cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caffe con Troll: Shallow Ideas to Speed Up Deep Learning

We present Caffe con Troll (CcT), a fully compatible end-to-end version of the popular framework Caffe with rebuilt internals. We built CcT to examine the performance characteristics of training and deploying general-purpose convolutional neural networks across different hardware architectures. We find that, by employing standard batching optimizations for CPU training, we achieve a 6:3× throughput improvement over Caffe on popular networks like CaffeNet. Moreover, with these improvements, the end-to-end training time for CNNs is directly proportional to the FLOPS delivered by the CPU, which enables us to efficiently train hybrid CPU-GPU systems for CNNs.
On a representation of a relation by a measure

Abstract We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a representation for a relation by a positive measure for the general case in which the relation is defined on any set of subsets of Ω.
Multilevel assessment of public transportation infrastructure: a spatial econometric computable general equilibrium approach

Impact assessment of transportation investment policy is a challenging task as assessment outcome is sensitive to various attributes such as methodology, time period, scale and location of analysis. This study is conducted to evaluate regional impact of public transportation infrastructure in the USA at multilevel geographic scales. The assessment is implemented using a spatial econometric computable general equilibrium approach which integrates spatial econometric techniques with computable general equilibrium models to control for spatial spillover effects. The results found that regional economic impacts of public transportation infrastructure vary substantially by mode and geographic scale. The US highway infrastructure tends to have consistent and dominant impacts on both the US national and regional economy across different geographic scales. The impact of public airport infrastructure tends to be much larger at the national level than state and metropolitan level, whereas the economic contribution of public transit including passenger rail infrastructure tends to be much stronger at the US northeast metro level than the national level of analysis.
Conversion of α-Haloaldehydes into Acylating Agents by an Internal Redox Reaction Catalyzed by Nucleophilic Carbenes

Reactivity umpolung allows us to consider nontraditional bond disconnections. We report herein that treatment of an α-haloaldehyde with a nucleophile in the presence of catalytic amounts of nucleophilic carbenes results in an internal redox reaction giving rise to a dehalogenated acylating agent as an intermediate by a new reaction manifold. A brief illustration of the scope of this reaction is presented along with evidence supporting the direct intervention of the carbene in the acylation step.
Thermalization and isotropization in heavy-ion collisions

Our current understanding of the processes driving the thermalization and isotropization of the quark gluon plasma (QGP) created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (URHICs) is reviewed. Initially, the phenomenological evidence in favour of the creation of a thermal but momentum–space anisotropic QGP in URHICs is discussed. Further, the degree of isotropization using viscous (dissipative) hydrodynamics, weak-coupling approaches to QGP dynamics, and strong-coupling approaches to QGP dynamics are discussed. Finally, recent progress in the area of real-time non-Abelian gauge field simulations and non-Abelian Boltzmann–Vlasov-based hard-loop simulations are reported.
Chemical Abundances and Rotation Velocities of Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars in Six Globular Clusters*

High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of blue horizontal-branch stars in six metal-poor globular clusters—M3, M13, M15, M68, M92, and NGC 288—reveal remarkable variations in photospheric composition and rotation velocity as a function of a star's position along the horizontal branch. For the cooler stars (Teff < 11,200 K), the derived abundances are in good agreement with the canonical cluster metallicities, and we find a wide range of v sin i rotation velocities, some as high as 40 km s-1. In the hotter stars, however, most metal species are strongly enhanced, by as much as 3 dex, relative to the expected cluster metallicity, while helium is depleted by 2 dex or more. In addition, the hot stars all rotate slowly, with v sin i < 8 km s-1. The anomalous abundances appear to be due to atomic diffusion mechanisms—gravitational settling of helium, and radiative levitation of metals—in the nonconvective atmospheres of these hot stars. We discuss the influence of these photospheric metal enhancements on the stars' photometric properties and explore possible explanations for the observed distribution of rotation velocities.
A stochastic multidimensional scaling procedure for the spatial representation of three-mode, three-way pick any/J data

This paper presents a new stochastic multidimensional scaling procedure for the analysis of three-mode, three-way pick any/J data. The method provides either a vector or ideal-point model to represent the structure in such data, as well as “floating” model specifications (e.g., different vectors or ideal points for different choice settings), and various reparameterization options that allow the coordinates of ideal points, vectors, or stimuli to be functions of specified background variables. A maximum likelihood procedure is utilized to estimate a joint space of row and column objects, as well as a set of weights depicting the third mode of the data. An algorithm using a conjugate gradient method with automatic restarts is developed to estimate the parameters of the models. A series of Monte Carlo analyses are carried out to investigate the performance of the algorithm under diverse data and model specification conditions, examine the statistical properties of the associated test statistic, and test the robustness of the procedure to departures from the independence assumptions. Finally, a consumer psychology application assessing the impact of situational influences on consumers' choice behavior is discussed.
Infinitely many regulator fields for chiral fermions

