cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threshold krypton charge-state distributions coincident with K-shell fluorescence

Measurements of Kr{sup q+} yields in coincidence with K-shell fluorescence, as incident x-ray energy is varied across the K-shell threshold, are reported. Near threshold, we observe slight variations in the branching ratios as a function of energy, which are connected with the different behaviors of the flux-normalized partial yields for each q. The lower-q yields show a resonance peak near threshold superimposed on a smoothly rising edge, whereas the higher-q yields show only a smooth rise. A simple model is developed which accounts for these features, incorporating both the threshold photoexcitation and the cascade behavior of the spectator electrons.
Computer simulation of viscous suspensions

Computer simulation of multiphase flows has grown dramatically in the last decade. Problems as diverse as the Brownian motion of small colloidal particles or single DNA molecules, the rheology of dense suspensions and emulsions, and the dynamics of bubbly liquids have been addressed by dynamic simulation. This paper traces the development of the methodologies used to simulate multiphase, particulate systems. A central feature in these problems is to properly account for the hydrodynamic interactions among particles, which has been accomplished rigorously and successfully in the case of small particle Reynolds numbers and in the limit of inviscid flow at high Reynolds numbers. Examples showing how hydrodynamic forces influence suspension structure and determine macroscopic behavior for viscous suspensions are given.
RALPH WENDELL BURHOE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

. Ralph Burhoe has sought to preserve “traditional religious wisdom,” but he emphasizes science as a new revelation. His relation to philosophical positivism and his insistence on including in a scientific theology only views that reflect the scientific worldview constitute major philosophical and theological problems. This essay considers the influence of several historical precursors—Francis Ellingwood Abbot, George Burman Foster, and Shailer Mathews of the “Chicago School” of theology, Douglas Clyde Macintosh, and, especially, Henry Nelson Wieman—which has contributed to a favorable reception of Burhoe's ideas. Social problems such as the youth revolution of the 1960s and indifference to the lack of intellectual credibility of religious beliefs have, however, hindered reception of his ideas. The conclusion notes some tasks that must yet be accomplished in order to continue Burhoe's work, particularly that of increasing the general level of education in the sciences.
The 20 percent question and some possible solutions.

There is presently in wide use throughout the United States an assumption that alcohol treatment programs should be geared toward handling 20% of the alcohol problem prevalence population. This 20% figure has become so widely accepted that it is now almost axiomatic. The most frequently offered reason for its use is that “many other states use it.” The present discussion raises questions about the foundations upon which the 20% assumption is based. It then describes recent efforts to seek solutions to these and related questions.
Risks, Fixers, and Zeal: Implementing Experimental Treatments for Violent Juvenile Offenders

Implementation is a critical factor in the evaluation of correctional interventions. This study analyzes the implementation of experimental intervention programs for chronically violent delinquents in four urban juvenile justice systems. The strength and integrity of implementation varied across sites, depending on the program element and type of measurement. Some aspects of experimental programs were evident in mainstream corrections programs, suggesting that implementation is a continuous variable whose strength is relative to antecedent conditions. Political, organizational, and ideological factors influenced implementation: effective leadership, dissatisfaction with existing conditions, risk taking, and a commitment to innovation and experimentation. The results show that, where theory and program design are thoroughly implemented, treatment programs can be established to reintegrate violent youths into the community with new social skills and behaviors.
Oxygen detection using nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide sensors

The objective of this work has been the analysis of the impedance variation of nanostructured sensors in the presence of several gases at different temperatures. This sensor employs platinum nanowires grown in anodic aluminum oxide to detect the gases. Silicon wafers were oxidized to form silicon dioxide and were sputter deposited with titanium tungstide and aluminum metal. The aluminum film was subsequently anodized to form nonporous anodic aluminum oxide. Platinum metal was filled in these pores by the process of electropolymerization to form encapsulated nanowires. Surface morphology characteristics were determined using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A subsequent metallization process using evaporation deposited gold metal to form electrical contacts. Variations in the electrical response of the sensor in the presence of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen at 5°C, 25°C and 40°C are presented in this work.
Truth, yardsticks and language-games

L'A. s'interesse a la derniere phase de la philosophie de L. Wittgenstein dont il retrace ici le developpement. Il s'attaque aux theses que le philosophe soutient dans le Tractatus logico-philosophicus a propos de la theorie du langage et de son rapport a la verite. Il critique en effet la vision que J.J.C. Smart developpe dans ses travaux a ce sujet. L'A. montre que Wittgenstein a par la suite renonce a certaines notions du Tractatus : toutefois il a renonce non a la comprehension de la connexion entre verite et langage, comme on le croit souvent, mais au cadre conceptuel qui soutient ces notions
Targeting mutated tyrosine kinases in the therapy of myeloid leukaemias

