cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of metal-oxide glasses in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O systems

A crystallization study has been carried out for rapidly solidified Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O glasses with nominal compositions ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{x}}$, and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{x}}$. A temperature-time-transformation diagram for the glass with nominal composition ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ has been constructed, within which crystalline superconducting and nonsuperconducting phase regions are identified. Eutectic and primary crystallization have been found to occur during the annealing process in these metal oxides. Glass transition temperature ${T}_{g}$ values, superconducting transition temperature values of crystallized products, and microstructural changes are measured and analyzed by differential thermal analysis, electrical resistivity, and magnetization shielding, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy experiments. Also discussed are thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization processes and the formation of the 110-K superconducting phase.
Opto-Chemical Ring Resonator Sensor Based on Morphology Dependent Resonances for Detecting Gas Odorant

In recent years, optical fiber technology are emerged as the most popular technology for its unique characteristics, such as free of electromagnetic interference, high precision, etc. A novel Opto-Chemical Ring Resonator (OCRR) has been presented for detecting gas odorant. The sensor is designed based on Morphology Dependent Resonances (MDR) which follows Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations. In this paper, we have presented a novel technique to integrate chemical science and optical technology by using OCRR. Optical resonances of electromagnetic wave propagations in dielectric micro-ring resonator have been developed based on asymptotic approach. The developed expression for size parameter for transverse electric wave is very simple and can be used to characterize the resonances in dielectric micro-ring resonator. Parametric studies based on developed asymptotic expression have been presented to determine the resonance frequency at particular chemical composition. Resonance frequencies will be shifted as surrounding chemical composition changes as odorant changes, i.e., MDR frequencies trapped inside the dielectric ring resonator are influenced by chemical composition of the odorant, and the OCRR sensor is designed based on this principle. Finite element simulation is used to predict the performance of the sensor and found encouraging results for odorant sensing. Parametric studies show that present study will help to develop novel OCRR sensors for micro/nano technology and biomedical applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Providing stochastic delay guarantees through channel characteristics based resource reservation in wireless network

This paper is directed towards providing quality of service guarantees for transmission of multimedia traffic over wireless links. The quality of service guarantees require transmission of packets within prespecified deadlines. Oftentimes, bursty, location dependent channel errors preclude such deadline satisfaction leading to packet drop. Wireless systems need resource reservation to limit such deadline violation related packet drop below acceptable thresholds. The resource reservation depends on the scheduling policy, statistical channel qualities and arrival traffic. We choose Earliest Deadline First as the baseline scheduling policy and design an admission control strategy which provides delay guarantees and limits the packet drop by regulating the number of admitted sessions in accordance with the long term transmission characteristics and arrival traffic of the incoming sessions. We analytically quantify the stochastic packet drop guarantees provided by the framework, and show using simulation that the design results in low packet drop.
A Review of Methylene Blue Treatment for Cardiovascular Collapse

Abstract Background Historically, methylene blue (MB) has been used for multiple purposes, including as an antidote for toxin-induced and hereditary methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and ackee fruit and cyanide poisoning; as an aniline dye derivative, antimalarial agent, and antidepressant. Discussion Most recently, the use of MB has been advocated as a potential adjunct in the treatment of shock states. Our article reviews the role of MB in septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and toxin-induced shock. MB is proposed to increase blood pressure in these shock states by interfering with guanylate cyclase activity, and preventing cyclic guanosine monophosphate production and vasodilatation. Summary MB may be an adjunct in the treatment of septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and toxin-induced shock.
On the demographical changes of U.S. research doctorate awardees and corresponding trends in research fields

The demographical data of the National Science Foundation on research doctorate awardees in the United States is studied in this article. While the overall growth rate of research doctorate awardees is approximately the same as the growth rate of the whole population in the U.S. there are considerable changes in the sub-populations of research doctorate awardees. The demographic data is evaluated/discussed in more detail with respect to gender and research fields of the doctorate awardees. In particular the notion of the primacy of technology over science in the postmodern era is examined and found to be justified.
Magnon Energy of Nickel

The spin-wave energy in nickel is calculated along the principal axis directions from the center to the surface of the Brillouin zone, the calculation being based upon the theoretical energy bands of nickel as given by Hanus. The splitting of the up- and down-spin $d$ bands is treated as a parameter, adjusted to give the experimentally observed long-wavelength spin-wave energy. The temperature dependence of the magnetization is calculated on the basis of the spin-wave energies. It is found that the temperature analogous to the Debye temperature of lattice vibrations is of the order of ${10}^{3}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, rather than ${10}^{4}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, as simple models yield, that the number of Fourier coefficients (in real space) required to fit the dispersion curve corresponds to the six nearest atomic planes, that the energy gap for single-particle excitations is of the order of 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (although sensitive to the parameters assumed), and that no cutoff momentum is indicated for the strong ferromagnetic assumptions made here. Furthermore, the coefficient of the ${q}^{4}$ term in the dispersion curve and the corresponding coefficient of ${T}^{\frac{5}{2}}$ in the magnetization law is about a factor of 5-10 larger than that of a nearest-neighbor Heisenberg ferromagnet. The range of validity of ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ and ${T}^{\frac{5}{2}}$ terms in the magnetization-temperature law is restricted to temperatures less than 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
The variance of convection velocity in the turbulent boundary layer and its effect on coherence length

