cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of physical parameters and processes in hologram formation in ferroelectrics

The material parameters and physical processes during hologram formation in ferroelectric crystals have previously been identified. Some methods (based largely on new diagnostic techniques) for evaluating these critical parameters and for quantifiying the physical processes are summarized here.
Effect of furosemide on cerebrospinal fluid composition.

Abstract Electrolyte composition of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is important in central respiratory drive. The relationship between [Cl−] and [HCO3−] is of particular interest in maintenance of electrolyte balance. Therefore, the effect of furosemide, an inhibitor of sodium-coupled chloride transport, on CSF electrolyte homeostasis was studied under conditions of normocapnia and hypercapnia in anesthetized dogs. The drug was given intravenously (IV) or in the lateral cerebral ventricles (CV). With normocapnia, there was no change in CSF or arterial PCO2, pH, [K+], [Cl−], or [HCO3−], while CSF [Na+] decreased 1.7 mM in dogs receiving IV furosemide. With 5% CO2 breathing and IV furosemide, CSF PCO2, pH, [K+], [Cl−], and [HCO3−] changed as has been reported for 5% CO2 breathing alone. 5% CO2 and CV furosemide, however, led to a greater reduction in CSF [Cl−] and no change in CSF [HCO3−]. Thus CV furosemide alters the CSF [Cl−] and [HCO3−] in hypercapnia, suggesting that sodium-coupled chloride transport plays a role in regulation of CSF acid-base homeostasis.
Need New Problem‐Solving Ideas? Take a Trip!

The authors discuss how actual or planned travel experiences can form the basis for constructing realistic, challenging, and interesting problem-solving tasks for classroom use. They discuss and provide examples of how teachers and students can create travel problems for use in the classroom. The travel-problem concept is adaptable to any elementary, secondary, or post-secondary classroom.
The first Mesozoic Leptopodidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Leptopodomorpha), from Canadian Late Cretaceous amber

A new genus and species of leptopodid bug, Cretaceomira phalanx McKellar and Engel, is described from Canadian Late Cretaceous (Campanian) amber originating near Grassy Lake, in southern Alberta, Canada. This new record is the first described for the family within the Mesozoic, extending their fossil range by at least 26 Ma. The discovery adds further support to the idea that the subfamily was once much more widespread than its modern, relict distribution in the tropics – adding an occurrence in warm temperate conditions, on the western side of Laurentia (in the modern Palearctic). Beyond confirming the presence of the lineage in the Cretaceous, their expanded distribution suggests that the group is likely to be found in other Cretaceous amber deposits. Furthermore, the distinctive disk-shaped amber nodule that contains the C. phalanx holotype provides limited support for the interpretation of Leptosaldinae as subcortical inhabitants of resin-producing trees as early as the Cretaceous.http://www.zoobank.o...
Laser disk: a practicum on effective image management

For more than a year, we have been involved in building a workstation-based system to manage the information that describes a collection of art. This information, for each work of art,' includes text that describes that work of art and color images of it. An important requirement of this system is that it be able to display images of the art with "faithful color." In this paper, we will describe the requirements of this system, especially those that relate to images, and how they affect the system design. Other aspects of the system that will be described in the paper include the system organization, the image storage hierarchy, the color calibration approach, the image architecture, and the organization of the color calibration information.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EVOLVING COOPERATION : THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL RECOGNITION

To evaluate the role of individual recognition in the evolution of cooperation, we formulated and analyzed genetic algorithm model (EvCo) for playing the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) game. Strategies compete against each other during each generation, and successful strategies contribute more of their attributes to the next generation. Each strategy is encoded on a 'chromosome' that plays the IPD, responding to the sequences of most recent responses by the interacting individuals (chromosomes). The analysis reported in this paper considered different memory capabilities (one to five previous interactions), pairing continuities (pairs of individuals remain together for about one, two, five, or 1000 consecutive interactions), and types of individual recognition (recognition capability was maximal, nil, or allowed to evolve between these limits). Analysis of the results focused on the frequency of mutual cooperation in pairwise interactions (a good indicator of overall success in the IPD) and on the extent to which previous responses by the focal individual and its partner were associated with the partner's identity (individual recognition). Results indicated that a fixed, substantial amount of individual recognition could maintain high levels of mutual cooperation even at low pairing continuities, and a significant but limited capability for individual recognition evolved under selection. Recognition generally increased mutual cooperation more when the recent responses of individuals other than the current partner were ignored. Titrating recognition memory under selection using a fitness cost suggested that memory of the partner's previous responses was more valuable than memory of the focal's previous responses. The dynamics produced to date by EvCo are a step toward understanding the evolution of social networks, for which additional benefits associated with group interactions must be incorporated.
Potentiation of hexobarbital and amphetamine effects in male and female rats physically dependent on morphine.

