cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ER(2)-cohomology of ∏nCP∞ and BU(n)

Abstract We continue the development of the computability of the second real Johnson-Wilson theory. As E R ( 2 ) is not complex orientable, this gives some difficulty even with basic spaces. In this paper we compute the second real Johnson-Wilson theory for products of infinite complex projective spaces and for the classifying spaces for the unitary groups.
Dynamic fair node spectrum allocation for ad hoc networks using random matrices

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is widely seen as a solution to the problem of limited spectrum, because of its ability to adapt the operating frequency of a radio. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) can extend high-capacity mobile communications over large areas where fixed and tethered-mobile systems are not available. In one use case with high potential impact, cognitive radio employs spectrum sensing to facilitate the identification of allocated frequencies not currently accessed by their primary users. Primary users own the rights to radiate at a specific frequency and geographic location, while secondary users opportunistically attempt to radiate at a specific frequency when the primary user is not using it. We populate a spatial radio environment map (REM) database with known information that can be leveraged in an ad hoc network to facilitate fair path use of the DSA-discovered links. Utilization of high-resolution geospatial data layers in RF propagation analysis is directly applicable. Random matrix theory (RMT) is useful in simulating network layer usage in nodes by a Wishart adjacency matrix. We use the Dijkstra algorithm for discovering ad hoc network node connection patterns. We present a method for analysts to dynamically allocate node-node path and link resources using fair division. User allocation of limited resources as a function of time must be dynamic and based on system fairness policies. The context of fair means that first available request for an asset is not envied as long as it is not yet allocated or tasked in order to prevent cycling of the system. This solution may also save money by offering a Pareto efficient repeatable process. We use a water fill queue algorithm to include Shapley value marginal contributions for allocation.
Use of a Phosphorus Points Education Program to Maintain Normal Serum Phosphorus in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case Report.

A 14-year-old male, with chronic kidney disease stage 4 (glomerular filtration rate 20 mL/min/1.73 m2) secondary to reflux nephropathy required dietary modification with evidence of renal osteodystrophy, presented with elevated serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone. He was educated using a novel phosphorus point system where 1 point is equivalent to ∼50 mg of phosphorus. Dietary counseling was provided by a pediatric renal dietitian on phosphorus content of foods the patient typically consumed and converted to point system for daily tracking. The family reported limiting daily phosphorus points to less than 20 points daily for 15 months. The family completed a 3-day food record and provided points assigned to each food item. A Spearman's correlation of 0.7 (P
Physical activity, stress, and cardiovascular disease risk: HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

We assess whether the cross-sectional associations between moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and CVD risk factors are modified by various stress types. Complete baseline data from 4,000 participants, ages 18-74 years, of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study (HCHS/SOL SCAS) were analyzed using complex survey design methods. Accelerometer-measured MVPA was assessed continuously (average minutes per day). CVD risk factors assessed were diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and obesity. Stress was assessed using the Chronic Burden Scale for chronic stress, Traumatic Stress Schedule for traumatic stress, and the Perceived Stress Scale for perceived stress. Poisson regression models estimated prevalence ratios of CVD risk factors. The interaction was evaluated by cross-product terms with p <0.10. There was a significant interaction between chronic stress and MVPA among those with prevalent diabetes (pinteraction = 0.09). Among those reporting low chronic stress, higher MVPA was associated with a low prevalence of diabetes, however among those reporting high chronic stress, the prevalence of diabetes remained high even with higher MVPA. We did not observe interactions between chronic stress and MVPA for the remaining CVD risk factors, or interactions between traumatic stress or perceived stress and MVPA. This study provides initial evidence on the role of chronic stress on the association between MVPA and diabetes for Hispanic/Latino adults. Mostly, however, chronic stress, traumatic stress, and perceived stress did not modify the associations between MVPA and CVD risk factors for Hispanic/Latino adults.
Dreams About COVID-19 Versus Normative Dreams: Trends by Gender

Dreams about the COVID-19 pandemic were collected from 2,888 dreamers via an online survey and compared to normative dreams from an earlier period A total of 9 categories of emotions and body concerns from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) were utilized As predicted by the continuity hypothesis of dreaming, women showed significantly lower positive emotions in their dreams and higher rates of negative emotions, anxiety, sadness, anger, body content, references to biological processes, health, and death For male respondents, the predicted higher score for the LIWC variable health was the only one significant at as high a level as for women LIWC positive emotions, negative emotions, anxiety, and death were elevated in the predicted direction at lower significance levels than the effects for women The variables anger, sadness, and body did not differ for men between the pandemic dreams and the normative sample Results are discussed in terms of the continuity hypothesis both for distress and specific concerns of both groups and in light of the higher rate of many stressors for women versus men during the pandemic
Spin splitting and spin Hall conductivity in buckled monolayers of the group 14: first-principles calculations

