cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do income inequalities in higher weight status depend on social integration

Abstract Those with higher incomes tend to have better health outcomes, including healthy weight status. We use data from the 2003–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine whether the association between higher weight status and social integration varies by income. We examine gender differences in weight status, measured by BMI and obesity, by social integration and income, and find evidence that high social integration is a risk factor for higher weight status among low-income men. The association between income and higher weight status operates differently for women and men and is dependent, in part, on their level of social integration. Income is negatively associated with weight status for men who are highly integrated, but is positively associated with weight status among men who have low integration. We conclude that higher numbers of close friends and family places low-income men at greater risk of higher weight status.
René Magritte and the Art of Thinking

For Rene Magritte, painting was a form of thinking. Through paintings of ordinary objects rendered with illusionism, Magritte probed the limits of our perception—what we see and cannot see, the nature of representation—as a philosophical system for presenting ideas, and explored perspective as a method of visual argumentation. This book makes the claim that Magritte’s painting is about vision and the act of viewing, of perception itself, and the process of how we see and experience things in the world, including paintings as things.
Palatal island flap

This chapter reviews the anatomy, indications, and technique for utilizing the palatal island flap in head and neck reconstruction. The unique anatomical features of this flap will be highlighted, in addition to practical tips in harvesting and insetting this flap. Potential pitfalls and complications will also be discussed. Strategies for use of this flap in specific subsites, and in combination with other reconstructive techniques, will be addressed. The palatal island flap remains a reliable and useful tool in the armamentarium of the reconstructive head and neck surgeon, to address challenging defects of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
Deformable registration of x ray and MRI for postimplant dosimetry in low dose rate prostate brachytherapy.

Purpose Dosimetric assessment following permanent prostate brachytherapy (PPB) commonly involves seed localization using CT and prostate delineation using coregistered MRI. However, pelvic CT leads to additional imaging dose and requires significant resources to acquire and process both CT and MRI. In this study, we propose an automatic postimplant dosimetry approach that retains MRI for soft-tissue contouring, but eliminates the need for CT and reduces imaging dose while overcoming the inconsistent appearance of seeds on MRI with three projection x rays acquired using a mobile C-arm. Methods Implanted seeds are reconstructed using x rays by solving a combinatorial optimization problem and deformably registered to MRI. Candidate seeds are located in MR images using local hypointensity identification. X ray-based seeds are registered to these candidate seeds in three steps: (a) rigid registration using a stochastic evolutionary optimizer, (b) affine registration using an iterative closest point optimizer, and (c) deformable registration using a local feature point search and nonrigid coherent point drift. The algorithm was evaluated using 20 PPB patients with x rays acquired immediately postimplant and T2-weighted MR images acquired the next day at 1.5 T with mean 0.8 × 0.8 × 3.0 mm 3 voxel dimensions. Target registration error (TRE) was computed based on the distance from algorithm results to manually identified seed locations using coregistered CT acquired the same day as the MRI. Dosimetric accuracy was determined by comparing prostate D90 determined using the algorithm and the ground truth CT-based seed locations. Results The mean ± standard deviation TREs across 20 patients including 1774 seeds were 2.23 ± 0.52 mm (rigid), 1.99 ± 0.49 mm (rigid + affine), and 1.76 ± 0.43 mm (rigid + affine + deformable). The corresponding mean ± standard deviation D90 errors were 5.8 ± 4.8%, 3.4 ± 3.4%, and 2.3 ± 1.9%, respectively. The mean computation time of the registration algorithm was 6.1 s. Conclusion The registration algorithm accuracy and computation time are sufficient for clinical PPB postimplant dosimetry.
A study on large bubble motion and liquid film in vertical pipes and inclined narrow channels

Abstract The objective of this paper is to discuss the results of a combined physical and computational analysis of the dynamics of large deformable bubbles in conduits of different geometries and orientations. The situations analyzed included a vertical circular pipe and a narrow rectangular channel of different inclination angles. Three-dimensional simulations were performed at a DNS-scale using the PHASTA code combined with the level set method for interface tracking. The results of computer simulations for Taylor bubble flow in a vertical pipe have been verified against a simplified theoretical model and validated against available general evidence deduced from various experimental studies. The predictions for bubbles flowing along inclined rectangular channels have been validated against experimental data. Several modeling and numerical issues have been investigated, including the effect of a liquid microfilm between the bubble and the wall above it, and the impact of the blending region arising from the level-set model formulation on the accuracy of results.
Perspectives on the draft ICH-M10 guidance: an interview with Mark Arnold.