Morphine dependence (following s.c. implantation of 207 mg morphine in pellet form) increases hexobarbital sleeping time in both male and female rats; this is accompanied by an apparent increase in brain sensitivity to hexobarbital. Only male morphine-dependent rats manifested a decrease in in vitro hepatic metabolism of hexobarbital as well as a significantly faster rate of decline of hexobarbital from the brain. In vivo uptake of hexobarbital into the brain revealed no difference between male and female morphine-dependent and sham-implanted animals. The suggested mechanism for the observed changes in male rats is a combination of inhibition of hepatic metabolism and an additive effect of morphine and hexobarbital. In female rats only an additive effect is manifested. In male rats morphine dependence also increases amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity (open-field), increases amphetamine brain levels, and decreases in vitro metabolism of aniline. Morphine-dependent female rats manifested increases in brain levels of amphetamine but no other changes were observed. The in vivo decline of amphetamine from the brain of either male or female morphine-dependent rats was not significantly different from their respective controls. The suggested mechanism for the changes in male morphine-dependent rats is an increase in the brain uptake of amphetamine.
Critical stages for growth in the development of cortical neurons.

In order to study the role of efferent connectivity in the development of CNS neurons, the growth of pyramidal tract neurons within the hamster sensorimotor cortex was studied during normal development and after early postnatal lesions of the pyramidal tract. We first determined, by a combination of Nissl and retrograde HRP techniques, that within the lumbar representation of cortical layer 5B in adult animals two cell populations exist: a large-celled population (40% of the total) projecting to the spinal cord and a small-celled population (60% of the total) projecting intracortically and to targets rostral to the medulla. We could not determine whether large layer 5B cells in the infant sensorimotor cortex also represent the corticospinal population. Nevertheless, measurements of the growth in cross-sectional area of the large cells from 7 days postnatal to adulthood showed that these cells continue to grow until 51 days of age. The most rapid rate of growth occurs between 7 and 14 days, during which time the cross-sectional area of the cell bodies triples, coincident with the arrival of corticospinal axons in the lumbar cord and the beginning of target innervation (Reh and Kalil, '81). The growth of the large neurons in layer 5B was then charted after the pyramidal tract was cut ipsilaterally in the medulla at various postnatal ages. Early lesions of the tract (4–8 days postnatal) interrupt lumbar projection fibers before they establish synapses in the cord. Nevertheless, cortical cell bodies in the lumbar representation continue to grow normally after axotomy until 11 days after birth. At this time, large cells are arrested in development and their cell size remains in the 11-day stage (50% of normal adult large cell size) indefinitely. In contrast, adult lesions of the tract cause a 60% shrinkage of large cells, which in the adult represent corticospinal neurons. No evidence for cortical cell death was found after pyramidal tract lesions at any age. The results of axotomy reveal a turning point in the development of layer 5B cortical neurons. Before the age of 11 days the large cells have an independent program of cell growth that proceeds despite axotomy. After this time, the large cortical neurons appear to require intact axons for further growth and, in the absence of normal connectivity, are arrested in development.
Static diffusion models of the upper atmosphere with empirical temperature profiles

Static diffusion models of upper atmosphere with empirical temperature profiles - atmospheric density and composition tables
Enhanced survival of IFN-α augmented IL-2 therapy of pulmonary metastases: Efficacy comparable to interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer cells☆

Abstract Recently, we reported enhanced tumor reduction using recombinant interferon-α A/D (IFN) combined with interleukin-2 (IL-2). Similar synergism affecting survival was assessed in treatment of both early and advanced pulmonary metastases. This combination was compared with the current “standard” IL-2 and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) therapy in the treatment of early and advanced pulmonary metastases. C57BL/6 mice injected via tail vein with the weakly immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced murine fibrosarcoma MCA-106 were treated intraperitoneally with IL-2 (50,000 units b.i.d.), IFN (50,000 units q.d.), LAK (2.5–10 × 10 7 ), or various combinations of above. Treatment of both early Day 3 and advanced Day 10 metastases using IL-2/IFN reduced metastases and prolonged survival over both controls and IL-2 alone. It was superior to IFN, LAK, and IFN/LAK. Addition of LAK to IL-2/IFN demonstrated no added benefit. Although no mortality was observed during treatment of Day 3 metastases, treatment of Day 10 advanced pulmonary metastases for 9 days with IL-2/IFN resulted in early deaths (33%) without visible tumor, indicating possible toxicity of treatment. These results show survival benefit of IL-2/IFN over IL-2, IFN, or LAK treatment in the therapy of early and advanced pulmonary metastases, albeit with added toxicity. Its relative simplicity and comparable efficacy to the more complex and costly IL-2/LAK provide important advantages for potential clinical applications.
Biomedical support of man in space

