cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effects of Human Milk Nutrients in the Support of Infant Recognition Memory: An Observational Study.

The aim was to explore the relation of human milk lutein; choline; and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with recognition memory abilities of six-month-olds. Milk samples obtained three to four months postpartum were analyzed for fatty acids, lutein, and choline. At six months, participants were invited to an electrophysiology session. Recognition memory was tested with a 70–30 oddball paradigm in a high-density 128-lead event-related potential (ERP) paradigm. Complete data were available for 55 participants. Data were averaged at six groupings (Frontal Right; Frontal Central; Frontal Left; Central; Midline; and Parietal) for latency to peak, peak amplitude, and mean amplitude. Difference scores were calculated as familiar minus novel. Final regression models revealed the lutein X free choline interaction was significant for the difference in latency scores at frontal and central areas (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001; respectively). Higher choline levels with higher lutein levels were related to better recognition memory. The DHA X free choline interaction was also significant for the difference in latency scores at frontal, central, and midline areas (p < 0.01; p < 0.001; p < 0.05 respectively). Higher choline with higher DHA was related to better recognition memory. Interactions between human milk nutrients appear important in predicting infant cognition, and there may be a benefit to specific nutrient combinations.
A Root Awakening: Vocabulary Instruction for Older Students with Reading Difficulties

There is reliable evidence that new vocabulary is primarily acquired through wide independent reading. However, struggling readers tend to avoid reading, resulting in limited word encounters and inadequate vocabulary growth, and they often have difficulties inferring the meanings of new words from context. While there are no clear solutions to the problem of vocabulary acquisition for older students with reading difficulties, there are instructional approaches that have some evidence of effectiveness for this population. We describe the research base and promising practices related to three aspects of vocabulary instruction: (1) creating a verbal learning environment that fosters word consciousness, (2) selecting and teaching specific words, and (3) teaching an independent word learning strategy through a combination of contextual and morphemic analysis. These instructional approaches are grounded in overarching principles recognized by researchers as being characteristic of effective instruction for students with learning difficulties, including explicit instruction, promoting cognitive and collaborative engagement, and providing many opportunities for practice, including distributed practice, with teacher feedback. Finally, we discuss the possibilities inherent in a cross-content schoolwide approach to vocabulary instruction at the secondary level. We conclude with a call for additional research examining the effectiveness of instructional approaches to vocabulary development for secondary school students with reading difficulties, including a schoolwide collaborative model.
Processing of single wall carbon nanotubes and implications for filling experiments

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been processed in different schemes to get clean material for use in various filling experiments. The SWNTs synthesized by different methods require different processing schemes, and this is presumably due to heterogeneous nature of the various contaminants present along with the carbon nanotubes. For the pulsed laser synthesized SWNTs, a combination of nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid treatment gives best results and the purified SWNTs give best ever filling fraction for fullerene, C60 of ~90%. The processing improves the surface cleanliness of SWNTs, in turn giving greater access for the target molecules, and hence the higher filling fraction. For the carbon arc produced SWNTs, air oxidation followed by treatment with nitric acid has been found to work best and the processed SWNTs have been used for filling experiments with metal chlorides. Both these processing schemes still leave a small fraction of catalyst impurities in the final material, thus the material quality of filled material and hence its properties depend on the processed material used for the filling experiments.
Applications of Artificial Neural Networks to Proton and Electron Impact Ionization of Biologically Relevant Atoms and Molecules

We use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to study proton and electron impact single ionization of biologically relevant atoms and molecules. In these processes, an incident proton or electron collides with a target atom or molecule causing a single electron to be ionized from the target. The process of ionization is biologically relevant for two reasons. Firstly, ionization results in reactive ions that are able to take part in damaging chemical reactions. Secondly, free electrons have been shown to result in DNA strand breaks, which can lead to cell death. While atomic and molecular collisions have been studied experimentally for decades, most of the available data is for noble gas atoms and small diatomic molecules. ANNs are computer programs that are trained to learn patterns in data and make predictions for cases where no data exists. They have been widely used in other fields, but this is one of the first applications of ANNs to atomic and molecular collision processes. In this work, we use the available experimental data to train the ANN, and then make predictions for biologically important target atoms and molecules where no data currently exists.
Sodium butyrate-induced histone acetylation strengthens the expression of cocaine-associated contextual memory.

