cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two faces of ToxR: Activator of ompU, co-regulator of toxT in Vibrio cholerae

ToxR of Vibrio cholerae directly activates the ompU promoter, but requires a second activator, TcpP to activate the toxT promoter. ompU encodes a porin, while toxT encodes the transcription factor, ToxT, which activates V. cholerae virulence genes including cholera toxin and the toxin co-regulated pilus. Using an ompU-sacB transcriptional fusion, toxR mutant alleles were identified that encode ToxR molecules defective for ompU promoter activation. Many toxR mutants defective for ompU activation affected residues involved in DNA binding. Mutants defective for ompU activation were also tested for activation of the toxT promoter. ToxR-F69A and ToxR-V71A, both in the α-loop of ToxR, were preferentially defective for ompU activation, with ToxR-V71A nearly completely defective. Six mutants from the ompU-sacB selection showed more dramatic defects in toxT activation than ompU activation. All but one of the affected residues map to the wing domain of the winged helix-turn-helix of ToxR. Some ToxR mutants preferentially affecting toxT activation had partial DNA-binding defects, and one mutant, ToxR-P101L, had altered interactions with TcpP. These data suggest that while certain residues in the α-loop of ToxR are utilized to activate the ompU promoter, the wing domain of ToxR contributes to both promoter binding and ToxR/TcpP interaction facilitating toxT activation.
A comparison of vanadyl acetylacetonate complexes of N2O heteroscorpionate ligands that vary systematically in donor set

We have successfully prepared a series of vanadyl complexes with N2O heteroscorpionate ligands and have characterized their cis and trans geometrical isomers both in solution and the solid state. The major difference between the isomers, and between the various oxygen atom donors of the N2O scorpionate ligands, is in their redox potentials which can span almost a volt for this ostensively similar set of compounds. Such data may be useful in screening vanadium complexes for potential biological activity. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Screening and Monitoring for Infectious Complications When Immunosuppressive Agents Are Studied in the Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders

Significant progress has been made in the development, investigation, and clinical application of immunosuppressive agents to treat a variety of autoimmune disorders. The expansion of clinical applications of these new agents requires the performance of large multicenter clinical trials. These large clinical trials are particularly important as one considers these agents for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, which although autoimmune in its pathogenesis, is not classically treated as an autoimmune disorder. Although these agents hold promise for amelioration or cure of this disease, they have the potential to facilitate infectious complications. There are limited data regarding the prospective assessment of infectious risks with these agents in trials of this nature. Pediatric subjects may be at greater risk due to the higher likelihood of primary infection. A subgroup of experts associated with TrialNet (a National Institutes of Health [NIH]-funded Type 1 diabetes mellitus research network) with expertise in infectious diseases, immunology, and diagnostics developed an approach for screening and monitoring of immunosuppression-associated infections for prospective use in clinical trials. The goals of these recommendations are to provide a structured approach to monitor for infections, to identify specific laboratory testing and surveillance methods, and to consider therapies for treatment of these potential complications. Prospective evaluations of these infectious risks allow for greater scientific rigor in the evaluation of risk, which must be balanced with the potential benefits of these therapies. Our experience supports an important role for investigators with expertise in infections in immunocompromised individuals in protocol development of immunosuppressive trials in type 1diabetes and potentially other autoimmune diseases.
Determining Thin Film Density by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Reflectivity: Application to a Spin-On-Glass Dielectric

A novel method for determining thin film density by energy dispersive x-ray reflectivity is demonstrated for a polymer-derived spin-on-glass dielectric intended for microelectronics applications. The effects of sample misalignment limit the accuracy of x-ray reflectivity as typically practiced. These effects may be properly accounted for by measuring the critical angle for reflection at many different x-ray wavelengths simultaneously. From this measurement, thin film density can be ascertained with much improved accuracy. The results of the x-ray reflectivity measurement are compared to those derived from MeV ion scattering.
Effects of multiple metal binding sites on calcium and magnesium-dependent activation of BK channels.

BK channels are activated by physiological concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ in a variety of cells. Previous studies have identified two sites important for high-affinity Ca2+ sensing between [Ca2+]i of 0.1–100 μM and a site important for Mg2+ sensing between [Mg2+]i of 0.1–10 mM. BK channels can be also activated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ at concentrations >10 mM so that the steady-state conductance and voltage (G-V) relation continuously shifts to more negative voltage ranges when [Mg2+]i increases from 0.1–100 mM. We demonstrate that a novel site is responsible for metal sensing at concentrations ≥10 mM, and all four sites affect channel activation independently. As a result, the contributions of these sites to channel activation are complex, depending on the combination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. Here we examined the effects of each of these sites on Ca2+ and Mg2+-dependent activation and the data are consistent with the suggestion that these sites are responsible for metal binding. We provide an allosteric model for quantitative estimation of the contributions that each of these putative binding sites makes to channel activation at any [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i.
Identification of the mcrC gene product in Methanococcus vannielii

