cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of immersion in cool water on lung-exhaled nitric oxide at rest and during exercise

Lung nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to relax airway and vascular smooth muscle at rest and during exercise. As a cold environment is a common cause of respiratory distress, lung exhaled NO was measured during skin and core body cooling at rest and during a progressive cycle exercise. Ten healthy male subjects were immersed in water at a water temperature (Tw) which was thermal neutral (35 degrees C) at 30 degrees C Tw, at which only skin temperature is decreased; and at 20 degrees C Tw, at which the core temperature is decreased (0.05 degrees C). At rest, V(O), and V(E) increased while exhaled NO concentration [NO] and the rate of expiration of NO (V(NO)) decreased with decreased Tw. V(O2) and ventilation (V(E)) increased with workload (W) and the values at all Tw were not different, whereas, [NO] decreased with W and the values during exercise were progressively less at all Ws as Tw declined. These results indicate that lung NO output is reduced in a graded fashion during body cooling at rest and during exercise. This suggests that lower lung NO may contribute to airway obstruction in cold environments and NO may contribute to regulation of lung heat and water exchange.
Reanalysis for structural modifications in boundary-element responseand design sensitivity analysis

A reanalysis technique is presented for obtaining changes in response variables due to changes in design parameters with the boundary-element method. The approach is considered for static response analysis and design sensitivity analysis. Two iterative schemes, one based on total quantities and another based on incremental quantities, are developed. Numerical results are obtained for analyses using: 1) single-zone discretization; 2) multizone discretization; and 3) multizone discretization with condensation
A four-phase AHP–QFD approach for supplier assessment: a sustainability perspective

Recently, companies have become increasingly aware of the need to evaluate suppliers from a sustainability perspective. Introducing the triple bottom line (economic, social, and environmental performance) into supplier assessment and selection decisions embeds a new set of trade-offs, complicating the decision-making process. Although many tools have been developed to help purchasing managers make more effective decisions, decision support tools, and methodologies which integrate sustainability (triple bottom line) into supplier assessment and selection are still sparse in the literature. Moreover, most approaches have not taken into consideration the impact of business objectives and requirements of company stakeholders on the supplier evaluation criteria. To help advance this area of research and further integrate sustainability into the supplier selection modelling area, we develop an integrated analytical approach, combining Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Quality Function Deployment (QFD), to...
Prediction of Pebble Motion in Pebble-Bed Reactors Using Monte Carlo Molecular Dynamics Simulation

AbstractPebble motions in pebble-bed reactors (PBRs) have been investigated by generating pebble motion histories with Monte Carlo molecular dynamics simulations. This extension of molecular dynamics to PBR-sized pebble motion is accomplished by splitting the simulation into two parts. The first part simulates the dropping of pebbles into the PBR with a closed exit that allows one to obtain the correct initial placement of all pebbles within the pebble bed. The second part simulates what happens when the PBR exit is opened and normal pebble flow begins. Using this combined approach the pebble piling up and subsequent discharge are predicted. Simulations have been conducted with this approach by monitoring the mass flow rate, the pebble piling up, and the subsequent discharge for a range of pertinent parameters using the Hertz-Mindlin force for pebble interactions. The simulation output data include the force, velocity, and position of the pebbles as a function of time. Note that arching or locked flow, a ...
Autosomal Dominant Orthostatic Hypotensive Disorder Maps to Chromosome 18q

Familial orthostatic hypotensive disorder is characterized by light-headedness on standing, which may worsen to syncope, palpitations, and blue-purple ankle discoloration, and is accompanied by a marked decrease in systolic blood pressure, an increase in diastolic pressure, and tachycardia, all of which resolve when supine. We ascertained three families in which this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance. A genomewide scan was conducted in the two largest families, and three regions with multipoint LOD scores >1.5 were identified. Follow-up of these regions with additional markers in all three families yielded significant evidence of linkage at chromosome 18q. A maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.21 in the three families was observed at D18S1367, although the smallest family had negative LOD scores in the entire region. There was significant evidence of linkage in the presence of heterogeneity at 18q, with a maximum LOD score of 3.92 at D18S1367 in the two linked families. Identification of the gene responsible for orthostatic hypotensive disorder in these families may advance understanding of the general regulatory pathways involved in the continuum, from hypotension to hypertension, of blood pressure.
The efficacy of sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate and intravenous ketorolac tromethamine in the relief of ureteral colic

