cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation, dynamic NMR behavior and X-ray structure of a novel 1:1 complex of dimethyldivinylsilane and carbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium

Abstract Treatment of dihydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium with a stoichiometric amount of styrene, followed by the addition of dimethyldivinylsilane, leads to a 1:1 complex: [Ph 3 P] 2 RuCO[η-(CH 2 CH) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 2 ]. This species has been characterized fully and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography at −100°C. The structure is unsymmetrical. The two triphenylphosphine ligands are not equivalent. Similarly, while both of the C–C double bonds of the dimethyldivinylsilane ligand are π-bonded to the ruthenium center, they are also dissimilar. In solution, the 1 H- and 31 P-NMR of this complex change with temperature. At low temperature, in the 1 H-NMR the two methyl and the two vinyl groups bonded to silicon are each different. Similarly, in the 31 P-NMR spectrum the two triphenylphosphine ligands are different. At high temperature, rapid equilibration occurs averaging the spectra. The Δ G ‡ for the exchange processes for the vinyl groups in the 1 H-NMR and the 31 P-NMR are both ∼12.7 kcal mol −1 . The Δ G ‡ for the exchange process that averages the methyl groups in the 1 H-NMR is ∼15.2 kcal mol −1 .
PHD domains and E3 ubiquitin ligases: viruses make the connection

PHD domains constitute a widely distributed subfamily of zinc fingers whose biochemical functions have been unclear until now. Recently, several PHD-containing viral proteins have been identified that promote immune evasion by downregulating proteins that govern immune recognition. Studies show that these viral regulators lead to ubiquitination of their targets by functioning as E3 ubiquitin ligases -- an activity that requires the PHD motif. These are the first examples linking the PHD domain to E3 activity, but the recent discovery of PHD-dependent E3 activity in the cellular kinase MEKK1 and the close structural relation of PHD domains to RING fingers hint that many other PHD proteins might share this activity.
An extended region of asymptotic reactor stability

Abstract Earlier results on stability conditions for a well stirred flow reactor are generalized by using a result of Krasovskii 's to explore the nature of several Liapunov functions. The region of proved asymptotic stability is greatly extended in this manner. The conservative nature of this analysis is shown by comparing the sufficient condition for local stability developed by this analysis with the criteria arising from a linearized treatment. Several numerical examples are included.
In Situ X-ray Study of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Formation on Graphene as a Model Li-ion Battery Anode

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a critical role in the performance and safety of Li-ion batteries, but the crystal structure of the materials formed have not been previously studied. We employ the model system of epitaxial graphene on SiC to provide a well-defined graphitic surface to study the crystallinity and texture formation in the SEI. We observe, via in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering, the formation and growth of LiF crystallites at the graphene surface, which increase in size with lithiation dose and are textured such that the LiF (002) planes are approximately parallel to the graphene sheets. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the composition of the SEI formed in this system to consist of LiF and organic compounds similar to those found previously on graphite. SEI components, other than LiF, do not produce X-ray diffraction peaks and are categorized as amorphous. From high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, the LiF crystallites are seen in near pr...
Probability of conflict analysis of 3D aircraft flight based on two-level Markov chain approximation approach

This paper introduces a new approach of Markov chain approximation for the reachability analysis of stochastic systems and particularly for computing the probability of conflict during aircraft flight. Two-level Markov chains are designed to achieve a better compromise between accuracy and computation time compared with the one-level Markov chain approximation. We used a simplified aircraft dynamics model of the aircraft-to-airspace conflict prediction problem. However, the new approach in this paper can also be applied to the aircraft-to-aircraft conflict prediction problem. Numerical example is studied to analyze the probability of conflict using the two-level Markov chain approximation. The results show that the approach obtains accurate estimation of the probability of conflict with an acceptable running time.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous d-lactose · H2O at temperatures from (278.15 to 393.15) K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar volumes Vφ and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,φ were determined for aqueous solutions of d -lactose · H2O at molalities (0.01 to 0.34) mol · kg−1 at temperatures (278.15 to 393.15) K, and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. Our Vφ values were calculated from densities obtained using a vibrating tube densimeter, and our Cp,φ values were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter. Our results for d -lactose(aq) and for d -lactcose · H2O were fitted to functions of m and T and compared with the literature results for aqueous d -glucose and d -galactose solutions. Infinite dilution partial molar volumes V2∘ and heat capacities Cp,2∘ are given over the range of temperatures.
The incidence of complete androgen insensitivity in girls with inguinal hernias and assessment of screening by vaginal length measurement.