The polypeptide encoded by the mcrC gene has been identified in Methanococcus vannielii by immunoblotting using rabbit antibodies raised against the product of a lacZ-mcrC gene fusion synthesized and purified from Escherichia coli. The mcrC gene product (gpmcrC) was located in both supernatant and pellet fractions after centrifugation of Mc. vannielii cell extracts for 2 h at 100 000 × g. When anaerobic reducing conditions were maintained during purification, gpmcrC co-sedimented through sucrose gradients to the same position as molecules of the methyl coenzyme M reductase holoenzyme (approx. 300 kDa). This co-sedimentation was lost under aerobic, nonreducing conditions.
Dimethyl carbonate production via the oxidative carbonylation of methanol over Cu/SiO2 catalysts prepared via molecular precursor grafting and chemical vapor deposition approaches

The influence of catalyst synthesis method and Cu source on the activity and selectivity of Cu/SiO2 catalysts for the gas-phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is reported. [CuOSi(O tBu)3]4, [CuO tBu]4, and CuCl were used as precursors to produce highly dispersed silica-supported copper. XANES and EXAFS characterization prior to reaction (but after thermal treatment under He) showed that Cu in the catalysts prepared with CuCl and [CuOSi(O tBu)3]4 was present primarily as isolated Cu(I) species, whereas [CuO tBu]4 produced 1-nm Cu particles. During the catalytic reaction, the Cu in catalysts prepared from CuCl and [CuOSi(O tBu)3]4 formed highly dispersed CuO moieties, whereas the Cu in catalysts prepared from [CuO tBu]4 formed a cuprous oxide layer over a Cu(0) core. For comparison, poorly dispersed Cu on silica was prepared via traditional incipient wetness impregnation with Cu(NO3)2. It was found that activity for DMC formation increased with increasing Cu dispersion. The selectivity for DMC formation (relative to CO) decreased with decreasing Cu dispersion when the original state of the Cu was Cu(0) directly preceding reaction conditions.
Hand wash and manual skin wipes.

Hand wash and skin wipes are major techniques that have been used for dermal exposure sampling. Both techniques remove chemicals either deposited on or transferred to the skin contaminant layer by a combination of chemical and mechanical actions. The paper overviews identified methods and techniques, with emphasis on sampling parameters and sampling efficiency. It is concluded that identified sampling protocols, including sampling techniques, deviate at possible key issues, which hampers comparisons of study results. It is recommended to conduct sampling efficiency studies prior to field sampling, under conditions that are quite similar to conditions of exposure regarding exposure process, levels of skin loading, and time of residence of the compound on the skin. Harmonization of sampling protocols will be a first step in creating a database for better understanding the influence of sampling parameters on the performance of removal techniques to assess dermal exposure. (C) 2000 British Occupational Hygiene Society.
Oral-Motor Function and Feeding Intervention.

This article presents the elements of the Oral Motor Intervention section of the Infant Care Path for Physical Therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The types of physical therapy interventions presented in this path are evidence based as well as infant driven and family focused. In the context of anticipated maturation of suck-swallow-breathe coordination, the timing and methods for initiation of oral feedings and transition from gavage to full breast or bottle-feedings are presented with supporting evidence.
Volume of cerebellar vermis in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: lack of relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder.

Several functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the cerebellar vermis in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but there have been no structural neuroimaging studies of this brain structure in PTSD. We utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with manual tracing to quantify the volumes of three divisions of the mid-sagittal vermis, and their total, within an identical, cotwin control design that employed Vietnam veterans discordant for combat exposure in Vietnam. Each structure's volume was significantly correlated between twins, indicating a partial familial determination: for anterior superior vermis, r=0.73; for posterior superior vermis, r=0.47; for inferior posterior vermis, r=0.51; and for total vermis, r=0.57. There were no significant differences between the PTSD and non-PTSD veterans for any vermis volume, and no significant main effects or interactions when their non-combat-exposed co-twins were added to the analyses. Thus, the results do not support the structural abnormality of cerebellar vermis in combat-related PTSD.
Epigenetic and Conventional Regulation Is Distributed among Activators of FLO11 Allowing Tuning of Population-Level Heterogeneity in Its Expression

Epigenetic switches encode their state information either locally, often via covalent modification of DNA or histones, or globally, usually in the level of a trans-regulatory factor. Here we examine how the regulation of cis-encoded epigenetic switches controls the extent of heterogeneity in gene expression, which is ultimately tied to phenotypic diversity in a population. We show that two copies of the FLO11 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae switch between a silenced and competent promoter state in a random and independent fashion, implying that the molecular event leading to the transition occurs locally at the promoter, in cis. We further quantify the effect of trans regulators both on the slow epigenetic transitions between a silenced and competent promoter state and on the fast promoter transitions associated with conventional regulation of FLO11. We find different classes of regulators affect epigenetic, conventional, or both forms of regulation. Distributing kinetic control of epigenetic silencing and conventional gene activation offers cells flexibility in shaping the distribution of gene expression and phenotype within a population.
Different Crosslinking Agents Identify Distinctly Different Putative Escherichia Coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Rat Intestinal Cell Receptor Proteins

