cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerobic heat shock activates trehalose synthesis in embryos of Artemia franciscana.

Encysted embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, contain large amount of trehalose which they use as a major substrate for energy metabolism and biosynthesis for Development under aerobic conditions at 25°C. When cysts are placed at 42°C (heat shock) these pathways stop, and the cysts re-synthesize the trehalose that was utilized during the previous incubation at 25°C, Glycogen and glycerol, produced from trehalose at 25°C, appear to be substrates for trehalose synthesis during heat shock. Anoxia prevents trehalose synthesis in cysts undergoing heat shock. These results are consistent with the view that trehalose may play a protective role in cells exposed to heat shock, and other environmental insults, in addition to being a storage form of energy and organic carbon for development.
Modeling of Pu(IV) Extraction by Tri-n-butyl Phosphate from Acidic Nitrate Media Containing Acetohydroxamic Acid

The presence of acetohydroxamic acid (HAHA), proposed as a holding-back compound for the PUREX process, significantly decreases extraction of Pu by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) due to the formation ...
Normal mode coupling in a 3D semiconductor nanocavity

Summary form only given. Recent progress in microfabrication involving, etching processes makes it possible to engineer three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures from MBE-grown planar Fabry-Perot micro-cavities. The optical mode is confined laterally by implementing a thin dielectric (native oxide) aperture layer on top of the cavity spacer. The sample under investigation consists of a 16 period GaAs/AlAs bottom mirror, a /spl lambda/ GaAs spacer, and a 4 period ZnSe/MgF/sub 2/ dielectric mirror on top of the oxide aperture. The aperture diameters range from 1 to 7 /spl mu/m. A high-quality 85 /spl Aring/ InGaAs single quantum well is located in the anti-node of the spacer.
Plant diversity: new insights from molecular biology and genomics technologies

Abstract Technological advances in molecular biology have contributed substantially to our understanding of plant genetic diversity. Early studies of allozyme variation employing protein electrophoresis revealed that plant populations have high levels of genetic diversity, most of the variation at polymorphic loci is found within populations, and geographic range and breeding system explain the largest proportion of variation in genetic diversity. With the discovery of restriction endonucleases, the first DNA-based markers allowed the detection of variation in DNA sequences in plant population studies. More recently, techniques that utilize the polymerase chain reaction have allowed a more representative assessment of genetic variation in plants by screening multiple loci distributed throughout the genome. The analyses reveal sufficient polymorphism for the examination of fine-scale genetic differences among individuals. Information on plant genetic diversity is also emerging from studies of plant genome ...
Hyperreiterated DNA regions are conserved among Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 strains.

We have identified and cloned two DNA regions which are highly reiterated in Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 strains. While one of the reiterated DNA regions, pFR2503, is closely linked to the B. japonicum common and genotype-specific nodulation genes in strain USDA 424, the other, pMAP9, is located next to a Tn5 insertion site in a host-range extension mutant of B. japonicum USDA 438. The DNA cloned in pFR2503 and pMAP9 are reiterated 18 to 21 times, respectively, in the genomes of B. japonicum serocluster 123 strains. Gene probes from the reiterated regions share sequence homology, failed to hybridize (or hybridized poorly) to genomic DNA from other B. japonicum and Bradyrhizobium spp. strains, and did not hybridize to DNA from Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium fredii, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars trifolii, phaseoli, and viceae, or Agrobacterium tumefacians. The restriction fragment length polymorphism hybridization profiles obtained by using these gene probes are useful for discriminating among serologically related B. japonicum serocluster 123 strains. Images
CLASS ANALYSIS AND THE DIALECTICS OF MODERNIZATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Class analysis stands as one of the ancient and classic theoretical approaches to the study of politics and society. Stratification by class has been traditionally utilized by scholars and statesmen to explain patterns of political conflict and processes of social change. In modern American political science, however, this approach has yet to receive the attention and application that have marked tradi- tional formal-legal and contemporary structural-functional analysis. The sharp reaction that developed against the former took the immediate shape of the group and elite approaches which to a large degree continue to displace or dis- guise class analysis. With the deep attention that contemporary social scientists are devoting to the problems of modernization and political development and the increasingly evi- dent limitations of both elite and group analysis, there has been a recent and promising return to class as the central theoretical concept. This trend has in- cluded conceptual and theoretical reassessment and research,' general historical and multinational comparative studies,2 and empirical analyses of particular Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and Latin American societies.3
Sympathetically mediated hypertension caused by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide.

Pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase causes sustained hypertension in many animal species. Although this hypertension has been attributed to inhibition of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, short-term studies in anesthetized preparations have advanced the hypothesis that there could be a sympathetic component to this hypertension. To test this hypothesis we measured intra-arterial pressure directly before and after 1 week of treatment with the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, approximately 80 mg/kg per day in drinking water) in conscious unrestrained rats with or without chronic guanethidine-induced sympathectomy. The major new finding is that the hypertensive response to L-NAME was greatly attenuated by sympathectomy. With L-NAME, mean arterial pressure increased from 101 +/- 3 to 152 +/- 6 mm Hg in rats without sympathectomy (n = 11) but only from 96 +/- 2 to 122 +/- 3 mm Hg in rats with sympathectomy (n = 15, +52 +/- 5 versus +27 +/- 4 mm Hg, P < .01). Sympathectomy did not alter maximal endothelium-dependent vasodilation assessed by femoral vascular responses to intra-arterial acetylcholine or bradykinin, indicating that the differing hypertensive responses to L-NAME in rats with versus without sympathectomy could be related to inhibition of neuronal rather than endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. We also found that L-NAME-induced hypertension, once developed, is completely reversed by acute ganglionic blockade. In conclusion, these findings identify an important sympathetic neural component to the sustained hypertension produced by pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide in the rat.
Consumption of milk, but not other dairy products, is associated with height among US preschool children in NHANES 1999-2002.

Background: Little is known about how cow’s milk consumption affects growth of young children. Aim: The present study evaluated associations between milk consumption and height among preschool-age children in three ethnic groups in the USA. Subjects and methods: A sample of 1002 children aged 24� 59 months from NHANES 1999� 2002 was used. Multivariate regression tested for associations between milk consumption (milk kJ/total kJ from 24 h recall, daily vs less frequent intake over 30 days) and height, controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, birth weight, and energy intake. Results: Children in the highest quartile of milk intake (QIV) were taller (1.1� 1.2 cm; pB0.01) than those in QII and QIII but not QI. Total calcium had a positive effect on height (pB0.01), but did not change the height differences among percentiles. Total protein was not associated with height and QIV children were taller (0.9� 1.2 cm) than those in all other quartiles. Children who drank milk daily were taller (1.0 cm; pB0.02) than those with less frequent intake. Consumption of other dairy products (other dairy kJ/total kJ) had no association with height. Blacks were taller than Whites and MexicanAmericans; controlling for milk intake did not alter this pattern. Conclusion: Milk contributes positively to height among preschool children; this association was not found for non-milk dairy products.
Urinary Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Free β-Subunit and β-Core Fragment: A New Marker of Gynecological Cancers

Many investigators have shown that a small proportion (13-36%) of subjects with nontrophoblastic gynecological cancers have elevated serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The low proportion with detectable levels and the accompanying low titers have limited the use of hCG as a tumor marker. hCG is a glycoprotein composed of two noncovalently linked subunits (alpha and beta), which are the products of separate genes. With the intent of expanding the use of hCG as a tumor marker we investigated levels of hCG free beta-subunit and asialo free beta-subunit and its core glycopeptide (composed of beta-subunit residues 6-40 disulfide-linked to 55-92), collectively called urinary gonadotropin fragments (UGF), in healthy and cancer patients. An immunoradiometric assay was developed, using the core glycopeptide-directed antibody B204, that similarly measures the hCG free beta-subunit and the asialo free beta-subunit and its core glycopeptide. Parallel urine and serum samples were collected from 87 women with active gynecological cancer and hCG and UGF were measured. Just 18% of the women tested had detectable serum levels of hCG (greater than 0.2 ng/ml); none had elevated serum levels in the UGF assay (greater than 0.2 ng/ml). Of the same group, 32% had detectable urine hCG levels (mean titer, 0.50 ng/ml) and 74% exhibited elevated urinary levels in the UGF assay (mean titer, 2.0 ng/ml). In a control group (urines from 50 nonpregnant healthy women), 47 negative and three borderline positive results (0.30, 0.35, and 0.48 ng/ml) were observed in the UGF assay. These results suggested a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 92% for the UGF test for gynecological cancers. By disease, 70% of those with cervical, 73% of those with ovarian, and 77% of those with endometrial cancers had detectable UGF levels (greater than 0.2 ng/ml). By stage, 50, 62, 75, 86, and 100% of those with stage 1, 2, 3, 4, or recurrent disease, respectively, had positive results. UGF is a promising new marker of gynecological malignancies.
Raman spectrum of CuSO4 · 5H2O single crystal

The Raman spectrum of a CuSO 4 .5H 2 O single crystal was measured at 95 K. The assignment of the internal modes of the molecular complex Cu 2+ (H 2 O) 4 and of differently bonded water molecules is discussed
Feasibility of Withholding Antibiotics in Selected Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients

Purpose To investigate the feasibility of withholding antibiotics and early discharge for patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and fever at low risk of bacterial infection by a new risk assessment model. Patients and Methods Outpatients with febrile neutropenia were allocated to one of three groups by a risk assessment model combining objective clinical parameters and plasma interleukin 8 level. Patients with signs of a bacterial infection and/or abnormal vital signs indicating sepsis were considered high risk. Based on their interleukin-8 level, remaining patients were allocated to low or medium risk for bacterial infection. Medium-risk and high-risk patients received standard antibiotic therapy, whereas low-risk patients did not receive antibiotics and were discharged from hospital after 12 hours of a febrile observation. End points were the feasibility of the treatment protocol. Results Of 196 assessable episodes, 76 (39%) were classified as high risk, 84 (43%) as medium risk, and 36 (18%) as...
Molecular Imaging Biomarkers for Oncology Clinical Trials

Biomarkers can be used to characterize disease status or predict disease behavior. Cancer biomarkers have typically relied on assays of blood or tissue; however, molecular imaging has a promising and complementary role as a cancer biomarker. This “Focus on Molecular Imaging” article reviews the current role of biomarkers to direct cancer clinical trials and clinical practice, along with current and future cancer biomarker applications of molecular imaging.
Family Policy in Japan

The pervasive sense of crisis in Japan over the falling birth rate and aging society issues is generating an active public debate about gender, the family, the organization of the workplace and the policy approaches best able to cope with these problems. This article considers explanations for demographic change, then turns to current Japanese family policy, focusing on the contradiction between formal laws and policies which aim at supporting families and informal practices which make domestic responsibilities more burdensome. It attempts to provide insight into these policies by focusing on the policy process, identifying characteristic patterns and approaches, strengths and weaknesses of the Japanese political system.
Progress functions : a general model

This paper offers a general model of the manufacturing progress phenomenon. It is suggested that manufacturing progress can be described and its course predicted by two empirical equations. The first equation, a power function, describes the startup, while the second equation describes the relationship between the parameters of the first. The model is strongly supported by data from startups of 172 products and processes that occurred in several countries and facilities. To be useful for production decisions, parameter estimates far in advance of production are necessary. This has been the Achilles' heel of models that depend on the production of the first unit to get started. The proposed parameter model removes this obstacle, thus providing an effective means of predicting the parameters of a new startup.
Dietary Carnosine Prevents Early Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E–Null Mice

Objective—Atherosclerotic lesions are associated with the accumulation of reactive aldehydes derived from oxidized lipids. Although inhibition of aldehyde metabolism has been shown to exacerbate at...
Distribution, Elimination, and Biopersistence to 90 Days of a Systemically Introduced 30 nm Ceria-Engineered Nanomaterial in Rats

Nanoceria is used as a catalyst in diesel fuel, as an abrasive in printed circuit manufacture, and is being pursued as an antioxidant therapeutic. Our objective is to extend previous findings showing that there were no reductions of cerium in organs of the mononuclear phagocyte (reticuloendothelial) system up to 30 days after a single nanoscale ceria administration. An ~5% aqueous dispersion of citrate-stabilized 30 nm ceria, synthesized and characterized in-house, or vehicle, was iv infused into rats terminated 1, 7, 30, or 90 days later. Cageside observations were obtained daily, body weight weekly. Daily urinary and fecal cerium outputs were quantified for 2 weeks. Nine organs were weighed and samples collected from 14 tissues/organs/systems, blood and cerebrospinal fluid for cerium determination. Histology and oxidative stress were assessed. Less than 1% of the nanoceria was excreted in the first 2 weeks, 98% in feces. Body weight gain was initially impaired. Spleen weight was significantly increased in some ceria-treated groups, associated with abnormalities. Ceria was primarily retained in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. There was little decrease of ceria in any tissue over the 90 days. Granulomas were observed in the liver. Time-dependent oxidative stress changes were seen in the liver and spleen. Nanoscale ceria was persistently retained by organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system, associated with adverse changes. The results support concern about the long-term fate and adverse effects of inert nanoscale metal oxides that distribute throughout the body, are persistently retained, and produce adverse changes.
Vitreous humor of chicken contains two fibrillar systems: an analysis of their structure.

Abstract An analysis of the structure of chicken vitreous humor after brief homogenization of the tissue was performed. Electron micrographs prepared after rotary shadowing with platinum showed the presence of two distinct fibrils. The collagen fibril was coated by glycosaminoglycan which could be removed by chondroitinase ABC digestion. In addition, individual molecules of tenascin were observed wrapped around some of the collagen fibrils. A second beaded fibril was present and several fine filaments were observed to extend from each bead. The beaded fibril is formed by the overlap of these filaments, and beaded fibrils were observed in either a “closed” or an “open” form dependent on whether all of the filaments are brought together to form the overlap. A schematic diagram is presented for the structure of the beaded fibril. The potential relationship of the beaded fibril to the zonular fibrils and the elastin microfibrils is briefly discussed.
Shape memory poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) foams with body temperature triggering and two-way actuation

