cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of exercise on the hospitalized asthmatic patient

Thirty-nine adolescent and young adult inpatients with asthma were studied for two periods of three months each, one period with no strenuous exercise, and the other with specific conditioning exercise and athletics. Two out of three patients had an improvement in athletic ability, as measured by treadmill performance after three months of exercise, regardless of whether exercise or control came first. Three out of four patients showed an increase in maximum oxygen uptake after three months of exercise. The FEV 1 seemed to be a separate variable from the treadmill performance or maximum oxygen uptake. In twenty patients, changes in FEV 1 were not of significant degree; in only three patients was there a significant decrease. This measurement of airway function does not appear to give a complete picture of the physical capacity of a patient suffering from asthma. The response of the asthmatic subjects included in the study was similar to that which would be expected in persons without bronchial obstruction, and it is likely that such patients would benefit from physical conditioning.
Transthoracic Exposure for Anterior Spinal Surgery

Abstract The anterior approach to the vertebral column is used to treat fractures, spinal deformities, and destructive lesions secondary to tumor or infection. The thoracic surgeon, working with orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons, is uniquely qualified to provide surgical exposure expediently and assist in postoperative care. Forty-five patients with spinal deformities secondary to trauma (18 patients), congenital anomalies (16 patients), neoplastic disease (7 patients), and inflammation (4 patients) were treated by a transthoracic (37 patients) or thoracoabdominal (10 patients) anterior approach to the vertebral column. Two patients had subsequent operations. Free and vascularized rib grafts were used for stabilization and fusion with good results and few complications (8 patients). These results indicate that interspecialty cooperation results in expedient surgical exposure and good postoperative care.
TECHNIQUES AND TRENDS IN EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF ENGINEERING INFORMATION

The Institution of Chemical Engineers sponsored this series of lectures on the information programmes of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Engineers Joint Council, and other organizations of interest to those in science and technology. The Institution has been interested in these developments and wants to assess what role it should play in the processing of technical information. From the trends of these organizations and from the developments in equipment and microforms patterns are emerging which will help the information officer in his work.
Energy Conversion in High Enthalpy Flows and Non-equilibrium Plasmas

Abstract : Recent developments in the study of very high energy non-equilibrium fluid flows are reviewed. These are flows of molecular gases which exhibit substantial degrees of mode disequilibrium, specifically high energy in molecular vibrational and electronic modes, and high electron energies when the gases are weakly ionized. In contrast, the modes of molecular translation and rotation remain at lower energies. Attention is focused on high density, collision-dominated gases. Studies in two systems are presented: A small wind tunnel where an M = 5 steady air flow over small models is produced, and a flowing carbon monoxide gas laser, exhibiting very high energy loading of the vibrational quantum states. The development of non-intrusive optical diagnostics to measure vibrational and electronic state populations and rotational/translational mode temperatures in the flows, with high spatial and temporal resolution, is presented. Kinetic modeling and experimental validation studies in these environments are also discussed.
Expected performance of a radio-frequency biased R-SQUID noise thermometer below 6 mK

Abstract The noise and circuit impedance of an R-SQUID noise thermometer (i.e., a circuit composed of a Josephson junction shunted by a resistor R) have been extensively studied as a function of the applied rf and dc bias currents. Over the temperature range studied (6.3 mK to 740 mK), the noise and impedance were fit very well by predictions of the Resistively-Shunted Junction (RSJ) model and the R-SQUID was used to successfully define an absolute temperature scale over this range. On the basis of these results, the performance of the noise thermometer is evaluated at lower temperatures, particularly at the fixed points defined by the phase diagram of3He. It is concluded that the R-SQUID should be capable of defining such temperatures down to 1 mK with an accuracy to approximately 0.1%.
Thermal denaturation of mineralized and demineralized bone collagens

Polarization microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy have revealed an extremely intimate relationship between the highly ordered and “crystalline” organic matrix of collagen and the inorganic crystals in bone and dentine (2). In bone it has been shown that a major portion of the mineral phase is deposited within “holes” or compartments formed in the collagen fibrils as a result of the specific way in which macromolecules are aggregated in native type fibrils (2). One of the fundamental properties of collagen is the thermal denaturation and shortening observed when the collagen is heated above a well-defined shrinkage temperature. We have examined, by wide- and low-angle X-ray diffraction, the role of the mineral phase in stabilizing both the short-range (helical) and long-range (the packing of collagen macromolecules in the characteristic staggered arrangement of native collagen fibrils) structure of the collagen against thermal denaturation.
Proposed structure for brain adenylate cyclase purified using blue dextran–Sepharose chromatography

