cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TWO-FIREBALL PHENOMENON AND THE MULTIPERIPHERAL MODEL.

In the context of the Chew-Snider version of the Amati-Bertocchi-Fubini-Stanghellini-Tonin pion-exchange model, we investigate certain multiperipheral mechanisms that could account for those phenomena that have hitherto motivated the two-fireball model. These mechanisms are (1) double diffractive dissociation, (2) the presence of a sequence of neutral particles on the multiperipheral chain, and (3) statistical fluctuations in the $\mathrm{logtan}\ensuremath{\theta}$ spectrum. At cosmic-ray energies they are of equal importance.
Thermodynamic calculations of carbonitrides in microalloyed steels

Abstract A three-phase miscibility gap including the austenite and two carbonitrides is presented to describe the phase equilibria between the austenite matrix and carbonitride precipitates. It is demonstrated that the three-phase equilibrium has a lower Gibbs energy than the conventional two-phase equilibrium of austenite and one carbonitride, and is more consistent with experimental data in the literature.
Common risk factors in the management of periodontal and associated systemic diseases: the dental setting and interprofessional collaboration.

There is a role for dentistry in the interprofessional management of chronic diseases by addressing common risk factors
Binding between Ground-State Aluminum Ions and Small Molecules: Al+·(H2/CH4/C2H2/C2H4/C2H6)n. Can Al+ Insert into H2?

Binding energies and entropies have been measured for the attachment of up to four H2 ligands and six small hydrocarbons to ground-state Al+ ions (1S, 3s2). Bond energies are typically very weak compared with analogous transition metal ion or the isovalent boron ion systems. Bond energies for the first ligand addition to Al+ are 1.4 (H2), 6.1 (CH4), 9.3 (C2H6), 14.0 (C2H2), and 15.1 kcal/mol for C2H4. The origin of the weak bonding lies primarily in the large, repulsive 3s orbital, which prevents close approach by the ligands. In addition, the lack of low-energy acceptor orbitals on the Al+ ion minimizes electron donation to the metal ion and also reduces the Al+/ligand attraction. Finally, the lack of low lying, occupied π-type orbitals prevents donation from the Al+ to the σ* orbitals on the ligands. A very detailed theoretical examination of the Al+(H2)n cluster energetics was also made. The purpose was to investigate the possibility of insertion by the Al+ into the H−H bond via σ bond activation, as i...
Systems of ordering data

Four ordering systems have been used most frequently in taxonomy: (1) special purpose classifications, (2) downward classifications (identification schemes), (3) upward or grouping classifications (traditional), and (4) Hennigian phylogenetic systems. The special properties of these four systems are critically evaluated. Grouping classifications and phylogenetic systems have very different objectives: the former the documentation of similarity and closeness of relationship, the latter of phylogeny. Both are legitimate ordering systems.
A Fully Integrated Multi-CPU, Processor Graphics, and Memory Controller 32-nm Processor

This paper describes the second-generation Intel Core processor, a 32-nm monolithic die integrating four IA cores, a processor graphics, and a memory controller. Special attention is given to the circuit design challenges associated with this kind of integration. The paper describes the chip floor plan, the power delivery network, energy conservation techniques, the clock generation and distribution, the on-die thermal sensors, and a novel debug port.
Interchannel optical coupling within arrays of linear microplasmas generated in 25–200μm wide glass channels

Axially uniform microcavity plasmas with widths of 25–200 μm and aspect ratios as high as 500 have been generated in glass microchannels. Sealed in cavities 2.5 cm in length and having a cross-sectional area of 2.5×102–104 μm2, these microplasmas operate in the abnormal glow regime with neutral particle temperatures of 365–420 K when the rare gas pressure is 200–700 Torr. In arrays as large as ten parallel microchannel plasmas, evidence of optical coupling among the channels is observed in the form of strongly enhanced atomic emission which is attributed to electron heating driven by the resonant absorption of scattered radiation.
Management of protease inhibitor-associated hyperlipidemia.

Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated serum levels of triglycerides and reduced levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, has been recognized in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is thought that elevated levels of circulating cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-alpha, may alter lipid metabolism in patients with HIV infection. Protease inhibitors, such as saquinavir, indinavir and ritonavir, have been found to decrease mortality and improve quality of life in patients with HIV infection. However, these drugs have been associated with a syndrome of fat redistribution, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Elevations in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, along with dyslipidemia that typically occurs in patients with HIV infection, may predispose patients to complications such as premature atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. It has been estimated that hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia occur in greater than 50% of protease inhibitor recipients after 2 years of therapy, and that the risk of developing hyperlipidemia increases with the duration of treatment with protease inhibitors. In general, treatment of hyperlipidemia should follow National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines; efforts should be made to modify/control coronary heart disease risk factors (i.e. smoking; hypertension; diabetes mellitus) and maximize lifestyle modifications, primarily dietary intervention and exercise, in these patients. Where indicated, treatment usually consists of either pravastatin or atorvastatin for patients with elevated serum levels of LDL-C and/or total cholesterol. Atorvastatin is more potent in lowering serum total cholesterol and triglycerides compared with other hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, but it is also associated with more drug interactions compared with pravastatin. Simvastatin and lovastatin are significantly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4) and are therefore not recommended for coadministration with protease inhibitors. A fibric acid derivative (gemfibrozil or fenofibrate) should be used in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia. However, it must be kept in mind that protease inhibitors, such as nelfinavir and ritonavir, induce enzymes involved in the metabolism of the fibric acid derivatives and may, therefore, reduce the lipid-lowering activity of coadministered gemfibrozil or fenofibrate. In certain patients HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may be used in combination with fibric acid derivatives but patients should be carefully monitored for liver and skeletal muscle toxicity. Select patients may experience improvements in serum lipid levels when their offending protease inhibitor(s) is/are exchanged for efavirenz, nevirapine, or abacavir; however each patient's virologic and immunologic status must be taken closely into consideration.
Suppression of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-mediated aryl hydrocarbon receptor transformation and CYP1A1 induction by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1- benzopyran-4-one (LY294002)

Numerous flavonoids are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and function as AHR antagonists and/or agonists. LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one] is a widely used inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), and is structurally related to members of the flavonoid family. Concentrations of LY294002 >/= 10 microM were cytostatic, but not cytotoxic, to cultures of the immortalized human breast epithelial cell line MCF10A-Neo. Treatment of MCF10A-Neo cultures with the AHR ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) stimulated the transcriptional activation of CYP1A1, as monitored by measurements of steady-state CYP1A1 mRNA. Pretreatment of cultures with >/= 10 microM LY294002 suppressed the TCDD activation of CYP1A1 (IC(50) approximately 10 microM). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays employing rat liver cytosol demonstrated that concentrations of LY294002 /= 50 microM and Wortmannin >/= 10 nM completely suppressed PI 3-kinase activity. Hence, the ability of LY294002 to suppress TCDD-dependent activation of CYP1A1 is unrelated to PI 3-kinase inhibition. Instead, this activity reflects LY294002 functioning as an AHR antagonist. Furthermore, most of the cytostatic activity of LY294002 towards MCF10A-Neo cells is unrelated to the inhibition of PI 3-kinase.
Electrical stimulation for the treatment of urinary incontinence.

Abstract Objectives. To describe the rationale for the use of electrical stimulation (ES) for the treatment of urinary incontinence, and to summarize the results of clinical studies assessing these techniques. Methods. The effect of ES on the lower urinary tract (LUT) is explained, and the literature on clinical application of this technique is reviewed. Results. The use of ES is aimed at altering LUT function by stimulation of the sacral autonomic or somatic nerves. Two types of ES have been used: chronic stimulation and acute maximal functional electrostimulation. The frequency used depends on the clinical diagnosis. In patients with stress incontinence, uncontrolled studies suggest that high frequency and high amperage are required to obtain a 50% success rate, although success does not necessarily equate with cure. The only placebo-controlled trial in this population found that 62% of patients experienced significant improvement on provocative pad test determinations, but only 20% were dry. Researchers agree that low frequency and moderate amperage are required in patients with detrusor instability. The reported effectiveness of ES in this population has ranged widely, from 45% to 91%, but all studies agree that approximately one-third of patients will obtain a good long-term results. A review of multiple studies found that 20% of patients were reported as dry and 37% were significantly improved with functional ES. Conclusions. Although nearly all studies of ES have been uncontrolled, a substantial body of "soft" data attests to the efficacy and safety of this technique.
Palpatory Accuracy of Lumbar Spinous Processes Using Multiple Bony Landmarks

Abstract Objective Accurate localization of vertebral segments is crucial for many treatment procedures. The objective of this study was to determine accuracy of identification of lumbar spinous process levels by palpation. Methods Three examiners independently identified the spinous processes of L1-L4 on 60 prone volunteers using multiple bony landmarks including the sacral base, L5, Tuffier's line, T12, and the 12th ribs. The spinous processes were marked with radiopaque skin markers. Location of marker placement and presence of anatomical anomalies were determined by posteroanterior lumbar radiographs. Accuracy of marker placement and interobserver reliability were assessed using weighted κ values. Generalized linear mixed models and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests assessed the relationship of accuracy to training level, presence of anatomical anomalies, and participant characteristics. Results Examiners identified a spinous process in 91% of vertebral assessments. Correct identification of vertebral level occurred 69% of the time ( κ = 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.83). Faculty examiners were significantly more accurate in identifying the correct vertebral level than the resident examiner (67%-78% vs 51%, P ≤ .03). The presence of 12th rib anomalies decreased accuracy for all examiners ( P ≤ .05), reducing accuracy from 74% to 55%. Accuracy was higher in male participants than in female participants ( P = .01). Obesity significantly decreased accuracy ( P = .0003) at L3 (50% vs 73%) and L4 (44% vs 72%). Conclusions Identification of lumbar spinous processes using multiple landmarks was more accurate than previously reported values. However, accuracy was dependent on examiner experience, presence of anatomical anomalies, and participant characteristics.
Piezoelectric Effect and Growth Control in Bone

