cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinative structures and the development of relative timing in a pointing task

Abstract The development of interlimb coordination has received a good deal of attention in recent years. Much of that attention is owed to the dynamical systems perspective. This approach to understanding coordination is a breakaway from most other theories which view developmental change as an a priori formulation of instructions from some controller, or executive system. Rather, limbs are organized into functional units by a process termed a coordinative structure. This coordinative function acts, in a post hoc fashion, according to specific tasks and within given environmental constraints. An accepted recognition of coordinative structures is the by-product of invariant relative timing in the face of changes in absolute velocity of limb components. Here, the development of multilimb pointing tasks involving the same limbs, combinations of hands and feet, and single-limb components are examined from a dynamical systems perspective. It is suggested that: 1) a coordinative structure is the functional unit of control regardless of age; and 2) relative time to peak velocity is not the best indicator of mutual influence between limbs for all interlimb tasks.
Fully-integrated non-magnetic non-reciprocal components based on linear periodically-time-varying circuits

Lorentz reciprocity is a fundamental property of passive, linear, time-invariant circuits and systems constructed from conventional materials. Recently, we demonstrated the first CMOS non-magnetic non-reciprocal passive circulator that uses a linear periodically-time-variant (LPTV) phase-shifting N-path filter to break reciprocity. In this paper, we review the concept and present the measured performance of a 65nm CMOS 750MHz prototype that exhibits 1.7dB of loss in the transmitter-antenna (TX-ANT) and antenna-receiver (ANT-RX) paths and has high isolation (up to 50dB through tuning and 20dB bandwidth of 32MHz). Through an architectural feature specifically designed to enhance TX linearity, the circulator achieves an in-band (IB) TX-ANT IIP3 of +27.5dBm, remarkably two orders of magnitude higher than the ANT-RX IIP3 of +8.7dBm.
CD4 T cell-mediated immunopathology of a Staphylococcus aureus whole cell vaccine during systemic infection

Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide array of diseases, ranging from superficial skin infections to life threatening diseases like sepsis. Treatment is difficult due to emerging multidrug-resistant strains and importantly, several approaches to develop an efficacious vaccine have either failed or augmented disease in clinical trials. In the present study, gamma-irradiated S. aureus USA300 (IRS) was used as a whole-cell vaccine to evaluate the immune response towards vaccination and subsequent infection. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated thrice intramuscularly, adjuvanted with or without Al(OH) 3, at two-week intervals and challenged with USA300 intravenously 2 weeks after the last vaccination. Vaccination enhanced mortality and failed to control bacterial growth in blood and organs when compared to PBS controls and was worse without Al(OH) 3 . USA300-specific antibodies were induced by vaccination but did not cause enhanced mortality when tested in serum transfer studies. Furthermore, B cell deficient and WT mice were similarly susceptible to infection after vaccination. Infection increased frequency of CD44 hi Tbet + and CD44 hi IFNg + (Th1 effector) cells in spleens of both vaccinated groups but was higher in mice vaccinated without Al(OH) 3 . Frequency of CD44 hi RORgt + and CD44 hi IL-17 + (Th17 effector) cells increased only in groups vaccinated with Al(OH) 3 . Depletion of CD4 T cells during infection reversed the lethal phenotype. Similarly, neutralization of IFNg but not IL-17 during infection improved survival and reduced organ pathology. Taken together, our findings show a detrimental role for IFNg + CD4 T eff cells generated by vaccination with IRS, and might shed some light on recent vaccine failures.
Lautsymbolik in lyrischen Texten – Grenzen und Möglichkeiten

Dieser Artikel geht der Moglichkeit nach, die subjektiven Lautinterpretationen lyrischer Texte auf eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage zu stellen. Mithilfe aktueller lautsymbolischer Erkenntnisse und Frequenzanalysen lassen sich qualitative Einschatzungen und quantitative Messungen aufeinander abbilden. Dadurch erlauben sie eine objektive Grundlage asthetischer Eindrucke.
Termination checking and task decomposition for task-based intermittent programs

Emerging energy-harvesting computer systems extract energy from their environment to compute, sense, and communicate with no battery or tethered power supply. Building software for energy-harvesting devices is a challenge, because they operate only intermittently as energy is available. Programs frequently reboot due to power loss, which can corrupt program state and prevent forward progress. Task-based programming models allow intermittent execution of long-running applications, but require the programmer to decompose code into tasks that will eventually complete between two power failures. Task decomposition is challenging and no tools exist to aid in task decomposition. We propose CleanCut, a tool that can check for and report non-terminating tasks in existing code, as well as automatically decompose code into efficient, terminating tasks. CleanCut is based on a statistical model for energy of paths through the program. We applied a prototype of CleanCut to four applications, including pattern-recognition, encryption, compression, and data filtering. Our experiments demonstrated the risk of non-termination in existing code and showed that CleanCut finds efficient task decompositions that execute 2.45x faster on average than manually placed boundaries.
Assessing continuous sensory information encoding by a biomimetic dynamic sonar emitter

