cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus Genomes Isolated from Human Tissues

Infection with wild-type adeno-associated virus (AAV) is common in humans, but very little is known about the in vivo biology of AAV. On a molecular level, it has been shown in cultured cells that AAV integrates in a site-specific manner on human chromosome 19, but this has never been demonstrated directly in infected human tissues. To that end, we tested 175 tissue samples for the presence of AAV DNA, and when present, examined the specific form of the viral DNA. AAV was detected in 7 of 101 tonsil-adenoid samples and in 2 of 74 other tissue samples (spleen and lung). In these nine samples, we were unable to detect AAV integration in the AAVS1 locus using a sensitive PCR assay designed to amplify specific viral-cellular DNA junctions. Additionally, we used a second complementary assay, linear amplification-mediated-PCR (LAM-PCR) to widen our search for integration events. Analysis of individual LAM-PCR products revealed that the AAV genomes were arranged predominantly in a head-to-tail array, with deletions and extensive rearrangements in the inverted terminal repeat sequences. A single AAV-cellular junction was identified from a tonsil sample and it mapped to a highly repetitive satellite DNA element on chromosome 1. Given these data, we entertained the possibility that instead of integrated forms, AAV genomes were present as extrachromosomal forms. We used a novel amplification assay (linear rolling-circle amplification) to show that the majority of wild-type AAV DNA existed as circular double-stranded episomes in our tissues. Thus, following naturally acquired infection, AAV DNA can persist mainly as circular episomes in human tissues. These findings are consistent with the circular episomal forms of recombinant AAV vectors that have been isolated and characterized from in vivo transduced tissues.
Urodynamic studies in the district general hospital.

Summary The information given by urodynamic investigations has been of practical value in clinical practice and we feel that the time and money spent has been worthwhile. The results are particularly useful in patients with neuropathic bladders, women with stress incontinence in whom detrusor instability is also suspected, young men with “obstructive” symptoms and in men with post-prostatectomy problems. Its value in the large group of women with frequency, urgency and nocturia is debatable given our present lack of satisfactory treatment for these patients. Generous grants from the East Anglian Regional Hospital Authority and the Norfolk and Norwich Institute for Medical Education enabled the Department of Urology to purchase the equipment. We should also like to thank Mr G. Carvell of the Physics Department, Norfolk and Norwich Hospital for his invaluable help in commissioning the equipment and to Ms S. Green, Ms J. Birch and Miss F. Holdgate for their secretarial work.
The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil

The nature of the military institution in Brazil, its relations with civilian governments up to 1964, and its use of power since the coup of that year are examined by Alfred Stepan. Throughout his study, while looking at the Brazilian experience, he tests and reformulates implicit and explicit models, propositions, and middle-range hypotheses in the literature of civil-military relations and in political development theory.Professor Stepan's analysis suggests that many of the expectations and hypotheses held by theoreticians and policymakers about the capabilities of the military in modernization need to be seriously qualified. His discussion of the socio-economic origins and career patterns of the officer corps and of the ideological changes within the Brazilian army makes extensive and systematic use of previously unexploited data: Brazilian military academy files, editorials, interviews with military and civilian leaders. Throughout, the experiences of Asian and African countries are compared to that of Brazil, thus providing a wide comparative framework.Contents: PART I: The Military in Politics: The Institutional Background. 1. Military Organizational Unity and National Orientation: Hypotheses and Qualifications. 2. The Size of the Military: Its Relevance for Political Behavior. 3. Social Origins and Internal Organization of the Officer Corps: Their Political Significance. PART II: The "Moderating Pattern" of Civil-Military Relations: Brazil, 1945-1964. 4. Civilian Aspects of the "Moderating Pattern." 5. The Functioning of the "Moderating Pattern"--A Comparative Analysis of Five Coups, 1945-1964. PART III: The Breakdown of the "Moderating Pattern" of Civil-Military Relations and the Emergence of Military Rule. 6. The Growing Sense of Crisis in the Regime, 1961-1964: Its Impact on the "Moderating Pattern." 7. The Impact of Political and Economic Crises on the Military: Growth of Institutional Fears, 1961-1964. 8. The Impact of Political and Economic Crises on the Military: The Escola Superior de Guerra and the Development of a New Military Ideology. 9. The Assumption of Power--The Revolution of 1964. PART IV: The Brazilian Military in Power, 1964-1968: A Case Study of the Political Problems of Military Government. 10. The Military in Power: First Political Decisions and Problems. 11. Military Unity and Military Succession: An Elite Analysis of the Castello Branco Government. 12. The Military as an Institution Versus the Military as Government. Index.Originally published in 1971.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Automation of core-based design construction

