters, radiation patterns, gain, and axial ratio (for CP states) are presented for these modes. Measured results are consistent with the simulation. The proposed LW structure shows some desirable merits, such as the simplicity in design, low-cost fabrication, and beam-steering and polarization-flexible capabilities, providing a high degree of flexibility for the real application.
The detection of hyaluronidase on electrophoresis membranes.

Abstract A method is described for the detection of hyaluronidase enzyme activity following electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes prior to elution of the enzyme from the support medium. It appears to be specific for endo- N -acetylhexosaminidase activity. It detects 0.005 of the least amount of enzyme detected by a miniaturized turbidity reduction test or by a standard viscosity reduction test.
Mechanistic Hierarchical Gaussian Processes

The statistics literature on functional data analysis focuses primarily on flexible black-box approaches, which are designed to allow individual curves to have essentially any shape while characterizing variability. Such methods typically cannot incorporate mechanistic information, which is commonly expressed in terms of differential equations. Motivated by studies of muscle activation, we propose a nonparametric Bayesian approach that takes into account mechanistic understanding of muscle physiology. A novel class of hierarchical Gaussian processes is defined that favors curves consistent with differential equations defined on motor, damper, spring systems. A Gibbs sampler is proposed to sample from the posterior distribution and applied to a study of rats exposed to noninjurious muscle activation protocols. Although motivated by muscle force data, a parallel approach can be used to include mechanistic information in broad functional data analysis applications.
The effects of peer counseling on smoking cessation and reduction.

Abstract Objective To evaluate a peer counseling intervention for pregnant smokers. Methods One hundred forty-two pregnant, predominantly Hispanic women were assigned to a peer-led smoking cessation program or to usual care. Results Compared with usual care, peer counseling reduced smoking (−9.1 versus −4.5 cigarettes daily, P = .03), but did not affect absolute quit rates (24% versus 21%) at 36 weeks’ gestation. Infant birth weight negatively correlated with cigarettes smoked per day (r = −0.29, P Conclusion Peer counseling reduced the number of cigarettes smoked daily but did not increase cigarette abstinence rates. Infant birth weight increases with both smoking cessation and smoking reduction, suggesting that peer counseling intervention programs may improve newborn health despite their failure to affect smoking cessation.
Extracellular superoxide dismutase protects lung development in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice.

We tested the hypothesis that targeted transgenic overexpression of human extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) would preserve alveolar development in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice. We exposed newborn transgenic and wild-type mice to 95% oxygen (O2) or air × 7 days and measured bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts, and lung homogenate EC-SOD, oxidized and reduced glutathione, and myeloperoxidase. We found that total EC-SOD activity in transgenic newborn mice was approximately 2.5× the wild-type activity. Hyperoxia-exposed transgenic mice had less pulmonary neutrophil influx and oxidized glutathione than wild-type littermates at 7 days. We measured alveolar surface and volume density in animals exposed to 14 days more of air or 60% O2. Hyperoxia-exposed transgenic EC-SOD mice had significant preservation of alveolar surface and volume density compared with wild-type littermates. After 7 days 95% O2 + 14 days 60% O2, lung inflammation measured as myeloperoxidase activity was reduced to control levels i...
Issues for low-emission, fuel-flexible power systems

Modern power generation systems can produce clean, economical energy. Gas turbines, modern reciprocating engines and fuel cells may all play a role in new power production, both for electric power and mechanical drive applications. Compared to their counterparts of even a decade ago, new power systems have significantly reduced pollutant emissions. However, the careful balance between low emissions and operating performance often requires that system performance be optimized on a single fuel. Thus, for example, a gas turbine designed to produce low emissions on natural gas may not easily achieve the same emission goals on a different gaseous fuel. This paper reviews the various issues associated with changes in gaseous fuel composition for low-emission turbines, reciprocating engines and fuel cells.
What is reliance

In this article I attempt to provide a conceptual framework for thinking about reliance in a systematic way. I argue that reliance is a cognitive attitude that has a tighter connection to the guidance of our thought and action than ordinary belief does. My main thesis is that reliance has a ‘constitutive aim’: namely, it aims at guiding our thought and action in a way that is sensible from the standpoint of practical or theoretical ends. This helps explain why reliance is, in contrast to belief, typically formed and revised in response to pragmatic considerations.
Effects of Turbidity on Feeding Rates and Selectivity of Bluegills

