cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial Focus: CFTR-dependent bicarbonate secretion by Calu-3 cells.

Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive multisystem disease caused by the severely impaired or absent function of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, CFTR. While CFTR is best recognized as a Cl‐ channel, impairment of CFTR‐dependent bicarbonate transport is increasingly recognized as a potentially key element in the pathophysiology of airways disease in CF. It is in this context that the discussed in this Editorial Focus by Huang, Kim, et al. has significant relevance to CF and our understanding of the pathophysiology of CF airway.
Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management From Emerging Adulthood Through Older Adulthood

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study of adults with type 1 diabetes was to analyze patterns of diabetes self-management behaviors and predictors of glycemic control across the adult life span. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was a secondary cross-sectional analysis of data of 7,153 adults enrolled in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry who were divided into four developmental stages (emerging, young, middle-aged, and older adults). Data were collected by questionnaire and medical record review at enrollment. Statistical analyses compared sociodemographic, clinical, and diabetes-related factors across groups. Logistic regressions were conducted for each group to identify factors associated with hemoglobin A 1c ≥7%. RESULTS The sample was divided according to adult developmental stage: emerging adults, age 18 to n = 2,478 [35%]); young adults, age 25 to n = 2,274 [32%]); middle-aged adults, age 45 to n = 1,868 [26%]); and older adults, age ≥65 years ( n = 533 [7%]). Emerging adults had the highest mean hemoglobin A 1c level (8.4 ± 1.7% [68 mmol/mol]), whereas older adults had the lowest level (7.3 ± 0.97% [56 mmol/mol]; P P 1c ≥7% in each age-group, but two factors were noted across several groups: the frequency of blood glucose checks and missed insulin doses. CONCLUSIONS When discussing diabetes self-management, providers may consider a patient’s developmental stage, with its competing demands (such as work and family), psychosocial adjustments, and the potential burden of comorbidities.
Stress Reactivity in Childhood and Adolescence

Numerous investigators have sought to measure cardiovascular reactivity (i.e., response to acute stress) in healthy individuals before manifestations of cardiovascular disease are apparent. In this light, cardiovascular reactivity could serve as either a marker or a mechanism for the development of essential hypertension or coronary disease. As a marker, hyperreactivity is conceptualized as a consequence of preexisting cardiovascular damage or of heightened sympathetic tone that results in vasoconstriction and/or excessive myocardial work (cardiac output). As a mechanism, hyperreactive peaks are thought to damage the intimal layer of arteries, resulting in arteriosclerosis and/or subsequent hypertension. An alternative hypothesis suggests that hyperreactive peaks cause greater release of mitogens, which result in hypertrophy of smooth muscles. Whether hyperreactivity is found to be a mechanism of essential hypertension evolution or a marker for future essential hypertension, further research is warranted. This association would allow detection of individuals at the highest risk, and, possibly, lead to primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The study of children and adolescents is extremely valuable because in these populations, cardiovascular disease is minimally present and potentially reversible.
Resonant Soft X-Ray Scattering Provides Protein Structure with Chemical Specificity

We introduce resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) as an approach to study the structure of proteins and other biological molecules in solution. Scattering contrast calculations suggest that RSoXS has comparable or even higher sensitivity than hard X-ray scattering because of contrast generated at the absorption edges of constituent elements, such as carbon and oxygen. Here, we demonstrate that working near the carbon edge reveals the envelope function of bovine serum albumin, using scattering volumes of 10-5 μL that are multiple orders of magnitude lower than traditional scattering experiments. Furthermore, tuning the X-ray energy within the carbon absorption edge provides different signatures of the size and shape of the protein by revealing the density of different types of bonding motifs within the protein. The combination of chemical specificity, smaller sample size, and enhanced X-ray contrast will propel RSoXS as a complementary tool to existing techniques for the study of biomolecular structure.
Pain assessment in the home. Part 2.

General Information Pain is usually a result of anoxia, inflammation, or the tearing or stretching of bone or soft tissue. To be successful, pain management must be tailored to the individual patient’s needs, which vary with diagnosis, stage of disease or type of disability, response to pain, personal preference, and cultural considerations. See the procedure for pain assessment in the previous edition of GN (May/June 2000) because a thorough pain assessment must precede intervention strategies.
Additive genetic variance for lifetime fitness and the capacity for adaptation in the wild

