cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterologous expression and characterization of an active lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium using recombinant baculovirus.

The cDNA clone λML-1 encoding one of the extracellular lignin peroxidases from the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was heterologously expressed in an active form using a recombinant baculovirus system. The glycosylated extracellular form of the recombinant protein contained the ferriprotoporphyrin IX moiety and was capable of oxidizing both iodide and the model lignin compound, veratryl alcohol. In comparative peroxidase assays using guaiacol and Mn(II), the recombinant lignin peroxidase did not appear to be Mn(II) dependent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the heterologously expressed peroxidase had an apparent molecular weight similar to that of the native fungal isozyme H8. The elution profile of the active recombinant enzyme derived by ion-exchange chromatography and immunoblot analysis using an anti-H8 monoclonal antibody provided further evidence that the λML-1 DNA encodes the lignin peroxidase H8.
The role of chloroquine supplementation in liquid holding recovery and ultraviolet lethality of Escherichia coli strains

The ultraviolet (UV)-induced lethality in excision-proficientEscherichia coli strains WP-2 HCR+, B/r HCR+, B/r (λ) HCR+, Blon− HCR+, and WP-2 HCR− is increased when chloroquine (300–500 μg/ml) is added to the postirradiation medium. The degree to which chloroquine enhances the lethality of UV radiation varies for each strain, with strains B/r (λ) and B showing a greater degree of repair inhibition than the other bacterial strains. The D10 (UV showing 10% survival) decreased in B/r (λ) HCR+ strain grown in the presence of 500 μg/ml (dose response of 2.5). InE. coli B, a dose response of 4.0 was obtained in the presence of the same concentration of chloroquine.Escherichia coli B/r, WP-2 HCR+, and WP-2 HCR− strains showed less UV-induced lethality in the presence of chloroquine. The drug also inhibited “liquid holding recovery” (LHR) in irradiated HCR+ strains. These results suggest that chloroquine interferes with the excision repair (HCR function) of UV-induced photoproducts in irradiated bacterial populations.
Nucleon-nucleon final state interactions in NN-->NN pi.

Peaks in cross sections for the NN NN reaction at low relative momentum for the final nucleon-nucleon pair are successfully explained using S0 and TS1 final state interactions. Both singlet and triplet final state interactions are important and can interfere dramatically in certain spin observables.
Perceived versus Actual Value of Color-Coding:

Color-coding has become a widely-used method of information input coding. Unfortunately, little is known regarding general statements concerning under what conditions color-coding will facilitate performance. For this reason, a decision is often made on the basis of judgment if empirical data is not available.The present study is designed to examine performance in a particular short-term memory task and to assess the actual value of color-coding in the task. This actual value is then compared to the participants' judgments of the value of color-coding in that task. The task required the subject to keep track of the current state of each of several variables. One group used a color-coding system while a second group did not. The results showed performance to be significantly better without color-coding; however, all subjects from each group in a post-test interview that they felt that color-coding would be beneficial. The implication is that humans may have rather poor insight regarding the facilitating ef...
Tailoring Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Binge Eating in Adolescent Girls.

Whereas effective treatments exist for adults with recurrent binge eating, developmental factors specific to adolescents point to the need for a modified treatment approach for youth. We adapted an existing cognitive behavioral therapy treatment manual for adults with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder (Fairburn, 2008) for use with adolescents. This paper presents a number of clinical case vignettes, drawn directly from interactions with teen participants, that illustrate some of the developmental factors common to adolescents—as well as the importance of our adaptations to address for these factors.
Incidence and costs of family member hospitalization following injuries of workers' compensation claimants.

BACKGROUND: The consequences of occupational injuries for the health of family members have rarely been studied. We hypothesized that non-fatal occupational injury would increase the incidence and costs of hospitalization among workers' families, and that family members of severely injured workers would be likely to experience greater increases in hospitalizations than family members of non-severely injured workers. DATA AND METHODS: We used the MarketScan databases from Thomson Reuters for 2002-2005, which include workers' compensation and inpatient medical care claims data for injured workers' families. We used a before-after analysis to compare the odds and costs of family hospitalization 3 months before and after the index occupational injury among 18,411 families. Severe injuries were defined by receipt of indemnity payments and at least 7 days of lost work. Family hospitalizations were measured by the incidence of hospitalization of at least one family member. RESULTS: Among families of all injured workers, the odds of at least one family member being hospitalized were 31% higher [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.11-1.55] in the 3 months following occupational injury than in the 3 months preceding injury. Among the families of severely injured workers, the odds of hospitalization were 56% higher [95% CI = 1.05-2.34] in the 3 months following injury. Hospitalization costs were found to rise by approximately the same percentage as hospitalization incidence. CONCLUSION: The impact of occupational injury may extend beyond the workplace and adversely affect the health and inpatient medical care use of family members. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Meaning-change in the development of grammatical markers

Abstract This paper develops several hypotheses concerning the semantic-pragmatic shifts that take place in the development of grammatical markers like prepositions, auxiliary verbs, or sentence connectives. It is shown that grammatical markers shift over time, from primarily referential to more pragmatic meanings, and, more specifically, that there is a potential unidirectionality in such meaning-shifts from propositional to textual to attitudinal meanings.
Multilayer adsorption of xenon, krypton, and argon on graphite: An ellipsometric study.