In its broadest sense, biomedical support of man in space must not be limited to assisting spacecraft crew during the mission; such support should also ensure that flight personnel be able to perform properly during landing and after leaving the craft. Man has developed mechanisms that allow him to cope with specific stresses in his normal habitat; there is indisputable evidence that, in some cases, the space environment, by relieving these stresses, has also allowed the adaptive mechanisms to lapse, causing serious problems after re-entry. Inflight biomedical support must therefore include means to simulate some of the normal stresses of the Earth environment. In the area of cardiovascular performance, we have come to rely heavily on complex feedback mechanisms to cope with two stresses, often combined: postural changes, which alter the body axis along which gravitational acceleration acts, and physical exercise, which increases the total load on the system. Unless the appropriate responses are reinforced continuously during flight, crew members may be incapacitated upon return. The first step in the support process must be a study of the way in which changes in g, even of short duration, affect these responses. In particular we should learn more about effects of g on the "on" and "off" dynamics, using a variety of approaches: increased acceleration on one hand at recumbency, immersion, lower body positive pressure, and other means of simulating some of the effects of low g, on the other. Once we understand this, we will have to determine the minimal exposure dose required to maintain the response mechanisms. Finally, we shall have to design stresses that simulate Earth environment and can be imposed in the space vehicle. Some of the information is already at hand; we know that several aspects of the response to exercise are affected by posture. Results from a current series of studies on the kinetics of tilt and on the dynamics of readjustment to exercise in different postures will be presented and discussed.
Zombies, cyborgs, and other labor organizers: An introduction to representations of adult learning theories and HRD in popular culture

Too often, educators, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of adult education and human resource development rely on traditional curricular materials and an academic body of knowledge for teaching, evaluating, and training adults. This assumes a coherent body of prior knowledge, assumptions, worldviews, and experiences in their students that can enable them to seamlessly connect to those materials. Of course, the reality is something different. Yet within the arena of popular culture, diverse individuals often share an enthusiastic, unifying space called fandom. It is in this shared social space that holistic meaning-making and transformational learning may be given succor. Through facilitated discussions around issues examined in popular cultural artifacts, sensitive and disparate perceptions can be explored and new, more critical worldviews can be examined. This article provides an overview of recent research on the intersection of popular culture and human resource development as it relates to workplace learning and workplace assumptions and attitudes. It explores innovative and alternative ways of framing workplace learning on a variety of topics and discusses the use of popular culture for critical workplace pedagogy.
Blood pressure control 1 year after referral to a hypertension specialist.

Hypertension is highly prevalent and remains poorly controlled. The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood pressure (BP) control in patients with uncontrolled hypertension 1 year after referral to a hypertension specialist. A retrospective chart review was performed on 158 patients evaluated by a single hypertension specialist between 2005 and 2010 at the Penn Hypertension Program. Patients were included if they had at least 1 year of follow-up and had baseline plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration measured. Drug regimens were adjusted with particular attention to results of renin-aldosterone profiling. Mean BP of the entire cohort decreased from 149/87 mm Hg to 129/78 mm Hg at 1 year (P<.0001), without a significant change in the number of antihypertensive medications. The authors observed that referral to a hypertension specialist was worthwhile and associated with a significant reduction in BP without an increase in the number of BP medications used at 1 year.
Ligand bridging-angle-driven assembly of molecular architectures based on quadruply bonded Mo-Mo dimers.

A systematic exploration of the assembly of Mo2(O2C−)4-based metal−organic molecular architectures structurally controlled by the bridging angles of rigid organic linkers has been performed. Twelve bridging dicarboxylate ligands were designed to be of different sizes with bridging angles of 0, 60, 90, and 120° while incorporating a variety of nonbridging functional groups, and these ligands were used as linkers. These dicarboxylate linkers assemble with quadruply bonded Mo−Mo clusters acting as nodes to give 13 molecular architectures, termed metal−organic polygons/polyhedra with metal cluster node arrangements of a linear shape, triangle, octahedron, and cuboctahedron/anti-cuboctahedron. The syntheses of these complexes have been optimized and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results have shown that the shape and size of the resulting molecular architecture can be controlled by tuning the bridging angle and size of the linker, respectively. Functionalization of the lin...
A note on the index of a context-free language

It is shown that there is a context-free language which has one grammar of finite index and another of infinite index. This answers a question raised by Salomaa.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Alters Substrate Permeability and Tight Junction Protein Expression at the Blood-Brain Barrier during Inflammatory Pain:

