cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of intelligence from infancy through adolescence: An autoregressive latent variable model

Abstract This study examined the stability of the latent construct of intelligence from infancy through adolescence, using latent variable modeling to account for measurement error. Based on the Fullerton Longitudinal Study data, the present study modeled general intelligence across four developmental periods from infancy through adolescence. The Fullerton Longitudinal Study included twelve assessments of intellectual performance over a sixteen-year interval. Three assessments of intellectual performance at each of four developmental periods served as indicators of latent intelligence during infancy (1, 1.5, and 2 years old), preschool (2.5, 3, and 3.5 years old), childhood (6, 7, and 8 years old), and adolescence (12, 15, and 17 years old). Intelligence exhibited a high degree of stability across the four developmental periods. For instance, infant intelligence revealed a strong cross-time correlation with preschool intelligence (r = 0.91) and moderate correlations with childhood and adolescent intelligence (r = 0.69 and 0.57, respectively). Intelligence followed a stage-autoregressive pattern whereby correlations between IQ scores decreased as the timespan between assessment waves increased. Further, from infancy to adolescence, the effect of intelligence during earlier periods was completely mediated by intelligence during the adjacent developmental period. In contrast to much prior research, this study demonstrated the stability of general intelligence, beginning in infancy.
Clarifying the Relationship Between Racial Diversity and Crime: Neighborhoods Versus Cities:

Since the 1970s, racial diversity within neighborhoods and cities has been increasing. Although social disorganization theorists have long argued that diversity reduces social cohesion leading to i...
Recovering biblical narratives for positive psychology and suicide prevention in modern Israel

Suicide is the ultimate outcome of a tragic and pessimistic view of life, so prevalent in ancient Greek writings. Indeed, over 16 suicides and self-mutilations can be found in the 26 surviving trag...
Adding Paracetamol to Ibuprofen for the Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the closure rate of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) of intravenous ibuprofen + paracetamol (acetaminophen) versus ibuprofen + placebo, in preterm infants of 24 to 316/7 weeks postmenstrual age. Study Design This is a single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled pilot study. Infants were assigned for treatment with either intravenous ibuprofen + paracetamol (n = 12) or ibuprofen + placebo (n = 12). Results There was no statistical difference in baseline characteristics of the two groups. Echocardiography parameters were comparable before treatment in both groups. There was a trend toward higher hsPDA closure rate in the paracetamol group in comparison to the placebo group (83 vs. 42%, p = 0.08). No adverse effects, clinical or laboratory, were associated with adding paracetamol. Conclusion Our pilot study was unable to detect a beneficial effect by adding intravenous paracetamol to ibuprofen for the treatment of hsPDA. Larger prospective studies are needed to explore the positive tendency suggested by our results and to assure safety.
Percutaneous Catheter Dissolution of Cystine Calculi

AbstractIn 11 kidneys with presumed cystine stones that were symptomatic and obstructing, percutaneous nephrostomy and stone lavage with either acetylcysteine-bicarbonate solution or tromethamine-E were performed. There were 7 complete stone dissolutions: 2 of 6 attempts with acetylcysteine-bicarbonate alone, 3 of 5 with tromethamine-E, 1 partial with acetylcysteine-bicarbonate, which was completed with tromethamine-E, and 1 proved mixed stone (cystine and calcium phosphate) that required acetylcysteine-bicarbonate and hemiacidrin. In 1 case tromethamine-E irrigation was 97 per cent complete but a few tiny caliceal fragments remained. There were 3 failures of chemolysis: 2 pure cystine stones (1 each acetylcysteine-bicarbonate and tromethamine-E) and 1 mixed calculus with a surface shell of calcium oxalate. Irrigation time was 6 to 42 days for the 7 unoperated kidneys. Tromethamine-E appears to be a more effective agent for cystine stone dissolution. Percutaneous nephrostomy and dissolution are an alterna...
RUL Estimation of Power Semiconductor Switch using Evolutionary Time series Prediction

Electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid EV (HEV) are popular for their low fuel cost per mile and near zero carbon emission. These vehicles utilize power semiconductor switches for high efficiency power conversion. These switches experience electrical, thermal, mechanical stresses during their operation and these stresses result in degradation and subsequently, wire–bond lift-off and solder fatigue. This degradation can be identified at an early stage by monitoring the tendency of fault precursor trajectory. Moreover, remaining useful life (RUL) is estimated from prediction and projection of this trajectory. Bayesian filters such as Kalman filter (KF), extended KF and generic particle filtering (GPF) methods have been recently used for trajectory tracing and projection. These methods suffer large variance in tendency projection when trajectory has both linear and non-linear tendencies and subject to harsh measurement noise. Moreover, these methods require large number of samples for probability density function (PDF) construction. In this paper, a hybrid Auto regression integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)-Neural Network (NN) model is utilized for tendency prediction and RUL estimation. The contribution of these two models is estimated and optimized using a nature inspired Covariance Matrix Adaptation (CMA) evolutionary technique. This hybrid algorithm combines the advantages of ARIMA and NN model to precisely trace and project fault precursor trajectory even under harsh noise. Simulation results verify its effectiveness under different noise level. The experimental validation of the proposed method is shown using RUL estimation of collector-emitter on-state voltage (V CE,ON ) of IGBT. The performance of this method is compared to ARIMA model, NN, and PF model.
Poetic Theology: Paul and Form

