cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-Pleistocene paleowinds and aeolian sand mobilization in north-central Lower Michigan

Abstract Simulation of late glacial atmospheric conditions with atmospheric general circulation models suggest a strong anticyclone over the Laurentide Ice Sheet and associated easterly winds along the glacial margin. In the upper Midwest of North America, evidence supporting this modeled air flow exists in the orientation of paleospits in northeastern Lower Michigan that formed ∼13 ka in association with glacial Lake Algonquin. Conversely, parabolic dunes that developed between 15 and 10 ka in central Wisconsin, northwestern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio resulted from westerly winds, suggesting that the wind gradient was indeed tight. Study results refine our understanding of late-Pleistocene wind conditions even closer to the ice margin in the upper Midwest by focusing on the timing of aeolian sand mobilization in north-central Lower Michigan at the Rosco dune field. The area was deglaciated ∼16 ka, and parabolic dunes have westerly orientations, indicating that they resulted from westerly winds. Optical ages suggest that mobilization last occurred between about 13 ka and 10 ka. The close proximity (∼150 km) of this dune field to more northerly paleolacustrine landforms resulting from easterly winds suggests that anticyclonic circulation indeed extended only a very short distance south of the ice sheet, which is consistent with modeled airflow and the orientation of dunes in central Canada. This study also presents evidence suggesting that, in addition to prevailing winds, dunes likely formed because the sparsely-vegetated local outwash plain was deflated.
The Contaminating Influence of Display Size on Flight Control, Risk Assessment, and Route Selection

The present experiment was designed to examine the effect of display size on distance estimates used for flight control and in assessing risk for route selection. Sixteen pilots were asked to select and fly along a route using integrated hazard and primary flight displays. Display size was manipulated by altering the physical size of a two-dimensional display and through axis compression in a three-dimensional display. Display minification resulted in poorer flight control. When the display was enlarged, pilots were found to overestimate the distance from the flight path to impending hazards and subsequently choose riskier routes. Pilots also exhibited greater confidence in their route choices with the large display, even though their choices were more dangerous. Results suggest that display size must be considered when designing displays for spatial tasks.
Simultaneous transjugular Renal biopsy and hemodialysis catheter placement in patients with ARF

Background: Previous studies have evaluated transjugular renal biopsy in patients with contraindications to percutaneous renal biopsy or those undergoing simultaneous renal and hepatic biopsies. We sought to evaluate transjugular renal biopsy in patients with acute renal failure (ARF) or ARF in the presence of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) who required venous catheter placement for hemodialysis (HD). Methods: Ten consecutive patients (6 patients, ARF; 4 patients, ARF on CRI) at a single tertiary-care medical center, while undergoing placement of HD access through the internal jugular route, also underwent transjugular renal biopsy using the Quick-Core (Cook, Bloomington, IN) system to delineate the cause of ARF. Transjugular renal biopsy was performed because it was the opinion of the attending nephrologist that a histological diagnosis might alter management. Results: Renal biopsy findings were diabetic nephropathy (3 patients), acute tubular necrosis (ATN; 2 patients), nephrosclerosis (2 patients), immunoglobulin A nephropathy (1 patient), lupus nephritis with focal crescents and ATN (1 patient), and pauci-immune necrotizing glomerulonephritis (1 patient). There were no major complications from the procedures. Among the 6 patients with ARF, management was directly affected in 3 patients (either initiation of appropriate immunosuppressive therapy or withholding of such therapy). In the remaining 3 patients with ARF and in patients with ARF on CRI, performing transjugular renal biopsy at the time of HD access placement obviated additional testing and/or unnecessary therapy. Four patients recovered renal function and HD therapy was discontinued, 2 patients died, and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Simultaneous transjugular renal biopsy/HD catheter placement should be considered in patients with ARF requiring HD therapy for whom knowledge of the renal histological diagnosis may alter patient management.
Interpretation of Actinide-Distribution Data Obtained from Non-Destructive and Destructive Post-Test Analyses of an Intact-Core Column of Culebra Dolomite