Our laboratory has shown that peripheral inflammatory pain induced by lambda-carrageenan (CIP) can increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and alter tight junction (TJ) protein expression leading to changes in BBB functional integrity. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in this pathophysiologic response have not been elucidated. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathways are known to regulate vascular integrity and permeability. Therefore, we examined the function of TGF-beta signaling at the BBB in rats subjected to CIP. During CIP, serum TGF-beta1 and protein expression of the TGF-beta receptor activin receptor-like kinase-5 (ALK5) were reduced. Brain permeability to (14)C-sucrose was increased and expression of TJ proteins (i.e., claudin-5, occludin, zonula occluden (ZO-1)) were also altered after 3 h CIP. Pharmacological inhibition of ALK5 with the selective inhibitor SB431542 further enhanced brain uptake of (14)C-sucrose, increased TJ protein expression (i.e., claudin-3, claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1), and decreased nuclear expression of TGF-beta/ALK5 signaling molecules (i.e., Smad2, Smad3), which suggests a role for TGF-beta/ALK5 signaling in the regulation of BBB integrity. Interestingly, administration of exogenous TGF-beta1 before CIP activated the TGF-beta/ALK5 pathway and reduced BBB permeability to (14)C-sucrose. Taken together, our data show that TGF-beta/ALK5 signaling is, in part, involved in the regulation of BBB functional integrity.
Evaluation of the Hydrometeor Layers in the East and West Pacific within ISCCP Cloud-Top Pressure–Optical Depth Bins Using Merged CloudSat and CALIPSO Data

AbstractThe International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) provides a multidecadal and global description of cloud properties that are often grouped into joint histograms of column visible optical depth τ and effective cloud-top pressure Ptop. It has not been possible until recently to know the actual distributions of hydrometeor layers within the ISCCP Ptop–τ bins. Distributions of hydrometeor layers within the ISCCP Ptop–τ conditional probability space using measurements from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar and the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar within two 40° × 40° regions in the eastern and western equatorial Pacific over a 2-yr period are examined. With the exception of thin cirrus and stratocumulus, the authors show that of the Ptop–τ types that are commonly analyzed, none of the types contain unique distributions of geometrically defined layer types but tend to be populated by diverse sets of hydrometeor layers whose bulk profile pro...
Association of tumor morphology with mismatch-repair protein status in older endometrial cancer patients: implications for universal versus selective screening strategies for Lynch syndrome.

Although there is consensus on the cost-effectiveness of a universal approach of screening all colorectal cancer patients for Lynch syndrome (LS) using mismatch-repair (MMR) protein immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, the question of universal versus selective
On the nature of clinical psychology.

(1963). On the Nature of Clinical Psychology. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 119-124.
The Political Theory of Reinvention

In this article, we examine the implications of the reinvention movement for democratic governance, broadly defined. The most basic premise of the reinvention movement is a belief that the accumulation of the narrowly defined self-interests of many individuals can adequately approximate the public interest. By “narrowly defined,” we mean the interests of individuals as they privately apprehend them, unmediated by participation in a process of civic discourse. To illustrate the centrality of this assumption to the implicit theory of reinvention, we consider three of its elements—its use of the market model, its emphasis on customers rather than citizens, and its glorification of entrepreneurial management. We then examine the implications of the self-interest assumption, which entails a rejection of democratic citizenship, civic engagement, and the public interest, broadly conceived.
Trends in sociology titles

Recent reflections on the state of publications in sociology (Becker, 2003) suggest that article titles are getting longer. I test this hypothesis with data from ASR since inception and a wider sample of papers from Sociological Abstracts between 1963 and 1999. My results indicate a rapid and widespread increase in title length. Further analyses suggest that title length does not predict citation, suggesting that long titles are not an avenue for getting more readers.
Life-cycle Considerations in Risk-informed Decisions for Design of Civil Infrastructures

Civil structures and infrastructures, such as buildings, bridges, and other facilities, are constructed and built for long service lives; many for over 50 or 100 years. In this light, the performance of an engineered system over its useful life span is naturally of major concern. The concern must include the assurance of a minimum level of reliability of performance, which will necessarily require inspections, repair, and maybe even retrofitting or replacement. The whole-life cost associated with this life-cycle performance, therefore, is the pertinent cost that ought to be the basis for determining the cost during the design stage (in terms of present value); this must include the maintenance and potential damage costs, besides the initial cost, over the life of a system. In this regard, significant technical and economic uncertainties can be expected and are unavoidable; therefore, decisions required in the design of such systems must consider risk associated with the probability of non-performance and ...
Feminism in the Wake of Philosophy

(1992). Feminism in the Wake of Philosophy. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 79-93.
Engine Testing of Advanced Materials for Hypersonic Applications