WE have recently shown1 that blue dextran–Sepharose affinity chromatography can be used to advantage to abbreviate markedly the purification procedures for soluble enzymes whose nucleoside phosphate binding sites are constructed by a supersecondary structure called the NAD-domain. Preliminary measurements using lactate dehydrogenase indicated that affinity chromatography with blue dextran–Sepharose can also be done in the presence of various non-ionic detergents used to solubilise membrane proteins. Here we describe the use of blue dextran–Sepharose affinity chromatography for the purification of the membrane-bound hormone-responsive enzyme, adenylate cyclase, and propose a new structure for the membrane complex which does not contain a separate hormone receptor protein.
A REVERSED THIOESTER ANALOGUE OF ACETYL-COENZYME A : AN INHIBITOR OF THIOLASE AND A SYNTHON FOR OTHER ACYL-COA ANALOGUES

We have previously reported a general synthetic approach to analogues of coenzyme A (CoA) and CoA esters using a combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions (Martin et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc....
Multiple Interactions with the Rad51 Recombinase Govern the Homologous Recombination Function of Rad54

In eukaryotes, Rad51 and Rad54 functionally cooperate to mediate homologous recombination and the repair of damaged chromosomes by recombination. Rad51, the eukaryotic counterpart of the bacterial RecA recombinase, forms filaments on single-stranded DNA that are capable of pairing the bound DNA with a homologous double-stranded donor to yield joint molecules. Rad54 enhances the homologous DNA pairing reaction, and this stimulatory effect involves a physical interaction with Rad51. Correspondingly, the ability of Rad54 to hydrolyze ATP and introduce superhelical tension into covalently closed circular plasmid DNA is stimulated by Rad51. By controlled proteolysis, we show that the amino-terminal region of yeast Rad54 is rather unstructured. Truncation mutations that delete the N-terminal 113 or 129 amino acid residues of Rad54 attenuate or ablate physical and functional interactions with Rad51 under physiological ionic strength, respectively. Surprisingly, under less stringent conditions, the Rad54 Δ129 protein can interact with Rad51 in affinity pull-down and functional assays. These results highlight the functional importance of the N-terminal Rad51 interaction domain of Rad54 and reveal that Rad54 contacts Rad51 through separable epitopes.
Simultaneous transmission of three stable genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster.

REPLICATION of the double stranded DNA genomes of bacteria takes place by a semi-conservative mechanism1, but although autoradiographic studies have confirmed that eukaryotic DNA is replicated semi-conservatively2,3, our lack of knowledge about the structure of the eukaryotic chromosome means that this finding does not prove that the conserved unit is a single polynucleotide strand of DNA. Indirect information supporting the hypothesis that the conserved unit consisted of a single polydeoxyribonucleotide strand has accumulated from transmission studies in chemical mutation experiments. Two phenotypic classes of mutants are readily distinguishable as a result of chemical mutagenesis; mosaic (fractional) mutants and complete (whole body) mutants. Mutation studies assume that the treated gametes contain one DNA polymer per chromosome and that the polymer is made up of two complementary nucleotide strands. With chemical mutagens (excluding acridine dyes) it is probable that only one of the two complementary strands would be chemically altered4. Following fertilization, DNA replication occurs, fixing both the mutational event and its complementary wild type site. The zygote will possess a mutation which will be phenotypically expressed in the adult fly depending on the early morphogenic movements in the fly's development. Assuming that only one strand is altered, the two cell lines would contain a mutant genotype and a wild type genotype. Two genotypically mutant cell lines would arise if two mutational events occur in the opposing polydeoxyribonucleotide strands within the same genie region. In this case, there would be no genotypically wild type cells in the embryo.
Reducing the Threatening and Aggressive Behavior of a Middle School Student With Asperger's Syndrome

The purpose of this case study was to demonstrate the success of a multicomponent intervention to reduce the threatening and aggressive behaviors of a middle school student with Asperger's syndrome. The author provides information pertaining to the student and details the procedures for developing a packaged intervention. Results of this approach, although not considered to be rigorous research, demonstrate that an intervention that is based on evidence-based practices can be effective at remediating even the most severe behavioral problems demonstrated by an individual with Asperger's syndrome. In particular, data indicated that a combined intervention approach significantly increased the student's overall level of functioning and improved the perception of the student's behavior by teachers and administrators. The author offers implications for practice and future research.
CaM kinase II phosphorylation of slo Thr107 regulates activity and ethanol responses of BK channels.