We present ellipsometric measurements of multilayer adsorption of xenon, krypton, and argon on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite along numerous isotherms spanning the coverage range from completion of the first layer to about twelve layers and the temperature range from below the melting of the top layer to above the bulk adsorbate melting point ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$. The three adsorbates have very similar phase diagrams, and all show reentrant first-order layering. The top layer of three-layer and thicker films disorders at 0.81${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}--}$0.83${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$. For films thicker than three layers, first-order layer condensation reappears at shifted coverages and chemical potentials in the range 0.83${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}--}$0.87${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ to 0.92${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}--}$0.94${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$. The solid adsorbate films reach a limiting thickness of about 12 layers at saturation, but the limiting thickness increases rapidly just below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{m}}$ and reaches the equivalent of about 24 layers in the liquid region. We discuss implications of these results for roughening and melting of the adsorbate (111) surfaces. Chemical potentials for layer condensation are compared to a simple Frankel-Halsey-Hill theory.
What we know about the second adjunction mapping

Let $$\hat X$$ be an algebraic submanifold of complex projective space ℙ N . Assume thatn:=dim $$\hat X \geqslant 3$$ and let $$\hat L$$ denote the restriction of the hyperplane section bundle $${\mathcal{O}}_{P^N } (1)$$ to $$\hat X$$ . The meromorphic map $$\hat \Phi _k $$ associated to $$|k(K_{\hat X} + (n - 2)\hat L)|$$ fork≥1 ties together the pluricanonical maps of the surface sections of $$\hat X$$ . Known results show that the behavior of $$\hat \Phi _k $$ is far better than one would expect from experience with the pluricanonical mappings of algebraic surfaces. In this article we discuss the known results on the structure of the mappings $$\hat \Phi _k $$ and describe the open problems.
Variations in climate since 1602 as reconstructed from tree rings

Abstract Spatial anomalies of tree-ring chronologies can provide information on high-frequency spatial anomalies in paleoclimate representing droughts, colder-than-normal intervals, and other synoptic-scale features. Examples are presented in which 65 tree-ring chronologies are calibrated with spatial anomalies in North American meteorological records of seasonal temperature and precipitation, and with sea-level pressure over the North American and North Pacific sectors. Multivariate transfer functions are obtained that scale and convert the past spatial variations in the tree-ring record into estimates of past variations in the meteorological record. Objective verifications of the reconstructions are obtained using independent meteorological observations for time periods other than those used in the calibration. Historical information or other proxy data from the 19th century are also used for verifying the decadal (or longer) and regional reconstructions and for identifying strengths and weaknesses of the various sources of information. The reconstructed winter and summer temperatures for the United States and southwestern Canada and winter precipitation for the Columbia Basin and California during the 17th through 19th centuries were found to differ from the 20th century means with large-scale variations evident. Extreme winters similar to 1976–1977 are also identified and found to be more frequent in the past, especially in the 17th century. The climatic reconstructions in this time domain are dominated by high-frequency, synoptic-scale fluctuations that can be interpreted as cyclonic-scale changes in atmospheric circulation. Such reconstructions may be useful for testing various climatic models and estimates developed primarily from 20th-century meteorological data against the longer estimated record for the 17th through 19th centuries.
Fractional optimization of illumination optics

In order to bound yet keep realistic optical shapes for freeform illumination optics, fractional optimization is employed. By allowing the shape variables to freely vary, optimization leads to bizarre shapes that cannot be manufactured. Therefore, fractional shape variables that are referenced to other system variables are set. Optimization of the pseudo-collimation of an LED using a hybrid optic is presented. The shape of the hybrid optic is described by non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). Two examples of this system are optimized: maximum transfer efficiency into an intensity distribution of ±10° and maximum transfer and uniformity over this same angular range.
The Role of Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Agents in Melanoma: Progress to Date