This paper describes the use of a ground based gaseous hydrogen/oxygen rocket engine to test advanced materials for rocket engine and hypersonic propulsion applications. The types of materials that have been tested include ceramic composites, metallic alloys and ceramic and metallic foams. There are various configurations in which these materials can be tested. A “square” engine is used for testing flat rectangular panels by placing the panel downstream of the rocket nozzle in the exhaust path. A more traditional “round” rocket engine is used to test axisymmetric engine components such as nozzle inserts and combustion chambers that are fabricated from either ceramic composites or metal alloys. Besides hydrogen, other engine fuels such as methane are being evaluated in order to expose test materials to a hydrocarbon environment. Various organizations from industry, academia and other government agencies have used this test cell to facilitate the development of advanced materials for use in both rocket engine and hypersonic propulsion applications.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Fivefold surface of quasicrystalline AlPdMn: Structure determination using low-energy-electron diffraction

The atomic structure of the fivefold symmetric quasicrystal surface of icosahedral AlPdMn has been investigated by means of a dynamical low-energy-electron diffraction (LEED) analysis. Approximations were developed to make the structure of an aperiodic, quasicrystalline surface region accessible to LEED theory. A mix of several closely similar, relaxed, bulklike lattice terminations is favored, all of which have a dense Al-rich layer on top followed by a layer with a composition of about 50% Al and 50% Pd. The interlayer spacing between these two topmost layers is contracted from the bulk value by 0.1 \AA{}, to a final value of 0.38 \AA{}, and the lateral density of the two topmost layers taken together is similar to that of an Al(111) surface. The LEED structural result is qualitatively consistent with data from ion scattering spectroscopy, which supports an Al-rich termination.
Numerical analysis and parameter study of a mechanical damper for use in long slender endmills

A mechanical damper has been introduced to reduce tool vibration during the high-speed milling process. The mechanical damper is composed of multi-fingered cylindrical inserts placed in a matching cylindrical hole in the center of a standard end-milling cutter. Centrifugal forces during high-speed rotation press the flexible fingers against the inner surface of the tool. Bending of the tool/damper assembly due to cutting forces or chatter vibration causes relative axial sliding between the tool inner surface and the damper fingers, and dissipates energy in the form of friction work. In this paper, a simple numerical method is presented to estimate the amount of friction work during tool bending. Non-linear static finite element analysis is used to estimate normal and frictional contact forces due to centrifugal forces and cutting forces, and calculate the amount of frictional work dissipated by the damper. The numerical results are compared with analytical results, and show a similar trend. Parameter studies are also carried out using the numerical model to identify the best configuration to maximize the amount of friction work.
The effect of the type-pricing strategy on perceived price fairness and behavioral outcomes in beverage establishments

Lately, beverage establishments have grown in popularity by generating over US$18 billion in annual revenue in the United States, however research on this industry is very limited. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the influence of pricing strategies for beverage establishments on price fairness and the subsequent behavioral outcomes. In this article, we used a sequential transformative mixed method design. The first part of the study involved interviews with the managers of beverage establishments and a focus group study. In the second part of this study, a theoretical model was tested with an experimental design. The findings suggest that regular customers should be rewarded with more stable prices, while prices can be more varied for low-patronage customers. As one of the first empirical studies in the context of beverage establishments, the results of this study broaden the understanding of pricing strategies in the context of beverage establishments and serves as a foundation for further research.
The effects of welfare and Individual Development Account (IDA) program rules on asset holdings

Abstract This study examines the effects of welfare, Food Stamp, and Individual Development Account rules on low-education families’ asset holding, using family-level data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation covering 1991–2003 and state-level data from various sources. Fixed-effect regression models estimate the relationship between state program rules and liquid assets, vehicle assets, and net worth. The results suggest that more lenient asset limits in means-tested programs and more generous IDA rules may have positive effects on asset holdings among low-education families.
An iterative scheme for determining glacier velocities and stresses

There are no direct methods to measure the boundary condition at the base of a glacier. Here, we propose a method that works by iteratively changing boundary conditions until a satisfactory fit to surface observations is obtained. The method is an accelerated version of one known as Kozlov–Maz’ya iteration. We apply it to the problem of ice flow through a transverse cross-section, and show it to be effective by solving the inverse problem for a sequence of synthetic data. We also apply the method to two real glaciers, Athabasca and Perito Moreno, one of which has a known basal velocity distribution.
Clonidine-induced body temperature changes in rats with anterior or posterior cortical damage

Animals with anterior or posterior neocortical lesions as well as intact control animals were evaluated for changes in α-adrenergic sensitivity at five postoperative times. Colonic temperature decreases were measured in response to clonidine at each of the postoperative periods. The result indicated that a heightened heat-loss response was induced by clonidine that lasted 21 or more days after destruction of the posterior neocortex. This exaggerated response to the drug was not found in animals with anterior neocortical lesions.
Full breastfeeding duration and risk for iron deficiency in U.S. infants