Abstract The Efimtsov model of coherence length and the Corcos cross spectrum model are commonly used to define the power spectra of the turbulent boundary layer near the wall. The models are useful for defining the pressure fields acting on structures such as aircraft fuselage and ship hulls as they move through fluid. In an effort to establish the validity of the models, the spectral definitions were used to synthesize time series data whose properties could then be compared to the actual data from which the model parameters were derived. Analysis of the synthesized time data indicated that the data contained coherence lengths longer than those specified in the models. The longer coherence lengths are shown to be related to the assumption of constant convection velocity that is fundamental to the Corcos model. A time domain technique is introduced by which the instantaneous convection velocity can be measured. Using this technique, statistics on the convection velocity for wall pressure data acquired during flight tests are shown to be normally distributed. Time data produced using a normally distributed convection velocity contains the specified coherence length, confirming that the assumption of constant convection velocity in the Corcos model was the source of the error. The coherence decay caused by convection velocity variance is shown to be Gaussian. A model is derived which divides the coherence decay into an exponential structural decay term and a Gaussian phase decay term. This is shown to be a good model for the coherence decay, except for frequencies around the peak in the power spectrum. The structural decay term is further divided into exponential and rectangular terms to represent inner layer and outer layer processes, respectively. The partitioned model is shown to correctly describe the coherence decay for the entire frequency band and provides a measure of the allocation of power between the inner and outer layer processes. It is concluded that the variance in the convection velocity has a significant effect on the decay of coherent power in the wall pressure of the turbulent boundary layer.
A methodology for understanding global communication practices

This paper describes the methodology component of a funded project which has brought together faculty on technical communication and the learning sciences from our campuses in the US and the Middle East. The goal of the project is to research, develop and disseminate in classrooms and local workplaces online modules aimed at improving professional communication practices. In order to understand such global practices, we developed a methodology which would accurately capture these practices and align them with learning objectives and goals. This methodology combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, including discourse-based interviews, student and professional work products, and literature research on student writing development.
On the Two Regimes of Nucleate Boiling

The influence of orientation on nucleate boiling is discussed in terms of the Moissis-Berenson transition. (AIP)
Tapentadol: A Novel, Centrally Acting Analgesic for Moderate-to-Severe Acute Pain

Objective:To review the role of tapentadol in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute pain.Data Sources:Primary literature was retrieved by searching MEDLINE (1950–August Week 3, 2010), EMBASE (1980–Week 34, 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-August 2010), and Google Scholar, A bibliographic review of published articles was also performed. Search terms included tapentadol, Nucynta, and acute pain.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Randomized controlled trials available in the English language that evaluated the efficacy and/or safety of tapentadol were included in this review.Data Synthesis:Tapentadol is a centrally acting analgesic that simultaneously activates μ-opioid receptors and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine in the central nervous system without affecting serotonin reuptake. We identified 6 randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of tapentadol in over 3,000 adult patients in various acute pain models. Tapentadol was found to be superior to placebo for the ma...
Mass transfer in semifluidized beds for solid‐liquid system

A new fluid-solid contacting technique known as Semifluidization has been studied. Mass transfer data were obtained for a benzoic acid–water system, and correlations in terms of mass transfer factors and over-all void fractions (for both packed and fluidized sections) are presented. Previous mass transfer correlations for fixed and fluidized beds are critically evaluated with respect to the limitation and applicability and are discussed in relation to semifluidized-bed mass transfer correlations.
Perioperative assessment of coagulability in neurosurgical patients using thromboelastography.

