cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlated Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry and Multi-timescale Modeling of Ignition and Combustion of a n-Heptane/Air Mixture

A new correlated dynamic adaptive chemistry (CO-DAC) method is developed and integrated with the hybrid multi-timescale (HMTS) method for computationally efficient and adaptive numerical simulation. The correlation of mechanisms in both time and space coordinate is proposed by using a few dominant phase parameters in low, intermediate, and high temperature chemistry. The chemical mechanisms are reduced and correlated on the fly by using the multi generation path flux analysis (PFA) method with given thresholds of correlated phase parameters. The advantages of the CO-DAC methods are that it not only provides the flexibility and accuracy for kinetic model and chemistry integration but also avoids redundant model reduction in time and space when the chemistry is correlated in phase space. In order to further increase the computation efficiency, the hybrid multitimescale method is integrated into the CO-DAC method to solve the ordinary differential equation system of the reduced mechanisms. The simulation of ignition and unsteady flame propagation of an n-heptane and air mixture is carried out to validate and compare the proposed algorithm with the conventional ordinary differential equation solver. The results show that the present CO-DAC/HMTS algorithm is not only computationally efficient but also robust and accurate.
Ultrasonography and developmental dysplasia of the hip: a cost-benefit analysis of three delivery systems.

The role of ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis and management of infants with developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH) is becoming widely accepted. In our community, there exist three delivery systems for USDDH: the radiology based, the combined radiology/ orthopaedic based, and the orthopaedic office based. This study reviewed the costs and benefits of each delivery system and found that once expertise had been gained and start-up costs were met, the orthopaedic office-based system was the most convenient, efficient, and cost effective for the patient/family and treating physicians. This mirrors the experience of cardiologists, obstetricians, and family practitioners, fields in which the utility of officebased ultrasonography is widely recognized and has become the standard
Research of Preparation Technology of Inulin Chewable Tablets

Using wet granulation tabletting method,a kind of inulin chewable tablets was made according to optimizing the formula.The result showed that the quality of inulin chewable tablets was greatly affected by the concentration of ethanol and the dosage of several materials in the prescription.When the addition amount of ethanol was 2 mL/10 g and the formula of inulin chewable tablets was 2 % mannitol,1.5 % magnesium stearate and 0.5 % citric acid,a kind of inulin chewable tablets with good taste,special flavor of inulin,smooth surface,identical color,good hardness,good disintegrability,good chewablity could be made.
Compulsory voting and political engagement (beyond the ballot box): A multilevel analysis

Proponents of compulsory voting argue that this institution leads to higher levels of political engagement. Opponents of mandatory voting instead argue that forcing people to vote can increase feelings of political alienation and generate lower levels of political engagement. The empirical record on this issue is scarce and inconclusive. This paper revisits this question with a series of multilevel models that evaluate the impact of compulsory voting on different forms of political engagement, using data from all the waves of the Americas Barometer Survey (2004–2014). The results suggest that compulsory voting has a negligible effect on political engagement. However, the results also reveal an interesting interaction. Citizens with low levels of education are more likely to be cognitively engaged with the political process when voting is mandatory.
A system approach to reducing relapse in schizophrenia.

Successful treatment of schizophrenia depends on understanding the nature of the disorder and providing a system of care with the primary locus in the community. Care must be continuous and must fulfill a wide variety of needs required for patients to make a stable adjustment to the community. The Dane County, Wisconsin, integrated system of community-based care is a proven model. It is based on the above principles and has resulted in more patients living independently and working productively, with fewer hospitalizations. The majority of funding for the Dane County Mental Health System is allocated to community services making it possible to offer a comprehensive set of programs
I loan, you mine: Metal streaming and off-take agreements as solutions to undercapitalisation facing small-scale miners?

