cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast software processing of motion JPEG video

This paper introduces a set of techniques for processing video data compressed using JPEG compression at near real-time rates on current generation workstations. Performance is improved over traditional methods by processing video data in compressed form, avoiding compression and decompression and reducing the amount of data processed. An approximation technique called condensation is developed that further reduces the complexity of the operation. The class of operations that are computable using the techniques developed in this paper are called linear, global digital specials effects (LGDSEs), and represent those effects where a pixel in the output image is a linear combination of pixels in the input image. Many important video processing problems, including convolution, scaling, rotation, translation, and transcoding can be expressed as LGDSEs.
Transabdominal Gunshot Wounds of the Hip and Pelvis

Transabdominal gunshot wounds (GSWs) of the hip and pelvis are those that traverse the gastrointestinal system before entering the pelvis and/or hip. These injuries may be contaminated by bowel contents. Some require urgent surgical intervention; others can be managed nonsurgically. A primary survey with attention to hemodynamic status is of utmost priority. After obtaining hemodynamic stability and addressing abdominal injuries, careful attention must be paid to evaluating hip joint involvement and injuries to the genitourinary and vascular systems. The available literature shows that transabdominal GSW with intra-articular contamination should be urgently debrided and irrigated; extra-articular transabdominal GSW with stable fracture patterns may be managed with observation and empiric antibiotics. Extent of soft-tissue injury dictates the need for wound debridement. Bullets lodged in intra-articular locations should be removed, but retained bullets in other anatomic locations do not necessarily warrant removal.
Image interpolation methods evaluation for division of focal plane polarimeters

This paper presents different imaging interpolation methods implemented for the division of focal plane polarization imaging sensor. The targeted polarization imaging sensor is a CCD based sensor with 1-Mega pixels resolution operating from 400nm to 1050nm wavelength. The five interpolation methods considered in this paper are: bilinear, weighted bilinear, bicubic spline, an approximated bicubic spline and a bicubic interpolation method. Test images of the five different interpolation methods as well as numerical error analysis are presented. Based on the comparison results, the full frame bicubic spline interpolation achieves the best performance for polarization images.
Mothers’ attitudes toward fat, weight, and dieting in themselves and their children

Abstract We examined how a mother's view of her body, and fatness in general, affects her attitude toward her child's weight and eating. Mothers ( N = 118) of 3–5-year-old children filled out a questionnaire designed to assess weight satisfaction, anti-fat attitudes, and how concerned and restrictive they are with regards to their child's weight and eating. We found mothers who were more fearful of being or becoming overweight themselves worried more for their children, although fearful attitudes did not predict restricting a child's eating. These results suggest that maternal attitudes toward their own weight affect their beliefs about their children's weight.
Hydroxocobalamin dose escalation improves metabolic control in cblC

Cobalamin C (cblC), a combined form of methylmalonic acidaemia and hyperhomocysteinaemia, is recognized as the most frequent inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism. This condition can be detected by expanded newborn screening and can have an acute neonatal presentation that is life-threatening if not suspected and promptly treated. Intramuscular (IM) hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) is the main treatment for patients with cblC, but formal dosing guidelines do not exist. A clinical improvement and a decrease of plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels, and an increase in methionine are typically observed after its initiation. It is well recognized that despite treatment, long-term complications such as developmental delay and progressive visual loss, may still develop. We describe the biochemical response of a 13-year-old boy with worsening metabolic parameters despite strict adherence to a conventional treatment regimen. We progressively increased the OHCbl dose from 1 to 20 mg IM per day and observed a dose-dependent response with an 80% reduction of plasma MMA (25 to 5.14 μmol/L; normal range <0.27 μmol/L), a 55% reduction of tHcy (112 to 50 μmol/L; normal range: 0–13 μmol/L) and a greater than twofold increase in methionine (17 to 36 μmol/L; normal range: 7–47 μmol/L). This suggests that higher OHCbl doses might be required to achieve an optimal biochemical response in cblC patients, but it is unknown whether it may slow or eliminate other complications. Future clinical trials to determine the benefits of higher-dose OHCbl therapy in patients with cblC and other disorders of intracellular cobalamin metabolism should be planned.
The limits of solidarity: Labor and transnational organizing against Coca‐Cola

In this article, I explore the concept of “solidarity” through an examination of the alliances and disjunctures that shaped a transnational campaign against the Coca-Cola Company. I consider how the balance of power within cross-class coalitions influenced the framing of issues and the development of tactics, and I examine the tensions that arose among diverse groups who chose to struggle together but shared different goals and perspectives. I argue that the labor philanthropy of northern activists on behalf of Colombian workers could not substitute for the labor solidarity that Colombian workers asked of their northern allies. My study suggests that transnational activists from the North focus on tactics that push states, as well as corporations, to protect labor rights and that they pay closer attention to the analyses and objectives of the working people with whom they claim solidarity.
Comparison of methods for collection of DNA samples by mail in the Black Women's Health Study.

