cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Possible Role of Oxidized Lipids in Atherosclerosis

Oxidized sterols, such as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and 25-hydroxycholesterol, have been found to act as angiotoxdns when fed to swine or rabbits. These derivatives of oxidized cholesterol increased the frequency of aortic smooth muscle cell death, in­creased mitosis of smooth muscle cells, and increased collagen formation in the thoracic aorta and coronary arteries of swine. Two types of pathology could be developed in the thoracic aorta by continuous or short term feeding of cholecalciferol: one, a diffuse fibroelastic intimai thickening in the thoracic aorta (arterio­sclerosis) with no evidence of lipid deposition by continuous feeding of cholecalciferol or two, an intimal thickening in the thoracic aorta and intimal thickening with foam cells and extra-cellular lipid deposits (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries after a short period of supplemental cholecalciferol followed by 3–4 months of supplement-free diets. These two types of arterial damage were identical to that in the plugs of thoracic aorta ob­tained as a by-product of elective coronary bypass surgery.
Chemical Methods for Assessing Kerogen and Protokerogen Types and Maturity

Kerogen is the complex, high-molecular-weight, disseminated organic matter (OM) in sediments. It is operationally defined as OM that is insoluble in nonpolar organic solvents and in nonoxidizing mineral acids (HCl and HF). It is generally believed to be the major starting material for most oil and gas generation as sediments are subjected to geothermal heating in the subsurface. It is the most abundant form of organic carbon on Earth—about 1000 times more abundant than coal, which forms primarily from terrigenous higher plant remains. Kerogen consists of the altered remains of marine and lacustrine microorganisms, plants, and animals, with variable amounts of terrigenous debris in sediments. It represents about 1% of the organic matter which originates from biological sources and undergoes extensive degradation and alteration within the water column and at the sediment-water interface prior to burial in sediments (Hedges and Prahl, this volume, Chapter 11). The structured terrestrial (e.g., woody) portions of kerogen have elemental compositions similar to that of coal (Hunt, 1979, pp. 279–280; Hunt, 1991).
Symposium: Perspectives on the Uniform Laws Revision Process

This issue of the Hastings Law Journal was devoted to the Uniform Law revision process, specifically the attempt to revise Article 2, which had recently become derailed. The Foreword that I wrote synthesizes the pieces that follow, suggesting that each represents an attempt to find an answer to the question, “Who Killed Revised Article 2?”
Tandem Solar Cell—Concept and Practice in Organic Solar Cells

In the past decade, organic solar cell (OPV) technology has been intensively studied and improved significantly due to its attractive properties in manufacturability, flexibility, light weight etc. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been enhanced dramatically from ~2–3 to ~12 % through materials, interface and device architecture innovations such as tandem. This chapter focuses on multi-junction or tandem solar cell which is the architecture for highest solar cell efficiency. First, the principle of solar photovoltaic process and the theoretical limits of solar cell in single and multiple junction cells were presented. After the brief description of the realization of tandem cell concept in inorganic solar cells, we provided an overview of the development of organic tandem solar cells. This includes two very distinct technologies—vacuum deposited small molecule tandem solar cells, and solution processed polymer tandem solar cells. The progress in active materials with different bandgap, interconnection layer, and tandem device structure are presented.
Prognostic importance of CT ASPECTS and CT perfusion measures of infarction in anterior emergent large vessel occlusions.

Background Age, neurologic deficits, core volume (CV), and clinical core or radiographic mismatch are considered in selection for endovascular therapy (ET) in anterior circulation emergent large vessel occlusion (aELVO). Semiquantitative CV estimation by Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (CT ASPECTS) and quantitative CV estimation by CT perfusion (CTP) are both used in selection paradigms. Objective To compare the prognostic value of CTP CV with CT ASPECTS in aELVO. Methods Patients in an institutional endovascular registry who had aELVO, pre-ET National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, non-contrast CT head and CTP imaging, and prospectively collected 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score were included. Age- and NIHSS-adjusted models, including either CT ASPECTS or CTP volumes (relative cerebral blood flow Results We included 508 patients with aELVO (60.8% M1 middle cerebral artery, 34% internal carotid artery, mean age 64.1±15.3 years, median baseline NIHSS score 16 (12–20), median baseline CT ASPECTS 8 (7–9), mean CV 16.7±24.8 mL). Age, pre-ET NIHSS, CT ASPECTS, CV, hypoperfusion, and perfusion imaging mismatch volumes were predictors of good outcome (mRS score 0–2). There were no differences in prognostic accuracies between reference (age, baseline NIHSS, CT ASPECTS; area under the curve (AUC)=0.76) and additional models incorporating combinations of age, NIHSS, and CTP metrics including CV, total hypoperfusion or mismatch volume (AUCs 0.72–0.75). Predicted outcomes from CT ASPECTS or CTP CV-based models had excellent agreement (R2=0.84, p Conclusions Incorporating CTP measures of core or penumbral volume, instead of CT ASPECTS, did not improve prognostication of 3-month outcomes, suggesting prognostic equivalence of CT ASPECTS and CTP CV.
Evidence, Please? Rejoinder to "The Menace of Misinformation: Faculty Misstatements in Management Education and Their Consequences".