Biography Mark E Arnold, PhD, is Director of Science for Covance Laboratories. In that role, he develops the bioanalytical strategy for immune-, cell-based, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (...
Efficient Object Localization with Variation-Normalized Gaussianized Vectors

Effective object localization relies on efficient and effective searching method, and robust image representation and learning method. Recently, the Gaussianized vector representation has been shown effective in several computer vision applications, such as facial age estimation, image scene categorization and video event recognition. However, all these tasks are classification and regression problems based on the whole images. It is not yet explored how this representation can be efficiently applied in the object localization, which reveals the locations and sizes of the objects. In this work, we present an efficient object localization approach for the Gaussianized vector representation, following a branch-and-bound search scheme introduced by Lampert et al. [5]. In particular, we design a quality bound for rectangle sets characterized by the Gaussianized vector representation for fast hierarchical search. This bound can be obtained for any rectangle set in the image, with little extra computational cost, in addition to calculating the Gaussianized vector representation for the whole image. Further, we propose incorporating a normalization approach that suppresses the variation within the object class and the background class. Experiments on a multi-scale car dataset show that the proposed object localization approach based on the Gaussianized vector representation outperforms previous work using the histogram-of-keywords representation. The within-class variation normalization approach further boosts the performance. This chapter is an extended version of our paper at the 1st International Workshop on Interactive Multimedia for Consumer Electronics at ACM Multimedia 2009 [16].
P66. Disagreement between patients’ and surgeons’ expectations for outcomes of lumbar surgery according to domains of physical and mental health

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Agreement between patients and surgeons regarding expectations of lumbar surgery may vary depending on whether expectations are for improvement in physical or mental health. Focusing patient-surgeon communication on health domains where there is more disagreement should be a priority before surgery. PURPOSE To compare agreement within the patient-surgeon pair for expected improvement in domains of physical and mental health, STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Cross-sectional, tertiary spine. PATIENT SAMPLE This study included 402 lumbar surgery patient-surgeon pairs. OUTCOME MEASURES HSS Lumbar Spine Surgery Expectations Survey. METHODS Patients of five spine surgeons were interviewed preop and completed the ODI and the valid 20-item Expectations Survey, which is composed of four domains: personal activities (eg, sit); complex function (eg, exercise, stop condition from getting worse); psychological well-being (eg emotional stress); and skeletal function (eg, balance). The survey asks how much improvement is expected for each item with response options of complete to no improvement, and a total score and four domain scores are generated (possible score range 0-100, higher is greater expectations). Surgeons completed an identical survey asking them to rate expected improvement for each item for each patient, yielding similar total and domain scores. Agreement within the patient-surgeon pair was measured with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), range 0-1.0 (0-.20 poor; .21-.40 fair; .41-60 moderate; .61-.80 good; .81-1.0 excellent agreement). Differences between patients’ and surgeons’ scores were then assessed in multivariable models controlling for psychosocial and surgical characteristics. RESULTS Mean age was 55, 55% were men, 21% were non-white race/ethnicity, 79% had degenerative conditions, and mean ODI score was 53 (range 4-84). Patients and surgeons independently completed the survey within 10 days preop. Patients’ mean survey scores were greater than surgeons’ scores for each domain: personal activities 65 vs 50; complex function 84 vs 66; psychological well-being 74 vs 58; and skeletal function 69 vs 51 (p CONCLUSIONS Agreement between patients’ and surgeons’ expectations was poor-to-good with patients expecting greater improvement in all domains. Agreement was similar for physical and mental health expectations, but was markedly worse for complex functions. Greater disability was most consistently associated with less agreement for all domains, indicating that disability impacts perceptions of all aspects of health. Thus preop discussions should consider disability when addressing expectations for both physical and mental health. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
Effects of Cytomegalovirus on Pericytes

Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of Betaherpesvirus family and is the leading infectious cause of neurosensory hearing loss, vision loss and neurocognitive disability among congenitally infected children. HCMV is a ubiquitous central nervous system (CNS) pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in individuals that are immune compromised. Even more, HCMV is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause life threatening disease in HIV patients and transplant recipients. HCMV has broad tropism for multiple cell types including cells of the vascular barrier systems. My aim is to explore HCMV infectivity in human vascular pericyte populations with implications for its role in human vascular diseases.
Landscape of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Newborn Screening in the United States: 2018–2021

Newborn screening (NBS) programs identify newborns at increased risk for genetic disorders, linking these newborns to timely intervention and potentially life-saving treatment. In the United States, the Health and Human Services (HHS) Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (ACHDNC) recommends the disorders for state NBS programs to screen. ACHDNC updated the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel to include Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) in July 2018. As of June 2021, 34 state NBS programs had fully implemented SMA newborn screening, and at least 8 programs were pursuing implementation. This article will review current SMA screening processes, considerations, challenges, and status.
Firefighters’ Emotional Demands and Off-Duty Unhealthy Behaviors: Social Resources as Moderators

Unhealthy eating and alcohol use have been linked to numerous adverse health and well-being outcomes. However, work-related predictors of these behaviors have been largely ignored. One possible exp...
Nordgold: All-In Sustaining Costs

