cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating historic population data for small geographies using census housing information

Historical population data for small geographies (e.g. blocks, block-groups, and census tracts) are not available for periods earlier than 1980. In this research note, we propose a geographically-constrained housing unit method (GHUM) to estimate historic population for small geographies using housing age data available in the 1980–2000 censuses. The GHUM is a two-stage method. The first stage follows a traditional housing unit method and provides initial household and group quarter population estimates for small geographies. The second stage takes advantage of the availability of historic data for larger geographies (e.g. counties, states) to adjust the first stage estimates and to provide final estimates. The GHUM is used to estimate 1940–1990 county population and census tract population in Kentucky. The quality of the population estimates is assessed. A two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicates that these estimates are statistically reliable at the 10 % significance level.
Attractiveness of illness-associated odorant cues in female rats is modulated by ovarian hormones, but not associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels

Abstract Odorant cues released by rodents play a key role in mate preference/selection. The goal of the following series of studies was to determine the impact of acute illness, and the potential role of the inflammatory response, on the release of illness-associated odor cues from female rats. Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 μg/kg) and their soiled bedding was used as a stimulus to naive male odor recipients. While odored bedding from sick males elicited a robust avoidance response evidenced by decreased sniffing, avoidance and burying behavior, odored bedding from sick females elicited only a reduction in sniffing, indicating a reduction in odor attractiveness. Odor cues from ovariectomized, but not sham-operated females decreased sniffing behavior and increased avoidance in male odor recipients. Acute estradiol benzoate (EB, 20 μg/kg) replacement into ovariectomized females restored the investigatory response of male recipients toward odor cues, while LPS administration into ovariectomized oil or EB treated females had little impact on odor attractiveness. Measurement of cytokines in both brain (the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus) and blood from female odor donors indicated increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 following LPS, which was not affected by EB treatment. These findings illustrate a critical sexual dimorphism by demonstrating that acute illness reduces the attractiveness of female odor, whereas odor cues from sick males are highly aversive. Moreover, the attractiveness of female odor appears to be associated with circulating ovarian hormone levels, but not central or peripheral inflammatory cytokines.
Labor of recombination

Much of Marxist theory rests on the assumption that workers experience exploitation as individuals, and that the rate of exploitation (as a unit of time) can be calculated on a per-worker basis. Yet this calculation breaks down when dealing with cybertime and post-human bodies. Even as capital restructures the mode of production, labor continues to resurrect the ghosts of an idealized past that may or may not have actually existed. Whereas Deleuze and Guattari view subjectivity principally as a molar event or a form of closure, Bifo elaborates on their concept of subjectivation as an open, molecular becoming, which no longer hinges on the subject. Drawing upon both Bifo and his intellectual forbears, I will expand upon the idea of subjectivation as it relates to labor. Beginning with the assumption that the labor movement, broadly defined, remains an important site of contestation, I will ask the question: What strategies and political (non)-forms become possible as immaterial, acorporeal labor becomes the dominant mode of production?
Orejas, narices y pies: estudio fisiognómico del Arcipreste

The following article analyses the enigmatic portrait of the Archpriest. The Libro de Alexandre, the Libro del caballero Zifar, and the portrait of Theodoric are among the resources consulted in order to decode its mysteries. Scholars have resorted to parody, ideals of beauty, and physiognomic science in their search to discover what Juan Ruiz intended with his depiction. The conclusions are as mixed and ambiguous as is the text. Luce Lopez Baralt, Americo Castro, and Graciela Candano have used terms such as metissage, disharmony, and plurality to refer to the Libro de buen amor. They apply as well to the portrait on the Archpriest. In the stanzas setting forth the portrait of the Archpriest, dona Garoza asks the astute dona Urraca to describe the Archpriest’s physical characteristics. Dona Garoza hopes thereby to understand the Archpriest’s personality. The reader anticipates that the Archpriest will emerge as a paragon of male physical beauty. He does not. Dona Urraca describes his appearance as uncomfortably disproportionate: some features are too large, others too small. The portrait that emerges does not in any way reflect the harmonious ideal proposed by Saint Thomas Aquinas, nor the unified aspect set forth in Arab physiognomic handbooks. The Archpriest’s appearance is grotesque and unbalanced: a far cry from the ideal chivalric hero.
Influence of pH and Salt on the Photocrosslinking in Polyelectrolyte Thymine‐Containing Films

Photocrosslinking of thymine‐based water‐soluble polymer films was investigated at varying preparation conditions. Adding salt or decreasing the pH of the solution from which the films were cast resulted in the decreased efficiency of photoimmobilization, while increasing the pH was found to increase the photoimmobilization efficiency. A mechanistic rationale for the observed effects is proposed.
Jaw muscle silent periods by tooth tap and chin tap.

