cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who defines role?: Negotiation and collaboration between non-professional interpreters and primary participants in prisonsettings

Abstract This article analyzes the communicative behaviors of non-professional interpreters and primary participants in the context of therapy/counseling sessions in a prison setting. It describes the negotiation and collaboration patterns established among all members of the communicative triad in order to co-construct the interpreter’s role dialogically, in a corpus of 26 mental health interviews in a prison setting between therapists/counselors and allophone prisoners, with other inmates as interpreters. Using Goffman’s (1981) concept of footing as the main analytical tool, it sheds light on the conversational strategies that all members of the triad use to initiate, accept, or resist the interpreter’s shifts to different footings, especially those that depart most dramatically from widely accepted “translator” ones.
DASC: Towards a road Damage-Aware Social-media-driven Car sensing framework for disaster response applications

Abstract While vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) have earned the stature of a mobile sensing paradigm utilizing sensors built into cars, they have limited sensing scopes since car drivers only opportunistically discover new events. Conversely, social sensing is emerging as a new sensing paradigm where measurements about the physical world are collected from humans. In contrast to VSNs, social sensing is more pervasive, but one of its key limitations lies in its inconsistent reliability stemming from the data contributed by unreliable human sensors. In this paper, we present DASC, a road Damage-Aware Social-media-driven Car sensing framework that exploits the collective power of social sensing and VSNs for reliable disaster response applications. However, integrating VSNs with social sensing introduces a new set of challenges: (i) How to leverage noisy and unreliable social signals to route the vehicles to accurate regions of interest? (ii) How to tackle the inconsistent availability (e.g., churns) caused by car drivers being rational actors? (iii) How to efficiently guide the cars to the event locations with little prior knowledge of the road damage caused by the disaster, while also handling the dynamics of the physical world and social media? The DASC framework addresses the above challenges by establishing a novel hybrid social-car sensing system that employs techniques from game theory, feedback control, and Markov Decision Process (MDP). In particular, DASC distills signals emitted from social media and discovers the road damages to effectively drive cars to target areas for verifying emergency events. We implement and evaluate DASC in a reputed vehicle simulator that can emulate real-world disaster response scenarios. The results of a real-world application demonstrate the superiority of DASC over current VSNs-based solutions in detection accuracy and efficiency.
The Power of Experiential Learning in Emotional Courtroom Spaces

Courtrooms are dynamic and emotionally imbued spaces. In these environments, case processing challenges, shortcomings, successes, and power struggles impact court actors, defendants, and victims. W...
Boron concentration gradient for improved thermal reactor performance of boron--stainless-steel control rods

An experimental plate-type neutron absorber assembly containing 10B dispersed in Type 200 austenitic stainless steel was irradiated in the active lattice of the 10 MW-SM-1 Reactor for 1.2 full powe...
Predator-Induced Polyphenism

Some organisms have evolved the ability to alter their development in response to a predator or group of predators. When these changes enable the organism to escape predation, they are called predator-induced polyphenisms. Keywords: polyphenism; predator; social insects; immune system; survival
In Vitro Inhibition of Diphtheria Toxin Action by Ammonium Salts and Amines

Abstract Kim, K. (University of Washington, Seattle), and N. B. Groman. In vitro inhibition of diphtheria toxin action by ammonium salts and amines. J. Bacteriol. 90:1552–1556. 1965.—An inhibitor for diphtheria toxin action on HeLa cells was demonstrated in the growth supernatant fractions of both toxinogenic and nontoxinogenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and in the Mueller and Miller medium in which these organisms were grown. The inhibitor in the growth supernatant fractions of the nontoxinogenic strain was dialyzable, stable to autoclaving, and stable on storage in the refrigerator for a period of many months, but was destroyed by ashing. When the components of Mueller and Miller medium were analyzed, only the Casamino Acids proved inhibitory. Further study with artificial mixtures of amino acids revealed that glutamine alone inhibited toxin. It was subsequently shown that ammonium salts and the aliphatic amines, glycamine and prolamine, could also function as inhibitors. Histamine and 16 amino acids tested individually were ineffective. The effectiveness of the amines and the ineffectiveness of sodium or potassium ions indicates that there is a specific requirement for inhibition.
The visual component of speech reception in conference centers

SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY STUDIES WITH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN A 20 FT BY 45 FT LONG LECTURE HALL CONFIRM THE STRIKING EFFECT OF SPEECH-TO--NOISE RATIO ON INTELLIGIBILITY. THE CONTRIBUTION OF VISUAL CUES TO SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY IS ALSO SHOWN TO BE VERY CONSIDERABLE, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE LEVEL OF AUDIBLE SPEECH AT THE RECEIVER IS NEAR THE BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEL. THE AMOUNT OF IMPROVEMENT IN SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY IS SHOWN TO DEPEND UPON THE ILLUMINATION LEVEL ON THE SPEAKER AND THE DISTANCE FROM THE SPEAKER.
Tibiofemoral contact pressures in radial tears of the meniscus treated with all-inside repair, inside-out repair and partial meniscectomy.