The discovery of immune inhibitory checkpoints has revolutionized the approach to the systemic treatment of cancer. The programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitory checkpoint, in particular, has played a key role in understanding how certain cancers can evade immune surveillance. Blocking the interaction between the PD-1 receptor and its primary ligand (PD-L1) has demonstrated remarkable anti-cancer activity, and has led to the recent accelerated approval of two anti-PD-1 drugs for use in unresectable and metastatic melanoma in the USA. Results of these therapeutic advances have solidified the role of immunotherapy in the treatment of melanoma, results that may be applicable to the treatment of other cancers. In this review, we discuss the role of the PD-1 pathway in the immune system and the anti-cancer mechanism of action of inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. We also review the efficacy and safety data of currently approved and in-development anti-PD-1 agents, and explore the next steps to further improve patient outcomes.
Medical theories of opiate addiction's aetiology and their relationship to addicts’ perceived social position in the United States: an historical analysis

Abstract This paper uses qualitative methods to explore the relationship between US health professionals' theories of opiate addiction's aetiology in the US during two time periods, 1880–1920 and 1955–1975 and contemporaneous perceptions of opiate addicts' race/ethnicity, social class and gender. The author coded 297 medical articles on opiate addiction, published during the years of interest and randomly sampled from indices of medical articles, for descriptions of opiate-addicted individuals' social position and theories used to explain addiction. Critical race theory and a social construction of knowledge framework guided the grounded theory analysis. This analysis indicates that during both periods health professionals typically attributed opiate addiction's causes to individual pathology when they believed that addicts were working class, poor and/or non-white women and men and to factors largely external to the individual when they believed that addicts were affluent, white women and men. This social patterning was consistent with contemporary efforts to reinforce inequitable social relations during these eras. Given the relevance of health research to public policy, this paper suggests that present-day health researchers critically reflect on the ways that their research is complicit in the creation of contemporary inequitable social relations.
Confronting Students’ Conceptions of the Nature of Science with Cooperative Controversy

Students’ conceptions of the nature of science do vary but are influenced by participating in the cooperative controversy lesson. Whether or not the cooperative controversy lesson results in a permanent conceptual change on the part of the students remains to be seen. Logical steps for further research and exploration of students’ conceptions of the nature of science are to determine how effective the cooperative controversy lesson is at producing long-lasting conception changes on the part of the students and whether or not students’ conceptual changes concerning the nature of science impacts how they will eventually teach science.
PORTFOLIO SELECTION IN A LOG-STABLE MARKET

The Stable (or Pareto-Levy) distribution has been of considerable interest in describing the behavior of security prices ever since the important work by Mandelbrot [6], [7] and Fama [1]. The aforementioned contributions focused on the empirical hypothesis that security price data are better fitted by theoretical distributions with infinite variance rather than finite variance. Specifically, in the case of Stable distributions, the “characteristic exponent” is less than two, and the data are not adequately fitted by a normal distribution. Remarkably, however, although almost the entire body of literature addressing empirical questions with respect to the distribution of security prices investigages the behavior of the (natural) logarithm of security price relatives, to this author's knowledge no paper exists which analyzes the portfolio choice implications of the assumption that the logarithm of the asset returns has a symmetric Stable distribution with infinite variance. Thus, in Fama [2], Samuelson [10], and Ziemba [12], where the problem of selecting an optimal portfolio in Stable markets is the object of concern, one finds that it is assumed that the price-relatives (returns) have a Stable distribution; this rather than the logarithm of the price relatives. And it should be noted that none of these authors suggests that the untransformed price-relatives are better-fitted by a symmetric Stable distribution as compared with the logarithm of the price-relatives.
Hidden Markov Models for non-well-mixed reaction networks

The behavior of systems of stochastically interacting particles, be they molecules comprising a chemical reaction network or multi-robot systems in a stochastic environment, can be described using the Chemical Master Equation (CME). In this paper we extend the applicability of the CME to the case when the underlying system of particles is not well-mixed, by constructing an extended state space. The proposed approach fits into the general framework of approximating stochastic processes by Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). We consider HMMs where the hidden states are equivalence classes of states of some underlying process. The sets of equivalence classes we consider are refinements of macrostates used in the CME. We construct a series of HMMs that use the CME to describe their hidden states. We demonstrate the approach by building a series of increasingly accurate models for a system of robots that interact in a non-well-mixed manner.
Seeding growth at airports and airport cities: Insights from the two-sided market literature

Abstract Airports are evolving from simple infrastructure providers to complex multiproduct,multiservice enterprises wherein consumption of one product cross-subsidizes the provision of others. Nowhere is this better seen than in the airport cities which are evolving around many mid and large sized airports. Rather than separate portfolio businesses which can smooth or augment airport revenue, these developments raise the prospect that airports are platforms for two-sided markets. Therefore after defining two-sided markets this paper will consider the concept's applicability to airports in a more extensive manner than has previously been the case, and use the theory to understand airport area growth processes. Our main focus will be on examining the business models of selected airport cities for the lessons that can be learned for contemporary airport and regional development strategy.
Body Size and the Maintenance of Reproductive Isolation in Stickleback, Genus Gasterosteus

