cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional Analysis of as-cast and Crystallized Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 Bulk Metallic Glass

Noble metal-based bulk metallic glasses (BMG) composed of Pd-Cu-Ni-P are viewed as potential materials for use in thermoplastic nanofabrication/transfer mold lithography [1] and electrocatalytic applications [2]. The stability, formability and physical properties of these glasses are related to the kinetic pathways taken towards their decomposition and crystallization, which can be probed by analyzing on the nanometer scale the local composition and structure. Atom probe tomography (APT) is capable of atomic resolution elemental mapping and with the use of laser pulsing has proven to be capable of efficiently detecting nanometer scale compositional fluctuations indicative of phase separation in BMGs [3].
Elastic fields and effective moduli of particulate nanocomposites with the Gurtin–Murdoch model of interfaces

Abstract A complete solution has been obtained for periodic particulate nanocomposite with the unit cell containing a finite number of spherical particles with the Gurtin–Murdoch interfaces. For this purpose, the multipole expansion approach by Kushch et al. [Kushch, V.I., Mogilevskaya, S.G., Stolarski, H.K., Crouch, S.L., 2011. Elastic interaction of spherical nanoinhomogeneities with Gurtin–Murdoch type interfaces. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 59, 1702–1716] has been further developed and implemented in an efficient numerical algorithm. The method provides accurate evaluation of local fields and effective stiffness tensor with the interaction effects fully taken into account. The displacement vector within the matrix domain is found as a superposition of the vector periodic solutions of Lame equation. By using local expansion of the total displacement and stress fields in terms of vector spherical harmonics associated with each particle, the interface conditions are fulfilled precisely. Analytical averaging of the local strain and stress fields in matrix domain yields an exact, closed form formula (in terms of expansion coefficients) for the effective elastic stiffness tensor of nanocomposite. Numerical results demonstrate that elastic stiffness and, especially, brittle strength of nanoheterogeneous materials can be substantially improved by an appropriate surface modification.
The Reactive and Prospective Functions of Mood: Its Role in Linking Daily Experiences and Cognitive Well-being

How do daily life events impact the affective and cognitive components of well-being (WB)? Results from cross-sectional (Ns = 129 and 64) and longitudinal (N = 129) studies suggest that there is a parsimonious answer to this question. Life events are closely related to mood states, mood states are closely related to cognitive WB, and mood states appear to serve as the nexus through which changing life circumstances affect cognitive WB. These results are consistent with a mood-mediation model, which assumes that mood states perform several functions for the individual. As a reactive index, mood states provide a hedonic summary of recent life experiences. As a prospective index, mood states inform the individual about one's progress and prospects in important life domains. Together, the results indicate that affective experiences play a central role in linking daily life to cognitive representations of well-being.
Session using history in computing courses

This paper brings a degree of closure to the prior works-in-progress presentations made at FIE conferences. It shows how history can improve teaching of computing courses, particularly introductory courses. The approach uses computing history as a thread throughout a course by adapting relevant historical materials to enhance course delivery. The expectation is that computing history can make a positive change in a course from one of only factual content to one containing dynamic interludes involving people, places, and events. The result is that computing courses become more interesting and can stimulate more students, particularly non-specialists, to engage in computing as their major field of study. Readers may extend this approach to other technical areas such as computer engineering and electrical engineering
Racial and ethnic disparities in assisted reproductive technology outcomes in the United States.

Objective To evaluate ethnic differences in assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes in the United States. Design Historical cohort study. Setting Clinic-based data. Patient(s) A total of 139,027 ART cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System online database for 2004–2006, limited to white, Asian, black, and Hispanic women. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Logistic regression was used to model the odds of pregnancy and live birth; among singletons and twins, the odds of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios, with white women as the reference group. Result(s) The odds of pregnancy were reduced for Asians (0.86), and the odds of live birth were reduced for all groups: Asian (0.90), black (0.62), and Hispanic (0.87) women. Among singletons, moderate and severe growth restriction were increased for all infants in all three minority groups (Asians [1.78, 2.05]; blacks [1.81, 2.17]; Hispanics [1.36, 1.64]), and preterm birth was increased among black (1.79) and Hispanic women (1.22). Among twins, the odds for moderate growth restriction were increased for infants of Asian (1.30) and black women (1.97), and severe growth restriction was increased among black women (3.21). The odds of preterm birth were increased for blacks (1.64) and decreased for Asians (0.70). Conclusion(s) There are significant disparities in ART outcomes according to ethnicity.
Fingertip-Nail Bed Injuries in Children: Current Concepts and Controversies of Treatment

Crush injuries of the fingertip are the most common hand injuries seen in children. Many involve fracture of the distal phalanx, whereas others result in either crush alone or complete or partial fingertip amputation. The need for nail removal and nail bed repair after crush injury to the fingertip has long been a matter of debate. In our study comparing the outcome of nail removal and formal nail bed reconstruction versus simple evacuation of the subungual hematoma via trephination after fingernail crush injuries, simple nail trephination was equal to, or superior to, removal of the nail and nail bed repair with significantly lower cost (Roser SE, Gellman H. Comparison of nail bed repair versus nail trephination for subungual hematomas in children. J Hand Surg [Am] 1999;24:1166-1170).
On the significance of the role of cellular stress response reactions in the toxic actions of dioxin.

