cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of mastery learning: The roseman model as an illustrative case

Background: An educational method gaining acceptance in health profession's training is mastery learning. Mastery learning requires learners to demonstrate essential knowledge and skills measured against rigorously set standards without regard to time. The key elements of mastery learning include focus on a single subject, short curricular blocks, setting specific objectives, using frequent feedback, deliberative practice, and demonstrating mastery before moving onto the next subject. Roseman University of the Health Sciences College of Pharmacy (COP) developed and delivered an accelerated mastery learning curriculum designed to develop knowledge and skills through active learning. Methods: The COP uses a mastery model for its PharmD program. The didactic curriculum is divided into 2-week assessment blocks focusing on a single subject. Students must demonstrate mastery, defined as ≥90% on an assessment, to pass a block. Students failing a block assessment receive feedback and a second opportunity to pass. Students failing their repeat assessment continue onto the next block, but require summer remediation before moving onto the next year. Results: National pass rates for the US pharmacy board examination ranged between 92.6% and 96.9% during the 2010–2015 period, while the COP scores ranged from 93.0% to 99.0% and fell below national pass rates on only one occasion. The attrition rate was 6.5%, below the national rate of 10.8%. Students reported an overall satisfaction with their education of 3.82 (Likert scale 1–5) and 4.04 for the block system. Discussion: Overall, the Roseman University mastery model is successful. Students report high levels of satisfaction and outcomes on examinations and attrition compares favorably to national averages.
Abstract WP500: Stroke Transitions of Care Coordination Program is Feasible and May Reduce 30-day Readmissions

Introduction: Transitions of care from the acute hospital to other medical facilities and home is a national health care priority. We designed a randomized pilot study to assess the feasibility of ...
Comparing quantitative phase derived cellular mechanical parameters with atomic force microscopy measurements (Conference Presentation)

Cellular viscoelasticity is a biomarker for cancer type and toxin exposure. Current standard methods for probing cellular stiffness are slow, laborious, and utilize complex or indirect detection. These limitations prevent effective study of changes to viscoelasticity over time as well as longitudinal study of single cells. To enable direct and non-contact measurement of stiffness, we developed a quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based method to directly measure mechanical displacement in living cells in response to static loading. We calculated mechanical parameters, including shear stiffness, to discriminate between different cancer types and cell types that were exposed to varied levels of environmental and pharmacological toxins. We also demonstrated a correlation between our shear stiffness parameter and disorder strength, a measure of cellular refractive index homogeneity acquired via a single QPI image, showing the feasibility of high-throughput, nondestructive mechanical measurements. Now, we compare our methods to atomic force microscopy (AFM), the gold standard for measuring cellular viscoelastic characteristics. We evaluate multiple breast cancer cell lines that are dosed with varying concentrations of cytochalasin B, an actin network-disrupting toxin. Each group is characterized by a commercial AFM to measure Young’s modulus and indentation stiffness. The same groups are analyzed using our QPI system to simultaneously measure shear stiffness and disorder strength. Relationships between all four measurements are analyzed to determine the correlation between the QPI derived parameters and those found using the commercial AFM, and to explore the feasibility of using QPI as a high-throughput alternative to AFM for measurements of cellular viscoelasticity.
Paleogene-early Neogene paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on palynological analysis of ODP Hole 959A, West Africa

Abstract Five paleoenvironmental intervals (interval 1-interval 5) are established in the late Paleogene-early Neogene of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 959 (Hole 959A), Cote d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin in the eastern Equatorial Atlantic. The intervals are based on dinoflagellate cyst and palynofacies analyses of 30 samples covering a 273.3-m interval. We observed an abundance of the Filisphaera group (Filisphaera filifera and Bitectatodinium tepikiense) which is interpreted as an Arctic migration to equatorial regions during a narrow interval in the Early Oligocene (early Rupelian). In addition, we document one hiatus within interval 3 in the Early Miocene (Aquitanian). The dominance of typically restricted marine species of the Polysphaeridium group (Homotryblium plectilum and Polysphaeridium zoharyi) at several horizons in the open-oceanic sediments of ODP Hole 959A appear to be very distinctive events. Upon integrating dinoflagellate cyst data with prior lithologic and microfossil data, we interpret these dominance events as being due to offshore transportation by turbidity currents (intervals 1 and 2), hiatus event (interval 3), or hyperstratification conditions (intervals 3 and 4). In addition, the dominance of Cribroperidinium spp. (C. giuseppei and C. tenuitabulatum) in the upper part of the section within paleoenvironmental interval 5 is suggestive of cold-water masses during a strong upwelling period in the latest Early Miocene (Burdigalian). The general abundance of amorphous organic matter alongside the dinoflagellate cyst assemblage supports an outer neritic-oceanic depositional environment for the studied site. The consistent occurrence of degraded phytoclasts in the sediments also suggests fluvial outflows to this offshore site.
The Extended Disc Galaxy Exploration Science Survey: description and surface brightness profile properties

