cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caveat emptor: the treachery of work-up bias.

doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.03.039 N omori and colleagues demonstrate the relationship between contrast ratio derived from F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in cT1 N0 M0 lung adenocarcinoma and pathologic TNM classification, carcinoembryonic antigen levels, lymphatic and vascular invasion, pleural involvement, and tumor differentiation. These observations constitute the scientific merit of the study. Quite properly, the authors go on to ask what the findings mean and, in particular, what clinical inferences they suggest. Based on what appears to be 100% sensitivity of the imaging test, they conclude that if the contrast ratio is less than 0.5, “limited lung resection could be indicated, lymph node dissection or mediastinoscopy could be reduced, or both.” At the heart of these seemingly logically derived clinical inferences lies treachery. We must be quick to state that these same or similar inferences would be drawn by more than 90% of the readership, not just in this context but also in the general context of interpreting the accuracy of any diagnostic test; the authors are well within the mainstream. It is the rare reader who knows that the lid has been blown off many diagnostic tests, particularly the ones cardiologists and cardiac surgeons have come to rely on in ischemic heart disease. Heretofore, our training and backgrounds have been deficient in interpreting the accuracy of diagnostic testing. We have been misled by our ignorance. The data have not been false, but the interpretation and inferences have been.
Selection patterns of dietary foods in edentulous participants rehabilitated with maxillary complete dentures opposed by mandibular implant-supported prostheses: A multicenter longitudinal assessment

Statement of problem Documentation of long-term changes in food intake is lacking for those treated with a maxillary complete denture opposed by a mandibular, screw-retained, implant-supported fixed prosthesis. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the selection patterns of dietary foods over 5 years for edentulous participants treated in a multicenter prospective clinical trial that compared cast alloy versus laser-welded titanium frameworks of an implant-supported prostheses opposed by maxillary complete dentures to rehabilitate edentulous participants. Material and methods The study assessed data from a multicenter prospective clinical trial that followed edentulous participants from an initial baseline of wearing existing complete dentures to implant placement, restoration with a mandibular implant-supported prosthesis opposed by a maxillary complete denture, to follow-up assessment of these treatments over 5 years. The 32 participants in the cohort were treated at 5 of 9 participating centers. The data collected included 2 dietary forms, a standardized 4-day food diary form, and a dietary habits questionnaire. Each participant completed forms before entering into treatment (control) and at the 1- and 5-year follow-up assessment after being treated with a maxillary complete denture opposing a mandibular complete-arch fixed implant-supported prosthesis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each measure at each assessment point. Regression analysis and the Sign test were used to calculate change in the participants' nutritional status (α=.05). Results Among the findings, it was noted that difficulty in masticating hard, raw, and fibrous foods decreased and intake of vegetable portions increased significantly from 2.5 to 3.3 servings. Participant comfort in eating in public places and their enjoyment of eating were significantly improved from 50% of participants being uncomfortable with their prior complete denture treatment to only 4% after 5 years. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that vegetable intake and ability to masticate raw, hard, and fibrous food for these participants improved when they received a mandibular implant-supported prosthesis opposed by a maxillary complete denture. According to the analysis and findings, the overall eating experience was more pleasurable, and eating in public was more comfortable after replacement of complete dentures with a mandibular implant-supported prosthesis.
The CyberPatriot National High School Cyber Defense Competition

The chief technology officer at Microsoft's Institute for Advanced Technology in Governments, has stated that the need for talented cybersecurity professionals is quickly outpacing the numbers produced by the educational systems.
Dynamic Interference Management in Femtocells

Femtocells are tiny, low-cost, customer-deployed cellular base stations that are designed to provide supplementary coverage to existing wireless networks. However, naive femtocell deployments can cause pilot pollution and raise interference levels for users connected to macrocells, particularly when the local density of femtocells is very high, such as in an enterprise setting. We describe three dynamic femtocell pilot adjustment algorithms that balance femtocell coverage and interference: a distributed and two cooperative algorithms that leverage a lightweight, local, interference management server. Using simulations, we find that the interference management algorithms reduce outage probabilities relative to a naive interference management scheme by up to 85%. Exploiting locality through the use of dynamic interference management algorithms is a promising approach to managing femtocell deployments.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies of anion and pH effects on water fluxes accompanying redox switching of Prussian blue