Abstract We show that two recent independent proposals for regularizing a chiral gauge theory stem from one common trick. If the anomaly free complex representation carried by the righthanded Fermi-fields is r one constructs a vector like theory with flavored right handed fermionic matter in r+ r but with a mass matrix of the order of the cutoff and having an index equal to unity in an infinite dimensional flavor space. We present a Pauli-Villars realization of the trick that is likely to work to all orders in perturbation theory and a lattice version which is argued to produce the correct continuum leading order fermionic contribution to the vacuum polarization tensor and readied for further perturbative checks.
An MCDM Model to Solve the Glass Industry Energy Problem

Abstract The United States glass industry is modeled as a multiple-objective linear programming problem with a focus on conserving energy. The crucial and conflicting criteria for evaluation of different energy conservation options are profit and consumption of natural gas, oil, and electricity. The newly developed interactive paired comparison method is applied to analyze and solve the problem.
Two- and Three-Particle Jet Correlations from STAR

Hard-soft charged hadron angular correlations are shown. Away-side associated 〈 p T 〉 is studied. Angular correlations with trigger baryon and meson are compared. Three-particle correlations are presented for the first time. Relativistic heavy-ion collisions may create the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a state of deconfined and thermalized quarks and gluons predicted by quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at high energy densities [F. Karsch, Nucl Phys A698 , 199c (2002)]. To study the medium created in heavy-ion collisions we use jets. Jets are used because they can be calculated by perturbative QCD and thus are well calibrated in the vacuum and because they can be modified by the medium and thus provide information about the medium [X.-N. Wang and M. Gyulassy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 1480 (1992); R. Baier, D. Schiff, and B.G. Zakharov, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 50 , 37 (2000)].
Real interference alignment and degrees of freedom region of wireless X networks

We consider a single hop wireless X network with K transmitters and J receivers, all with single antenna. Each transmitter conveys for each receiver an independent message. The channel is assumed to have constant coefficients. We develop interference alignment scheme for this setup and derived several achievable degrees of freedom regions. We show that in some cases, the derived region meets a previous outer bound and are hence the DoF region. For our achievability schemes, we divide each message into streams and use real interference alignment on the streams. Several previous results on the DoF region and total DoF for various special cases can be recovered from our result.
Functionalized Perfluorophenyl Azides: New Reagents for Photoaffinity Labeling

Abstract Several substituted perfluorophenyl azides capable of attachment to other molecules by an acylation reaction were synthesized for use as photoaffinity labeling reagents.
Nonabelian discrete symmetries, fermion mass textures and large neutrino mixing

Abstract Nonabelian discrete groups are an attractive tool to describe fermion masses and mixings. They have nonsinglet representations which seem particularly suitable for distinguishing the lighter generations from the heavier ones. Also, they do not suffer from the extra constraints a continuous group must obey, e.g. limits on extra particles. Some of the simplest groups are the nonabelian discrete subgroups of SO(3) and SU(2), the so called dihedral groups Dn and dicyclic groups Q2n, which both have only singlet and doublet representations. After studying which vacuum expectation value (VEV) directions of representations of dihedral and dicyclic groups preserve which subgroups, we construct a simple model based on the group Q6×Q6. The model reproduces the masses and mixings of all quarks and leptons, including neutrinos. It has a large mixing angle in the μ−τ neutrino sector, in accordance with the recent SuperKamiokande results, while keeping a small quark mixing in the bottom–charm sector. The reason is similar to the one found in the literature based on the SU(5) group: the large left handed mixing angle in the lepton sector corresponds to the large unphysical right handed in the down quark sector. The large mixing is also responsible for the different hierarchies of the two heaviest families in the up and down sector, and can be summarized as the order of magnitude relation: m s m b ∼ tan (θ μτ ) m c m t .
The Fried Average Entropy and Slow Entropy for Actions of Higher Rank Abelian Groups

We consider two numerical entropy-type invariants for actions of \({\mathbb{Z}^k}\) , invariant under a choice of generators and well-adapted for smooth actions whose individual elements have positive entropy. We concentrate on the maximal rank case, i.e. \({\mathbb{Z}^k,\,k \geq 2}\) actions on k + 1-dimensional manifolds. In this case we show that for a fixed dimension (or, equivalently, rank) each of the invariants determines the other and their values are closely related to regulators in algebraic number fields. In particular, in contrast with the classical case of \({{\mathbb Z}}\) actions the entropies of ergodic maximal rank actions take only countably many values. Our main result is the dichotomy that is best expressed under the assumption of weak mixing or, equivalently, no periodic factors: either both invariants vanish, or their values are bounded away from zero by universal constants. Furthermore, the lower bounds grow with dimension: for the first invariant (the Fried average entropy) exponentially, and for the second (the slow entropy) linearly.
Model systems for the study of poly(vinylidene chloride) degradation