The article offers a reading of the letters of Paul in relation to their interpretation by a number of figures – Carl Schmitt, Jacob Taubes, Giorgio Agamben, and Alain Badiou. It traces the persistence of an economy of terms in Paul, in relation to the part and the whole, death and life, spirit and the flesh, and others, to argue that this economy morphs and transforms itself in the modern world, imparting and imposing a sociality of living and dying, a coercive distribution and withholding of violence in colonization, on a global scale. And this paper argues, at the same time, that the economy of terms Paul’s letters advance is interrupted, that it comes undone, and that, in this coming undone, the theological becomes poetic – that the letters if Paul teach us to read what may be called “poetic theology.”
When Do We Become Adults? Review of Theory, Research and Recent Advances from an Interdisciplinary Perspective

Major developmental psychology theories, such as psychoanalytic, behavioural or cognitive, have tried to explain how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime. These theories have mainly focused on the stages of development early in life - from infancy to adolescence - leaving the impression that after adolescence no significant leaps in development occur. However, a large body of evidence that has emerged recently revealed that becoming an adult is much more complicated and temporally extended than previously believed. The aim of this paper was to use an interdisciplinary approach to tap into the issue of transition to adulthood by integrating recent brain and cognitive maturational findings from neuroscience and cognitive psychology while considering traditional and legal markers of adulthood. We first discuss some of the questions related to definitions of the period of adulthood through societal and legal frameworks. Next, we examine some of the prevailing views on protracted structural and functional brain maturation and its impact on cognitive development, emphasizing the need and the potential value of investigating how these changes may influence important life choices during early young adulthood that have long-lasting consequences. Finally, based on evidence from existing research, we highlight the importance of deeper appreciation and integration of findings from different research disciplines in order to better understand strengths and vulnerabilities of young adults.
A Good Job: Campus Employment as a High-Impact Practice

Working college students have been engrained within the history of U.S. higher education institutions, but there is limited literature on their experiences. Today, students experience several chall...
Psychiatric Illness Is Common in Elderly Fracture Patients

OBJECTIVES To (1) describe the prevalence of psychiatric illness in fracture patients ≥70 years of age and (2) investigate the association between psychiatric illness and complications requiring unplanned readmission in elderly patients. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS One thousand one hundred eighty-six patients ≥70 years of age with surgically treated fractures and ≥1-month follow-up treated from 2012 to 2017. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Complication requiring unplanned readmission. RESULTS Forty-four percent of patients ≥70 years of age have psychiatric comorbidities, and of those, 34% had >1 diagnosis. There was a higher rate of readmission among patients with psychiatric diagnosis compared with those without psychiatric diagnosis (35% vs. 21%, P < 0.001). There was a higher prevalence of psychiatric illness among patients 70 years of age or older compared with patients less than 70 years of age (44% vs. 39%, P = 0.007). Multivariate regression analysis controlling for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, dementia, delirium during admission, tobacco use, substance abuse, Injury Severity Score, fracture location, number of procedures, and number of fractures demonstrated an independent association between psychiatric illness and unplanned readmission (adjusted OR 1.54, 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.07, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the elderly patients in the present cohort have psychiatric comorbidities. Furthermore, psychiatric illness is an independent predictor of unplanned readmission, which may have substantial consequences for recovery and cost of care. This emphasizes the need for more attention to these issues in geriatric patient populations and the need to identify means to influence the downstream consequences of these comorbidities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Rise of the Old Brute

