cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadband on-chip plasmonic spectroscopy for near-infrared absorption of aromatic compounds

We demonstrate an ultra-compact on-chip near-infrared spectrometer using plasmonic grating band-pass filter array, providing a broad bandwidth over 270 nm and a high spectral resolution around 10 nm to measure the infrared absorption of xylene.
Rapid Generation of Cytomegalovirus Specific T Lymphocytes Using Commercially Available CMV pp65 Peptides.

Adoptive immunotherapy with cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can result in resolution of viremia and reconstiution of CMV specific immunity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most recipients of allogeneic transplants who develop CMV reactivation are successfully treated with anti-viral agents, however some have persistent viremia or develop CMV disease despite these medications. In these situations the development of CMV specific T cells may be impractical due to time contraints or institutional limitations. We have expanded CMV pp65 specific CTL from 5/6 normal blood donors of diverse HLA backgrounds in 10–15 days using adherent cells (monocytes) as antigen presenting cells, pulsed with a commercially available source of CMV pp65 peptides, which includes 138 CMV pp65 15mers. These pulsed monocytes are incubated at a 1:5 ratio with non-adherent peripheral blood lymphocytes, resulting in a population of CD4 and CD8+ CMV pp65 specific T cells after 2 weekly stimulations. While >80% of these cells were CD3+, 29–78% were CD4+, and 15–55% were CD8+. These CTL have specific cytotoxicity against CMV pp65, and intracellular cytokine analysis showed specific interferon-gamma production in response to CMV pp65 target cells. Table I depicts the phenotype as well as interferon-gamma production and specific cytotoxicity in response to stimulation with B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) expressing pp65. There was no reactivity to allogeneic targets by cytokine analysis or in chromium release assays. CTL sufficient for a dose of 30–50 × 106 CTL were routinely generated from 40–50 cc of whole blood. Considering the short time frame and relative ease with which these CTL can be expanded, this methodology could be readily adopted in clinical situations of persistent or therapy refractory CMV infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients as an adjuvant to anti-viral therapy.
Issues affecting adolescent psychosocial development, bullying, and school safety in three appalachian counties

In order to reduce bullying and to foster psychosocial development in adolescents, schools benefit most from a holistic approach (Bowllan, 2011; Drake et al., 2003). The purpose of this study was to understand the beliefs held by high school decision-makers (HSDMs) regarding bullying, positive youth development, and limitations that schools and sports have in fostering a positive school climate. HSDMs included administrators, athletic directors, and counsellors from five high schools in Northern Appalachia. Nine HSDMs participated in the semi-structured interviews (M = 62 min; Range = 49-76 min). Trustworthiness of the results was enhanced through the use of pilot interviews, verbatim transcription, independent coding, triangulation, a critical reviewer of the coding and analyses, and member-check procedures (Patton, 2014). The primary investigator conducted the interviews, trained the coders, critiqued open codes, and led the thematic analysis (Creswell, 2014). Participants described a number of Limitations to PYD and reducing bullying, including Barriers, and a Lack of Consistency in programing, messaging, values, etc. Barriers included: Student and athlete struggles (competition in sport, fitting in, esteem); Sport and leader barriers (negative effects of sport, wrong motivations in sport, lack of training for staff/coaches, coach/teacher uncertainty); and School barriers (finances, student-teacher ratio, rapport with students). Lack of Consistency was organized into two categories: Within Schools (e.g., constantly changing programs, lack of standards, and disconnect between staff) and Outside of Schools (e.g., social influences, family problems, family values not inline with school's, and limits to the impact schools can have). Implications for the development of PYD programs in regional high schools are discussed.Acknowledgments: Funding for this study was provided by the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) and from the College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences at WVU.
Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Headaches after Sport-Related TBI in a Pediatric Subspecialty Clinic Population (P01.264)