Poly(vinylidene chloride) and copolymers which contain vinylidene chloride (VDC) as a major component undergo thermal degradative dehydrochlorination. Previous work has demonstrated that random double bonds introduced during polymerization/processing serve as the principal defect sites responsible for initiation of the dehydrochlorination reaction. However, residues from degradation of polymers of relatively high molecular weight tend to be crosslinked and relatively insoluble in most solvents. This prohibits the examination by instrumental techniques of these “products” of the degradation reaction. Low-molecular-weight model compounds prepared from appropriate multifunctional ketones or by telomerization of VDC monomer in carbon tetrachloride provide materials which upon degradation afford soluble residues which may be characterized by nmr spectroscopy. Initial results suggest that depolymerization/fragmentation can be a major degradation process for these materials.
Angular motion of a re-entering symmetric missile

For the case of cubic static-moment constant air density and no damping, the exact solution for the combined pitching and yawing motion of a symmetric missile can be expressed in terms of elliptic functions. A perturbation method that makes use of this exact solution is then developed to determine the effect of air-density variations and nonlinear aerodynamic Magnus and damping moments when the static moment is "strongly" nonlinear. Stability boundaries for initial conditions are computed, and the conditions for circular limit motions are derived. These circular limit motions have been experimentally observed and conditions for a possible nonlinear moment expansion have already been derived for a "slightly" nonlinear static moment by a quasilinear analysis. The various predictions of the approximate theory have been verified by numerical integration of the exact differential equations of motion. The great value of the methods developed lies in their ability to yield quickly the effect of various parameters and initial conditions on missile motion, thereby releasing the designer from the necessity of performing a large number of numerical integrations. The results of the theory, however, are limited to altitudes for which the density variations over a cycle of the motion is small (i.e., less than 10%).
Preparation and Applications of Lead Chalcogenide Diode Lasers

Lead chalcogenide diode lasers are useful for spectroscopic and fiber optics applications in the mid-infrared (2.5-30 μm) wavelength range. These devices have previously required cryogenic cooling (<100 K) for CW operation. This limitation has been overcome through the use of a new, lattice-matched alloy system, Pb1-xEuxSeyTe1-y as well as the introduction of advanced, quantum well active region device structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Operating temperatures have been increased to 175 K CW (at 4.4 μm) and to 270 K pulsed (at 3.9 μm). Thermal leakage currents out of the device active region appear to be limiting device performance. This has led to the study of band offsets in PbEuSeTe/PbTe heterojunctions as well as to exploration of alternative high energy band gap alloys of PbTe with Ge, Yb, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The status of this work and examples of ultrahigh resolution studies done with these tunable laser sources will be included.
Organisational, technical and marketing antecedents for successful new product development

Previous research in new product development has examined the role of organisational structure and marketing and technical skills and activities in encouraging successful innovation. This study examines the role played by organisational structure in supporting the marketing and technical/production activities in new product development, and direct and indirect effects of all of these antecedents on new product success. The goal of the study is to observe which factors lead to product success and to determine how they interconnect. Implications for new product management are provided in the concluding section.
When compassion fails

Stalin knew that people respond less strongly to mass murder than to individual tragedy. That's why emotion alone won't prevent genocide, says Paul Slovic
Nanoparticulate materials in antiquity: The good, the bad and the ugly

Abstract Combustion products, including soots (black carbon, BC) and multiwall carbon nanotubes have existed in antiquity and soots or BC have been used in inks and paints dating to thousands of years. Other mineral nanoparticles such as TiO2, Fe2O3 and NiO have also found uses in ancient inks and paints as well. Silver or nanosilver has had antibacterial uses spanning several thousand years to the present. But many nanoparticles and nanoparticulate aggregates are toxic to humans or animals and some cause cancers. For example wood soot (complex aggregates of nanospherules of intercalated graphene fragments and PAHs) was identified with scrotum cancer in chimney sweeps in 1775. Chrysotile asbestos, a remarkably multifunctional nanofiber having thousands of uses over nearly 2000 years is toxic and causes mesothelioma and other cancers. TEM and SEM images of these nanoparticulate materials provide a microscopic context for the representative examples.
Progression along the bipolar spectrum: A longitudinal study of predictors of conversion from bipolar spectrum conditions to bipolar I and II disorders