Bat species in the rhinolophid and hipposiderid families can deform the shapes of their noseleaves and pinnae when emitting/receiving ultrasound. Prior work has shown that these deformations enhance the encoding of sensory information. So far, quantifications of the impact on sensory information encoding have been based on small numbers of discrete shapes and clustering of head-related transfer functions into discrete alphabets. In the current work, an improved estimator for mutual information that is based on entropy estimates from k-nearest neighbor distances (Kraskov et al., 2004) was used to overcome these limitations. With this approach, mutual information was estimated based on individual head-related transfer functions along the entire duration of biosonar pulses that were represented by high sampling rates suitable for ultrasonic signals. Testing was carried out with a data set from a dynamic sonar emitter inspired by the noseleaf of Pratt's roundleaf bat (Hipposideros pratti). The results were fo...
Urgent needs and participation of women must be prioritized in the Ebola response: 3 October 2014.

(2014). Urgent needs and participation of women must be prioritized in the Ebola response. Reproductive Health Matters: Vol. 22, Using the law and the courts, pp. 163-163.
Foreign Direct Investment and Growth

This chapter examines the evolution of the literature on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and growth in host countries, particularly developing countries. It provides a broad overview, with a focus on two elements that have recently become particularly important: (1) the role of complementary local conditions conducive to reaping the benefits of FDI (which relate to when FDI will generate growth), and (2) the mechanisms by which FDI creates positive externalities (which relate to how FDI generates growth).
Modeling of Auditory Spatial Receptive Fields With Spherical Approximation Functions

Jenison, Rick L., Richard A. Reale, Joseph E. Hind, and John F. Brugge. Modeling of auditory spatial receptive fields with spherical approximation functions. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2645–2656, 1998. A...
Chapter 5 – A Fractal Analysis of Analyte-Estrogen Receptor Binding and Dissociation Kinetics Using Biosensors: Environmental Effects

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a fractal analysis of the binding and dissociation of analyte(s) and estrogen receptor(s) interactions occurring on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor surfaces that provides a quantitative indication of the state of disorder or the degree of heterogeneity on the biosensor surface. The numerical values of KA obtained are used along with the values of the rate coefficient for binding and dissociation to classify the analyte–estrogen receptor biosensor system. Both types of examples are presented wherein either a single- or a dual-fractal analysis is required to describe the binding and/or the dissociation kinetics. When the single fractal analysis does not provide an adequate fit (sum of least squares less than 0.97), the dual-fractal analysis is used. The fractal dimension for the binding or the dissociation phase is not a typical independent variable, for example, analyte concentration in solution or the receptor (estrogen or other) on the biosensor surface is directly manipulated. A change in the degree of heterogeneity on the surface leads to a change in the roughness of the surface. This leads to turbulence, which enhances mixing, decreases diffusional limitations, and leads to an increase in the binding rate coefficient.
BRAF-V600E and microsatellite instability prediction through CA-19-9/CEA ratio in patients with colorectal cancer.

e15065Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease. Specifically for patients with BRAF-V600E mutations and/or mismatch repair deficiency or microsatellite instability-high (dMMR/...
Intumescent, Epoxy-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on Poly(acrylic acid) Compositions

Intumescent coatings expand upon exposure to a flame to create a protective char layer between the flame and underlying substrate. Widely used commercially, these coatings are applied notably to st...
Decision Making in Epilepsy Surgery

The need to emphasize the network concept arises from the fact that the traditional surgical philosophy in American epilepsy centers has prioritized an electrical-anatomic, focus-oriented approach. In contrast, the stereoelectroencephalography philosophy focuses on using electrophysiology to determine the regions of cortex generating the clinical manifestation of the seizure. Viewing epilepsy surgery as network surgery enables optimal consideration of decisions related to the need for and method of intracranial monitoring, potential role of subcortical structures in seizure organization and propagation, upfront use of combinatorial therapies to prevent seizure emergence from the network, and use of neuromodulation in novel epilepsy indications.
Opioid Management in Pregnancy and Postpartum

Pregnant and postpartum women with opiate use disorder present a challenge in perinatal care. It is important for health care teams to provide sensitive and compassionate evidence-based care for these women, who often are stigmatized during the prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods. Women with opiate use disorder are at risk for inadequate prenatal and postpartum care and for complications. Infants are at risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome and are expected to require neonatal intensive care. Pain management during labor and for cesarean delivery requires consultation and collaboration with providers who have expertise in management of addiction. Postpartum follow-up is essential.
“Your English is Accented!”: Surviving With Otherness While Approaching Positive Becoming:

Taking a critical intercultural approach, this paper explores the discrepancies between the critical communication pedagogy (CCP) ideals and pedagogical struggles of international graduate teaching...
Neuromuscular Respiratory Weakness

Neuromuscular respiratory failure is the most common cause of death among patients with neuromuscular disease. The presentation is usually insidious, and early recognition, monitoring, testing, and treatment with noninvasive ventilation improve the quality of life and survival of these patients. Noninvasive ventilation with airway clearance therapy is considered standard practice for the management of neuromuscular respiratory weakness.
Nonsurgical Management of Traumatic Trigeminal Neuralgias and Sensory Neuropathies

SUMMARY Many patients who have sustained injuries to trigeminal nerves and have residual neuropathy and neuralgia can be managed effectively with nonsurgical modalities. The expectations of therapy should be openly discussed with patients and realistic goals set for the improvement of function and the management of pain. All patients who undergo reparative or ablative surgeries for management of problems associated with nerve injuries require nonsurgical adjunctive support. For this reason the surgeon must be familiar with the indications and uses of all nonsurgical therapies and must be prepared to lead the multidisciplinary team that may be required to achieve the best results on behalf of the nerve-injured patient.
Popular Discourse Around Deepfakes and the Interdisciplinary Challenge of Fake Video Distribution.

This research interrogates the discourses that frame our understanding of deepfakes and how they are situated in everyday public conversation. It does so through a qualitative analysis of popular n...
LGBTQ Persons' Pregnancy Loss Disclosures to Known Ties on Social Media: Disclosure Decisions and Ideal Disclosure Environments

Pregnancy loss is a common yet stigmatized experience. We investigate (non)disclosure of pregnancy loss among LGBTQ people to known ties on identified social media as well as what constitutes ideal socio-technical disclosure environments. LGBTQ persons experiencing loss face intersectional stigma for holding a marginalized sexual and/or gender identity and experiencing pregnancy loss. We interviewed 17 LGBTQ people in the U.S. who used social media and had recently experienced pregnancy loss. We demonstrate how the Disclosure Decision-Making (DDM) framework explains LGBTQ pregnancy loss (non)disclosure decisions, thereby asserting the framework's ability to explain (non)disclosure decisions for those facing intersectional stigma. We illustrate how one's LGBTQ identity shapes (non)disclosure decisions of loss. We argue that social media platforms can better facilitate disclosures about silenced topics by enabling selective disclosure, enabling proxy content moderation, providing education about silenced experiences, and prioritizing such disclosures in news feeds. CAUTION: This paper includes quotes about pregnancy loss.
Emerging hiPSC Models for Drug Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide and are characterized by the chronic and progressive deterioration of neural function. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), represent a huge social and economic burden due to increasing prevalence in our aging society, severity of symptoms, and lack of effective disease-modifying therapies. This lack of effective treatments is partly due to a lack of reliable models. Modeling neurodegenerative diseases is difficult because of poor access to human samples (restricted in general to postmortem tissue) and limited knowledge of disease mechanisms in a human context. Animal models play an instrumental role in understanding these diseases but fail to comprehensively represent the full extent of disease due to critical differences between humans and other mammals. The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology presents an advantageous system that complements animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Coupled with advances in gene-editing technologies, hiPSC-derived neural cells from patients and healthy donors now allow disease modeling using human samples that can be used for drug discovery.
Development of Inverter Duty Motor Bearings for Si and SiC-Based Variable Frequency Drive Applications Including Advanced 4D Finite Element Modeling

Conventional high dv/dt pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverters generate common-mode voltages (CMVs) within the motor windings, which due to the electrostatic (capacitive) coupling between the rotor and the stator windings and frame, enable voltage to build up on the motor shaft. Motor shaft voltages exceeding the dielectric capability of the bearing grease result in bearing currents that in time can damage the bearing surfaces due to electric discharge machining (EDM). This bearing current phenomenon has been widely discussed in the literature for Si-based motor drives, and more recently has been shown by the authors to be exacerbated by the higher dv/dt found in SiC-based inverters. This paper presents the development of cost-effective inverter duty motor bearings for Si- and SiC-based applications, including advanced 4D finite element modeling and experimental validation, with the ability to demonstrate longevity under varying load conditions.
Landowner perceptions of three types of boating in the Saranac Lakes area of New York State׳s Adirondack Park