Abstract Background To test contact pressures in the knee after treatment of a radial meniscus tear with an all-inside meniscal repair technique and compare the results with inside-out repair and partial meniscectomy. Methods Six non-paired cadaveric knees were analyzed with intra-compartment pressures measured at loads of 250N, 500N and 1000N at 0°, eight degrees, 15°, and 30° of knee flexion. Compartmental contact pressures were measured for the intact medial meniscus, radial tear in the posterior horn, all-inside repair using the NovoStitch suture passer device (Ceterix Orthopaedics Inc., Menlo Park, CA), inside-out repair method, and partial meniscectomy. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results The greatest differences in peak pressures between treatments were observed under 1000N load at 30° flexion (0.8±(SD)0.1MPa (intact meniscus), 0.8±(SD)0.1MPa (all-inside), 0.9±(SD)0.1MPa (inside-out) and 1.6±(SD)0.2MPa (partial meniscectomy)). Treatment with partial meniscectomy resulted in the highest peak pressures compared to all other states (p Conclusion An all-inside repair technique using the NovoStitch suture passer can decrease contact pressures for a radial meniscus tear similarly to the inside-out repair technique when compared to partial meniscectomy. Clinical relevance This novel arthroscopic suture passer warrants further analysis in the clinical setting as it may be a reliable method for repair of radial meniscal tears through an arthroscopic all-inside technique.
Multiple model cardinalized probability hypothesis density filter

The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter propagates the first-moment approximation to the multi-target Bayesian posterior distribution while the Cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filter propagates both the posterior likelihood of (an unlabeled) target state and the posterior probability mass function of the number of targets. Extensions of the PHD filter to the multiple model (MM) framework have been published and were implemented either with a Sequential Monte Carlo or a Gaussian Mixture approach. In this work, we introduce the multiple model version of the more elaborate CPHD filter. We present the derivation of the prediction and update steps of the MMCPHD particularized for the case of two target motion models and proceed to show that in the case of a single model, the new MMCPHD equations reduce to the original CPHD equations.
Multivariate fractional Ostrowski type inequalities

Optimal upper bounds are given for the deviation of a value of a multivariate function of a fractional space from its average, over convex and compact subsets of R^N,N>=2. In particular we work over rectangles, balls and spherical shells. These bounds involve the supremum and L"~ norms of related multivariate fractional derivatives of the function involved. The inequalities produced are sharp, namely they are attained. This work has been motivated by the works of Ostrowski [A. Ostrowski, Uber die Absolutabweichung einer differentiebaren Funcktion von ihrem Integralmittelwert, Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 10 (1938) 226-227], 1938, and of the author [G.A. Anastassiou, Fractional Ostrowski type inequalities, Communications in Applied Analysis 7 (2) (2003) 203-208], 2003.
Mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine for Saccharomyces in an in vitro hydroxylation system.

Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN), two potent carcinogens, apparently require conversion to metabolites for their activity. Breakdown products of DMN and DEN obtained in the Udenfriend hydroxylation medium [J. biol. Chem. 208, 731 (1954)] induced cytoplasmic petite mutants and genic canavanine-resistant mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After 5 hours in hydroxylation medium, DMN treatment resulted in the induction of over 90% petite mutants and DEN treatment in nearly 50%. DMN, after 6 hours in hydroxylation medium, approximately doubled the frequency of canavanineresistant mutants; after DEN treatment, the frequency was 5–6 times higher than the spontaneous frequency. Dimethylamine and diethylamine, which lack the nitroso group of the nitrosamines, did not induce mutants under any of the test conditions.
Bacteriocin of a Group B Streptococcus: Partial Purification and Characterization

Abstract The production of bacteriocin-like inhibition by two of 135 strains of group B streptococci was demonstrated during the growth of these organisms on solid nutrient media. Although a variety of gram-positive organisms was susceptible, none of a wide range of different gram-negative strains was inhibited. The active substance produced by one of these strains was extracted from cultures grown on solid media (Todd-Hewitt agar) and was shown to be bactericidal in action. This bacteriocin (streptocin B1) was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Production of the bacteriocin was repressed by addition of certain fermentable carbohydrates to the basic medium and enhanced by the addition of yeast extract. The bacteriocin was shown to exist in two distinct and interconvertible physical forms: a basic unit of molecular weight 10,000 and an aggregate having a molecular weight of over 200,000. The bacteriocin was inactivated by proteolytic enzymes and, although labile in alkali, it was stable to boiling in mild acids.
Anesthetic drug interaction: an overview