The US DOE, with technical assistance from Sandia National Laboratories, has successfully received EPA certification and opened the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a nuclear waste disposal facility located approximately 42 km east of Carlsbad, New Mexico. Performance assessment analyses indicate that human intrusions by inadvertent, intermittent drilling for resources provide the only credible mechanisms for releases of radionuclides from the disposal system. In modeling long-term brine releases, subsequent to a drilling event, potential migration pathways through the permeable layers of rock above the Salado formation were analyzed. Major emphasis is placed on the Culebra Member of the Rustler Formation because this is the most transmissive geologic layer overlying the WIPP site. In order to help quantify parameters for the calculated releases, radionuclide transport experiments have been earned out using intact-core columns obtained from the Culebra dolomite member of the Rustler Formation within the WIPP site. This paper deals primarily with results of analyses for {sup 241}Pu and {sup 241}Am distributions developed during transport experiments in one of these cores. Transport experiments were done using a synthetic brine that simulates Culebra brine at the core recovery location (the WIPP air-intake shaft--AIS). Hydraulic characteristics (i.e., apparent porosity and apparent dispersion coefficient) for intact-core columns were obtained via experiments using the conservative tracer {sup 22}Na. Elution experiments carried out over periods of a few days with tracers {sup 232}U and {sup 239}Np indicated that these tracers were weakly retarded as indicated by delayed elution of the species. Elution experiments with tracers {sup 241}Pu and {sup 241}Am were attempted, but no elution of either species has been observed to date, including experiments of many months' duration. In order to quantify retardation of the non-eluted species {sup 241}Pu and {sup 241}Am after a period of brine flow, non-destructive and destructive analyses of one intact-core column were carried out to determine distribution of these actinides in the rock. Analytical results indicate that the majority of the {sup 241}Am remained very near the injection surface of the core (possibly as a precipitate), and that the majority of the {sup 241}Pu was dispersed with a very high apparent retardation value. The {sup 241}Pu distribution is interpreted using a single-porosity advection-dispersion model, and an approximate retardation value is reported.
Acoustic wave propagation in composite materials: an experimental study

This paper demonstrates acoustic speed measurements in anisotropic composite materials using a fiber-optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor (EFPI). Acousto-ultrasound technique is used to generate unidirectional surface acoustic waves in a multilayered composite specimen. The principle of operation and the fabrication of the EFPI sensor are explained. The composite specimen is interrogated by a piezoelectric transducer driven by 1.2 MHz signal pulses from an rf generator. The acoustic speed is calculated by noting the difference in the arrival times of the acoustic signal detected by the sensor for different locations of the piezoelectric source separated by a known distance. The possible variation of the acoustic signal speed with respect to the direction of the fibers is studied. This study could be used in determining the dispersion curves of materials and impact locating detection in composite materials.
Genetically correlated effects of selective breeding for high and low methamphetamine consumption.

Improved prevention and treatment of drug addiction will require deeper understanding of genetic factors contributing to susceptibility to excessive drug use. Intravenous operant self-administration methods have greatly advanced understanding of behavioral traits related to addiction. However, these methods are not suitable for large-scale genetic experiments in mice. Selective breeding of mice can aggregate 'addiction alleles' in a model that has the potential to identify coordinated effects of multiple genes. We produced mouse lines that orally self-administer high (MAHDR) or low (MALDR) amounts of methamphetamine, representing the first demonstration of selective breeding for self-administration of any psychostimulant drug. Conditioned place preference and taste aversion results indicate that MAHDR mice are relatively more sensitive to the rewarding effects and less sensitive to the aversive effects of methamphetamine, compared to MALDR mice. These results validate the oral route of self-administration for investigation of the motivational effects of methamphetamine and provide a viable alternative to intravenous self-administration procedures. Gene expression results for a subset of genes relevant to addiction-related processes suggest differential regulation by methamphetamine of apoptosis and immune pathways in the nucleus accumbens of MAHDR and MALDR mice. In each line, methamphetamine reduced an allostatic state by bringing gene expression back toward 'normal' levels. Genes differentially expressed in the drug-nai ve state, including Slc6a4 (serotonin transporter), Htr3a (serotonin receptor 3A), Rela [nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB)] and Fos (cFos), represent candidates whose expression levels may predict methamphetamine consumption and susceptibility to methamphetamine reward and aversion.
Testing Predator-Driven Evolution with Paleozoic Crinoid Arm Regeneration

Regenerating arms of crinoids represent direct evidence of nonlethal attacks by predators and provide an opportunity for exploring the importance of predation through geologic time. Analysis of 11 Paleozoic crinoid Lagerstatten revealed a significant increase in arm regeneration during the Siluro-Devonian. During this interval, referred to as the Middle Paleozoic Marine Revolution, the diversity of shell-crushing predators increased, and antipredatory morphologies among invertebrate prey, such as crinoids, became more common. Crinoid arm regeneration data suggest an increase in nonlethal attacks at this time and represent a causal link between those patterns, which implies an important role for predator-driven evolution.
On the Prediction of Crystallinity Distribution in Injection Molded Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics

Injection molded semi-crystalline thermoplastic parts show variable morphologies across their thickness. Process parameters such as injection speed, mold temperature, and melt temperature, play an important role in forming these morphologies. The heat and shear history has a great effect on the crystallization process of the semi-crystalline plastics. In this study, different available crystallization models were used to predict the crystallinity distribution, and capabilities of the models compared. Based on the results from these models, a more realistic model, which considers stress relaxation during the crystallization process, is proposed.
Multichannel pseudogap Kondo model: large-N solution and quantum-critical dynamics.