Abstract Purpose The authors compared approaches to participants and methods of collecting buccal cell samples by mail in the Black Women's Health Study, a follow-up study of geographically dispersed African-American women. Outcomes of interest were within group participation rates, yield of DNA, and PCR success. Methods Six hundred fifty six participants were randomized to four groups: Groups 1 and 2 used the cheek swab method and Groups 3 and 4 used the mouthwash swish method. Groups 1 and 3 were mailed collection kits together with consent forms, whereas Groups 2 and 4 were mailed a kit only after returning a signed consent. Results Participation rates were similar regardless of the method used for sample collection or mailing of the kits: samples were returned by 40% of Group 1, 37% of Group 2, 36% of Group 3, and 35% of Group 4. The median DNA yield was 3693 ng/sample for the swab method and 10,077 ng/sample for the mouthwash swish method ( p Conclusion Because of its higher yield of DNA, the mouthwash swish method is preferable for collection of buccal cell samples by mail.
The Search for Siebold's Daughter: Fact and Fiction in the Work of Yoshimura Akira

The life of Philipp Franz von Siebold's daughter Ine, who became the first woman trained in Western medicine in Japan, came to wide popular attention in the 1970s with Yoshimura Akira's famous historical novel on the circumstances of her birth, training and subsequent career. As the child of mixed parentage, born near or perhaps even on Dejima, Ine's life symbolized the turmoil faced by Japan in its confrontation with the West in the nineteenth century. The extent to which an accurate biography of Ine can be established is, however, difficult, and the historian's quest to verify the basis of such a famous fictional account seemingly doomed to fail. This article details aspects of this quest; in so doing it raises questions around the nature of archival research, of biographical writing, and the ability of historians to understand and portray accurately the lives of those who lived in and around the foreign settlement at Dejima.
Depolarization of Cellular Resting Membrane Potential Promotes Neonatal Cardiomyocyte Proliferation In Vitro

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) undergo a rapid transition from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth soon after birth, which is a major challenge to the development of engineered cardiac tissue for pediatric patients. Resting membrane potential (Vmem) has been shown to play an important role in cell differentiation and proliferation during development. We hypothesized that depolarization of neonatal CMs would stimulate or maintain CM proliferation in vitro. To test our hypothesis, we isolated postnatal day 3 neonatal rat CMs and subjected them to sustained depolarization via the addition of potassium gluconate or Ouabain to the culture medium. Cell density and CM percentage measurements demonstrated an increase in mitotic CMs along with a ~twofold increase in CM numbers with depolarization. In addition, depolarization led to an increase in cells in G2 and S phase, indicating increased proliferation, as measured by flow cytometry. Surprisingly depolarization of Vmem with either treatment led to inhibition of proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts. This effect is abrogated when the study was carried out on postnatal day 7 neonatal CMs, which are less proliferative, indicating that the likely mechanism of depolarization is the maintenance of the proliferating CM population. In summary, our findings suggest that depolarization maintains postnatal CM proliferation and may be a novel approach to encourage growth of engineered tissue and cardiac regeneration in pediatric patients.
Recent developments in ocean data telemetry at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is developing techniques for telemetering oceanographic data from the deep ocean to the laboratory in near real time. Three general approaches that provide a link between subsurface instruments and surface buoys equipped with satellite transmitters are being pursued. These approaches are: cabled systems that use electromechanical cables to connect subsurface instruments to a central controller; high data rate acoustic modems to transfer information between multiple remote units and a central controller; and inductive modems that use standard mechanical mooring lines as the transmission medium between instruments deployed on the mooring and a central controller. These telemetry systems are targeted for general use by the oceanographic community and are designed to be power efficient, low in cost, and capable of integration with most oceanographic data collection systems. >
A constitutively "phosphorylated" guanylyl cyclase-linked atrial natriuretic peptide receptor mutant is resistant to desensitization.