Modern anesthetic techniques involve combinations of intravenous (i.v.) and inhaled anesthetic drugs that may produce synergistic (supraadditive), additive, or antagonistic interactions. Synergistic interaction is most likely to occur when two or more drugs produce similar effects by different mechanisms. All of the tested combinations of opioids and i.v. sedative-hypnotics have been shown to produce synergistic hypnotic effects, and the majority of these interactions are predictable and useful in daily practice. Opioids, benzodiazepines, lidocaine, and alpha-2 agonists can all reduce the requirements for volatile anesthetics, but only the opioids and the alpha-2 agonists produce this effect at clinically acceptable concentrations. The usefulness of a drug interaction depends on whether it produces greater efficacy or reduced toxicity. Surprisingly, these outcomes have only been specifically measured for a handful of common drug combinations.
Cooperative Jamming and Power Allocation for Wireless Relay Networks in Presence of Eavesdropper

Relying on physical layer security is an attractive alternative of utilizing cryptographic algorithms at upper layers of protocol stack for secure communications. In this paper, we consider a two-hop wireless relay network in the presence of an eavesdropper. Our scenario of interest spans over a four-node network model including a source, a destination, a trusted relay, and an untrusted eavesdropper in which the relay forwards the source message in a decode-and-forward (DF) fashion. The source and relay are allowed to use some of their available power to transmit jamming signals in order to create interference at the eavesdropper. The relay and destination are assumed to have the knowledge of the jamming signals. An important question is how to allocate the transmission power of the message signal and that of the jamming signal. First, we propose an optimal power allocation solution in which the knowledge of global channel state information (CSI) is required. To facilitate practical system design, two simple yet sub-optimal power allocation solutions are proposed which do not rely on eavesdropper's channels. For the purpose of performance comparisons, power allocation problems for two benchmark schemes without jamming are also analyzed.
Static stretch affects neural stem cell differentiation in an extracellular matrix-dependent manner

Neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) fate is strongly influenced by mechanotransduction as modulation of substrate stiffness affects lineage choice. Other types of mechanical stimuli, such as stretch (tensile strain), occur during CNS development and trauma, but their consequences for NSPC differentiation have not been reported. We delivered a 10% static equibiaxial stretch to NSPCs and examined effects on differentiation. We found static stretch specifically impacts NSPC differentiation into oligodendrocytes, but not neurons or astrocytes, and this effect is dependent on particular extracellular matrix (ECM)-integrin linkages. Generation of oligodendrocytes from NSPCs was reduced on laminin, an outcome likely mediated by the α6 laminin-binding integrin, whereas similar effects were not observed for NSPCs on fibronectin. Our data demonstrate a direct role for tensile strain in dictating the lineage choice of NSPCs and indicate the dependence of this phenomenon on specific substrate materials, which should be taken into account for the design of biomaterials for NSPC transplantation.
Volcano plots, hydrodesulfurization and surface atom pair potentials

Abstract It is shown how a new parameter, the pair potential calculated between two adjacent sulfur atoms of a metal sulfide, correlate with the observed rates of the hydrodesulfurization reaction. The differences between the first row transition metal sulfides and their heavier conjeners is due to the different spin states of the metal.
Isolation and characterization of a 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding protein from rat enterocyte cytosol

Abstract In this study, we have purified and partially characterized a unique protein in rat enterocyte cytosol that is capable of binding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The protein was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel permeation chromatography, followed by two anion exchange chromatography steps. The protein has an apparent molecular weight of 68,000 assessed by gel permeation chromatography, and 58,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence were determined. Differences in chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, amino acid composition, and sequence suggest that the protein is distinct from serum vitamin D binding protein and serum albumin. It differs from the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor as well, in its stability during chromatography, cytosolic location, molecular weight, and sequence and differs from the putative basal-lateral membrane receptor in its cytosolic location. The protein isolated is a candidate cytosolic vitamin D-binding protein, which may be involved in absorption or in intracellular metabolism of vitamin D metabolites.
Evaluation of Recombinant Factor VIIa Off-Label Use at an Acute Care Hospital with Established Guidelines for Use:

Purpose: At present, there are a scarcity of data available evaluating off-label prescribing patterns of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), pharmacoeconomic impact, and patient outcomes in clinical practice in an acute care setting with guidelines in place to influence prescribing practices. The primary objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the off-label usage and prescribing patterns of rFVIIa at a large acute care hospital with established rFVIIa guidelines.Results: During the study period, a total of 199 patients were ordered rFVIIa, of which 181 (91%) received at least one dose of rFVIIa for an off-label use (n = 181). Refractory bleeding and intracerebral hemorrhage were the 2 leading uses for rFVIIa, accounting for 30% (n = 54) and 29% (n = 51) of all uses, respectively. Overall, the mean number of doses per patient for all uses was 1.79. The mean number of doses per patient by non–FDA-approved use was highest in patients with cardiac surgery and refractory bleeding. The total yearl...
Enteric bacteria in sugarbeet refinery processing waste waters

