cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial knowledge acquisition: using technology, training, and techniques to enhance spatial learning for two special populations

Visual cues are a very helpful means of learning an environment easily and quickly. People who are blind cannot access many of the cues that guide most people. Likewise, those with developmental disabilities can often not understand signs and cues in the environment. This talk will look at several studies that have pointed out technologies, training, and techniques that can assist these two groups to better understand spatial information and lead to better spatial decision making and cognitive maps. People who are blind or visually impaired exhibit a wide range of spatial abilities, just like their sighted counterparts. The literature shows an equally wide range of theories on the ability of this group to accurately acquire spatial knowledge and the ability to construct valid and useful cognitive maps. Spatial information is especially important when dealing with novel environments. This presentation first reports on an experiment that used auditory cues (Talking Signs® Remote Infrared Audible Signage [RIAS]) to increase environmental awareness in a multi-modal urban transit station. One group of participants used their regular methods of orientation and travel while the others used the additional auditory cues. Two types of tests were conducted to measure spatial knowledge acquisition. Participants were given two opportunities to make a shortcut, if they were aware of its presence. In both instances, those that used the auditory cues were vastly superior in their ability to make distance-saving shortcuts. In addition, a set of spatial relationship questions was examined. Those that used the auditory cues answered these questions much more accurately than those that used their regular methods. Participants’ times to complete various search and travel tasks, the number of errors made, and the number of requests for help from others were all superior when using the auditory cues. These additional auditory cues gave information that is not normally available and it appears that poor spatial awareness (a major problem of blind navigation) is the lack of accessible cues in various environments, not an inherent cognitive processing flaw of these individuals. Examples from work by other researchers will be discussed in the presentation. We summarize a study that tested RIAS in a subway station with a group of people who had developmental disabilities. They better understood the auditory signage information then when they tried to read that information. We also give examples from studies that tested various techniques to help blind people learn an environment, such as making sure that all cues at decision points were salient to the user, making a verbal report, constructing a model, and pointing at various visited objects. Two studies showed that when blind people were trained in these techniques, they preformed much better than without this training, and in one study, blind people were able to learn a complicated route almost as well as a sighted control group.
Improving Language-Focused Comprehension Instruction in Primary-Grade Classrooms: Impacts of the Let’s Know! Experimental Curriculum

This quasi-experimental study was designed to test the impacts of a curriculum supplement, Let’s Know!, on the quantity and quality of language-focused comprehension instruction in pre-kindergarten to third grade classrooms. Sixty classrooms (12 per each of pre-K to grade 3) were enrolled in the study, with 40 teachers assigned to implement one of two versions of the experimental Let’s Know! curriculum and 20 assigned to a control condition, in which they maintained their typical language-arts curriculum. Classroom observations, 90 min in duration, were collected near the end of the first unit’s completion, about 4 to 5 weeks into the academic year. These observations were coded to examine impacts of Let’s Know! instruction on two outcomes: (a) teachers’ use of 18 language-focused comprehension supports and (b) general classroom quality. Study results using quantile regression showed that Let’s Know! teachers used a significantly higher number of language-focused comprehension supports during Let’s Know! instruction compared to the control teachers during language-arts instruction; the same finding was also true for general classroom quality. Quantile regression results showed the greatest differentiation in instructional quality, when comparing experimental and control teachers, for teachers in the middle of the distribution of general classroom quality. Study findings highlight the value of language-focused curricula for heightening comprehension-specific supports in pre-K to grade 3 settings.
Status of tuberculosis infection control programs at United States hospitals, 1989 to 1992

Abstract Background: Recent nosocomial outbreaks have raised concern about the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in United States hospitals. Methods: To determine current tuberculosis (TB) infection control practices, we surveyed a sample of approximately 3000 acute care facilities about the number of patients with drug-susceptible or multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), health care worker (HCW) tuberculin skin test (TST) results, and compliance with the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) TB guidelines. Analyses were restricted to one response per hospital. Results: Personnel at 1494 (49.8%) hospitals returned a completed survey. Respondent hospitals had a mean of 881 HCWs (range 8 to 10,000) and 196 (range 6 to 2450) beds; 62% percent were community nonteaching hospitals. Of respondent hospitals providing data for 1989 through 1992, the proportion that cared for patients with tB or MDR-TB increased from 46.4% to 56.6% and 0.8% to 4.5%, respectively. The pooled mean HCW TST positivity rate at hire rose from 0.95% to 1.14%, and the pooled mean HCW TST conversion rate increased from 0.40% to 0.51%. In 1992, when we compared hospitals with zero, one to five, or six or greater patients with TB, the risk of a positive HCW TST result at hire or at routine testing significantly increased with increasing number of patients with TB. From 1989 through 1992, the number of hospitals reporting the use of surgical masks for HCW respiratory protection decreased from 96.8% to 66.8%. In 1992, 66% of the hospitals reported compliance with four or more of the AFB isolation room criteria specified in the 1990 CDC TB guidelines. Conclusions: Contrary to prior surveys, this study shows that many U.S. community hospitals admit patients with TB less frequently than do teaching hospitals, and infrequently admit patients with MDR-TB. Because the risk of HCW TST conversion varies with hospital characteristics, these data show the importance of performing a risk assessment, as recommended in the CDC TB guidelines, for each ward and hospital so that TB control measures can be individualized.
Technique for measuring damping properties of thin viscoelastic layers

