cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Femoral bone mineral density in patients with heart failure.

Heart failure and osteoporosis are common conditions in older, frail individuals. It is important to investigate interactions of the common problems in the aging population to devise relevant interventions. Sixty individuals (43 men, mean age 77±9 years, and 17 women, mean age 78±12 years) with heart failure (HF) and 23 age- and gender-matched non-HF controls (15 men, eight women; mean age 77±9 years) underwent hip and bone mineral density (BMD) assessments; frailty assessment; physical performance assessment including 6-min walk, grip strength, and self-reported physical activity; and biochemical assessment including calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD), estradiol, creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen levels (BUN). Significant differences between HF and control groups were found for BMD Z-scores of the femoral neck, total femur, and trochanteric region at the femur (p<.05). Further differences between groups included frailty score (p=.02), 6-min walking distance (p<.001), and self-reported physical activity (p=.001). In addition, several differences between groups were present for calcium (p=.054), PTH (p<.001), 25-OHD (p=.01), Cr (p=.04), and BUN (p=.01). In regression analysis, HF (defined as case, by ejection fraction, or by New York Heart Association class), frailty status, and vitamin D were significant predictors of lower bone mass at the femur. Individuals with HF have lower BMD, in part related to lower vitamin D status and higher frailty rates. Interventions to optimize vitamin D and physical activity should be explored to prevent bone loss in individuals with heart failure.
Supraglottic Neurofibroma Presenting as Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Case Report

Introduction: Sleep disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea are commonly encountered in the pediatric population. In many cases it is secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. The differential diagnosis is long, and as clinicians we have to determine who needs to undergo fiberoptic laryngoscopy in the clinic setting and other extensive testing. The differential diagnosis of a supraglottic mass in sleep disordered breathing needs to be considered in patients who fail conservative treatmenteven a diagnosis as rare as neurofibroma. Materials and Methods: A case report. A 16 yearold female presented with snoring, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and “asthma” secondary to a neurofibroma of the aryepiglottic fold without associated NF1. Conclusions: This is the first case of an adolescent aged patient of African descent diagnosed with a solitary laryngeal neurofibroma. Her prolonged treatment with asthma medications and attempt to treat her sleep apnea with CPAP emphasize the importance of considering obstructive lesions in these situations.
COMORBIDITY OF MIGRAINE AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

There is now substantial evidence to corroborate early anecdotal clinical descriptions regarding the co-occurrence of migraine and psychiatric disorders. Clinicians involved in the treatment of migraine often have described a set of characteristic features of migraineurs that include anxiety, depression, and social fears. Wolff 33 in 1937 was so convinced of this constellation of attributes that he is often credited as being the initiator of the concept of the purported migraine personality. More careful inspection of his description, however, reveals that the characteristics of extreme physical fatigue, apathy, and anxious anticipation are more akin to psychiatric symptoms than personality traits. Earlier descriptions of these characteristics also can be found throughout the clinical literature. The most common features of these descriptions are depression characterized by anergia and anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder and phobia. The contemporary equivalent to these features are the atypical subtype of depression. This article reviews the evidence for comorbidity of migraine with psychiatric disorders, particularly the affective and anxiety disorders. In addition, the methodologic issues, possible mechanisms, and implications of comorbidity are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for future studies to address the gaps identified in this article.
Effects of ultrasound on the prenatal development of the rat. Part 1. 3.2 MHz continuous wave at nine days of gestation

Individual nine-day rat embryos were exposed for 5 or 15 minutes to graded intensities of well-characterized focused beams of 3.2 MHz continuous wave ultrasound. Fetuses were examined for effects at 20 days of gestation. Analysis of the exposure-response relationships indicates an "apparent threshold" for prenatal mortality at 3 W/cm2 (95 per cent fiducial limits 0.5-6 W/cm2). Fetal size was unaffected at any exposure level and there were only a few malformations, which occured at 10.5 W/cm2 and above.
Minimal functional model of hemostasis in a biomimetic microfluidic system.

The proof of the model is in the function: A minimal model of hemostasis (a complex biochemical network responsible for blood coagulation) may be implemented with only three chemical reactions, which creates a biomimetic functional microfluidic system that is capable of repairing itself (as modeled in the figure). This simple system shows threshold response and sensitivity to flow similar to that observed in hemostasis.
Prognostic significance of morphological growth patterns and mitotic index of epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.