The survey description and near-infrared properties for 92 galaxies are presented for the Extended Disc Galaxy Exploration Science (EDGES) Survey, along with an investigation into the properties of the stellar halos of these galaxies. EDGES is a Spitzer Space Telescope Warm Mission program designed to reach the surface brightness limit ($\sim$0.5 kJy sr$^{-1}$ or 29 AB mag arcsec$^{-2}$) of the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m bands for a wide range of galaxy types found within the local volume. The surface brightness profiles exhibit a large range in disc scalelength, with breaks more frequently seen than in previous studies, owing in large part to the extremely deep near-infrared imaging. A number of these surface brightness profile breaks may be due to stellar halos, up to 7 galaxies out of the full sample of 92 galaxies, and we explore these implications in relation to current cosmological models. We also report the discovery of a new tidal stream near NGC 3953.
DeCE: the ENDF-6 data interface and nuclear data evaluation assist code

We present the computer program DeCE developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, which is open-source software to assist in producing evaluated nuclear data files. DeCE manipulates a provided eval...
Using Existing Documentation for Teaching and Learning Endangered Languages.

AbstractAlthough the ideal in work with endangered languages is to design collaborative projects that integrate documentation and support for revitalization from the outset, the reality is that man...
Quiste aracnoidal cervical anterior en edad pediátrica

Spinal arachnoid cysts are rare lesions in pediatric population. Most of them are located posteriorly in dorsal segments an anterior position is rare. Although its pathogenesis has not been elucidated, they have been associated with neural tube defects and the presence of previous spinal traumas. Clinically, they present with a spinal cord syndrome which can sometimes worsen with postural changes. Treatment may be conservative or surgical, the latter indicated by the presence of neurological symptoms secondary to spinal cord compression, with the posterior approach being the most frequently used. The purpose of surgery is total or partial resection, or fenestration of the cyst to subarachnoid space. A potential intra-surgical complication of posterior approach in anterior cyst is spinal cord herniation during durotomy, secondary to the compressive effect of the cyst, which could increase neurological morbidity in the postoperative period (1 case with mortality is described in the literature). We present 2 consecutive cases in pediatric patients with previous spinal intradural cysts. The first in the cervico-dorsal region whose surgery was hampered by the presence of medullary transdural herniation and second case with an exclusively cervical cyst that through a side puncture cyst guided by ultrasound prior to durotomy, it was possible to resect the lesion without this complication.
The prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction.

The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the prognostic role of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI). T2MI is an increasingly common diagnosis in clinical practice. The management of this condition is controversial and the prognostic value of MPI has not been established in this setting. We retrospectively studied T2MI patients who underwent vasodilator gated MPI within 90 days of T2MI at a single tertiary care institution in 2013. Abnormal myocardial perfusion was defined as the perfusion defect involving ≥ 5% of left ventricular (LV) myocardium. Abnormal LV ejection fraction (EF) was defined as < 50% by gated images. The primary outcome was a composite of death, myocardial infarction (other than index event) or coronary revascularization (CR). There were 234 patients (62 ± 14 years, 57% men) with T2MI (peak troponin 0.2 ng/ml, interquartile 0.1-1.4), of whom 136 (58%) had an abnormal MPI. During a median follow-up of 20 months, 155 patients (66%) had the primary outcome (39% death, 42% MI, 5% CR). An abnormal MPI was associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome with a hazard ratio of 1.56, 95%CI (1.12-2.18, P = .008) that remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (1.45, 95%CI (1.02-2.06, P = .04))). Patients with T2MI are at high risk for death or cardiac events in the intermediate term. More than one-half of patients with T2MI have an abnormal MPI and this is associated with the increased risk of cardiac events during follow-up. Risk stratification with MPI after T2MI may identify patients who would benefit from aggressive risk reduction.
One-Point Compactifications of Q-manifold Factors and Infinite Mapping Cylinders

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the compactifying Hilbert cube (Q) manifold factors. The first work in this area was by J. E. West. Compactification problems occur in the study of putting boundaries on Q-manifolds and in the study of group actions on Q-manifolds among other places. The chapter discusses only one-point compactifications. Anderson's homogeneity theorem, Anderson–Chapman isotopy theorem, West's theorem, and West's mapping cylinder theorem is used to study the compactifying Q manifold factors. Anderson's Homogeneity theorem enables one essentially to equate the problem of one-point compactifying Q-manifold factors with that of one-point compactifying Q-manifolds. Anderson–Chapman isotopy theorem deals with the case where a noncompact Q-manifold factor can be decomposed into Q-factors in a sufficiently nice way. The other two theorems deal with infinite mapping cylinders (also called mapping telescopes).
Evaluation of Integrated Interventional Radiology Residency Websites.