Abstract In sub-Saharan Africa, the last two decades of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) legislative reforms resulted in significant uptake of ASM licenses across ASM environments. Yet, despite marked improvements in security of tenure, informality persists in many of those same environments, prompting academics and practitioners to look beyond legal title as the key to unlocking ASM development. This paper proposes that insufficient financing instruments hold clues as to why informalisation persists. Whereas some financing alternatives, such as domestic formal banking sector loans or government managed grant and loan programs, can provide a leg-up to artisanal and some small-scale miners, these programs cannot meet the demand of more advanced small-scale operations seeking significant investments in mechanisation and technology. New sources of formal financing are required should ASM formalisation move beyond titling to meaningful site development. Lessons are drawn from the large-scale mining (LSM) industry where the last decade has witnessed new forms of project financing emerging alongside of traditional mine financing. Two new instruments are discussed in this paper: metal streaming and off-take agreements. This paper explores their use in funding LSM projects, and their more recent application to financing ASM projects in Rwanda.
Morphological changes induced by 1-μm psec irradiation of crystalline silicon

We have studied the effects of 1-μm radiation on the surface morphology of crystalline silicon using pulses that are 7 and 48 psec in duration. Contrary to suggestions in the literature and in contrast to observation with longer pulse widths, we consistently observe a crystal-to-amorphous (c–a) transition using the 7-psec pulses as well as periodic ripple formation and ring structure on the surface. Also we have measured a significant pulse-width dependence to the single-shot melting threshold.
1.19 Geomorphology for Future Societies

This volume on the Foundations of Geomorphology concludes with a perspective on the field's direction in the foreseeable future, with emphasis on the role that geomorphology should play in meeting the environmental challenges that are likely to affect the lives and livelihoods of the world's diverse societies. Between the introduction and conclusion, the essay has four parts. (1) Geomorphology past and present is summarized so that readers may understand the tortuous learning curve that has brought the field to its present theories and practices. (2) Future challenges to society are defined briefly in terms of population growth, climate change, sea-level change, seismicity, volcanism, water resources, and land-cover and land-use change. (3) The future of geomorphology as research science addresses a selection of these challenges. (4) The future of geomorphology as applied science is explored through the context of environmental education, engineering, planning, and management. The last two categories are particularly relevant to society because they bring geomorphic principles and practices to bear on challenges generated by both natural forces and human activities. There may be little that people can presently do to prevent natural hazards but many steps can be taken to avoid or minimize their impacts. Much can be done, however, to curtail, alleviate, or redirect the effects of human activities. As the world's human population, having surpassed 7 billion (10 9 ) in 2011, continues to grow, the need for effective planning and management of the environment and its resources becomes increasingly critical. It is in this context that geomorphology should play a major role.
Accountability for women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health in the Sustainable Development Goal era

Background: Commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 resulted in political momentum, new investments and mobilisation to implement practical steps needed to meet the framework of eight MDG goals. MDG 5 (improve maternal health) and MDG 4 (reduce child mortality) focused on improving women’s and children’s health, with newborn health not added until the mid-2000s. The MDG era saw vast improvements in maternal and child survival, with global under-five mortality rates declining by more than half, from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births between 1990 and 2015, and a 45 % decline in maternal mortality ratio worldwide, with more reductions occurring since 2000 [1]. However, as the MDGs draw to a close, the annual death toll, most of which could have been prevented, remains unacceptably high with 303,000 maternal deaths, 2.6 million stillbirths, 5.9 million deaths in children under the age of five - including 2.7 million newborn death - and 1.3 million adolescent deaths [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. It also remains very unequally distributed, with poor countries and poor individuals in middle income countries shouldering the largest burden. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) launched in September 2015, have received commitment from all governments to implement an ambitious agenda of 17 goals over the next 15 years, with SDG 3 focused on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. SDG 3 retains a focus on survival, but also sets goals to reduce disability and illnesses that hinder people from reaching their full potential, resulting in enormous loss and costs for countries, and importantly includes an equity parameter with universal health coverage and leave no-one behind. The new Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ health (Global Strategy) and its operational framework are aligned with the SDGs, and provide an evidence-based roadmap for ending preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030 (Fig. 1) [8]. The three pillars of the Global Strategy – survive, thrive and transform - aim to go beyond ending preventable mortality, to ensure that all women, children and adolescents’ health and well-being are transformed to shape a more prosperous and sustainable future.
Screening entire healthcare system ECG database: Association of deep terminal negativity of P wave in lead V1 and ECG referral with mortality