Background: National and international authorities recommend exclusive breastfeeding for an infant's first 6 months. Effects of these recommendations on iron status of U.S. children are unknown. Objective: To ascertain if full breastfeeding for 6 months versus 4 months places U.S. children at greater risk for iron deficiency. Design/Methods: Data regarding 2268 children ages 6 to <24 months from NHANES III, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988–1994, were analyzed. Similar analyses were conducted for 526 children ages 12 to <24 months from NHANES 1999–2002. Anemia (low hemoglobin or history of anemia) and iron status (serum ferritin) were compared for five groups: formula fed only (n = 1142), or full breastfeeding for: 1 month “FullBF<1” (n = 425), 1 to <4 months “FullBF1–3+” (n = 343), 4 to <6 months “FullBF4–5+” (n = 222), and ≥ 6 months “FullBF6” (n = 136). Laboratory data were available for children 12 to 24 months (n = 745). SUDAAN software was used to account for the...
Theoretical comparison of base bulk recombination current and surface recombination current of a mesa AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor

Abstract An analytical solution for the minority carrier concentration to the 2-D diffusion equation in the base of a mesa-structure bipolar transistor is derived. The solution is especially applicable for AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors for which the extrinsic base surface has a high surface recombination velocity if the surface is not passivated. The different components of the base current are determined from the derived 2-D minority carrier concentration in the base. The major components to the base current include: surface recombination at the extrinsic base surface, at the base ohmic contact and bulk recombination in the base. The relative importance of each component is discussed as a function of the extrinsic base length, emitter length and base doping. The effects of quasielectric field in the base and the passivation on the extrinsic base region are also evaluated. The results indicate that as base doping is increased, the current gain is limited by bulk recombination, independent of the details of the device geometry.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION IV. THE ISOELECTRIC POINTS OF CERTAIN SENSITIZED ANTIGENS

Sensitization with increasing concentrations of homologous immune serum shifts the isoelectric point of the antigens studied progressively to the alkaline side. Antigens maximally sensitized with rabbit sera have shown isoelectric points of pH 5.6 to 5.8. The globulins precipitated or salted out of the same immune sera have been isoelectric at pH 5.1 to 5.2. The combination of antigen with antibody depends of course upon specific affinities; the surface properties of the sensitized antigen, agglutination and phagocytosis depend primarily upon the properties of the sensitizing serum substances combined with and deposited on the antigen surface.
The Burden of Acting White Implications for Transition

This study used a phenomenological qualitative approach that engaged Black students in discussions about the burden of acting White and its impact on their in-school and postschool outcomes and postschool transition visions. Six seventh- and eighth-grade Black students identified as at risk for school failure, a principal, and five teachers participated in this study. The authors identified and addressed the following themes: (a) the existence of the burden of acting White; (b) students' definitions of acting Black or White; (c) teachers' inability to intervene and counteract the impacts of acting White; (d) the significance of postschool visions; and (e) academic orientation. The authors conclude by discussing the need for transition programs focused on self-determination.
Exact χ2 Criterion Tables with Cell Expectations One: An Application to Coleman's Measure of Consensus

Abstract The usual χ2 goodness-of-fit criterion is considered when all cells have expectations of one and the cell boundaries are not estimated from the data. This situation arises in the use of a measure of consensus proposed by Coleman [1]. Under these circumstances the criterion reduces to X2 = Σt=1 N n i 2−N, where n i is the number of observations in cell i and N is the total number of observations in the sample. The exact distribution of X2 is given for N = 1(1)25(5)40, 50. For N≥25, the χ2 approximation to the exact distribution of X2 errs by less than .007 or 20.3 percent for right-tail areas. For left-tail areas the errors are less than .0165 or 89.9 percent when N≥25.
Risk, regulation, and S & L diversification into nontraditional assets

Abstract Risk exposure is a central issue in the debate over allowing savings and loan associations (S&Ls) to expand into nontraditional activities. This paper examines the relationship between risk and portfolio composition of three distinct groups of S&L lenders based on their investment strategies: real estate specialized (RES) S&L lenders with high holdings of adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), RES S&L lenders with low ARMs, and not real estate specialized (NRES) S & L lenders. The major findings of this paper suggest that diversification] into nontraditional assets leads to lower risk and higher average returns for RES firms with low ARMs, but for NRES firms it leads to higher risk and (in some cases) lower average returns. This latter group of institutions appears to be using nontraditional assets as a means to increase their risk exposure and not necessarily their average stock returns. In addition, we find that risk increases for RES S&Ls with high ARMs as additional adjustable-rate mortgages are added to their portfolios. This is not the case for the low ARMs group and may indicate that at some level the increase in credit risk dominates the decrease in interest rate risk associated with additional ARMs, relative to fixed-rate mortgages. These results strongly suggest that while additional diversification provides risk reduction opportunities for some S&Ls, it also provides opportunities for other S&Ls to increase their risk exposure.
Talmudic Text and Iranian Context: On the Development of Two Talmudic Narratives