Summary Electromyographic silent periods from jaw closing muscles were elicited during a clench by tapping on the chin and on selected teeth both in asymptomatic subjects and in subjects reporting symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The mean duration in response to a chin tap was significantly shorter in the asymptomatic group than in the dysfunction group. No significant differences in mean duration elicited by tooth taps were found between groups. Other comparisons of mean durations such as among muscles, among teeth, or between chin taps and tooth taps failed to achieve statistical significance.
NATURAL CONVECTION FROM A HORIZONTAL CYLINDER AT SMALL GRASHOF NUMBERS

Numerical solutions for steady two-dimensional free convection from a horizontal circular cylinder are obtained for small Grashof numbers by the method of series truncation. The temperature distribution and flow variables are expanded as cosine and sine Fourier series, respectively, with variable coefficients. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to three coupled sets of nonlinear ordinary differential equations of second order. Detailed calculations are performed for Grashof numbers in the range I0−5 to 10 and a Prandtl number of 0.7. The flow patterns, isotherms, and heat transfer results thus obtained are compared with those from experimental and theoretical studies under similar conditions.
Design method for monolithic analogue filters

A new concept, compatible with m.o.s. or bipolar technology, for the design of monolithic analogue active filters is proposed. The method uses only ratioed capacitors as passive components and is especially suitable for the implementation of high-frequency filters. A high-Q, f0 = 1 MHz bandpass filter is presented as an example, using a total capacitance of only 58 pF.
CD4+ T-Cell Recognition of Mutated B-RAF in Melanoma Patients Harboring the V599E Mutation

The potential of antigen-directed cancer immunotherapy has not been fully realized, perhaps because many commonly targeted tumor associated proteins are not essential to maintaining the malignant cell phenotype. A constitutively activating mutation in the signaling molecule BRAF is expressed frequently in melanomas and may play an important role in the biology of this disease. A 29-mer B-Raf peptide incorporating the V599E mutation was used for in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes derived from melanoma patients, generating MHC class II-restricted CD4 + T cells specific for this peptide as well as for melanoma cells expressing B-Raf V599E. Mutated B-Raf exemplifies targets that may be ideal for immunotherapy.
An Analysis of Dr. Phil's Advice About Relationships

As marriage and family therapists, it is important to be familiar with the advice America is receiving from television's most popular therapist, Dr. Phil. Using feminist family therapy theory as the guiding lens, 28 episodes of Dr. Phil were analyzed. Findings from this study indicate that advice on the Dr. Phil show is conflicting; he encourages equal partnerships while simultaneously promoting stereotypical gender roles, a barrier to equality. Further results suggest that Dr. Phil maintains a detrimental neutral stance with couples reporting violence in their relationships. Implications for therapists are discussed.
The mechanical properties of siliceous ZSM-5 (MFI) crystals

Abstract The micromechanical compressive response of siliceous ZSM-5 single-crystals (silicalite) has been measured using an in-house-built micromechanical tester. Single-crystals (∼300 μm) were prepared using the method of Shimizu and Hamada [Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2725]. High-quality crystals with no evident microcracks and which were optically transparent were subjected to measurements using single, cyclic and two-directional compression tests. ZSM-5 crystals are highly brittle and prone to microcracking. An average Young’s modulus of ∼4 GPa was measured. No difference in Young’s modulus between as-synthesized and calcined crystals is detected and little mechanical anisotropy is observed. The cyclic tests reveal gradual stiffness deterioration through a microcracking process.
Amorphous calcium precipitations in human aortic valve.

Spheroidal, granular, and fibrillar particles were observed in human aortic valve calcifications. Spheroids were similar to amorphous calcium phosphate shown previously in synthetic preparations and in bone. The frequent coexistence of needle shaped hydroxyapatite crystals with granular and fibrillar particles suggests that the latter are also amorphous calcium phosphate and may be precursors of hydroxyapatite. All three types of particles had a tendency to form laminated and spherular secondary structures and failed to give a crystalline pattern by electron diffraction.
A novel approach to quantifying tool wear and tool life measurements for optimal tool management

It is a common practice in batch production to continually use the same tool to machine different parts, using disparate machining parameters. In such an environment, the optimal points at which tools have to be changed, while achieving minimum production cost and maximum production rate within the surface roughness specifications, have not been adequately studied. The tool wear index (TWI) and the tool life model developed in this study use a novel approach, analyzing wear surface areas and material loss from the tool using micro-optics and image processing/analysis algorithms. With relation to surface roughness, the TWI measures the wear conditions more accurately and comprehensively, and the tool life model enables maximum use of a worn tool and minimum risk for in-process tool failure. The TWI and a surface roughness control model are integrated into an optimal control strategy that shows potential for productivity improvement and reduction of manufacturing cost.
Alveolar lipoproteinosis in lung allograft recipients

Three cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis developing in lung allograft recipients are reported. In each case, repeated bouts of alveolar damage from harvest/reperfusion injury, rejection, and infection were observed before the development of intraalveolar accumulation of granular, periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in the allograft lungs. It is speculated that iatrogenic immunosuppression combined with defective clearance of alveolar material by alveolar macrophages created a milieu conducive to the accumulation of surfactant, lipoprotein, and fibrinous debris that was morphologically identical to alveolar proteinosis.
Responses of the Superficial Limb Veins of the Dog to Changes in Temperature