CaM kinase II phosphorylation of slo Thr107 regulates activity and ethanol responses of BK channels
Protonic conduction in NH4H2PO4

Abstract The conductivity of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate has been measured as a function of temperature and dopant concentration. A previously disputed break in the log conductivity vs reciprocal temperature plots has been observed. The activation energy is in agreement with previous work on NH 4 H 2 PO 4 . In addition, the conductivity vs concentration of NH 4 HSO 4 plot is linear, permitting the calculation of the L defect mobility and indicating that the proton is the conducting species. It is concluded that the mechanism of conduction is the same as previously proposed for KH 2 PO 4 and KH 2 AsO 4 .
BK virus nephritis after renal transplantation

BK viremia and nephritis are increasing problems in renal transplant recipients. The exact cause of the increasing prevalence of this condition remains poorly understood. Increasing prevalence has been correlated with newer immunosuppressive agents and the decline in acute rejection rates in recent years. The clinical manifestation varies from the asymptomatic state of viremia and nephritis to clinical renal dysfunction. The diagnosis of this infection is based on the combination of the presence of urinary decoy cells, virus in the urine/blood, and typical renal histological findings of interstitial nephritis. Routine post-transplant screening for BK viremia and viruria prior to the occurrence of nephritis and the reduction in immunosuppressive therapy for subjects with viremia appear to be attractive approaches. The treatment of BKV nephritis (BKVN) consists of reduction in immunosuppressive therapy and antiviral therapy with cidofovir or leflunomide or a combination of both. Approximately 30–60% of subjects with BKVN experienced irreversible graft failure. However, in recent years, the combinations of early detection, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate reduction in immunosuppressive therapy have been associated with better outcome. The pathogenesis of BK virus infection in renal transplant recipients needs to be explored. The source of BKV infection (donor as opposed to recipient), the role of host humoral, and cellular immunity to BKV, and the role of alloimmune activation in renal graft to the occurrence of nephritis are discussed in this review.
Postoperative analgesia for thoracotomy patients.

Severe postoperative pain, which may persist for up to 3 days and may lead to postoperative complications, due to the patient's inability to breathe deeply and cough, is frequently experienced in the area of the incision and chest tubes by thoracotomy patients. Eighteen patients undergoing routine thoracotomies were tested preoperatively for arterial blood gases and pulmonary function and given chest x–rays. Anesthesia consisted of thiopental, succinylcholine, N2O, enflurane, and pancuronium. Before incision closure, 6 intercostal spaces were injected by the surgeon with 3 ml of a randomly determined drug mixture. Patients received either bupivacaine and saline solution, bupivacaine and LMW dextran 40, or saline and LMW dextran 40. Arterial blood gases, pulmonary function, chest x-rays, narcotic dosage, sensory level, and subjective responses were evaluated for 3 days postoperatively. Results demonstrate that intercostal nerve blocks can markedly reduce postoperative pain and improve pulmonary function in such patients. Significant differences from controls were seen in Paoz, Paces, vital capacity, forced expiratory flow rates, analgesic requirements, and patient comfort. The duration of the block with bupivacaine and saline was less than 12 hours, while the mean duration of the block with bupivacaine and dextran 40 was 36 hours.
Biphasic Viscoelastic Properties of Human TMJ Disc

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a load-bearing joint consisting of the condyle of the mandibular bone, the fossa eminence of the temporal bone, and a fibrocartilaginous disc wedged in between the bone surfaces (Figure 1A). The TMJ disc serves to distribute stress, lubricate movement, and protect the articular surfaces of the joint. The TMJ disc is a viscoelastic material consisting of two principle phases: a solid matrix composed mainly of collagen and proteoglycan, and a fluid phase primarily comprised of interstitial fluid.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Learning and Performance Orientation of Salespeople: The Role of Supervisors:

The recent work of Sujan, Weitz, and Kumar (1994) brings into sharp focus two distinct goal orientations of salespeople: learning and performance. In this article, the authors make two primary cont...
Estimation of Liquefaction Potential by in Situ Methods

Abstract This report examines the state‐of‐the‐art of in situ methods of estimating liquefaction potential in sands. In situ methods are especially important since “undisturbed” samples of loose sand for laboratory testing are virtually unobtainable. Various penetration test methods are examined, such as the SPT, DMT, and the CPT and variants. These methods are completely empirical in nature, and have worked well to date. The current state‐of‐practice is an SPT‐based method. Intrusive, seismic‐based tests are also examined: the cross‐hole, down‐hole tests, and down‐hole logger. The seismic velocity‐based predictors have a stronger physical basis than the penetration test‐based estimation methods, but need a larger database. A non‐intrusive test, the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves technique, seems especially suited for examining sites of large areal extent.
QSD quadratic shape descriptors. 2. Molecular docking using quadratic shape descriptors (QSDock)

We present a new shape-based polynomial time algorithm for the rapid docking of rigid ligands into their macromolecular receptors. The method exploits molecular surface complementarity existing between a putative ligand and its receptor protein. Molecular shapes are represented by using a new shape descriptor that is based on local quadratic approximations to the molecular surface. The quadratic shape descriptor is capable of representing a plethora of molecular shapes and is not limited to describing convex or concave regions of molecular surface. A single pair of complementary descriptors is sufficient for computing the transformation matrix that positions a ligand into the receptor site. We demonstrate the capabilities of our algorithm by successfully reproducing the crystallographically determined orientation for a test set of 20 ligand-protein complexes.
Configuration at C-24 of 24-methyl and 24-ethylcholesterol in tracheophytes