The Kondo effect in metals is a well-studied phenomenon in many-body physics. The low-energy physics is completely determined by a single-energy scale, the Kondo temperature TK , and the impurity spin is fully quenched in the low-temperature limit, T o TK [1]. The standard picture of the Kondo effect has to be revised if the conduction band density of states (DOS) vanishes identically at the Fermi energy [2‐6]. This is the case in so-called pseudogap systems with a power-law DOS re jej r r . 0 which arises in one-dimensional interacting systems, in certain zero-gap semiconductors, and in systems with long-range order where the order parameter has nodes at the Fermi surface, e.g., p- and d-wave superconductors (r 2 and 1). Of special interest are high-Tc cuprate superconductors, where indeed nontrivial Kondo-like behavior has been observed associated with the magnetic moments induced by nonmagnetic Zn impurities [7]. The pseudogap Kondo problem has attracted a lot of attention during the last decade. A number of studies [2,3] including the initial work by Withoff and Fradkin employed a slave-boson large-N technique; further progress and insight came from numerical renormalization group (NRG) calculations [4‐6] and the local moment approach [8]. The general picture arising from these studies is that there exists a zero-temperature phase transition at a critical Kondo coupling, Jc, below which the impurity spin is unscreened even at lowest temperatures. Also, the behavior depends sensitively on the presence or absence of particlehole p-h symmetry: in the p-h symmetric case there is no complete screening even for JK . Jc. A comprehensive discussion of possible fixed points and their thermodynamic properties has been given by Gonzalez-Buxton and Ingersent [6] based on the NRG approach. Spectral properties of the pseudogap Kondo model have so far been investigated for the p-h symmetric case only [5,8], and the knowledge about the quantum-critical dynamics is limited. Importantly, recent advances in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have made it possible to directly observe local spectral properties of impurities in superconductors [9]. The purpose of this paper is to provide an exact lowenergy solution of the pseudogap Kondo problem in a certain large-N limit [10,11] which is appropriate for obtaining dynamical properties. We shall determine anomalous exponents and spectral densities at the fixed points of interest, and describe the crossovers in the vicinity of quantum-critical points. The critical fixed points are found to have exponents varying continuously with the pseudogap exponent r. To our knowledge, our study represents the first critical theory of the pseudogap Kondo transition in the presence of p-h asymmetry. We begin by describing the generalized multichannel Kondo problem, characterized by K channels of conduction electrons and a spin symmetry group extended from SU(2) to SUN. The choice of the SUN representation for the impurity spin ˆ
Matters of mind: Mindfulness/mindlessness in perspective

Abstract The dual concepts of mindfulness and mindlessness are described. Mindfulness is a state of conscious awareness in which the individual is implicitly aware of the context and content of information. It is a state of openness to novelty in which the individual actively constructs categories and distinctions. In contrast, mindlessness is a state of mind characterized by an over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and, as such, is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation. Mindlessness is compared to more familiar concepts such as habit, functional fixedness, overlearning, and automatic (vs controlled) processing. Like mindlessness, these concepts concern rigid invariant behavior that occurs with little or no conscious awareness. The primary difference is that mindlessness may result from a single exposure to information. When information is given in absolute (vs conditional) language, is given by an authority, or initially appears irrelevant, there is little manifest reason to critically examine the information and thereby recognize the ways it may be context-dependent. Instead, the individual mindlessly forms a cognitive commitment to the information and freezes its potential meaning. Alternative meanings or uses of the information become unavailable for active cognitive use. Automatic vs controlled processing, while seemingly most similar to mindlessness/mindfulness, are orthogonal to them. One can process information in a controlled but mindless manner, or automatic but mindful. Related concepts like scripts, set, expectancy, labels, and roles direct behavior, but these too may be enacted mindlessly or mindfully. The major consequences of mindlessness/mindfulness are discussed with respect to their relevance for overt behavior (competence), memory, and health. Finally, the relationship between traditional notions of consciousness and mindfulness is briefly examined.
Spanish Teachers' Opinions about the Use of Spanish in Mainstream English Classrooms before and after Their First Year in California.

Abstract Five Spanish teachers working in California elementary schools participated in this project. Although they were assigned to teach in mainstream English programs, they noticed that some of the Latino students in their classrooms were officially classified as English language learners (ELLs) and, as such, had difficulties understanding their explanations. This realization led the teachers to provide these students with additional explanations in Spanish to bridge the existing language gap. The purpose of this study was twofold: to examine the teachers' opinions about the role of Spanish in the English acquisition process of their ELLs and to analyze and compare their support for several theoretical and practical principles of native-language instruction before and after their first year teaching in California schools. In their responses, the teachers showed support for the tenets of bilingual education and concurred that their use of Spanish helped improve the academic progress, English acquisition...
Terrestrial Ratio of Potassium to Rubidium and the Composition of Earth's Mantle