The immediate capacity for adaptation under current environmental conditions is directly proportional to the additive genetic variance for fitness, VA(W). Mean fitness, [W], is predicted to change at the rate [Formula], according to Fishers Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection. Despite ample research evaluating degree of local adaptation, direct assessment of VA(W) and the capacity for ongoing adaptation is exceedingly rare. We estimated VA(W) and total lifetime fitness in three pedigreed populations of the annual Chamaecrista fasciculata, over three consecutive years in the wild. Contrasting with prevailing expectations of minimal VA(W), we found significant VA(W) in all populations and years, predicting increased mean fitness (0.83 to 6.12 seeds per individual). Further, we identified two instances predicting "evolutionary rescue", where selection on standing VA(W) was expected to increase fitness of declining populations ([W] < 1.0) to levels consistent with population sustainability and growth. Within populations, interannual differences in the genetic expression of fitness were striking. Significant genotype-by-year interactions reflected modest correlations between breeding values across years (all r < 0.490), indicating temporally variable selection contributes to maintaining VA(W). By directly estimating VA(W) and total lifetime [W], our study presents an experimental approach for future studies of adaptive capacity in the wild.
Using Systems Engineering Ilities to Better Understand Resiliency

This paper examines how the systems engineering ilities, or nonfunctional attributes, of systems help to understand the concept of resiliency in engineered systems. For engineered systems, resiliency describes the ability of a system to react to and return to full function after an interruption to system operation. In some cases, the resiliency of a system may be measured in seconds, or it could be measured in years as is the case for several Department of Defense (DoD) systems this paper presents. The literature around resiliency of engineered systems provides a good definition and description for resiliency; however, it leaves an opportunity to research how to manage or achieve resiliency in a system. This work proposes an application of the ilities from the systems engineering literature to the concept of resiliency to understand how systems engineers can account for resiliency in the design process and incorporate resiliency into systems. To manage complexity and manage the nonfunctional attributes of systems, often referred to as the ilities, provide a means for systems engineers to communicate and account for these attributes that fall outside of a traditional functional decomposition for a system. Specifically, the ilities of quality, robustness, and agility assist systems engineers in understanding the components of resiliency. Additionally, the ilities of repairability, extensibility, flexibility, adaptability, and versatility provide means for systems to achieve robustness after a shock to the system. Finally, the paper presents proposed future work to continue to expand on this approach to better understand resiliency through the use of the systems engineering ilities.
Analytic orbit theory with any arbitrary spherical harmonic as the dominant perturbation

In the gravitational potential of Earth, the oblateness term is the dominant perturbation, with its coefficient at least three orders of magnitude greater than that of any other zonal or tesseral spherical harmonic. Therefore, analytic orbit theories (or satellite theories) are developed using the Keplerian Hamiltonian as the unperturbed solution, oblateness term as the first-order and the remaining spherical harmonics as the second-order perturbations. These orbit theories are generally constructed by applying multiple near-identity canonical transformations to the perturbed Hamiltonian in conjunction with averaging to obtain a secular Hamiltonian, from which the short-period and long-period terms are removed. If the oblateness term is the only first-order perturbation, then the long-period terms appear only in the second- or higher-order terms of the single-averaged Hamiltonian, from which the short-period terms are removed. These second-order long-period terms are separated from the Hamiltonian by the first-order generating function using a second canonical transformation. This results in a secular Hamiltonian dependent only on the momenta. However, in the case of other gravitational bodies with more deformed shapes compared to Earth such as moons and asteroids, the oblateness coefficient may have the same order of magnitude as some of the higher spherical harmonic coefficients. If these higher harmonics are treated as the first-order perturbation along with the oblateness term, then the long-period terms appear in the first-order single-averaged Hamiltonian. These first-order long-period terms cannot be separated using the generating function in the conventional way. This problem occurs because the zeroth-order Hamiltonian, i.e., the Keplerian part, is degenerate in the angular momentum. In this paper, a new approach to the long-period transformation is proposed to resolve this issue and obtain a fully analytic orbit theory when for the perturbing gravitational body, any arbitrary zonal or tesseral harmonic is the dominant perturbation. The proposed theory is closed form in the eccentricity as well. It is applied to predict the motion of artificial satellites for the two test cases: a lunar orbiter and a satellite of 433 Eros asteroid. The prediction accuracy is validated against the numerical propagation using a force model with $$6\times 6$$ gravity field.
2296. Hypoglycemia Risk with Antibiotics: An Epidemiologic Surveillance Study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)

Background In July of 2018, the FDA published a drug safety warning for the potential risk of developing hypoglycemia with fluoroquinolones. Some studies have evaluated the potential risk of developing hypoglycemia with linezolid and tigecycline. A few case reports have also been published that report hypoglycemia from cefditoren, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use. Since data comparing various antibiotics and the risk of developing hypoglycemia is limited, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between hypoglycemia and antibiotics using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting Systems (FAERS).
Heartbeat: sudden cardiac death risk predicted by simple ECG measures.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for 10%–20% of all deaths in high-income countries, with about 50% of victims having no prior history of heart disease. Currently, primary prevention of SCD is limited to patients with known left ventricular dysfunction or an underlying cardiac arrhythmia. However, there is no simple method for identifying apparently healthy people who have a high risk of SCD. Based on ECG and outcome data in 6830 subjects in the Mini-Finland Health Study, Holkeri and colleagues1 identified five simple abnormalities on a baseline ECG that were independently associated with SCD risk: heart rate >80 beats/min, PR duration >220 ms, QRS duration >110 ms, left ventricular hypertrophy and T-wave inversion. In a separate validation cohort of 10 617 subjects, the presence of 1, 2 or 3 of these abnormalities was associated with a progressive increase in SCD risk with an HR of 10.82 (95% CI 3.23 to 36.25) for patients with 3 of more of these ECG findings compared with those with no ECG abnormalities (figure 1). Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier survival plots for (A) SCD and (B) death from any cause according to the ECG …
Antitrust and Corruption: Overruling Noerr

