cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of ion permeation through calcium channels

Calcium channels carry out vital functions in a wide variety of excitable cells but they also face special challenges. In the medium outside the channel, Ca2+ ions are vastly outnumbered by other ions. Thus, the calcium channel must be extremely selective if it is to allow Ca2+ influx rather than a general cation influx. In fact, calcium channels show a much greater selectivity for Ca2+ than sodium channels do for Na+ despite the high flux that open Ca channels can support. Relatively little is known about the mechanism of ion permeation through Ca channels. Earlier models assumed ion independence or single-ion occupancy. Here we present evidence for a novel hypothesis of ion movement through Ca channels, based on measurements of Ca channel activity at the level of single cells or single channels. Our results indicate that under physiological conditions, the channel is occupied almost continually by one or more Ca2+ ions which, by electrostatic repulsion, guard the channel against permeation by other ions. On the other hand, repulsion between Ca2+ ions allows high throughput rates and tends to prevent saturation with calcium.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide photoreduction with Chromatium and Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores.

Abstract The photoreduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) catalyzed by Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chromatium chromatophores was compared. Both preparations catalyze a light-induced electron transfer from either succinate or reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIPH2) to NAD. Varying concentrations of quinacrine, oligomycin, and gramicidin inhibited the photoreductions in a similar manner, regardless of which electron donor or chromatophore preparation was employed. The light-induced transfer of electrons from DPIPH2 (reduced by excess ascorbate) to NAD was inhibited by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO) in the case of Chromatium chromatophores, but not with R. rubrum chromatophores. Rhodospirillum rubrum particles were equally sensitive to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (m-Cl-CCP) inhibition, regardless of which electron donor was employed. In contrast, electron transfer from DPIPH2 to NAD in Chromatium preparations was more sensitive to m-Cl-CCP than the transfer from succinate to NAD. Inhibition of photophosphorylation with Chromatium preparations by m-Cl-CCP, HOQNO and o-phenanthroline paralleled the inhibition of the photo-induced reduction of NAD by succinate. At a given concentration of inhibitor photophosphorylation was more sensitive to oligomycin and less sensitive to gramicidin than NAD photoreduction. Reduced ubiquinone-2 also serves as an electron donor for the Chromatium system.
Immigrant perceptions of discrimination in health care: the California Health Interview Survey 2003.

Background:U.S. healthcare disparities may be in part the result of differential experiences of discrimination in health care. Previous research about discrimination has focused on race/ethnicity. Because immigrants are clustered in certain racial and ethnic groups, failure to consider immigration s
Urban Spatial form and Policy Outcomes in Public Agencies

Bias or disproportional emphasis in an agency’s pattern of policy outcomes always raises questions of accountability and has been the subject of countless studies. For urban agencies, past research...
Distribution of atmospheric sulphur species over various wetland regions in the southeastern U.S.A.

Abstract Atmospheric dimethylsulphide (DMS), sulphur dioxide (SO2), aerosol non-seasalt sulphate (nss-SO4 and methanesulphonate (MSA) were measured periodically at Sapelo Island, Georgia, during March–April 1989 and April–May 1990. The spring 1990 measurements also included the sulphur gases hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbonyl sulphide (COS) and carbon disulphide (CS2). In August 1989 single measurements of these compounds were also conducted in various natural environments of southern Louisiana (coastal waters, saltwater marsh, brackish/freshwater marsh, swamp). The median DMS concentration over Sapelo Island was significantly higher in April–May 1990 (92 ppt) than in March–April 1989 (18 ppt) due to enhanced biogenic DMS emission in spring. Atmospheric DMS levels increased sharply (up to 560 ppt) during advection of polluted air from paper mills located on the coastal mainland. Results obtained from measurements in Louisiana suggest that biogenic sulphur fluxes from soils and/or vegetation are significantly enhanced durign rainfall. H2S concentrations were highly variable at each study site. Corresponding values ranged consistently higher over swamps and marshes (300–820 ppt) compared to tidal flats (3–510 ppt). Generally, DMS was the dominant biogenic sulphur gas emitted from coastal environments while further inland H2S was the dominant species. Over all environments studied the relative contribution from natural sulphur sources to atmospheric nss-SO4 levels ranged between approximately 15 and 50% during the individual measurement periods. Major contributions were made from regional anthropogenic sources and, on the southeastern Atlantic coast, from additional long-range transport of air masses from Africa and Europe. The effects of these sources on aerosol and rainwater acidity levels over each region are discussed.
Overview: cosmetics and the art of adornment

Cosmetics were originally designed to color, scent, and adorn the body. They were placed on the skin to create a colorful palate, nothing more, nothing less. However, the availability of new ingredients, an enhanced understanding of skin physiology, and the development of many products designed to impact the stratum corneum has led to the need for cosmetics to be recognized as an important part of dermatology. Cosmetics are now an integral part of skin care, impacting both the treatment of skin disease and the maintenance of the stratum corneum barrier.
A study of traffic pattern modifications in an urban crime prevention program

