cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SOCIAL CONTROL IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF VICTIMIZATION RISK*

This study introduces public social control into multilevel victimization research by investigating its impact on household and personal victimization risk for residents across 60 urban neighborhoods. Public social control refers to the ability of neighborhoods to secure external resources necessary for the reduction of crime and victimization. I find that living in neighborhoods with high levels of public social control reduces an individual's likelihood of victimization, especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Given the important role that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods can play in securing public social control, this contingent finding suggests that disadvantaged neighborhoods can be politically viable contexts.
The Many Lives of an Agile Story: Design Processes, Design Products, and Understandings in a Large-Scale Agile Development Project

In Agile Software Development (ASD), stakeholders use stories to stimulate conversations that create and convey understanding of software requirements. Some authors have argued that ASD methods have limited applicability to large-scale projects because agile stories are not sufficient to capture the complexities of up-front design. This paper reports a 2.5-year field study of how an ASD team for a complex software system adapted the user story concept and the Scrum approach. The team sought to create a convention for representing agile stories which could capture the complexities of the system requirements without burdening the team with unneeded documentation. They developed eight different ways to represent a story. The core representation of the approach was called a HyperEpic, a structured collection of closely-related HyperStories. HyperEpics required 90-99% fewer words than conventional specifications. Because of their dense form, Hyper-epics were not useful for other phases in the design/build processes. The team evolved a design/build work practice that proceeded in stages. In each stage, stories underwent a one or more transformations. Each transformation represented stories differently to create varied kinds of understandings among different stakeholder sets. The team was able to gain the benefits of ASD -- faster development cycles, less documentation, rapid adaptation to insights and conditions.
Evidence for the synthesis of multiple pro-opiomelanocortin-like precursors in murine Leydig tumor cells.

Abstract The opiate peptide β-endorphin has recently been localized in extrapituitary tissues and cells, including the Leydig cells of the testis, by immunohistochemical techniques. An intriguing question is whether this localization reflects an accumulation of the peptide through a specific uptake mechanism or is the result of synthesis within the cell in a large precursor form similar to pro-opiomelanocortin synthesized in the pituitary. Evidence is presented herein that specific antibodies against β-endorphin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone precipitate identical precursor molecules from total cellular mRNA translation products of M5480A Leydig tumor cells. In addition, mRNA from these cells cross-hybridizes under stringent conditions with a cDNA coding for the rat pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin sequence. These data demonstrate the synthesis of a pro-opiomelanocortin-like mRNA in this Leydig cell tumor and strongly implicate biosynthesis within these cells.
Maternal immunization against viral disease

The protective effect of maternal antibody against many viral diseases has been recognized. The use of maternal immunization has been considered as a means to augment this protection in the young infant against disease. Advantages of maternal immunization include the fact that young infants are most susceptible to infections but least responsive to vaccines, that pregnant women are accessible to medical care and respond well to vaccines, that IgG antibodies cross the placenta well during the third trimester, and that immunization of the pregnant woman has the potential to benefit both the mother and the infant. Disadvantages include the potential inhibition of an infant's response to active immunization or natural infection and liability issues with pharmaceutical companies and physicians. Immunization of pregnant women with viral vaccines for poliovirus, influenza viruses, and rubella has been described and maternal vaccination with these vaccines has been found to be safe for both the mother and the fetus. An open-label study of post-partum women immunized with the purified fusion protein of RSV (PFP-2, Wyeth-Lederle Pediatrics and Vaccines, Inc., Pearl River, NY) demonstrated that the vaccine was non-reactogenic and immunogenic; RSV-specific antibody was detected in breast milk. Immunization of pregnant women with purified protein or subunit vaccines could be considered against neonatal viral pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, herpes group viruses, and human immunodeficiency virus. Further studies are needed to define the safety and efficacy of maternal immunization.
Infrared imaging - A validation technique for computational fluid dynamics codes used in STOVL applications

The need for a validation technique for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes in STOVL applications has led to research efforts to apply infrared thermal imaging techniques to visualize gaseous flow fields. Specifically, a heated, free-jet test facility was constructed. The gaseous flow field of the jet exhaust was characterized using an infrared imaging technique in the 2 to 5.6 micron wavelength band as well as conventional pitot tube and thermocouple methods. These infrared images are compared to computer-generated images using the equations of radiative exchange based on the temperature distribution in the jet exhaust measured with the thermocouple traverses. Temperature and velocity measurement techniques, infrared imaging, and the computer model of the infrared imaging technique are presented and discussed. From the study, it is concluded that infrared imaging techniques coupled with the radiative exchange equations applied to CFD models are a valid method to qualitatively verify CFD codes used in STOVL applications.
Selective precipitation of monomeric ribosomes by bentonite.

Any study of ribosomes and polyribosomes from the point of view of tissue development demands a quantitative extraction of all classes of these particles from the tissue. The use of bentonite, a commonly used inhibitor of RNase, has been found to influence considerably the total yield of the ribosomal complement of germinating oat tissues, and to influence the yield of monomeric ribosomes relative to polyribosomes. To prepare ribosomes and polyribosomes from these tissues, oat seeds were germinated in darkness for 72 hours after which time the coleoptile sheath and its enclosed primary leaf were excised from the plantlet at the coleoptilar node. This material, hereafter referred to as sections, was immediately homogenized with a loose fitting, motor driven Dual1 homogenizer at l-2°C. Generally 100 to ZOO sections were utilized for each preparation and homogenized in 15 to 30 ml of medium respectively. The homogenizing medium was composed of 0.1 M trissuccinate buffer, pH, 7.6 at 5"C, 0.005 M MgC12, 0.001 PI spermidine. 0.25 M sucrose and other additives as mentioned in the text. This homogenate was centrifuged for 20 minutr-, at 10,000 gravities and sodium deoxycholate (Na Dot) added to the supernatant to give a concentration of 0.5%. The supematant was next layered over a concentrated sucrose solution (5 ml over 7 ml) in Spinco #40 rotor centrifuge tubes. If the entire ribosome population Igas to be sedimented in the subsequent centrifugation, the sucrose concentration was 1 molar; if polyribosomes, predominately free of monomeric ribosomes, were to be collected, the sucrose con-
Genesis and morphogenesis of limb synovial joints and articular cartilage

Limb synovial joints are intricate structures composed of articular cartilage, synovial membranes, ligaments and an articular capsule. Together, these tissues give each joint its unique shape, organization and biomechanical function. Articular cartilage itself is rather complex and organized in distinct zones, including the superficial zone that produces lubricants and contains stem/progenitor cells. For many years there has been great interest in deciphering the mechanisms by which the joints form and come to acquire such unique structural features and diversity. Decades ago, classic embryologists discovered that the first overt sign of joint formation at each prescribed limb site was the appearance of a dense and compact population of mesenchymal cells collectively called the interzone. Work carried out since then by several groups has provided evidence that the interzone cells actively participate in joint tissue formation over developmental time. This minireview provides a succinct but comprehensive description of the many important recent advances in this field of research. These include studies using various conditional reporter mice to genetically trace and track the origin, fate and possible function of joint progenitor cells; studies on the involvement and roles in signaling pathways and transcription factors in joint cell determination and functioning; and studies using advanced methods of gene expression analyses to uncover novel genetic determinants of joint formation and diversity. The overall advances are impressive, and the findings are not only of obvious interest and importance but also have major implications in the conception of future translational medicine tools to repair and regenerate defective, overused or aging joints.
Xenobiotic glucosyltransferase activity from suspension-cultured Glycine max cells

Proteins extracted from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. Corsoy 79) cells contained O- and N-glucosyltransferases (GTs; EC 2.4.1) that catalyzed glucosylation of several xenobiotic compounds including (a) the hydroxylated herbicide metabolites 6-hydroxybentazone (B-6-OH), 8-hydroxybentazone and 5-hydroxydiclofop (b) the herbicide chloramben and (c) the environmental contaminants 2,4-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichloroaniline. The O-GT that catalyzes B-6-OH glucosylation, UDP-glucose: B-6-OH glucosyltransferase (B6GT), was chosen for further study. A rapid and sensitive B6GT assay was developed that uses ethyl acetate extraction to separate the product 6-O-[ 14 C]glucosylbentazone from the glucose donor uridine[5']diphospho-[1]-α-D-[U- 14 C]glucose. B6GT, recovered in the soluble protein fraction, was extracted in consistently high amounts from Corsoy 79 cells cultured for one to seven days. 2-Mercaptoethanol in the extraction buffer increased B6GT activity as did sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or manganese(II) chlorides in the assay buffer. B6GT activity in an ammonium sulfate fraction (30-50% saturation pellet) displayed two pH optima, one at pH 5.5 and another at pH 10 to 11. Apparent K m values for UDP-glucose and B-6-OH in the ammonium sulfate fraction were 90 and 4.5 μM, respectively. Thus, we have partially characterized glucosylation of B-6-OH, one example of the several xenobiotic GT activities present in Corsoy 79 soybean
Disparity between visual fields and optical coherence tomography in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

Purpose American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations for screening for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy advise objective measures, such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) along with visual fields. However, the relative sensitivity and specificity of screening tests have not been fully resolved. We characterize a subset of patients with toxicity who show unusual disparity between fields and SD-OCT and thus have implications for screening practice. Design Review of charts and clinical data. Participants Patients at Stanford and Kaiser Permanente who had used HCQ with greater than 1000 g cumulative exposure. There were more than 2000 such individuals, among whom 150 had clear evidence of toxicity. Methods Patients were evaluated by visual fields (10-2 white Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm pattern deviation plots), SD-OCT, and sometimes mfERG or fundus autofluorescence. Main Outcome Measures Relative findings on visual fields in comparison with SD-OCT. Results There were 11 patients among those with HCQ toxicity who had parafoveal ring scotomas but a normal-appearing SD-OCT. None had a history of macular disease or evidence for any other cause of bull's eye maculopathy. Conversely, all cases with a clear degree of parafoveal damage on SD-OCT showed at least some focal spots of parafoveal field loss. Conclusions Approximately 10% of patients with early HCQ toxicity showed prominent ring scotomas on field testing without obvious SD-OCT abnormality. This should encourage the inclusion of visual fields as a key screening tool, even when SD-OCT (a more specific and objective test) also is performed. The combination of visual fields and SD-OCT gives both sensitivity and specificity while avoiding unnecessary stoppage of the drug.
Ribonuclease. IX. Further studies on ribonuclease inhibitor.

Abstract Ribonuclease inhibitor was found in the livers of five mammalian species, but could not be detected in the liver of chicken or frog. Detailed examination of the ribonuclease activity of chicken-liver homogenate and various subcellular fractions under different conditions failed to provide convincing evidence for the presence of an inhibitor in this tissue. Some factors affecting ribonuclease-inhibitor activity were examined. It was demonstrated that ribonuclease inhibitor slows the hydrolysis of cyclic cytidylic acid by crystalline pancreatic ribonuclease, but this reaction is not suitable for an assay of the inhibitor, due to the interference of tissue enzymes that hydrolyse the cyclic nucleotide.
Use of a Left Heart Assist Device after Intracardiac Surgery: Technique and Clinical Experience

Abstract A left heart assist device (LHAD) has been employed in 14 patients. All had advanced heart disease and were in low cardiac output after repair, such that they could not be separated from cardiopulmonary bypass despite prolonged support and adjuvant therapy, including drugs, pacing, and use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation whenever possible. Apart from special cannulas, the equipment necessary for the LHAD is widely available. An asset of the system (left atrial-ascending aorta bypass of the left ventricle) is that it may be terminated without reentering the thorax to remove the cannulas. This is accomplished with precisely fitting obturators that obliterate the cannula lumens and allow the tubes to be permanently implanted. This concept is believed important since critically ill patients requiring support are precisely those in whom added risk would be imposed by a second operation. Of the 14 patients who have had intraoperative and postoperative support (up to 6.8 days), 9 were weaned from the device and 6 were dismissed from the hospital. Four patients remain alive and are improved, the longest at 22 months since operation. The favorable performance of the LHAD suggests that it may prove useful either when intraaortic balloon counterpulsation cannot be successfully deployed or when it has failed to achieve hemodynamic stability.
Cost Evaluation of Industrial Ventilation System Designs

Abstract This paper describes a method for determining and comparing the costs of various design choices at each step in the design of an industrial ventilation system. The technique applies to the design of new systems and the alteration of existing systems. Cost evaluations are made in terms of the sum of annual energy cost and annualized initial (or capital construction) cost for each option. This method addresses only the system components and presumes that ancillary costs (maintenance, space required, taxes, and factors affecting system life) are similar for each option. The fundamental variables which contribute to energy cost are separately identified and expressed in terms of dollars per year. These variables are air flow rate; total pressure loss coefficients for entries, ducts, elbows, and junctions; velocity pressure; fan efficiency; motor and drive efficiencies; power costs and hours of operation per year. Tables are provided for estimating 1986 annualized initial costs for ductwork for situat...
House dust mite allergen in US beds: Results from the first national survey of lead and allergens in housing

Abstract Background: Although exposure to house dust mite allergen is a major risk factor for allergic sensitization and asthma, nationwide estimates of dust mite allergen levels in US homes have not been reported. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dust mite allergen in beds of US homes and to identify predictors of dust mite allergen concentration. Methods: Data were obtained from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, a cross-sectional survey of 831 permanently occupied noninstitutional housing units that permitted resident children. Dust mite allergen concentration (Der f 1 plus Der p 1) was determined from a dust sample collected from a bed. The percentages of homes with concentrations at or greater than detection, 2.0 μg/g bed dust, and 10.0 μg/g bed dust were estimated. Independent predictors of allergen concentration were assessed with multivariable linear regression. Results: The percentages of US homes with dust mite allergen concentrations at or greater than detection, 2.0 μg/g, and 10.0 μg/g were 84.2% (SE, 1.73), 46.2% (SE, 2.0), and 24.2% (SE, 2.1), respectively. Independent predictors of higher levels were older homes, non-West census regions, single-family homes, no resident children, lower household income, heating sources other than forced air, musty or mildew odor, and higher bedroom humidity. Conclusion: Most US homes have detectable levels of dust mite allergen in a bed. Levels previously associated with allergic sensitization and asthma are common in US bedrooms. Predictors can be used to identify conditions under which homes are more likely to have increased dust mite allergen levels. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:408-14.)
Evidence of Electrochemical Graphene Functionalization by Raman Spectroscopy

Electrochemical functionalization of treated epitaxial graphene samples on Si-face 6H-SiC are presented in this work. Three semi-insulating 6H-SiC substrates cut from different boules with varying off cut angle (on axis, 0.5° and 1.0° degrees off axis in the [112‾0] direction) were diced into 10mm x 10mm samples and quality EG grown on top. A home-build electrochemical cell was used with current applied though a 10% H2SO4 solution, with a Pt wire and exposed graphene as the anode and cathode respectively. Functionalization was determined using Raman spectroscopy and measured by an increase in D/G ratio, increase in fluorescence background and introduction of C-H bond peak at ~2930 cm-1. Components of the Raman spectra before and after functionalization of all samples used were analyzed to show a substrate dependent effect on functionalization with values such as D/G ratio and normalized fluorescence slope varying between the substrates.
Concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced waters of northeastern Oklahoma: sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring.

The Tri-States Mining District (TSMD) of Missouri (MO), Kansas (KS), and Oklahoma (OK), USA, was mined for lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) for more than a century. Mining ceased more than 30 years ago, but wastes remain widely distributed in the region, and there is evidence of surface- and groundwater contamination in the Spring River-Neosho River (SR-NR) system of northeastern OK. In October 2001, we collected a total of 74 fish from six locations in the SR-NR system that included common carp (Cyprinus carpio), channel- and flathead catfish (Ictalurus punctatus and Pylodictis olivaris), largemouth- and spotted bass (Micropterus salmoides and Micropterus punctulatus), and white crappie (Pomoxis annularis). We obtained additional fish from locations in MO that included three reference sites and one site that served as a “positive control” (heavily contaminated by Pb). Blood, carcass (headed, eviscerated, and scaled) and liver (carp only) samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), Pb, and Zn. Our objectives were to assess the degree to which fish from the OK portion of the SR-NR system are contaminated by these elements and to evaluate fish blood sampling for biomonitoring. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in carp and catfish from OK sites were elevated and Pb concentrations of some approached those of the highly contaminated site in MO, but concentrations in bass and crappie were relatively low. For Zn, correlations were weak among concentrations in the three tissues and none of the samples appeared to reflect site contamination. Variability was high for Cd in all three tissues of carp; differences between sites were statistically significant (p < 0.05) only for blood even though mean liver concentrations were at least 100-fold greater than those in blood. Blood concentrations of Cd and Pb were positively correlated (r2 = 0.49 to 0.84) with the concentration of the same element in carp and catfish carcasses or in carp livers, and the corresponding multiple regression models were highly significant (p ≤ 0.001). Our data indicate that potentially nonlethal blood sampling can be useful for monitoring of selected metals in carp, catfish, and perhaps other fishes.
Bone cell cilia: Vestigial or functional organelles?

Cilia have been observed protruding from osteocytes in fetal rat calvaria by electron microscopy, raising the possibility that they might be concerned with the movement of fluids through the canalicular system of dense bone and, therefore, with the transport of calcium and other ions into and out of the skeleton.
Legitimacy Crisis: Again?

Since the dawn of time, it seems, social critics have been warning of a “crisis of legitimacy” in the political world. Manuel Castells repeats this ageless battle-cry in his 2004 Ithiel de Sola Pool lecture (PS, January 2005, 9–16), warning darkly of an “increasing alienation of citizens” that “threatens to undo the democratic system” (9). As proof, he offers an array of point-in-time survey results from Western countries in recent years, as well as anecdotal evidence of “the expression of political protest” in places like California and France (9). Yet, none of this shows anything except the fact that states are imperfect creations for the expression of political community and, as Isaiah Berlin might have added, the timeless costs of social life.
The Quality of the Fossil Record: Implications for Evolutionary Analyses

▪ Abstract Advances in taphonomy and stratigraphy over the past two decades have dramatically improved our understanding of the causes, effects, and remedies of incompleteness in the fossil record for the study of evolution. Taphonomic research has focused on quantifying probabilities of preservation across taxonomic groups, the temporal and spatial resolution of fossil deposits, and secular changes in preservation over the course of the Phanerozoic. Stratigraphic research has elucidated systematic trends in the formation of sedimentary gaps and permanent stratigraphic records, the quantitative consequences of environmental change and variable rock accumulation rates over short and long timescales, and has benefited from greatly improved methods of correlation and absolute age determination. We provide examples of how these advances are transforming paleontologic investigations of the tempo and mode of morphologic change, phylogenetic analysis, and the environmental and temporal analysis of macroevolution...
Putting an end to arrogance: Tips for climbing down from the Ivory Tower

(1997). Putting an end to arrogance: Tips for climbing down from the Ivory Tower. Western Journal of Communication: Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 338-342.
Factors affecting electromigration and current carrying capacity of FC and 3D IC interconnects

Electromigration (EM) failure in flip-chip bumps has emerged as a major reliability concern due to potential elimination of Pb from flip-chip bumps and a continuous drive to increased IO density resulting in a reduction of bump pitch and size. Additionally, the rapid development and implementation of 3D IC structures is introducing new interconnects (u-bumps, RDL, microvias, and TSVs) at a much finer geometries, raising concerns about electromigration and current carrying capacity of these interconnects.
Trends in memory technology - reliability perspectives, challenges and opportunities

As DRAM and NAND cells are rapidly scaled deep into the nanoscale regime, meeting design and reliability requirements require deeper understanding of single-cell characteristics. Some of the challenges are common between these technologies while some are unique. New materials and cell structures are being introduced to address some of these issues and provide further scaling opportunities.
A Role for Kalirin in the Response of Rat Medium Spiny Neurons to Cocaine

Kalirin-7 (Kal7), the major kalirin isoform in adult brain, plays a key role in the formation of dendritic spines in hippocampal/cortical neurons. Its role in the GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum, the areas known to play a key role in the common reward pathway, is not as well understood. Although Kal7 expression in mouse NAc increased in response to cocaine, MSN dendritic spine density did not differ from that for the wild type in Kal7-null mice. Unlike wild-type mice, Kal7-null mice did not respond to cocaine with an increase in MSN dendritic spine density. To explore further the role of Kal7 in cocaine-induced alterations in MSN morphology, we turned to the rat. Based on immunostaining, both Kal7 and Kal12 are expressed at moderate levels in the MSNs of the NAc and striatum. Expression of Kal7 and Kal12 in MSNs of both areas increases after repeated cocaine treatments. Overexpression of Kal7 in cultured MSN neurons increases dendritic spine density, as observed in rats after long-term cocaine administration. Reducing endogenous expression of all major kalirin isoforms in cultured MSN neurons causes a decrease in total dendritic length and dendritic spine density. These data suggest that kalirin is essential for maintaining spine density in NAc MSNs under normal conditions and that Kal7 is an obligatory intermediate in the response of MSNs to repeated exposure to cocaine.
On the Introduction of an Agile, Temporary Workforce into a Tandem Queueing System

We consider a two-station tandem queueing system where customers arrive according to a Poisson process and must receive service at both stations before leaving the system. Neither queue is equipped with dedicated servers. Instead, we consider three scenarios for the fluctuations of workforce level. In the first, a decision-maker can increase and decrease the capacity as is deemed appropriate; the unrestricted case. In the other two cases, workers arrive randomly and can be rejected or allocated to either station. In one case the number of workers can then be reduced (the controlled capacity reduction case). In the other they leave randomly (the uncontrolled capacity reduction case). All servers are capable of working collaboratively on a single job and can work at either station as long as they remain in the system. We show in each scenario that all workers should be allocated to one queue or the other (never split between queues) and that they should serve exhaustively at one of the queues depending on the direction of an inequality. This extends previous studies on flexible systems to the case where the capacity varies over time. We then show in the unrestricted case that the optimal number of workers to have in the system is non-decreasing in the number of customers in either queue.
Maximum entropy as a special case of the minimum description length criterion (Corresp.)

The Maximum Entropy (ME) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) criteria are the bases for two approaches to statistical inference problems. A new criterion, called the Minimum Description Length (MDL), has been recently introduced. This criterion generalizes the ML method so it can be applied to more general situations, e.g., when the number of parameters is unknown. It is shown that ME is also a special case of the MDL criterion; maximizing the entropy subject to some constraints on the underlying probability function is identical to minimizing the code length required to represent all possible i.i.d, realizations of the random variable such that the sample frequencies (or histogram) satisfy those given constraints.
System-performance modeling for massively multiplayer online role-playing games

Massively multiplayer role-playing games (MMORPGs) are among the most popular types of online game. A successful title may have tens of thousands or even millions of subscribers and, at any given time, may have thousands of players online. This paper presents a method for modeling MMORPG system performance and applies it in an analysis of two real MMORPGs. The results show that a strong linear relationship exists between performance metrics at the server side and the number of concurrent players online. As a result, utilization of IT resources, including network traffic and server load, can be predicted, given the number of concurrent players. The performance model presented here can be used for automated IT resource allocation at runtime and is thus useful in the context of utility computing and on demand systems.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Patients With Cancer

Background. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by neurologic symptoms with typical lesions on neuroimaging and may be associated with chemotherapy and immunosuppressive agents used in patients with cancer. We described the spectrum of PRES at a major cancer center. Methods.We reviewed charts of adults with PRES between 2005and 2011 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for clinical information and outcome. Results.We identified 21 women (68%) and 10 men (median cohort age: 58 years). Solid tumors (n 5 22, 71%) were more common than hematologic (n 5 8) or primary brain malignancies (n 5 1). Prior brain irradiation (16%) and central nervous system metastases (10%) were uncommon. There were 55% who received chemotherapy or targeted therapy within the month preceding PRES, including 6 patients who received bevacizumab; PRES followed allogeneic stem cell transplantation in 5 (16%). Presenting symptoms included confusion (71%), seizure (58%), and headache (48%). Maximum systolic and diastolic blood pressureswere similaramong patientsgrouped by cancer type, chemotherapy or bevacizumab use, and atypical imaging. Moreover, 37% of patients with both magnetic resonanceimaging(MRI)andcomputedtomography(CT)had normalCTconcurrentwithPRESonMRI,and84%returned to neurologic baseline atamedianof7.5days(range:1–167 days) fromonset.Successfulanticonvulsanttaperwasachievedin51%. Chemotherapy rechallenge was attempted in 41% without recurrent PRES. Autopsy revealed nonspecific changes isolated to radiographically affected areas in one of two patients. Conclusion. Recentchemotherapy,particularlybevacizumab,is commonincancerpatientswithPRES.Clinicalandradiographic presentations may vary; MRI appears more sensitive than CT. Anticonvulsant taper and chemotherapy rechallenge is often possible.The Oncologist 2015;20:1–6
Value of preexisting bundle branch block in the electrocardiographic differentiation of supraventricular from ventricular origin of wide QRS tachycardia

The relation between the morphologic configuration of QRS complexes during wide QRS tachycardia induced during electrophysiologic studies and sinus rhythm was examined in 18 patients who had preexisting left or right bundle branch block. Representative QRS complexes during sinus rhythm and during tachycardia were isolated from each patient and juxtaposed for comparison. The QRS complexes that constituted each pair were judged by 4 observers as being identical, different or, if the decision was equivocal, similar. Nine patients had supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). In 8 of the 9 patients, all 4 observers found the QRS complexes during sinus rhythm and SVT identical in morphologic configuration. In the other patient, 2 observers found the QRS complexes identical and 2 found them similar. In 12 patients ventricular tachycardia (VT) was induced. In 11 of these 12, all 4 observers found the QRS complexes during VT different from their respective sinus beats. In the other patient, 3 observers found the QRS complexes different, whereas the fourth found them similar. During SVT, the QRS duration was unchanged from the corresponding value during sinus rhythm, whereas in patients with VT, QRS width increased by a mean of 56 +/- 20 ms (p less than 0.001). The results of our study suggest that the electrocardiographic differentiation of wide QRS tachycardia in patients with preexisting bundle branch block can be accomplished easily and accurately by comparing the QRS complexes during tachycardia with those during sinus rhythm: If the complexes are identical, the tachycardia is supraventricular, but if they are different, the arrhythmia is ventricular in origin.
SELDI proteinchip MS: a platform for biomarker discovery and cancer diagnosis.

Identification and understanding the structures, interactions and functions of all of a cell’s proteins is one of the major goals of the postgenome era. The genome project has produced a wealth of information that is greatly expounding the genetic basis of cancer. However, it falls short in not allowing for accurate prediction of what is happening at the protein level in a cancer cell or a body fluid proteome. It is the hope that, by deciphering the alterations in the cancer proteome, biomarkers and patterns of biomarkers will be found that will lead to improvements in early detection, diagnosis and treatment monitoring. To achieve this goal, rapid high-throughput proteomic technologies will be required. The SELDI ProteinChip Biomarker mass spectrometry system appears to have potential in this effort, both for biomarker discovery and as a potential clinical diagnostic assay platform.
Previously unrecognized regional structure of the Coastal Belt of the Franciscan Complex, northern California, revealed by magnetic data

Magnetic anomalies provide surprising structural detail within the previously undivided Coastal Belt, the westernmost, youngest, and least-metamorphosed part of the Franciscan Complex of northern California. Although the Coastal Belt consists almost entirely of arkosic graywacke and shale of mainly Eocene age, new detailed aeromagnetic data show that it is pervasively marked by long, narrow, and regularly spaced anomalies. These anomalies arise from relatively simple tabular bodies composed principally of magnetic basalt or graywacke confined mainly to the top couple of kilometers, even though metamorphic grade indicates that these rocks have been more deeply buried, at depths of 5–8 km. If true, this implies surprisingly uniform uplift of these rocks. The basalt (and associated Cretaceous limestone) occurs largely in the northern part of the Coastal Belt; the graywacke is recognized only in the southern Coastal Belt and is magnetic because it contains andesitic grains. The magnetic grains were not derived from the basalt, and thus require a separate source. The anomalies define simple patterns that can be related to folding and faulting within the Coastal Belt. This apparent simplicity belies complex structure mapped at outcrop scale, which can be explained if the relatively simple tabular bodies are internally deformed, fault-bounded slabs. One mechanism that can explain the widespread lateral extent of the thin layers of basalt is peeling up of the uppermost part of the oceanic crust into the accretionary prism, controlled by porosity and permeability contrasts caused by alteration in the upper part of the subducting slab. It is not clear, however, how this mechanism might generate fault-bounded layers containing magnetic graywacke. We propose that structural domains defined by anomaly trend, wavelength, and source reflect imbrication and folding during the accretion process and local plate interactions as the Mendocino triple junction migrated north, a hypothesis that should be tested by more detailed structural studies.
The emerging storage management paradigm

The authors present a summary of important challenges in managing and addressing the data of large commercial and governmental installations and the solutions that are arising from industry, national laboratories, and standards organizations. These issues are viewed from the perspective of a shift away from the paradigm of centralized, sequential storage systems toward a new paradigm of distributed, network-based, parallel storage systems. The challenges of technology discussed include high-speed storage devices, communications, and parallel computing. The relationship between managing data and managing storage is considered, with emphasis on scientific data objects. The challenge of integrating components from many vendors is also discussed. >
I131 distribution in normal and hemithyroidectomized rats treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate.

THE similar biological effect on membrane and cellular permeability of desoxycorticosterone acetate and hyaluronidase has been reported (Opsahl, 1949a), (Opsahl, 1949b), (Seifter, Baeder, and Begany, 1949). Recent studies have shown that several endocrine glands exhibit widely varying concentrations of radioiodine under various experimental conditions (Franke, Boatman and George, 1951), (Boatman and Moses, 1951a), (Boatman et at., 1951). The study here reported was conducted to determine whether the variation in the ability of these tissues to concentrate radioiodine was altered by the administration of low levels of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA). Holtzmann-Rolfsmeyer female rats, weighing between 210 and 230 grams, were randomly divided into 4 groups of 16 animals each. The weight of each animal was within twice the standard deviation of the mean weight of all animals. All animals were housed under identical conditions and were maintained on tap water and Rockland rat ration.
Developing Short-Term Study Abroad Programs: Achieving Successful International Student Experiences

Most business schools in the U.S. are employing various initiatives to “internationalize” their curriculum in order to prepare students to participate more effectively in a globally interconnected business world. An integral part of these initiatives is to encourage more students to participate in study abroad programs. Though it may be optimal for students to study abroad for a semester or more, many students do not have the time, resources or confidence to commit to a long-term experience. Consequently, short-term two to three week study abroad programs (SSA) are often a viable and worthwhile experiential alternative. Often, the process of developing a short-term study abroad experience can be daunting. We use a case study approach to examine how short-term study programs were initiated, planned, organized and implemented in five countries - Malaysia, Singapore, Chile, Germany and Australia. These programs were led by business faculty, at an AACSB accredited Midwestern University, each of whom also had prior experience in conducting study abroad programs. These faculty leaders provided detailed accounts related to each of the programs. A guide using probing questions was prepared through a triangulation process that included the faculty leaders and an administrator that had reviewed and audited 12 previous short-term study abroad programs. Drawing on actual SSA experiences and outcomes, this paper proposes a SSA framework consisting of planning, marketing, conducting and evaluating stages that can make the study abroad process understandable, efficient and easier to implement.
Silicon Carbide Electronic Devices

The status of emerging silicon carbide (SiC) widebandgap semiconductor electronics technology is briefly surveyed. SiC-based electronic devices and circuits are being developed for use in high-temperature, high-power, and/or high-radiation conditions under which conventional semiconductors cannot function. Projected performance benefits of SiC electronics are briefly illustrated for several applications. However, most of these operational benefits of SiC have yet to be realized in actual systems, primarily owing to the fact that the growth techniques of SiC crystals are relatively immature and device fabrication technologies are not yet sufficiently developed to the degree required for widespread, reliable commercial use. Key crystal growth and device fabrication issues that limit the performance and capability of high-temperature and/or high-power SiC electronics are identified. The electrical and material quality differences between emerging SiC and mature silicon electronics technology are highlighted.
Distribution of tissue progenitors within the shield region of the zebrafish gastrula

The zebrafish has emerged as an important model system for the experimental analysis of vertebrate development because it is amenable to genetic analysis and because its optical clarity allows the movements and the differentiation of individual cells to be followed in vivo. In this paper, we have sought to characterize the spatial distribution of tissue progenitors within the outer cell layers of the embryonic shield region of the early gastrula. Single cells were labeled by iontophoretic injection of fluorescent dextrans. Subsequently, we documented their position with respect to the embryonic shield and their eventual fates. Our data show that progenitor cells of the neural, notochordal, somitic and endodermal lineages were all present within the embryonic shield region, and that these progenitors were arranged as intermingled populations. Moreover, close to the midline, there was evidence for significant biases in the distribution of neural and notochord progenitors between the layers, suggesting some degree of radial organization within the zebrafish embryonic shield region. The distributions of tissue progenitors in the zebrafish gastrula differ significantly from those in amphibians; this bears not only on interpretations of mutant phenotypes and in situ staining patterns, but also on our understanding of morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and of neural induction in the zebrafish.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Uncertain Honor: Modern Motherhood in an African Crisis. Jennifer Johnson-Hanks. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. 301 pp.
Pakistan: A Collapsed State

Pakistan faces high levels of corruption and popular dissatisfaction with democracy. With a weak state and weak democracy, how does this relationship between Pakistan’s state and society influence when citizens choose to protest and when do they vote? In a weak state, citizens were more apt to protest then they are to go vote because voting was seen as ineffective. This weak state-society relationship leads to the origination of low capacity and low autonomy for the state, in which the state is incapable of providing for its citizens. This inability, then leads to a collapsed state.
Earning an Age: Work, Mobility, and Maturity in Western Colonial Kenya

This paper explores agricultural migrant labor among boys and young men in Western Kenya during British colonial rule. It considers the decisions the young made to leave home for work and wages on European estates and ways they connected with their physical and economic mobilities to senses of maturity and masculinity. The paper examines the emerging tensions among competing yet complimentary nodes of authority of fathers, employers, colonial officials, and young men. Early on the British endeavored to push young men into the labor market. District officials and chiefs manipulated initiation practices to ritually mature boys out of childhood earlier so they might leave home to labor. They also encouraged recruiters to comb the reserves for the young, compelling father and sons to debate whether a wage equaled the loss of a laborer and loved one at home. Over time, young men conceptualized their time away and wages earned as integral to their age-defined development: a natural part of being young and crucible by which they earned growing maturity. Labor and mobility offer a glimpse of the hard work that went on within African families, between generations, and through the eyes of the young as they reimagined ideas of age and generational authority during the colonial encounter.
High-voltage vertical GaN Schottky diode enabled by low-carbon metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth

Vertical GaN Schottky barrier diode (SBD) structures were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on free-standing GaN substrates. The carbon doping effect on SBD performance was studied by adjusting the growth conditions and spanning the carbon doping concentration between ≤3 × 1015 cm−3 and 3 × 1019 cm−3. Using the optimized growth conditions that resulted in the lowest carbon incorporation, a vertical GaN SBD with a 6-μm drift layer was fabricated. A low turn-on voltage of 0.77 V with a breakdown voltage over 800 V was obtained from the device.
The Design of ARINC664/AFDX End System Based on FPGA

ARINC664 defines a set of best practices and requirements for any next-generation aircraft data network.Part 7 of ARINC664 specification defines a special application for a full-duplex,deterministic aircraft data network referred to as AFDX.An AFDX system comprises the following components:Avionics Subsystem;AFDX End System;AFDX Interconnect.There into AFDX End System provides an interface between the Avionics Subsystems and the AFDX Interconnect.This paper provides a solution of AFDX End System based on FPGA.
Linguistic structure emerges through the interaction of memory constraints and communicative pressures

If memory constraints were the only limitation on language processing, the best possible language would be one with only one word. But to explain the rich structure of language, we need to posit a second constraint: the pressure to communicate informatively. Many aspects of linguistic structure can be accounted for by appealing to equilibria that result from these two pressures.
Building a Framework for a Post-BEPS World

The OECD base erosion and profit-shifting project (BEPS) presents a unique opportunity for the international tax regime. BEPS is taking on an immense challenge, with 15 separate action items on such issues as the digital economy, hybrid mismatches, treaty abuse, intangibles transfer pricing, and information sharing. Dealing with any one of these issues has proven difficult to deal with in the past, but if the reason for these past difficulties has been that these issues are inexorably intertwined, addressing them as part of a comprehensive overhaul not only makes sense, but could also prove crucial to BEPS’s ultimate success. If the problems confronting BEPS truly represents a fundamental breakdown of the infrastructure of the existing international tax regime itself, what is needed is a new intellectual framework for BEPS to be a success.This article attempts to sketch the outlines of that framework for a post-BEPS international tax regime. This is not intended to defend any particular proposal or resolve any specific BEPS action item. Rather, it is intended to introduce one possible way to integrate the disparate goals of BEPS into a single, coherent, intellectual framework. Ideally, the presence of a clearly defined intellectual framework itself could contribute to making BEPS (or any similar project) a long-term success, regardless of any specific proposals emerging from it.
Effect of ibotenic acid lesions of the omnipause neurons on saccadic eye movements in rhesus macaques

1. Although much is known about the neurons that control saccadic eye movements, the precise manner in which they interact is still uncertain. To test the validity of competing models of the pontin...