AbstractThe receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins (ST) produced by Escherichia coli and related organisms is located in the brush border region of intestinal villus cells. Heterobifunctional and homobifunctional crosslinkers were used to covalently couple 125I-ST to rat intestinal cell brush border membrane proteins. Experimental conditions during ligand binding and subsequent crosslinking significantly influence the efficiency of crosslinking, and the number of peptides specifically crosslinked to the 125I-ST. Multiple proteins efficiently coupled to 125I-ST with agents that can couple through the ST amino terminus. The crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), which can react with the carboxy terminus of the ST, covalently crosslinked 12I-ST to a single protein with an apparent Mr of 125,000–130,000, larger than the proteins identified using longer crosslinkers. Each of the proteins identified by crosslinking migrate with the same retention time on gel filtration after solubilizatio...
Output Feedback Multiobjective Cumulant Control with Structural Applications

Recently, a cumulant generalization of H2/Hinfin control has been given for the state feedback problem. This paper extends those results to the output feedback case. The Nash game approach to the H2/Hinfin problem is used. Sufficient conditions for two problems are determined. In the first problem the one player, the control, has only partial state information, while the other player, the disturbance, has full state information. In the other problem both players only have information based upon estimates of the state. Coupled Riccati equations for both cases are given, along with equilibrium solutions. The results are also applied to the first generation structural benchmark for buildings under seismic excitation.
The City of God and the Cities of Men: A Response to Jason Carter

Law school seminars sometimes educate the professor as much as the students. That proved true for me in the spring of 2004, when seventeen law students and two colleagues from other departments joined me for a seminar focused on ancient and contemporary perspectives on law found within various Christian theological traditions. One seminar student who repeatedly spurred my own thinking was Jason Carter. Particularly thought provoking was the paper Jason presented in the final weeks of the seminar.The returns from the 2004 election suggested that Jason had been unusually prescient in his analysis of U.S. religious and political trends. The national discussion of religion and politics that followed that election suggests that many may be interested in Jason's ideas, and I am grateful for his willingness to engage in a public dialogue on these important issues. As in any genuine conversation, some of the ideas I offer here are tentative and exploratory, and I look forward to continuing the dialogue with Jason and others.
Maintaining high throughput during overload in ATM switches

This paper analyzes two popular heuristics for ensuring packet integrity in ATM switching systems. In particular, we analyze the behavior of packet tail discarding, in order to understand how the packet level link efficiency is dependent on the rates of individual virtual circuits and the degree of the imposed overload. In addition, we study early packet discard and show that the queue capacity needed to achieve high efficiency under worst-case conditions grows with the number of virtual circuits and we determine the efficiency obtainable with more limited queue capacities. Using the insights from these analyses, extensions to early packet discard are proposed which achieve high efficiency with dramatically smaller queue capacities (independent of the number of virtual circuits).
Turing’s anticipation of empirical bayes in connection with the cryptanalysis of the naval enigma *

The Enigma was a cryptographic (enciphering) machine used by the German military during WWII. The German navy changed part of the Enigma keys every other day. One of the important cryptanalytic attacks against the naval usage was called Banburismus, a sequentiai Bayesian procedure (anticipating sequential analysis) which was used from the sorine of 1941 until the middle of 1943. It was invented mainlv bv A. M. Turina and was perhaps the first important sequential Bayesian IE is unnecessab to describe it here. Before Banburismus could be started on a given day it was necessary to identifv which of nine ‘biaram’ (or ‘diaraph’) tables was in use on that day. In Turing’s approach to this identification hk had io istimate the probabilities of certain ‘trigraphs’. rrhese trigraphs were used. as described below. for determinine the initial wheel settings of messages). For estimatidg the probabilities, Turing inventedin important special case o the nonparametric (nonhypermetric) Empirid Bayes method independently...
Living with Cystic Fibrosis: The Well Sibling's Perspective

While anthropologists have long been interested in how adults perceive illness and death and the role these misfortunes play in social relationships, little attention has been given to the effects of illness and death on children's perceptions and social relationships. In 1985 I began a two-year study of families of children with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease marked by slow pulmonary deterioration and a fatal outcome. I was particularly interested in the well siblings. What is it like to grow up with a brother or sister who does not fit comfortably into the culturally prescribed category of “normal, healthy child”? How do well siblings regard the disease from which their sibling suffers? In this article I provide an overview of well siblings' views of both cystic fibrosis and their own sibling's condition at critical points in the disease trajectory. I also consider the effects that these views have on communication among siblings, as well as on healthy siblings' demands for attention. Finally, I suggest some of the implications of these findings for clinical practice.
Dichloro[(1,2,3,4,5,6-η)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene](tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium†