The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm entails Pavlovian conditioning and allows evaluating the acquisition and extinction of drug-associated memory. Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure by acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins is critical for formation of long-term memory (LTM). We have recently shown that a single administration of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) facilitated extinction of fear-associated memory in mice. Using the CPP paradigm, the present study investigated the effect of NaB on cocaine-associated memory. C57B/6 mice were conditioned by either fixed daily doses of cocaine (5mg/kg×4 and 15mg/kg×4days) or an escalating schedule (3, 6, 12 and 24mg/kg). Acute administration of NaB (1.2g/kg) prior to conditioning by fixed doses of cocaine increased the expression and impaired the extinction of place preference compared to control subjects. Subjects that were conditioned by 15mg/kg×4 cocaine and received a single injection of NaB following the first or the second CPP test showed impaired extinction compared to control mice that received saline instead of NaB. Subjects that were conditioned by escalating schedule of cocaine and subsequently received repeated injections of NaB during daily reexposure to nonreinforced context showed either enhancement or no effect on place preference. Acute administration of NaB (1.2g/kg) to naive mice resulted in marked increase in acetylation of histone H3 lysine 14 (H3K14) and histone H4 lysine 8 (H4K8) in hippocampus but not amygdala. Results suggest that regardless of the scheduling of either cocaine or NaB administration, NaB-induced histone hyperacetylation in the hippocampus may strengthen cocaine-associated contextual memory.
Characterization of acid-denatured DNA by low-angle light scattering.

Low-angle light scattering results reported previously demonstrated that measurements on high molecular weight native DNA must be made at angles below 30° in order to obtain correct molecular weights. Earlier light-scattering data obtained on denaturated DNA at angles above 30° showed no change in molecular weight upon denaturation, even though other techniques clearly showed that strand separation occurred. This paper reports low-angle measurements on solutions of calf thymus and T7 DNA denatured under acidic conditions. The results demonstrate that a halving of molecular weight consistent with strand separation is detected by light scattering only when low-angle data are used to obtain correct molecular weights for native material. As expected from theoretical considerations, the scattering from denatured DNA is a linear function of sin2(θ/2), where θ is the angle of observation. This result shows that anticipated experimental artifacts have no significant effect on the low-angle measurements and demonstrates that the curvature in the scattering envelope observed for native DNA below 30° is an inherent property of the native molecule.
Parametric response of a metallic column at elevated temperature

Abstract The parametric response of a metallic column at elevated temperature is investigated, taking into account its non-linear viscous characteristics. An asymptotic method for the determination of the region of self-excitation and the amplitudes and phase angles for both stationary and non-stationary responses is outlined briefly. This method is applied to predict the parametric response of a 2618-T61 Al alloy column at 200°C. It is shown that the region of selfexcitation shifts away from the elastic frequency axis, that the amplitude of the stationary response increases sharply as the excitation parameters move from the stability region into the selfexcitation region and that the amplitude of the non-stationary response can be approximated by the stationary response solution for slow varying excitation frequency.
Nuclear export of signal recognition particle RNA in mammalian cells.

In mammalian cells the signal recognition particle (SRP) consists of a ∼300 nucleotide RNA and six proteins. Although the molecular structure and functional cycle of the SRP are both very well understood, far less is known about how the SRP is first assembled in the cell. Recent work has suggested that SRP assembly begins in the nucleoli. When NRK (rat fibroblast) cells were treated with leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of the CRM1 nuclear export receptor, the level of SRP RNA increased in the nucleoli, as did the level of nucleolar 28S ribosomal RNA. Moreover, when a hamster cell line carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the guanine nucleotide exchange factor of the GTPase Ran (Ran-GEF) was shifted to the non-permissive temperature, the nucleolar level of SRP RNA increased. These results indicate that the steady-state concentration of SRP RNA in the nucleolus is sensitive to perturbations in nuclear import/export pathways.
SEMI-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS TO THE UNSTEADY TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS*

The present work presents an analysis of a certain class of unsteady turbulent boundary layer flows. The solution technique employed is that of semi-similar solutions in which the independent variables X. y and t are scaled into two variables by appropriate scaling factors. This technique allows the use of standard numerical methods for two-dimensional steady boundary layers to be used directly in the solution of the scaled unsteady problem. Solutions are presented for several unsteady turbulent boundary layer flows with zero or adverse pressure gradients. Solutions are presented which indicate the effects of unsteadi- ness on skin friction and boundary layer thickness. Nomenclature a,b,c,d,e,h - Functions of E defined in equations@) - Skin friction coefficient f C
Two-dimensional coherently coupled vertical cavity laser arrays

The work has demonstrated both top and bottom emitting coherently coupled VCSEL arrays operating in the preferred in-phase supermode. Moreover, it was shown that phase tuning between the array elements is possible with varying injection current to the array elements. With the bottom emitting arrays, these would be able to scale up the array size, maximum power, and beam steering properties.
State equation of liquid helium-4 from 0. 8 to 2. 5 K

A state equation for liquid helium is constructed in the range from 0.8 K to about 2.5 K, based on density and temperature as independent parameters. The equation has been fitted to experimental PVT, specific heat,(∂P/∂T) v, sound velocity, and lambda line properties from 14 different authors to an accuracy comparable with reasonable experimental errors in the measured quantities. Inclusion of logarithmic terms leads to agreement with experimental data as close as 100 µK from the lambda line. It is found that the logarithmic amplitude ratio is not constant as a function of distance along the lambda line. A new determination of lambda line density is also presented. The equation is available in computer form.
Conformation of a non-frameshifting RNA pseudoknot from mouse mammary tumor virus.