This chapter reads the rupture between Ed and Ernest through the lens of trauma theory, positing Hemingway’s turn toward the primitive as a defensive response to it. I explicate the relationship between trauma, personality, and prose through the post-traumatic tropes of “dissociation” (fragmentation) and “retrenchment” (regression), while contextualizing each as part of a host of defensive responses Hemingway developed over time with respect to the wounds of family, love, and war. The epistolary evidence is presented to document the emergence of the Old Brute as a sign of the retrenched personality, as well as the blood spoor this persona leaves in the symbolic realm of Hemingway’s trauma narratives (DIA, GHOA, TAFL/UK et al.). The trope of the primitive is also read through the lens of its inter-textual alliterations with Hewlett, Twain and Roosevelt.
Characterizing Clinical Features and Creating a Gene Expression Profile Associated With Pain Burden in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND There is often dissociation between inflammatory activity and abdominal pain in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), suggesting other factors may play a role in the pain experience. METHODS Patients (8 to 17 years) newly diagnosed with IBD were enrolled in the ALLAY Study: Assessing Risk Factors for Abdominal Pain in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (NCT02984059). At diagnostic colonoscopy, 3 rectal biopsies were collected, and gene expression analysis was performed using Qiagen RT2 Profiler Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain PCR Array. Relative fold difference in gene expression for 84 pain-associated genes was calculated using the 2-ΔΔ Cq method compared with pain-free controls. Factors affecting pain burden (Pain Burden Interview; PBI) were analyzed, including age, sex, rectal inflammation, and gene expression. Data were analyzed using multiple stepwise linear regression and 2-tailed t tests (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Thirty-nine newly diagnosed IBD patients were included (65% male, mean age 12.75 years [SD 2.63], 23 Crohn's disease, 16 ulcerative colitis), along with 3 controls. Mean PBI score was 7.73 (SD 6.4, range 0 to 23) for all patients. Age and sex were not predictive of pain burden, but disease activity score was (P = 0.03). Expression of TRPV3, OPRM1, P2X3, SCN9A, PTGS2, and MAPK14 were associated with PBI score. Subsequent 2-tailed t tests comparing patients with no pain (PBI score ≦ 2, N = 11) to those with pain (PBI > 2, N = 28) confirmed differential expression of TRPV3, PTGS2, and MAPK14 was in patients with pain (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pain burden in newly diagnosed IBD patients may be linked to TRPV3, PTGS2, and MAPK14 expression, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for managing pain in IBD.
Composition and diversity of the subgingival microbiome and its relationship with age in postmenopausal women: an epidemiologic investigation

The extent to which the composition and diversity of the oral microbiome varies with age is not clearly understood. The 16S rRNA gene of subgingival plaque in 1219 women, aged 53–81 years, was sequenced and its taxonomy annotated against the Human Oral Microbiome Database (v.14.5). Composition of the subgingival microbiome was described in terms of centered log(2)-ratio (CLR) transformed OTU values, relative abundance, and prevalence. Correlations between microbiota abundance and age were evelauted using Pearson Product Moment correlations. P-values were corrected for multiple testing using the Bonferroni method. Of the 267 species identified overall, Veillonella dispar was the most abundant bacteria when described by CLR OTU (mean 8.3) or relative abundance (mean 8.9%); whereas Streptococcus oralis, Veillonella dispar and Veillonella parvula were most prevalent (100%, all) when described as being present at any amount. Linear correlations between age and several CLR OTUs (Pearson r = − 0.18 to 0.18), of which 82 (31%) achieved statistical significance (P < 0.05). The correlations lost significance following Bonferroni correction. Twelve species that differed across age groups (each corrected P < 0.05); 5 (42%) were higher in women ages 50–59 compared to ≥70 (corrected P < 0.05), and 7 (48%) were higher in women 70 years and older. We identified associations between several bacterial species and age across the age range of postmenopausal women studied. Understanding the functions of these bacteria could identify intervention targets to enhance oral health in later life.
Primary angiosarcoma of the breast: Case report of a rare vascular tumor.

Abstract This is a case report of a woman in her sixth decade of life diagnosed with primary angiosarcoma of the breast using mammography and ultrasound, confirmed with imaging-guided biopsy, and finally treated with surgery and radiation. Imaging studies obtained and discussed include mammography, ultrasonography, and MRI. Further discussion on the presenting symptoms, useful imaging modalities, and treatment options takes place. It is important to consider primary angiosarcoma of the breast, though rare, in any woman presenting with a palpable breast mass and, if feasible, an MRI will be most helpful in the diagnosis of this rare tumor.
Photo Quiz: Dry Gangrenous Necrosis of the Foot of a Septuagenarian.

A more-than-70-year-old male patient with a medical history of peripheral artery disease, smoking, and hyperlipidemia had undergone multiple surgical interventions, including thrombectomy and femoral-femoral and femoral-popliteal bypass of his right lower limb, over the preceding 4 years. After
Music Downloads and the Flip Side of Digital Rights Management

Digital rights management (DRM) is an important yet controversial issue in the information goods markets. Although DRM is supposed to help copyright owners by protecting digital content from illegal copying or distribution, it is controversial because DRM imposes restrictions on even legal users, and there are many industry practitioners who believe that the industry would be better off without DRM. In this paper, we model consumers' utilities and their incentives to purchase legal products versus pirate illegal ones. This allows us to endogenize the level of piracy and understand how it is influenced by the presence or absence of DRM. Our analysis suggests that, counterintuitively, download piracy might decrease when the firm allows legal DRM-free downloads. Furthermore, we find that a decrease in piracy does not guarantee an increase in firm profits and that that copyright owners do not always benefit from making it harder to copy music illegally. By analyzing the competition among the traditional retailer, the digital retailer, and pirated sources of information goods, we get a better understanding of the competitive forces in the market and provide insights into the role of digital rights management.
Echoing + Resistant Imagining: Filipino Student Writing Under American Colonial Rule