Dephosphorylation of the natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) is hypothesized to mediate its desensitization in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding. Recently, we identified six phosphorylation sites within the kinase homology domain of NPR-A and determined that the conversion of these residues to alanine abolished the ability of the receptor to be phosphorylated or to be activated by ANP and ATP. In an attempt to generate a form of NPR-A that mimics a fully phosphorylated receptor but that is resistant to dephosphorylation, we engineered a receptor variant (NPR-A-6E) containing glutamate substitutions at all six phosphorylation sites. Consistent with the known ability of negatively charged glutamate residues to substitute functionally, in some cases, for phosphorylated residues, we found that NPR-A-6E was activated 10-fold by ANP and ATP. As determined by guanylyl cyclase assays, the hormone-stimulated activity of the wild-type receptor declined over time in membrane preparations in vitro, and this loss was blocked by the serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystin. In contrast, the activity of NPR-A-6E was more linear with time and was unaffected by microcystin. The nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imino)-triphosphate was half as effective as ATP in stimulating the wild-type receptor but was equally as potent in stimulating NPR-A-6E, suggesting that ATP is required to keep the wild-type but not 6E variant phosphorylated. Finally, the desensitization of NPR-A-6E in whole cells was markedly blunted compared with that of the wild-type receptor, consistent with its inability to shed the negative charge from its kinase homology domain via dephosphorylation. These data provide the first direct test of the requirement for dephosphorylation in guanylyl cyclase desensitization and they indicate that it is an essential component of this process.
Considerations for analyzing ecological community thresholds in response to anthropogenic environmental gradients

The goal of this paper is to help managers better understand implications of using aggregate community metrics, such as taxon richness or Indices of Biotic Integrity (IBI), for detecting threshold responses to anthropogenic environmental gradients. To illustrate, we offer an alternative analytical approach, Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis (TITAN), geared toward identifying synchronous changes in the distribution of multiple taxa as evidence of an ecological community threshold. Our approach underscores the fundamental reality that which taxa are affected by stressors is important, both from a conservation standpoint and because taxon-specific life-history traits help us understand relevant mechanisms. First, we examine macroinvertebrate community response to an impervious cover gradient using a well-studied biomonitoring data set to show that representative community metrics are relatively insensitive to synchronous threshold declines of numerous individual taxa. We then reproduce these response relationships using a simulated community data set with similar properties to demonstrate that linear or wedge-shaped responses of community metrics to anthropogenic gradients can occur as an artifact of aggregating multiple taxa into a single value per sampling unit, despite strong nonlinearity in community response. Our findings do not repudiate the use of community metrics or multimetric indices, but they challenge assumptions that such metrics are capable of accurately reflecting community thresholds across a broad range of anthropogenic gradients. We recommend an alternative analysis framework that begins with characterization of the responses of individual taxa and uses aggregation only after distinguishing the magnitude, direction, and uncertainty in the responses of individual members of the community.
Institutional trust, information processing and perception of environmental cancer risk

This paper examines how institutional trust affects the way in which people process information and perceive risk. Data come from a study of risk perception in the circumstance of US state health department investigations of suspected cancer clusters, with 30 cases examined (n = 1,111). Trust is assessed for three information sources: state health departments, civic groups and industries involved in each case. Higher trust for the state directly predicts lower risk perception, while high trust for civic groups predicts greater risk perception. Perceiving high trust for industry and state - and low trust for civic groups-promotes heuristic processing, which in turn predicts lower risk perception. Alternately, perceiving industry to have low trust and civic groups to have high trust promotes greater systematic processing, which consistently leads to perception of greater risk. Almost all of the effect of industry trust on risk is expressed indirectly.
Necrotic Extrafusal Muscle Fibers of the Dystrophic Mutant Mouse: The Ultrastructure of the Myoneural Junction

At 28 days postpartum, the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the dy2J mutant mouse contains a population of myofibers which exhibit coagulation necrosis for approximately 90% of their length. Using the electron microscope, motor endplates were found on more than half of the necrotic fibers studied, occurring in mildly, moderately, and severely necrotic regions of these fibers. The ultrastructural features of the axonal terminals did not vary with the condition of the fiber segment at which the endplate occurred. No morphological criteria could be established for distinguishing between the axonal terminals of necrotic fibers and those of "healthy" fibers in the dystrophic animal. The principle morphological changes at motor endplates of necrotic fibers involved not the axonal terminal, but the muscle fiber itself. This study demonstrates that the necrotic myofibers, which are present at the onset of the first clinical symptoms of murine dystrophy, are innervated. Therefore, necrosis is not precipitated by structural denervation. Furthermore, observations of motor endplates on mildly, moderately, and severely necrotic regions of the myofibers indicate that regional changes along the necrotic fiber's length are not a function of distance from the motor endplate.
Extreme Structural Heterogeneity Among the Members of a Maize Retrotransposon Family

A few families of retrotransposons characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs) have amplified relatively recently in maize and account for >50% of the genome. Surprisingly, none of these elements have been shown to cause a single mutation. In contrast, most of the retrotransposon-induced mutations isolated in maize are caused by the insertion of elements that are present in the genome at 2-50 copies. To begin to understand what limits the amplification of this mutagenic class of LTR-retrotransposons, we are focusing on five elements previously identified among 17 mutations of the maize waxy gene. One of these elements, Stonor, has sustained a deletion of the entire gag region and part of the protease domain. Missing sequences were recovered from larger members of the Stonor family and indicate that the deletion probably occurred during retrotransposition. These large elements have an exceptionally long leader of 2 kb that includes a highly variable region of approximately 1 kb that has not been seen in previously characterized retrotransposons. This region serves to distinguish each member of the Stonor family and indicates that no single element has yet evolved that can attain the very high copy numbers characteristic of other element families in maize.
Anisotropic Optical Properties and Structures of Block Copolymer/Silica Thin Films Containing Aligned Porphyrin J-Aggregates