A review of the defensible space crime prevention literature suggests that residential street closings or traffic modifications, while not likely to reduce the crime rate, may account for a reduction in the perception (fear) of crime. This article examines two adjacent neighborhoods in St. Louis, Missouri, one in which traffic modifications were made five years prior to this study. Part I crime data for both neighborhoods are compared over time and the results of a random survey of residents regarding their perceptions of crime is presented. The findings reveal that crime in the neighborhood where traffic flow was modified had a lower rate of increase in the crime rate than the control neighborhood. In addition, while respondents in the experimental neighborhood considered crime in their neighborhood more serious, their fear of crime was lower than in the control neighborhood.
A Cost Effective Method for Producing Anti‐Reflection Films

A new method for producing high performance AR films at reasonable costs has been developed. This new approach can produce anti-reflection films with a photopic reflectance of less than 0.8% while providing 3H scratch hardness and steel wool rub resistance. Good anti-finger print performance is combined with an excellent ability to clean with any of the standard cleaning agents. This technology allows a range of “cost effective” AR products to be made commensurate with the application.
Effects of Nighttime Temperature During Kernel Development on Rice Physicochemical Properties

ABSTRACT Rice quality can vary inexplicably from one lot to another and from year to year. One cause could be the variable temperatures experienced during the nighttime hours of rice kernel development. During the fall of 2004, a controlled temperature study was conducted using large growth chambers, testing nighttime temperatures of 18, 22, 26, and 30°C from 12 a.m. until 5 a.m. throughout kernel development, using rice cultivars Cypress, LaGrue, XP710, XL8, M204, and Bengal. As nighttime temperature increased, head rice yields (HRY) significantly decreased for all cultivars except Cypress and Bengal, for which HRY did not vary among nighttime temperature treatments. Kernel mass did not vary among temperature treatments for any cultivar. Grain dimensions generally decreased as nighttime temperature increased. The number of chalky kernels increased with an increase in nighttime temperature for all cultivars but Cypress. The amylose content of Cypress and LaGrue was significantly lower at the nighttime tem...
Ionic transport in rubidium aluminogermanate glasses

Abstract Measurements of the electrical conductivity have been made in a series of x Na2O:y Al2O3: (1 − x − y) GeO2 glasses where x ≅ 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.22 and 0.29 and y x ≅ 0.033 and 1.0. The dc conductivities of the rubidium germanate glasses show a minimum in rubidium ion mobility at x ≅ 0.1 that is a result of a maximum in the activation enthalpy for ion migration. Above x ⩾ 0.1 the activation enthalpies appear to be related to the packing density of the network forming ions. The preexponential factors for the conductivity are used to determine relative values of the physical correlation factor. The changes in the physical correlation factor with the rubidium-rubidium spacing suggest that as the spacing decreases ordering sets in and ƒI is reduced.
Lack of generation of strongly continuous semigroups by the damped wave operator on H x H (or: The little engine that couldn't)

Abstract We show that (in the unbounded case) the wave operator, or more generally, a wave operator with damping strictly less than the basic operator does not generate a strongly continuous semigroup on the product space H x H, contrary to a common belief.
Federations of Municipalities: A Practical Alternative to Local Government Consolidations in Japan?

This article examines the merits of Wide Area Federations of Municipalities (MFs) as a public service delivery alternative to local government consolidation in Japan. It argues that MFs provide localities with a reasonable option to mergers where amalgamations are politically or geographically impractical, such as in sparsely populated, mountainous, and agricultural areas. Conversely, it maintains that MFs are less practical, efficient, and common in urbanized regions. These findings, the article concludes, suggest a new era of local government in Japan has begun. In this period, to be known as The Race for Local Power, national policies have provoked a new wave of municipal mergers.
Physical mapping of a plasmid from Bacillus megaterium by restriction endonuclease cleavage.

Abstract A 4-Mdalton plasmid from Bacillus megaterium strain 216 has been physically mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion. A combination of single and double digests with seven restriction enzymes, together with a terminal labeling procedure, has produced a physical map containing 21 apparently unique cleavage sites. The data are most consistent with the view that this plasmid does not contain extensive variability in sequence.
Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Properties of Porous Solids Containing Hydrogen

The use of catalysts to improve the exchange kinetics between hydrogen isotopes in the gas phase and that in the solid phase was investigated. Granules of alumina, silica and molecular sieve were coated with platinum as the catalyst. The granules saturated with water at room humidity were packed in a 2-cm diameter column for isotope exchange tests. Deuterium and protium were alternately fed through the column at a constant rate. Isotope concentration in column effluent was monitored to generate isotope break-through curves. The curves were analyzed to produce information on the kinetics and capacity of the material. The results showed that all materials tested provided some extent of isotope exchange but some were superior both in kinetics and capacity. This paper will present the test results.
Productivity and staffing analysis of a sterile processing department

This paper describes a management engineering project initiated by the Director of the Surgery Department of a major hospital in Columbus, Ohio. The Study resulted in an improved sterile processing procedure, the identified system capacity, and a quantified staffing plan and sensitivity analysis.
Comment---Managing Channel Profits: Comment