A prospective, randomized, open-label, single-dose study was conducted in an emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care teaching hospital to evaluate the efficacy of hyoscyamine sulfate as compared to ketorolac tromethamine for the reduction of pain from ureteral colic in the ED. Patients were included if they were at least 18 years of age and presented to the ED with an initial history and physical examination consistent with ureteral colic. Ureteral calculi were confirmed by ultrasound or intravenous urogram. Consecutive patients were randomized to either a single sublingual dose of 0.125 mg of hyoscyamine sulfate or a single intravenous dose of 30 mg of ketorolac tromethamine given over 1 minute. After 30 minutes, if analgesia was inadequate, patients were given rescue medication. Baseline pain scores were obtained using a horizontal, 100-mm visual analog scale. Additional pain scores were obtained at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. Upon completion of the study, both patients and physicians completed a global assessment score questionnaire. Fifty-four evaluable patients were randomized. Demographics and baseline pain scores were similar for each group. Decreasing trends in pain over time were observed for both treatment groups, with significantly greater pain reduction observed with ketorolac tromethamine as compared to hyoscyamine sulfate. Global evaluations of pain relief revealed better results in the ketorolac tromethamine group than in the hyoscyamine sulfate group, although this result was not statistically significant.
Passing Fish Through Hydraulic Turbines

Abstract Beginning in 1959, the Walla Walla District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, under auspices of the Corps of Engineers' Fisheries Engineering Research Program, has conducted extensive tests on downstream passage of fish through hydraulic turbines, utilizing both model and prototype installations. Purposes of the tests were (1) to establish design criteria for high-head Francis-type turbines that will provide optimum fish passage, and (2) to establish the best method of operating existing Kaplan- and Francis-type turbines that will provide maximum survival of fish under prevailing conditions. Tests at Allis-Chalmers' Hydraulic Laboratory, York, Pennsylvania, using 12-inch-diameter model turbines, demonstrated that mortality among fish passing through a model was of appropriate magnitude to allow comparative studies of mortality in various model installations, that mortality was greatly influenced by turbine operating conditions (efficiency) and relationship of tailwater elevation to runner setting, ...
Miocarditis y bloqueo aurículo-ventricular fetal asociado a lupus eritematoso sistémico materno

El lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES) es una de las patologias autoinmunes mas frecuentes durante el embarazo, asociandose con distintas complicaciones fetales y neonatales, sobre todo cardiacas, secundario al traspaso de anticuerpos maternos a traves de la placenta. Estos anticuerpos se unen a los cardiomioci-tos fetales, desencadenando una respuesta inflamatoria local que determina la aparicion de lesiones que pueden ser permanentes y letales. Presentamos el caso de una paciente embarazada con LES, en la cual se observo en el feto la presencia de bloqueo auriculo-ventricular de primer grado y signos sugerentes de miocarditis. Estas complicaciones se caracterizan por un aumento en la morbimortalidad perinatal, por lo que las estrategias actuales estan dirigidas a la deteccion precoz de estas y tambien en la prevencion de las mismas. Un tratamiento estandar aun es tema de investigacion, pese a los reportes que muestran la efectividad de corticoides como la dexametasona. En embarazadas con anticuerpos anti-Ro positivo se recomienda efectuar ecocardiograma fetal seriados cada 1-2 semanas desde la semana 16, para detectar precozmente anomalias cardiacas sobre las cuales pudiese intervenirse.
Telomerase Activation in Cervical Keratinocytes Containing Stably Replicating Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Episomes

Retroviral transduction and expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 gene has been shown to activate telomerase in human cervical and foreskin keratinocytes. There still remains some controversy, however, as to whether expression of E6 in the context of the whole HPV-16 genome can activate telomerase. In this study, we have generated human cervical keratinocyte clones that contain stably replicating HPV-16 episomes. Interestingly, the majority of the clones exhibited low or no telomerase activity at early passage and this was associated with low transcript levels of the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase, hTERT. The HPV-16-containing clones became immortal without a crisis and, at later passage, exhibited elevated levels of telomerase and higher levels of hTERT without any apparent increase in HPV-16 copy number, E6 transcript levels, or ability to degrade p53. These results indicate that HPV-16 by itself does not necessarily cause telomerase activation in cervical keratinocytes, but rather, supports a model in which HPV-16 facilitates telomerase activation in conjunction with other viral or cellular changes over time.
Involvement of the ipsilateral motor cortex in finger movements of different complexities

Functional imaging and behavioral studies suggest involvement of the ipsilateral hemisphere in hand movements, particularly of the left hand. If this is so, transient disturbance of the motor cortex (M1) with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may affect ipsilateral motor sequences, and the effects may differ on the two sides. We studied 15 right-handed subjects who played a simple and a complex piano sequence for 8 seconds each. Two seconds after the beginning of each sequence, rTMS was delivered to the ipsilateral or contralateral M1, or directed away from the head (control trial). Ipsilateral M1 stimulation on either side induced timing errors in both sequences, and with the complex sequence induced more timing errors in the left hand than in the right hand. Errors of the right hand with both sequences occurred in the stimulation period only, but errors of the left hand with the complex sequence occurred in both the stimulation and poststimulation periods. We conclude that the ipsilateral M1 is involved in fine finger movements. The left hemisphere plays a greater role in timing ipsilateral complex sequences than the right hemisphere and may be more involved in the processing of complex motor programs.
Hidden dependencies between class imbalance and difficulty of learning for bioinformatics datasets