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to further understand the factors that contribute to development of post-traumatic headache (PTHA) in a pediatric subspecialty population. BACKGROUND: It is estimated that between 30-45 million children and adolescents participate in organized sports, and over the last decade, there has been an increase in sport-related traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Of the estimated 300,000-3 million sport-related TBIs that occur each year, the majority occur in pediatric patients. While most of these injuries are mild, more severe injuries do occur. The most prevalent and often debilitating post-traumatic symptom is headache. PTHA can lead to poor school performance, disruption in social function, and familial hardships. DESIGN/METHODS: Data was prospectively collected from individuals 5-22yrs of age presenting to clinic with sport-related TBI. 78 patients had 6mo post-TBI follow-up. RESULTS: Sport-related TBI severity included 48 mild, 25 moderate and 5 severe patients. Headache was a presenting symptom in 54% of the patients coming to clinic after a sport-related TBI. Those that suffered a PTHA were 3.9 times (95%CI 1.5-10.7) more likely to have experienced a mild injury. PTHA occurred 3.1 times (95%CI 1.2-8.1) more often in athletes who played contact sports, and mild injuries were 22.7 times (95%CI 7.0-94.2) more likely to be due to contact sports participation. Chronic daily headaches were also 6.5 times (95%CI 1.6-47.5) more likely to occur in patients who sustained mild injury. Prior history of TBI (p=0.01) and prior history of neurocognitive impairment (p=0.05) were also associated with PTHA. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 2.15.1 and EpiTools: R Package (v0.5-7). CONCLUSIONS: Careful risk factor assessment may help to identify patients more likely to develop persistent PTHA who would benefit from early pediatric neurology clinic referral and intervention. Supported by: The Morris A. Hazan 2011-2012 Friends Fellowship, Child Neurology Foundation, Today and Tomorrow9s Children Fund, UCLA BIRC. Disclosure: Dr. Choe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fischer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yudovin has nothing to disclose. Dr. McArthur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Giza has received personal compensation for activities with Medical Education Speakers Bureau and Medicolegal consultation.
The Medical Treatment of Autistic People

The proper study of risks attendant on a particular medical treatment, or on a class of treatments, can only be made if proper deference is paid to the potential benefits that may reasonably be expected to accrue. In considering the risks and side effects of medical treatments that are brought to bear in the management of autistic persons, therefore, there is a fatal irony since little direct benefit is known to derive from any somatic treatment. There is no rational chemotherapy for autism. There is no medical intervention that can reverse or undo the physiological basis of the disorder. Indeed, the disorder is not known to be characterized by any specific pathophysiologic defect. From the biologist’s perspective, autism is an impossible concept, one that embraces a wide range of individual deficits and individual patients who differ widely in clinical presentation (Wing, 1969), developmental level, etiology, associated disorders, and prognosis. A generation of research has failed to uncover any single biological mechanism by dint of which such diversity might be reconciled. In the face of such ambiguity, the hope for a specific biological “treatment” is vain.
Ethane hydrogenolysis over well-defined RuCuSiO2 catalysts

Abstract This work was undertaken to investigate the behavior of the ethane hydrogenolysis reaction over well-characterized, chlorine-free, silica-supported ruthenium-copper catalysts. The total dispersion of all catalysts was about 29%. The reaction studies were carried out in a laboratory-scale reactor, and catalyst activity was correlated with ruthenium surface composition, as measured previously by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of chemisorbed hydrogen. Monte Carlo simulations of the catalyst were used to assist in the interpretation of the results. The reaction studies indicate that catalysts with a Cu: Ru atom ratio greater than 1:9 have a constant specific activity (rate per surface ruthenium atom), analogous to the behavior of single crystal surfaces. Below this Cu: Ru ratio, the specific activity drops rapidly as copper is added to the system at the lower temperatures studied. At a Cu: Ru ratio of 1:9 the modeling suggests that all edge and corner sites of the catalyst crystallite are occupied by copper. We conclude that the ethane hydrogenolysis reaction over silica-supported ruthenium-copper catalysts is sensitive to the crystallite structure but no geometric effects are observed.
Infections in patients on BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy: cases and review of the literature

The introduction of BCR-ABL-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) for treatment of hematologic malignancies has made a significant impact on patient outcome. Contingent upon their targeted and off-target activity, therapy-associated infectious complications may occur. We present a case of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and a case of adenovirus hemorrhagic cystitis in two patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia on BCR-ABL TKI treatment and review the literature to summarize the infectious complications based on clinical data. As life-threatening infections may occur, treating physicians should maintain a heightened awareness in patients treated with BCR-ABL TKIs. Based on the frequent reports of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation under the treatment BCR-ABL TKIs, screening for and prophylactic therapy of chronic HBV infection should be considered. Similarly, patients would benefit from screening for and treatment of latent tuberculosis.
State of Accessibility in U.S. Higher Ed Institutions