The solution conformation of an RNA pseudoknot, which is a mutant of the pseudoknot required for ribosomal frameshifting in mouse mammary tumor virus, has been determined by NMR. The 32-nucleotide RNA pseudoknot does not promote efficient frameshifting, although its sequence is very similar to the efficient frameshifting pseudoknot whose structure was recently determined by our group.13C-labeling of the RNA and13C-edited NMR techniques were used to facilitate spectral assignment. The three-dimensional structure of the RNA pseudoknot was determined by restrained molecular dynamics based on NMR-derived interproton distances and torsion angle constraints. The conformation is very different from that previously determined for the efficient-frameshifting pseudoknot. Two unpaired nucleotides are stacked between stem 1 and stem 2, in contrast to the one unpaired nucleotide at the same junction region as found previously. The two stems of the pseudoknot are not coaxial, they are twisted and bent relative to each other. Loop 2 does not cross the shallow minor groove of stem 1, in contrast to the pseudoknots with one or no intervening nucleotides between the stems. The fact that a specific conformation is required for efficient frameshifting implies a specific interaction of the pseudoknot with the ribosome.
Myelin deficient mice: Expression of myelin basic protein and generation of mice with varying levels of myelin

Abstract Mice homozygous for the mutation myelin deficient ( mld ), an allele of shiverer , exhibit decreased CNS myelination, tremors, and convulsions of progressively increasing severity leading to an early death. In this report we demonstrate in mid mice that the gene encoding myelin basic protein (MBP) is expressed at decreased levels and on an abnormal temporal schedule relative to the wild-type gene. Southern blot analyses, field-inversion gel electrophoresis studies, and analyses of mld MBP cosmid clones indicate that there are multiple linked copies of the MBP gene in mld mice. We have introduced an MBP transgene into mld mice and found that myelination increases and tremors and convulsions decrease. Mld and shiverer mice with zero, one, or two copies of the MBP transgene express distinct levels of MBP mRNA and myelin. The availability of a range of mice expressing graded levels of myelin should facilitate quantitative analysis of the roles of MBP in the myelination process and of myelin in nerve function.
Wavelet operators and their applications in computerized tomography

We present a viewpoint of studying biorthogonal wavelets by using wavelet operators. A characterization of MRA biorthogonal wavelets is given in the framework of wavelet operators. An efficient wavelet filtering algorithm based on this characterization is applied to Z-ray computerized tomography (CT) for multiresolution reconstruction and reduced X-ray exposure. Simulation results indicate that wavelet based reconstruction allows satisfactory image quality in a region of interest from local wavelet and global scaling components of projection data. The results are directly applicable to medical X-ray CT.
Cross‐sex conversation in Indian English fiction

ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with the aspects and dynamics of gender differentiation in conversational style of Indian English texts, and how discoursal strategies and patterns are employed for effective cross-sex communication. This study examines, among other strategies, the initiation, maintenance and shift of topic, and the organizational devices used by each gender to regulate verbal contact and conversation. It is suggested that the linguistic skills particular to male and female speakers of Hindi are transferred to this non-native variety of English by creative authors. This Indianizing of the text suggests that Indian writers of English have developed a specialized Indianized language for male and female speakers in cross-sex conversations. This can be appreciated only by considering the native social and attitudinal contexts. This paper has serious theoretical implications for the understanding of language use across cultures, the acculturation of the English language in a non-native setting, variation in the speech of males and females within the varieties of English, and the general study of male/female verbal strategies in conversation.
An Inquiry into Adjustable Speed Operation of a Pumped Hydro Plan Part II - System Analysis

Using the parameters of one of the motor/generators designed in Part I, the results of a system simulation which includes the exciter, prime mover, and converter are presented. The frequency content of the machine currents is determined during various converter operating conditions and used to evaluate the assumptions of Part I. The interaction of system components is examined and problem areas are identified.
Double layer capacity studies of adsorption at mercury-solution interfaces effects of expanding and receding surfaces stability of oriented langmuir monolayers

