cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of growth inhibitory agents in urological and other malignancies.

The first mini-review is a critique of some of the methods used to assess endpoints for drug studies in oncology. The authors review studies using tumour shrinkage and those assessing time to progression. The next paper is a Pubmed-based overview of published reports to establish whether antimuscarinic drugs exert their therapeutic action on detrusor overactivity by reducing the ability of the detrusor to contract. The findings are interesting and somewhat unexpected. Authors from several centres in Europe review anaesthesiology considerations and requirements for endoscopic extraperitoneal and laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomy. Finally, a touch of history; we do not have a history section, but occasionally we accept papers dealing with pioneers in urology. Recently we had an Irish pioneer, so it is highly appropriate to include one on a Scottish urological leader, Dr Henry Wade. In oncology there have been many new putative anticancer drugs based on the improving understanding of oncogenesis and the malignant phenotype. On the basis of their mechanism of action and preclinical data, many of these drugs are expected to inhibit growth. As such, dramatic tumour shrinkage, which has been the classic endpoint for phase II drug studies, might not be a valid or useful measure by which to make decisions as to whether further phase III trials are indicated. Because this is a critical decision point in the overall drug development plan, alternative endpoints and designs need to be considered. More traditional single-arm phase II designs using tumour shrinkage endpoints are reviewed, and the use of randomized phase II designs assessing time to progression discussed. It is postulated that randomized approaches will decrease the current high failure rate for oncological drugs in phase III trials.
Hepatitis C quasispecies and severity of recurrence: cause, consequence, or coincidence?

Recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after liver transplantation is almost universal and usually leads to chronic hepatitis with different degrees of severity. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the variable outcome of HCV infection recurrence are not well defined, but recent data suggest that the dynamics of HCV quasispecies may be involved. HCV quasispecies evolution was traced by longitudinal single-strand conformation polymorphism, direct sequencing, and cloning analyses of pretransplant and posttransplant HCV-1b isolates from patients with histologically severe (seven cases) or mild or moderate (nine cases) HCV infection recurrence. Differences between the two groups of patients that concerned the level of viremia or the degree of HCV quasispecies complexity and diversity were not observed at any of the three time points analyzed. However, emergence of nucleotide and amino acid changes during the 12-month follow-up was significantly more frequent in patients with mild or moderate than in those with severe HCV infection recurrence. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions 12 months after transplantation was also greater in the former, suggesting that the HVR1 of HCV is under stronger selective pressure in these subjects. These findings suggest that the degree of amino acid diversification in the HVR1 of HCV, which probably reflects the strength of immune pressure on HCV, is inversely related to the histologic severity of HCV infection recurrence.
X-Ray Lithography: Technology For The 1980s

Advances in X-ray lithography technology are occurring at a promising rate. Impressive progress has been made in the development of high-intensity sources, mask membrane and patterning technology, precision mask-to-wafer alignment, and faster, high-resolution X-ray resists. The concept of using this inherently low defect lithographic technique for manufacturing submicron integrated circuits by 1985 and beyond, is realistic. Current X-ray Lithographic research systems replicate integrated circuit patterns on a full wafer with a single exposure, but step-and-repeat exposure systems are being developed for more advanced submicron applications. Both system types are discussed, and performance trade analyses are presented to show the relative merits of each approach.
Metal-Nanocluster-Filled Carbon Nanotubes: Catalytic Properties and Possible Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Production

Ensembles of highly aligned and monodisperse graphitic carbon nanotubules have been prepared via the template method using chemical vapor deposition of carbon within the pores of alumina membranes. Tubules with diameters of 200 nm have been prepared, and smaller diameters are possible. Free-standing aligned carbon-tubule membranes are formed by this template method. These novel carbon tubule membranes can be filled with nanoparticles of electrocatalytic materials (i.e., Pt, Ru, Pt/Ru), which can then be used to electrocatalyze O2 reduction and methanol oxidation as well as the gas-phase catalysis of hydrocarbons. Hence, these membranes have potential applications in fuel cell development. Smaller, highly ordered graphitic-carbon tubules can also be prepared within the template-synthesized carbon tubules, using Fe nanoparticles as catalysts. In these novel tube-in-tube structures, both the outer and the inner tubules are electrochemically active for Li+ intercalation, suggesting possible applications such ...
COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTES AND MICROBIAL PROTOPLASTS TO POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS AND VITAMIN A.