This paper will discuss the requirements and environment surrounding accessibility in Higher Ed institutions in the U.S., and their attempts to tackle these challenges. We will go on a panorama tour of the structure and culture of large universities and their constituents; touch on how accessibility fits into teaching, research and administration responsibilities; cover perspectives from legal, students, faculty, support staff; and take a look at policies, operations and culture impacting accessibility efforts.
CHANGES IN CATALASE ACTIVITY DURING EMBRYONATION OF ASCARIS EGGS, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO RESPIRATION AND CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ACTIVITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the changes in catalase activity during embryonation of ascaris eggs and its relationship to respiration and cytochrome oxidase activity. In a study discussed in the chapter, with the use of homogenate preparations, catalase activity during embryonation of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides var suum was investigated. The catalytic activity of egg homogenates was preliminarily identified manometrically by the evolution of oxygen with H 2 O 2 as substrate. The activity was inhibited by cyanide, azide, and heating the homogenate. The decomposition of H 2 O 2 by homogenate was completely accounted for by oxygen production indicating the absence of detectable peroxidatic activity. Catalase activity of homogenates was also identified spectophotometrically by tracking the decomposition of H 2 O 2 at 230 millimicrons. Activity was increased by increasing the amount of homogenate or concentration of H 2 O 2 . It is observed that as of the properties of catalase activity, especially with crude preparation, neither the manometric nor spectrophotometric assay could satisfactorily be applied for accurate determination of specific activities in different preparations.
Delayed tooth formation in low birthweight African-American children.

Low birthweight (LBW) infants are susceptible to several developmental problems (e.g., pulmonary diseases, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia) with potentially long-lasting effects that slow growth during infancy and childhood. Dental age (DA), judged from stages of permanent tooth mineralization, was scored in 4- to 7-year-old LBW African-American children (N = 66; x = 5.5 years) to test whether they were delayed due to LBW and its consequences. Data were matched in a case-control fashion to African-American children with normal birth-weights (N = 76). Only the early-forming teeth (incisors, first molars) were delayed significantly in their formation. Children with the lowest height-for-age centiles were the most delayed dentally which suggests that height status would improve as dental age caught up with chronological age (CA). Older children were more delayed because there is a proportionately greater opportunity for DA to diverge from CA as children grow older. Since only those teeth undergoing rapid differentiation neonatally were affected systematically, it was speculated that perinatal insults may have an enduring impact on developing primordia, while leaving later-forming teeth unaffected.
Transmutations, Radioactivity, and Afterheat in a Deuterium-Tritium Tokamak Fusion Reactor

Calculations have been performed to assess the effects of fast-neutron-induced transmutation reactions in the blanket region surrounding the plasma in a Tokamak fusion reactor. The production of bo...
The role of collaborative interactions versus individual construction on students’ learning of engineering concepts

ABSTRACTThis study primarily investigated the role of interactional factors in an unstructured face-to-face collaborative learning environment with challenging engineering activities. We explored d...
Extremum Seeking Control for Model-Free Auto-Tuning of Powered Prosthetic Legs

This paper proposes an extremum seeking controller (ESC) for simultaneously tuning the feedback control gains of a knee–ankle powered prosthetic leg using continuous-phase controllers. Previously, the proportional gains of the continuous-phase controller for each joint were tuned manually by trial-and-error, which required several iterations to achieve a balance between the prosthetic leg tracking error performance and the user’s comfort. In this paper, a convex objective function is developed, which incorporates these two goals. We present a theoretical analysis demonstrating that the quasi-steady-state value of the objective function is independent of the controller damping gains. Furthermore, we prove the stability of error dynamics of continuous-phase controlled powered prosthetic leg along with ESC dynamics using averaging and singular perturbation tools. The developed cost function is then minimized by ESC in real-time to simultaneously tune the proportional gains of the knee and ankle joints. The optimum of the objective function shifts at different walking speeds, and our algorithm is suitably fast to track these changes, providing real-time adaptation for different walking conditions. Benchtop and walking experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed ESC across various walking speeds.
MPC-based Lateral Controller with Look-Ahead Design for Autonomous Multi-vehicle Merging into Platoon

In this paper a Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based approach is implemented to control the lateral maneuver of nonlinear vehicle dynamics. The controller is then applied to a multi-vehicle merging strategy for several vehicles to autonomously merge into a platoon using a variable-gap lateral reference trajectory. The MPC controller features a look-ahead design so that the controller could take actions in advance and thus improve the tracking objective. A combination of constraints, and slack variables-which quantify constraints violation-are chosen to guarantee a safe, efficient, and comfortable ride. The performance of the linear MPC controller is evaluated against a nonlinear plant to demonstrate a more realistic scenario.
A Sketch of a (Computational) Theory of Visual Kinesthesis

Abstract Visual factors play an overwhelming role in the perception of egomotion. While it has been shown experimentally many times that vision nearly always dominates the kinesthetic sense, the mechanism by which the visual system computes egomotion from retinal information remains unknown. This paper outlines, using a computational approach to visual perception, a mechanism possibly underlying the perception of egomotion. The major components are: 1) The assumption that the relevant inputs are the retinal velocities. 2) The algorithm to decompose a set of retinal velocities into the constituent translational and rotational components (describing relative motion). 3) A decision procedure which (using the decomposition algorithm) operates in the far periphery to find the largest consistent subset of relative motion parameters computed locally. Such a subset is then taken to constitute a stationary surface, and the relative motion parameters computed in its region form a description of egomotion. Some supporting psychological evidence is briefly mentioned.
New Roles for the Heterochronic Transcription Factor LIN-29 in Cuticle Maintenance and Lipid Metabolism at the Larval-to-Adult Transition in Caenorhabditis elegans