Abstract Double layer capacity measurements were performed on aqueous solutions of n-octyl alcohol, n-nonanoic acid, and n-butyric acid with a pendant mercury drop electrode capable of expansion or recession. No appreciable differences of double layer capacity were observed whether the mercury drop was formed by expansion or by recession. Temporary differences are probably due to different rates of approach to equilibrium rather than to structural differences. A Langmuir isotherm is applicable for n-nonanoic acid at concentrations below two-thirds of saturation. Beyond that concentration there is evidence of multilayer adsorption. Compressed, oriented Langmuir monolayers of palmitic acid on mercury-coated platinum are found to reach the same equilibrium state as bare mercury-coated platinum. The double layer capacity of an oriented monolayer of palmitic acid is 4.3 μf. /cm2. at the potential of maximum adsorption, as measured against 0.1 M NaClO4.
Disruption of active zones in frog neuromuscular junctions following treatment with proteolytic enzymes

Frog neuromuscular junctions treated with proteolytic enzymes to remove the basal lamina were studied with freeze-fracture techniques in order to examine the influence of the basal lamina in the maintenance of active zone ultrastructure. The active zone is believed to be the site of transmitter release and has a unique membrane organization and location in the neuromuscular junction. After removal of the basal lamina by successive treatment of 0.01% collagenase and 0.1% protease for 1 h each, active zone disruption was observed. Some active zones became segmented, and some were also randomly located and oriented, but they still had normal double-row particle organization. Others contained only clusters of large intramembrane particles. These disorganized active zones were still functional as indicated by the presence of vesicle openings. Some enzyme-treated junctions were also exposed to the membrane cholesterol probe, filipin, to examine the expression of membrane lipid heterogeneity in disrupted active zones. As in normal active zones, filipin—sterol complexes were absent. The densities of background particles in the presynaptic membranes and of large particles thought to be acetylcholine receptors were not significantly altered by the enzyme treatment. Although a direct effect of the enzymes on active zone ultrastructure can not be totally excluded, the present work is consistent with a maintenance role of the basal lamina in active zone organization and location.
Structure–function relationships and source-to-ground distance in electrospun polycaprolactone

The strength of electrospun scaffolds has direct relevance to their function within tissue engineering. We characterized the effects of source-to-ground distance on the mechanical properties of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL). Source-to-ground distances of 10, 15 and 20 cm, solids concentrations of 12 and 18 wt.% and mandrel rotation surface speeds of 0-12 m s(-1) were utilized. Tensile tests evaluated elastic modulus, tensile strength and elongation at failure. Scanning electron microscopy provided morphology and quantified fiber alignment. Increased source-to-ground distance yielded a microstructure allowing greater fiber rearrangement under load, tripling the observed tensile strength. Increases in rotational speed generally increased fiber alignment and strength at high but not low to moderate speeds. As fiber is quickly pulled out of a comparatively gentle falling process, collision with neighboring fibers moving at different speeds and in different directions can occur. The source-to-ground distance influences these collisions and thus has critical implications for microstructure and biocompatibility. In larger diameter (18 wt.% PCL), heavily point-bonded fibers (produced using a shorter, 10 cm source-to-ground distance), elongation at failure in the aligned direction increases dramatically due to severe localized necking. These specimens show only half of the tensile strength (from 2.6 to 4.5 MPa) and a dramatic increase (from 94% to 503%) in elongation at failure vs. a longer 20 cm source-to-ground distance. Strains of several hundred per cent are accompanied by periodic necking of large-diameter fibers in which microstructural failure appears to occur in a sequential manner involving an equilibrium between localized strain in the tensile direction and anisotropic point bonding that locally resists strain.
Errors associated with nonuniform concentrations upon rate constants using absorption techniques

Kinetic absorption spectroscopy is a commonly used technique in the experimental determination of rate constants. Here we consider the effect of nonuniform reactant concentrations upon the measured results and the errors associated with the final determination of second-order rate constants in particular. We conclude that the errors associated with nonuniformity of reactant, while significant, are comparable or less than other common systematic or random errors. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
WE‐A‐218‐07: Linear Relationship between Average (global) and Regional Average Tube Current (mA) in Tube Current Modulated CT Scans

Purpose: Previously we have shown the importance of implementing region and/or organ‐specific CTDIvol values for tube current modulated (TCM) scans to better quantify scanner's output at a specific table location in TCM CT scans. Extracting and averaging organ‐specific mA values from the DICOM header is a tedious task. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between average mA over the entire scan and regional and organ‐specific average mA. Methods: Within a scanner the TCM algorithm performs equally across patients and similar TCM trend is usually been observed among patients, unless there are certain improper positioning of the patient, e. g. arms within the scan FOV in thoracic scans. This suggests a possible high correlation between global and regional average mA. A MatLab code was written to extract tube current values and table location for all of our voxelized patient modes. For specific organs and regions table locations were looked up and average mA values were calculated. For five organs these organ‐specific mA values were compared to the global, scanner‐reported average mA by conduction regression analyses. Results: Regional average mA is linearly proportional to the global average and can be estimated using regression equations instead of extracting every single value from the image and averaging them. The R2 values of the linear regressionequations are 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.90, 0.92, and 0.99 for spleen, kidneys,liver, abdomen, breasts, and lungs, respectively. Conclusion: We have shown that region‐ and organ‐specific average mA calculations, from which a region‐ and organ‐specific CTDIvol can also be calculated, can be estimated using the global average mA. Furthermore, the calculated correlations can be increased if the organ‐specific average mA are calculated using detail TCM function, which includes the angular modulation of tube current as well, rather than utilizing the image data.
Bayesian joint mapping of quantitative trait loci for Gaussian and categorical characters in line crosses

