cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral momentum and accumulation of mass in multiple schedules.

Behavioral momentum theory suggests that the relation between a discriminative-stimulus situation and reinforcers obtained in that context (i.e., the Pavlovian stimulus–reinforcer relation) governs persistence of operant behavior. Within the theory, a mass-like aspect of behavior has been shown to be a power function of predisruption reinforcement rates. Previous investigations of resistance to change in multiple schedules, however, have been restricted to examining response persistence following protracted periods of stability in reinforcer rates within a discriminative situation. Thus, it is unclear how long a stimulus–reinforcer relation must be in effect prior to disruption in order to affect resistance to change. The present experiment examined resistance to change of pigeon’s key pecking following baseline conditions where reinforcer rates that were correlated with discriminative-stimulus situations changed. Across conditions, one multiple-schedule component arranged either relatively higher rates or lower rates of variable-interval food delivery, while the other component arranged the opposite rate. These schedules alternated between multiple-schedule components across blocks of sessions such that reinforcer rates in the components were held constant for 20, 5, 3, 2, or 1 session(s) between alternations. Resistance to extinction was higher in the component that most recently was associated with higher rates of food delivery in all conditions except when schedules alternated daily or every other day. These data suggest that resistance to change in multiple schedules is related to recently experienced reinforcer rates but only when multiple-schedule components are associated with specific reinforcer rates for several sessions.
Early bone marrow involvement by mantle cell lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 45-year-old male presented to his primary care physician with epiphora. Examination identified bilateral conjunctival masses comprising CD20+ B lymphocytes expressing CD5, BCL2, and cyclin D1. A diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma was rendered. Staging positron emission
A tight coupling between β2Y97 and β2F200 of the GABAA receptor mediates GABA binding

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 283–293. Abstract The GABAA receptor is an oligopentameric chloride channel that is activated via conformation changes induced upon the binding of the endogenous ligand, GABA, to the extracellular inter-subunit interfaces. Although dozens of amino acid residues at the α/β interface have been implicated in ligand binding, the structural elements that mediate ligand binding and receptor activation are not yet fully described. In this study, double-mutant cycle analysis was employed to test for possible interactions between several arginines (α1R67, α1R120, α1R132, and β2R207) and two aromatic residues (β2Y97 and β2F200) that are present in the ligand-binding pocket and are known to influence GABA affinity. Our results show that neither α1R67 nor α1R120 is functionally coupled to either of the aromatics, whereas a moderate coupling exists between α1R132 and both aromatic residues. Significant functional coupling between β2R207 and both β2Y97 and β2F200 was found. Furthermore, we identified an even stronger coupling between the two aromatics, β2Y97 and β2F200, and for the first time provided direct evidence for the involvement of β2Y97 and β2F200 in GABA binding. As these residues are tightly linked, and mutation of either has similar, severe effects on GABA binding and receptor kinetics, we believe they form a single functional unit that may directly coordinate GABA.
Generalization of the three-term recurrence formula and its applications

The history of linear di erential equations is over 350 years. By using Frobenius method and putting the power series expansion into linear di erential equations, the recursive relation of coe cients starts to appear. There can be between two and infinity number of coe cients in the recurrence relation in the power series expansion. During this period mathematicians developed analytic solutions of only two term recursion relation in closed forms. Currently the analytic solution of three term recurrence relation is unknown. In this paper I will generalize the three term recurrence relation in the linear di erential equation. This paper is 2nd out of 10 in series “Special functions and three term recurrence formula (3TRF).” The next paper in series deals with the power series expansion in closed forms of Heun function [13]. The rest of the papers in the series show how to solve mathematical equations having three term recursion relations and go on producing the exact solutions of some of the well known special functions including: Mathieu, Heun, Biconfluent Heun and Lame equations. See section 7 for all the papers and short descriptions in the series.
PATTERNS IN THE LIVES OF TEXTS

What do Sikhs mean when they say that the Guru Granth Sahib lives? Taking a comparative approach, this article compares the lived religious practices and traditions that constitute the lives of three religious texts. Cross-cultural patterns emerge when comparing ritual uses and conceptions of the I-Ching, the Torah and the Guru Granth Sahib. These patterns reveal similar strategies for interpreting and relating to texts understood to be alive. At the same time, the cross-cultural patterns demonstrate the ways in which understanding a text to be alive depends on culturally and religiously specific metaphysics, practices and definitions of life. Going beyond a biological definition of life, these patterns demonstrate the complexities involved in defining what it means to live in a religious community.
Cleavage of Bax to p18 Bax accelerates stress-induced apoptosis and a cathepsin-like protease may rapidly degrade p18 Bax