The blackspotted stickleback Gasterosteus wheatlandi and the widely studied threespine stickleback G. aculeatus are sympatric throughout the former’s range and share many aspects of life history and reproductive behaviour. These two species differ significantly in size, with G. wheatlandi of both sexes measured at approximately 60% of the standard length of their G. aculeatus counterparts. This study concentrated on G. wheatlandi courtship behaviour and investigated its role in the maintenance of reproductive isolation with G. aculeatus. Specifically, the roles that (1) female body size plays in influencing male courtship preferences and (2) male body size and behaviour play in female courtship preferences were investigated through dummy and live conspecific and heterospecific stimulus presentations. Male G. wheatlandi courtship preferences are consistent with previously described patterns for G. aculeatus. Males of both species preferentially approach and court the larger of two simultaneously presented live or dummy females. Thus, the smaller G. wheatlandi males are indiscriminate with respect to assortative mate choice; not only preferring to approach and court more fecund conspecific females but, more significantly, G. aculeatus-sized females. In contrast, females of both species demonstrate strong assortative courtship preferences. When presented with pairs of flask-enclosed males, females of both species preferentially orient and court the conspecific male over the heterospecific. Similarly, when presented with a conspecific male and a heterospecific male presented singly, females prefer to enter the nest of the conspecific. Systematic analysis of the interactions between these pairs of fish (one male, one female) demonstrates that the breakdown of courtship in heterospecific courtship occurs late in the courtship sequence when the widely differing forms of male leading behaviour results in drastically differing female responses. I suggest that, as previously described in G. aculeatus, the supernormality effect plays a significant role in mediating adaptive mate choice behaviour in G. wheatlandi. However, the added element of a larger sympatric species introduces a possible cost in time and energy devoted to courting heterospecific, and sympatric, females that the larger G. aculeatus do not likely incur. There is substantial evidence from many sympatric G. aculeatus species pairs that there is assortative mate choice based on size and/or courtship behaviour. Courtship trials suggest a more pervasive role for females in assortative mate choice. Whether it is male body size per se, or in combination with behaviour, morphology or other cues, is unresolved in the present study.
Epigenetic Inhibition of Nuclear Receptor Small Heterodimer Partner Is Associated With and Regulates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth

Background & Aims: Aberrant hypermethylation of promoter regions in cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) islands has been shown to be associated with transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in many cancers. This study evaluated the methylation profile and the tumor-suppressive function of the small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Human HCC pathologic specimens and cell lines were used as model systems in this study. Results: The expression of SHP is diminished in HCC pathologic specimens and cell lines by epigenetic silencing owing to SHP promoter hypermethylation. In vitro methylation decreased SHP promoter transactivation and nuclear receptor LRH-1 binding, an event that was reversed by demethylation. Overexpression of SHP inhibited HCC foci formation, arrested HCC tumor growth in xenografted nude mice, and increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to apoptotic stimuli. Further analysis of a total of 19 normal liver and 57 HCC specimens showed that down-regulation of SHP gene expression may be a common denominator of HCC. Conclusions: We propose that SHP functions as a novel tumor suppressor in the development of HCC. These findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms leading to this common cancer and may have both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Review of Carbon Nanotube-based integrated power inductor modeling and design

This paper reviews ANSYS®/Maxwell® modeling and design results of a nanotechnology-based integrated power inductor. The on-chip integrated power inductor utilizes Carbon Nanotubes Bundled Multi-walled (Concentric) Carbon Nanotubes (BMWCNT) and Fe (iron) in order to achieve high performance in a small size.
Design optimization using genetic algorithms and fuzzy constraints and fitness functions

In this paper we address the problem of constrained nonlinear optimization problems in engineering design. The proposed approach uses a genetic algorithm based strategy in conjunction with fuzzy constraints and fitness functions to represent and solve parametric design optimization problems. It is shown, via some classic examples from the engineering design literature, that this approach is effective and leads to improved performance both computationally as well as in terms of the proximity of the solution to the Pareto optimal front. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevant issues in the proposed approach and suggestions for extension of this effort towards addressing multi-constraint problems.
Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Nitrate and Dinitrogen Pentoxide on Sulfuric Acid Surfaces Representative of Global Stratospheric Aerosol Particles