Abstract Polyene antibiotics induce the rapid lysis of rat and human erythrocytes in the presence of isotonic saline. Extent of hemolysis is dependent on the antibiotic/cell concentration ratio. Hemolysis is inhibited by serum. The effect of different osmotic stabilizers (NaCl, mannitol, sucrose) indicates that mammalian erythrocytes and Neurospora protoplasts are analogous in their response to polyene antibiotics. The results confirm the previous conclusion that the presence of sterol localized in the cell membrane is a prerequisite for sensitivity toward polyene antibiotics. The similarity of the action of these agents to that of digitonin and saponin is discussed. The polyenic compound, vitamin A, which has been shown to induce lysis of various mammalian erythrocytes, does not significantly inhibit growth of Neurospora. It also has no effect on Neurospora protoplasts in concentrations comparable to the polyene antibiotics. It does, however, promote the rapid lysis of sodium chloridestabilized B. megaterium protoplasts which are not affected by high concentrations of any polyene antibiotic. Since this bacterium does not contain sterol, it is concluded that vitamin A would not constitute an adequate model for the study of polyene antibiotic action.
Finding salient features for personal Web page categories

Abstract We examine techniques that “discover” features in sets of pre-categorized documents, such that similar documents can be found on the World Wide Web. First, we examine techniques which will classify training examples with high accuracy, then explain why this is not necessarily useful. We then describe a method for extracting word clusters from the raw document features. Results show that the clustering technique is successful in discovering word groups which can be used to find similar information on the World Wide Web.
Evidence that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is involved in the ability of rats to switch to cue-directed behaviours.

Recently we have reported that injections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens enhanced the number of switches to cue-directed behaviours without an effect on the number of switches to non-cue-directed behaviours in a swimming test. In the present study we investigated to what extent this effect is mediated via the dopaminergic system in the nucleus accumbens. For that purpose drugs selective for D1- and D2-receptors were studied in this swimming test. It was found that the selective D2-agonist LY 171555 (50 ng/0.5 μl) enhanced the number of different cue-directed behaviours. The selective D2-antagonist raclopride (50 ng/0.5 μl) decreased it. Furthermore an ineffective dose of raclopride attenuated the effect of LY 171555. Both the selective D1-antagonist SCH 23390 (400 ng/0.5 μl) and the selective D1-agonist SKF 38393 (50–400 ng/0.5 μl) decreased the number of different cue-directed behaviours. The effect induced by SCH 23390 could not be blocked by SKF 38393. Similarly the effect induced by SKF could not be attenuated by SCH 23390. These data point to a role for dopamine D2-receptors in the ability to switch to cue-directed behaviours. The present findings do not yet allow the conclusion that D1-receptors are involved.
Further Insights into the Spectroscopic Properties, Electronic Structure, and Kinetics of Formation of the Heme−Peroxo−Copper Complex [(F8TPP)FeIII−(O22-)−CuII(TMPA)]+

In the further development and understanding of heme−copper O2-reduction chemistry inspired by the active-site chemistry in cytochrome c oxidase, we describe a dioxygen adduct, [(F8TPP)FeIII−(O22-)−CuII(TMPA)](ClO4) (3), formed by addition of O2 to a 1:1 mixture of the porphyrinate−iron(II) complex (F8TPP)FeII (1a) {F8TPP = tetrakis(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrinate dianion} and the copper(I) complex [(TMPA)CuI(MeCN)](ClO4) (1b) {TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine}. Complex 3 forms in preference to heme-only or copper-only binuclear products, is remarkably stable {t1/2 (RT; MeCN) ≈ 20 min; λmax = 412 (Soret), 558 nm; EPR silent}, and is formulated as a peroxo complex on the basis of manometry {1a/1b/O2 = 1:1:1}, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry {16O2, m/z 1239 [(3 + MeCN)+]; 18O2, m/z 1243}, and resonance Raman spectroscopy {ν(O-O) = 808 cm-1; Δ16O2/18O2 = 46 cm-1; Δ16O2/16/18O2 = 23 cm-1}. Consistent with a μ-η2:η1 bridging peroxide ligand, two metal−O stretching frequencies are observed {ν(Fe-O) = 533 cm-1, ν(F...
Estimating maximum expectable magnitude of earthquakes from fault dimensions

The evaluation of seismic risk at locations where sensitive man-made structures are planned depends critically on a correct estimate of the maximum expectable earthquake magnitude, M max, in that region. By assuming that the longest fault (or fault unit) with length L max could break in a single earthquake, one estimates M max from L max on the basis of a magnitude versus source-length relation, which is derived empirically. The maximum expectable ground accelerations are then estimated from M max. I propose that a more accurate estimate of M max can be obtained by determining the maximum expected rupture area, A max, and using the magnitude-area relation M = log A + 4.15 (valid for M > 5.6). A max can be obtained from the product of L max times the expected fault width. The latter can probably be estimated more accurately than L max on the basis of tectonic analysis and microearthquakes studies. The M max estimates derived from rupture area give more accurate results than the estimates based on rupture length alone, because narrow faults produce less powerful earthquakes than do wide faults of the same length.
STREPTOCOCCAL PYROGENIC EXOTOXIN C (SPEC) INDUCES TNF AND iNOS PRODUCTION BY RAW 264.7 MURINE MACROPHAGES. 999