Myeloid leukaemias are frequently associated with translocations and mutations of tyrosine kinase genes. The products of these oncogenes, including BCR–ABL, TEL–PDGFR, Flt3 and c-Kit, have elevated tyrosine kinase activity and transform haematopoietic cells, mainly by augmentation of proliferation and enhanced viability. Activated ABL kinases are associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Mutations in platelet-derived growth factor receptor β are associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Flt3 or c-Kit cooperate with other types of oncogenes to create fully transformed acute leukaemias. Elevated activity of these tyrosine kinases is crucial for transformation, thus making the kinase domain an ideal target for therapeutic intervention. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for various kinases are currently being evaluated in clinical trials and are potentially useful therapeutic agents in myeloid leukaemias. Here, the authors review the signalling activities, mechanism of transformation and therapeutic targeti...
Exercise in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders

Summary The Defense Women's Health Research Initiative commissioned a review of the literature of women's health issues. This was performed and published by the Institute of Medicine. In this publication it was noted that health promotion and disease prevention in women should be an area of high priority for military medicine. This article details some of the ways in which exercise may make substantial contributions to this goal. The available evidence indicates that there is an inverse association between physical activity and a variety of chronic diseases. Moreover, physical activity appears to influence psychological well-being. Aerobic exercise is the mode most frequently studied, and appears to confer positive changes, but other forms of exercise may prove to be equally beneficial. However, the appropriate duration, intensity, and frequency of the exercise have not been determined for any of these chronic health problems and must be considered before global recommendations can be offered. Efforts to promote physical activity within the community, schools, and homes must be initiated to achieve the goals set forth in Healthy People 2000, so the health of our women can improve. Future studies will be required to identify mechanisms whereby physical activity confers benefit.
North-south interactions in the presence of trade in environmental permits: a structuralist investigation.

This article develops a structuralist framework to analyse a world where production requires emission permits. International agreements bind Northern output whilst leaving room for the South under the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’. Act I considers the effects of reducing Northern output through tighter emission regulations. In the short run, traditional structuralist results such as a negative effect on Southern terms of trade and accumulation follow. In the long run the impact of Northern regulation is ‘bottled up’ within that region. This latter property vanishes once Act II allows for the creation of international permit markets. Permit trade relaxes the Northern output constraint whilst also establishing a channel through which the North directly influences Southern permit prices. The result in the short run is to reverse the effects of tighter Northern regulation on relative Southern terms of trade and accumulation, which now increase. In the long run, international permit trade leads to increased variability in the (1) global distribution of capital in response to tighter Northern regulation, and (2) intensity of Northern emissions in response to tighter Southern regulation. Thus, globalised permit exchanges generate new trade-offs between the global distribution of capital and environmental efficiency.
A new method for treating carcinomatous biliary obstruction with intracatheter radium

We describe a new method for relieving biliary obstruction due to malignant solid tumors. The method consists of placement of radium needles in a Ring biliary drainage catheter for three days. After removing the radium needles, the catheter is left in place to allow for repair of irradiated tissues, then it is removed. The object is to leave the patient with a patent biliary tree without a biliary drainage prosthesis. The clinical course of six patients treated by this method is described, and the autopsy findings in three cases are outlined. Three patients died with a serum total bilirubin ranging from 1--4.5 mg/100 ml, two to three months after removing the drainage catheter. Two patients died before the bile drainage catheter could be removed. One patient is alive with a bile drainage catheter in place. Possible modifications in technique and catheters are being considered.
Coronary artery disease management with ivabradine in clinical practice

The presence of limiting angina can have a profound impact on the quality of life of patients with stable CAD, and may affect prognosis. Limiting angina symptoms are independently predictive of adverse outcomes. The aims of treating angina are to minimize or abolish symptoms and/or ischemia and to improve prognosis. Elevated HR plays an important role in the development and progression of coronary atherosclerosis, triggering ischemic events through an increase in myocardial oxygen demand and a reduction in diastolic perfusion. Reducing the HR can reduce the symptoms as well as improve the prognosis as shown in Beautiful trial. Ivabradine, a specific inhibitor of the If current in the sinoatrial node, resulting in heart rate reduction, is currently indicated for the treatment of chronic stable angina in CAD patients with a contraindication or intolerance to beta-blockers or in combination with beta-blockers in patients inadequately controlled and whose HR is above 60 bpm. In patients with a contraindication to beta blockers, ivabradine remains a preferred option as it has a well-documented antiischemic and antianginal efficacy through HR slowing at least comparable to that of beta-blockers, along with an excellent safety and tolerability. Therefore, ivabradine represents an important addition to the current options of different anti-ischemic agents that are available, with an impact in symptom relief as well as patient outcome.
Sodium-dependent transport by cultured proximal tubule cells