Mesostructured silica−block copolymer thin films are demonstrated to provide orientationally ordered host matrixes for stable alignment of coassembled porphyrin J-aggregates with anisotropic optical properties. Visible light at 490 nm was absorbed anisotropically (A∥/A⊥ = 1.35) by aligned, hexagonally ordered (ethylene oxide)20−(propylene oxide)70−(ethylene oxide)20 (P123) triblock copolymer/silica nanocomposite films containing 1−5 wt % tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4) guest species in the form of J-aggregates. Amorphous silica prepared similarly and containing TPPS4 J-aggregates, but without structure-directing block copolymer species, absorbed light isotropically (A∥/A⊥ = 1.00). The porphyrin guest species were determined to be preferentially associated with the hydrophilic ethylene oxide moieties of the triblock copolymer, by using two-dimensional (2D) solid-state 1H{1H} and 13C{1H} NMR correlation experiments, including under conditions of fast (45 kHz) magic-angle spinning. Interrelation...
Virtual components for droplet control using marangoni flows: Size-selective filters, traps, channels, and pumps

This paper describes several microfluidic components, including channels, filters, traps, and pumps, for manipulating aqueous droplets suspended in a film of oil on blank, unpatterned substrates. These "virtual" devices have no physical structure; they accomplish their function entirely by localized Marangoni flows created in a non-contact manner by heat sources suspended just above the liquid surface. Various flow patterns can be engineered through the geometric design of the heat sources on size scales ranging from 10-1,000 mum. Channels and circular traps, emulated by linear and annular heat fluxes respectively, demonstrate nearly 100% selectivity for droplets ranging from 300-1,000 mum. A pump, emulated by a triangular heat flux with a 10deg taper, translates droplets of about the same range at speeds up to 200 mumls.
I Am My (High-Power) Role Power and Role Identification

Research indicates that power liberates the self, but findings also show that the powerful are susceptible to situational influences. The present article examines whether enacting roles that afford power leads people to identify with the roles or, instead, liberates them from role expectations altogether. The results of three experiments support the hypothesis that power enhances role identification. Experiment 1 showed that enacting a particular role resulted in greater implicit and explicit role identification when the role contained power. In Experiment 2, infusing a role with power resulted in greater role identification and role-congruent behavior. Experiment 3 demonstrated that power resulted in greater role-congruent self-construal, such that having power in a close relationship caused participants to define themselves relationally, whereas having power in a group situation caused participants to embrace a collective self-construal. Implications for research on power, roles, and the self are discussed.
Interactive maps for a digital video library

The Informedia Digital Video Library contains over 1200 hours of video. Through automatic processing, descriptors are derived for the video to improve library access. A new extension to the video processing is the extraction of geographic references from these descriptors. The operational library interface shows the geographic entities addressed in a given story, highlighting the regions discussed at any point in the video through a map display, synchronized with the video playback. The map can also be used as a query mechanism, allowing users to search the terabyte library for stories taking place in a selected area of interest.
Multitask Principal–Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design

Introduction In the standard economic treatment of the principal–agent problem, compensation systems serve the dual function of allocating risks and rewarding productive work. A tension between these two functions arises when the agent is risk averse, for providing the agent with effective work incentives often forces him to bear unwanted risk. Existing formal models that have analyzed this tension, however, have produced only limited results. It remains a puzzle for this theory that employment contracts so often specify fixed wages and more generally that incentives within firms appear to be so muted, especially compared to those of the market. Also, the models have remained too intractable to effectively address broader organizational issues such as asset ownership, job design, and allocation of authority. In this article, we will analyze a principal–agent model that (i) can account for paying fixed wages even when good, objective output measures are available and agents are highly responsive to incentive pay; (ii) can make recommendations and predictions about ownership patterns even when contracts can take full account of all observable variables and court enforcement is perfect; (iii) can explain why employment is sometimes superior to independent contracting even when there are no productive advantages to specific physical or human capital and no financial market imperfections to limit the agent's borrowings; (iv) can explain bureaucratic constraints; and (v) can shed light on how tasks get allocated to different jobs.
The politics of finance in Napoleonic Italy (1802‐1814)