Abstract A kinetic study, using cyclic voltammetry and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), is made of the PB switching process in 0.1 and 0.5 M potassium supporting electrolytes at different potential scan rates. The first cyclic potential scan in the supporting electrolytes we studied is very different from all subsequent potential scans, which are all quite similar. During the first potential scan in 0.5 M K 2 SO 4 solution at 0.100 V s −1 , very little water transfers between the film and the solution. After the first potential cycle, the average mole ratio of water/potassium is approx. −0.5 at 0.010 V s −1 and is less than −0.5 at 0.100 V s −1 . Our results demonstrate that water transfer is decoupled from K + -transfer during both the oxidation and reduction of Prussian blue. EQCM measurements were then carried in 0.1 M K 2 SO 4 (pH 2.7) and 0.2 M potassium hydrogen phthalate (pH 3.8), potassium p -toluenesulfonate (pH 7.1) and a potassium borate buffer (pH 7.7) to investigate the possibility of hydrated proton and/or anions transfers during the redox switching process. The molar mass of the transferring species depends markedly on the electrolyte solution used, the fraction of PB that is oxidized and the potential scan rate. The molar mass was calculated assuming only K + and water transfer occurs. At pH 2.7, the marked change in the molar mass as compared to 0.1 and 0.5 M K 2 SO 4 supporting electrolytes was rationalized by assuming that hydrated proton transfer takes place. In all the other solutions, the change in the molar mass indicated that anion transfer competes with K + -transfer.
The Respiratory Quotients of Normal and Leukemic Mouse Lymphoid Tissue

The purpose of this report is to present observations on the effects of glucose on the respiratory rates and quotients of normal lymph nodes and those of mice inoculated with transmission lines of lymphatic leukemia. If, according to Dickens and Simer, the distinguishing metabolic characteristics of tumor tissue are its low respiratory quotient and high glycolytic rates (2), then the high respiratory quotient and high glycolytic rates of leukemic tissue of mice with spontaneous lymphatic leukemia (8) may be due to a mixture of normal and malignant lymphoid cells. Other lines of evidence also suggest this possible explanation of the metabolic traits of leukemic tissue in spontaneous lymphatic leukemia. Glucose depresses the respiratory rate of spontaneous leukemia tissues (8) but not of Jensen sarcoma (3). Cytologically the infiltrated tissues in spontaneous lymphatic leukemia show more variability in the degree of differentiation of cell forms than those of mice inoculated with transmission lines of lymphatic leukemia (6, 8). Cells of spontaneous cases with small nuclei, presumably more mature cells, are associated with greater changes in the respiratory quotient produced by glucose (8). The glycolytic rates of infiltrated tissues of mice inoculated with transmission lines are higher than those in spontaneous cases (8, 9). The conclusions of Dickens and Simer (2) regarding tumor metabolism were based on observations of various normal tissues with cell types quite different from those of the tumors studied. A comparison of normal and malignant tissues of similar cell type would be more enlightening. Normal lymph nodes contrasted with those of mice inoculated with transmission lines of lymphatic leukemia should indicate the differences between normal and malignant lymphoid tissue with respect to the oxidation of glucose. As already mentioned, individual transmission lines of lymphatic leukemia produce infiltrations of a more uniform cell type than those of spontaneous lymphatic leukemia. If leukemia cells show distinct metabolic differences from normal, the metabolic traits of tissues of spontaneous lymphatic leukemia, in which there is a suggestion of a mixture of normal and malignant cells, may be better understood.
ROCK HARDNESS: FIELD ASSESSMENT AND GEOMORPHIC IMPORTANCE

The precise correlations between rock hardness, resistance to erosion, and landform development have hitherto been difficult to establish. Rock hardness has proved difficult to assess, particularly in the field, because suitable equipment has not been applied. The Schmidt Test Hammer is demonstrated to be an effective instrument for this purpose. The hammer gives an accurate and rapid measure of surface hardness, which is shown to be useful in the context of weathering and landform development.
World polity, world culture, world society

Expressing reservations about conceptualizing a world society, the question is posed: Can we use sociological theory and in particular a concept of society and still avoid “conceptualizing the question of globalization as one of homogeneity, cohesion, a whole,” or should we instead find ways to focus on “multiple and changing connections?” Framing the issues this way unfortunately nearly guarantees that our conversation will remain rooted in the very frame we want to avoid. Still, it is not unreasonable to guard against repeating what many of us consider mistakes: reifying the nation-state through a putatively scientific concept with connotations of homogeneous closed organism-like systems; or using a domestic, societal metaphor to depict the international as a container within which everything is homogeneous and integrated. Is then the concept of world society useful to understand what is going on in the world? I agree with Albert (2007) that sociological theories of world society are important, but the world is much more cultural than functional, political-economic, systems, and actor-centered theories acknowledge. Thus, rather than engaging old conversations and sociological issues raised by these theories, about homogeneity, social integration, and difference, I would like to address afresh inferentially, “Why would we want to use concepts such as world polity, world culture, and world society?” I conclude these remarks by suggesting that reservations about such concepts in part arise from commitments to the sovereignty of rational actors. I argue that the concepts of world polity, world culture, and world society are in fact helpful for observers of the world. Working inferentially from what is “beyond the nation-state,” the following question is key: Is the world characterized solely by greater interconnectedness and acceleration of flows, or is there something, some “stuff,” beyond the nation-state? Let's first take a minimalist line of argument. Consider the greater interconnectedness …
Comparison of Monte Carlo simulations and nonlocal calculations of the electron distribution function in a positive column plasma