Aims The prognostic significance of histological subtyping of epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas has been recently reported, but similar data are lacking for peritoneal mesotheliomas. The aim of this study was to investigate possible relationships between histological growth patterns of epithelioid peritoneal mesotheliomas, clinicopathological features, and patient outcome. Methods and results Eighty-four cases of chemotherapy-naive epithelioid peritoneal mesothelioma were classified into tubulopapillary, micropapillary, papillary, tubular, solid and trabecular growth patterns. Pathological features such as depth of invasion, lymphocytic host response, mitotic count, nuclear grade, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and stromal desmoplasia were analysed. The most common histological patterns were solid (n = 37, 44%), tubulopapillary (n = 24, 29%), and micropapillary (n = 11, 13%). The overall median survival was 36 months. Patients with solid mesothelioma had shorter overall survival (median, 29 months) than patients with tubulopapillary and micropapillary growth patterns (median, 51 and 53 months, respectively; P = 0.053). A high mitotic index (>5 in 50 high-power fields) was found to be associated with poor survival (P < 0.03). A moderate to severe lymphocytic host response was associated with longer median survival (P = 0.13). Conclusions Our study highlights the prognostic importance of the solid growth pattern among diffuse epithelioid peritoneal mesotheliomas, and reaffirms mitotic index as a predictor of overall survival.
Early Augmented Language Intervention for Children with Developmental Delays: Potential Secondary Motor Outcomes

This exploratory study examined the potential secondary outcome of an early augmented language intervention that incorporates speech-generating devices (SGD) on motor skill use for children with developmental delays. The data presented are from a longitudinal study by Romski and colleagues. Toddlers in the augmented language interventions were either required (Augmented Communication-Output; AC-O) or not required (Augmented Communication-Input; AC-I) to use the SGD to produce an augmented word. Three standardized assessments and five event-based coding schemes measured the participants' language abilities and motor skills. Toddlers in the AC-O intervention used more developmentally appropriate motor movements and became more accurate when using the SGD to communicate than toddlers in the AC-I intervention. AAC strategies, interventionist/parent support, motor learning opportunities, and physical feedback may all contribute to this secondary benefit of AAC interventions that use devices.
Spectral Viscosity Approximations to Hamilton--Jacobi Solutions

The spectral viscosity approximate solution of convex Hamilton--Jacobi equations with periodic boundary conditions is studied. It is proved in this paper that the approximation and its gradient remain uniformly bounded, formally spectral accurate, and converge to the unique viscosity solution. The L1-convergence rate of the order $1-\varepsilon \forall \varepsilon >0$ is obtained.
Mars Pathfinder atmospheric entry - Trajectory design and dispersion analysis

The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft will enter the Martian atmosphere directly from the interplanetary trajectory, with a velocity of up to 7.35 km/s. The definition of the nominal entry trajectory and the accurate determination of potential trajectory dispersions are necessary for the design of the Pathfinder entry, descent, and landing system. Monte Carlo numerical simulations have been developed to quantify the range of possible entry trajectories and attitude profiles. The entry trajectory requirements and constraints are discussed, and the design approach and uncertainties used in the Monte Carlo analysis are described. Three-degree-of-freedom and six-degree-offreedom trajectory results are compared. The Monte Carlo analysis shows that the Mars Pathfinder parachute will be deployed within the required ranges of dynamic pressure, Mach number, and altitude, over a 3<r range of trajectories. The Pathfinder 3<r landing ellipse is shown to be roughly 50 X 300 km. Nomenclature B - R = component of the 5-plane miss vector along the R axis, km
Cationic Porphyrin-DNA Complexes: Specificity of Binding Modes

1H-imino NMR is used to resolve the interaction of the cationic porphyrin meso-tetra(4-Nmethylpyridyl)porphine (T4MPyP) with poly[d(G-C)2]. At 0.1 M Na+ several slow exchange intercalation sites were identified, with multiple peaks located upfield from the GH-1 resonance of the free polynucleotide. Coexisting “outside” binding sites were identified with a small downfield peak. Under the same conditions only line broadening of the TH3 resonance was produced in the spectrum of poly[d(A-T)2], although a downfield shift (+0.34 ppm) of the AH2 resonance suggests that T4MPyP binds to the minor groove of this polynucleotide. At 0.5 M salt T4MPyP induces a transition in poly[d(A-T)2], characterized by 31P spectroscopy, that correlates with a “Z-like form” described earlier by circular dichroism. Results from electrophoresis experiments indicate that this form is an aggregate complex. The 1H-imino spectra of the T4MPyP/calf thymus DNA complex is characteristic of intercalation at GC sites; however, the exact nature of the binding at AT sites, although not intercalation, has not been determined.
Human intelligence needs artificial intelligence