Abstract The Republic and Kingdom of Italy (1802‐14) served as an important source of revenues for Napoleonic France. Most importantly, the authorities had to pay for a growing Italian army and for the French troops in northern Italy. To satisfy the Emperor's increasing financial pressure, Prina, the Finance Minister, increased the tax burden and reorganized the financial administration and tax collection. Prina kept a moderate property tax to secure the support of the landowners and raised indirect taxes, thereby increasing the burden on the poor. His reforms in the financial administration made it more orderly, uniform and efficient, thus strengthening the central state. While Prina modernized the financial machinery and expanded the state's resources, the fiscal pressure contributed to growing hostility from the population to the Napoleonic state. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Italy, the Austrians left the Napoleonic financial system intact, a demonstration of Prina's effective reforms and long‐...
Is There a Relationship between “Heavy Drinking” and HIV High Risk Sexual Behaviors among General Population Subjects?

The authors investigated the association between "heavy drinking" and sexual behaviors among 2,581 general population subjects from the St. Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey conducted from 1981 to 1983. Lifetime sexual behaviors included promiscuity, infidelity, receiving money for sex, and same gender sex. It was found that sexual behaviors were associated with lifetime heavy drinking. Regardless of gender, race, or age, "heavy drinkers" were significantly more likely to report each of the high risk sexual behaviors, except same gender sex, compared to "nonheavy drinkers." With the multiple logistic regression analyses it was found that "heavy drinking" non-Black females, Black males regardless of drinking history, "heavy drinking" males, and younger subjects regardless of drinking history were at higher risk to report the high risk sexual behaviors. This study confirms that there is a strong association between "heavy drinking" and high risk sexual behaviors in a midwestern population. This is the first study to find an association between alcohol drinking patterns and high risk sexual behaviors in the general population. Implications of these findings for public health education efforts are discussed.
The Online Monitoring of the Dynamic Characteristics for an Induction Motor and Gearbox Transmission System

We propose a parameter identification method for a general L-type equivalent circuit of one phase of the induction motor by using the measurement phase currents at different voltages when the load torque of the induction motor is constant, in which the slip is treated as the function of the load torque and the torque current. By virtue of analyzing the load torque amplitude spectrum, we conclude that the meshing stiffness and wear of the gear installed in the output axis is the supplementary factor influencing the dynamic behavior of the gearbox. This study provides an effective method for the online monitoring of the dynamic characteristics for an induction and gearbox transmission system.
Designing a Legal Vehicle for Social Enterprises: An Issue Spotting Exercise

Social entrepreneurship is at the juncture of creative capitalism and social innovation. It aims at combining the best of two sectors, and thus is cramped in the traditional vehicles designed for either world in isolation. Although the social bottom line of these enterprises can usually meet the broad charitable purpose requirement of the Internal Revenue Code, tax-exempt vehicles have proven to be unable to hose the financial one. Conversely, the advantages of for-profits stem from their flexibility, but their failure to receive funding from tax-exempts and the lack of a social enterprise brand have made it necessary to design new vehicles.  Columbia Law School LL.M. Degree Candidate, ‘13 2013] DESIGNING A LEGAL VEHICLE FOR SOCIAL ENTERPRISES: 101 AN ISSUE SPOTTING EXERCISE
Trapping Lacanobia subjuncta, Xestia c-nigrum, and Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Acetic Acid and 3-Methyl-1-butanol in Controlled Release Dispensers

Abstract Both sexes of the noctuid moths Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson), Mamestra configurata Walker (bertha armyworm) and Xestia c-nigrum (L.) (spotted cutworm) are attracted to the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol). A controlled-release system for use of this attractant in traps was comprised of separate polypropylene vials for each chemical, with the chemical release rate delimited by a hole in the vial lid. When hole sizes for both acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol were varied together, numbers of all three moth species trapped were greatest with vial hole diameters 1.0–3.0 mm. For all three species, captures of moths also were positively correlated with the ratio of acetic acid to 3-methyl-1-butanol vial hole sizes (acetic acid vial hole size was varied, 3-methyl-1-butanol vial hole size was held constant). Captures of these moths were not correlated with the ratio of 3-methyl-1-butanol/acetic acid vial hole sizes (3-methyl-1-butanol vial hole size varied, a...
Ponca City Cogeneration Plant

An electric utility faces the hard choice between losing its third-largest customer and building a cogeneration plant that is very risky and appears to take value away from the firm. Students must first assess the utility's strategic position and the magnitude of the risk, in the process improving the assumptions of the discounted-cash-flow spreadsheet model available to them. The task is then to be shrewd and creative in reducing and managing the risk of the project, which, after all, is manageable.
Hollywood's Tax Lawyers

The literature on the lawyers of films and television has focused on one segment of the legal profession - litigators. But in a few shining instances, tax lawyers have had their turn on movie and television screens. Those rare moments reveal much about the place of tax law and tax lawyers in American Culture. The article discusses the movies "Can't Stop the Music" and "The Firm" and the television series "L.A. Law."
Future directions for nonconventional and vernacular material research and applications