Abstract Dioxin is known to cause many toxic effects that vary greatly in different tissues, ages, genders, and species. In this review, an attempt has been made to sort out major signaling pathways involved in the expression of the toxicities of dioxin. The major strategy adopted in analyzing its major signaling pathways is to view the toxic actions of dioxin as the result of the Ah receptor-mediated expression of a major cellular emergency stress response signal. Evidence pointing to the similarities between the symptoms of poisoning by dioxin and those produced by chronic administration of typical stressors, particularly lipopolysaccharides (LPS), bacterial endotoxins, has been assembled and analyzed. The common symptoms are wasting syndrome, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and thymic atrophy. On the other hand, oxidative stress caused by cytochrome P450 induction is one of the typical stresses of dioxin poisoning, but not LPS poisoning. One of the major means through which dioxin triggers stress responses via “stress-activated kinase pathways” is stimulation of the cellular production of cytokines/autocrines, particularly growth factors. In the case of hepatocytes for instance, transforming growth factor-α plays a pivotal role in the dioxin-induced activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway, which acts as a signal to suppress apoptosis induced by cellular stress. These observations as well as additional experimental data support the idea that one of the major functions of the Ah receptor could be the elicitation of cellular stress response reactions. Another key point in understanding the toxic action of dioxin is that, unlike other cases of stressors, dioxin signaling becomes chronically sustained because of its extreme persistence in the human body, its half-life of 7–10 years, and its selective accumulation in fatty target tissues.
A probabilistic characterization of a fault-tolerant gossiping algorithm

Gossiping is a popular technique for probabilistic reliable multicast (or broadcast). However, it is often difficult to understand the behavior of gossiping algorithms in an analytic fashion. Indeed, existing analyses of gossip algorithms are either based on simulation or based on ideas borrowed from epidemic models while inheriting some features that do not seem to be appropriate for the setting of gossiping. On one hand, in epidemic spreading, an infected node typically intends to spread the infection an unbounded number of times (or rounds); whereas in gossiping, an infected node (i.e., a node having received the message in question) may prefer to gossip the message a bounded number of times. On the other hand, the often assumed homogeneity in epidemic spreading models (especially that every node has equal contact to everyone else in the population) has been silently inherited in the gossiping literature, meaning that an expensive membership protocol is often needed for maintaining nodes’ views. Motivated by these observations, the authors present a characterization of a popular class of fault-tolerant gossip schemes (known as “push-based gossiping”) based on a novel probabilistic model, while taking the afore-mentioned factors into consideration.
FLAGELLATES OF LATICIFEROUS PLANTS.

Since flagellates have been reported to be present in a large number of laticiferous plants, the increased interest in the possibility of using these plants for sources of rubber, and their introduction into the agriculture of new regions of the United States and other American countries has made desirable further studies on these organisms. After the statement was published by Hegner (2) that flagellates had not been found commonly in economic rubber plants, their occurrence in Taraxacum kok-saghyz has been reported by Isakova (4). A survey of the literature shows that they have been reported for a number of rubber plants in their native habitats. The introduction of such plants into extensive culture may make more frequent the usually sporadic occurrence of these flagellates, provided their insect vectors also become more prevalent in mass cultivation of the host plants used for rubber production. Without the presence of natural vectors, infestation may be present only in plants vegetatively propagated since the flagellates have not been shown to be transmitted through seed. Some of the laticiferous plants have been suspected of being reservoirs for flagellates that produce animal and human infections causing tropical ulcers. Various skin ulcers of the Brazilian type of Leishmaniasis are said to be very common among persons who are engaged in clearing uncultivated woodlands, as in the clearing of rubber plantations (7). The transmission of plant flagellates to mammalian hosts, however, has been only occasionally successful. Strong (9) found flagellates morphologically identical in the latex of a Euphorbia, in a hemipterous insect feeding on this plant, and in a lizard feeding on the insects ; he produced a skin ulcer in a monkey by injecting the intestinal contents of the lizard. Non-flagellate forms from the ulcer were morphologically similar to Leishmania.
The effect of constant light on maternal physiology and behavior