The lateral saphenous vein of the dog was perfused with homologous blood at constant, flow. Changes in perfusion pressure were used to measure active changes in venous tone. Cooling of the perfusate caused the vein to constrict and warming to relax. Most of the change occurred over the temperature range of 27° to 42°C. The powerful venoconstrictor response to cooling depended on intact sympathetic nerves, since it was reduced by lumbar sympathectomy and largely abolished by alpha-receptor or ganglionic blockade. The response was confined to the vein being cooled. By comparison, cooling the body core when the temperature of the blood in the vein was 37°C caused a generalized constriction of the superficial limb veins. These responses were impaired by anesthetic agents (for example, pentobarbital), by generalized hypoxia, and by arterial hypotension. The data indicate a role for the cutaneous veins in temperature regulation. In the cold, the venous return is directed preferentially to the venae comitantes f...
Cortico‐Spinal Mechanisms in Experimental Seizures

SUMMARY 1. In the cat or monkey, given subconvulsant dosage of metrazol, a unilateral lesion of one pyramid in the medulla results in a marked depression of the myoclonic jerks of the contralateral extremities, as evoked by single photic or acoustic stimuli. There is a similar depression during generalized seizure evoked by repetitive afferent stimulation or occurring spontaneously with increased metrazol. 2. After bilateral pyramid lesions in the cat, the myoclonic responses in the distal portions of the extremities, especially the forelegs, become extensor, rather than flexor as in the intact animal. 3. Ablation of motor cortex ipsilateral to a unilateral pyramid lesion produces only a mild increase of the deficit. 4. The discharge in the pyramidal tract follows within 1–5 msec after the onset of the evoked discharge in the motor cortex, but usually reaches its peak before the peak of the cortex response. 5. The data indicate that the motor cortex participates directly in evoked myoclonic and generalized seizures and in spontaneous seizures. It is suggested that this influence is mediated largely, but not exclusively, through the corticospinal pathway exerting a facilitatory action on flexor mechanisms of the spinal cord. RESUME 1. Quand un dosage subconvulsif de metrazol a ete administrea un chat ou a un singe, une lesion unilaterale d'une pyramide dans la moelle provoque sur les reflexes myocloniques des extremites contra-laterales une depression marquee du genre de celle que l'on connait lors de simples stimulations lumineuses ou acoustiques. Une depression semblable se produit pendant une brusque attaque generalisee provoquee par stimulation afferente reiteree, ou survenant spontanement lors d'augmentation du metrazol. 2. Des lesions pyramidales bilaterales sont suivies chez le chat de reactions myocloniques de la partie distale des extremites et specialement des pattes anterieures qui deviennent extensives plutot que flexibles, ainsi qu'il en est chez l'animal intact. 3. L'ablation du cortex motorique ipsilateral vers une lesion pyramidale unilaterale ne produit qu'une legere augmentation de la deficience. 4. La decharge qui s'opere dans le tract pyramidal survient environ 1–5 msec apres le debut de la decharge provoquee dans le cortex moteur, mais il atteint generalement son sommet avant celui de la reaction du cortex. 5. Les donnees indiquent que le cortex moteur participe directement au spasme myoclonique provoque et aux brusques attaques generalisees, ainsi qu'aux brusques attaques spontanees. L'auteur pense que cette influence s'exerce peut-etre largement, non pas exclusivement toutefois, par la voie corticorachidienne dont l'action facilite les mecanismes de flexion de la moelle epiniere.
Effects of environment, seedling age, and seed source on leaf resistance of three species of Chamaecyparis and Tsuga chinensis.

The objectives of this study were to determine how stomata of Chamaecyparis spp. react to environmental changes and to determine in what ways leaf resistance patterns may have adaptive value for these confers. Leaf resistances were measured of Chamaecyparis taiwanensis, C. formosensis and C. lawsoniana seedlings in a forest nursery, and of saplings of the first two species and Tsuga chinensis growing in natural forest and clearcuts. Light, temperature, humidity, and sometimes xylem pressure potential were measured concurrently.In the nursery, C. lawsoniana, the species from the driest climate, had the lowest resistance, daily means for well-watered yearold plants being 2-5 s cm-1. Leaf resistances of well-watered C. formosensis and C. taiwanensis from more humid habitats were two and three times greater. Leaf resistance was more sensitive to environment in those nursery populations of C. formosensis from habitats where a dry season is more severe. There were no clear patterns of variation within the other species. Resistance of scale leaves increased with seedling size and age. Primary leaves of C. formosensis had higher average resistance than its scale leaves, and were more responsive to changes in the environment.In the field, C. taiwanensis had higher resistance than C. formosensis. Leaf resistance of Tsuga chinesis was quite similar to that of C. formosensis. Resistance decreased from winter to spring except during a severe dry spell in March.Changes in leaf resistance were most consistently correlated with humidity, which often increased during the day as humid air rose from the lowlands. Stomata opened as humidity rose even when plant xylem pressure potentials were -15 to -23 bars. Stomatal reaction of Chamaecyparis spp. varies in ways apparently adaptive to their environment.
Outcome and Staging Evaluation in Malignant Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary in Children and Adolescents: An Intergroup Study