Rationale and objectives In the transition to the integrated interventional radiology residency model, residency websites are important resources of program information for prospective applicants. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the availability and comprehensiveness of integrated interventional radiology residency websites. Materials and methods A complete list of programs participating in the 2018 integrated interventional radiology match was collected using the online Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database and Electronic Residency Application Service. Residency program websites were evaluated for the presence of 19 variables related to resident education and recruitment, and the percent comprehensiveness of each website was calculated based on the number of variables present. The effect of program size and geographic region on website availability and comprehensiveness was assessed. Results Of the 69 programs participating in the 2018 match, 18 (26%) programs did not have any locatable website. Of the 51 programs with websites, 30 (59%) had stand-alone interventional radiology websites distinct from the associated diagnostic radiology website. Large programs were more likely to have a residency website than small programs (91% versus 54%, p=0.001). Across all categories, the mean website comprehensiveness was 33%. Mean website comprehensiveness of programs in the Midwest (43%) and Northeast (37%) was significantly greater than mean website comprehensiveness of programs in the West (19%) (p=0.005). Conclusion Overall, 1 in 4 integrated interventional radiology residency programs did not have locatable websites. Many integrated interventional radiology residency websites lack important content variables. Efforts should be made to improve the residency websites and digital training resources for prospective interventional radiology applicants and to help showcase programs in the best light.
The Role of Cloud Size and Environmental Moisture in Shallow Cumulus Precipitation

AbstractCloud models show that precipitation is more likely to occur in larger shallow clouds and/or in an environment with more moisture, in part as a result of decreasing the impacts of entrainme...
Hope and Quality of Life in Caregivers of Cancer Patients

Hope as conceptualized by Dufault and Martocchio (1985) “is a multidimensional dynamic life force characterized by a confident yet uncertain expectation of achieving a future good.”Quality of Life is defined by Lehto, Ojanen and Kellokumpu-Lehtinen (2005) “as appraisal of and satisfaction with their current level of functioning as compared to what they perceive to be possible or ideal.”The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Hope, its dimensions and Quality of Life in Caregivers of Cancer Patients. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used to draw the sample of 40 Caregivers of patients with Breast and Ovarian Cancer belonging to lower middle class and upper lower class. The Herth Hope Index (HHI) (Herth, 1992) and the Caregiver Quality Of Life Index- Cancer (CQOLC) (Weitzner, Jacobsen, Wagner, Friedland & Cox, 1999) were administered. There was significant difference in the levels of Positive Readiness & Expectancy among caregivers based on their socio-economic status. Positive Readiness & Expectancy and Interconnectedness were found to be negatively correlated with quality of life. Results indicated no significant difference in the levels of Hope and Quality of Life based on age and type of cancer.
Abstract 971: Effects of tumor cryo-ablation on cGAS-STING pathway and antitumor immunity in syngeneic murine rhabdomyosarcoma

Even with current improvement in cancer therapy, tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastatic tumors are important factors which have shown to be a challenge for cancer treatment. Thus, targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) locally are required to modify the activation of innate immunity, which can provoke subsequent global adaptive anti-tumor immunity. Tumor cryo-ablation, a medical procedure that utilizes ultra-cold temperatures to destroy in situ local tumor tissues, has the capability to induce the release of immune danger signals that activate antigen-presenting cells to initiate the anti-tumor immunity. To understand the mechanism of immune activation by cryo-ablation, we performed comprehensive analyses on the effects of tumor cryo-ablation on mononuclear phagocytic lineage cells and the antitumor immunity. Here, we show that cryo-ablation of syngeneic Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumor, an aggressive sarcoma affecting children and young adults, was able to induce both the regression of tumor and the upregulation of the critical immune cytokines and chemokines profile. Moreover, cryo-ablation of RMS tumor initiates cGAS-STING signaling activation and type I interferon production in dendritic cells, which are consequential in pro-inflammatory TME. We also report that antitumor effects of cryo-ablation was more inhibitive, but not completely abrogated, in STING-deficient mice comparing with wild-type mice, demonstrating that both host-derived and tumor-intrinsic cGAS-STING signaling plays an important role in antitumor effects of tumor cryo-ablation. Ongoing experiments will address the efficacy of RMS tumor cryo-ablation on systemic anti-tumor immune activation leading to an abscopal effect on tumor regression at metastatic tumor. Taken together, our results demonstrate that tumor cryo-ablation affects antitumor immunity and cGAS-STING signaling in RMS tumor, and this approach may help guide future immunotherapy to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Citation Format: Mohammad Abdulaziz Alshebremi, Jay T. Myers, Daniel T. Kingsley, Alex Y. Huang. Effects of tumor cryo-ablation on cGAS-STING pathway and antitumor immunity in syngeneic murine rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 971.
On the Power of Abstention and Data-Driven Decision Making for Adversarial Robustness