Abstract A method is proposed for performing the difficult task of measuring the complex modulus properties of viscoelastic materials when they are available only in the form of thin layers, such as damping tapes, attached securely to thin sheets of metal. The method involves measuring the response of a simple beam with several layers of the damping tape attached to the entire surface and comparing the results with prior tests on the same configuration with another viscoelastic material having known properties. Results are verified by comparison with data obtained by using a resonance technique. It is shown that the present approach is simple and effective to use, and that the limitations are simple to understand and avoid.
Diurnal urine volume estimates in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia during water-loaded versus nonloaded states

Estimates of diurnal urine volume (DUV) based upon urine creatinine concentrations are frequently used to help diagnose polydipsia and polyuria in schizophrenic patients. Two methods of estimating DUV are available (Koczapski et al 1989; Vieweg et al 1992) with reported associations between methods ranging from kappa coefficients of .70 to correlations of .98, respectively (Verghese et al 1994; Vieweg et al 1992). Goldman et al (1992) reported the overlap of Koczapski's formula with actual 24-hour DUV to be 85% of the variance. It is unclear how sensitive estimated DUV values are to conditions of water loading observed in polydipsic patients. Furthermore, the impact of the frequency and timing of urine creatinine sampling used to estimate DUV remains unassessed. Koczapski's method allows for two urine creatinine samples (taken at 6:00 AM-8:00 AM and 4:00 PM-6:00 PM), whereas Vieweg's formula utilizes two or more urine creatinine samples, prompting the question of whether Q.I.D. versus B.I.D. sampling produces more accurate estimates. Given the frequent impracticality of collecting actual 24-hour DUV, a reliable estimation method is desirable for clinical and research use. We compare these two methods of estimating DUV under
Asymptotic and essentially singular solutions of the Feigenbaum equation

For suitably defined largeN, we express Feigenbaum's equation as a singular Schroder functional equation whose solution is obtained using a scaling ansatz. In the limit of infiniteN certain self-consistency conditions on the scaled Schroder solution lead to an essentially singular solution of Feigenbaum's equation with a length scale factor of α≅ 0.0333 and. a limiting feigenvalue of δ∞≃30.50, in agreement with Eckmann and Wittwer's value of α=0.0333831... and their conjectured estimate of δ∞≲30.
New assessments of dispersion in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A recent theory for plate number N in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is reevaluated using more accurate measurements of micellar diffusion coefficients and instrumental contributions to dispersion. These measurements are determined using theory outlined here from the low-field dispersion of peaks of micellar markers. The theory for N accurately predicts the experimental N's of weakly and intermediately retained analytes over wide ranges of field strength and concentration of the surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate. The departure from theory of experimental N's of highly retained species developed at high field strengths in buffers having high surfactant concentrations is shown by additional theory to be consistent with the radial variation of micellar electrophoretic mobility resulting from Joule heat. These calculations are the most accurate reported to date that reconcile with theory the observed high-field dispersion of highly retained neutral compounds in MEKC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 479–489, 1998
Gender and Sex Diversity in Sport Organizations: Introduction to a Special Issue

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Special Issue on gender and sex diversity in sport organizations. In doing so, we first provide a brief outline of the extant literature, emphasizing the research and theoretical developments at the macro, meso, and micro level of analysis. Based on this framework and review, we allude to the communalities and intricacies in the existing understanding of sex and gender in the sport workplace. Further, we highlight how the contributions in the Special Issue address these voids and can serve as a catalyst to continued scholarly work in the area.
Configured detectors for STEM imaging of thin specimens

Abstract A new detector system built for a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrument allows images to be obtained with variable detector geometry. A simple theoretical formulation in one dimension, readily extended to two dimensions, allows the image contrast and resolution to be evaluated for various detector configurations. In particular it is shown that with a thin-ring annular detector, giving a configuration equivalent to hollow-cone illumination in TEM, an improvement in bright-field resolution for thin specimens by a factor of about 1.6 can be achieved relative to that for a conventional axial detector. This mode is achieved in the STEM by magnifying the transmitted beam, limited by an objective aperture, until it just overlaps the inner edge of the detector used for high-angle annular dark-field imaging. If the transmitted beam diameter is just less than the inner diameter of this detector, bright-line contrast proportional to the magnitude of the differential of the projected phase distribution is obtained. Preliminary results obtained with the new detector system illustrate the use of these imaging modes.
The Collaborative Perinatal Project: a 50‐year retrospective