A method is described for determining Na+-dependent solute uptake by an established cell line derived from opossum kidney. A description is included of the use of thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormone to study hormonal regulation of the Na+/phosphate cotransport system. The protocol uses cells grown in monolayer culture in 24-well plates, a system that facilitates rapid and efficient handling of many samples exposed to different conditions within the same experiment.
Governance and organisational effectiveness: towards a theory of government performance

Research on the determinants of government performance has identified numerous factors bearing on effective governance and government's role in it. However, understanding of how these factors are causally inter-related is limited. We take as our point of departure a multi-level analytic framework termed a logic of governance (LOG), previously used to reveal patterns of causality in governance based on hundreds of published research publications. Using a revised LOG, we reinterpret the earlier analysis in terms of organisational effectiveness indicators, and identify patterns of causal interaction in 300 more recent research articles. We formulate a multi-level model of governance that postulates how public policy and management interact to affect government outputs and outcomes. We hypothesise that the exercise of hierarchical authority is more fundamental to performance than has been acknowledged by governance scholars. We challenge the argument that advanced democracies are moving towards “governance without government”.
Innovative explorations in apparel design to create engineered outfits with lighting technologies

The future of innovation in clothing lies within wearable technologies, advanced design development processes and advanced construction techniques. The integration of functional apparel design and engineering has attracted a lot of attention in the last decade. The objective of our work is to explore new avenues that connect design and technology, and to improve upon traditional techniques in apparel product development and construction. We will discuss the techniques used in our research project to explore fast prototyping techniques including laser cutting, 3D body scanning, draping on a half scale mannequin, 3D printing, and the inclusion of wearable electronics. The use of these fast prototyping techniques can reduce the cost in production and simplify the development process [1].
Community without Propinquity Revisited: Communications Technology and the Transformation of the Urban Public Sphere

Recent discussions of the Internet have touted “virtual community” and a capacity to enhance citizen power in democracies. The present essay (a) calls for a more rigorous understanding of community; (b) suggests that relationships forged with the aid of electronic technology may do more to foster “categorical identities” than they do dense, multiplex, and systematic networks of relationships; and (c) argues that an emphasis on community needs to be complemented by more direct attention to the social bases of discursive publics that engage people across lines of basic difference in collective identities. Previous protest movements have shown that communications media have an ambiguous mix of effects. They do facilitate popular mobilization, but they also make it easy for relatively ephemeral protest activity to outstrip organizational roots. They also encourage governments to avoid concentrating their power in specific spatial locations and thus make revolution in some ways more difficult.
Dopaminergic Pathways and Gonadotropin Releasing Factors

There is an imposing array of evidence which indicates that the anterior pituitary is a gland under neural control but lacking a secretomotor innervation. Instead, there is the hypophyseal portal system of veins which provides a specialized vascular link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. The first concept was that hypothalamic impulses for the discharge of trophic hormones might be some general synaptic mediators, released from nerve endings into capillary loops of the median eminence and then transported via the portal circulation into the sinusoids of the anterior lobe (Hinsey, 1937; Green and Harris, 1949). Stalk portal vessels and neural lobe portal vessels join the sinusoids in the pars distalis (for ref. see Porter, Hines, Smith, Repass and Smith, 1967). Although the interest has been focused on the stalk portal vessels (Green and Harris, 1949), the posterior lobe hormones were early considered as possible mediators for the release of the tropic hormones. This hypothesis was based partially on certain stimulating effects of the posterior lobe hormones on the adenohypophysis (Martini, 1954; McCann and Dhariwal, 1966).
Causation, influence, and effluence

1. Influence Lewis proposes that C causes E iff C stands in the ancestral of counterfactual influence1 to E. C stands in the ancestral of counterfactual influence to E iff there is a chain of events D1, D2, ... , Dn (for n 2 0) such that C influences D1, D1 influences D2, ... , Dn influences E.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior Teachers' Attitudes and their Technical Assistance Needs

Thirty-four elementary and 22 secondary teachers responded to Walker and Rankin's SBS Inventory, which assesses teachers' expectations regarding students' behavior and the types of problems for which they require technical assistance. Ratings of behaviors as critical or unacceptable were generally consistent with previous research. Teachers disagreed, however, about their needs for technical assistance. Approximately 20% considered many behaviors critical or unacceptable, but indicated willingness to take responsibility for teaching pupils who lack critical skills or exhibit unacceptable behavior without technical assistance. Nearly 30% considered many behaviors critical or unacceptable but were unwilling to accept responsibility for pupils without technical assistance. About 30% considered relatively few behaviors critical or unacceptable but were willing to take responsibility for them. About 20% considered few behaviors critical or unacceptable but were unwilling to take responsibility for them. Extrem...
Threat modeling using attack trees