Crowdsourcing platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, have enabled the construction of scalable applications for tasks ranging from product categorization and photo tagging to audio transcription and translation. These vertical applications are typically realized with complex, self-managing workflows that guarantee quality results. But constructing such workflows is challenging, with a huge number of alternative decisions for the designer to consider. We argue the thesis that "Artificial intelligence methods can greatly simplify the process of creating and managing complex crowdsourced workflows." We present the design of CLOWDER, which uses machine learning to continually refine models of worker performance and task difficulty. Using these models, CLOWDER uses decision-theoretic optimization to 1) choose between alternative workflows, 2) optimize parameters for a workflow, 3) create personalized interfaces for individual workers, and 4) dynamically control the workflow. Preliminary experience suggests that these optimized workflows are significantly more economical (and return higher quality output) than those generated by humans.
THE NEGLECTED MAJORITY — REVISITED

The American high school, the object of much discussion and debate since the publication ofA Nation at Risk(Gardner, 1983), is in a curious position today. Despite more than 20 years of reforms and increased graduation requirements, most notably in math and science, we arrive at the threshold of the 21st century with increasing drop out rates and stagnant achievement measures.
Prevalent US Transplant Center Policies Towards Pancreas Transplantation for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pancreas transplantation is firmly established as an excellent means of achieving euglycemia for selected individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus [1]. In those patients restoration of autonomous glucose regulation through implantation of a vascularized pancreas abrogates a pre-existing insulinopenia ascribed to auto-immune destruction of native beta-cells. Data on application of this approach to individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose hyperglycemia is caused by relative, not absolute, insulin deficiency is scarce but encouraging. Although 129 type 2 recipients are reported to the International Transplant Registry, they represent only 4% of all registered pancreas transplant recipients [2], while it is estimated that approximately 90% of all American diabetics [3], and 78% of diabetics with endstage renal disease are type 2 [4]. Both graft and patient survival (the standard indicators of successful transplantation) among this small cohort of type 2 pancreas transplant recipients match the registry results of pancreatic allografts in type 1 diabetics [2]. To ascertain whether this limited initial success has altered prior reluctance to proffer pancreas transplantation for type 2 diabetes we conducted a mail survey of American pancreas transplant programs.
Nuclear matter distribution in /sup 112/Sn, /sup 116/Sn, and /sup 124/Sn from the (p, n) reaction

Angular distributions have been obtained for the quasielastic (p, n) reaction on /sup 112/Sn, /sup 116/Sn, and /sup 124/Sn at a proton energy of 22.8 MeV. Data are of sufficient precision to reveal differences in both the shape and magnitude of the angular distributions. Analysis in terms of a nuclear matter model indicates that the data are consistent with an increase in the ratio of the neutron to proton root-mean-square radius with increase in neutron excess. (AIP)
Improving distance perception in virtual reality

vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 General Introduction 1 Measuring Perceived Distance 2 Perceived Distance in the Real World 4 Perceived Distance in VR 4 Correcting Underperception CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENT 1 12 Introduction 12 Method 13 Results 16 Discussion 22 CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENT 2 24 Introduction 24 Method 25 Results 26 Discussion 27 CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENT 3 32 Introduction 32 Method 34 Results 35 Discussion 37 CHAPTER 5: GENERAL DISCUSSION 40 Summary 40 Future Directions 41
Influence of Inoculum Concentration on Zone Size in Disk Diffusion Testing

Three different inoculum concentrations of common bacterial isolates were tested against currently used antimicrobial agents to determine the effect on zone sizes in the disk agar diffusion test. When zone sizes from inocula with 107 and 109 colony-forming units/mL were compared with zone sizes from inocula with 108 colony-forming units mL, 38.5% of the former displayed changes in diameter of at least 3 mm. Specific instances of the influence of the inoculum concentration on zone sizes for antimicrobial agents and organisms and the importance of these findings are discussed.
Thermally and Ion-Induced Reactions of Metal with CuO Substrate

Thermally and ion-induced reactions of transition metals Zr,Ti,Cr and Ag with CuO substrates have been studied by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and X-ray diffraction techniques. Reactions resulted in the configuration of ZrO2/Cu2O/CuO from Zr/CuO structure and TiOx/Cu2O from Ti/CuO structure after thermal annealing and ion irradiation. No significant reaction has been found in Cr/CuO after vacuum annealing at 410°C and 300 Kev Xe ions irradiation at 240° C. Ag atoms balled up on CuO surface after annealing at 610° C. A comparison of the reaction layers has been made in both metal/SiO2 and metal/CuO systems after thermal annealing and ion irradiation. Both heats of reaction and bond strength in the substrates can influence the chemical reactivity between metal layer and substrate.
Body Size and Metabolism of Liver Slices in vitro.