Fifty years after recruiting its first pregnant woman, the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) remains a landmark in American maternal and child health epidemiological research. No U.S.-based study of pregnancy and childhood conducted before or since has matched its size, breadth and depth. The shadow of the CPP even looms long over the soon-to-begin-enrollment National Children's Study (NCS). The very concept of the NCS began at a small Federal planning meeting in 1998 when someone said “It's been 40 years since anyone has tried to conduct a large pregnancy cohort study in the United States,” and it is almost certain that the NCS and CPP will continue to be compared. When appropriate, I will draw parallels between the trials and tribulations of the CPP and those of the NCS.
Neurovascular problems in the forearm, wrist, and hand

This article attempted to summarize the most common neurovascular injuries of the upper extremity, particularly the forearm, wrist, and hand. Although these injuries are rarely encountered in athletes, their pathology and treatment must be understood by the treating physician. Failure to recognize these injuries in a timely manner can lead to delay in diagnosis and weeks or months of lost participation by the athlete. The sports medicine physician must be aware of the potential risk for injury to the neurovascular structures, particularly in the athlete exposed to repetitive use or impact of the upper extremity. Timely recognition, diagnosis, and treatment will avoid the potential risk for permanent injury.
Cleaning Porous Pavements Using a Reverse Flush Process

Porous pavements are asphalt or concrete pavement surfaces designed to allow moisture to flow through the surface into an underlying reservoir or into the subgrade soil. Porous pavements prevent pollutants from entering into the water table and therefore, are considered sustainable construction. However, porous pavements eventually fill with debris and get clogged, preventing water infiltration. Thus, the greatest barrier to the use of porous pavements is susceptibility to clogging. Therefore, a major maintenance objective for porous pavements is to prevent clogging of the void spaces within the pavement. This paper describes a potential process of removing particles trapped in the pores of the pavement by flushing water from the bottom to the top of the pavement. Four variables were evaluated in this laboratory experiment to determine effects on particle removal. These were: (1) water pressure; (2) clogging material; (3) pavement porosity; and (4) number of flushes. Results indicate the reverse flush process was effective on both types of clogging material evaluated, was independent of the pavement porosity, and worked for the lowest pressure tested.
MO‐F‐WAB‐01: A Comparison of 20 Free Breathing Versus AlignRT Based DIBH Breast Treatments

Purpose: Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) for treatment of left breast cancer is a technique that is rapidly gaining acceptance due to the possibility of reducing heart dose, particularly dose to the left anterior descending coronary artery. We report on the treatment of twenty patients using AlignRT (VisionRT, London, UK) to monitor breath hold. Methods: Patients were simulated with a breath hold and free breathing CT scan. A treatment plan was created on each scan in the XiO treatment planning system (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). Plans consisted of two parent tangent fields and 1–2 reduced fields per side. The maximum point dose and volume receiving 30 Gy (V30) to the heart from each plan is compared. Patients were set‐up using an AlignRT reference surface generated from the breath hold scan with a 3 mm / 3 degree tolerance. Patient position was evaluated by comparing boney landmarks, breast tissue, and heart position on port images prior to the first treatment, then once per week. We examine the number of port images retaken as compared to free breathing set‐ups. Results: For DIBH plans the maximum heart dose was reduced by an average of 39% and the V30 was reduced by an average of 78%. For 16 patients that had completed treatment at this time the number of retaken port images was 9.6%, which is in line with 8.5% of retaken port images previously reported for our free breathing patients. Conclusion: Patients were generally able to complete each of the 4–6 fields in one breath hold per field. The number of port images was comparable to free breathing treatments. Treatment of left sided breast patients using DIBH is an effective way to reduce heart dose without impactful change in treatment time.
[D-Alanine2]-methionine enkephalinamide binding to rat brain slices: differences from opiate alkaloid binding and reduction by chronic morphine treatment.

Abstract Binding of a metabolically stable enkephalin analog, [d-alanine2]-methionine-enkephalinamide (DALA), was characterized in rat brain slices. Unlike morphine or naloxone binding, which showed positive cooperativity in these preparations, DALA binding did not exhibit homotropic activation. The amount of DALA bound was less in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (150 mM sodium) than in Tris buffer. Reduced binding was observed in both media with slices obtained from animals rendered tolerant to morphine by pellet implantation. The results indicate that DALA and opiate drugs occupy the same binding sites, but that the characteristics of the binding of the enkephalins and the alkaloids are different.
Neuroscience: A memory boost while you sleep