In contrast to previous findings in nonlactating rats, constant light does not disrupt maternal water or food intake. Mothers and pups in constant light, however, gained less weight than their counterparts in the light-dark cycle. While mothers did not differ in their total daily contact time or daily bout frequency, the distribution of the contact time was shifted in constant light. These data may be consistent with the idea that mothers maintain a free-running rhythm under such conditions.
Surgical complications exert a lasting effect on disease-specific health-related quality of life for patients with colorectal cancer

Abstract Background. For individual patients with colorectal cancer, health-related quality of life (HRQL) after treatment is a function of several factors that include preexisting medical conditions, the disease burden, and the treatment that is rendered. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that were associated with posttreatment HRQL. Methods. At baseline and again at 12 months after diagnosis, patients completed the colorectal cancer-specific HRQL survey: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-C). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association between patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related variables and 12-month FACT-C total scores. Results. Seventy-one patients completed the FACT-C at diagnosis and subsequently underwent open surgical removal of their primary tumor; 63 patients completed the 12-month survey. In univariate analysis, only chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at diagnosis or the occurrences of perioperative complications were associated with a reduction in 12-month HRQL scores. Considering both the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the occurrence of perioperative complications, along with the patient's FACT-C total score at diagnosis, age, tumor location, and stage of disease in a multivariate model, only the perioperative complications (odds ratio, 10.5; 95% CI, 2.1-52) and FACT-C total score at diagnosis (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.005-1.07) were associated significantly with a lower than median HRQL score at 12 months. Conclusion. For patients who undergo treatment of colorectal cancer, HRQL at 1 year after diagnosis is still influenced significantly and negatively by the occurrence of surgical complications. (Surgery 2003;134:119-25.)
Modulation of recurrent inhibition in cat association cortex by reticulocortical arousal.

Abstract Lesion-induced degeneration and single unit techniques were used to study the effects of reticular arousal and antidromic callosal stimuli on middle suprasylvian gyrus neurons in the cat. In acute experiments done 2 weeks–6 mo after ablation of the contralateral homotypical cortex, most neurons showed inhibitory responses to 400 Hz callosal volleys. Excitatory reticular stimulation 300 msec prior to the callosal stimulus increased the duration of the antidromic callosal inhibition. An interpretation of the data is made in terms of recurrent inhibitory circuits in association cortex.
Mycobacterium abscessus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: report of three cases and review of the literature

Mycobacterium abscessus is an ubiquitous organism found in the environment. This rapidly growing mycobacterium infrequently causes disease in humans; however, in immunocompromised hosts, disease can range from localized cutaneous lesions to disseminated infection. The organism is resistant to most antimycobacterial drugs and therapy can be limited by drug interactions. The exact incidence of M. abscessus infection among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is unknown; data are only available from previously reported cases in the literature. We describe 3 cases of M. abscessus infection in SOT recipients diagnosed within a 5-month period. One of the cases followed multi-visceral transplantation, the first such case to be reported in the literature. An epidemiological investigation did not reveal significant commonalities among the cases, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA of the case isolates confirmed their non-identity. All cases improved with antibiotic therapy, most notably with the new glycylcycline, tigecycline, along with surgical intervention in 2 of the cases. In addition, we review features and characteristics of M. abscessus infections in recipients of SOT reported in the literature from 1992 to 2008 and summarize some selected therapeutic concerns and issues related to treatment.
Modulator protein RsbR regulates environmental signalling in the general stress pathway of Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis responds to signals of environmental and metabolic stress by inducing over 40 general stress genes under the control of the sigma B transcription factor. sigma B activity is regulated post-translationally by a multi-component network composed of two coupled partner-switching modules, RsbX-RsbS-RsbT and RsbU-RsbV-RsbW, each containing a serine phosphatase (X or U), an antagonist protein (S or V), and a switch protein/serine kinase (T or W). The upstream module (X-S-T) is required to transmit signals of environmental stress. In contrast, the downstream module (U-V-W) is required to transmit signals of energy stress as well as the environmental signals conveyed to it from the upstream module. Until now the function of the rsbR gene product was unknown. RsbR shares significant sequence similarity with the RsbS and RsbV antagonist proteins whose phosphorylation states control key protein-protein interactions within their respective modules. Here we present evidence that RsbR is associated with RsbS in the upstream, environmental-sensing module. To investigate RsbR function, we constructed deletion and point mutations within rsbR and tested their effects on expression of sigma B-dependent reporter fusions, both singly and in combination with other rsb mutations. To determine the possible interaction of RsbR with other Rsb proteins, we tested the ability of wild-type or mutant RsbR to activate transcription in the yeast two-hybrid system in conjunction with other Rsb regulators. On the basis of this genetic analysis, we conclude that RsbR is a positive regulator which modulates sigma B activity in response to salt and heat stress. Our data further suggest that: (i) RsbR influences the antagonist function of RsbS by direct protein-protein interaction; and (ii) this interaction with RsbS is likely controlled by the phosphorylation state of RsbR.
Pion Production by Pions

