cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of gene and stem cell therapy in cutaneous wound healing

Different therapies that effect wound repair have been proposed over the last few decades. This article reviews the emerging fields of gene and stem cell therapy in wound healing. Gene therapy, initially developed for treatment of congenital defects, is a new option for enhancing wound repair. In order to accelerate wound closure, genes encoding for growth factors or cytokines showed the greatest potential. The majority of gene delivery systems are based on viral transfection, naked DNA application, high pressure injection, or liposomal vectors. Embryonic and adult stem cells have a prolonged self-renewal capacity with the ability to differentiate into various tissue types. A variety of sources, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, skin and hair follicles, have been utilized to isolate stem cells to accelerate the healing response of acute and chronic wounds. Recently, the combination of gene and stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for treatment of chronic and acute wounds.
A novel permanent magnet motor with doubly salient structure

A new type of doubly salient machine is presented in which the field excitation is provided by a nonrotating permanent magnet (PM). This doubly salient PM (DSPM) motor is shown to be kindred to square waveform PM brushless DC motors. Linear and nonlinear analysis has been performed to investigate the characteristics of this new type of PM motors. A prototype DSPM motor has been designed, and a comparison has been made between this new type of motor and the induction motor. It is shown that, by fully exploiting modern high-energy PM material and the doubly salient structure, the DSPM motor can offer superior performance over existing motors in terms of efficiency, torque density, torque-to-current ratio, and torque-to-inertia ratio, while retaining a simple structure amenable to automatic manufacture. >
The Personalization of Politics Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation

This article proposes a framework for understanding large-scale individualized collective action that is often coordinated through digital media technologies. Social fragmentation and the decline of group loyalties have given rise to an era of personalized politics in which individually expressive personal action frames displace collective action frames in many protest causes. This trend can be spotted in the rise of large-scale, rapidly forming political participation aimed at a variety of targets, ranging from parties and candidates, to corporations, brands, and transnational organizations. The group-based “identity politics” of the “new social movements” that arose after the 1960s still exist, but the recent period has seen more diverse mobilizations in which individuals are mobilized around personal lifestyle values to engage with multiple causes such as economic justice (fair trade, inequality, and development policies), environmental protection, and worker and human rights.
The contribution of recollection and familiarity to yes-no and forced-choice recognition tests in healthy subjects and amnesics

Recent reports suggest that some amnesic patients perform relatively normally on forced-choice recognition memory tests. Their preserved performance may reflect the fact that the test relies more heavily on assessments of familiarity, a process that is relatively preserved in these patients, than do other recognition tests such as yes‐no tests, which may rely more on recollection. The current study examined recognition memory using yes‐no and forced-choice procedures in control and amnesic patients in order to determine whether the two tasks diAerentially relied on recollection and familiarity, and whether the extent of the recognition memory deficit observed in amnesia was dependent upon the type of recognition test used to measure performance. Results using the remember‐know procedure with healthy subjects showed that there were no substantial diAerences in recognition accuracy or in the contribution of recollection to these two tasks. Moreover, amnesic patients were not found to perform better on a forced-choice test than on a yes‐no test, suggesting that familiarity contributed equally to these two types of recognition test. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wide Range Aerosol Classifier: A Size Selective Sampler for Large Particles

The Wide Range Aerosol Classifier (WRAC), a sampler employing parallel impactors coupled with a large high flow rate inlet, has been designed, built, and tested for use in determining the size distribution of large particles found in ambient air. Results of laboratory and field evaluations demonstrate that the WRAC can be used successfully to determine atmospheric aerosol “total mass” and its large particle (> 10 μm aerodynamic diameter) distribution. The sampler is mobile for operation at various field locations. With properly prepared impaction surfaces, four impactors with cut points of 9.3, 18.5, 34, and 47 μm, respectively, provide sharp well-defined separation with low internal losses. Results of an initial and two follow-up independent impactor calibrations are in strong agreement, indicating good impactor precision and valid procedures by the two calibration laboratories. The WRAC size distribution mass measurements can be used to predict the “total aerosol mass” as well as size fractionated mass ...
Chromatin Specificity of Anti-Double-Stranded DNA Antibodies and a Role for Arg Residues in the Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain

A spontaneous, autoreactive autoantibody called SN5–18 (IgG2b, κ) binds to a complex of H2A/H2B/dsDNA in chromatin, but erroneously appears to bind dsDNA when the Ab is used in a form that is not highly purified. Because of this finding, we evaluated the antigenic specificity of a prototypic anti-dsDNA Ab, 3H9/Vκ4, now used widely in transgenic studies of tolerance and autoimmunity. We found that the purified mAb 3H9/Vκ4 binds chromatin and specifically a complex of H2A/H2B/dsDNA, but not dsDNA in solid phase or in solution. When used in the form of culture supernatant or as a standard protein G preparation, mAb 3H9/Vκ4 appears to bind dsDNA, apparently due to nuclear proteins in the preparation that assemble on target DNA. Because of the reported role of V H CDR3 Arg residues in dsDNA binding and the near identity of the SN5–18 sequence to other dsDNA-specific Ab, we tested the contributions of two V H CDR3 Arg residues in SN5–18 to chromatin specificity. We found that both these Arg residues at positions 104 and 106 were required for detectable chromatin binding. These results indicate a role for V H CDR3 Arg residues in chromatin specificity of lupus-derived autoantibodies. Further, they provide an explanation for a possible discrepancy in the form of tolerance observed in different anti-DNA Ig transgene models.
The Increasing Incidence of Celiac Disease and the Range of Gluten‐Free Products in the Marketplace

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Gluten is the protein component in wheat, rye and barley. Recent advances have increased our understanding of the molecular basis for this disorder. In the last 10 years, cutting edge scientific developments in this disease have led to the formulation of new concepts of epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. At present, the only available treatment for CD is a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). The GFD is not an easy undertaking as gluten-containing grains, especially wheat, are the main ingredients in culturally popular foods such as bread, pasta and cakes. These grains are also widely used as additives, binders, preservatives and thickeners in a vast majority of processed foods such as broths, marinades, processed meats, canned goods, candy and medications. In 2004, the average American consumed 133 pounds (60.4 kg) of wheat and Canadians consumed 150 pounds (68 kg). In the United Kingdom, wheat consumption averages 167 pounds (76 kg) per year (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2004). Fortunately, both medical knowledge and quality of the GFD continue to improve as awareness of CD increases throughout the world. At this time, people suffering from the effectsofCDarebeingdiagnosed morequickly thananyother timeinhistory.Manufacturers have also responded to the increased need for and potential profit in providing gluten-free foods.
Multiple antenna spectrum sensing for cognitive radios in unknown noise

Recently several time-domain approaches relying on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) paradigm have been proposed for multiple antenna spectrum sensing in cognitive radios. These approaches are suitable for flat-fading channels in white noise with equal noise variances across antennas; knowledge of the noise variance is not required, unlike the energy detector. In this paper we investigate a method based on analysis of the multivariate power spectral density (PSD) of the received multiantenna signal. Our proposed approach is also based on GLRT and flat-fading channels, but it allows the noise variances to be different at different antennas without requiring knowledge of their values. A performance analysis of the proposed detector is carried out. Simulation examples are provided in support of the proposed approach.
Scaffolding Catalysts: Highly Enantioselective Desymmetrization Reactions

The use of reversible covalent bonding is a common design feature in synthetic catalysts. For most synthetic catalysts, reversible covalent bonding is used to form a reactive intermediate thereby affording enhanced rate of reaction (e.g. enamine, iminium, and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis).[1–2] A less developed area of reversible covalent bonding catalysis uses this bonding to transiently tether reagents (Figure 1).[3] A key aspect of this mode of catalysis is that a part of the acceleration arises from the entropic advantage gained through intramolecularity.[4] We have recently reported the development of phosphine ligands that use reversible covalent bonds between a substrate and the ligand to control regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity in hydroformylation.[5–7] In this publication we extend this catalysis design strategy to organic catalysts. In particular, we report the catalytic desymmetrization of meso diols in up to 97% ee with high yield at room temperature.
Your attention please: designing security-decision UIs to make genuine risks harder to ignore

We designed and tested attractors for computer security dialogs: user-interface modifications used to draw users' attention to the most important information for making decisions. Some of these modifications were purely visual, while others temporarily inhibited potentially-dangerous behaviors to redirect users' attention to salient information. We conducted three between-subjects experiments to test the effectiveness of the attractors.In the first two experiments, we sent participants to perform a task on what appeared to be a third-party site that required installation of a browser plugin. We presented them with what appeared to be an installation dialog from their operating system. Participants who saw dialogs that employed inhibitive attractors were significantly less likely than those in the control group to ignore clues that installing this software might be harmful.In the third experiment, we attempted to habituate participants to dialogs that they knew were part of the experiment. We used attractors to highlight a field that was of no value during habituation trials and contained critical information after the habituation period. Participants exposed to inhibitive attractors were two to three times more likely to make an informed decision than those in the control condition.
U.S. verification method disputed

Milo Nordyke, senior scientist at Lawrence Liver more National Laboratory in Liver more, Calif., testified October 6 at a Senate Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on Soviet test ban noncompliance and the recently concluded Joint Verification Experiment. He said that the the government's method for on-site test monitoring is intrusive, expensive, and could limit some U.S. weapon design programs. In addition, Gregory Van der Vink of the congressional Office of Technology Assessment presented new evidence that White House charges that the Soviet Union has not complied with the current 150 kiloton test limit are probably without basis. Also testifying were Paul Robinson, U.S. negotiator for the Nuclear Testing Talks; Peter Sharfman, program manager for International Security and Commerce at OTA; and physicist David Hafemeister of California Polytechnical State University, San Luis Obispo.
Comparison of thoracoscopic and laproscopic esophagomyotomy with fundoplication for primary motility disorders