Increasing evidence from field measurements, modeling studies, and laboratory experiments suggests that heterogeneous reactions on stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles can change the partitioning in the nitrogen and chlorine families and thereby affect global ozone levels. In this study, a Knudsen cell flow reactor was used to measure the uptake of ClONO2 and N2O5 by sulfuric acid solutions representative of background and volcanic stratospheric aerosol particles. The uptake coefficient (γ) of chlorine nitrate on 50–75 wt% H2SO4 at 223 K was found to be markedly dependent on the acid concentration, with γ ranging from about 1 × 10−2 to 1 × 10−4. These results are in good agreement with literature reports and the data fit the expression log γ= 1.87 – 0.074 × (wt% H2SO4). This reaction will thus have its largest impact when stratospheric temperatures are low and sulfuric acid aerosols are most dilute. Uptake of N2O5 was studied on solutions with compositions in the range 58–96 wt% H2SO4 at temperatures from 193 to 303 K. N2O5 reacted readily on sulfuric acid surfaces with uptake coefficients of about 0.06. The uptake coefficient was found to be independent of the sulfuric acid concentration and the solution temperature over the ranges studied. These results suggest that the reaction of N2O5 with H2O will occur readily on sulfuric acid aerosol particles for most stratospheric conditions.
Increased NAD(P)H Oxidase and Reactive Oxygen Species in Coronary Arteries After Balloon Injury

Abstract—Reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by cellular constituents of the arterial wall, provide a signaling mechanism involved in vascular remodeling. Because adventitial fibroblasts are actively involved in coronary remodeling, we examined whether the changes in the redox state affect their phenotypic characteristics. To this end, superoxide anion production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity were measured in porcine coronary arteries in vivo, and the effect of ROS generation on adventitial fibroblast proliferation was examined in vitro. Superoxide production (SOD- and Tiron-inhibitable nitro blue tetrazolium [NBT] reduction) increased significantly within 24 hours after balloon-induced injury, with the product of NBT reduction present predominantly in adventitial fibroblasts. These changes were NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent, because diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) abolished superoxide generation (P<0.001). Furthermore, the injury-induced superoxide production was associated with augmented NAD(P)H oxidase activi...
Computer-aided detection of sclerotic bone metastases in the spine using watershed algorithm and support vector machines

This work presents a computer-aided detection (CAD) system to aid radiologists in finding sclerotic bone metastases in the spine on CT images. The spine is first segmented using thresholding, region growing and a vertebra template. A watershed algorithm and a merging routine segment potential lesion candidates in each two-dimensional (2-D) axial CT image. Next, overlapping 2-D detections on sequential CT slices are merged to form 3-D candidate lesions. For each of these, 30 quantitative features based on shape, density, and location are computed. After a feature filter eliminates clearly false candidates, a ground truth on 10 clinical cases segmented manually by an expert, and the features of each CAD candidate are used to train seven support vector machines. The segmentation algorithm detects 164 out of the 212 manually segmented lesions. A ten-fold cross-validation trained on these detections results in 77.4% sensitivity at an average of 9.44 false positives per case.
The association between body shape and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) consist of pathogenic and nonpathogenic acid-fast bacteria ubiquitously found in water, soil and biofilms. NTM can cause chronic lung disease and soft tissue infec...
Nutritional Recommendations for the Very Low Birth Weight Newborn

To ensure uninterrupted growth and development of the prematurely born infant, all nutrients must be provided in the necessary amounts at all times. Delivery of nutrients meets with a variety of obstacles in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, which is why VLBW infants frequently receive less than the required amounts of nutrients. As a consequence they fail to grow like they would have in utero and, more importantly, suffer impairment of their neurocognitive development. The main obstacles to delivery of nutrients historically have been concerns regarding presumed risks attendant to the administration of nutrients. Recent years have seen a gradual dissipation of these concerns as scientific evidence of the safety of providing nutrients has accumulated. This reassessment of the risks of nutrient administration has nearly been completed in the area of parenteral nutrition but is an ongoing process in the area of enteral nutrition. The more realistic assessment of risks, together with a desire to prevent postnatal growth failure and thereby minimize the risk of impaired neurocognitive impairment has led to more aggressive regimens of nutrient administration.
“I’m in Control” Compensatory Manhood in a Therapeutic Community

Based on participant observation and in-depth interviews, this article analyzes the ways that male residents in a drug treatment program signified a masculine self through compensatory manhood acts. I analyze four strategies of identity work that men used during group accountability sessions called “games”: (1) signifying masculinity through aggression; (2) subordinating women and nonconventional men; (3) calling others to account as men; and (4) “keeping your head”: managing emotions to (re)assert control. This article adds to our understanding of the ways that compensatory manhood acts are structured locally through interaction, highlighting ways that men’s interactions may be self-defeating and also reproduce inequality by reinforcing dominant ideologies of misogyny and homophobia. In addition, it speaks to the ways that masculine subjectivity is constructed against and through dominant narratives of addiction and treatment.
Callus cultures of tomato mutants. II. Carotenoid formation.