The ratios of potassium to rubidium determined for a series of oceanic volcanic rocks suggest that the K/Rb ratio of the upper mantle exceeds 1500. The similarity between this inferred K/Rb ratio for the mantle and that found in some achondritic meteorites suggests a similar overall composition for these materials.
The role of phosphine in cobalt-catalyzed carbonylative polymerization of N-alkylaziridine

A series of CH 3 COCo(CO) 3 L complexes ( 1 , L = PCy 3 ; 2 , L = PMe 2 Ph; 3 , L = PPh 3 ; 4, L = P( para -F-Ph) 3 ; 5 , L = P( meta -F-Ph) 3 ; and 6 , L = P( ortho -tolyl) 3 ) were studied as precatalyst for the title polymerization. The Co–P bond length primarily responds to the cone angle of the phosphine ligand ( 6 > 1 > 2 ≈ 3 ≈ 4 ≈ 5 ), while the back-donation to the axial acetyl ligand and the equatorial CO ligand depends on the electron-donating ability of the phosphine and increases in the order 1 > 6 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 . The equilibrium constant for CH 3 COCo(CO) 3 L + CO ↔ CH 3 COCo(CO) 4 + L depends on the electron-donating ability of the phosphine ligand except for 6 and follows the order 6 ≫ 5 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 . The catalytic activity follows the order 6 > 5 > 4 > 3 > 1 > 2 . The activity difference cannot be explained solely by the above equilibrium and is consistent with the competition for the acyl site by the phosphine as nucleophile against aziridine. The production of the β-lactam byproduct is attributed to catalyst decomposition, which is accelerated to the basicity/nucleophilicity of the phosphine ligand.
The New Labor History in American History Textbooks

If the new labor history has not changed the face of American historiography in the past twenty years, it certainly ranks among the discipline's most exciting developments. Focusing on the relationship of workers and working-class institutions to the larger social and political culture, labor historians ranging from Herbert G. Gutman and David Montgomery to Christine Stansell and Mary H. Blewett have broadened definitions of the political, challenged traditional views of how economic structure is shaped, and provided much of the empirical data that has encouraged us to rethink the role of race, ethnicity, and gender in constructing national identity.' How much of this scholarship has crept into textbooks? In this essay, we explore how well the new labor history has been incorporated into seven popular texts used in college level introductory United States history courses. We have not included here the one textbook that is built around working people's centrality to United States history, the American Social History Project's Who Built America? Working People and the Nation's Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society (originally conceived and directed by Herbert G. Gutman), but we heartily recommend it to those who wish to place working people's perspectives at the core of their courses.2
Optimal Retention in Agency Problems

This paper studies the interaction between a single long-lived principal and a series of short-lived agents in the presence of both moral hazard and adverse selection. We assume that the principal can influence the agents' behavior only through her choice of a retention rule; this rule is further required to be sequentially rational (i.e., no precommitment is allowed). We provide general conditions under which equilibria exist where (a) the principal adopts a “cut-off” rule under which agents are retained only when the reward they generate exceeds a critical bound; and (b) agents separate according to type, with better agents taking superior actions. We show that in equilibrium, a retained agent's productivity is necessarily declining over time, but that retained agents are also more productive on average than untried agents due to selection effects. Finally, we show that for each given type, agents of that type are more productive in the presence of adverse selection than when there is pure moral hazard (i.e., when that type is the sole type of agent in the model); nonetheless, adding uncertainty about agent-types cannot benefit the principal except in uninteresting cases.
N-Terminal amino-acids formed during the activation of prothrombin.

THERE is little information concerning the specific reactions involved in the biological conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Recently it has been shown that the N-terminal amino-acid of thrombin differs from that of prothrombin1. The work reported here was undertaken to enumerate and identify the N-terminal amino-acids formed by the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
(+)-Episesaminone, a Sesamum indicum Furofuran Lignan. Isolation and Hemisynthesis

Several lignans from Sesamum sp. contain an unusual oxygen insertion between their furano and aromatic rings. As part of our ongoing studies to clarify the biosynthetic pathway to the sesame lignans, the furanoketone, (+)-episesaminone, was isolated and fully characterized in part via hemisynthesis from (+)-sesamolin.
Pulsed EPR imaging of nitroxides in mice.

Nitroxides, unlike trityl radicals, have shorter T2s which until now were not detectable by time-domain Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrometer at 300 MHz pulsed EPR since their phase memory times were shorter than the spectrometer recovery times. In the current version of the time-domain EPR spectrometer with improved spectrometer recovery times, we tested the feasibility of detecting signals from nitroxide radicals. Several nitroxides and the trityl radical Oxo63 were tested. Among the nitroxides evaluated, deuterated 15N-Tempone (15N-PDT) was found to have the longest T2. The signal intensity profile as a function of concentration of these agents was evaluated and a bi-phasic behavior was observed; beyond a nitroxide concentration of 1.5 mM, signal intensity was found to decrease as a result of self-broadening. Imaging experiments were carried out with 15N-PDT in solutions equilibrated with 0, 5, 10 and 21% oxygen using the Single Point Imaging (SPI) modality in EPR. The image intensity in these tubes was found to depend on the oxygen concentration which in turn influences the T2 of 15N-PDT. In vivo experiments were demonstrated with 15N-PDT in anesthetized mice where the distribution and metabolism of 15N-PDT could be monitored. This study, for the first time shows the capability to image a cell-permeable nitroxide in mice using pulsed EPR in the SPI modality.
Correlations of capacitance-voltage hysteresis with thin-film CdTe Solar cell performance during accelerated lifetime testing