A common practice for studying the risk to a business is based on risk management principles. I.e., security resources are applied to vulnerabilities that pose the greatest risk to the business. Several processes for identifying and prioritizing risk are proposed in the literature. One of the most effective is threat modeling. Traditional trust modeling thought in academia involved mostly mathematical and theoretical concepts and using computer-security company marketing literature/jargon making it very hard to understand or analyze. This paper presents a practical, high-level guide to understand the concepts of threat modeling to students in an introductory level Security course or even a Managerial course. We use the concept of Attack Trees to this end. Attack Trees are conceptual diagrams of threats on systems and possible attacks to reach those threats. Here, we first provide a brief introduction to Attack Trees and then we consider Globus systems to illustrate how Attack Trees could be used to analyze their security. We specifically evaluate the security of MyProxy system, an important security subsystem part of Globus toolkit for Grid Computing.
Enhanced statistical rankings via targeted data collection

Given a graph where vertices represent alternatives and pairwise comparison data, yij, is given on the edges, the statistical ranking problem is to find a potential function, defined on the vertices, such that the gradient of the potential function agrees with pairwise comparisons. We study the dependence of the statistical ranking problem on the available pairwise data, i.e., pairs (i,j) for which the pairwise comparison data yij is known, and propose a framework to identify data which, when augmented with the current dataset, maximally increases the Fisher information of the ranking. Under certain assumptions, the data collection problem decouples, reducing to a problem of finding an edge set on the graph (with a fixed number of edges) such that the second eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian is maximal. This reduction of the data collection problem to a spectral graph-theoretic question is one of the primary contributions of this work. As an application, we study the Yahoo! Movie user rating dataset and demonstrate that the addition of a small number of well-chosen pairwise comparisons can significantly increase the Fisher informativeness of the ranking.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Correlates of Children's Placement Preferences

Examining factors that influence perceptions of foster children contributes rich information to scholars studying issues concerning child well-being and successful adjustment in transitional environments. Grounded in attachment theory and social capital theory, the predicting constructs were measured as the strength of bonds between foster children and foster parents and the availability and access to resources. This research investigated the association of sociodemographic characteristics, attachment to caregivers, and levels of social capital with permanency preferences and placement expectations of 317 children, ages 6–14 years, in foster or kinship care. Generalized ordered logistic regressions indicate children with access to other relatives for help with a serious problem are more likely to be classified in the group who want permanency with adoption at their current placements. Older children are less likely than younger children to ultimately want to go home versus adopted. In addition, children w...
Teaching graphics processing and architecture using a hardware prototyping approach

Since its introduction over two decades ago, graphics hardware has continued to evolve to improve rendering performance and increase programmability. While most undergraduate courses in computer graphics focus on rendering algorithms and programming APIs, we have recently created an undergraduate senior elective course that focuses on graphics processing and architecture, with a strong emphasis on laboratory work targeting hardware prototyping of the 3D rendering pipeline. In this paper, we present the overall course layout and FPGA-based laboratory infrastructure, that by the end of the semester enables students to implement an OpenGL-compliant graphics processor. To our knowledge, this class is the first that takes a hardware prototyping approach to teaching computer graphics and architecture.
Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: an Overview

The present review discusses strategies for minimizing the ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) experienced during liver surgery and transplantation. We present the experimental models used to study the complexity of hepatic IRI and new surgical and pharmacologic strategies for manipulating and improving liver function after liver surgery and transplantation. This would be of clinical interest to reduce the prevalence of IRI and improve patient management and outcomes. The ongoing effort to expand the pool of usable liver grafts has made it clear that a better understanding of the mechanisms of IRI and other consequences of using expanded criteria donor (ECD) liver allografts are critical to improving results with these grafts.
Hospital Computing and the Costs and Quality of Care: A National Study