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) is one of a family of superantigens produced by group A streptococci. SpeC is a potent inducer of inflammatory cytokine production by T lymphocytes and is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The role of macrophage activation in superantigen-mediated gram positive shock is less well defined. We hypothesized that SpeC could induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by murine macrophages.
Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among native South Americans residing in coastal and mountainous areas

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in native South Americans and identify the impact of geographic location. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS An epidemiological telephone survey of RLS symptoms involving natives from coastal and mountainous areas was performed during July 2, 2004, through September 28, 2004. The process consisted of 2 phases: the creation of the epidemiological instrument and the telephone survey. RESULTS Five hundred adults, 250 from the mountainous regions and 250 from the coastal region (190 men and 310 women; age range, 25-85 years) were interviewed and subsequently divided on the basis of International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria into those who had RLS (RLS+ group) and those who did not (RLS-group). Ten (2.0%) had RLS. The overall rate of RLS in adults living in the mountainous region at 2816 m above sea level (3.2% [8/250]) was significantly higher than that for adults living in the coastal region at 4 m above sea level (0.80% [2/250]; P =.002). The mean age of the RLS+ group was 49.5 years (SD, 15.20 years; range, 25-85 years). CONCLUSION Native South American adults have a prevalence of RLS well below that reported in populations with European ancestry but similar to that in Asian and Turkish populations. Furthermore, in Ecuador, geographic differences were identified in areas of similar population density.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Knot-Minimizing Rotator Cuff Tendon Repair Systems

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has become a popular alternative to more invasive open repair techniques due to quicker recovery times and lower morbidity rates [1,3,4]. In order for the tendon to heal it must be held tightly to its insertion site with surgical sutures to restore the tendon’s original footprint [1]. Recently several companies have begun to offer products decreasing the number of knots a surgeon is required to tie during a repair. Most incorporate the use of four bone anchors, one pair (medial) that are integrated with the sutures and the other (lateral) that capture the free end of the sutures. Two particular systems, specifically PushLock (Arthrex) and Versalok (DePuy Mitek) are typically used in similar configurations, but have yet to be fully analyzed in biomechanical studies. The purpose of this study was to characterize the mechanical integrity of each repair system. We used a human cadaveric model and compared gap formation, stiffness, and ultimate strength between the PushLock and Versalok systems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The United Kingdom National Healthy School Standard: A Framework for Strengthening the School Nurse Role.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the school nursing role within the National Healthy School Standard (NHSS) in the United Kingdom with a view toward clarifying and strengthening the role of school nurses globally. Within the National Healthy School Standard framework, school nurses serve an integral role in linking health and education partnerships to promote effective school health programs. School nurse contributions to the National Healthy School Standard, as well as barriers and supports, are discussed. Additionally, the methods school nurses implement to partner, to manage service delivery, and to work with schools are outlined. The central role of school nurses within the National Healthy School Standard framework provides a guide for school nurses in the United States to demonstrate their importance as key players in healthy schools that promote health and education. The framework deserves recognition as a foundational model to help strengthen both the school nurse role and school health programs around the world.
Automatic benchmark generation for cache optimization of matrix operations

Computationally intensive algorithms must usually be restructured to make the best use of cache memory in current high-performance, hierarchical memory computers. Unfortunately, cache conscious algorithms are sensitive to object sizes and addresses as well as the details of the cache and translation lookaside buffer geometries, and this sensitivity makes both automatic restructuring and hand-turning difficult tasks. An optimization approach is presented in this paper that automatically generates and executes a benchmark program from a concise specification of the algorithm's structure. This technique provides the performance data needed for verification of code generation heuristics or search among the various restructuring options. Matrix transpose and matrix multiplication are examined using this approach for several workstations with restructuring options of loop order, tiling (blocking), and unrolling.
A taxonomy of models

For years now in teaching a course in modeling and simulation, I have had the uncomfotable feeling that it is not really possible to teach both modeling and simulation techniques concurrently. The universality of models - an expected value model, a timelag series model for forecasting, an inventory control model, a transportation model, an educational model with projected enrollment by curriculums, to indicate but a few - has promted me to consider the developing of one course in modeling and a separate course to be taken afterwards in simulation methods.
Integration of recreation and tourism in Idaho