We describe the fabrication of porous foams with shape memory triggering at body temperature. Employing a modified porogen-leaching technique, functionalized poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers are crosslinked via thiol–ene chemistry to generate highly porous foam scaffolds with shape memory capacity. The temperature at which shape change of these scaffolds occurs under hydrated conditions can be tuned both through control of the chemical composition and through deformation temperature during mechanical programming of the scaffolds. Uniquely, the foams exhibit reversible actuation in compression, which has not previously been demonstrated for foams. Our results indicate that PCL–PEG shape memory foams have potential as programmable scaffolds for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and the study of cell mechanobiology.
Early Identification and Intensive Treatment of Predelinquents: A Negative View

The "early identification and intensive delinquents youngsters already in the early treatment" approach to delinquency control stages of a delinquent way of life, or young is breathtakingly plausible. This explains sters who have been exposed to circum its popularity. A plausible argument is stances known to cause delinquency? The not necessarily correct, as Columbus showed Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study empha those who believed that the world is flat, sized the first approach to prediction.1 "Pre "Early identification and intensive treatdelinquents" were nominated by teachers ment," though probably not as erroneous and policemen. The expectation of adoles as the flat-world theory, is more a slogan cent delinquency was primarily an extrap or a rallying cry than a realistic assessment olation from quasi-delinquent behavior of the difficulties that delinquency control during preadolescence. Thus, the three programs must overcome. This paper will raters on the Cambridge-Somerville research attempt to analyze the need for sharper team predicted that antisocial tendencies definition of the implicit assumptions of would persist and develop further—unless early identification and intensive treatment checked by outside intervention. Early programs, and then examine two of the identification in this extrapolative sense is best-known early identification programs in a far cry from identifying potential delin the light of this need. quents according to a theory of delinquency Early identification programs may choose which holds that youngsters exposed to between two theoretically distinct methods certain sociocultural conditions will become of identifying predelinquents. Are predelinquent. Yet the latter is also called __________ "early identification." For example, Shel jackson toby, Ph.D., is currently associate prodon and Eleanor Glueck claim to be able fessor of sociology at Rutgers University and has to predict delinquency on the basis of fac been for the past two years consultant for the Youth tors distinct from the child's early behavior: Development Program of the Ford Foundation, New York City. His most recent published work, with
The effect of propensity to trust and familiarity on perceptions of trustworthiness over time

Abstract Research on trust has burgeoned in the last two decades. Despite the growing interest in trust, little is known about the differences in trust between familiar and unfamiliar interactions. The current empirical study explored propensity to trust as predictors of trustworthiness over time in familiar and unfamiliar dyads. Utilizing latent growth modeling we found propensity to trust was related to initial perceptions of trustworthiness in unfamiliar pairs but not in familiar pairs. In addition, familiarity was related to initial perceptions of trustworthiness, but familiarity only influenced the change in integrity. However, there were significant differences in change variances between familiar and unfamiliar pairs. Implications of the findings are also discussed.
CS0 for Computer Science Majors at Ohio University

This paper describes the design and initial implementation of a new CS0 course for CS majors at Ohio University and an associated computer science placement exam. It was our expectation that this course would help improve overall retention and academic performance of CS majors. The new CS0 course was intended for new students with little or no programming experience. Hence, we designed CS0 by selecting some of the best components of other CS0 efforts from the literature, namely, introductory programming in Python, computational thinking, and motivational material aimed at instilling ownership of the major. In order to direct students into CS0 or CS1 appropriately, a placement exam was given to students during orientation. The placement process resulted in a mixed cohort consisting of students with no programming experience as well as other students with programming experience who did not pass the placement exam. Longitudinal analysis of student grades in CS0 and CS1 showed that these were two distinct populations with very different needs. A statistically significant difference was found in the CS1 grades for CS0 students from these populations. Surprisingly, CS0 students without prior programming experience got significantly higher grades in CS1 than CS0 students who had programmed before. We share lessons learned from our experience, including a revised placement process to address these separate populations.
Structurally Versatile Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Summary Despite widespread use of hydrogels in biomedical devices, low moduli and brittleness of hydrogels has hindered applications with load bearing requirements. In this study, different molecular network design strategies (homopolymer, copolymer, and double network) were used to control the arrangement of macromers to tune the mechanical properties of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-based hydrogels. The resulting changes in swelling ratio, crosslink density, and fracture properties of the gels were then investigated. It was hypothesized that increasing the number of polymerizable groups on the macromers methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (MCS) or methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MHA) and using oligo(ethylene glycol diacrylate) s to copolymerize with can improve the crosslinking by increasing the effectiveness of polymerization through the kinetic chains. By increasing the degree of methacrylation of MCS from 24 to 34 mol%, the swelling ratio q and the crosslink density ρx of 13 wt% MCS gel was changed from 210 to 44 g/g and from 230 to 740 mol/m3, respectively. Despite improved ρx and tuned q, the fracture strain of the homo- and copolymer gels remained fairly low (<25%), likely due to the highly extended conformation of glycosaminoglycans, and the microheterogeneity induced by the kinetic chains. However, using a DN double network design (with PAAm), the fracture strain and toughness of the gels were greatly improved as the fracture strain of 15 wt% MCS-PAAm DN increased more than 3 times, from 15 to 55%. The versatile physical and favorable biological properties of GAG-based hydrogels make them promising materials for many biomedical applications.
Exploiting FIFO Scheduler to Improve Parallel Garbage Collection Performance