Recently the nonlocal approximation for solving the Boltzmann equation to determine the electron distribution function (EDF) in modeling of low-pressure discharges has attracted great interest. The nonlocal approximation is strictly applicable only to electrons which are confined in the plasma volume by the space charge electric field. The unconfined electrons which have a sufficiently high total energy to overcome the space charge potential barrier in front of the walls, and which can therefore be lost from the plasma to the walls, are not consistently addressed by the nonlocal approximation. We compare EDF's from nonlocal calculations in positive column plasmas with and without inclusion of the wall losses in different approximations to results of an efficient, accurate Monte Carlo benchmark method. The expected range of (column radius)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(gas density) for applicability of the nonlocal approach with wall losses is confirmed. The anisotropy of the EDF caused by wall losses of unconfined electrons and by the axial electric field is studied using Monte Carlo simulations. The impact of the anisotropy on the applicability of the nonlocal approximation is discussed. The importance of the appropriate inclusion of the wall losses of unconfined electrons in the nonlocal approximation is demonstrated. An approximation of the treatment of the wall losses in nonlocal calculations is studied, which yields good agreement with the Monte Carlo results in the entire applicable range of the nonlocal approximation.
The effect of hypothermia and anoxia upon oxygen consumption and contractility of human and rat heart muscle

Abstract The advent of open-heart surgery has made available for the first time small bits of human heart muscle which are ordinarily discarded as part of the cannulation technique. These small bits of right atrial muscle and right ventricular muscle were used to measure the protective effects of hypothermia after anoxic stress as reflected by the contraction response and oxygen utilization of the muscle strips. Although in vivo models as well as heart muscle from experimental animals have been the subject of investigation for a number of years, very few reports are available about the response of human heart muscle to hypothermia and anoxia in an in vitro system. The results of the experiments in this study, which also included parallel experiments using rat left atrial and ventricular muscle, show that hypothermia exerts a very dramatic protective effect on heart muscle subjected to anoxic stress by preserving contractile power and oxygen consumption.
A Sociological Profile of Participants in the 1983 Ncaa Women's Golf Championship

Data were collected from participants (N=86) in the 1983 NCAA Women's Golf Cham pionship to elicit specific demographic and sociological information which would determine a profile of the elite female collegiate golfer. A 25 item questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Demographic variables include age, height, weight, year in school, hometown, academic major and university/college location.Sociological variables included age at which the participant began playing golf, most influential person in the participant's exposure to golf, person(s) providing greatest encourage ment to compete, families' involvement in golf, ordinal position, future career aspirations relative to golf, and socio-economic background.Elite female collegiate golfers in this study tend to pattern other female athletes in regard to the age of their initial involvement in sport and influence of the family upon participation. It appears that they are socialized into golf at an early age, the father is the most significa...
Learning the time-delay characteristics in a neural network

Neural networks with time delays have been used successfully for speech recognition, but most of these networks have fixed delays and a training algorithm is used only for learning the pattern of connections. A learning algorithm that can also be used to train the characteristics of time delays is introduced. The learning algorithm minimizes a mutual discrimination error measure. Networks where the connection strengths and delay parameters are learned can be used to recognize temporal patterns (words) of arbitrary lengths. The feasibility of this algorithm is shown on a network that has been used previously with fixed delays for digit recognition. Improvement in recognition accuracy due to training the delay characteristics is demonstrated using a multispeaker digit database. >
The pH dependence of the cardiac sarcolemmal Ca2+-transporting ATPase: evidence that the Ca2+ translocator bears a doubly negative charge

The pH dependence of the Ca2(+)-transporting ATPase of bovine cardiac sarcolemma was determined in a membrane vesicle preparation. The maximal velocity (Vmax) at saturating external Ca2+ showed a sigmoidal pH dependence with maximal values in the 6.0-6.5 range, a half-maximal value at 7.2 and minimal (less than or equal to 15%) values at pH greater than or equal to 8.0. The apparent affinity for Ca2+ (1/Km) varied over 10(4)-fold for 6.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 8.5, increasing with increasing pH. Plots of log(1/Km) vs. pH were biphasic. In the acid range (6.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 7.2), a slope of 2.6 was observed for the calmodulin-activated form of the pump. For 7.2 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 8.5, a slope of 0.5 was observed. At pH 7.4, the Km is approx. 48 +/- 19 nM. The Ca2+ pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in the same preparation had a Km of 304 +/- 115 nM and showed a similar pH dependence except that the slope in the acid range was 1.7. When calmodulin was removed from the sarcolemmal pump, its Km was raised to approx. 1.0 microM, the slope in the acid range was reduced to 1.7 and the Vmax was markedly reduced. The results are explicable in terms of a model in which each of the two Ca2+ binding sites on the pump contains two buried COO- groups responsible for high affinity. The Km effect is explained by 2 H+ vs. 1 Ca2+ competition for occupation of each of the two cytoplasmically-oriented translocators (4 H+ vs. 2 Ca2+). The Vmax effect is explained by counter-transport of H+. The findings are considered in terms of the published amino acid sequence of the cardiac sarcolemmal pump and recent site-directed mutagenesis vs. function studies identifying the Ca2+ binding site in the skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum pump. The kinetic data are also applied to pump behavior under conditions of ischemia and acidosis.
A principal components regression approach to multilocus genetic association studies.