BACKGROUND: Many believe that computerization will improve health care quality, reduce costs, and increase administrative efficiency. However, no previous studies have examined computerization’s cost and quality impacts at a diverse national sample of hospitals. METHODS: We linked data from an annual survey of computerization at approximately 4000 hospitals for the period from 2003 to 2007 with administrative cost data from Medicare Cost Reports and cost and quality data from the 2008 Dartmouth Health Atlas. We calculated an overall computerization score and 3 subscores based on 24 individual computer applications, including the use of computerized practitioner order entry and electronic medical records. We analyzed whether more computerized hospitals had lower costs of care or administration, or better quality. We also compared hospitals included on a list of the “100 Most Wired” with others. RESULTS: More computerized hospitals had higher total costs in bivariate analyses (r0.06, P.001) but not multivariate analyses (P.69). Neither overall computerization scores nor subscores were consistently related to administrative costs, but hospitals that increased computerization faster had more rapid administrative cost increases (P.0001). Higher overall computerization scores correlated weakly with better quality scores for acute myocardial infarction (r0.07, P.003), but not for heart failure, pneumonia, or the 3 conditions combined. In multivariate analyses, more computerized hospitals had slightly better quality. Hospitals on the “Most Wired” list performed no better than others on quality, costs, or administrative costs. CONCLUSION: As currently implemented, hospital computing might modestly improve process measures
Thinking On The Margin: A Classroom Experiment

In this paper I describe a homework assignment paired with a classroom experiment to help students see the benefits of marginal analysis.
Management by Objectives: As Developed by Peter Drucker, Assisted by Harold Smiddy

In this article, I discuss the early development of the philosophy and concept of management by objectives (MBO) as it has been traditionally defined in the literature. Peter Drucker worked out the philosophic foundations of MBO with the assistance of Harold Smiddy of the General Electric Company, who was already putting the “manager's letter” concept into practice in the late 1940s.
OH Radical-induced Products of Tyrosine Peptides

SummaryReactions of radiation-generated OH radicals with tyrosine and its homopeptides, i.e. l-Tyr-l-Tyr and l-Tyr-l-Tyr-l-Tyr, in N2O saturated solutions were shown to give crosslinks between the peptide chains with high yields. High-performance liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used for isolation and identification of the monomeric and dimeric products. Evidence is presented for the crosslinking to occur through C-C and C-O-C bonds. To the best of our knowledge, the formation of the ether type of crosslink is demonstrated for the first time. Mechanisms of product formation are also discussed, which involve radicals that were described in previous pulse radiolysis studies.
Intra-arterial chemotherapy for brain tumors.

Direct comparisons of theoretical modeling with actual drug delivery can lead to improved brain tumor therapy. In this study, normal and brain tumor-bearing rabbits received infusions of BCNU, or carmustine (1,3-bis [2-chlorethyl]-l-nitrosourea), with ethanol or hyperoxygenated perfluorocarbons as B C N U diluent. When ethanol was used as a diluent, right (infused) hemisphere deft (noninfused) hemisphere ratios of BCNU concentrations in both rabbit groups were markedly lower than had been predicted with theoretical pharmacokinetic modeling. When perfluorocarbons were used as a diluent, ratios of BCNU were significantly improved. These laboratory studies were directly translated into a two-phase protocol for human brain tumor patients. This combined research program demonstrates the successful integration of laboratory and clinical programs.
Reliability and Validity of Type D Personality Scale (DS14) in Chinese Cardiac Heart Disease Population

Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of Chinese version of Type D personality Scale in Chinese cardiac heart disease population. Methods: A questionnaire was given to 82 patients with CHD, 185 patients with primary hypertension and 215 healthy people for exploration factor analysis, and 180 subjects were collected for confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Our results showed a high internal consistency reliability level measured by Cronbach’s al- pha coefficients, of which NA were 0.88 for healthy people, 0.86 for hypertension people and 0.87 for CHD; and SI were 0.76 for health, 0.70 for hypertension patients, 0.76 for CHD. Factor analysis of DS14 extracted two factors. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-dimension structure (χ2/df=1.49,GFI=0.85,CFI=0.94,TLI=0.93,RMSEA=0.07). Conclusion: Chinese version of DS14 is a reliable and valid measure for assessing type D personality.
Colitis detection on computed tomography using regional convolutional neural networks

Colitis is inflammation of the colon that is frequently associated with infection and immune compromise. The wall of a colon afflicted with colitis is much thicker than normal. Colitis can be debilitating or life threatening, and early detection is essential to initiate proper treatment. In this work, we apply high-capacity convolutional neural net-works (CNNs) to bottom-up region proposals to detect potential colitis on CT scans. Our method first generates around 3000 category-independent region proposals for each slice of the input CT scan using selective search. Then, a fixed-length feature vector is extracted from each region proposal using a CNN. Finally, each region proposal is classified and assigned a confidence score with a linear SVM. We applied the detection method to 448 images from 56 CT scans of patients with colitis for evaluation. The detection system achieved 85% sensitivity at 1 false positive per image.
A Complete History of the Social, Health, and Political Context of the School Gardening Movement in the United States: 1840–2014