Objectives: With the introduction of videoscopic techniques, controversy has arisen whether a thoracoscopic or laproscopic approach is indicated for the surgical management of symptomatic primary motility disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of the two techniques performed by one group. Methods: Between 1995 and 1997, 78 patients (42 female, 36 males: ages 21‐86; mean 53 years) underwent a videoscopic esophagomyotomy with fundoplication via a thoracic (12) or abdominal (66) approach for dysphagia or chest pain. Pre‐operative evaluation with esophagogastroscopy and manometry revealed a primary motility disorder in 64 and primary motility disorder with stricture in 14. Primary motility disorders exhibited were hypertensive LES (25), nutcracker (26), achalasia (14), and diffuse esophageal spasm (13). Associated fundoplications to prevent reflux included abdominal Toupet partial fundoplicatio (52), abdominal Nissen (14) and thoracic Belsey (12). Significance of variation in outcomes was determined by Mann‐Whitney U-test. Results: There was no mortality. Follow-up ranged from 6‐40 months (meana 18). Early morbidity included dyshagia ‐ chest pain greater than 6 weeks in 16 patients. (5 Belsey 41%, 10 Toupet 19 %, 1 Nissen 7%) Late morbidity included three recurrent strictures requiring dilatation (Belsey 2/5, Toupet 1/7). Two patients (3.1%) experienced a recurrent motility disorder after abdominal short myotomy ‐ Toupet. Five patients experienced post‐ operative gastroesophageal reflux after partial fundoplication (two Belseya 16:6%, three Toupeta 5:7%). Overall 63 patients (81%) were completely relieved of dysphagia ‐ chest pain. Conclusions: Thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy with Belsey fundoplication was associated with a significantly higher incidence of post‐operative dysphagia ‐ chest pain (Pa 0:05) and recurrent stricture (Pa 0:01) than laproscopic esophagomyotomy with partial or total fundoplication, however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of recurrent motility disorders (Pa 0:54) or gastroesophageal reflux disease (Pa 0:12) between the techniques. Our results support utilization of a laproscopic approach for primary motility disorders. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Dynamic agent-based prioritized connection admission for stressed networks

For broadband networks to be widely useful to society, they must dynamically recognize some connections, like those that deal with emergencies or natural disasters, as having greater importance than others. This paper proposes an architecture of geographically distributed ticket servers that issue importance tickets for connection admission. User agents contact ticket servers using an agent communication language, then a ticket server intelligent agent determines how valuable of a ticket to issue within the current context of an emergency or natural disaster. Use of ticket servers and agent communication enables quick adaptation to dynamic context changes and provides high user satisfaction.
Optimization of chemical induction for evaluation of endogenous retroviruses in different species

Background Chemical inducers such as 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 5’iodo-2’deoxyuridine (lUdR) have been used to discover and characterize endogenous retroviruses from rodent and avian speciecs, for example KBALB mouse cells. We found that induction conditions that have been optimized for mouse cells were not successful in inducing retrovirus from cell lines of other species, including nonhuman primates. Therefore, we developed a stepwise strategy based upon identification of critical parameters for endogenous retrovirus induction in mouse cells for optimizing induction conditions for non-murine cells. Using this approach, we have determined optimum conditions for investigating inducible endogenous retroviruses from Vero cells, which are of African green monkey (AGM) origin, a species that has never been reported to produce endogenous retroviruses [1].
Comparison of Algorithms for Nonlinear Integer Optimization: Application to Monitoring Network Design

This paper presents an empirical comparison of eight heuristic algorithms for solving nonlinear integer optimization problems. The algorithms are first applied to a simple network location problem to assess their relative performance. The best performing algorithms are then applied to a more complex test problem involving an irregular correlation surface and partitioned spatial domain, typical of a ground-water monitoring network design application. Simulated annealing and TABU search exhibit superior performance among the six heuristic methods and two supplemental nonlinear integer optimization solvers that were tested.
CRITERIA FOR AUTHORSHIP FOR STATISTICIANS IN MEDICAL PAPERS

We organize a statistician's potential scientific and intellectual contributions to a medical study into three types of activities relating to design, implementation and analysis. For each type, we describe high-level, mid-level and low-level contributions. Using this framework, we develop a point system to assess whether authorship is justified. Although we recommend discussion and resolution of authorship issues early in the course of any project, our system is especially useful when this has not been done.
Getting less of what you want: reductions in statistical power and increased bias when categorizing medication adherence data.