Methodology for joint mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting continuous and binary characters in experimental crosses is presented. The procedure consists of a Bayesian Gaussian-threshold model implemented via Markov chain Monte Carlo, which bypasses bottlenecks due to high-dimensional integrals required in maximum likelihood approaches. The method handles multiple binary traits and multiple QTL. Modeling of ordered categorical traits is discussed as well. Features of the method are illustrated using simulated datasets representing a backcross design, and the data are analyzed using mixed-trait and single-trait models. The mixed-trait analysis provides greater detection power of a QTL than a single-trait analysis when the QTL affects two or more traits. The number of QTL inferred in the mixed-trait analysis does not pertain to a specific trait, but the roles of each QTL on specific traits can be assessed from estimates of its effects. The impacts of varying incidence level and sample size on the mixed-trait QTL mapping analysis are investigated as well.
Evolution of HIV-1 Resistance to a Cholesterol-Linked D-Peptide Fusion Inhibitor

During HIV-1 entry, the N-HR and C-HR regions of the gp41 viral glycoprotein associate to form a trimer-of-hairpins critical for membrane fusion. The N-HR region contains a highly conserved hydrophobic pocket that is the target for a multivalent, D-peptide fusion inhibitor, PIE12-trimer. Recently, a modified form of this inhibitor with a conjugated cholesterol (chol-PIE12-trimer) was shown to possess up to 160-fold increased potency, presumably due to membrane targeting. Here, we determined the resistance profile of chol-PIE12-trimer starting from either inhibitor-naive or PIE12-trimer-resistant HIV-1 (NL4-3 strain). Viral propagation in increasing inhibitor concentrations produced HIV-1 populations with 50- to 100-fold reduced sensitivity chol-PIE12-trimer. These viruses were also resistant to the parental, unconjugated inhibitor PIE12-trimer. Using HIV-1 fusion inhibitors di-C37 and 5-Helix, we were able to interrogate the effect of escape mutations on the exposure of the gp41 N-HR and C-HR regions, respectively. Resistance to chol-PIE12-trimer resulted in a slight decrease in the temporal window of N-HR exposure, regardless of the starting viral population. Exposure of the C-HR region was unchanged for resistant viruses generated from the inhibitor-naive viral pool. By contrast, the temporal window of C-HR exposure was significantly increased (>20-fold) for resistant viruses that were generated from the PIE12-trimer-resistant viral pool. Efforts to identify the mechanisms of chol-PIE12-trimer resistance and the decoupling of N-HR and C-HR exposure are underway.
Fluidity in Sexual Identity, Unmeasured Heterogeneity, and the Earnings Effects of Sexual Orientation

Using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study (1) examines the sensitivity of the estimated earnings penalty of sexual minority status to family-level unobserved heterogeneity, and (2) explores whether the earnings effects of sexual orientation differ by the degree of fluidity in individuals' self-reported sexual identity over time. Evidence from sibling pairs suggests that unobserved family heterogeneity is not an important source of bias in the estimated relationship between sexual orientation and young adult earnings. I find that gay males and bisexuals earn lower wages than their heterosexual counterparts, while lesbians earn wages that are not significantly different from heterosexual females. Finally, I examine the role of fluidity in sexual orientation over time and find that males who are longer-term gay identifiers earn wages that are 26.4 percent lower than their consistently heterosexual-identifying counterparts.
Spirituality and Intergroup Harmony: Meditation and Racial Prejudice

Past research has examined the relationship between religious beliefs and intergroup bias but has not investigated the relationship between specific religious practices and bias. The current work fills this gap by investigating differences in racial prejudice between individuals engaged in an active compassion-based meditation practice and those who have no experience with meditation. We found that a group of experienced compassion-based meditators (from a range of religious traditions) expressed less racial prejudice and more empathy compared to a group of participants who had no experience with meditation, and that differences in prejudice were mediated by empathy. These results suggest that compassion-based meditators express lower levels of explicit, racial prejudice than non-meditators and that these differences are explained by differences in empathy. The implications of our results as well as future directions for research are discussed.
Split-thickness skin graft donor site care: a quantitative synthesis of the research

