cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suspended and localized single nanostructure growth across a nanogap by an electric field

Direct growth of a suspended single nanostructure (SSN) at a specific location is presented. The SSN is grown across a metallic nanoscale gap by migration in air at room temperature. The nanogap is fabricated by industrial standard optical lithography and anisotropic wet chemical silicon etching. A DC current bias, 1 nA, is applied across the metallic gap to induce nanoscale migration of Zn or ZnO. The history of the voltage drop across the gap as a function of time clearly indicates the moment when migration begins. The shape of SSNs grown across the nanogap by the migration is asymmetric at each electrode due to the asymmetric electric field distribution within the nanogap. An SSN can be used as the platform for two-terminal active or passive nanoscale electronics in optoelectronics, radio frequency (RF) resonators, and chemical/biological sensors.
Polyketide synthase acyl carrier protein (ACP) as a substrate and a catalyst for malonyl ACP biosynthesis

Background Using an acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) as a starter unit, type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) generate a wide range of polyketide products by successive decarboxylative condensations with the two-carbon donor malonyl (ACP). In vitro experiments have demonstrated that polyketide biosynthesis in reconstituted PKS systems requires the fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme malonyl CoA:ACP acyltransferase (FabD) from streptomycetes. It has also been shown that holo -ACPs from a type II PKS can catalyze self-malonylation in the presence of malonyl CoA and negate this FabD requirement. The relative roles of FabD and ACP self-malonylation in PKS biosynthesis in vivo are still not known. Results We have examined the ACP specificity of the Streptomyces glaucescens FabD and shown that it reacts specifically with monomeric forms of ACP, with comparable k cat /K m values for ACPs from both type II PKS and FAS systems. Incubations of tetracenomycin ACP (TcmM) with the Escherichia coli FAS ACP (AcpP) unexpectedly revealed that, in addition to the self-malonylation process, TcmM can catalyze the malonylation of AcpP. The k cat /K M value for the TcmM-catalyzed malonylation of S. glaucescens FAS ACP is two orders of magnitude smaller than that observed for the FabD-catalyzed process. Conclusions The ability of a PKS ACP to catalyze malonylation of a FAS ACP is a surprising finding and demonstrates for the first time that PKS ACPs and FabD can catalyze the same reaction. The differences in the catalytic efficiency of these two proteins rationalizes in vitro observations that FabD-independent polyketide biosynthesis proceeds only at high concentrations of a PKS ACP.
Bradykinin and angiotensin immunoreactivity in atherosclerotic plaques of human aortas.

Abstract Atherosclerotic human aortas were dissected post-mortem. Extracts of plaques and adjacent intima were examined for the presence of immunoreactive angiotensin and bradykinin by radioimmunoassays. All plaques and intimas contained bradykinin immunoreactivity with the two regions having roughly equal amounts. The immunoreactivity was susceptible to proteolysis and passed through a filter that excluded molecules heavier than 10,000 daltons. Angiotensin immunoreactivity was found in 10 plaques and 14 intimal specimens in roughly equal amounts. Bioassays on rat uteri suggested the presence of other smooth muscle activators in the extracts. The amounts of vasoactive peptides bore no relationship to the patient's age, degree of atherosclerosis, time between death and dissection, or amount of lipid in the plaques. Thus, while vasoactive peptides might be involved in atherosclerosis, we could find no evidence of their selective accumulation by gross atherosclerotic lesions.
Nonlinear Impulsive Force on an Accelerating Container

La theorie non lineaire de Chwang (1983) est appliquee au calcul de la force de pression hydrodynamique sur un conteneur rectangulaire ou cylindrique en acceleration. Le fluide a l'interieur du conteneur est initialement au repos et le mouvement du conteneur est impulsif. Etude du profil de la surface libre
Variational formulation of a modified couple stress theory and its application to a simple shear problem

A variational formulation is provided for the modified couple stress theory of Yang et al. by using the principle of minimum total potential energy. This leads to the simultaneous determination of the equilibrium equations and the boundary conditions, thereby complementing the original work of Yang et al. where the boundary conditions were not derived. Also, the displacement form of the modified couple stress theory, which is desired for solving many problems, is obtained to supplement the existing stress-based formulation. All equations/expressions are presented in tensorial forms that are coordinate-invariant. As a direct application of the newly obtained displacement form of the theory, a simple shear problem is analytically solved. The solution contains a material length scale parameter and can capture the boundary layer effect, which differs from that based on classical elasticity. The numerical results reveal that the length scale parameter (related to material microstructures) can have a significant effect on material responses.
Global Traits: A Neo-Allportian Approach to Personality:

This monograph discusses research, theory, and practice relevant to how children learn to read English. After an initial overview of writing systems, the discussion summarizes research from developmental psychology on children's language competency when they enter school and on the nature of early reading development. Subsequent sections review theories of learning to read, the characteristics of children who do not learn to read (i.e., who have developmental dyslexia), research from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience on skilled reading, and connectionist models of learning to read. The implications of the research findings for learning to read and teaching reading are discussed. Next, the primary methods used to teach reading (phonics and whole language) are summarized. The final section reviews laboratory and classroom studies on teaching reading. From these different sources of evidence, two inescapable conclusions emerge: (a) Mastering the alphabetic principle (that written symbols are associated with phonemes) is essential to becoming proficient in the skill of reading, and (b) methods that teach this principle directly are more effective than those that do not (especially for children who are at risk in some way for having difficulty learning to read). Using whole-language activities to supplement phonics instruction does help make reading fun and meaningful for children, but ultimately, phonics instruction is critically important because it helps beginning readers understand the alphabetic principle and learn new words. Thus, elementary-school teachers who make the alphabetic principle explicit are most effective in helping their students become skilled, independent readers.
The route of administration of some hydrazine compounds as a determinant of brain and liver monoamine oxidase inhibition.

Abstract The influence of the route of administration of several hydrazines on rat brain and liver monamine oxidase (MAO) has been investigated. Certain compounds, such as iproniazid and nialamide, exert about the same pattern of brain and liver MAO inhibition regardless of the mode of administration. In all instances a greater activity against the liver enzyme is seen. Other agents, such as pheniprazine, phenelzine, and to some extent, isocarboxazid, exert markedly different patterns of inhibition with different modes of administration. Subcutaneous administration of these compounds resulted in greater brain than liver MAO inhibition. However, when administered orally, liver MAO inhibition was predominant. The intraperitoneal route demonstrated a pattern intermediate to those resulting from the subcutaneous and oral routes of administration.
ADVERTISING SUNK COSTS AND CREDIBLE SPATIAL PREEMPTION

Large sunk investments in advertising allow managers to credibly preempt potential entrants by introducing new products prior to anticipated increases in market growth. Previous investment in advertising can lower a firm's cost to introduce new products allowing it to credibly preempt potential entrants. Entrants may not have enough residual share to find it profitable to enter later, and incumbents find it profitable to keep new products in the market even if entrants choose to enter. I present empirical evidence from the RTE cereal industry.
Image correlation velocimetry

This paper focuses on the correlation of two successive scalar images for the purpose of measuring imaged fluid motions. A method is presented for deforming, or transforming, one image to another. Taylor series expansions of the Lagrangian displacement field are used, in conjunction with an integral form of the equations of motion, to approximate this transformation. The proposed method locally correlates images for displacements, rotations, deformations, and higher-order displacement gradient fields, and applies a global minimization procedure to insure a global consistency in the results. An integral form of the equations of motion is employed. No explicit spatial or temporal differentiation of the image data is required in estimating the displacement field. As a consequence, this method is appropriate for both continuous-scalar as well as discrete-particle-image data. Successive two-dimensional digital CCD images of fluid motion marked with dye, are used to verify the capabilities of the method. The utility of the method is also illustrated using a pair of Voyager 2 images of Jupiter.
Polysaccharides and the absence of glycogen in the gingiva from normal and diabetic patients

Abstract (1) A study of the materials isolated from gingival tissue by conventional techniques for glycogen separation indicated that glycogen was not present. Instead, the isolated materials proved to be a polysaccharide containing mannose and glucuronic acid (approximate ratio 5:1). The molecular weights range was between 500–5000. The polysaccharides were alcohol-insoluble alkaline degradation products of much larger molecules, probably mucopolysaccharides. (2) The “inflamed” gingiva of diabetics contained only one-third as much of these polysaccharides as did the “normal” gingiva of non-diabetics. (3) No correlations could be established between age and severity of the diabetic condition with the content of polysaccharides.
Meniscus displacement curvatures of a perfectly wetting liquid in capillary pore throats formed by spheres

Abstract Pore throats were formed from four ball bearings in a rhomboidal array with the half angle of the rhombus varying from 30 to 45°. The pore-throat configurations thus ranged from three spheres in a triangular arrangement to four spheres in a square arrangement. The maximum meniscus curvature at which a penetrating meniscus became unstable and passed through such arrangements of spheres was measured using a modified capillary rise technique. Results were compared with the theoretical values of meniscus curvature given by comparable arrangements of rods and were found to be in good agreement. The penetration of menisci into pores formed partly by rods and partly by spheres indicated the effect of progressively changing the pore cross section from convergent-divergent to uniform.
Modified autoradiographic technique for marginal penetration studies