THE adaptability of bone under impressed mechanical forces has been known since the time of Wolff1. A possible control mechanism for the process became apparent with the discovery of the piezoelectric effect in bone2. In theory this effect could translate an environmental stimulus into a biologically recognizable signal controlling growth or resorptive processes. It has been recognized that the action of the piezoelectric signal may be to alter the chemistry of pertinent macromolecules such as collagen, or to influence cellular activity directly3. Of the two possibilities, evidence tends to rule out the importance of the former and we consider here only the latter4.
Generalized PPM-based BB84 QKD protocol

In this paper, we consider quantum key distribution (QKD) using pulse-position modulation (PPM) and propose the PPM-based BB84 QKD protocol. With the adoption of PPM, the efficiency of utilizing weak laser pulses can be improved and hence the key rate. We first analyse the potential of using PPM from the perspective of raw key rate. We then provide detailed description of the proposed protocol, the encoding rule of which has to be specifically designed in order to be secure. Lastly, we consider the intercept-resend and photon-number splitting attacks and analyse the secret key rate of the proposed QKD protocol. Our analysis shows that in high-loss channel, the proposed PPM-based BB84 protocol can achieve higher secret key rates compared to the conventional BB84 protocol.
Simultaneous multiple wavelength fluorescence video microscopy shows Ca 2+ regulation of pH in living cells

We have designed an epifluorescence video microscope for simultaneous dual excitation of indo 1 (for [Ca2+]i) at 350 nm and SNARF 1 (for pHi) at 540 nm. The microscope will simultaneously capture all four emission images at 405, 475, 575, and 640 nm from the two ratio dyes at video frame or field rates. Popular dyes for measuring [Ca2+]i, such as indo 1 and fura 2, have pH- dependent Kd's; thus changes in pHi can be misinterpreted as changes in [Ca2+]i. For any pixel (or region of interest), we use the pH value to generate the appropriate Kd. The corrected Kd is then used to calculate a corrected calcium value. Using the imaging system, we show that, for the peptide secreting melanotropes of the pituitary intermediate lobe, changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2PLU)]i) produce changes in intracellular pH (pHi). Melanotropes grown in primary explant culture and double-loaded with indo-1 acetoxy methyl ester (AM) and SNARF-1 AM, were examined for Ca2+/pH interactions. Following experimentation, cells were positively identified by (beta) -endorphin fluorescence immunohistochemistry. K-induced depolarization of melanotropes produced increases in [Ca2PLU)]i due to activation of L-type Ca-channels. Ca2+ entry was closely coupled to reductions in pHi. Effects were dependent upon entry of extracellular Ca2+ rather than release from intracellular stores. The close association between increases in intracellular Ca2+ and H+ suggest that the pHi changes are due to release of H+ upon binding of Ca2+ to intracellular buffers. Although the pH drop is `passive,' it will be sensed by all cytoplasmic components. Thus it represents a second messenger pathway, akin to the generation of cAMP or inositol trisphosphate, which cannot fail to influence numerous pH-dependent cell activities.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Preliminary review of pediatric nasal reconstruction with detailed report of one case.

Background: A young child with a badly deformed nose is a dilemma to a plastic surgeon. There is an impulse to rebuild the nose; however, confusion exists regarding the optimal technique. Methods: The forehead flap achieves excellent aesthetic and functional results, has acceptable donor-site morbidity, and grows as the patient grows. The donor site heals well in children because of the nonsebaceous quality of their forehead skin; however, some scars may require revision. Only the forehead flap can eliminate a substantial nasal deformity and create a nearly normal or normal appearance that enables the child to grow and develop normally without the stigma and psychological insult a nasal deformity bestows. Results: The methods above are further illustrated in a case example of a 9.6-year-old female pediatric patient. This young girl is one of a series of 25 pediatric nasal reconstruction cases to appear in a forthcoming comprehensive book on the subject. In this patient, a forehead flap was an appropriate option to eliminate her deformity. Reshaping the nose with small local flaps, cartilage grafts, and/or composite grafts would merely have softened her deformity and never eradicated it. Conclusions: Use of a forehead flap and cartilage grafts does not automatically create a normal, aesthetic nose, especially for a child. Correct framework, form, and dimension are required, or the result will be merely a new but different deformity. Creation of a nose requires artistic and surgical ability, and can be learned by careful study of the technical aspects and artistry of aesthetic nasal reconstruction in children.
A single copy integration vector that integrates at an engineered site on the Staphylococcus aureus chromosome