It is generally agreed that sleep aids memory consolidation, but the reasons for this are a mystery. Part of the answer may lie in the patterns of synchronous brain activity unique to the state of slumber.
Prediction of shive content in pilot plant processed flax by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Shive is the main contaminant in flax fibre and affects fibre quality. In this study, we developed a calibration for determining shive content in flax using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and applied the model to pilot plant processed flax to predict shive content. The model based on “ground” mixtures performed best from multiplicative scatter correction after a second derivative treatment of the spectral data, giving a standard error of cross-validation of 0.35% using five factors. Prediction samples were Jordan enzyme-(ER) and Natasja dew-retted (DR) flax that was collected after various stages of processing. When the model was applied to the “ground” flax, a high correlation was obtained between the NIR predicted value and actual shive content, giving a correlation coefficient of > 0.98 for both retted flax samples. However, when the model was applied to the “as-is” flax, a slope and bias were observed. These deviations were corrected by a linear regression between predicted values of “ground” and “a...
The Effectiveness of Communication Skills Training With Married Couples: Does the Issue Discussed Matter?

This study experimentally examines the speaker-listener technique on marital satisfaction and communication behaviors when couples (N = 30) were instructed to either discuss an issue within or outs...
Dipole and quadrupole moments of the isomeric Hg197 nucleus : isomeric isotope shift

The hyperfine structures of five optical lines of 65-hour radioactive ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197}$ and 25-hour isomeric ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197*}$ were measured. Radioactive mercury produced by cyclotron bombardment and excited in electrodeless discharge tubes containing as few as 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ atoms, free of natural mercury, gave adequate light intensities. The analysis of the hyperfine structure confirmed the magnetic dipole moment and isotope shift of ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197}$ in its ground state ($I=\frac{1}{2}$), and gave the following values for ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197*}$ $(\mathrm{based}\mathrm{on}I=\frac{13}{2}):{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{197}^{*}}=\ensuremath{-}1.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ nm; ${Q}_{{197}^{*}}=(1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$; isotope shift displacement (from ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{198}$ in the 2537 A line)+70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Thus an isomeric shift of atomic energy levels resulting from the excitation of the nucleus from its ground state $I=\frac{1}{2}$ to the isomeric state $I=\frac{13}{2}$ is observed. In the 2537 A line of mercury this shift amounts to -21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Clear waters and muddied histories: environmental history and the politics of community in Zimbabwe's Eastern highlands

This article examines competing struggles over the demarcation, implementation and multiple meanings of the proposed Kaerezi River Protected Area in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands. It focuses on the micro‐politics within a state‐administered resettlement scheme bordering Nyanga National Park, whose 1987 extension precipitated the conflicts. Countering a tendency within environmental history to assume a monolithic ‘state’ in opposition to an undifferentiated ‘community’, the analysis emphasises shifting political alliances within, among and between state representatives and rural actors. Competing agendas among various ministries within the Zimbabwean government have encountered the salient differences of gender, generation, class, education and ‘traditional’ authority in Kaerezi. The analysis attends to grounded livelihood practices as well as the cultural idioms and historical resonances that affix particular meanings to the landscape and environmental resources. In particular, resettlement farmers deploye...
Commentary on 'Multi-center experience of 164 consecutive Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow graft implants for hemodialysis treatment'.

The creation and maintenance of permanent dialysis access can be a very challenging and frustrating problem for physicians and patients. The fistula first paradigm has been well accepted in the United States. The goal of this project has been to minimize the use of temporary catheters for hemodialysis access. The decreased use of catheters has been advocated as a means to reduce catheterbased infections as well as the development of central venous stenosis. But, central venous stenosis continues to plague many dialysis patients and their access surgeons and interventionalists. Many surgeons will select a lower extremity site for the creation of permanent dialysis access if there is an upper extremity central venous stenosis or occlusion. The rationale has been the limited durability of a central venous angioplasty and stenting as a method to maintain an upper extremity permanent dialysis access. The HeRO graft has been proposed as a technology that can overcome the technical difficulties in maintaining an upper extremity access when a central venous stenosis or occlusion is present. Gage et al. report on a 4-site review demonstrating the efficacy of the HeRO graft-tunneled catheter technology for complicated access patients. The authors report an excellent primary and secondary patency rate and decreased risk of infection as compared to a standard tunneled catheter. They also report a high rate of technical success despite placing catheters in patients with multiple prior upper extremity access efforts. Finally, they report an intervention rate of 1.5/year which is very appropriate given this complex patient population. I have placed several of the HeRO grafts and find the technology tobeveryuseful indifficult patients. Iwould like tohighlight someof the limitations frommy perspective that the authors do not explain in detail in their manuscript. The authors state that the incidence
Structural requirements for pyridine carboxylate effects on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Abstract It has previously been established that quinolinic acid and 3-mercaptopicolinic acid cause hypoglycemia by inhibiting Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase and gluconeogenesis. In the rat, 3-aminopicolinic acid permits Fe 2+ to activate this enzyme; it enhances gluconeogenesis and causes hyperglycemia. In the present study, other pyridine carboxylates were screened for effects on the activity of PEP carboxykinase. The structural requirement for an inhibitor or an activator of this enzyme has been defined: It must be a picolinic acid derivative with the α carboxyl unsubstituted and with another group on position 3. The group at position 3 determines the effect (inhibition or activation) and the potency of the compound. Compounds such as picolinic acid, all the isomers of quinolinic acid, 2-mercaptonicotinic acid, and 2-aminonicotinic acid were inactive. Fe 2+ enhances the potency of quinolinate and 2-mercaptopicolinate 15- to 20-fold, and 3-aminopicolinate does not activate the carboxykinase in the absence of Fe 2+ . It is therefore assumed that Fe 2+ binds to the ring nitrogen and the α-carboxyl group of one or more molecules of these compounds to form an effective coordination complex. Complexes involving picolinate derivatives with an acidic function at position 3 inhibit; the complex of Fe 2+ with 3-aminopicolinate either delivers Fe 2+ to the catalytic site and then dissociates or the Fe 2+ in the complex is catalytically active. 3-Aminopicolinate causes hyperglycemia in the guinea pig. It activates guinea pig liver cytosolic PEP carboxykinase in vitro but does not activate the mitochondrial carboxykinase. If activation of PEP carboxykinase is the means by which 3-aminopicolinate causes hyperglycemia, our findings indicate that the cytosolic enzyme can play an important role in glucose synthesis in species having appreciable amounts of both carboxykinases.
Posttranslational modifications of alpha tubulin: detyrosination and acetylation differentiate populations of interphase microtubules in cultured cells.