Carotenoid synthesis in the fruit of tomato mutants is under gene control. Since undifferentiated plant cells are presumably totipoltent, the callus tissue should be able to produce the carotenoids typical of the genotype. The carotenoids of masses of callus derived from hypocotyls of the red ghost and tangerine tomatoes were extracted and characterized by means of column and thin layer chromatography, chemical and spectral properties. The red ghost callus contained predominantly phytoene and phytofluene; the tangerine callus had primarily ζ-carotene and prolycopene. Thus under our cultural conditions, carotenoids typical of the fruit rather than the leaf were produced, albeit in much reduced quantities.
Real-Time Divisible Load Scheduling with Advance Reservation

Providing QoS and performance guarantees to arbitrarily divisible loads has become a significant problem for many cluster-based research computing facilities. While progress is being made in scheduling arbitrarily divisible loads, previous approaches have no support for advance reservations. However, with the emergence of grid applications that require simultaneous access to multi-site resources, supporting advance reservations in a cluster has become increasingly important. In this paper we propose a new divisible load real-time scheduling algorithm that supports advance reservations in a cluster. Our approach not only enforces the real-time agreement but also addresses the under-utilization concerns raised by advance reservations. The impact of advance reservations on system performance is systematically studied. Simulation results show that, with the proposed algorithm and appropriate advance reservations, the system performance could be maintained at the same level as the no reservation case.
Adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma—analysis of interobserver agreement, survival, radiographic characteristics, and gross pathology in 296 nodules

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society and 2015 World Health Organization classifications of lung adenocarcinoma recommend designating tumors showing entirely lepidic growth as adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and lepidic tumors with invasion less than or equal to 5 mm as minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), both of which have superior outcome to conventional invasive adenocarcinoma (IA). Data on interobserver variability within this classification are limited, and further validation of the superior survival of AIS and MIA is needed. A total of 296 surgically excised pulmonary adenocarcinomas were reviewed from 254 patients (1997-2009). Slides were independently reviewed by 2 pulmonary pathologists who categorized tumors as AIS, MIA, or IA. Of 296 nodules, 244 (82.4%) were agreed upon by both observers: 10 AIS, 61 MIA, and 173 IA (κ = 0.63, good agreement). In 6 cases (2%), there was disagreement between AIS and MIA; in 45 cases (15%), there was disagreement between MIA and IA; and in 1 case, there was disagreement between AIS and IA. Overall survival was significantly different among categories as determined by both observers. Cases with disagreement between MIA and IA had similar survival to agreed MIA. Disease-specific 10-year survival was 100% for AIS (both observers) and 97.3% and 97.6% for MIA, although this did not reach statistical significance compared to IA for either observer. Good agreement was present between observers when classifying tumors as AIS, MIA, and IA. Significant differences in overall survival were present between the 3 groups for both observers, and interobserver variability was evident. Patients with AIS and MIA experienced excellent DSS.
México continúa justificando con evidencia las intervenciones en nutrición

En 1990, funcionarios del Fondo para la Infancia de las Naciones Unidas (UNICEF, por sus siglas en ingles) publicaron un marco conceptual que explica los factores de la buena (o mala) nutricion en tres niveles de causalidad: inmediato, subyacente y basico. En resumen, se senalo que una buena nutricion requiere la provision optima de alimentos, salud y cuidados, y que es resultado de una compleja interaccion de las funciones de diferentes sectores y disciplinas.
Training Inexperienced Marksmen to Shoot at Night: The Effectiveness of a Basic Law Enforcement Night-Shooting Class:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a night-shooting lecture and night sights in improving nighttime shooting accuracy. The shooting scores of police recruits with and without night sights were compared before and after the night-shooting lecture in three low-light shooting conditions: shooting at a back-lighted target, shooting at a front-lighted target, and shooting with the assistance of a flashlight. The shooting scores did not improve after the lecture for shooting at a back-lighted target and for shooting with a flashlight, indicating that the recruits had not yet mastered the specific shooting techniques taught for these specific low-light conditions. The shooting scores did improve for shooting at a front-lighted target, even though no specific shooting technique, other than what the recruits had previously learned in their firearms training, is required in this lighting condition. Night sights significantly improved the scores when shooting at a back-lighted target.
Synchronized Flow-Based Evacuation Route Planning

