cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: Pedagogy and Place: 100 Years of Architectural Education at Yale, by Robert A. M. Stern and Jimmy Stamp

Robert A. M. Stern and Jimmy Stamp Pedagogy and Place: 100 Years of Architectural Education at Yale New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2016, 660 pp., 70 color and 253 b/w illus. $100 (cloth), ISBN 9780300211924 From the Accademia di San Luca through the Ecole des Beaux-Arts to the creation of accredited schools of architecture in the United States, education has played an influential role in the formation of the architect. As the academy goes, so goes the profession. Judging by its graduates, one of the most influential institutions during the past century has been the Yale School of Architecture. What differentiates it from competitors such as MIT, Harvard, Princeton, Penn, and Columbia? In this brilliant and detailed history, Dean Robert A. M. Stern and Jimmy Stamp offer a comprehensive explanation of Yale's unique qualities and the people, both students and faculty, who have made Yale one of the most revered places to study architecture in the United States. How much did the members of Yale's faculty and their pedagogy influence the trajectory of American architecture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries? The authors claim that Yale was at the forefront of architectural debate and new movements. Yet at the same time they give credit to the students’ individual creativity, which the school has sought to foster. Stern defines Yale as a pluralist school within a college of art. From the debates between Paul Rudolph and Louis Kahn to student juries attended by opposites such as Leon Krier and Peter Eisenman, Yale has prided itself on being a place where disparate theories of architecture can be explored. This can be very exciting or very confusing, depending on the student's background. My own experience with the school's pluralist pedagogy in the 1980s was less that all ideas were equal and more that everyone was welcome to get beaten up in the boxing ring. From its …
Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance after Axillofemoral Bypass

Objective—There are limited data available in the literature on duplex imaging after axillofemoral bypass grafting. We sought to explore this topic and identify duplex findings predictive of graft ...
Emergence of the Italian Unitary Constitutional System, Modified by Supranational Norms and Italian Regionalism

The Italian State arose as a unitary State because the territorial entities that Piemonte incorporated into the new State of Italy lacked effective political institutions to sustain any federal system. Although slow in developing, recourse to regionalization under the 1948 Constitution to work around political impasses is building political capacity for Regional government, including public administration, taxation, and the creation of regional politics distinct from national politics.
Surface effects in layered semiconductors Bi 2 Se 3 and Bi 2 Te 3

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 layered narrow gap semiconductors reveals finite in-gap density of states and suppressed conduction in the energy range of high valence-band states. Electronic structure calculations suggest that the surface effects are responsible for these properties. Conversely, the interlayer coupling has a strong effect on the bulk near-gap electronic structure. These properties may prove to be important for the thermoelectric performance of these and other related chalcogenides.
Allorecognition and Stem Cell Parasitism: A Tale of Competition, Selfish Genes and Greenbeards in a Basal Chordate

The cellular branch of the vertebrate adaptive immune system was discovered via its role in transplantation, which in turn became the assay used to discover T cells and the interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and polymorphic MHC proteins. During this time period, multiple invertebrate species were studied and found to have similar polymorphic transplantation responses, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms may be conserved. However, while transplantation responses are similar, the molecular mechanisms are not, and perhaps one of the biggest mysteries in evolution is that the MHC and TCR are only found in jawed vertebrates, and further that there are no orthologs, or indeed any recognizable ancestral genes, in jawless fish or invertebrates. This leads to two main questions: First, if polymorphic transplantation responses are universal, do they have a common purpose? Second, what is the origin of the key molecules (MHC, TCR, BCR) of the vertebrate adaptive immune system? We are studying a natural transplantation reaction in an invertebrate chordate, called Botryllus schlosseri, which may lend insight into these questions. Similar to the vertebrates, transplantation reactions are controlled by a single, highly polymorphic locus. In addition, in Botryllus transplantation has a well-defined role: governing the exchange of mobile germline stem cells between individuals, and we have found that this exchange can be either beneficial, or harmful. The interplay between transplantation responses and mobile stem cells in Botryllus may provide some insight into the evolution of cellular immunity in the vertebrates.
Imagining the unmanageable: MBAs at the limits of neoliberalism

MBAs are trained to manage the edges of neoliberal capitalism. Contemporary MBA programmes in the United States cultivate the ideal of an entrepreneurial manager by staging the convergence of two b...
Significant reduction in intrinsic coercivity of high-entropy alloy FeCoNiAl0.375Si0.375 comprised of supersaturated f.c.c. phase