Little longitudinal research has examined progression to more severe bipolar disorders in individuals with "soft" bipolar spectrum conditions. We examine rates and predictors of progression to bipolar I and II diagnoses in a nonpatient sample of college-age participants (n = 201) with high General Behavior Inventory scores and childhood or adolescent onset of "soft" bipolar spectrum disorders followed longitudinally for 4.5 years from the Longitudinal Investigation of Bipolar Spectrum (LIBS) project. Of 57 individuals with initial cyclothymia or bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BiNOS) diagnoses, 42.1% progressed to a bipolar II diagnosis and 10.5% progressed to a bipolar I diagnosis. Of 144 individuals with initial bipolar II diagnoses, 17.4% progressed to a bipolar I diagnosis. Consistent with hypotheses derived from the clinical literature and the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) model of bipolar disorder, and controlling for relevant variables (length of follow-up, initial depressive and hypomanic symptoms, treatment-seeking, and family history), high BAS sensitivity (especially BAS Fun Seeking) predicted a greater likelihood of progression to bipolar II disorder, whereas early age of onset and high impulsivity predicted a greater likelihood of progression to bipolar I (high BAS sensitivity and Fun-Seeking also predicted progression to bipolar I when family history was not controlled). The interaction of high BAS and high Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivities also predicted greater likelihood of progression to bipolar I. We discuss implications of the findings for the bipolar spectrum concept, the BAS model of bipolar disorder, and early intervention efforts.
Site-directed mutagenesis using positive antibiotic selection.

Various mutsgenesis protocols have been established that use the hybridization of a mismatched oligonucleotide to prime DNA synthesis on an M13 phagemid template. For efficient mutagenesis, all of these methods require a means to select for the mutant strand before or during amplification in anEscherichia coli host. In the Altered Sites II protocol, the mismatched oligonucleotide and an oligonucleotide that restores antibiotic resistance to the phagemid are simultaneously hybridized to the template and coupled by DNA synthesis and ligation. The restored antibiotic resistance is then used to select only those phagemids which incorporate the antibiotic repair oligonucleotide. Generally, between 60 and 90% of the phagemids recovered will incorporate both oligonucleotides. This method provides a simple an efficient technique for introducing specific mutations into DNA.
Thermodynamics of ionization of hypophosphorous and phosphorous acids. Substituent effects on second row oxy acids

An NMR method has been used to determine the pKa values for H3PO2 and H3PO3 at 5, 25, 45, 65, and 85°C. The standard enthalpies and entropies of ionization of these acids are: for H3PO2 −12.69 kJ and −66.3 JK−1, for H3PO3 −14.86 kJ and −73.8 J K−1, and for H3PO4 −7.74 kJ and −67.1 J K−1. Because of its ability to participate in backbonding, substitution of OH for H leads to decreased acidity in the phosphorous oxy acid series.
Near oracle performance and block analysis of signal space greedy methods

Compressive sampling (CoSa) is a new methodology which demonstrates that sparse signals can be recovered from a small number of linear measurements. Greedy algorithms like CoSaMP have been designed for this recovery, and variants of these methods have been adapted to the case where sparsity is with respect to some arbitrary dictionary rather than an orthonormal basis. In this work we present an analysis of the so-called Signal Space CoSaMP method when the measurements are corrupted with mean-zero white Gaussian noise. We establish near-oracle performance for recovery of signals sparse in some arbitrary dictionary. In addition, we analyze the block variant of the method for signals whose supports obey a block structure, extending the method into the model-based compressed sensing framework. Numerical experiments confirm that the block method significantly outperforms the standard method in these settings.
H. W. Menard 1920–1986

A photograph of Bill Menard was on the cover of the January 7, 1986, issue of Eos, and on pages 8 and 9 of that issue, Marcia McNutt's citation in presenting the 1985 Bowie Medal and Bill's response were published. Only a month later, on February 9, Bill died of cancer. Today we remember in joy and sorrow the life of our friend: joy because he was able to do so much and live so intensely throughout the 40 years of his career as a seagoing scientist, and sorrow because we miss his warm, loving presence. Bill was an explorer, a scientist, a scholar, and a poet. He had the seeing eye, the powerful imagination, and the hard-working energy that are necessary to be either a scientist or a poet or, as in his case, both. He was a scholar because unlike many scientists, he was self-conscious and introspective about his science. Consequently, he was interested not only in the discovery of new scientific facts and the development of hypotheses to explain them but also in the history of his science, the individuals living and dead who had contributed to it, and the romance and adventure of life as a scientific sailor. His book Anatomy of an Expedition (McGraw-Hill, 1969) and his manuscript, about to be published by Princeton University Press, called Ocean of Truth are both poetic evocations of an oceanographer's life at sea and on the beach. In all that he did, he was generous to his colleagues and honest with them and with himself.
Statistical Measures on Residue-Level Protein Structural Properties