Recent studies have found that parallel garbage collection performs worse with more CPUs and more collector threads. As part of this work, we further investigate this enomenon and find that poor scalability is worst in highly scalable Java applications. Our investigation to find the causes clearly reveals that efficient multi-threading in an application can prolong the average object lifespan, which results in less effective garbage collection. We also find that prolonging lifespan is the direct result of Linux's Completely Fair Scheduler due to its round-robin like behavior that can increase the heap contention between the application threads. Instead, if we use pseudo first-in-first-out to schedule application threads in large multicore systems, the garbage collection scalability is significantly improved while the time spent in garbage collection is reduced by as much as 21%. The average execution time of the 24 Java applications used in our study is also reduced by 11%. Based on this observation, we propose two approaches to optimally select scheduling policies based on application scalability profile. Our first approach uses the profile information from one execution to tune the subsequent executions. Our second approach dynamically collects profile information and performs policy selection during execution.
A new test to differentiate Serratia from Enterobacter.

This investigation has demonstrated a new indigogenic method for detecting production of bacterial acid phosphatase. The principle of the reaction is that bacterial acid phosphatase hydrolyzes an indolyl substrate, with the formation of a highly insoluble blue-green indigo which is deposited on the bacterial growth. The test differentiates pathogenic from nonpathogenic Staphylococci by demonstrating that pathogenic Staphylococci produce acid phosphatase. Differentiaton of Serratia from the other members in the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group of organisms is difficult because of cultural similarities on blood and eosin methylene blue agar. Thus, a rapid test has been needed to differentiate Serratia from Enterobacter. Serratia produces the blue-green indigo color within 5 min., whereas Enterobacter produces the blue-green color in half an hour.
Fatigue Damage Diagnosis Using Statistical, Spectral, and Wavelet Analysis Techniques

The objective of this work is to illustrate a comparative investigation into the signatures of crack initiation and propagation using vibration and displacement signals. Experimental tests were performed on low carbon steel specimen under fully reversed bending cycles in a cantilever support configuration. Accelerometer and displacement-sensor vibration signals were collected using a National Instrument data acquisition system. Several methods, such as statistical moments, FFT, Wavelets, and short-time-frequency analysis techniques, were used to analyze the collected signals. It was found that the wavelet analysis gave the most consistent patterns in tracking crack initiation and propagation. For the wavelet analysis, extensive comparative investigation was conducted to select the optimum combination of wavelet packets for crack detection and monitoring.© 2013 ASME
Identification and Analysis of the biological characteristics of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Shaanxi in 2006

Objective To know the state of plage prevalence by analyaing the biological characteristics of Yersinia pestis strains in shaanxi.Methods According to nomal methods,5 Yersinia pestis strains isolated from variant host and vector insects in Dingbian County were identified by testing biological characteristics,virulence,virulent factors and plasmids to mouse.Results All the strains had the same biological characteristics.The results showed that all strains LD50 was betweeen 10 to 1.25 billion,four virulent factors had FI and PstI,the Pgm of three strains was positive,the Pgm of two strains was Negative,all strains had lost VW and three plasmids of 6,45,65 MD were tested.Conclusions All strains were identified to Erdos Plateau ecotype,three having high virulence and two having low virulence.
Of Archivists and Other Termites

Archivists have long sought greater public awareness and understanding of archives, believing that this would lead to increased support. Generally, though, demonstrations of archival competence have not yielded adequate resources. In our focus on scholarly users and executive resource allocators we have ignored natural allies whose urge to remember is expressed through historic preservation, antique collecting, genealogy, and reading history and biography. Borrowing perspectives from biology and philosophy can help us in our quest and give us another sense of the meaning and value in our work. We must broaden our perspective to see our work as serving a universal human need to connect among people and across time through acts of memory.
Diagnosis of allergic disease.