In a recent paper in this journal, Jeuland and Shugan Jeuland, A., S. Shugan. 1983. Managing channel profits. Marketing Sci.2 Summer 239--272. proposed a quantity discount schedule as a way of coordinating a channel. As they put it on p. 253 of their paper, “a quantity discount schedule which would fix the retailer's and hence the manufacturer's profits to some fixed linear function of total channel profits would lead the channel to maximize profits.” The purpose of this note is to show that a quantity discount schedule is not necessary for channel coordination.
“Optical guiding” limits on extraction efficiencies of single-pass, tapered wiggler amplifiers

Abstract Single-pass, tapered wiggler amplifiers have an attactive feature of being able, in theory at least, of extracting a large portion of the electron beam energy into light. In circumstances where an optical FEL wiggler length is significantly longer than the Rayleigh length z R corresponding to the electron beam radius, diffraction losses must be controlled via the phenomenon of optical guiding. Since the strength of the guiding depends upon the effective refractive index n exceeding one, and since ( n − 1) is inversely proportional to the optical electric field, there is a natural limiting mechanism to the on-axis field strength and thus the rate at which energy may be extracted from the electron beam. In particular, the extraction efficiency for a prebunched beam asymptotically grows linearly with z rather than quadratically. We present analytical and numerical simulation results concerning this behavior and discuss its applicability to various FEL designs including oscillator/amplifier-radiator configurations.
Monotonically monolithic spaces, Corson compacts, and D-spaces

Abstract Monotonically monolithic spaces were recently introduced by V.V. Tkachuk, and monotonically κ -monolithic spaces by O. Alas, V.V. Tkachuk, and R. Wilson. In this note we answer some of their questions by showing that monotonically ω -monolithic compact spaces must be Corson compact, yet there is a Corson compact space which is not monotonically ω -monolithic. We obtain a characterization of monotonic monolithity that shows its close relationship to condition (G) of P. Collins and R. Roscoe. We also give an easy proof of Tkachukʼs result that monotonically monolithic spaces are hereditarily D -spaces by applying a result involving nearly good relations, and finally, we generalize nearly good to nearly OK to similarly obtain L.-X. Pengʼs result that weakly monotonically monolithic spaces are D -spaces.
A sub-grid, mixture–fraction-based thermodynamic equilibrium model for gas phase combustion in FIRETEC: development and results

The chemical processes of gas phase combustion in wildland fires are complex and occur at length-scales that are not resolved in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of landscape-scale wildland fire. A new approach for modelling fire chemistry in HIGRAD/FIRETEC (a landscape-scale CFD wildfire model) applies a mixture–fraction model relying on thermodynamic chemical equilibrium to predict combustion flame temperatures and product species compositions. The mixture–fraction approach is common in combustor modelling applications. However, since individual flame sheets are not resolved in HIGRAD/FIRETEC, application of the mixture–fraction approach requires the development of a sub-grid model, which is based on the two assumptions (i) that combustible gases are concentrated into distinct pockets surrounded by air and combustion products and (ii) that reaction is limited by the mixing of the surrounding air with combustible gases from these pockets. The pocket radius and the thickness of the mixing zone are key parameters used in this model to characterise the sub-grid region where reaction occurs. The development of this sub-grid gas phase model is presented along with simulation results for various types of vegetation, including grass, California chaparral and ponderosa pine.
Literature and language after the death of God

(1989). Literature and language after the death of God. History of European Ideas: Vol. 11, No. 1-6, pp. 791-795.
Direct monitoring of gold nanorod growth

The seed-mediated growth of gold nanorods is shown to be strongly dependent on the reaction time and chemical environment of the reaction solution. The versatile seed-mediated approach in aqueous surfactant solutions has been used in this study for the synthesis of gold nanorods. Changes in the aspect ratio of gold nanorods were reflected in shifts of the plasmon resonance peaks and were monitored using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to follow the different stages of gold nanorod formation as a function of time and varying amounts of silver ion. Unlike the use of strong reducing agents to make spherical gold nanoparticles, the growth of gold nanorods requires weak reducing conditions, leading to an unknown degree of gold reduction. Therefore, cyclic voltammetry was used to electrochemically interrogate the entire reaction from gold seed to gold nanorod as a function of time. Data obtained revealed that time-dependent gold species are involved in gold nanorod formation.
DIFFUSION OF POWER‐RELATED DATA IN COMMUNICATION: A RESEARCH NOTE

Statistical power is viewed as an innovation, and its development within the communication discipline is examined. The results of three statistical power analyses are reported, and a comparison of the resultant power estimates is conducted. Using the medium population effect as a baseline, the average statistical power exhibited in communication research has increased. Although it is too early to identify statistical power analysis as the primary antecedent, these surveys have certainly performed a knowledge function in the diffusion of power-related data.
Drainage of frost melt water from vertical brass surfaces with parallel microgrooves