We live in a time when concerns about influence over the American political process by powerful private interests have reached an apogee, both on the left and the right. Among the laws originally intended to fight excessive private influence over republican institutions were the antitrust laws, whose sponsors were concerned not just with monopoly, but also its influence over legislatures and politicians. While no one would claim that the antitrust laws were meant to be comprehensive anti-corruption laws, there can be little question that they were passed with concerns about the political influence of powerful firms and industry cartels. Since the 1960s, however, antitrust law’s scrutiny of corrupt and deceptive political practices has been sharply limited by the Noerr-Pennington doctrine, which provides immunity to antitrust liability for conduct that can be described as political or legal advocacy. The doctrine was created through apparent First Amendment avoidance, based on the premise that the Sherman Act could not have been intended to interfere with a right to petition government. The Noerr decision, dating from 1961, was strained when it was decided and has not aged well. As an interpretation of the antitrust laws, it ignored Congressional concern with political mischief undertaken by conspiracy or monopoly. Its legitimacy has always rested on avoidance of the First Amendment, and while Noerr itself may have legitimately reflected such avoidance, the subsequent growth of a Noerr immunity has blown past any First Amendment-driven defense of its existence. For that reason, others have suggested a reformulation of the doctrine. The better answer is that, lacking constitutional or statutory foundation, Noerr should be overruled. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, assembly, and “to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” It therefore protects efforts to influence political debate as well as legitimate petitioning in the legislative, judicial or administrative processes. The First Amendment does not, however create a right to bribe government officials, deceive agencies, file false statements, or abuse government process through repeated filings designed only to injure a competitor. Nonetheless, each of these activities has, in some courts at least, been granted immunity under the overgrown Noerr immunity. It is an extra-constitutional outlier ripe for reexamination. Overruling Noerr would not make political petitioning illegal. It would, instead, require defendants to rely on the First Amendment when seeking to defend what would otherwise be conduct that is illegal under the antitrust laws. Doctrinally, this is to force courts to address whether conduct in question is actually an antitrust violation, and if, so whether it is protected by the First Amendment or not, drawing on an established jurisprudence for some of the problems presented in the Noerr context.
The disutility of stress testing in low-risk HEART Pathway patients.

Abstract Background The HEART Pathway identifies low-risk chest pain patients for discharge from the Emergency Department without stress testing. However, HEART Pathway recommendations are not always followed. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency and diagnostic yield of stress testing among low-risk patients. Methods An academic hospital's chest pain registry was analyzed for low-risk HEART Pathway patients (HEAR score ≤ 3 with non-elevated troponins) from 1/2017 to 7/2018. Stress tests were reviewed for inducible ischemia. Diagnostic yield was defined as the rate of obstructive CAD among patients with positive stress testing. T-test or Fisher's exact test was used to test the univariate association of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and HEAR score with stress testing. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and HEAR score with stress testing. Results There were 4743 HEART Pathway assessments, with 43.7% (2074/4743) being low-risk. Stress testing was performed on 4.1% (84/2074). Of the 84 low-risk patients who underwent testing, 8.3% (7/84) had non-diagnostic studies and 2.6% (2/84) had positive studies. Among the 2 patients with positive studies, angiography revealed that 1 had widely patent coronary arteries and the other had multivessel obstructive coronary artery disease, making the diagnostic yield of stress testing 1.2% (1/84). Each one-point increase in HEAR score (aOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.45–3.24) and being male (aOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.02–2.49) were associated with testing. Conclusions Stress testing among low-risk HEART Pathway patients was uncommon, low yield, and more likely in males and those with a higher HEAR score.
[Oxidative stress and post-stroke depression].

OBJECTIVE To study the use of combination therapy for post-stroke depression using antidepressants and antioxidants. MATERIAL AND METHODS The dynamics of the clinical status of post-stroke depression and parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated in 60 patients with post-stroke depression before and after a 3-month treatment with fluvoxamine in a daily dose of 100 mg per day and cytoflavin in a dose of 10 ml/day (200 ml of 5% glucose solution or physiological saline in patients with diabetes mellitus) intravenously in the morning for 10 days followed by transfer to tablet form (2 tabs in the morning and 2 tabs in the evening for 90 days). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results on the comparative effectiveness of the treatment of post-stroke depression with fluvoxamine monotherapy and the combination of fluvoxamine and cytoflavin confirmed the great effectiveness of the combination therapy, which should be taken into account when developing new treatment regimens for post-stroke depression, and the need for prescribing antidepressants and antioxidant drugs should be determined based on an individual assessment of the severity of depressive disorder and parameters of oxidative stress: endogenous antioxidant activities in each individual patient with ischemic stroke.
Update on Intraoperative Cultures, Biofilms, and Modifiable Factors During Revision of Clinically Non-Infected Penile Implants.