Abstract A preliminary investigation has been made in an effort to improve the quality of the autoradiograph for accuracy and interpretation of results in studies of the marginal penetration of radioactive isotopes between filling material and tooth and in studies of the permeability of tooth substance. Photographic glass-plate emulsions provided a more intimate contact with the tooth specimen than did the dental x-ray film. The improved technique uses a composite autoradiograph, localizing the exposure area to the tooth specimen by passing a combination of reflected and transmitted light through the clear photographic glass plate. Under high magnification, black and white or colored photographs can be made and the path and depth of isotope penetration into tooth substance can be more accurately related to the autoradiograph. A 300 micron tooth specimen produced a sharper autoradiograph than a 1 mm. specimen used by other investigators. Serial sections taken from the same test tooth showed different patterns of isotope penetration, raising the question of the reliability of a single-section result. Critical maximal and minimal isotope concentrations and processing times must be predetermined in order to produce a faithful image of the activity in the tooth.
Sensitivity of Orexin-A Binding to Phospholipase C Inhibitors, Neuropeptide Y, and Secretin

The binding of [(125)I] orexin-A (Ox-A) to particulates from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the cloned orexin-A receptor, or from rat forebrain areas, was sensitive to blockers of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PtdIns-PLC) U-73122 and ET-18-OCH(3), little affected by phospholipase A(2) inhibitor quinacrine, and not sensitive to D609, a xanthate inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-selective PLC. Interaction of the receptor with a PtdIns-PLC was further indicated by a large sensitivity of the binding to Ca(2+). Up to 50% of the binding was sensitive to the G-protein nucleotide site agonist GTP-gamma-S. Ligand attachment to the orexin-A receptor thus depends on an association with both PtdIns-PLC and G-protein alpha-subunits. In all paradigms examined, the binding of [(125)I]orexin-A was competed by human/rat neuropeptide Y (hNPY) and porcine secretin with a potency similar to orexin-A (IC(50) range 30-100 nM). The rank order of potency for NPY-related peptides was hNPY > porcine peptide YY (pPYY) > (Leu(31), Pro(34)) human PYY > human PYY(3-36) > hNPY free acid > human pancreatic polypeptide. Among secretin-related peptides, the rank order of potency was porcine secretin > or = orexin-A > human pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide > orexin-B > porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide. Among opioid peptides, rat beta-endorphin and camel delta-endorphin were much less active than NPY and secretin, and two enkephalins were inactive at 1 microM. In view of high abundance of NPY in forebrain, the above cross-reactivity could indicate a significant contribution of NPY to signaling via orexin-A receptors.
Effect of vitamin D metabolites on calcitriol metabolism in experimental renal failure

Effect of vitamin D metabolites on calcitriol metabolism in experimental renal failure. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of calcitriol is decreased in experimental renal failure. In this experiment, we examined the effects of calcitriol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25(OH)D 3 ) and 24,25-dihydroxyvi-tamin D 3 (24,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) on the MCR of calcitriol in renal failure produced in rats by partial nephrectomy. The MCR of calcitriol in these rats with renal failure was significantly lower than in control rats with sham operations. Plasma concentrations of calcitriol did not differ between the rats with moderate renal failure and control rats (sham, 74.7 ± 3.6 pg/ml, N=7; renal failure, 67.7 ± 6.0, N=6; serum creatinine 0.56 ±0.02 mg/dl vs. 0.96 ± 0.02); however, the levels were significantly lower in rats with severe renal failure (sham, 66.5 ± 5.1 pg/ml, N=7, severe renal failure, 49.6 ± 2.1 pg/ml, N=8; serum creatinine 0.53 ± 0.01 mg/dl vs. 1.40 ± 0.03). Subcutaneous infusion of calcitriol (1 μg/kg/day) in rats with severe renal failure for one week significantly increased the MCR of calcitriol (0.22 ± .01vs. 0.17 ± .01ml/min/kg, P 2 D 3 (1 μ-g/day) in rats with renal failure for one week also increased the MCR of calcitriol (25(OH)D 3 , 0.25 ± 0.01 ml/min/kg; 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 , 0.25 ± 0.01, both p 2 D 3 . Treatment with 25(OH)D 3 also decreased the plasma levels of calcitriol (55.0 ±4.3 pg/ml) when compared to the control rats with renal failure, but the decrease was not statistically significant.
Cross Section for a K -Shell Vacancy Produced by Heavy Projectile in an Independent-Particle-Model Atom

In the Born approximation as the interaction occurs with only one electron, the total cross section for producing a $K$-shell vacancy with a heavy projectile is obtained by requiring the electron to be excited above the Fermi sea. We demonstrate that for an independent-particle model of the atom this result is true to all orders of the Born series. This means the codes currently developed for proton-hydrogen scattering are immediately applicable to $K$-shell ionization.
Polyribosome metabolism, growth and water status in the growing tissues of osmotically stressed plant seedlings