[145381-23-3] C28H47Cl2PRu (MW 586.62) InChI = 1S/C18H33P.C10H14.2ClH.Ru/c1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10;;;/h16-18H,1-15H2;4-8H,1-3H3;2*1H;/q;;;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = SKQOOGIJMPFDJH-UHFFFAOYSA-L (catalyst for ring-closing and -opening metathesis reactions; precursor to cationic ruthenium allenylidene complexes) Alternate Name: p-cymene(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride. Solubility: limited data for the title compound are available, although related arene ruthenium(II) complexes are soluble in most chlorinated organic solvents (e.g. CHCl3, CH2Cl2) and toluene. Ring-closing metathesis reactions with the title reagent are usually performed in CH2Cl2. Form Supplied in: brown or red-brown powder; not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 31P NMR (81 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 26.0. Preparative Methods: the title compound is readily prepared in 90% yield by cleavage of commercially available di-μ-chlorobis[(1,2,3,4,5,6-η)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene]chlororuthenium {[(p-cymene)RuCl2]2} with tricyclohexylphosphine in CH2Cl2.35b Handling, Storage, and Precautions: specific data for the title compound are not available, although related arene ruthenium(II) complexes are air-stable solids.2
Stretchable Photonic Crystal Cavity with Wide Frequency Tunability

We report a new approach for realizing a flexible photonic crystal (PC) cavity that enables wide-range tuning of its resonance frequency. Our PC cavity consists of a regular array of silicon nanowires embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix and exhibits a cavity resonance in the telecommunication band that can be reversibly tuned over 60 nm via mechanical stretching-a record for two-dimensional (2D) PC structures. These mechanically reconfigurable devices could find potential applications in integrated photonics, sensing in biological systems, and smart materials.
PERIPHERY/CORE RELATIONS IN THE INCA EMPIRE CARROTS AND STICKS IN AN ANDEAN WORLD SYSTEM

The Inca Empire exhibited labor exploitation and the rational extraction of resources from peripheral polities by a core polity. These characteristics fit the general definition of a world empire, although core/periphery relations were diverse. The nature of core/periphery relations depended on several attributes of the conquered polity including population size, political power, natural resources, and distance from the Inca core at Cuzco. A dynamic picture of core/periphery relations emerges as the outcome of Inca demands for labor and raw materials, and peripheral peoples' desire for control over their autonomy while seeking benefits from the Inca state.
Electromechanical Behavior of Bronze $\hbox{Nb}_{3} \hbox{Sn}$ Strands Under Wide Range Pure-Bending

A series of experiments to study the electromechanical performance of Nb3Sn superconducting wires under large pure bending strain has been performed. Based on the previously developed pure-bending sample holder beam for applied strains up to 0.8 %, an improved beam was designed to cover the entire range up to nominal bending strains of 1.25% on the strand surface. Critical current measurements as a function of bending strain are discussed for bronze strands from EAS and Hitachi. The samples were mainly tested at 15 T. High deformation and Lorentz load effects were studied through a finite element model structural analysis. Good agreement between finite element model and experimental results was found. Full range bending strain and reversed current tests were performed and it was found that for Lorentz loads below 3 kN/m the sample holder design could be appropriately used to cover a bending range from 0.6 % to 1.25% nominal strain on the surface of a 0.81-mm-diameter strand.
Recent Experience with a New Classification of Pregnancy Complicated by Hypertension and Albuminuria

Summary We present a preliminary report of eighteen months' study of patients passing through the reorganized toxemia clinic of the Boston Lying-In Hospital. We have used a new classification aimed to be all-inclusive when necessary by cross-indexing (Table 1). It has for its primary concept the division of all cases into two great groups: (A) Those presenting certain or presumptive evidence of disease independent of pregnancy; (B) those presenting no such evidence. Group A is classified on the basis of the Volhard and Fahr classification of the nephropathies, modified to suit our idea of the needs in pregnancy. This is not our original classification, 8 but experience led us to accept it as most satisfactory. Group B is the commonly accepted one of preeclampsia and eclampsia (well called the "eclamptic state" to emphasize identity) with a debatable group called preeclampsia Grade l. We have discussed the limitations of this group.
Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 13: Where We Stand and What Might Be Next

A look at the trajectory from the first symposium on Chemical Signals in Vertebrates in 1976 to the current CSiV13 helps to gauge the state of the art and where we might go from here. Our field progressed along a number of fronts: ever more sophisticated bioassays; refined techniques of chemical isolation and identification of compounds; recognizing the importance of proteins as pheromones; studies of more taxa, notably birds; and more numerous studies of interspecific chemosignaling; among others. From here on, we need and can expect development of more powerful chemical techniques and instruments such as electronic noses, and increasingly more effective practical applications of semiochemicals, both within and among species.
Molecularly-Imprinted Stationary Phases for Plastic Microchip-Based Capillary Electrochomatography

Hot-embossed PMMA microchannels are chemically modified such that molecularly-imprinted films can be grown and covalently attached to the channel surfaces. These films are used to impart selectivity in order to improve chemical separations performed in polymer microfluidic devices.
Mixed dithiolate durene-DT and monothiolate phenylethanethiolate protected Au130 nanoparticles with discrete core and core-ligand energy states.