Abstract In the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota sugarbeet Beta vulgaris L. refinery processing waters contain faecal coliform and Salmonella bacteria. Our objective was to enumerate these organisms in the processing waters and to determine if their presence, and particularly disposal of the processing wastes by spray irrigation, constitutes a public health problem. Salmonellae and faecal coliforms were detected in almost all processing waters and were present in soil adhering to stockpiled and incoming sugarbeet. These organisms became established in fluming waters at the beginning of the processing season. Salmonellae populations reached 1·4 × 106 100 ml−1 at tje eleventh day, then declined to a few thousand per 100 ml. Irrigation lagoon waters at times contained 14,000 100 ml−1. No salmonellae or faecal coliforms were detected on irrigated alfalfa Medicago sativa L. or in sprinkler aerosols. Faecal coliforms, but not Salmonellae, were found in irrigated soil but did not survive the winter.
Critical currents and scaling laws in sputtered copper molybdenum sulfide

We have measured critical current densities J/sub c/, of superconducting copper molybdenum sulfide prepared by sputtering onto heated sapphire substrates. In addition, we have examined the samples with SEM, TEM, electron microprobe, and x-ray diffraction techniques. Critical currents were measured as a function of external magnetic field and as a function of temperature and sample preparation conditions. We find that a scaling law PP=CB/sup n//sub c2/f(b) describes our results, where P is the pinning force per unit volume, B/sub c2/ is the upper critical field, b is the reduced field bequivalentB.B/sub c2/,f(b) is a function of b only, and C is a constant of proportionality. Our results fit the flux shearing model of Kramer from relatively low b(approx. =0.5) to b=1. Furthermore, applying this model to PbMo/sub 6/S/sub 8/, we estimate the critical current density as a function magnetic field. For examole, we predict J/sub c/> or approx. =10/sup 8/ A/m/sup 2/ at 26 T. From analysis of all experimental data on our samples, we conclude that flux pinning is mainly on excess Mo metal. Th Mo is present as a second phase in the predominantly Chevrel-phase Cu/sub x/Mo/sub 6/S/sub 8/, while all the Cu metal is included in themore » Chevrel phase.« less
Microstructural Changes in SDS Micelles Induced by Hydrotropic Salt

The addition of low concentrations of the hydrotropic salt p-toluidine hydrochloride (PTHC) to solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) promotes the transition from spherical to rodlike micelles. NMR measurements confirm that the hydrotrope adsorbs at the micelle−water interface, thereby screening electrostatic repulsions between the surfactant headgroups. The sphere-to-rod transition in dilute solutions is followed using quasielastic light scattering, and in the semidilute concentration range dynamic rheology is used to probe the viscoelastic nature of the solutions. The scaling of the zero-shear viscosity and the plateau modulus with surfactant concentration indicates the presence of electrostatic interactions between the micelles.
An Aluminum Nitride-based chemical sensor using Q-DLTS

Abstract The wide band-gap semiconductor material, single crystal Aluminum Nitride (AlN), was used in the development of a chemical sensor based on the Quantum Fingerprint™ method. The carefully prepared AlN surface was interrogated following exposure to test vapors of various species using a Charge-based Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (Q-DLTS) instrument to analyze the presence of surface charge states induced in the band-gap by adsorbed vapor molecules. The AlN was metallized with a titanium adhesion layer topped with a gold contact layer. This produced a contact with Schottky-like properties. The AlN surface was terminated with hydrogen and was tested for its responses to water vapor, several alcohols, ethyl acetate, toluene, and chloroform in a small enclosure. The effect on the Q-DTLS spectrum was compared in each case to the baseline spectrum obtained prior to the testing exposure. All Q-DLTS spectra were observed to return to the preceding spectrum background upon removal of the test vapor. Spectral differences were observed that allowed discrimination to be made between the species tested. The number of peaks varied between one and three and their locations spanned the entire available spectral range. Combinations of the peak locations, amplitude, and amplitude ratios may be used to discriminate between different species.
Effect of cyclic AMP on hydrogen ion secretion by turtle urinary bladder

Effect of cyclic AMP on hydrogen ion secretion by the turtle urinary bladder. Parathyroid hormone and its intracellular mediator cyclic AMP play a role in acid excretion by the mammalian kidney. To investigate this effect, we studied cyclic AMP in turtle bladder with the pH-stat method. In carbon dioxide-free and bicarbonate-free solutions, where neither hydrogen ion nor bicarbonate ion gradients existed, serosal cyclic AMP (10mM) promptly decreased hydrogen ion secretion to 74% of the control value, from 1.22 ± 0.16 to 0.90 ± 0.14 µmoles/hr (P Effet de l'AMP cyclique sur la secretion d'ions hydrogene par la vessie de tortue. L'hormone parathyroidienne et son mediateur cellulaire l'AMP cyclique jouent un role dans l'excretion des acides par le rein de mammifere. Pour etudier cet effet nous avons observe l'action de l'AMP cyclique dans la vessie de tortue au moyen de la methode du pH-stat. Dans les solutions sans carbon dioxide ni bicarbonate, ou il n'existe de gradient ni d'ions hydrogene ni d'ions bicarbonate, l'AMP cyclique (10mM) du cote sereux diminue rapidement la secretion d'ions hydrogene a 74% de la valeur controle, de 1,22 ± 0,16 a 0,90 ± 0,14 µmoles/hr (P
Sustainable Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures through CO2 Emission Optimization