Relationships between growth of osmotically stressed intact seedlings and polyribosome levels and water status of growing tissues were examined. Sudden exposure of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Arivat) roots to a solution of −0.8 MPa polyethylene glycol caused leaf growth to stop almost immedately, but growth resumed at a much lower rate after 0.5–1 h. In the growing region of leaves, the polyribosome: total ribosome ratio of free (non-membrane-bound) ribosomes was significantly reduced after 15 min stress, but a decrease in the large polyribosome:total polyribosome ratio occurred only after 1–2 h. Membrane-bound and free polyribosome levels both decreased to 70% of unstressed control values after 4 h stress. Recovery of total polyribosomes occurred within 1 h after relief of 4 h stress, but required 3 h after relief of 24 h stress. Stress detectably reduced the water potential and osmotic potential of growing tissue within 0.5–1.0 h, and osmotic adjustment continued for up to 10 h. Recovery of water status was incomplete after 1 h relief of a 4 h stress. In contrast, expanded blade tissues of stressed plants underwent minor changes in water status and slow decreases in polyribosomes levels. These results confirm that growing tissues of barley leaves are selectively responsive to stress, and suggest that changes in growth, water status and polyribosome levels may be initiated by the same signal. Measurements of seedling growth, polyribosome levels and water status of growing tissues of barley and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zaragoza) leaves, etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) epicotyl and etiolated squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Elite) hypocotyl stressed with polyethylene glycol solutions of −0.3 to −0.8 MPa for 12 h or more showed that polyribosome levels were highly correlated with seedling growth rate as well as with tissue water and osmotic potentials, while turgor remained unchanged. These results suggest that long-term growth of osmotically stressed plants may be limited by a reduced capacity for protein synthesis in growing tissues and is not dictated by turgor loss.
Some surface defects in unstressed thermoelastic solids

In the literature on crystals, “twinning” is a word used to describe a variety of phenomena involving different but symmetry-related configurations which coexist in crystals, meeting to form surfaces of discontinuity. As is discussed by Pitteri [1], there have been various attempts to formulate a more precise general definition of the word, as it applies to crystals. His discussion makes clear that some types of twinning are outside the scope of thermoelasticity theory. His definition excludes some phenomena which some experts on crystals call twins, like the “rotational twins” described by Barrett & Massalski [2, p. 406], things which seem to me more reminiscent of the multiple births we commonly describe by other words, like triplets or sextuplets. Whatever one calls them, they are of physical interest, as are other somewhat similar phenomena. My purpose is to present elements of thermoelasticity theory for things of this general kind.
Prevention of myocardial intracellular edema induced by St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution.

During cardiac surgery, the heart is infused with cold crystalloid cardioplegic solutions such as St. Thomas' Hospital (StT) solution [1], which contains high concentrations of K+ and Mg2+. The high K+ and Mg2+ block impulse conduction and inhibit Ca2+ influx, thereby arresting the heart and reducing cardiac oxygen consumption. Nevertheless, myocardial edema and post-operative abnormalities have been noted after cardioplegia and attributed to ischemia and reflow or to hypothermia. We found, however, that cold StT (9°C) was hypotonic and induced cell swelling in the absence of ischemic injury. Cell swelling in cold StT was not due to hypothermia alone, but rather was caused by KCl influx and was prevented by partially replacing Cl− with an impermeant anion. After exposure to cold StT, cells transiently shrank to less than control volume on rewarming in physiological saline (Tyrode's solution, 37°C). The transient shrinkage was blocked by ouabain suggesting that Na+ loading of depolarized hypothermic cells and Na+K+ pump activation on rewarming were responsible. Hypothermic ventricular cells seem to follow Donnan equilibrium, and the product of [K+] × [Cl−] in cardioplegic solutions affects cell volume in the absence of ischemic injury.
Serving Two Masters: When Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Overlap

Does exposure to domestic violence indicate a form of child maltreatment? It is imperative that child welfare workers identify and use interventions that protect families from domestic violence and eliminate harm to children without further stigmatizing victimized women. The research described in this article attempts a first step in understanding the factors involved in the decision making process of child welfare supervisors in domestic violence cases. Findings indicate that the attitudes and beliefs of child welfare supervisors about the overlap between domestic violence and child abuse are influenced by personal experiences, professional longevity, and training.
Hydroxyl column abundance measurements: PEPSIOS instrumentation at the Fritz Peak Observatory and data analysis techniques

Abstract We review the observations and spectral analysis for daytime measurements of the vertical column abundance of hydroxyl (OH) in the earth's atmosphere from the Fritz Peak Observatory in Colorado (40°N) and from a concurrent series of observations from New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (34°N). These are high-resolution measurements of solar ultraviolet absorption by atmospheric OH in the P 1 (1) 2 Π→ 2 Σ electronic transition at 3081.7 A . The Fritz Peak OH database, initiated in 1977, consists of over 19,000 measurements and shows distinct diurnal, seasonal, and long-term variations. New Mexico OH observations began in 1996 using an instrument of comparable design and operation. Data from both locations are in conflict with OH abundances calculated by photochemical models for solar zenith angles less than about 60°. In addition, OH variations observed with respect to latitude, season, and long-term changes are not explained using current models. We present a critical examination of instrument characteristics and spectral analysis, one which indicates no tendency for systematic or interference effects that could contaminate observed OH abundances or their variations. This includes results of sensitivity analyses on synthetic spectra, taking into account temperature and pressure variations along the atmospheric optical path, and effects of absorption by SO 2 and CH 2 O.
Political Violence and Legitimation: The Episode of Colonial Cyprus