Abstract Background/Purpose Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a rare disorder; however, surgeons have noted a higher rate in girls with inguinal hernias. A few retrospective studies have estimated the incidence of CAIS to be 0.8% to 2.4% in girls with inguinal hernias. An inexpensive, quick screening method for this population has not been established. Because CAIS is associated with a short vagina, measuring vaginal length could serve this purpose if normal standards were known. The authors endeavored to (1) prospectively confirm the incidence of CAIS, (2) identify normal standards of vaginal length, and (3) assess the usefulness of measuring vaginal length to screen for CAIS in girls with inguinal hernias. Methods Vaginal lengths were measured in 270 girls with inguinal hernias at a university hospital from 1991 to 2003. A fallopian tube was identified to exclude CAIS. If CAIS was suspected, gonadal tissue was sampled and karyotyping was performed. Linear regression analysis was performed, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for individual values. Results Normal vaginal length for age was established. Three patients were found to have significantly short vaginas: 2 were confirmed to have CAIS, 1 did not (false-positive). One other infant was proved to have CAIS despite having a normal vaginal length (false-negative). The incidence of CAIS in our study was 1.1% (3/270). Conclusions This is the largest prospective study of the incidence of CAIS in girls with hernias. The authors found that 1.1% of premenstrual girls with inguinal hernias have this syndrome. The authors also provide standards for normal vaginal length in the pediatric population. Vaginal length increases predictably with age, and some patients with CAIS have significantly shorter vaginas. Vaginal length is not a perfect predictor of this disorder, but can be a useful adjunctive screening tool.
MEASUREMENT OF THE INCLUSIVE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF HADRONS

The electroproduction of hadrons was studied with a wide-aperture spectrometer. Inclusive data are presented for the electron-scattering region $\ensuremath{-}0.5g{q}^{2}g\ensuremath{-}2.5{(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$, $4l\ensuremath{\nu}l14$ GeV. Distributions of the electroproduced hadrons in the three inclusive variables $\ensuremath{\phi}$, ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}$, and $x$ are studied in the region $xg0$. A striking difference from photoproduction is observed in the excess of positive over negative hadrons at high $x$ and high ${q}^{2}$.
Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor Stimulates Catecholamine Release in Hypothalamus and Prefrontal Cortex in Freely Moving Rats as Assessed by Microdialysis

In vivo microdialysis was used to measure changes in extracellular concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in freely moving rats in response to administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Dialysis probes were placed stereotaxically in either the medial hypothalamus or the medial prefrontal cortex. We used a repeated-measures design in which each rat received artificial CSF or one dose of CRF 3-4 h apart, and each subject was retested with the same treatments in the reverse order 5-7 days later. With the dialysis probe in the hypothalamus, intracerebroventricular administration of CRF (17 or 330 pmol) dose-dependently increased dialysate concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and all their measurable catabolites except normetanephrine. The effects on NE were substantially greater than those on DA. Dialysate concentrations of serotonin could not be measured reliably, but those of its catabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were also elevated. Concentrations of NE and DA were elevated within the first one or two (20 min) collection periods, with a peak response at approximately 1-2 h. Dialysate concentrations of catecholamines and metabolites normally returned to baseline within 3 h. Similar data were obtained with dialysis probes in the medial prefrontal cortex after intracerebroventricular administration of 17 or 167 pmol of CRF, except that the increases in DA exceeded those of NE in this region. Intraperitoneal administration of CRF (1 nmol) similarly elevated dialysate concentrations of NE, DA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and all catecholamine catabolites except normetanephrine in both medial hypothalamus and medial prefrontal cortex. These results support earlier neurochemical data suggesting that CRF administered both centrally and peripherally stimulates the release of both DA and NE in the brain.
Concentration of Measure Inequalities for Toeplitz Matrices With Applications

We derive Concentration of Measure (CoM) inequalities for randomized Toeplitz matrices. These inequalities show that the norm of a high-dimensional signal mapped by a Toeplitz matrix to a low-dimensional space concentrates around its mean with a tail probability bound that decays exponentially in the dimension of the range space divided by a quantity which is a function of the signal. For the class of sparse signals, the introduced quantity is bounded by the sparsity level of the signal. However, we observe that this bound is highly pessimistic for most sparse signals and we show that if a random distribution is imposed on the non-zero entries of the signal, the typical value of the quantity is bounded by a term that scales logarithmically in the ambient dimension. As an application of the CoM inequalities, we consider Compressive Binary Detection (CBD).
Nonlinear state estimation with composite hypothesis

Abstract A new estimation scheme is presented for dynamic systems with past histories and nonlinear interferences. These interferences represent random phenomena, such as jamming signals in aircraft, missile or spacecraft guidance and tracking. This scheme is based upon the multiple composite hypothesis testing. The states are estimated in blocks so that the implementation of the scheme requires a constant memory. Some of simulation results are also presented.
BRANDEIS: MOULDER OF SOCIAL INSURANCE OPINION