In order to study the direct interaction of the incident pion with a virtual pion in the meson cloud surrounding a nucleon, the reaction pi + p yields pi /sup +/ + pi /sup -/ + n was investigated in the energy range from 260 to 430 Mev. Negative pion beams impinged on a 4-in.thick liquid hydrogen target. Measurements were taken for pi /sup +/ mesons emitted at 60, 90, 125, and 160 deg in the barycentric system for incident pi /sup -/ kinetic energies of over the energy of the pi /sup +/meson at each angle to obtain the angular differential cross section. (W.D.M.)
Characterization of a-B5C:H prepared by PECVD of orthocarborane: Results of preliminary FTIR and nuclear reaction analysis studies

The electronic properties of a-Si:H vary with hydrogen passivation of dangling bond defects. It appears this effect is also operative in semiconducting amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (a-B5C:H). Therefore, the ability to quantify the amount of hydrogen will be key to development of the materials science of a-B 5 C:H. The results of an initial investigation probing the ability to quickly correlate hydrogen concentration in a-B 5 C:H films with infrared spectroscopy are reported. a-B 5 C:H thin films were growth on Si (111) substrates by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using sublimed orthocarborane and argon as the precursor gas. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) was performed to quantify the atomic concentration of H in the a-B 5 C:H films. While the observed vibronic structure does not show stretches due to terminal C-H or bridging B-H-B, analysis of the terminal B-H stretch at ∼2570 cm -1 gives a proportionality constant of A = 2 x 10 22 cm -2 . We conclude that the methods previously developed for correlating H concentration to infrared data in a-Si:H are similarly viable for a-B 5 C:H films.
One-step fabrication of a polyaniline nanofiber vapor sensor

A single-step, bottom-up technique has been used to fabricate sensors, based on conducting polymer nanofibers. A small amount of an aqueous solution containing aniline, a dopant, and an oxidant was placed on an interdigitated electrode array. Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation of the solutions affected polymerization, yielding a highly porous film of polyaniline nanofibers with a mean diameter of around 100 nm and a length on the order of 1 μm. Solutions that were not irradiated formed bulk-like polyaniline (PANI) films. Nanofibers and bulk polyaniline sensors were exposed to chloroform, a weak proton donor; to toluene, a vapor that causes polymer swelling; and to triethylamine, which alters the doping level. Because of their higher surface areas, the response times of the fiber sensors were about a factor of 2 faster, with the current variations up to 4 times larger than those of the bulk polyaniline sensors. These results suggest methods for the advancement of simple and environment-friendly production of organic nanofiber-based sensors and electronic devices.
Rehabilitation of the elderly patient on dialysis

Rehabilitation for geriatric patients, as well as rehabilitation for patients with a chronic disease, strives to mobilize individuals' residual capacity for optimal function in their usual environment. It is clear from observational studies that chronic dialysis patients often experience marked limitations in physical functioning, and these limitations tend to increase with patients' age. However, both prospective studies and controlled trials conducted with elderly persons demonstrate that muscle strengthening and cardiovascular exercise are related to improved physical functioning, and there is evidence that dialysis patients can also benefit from many of these interventions. Inpatient rehabilitation in a specialized geriatric unit has been shown to be associated with better functional outcomes and decreased need for institutionalization among elderly persons; the process of comprehensive geriatric assessment may also have beneficial outcomes. More controlled studies are needed in order to better specify the effectiveness of various geriatric interventions, for elderly subjects in general and for elderly dialysis patients specifically.
Chemistry of fog waters in California's Central Valley: 2. Photochemical transformations of amino acids and alkyl amines