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to perform an evaluation of outcome and the role of surgical staging components in malignant germ cell tumors (GCT) of the ovary in children and adolescents. Methods From 1990 to 1996, 2 intergroup trials for malignant GCT were undertaken by Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) and Children's Cancer Study Group (CCG). Stage I-II patients were treated with surgical resection and 4 cycles of standard dose cisplatin (100 mg/m 2 /cycle), etoposide, and bleomycin (PEB) chemotherapy. Stage III-IV patients were treated with surgical resection and randomly assigned to chemotherapy with PEB or high-dose cisplatin (200 mg/m 2 /cycle) with etoposide and bleomycin (HDPEB). Patients unresectable at diagnosis had second-look operation after 4 cycles of chemotherapy if residual tumor was seen on imaging studies. IRB approval of the protocols was obtained at each participating institution. An analysis of outcome data, operative notes, and pathology reports in girls with ovarian primary site was done for this report. Results There were 131 patients with ovarian primary tumors of 515 entered on these studies. Mean age was 11.9 years (range, 1.4 to 20 years). Six-year survival rate was stage, I 95.1%; stage II, 93.8%; stage III, 98.3%; stage IV, 93.3%. In only 3 of 131 patients were surgical guidelines followed completely. Surgical omissions resulting in protocol noncompliance resulted from failure to biopsy bilateral nodes (97%), no omentectomy (36%), no peritoneal cytology (21%), no contralateral ovary biopsy (59%). More aggressive procedure than recommended by guidelines included total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 6 patients and retroperitoneal node dissection in 10 patients. Correlation of gross operative findings with pathology results was carried out for ascites, lymph nodes, implants, omentum, and contralateral ovary. Conclusions Pediatric ovarian malignant GCT (stages I-IV) have excellent survival with conservative surgical resection and platinum-based chemotherapy. Survival appears to have been unaffected by deviations from surgical guidelines. New surgical guidelines are proposed based on correlation of gross findings, histology, and outcome in these intergroup trials.
Regulation of cytoplasmic and smooth muscle myosin.

Abstract Phosphorylation is commonly the regulator of smooth muscle and cytoplasmic myosins, but the site and mechanism of this regulation varies widely between different species and between myosin types.
First and second-order motion perception after focal human brain lesions

Perception of visual motion includes a first-order mechanism sensitive to luminance changes and a second-order motion mechanism sensitive to contrast changes. We studied neural substrates for these motion types in 142 subjects with visual cortex lesions, 68 normal controls and 28 brain lesion controls. On first-order motion, the visual cortex lesion group performed significantly worse than normal controls overall and in each hemifield, but second-order motion did not differ. Only one individual showed a selective second-order motion deficit. Motion deficits were seen with lesions outside the small occipito-temporal region thought to contain a human homolog of motion processing area MT (V5), suggesting that many areas of human brain process visual motion.
Analysis of Pavement Overlay and Replacement Performance Using Random Parameters Hazard-Based Duration Models

The effectiveness of pavement overlays and pavement replacements in terms of their impact on pavement life is not well understood. This is complicated further by data collection limitations and by the effect that physical deterioration, load volumes, weather, geology, and other factors may have on their effectiveness. Understanding the survivability of overlays and replacements has the potential to provide improved resource allocation and more effective use of state funds. In this paper, pavement overlays and replacements are assessed for their effectiveness on pavement life for urban roads. Using data from Indiana, seemingly unrelated regression equations first are estimated to predict the pavement performance over time. Using these forecasts and historical thresholds, the service life of the pavement is determined and random parameter duration models are estimated to identify influential factors affecting pavement service life. The model-estimation results provide some new insights into the interrelationships among pavement rehabilitation, pavement condition, pavement service life, road functional class, traffic loads and trucks, weather and soil condition, and rehabilitation expenditures.
Blood Flow Detection Using the Flat Crossed-Coil Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Flowmeter

Arterial blood flow signals have been obtained noninvasively from the posterior tibial artery, the brain, and the region of the heart at proton resonance frequencies of 21.4 MHz and 75 MHz. For these studies, the subjects were placed in a superconducting solenoid electromagnet with a 63.5 cm diameter warm bore, 185 cm long. A flat crossedcoil detector was used. The signals were processed by a synchronous detector.
Influence of auditory stimulation rates on evoked potentials during general anesthesia: relation between the transient auditory middle-latency response and the 40-Hz auditory steady state response.