Many bioinformatics datasets share certain problems: they have class imbalance (one class with many more instances than the remaining class(es)), or are difficult to learn from (build accurate models with). Much research has investigated these two problems, or even considered both at once. However, hidden dependencies can exist between these two problems: in a given collection of datasets, the highly imbalanced datasets may be particularly difficult or easy to learn from, and so conclusions based on the level of class imbalance may actually reflect the difficulty of learning. We present a case study with twenty-six bioinformatics datasets which exhibits this dependency, and highlights how it can result in misleading conclusions regarding the absolute and relative performance of learners and feature rankers across balance levels.
Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Osteomyelitis and Suppurative Arthritis Outpatient Therapy

ORAL ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT of acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis in toddler and school-age children has proven a cost-effective and efficacious alternative to intravenous therapy. 1,2 Oral antibiotic regimens, however, have not been carefully studied in neonatal osteomyelitis. We recently treated an infant with oral antibiotics for multifocal group B streptococcal (GBS) osteomyelitis and suppurative arthritis and report our experience.
Governance and Complexity in Water Management: Creating Cooperation Through Boundary Spanning Strategies

Governance and Complexity in Water Management: Creating Cooperation Through Boundary Spanning Strategies Hans Bressers & Kris Lulofs (Eds) Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2010. 224 pp., £70.00 (hardb...
Trajectory sensitivities: Applications in power systems and estimation accuracy refinement

This paper first briefly summarizes the stat-of-the-art work of trajectory sensitivity applications in various areas of power systems. Through linearizing the system along the nominal trajectories, trajectory sensitivities can estimate the trajectory deviations after small parameter change, but will inevitably cause estimation error due to system nonlinearity. Two strategies are proposed in this paper to refine the estimation accuracy in situations when the error is unacceptable. These two strategies are second order trajectory sensitivities and switching operating states method. The two strategies have been tested on New England 39-bus system. The results prove their validity.
Neuroblastoma: A 32-year population-based study—implications for screening

This paper describes a retrospective population-based study of neuroblastoma in the West Midlands Health Authority Region—childhood population 1.12 million (OPCS, census 1981)—in which 239 cases were diagnosed between 1st January 1957 and 31st December 1988. The age standardised rate of tumour incidence has remained constant at 7.2 cases per million children per year. The median age at diagnosis was 2 years with 18% of children presenting before the age of 6 months. Fifty children (21%) presented before the age of one year, and for this group of children, the prognosis has improved significantly over the 32-year period (10 year survival increasing from 63% in 1957–67 to 87% in 1978–88), whereas for the 189 (79%) children who presented after one year of age, the prognosis has remained very poor during the study period (10 year survival 1957–67 = 9.5%, 1978–88 = 8.5%). This study supports the need for a prospective study of mass screening at several intervals rather than only at 6 months of age. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of the photolysis of bis(triethylphosphine)dichloroplatinum(II) in chloroform

Abstract Under 254 nm irradiation [Pt(Et 3 P) 2 Cl 2 ] in chloroform is converted to H 2 PtCl 6 . Absorption of light by both the metal complex and the solvent contributes to the first of this process, suggested to form HPt(Et 3 P)Cl 3 . The rate law for the reaction can be expressed as af R + bf R f S t, bf R fst, where f R and f s represent the fraction of light absorbed by the metal complex and the solvent, respectively, and t is the elapsed time. The direct dependence of the rate on the time of reaction was proposed to arise from an increasing concentration of HCl, which can react with the excited state metal complex to yield HPt(Et 3 P)Cl 3 .
Integrative Structural Bioinformatics: The Sculptor Modeling Software

Integrative modeling techniques promise to deliver new insight by fusing data from multiple sources. Especially the docking of atomic models into low- to intermediate resolution volumetric data from cryo-electron microscopy has grown into an established technique over the last decade. In recent years the field has expanded and targets now also macromolecular systems that undergo large-scale conformational changes and models those also using data from various biophysical sources.Although the results reported so far indicate a wide-spread applicability, the development of integrative modeling techniques on the other hand also leads to new challenges. The size and complexity of the multi-scale data sets is extremely diverse and demands novel strategies not only for the modeling approaches but also regarding pre- and post-processing and visualization. We propose a series of new modeling and analysis techniques, tailored towards handling of heteroneous data sets - heterogeneous in size, level of detail, resolution and conformation. To overcome the challenges, an interactive peak search approach is presented, coarse graining is employed to efficiently model conformational differences, and new programmable graphics cards are used to efficiently render the resulting, time-varying atomic models. The new methods are embedded in an interactive visualization tool termed Sculptor, forming together a flexible, robust and versatile interactive modeling tool. The present report highlights also the overall concept and implementation of Sculptor. Sculptor is freely available from http://sculptor.biomachina.org and can be downloaded as package for Linux, Windows and MacOSX.This work was supported by NIH grant R01GM62968, by a grant from the Gillson Longenbaugh Foundation, and by startup funds of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
Synthesis and DNA binding properties of tryptophan linked monocationic netropsin analogues