There are numerous complex tasks involved in the construction and verifications of a customized ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) system design. Intel's UCS51 design entry tool (UCS51 DET) greatly simplifies this process by automating schematic capture of the intricate connections between an ASIC version of the 80C51 microcontroller and its associated peripheral cells. Furthermore, the resulting configuration is guaranteed correct by construction. A description is given of the UCS51 DET and its integration into Intel's design verification system. >
Interferometric observations of protoplanetary disks

The observation of protoplanetary disks at the astronomical unit scale is one of the most exciting key programs for long baseline interferometers. Existing observations have questioned the models of circumstellar environments of young stars; but this is just the beginning. Here, to provide the reader with a sense of what can be done today in this field, actual observations of the pre-main sequence star FU Orionis with near-infrared interferometers IOTA and PTI are presented. Every step, from raw data reduction to final interpretation, is described. The limits of current observations and the promise of future contributions from the VLTI are discussed.
Adhesion improvement for polymer dielectric to electrolytic-plated copper

Copper is one of the common metals used in the semiconductor backend process and wafer level packaging. A photo definable polymer layer is usually used to passivate the Cu metal. Acceptable adhesion between the polymer layer and Cu is a very important factor to achieve high reliability for the IC component. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to improve the adhesion strength between spin-on polymer dielectric material and electrolytic-plated Cu. Because adhesion strength is affected by the type of metal surface treatment prior to polymer coating, it is important to find a practical method for Cu surface treatment wafer process. Three types of treatment methods, including plasma, thermal, and wet process, were tried on the plated Cu surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results are reported for the surface properties after treatment. Adhesion strength between the polymer layer and the Cu surface is reported as measured by manual tape, nano-indentation scratch, and four-point bending methods. Our results show that cleaning the Cu surface with dilute acetic acid significantly increases the adhesion between Cu and the polymer layer. We also report results for the change in Cu surface properties as a function of time after clean.
An Analytical Method for Estimating Welding-Induced Plastic Zone Size for Residual Stress Profile Development

As demonstrated in a recent comprehensive study on construction of full-field residual stress profiles for fitness-for-service assessment of pressure vessel and piping components, a reasonable estimate of welding-induced plastic zone size is necessary for introducing a shell theory based solution form (Song et al, 2015 [1–2]). This paper presents an analytical method for estimating plastic zone size by first solving an equivalent one dimensional heat transfer problem in which weld zone is represented by a line segment with initial temperature at melting. Thermoplasticity conditions are then imposed by assuming elastic perfectly plastic behaviors. Finally, an analytical expression is obtained to relate plastic zone boundary to maximum temperature field distribution experienced by material points within the whole domain over the entire heating and cooling history. The solution can be further expressed by a rather simple form with the identification of a characteristic length parameter that signifies inflection point of temperature distribution. So estimated plastic zone sizes for various welded joint types have been compared with finite element residual stress analysis results in which sequentially coupled welding heat transfer and thermo-mechanical analysis procedures are used. A good agreement has been achieved for all cases analyzed.Compared with conventional finite element residual stress analysis procedures, this method offers significant simplicity and efficiency, while being reasonably accurate, particularly for applications in residual stress profile estimation and in evaluation of welding induced distortions in complex structures.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Examining the Positivity Effect in Autobiographical Memory Across Adulthood.

The positivity effect in memory is characterized by enhanced memory for emotionally positive information or decreased memory for emotionally negative information with increased age. The goals of the current study were to (a) examine the positivity effect in autobiographical memory using instructions that limited experimental constraints, (b) examine the relationship between memory valence and subjective well-being, and (c) examine the relationship between age and other memory characteristics across adulthood. In the current study, 281 individuals between the ages of 18 and 94 (Mage = 53.14, SD = 17.04) completed a modified Memory Experiences Questionnaire using online survey methods. Participants answered questions about emotional valence and other phenomenological characteristics regarding two memories, including any specific memory of their choosing and a personally meaningful memory. Results indicated that memory valence was unrelated to age, thus failing to provide evidence for the positivity effect. ...
Direct Engagement With Communities and Interprofessional Learning to Factor Culture Into End-of-Life Health Care Delivery

Aging patients with advanced or terminal illnesses or at the end of their lives become highly vulnerable when their cultural needs-in terms of ethnic habits, religious beliefs, and language-are unmet. Cultural diversity should be taken into account during palliative care delivery (i.e., noncurative, supportive care during advanced illness or at the end of life). Providers and systems deliver disparate palliative care to diverse patients. I present 2 strategies to improve how culturally diverse populations are served during advanced illness: (1) health service provider assessment of local populations to understand service populations' cultural needs and guide services and policy; and (2) interprofessional education to improve multicultural understanding among the health care workforce.
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE PPVT-R FOR NAVAJO CHILDREN