Medication adherence is thought to be the principal clinical predictor of positive clinical outcomes, not only for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression, but also for physical conditions such as diabetes. Consequently, research on medication often looks not only at medication condition (e.g., placebo, standard medication, investigative medication), but also at adherence in taking those medications within each medication condition. The percentage (or proportion) scale is one of the more frequently employed and easily interpretable measures. Patients can be 0 % adherent, 100 % adherent, or somewhere in between. For simplicity, many reported adherence analyses dichotomize or trichotomize the adherence predictor when estimating its effect on outcomes of interest. However, the methodological literature shows that the practice of categorizing continuously distributed predictors reduces statistical power at best and, at worst, can severely bias parameter estimates. This can result in inflated Type I errors (false positive acceptance of null adherence effects) or Type II errors (false negative rejection of true adherence effects). We extend the methodological literature on categorization to the construct of adherence. The measurement scale of adherence leads to a diverse family of potential distributions including uniform, n-shaped, u-shaped (i.e., bimodal), positively skewed, and negatively skewed. Using a simulation study, we generated negative, null, and positive “true” effects of adherence on simulated continuous and binary outcomes. We then estimated the adherence effect with and without categorizing the adherence variable. We show how parameter estimates and standard errors can be severely biased when categorizing adherence. The categorization of adherence is shown to cause null effects to become positive or negative depending on the distribution of the simulated adherence variable, inflating Type I errors. When the adherence effect was significantly different from zero, categorization can render the effect null, inflating Type II errors. We recommend that adherence be measured continuously and analyzed without categorization when using it as a predictor in regression models.
Reversing anticoagulant effects of novel oral anticoagulants: role of ciraparantag, andexanet alfa, and idarucizumab

Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are increasingly used in clinical practice, but lack of commercially available reversal agents is a major barrier for mainstream use of these therapies. Specific antidotes to NOACs are under development. Idarucizumab (aDabi-Fab, BI 655075) is a novel humanized mouse monoclonal antibody that binds dabigatran and reverses its anticoagulant effect. In a recent Phase III study (Reversal Effects of Idarucizumab on Active Dabigatran), a 5 g intravenous infusion of idarucizumab resulted in the normalization of dilute thrombin time in 98% and 93% of the two groups studied, with normalization of ecarin-clotting time in 89% and 88% patients. Two other antidotes, andexanet alfa (PRT064445) and ciraparantag (PER977) are also under development for reversal of NOACs. In this review, we discuss commonly encountered management issues with NOACs such as periprocedural management, laboratory monitoring of anticoagulation, and management of bleeding. We review currently available data regarding specific antidotes to NOACs with respect to pharmacology and clinical trials.
BEACH RIDGES AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY, CENTRAL BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

Two spatially separated sets of beach ridges were studied in Baja California. Each set contains several well-preserved beach ridges and each is adjacent to an arroyo mouth. Modern beach ridges mark coastal location whereas abandoned paleobeach ridges record coastal change. Paleobeach ridges were dated by absolute and relative techniques for rate-change, chronology, and longshore correlation purposes. With time, shape becomes more planar, foreslope angle is reduced, and there is a progressive tendency for constituent shingle to disintegrate and develop both rinds and surficial roughness. One paleobeach ridge on the lowest emergent terrace was assigned a 1,150 ± 230 yr. B.P. radiocarbon date whereas another beach ridge 18 km farther north has a partially overlapping date. Older but undated beach ridges also exist on the lowest emergent terrace as well as on the highest persistent terrace. Those beach ridges on the highest persistent terrace are highly weathered and Pleistocene in age. All beach ridges have ...
Determinants of Private Brand Attitude

Differences in price and promotional elasticity are potentially the most useful criteria for market segment identification of low cost consumer goods. This article presents an approach to segment i...
Effect of dihydrocholesterol (cholestanol) administration on plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in the rabbit.

Summary1. Effects of dihydrocholesterol on cholesterol content of plasma and on development of atherosclerosis were investigated in the rabbit. 2. Rabbits fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol exhibited typical hypercholesterolemia (average, 1041 mg/100 cc of plasma) and atherosclerosis (average estimated plaque area was 271 mm2). Rabbits fed 1% cholesterol plus 2% dihydrocholesterol, the average plasma cholesterol value was 120 mg % and the average atherosclerotic plaque area was 4.9 mm2. 3. Addition of dihydrocholesterol to a normal diet had no effect on the levels of plasma cholesterol, but did result in an increase in the average atherosclerotic plaque area.
Temperature as a Possible Limiting Factor in the Northern Spread of the Colorado potato Beetle