Abstract Introduction Penile implants have a limited lifespan, and as the population using inflatable penile prostheses ages, revision surgery has become increasingly common. Devices are frequently cultured during non-infectious revision surgeries, providing a burgeoning of evidence of positive cultures without clinical infection. However, the clinical significance of these cultures remains unclear. Objectives We aim to review the current literature on culture results from revision surgery for clinically non-infected devices and summarize the available data to formulate a synopsis of clinically significant organisms and their significance and modifiable approaches to prosthesis surgery. Methods A literature review was performed on 1 March, 2020 in PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms centered on penile prosthesis revision surgery, cultures, and infection. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for topical relevance with emphasis placed on literature from the last 20 years. Most publications comprised small case series aside from a single meta-analysis. Results Since 1995, seven series have been published examining culture positivity at the time of revision surgery for clinically non-infected devices. Isolated organisms are most commonly from the Staphylococcus genus with Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most frequently isolated organism on clinically non-infected devices. Reported culture positivity rates at the time of revision range between 9.8% and 80%. Conclusion Current literature pertaining to the clinical significance of culture positivity at the time of revision surgery for clinically non-infected penile prostheses is lacking; however, multiple series do report high rates of culture positivity. This does appear to confer a higher rate of subsequent infection and a lower revision-free survival. Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most commonly isolated organism followed by other members of the Staphylococcus genus. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of modifiable variables or techniques on asymptomatic culture positivity and the ideal technologies for biofilm prevention. Nose BD, Grimberg DCD, Lentz AC. Update on Intraoperative Cultures, Biofilms, and Modifiable Factors During Revision of Clinically Non-Infected Penile Implants. Sex Med Rev 2021;9:160–168.
The social context of nonsuicidal self-injury: Links to severity, suicide risk, and social factors.

Objectives Though nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is generally considered to be a private act, 21%-52% of individuals who engage in NSSI do so around others. Those who engage in NSSI alone often demonstrate severe behavior. However, little is known about the distinction between those who only sometimes versus always engage in NSSI when they are around others. Three groups of individuals who engage in NSSI were examined: Always, sometimes, and never alone. Method Participants (N = 861; 84.2% female; M age = 20.06) were undergraduates who answered online questionnaires. Severity of NSSI, suicide risk, and social risk factors were used to predict group membership. Results Engaging in NSSI around others aligned with less severe NSSI behavior, lower suicide risk, and fewer interpersonal difficulties versus those who engage in NSSI alone. Conclusions NSSI's social context may indicate clinical severity. This information is useful for clinicians who work with individuals with a history of NSSI.
The straight labor of playing gay

This essay examines the celebrity interview as a significant promotional paratext because it is through these that white, cisgender, heterosexual actors are asked to comment upon playing gay. We fo...
Metabolism of Public Organizations

Metabolism of public organization is a managerial approach to analyze the utilization and/or transformation of inputs (mainly public funding) to produce and supply products and services in order to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of organizations in competitive markets.
Endobronchial blastomycoses: A rare pathogen in a unique location.

Abstract A middle-aged woman from Southwest Virginia presented to pulmonary clinic with 4 months of dry cough. Further imaging with Computed Tomography (CT) of the chest showed an infiltrative lung mass. The patient underwent bronchoscopy that showed an endobronchial lesion on right and left main stem bronchi. Endobronchial biopsy of the lesion showed acute and chronic granulomatous inflammation and tissue cultures grew Blastomycoses dermatitides. We hereby present a rare case of endobronchial blastomycoses with pulmonary infiltrates presenting as chronic cough.
Algorithms that Empower? Platformization in U.S. Intelligence Analysis

This paper discusses a computational architecture called the Analytic Component System (ACS), which aims to provide intelligence analysts with a service-oriented computational platform. This platform is designed to empower intelligence analysts by improving the integration of people, algorithms, software, tools, and manual work in the production of time-pressured intelligence assessments. Combining the perspectives of the ACS computer science design team and an embedded social scientist, this paper will use ACS to discuss the “platformization” of intelligence analysis and what this means for how we might think about and plan for reflexive design in future computational intelligence analytic systems.
Space-Time Wireless Systems: Opportunistic communication: a system view