Bax is cleaved by calpain at aspartate 33 (Asp33) to yield p18 Bax during stress-induced apoptosis. To assess the role of p18 Bax in apoptosis, an ecdysone-inducible expression system was generated. Similar levels of wild-type (WT) and noncleavable Asp33Ala (Asp-->Ala) Bax are induced in 293 cells while expression of N-terminal-deleted p18 (Delta1-33) Bax remains low (20% of full-length p21 Bax) due to a reduced half-life (2 hours versus 12 hours for p21 Bax) resulting from increased sensitivity to cathepsin-like proteolytic degradation. Expression of p18 Bax is enhanced to levels comparable to p21 Bax when induction is carried out in the presence of cathepsin inhibitors, Z-Phe-Gly-NHO-Bz or N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-Met-CHO. Compared with WT Bax, expression of similar levels of p18 Bax and, surprisingly, Asp33Ala Bax more potently induces apoptosis as indicated by increased cytochrome c release, caspase-9/-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation, potentially due to their increased homo-oligomerization in mitochondrial membranes. Studies in A-549, U-937, K-562, and HL-60 cells confirm that inhibition of Bax cleavage results in 25% to 35% reduction of drug-induced apoptosis, while inhibition of p18 Bax degradation enhances apoptosis by 25% to 40%. Results indicate that although cleavage to p18 Bax is not required for Bax to initiate apoptosis, p18 Bax potently accelerates the apoptotic process.
Outcome after successful resuscitation of babies born with Apgar scores of 0 at both 1 and 5 minutes

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the outcome of infants who underwent successful resuscitation after initial Apgar scores of 0 at both 1 and 5 minutes. Study Design: Eligible infants were identified through the perinatal database at the University of Tennessee, Memphis. Hospital records and long-term outcomes, where available, of babies who met the above criteria occurring between January 1986 and February 1999 were reviewed. Results: Thirty-three of 81,603 infants (0.4/1000 births) met our study criteria. Twenty-two (67%) babies died during hospitalization. Mortality decreased significantly from 100% for babies with a birth weight of P = .03). All 6 babies delivered before 26 weeks' gestation died. The incidence of 10-minute Apgar scores >0 was significantly higher among survivors than among those who subsequently died (82% vs 33%, P Conclusion: Survival in babies born with 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores of 0 is predicted by birth weight, gestational age, and 10-minute Apgar score. Long-term sequelae are common but not ensured. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1210-4.)
Insulin-stimulated fluid-phase pinocytosis and internalization of the insulin receptor: Differences between the U-937 monocyte and rat adipocyte

Abstract U-937 monocytes, a human cell line, respond acutely to insulin by internalization of the insulin receptor and acceleration of fluid-phase pinocytosis. In the present studies, both processes were shown to require energy and both were dependent on the number of insulin receptors. Monocytes with a reduced number of insulin receptors, ie, down-regulated by a 16-hour insulin treatment, had a markedly reduced response to insulin-stimulation of pinocytosis and a decrease in the amount of insulin receptors internalized. This latter feature resulted, however, from the reduction in the cellular content of insulin receptors. The proportion of receptor internalized during a 30-minute acute treatment with insulin (eg, 59% of the cell surface receptors) was slightly greater than the proportion internalized in control cells. Therefore, down-regulation does not selectively destroy receptors that cycle, leaving only a subpopulation of receptors anchored in the membrane. Apparently, there is only one population of insulin receptors, all of which are equally competent with respect to internalization. Although these results suggest a close relationship between pinocytosis and receptor internalization, it was possible to separate the two systems. The addition of poly- l -lysine produced a marked stimulation of fluid-phase pinocytosis in the absence of any increase in insulin receptor internalization. Thus, movement of the receptor into the internal pool requires more than an increase in the rate of pinocytosis. Rat adipocytes were also studied, and the results differed in several aspects from those of U-937 monocytes. Although insulin stimulated adipocyte receptor internalization, it did not increase fluid-phase pinocytosis. Also, energy depletion itself increased receptor internalization. Thus, even though both cell types undergo accelerated receptor cycling during acute insulin stimulation, the molecular events responsible for this phenomenon differ at some step in the overall process. These studies also show that an increased rate of pinocytosis is of itself not enough to cause an enhanced movement of the insulin receptor to internal pools.
Affinity chromatographic screening of soluble combinatorial peptide libraries

Affinity chromatography using immobilized S-protein was used for the screening of affinity peptide ligands from two soluble peptide libraries. Peptide library I consisted of octamers with glycine (G) at both termini of each peptide, i.e. GXXXXXXG. The six center positions were constructed using random sequences of six L-amino acids (Y, N, F, E, V, and L). Peptide library II also consisted of octamers but with glycine and valine (V) at both termini of each peptide (GVZZZZVG). The four variable center positions of peptide library II were random sequences of 18 L-amino acids. Peptides that were retained specifically on the immobilized S-protein column were eluted by 2% acetic acid. The peptides in the acid eluate were further separated using reversed-phase HPLC. Each separated peptide fraction was collected and the peptide sequences deconvoluted by mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The screenings of peptide libraries I and II resulted in 12 and 7 affinity peptides, respectively. Eight out of the twelve peptides from peptide library I contained the clear consensus sequence NFEV. Peptide library II resulted in affinity peptides with the sequences GVNFEVVG, GVNFTVVG and GVFFEL(I)VG. The advantages and limitations of affinity chromatography in peptide library screening are discussed.
An Evaluation of a Family Strengthening Program for Substance Abuse Offenders