BACKGROUND Thrombelastography is a useful technique for evaluating coagulability. We hypothesized that it could be used to determine postoperative hematologic complications during and after neurologic surgery. METHODS Forty-six neurosurgical patients were stratified by diagnosis: subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranially aneurysms, intracranial-axial lesions, intracranial-extra-axial lesions, and degenerative spine disease. Thromboelastograms were performed before, during, and after surgery. Hematologic data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively; computed tomography scans and lower extremity Doppler sonography were performed postoperatively. A thrombosis index (TI) was used to assess coagulability. RESULTS Coagulability increased over the course of surgery for all patients (p < 0.0001). In craniotomy patients, coagulability increased over the course of surgery (p < 0.05) with the most dramatic increase from intubation to skin incision (p < 0.05), and then after tumor removal or aneurysm clipping (p < 0.10). Univariate analysis among craniotomy patients showed that female gender (p < 0.0004) and smoking (p < 0.06) were associated with hypercoagulability. Among craniotomy patients, younger age was associated with hypercoagulability in the preoperative period (p < 0.01). There was no significant association between coagulability and aspirin or NSAID use, or intraoperative fluid volume. No patient developed a postoperative hematoma and one patient (2.2%) developed a lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Increased coagulability begins between induction of anesthesia and skin incision, and continues to increase throughout surgery. These changes are more pronounced in patients undergoing craniotomy compared to patients undergoing spine procedures.
The Half-life of Facts: Why Everything We Know Has an Expiration Date

, by Samuel Arbesman, Penguin Group (2012), Paperback. ISBN 978-1591844723. … you need to have a lot of ideas, and then you need to throw away the bad ones. –Two-time Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling o...
Simulation of Mitochondrial Function in Brain and Muscle Tissues

The goal of our study was to develop a model that can simulate the performance of oxygen diffusion and metabolism in brain and muscle tissues, especially oxygen delivery from capillary to mitochondria activating oxidative phosphorylation.
Quantum chemistry and density functional calculations of formyl chloride

Calculations have been performed to determine the vertical excitation energy of HC1CO using a triple zeta plus polarization basis set and quantum chemistry methods which progressively incorporate more of the correlation energy. These calculations are compared with calculations using a density functional program with a double numerical grid with polarization. The density functional calculations give a result which agrees better with experiment except for the most expensive quantum chemistry method used.
Multi-user diversity in a TDMA cellular system

The introduction of an uplink channel providing fast quality indication feedback on shared channels can improve packet data throughput in existing TDMA systems. It is shown that the uplink interference produced by this feedback channel is more than compensated by multi-user diversity gain.
Photoemission from physisorbed Co on clean and Xe-covered Al(111)

Abstract Molecular-orbital energy shifts are observed in photoemission from weakly physisorbed CO on clean and Xe-covered Al(111) surfaces. These shifts in ionization potentials are mainly due to final-state relaxation effects, which can be described approximately by a point-charge image-potential model. Differential distance- and orbital-dependent energy shifts suggest that CO molecules lie flat on the substrates. CO is adsorbed on Al(111) with a heat of formation of 0.21 eV/molecule.
Observatory verification: principles and lessons learned in commissioning the hubble observatory following shuttle servicing

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was designed for periodic servicing by Space Shuttle astronauts. These servicing missions enable state-of-the-art upgrades to the Observatory’s scientific capabilities, engineering upgrades and refurbishments, and, when needed, repairs. Since its launch and deployment in 1990, there have been four space shuttle missions to service the HST. (A fifth is currently scheduled for March 2004) In each case, upon completion of a servicing mission and the astronauts’ release of the telescope, HST undergoes a period of intense and highly coordinated verification activities designed to commission the Observatory’s new capabilities and components for normal operations. The commissioning program following the 1990 deployment mission was known as OV/SV (orbital verification/science verification) while each of those following the subsequent Shuttle servicings has become known as servicing mission observatory verification, or SMOV. The 1990 OV/SV activities were hampered and greatly complicated by the problem of spherical aberration of the primary optics. The first servicing mission, SM1, in December 1993, is still remembered as the Hubble repair mission, having restored HST’s optics to within the original mission specifications. SMOV1 was important not only for confirming the optical fixes with spectacular early images, but also for demonstrating the effectiveness of “success-oriented” scheduling as a technique for orbital verification. The second servicing mission, SM2, in February 1997, greatly enhanced the scientific capabilities of HST but did so at the cost of greatly increased mechanical and operational complexity. The resulting SMOV2 program was accordingly the most complicated and ambitious till then and, as it turned out, the most responsive and resilient, as the newly installed instruments presented serious, unforeseen on-orbit problems. The third servicing mission, SM3a, carried out in December 1999, was essentially an emergency mission to replace failed gyros and the SMOV3a was correspondingly relatively simple. SM3b, scheduled for March 2002, will feature further significant scientific upgrades in the form of a new wide-field camera and the revival of the prematurely defunct infrared instrument. In addition to describing the highlights of these verification programs, this paper presents the general principles, guidelines, and lessons learned in the process of commissioning the HST Observatory.
New displacement hybrid finite element models for solid continua

The proposed finite element model is based on separate assumptions of interior and interelement displacements and on the assumed boundary tractions of each individual element. The associated variational functional for this model is presented. This method has the same merits of the assumed stress method (References 3 and 4) in that a compatible displacement function at the interelement boundary can be easily constructed, while it can easily be used for shells with distributed loads.
Arsenic Speciation in As(III)- and As(V)-Treated Soil Using XANES Spectroscopy