In this rejoinder, we provide a different perspective on the positions put forth by Giacalone and Promislo as they relate to (1) the claims of the pervasiveness of “misinformation” that is communic...
A review of estimates of housing insecurity and homelessness among students in U.S. higher education

Lack of secure affordable housing is a substantial concern for many of today’s college students. Over the past two decades, the price of college has risen, the purchasing power of need-based financ...
Nearly Complete Genome Sequence of an Echovirus 30 Strain from a Cluster of Aseptic Meningitis Cases in California, September 2017.

ABSTRACT We report the nearly complete genome sequence of a human enterovirus, a strain of echovirus 30, obtained from a cerebrospinal fluid specimen from a teenaged patient with aseptic meningitis in September 2017.
Collagen-Supplemented Incubation Rapidly Augments Mechanical Property of Fibroblast Cell Sheets

Cell sheet technology using UpCell™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Roskilde, Denmark) plates is a modern tool that enables the rapid creation of single-layered cells without using extracellular matrix ...
Dude, What Did You Get from Your Parents? Learning by Investing in Industry Incumbents’ Spinouts

This paper examines how a firm’s knowledge dependence on the incumbents of an industry affects its choice of corporate venture capital (CVC) investees. We argue that since spinouts, defined as entr...
High-Efficiency Turboelectric Propulsion Drive based on Medium-Voltage SiC Indirect Matrix Converter

Turboelectric propulsion is one of the most promising technologies to reduce fuel burn for large aircraft, compared to all-electric propulsion technologies which have limited power density with batteries. However, the conventional two-stage voltage source back-to-back power converter between the ac-power from a generator and the desired ac power for a propulsion motor typically exhibits low efficiency and low power density. In this paper, an indirect matrix converter (IMC) based on Silicon Carbide MOSFETs is investigated for direct ac-ac power conversion between the generator and the propulsion motor. The IMC does not require any bulky dc-link capacitor bank or inductors, and the output current is more sinusoidal, eliminating the need of a lossy sinewave or dv/dt filter. Moreover, to reduce the cable weight and system copper losses in aircraft electrical systems, medium-voltage dc of 2~3 kV is adopted to develop the IMC. Simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of the IMC based aircraft turboelectric propulsion drive.
The low electrical conductivity of Titan's lower atmosphere

Abstract Titan's near-surface atmosphere, with a relatively high density and with weak ion production by cosmic rays or other sources, likely has a lower electrical conductivity than the Earth's, possibly Some local enhancement of conductivity at the surface may occur due to radiocarbon in recent surface deposits, and a significant perturbation may result from the radioisotope power source on the Dragonfly rotorcraft lander. We consider, and cannot dismiss completely, the hypothesis that the high conductivity of surface material measured by the Huygens probe, and its sudden reduction 11 min after landing, may have been associated with a wind change altering the abundance of nearby ions produced by radiation from the probe's Radioisotope Heater Units.
Living with trauma: impact of police killings on the lives of the family and Community of Child and Teen Victims

Youth homicide by police in the U.S. remain a public health and safety concern. The purpose of this paper was to understand the impact of police killings on the lives of the family and community of youth victims. Participants were representative of 10 youth killed by police in 2016 and 2017 in seven cities and three states in Northeast U.S., including New York, New Jersey, and Maryland. Thirty-five adults participated in this research. This study utilized an in-depth interview design, along with in-depth and public interviews for data collection. Grounded theory approaches were used for data analysis. Findings produced several major themes surrounding the experiences of survivors of youth homicide by police, including living with trauma, meaning of state violence, holding police accountable, and limited resources and support following police killings. These themes were indicative of the mental, emotional, and social challenges experienced by survivors of youth homicide by police. Implications for service providers and researchers who work with families and communities of youth victims of police homicide are discussed.
Comparative analysis of 13 C chemical shifts of β-sheet amyloid proteins and outer membrane proteins.