The atomic-level structural properties of proteins, such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles, have been well studied and understood based on either chemistry knowledge or statistical analysis. Similar properties on the residue-level, such as the distances between two residues and the angles formed by short sequences of residues, can be equally important for structural analysis and modeling, but these have not been examined and documented on a similar scale. While these properties are difficult to measure experimentally, they can be statistically estimated in meaningful ways based on their distributions in known proteins structures. Residue-level structural properties including various types of residue distances and angles are estimated statistically. A software package is built to provide direct access to the statistical data for the properties including some important correlations not previously investigated. The distributions of residue distances and angles may vary with varying sequences, but in most cases, are concentrated in some high probability ranges, corresponding to their frequent occurrences in either α-helices or β-sheets. Strong correlations among neighboring residue angles, similar to those between neighboring torsion angles at the atomic-level, are revealed based on their statistical measures. Residue-level statistical potentials can be defined using the statistical distributions and correlations of the residue distances and angles. Ramachandran-like plots for strongly correlated residue angles are plotted and analyzed. Their applications to structural evaluation and refinement are demonstrated. With the increase in both number and quality of known protein structures, many structural properties can be derived from sets of protein structures by statistical analysis and data mining, and these can even be used as a supplement to the experimental data for structure determinations. Indeed, the statistical measures on various types of residue distances and angles provide more systematic and quantitative assessments on these properties, which can otherwise be estimated only individually and qualitatively. Their distributions and correlations in known protein structures show their importance for providing insights into how proteins may fold naturally to various residue-level structures.
The Cosmological Significance of High-Velocity Cloud Complex H

We have used new and archival infrared and radio observations to search for a dwarf galaxy associated with the high-velocity cloud (HVC) known as 'complex H.' Complex H is a large (Ω ≳ 400 deg2) and probably nearby (d = 27 kpc) HVC whose location in the Galactic plane has hampered previous investigations of its stellar content. The H I mass of the cloud is 2.0 × 107 (d/27 kpc)2 M⊙, making complex H one of the most massive HVCs if its distance is more than ∼20 kpc. Virtually all similar H I clouds in other galaxy groups are associated with low surface brightness dwarf galaxies. We selected mid-infrared sources observed by the MSX satellite in the direction of complex H that appeared likely to be star-forming regions and observed them at the wavelength of the CO J = 1 → 0 rotational transition in order to determine their velocities. Of the 60 observed sources, 59 show emission at Milky Way velocities, and we detected no emission at velocities consistent with that of complex H. We use these observations to set an upper limit on the ongoing star formation rate in the HVC of ≲5 × 10-4 M⊙ yr-1. We also searched the 2MASS database for evidence of any dwarf-galaxy-like stellar population in the direction of the HVC and found no trace of a distant red giant population, with an upper limit on the stellar mass of ∼ 106 M⊙. Given the lack of evidence for either current star formation or an evolved population, we conclude that complex H cannot be a dwarf galaxy with properties similar to those of known dwarfs. Complex H is therefore one of the most massive known H I clouds that does not contain any stars. If complex H is self-gravitating, then this object is one of the few known dark galaxy candidates. These findings may offer observational support for the idea that the cold dark matter substructure problem is related to the difficulty of forming stars in low-mass dark matter halos; alternatively, complex H could be an example of a cold accretion flow onto the Milky Way. © 2006. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Distributed delayed stochastic optimization

We analyze the convergence of gradient-based optimization algorithms that base their updates on delayed stochastic gradient information. The main application of our results is to gradient-based distributed optimization algorithms where a master node performs parameter updates while worker nodes compute stochastic gradients based on local information in parallel, which may give rise to delays due to asynchrony. We take motivation from statistical problems where the size of the data is so large that it cannot fit on one computer; with the advent of huge datasets in biology, astronomy, and the internet, such problems are now common. Our main contribution is to show that for smooth stochastic problems, the delays are asymptotically negligible and we can achieve order-optimal convergence results. We show n-node architectures whose optimization error in stochastic problems—in spite of asynchronous delays—scales asymptotically as O(1/√nT) after T iterations. This rate is known to be optimal for a distributed system with n nodes even in the absence of delays. We additionally complement our theoretical results with numerical experiments on a logistic regression task.
Dad is out, POP is in

: Two major challenges face today's water professionals. The first is finding solutions to increasingly complicated water resources problems. The second challenge is nontechnical. It is effective interaction with the public recognizing both the public's increasingly elevated goals relative to water and the public's growing understanding of water science and technology. The traditional DAD approach, that is, decide-announce-defend, is no longer appropriate. The much more progressive, and inclusive POP approach, that is, public owns project, is more likely to be effective given the changing nature of the public's expectations and knowledge. A water resources planning or design effort that fails to include a public interaction program plans to fail. Described in this paper are three suggested objectives of the POP approach, namely demonstrating awareness, gathering supplemental data and information, and building a base of support. Having established specific objectives for a particular water resources project, appropriate public interaction programs and events must be selected, scheduled, and implemented. Many and varied programs and events are described in the paper.
Inclusion dependencies and their interaction with functional dependencies