SUMMARY The diagnosis of allergic disease has to be individualized to each patient. In general, it consists of a good clinical history, a physical examination, and identification of specific relevant allergies by both in vitro and in vivo tests. These will contribute to an assessment of the patient’s clinical status and severity of disease. One must always be aware that nonallergic mechanisms can also trigger an attack in atopic individuals. These are clinically indistinguishable from those provoked by an allergen-IgE immune response. We predict that the computer and accurate in vitro tests will join us in our offices. Before the end of this century, this high technology will make the clinical allergist a very precise diagnostician.
Homotopy Theory of Fibrations

All the facts that we used in the previous chapter for the computation of homotopy groups derive from the following theorem, known as the homotopy lifting property of fibrations:
The collateral consequences of sex offender management policies: views from professionals

In this study, the perceptions of community corrections professionals and clinical specialists toward the collateral consequences of current sex offender management policies were explored and contrasted. In addition, potential influencing factors of these perceptions were examined. Results indicate high levels of belief that sex offenders experience a variety of collateral consequences upon reentry; however, community corrections professionals are significantly less likely to believe that sex offenders experience collateral consequences than clinical specialists. Furthermore, few demographic variables were found to significantly influence the perceptions of the sample. Implications for the management of sex offenders are discussed.
Simultaneous spatiotemporal mapping of in situ pH and bacterial activity within an intact 3D microcolony structure

Biofilms are comprised of bacterial-clusters (microcolonies) enmeshed in an extracellular matrix. Streptococcus mutans can produce exopolysaccharides (EPS)-matrix and assemble microcolonies with acidic microenvironments that can cause tooth-decay despite the surrounding neutral-pH found in oral cavity. How the matrix influences the pH and bacterial activity locally remains unclear. Here, we simultaneously analyzed in situ pH and gene expression within intact biofilms and measured the impact of damage to the surrounding EPS-matrix. The spatiotemporal changes of these properties were characterized at a single-microcolony level following incubation in neutral-pH buffer. The middle and bottom-regions as well as inner-section within the microcolony 3D structure were resistant to neutralization (vs. upper and peripheral-region), forming an acidic core. Concomitantly, we used a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter to monitor expression of the pH-responsive atpB (PatpB::gfp) by S. mutans within microcolonies. The atpB expression was induced in the acidic core, but sharply decreased at peripheral/upper microcolony regions, congruent with local pH microenvironment. Enzymatic digestion of the surrounding matrix resulted in nearly complete neutralization of microcolony interior and down-regulation of atpB. Altogether, our data reveal that biofilm matrix facilitates formation of an acidic core within microcolonies which in turn activates S. mutans acid-stress response, mediating both the local environment and bacterial activity in situ.
A module isomorphism between HT*(G/P) ⊗ HT*(P/B) and HT*(G/B)

ABSTRACTWe give an explicit (new) morphism of modules between HT∗(G∕P)⊗HT∗(P∕B) and HT∗(G∕B) and prove (the known result) that the two modules are isomorphic. Our map identifies submodules of the cohomology of the flag variety that are isomorphic to each of HT∗(G∕P) and HT∗(P∕B). With this identification, the map is simply the product within the ring HT∗(G∕B). We use this map in two ways. First, we describe module bases for HT∗(G∕B) that are different from traditional Schubert classes and from each other. Second, we analyze a W-representation on HT∗(G∕B) via restriction to subgroups WP. In particular, we show that the character of the Springer representation on HT∗(G∕B) is a multiple of the restricted representation of WP on HT∗(P∕B).
Worldviews or Social Groups as the Source of Moral Value Attitudes: Implications for the Culture Wars Thesis

Individual moral value attitudes are typically explained by reference to social experiences as indicated by social group variables. Contrary to this view, the emergent “culture wars” perspective claims that two worldviews that transcend social groups are ultimately and fundamentally responsible for moral value attitudes. Although this relationship has been claimed for the general population, it has not been investigated with national representative data. This paper contrasts the worldview and social group explanations by examining the relative importance of the worldviews implicated in the culture wars literature and the social groups found to be important in previous research. I find social groups to be more important than worldviews, but that worldviews also have explanatory power. I conclude with a discussion about possible clarifications of the “culture wars” thesis.
Detecting Mental Fatigue from Eye-Tracking Data Gathered While Watching Video

Monitoring mental fatigue is of increasing importance for improving cognitive performance and health outcomes. Previous models using eye-tracking data allow inference of fatigue in cognitive tasks, such as driving, but they require us to engage in a specific cognitive task. A model capable of estimating fatigue from eye-tracking data in natural-viewing situations when an individual is not performing cognitive tasks has many potential applications. Here, we collected eye-tracking data from 18 adults as they watched video clips (simulating the situation of watching TV programs) before and after performing cognitive tasks. Using this data, we built a fatigue-detection model including novel feature sets and an automated feature selection method. With eye-tracking data of individuals watching only 30-seconds worth of video, our model could determine whether that person was fatigued with 91.0% accuracy in 10-fold cross-validation (chance 50%). Through a comparison with a model incorporating the feature sets used in previous studies, we showed that our model improved the detection accuracy by up to 13.9% (from 77.1 to 91.0%).
Multi‐century stasis in C3 and C4 grass distributions across the contiguous United States since the industrial revolution