Cross-β amyloid fibrils and membrane-bound β-barrels are two important classes of β-sheet proteins. To investigate whether there are systematic differences in the backbone and sidechain conformations of these two families of proteins, here we analyze the 13C chemical shifts of 17 amyloid proteins and 7 β-barrel membrane proteins whose high-resolution structures have been determined by NMR. These 24 proteins contain 373 β-sheet residues in amyloid fibrils and 521 β-sheet residues in β-barrel membrane proteins. The 13C chemical shifts are shown in 2D 13C–13C correlation maps, and the amino acid residues are categorized by two criteria: (1) whether they occur in β-strand segments or in loops and turns; (2) whether they are water-exposed or dry, facing other residues or lipids. We also examine the abundance of each amino acid in amyloid proteins and β-barrels and compare the sidechain rotameric populations. The 13C chemical shifts indicate that hydrophobic methyl-rich residues and aromatic residues exhibit larger static sidechain conformational disorder in amyloid fibrils than in β-barrels. In comparison, hydroxyl- and amide-containing polar residues have more ordered sidechains and more ordered backbones in amyloid fibrils than in β-barrels. These trends can be explained by steric zipper interactions between β-sheet planes in cross-β fibrils, and by the interactions of β-barrel residues with lipid and water in the membrane. These conformational trends should be useful for structural analysis of amyloid fibrils and β-barrels based principally on NMR chemical shifts.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Victims Compensation: Provide for Eligibility for Compensation of Victims of Certain Crimes Committed Outside the State; Change Definitions and Time Period for Filing a Claim

The Act allows Georgians who are injured outside the state, as well as outside of the country, to receive victim compensation. The Act specifically includes crimes such as terrorism and mass violence that result in harm to the victim. The Act allows victims to receive compensation even though they have outstanding fines and other monetary penalties or restitution. Finally, the Act amends the time period within which a victim must file for compensation from 180 days to not later than one year after the occurrence of the crime.
A hardware implementation of genetic algorithms for measurement characterization

To process/store/analyze signals acquired from sensors, hybrid systems with flexible and adaptable intelligent information processing and perception (IIPP) are needed. Genetic algorithms (GA) present a suitable pre-processing operation because of their good convergence to optimum solutions and characterization capabilities. Most GAs are built via software because of their ease of editing and customization. Less attention has been given to hardware implementation of such algorithms. We present a hardware design approach of a GA for optimum measurement representation/characterization to a following IIPP stage. A multilevel verification of the GA is performed via VHDL. In particular the design of efficient universal multipliers and dividers is addressed. A new time efficient approach for crossover based on preassigned least error value is proposed. The crossover scheme is called half siblings and a clone. Such a scheme needs 10 iterations to converge the system proposed for sensor measurement characterization. This takes 7680 clock cycles, which is only 96 /spl mu/sec when implemented in the 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Rethinking Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatric Care: The Importance of Integrated Interventions for Suicidal Youth With Substance Use Problems

Adolescents psychiatrically hospitalized following a suicide attempt are at high risk for a repeat attempt or suicide completion, and substance use is consistently implicated as a risk factor for continued suicidal behavior in adolescents. Despite this knowledge, there have been few studies that have investigated the effectiveness of combined suicidality and substance use interventions within acute psychiatric care settings for suicidal youth with substance use problems. While social workers are well-positioned to deliver such interventions, greater emphasis on teaching integrated therapeutic techniques in social work curriculum and professional training is needed to ensure their implementation.
Circumventing photodamage in live-cell microscopy.

Abstract Fluorescence microscopy has become an essential tool in cell biology. This technique allows researchers to visualize the dynamics of tissue, cells, individual organelles, and macromolecular assemblies inside the cell. Unfortunately, fluorescence microscopy is not completely “noninvasive” as the high-intensity excitation light required for excitation of fluorophores is inherently toxic for live cells. Physiological changes induced by excessive illumination can lead to artifacts and abnormal responses. In this chapter, we review major factors that contribute to phototoxicity and discuss practical solutions for circumventing photodamage. These solutions include the proper choice of image acquisition parameters, optimization of filter sets, hardware synchronization, and the use of intelligent illumination to avoid unnecessary light exposure.
Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Colon Cancer: A Review of the Evidence

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axes are major determinants of proliferation and apoptosis and thus may influence carcinogenesis. In various animal models, modulation of insulin and IGF-1 levels through various means, including direct infusion, energy excess or restriction, genetically induced obesity, dietary quality including fatty acid and sucrose content, inhibition of normal insulin secretion and pharmacologic inhibition of IGF-1, influences colonic carcinogenesis. Human evidence also associates high levels of insulin and IGF-1 with increased risk of colon cancer. Clinical conditions associated with high levels of insulin (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia) and IGF-1 (acromegaly) are related to increased risk of colon cancer, and increased circulating concentrations of insulin and IGF-1 are related to a higher risk of colonic neoplasia. Determinants and markers of hyperinsulinemia (physical inactivity, high body mass index, central adiposity) and high IGF-1 levels (tall stature) are also related to higher risk. Many studies indicate that dietary patterns that stimulate insulin resistance or secretion, including high consumption of sucrose, various sources of starch, a high glycemic index and high saturated fatty acid intake, are associated with a higher risk of colon cancer. Although additional environmental and genetic factors affect colon cancer, the incidence of this malignancy was invariably low before the technological advances that rendered sedentary lifestyles and obesity common, and increased availability of highly processed carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids. Efforts to counter these patterns are likely to have the most potential to reduce colon cancer incidence, as well as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.
Long-term fish assemblages of inner bends in a large river