Abstract We successfully demonstrated that a significant reduction in intrinsic coercivity (HCI) of high-entropy alloy FeCoNiAl0.375Si0.375 is achievable when the alloy is comprised of supersaturated f.c.c. phase. We further investigate the evolution of magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy powder as a function of temperature. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicated the presence of the f.c.c. phase. At 300 K, HCI, magnetic saturation (MS), and remanent magnetization (MR) of the nanocrystalline FeCoNiAl0.375Si0.375 alloy were approximated as ∼5.1 kAm−1, ∼90.8 Am2kg−1, and ∼3.7 Am2kg−1, respectively. The alloy comprised of predominantly the f.c.c. phase exhibited a significant reduction in HCI (by ∼2 to 3 times) in comparison to the alloys of similar compositions fabricated by various techniques. At cryogenic temperatures, MS increased while HCI and MR displayed negligible effect with a decrease in temperature. At elevated temperatures, both MS and HCI decreased with increment in temperature up to 800 K. The thermal treatment (400–800 K) of the as-fabricated powders resulted in an increase in MS and a decrease in both HCI and MR. While fabrication by various methods results in the formation of two-phases—the b.c.c. phase and the f.c.c. phase, fabrication by mechanical alloying facilitated the formation of predominantly the supersaturated f.c.c. phase, having significantly low HCI and good thermal stability.
Molybdenum cofactor transfer from bacteria to nematode mediates sulfite detoxification

The kingdoms of life share many small molecule cofactors and coenzymes. Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is synthesized by many archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, and is essential for human development. The genome of Caenorhabditis elegans contains all of the Moco biosynthesis genes, and surprisingly these genes are not essential if the animals are fed a bacterial diet that synthesizes Moco. C. elegans lacking both endogenous Moco synthesis and dietary Moco from bacteria arrest development, demonstrating interkingdom Moco transfer. Our screen of Escherichia coli mutants identifies genes necessary for synthesis of bacterial Moco or transfer to C. elegans. Developmental arrest of Moco-deficient C. elegans is caused by loss of sulfite oxidase, a Moco-requiring enzyme, and is suppressed by mutations in either C. elegans cystathionine gamma-lyase or cysteine dioxygenase, blocking toxic sulfite production from cystathionine. Thus, we define the genetic pathways for an interkingdom dialogue focused on sulfur homeostasis.
Importance of proton-coupled electron transfer in cathodic regeneration of organic hydrides

Electrochemical regeneration of organic hydrides is often hindered by the rapid dimerization of organic radicals produced as the first intermediates of these electrochemical transformations. In this work, we utilize proton-coupled electron transfer to outcompete the undesired dimerization and achieve successful hydride regenerations of two groups of organic hydrides – acridines and benzimidazoles. This work provides an analysis of the critical factors that control the regeneration pathways of organic hydrides.
Seismic Communication in the Amphibia with Special Emphases on the Anura

Amphibians have been defined as quadrupedal vertebrates having two occipital condyles on the skull and no more than one sacral vertebra. Although this morphologically based definition continues to be valid and accurate, we now know that, in addition, all amphibians studied to date exhibit extreme sensitivity to substrate-borne vibrations. In this chapter, the pathways through which seismic signals are transferred to the inner ear for detection and processing, as well as the most common methods of seismic signal generation in amphibians, are reviewed. Several well-studied examples of amphibians that use vibrational signals for communication are presented, and the case is made for the continued study of seismic signaling in the vertebrates.
Exosome-Mediated Transfer of Anti-miR-33a-5p from Transduced Endothelial Cells Enhances Macrophage and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Cholesterol Efflux.

Atherosclerosis is a disease of large- and medium-sized arteries that is caused by cholesterol accumulation in arterial intimal cells, including macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Cholester...
A candidate androgen signalling signature predictive of response to abiraterone acetate in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Abstract Background The unmet need for predictive biomarkers emerged from the unpredictable pattern of response to androgen signalling inhibition in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, we report on the testing of a previously identified candidate androgen signalling signature associated with response to androgen signalling inhibition. Patients and methods We report on the outcome of the first module of a phase II trial on abiraterone acetate (AA) followed by combination with dasatinib or sunitinib. Bone marrow biopsies (BMBs) with matched bone marrow aspirate and blood samples were collected at baseline and upon progression. End-points included assessment of a prespecified molecular signature consisting of nuclear androgen receptor (AR) overexpression, cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP17) expression, and AR-C-/N terminal expression ratio of ≥0.8 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in patients with benefit versus primary resistance to AA (i.e. progression within 4 months). Tumour markers also included v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue (ERG), androgen receptor splice variant (ARV7) by IHC and steroids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Of 170 patients accrued from 03/2011 to 02/2015, 44 (26%) were primary resistant to AA. Forty-eight patients had tumour infiltrated BMB at baseline. Pretreatment androgen signalling signature was linked to benefit from AA (p Conclusion Testing of a prespecified androgen signalling signature was highly supportive of its predictive value in maximal androgen deprivation strategies in mCRPC. Further validation is under way. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01254864 .
Initial Simulation of SARS-CoV2 Spread and Intervention Effects in the Continental US

Here we use a metapopulation model applied at county resolution to simulate the spread and growth of COVID-19 incidence in the continental United States. We calibrate the model against county-level incidence data collected between February 21, 2020 and March 13, 2020, and estimate epidemiological parameters including the fraction of undocumented infections and their contagiousness1. Using the calibrated model, we project the outbreak in the continental US for 180 days after March 13, 2020, and evaluate the effects of social distancing and travel restrictions on the outbreak.
Reality TV as Horror: Psychological Terror and Physical Torture