Abstract Background Each encounter of asymptomatic individuals with the healthcare system presents an opportunity for improvement of cardiovascular disease (CVD) awareness and sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk assessment. ECG sign deep terminal negativity of the P wave in V1 (DTNP V1 ) was shown to be associated with an increased risk of SCD in the general population. Objective To evaluate association of DTNP V1 with all-cause mortality and newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AFib) in the large tertiary healthcare system patient population. Methods Retrospective double cohort study compared two levels of exposure (automatically measured amplitude of P-prime (Pp) in V1): DTNP V1 (Pp from −100μV to −200μV) and ZeroPpV1 (Pp=0). An entire healthcare system (2010–2014) ECG database was screened. Medical records of children and patients with previously diagnosed AFib/atrial flutter (AFl), implanted pacemaker or cardioverter–defibrillator were excluded. DTNP V1 (n=3,413) and ZeroPpV1 (n=3,405) cohorts were matched by age and sex. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were newly diagnosed AFib/AFl. Median follow-up was 2.5 y. Results DTNP V1 was associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.95(1.64–2.31); P Conclusion DTNP V1 is independently associated with twice higher risk of all-cause death, as compared to patients without P prime in V1. Life-saving effect of the index ECG referral by a cardiologist requires further study.
Historical sources of polychlorinated biphenyls to the sediment of the New York/New Jersey Harbor

Using dated sediment cores, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations in the New York/New Jersey Harbor and Lower Hudson River were investigated using Positive Matrix Factorization. Of the seven factors resolved, six represent Aroclors in various stages of weathering. Factor 1 resembles Aroclor 1242 and is consistent with the Upper Hudson River PCB signal associated with the General Electric capacitor plants near Hudson Falls, NY. This factor is the dominant source of PCBs in the upper layers of the sediment core collected in the Lower Hudson River. Factor 2 (Aroclor 1248) was the dominant PCB component in the core depths corresponding with around 1970, but it has decreased more rapidly since its peak (estimated half-life of about 5 years) than factor 1 (half-life of about 14 years), suggesting that PCBs from the Upper Hudson have delayed the recovery of the Harbor from PCB contamination. The seventh factor, comprised of PCBs 206, 208, and 209, was greatest in concentration in the deepest core slices and is thought be associated with inadvertent production of PCBs during the manufacture of titanium dioxide and/or with foundry waxes containing PCBs. PCB 11, which is thought to be associated with the use of color organic pigments, was examined separately and was detected in sediment throughout the Harbor. Its maximum concentrations generally occurred at the same depth as the maximum total PCB concentrations, suggesting that PCB 11 concentrations decreased after the mid-1970s.
The impact of community associations on residential property values

ABSTRACTWhile community associations were relatively uncommon only a few decades ago, they now outnumber municipal governments in the United States. Since 1970, the number of community associations operating in the country has grown 30-fold representing approximately 24% of the US housing stock. Despite the rapid expansion of community associations, relatively little is known about their impact on residential property values. This research review addresses this issue by examining the extant academic literature to determine how and when the activities of community associations are capitalized into housing prices.
Exercise: Teaching myocytes new tricks.