ABSTRACTEarly 19th-century educators established school gardens with the same intent as today: to create a meaningful learning environment that connects students with food and nature. What has been more varied and less explored are the social, health, and political contexts behind the ebb and flow of support for school garden over the past 150 years, with this kind of exploration about the last few decades being particularly absent. This article demonstrates how school gardens are a mainstay in the United States as a result of their fluidity and unique ability to attach to important social, health, and political issues.
Comparing the Adequacy of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) and Hemodialysis

Inadequate dialysis is easier to define and recognize than adequate dialysis. With hemodialysis, values of the Kt/V urea index 1.7 being the minimum recommended for adequacy. Pilot clinical studies in 19 patients demonstrate agreement with urea kinetic model predictions concerning the relationship between blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Kt/V and protein catabolic rate. In 74% of the clinical observations there was agreement between assessment of adequacy with Kt/V and a clinical assessment score used at the University of Missouri. Lack of agreement in the remaining observations is being investigated.
Anticloning Laws Violate the Equal Protection Guarantee

Chapter 10 established that laws against human reproductive cloning discriminate against human clones, a suspect class. That human clones will experience injuries substantial enough to give them the standing to bring an equal protection challenge to such anticloning laws was explained in Chapter 11. This chapter presents the final link in the chain of analysis. Even if anticloning laws discriminate against a suspect class, it does not automatically follow that the laws are invalid because no constitutional right is absolute. Given that a suspect class is involved, however, the courts must subject the anticloning laws to the most rigorous level of judicial review, which is known as strict scrutiny. If the laws cannot survive strict scrutiny, they are unconstitutional and invalid as written or applied. Strict scrutiny has two prongs. First, the law must serve a compelling governmental interest; second, the law must be narrowly tailored to serve that interest. In other words, the government must advance its compelling interest by the least restrictive means available. This chapter considers whether any of the five objections present a compelling reason to ban human reproductive cloning. Also addressed is whether anticloning laws advance governmental interests by the least restrictive means available, as strict scrutiny requires. In the interest of clarity, the constitutional analysis is organized consistently with Parts 1 and 2 of this book.
Politics in Bradford 1850–1900

In 1853, the Reverend Jonathan Glyde, a prominent Nonconformist minister, expressed what many consider to be the essence of mid-Victorian Liberalism, Political reforms must move forward, and although men may cease to expect direct accessions of happpiness and comfort, from the possession of either political or municipal franchises, the principles of equity and freedom must be fully embodied in our institutions.1
“What is a Family Association?”: The Civic Discourse of Familiarismo

The article entitled “What is a Family Association?”, published in the official mouthpiece of theDelegado Nacional de Asociaciones (DNA) in 1968, provides a window into the broader discursive phenomenon that came to be labeled the movmiento familiarista, or simply familiarismo.3 Through internal publications, regional and national conferences, general press coverage, and the national network of Movimiento personnel, the thousands of individual family associations became discursively linked in a broader project, a master “frame” that transcended specific local issues and practices.4 Within the emerging associational milieu, the family association movement produced one version of a civic discourse that could explain the logic of associationism and assign meaning to the idea of civic participation.5 At the heart of the familiarista discourse was defining a role for popular participation in public affairs within a collaborative model of cooperation between ordinary Spaniards and the government. This collaborative model of state/citizen interaction distinguished the family association discourse from the more reivindicativa (demanding) participatory discourse developed by the Asociaciones de Vecinos (AV). While sharing an investment in civic participation, the two discourses competed within the broader “field” of the associational milieu to fix the meaning of key concepts that would explain their purpose in the social order.6
Penile Traction Device Training

Penile traction has been adapted from use in other specialties like orthopedics and plastic surgery as a tool to increase or regain penile length. Small studies on the use of traction in Peyronie’s patients have shown modest improvements in curvature and stretched flaccid length. Changes in stretched flaccid penile length have been reported to range from 0.5 to 2 cm.
Nonrigid band shift and nonmonotonic electronic structure changes upon doping in the normal state of the pnictide high-temperature superconductor Ba ( F e 1 − x C o x ) 2 A s 2

We report systematic angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) experiments using different photon polarizations and experimental geometries and find that the doping evolution of the normal state of $\mathrm{Ba}{(\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{x})}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$ deviates significantly from the predictions of a rigid band model. The data reveal a nonmonotonic dependence upon doping of key quantities such as band filling, bandwidth of the electron pocket, and quasiparticle coherence. Our analysis suggests that the observed phenomenology and the inapplicability of the rigid band model in Co-doped Ba122 are due to electronic correlations, and not to the either the strength of the impurity potential, or self-energy effects due to impurity scattering. Our findings indicate that the effects of doping in pnictides are much more complicated than currently believed. More generally, they indicate that a deep understanding of the evolution of the electronic properties of the normal state, which requires an understanding of the doping process, remains elusive even for the 122 iron-pnictides, which are viewed as the least correlated of the high-${T}_{C}$ unconventional superconductors.
Teflon®∗ stripline printed boards — Consider the thermal properties of this dielectric