The history of the spread of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) from its native home is briefly reviewed. Data show that the lethal under cooling points of 80 individual beetles ranged from minus 4.3 degrees Centigrade to minus 11.6 degrees Centigrade. The influence of hibernation depth and the probable effect of winter soil temperatures on hibernating beetles is discussed. Data are presented to show the protective influence of a snow covering and some temperature data are tabulated from the Beaverlodge Experimental Station, in the Peace River district of Northern Alberta in an attempt to explain the absence of the beetle in that area, where its native food plants abound.
BoomChaCha: A Rhythm-based, Physical Role-Playing Game that Facilitates Cooperation among Players

We designed a new genre of gaming that is rhythm-based, cooperative, physical and involves role-playing. In the game, three players as a team combat monsters by waving physical weapons on certain beats of the background music. The game requires a collective effort, as each player plays a certain role that is responsible for attacking, healing or defending respectively. To defeat the monster, the three players need to wave the physical weapons according to the rhythm of a six-beat waltz, which encourages cooperation and promotes pro-social behaviors.
Asthma and Pregnancy

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases and affects up to 8 % of pregnancies. The “one-third rule” states that in pregnancies with asthma, a third of the patients will improve, a third will get worse, and a third will stay the same. In adverse pregnancy outcomes for patients with asthma, studies have shown that pregnant women with asthma are at increased risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, vaginal bleeding, perinatal mortalities, premature birth, low birth weights, and neonatal sepsis as well as pulmonary embolism and depression. In early pregnancy, 60–70 % of women feel dyspneic due to hyperventilation. As pregnancy progresses, an up to 50 % increase in minute ventilation occurs with a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Together with the patient, providers should develop medication regimens that are effective and easy to follow. Providers need to be aware that pregnant patients with asthma may have difficulty following complicated treatment regimens. Optimal asthma control during pregnancy is very important for both the mother and the fetus.
Overcoming immunosuppression in bone metastases

Bone metastases are present in up to 70% of advanced prostate and breast cancers and occur at significant rates in a variety of other cancers. Bone metastases can be associated with significant morbidity. The establishment of bone metastasis activates several immunosuppressive mechanisms. Hence, understanding the tumor-bone microenvironment is crucial to inform the development of novel therapies. This review describes the current standard of care for patients with bone metastatic disease and novel treatment options targeting the microenvironment. Treatments reviewed include immunotherapies, cryoablation, and targeted therapies. Combinatorial treatment strategies including targeted therapies and immunotherapies show promise in pre-clinical and clinical studies to overcome the suppressive environment and improve treatment of bone metastases.
A dentin-derived hydrogel bioink for 3D bioprinting of cell laden scaffolds for regenerative dentistry

Recent studies in tissue engineering have adopted extracellular matrix (ECM) derived scaffolds as natural and cytocompatible microenvironments for tissue regeneration. The dentin matrix, specifically, has been shown to be associated with a host of soluble and insoluble signaling molecules that can promote odontogenesis. Here, we have developed a novel bioink, blending printable alginate (3% w/v) hydrogels with the soluble and insoluble fractions of the dentin matrix. We have optimized the printing parameters and the concentrations of the individual components of the bioink for print accuracy, cell viability and odontogenic potential. We find that, while viscosity, and hence printability of the bioinks, was greater in the formulations containing higher concentrations of alginate, a higher proportion of insoluble dentin matrix proteins significantly improved cell viability; where a 1:1 ratio of alginate and dentin (1:1 Alg-Dent) was most suitable. We further demonstrate high retention of the soluble dentin molecules within the 1:1 Alg-Dent hydrogel blends, evidencing renewed interactions between these molecules and the dentin matrix post crosslinking. Moreover, at concentrations of 100 μg ml-1, these soluble dentin molecules significantly enhanced odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla encapsulated in bioprinted hydrogels. In summary, the proposed novel bioinks have demonstrable cytocompatibility and natural odontogenic capacity, which can be a used to reproducibly fabricate scaffolds with complex three-dimensional microarchitectures for regenerative dentistry in the future.
Cybersecurity Automated Information Extraction Techniques: Drawbacks of Current Methods, and Enhanced Extractors

We address a crucial element of applied information extraction—accurate identification of basic security entities in text-—by evaluating previous methods and presenting new labelers. Our survey reveals that the previous efforts have not been tested on documents similar to the targeted sources (news articles, blogs, tweets, etc.) and that no sufficiently large publicly available annotated corpus of these documents exists. By assembling a representative test corpus, we perform a quantitative evaluation of previous methods in a realistic setting, revealing an overall lack of recall, and giving insight to the models' beneficial and inhibiting elements. In particular, our results show that many previous efforts overfit to the non-representative test corpora in this domain. Informed by this evaluation, we present three novel cyber entity extractors, which seek to leverage the available labeled data but remain worthwhile on the more diverse documents encountered in the wild. Each new model increases the state of the art in recall, with maximal or near maximal F1 score. Our results establish that the state of the art in cyber entity tagging is characterized by F1 = 0.61.
Re-transplantation for Hepatic Artery Thrombosis: A National Perspective.