Temporal regulation of gene expression is a crucial aspect of metazoan development. In the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, the heterochronic pathway controls multiple developmental events in a time-specific manner. The most downstream effector of this pathway, the zinc-finger transcription factor LIN-29, acts in the last larval stage (L4) to regulate elements of the larval-to-adult switch. Here, we explore new LIN-29 targets and their implications for this developmental transition. We used RNA-sequencing to identify genes differentially expressed between animals misexpressing LIN-29 at an early time point and control animals. Among 230 LIN-29-activated genes, we found that genes encoding cuticle collagens were overrepresented. Interestingly, expression of lin-29 and some of these collagens was increased in adults with cuticle damage, suggesting a previously unknown function for LIN-29 in adult cuticle maintenance. On the other hand, genes involved in fat metabolism were enriched among 350 LIN-29-downregulated targets. We used mass spectrometry to assay lipid content in animals overexpressing LIN-29 and observed reduced fatty acid levels. Many LIN-29-repressed genes are normally expressed in the intestine, suggesting cell-nonautonomous regulation. We identified several LIN-29 upregulated genes encoding signaling molecules that may act as mediators in the regulation of intestinally expressed genes encoding fat metabolic enzymes and vitellogenins. Overall, our results support the model of LIN-29 as a major regulator of adult cuticle synthesis and integrity, and as the trigger for metabolic changes that take place at the important transition from rapid growth during larval life to slower growth and offspring production during adulthood.
Effects of Estrogens and SERMs on Bone Metabolism: Clinical Aspects

Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have potent skeletal effects that inhibit bone loss and reduce fracture risk. These agents were selected for prevention and treatment of bone loss based on an understanding of the normal menstrual cycle and elucidation of the pathophysiology of postmenopausal bone loss. Full-strength hormone or estrogen therapy appears to have a stronger effect on bone mineral density than SERMs, and more potently reduce fracture risk. Clinical prescriptions for hormone and estrogen therapy decreased significantly after the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone and Estrogen-Alone clinical trials were published in 2002 and 2004, respectively. Hormone and estrogen use have rebounded somewhat over the last decade with the availability of low-dose and transdermal preparations. SERMs have less potent effect than estrogen on increasing bone mineral density (BMD) or reducing fracture risk due largely to their partially antagonistic effects on the estrogen receptor. SERMs have advantages over estrogen in that they minimize the risk of some adverse effects related to estrogen, and have opposite effects than estrogen in other settings. Individual SERMs have unique tissue-specific activities that require documentation in clinical trials, as the clinical profiles of SERMs are moderately variable. The future of SERMs appears to be rich with possibilities, but successful clinical application has been slowed by their variable tissue-specific effects.
An Unusual Case of Morphea in the Setting of Aplastic Anemia

Cutaneous sclerosis occurs in association with a variety of systemic diseases, including hematologic malignancy, plasma cell dyscrasias, solid organ tumors, and other systemic autoimmune conditions. Herein, we present a unique case of morphea/lichen sclerosus overlap arising in association with aplastic anemia. To expand upon this rare case, we also review the literature surrounding paraneoplastic sclerosing skin disorders. A 53-year-old man presented with a 13-month history of progressive and generalized skin changes. Exam revealed irregular, hypopigmented indurated plaques with focal areas of scale on the bilateral axillae and hips, as well as hyperpigmented brown papules and plaques on the back. Laboratory evaluation revealed pancytopenia and positive anti-nuclear antibody (1:160). Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated hypocellular marrow consistent with aplastic anemia. Furthermore, skin biopsies revealed lichen sclerosus overlying superficial morphea, consistent with a paraneoplastic sclerodermoid-like eruption. While preparations for hematologic-directed therapies were made, skin-directed therapy with a combination topical steroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors was initiated. Eosinophilic fasciitis and scleroderma have been linked to aplastic anemia, and herein, we expand upon this phenomenon by presenting our case of generalized plaque morphea/lichen sclerosus overlap arising in the setting of aplastic anemia. Dermatologists must be aware of this rare association in order to identify precocious hematologic disease.
Reimagining the COVID-19 Digital Experience: The Value of User Empowerment and Accessibility in Risk Communication