We sampled fishes at 17 inner bend sites on the Wabash River in 2008 to compare with collections from 1977 to 1997. We used the same seine collection methods as previous years and collected a total of 37 species. Mean site Shannon-Wiener diversity, species richness, evenness and abundance for all years were similar. We used multivariate analyses to test for patterns in fish assemblage structure among all sites and all years. The multivariate analyses resulted in distinct assemblages for each collection-year, suggesting shifts in assemblage composition among years. We used separate multivariate analyses to examine fish assemblage variation within individual years. Variation that corresponded to an upstream–downstream pattern was present in 1977 and 2008, but not in 1997. A hydrologic analysis based on daily discharge revealed that eight large flood events occurred from 1928 to 2007, with four of these events during the recent 20 years. We quantified substrate variation at the 17 sites in 2008 and identified a longitudinal gradient in dominant substrate categories with gravel upstream and sand downstream that was correlated with the first axis of the 2008 fish assemblage ordination. We suggest that observed changes in fish assemblages in decadal periods were from hydrologic impacts of large floods on local habitats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical I/O scheduling for collective I/O

The non-contiguous access pattern of many scientific applications results in a large number of I/O requests, which can seriously limit the data-access performance. Collective I/O has been widely used to address this issue. However, the performance of collective I/O could be dramatically degraded in today's high-performance computing system due to the increasing shuffle cost caused by highly concurrent data accesses. This situation tends to be even worse as many applications become more and more data intensive. Previous research has primarily focused on optimizing I/O access cost in collective I/O but largely ignored the shuffle cost involved. In this study, we propose a new hierarchical I/O scheduling (HIO) algorithm to address the increasing shuffle cost in collective I/O. The fundamental idea is to schedule applications' I/O requests based on a shuffle cost analysis to achieve the optimal overall performance, instead of achieving optimal I/O accesses only. The algorithm is currently evaluated with the MPICH2 and PVFS2. Both theoretical analysis and experimental tests show that the proposed hierarchical I/O scheduling has a potential in addressing the degraded performance issue of collective I/O with highly concurrent accesses.
Biological invasions: Lessons for ecology.

Anthropogenic introduction of species is homogenizing the earth's biota. Consequences of introductions are sometimes great, and are directly related to global climate change, biodiversity AND release of genetically engineered organisms. Progress in invasion studies hinges on the following research trends: realization that species' ranges are naturally dynamic; recognition that colonist species and target communities cannot be studied independently, but that species-community interactions determine invasion success; increasingly quantitative tests of how species and habitat characteristics relate to invasibility and impact; recognition from paleobiological, experimental and modeling studies that history, chance and determinism together shape community invasibility.
The Antioxidant Properties of Zinc

The ability of zinc to retard oxidative processes has been recognized for many years. In general, the mechanism of antioxidation can be divided into acute and chronic effects. Chronic effects involve exposure of an organism to zinc on a long-term basis, resulting in induction of some other substance that is the ultimate antioxidant, such as the metallothioneins. Chronic zinc deprivation generally results in increased sensitivity to some oxidative stress. The acute effects involve two mechanisms: protection of protein sulfhydryls or reduction of (*)OH formation from H(2)O(2) through the antagonism of redox-active transition metals, such as iron and copper. Protection of protein sulfhydryl groups is thought to involve reduction of sulfhydryl reactivity through one of three mechanisms: (1) direct binding of zinc to the sulfhydryl, (2) steric hindrance as a result of binding to some other protein site in close proximity to the sulfhydryl group or (3) a conformational change from binding to some other site on the protein. Antagonism of redox-active, transition metal-catalyzed, site-specific reactions has led to the theory that zinc may be capable of reducing cellular injury that might have a component of site-specific oxidative damage, such as postischemic tissue damage. Zinc is capable of reducing postischemic injury to a variety of tissues and organs through a mechanism that might involve the antagonism of copper reactivity. Although the evidence for the antioxidant properties of zinc is compelling, the mechanisms are still unclear. Future research that probes these mechanisms could potentially develop new antioxidant functions and uses for zinc.
Gender differences in the academic career

This study examines sources of satisfaction, indicators of stress, academic performance, and reward structure in the academic careers of male and female faculty at a major midwestern state university. Faculty pairs were selected from five academic divisions. A total of 58 matched pairs were identified. Of these, 63 faculty responded, yielding data for 23 matched pairs. Subjects were mailed the Academic Career Development Survey, consisting of 144 items. Results indicated that self-reported physical and mental health, and professional and personal life satisfaction were high for both males and females. Both males and females placed high importance on their career and on marriage/other intimate relationships; however, both reported high levels of dissatisfaction with these factors. Gender differences were found in both satisfaction and type of stress reported; no gender differences were found in composite teaching and research performance indices. Salary data, obtained for 42 matched pairs, indicated similar salary levels for men and women. Results were discussed with respect to prior research on gender differences and the academic career.
Heterotrophic microbial activity in lake sediments: effects of organic electron donors

Allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter deposited in benthic sediments are mineralized by microbial communities, resulting in release of nutrients to the water column. Lakes with different trophic states may have sediments with different carbon and nutrient concentration with consequently different microbial communities. Microbial diversity of surface sediments of three subtropical lakes of different trophic state was investigated by measuring catabolic response to a wide variety of carbon-substrates. Basal carbon dioxide and methane production rates were highest in Lake Apopka (hypereutrophic), followed by Lake Annie (oligo-mesotrophic) and Lake Okeechobee (eutrophic) sediments. The oligo-mesotrophic Lake Annie showed the highest metabolic quotient (qCO2; proportion of basal respiration per unit of microbial biomass, 0.008 ± 0.001) indicating inefficient use of energy. The low qCO2 found in Lake Apopka sediment indicated higher efficiency in using energy. Lake Okeechobee sediments had intermediary values of qCO2 (M9 0.005 ± 0.001; M17 0.006 ± 0.0003; KR 0.004 ± 0.001) as compared with other lakes (lake Apopka 0.004 ± 0.14). Lake Apopka's sediment cat- abolic diversity was higher than that observed in other sediments. Addition of organic electron donors to sediment samples from all lakes stimulated heterotro- phic activity; however, the extent of the response varied greatly and was related to microbial biomass. The hypereutrophic Lake Apopka sediments had the highest respiration per unit of microbial biomass with the addition of electron donors indicating that these sediments respired most of the C added. These results showed that sediments with different biogeochemical properties had microbial communities with distinct catabolic responses to addition of the C sources.
Interstitial cells of Cajal in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract as revealed by c-Kit immunohistochemistry

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) of various morphologies have been described in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of mammals. Different classes of ICC are likely to have different functional roles. ICC of the mouse GI tract have been shown to express c-kit, a proto-oncogene that codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase. We have studied the distribution of ICC within the guinea pig GI tract using antibodies to c-Kit protein and immunohistochemical techniques. c-Kit-like immunoreactivity revealed at least 6 types of ICC: (1) intramuscular ICC (IC-IM1) that lie within the muscle layers of the esophagus, stomach, and cecum, (2) ICC within the myenteric plexus region (IC-MY1) in the corpus, antrum, small intestine, and colon,(3) ICC that populate the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine (IC-DMP), (4) ICC at the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer in the colon (IC-SM), (5) stellate ICC that are closely associated with the myenteric plexus (IC-MY2) and orientated toward the longitudinal muscle layer in the colon, and (6) branching intramuscular ICC (IC-IM2) in the proximal colon within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. c-Kit immunohistochemistry appears to be an excellent and selective technique for labeling ICC of the guinea-pig GI tract. Labeling of these cells at the light-microscopic level provides an opportunity for characterizing the distribution, density, organization, and relationship between ICC and other cell types.
What Is Orthographic Knowledge

Purpose Orthographic knowledge refers to the information that is stored in memory that tells us how to represent spoken language in written form. Unfortunately, terms used to talk about orthographi...
On the competitive effects of price-matching policies

Abstract This paper challenges the conventional wisdom that price-matching policies lead to supracompetitive prices by reducing firms' incentives to undercut rivals. I argue that price-matching and price-beating policies are more appropriately viewed as a means of price discrimination and develop a model that demonstrates their use as such. Analysis of this model shows that, in contrast to the results of the existing literature, price-matching and price-beating may raise or lower equilibrium prices relative to the equilibrium in which firms may not adopt such policies.
Development and Validation of a Heart Atlas to Study Cardiac Exposure to Radiation Following Treatment for Breast Cancer

Purpose Cardiac toxicity is an important sequela of breast radiotherapy. However, the relationship between dose to cardiac structures and subsequent toxicity has not been well defined, partially due to variations in substructure delineation, which can lead to inconsistent dose reporting and the failure to detect potential correlations. Here we have developed a heart atlas and evaluated its effect on contour accuracy and concordance. Methods and Materials A detailed cardiac computed tomography scan atlas was developed jointly by cardiology, cardiac radiology, and radiation oncology. Seven radiation oncologists were recruited to delineate the whole heart, left main and left anterior descending interventricular branches, and right coronary arteries on four cases before and after studying the atlas. Contour accuracy was assessed by percent overlap with gold standard atlas volumes. The concordance index was also calculated. Standard radiation fields were applied. Doses to observer-contoured cardiac structures were calculated and compared with gold standard contour doses. Pre- and post-atlas values were analyzed using a paired t test. Results The cardiac atlas significantly improved contour accuracy and concordance. Percent overlap and concordance index of observer-contoured cardiac and gold standard volumes were 2.3-fold improved for all structures ( p 0.002). After application of the atlas, reported mean doses to the whole heart, left main artery, left anterior descending interventricular branch, and right coronary artery were within 0.1, 0.9, 2.6, and 0.6 Gy, respectively, of gold standard doses. Conclusions This validated University of Michigan cardiac atlas may serve as a useful tool in future studies assessing cardiac toxicity and in clinical trials which include dose volume constraints to the heart.
Obstacles to Program Effectiveness in Secondary Special Education