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is a major complication after liver transplantation that commonly requires re-transplantation. We queried the UNOS dataset for all patients transplanted between 1995 and 2015 for HAT. We identified 623 patients who underwent re-transplantation for HAT with a mean age of 51.25 + 10.4 years. The mean BMI was 26.72 kg/m2, and mean MELD score was 19.62 + 9.09. There was a higher proportion of male patients, with higher prevalence of pre-transplant portal vein thrombosis (7.4 vs. 5.4%, p = 0.04), lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection (29.5 vs. 35.8%, p = 0.002), and shorter waiting time (61 vs. 111 days, p = 0.001) in the HAT group compared to those re-transplanted for other indications. The perioperative 90-day mortality was lower in patients re-transplanted for HAT (16 vs. 20%, p = 0.02). Patients undergoing re-transplantation for HAT had 13% decreased graft survival and 13% increased long-term survival. After case–control matched analysis, graft survival and patient survival were significantly better in the HAT group. Late re-transplantation (>30 days) for HAT was linked to decreased graft and patient survival when compared to those undergoing early re-transplantation (within 30 days). Improved outcomes were seen in patients undergoing re-transplantation for HAT compared to patients who underwent re-transplantation for other indications. Those re-transplanted late after HAT (>30 days) were associated with worse outcomes when compared to early re-transplantation.
Estimating three-dimensional space from multiple two-dimensional views

The most common visual feedback technique in teleoperation is in the form of monoscopic video displays. As robotic autonomy increases and the human operator takes on the role of a supervisor, three-dimensional information is effectively presented by multiple, televised, two-dimensional 2-D projections showing the same scene from different angles. To analyze how people go about using such segmented information for estimations about three-dimensional 3-D space, 18 subjects were asked to determine the position of a stationary pointer in space; eye movements and reaction times RTs were recorded during a period when either two or three 2-D views were presented simultaneously, each showing the same scene from a different angle. The results revealed that subjects estimated 3-D space by using a simple algorithm of feature search. Eye movement analysis supported the conclusion that people can efficiently use multiple 2-D projections to make estimations about 3-D space without reconstructing the scene mentally in three dimensions. The major limiting factor on RT in such situations is the subjects' visual search performance, giving in this experiment a mean of 2270 msec SD = 468; N = 18. This conclusion was supported by predictions of the Model Human Processor Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983, which predicted a mean RT of 1820 msec given the general eye movement patterns observed. Single-subject analysis of the experimental data suggested further that in some cases people may base their judgments on a more elaborate 3-D mental model reconstructed from the available 2-D views. In such situations, RTs and visual search patterns closely resemble those found in the mental rotation paradigm Just & Carpenter, 1976, giving RTs in the range of 5-10 sec.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Spinal Cord Injury: A State-of-the-Art Review

Individuals living with spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D) are at increased risk for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), with a prevalence that is three- to fourfold higher than the general population. The main features of SDB, including intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation, have been linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes including nocturnal hypertension in patients with SCI/D. The relationship between SDB and SCI/D may be multifactorial in nature given that level and completeness of injury can affect central control of respiration and upper airway collapsibility differently, promoting central and/or obstructive types of SDB. Despite the strong association between SDB and SCI/D, access to diagnosis and management remains limited. This review explores the role of SCI/D in the pathogenesis of SDB, poor sleep quality, the barriers in diagnosing and managing SDB in SCI/D, and the alternative approaches and future directions in the treatment of SDB, such as novel pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments.
Context-Aware Sensor Solution for Remote Monitoring of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Brace Treatment

The medical condition of Scoliosis occurs when an individual’s spine develops curvature in adolescents. A Brace treatment is used to control the lateral curvature of the spine in scoliosis. However, brace treatment is a long and inconvenient process that demands strict compliance by the patients. In this work, we designed a wearable sensor solution to monitor the brace treatment compliance. The hardware is embedded into the patient’s brace. The custom designed hardware consists of a sensor board, multiple sensors. The force sensor collects the force being exerted on the patient’s back, while the motion sensor generates cues to determine the patient’s activities and context. We aim to evaluate monitoring of the effectiveness of the brace treatment pervasively based on fusion of continuous force and motion recordings. The proposed method evaluates the duration of brace wear through the process of segmentation and calculates the level of tightness of brace by estimating the baseline force per segment in the presence of different activities including sitting, standing, climbing, walking, running and lying. We investigated an experimental scenario in which, the patient performs a series of pre-defined activities at home during day long segments of brace wear, during pervasive sensor data recordings. The experimental results demonstrated that we achieved an overall accuracy of a 96.1% for unsupervised activity detection. Our trained model estimated a reduction in the level of tightness of brace by 30% during a period of 2 weeks while the compliance of brace treatment gradually increased.
1350 A Comprehensive Review of Laparoscopic Entry Techniques