With the uncertainties and consequences of the coronavirus pandemic weighing heavily on communities, technology has become an essential medium to navigate this crisis. This study focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of the online COVID-19 symptom self-checker (created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to better understand how digital experiences can shape user perceptions in the context of a global pandemic. Through usability testing and ideation methods (prototypes), I was able to explore the impact of good design practices on public health engagement.
Thermal management with a new encapsulation approach for a medical device

This paper presents a study on the encapsulation of an interventional medical device, for use temporarily inside the human esophagus for cardiac imaging. A metallized polymer encapsulation, a potential encapsulation approach for simplifying the device assembly, was evaluated experimentally with regard to thermal performance. The encapsulation was fabricated by 3D printing followed by electroplating. The surface temperature of a simplified model of the device, with this double layer encapsulation, was measured in a tissue mimicking thermal phantom, stabilized at around 37 °C. Encapsulations based on a 0.9 mm thick polymer part with a 10, 80 or 150 µm thick Cu layer were tested. The effect of the power supplied to the model was also considered. The present model satisfied the maximum temperature limit for thermal safety (43 °C) when the Cu layer thickness of the encapsulation was at least 80 µm, for a heat source power not higher than 0.5 W.
Creating a Home Community Online During Carnival: Trinidad’s Diaspora and Social Media Use

This chapter focuses on how the Trinidadian diaspora have re-created a sense of place online by celebrating their Trinidadian identity during pivotal cultural moments, namely Carnival. Through close textual analyses of these online conversations, this study uncovers that people of largely the same nationality, found each other and their sense of national pride through the ritual of Carnival online, which allowed them to be transported, even mentally to a place of home that cannot always be re-created in a new living environment. This study interrogates how migrant Trinidadians create online communities via social media live chat during important events during the Carnival season as they unfolded. These relationships and communities demonstrate a new place for the diaspora, a place that is not bound by time or space.
Review of Research on the Fire Behavior of Simple Shear Connections

Previous building fires and research has shown that simple (shear) connections develop large axial force and flexural demands during a fire leading to potential failure of the connections and progressive collapse of a building. These findings have motivated decades of international research on the fire behavior of simple (shear) connections. While this research all confirmed that simple connections experience large axial force and flexural demands, it occurred without consistency of testing methodology, testing setup, and reporting of results. Due to this inconsistency, the decades of research have yet to be synthesized into comprehensive code changes for the design of simple connections in fires. This paper will summarize international experimental and numerical research on simple (shear) connections and highlight the inconsistencies between this research in an effort to motivate consistent testing and data reporting for future research developments.
Association of Hispanic Ethnicity and Linguistic Acculturation with Cardiovascular Medication Adherence in Patients with Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome

Despite a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, Hispanic-Americans have lower rates of CVD-related and all-cause mortality, as well as higher life expectancy than non-Hispanic whites - a phenomenon known as the Hispanic health paradox. However, this survival benefit attenuates with increased acculturation to Western lifestyles, potentially due to adoption of unhealthy behaviors. Accordingly, we assessed whether Hispanic ethnicity and linguistic acculturation, as measured by English proficiency, were associated with nonadherence to cardiovascular medications. We enrolled patients presenting to an academic medical center emergency department with suspected acute coronary syndrome between May 2014 and November 2017. Ethnicity, native language, and English proficiency were self-reported. Cardiovascular medication adherence was assessed using an electronic pill bottle that recorded the date and time of each bottle opening. Generalized linear models with a logit link were used to examine the association of Hispanic ethnicity and English proficiency with daily cardiovascular medication adherence, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and dosing frequency of the electronically-monitored medication. Among 332 included patients, mean age was 61.68 ± 12.05 years, 43.07% were women, and 62.95% were Hispanic, of whom 80.38% were native Spanish-speakers. Overall, Hispanics had higher odds of medication adherence than non-Hispanics (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.16-1.49, p < 0.001). However, among native Spanish-speaking Hispanics, greater English proficiency was associated with lower odds of medication adherence (adjusted OR 0.80 per 1-point increase in English proficiency, 95% CI 0.75-0.86, p < 0.001). Although Hispanics had better medication adherence than non-Hispanics overall, increased linguistic acculturation among native Spanish-speakers was associated with worse adherence behaviors.
Characterization of Novel Src Family Kinase Inhibitors to Attenuate Microgliosis