Understanding the economics of gold mining had always been a challenge. Gold mines were long-lived assets that required substantial capital investments both to identify and gain access to mineral ore for future processing and to sustain output over the life of a mine. A typical investor might have looked at annual operating margins alone, ignoring these capital outlays, and set unrealistic return expectations. When firms fell short of these expectations, investors were perplexed and took a negative stance regarding the industry. Excerpt UVA-C-2412 Aug. 15, 2018 Nordgold: All-In Sustaining Costs In the summer of 2017, Nordgold was a major global player in the manufacture of gold and was steadily improving its economic position though continued enhancements in efficiency and careful positioning of its portfolio of mines. The company was clearly poised for success. However, the market seemed to not fully appreciate the favorable long-term outlook for the company. In fact, in March 2017, the company delisted from the London Stock Exchange and planned to return to the market when public trading of its shares would better impact shareholders. Understanding the economics of gold mining had always been a challenge. Gold mines were long-lived assets that required substantial capital investments both to identify and gain access to mineral ore for future processing and to sustain output over the life of a mine. A typical investor might have looked at annual operating margins alone, ignoring these capital outlays, and set unrealistic return expectations. When firms fell short of these expectations, as happened when cash flows did not rise when gold prices reached a high of $ 1,900 an ounce in 2011, investors were perplexed and took a negative stance regarding the industry. The central point of confusion was the lack of clear understanding about what it took to sustainably develop mining resources. To provide some clarity on these issues, the World Gold Council had adopted a framework for reporting costs, the all-in sustaining costs (AISC), which would supplement traditional accounting information generated under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Nordgold was a thoughtful adopter of this reporting standard. There was no doubt that AISC-based costs would exceed IFRS-based costs. Furthermore, there were certainly still judgment calls to be made under this standard. However, the hope was that enhanced understanding of mine economics would build confidence with investors over the long run. . . .
The Isolated Human Red Blood Cell Skeleton: An Example of a Flexible Tethered Membrane

Red blood cell (RBC) membrane skeletons were observed during and after detergent extraction from RBC ghosts, using video microscopy, light scattering, and synchrotron-based small angle X-ray scattering. Optical tweezers were employed to trap and manipulate single cells under the light microscope. Immediately after extraction, the skeletons, which are two-dimensional protein networks, exhibited large thermal undulations and deformed strongly in response to small shear flow. Shrinkage by a factor of about two could be induced by screening the electrostatic repulsion in the network. Skeletons ceased to shrink at a monovalent salt concentration larger than 100 mM, which leads to an estimate of ≈120A for the intrinsic persistence length of spectrin tetramers. Intriguingly, inspite of their large microscopic flexibility, the skeletons maintained roughly spherical shapes, and the static structure factor, measured over four orders of magnitude in length scale in the scattering experiments, displayed a power law exponent close to 2. This provides experimental evidence for the theoretically predicted flat phase of elastic tethered membranes, although a crumpled phase with a fractal dimension of Df=2.2±0.2 is also within the error limits of the data.
MSFC Propulsion Systems Department Knowledge Management Project

This slide presentation reviews the Knowledge Management (KM) project of the Propulsion Systems Department at Marshall Space Flight Center. KM is needed to support knowledge capture, preservation and to support an information sharing culture. The presentation includes the strategic plan for the KM initiative, the system requirements, the technology description, the User Interface and custom features, and a search demonstration.
Exercise facilitates smoking cessation indirectly via improvements in smoking-specific self-efficacy: Prospective cohort study among a national sample of young smokers.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine whether exercise is associated with 2-year follow-up smoking status through its influence on smoking-specific self-efficacy.
Incomplete Fusion in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at Intermediate Energies

Some aspects of heavy ion collisions are explored for intermediate energies, up to the Fermi energy. The evolution of central collisions from processes with nearly complete dissipation at low energies to incomplete fusion at high energies is discussed. Selection criteria are discussed for the more central collisions based on light charged particle multiplicities. For reactions of 40Ar (280, 680, 1080 and 1360 MeV) measurements of heavy products in coincidence with charged particles show many aspects of complete fusion processes at 280 MeV and of incomplete fusion processes at the higher energies.
La industria azucarera en Argentina (1860-1914). El mercado interno en una economía exportadora

Tucuman, Argentina, siglos XIX y XX, azucar, mercado, Estado nacional, finanzas, This article analyzes the origin and consolidation of the sugar industry in Tucuman between 1860 and 1914. This evolutionary approach facilitates the analysis of the Argentinian export economy from an unusual perspective, namely the building of the domestic market, and the development of a sector which was not oriented to the export trade, in a province other than Buenos Aires or la Pampa. It is contended that both aspects were intimately related, since the export boom helped to consolidate a national State which favoured the expansion of the Tucuman sugar industry through reailroad construction, finance aid and tariff protection.
17β-estradiol and progesterone independently augment cutaneous thermal hyperemia but not reactive hyperemia.