Single-copy integration vectors based upon the site-specific recombination systems of bacteriophage are invaluable tools in the study of bacterial pathogenesis. The utility of such vectors is often limited, however, by the fact that integration often results in the inactivation of bacterial genes or has undesirable effects on gene transcription. The aim of this study is to develop an integration vector that does not have a detectable effect on gene transcription upon integration. We have developed a single-copy integration system that enables the cloning vector to integrate at a specific engineered site, within an untranscribed intergenic region, in the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus. This system is based on the lysogenic phage L54a site-specific recombination system in which the L54a phage (attP) and chromosome (attB) attachment sites, which share an 18-bp identical core sequence, were modified with identical mutations. The integration vector, pLL102, was constructed to contain the modified L54a attP site (attP 2) that was altered at 5 nucleotide positions within the core sequence. In the recipient strain, the similarly modified attB site (attB 2) was inserted in an intergenic region devoid of detectable transcription read-through. Integration of the vector, which is unable to replicate in S. aureus extrachromosomally, was achieved by providing the L54a integrase gene in a plasmid in the recipient. We showed that pLL102 integrated specifically at the engineered site rather than at the native L54a attB site and that integration did not have a significant effect on transcription of genes immediately upstream or downstream of the integration site. In this work, we describe an E. coli-S. aureus shuttle vector that can be used to introduce any cloned gene into the S. aureus chromosome at a select site without affecting gene expression. The vector should be useful for genetic manipulation of S. aureus and for marking strains for in vivo studies.
Probing DNA bulges with designed helical spirocyclic molecules.

Because bulged structures (unpaired bases) in nucleic acids are of general biological significance, it has been of interest to design small molecules as specific probes of bulge function. On the basis of our earlier work with the specific DNA bulge-binding metabolite obtained from the enediyne antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin chromophore (NCS−chrom), we have prepared three small helical spirocyclic molecules that most closely mimic the natural product. These wedge-shaped molecules resemble the natural product in having the sugar residue attached to the same five-membered ring system. In one instance, the sugar is aminoglucose in β-glycosidic linkage, and in the other, two enantiomers have the natural sugar N-methylfucosamine in α-glycosidic linkage. All three analogues were found to interfere with bulge-specific cleavage by NCS−chrom and the ability of bulged DNA to serve as a template for DNA polymerase 1 in accordance with their binding affinities for DNA containing a two-base bulge. Comparable res...
Film Growth and Surface Roughness With Effective Fluctuating Covalent Bonds In Evaporating Aqueous Solution of Reactive Hydrophobic and Polar Groups: A Computer Simulation Model

A computer simulation model is proposed to study film growth and surface roughness in aqueous (A) solution of hydrophobic (H) and hydrophilic (P) groups on a simple three dimensional lattice of size L x x Ly x L z with an adsorbing substrate. Each group is represented by a particle with appropriate characteristics occupying a unit cube (i.e., eight sites). The Metropolis algorithm is used to move each particle stochastically. The aqueous constituents are allowed to evaporate while the concentration of H and P is constant. Reactions proceed from the substrate and bonded particles can hop within a fluctuating bond length. The film thickness (h) and its interface width (W) are examined for hardcore and interacting particles for a range of temperature (T). Simulation data show a rapid increase in h and W followed by its non-monotonic growth and decay before reaching steady-state and near equilibrium (h s , W s ) in asymptotic time step limit. The growth can be described by power laws, e.g., h ∝ t γ , W ∝ t β with a typical value of γ ≈ 2, β ≈ 1 in initial time regime followed by γ ≈ 1.5, β ≈ 0.8 at T = 0.5. For hardcore system, the equilibrium film thickness (h s ) and surface roughness (W s ) seem to scale linearly with the temperature, i.e., h s = 6.206 + 0.302T, W s = 1 255 + 0.425T at low T 'and h s = 6.54 + 0.1987; W s = 1.808 + 0.202T at higher T. For interacting functional groups in contrast, the long time (unsaturated) film thickness and surface roughness, h s and W s decay rapidly followed by a slow increase on raising the temperature.
Precision and accuracy of photoacoustic measurements of unburned carbon in fly ash

This research investigates factors influencing precision and accuracy of photoacoustic measurements of unburned carbon in fly ash. This information is useful for the development of instruments to monitor the performance of coal-fired boilers. Important factors identified by this research include the protocols for sampling and preparing fly ash for measurements, the ambient conditions at which photoacoustic measurements are performed, and the wavelength of the excitation source. Since the quantity of fly ash interrogated by the photoacoustic technique is usually small, representative sampling is critically important. Most fly ash is extremely heterogeneous and grinding is an important precursor to sampling material for testing in the photoacoustic apparatus. Bulk properties of the fly ash also affected the photoacoustic signal. The effects of both ambient temperature and humidity on precision were evaluated through statistical testing. Temperature control of the photoacoustic cell to within a few tenths of a degree Centigrade proved to be important. The wavelength of the excitation source has two major effects on accuracy of measurements. Although mineral matter in fly ash is a relatively weak absorber of radiation compared to carbon, its concentration is typically so high that a pronounced background signal can arise from the mineral components. Careful selection of excitation wavelength can mitigate this effect on accuracy. Another factor influencing accuracy was signal saturation, which occurred at relatively low carbon concentrations when using 940 nm infrared radiation as an excitation source; this effect was avoided by diluting fly ash samples with optically non-absorbing powders.
Regional Variation in Late Preterm Births in North Carolina