Family strengthening programs have been shown to be effective in preventing many types of problems with children. This study expands on prior research by evaluating the effectiveness of a family st...
Electrophilic halogens as potentially toxic metabolites of halogenated compounds

Abstract Many drugs, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and solvents contain aliphatic carbon-halogen bonds. Although it was once thought that such bonds were not broken appreciably in the body, it is now known that enzymatic dehalogenations may occur by several different mechanisms. These reactions include nucleophilic substitutions with glutathione, oxidations, and reductions. These reactions frequently lead to reactive intermediates, which in several cases appear to be responsible, at least in part for the toxicity seen after exposure to the parent halogenated compound. The object of this review is to describe a recently observed pathway of metabolism of halogenated compounds which involves the formation of novel electrophilic halogen metabolites.
Barbiturate withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice

C57BL/6J male mice rendered physically dependent on phenobarbital exhibited significantly lower whole-brain and serum-magnesium concentrations than did control mice. The symptoms of phenobarbital withdrawal were remarkably similar to those seen in magnesium-deficient mice exposed to a low-magnesium diet without drug exposure. These findings suggest that brain magnesium deficits produced by chronic phenobarbital withdrawal could contribute to the observed phenobarbital withdrawal syndrome. Administration of MgSO4 during withdrawal significantly reduced the incidence of tonic-clonic and lethal tonic seizures.
The response of Ammophila breviligulata and Spartina patens (Poaceae) to grazing by feral horses on a dynamic mid-atlantic barrier island

Ammophila breviligulata, American beachgrass, and Spartina patens, salt meadow hay, have been grazed by feral horses on the dunes of Assateague Island for hundreds of years; however, because of a significant increase in the horse population since the 1960s, overgrazing and dune erosion have become, problems. Grazing was assessed on foredunes of four different morphologies along a 21-km stretch of the Maryland portion of the island using 17 exclosure plot pairs. In addition to decreased cover and biomass of the two species, plant structure was significantly affected by grazing. Leaf length and width, stem diameter, and stem density of A. breviligulata and stem diameter of S. patens were reduced in the grazed plots. Especially sensitive to grazing were reproductive characteristics. Percentage of plants in flower, height of flowering stems, and inflorescence length were all significantly reduced by grazing (nongrazed individuals measured). Species composition was not affected by horse accessibility.
Automated brain segmentation using neural networks

Automated methods to delineate brain structures of interest are required to analyze large amounts of imaging data like that being collected in several on going multi-center studies. We have previously reported on using artificial neural networks (ANN) to define subcortical brain structures such as the thalamus (0.825), caudate (0.745), and putamen (0.755). One of the inputs into the ANN is the apriori probability of a structure existing at a given location. In this previous work, the apriori probability information was generated in Talairach space using a piecewise linear registration. In this work we have increased the dimensionality of this registration using Thirion's demons registration algorithm. The input vector consisted of apriori probability, spherical coordinates, and an iris of surrounding signal intensity values. The output of the neural network determined if the voxel was defined as one of the N regions used for training. Training was performed using a standard back propagation algorithm. The ANN was trained on a set of 15 images for 750,000,000 iterations. The resulting ANN weights were then applied to 6 test images not part of the training set. Relative overlap calculated for each structure was 0.875 for the thalamus, 0.845 for the caudate, and 0.814 for the putamen. With the modifications on the neural net algorithm and the use of multi-dimensional registration, we found substantial improvement in the automated segmentation method. The resulting segmented structures are as reliable as manual raters and the output of the neural network can be used without additional rater intervention.
A possible role of hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenic symptomatology.

Abstract The author proposes a pathogenesis for the bizaare, repetitive behaviors frequently seen in deteriorated schizophrenics, i.e., polydipsia, hoarding, pacing, etc. It is argued that such behaviors may have a neurobiology similar to schedule-induced behaviors or incentive-conditioned behaviors described in animal models, which involve the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and the neurotransmitter dopamine. Such behaviors are augmented by hippocampal lesions, stress, increased drive state, or dopaminergic agents, and reduced by 6-OH dopamine lesions to nucleus accumbens or antipsychotic agents. These repetitive behaviors may reflect the failure of hippocampus to modulate the impact of mesolimbic dopaminergic activity on the nucleus accumbens and thus on motor behavior. Such a hypothesis is consistent with a growing body of neuropathological and brain imaging results demonstrating hippocampal lesions in chronic schizophrenics.
NEW CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE ONAGRACEAE