Split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) is a frequently used reconstructive technique but is associated with a large variation in practice. The purposes of this article are to integrate and synthesize the available empirical evidence regarding STSG donor site dressings, identify which dressings are associated with the best outcomes, and provide practice recommendations. This review of 33 studies found transparent film to be the best dressing for the care of STSG donor site wounds. Transparent film was associated with one of the fastest healing rates (9.47 days), a smooth epithelialized surface, a low infection rate (10 out of 394 patients or 3%), the least amount of pain (1.59 on 0 to 10 scale), and minimal cost ($.005 per square inch) when compared with other dressings.
The Flying Finn's American Sojourn: Hannes Kolehmainen in the United States, 1912–1921

Shortly after he won three gold medals and one silver medal in distance running events at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, Finland's Hannes Kolehmainen immigrated to the United States. He spent nearly a decade living in Brooklyn, plying his trade as a mason and dominating the amateur endurance running circuit in his adopted homeland. He became a naturalised US citizen in 1921 but returned to Finland shortly thereafter. During his American sojourn, the US press depicted him simultaneously as an exotic foreign athlete and as an immigrant shaped by his new environment into a symbol of successful assimilation. Kolehmainen's career raised questions about sport and national identity – both Finnish and American – about the complexities of immigration during the floodtide of European migration to the US, and about native and adopted cultures in shaping the habits of success. His return to Finland ultimately turned the American ‘melting pot’ narrative on its head.
Molecular interactions in the ionic liquid emim acetate and water binary mixtures probed via NMR spin relaxation and exchange spectroscopy

Interactions of ionic liquids (ILs) with water are of great interest for many potential IL applications. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (emim) acetate, in particular, has shown interesting interactions with water including hydrogen bonding and even chemical exchange. Previous studies have shown the unusual behavior of emim acetate when in the presence of 0.43 mole fraction of water, and a combination of NMR techniques is used herein to investigate the emim acetate–water system and the unusual behavior at 0.43 mole fraction of water. NMR relaxometry techniques are used to describe the effects of water on the molecular motion and interactions of emim acetate with water. A discontinuity is seen in nuclear relaxation behavior at the concentration of 0.43 mole fraction of water, and this is attributed to the formation of a hydrogen bonded network. EXSY measurements are used to determine the exchange rates between the H2 emim proton and water, which show a complex dependence on the concentration of the mixture. The findings support and expand our previous results, which suggested the presence of an extended hydrogen bonding network in the emim acetate–water system at concentrations close to 0.50 mole fraction of H2O.
A highly active anilinoperinaphthenone-based neutral nickel(II) catalyst for ethylene polymerization

A general synthetic route for the preparation of 2-anilinoperinaphthenones is reported. 2-(2,6-Dimethylanilino)perinaphthenone (4a) and 2-(2,6-diisopropylanilino)perinaphthenone (4b) are used as ligands for the corresponding neutral nickel(II) complexes [[(2,6-Me2C6H3)NC13H7O]Ni(Ph)(PPh3)] (5a) and [[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC13H7O]Ni(Ph)(PPh3)] (5b). The key features of these nickel complexes are a hindered N-aryl ring, a five-membered-ring nickel chelate, and an anionic N-donor moiety. Complexes 5a,b are active, but short-lived, ethylene polymerization catalysts with turnover numbers in excess of 60 000 mol ethylene/mol catalyst. Polymer branching is controlled by variation of temperature and pressure. A correlation between ethylene pressure and polymer molecular weight suggests that chain transfer occurs by a β-hydride elimination pathway. Finally, decomposition of 5b to free ligand is observed under the polymerization conditions employed.
Hypoglycemia in Infants and Children

Our understanding of the many different causes of hypoglycemia has vastly expanded in recent years. Most hypoglycemic disorders in infants and children are due to defects in the metabolic systems involved in fasting adaptation or the hormone control of these systems. As a result of these defects, infants and children have an abnormal adaptation to fasting, which results in hypoglycemia. The "critical sample" allows one to assess the integrity of the fasting systems when hypoglycemic. An understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders establishes a foundation for a rational approach in evaluating the etiology of the hypoglycemia and developing the most appropriate management plan.
Qualitative validation of the reduction from two reciprocally coupled neurons to one self-coupled neuron in a respiratory network model

The pre-Botzinger complex of the mammalian brainstem is a heterogeneous neuronal network, and individual neurons within the network have varying strengths of the persistent sodium and calcium-activated nonspecific cationic currents. Individually, these currents have been the focus of modeling efforts. Previously, Dunmyre et al. (J Comput Neurosci 1–24, 2011) proposed a model and studied the interactions of these currents within one self-coupled neuron. In this work, I consider two identical, reciprocally coupled model neurons and validate the reduction to the self-coupled case. I find that all of the dynamics of the two model neuron network and the regions of parameter space where these distinct dynamics are found are qualitatively preserved in the reduction to the self-coupled case.
Electric Machine-Valve Complexes Means for Increasing the Reliability and Efficiency of Generation and Consumption of Electric Power