Abstract Drainage of frost melt water from a number of microgrooved brass surfaces, fabricated by micro-end-milling process, is investigated experimentally and compared to that of a flat baseline surface. Frost is grown on sample surfaces (45 mm × 45 mm in dimension) inside a thermally controlled chamber, at a plate temperature of about −25 °C in the presence of cold air (−6 °C) and retention of water on these surfaces after defrosting is studied for three different defrosting energy inputs. Microgrooved surfaces drain up to 70% more condensate than does the flat baseline. The groove geometry is found to considerably affect the water retention. Drainage is promoted by an increase in the pillar width but is relatively insensitive to the changes in the groove depth. Effects of defrosting heating rate on the frost surface temperature and substrate temperature during defrosting process is also investigated. Frost mass per unit area is found to be lower for the grooved surfaces in the 1st frost and 2nd frost cycles.
Applying IT to Solve Societal Grand Challenges: Residential Energy Monitoring Services as the First Pillar

Society 2.0 is the next stage in the evolution of the Information Society, enabling seamless content and service interaction in support of our environment, to ease our work and life balance, and to enrich our lives. Abundant sustainable resources such as energy, water, and food, together with smart buildings, spaces and transportation are all aspects of the Society 2.0 vision. The domain of residential energy monitoring services and their supporting IT ecosystems provides a rich and challenging environment to push the limits of our current IT service models, designs, and implementation strategies. As part of HP Labs' ongoing research into environmental sustainability we have designed and deployed a Home Energy Intelligence Service for remote monitoring and assessment of residential energy consumption patterns, overlaid by a set of energy-related advisory services. Our solution consists of a residential sensing layer, an energy cloud service that contains a number of back-end components, and a user dashboard experience. These enable our research team to explore issues around holistic and fine grained sensing, differentiated analytics, scaling of IT services, and the surfacing of insights and incentives to enable homeowners to manage and reduce their energy consumption through behavioral change.
Long-term coping with combat stress

The present report examined ongoing patterns of coping in Vietnam combat veterans from community, outreach, and treatment samples. After reviewing various schemas for conceptualizing coping which exist in the literature, seven coping strategies empirically derived from the Horowitz Coping Inventory were described. Results indicated that the modes of coping most associated with combat intensity were the same as those associated with more symptomatology and a clinical diagnosis of PTSD in the present: event processing, time out for reflection, religion, and denial. Veterans who improved in short-term therapy for PTSD, on the other hand, used emotional expression and sublimation strategies. The findings were discussed in terms of the disorder of PTSD, the recovery process, and conceptual models of adaptation to stress.
Screening and bioassay of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolli

Isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm ex SF Gray) Brown and Smith and Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Viegas were evaluated for their pathogenicity to adults, eggs, first and third instars of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolli (Bellows and Perring) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Conidial dilutions were prepared in 0.05% Tween® and leaves treated by immersion in these suspensions. Assessments of nymphal infection were made 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-treatment. Infection rates in adults and eggs were made 14 days post-treatment. All isolates were pathogenic to nymphs and adults. None of the isolates were pathogenic to eggs. Isolates L3444 (P. farinosus) and L3009 (B. bassiana) were the most pathogenic to first instars and adults with LC50 and LC90 values of 7.3 × 104 and 3.1 × 106 conidia/ml, and 1.3 × 106 and 1.0 × 107 conidia/ml, respectively. Isolate FR20 (V. lecanii) was the most pathogenic to third instars with LC50 and LC90 values of 4.8 × 103 and 7.4 × 105 conidia/ml, respectively. Results imply that L3444 and L3009 are the most efficient isolates, based on their pathogenicity to first instars and adults. Results are discussed in relation to using fungi for management of silverleaf whitefly in greenhouses.
TC-DB: an architecture for membrane transport protein analysis

TC-DB is a comprehensive relational database containing structural, functional and evolutionary information about transmembrane transport proteins. The database contains factual material extracted from more than 9000 references, covering approximately 3000 representative proteins, classified into over 400 families. TC-DB is the primary resource allowing access to the data upon which the TC system is based. The TC system has been adopted by the international union of biochemistry and molecular biology (IUBMB). The functional ontology developed for TC-DB provides an infrastructure to develop powerful queries that yield biological insight. The TC-DB website offers a number of software tools that facilitate the analysis of membrane transporters. Multiple avenues of access are supported by the web interface including classification drill-down, parametric searching, and full-text searching. TC-DB has been used for the annotation of transport proteins in newly sequenced genomes and provides tools to trace evolutionary pathways. The database as well as web services are accessible free of charge at http://tcdb. ucsd. edu.
Coaching Secondary Special Education Teachers in Implementation of an Innovative Videodisc Mathematics Curriculum