SummaryThe metabolic rates of liver slices from rats, rabbits, sheep, one horse and one cow have been measured in vitro. These metabolic rates per unit tissue weight for rat, rabbit and sheep liver decrease systematically and significantly with increasing body size. The metabolic rate per unit tissue weight is inversely proportional to the 4th root of body weight. Body size affects thus the metabolic rate in vitro in the same way as it affects the metabolic rate of the intact animal and the factors which determine the metabolic level in vivo seem still to be present in the surviving tissues cut out of the organism.
Coherent perfect absorption and anomalous scattering in balanced gain/loss structures

We discuss the phenomenon of coherent perfect absorption, as well as a closely-related effect in optical scattering from PT-symmetric systems, where we demonstrate a transition between a unimodular phase and a symmetry-broken scattering phase.
Second-Generation Process Research Towards Eletriptan: A Fischer Indole Approach

The development of a second-generation process for the synthesis of eletriptan via a Fischer indole cyclisation is described. The finalised process offers several potential advantages over the current route of manufacture including cost, throughput, and safety.
Surface-Functionalizing Metal, Metal Oxide and Semiconductor Nanocrystals with a Multi-coordinating Polymer Platform

We introduce a new set of multifunctional metal-coordinating polymers as ligands for the surface functionalization of three different inorganic nanocrystals: luminescent quantum dots (QDs), magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals and metal gold nanoparticles. The ligand design relies on the introduction of a large but controllable number of anchoring groups, hydrophilic moieties and reactive functionalities all in the same polymer chain, via a one-step nucleophilic addition reaction. Nanocrystals capped with these polymer ligands exhibit long-term stability over a broad range of biological conditions. Furthermore, when zwitterion groups are introduced as hydrophilic blocks, this yields a compact ligand coating that allows conjugation of biomolecules to the nanocrystals via metal-histidine self-assembly. The resulting hydrophilic nanocrystals have been used to develop a few specific sensing platforms targeting soluble iron ions and cysteine.
Will Rogers and the results of radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer.

SUMMARY Disease-free survival rates for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy are 75% to 80% in stage B disease, 60% in stage C disease, and approximately 50% in stage D disease. Vascular invasion is an important prognostic factor in meticulously staged patients. Powerful selection factors, including more accurate clinical and pathologic staging and improved surgery, as well as unspecified selection factors, may contribute to the improved results. In order to evaluate the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy, a randomized, controlled study is necessary.
Homologous Recombination During Meiosis

In most sexually reproducing organisms, homologous recombination is a hallmark of meiotic cellular division. Central to this process is the formation and repair of developmentally programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Cytotoxic lesions such as DSBs are hazardous, potentially mutagenic events that can compromise cellular function. However, during meiosis DSBs are required to establish physical connections between homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes. These connections are essential for the reduction and accurate transfer of genetic information from progenitor cell to each gamete. In the absence of recombination, homologous chromosomes are prone to missegregation at the first meiotic division resulting in the production of aneuploid gametes, which is the leading cause of miscarriages in humans and the cause of genetic disorders such as Down’s, Turner’s, and Klinefelter’s syndromes. Here, we review major steps along the recombination pathway, highlighting the mechanisms that regulate DSB formation and repair and the specialized chromosomal structures that are important for this process. For simplicity, we focus primarily on meiotic recombination in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has proven to be a rich source of information regarding the mechanisms and regulation of this process.
Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation and Dysautoregulation

This article provides a review of cerebral autoregulation, particularly as it relates to the clinician scientist experienced in neuroscience in anesthesia and critical care. Topics covered are biological mechanisms; methods used for assessment of autoregulation; effects of anesthetics; role in control of cerebral hemodynamics in health and disease; and emerging areas, such as role of age and sex in contribution to dysautoregulation. Emphasis is placed on bidirectional translational research wherein the clinical informs the study design of basic science studies, which, in turn, informs the clinical to result in development of improved therapies for treatment of central nervous system conditions.
Glycans define the stemness of naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells.

Cell surface glycans are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. They function as essential modulators in cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and ligand-receptor interactions, binding to various ligands, including Wnt, fibroblast growth factors, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, originally derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, have the essential characteristics of pluripotency and self-renewal. Recently, it has been proposed that mouse and human conventional ES cells are present in different developmental stages, namely pre-implantation blastocyst and post-implantation blastocyst stages, also called the naive state and the primed state, respectively. They therefore require different extrinsic signals for the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency, and also appear to require different surface glycans. Understanding of molecular mechanisms involving glycans in self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells is increasingly important for potential clinical applications, as well as for basic research. This review focuses on the roles of glycans in the two different states of pluripotent stem cells, namely the naive state and the primed state, and the transition between these two states.
Severe mania complicating treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy.