The basic principles of construction of electric machine-valve complexes are presented. Their effect as a means for raising the efficiency and reliability of generation and consumption of electric power is considered. Results of the development and practical use of a new type of generator, i.e., an asynchronized generator possessing some advantages over conventional synchronous generators and frequency-controlled electric drives and thus ensuring energy savings, are presented. The tasks of the operation of electric machine-valve complexes in the power industry are formulated.
Thermal birefringence and depolarization compensation in glass-based high-average power Laser systems

Thermally induced birefringence can degrade the beam quality in high-average-power laser systems with doped-glass substrates. In this work, we compare glass-laser slab amplifiers at either Brewster's angle or normal incidence and discuss trade-offs between both designs. Numerical simulations show the impact of thermally induced depolarization in both amplifier systems. A non-uniform temperature profile and the resultant mechanical stress leads to depolarization that worsens as the beam propagates through the slab-amplifier chain. Reflective losses for depolarized light at Brewster's angle cannot be compensated and degrade beam quality. This motivates the selection of normally incident slab amplifiers, which facilitates birefringence compensation. Tolerances for birefringence compensation of two matched normal-incidence glass-slab amplifiers balanced by a quartz rotator are also investigated. Imbalances in thermal load, relative amplifier position and beam magnification between amplifiers show the highest depolarization sensitivity and establish limits for manufacturing tolerances and amplifier design.
Eddy-current-based momentum transfer method to suppress three-dimensional separation

A magnetogasdynamic technique is explored to alleviate separation in a three-dimensional crossing-shock turbulent boundary-layer interaction. An eddy-current-based momentum transfer mechanism is proposed to enhance the momentum of near-wall fluid by generating appropriate accelerating forces. An established numerical methodology, blending first-principles and phenomenological models, is utilized to demonstrate the technique to eliminate secondary separation observed in strong interactions. The circulating current is generated by applying a uniform magnetic field in an electrically conducting region spanning both near-wall low-momentum regions as well as high-speed outer flow and bounded by insulated walls. The trapping of electrical current is ensured by the generation of an induced electric field, which overwhelms the motional electromotive field near the surface. Under these conditions, ponderomotive forces slow the outer fluid while accelerating the near-wall low-speed regime, thus enhancing its ability to overcome adverse pressure gradients without separation. The complex and highly three-dimensional interplay between velocity, magnetic, current, and electric field vectors is described. Effects of force and heat release are differentiated through discriminating simulations
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF PATATIN, A MAJOR POTATO TUBER PROTEIN

Patatin, a major protein of potato tubers, exists as a 88 ± 4 kilodalton dimer in dilute buffers at pH 7 or 9.6. The dimer was found in fresh as well as lyophilized preparations. Treatment with SDS resulted in dissociation to monomer.
MRI of silicone vitreous ocular implants with phantom correlation.

We imaged two patients who had silicone oil injected into their vitreous cavities. The images demonstrated an increased chemical shift artifact. We developed and tested an in vitro silicone oil model in an attempt to explain this. To our knowledge, this artifact has not been previously described. We constructed a phantom using medication cups containing water, lard and two types of silicone. Background control baths of water and lard were used to simulate different local environments. The phantoms were imaged with T1- and T2-weighted and T1-weighted fat suppression sequences. The artifacts were due to the pronounced chemical shift of silicone in relation to intraconal fat. Our model accurately reproduced our clinical images. Spectral analysis of the silicone model revealed different resonating frequencies for fat/silicone, thereby explaining the pronouced chemical shift artifact.
Linear Rate of Water Crystallization as Influenced by Viscosity of Hydrocolloid Suspensions

Abstract The linear rate of water crystallization at −3°C was measured in various hydrocolloid suspensions, each at several different viscosities. For any given hydrocolloid suspension, the linear rate of water crystallization decreased as viscosity was increased, but it differed among hydrocolloid suspensions adjusted to the same viscosity. Thus, viscosity, over the range studied, is not a good predictor of a hydrocolloid's ability to inhibit crystallization. When studied at −3°C and a viscosity of 3.0 Pa·s, locust bean and guar gum were the most effective crystallization retardants among the five hydrocolloids studied; however, all hydrocolloids on a molar basis were far less effective than sucrose. The beneficial effects of hydrocolloids on the texture of frozen desserts may arise from some attribute other than control of crystal size.
Sulfide and thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria in anoxic marine basins