AbstractEfforts are being made to achieve more efficient operation of buildings, with the goal of reducing the construction industry’s contribution to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. That contribution also includes the energy embodied in structures; that is, the energy consumed in the processes of extracting, manufacturing, transporting, and installing construction materials (including recycled materials) and elements. In particular, in spite of the use of additives such as fly ash, reinforced concrete (RC) structures, which are large consumers of cement, are responsible for a sizable proportion of worldwide carbon emissions. These emissions can be reduced significantly through the more efficient use of both concrete and steel that can be achieved by optimization. Modern optimization tools are now available that make it possible to perform large volumes of calculations efficiently that are applicable to a wide variety of structural engineering problems. This study presents an optimization...
Standardizing Training for Psoriasis Measures: Effectiveness of an Online Training Video on Psoriasis Area and Severity Index Assessment by Physician and Patient Raters

Importance Because the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) is the most commonly used and validated disease severity measure for clinical trials, it is imperative to standardize training to ensure reliability in PASI scoring for accurate assessment of disease severity. Objective To evaluate whether an online PASI training video improves scoring accuracy among patients with psoriasis and physicians on first exposure to PASI. Design This equivalency study compared PASI assessment performed by patients and PASI-naive physicians with that of PASI-experienced physicians at baseline and after standardized video training. The study was conducted from March 15, 2011, to September 1, 2011. Setting Outpatient psoriasis clinic at University of California, Davis. Participants Forty-two psoriasis patients and 14 PASI-naive physicians participated in the study. The scores from 12 dermatologists experienced in PASI evaluation were used as the criterion standard against which other scores were compared. Main Outcome Measures Aggregate and component PASI scores from image sets corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe psoriasis. Results After viewing the training video, PASI-naive physicians produced equivalent scores for all components of PASI; patients provided equivalent scores for most PASI components, with the exception of area scores for moderate-to-severe psoriasis images. After the online video training, the PASI-naive physicians and patients exhibited improved accuracy in assigning total PASI scores for mild (Mean experienced physician − Mean PASI-naive physician : 1.2; Mean experienced physician − Mean patient : −2.1), moderate (Mean experienced physician − Mean PASI-naive physician :0; Mean experienced physician − Mean patient : −5.7), and severe (Mean experienced physician − Mean PASI-naive physician : −5.1; Mean experienced physician − Mean patient : −10.4) psoriasis, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Use of an online PASI training video represents an effective tool in improving accuracy in PASI scoring by both health care professionals and patients. The video-based online platform for disseminating standardized training on the use of validated instruments in dermatology represents a novel form of standardized education.
EFFECt(" OF IN VITRO PASSAGE OF HEALTHY HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS ON CELLULAR MORPHOLOGY AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION

Abstract Cytokines have been implicated in the regulation of antibody and inflammatory responses, but their role in periodontal diseases has not been elucidated. In the present study, cytokine production by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) following in vitro passage was assessed in order to determine the basal levels of cytokine message and protein and to determine if the cellular morphology and the profile of cytokines produced differed with passage. The HGF cell line F-CL was established by explantation from non-inflamed gingival tissue, and cells from passages 1–10 were studied. The number of cells was determined in confluent cultures and cell morphology was examined by light microscopy. Fibroblasts from confluent cultures were examined for cytokine mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and culture supernatants were assessed for cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The morphology of F-CL fibroblasts in passages 1–4 was normal, while fibroblasts in passages 5–10 were larger. In general, the number of cells decreased from early to late passage. Fibroblasts from passages 1–10 contained message for interleukin-1β, -6 and -8, but not for interleukin-1α or tumour necrosis factor-α. Interleukin-6 was detected in culture supernatants of F-CL fibroblasts by the enzyme immunoassay and its level decreased with increasing passage.
Adsorption of Gemini and Conventional Cationic Surfactants onto Montmorillonite and the Removal of Some Pollutants by the Clay.