24-Ethylcholesterol was shown by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to have only the α-configuration in a series of tracheophytes ranging through the evolutionary hierarchy from ferns through gymnosperms and primitive angiosperms to climax angiosperms. 24-Methylcholesterol, however, was consistently an epimeric mixture, with the 24α-epimer present in about twice the concentration of the 24β-epimer. 24-Methylcholesterol was always present in smaller amount than the 24-ethylcholesterol.
Low-cost coastal mapping using Kinect v2 time-of-flight cameras

High-resolution elevation and bathymetry data for coastal zones is extremely valuable to many researchers, however the cost of acquiring such data is prohibitively expensive for most research budgets, as it relies on specialized hardware. Mass produced off-the-shelf consumer cameras and sensors are becoming increasingly powerful, and can be affordable alternatives for collecting data. Microsoft's original Kinect sensor was repurposed to collect data for Earth sciences research, but its low depth resolution hindered its usefulness for creating accurate maps. In this paper, we evaluate Microsoft's next generation Kinect for Windows v2 sensor, which employs time-of-flight technology. Based on our results, the new sensor has great potential for use in coastal mapping and other Earth science applications where budget constraints preclude the use of traditional remote sensing data acquisition technologies.
EFFECTS OF CALCULATOR AVAILABILITY ON GRE® QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONS

In order to estimate the likely effects on item difficulty when a calculator becomes available on the quantitative section of the Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE®-Q), 168 items (in six 28-item forms) were administered either with or without access to an on-screen four-function calculator. The forms were administered as a special research section at the end of operational tests, with student volunteers randomly assigned to the calculator or no-calculator groups. Usable data were obtained from 13,159 participants. Test development specialists were asked to rate which items they thought would become easier with a calculator. In general, the specialists were successful in identifying the items with relatively large calculator effects, though even these effects were quite small. An increase of only about four points in the percent correct should suffice for the items identified as likely to show calculator effects with no adjustment needed for the majority of the items. Introduction of a calculator should have little or no effect on gender and ethnic differences.
TechnoDistortions and Effects of the 2000 Political Advertising

This study assesses the effects of the 2000 presidential spots of Gore and Bush. Findings from a national experimental study suggest that Bush benefited more from the ads, even among female voters who have traditionally favored Democrats. The study also examined the effects of technological distortions by testing the famous Bush “RATS” ad. However, the presence of the so-called subliminal technique used by the Bush campaign did not affect voter response to the ad.
Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies.

PURPOSE To determine if intra-arterial stent placement can adequately treat lesions producing microemboli to the lower extremities. MATERIALS AND METHODS During a 6.5-year period, 15 patients presenting with blue toe syndrome had 16 presumed embolic lesions treated with intra-arterial stents. These patients were evaluated during routine clinical follow-up during a 6-month period. This evaluation included physical and noninvasive arterial examinations. When patients could not return for follow-up, hospital, clinical, vascular laboratory, and radiology records were reviewed to assemble the appropriate information. Outcomes included symptoms of recurrent emboli, amputation, and death. RESULTS Treated embolic lesions included two aortic stenoses, three bilateral iliac artery stenoses, nine unilateral iliac artery stenoses (one patient received separate treatment of unilateral iliac lesions), and two superficial femoral artery stenoses. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 18 months. Eight of 15 patients (53%) were improved or stable without complications. There were eight negative outcomes experienced in seven patients. Three patients (20%) were deceased at follow-up. Four patients (27%) had undergone amputation; one transmetatarsal amputation and three below-the-knee amputations. Only one of these was related to progressive disease in the treated extremity (7%). One patient (7%) experienced recurrent embolic symptoms. Stents were patent in all patients. CONCLUSION Patients with blue toe syndrome are at high risk of limb loss and mortality despite treatment. Intra-arterial stent placement provides an alternative to standard surgical treatment. Further studies are needed to define the optimum therapy.
Optimizing Personalized Bone Marrow Testing Using an Evidence-Based, Interdisciplinary Team Approach

Objectives: To address the overuse of testing that complicates patient care, diminishes quality, and increases costs by implementing the diagnostic management team, a multidisciplinary system for the development and deployment of diagnostic testing guidelines for hematologic malignancies. Methods: The team created evidence-based standard ordering protocols (SOPs) for cytogenetic and molecular testing that were applied by pathologists to bone marrow biopsy specimens on adult patients. Testing on 780 biopsy specimens performed during the six months before SOP implementation was compared with 1,806 biopsy specimens performed during the subsequent 12 months. Results: After implementation, there were significant decreases in tests discordant with SOPs, omitted tests, and the estimated cost of testing to payers. The fraction of positive tests increased. Clinicians reported acceptance of the new procedures and perceived time savings. Conclusions: This process is a model for optimizing complex and personalized diagnostic testing.
Experimental drought threat forecast for Florida