Elemental monolayers of the group 14 with a buckled honeycomb structure, namely silicene, germanene, stanene, and plumbene, are known to demonstrate a spin splitting as a result of an electric field parallel to their high symmetry axis which is capable of tuning their topological phase between a quantum spin Hall insulator and an ordinary band insulator. We perform first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory to quantify the spin-dependent band gaps and the spin splitting as a function of the applied electric field and extract the main coefficients of the invariant Hamiltonian. Using the linear response theory and the Wannier interpolation method, we calculate the spin Hall conductivity in the monolayers and study its sensitivity to an external electric field. Our results show that the spin Hall conductivity is not quantized and in the case of silicene, germanene, and stanene degrades significantly as the electric field inverts the band gap and brings the monolayer into the trivial phase. The electric field induced band gap does not close in the case of plumbene which shows a spin Hall conductivity that is robust to the external electric field.
ABO blood type association with SARS-CoV-2 infection mortality: A single-center population in New York City.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a variable clinical course with significant mortality. Early reports suggested higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with type A blood and enrichment of type A individuals among COVID-19 mortalities. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study includes all patients hospitalized or with an emergency department (ED) visit who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 between March 10, 2020 and June 8, 2020 and had a positive test result by nucleic acid test (NAT) performed on a nasopharyngeal swab specimen. A total of 4968 patients met the study inclusion criteria, with a subsequent 23.1% (n = 1146/4968) all-cause mortality rate in the study cohort. To estimate overall risk by ABO type and account for the competing risks of in-hospital mortality and discharge, we calculated the cumulative incidence function (CIF) for each event. Cause-specific hazard ratios (csHRs) for in-hospital mortality and discharge were analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Type A blood was associated with the increased cause-specific hazard of death among COVID-19 patients compared to type O (HR = 1.17, 1.02-1.33, p = .02) and type B (HR = 1.32,1.10-1.58, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that ABO histo-blood group type is associated with the risk of in-hospital death in COVID-19 patients, warranting additional inquiry. Elucidating the mechanism behind this association may reveal insights into the susceptibility and/or immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
Recent PTO Guidance Charts a New Course Through the Patent Eligibility Quagmire

In a span of four years, 2010-2014, the U.S. Supreme Court issued four decisions that have dramatically altered patent eligibility jurisprudence: Bilski, Mayo, Myriad, and Alice. Ever since Bilski was decided, the PTO has struggled to apply the new patent eligibility jurisprudence in a consistent and predictable manner. The two part framework for assessing patent eligibility, as set for in Alice and Mayo, is stated at a high level of abstraction, and the Supreme Court has given little concrete guidance as to how it is to be applied beyond the specific claims at issue in its precedent. At times, the Supreme Court’s explanation of patent eligibility seems internally inconsistent, for example with respect to method of treatment claims. Judges on the Federal Circuit have complained that Supreme Court precedent, particularly the Mayo decision, denies patent eligibility to some of the most important innovation occurring in medicine, particularly in the realm of diagnostics and personalized medicine, which could not have been what the Supreme Court intended. There have been increasing calls for the Supreme Court or Congress to intervene and straighten out what many consider to be a mess, including many of the judges on the Federal Circuit. The PTO in particular has struggled to implement the Supreme Court’s recent patent eligibility jurisprudence in a fair, predictable, and consistent manner. The PTO has responded to the challenge by issuing a series of guidance documents for use by its examiners in assessing patent eligibility, along with examples applying the guidance to specific hypothetical claims, mostly involving information technology and biotechnology. This guidance has been revised with each Supreme Court decision, and continues to evolve as the Federal Circuit issues precedential opinions applying the new patent eligibility standard in a variety of contexts. This Article reviews the most recent guidance and offers an assessment of where things stand after the PTO’s latest October 2019 Update with respect to examination for patent eligibility.
Fairness and Machine Fairness

Prediction-based decisions, which are often made by utilizing the tools of machine learning, influence nearly all facets of modern life. Ethical concerns about this widespread practice have given rise to the field of fair machine learning and a number of fairness measures, mathematically precise definitions of fairness that purport to determine whether a given prediction-based decision system is fair. Following Reuben Binns (2017), we take "fairness" in this context to be a placeholder for a variety of normative egalitarian considerations. We explore a few fairness measures to suss out their egalitarian roots and evaluate them, both as formalizations of egalitarian ideas and as assertions of what fairness demands of predictive systems. We pay special attention to a recent and popular fairness measure, counterfactual fairness, which holds that a prediction about an individual is fair if it is the same in the actual world and any counterfactual world where the individual belongs to a different demographic group (cf. Kusner et al. 2018).
Strategies to Overcome Failures in T-Cell Immunotherapies by Targeting PI3K-δ and -γ

PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ are critical regulators of T-cell differentiation, senescence, and metabolism. PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ signaling can contribute to T-cell inhibition via intrinsic mechanisms and regulation of suppressor cell populations, including regulatory T-cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells in the tumor. We examine an exciting new role for using selective inhibitors of the PI3K δ- and γ-isoforms as modulators of T-cell phenotype and function in immunotherapy. Herein we review the current literature on the implications of PI3K-δ and -γ inhibition in T-cell biology, discuss existing challenges in adoptive T-cell therapies and checkpoint blockade inhibitors, and highlight ongoing efforts and future directions to incorporate PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ as synergistic T-cell modulators in immunotherapy.
Clinical implications of molecular heterogeneity in triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease lacking recurrent targetable alterations and thus therapeutic advances have been challenging. The absence of ER, PR and HER2 amplifications, leaves combination chemotherapy as the standard of care treatment option in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. Recently, multiple studies have shed some light on the heterogeneity of TNBC and identified distinct transcriptional subtypes with unique biologies. Herein we review the molecular heterogeneity and the impact on previous and future clinical trials.
Monolithically integrated 1.55 [micro sign]m photoreceiver-laser driver optoelectronic integrated circuit

An InP-based monolithically integrated optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC), consisting of a 1.55 µm photoreceiver and a laser driver, is demonstrated. The circuit, designed and fabricated with heterojunction bipolar transistors, has a −3 dB bandwidth of 8.1 GHz and bit-error-rate measurements show that the circuit can operate at 10 Gbit/s. The OEIC is tested with a singlemode 1.55 µm laser connected externally.
Abstract 332: Differences in Vital Signs Between Elderly and Non-Elderly Patients Prior to Ward Cardiac Arrest

BACKGROUND: Vital signs and composite risk scores, such as the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), are used to identify high-risk patients, trigger rapid response teams, and assist with triage decisions. Although age-related vital sign changes are known to occur, little is known about the differences in vital signs between elderly and non-elderly patients prior to ward cardiac arrest (CA). We compared the accuracy of vital signs and the MEWS for detecting CA between elderly and non-elderly patients. METHODS: All patients hospitalized on the wards from five hospitals were included in the study. Patient characteristics and vital signs prior to CA were compared between elderly (age ≥65 years) and non-elderly (age RESULTS: A total of 269,956 admissions with documented age occurred during the study period, which included 422 index ward CAs. Within four hours of CA, elderly patients had significantly lower mean heart rate (88 vs. 99 beats per minute; P CONCLUSIONS: Vital signs are much more accurate for detecting CA on the wards in non-elderly patients compared to elderly patients, which has important implications for how they are used for identifying critically ill patients. Further investigation into improving the accuracy of risk stratification for elderly patients is necessary in order to decrease their risk for this devastating event.
An Exploration of the Impact of Modern Arbitration Statutes on the Development of Arbitration in the United States

Findings from historical research show that the "evidence" generally cited to support the contention that arbitration is effective primarily because of the threat of court-imposed sanctions should actually be characterized as "historical assumptions." Arbitration statutes commanding courts to recognize arbitration settlements and arbitration clauses were not the stimulus for the growth of arbitration that they are often assumed to have been. In fact, arbitration backed by nonlegal sanctions was well established long before the passage of arbitration statutes. Furthermore, political demands for these statutes are primarily from bar associations, which saw arbitration without lawyers as a threat to their livelihood. Refutation of the supporting evidence does not necessarily reject the hypothesis that legal sanctions are prerequisites for some arbitration, but nonlegal sanctions clearly provide sufficient backing under many circumstances. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Intelligent Robot Vision Sensors in VLSI

Traditional approaches for solving real-world problems using computer vision have depended heavily on CCD cameras and workstations. As the computation power of workstations doubles every 1.5 years, they are now better able to handle the large amount of data presented by the camerass yet real-time solutions for physical interaction with the real-world continues to be very hard, and relegated to large and expensive systems. Our approach attempts to solve this problem by using computational sensors and small/inexpensive embedded processors. The computational sensors are custom designed to reduce the amount of data collected, to extract only relevant information and to present this information to the simple processor, microcontrollers (μCs) or DSPs, in a format which reduces post-processing latency. Consequently, the post-processors are required to perform only high level computation on features rather than data. These systems are applied to problems such as target acquisition and tracking for image stabilization and autonomous data driven autonavigation for mobile robots. We present an example of a system that uses a pair of computational sensors and a μC to solve a toy autonavigation problem. The computational sensors, however, have wide applications in many problems that require image preprocessing such as edge detection, motion detection, centroid localization and other spatiotemporal processing. This paper also presents a general-purpose computational sensor capable of extracting many visual information components at the focal plane.
Efficiency of Thymidine Incorporation in Escherichia coli B/r as a Function of Growth Rate

Abstract Short-term labeling with radioactive thymidine led to inaccurate estimates of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at some growth rates in steady-state cultures of Escherichia coli B/r. Estimates were corrected in chemostat cultures by adding adenosine, a known inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase.
Living and learning together: Principled practice for engagement and social transformation in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia.