Arsenic (As) is a toxic trace element that occurs naturally in groundwater and soils. Understanding the reactions of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) with soil and mineral surfaces is critical for predicting the fate and transport of As in the environment and developing better ways to remediate As-contaminated areas. This investigation uses X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) to evaluate the solid phase oxidation state and mineral surface binding sites in three agricultural soil samples from California, USA by fitting linear combinations of XANES spectra derived from several synthetic and well characterized As(III)- and As(V)-treated model compounds (Fe and Al metal hydroxides and aluminosilicate illite clay mineral). The results suggest that As(III) is either partially or completely oxidized to As(V) when reacted with soil in an aqueous, batch reaction. The As(III)-treated Aiken soil was composed of 60% As(III) attached to surfaces similar to lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)) and 40% As(V) attached to aluminosilicate (illite). The Fallbrook soil completely oxidized As(III) and the product was As(V) adsorbed on Al hydroxide (gibbsite, γ-Al(OH)3) (62%), illite (16%), and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) (22%). The reaction of As(III) with Wyo soil resulted in 42% As(III) adsorbed on surface similar to goethite and 58% As(V) adsorbed on lepidocrocite. Arsenic(V) adsorption on soil resulted in stable As(V) surface complexes that were well described by XANES spectra from As(V) adsorption complexes on gibbsite, illite, and lepidocrocite.
Selective Immunohistochemical Comparison of Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Purpose Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a salivary gland malignancy characterized by indolent growth and a low rate of metastasis. PLGA shares histological features with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), including infiltrating solid and cribriform patterns, presence of cystic spaces, and neurotropism. The degree of polymorphism of PLGA presents diagnostic challenges, particularly in small biopsy specimens. Immunohistochemical reactions to differentiate PLGA from the more aggressive ACC would be extremely valuable but controversy exists in the current literature regarding their utility. This study examines the potential use of c-kit, Ki-67, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and muscle-specific actin (MSA) as ancillary markers for distinguishing PLGA from ACC. Patients and Methods Medical records of 20 cases of PLGA treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed. Patient demographic data and tumor-specific information were elicited. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from 10 of these cases and 12 comparison cases of ACC were accessed. The histologic diagnoses were confirmed and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies to c-kit, Ki-67, SMA, and MSA was employed to determine differences in staining. Results PLGA showed a significantly weaker immunohistochemical expression of c-kit compared with ACC (P = < .001). Ki-67, correlating with proliferative behavior, was more weakly expressed in PLGA (P = .091). The exuberant myoepithelial component of ACC resulted in stronger staining with SMA and MSA (P = .047; P = .065, respectively). Conclusions Statistically significant immunohistochemical staining patterns using c-kit and SMA in this study support their potential use as markers to differentiate PLGA from ACC in cases where the diagnosis can be challenging.
Influence of Structural Features on Sorption of NOM-Analogue Organic Acids to Goethite

A systematic study of the role of structural features of NOM-analogue organic acids in influencing mineral−organic acid interactions was performed. Goethite, a crystalline form of iron oxide important in geochemical systems, was employed as a model mineral. Sorption experiments with a series of small molecular weight, aromatic organic acids were performed to assess the effects of particular features of compound structure on sorption to goethite and to obtain insight into the kinds of surface reactions responsible for organic acid sorption. Important functional groups of the humic acid component of NOM were examined. Experiments were also performed with Aldrich humic acid to allow comparison between sorption behavior of simple organic acids and NOM and to determine suitable analogues for modeling NOM sorption. Sorption characteristics for most organic acids were typical for anionic sorbates, with high sorption at low pH and decreasing sorption as pH increased. Sorption of simple organic acids exhibited str...
521 HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN IN VIVO SOMATIC CELL MUTATION ASSAY

A codon-specific somatic cell mutation assay model system is being developed, using human erythrocytes and antisera which will distinguish human hemoglobins differing by a single amino acid residue. A goat anti-hemoglobin S antiserum (“anti-β6val)has been obtained which specifically distinguishes the single amino acid difference between HbS(α2 β26val)and HbA(α2 β26glu).Unabsorbed goat anti-HbS antiserum bound nearly equivalent amounts of HbS and HbA, but after absorption with an excess of HbA, was rendered specific for HbS. A quantitative radioimmunoassay for HbS has been developed which is highly specific and sensitive. With constructed mixtures of purified hemoglobins A and S, our current assay is capable of specifically detecting <10-9 gram of hemoglobin S in the presence of more than a million-fold excess of hemoglobin A. We have documented equivalent sensitivity and specificity in human whole blood lysates. Results to date allow us to conclude that in “normal” AA individuals the sum of errors of replication (mutation) plus errors of expression(transcription plus translation)may be less than one molecule of Hb S per 107 molecules of HbA synthesized. We are currently determining whether there are detectable quantities of Hb S in bloods of AA individuals exposed to toxic environmental agents and whether these individuals differ significantly from unexposed populations
Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen

Abstract Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induces normal adult lymphocytes to divide and differentiate in vitro to cells containing large amounts of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin of the major classes IgM, IgG, and IgA. We have used this assay to study the ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function in humans. The response of lymphocytes from fetuses, newborns, and infants up to 2 months of age is quantitatively deficient with respect to adult cells and also differs qualitatively in being primarily of the IgM class. Whether the differences in response of fetal and adult lymphocytes are due to functional immaturity of B lymphocytes or to development of regulatory T cells is discussed.
Temporal-spatial distribution of SP-B and SP-C proteins and mRNAs in developing respiratory epithelium of human lung

We determined the temporal and spatial distribution of surfactant protein B (pro-SP-B) and C (pro-SP-C) mRNAs and proteins by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in fetal, neonatal, and adult human lung. Pro-SP-B and SP-B mRNA were detected in bronchi and bronchioles by 15 weeks' gestation. After 25 weeks, pro-SP-B, active SP-B peptide, and SP-B mRNA were co-localized in bronchiolo-alveolar portal cells and in Type II epithelial cells. In adult lung, pro-SP-B and SP-B mRNA were detected primarily in non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells and in Type II cells in the alveolus. Pro-SP-C and SP-C mRNA were detected in cells lining terminal airways from 15 weeks' gestation and thereafter. After 25 weeks, SP-C mRNA and precursor protein were detected in epithelial cells of the bronchiolo-alveolar portals and in Type II cells, where expression increased with advancing gestational age. Distinct cellular patterns of staining for pro-SP-B compared with SP-B active peptide support the concept that its proteolytic processing or cellular routing may be influenced by cell type and/or cell differentiation. SP-B and SP-C are expressed primarily in distal conducting and terminal airway epithelium of human fetal lung well in advance of surfactant lipid synthesis or physiologic requirements to produce pulmonary surfactant at the time of birth.
The oxygen distribution in the prelaminar optic nerve head of the cat.

Abstract Oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure oxygen profiles from the prelaminar region of the cat optic nerve head. From the profiles, the oxygen distribution of this tissue was determined. Changes in oxygen levels in response to flicker stimulation were obtained. Also, the regulatory ability of this tissue was assessed by acutely increasing IOP and by presenting the cat with periods of hyperoxia. The cells in the optic nerve head were found to exist in the same oxygen environment as cells of the inner retina. Oxygen tensions usually varied between 0 and 40 mmHg, with the mean being between 10 and 20 mmHg. There was no difference in oxygen levels between central and peripheral parts of the optic nerve head, nor was there a difference as a function of depth. Different levels of light adaptation of the retina had no effect on oxygen levels in the optic nerve head, but flicker stimulation of the retina resulted in decreases in tissue oxygen tension. A small number of experiments in which the intraocular pressure was raised showed that oxygen levels in the optic nerve head were not drastically altered during acute decreases in perfusion pressure. Based on the size of changes in tissue oxygen tensions during hyperoxia, it appeared that blood vessels in the optic nerve head constricted in response to systemic hyperoxia.
COEVOLUTION AS AN EVOLUTIONARY GAME.

Coevolution is modeled as a continuous game where the fitness-maximizing strategy of an individual is assumed to be a function of the strategy of other individuals who are also under selection to maximize fitness. An evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) is sought such that no rare alternative strategies can invade the community. The approach can be used to model coevolution because the ESS may be composed of a coalition of more than one strategy. This work, by modeling frequency-dependent selection, extends the approach of Roughgarden (1976) which only considered density-dependent selection. In particular, we show that the coevolutionary model of Rummel and Roughgarden (1985) does contain frequency-dependent selection, and thus, their application of Roughgarden's criterion for evolutionary stability to a model for which it is not applicable leads to the erroneous conclusion that the ecological and evolutionary processes are in conflict. The utility of the game theoretic approach is illustrated by two examples. The first considers an ESS composed of a single strategy, the second an ESS composed of a coalition of two strategies. Evolution occurs on a frequency-dependent adaptive landscape. For this reason, the approach is appropriate for modeling competitive speciation (Rosenzweig, 1978). Also, the game theoretic approach is designed to combine the interplay between the background environment (including the biotic components) and the evolutionary potential of the populations or organisms. The actual application of this theory will require knowledge of both.
Mechanical stress field assisted charge de-trapping in carbon doped oxides

Abstract Leakage current and dielectric breakdown effects are conventionally studied under electrical fields alone, with little regard for mechanical stresses. In this letter, we demonstrate that mechanical stress can influence the reliability of dielectrics even at lower field strengths. We applied tensile stress (up to 8 MPa) to a 33% porous, 504 nm thick carbon doped oxide thin film and measured the leakage current at constant electrical fields (up to 2.5 MV/cm). The observed increase in leakage current at relatively low electric fields suggests that mechanical stress assists in trap/defect mediated conduction by reducing the energy barrier potential to de-trap charges in the dielectric.
Identification of Fat4 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in breast cancers.