We report the case of a 22-year-old male who exhibited severe manic behavior shortly after beginning treatment with modafinil and venlafaxine for narcolepsy with cataplexy. The manic episode persis...
Dynamic Similitude of Underground Structures

Similitude requirements for predicting the response of dynamically loaded buried structures by means of scale models were developed by dimensional analysis and were checked experimentally. Hollow circular and square aluminum tubes were buried in dry compacted Ottawa sand and loaded dynamically by dropping a cylindrical weight on the soil surface. The strains induced on the inner surfaces of the tubes were measured using SR-4 strain gages. Complete strain-time curves and data indicating the variation of peak strain and rise time with depth of burial are presented. Reasonable correlation is obtained between both the peak strain data and the complete strain-time curves for the several structures tested. In general, the study demonstrates the feasibility and value of the use of scale models for the prediction of the dynamic response of underground structures.
Modeling Microstructural Evolution During Sintering In A Complex Powder Compact

Sintering theory has been developed either as the application of complex diffusion mechanisms to a simple geometry or as the deformation and shrinkage of a continuum body. Wepresent a model that can treat in detail both the evolution of microstructure and the sintering mechanisms, on the mesoscale, so that constitutive equations with detailed microstructural information can be generated. The model is capable of simulating vacancy diffusion by grain boundary diffusion, annihilation of vacancies at grain boundaries resulting in densification, and coarsening of the microstructural features. In thispaper, we review the capabilities of this model andpresent a number of differentproblems that have been treated by the model. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this model.
PPAR Agonists for the Prevention and Treatment of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and most fatal of all malignancies worldwide. Furthermore, with more than half of all lung cancer patients presenting with distant metastases at the time of initial diagnosis, the overall prognosis for the disease is poor. There is thus a desperate need for new prevention and treatment strategies. Recently, a family of nuclear hormone receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has attracted significant attention for its role in various malignancies including lung cancer. Three PPARs, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, display distinct biological activities and varied influences on lung cancer biology. PPARα activation generally inhibits tumorigenesis through its antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Activated PPARγ is also antitumorigenic and antimetastatic, regulating several functions of cancer cells and controlling the tumor microenvironment. Unlike PPARα and PPARγ, whether PPARβ/δ activation is anti- or protumorigenic or even inconsequential currently remains an open question that requires additional investigation. This review of current literature emphasizes the multifaceted effects of PPAR agonists in lung cancer and discusses how they may be applied as novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
A Relational Approach to an Analytics of Resistance: Towards a Humanity of Care for the Infirm Elderly – A Foucauldian Examination of Possibilities

This paper develops a Foucauldian analytics of resistance in relation to components of a system of governance – a governmentality. Techniques of resistance that can transform a governmentality towards the development of a new politics of truth require the design of techniques of resistance to counter directly oppressive techniques of biopower and disciplinary power, in turn to produce new regimes of practices or counter-conduct that can engender a new mentality and set of discourses to convey it. Strategies of resistance towards transformative change in the governance of a population as well as of the self therefore require development following, and in relation to, an analytics of governance. I thread these points through a particular case, the problem of care for the infirm elderly in the United States, focusing specifically on nursing homes by critically synthesizing issues from inter-disciplinary literatures and casting them in terms of governmentalities. I frame the problems of eldercare broadly in terms of interrelated neoliberal and (western) scientific mentalities and associated discourses, and then examine the associated techniques of biopower, disciplinary power, and regimes of practices to identify roots of problems, explain failures of policies, and crucially, to frame the design of techniques of resistance to produce new regimes of counter-conduct. I suggest avenues of resistance in relation to existing governmentalities on the terrain of inter-firm relations and everyday life in nursing-home care, all currently entangled with government policies, economies of documentation, and dehumanizing scientific practice.
Risk factors associated with baseline King-Devick performance

Abstract Objective This study examined the effect of baseline risk factors on the King-Devick (K-D) test in youth athletes, including of age, sex, and history of concussion. Methods A total of 422 youth football and soccer athletes between the ages of 8 and 14 completed a baseline K-D test prior to the start of their respective seasons. Participant age, sex, and history of concussion were analyzed for K-D performance (i.e., errors and baseline time). A series of Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to determine the effects of risk factors on performance. Correlations and regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between risk factors and K-D time and errors. Results Differences in age (p 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates the influence of risk factors such as sex and age on baseline K-D assessment. Associated risk factors at baseline further emphasize the need for individualized, multifaceted assessment for sport-related concussion diagnosis and management.
Random jitter elimination from high speed links using Kalman filtering