Subsets of microtubules enriched in posttranslationally detyrosinated (Gundersen, G. G., M. H. Kalnoski, and J. C. Bulinski. 1984. Cell. 38:779) or acetylated (Piperno, G., M. Le Dizet, and X. Chang. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 104:298), alpha tubulin have previously been described in interphase cultured cells. In this study an immunofluorescence comparison of these minor populations of microtubules revealed that, in African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (TC-7 line), the population of microtubules enriched in detyrosinated tubulin was virtually coincident with the population enriched in acetylated alpha tubulin. In some cell types, however, such as human HeLa or marsupial PtK-2 cells, only one posttranslationally modified form of tubulin, i.e., acetylated or detyrosinated, respectively, was detectable in microtubules. In TC-7 cells, although both modifications were present, dissimilar patterns and kinetics of reappearance of microtubules enriched in detyrosinated and acetylated tubulin were observed after recovery of cells from microtubule-depolymerizing treatments or from mitosis. Thus, a minor population of microtubules exists in cultured cells that contains an elevated level of tubulin modified in either one or two ways. While these two modifications occur primarily on the same subset of microtubules, they differ in their patterns of formation in vivo.
Geo-Currents a Look at Recent Geological News

(1994). Geo-Currents: A Look at Recent Geological News. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 87-89.
Sodium 3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-30-Oate is a Novel and Selective Activator of β1 Subunit-Containing BK Channels and thus Cerebral Artery Dilator

Lithocholic acid (LCA) is a cholane steroid that causes cerebrovascular dilation via activation of β1 subunit-containing BK channels in vascular smooth muscle (Bukiya et al., 2007; 2009). In search of selective β1-containing BK activators devoid of a steroidal nucleus, we used LCA as a template and performed structure similarity search with the threshold of 70% in the Hit2lead.com database. We identified methyl 3-hydroxyolean-12-en-30-oate, which after hydrolysis, rendered sodium 3-hydroxyolean-12-en-30-oate (HENA). Patch-clamp results demonstrated that HENA activated BK channels (cbv1+β1) cloned from rat cerebral artery myocytes. While EC50 (∼50 μM), Emax (∼300 μM) and apparent Hill number (1.3) for this HENA action were undistinguishable from those of LCA, HENA's efficacy was significantly larger than that of LCA, with channel steady-state activity in presence of 150 μM HENA increasing to 200% of pre-drug values. Remarkably, HENA failed to activate recombinant, β2-, β3-, or β4-containing BK channels while activating native BK channels in rat cerebrovascular myocytes (EC50=46 μM). Therefore, HENA selectively targets β1-containing BK channels. Furthermore, HENA failed to activate cbv1+β1T169A channels, suggesting it acts via a BK β1 cholane-sensing site (Bukiya et al., 2008). HENA (3-45 μM) dilated pressurized cerebral arteries of rat and C57BL/6 mouse. Consistent with its higher efficacy on channel activity, HENA-induced dilation was significantly larger than that of LCA. As expected, genetic ablation of BK β1 suppressed HENA-induced vasodilation. Finally, closed cranial window data from anesthesized rats demonstrated that intracarotid infusion of HENA significantly dilated pial arterioles. This action was sustained in presence of 4-aminopyridine but totally prevented by paxilline, underscoring BK-mediation of HENA-induced in vivo vasodilation. This study identifies the first selective non-steroid activator of β1-containing BKs and effective cerebral artery dilator. Supported by R01-HL104631; R37-AA011560 (AMD).
VIOLENT ACTS AND INJURIOUS OUTCOMES IN MARRIED COUPLES: Methodological Issues in the National Survey of Families and Households