Abstract Inclusion dependencies, or INDs (which can say, for example, that every manager is an employee) are studied, including their interaction with functional dependencies, or FDs. A simple complete axiomatization for INDs is presented, and the decision problem for INDs is shown to be PSPACE-complete. (The decision problem for INDs is the problem of determining whether or not Σ logically implies a, given a set Σ of INDs and a single IND a). It is shown that finite implication (implication over databases with a finite number of tuples) is the same as unrestricted implications for INDs, although finite implication and unrestricted implication are distinct for FDs and INDs taken together. It is shown that, although there are simple complete axiomatizations for FDs alone and for INDs alone, there is no complete axiomatization for FDs and INDs taken together, in which every rule is k-mary for some fixed k (and in particular, there is no finite complete axiomatization.) Thus, no k-mary axiomatization can fully describe the interaction between FDs and INDs. This is true whether we consider finite implication or unrestricted implication. In the case of finite implication, this result holds, even if no relation scheme has more than two attributes, and if all of the dependencies are unary (a dependency is unary if the left-hand side and right-hand side each contain only one attribute). In the case of unrestricted implication, the result holds, even if no relation scheme has more than three attributes, each FD is unary, and each IND is binary.
Solar Thermoelectric Generator for Micropower Applications

Solar thermoelectric generators (STG) using cheap parabolic concentrators with high-ZT modules can be a cost-effective alternative to solar photovoltaics for micropower generation. A thermodynamic analysis is presented for predicting the thermal-to-electrical conversion efficiency for the generator. With solar concentration of 66× suns, a system efficiency of 3% was measured for a commercial Bi2Te3 module with output power of 1.8 W. Using novel thermoelectric materials such as n-type ErAs:(InGaAs)1−x (InAlAs) x and p-type (AgSbTe) x (PbSnTe)1−x , a conversion efficiency of 5.6% can be achieved for a STG at 120× suns.
A LOGARITHMIC GENERALIZATION OF TENSOR PRODUCT THEORY FOR MODULES FOR A VERTEX OPERATOR ALGEBRA

We describe a logarithmic tensor product theory for certain module categories for a "conformal vertex algebra". In this theory, which is a natural, although intricate, generalization of earlier work of Huang and Lepowsky, we do not require the module categories to be semisimple, and we accommodate modules with generalized weight spaces. The corresponding intertwining operators contain logarithms of the variables.
Efficiency and technology gap in China's agriculture: A regional meta-frontier analysis

Abstract This paper utilizes a unique county-level dataset to examine technical efficiency and technology gap in China's agriculture. We classify the counties into four regions with distinctive levels of economic development, and hence production technologies. A meta-frontier analysis is used. We find that although the eastern counties have the highest efficiency scores with respect to the regional frontier but the northeastern region leads in terms of agricultural production technology nationwide. Meanwhile, the mean efficiency of the northeastern counties is particularly low, suggesting technology and knowledge diffusion within region might help to improve production efficiency and thus agricultural output.
Pn tomography of the western United States using USArray

[1] USArray has now provided several years of high-quality seismic data and improved ray coverage for much of the western United States, which will enable increased resolution for studies of the lithospheric and deeper structure of the North American continent. Here we analyze Pn arrival times from the transportable stations of USArray to resolve crustal thickness and uppermost mantle structure. We use 123,008 Pn picks from April 2004 to October 2009 as measured by the Array Network Facility at epicentral distances from 180 to 1450 km. These picks are derived from 778 stations at ∼70 km spacing and 7903 earthquakes and quarry blasts. Applying the classic time-term method, we use a regularized least squares inversion to estimate crustal thickness variations and image velocity perturbations in the uppermost mantle just below the Moho. We also consider upper mantle anisotropy and describe the velocity perturbations with a cos 2ϕ azimuthal variation. Our crustal thickness map generally agrees with receiver function results from other researchers but differs in some details. We obtain an average upper mantle velocity of 7.93 km/s, with higher velocities beneath eastern Washington and northern Idaho, and lower velocities near the California-Mexico border, the Sierra Nevada, the northern coastal California region, and the greater Yellowstone area. We observe large anisotropic anomalies in southern California as well as in the Snake River Plain area. These results should complement other seismic studies (e.g., body and surface wave tomography and shear wave splitting) to provide information about composition, temperature, and tectonic processes in the western United States.
(Trans)national Advocacy in the Ousting of Milošević: The Otpor Movement's Glocal Recursions

Over the past decade a remarkable number of revolutions worldwide imitated the touchstone youth movement Otpor, which played an influential role in ousting Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic in 2000. Given the continual presence of Western organizations and resources in Otpor's uprising, I argue that the movement demonstrates a type of communication termed glocal recursion—a rhetorical strategy that invites social change by imitating global methods of resistance, with slight variations, in local contexts. In addition to its time-based connotations (in which activists ground new messages in old texts), glocal recursion advances a space-based understanding of recursive appeals (with activists creating local messages from global structures). This essay analyzes four aspects of Otpor's glocal recursions, including its technological conditions, structured spontaneity, indigenous adaptations, and dialectical reappropriations. Various implications are drawn for communication research.
Self Avoiding Walks, the Language of Science, and Fibonacci Numbers