In this paper, a new and simple approach is presented to remove random jitter and intersymbol interference (ISI) effects from NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) signals. The method presented uses a Kalman filter to predict and remove the random jitter noise and Intersymbol Interference (ISI). Random jitter is modeled as a Gaussian distribution, with jitter effects on both rise and fall times of the signal. The Kalman filter adapts based on the provided model and predicts the exact position of the rise and fall times of the clock signal and a look-up table, combined with the Kalman filter, predicts the exact level of the signal. Random jitter and ISI simulations in MATLAB are presented and the results obtained are highly promising. The method provides a new approach to remove jitter from high-speed links without the use of clock data recovery circuits, feedforward and feedback equalizers.
Paradigms of Thought in the Fuzzy and Classical Epistemic Systems under Knowledge Production

We have argued from the position of either the theory of complex systems or synergetics in the conceptual system of the knowledge square, that besides the epistemic indifference of the content of the knowledge areas, all areas of knowledge production share in common, the input of defective information structure. The defective information structure is composed of fuzzy information deformity that gives rise to fuzzy uncertainty and information incompleteness deformity that gives rise to stochastic uncertainty from the possibility and probability spaces respectively. In fact, the available toolbox and the logic composed of possibilistic and probabilistic reasoning to deal with these uncertainties are not different in substance and computational structure, except perhaps in style. For the benefit of further differentiations of knowledge areas and new ones that may arise in the future, it is useful to examine the conditions of inexactness of exact science and then the exactness of inexact science. In this respect, some essential working definitions are needed.
Design and construction of general purpose computing resources for Linux based computer science education

For six years our computer science program had no dedicated computing laboratories and limited influence on the software that could be installed on university wide workstations. In the fall of 2009 we remedied this situation by teaching a course where computer science students built their own labs. We describe the design process including physical plant, hardware and software configurations of workstations and servers, and the supporting course which students took to assemble workstations and learn concurrent programming. Our result is a medium scale computing resource (58 CPUs / GPUs; 232 general purpose computing cores and 12,528 GPU cores) ideal for classroom instruction, student projects, and single CPU or grid computing.
Philosophical Analyses: An Explanation and Defense

If definitions are what you find in dictionaries, philosophical analyses aren’t definitions. The difference runs deeper than concern with use over meaning and the explication of obscure concepts by clearer ones, matters of perhaps less moment to lexicographers than philosophers. Rather, successful philosophical definitions have the ring of empirical discoveries or illuminating theories. Think, for instance, of Hobbes’ celebrated definition of “laughter” in terms of “sudden glory,” or Russell’s of “number” as “maximal set of equinumerous sets.” Successful or not, philosophical definitions have been tested like theories since Socrates first vexed his interlocutors with hard cases.
Experimental Studies of Chemical Processes in a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

Composition and temperature within a model gas turbine combustor have been measured in a series of experimental investigations. Species measured include CO2, CO, O2, total HC, NO, NO2, and particulates. The primary effort was devoted to the understanding of the process controlling the emissions of CO, HC, and NO. CO and HC levels are fixed by the thermal quenching of their oxidation reactions in the dilution zone of the combustor. NO levels are determined by the kinetics of formation and are strongly influenced by the maximum local temperature. The chemical kinetics of the controlling reactions should allow tailoring of combustor temperature-time characteristics in a manner to control the emission of all three species simultaneously.
Using Virtual Reality to Create an Observational Assessment of Adolescent Resistance to Antisocial Peer Pressure.

Resistance to antisocial peer pressure consistently relates to adolescent adjustment. However, it is typically measured via a mono-method, self-report approach. The current study introduces a virtu...
Information about informants’ knowledge states affects children’s predictions of learning and their actual learning

Abstract The current study investigated how young children understand social situations with others as learning contexts, and how they actually learn from them given informants’ knowledge state and teaching intention. Study 1 found preschoolers’ prediction of learning is influenced by the informant’s knowledge state, and there is an agerelated increase in expectation of learning from another and sensitivity to an informant’s knowledge state and teaching intention. Study 2 confirmed that children’s perception of an informant’s knowledge state affects how much information they themselves accept from the social situation. Overall the findings showed that children’s evaluation of a social situation as a learning context varies based on the informant’s knowledge state, which is applied to their actual learning.
Engineering T cell response to cancer antigens by choice of focal therapeutic conditions.