Abstract Short-term climate variations including the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cause anomalies in temperature and precipitation that could produce or contribute to extreme events including droughts and wildfires. Wildfire threat potential in the Southeast is based in part upon the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI), and the KBDI uses daily temperature and rainfall measurements. The KBDI responds to changing climate and weather conditions on time scales of days to months, and this index is high during dry warm weather patterns and low during wet cool patterns. In the Southeastern United States, these dry periods typically occur during the winter and spring of La Nina years while wet periods occur during the winter and spring of El Nino years. This study computes forecast probabilities of KBDI exceeding thresholds by using temperature and precipitation data generated by a stochastic weather generator and initial KBDI from the observed dataset. The weather generator produces multiple realizations of ENSO's impact on local temperature and precipitation. Relatively high probabilities of exceeding thresholds tend to occur during the winter and spring months of La Nina years in both Jacksonville and Belle Glade. Low probabilities occur during the winter and spring months of El Nino years. The distribution is reversed during late spring and early summer months, but the distribution is smaller during the summer than during the winter. Verification indicates high skill during January, February, and May and low skill in April and June. Although other wildfire decision-support tools exist, foresters in the Southeastern United States commonly use the KBDI since its development during the 1970s. This study generates probabilistic KBDI forecasts based on initial KBDI and the ENSO signal.
Chlorophyll photosensitized electron transfer in phospholipid vesicle systems: comparison of inside-outside asymmetry between large and small unilamellar vesicles

— We have determined the chlorophyll triplet quenching efficiencies, the chlorophyll cation radical yields and the conversion efficiencies of chlorophyll triplet to radical in large and small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles (LUV and SUV, respectively) in the presence of electrically-charged electron acceptors (ferricyanide and oxidized cytochrome c) located in either the inner or outer aqueous compartments of the vesicles. Both types of vesicles displayed inside-outside asymmetry, although the properties were reversed. Triplet quenching in SUV was more efficient when ferricyanide was located within the vesicle interior, whereas the reverse was true in LUV. When ferricyanide was located on the outside of the vesicles, the extent of triplet quenching in LUV was about two times that in SUV and the amount of cation radical formed in LUV was about two times that in SUV. Under these conditions, the conversion efficiencies of chlorophyll triplet to radical were 12.2% for LUV and 8.5% for SUV. With cytochrome c as an electron acceptor in negatively charged vesicles (25 mol per cent dixhexadecylphosphate incorporated) similar results were obtained. Again, the triplet quenching and radical yield inside-outside asymmetry properties were reversed between the two types of vesicles, and radical formation efficiencies when cyt c was located outside the vesicles were higher in LUV (11.7%) than in SUV (4.2%). We conclude that the inside-outside asymmetric photochemical behavior of unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles is influenced by factors in addition to the difference in radius of curvature between the inside and outside surfaces. It is suggested that transmembrane electrostatic potentials may be involved. Furthermore, in the present system the properties of LUV were more favorable to photochemical electron transfer product formation than those of SUV.
Theoretical significance of the condition δ=2μ in bacterial chemotaxis

First-order spatial gradients are reliquished in the Schrodinger-Bloch equation for bacterial chemotaxis if and only if the flux coefficient-motility ratio equals 2, the precise value measured in recent experiments onEscherichia coli attracted by oxygen. Moreover, for δ/μ=2 the Schrodinger-Bloch function Ψ is simply equal to the number of bacteria cells per unit volume divided by the chemoattractant concentration.
Toxicity of Flow Line, Durafill VS, and Dycal to Dental Pulp Cells: Effects of Growth Factors

Abstract Introduction The objective was to determine the effects of growth factor treatment on dental pulp cell sensitivity to toxicity of 2 composite restoration materials, Flow Line and Durafill VS, and a calcium hydroxide pulp capping material, Dycal. Methods Toxicity of the dental materials to cultures of primary dental pulp cells was determined by the MTT metabolism assay. The ability of 6 different growth factors to influence the toxicity was tested. Results A 24-hour exposure to either Flow Line or Durafill VS caused approximately 40% cell death, whereas Dycal exposure caused approximately 80% cell death. The toxicity of Flow Line and Durafill VS was mediated by oxidative stress. Four of the growth factors tested (bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]-2, BMP-7, epidermal growth factor [EGF], and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β) decreased the basal MTT values while making the cells resistant to Flow Line and Durafill VS toxicity except BMP-2, which made the cells more sensitive to Flow Line. Treatment with fibroblast growth factor-2 caused no change in basal MTT metabolism, prevented the toxicity of Durafill VS, but increased the toxicity of Flow Line. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increased basal MTT metabolism and made the cells resistant to Flow Line and Durafill VS toxicity. None of the growth factors made the cells resistant to Dycal toxicity. Conclusions The results indicated that growth factors can be used to alter the sensitivity of dental pulp cells to commonly used restoration materials. The growth factors BMP-7, EGF, TGF-β, and IGF-I provided the best profile of effects, making the cells resistant to both Flow Line and Durafill VS toxicity.
Bistability, basins of attraction and predictability in a forced mass-reaction model