Abstract One tryptophan (Trp-Net) and two tryptophan (Trp-Trp-Net) residues have been linked to the amino terminus of a minor groove binding Netropsin analogue. DNA metling measurements indicate that Trp-Trp-Net binds significantly stronger than Trp-Net to double helical DNA. Both compounds induce helix extension as measured by changes in DNA viscosity indicating the possibility of intercalation of the tryptophan indole ring.
Structure and Energetics of Protein–Protein Interactions: The Role of Conformational Heterogeneity in OMTKY3 Binding to Serine Proteases

Proteins with flexible binding surfaces can interact with numerous binding partners. However, this promiscuity is more difficult to understand in "rigid-body" proteins, whose binding results in little, or no, change in the position of backbone atoms. The binding of Kazal inhibitors to serine proteases is considered a classic case of rigid-body binding, although they bind to a wide range of proteases. We have studied the thermodynamics of binding of the Kazal serine protease inhibitor, turkey ovomucoid third domain (OMTKY3), to the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg using isothermal titration calorimetry and have determined the crystal structure of the complex at very high resolution (1.1A). Comparison of the binding energetics and structure to other OMTKY3 interactions demonstrates that small changes in the position of side-chains can make significant contributions to the binding thermodynamics, including the enthalpy of binding. These effects emphasize that small, "rigid-body" proteins are still dynamic structures, and these dynamics make contributions to both the enthalpy and entropy of binding interactions.
Development and validation of the Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI).

This article describes a factor analytically derived, self-report instrument—the Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI)—using data from college students, adults, psychiatric outpatients, and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The five SCOPI scales all are internally consistent (with coefficient alphas of .80 and higher) and are strongly stable across a 2-month interval (with retest correlations ranging from .79 to .82). They also show good convergent and adequate discriminant validity (a) when correlated with other OCD measures and (b) in analyses of self-ratings versus spouse ratings. Additional analyses indicate that three scales—Obsessive Checking, Obsessive Cleanliness, and Compulsive Rituals—assess core symptoms of OCD. The two remaining scales—Hoarding and Pathological Impulses—appear to tap different (but related) constructs.
Human embryonic lung cells (HEL-R66) are of monkey origin

Two cultures of cells designated HEL-R66, presumably of human origin, revealed monkey instead of human cell characteristics, including chromosomes, isoenzyme mobility pattern and species-specific cell membrane antigen.
Models for a New Profit-Based Methodology for Statistical Design of Integrated Circuits

A new methodology for the optimization of integrated circuit (IC) parameters which takes into consideration realistic statistical fluctuations occurring in their fabrication, is proposed. The methodology is based on a problem formulation which consists of maximizing a criterion of goodness never before used in statistical circuit design. The criterion is one that recognizes the ultimate economic goal of engineering design--profit expected from the production and sale of the product being designed. In particular, this criterion is motivated in the general context of engineering design and of statistical circuit optimization. The form of profit most appropriate to statistical circuit optimization is specified. The design parameters of the methodology are identified, and the dependence of profit on them modeled.
Measurement of p-Wave Threshold Law Using Evaporatively Cooled Fermionic Atoms

We have measured independently both $s$-wave and $p$-wave cross-dimensional thermalization rates for ultracold ${}^{40}\mathrm{K}$ atoms held in a magnetic trap. These measurements reveal that this fermionic isotope has a large positive $s$-wave triplet scattering length in addition to a low temperature $p$-wave shape resonance. We have measured directly the $p$-wave threshold law which, combined with the Fermi statistics, dramatically suppresses elastic collision rates at low temperatures. In addition, we present initial evaporative cooling results that make possible these collision measurements and are a precursor to achieving quantum degeneracy in this neutral, low-density Fermi system.
Cloning and characterization of the xyl genes from Escherichia coli.

Specific xylose utilization mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated that had altered xylose isomerase (xylA), xylulokinase (xylB), and regulatory (xylR) or transport (xylT) activities. We screened the Clarke and Carbon E. coli gene bank and one clone, pLC10–15, was found to complement the xyl mutants we had characterized. Subcloning and DNA restriction mapping allowed us to locate the xylA and xylB genes on a 1.6 kbp BglII fragment and a 2.6 kbp HindIII-SalI fragment, respectively. The identification and mapping of xyl gene promoters suggest that the xylA and xylB genes are organized as an operon having a single xylose inducible promoter preceding the xylA gene.
THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION-BASED GLASGOW PROGNOSTIC SCORE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN STABLE PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTIVE CARDIAC EVALUATION

The Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) is a simple inflammation based prognostic score combining C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin and is a strong, well validated prognostic tool in patients with cancer. Although systemic inflammation is a well understood cardiovascular risk factor, the prognostic
The frequencies of multinational papers in various sciences