Abstract During the 1984 Idaho Governor's Conference on Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, interactive communication methods were used to generate ideas on perceptions about current relationships between recreation and tourism organizations, their facilities, infrastructures and programs; and on major issues facing the state's leisure, recreation and tourism organizations. The nominal group processes and interaction techniques that were used facilitated high levels of communication among participants. A synopsis of the output of the working sessions is presented, summarizing the ideas and concerns of private tourism operators and state and federal recreation professionals. Building upon the data, a framework is discussed for conceptualizing the relationships between outdoor recreation and tourism services and understanding the social organization that delivers them in a predominantly rural, resource-based, and public land-dominated state.
D-optimal designs for sorption kinetic experiments: Slabs

Abstract In this paper, we report the results of a numerical study of how the model parameters for the kinetics of sorption based on Fick’s law of diffusion coupled with an external convective mass transfer coefficient affect the D-optimal support points. The geometry studied was that of a slab of finite thickness but infinite width and length so that diffusion was characterized by a single dimension. Although a wide range of diffusivities characteristic of many foodstuffs were used, it was shown that the two support points for the design could be expressed in terms of just the dimensionless Biot number and the dimensionless Fourier modulus.
The American Historical Association, Part 1

of Michigan), and "Links on the Chain: Songs of the Labor and Civil Rights Movement" demonstrated how drama and music can be effective history and teaching devices as well as entertainment. Collette A. Hyman (University of Minnesota) observed the ways in which dramatic presentations of two quite different unions reflected their labor philosophies. The efforts of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) were professional and conventional while the productions of the Wholesale and Warehouse Workers were rank-and-file attempts to challenge existing institutions. Nora Faires (University of Michigan, Flint) described how a class project on the 1937 sit-down strike brought students and participants together to make a vivid experience out ofthat fifty-year-old event. In the evening, Michael Honey (Wesleyan University) and David Sawyer accomplished the same thing in an occasion al sing-along concert. Contrary to past experience, the last day brought higher attendance than had the previous two. Daniel Leab presided over a popular session on "Unions and the Rejection of Radicalism" in which Gary L. Bailey (Indiana University), Robert G. Picard (Louisiana State University), and Ronald Edsforth (Skidmore College) concen trated on the 1940s and 1950s in studies of the late career of Powers Hapgood (Bailey); the New York Newspaper Guild (Picard); and the UAW (Edsforth). They agreed that organized labor participated fully in the growing anticommunism of the time, fanned as it was by United States-Soviet rivalry. They stressed the role of unions as barometers and purveyors of public opinion. Finally, at a luncheon gathering directed by Sidney Fine (University of Michi gan), Daniel Nelson (University of Akron) made a case for the limited extent to which scientific management practices affected working conditions during the movement's "twilight" years, 1915-25. By almost any measure, the three-day meeting was a success: more people came than ever before; a record number of sessions was held; and the spirited debates at those sessions often continued beyond the confines of the meeting rooms. Excluding the national professional conventions, the North American Labor History Conference is now the most important annual conference among American labor historians.
Methane fermentation, submerged gas collection, and the fate of carbon in advanced integrated wastewater pond systems

Abstract There are several basic reasons for concern regarding the fate of carbonaceous material in waste stabilization ponds: accumulation of solids; performance and useful life of the pond system; and, the control of methane emissions. In conventional ponds methane fermentation is minimal, and carbon-rich organic matter is integrated by bacteria and microalgae which grow and settle. The integration of carbon decreases pond volume and treatment capacity and causes the ponds to age prematurely, to produce odor, and to require frequent sludge removal; and, any methane produced escapes to the atmosphere. However, if carbon-rich organics are efficiently converted to methane or to harvested microalgae, the pond system will continue to treat wastewater effectively for an extended period of time. Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPSs) developed at the University of California fully utilize methane fermentation and microalgal cultivation to treat wastewater and to reclaim energy and nutrients. First generation AIWPSs have provided reliable municipal sewage treatment at St. Helena and Hollister, California, for 28 and 16 years, respectively, without the need for sludge removal. However, these first generation systems lack the facilities to recover and utilize the carbon-rich treatment byproducts of methane and algal biomass. The recovery of methane using a submerged gas collector was demonstrated using a second generation AIWPS prototype at the University of California, Berkeley, and the optimization of in-pond methane fermentation, the growth of microalgae in High Rate Ponds, and the harvest of microalgae by sedimentation and dissolved air flotation were studied. Preliminary data are presented to quantify the fate of carbon in the second generation AIWPS prototype and to estimate the fate of carbon in a full-scale, 200 MLD second generation AIWPS treating municipal sewage. In the experimental system, 17% of the influent organic carbon was recovered as methane, and an average of 6 g C/m 2 /d were assimilated into harvestable algal biomass. In a full-scale second generation AIWPS in a climate comparable to Richmond, California located at 37° N latitude, these values would be significantly higher — as much as 30% of the influent organic carbon would be recovered as methane and as much as 10 g C/m 2 /d would be assimilated by microalgae. These efficiencies would increase further in warmer climates with more abundant sunlight.
Discordant twins-A prospective study of the diagnostic value of real-time ultrasonography combined with umbilical artery velocimetry