The wireless medium is often called a fading channel: the pejorative adjective suggests that the intrinsic temporal and frequency variations are an impediment to reliable communication. While not untrue, the channel fluctuations are turned from foe to friend in some scenarios. A concrete situation is when the time scale of communication is much larger than that of the channel fluctuations: the so-called ergodic fading channel. In a pointto-point ergodic fading channel, the transmitter can make good use of the channel state information (CSI): by devoting more power to when the channel is good and less (or even none) when the channel is bad, the rate of reliable communication is improved. The improvement is significant when the operating signal to noise ratio (SNR) is small; this is a simple instance of opportunistic communication. Another important instance is in cellular communication: by scheduling user transmissions when their channel conditions are good, the system throughput is improved. This effect is called multiuser diversity and its role in cellular communication is the focus of this chapter.
Ground-State Projection with Auxiliary Fields: Imaginary-Time and Simulation-Time Dynamics

This paper discusses the method of projecting out the groundstate of an interacting fermion system using propagation of a trial state in imaginary-time, with particle interactions represented exactly by the auxiliary-field (Hubbard-Stratonovitch) approach. The required sampling of auxiliary-fields using the hybrid molecular-dynamics-Monte-Carlo method is discussed and a novel feature of its sampling auto-correlation behaviour is presented. The connection between the imaginary-time propagation of states and the autocorrelation of auxiliary-field sampling is discussed. In particular, “sticking” behaviour of the auxiliary-field sampling is related to propagation of states in imaginary-time near distinct mean-field solutions.
A fast random number generator with good statistical properties

Recently,P. A. Lewis, A. S. Goodman, andJ. M. Miller carried out extensive statistical tests on a random number generator of congruential type [3]. They showed that this generator has good statistical properties. Based on a careful analysis of the number theoretical properties of a class of generators, of which the above is a member, we have significantly increased its speed. For example, on the IBM 360/67 the time per calculation of one random number has been reduced from 14.25 μs to 9.25 μs and on the IBM 360/91 from 3.25 μs to 1.3 μs. The modified generator owes its increased speed to a replacement of a division operation by an addition and two shift instructions and the removal of a subsequent overflow test.
Pathogenesis of psychosis in epilepsy. The "seesaw" theory: myth or reality?

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an example of continuing controversy about the nature of behavioral symptomatology in the patient with temporal lobe epilepsy. Broad hypothesizing about behavior has often replaced observations made as closely as possible to the brain–mind interface. In the past, impedimenta were understandable because different types of epilepsy had not been defined and nor was there any measure of brain electrical activity in order to correlate changes in brain function with behavior. In the present, behavioral data are often intentionally retrieved as separately as possible from brain events with the rationalization that the behavioral observations not be contaminated by the effects of a seizure. Patients with seizures arising in the temporal lobe area of the brain are especially prone to behavioral problems including psychosis. There is agreement that psychotic thinking may be associated with seizure activity or occur after termination of that activity.
The Vicious Cycle: Fundraising and Perceived Viability in Us Presidential Primaries

Since at least Aldrich (1980a), a dynamic positive feedback loop between fundraising and electoral success has been hypothesized. Existing work on both directions of this feedback remains inconclusive and is often explicitly cross-sectional, ignoring the dynamic aspect of the hypothesis. Pairing high frequency FEC data on contributions and expenditures with Iowa Electronic Markets data on perceived probability of victory, we examine the bidirectional feedback between contributions and viability in a series of analyses. We find positive feedback in both directions during a successful insurgent-candidates’ breakout from obscurity. This suggests the existence of multiple steady states. The implications for the efficiency of the primary process, and hence the system of public choice, are stark: if positive feedback exists, then high quality candidates might languish in obscurity while lesser, initially prominent candidates remain better known and better funded.
Loss of cellular adhesion to matrix induces p53-independent expression of PTEN tumor suppressor

The tumor suppressor gene PTEN has been found mutated in many types of advanced tumors. When introduced into tumor cells that lack the wild-type allele of the gene, exogenous PTEN was able to suppress their ability to grow anchorage-independently, and thus reverted one of the typical characteristics of tumor cells. As these findings indicated that PTEN might be involved in the regulation of anchorage-dependent cell growth, we analyzed this aspect of PTEN function in non-tumor cells with an anchorage-dependent phenotype. We found that in response to the disruption of cell-matrix interactions, expression of endogenous PTEN was transcriptionally activated, and elevated levels of PTEN protein and activity were present in the cells. These events correlated with decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, and occurred even in the absence of p53, a tumor suppressor protein and recently established stimulator of PTEN transcription. In view of PTEN's potent growth-inhibitory capacity, we conclude that its induction after cell-matrix disruptions contributes to the maintenance of the anchorage-dependent phenotype of normal cells.
The Skyrme model in nuclear matter

Nuclear matter is studied in the Wigner-Seitz approximation to the Skyrme model by modifying the boundary conditions on the pion field. The importance of chiral symmetry breaking in the model and its effect on the properties of the nucleon in the medium are also discussed.
Tsunami forecast using an adaptive inverse algorithm for the Peru-Chile source region