The occurrence of sulfide and thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria was examined in waters and sediments of the Black Sea and the Caraco Trench. Isolates obtained by enrichment-culture techniques exhibited facultative autotrophic-growth characteristics and oxidized thiosulfate or sulfide. Acid was not formed during growth in mineral medium. Most of the isolates were facultatively anaerobic, using nitrate as the terminal hydrogen acceptor. Strictly aerobic bacteria were found only in oxygenated waters. Comparison of the metabolic capabilities of the isolates during growth in sulfide and thiosulfate media with chemical parameters measured in the Black Sea and Cariaco Trench waters suggests that the biological oxidation of thiosulfate is the rate-limiting step in the oxidative turnover of sulfur compounds in the basins. Evidence for the oxidation of sulfide in the anoxic waters is presented, and possible explanations for the occurrence of this process in the absence of suitable electron acceptors (O2. NO3) are discussed. A maximum dark assimilation of carbon dioxide was located just below the oxygen-sulfide interface in the Cariaco Trench. Problems of interpreting these data are considered.
Towards cultural responsiveness in music instruction with black detained youth: an analytic autoethnography

There is an increased interest in music instruction and research with incarcerated populations. Amid this attention is a need to learn more about how music teachers develop competencies for working with juvenile offenders and navigate this unfamiliar context, how they come to learn more about culturally diverse music, and how they become aware of cultural influences. Although the body of literature on music instruction within correctional settings continues to grow, more examples of a teacher's personal journey towards cultural responsiveness in correctional facilities is warranted. Using a framework for cultural responsiveness attributed to Ladson-Billings, this analytic autoethnographic research highlights the author's personal journey towards becoming culturally responsive to Black youth detained in the criminal court system in Chicago, IL. Qualitative data collected for two years were analysed for emergent themes related to achieving musical success, validating cultural competence, and developing crit...
Effects of Community on Status Attainment

The major objective of the research reported here is to investigate the significance and meaning of the contextual effects of communities on individuals' opportunities for socioeconomic attainment....
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities during embryogenesis in the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus.

Abstract Using α-amanitin to inhibit polymerase II activity in intact nuclei from Oncopeltus embryos, it is demonstrated that there is no difference in relative amounts of α-amanitin-resistant (Form I) and α-amanitin-sensitive (Form II) polymerases at two stages of embryonic development (70 and 140 hr), although the total polymerase activity is considerably higher at the earlier stage. However the RNA made under these circumstances (presumably due to Form I activity) appears to be, as expected, largely ribosomal. When the RNA polymerase activities are solubilized and separated, there is a substantially higher level of Form I activity in 70-hr embryos over that in 140-hr embryos. It is suggested that this high level of polymerase activity is correlated directly with the high level of ribosomal RNA synthesis at this stage.
Retrenchments in Religious Thought: Christian Parabolic Theology, Post–Christian Poetic Para-Theology

T is no news by now that we are in a time of radical retrenchment for Western religious thought, the relation between faith's immediacies and their interpretive elaboration in theology having become seriously strained. Many writers in the modern period have been distressed by the "failure to fit" here, the mismatch of lived experience with the categories we have inherited for reflecting upon it. This well-documented dilemma has meant for some people the shedding of the religious traditions of their fathers and a search for more suitable concepts elsewhere, often in secular ideologies. Others have been led in frustration toward an anti-intellectualism which eschews all categories of interpretation whatsoever. But such hermeneutical shiftings and shoppings Peter Berger's marketplace analogy for explaining the effects of pluralism comes to mind have further required that even the assumption of unblurred boundaries separating the religious and secular, the theological and anti-theological, can hardly be held with great certainty any longer. The best theologians know all this, of course. They know it as a vocational identity crisis which propels them out of former doctrinal allegiances, into pretheological confession and revisionist reflection. Or else, if they are somehow able to remain identified with a traditional Western communion and continue to do theology within that circle, they find the apologetic ante constantly upped: defending the faith virtually demands redefining it year by year. In this extremity, religious thinkers inside and outside of traditional theological circles are turning back toward forms of expression and conceptualization which lie "behind" theology as conventionally construed, closer to its sources in the lived experience of faith.
BIRDSONG AND SOUND TRANSMISSION: THE BENEFITS OF REVERBERATIONS

Abstract Animal vocalizations used for long-distance communication are shaped by acoustic properties of the environment. Studies of the relationship between signal design and sound transmission typically focus on habitat-induced limitations due to signal attenuation and degradation. However, signal design may not entirely be explained by habitat limitations, but rather by beneficial consequences of reverberations. Narrow-frequency bandwidth notes (NFB notes) are pure notes that change little in frequency, and are typical for many bird species living in dense tropical forests. In contrast to frequency-modulated notes, we show that reverberations lead to a longer and louder signal after transmission for NFB notes. Furthermore, playback experiments to territorial males of an African passerine indicated that longer notes led to a stronger behavioral response. These results suggest that reverberations may benefit signal efficiency depending on the signal design, and add new insight into the selection pressures...