Background The auditory middle-latency response (transient) and the 40-Hz auditory steady state response (ASSR) are modulated by anesthetics. However, the quantitative relation between these evoked responses is difficult to obtain because of technical limitations of the recording methods used to obtain transients at high stimulation rates. This study uses continuous-loop averaging deconvolution to fill this technical gap and to study the relation between the transient and ASSR waveform during general anesthesia. Methods The authors recorded 5- and 40-Hz transients and 40-Hz ASSRs in 13 subjects during general anesthesia. The 5- and 40-Hz transients were used to predict the 40-Hz ASSR by linearly superimposing the transient waveforms. The predicted and recorded ASSRs were analyzed and compared using phasor and Hotelling T(2) analyses. Results Grand-averaged recordings revealed differences in the early middle-latency peaks between 5- and 40-Hz transients, e.g., the peak P(x) was present only in 5-Hz transient. Only the predicted 40-Hz ASSR derived from the 40-Hz transient matched the actual ASSR. Phasor analysis showed that the early peaks contribute significantly to the steady state waveform, and this explains why 5-Hz transient does not predict the 40-Hz ASSR. Oscillations in both the 5- and 40-Hz transients were observed during anesthesia. Discussion The 40-Hz ASSR represents a composite waveform and arises when transient waveforms elicited with a 40-Hz stimulation rate are overlapped and superimposed. During general anesthesia, the morphology of the transient is dependent on the rate of stimulus presentation. The composite nature of the ASSR may explain nonmonotonic anesthetic dose-response relations observed by others.
Effortful control and early academic achievement of Chinese American children in immigrant families

a b s t r a c t The present study examined the direct and indirect relations of family contextual factors, effortful control (EC), and the early math and English literacy skills of first and second-generation Chinese American immigrant children in early elementary school. Using a socioeconomically diverse sample of 258 Chinese American children (53% receiving free- or reduced-price school lunch), we assessed EC with a combination of parent and teacher reports, computerized neuropsychological tests, and a behavioral frustration task. Children’s math calculation and English literacy skills were assessed with standardized achievement tests. Results of structural equation modeling suggested that: (a) EC was positively associated with both math and English literacy skills; (b) parents’ enculturation was marginally and positively associated with children’s EC, and EC mediated the link between parent’s enculturation and children’s achievement, (c) authoritarian parenting was marginally and negatively associated with children’s EC, and EC mediated the link between authoritarian parenting and children’s achievement; (d) parents’ enculturation had a direct and negative link to children’s English literacy skills; and (e) no evidence of an EC × SES interaction was found. The findings highlight the need to consider joint influences of socioeconomic, interpersonal, and cultural factors on children’s academic development in immigrant families; and provide support for promoting children’s effortful control as an intermediate target of intervention.
Walt Whitman and Thomas Mann

Details Thomas Mann's evolving fascination with Whitman, emphasizing the impact of the 1922 Reisiger translation of Leaves of Grass and arguing that Mann's reading of the translation "establishes the missing link between Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen of 1918 and Von deutscher Republik of 1922 and contributes to the final form of Der Zauberberg (1922)"; goes on to demonstrate that Whitman "made it possible for (Mann) to imagine a love that was based in the body and yet holy, that was fundamentally homosexual and yet moved through sexuality to social responsibility, that affirmed life rather than death."
Infant Monkey Hyperexcitability After Prenatal Exposure to Antiepileptic Compounds

Summary: Purpose: A monkey (Macaca fascicularis) model was previously used to assess infant hyperexcitability after prenatal exposure to phenytoin (PHT), stir-ipentol (STP) or PHT + STP. To explore this issue further, we studied additional monkey infants in those groups, as well as groups prenatally exposed to carba-mazepine (CBZ) in monotherapy (n = 5) or CBZ + STP poly therapy (n = 10). Methods: The drug-exposed groups were compared with a group of control infants (n = 10) for whom procedures were matched except that there was no prenatal drug exposure. All adult female monkeys were equipped with tether systems and stomach catheters so that drug administration (or water for controls) could be initiated before they were mated and continued throughout pregnancy. During pregnancy, PHT, STP, and CBZ plasma levels were maintained between 4–12, 4–10, and 1–6 μg/ml, respectively (for both monotherapy and polytherapy). At birth, infants were separated from mothers and transferred to the University of Washington's (Seattle, WA, U.S.A.) Infant Primate Research Laboratory (IPRL) for postnatal care and follow-up testing. During tests of recognition memory administered between 2 weeks and 3 months of age, infants were rated on a hyperexcitability scale. Results: Previously reported data indicated that infants prenatally exposed to PHT, in monotherapy or polytherapy with STP, were at increased risk for hyperexcitability (screeching, refusing to attend to stimuli, lack of visual orientation). This was not the case for infants prenatally exposed to STP monotherapy. Conclusions: Our results confirm previous findings and also demonstrate that infants prenatally exposed to CBZ or CBZ + STP, like controls, are not hyperexcitable during testing.
Exploration of Technical and Nontechnical Employee Attitudes toward Participation in Training.