In this chapter, Drew will discuss the 4-year program of engagement with Aboriginal communities in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia. The Youth and Community Wellbeing program was initiated (and wholly funded) by the Traditional Owners of the region as a partnership to address youth suicide. The program embodies culturally determined ways of working based on authentic relationship building for the long term. He will explore the importance of everyday practices as well as the use of innovative approaches including photography, art and film to document the lived experiences of community in pursuit of social transformation and critical consciousness.
Extended semiclassical calculations

We propose a method of performing semiclassical calculations using purely real solutions of the classical equations of motion together with Gaussian fluctuations around them. The method has a very close correspondence with recent complex saddle-point calculations, but has certain advantages including ease of computation. For quantum-mechanical problems, the method is shown to give reliable answers in both weak and strong coupling cases, and asymptotically the standard dilute-gas answers are recovered. It directly generalizes to field theories in more than one dimension, and for certain cases all the relevant solutions are already known.
Carrier transport in a quantum dot solar cell using semiclassical and quantum mechanical models

Abstract Quantum dot (QD) heterostructures (HS) are widely used in a variety of modern electronic devices such as photodetectors, intermediate-band solar cells (IBSC), light-emitting diodes, and lasers. In this paper we use a multiscale model for carrier transport to simulate a p-i-n solar cell that includes InAs/GaAs QDs. This model combines the Boltzmann–Fokker–Planck and the density matrix formalisms. Our results suggest that while contributing to the photocurrent due to absorption of photons with energies less than the bulk GaAs bandgap, stacked layers of quantum dot arrays with high in-plane densities used in a solar cell can inhibit the transport of photocarriers originating from the absorption of photons with energies above bulk GaAs bandgap. We show that this is due to the quantum scattering of carriers by the confinement potential, resulting in longer paths travelled by the carriers and thus an increased non-radiative (NR) recombination in the intrinsic region of the cell. The reflected carriers also form an additional space charge that reduces the built-in field in the HS region. Our results can explain previous experimental data showing photocurrent density reduction in IBSCs with multiple layers of quantum dots illuminated in the absorption range of bulk GaAs. With full consideration of the quantum scattering in our analysis, we predict the solar cell photocurrent as a function of QD density, morphology, and defect density.
Unusual arrhythmias after corrective surgery for transposition of the great vessels

Abstract Two of five successful corrective surgical procedures for transposition of the great vessels have resulted in unusual arrhythmias. One consisted of a variable degree of S-A nodal block, and the other of two levels of block in the A-V node. Both probably resulted from surgical trauma.
Keeping Excitement in Teaching.

It is imperative for those of us who teach to find ways to stay renewed and refreshed over the long term. There are at least five ways through which most of us can find new energy and excitement in our teaching. One is to focus more genuinely on our students and learn more about them as persons and as colleagues- and to listen more carefully to what they say. Another is to inform them of the important objectives of a course and allow students to assume more of the responsibility for learning. A third tip is to use a greater variety of teaching methods, particularly ones that get students more actively involved in learning. Two additional ways to add excitement to teaching are to teach new courses and to plan periodic activities away from teaching. As John Gardner has recently stated so eloquently, it is our faith in human possibilities that is the generative element in such activities as leading, teaching, and guiding students.
Free surface segregation in boron doped Ni3Al

Abstract Surface segregation in boron-doped Ni3Al alloys containing 24–26% Al has been studied for temperatures between 600 and 1000°C. In agreement with earlier studies, boron was not observed to segregate to free surfaces at 1000°C, while sulfur was observed to segregate strongly. Between 600 and 800°C, both boron and nitrogen, as well as sulfur, were observed to segregate to surfaces damaged by sputter ion etching. Boron and nitrogen did not segregate strongly to well annealed surfaces in this temperature range, however, indicating possible effects of chemical order, defect structure, and /or nickel enrichment on the extent of interfacial boron segregation.
Bifurcation behavior of laminar flows of a boundary layer problem

This paper presents a theoretical analysis on the bifurcation behavior of solutions to a nonlinear equation f”'– ff” with boundary conditions: f(0) =C, f'(0)=ξ and f'(∞) = 1 where ξ and C are parameters. It shows that if ξ ≥ 0 including the case ξ ≥ 1, then for any C the boundary value problem has at most one solution. However, for any ξ < 0 there exist some C < 0 such that the boundary value problem admits at least two solutions.
Methods for determining auditory evoked brain-stem response thresholds in human newborns