This article articulates the concept of echoing + resistant imagining through an analysis of Filipino student writing under American colonization at the turn of the twentieth century. Following sch...
MyD88 mediates in vivo effector functions of alveolar macrophages in acute lung inflammatory responses to carbon nanotube exposure

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are rapidly emerging as high-priority occupational toxicants. CNT powders contain fibrous particles that aerosolize readily in places of manufacture and handling, posing an inhalation risk for workers. Studies using animal models indicate that lung exposure to CNTs causes prolonged inflammatory responses and diffuse alveolar injury. The mechanisms governing CNT-induced lung inflammation are not fully understood but have been suggested to involve alveolar macrophages (AMs). In the current study, we sought to systematically assess the effector role of AMs in vivo in the induction of lung inflammatory responses to CNT exposures and investigate their cell type-specific mechanisms. Multi-wall CNTs characterized for various physicochemical attributes were used as the CNT type. Using an AM-specific depletion and repopulation approach in a mouse model, we unambiguously demonstrated that AMs are major effector cells necessary for the in vivo elaboration of CNT-induced lung inflammation. We further investigated in vitro AM responses and identified molecular targets which proved critical to pro-inflammatory responses in this model, namely MyD88 as well as MAPKs and Ca(2+)/CamKII. We further demonstrated that MyD88 inhibition in donor AMs abrogated their capacity to reconstitute CNT-induced inflammation when adoptively transferred into AM-depleted mice. Taken together, this is the first in vivo demonstration that AMs act as critical effector cell types in CNT-induced lung inflammation and that MyD88 is required for this in vivo effector function. AMs and their cell type-specific mechanisms may therefore represent potential targets for future therapeutic intervention of CNT-related lung injury.
Legislative Voting: Influences on Environmental Voting in the House of Representatives

The question of what prompts legislators to vote as they do has long been the subject of much empirical political research. This research project contributes to this body of literature by addressing the question of what factors influence how members of Congress vote on environmental issues. More specifically, I examine how a combination of personal and constituency characteristics influence the level of environmental support of members of the House of Representatives in the years 2003 through 2006. The personal characteristics of the representatives examined are gender, party, and seniority; the constituency characteristics are region, urbanicity, occupation, education, and district ideology. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol13/iss1/9
RATES OF ORGANIC CARBON ACCUMULATION IN YOUNG MINERAL SOILS NEAR BURROUGHS GLACIER, GLACIER BAY, ALASKA

The functional relationship between organic carbon in surface mineral horizons of fine-grained soils and time of soil development is examined in a chronosequence of soils deglaciated within 40 years of sampling. Rates of carbon accumulation increased through time in the first 4 decades of pedogenesis. Little carbon accumulated in the first 10 years, but rapid accumulation occurred over the next 22 years as alders (Alnus crispa) began to colonize. Several chronofunctions of carbon accumulation are derived for the Burroughs data. A second-order polynomial function provides a good model of carbon accumulation in the first four decades of pedogenesis that is stronger and more significant than conventional exponential and power function models. A data set extended to 1000 years based on earlier studies in the region, indicates that carbon accumulation rates in this proglacial environment can be expressed by a sigmoidal curve. Several conventional chronofunctions derived from the extended data are appropriate f...
Self-similar pulses as a route to low-repetition-rate femtosecond fiber lasers

Investigations of mode-locked Yb fiber lasers with low repetition rates show that self-similar pulse evolution offers substantially improved performance over stretched-pulse operation.
Mining Interesting Possibilistic Set-Valued Rules

We describe the problem of mining set valued rules in large relational tables containing categorical attributes taking a finite number of values. Such rules allow for an interval of possible values to be selected for each attribute in condition instead of a single value for association rules, while conclusion contains a projection of the data restricted by the condition onto a target attribute. An example of such a rule might be “if HOUSEHOLDSIZE = {Two OR Tree} AND OCCUPATION={Professional OR Clerical} THEN PAYMENT_METHOD = {CashCheck (Max=249, Sum=4952) OR DebitCard (Max=175, Sum=3021)} WHERE Confidence=85%, Support=10%.}” We use an original conceptional and formal framework for representing multidimensional distribution induced from data by a number of so-called prime disjunctions upper bounding its surface. Each prime disjunction represents a wide multidimensional interval of impossible combinations of attribute values. This original formalism generalises the conventional boolean approach in two directions: (i) finite-valued attributes (instead of only 0 and 1), and (ii) continuous-valued semantics instead of (true and false). In addition, we describe an efficient algorithm, which carries out the generalised dual transformation from possibilistic disjunctive normal form (DNF) representing data into conjunctive normal form (CNF) representing knowledge and thus generates all the most interesting prime disjunctions. Once obtained they can be used to build different forms of rules or for other purposes (prediction, clustering etc.).
Evolution of genetic mechanisms controlling petal development

Molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and other higher-eudicot flowering plants have led to the development of the 'ABC' model of the determination of organ identity in flowers, in which three classes of gene, A, B and C, are thought to work together to determine organ identity. According to this model, the B-class genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) act to specify petal and stamen identity. Here we test whether the roles of these genes are conserved throughout the angiosperms by analysing the expression of AP3 and PI orthologues in the lower eudicot subclass Ranunculidae. We show that, although expression of these orthologues in the stamens is conserved, the expression patterns in the petals differ from those found in the higher eudicots. The differences between these expression patterns suggest that the function of AP3 and PI homologues as B-class organ-identity genes is not rigidly conserved among all angiosperms. These observations have important implications for understanding the evolution of both angiosperm petals and the genetic mechanisms that control the identities of floral organs.
Characterization of endosome-endosome fusion in a cell-free system using Dictyostelium discoideum.

An in vitro endosome fusion assay using Dictyostelium discoideum is described. The method requires endocytosis of anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgG or DNP-derivitized beta-glucuronidase into two sets of cells. After homogenizing the cells, the vesicles were mixed, and fusion was measured by quantitating immune complex formation between DNP-beta-glucuronidase and anti-DNP IgG. Fusion was dependent upon ATP, temperature, pH, ionic strength, and cytosol and sensitive to detergent, dilution, trypsin, N-ethylmaleimide, and guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate. Although weak bases, ionophores, hadacidin, [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid, and caffeine inhibit endocytosis in vivo, these reagents had no affect on in vitro endosome fusion. Comparison of Dictyostelium with mammalian cells showed differences in the temperature, pH, and salt requirements for fusion, possibly reflecting differences in the life-styles of various cell types. Like mammalian cells, Dictyostelium required GTP-binding protein(s) and an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor for endosome fusion. Thus, the mechanism driving endosome fusion may have been conserved throughout evolution. Electron microscopic studies confirmed in vitro endosome fusion and revealed endosomes were being engulfed by other endosomes, resulting in formation of multivesicular elements (i.e. autophagic vesicles). This system may be useful for characterizing mutations, evolution, and developmental regulation along the endocytic pathway.
Progress report on Mars Pathfinder Project approach

The Mars Pathfinder Project, one of NASA's first Discovery Class missions, will launch on December 2, 1996 and land on Mars on July 4, 1997 at low cost, fixed price, and on a short development schedule. This paper summarizes the mission, its science return and progress to date on its innovative "Cheaper, Better, Faster" project implementation approach.
Mechanisms of Gene Conversion in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

In red-white sectored colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, derived from mitotic cells grown to stationary phase and irradiated with a light dose of x-rays, all of the segregational products of gene conversion and crossing over can be ascertained. Approximately 80% of convertants are induced in G1, the remaining 20% in G2. Crossing over, in the amount of 20%, is found among G1 convertants but most of the crossovers are delayed until G2. About 20% of all sectored colonies had more than one genotype in one or the other sector, thus confirming the hypothesis that conversion also occurs in G2. The principal primary event in G2 conversion is a single DNA heteroduplex. It is suggested that the close contact that this implies carries over to G2 when crossing over and a second round of conversion occurs.
Unpacking collaborative depression care: examining two essential tasks for implementation.

Objective The Collaborative Care Model (CCM) is increasingly recognized as a best practice model to integrate evidence-based mental health care in primary care. Wide dissemination of the CCM, however, may be hindered by a lack of understanding of the relative importance of the different components of the model. This study aims to assess how fidelity to two key process-of-care tasks of the CCM predicts patient depression outcomes.
Hidden in plain sight: Using optimum yield as a policy framework to operationalize ecosystem-based fisheries management

Abstract An often-cited impediment to the operationalization of ecosystem-based fisheries management is the lack of a governance structure that explicitly provides the authority and framework for implementing this holistic approach to fisheries management. However within the United States and elsewhere in the world, the concept of optimum yield appears to be an explicit mandate and framework that can and should be used to operationalize ecosystem-based fisheries management. This optimum yield policy has been hidden in plain sight for close to 40 years, largely due to happenstance, as other factors facing society-at-large have masked the original intent behind this concept. This paper describes the similarities between optimum yield and ecosystem-based fisheries management, how it has been overlooked in the past, and how the concept can be used to operationalize ecosystem-based fisheries management.
The effect of supplemental feeding on the territorial behavior of the green frog ( Rana clamitans )