Video Objective The objective of this video is to present viewers with the most common laparoscopic entry techniques to improve comprehension and proficiency, reducing the risk of major surgical complications from abdominal entry. Setting This video was recorded at a large academic institution. Interventions N/A Conclusion Clinicians performing laparoscopic surgery should be aware of their preferred method of entry but also recognize alternate entry sites and methods when the circumstances necessitate it. It is important to learn and demonstrate proficiency in each technique as up to half of major laparoscopic surgical complications occur during initial entry.
Anatomic variations in the tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Eighty-five specimens with a tetralogy of Fallot from patients varying in age from infancy to adult life were studied for (1) the nature of the pulmonary valve, the right ventricular infundibulum, the pulmonary arteries, the aortic arch, and the atrial septum and (2) the association of other anomalies and of bacterial endocarditis. The pulmonary valve was usually malformed, only 10 of the cases exhibiting a tricuspid pulmonary valve. In the majority of instances (32 cases), a bicuspid valve was present. Pulmonary valvular atresia occurred in 21 cases. A unicuspid, domeshaped, or absent pulmonary valve was seen in 8, 7, and 2 cases, respectively. Infundibular stenosis of some degree was present in all but 4 cases. Hypoplasia of the pulmonary trunk had a closer association with pulmonary valvular stenosis than with infundibular stenosis. A right aortic arch was observed in 24 cases (29 per cent). The incidence of severe obstruction to pulmonary flow was about as common in cases of right aortic arch as in those with left arch. Absence of the ductus arteriosus was observed in 19 cases. An interatrial communication was present in 70 cases (82.5 per cent) and usually took the form of a valvular competent foramen ovale. Although associated intracardiac anomalies occurred in about 15 per cent of the cases, not all were functionally significant and there did not appear to be a tendency for the association of any one specific condition with the tetralogy. Persistent common atrioventricular canal was seen in 3 cases. A persistent left superior vena cava occurred in 9 cases. Anomalous origin of the subclavian artery occurred more commonly than in the general population. Bacterial endocarditis was observed in 5 cases.
Electron cryotomography of intact motile cilia defines the basal body to axoneme transition

Cells use motile cilia to generate force in the extracellular space. The structure of a cilium can be classified into three subdomains: the intracellular basal body (BB) that templates cilium formation, the extracellular axoneme that generates force, and the transition zone (TZ) that bridges them. While the BB is composed of triplet microtubules (TMTs), the axoneme is composed of doublet microtubules (DMTs), meaning the cilium must convert between different microtubule geometries. Here, we performed electron cryotomography to define this conversion, and our reconstructions reveal identifying structural features of the BB, TZ, and axoneme. Each region is distinct in terms of microtubule number and geometry, microtubule inner proteins, and microtubule linkers. TMT to DMT conversion occurs within the BB, and microtubule geometry changes to axonemal by the end of the TZ, followed by the addition of axoneme-specific components essential for cilium motility. Our results provide the highest-resolution images of the motile cilium to date and reveal how BBs template axonemes.
Clinically Asymptomatic Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Infants with Single-Ventricle Physiology.

Objectives To assess clinically asymptomatic infants with single-ventricle physiology (SVP) for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in the supine and car seat positions using polysomnography. Polysomnography results also were compared with results of a standard Car Seat Challenge to measure the dependability of the standard Car Seat Challenge. Study design This was an observational study of 15 infants with SVP. Polysomnography data included Obstructive Index, Central Index, Arousal Index, Apnea Hypopnea Index, and sleep efficiency. Polysomnography heart rate and oxygen saturation data were used to compare polysomnography with the standard Car Seat Challenge. Results Polysomnography demonstrated that all 15 infants had SDB and 14 had obstructive sleep apnea (Obstructive Index ≥1/hour) in both the supine and car seat positions. Infants with SVP had a statistically significant greater median Obstructive Index in the car seat compared with supine position (6.3 vs 4.2; P = .03), and median spontaneous Arousal Index was greater in the supine position compared with the car seat (20.4 vs 15.2; P = .01). Comparison of polysomnography to standard Car Seat Challenge results demonstrated 5 of 15 (33%) of infants with SVP with abnormal Obstructive Index by polysomnography would have passed a standard Car Seat Challenge. Conclusions Infants with SVP without clinical symptoms of SDB may be at high risk for SDB that appears worse in the car seat position. The standard Car Seat Challenge is not dependable in the identification of infants with SVP and SDB. Further studies are warranted to further delineate its potential impact of SDB on the clinical outcomes of infants with SVP.
Over-expression of human CD44s in murine 3T3 cells: selection against during primary tumorigenesis and selection for during micrometastasis.