Please cite this paper as: Brunt, Miner, Meendering, Kaplan, and Minson (2011). 17β-Estradiol and Progesterone Independently Augment Cutaneous Thermal Hyperemia But Not Reactive Hyperemia. Microcirculation 18(5), 347–355. Abstract Objective: We examined the impact of estradiol and progesterone on skin LH and RH in 25 healthy women. Methods: Subjects were studied three times over 10–12 days. Endogenous sex hormones were suppressed with a GnRHa. Subjects were studied on day 4 of suppression (study day 1), three to four days later following treatment with either 17β-estradiol or progesterone (study day 2), and another three to four days later, following treatment with both estradiol and progesterone (study day 3). Subjects underwent identical LH and RH protocols on all study days. LH is characterized by an initial peak in blood flow, followed by a prolonged plateau. A brief nadir is seen between the phases. Results: Blood flow values are expressed as percent maximum CVC. Estradiol alone increased initial peak CVC from 71 ± 2% to 79 ± 2% (p = 0.001). Progesterone alone increased initial peak CVC from 72 ± 2% to 78 ± 2% (p = 0.046). Neither estradiol nor progesterone increased plateau CVC. No significant changes were seen between study days 2 and 3 for either group. No differences were observed in RH. Conclusions: Both estradiol and progesterone increased initial peak CVC during LH, without altering plateau CVC. There was no additive effect of estradiol and progesterone.
COX-2 as a multifunctional neuronal modulator

COX-2 is involved in prostaglandin synthesis and expressed throughout the nervous system, where it participates in pain sensitivity and in synaptic plasticity. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase, expressed throughout the nervous system microvasculature, may be another important player in neural aspects of the inflammatory response.
The sialic acids. VII. N-acyl-D-mannosamine kinase from rat liver.

Abstract A specific kinase that catalyzed the phosphorylation of N-acyl-d-mannosamine in the presence of adenosine triphosphate was purified approximately 2000-fold from rat liver extracts. The enzyme was specific for ATP and either N-acetyl- or N-glycolyl-d-mannosamine. The results of fractionation, partial heat inactivation, and kinetic experiments indicated that a single enzyme was responsible for the phosphorylation of the two N-acylmannosamines. Mammalian tissue extracts (the soluble fractions) were assayed for the kinase and other enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway between the hexoses and sialic acids, and the kinase was detected in some of these extracts.
Hot Plasmas in the Earth's Magnetosphere

Several recent findings from observational researches of various facets of magnetospheric plasmas are summarized. These new results encompass entry of solar wind plasmas into the dayside magnetosphere, the acceleration of plasmas both at great distances from the earth in the magnetotail and at low altitudes over auroral luminosities, and the substantial contributions of the upper ionosphere to the plasma compositions of the distant magnetosphere.
Philosophy of Science in the Twenty‐First Century

Philosophy of science in the past half century can be seen as a reaction against logical empiricism's focus on modern logic as the format in which debates should be expressed and on physics as the canonical science. These reactions have resulted in a fragmentation of the field. Although this provides ways forward for disparate philosophies of various sciences, it threatens the very possibility of general philosophy of science. The debate that most obviously continues to be conducted at the general level—the debate about scientific realism—only does so because of a dangerous naivete. Nevertheless, this article suggests that there is a place for general work not by starting at the highest level of abstraction but instead by abstracting general lessons from actual science.
Cracking in brittle laminates from concentrated loads

A study is made of the crack resistance of multilaminates consisting of brittle layers interleaved with compliant interlayers and bonded to compliant substrates. Specific attention is paid to flexure-generated radial cracks in the undersurfaces of individual glass layers from concentrated loads applied at the top surfaces. A proposed condition for acceptance of such multilayer systems is that radial cracking in the upper layers should not occur before analogous radial cracking at the undersurface of an equivalent monolithic coating. Model multilayer systems constructed from glass plates laminated with polycarbonate interlayers and glued onto a polycarbonate base are used to test this condition. These systems enable in situ viewing of radial cracks through polished side surfaces. Critical loads to initiate such radial cracks are measured for multilayers with selected numbers of layers and interlayer/glass thickness ratios. Simple, approximate, semi-empirical closed-form relations are derived for the critical loads, and validated against predictions from finite element computations. We demonstrate the general existence of optimum conditions for multilayer design in terms of numbers of brittle layers, ratios of adhesive interlayer to brittle layer thickness, and modulus mismatch ratios.
Sulfur dioxide oxidation in slurries of activated carbon. Part II. Mass transfer studies

Bubble-to-liquid, liquid-to-particle, and intraparticle mass transport effects were all found to be significant for some conditions in a three-phase slurry reactor operated for the oxidation of SO2 at 25°C and 1 atm. In particular, intraparticle diffusion was important for particles as small as 99 microns (effectiveness factor = 0.45). Effective diffusivities determined from reaction, desorption, and adsorption data for O2, H2SO4, and SO2 indicated that surface diffusion was appreciable for SO2 but not for oxygen. These results are consistent with the kinetic results in Part I which suggested that the rate-controlling step was a chemisorption process for oxygen on the pore surface of the carbon particles.
Spherical particle sizing by optical correlation using ternary phase-amplitude filters.