Abstract Turbidity, caused by suspended clay particles, significantly reduced feeding rates but not size selectivity of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) preying on two size classes of Daphnia pulex. Bluegill feedling rates in a 3-minute period declined from approximately 14 prey per minute in clear water to 11, 10, and 7 per minute in pools of 60, 120, and 190 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units), respectively. Size selectivity was independent of turbidity level; the proportion of large daphnia consumed was approximately 0.70 in all treatments and the control. These turbidity levels covered the range of turbidities found in North Carolina lakes.
AN EQUATION CORRELATING SHELF LIFE OF DEHYDRATED VEGETABLE PRODUCTS WITH STORAGE CONDITIONS

A correlation of time of failure and storage conditions was established for two classes of dehydrated products, namely vegetables and vegetable powders. Mathematical models developed were based on data reported in the literature for products stored in air or nitrogen with failure due to off-flavors or changes in color. A general mathematical model, in accord with theoretical considerations was found to be applicable in all cases studied.
Emotional and Behavioral Functioning After Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Ependymoma

Purpose The standard of care for pediatric patients with ependymoma involves postoperative radiation therapy. Prior research suggests that conformal radiation therapy (CRT) is associated with relative sparing of cognitive and academic functioning, but little is known about the effect of CRT on emotional and behavioral functioning. Methods and Materials A total of 113 patients with pediatric ependymoma underwent CRT using photons as part of their enrollment on an institutional trial. Patients completed annual evaluations of neurocognitive functioning during the first 5 years after CRT. Emotional and behavioral functioning was assessed via the Child Behavior Checklist. Results Before CRT, emotional and behavioral functioning were commensurate with those of the normative population and within normal limits. After 5 years, means remained within normal limits but were significantly below the normative mean. Linear mixed models revealed a significant increase in attention problems over time. These problems were associated with age at diagnosis/CRT, tumor location, and extent of resection. A higher-than-expected incidence of school problems was present at all assessment points after baseline. Conclusions The use of photon CRT for ependymoma is associated with relatively stable emotional and behavioral functioning during the first 5 years after treatment. The exception is an increase in attention problems. Results suggest that intervening earlier in the survivorship period—during the first year posttreatment—may be beneficial.
Selection for Body Weight at Eight Weeks of Age 2. Correlated Responses of Feathering, Body Weights, and Reproductive Characteristics

Abstract IN SINGLE trait selection experiments correlated responses are the simultaneous changes in unselected traits which result from selection for one particular characteristic. The association between selected and unselected traits is due to genetic effects, environmental influences and a combination of both. The genetic effects are caused by pleiotropy and linkage. Pleiotropy results in more permanent genetic associations while those caused by linkage are likely to be transient (Falconer, 1960). Although genetic and environmental correlations between two traits may be estimated from information on relatives by techniques presented by Hazel (1943) and Hazel et al. (1943), it is of value to measure the actual changes which occur in one trait when individual selection is for another characteristic. This is because selection experiments yield realized genetic and environmental correlations. Also of considerable interest is information on the consistency of the magnitude of the associated responses when selection is practiced for several generations.…
Scalable Multicasting in Energy Aware Mobile Backbone Based Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

The synthesis of efficient and scalable multicasting schemes for wireless ad hoc networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we present two multicast algorithms that employ a dynamically synthesized Energy-Aware Mobile Backbone Network (E-MBN) to achieve efficient message distribution among members of the multicast groups: (1) Bnet flooding multicast algorithm (BFMA); and (2) shared backbone multicast subnetwork (SBMS). E-MBN incorporates a power saving mechanism that allows inactive nodes to transition into sleep state to conserve energy, and elects nodes with higher energy reserves as backbone nodes to extend network lifetime. For fair comparison, we defined and implemented an extended version of ODMRP with power saving mechanism (ODMRP-PS). We study the throughput (per-watt) performance efficiency of the E-MBN based multicast algorithms through analytical and simulation evaluations, and demonstrate the enhanced performance achieved by these algorithms when compared to ODMRP-PS.
Coping profiles characterize individual flourishing, languishing, and depression