For decades, critics of special education have been questioning whether the field has succeeded in its mission of educating students with disabilities. They argue that service delivery is fragmente...
Use of JView in 3D Digital Color Image Reconstruction and Visualization

The paper describes a comprehensive approach to first reconstruct and then visualize three-dimensional image models created from a pair of two-dimensional digital color images. The method integrates an interactive output data manipulation capability of JView, a Java based API (Application Programming Interface) engineered by US Air Force (AFRL/IFSB) with newly developed more accurate procedure of recreating texture mapped 3D-models using a stereo triangulation technique. Though several procedures have been proposed in literature on how to generate 3D models from 2D stereo pairs by recovering the image depth, they are limited in predicting an accurate pixel matching between image correspondences. Furthermore, the majority of papers lack depicting the reconstructed 3D-image geometry to show how well their adopted techniques have been able to recover the scene depth at every pixel. We have employed a region-based block matching methodology for color image analysis. The reconstructed 3D image models can be viewed and maneuvered on a computer screen by moving up and down, rotating around, and zooming in and out with the help of mouse buttons. This interactive viewing capability is an aid to the visualization process and facilitates algorithm designers to test step-by-step their codes and make appropriate judgments as to the accuracy of the underlining reconstruction techniques (sort of a visual debugger). Example presented shows detailed disparity map and reconstructed geometries.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Biotin deficiency in the hamster.

Durch einen Eiweissgehalt von 40% in einer Diat wurde ein extremer Biotinmangel erzeugt. Folgende Symptome waren das Resultat: Wachstumshemmung, Hautentzundung (Dermatitis), Haarausfall und Verlust der Haarfarbe. Durch tagliche Dosen von 4 µg Biotin konnte dieser Zustand rasch gebessert werden.
A UBI-QEP microkinetic model for the water-gas shift reaction on Cu(1 1 1)

Abstract Utilizing the conventional transition state theory along with the unity bond index–quadratic exponential potential method to predict elementary reaction step energetics, a microkinetic model is developed that quantitatively describes the kinetics of the water–gas-shift reaction (WGSR) on a Cu(1 1 1) catalyst. The model is further analyzed, simplified and dramatically reduced without sacrificing accuracy by employing the systematic reaction route (RR) analysis algorithm developed recently by us (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40 (2001) 2416). It is shown that only three from the total of 17 possible overall RRs dominate the kinetics of the WGSR on Cu(1 1 1). Namely, the formate and associative RRs are dominant at lower temperatures while the redox RR is dominant at higher temperatures. Utilizing the quasi-equilibrium and steady-state assumptions, the microkinetic model is further reduced to a two-step mechanism model similar to that of Temkin. The corresponding explicit rate expression with all parameters predicted apriori provides excellent agreement with the complete microkinetic model.
Knowledge of carbohydrate consumption does not alter natural killer cell activity following an acute bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise

Carbohydrate consumption during strenuous aerobic exercise reportedly minimizes post-exercise suppression of the innate immune system. One of the most common measurements of innate immunity is natu...
A Quasi-Continuous Description of a Nonlinear Transmission Line

We present a systematic approach to derive an equation describing the propagation of pulses along a transmission line made of a large number of nonlinear LC-circuits. This equation correctly captures the leading order effects due the discreteness of the line and describes a two-sided wave propagation, nonlinear wave-wave interactions, and wave-wall interactions. In contradistinction to previous works, our method is not limited to weakly nonlinear disturbances.
Perioperative Care of a Child with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Because a minority of patients with D-transposition of the great arteries are diagnosed in utero by ultrasound, most present after delivery with cyanosis. In the absence of apparent lung disease, cyanotic neonates suspected of having a cardiac lesion should be immediately transferred to an intensive care unit at a pediatric tertiary care center for monitoring, resuscitation, and to define the cardiac anatomy and physiology. A prostaglandin E-1 infusion is usually initiated to maintain ductal patency and promote intra-cardiac mixing. In the past, balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) was routinely performed to enlarge the atrial septal defect and improve intra-cardiac mixing while the infants awaited surgery. Recent literature has reported an increase risk of stroke in neonates who undergo BAS, although more recent studies refute this. Our current practice is to perform BAS in neonates who have both echocardiographic evidence of a restrictive atrial septum and hypoxia or instability that is unresponsive to other interventions. The occasional patient who does not respond to initial management may have elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and may stabilize with pulmonary vasodilators, such as inhaled nitric oxide. Rarely, a child does not respond to interventional and pharmacologic resuscitation and requires mechanical support pre-operatively with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In our experience, ECMO has been a successful bridge to corrective surgery with excellent outcomes. After pre-operative stabilization, arterial switch procedure is typically performed in the first week of life with very favorable early results.
Effects of long, intermittent schedules on phenothiazine-induced avoidance loss.