Multinational papers are defined here as ones written by authors who reside in different countries during the course of research. For each of 16 fields of science, I scanned the first 200 papers in 2005 in four major journals publishing original research papers. Those journals produced 40% of all the citations among those journals with Impact Factors greater than 1.0. The frequencies of multinational papers ranged from 13% in surgery to 55% in astronomy. Although one can list a dozen factors which might contribute toward multinational papers, I lack the data to test most of those. There are only minor correlations with team sizes and Impact Factors, inadequate to explain the range. There is a larger, but not convincing, dependence upon the fractions of single-author papers and its cause, if real, is unclear. However, the most prominent factor seems to be the nature of the objects studied; if they are usually local (e.g. in one hospital or in one laboratory), the papers tend to be domestic but if most of the objects are available simultaneously to scientists in many countries (e.g. the sky in astronomy or the oceans and the Earth’s atmosphere in geosciences or widespread diseases in the area of infectious diseases or plants and animals widely distributed in biology), the papers are often international. Auxiliary results for 2005 are an average of 5.5 ± 0.3 authors per paper and 6.6 ± 1.0% one-author papers.
Effect of solvent character on polymer entanglements

In the recent paper we discussed the influence of solvent on the magnitude of the low-shear limiting viscosity ratio η r = η 0 / η a for polymer solutions over a wide range of concentrations. The data presented there demonstrated that thermodynamically poor solvents led to much higher viscosities at high concentrations than did good solvents. This behavior is opposite to low-concentration results, where poor solvents lead to lower viscosities because of eoil shrinkage. The traditional picture of melts and polymer solutions at high concentration attributes their generally high viscosities to the existence of entanglement networks. This concept was invoked to explain the above solvent effects. In poor solvents, the entangled chains cling together more tightly and perhaps form multimolecular aggregates before entanglements occur in the classical sense. Our objective here is to compare the onset of such phenomena with the predictions of previous theory and correlation. It is found that solvent effects, previously neglected, can lead to significant errors in such estimates.
The Josephson–quasiparticle (JQP) current cycle in the superconducting single-electron transistor

Abstract The Josephson–quasiparticle (JQP) current cycle in the superconducting single-electron transistor (SET) involves both resonant Cooper-pair and quasiparticle-tunneling. We have measured the JQP current cycle for SETs with the charging energy Ec ranging from 0.6 to 1.1 Δ (the superconducting energy gap). We find this cycle can be quantitatively modeled by a theory of Averin and Aleshkin that treats the Cooper-pair tunneling rate as Lorentzian.
Dynamics of prestressed rotating anisotropic plates subject to transverse loads and heat sources, part II : Application to a specially orthotropic disk

The rotating disk has many engineering applications as in floppy, hard, compact, laser, and recently optical disk drives. This paper (Part II) considers the application of a finite element method presented in a companion paper (Part I) to the analysis of rotating disks. The critical speed of the disk is obtained to validate the problem formulation and solution method. Dynamic responses are obtained as parameterized by the rotating speed. Effects of the temperature distribution and material system are also observed. Thermal effects are crucial in the analysis of rotating disks, since the variation of temperature can be significant. This is especially true for equipment in which a heat source is used as a means of recording or erasing data and for equipment in which the amount of generated or transferred heat is significant. The specially orthotropic material properties of a laminated disk can have a large effect on the overall dynamic behavior.
[Cl-]i-dependent phosphorylation of the Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of dog tracheal epithelial cells.

Basolateral Na-K-Cl cotransport activity in primary cultures of dog tracheal epithelial cells is stimulated by β-adrenergic agents, such as isoproterenol, and by apical UTP, which acts through an apical P2-purinergic receptor. While at least part of the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol appears to involve direct activation of the cotransporter via cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cotransport stimulation by apical UTP is entirely secondary to apical Cl- efflux and a resultant decrease in intracellular [Cl-] ([Cl-]i) and/or cell shrinkage (Haas, M., and McBrayer, D. G.(1994) Am. J. Physiol. 266, C1440-C1452). In the secretory epithelia of the shark rectal gland and avian salt gland, Na-K-Cl cotransport activation by both cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent secretagogues has been shown to be accompanied by phosphorylation of the cotransport protein itself (Lytle, C., and Forbush, B., III(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25438-25443; Torchia, J., Lytle, C., Pon, D. J., Forbush, B., III, and Sen, A. K.(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 25444-25450). In the present study, we immunoprecipitate the ∼170-kDa Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of dog tracheal epithelial cells with a monoclonal antibody against the cotransporter of the intestinal cell line T84. Incubation of confluent primary cultures of tracheal cells with isoproterenol and apical UTP increases basolateral-to-apical 36Cl- flux 3.4- and 2.6-fold, respectively, and produces similar increases (3.2- and 2.8-fold, respectively) in 32P incorporation into the ∼170-kDa cotransport protein. Decreasing [Cl-]i (without concomitant cell shrinkage) by incubating cultures with apical nystatin and reduced apical [Cl-] ([Cl-]a) likewise increases both cotransport activity and cotransport protein phosphorylation. These effects become more pronounced with greater reductions in [Cl-]a; after 20 min of incubation with nystatin and 32 mM [Cl-]a, cotransport activity and 32P incorporation into the cotransport protein are increased 2.8- and 2.7-fold, respectively, similar to increases seen with apical UTP. 2-3-fold increases in cotransporter activity and phosphorylation are also seen in nystatin-treated cells under hypertonic conditions (50 mM sucrose added apically and basolaterally). These findings suggest a close correlation between Na-K-Cl cotransport activity and phosphorylation of the ∼170-kDa cotransport protein. The latter is phosphorylated in response to both reduced [Cl-]i and cell shrinkage, either or both of which are likely to be involved in secondary cotransport activation in response to apical UTP.
A large scale study of license usage on GitHub