'The roots of Massachusetts Savings Bank Life Insurance are in the scandals of insurance high finance that were exposed in I905. The Big Three (Equitalble, Mutual, and New York Life) were notorious, and the Armstrong Committee had been appointed by the New York Legislature in I905 to investigate the insurance companies. But, as a matter of fact, in the field of industrial insurance, the Metropolitan, Prudential, and John Hancock were guilty of even greater abuses. The Armstrong Committee recognized the grave social and moral evils of industrial insurance, but left these unremedied. In I905 Louis D. Brandeis was already a well-known Boston lawyer. The Armstrong Committee's neglect of industrial insurance, together wiith Brandeis's deep concern for the workingman, led him to study this aspect of the insurance problem. Specific results are the test of statesmanship. In no field did Brandeis ever demonstrate his analytical power, his superb mastery of fact and detail, his unusual ability in constructive economic and social statecraft, his devotion to the democratic process, more strikingly or more effectively than in his surgical exposure of flagrant insurance abuses and his proposals for a comprehensive remedy. The provisions of his Massachusetts Savings Bank Life Insurance law of i907, under which savings banks are authorized to write insurance policies in limited amounts, and receive and invest premium income, were not the result of happy chance. Brandeis did not
Density-driven Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds and its Impact on Contaminated Groundwater Plume Evolution

Density-driven advection of gas phase due to vaporization of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has a significant effect on fate and transport of contaminants. In this study, we investigated the effects of density-driven advection, infiltration, and permeability on contaminant plume evolution and natural attenuation of VOCs in the subsurface system. To analyze these effects, multiphase flow and contaminant transport processes were simulated using a three-dimensional Galerkin-finite-element-based model. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is selected as a target contaminant. Density-driven advection of gas phase elevated the potential of groundwater pollution in the saturated zone by accelerating downward migration of vaporized contaminant in the unsaturated zone. The advection contributed to increased removal rates of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) TCE source and reduced dissolved TCE plume development in the downstream area. Infiltration reduced the velocity of the density-driven advection and its influence zone, but raised TCE transfer from the unsaturated to the saturated zone. The variation in soil permeability showed greater impact on contaminant migration within water phase in the saturated zone than within gas phase in the unsaturated zone. Temporal variations of TCE mass within two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) domains under several modeling conditions were compared. These results are important in evaluation of natural attenuation processes, and should be considered to effectively design monitored natural attenuation as a remedial option.
Characterization of rapidly thermally annealed GaAs and InP surfaces using Schottky barriers

The characteristics of Au contacts on rapid thermal annealed GaAs and InP are examined. It us found that for annealing parameters less than 850 °C and 20 s surface damage is minimal. The diodes fabricated on GaAs and InP annealed at high temperatures and for longer periods of time show increases in reverse current and ideality factor. This had the effect of lowering the Q value of the diodes. Les caracteristiques des contacts Au sur les recuites thermales rapides des GaAs et InP ont ete examinees. On a decouvert que pour les parametres de recuite de moins de 850 °C et 20 s, les alterations de surface etaient minimes. Les diodes, fabriquees a l'aide des GaAs et InP recuites a hautes temperatures et pendant de plus longues periodes de temps, ont montre des augmentations de renverse de courant et de facteur d'idealite. Ceci a eu pour effect de reduire la valeur Q des diodes.
Small molecule antagonists of α4 integrins: novel drugs for asthma

The α4 integrins, α4β1 (VLA-4) and α4β7, are heterodimeric cell-surface proteins expressed on leukocytes involved in both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These two integrins are key regulators of physiologic and pathologic responses in inflammation and autoimmune disease. In particular, their central role in animal models of allergic lung disease has been well documented, and suggests a key role in human asthma. In addition, integrins are proven valid targets for small molecule drugs, following the development of both parenteral and orally active antagonists of platelet integrin αIIbβ3, and more recently, integrin β3. Therefore, there is a significant drive to develop small molecule inhibitors of α4 integrins for autoimmune diseases in general, and asthma in particular. The biology of α4 integrins in asthma has been recently reviewed, as has early work on the chemistry of α4 integrin antagonists. Here we summarise the recent rapid advances in this arena, particularly in the chemistry of α4 integri...
A Rapid Electrophoretic Method for the Determination of the Isoenzymes of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase

A convenient electrophoretic procedure for the separation and quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes is described. The system uses polyacetate Sepraphore III strips.* The areas of activity are shown by incubation with an LDH substrate combined with tetra-nitro-blue-tetrazolium. The reduction of the latter to the purple formazan is quantitatively related to the enzyme activity. Quantitative determination of the individual colored areas is performed by densitometry.
Comparative characterization of Na+ transport in Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus and Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi: a model species complex for studying teleost invasion of freshwater