Microgliosis is a major hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain pathology. Aβ peptide is hypothesized to act as a stimulus for microglia leading to activation of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and subsequent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the signaling pathways mediating microglial activation may be important therapeutic targets of anti-inflammatory therapy for AD. Four novel compounds were chosen after high throughput screening kinase activity assays determined them as potential Lyn kinase inhibitors. Their kinase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effect on Aβ-stimulated activation was assessed using the murine microglial cell line, BV2. Cells were treated with the compounds to determine effects on active, phosphorylated levels of Src family kinases, Src and Lyn, as well as MAP kinases ERK, JNK and p38. Only one compound, LDDN-0003499, produced a dose dependent decrease in basal levels of active, phosphorylated Src and Lyn in the BV2 cells. LDDN-0003499 treatment also attenuated the Aβ-stimulated increase in active, phosphorylated levels of Lyn/Src and TNFα and IL-6 secretion. This study identifies a novel small molecule Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effects in response to Aβ stimulation of microglia. Further in vitro/in vivo characterization of LDDN-0003499 as well as structural modification may provide a new tool for attenuating microglial-mediated brain inflammatory conditions such as that occurring in AD.
Mixed Methods and Causal Analysis

Interest in and use of mixed methods research in the social sciences has grown tremendously in recent years and has the potential to assist in addressing core challenges in causal inference. We discuss ways in which the addition of a qualitative component can serve multiple roles in causal analyses, including understanding treatment definition, concept measurement, selection into treatment, causal effect mechanisms, and effect heterogeneity. We also describe how quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be and have been combined in studies seeking to make causal claims, highlighting some of the key research design decisions in integrating qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Given the ability of qualitative research to greatly enhance quantitative studies concerned with causality, we argue that more causal studies should incorporate mixed methods approaches into their research designs.
The Professional’s Role as Advocate

We live in a culture that places great value on individual achievement and ingenuity. Throughout our lives we are educated to develop our potential without emotional or professional support. Indeed, to experience a need for such support often provokes a vague sense of guilt or shame, even if our need is legitimate or beyond our control. Nothing illustrates this emphasis on self-reliance more dramatically than having a disabled child.
Multimedia Networks and Communication

This chapter discusses two popular protocol architectures, and SIP that are specifically designed to support distributed multimedia applications. The term multimedia refers to diverse classes of media employed to represent information. Multimedia traffic refers to the transmission of data representing diverse media over communication networks. It discusses general classification of media types from a networking/communication point of view and introduces some common media types like text, audio, images, and video. Further, this chapter discusses the inadequacy of the current best-effort Internet model to satisfy the multimedia traffic requirements. It describes three enhanced architectures: integrated services, differentiated services, and multi-protocol label switching. Next, this chapter presents some standard approaches for meeting the functional requirements posed by multimedia traffic and two protocol architectures that are introduced for the Internet protocol stack to satisfy these requirements. Current efforts to support multimedia traffic over the cellular/wireless networks are described.
Lehrack, Road of 10,000 Pains: The Destruction of the 2nd NVA Division by the U.S. Marines, 1967

In his fourth book on the Marines and the military, Otto Lehrack chronicles the struggle in the Que Son Valley in which nearly nine hundred American soldiers and over six thousand members of the No...
Depth of bacterial invasion in resected intestinal tissue predicts mortality in surgical necrotizing enterocolitis

Depth of bacterial invasion in resected intestinal tissue predicts mortality in surgical necrotizing enterocolitis
Predatory bird populations in the East Mojave Desert, California

We surveyed 7 species of predatory birds weekly during a 12-month period (December 1992 through November 1993) in the east Mojave Desert, California. The Common Raven ( Corvus corax ) was the most frequently observed species with an average of 6.9 sightings per 100 km. Turkey Vultures ( Cathartes aura ), Red-tailed Hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ), Loggerhead Shrikes ( Lanius ludovicianus ), American Kestrels ( Falco sparverius ), Golden Eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ), and Prairie Falcons ( Falco mexicanus ) were seen in decreasing order of frequency of observation through the study period. Ravens, Red-tailed Hawks, Loggerhead Shrikes, American Kestrels, and Prairie Falcons were seen throughout the year. Turkey Vultures were not present during winter months, while Golden Eagles were seen only during November and December. Turkey Vultures, Red-tailed Hawks, and ravens were most numerous on agricultural lands, while Loggerhead Shrikes were most common at urban areas. Raven numbers increased with increasing number of linear rights-of-way parallel to the survey route. Perching was the most common behavior type, although Turkey Vultures and ravens were often observed soaring, flying, or standing on the ground near highways. Transmission powerline towers and telephone poles were used as perch sites disproportionately to availability.
High Frequency Trading in the Equity Markets During US Treasury POMO