The open source community relies upon licensing in order to govern the distribution, modification, and reuse of existing code. These licenses evolve to better suit the requirements of the development communities and to cope with unaddressed or new legal issues. In this paper, we report the results of a large empirical study conducted over the change history of 16,221 open source Java projects mined from Git Hub. Our study investigates how licensing usage and adoption changes over a period of ten years. We consider both the distribution of license usage within projects of a rapidly growing forge and the extent that new versions of licenses are introduced in these projects.
Transcription of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes during the vegetative cell cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

Abstract The fractions of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes represented by RNA transcripts in asynchronous or synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardi cells at different cell cycle stages were measured using RNA-driven RNA:DNA hybridization reactions. The bulk of the nuclear and chloroplast DNA hybridization reactions were driven by a class of highly complex RNA transcripts present in few copies per cell. Hybridization saturation values obtained directly or by extrapolation with whole cell RNA from asynchronous cells (representing all cell cycle stages) showed that 12% of the nuclear genome (about 12,000 gene equivalents) and all of the chloroplast genome (about 200–300 gene equivalents) are transcribed. RNA extracted from synchronous cells at different cell cycle stages generally hybridized to lesser fractions of either genome than did RNA extracted from asynchronous cells. During the cell cycle, increasing fractions of both the nuclear and chloroplast genomes are transcribed at early cell cycle stages (light period) but later, near the time of cell division, lesser portions of either genome are represented as RNA transcripts in the cell. The fractions of the genomes transcribed at different cell cycle stages are partially additive, indicating that certain RNA transcripts are common to all cell cycle stages while others are not. These results indicate that C. reinhardi cells have a partly changing battery of highly complex RNA transcripts available at different cell cycle stages.
Single-Session Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Dental Anxiety: A Case Series

Therapy interventions for dental anxiety that can be easily implemented in dental health care settings are needed. A series of six case studies is presented to demonstrate the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of a single-session computerized cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for dental anxiety. Six patients at a community dental clinic (five females, Mage = 49.50, SD = 10.48) who were identified as having high dental anxiety on the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) participated in this uncontrolled pilot trial. All patients completed pre-treatment assessments of dental anxiety and the computerized therapy during the hour before a scheduled dental appointment, and five of six patients completed a 1-month follow-up assessment. All six of the patients were able to complete the intervention with minimal assistance and reported that they were very satisfied with the therapy. Three of the five patients available for follow-up assessment demonstrated clinically significant reductions i...
Inter-Hierarchical Commissions in a Bornean Plural Society

This paper has three aims: 1) to present and discuss data on a social position of a type which Gluckman labelled "inter-hierarchical" (1968), 2) to explore - in light of the data presented-the relationship between the concepts of office and commission (Smith 1966: 124-5; 1968: 195-6), and 3) to suggest some of the concomitants of the difference between offices and commissions. The inter-hierarchical position which is to be examined is that of the "land chiefs" in Brunei.
THE DYNAMICS OF PRESIDENTIAL POPULARITY SHIFTS Estimating the Degree of Opinion Shift from Aggregate Data

This article analyzes shifts in public opinion on presidential approval surrounding certain salient international events. It estimates the relative size of approvers, disapprovers, and neutral respondents in Gallup polls who shifted to other responses in polls before and after the events. This is done by analyzing all possible nonnegative, integer solutions to the 3 × 3 tables representing the pre- to postevent change. By examining the relations among cell values in all the solutions, it is shown that most of the increase in support accruing to the president comes from those who had disapproved of his performance before and not from those who held no opinion.
Cardiac Calendar—2014 to 2020

Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting & Workshops Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. New Orleans, LA. March 27-April 3, 2014. Contact: e-mail: www.scahq.org61st. Aortic Symposium 2014. New York, NY. April 24-25, 2014. Contact: e-mail: aortic@aats.org. Fifth World Anesthesia Convention. Vienna, Austria. April 30-May 3, 2014. Contact: www.nwac.org. IARS 2014 Annual Meeting. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. May 17-20, 2014. Contact: www.iars.org/2014Meeting. Twenty-First Annual Congress Slovak Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care. Piestany, Slovak Republic. May 21-23, 2014. Contact: www.ssaim.sk. Annual Meeting Association of University Anesthesiologists. Stanford, CA. April 24-26, 2014. Contact: www.auahq.org. Innovation, Technologies and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Cardiovascular/Vascular Surgery. Annual Scientific Meeting. Boston, MA. May 28-31, 2014. Contact: www.ISMICS.org. Twenty-Second European Conference on General Thoracic Surgery. Copenhagen, Denmark. June 15-18, 2014. Contact: e-mail: sue@ests.org.uk. European Pediatric Surgeons Association. Dublin, Ireland. June 18-21, 2014. Contact: e-mail: eupsa2014@mci-group.com. ASAIO Sixtieth Annual Conference. Washington, DC. June 18-21, 2014. Contact: e-mail: infp@asaio.com. AATS Cardiovascular Valve Symposium. Istanbul, Turkey. September 4-6, 2014. Contact: www.aats.org@valveistanbul. Twenty-Ninth Joint EACTA-ICCVA Meeting. Florence, Italy. September 17-19, 2014. Contact: www.eacta.org, e-mail: fabiodoc64@hotmail.com. Twenty-First Congress Czech Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care. Olomouc, Czech Republic. October 2-4, 2014. Contact: www.csarim2014.cz, e-mail: csarim2014@guarant.cz. ASA Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA. October 11-15, 2014. Contact: www.asahq.org. Twenty-Eighth EACTS Annual Meeting. Milan, Italy. October 11-15, 2014. Contact: e-mail: louise.mcleod@eacts.co.uk. Ninety-First Annual Scientific Meeting of the Korean Society of Anesthesiology. Seoul, Korea. Contact: www.ksa-conference.org. Sixth International Congress: Aortic Surgery and Anesthesia “How to Do It.” Milano, Italy. December 11-13, 2014. Contact: www. aorticsurgery.it. Sixty-Eighth Postgraduate Assembly, New York State of Anesthesiologists. New York, NY. December 12-16, 2014. Contact: www. nyssa-pga.org. Thirty-Third Annual Symposium: Clinical Update in Anesthesiology, Surgery and Perioperative Medicine. St. Kitts, West Indies. January 18-23, 2015. Contact: www.clinicalupdateinanesthesiology.org, e-mail: george.silvay@mountsinai.org. Thirty-Fifth Annual Cardiothoracic Surgery Symposium CREF 2015. San Diego, CA. February 11-15, 2015. Contact: www. crefmeeting.com. Thirty-Fifth International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Brussels, Belgium. March 17-20, 2015. Contact: e-mail: Veronique.de.vlaeminck@ulb.ac.be. Sixty-Second Annual Meeting Association of University Anesthesiologists. Nashville, TN. April 30-May 2, 2015. Contact: www. AUAhq.org. European Society of Anesthesiologists. Berlin, Germany. May 28-June 2, 2015. Contact: e-mail: info@esahq.org.
One hundred years of suffering? “Humanitarian crisis photography” and self-representation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Humanitarian images streaming from the ongoing conflict in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are not “new”. In fact, contemporary aid and journalistic images strikingly mimic photographs created a century earlier during the Congo Reform Association’s humanitarian attack on Leopold II’s actions in the Congo Free State. This article explores the consistency of these photographic forms and their surrounding text, showing how the images of suffering are not simple reproductions of observed reality but carry personal, local and political meaning. By analysing image content as well as the subject and photographer’s experiences of image creation, this article expands beyond realist objectivity to encompass the subjects’ visual embodiment of subjective desires and expectations. Specifically, I examine how the photographic space composed of the photographer, camera and subject, becomes an intersection replete with competing expectations, hopes and tensions. To situate these images and their subjec...
The Effect of Annealing on the Electrical and Thermal Transport Properties of Macroscopic Bundles of Long Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Abstract Electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power were measured on macroscopic bundles of long multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the temperature range between 2 and 300 K. While the electrical resistivity shows relatively small variation, the thermal conductivity is significantly enhanced and thermoelectric power changes sign from positive to negative after the samples are annealed in Ar at 2800 °C. Although the latter can be attributed to the adsorbed oxygen on the CNTs that is reduced through the annealing process, our results suggest the studied properties, especially thermal conductivity, are sensitive to the sample crystallinity that can be significantly improved by high-temperature annealing as well.
Patient-Centered Research : The Epidemic Impact of Therapy for Early Latent Tuberculosis Infection