Abstract Previous investigators have reported that newborn auditory evoked brain-stem responses (ABRs) are 20–30 dB higher than adult psychophysical thresholds to the same stimuli. These investigators reduced the intensity of the stimulus until they no longer reported an ABR to the stimulus. We adapted 2 widely used psychophysical methods, the up-down-transformed response (UDTR) method and the method of constant stimuli, for ABR threshold determination of human newborns. Response judgments were made blindly. ABR thresholds of healthy normal newborns by both procedures were no more than 10–15 dB higher than adult psychophysical thresholds. The differences between the newborn ABR thresholds we reported and those in the literature were probably explained by different procedures including the method used to estimate adult psychophysical thresholds. The correlations between ABR thresholds and suprathreshold ABR latencies and amplitudes and latency and amplitude/intensity functions were modest at best. In normal newborns suprathreshold ABR measurements are of little value in predicting ABR thresholds.
MGA4 A Retrospective Approach to Evaluate Qaly: Estimation of Health Utility Index from the SF‐36 in a Managed Care Population

Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) are well recognized as a valid measure for outcomes in cost-effectiveness analyses. However, it is difficult to obtain a summary utility score from health status measure such as the SF-36. OBJECTIVE: To predict a summary utility score (represented by HUI) from the scores on the SF-36. METHODS: A structural equation framework was applied to data collected from 1992 to 1995 on the Southern California Kaiser Permanente population (n = 5,794). An instrumental variable (IV) method mitigated the endogeneity in estimating the HUI(MarkII). Socioeconomic and disease variables were used as covariates. A split-sample analysis provided cross-validation. RESULT: This model predicted 33.68% of the observed variance in HUI index scores with an adjusted R2of 0.3335. Observed HUI index scores were distributed with a mean of 0.7963 and std. deviation of 0.1796. Parameter estimates of most of the SF-36 components (except General Health & Social Functioning) showed statistical significance at α= 0.05 level. People with high chronic disease scores were found to have low SF-36 scores, and parameter estimates of this covariate were also found statistically significant at α= 0.05 level in all structural equations. However, all the socioeconomic variables showed statistical insignificance. Comparison of “Forecasting” and “Estimation” sub-samples showed satisfactory results during cross-validation. CONCLUSION: Result of this study provides a quantitative link between two important measures of health status. The present model can be used to estimate overall health utility summary scores from previous studies using the SF-36.
Discrete visual defects in pearl mutant mice

The mutant mouse pearl, characterized by its hypopigmentation, has a specific functional defect in a sensory system--the retina. The intact pearl mouse has reduced sensitivity in the dark-adapted condition. Normal sensitivity is restored by isolation and superfusion of the retina with bicarbonate-buffered Ringer solution, suggesting that the retinal expression of the pearl mutation depends on a diffusible substance. The pearl phenotype is described as a possible model for human congenital stationary night blindness.
In vitro digestive fluid extraction as a measure of the bioavailability of sediment‐associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources of variation and implications for partitioning models

In vitro extraction of contaminated sediments using the digestive fluid of a deposit-feeding polychaete has recently been proposed to study contaminant bioaccumulation mechanisms and perhaps to better quantify the bioavailable contaminant fraction. This approach was evaluated using digestive fluid from the polychaete Arenicola brasiliensis and six marine sediments containing both spiked radiolabeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and in situ-contaminated unlabeled PAHs. The proportion of total contaminant extracted by digestive fluid from each sediment varied from 22 to 71% and 13 to 52%, for phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene, respectively. The proportions of contaminant solubilized were inversely correlated with the sediments` organic carbon content. The extent of PAH solubilization among sediments by A. brasiliensis digestive fluid was highly correlated with that of digestive fluid from the echiuran Urechis caupo and appears to be a consequence of surfactant properties of the fluids rather than of their enzymatic activity. The proportion of PAHs solubilized in vitro was similar to in vivo measurements of solubilization for contaminant exposures lasting about 24 h. However, with continued exposure, in vivo PAH concentrations in the digestive fluid increased fivefold, suggesting that digestive fluid is retained in the gut longer than sediment and thus accumulates PAHs through sequential digestion ofmore » many gut volumes. This phenomenon may enhance contaminant fugacity in the gut and increase the potential for bioaccumulation or toxicity.« less
All-optical wavelength conversion for optically multiplexed 40-Gbit/s payload and 2.5-Gbit/s label in an optical-label-switched network

Wavelength conversion for an optical packet with an optically multiplexed 40-Gbit/s payload and a 2.5-Gbit/s label has been demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge in an optical-label-switched network. The power penalties caused by wavelength conversion for the 40-Gbit/s payload and the 2.5-Gbit/s label are 1.1 and 2.3 dB, respectively. We have also demonstrated that the optical packet is successfully transmitted over two hops with a record transmission distance of 200 km.
EFFECTS OF ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ON WATER CHEMISTRY AND MOSQUITO (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) GROWTH UNDER COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS IN CONTAINER HABITATS