When conventional construction materials such as steel, wood, and concrete are integrated into global supply chains and modern manufacturing practices, it is often at the peril of both the local and global environment. The use of nonconventional and vernacular construction materials addresses these concerns by incorporating cultural context, minimizing environmental destruction, and considering social impacts throughout materials’ life cycle. The future of nonconventional and vernacular materials, however, is context specific and requires rigorous analysis and innovative design to achieve sustainability at a scale similar to conventional materials. Future materials must continue to consider social and environmental concerns, but do so without sacrificing affordability or availability. Through the use of life cycle analysis, consideration of systemic and technical design factors, Pareto optimality, and intersectional innovation, and conventional as well as nonconventional and vernacular construction materials can be assessed for their potential to achieve sustainable scale.
Pharmacists' Readiness for Rendering Pharmaceutical Care

Objective: During the 1970s and 1980s, Prochaska and DiClemente developed the Transtheoretical Model (TIM) of Change to explain, predict, and change multiple human behaviors. This study applied the TIM to measure pharmacists' readiness for rendering pharmaceutical care. It also identified and measured factors that facilitate rendering pharmaceutical care and factors that are barriers, as well as the strength of these factors for each stage of readiness. Design: Data were collected using an instrument developed following the work of Prochaska. Pharmacists completed this survey at the 1996 APhA Annual Meeting & Exposition. Results: The results support the theory behind the TIM; that is, with any behavior change, individuals will fall into several stages of readiness for change, and the vast majority will not be ready to take action within the next six months. Also consistent with the theory, the cons of engaging in a behavior tended to be more salient for individuals in the precontemplation/contemplation stages than for those in the action/maintenance stages. Individuals in administrative positions are more likely to engage in behavior that leads to submitting documentation for compensation. Conclusion: Continuing education efforts must address the needs identified in each stage of readiness. Acknowledgments : This study was funded through a grant by the American Pharmaceutical Association and the National Wholesale Druggists Association as part of the Concept Pharmacy Project.
Frailty and Constellations of Factors in Aging HIV-infected and Uninfected Women--The Women's Interagency HIV Study.

BACKGROUND Biological similarities are noted between aging and HIV infection. Middle-aged adults with HIV infection may present as elderly due to accelerated aging or having more severe aging phenotypes occurring at younger ages. OBJECTIVES We explored age-adjusted prevalence of frailty, a geriatric condition, among HIV+ and at risk HIV- women. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). PARTICIPANTS 2028 middle-aged (average age 39 years) female participants (1449 HIV+; 579 HIV-). MEASUREMENTS The Fried Frailty Index (FFI), HIV status variables, and constellations of variables representing Demographic/health behaviors and Aging-related chronic diseases. Associations between the FFI and other variables were estimated, followed by stepwise regression models. RESULTS Overall frailty prevalence was 15.2% (HIV+, 17%; HIV-, 10%). A multivariable model suggested that HIV infection with CD4 count 40 years; current or former smoking; income ≤$12,000; moderate vs low fibrinogen-4 (FIB-4) levels; and moderate vs high estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were positively associated with frailty. Low or moderate drinking was protective. CONCLUSIONS Frailty is a multidimensional aging phenotype observed in mid-life among women with HIV infection. Prevalence of frailty in this sample of HIV-infected women exceeds that for usual elderly populations. This highlights the need for geriatricians and gerontologists to interact with younger 'at risk' populations, and assists in the formulation of best recommendations for frailty interventions to prevent early aging, excess morbidities and early death.
THE CONTROL OF WAVE ASYMMETRIES IN RANDOM WAVES

The concept of wave asymmetry is reviewed and a prototype wave record is analysed. A three stage non-linear transformation, together with a Fourier transform substitution technique, is described. The method is tested by numerical simulation using statistical analysis procedures. Physical realizations are compared graphically.
Diffusion of dendritic polymers through concentrated polymer solutions

Diffusional dynamics of polymers can be very sensitive to polymer architecture. Polymers with novel (or time-varying) architectures could facilitate the release of therapeutic compounds from gels or concentrated polymer solutions with unusual or novel kinetic profiles. Towards this end, we are studying the behavior of model dendritic polymers, the poly(amidoamine)(PAMAM) dendrimers, in aqueous solutions and in concentrated solutions of a “matrix” polymer, poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO). Fluorescence measurements of the environmental polarity of the dendrimers provide evidence for pH-induced confomational changes in mid-sized (generation 6), but not in small (generation 2) dendrimers. In aqueous solution, dendrimer diffusion measurements reveal the fractal-like growth of these molecules, but measurements in aqueous PEO solutions failed to detect any pH dependence of the diffusion coefficient. Specific chemical interactions between the PEO and the PAMAM molecules may dominate their dynamic behavior.
Shame and Guilt-Proneness as Mediators of Associations Between General Causality Orientations and Depressive Symptoms.