PURPOSE: Contact investigation programs that identify and offer therapy to persons in the early stage of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection may have a substantial impact on the epidemic, since these programs identify individuals who are at high risk of developing active TB. We quantify the impact that treatment of persons with early latent TB infection has on TB incidence and identify the combination of rates of treatment for active TB and treatment for early latent TB infection which will eliminate a TB epidemic. METHODS: A mathematical model of a TB epidemic is formulated which divides infected persons into 3 subgroups: early latent TB infection (early LTBI), long-term latent TB infection (long-term LTBI), and active TB. Infected persons are initially considered to be in the early LTBI phase, from which they can either progress to long-term LTBI, or to active TB. Persons with long-term LTBI also progress to active TB, but at a lower rate. The basic reproductive rate is derived for the model and used to calculate the combinations of therapy for active TB and early LTBI which will eliminate the epidemic. (The basic reproductive rate is defined as the number of secondary cases caused by one infectious case in a population of susceptible persons. When the basic reproductive rate is less than 1, the epidemic will eventually be eliminated.) Computer simulations of the model are used to demonstrate the impact over time of increasing treatment for early LTBI. RESULTS: The model demonstrates that the addition of a program which treats persons with early LTBI will substantially reduce incidence of active TB, and in some cases, may eliminate the epidemic. For example, if the initial annual incidence of active TB in a population is constant at 110 per 100,000 persons, and the current treatment rate for active TB is 80%, then adding a program which treats 20% of persons with early LTBI will reduce the annual incidence of active TB to 42 per 100,000 persons. Under the same initial conditions, the addition of a control program which treats over 33% of persons with early LTBI will lead to eventual elimination of TB. CONCLUSION: Treatment of early latent TB infection is an effective adjunct to treatment of active TB in controlling TB epidemics. Extending programs such as contact investigation which identify persons with recent infection will substantially impact TB epidemics.
Comparison of fat-water MRI and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions in humans.

The ability to accurately and noninvasively quantify fatty infiltration in organs such as the liver and the pancreas remains a critical component in understanding the link between obesity and its comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. Single-voxel (1H) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has long been regarded as the gold-standard noninvasive technique for such measurements. Recent advances in three-dimensional fat–water magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods have led to the development of rapid, robust, and quantitative approaches that can accurately characterize the proportion of fat and water content in underlying tissues across the full imaging volume, and hence entire organs of interest. One such technique is called IDEAL (Iterative Decomposition with Echo Asymmetry and Least squares estimation). This article prospectively compares three-dimensional (3D) IDEAL-MRI and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic (HFF) and pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) in 16 healthy subjects. MRS acquisitions took 3–4 min to complete whereas IDEAL acquisitions were completed in 20-s breath-holds. In the liver, there was a strong correlation (slope = 0.90, r2 = 0.95, P < 0.001) between IDEAL and MRS-based fat fractions. In the pancreas, a poorer agreement between IDEAL and MRS was observed (slope = 0.32, r2 = 0.51, P < 0.02). The discrepancy of PFF is likely explained by MRS signal contamination from surrounding visceral fat, presumably during respiratory motion. We conclude that IDEAL is equally accurate in characterizing hepatic fat content as MRS, and is potentially better suited for fat quantification in smaller organs such as the pancreas.
Can Metallapyrimidines Be Aromatic? A Computational Study into a New Class of Metallacycles.

The aromaticity of a series of metallapyrimidines involving second row transition metals was examined using density functional theory. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) placed above the ring (NICS(1)zz) were used to gauge the amount of aromaticity. Natural chemical shielding analysis (NCS) was employed to decompose the chemical shifts in terms of diamagnetic and paramagnetic contributions from individual molecular orbitals. While NICS(1)zz for niobapyrimidine, [(pz)2(Nb-pyr)]0, suggested slightly aromatic character, the NCS analysis shows this is due to the diamagnetic (field-free) contribution. Instead, the positive paramagnetic (field-induced) contribution suggests that niobapyrimidine may be slightly antiaromatic. A series of d0 metallapyrimidines, [(pz)2(M-pyr)] with M = YIII, ZrIV, NbV, MoVI, TcVII, demonstrated similar behavior. Variation of the number of metal d electrons in a series of MV metallapyrimidines, [(pz)2(M-pyr)] where M = Mo, Tc, Ru, and Rh, showed strong evidence for aromatici...
The use of SPICE lumped circuits as sub-grid models for FDTD analysis

A general approach for including lumped circuit elements in a finite difference time domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell's equations is presented. The methodology allows the direct access to SPICE to model the lumped circuits, while the full 3-dimensional solution to Maxwell's equations provides the crosstalk and dispersive properties of the microstrips and striplines in the circuit. >
Isometric trapping following Coulomb excitation of high spin states in 178Hf

Abstract Coulomb excitation of states in 178, 180 Hf has been observed to 16 + and 12 + , respectively, with Kr and Xe ions. A strong up bend in the moment of inertia above the 12 + level is seen in 178 Hf and is well reproduced by cranked shell model calculations. For the first time in Coulomb excitation, population of the lowest K π = 8 - isomer in 178 Hf was observed.