The predictive validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised was examined for a sample of 33 Navajo children in Grades 1 to 6. Test scores correlated .65 and significantly with scores obt...
Black market birth control: contraceptive entrepreneurship and criminality in the Gilded Age.

chief enforcer, Anthony Comstock, chief agent of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSsv) and postal inspector by congressional appointment, plotted her arrest. Adopting the pseudonym Mr. Farnsworth, he wrote Chase and arranged a meeting at her home to purchase a douching syringe for his wife. The day after the sale, Comstock returned to Chase's dwelling with the detective James G. Howe of the Twenty-sixth Precinct, who pretended to need a syringe for his wife too. When Chase sold him one, Howe disclosed his true identity, served her with an arrest warrant, and seized six other syringes found on the premises. Comstock and Howe escorted Chase to the Tombs, the city jail, where she was released on fifteen hundred dollars bail. In a letter to his boss at the United States Post Office, Com
Approach to the Immunocompromised Patient

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on several important issues that should be considered in the transfusion therapy of an immunocompromised patient. Patients regarded as immunocompromised include those with severe congenital immunodeficiencies, severe acquired immunodeficiencies, recipients of solid organ and bone marrow transplants (BMTs), and patients with human immunodeficiency virus type1infection. Immunocompromised allogeneic blood transfusion recipients differ from immunocompetent transfusion recipients in their susceptibility to developing transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD), transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases (including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection [TT-CMV]), and transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). There is no effective treatment for TA-GVHD. The only currently available method of preventing TA-GVHD is by gamma irradiation of cellular blood products—2500 cGy is the recommended dose, and quality control and validation measures are recommended. CMV-seronegative patients should receive CMV-safe cellular blood products, especially those who are the likely candidates for allogeneic marrow transplant. Although the risk of significant CMV reactivation and second strain infection exists, the indication for CMV-safe cellular blood products in CMV seropositive patients in this group remains a subject of debate. Further, appropriate transfusion support for BMT patients is an essential element of a successful BMT program and is critical to the care of BMT recipients. Many patients require blood transfusion support before and after BMT. The most frequently used blood products in BMT patients are platelet products and packed red blood cells.
Dual Oxidase 1 Promotes Crosstalk between Extracellular H2O2 and Mitochondrial Respiration During Pharmacological Ascorbate Induced Toxicity of Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH●–, approximately 300-1000 times nutritional level of 0.2 mM) induces toxicity selectively in cancer vs. normal cells. P-AscH●– produces a high flux of extracellular H2O2 via the formation of ascorbate radical; redox active metals (Fe and Mn) catalyze the oxidation of P-AscH●–. Dual oxidases (DUOX1 and DUOX2) are members of the NADPH oxidase family that are localized in the cell membrane, and are known to produce H2O2. Recent evidence also suggests that H2O2 treatment enhances DUOX expression. This study investigates whether DUOX mediates P-AscH●– induced and extracellular H2O2 dependent toxicity of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells by enhancing mitochondrial respiration. P-AscH●– treatments of PDAC cells resulted in a dose (1-20 mM) and duration (24-72 h) dependent increase in DUOX (4-6 fold) and DUOXA1 (DUOX 1 maturation factor; 2-3 fold) expression, which is associated with a significant increase in ROS levels (1.5 fold) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR: 8 ± 2.5 attomoles cell-1 sec-1 in control and 36 ± 5 attomoles cell-1 sec-1 in P-AscH●– treated cells) at 48 h post-treatment. P-AscH●– treatment did not perturb glucose uptake, but significantly decreased expression of lactate dehydrogenase A. This suggests that P-AscH●– treatment may shunt pyruvate more towards mitochondrial respiration resulting in increased OCR. Pretreatment with diphenyleneiodonium inhibited P-AscH●– induced increases in DUOX expression and toxicity. Pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (non-malignant) are resistant to P-AscH●– induced activation of DUOX1 expression, ROS accumulation, increases in OCR, and toxicity. Overall, these results suggest that DUOX1 mediates a feed-forward H2O2-signaling pathway shifting cellular metabolism more towards mitochondrial respiration resulting in P-AscH●– induced toxicity of PDAC cells.
Scalar functions for wave extraction in numerical relativity

Wave extraction plays a fundamental role in the binary black hole simulations currently performed in numerical relativity. Having a well-defined procedure for wave extraction, which matches simplicity with efficiency, is critical especially when comparing waveforms from different simulations. Recently, progress has been made in defining a general technique which uses Weyl scalars to extract the gravitational wave signal, through the introduction of the quasi-Kinnersley tetrad. This procedure has been used successfully in current numerical simulations; however, it involves complicated calculations. The work in this paper simplifies the procedure by showing that the choice of the quasi-Kinnersley tetrad is reduced to the choice of the timelike vector used to create it. The spacelike vectors needed to complete the tetrad are then easily identified, and it is possible to write the expression for the Weyl scalars in the right tetrad, as simple functions of the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor.
The altitudinal distribution of the genus pinus in the western united states and mexico