Teflon is a unique dielectric material. It has a dielectric constant and a loss factor that are extremely uniform for frequencies into the tens of GHz. However, some physical parameters of this material are also very sensitive to thermal environments. This paper considers some of the major thermal characteristics of Teflon, the relationships between those characteristics and the properties of plated copper, and finally the processing and design techniques which can overcome or accommodat these relationships to yield a reliable Teflon multilayer printed board.
STaRS: Simulating Taxi Ride Sharing at Scale

As urban populations grow, cities face many challenges related to transportation, resource consumption, and the environment. Ride sharing has been proposed as an effective approach to reduce traffic congestion, gasoline consumption, and pollution. However, despite great promise, researchers and policy makers lack adequate tools to assess the tradeoffs and benefits of various ride-sharing strategies. In this paper, we propose a real-time, data-driven simulation framework that supports the efficient analysis of taxi ride sharing. By modeling taxis and trips as distinct entities, our framework is able to simulate a rich set of realistic scenarios. At the same time, by providing a comprehensive set of parameters, we are able to study the taxi ride-sharing problem from different angles, considering different stakeholders’ interests and constraints. To address the computational complexity of the model, we describe a new optimization algorithm that is linear in the number of trips and makes use of an efficient indexing scheme, which combined with parallelization, makes our approach scalable. We evaluate our framework through a study that uses data about 360 million trips taken by 13,000 taxis in New York City during 2011 and 2012. We describe the findings of the study which demonstrate that our framework can provide insights into strategies for implementing city-wide ride-sharing solutions. We also carry out a detailed performance analysis which shows the efficiency of our approach.
Peptide Nucleic Acid–Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Detection of Staphylococci From Endophthalmitis Isolates: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Purpose Rapid identification of pathogens causing endophthalmitis may improve treatment outcomes through early administration of species-specific medication. The current study reports a new molecular application of peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) with Staphylococcus-specific molecular PNA probes for the potential rapid detection of common pathogens causing endophthalmitis. Methods An experimental study was designed to evaluate the proof of concept at the microbiology laboratory of the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Stored culture-positive staphylococci endophthalmitis isolates obtained from prior vitreous samples (n = 15), along with broth as negative controls (n = 5) were used. Inoculum was prepared to a final concentration of 1 × 105 colony-forming units/mL to ensure that the isolates were viable. Smears of samples were fixed and hybridized using QuickFISH protocol with probes for Staphylococcus. Results With PNA-FISH technique, Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 9 of 10 samples and coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified in 10 of 10 samples. Detection time was 20 minutes. Conclusions This study serves a proof of concept using a new microbial detection system with FISH probes, and may have the potential for clinical use in the rapid and accurate identification of isolates from patients with endophthalmitis.
The GPCR Crystallography Boom: Providing an Invaluable Source of Structural Information and Expanding the Scope of Homology Modeling

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins of high pharmaceutical interest. Until relatively recently, their structures have been particularly elusive, and rhodopsin has been for many years the only member of the superfamily with experimentally elucidated structures. However, a number of recent technical and scientific advancements made the determination of GPCR structures more feasible, thus leading to the solution of the structures of several receptors. Besides providing direct structural information, these experimental GPCR structures also provide templates for the construction of GPCR models. In depth studies have been performed to probe the accuracy of these models, in particular with respect to the interactions with their ligands, and to assess their applicability the rational discovery of GPCR modulators. Given the current state of the art and the pace of the field, the future of GPCR structural studies is likely to be characterized by a landscape populated by an increasingly higher number of experimental and theoretical structures.
Machine learning approach for breast cancer localization

Machine learning has been widely used for solving various classification problems in biomedical research field due to its strength in handling massive data set systematically. In this paper, a feasible way of breast cancer localization via machine learning is presented with a preliminary result for 10 cancerous breast tissue samples (600 μm diameter and 8 μm thickness). Using a custom-built microscope-compatible microindentation system, 500 indentation points per sample were indented to a depth of 2 μm at 20 μm interval. Each indentation point is labeled as either ‘Normal’ or ‘Cancerous’ according to the corresponding pathological image that was annotated appropriately by a certified pathologist. We applied the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, which is one of the supervised machine learning technique to validate the annotations by a pathologist. The tissue elasticity value which is the actual data set for machine learning is locally determined by a non-linear contact model for a spherical tip, using the contact force and the indentation depth information collected during the indentation experiment. With soft-margin SVM which is for not linearly separable data, each tissue sample is tested while the other 9 tissue samples are used for training like 10-fold cross-validation. Classification accuracy for the entire breast tissue samples was obtained as 76.20% ± 9.28%, which shows that this is a promising approach when making allowance for classification with a single parameter.
Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: Expanding the View of Parkinson's Disease Beyond a Pure Motor, Pure Dopaminergic Problem