Material of a large number of species belonging to the Onagraceae has been collected since I926 for morphological and cytological study, the immediate aim being to investigate certain morphological characteristics and the ultimate purpose to provide facts additional to the ordinary taxonomical details for a phylogenetic scheme for the family, as well as for the individual genera. Since it may be some time before detailed studies on this material can be published, certain observations in regard to the numbers of chromosomes, and on certain variations therein, in hitherto unreported species, may be useful to other workers on the family.
Thermal Protection System for Underwater Use in Cold and Hot Water

Underwater workers, sport and military divers, are exposed to thermal stress since most of the waters of the world are below or above what is thermally neutral. Although divers wear insulation suits for passive thermal protection they are inadequate. Active heating is currently accomplished by resistive heating and open flow tubes delivering hot water; however, these methods are problematic. The challenge of this project was to design, build and test an active diver thermal protection system (DTPS) to be used with wet suit insulation that is effective, user-friendly, reliable, and that could be used by a free-swimming diver. The DTPS has a minimum number of moving parts, is low maintenance, has no unsafe or toxic working fluid and uses no consumables except a safe, high density, modular electrical power source. A portable and swimmable, self-contained, electrically powered unit (DTPS) has been designed, built, and tested that produces and circulates thermally conditioned water in a closed-loop through a zoned tube suit worn by a diver under a wetsuit to maintain skin and body core temperatures within prescribed safe limits. The system has been validated by using physiological data taken on human subjects over a wide range of ambient water temperatures. Corresponding enthalpy and electrical power measurements were used as the basis of a thermodynamic analysis. The DTPS maintained skin and body core temperatures within safe and functional ranges by providing up to about 200 W of heating in cold water and up to about 330 W of cooling in hot water. The corresponding electrical power consumption was up to about 300 W in cold water and up to about 1500 W in hot water. The results of a complete audit of the power use and heat transfer are presented along with the efficiency of the thermoelectric heating/cooling modules and the duty cycle of the system for a range of water immersion temperatures from 10°C to 39°C. The DTPS proved to be an effective and reliable apparatus for diver thermal protection in water temperatures from 10°C to 39°C, which covers most of the range of the earth's waters. The data presented here can be used to modify the design of the DTPS to meet specific needs of the diving community.
Considerations in the role of male circumcision in the prevention of HIV transmission in the USA

Male circumcision (MC) has been associated with a reduced risk for female–male HIV transmission in observational and ecological studies, as well as clinical trials. Three recent randomized, controlled trials in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated a 50–60% reduction in HIV incidence among men randomized to circumcision compared with uncircumcised men. In 2007, WHO/UNAIDS recommended that MC be recognized as an additional efficacious intervention to prevent sexual transmission of HIV from women to men. This article reviews information on the potential role of MC for HIV prevention in the USA where, compared with the African clinical trial countries, the prevalence of HIV infection is lower, the main route of HIV transmission is male–male sex rather than heterosexual sex and the prevalence of MC is higher.
An actuator-disk model for azimuthally nonuniform MPD arcs.

Recent experiments have shown that, under some conditions of operation, the current pattern in an MPD arc is azimuthally nonuniform and rotates with a constant angular velocity, which increases with current and applied magnetic field but decreases with propellant mass flow rate. A model for such a flow is proposed which is based on the physical assumption that the current flows in a single column and upon the mathematical assumption that azimuthal averages of mass, momentum, and energy fluxes are time-in variant. The model is thus analogous to the actuator disk model, which describes the flow induced by a propeller. Additional hypotheses are made concerning flow properties and arc motion which are based on a limited experimental and theoretical understanding of magnetically balanced arc columns. A dimensionless correlation of all existing experimental measurements is derived and a criterion for the existence of current spokes is suggested.
A Weak Embrace: Popular and Scholarly Depictions of Single‐Parent Families, 1900 – 1998

The growth of single-parent families constitutes one of the most dramatic and most studied social changes of the 20th century. Evolving attitudes toward these families have received less attention. This paper explores depictions of these families in representative samples of popular magazine (N = 474) and social science journal (N = 202) articles. Critical depictions of divorce plummeted between 1900 and 1998, a trend stemming not from any increase in favorable depictions but from the virtual disappearance of normative debate. Such de facto acceptance did not extend to nonmarital childbearing, however, depictions of which were almost as likely to be critical at the century’s end as at its beginning. These trends illustrate Americans’ ambivalent embrace of single-parent families as a reality but not an ideal.
Nature of ordering in Potts spin glasses.