The euryhaline fish Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus is capable of tolerating ambient salinities ranging from 0.3 to 160 PSU, but is incapable of long-term survival in freshwater (<2 mmol l(-1) Na(+)). A population isolated in several freshwater (0.4-1 mmol l(-1) Na(+)) lakes in central Florida is now designated as a subspecies (Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi). We conducted a comparative study of Na(+) transport kinetics in these two populations when acclimated to different ambient Na(+) concentrations. Results reveal that the two subspecies have qualitatively similar low affinity Na(+) uptake kinetics (K(m)=7000-38,000 μmol l(-1)) when acclimated to 2 or 7 mmol l(-1) Na(+), but C. v. hubbsi switches to a high affinity system (K(m)=100-140 μmol l(-1)) in low-Na(+) freshwater (≤1 mmol l(-1) Na(+)). Inhibitor experiments indicate that Na(+) uptake in both subspecies is EIPA-sensitive, but sensitivity decreases with increasing external Na(+). EIPA induced a 95% inhibition of Na(+) influx in C. v. hubbsi acclimated to 0.1 mmol l(-1) Na(+), suggesting that this subspecies is utilizing a Na(+)/H(+) exchanger to take up Na(+) in low-Na(+) environments despite theoretical thermodynamic constraints. Na(+) uptake in C. v. hubbsi acclimated to 0.1 mmol l(-1) Na(+) is phenamil-sensitive but not bafilomycin-sensitive, leading to uncertainty about whether this subspecies also utilizes Na(+) channels for Na(+) uptake. Experiments with both subspecies acclimated to 7 mmol l(-1) Na(+) also indicate that a Cl(-)-dependent Na(+) uptake pathway is present. This pathway is not metolazone-sensitive (NCC inhibitor) in either species but is bumetanide-sensitive in C. v. variegatus but not C. v. hubbsi. This suggests that an apical NKCC is increasingly involved with Na(+) uptake for this subspecies as external Na(+) increases. Finally, characterization of mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) size and density in fish acclimated to different ambient Na(+) concentrations revealed significant increases in the number and size of emergent MRCs with decreasing ambient Na(+). A linear relationship between the fractional area of emergent MRCs and Na(+) uptake rate was observed for both subspecies. However, C. v. variegatus have lower Na(+) uptake rates at a given MRC fractional area compared with C. v. hubbsi, indicating that the enhanced Na(+) uptake by C. v. hubbsi at low ambient Na(+) concentrations is not strictly a result of increased MRC fractional area, and other variables, such as differential expression of proteins involved in Na(+) uptake, must provide C. v. hubbsi with the ability to osmoregulate in dilute freshwater.
Association of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and blood pressure in children with Henoch Schönlein Purpura

Purpose Renal disease often occurs with Henoch Schonlein Purpura (HSP). NGAL is a non-invasive, urinary biomarker that is predictive of renal flares in SLE1 and associated with elevated SBP and DBP in subjects with preeclampsia2 or early atherosclerosis3. We hypothesized that elevated NGAL is associated with elevated BP and proteinuria in children with HSP.
Beliefs About Work and Rationales for Participation

The relation of beliefs about work to rationales for participation were examined in a Scottish and an Arizona sample. Evidence was found for both similarities and differences in cognitive sets. Humanistic beliefs were associated with beneficial outcomes (such as decision quality and acceptance) and an educative process. Marxist beliefs were associated with a moral purpose, beneficial outcomes, and a lack of inhibition of management. Organization beliefs (value of group working) were related to an educative process. Some belief-rationale relations were found only in the Scottish sample and some only in the Arizona sample. These indicate potential differences in the way participation is used as a managerial technique in the two countries. U.S. managers possess a more differentiated cognitive set and an appreciation of participation as a social technology.
Capecitabine-induced coronary vasospasm--a case report.

The authors report the case of a 70-year-old man with metastatic colon cancer and no known history of coronary disease or major risk factors who developed coronary vasospasm after the initiation of capecitabine (Xeloda®). Although coronary vasospasm has been associated with another older fluoropyrimidine compound, 5-fluorouracil, this is the first reported occurrence with this relatively newer cancer drug.
Why Don't They Listen to Us? Fashion Notes on the Imperial Wardrobe

For sociology to successfully “go public,” its voices need to be heard. This article offers lessons about bringing attention to sociological texts. It suggests strategies for getting non-sociologists to heed what sociologists have to say.
9. Peaceable Kingdoms and War Zones: Preemption, Ballistics, and Murder in Newark