In this paper we present the correlation of CdTe solar cell performance with capacitance-voltage hysteresis, defined presently as the difference in capacitance measured at zero-volt bias when collecting such data with different pre-measurement bias conditions. These correlations were obtained on CdTe cells stressed under conditions of 1-sun illumination, open-circuit bias, and an acceleration temperature of approximately 100 °C.
Damping of Bloch oscillations: Variational solutions of the Boltzmann equation beyond linear response

Variational solutions of the Boltzmann equation usually rely on the concept of linear response. We extend the variational approach for tight-binding models at high entropies to a regime far beyond linear response. We analyze both weakly interacting fermions and incoherent bosons on a lattice. We consider a case where the particles are driven by a constant force, leading to the well-known Bloch oscillations, and we consider interactions that are weak enough not to overdamp these oscillations. This regime is computationally demanding and relevant for ultracold atoms in optical lattices. We derive a simple theory in terms of coupled dynamic equations for the particle density, energy density, current, and heat current, allowing for analytic solutions. As an application, we identify damping coefficients for Bloch oscillations in the Hubbard model at weak interactions and compute them for a one-dimensional toy model. We also approximately solve the long-time dynamics of a weakly interacting, strongly Bloch-oscillating cloud of fermionic particles in a tilted lattice, leading to a subdiffusive scaling exponent.
The Spitzer-Weinstein Syndrome: One Form of Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis and Its Response to Hydrochlorothiazide

A twelve-year-old girl with persistent hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, normal blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate, and short stature (first percentile for height) was studied using metabolic balance techniques. Prior to therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), urinary potassium and acid excretion were low and urine pH was inappropriately high at 5.8. HCTZ (25 mg orally per day) (1 mg/kg) was then started and rapidly corrected her serum electrolytes. The therapy with HCTZ was associated with a diuresis, a decrease in urine pH to 4.8, and concomitant increases in potassium, titratable acid (TA) and ammonium excretion. The increase in TA excretion was explicable, in part, to the decrease in urine pH and, in part, to the considerable increase in phosphate excretion (from 56 to 81 mmol/d). Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone increased markedly following HCTZ but urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) excretion was unchanged. These observations suggest that administration of HCTZ in this setting increases hydrogen ion secretion. It is unclear whether this effect is a direct consequence of HCTZ at the level of the tubule or is secondary to some other action of HCTZ. However, it is clear that this effect is not related to an alteration in PGE excretion.
Computational challenges and analysis under increasingly dynamic and uncertain electric power system conditions

Computational methods and information systems have been at the center of secure and economic planning and operation of electric power systems for several decades. Today, transformational forces such as renewable energy, distributed resources, energy storage, massive sensing, etc., pose numerous and much more difficult computational challenges. The addition of sustainability objectives to the traditional goals of grid economy and reliability has resulted in growing uncertainty and complexity, and is likely to rend a significant portion of the current computational methods and information systems obsolete. The new decision-making tools needed in operations and planning must be based on computational methods that account for uncertain conditions and are capable of handling much more complex problems. On the other hand, the availability of massive, more detailed, and new data from PMU, AMI, and IED's provides great opportunities for improved grid planning and operations, but ways must be found to aggregate, organize, and keep this data secure so that it can be leveraged to upgrade, extend, and replace existing tool.
The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading.

A computer-based eye-movement controlled, display system was developed for the study of perceptual processes in reading. A study was conducted to identify the region from which skilled readers pick up various types of visual information during a fixation while reading. This study involved making display changes, based on eye position, in the text pattern as the subject was in the act of reading from it, and then examining the effects these changes produced on eye behavior. The results indicated that the subjects acquired word-length pattern information at least 12 to 15 character positions to the right of the fixation point, and that this information primarily influenced saccade lengths. Specific letter- and word-shape information were acquired no further than 10 character positions to the right of the fixation point.
Western Apache Clan and Phratry Organization