Although rarely thought of in terms of the horror genre, reality television is indeed a form of horror. Contestants on many competition shows such as Big Brother and Survivor must endure psychological terror and often physically harrowing conditions just for a chance at the cash prize. Even in The Bachelor and The Bachelorette, in which the contestants are not competing for a cash prize but rather for love, the men and women are put through emotional turmoil. The contestants are exploited for entertainment purposes and for higher rankings of the television shows. Audiences love to watch everyday people in miserable situations. In fact, the desires and emotions the viewers experience while watching reality television mimic some of the same reactions viewers have when watching horror films. Additionally, the conventions of the horror genre are found on many mainstream competition-style reality television programs.
Role of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy

e19525 Background: The ability of FNA specimens to provide a definitive lymphoma diagnosis is controversial. Otolaryngolists routinely employ FNA for cervical lymph nodes which may have arisen from...
#MeToo: Associations of educational institution religious affiliation with sexual health services and rates of sexual assault.

To explore the association of educational institution religious affiliation with provision of sexual health services and rates of sexual violence. Participants: Analysis of 500 US college/universit...
Tension Pneumothorax: Is it Sarcoma or Pazopanib?

Synovial sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that originate from primitive pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells that look similar to the developing synovium, but are histologically unrelated to it. Sarcomas commonly metastasize to the lungs and surrounding pleura, with a documented incidence as high as 85% for pleural-based metastases. The incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with sarcomas is only 1.9%, with synovial sarcoma being the third most common type of sarcoma associated with pneumothorax. While surgical resection is usually the treatment for localized primary synovial cell sarcoma, metastatic disease requires systemic therapy, mainly chemotherapy. Failure of chemotherapy calls for the use of targeted therapeutic agents such as pazopanib. Pazopanib has been linked to the incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in previous case studies. However, primary research fails to establish a statistically significant causal association. Research shows that pneumothorax can result from lung metastases independent of therapeutic side effects. We report a case of synovial sarcoma of trapezius origin with secondary lung metastases, and development of pneumothorax after pazopanib treatment. We discuss the incidence of pneumothorax as a medication side effect versus independent effect of natural disease progression, and how this plays role in deciding when to continue using a medication in the face of complications.
Evaluation of the LI-RADS treatment response algorithm in hepatocellular carcinoma after trans-arterial chemoembolization.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic performance of LI-RADS treatment response algorithm (LR-TRA) and modified RECIST (mRECIST) for the detection of viable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on MRI after trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Materials and methods This retrospective study includes cirrhotic patients that underwent trans-arterial chemoembolization prior to liver transplantation from 2013 to 2017 with a pre- and post-treatment MRI available. Three blinded readers assigned a LR-TRA and mRECIST category to each lesion. Lesions on MRI and explant pathology were matched and characterized as complete (100% necrosis) or incomplete necrosis (≤99% necrosis). Diagnostic performance of LR-TRA and mRECIST were calculated with a generalized estimating equation. Results A total of 52 patients with 71 lesions were included, 47 with incomplete and 24 with complete necrosis. In consensus, 45 lesions were categorized as LR-TR Nonviable, of which 62.2% (28/45) had incomplete and 37.8% (17/45) had complete necrosis. Six lesions were categorized as LR-TR Equivocal, of which 33.3% (2/6) had incomplete and 66.7% (4/6) had complete necrosis. Twenty lesions were categorized as LR-TR Viable of which 85.0% (17/20) had incomplete and 15.0% (3/20) had complete necrosis. The sensitivity of LR-TR Viable for detecting incompletely necrotic tumor when LR-TR Equivocal was considered as viable, in consensus was 40.4%; specificity 70.8%; accuracy 50.7%. The sensitivity of mRECIST for detecting incompletely necrotic tumor was 37.0%; specificity 79.2%; accuracy 51.4%. There was no significant difference in diagnostic performance between mRECIST and LR-TRA (p = 0.14–0.33). Agreement for LR-TRA category was moderate (k = 0.53 [95% CI: 0.45, 0.67]). Conclusion LI-RADS treatment response algorithm demonstrates high specificity and low to moderate sensitivity for the detection of viable HCC after TACE in a North American cirrhotic cohort, without significant difference in diagnostic performance between LR-TRA and mRECIST.
Comentario jurídico de la Ley 7/2020, de 31 de agosto, de Bienestar, Protección y Defensa de los Animales de Castilla-La Mancha. [2020/6154] - Diario Oficial de Castilla La-Mancha de 07-09-2020

In Castilla-La-Mancha, there are many homes with animals. Among them, dogs are particularly appreciated for their company, but it could also be so for their incredible qualities as hunters or guardians, to name just a few canine abilities. A recent law of August 2020 has come to regulate the welfare and protection of animals in the region. Dogs will be able to enjoy unprecedented measures taking into account new obligations and prohibitions applicable to owners, but they will also be able to experiment with new allies such as the Advisory Council on Welfare and Animal Protection.
Identification of Specific Neural Tissue