The zero-temperature scaling approach is applied to the three-state Potts spin glass. Our results suggest that the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J model has a lower critical dimensionality greater than 3, whereas for the Gaussian model this dimensionality is slightly less than 3. The T=0 scaling exponents are estimated in D=2 and 3. The results are based mostly on exact transfer-matrix calculations and on a Monte Carlo quenching procedure.
Hydrolytic and Radiolytic Degradation of Oφd(iB)Cmpo: Continuing Studies

Abstract The hydrolytic and radiolytic degradation of octyl(phenyl)-N, N-diisobutylcarbamoyl-methylphosphine oxide (CMPO) in tetrachloro-ethylene (TCE) and in tributylphosphate-TCE mixtures (TRUEX process solvent) in contact with HNO3 has been investigated. Gas chroma-tographic analysis of the degraded solutions has allowed identification and quantitation of a variety of organophosphorus degradation compounds derived from CMPO. The effect of degradation of the extractant solutions on the extraction and stripping of americium has been addressed, as has the effectiveness of Na2CO3 scrub procedures for restoring extractant performance. Extrapolation of these results to normal process application conditions indicates that neither hydrolysis nor radiolysis should compromise the americium extraction performance of TRUEX-TCE.
Early Clinical Markers for the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Soluble E-Selectin and ICAM-1

Objective. To test the hypothesis that in infants born at ≤29 weeks9 gestation soluble adhesion molecule concentrations would be higher in the first week of life in infants that subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia than in infants that do not. Design and Methods. In cord blood and on days of life 1, 3, and 7, we measured serum concentrations of soluble P-Selectin, E-Selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in samples obtained from infants ≤29 weeks9 gestational age. At 1 month of age we assessed the infants9 clinical courses to determine whether the infants met the criteria for the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and evaluated the infants9 radiographic studies to stage the level of BPD. On discharge, the duration of oxygen therapy, the requirement for home oxygen therapy, and length of hospital stay were determined. Results. Concentrations of soluble P-Selectin were greatest in cord blood samples obtained from all infants and were markedly reduced on day of life 1, regardless of the subsequent development of BPD. In serum samples obtained from cord blood and on days of life 1 and 3, soluble E-Selectin levels were higher in infants that developed BPD than in infants that did not develop BPD. In addition, the highest concentrations of soluble E-Selectin in serum samples from cord blood and on day of life 1 were associated with the development of stage 3 or 4 BPD. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 concentrations were higher on days of life 3 and 7 in the infants that went on to develop BPD than in those that did not. Conclusions. Because neutrophil attachment to endothelial cell adhesion molecules is a key event in the initiation of an inflammatory response, the association of higher early concentrations of soluble E-Selectin with the development of BPD suggests that E-Selectin may play a key role in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation and the development of BPD. This association also suggests that inflammatory events or effects leading to inflammatory responses occurring in the prenatal and/or very early perinatal periods contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of BPD.
Perceptual grouping in change detection.

Detection of an item’s changing of its location from one instance to another is typically unaffected by changes in the shape or color of contextual items. However, we demonstrate here that such location change detection is severely impaired if the elongated axes of contextual items change orientation, even though individual locations remain constant and even though the orientation was irrelevant to the task. Changing the orientations of the elongated stimuli altered the perceptual organization of the display, which had an important influence on change detection. In detecting location changes, subjects were unable to ignore changes in orientation unless additional, invariant grouping cues were provided or unless the items changing orientation could be actively ignored using feature-based attention (color cues). Our results suggest that some relational grouping cues are represented in change detection even when they are task irrelevant.
Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA Polymerase Dpo4 Is Partially Inhibited by “Wobble” Pairing between O6-Methylguanine and Cytosine, but Accurate Bypass Is Preferred

Abstract We examined the effect of a single O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) template residue on catalysis by a model Y family polymerase, Dpo4 from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Mass spectral analysis of Dpo4-catalyzed extension products revealed that the enzyme accurately bypasses O6-MeG, with C being the major product (∼70%) and T or A being the minor species (∼20% or ∼10%, respectively), consistent with steady-state kinetic parameters. Transient-state kinetic experiments revealed that kpol, the maximum forward rate constant describing polymerization, for dCTP incorporation opposite O6-MeG was ∼6-fold slower than observed for unmodified G, and no measurable product was observed for dTTP incorporation in the pre-steady state. The lack of any structural information regarding how O6-MeG paired in a polymerase active site led us to perform x-ray crystallographic studies, which show that “wobble” pairing occurs between C and O6-MeG. A structure containing T opposite O6-MeG was solved, but much of the ribose and pyrimidine base density was disordered, in accordance with a much higher Km,dTTP that drives the difference in efficiency between C and T incorporation. The more stabilized C:O6-MeG pairing reinforces the importance of hydrogen bonding with respect to nucleotide selection within a geometrically tolerant polymerase active site.
Predictors and Outcomes of Seizures After Cardiac Surgery: A Multivariable Analysis of 2,578 Patients

Background Limited data exist regarding the epidemiology and prognosis of seizures in adults after cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to define preoperative predictors of seizures and impact on postoperative outcomes. Methods A prospective database of 2,578 consecutive adults who underwent cardiac surgery at a single institution between April 2007 and December 2009 was retrospectively analyzed to determine risk factors for postoperative seizures and prognostic impact. No patient received tranexamic acid or aprotinin. Results Seizures occurred in 31 patients (1%) at a median of 2 days postoperatively (1 patient had a preoperative diagnosis of seizure disorder). Seizures were classified as generalized tonic-clonic (71%), simple/complex partial (26%), or status epilepticus (3%). Incidence differed according to procedure (coronary bypass 0.1%, isolated valve 1%, valve/coronary bypass 3%, aorta 5%; p Conclusions Seizures in adults after cardiac surgery are strong independent predictors of permanent neurologic deficit and increased operative mortality. Early head computed tomography may be indicated to identify treatable pathology.
ROLE OF THE GENETIC MESSAGE IN POLYRIBOSOME FUNCTION.