The effects of cyclophenazine and trifluoperazine were compared in rats on a conditioned avoidance-escape procedure. At the doses used, both drugs caused a selective depression of avoidance behavior with a minimal effect on escape behavior. Differences between the drugs were observed in regards to potency, onset of activity, and duration of activity. The magnitude of the differences could be altered with changes in the number of avoidance trials and the duration of intervals of time-out from the procedure. In general, trifluoperazine was more potent with a faster onset of activity. Cyclophenazine had a slower onset of action and activity was less affected by the changes in the procedure.
The Shp-2 Tyrosine Phosphatase Has Opposite Effects in Mediating the Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated and c-Jun NH2-terminal Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases

Shp-2 is a widely expressed cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase with two SH2 domains. A targeted mutant allele of the Shp-2 gene with a deletion of 65 amino acids in the NH2-terminal SH2 domain was created that leads to embryonic lethality at mid-gestation in homozygous mutant mice. To define the Shp-2 function in cell signaling, we have established mutant fibroblast cell lines, and have examined the effect of the Shp-2 mutation on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I-induced ERK activation was completely abolished, while ERK activity upon platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor stimulation was significantly reduced and shortened in mutant cells. Stimulation of ERK by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was not affected in mutant cells, but the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced ERK activity decayed much faster compared with that in wild-type cells. In contrast, JNK activation upon heat shock was significantly enhanced in Shp-2 mutant cells. Based on these results, we conclude that Shp-2 plays differential positive regulatory roles in various mitogenic signaling pathways leading to ERK activation, and that Shp-2 is a negative effector in JNK activation by cellular stress. This is the first evidence that a tyrosine phosphatase has opposite effects in mediating the activation of ERK and JNK MAP kinases.
Prospects for Pluralism: Voice and Vision in the Study of Religion

This paper addresses religious pluralism as an academic, civic, and theological challenge. Looking at religious communities in their connections and interrelations is a critical academic challenge for students of religion who would gain insight into the dynamics of religious life and identities today. The encounter of people from different religious traditions in hometown America has reshaped the context of religious life, calling for attention and serious study. In short, the study of a complex city like Fremont, CA, might well be the study of today's Silk Road, today's convivencia. Religious pluralism is also a critical civic issue for citizens of increasingly diverse societies, raising fundamental questions about the nature of civic polity, the "we" of our civic life. And, to be sure, religious pluralism is a critical theological issue for people of faith, raising fundamental questions about one's own faith in relation to the religious other. Scholarly, civic, and theological issues have their own distinctive realms of discourse and require us to think carefully about the meaning of "voice" in our work. We cannot evade the question of voice in thinking theoretically about pluralism, for diversity is not only the characteristic of the worlds we study but of our own identities, our multiply-situated selves.
History of convulsions and use of pertussis vaccine

Data on 2062 reports from the Monitoring System for Adverse Events Following Immunization, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), were analyzed to compare the risk of a personal or family history of convulsions in children who had a neurologic adverse event after receipt of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine with those who had a nonneurologic adverse event. Children with a neurologic event after DTP vaccine had a 7.2 times higher risk for personal history of convulsions (95% confidence limits 4.5 to 11.5) and a 4.5 times higher risk for family history of convulsions (95% confidence limits 3.1 to 6.7) than did children with an adverse event that did not affect the nervous system. Children with either a febrile or nonfebrile convulsion after receipt of DTP were significantly more likely to have a personal history of convulsions than children with a nonneurologic adverse event (P
Chlorine and sodium in Illinois coals as determined by neutron activation analyses

Neutron activation analysis of coal samples has been applied to the problem of the mode of occurrence of chlorine in coal. Both sodium and chlorine were determined on the same 1-gram portion of each coal sampled. Excess chlorine, relative to stoichiometric NaCl, was found in a number of the coals. It does not seem reasonable to postulate either sylvite (KC1) or other chlorine-bearing minerals in these coals. Therefore, the chlorine present in a form other than sodium chloride is most likely in organic combination.
Adrenal cortex of the dog (Canis familiaris). I. Histomorphologic changes during growth, maturity, and aging.