We formally define a feature-space attack where the adversary can perturb datapoints by arbitrary amounts but in restricted directions. By restricting the attack to a small random subspace, our model provides a clean abstraction for non-Lipschitz networks which map small input movements to large feature movements. We prove that classifiers with the ability to abstain are provably more powerful than those that cannot in this setting. Specifically, we show that no matter how well-behaved the natural data is, any classifier that cannot abstain will be defeated by such an adversary. However, by allowing abstention, we give a parameterized algorithm with provably good performance against such an adversary when classes are reasonably well-separated in feature space and the dimension of the feature space is high. We further use a data-driven method to set our algorithm parameters to optimize over the accuracy vs. abstention trade-off with strong theoretical guarantees. Our theory has direct applications to the technique of contrastive learning, where we empirically demonstrate the ability of our algorithms to obtain high robust accuracy with only small amounts of abstention in both supervised and self-supervised settings. Our results provide a first formal abstention-based gap, and a first provable optimization for the induced trade-off in an adversarial defense setting.
Encounter Metrics and Exposure Notification

We discuss the measurement of aggregate levels of encounters in a population, a concept we call encounter metrics. Encounter metrics are designed so that they can be deployed while preserving the privacy of individuals. To this end, encounters are labeled with a random number that cannot be linked to anything that is broadcast at the time of the encounter. Among the applications of encounter metrics is privacy-preserving exposure notifcation, a system that allows people to obtain a measure of their risk due to past encounters with people who have self-reported to be positive with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-19), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The precise engineering of a system for exposure notifcation should be targeted to particular environments. We outline a system for use in the context of a workplace such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). © 2021 National Institute of Standards and Technology. All rights reserved.
Expect the Unexpected: Adolescent and Pre-teens' Experience of Diabetes Technology Self-Management

Objective Only 17% of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are currently meeting their glycemic targets despite advances in diabetes technologies. Self-management behaviors and challenges specific to use of diabetes technologies are insufficiently studied in adolescents. We aimed to describe the experience of diabetes technology self-management, including facilitators and barriers, among preteens/adolescents with low and high A1C. Research design and methods Youth (10-18 years of age) with T1D who use insulin pump therapy were recruited from the larger quantitative cohort of a mixed methods study for participation in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Maximum variability sampling was used to recruit youth with A1C 9% (n=5). Participants' personal insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring data were downloaded and served as a visual reference. Interviews were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. Results Participants were 50% female with a median age of 14.9 years and 80% used CGM. The sample was predominantly white (90.0%). Analysis produced four major themes, Bad Day, Expect the Unexpected, Nighttime Dependence and Unpredictability, It's Really a Team and interconnecting subthemes. Youth characterized "Bad Days" as those requiring increased diabetes focus and self-management effort. The unpredictability ("Expect the Unexpected") of glucose outcomes despite attention to self-management behaviors was considerable frustration. Conclusions Diabetes devices such as insulin pumps are complex machines that rely heavily on individual proficiency, surveillance, and self-management behaviors to achieve clinical benefit. Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of self-management and the multitude of factors that feed youths' self-management behaviors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
MeToo Social Media Engagement and Perceived Hypersensitivity in the Workplace

The #MeToo movement initiated a prominent shift in our awareness of sexual violence in the workplace by encouraging millions of survivors to share their experiences on social media and the movement...
Epigenetic remodelling upon FGFR inhibition.

FGFR-altered triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) develops adaptive resistance to FGFR inhibitor therapy. A new study shows that sustained FGFR inhibition causes SWI/SNF complex eviction at YAP-recruited enhancers followed by increased mTORC1 activity. Dual inhibition of YAP or mTORC1 and FGFR has a synergistic effect on tumour growth.
Substrate-induced difference spectral, electron paramagnetic resonance, and enzymatic properties of cholesterol-depleted mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 of bovine adrenal cortex.