[1] The inverse method provides tsunami forecasts through regression of near-field water-level data against a set of mareograms computed for unit slip of predetermined subfaults. The present paper describes an improvement to this inverse method by resolving the timing of subfault movement in the inversion. This provides additional degrees of freedom in the regression analysis and accounts for rupture propagation and rise time of tsunamigenic earthquakes. The method is implemented for the Peru-Chile subduction zone, in which the seismic source parameters are deduced from previous studies of seismotectonics and historical earthquakes. A hindcast analysis of the 1995 Antofagasta-Chile tsunami demonstrates the capability of the adaptive inverse algorithm in improving the near-field inversion results and consequently the far-field forecast.
Is Tax Competition Harmful

One of the benefits of globalization is that it is bringing economies closer together. As trade and investment barriers fall, investors are able to take advantage of an ever increasing number of investment opportunities. That sounds like good news, doesn’t it? The problem with this scenario, if you are one of the bloated, high-tax Western European welfare states, is that you are witnessing an exodus of investment capital to jurisdictions that are more tax friendly. Corporations that are headquartered in one of these high tax countries are increasingly exercising their options to invest elsewhere. The result is a loss of jobs and tax revenue to the high tax jurisdictions and an influx of capital, jobs and economic growth to the countries that offer lower corporate tax rates.
Integrating Field and GIS-based Surveys to Map the Distribution and Characterize the Ecological Habitat for Conservation Management of Georgia Plume, a Rare Endemic

Accurate mapping,inventoryassessment, andhabitatdescriptions arecritically important for the development of plant conservation strategies of rare plants. Georgia plume, Elliottia racemosa (Ericaceae), is a rare threatened plant endemic only to the state of Georgia. In this study, census and distribution data were collected and the ecological habitat characterized for all known populations of georgia plume using geographic information system/global positioning system (GIS/GPS)-based methods. Causes for population losses and decline were assessed by evaluating both extant populations and historically reported but currently inactive sites. Landowner permission was obtained to visit 56% (32 of 57) of all known recorded populations. Over 40% of visited locations no longer contained georgia plume; 58% of inactive sites were associated with anthropo- genicdisturbancesincludingfarmingandtimber.Populationsnotvisitedbygroundwere evaluated using aerial photographs: of 29 putative populations, 66% were judged highly unlikely to contain georgia plume based on current land use. Census data verified that many populations have few individuals: 75% contained less than 45 individuals; over one-third contained 12 or fewer individuals. Over 80% of extant populations had an area of less than 0.3 ha. Field and aerial assessments of recent and historically noted populations confirm that georgia plume has disappeared from many previously reported locations and that fewer than two dozen populations may remain.
Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence in a murine lesion model: effects of immune alterations.

This study utilized various mouse strains with documented alterations in immune system components to assess their contribution to modify the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis W50 was cultivated on blood agar plates, harvested and used to challenge mice by subcutaneous injection on the dorsolateral surface of the back. Soft tissue lesion development was estimated by measuring the area of the spreading lesion formed by this microorganism over a period of 15 days. Challenge of various normal inbred and outbred mouse strains including: BALB/cN, BALB/cJ, BALB/c nu/+, ICR, B10.A(4R), B10.MBR, A/J, C57BL/6J, CBA/CaH, C.B-17/Icv Tacf DF and C3H/HeN with 2 x 10(10) bacteria showed similar lesion size among these strains (approximately 400 mm2). Genetically deficient mouse strains [C.B-17/Icr Tac (SCID); DBA/2 (C5 deficient); BALB/c nu/nu (T cell deficient); CBA/CaHN-XID/J (B cell deficient) and C3H/HeJ (LPS hyporesponsive)] demonstrated a lesion size which was similar to normal animals. C57BL/6J-BgJ (NK cell deficient) mice exhibited a significantly more severe lesion than the other strains tested. Following healing of the lesions, we initiated a secondary infection of the surviving animals to estimate the acquisition of protective immunity following recovery from the primary infection. Normal mice demonstrated a delayed onset and decrease in lesion size of 15 to 30% compared with the primary infection. In contrast, each of the immunodeficient strains appeared unable to develop immune protection to the secondary challenge. The findings suggest that protection against primary infections with P. gingivalis are mediated by innate immune mechanisms (PMN. NK cells). Additionally, it appears that T-cell-dependent humoral responses are critical to developing immunity to subsequent P. gingivalis infection.
Planning in Ambiguous Contexts: The Dilemma of Meeting Needs for Commitment and Demands for Legitimacy