Aims Understanding the functional response of ecosystems to past global change is crucial to predicting performance in future environments. One sensitive and functionally significant attribute of grassland ecosystems is the percentage of species that use the C4 versus C3 photosynthetic pathway. Grasses using C3 and C4 pathways are expected to have different responses to many aspects of anthropogenic environmental change that have followed the industrial revolution, including increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2, changes to land management and fire regimes, precipitation seasonality, and nitrogen deposition. In spite of dramatic environmental changes over the past 300 years, it is unknown if the C4 grass percentage in grasslands has shifted. Location Contiguous United States of America. Methods Here, we used stable carbon isotope data (i.e. δ13C) from 30 years of soil samples, as well as herbivore tissues that date to 1739 CE, to reconstruct coarse-grain C3 and C4 grass composition in North American grassland sites to compare with modern vegetation. We spatially resampled these three datasets to a shared 100-km grid, allowing comparison of δ13C values at a resolution and extent common for climate model outputs and biogeographical studies. Results At this spatial grain, the bison tissue proxy was superior to the soil proxy because the soils reflect integration of local carbon inputs, whereas bison sample vegetation across landscapes. Bison isotope values indicate that historical grassland photosynthetic-type composition was similar to modern vegetation. Main conclusions Despite major environmental change, comparing modern plot vegetation data to three centuries of bison δ13C data revealed that the biogeographical distribution of C3 and C4 grasses has not changed significantly since the 1700s. This is particularly surprising given the expected CO2 fertilization of C3 grasses. Our findings highlight the critical importance of capturing the full range of physiological, ecological and demographical processes in biosphere models predicting future climates and ecosystems.
Combining Static and Dynamic Storage Management for Data Intensive Scientific Workflows

Workflow management systems are widely used to express and execute highly parallel applications. For data-intensive workflows, storage can be the constraining resource: The number of tasks running at once must be artificially limited to not overflow the space available in the filesystem. It is all too easy for a user to dispatch a workflow which consumes all available storage and disrupts all system users. To address these issues, we present a three-tiered approach to workflow storage management: (1) A static analysis algorithm which analyzes the storage needs of a workflow before execution, giving a realistic prediction of success or failure. (2) An online storage management algorithm which accounts for the storage needed by future tasks to avoid deadlock at runtime. (3) A task containment system which limits storage consumption of individual tasks, enabling the strong guarantees of the static analysis and dynamic management algorithms. We demonstrate the application of these techniques on three complex workflows.
Clinical Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis

Significant advances have been made over the past few decades in the understanding of the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. The discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 and its interactions with other mineral hormones such as parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D have helped elucidate the pathophysiology underlying disorders of phosphate balance. The coordination of three organs, including the intestine, kidney, and bone, is necessary to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Identification of the genetic defects in skeletal disorders of hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia, such as different forms of hypophosphatemic rickets or tumoral calcinosis, has provided insight into the molecular regulation of phosphate-modulating hormones. The studies on the mouse models of these diseases have been invaluable in the understanding of mineral metabolism. The combination of basic, translational, and clinical investigations into the regulation of phosphate balance has provided the foundation for the design of novel therapeutics for phosphate disorders.
Basic Concepts in Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Treatment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) should be understood as the final common pathway that results from an imbalance between increased insulin resistance (i.e., decreased insulin action) and relative insulinopenia (i.e., impaired insulin secretion). There is consensus that for most patients with T2DM the earliest defect observed is insulin resistance. At early stages, the pancreas is able to compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion so that glucose tolerance is preserved. Thus, a state of normal glucose tolerance is maintained at the expense of hyperinsulinemia. Over time, and by mechanisms that are still incompletely understood, pancreatic β-cells fail to maintain this high rate of insulin secretion and impaired glucose tolerance and overt T2DM develop. In the current chapter, the mechanisms leading to insulin resistance and the spectrum of therapeutic approaches for patients with T2DM will be described.
Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) from the opposite sinus of Valsalva

A 77-year-old woman with multiple risk factors for coronary artery disease, was referred for left heart catheterisation after abnormal dobutamine stress test, revealing anterior and anterolateral hypokineses. Coronary angiogram revealed a large, dominant right coronary artery (figure 1A), originating from the right coronary cusp along with underdeveloped anomalous left coronary system. Left main artery was absent. Left anterior descending artery (LAD) was originating from right coronary cusp posteriorly (figure 1B), while the left circumflex artery (LCx) from the same cusp anteriorly (figure 1C). Probably the small calibre …
Improving Performance of Eco-Industrial Parks