Between 2000 and 2006 the murder rate in Newark doubled while the national rate remained essentially constant. Newark now has eight times as many murders per capita than the nation as a whole. Furthermore, the increase in murders came about through an increase in lethality: total gun discharges rose much more slowly than the likelihood of death per shooting. In order to explain these trends we develop a theoretical model of murder in which preemptive killing and weapon choice play a central role. Strategic complementarity amplifies changes in fundamentals, so areas with high murder rates (war zones) respond much more strongly to changes in fundamentals than those with low murder rates (peaceable kingdoms). In Newark, the changes in fundamentals that set off the spiral were a collapsing arrest rate (and probably a falling conviction rate), a reduction in prisoners, and a shrinking police force.
The impact of tariff liberalization between the United States and Mexico: an empirical analysis

A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the US is constructed in order to simulate the impact of tariff liberalization between the United State and Mexico following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). We find that although this agreement will have a minimal effect on the US economy as a whole, certain sectors and regions may experience substantial gain and losses. Overall, however, the treaty should increase economic welfare and enhance economic growth.
Wind farm potential is higher in prime habitat for uncommon soil crust lichens

Biotic soil crust communities contribute valuable ecosystem services and biodiversity in steppe ecosystems. The uncommon crust lichens Acarospora schleicheri, Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina, and Texosporium sancti-jacobi are associated with fine-textured soils along rivers of the Columbia Basin. A. schleicheri and R. diploschistidina indicate late-successional habitat and may serve as indicators for other rare or cryptic species associated with similar habitats. Much of the most favorable habitat for these species has been lost to urban and agricultural development. We sought to overlay favorable habitats with wind farm development potential to assess whether these species are likely to be affected by renewable energy development. We overlaid habitat models for four lichen species on land use and wind farm potential maps. Using a sample of 5,000 points, we determined whether there were differences in probability of occurrence among wind farm potential classes within developed and natural lands using Multi-Response Permutation Procedures. Sites with modeled probability of occurrence greater than 60% were considered “favorable” habitats; for these, a χ 2 test allowed us to determine whether favorable habitats were associated with wind farm potential categories. Sites that are developed for agriculture or have higher wind farm potential coincide with more favorable habitats for uncommon soil crust lichens. Of the favorable habitats for the four focal lichens, 28–42% are already affected by development or agriculture; 5–14% of favorable habitats remain in natural vegetation and are considered sites with fair or good potential for wind farms. Development of wind energy has the potential to negatively impact uncommon soil crust lichen species because favorable sites coincide with especially good habitat for these species. However, as these renewable energy resources are developed, we have the opportunity to ensure that valuable soil crust functions and diversity are maintained by surveying before construction and planning new facilities such that disturbance to existing habitat is minimized.
Subcutaneous obesity is not associated with sympathetic neural activation

We tested the hypothesis that muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) would not differ in subcutaneously obese (SUBOB) and nonobese (NO) men with similar levels of abdominal visceral fat despite h...
Renal response to shock

Renal hypoperfusion such as occurs in shock creates an environment in which cellular injury and organ dysfunction can occur during the episode of shock as well as during reoxygenation and reperfusion. A severe decrement in oxygen delivery compromises energy (adenosine triphosphate) production, leading to various degrees of cell injury ranging from cell swelling to acute cortical necrosis. These different responses of the kidney to shock explain the multiple clinical presentations varying from an isolated loss of concentrating ability to prolonged anuria. Many cellular events contribute to renal cell injury, including cellular ATP depletion, cellular and mitochondrial calcium overload, and activation of phospholipases and oxygen radical formation. Recent clinical and experimental studies suggest that ATP-MgCl 2 , free radical scavengers, diuretics, vasodilators, and calcium channel blockers appear to be beneficial in preventing acute tubular necrosis after anoxic or severe hypoxic insults. Thus these agents may be helpful in altering the course of acute renal failure in shock patients and may decrease their morbidity and mortality.
Posttrial d-cycloserine enhances the emotional memory of an incentive downshift event

The present research was designed to determine whether an incentive downshift event induces an emotional memory that can be modulated by d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist at the glycine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). DCS has been reported to have memory-enhancing properties in other training situations. Experiments 1 and 2 involved a consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) situation in which animals are exposed to an incentive downshift involving sucrose solutions of different concentrations. DCS administration (30 mg/kg, ip) immediately after the first 32-to-4% sucrose downshift trial (Experiment 1) retarded recovery of consummatory behavior, but immediately after the first 32-to-6% sucrose downshift trial (Experiment 2) did not affect recovery. There was no evidence that DCS affected consummatory behavior in the absence of an incentive downshift in a manner analogous to a conditioned taste aversion (Experiment 3). These results suggest that activation of NMDARs via the glycine modulatory site enhances the emotional memory triggered by exposure to an incentive downshift event.
Large-scale electric fields in the Earth's magnetosphere

Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
Dynamic Programming in Reduced Dimensional Spaces: Dynamic Planning For Robust Biped Locomotion

We explore the use of computational optimal control techniques for automated construction of policies in complex dynamic environments. Our implementation of dynamic programming is performed in a reduced dimensional subspace of a simulated four-DOF biped robot with point feet. We show that a computed solution to this problem can be generated and yield empirically stable walking that can handle various types of disturbances.
Building Better Theory: Time and The Specification of When Things Happen

In any investigation of a causal relationship between an X and a Y, the time when X and Y are measured is crucial for determining whether X causes Y, as well as the true strength of that relationship. Using past research and a review of current research, we develop a set of X,Y configurations that describe the main ways that causal relationships are represented in theory and tested in research. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues pertaining to when we measure X and Y and discuss the implications of this analysis for constructing better organizational theories.
Health and school outcomes during children's transition into adolescence.