The adsorption of a series of gemini surfactants, [C{sub n}H{sub 2n+1}N{sup +}(CH{sub 3}){sub 2}-CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}]{sub 2}{center_dot}2Br{sup {minus}}, where n = 10, 12, 14, and 16, on clay (Na-montmorillonite) from their aqueous solution in 0.01 M KBr and the effect of this adsorption on the removal of 2-naphthol and 4-chlorophenol have been studied. Compared to those of conventional cationic surfactants with similar single hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups (C{sub n}H{sub 2n+1}N{sup +}(CH{sub 3}){sub 3}{center_dot}Br{sup {minus}}, where n = 10, 12, 14, and 16), the molar adsorptions of the gemini and conventional surfactants are almost identical. This indicates that only one of the hydrophilic groups in the gemini molecule is adsorbed onto the clay and that the second hydrophilic is presumably oriented toward the aqueous phase, in contrast to the adsorption of the conventional surfactants, where the hydrophobic group is oriented toward the aqueous phase. Stability studies on dispersions of clay treated with the two types of surfactants confirm this. The slight increase in the moles of surfactant to values above the CEC of the clay with an increase in the carbon number of the hydrophobic chain indicates that adsorption through hydrophobic group interaction occurs in addition to the major ion exchange.more » Adsorption studies of the pollutants onto the clay treated by either the gemini or the conventional surfactants show that the former are both more efficient and more effective at removing the pollutants from the aqueous phase.« less
Healed Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta Erroneously Diagnosed Paramediastinal Effusion; Death Following Attempted Aspiration

Approximately 1 per cent of dissecting aneurysms of the aorta develop re-entry tears and heal, forming the so-called "double-barrelled" aorta which is compatible with a variable period of survival. Occasionally a case is found wherein the dissection has remained limited to the media, healing without evidence of intimal tears. We describe such a case, so rare as to constitute a medical curiosity.
An infrared and Raman study of 1,1′-disubstituted ferrocene compounds

Abstract The infrared (4000-55 cm −1 ) and Raman (3200-75 cm −1 ) spectra of 1,1′-dichloro-1,1′-dibromo- and 1,1′-diiodoferrocene are reported. An attempt is made to give a complete vibrational assignment for all fundamental vibrations of these molecules. The results of these assignments are compared to those of 1,1′-dimethylferrocene and of monosubstituted benzenes. The assigned frequencies were tested by utilizing the inequality rule of Whiffen and Steele.
Ethnic Disparities in Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications of Medicare Part D Beneficiaries

Objectives: To determine the level of adherence to medications and characteristics of Part D beneficiaries associated with higher levels of antihypertensive medication adherence. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Medicare claims and Part D event files. Participants: Medicare Part D enrollees with prevalent uncomplicated hypertension who filled at least one antihypertensive prescription in 2006 and two prescriptions in 2007. Measurements: Medication adherence was defined as an average medication possession ratio of 80% or greater. Potential factors associated with adherence evaluated were age, sex, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, comorbidity, medication use, copayments, being in the coverage gap, and number of unique prescribers. Results: Overall adherence was 79.5% of 168,522 Medicare Part D enrollees with prevalent uncomplicated hypertension receiving antihypertensive medicines in 2007. In univariate analysis, adherence varied significantly according to most patient factors. In multivariable analysis, lower odds of adherence persisted for blacks (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51�0.55), Hispanics (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.55�0.61), and other non-white races (OR = 0.80 95% CI = 0.75�0.85) than for whites. Greater comorbidity and concurrent medication use were also associated with poorer adherence. Adherence was significantly different across several geographic regions. Conclusion: A number of associations were identified between patient factors and adherence to antihypertensive drugs, with significant differences in adherence according to ethnicity. Improving adherence could have significant public health implications and could improve outcomes specific to hypertension, as well as improving cost and healthcare utilization.
Advancing controlled release packaging through smart blending

Researchers from Rutgers University and Clemson University have collaborated to develop a concept of using smart blending to generate functional packaging films for the controlled release of active compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants and flavour compounds to extend the shelf-life of food. In this paper, literature results are reviewed to justify the significance of controlled release packaging (CRP) and the research gaps for further development are identified. A major research gap is the lack of packaging materials that can provide the release of active compounds at rates suitable for a wide range of food packaging applications. Smart blending is a promising technology for bridging this research gap. To fully realize the potentials of smart blending, a systematic approach for developing CRP using smart blending is also presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LDL Lowering After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Is Lower Better?

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are a major risk factor for the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and for recurrent events after ACS. Lowering LDL-C after ACS leads to a significant reduction in recurrent events and overall mortality. A lower limit at which LDL-C reduction fails to decrease risk has not been determined, and lowering LDL-C below current guideline-defined targets may provide incremental benefit. While the absolute risk is small, more intensive statin therapy is associated with a higher incidence of myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, liver enzyme abnormalities and incident diabetes, but not with an increase in malignancies or all-cause mortality. It is important that clinicians recognize ACS patients as being at very high risk, and provide these patients with intensive lifestyle and pharmacologic therapy for all modifiable risk factors. Within this framework, either a strategy of “intensive statin treatment after ACS” or a strategy of “aggressive LDL-C targets after ACS” would be appropriate based on currently available data. Combination lipid-lowering therapy does not have a firm evidence base at this point, but may be appropriate in patients with limited statin tolerance or very high baseline LDL-C levels. Newer therapies, such as LDL apheresis, antisense oligonucleotide sequences to apolipoprotein B (apoB) and preprotein convertase subtilin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, are currently in clinical trials and may represent important advances in LDL-C lowering therapy in the future.
Learning Strategies: A New Educational Technology