N AVAHO and Western Apache clan systems have long presented a puzzling picture, especially when set against the relatively clear-cut systems of other groups in the Southwest having clans. With regard to the Navaho, statements about matrilineal linked clans and a possible phratry organization are generally used to characterize their higher system of social organization, but no detailed analysis has yet been made of the way in which Navaho linked clans and phratries function or functioned. Lack of historical data and/or conflicting statements from informants are usually given as reasons for this. There seems to be a general feeling that there is at present no higher system which organizes Navaho life beyond the family and clan, or that what system there may have been in the past has been irretrievably lost as the population and area of occupation have expanded. The enforced emigration to Fort Sumner in 1865 is often given as the precipitating event for the breakdown of such an old system, but a usable analysis of the "pre-Long Walk" Navaho clan organization has yet to be made. On the other hand, Goodwin collected some precise information on the clan organization of the Western Apache which lends itself readily to analysis. Goodwin died before he was able to complete his analysis of the system, and the section on clans in The Social Organization of the Western Apache (1942) and his earlier article on clan characteristics and functions (1937) represent but a developmental stage in his thinking. The raw data which he published in the appendices to the volume on social organization, however, make it possible to work out both a complete picture of the way in which each clan was structured and also the larger framework into which these clans fitted. The following remarks are based on a re-analysis of Goodwin's data and on ten months' field work among the Western Apache.* Supplementarily, there is the assumption, based upon comparative research, that Navaho and Western Apache clans are related, both having had the same historical origin. Navaho and Western Apache social organizations are closely related, as both culture and language demonstrate. Therefore, a presentation of the salient features of the Western Apache clan system should suggest directions for research into Navaho clan organization. The Western Apache, Navaho, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Chiricahua, Lipan, and Kiowa Apache are groups of speakers of Southern Athapaskan which today represent the end of a long process of "tribal" segmentation and coalescence that has been going on since the first Athapaskans entered the Southwest. Each group represents adaptation to a different ecological and cultural environment. The Kiowa Apache, forming a band of Kiowa and operating as
Phosphodiester substrates for incorporation of nucleotides in DNA using HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

In previous research we demonstrated that some amino acid derivatives of deoxyadenosine 5′-O-monophosphate act as substrates for incorporation into DNA by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase while retaining the canonical base-pair selectivity for all natural bases. Thus, some amino acids mimic the pyrophosphate group in the polymerization process with this enzyme. Herein we extended this study to the evaluation of a range of potential new leaving groups with aromatic and aliphatic structures carrying one or two carboxylic acid functions. Out of this series, the isophthalic acid derivative of deoxyadenosine 5′-O-monophosphate gave single-nucleotide incorporation results similar to those obtained with the L-aspartic acid phosphoramidate of deoxyadenosine monophosphate. The glycolic acid analogue is a better substrate than the glycine congener, supporting the good leaving group properties of a phosphodiester linkage. These investigations provide new insight into the structural requirements for leaving groups that can mimic the pyrophosphate moiety of nucleoside triphosphates.
Impact of statin use on cardiorespiratory fitness in multi-racial men and women: The Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project

• The statin use was not associated with lower peak metabolic equivalents of tasks achieved on treadmill exercise stress test.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality pediatric indicators as a quality metric for surgery in children: do they predict adverse outcomes?

Abstract Background/Purpose The pediatric quality indicators (PDIs) were developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare patient safety and quality of pediatric care. These are being considered for mandatory reporting as well as pay-for-performance efforts. The present study evaluates the PDIs' predictive value for surgical outcomes in children. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using nationwide inpatient data from 1988 to 2007. Patients younger than 18 years with an inpatient surgical procedure were included and evaluated for 10 PDIs. Odds ratios for mortality, increase in length of stay, and total charges were calculated using multivariate regression adjusting for age, sex, race, region, hospital type, and comorbidities. Results A total of 1,964,456 pediatric discharges were included. Mortality rates were 5.4% for patients with at least 1 PDI and 0.6% for those with none. Multivariate analysis showed that occurrence of any PDI was associated with a 20% increased risk of mortality. The PDIs were associated with an increased length of stay and total hospital charges. Conclusion The present study shows that PDIs are associated with increased mortality risk as well as increased hospital stay and total hospital charges. This provides positive evidence for the utility of these indicators as metrics for quality and patient safety.
Two-wire (0.014 & 0.018-inch) technique to facilitate innominate artery stenting under embolic protection.

PURPOSE To describe a 2-wire technique for innominate artery stent placement under embolic protection. TECHNIQUE Confronted with a high-grade innominate artery stenosis that blocked passage of a 0.035-inch stent delivery system from the femoral approach, a 0.018-inch guidewire was advanced in retrograde fashion via the right radial artery and captured via the femoral approach, establishing right radial–femoral through-and-through access. The 0.018-inch guidewire provided excellent support for positioning an 8-F hydrophilic sheath at the origin of the innominate artery. A 0.035-inch catheter was used to cross the lesion from the femoral approach, and a 0.014-inch buddy wire was introduced into the right common carotid artery. A 7-mm SpideRX filter was then deployed over the 0.014-inch guidewire. The 2-wire combination was used to load a 0.035-inch–compatible balloon-expandable stent system, which was deployed in the innominate artery and flared proximally, with excellent angiographic result. CONCLUSION This technique provided excellent support in difficult anatomy while enabling use of a 0.035-inch–compatible stent and embolic protection. It has also been applied in the subclavian artery with protection of the vertebral or internal mammary artery and for lower extremity interventions.
Design of interleaved ultra-wideband polyfractal arrays