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of Doppler velocimetry combined with intertwin differences in ultrasonographically derived estimated fetal weight, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length as a comprehensive test for the prediction of discordancy. The following cutoff values were used to indicate abnormal test results: delta biparietal diameter greater than 6 mm, delta abdominal circumference greater than 20 mm, delta femur length greater than 5 mm, delta estimated fetal weight greater than 15%, and delta systolic/diastolic ratio greater than 15%. Discordancy was identified when the birth weight difference exceeded 15%. The study population consisted of 58 consecutively evaluated third-trimester twin gestations. Eighteen sets of twins were discordant. None of these tests was uniformally successful in identifying twin discordancy; in three instances, all test results were normal. The diagnostic accuracy provided by ultrasonography was not significantly different from that provided by Doppler velocimetry. Overall the best predictor appeared to be the presence of either delta systolic/diastolic ratio greater than 15% or delta estimated fetal weights greater than 15%, which correctly identified 14 of the 18 discordant twins and misclassified only five of the 40 concordant pairs. This combination also had the highest positive and negative predictive values (73% and 90%, respectively).
Visibility-based pursuit-evasion with bounded speed

This paper presents an algorithm for a visibility-based pursuit-evasion problem in which bounds on the speeds of the pursuer and evader are given. The pursuer tries to find the evader inside of a simply-connected polygonal environment, and the evader in turn tries actively to avoid detection. The algorithm is at least as powerful as the complete algorithm for the unbounded speed case, and with the knowledge of speed bounds, generates solutions for environments that were previously unsolvable. Furthermore, the paper develops a characterization of the set of possible evader positions as a function of time. This characterization is more complex than in the unbound-speed case, because it no longer depends only on the combinatorial changes in the visibility region of the pursuer.
Localization of Classical Waves II: Electromagnetic Waves

We consider electromagnetic waves in a medium described by a position dependent dielectric constant \(\). We assume that \(\) is a random perturbation of a periodic function \(\) and that the periodic Maxwell operator \(\) has a gap in the spectrum, where \(\). We prove the existence of localized waves, i.e., finite energy solutions of Maxwell's equations with the property that almost all of the wave's energy remains in a fixed bounded region of space at all times. Localization of electromagnetic waves is a consequence of Anderson localization for the self-adjoint operators \(\). We prove that, in the random medium described by \(\), the random operator \(\) exhibits Anderson localization inside the gap in the spectrum of \(\). This is shown even in situations when the gap is totally filled by the spectrum of the random operator; we can prescribe random environments that ensure localization in almost the whole gap.
Look into details: the benefits of fine-grain streaming buffer analysis

Many embedded applications demand processing of a seemingly endless stream of input data in real-time. Productive development of such applications is typically carried out by synthesizing software from high-level specifications, such as data-flow graphs. In this context, we study the problem of inter-actor buffer allocation, which is a critical step during compilation of streaming applications. We argue that fine-grain analysis of buffers' spatio-temporal characteristics, as opposed to conventional live range analysis, enables dramatic improvements in buffer sharing. Improved sharing translates to reduction of the compiled binary memory footprint, which is of prime concern in many embedded systems. We transform the buffer allocation problem to two-dimensional packing using complex polygons. We develop an evolutionary packing algorithm, which readily yields buffer allocations. Experimental results show an average of over 7X and 2X improvement in total buffer size, compared to baseline and conventional live range analysis schemes, respectively.
The Alaska Haemophilus influenzae type b experience: lessons in controlling a vaccine-preventable disease.

OBJECTIVE Before 1991, Alaska Native children experienced one of the highest rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. H influenzae type b vaccine has led to a near-elimination of invasive H influenzae type b disease in the United States. We describe challenges encountered in controlling H influenzae type b disease in Alaska and update the current status of H influenzae disease and carriage in Alaska as lessons to other populations. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed data from statewide H influenzae disease surveillance conducted during 1980-2004. Vaccine coverage data were based on audits from tribal facilities and the National Immunization Survey. H influenzae type b colonization data were based on 6 carriage studies. RESULTS After universal infant vaccination in 1991, H influenzae type b disease among Alaska Native and non-Native children < 5 years of age decreased by 94% and 96%, respectively. After a 1996 change in H influenzae type b vaccine from polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine to H influenzae type b oligosaccharide-CRM197 vaccine, the incidence of H influenzae type b disease increased in rural Alaska Natives from 19.8 to 91.1 cases per 100000 per year < 5 years of age. During 2001-2004, with use of polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine, the rate of H influenzae type b disease in Alaska Native and non-Native children aged < 5 years decreased to 5.4 and 0 per 100000 per year, respectively. In postvaccine studies, H influenzae type b carriage has decreased in Alaska Native children < 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS H influenzae type b vaccination has resulted in a dramatic decrease in invasive H influenzae type b disease in Alaska; however, despite high rates of H influenzae type b vaccine coverage, H influenzae type b disease rates among rural Alaska Native children < 5 years of age remain higher than the rates among non-Native Alaska and other US children. Equity in disease rates may not be achieved in indigenous populations with the current vaccines unless other environmental and household factors contributing to disease transmission are addressed.
Public Subsidies for Private Schools: What We Know and How to Proceed.