The past few years have witnessed an expansion of the range of sources that Talmudists regularly employ in their research on the Bavli. Scholars now turn to Iranian epic and folk literature; to Zoroastrian, Manichaean, and Eastern Christian ritual and theological writings; to Sasanian civil law; and to other nonrabbinic sources in an effort to broaden and deepen their understanding of the Bavli and its place in the “splendid confusion” that was Sasanian Mesopotamian society. As Yaakov Elman has pointed out, this research trend serves as a corrective for more than half a century of scholarly neglect, which was only encouraged by a dearth of critical editions of Middle Persian literature and more general studies of Sasanian culture and religions. Now, following a steady output of some long-anticipated editions, and, more significantly, as a result of recent collaboration between Talmudists and Iranists, the coming years hold great promise for a radically new understanding of the Bavli and its world.
A methodology and system for preserving digital data

This paper refers to a previous proposal made at the 1st Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, on a novel approach to the problem of the long-term archiving of digital data. It reports on ongoing work in refining the methodology and building an initial prototype. The method is based on the use of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) to specify the process that needs to be applied to the archived data in order to make it understandable for a future client. There is a certain amount of information (a Convention) that must be preserved for an indefinite time, to make sure that the client will be able to recover the information. A first version of this Convention is given here; it includes the architecture of the UVC. The paper also briefly mentions our current activities in implementation and evaluation.
A comparative study of the reactivities of H2O, CH3OH, and CH3OCH3 toward Al(111)

Abstract The reactivities of three ROR′ type molecules, H2O, CH3OH, and CH3OCH3 toward an atomically clean Al(111) surface are studied using HREELS (high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy), TPD (temperature programmed desorption), and AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) in the temperature range of 90–700 K: H2O adsorbs both molecularly (H2O(a)) and dissociatively (OH(a)) on the Al(111) surface at 90 K; the H2O(a) species formed at 90 K dissociate to form OH(a) at ∼ 160 K and further heating decomposes the surface hydroxyl species to form aluminum oxide. CH3OH chemisorbs on the surface in a molecular form at 90 K; heating to ∼ 143 K gives rise to the formation of surface methoxy species, CH3O(a), and this species further decomposes to evolve CH4(g) and adsorbed C and O species at higher temperatures. CH3OCH3 only weakly adsorbs on the surface at 90 K; it desorbs molecularly at 119 K without undergoing any reaction with the Al(111) surface.
What Is a Display

garded as scientific unless they could be expressed in numbers; Ernst Mach argued that the terms of a science must ultimately refer to sensations; P. W. Bridgeman held that scientific terms mean the "operations" involved in their application; and there have been those, like Einstein, who have opposed such reductionist views with what could be called constructivist approaches to the uses of concepts in science. But whatever the position taken about the meaning of "meaning," science is seen as overcoming the vagaries of ordinary discourse by pinning meanings down with sharp definitions. At least such is supposed to be the case in the so-called hard sciences of physics and chemistry. Biology may be another matter; and although psychology has been recurrently preoccupied about problems of definition, it appears to have had only passing success in solving them. Ethology, however, sometimes gives the impression of being averse to definition, and even of making an ally of ambiguity. Its dealings in "instinct," for example, have let vagueness and multiple meaning carry argument
Fast support layout optimization

Abstract Machining-fixture supports are used to increase workpiece rigidity. A critical problem of machining-fixture design is where to place a fixed number of supports in order to minimize workpiece deformation during machining. This paper presents the Fast Support Layout Optimization (FSLO) model. The objective of the FSLO model is to determine support locations that will minimize the maximum displacement-to-tolerance ratio of a set of workpiece features subject to a system of machining loads. The FSLO model utilizes a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model to characterize workpiece stiffness. Solution of the FSLO model improves an existing support layout by systematically altering the boundary conditions applied to the FEA model. The FSLO model is unique in that its solution time is both very small and insensitive to the size of the FEA model, the sizes of machined features considered, and the sizes of the candidate regions of the supports. In addition to describing the formulation of the FSLO model, this paper describes a set of experiments that were used for its verification.
Reaction of β-aminoamides with aromatic aldehydes

The American Oil Chemists’ Society official methods TF 1b-64 and TF 2b-64, “Quantitative Determination of Amines,” fail to correctly analyze fatty diethylenetriamine (DETA)-diamides and diamides of 3,3′’-iminobispropylamine (DPTA). Primary amine determination through the formation of Schiff base adducts using salicylaldehyde will, in the case of secondary amines that bear amide carbonyl at either the β or γ position, undergo reactions that consume salicyladehyde despite the absence of primary amine groups. The product of this reaction has been investigated, and a cyclic (2-arylimidazolidine) structure is advanced as the principal adduct of the reaction of aryl aldehydes with DETA-diamides.
Ethanol-induced inhibition of a neuronal P2X purinoceptor by an allosteric mechanism.