Human CD44 standard isoform (hCD44s) cDNA regulated by a high-expressing promoter was transfected into Balb/c 3T3 cells and the tumorigenic and metastatic capacities of the transfectants were investigated in nude mice at the subcutaneous site. One of three transfectants was tumorigenic. hCD44s expression was lost in the cells of large primary tumors using this tumorigenic clone. These tumors were extremely aggressive giving overt metastases and micrometastases to several sites including mesentery, stomach, liver, diaphragm, pancreas and lung. Micrometastatic cells re-expressed hCD44s, consistent with its importance for early steps in the metastatic cascade. hCD44s was not expressed in overt metastases; most probably the expression was lost during the outgrowth of micrometastases into overt metastatic tumors. Thus hCD44s expression in murine 3T3 cells does induce tumorigenicity in select cases, is not compatible with aggressive outgrowth of primary or secondary tumors, and is advantageous for early steps in metastatic spread. These results suggest that CD44s is an example of a novel type of ‘metastasis’ molecule that is disadvantageous for tumor growth and is only transiently advantageous during metastatic spreading of tumor cells to distant organs.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF-R) and CD31 receptor (CD31-R) in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix (cNEC) and its association with prognosis.

e15580 Background: High-grade cNEC is uncommon cancer, and the optimal treatment is unclear. It is not known if cNEC expresses surface proteins related to angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to ...
Surgical Outcomes in Patients With Malignant Small Bowel Obstruction: A National Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE The study objectives were to characterize surgical outcomes for malignant small bowel obstruction (MaSBO) as compared to other small bowel obstructions (SBO) and to develop a prediction model for postoperative mortality for MaSBO. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA MaSBO is a morbid complication of advanced cancers for which the optimal management remains undefined. METHODS Patients who underwent surgery for MaSBO or SBO were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2017). Outcomes [30-day morbidity, unplanned readmissions, mortality, postoperative length of stay (LOS)] were compared between propensity score-matched MaSBO and SBO patients. An internally validated prediction model for mortality in MaSBO patients was developed. RESULTS Of 46,706 patients, 1612 (3.5%) had MaSBO. Although MaSBO patients were younger than those with SBO (median 63 vs 65 years, P < 0.001), they were otherwise more clinically complex, including a higher proportion with recent weight loss (22.0% vs 4.0%, P < 0.001), severe hypoalbuminemia (18.6% vs 5.2%, P < 0.001), and cytopenias. After matching (N = 1609/group), MaSBO was associated with increased morbidity [odds ratio (OR) 1.2, P = 0.004], but not readmission (OR 1.1, P = 0.48) or LOS (incidence rate ratio 1.0, P = 0.14). The odds of mortality were significantly higher for MaSBO than SBO (OR 3.3, P < 0.001). A risk-score model predicted postoperative mortality for MaSBO with an optimism-adjusted Brier score of 0.114 and area under the curve of 0.735. Patients in the highest-risk category (11.5% of MaSBO population) had a predicted mortality rate of 39.4%. CONCLUSION Surgery for MaSBO is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, necessitating careful patient evaluation before operative intervention.
Lethal Intergroup Competition in Non-State Societies: From Small-Scale Raids to Large-Scale Battles

This chapter will provide a synthesis of the current evolutionary literature concerning lethal coalitional aggression in small-scale societies. Attacks, raids, skirmishes, ambushes, and other forms of intergroup aggression present significant risk of injury or death, irrespective of group size, though the means of differentiation among groups, like the mechanisms of ensuring coordination within groups, change as a function of group size. Human coalitional violence is often explained via kin selection and reciprocal altruism, such that an individual’s assumption of risk is compensated by fitness-enhancing benefits to relatives and allies. These explanations become increasingly inapplicable in progressing from bands and tribes to chiefdoms and states. The growth of larger social aggregations compelled the emergence of institutions enforcing intragroup cooperation above and beyond the effects of underlying social networks based on kinship and direct reciprocity. Perspectives reviewed herein, such as cultural group selection, consider the cultural evolution of such institutions in generating between-group variance and facilitating lethal intergroup competition. According to these theories, cultural transmission, group differentiation, symbolic ornamentation, punishment of defectors, and ethnocentrism are integral components of intergroup competition, with lethal coalitional aggression being an extreme manifestation of between-group rivalry. Furthermore, due to the significant fitness costs imposed upon defeated factions, the study of lethal coalitional aggression in small-scale societies provides fertile ground for examining the interaction between group-level and individual-level selective pressures.
Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis caused by an unusual pathogen

Skin and soft tissue infections are commonly encountered in the emergency department and are typically caused by common gram-positive bacteria. In the immunocompromised patient, however, infections from unusual pathogens should also be considered. We describe the case of a 66-year-old male with a history of renal transplant who was diagnosed with flexor tenosynovitis by point-of-care ultrasound. Although initial wound cultures were negative, subsequent microbiological testing led to the underlying cause, a nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.