Computer simulations and experimental data are presented for various ternary phase-amplitude filters used to size opaque spherical particles. We first report on nearly unlimited spatial frequency ternary phase-amplitude filters derived directly from the classical matched filter for opaque spherical particles in the size range of 100 to 400 μm. Next we investigate the increasing influence of the cutoff frequency on the optical correlator as the particles become smaller. Using limited-order ternary phase-amplitude filters, we report on sizing opaque spherical particles in the size ranges of 100 to 400, 15 to 100, and 5 to 25 μm.
Persistent Abdominal Pain Caused by an Inferior Vena Cava Filter Protruding Into the Duodenum and the Aortic Wall

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement has increased dramatically over the past 2 decades. Symptomatic duodenal perforation by IVC filters with involvement of the aorta is a very rare, but challenging, complication. We report a case of persistent atypical right upper quadrant pain secondary to duodenal and aortic perforation by an IVC filter treated with cavotomy for filter removal, primary repair of the duodenum, and extraction of prongs from the aorta.
A new Saturnian satellite near Dione's L4 point

A new satellite of Saturn, discovered by Laques and Lecacheux, has been observed on a number of occasions and its orbit determined. It has a period of 2.73614 plus or minus 0.00006 days and occupies the leading Lagrangian point (L4) of Dione. A second object has been observed on one night which may be near the L5 point of Dione.
Symmetrical Differential Operators and Their Friedrichs Extension

Abstract Symmetric operator realizations of ordinary regular differential expressions are characterized explicitly by boundary conditions. For any such operator which is bounded below, the boundary condition determining its Friedrichs extension is identified.
Theory and calculations of X-ray spectra: XAS, XES, XRS, and NRIXS

Abstract There has been dramatic progress in recent years both in calculations and in the interpretation of various X-ray spectroscopies, ranging from X-ray absorption and emission to elastic and non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Here we review a number of recent developments focusing primarily on the ab initio real-space Green's function (RSGF) approach, which is applicable to arbitrary aperiodic materials. The RSGF approach is essentially a quasi-particle approximation which takes into account final state effects including many-body, core-hole effects, lifetime, and Debye–Waller factors. While generally adequate for deep core spectra, corrections due to local screening fields can be important, even far above an absorption edge. Such corrections require a theory beyond the independent-electron approximation, and can be calculated using a combination of the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the Bethe–Salpeter equation. The combined approach makes possible efficient calculations of optical constants from the UV to X-ray energies.
Electron diffraction from superlattices in graphite-rubidium intercalation compounds

Electron-diffraction results are reported in the temperature range $110lTl900$ K for graphite-Rb intercalation compounds based on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite host material. Annealed stage $n=1$ samples show the simple graphite pattern below \ensuremath{\sim} 300 K, corresponding to a $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)R 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ in-plane intercalate superlattice ordering with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$,$\ensuremath{\beta}$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$,$\ensuremath{\delta}$ interlayer intercalate stacking order. A reversible transition is made at \ensuremath{\sim} 300 K to a $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)R 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ superlattice, but lacking $\ensuremath{\alpha}$,$\ensuremath{\beta}$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$,$\ensuremath{\delta}$ stacking. The higher-stage compounds ($n=2,3,4,7$) exhibit commensurate $p(\sqrt{7}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{7})R\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}19.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ superlattices below a temperature ${T}_{U}$ which decreases with increasing stage index from 170 K for $n=2$. As $T$ is increased above ${T}_{U}$, the higher-stage compounds exhibit a reversible transition to another ordered structure which is present until the transition to a high-temperature phase, observed at 620 K for $n=2$. The structural transition at ${T}_{U}$ between the two ordered phases is accompanied by a dramatic change in the bright-field real-image micrograph, taken on the same portion of the sample as the electron-diffraction patterns. The observation of a second ordered phase above ${T}_{U}$ in the Rb compounds is in contrast with the disordered phase reported previously for second-stage K compounds.
Casting a Blind Eye: The Ironic Consequences of Color-Blindness in South Africa and the United States