The altitudinal distributions of members of the genus Pinus were studied on mountain ranges in the western United States and Mexico. The community of pines on each mountainside consists of members of three major groupings - long-needled Diploxylon species, short-needled Diploxylon species and Haploxylon species. Long-needled Diploxylon species form a core sequence of altitudinally replacing species over whose distribution are superimposed sequences of members of one of the other two groups. In the northern mountains ranges Haploxylon species formed this second sequence while in the southern ranges short-neddled Diploxylon species assumed this role. Some morphological characteristics of these species were examined and random associations of species pairs generated using these characteristics. The results suggest that resource partitioning between altitudinally associated species does not occur but rather that a successional situatton exists with long-needled Diploxylon species being replaced by either Haploxylon in the norrhern ranges or short-needled Diploxylon species in the southern ranges.
Infinite horizon asymptotic average optimality for large-scale parallel server networks

Abstract We study infinite-horizon asymptotic average optimality for parallel server networks with multiple classes of jobs and multiple server pools in the Halfin–Whitt regime. Three control formulations are considered: (1) minimizing the queueing and idleness cost, (2) minimizing the queueing cost under constraints on idleness at each server pool, and (3) fairly allocating the idle servers among different server pools. For the third problem, we consider a class of bounded-queue, bounded-state (BQBS) stable networks, in which any moment of the state is bounded by that of the queue only (for both the limiting diffusion and diffusion-scaled state processes). We show that the optimal values for the diffusion-scaled state processes converge to the corresponding values of the ergodic control problems for the limiting diffusion. We present a family of state-dependent Markov balanced saturation policies (BSPs) that stabilize the controlled diffusion-scaled state processes. It is shown that under these policies, the diffusion-scaled state process is exponentially ergodic, provided that at least one class of jobs has a positive abandonment rate. We also establish useful moment bounds, and study the ergodic properties of the diffusion-scaled state processes, which play a crucial role in proving the asymptotic optimality.
Sexual Minority Stress, Coping, and Physical Health Indicators

Sexual minorities experience higher rates of several physical health problems compared to their heterosexual counterparts. The present study uses Meyer's Minority Stress Model (Psychological Bulletin, 129(5): 674-697, 2003) to examine physical health indicators among 250 adults who identified as sexual minorities. Study hypotheses include that sexual minority stress is predictive of two physical health indicators (i.e., engagement in a health-promoting lifestyle and number of physical health problems) and that planning (i.e., problem-focused) and social support coping will partially mediate the relationship between sexual minority stress and each physical health indicator. Results showed that as level of sexual minority stress increased, engagement in a health-promoting lifestyle decreased and the number of physical health problems increased. Planning and social support coping did not mediate these relationships; however, as levels of coping increased, engagement in a health-promoting lifestyle increased. These findings have implications for researchers and healthcare professionals in their efforts to promote the physical health of sexual minorities.
Outsourced Diplomacy: The Obama Administration and the Ukraine Crisis

The Obama administration was not involved in the EU’s negotiations of an Association Agreement with Ukraine, which Russian president Putin perceived as infringing on Russia’s sphere of influence. In response to the Russian takeover of Crimea, the Obama administration led the EU in imposing sanctions and isolating Russia. But the United States, viewing the crisis as a largely European problem, outsourced diplomatic responsibility for working out a solution to the prolonged conflict in eastern Ukraine to the EU, particularly Germany.
Molecular dynamics modeling of nano-porous centrifuge for reverse osmosis desalination.

Abstract A concept of the porous graphene membrane centrifuge is proposed aiming at fabrication of large scale, fouling-free desalination machine with nanomaterial-based reverse osmosis modules. The concept as well as strategy of such porous rotating graphene membrane device is approved through molecular dynamics (MD) modeling and simulation of a nano-fluidic device that in order to make a quantitative evaluation. First, an analytical formulation is derived for the critical angular velocity above which the centrifugal force is able to counter-balance osmosis pressure, so that the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process can proceed. The critical angular velocity derived from this formulation is compared with MD simulated critical angular velocity. Based on MD simulation results, it is shown that the rotating porous membrane device may significantly improve desalination efficiency by combining the centrifugal separation and and the selectivity of porous graphene membrane to achieve reverse-osmosis desalination. Furthermore, we have shown that the proposed desalination device has an intrinsic anti-fouling mechanism, and then we have studied the effect of pore size on the flux rate by conducting simulations with the applied rotating speed. Moreover, we have conducted energy and efficiency analysis for the proposed desalination device model, and we obtained the relationship between fresh water flux rate and the angular velocity, at the same time, with the pore size. By choosing the most efficient angular velocity and the pore size that ensures salt rejection, an optimal nano-fluidic device design is achieved.
Impact of Ketamine Use on Adjunctive Analgesic and Sedative Medications in Critically Ill Trauma Patients