Abstract The transition to cognitive theories and assumptions about learning which began in psychology a quarter of a century ago are slowly being implemented in the practice of educational technology. Educational technology and instructional design are also in transition. Although the descriptive bases of educational technologies are accepted to be in cognitive psychology, the practical, predictive implications of it that form the processes of educational technologies are not obvious. However, the trend is ineluctable. The failure to provide generalizable instructional techniques and media has forced us to shift our emphasis from what we do to what the learners do. Instructional procedures need to be concerned with how learners are processing the information they contain. Educational technologies need to become learner‐oriented. Our task is to improve learners’ integration and reorganization of knowledge ‐‐ not simply to convey material or control behaviour. The goal of new technologies, such as learning...
The Effect of Fluorine on the Chicken Proventriculus

Abstract THE relationship of fluorine and the growth and development of the proventriculus has never been extensively studied. Our interest grew from an experiment with graded levels of calcium fluoride and sodium fluoride (Gardiner, Parker and Carrick, 1959) in which it was observed that the glandular stomach of chicks fed high levels of sodium fluoride was enlarged. Phillips et al. (1935) felt that fluorine intake inhibits growth through restriction of feed consumption. The authors based this conclusion upon the fact that intraperitoneal injections of sodium fluoride solutions restricted feed consumption and theorized that this would suggest a reaction, systemic in nature, independent of any reaction via the digestive tract. Haman et al. (1936) found that when raw rock phosphate contributed approximately 0.1056 percent fluorine to the diet, the fluorine content of the bone was increased thirteen to fourteen times. The amount of fluorine in the soft tissue was two to three …
Double exposure for the contact layer of the 65-nm node

The critical dimension (CD) of contact holes for the 65-nm application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is 100 nm according to the 2002 update of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The common through-pitch depth of focus (DOF) of such contact holes is very small using the current ArF exposure tool. High-numerical-aperture (NA) ArF exposure tools are not expected to improve the common DOF that scales by the square of the numerical half aperture. High-transmission attenuated phase-shifting masks increase the DOF of isolated contact holes. Off-axis illumination such as annular or quadrupole illumination improves the DOF of dense contact holes. Nonetheless, both the isolated and the dense contact holes need to be printed within spec on logic circuit. To delineate 100-nm contact holes at several different pitches, we proposed the pack-and-unpack (PAU) process which employs double exposures. First, dummy holes are added to the surroundings of isolated contact holes facilitating the patterning of the resultant dense pattern with a resolution enhancement technique that favors dense contact holes. For example, dense holes are packed to 180-nm pitch and imaged with high-NA lens setting and quadrupole illumination. Then, the second image is used to open the desired holes or block the dummy contact holes. The purpose of this study was to develop new methods and new materials for the patterning of the second image. Three approaches were investigated. The first approach was forming an isolation layer to protect the first image; second, applying UV curing to harden the first image; third, using alcohol-based resists to pattern the second image. Among those three approaches of printing the second image, using resist in alcohols is the most convenient method. Even though the CD control of the second image is not so critical, resolution and process window of resists may need further improvement for 45-nm node and below. Using the second approach allows conventional ArF resists, which does not raise as many concerns as the alcohol-based resists. With the first approach, a lot more work is needed to prevent intermixing and reactions between the isolation layer and the resist for the second image. The results of this work point to the directions for material developments of the PAU process. Both the alcohol-based resists and UV curing are good approaches for PAU. Further characterizations such as DOF, exposure latitude (EL), and mask error factor (MEF) on them will be carried out in the near future.
Management teaching can still be fun

Abstract William A. Stoever to the contrary, teaching is important in America's business schools. And research can not only further a professor's career, it can improve his teaching skills.
Pythium brassicum sp. nov.: A Novel Plant Family-Specific Root Pathogen

Abstract Roots of stunted broccoli plants (Brassica oleracea) from the Palo Verde Valley, CA, were observed at various stages of decay. A species of Pythium with large spiny oogonia was microscopically observed and consistently isolated from decayed roots. Isolates produced spherical, intercalary sporangia (average 34.5 μm in diameter) and aplerotic oospores (average 37.3 μm in diameter) in oogonia (average 47.4 μm in diameter) bearing numerous conical spines (average 8.5 μm in height and 5.5 μm basal width) with blunt apices. A representative broccoli isolate (P1) had a 99% internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence similarity with Pythium jasmonium (nom. inval., GenBank AF216654.1), a species which has not been formally described. Three other accessions in GenBank also carry the specific epithet of P. jasmonium and were originally isolated from diseased plants in the family Brassicaceae. In our study, these isolates were pathogenic on broccoli and morphologically similar to P1. P1 was pathogenic to 10 c...
Autolysis of high-GC isolates of Pseudomonas putrefaciens