Endurance exercise training promotes numerous cellular adaptations in both cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. For example, exercise training fosters changes in mitochondrial function due ...
BRICKS, BRANDING, AND THE EVERYDAY: DEFINING GREATNESS AT THE UNITED NATIONS PLAZA IN SAN FRANCISCO

After over a decade of reports, designs, and public outreach, the United Nations Plaza in San Francisco was dedicated in 1976. Using historical documents such as government reports, design guidelines, letters, meeting minutes, and newspaper articles from archives, I argue that while the construction of the UN Plaza has failed to completely transform the social and economic life of the area, it succeeds in creating a genuinely public space. The history of the UN Plaza can serve both as a cautionary tale for those interested in changing property values purely through changing design, and as a standard of success in making a space used by a true cross-section of urban society.
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive cells: a new cell type in the human ureteropelvic junction.

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is the most common cause of congenital hydronephrosis. Normal ureteral motility requires coordinated interaction between neurons, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and interstitial Cajal-like cells (IC-LCs). Recently, a new type of interstitial cell, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive (PDGFRα+) cells, was discovered in the gastrointestinal tract and bladder. We used immunohistochemistry to study PDGFRα protein distribution in normal human UPJ and congenital UPJ obstruction. Western blot and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) were used to study PDGFRα protein and gene expression levels. In addition, closely associated cells and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels were investigated. PDGFRα+ cells were distinct from IC-LCs and SMCs and were in close proximity to nerve fibers. PDGFRα+ cells expressed SK3 channels, which are thought to mediate purinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in SMCs. The distribution of PDGFRα+ cells was similar in UPJ obstruction vs. controls. However, the expression of SK3 channels in PDGFRα+ cells was decreased in UPJ obstruction vs. controls. This study shows, for the first time, the PDGFRα+ cell expression in the human UPJ. Altered SK3 channel expression observed in PDGFRα+ cells in UPJ obstruction suggests that the impairment of SK3 activity across the UPJ may perturb upper urinary tract peristalsis in this urological condition.
The Microstructural Aspects of Tensile Fracture

The proposed and observed mechanisms of initiation of brittle fracture will be reviewed. These are slip band and twin blockage, precipitate particle and particle interface fracture, pre-existing cracks, and embrittled grain interfaces. Conditions under which each mechanism prevails will be outlined. The conditions for brittle fracture, the mechanisms of ductile fracture, and the physical significance of the ductility transition will also be discussed.
Functional network stability and average minimal distance - A framework to rapidly assess dynamics of functional network representations.

Abstract Background Recent advances in neurophysiological recording techniques have increased both the spatial and temporal resolution of data. New methodologies are required that can handle large data sets in an efficient manner as well as to make quantifiable, and realistic, predictions about the global modality of the brain from under-sampled recordings. New method To rectify both problems, we first propose an analytical modification to an existing functional connectivity algorithm, Average Minimal Distance (AMD), to rapidly capture functional network connectivity. We then complement this algorithm by introducing Functional Network Stability (FuNS), a metric that can be used to quickly assess the global network dynamic changes over time, without being constrained by the activities of a specific set of neurons. Results We systematically test the performance of AMD and FuNS (1) on artificial spiking data with different statistical characteristics, (2) from spiking data generated using a neural network model, and (3) using in vivo data recorded from mouse hippocampus during fear learning. Our results show that AMD and FuNS are able to monitor the change in network dynamics during memory consolidation. Comparison with other methods AMD outperforms traditional bootstrapping and cross-correlation (CC) methods in both significance and computation time. Simultaneously, FuNS provides a reliable way to establish a link between local structural network changes, global dynamics of network-wide representations activity, and behavior. Conclusions The AMD-FuNS framework should be universally useful in linking long time-scale, global network dynamics and cognitive behavior.
Inhibiting ERα expression in the medial amygdala increases prosocial behavior in male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus).