The most direct way that intraoperative ­neurophysiologic recording may guide the ­surgeon in an operation is that it can assist in identifying specific structures such as nerves. This is of great importance when trying to identify cranial nerves in cases where the anatomy is distorted by a tumor or other pathologic processes. Previous operations may have changed the anatomy, making it difficult to identify specific nerves solely on the basis of visual observation in a surgical field. Tumors and malformations of various kinds may have distorted the anatomy so that it becomes difficult to identify specific neural tissue. Similar problems may occur in connection with peripheral nerves.
Traces (A Cut at the Make Isn't Generic Problem)

Object-oriented techniques are a powerful tool for making a system end-programmer specializable. But, in cases where the system not only accepts objects as input, but also creates objects internally, specialization has been more difficult. This has been referred to as the “make isn't generic problem.” We present a new object-oriented language concept, called traces, that we have used successfully to support specialization in cases that were previously cumbersome.
Chapter 9 Ergodic theory and dynamics of G-spaces (with special emphasis on rigidity phenomena)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the case of group, as opposed to semi-group, actions. There are various technical complications that arise in passing from invertible to noninvertible actions, and in general, the nonamenable noninvertible case has not been given sufficient attention as yet to warrant inclusion into a general survey. The primary focus of the survey is on those aspects of the ergodic theory and differentiable dynamics of group actions that are most distinct from the theory for R and ℤ. As ergodic theory for actions of general amenable groups share with R and ℤ many key properties, the survey discussed in the chapter is concerned in large part with the actions of nonamenable groups. Orbit equivalence provides a particularly compelling example: all finite measure-preserving ergodic actions of discrete amenable groups are orbit equivalent. For certain groups that are both “sufficiently large” and “rigid,” orbit equivalence essentially implies isomorphism.
Clinical correlates of distorted auditory perception in first-episode psychosis.

Aim Auditory hallucinations are hypothesized to be based in distorted sensory perceptions, with increasingly distorted perceptions of reality possibly prompting the first psychotic phase of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Our goal was to examine the association between distorted auditory perceptions and psychotic symptomatology, social functioning and quality of life among individuals with first-episode psychosis. Methods Forty individuals with first-episode psychosis completed assessments of distorted auditory perception, psychotic symptomatology, social functioning and quality of life. Results Both negative (greater symptomatology) and positive clinical correlates (better quality of life) were associated with greater distorted auditory perceptions. Conclusions Our findings suggest that distorted auditory perceptions are associated with both positive and negative clinical correlates among individuals with first-episode psychosis. These results highlight the potential clinical importance of balancing the goal of symptomatic reduction with the need to maintain healthy coping strategies that may be biologically and psychologically entwined with the symptoms of psychosis, themselves.
Interaction of disulfiram with antiretroviral medications: efavirenz increases while atazanavir decreases disulfiram effect on enzymes of alcohol metabolism

Background and Objectives Alcohol abuse complicates treatment of HIV disease and is linked to poor outcomes. Alcohol pharmacotherapies, including disulfiram (DIS), are infrequently utilized in co-occurring HIV and alcohol use disorders possibly related to concerns about drug interactions between antiretroviral (ARV) medications and DIS. Method This pharmacokinetics study (n = 40) examined the effect of DIS on efavirenz (EFV), ritonavir (RTV), or atazanavir (ATV) and the effect of these ARV medications on DIS metabolism and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity which mediates the DIS-alcohol reaction. Results EFV administration was associated with decreased S-Methyl-N-N-diethylthiocarbamate (DIS carbamate), a metabolite of DIS (p = .001) and a precursor to the metabolite responsible for ALDH inhibition, S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC–MeSO). EFV was associated with increased DIS inhibition of ALDH activity relative to DIS alone administration possibly as a result of EFV-associated induction of CYP 3A4 which metabolizes the carbamate to DETC–MeSO (which inhibits ALDH). Conversely, ATV co-administration reduced the effect of DIS on ALDH activity possibly as a result of ATV inhibition of CYP 3A4. DIS administration had no significant effect on any ARV studied. Discussion/Conclusions ATV may render DIS ineffective in treatment of alcoholism. Future Directions DIS is infrequently utilized in HIV-infected individuals due to concerns about adverse interactions and side effects. Findings from this study indicate that, with ongoing clinical monitoring, DIS should be reconsidered given its potential efficacy for alcohol and potentially, cocaine use disorders, that may occur in this population. (Am J Addict 2014;23:137–144)
Change‐Point Methods