Abstract A simple mass-reaction model with periodically forced contact rate is considered. It is shown that the forced differential equation exhibits at least two distinct periodic orbits for several ranges of forcing amplitude. Basins of attraction are computed for co-existing stable periodic orbits and are shown to be intertwined in a complex manner. Dimension (capacity) of the basin is computed, and it is shown how the basin structure affects final state predictability.
Prospects for Very High Gradient Linac-Colliders

The energy realistically attainable by an electron-positron storage ring is limited by the RF voltage and power requirements imposed by synchrotron radiation to about 100 GeV. To reach energies of 300 × 300 GeV and higher in a colliding beam machine of reasonable dimensions, we must look to the linac-collider operating at an energy gradient on the order of 100 MV/m. Proper choice of an RF structure for such a collider can minimize the total RF power requirement and the effects of longitudinal and transverse single-bunch beam loading. For an operating frequency in the range 4-6 GHz, the total RF power requirement for a 300 × 300 GeV collider with a luminosity of 1032 cm-2s-1 accelerating 1011 particles per bunch is on the order of 50 MW. To drive this collider, RF power sources are needed having a peak output power in the range 1-2 GW. Possibilities for attaining these peak power levels by direct generation and by energy storage and fast switching are discussed.
Hydrographic observations and mixing processes in the New York Bight, 1975–1977

A series of 15 hydrographic cruises in the New York Bight over 1975-1977 is described and analyzed. The cruises cover all seasons but focus primarily on spring and summer. Temperature and salinity data show wide seasonal and interannual variability. Each of the three regions- inner bight, midshelf, and outer shelf slope-has distinctive properties and dynamics. The inner bight properties are affected primarily by river flow and wind-driven flows up the shelf valley which often splits the freshwater surface layer into two plumes, one east and one west of the valley head. The “cold pool” temperature structure on the midshelf is different each year. The water with the lowest recorded temperature (2.58%) was on the bottom after the thermocline formation in May 1977. Mixing models of the inner bight confirmed previous estimates of residence time as 6.8 days and yielded K, = 5 x 106 cm2 es-’ with an advective transport component of 1 cm. s-r to the southwest. A model of the mixing of the lower layer cold pool on the midshelf with onshore, offshore, and upper layer waters yields K, = 7 x 106 and & = 0.1 cm2. s-’ as the on-offshore horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients.
Differential Expression of the Smb Bacteriocin in Streptococcus mutans Isolates

The two-component lantibiotic Smb is produced by Streptococcus mutans GS5. In the present study, we identified seven strains of S. mutans containing the smb gene cluster. These strains could be classified into high- and low-level Smb producers relative to the levels of Smb production by indicator strains in vitro. This classification was dependent upon the transcription levels of the structural smbA and smbB genes. Sequence analysis upstream of smbA in the high- and low-level Smb-producing strains revealed differences at nucleotide position −46 relative to the smbA start codon. Interestingly, the transcription start site was present upstream of the point mutation, indicating that both groups of strains have the same promoter constructs and that the differential expression of smbA and smbB mRNA occurred subsequent to transcription initiation. In addition, smbA::lacZ fusion expression was higher when it was regulated by the sequences of strains with high-level Smb activity than when it was regulated by the comparable region from strains with low-level Smb activity. Taken together, we conclude that high- or low-level Smb expression is dependent on the presence of a G or a T nucleotide at position −46 relative to the smbA translational start site in S. mutans Smb producers.
Rejection Sensitivity Moderates the Impact of Rejection on Self-Concept Clarity

Self-concept clarity (SCC) refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent, and temporally stable. Research shows that SCC can be undermined by failures in valued goal domains. Because preventing rejection is an important self-relevant goal for people high in rejection sensitivity (RS), it is hypothesized here that failures to attain this goal would cause them to experience diminished SCC. Study 1, an experimental study, showed that high-RS people's SCC was undermined following rejection but not following an aversive experience unrelated to rejection. Study 2, a daily diary study of couples in relationships, used occurrence of partner conflicts to operationalize rejection. Replicating the findings in Study 1, having a conflict on any given diary day predicted a greater reduction in the SCC of high- compared to low-RS people on the following day. The implications for understanding the conditions under which rejection negatively affects the self-concept are discussed.
Public Service and Motivation: Does Mission Matter?