Abstract In order for natural resource managers to better understand conflicting landowner perspectives related to non-motorized, motorized, and personal watercraft use, this study examines the demographic and experiential characteristics, values, attitudes, and beliefs of landowners in the Saranac Lakes area of the Adirondack Park in New York State. A mixed-methods approach, composed of 20 in-depth interviews with land managers and a mail survey of 1000 landowners, was used. Three path analyses were completed, one for each type of boat use. Results indicate that resource-related values influence beliefs and attitudes related to boat use, supporting the cognitive hierarchy model of human behavior (Fulton, D. C., Manfredo, M. J., & Lipscomb, J. (1996). Wildlife value orientations: a conceptual and measurement approach. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1, 24–47). In addition, length of residence in the area, past participation in non-motorized and motorized boating, age, and education were found to influence attitudes towards certain types of boating. The results of this study can be used by natural resource managers to identify management strategies that better address the values and recreational interests of landowners. Management implications A mixed methods approach, including a path analysis, of landowner perspectives on three types of boating can assist resource managers to 1. Understand differences in beliefs and attitudes of boaters – providing insight into existing and potential boater conflicts. 2. Create boater education programs that influence the basic beliefs and attitudes specific to landowner concerns. 3. Create recreational opportunities that meet resident needs, and garner resident support for management efforts.
Seizures in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke and frequently associated with seizure disorder. While trauma is a cause of SAH, aneurysm rupture remains the most common cause of nontraumatic SAH. Hemorrhage is classified into three distinct patterns according to blood accumulation within the cranial cavity: diffuse, perimesencephalic, and cortical convexity types. The risk of seizure is the highest among those with diffuse aneurysmal SAH. Seizure is a common complication following SAH and may lead to an increase in the morbidity and mortality; hence, the detection of seizures during the hospital course is important for early treatment and prevention. Seizures following SAH may occur at onset, early (within 2 weeks of onset) and late during the disease course. The risk of early seizures in approximately 5%, whereas late seizures may be 14?% with a mean latency of approximately 8 months from the onset of hemorrhage. The risk of seizure is particularly high among patients with poor-grade SAH (Hunt–Hess grade IV and V and Fisher grade III). Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring is useful for seizure detection among comatose patients. Advances in treatment and technology of cerebral aneurysms, improved seizure detection methods, and the advancement in neurocritical care management for SAH have led to a lesser seizure frequency, improved seizure control rate, and better clinical outcomes.
Architecture of the Continental Margin in the Gulf of Guinea as Revealed by Reprocessed Deep-Imaging Seismic Data

Post-stack reprocessing of the PROBE seismic data set has resulted in a refined tectonic model of the continental margin between Cameroon and Southern Gabon. The margin is divided into the North Douala and Gabon Basins by the Kribi Fracture Zone, a 75 km-wide transform fault that trends NE-SW and intersects the coastline between 2-3 N. North of the Kribi Fracture Zone, oceanic crust extends essentially to the coastline and floors the narrow margin off Cameroon. Little or no offshore rift margin exists in the North Douala Basin. Reflection Moho beneath oceanic crust is relatively weak but continuous throughout the North Douala Basin, except under the aprons of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. Oceanic crustal thickness is extremely uniform in the North Douala Basin, averaging about 1.75 s in two-way travel time. A distinct NE-SW trending structural grain at both basement and reflection Moho levels occurs within the Kribi Fracture Zone. Much of the margin off Equatorial Guinea is influenced or controlled by fracture zone tectonics. South of the Kribi Fracture Zone, oceanic crust is offset about 350 km to the south-west, resulting in the broad rift margin off Gabon. Extension here has largely progressed without the complications (or simplifications) introduced by fracture zone tectonics. Rifting of the margin seems to involve brittle, upper continental crustal sheets overlying a series of ductile lower sheets or lenses that generally dip easterly to southeasterly. The ductile sheets may unroof toward outer highs, which mark the boundary between oceanic and continental lith-osphere. Strong reflection events are often associated with the ductile shear zones that define the lower sheets, but a single, continuous event representing reflection Moho cannot be delineated. We suggest the concept of a regional reflection Moho beneath rifted continental crust is invalid in this area. The tectonic and rheological models presented here may be useful in framing hydrocarbon exploration tactics and strategies along this passive margin. In a broader context, elucidation of margin architecture may be a cost-effective way to approach frontier passive margins in the next century.
When vintage technology makes sense : matching imports to skills