We investigated the direct and indirect effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on freshwater container habitats and their larval mosquito occupants. We predicted that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 would (1) alter the chemical properties of water in this system, (2) slow degradation of leaf litter, and (3) decrease larval growth of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) mosquitoes raised on that litter under competitive conditions. Effects of elevated CO2 on water quality parameters were not detected, but the presence of leaf litter significantly reduced pH and dissolved oxygen relative to water-filled containers without litter. Degradation rates of oak leaf litter from plants grown under elevated CO2 atmospheres did not differ from breakdown rates of litter from ambient CO2 conditions. Litter from plants grown in an elevated CO2 atmospheres did not influence mosquito population growth, but mosquito production decreased significantly with increasing larval density. Differences among mosquito density treatments influenced survivorship most strongly among male Ae. albopictus and time to emergence most strongly among females, suggesting fundamental sex-determined differences in response to competition. Results of this and other studies indicate that direct and indirect effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 are minimal in artificial containers with freshwater.
Effects of low molecular weight nutrients on the pattern of proteins synthesized by non-proliferating murine L cells

Abstract When L cells are cultured for prolonged periods of time without a medium change, the rate of synthesis of two polypeptides (82 000 and 95 000 mol. wt) is greatly increased while that of two other polypeptides (85 000 and 56 000 mol. wt) is correspondingly decreased. These changes in protein synthesis pattern were previously shown [1] to be due to depletion of low molecular weight nutrients from the medium. The present study shows that although the medium is severely depleted of glucose and several amino acids, glucose depletion alone is solely responsible for induction of the observed phenomena. Increased synthesis of the 95 000 and 82 000 mol. wt polypeptides has been shown by other investigators to occur in a different cell system under conditions of glucose deprivation. The present study shows that the synthesis of two additional major cytoplasmic proteins, the 85 000 and 56 000 mol. wt polypeptides, is also glucose regulated.
Ultracentrifugal investigation of the effect of neutral salts on the extraction of soybean proteins.

Abstract Ultracentrifuge studies of the water-extractable soybean proteins reveal the presence of four resolvable fractions having s 20,w values of approximately 2, 7, 11, and 15 S . An unresolvable fraction having an an s 20,w value greater than 15 S is also present. Ultracentrifugal analyses of the proteins extracted by various concentrations of sodium chloride and calcium chloride show that the decreased extractability of soybean protein at intermediate concentrations of salts is due primarily to the decreased solubility of the 11 S and 15 S fractions and of the unresolvable fraction. The decrease in extractability of these fractions is more pronounced with calcium chloride than with sodium chloride. Estimates were made of the amount of each fraction extractable at the different salt concentrations.
Pulmonary Fine Structural Changes in Children with Tissue Hypoxia

Six children have undergone lung biopsy for evaluation of fine structure. Four children demonstrated increased DAVO2 preoperatively and had marked ultrastructural changes in their lungs. Such changes appear to result from embolization of microthrombi or microaggregates to the lung from under-oxygenated tissue.
Barotropic instability of zonally varying flow forced by multimode topography

Abstract The linear stability characteristics of zonally varying basic flow forced by multimode topography are investigated with a quasigeostrophic, barotropic model on an infinite β-plane. Ekman pumping is the sole dissipative process. The topography is chosen to vary from one to five zonal modes, with the amplitudes chosen to be representative of those at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The stability analysis reveals two distinct types of most unstable disturbances: (1) a nearly stationary instability (NSI) that is associated with basic flows near topographic resonance, a parameter setting where a single mode dominates the basic state; (2) a low frequency instability (LFI) that occurs for basic flows dominated by at least two forced waves of similar amplitude. The NSI (LFI) are characterized by relatively large (small) growth rates which are (in)sensitive to small changes in the basic flow. The importance of topographic resolution and disturbance-topography interaction on the stability of the system are also examined. It is shown that multimode topography is solely responsible for generating unstable basic flows in regions of parameter space where single mode basic states are stable. The interaction of the disturbance with topography is most important for those flows where planetary vorticity advection approximately matches the advection of disturbance relative vorticity. Arbitrarily excluding disturbance-topography interaction eliminates the LFI and results in an overestimate of the range of NSI. The weakly non-linear equilibration of the system is also briefly discussed.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 216*

Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 216 is summarized. Evaluated data and the adopted levels and spin and parity assignments are given. Only the α—decay mode has been observed for all nuclei in this mass chain. Possible e—capture and/or β—decay are expected to be quite weak for most of them. An upper limit of 0.6% was set by 68Va18 for 216Th e—decay from α—yields. The compilers estimate any e—capture decay from 216At to 216Po to be <1.5×10−6%; similarly, β—decay from 216At to 216Rn ground state is expected to be <0.0004%, and allowed β− to any yet unobserved level in 216Rn can be estimated to be <0.005% from expected log ft values. Level scheme information for all nuclei is from α—decays of their parents with A=220. α—parents are shown on the drawings above their daughters. α—decay data are given as much as possible on the drawings. For data with uncertainties and references, see A=220 compilation in this issue. Neutron— and proton—separation energies and Q—values for decays shown on the drawings have been taken from 1974 mass adjustment by A. H. Wapstra, K. Bos, and N. B. Gove.
The adaptation of a machine-learned sentence realization system to French

We describe the adaptation to French of a machine-learned sentence realization system called Amalgam that was originally developed to be as language independent as possible and was first implemented for German. We discuss the development of the French implementation with particular attention to the degree to which the original system could be reused, and we present the results of a human evaluation of the quality of sentence realization using the new French system.
Reworked Paleozoic Fossils in Pleistocene Sediments of Southeastern Virginia

Palcontologic and lithologic analysis of several gravel zones within the Nanscmoncl Formation provides new information for the interpretation of the gcomorphic and palcogeographic history of the James River drainage basin. A basal gravel zone, containing pebbles and cobbles of rock characteristic of the Bine Ridge and Piedmont, suggests that the James River had not extended its drainage basin beyond this area by the beginning of Nanscmond time. An upper gravel zone, containing lossiliferous chert and limestone fragments predominantly of Devonian age, suggests that the James River system did not reach the Devonian source area in the Valley and Ridge Province until late Nanscmoncl time.
Effect of liver enzyme induction on paraoxon metabolism in the rat

Abstract Orally administered [1- 14 C]ethyl paraoxon, O,O -diethyl- O-p -nitrophenyl phosphate, is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of male albino rats. Radioactivity is essentially eliminated in 72 hr by excretion into urine and feces and by expiration as 14 CO 2 . Compounds with radioactivity in the urine are tentatively identified as diethyl phosphoric acid, desethyl paraoxon, ethanol, metabolites conjugated with amino acids, and paraoxon; the first compound is the predominant radioactive metabolite. Intraperitoneally injected phenobarbital, DDT, dieldrin, and endrin are inducers of microsomal enzymes that degrade paraoxon. The aryl phosphate-cleaving activity in vitro is not dependent on the addition of NADPH. O -Dealkylation of paraoxon is catalyzed by microsomal enzymes that require NADPH and oxygen and are inhibited by carbon monoxide. Microsomal enzymes from rats pretreated with enzyme inducers give an increased rate of O -dealkylation of paraoxon. Reduced glutathione has little or no effect on paraoxon degradation by either microsomal or soluble enzymes. Actinomycin D inhibits O -dealkylation of paraoxon in vivo , as indicated by reduction of 14 CO 2 formation, and in vitro , as indicated by decreased activity of microsomal O -dealkylase. The role of microsomal mixed-function oxidases and NADPH-dependent O -dealkylase in the metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides is discussed.
Promoting the Sense of Self, Place, and Belonging in Displaced Persons: The Example of Homelessness

This article discusses the psychosocial impact of displacement using homelessness as an illustrative example of displacement. This article draws on the geography literature concerning the sense of space and place and on social theories of self-identity and belonging, notably Anthony Giddens' structuration theory. The impact of displacement is an important dimension of homelessness because it influences social and functional abilities that are relevant to reentry into homes and society. This article explains the relevance of these considerations in the care of displaced persons and emphasizes the role of place in determining identity and self-efficacy.
Synthesis of the schweinfurthin hexahydroxanthene core through Shi epoxidation

Use of a Shi epoxidation for introduction of chirality in a key epoxide intermediate, together with revised protecting group tactics, has allowed an efficient synthesis of the hexahydroxanthene subunit common to the natural schweinfurthin F and the synthetic analogue 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B.
Two-magnon Raman scattering in calcium doped NiO

Abstract The magnetic order in antiferromagnetic NiO is reduced upon calcium doping as reflected by a drop in wavenumber and broadening of the Raman active two-magnon band, and a drop in Neel temperature. The two-magnon wavenumber shift is linear as predicted by an Ising cluster model calculation.
Prospective study of sickle cell trait and venous thromboembolism incidence

Background Sickle cell trait may increase risk of venous thromboembolism, but this is not fully established.
Hierarchical clustering of gene expression patterns in the Eomes + lineage of excitatory neurons during early neocortical development