With the rapid development of modern genotyping technology, it is becoming commonplace to genotype densely spaced genetic markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) along the genome. This development has inspired a strong interest in using multiple markers located in the target region for the detection of association. We introduce a principal components (PCs) regression method for candidate gene association studies where multiple SNPs from the candidate region tend to be correlated. In this approach, the total variance in the original genotype scores is decomposed into parts that correspond to uncorrelated PCs. The PCs with the largest variances are then used as regressors in a multiple regression. Simulation studies suggest that this approach can have higher power than some popular methods. An application to CHI3L2 gene expression data confirms a significant association between CHI3L2 gene expression level and SNPs from this gene that has been previously reported by others. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multisensory processing for speech enhancement and magnitude-normalized spectra for speech modeling

In this paper, we tackle the problem of speech enhancement from two fronts: speech modeling and multisensory input. We present a new speech model based on statistics of magnitude-normalized complex spectra of speech signals. By performing magnitude normalization, we are able to get rid of huge intra- and inter-speaker variation in speech energy and to build a better speech model with a smaller number of Gaussian components. To deal with real-world problems with multiple noise sources, we propose to use multiple heterogeneous sensors, and in particular, we have developed microphone headsets that combine a conventional air microphone and a bone sensor. The bone sensor makes direct contact with the speaker's temple (area behind the ear), and captures the vibrations of the bones and skin during the process of vocalization. The signals captured by the bone microphone, though distorted, contain useful audio information, especially in the low frequency range, and more importantly, they are very robust to external noise sources (stationary or not). By fusing the bone channel signals with the air microphone signals, much improved speech signals have been obtained.
Identity and adolescent adjustment

This article is the report of an investigation of relations among identity coherence/identity confusion, the ego strength of competence, antisocial behavior, academic competence, and perceptions of school environment in a sample of 574 adolescents. The primary results of this cross-sectional study suggest significant associations between identity-related constructs and indicators of adolescent adjustment. Study implications are discussed in terms of identity-related interventions.
Feedback Control and Exogenous Force Estimation for Improved Single-Molecule Experiments

This article explores two types of feedback used to control optical traps: position feedback, which was shown to be equivalent to force feedback, and integral feedback. The ability of each of these types of feedback to lower the measurement SNR in single molecule experiments is evaluated and compared to the open-loop case. While position feedback did not result in any improvement in the SNR, the case of integral feedback results in an improvement. Integral feedback is shown to improve the SNR of the measured signal of interest, and is relatively robust and easy to implement. It is also shown that integral feedback acts as an exogenous force estimator.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Probing alamethicin channels with water-soluble polymers. Size-modulated osmotic action

Contrary to expectations based on heightened solution viscosity, alamethicin channels appear to speed up in the presence of water soluble polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and dextrans. Specifically, added polymers reduce the probabilities of transition to higher-conductance states but do not change channel lifetimes. They thereby shorten the duration of current "bursts." These modified probabilities and kinetics reveal the action of polymer osmotic stress to suppress channel formation. The osmotic action of large, fully excluded polymers shows that some 3,000 A3 of water are taken up by the channel from the solution upon each transition to an adjacent higher-conductance state. The partial osmotic action of incompletely excluded polymers reveals the extent of exclusion for different-size polymers. The partial exclusion thus measured agrees remarkably well with estimates using data on reduction of single-channel conductance by current-impeding polymers. One can relate the degree of each polymer's exclusion to its size and to the radius of the channel pore.
Effect of thermal phase fluctuations on the inductances of Josephson junctions, arrays of junctions, and superconducting films

We calculate the factor by which thermal phase fluctuations, as distinct from phase-slip fluctuations, increase the inductance L{sub J} of a resistively shunted Josephson junction (JJ) above its mean-field value L{sub 0}. We find that quantum mechanics suppresses fluctuations when T drops below a temperature, T{sub Q}=({Dirac_h}/2{pi})/k{sub B}GL{sub 0}, where G is the shunt conductance. Examination of the calculated sheet inductance L{sub A}(T)/L{sub 0}(T) of arrays of JJ's reveals that two-dimensional (2D) interconnections halve fluctuation effects, while reducing phase-slip effects by a much larger factor. Guided by these results, we calculate the sheet inductance L{sub F}(T)/L{sub 0}(T) of 2D films by treating each plasma oscillation mode as an overdamped JJ. In disordered s-wave superconductors, quantum suppression is important for L{sub F}(0)/L{sub F}(T)>0.14 (or T/T{sub C0} 0.25, where {lambda} is the penetration depth. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Perelman's new rhetoric

THE NEW RHETORIC: A TREATISE ON ARGUMENT. By Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrechts‐Tyteca. Translated by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver. Notre Dame, Ind. and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969; pp. x+566. $2250.
Structural Effects of Cl and Other Anions on the Water Oxidizing Complex of Chloroplast Photosystem II.