Abstract The steroid substrate-induced difference spectra, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) properties, reduction of cytochrome P-450, and hydroxylation activities were studied in acetone-extracted mitochondrial preparations of bovine adrenal cortex. Cholesterol, 20α-hydroxycholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycortisol, and deoxycorticosterone all exhibited a type I difference spectrum with characteristic K's values. These preparations were active in side chain cleavage of cholesterol and 20α-hydroxycholesterol, as well as 11β-hydroxylation of deoxycortisol. Additive type I spectral changes were observed with cholesterol and deoxycortisol while competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition were found with cholesterol in the presence of 20α-hydroxycholesterol and pregnenolone, respectively. EPR studies showed a low to high spin transition of Fe3+ in P-450 with cholesterol or 20α-hydroxycholesterol. Preincubation of cholesterol with the acetone powder preparations caused 20α-hydroxycholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, and pregnenolone to induce the modified type II difference spectra and high to low spin transition in Fe3+ of P-450. A correlation between decreases in low spin signal area and increases in the type I spectral changes was found in cholesterol titration studies. Triton N-101 markedly inhibited the formation of type I difference spectra, the formation of high spin P-450, and the activity of side chain cleavage of cholesterol. The quantitative correlation between these inhibitory effects of Triton N-101 on P-450 suggests that the formation of high spin P-450 by its substrate is an obligatory event in the side chain cleavage of cholesterol. A slow control rate of P-450 reduction by NADPH in the presence of flavoprotein reductase and adrenodoxin was markedly stimulated by all of the substrates tested. The results suggest that substrate-induced high spin formation of P-450 appears to be an essential step for acceptance of reducing equivalents for oxygen activation and hydroxylations of steroid substrates.
Is the Attorney General the custodian of an INS detainee? Personal jurisdiction and the"immediate custodian" rule in immigration-related habeas actions

This article argues that the immediate custodian rule has no place in the adjudication of immigration-related habeas actions. I propose that in place of this rule, courts should require only that an appropriate respondent, which may include the Attorney General, be served within the court's jurisdiction; after that, the proper forum should be determined through a venue analysis that considers factors such as the location of witnesses, the location of evidence, and convenience to the parties. Part I provides a brief overview of the use of habeas corpus petitions by INS detainees. Part II situates the custodian debate within relevant developments in habeas corpus jurisprudence over the past half-century. In Part III, I introduce the immediate custodian rule and describe two distinct lines of cases, one following the rule and the other departing from its formalism in favor of a more functional approach. Part IV considers and responds to the arguments that the First Circuit relied on in applying the immediate custodian rule to bar INS detainees from naming the Attorney General as a respondent. Part V proposes that courts replace the immediate custodian rule with an "appropriate respondent" rule and use venue factors to decide whether to hear a particular case.
Literature as Documentation: Plenzdorf's Die neuen Leiden des jungen W.

Literary allusions are the substance of Ulrich Plenzdorf s 1972 novel Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. (The New Sorrows of Young W.)' As the title unabashedly declares, the book is a modern version of Goethe's epistolary portrait of a gifted young man (Goethe himself), alienated from eighteenth-century society and hopelessly in love with a charming young woman who is soon to marry someone else. Both the disaffection with a regimented way of life and an unhappy love affair, heightening the protagonist's sense of rejection, are the themes in Plenzdorf s story about the present situation in the German Democratic Republic; his use of the title and quotations from Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther has the effect, aside from producing humor by the quaintness of the diction, of reinforcing the accuracy of the author's point of view. Further documentation is afforded by Plenzdorf by way of references to other, equally viable models for his contemporary novel: Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and J.P. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. The format of the novel itself, the record of a series of interviews on the subject of the precipitously departed W. and his commentary on them, made necessarily from the beyond ("Uber den Jordan") and therefore requiring a great deal of substantiation, functions like the similar interrogatory and stream-of-consciousness sections in Uwe Johnson's Speculations about Jakob ( 1959). There, too, these devices provide the fiction with an aura of veracity. Additional allusions are garnered from such diverse sources as Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Hebbel's Maria Magdalena, another Uwe Johnson story, and the name of a magazine dedicated to the preservation of bourgeois values—"Die Gartenlaube"; all address the problem of W.'s estrangement from society and the search for a private identity.
Relieving (Most of) the Tension: A Review Essay of Samuel R. Bagenstos, Law & the Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement

In this Review Essay, I reveal the considerable contribution made by Professor Samuel Bagenstos in his book, Law & the Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement, where he acknowledges and tackles most of the contradictions and tensions within the disability law field. Instead of repeating familiar arguments about a backlash against the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Bagenstos recognizes and explains that much of the lack of success of the ADA can be attributed to tensions in the goals and projects of the disability rights movement. He makes a very convincing argument that the anti-discrimination and accommodation model of the ADA, while worthwhile and therefore worth preserving and reinforcing, has limitations that cannot be overcome simply by amending the ADA. Instead, Bagenstos argues that we need to explore social welfare interventions and we need to tailor them in such a way as to avoid “unnecessary paternalism and dependence.” While Bagenstos does an admirable job exploring and suggesting solutions to most of the tensions in the disability law area, the one that he does not explore is a conflict that I believe will be pivotal as courts begin deciding cases after the ADA Amendments Act of 2008. Because the Amendments have made it easier for individuals to pass the threshold issue of coverage, more courts will be forced to analyze the underdeveloped reasonable accommodation provision in the ADA. Many of these cases will involve the tension that arises when the accommodation needed by an individual with a disability conflicts with the rights or interests of other employees in the workplace. This Review will discuss this conflict, exploring a resolution that draws support from the lessons learned in Bagenstos’s book, while infusing the discussion with a communitarian influence.
Rev. Duncan Blair, John A. MacPherson and Michael Linkletter, Fògradh, Fàisneachd, Filidheachd / Parting, Prophecy, Poetry . Sydney: Cape Breton University Press, 2013. Pp. 256. ISBN 978-1- 92749-243-7. CAD$14.95.