Fat, a candidate tumor suppressor in Drosophila, is a component of Hippo signaling pathway involved in controlling organ size. We found that a ∼3 Mbp deletion in mouse chromosome 3 caused tumorigenesis of a non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line. The expression of Fat4 gene, one member of the Fat family, in the deleted region was inactivated, which resulted from promoter methylation of another Fat4 allele following the deletion of one Fat4 allele. Re-expression of Fat4 in Fat4-deficient tumor cells suppressed the tumorigenecity whereas suppression of Fat4 expression in the non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line induced tumorigenesis. We also found that Fat4 expression was lost in a large fraction of human breast tumor cell lines and primary tumors. Loss of Fat4 expression in breast tumors was associated with human Fat4 promoter methylation. Together, these findings suggest that Fat4 is a strong candidate for a breast tumor suppressor gene. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Catalytic activity with associated and dissociated forms of the yeast hexokinases.

Abstract In agreement with previous glucose binding data, kinetic studies of the yeast hexokinases at high protein concentration show that the dimeric forms P-I and P-II require much higher glucose concentrations for half-maximal rates than do the monomeric forms S-I and S-II, but each P form reaches the same V value as the corresponding S form. Raising the temperature from 5 °C to 24 °C causes an apparent dissociation of the P forms, most pronounced in the case of P-I, as evidenced by a lowering of glucose K M values toward those of the S forms. Similarly, kinetic measurements at low protein concentrations, where the P forms are presumably fully dissociated, give identical glucose K M values for the P and S forms.
From conflict to clarification: A comment on Egan's “narrative and learning: A voyage of implications”

More persuasively than other writers, the British art historian, Gombrich (1960), made the case that most works of art are derived from previous works of art created within the same culture. That is, the decisions and strokes made in the course of, say, fashioning a painting are a recapitulation of thousands made by one’s predecessors. To be sure, artists will attempt to observe nature with an “innocent eye”; and, on occasion, an artist will succeed in capturing an aspect of nature (or of society) that had previously gone unnoticed or uncaptured in an art form. In rarer circumstances, an innovative or iconoclastic work will actually change the way in which the world comes to be perceived: Such, at any rate, is the meaning of Picasso’s oft-quoted remark that Gertrude Stein would come to look like his 1906 portrait of her. But for the most part, a new creation in a medium builds closely on preceding creations, rather than striking out in new directions. Though Gombrich (1960) concerned himself with the arts, much the same point can be made in the sciences. Most scientific experiments and explanations, and particularly those undertaken in the course of what Kuhn (1970) termed “normal science,” are fashioned closely on the model of earlier work in the domain and, more often than not, they bolster and extend the tradition, rather than departing from it in significant respects. Thus, in the fields of cognitive and developmental psychology, researchers build on the ideas of major philosophers like John Locke and Immanuel Kant, on major psychological theorists like Jean Piaget or Jerome Bruner, and on standard experimental paradigms and demonstrations, of the sort that populate textbooks and the most prestigious journals. After decades of accumulated work in these fields of study, it is not surprising that certain ideas have gained wide currency and are rarely questioned. Chief among them, as Kieran Egan (1993) pointed out in his target article, are the beliefs that young children encounter difficulties dealing with abstractions, that they are consequently attracted to the concrete; and the parallel pair of convic-
A New Host Record for Mesocestoides sp. (Cestoidea: Cyclophyllidea: Mesocestoididae) from a Rough Green Snake Opheodrys aestivus (Ophidia: Colubridae) in Arkansas, U.S.A

ABSTRACT: Twenty-one adult rough green snakes Opheodrys aestivus (Ophidia: Colubridae) were collected during 2010 and 2012 from Montgomery (n = 1) and White (n = 20) counties, Arkansas, U.S.A., and examined for helminths. A single O. aestivus (5%) harbored a massive infection of Mesocestoides sp. This represents a new host record for Mesocestoides sp., and 1 of the rare instances that O. aestivus has been reported to harbor any parasite.
Formation of Calcareous Deposits within Simulated Fatigue Cracks in Seawater

Abstract The potential profile and occurrence of calcareous deposits within simulated fatigue cracks of mild steel specimens has been investigated as a function of cathodic potential, cyclic frequency, and nominal electrolyte velocity. The experiments also included preliminary investigation of the chemistry and structure of the deposits. A model is presented to rationalize the observations, and it is deduced that dissolved oxygen concentration within the crack, as determined by mass transport associated with the crack electrolytic ejection-injection process and by the oxygen reduction reaction, is particularly important.
Alternative parameterizations of relatedness in whole genome association analysis of pre-weaning traits of Nelore-Angus calves