When a disaster occurs, we need a routing plan to evacuate all the people in the affected area as soon as possible. For this purpose, we can model the transportation network as a graph of nodes and edges with occupancy on nodes and capacity and travel time on edges, where nodes represent places such as cities and edges represent roads. Given a transportation network graph, we can compute routes to evacuate all the people in the dangerous area by selecting paths from the source nodes (the nodes of which residents need to be evacuated) to the destination nodes (the nodes where the evacuees can be transported to). With capacity and travel time constraints on the roads (or edges), calculation of the evacuation time on the graph requires the use of time-expanded graphs. The use of time-expanded graphs, which are merely duplications of the given graph flagged with discrete time stamps, explodes the time and space complexities of the calculation of evacuation times. This drawback results in low scalability, especially when the evacuation time or the number of evacuees is relatively big compared to the size of the graph, such as the number of nodes, edges, and paths. In this paper, we present a scalable algorithm, SYNChronized FLOw Evacuation(SyncFloE), to plan the evacuation routes based on synchronized flows. The novel concept of synchronized flows replaces the use of time-expanded graphs and provides higher scalability in terms of the evacuation time or the number of evacuees. SyncFloE has computation time that only depends on the number of source nodes and the size of the graph itself, such as the number of nodes, edges, and paths. The computational results that support our claim are presented and discussed.
Localization of Multi-pose and Occluded Facial Features via Sparse Shape Representation

Automatic facial feature localization plays an important role in many face identification and expression analysis algorithms. It is a challenging problem for real world images because of various face poses and occlusions. This paper proposes a unified framework to robustly locate multi-pose and occluded facial features. Instead of explicitly modeling the statistical point distribution, we use a sparse linear combination to approximate the observed shape, and hence alleviate the multi-pose problem. In addition, we use sparsity constraint to handle the outliers that can be caused by occlusions. We also model the initial misalignment and use convex optimization techniques to solve them simultaneously and efficiently. This proposed method has been extensively evaluated on both synthetic and real data, and the experimental results are promising.
Cancer Screening Rates in a Student-Run Free Clinic

Background: In the United States and in New York State, individuals with no health insurance have consistently lower screening rates for breast and cervical cancer than those with health insurance and are also more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stages of cancer. Our objective was to compare the cancer screening rates among patients at a free student-run clinic to state and national data. To our knowledge, ours is the first study examining breast and cervical screening rates and their relation to insurance status, income level, education level, race, and marital status in a suburban free student-run clinic. Methods: As part of their intake from fall 2012 to spring 2013, patients at the Stony Brook Health Outreach and Medical Education Clinic in Stony Brook, NY, filled out a 26-item survey that included questions about race, income, education level, marital status, and cancer screening status. We compared the screening rates reported by our patients to published state and national rates. Results: Bre...
Cytomegalovirus inhibits major histocompatibility class II expression on infected endothelial cells

Persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. One mechanism by which HCMV may develop persistence after primary infection is through inhibition of host cell human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression with resultant escape from normal antiviral immune surveillance. Immunofluorescence flow cytometry of human endothelial cell (EC) cultures infected with HCMV AD169 and an EC propagated strain, VHL/E, showed a marked reduction in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced surface expression of HLA-DR. This inhibition did not occur when EC were treated with ultraviolet-inactivated virus and IFN-gamma. HCMV, as determined by dual-labeling immunohistochemistry, inhibited induction of surface and cytoplasmic class II antigens specifically in infected cells. HCMV infection also inhibited IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha up-regulation of HLA class I expression. Northern blot analysis of infected, IFN-gamma-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells revealed an absence of class II mRNA. Persistence of HCMV may result in part from its ability to inhibit HLA class II induction in infected cells.
Molecular Origins of the Unique Conformational Properties of the Polysilanes: A Molecular Dynamics Study of Poly(Di-N-Hexylsilane)

The conformational dynamics of a model compound for poly(di-n-hexylsilane) (PDHS) has been explored using the new molecular dynamics program MM3-MD. MM3-MD trajectories at variable temperatures reveal two abrupt conformational transitions, one near −182°C and another near −175°C, associated with two energy barriers on the potential-energy surface. The first transition near −182°C allows shifts in the backbone torsion angle from that defined by the global energy minimum designated off-trans to that corresponding to a statistical collection of torsion angles within the range trans ±30°. The second transition near −175°C allows the backbone torsion angle to explore the remainder of its torsional space. The sidechain dynamics follows a similar pattern. We suggest that the abrupt transition calculated here at −182°C for “gas phase” PDHS corresponds to that observed for PDHS at −28°C in solution and at 42°C in the solid state.
Alkali Lasers for Homeland and National Security

Alkali vapor lasers show the promise of demonstrating diffraction limited high power in the near and mid IR. These lasers could be used for missile defense and for protection from Man Portable Air Defense Systems.
Studies on the chemotherapy of the experimental typhoid carrier condition