Abstract Although amino compounds are seemingly ubiquitous in atmospheric particles and deposition, little is known of their fate in the troposphere. We report here on the fate of 21 amino acids and alkyl amines in fog waters from Davis, California, illuminated with simulated sunlight or monochromatic light. In all experiments four amino acids – histidine (His), methionine (Met), tryptophan (Trp), and tyrosine (Tyr) – consistently decayed, with half-lives that ranged from ∼1 h (Met) to ∼23 h (Tyr) in midday, winter-solstice sunlight at Davis, CA ( solar zenith angle =62°) . Half-lives for the remaining amino compounds examined were typically >45 h in our experiments. Reactions with photoformed hydroxyl radical ( · OH ) and singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1Δg) or 1 O 2 ∗ ) accounted for essentially all of the loss of His and Tyr, the less reactive of the four amino acids that consistently decayed, but were minor sinks for the more reactive compounds (Met and Trp). Additional experiments revealed that methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) was formed with a yield of 58–88% during the oxidation of methionine, suggesting that the ratio of MetSO to Met might be a useful chemical marker for the age of atmospheric particles and drops. Other products expected from the transformation of amino compounds include ammonia, organic acids, and possibly mutagenic nitrosoaromatics. To complement our laboratory experiments, we also calculated rates of transformations of amino acids in near-neutral pH fog drops under ambient conditions. These calculations reveal that ozone should be a major sink for amino acids and that half-lives for many amino acids in ambient fog drops will be much shorter than those determined in our photochemistry experiments. Overall, our results indicate that reactions in atmospheric condensed phases will transform amino nitrogen compounds (including free amino acids as well as proteins and peptides) and, consequently, increase the bioavailability of nitrogen in atmospheric deposition.
Planning Aspects of Automatic Test and Checkout in Missille and Space Systems

The degree of automation applied to test and checkout should be controlled by: (1) R&D nature of the end item program (2) Fixed program character of the state-of-the-art in automation (3) Test plan Within the scope of these basic considerations, a tradeoff should be performed among manual, semi-automatic, and automatic equipment. Certain inherent limitations of man and machine are provided. If automation is to be employed, a system design should be selected, interfaces defined, and selective implementation started in the R&D phase.
Astrocyte TNFR2 is required for CXCL12-mediated regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation within the adult CNS.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by episodes of inflammatory demyelination with progressive failure of remyelination. Prior studies using murine models of MS indicate that remyelination within the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires the expression and activity of TNFR2 and CXCR4 by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), promoting their proliferation and differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Here, we extend these studies by examining the role of TNFR2 in the expression of the CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, within the corpus callosum (CC) during cuprizone (CPZ) intoxication and by demonstrating that lentiviral-mediated gene delivery of CXCL12 to the demyelinated CC improves OPC proliferation and myelin expression during remyelination. Activated astrocytes and microglia express both TNFR1 and TNFR2 within the demyelinated CC. However, CPZ intoxicated TNFR2−/− mice exhibit loss of up-regulation of CXCL12 in astrocytes with concomitant decreases in numbers of CXCR4+ NG2+ OPCs within the CC. While CXCR4 antagonism does not affect OPC migration from subventricular zones into the CC, it decreases their proliferation and differentiation within the CC. Stereotactic delivery of lentivirus expressing CXCL12 protein into the CC of acutely demyelinated TNFR2−/− mice increases OPC proliferation and expression of myelin. In contrast, chronically demyelinated wild-type mice, which exhibit significant loss of astrocytes and OPCs, are unable to be rescued via CXCL12 lentivirus alone but instead required engraftment of CXCL12-expressing astrocytes for increased myelin expression. Our results show that TNFR2 activation induces CXCL12 expression in the demyelinated CC via autocrine signaling specifically within astrocytes, which promotes OPC proliferation and differentiation. In addition, gene delivery of critical pro-myelinating proteins might be a feasible approach for the treatment of remyelination failure in MS.
HIV-related lipodystrophy and related factors

As new therapies for HIV infection have been developed, some of the clinical focus related to AIDS and HIV infection has shifted from acute care, to more chronic issues. Some of these new clinical issues seem related to the HIV infection itself, while others seem to be side effects of therapeutic efforts. Metabolic abnormalities, such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy (LD) have been observed. The clinical importance of these is demonstrated by the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in HIV infected persons. LD is a general term used to describe varying degrees of fat redistribution, including lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy, in different body regions. Though LD was observed in persons with HIV infection before highly active treatment regimens were developed, the prevalence of LD has seemingly increased drastically with the widespread use of more active therapies. It has been postulated that protease inhibitors (PI), especially, are linked to the development of LD. This review will assess the epidemiologic information related to HIV-associated LD, and related metabolic syndromes. In addition, potential mechanisms accounting for these syndromes will be reviewed. In general, the available data do not define a single, definable etiology or mechanism explaining these clinical conditions, but suggest that these conditions are caused by a complex interaction potentially involving such things as the side effects of medications, alteration of immune function, and individual subject characteristics, such as body weight and baseline lipid level.
Effect of Temporal and Spatial Rainfall Resolution on HSPF Predictive Performance and Parameter Estimation

Watershed-scale rainfall-runoff models are used for environmental management and regulatory modeling applications, but their effectiveness is limited by predictive uncertainties associated with model input data. This study evaluated the effect of temporal and spatial rainfall resolution on the predictive performance of Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF) using manual and automatic calibration procedures. Furthermore, the effect of automatic parameter estimation on the physical significance of calibrated parameter values was evaluated. Temporal resolutions examined included 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h, and spatial resolution effects evaluated included the effect of a spatially averaged network of four rain gauges and Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) for selected rain events. Model efficiencies ranged from 0.31 to 0.86 when individual rain gauges (RG71, RG73, RG74, and RG77) were used one at a time. Model efficiency improved and ranged from 0.86 to 0.94 when a spatially averaged network of four ra...
Reflection on Engaging Student-Teaching-Artists.