Late preterm (LPT) neonates (34 0/7th–36 6/7th weeks’ gestation) account for 70% of all premature births in the United States. LPT neonates have a higher morbidity and mortality risk than term neonates. LPT birth rates vary across geographic regions. Unwarranted variation is variation in medical care that cannot be explained by sociodemographic or medical risk factors; it represents differences in health system performance, including provider practice variation. The purpose of this study is to identify regional variation in LPT births in North Carolina that cannot be explained by sociodemographic or medical/obstetric risk factors. We searched the NC State Center for Health Statistics linked birth–death certificate database for all singleton term and LPT neonates born between 1999 and 2006. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to control for socio-demographic and medical/obstetric risk factors. The main outcome was the percent of LPT birth in each of the six perinatal regions in North Carolina. We identified 884,304 neonates; 66,218 (7.5%) were LPT. After multivariable logistic regression, regions 2 (7.0%) and 6 (6.6%) had the highest adjusted percent of LPT birth. Analysis of a statewide birth cohort demonstrates regional variation in the incidence of LPT births among NC’s perinatal regions after adjustment for sociodemographic and medical risk factors. We speculate that provider practice variation might explain some of the remaining difference. This is an area where policy changes and quality improvement efforts can help reduce variation, and potentially decrease LPT births.
Ionospheric ion composition from satellite measurements made during 1970-1980 - Altitude profiles

Ion-mass spectrometers were carried by a number of satellites in the 1970s. The ion-composition measurements from two of these missions, the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory-6 and the Atmosphere Explorer-C, are collected into an ion composition data base to evaluate several widely used empirical and theoretical models for the species H(+), He(+), N(+), O(+), NO(+), N2(+), and O2(+). The data base covers all latitudes and local times, and the altitude range from 150 km to 1200 km, but here altitude plots are presented of the ion densities at noon and at dip latitudes of 20-40 deg N. The satellite data are compared with an early ion-density profile, with the Koehnlein and IRI-90 empirical models, and with the Utah State University theoretical ionosphere model. These comparisons serve to verify some aspects of the models, but they also reveal some outstanding differences. The solar activity dependence of H(+), He(+), N(+), and O(+) is demonstrated, although this has not been possible for the molecular ions because low altitude measurements have not been made near solar maximum.
Galen's criticism of Aristotle's conception theory

Galen's treatise On Seed' is an attempt to explain sexual generation, and more than that it is, in typical Galenic fashion, a criticism and syncretism of inany earlier theories. He most often cites the Hippocratic texts, especially the Hippocratic "On Seed" and "On the Nature of the Child," and Aristotle's Generation of Atnimals (hereafter cited as GA), but he also uses other works which touch on propagation, particularly Plato's Timaeus. My major objective in this paper is to examine the sources and character of Galen's arguments in On Seed against Aristotle's theory of sexual generation.
Developing a strategy for international business

Abstract This paper presents a framework for strategy development in multinational corporations (MNC). The two management considerations which determine this framework include the identification of the arenas in which a MNC operates and the classification of the firm according to a proposed typology for MNC strategy development. This classification is based on the firms comparable resources use costs and the speed at which its product is changing. With this framework, managers should gain considerable insight into multinational planning processes and their multinational strategy options.
Predicting Response to Anti-TNF Agents for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease

The arrival of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents has led to a dramatic improvement in the care of patients with Crohn's disease. Since these medications do not work in everyone, and are associated with rare, but serious side effects, we want to selectively treat patients who have the highest chance of responding. A number of variables have been studied to determine their association with response to anti-TNF agents. Clinical parameters include patient characteristics, smoking status and disease phenotype, and biologic markers include C-reactive protein, serum TNF levels and immune responses to microbial antigens. More recently, research has focused on genetics to identify polymorphisms associated with treatment response. Results from individual studies of these factors have not yet allowed for solid clinical applicability. However, further work in this area along with multivariate clinical prediction modeling may soon allow us to deliver ‘personalized medicine’ by predicting individualized treatment response in patients with Crohn's disease.
Use of Bortezomib in Heavy-Chain Deposition Disease: A Report of 3 Cases