Background Ketamine may be used to manage pain and agitation that is refractory to what are usually considered traditional agents such as fentanyl, propofol, benzodiazepines, and dexmedetomidine; however, literature describing the use of ketamine continuous infusions for this purpose in critically ill trauma patients is limited. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of the initiation of a ketamine continuous infusion on sedative and analgesic use in critically ill trauma patients. Secondary objectives were to identify the patient population in which ketamine was initiated, assess the proportion of time patients were at their goal level of sedation, and determine the dosing patterns of adjunctive sedative agents. Methods This single-center retrospective chart review over a 19-month period included critically ill mechanically ventilated adult trauma patients in whom a ketamine continuous infusion was initiated for management of sedation and agitation. Patients who received ketamine for other indications or by the acute pain management service were not included in this evaluation. Results Thirty-six patients were included in the study. Patients in whom ketamine was initiated tended to be white men with blunt trauma. Overall, the initiation of ketamine was associated with a decrease in the amount of opioids and propofol used and an increase in the amount of ziprasidone and dexmedetomidine needed to achieve the goal Richmond Agitation Sedation Score. When compared with the time period before ketamine initiation, the proportion of time that patients achieved goal sedation was not significantly different after the addition of ketamine. Conclusions Although the use of ketamine in critically ill mechanically ventilated adult trauma patients was associated with decreased opioid use, it was also associated with increased use of dexmedetomidine and ziprasidone to achieve and maintain sedation. Further examination of clinical outcomes associated with these differences in drug use in a larger population of trauma patients is warranted before routine use of ketamine for analgesia and sedation can be recommended.
Self-reference enhances relational memory in young and older adults.

The present study investigated the influence of self-reference on two kinds of relational memory, internal source memory and associative memory, in young and older adults. Participants encoded obje...
Case Study on the Implementation of ATC21S in the United States

Over the last decade the national dialogue in the U.S.A. around 21st century skills has reached critical mass in national competitiveness, workforce development and, most notably, in K-12 education circles (IMLS, Museums, libraries, and 21st century skills (IMLS-2009- NAI-01). Washington, DC, 2009). A prominent goal of education in the U.S.A. is to ensure that all students graduate from high school with the knowledge and skills necessary for life, college, and careers in a 21st century global economy (NRC, Education for life and work: developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2012a). In order to reach that goal, several reform efforts have been underway nationally to provide the tools and resources necessary for teaching and assessing 21st century skills, and to change the standards for educating students from kindergarten through the end of high school.
Abnormal Venous Drainage

Congenital pulmonary venous anomalies, which arise from abnormal embryonic venous development, occur in a diverse spectrum in the pediatric population. Although echocardiography with pulsed Doppler remains the initial investigation of choice in evaluation of the pulmonary venous developmental anomalies particularly in infants and young children, noninvasive imaging studies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multidetector Computed Tomography are currently playing increasing roles in the initial diagnosis and further characterization of this group of disorders. In this chapter, we review (1) embryology; (2) epidemiology; (3) anatomy; (4) clinical presentation; (5) preoperative imaging evaluation; (6) management; and (7) postoperative imaging evaluation of congenital pulmonary venous anomalies in the pediatric population. Disorders of the lymphatic system encompass a number of entities that may lead to chronic and serious pulmonary disease and manifest with a range of clinical presentations. Congenital errors in lymphatic development are rare and their diagnoses and management are difficult.
Early disease progression and treatment discontinuation in patients with advanced ovarian cancer receiving immune checkpoint blockade.

Abstract Objective Delayed responses observed with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) present a challenge for patients with peritoneal malignancies, who risk early symptomatic disease progression requiring treatment discontinuation. While efforts are ongoing to define the biomarkers of response, it is equally important to identify patients at risk for early discontinuation. We sought to investigate the timing of disease progression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients treated with ICB and to identify pre-treatment clinical parameters associated with early discontinuation. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on EOC patients treated with ICB at MSKCC from January 2013 to May 2017. Cutoffs for early and very early discontinuation due to disease progression were defined at 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were built based on pre-treatment clinical variables. Results Of 108 identified patients, 89 were included in the analysis. Forty-six (51.7%) patients discontinued therapy early, 30 of which (33.7%) discontinued therapy very early. Eight patients (9.0%) died within 12 weeks of ICB initiation from disease progression. In multivariate analyses, bulky peritoneal disease (p = 0.009, OR: 4.94) and liver parenchymal metastases (p = 0.001, OR: 8.08) were associated with early discontinuation. Liver parenchymal metastases (p = 0.001, OR 6.64), and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.021, OR: 3.54), were associated with very early discontinuation. Conclusions Over 50% of EOC patients suffer disease progression requiring early discontinuation of ICB. Pre-treatment prognostic clinical characteristics may identify patients at highest risk for early discontinuation due to disease progression and warrant caution in using these agents in late line patients with advanced disease.
Heterovalent Semiconductor Structures and their Device Applications