Abstract The self-avoiding walk, restricted to a strip, is considered in the context of linguistic combinatorics.
Observed Doppler Spectra of Hail

Abstract Observations of Doppler spectra from particles 610 m above the ground were obtained by means of a vertically pointing X-band radar during a period when large hail was falling at the ground. It was found that the variance of the Doppler spectrum was a fairly good indicator of maximum hailstone sizes. Calculations of ice-particle size spectra were made on the basis of assumptions of particle shape, composition and fallspeed. The many assumptions needed to bring calculated ice-sphere spectra into approximate conformity with observations indicates the complexity of this procedure and the need for at least another independent observation of a property of the hailstones. Measurements of depolarization might yield an independent estimate of particle shape. It is concluded that the pronounced minima in the backscattering curves of large ice spheres should serve as an independent indicator of the speed of vertical air motions.
Massless black holes and conifolds in string theory

Abstract Low-energy effective field theories arising from Calabi-Yau string compactifications are generically inconsistent or ill-defined at the classical level because of conifold singularities in the moduli space. It is shown, given a plausible assumption on the degenaracies of black hole states, that for type II theories this inconsistency can be cured by nonperturbative quantum effects: the singularities are resolved by the appearance of massless Ramond-Ramond black holes. The Wilsonian effective action including these light black holes is smooth near the conifold, and the singularity is reproduced when they are integrated out. In order for a quantum effect to cure a classical inconsistency, it can not be suppressed by the usual string coupling g s . It is shown how the required g s dependence arises as a result of the peculiar couplings of Ramond-Ramond gauge fields to the dilaton.
Ken Kunen: Algebraist

Abstract Although better known as a set theorist, Ken Kunen did important work in algebra, particularly in quasigroup theory and loop theory. This paper describes some of this work, especially his use of automated deduction tools, with a lot of attention given to projects done in collaboration with the author.
Conditions implying regularity of the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equation

We obtain logarithmic improvements for conditions for regularity of the Navier-Stokes equation, similar to those of Prodi-Serrin or Beale-Kato-Majda. Some of the proofs make use of a stochastic approach involving Feynman-Kac-like inequalities. As part of our methods, we give a different approach to a priori estimates of Foias, Guillope and Temam.
The Role of School-Based Health Centers in Increasing Universal and Targeted Delivery of Primary and Preventive Care Among Adolescents

BACKGROUND School-based health centers (SBHC) can provide equitable and comprehensive care for adolescents; yet, few studies have described how patterns of health service utilization differ among groups. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in utilization and perceptions of SBHC care among adolescents. METHODS This study sample included 414 adolescent respondents to the Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities User Survey. Three outcome measures represented utilization of care, while 4 represented perceptions of care. Multivariate logistic regressions modeled the effects of user characteristics on outcome measures. RESULTS There were few notable and significant differences in either utilization or perceptions of care, based on sociodemographic or health status characteristics. CONCLUSIONS SBHCs can eliminate differences in utilization based on sociodemographic characteristics. However, null findings show that they fall short in delivering comprehensive care to high-risk adolescents, and may not be capitalizing on opportunities to offer targeted services. Results showing positive perceptions of care suggest that adolescents would be amenable to additional counseling or education services offered at SBHCs. To foster positive health outcomes among adolescents, SBHC administrators should regularly evaluate their scope of services and support quality improvement efforts.
French, German, and Japanese FDI on intra-East Asian trade

In this paper we first document the growing importance of intra-East Asian trade in parts and components and capital goods facilitated by foreign direct investment (FDI). Japanese direct investment has a stronger influence on intra-East Asian trade relative to FDI from France and Germany. It is related to the roles of small and medium enterprises in the Japanese FDI in East and Southeast Asia.
Optical Spectroscopy of Diffuse Ionized Gas in M31

We have obtained sensitive long-slit spectra of diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in the Andromeda galaxy, M31, covering the wavelength range of 3550-6850 A. By co-adding extracted DIG spectra, we reached a 1 σ uncertainty of 9.3 × 10-19 ergs s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2 corresponding to 0.46 pc cm-6 in emission measure. We present average spectra of DIG at four brightness levels with emission measures ranging from 9 to 59 pc cm-6. We present the first measurements of [O II] λ3727 and [O III] λ5007 of the truly diffuse ionized medium in the disk of an external spiral galaxy. We find that I[O II]/IHα = 0.9-1.4. The [O III] line is weak (I[O III]/IHβ = 0.5), but it is stronger than found for the Galactic DIG. Measurements of [N II] λ6583 and [S II] (λ6717 + λ6731) are also presented. The [S II] lines are clearly stronger than typical H II regions (I[S II]/IHα = 0.5 compared to 0.2), confirming various imaging studies of spiral galaxies. Overall, the line ratios are in agreement with predictions of photoionization models for diffuse gas exposed to a dilute stellar radiation field, but the line ratios of the DIG in M31 are somewhat different than observed for Galactic DIG. The differences indicate a less diluted radiation field in the DIG of M31's spiral arms compared to DIG in the Solar Neighborhood of the Milky Way. Turbulent mixing layers can contribute at most 20% of the ionization budget of the DIG, with lower percentages producing better fits to the observed line ratios. We have also detected He I λ5876 emission from the brightest DIG in M31. The He I line appears to be stronger than in the Galactic DIG, possibly indicating that most of the Helium in the bright DIG in M31 is fully ionized. However, this result is somewhat tentative since bright night sky lines hamper an accurate measurement of the He I line strength.
Application of a Reynolds stress turbulence model to the compressible shear layer