ABSTRACT A TA/interdisciplinary artist describes her innovative course that seeks to engage aspiring TAs with the communities that surround them.
Cognitive processing of emotional information in panic disorder.

Panic-disordered (PD) patients, obsessive-compulsive (OCD) patients, and normal control subjects were exposed to either a high (i.e. exercise) or low arousal manipulation prior to performing a computerized version of the modified Stroop color-naming paradigm. Subjects named the colors of neutral nonlexical stimuli, positive words, and threat words associated with fear, bodily sensations, and catastrophes. After the Stroop task, subjects rated the personal emotional significance of the words. Inconsistent with the emotionality hypothesis of Stroop interference, PD patients rated positive words as more emotional than catastrophe words, but took longer to color-name the latter than the former. Yet consistent with the emotionality hypothesis, PD patients took as long to color-name positive words as to color-name fear and bodily sensation words. Contrary to expectation, OCD patients resembled PD patients in terms of interference, and arousal did not enhance interference for threat words in PD patients.
SLAC klystrons modulators

The Stanford Linear Accelerator utilizes over 250, 5045 klystrons which are at driven by 35 year old modulator utilizing standard PFN capacitors, thyratrons and conventional pulse transformer to generate a 3.5 /spl mu/s pulse of 350 kV, 400 A, at 120 Hz. The proposal is to use a 10 section solid state induction modulator to replace the existing PFN/thyratron modulator, and drive the klystron using the existing conventional pulse transformer. The induction modulator utilizes a pulse transformer similar to an induction accelerator driven by solid state high voltage IGBT switches and DC capacitors. The performance and test results of the IGBT, induction modulator driving a conventional transformer with a 5045 klystron load is discussed.
Investigation of the compatibility of butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers with poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract Various methods were used to study the compatibility of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers with poly(vinyl chloride). These blends were investigated by phase contrast microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and torsion pendulum analysis. We conclude that the copolymers are compatible with poly(vinyl chloride) in all PVC compositions within the range 23–45% acrylonitrile. These blends exhibit a single Tg in the torsion pendulum studies and differential scanning calorimetry studies and follow a Fox expression in the variation of Tg with composition. Experimental densities are also higher than those calculated assuming volume additivity, implying better packing and a negative heat of mixing leading to molecular compatibility.
The effect of teachers' sociological understanding of science (SUS) on curricular innovation

Science education reform initiatives advocate incorporating more accurate portrayals of science in the high school classroom that attend to science in its larger social context. However, conveying such understandings will require teachers to possess new knowledge about how science is practised. This paper reports research that investigated the effect of teachers' sociological understanding of science (SUS) on their design and implementation of curriculum innovations. It concludes that teachers' SUS level strongly influences their ability to innovate; knowledge about science is necessary, but not sufficient, for sociologically informed curricula.
Covering spaces and the Galois theory of commutative Banach algebras

One of the recurring themes in the study of commutative Banach algebras is the attempt to understand the relationship between the algebraic structure of a commutative Banach algebra A and the topological structure of its maximal ideal space M(A). The seminal result in this direction is the Shilov idempotent theorem 1231, which identifies the zeroth Cech cohomology group H’(M(A), Z) with the additive subgroup of A generated by the idempotents. In the same vein, Arens [ 1 ] and Royden 1221 have showed that N’(M(A), Z) may be identified with A -*/expA, the quotient of the (multiplicative) group of invertible elements of A by the exponential subgroup. More recently,’ Forster [lo] showed how to identify H’(M(A ), L ) with Pit(A), the group of rank one projective modules over A. For a more extensive discussion and bibliography, we refer the reader to the paper by Taylor 1241. The motivation for the present work was a desire to understand a more “primitive” topological invariant, namely the fundamental group n,(M(A )). This is of an essentially different nature from the results cited above, since
Supratherapeutic doses of sulfonylureas in diabetic patients: how much is too much?