The green frog, Rana clamitans , exhibits a resource defense mating strategy whereby males advertise for mates and defend territories along the shoreline of breeding ponds for periods up to several weeks. Because male green frogs may be energy-limited during the breeding season, I tested the predictions that males provided with extra food would 1) have longer tenures on territories, 2) show reduced movement between territories (due to greater site specificity), and 3) expend more energy in calling and territory defense. I tested these predictions by supplementally feeding frogs and by conducting regular surveys of frog location and behavior over the course of the breeding season in a fenced-in pond. My results support the second prediction but do not support the first and third predictions. Supplementally-fed male green frogs moved less than half the distance of sham-fed males. Green frog males reduce foraging but do not increase activities associated with aggression and territorial defense when food resources are more abundant.
Delivery of the nonvortex second twin: Breech extraction versus external cephalic version

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the maternal and perinatal outcomes of twin gestations in which the nonvortex second twin was delivered by total breech extraction versus those delivered by external cephalic version. STUDY DESIGN: The intrapartum courses of 284 consecutive twin gestations were analyzed retrospectively. Once those with actual birth weight RESULTS: The two groups were similar for mean (±SD) maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age at delivery, ultrasonographic estimate of birth weight for twin B, incidence of breech or transverse presentation for the second fetus, and actual birth weight of the first or second newborn. Suspected fetal distress that led to cesarean delivery occurred significantly more often in parturients who underwent attempted external version ( 4 21 ) than total breech extraction ( 0 23 , p = 0.04 ). The incidence of eventual abdominal delivery was also significantly higher in patients who underwent attempted external cephalic version ( 10 21 ) rather than breech extraction ( 1 23 , p = 0.001 ). For twin B the occurrence of low Apgar scores at 1 minute was significantly higher for infants after attempted external version ( 7 21 ) rather than breech extraction ( 1 23 , p = 0.02 ), but the mean pH, number with Apgar scores CONCLUSION: On the basis of our experience, total breech extraction of the nonvertex second twin is preferable to external cephalic version because it appears to be associated with a significantly lower incidence of fetal distress and abdominal delivery with comparable neonatal outcome.
Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the contractile properties of reinnervated rat skeletal muscle.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a common herbicide, was administered to rats (100 mg/kg, i.p.) during 24 days to determine whether or not it is toxic to regenerating peripheral nerve and reinnervating muscle. The peroneal nerve was crushed 1 cm proximal to the extensor digitorum longus muscle and recordings made in vivo after 1 to 24 days. Functional reinnervation was observed by day 10 and recovery was similar in rats receiving 2,4-D or vehicle. Distal motor latencies and muscle action potentials returned toward normal during the 24 days in a similar manner in 2,4-D and controls. Isometric twitch tensions per muscle weight on indirect stimulation returned to intact values by 17 days, but in the 2,4-D animals they became larger (P < 0.01) than controls by day 24. The twitch:tetanus ratios were increased at day 10 and returned toward normal values in the controls but remained increased (P < 0.01) in the 2,4-D animals at 24 days. Similar results were obtained on direct muscle stimulation. The data suggest that 2,4-D is not toxic to nerve during regeneration or muscle reinnervation in the rat, but that it does affect both twitch and tetanus tensions suggesting proliferation as well as disruption of myofibrils.
SIMULATION ISSUES WITH A REAL-TIME, FULL-SCALE SEISMIC TESTING SYSTEM

Large seismic isolation bearings and/or dampers are currently used to seismically retrofit several long-span bridges. These large devices must be thoroughly tested at full-scale with real-time seismic demands, necessitating new, larger seismic testing facilities. Accurate performance characterisation of these devices depends on thorough characterisation of the seismic testing facility itself. One component of this essential systems' characterisation is a mathematical simulation model. Although linear modelling techniques have traditionally been used to characterise seismic facilities, many of the large system's unique behaviours, parameters and non-linearities significantly reduce the accuracy of linear modelling techniques. These significant characteristics are discussed in detail. A more comprehensive non-linear modelling approach is required for these large facilities, and a simulation model using a non-linear time-history dynamic analysis approach is outlined.
Ensuring Treatment Fidelity in a Multi-site Behavioral Intervention Study: Implementing NIH Behavior Change Consortium Recommendations in the SMART Trial

The Stories and Music for Adolescent/Young Adult Resilience during Transplant (SMART) study (R01NR008583; U10CA098543; U10CA095861) is an ongoing multi-site Children's Oncology Group randomized clinical trial testing the efficacy of a therapeutic music video intervention for adolescents/young adults (11-24 years of age) with cancer undergoing stem cell transplant. Treatment fidelity strategies from our trial are consistent with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Behavior Change Consortium Treatment Fidelity Workgroup (BCC) recommendations and provide a successful working model for treatment fidelity implementation in a large, multi-site behavioral intervention study. In this paper, we summarize 20 specific treatment fidelity strategies used in the SMART trial and how these strategies correspond with NIH BCC recommendations in five specific areas: (1) study design, (2) training providers, (3) delivery of treatment, (4) receipt of treatment, and (5) enactment of treatment skills. Increased use and reporting of treatment fidelity procedures is essential in advancing the reliability and validity of behavioral intervention research. The SMART trial provides a strong model for the application of fidelity strategies to improve scientific findings and addresses the absence of published literature, illustrating the application of BCC recommendations in behavioral intervention studies.
Discovery of potent and highly selective thienopyridine Janus kinase 2 inhibitors.