This article reports case studies of four secondary-level special education teachers who received “coaching” as they implemented an innovative videodisc instructional program dealing with basic fraction concepts and operations. An exploratory, interrupted time series design was used in investigating the effects of regular observations and feedback on the teachers' use of the program. The coach---an experienced special education teacher with expertise in videodisc technology and instructional design---spent some time assisting each teacher with basic issues related to utilization of the technology. However, the majority of her efforts focused on sharing observational data with the teachers on their use of instructional approaches incorporated in the curriculum and found to lead to enhanced achievement in mathematics (Good, Grouws, & Ebmeier, 1983). Results suggest that the coaching led to positive changes in several important teaching techniques and, in some cases, to enhanced use of motivational strategie...
Posttranscriptional Control of the Stem Cell and Neurogenic Programs by the Nonsense-Mediated RNA Decay Pathway

The mechanisms dictating whether a cell proliferates or differentiates have undergone intense scrutiny, but they remain poorly understood. Here, we report that UPF1, a central component in the nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway, plays a key role in this decision by promoting the proliferative, undifferentiated cell state. UPF1 acts, in part, by destabilizing the NMD substrate encoding the TGF-β inhibitor SMAD7 and stimulating TGF-β signaling. UPF1 also promotes the decay of mRNAs encoding many other proteins that oppose the proliferative, undifferentiated cell state. Neural differentiation is triggered when NMD is downregulated by neurally expressed microRNAs (miRNAs). This UPF1-miRNA circuitry is highly conserved and harbors negative feedback loops that act as a molecular switch. Our results suggest that the NMD pathway collaborates with the TGF-β signaling pathway to lock in the stem-like state, a cellular state that is stably reversed when neural differentiation signals that induce NMD-repressive miRNAs are received.
Radiographic changes associated with digital, metacarpal and metatarsal tumors, and pododermatitis in the dog

Fifty-two of digital, metacarpal or metatarsal canine tumors and 48 pododermatitis lesions were reviewed retrospectively. The tumors were divided into 42 malignant neoplasms, 6 benign neoplasms and 4 non-neoplastic tumor-like growths. The distribution and radiographic changes of the lesions associated with the tumors and inflammation were compared. Pododermatitis and benign processes could not be radiographically differentiated from malignant neoplasms of the foot; however, lesions exhibiting osteolysis were more likely (p < 0.05) to be associated with malignant neoplasms.
38-year-old man with priapism and a history of paranoid schizophrenia.

38-year-old man with a 20-year history of paranoid schizophrenia presented to the hospital with a prolonged, painful erection of the penis (priapism) occurring for 48 hours. The patient denied previous events of priapism, substance abuse, genital trauma, erectile dysfunction, or history of a prior hypercoagulable state. Physical examination revealed engorgement of both the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosa but no evidence of genital trauma. The patient had a history of psychotic symptoms. During the first 10 years of treatment, the patient had been given various traditional neuroleptics such as trifluoperazine, haloperidol, thiothixene, and fluphenazine. However, his psychotic symptoms continued to be poorly controlled. The patient was hospitalized numerous times for paranoia and auditory and visual hallucinations; a trial of clozapine was initiated, with considerable improvement in the patient’s symptoms. Clozapine and phenytoin therapy was continued for at least 8 years until the occurrence of priapism. Results of the patient’s physical examination were otherwise normal. His only medications at the time were clozapine, 800 mg at bedtime and 100 mg every morning, and phenytoin, 200 mg orally per day.
How Leaky Is That Mitral Valve?: Simplified Doppler Methods to Measure Regurgitant Orifice Area

Twenty years ago there was limited need for precise quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR). With valve replacement the only surgical option, leading cardiologists recommended that intervention be “considered only for patients who are in functional classes III and IV and do not respond to medical management,”1 even though that strategy was associated with a 20% in-hospital mortality rate2 and often led to severe postoperative left ventricular failure. With the improvement and widespread availability of valve repair surgery, cardiologists have been encouraged to refer patients for intervention earlier in the course of their disease,3 reflecting the low risk for this procedure (0% mortality in 595 primary, isolated mitral valve repairs over the past 4 years at the Cleveland Clinic). Today, patients may be operated on while still completely asymptomatic, with the magnitude of MR and the appearance of occult left ventricular dysfunction4 being the principal events triggering intervention. Thus, it is of paramount importance that MR be quantified accurately over time so that surgery may be timed appropriately. Unfortunately, although a host of quantitative techniques derived from echocardiographic, angiographic, nuclear, and magnetic resonance data are available to characterize the severity of regurgitation, in routine clinical practice these are applied with surprising inconsistency. For the most part, regurgitation is assessed by the “eyeball” method, whereby an observer grades, in a categorical, semiquantitative sense, some imaging modality, typically color Doppler echocardiography5 or contrast ventriculography,6 and arrives at an interpretation of the MR as mild, moderate, or severe. For many clinical applications, this approach works surprisingly well. An experienced observer can inspect a color Doppler echocardiogram and accurately categorize the severity of regurgitation despite an abundance of research demonstrating that color Doppler jet area is exquisitely sensitive to driving pressure, chamber constraint, instrumentation factors, and left atrial size. …
The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene mediates cell differentiation during Arabidopsis fruit development