Th is study advances our understanding of employee work motivation and performance in the public sector by reinterpreting the literature on public service motivation within the psychological framework of goal theory. An empirical test of this new framework suggests that goal theory provides a strong theoretical foundation for understanding the independent contributions of task, mission, and public service to employee work motivation and performance. Th e importance of an organization’s mission increases employee work motivation in the public sector by making the job more important, even after controlling for the eff ect of performance-related extrinsic rewards.
Expressing concurrency in Griffin

Griffin is a statically typed language designed specifically for the rapid prototyping of Ada software. In this paper we describe the Griffin language constructs for expressing concurrency. There are two salient innovations: (1) an extended select statement that provides greater flexibility in managing non-deterministic behavior and (2) the capability of a receiving thread to concurrently rendezvous with multiple sending threads. Thus by increasing concurrency, we alleviate the chief drawback to synchronous communication. We then apply the Griffin constructs in implementing solutions to the readers-writers problem, group lock mechanism, and scheduling groups of concurrent operations. The Griffin constructs facilitate the expression of high-level algorithms that maximize concurrency.
Enhancement of electrical conductivity of uniaxially and biaxially processed poly(p-phenylene sulfide)films

A fundamental study of electrical conductivity of uniaxially and biaxially stretched poly-p-phenylene sulfide (PPS) film was conducted. In this paper, we paid special attention to understand the effect of processing conditions on the electrical conductivity as well as the conduction mechanism of tantalum pentafluoride (TaF5) doped PPS. The electrical conductivity of PPS film was measured by a four-point probe method in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the stretching direction. The infrared spectra of doped and undoped stretched PPS films demonstrate that the TaF5 doping causes distortion (polaron) in PPS chain and conduction. A similar discussion was reported by Tsukamoto, et al. (1, 2). They found the delocalization of π-electrons in doped PPS by X-ray spectoscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and C13-NMR. The conductivity of doped PPS films increased with increasing stretching ratio. The crystallinity effect on the electrical conductivity was investigated by changing crystallinity of PPS films in terms of annealing and multi-axially stretching. Orientation development was investigated by wide angle X-ray scattering and birefringence techniques. The relationship between conductivity and orientation of stretched PPS films was investigated by introducing electrical anisotropy.
Textpresso for Neuroscience: Searching the Full Text of Thousands of Neuroscience Research Papers

Textpresso is a text-mining system for scientific literature. Its two major features are access to the full text of research papers and the development and use of categories of biological concepts as well as categories that describe or relate objects. A search engine enables the user to search for one or a combination of these categories and/or keywords within an entire literature. Here we describe Textpresso for Neuroscience, part of the core Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF). The Textpresso site currently consists of 67,500 full text papers and 131,300 abstracts. We show that using categories in literature can make a pure keyword query more refined and meaningful. We also show how semantic queries can be formulated with categories only. We explain the build and content of the database and describe the main features of the web pages and the advanced search options. We also give detailed illustrations of the web service developed to provide programmatic access to Textpresso. This web service is used by the NIF interface to access Textpresso. The standalone website of Textpresso for Neuroscience can be accessed at http://www.textpresso.org/neuroscience/.
Brachypodium and the Abiotic Environment

Brachypodium distachyon and its congeners are found in diverse environments throughout the temperate regions of the world. Brachypodium species also show considerable variation in life history strategy, with species representing short-season annual habits and other species persisting for multiple years. This variation in ecological setting and life history suggests the existence of considerable genetic diversity in adaptation to the abiotic environment, both in constitutive tolerance to local conditions and in the capacity of single genotypes to acclimate to changing or unpredictable conditions. We review the limited but growing empirical literature on the physiology, development, and molecular biology of the interaction of Brachypodium with the abiotic environment. We highlight how these findings inform studies of ecologically and agriculturally-important plant species, and identify areas of future research that will extend the utility of Brachypodium as a model genetic system for understanding plant-environment interactions.
Attribution of discourse goals for using concrete- and abstract-tenor metaphors and similes with or without discourse context