To further our understanding of the role of Cl− and certain other monovalent anions in the oxygen evolving photosystem II of chloroplasts, dissociating and stabilizing anion effects on the extrinsic 17 and 23 kilodalton polypeptides of the photosynthetic water oxidizing complex were investigated. It was found that (a) the dissociation of the two polypeptides in Cl− free media of pH ≈ 7 was enhanced by millimolar concentrations of the divalent anion SO42− and also by divalent cations like Mg2+ and Ca2+; (b) the dissociation was opposed by relatively low concentrations of monovalent anions with an order of effectiveness Cl− = Br− > NO3− > F− > ClO4−; (c) at molar concentrations, SO42− stabilized the binding of the 23 kilodalton polypeptide, while Cl− and Br− became dissociating agents, in agreement with studies by Blough and Sauer (1984 Biochim Biophys Acta 767: 377-381); (d) the binding of the polypeptides was strengthened at room temperature relative to 0°C, indicating an involvement of hydrophobic forces. It is suggested that a specific binding of Cl−, or certain substitutes, organizes the protein surfaces and/or the adjacent water layers in the water oxidizing complex in a way that not only stabilizes its assembly, but is essential for the catalytic mechanism as well. Binding of, or charge screening by, divalent ions interferes with this process. At high salt concentrations, all these effects are overridden by “lyotropic” actions of the solutes that affect the integrity of the water oxidizing protein complex by stabilizing or disrupting critical hydrophobic domains.
Citizenship: A Response to the Marginalization of People with Mental Illnesses

The juncture of citizenship and marginalized groups is particularly dramatic when those groups include people who are doubly or triply challenged by homelessness and criminal justice histories. We discuss core themes in the literature on citizenship followed by a review of two of our citizenship research projects: a randomized controlled trial that tested intervention and a community-based participatory research study to develop an individual outcome measurement of citizenship. We then discuss lessons learned from this research, with implications for theory and practice on citizenship in regard to marginalized groups.
A Digital Start-Up Control Uniit for Nuclecar Reactors

The use of digital circuits for control of a nuclear reactor in the start-up range was proposed in a paper given by S. N. Lehr and V. P. Mathes at the Nuclear Engineering and Science Conference in 1959. A control of this type eliminates the many periodic adjustments that are required with linear circuits and results in a more accurate, reliable, and maintenance free unit. This paper describes the design and development of such a unit which computes and displays digitally the reactor level and period over nine decades of power. The level of the reactor is obtained from a discriminator and binary counter which resolve 2.5 m. v. pulses spaced as little as one microsecond apart. A time modulation technique incorporating binary counters for comparison and read-out is used to compute the period with a short term memory employed to provide statistical smoothing.
On the use of multi-user detection in supporting narrowband waveforms on wideband satcom: An enabling technology for satcom on-the-move

Multi-User Detection (MUD) technology is most effective in situations where the transmitted information rate from an individual user is much less than 1 bps/Hz. MUD enables a substantial increase in number of simultaneous user signals supported and their aggregated traffic. Furthermore, MUD is highly advantageous in lowering the required terminal transmit power when used in conjunction with spectral spreading and carrier overlay, in contrast to TDMA with no overlay. With MUD in the receiving ground station, terminals with widely varying transmit powers and bit rates may share a common channel with minimal coordination between users — this is not feasible with traditional access methods: FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. These characteristics are well suited to supporting a large network of On-the-Move (OTM) micro terminals.
Commentary: Can observational studies provide suitable evidence for spine interventions?

COMMENTARY ON Jacobs WCH, Kruyt MC, Verbout AJ, Oner FC. Effect of methodological quality measures in spinal surgery research: a metaepidemiological study. Spine J 2012;12:339–48 ( in this issue ).
Slavery and ideologies of womanhood in antebellum America

(1996). Slavery and ideologies of womanhood in antebellum America. The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas, pp. 1010-1016.
Intravenous Pulse Administration of Cyclophosphamide Is an Effective and Safe Treatment for Sensitized Cardiac Allograft Recipients

Background— The proportion of cardiac transplant recipients with preexisting sensitization to HLA alloantigens has been increasing. Sensitization prolongs duration to obtaining a donor and predicts poorer long-term allograft survival because of increased risk of cellular rejections. We investigated the effect of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in sensitized cardiac allograft recipients. Methods and Results— Pretransplant and posttransplant outcomes were compared between 88 cardiac allograft recipients at risk for sensitization and 26 sensitized recipients treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy together with intravenous immune globulin before transplant and as part of a cyclosporine-based triple immunosuppressive regimen after transplant. Preformed IgG anti-HLA antibodies predicted longer duration to transplantation, earlier cellular rejection, and 2.7-fold higher cumulative rejection frequency (P=0.002). Before transplant, cyclophosphamide reduced waiting time and mortality to levels in no...
Cannabis withdrawal in chronic cannabis users with schizophrenia