Fruit morphogenesis is a process unique to flowering plants, and yet little is known about its developmental control. Following fertilization, fruits typically undergo a dramatic enlargement that is accompanied by differentiation of numerous distinct cell types. We have identified a mutation in Arabidopsis called fruitfull (ful-1), which abolishes elongation of the silique after fertilization. The ful-1 mutation is caused by the insertion of a DsE transposable enhancer trap element into the 5′ untranslated leader of the AGL8 MADS-box gene. βglucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression in the enhancer trap line is observed specifically in all cell layers of the valve tissue, but not in the replum, the septum or the seeds, and faithfully mimics RNA in situ hybridization data reported previously. The lack of coordinated growth of the fruit tissues leads to crowded seeds, a failure of dehiscence and, frequently, the premature rupture of the carpel valves. The primary defect of ful-1 fruits is within the valves, whose cells fail to elongate and differentiate. Stomata, which are frequent along the epidermis of wild-type valves, are completely eliminated in the ful mutant valves. In addition to the effect on fruit development, ful cauline leaves are broader than those of wild type and show a reduction in the number of internal cell layers. These data suggest that AGL8/FUL regulates the transcription of genes required for cellular differentiation during fruit and leaf development. SUMMARY
Implication of the VirD4 Coupling Protein of the Lvh Type 4 Secretion System in Virulence Phenotypes of Legionella pneumophila

The genome of the Philadelphia-1 strain of Legionella pneumophila, the causative organism of Legionnaires' disease, encodes two virulence-associated type 4 secretion systems (T4SSs), the Dot/Icm type 4B (T4BSS) and the Lvh type 4A (T4ASS). Broth stationary-phase cultures of most dot/icm mutants are defective in entry and evasion of phagosome acidification. However, those virulence defects can be reversed by incubating broth cultures of dot/icm mutants in water, termed water stress (WS). WS reversal requires the lvh T4ASS locus, suggesting an interaction between the two T4SSs in producing Legionella virulence phenotypes. In the current work, the loss of WS reversal in a dotA Δlvh mutant of strain JR32 was shown to be attributable to loss of the lvh virD4 gene, encoding the putative coupling protein of the T4ASS. Transformation of a dotA Δlvh mutant with virD4 also reversed entry and phagosome acidification defects in broth cultures. In addition, broth cultures of Δlvh and ΔvirD4 mutants, which were dot/icm(+), showed 5-fold and >6-fold increases in translocation of the Dot/Icm translocation substrates, proteins RalF and SidD, respectively. These data demonstrate that the Lvh T4ASS functions in both broth stationary-phase cultures conventionally used for infection and cultures exposed to WS treatment. Our studies in a dotA Δlvh mutant and in a dot/icm(+) background establish that VirD4 and the Lvh T4ASS contribute to virulence phenotypes and are consistent with independent functioning of Dot/Icm and Lvh T4SSs or functional substitution of the Lvh VirD4 protein for a component(s) of the Dot/Icm T4BSS.
Effect of Framework Polymerization on the Phase Stability of Periodic Silica/Surfactant Nanostructured Composites

Real time X-ray diffraction is used to examine kinetic barriers and metastability in periodic silica/surfactant nanophase composites. These materials, which are the precursors to ordered mesoporous...
Nonlinear speed observer for the PM stepper motor

A nonlinear observer for the permanent magnet (PM) stepper motor is considered. Specifically, the method of A.J. Krener and W. Respondek (1985) is used to construct a nontrivial full-order speed observer that has linear error dynamics. The procedure is validated by experimental results. Reduced-order observers are constructed by inspection. >
Short-Term Communication Effects or Longstanding Dispositions? The Public’s Response to the Financial Crisis of 2008

Economic interests and party identification are two key, long-standing factors that shape people’s attitudes on government policy. Recent research has increasingly focused on how short-term communication effects (e.g., issue framing, media priming) also influence public opinion. Rather than posit that political attitudes reflect one source of considerations more than another, we argue that the two interact in a significant and theoretically predictable manner. To explore this claim, we examine the American public’s attitudes towards the government’s response to the financial crisis of 2008. We designed three survey experiments conducted on a large national sample, in which we examine the influence of (1) group-serving biases, (2) goal framing, and (3) threshold sensitivity. We find that economic standing and partisanship moderate the impact of communication effects as a function of their content. Our results demonstrate how people’s sensitivity to peripheral presentational features interacts with more fun...
A 40Gb/s full-rate 2:1 MUX in 0.18µm CMOS

Serial data communication systems operating at throughputs of 40Gb/s have been developed in recent years to increase transmission capacity. A data multiplexer (MUX) is a key block in any high-speed data communication system. Several 4:1 MUX circuits have been reported in technologies such as SiGe, GaAs and InP at speeds of 40Gb/s or higher [1–3]. CMOS implementations of half-rate MUX circuits have been also reported [4–5]. A full-rate architecture would be desirable in order to reduce the deterministic jitter. This paper describes high-speed design techniques used for retiming of 40Gb/s data signals and generation of 40GHz clock signals.
Identification and measurement of a more comprehensive set of person-descriptive trait markers from the English lexicon