Abstract Although there has been considerable research on the comprehension of figurative language, investigation of its production has been much less common. A particularly neglected aspect has been the study of the attributions by the language receiver of the language producer's intentions in using various types of figurative language. Experiment 1 presented young-adult participants with 16 sentences containing metaphors (The submarine was a whale) and similes (The submarine was like a whale). They were asked to check as many of twelve discourse goals, reasons why they thought the author might have chosen that figure of speech, as they thought it to be relevant to that particular sentence. Materials were presented (1) orally, in written form, or both, (2) with or without a prior meaningful discourse context, and (3) with a concrete or abstract topic. The most frequently chosen goal was to Compare Similarities, the only goal on which similes (more often chosen) and metaphors differed. The pattern of nine discourse goals differed between the Abstract and Concrete sentences. The factor of discourse context affected the discourse goal attributions on Be Humorous and Compare Similarities, while the factor of modality affected only Add Emphasis. Experiments 2 and 3 examined stylistic preference and perceived aptness of the comparisons expressed in the sentences used in Experiment 1 as possible explanations for the results obtained. Findings were interpreted in terms of different discourse goals tapping into either the situation level model of representation or only the propositional textbase level.
Non-voltage gated Ca2+ entry pathways in the heart: The untold STOrai?

This editorial refers to ‘Emergence of Orai3 activity during cardiac hypertrophy’ by Y. Saliba et al. , doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu207 . Our understanding of cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling is primarily based on the regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ entry, via L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs), and the resulting Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) required for excitation–contraction coupling. Ca2+ is widely recognized as playing a key signalling role in all cells, and in cardiomyocytes the most commonly accepted pathway involves Ca2+ release from intracellular stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/SR and the nuclear envelope. However, in non-excitable cells, agonist-mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+ are known to occur as a result of Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. The most widely studied of these pathways is store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) as described by Putney1 where Inositol 1, 4, 5 Triphosphate (IP3)-induced release of Ca2+ from ER/SR stores triggered a subsequent influx of extracellular Ca2+, which was required both for subsequent activation of downstream signalling pathways and also for refilling of ER/SR. Such Ca2+ signals have been shown to play a key role in the regulation of diverse cellular responses, including metabolism, transcription, and differentiation. One of the earliest reports demonstrating that SOCE contributed to Ca2+ signalling in cardiomyocytes was in 2002 where Marchase and colleagues2 showed that activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells …
IIb or not IIb? Regulation of myosin heavy chain gene expression in mice and men

While the myosin heavy chain IIb isoform (MyHC-IIb) is the predominant motor protein in most skeletal muscles of rats and mice, the messenger RNA (mRNA) for this isoform is only expressed in a very small subset of specialized muscles in adult large mammals, including humans. We identify the DNA sequences limiting MyHC-IIb expression in humans and explore the activation of this gene in human skeletal muscle. We demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of ~1.0 kb of the human MyHC-IIb promoter is greatly reduced compared to that of the corresponding mouse sequence in both mouse and human myotubes in vitro and show that nucleotide differences that eliminate binding sites for myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and serum response factor (SRF) account for this difference. Despite these differences, we show that MyHC-IIb mRNA is expressed in fetal human muscle cells and that MyHC-IIb mRNA is significantly up-regulated in the skeletal muscle of Duchene muscular dystrophy patients. These data identify the genetic basis for a key phenotypic difference between the muscles of large and small mammals, and demonstrate that mRNA expression of the MyHC-IIb gene can be re-activated in human limb muscle undergoing profound degeneration/regeneration.
ENSO-like Interdecadal Variability: 1900–93

A number of recent studies have reported an ENSO-like EOF mode in the global sea surface temperature (SST) field, whose time variability is marked by an abrupt change toward a warmer tropical eastern Pacific and a colder extratropical central North Pacific in 1976‐77. The present study compares this pattern with the structure of the interannual variability associated with the ENSO cycle and documents its time history back to 1900. The analysis is primarily based on the leading EOFs of the SST anomaly and ‘‘anomaly deviation’’ fields in various domains and the associated expansion coefficient (or principal component) time series, which are used to construct global regression maps of SST, sea level pressure (SLP), and a number of related variables. The use of ‘‘anomaly deviations’’ (i.e., departures of local SST anomalies from the concurrent global-mean SST anomaly) reduces the influence of global-mean SST trends upon the structure of the EOFs and their expansion coefficient time series. An important auxiliary time series used in this study is a ‘‘Southern Oscillation index’’ based on marine surface observations. By means of several different analysis techniques, the time variability of the leading EOF of the global SST field is separated into two components: one identified with the ‘‘ENSO cycle-related’’ variability on the interannual timescale, and the other a linearly independent ‘‘residual’’ comprising all the interdecadal variability in the record. The two components exhibit rather similar spatial signatures in the global SST, SLP, and wind stress fields. The SST signature in the residual variability is less equatorially confined in the eastern Pacific and it is relatively more prominent over the extratropical North Pacific. The corresponding SLP signature is also stronger over the extratropical North Pacific, and its counterpart in the cold season 500-mb height field more closely resembles the PNA pattern. The amplitude time series of the ENSO-like pattern in the residual variability reflects the above-mentioned shift in 1976‐77, as well as a number of other prominent features, including a shift of opposite polarity during the 1940s.