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) are critical to identify and treat because of their impact on quality of life. Despite growing evidence of the importance of NMS on patients' quality of life, gaps remain in their recognition and treatment. The result is a need for increased information and understanding of specific NMS and the clinical approaches for their assessment and management in the context of PD as a whole. This article discusses the NMS of PD, their relationship to the pathologic basis of PD, and how NMS can be best managed.
Automated trend detection with alternate temporal hypotheses

We have written a prototype computer program called TrenDx for automated trend detection during process monitoring. The program uses a representation called trend templates that define disorders as typical patterns of relevant variables. These patterns consist of a partially ordered set of temporal intervals with uncertain endpoints. Bound to each temporal interval arc value constraints on real-valued functions of measurable parameters. TrenDx has been used to diagnose trends in growth patterns from examining heights, weights and other parameters of pediatric patients. As TrenDx analyzes successive data points, the program updates its hypotheses about which stage of the growth process each data point belongs to. We present an example of TrenDx reaching temporally plausible diagnoses for an actual patient with delayed growth currently being seen at Boston Children's Hospital.
Towards Pharmacogenomics-Driven Medication Risk Assessment in People with Polypharmacy.

The main objective of this project was to introduce approaches for comprehensive medication risk assessment in people with polypharmacy that simultaneously account for multiple drug and gene effects. To achieve this goal, we developed an integrated knowledge repository of actionable pharmacogenes and a scoring algorithm that was pilot-tested using a data set containing pharmacogenomic information of people with polypharmacy. Metabolic phenotyping using resulting database demonstrated recall of 83.6% and precision of 87.1%. The final scoring algorithm yielded medication risk scores that allowed distinguish frequently hospitalized older adults with polypharmacy and older adults with polypharmacy with low hospitalization rate (average scores respectively: 75.89±15.45 and 10.51±1.82, p<0.05). The initial prototype assessment demonstrated feasibility of our approach and identified steps for improving risk scoring algorithms. Pharmacogenomics-driven medication risk assessment in patient with polypharmacy has potential in identifying inadequate drug regimens and preventing adverse drug events.
The Big Match on the Integers

A two-person, zero-sum game analogous to the big match is introduced. The game does not fall within any of the classes of games known, by general theorems, to have values. We prove directly that our game has a value and find good strategies for the players.
Neurological Conceptualizations of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, currently affecting over two million people in the United States. The generally accepted prevalence rate is five per 1000 when chronic epileptic disorders are considered. Approximately 2.2% of the population will have a single seizure some time in their lives (Epilepsy Foundation of America, 1975). The neurophysiological mechanisms active in epileptogenesis involve changes in membrane conductances and neurotransmitter function (Delgado-Escueta, Ward, Woodburg, & Porter, 1986a), and experimental models have been developed to correlate microstructural alterations with physiological and chemical observations.
Construct validation of the Sternberg Triarchic abilities test: Comment and reanalysis.

Abstract This paper presents an alternative theoretical analysis of several analyses presented by Sternberg and his colleagues of studies designed to validate the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT). The paper contrasts a triarchic theory analysis of the data with one that emphasizes the relevance of g to an understanding of the results obtained by Sternberg and his colleagues. Three relationships are considered: (1) Relationships between triarchic abilities and other measures of intelligence; (2) Relationships between triarchic abilities and academic achievements; (3) Relationships among triarchic abilities. It is argued that the g theory is required to understand the relationships obtained by Sternberg and his colleagues.
Lungenerkrankungen, Atemwegse rkrankungen und atopische Erkrankungen

Die Gesundheit des Bronchialbaumes, der sich von der Nasenoff nung bis zu den terminalen Alveolen erstreckt, ist fur das Wohlbefinden seines Wirts von kritischer Bedeutung. Atemwegsdysfunktionen im Rahmen einer durch Baumpollen verursachten unangenehmen Nasenverstopfung, einem Asthma auslosenden potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Bronchospasmus oder einer durch eine virale Lungenentzundung verursachten Alveolitis stellen ein wichtiges Gesundheitsproblem dar.