This study examined technical and nontechnical employee attitudes toward participation in training. A survey was administered to 337 self-identified technical and nontechnical university employees. Our findings are as follows: (a) most employees prefer training that is less than 2 hours in length, (b) employees do not want training outside their regular shift, (c) employees strongly prefer hands-on training, and (d) less than half were encouraged by their supervisor to apply what was learned in nontechnical training to their job.
Minimizing expected energy consumption in real-time systems through dynamic voltage scaling

Many real-time systems, such as battery-operated embedded devices, are energy constrained. A common problem for these systems is how to reduce energy consumption in the system as much as possible while still meeting the deadlines; a commonly used power management mechanism by these systems is dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). Usually, the workloads executed by these systems are variable and, more often than not, unpredictable. Because of the unpredictability of the workloads, one cannot guarantee to minimize the energy consumption in the system. However, if the variability of the workloads can be captured by the probability distribution of the computational requirement of each task in the system, it is possible to achieve the goal of minimizing the expected energy consumption in the system. In this paper, we investigate DVS schemes that aim at minimizing expected energy consumption for frame-based hard real-time systems. Our investigation considers various DVS strategies (i.e., intra-task DVS, inter-task DVS, and hybrid DVS) and both an ideal system model (i.e., assuming unrestricted continuous frequency, well-defined power-frequency relation, and no speed change overhead) and a realistic system model (i.e., the processor provides a set of discrete speeds, no assumption is made on power-frequency relation, and speed change overhead is considered). The highlights of the investigation are two practical DVS schemes: Practical PACE (PPACE) for a single task and Practical Inter-Task DVS (PITDVS2) for general frame-based systems. Evaluation results show that our proposed schemes outperform and achieve significant energy savings over existing schemes.
Gender Differences and Risk of Arrest Among Offenders with Serious Mental Illness

Despite the increasing number of men and women with serious mental illness (SMI) incarcerated in America's jails, little research exists on the role gender may play in arrest among persons with SMI. This study examined correlates of arrests among offenders with SMI, specifically the role of gender. County criminal justice records, as well as county and statewide social service archival databases, were used to identify jail inmates with SMI in a large urban county in Florida. Of the 3,769 inmates identified, 41% were female. This study identified three distinct classes of male and female offenders within which persons had similar trajectories of arrests over the 4-year study period representing those with minimal, low, and high arrest rates. Findings suggest some important differences between women and men in risk factors for re-arrests. Attention to these factors may improve the ability to prevent future recidivism among men and women with SMI.
Foundations of Torey Hayden’s Relationship-Driven Classroom Practice with Troubled Children

This paper discusses the relationship-driven classroom practice of Torey Hayden, a teacher of children with emotional and behavioral difficulties, and author of eight books chronicling her day-to-day work in special education and child psychology. Seven philosophical principles which underpin and inform allaction taken in her relationship-driven classroom model are delineated: 1) relationships are a process, not a goal; 2) there is a difference between a person and the person’s actions; 3) no one chooses to be unhappy; 4) misbehavior is a teaching opportunity; 5) everyone can change; 6) personal change is verydifficult; and 7) the world is complex. A consilience of evidence supporting the use of a relationshipdriven methodology with troubled children is presented. Final thoughts on Hayden’s relationship-driven classroom are offered.
l-Glutamine in vitro regulates rat aortic glutamate content and modulates nitric oxide formation and contractility responses

These studies test the hypothesis that l-glutamine at its physiological plasma concentration, approximately 0.5 mM, can increase tissue content and net synthesis of glutamate in rat aortic segments in vitro, thereby mediating relaxation of the underlying smooth muscle in the elastic reservoir region of the thoracic aorta. Aortic segments were incubated in an isotonic medium with and without 21 amino acids at their normal plasma concentrations. Of these amino acids only L-glutamine and L-leucine at their plasma concentrations increased glutamate synthesis and content. Tissue glutamate content resulting from increasing concentrations of each precursor reached an upper level of approximately 1.3-1.6 micromol/g wet wt. Regulation of the tissue glutamate content involves an interaction of the synthetic pathways in which L-glutamine inhibits the endothelial leucine-to-glutamate pathway. L-glutamine increases nitric oxide (NO) formation, and NO inhibits the controlling enzyme of the endothelial leucine-to-glutamate pathway, the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Treatment of precontracted aortic rings with 0.5 mM L-glutamine elicits smooth muscle relaxation, a response that requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and an intact endothelium. The results demonstrate that in vitro L-glutamine at its normal concentration in plasma can regulate rat aortic glutamate content and modulate NO formation and contractility responses of the thoracic aortic wall.
Development and evaluation of optimization-based air economizer strategies