This paper argues that ambiguity of context manifested in pressures for legitimacy and commitment affect planning processes. Ambiguity arises from multiple conflicting constituencies and the lack of direct control over resources. Using nonprofit and entrepreneurial organizations as examples of organizations facing ambiguous contexts, we examine their planning practices to develop an understanding of the relationship between commitment, legitimacy, and planning. From this analysis, we articulate a managerial dilemma: the need to use informality and vagueness to gain commitment from diverse interests, and the need to demonstrate formalization of managerial practices to acquire legitimacy from critical resource suppliers. Using elements of this dilemma, we present a new planning framework for organizations in ambiguous contexts that recognizes planning as a strategy for resource acquisition rather than a strategy for resource allocation.
An Exploration of the Viability and Usefulness of the Construct of Moral Injury in War Veterans

It is widely recognized that, along with physical and psychological injuries, war profoundly affects veterans spiritually and morally. However, research about the link between combat and changes in...
The interface transport properties of Ge-GaAs heterojunctions

Abstract The interface conductance of Ge-GaAs heterojunctions has been measured as a function of junction field up to 1.2 × 10 5 V/cm. It is seen that for samples with surface mobility of about 500 cm 2 /V · sec, the mobility μ 8 varies with field, at most, as E −0.1 up to about 8 × 10 4 {v/cm}, but for higher fields it varies approximately as E −0.35 . Measurements have been made also of junctions whose properties are affected by the proximity of a free surface and junctions which have been heat-treated at 600° C ∼ 650° C. A comparison of these results with those of normal heterojunctions is seen to lend further support to the Shockley-Anderson model for abrupt heterojunctions. Namely, in terms of interface states, normal heterojunctions have no detectable interface state densities within the present experimental errors ( 10 / cm 2 ), while some heat-treated junctions have acceptor type interface state densities of more than a few times 10 11 /cm 2 .
Cell specificity of the transcription-factor repertoire used by a lentivirus: motifs important for expression of equine infectious anemia virus in nonmonocytic cells.

The equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) long-terminal repeat (LTR) has been identified as highly variable, both in infected horses and in cell culture. This nucleotide hypervariation is localized to the LTR enhancer region. The EIAV LTR has been implicated in controlling both the cell tropism and virulence of the virus and it is postulated that the enhancer-region hypervariation may be responsible for the LTR effects. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of DNA motifs bound by the ets transcription-factor family member PU.1 are critically important for EIAV expression in equine macrophages. Here we identify and characterize the EIAV LTR enhancer motifs PEA-2, Lvb, Oct, and CRE, that bind to fibroblast nuclear extracts. Three of these four motifs, PEA-2, Oct, and CRE, were determined to be important for expression of the LTR in a fibroblast cell line that supports productive infection of EIAV. These motifs that are important for expression of the LTR in fibroblasts were found to be interdigitated between the PU.1 sites. We hypothesize that the combination of motif interdigitation and cell-specific usage of these motifs may be responsible for the observed EIAV LTR enhancer-region hypervariation.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of spermatic cord

A case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord is presented and literature reviewed. The spread of this disease to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and the improved results with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and radical orchiectomy are stressed.
SEX PHEROMONES IN THE OAK LEAF ROLLER (ARCHIPS SEMIFERANUS): ISOLATION AND FIELD STUDIES*

A sex attractant has been isolated from virgin female oak leaf rollers (OLR) (Archips semiferanus Walker: Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by extraction of the last two abdominal segments with methylene chloride. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the crude extract on silica gel, and subsequent gas chromatography of the active TLC fraction on 5% SE-30, resulted in a single active peak. The active peak was collected and rechromatographed on 10% diethylene glycol succinate (DEGS). One active region (A) collected on the DEGS column elicited an attractant response when tested on OLR males in a laboratory flight chamber and successfully trapped males in field tests. A second region (B) elicited only sexual stimulation (no attractant behavior) in the flight chamber and failed to trap males in the field. Qualitative laboratory and field tests of a mixture of regions A and B resulted in synergism of the attractant response. Chemical functional group tests and comparison of gas chromatographic properties of the active attractant with standards indicate that the attractant is a stable unsaturated acetate with a probable chain length of fourteen carbons. Synthetic standards, reported to be attractants in other tortricid species, namely cis and trans, 9- and 11-tetradecenyl acetates, elicited no attractant behavior in laboratory or field tests. Resume PHEROMONES SEXUELLES DE LA TORDEUSE (ARCHIPS SEMIFERANUS, OAK LEAF ROLLER): ISOLEMENT ET ETUDES EN CONDITIONS NATURELLES Archips semiferanus se rencontre dans beaucoup de regions des Etats-Unis. On a jusqu'ici accorde peu d'attention a ce defoliateur du chene, bien qu'il ait occasionne recemment le deperissement de nombreux arbres dans plusieurs Etats du Nord-Est. Par exemple, en Pensylvanie plus d'un million d'acres ont ete envahis recemment (Nichols & Quimby, 1972) provoquant jusqu'a 90% de mortalite parmi les arbres atteints. La lutte contre ce ravageur avec des insecticides n'est ni economique ni souhaitable et on s'oriente actuellement vers l'emploi eventuel de procedes de lutte biologique. Recemment, un attractif sexuel a ete mis en evidence (Hendry et al., 1973) et des essais satisfaisants ont ete realises tant au laboratoire qu'en conditions naturelles, en utilisant soit une chambre de vol, soit des pieges de capture. Les resultats de ces etudes ont montre que l'attraction sexuelle pour les mâles est encore effective avec une quantite de substance equivalente a la production d'une femelle × 10−7. L'extraction, l'isolement et les proprietes chimiques de cet attractif sexuel sont discutes dans cet article.
Individual bidder behavior in first-price private value auctions