Studies of the properties of polyribosomes from puromycin-treated rabbit reticulocytes have supplied confirming evidence for the dynamic model of polyribosome function. A net, orderly increase of polyribosomes has been shown to occur in the cell-free system by attachment of monomeric ribosomes to the genetic message at the codon corresponding to the N-terminal amino acid of globin. Ribosomes which lose their growing peptide chain at any point along the messenger RNA can initiate a new chain at that point, and these incomplete chains can be released when the ribosome reaches the end of the genetic message. Thus we conclude that: (1) a polypeptide chain is normally initiated only at the N-terminal amino acid because an 80 s ribosome can attach only at the corresponding point on the messenger; (2) for release of a peptide chain it is both necessary and sufficient that the ribosome reach the end of the genetic message. The effect of puromycin on polyribosomes is not a direct one caused by the release of the growing peptide chain by puromycin, for the release can occur under conditions where the polyribosomal structures are unaffected by puromycin. While the synthesis of only a few peptide bonds will suffice for chain release by puromycin, much more extensive peptide bond formation must continue for puromycin to accelerate polyribosome breakdown. The action of puromycin is discussed in relation to modulation of the rate of protein synthesis, and it is proposed that the effect of puromycin on polyribosomes is due to an increased rate of travel of ribosomes along the genetic message.
Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior.

Two studies examine complementarity (vs. mimicry) of dominant and submissive nonverbal behaviors. In the first study, participants interacted with a confederate who displayed either dominance (through postural expansion) or submission (through postural constriction). On average, participants exposed to a dominant confederate decreased their postural stance, whereas participants exposed to a submissive confederate increased their stance. Further, participants with complementing responses (dominance in response to submission and submission in response to dominance) liked their partner more and were more comfortable than those who mimicked. In the second study, complementarity and mimicry were manipulated, and complementarity resulted in more liking and comfort than mimicry. The findings speak to the likelihood of hierarchical differentiation.
Priming for Better Performance in Microtask Crowdsourcing Environments

Although microtask platforms are desirable for their speed, scalability, and low cost, task performance varies greatly. Many researchers have focused on improving the quality of the work performed on such platforms. Priming uses implicit mechanisms to induce observable changes in behavior. Although priming has been effective in the laboratory, its use hasn't been explored extensively in software design, perhaps because the effects are often short-lived. In the context of microtask crowdsourcing environments, however, where tasks are short and circumscribed, temporary priming effects can lead to significant performance gains.
Integrating design and simulation into a computer architecture course

This paper describes our experiences with closed laboratories in a computer architecture course and highlights the development of a capstone project. We advocate the use of software as a cost effective means of supporting analysis, design, and experimentation. Improvements to the course in regards to content, environment for learning, student perception, skills accomplished and retained, and instructor involvement are outlined. Several labs are summarized, including the capstone project tying together all aspects of machine organization. We conclude that integrating design education into computer science with the logic simulator lab approach is worthy of our continued efforts.
MEXICAN‐AMERICAN WIVES' SATISFACTION WITH RESOURCE USE AS INFLUENCED BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

The employment status of 356 Mexican-American wives was examined in relation to availability and usage of family resources and to quality of life. More similarities than differences by employment status were found in satisfaction with resource management. Nevertheless, full-time homemakers were more satisfied with discretionary time, amount and quality of work accomplished at home, and friendships than were full- or part-time employed wives. Employed wives perceived their family income as more adequate than non-employed wives but were not significantly more satisfied with the standard of living resulting from this income. Wives were generally satisfied with their family life and overall quality of life regardless of employment status.
Modeling for deformable mirrors and the adaptive-optics optimization program

We discuss aspects of adaptive optics optimization for large fusion laser systems such as the 192-arm National Ignition Facility (NIF) at LLNL. By way of example, we considered the discrete actuator deformable mirror and Hartmann sensor system used on the Beamlet laser. Beamlet is a single-aperture prototype of the 11-0-5 slab amplifier design for NIF, and so we expect similar optical distortion levels and deformable mirror correction requirements. We are now in the process of developing a numerically efficient object oriented C++ language implementation of our adaptive optics and wavefront sensor code, but this code is not yet operational. Results are based instead on the prototype algorithms, coded-up in an interpreted array processing computer language.
Evidence from mineral assemblages for infiltration of pelitic schists by aqueous fluids during metamorphism