Background. Determining triage guidelines for supratherapeutic ingestions of sulfonylureas is difficult because they have broad therapeutic indexes. This study was performed to evaluate the degree of hypoglycemia that may result from a supratherapeutic ingestion of a sulfonylurea in a diabetic patient. Methods. Poison center records over a 3-year period were retrospectively reviewed for cases of adults acutely ingesting supratherapeutic doses of sulfonylureas (SFU). Results. A total of 85 cases were identified. Eight patients had complaints of shakiness or dizziness, but no patient developed symptoms refractory to oral glucose/carbohydrate supplementation or required intravenous dextrose. Conclusions. In our study, all diabetic patients accidentally ingesting more than their usual single dose (USD) or usual daily dose (UDD) of their SFU were safely monitored at home while observing for subjective or objective signs of hypoglycemia. When necessary, oral dextrose could be administered in these patients at home.
Sample size determination in zero tolerance circumstances and the implications of stepwise sampling: Bacterial ring rot as a special case

A formula suitable for determining sample size in zero tolerance situations is developed. It is PEA = e-nP; where PEA = probability of erroneous acceptance of a field, e = base of natural logarithm, n = sample size, and p = probability that a plant is diseased. For a trace amount of disease,i.e., p = 0.001, a PEA of 0.01 is achieved with a sample size of 4605. Such a sample size might be achieved by sampling in a stepwise fashion whereby multiple samples are taken and sampling ceases when disease is found. In such schemes, if the total sample size of all samples is 4605, then the PEA will still be 0.01 when p = 0.001. General formulas for stepwise sampling and formulas for special circumstances such as stratified (non-random) sampling schemes, sampling small fields, and sampling in the presence of reduced disease expression can also be obtained. A case study is used to exemplify the use of these formulas in the development of a zero tolerance sampling strategy.
Temperature dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in dielectric crystals at low temperatures

Abstract An explanation is given for the T9 ultrasonic attenuation temperature dependence in certain dielectric crystals at low temperatures. This temperature dependence can arise from the three phonon process ls + tth → tth even in an isotropic medium.
Eddy-Modulated Internal Waves and Mixing on a Midocean Ridge

AbstractMesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the World Ocean and dominate the energy content on subinertial time scales. Recent theoretical and numerical studies suggest a connection between mesoscale eddies and diapycnal mixing in the deep ocean, especially near rough topography in regions of strong geostrophic flow. However, unambiguous observational evidence for such a connection has not yet been found, and it is still unclear what physical processes are responsible for transferring energy from mesoscale to small-scale processes. Here, the authors present observations demonstrating that finescale variability near the crest of the East Pacific Rise is strongly modulated by low-frequency geostrophic flows, including those due to mesoscale eddies. During times of strong subinertial flows, the authors observed elevated kinetic energy on vertical scales <50 m and in the near-inertial band, predominantly upward-propagating near-inertial waves, and increased incidence of layers with Richardson number . In contr...
The Strategic CFO? Implications of the CFO's Role and Responsibilities

CFOs wear many hats, as the primary agents responsible for financial reporting and control and as strategic partners within firms' top management teams. This paper uses an agency model to investigate how the role and responsibilities of the CFO affect reporting quality, firm value, and incentive compensation. In the model, a risk-neutral principal hires the risk-averse CEO and CFO. The CEO is mainly responsible for production, while the CFO is responsible for financial reporting and productive activities. Furthermore, the CEO and CFO may act independently or collaboratively. Results highlight the importance of CFO responsibilities besides financial reporting, and situations where CEO-CFO collaboration is more or less preferable. Results also contradict existing practitioner literature that espouses universal benefits to having a CFO who is purely a strategic partner in the top management team.
IMA chromatography of a cell extract: Effect of loading pH on protein purification

Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography has shown promise for isolating desired proteins from host cell extracts, based on differential affinities for chelated metal ions. This article focuses on modeling the effect of loading pH on the purity and binding capacity of target proteins, during their separation from the cell extract of Escherichia coli, using immobilized copper affinity chromatography. Early chromatography experiments revealed that cellular proteins of E. coli elute in two separate peaks from an immobilized copper column under a decreasing pH step gradient. Thus, the cell extract is modeled by a mixture of two proteins, tuna heart cytochrome c and chicken egg white lysozyme. Transport and binding parameters of these proteins are evaluated over a wide pH range and used in a mathematical model of multicomponent chromatography. Target proteins are chosen such that they elute at a pH between the elution pH of cytochrome and lysozyme. Simulation results showed that decreasing the loading pH to a value between the elution pH of the weaker copper binding proteins of E. coli and that of the target protein may not only decrease the amount of E. coli proteins bound in the column but lead to a substantially higher binding capacity for the target protein.
Sport News on Facebook: The Relationship Between Interactivity and Readers’ Browsing Behavior