Abstract This paper describes two new strategies for controlling air economizers. The model-based control strategy uses a model to estimate the load on the cooling coil for 100% outdoor air and minimum outdoor air and transitions dampers between these two positions to minimize the load. The optimization-based control strategy uses a cooling coil model and a one-dimensional optimization routine to determine the fraction of outdoor air that minimizes the coil load. A coil model based on the contact–mixture analogy was adopted for this study and validated with experimental data. Simulations were used to compare the new economizer control strategies with traditional strategies. Simulations evaluated the sensitivity of the annual and peak cooling loads to outdoor air and return air sensor errors and climatic conditions. Incorrect control decisions stemming from sensor errors reduce the achievable energy savings and lead to higher peak hourly loads. For a scenario representative of poorly maintained sensors, the lowest annual coil loads of the economizer strategies investigated are 3.0–40.3% higher than those achieved for the ideal scenario of optimization-based control and ideal sensors (i.e., no sensor errors), and the lowest peak hourly loads for those cases are 6.8–84.1% higher than those for the ideal scenario.
Capabilities And Limitations Of Infrared Imaging Systems

The performance of infrared television camera tubes and infrared scanning systems are compared as a function of background photon flux density. The two-dimensional vidicon in the return beam mode is found to be a highly sensitive device for low background levels as encountered in space. At higher background levels, for application to terrestrial scenes, the two-dimensional vidicon is generally less sensitive than a linear array operating in the 8-l4μm region if vidicon nonuniformities exceed about 0.05%. It appears that the uniformity requirement for infrared television camera tubes in ground based operation is likely to be the limiting factor.
Changes in wrist postures during a prolonged typing task

Twenty experienced typists participated in a laboratory based study to determine whether wrist and forearm postures changed over a 4 hour period of intensive keyboard use. Subjects were randomly assigned to use a conventional keyboard or a fixed split keyboard. Posture data was acquired using electrogoniometers after a 10 warm-up period and at the end of each hour. Wrist and forearm postures did not change significantly over the four hour period among subjects using the split geometry keyboard. On the conventional keyboard, all joint postures were stable except right wrist extension and left forearm pronation. The right wrist extension increased by 5° over the four hour period (p=.002) and left pronation decreased by approximately 9° (p=.001). Wrist postures among typists exposed for the first time to a split keyboard remained constant throughout a four hour period of intensive typing. On the conventional keyboard, some postures drifted over the four hour period.
Sharpening Out of Focus Images using High‐Frequency Transfer

Focus misses are common in image capture, such as when the camera or the subject moves rapidly in sports and macro photography. One option to sharpen focus-missed photographs is through single image deconvolution, but high-frequency data cannot be fully recovered; therefore, artifacts such as ringing and amplified noise become apparent. We propose a new method that uses assisting, similar but different, sharp image(s) provided by the user (such as multiple images of the same subject in different positions captured using a burst of photographs). Our first contribution is to theoretically analyze the errors in three sources of data—a slightly sharpened original input image that we call the target, single image deconvolution with an aggressive inverse filter, and warped assisting image(s) registered using optical flow. We show that these three sources have different error characteristics, depending on image location and frequency band (for example, aggressive deconvolution is more accurate in high-frequency regions like edges). Next, we describe a practical method to compute these errors, given we have no ground truth and cannot easily work in the Fourier domain. Finally, we select the best source of data for a given pixel and scale in the Laplacian pyramid. We accurately transfer high-frequency data to the input, while minimizing artifacts. We demonstrate sharpened results on out-of-focus images in macro, sports, portrait and wildlife photography.
System analysis of Phycomyces light-growth response: madC, madG, and madH mutants.

The light-growth response of Phycomyces has been studied further with the sum-of-sinusoids method in the framework of the Wiener theory of nonlinear system identification. The response was treated as a black box with the logarithm of light intensity as the input and elongation rate as the output. The nonlinear input-output relation of the light-growth response can be represented mathematically by a set of weighting functions called kernels, which appear in the Wiener intergral series. The linear (first-order) kernels of wild type, and of single and double mutants affected in genes madA to madG were determined previously with Gaussian white noise test stimuli, and were used to investigate the interactions among the products of these genes (R.C. Poe, P. Pratap, and E.D. Lipson. 1986. Biol. Cybern. 55:105.). We have used the more precise sum-of-sinusoids method to extend the interaction studies, including both the first- and second-order kernels. Specifically, we have investigated interactions of the madH ("hypertropic") gene product with the madC ("night blind") and madG ("stiff") gene products. Experiments were performed on the Phycomyces tracking machine. The log-mean intensity of the stimulus was 6 x 10(-2) W m-2 and the wavelength was 477 nm. The first- and second-order kernels were analyzed in terms of nonlinear kinetic models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Resistance to tumor growth in guinea pigs immunized with lyophilized tumor cells

Living BCG, killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells, or BCG cell walls (CW) augmented the immunogenicity of lyophilized syngeneic ascites hepatoma (line 10) of strain-2 guinea pigs. Effective vaccine contained living BCG and lyophilized line-10 cells, or mycobacterial cells or CW attached to oil droplets and lyophilized line-10 cells. Protection against the challenge tumor was evident 14 or 21 days after one administration of either vaccine.
Hepatolithiasis complicated by cholangiocarcinoma