We analyze high frequency trading (HFT) activity in equities during US Treasury permanent open market (POMO) purchases by the Federal Reserve. We construct a model to study HFT quote and trade behavior when private information is released and confirm it empirically. We estimate that HFT firms reduce their inside quote participation by up to 8% during POMO auctions. HFT firms trade more aggressively, and they supply less passive liquidity to non-HFT firms. Market impact also rises during Treasury POMO. Aggressive HFT trading becomes more consistently profitable, and HFT firms earn a higher return per share. We also estimate that HFT firms earn profits of over $105 million during US Treasury POMO events.
Latent variable model for learning in pairwise markov networks

Pairwise Markov Networks (PMN) are an important class of Markov networks which, due to their simplicity, are widely used in many applications such as image analysis, bioinformatics, sensor networks, etc. However, learning of Markov networks from data is a challenging task; there are many possible structures one must consider and each of these structures comes with its own parameters making it easy to overfit the model with limited data. To deal with the problem, recent learning methods build upon the L1 regularization to express the bias towards sparse network structures. In this paper, we propose a new and more flexible framework that let us bias the structure, that can, for example, encode the preference to networks with certain local substructures which as a whole exhibit some special global structure. We experiment with and show the benefit of our framework on two types of problems: learning of modular networks and learning of traffic networks models.
MODELING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND DELINQUENCY: AN APPLICATION OF INTERACTIONAL THEORY†

Many studies have addressed whether delinquent behavior is associated with various aspects of schooling and academics. However, this research has been limited to examining unidirectional effects. Building on Thornberry's interactional theory, we develop a conceptual model that posits reciprocal associations among delinquent behavior, school attachment, and academic achievement. The model is tested with two waves from the Add Health data set (n = 9,381) that include measures of transcript grade point average (GPA). The results of a set of structural equation models provide evidence that academic achievement is associated with less delinquent behavior over time, as well as with higher school attachment. However, the effects of delinquency are limited to an attenuating effect on subsequent school attachment; delinquency does not directly influence academic achievement. Thus, we find only partial support for interactional theory.
Non invasive ventilation for advanced cystic fibrosis lung disease in children

Background: Although non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is frequently used for respiratory failure in adult Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, the experience in children is limited. Aim: To review the experience of using NIV for advanced CF lung disease in children at a large tertiary centre. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records. Setting: Royal Manchester Children9s Hospital, Manchester, U.K. Results: The CF service at the Royal Manchester Children9s Hospital (Manchester, UK) looks after approximately 350 children with CF. Over a period of two years (Feb 2009-Feb 2011), 7 children (Median [range] age: 15 [11-18] years, 6 females) with advanced CF lung disease were commenced on NIV. The median [IQR] FEV 1 (% predicted) was 27 [23-31]. In all children, NIV was commenced during an acute respiratory exacerbation and subsequently continued in all except one child who did not tolerate NIV. The indications for initiating NIV included one or more of the following: nocturnal and/or diurnal hypoxia, hypercapnoea, morning headaches, to aid airway clearance and as a bridge to lung transplantation. All children received nocturnal bi-level NIV using the pressure support mode with face/nasal mask interface. Two children died whilst on transplant waiting list. Median (range) usage was 8 (2-8) hours/night. Median (range) duration of use was 6 (1-21) months. None experienced any complication related to NIV. All children on NIV achieved improved gas exchange. Conclusion: Although there is growing experience of using NIV in advanced CF lung disease in children, a number of unanswered questions remain. Long term prospective multicentre studies would help develop guidelines for use of NIV in this group of patients.
Parametric analysis of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in chiral metamaterials

In this paper, the handedness dependent electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a chiral metamaterial and its sensitivity to the coupling conditions are presented. A chiral metamaterial, consisting of an array of coupled cut-wire resonators (CWRs) supporting the radiative resonance, exhibits strong chiral responses around 4 GHz when excited by circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) waves. Split ring resonators (SRRs) are designed to support non-radiative resonances at the same frequencies. Through appropriately introducing SRRs into the CWR array, transmission peaks are observed in the EIT chiral system at the frequencies correspond to the stopbands of the CWR chiral metamaterial for both RCP and LCP excitations. Particularly, transmission peaks of −2.3 dB and −1.3 dB are observed around 3.75 GHz and 4.10 GHz, respectively, for RCP and LCP waves, in contrast to the corresponding −13 dB and −9.2 dB handedness dependent transmission dips. The sensitivities of the proposed chiral EIT effect on coupling between SRRs and the CWRs are also studied.
Pathophysiologic Changes of Obesity

This article builds on the well-known changes that occur with obesity by drawing from recent advances reported in the literature for an improved understanding of obese patients. The dissemination of information regarding the health risks with being overweight or obese to both the public and the health care community are widespread and effective from a public health perspective. The mechanisms underlying these associated risks must continue to be explored for physicians' knowledge to truly increase, and lead to advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity.
Measurement of High Voltage Stress Induced Traps Inside Thin Silicon Oxide Films