This analysis of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) confirmed earlier findings: Much of the violence between married partners occurred in couples in which both partners were reported as perpetrators, and women as well as men committed violent acts in married couples. However, the NSFH data indicated that the probabilities of injury for male and female respondents differed significantly, with wives more likely to be injured than husbands. The NSFH differentiated between violent acts and injurious outcomes and provided an empirical rebuttal of the “battered husband syndrome.” At the same time, the NSFH reproduced many of the problems of quantitative surveys as they are currently used to measure the incidence and consequences of intimate violence. The article discusses the major problems with both the content and the context of currently employed survey methodology, as exemplified by the NSFH.
Health, medicine, and food messages in television commercials during 1992 and 1998.

ABSTRACT: The potential effects of television advertisements on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior have generated considerable concern. Part of this concern arises from the overall exposure of children to this medium. By the time they graduate from high school, the time devoted to watching television will exceed the hours spent in school. Hence, health professionals should recognize the disproportionate role of television as an informational and attitudinal source for children. The potential impact of television advertisements, particularly those promoting health-related products such as medications and foods, coupled with the changing nature of television points to this medium as an important candidate for examination. The purpose of this study was to content analyze and compare advertisements broadcast in 1992 and 1998 to create a description of the health information conveyed in top-rated, prime time network television advertisements and to determine the congruence of this information with current health recommendations.
Adjoint Structure Approach for Shape‐Sensitivity Analysis using BEM

An adjoint approach for the shape design sensitivity analysis of plane elasticity problems with a direct boundary integral equation formulation is presented. The objective function or the constraint function is expressed in an integral form and augmented by incorporating the elasticity equations via adjoint functions. The variation of the augmented function is taken by performing its material derivative to obtain the sensitivity of the objective function or the constraint function. The adjoint functions are obtained through the solution of the adjoint problem resulting from setting the local variations of the displacement, velocity, and traction fields equal to zero. An approximate procedure for the application of concentrated adjoint load in the boundary element framework is suggested. This allows the computation of displacement, traction, and stress sensitivities at discrete nodal points. The requirement of choosing an averaging characteristic function in earlier formulations is obviated by this development. The present formulation includes the treatment of body forces in sensitivity calculations. A series of numerical examples is solved to demonstrate the validity of the present approach.
Patient–Provider Orientation as a Language Expectancy Origin for Controlling Language in Doctor–Patient Interactions

The use of controlling language by physicians is examined to further understand congruence between doctor and patient language use. Language expectancy theory (LET) provides the framework for making predictions about expectations for controlling language. This study adds to our understanding of LET by examining personality variables to predict language expectations. Effects of interactions between expectancy violations and patient–physician orientation on anger, behavior change, source credibility, and controlling language are predicted. Positively violating expectations for controlling language use resulted in less anger, negative behavior change, and higher ratings of controllingness. Future directions are offered studying controlling language in doctor–patient interactions.
Diagnosing and treating adult ADHD and comorbid conditions.

Abstract Many adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were never diagnosed as children. The impairment caused by untreated ADHD can complicate, or even lead to, other psychiatric conditions. Accurate diagnosis and efficacious treatment of ADHD in adults, which may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, is vital to improve their functioning. When a patient has ADHD and a co-occurring condition, the clinician should usually treat the most impairing condition first.
Studies of the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of compound A in rats