Guerrilla warfare often becomes popular despite the fact that many aspects of it are morally objectionable. Guerrilla groups too, instead of being considered terrorists, often become legitimate political actors. How does this happen? How does the process of legitimation of political violence work? I argue that this process is social and cognitive at the same time, and that a framework for its explanation must be able to account for this dualism. I build such an analytical framework on McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly’s approach to social movement studies and on the general sociology of Pierre Boudieu. I use it to analyze the legitimation process of the guerilla anti-colonial campaign in Cyprus. In the legitimation process of Cyprus, two social mechanisms proposed by McAdam et al. played a critical role at an early stage—the mechanisms of certification and of boundary-drawing. Later, a social mechanism that I term “valorization” was central as well. To appreciate the effectiveness of these mechanisms, however, I argue that the dispositional facet of the legitimation process must be accounted for as well. I do this through field analysis, focusing in particular on positions of social and symbolic power. The analysis of the legitimation process in Cyprus offers lessons for the study of other similar processes. By showing how the three mechanisms worked effectively, and also showing the limits of their effectiveness, this analysis offers readily comparable causal analogies
Quantum mechanics and molecular computing: Mutual implications

Proteins and other macromolecules may be viewed as shape-based (or tactile) pattern recognizers. Biological cells exploit this inherent capability by transducing macroscopic signal patterns impinging on the external membrane to microscopic patterns at the molecular level, via second messengers. The parallelism inherent in the wave function description of these microscale processes in effect serves to increase the computing power of molecular computing systems as compared to macroscopic analogs. The conversion and recognition process is highly reminiscent of measurement. The linking role of second messengers allows macroscopic signals to set the state of the cell (in analogy to state preparation), while enzymatic readout and control of cellular behavior is an amplification process that corresponds to measurement of the microstate at a later point of time. Since the standard time evolution equations are reversible and unitary, while measurement is not, it is conceivable that the study of molecular computing will lead to new insights into the relation between the microworld and the macroworld. The model presented suggests that projection processes that are masked in ordinary laboratory systems are brought to macroscopic significance by the highly nonlinear chain of amplification events in the biological cell.
In Memoriam: An Appreciation for the NCI R25T Cancer Education and Career Development Program

On September 7, 2013, the NCI R25T award mechanism ended its final "receipt/review/award cycle" after more than two decades shaping the cancer prevention and control workforce. Created in 1991 to respond to a national shortage of cancer prevention and control researchers, the R25T supported innovative institutional programs with specialized curricula preparing individuals for careers as independent scientists for the field. Required elements ensured developing transdisciplinary sensibilities and skills highly suited to team science, including conducting collaborative research with mentors of complementary expertise. R25Ts provided trainee stipends, research, education, and travel funds at levels far higher than T32 National Service Research Awards to attract individuals from diverse disciplines. Graduates are faculty at all academic ranks, and hold leadership positions such as associate directors of cancer prevention and control. Beyond its trainees, R25Ts also recruited into the field other students exposed through courses in specialized prevention curricula, as well as course instructors and trainee mentors, who did not initially consider their work to be relevant to cancer prevention. Although advances are being achieved, prevention efforts are not yet fully realized, and currently unknown is the impact on the workforce of terminating the R25T, including whether it is another barrier to preventing cancer.
The lasting effects of process-specific versus stimulus-specific learning during infancy.

The capacity to tell the difference between two faces within an infrequently experienced face group (e.g. other species, other race) declines from 6 to 9 months of age unless infants learn to match these faces with individual-level names. Similarly, the use of individual-level labels can also facilitate differentiation of a group of non-face objects (strollers). This early learning leads to increased neural specialization for previously unfamiliar face or object groups. The current investigation aimed to determine whether early conceptual learning between 6 and 9 months leads to sustained behavioral advantages and neural changes in these same children at 4–6 years of age. Results suggest that relative to a control group of children with no previous training and to children with infant category-level naming experience, children with early individual-level training exhibited faster response times to human faces. Further, individual-level training with a face group – but not an object group – led to more adult-like neural responses for human faces. These results suggest that early individual-level learning results in long-lasting process-specific effects, which benefit categories that continue to be perceived and recognized at the individual level (e.g. human faces). Research highlights  Relative to a control group of children with no previous training and to children with infant category-level naming experience, children with early individual-level naming training with faces and objects exhibited faster reaction times to human face stimuli.  Children with early individual-level naming training with a face group also exhibited more adult-like neural responses to human face stimuli.  Results suggest that early individual-level experience benefits later processing for frequently experienced face groups and suggest that continued experience is necessary to sustain early stimulus-specific learning benefits.  These results inform our understanding of the role of early experience on later brain and behavioral abilities in typically developing children and these data highlight the important influence of early infant learning, prior to the onset of formal education, on later developmental abilities.
Charge storage in spinless solitons in trans-(CH)x: In situ magnetic-resonance measurements during p-type electrochemical doping.