Prograde mineral assemblages and compositions have been predicted for pelitic schist in the 10 component system Na2O−K2O−CaO−MnO−FeO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2−CO2−H2O for three cases of prograde metamorphism and fluid-rock interaction: (1) increasing temperature (T) at constant pressure (P) and constant pore fluid volume (1%) without infiltration (no-infiltration case); (2) increasing T at constant P accompanied by sufficient fluid infiltration that fluid composition is at all times constant (large-flux case); and (3) increasing T at constantP accompanied by a timeintegrated fluid flux f 104 cm3 cm 2 (intermediate-flux case). Stable mineral assemblages and compositions were calculated by solving a system of non-linear equations that specify mass balance and chemical equilibrium between minerals and fluid. The model pelitic system includes quartz, muscovite, plagioclasc, chlorite, ankerite, siderite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, K-feldspar, and a coexisting, binary H2O−CO2 fluid. Specifically, prograde thermal metamorphism was modelled for Shaw's (1956) average low-grade pelite and for a moderate range of bulk rock compositions at P=3, 5, and 7 kb and initial fluids with Xco 2 o =0.02–0.40. The model predicts a carbonate-bearing mineral assemblage for average pelite under chlorite zone conditions composed of quartz, muscovite, albite, chlorite, ankerite, and siderite. The mineral assemblages predicted for the noinfiltration case are unlike those typically observed in regional metamorphic terranes. Simulations of metamorphism for the large-flux and intermediate-flux cases, however, reproduce the sequence of mineral assemblages observed in normal Barrovian regional metamorphic terranes. These results suggest that regional metamorphism of pelitic schists is typically associated with infiltration of significant quantities of aqueous fluid.
In vitro effects of adenosine deaminase inhibitors on lymphocyte mitogen responsiveness in the mouse.

Abstract The effects of two adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme inhibitors, EHNA and 2′dCF, were examined on mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis in mice. The proliferative response of spleen cells stimulated with PHA was more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of 2′dCF than was the proliferative response to Con A, 78 and 39% inhibition, respectively. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing concentrations of 2′dCF up to a concentration of 1.0 μ M and then plateaued. A dose-related inhibitory effect of EHNA was observed with both PHA and Con A-induced spleen cell mitogenesis. No differences in the susceptibility to EHNA were observed for the two mitogens. EHNA had little inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced mitogenic response of spleen cells. Moreover, at low concentrations of EHNA (0.1–20 μ M ), an augmentation in the proliferative response to LPS was observed which was eliminated by removing T cells from the spleen cell suspension by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 and complement. In contrast, 2′dCF produced 50% inhibition at 50 μ M concentrations. The effect of these ADA inhibitors was also tested on thymocyte subpopulations separated by peanut agglutination (PNA) and cortisone treatment (CRT). The less mature cortical thymocytes (PNA + ) were more susceptible to ADA inhibition by 2′dCF and EHNA than the more mature medullary thymocytes (PNA − , CRT). These results demonstrate that the susceptibility of thymocyte subpopulations to ADA inhibitors changes with different stages of maturation. The spleen cell studies suggest that there are two subpopulations of mitogen responsive T cells, one which is relatively sensitive and the other resistant to the inhibitory effects of 2′dCF. ADA inhibitors, especially 2′dCF, may be useful tools to better define lymphocyte subpopulations and to study lymphocyte differentiation and cellular interactions.
Alteration of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism in rat brain slices by halothane.

— 1 Metabolism of [2-14C]pyruvate, [1-14C]acetate and [5-14C]citrate in the rat cerebral cortex slices was studied in the presence of halothane. Metabolites assayed include acetylcholine (ACh), citrate, glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and aspartate. The trichloroacetic acid soluble extract, the trichloroacetic acid insoluble precipitate and its lipid extract were also studied. 2 In control experiments, pyruvate preferentially labelled ACh, citrate, glutamate, GABA and aspartate. Acetate labeled ACh, but to a lesser extent than pyruvate. Acetate also labeled lipids and glutamine. Citrate labeled lipids but not ACh and served as a preferential precursor for glutamine. These data support a three-compartment model for cerebral tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism. 3 Halothane caused increases in GABA and aspartate contents and a decrease in ACh content. It has no effect on the contents of citrate, glutamate and glutamine. 4 Halothane preferentially inhibited the metabolic transfer of radioactivity from pyruvate into almost all metabolites, an effect probably not related to pyruvate permeability. This is interpreted as halothane depression of the‘large metabolic compartment’ which includes the nerve endings. 5 Halothane increased the metabolic transfer of radioactivity from acetate into lipids but did not alter such a transfer into the trichloracetic acid extract. 6 Halothane increased the metabolic transfer of radioactivity from citrate into the trichloroacetic acid precipitate, lipids and especially glutamine. Transfer of citrate radioactivity into GABA was somewhat decreased. 7 The differential effects of halothane on acetate and citrate utilization suggest that the ‘small metabolic compartment’ should be subdivided. Therefore, at least three metabolic compartments are demonstrated. 8 Halothane did not interfere with the dicarboxylic acid portion of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Issues and challenges of double patterning lithography in DRAM