Focal thermal therapy (Heat), cryosurgery (Cryo) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) are increasingly used to treat cancer. However, local recurrence and systemic spread are persistent negative outcomes. Nevertheless, emerging work with immunotherapies (i.e., checkpoint blockade or dendritic cell (DC) vaccination) in concert with focal therapies may improve outcomes. To understand the role of focal therapy in priming the immune system for immunotherapy, an in vitro model of T cell response after exposure to B16 melanoma cell lysates after lethal exposures was designed. Exposure included: Heat (50 °C, 30 min), Cryo (-80 °C, 30 min) and IRE (1250 V/cm, 99 pulses, 50 µs pulses with 1 Hz intervals). After viability assessment (CCK-8 assay), cell lysates were collected and assessed for protein release (BCA assay), protein denaturation (FTIR-spectroscopy), TRP-2 antigen release (western blot), and T cell activation (antigen-specific CD8 T cell proliferation). Results showed IRE released the most protein and antigen (TRP-2), followed by Cryo and Heat. In contrast, Cryo released the most native (not denatured) protein, compared to IRE and Heat. Finally, IRE dramatically outperformed both Cryo and Heat in T cell activation while Cryo modestly outperformed Heat. This study demonstrates that despite all focal therapies ability to destroy cells, the 'quantity' (i.e., amount) and 'quality' (i.e., molecular state) of tumor protein (including antigen) released can dramatically change the ensuing priming of the immune system. This suggests protein-based metrics whereby focal therapies can be designed to prime the immune system in concert with immunotherapies to eventually achieve improved and durable cancer treatment in vivo.
A 400-year reconstruction of wintertime Arctic sea-ice extent using a high-elevation, mid-latitude tree-ring record.

We examined relationships between wintertime Arctic sea-ice extent (ASIE) and radial growth rates of alpine larch trees (LALY) in the northern Rockies, USA, during 1979–2015 (r = − 0.71, p < 0.01) and reconstructed ASIE fluctuations from 1613 to 2015. Wintertime ASIE corresponds with summertime mid-latitude upper-level atmospheric flow patterns with ridging (troughing) and warmer (cooler) conditions prevailing in the Rockies when ASIE are below (above) average. In turn, warmer (cooler) summertime conditions favor (disfavor) growth of LALY, thus “recording” interannual variations in ASIE. Both 1000 hPa temperatures and 500 hPa geopotential heights during years of anomalously high or low radial growth negatively correspond with ASIE, suggesting that a disjunct spatial influence on atmospheric conditions may be associated with interannual variability of ASIE. Reconstructed ASIE values show that 1996–2015 was the lowest 20-year period on record, but the mean value is not significantly different from six other distinct periods of below-average ASIE.
Association between general sense of mastery and income in White- and African-American adults

Background: Some research has shown that general sense of mastery (i.e., sense of control over the forces that impact one's life) does not have universal causes and consequences in racial groups. For instance, sense of mastery better predicts depression and mortality for non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) than that of African-Americans (AAs). Objectives: The objective of this study was to test the heterogeneity in the association between the sense of mastery and income by race in a nationally representative sample of NHW and AA adults. Methods: This study included a total of 3570 AA and 891 NHW adults who were enrolled to the National Survey of American Life. Variables included race/ethnicity, age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES and household income), and sense of mastery. Linear regression models were applied in the overall sample and also by race. Results: Overall, high sense of mastery was associated with high household income. In race-specific models, higher levels of sense of mastery were associated with high household income in AAs but not NHWs. Conclusions: Racial differences exist in how sense of mastery and income are correlated. It is not clear whether high income generates more sense of mastery for AAs or high sense of mastery is more essential for generating high income for AAs. Policy makers and clinicians should be aware that SES and sense of mastery are differently linked in AAs and NHWs.
T2 mapping as a predictor of nonperfused volume in MRgFUS treatment of desmoid tumors

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an alternative method of non-contrast monitoring of tissue ablation during focused ultrasound treatment. Desmoid tumors are benign but locally aggressive soft tissue tumors that arise from fibroblast cells. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) has emerged as an alternative to conventional therapies, showing promising results in reduction of tumor volume without significant side effects. The gold-standard assessment of the reduction of viable tumor volume post-treatment is non-perfused volume (NPV) and evaluation of NPV is typically performed with post-treatment gadolinium enhanced MR imaging. However, as gadolinium cannot be repeatedly administered during treatments, there is a need for alternative non-contrast monitoring of the tissue to prevent over and under treatment. Methods: Double-echo and multi-echo images were acquired before, during and after the MRgFUS treatment. T2 maps were generated with an exponential fit and T2 maps were compared to post-treatment post-contrast images.Results: In all five MRgFUS treatment sessions, T2 mapping showed excellent qualitative agreement with the post-contrast NPV.Conclusions: T2 mapping may be used to visualize the extent of ablation with focused ultrasound and can be used as a predictor of NPV prior to the administration of contrast during the post-treatment assessment.
The “Math Prefresher” and The Collective Future of Political Science Graduate Training