Developing Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) inhibitors has become a significant focus for small molecule drug discovery programs in recent years due to the identification of a Jak2 gain-of-function mutation in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Here, we describe the discovery of a thienopyridine series of Jak2 inhibitors that culminates with compounds showing 100- to >500-fold selectivity over the related Jak family kinases in enzyme assays. Selectivity for Jak2 was also observed in TEL-Jak cellular assays, as well as in cytokine-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and whole blood assays. X-ray cocrystal structures of 8 and 19 bound to the Jak2 kinase domain aided structure–activity relationship efforts and, along with a previously reported small molecule X-ray cocrystal structure of the Jak1 kinase domain, provided structural rationale for the observed high levels of Jak2 selectivity.
Renal failure in lymphoma

Presentation of the Forum is made possible by grants from Smith Kline & French Laboratories, Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Inc., CIBA Pharmaceutical Company, GEIGY Pharmaceuticals, and Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd.
Abstract 341: Effects of immunosuppressive cyclosporin A on epidermal keratinocytes

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Non-melanoma skin cancer, the most common neoplasia after solid organ transplantation, causes serious morbidity and mortality and is related to sun exposure. Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been used widely to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. The mechanism of CsA action in causing cancer was thought to be well understood via immunosuppression. Here, we show that CsA promotes primary skin tumor growth in immune-deficient mice. CsA treatment at therapeutic plasma concentrations promotes growth and survival from removal of extracellular matrix or UVB radiation. CsA treatment enhances AKT activation following serum treatment and UVB radiation. Furthermore we found that PTEN expression, the negative regulator of AKT activation, is reduced significantly upon CsA treatment in human HaCaT and A431 cells and in mouse skin in vivo. Accordingly, the enhanced AKT activation in CsA-treated cells upon UVB radiation is observed in PTEN knockdown keratinocytes. CsA-induced PTEN suppression is critical for increased AKT activation. Inhibition of AKT activation abolishes CsA-promoted growth and survival, indicating that AKT hyperactivation is essential for the enhanced growth and survival of CsA-treated cells. In addition, mTOR signaling as a known AKT downstream target is required for CsA-enhanced growth and survival. Taken together, we have identified PTEN/AKT pathway as new molecular targets of CsA in epidermal keratinocytes, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism in CsA-enhanced skin carcinogenesis. Our findings challenge assumptions about how CsA-associated tumors arise in skin. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 341.
SKS and SPdKS sensitivity to two‐dimensional ultralow‐velocity zones

[1] Seismic wave propagation through two-dimensional core-mantle boundary (CMB) ultralow-velocity zones (ULVZs) is modeled using a global pseudospectral algorithm. Seismograms are synthesized for several types of ULVZ models to investigate the effect of these structures on SKS and SPdKS phases. One-dimensional models and two-dimensional models with different, quasi-1-D velocity structures on the source and receiver sides of the CMB provide a baseline for comparison with other 2-D models. Models with finite length ULVZs are used to test the sensitivity of the SPdKS travel time and waveform to different portions of the P diffracted wave path. This test shows that SPdKS waves are only sensitive to ULVZs with lengths >100 km. Our results give three tools for identifying and characterizing 2-D ULVZ structures. First, dual SPdKS pulses indicate exposure to at least two separate CMB velocity structures, either different source and receiver-side CMB velocities or different adjacent velocity regions for which Pdiff inception occurs outside of and propagates into a ULVZ. Second, high-amplitude SKS precursors indicate a very “strong” (i.e., thick and/or large velocity perturbations) ULVZ. Hence, the absence of SKS precursors in most previous ULVZ studies indicates that very strong, sharp ULVZs are not common. Third, mean SPdKS delays relative to PREM constrain the minimum ULVZ strength and length combinations required to produce a given travel time delay.
UMLI: An unsupervised mobile locations extraction approach with incomplete data

Location extraction in an indoor environment is a great challenge, and yet, it is of great interest to retrieve locations information without manually labeling them. Indoor location information, e.g. which room a user is located, is precious for applications such as location based services, mobility prediction, personal health care, network resource allocation, etc. Since the GPS signal is missing, another form of identification for each location is needed. WiFi is a potential candidate due to its easy availability. However, it is very noisy and missing excessively due to the limited range of access points. We propose a two-layer clustering method that is able to i) classify the rooms in an unsupervised manner; ii) handle missing data effectively. Experiment results using the real traces show UMLI can achieves an identification rate of 99.84%.
Evidence on screening for breast cancer from a randomized trial.