We suggest some refinements to earlier approaches to generating ‘‘comprehensive” personality inventories and address some methodological concerns that accompany their use. By applying cluster analysis to Saucier’s (1997) list of the 504 most frequently used trait adjectives, we identified 61 clusters that can be used to represent the lower-order structure of individual differences found in the lexicon. We show that very short measures of these clusters have acceptable reliabilities, that single items can regularly be identified that correlate with standard measures of Big Five dimensions above .70, and finally, using gender and life satisfaction as examples, illustrate how comprehensive inventories can reveal relationships between personality and variables of interest that are masked by the use of Big Five scales alone.
The great transformation in understanding Polanyi: Reply to Hejeebu and Mccloskey

Abstract Santhi Hejeebu and Deirdre McCloskey's rebuttal to Karl Polanyi's Great Transformation begs several important questions. Yes, commerce can be found throughout human history—but is that the same as saying that people have been equally capitalistic at all times? If not, then how did modern capitalism come into being? Hejeebu and McCloskey portray capitalism as having evolved gradually, indeed quite naturally, rather than being a contingent product of politics. Not inconsistently, Hejeebu and McCloskey radically distinguish between what people “think” and what they “do"—that is, between their ideas and their actions. This distinction, too, suggests that human action is ahistorically capitalistic—whatever human agents at different times and places might think.
A New MRI Masking Technique Based on Multi‐Atlas Brain Segmentation in Controls and Schizophrenia: A Rapid and Viable Alternative to Manual Masking

Brain masking of MRI images separates brain from surrounding tissue and its accuracy is important for further imaging analyses. We implemented a new brain masking technique based on multi-atlas brain segmentation (MABS) and compared MABS to masks generated using FreeSurfer (FS; version 5.3), Brain Extraction Tool (BET), and Brainwash, using manually defined masks (MM) as the gold standard. We further determined the effect of different masking techniques on cortical and subcortical volumes generated by FreeSurfer. METHODS Images were acquired on a 3-Tesla MR Echospeed system General Electric scanner on five control and five schizophrenia subjects matched on age, sex, and IQ. Automated masks were generated from MABS, FS, BET, and Brainwash, and compared to MM using these metrics: a) volume difference from MM; b) Dice coefficients; and c) intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS Mean volume difference between MM and MABS masks was significantly less than the difference between MM and FS or BET masks. Dice coefficient between MM and MABS was significantly higher than Dice coefficients between MM and FS, BET, or Brainwash. For subcortical and left cortical regions, MABS volumes were closer to MM volumes than were BET or FS volumes. For right cortical regions, MABS volumes were closer to MM volumes than were BET volumes. CONCLUSIONS Brain masks generated using FreeSurfer, BET, and Brainwash are rapidly obtained, but are less accurate than manually defined masks. Masks generated using MABS, in contrast, resemble more closely the gold standard of manual masking, thereby offering a rapid and viable alternative.
Mixed Leukxyte Culture Reactions in Mouse Thymus Cells

Parenchymal thymus cells from several strains of normal, non-immunized mice responded to histoincompatible thymus cells with increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine in vitro. The response was most pronounced with mixtures of AKR + CBALB/c thymocytes which were mutually stimulatory, as determined by experiments in which one of the cell populations had been rendered unresponsive by irradiation. Reactivity was not restricted to cell combinations bearing major histo-incompatibilities; increases in 3H-thymidine uptake also occurred in cell mixtures with θ isoantigen differences. The culture technique described allows the assessment of the interaction of antigen with native thymocytes in a completely in vitro system.
Plasmon enhanced linear and nonlinear photoluminescence in planar nanoparticle arrays (Presentation Recording)

Light emission from metal nanoparticles has potential appications as a highly sensitive refractive index detector. In order for this protential to be realized the mechanics of plasmon enhanced photoluminescence (PL) in planar nanoparticle arrays must be understude. We present an experimental exploreation of emission spectra and realitive efficiency of gold PL in nanoplasmonic arrays. We demonstrate tunability of metal PL by nanoparticle size and discover the critical role of near-field interparticle coupling on emission efficiency. We show that direct excition of plasmon resonances by photoexcited electron-hole pairs is the primary contributer to the metalic nanoparticle emission spectrum. We additionally show that emission is quenched by near-field interactions between nanoparticles leading to spectral broading by increased non-radiative plasmon decay. Finally, we show a correlation between plasmon life-time and PL efficiency. We explore this phenominan for both linear and nonlinear PL. Experimental results are supported by numerical simulations of plasmon life-time.
Two Reviews of the 1998 International Computer Music Conference