The political science math prefresher arose a quarter-century ago and has now spread to many of our discipline’s PhD programs. Incoming students arrive for graduate school a few weeks early for ungraded instruction in math, statistics, and computer science as they relate to political science. The prefresher’s benefits, however, go beyond its technical content: it opens pathways to mastering methods necessary for political science research, facilitates connections among peers, and—perhaps most important—eases the transition to the increasingly collaborative nature of graduate work. The prefresher also shows how faculty across a highly diverse discipline have worked together to train the next generation. We review this program and advance its collaborative aspects by building infrastructure to share teaching content across universities so that separate programs can build on one another’s work and improve all of our programs.
Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema: Risk Factors, Screening, Management, and the Impact of Locoregional Treatment

Patients fear lymphedema as an unpredictable daily reminder of breast cancer treatment. The medical community has assumed for years that the development of breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) stemmed solely from the primary surgical extirpation of the axillary lymph nodes. However, contemporary data suggest that BCRL development is multifactorial, influenced by multimodality locoregional and systemic treatment strategies and perhaps by the individual patient’s ability to form collateral lymphatic pathways after injury, as well as potentially modifiable risk factors such as body mass index (BMI). Understanding the interaction between comprehensive locoregional treatment strategies and their collective impact on overall survival and long-term adverse effects such as BCRL is critical to providing patients individualized treatment recommendations. Herein, we review important factors for the development, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of BCRL that should be considered when determining the contemporary locoregional management of breast cancer.
Atypical cells on reflectance confocal microscopy may not represent melanoma: A case of axillary pigmented extramammary Paget disease

Pigmented extramammary Paget disease (PEMPD) is a rare intraepithelial carcinoma which can clinically resemble other pigmented neoplasms. Similarities to melanoma on dermoscopy, histopathology, and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) increase the risk of misdiagnosis and, consequently, mismanagement. Here, we describe a case of a 67-year-old African American woman with a large, pigmented axillary patch that exhibited features of melanoma on RCM, guiding the clinician to perform an excisional biopsy. While traditional histopathology resembled melanoma, immunohistochemistry staining was performed and revealed PEMPD. We highlight an uncommon clinical presentation of PEMPD disease and identify morphologic mimickers of melanoma on RCM-as well as differentiating features.
Recherche d'une corrélation entre caractéristiques électrochimiques et relâchement en nickel de l'alliage 690 en milieu primaire d'un réacteur à eau pressurisée

Les forts enjeux de reduction de la dosimetrie du personnel intervenant dans le bâtiment reacteur des centrales nucleaires necessitent de limiter la formation des radionucleides tels que le Co-58, responsable de 80% des debits de dose autour du circuit primaire d’un Reacteur a Eau Pressurisee (REP). Le Co-58 est genere par le relâchement du Ni depuis les tubes de generateur de vapeur (GV) et active par passage dans la cuve du reacteur via le circuit primaire. L’objectif de ces travaux est de comprendre les phenomenes de relâchement en Ni a partir d’une etude de caracterisation des films passifs natifs des tubes GV a temperature ambiante. Dans un premier temps, des tubes industriels avec differents etats de surface ont ete etudies par spectroscopie d’impedance electrochimique (SIE). Les films passifs ont egalement ete caracterises par XPS, NRA, MEB, et par des mesures de rendement quantique. Un modele de composition chimique et de structure electronique de la couche d’oxydes en fonction de l’etat de surface etudie est propose. Des essais a haute temperature (325°C) et haute pression (140 bars) ont ete realises avec une caracterisation in situ du comportement des tubes lors de l’oxydation par des mesures d’impedance et des mesures de relâchement en Ni. La caracterisation ex situ electrochimique et photoelectrochimique de ces couches d’oxydes a permis de determiner les parametres directement lies au comportement des tubes vis-a-vis du relâchement en milieu primaire. Recherche d’une correlation entre caracteristiques electrochimiques et relâchement en nickel de l’alliage 690 en milieu primaire d’un reacteur a eau pressurisee.
Considerations for Achieving Maximized DNA Recovery in Solid-Phase DNA-Encoded Library Synthesis

DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology enables rapid, economical synthesis, and exploration of novel chemical space. Reaction development for DEL synthesis has recently accelerated in pace with a specific emphasis on ensuring that the reaction does not compromise the integrity of the encoding DNA. However, the factors that contribute to a reaction's "DNA compatibility" remain relatively unknown. We investigated several solid-phase reactions and encoding conditions and determined their impact on DNA compatibility. Conditions that minimized the accessibility of reactive groups on the DNA encoding tag (switching solvent, low temperature, double-stranded encoding tag) significantly improved compatibility. We showcased this approach in the multistep synthesis of an acyldepsipeptide (ADEP1) fragment, which preserved 73% of DNA for a >100-fold improvement over canonical conditions. These results are particularly encouraging in the context of multistep reaction sequences to access natural product-like scaffolds and more broadly underscore the importance of reconciling the biophysical properties and reactivity of DNA with chemistry development to yield high-quality libraries of those scaffolds.