Gestation length, birth weight, and weaning weight of F2 Nelore-Angus calves (n = 737) with designed extensive full-sibling and half-sibling relatedness were evaluated for association with 34,957 SNP markers. In analyses of birth weight, random relatedness was modeled three ways: 1) none, 2) random animal, pedigree-based relationship matrix, or 3) random animal, genomic relationship matrix. Detected birth weight-SNP associations were 1,200, 735, and 31 for those parameterizations respectively; each additional model refinement removed associations that apparently were a result of the built-in stratification by relatedness. Subsequent analyses of gestation length and weaning weight modeled genomic relatedness; there were 40 and 26 trait-marker associations detected for those traits, respectively. Birth weight associations were on BTA14 except for a single marker on BTA5. Gestation length associations included 37 SNP on BTA21, 2 on BTA27 and one on BTA3. Weaning weight associations were on BTA14 except for a single marker on BTA10. Twenty-one SNP markers on BTA14 were detected in both birth and weaning weight analyses.
Intelligent Transportation Systems and Sustainable Communities: Findings of a National Study

The 1990s may well be remembered as the decade in which the idea of sustainability took hold in government, business, academia, and popular culture. In the United States, concerns with sustainability have entered policy discussions at various levels of government and sectors of the economy. The application of the sustainability paradigm to transportation has coincided with the advent of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS—the application of advanced technologies (e.g., computers, communications, advanced sensors) to the surface transportation system—is a major new advanced transportation technology initiative that has become a highly touted prospect for improving the nation's surface transportation system. ITS could have significant effects on the nation's environment, economy, and society, and this has prompted widespread research and speculation on the range of potential ITS impacts. It has also brought ITS into the sustainability debate, and controversy exists over whether ITS will facilitate...
Use of Recycled Brick Masonry Aggregate and Recycled Brick Masonry Aggregate Concrete in Sustainable Construction

Use of recycled aggregates in portland cement concrete (PCC) construction can offer benefits associated with both economy and sustainability. Testing performed to date indicates that recycled brick masonry aggregate (RBMA) can be used as a 100% replacement for conventional coarse aggregate in concrete that exhibits acceptable mechanical properties for use in structural and pavement elements, including satisfactory performance in some durability tests. Recycled brick masonry aggregate concrete (RBMAC) is currently not used in any type of construction in the United States. However, use of RBMAC could become a viable construction strategy as sustainable building practices become the norm. This paper explores the feasibility of use of RBMAC in several types of sustainable construction initiatives, based upon the findings of previous work with RBMAC that incorporates RBMA produced from construction and demolition waste from a case study site. A summary of material properties of RBMAC that will be useful to construction professionals are presented, along with a discussion of advantages and impediments to use. Several quality assurance and quality control techniques that could be incorporated into specifications are identified.
NMR of biopolymers

NMR in Molecular Biology. By Oleg Jardetzky and G. C. K. Roberts. Pp.681. ISBN 0-12-380580-5. (Academic: 1982.) $59, £39.
Pediatric myasthenia gravis and velopharyngeal incompetence.

Abstract Objective: To determine the clinical course of velopharyngeal incompetence in children with myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: A 30-year retrospective study was performed using the medical records of 538 children who presented with velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI) to a tertiary care academic pediatric center. Children with velopharyngeal incompetence due to myasthenia gravis were identified and their clinical courses were reviewed. Results: Four children were identified with velopharyngeal incompetence associated with myasthenia gravis. All four children required intervention for improvement of speech intelligibility. A speech prosthesis was the uniform intervention. Conclusion: Neonatal myasthenia gravis patients should be followed long-term as symptoms may recur as speech impairment. In addition, a high index of suspicion for this entity is required for early diagnosis due to the highly variable presentation and clinical course.
Thymidine kinase from ovaries of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae: Regulation by juvenile hormone