In situ measurements of the electron-spin resonance of [(CH${)}^{\mathrm{y}+}$(${\mathrm{ClO}}_{4}$${\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${)}_{\mathrm{y}}$${]}_{\mathrm{x}}$ during electrochemical doping are reported. The results demonstrate that charge is stored in a spinless configuration for p-type doping at concentrations below about 6 mol %. These magnetic data, therefore, support the conclusions of earlier studies indicating that doping of trans-(CH${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$ occurs via the formation of spinless charged solitons. Comparison of the results obtained from p- and n-type doping confirms the charge conjugation symmetry of polyacetylene.
Validity of the stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement scale in acute rehabilitation: a comparison with the functional independence measure and stroke impact scale-16.

Objective To demonstrate sensitivity to change of the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) as well as the concurrent and predictive validity of the STREAM in an acute rehabilitation setting. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Acute, in-patient rehabilitation department within a tertiary-care teaching hospital in the United States. Participants Thirty adults with a newly diagnosed, first ischemic stroke. Methods Clinical assessments were conducted on admission and then again on discharge from the rehabilitation hospital with the STREAM (total STREAM and upper extremity, lower extremity, and mobility subscales), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Stroke Impact Scale-16 (SIS-16). Sensitivity to change was determined with the Wilcoxon signed rank test and by the calculation of standardized response means. Spearman correlations were used to assess concurrent validity of the total STREAM and STREAM subscales with the FIM and SIS-16 on admission and discharge. We determined predictive validity for all instruments by correlating admission scores with actual and predicted length of stay and by testing associations between admission scores and discharge destination (home vs subacute facility). Main Outcomes Not applicable. Results For all instruments, there was statistically significant improvement from admission to discharge. The standardized response means for the total STREAM and STREAM subscales were large. Spearman correlations between the total STREAM and STREAM subscales and the FIM and SIS-16 were moderate to excellent, both on admission and discharge. Among change scores, only the SIS-16 correlated with the total STREAM. All 3 instruments were significantly associated with discharge destination; however, the associations were strongest for the total STREAM and STREAM subscales. All instruments showed moderate-to-excellent correlations with predicted and actual length of stay. Conclusions The STREAM is sensitive to change and demonstrates good concurrent and predictive validity as compared with the FIM and SIS-16 in the acute inpatient rehabilitation population.
Binge drinking among California adults: results from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey.

Objective: To calculate binge drinking rates among California adults and describe the characteristics of female and male binge drinkers. Method: Analyses of 2005 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) data. Results: At least one binge drinking episode over a 30-day period was reported by 1.4 million California women (10.7% of all adult women) and 3.2 million California men (24.7%). For both women and men, factors associated with binge drinking included being 18–44 years of age, smoking, and having mid-range psychological distress scores. There were gender differences in binge drinking risk by race/ethnicity and health status. Method: Given the multi-stage sampling design and non-responses in the 2005 California Health Interview Survey-Specific techniques were employed to ensure that the 43,020 compteted result yeilded reasonable state wide estimates. Conclusion: Binge drinking is a serious public health concern that affects millions of adult Californians.
Adaptive buffer control for distributed autonomous robust routing in mobile surveillance robots

This paper proposes a distributed and autonomous routing algorithm for distributed mobile surveillance robotics platforms using 60GHz wireless technologies. According to the fact that 60GHz wireless signals are too weak to survive in long-distance or non-line-of-sight situations due to high attenuation, advanced communication algorithms are required including beamforming, beam training, and multi-hop routing. For multi-hop robust distributed routing, each robotics platform computes the amounts of power allocation for transmitting packets from its own buffer. The amount of power allocation is determined by solving joint stochastic optimization of (i) the minimization of the summation of time average expected power consumption and (ii) the buffer stability in each unit time slot. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and it is observed that the proposed algorithm achieves desired performance.
Intermediate Results of Laparoscopic Cryoablation in 59 Patients at the Medical College of Wisconsin

Purpose: We report our experience with LC for small renal tumors.Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent LC at our institution between February 2000 and September 2004 were included in the study. A retrospective chart review was done for perioperative and postoperative parameters as well as clinical outcomes.Results: A total of 65 LCs were performed in 59 patients during the period reviewed. Overall 81 renal tumors were cryoablated. Median patient age was 62 years. Median tumor size was 2.5 cm. Median operative time was 190 minutes. Median estimated blood loss was 50 ml. Median hospital stay was 2 days. Conversion to open surgery occurred in 2 patients. Nephrectomy for bleeding occurred in 1 patient. Median followup was 26.8 months. Two recurrences were identified after LC.Conclusions: LC is an alterative modality to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy or open partial nephrectomy for small renal tumors. Tumor recurrence rates in the studies published to date are comparable to those of partial nephrecto...
How do young children determine location? Evidence from disorientation tasks.