The adrenal glands of 56 dogs ranging in age from birth to 13.6 years were examined for a determination of normal zonal and cellular morphology patterns throughout development, maturity and aging. Routine light microscopic techniques as well as lipid and cholesterol staining were used. The zona arcuata is described as developing between the fibrous and cellular layers of the capsule forming the cortical blastema layer, a zona biproliferativa. It is proposed that both centrifugal and centripetal migration of cortical parenchyma can result. The formation of accessory nodules is described as compensatory hyperplasia. Histomorphometric analysis revealed growth in the zona fasciculata to be by hyperplasia and the zonal volume percentages to be arcuata, 27%; fasciculata, 50%; reticularis, 23%.
D4-GDI, a Substrate of CPP32, Is Proteolyzed during Fas-induced Apoptosis

Abstract Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a fundamental process for normal development of multicellular organisms, and is involved in the regulation of the immune system, normal morphogenesis, and maintenance of homeostasis. ICE/CED-3 family cysteine proteases have been implicated directly in apoptosis, but relatively few of the substrates through which their action is mediated have been identified. Here we report that D4-GDI, an abundant hematopoietic cell GDP dissociation inhibitor for the Ras-related Rho family GTPases, is a substrate of the apoptosis protease CPP32/Yama/Apopain. D4-GDI was rapidly truncated to a 23-kDa fragment in Jurkat cells with kinetics that parallel the onset of apoptosis following Fas cross-linking with agonistic antibody or treatment with staurosporine. Fas- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis as well as cleavage of D4-GDI were inhibited by the ICE inhibitor, YVAD-cmk. D4-GDI was cleaved in vitro by recombinant CPP32 expressed in Escherichia coli to form a 23-kDa fragment. The CPP32-mediated cleavage of D4-GDI was completely inhibited by 1 μM DEVD-CHO, a reported selective inhibitor of CPP32. In contrast, the ICE-selective inhibitors, YVAD-CHO or YVAD-cmk, did not inhibit CPP32-mediated D4-GDI cleavage at concentrations up to 50 μM. N-terminal sequencing of the 23-kDa D4-GDI fragment demonstrated that D4-GDI was cleaved between Asp and Ser of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-like cleavage sequence DELDS. These data suggest that regulation by D4-GDI of Rho family GTPases may be disrupted during apoptosis by CPP32-mediated cleavage of the GDI protein.
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome: Role of EUS

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare syndrome characterized by the triad of a portwine stain of an extremity, varicose veins, and bony, soft-tissue hypertrophy of the affected limb.1 The GI tract may also be involved, and patients may present with symptoms of bleeding, pain, and diarrhea.2 This is a report of a patient with KTWS and an atypical presentation in whom duplex EUS was helpful in establishing the diagnosis.
A novel combined CSI feedback mechanism to support multi-user MIMO beamforming schemes in TDD-OFDMA systems

In modern Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) techniques are employed to increase the cell and user throughput without additional bandwidth or transmit power requirements. The increased throughput in the downlink is achieved by simultaneous transmission to multiple mobile stations (MSs) over the same time-frequency resources. MU-MIMO beamforming techniques at the base station (BS) transmitter are used to mitigate interference from one data stream to another. To enable the MU-MIMO beamforming operation in the downlink, channel state information (CSI) feedback from the MS is required. In this paper we propose a novel CSI feedback mechanism which combines two existing CSI feedback schemes to achieve significant system performance improvements in MU-MIMO beamforming for OFDMA systems operating in Time Division Duplex (TDD). The employed CSI reporting schemes are the quantized, codebook-based feedback scheme and the sounding-based feedback scheme. In the first step, the performance of the two feedback schemes is evaluated separately through system-level simulations. It is shown that for accurate calculation of the MU-MIMO beamforming weights, the sounding-based CSI feedback scheme is preferable in deployment scenarios with low noise and interference levels. For the remaining deployment scenarios, the quantized codebook-based reporting mechanism outperforms the sounding-based feedback scheme. In the second step, the proposed combination of the considered feedback mechanisms using a simple feedback selection scheme is evaluated through extensive simulations. The simulation results presented in the paper show that the proposed combined CSI feedback mechanism not only outperforms the existing CSI feedback schemes if used separately but also leads to marginal performance degradation compared to the system performance achieved with prefect CSI knowledge at the BS transmitter.
A method for estimating respiratory muscle efficiency using an automated metabolic cart

Abstract We measured respiratory muscle efficiency (RME) in twelve healthy human subjects by dividing the added energy cost of breathing against a threshold resistance load by the associated increase in caloric expenditure. Caloric expenditure was calculated using steady-state measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during loaded and unloaded breathing. Calculated RME ranged from 1.7% to 5.5% (mean 3.5%). The coefficient of variation in six subjects averaged 13%. We compared these calculations with a previously described oxygen consumption-based method that did not incorporate carbon dioxide production measurements. We found that changes in the respiratory quotient during resistive breathing could cause significant errors in oxygen consumption-based calculations of RME. Limits of agreement of 95% suggest that the oxygen-consumption-based calculations could potentially overestimate efficiency by as much as 5.0% or underestimate by up to 3.4%. We recommend that carbon dioxide production be measured when this technique for estimation of RME is used. This can be easily accomplished through the use of an automated metabolic cart.