Ethanol inhibits a neuronal P2X purinoceptor by shifting the ATP concentration–response curve to the right in an apparently competitive manner. However, the underlying mechanism has not been determined. We investigated the effects of ethanol on the activation and deactivation time constants for ATP-activated current in bullfrog dorsal root ganglion neurones. Ethanol decreased the time constant of deactivation of ATP-gated ion channels without affecting the time constant of activation. The observations are not consistent with a competitive mechanism of inhibition by ethanol, but may be explained by an allosteric action of ethanol to decrease apparent agonist affinity. This represents a novel mechanism of action of ethanol on a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel.
Parallel Analyses of Alexandrium catenella Cell Concentrations and Shellfish Toxicity in the Puget Sound

Alexandrium catenella is widespread in western North America and produces a suite of potent neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans and have deleterious impacts on public health and economic resources. There are seasonal PSP-related closures of recreational and commercial shellfisheries in the Puget Sound, but the factors that influence cell distribution, abundance, and relationship to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in this system are poorly described. Here, a quantitative PCR assay was used to detect A. catenella cells in parallel with state shellfish toxicity testing during the 2006 bloom season at 41 sites from April through October. Over 500,000 A. catenella cells liter−1 were detected at several stations, with two main pulses of cells driving cell distribution, one in June and the other in August. PSTs over the closure limit of 80 μg of PST 100 per g of shellfish tissue were detected at 26 of the 41 sites. Comparison of cell numbers and PST data shows that shellfish toxicity is preceded by an increase in A. catenella cells in 71% of cases. However, cells were also observed in the absence of PSTs in shellfish, highlighting the complex relationship between A. catenella and the resulting shellfish toxicity. These data provide important information on the dynamics of A. catenella cells in the Puget Sound and are a first step toward assessing the utility of plankton monitoring to augment shellfish toxicity testing in this system.
Refined localization of human connexin32 gene locus, GJB1, to Xq13.1.

Abstract Connexins are the peptide subunits of gap junctions that interconnect cells to allow the direct, intercellular transfer of small molecules. Recently, the human connexin32 gene (locus designation GJB1) has been regionally mapped by three other laboratories to Xp11–q13, Xcen-q22, and Xp11–q22. The smallest region of overlap from these studies is Xcen-q13. By using a series of somatic cell hybrid mapping panels and a rat connexin32 cDNA probe, we have localized the human GJB1 locus to a much smaller region in proximal Xq13.1, in interval 8, as described by Lafreniere et al. (8).
Discovery of Sparse Contextual Relationships for Activity Recognition in Continuous Videos

Recent trends in activity recognition have shown that structured learning methods are useful in modeling spatio-temporal relationships, often termed as context in continuous videos. However, learning an efficient set of relationships or an ideal structure for representation of context in these videos still remains a challenging problem. While a continuous video consists of several activities, the contextual relationships between these activities are relatively sparse. We propose a method which aims to discover these sparse relationships using an L1-regularization based automatic structure discovery of a graphical model representing the video. We propose a 2-layered graphical model, where the lower level models feature information and the higher level models spatiotemporal context. The features are modeled using space-time interest points, while the relationships between activities are modeled using an undirected graphical model. Sparsity is imposed on the edges of the graph so as to model a sparse set of relationships. Experiments have been conducted on complex activity recognition datasets to demonstrate the superior performance of our approach in classification of continuous activities.
Effects of high and low glycemic load meals on energy intake, satiety and hunger in obese Hispanic-American youth.

AbstractSome short-term pediatric studies have suggested beneficial effects of low glycemic load (LGL) meals on feelings of hunger and on energy intake. However, the effects of LGL diets have not been systematically studied in obese Hispanic children, who stand to benefit from successful interventions. Objective. To examine the effects of LGL and high-GL (HGL) meals on appetitive responses and ad libitum energy intake of obese Hispanic youth. Methods. A total of 88 obese Hispanic youth aged 7–15 years were enrolled in a community-based obesity intervention program and randomly assigned to consume meals designed as either LGL (n = 45) or HGL (n = 43). After 12 weeks, participants were admitted for a 24-hour metabolic study. Following the morning test meal, subjects serially reported hunger, fullness, and satiety using a visual analog scale. Blood insulin and glucose were measured. After 5 hours, participants were fed another test meal and given a snack platter from which to eat ad libitum. All test food wa...
The effects of organic solvents on Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III.

Abstract The polymerizing ability of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III is enchanced by a variety of water-miscible organic solvents of which dimethyl sulfoxide at 17% (v/v) is the most effective tested. The extent of stimulation depends on the organic solvent used and its concentration, but shows no obvious correlation with the chemical structure of the solvent or its dielectric constant. Kinetic studies indicate that the mechanism of stimulation is complex.