Change-point methodologies applied to statistical process control are predicated on the possibility that a special cause induces a shift from an in-control statistical model to an out-of-control statistical model, and so are particularly attractive for persistent special causes. Along with indications of a loss of control, they provide estimates of when the shift occurred, and (if needed) of the before- and after-shift process parameters. A less obvious advantage is that some change-point proposals allow for the near-universal situation that the in-control distribution of process readings is not known exactly. This feature largely removes the need for extensive phase I calibration studies, and allows phase II production use to start early. In addition to the stand-alone use of change-point methodologies for both signaling and diagnosing the effects of special causes, they have been proposed as tools for following up signals given by other charting methods, when their likelihood properties lead to good estimators of the time of occurrence and effect of the special cause. Keywords: change point; LRT; GLR; phase I; phase II; SPC
Diphenylvinylphosphine (DPVP) complexes containing the (η5-MeC5H4)Ru(II) moiety: synthesis, characterization and reactions

The complex [(η5-MeC5H4)Ru(DPVP)2(CH3CN)]PF6 (4) (DPVP = Ph2PCHCH2) loses CH3CN under vacuum to produce the phosphaallyl complex [(η5-MeC5H4)Ru(η1-DPVP)(η3-DPVP)]PF6 (6) and reacts with Me3SiCCH and PhCCH in CH2Cl2–CH3OH solutions to form the methoxymethylcarbene [(η5-MeC5H4)(DPVP)2RuC(OCH3)(CH3)]PF6 (7) and the carbonyl complex [(η5-MeC5H4)Ru(DPVP)2(CO)]PF6 (8), respectively. In contrast [(η5-MeC5H4)Ru(DPVP)(CO)(CH3CN)]PF6 (15) does not lose CH3CN to form a phosphaallyl complex. The structures of the complexes described herein have been deduced from elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, 1H, 13C{1H}, 1H NOE, where appropriate by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and in eight cases by X-ray crystallography.
On enumerating the trees of a ladder network

Ladder network functions are obtained using signal flow graph and flow graph techniques. A procedure is developed, using a flow graph analysis, for enumerating by inspection and without duplication the trees of the graph of a ladder network.
Linear and nonlinear instabilities of a Blasius boundary layer perturbed by streamwise vortices. Part 2. Intermittent instability induced by long-wavelength Klebanoff modes

Abstract : This report presents theoretical results on the stability properties of a Blasius boundary layer perturbed by Klebanoff distortions with a relatively long spanwise scale. Even relatively weak Klebanoff modes can alter the near-wall curvature of the underlying flow by O(1) and, hence, introduce linear instabilities with larger characteristic growth rates and frequencies than those of the Tollmien-Schlichting waves in an unperturbed Blasius flow. A localised distortion supports both sinuous and varicose modes of instability, with the growth rates of the sinuous modes being likely to be larger, in general. Overall, the instability is intermittent in time and localised in space, being confined to a finite part of the Klebanoff mode cycle and to a specific window(s) along the streamwise direction. A spanwise periodic distortion supports spatially quasi-periodic modes (via the parametric resonance mechanism), which may be viewed as modified T-S waves with excess growth rates when the Klebanoff modes are weak. In spite of the simplifications involved in this theory, its predictions appear qualitatively consistent with some of the unusual characteristics of the high-frequency wavepackets observed during previous experiments. The nonlinear development of a localised sinuous mode is followed across a sequence of asymptotic regimes using the non-equilibrium critical-layer theory.
Parity Nonconservation and Rotating Black Holes

The angular distribution of neutrinos and antineutrinos emitted by a rotating black hole is asymmetric. More antineutrinos are emitted in the direction parallel to the hole's angular momentum; more neutrinos in the antiparallel direction. This result applies not only to black holes, but to any rotating star emitting thermal neutrinos. Emission of other particles can also be asymmetric as a result of parity-nonconserving weak interactions.
Flame and fortune in California: The material and political dimensions of vulnerability

Abstract This paper seeks to clarify and refine the assertion that vulnerability exists as both a material, condition and discursive construct. Building off of previous scholarship analyzing the production of, vulnerabilities, we present a conceptual framework that illuminates how material vulnerabilities are translated into political vulnerabilities and ossified in the policy realm. We argue that specifying components of, and relationships between, the material and political aspects of vulnerability will result in a more sophisticated articulation of vulnerability as a recursive process. In order to achieve this level of analysis we propose a spatial–historical analytic approach that blends point-in-time and, empirically driven analysis with robust historical and political economic analysis. We use the largest urban wildfire – in terms of dwellings lost – in California's history to show how the persistent disconnection between material and political forms of vulnerability has, over time, resulted in contradictory landscapes where homes are intentionally placed in landscapes vulnerable to wildfires with reduced fire protection. Spatial historical analysis of the Tunnel Fire reveals how representations of vulnerability oftentimes deviate from lived experiences, engendering responses of exploitation, ignorance, mobilization and resistance. This framework also recognizes how these responses can create new vulnerabilities while also maintaining, deepening and diminishing existing material conditions. Finally, relational analysis illuminates how factors generating vulnerability in fire areas also contribute to and reinforce vulnerabilities within other parts of cities like Oakland, California.
Multiple Fault Detection for Combinational Logic Circuits