Heavy-chain deposition disease (HCDD) is a rare complication of plasma cell dyscrasia in which monoclonal heavy chains deposit in glomerular and tubular basement membranes of the kidney. Clinical and pathologic features of HCDD have been well described in case reports and series, but evidence supporting specific therapies is sparse. Historically, the disease has had a poor prognosis, intensifying the need to clarify optimal treatments. We describe 3 cases of HCDD with biopsy-proven glomerular involvement, severe nephrotic syndrome, and decline in kidney function that were treated successfully with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor. None of these patients had multiple myeloma. In all cases, bortezomib-based therapy resulted in sustained resolution of nephrotic syndrome and improvement in kidney function. All 3 patients developed peripheral neuropathy; otherwise, treatment was well tolerated. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the clinical effectiveness of bortezomib against HCDD.
Precise Detection of Direct Glomerular Input Duration by the Olfactory Bulb

Sensory neuron input to the olfactory bulb (OB) was activated precisely for different durations with blue light in mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in olfactory sensory neurons. Behaviorally the mice discriminated differences of 10 ms in duration of direct glomerular activation. In addition, a subset of mitral/tufted cells in the OB of awake mice responded tonically therefore conveying information on stimulus duration. Our study provides evidence that duration of the input to glomeruli not synchronized to sniffing is detected. This potent cue may be used to obtain information on puffs in odor plumes.
Crop Insurance in a Political Economy: An Alternative Perspective on Agricultural Policy

Lawmakers often subsidize farmers in times of financial distress. This article models this political impulse as a constraint on government farm policy, describing how ex ante government farm insurance can deter ex post“disaster relief” and improve production incentives by countering the moral hazard that otherwise prevails. Absent ex ante government policy, ex post relief takes the form of revenue insurance, which prompts excessive entry into farm production and under-production by operating farmers. Ex ante government policy can raise economic and political welfare by buying out low productivity farmers and offering profitable farmers a combination of revenue insurance, price supports, and a program participation fee. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Hydration of Macromolecules

Frozen protein and nucleic acid solutions at -35 degrees C show relatively narrow (100 milligauss) proton nuclear magnetic resonance signals which are assignable to water that is sufficiently mobile to reduce the dipolar broadening normally associated with solids. Hydration was found to be 0.3 to 0.5 gram of water per gram of protein. Nucleic acids are three to five times as hydrated as proteins. Conformational changes in solution produce detectable changes in linewidth or amount of "bound" water, or both. The very fact that the water signals can be observed by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance suggests that it is not "ice-like" in any literal sense, although it is clearly less mobile than liquid water at the same temperature. A simple model is described which considers both surface hydration and trapped water.
Grafted In: Why Christians Are Thinking about a Jewish Biblical Theology

In the exploration of the question, "Why are Christians thinking about a Jewish biblical theology?", the opinions of two opposed representative Jewish and two opposed representative Christian scholars on the issue of a Jewish biblical theology are compared and assessed. Why, then, are Christians interested in the idea of a Jewish biblical theology in the first place? Based on a detailed analysis of Romans 11:11-24, the conclusion is that this interest has come about in part because of the unique nature of the relationships between Judaism and Christianity, and Jews and Christians, and most especially because of the unique way in which Christians regard Jews and Judaism.
Coccygeal Muscle Injury in English Pointers (Limber Tail)

A condition colloquially referred to as “limber tail” and “cold tail” is familiar to people working with hunting dogs, primarily Pointers and Labrador Retrievers. The typical case consists of an adult dog that suddenly develops a flaccid tail. The tail either hangs down from the tail base or is held out horizontally for several inches from the tail base and then hangs straight down or at some degree below horizontal. Initially, the hair on the dorsal aspect of the proximal tail may be raised and dogs may resent palpation of the area 3–4 inches (8–10 cm) from the tail base. Most dogs recover spontaneously within a few days to weeks. Anecdotal reports suggest that anti-inflammatory drugs administered within 24 hours after onset hasten recovery. Less than one half of affected dogs experience a recurrence. Affected Pointers almost always have a history of prolonged cage transport, a hard workout the previous day, or exposure to cold or wet weather. Most owners and trainers familiar with the condition do not seek veterinary assistance. In cases where people are not familiar with this disease, other conditions such as a fracture, spinal cord disease, impacted anal glands, or prostatic disease have been incorrectly diagnosed. We examined 4 affected Pointers and found evidence of coccygeal muscle damage, which included mild elevation of creatine kinase early after onset of clinical signs, needle electromyographic examination showing abnormal spontaneous discharges restricted to the coccygeal muscles several days after onset, and histopathologic evidence of muscle fiber damage. Specific muscle groups, namely the laterally positioned intertransver-sarius ventralis caudalis muscles, were affected most severely. Abnormal findings on thermography and scintigraphy further supported the diagnosis.
Controllability and the nature of quasi frequencies

Abstract Using methods of dynamical systems, we construct an example of a time dependent linear control process with quasi periodic coefficients for which the controllability properties of the system are very sensitive to the Diophantine properties of the quasi frequencies.
Hologram fixing in Bi(12)TiO(20) using heating and an ac electric field.