Previous studies show that following disorientation children use the geometry of an enclosed space to locate an object hidden in one of the corners [e.g. (Hermer, L., & Spelke, E. (1996). Modularity and development: A case of spatial reorientation. Cognition, 61, 195–232)]. These studies have used a disorientation procedure that involves rotating the viewer (with eyes closed). Here, we examine 18- to 25-month-olds’ spatial coding in two disorientation tasks—involving either viewer or space rotation. Importantly, the rotational movements in both tasks could not be visually tracked. Children were tested in either task (viewer- or space-movement) from either inside or outside a triangular (isosceles) space (with one unique and two equivalent corners). In the viewermovement task, performance was above chance, regardless of which corner contained the object. In the space-movement task, performance was above chance at only the unique corner. On both tasks, performance was better from inside the space than from outside. The implications for how children determine location are discussed. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
IL-27p28 inhibits central nervous system autoimmunity by concurrently antagonizing Th1 and Th17 responses

Central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity such as uveitis and multiple sclerosis is accompanied by Th1 and Th17 responses. In their corresponding animal models, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both responses are induced and can drive disease independently. Because immune responses have inherent plasticity, therapeutic targeting of only one pathway could promote the other, without reducing pathology. IL-27p28 antagonizes gp130, required for signaling by IL-27 and IL-6, which respectively promote Th1 and Th17 responses. We therefore examined its ability to protect the CNS by concurrently targeting both effector responses. Overexpression of IL-27p28 in vivo ameliorated EAU as well as EAE pathology and reduced tissue infiltration by Th1 and Th17 cells in a disease prevention, as well as in a disease reversal protocol. Mechanistic studies revealed inhibition of Th1 and Th17 commitment in vitro and decreased lineage stability of pre-formed effectors in vivo, with reduction in expression of gp130-dependent transcription factors and cytokines. Importantly, IL-27p28 inhibited polarization of human T cells to the Th1 and Th17 effector pathways. The ability of IL-27p28 to inhibit generation as well as function of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 effector cells has therapeutic implications for controlling immunologically complex autoimmune diseases.
Widespread Oxygen Bubbles To Improve Reservoir Releases

ABSTRACT This paper describes the installation and testing of an oxygen diffuser system in the forebay of TVA's Douglas Dam. The diffuser system is made up of plastic pipe frames and porous hoses that spread very small oxygen bubbles over a large area near the bottom of die reservoir. Operation of the system has demonstrated very high oxygen transfer efficiencies and a capacity to increase die hydropower discharge by 3 mg L−1 of dissolved oxygen.
Measuring the impact of a science center on its community

A range of sources support science learning, including the formal education system, libraries, museums, nature and Science Centers, aquariums and zoos, botanical gardens and arboretums, television programs, film and video, newspapers, radio, books and magazines, the Internet, community and health organizations, environmental organizations, and conversations with friends and family. This study examined the impact of one single part of this infrastructure, a Science Center. This study asked two questions. First, who in Los Angeles (L.A.) has visited the California Science Center and what factors best describe those who have and those who have not visited? Second, does visiting the California Science Center impact public science understanding, attitudes, and behaviors and if so, in what ways? Two random telephone surveys of L.A. county adults 18 years of age and over (n ¼ 832; n ¼ 1,008) were conducted; one in 2000, shortly after the opening of the totally redesigned and rebuilt Science Center and one in 2009, roughly a decade after opening. Samples were drawn from five racially, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse communities generally representative of greater L.A. Results suggest that the Science Center is having an important impact on the science literacy of greater L.A. More than half of residents have visited the Science Center since it opened in 1998 and self-report data indicate that those who have visited believe that the Science Center strongly influenced their science and technology understanding, attitudes, and behaviors. Importantly, Science Center visitors are broadly representative of the general population of greater L.A. including individuals from all races and ethnicities, ages, education, and income levels with some of the strongest beliefs of impact expressed by minority and low-income individuals. The use of a conceptual ''marker'' substantiates these conclusions and suggests that the impact of the Science Center might even be greater than indicated by the mostly self-report data reported here. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 1-12, 2011
The Military Relevance of Face Composite Tissue Allotransplantation and Regenerative Medicine Research