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that site-specific estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression is a critical factor in the expression of male prosocial behavior and aggression. Previous studies have shown that in the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) low levels of ERα expression, in the medial amygdala (MeA), play an essential role in the expression of high levels of male prosocial behavior and that increasing ERα expression reduced male prosocial behavior. We used an shRNA adeno-associated viral vector to knock down/inhibit ERα in the MeA of the polygynous male meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus), which displays significantly higher levels of ERα in the MeA than its monogamous relative. Control males were transfected with a luciferase expressing AAV vector. After treatment males participated in three social behavior tests, a same-sex dyadic encounter, an opposite-sex social preference test and an alloparental test. We predicted that decreasing MeA ERα would increase male meadow vole’s prosocial behavior and reduce aggression. The results generally supported the hypothesis. Specifically, MeA knockdown males displayed lower levels of defensive aggression during dyadic encounters and increased levels of overall side-x-side physical contact with females during the social preference test, eliminating the partner preference observed in controls. There was no effect on pup interactions, with both treatments expressing low levels of alloparental behavior. Behaviors affected were similar to those in male prairie voles with increased ERα in the BST rather than the MeA, suggesting that relative changes of expression within these nuclei may play a critical role in regulating prosocial behavior.
History of Defibrillation

History of cardiac defibrillation is characterized by a relatively long time-lag between the initial discovery of the phenomenon and its successful clinical application. It is also punctuated with gaps, where discoveries were set aside due to lack of scientific understanding, resource availability, etc. – to be repeated years later, after some new leap in understanding. Additional lags were incurred across the divide of the Iron Curtain, delaying the development of safe and portable defibrillation by a number of years. All these efforts combined with the understanding of the mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation eventually culminated in resuscitation successes of today.
Optimizing Outcome After Unrelated Marrow Transplantation by Comprehensive Matching of HLA Class I and II Alleles in the Donor and Recipient

In unrelated marrow transplantation, the benefit of matching class II HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 alleles of the donor and recipient is well documented. Little is known about the clinical relevance of matching for class I HLA-A, B, and C alleles. We used DNA-amplification methods to identify the HLA-A, B, and C alleles of 300 patients and their donors. The incidence of graft failure was correlated with multiple class I mismatching in the donor. The risk of grades III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease was highest with class II mismatching in the recipient. Mismatching for a single class I or class II allele had no effect on survival, but mortality was increased by mismatching for more than one class I allele and by simultaneous mismatching for class I and class II alleles. We conclude that matching HLA class I and class II alleles of the donor and recipient can improve outcome after unrelated marrow transplantation.
One and one is not two: taking a fresh look at membrane interfaces

Plasma membranes sit at the divide — conceptually and literally — between the interior and exterior milieu of cells, coordinating communication between nearby cells and structuring surrounding tissue. While great effort over the past half-century has advanced our understanding of the molecular organization of the plasma membrane, much of this work has focused on free plasma membranes that are not in contact with other cells. Recent studies have highlighted unique and unexpected features of membrane interfaces formed between two cells, where the physical and chemical constraints of the interface conspire to create a system that is distinct from either plasma membrane alone. Inspired by this emerging view of cell–cell contacts, we propose classifying interfaces between cells as a distinct cellular compartment. Dan Fletcher’s lab comments on the unique properties of membranes at cell–cell adhesions, suggesting that cell–cell interfaces are a separate cellular compartment.
All the Kings Men: The Colonial and Imperial Marketing of Colorism: A Review of Shades of Difference: Why Skin Color Matters. (Ed.) Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009, 299p

Shades of Difference: Why Skin Color Matters, is a visually engaging, academically provocative and culturally interesting exploration of color and colorism within the global economies of difference of power. The reader learns how skin color, hue, and tone, have all been related to individual advancement and repression. Glenn and the lovely assortments of writers recover and restore past conversations of race as well as engage newly emergent conversations about color.
Abstract 1615: Correlation between demographic factors, dietary habits and urinary micronutrient content among minority groups in New York City