Abstract Thymidine kinase (TK) (ATP: thymidine-5′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.75) was characterized in ovarian extracts from the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. TK activity was localized in the follicular epithelium surrounding the terminal oocyte, and subcellular fractionation studies indicated that TK was a cytosolic enzyme. Optimal assay conditions for TK were: (a) 5–10 mM ATP, (b) 4–6 mM MgCl2, (c) pH 7.6–8.5 and (d) an incubation temperature of 45°C. Kinetic studies indicated an apparent Michaelis constant ( K m ) of 0.22 ± 0.07 μM thymidine (TdR) for TK extracted from ovaries of virgin females and 0.17 ± 0.05 μM TdR for that extracted from developing ovaries. Thymidine-5′-triphosphate (TTP) was an effective inhibitor of enzyme activity with an I50 of approx. 0.062 mM TTP. Thymidine kinase activity was monitored in ovaries during terminal follicle maturation of the first reproductive cycle. Low levels of TK activity (0.5–1.0 pmol/min per ovary) were detected in ovaries of virgin females, peaked in ovaries 5–5.5 mm in length (90 pmol/min per ovary), and then declined to basal levels (1–10 pmol/min per ovary) prior to choriogenesis. Moreover, the profiles of TK activity correlated closely with the profile of DNA synthesis. Decapitation of females arrested TK activity, while injection of 25 μg JH I or III restored activity to normal levels. JH stimulation of the activity was dose-dependent, with maximal activation after injection of 25–50 μg. Peak TK activity was observed approx. 96 hr after injection, and high enzyme activity persisted for 192 hr. Injection of 2 or 4 μg actinomycin D along with the JH inhibited TK activity, suggesting a role for JH in regulation of de novo synthesis of the enzyme.
Discrete wave mechanics: Multidimensional systems.

Abstract Discrete wave mechanics is pursued further by extending the one-dimensional treatment to two (or more) dimensions in the light of explicit momentum considerations. Cognizance is taken of the effect of particle motion on mass and hence on the interactions between components of motion in different directions. The overall energy parameter turns out to be a product instead of a sum of parameters identified with each of several orthogonal axes. Accordingly, the separation of variables is most directly accomplished by factoring the principal energy parameter in conjunction with factoring the wave vector expression itself. Wave vector energies, on the other hand, remain additive. Finally, group velocity components are discussed for higher-dimensional systems.
Public capital stock and state productivity growth: Further evidence from an error components model

The contribution of different types of public infrastructure on private production is investigated using time-series of cross-section data for the 48 contiguous states over the period 1970–1986. A Cobb-Douglas production function is estimated with unobserved state-specific effects. Measurement errors in public capital stock and its components are detected and rectified.
Moricizine: A New Agent for the Treatment of Ventricular Arrhythmias

ABSTRACT Over the last several years, a number of new antiarrhythmic agents have come into use. One of these promising new drugs, moricizine hydrochloride (Ethmozine®), is now available for use in this country. Although similar in some aspects to both quinidine and lidocaine, Moricizine hydrochloride is in many ways unique. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacologic and physiologic effects of moricizine and to outline its clinical use.
Brief exposure to copper activates lysosomal exocytosis

Copper (Cu) is essential mineral, but its toxicity necessitates existence of powerful machinery responsible for the extraction of excess Cu from the cell. Cu exposure was recently shown to induce the translocation of Cu pump ATP7B to the lysosomes followed by lysosomal exocytosis. Here we sought to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of Cu on lysosomal exocytosis. We found that brief exposure to Cu activates lysosomal exocytosis, which was measured as a release of the lysosomal digestive enzyme β-hexosaminidase (β-hex) into the extracellular medium and by the presence lysosomal protein LAMP1 at the plasma membrane. Such release depends on calcium (Ca) and on the lysosomal SNARE VAMP7. ATP7B knockdown using RNAi suppressed the basal lysosomal exocytosis, but did not affect the ability of Cu to activate it. ATP7B knockdown was associated with sustained oxidative stress. The removal of Ca from the extracellular medium suppressed the Cu-dependent component of the lysosomal exocytosis. We propose that Cu promotes lysosomal exocytosis by facilitating a Ca-dependent step of the lysosomal exocytosis.
Neural Correlates of Symptom Dimensions in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Objective Neuroimaging studies have identified distinct neural correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom dimensions in adult subjects and may be related to functional abnormalities in different cortico-striatal-thalamic neural systems underlying cognition and affective processing. Similar symptom dimensions are apparent in childhood and adolescence, but their functional neural correlates remain to be elucidated. Method Pediatric subjects with OCD (n = 18) and matched controls (n = 18), ages 10 to 17 years, were recruited for two functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments. They were scanned while viewing alternating blocks of symptom provocation (contamination-related or symmetry-related) and neutral pictures and imagining scenarios related to the content of each picture type. Results The subjects with OCD demonstrated reduced activity in the right insula, putamen, thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left orbitofrontal cortex (contamination experiment) and in the right thalamus and right insula (symmetry experiment). Higher scores on OCD symptom-related measures (contamination and total severity) were significantly predictive of reduced neural activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the contamination experiment. Conclusions Our findings indicate reduced activity in neural regions underlying emotional processing, cognitive processing, and motor performance in pediatric subjects with OCD compared with the controls. These between-group differences are present during both contamination and symmetry provocation experiments and during symptom provocation as well as viewing neutral pictures. The direction of activity is in contrast to adult findings in the insula and in components of cortico-striatal thalamic neural systems. Our findings suggest developmental effects on neural systems underlying symptom dimensions in pediatric OCD.