New remote sensing applications and techniques have made the development of robust and versatile phased array antenna designs increasingly important. However, current phased array antenna technology is primarily limited to narrowband operation with a single main-beam in the radiation pattern, electronically steerable only within a limited scanning volume. Recently a new design methodology has been developed that utilizes nature-inspired design techniques to optimize array layouts that incorporate both ordered and periodic properties in their geometries. These arrays, called polyfractal arrays, are capable of substantially lower sidelobe levels over ultra-wide bandwidths [1-3].
An investigation of heterochromatin domains on the fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster

The banded portion of Drosophila melanogaster chromosome 4 exhibits euchromatic and heterochromatic characteristics. Reminiscent of heterochromatin, it contains a high percentage of repetitive elements, does not undergo recombination, and exhibits high levels of HP1 and histone-3 lysine-9 dimethylation. However, in the distal 1.2 Mb, the gene density is typical of euchromatin, and this region is polytene in salivary gland nuclei. Using P-element reporters carrying a copy of hsp70-white, alternative chromatin packaging domains can be distinguished by the eye color phenotype. Mapping studies identified the repetitive element 1360 as a candidate for heterochromatin targeting in the fourth chromosome Hcf region. We report here two new screens using this reporter to look for additional heterochromatin target sites. We confirm that reporter elements within 10 kb of 1360 are usually packaged as heterochromatin; however, heterochromatin packaging occurs in the sv region in the absence of 1360. Analyses of the sequences adjacent to P-element reporters show no simple association between specific repeated elements and transgene expression phenotype on a whole chromosome level. The data require that heterochromatin formation as a whole depends on a more complex pattern of sequence organization rather than the presence of a single sequence element.
Refined Preparation and Use of Anti-diglycine Remnant (K-ε-GG) Antibody Enables Routine Quantification of 10,000s of Ubiquitination Sites in Single Proteomics Experiments

Detection of endogenous ubiquitination sites by mass spectrometry has dramatically improved with the commercialization of anti-di-glycine remnant (K-e-GG) antibodies. Here, we describe a number of improvements to the K-e-GG enrichment workflow, including optimized antibody and peptide input requirements, antibody cross-linking, and improved off-line fractionation prior to enrichment. This refined and practical workflow enables routine identification and quantification of ∼20,000 distinct endogenous ubiquitination sites in a single SILAC experiment using moderate amounts of protein input.
Sugars – The Arch Criminal?

Numerous lines of evidence have conclusively established the role of sugars in caries etiology and the importance of sugars as the principal dietary substrate that drives the caries process has not been scientifically challenged. While sugars appear to differ little in acidogenic potential, sucrose has been given special importance, as the sole substrate for synthesis of extracellular glucans. Water-insoluble glucans might enhance accumulation of mutans streptococci on smooth tooth surfaces and appear to enhance virulence by increasing plaque porosity, resulting in greater acid production immediately adjacent to the tooth surface. Data indicating that the sugar consumption/caries relationship is now weaker have led to suggestions that recommendations to restrict sugar consumption are no longer necessary. Clearly, fluoride has raised the threshold of sugar intake at which caries will progress to cavitation, but fluoride has its limits, and caries remains a serious problem for disadvantaged individuals in many industrialized countries and is a rising problem in many developing countries. A weakening of the sugar/caries relationship may also be explained by many technical, biological, behavioral and genetic factors. Future research should aim to determine the biologic and behavioral factors that influence caries risk. Measures to educate the public on the dangers of frequent sugar consumption, combined with recommendations for proper oral hygiene and fluoride use, are still warranted. Individual dietary counseling is highly recommended for patients at high caries risk. As dental caries is a preventable disease, each country must decide: what level of disease is society willing and able to tolerate?
The relationships of bacteria within the family Bacteroidaceae as shown by numerical taxonomy.