Rev. Duncan Blair, John A. MacPherson and Michael Linkletter. Fogradh, Faisneachd, Filidheachd / Parting, Prophecy, Poetry . Sydney: Cape Breton University Press, 2013. Pp. 256. ISBN 978-1-92749-243-7. CAD$14.95.
Low field electron emission from nanocluster carbon films grown using a pulsed trigger less cathodic arc process

Nanostructured carbon based electron emitters are now in the forefront, as one of the best candidate for cold cathode based field emission applications. Various forms of carbon including, nano-diamond, carbon nanotubes, nanostructured graphite, nano horns, nanocluster carbon, diamond like carbon [DLC], tetrahedral amorphous carbon [ta-C], etc., have been all shown to emit electrons at reasonably low fields. These materials have been grown using different process like hot filament CVD, microwave plasma CVD, Plasma assisted DC discharge, cathodic arc etc., The need is for a low temperature, large areas capability, low cost process, compatible with silicon process technology. The Cathodic arc offers the unique opportunity of growing any form of carbon, from highly sp/sup 3/ bonded material like diamond to highly sp/sup 2/ bonded graphite like material such as carbon nanotube and all the intermediate stages including DLC, ta-C and nanoclusters at near room temperature. The process may also be scaled up, for large area film growth.
The Contemporary Construction of Nurse Empowerment

Purpose: (a) To describe how nursing's construction of the concept of empowerment has selectively shaped the manner in which this concept has been applied to nursing professional practice and (b) to explicate clearly the breadth of the concept by highlighting the complex interactions that shape nurse empowerment. Design and Methods: This integrative literature review analyzes academic literature published between 1960 and 2010 in the fields of nursing, management, and women's studies utilizing an evolutionary concept analysis method to explore the concept of nurse empowerment. Findings: While the literature suggests that empowerment is an emergent product of interactions among individual, organizational, and sociocultural factors, nursing has adopted a construction of empowerment that focuses primarily on organizational antecedents. This construction has enabled nursing to operationalize the concept in order to address a number of pressing challenges. Yet, this construction only limitedly addresses the individual and sociocultural factors that impact nurses’ empowerment. Conclusions: In order to promote professional practice through the mobilization of power, scholarship must further investigate the complex interactions producing empowerment. Clinical Relevance: For nurses to practice as professionals, they must be empowered to take action and respond to challenges using professional skill and knowledge. Unless nurses feel empowered to act, they will rely too heavily on rigid bureaucratic structures rather than their own professional power to guide practice.
Reducing Costs in Urban Transportation Construction

This paper describes an in-depth research study to evaluate the current and projected state of productivity in the construction of transportation facilities and explores improved mechanisms for implementing transportation construction innovations. At this stage it is evident that some of the major obstacles that impact costs, reduce productivity, and inhibit the implementation of innovations result from:(1)Decisions made and policies set during the planning and design phases; (2)the contractual and organizational structure chosen for project administration; and (3)delays and cost increases resulting from third-party intervention. There are also opportunities for further improvements through wider and more effective use by construction contractors of management techniques that have already proven to be successful.
Monitoring the width of the tropical belt with GPS radio occultation measurements

[1] GPS radio occultation data collected over the period 2002–2011 were analyzed to examine the possible expansion of the tropical belt due to climate change. By the use of high vertical-resolution temperature profiles, monthly averages of the lapse rate tropopause were obtained and used to derive a decade-long time series of the tropical edge latitude (TEL) in each hemisphere and its linear trends. Two different TEL criteria were examined. Our analysis shows that a statistically significant widening trend of ≈1° latitude/decade was found in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) by either criterion. This contrasts strongly with the Southern Hemisphere (SH), where no statistically significant trends were found. Comparison with ECMWF reanalysis shows good agreement, but the agreement is worse over SH. Substantial differences in seasonal trends were found between NH and SH, with the latter showing strong widening in the austral summer countered by contraction over the austral winter and spring.
IMPACT OF EPIDEMIC TYPE A INFLUENZA IN A DEFINED ADULT POPULATION