A new type of gold nanoparticle with interesting energetics has been created by employing a mixture of dithiol durene (Durene-DT) and monothiol phenylethanethiol (PhC2S) in the synthesis. The average composition of these mixed thiolate clusters is characterized to be Au130(Durene-DT)29(PhC2S)22. Continuous quantized core charging behaviors were observed at lower potentials in voltammetric measurements, while ligand reaction and core-ligand interactions were observed at higher potentials. The absorbance spectrum displays discrete absorption bands at ca. 355, 490, 584, and 718 nm. The electrochemical and absorbance features are correlated through the determined energy states and charging energy. Broad near-IR luminescence was observed, associated with significant relaxation of excitation energy. Such interesting optical and electrochemical properties are attributed to the nanoparticle core size, ligand composition, and core-ligand charge delocalization determined by the dithiolate molecular structure.
Agrarian Syndicalism in Postwar France.

In an age of mass movements and pressure groups, even the most rugged individualists find that organization pays. So it is that the French peasants, surely among the most rugged of all individualists, have embarked since World War II on a major experiment in syndioal unity. In place of their prewar organizations, which were relatively weak and deeply divided, a single Confederation Generale de l'Agriculture has brought together approximately 80 per cent of all French farmers. In the lobbies of Parliament, in the antechambers of the ministers, in the Economic Council, and in some 280 government commissions, the CGA represents the interests of the agricultural profession. Its existence plainly constitutes a new socio-political factor in the Fourth Republic.Potentially, a united farmers' organization would seem destined to be the most powerful pressure group in France. Organized labor has mass voting support; the organized employers have rich financial resources; but only the farmers possess both of those weapons. Yet the CGA today, after eight years of existence, continues to be a somewhat marginal power factor in French politics. Its dues-paying membership has dropped off markedly since the 1947 peak; its lobbying activities have produced only spotty results; its central organs are weakened by internal feuds and tensions. Critics proclaim from time to time that the CGA has no real influence among its members and no real prestige in the nation; they predict that it is doomed to disintegration or collapse. Clearly, the organization has not yet fulfilled the hopes of its founders.
(100) Epitaxial and (111) Polycrystalline Spin Valve Heterostructures on si (100): Magnetotransport and the Importance of Interface Mixing in Ion Beam Sputtering

We have investigated magnetoresistance properties of (100) epitaxial, (11) textured and polycrystalline spin valve heterostructures of the form Ni80Fe20/Cu/NiNi80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 on (100) Si substrates by ultra high vacuum (UHV) ion beam sputtering at room temperature. Magnetoresistance was measured as a function of Cu interlayer thickness (ti) with 10 A ≤ti ≤ 100 A and the maximum was found at 20 A in the case of (100) epitaxial spin valves. Highly (11) textured spin valves with heterostructure configurations similar to the (100) spin valves were found to have a slightly lower magnetoresistance than the (100) heterostructures, but the functional dependence of the magnetoresistance on ti was very similar. Interface mixing during the sputtering process by energetic neutral bombardment was found to significantly affect the magnetoresistance. Samples were made under various sputtering conditions (gas pressure, ion beam energy, target and substrate configuration) that could enhance or suppress high energy neutral bombardment of the growing film surface. Samples made under the conditions that suppressed neutral bombardment showed higher magnetoresistance and more abrupt interfaces as confirmed by small angle X-ray diffraction analysis of interface mixing by energetic neutral bombardment during sputter deposition.
Hydroxylated Bisabolol Oxides: Evidence for Secondary Oxidative Metabolism in Matricaria chamomilla

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is one of the most popular medicinal plants used in Western herbal medicine. Among the various phytochemicals present in the essential oil of the flowers of German chamomile, bisabolol and its oxidized metabolites are considered as marker compounds for distinguishing different chemotypes. These compounds are influential in mediating the aroma of the essential oil of M. chamomilla and contribute to the therapeutic properties (anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, insecticidal, and antiulcer) of this species. In order to find other possible bisabolol derivatives as marker compounds for authentication of German chamomile in botanical and commercial products, an in-depth investigation using a GC-assisted fractionation procedure was performed on nonpolar fractions. As a result of this approach, three new hydroxylated derivatives of bisabolol oxides A and B (1-3) have been isolated from M. chamomilla. Plausible biogenetic pathways are presented.
Street Connectivity Versus Street Widening: Impact of Enhanced Street Connectivity on Traffic Operations in Transit-Supportive Environments