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A diet low in fruits and vegetables increases the risk of certain cancer types. Moreover, socioeconomic factors contribute to limited access to fresh and healthy foods and limited opportunities for safe physical activity, leading to poor physical health. In this multidisciplinary, IRB approved study, we explored relationships between demographic factors, self-reported dietary behaviors and gallic acid, a polyphenolic micronutrient that correlates well with fruit and vegetable intake. We recruited participants at a senior center in East Harlem, New York City, a racially diverse and underserved community. The participants completed a NIH-validated survey through which we assessed their dietary habits and collected standardized demographic data and history of cancer. Urine samples from participants were analyzed for gallic acid. So far, 33 participants completed the survey and 25 of them provided urine samples for gallic acid analysis. We found an association between demographic information (Race/ethnicity and age) and intake of certain foods. Specifically, age was negatively associated with french fries/fried potatoes, cooked dried beans and tomato soup intake (p Citation Format: Cristina Zambrano, Maayan Beeber, April Panitz, Katarzyna Wyka, Safa Ibrahim, Yin Tan, Grace Ma, Khursheed Navder, Ming-Chin Yeh, Olorunseun Ogunwobi. Correlation between demographic factors, dietary habits and urinary micronutrient content among minority groups in New York City [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1615.
When Aristotelian virtuous agents acquire the fine for themselves, what are they acquiring?

In the Nicomachean Ethics, one of Aristotle’s most frequent characterizations of the virtuous agent is that she acts for the sake of the fine (to kalon). In IX.8, this pursuit of the fine receives ...
Expertise among critical care nurses: A grounded theory study.

Abstract Objectives Explore critical care nurses’ personal perceptions of expertise, expert performance and transition from novice to expert performer in clinical practice. Design Following constructivist approach to grounded theory this investigation used qualitative open-ended interviews focused on the social construction of expertise in critical care nursing and the experiences of clinical practice that define that process. Setting A multi-site urban area in the southeastern United States. Participants 10 certified critical care nurses, three males and seven females, with 10–30+ years of critical care experience. Findings Experience and knowledge are the foundation of expertise and expert performance. The higher the acuity the more frequent the experience the greater the nurses’ aptitude and opportunity for learning and professional growth. It was also noted that self-actualisation was a major determinant in the development of expertise in critical care. Conclusion Key findings suggested that clinical experience and personal motivation combined with self-actualisation, the drive to maximise personal potential, determine critical care nurse’s trajectory towards professional excellence. Expert performance evolves over time. Knowledge acquisition and experience have an interdependent reciprocal relationship inferring that you cannot have one without the other. Social expectations and experiences have a direct impact on professional aptitude and development if expertise.
Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current progress, challenges and future outlook

Despite maximal surgical resection and chemoradiation, glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Give...
So, This is America?

In this poem, the author sheds light on the struggles of police brutality, racism, and injustice that rampage through the Black community. The author’s poem illustrates the feeling of devastation from the lack of equality and justice for Black individuals in America, who constantly live-in fear. The author is a Black woman, who witnesses and experiences discrimination and unfairness, and questions is this what America really is? She writes this poem in an effort to hold the disruptive systems in America, racist individuals, and brutal police accountable for their damage and destruction of Black people and Black communities. The poem was unfortunately inspired by the killings of innocent Black individuals such as Daunte Wright, Brandon Bernard, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and the many other Black lives reduced to a hashtag.
Trends in Key SDG Indicators

Using a representative indicator for each goal, this chapter conducts a quantitative assessment of current progress over 2000 to 2018 for each of the 17 SDGs. This assessment is applied to all countries of the world, to low-income countries, and our nine selected countries. Based on our measure of quantitative change, we then assess whether the representative indicator for each of the 17 SDGs has been improving or declining since 2000. This chapter also discusses other approaches that have been developed for assessing progress in attaining the SDGs. We compare how the findings of these approaches compare to our results, and highlight similarity and differences in our methods of assessing progress.
Wunden der Normalkinder von Normaleltern

Wir mussten ja buchstablich Tomaten auf den Augen haben, wenn wir nicht sahen, wie Kinder zu erziehen waren!
Incumbent Spending and Gubernatorial Elections: An Investigation of Primary Type and Candidate Deviation