This chapter discusses the latest progress in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and characterization of a versatile material platform: II–VI (MgZnCd)(SeTe) and III–V (AlGaIn)(PAsSb) semiconductor materials lattice‐matched to GaAs, GaSb, InAs, and InSb substrates, and their device applications. These materials have small thermal mismatches and direct bandgaps covering a very broad energy spectrum from far infrared (IR, ∼0 eV) to ultraviolet (UV, ∼3.4 eV). Such a unique material platform offers opportunities to study new physics such as topological insulation in heterovalent superlattices and facilitates monolithic integration of various materials without misfit dislocations, which are highly desirable for device applications such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, solar cells, photodetectors, X‐ray sensors, resonant tunneling diodes, and so on.
Large-Scale Synthetic Grids in Classroom Planning Studies

A senior capstone transmission expansion planning project is presented for a large-scale synthetic grid. Parameters such as generation, load, and contingencies are incorporated in the case to create summer peak load cases over a period of seven years. The methodologies to create the load case, containing the seven year load growth projection, and the solution case, containing the proposed upgrades for each year, are presented.
Seeing the Future: Ideas from Philosophy, Linguistics, and Sociology

The chapter highlights what the humanities and social sciences have to say about our perception of the future. It introduces ideas of meaning, epistemology, phenomenology, determinism, myth, and even Zen. It delves into the question of whether technology or culture is changing more quickly and shows, via the “Circle of Innovation,” how cultural change and technological change feed each other. The chapter’s closing deals with “discounting,” and whether we can think globally while acting locally.
Efficient implementation of sparse matrix-sparse vector multiplication for large scale graph analytics

We developed a parallel algorithm to improve the cache behavior and overall performance for multiplication of sparse matrices with sparse vectors (SpMSpV), an operation used increasingly in large graph analytics, particularly dynamic graphs in social networks and homeland security applications. The proposed algorithm builds upon the two-phase approach of partitioning the multiplication into a scaling phase and an aggregation phase, to achieve more cache-friendly access patterns individually in each phase [6], [3]. However, to handle dynamic graphs and achieve better load balancing for parallel implementation, we use a combination of private and shared bins, with synchronized access to shared bins to exchange the product terms between the two phases. The new algorithm accumulates product terms in private bins for each thread. The algorithm then performs a bulk transfer between a private bin and a shared bin, when the private bin becomes full. Then results are aggregated from the shared bins. In addition, we employ heuristics to decide the best algorithm for SpMSpV based on the number of nonzeros involved in the operation. When the number of nonzeros is large, it may be better to perform the operation as SpMV (sparse matrix times dense vector) despite the added conversion cost. Also, if the number of nonzeros is low it is advantageous to use a simplified algorithm. We compared our algorithm with existing algorithms for SpMSpV, and our evaluation shows that execution time is reduced by several times when large graphs are considered.
‘Our Efforts Have Degenerated into a Competition for Dollars’. The ‘Revolt of the Admirals’, NSC-68, and the Political Economy of the Cold War

The ‘unification’ of the United States Army and Navy under the 1947 National Security Act, combined with efforts to cut expenditures after the Second World War, spawned vicious inter-service compet...
How Can Reason Be Practical