According to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, negative emotions narrow one's thought-action repertoire. In contrast, positive emotions have a broadening effect, expanding cognitive capacity, increasing potential coping strategies that come to mind, and enhancing decision-making, reaction, and adaptation to adversity. Fredrickson and Losada determined that a positivity ratio - the ratio of experienced positive to negative emotions - at or above 2.9 promotes human flourishing. A ratio below 2.9 is indicative of languishing individuals, whereas a ratio below 1.0 is a marker of depression. This study examined whether adaptive and maladaptive coping profiles differentiated those who flourish, languish, or are depressed in two convenience samples - military spouses (n =367) and public school teachers (n=267). Results were consistent with the theoretical predictions, as coping profiles of the groups differed significantly, with flourishing individuals favoring adaptive coping strategies more than those who were languishing or depressed. Conversely, depressed individuals reported greater use of maladaptive coping strategies than those who were languishing or flourishing. These results provide further empirical support for the mathematical model of Fredrickson and Losada, as the set of positivity criteria were predictive of coping profiles in two samples where successful coping and adaptation are important.
Derivation of the Magnetic Field in a Coronal Mass Ejection Core via Multi-frequency Radio Imaging

The magnetic field within the core of a coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2010 August 14 is derived from analysis of multi-wavelength radio imaging data. This CME's core was found to be the source of a moving type IV radio burst, whose emission is here determined to arise from the gyrosynchrotron process. The CME core's true trajectory, electron density, and line-of-sight depth are derived from stereoscopic observations, constraining these parameters in the radio emission models. We find that the CME carries a substantial amount of mildly relativistic electrons (E < 100 keV) in a strong magnetic field (B < 15 G), and that the spectra at lower heights are preferentially suppressed at lower frequencies through absorption from thermal electrons. We discuss the results in light of previous moving type IV burst studies, and outline a plan for the eventual use of radio methods for CME magnetic field diagnostics.
Synthesis of ring-substituted N-benzyl γ-phenyl GABA derivatives via reductive amination.

Background: GABA derivatives are important for the development of drugs for disorders of the CNS and PNS. Results: We describe a simple synthesis of N-benzyl γ-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acids, via the reductive amination of the corresponding γ-keto acids with benzylamines using ammonia borane. Conclusion: This procedure provides an efficient and economical method for the synthesis of GABA derivatives.
A quality integrated strategic level global supply chain model

This paper proposes a strategic global supply chain (GSC) model that integrates critical-to-quality (CTQ) issues along with other system-based quality requirements that allow a GSC to assure product quality and safety to the primary user, preventing expensive product recall. The proposed model ensures product quality and other critical-to-business (CTB) requirements for GSCs that operate in various, multi-layered, multi-location-based suppliers and manufacturing plants by first integrating a quality-based supply management (QSM) system to GSC operations. The QSM evaluates and affiliates prospective supplier plants to supply inputs based on their performance in CTQ and other crucial quality system-based attributes. The model then integrates a CTQ-based approval process for GSC-operated manufacturing facilities that also considers CTB and standard quality management system factors. Finally, the model provides a procedure for introducing a quality monitoring process for the continuous improvement of supplier...
Hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary and neonatal hypoglycemia

Two infants presenting with hypoglycemia in the first day of life had no evidence of an anterior pituitary gland at autopsy. A third infant with neonatal hypoglycemia has survived with persistent hypoglycemia and hypopituitarism. Each of these infants represents a different clinical entity. One infant had congenital absence of the anterior pituitary with no other anomalies. Another had holencephaly at autopsy but did not demonstrate the facial characteristics of this syndrome, and there was no suggestion of this abnormality prior to death by family history or chromosomal analysis. The third infant had septo-optic dysplasia and pituitary dwarfism, which may represent a mild form of holencephaly. Studies of endocrine function revealed hypoadrenalism in all and absence of growth hormone response to hypoglycemia in two of the infants. An inappropriate antidiuretic hormone response was suspected in two infants, providing evidence of posterior pituitary function.
Deficits in visual learning by cats with lesions of the visual cortex

Cats were trained for food reward in a divided straight maze or in a V-maze on a light-dark discrimination and on a series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations. Errors were scored by both door-push and alley-entrance criteria. After lesions of the visual cortex, cats could relearn or initially learn the light-dark discrimination but were not successfully trained to shift from brightness to pattern cues when learning the series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations, using a modified method of limits procedure. Both unoperated cats and cats with lesions of the visual cortex committed alley-entrance errors when learning the light-dark discrimination.