SUMMARY: A comparison, by numerical taxonomy methods, was made of 72 named or freshly isolated strains of Gram-negative anaerobes which were considered to belong within the family Bacteroidaceae. In the first analysis 57 strains were compared. Representative strains were then selected and compared with additional named strains in a second analysis. Four phena were identified: (1) strains of Sphaerophorus, Fusobacterium and Bacteraides melaninogenicus, (2) Bacteroides, (3) unnamed poultry isolates, (4) a second group of unnamed poultry isolates. The most useful differential tests were found to be: (a) cell morphology, (b) the terminal pH value in glucose broth and the production of formic, acetic, propionic or butyric acids, (c) the production of propionic acid from threonine, (d) growth stimulation by bile, (e) the effect of various inhibitors.
Resonant converter transformer design and optimization

A new, low-profile, low-loss resonant converter transformer is proposed. Its design allows the absorption of the series inductor of the resonant converter through its leakage inductance. The windings are concentric with ferrite between them to control the leakage inductance. This arrangement offers electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction compared to similar designs. Design software which optimizes the transformer inclusive of all of the resonant converter's load conditions is described. A design optimization for a 550 W inverter with a 20 mm tall transformer is presented and the resulting prototype is discussed. The results of large-signal power loss experiments are provided and indicate that measured results match well with predictions. Under reactive load, the results indicate an expected transformer efficiency of at least 98.20% at a load condition similar in magnitude to an actual operating point of the converter.
A Neural Network Model of Naive Preference and Filial Imprinting in the Domestic Chick

Filial imprinting in domestic chicks is of interest in psychology, biology, and computational modeling because it exemplifies simple, rapid, innately programmed learning which is biased toward learning about some objects. Horn et al. have recently discovered a naive visual preference for heads and necks which develops over the course of the first three days of life. The neurological basis of this predisposition is almost entirely unknown; that of imprinting-related learning is fairly clear. This project is the first model of the predisposition consistent with what is known about learning in imprinting. The model develops the predisposition appropriately, learns to "approach" a training object, and replicates one interaction between the two processes. Future work will replicate more interactions between imprinting and the predisposition in chicks, and analyze why the system works.
Role of the EGFR/Ras/Raf pathway in specification of photoreceptor cells in the Drosophila retina

The Drosophila EGF receptor is required for differentiation of many cell types during eye development. We have used mosaic analysis with definitive null mutations to analyze the effects of complete absence of EGFR, Ras or Raf proteins during eye development. The Egfr, ras and raf genes are each found to be essential for recruitment of R1-R7 cells. In addition Egfr is autonomously required for MAP kinase activation. EGFR is not essential for R8 cell specification, either alone or redundantly with any other receptor that acts through Ras or Raf, or by activating MAP kinase. As with Egfr, loss of ras or raf perturbs the spacing and arrangement of R8 precursor cells. R8 cell spacing is not affected by loss of argos in posteriorly juxtaposed cells, which rules out a model in which EGFR acts through argos expression to position R8 specification in register between adjacent columns of ommatidia. The R8 spacing role of the EGFR was partially affected by simultaneous deletion of spitz and vein, two ligand genes, but the data suggest that EGFR activation independent of spitz and vein is also involved. The results prove that R8 photoreceptors are specified and positioned by distinct mechanisms from photoreceptors R1-R7.
Stream Channel Offset and Late Holocene Slip Rate of the San Andreas Fault at the Van Matre Ranch Site, Carrizo Plain, California

Sets of well-preserved channels offset across the San Andreas fault (SAF) at the Van Matre Ranch (VMR) site in the northwestern Elkhorn Hills area of the Carrizo Plain offer the opportunity to measure slip rate and examine geomorphic development of the channels. The fault zone and offset channels were exposed by excavation in one fault-perpendicular and five fault-parallel trenches. The geomor- phology and stratigraphy in the channels reveal a record of filling by fluvial sedi- mentation, lateral colluviation, and pedogenesis. The buried thalweg of the currently active channel is offset 24.8 1 m, while the geomorphic channel is offset approx- imately 27.6 1 m. Seventeen samples were collected from channel margin deposits for 14 C dating. An OxCal model of the radiocarbon dates with stratigraphic control suggests that the oldest date for channel incision was A.D. 1160. Minimum and maximum slip rates ranging from 29.3 to 35.6 mm/yr are derived from different assumptions about the timing of channel incision and offset. The resulting slip rates at VMR agree well with the late-Holocene slip rate of 33.9 2.9 mm/yr at Wallace Creek, approximately 18 km to the northwest, and imply that within measurement uncertainty the 30-37 mm/yr velocity gradient across the SAF from decadal time- scale geodetic measurements is accommodated across the several-meter-wide SAF zone at VMR over the last millennium.
Three-dimensional Electrocardiographically Gated Variable Flip Angle FSE Imaging for MR Angiography of the Hands at 3.0 T: Initial Experience

After institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for this HIPAA-compliant investigation, a three-dimensional electrocardiographically gated variable flip angle (VFA) fast spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) angiography technique was evaluated as an unenhanced method for imaging hand arteries in 13 subjects (including four patients) at 3.0 T; this included evaluation of vessel visualization with warming and cooling in seven subjects. Examinations were evaluated for image quality and vessel conspicuity. Clear separation of arteries from veins was achieved in all subjects, with excellent vessel conspicuity and depiction of stenoses. Warming improved vessel visualization in healthy volunteers. VFA MR angiography is a high-spatial-resolution technique that enables the assessment of vascular reactivity in response to temperature challenge.