En The Moral Problem, Michael Smith ofrece una solucion al enigma de como puede la razon ser practica. Este es un enigma espinoso para un humeano como Smith, quien cree que toda accion tiene que estar motivada por un deseo, pues, desde el punto de vista humeano, los deseos escapan en gran parte a la critica racional. La solucion de Smith supone distinguir entre razones para la accion “motivantes” y “normativas” y luego arguir que si bien una interpretacion humeana (o deseo-creencia) funciona para las razones motivantes, se tiene que ofrecer una interpretacion “antihumeana” diferente para las razones normativas. De modo que hay por lo menos cuatro cuestiones por examinar: si la distincion entre motivante y normativo es convincente; si la explicacion humeana que da Smith de las razones motivantes funciona; si su explicacion antihumeana de las razones normativas tiene exito; y si estos puntos de vista juntos realmente resuelven “el problema moral”, esto es, si explican como la razon puede ser practica. Este articulo insiste en que la respuesta de cada una de estas preguntas es negativa. Aunque pretende trazar el mapa de la distincion ordinaria entre razones del agente y razones que justifican, la distincion entre motivante y normativo choca con la interpretacion que el propio Smith ofrece de las explicaciones “deliberativas” de las acciones —una interpretacion convincente que, sin embargo, no puede hacer uso ni de las razones “motivantes” ni de las “normativas”, tal como Smith las explica. La interpretacion humeana que da Smith de las razones motivantes tropieza con el mismo problema. Bien considerado, su explicacion antihumeana de las razones normativas adolece, en puntos cruciales, de una incapacidad para distinguir “una razon” de lo que es razonable. Finalmente, aun si dejasemos todo esto de lado, ya que Smith piensa que la creencia que alguien tiene acerca de lo que tiene mejor razon para hacer provoca que lo quiera hacer (si ese alguien es racional), la solucion que propone para el problema de como la razon puede ser practica da “un deseo de mas” justo en el tipo de caso que deberia ser el mas sencillo para un humeano: el tipo de caso en el que uno cree que es el deseo inmotivado que uno tiene de hacer algo lo que le da una razon para hacerlo. [Traduccion: Laura Manriquez]
Representing Three-dimensional Shape

Recent work aimed at generating rich representations of shape for three-dimensional objects is summarized. The curvature patch representation of three-dimensional shape is based on ideas of differential geometry.
How Do African American and White Family Forest Landowners Conceptualize Forest Legacy in Georgia, United States?

Legacy, sometimes called intergenerational land transfer or forestland bequest, is an important subject for family forest landowners. While the literature primarily addresses legacy from an economic perspective or as a function of landowner characteristics, this research explores how past, present, and future connections to forestland shape family forest landowners’ conceptions of legacy. This research uses the Q method, a mixed qualitative/quantitative method, to explore differences between African American and White family forest landowners in Georgia, United States. It identifies four distinct typologies for landowner conceptualization of legacy: Family Forest Managers, Family Forest Investors, Family Forest Stewards, and Family Forest Skeptics. Despite historical and landowner characteristic differences, the differences between the typologies are minimal between the races. We found African American landowners are motivated by the collective struggle of African Americans to obtain and retain forestland. In contrast, White family forest landowners are motivated by personal identification with their forestland. For forest management professionals, understanding family forest landowners’ conception of legacy and motivations concerning intergenerational land transfer is valuable for planning the future of forestlands in Georgia, and by extension, across the Southern United States.
The Ideal Intern

The Ideal Intern Despite the culture of constant, explicit goal setting in medicine, there’s no obvious introduction to what it means to be a good intern. I slowly began to internalize the cues fro...
Temporal evolution of single-cell transcriptomes of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons

Neurons undergo substantial morphological and functional changes during development to form precise synaptic connections and acquire specific physiological properties. What are the underlying transcriptomic bases? Here, we obtained the single-cell transcriptomes of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) at four developmental stages. We decoded the identity of 21 transcriptomic clusters corresponding to 20 PN types and developed methods to match transcriptomic clusters representing the same PN type across development. We discovered that PN transcriptomes reflect unique biological processes unfolding at each stage-neurite growth and pruning during metamorphosis at an early pupal stage; peaked transcriptomic diversity during olfactory circuit assembly at mid-pupal stages; and neuronal signaling in adults. At early developmental stages, PN types with adjacent birth order share similar transcriptomes. Together, our work reveals principles of cellular diversity during brain development and provides a resource for future studies of neural development in PNs and other neuronal types.
A record of vapour pressure deficit preserved in wood and soil across biomes.

The drying power of air, or vapour pressure deficit (VPD), is an important measurement of potential plant stress and productivity. Estimates of VPD values of the past are integral for understanding the link between rising modern atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) and global water balance. A geological record of VPD is needed for paleoclimate studies of past greenhouse spikes which attempt to constrain future climate, but at present there are few quantitative atmospheric moisture proxies that can be applied to fossil material. Here we show that VPD leaves a permanent record in the slope (S) of least-squares regressions between stable isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen (13C and 18O) found in cellulose and pedogenic carbonate. Using previously published data collected across four continents we show that S can be used to reconstruct VPD within and across biomes. As one application, we used S to estimate VPD of 0.46 kPa ± 0.26 kPa for cellulose preserved tens of millions of years ago-in the Eocene (45 Ma) Metasequoia from Axel Heiberg Island, Canada-and 0.82 kPa ± 0.52 kPa-in the Oligocene (26 Ma) for pedogenic carbonate from Oregon, USA-both of which are consistent with existing records at those locations. Finally, we discuss mechanisms that contribute to the positive correlation observed between VPD and S, which could help reconstruct past climatic conditions and constrain future alterations of global carbon and water cycles resulting from modern climate change.
Recommendations for Developing Clinical Care Protocols During Pandemics: From Theory and Practice