PURPOSE: Normative biopsychosocial stressors that occur during entry into adolescence can affect school performance.As a set of resources for adapting to life's challenges, good health may buffer a child from these potentially harmful stressors. This study examined the associations between health (measured as well-being, functioning, symptoms, and chronic conditions) and school outcomes among children aged 9-13 years in 4th-8th grades. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1,479 children from 34 schools followed from 2006 to 2008. Survey data were obtained from children and their parents, and school records were abstracted. Measures of child self-reported health were dichotomized to indicate presence of a health asset. Outcomes included attendance, grade point average, state achievement test scores, and child-reported school engagement and teacher connectedness. RESULTS: Both the transition into middle school and puberty had independent negative influences on school outcomes. Chronic health conditions that affected children's functional status were associated with poorer academic achievement. The number of health assets that a child possessed was positively associated with school outcomes. Low levels of negative stress experiences and high physical comfort had positive effects on teacher connectedness, school engagement, and academic achievement, whereas bullying and bully victimization negatively affected these outcomes. Children with high life satisfaction were more connected with teachers, more engaged in schoolwork, and earned higher grades than those who were less satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: As children enter adolescence, good health may buffer them from the potentially negative effects of school and pubertal transitions on academic success. Language: en
Who Cleans Up When the Party's Over? The Decline of Partisan Media and Rise of Split-Ticket Voting in the 20th Century

While scholars have studied the composition and impact of the partisan press during their 19th-century height, the political impact of the gradual decline of these partisan papers remains relatively under-examined. The unnoted vitality and endurance of partisan newspapers (which continued to constitute a majority of American newspapers until the 1960s) represents a huge hole in our understanding of partisan communication in the post-war era. As a consequence of this omission, scholars have ignored a potentially vital contributing factor to changing patterns of partisan voting. This paper sets out to examine this relationship by constructing a quadrennial database of newspaper party self-identification from 1932 to the 2004 for 66 key counties across the country. We then match these data to county-level presidential and congressional vote totals. Based on these data, we describe the decline of explicitly partisan newspapers over time and find evidence that the rise of non-partisan news helps explain the rise of ticketsplitting and decline of consistent partisan voting.
Absorption of 131-I labeled modified insulin

Abstract The absorption T 1 2 following subcutaneous injection of a modified preparation resembling isophane insulin into the anterior thigh is a higly variable process. This same variability was observed with human serum albumin injections. In spite of the variability individual patients consistently absorbed insulin at a rate faster or slower than the mean. More rapid absorption was observed with a smaller injection volume and after intramuscular injection. Limited data suggest that patients receiving combination insulin-oral hypoglycemic therapy and those with dermatologic abnormalities at the sites of injection also absorb more rapidly. Absorption did not correlate with type of diabetes, duration of diabetes degree of control or age. Significant doses of insulin (in the range of 40 units) should be used in studying the dynamics of the absorption of therapeutically injected insulin.
Proteolipid protein mRNA stability is regulated by axonal contact in the rodent peripheral nervous system.

Proteolipid protein (PLP) and its alternatively spliced isoform, DM20, are the main intrinsic membrane proteins of compact myelin in the CNS. PLP and DM20 are also expressed by Schwann cells, the myelin-forming cells in the PNS, and are necessary for normal PNS function in humans. We have investigated the expression of PLP in the PNS by examining transgenic mice expressing a LacZ transgene under the control of the PLP promoter. In these animals, myelinating Schwann cells expressed beta-galactosidase more prominently than nonmyelinating Schwann cells. PLP/DM20 mRNA levels, but not those of LacZ mRNA, increased during sciatic nerve development and decreased after axotomy, with resultant Wallerian degeneration. PLP/DM20 transcription rates, in nuclear run off experiments, however, did not increase in developing rat sciatic nerve despite robust increases in PLP/DM20 mRNA levels during the same period. In RNAse protection studies, PLP mRNA levels fell to undetectable levels following nerve transection whereas levels of DM20 were essentially unchanged despite both being transcribed from the same promoter. Finally, cotransfection studies demonstrated that PLP-GFP, but not DM20-GFP mRNA is down-regulated in Schwann cells cultured in the absence of forskolin. Taken together these data demonstrate that steady state levels of PLP mRNA are regulated at a posttranscriptional level in Schwann cells, and that this regulation is mediated by Schwann cell-axonal contact. Since the difference between these two mRNAs is a 105-bp sequence in PLP and not in DM20, this sequence is likely to play a role in the regulation of PLP mRNA.
On the optimality of the likelihood-ratio test for local sensor decision rules in the presence of nonideal channels