CO2 absorbents acting on sevoflurane produce compound A [CF2=C(CF3)OCH2F]. Rats breathing 25–50 ppm of compound A for 3–12 h demonstrate corticomedullary renal injury. Several halogenated alkenes also produce a well described corticomedullary lesion by conversion of glutathione conjugates of these alkenes to cysteine s-conjugates and subsequent metabolism by renal cysteine conjugate β-lyase to nephrotoxic halothionoacetyl halides. We tested whether a similar mechanism explained the nephrotoxicity of compound A or whether an oxidative metabolism of compound A by cytochrome P-450 was required for the induction of nephrotoxicity. A closed rebreathing system was used and male Wistar rats were exposed for 1 h to: (1) oxygen alone; (2) 800 ppm compound A; (3) 800 ppm compound A after pretreatment with intraperitoneal aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), 0.5 mmoles/kg, an inhibitor of renal cysteine conjugate β-lyase; (4) 600 ppm compound A; (5) 600 ppm compound A after pretreatment with intraperitoneal AOAA, 0.50 mmoles/kg plus acivicin (AT-125), 0.25 mmoles/kg, an inhibitor of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; (6) 600 ppm compound A after pretreatment with 1600 mg/kg piperonyl butoxide (PB) subcutaneously, and (7) 600 ppm compound A after pretreatment with 100 mg/kg 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) by intraperitoneal injection (both PB and ABT inhibit cytochrome P-450s). All rats were killed 24 h following exposure to compound A or oxygen, or to pretreatments without compound A, and the kidneys were collected for histological analysis. Pretreatments given without compound A did not cause renal injury. Necrosis was found in 20.9±16.7% (mean±SD) of corticomedullary tubule cells following exposure of Wistar rats to 600 ppm compound A. Pretreatment with AOAA plus AT-125 increased necrosis to 57.9±32.6%, (P<0.005). PB or ABT given prior to compound A increased corticomedullary injury to 39.0±31.4% (P<0.02) and 51.2±31.8% (P<0.025), respectively. In rats exposed to 800 ppm compound A, pretreatment with AOAA increased necrosis from 63.8±30.1% to 81.2±27.7% (P<0.1). Unlike many other halogenated alkenes, compound A does not appear to produce renal injury by conversion of a cysteine S-conjugate to a toxic thiol, nor does injury require metabolism mediaited by cytochrome P-450. Injury may result from direct toxicity of compound A or by an undetermined metabolic pathway.
Processing of new arguments at clause boundaries

In a subject-paced reading-time study, we examined the processing of new arguments at clause boundaries. Word reading times increased with the cumulative number of new-argument nouns at clause boundaries (as well as at sentence boundaries). New-argument nouns had a greater impact at clause boundaries than at nonboundary locations. In accordance with a buffer-integrate-purge model of reading (see Jarvella, 1979), the increase of reading times at boundaries was attributed to the integration of new information from the current sentence with prior information in the text representation. The increase at nonboundary locations was attributed to the growing load of buffering the new information. Reading times at clause boundaries were influenced to a greater extent by text-level integration than by such sentence-level processes as organization of words into clauses and linking of clauses within a sentence. The new contribution of this study was that it showed that clause boundaries provide an opportunity not only for sentence-level processes, but also for a text-level process, namely, the integration of text-new information with the growing text representation.
On the Design and Implementation of an Effective Prefetch Strategy for DSM Systems

Distributed Shared Memory systems provide the abstraction of a shared address space among computing hosts interconnected via a private network, in a convenient and easy way to achieve high performance. However, there are several drawbacks to these systems, such as communication overhead, network latency, false sharing, coherence and page faults. By prefetching, one can overlap communication and computation though the Accumulated Waiting Phenomenon and the Waiting Synchronization Phenomenon affect overall performance. In this paper, an Effective Prefetch Strategy (EPS) is proposed, to improve the shortcomings of previous prefetching approaches and increases the prefetch page hit rate. In addition, our EPS strategy reduces the waiting time for each computing host upon barrier synchronizations and misprefetches. Experimental comparisons show that our proposed EPS strategy offers the best performance among existinrefetching strategies.
Beyond the stereotypical implications of terrorism: a sociological investigation of Arab immigrants

Post 11 September 2001, terrorism has emerged as the defining stereotype of Arab immigrants. As a result, the study of Arab immigrants has become susceptible to stereotypes because in an era of unprecedented diversity sociological investigation has neglected spirituality. Among the various Arab populations spirituality is fundamental. Subsequently any investigation of Arab immigrants is impossible without acknowledgement of a spiritual dimension in the form of Islam. Moving beyond the stereotypical implications of terrorism will require Western sovereignties to be more informed about the Arab culture. Otherwise, their lack of effort will destine the uninformed to the stereotypical implications of terrorism that will not be limited to Arab immigrants but extend to other populations as well.
Sympathetic Neural Mechanisms in Human Blood Pressure Regulation

Sympathetic neural function is essential to human blood pressure regulation, and overactivity of sympathetic nerves may have an important role in the development of hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders. Importantly, there is extensive interindividual variability in sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity, even among healthy, young, normotensive people. Therefore, the relevance of each person’s level of sympathetic nerve activity for his or her blood pressure must be evaluated in the context of other factors contributing to the overall level of blood pressure, including cardiac output and vascular adrenergic responsiveness. We include evidence showing that the balance of factors contributing to normal blood pressure in young people is influenced by sex. Hypertension itself can be multifactorial, but it is often associated with elevated sympathetic nerve activity, which can be reversed by some pharmacologic antihypertensive treatments. Although much work remains to be done in this area, an appropriate recognition of the complexity of integrated physiological regulation and of the importance of interindividual variability will be key factors in moving forward to even better understanding and treatment.
Acute GVHD in patients receiving IL-15/4-1BBL activated NK cells following T-cell–depleted stem cell transplantation