This article reviews three ways of discussing and analyzing public and private educational choice. The first is theoretical, the second is evaluation of existing choice programs, and the third is to infer from differences between public and private schools as they now exist. The basic argument is that at present, very little is known about the potential impacts of choice and that research should therefore move carefully, experimenting with constrained programs along with other nonchoice options.
A Neurosemantic Theory of Concrete Noun Representation Based on the Underlying Brain Codes

This article describes the discovery of a set of biologically-driven semantic dimensions underlying the neural representation of concrete nouns, and then demonstrates how a resulting theory of noun representation can be used to identify simple thoughts through their fMRI patterns. We use factor analysis of fMRI brain imaging data to reveal the biological representation of individual concrete nouns like apple, in the absence of any pictorial stimuli. From this analysis emerge three main semantic factors underpinning the neural representation of nouns naming physical objects, which we label manipulation, shelter, and eating. Each factor is neurally represented in 3–4 different brain locations that correspond to a cortical network that co-activates in non-linguistic tasks, such as tool use pantomime for the manipulation factor. Several converging methods, such as the use of behavioral ratings of word meaning and text corpus characteristics, provide independent evidence of the centrality of these factors to the representations. The factors are then used with machine learning classifier techniques to show that the fMRI-measured brain representation of an individual concrete noun like apple can be identified with good accuracy from among 60 candidate words, using only the fMRI activity in the 16 locations associated with these factors. To further demonstrate the generativity of the proposed account, a theory-based model is developed to predict the brain activation patterns for words to which the algorithm has not been previously exposed. The methods, findings, and theory constitute a new approach of using brain activity for understanding how object concepts are represented in the mind.
Remote monitoring of sediment load in ocean water

Using the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)—the world's first geostationary satellite sensor that can obtain observational data on ocean color every hour during the daytime—scientists are able to remotely monitor the amount of suspended sediment, organic activity, pollutants, and almost any parameter that affects the turbidity and hence the color of the surface of the ocean, in near–real time. Choi et al. compared GOCI images with measurements of suspended sediment load in the Mokpo coastal area along the west coast of Korea. They show that the GOCI color images can reliably monitor suspended sediment load in these coastal waters. They also found that the sediment movement in this region is driven primarily by daily tidal cycles.
A 0.25-mm CMOS T/R switch for UWB wireless communications

A T/R switch, fabricated using standard 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process, for ultra wide-band (UWB) wireless communications is presented. The switch is designed based on the concept of synthetic transmission line, utilizing both CPW and CMOS transistors, to achieve not only an extremely wide bandwidth but also a linear phase response necessary for time-domain UWB applications. On-chip measurement is completed in both frequency and time domains. Frequency-domain measured results show insertion loss of 2.2-4.2 dB, isolation from 34-48 dB, and highly linear transmission phase from 0.45 MHz to 13 GHz. These results are quite consistent with the calculations. Particularly, the time-domain pulse measurement shows that the output pulses resemble closely the input pulses with very little reflection, demonstrating the switch's suitability for true time-domain UWB applications. The developed switch is ready to be integrated with other CMOS RFICs to form on-chip transceivers for various UWB applications.
Three-dimensional mapping of corneal elasticity using optical coherence elastography

We demonstrate a novel method for noninvasive quantification of tissue biomechanical properties in 3D using phase-stabilized swept source optical coherence elastography (PhS-SSOCE). A focused air-pulse delivery system induces an elastic wave, which is then recorded by the PhS-SSOCE system. By calculating the velocity in all radial directions and imaging depths from the origin of the stimulation, a volumetric elasticity map was generated. Utilizing the high spatial sensitivity of PhS-SSOCE, the force applied on the surface of the cornea and subsequent induced deformation amplitude was minimal, thus preserving the structure and function of delicate ocular tissues such as the cornea and sclera. The results show that this noninvasive method for elasticity assessment can provide a volumetric mapping of elasticity and can differentiate untreated and UV-induced collagen cross-linked (CXL) corneas. As expected, the elastic wave velocity and subsequent Young’s modulus was significantly higher in the CXL cornea as compared to the untreated cornea, indicating a substantial increase in corneal stiffness after the CXL treatment.
Beyond depression: Gender differences in normal adolescents' emotional experiences