The authors studied the occurrence of excess morbidity and mortality among subsets of the adult population (persons over 14 years of age) of a large prepaid group practice during two epidemics of type A influenza (1968-1969 and 1972-1973). The experience from 1970-1971, a nonepidemic years, was used as a reference for estimating excesses. Ambulatory visits for influenza and influenza-related acute respiratory disease increased by 5-7 visits per 100 persons (30-50% excess) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) hospitalization rates increased by 79-86 per 100,000 (140-150% excess) over the rates in the nonepidemic period. There were 11-13 excess deaths per 100,000 population, most of which involved persons over 65 years of age. Excess rates of ambulatory visits were similar for all adult age groups. Excess rates of persons hospitalized with P&I ranged from 23-25 per 100,000 among non-high risk persons aged 15-44 years to 150-172 per 100,000 among persons over age 65 years without underlying "high risk" conditions and 476-636 per 100,000 persons over 65 with underlying "high risk" conditions. These data provide a basis for increasing the precision of clinical and public decision-making regarding the prevention of serious consequences of epidemic influenza.
Active multistatic track initiation cued by passive acoustic detection

Fields of distributed passive and multistatic active sonar sensors provide surveillance capabilities against quiet submarine threats in Anti-Submarine Warfare scenarios. The joint cooperative use of passive and active sonar offers synergistic and complimentary acoustic performance as well as operational advantages. However, a significant challenge of heterogeneous, multi-sensor systems is the successful fusion of information from the various sensors to enable robust target detection, classification, localization, and tracking. This paper describes a fusion algorithm which is based on a passive acoustic detection cue that triggers a multistatic active sonar system. It provides the capability to reduce false track rate by selectively initiating active tracks via a passive cue. The algorithm is developed for the case of fixed passive arrays, which are unable to determine target range. However, the passive system may automatically detect Closest-Point-of-Approach (CPA) events and forward these as cues to the active system for multistatic active track initiation. The passive range and bearing ambiguities, time-of-CPA and speed-to-range ratio as provided by CPA detections are then mapped into a set of hypotheses in a 4-dimensional Cartesian space (x and y positions and velocities) via a Gaussian Mixture representation for active track initiation. The highly probable target state hypothesis is identified within a multi-bank multistatic tracker. The paper describes the algorithm and presents results on a simulated passive-active dataset. It demonstrates the effective “hand off” of the cue, target localization, tracking and false alarm reduction.
Stability and complex balancing in mass-action systems with three short complexes

General methods developed previously (Feinberg 1973; Horn & Jackson 1972; Horn 1973 a, b, c ) are used in order to analyse all mass-action systems with three short complexes. It is shown that there exist in all 43 different isomorphism classes of collections of three short complexes and that the weakly reversible mass-action systems which are associated with 41 of these classes are unconditionally complex balanced. For the remaining mass-action systems the condition on the rate constants is given, which is necessary and sufficient to ensure complex balancing. It is also shown that all weakly reversible mass-action systems with three short complexes are quasithermodynamic and, therefore, exhibit the dynamic regularity which is associated with that condition.
The Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum of 1552 and the Furthering of Discipline in England

In November, 1549, at the beginning of the third session of King Edward VI's first parliament, legislation was introduced intending to facilitate the reformation of the ecclesiastical laws of England. In the House of Lords, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer and others submitted a bill “touching Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction” which would have given the bishops and their ordinaries the power to excommunicate and to imprison those who were in need of discipline in order to help tidy up what was regarded then to be an immoral and disorderly nation. This bill passed the House of Lords and was sent down to the House of Commons for consideration.
The effects of cytochalasin B and vinblastine on movement of cholesterol in rat adrenal glands.

Abstract Vinblastine (antimicrotubular agent) and cytochalasin B (antimicrofilament agent) block the build up of adrenal mitochondrial cholesterol seen in the presence of AMG. ACTH stimulated steroidogenesis is inhibited in vivo by both agents via a reduction in the transfer of intra-adrenal cholesterol to adrenal mitochondria, resulting in a decrease in the synthesis of adrenal steroids. Both inhibitors also decrease ACTH stimulated formation of cholesterol cytochrome P450SCC complex in adrenal mitochondria, as determined by difference spectroscopy. The effects of these inhibitors contrast with the actions of protein synthesis inhibitors which decrease cholesterol binding to P450SCC while increasing mitochondrial cholesterol content.
Thermal Reversal of Ultraviolet-Irradiation Damage in Salmonella typhimurium

Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on lysogenic and nonlysogenic Salmonella typhimurium grown at 25 C are partially reversed by shifting cultures to 43 C immediately after irradiation.
Comparative Quantitative Prevalence of Mycobacteria and Functionally Abundant nidA, nahAc, and nagAc Dioxygenase Genes in Coal Tar Contaminated Sediments

The Chattanooga Creek Superfund site is heavily contaminated with metals, pesticides, and coal tar with sediments exhibiting high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). High molecular weight PAHs are of concern because of their toxicity and recalcitrance in the environment; as such, there is great interest in microbes, such as fast-growing Mycobacterium spp., capable of degradation of these compounds. Real-time quantitative PCR assays were developed targeting multiple dioxygenase genes to assess the ecology and functional diversity of PAH-degrading communities. These assays target the Mycobacterium nidA, beta-proteobacteria nagAc, and gamma-proteobacteria nahAc with the specific goal of testing the hypothesis that Mycobacteria catabolic genes are enriched and may be functionally associated with high molecular weight PAH biodegradation in Chattanooga Creek. Dioxygenase gene abundances were quantitatively compared to naphthalene and pyrene mineralization, and temporal and spatial PAH concentrations. nidA abundances ranged from 5.69 x 10(4) to 4.92 x 10(6) copies per gram sediment; nagAc from 2.42 x 10(3) to 1.21 x 10(7), and nahAc from below detection to 4.01 x 10(6) copies per gram sediment. There was a significantly greater abundance of nidA and nagAc at sites with the greatest concentrations of PAHs. In addition, nidA and nagAc were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.76), indicating a coexistence of organisms carrying these genes. A positive relationship was also observed between nidA and nagAc and pyrene mineralization indicating that these genes serve as biomarkers for pyrene degradation. A 16S rDNA clone library of fast-growing Mycobacteria indicated that the population is very diverse and likely plays an important role in attenuation of high molecular weight PAHs from Chattanooga Creek.
Countercurrent distribution of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: isolation of a subpopulation enriched with natural killer and K cells

Aqueous solutions of dextran and of poly(ethylene glycol) when mixed give rise to two-phase systems suitable for the separation by partitioning of cells based on subtle differences in their membrane surface properties. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained by centrifuging blood over Hypaque-Ficoll and removing the cells from the cushion. Clean lymphocytes were then isolated by velocity sedimentation of the mononuclear cells. Lymphocytes were subjected to countercurrent distribution (i.e., a multiple extraction procedure) in a two-polymer aqueous phase system which separates cells primarily on the bases of surface charge-associated properties. It was found that a small subpopulation of cells with highest partition coefficient (presumably highest surface charge-associated properties) contain virtually all of the natural killer (NK) and K cell activities.
An Approximate Analytic Solution of the One-Dimensional Foil Bearing Problem

Approximate solutions are found to the one-dimensional steady-state foil bearing problem in which a longitudinally translating, flexible tensioned sheet of material rides on a thin film of entrained air as it wraps around a fixed cylinder. The approximate solutions use the first few terms of a scaled, exponential power series and minimize the squared residual in the governing differential equation. The solutions are simple, compare well with more exact solutions, anti provide excellent starting points for more sophisticated, iterative solution algorithms.
Experience paper: a content reuse documentation design experience

Using an XML environment, these authors as co-writers developed a set of documents that reused content in several ways. The documents produced for a HP software product included a user manual, context-sensitive help for product GUI screens and user tasks, manual pages (manpages) for delivery on a UNIX system, a white paper, and a technical web site. The help system was delivered using a platform independent, HTML-based technology, manpages were delivered in NROFF for the man command, and the user manual was delivered as PDF and HTML on docs.hp.com and as PDF with the product. Reused content was authored in context within the documents and reused opportunistically rather than from a central repository.
Do prostate cancer patients at risk of pelvic lymph-node metastasis benefit from pelvic radiation?

Do prostate cancer patients at risk of pelvic lymph-node metastasis benefit from pelvic radiation?
Combining immunotherapy with radiation for the treatment of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is a devastating cancer with universally poor outcomes in spite of current standard multimodal therapy. Immunotherapy is an attractive new treatment modality given its potential for exquisite specificity and its favorable side effect profile; however, clinical trials of immunotherapy in GBM have thus far shown modest benefit. Optimally combining radiation with immunotherapy may be the key to unlocking the potential of both therapies given the evidence that radiation can enhance anti-tumor immunity. Here we review this evidence and discuss considerations for combined therapy.
Laser induced gas breakdown: A bibliographical review

This paper provides a review of papers published on laser induced gas breakdown. The material is divided into four parts: 1) breakdown mechanism, 2) plasma expansion under the influence of the laser pulse, 3) plasma decay after the end of the laser pulse, and 4) bibliography of papers published on the subject up to the end of May, 1968.