We demonstrate hologram fixing in Bi12TiO20 using a technique involving thermal cycling and an external ac field.
Studies in Lithium Oxide Systems: XIII, Li,O.Al2O3.2SiO2-Li2O.Al2O3.2GeO2

Complete solid solubility was demonstrated to occur between LiAlGeO4 and the low temperature form of Li AlSiO2 (a-eucryptite). Hydrother-mal preparation was necessary for the silicate-rich compositions. Under atmospheric pressure, about 65 mole % LiAlGeO4 entered the β-eucryβ-tite phase at 1150°C, but solid solutions containing more than 25 mole % LiAlGeO4 exsolved if held at lower temperatures. Directional thermal expansion data were obtained by X-ray diffraction methods on both α- and β-eucryptite and their solid solutions. Substitution of Ge4+ for Si4+ produced no significant difference in the thermal expansion coefficients in the α and β phases. An increase in the lattice parameters in the a and c directions took place as expected when Ge4+ (0.53 A) was substituted for Si4+ (0.39 A).
Novel Highly Porous Metal Technology in Artificial Hip and Knee Replacement: Processing Methodologies and Clinical Applications

Hip and knee replacement can dramatically improve a patient’s quality of life through pain relief and restored function. Fixation of hip and knee replacement implants to bone is critical to the success of the procedure. A variety of roughened surfaces and three-dimensional porous surfaces have been used to enhance biological fixation on orthopedic implants. Recently, highly porous metals have emerged as versatile biomaterials that may enhance fixation to bone and are suitable to a number of applications in hip and knee replacement surgery. This article provides an overview of several processes used to create these implant surfaces.
Influence of molecular packing on solid-state 13C chemical shifts: The n-alkanes

Abstract The question of the influence of molecular packing on isotropic chemical shifts (ICS) in solids is probed experimentally. The n -alkanes are found in four crystallographic forms. Since the isolated chain geometry is considered to be the same in all of these forms and since these solids lack specific interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds), observed ICS variations for corresponding carbons should be related to packing effects. It is found that the ICS of the interior methylene carbons is very constant in three forms plus orthorhombic polyethylene. The exception is the triclinic form represented by C-20, for which this resonance is shifted 1.3 + 0.4 ppm downfield. Beyond the uniqueness of the triclinic subcell, the origin of this shift is not obvious. Magnetic susceptibility effects are considered and dismissed as inadequate. It is suggested that until solid-state chemical shifts are better understood, care should be taken in attributing observed shifts (less than 2 ppm) for a given carbon to changes in conformation or specific interactions.
Assimilation of Airborne Imagery with a Wave Model for Bathymetric Estimation

Abstract One of the most useful survey methods in nearshore studies is airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR), which is able to densely sample topographic and shallow bathymetric elevation data over large geographic regions. Airborne LIDAR bathymetry systems are dependent on water clarity, but in the surf zone sediment and air bubbles entrained in the water column by wave breaking attenuate the laser pulse and compromise the LIDAR's ability to retrieve accurate bottom elevations. Data assimilation techniques can improve the ability of LIDAR systems to estimate bathymetry inside the surf zone. The assimilation methods are based on comparing pixel intensity patterns (scaled by offshore wave energy flux) extracted from time-averaged airborne imagery with dissipation profiles produced by a simple wave-energy transformation model. The subaerial topography and the offshore bathymetry are assumed known and an initial featureless bathymetry is assumed in the surf zone (where the data are missing). Differenc...
Craniofacial growth, evolutionary questions

Understanding the growth of craniofacial systems in mammals, particularly in man, has always posed problems. Such craniofacial systems are formed ontogenetically of multiple tissue types, and the contributions of these tissues do not obviously match the divisions of adult skeletal elements (see Thorogood, this volume). Even the kind and number of segments in the head region continue to attract attention (Maderson, 1987). Furthermore, craniofacial systems appear to show trends toward an unusual number of developmental abnormalities or teratologies. Many of these teratologies suggest that we are not looking at a simple coordinated whole (Salinas, 1982; Shprintzen, 1982); rather, it seems as if multiple cranial and facial components incur differential growth either symmetrically or asymmetrically. It seems instructive to treat the basis of this curious array of complications from an evolutionary viewpoint, considering two aspects, adaptation and history.
The Native Spiritual Economy and the Yamasee War

The Yamasee War was a significant event in the history of the Deep South for native people and colonists alike. Yet despite the importance of this event, little attention has been paid to the worldview of the indigenous participants and how this view shaped the events leading up to and the waging of the Yamasee War. This article describes the religious world of the indigenous inhabitants of the Deep South, demonstrates how religious imperatives formed the three native alliances most deeply involved in the war, and explains why English refusal to abide by religious diplomatic rituals and protocols led to the outbreak of hostilities.
Modular neural networks for multi-class object recognition