Maxillofacial battle injuries created the need for plastic and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery during World War I (WWI). Devastating maxillofacial injuries challenged the surgical professions to provide form and function to the defects inflicted by penetrating trauma on the battlefield. Local, regional, and distant flap transfers were developed to treat maxillofacial battle injuries in WWI and while still valued procedures, multiple surgical steps, donor site morbidity and limited esthetic-functional outcomes are often the result. During the 1980s, the advent of microsurgery added an invaluable tool to the reconstructive surgeons’ armamentarium. However, despite significant technical advances, the results following major traumatic war injuries are less than satisfactory, both esthetically and functionally. Facial allotransplantation may offer an invaluable alternative to traditional reconstructive options.
A Critical Time Window for Organismal Interactions in a Pelagic Ecosystem

To measure organismal coherence in a pelagic ecosystem, we used moored sensors to describe the vertical dynamics of each step in the food chain in shelf waters off the west shore of Oahu, Hawaii. Horizontally extensive, intense aggregations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and micronekton exhibited strong diel patterns in abundance and vertical distribution, resulting in a highly variable potential for interaction amongst trophic levels. Only around dusk did zooplankton layers overlap with phytoplankton layers. Shortly after sunset, micronekton ascended from the deep, aggregating on the island's shelf. Short-lived departures in migration patterns were detected in depth, vertical distribution, density, and total abundance of micronekton when zooplankton layers were present with typical patterns resuming within one hour. Layers of zooplankton began to disappear within 20 minutes of the arrival of micronekton with no layers present after 50 minutes. The effects of zooplankton layers cascaded even further up the food chain, affecting many behaviors of dolphins observed at dusk including their depth, group size, and inter-individual spacing. As a result of these changes in behavior, during a 30-minute window just after dusk, the number of feeding events observed for each dolphin and consequently the feeding time for each individual more than doubled when zooplankton layers were present. Dusk is a critical period for interactions amongst species in this system from phytoplankton to top predators. Our observations that short time windows can drive the structure and function of a complex suite of organisms highlight the importance of explicitly adding a temporal dimension at a scale relevant to individual organisms to our descriptions of heterogeneity in ocean ecosystems.
Evidence for production of early pregnancy factor (Hsp10), microRNAs and exosomes by day 8 equine embryos

would be very suitable for life cell fluorescence. This technique could also be used to detect aberrant ratios of sex chromosomes. In the present study, Xist RNA expression of in vivo produced equine embryos at different times of pregnancy (day8: n1⁄4 9); day10: n1⁄4 12; day 12: n1⁄4 15)was analysed. Xist RNAexpressionwas evaluatedbyquantitative and qualitative RT-PCR. Female and male primary equine skin tissue cultures were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Embryos testednegative for Xistwere evaluated for expression of the male specific eSRY gene by qualitative PCR at the DNA level. From 36 embryos assessed by qualitative RT-PCR, 19 showed positive Xist expression (52.7% female). From 29 embryos tested by quantitative RTPCR, 16 showed positive Xist expression (55.2% female). All of the Xist negative equine blastocysts were positive for eSRY signals by qualitative PCR. The results demonstrate that expression of Xist is restricted to female equine embryos. Xist can thus be considered a female specific marker. Further research may allow applying this method for gender detection in equine embryos before transfer.
History of Sexual Assault Is Associated With Greater Declines in Executive Functioning in Older Adults With APOE ϵ4

Objectives. This study examined the longitudinal association between a prior history of sexual assault (SA), typically in youth, and decreasing executive functioning (EF) in old age and whether the apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 allele modifies this relationship. Method. In this longitudinal study, 846 community-dwelling older adults at baseline completed questions about SA history and two tests of EF. Over the 10 years following this baseline visit, participants completed up to 3 follow-up cognitive assessments. Mixed-effects models first examined the longitudinal association between SA and EF performance. Last, preplanned analyses examined whether the APOE e4 allele modified this association. Results. A single SA exposure was not associated with EF declines. Repeated SA exposure was associated with steeper declines in both EF measures. For Trails B, there was a significant interaction between any SA exposure and the APOE e4 allele, such that having either repeated or isolated SA as well as APOE e4 was associated with faster decline. Discussion. SA exposure earlier in life may increase risk for declines in EF 50–60 years later in old age, particularly in the context of the APOE e4 allele. These results generally support a diathesis-stress model of decreased cognitive reserve.
Long-time quantum simulation of the primary charge separation in bacterial photosynthesis

Accurate quantum mechanical simulations of the primary charge transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers are reported. The process is modeled by three coupled electronic states corresponding to the photoexcited chlorophyll special pair (donor), the reduced bacteriopheophytin (acceptor), and the reduced accessory chlorophyll (bridge) that interact with a dissipative medium of protein and solvent degrees of freedom. The time evolution of the excited special pair is followed over 17 ps by using a fully quantum mechanical path integral scheme. We find that a free energy of the reduced accessory chlorophyll state approximately equal to 400 cm(-1) lower than that of the excited special pair state yields state populations in agreement with experimental results on wild-type and modified reaction centers. For this energetic configuration electron transfer is a two-step process.