High-GC isolates of P. putrefaciens undergo extensive autolysis after growth, resulting in a marked decrease in turbidity and the release of high-molecular-weight DNA which imparts a high viscosity to culture broths. The native DNA released is resistant to attack by the exocellular DNase activity of the culture broths. Autolysis is inhibited by a pH of 6.0 and the presence of 0.001 m Mg++ or Ca++, and is enhanced by elevated pH values and temperatures. This autolytic phenomenon in broth cultures readily distinguishes high- from low-GC isolates. The latter do not exhibit autolysis.
Motor imagery of tool use: relationship to actual use and adherence to Fitts' law across tasks

A Fitts’ task was used to investigate how tools are incorporated into the internal representations that underlie pointing movements, and whether such knowledge can be generalized across tasks. We measured the speed-accuracy trade-offs that occurred as target width was varied for both real and imagined movements. The dynamics of the pointing tool used in the task were manipulated—regular pen, top-heavy tool, and bottom-heavy tool—to test the fidelity of internal representations of movements involving the use of novel tools. To test if such representations can be generalized, the orientation of the pointing task was also manipulated (horizontal vs. vertical). In all conditions, both real and imagined performances conformed to the speed-accuracy relationship described by Fitts’ law. We found significant differences in imagined MTs for the two weighted tools compared to the regular pen, but not between the weighted tools. By contrast, real movement durations differed between all tools. These results indicate that even relatively brief experience using novel tools is sufficient to influence the internal representation of the dynamics of the tool-limb system. However, in the absence of feedback, these representations do not make explicit differences in performances resulting from the unique dynamics of these weighted tools.
Adding ethical consideration to the decision‐making process: A leadership challenge

Stakeholder analysis offers a well-established framework for understanding organizational context and environment. Stakeholder analysis also offers a lens through which ethical considerations can be consciously evaluated and included in organizational decision making. In this article, the author offers a brief overview of the ethics literature and then examines the decision-making process to identify how and when opportunities arise to include ethical considerations into the decision-making process. He concludes by offering suggestions on how leaders might improve their ethical decision-making by using a more macro and strategic stakeholder lens.
A Study of Race and Gender Bias in the Punishment of Handicapped School Children.

There is scant research concerned about punishment of handicapped, minority students in public schools. The purpose of this study was to investigate race and gender, types of rules violations, types of punishments, referral rates, referral frequencies, and follow-up activities to determine differences in treatment by race, sex, and handicapping condition. The sample consisted of 4,391 discipline files representing records from 9 schools in a district (K-12). All data were analyzed using the Chi Square statistic. It was demonstrated that racial bias existed in the administration of punishment, and that Black, male handicapped students were punished more severely than others for commission of the same offenses.
Expression of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase gene during 3T3 cell growth

The beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GT; EC 2.4.1.90) is localized in the trans-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus where it catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to the N-acetylglucosamine residue of secretory and membrane-bound glycoproteins. Given the potential role of GT in cell-cell interaction and the fact that numerous cell surface events occur during cell growth we studied the possible relationship between GT expression and 3T3 cell growth. The level of GT mRNA increases 3--4-fold 2 h after serum-stimulation of quiescent 3T3 cells. Protein biosynthesis inhibitors like cycloheximide and anisomycin superinduce GT mRNA expression. Concomitant with this increase is an observed rise in the level of GT protein as well as an increase in overall GT enzymatic activity. Antibody-binding studies and direct enzyme assays of intact cells, along with subcellular fractionation experiments indicate that there is an increase in both Golgi and cell surface-associated GT pools upon serum-stimulation of resting cells. We conclude that GT is a member of the cell-cycle dependent genes whose expression is growth regulated.
Carbon-Halide Nanocomposites for Asymmetric Hybrid Supercapacitors

Nanostructured materials and nanocomposites have inspired many structural and functional applications in recent time. In the last decade, energy-storage devices have employed electrode materials in form of nanomaterials/ nanocomposites to yield promising electrochemical performance. The current paper throws light on the application of nanostructured pristine activated carbons as well as chemically modified carbon-halide nanocomposites in practical electrochemical supercapacitors. Pristine activated carbons have been mechanochemically modified via high-energy milling and iodine doping to produce carbon-halide nanocomposites. A significant change in existing physical and electrochemical properties (~200–500% rise in volumetric capacity) has been marked by introduction of iodine into carbon and the subsequent formation of nanocomposites. The effect of halides and nanoscale morphology is discussed using X-ray, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, BET analysis and electrochemical testing.