Natural killer (NK) cells can enhance engraftment and mediate graft-versus-leukemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but the potency of graft-versus-leukemia mediated by naturally reconstituting NK cells following HSCT is limited. Preclinical studies demonstrate that activation of NK cells using interleukin-15 (IL-15) plus 4-1BBL upregulates activating receptor expression and augments killing capacity. In an effort to amplify the beneficial effects of NK cells post-HSCT, we conducted a first-in-human trial of adoptive transfer of donor-derived IL-15/4-1BBL-activated NK cells (aNK-DLI) following HLA-matched, T-cell-depleted (1-2 × 10(4) T cells/kg) nonmyeloablative peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children and young adults with ultra-high-risk solid tumors. aNK-DLI were CD3(+)-depleted, CD56(+)-selected lymphocytes, cultured for 9 to 11 days with recombinant human IL-15 plus 4-1BBL(+)IL-15Rα(+) artificial antigen-presenting cells. aNK-DLI demonstrated potent killing capacity and displayed high levels of activating receptor expression. Five of 9 transplant recipients experienced acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following aNK-DLI, with grade 4 GVHD observed in 3 subjects. GVHD was more common in matched unrelated donor vs matched sibling donor recipients and was associated with higher donor CD3 chimerism. Given that the T-cell dose was below the threshold required for GVHD in this setting, we conclude that aNK-DLI contributed to the acute GVHD observed, likely by augmenting underlying T-cell alloreactivity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01287104.
Mathematical models of ethanol inhibition effects during alcohol fermentation

Abstract Oscillations are observed during the production of ethanol fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis, which is more effective than yeast in helping to produce ethanol. We develop three models to study the inhibition effects, which are caused by various statuses of ethanol concentration, on alcohol fermentation via Zymomonas mobilis. We show that the ethanol concentration alone does not cause the periodic behavior of ethanol production. Nevertheless, the ethanol concentration history and its rate of change may cause the periodic phenomena.
Feedback on Teaching from Observations of Teaching: What Do Administrators Say and What Do Teachers Think about It?.

Teachers crave yet rarely receive qualitative performance feedback. Though student feedback has been studied, we know little about what kinds of feedback are useful to teachers for improving practi...
Transfection: enhancement by assembly protein of bacteriophage R17.

Abstract Assembly protein was isolated by DEAE cellulose chromatography from disrupted R17 bacteriophage and reconstituted with purified R17 phage RNA. Following reconstitution, 125 I labeled assembly protein co-sediments with 27S R17 phage RNA in a sucrose gradient. SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the 27S 125 I labeled protein-RNA complex confirmed that assembly protein was the only phage protein associated with the RNA. The specific infectivity (PFU/μg RNA) of the R17 phage RNA-assembly protein complex was 35-fold greater than that of R17 phage RNA when assayed on Escherichia coli spheroplasts. Infectivity of both preparations was destroyed by treatment with pancreatic ribonuclease A. Furthermore, the assembly protein-RNA complex was infectious for intact cells whereas phage RNA was not infectious. Infectivity of this 27S complex for intact cells was totally eliminated by pretreatment with ribonuclease.
Anabolic steroid and stimulant use in North American sport between 1850 and 1980.

The use of drugs to enhance performance has been a feature of athletic competition since ancient times. This review discusses the use of anabolic steroids and stimulants by athletes to improve performance during the later half of the nineteenth century and during most of the twentieth century. Included are discussions of the development and medical background of testosterone and anabolic steroids, how the use of steroids progressed from medical use to use in sport and, with the rapid expansion of testosterone and steroid use in sport during the 1960s and 1970s, the emergence of adverse health effects that lead to the initial banning of steroids in sports and the development of drug testing programmes. Links between stimulant use, war and sport during the 1930s and 1940s, the impact of stimulant use on post-war sport, and the prevalence of stimulant use in North American society and sport prior to 1970, including the deaths of several elite cyclists, are discussed in the second part of this review.
Life-Stories and Storied Lives: Genre and Reports of Lived Experience in Gay Personal Literature

ABSTRACT Personal literature may be written either as a life story such as an autobiography or memoir or as an autobiographical novel. Using the three volumes comprising the memoir of author Paul Monette and the three volumes comprising the autobiographical fiction trilogy of journalist and novelist Edmund White, this article explores the goal of each author for selecting a particular genre in which to write about lived experience. Each author enjoyed an elite education and came to adulthood in postwar America in the decade prior to the gay rights era beginning in the 1970s, and each writer participated in the sociosexual culture emerging over the succeeding decade. Each writer became HIV+ in the 1980s (Monette died of complications attending AIDS in 1995), and each writer experienced the loss of his lover to AIDS. While Monette and White each experienced the anti-gay prejudice of postwar American society, Monette's youth was less troubled than that of White who grew up in a complex family with a distant ...