This paper addresses the politics of color-blindness in comparative perspective as its meaning has changed over the past half-century. Drawing on the cases of South Africa and the United States, I focus in particular on the socio-political and psychological functions that color-blind ideology performs for whites in defending white advantage in the present context. Although in the past color-blindness served as an effective rallying cry for the abolition of Jim Crow and the demise of apartheid, the very same principle serves in the post-segregation context to stall transformation of the racial order in the direction of greater equality. It is an irony that the principle of color-blindness that so effectively mobilized opposition to the institutionally racist order in both national contexts mutates at the very moment of apparent victory into one that radically limits the anti-racist imagination.
Geochemical model of δ18O of pedogenic calcite versus latitude and its application to Cretaceous palaeoclimate

Abstract In the absence of a systematic, global data base on the δ 18 O composition of modern soil calcite, predicted isotopic values are calculated as a function of latitude between 60° and 20°, using δ 18 O of summer and winter meteoric water, ambient soil temperature equal to either measured values in Asia or mean annual temperature, and 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% evaporation of soil water. The results show overall higher isotopic values for summer versus winter precipitation, but steeper, positive slopes for the winter-precipitation curves. Where soil temperature is equated to mean annual temperature, the summer-precipitation curves are nearly flat at high latitudes and have a negative slope at low latitudes. In all cases, the δ 18 O values increase with increasing percent evaporation of soil water. Oxygen isotopic data for Early (Aptian) and Late (Maastrichtian) Cretaceous palaeosol calcite as a function of palaeolatitude of the Western Interior of North America plot in the modern winter-precipitation field, which, along with vertic features, may suggest a winter-wet palaeoclimate. Steeper, positive slopes for the Cretaceous curves compared to the modern curves may be attributable to greater latitudinal gradients in mean annual temperature and soil temperature in the Cretaceous compared to today, and/or to a greater degree of evaporation in Cretaceous soils at low latitudes compared to the modern earth. Distinguishing between these possibilities will require a more complete understanding of the variables that affect oxygen isotopes in pedogenic calcite, as well as better Cretaceous terrestrial palaeoclimate proxies with which to compare the isotopic data.
Toward improved calibration of watershed models: Multisite multiobjective measures of information

This paper presents a computational framework for incorporation of disparate information from observed hydrologic responses at multiple locations into the calibration of watershed models. The framework consists of three components: 1) an a-priori characterization of system behavior; 2) a formal and statistically valid formulation of objective function(s) of model errors; and 3) an optimization engine to determine the Pareto-optimal front for the selected objectives. The proposed framework was applied for calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the Eagle Creek Watershed, Indiana, USA using three single objective optimization methods [Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS), and DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM)], and one multiobjective optimization method. Solutions were classified into behavioral and non-behavioral using percent bias and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient. The results showed that aggregation of streamflow and NO"x (NO"3-N + NO"2-N) information measured at multiple locations within the watershed into a single measure of weighted errors resulted in faster convergence to a solution with a lower overall objective function value than using multiple measures of information. However, the DREAM method solution was the only one among the three single objective optimization methods considered in this study that satisfied the conditions defined for characterizing system behavior. In particular, aggregation of streamflow and NO"x responses undermined finding ''very good'' behavioral solutions for NO"x, primarily because of the significantly larger number of observations for streamflow. Aggregation of only NO"x responses into a single measure expedited finding better solutions although aggregation of data from nested sites appeared to be inappropriate because of correlated errors. This study demonstrates the importance of hydrologic and water quality data availability at multiple locations, and also highlights the use of multiobjective approaches for proper calibration of watershed models that are used for pollutant source identification and watershed management.
Ranibizumab treatment of retinal vein occlusion

The development and approval of anti-VEGF drugs for intravitreal injection has transformed the treatment and prognosis of several ocular conditions, including age-related macular degeneration and retinal vascular occlusion (the subject of this article). Their role in the treatment of ocular conditions is likely to continue to expand owing to the common pathway that VEGF plays in multiple retinal disorders. While important strides have been made, an important treatment challenge is the dosing frequency and the burden that this places on the patient and healthcare providers.
Addiction Medicine in Organ Transplantation

Allocation of organs for transplant has created medical, ethical, and economic concerns at a time when availability of all organs is extremely limited. Although transplantation is the final treatment for many diseases, it is not available to everyone. Patients' use of alcohol and other drugs has become a controversial and debated issue in the transplant community. Compliance is important for all transplant recipients, but it becomes even more important in patients whose drug or alcohol use has caused their organ disease. The issue of addiction appears to be more critical with transplant patients because of the potential for noncompliance, which may lead to graft loss. Local, regional, and national regulations have also affected the allocation of organs. At The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, a chemical dependency transplant team was formed in response to criteria of the Ohio Solid Organ Transplantation Consortium for transplant patients with addictive disorders. The assessment, treatment, and monitoring of these patients requires specific expertise; a prominent role on transplant teams for specialists in addiction has resulted. The purpose of this article is to describe the responsibilities of the chemical dependency transplant team, the scope of the referral and evaluation process, and the team's appropriate roles with patients and transplant professionals.
High-frequency, short-latency disinhibition bursting of midbrain dopaminergic neurons