Results in the breast cancer screening project of the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York that started the end of 1963 have been updated through December 31, 1975. The HIP study is a randomized trial designed to test whether periodic screening with clinical examination and mammography results in reduced breast cancer mortality among women aged 40–64 years at the start. Study women were offered screening examinations; 65% appeared for initial examinations and a large majority of these women had at least one of the three additional screenings at annual intervals. The control group of women continued to receive their usual medical care. New data support earlier reported results on benefits. During the nine years following date of entry there were 128 breast cancer deaths in the control group as compared with 91 in the study group (screenees plus refusers). The impact of the screening program continues to be confined to women 50 years of age and over with no benefit at ages 40–49 years. Seven-year case fatality rates show similar relationships. Several issues related to screening benefit are considered. Of major importance is the observation of no reduction among women under 50 in breast cancer mortality. The possibility that under different screening conditions (e.g., with current mammography equipment) a benefit would be found needs to be investigated. There is a clear need for rapidly determining whether a new randomized trial is the only way to answer the question and whether experience in the 27 NCI-ACS demonstration projects can provide useful data. Another critical issue concerns the incremental value of mammography in a screening program. Over an eight-year period after diagnosis, breast cancer cases that were positive only on mammography when screened had a case fatality rate of 14%; this compares with 32% for cases positive only in the clinical examination and 41% for cases positive on both modalities. Excluding mammography would have reduced the benefit of screening by an estimated one-third. With regard to risk associated with screening, it is concluded that the increment in risk resulting from radiation exposure in mammography does not offset the benefits of screening above 50 years of age. Below that age, although the risk increment is small, the risk-benefit balance is negative because of the absence of a demonstrated benefit. Another source of risk is related to the possible increase in biopsies. Assessment of the HIP experience suggests that only timing of biopsies was affected, but the potential for considerable variation if screening is adopted widely exists. Based on current findings in the HIP study, there appears to be strong support for periodic screening at ages 50 years and over with clinical examination and mammography; to justify screening under 50, new information from other studies is required.
Clinical perspective - cough: an unmet need.

Cough is among the most common complaints for which individuals worldwide seek medical attention. The vast majority of cases of acute cough ( 8 weeks duration) is to meticulously evaluate and treat all potential underlying etiologies. Despite thorough investigation, a significant minority of patients will suffer refractory, unexplained cough. For this challenging population, safe, effective, non-narcotic antitussive therapies are desperately needed.
Conventionalism and the indeterminacy of translation

In his early paper ‘Truth by Convention’ Quine asked what the thesis that the truths of logic and mathematics are true by convention comes to — what it means. His unsuccessful attempts to give it a plausible sense showed that the theory is deficient in crucial respects and that therefore the appeal to conventions cannot account for our knowledge in logic and mathematics. He concluded with the remark: We may wonder what one adds to the bare statement that the truths of logic and mathematics are a priori, or to the still barer behavioristic statement that they are firmly accepted, when he characterizes them as true by convention in such a sense. (W of P, p. 99)1 Much of Quine’s subsequent philosophical effort has been to show that conventionalism adds nothing whatever to that barer behavioristic statement.
On the relationship between the vortex formation process and cylinder wake vortex patterns

The idea of vortex formation time, originally developed for vortex ring formation, is extended to bluff-body flows. Effects related to characteristic vortex formation time are shown for both the cylinder starting from rest and the cylinder undergoing forced oscillations in a steady flow. By looking at how wake vortices are formed when the cylinder is accelerated from rest, it is found that similarities exist between the formation process for wakes and for vortex rings. This formation process is then observed for forced oscillating cylinders, where the characteristic formation time interacts with the oscillation period. Frequently observed bluff-body phenomena will be recast in light of the vortex formation process.
Cigarette Smoking in the Movies: The Influence of Product Placement on Attitudes Toward Smoking and Smokers1

Product placement in which actors use products on screen to promote those products, has received little research attention. The current research examines the effects of cigarette use in movies on various attitudes toward smoking and to ward the actor using the product. Participants (N= 120) viewed a 20-min clip of Die Hard; half viewing a clip in which the lead character smoked, and half viewing a clip in which the lead character did not smoke. Nonsmokers who were low in need for cognition and who saw the lead character smoking reported more favorable attitudes about smoking. In addition smokers who saw the character smoking rated him as more appealing, while nonsmokers' ratings of the character were not affected by his smoking. Results are discussed in terms of the role of the placement of cigarettes in movies in the development of important smoking-related attitudes.
Recurrent pleural and pericardial effusions due to sarcoidosis.

A 54-year-old man presented with fever, shortness of breath, and left-sided pleuritic chest pain. His bilateral pleural effusions and pericardial effusion turned out to be due to sarcoidosis.