After thin silicon oxide films were stressed at high voltages, two changes occurred in the current-voltage and transient current characteristics of the films. The low-level, pre-tunneling current rose and the transient decay of the current after removal of a voltage pulse changed from an exponential RC time constant decay to a very long decay that was characterized by a 1/t time dependence. Using an extension of the tunneling front discharge model, previously developed to describe the transient changes in the threshold voltages of transistors after avalanche injection or irradiation, the 1/t time dependence was derived. This 1/t transient discharge current was used to determine the density and distribution of the traps inside of the oxide after the high voltage stress. The technique and model used for determining the trap densities and distributions from the transient currents will be described. The model was used to describe the charging of traps in the oxide.
Novel Immunotherapeutic Agents and Small Molecule Antagonists of Signalling Kinases for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma

Melanoma incidence is increasing annually and over 40 000 die of this disease each year worldwide. In this review, we discuss the rationale and recent trial results of several novel immunotherapeutic approaches and small molecule inhibitors of signalling kinases. Ipilimumab is a humanized anti-CTLA4 antibody that has been proven to increase the median overall survival of large cohorts of patients with unresectable melanoma in two phase III trials. OncoVEXGM-CSF is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 recombined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor that has demonstrated durable objective responses in a phase II trial. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes given after lymphocyte depletion and followed by high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 yield durable complete responses in a significant percentage of melanoma patients. Lastly, denileukin diftitox, a fusion of IL-2 and diphtheria toxin, was recently observed to deplete regulatory T cells and cause durable partial responses, particularly in chemo/immune-naive patients. These agents are enabling the rational design of novel combination trials to simultaneously increase antigen presentation, deplete regulatory T cells and block immune check-points in order to activate melanoma antigenspecific immunity.
Molecular orientation at the interface of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends: evidence from sum-frequency spectroscopy.

Molecular orientation of the ester methyl groups of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the polystyrene (PS)-PMMA interface was detected by sum-frequency (SF) spectroscopy. The SF signals originate from the polymer−polymer interface as evidenced by the measurements of the blends/D2O system and the red shift of the peak position of the ester methyl groups. We have also demonstrated that SF spectroscopy can provide information about the interfacial structure of the PS/PMMA blend.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric patients with epilepsy: Review of pharmacological treatment

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with epilepsy is a common source of impairment. Based on review of Medline indexed articles, meeting abstracts, and data requested from drug manufacturers, a summary of evidence that might guide treatment and research is presented. Methylphenidate (MPH) has shown high response rates and no increase in seizures in small trials. However, low baseline seizure rates, small numbers of subjects, and short observation periods limit the power of these studies to detect increases in seizure risk. Although longer-term effects of MPH and its effects in children with frequent seizures need to be studied, the evidence available at this time best supports use of MPH for the treatment of ADHD not amenable to changes in antiepileptic drugs or improvements in seizure control. This treatment should be part of a biopsychosocial approach. Other agents show promise. Preclinical, retrospective and open-label studies on amphetamines and atomoxetine support undertaking randomized controlled studies of these agents in patients with ADHD plus epilepsy. In contrast, additional data on guanfacine and modafinil should be gathered before undertaking randomized controlled studies with these agents.
Autocrine extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in normal human keratinocytes: metalloproteinase-mediated release of amphiregulin triggers signaling from ErbB1 to ERK.

ErbB signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been implicated in regulating the expression of ErbB ligands in hyperproliferative skin disorders and wound healing. Here, we characterize the process of autocrine ERK activation in cultured normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) subjected to growth factor (GF) deprivation. Basal ERK phosphorylation was lower after 48 h than after 24 h of GF deprivation, and lowest at 30–60 min after an additional medium change. ERK phosphorylation was markedly increased by low concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) (0.2–1 ng/ml) that provoked only a limited increase in ErbB1 tyrosine phosphorylation and internalization. Basal ErbB tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK phosphorylation were inhibited by two different ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, by the ErbB1-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody 225 IgG, by two different metalloproteinase inhibitors, and by neutralizing antibodies against amphiregulin (AR). In contrast, these responses were unaffected by neutralizing antibodies against other ErbB1 ligands or the ErbB2 inhibitors geldanamycin and AG825. The time course of autocrine ERK phosphorylation correlated with the appearance of soluble AR, and two different metalloproteinase inhibitors blocked AR release. These results define an amphiregulin- and ErbB1-dependent mechanism by which autocrine ERK activation is maintained in NHKs, even when ErbB1 autophosphorylation and internalization are limited.