This study analyzes how interactivity on Facebook relates to users’ browsing behaviors such as clicking a link, visiting a Web site, clicking articles on a Web site, and spending time on a sports news Web site. Regression analyses of 502 Facebook posts and the corresponding news articles show that the number of individuals who clicked on a link is not related to higher levels of interactivity, but an increase in interactivity did affect the number of overall visits generated. In addition, higher levels of interactivity had a slight negative correlation with the number of pages visited and the time spent on an organization’s Web site. Implications for the training and work routines of sport communication professionals in organizations, journalism, and public relations are discussed.
The application of size-frequency distribution and energy flow in paleoecologic analysis: An example using parautochthonous death assemblages from a variable salinity bay

Abstract To investigate the application of the size-frequency distribution in paleoecology, the size-frequency distributions for a series of assemblages obtained from two cores taken in Copano Bay, Texas are examined from four perspectives. These four perspectives are the size-frequency distribution of each of the dominant species and three measures of the size-frequency distribution for the assemblage as a whole, defined according to the maximum size of the species, the maximum size of the assemblage, and the maximum size of a group of assemblages. In each case, the size-frequency distribution was evaluated in terms of abundance and converted by a hindcasting model to two indices of trophic structure, paleoproduction and paleoingestion. Significant temporal changes in community structure identified in this way included changes in environmental optimality, food supply, persistence of population dynamics, and the division of resources amongst small and large species. Paleoingestion was consistently bimodally distributed when plotted by size class because small and large species contributed substantially to energy flow. Only the larger size classes accounted for significant paleoproduction. Thus the smaller size classes included small, long-lived species that reached near-maximum size. Habitat optimality was identified by examining the degree to which individuals reached a fraction of their species' maximum size. Significant downcore changes in habitat optimality occurred only for the large species in the assemblage; those potentially most affected by changes in food supply. Species replacement in the community included not only guild replacement but also size replacement. The size-frequency distribution for the community was persistent over hundreds of years whereas those for the individual species frequently were not. So, too, was the distribution of paleoproduction and paleoingestion amongst the size classes. Thus, unlike the population dynamics of each species, the population dynamics and the distribution of energy flow through the constituent size classes was a temporally persistent feature of community structure and represents a valuable parameter in the analysis of the fossil record. A change in assemblage maximum size likely records variations in food supply. Variations in assemblage maximum size and the replacement of chemoautotrophic species with filter-feeding ones suggests that a substantial increase in food supply occurred over the last 400 yr at this site.
The Theory of Genetic Vulnerability: A Roy Model Exemplar

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of adult genetic testing. Grounded theory was used to plan, guide, and analyze in-depth interviews with 29 participants. The theory of genetic vulnerability was developed and is composed of five concepts: (a) experiencing the family disease, (b) testing for a mutation, (c) fore-grounding inherited disease risk, (d) responding to knowledge of genetic vulnerability, and (e) altering or avoiding the family experience of inherited disease. Roy's model of adaptation is discussed as a valuable lens through which to test and adapt this theory.
The grid bus architecture for MIMD

An MIMD computer interconnection architecture, the grid bus architecture, is explored. Algorithms are introduced which route messages in an efficient and fault-tolerant manner. A chip which implements the basic algorithm was built to show how the algorithm can be designed into hardware. Simulations of the architecture show the decrease in performance under high loads and larger array sizes. Other simulations show the good performance of the fault-tolerant algorithms in this system. Some of the methods discussed can be applied to some similar architectures, such as the spanning-bus hypercube and other hypercube architectures. >
Sex differences in adrenal cortical secretion in the rat.

Ether anesthesia administered as a standardized stress produced higher and more persistently elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in female rats than in male animals. Similar effects were obtained following administration of ACTH. The biological half-life of corticosterone in female rats was found to be 13 minutes compared to 20 minutes in male animals. Female rat liver homogenates metabolized the A ring of corticosterone and that of cortisone more rapidly in vitro than did male tissue. No sex difference was observed in the rate of metabolism of the sidechain of corticosterone although male liver homogenates reduced the sidechain of cortisone more rapidly than did female tissue. The concentration of corticosterone in the adrenal vein of the female rat is 2.5 times that in the male. These findings are interpreted to signify increased sensitivity of the female adrenal gland to stimulation by ACTH. The higher plasma corticosterone levels observed after ACTH or stress in female rats are not explained...
Composite motion and effort control

A method for simultaneously controlling the motion of bodies and the constraining efforts between bodies of multibody systems is presented. The motions and efforts controlled are gauge invariant compositions of the generalized velocities and forces commonly used in describing dynamic systems. The goal of the method is to only use actuations that contribute toward achieving the obtainable portions of the motion and efforts. The actuations associated with attempting to achieve the unobtainable motions and efforts, those that ultimately result in performance degradation, are reduced. Toward this goal the newly developed motion-effort method for dynamic system equation reduction is used to find the required actuation for use in the feed forward portion of a composite motion-effort controller. Additional portions of the controller are used to adjust the actuation to reduce the effects of past errors.