Double patterning lithography has been one of the candidates for sub-40nm patterning era, and has a lot of process issues to be confirmed. Last year, we presented the issues in double patterning lithography with a real flash gate pattern. Process flow was suggested and CD uniformity due to overlay was analyzed. And the layout decomposition and the two types of double patterning of positive and negative tone were studied with 1-dimensional pattern. In this paper, the implementation to DRAM patterns is examined, which consist of 2-dimensional patterns. Double patterning methods and the selection of their tone for each layer are studied, and the difficulties from the randomness of core pattern are also considered. As a result, DRAM patterns have more restrictions on the double patterning method and selection of tone, and the aggressive layout decomposition should be designed to solve the difficulty in core patterning. Therefore, 37nm DRAM layout can be patterned and the overlay control and cost still remain as dominant obstacles.
Obstructive Lung Disease and α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Gene Heterozygosity

The phenotypes of serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin were determined by antigenantibody crossed electrophoresis. There were five homozygotes and 25 heterozygotes for the deficiency gene found in a group of 103 patients with obstructive lung disease. The frequency of heterozygotes was 14 and 9 percent in two control groups with different mean ages of 36 and 80. There was only one heterozygote among 39 healthy males over 70 years of age. Heterozygosity may be a predisposing factor in chronic obstructive lung disease, especially in the male population.
Effect of Acute Alcohol Administration on TNF‐α Binding to Neutrophils and Isolated Liver Plasma Membranes

The mechanisms underlying the effects of alcohol (ethanol, ETOH) on host defense are poorly understood. ETOH modulation of the cytokine regulatory network is one possible way by which ETOH could alter nonspecific immune function. In this study we examined the ability of acute alcohol intoxication to alter lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha binding to neutrophils and isolated liver plasma membranes. Rats were injected intravenously with a primed constant infusion of ETOH for 7 hr to maintain blood ETOH concentration at approximately 35 mM. Four hours after the start of ETOH infusion, the animals received intravenously either sterile saline or LPS (100 micrograms/100 g body weight) and were sacrificed at the end of ETOH infusion. Blood neutrophils and liver plasma membranes were isolated, and TNF-alpha binding characteristics determined using recombinant human [125I]TNF-alpha. ETOH treatment alone induced a significant decrease (51%) of neutrophil Bmax for TNF-alpha, without affecting the cytokine binding to plasma membranes. LPS, with or without ETOH, significantly decreased (61%) neutrophil Bmax for TNF-alpha and increased (115%) its binding to liver plasma membranes. The KD values of binding to either neutrophils or liver plasma membranes were not altered by ETOH or LPS treatment of animals. By decreasing the cytokine binding to neutrophils, ETOH may impair the control exerted by TNF-alpha on cell function, thus damaging host defense.
Detection and delineation of critical areas using echelons and spatial scan statistics with synoptic cellular data

Geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation has become an important area of investigation both in geospatial ecosystem health and in geospatial public health. In order to find critical areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial ecosystem health investigations apply recently discovered echelon tools. In order to find elevated rate areas based on synoptic cellular data, geospatial public health investigations apply recently discovered spatial scan statistic tools. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a joint role for these together in the spirit of a cross-disciplinary cross-fertilization to accomplish more effective and efficient geographical surveillance for hotspot detection and delineation, and early warning system.
Some Effects of Irradiation on an Air-Blast Spark Gap

Effects of ultraviolet and radioisotope irradiation on the breakdown voltage of an air-blast gap have been measured. The type of gap selected for study simulates the control device incorporated in conventional spectrographic excitation sources. The effects of irradiation on the discharge characteristics of the air-blast gap were determined by exposing the gap to a quartz enclosed mercury arc and to the radiation from Radium D. There is found to be definite evidence that both ultraviolet and radioisotope radiations are effective stabilizers of gap breakdown voltage. The use of an irradiated air-blast gap should therefore be beneficial to precision spectrochemical analysis. The two types of radiation appear to be almost equally effective for this purpose.
Social influences and constraints on the initiation and cessation of adolescent tobacco use

This research examines the viability of a theoretical perspective which combines social bonding theory and differential association theory in explaining the initiation and cessation of adolescent tobacco use. Three-year panel data collected from seventh- to twelfth-grade adolescents were analyzed using differences in means tests and discriminant analysis. The findings indicate overall support for the theoretical model in discriminating between (1) initiators and stable nonsmokers and (2) cessators and stable smokers. However, there were some differences in the variables found to be important at each stage of adolescent smoking. Commitment to education, attachment to father and mother, and association with female smoking friends were the most effective discriminators for the initiation stage, while attachment to father, beliefs, and association with both male and female smoking friends were important for the cessation stage. Findings are also discussed for males and females and for junior and senior high-school adolescents.