Highly connected street networks increase accessibility for multimodal transport, but their effects on the efficiency of still-dominant vehicular traffic is rarely addressed. As interest increases in transforming typical suburban developments from car-oriented to multimodal environments, the effects of redesigned street networks in the period before the expected mode shift need to be clarified. This paper addresses the effects of enhanced connectivity on traffic operations and uses part of the West Valley City, Utah, network as the potential transit-oriented development (TOD). Because the predicted traffic demand for 2040 requires modifications to this network, the question is whether enhanced connectivity as a TOD-supportive approach can accommodate that demand and replace the traditional street widening solution. Twelve scenarios were modeled and evaluated: the existing state, five scenarios with different levels of street connectivity, five street-widening scenarios, and a scenario with reduced speed a...
Pigmented eccrine poroma of the palm clinically mimicking a seborrheic keratosis.

Eccrine poroma (EP) is a benign neoplasm of the eccrine terminal duct, composed of epithelial cells that show tubular differentiation. EP often presents as a reddish nodule with a predilection for the distal extremities. This report describes a lesion with the clinical and dermoscopic findings of a seborrheic keratosis. However, histopathologic examination found an alternative diagnosis of pigmented EP on the palm, a rare variant of EP in a highly unusual location.
The Incident Reporting System Does Not Detect Adverse Drug Events: A Problem for Quality Improvement

Article-at-a-Glance Objectives The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the frequency with which adverse drug events result in an incident report (IR) in hospitalized patients; and 2) to determine if there were differences between quality assurance administrators, nurse leaders in quality assurance, and staff nurses as to whether an incident report should or would be filed for each adverse drug event. Study design All patients admitted to five patient care units (one medical intensive care unit, two surgical intensive care units, and two medical general care units) in one academic tertiary care hospital were studied between February and July 1993. The main outcome measures used were adverse drug events (ADEs) and IRs. Consensus voting was used by senior hospital administrators, nursing leaders, and staff nurses to determine whether an adverse drug event should have been reported and would have been reported. Results Of 54 adverse drug events identified by the study, only 3 patients (6%) had a corresponding incident report submitted to the hospital's quality assurance program or called into the pharmacy hotline. One additional ADE was identified by an IR, but not by the ADE study. Of the 55 ADEs, 15 were preventable, and 26 were serious or life-threatening, yet only 2 of the 26 led to an incident report. The three voting groups agreed that most ADEs justified an IR, but judged that in actual practice, an IR would infrequently have been filed. Conclusions Voluntary reporting identified only a small fraction of ADEs. Using IRs for quality assurance/quality improvement will lead to significant bias when assessing quality of care.
Human papillomavirus detection in adenocarcinoma of the anus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with carcinoma of the cervix but not with carcinoma of the endometrium. HPV 16 is the type most commonly detected in squamous cell carcinomas from this site, whereas HPV 18 predominates in adenocarcinomas. We analyzed eight anal carcinomas for HPV DNA using the polymerase chain reaction and type-specific (open reading frame E6) primers for HPV 16, 18, 31, and 35. HPV DNA sequences were amplified in two of six anal adenocarcinomas and, in each case, the type was HPV 18. Sequences homologous to HPV 16 were amplified in each of two anal squamous cell carcinomas; one also contained HPV 18. No amplification was detected in any of seven adenocarcinomas of the rectum or colon or in three adenomatous polyps of the colon. It is concluded that HPV is associated with anal adenocarcinomas but not colorectal adenocarcinomas. The reason(s) why HPV is associated with adenocarcinoma of the anus and cervix but not with the rectum and endometrium, despite the close proximity, requires further study.
Description of Data: Graphs and Tables

In Chapter 2 we discussed ways of collecting data. Once the data are gathered, we must search them for the information they contain. The data are available in the data file, but with so many numbers there, we cannot comprehend them all. Some way or other we must extract information from the data and put it into usable form. This means we need to analyze the data by graphing, tabulating, and computing.
Optimizing MapReduce Framework through Joint Scheduling of Overlapping Phases

MapReduce includes three phases of map, shuffle, and reduce. Since the map phase is CPU-intensive and the shuffle phase is I/O-intensive, these phases can be conducted in parallel. This paper studies a joint scheduling optimization of overlapping map and shuffle phases to minimize the average job makespan. Challenges come from the dependency relationship between map and shuffle phases, since the shuffle phase may wait to transfer the data emitted by the map phase. A new concept of the strong pair is introduced. Two jobs are defined as a strong pair, if the shuffle and map workloads of one job equal the map and shuffle workloads of the other job, respectively. We prove that, if the entire set of jobs can be decomposed to strong pairs of jobs, then the optimal schedule is to pairwisely execute jobs that can form a strong pair. Following the above intuition, several offline and online scheduling policies are proposed. They first group jobs according to job workloads, and then, execute jobs within each group through a pairwise manner. Real data-driven experiments validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed policies.
mTOR Inhibitors in Children: Current Indications and Future Directions in Neurology