Sitting down to write this soon after it ended, and still dizzy from eleven concerts and many paper sessions in just six days, I will try to give a taste and synopsis of what I think was most interesting, amusing, challenging, or even inspiring at the 1998 International Computer Music Conference (ICMC). But it won't be easy. First, an overview: ICMC '98 was held at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, a quintessential American college town, one of the biggest and best of its breed-meaning that cafes and brew pubs abound, yet, come Friday night, it is still nearly impossible to find one with space to take you and your party of 30 ICMC-ers. But we did manage upon a few occasions. In such a welter of presentations, it is possible to bring out only the highlights, but one can also note trends as perceived by the reviewer, who has been going to these conferences since 1984. Some of the newest technologies have to do with the World Wide Web, and particularly with the Web-oriented programming language Java, as might have been predicted from observing the computer scene outside of music. Much of the work here might be described as belonging to the comparatively uninteresting category of software ports. Still, the impact of Web-based accessibility may bring new benefits by reaching new audiences, composers, and performers, and perhaps by facilitating greater communication and interchange within an expanding community, the latter being just why Conseil Europ6en pour la Recherche Nucl~aire (CERN) developed the Web in the first place. In this context, I would mention some of the Java-based programs that are springing up. Among these are synthesis programs (Phil Burk's Jsyn for real-time synthesis, and of course, IRCAM's latest FTS "front end," jMAX-more on this later), and some intriguing developments in notation programs. Thanks to the ubiquity and cross-platform aspects of Java, notation programs seem to be at a threshold for unifying tools across many platforms and many user communities, something that has been notably lacking until now. Of these efforts, the Web-based approach taken by Kai Renz and Holger Hoos in their Salieri program, which builds on Guido, appears extremely promising. It will be particularly interesting once the Java implementation they are working on is completed. Another important development is the arrival en masse of cheap hardware/software systems that can synthesize and process sounds on the fly. These are represented in such works as MSP and jMax, but also in a number of others. For ex-
Dating to Hooking Up: The Emotional and Behavioral Health of College Women

The current study explored the association between dating, romantic relationships, and hooking up and the emotional and behavioral health (EBH) of women during college. Participants were 255 female undergraduate students. Results suggest a potential for hooking up, as well as dating and romantic relationships, to be associated with the EBH (especially alcohol use, drug use, and eating pathology) of women. Understanding these interrelations could enhance the relational, emotional, and behavioral health of young women.
Transition-Metal-Centered Nine-Membered Boron Rings: MⓒB9 and MⓒB9– (M = Rh, Ir)

We report the observation of two transition-metal-centered nine-atom boron rings, RhⓒB9– and IrⓒB9–. These two doped-boron clusters are produced in a laser-vaporization supersonic molecular beam and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Large HOMO–LUMO gaps are observed in the anion photoelectron spectra, suggesting that neutral RhⓒB9 and IrⓒB9 are highly stable, closed shell species. Theoretical calculations show that RhⓒB9 and IrⓒB9 are of D9h symmetry. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that these complexes are doubly aromatic, each with six completely delocalized π and σ electrons, which describe the bonding between the central metal atom and the boron ring. This work establishes firmly the metal-doped B rings as a new class of novel aromatic molecular wheels.
Combustion Synthesis of Sr-Substituted LaCo0.4Fe0.6O3 Powders

Sr-substituted perovskite LaCo0.4Fe0.6O3 is known to have excellent mixed ionic and electronic conductivity and increased O2 sorption characteristics. These perovskites are usually prepared by lengthy solid-state reactions of the component oxides at temperatures near 1150°C, and often produce inhomogeneous, multi-phase powders. Presently, it has been prepared by the calcination of combustion-derived fine mixed oxides at 850°C in 6 hrs. Combustion reactions are carried out using precursor solutions containing the corresponding metal nitrates (oxidizers) and glycine (fuel) at 250°C. The metal oxides produced by this process and subsequent calcination were characterized by XRD, TEM and BET surface area analysis.
Outcomes of an extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam protocol implementation in a community teaching hospital adult intensive care unit.

Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome differences between patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam pre- and post-implementation of an extended infusion dosing protocol in a community teaching hospital adult intensive care unit. Methods On December 19th, 2011, extended infusion dosing of piperacillin-tazobactam was implemented at St. John’s Hospital’s intensive and cardiac care units (ICU/CCU) following IRB-approval. This is a historical case-control cohort study involving review of electronic medical charts of patients who received traditional or extended infusion therapy. Data was collected for patients that received piperacillin-tazobactam in the ICU/CCU from December 19th, 2010 through March 19th, 2011 for traditional infusion and from December 19th, 2011 through March 19th, 2012 for extended infusion. Primary endpoints were ICU/CCU mortality at discharge and length of stay. Results The study included 113 patients with 52 in the traditional-infusion group and 61 extended-infusion group. There was no statistically significant difference in the primary end-point of ICU/CCU mortality between the two groups (14.8% vs. 21.1%; p = 0.374). In the extended infusion group, there was a shorter length of ICU and CCU stay (8.32 vs. 12.06 days; p = 0.025) and shorter length of hospital stay (11.32 vs. 19.7 days; p = 0.006). The extended-infusion group showed a decrease in cost of therapy that was statistically significant ($120.21 vs. $155.17; p = 0.035). Adverse drug effects did not differ between the two study groups. Conclusion This study showed that treatment with extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam therapy improved patient outcomes while maintaining patient safety and decreasing costs.