Multi-class object recognition is a critical capability for an intelligence robot to perceive its environment. In this paper, a new approach consisting of a number of modular neural networks is proposed to recognize multiple classes of objects for a robotic system. The population of the modular neural networks depends on the class number of the objects to be recognized and each modular network only focuses on learning one object class. For each modular neural network, both the bottom-up (sensory-driven) and top-down (expectation-driven) pathways are fused together, and a supervised learning algorithm is applied to update corresponding weights of both pathways. Furthermore, two different training strategies are evaluated: positive-only training and positive-and-negative training. Experiments on visual image recognition demonstrate the efficiencies of the proposed approach and the corresponding training strategies.
The laccolith-stock controversy: New results from the southern Henry Mountains, Utah

Domes of sedimentary strata at Mount Holmes, Mount Ellsworth, and Mount Hillers in the southern Henry Mountains record successive stages in the growth of shallow (3 to 4 km deep) magma chambers. Whether the intrusions under these domes are laccoliths or stocks has been the subject of controversy. According to G. K. Gilbert, the central intrusions are direct analogues of much smaller, floored intrusions, exposed on the flanks of the domes, that grew from sills by lifting and bending of a largely concordant overburden. According to C. B. Hunt, the central intrusions are cylindrical stocks, sheathed with a zone of shattered sedimentary rocks, and the small flanking sills and laccoliths grew laterally as tongue-shaped masses from the discordant sides of these stocks. New geologic mapping demonstrates that the sedimentary overburden, now partially eroded from the domes, was uplifted about 1.2 km at Mount Holmes, 1.8 km at Mount Ellsworth, and at least 2.5 km at Mount Hillers. The radii of the domes are similar, between 5 and 7 km. The strata over the domes have a doubly hinged shape, consisting of a concave-upward lower hinge and a concave-downward upper hinge. A limb of approximately constant dip joins these two hinges and dips 20° at Mount Holmes, 50° to 55° at Mount Ellsworth, and 75° to 85° at Mount Hillers. The distal portion of each dome is composed of a gently dipping peripheral limb 3 to 4 km long, presumably underlain by sills and minor laccoliths. Although geologic cross sections and regional aeromagnetic data for the three domes are consistent with floored, laccolithic central intrusions, these data alone do not rule out the possibility of a stock at depth. At Mount Hillers, paleomagnetic vectors indicate that tongue-shaped sills and thin laccoliths overlying the central intrusion were emplaced horizontally and were rotated during doming through about 80° of dip. This sequence of events is not consistent with the emplacement of a stock and subsequent or contemporaneous lateral growth of sills and minor laccoliths. Growth in diameter of a stock from about 300 m at Mount Holmes to nearly 3 km at Mount Hillers, as Hunt suggested, should have been accompanied by considerable radial shortening of the sedimentary strata and a style of folding which is not observed. Geologic and geophysical data and mechanical models support a laccolithic origin for the central magma chambers underlying the domes.
How unprecedented a solar minimum was it

The end of the last solar cycle was at least 3 years late, and to date, the new solar cycle has seen mainly weaker activity since the onset of the rising phase toward the new solar maximum. The newspapers now even report when auroras are seen in Norway. This paper is an update of our review paper written during the deepest part of the last solar minimum [1]. We update the records of solar activity and its consequent effects on the interplanetary fields and solar wind density. The arrival of solar minimum allows us to use two techniques that predict sunspot maximum from readings obtained at solar minimum. It is clear that the Sun is still behaving strangely compared to the last few solar minima even though we are well beyond the minimum phase of the cycle 23–24 transition.
Qualitative analysis of force distribution in a 3-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Recent research has seen an emergence of Permanent Magnet Synchronous machines (PMSM) as strong contenders for applications requiring low torque pulsations and larger torque per (RMS) amp for the same volume of the machine. They are also highly in demand for applications requiring high fault tolerance. Owing to the advent of modern power electronics and advanced control schemes, little effort has been put into investigating the actual process of energy conversion in these machines. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of force generation in a 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine. Using Finite element analysis, the generation of electromagnetic force in different layers of the machine has been studied. Understanding energy conversion in such an electromagnetic transducer is particularly useful for design engineers since it can be used to optimize the performance by slight variations in geometry. Applications include reduction of vibration & acoustic noise, maximizing the useful component of force and optimizing output for a given constraint in volume. Simulation results with discussion and some preliminary experimental measurements have been presented.
ANALYTIC TRIDIAGONAL REPRODUCING KERNELS

The paper characterizes the reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces with orthonormal bases of the form {( a n ,0 + a n ,1 z +…+ a n,J z J ) z n , n [ges ] 0}. The primary focus is on the tridiagonal case where J = 1, and on how it compares with the diagonal case where J = 0. The question of when multiplication by z is a bounded operator is investigated, and aspects of this operator are discussed. In the diagonal case, Mz is a weighted unilateral shift. It is shown that in the tridiagonal case, this need not be so, and an example is given in which the commutant of M z on a tridiagonal space is strikingly different from that on any diagonal space.