Cortical neurons display dynamic patterns of gene expression during the coincident processes of differentiation and migration through the developing cerebrum. To identify genes selectively expressed by the Eomes + (Tbr2) lineage of excitatory cortical neurons, GFP-expressing cells from Tg(Eomes::eGFP) Gsat embryos were isolated to > 99% purity and profiled. We report the identification, validation and spatial grouping of genes selectively expressed within the Eomes + cortical excitatory neuron lineage during early cortical development. In these neurons 475 genes were expressed ≥ 3-fold, and 534 genes ≤ 3-fold, compared to the reference population of neuronal precursors. Of the up-regulated genes, 328 were represented at the Genepaint in situ hybridization database and 317 (97%) were validated as having spatial expression patterns consistent with the lineage of differentiating excitatory neurons. A novel approach for quantifying in situ hybridization patterns (QISP) across the cerebral wall was developed that allowed the hierarchical clustering of genes into putative co-regulated groups. Forty four candidate genes were identified that show spatial expression with Intermediate Precursor Cells, 49 candidate genes show spatial expression with Multipolar Neurons, while the remaining 224 genes achieved peak expression in the developing cortical plate. This analysis of differentiating excitatory neurons revealed the expression patterns of 37 transcription factors, many chemotropic signaling molecules (including the Semaphorin, Netrin and Slit signaling pathways), and unexpected evidence for non-canonical neurotransmitter signaling and changes in mechanisms of glucose metabolism. Over half of the 317 identified genes are associated with neuronal disease making these findings a valuable resource for studies of neurological development and disease.
Nondilated obstructive uropathy due to a ureteral calculus.

U ltrasunography has become the standard approach for investigating suspected urinary tract obstruction because of its safety and high sensitivity.lJ However, it is important to understand that ultrasonography does not detect obstruction directly, but rather its usual consequence: dilatation of the renal collecting system. Unforhmately, urinary tract obstruction is not always accompanied by detectable dilatation36 In these unusual cases of nondilated obstructive uropathy, the results of conventional ultrasonography will be falsely negative, thereby misleading the physician and possibly delaying diagnosis and therapy. Most previously reported cases have been the result of retroperitoneal or pelvic malignancy or fibrosis, or have followed pelvic surgery.56 Here we report a case of nondilated obstructive uropathy caused by a ureter-al calculus in order to alert physicians to the possibility that on occasion, even obstruction due to a urinary stone may be missed by ultrasonography. While this presentation has been noted previously by radiologists,5~7-~ it has not been emphasized in the general medical literature.
Comparison of excess molar enthalpies and excess molar volumes as a function of temperature and pressure for mixtures of (ethane, propane, and butane) with (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol)

Abstract Measurements of the excess molar enthalpies H m E as a function of pressure and temperature have now been completed for all of the binary mixtures of ethane, propane, and butane with methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol. Excess molar volumes V m E were also obtained for selected systems. This paper summarizes the results obtained and compares the effect of molar mass temperature, and pressure on H m E , V m E , (∂ H m E /∂ p ) T , and C p ,m E . The effect of (fluid + fluid) equilibria on H m E is described. The UNIFAC-II prediction of H m E is also compared with the experimental results. The effects of molar mass of the alkane and the alkanol, temperature, and pressure are qualitatively explained by a model that includes contributions to H m E and V m E by a positive hydrogen bonding term and a negative packing term. The hydrogen bonding term is most important at high mole fraction of alkane and is dependent on temperature and the molar mass of the alkane. The packing term is most important at low mole fraction of alkane and is dependent on the molar masses of the alkane and the alkanol, temperature, and pressure. The packing term increases in importance in liquid (alkane + alkanol) mixtures as the temperature approaches the critical temperature of the alkane, and becomes large and at temperatures where the alkane is a supercritical fluid.
Glass ceilings or sticky floors? A model of high-income law graduates

Minorities and females are underrepresented in the top-income quintile of law school graduates. Employing a binary logistic regression model, I examine whether this is due to a“glass ceiling” (an invisible barrier erected by third parties) or a“sticky floor” (self-imposed limitations regarding employment). My major finding is that being female, a minority, or disabled did not significantly reduce one's probability of making the top-income quintile once hours of work, experience, and other factors are taken into account. My findings directly contradict the large body of glass-ceiling literature and support the sticky-floor model.
Redesigning and aligning assessment and evaluation for a federally funded math and science teacher educational program

This paper examines the redesign of evaluation components for a teacher professional development project funded by the National Science Foundation. It focuses on aligning evaluation instrumentation and strategies with program goals, research goals and program evaluation best practices. The study identifies weaknesses in the original (year 1) program evaluation design and implementation, develops strategies and tracks changes for year 2 implementation, and then reports enhancement of findings and recommendations for year 3. It includes lessons learned about assessment and evaluation over the project lifespan, with implications for research and evaluation of a range of related programs. This study functions as a classic illustration of how critical it is to observe first principles of assessment and evaluation for funded programs, the risks that arise when they are ignored, and the benefits that accrue when they are systematically observed.