Background Chronic users of cannabis often report withdrawal symptoms after abstinence from use, but little is known about cannabis withdrawal in people with schizophrenia.
Modal processes: towards enhanced retargetability through control composition of distributed embedded systems

To explore different points in the design space of an embedded system, it is important to be able to compose a design from reusable design components, and then map the resulting system description onto several possible target architectures with different partitionings of functionality. Today's specification models support composition styles that work well for data communication but not for control communication between concurrent processes to be mapped onto a distributed architecture. We propose a new retargetable system specification model that combines the best properties of process-based and hierarchical-FSM-based methods for modular composition of data and control. The model lends itself to automated synthesis of the run-time system for coordinating tasks on different processors in the system. The model and synthesis method are illustrated with several examples of embedded systems.
The effective diffusivity of fibrous media

A procedure based on averaging the conservation equations in a homogeneous, disordered fibrous medium is used to demonstrate that in the limit of long times, macroscopic versions of Fick's and Fourier's laws may be used to relate the average flux to the average gradient in driving force. The asymptotic behavior in the limit of low volume fraction of the effective diffusivity (or conductivity) in such a medium is determined for all values of the Peclet number, P = Ua/Df, where U is the average velocity through the bed, a is the fiber radius, and Df is the molecular diffusivity of the solute in the fluid. The convective disturbance caused by the fibers is found to have a large influence on the rate of mass transfer even at moderate Peclet numbers and low volume fraction.
Trade-offs in low-light CO2 exchange: A component of variation in shade tolerance among cold temperate tree seedlings

1. Does enhanced whole-plant CO2 exchange in moderately low to high light occur at the cost of greater CO2 loss rates at very-low light levels? We examined this question for first-year seedlings of intolerant Populus tremuloides and Betula papyrifera, intermediate Betula alleghaniensis, and tolerant Ostrya virginiana and Acer saccharum grown in moderately low (7·3% of open-sky) and low (2·8%) light. We predicted that, compared with shade-tolerant species, intolerant species would have characteristics leading to greater whole-plant CO2 exchange rates in moderately low to high light levels, and to higher CO2 loss rates at very-low light levels. 2. Compared with shade-tolerant A. saccharum, less-tolerant species grown in both light treatments had greater mass-based photosynthetic rates, leaf, stem and root respiration rates, leaf mass:plant mass ratios and leaf area:leaf mass ratios, and similar whole-plant light compensation points and leaf-based quantum yields. 3. Whole-plant CO2 exchange responses to light (0·3–600 µmol quanta m−2 s−1) indicated that intolerant species had more positive CO2 exchange rates at all but very-low light ( 15 µmol quanta m−2 s−1, its lower respiration resulted in lower CO2 losses than other species at light < 15 µmol quanta m−2 s−1. 4. Growth scaled closely with whole-plant CO2 exchange characteristics and especially with integrated whole-plant photosynthesis (i.e. leaf mass ratio × in situ leaf photosynthesis). In contrast, growth scaled poorly with leaf-level quantum yield, light compensation point, and light-saturated photosynthetic rate. 5. Collectively these patterns indicated that: (a) no species was able to both minimize CO2 loss at very-low light (i.e. 15 µmol quanta m−2 s−1), because whole-plant respiration rates were positively associated with whole-plant photosynthesis at higher light; (b) shade-intolerant species possess traits that maximize whole-plant CO2 exchange (and thus growth) in moderately low to high light levels, but these traits may lead to long-term growth and survival disadvantages in very-low light (< 2·8%) owing, in part, to high respiration. In contrast, shade-tolerant species may minimize CO2 losses in very-low light at the expense of maximizing CO2 gain potential at higher light levels, but to the possible benefit of long-term survival in low light.
A case of resident malpractice administering spinal anesthesia.

HA had a significant past history of being injured in a car accident in 1967 that resulted in severe injuries to both legs. In 1972, due to this injury, HA permanently retired from the military. HA became a barber but it became apparent that his past leg injury prevented him from standing long hours. As a result of HA’s leg problems, he entered the V.A. Hospital. On 7/12/76, HA underwent an initial operation to drain an infection from one of his ankles. He was given a spinal anesthetic for that operation and recovered from the anesthesia without complications. However, the operation was not completely successful, and HA was scheduled for an additional operation on 7/14/76. Dr. CH, an anesthesia resident in his fourth month at the V.A. Hospital program, was assigned to administer the anesthetic to HA on 7/14/76. Dr. CH’s supervising physician was Dr. CK, a board-certified anesthesiologist, who was provided to the V.A. Hospital under a contract between the V.A. Hospital and its affiliated medical school. When HA was taken to surgery, Dr. CH attempted to administer the spinal anesthetic, but his attempt to introduce the needle was unsuccessful. Dr. CK then obtained a successful spinal tap and administered 12 mg of tetracaine
How children learn to talk