Trade policies in many developing countries discriminate--through import bans, licensing requirements, or higher tariff rates. Even Australia adds a $12,000 tariff on used cars. Such discrimination is often motivated by the desire to protect domestic industries from competition from low-priced goods, to avoid becoming a dumping ground for castoffs from high-income countries, or to push domestic industries toward the technological frontier. But trade restrictions on used capital goods may be inappropriate in countries where low wages and high interest rates call for labor-intensive production processes. Older equipment is likely to be more labor-intensive than new equipment because technological changes tend to be labor-saving and older equipment requires greater maintenance and presents greater risk of machine downtime. In this empirical analysis of international trade in production machinery, the authors examine choices between new and used equipment, when there is labor-saving technical progress and the skills and technology available in a firm complement each other. They examine US exports of metalworking machine tools by country of destination, classifying machines by vintage technological characteristics. They do so by developing a new method for classifying trade data on machines according to the minimum technological skills necessary to operate them. They are consequently able to use trade data to measure technology transfer. The main findings: 1) The lower a country's level of development--as measured by such indicators as per capita income, wages, and average education--the greater the share of used equipment imported by the country. 2) Imports of used machinery are greater, the faster the technical change and the greater the skills required to run the machinery efficiently. They conclude that technological factors and skill constraints may be far more important than wage and interest-rate differentials in determining a firm's choice of technique in developing countries. Consequently the technological gap between advanced and developing economies rises when machines embody faster technological progress. The authors argue against constraints on imports of used equipment, not for the reason often given in existing literature--inappropriate capital-labor ratios in low-wage countries--but because investing in advanced technologies makes sense only if the countries importing them have the skill to use them.
Why Curvature in L-Curve: Combining Soft Constraints

In solving inverse problems, one of the successful methods of determining the appropriate value of the regularization parameter is the L-curve method of combining the corresponding soft constraints, when we plot the curve describing the dependence of the logarithm x of the mean square difference on the logarithm y of the mean square non-smoothness, and select a point on this curve at which the curvature is the largest. This method is empirically successful, but from the theoretical viewpoint, it is not clear why we should use curvature and not some other criterion. In this paper, we show that reasonable scale-invariance requirements lead to curvature and its generalizations.
From Sets to Types, to Categories, to Sets

Three different styles of foundations of mathematics are now commonplace: set theory, type theory, and category theory. How do they relate, and how do they differ? What advantages and disadvantages does each one have over the others? We pursue these questions by considering interpretations of each system into the others and examining the preservation and loss of mathematical content thereby.
Start-End Simulations for the LCLS X-Ray Free-Electron Laser

Publisher Summary The linac coherent light source (LCLS) free-electron lasers (FELs) operates in the wavelength range of 1.5–15 Angstrom, using an electron beam with energy between 4.5 and 14.5 GeV. The generation of the electron beam, the preservation of its brightness during acceleration and compression, and the amplification of the spontaneous radiation within the FEL can only be described by a consistent set of simulation codes. This chapter presents the change in the FEL performance with respect to the LCLS design case, when various effects are included, altering the electron beam distribution and motion. It discusses the multiple start-end simulations to distinguish the individual contribution of each effect, including step by step additional effects and, thus, approaching a more realistic model of the LCLS FEL. The simulation codes—Parmela, Elegant, Ginger, and Genesis—have been successfully used for the start-end simulations of the LCLS X-ray FEL, including effects such as misalignment and beam jitter. However, a degradation of up to 60% and a fluctuation in the FEL output power of more than 25% cannot be removed.
The Development of Play

Play is a quintessential activity of childhood, the cognitive implications of which have generated longstanding theoretical and empirical interest. This chapter begins with the difficult issue of how to define play, then considers the two classic play theories, those of Piaget and Vygotsky. Next it covers varieties of play, from sensorimotor to physical, and from exploratory to symbolic, including the developmental course of each type. The bulk of the chapter concerns six current focal issues in play and cognitive development: (1) pretend play and theory of mind, (2) how children make sense of symbolic substitutions in pretend play, (3) constraints on object substitutions in children's play, (4) how children discriminate pretend from real, (5) how babies are initiated into pretend play, and (6) whether pretend play improves developmental outcomes. The next sections of the chapter address group differences in play by gender, developmental differences (visual and hearing impairments, autism), and culture, and the final section addresses future directions in play research. Keywords: object substitution; play; pretend play; real-pretend boundary; symbolic understanding; theory of mind
Data center energy systems: Current technology and future direction