Adolescents (N=262) in the fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh grades reported the frequency, intensity, and duration of their experiences of 12 emotions and the situations during which they occurred. The first three scales of emotion combined to produce the emotion saliency score. Girls reported higher saliences of surprise, sad, self-hostility, shame, shy, and guilt. Boys reported higher saliency of contempt. Factor analysis of the salient emotions retained the same three factors for both genders: positive emotion, inner-passive, and outer-hostile negative emotions. The loadings for surprise, sad, and anger on each factor suggested within factor gender differences. Most salient emotions were experienced with peers; however, boys experienced both surprise and sadness more often when alone than did girls. There were gender differences in most emotion categories on the events associated with salient emotions. Boys found activities and achievement, and girls found affiliation, to be emotionally salient. These data suggest that gender differences in emotion are pervasive rather than confined to depressive emotion and include differences in the organizational properties of emotion.
Persistence of neurosyphilis despite multiple treatment regimens

This article describes a patient in whom all recommended forms of penicillin therapy and an experimental protocol of doxycycline therapy failed
The SIN3/RPD3 Deacetylase Complex Is Essential for G2 Phase Cell Cycle Progression and Regulation of SMRTER Corepressor Levels

The SIN3 corepressor and RPD3 histone deacetylase are components of the evolutionarily conserved SIN3/RPD3 transcriptional repression complex. Here we show that the SIN3/RPD3 complex and the corepressor SMRTER are required for Drosophila G(2) phase cell cycle progression. Loss of the SIN3, but not the p55, SAP18, or SAP30, component of the SIN3/RPD3 complex by RNA interference (RNAi) causes a cell cycle delay prior to initiation of mitosis. Loss of RPD3 reduces the growth rate of cells but does not cause a distinct cell cycle defect, suggesting that cells are delayed in multiple phases of the cell cycle, including G(2). Thus, the role of the SIN3/RPD3 complex in G(2) phase progression appears to be independent of p55, SAP18, and SAP30. SMRTER protein levels are reduced in SIN3 and RPD3 RNAi cells, and loss of SMRTER by RNAi is sufficient to cause a G(2) phase delay, demonstrating that regulation of SMRTER protein levels by the SIN3/RPD3 complex is a vital component of the transcriptional repression mechanism. Loss of SIN3 does not affect global acetylation of histones H3 and H4, suggesting that the G(2) phase delay is due not to global changes in genome integrity but rather to derepression of SIN3 target genes.
Dynamical studies of dendritic growth

Abstract Directional solidification studies are carried out in succinonitrile-acetone system to investigate the stability of dendritic interfaces. Time dependent changes in the interface pattern are examined as the externally imposed velocity is suddenly altered. A hysteresis effect is observed in the interface restabilization process and the different mechanisms which operate during the increase and decrease in velocity are discussed to understand the hysteresis effect. It is found that in all cases the mechanism which selects the constant, steady-state, dendrite tip radius is quite sharp and the dendrite tip always restabilizes to the value which is just marginally stable. The selection process for the constant primary spacing, however, is found not to be very sharp.
The production and subsequent relaxation of vibrationally excited OH in the reaction of atomic oxygen with HBr

A fast discharge flow apparatus equipped for EPR detection of radicals has been used to investigate the reaction O + HBr OH + Br. At 295°K, measurements showed that more than 97% of all OH produced in this reaction was formed initially in its first vibrationally excited state. Rate constants for physical deactivation of OH(v = 1) by O(3P), Br(2P3/2), H2O, and HBr were measured as (1.45 ± 0.25) × 10−10, (6.4 ± 2.4) × 10−11, (1.35 ± 0.50) × 10−11, and < 10−12 cm3/molec·sec, respectively.
Development of an Elective Course: Body Image, Weight Management, and Disordered Eating

Abstract The incidence of both weight reduction dieting and disordered eating on college campuses is well documented, particularly among students majoring in dietetics. However, the connection between dieting practices and eating disorders is rarely recognized by this population. To help focus campus attention on the dual problems of restricted eating and eating disorders, a course entitled Body Image, Weight Management, and Disordered Eating, was developed as an experimental special topics offering. The course carries no prerequisites, and a dual graduate/undergraduate listing, so all students are eligible to enroll, regardless of major or year. Course content addresses the objectives of: defining eating disorders and disordered eating; exploring the interaction of societal norms, weight control strategies and disordered eating; evaluating popular weight loss programs; analyzing health risks of overweight, underweight, and related eating behaviors; examining programs and strategies for prevention and treatment of eating disorders. Course format consists of instructor-lead discussion, student presentations, videotapes, and guest speakers. No examinations are given, and grading is based on several oral presentations and a final project, which must be designed to be useful in the student's future profession. To date, 36 students have enrolled for the course; approximately one third were dietetics majors, one third were social science majors, and the remaining third were from a variety of other departments. When asked to respond to an open ended question about why they elected the course, students most frequently cited interest in body image/self-esteem issues; interest in identification and cause of eating disorders and interest in weight management techniques were second most frequently listed reasons. Evaluation of the course and its component learning activities has been consistently positive. The course syllabus, several class activities, student projects, and evaluation data will be presented.
Types and Hecke algebras for principal series representations of split reductive p-adic groups