(1975). How children learn to talk. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 14, Language Use and Acquisition, pp. 299-305.
Automating Model Building in c-rater

c-rater is Educational Testing Service's technology for the content scoring of short student responses. A major step in the scoring process is Model Building where variants of model answers are generated that correspond to the rubric for each item or test question. Until recently, Model Building was knowledge-engineered (KE) and hence labor and time intensive. In this paper, we describe our approach to automating Model Building in c-rater. We show that c-rater achieves comparable accuracy on automatically built and KE models.
Deletion of a Predicted β-Sheet Domain within the Amino Terminus of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein K Conserved among Alphaherpesviruses Prevents Virus Entry into Neuronal Axons.

ABSTRACT We have shown previously that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) lacking expression of the entire glycoprotein K (gK) or expressing gK with a 38-amino-acid deletion (gKΔ31–68 mutation) failed to infect ganglionic neurons after ocular infection of mice. We constructed a new model for the predicted three-dimensional structure of gK, revealing that the gKΔ31–68 mutation spans a well-defined β-sheet structure within the amino terminus of gK, which is conserved among alphaherpesviruses. The HSV-1(McKrae) gKΔ31–68 virus was tested for the ability to enter into ganglionic neuronal axons in cell culture of explanted rat ganglia using a novel virus entry proximity ligation assay (VEPLA). In this assay, cell surface-bound virions were detected by the colocalization of gD and its cognate receptor nectin-1 on infected neuronal surfaces. Capsids that have entered into the cytoplasm were detected by the colocalization of the virion tegument protein UL37, with dynein required for loading of virion capsids onto microtubules for retrograde transport to the nucleus. HSV-1(McKrae) gKΔ31–68 attached to cell surfaces of Vero cells and ganglionic axons in cell culture as efficiently as wild-type HSV-1(McKrae). However, unlike the wild-type virus, the mutant virus failed to enter into the axoplasm of ganglionic neurons. This work suggests that the amino terminus of gK is a critical determinant for entry into neuronal axons and may serve similar conserved functions for other alphaherpesviruses. IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses, unlike beta- and gammaherpesviruses, have the unique ability to infect and establish latency in neurons. Glycoprotein K (gK) and the membrane protein UL20 are conserved among all alphaherpesviruses. We show here that a predicted β-sheet domain, which is conserved among alphaherpesviruses, functions in HSV-1 entry into neuronal axons, suggesting that it may serve similar functions for other herpesviruses. These results are in agreement with our previous observations that deletion of this gK domain prevents the virus from successfully infecting ganglionic neurons after ocular infection of mice.
High Precision Electon Beam Polarimetry

Over the last three decades high precision electron beam polarimetry has been at the fore-front of progress made in leveraging the spin degrees of freedom in nuclear and particle physics experiments. We review the three main types of polarimeters, Compton, Moller and Mott, that are typically used in experiments. We discuss some of the recent results in high precision electron polarimetry and some of the new ideas that are being explored for future application at current and proposed accelerators.
Abstract 13797: The Lipophilic Index of Red Blood Cell Membranes and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Women

Introduction: Fatty acids (FA) are classified based on structural properties (i.e., chain length, saturation, configuration) which may not capture fully their biologic properties. The lipophilic index (LI) is a novel index that summarizes the overall FA profile based on individual FA melting points, which determine FA affinity and membrane fluidity. Because saturates have high and unsaturates have low melting points, greater LI represents potentially decreased membrane fluidity. Changes in cell membrane fluidity may influence predisposition to fatal ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death (SCD) through changes in cellular electrophysiology. Methods: To examine whether LI was associated with SCD, we conducted a prospective, nested case-control study among 32,826 women in the Nurses’ Health Study, aged 44-69 at the time of blood draw. Over 22 years, 137 cases of sudden and/or arrhythmic cardiac death were matched to 2 controls on age, ethnicity, smoking status, fasting status and presence of CVD using risk set sampling. The RBC LI was calculated by multiplying the concentration of each FA in the RBC membrane by its melting point and summing across all FA (n=28). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models adjusted for CVD risk factors estimated the relative risk (RR). Results: Compared to the lowest quartile (Q) of the RBC LI, the RR (95%CI) for SCD were 1.44 (0.69, 3.00) in Q2, 1.63 (0.76, 3.52) in Q3 and 2.64 (1.27, 5.49) in Q4 after accounting for matching factors and potential confounders (P, trend =0.007). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for n-3 FA EPA + DHA (RR Q4 v Q1: 2.29; 95%CI: 1.05, 5.00, P, trend = 0.03) and polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio (RR Q4 v Q1: 2.85; 95%CI: 1.32, 6.17, P, trend = 0.001). Results were not appreciably altered after adjusting for other FA previously associated with SCD risk, including α-linolenic acid, trans FA, and FA in the de novo lipogenesis pathway. In contrast, the inverse association between RBC n-3 FA and SCD risk was not significant after adjustment for LI. Conclusions: Higher RBC LI, representative of decreased membrane fluidity, was associated with significantly higher SCD risk. The LI as a summary measure provided additional information beyond individual FA on SCD risk.
Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms’ Performance in a Support Role

This paper presents a diagnostic assessment study, evaluating five leading multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) on their effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, and controllability on four different formulations of the same benchmark conceptual design problem, using the same underlying model. This assessment entails a broad sampling of the parameter space of each MOEA, for each problem formulation, requiring millions of optimization runs and trillions of model evaluations. The results of this assessment show the strengths and limitations of these MOEAs, establishing the Borg MOEA as a leading algorithm.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
High-Potential Electrocatalytic O2 Reduction with Nitroxyl/NOx Mediators: Implications for Fuel Cells and Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis

Efficient reduction of O2 to water is a central challenge in energy conversion and many aerobic oxidation reactions. Here, we show that the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) can be achieved at high potentials by using soluble organic nitroxyl and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) mediators. When used alone, neither organic nitroxyls, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO), nor NO x species, such as sodium nitrite, are effective ORR mediators. The combination of nitroxyl/NO x species, however, mediates sustained O2 reduction with overpotentials as low as 300 mV in acetonitrile containing trifluoroacetic acid. Mechanistic analysis of the coupled redox reactions supports a process in which the nitrogen oxide catalyst drives aerobic oxidation of a nitroxyl mediator to an oxoammonium species, which then is reduced back to the nitroxyl at the cathode. The electrolysis potential is dictated by the oxoammonium/nitroxyl reduction potential. The overpotentials accessible with this ORR system are significantly lower than widely studied molecular metal-macrocycle ORR catalysts and benefit from the mechanism-based specificity for four-electron reduction of oxygen to water mediated by NO x species, together with kinetically efficient reduction of oxidized NO x species by TEMPO and other organic nitroxyls.
Influence of Wing Flexibility on the Stability of Flapping Flight

The paper presents a qualitative study of the eect of wing flexibility on the stability of flapping flight. An integrated model of the flight dynamics and aeroelasticity of flapping wing vehicles is developed. The equations of motion of the vehicle are derived using Lagrange’s equation and a low order finite element representation is used to account for the wing flexibility. The aerodynamic forces acting on the wings are calculated using quasisteady potential flow theory and the unsteadiness of the flow is taken into account by a simple inflow model. Periodic solutions for a hovering flight condition are determined using periodic shooting for three cases with dierent wing flexibilities and a rigid wing case. The stability of these solutions is then analyzed using Floquet theory. It is shown that the system is unstable and that the flexibility eects amplify a given stability/instability of the system and reduce the damping of the present oscillatory mode.
DFT study of the reaction of a two-coordinate iron(II) dialkyl complex with molecular oxygen.

DFT studies are reported of a monomeric iron dialkyl for which oxygen atom insertion into metal–methyl bonds occurs with O2: FeMe2 + O2 → Fe(OMe)2. Computation of the reaction coordinate implicates...
The Design of DECS-I Diesel Engine Integrated Electronic Control System

With the improvement of digital technology,diesel engine has the development trend toward electronic control.Based on the available technology and CAN bus,DECS-Ⅰ diesel engine integrated electronic control system is developed.This ECS employs modular design,and achieves real-time communication of data with CAN bus,and thus is able to control the speed of engine and monitor the system.
The Phenotypic Gambit: Selective Pressures and ESS Methodology in Evolutionary Game Theory

The ‘phenotypic gambit,’ the assumption that we can ignore genetics and look at the fitness of phenotypes to determine the expected evolutionary dynamics of a population, is often used in evolutionary game theory. However, as this paper will show, an overlooked genotype to phenotype map can qualitatively affect evolution in ways the phenotypic approach cannot predict or explain. This gives us reason to believe that, even in the long-term, correspondences between phenotypic predictions and dynamical outcomes are not robust for all plausible assumptions regarding the underlying genetics of traits. This paper shows important ways in which the phenotypic gambit can fail and how to proceed with evolutionary game theoretic modeling when it does.
On the Financing of SMEs in Financial Crisis

Due to the limitation of operation scale,management,and many other factors,the problems to finance have not been fundamentally resolved,and furthermore,the unpredictable attack of financial crisis increased the difficulty of SMEs′ access to finance.It is the current important task for local and national governments to help SMEs get out of trouble quickly,and encourage them to deepen reform to improve themselves constantly and grow gradually.Therefore,this paper tries to raise reasonable policy suggestions for the financing problem of SMEs as a good reference for their development by the analysis of financing situation of SMEs and further discussion on the financing problems of SMEs in the financial crisis.