An algorithm for generating test sets to detect all the multiple stuck-at-faults in combinational logic circuits is presented. This algorithm generates a test set using a set of functions, called representative functions, which consists of much fewer functions than all possible multiple stuck-at fault functions, but is sufficient for test generation. Two different methods of finding such a set of representative functions are presented. The test sets derived from the set of representative functions obtained by the first method will be smaller than that by the second method, but the second method is much simpler than the first especially for highly redundant circuits. Nevertheless, the complexity of this algorithm using the first method is about the same as that of Bossen and Hong's algorithm which is the simplest existing algorithm under the multiple stuck-at fault assumption, and yet the number of tests in a test set generated will always be smaller for redundant circuits and the same for irredundant circuits as that generated by Bossen and Hong's algorithm for irredundant circuits.
Interpretation pitfalls of vascular laboratory testing

Vascular laboratory testing of patients with arterial and venous disease requires a thorough understanding of the diagnostic instrumentation, anatomy, and blood flow hemodynamics. Diagnostic testing typically uses both Doppler ultrasound, especially duplex ultrasonography, alone or in combination with air plethysmography, to identify and classify vascular disease. In patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, clinical evaluation is enhanced by noninvasive testing, and for many patients can provide sufficient information to proceed with medical treatment or intervention without additional confirmatory imaging studies. The diagnostic accuracy of vascular testing depends on the precision and reproducibility of the measurement (eg, pressure, pulse contour, blood flow velocity, or volume flow rate). For example, the measurement of ankle systolic blood pressure cannot always be assumed to be accurate because the test result can be affected by a number of factors, including biological variability, cuff size and placement, examiner skill, or the presence of tibial artery calcification preventing cuff occlusion. Interpretation of all vascular diagnostic testing requires an appreciation of the limitations, pitfalls, and artifacts of the testing modality. Interpretation errors can result in an incorrect diagnosis and subsequent decision making.
Safety and efficacy of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents: Focus on the benefits and risks of etanercept

The traditional approach to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs usually in combination with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) such as hydroxychloroquine, gold, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, leflunomide or cyclosporin. Each of these DMARDs has its own distinct toxicities but has also been shown to be effective in reducing signs and symptoms of disease and to some extent, reduce radiological progression.
Antibodies to CD1d enhance thymic expression of invariant NKT TCR and increase the presence of NOD thymic invariant NKT cells

Natural Killer T (NKT) cells can effect both T cell development and peripheral immune responses through T(H)1/T(H)2 cytokines. Some humans with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) have numerical and functional NKT deficiencies that contribute to disease severity. Correcting these deficiencies inhibits diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) T1DM model, which shares similar deficiencies. Here we show that antibodies to CD1d, when given during early thymic development, induce specific increases in surface TCR of developing NOD and C57BL/6 CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. However, the addition of anti-CD1d causes distinct strain-specific population changes in response to treatment. These changes include: (1) a dose-dependent increase in NOD iNKT(TCR)(+) cells and, conversely, (2) an inhibition of B6 iNKT(TCR)(+) cell production. The observed NOD iNKT expansions correlated with diabetes inhibition in an in vitro T1DM system, suggesting that intrathymic anti-CD1d treatment may correct NOD numerical iNKT deficiencies through developmental TCR enhancement.
The Investment Boom In British-Texan Cattle Companies 1880–1885

Like most speculative extravaganzas, the Western cattle boom was compounded out of a bona fide opportunity, exaggeration, gullibility, inadequate communications, dishonesty, and incompetence. There were some solid residual benefits, representing, in effect, an involuntary gift by British investors to their American cousins.
The endocrinopathies of anorexia nervosa.

Objective: To describe the hormonal adaptations and alterations in anorexia nervosa.Methods: We performed a PubMed search of the English-language literature related to the pathophysiology of the endocrine disorders observed in anorexia nervosa, and we describe a case to illustrate these findings.Results: Anorexia nervosa is a devastating disease with a variety of endocrine manifestations. The effects of starvation are extensive and negatively affect the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, gonads, and bones. Appetite is modulated by the neuroendocrine system, and characteristic patterns of leptin and ghrelin concentrations have been observed in anorexia nervosa. A thorough understanding of refeeding syndrome is imperative to nutrition rehabilitation in these patients to avoid devastating consequences. Although most endocrinopathies associated with anorexia nervosa reverse with recovery, short stature, osteoporosis, and infertility may be long-lasting complications. We describe a 20-year-old wom...
Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in Rabbits Using Bioerodible Polymers and 5-Fluorouracil

A prospective, randomized, double-masked, and placebo-controlled study was performed to examine the effect of a localized and sustained delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the success of glaucoma filtration surgery in 18 rabbits. A bioerodible polyanhydride composed of bis (p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane (PCPH) and sebacic acid (SA) was used as the drug carrier. The polymer and 5-FU (10% by weight) were molded into 4-mm long cylinders by a 15-gauge needle. These implants, with and without the therapeutic agent, were placed at the site of filtration surgery intraoperatively. The results showed that intraocular pressures (IOPs) were lower in the experimental eyes during the second postoperative week, but eventually both experimental and control eyes returned to preoperative levels. Filtration blebs lasted longer in experimental eyes and bleb failure occurred before IOP failure in both experimental and control eyes. Implant disappearance occurred after IOP and bleb failure. Experimental eyes had more postoperative complications than control eyes. Eventually, the filtration surgery failed in both the experimental and control rabbit eyes.
Plasma concentrations and tissue uptake of free amino acids in dogs in sepsis and starvation: effects of glucose infusion--some effects of low alimentation.