During reinforcement and sequence learning, dopaminergic neurons fire bursts of action potentials. Dopaminergic neurons in vivo receive strong background excitatory and inhibitory inputs, suggestin...
Increasing Allowable Flight Loads by Improved Structural Modeling

The tradeoffs of allowable flight loads and safety of aerospace structures via deterministic and probabilistic design methodologies are analyzed. The methodologies are illustrated by performing allowable flight load calculation of a sandwich panel used in aerospace structures. The effect of using a more accurate prediction technique for interfacial fracture toughness that combines interfacial fracture toughness with mode mixity instead of using the traditional model that disregards mode mixity is explored. It was found that by utilizing this more accurate model with the change in B-basis properties, the deterministic approach allows a 13.1% increase in the allowable flight load and a reduction of probability of failure by a factor of five. The probabilistic approach allows a 26.5% increase in allowable flight load, while maintaining the original probability of failure.
ERIC user services: Changes and evaluation for the future

Abstract Presents findings on the state of ERIC user services and evaluation efforts performed so far. Recommends changes to strengthen ERIC’s competitive edge and identifies areas of user services critical to ERIC’s strategic goals. Offers an evaluation plan to produce benchmark data for future assessment and inform ERIC’s decision on its future direction.
An automated method for the determination of montelukast in human plasma using dual-column HPLC analysis and peak height summation of the parent compound and its photodegradation product.

Purpose. To develop an assay to evaluate the bioequivalence of overcoated and marketed montelukast formulations, the former to be used for future blinded clinical studies.
Early detection and persistence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in persons with Lyme disease.

Summary An indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used during 1984 to detect total immunoglobulins (Ig) or IgM and IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. Of the 139 serum samples tested by IFA, representing 110 persons with erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), 84 (60%) had either or both class-specific immunoglobulins. Serologic confirmation was made for 64 (58%) patients; serum specimens from 54 (49%) of these had elevated levels of IgM antibodies. These immunoglobulins were usually present within 14 days after diagnosis of ECM and persisted for at least 30 days. Significant titers of IgG antibodies were recorded for 54 serum samples and remained elevated for at least 19 weeks after ECM was first observed. When utilizing polyvalent (Ig) conjugates, ELISA procedures verified antibody presence in 80 of the 84 serum samples positive by IFA. Similarly, samples negative in IFA tests were non-reactive by ELISA. Additional tests of 40 control samples, obtained from persons without Lyme disease, were also uniformly negative. Both methods were suitable for confirmation of Lyme disease infections.
“I've Never Dealt with a Government Agency Before”: Philadelphia's Somerset Knitting Mills Project, the Local State, and the Missed Opportunities of Urban Renewal

In January 1974, Philadelphia's Somerset Knitting Mills Company announced plans for a new factory in the Franklin-Callowhill East Urban Renewal Area. The project received assistance from the Philadelphia Model Cities Administration and the Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation—on the condition that Somerset employ neighborhood residents, mostly African Americans and Puerto Ricans, in its new plant. Confounding processes of deindustrialization and urban disinvestment, Somerset remained in its new building until 1992. This article contextualizes the project (and a related “Garment Center” for the local apparel industry) within the ideological and policy history of urban renewal. It argues that with their focus on countering deindustrialization and establishing community partnerships, the Somerset and Garment Center projects offered models of how urban renewal should have proceeded from its inception. The two projects also demonstrated that the local state can reconfigure supposedly “natural” marke...
State making in the Horn of Africa: notes on Eritrea and prospects for the end of violent conflict in the Horn

This paper looks at the Eritrean state-making process in light of the 1998–2000 Eritreo-Ethiopian war and its aftermath. Three historical layers are discussed as determining the workings of the present Eritrean state. Their most important legacies are concerns around territorial integrity coupled with a deep mistrust of the international community, and a political system based on mobilisation coupled with authoritarian control. The war had two major consequences for the Eritrean polity: It led to many ruptures within the state, and it re-enforced deeply held suspicions towards the main international actors engaged in finding a sustainable solution. The latter's involvement has resulted in a stalemate. Looking into the future, in a best-case scenario, pressure will be put on Ethiopia to accept once and for all its boundary with Eritrea as defined by international law. At the same time, this could open the way for domestic change towards constitutional government in Eritrea. At present, lacking a base for m...
Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Study of the Products of the Vacuum‐Ultraviolet Photolysis of Methane in Ar and N2 Matrices. The Infrared Spectrum of the Free Radical CH3

The vacuum‐ultraviolet photolysis of methane in an argon or a nitrogen matrix at 14°K leads to the formation of a sufficient concentration of the methyl radical for observation both of its 1500‐A electronic transitions and of its out‐of‐plane deformation fundamental, which appears at 611 cm−1 for CH3 trapped in a nitrogen matrix. The value observed for this fundamental of CD3 is in reasonable agreement with the value previously derived from analysis of the 2160‐A band system. Isotopic substitution studies support the assignment of the 611‐cm−1 feature to ν2 of CH3. Data are consistent with the previous report of a planar structure. Evidence is presented suggesting that CH3 may rotate in an argon matrix. Although CH2 has not been directly observed, an appreciable concentration of CH2N2 appears in the N2 matrix experiments. Three electronic transitions of CH are observed in the argon matrix experiments, and there is evidence for the production of a small concentration of C atoms.
Copper-Indium-Boron-Diselenide Absorber Materials

Attempts to fabricate new CuIn1-xBxSe2 (CIBS) and CuBSe2 (CBS) thin-film materials have been complicated by the formation of interfering crystallites and by the loss of boron from the magnetron sputtered precursor alloys during the selenization and annealing processes. Raman and Auger spectroscopic analysis as well as x-ray diffraction studies show that the formation of boron selenide may be contributing to the difficulty in creating these new materials.
Ribonucleotide Discrimination and Reverse Transcription by the Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase

During DNA synthesis, DNA polymerases must select against ribonucleotides, present at much higher levels compared with deoxyribonucleotides. Most DNA polymerases are equipped to exclude ribonucleotides from their active site through a bulky side chain residue that can sterically block the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribose ring. However, many nuclear replicative and repair DNA polymerases incorporate ribonucleotides into DNA, suggesting that the exclusion mechanism is not perfect. In this study, we show that the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ discriminates ribonucleotides efficiently but differentially based on the base identity. Whereas UTP is discriminated by 77,000-fold compared with dTTP, the discrimination drops to 1,100-fold for GTP versus dGTP. In addition, the efficiency of the enzyme was reduced 3–14-fold, depending on the identity of the incoming nucleotide, when it extended from a primer containing a 3′-terminal ribonucleotide. DNA polymerase γ is also proficient in performing single-nucleotide reverse transcription reactions from both DNA and RNA primer terminus, although its bypass efficiency is significantly diminished with increasing stretches of ribonucleotides in template DNA. Furthermore, we show that the E895A mutant enzyme is compromised in its ability to discriminate ribonucleotides, mainly due to its defects in deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate binding, and is also a poor reverse transcriptase. The potential biochemical defects of a patient harboring a disease mutation in the same amino acid (E895G) are discussed.
Fabrication Of An Optically Activated Transducer For Real-Time Diagnostic Imaging

The opto-acoustic transducer (OAT), an essential element in a real-time acoustic imaging system, is a sandwich-type structure which consists of a planar transparent indium-tinoxide electrode, a sputter-deposited CdS photoconductive layer, a piezoelectric layer, and another planar electrode. In order to make the OAT operate in real-time, the photoconductive layer must have rise and decay times of less than 3.3 psec with a suitable switching ratio of dark to illuminated resistivities. A fast-reacting photoconductive layer of CdS has been fabricated by sputtering with a gas of 99% Ar and 1% H2S. Rise and decay times of about 3 psec have been measured. By controlling the temperature of the substrate holder, the dark and illuminated resistivities can LI made to have switching ratios of 102 Ω-cm to 10 Ω-cm. This is the correct range of values needed for real-time operation.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by DNA-damaging agents and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in synchronous Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.

Abstract Synchronous CHO cells were obtained by mitotic selection; synchrony was maintained up to the 5th cell cycle. The mitotic cells were seeded into T-25 flasks or P-60 plastic petri dishes, and cultured for 1 h at 37°C, then the cells were treated by X-ray, UV light, and mitomycin C. The cells were then cultured for 2 cell cycles with TPA and BrdUrd and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) analyzed by the FPG method. Following X-irradiation, the frequency of induced SCE increased linearly with dose reaching a maximum of 19.8 times the control frequency after 200 rad. With higher doses, the SCE frequency declined. In the presence of TPA, SCE frequencies were 1.8 times control levels for all X-ray doses studied (0–800 rad), the frequency seen in non-irradiated cultures treated with TPA. The induced SCE frequency also increased linearly following treatment with UVL and mitomycin C, reaching levels higher than 1.8 times controls with doses exceeding 2.5 J/m 2 UVL or mitomycin C (30 min). In the presence of TPA, the SCE frequencies increased to 1.8 times controls following low UVL and mitomycin C doses, but were not influenced by TPA in the higher dose range (above 2.5 J/m 2 or 10 −10 M mitomycin C. Most of the SCE were induced by X-rays during the first S phase after treatment. Following higher UVL doses (5 J/m 2 ), however, the SCE frequency remained elevated (1.5 times controls) for 4 cell cycles after exposure.