A case of hepatolithiasis complicated by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is reported. Awareness of this association is important for the radiologist, who may detect clinically occult malignancy in patients with intrahepatic biliary calculi.
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR A STEADY AXISYMMETRIC EXTRUSION, WITH AN APPLICATION TO T1-6A1-4V: PART 2

The main point of this sequence of three papers is the calculation of the temperature changes, due to the plastic working that occurs in extrusion and of the changes in the associated stress state. The general procedure for calculating the temperature distribution during steady axisymmetric extrusion was presented as Part 1 of the sequence. Numerical results are obtained herein for the case of Ti-6Al-4V for billets initially at 1400°F and 1750°F. The maximum temperatures turn out to be virtually the same, but local temperatures are substantially different. Part 3 will discuss the local stresses that occur during extrusion.
Vanadia xerogel nanocathodes used in lithium microbatteries

Abstract Microbatteries with nanoscale features were made. Alumina filtration membranes having pores 200 nm in diameter served as the “jackets” to hold a PEO–lithium triflate electrolyte. Graphite particles approximately 75 μm in diameter were placed on the membrane covering numerous electrolyte-filled pores. The bottom of the pores were filled with V 2 O 5 xerogel making cathode structures having a circular surface area with a diameter of 200 nm. In some cases, the V 2 O 5 xerogel was filled with 35% carbon nanotubes making a nanocomposite cathode material that exhibited better performance. In effect, microbatteries of numerous parallel nanocells were made. These microbatteries were charged and discharged and, though they had low capacities ranging from 3 to 18 mAh/g, it was shown that these small lithium batteries could function in a viable manner.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some 3d transition metal carbides by high temperature reaction calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of some 3d transition metal carbides have been measured by high-temperature reaction calorimetry. The following results are reported: (All data in kJ/mole of atoms). V4C3:−(40.3±1.2); Cr7C3:−(14.1±0.8); Mn5C2:−(8.9±1.5); Mn7C3:−(9.1±1.3); Fe3C:4.7±1.1; Co2C:2.8±1.3; Co3C: 2.4±1.4; Ni3C:1.2±1.3. These values were all obtained by direct synthesis experiments. For TiC we found−(92.9±8.9) by solute-solvent drop calorimetry. The results are compared with some earlier values derived from mass spectrometric data, gas equilibrium studies, EMF measurements, combustion calorimetry and solution calorimetry. They are also compared with predicted values from the semi-empirical model of Miedema and coworkers, and with available experimental enthalpies of formation for borides and nitrides formed by the same elements.
A circannual cycle in the core‐to‐skin temperature gradient of normothermic thirteen‐line ground squirrels

Abstract Studies with active normothermic thirteen‐line ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecimlineatus, demonstrated an annual cycle in the core‐skin temperature gradient which persisted in thermoneutral ambient temperature conditions (30°C). The thermal gradient was at a maximum during the October through January interval and at a minimum for the February‐March interval. This pattern suggests that the fat stores of the animal affect its heat conservation capabilities and possibly the manner of temperature regulation. Seasonal variations in temperature regulation for hibernators are well documented (Hammel, 1968; Hammel et al., 1963; Jansky, 1973; Satinoff, 1978; Cabanac, 1976; Heller and Hammel, 1972). A major focus of these articles has been the response of a hibernator to ambient and/or internal temperatures. Spermophilus tridecimlineatus is a well characterized hibernator that shows strong responses to these stresses both in nature and in the laboratory (Kayser, 1961; Hammel, 1968; Hellerand Hammel, ...
Current approaches and future directions in the treatment of leprosy

This review surveys current treatments and future treatment trends in leprosy from a clinical perspective. The World Health Organization provides a multidrug treatment regimen that targets the Mycobacterium leprae bacillus which causes leprosy. Several investigational drugs are available for the treatment of drug-resistant M. leprae. Future directions in leprosy treatment will focus on: the molecular signaling mechanism M. leprae uses to avoid triggering an immune response; prospective studies of the side effects experienced during multiple-drug therapy; recognition of relapse rates post-completion of designated treatments; combating multidrug resistance; vaccine development; development of new diagnostic tests; and the implications of the recent discovery of a genetically distinct leprosy-causing bacillus, Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
Learning in Retirement Institutes : the impact on the lives of older adults.

(2003). Learning in Retirement Institutes: The Impact on the Lives of Older Adults. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 2-11.
Atomic-Level Characterization of the Structural Dynamics of Proteins

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are widely used to study protein motions at an atomic level of detail, but they have been limited to time scales shorter than those of many biologically critical conformational changes. We examined two fundamental processes in protein dynamics—protein folding and conformational change within the folded state—by means of extremely long all-atom MD simulations conducted on a special-purpose machine. Equilibrium simulations of a WW protein domain captured multiple folding and unfolding events that consistently follow a well-defined folding pathway; separate simulations of the protein’s constituent substructures shed light on possible determinants of this pathway. A 1-millisecond simulation of the folded protein BPTI reveals a small number of structurally distinct conformational states whose reversible interconversion is slower than local relaxations within those states by a factor of more than 1000.