Data centers are becoming a significant energy consumer. Server workload, cooling, and supporting infrastructure represents large loads for the grid. This paper intends to present a comprehensive literature review that account for generation, loads, storage, and topology of data centers. It is shown that green data centers are emerging which incorporate renewable energy sources to cap their carbon footprint. Different data center metrics have been introduced which shows data center efficiency and utilization of resources. Utilization of different power supply topologies and storage to improve the availability, and how various components can play role in energy management to improve the performance of data centers are presented.
Cytopathology fellowship outcomes assessment: milestones and evaluation toolboxes.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) is responsible for oversight of pathology residency and fellowship organizations in the United States. Residents must have successfully completed their training in an ACGME-accredited or Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada-accredited residency to be eligible to take the American Board of Pathology (ABP) examinations. For subspecialties like cytopathology, only ACGME-accredited fellowships are accepted. The ACGME is undergoing major restructuring with a shift to continuous accreditation and outcomes assessment, the “Next Accreditation System” (NAS). With the NAS, site visits will be extended to 10 years for those individual pathology and fellowship programs that are performing well. The episodic “biopsy” model for accredited programs will be replaced by annual data collection, and program information forms will be replaced by self-studies. Each ACGME review committee will monitor the program data and trends and will determine whether the program needs to submit additional data or take action. The annual data will include resident and faculty surveys, case log information, scholarly activity, and educational milestones data. The Milestones project is the keystone of the NAS, requiring discernible developmental stages in attaining proficiency at established times during training. The educational milestones are based on the six ACGME competencies, planned in a systematically progressive framework. Milestones for the pathology resident are now posted in draft form on the ACGME website, and those for cytopathology fellows are in draft form but not published at this time. Each milestone is arranged in numbered levels, with level 1 representing most fellows at the beginning of training, level 4 representing the graduating fellow target, and level 5 being aspirational or representative of a cytopathologist in practice several years. The fellow interpretive and diagnostic knowledge milestones at level 4 will most likely be worded to state that fellows accurately diagnose most cytology samples. The ACGME revised program requirements for cytopathology that are effective July 1, 2013 specifically state that cytopathology fellows must demonstrate diagnostic proficiency and that they must demonstrate competence in the application of additional diagnostic adjuncts, including molecular testing. Fellows must evaluate at least
Gender Issues in the Classroom

(1997). Gender Issues in the Classroom. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 333-337.
Refinements and Product Line Architectures

Models of software are generally too low level, exposing classes, methods, and objects as the focal point of discourse in software design and implementation. This makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to reason about software architectures (also known as "application designs"); to have simple, elegant, and easy to understand specifications of applications; and to be able to design or critique software designs automatically given a set of high-level requirements. These problems come to the forefront in the area of product-line architectures. The goal is to build families of related applications from components. Ideally, one should have simple ways to specify a particular application (its design and implementation) and differentiate it from others. It must be possible to reason about an application in terms of its components, in order to differentiate "bad" designs from "good" designs. And it should be possible to optimize designs automatically given a set of constraints. For all this to be possible, it is necessary that components encapsulate individual features that can be shared by many applications in a product-line. Knowing that a component/feature is present (or absent) provides critical knowledge about the behavior of an application. However, expressing individual features as individual components requires a concept of encapsulation that is quite different from that offered by conventional component technologies -- e.g., CORBA, COM, and Java Packages.
THE EFFECT OF SELECTION ON ESTERASE ALLOZYMES IN A BARLEY POPULATION

Changes in gene and genotypic frequencies at four esterase loci were monitored over 25 generations in Composite Cross V, an experimental population of barley, to obtain experimental evidence concerning the balance of forces responsible for: (1) the marked differences in allelic frequencies among barleys from different ecogeographical regions of the world; and (2) the extensive allelic variation found within local populations of barley. Analyses of the highly significant changes in allelic frequencies which occurred in CCV showed they were due to directional selection favoring particular alleles and not to mutation, migration or genetic drift. The results show that intense balancing selection, featuring consistent excesses of heterozygotes, also occurred in CCV. It is concluded that among the factors of neo-Darwinian evolution, natural selection plays the predominant role in determining the observed patterns of allelic variation in the barley species as a whole.
The impact of self-monitoring on the negotiation of emotionally laden and non?emotionally laden issues

A 2 × 2 × 2 bargaining experiment used Snyder and Gangestad's self-monitoring scale to match negotiators (high versus low) and their opponents (high versus low). The nature of the issues (emotionally laden versus non?emotionally laden) was a third factor. When both negotiators were high in self-monitoring, higher joint outcomes were obtained. Distributive Justice beliefs and satisfaction with outcomes generally followed the pattern of outcomes. Two covariates were used. Machiavellianism was negatively related to the dependent variables. Emotional Intelligence, as measured by the MSCEIT test, was unrelated to the dependent variables. Implications of the findings for the selection of negotiators were discussed.
Channel catfish immunoglobulins: repertoire and expression.

The channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is widely recognized as an important model for studying immune responses in ectothermic vertebrates. It is one of the few fish species for which defined viable in vitro culture systems have been established and is currently the only fish species from which a variety of functionally distinct clonal leukocyte lines are available. Moreover, there is a large basis of biochemical and molecular information on the structure and function of catfish immunoglobulins (Igs). Catfish, as other teleosts, have a tetrameric homolog of IgM as their predominant serum Ig plus a homolog of IgD. They also have genetic elements basically similar to those of mammals, which encode and regulate their expression. The catfish Ig heavy (H) chain locus is a translocon-type locus with three Igδ genes linked to an Igμ gene or pseudogene. The catfish IgH locus is estimated to contain approximately 200 variable (V) region genes representing 13 families as well as at least three diversity (D) and 11 joining (JH) genes. The catfish has two light (L) chain isotypes, F and G, both encoded by loci organized in multiple cassettes of VL-JL-CL with the VL in the opposite transcriptional orientation. Hence, all requisite components for encoding antibodies are present in the catfish, albeit with certain variations. In the future, whether or not additional unique features of Ig function and expression will be found remains to be determined.
Early chemical intermediates following corona discharge on benzene derivatives: CH addition favored products

Using molecular beam time of flight methods, we have stabilized and mass characterized neutral products arising following corona discharges on benzene derivatives seeded in rare gas. Products observed were generally not straightforwardly related to electron impact fragments. With toluene, benzene, o-xylene, and m-xylene, single higher mass product peaks were observed, corresponding to net addition of CH. The presence of oxygen in the discharge gas had potent effects in redirecting the intermediate chemistry. Even in the absence of oxygen, discharges on chlorobenzene in rare gas did not produce a high mass product analogous to the hydrocarbon benzene derivatives.
Deformed chiral nucleons

Abstract We compute properties of the nucleon in a hybrid chiral model based on the linear σ-model with quark degrees of freedom treated explicity. In contrast to previous calculations, we do not use the hedgehog ansatz. Instead we solve self-consistently for a state with well defined spin and isospin projections. We allow this state to be deformed and find that, although d- and g-state admixtures in the predominantly s-state single quark wave functions are not large, they have profound effects on many nucleon properties including magnetic moments and gA. Our best fit parameters provide excellent agreement with experiment but are much different from those determined in hedgehog calculations.
Optimal server allocation in a system of multi-server stations

Consider a closed queueing network Gordon and Newell [Gordon, W. J., G. F. Newell. 1967. Closed queueing networks with exponential servers. Oper. Res.15 252-267.] with a set of stations. The service rate at each station is an increasing concave function of the number of jobs at that station. Suppose there also exists a station that has c â¥1 parallel servers, each of which has a fixed service rate. We show that the throughput of this network is an increasing concave function with respect to c. This result is then applied to solve the optimal server allocation problem in a system of multi-server stations with a fixed buffer capacity for the total number of jobs at each station. For a single-station system, the simultaneous optimal allocation of both servers and buffer capacity is also studied.
Mechanistic aspects of homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation and related processes

Abstract The roles of transition metal complexes in catalysis are discussed in the light of recent studies on the kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reactions.
The Albert nonassociative algebra system: a progress report

After four years of experience with the nonassociative algebra program Albert, we highlight its successes and drawbacks. Among its successes are the discovery of several new results in nonassociative algebra. Each of these results has been independently veri ed { either with a traditional mathematical proof or with an independent computation.
Estrogen response element-independent signaling partially restores post-ovariectomy body weight gain but is not sufficient for 17β-estradiol's control of energy homeostasis.

Abstract The steroid 17β-estradiol (E2) modulates energy homeostasis by reducing feeding behavior and increasing energy expenditure primarily through estrogen receptor α (ERα)-mediated mechanisms. Intact ERαKO female mice develop obesity as adults exhibiting decreased energy expenditure and increased fat deposition. However, intact transgenic female mice expressing a DNA-binding-deficient ERα (KIKO) are not obese and have similar energy expenditure, activity and fat deposition as to wild type (WT) females, suggesting that non-estrogen response element (ERE)-mediated signaling is important in E2 regulation of energy homeostasis. Initial reports did not examine the effects of ovariectomy on energy homeostasis or E2’s attenuation of post-ovariectomy body weight gain. Therefore, we sought to determine if low physiological doses of E2 (250 ng QOD) known to suppress post-ovariectomy body weight gain in WT females would suppress body weight gain in ovariectomized KIKO females. We observed that the post-ovariectomy increase in body weight was significantly greater in WT females than in KIKO females. Furthermore, E2 did not significantly attenuate the body weight gain in KIKO females as it did in WT females. E2 replacement suppressed food intake and fat accumulation while increasing nighttime oxygen consumption and activity only in WT females. E2 replacement also increased arcuate POMC gene expression in WT females only. These data suggest that in the intact female, ERE-independent mechanisms are sufficient to maintain normal energy homeostasis and to partially restore the normal response to ovariectomy. However, they are not sufficient for E2’s suppression of post-ovariectomy body weight gain and its effects on metabolism and activity.
Lake contamination models for evolution towards steady state