In 2019, a novel coronavirus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 led to the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, which was deemed a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Owing to the accelerated rate of mortality and utilization of hospital resources, health care systems had to adapt to these major changes. This affected patient care across all disciplines and specifically within the perioperative services. In this review, we discuss the strategies and pitfalls of how perioperative services in a large academic medical center responded to the initial onset of a pandemic, adjustments made to airway management and anesthesia specialty services - including critical care medicine, obstetric anesthesiology, and cardiac anesthesiology - and strategies for reopening surgical caseload during the pandemic.
Attention to detail: A dedicated rib fracture consultation service leads to earlier operation and improved clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) has been correlated with improved outcomes, including decreased length of stay (LOS). We hypothesized that an SSRF consultation service would increase the frequency of SSRF and improve outcomes. Methods A prospective observational study was performed to compare outcomes before and after implementing an SSRF service. Primary outcome was time from admission to surgery; secondary outcomes included LOS, mortality and morphine milligram equivalents (MME) prescribed at discharge. Results 1865 patients met consultation criteria and 128 patients underwent SSRF. Mortality decreased (6.3% vs. 3%) and patients were prescribed fewer MME at discharge (328 MME vs. 124 MME) following implementation. For the operative cohort, time from admission to surgery decreased by 1.72 days and ICU LOS decreased by 2.6 days. Conclusion Establishment of an SSRF service provides a mechanism to maximize capture and evaluation of operative candidates, provide earlier intervention, and improve patient outcomes. Additional study to determine which elements and techniques are most beneficial is warranted. Level of evidence III.
Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella on Whole Yellow Onions (Allium cepa) Exposed to Hot Water.

ABSTRACT In-home or food service antimicrobial treatment options for fresh produce are limited. Hot water treatments for whole (unpeeled) produce have been proposed, but data to support this practice for onions are not available. Separate cocktails of rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella were cultured on agar and suspended in sterile water. The outer papery skin at the equator or root or stem ends of the whole yellow onions was spot inoculated at 6 log CFU per onion. After drying for 30 min and, in some cases, storage at 4°C for 6 days, onions were immersed in water at ca. 100°C for 5 s or 85°C for 10 to 180 s. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean decline of Salmonella was found on onions that were exposed to hot water after drying the inoculum for 30 min or after storage at 4°C for 6 days. Exposure of whole onions at 100°C for 5 s reduced E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes populations by >5 log CFU per onion at all inoculum sites and Salmonella populations by >5 log CFU per onion at the stem end and equator but not consistently at the root end. Mean root-end reductions of ≥5 log CFU per onion of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella were achieved consistently when the root end was fully immersed in 85°C hot water for 45 or 60 s except in a small number of cases (4 of 57; 7%) when the root end was oriented upward and above the water line during treatment. When onions were held at 85°C for 180 s with the root end above the water line in an uncovered water bath, no significant declines in Salmonella populations were observed; significant mean declines in Salmonella were achieved (mean, 5 log CFU per onion; range, 3.49 to 6.25 log CFU per onion) when the water bath was covered. Short exposure to hot water can significantly reduce pathogens on the surface of whole onions. Reductions are more consistent when the root end is submerged and when the water bath is covered. HIGHLIGHTS
Activation of hypoxia-sensing pathways promotes renal ischemic preconditioning following myocardial infarction.

Experimental myocardial infarction (MI) protects from subsequent ischemic acute kidney injury but worsens chronic kidney injury. Observed protection from ischemic acute kidney injury after MI was a...
Towards High-Efficient Broadband Omnidirectional Light Trapping: Deterministic Quasi-Random Nanostructures Design, Optimization, and Scalable Fabrication

We develop a closed-loop solution to design, to optimize and to expansively fabricate the desirable quasi-random nanostructures(QRNs). In contrast to the current non-deterministic manufacturing process that cannot be deployed in large dimensionality, we innovatively import binary quasi-random sequences to generate QRNs deterministically without the restriction of the pattern size. Note that all 2D quasi-random patterns such as particle and channel types can also be converted into binary sequences by digitizing their 2D pattern images. Moreover, to bridge the gap between the nanostructure spatial arrangement and its optical performance, the star discrepancy calculation is employed as a guidance to evaluate and to optimize these binary QNRs given that the nanostructures’ uniformity is a key factor for light trapping. Finally, these binary QRNs are generated in a “pit-and-land” morphology so that they can be facilely and directly fabricated via optical disk recording technology.