Distributed detection has been intensively studied in the past. In this correspondence, we consider the design of local decision rules in the presence of nonideal transmission channels between the sensors and the fusion center. Under the conditional independence assumption among multiple sensor observations, we show that the optimal local decisions that minimize the error probability at the fusion center amount to a likelihood-ratio test (LRT) given a particular constraint on the fusion rule. This constraint turns out to be quite general and is easily satisfied for most sensible fusion rules. A design example using a parallel sensor fusion structure with binary-symmetric channels (BSCs) between local sensors and the fusion center is given to illustrate the usefulness of the result in obtaining optimal thresholds for local sensor observations. The study that incorporates the transmission channel in the sensor system design may have potential applications in the emerging field of wireless sensor networks.
Regulation of Aurora B Expression by the Bromodomain Protein Brd4

The bromodomain protein Brd4 plays critical roles in cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression. In this study, we investigated the involvement of Brd4 in cell cycle regulation and observed aberrant chromosome segregation and failures in cytokinesis in cancer cells as well as in primary keratinocytes in which Brd4 has been knocked down by RNA interference. Suppression of Brd4 protein levels in proliferating cells decreased Aurora B protein and transcript levels and abolished its chromosomal distribution. In contrast, exogenous Brd4 expression stimulated Aurora B promoter reporter activity and upregulated endogenous Aurora B expression. Aurora B kinase is a chromosomal passenger protein that is essential for chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Either overexpression of Aurora B or its inactivation can induce defects in centrosome function, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and cytokinesis in various cancer cells. The impaired regulation of Aurora B expression in human cells by Brd4 knockdown or overexpression coincided with mitotic catastrophe and multinucleation that are typically observed when Aurora B is inactivated or overexpressed. Overall, our data suggest that Brd4 is essential for the maintenance of the cell cycle progression mediated at least in part through the control of transcription of the Aurora B kinase cell cycle regulatory gene.
What does shaping mean for computational reinforcement learning

This paper considers the role of shaping in applications of reinforcement learning, and proposes a formulation of shaping as a homotopy-continuation method. By considering reinforcement learning tasks as elements in an abstracted task space, we conceptualize shaping as a trajectory in task space, leading from simple tasks to harder ones. The solution of earlier, simpler tasks serves to initialize and facilitate the solution of later, harder tasks. We list the different ways reinforcement learning tasks may be modified, and review cases where continuation methods were employed (most of which were originally presented outside the context of shaping). We contrast our proposed view with previous work on computational shaping, and argue against the often-held view that equates shaping with a rich reward scheme. We conclude by discussing a proposed research agenda for the computational study of shaping in the context of reinforcement learning.
Dose dependence of radiation damage in nano-structured amorphous SiOC/crystalline Fe composite

Through examination of radiation tolerance properties of amorphous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and crystalline Fe composite to averaged damage levels, from approximately 8 to 30 displacements per atom (dpa), we demonstrated that the Fe/SiOC interface and the Fe/amorphous FexSiyOz interface act as efficient defect sinks and promote the recombination of vacancies and interstitials. For thick Fe/SiOC multilayers, a clear Fe/SiOC interface remained and no irradiation-induced mixing was observed even after 32 dpa. For thin Fe/SiOC multilayers, an amorphous FexSiyOz intermixed layer was observed to form at 8 dpa, but no further layer growth was observed for higher dpa levels.
Do We Teach Students to 'Think Like Economists'?

This paper tries to shed light on the question "do economics majors learn to 'think like economists'?" by investigating an unusual data set consisting of student evaluations of other students' research papers. The way the data set was collected minimizes incentives for students to grade strategically, to give their friends higher grades and so forth. The range of student-assigned grades is extremely wide. A number of hypotheses about the relation between student-assigned and faculty-assigned grades are tested. The paper's major finding is that, despite this wide range, there is a clear positive association between student-assigned and faculty-assigned grades.
A forgotten contrivance: a study of the diagonal scale and its appearance in mathematics texts from 1714 to the present

The diagonal scale, whose origins are credited to Rabbi Levi Ben Gerson (1288–1344), is a two-dimensional scale, drawn or etched on a flat surface, used to measure short lengths to finer subdivisions of a unit. In modern times, the scale is used to measure up to a precision of three figures. The diagonal scale was a prevalent tool in mathematics for many years, up until about the late 1900s, when advances in mensuration, such as the vernier scale and the caliper, eradicated its use as a practical measuring instrument. Today, we see the scale mainly in architecture and drafting books, whereas in the past it appeared in scores of mathematics texts for school, practical, and recreational use. This paper is based on a Master’s thesis, and will cover the origin and history of the diagonal scale, a demonstration of its uses, and examples of its appearance in early mathematics texts.
Evolution of the Intracranial Approaches to Jugular Foramen Tumors: A Surgeon's Personal Perspective Through Three Illustrative Cases.