Most lakes are in an average steady state for water but contaminants may not yet have reached steady state or are gradually being flushed out in a clean-up program. The evolution towards steady state for fully mixed or stratified lakes can be described by basic equations of mass flow. The time-concentration paths for fully mixed lakes are asymptotic toward a steady state concentration, which is reached in about 6 contaminant residence times (and clean-up also takes about 6 residence times). Stratified lakes also evolve towards a whole-lake steady state concentration but show oscillating patterns of concentration versus time, with the amplitude and dampening period depending on the volume ratio of epilimnion to total lake volume. In most natural lakes, the compositional contrast between epilimnion and hypolimnion will become almost erased in 2-4 residence times. An acid lake in North-Patagonia is used as an example of contamination of a thermally stratified lake by volcanic effluents.
A novel SGLT is expressed in the human kidney

Selective inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)-mediated reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule of the kidney are being developed for the treatment of diabetes. SGLT2 shares high degree of homology with SGLT3; however, very little is known about the expression and functional role of SGLT3 in the human kidney. Indeed, the SGLT2 inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials might affect the expression and/or the activity of SGLT3. Therefore, the present study examined the expression of SGLT3 mRNA and protein in human kidney and in a human proximal tubule HK-2 cell line. The results indicated that human SGLT3 (hSGLT3) message and protein are expressed both in vivo and in vitro. We also studied the activity of hSGLT3 protein following its over-expression in mammalian kidney-derived COS-7 cells and in HK-2 cells treated with the imino sugar deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent agonist of hSGLT3. Over-expression of hSGLT3 in COS-7 cells increased intracellular sodium concentration by 3-fold without affecting glucose transport. Activation of hSGLT3 with DNJ (50 μM) increased sodium uptake in HK-2 cells by 5.5 fold and this effect could be completely blocked with SGLT inhibitor phlorizin (50 μM). These results suggest that SGLT3 is expressed in human proximal tubular cells where it serves as a novel sodium transporter. Up-regulation of the expression of SGLT3 in the proximal tubule in diabetic patients may contribute to the elevated sodium transport in this segment of the nephron that has been postulated to promote hyperfiltration and renal injury.
Exchange and Power in Networks of Interorganizational Relations

An extension of the exchange model for the analysis of interorganizational relations is developed, incorporating into the model recent developments in exchange theory. Organizational interactions a...
Model for turbulent backflows

Introduction T URBULENT backflow regions exhibit a strong wake-like behavior down to the immediate vicinity of solid surfaces. This behavior precludes the use of the law-of-the-wall as a tool for analyzing such flow regions and dictates development of turbulence models dedicated to treating these flows. Such a model was developed and used successfully to predict a large class of flows involving detached flow regions. It was an algebraic model applied as a module within a "host" model (such as a ke model) to determine the eddy-viscosity field inside backflow regions. Experiments in turbulent recirculation zones' indicate that there is a wide class of such flows in which the backflow region is characterized by negligible turbulence production. In such cases, the balance of turbulence energy is between diffusion of energy from the outer (large-scale turbulence) flow into the reversed flow region and its dissipation within that region. This mechanism is used as a basis for a new turbulence model geared for backflow regions. The model, featuring the analytical solution of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) normal to walls, is introduced and tested. Like the previous model, it is used as a module within a host model to determine the eddy viscosity throughout backflow regions; unlike the previous model, it requires a host model that solves a field equation for the turbulence kinetic energy.
Seasonal metal remobilization in the sediments of Great Bay, New Hampshire

Abstract Concentrations of dissolved iron, manganese, molybdenum, copper, and organic carbon (DOC) were measured in the pore waters from surficial sediments of a temperate estuary to delineate seasonal metal remobilization from 1978 through 1980. Iron and DOC data were collected for 31 months and covaried inversely and exponentially. Iron dissolution occurred during the spring and during periods of active bioturbation with concentrations as high as 18 mg 1 −1 . Iron values were low during winter due to oxidation to ferric oxides. The lack of active bioturbation during the summer of 1978 allowed for the nearly complete removal of iron as a monosulfide precipitate. However, bioturbation resumed during the summer of 1979 and 1980 and dissolved iron concentrations as high as 10 mg 1 −1 were observed at those times. The iron and DOC data were a qualitative measure of bioturbation activity. Dissolved manganese, molybdenum, and copper data were collected for 18 months during 1978 and 1979. All three metals displayed spring maxima covariate with iron, suggesting that they behaved chemically like iron and/or were associated with iron- or manganese-rich phases during this time of the year. In general, manganese and molybdenum varied temporally with iron while copper concentrations mimicked iron variations only during the spring.