Industrial Ecology hypothesizes that networks of industries designed to be analogous to the structure and properties of food webs may approach a similarly sustainable and efficient state. Although ecology is the metaphor for designing Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs), prior research has shown that IEPs are inferior in performance compared to natural ecosystems. One EIP design approach is to enlarge EIPs by combining two or more synergistic networks to create a larger, and hopefully more successful, synergistic mega-network. An quantitative analysis using ecosystem metrics is presented in this paper in order to test the potential of this approach.
« La señora Cornelia » de Cervantes : la novella hecha novela

Mostly perceived by critics as an inverosimile failure, this article proposes reinversing this negative image of Cervantes's «La senora Cornelia» trhough a metanarrative reading that explores the theory of the novel, so liked by Cervantes. Leaving aside mere plot-level points, with this novel (maybe the last one that Cervantes wrote, and the only one that takes place in its entirety in Spain) we argue that all readings of «La senora Cornelia» must subject to the novel's hidden condition of false essay on the novel, a condition that Cervantes seems to announce discreetely but openly, as in Lope's Violante sonnet, in front of our very eyes.
Incidence of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from commercial swine farms.

Sows and pigs from 10 commercial swine farms were sampled to determine patterns of resistance of fecal Escherichia coli to five commonly used antibiotics. Before testing, farms were categorized as high or low antibiotic use based on interviews with the respective producers. On each farm, fecal swabs were obtained from five sows at 7 d postpartum and from five pigs from each sow at 7, 35, and 63 d of age. A total of 6,296 E. coli isolates from 750 pig fecal samples and a total of 462 E. coli isolates from 50 sow fecal samples were tested against apramycin, carbadox, gentamicin, neomycin, and oxytetracycline using a standardized disk diffusion test. Percentage of resistant organisms was compared between pigs at the various stages of growth, between sows and their respective pigs, and between farms of high and low antibiotic use. Incidence of resistance was greater (P < .05) in pigs at 35 or 63 d of age compared with 7 d of age for most antibiotics, and patterns differed between high-use and low-use farms. Resistance differed (P < .05) among E. coli from pigs compared to their respective sows for apramycin and carbadox on low-use farms, whereas incidence of resistance on high-use farms differed (P < .05) between sows and pigs for apramycin and oxytetracycline. These data indicate that patterns of antibiotic resistance are dependent on age of pig and level of antibiotic use.
Theory of Color Vision

In Chap. 13, we saw that one can characterize a light source in terms of its spectral intensity. We now turn to the question as to the relationship between the objective characteristics of a light and the subjective perception of the light. We have already identified three attributes of one’s visual perception – hue, saturation, and brightness. The first two are the attributes that, together, are referred to as the color. Thus, our goal is to establish the relationship between the spectral intensity and these three attributes. We will first summarize this relationship as it was determined through years of testing many individuals. Then we will discuss how this relationship can be understood in terms of the biophysical behavior of the visual apparatus, the rods of the retina.
Empirical Insights, Quantitative Models and Software Applications for Master Category Planning

Several mutually reinforcing trends have made category management (CM) one of the most critical marketing and operational decisions for retailers. German retailers and consumer goods producers recently rated “optimization of product portfolio and category management” the most important task for achieving performance goals (Breuer et al. 2009). This is not surprising as shelf space competition in retail stores is at an all-time high, driven by the competitive need to constantly introduce new products. There has been significant product proliferation since the 1990s (Greenhouse July 17, 2005). The average number of items in overall store assortments increased by 30% between 2000 and 2009 (EHI Retail Institute 2010). In confectionery, for example, the number of brands rose by more than 40% between 1997 and 2001, but overall volume by only 0.8% (Carlotti et al. 2006). Additionally, most retailers suffer from decreasing space productivity. Gutgeld et al. (2009) concluded that 19 out of 24 European retailers were unable to maintain their space productivity.
A series of unfortunate events: the forgotten botanist and the misattribution of a type collection.

In 1777, Spain sent The Royal Expedition to Peru and Chile, commonly referred to as the "Ruiz and Pavon Expedition", to document the flora of this richly diverse part of its colonies. The Expedition was active in the New World for 38 years and was led by Hipolito Ruiz and Jose Pavon, who collected in Peru and Chile for the first 11 years before returning to Spain to work on publication of the Flora Peruviana, et Chilensis. Work on the ground for the reminder of the project in Peru and later Ecuador, was continued by Juan Tafalla and Juan Manzanilla. With few exceptions, all collections from the Expedition including types, have conventionally been attributed to Ruiz and Pavon despite the fact that Tafalla and Manzanilla were responsible for a large part of the collections. The purpose of this note is to bring to light the important but often overlooked figure of Juan Tafalla, to highlight his accomplishments as a collector and to increase precision in botanical nomenclature by giving him due credit by correctly attributing collections.