Abstract The plasma concentrations of substrates, together with transhepatic and transgut balances, have been studied in six control and eight septic awake fasted dogs. Four severely ill septic dogs (typically fluid in chest and/or abdomen, extensive peritonitis, respiratory difficulties) had high concentrations of threonine, glycine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, tryptophan, and triglycerides ( p ≤ 0.05). The other septic dogs (less severely ill) showed fewer and less pronounced alterations in the plasma substrates (aspartate and tryptophan were elevated, p ≤ 0.05). The infusion of glucose increased the concentration of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate and depressed the concentrations of most amino acids in both normal and septic dogs. Threonine, asparagine, glutamine, leucine, isoleucine, α-aminobutyrate, and tyrosine were significantly depressed in the severely ill septic dogs ( p ≤ 0.05). In the normal dogs most amino acids were removed by the liver, with alanine accounting for approximately 40% of the total. Glutamine removal was negligible. In the septic dogs hepatic removal of amino acids was variable; livers of two severely ill septic dogs did not remove amino acids. In the control dogs glucose infusion (0.015–0.017 g/kg/min) tended to lower hepatic removal of amino acids. Hepatic dye removal in the septic dogs was always very poor. In the gut glutamine was removed and alanine, glutamate, glycine, and ammonia produced, but the overall sum of amino acid uptake was negligible in both the control and septic dogs. The ratio of tryptophan to the sum of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine concentrations was greatly elevated in all septic dogs in which it was measured. The free concentrations of amino acids in the liver, heart, and muscle tissues were grossly elevated in the low intravenous alimented septic state relative to the fasted normal state, whereas the tissue concentrative ability as measured by nonmetabolizable amino acids, α-aminoisobutyrate and cycloleucine, was not similarly increased. Sepsis clearly alters plasma and tissue concentrations, and in some instances hepatic uptake of amino acids.
Global attractors for the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

In this paper we show that the weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations on any bounded, smooth three-dimensional domain have a global attractor for any positive value of the viscosity. The proof of this result, which bypasses the two issues of the possible nonuniqueness of the weak solutions and the possible lack of global regularity of the strong solutions, is based on a new point of view for the construction of the semiflow generated by these equations. We also show that, under added assumptions, this global attractor consists entirely of strong solutions.
A general experiment programming system for the IBM 1800

A system is described that meets some user requirements of programming ease, general applicability, and simultaneous multiple S and laboratory operation. The system is based on an extremely flexible time-sharing real-time monitor and a user-level task-oriented programming language which together free the user from all multiple S bookkeeping programming. The conceptually simple language consists of simple commands for operations at the level of experimental procedure, such as displaying stimuli, collecting and timing responses, providing time delays, and recording data. Other commands support string manipulation, arithmetic, and disk I/O. The system is programmed only for the IBM 1800; however, it represents a successful approach to laboratory computerization.
Collision-induced two-ion chaos

Two ions confined to a radio-frequency trap and cooled by radiation pressure exhibit deterministic chaos. Theoretical analysis of the two-ion dynamics reveals that the route to chaos is due solely to ion-ion collisions. During a collision, the nonlinear Coulomb interaction introduces a transient instability, which gives way to stable single-particle-like motion as the ions move apart. The chaotic dynamics are characterized by a strange attractor that resembles a spiral galaxy.
A flexure-based tool holder for sub-μm positioning of a single point cutting tool on a four-axis lathe

Abstract A tool holder was designed to facilitate the machining of precision meso-scale components with complex three-dimensional shapes with sub-μm accuracy on a four-axis lathe. A four-axis lathe incorporates a rotary table that allows the cutting tool to swivel with respect to the workpiece to enable the machining of complex workpiece forms, and accurately machining complex meso-scale parts often requires that the cutting tool be aligned precisely along the axis of rotation of the rotary table. The tool holder designed in this study has greatly simplified the process of setting the tool in the correct location with sub-μm precision. The tool holder adjusts the tool position using flexures that were designed using finite element analyses. Two flexures adjust the lateral position of the tool to align the center of the nose of the tool with the axis of rotation of the B -axis, and another flexure adjusts the height of the tool. The flexures are driven by manual micrometer adjusters, each of which provides a minimum increment of motion of 20 nm. This tool holder has simplified the process of setting a tool with sub-μm accuracy, and it has significantly reduced the time required to set a tool.
A comparison of the properties and enzymatic activities of three angiotensin processing enzymes: Angiotensin converting enzyme, prolyl endopeptidase and neutral endopeptidase 24.11