The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a key signaling pathway that has been implicated in genetic epilepsy syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, and conditions associated with autism spectrum disorder and cognitive impairment. The mTOR pathway has become an exciting treatment target for these various disorders, with mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin being studied for their potential therapeutic applications. In particular, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder resulting from overactivation of the mTOR pathway, and pharmacologic therapy with mTOR inhibitors has emerged as a viable treatment option for the systemic manifestations of the disease. In this review, we discuss the approved indications for mTOR inhibitors in TSC, the potential future applications of mTOR inhibitors in TSC and other neurological conditions, and the safety considerations applicable to mTOR therapy in the pediatric population.
Eddic Poetry as World Literature

Professor Sophus Bugge is internationally probably still the most famous Norwegian scholar in the humanities of any period – and that more than a century after his death in 1907. Today it is difficult to image any single scholar staking a significant claim to such a variety of learned fields, including Indo-European and Scandinavian linguistics and philology, mythology and runology, classics, folklore, Celtic, and even the non-Indo-European Etruscan – and I have probably overlooked some. Not only was his range superhuman, but so was the quantity of his output, as a look at the bibliography in his memorial volume confirms (Olsen 1908: 285–294) – containing by rough count 230 free-standing titles and Magnus Olsen’s reminder (n. 1) that Bugge frequently published within other scholar’s works, for example, within the ballad collection of his friend Svend Grundtvig. Bugge plainly belongs to those nineteenth-century gen­iuses who were also workaholics. Looking into Bugge’s life a while back, I found no full biography, though many good short accounts shed light on his career (an especially good one, Holm-Olsen 1981) or on a section of his work, such as the fine appreciation of his ballad scholarship by Bengt R. Jonsson (1992). Perhaps no modern biographer has yet been fully prepared to evaluate that formidable oeuvre and also to take account of Bugge’s friendships and social connections generally. In any case, the handsome three-volume edition of his letters within Scandinavia firmly places him at the center of a lively epistolary social network.
Ischemic Heart Disease: Special Considerations in Cardio-Oncology

The interplay and balance between the competing morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases and cancer have a significant impact on both short- and long-term health outcomes of patients who survived cancer or are being treated for cancer. Ischemic heart disease in patients with cancer or caused by cancer therapy is a clinical problem of emerging importance. Prompt recognition and optimum management of ischemic heart disease mean that patients with cancer can successfully receive therapies to treat their malignancy and reduce morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the presence of cancer and cancer-related comorbidities (e.g., thrombocytopenia, propensity to bleed, thrombotic status) substantially complicates the management of cardiovascular diseases in cancer patients. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge on the management strategies for ischemic disease in patients with cancer, focusing on the challenges encountered when addressing these complexities.
#Sippingtea: Two Black Female Literacy Scholars Sharing Counter-Stories to Redefine Our Roles in the Academy.

Through this piece, we draw upon critical race theory and Collins’s Afrocentric feminist epistemology to highlight the importance of storytelling as a knowledge validation system in Black women’s l...
Homogenization of elastic dielectric composites with rapidly oscillating passive and active source terms

This paper presents the derivation of the homogenized equations for the macroscopic response of elastic dielectric composites containing space charges (i.e., electric source terms) that oscillate r...
Computational optical physical unclonable functions

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are devices which are easily probed but difficult to predict. Optical PUFs have been discussed within the literature, with traditional optical PUFs typically using spatial light modulators, coherent illumination, and scattering volumes; however, these systems can be large, expensive, and difficult to maintain alignment in practical conditions. We propose and demonstrate a new kind of optical PUF based on computational imaging and compressive sensing to address these challenges with traditional optical PUFs. This work describes the design, simulation, and prototyping of this computational optical PUF (COPUF) that utilizes incoherent polychromatic illumination passing through an additively manufactured refracting optical polymer element. We demonstrate the ability to pass information through a COPUF using a variety of sampling methods, including the use of compressive sensing. The sensitivity of the COPUF system is also explored. We explore non-traditional PUF configurations enabled by the COPUF architecture. The double COPUF system, which employees two serially connected COPUFs, is proposed and analyzed as a means to authenticate and communicate between two entities that have previously agreed to communicate. This configuration enables estimation of a message inversion key without the calculation of individual COPUF inversion keys at any point in the PUF life cycle. Our results show that it is possible to construct inexpensive optical PUFs using computational imaging. This could lead to new uses of PUFs in places where electrical PUFs cannot be utilized effectively, as low cost tags and seals, and potentially as authenticating and communicating devices.
Materials science: a 'bed of nails' on silicon.