The present study examined the roles of shame- and guilt-proneness as mediators of associations between general causality orientations and depressive symptoms. We expected autonomy would be associated with less depressive symptoms based on higher guilt-proneness and lower shame-proneness, whereas control would be associated with more depressive symptoms based on lower guilt-proneness and higher shame-proneness. Undergraduates (N = 354) completed assessments of general causality orientations, shame- and guilt-proneness, and depressive symptoms in exchange for extra credit. Results of mediation analyses were generally supportive of the framework indicating that shame- and guilt-proneness mediate associations between self-determination and depressive symptoms. Autonomy was indirectly associated with less depressive symptoms through positive associations with guilt-proneness, in spite of unexpected positive associations with shame-proneness. Control and impersonal orientation were indirectly associated with m...
Chemokine Receptor Expression, Migration, and Survival of NK Cells Expanded with Mbil-15 or Mbil-21

Abstract Abstract 4683 Natural killer (NK) cells can kill malignant or virus-infected cells through the interaction of activating and inhibitory receptors without needing specific antigen recognition of target cells, and therefor have broad therapeutic applications for treatment of human malignancies. However, due to their limited life-span in vivo and poor expansion in vitro, production of sufficient numbers of NK cells for effective adoptive immunotherapy poses an obstacle. Genetically engineered artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) consisting of K562 modified 4-1BBL and membrane bound IL-15 or IL-21 have been reported for their ability to support ex vivo NK cell proliferation. aAPCs with mbIL-21 were shown to promote increased proliferation of NK cells with shorter telomeres, but differences in in vivo survival or tumor or tissue migration have not been assessed. Tumor and/or tissue migration is primarily mediated by the expression of chemokine receptors. Using aAPCs bearing mbIL15 or mbIL21, we expanded NK cells for 3 weeks and assessed their expression of chemokine receptors, organ migration, and in vivo survival in a xenograft model. Propagated NK cells showed relatively similar levels of low to modest expression of CCR2, CCR7, CXCR4 and CXCR5, and high expression levels of CXCR3. Mean CCR5 expression levels were similar on cells that were positive, but CCR5 was expressed on a higher percentage of NK cells expanded with mbIL-15 than those expanded with mbIL-21. In contrast, about 20% of mbIL-21 expanded NK cells expressed CX3CR1 expression whereas mbIL-15 NK cells showed almost no expression of this receptor. Results from ongoing migration and survival experiments will also be presented. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Genetic and flow anomalies in congenital heart disease

Congenital heart defects are the most common malformations in humans, affecting approximately 1% of newborn babies. While genetic causes of congenital heart disease have been studied, only less than 20% of human cases are clearly linked to genetic anomalies. The cause for the majority of the cases remains unknown. Heart formation is a finely orchestrated developmental process and slight disruptions of it can lead to severe malformations. Dysregulation of developmental processes leading to heart malformations are caused by genetic anomalies but also environmental factors including blood flow. Intra-cardiac blood flow dynamics plays a significant role regulating heart development and perturbations of blood flow lead to congenital heart defects in animal models. Defects that result from hemodynamic alterations, however, recapitulate those observed in human babies, even those due to genetic anomalies and toxic teratogen exposure. Because important cardiac developmental events, such as valve formation and septation, occur under blood flow conditions while the heart is pumping, blood flow regulation of cardiac formation might be a critical factor determining cardiac phenotype. The contribution of flow to cardiac phenotype, however, is frequently ignored. More research is needed to determine how blood flow influences cardiac development and the extent to which flow may determine cardiac phenotype.
Verfahren zur Abschätzung der Wasserdampfsorption am Fasersättigungspunkt von Holz und Papier

When the fiber saturation point of wood or paper is defined as the moisture content that occurs when the cell walls are saturated and no free water exists in the microscopically visible capillary structure, it is shown to occur at a relative vapov pressure between 0.99 and 0.999. Its value can be estimated from sorption and swelling data by multiplying the swelling in liquid water by the average ratio of adsorption to swelling obtained at several different reduced vapor pressures.
Towards a Social-Psychological Model of Intergroup Conflict

The discipline of social psychology has evidenced a long-term interest in the understanding and resolution of intergroup conflict within the broader study of intergroup relations
The development of small, cabled, real-time video based observation systems for near shore Coastal Marine Science including three examples and lessons learned

The effects of climate change on the near shore coastal environment including ocean acidification, accelerated erosion, destruction of coral reefs, and damage to marine habitat have highlighted the need for improved equipment to study, monitor, and evaluate these changes [1]. This is especially true where areas of study are remote, large, or beyond depths easily accessible to divers. To this end, we have developed three examples of low cost and easily deployable real-time ocean observation platforms. We followed a scalable design approach adding complexity and capability as familiarity and experience were gained with system components saving both time and money by reducing design mistakes. The purpose of this paper is to provide information for the researcher, technician, or engineer who finds themselves in need of creating or acquiring similar platforms.
Thermopower of Mesoscopic Normal-metal/Superconductor Heterostructures

Measurements of micron-size doubly connected normal-Metal/superconductor (NS) heterostructures show athermoelectric response which oscillates as a function ofmagnetic field, with a fundamental period corresponding to oneflux quantum h/2e through the area of the loop. Theoscillations of the thermopower are either symmetric orantisymmetric with respect to magnetic field, depending on thetopology of the sample. The temperature dependence of theamplitude of the oscillations shows a minimum at a temperatureof 0.14 K, although this nonmonotonic behavior doesnot appear to be related to the reentrance effect recentlyobserved in the electrical transport properties of NSstructures.
Interactive Design and Stability Analysis of Decorative Joinery for Furniture

High-quality hand-made furniture often employs intrinsic joints that geometrically interlock along mating surfaces. Such joints increase the structural integrity of the furniture and add to its visual appeal. We present an interactive tool for designing such intrinsic joints. Users draw the visual appearance of the joints on the surface of an input furniture model as groups of two-dimensional (2D) regions that must belong to the same part. Our tool automatically partitions the furniture model into a set of solid 3D parts that conform to the user-specified 2D regions and assemble into the furniture. If the input does not merit assemblable solid 3D parts, then our tool reports the failure and suggests options for redesigning the 2D surface regions so that they are assemblable. Similarly, if any parts in the resulting assembly are unstable, then our tool suggests where additional 2D regions should be drawn to better interlock the parts and improve stability. To perform this stability analysis, we introduce a novel variational static analysis method that addresses shortcomings of the equilibrium method for our task. Specifically, our method correctly detects sliding instabilities and reports the locations and directions of sliding and hinging failures. We show that our tool can be used to generate over 100 joints inspired by traditional woodworking and Japanese joinery. We also design and fabricate nine complete furniture assemblies that are stable and connected using only the intrinsic joints produced by our tool.
GRANDPARENTS CARING FOR GRANDCHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA

The United States and China have very different social norms and expectations regarding providing care to grandchildren. This study is interested in how providing grandchild care is shaped by these two cultures. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (wave 2013) and data from the Health and Retirement Study (Wave 2012), we compared the prevalence and characteristics of grandparents caring for grandchildren in the United States and China. The sample comprises of 9,676 American grandparents (Mage = 64) and 6,527 Chinese grandparents (Mage = 60) aged 45 and over. Providing grandchild care is more prevalent in China (50%) than in the U.S. (31%). The US grandparent caregivers are disproportional females (78% verses 52% in China), whereas Chinese grandparent caregivers are disproportional married (78% verses 57% in the US). The U.S. and China share some determinants in providing grandchild care, such as age, gender, education level, mobility, household size, and numbers of dependent children grandparents have. However, there are significant differences. The US grandparents who are married and healthier are more likely to provide care, whereas Chinese grandparents who are in better economic status and have fewer adult children are more likely to provide care. Findings of this study suggest that grandparents’ availability and abilities to provide care are two important aspects in determining care provision in both countries, although these two aspects may be manifested by different factors in each country. Future study may explore more characteristics of grandparent caregivers and differentiate types of grandchild care.
Random Graph Problems in Polymer Chemistry

We examine some random graph problems suggested by polymer chemistry. These problems generalize the random graph that Erdos and Renyi examined. In certain cases the generalization is known to lead to novel graph behaviour and mathematical techniques. The Appendix also gives the polymer chemistry references which suggest the graphical problems.
Americans and Assisted Reproduction: The Past as Prologue

In 2010, the venerable in vitro fertilization (IVF) pioneer Howard Jones used the occasion of his 100th birthday to recommend that his younger colleagues adopt a bold new research agenda, including reproductive cloning (‘somatic reproduction’) and foetal gestation in artificial uteri (‘exogenesis’). Most couples, he argued, desire genetically related offspring; these technologies could provide them. Seemingly straight out of dystopian fiction, for Jones these techniques were simply unconventional means to a time-honoured end. Such attempts to ‘normalize’ new reproductive technologies are not new but date back to the earliest days of research into human IVF. This chapter explores the history of IVF in the context of today’s controversies over new varieties of assisted reproduction, providing a nuanced understanding of what has become a deep divide in the way we understand such technologies, as both vehicles to accomplish a ‘traditional’ objective – having a much-desired child – and as alien, and alienating, interventions with negative long-term repercussions.