Theoretically based turbulence models have had success in predicting many features of incompressible, free shear layers. However, attempts to extend these models to the high-speed, compressible shear layer have been less effective. In the present work, the compressible shear layer was studied with a second-order turbulence closure, which initially used only variable density extensions of incompressible models for the Reynolds stress transport equation and the dissipation rate transport equation. The quasi-incompressible closure was unsuccessful; the predicted effect of the convective Mach number on the shear layer growth rate was significantly smaller than that observed in experiments. Having thus confirmed that compressibility effects have to be explicitly considered, a new model for the compressible dissipation was introduced into the closure. This model is based on a low Mach number, asymptotic analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations, and on direct numerical simulation of compressible, isotropic turbulence. The use of the new model for the compressible dissipation led to good agreement of the computed growth rates with the experimental data. Both the computations and the experiments indicate a dramatic reduction in the growth rate when the convective Mach number is increased. Experimental data on the normalized maximum turbulence intensities and shear stress also show a reduction with increasing Mach number.
Esophageal acid stimulation alters insular cortex functional connectivity in gastroesophageal reflux disease

Background The insula plays a significant role in the interoceptive processing of visceral stimuli. We have previously shown that GERD patients have increased insular cortex activity during esophageal stimulation, suggesting a sensitized esophago-cortical neuraxis. However, information regarding the functional connectivity (FC) of the insula during visceral stimulation is lacking. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the FC of insular subregions during esophageal acid stimulation.
Left-orderable groups that don't act on the line

We show that the group \(\mathcal {G}_\infty \) of germs at infinity of orientation-preserving homeomorphisms of \(\mathbb {R}\) admits no action on the line. This gives an example of a left-orderable group of the same cardinality as \({{\mathrm{Homeo}}}_+(\mathbb {R})\) that does not embed in \({{\mathrm{Homeo}}}_+(\mathbb {R})\). As an application of our techniques, we construct a finitely generated group \(\varGamma \subset \mathcal {G}_\infty \) that does not extend to \({{\mathrm{Homeo}}}_+(\mathbb {R})\) and, separately, extend a theorem of E. Militon on homomorphisms between groups of homeomorphisms.
Physical (ir)relevance of ambiguities to Lorentz and CPT violation in QED

We discuss the regularization and renormalization of QED with Lorentz and CPT violation, and argue that the coefficient of the Chern-Simons term is an independent parameter not determined by gauge invariance. We also study these issues in a model with spontaneous breaking of Lorentz and CPT symmetries and find an explicit relation with the ABJ anomaly. This explains the observed convergence of the induced Chern-Simons term.
Asset storability and hedging effectiveness in commodity futures markets

This paper examines risk minimization hedging effectiveness for major storable and nonstorable agricultural commodity futures markets. Based on the error correction model - bivariate GARCH frameworks, some evidence is found that the hedging effectiveness is stronger for storable commodities than nonstorable commodities under consideration. The finding illustrates an important difference between storable and nonstorable commodities with regard to their hedging function.
Aeroelastic stability characteristics of cylindrical shells considering imperfections and edge constraint.

Abstract : Recent wind tunnel results indicate that the existing cylindrical shell aeroelastic stability theories are generally nonconservative. Therefore, some type of destabilizing mechanism is needed in the present theory to enhance correlation with experiment. In the paper, the dynamic stability behavior of thin circular cylindrical shells subjected to a supersonic flow field is investigated theoretically and compared with existing experimental data. Combined effects of axisymmetric initial geometric imperfections, radial edge constraint, and prestability deformations are considered. The cylinder's motion is described with nonlinear Donnell type shell equations coupled with a linear 'piston theory' aerodynamic approximation. A modal type approach employing Galerkin's approximate technique is used to investigate the dynamic stability about the shell's deformed middle surface. Prestability deformations alone have been shown to have very little influence on the aeroelastic stability behavior of very thin shells. However, with the inclusion of initial imperfections, the combined effect is destabilizing. The resulting aeroelastic stability boundaries correlate quite well with existing experimental data. (Author)