Abstract Individual bid functions display sensitivity to the strategic considerations inherent in first-price auctions. However, several formal models, including heterogeneous Nash equilibrium bidding models with constant relative risk aversion, perform quite poorly.
Cancer Knowledge and Opportunities for Education Among HIV-Infected Patients in an Urban Academic Medical Center.

HIV-infected patients frequently present with advanced stage cancer. It is possible that late stage presentation may be related to lack of cancer knowledge and/or barriers to care. Questionnaires were administered to 285 adult HIV-infected patients to evaluate knowledge of cancer risk factors and symptoms and barriers to care between 2011 and 2012. Differences in mean and percent scores by group were assessed using a t test for independent samples and chi-square analysis, respectively. Respondents were predominantly male (64 %), African-American (86 %), and low income (60 % 70 % correct) compared to those without any personal history of cancer (62 %) (p = 0.03). There was a higher level of cancer knowledge in this population compared to studies that have evaluated the HIV-uninfected population. Nevertheless, there were knowledge deficits, suggesting the need for further education about cancer to improve earlier detection rates and, ultimately, outcomes.
High Temperature Rectifying Contacts Using Heteroepitaxial Ni Films on Semiconducting Diamond

The first results pertaining to the fabrication of high-temperature rectifying contacts using heteroepitaxial Ni films deposited on natural p-type semiconducting diamond substrates are reported. The contact diodes were deposited at 500°C by the thermal evaporation of Ni from a W filament in ultra-high vacuum. The epitaxial nature of the deposited Ni layers has been established from an inspection of in situ low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns. The Ni films exhibit excellent adhesion properties with the underlying diamond substrate. As evidenced by current-voltage (I-V) measurements stable rectifying characteristics for the Ni/diamond contacts were observed in the 25-400°C temperature range.
National self‐determination and the limits of sovereignty: Armenia, Azerbaijan and the secession of Nagorno‐Karabagh

The conflict over the Nagorno‐Karabagh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) began in 1988, when that Armenian‐inhabited enclave requested the Gorbachev government's permission to secede from the Azerbaijani SSR and to join the Armenian SSR. What began with peaceful protests has become, six years later, a bloody conflict that involves the NKAO, the now‐independent republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan, Russia and ‐ potentially ‐ neighbouring Turkey and Iran. This essay offers both a historical narrative and an analysis of the contemporary forces involved in the conflict, focusing on the problematic concepts of nation‐state sovereignty that motivate some of the regional actors.
Monte Carlo Calculations of the Detection Efficiency of Arrays of Nai(Tl), Bgo, Csf, Ge, and Plastic Detectors for 511 Kev Photons

In positron emission tomographs employing arrays of detectors, the useful detection efficiency and spatial resolution depend on the size and type of detectors, the septa between the detectors, the angle of incidence, and the extent to which the pulse height selection rejects multiple detector interactions. To determine the relative effect of these factors a Monte-Carlo computer code was developed that tracks the Compton and photoelectric interactions of photons incident on a linear array of detectors. The photon is tracked until it either escapes the array or is photoelectrically absorbed in a detector or septum. A photon is successfully detected whenever the energy-loss threshold is exceeded in only one detector. Results are tabulated for bismuth germanate (BGO), NaI(Tl), CsF, germanium, plastic and lead loaded plastic detectors from 0.1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm to 5 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm; for lead septa between detectors; for energy loss thresholds from 0 to 511 keV; and for angles of incidence from 0 to 30 degrees. We show that for a given detector size, BGO has the best efficiency and that this advantage is most pronounced for narrow detectors.
Relationship of physiological inhibitor of hyaluronidase to experimental poliomyelitis.

SummaryThe sera of monkeys infected either intracerebrally or intranasally with poliomyelitis virus exhibts an elevated hyal-uronidase inhibitory activity at the time of, or shortly before paralysis. Those animals infected by the gastro-intestinal route do not demonstrate a similar increased activity over this same period. A reciprocal relationship between the presence of virus neutralizing antibody and the hyaluronidase inhibitory capacity of the serum is noted.
Substituent effects on long-range couplings in substituted propanes

Abstract Investigation of long-range HH couplings between geminal methyl groups in propane derivatives has suggested that variations in 4 J HH are controlled by variations in singlet-triplet excitation energies. The results are discussed in terms of an extension of the Pople and Bothner-By theory of geminal coupling constants.