The future of electronics may rest on devices that integrate other semiconductors with silicon. A means of creating tiny semiconductor pillars on a silicon surface is now demonstrated.
Two Is Better Than One: A Dynamic Analysis of Value Co-Creation

We study a setting where the nature of the collaboration necessitates two partner firms working together, which is often the case in supply chain and information technology (IT) environments. We consider that both firms get ongoing value from the project and the effort levels of both parties are dynamic. In this setting, one of the partners (say, the first partner) decides the terms of the payment it extends to the second partner in order to maximize the value it gets from the collaboration. We analyze the performance of output dependent, effort dependent, and hybrid (both effort and output dependent) payment structures, and find the best one under various scenarios. In particular, we find that if the output is relatively more sensitive to second party's effort, the hybrid payment structure should be preferred by the first partner. Furthermore, if the output is highly sensitive to second party's effort, the output‐dependent payment structure yields more value to the first partner (compared to the effort dependent structure). We further find that the time that has passed in the collaboration and the length of the planning horizon affect the behavior of the effort levels and some other characteristics in the collaboration. We also study and derive interesting results in the following additional settings: the first partner or the second partner gets utility from the output even after the project finishes.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAIN SORGHUM CULTIVARS TO MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA IN LOUISIANA, U.S.A.

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the host suitability of cultivars of sorghum currently grown in Louisiana to Meloidogyne incognita. A total of 29 cultivars of grain sorghum were evaluated. Nematode reproduction was highly variable among the cultivars of sorghum tested and ranged from 1,239 to 30,440 eggs/g of root and from 1,440 to 25,208 J2/500 cm3 soil on REV RV9782 and DeKalb DKS 53-67 cultivars, respectively. A second study was conducted to determine the influence of 10 populations of M. incognita from Louisiana on Dekalb DKS 53-67, REV RV9924, and REV RV9782 sorghum, rated as being susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant, respectively. Sorghum cultivar and root-knot nematode population significantly affected nematode reproduction in a greenhouse environment. As previously determined, DEKALB DKS 53-67 was the most susceptible and REV RV9782 the least susceptible across the 10 populations of M. incognita. Across the three cultivars of sorghum, there was significantly greater reproduction by the M. incognita population from St. Landry (LARK19) than the other 9 populations. There was a significant sorghum cultivar by nematode population interaction, which influenced the number of eggs/g of root. There were significant differences in egg production among the different populations of M. incognita on the cultivars DEKALB DKS 53-67 and REV RV9924. Despite the great variability in reproduction and broad geographical distribution of the nematode populations, no intraspecific variation of 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA was observed among them. Egg production on the resistant cultivar REV RV9782 was similar across all populations of M. incognita. This research highlights the need to evaluate sorghum cultivars within a geographical location for susceptibility to M. incognita.
Cross Sections in the Quantum Theory of Scattering

In any physical theory emphasis and direction are shaped by the question: What are the observable quantities? Most empirical information about atomic nuclei and subnuclear particles is derived from scattering and reaction experiments. The quantum theory of scattering thus occupies a place of central importance. The observables in scattering experiments are cross sections, but prevailing fashion has been to treat the S matrix, or by abstraction the S operator, as the quantity that is in principle observable. The computation of cross sections from the S matrix is then a technical detail without theoretical significance. However, the requirement that a sensible theory should yield scattering cross sections imposes conditions on the theory that are not manifestly satisfied as soon as the existence of wave operators has been demonstrated.
Changing Manufactured Imports of Post-Plaza and Post-Bubble Japan

It has been argued that the Japanese trade patterns are so different from those of other industrial countries because of unusually low manufactured imports and low intra-industry trade. Examining the data of manufactured imports ratio (MIR) to the total imports for various periods, we identify in this paper a significant shift in the trend around 1985-86. Since the shift, Japanese trade patterns, particularly imports, are found to be changing rapidly in a way which reflects post-Plaza Accord high-yen and post-bubble-heightened direct investment in Asia. The manufactured imports ratio of Japan is found also to be sensitive to the changes in exchange rate, production and prices.
Motor control of the pharyngeal musculature and implications for the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common breathing problem that results in recurrent episodes of nighttime hypoxemia, hypercapnia, bradytachycardia, and hypertension, as well as sleep disturbance and daytime hypersomnolence. The obstruction is located in the oropharynx and is caused by hypotonia of the pharyngeal dilator muscles. In this paper, the various mechanisms affecting motor output to the upper airway muscles are reviewed. In particular, the respiratory function of the pharyngeal dilator muscles, the various reflex mechanisms underlying their control, and the effects of sleep on these mechanisms are discussed. The literature relevant to the central neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters that may be involved in the state-dependent activity of the pharyngeal dilator muscles is also reviewed. In addition to an examination of these basic mechanisms, consideration is given throughout this review as to how these mechanisms may relate to the normal control of pharyngeal patency awake and asleep and how they may be involved in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea.