cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Aspects of Morphological Melanin Color Changes in Vertebrate Skin

SYNOPSIS. Consideration of some biochemical mechanisms in synthesis of melanin from the biological viewpoint has yielded some insight into various aspects of the problem. A fundamental consideration is the procedure which must unequivocally demonstrate tyrosinase and determine its level of activity with sensitivity and precision. Only the radiometric assay utilizing 14C—abelled L—tyrosine fulfills these criteria. Although integumental tyrosinase activity is usually correlated with the degree of melanoderma, exceptional cases are sufficiently documented to provide a basis for the presence of normal melanogenic control mechanisms in the skin. In addition, the enzyme may not always be bound to a subcellular organelle, thus suggesting its origin is at a distance from its site of action (premelanosome). A number of biological factors affect the enzymatic activity and its subcellular distribution indicating that the biological state of the organism cannot be disregarded in biochemical studies. Further, the use of variously labelled substrates has revealed the poikilopolymeric nature of melanin and the possibility of the direct effect of the intracellular environment upon the nature of the polymer. Several types of primary control mechanisms directly affecting the activity of tyrosinase are present in the vertebrate integument. It is probable that additional mechanisms will be uncovered eventually.
Size effects in van der Waals clusters studied by spin and angle-resolved electron spectroscopy and multi-coincidence ion imaging

We have studied the valence and inner-shell photoionization of free rare-gas clusters by means of angle and spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and momentum resolving electron-multi-ion coincidence spectroscopy. The electron measurements probe the evolution of the photoelectron angular distribution and spin polarization parameters as a function of photon energy and cluster size, and reveal a strong cluster size dependence of the photoelectron angular distributions in certain photon energy regions. In contrast, the spin polarization parameter of the cluster photoelectrons is found to be very close to the atomic value for all covered photon energies and cluster sizes. The ion imaging measurements, which probe the fragmentation dynamics of multiply charged van der Waals clusters, also exhibit a pronounced cluster size dependence.
No Second-hand Religion: Thomas Erskine's Critique of Religious Authorities

After practicing law in Edinburgh for six years, Thomas Erskine (1788–1870) inherited the estate of Linlathen upon the death of his brother, James. Thereby freed to devote his time to theological reflection and writing, he wrote five books between 1820 and 1837 which stated opinions sharply at odds with the prevailing religious positions of early nineteenth-century British thinkers. In his first book, Remarks on the Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion, he maintained that the surest sign of Christianity's truth is not to be found in the traditional evidential sources–miracles, fulfilled prophecies, the veracity of the apostles, and so on–but in the intimate relation, or “fittingness,” which inheres between the mode of being recommended in the Bible and the moral, physical, and mental constitution of human beings. This emphasis on the internal and subjective aspects of religious experience characterizes all of Erskine's works and places him, along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, at the forefront of a new way of theologizing in Britain which was to come to fruition in the so-called “Broad Church.” Erskine represents an indigenous British “turn to the subject” antedating the widespread appropriation of continental thought by English and Scottish theologians.
Benzylpenicillin migrates irreversibly into human erythrocytes.

Benzylpenicillin, 5.2% 14C-enriched, was incubated with human whole blood. The erythrocyte component was washed and exhaustively dialyzed and found to contain 6.3% of the original radioactivity. None of the penicillin was found to bind to the cell membrane. Dialysis of the cell contents indicated that none of the penicillin binds irreversibly to the proteins within the cell. Infrared examination of the contents of the cell leads to theconclusion that benzylpenicillin (a monovalent anion) enters the erythrocyte and is hydrolyzed to benzylpenicilloic acid (a divalent anion). This structural change prevents the antibiotic from migrating out of the cell.
Results of a magnetotelluric traverse across western Oregon: crustal resistivity structure and the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate

Abstract As part of project EMSLAB, we have collected and analysed wideband magnetotelluric data along an east-west transect in western Oregon. Preliminary modelling of the data using one-dimensional inversions based upon rotationally-invariant earth response functions was followed by finite-element two-dimensional modelling. The models produced indicate the presence of an electrical conductor beneath the Oregon Coast Range dipping eastward at 12–18° from a depth of 23–32 km. We believe that this conductor includes the thrust surface of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate and/or adjacent water-saturated rocks. Its high conductance (about 200 S) is thought to be due to one or more of the following mechanisms: (1) sediments subducted atop and with the Juan de Fuca plate, (2) saline fluids produced by dehydration of the former, or (3) seawater contained within subducted oceanic basalts. There is a distinct possibility that the high conductivity is due primarily to the presence of subducted sediments, in contrast with the notion that the subduction of young, buoyant lithosphere retards sediment subduction at this convergent margin. The conductive layer is overlain by relatively resistive rocks presumed to be accreted oceanic lithosphere. Model-determined resistivities for the upper part of the Coast Range section are in good agreement with deep well-log data. A strong electrical contrast appears in the determinant phase pseudosection between the Coast Range and the Willamette Valley suggesting a structural boundary between the two provinces. A surficial conductor is present in the valley to depths of 1–2 km and is due to alluvial fill. Induction arrow data show the geomagnetic coast effect and a smaller effect by the Willamette Valley alluvial fill.
Delta-like ligand 4–Notch signaling regulates bone marrow–derived pericyte/vascular smooth muscle cell formation

Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) is essential for the formation of mature vasculature. However, the role of DLL4-Notch signaling in pericyte/vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) development is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether DLL4-Notch signaling is involved in pericyte/vSMC formation in vitro and during vasculogenesis in vivo using 2 Ewing sarcoma mouse models. Inhibition of DLL4 with the antibody YW152F inhibited pericyte/vSMC marker expression by bone marrow (BM) cells in vitro. Conversely, transfection of 10T1/2 cells with the active domains of Notch receptors led to increased expression of pericyte/vSMC markers. Furthermore, the blood vessels of Ewing sarcoma tumors from mice treated with YW152F had reduced numbers of BM-derived pericytes/vSMCs, fewer open lumens, and were less functional than the vessels in tumors of control-treated mice. Tumor growth was also inhibited. These data demonstrate a specific role for DLL4 in the formation of BM-derived pericytes/vSMCs and indicate that DLL4 may be a novel therapeutic target for the inhibition of vasculogenesis.
Database Support for Evolving Design Objects

One of the most important problems of database management systems for CAD applications is support for evolving design objects. In this paper we provide an integrated solution for three very important issues: design project decomposition into subprojects, design synchronization among engineers working on different parts of a large design, and documentation of the design process. We discuss the interaction of versioning with time and we show how these two orthogonal concepts can be used in the documentation of the design process in an engineering design environment.
A GPU-Based Algorithm-Specific Optimization for High-Performance Background Subtraction

Background subtraction is an essential first stage in many vision applications differentiating foreground pixels from the background scene, with Mixture of Gaussians (MoG) being a widely used implementation choice. MoG's high computation demand renders a real-time single threaded realization infeasible. With it's pixel level parallelism, deploying MoG on top of parallel architectures such as a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is promising. However, MoG poses many challenges having a significant control flow (potentially reducing GPU efficiency) as well as a significant memory bandwidth demand. In this paper, we propose a GPU implementation of Mixture of Gaussians (MoG) that surpasses real-time processing for full HD (1080p 60 Hz). This paper describes step-wise optimizations starting from general GPU optimizations (such as memory coalescing, computation & communication overlapping), via algorithm-specific optimizations including control flow reduction and register usage optimization, to windowed optimization utilizing shared memory. For each optimization, this paper evaluates the performance potential and identifies architectural bottlenecks. Our CUDA-based implementation improves performance over sequential implementation by 57x, 97x and 101x through general, algorithm-specific, and windowed optimizations respectively, without impact to the output quality.
When is trust not enough? The role of perceived privacy of communication tools in comfort with self-disclosure

In what circumstances might privacy concerns about new communication tools like instant messaging help predict the degree to which people feel comfortable communicating via these new communication tools? The current study examined whether topic intimacy and perceived privacy predict levels of comfort with disclosure, and whether these associations are moderated by overall levels of trust and frequency of technology use. Participants reported on the degree to which they would feel comfortable discussing each of 32 topics (e.g., ''times when I felt that I was in love'') using 10 different communication tools. Topic and tool interacted, such that the privacy of the communication tool was related to disclosure comfort only for intimate topics. Privacy concerns were more important to less frequent technology users, and topic intimacy mattered most to participants with low levels of trust. Results are discussed in terms of implications for extending models of disclosure to the selection of new communication tools.
Feasibility And Design Considerations Of A Global Wind Sensing Coherent Infrared Radar (WINDSAT)

Since 1977, NOAA has been investigating the feasibility of a global wind-sensing lidar in response to the need for altitude profiles of the wind vector to serve as input to global circulation models. The lidar technique obtains the wind information by assessing the Doppler information contained in CO2 laser radiation backscattered from the atmospheric aerosol (particulates, droplets, etc.). The results of studies undertaken to define the proposed system concept and hardware for a space-shuttle-borne demonstration flight are presented. Resulting from considerations of wind vector accuracy, area coverage and sampling density, signal detectability and space shuttle compatibility requirements were a continuous conical scan of the telescope with a half cone angle of 62° centered on nadir, telescope diameter (1.25 m), laser pulse energy (10 J), pulse repetition frequency (8 Hz), pulse duration (6 ins) and laser wavelength (9.11 pm). Requirements that the concept imposes on platform stability, navigation and attitude determination, line-of-sight pointing and lag angle compensation, on-board Doppler processing, prime power and thermal dissipation are discussed. The system configuration intended for a hardware design study is presented.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of crosslinking on tribological behavior of tung oil-based polymers

Abstract In this study, the tribological properties of tung oil-based polymers synthesized by the cationic copolymerization of tung oil with divinylbenzene and styrene are evaluated as a function of crosslinking density. Tribological measurements were performed using a ball-on-flat reciprocating microtribometer on samples with three crosslinking densities of 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of the crosslinking agent. Friction and wear characteristics during dry sliding were evaluated using a spherical (1.2 mm radius) silicon nitride probe as well as a conical (100 μm radius, 90° cone angle) diamond probe. Microscale friction behavior was evaluated from single strokes at ramped normal loads, whereas wear experiments were evaluated from 100 to 500 reciprocating cycles at fixed normal loads. Elastic modulus and hardness information were evaluated using nanoindentation tests. Scanning electron microscopy of wear tracks was used to elucidate deformation mechanisms in the various samples. All samples showed friction coefficients ranging from 0.06 to 0.49. It was found that a higher crosslinking density resulted in lower abrasive wear due to increased hardness. These results provide some insight into the friction and wear behavior of tung oil-based polymers.
Analysis of space-charge effects in cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry as coupled gyrator phenomena

Abstract Charge clouds that interact as they gyrate about the center of a cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry cell constitute a system of coupled gyrators. This system should exhibit a range of phenomena, including phase locking, modulation, frequency shifts, and energy and momentum exchange. When two or more gyrators are mutually commensurate (the ratio of their frequencies can be expressed with integers), a strong, resonant interaction is possible. Under some conditions the system is chaotic, exhibiting a strong dependence on initial conditions and poor repeatability. This paper treats all of the above effects with the aid of numerical simulation of the motion of interacting charge clouds. These phenomena are collectively known as “space-charge” effects and can limit the performance of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers.
Olefin metathesis reactions initiated by d2 molybdenum or tungsten complexes

Dimeric or monomeric imido complexes of Mo(IV) or W(IV) will slowly catalyze some olefin metathesis reactions, although it is estimated that <2% of the d2 species is “activated” by the olefin. An ethylene adduct of {W(NAr‘)[OCMe2(CF3)]2}2 can be isolated, which upon heating is transformed into a new dimeric species that contains an ethyl group and a CH activated ortho methyl group in the NAr‘ ligand.
Presynaptic receptor systems on cardiac sympathetic nerves

Abstract The presence of a number of presynaptic receptor mechanisms on postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals has been described by various investigators. In the present review evidence is presented which supports the concept that activation of these presynaptic receptors results in either the inhibition or facilitation of transmitter release from sympathetic nerve endings. The role of these mechanisms in controlling sympathetic function to the myocardium in physiological as well as pathophysiological condition is discussed. The possibility that pharmacological actions of several agents may have a presynaptic component is also discussed.
Adenosine phosphorylase activity as distinct from inosine-guanosine phosphorylase activity in sarcoma 180 cells and rat liver

Abstract Adenosine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2-) activity present in Sarcoma 180 cells grown in culture and in rat liver, is shown to be distinct from inosine-guanosine phosphorylase by several criteria: (a) treatment of Sarcoma 180 cell extract with p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited the two activities to a different extent, (b) adenine selectively protected the adenosine phosphorylase activity of Sarcoma 180 and rat liver extract against heat inactivation, while hypoxanthine selectively protected inosine-guanosine phosphorylase activity, (c) at nearly saturating substrate concentrations and using Sarcoma 180 extracts, the rates of ribosylation of a mixture of adenine + hypoxanthine or adenine + guanine, but not of hypoxanthine + guanine, were found to be almost equal to the sum of their individual rates as measured separately, (d) inosine selectively inhibited the ribosylation of hypoxanthine and guanine catalysed by Sarcoma 180 and rat liver extract while 2-chloroadenosine selectively inhibited the ribosylation of adenine and N6-furfuryladenine, (e) pH vs. activity curves were similar with hypoxanthine or guanine as the substrate but they were markedly different from the curve with adenine as the substrate. The potential role of adenosine phosphorylase activity in vivo is discussed.
Connectionism and Conceptual Structure

The prototype model of concepts was first proposed formally by Eleanor Rosch and Carolyn Mervis. This model was the most widely accepted view of the structure of concepts for many years. Since the 1980s, however, there have been many criticisms of the model's ability to represent the full range of our cognitive capacities. It now seems clear that a more sophisticated model is required. In this article, the author shows how connectionist models can answer some of the problems of prototype and exemplar theories, but only by transforming many aspects of the original model. Additional criticisms of prototype theory that also apply to connectionist models are then considered. These criticisms have deeper implications for our theories of conceptual structure. Before examining prototype and connectionist models, however, the author first describes what led to the prototype view and the rejection of the earlier view.
WEIGHT FLUCTUATION, BULIMIC SYMPTOMS, AND SELF-EFFICACY FOR CONTROL OF EATING

College students who reported recent weight fluctuations of 15 pounds represented 15% of the men (N = 161) and 22% of the women (N = 301) in the study. Comparisons were made with students whose weight had remained stable on 4 subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for Thinness, and Interoceptive Awareness), on the Washington Self-Description Questionnaire, and on the Situational Appetite Measure. A MANOVA supported gender differences, with women showing greater levels of body dissatisfaction and concern for thinness. Students whose weight had fluctuated were differentiated from students whose weight had been stable, with weight fluctuations being most strongly related to greater body dissatisfaction and lower levels of self-efficacy for control of eating. Results support the use of a relapse model for weight fluctuation, emphasizing the potential importance of low self-efficacy as a moderator of repeated weight fluctuation.
A reexamination of methods for evaluating the predictability of the atmosphere

Pioneering work by Lorenz (1965, 1968, 1969) developed a number of methods for exploring the limits of predictability of the atmosphere. One method uses an integration of a realistic numerical model as a surrogate for the atmosphere. The evolution of small perturbations to the integration are used to estimate how quickly errors resulting from a given observational error distribution would grow in this perfect model context. In reality, an additional constraint must be applied to this predictability problem. In the real atmosphere, only states that belong to the atmosphere's climate occur and one is only interested in how such realizable states diverge in time. Similarly, in a perfect model study, only states on the model's attractor occur. However, a prescribed observational error distribution may project on states that are off the attractor, resulting in unrepresentative error growth. The 'correct' error growth problem examines growth for the projection of the observational error distribution onto the model's attractor. Simple dynamical systems are used to demonstrate that this additional constraint is vital in order to correctly assess the rate of error growth. A naive approach in which this information about the model's 'climate' is not used can lead to significant errors. Depending on the dynamical system, error doubling times may be either underestimated or overestimated although the latter seems more likely for more realistic models. While the magnitude of these errors is not large in the simple dynamical systems examined, the impact could be much larger in more realistic forecast models.
An anticoagulation pathway for quality management.

p ERIOPERATIVE ANTICOAGULATION REQUIREMENTS increase the complexity of managing surgical patients. Postponement of surgery, a preoperative admission, increase in postoperative length of stay (LOS) for dosage titration, or development of postoperative complications can occur in the surgical patient requiring anticoagulation. Significant increases in cost, patient safety, and delays in patients returning to their prior preoperative functional baseline can result. Although outpatient warfarin (Coumadin) management and algorithms have been available for a long time (Vadher, Patterson, & Leaning, 1995; Wenger, 1996; Wilt, Gums, Osman, & Moore, 1995), they do not easily translate to the inpatient setting where hospitalization and invasive interventions create dosing interruptions. An ultimate solution to this problem, after two studies, was the creation of an "anticoagulation pathway." This pathway addresses the anticoagulation process for both hepafin and Coumadin guiding practice from preintervention through discharge. The studies described in this article were conducted as part of the medical center's clinical process improvement program for quality improvement purposes and were deemed exempt from informed consent by the medical center's Institutional Board of Research Associates (IRBA). The information was recorded in a manner such that subjects could not be identified and was used solely to create a clinical pathway to improve the quality of patient care. BACKGROUND
On total 9-coloring planar graphs of maximum degree seven

Given a graph G, a total k-coloring of G is a simultaneous coloring of the vertices and edges of G with at most k colors. If Δ(G) is the maximum degree of G, then no graph has a total Δ-coloring, but Vizing conjectured that every graph has a total (Δ + 2)-coloring. This Total Coloring Conjecture remains open even for planar graphs. This article proves one of the two remaining planar cases, showing that every planar (and projective) graph with Δ ≤ 7 has a total 9-coloring by means of the discharging method. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 31: 6773, 1999
Performance bounds of distributed CSMA scheduling

CSMA-based scheduling is a recently proposed distributed scheduling algorithm that is shown to achieve the maximal throughput. Central to this algorithm is a Markov chain that produces samples from a desired distribution. In this work, we discuss the relationships of the achievable throughput, queueing delay and the mixing time of the Markov chain in a variant of the algorithm. This result suggests that a small mixing time is desirable for low delay. We then discuss how a generic bound on the mixing time can be tightened in specific topologies.
Removal of radio‐tagged protein and stearic acid soil from glass

Both algal protein and stearic acid soils are removed by water alone to near a 50% level; retained soil then becomes more difficult to remove. The bonding of protein soil to glass is stronger than that of tristearin, with indications that stearic acid soil is als slightly more adherent. The shape of the protein soil removal curves lacks the sigmoid shape of the tristearin or stearic acid soils, suggesting either the absence of sharp dependence upon critical micelle concentration, or the existence of adsorption largely at an essentially single energetic level. Both these soils are generally more effectively removed by anionic surfactants than was tristearin.
Software for computing eigenvalue bounds for iterative subspace matrix methods

Abstract This paper describes software for computing eigenvalue bounds to the standard and generalized hermitian eigenvalue problem as described in [Y. Zhou, R. Shepard, M. Minkoff, Computing eigenvalue bounds for iterative subspace matrix methods , Comput. Phys. Comm. 167 (2005) 90–102]. The software discussed in this manuscript applies to any subspace method , including Lanczos, Davidson , SPAM, Generalized Davidson Inverse Iteration , Jacobi–Davidson, and the Generalized Jacobi–Davidson methods, and it is applicable to either outer or inner eigenvalues. This software can be applied during the subspace iterations in order to truncate the iterative process and to avoid unnecessary effort when converging specific eigenvalues to a required target accuracy, and it can be applied to the final set of Ritz values to assess the accuracy of the converged results. Program summary Title of program: SUBROUTINE BOUNDS_OPT Catalogue identifier: ADVE Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADVE Computers: any computer that supports a Fortran 90 compiler Operating systems: any computer that supports a Fortran 90 compiler Programming language: Standard Fortran 90 High speed storage required: 5 m + 5 working-precision and 2 m + 7 integer for m Ritz values No. of bits in a word: The floating point working precision is parameterized with the symbolic constant WP No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2452 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 281 543 Distribution format: tar.gz Nature of physical problem: The computational solution of eigenvalue problems using iterative subspace methods has widespread applications in the physical sciences and engineering as well as other areas of mathematical modeling (economics, social sciences, etc.). The accuracy of the solution of such problems and the utility of those errors is a fundamental problem that is of importance in order to provide the modeler with information of the reliability of the computational results. Such applications include using these bounds to terminate the iterative procedure at specified accuracy limits. Method of solution: The Ritz values and their residual norms are computed and used as input for the procedure. While knowledge of the exact eigenvalues is not required, we require that the Ritz values are isolated from the exact eigenvalues outside of the Ritz spectrum and that there are no skipped eigenvalues within the Ritz spectrum. Using a multipass refinement approach, upper and lower bounds are computed for each Ritz value. Typical running time: While typical applications would deal with m 20 , for m = 100 000 , the running time is 0.12 s on an Apple PowerBook.
Diagnosis and Management of Fungal Urinary Tract Infection

When the terms funguria or fungal urinary tract infection are used, most physicians are referring to candiduria and urinary tract infections due to Candida species. Other fungi, including yeasts and molds can involve the kidney during the course of disseminated infection, but rarely cause symptoms referable to the urinary tract. Candida species appear to be unique in their ability to both colonize and cause invasive disease in the urinary tract. This overview focuses only on candiduria and Candida urinary tract infection because they are common and many times present perplexing management issues.
Analysis of Viscous Transonic Flow Over Airfoil Sections

A full Navier-Stokes solver has been used to model transonic flow over three airfoil sections. The method uses a two-dimensional, implicit, conservative finite difference scheme for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Results are presented as prescribed for the Viscous Transonic Airfoil Workshop to be held at the AIAA 25th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. The NACA 0012, RAE 2822 and Jones airfoils have been investigated for both attached and separated transonic flows. Predictions for pressure distributions, loads, skin friction coefficients, boundary layer displacement thickness and velocity profiles are included and compared with experimental data when possible. Overall, the results are in good agreement with experimental data.
Efficiency in wood and fiber utilization in OECD countries

Utilization efficiency has been defined as the ratio of the amount of industrial roundwood (or wood pulp) consumed in a country and year to the amount that would have been consumed to produce the same output with a reference technology. The reference technology was described by the average input–output relationships in countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), from 1961 to 2005. The results showed that the efficiency of industrial roundwood utilization increased in most OECD countries from 1961 to 2005. There was also a strong decrease in the amount of wood pulp used for a given level of paper and paperboard production. Regression analysis with cross-sectional data suggested that the main determinant of the differences in efficiency of wood utilization between countries was the forest area per capita. The wood pulp price and population density were the main variables explaining the differences in wood pulp utilization between countries.
Contestability and creative destruction: Two approaches to monopoly

The theory of contestability ’attempts to base a model of economic efficiency on oligopolistic markets, thereby justifying adoption of laissez-faire policies in the absence of atomistic competition. The analysis is similar to Schumpeter’s condemnation of government intervention in the theory of creative destruction: both theories claim that superior economic performance is associated with concentrated rather than competitive market structures. Yet in many respects the contestability analysis is less convincing than Schumpeter’s. Whereas Schumpeter admitted the existence of short rum profits and restrictive strategies, arguing that these inefficiencies, are outweighed in the long run, the theory of contestable markets is based on short run efficiency and cannot accommodate evidence of excess profits nor many of the existing models of oligopolistic strategies, including collusion and predatory pricing. Furthermore, the theory lacks a logical explanation of investment, by entrants and convincing empirical support for its claim that concentrated markets maximize consumer welfare.
The Classification of Cooperative Illocutionary Acts

The different taxonomies of illocutionary acts proposed by Austin, Searle, Vendler, Ohmann, and Fraser are compared in summary form, with Searle's taxonomy taken as a reference standard. All five of these taxonomies slight two kinds of illocutionary act: (i) illocutionary acts that combine commissive with directive illocutionary force (e.g., offering, inviting, challenging), and (2) illocutionary acts that require two participants (e.g., giving, selling, contracting). These and related speech acts are discussed in some detail, and Searle's classification is amended to take them into account. (Speech acts, Austin, Searle, law, contracts, English.) The philosopher J. L. Austin is best known for having identified the illocutionary as the central component of language use (Austin 1962). An illocutionary act is an act performed in the uttering of a meaningful utterance; it is different both from the mere uttering (a locutionary act), and from the causing of any contingent consequence (a perlocutionary act). Simply to utter the sentence 'Shut that door' is to perform a locutionary act. To address that sentence to an appropriate person in appropriate circumstances (e.g., near an open door) with the intention of ordering him to shut the door, and thereby communicating that intention, is to perform an illocutionary act (the act of ordering). Getting that person to shut the door, or, alternatively, making him angry, are different perlocutionary acts that you might perform by performing those locutionary and illocutionary acts. None of these 'speech acts' is unimportant; but the crucial one is the illocutionary act; it determines how the utterance is 'to be taken'. The same locutionary act could subserve any one of many illocutionary acts: in different
Broad-spectrum, wavelength-swept, erbium-doped fiber laser at 1.55 μm

We describe an argon-ion-laser-pumped erbium-doped fiber laser at 1.55 microm that incorporates low-rate frequency modulation of an intracavity acousto-optic modulator to provide repeated, continuous tuning of the output spectrum. The spectral width of this wavelength-swept fiber laser is as large as 20 nm with 9 mW of output power, even though erbium in silica has a mostly homogeneously broadened gain. The time-averaged visibility curve for a 14-nm-wide source indicates a short (160-microm) coherence length, which is of interest for fiber-optic gyroscopes that operate with long integration times and short-coherence-length sources.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THE SPANISH MACKERELS (PISCES: SCOMBRIDAE: SCOMBEROMORUS) AND THEIR COPEPOD PARASITES

Abstract— A cladistic analysis of the eighteen species of Spanish mackerels (Scomberomorus) was conducted using the double-lined mackerel (Grammatorcynus) as the outgroup. Based on fifty-eight osteological and morphological characters, six species groups are recognized. Comparisons of the cladogram for the regalis species group were made with a cladogram of the nine species of parasitic copepods that infest the six members of the regalis group. Incongruences were analyzed. The parasite tree was then “forced” onto the host cladogram to determine which evolutionary events of the parasites could be explained by evolutionary events of the hosts. Hypotheses of coevolution are supported in some cases, hypotheses of dispersal are proposed in others.
The Calcium-dependent Association and Functional Coupling of Calmodulin with Myocardial Phospholipase A2 IMPLICATIONS FOR CARDIAC CYCLE-DEPENDENT ALTERATIONS IN PHOSPHOLIPOLYSIS

Abstract Herein we demonstrate the calcium-dependent regulation of myocardial phospholipase A2 activity, which is mediated by a cytosolic protein constituent that can be chromatographically resolved from, and subsequently reconstituted with, purified myocardial phospholipase A2. Purification of this protein by sequential column chromatographies revealed an 18-kDa doublet, which was identified as calmodulin by Western blotting, calcium-dependent precipitation with W-7 agarose beads, and reconstitution of calcium-mediated phospholipase A2 inhibition with authentic homogeneous calmodulin. Calcium-induced calmodulin-mediated inhibition of myocardial phospholipase A2 was titrated by physiologic increments of calcium ion (Kd ∼200 n). Moreover, ternary complex affinity chromatography with calmodulin-Sepharose demonstrated that inhibition of myocardial phospholipase A2 activity by calmodulin resulted from the direct interaction of calmodulin with the myocardial phospholipase A2 catalytic complex. Exposure of cultured A-10 muscle cells to three structurally disparate calmodulin antagonists (W-7, trifluoperazine, and calmidazolium) resulted in the robust release of arachidonic acid, which was entirely ablated by pretreatment of cells with (E)-6-(bromomethylene)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2-H-tetrahydropyran-2-one. Collectively, this study identifies a novel mechanism whereby latent phospholipase A2 activity can be released from tonic inhibition by alterations in the interactions between the phospholipase A2 catalytic complex, calcium ion, and the intracellular calcium transducer, calmodulin.
Ultrasonic propagation in liquid neon

Abstract Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation was measured from 25 K to 37 K at pressures to 30 atm. Ultrasonic velocity on the vapor pressure curve is a smooth function of temperature and is significantly larger than reported hypersonic values. Attenuation in excess of the classical value is interpreted in terms of volume viscosity.
Task difficulty as a predictor and indicator of web searching interaction

This study explored how the perception of task difficulty affects information searching interaction. We analyzed how the relationship between perceived task difficulty and information searching interaction varies by different types of tasks. These types were factual task, interpretive task, and exploratory task. The implications of the results are twofold. In the first place, we can illuminate some general agreement about the relationship between task difficulty and actual searching behavior. Considering the statistical significance of differences in task difficulty and searching behavior measures enables this. We can also explain the disagreement of relationship, if any, by analyzing factors identified as underlying the difficulty of a task.
Outer-Sphere Organometallic Chemistry of C60: Synthesis and X-ray Structure of a Strained [η4-(Cyclohexadieno)buckminsterfullerene]iron Tricarbonyl Complex

Treatment of 1,2-(3,5-Cyclohexadieno)buckminsterfullerene with Fe3(CO)12 in refluxing benzene affords [η4-1,2-(3,5-cyclohexadieno)buckminsterfullerene]iron tricarbonyl (1) in 14% yield. The crystal structure of 1 shows that significant steric compression exists between the Fe(CO)3 and C60 moieties.
Mechanical and transport property modifications of perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes prepared with mixed organic and inorganic counterions

Preparation of solution-processed perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes containing both small alkali metal and large alkylammonium counterions has been shown to have a profound impact on the mechanical and transport properties of the resulting acidified ionomer. The use of mixed counterions is shown to be an effective means of tailoring the thermomechanical properties of the membrane as evidenced by compositionally dependent relaxations in dynamic mechanical analysis. In agreement with our recent assignments, the α-relaxation is found to be systematically dependent on the strength of electrostatic interactions, whereas the Tg of Nafion" (i.e., the fl-relaxation) is susceptible to plasticization. Investigations of ionic aggregation using solid-state 23 Na NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering provided information suggesting the presence of mixed aggregates containing populations of both sodium and tetrabutylammonium ions. In contrast to the general perception that proton conductivity tracks with water content, membranes prepared at a 50:50 sodium/tetrabutylammonium counterion composition, followed by conversion to the H + -form, showed a minimum in water content yet relatively high proton conductivity. This behavior suggests that specific interactions during processing affect the organization of the ionic domains and yield persistent structures that can significantly influence membrane transport properties.
Expression and characterization of the HMG-CoA reductase of the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus.

Abstract The thermostable class I HMG-CoA reductase of Sulfolobus solfataricus offers potential for industrial applications and for the initiation of crystallization trials of a biosynthetic HMG-CoA reductase. However, of the 15 arginine codons of the hmgA gene that encodes S. solfataricus HMG-CoA reductase, 14 (93%) are AGA or AGG, the arginine codons used least frequently by Escherichia coli. The presence of these rare codons in tandem or in the first 20 codons of a gene can complicate expression of that gene in E. coli. Problems include premature chain termination and misincorporation of lysine for arginine. We therefore sought to improve the expression and subsequent yield of S. solfataricus HMG-CoA reductase by expanding the pool size of tRNA AGA,AGG , the tRNA that recognizes these two rare codons. Coexpression of the S. solfataricus hmgA gene with the argU gene that encodes tRNA AGA,AGG resulted in an over 10-fold increase in enzyme yield. This has provided significantly greater quantities of purified enzyme for potential industrial applications and for crystallographic characterization of a stable class I HMG-CoA reductase. It has, in addition, facilitated determination of kinetic parameters and of pH optima for all four catalyzed reactions, for determination of the K i for inhibition by the statin drug mevinolin, and for comparison of the properties of the HMG-CoA reductase of this thermophilic archaeon to those of other class I HMG-CoA reductases.
Recovery of cholinesterase activity in mallard ducklings administered organophosphorus pesticides

Oral doses of the organophosphorus pesticides acephate, dicrotophos, fensulfothion, fonofos, malathion, and parathion were administered to mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos), and brain and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities were determined for up to 17 d after dosing. In vivo recovery of brain ChE activity to within 2 standard deviations of the mean activity of undosed birds occurred within 8 d, after being depressed an average of 25-58% at 24 h after dosing. In vivo recovery of plasma ChE appeared as fast as or faster than that of brain, but the pattern of recovery was more erratic and therefore statistical comparison with brain ChE recovery was not attempted. In vitro tests indicated that the potential for dephosphorylation to contribute to in vivo recovery of inhibited brain ChE differed among chemical treatments. Some ducklings died as a result of organophosphate dosing. In an experiment in which ducklings within each treatment group received the same dose (mg/kg), the brain ChE activity in birds that died was less than that in birds that survived. Brain ChE activities in ducklings that died were significantly different among pesticide treatments: fensulfothion greater than parathion greater than acephate greater than malathion (p less than or equal to 0.05).
Trigonal-Planar Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Tris(phenoxide) Complexes

Zinc(II) and cadmium(II) salts of the formula [K(THF)6][M(O-2,6-tBu2C6H3)3] have been synthesized and fully characterized. The K cation, solvated by THF molecules, has no interaction with the trigonal-planar group 12 metal anion. The zinc complex exhibited no activity toward catalyzing the copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides to provide polycarbonates.
"Cercariform" cells: a clue to the cytodiagnosis of transitional cell origin of metastatic neoplasms?

The "cercariform" cell is described as a distinct cytomorphologic clue that may be helpful in the diagnosis of metastatic transitional cell neoplasms, particularly low grade. This cell has a nucleated globular body and a cytoplasmic process with a nontapering, flattened, bulbous or fishtail-like end. The cercariform cell corresponds to intermediate cells in histologic and ultrastructural preparations of normal urothelium. The cercariform appearance is the result of pseudostratification of both normal and low-grade neoplastic urothelium. The unique features of cercariform cells make them readily distinguishable from neoplastic squamous cells as well as spindle cells of mesenchymal origin.
Pathological changes of isolated spinal cord axons in response to mechanical stretch.

Abstract White matter strips extracted from adult guinea-pig spinal cords were maintained in vitro and studied physiologically using a double sucrose gap technique and anatomically using a horseradish peroxidase assay. The amplitude of compound action potentials was monitored continuously before, during, and after elongation. Three types of conduction blocks resulting from stretch injury were identified: an immediate, spontaneously reversible component, which may result from a transient increase in membrane permeability and consequent disturbance of ionic distribution; a second component that was irreversible within 30–60 min of recording, perhaps resulting from profound axolemmal disruption; and a third component, which may be due to perturbation of the myelin sheath, that was reversible with application of 100 μM of the potassium channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine. The intensity of the conduction deficits correlated with the extent of initial stretch over a full range of severity. Stimulus–response data indicate that mechanical damage to axons in stretch was evenly distributed across the caliber spectrum. Morphological examinations revealed that a small portion of axons exhibited membrane damage at 2 min following stretch and appeared to be largely sealed at 30 min after injury. Further, in the entire length of the cord strip subjected to stretch, axons closer to the surface were found to be more likely to suffer membrane damage, which distinguished stretch injury from compression injury. In summary, we have developed an in vitro model of axonal stretch that provides the ability to monitor changes in the properties of central myelinated axons following stretch injury in the absence of pathological variables related to vascular damage. This initial investigation found no evidence of secondary deterioration of axons in the first 30 min after stretch in vitro, although there was evidence of both transient and lasting physiological and anatomical damage to axons and their myelin sheaths.
Secondary structure encodes a cooperative tertiary folding funnel in the Azoarcus ribozyme

A requirement for specific RNA folding is that the free-energy landscape discriminate against non-native folds. While tertiary interactions are critical for stabilizing the native fold, they are relatively non-specific, suggesting additional mechanisms contribute to tertiary folding specificity. In this study, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to explore how secondary structure shapes the tertiary free-energy landscape of the Azoarcus ribozyme. We show that steric and connectivity constraints posed by secondary structure strongly limit the accessible conformational space of the ribozyme, and that these so-called topological constraints in turn pose strong free-energy penalties on forming different tertiary contacts. Notably, native A-minor and base-triple interactions form with low conformational free energy, while non-native tetraloop/tetraloop-receptor interactions are penalized by high conformational free energies. Topological constraints also give rise to strong cooperativity between distal tertiary interactions, quantitatively matching prior experimental measurements. The specificity of the folding landscape is further enhanced as tertiary contacts place additional constraints on the conformational space, progressively funneling the molecule to the native state. These results indicate that secondary structure assists the ribozyme in navigating the otherwise rugged tertiary folding landscape, and further emphasize topological constraints as a key force in RNA folding.