The discovery of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] as a bioactive Ang II fragment of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) alters the current understanding of the enzymatic components that comprise the RAS cascade. Two neutral endopeptidases, prolyl endopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.21.26) and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (E.C. 3.4.24.11), are capable of forming Ang-(1-7) from Ang I and have been implicated in the in vivo processing of Ang I. This makes them putative Ang processing enzymes and part of the RAS cascade. This review summarizes the physical characteristics and distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme (E.C. 3.4.15.1), a known Ang I processing enzyme, and compares its features to what is known of prolyl endopeptidase and neutral endopeptidase 24.11.
View-Obstruction Problems, III

Abstract Suppose C is a closed convex body in En which contains the origin as an interior point. Define αC for each real number α ≥ 0 to be the magnification of C by the factor α and define C + (m1, …, mn) for each point (m1, …, mn) in En to be the translation of C by the vector (m1, …, mn). Define the point set Δ(C, α) by Δ(C, α) = {αC + (m 1 + 1 2 , …, m n + 1 2 ): m 1 , …, m n nonnegative integers } . The view-obstruction problem for C is the problem of finding the constant K(C) defined to be the lower bound of those α such that any half-line L given by xi = ait (i = 1, 2, …, n), where the ai (1 ≤ i ≤ n) are positive real numbers and the parameter t runs through [0, ∞), intersects Δ(C, α). The paper considers the case where C is the n-dimensional cube with side 1, and in this case the constant K(C) is evaluated for n = 4. The proof in dimension 4 depends on a theorem (proved via exponential sums) concerning the existence of solutions for a certain system of simultaneous congruences. The proofs in dimensions 2 and 3 are much simpler, and for these dimensions several other proofs have previously been given. For real x, let |x| denote the distance from x to the nearest integer. A non-geometric description of our principal result is that we prove the case n = 4 of the following conjecture: For any n positive integers w1, …, wn there is a real number x such that each |wix| ≥ (n + 1)−1.
Penumbra: an Eclipse plugin for introductory programming

Eclipse is a full-featured and easily extensible integrated development environment. As such, it has grown to include a large degree of functionality that may be overwhelming to the novice programmer. Nevertheless, we believe Eclipse is an environment that students of programming will come to find useful and empowering once they become familiar with it. The trick is easing them into using Eclipse without them feeling overwhelmed at the outset. Penumbra is an Eclipse plug-in developed at Purdue University for use in our introductory programming classes. It is intended to ease the transition to use of the full-featured functionality of Eclipse. Penumbra presents an Eclipse perspective that hides all but the basic actions of Eclipse's existing Java perspective, while packaging elements of other perspectives (e.g., the CVS perspective) into simpler actions that ease the downloading and turn-in of programming assignments, and adding new code views inspired by other environments for introductory programmers. Our experiences using Eclipse with a small group of introductory programming students in the Spring of 2003 have guided the development of Penumbra, which is now being rolled out for general use by the full class of 230 students in the Fall of 2003.
Freedom of Speech in Union Representation Elections: Employer Campaigning and Employee Response

In 1977 the National Labor Relations Board announced that it would no longer probe the truth or falsity of statements made in the course of representation campaigns. This decision, Shopping Kart Ford Market, overruled longstanding Board policy and was itself overruled the following year. Now, in August of 1982, the Board has again made a commitment to nonprobing and has reinstated the Shopping Kart standard (Midland National Life Insurance Co.,___ N.L.R.B.____, 110 L.R.R.M. 1489 (1982)). Such seesawing of Board positions suggests the difficulty of attempting to protect freedom of speech while simultaneously supporting other national labor policy goals, including employee freedom of choice and the integrity of representation elections. Critical to determining the appropriate standard for campaign speech is an understanding of how employees respond to misrepresentations or coercion in an employer's campaign rhetoric. This paper investigates the relationship between employer campaigning and employee response. Both employer and labor organization will have incentives to prevent coercive or misrepresentative speech at certain levels of violation severity. But in an intermediate range of speech in which that is not the case, the Board has a unique role to play in protecting the rights of individual employees and the public interest in the integrity of elections.
Studying the dopaminergic system with transfected receptors

Dopamine receptors are responsible for diverse effects within and outside the central nervous system. The five dopamine receptors that have been cloned (D1A, D1B also known as D5, D2, D3, and D4) belong to two major families; the D1 like and D2 like dopamine receptors. The D1 like receptors are linked to the stimulation while D2 like receptors are linked to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. The physiologic role of the dopamine receptors has been difficult to decipher because several of the subtypes co-exist in the same tissue. However, studies of receptors artificially expressed using transfected cDNA have revealed some of the biochemical mechanisms unique to each dopamine receptor subtype. (Hypertens Res 1995; 18 Suppl. I: S19-S22)