Abstract We construct types in the sense of Bushnell and Kutzko for principal series representations of split connected reductive p -adic groups (with mild restrictions on the residual characteristic) and describe the resulting Hecke algebras. We discuss their interpretation as Iwahori Hecke algebras of related reductive groups (in general disconnected). In addition, we describe how (parabolic) induction and (Jacquet) restriction functors and questions about square-integrability can be transferred to this context.
Wrist and Ankle MRI of Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Identification of Unsuspected Multicompartmental Tenosynovitis and Arthritis

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to characterize the extent of joint and tendon involvement in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis referred for MRI of the wrist or ankle. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty-five patients (32 female and 13 male patients; mean age, 10 years; age range, 1–19 years) with an established diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis were referred for MRI of the wrist or ankle between January 2000 and August 2012 (39 wrists and 33 ankles). All MRI examinations and clinical notes were reviewed, and joint and tendon involvement was recorded. RESULTS. Tenosynovitis was present in 50% (36/72) of examinations. Tenosynovitis was not documented in clinical notes before MRI. When tenosynovitis was present, an average of 3.5 tendons were involved (range, 1–12 tendons). For the wrist, 59% (23/39) had tenosynovitis, and the extensor digitorum tendon (23% [9/39]) was most commonly involved. For the ankle, 39% (13/33) had tenosynovitis, and the tibialis posterior tendon (33.3% [11/33])...
DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

Abstract This study investigated the characteristics of each of the specific DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) anxiety disorders in a clinic sample of 188 anxiety disordered children. Characteristics examined included sociodemographic variables (age-at-intake, gender, and race of the child, and family marital and socioeconomic status) and clinical variables (disorder age-at-onset and severity, and history of additional disorders). Findings are discussed in light of the contemporary literature on childhood anxiety disorders.
The Effects of Religiosity on Psychopathology in Emerging Adults: Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Religiosity

Recent research has suggested that religion may play an important role in determining mental health. Although research has examined the effects of religiosity on specific types of psychopathology, less research has examined psychopathology broadly in the context of particular aspects of religion. Thus, the current study examined intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and a range of psychopathology in 486 emerging adult college students. Results of a MANOVA indicated a main effect for intrinsic religiosity on a range of psychopathology and an interaction effect between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on antisocial personality problems. Implications and limitations of the current study are discussed.
State-of-the-Art Manufacturing Management or Déjà Vu?

ABSTRACTA major company in a U.S.-dominated industry invited a team of Japanese consultants to conduct a series of workshops at a plant experiencing significant problems. The problems included high labor cost, labor unrest, rapid turnover of senior plant management, and general production inefficiencies. The third of five workshops was observed. The methods of the Japanese consultants suggested that they were not practicing typical Japanese-style management and that some cultural bias might be present. The consultants' activities did not yield the type of fundamental long-term improvements needed by the company. Reasons are identified and conclusions are drawn.
Si ( 100 ) - ( 2 × 1 ) Etching with Fluorine: Planar Removal versus Three Dimensional Pitting

The morphologies achieved by thermally activated reactions of adsorbed F with $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ were studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. Dimer vacancies were produced in the top layer but, more significantly, there was a new reaction pathway that gave rise to multilayer pitting even when the surface concentration was very low. This pathway can be linked to the atomic structure of the exposed layer and the formation of ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{2}$ in that layer. It accounts for surface roughening, and it is very effective.
A buckling-based metrology for measuring the elastic moduli of polymeric thin films

As technology continues towards smaller, thinner and lighter devices, more stringent demands are placed on thin polymer films as diffusion barriers, dielectric coatings, electronic packaging and so on. Therefore, there is a growing need for testing platforms to rapidly determine the mechanical properties of thin polymer films and coatings. We introduce here an elegant, efficient measurement method that yields the elastic moduli of nanoscale polymer films in a rapid and quantitative manner without the need for expensive equipment or material-specific modelling. The technique exploits a buckling instability that occurs in bilayers consisting of a stiff, thin film coated onto a relatively soft, thick substrate. Using the spacing of these highly periodic wrinkles, we calculate the film's elastic modulus by applying well-established buckling mechanics. We successfully apply this new measurement platform to several systems displaying a wide range of thicknessess (nanometre to micrometre) and moduli (MPa to GPa).