Typhoid fever has long been recognized as a disease which tends to produce the carrier condition. The carrier state may then persist for an unknown time which may be lengthy as noted by Gregg,1 who claimed that in one case it has extended through fifty-two years, or it may be much shorter, clearing up within a few months. The percentage of carriers following cases of the disease seems to vary since Stokes and Clark2 reported 1.85"^ in the course of a survey of 810 persons, while Semple and Greig 3 detected 11.6% after 86 individual examinations. It seems likely that the general mean ultimately will be found to lie between these two figures. The menace of such carriers to society becomes evident at once, and the impression becomes emphasized when we find that G. Mayer,4 after careful work attendant on a survey of 405 cases, came to the conclusion that 32.39o of the new cases observed sprang from infection derived from carriers.
Phase Variation With Angle Inversion Using Plane And Spherical Waves

Seismic reflection data from nearto post-critical angles provide the potential of both velocity and density inversion. It is known that plane wave solutions are inapplicable near the critical angle. Spherical-wave solutions have recently been considered to study the amplitude variation with offset (AVO). However, amplitude is difficult to extract reliably due to transmission losses. To overcome this, we propose to use the phase variation with angle (PVA) information for elastic parameter inversion. The modeling is by spherical-wave reflection coefficients (SRCs). A linearized least-squares scheme is used to invert the modeled PVA for density and three velocities across the reflector. Numerical tests indicate that a correct solution can be reached only when the models are consistent for both observed and predicted phases. A spherical-wave model can produce a more accurate solution for real (spherical-wave) data than a plane-wave model can.
Change-Plane Analysis for Subgroup Detection and Sample Size Calculation

ABSTRACTWe propose a systematic method for testing and identifying a subgroup with an enhanced treatment effect. We adopts a change-plane technique to first test the existence of a subgroup, and then identify the subgroup if the null hypothesis on nonexistence of such a subgroup is rejected. A semiparametric model is considered for the response with an unspecified baseline function and an interaction between a subgroup indicator and treatment. A doubly robust test statistic is constructed based on this model, and asymptotic distributions of the test statistic under both null and local alternative hypotheses are derived. Moreover, a sample size calculation method for subgroup detection is developed based on the proposed statistic. The finite sample performance of the proposed test is evaluated via simulations. Finally, the proposed methods for subgroup identification and sample size calculation are applied to a data from an AIDS study.
Viral-induced unresponsiveness of tuberculin-sensitized guinea pig lymphocytes.

SummaryBlast cell transformation in vitro of lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of guinea pigs after sensitization to mycobacterial antigen was shown to increase after PPD stimulation. However, the cellular activity of lymphocytes was influenced by recent sensitization or immunization of the animals. The blastogenic response of guinea pig lymphocytes to the mitogen PHA was decreased following both the initial tuberculin sensitization and skin testing with PPD. Lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitized animals demonstrated a fall in responsiveness to in vitro PPD stimulation after the animals were skin tested.Furthermore, this study shows that in vitro NDV infection of sensitized lymphocytes prevents the cells from undergoing PPD-induced transformation. This confirms earlier work on viral-induced lymphocyte unresponsiveness and establishes the guinea pig as an animal model for investigating the virus-lymphocyte relationship.
Numerical analysis on flow force of moving ball valve with dynamic mesh

The unsteady flow and the flow force in the hydraulic ball valve with the moving ball was simulated by dynamic mesh technology.The ball laid in the hydraulic valve was taken as a movement entity.With the ball moving,the boundary of the corresponding flow field changed.The pressure distribution in different moments were obtained.Then the flow force of the hydraulic ball valve was analyzed when the ball was moving.The numerical results of the static fluid force are basically in accord with the theoretical results.The analysis results are helpful to the design and the optimization of the hydraulic ball.
Computer physician order entry and the real world: we're only humans.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Computer physician order entry (CPOE) may have significant benefit to reducing medical errors in the hospital setting. The belief in the promise of CPOE has led organizations such as the Leap Frog Group to advocate for the implementation of CPOE in hospitals to improve patient safety. Human factors, or ergonomics, is the study of the interaction between humans and the systems and tools they use. It is unclear whether human factors principles have been applied to commercially available CPOE systems. Conclusions CPOE's true utility for preventing medical errors and harm is largely undetermined. The evidence that exists for error reduction with CPOE is in the setting of "homegrown" systems and not commercially available products. The cases portrayed in the two scenarios described in this article were drawn from actual events to illustrate how failure to attend to human factors and human-centered design can create or facilitate errors and harm. Recommendations for Organizations in Implementing CPOE Organizations implementing CPOE or considering doing so could evaluate potential systems on the basis of evidence for human-centered design. An organization interested in addressing human factors issues as they relate to CPOE might, for example, familiarize itself with the basics of human factors, usability, and with existing evaluation methods for CPOE; involve the people who do the daily work in the evaluation and selection process; and ask potential vendors how they have addressed human factors in their CPOE systems.