Tumors of the jugular foramen remain challenging lesions despite advances in surgical technique and medical technology. Tumors with extensive extra- and intracranial components necessitate both radical neck dissection maneuvers combined with skull base approaches. We present a single surgeon’s perspective in managing these difficult tumors.
Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Cognitive Function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background Our objective was to characterize the relationship of low and high hemoglobin concentrations and normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic anemia with cross-sectional cognition and change in cognition over a median of 6 years. Methods Cross-sectional and prospective analyses of 13,133 participants (mean age 57 years, 56% women, 24% black, 10% anemia) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (baseline 1990-1992) were carried out. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations lower than 13g/dl for men and lower than 12g/dl for women and was subclassified as normocytic (mean corpuscular volume [MCV] 80-100 fL), microcytic (MCV 100 fL). Cognition was assessed by delayed word recall test (DWRT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), word fluency test (WFT), and global Z-score at Visit 2 (1990-1992) and Visit 4 (1996-1998). Adjusted linear regression models and splines were used. Results Cross-sectionally, anemia overall was associated with lower cognitive test scores on DSST and global Z-score among men and women (all p .05). Conclusions There was a cross-sectional, but not prospective, nonlinear association between hemoglobin concentrations and cognitive function, although only associations of low levels of hemoglobin (anemia) were statistically significant. Subtypes of anemia had similar magnitudes of associations with cognition.
OC48 - Hurtology: an online course.

UNLABELLED Theme: School health. BACKGROUND The prevalence of anxiety and depression suggests a need to improve on the mental health education of young people. The school setting can provide a venue for offering such knowledge to adolescents. OBJECTIVES This study explored whether a video game enhances lessons designed to help adolescents become more receptive to learning about mental health concepts. METHODS This study used a quantitative between-subjects design. The first group experienced a set of computer-based lessons. The second group received the same content, but also played a video game designed to reinforce topics explored in the other materials. RESULTS The findings showed that game players demonstrated deeper learning on at least one measure. DISCUSSION Helping adolescents develop better ways to understand the relevance of emotional health is a worthwhile endeavour. CONCLUSIONS New technologies can be used to improve learning and help young people become more receptive to addressing mental health concerns.
D2 Receptor Activation Increases Potassium Conductance in Substantia Nigra Zona Compacta Neurones in vitro

Electrophysiological studies of the dopamine-containing neurones of the substantia nigra zona compacta in vivo have demonstrated that the rate of action potential discharge is reduced by dopamine and apomorphine (Bunney et al., 1973). This effect is mimicked by amphetamine (which releases dopamine, probably from dendritic sites within the substantia nigra) and blocked by neuroleptic drugs (Groves et al., 1975). These observations have given rise to the concept of ‘autoinhibition’ of these neurones whereby their firing rate, and also their release of transmitter, is inhibited as a result of dopamine acting upon ‘autoreceptors’ on the same neurones from which it is released.
Silicon Heterostructure Devices

SiGe HBTs are the most mature of the Si heterostructure devices and not surprisingly the most completely researched and discussed in the technical literature. However, new effects and nuances of device operation are uncovered year-after-year as transistor scaling advances and application targets march steadily upward in frequency and sophistication. Providing a comprehensive treatment of SiGe HBTs, Silicon Heterostructure Devices covers an amazingly diverse set of topics, ranging from basic transistor physics to noise, radiation effects, reliability, and TCAD simulation. Drawn from the comprehensive and well-reviewed Silicon Heterostructure Handbook, this text explores SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), heterostructure FETs, various other heterostructure devices, as well as optoelectronic components. The book provides an overview, characteristics, and derivative applications for each device covered. It discusses device physics, broadband noise, performance limits, reliability, engineered substrates, and self-assembling nanostructures. Coverage of optoelectronic devices includes Si/SiGe LEDs, near-infrared detectors, photonic transistors for integrated optoelectronics, and quantum cascade emitters. In addition to this substantial collection of material, the book concludes with a look at the ultimate limits of SiGe HBTs scaling. It contains easy-to-reference appendices on topics including the properties of silicon and germanium, the generalized Moll-Ross relations, and the integral charge-control model, and sample SiGe HBT compact model parameters.