In the political science and public choice literature, it has been shown that candidates (i) deviate from their median voter based upon the primary election type, and (ii) are more likely to establish policy positions that deviate from the median voter when the voting system is characterized by closed primaries. This paper examines the relationship between incumbent campaign spending and the degree of openness of political primaries in the United States for gubernatorial elections over the years 1980-2000 to examine if the type of primary system influences campaign spending. The authors find that incumbent candidates who face a more open primary will deviate less and therefore spend less to win elections.
Effects of data communications failure on air traffic controller sector management effectiveness, situation awareness, and workload

Data communications (Data Comm) is a tool needed to implement future concepts of air traffic management envisioned by NextGen. A combination of voice and pilot-controller data communications will allow the National Airspace System to handle 2-3X current day traffic by 2025. The performance, situation awareness, and workload of seven air traffic controllers was analyzed in a medium fidelity, human-in-the-loop simulation where a discrete Data Comm failure occurred after several trials with completely reliable Data Comm tools. We found that the Data Comm failure resulted in increased controller workload and decreased sector efficiency performance. However, the controllers were able to maintain safety in their sectors despite the Data Comm failure.
Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella in bulk tank milk: risk factors and risk of human exposure

Milk samples (n=292) from farm bulk tanks were analyzed for selected bacteria. Frequency of bacterial isolation was Listeria monocytogenes 12 (4.1%), Campylobacter jejuni 36 (12.3%), Yersinia enterocolitica 44 (15.1%), and Salmonella 26 (8.9%). The presence of one or more selected bacteria was not associated with grade classification of dairy, barn type, milking hygiene, reported incidence of clinical mastitis among cows, or the number of cows on the farm. Consumption of raw bulk milk was reported by 68/195 (34.9%) dairy producers, and of bulk tanks from which raw milk was consumed, 17/68 (25%) were contaminated with one or more species of pathogenic bacteria.
Formation, support and stability of quiescent prominences

The most prevalent hypotheses and theories that treat the formation and support of quiescent prominences are reviewed, along with current ideas concerning the stability of such prominences. Observational clues to the formation of quiescent prominences are described, condensation of coronal material is examined, and injection mechanisms of prominence formation are considered. Questions pertaining to the support and stability of quiescent prominences are discussed in terms of magnetohydrostatic equilibrium, prominence equilibria, and breakdown of stability conditions.
Systematic Assessment of Culture Review as a Tool to Assess Errors in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

Abstract Context.—Daily supervisory review is a common practice in microbiology laboratories; however, there are no publications describing errors corrected by this practice. Objective.—To determine (1) the correction rates for routinely reviewed positive cultures, (2) the correction rates for negative cultures, and (3) the types of corrections that are found, including the number with potential clinical significance. Design.—We prospectively assessed errors identified during culture report review for all positive (10-month period) and negative (1-month period) cultures at a single, university-based clinical microbiology laboratory in the United States. Errors were classified using predefined categories, and total and per category error rates were determined. A χ2 test was used to assess significant differences between error rates. Results.—A total of 112 108 culture reports were examined; 914 reports required a total of 1043 corrections. Of 101 703 positive culture reports, 786 (0.8%) required 900 correc...
The development and feasibility of a remote damage control resuscitation prehospital plasma transfusion protocol for warfarin reversal for patients with traumatic brain injury

Background The rapid reversal of warfarin in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with improved outcomes. Until now, remote reversal of hypocoagulable states has not been possible in the prehospital environment. This manuscript describes the development and analysis of a prehospital plasma transfusion protocol to reverse warfarin at the earliest possible moment after TBI. Study Design and Methods A retrospective review of all TBI patients receiving plasma transfusion(s) in the prehospital environment for warfarin reversal between February 2009 and September 2010 was conducted. Thawed plasma was carried on every air ambulance flight centered at the main campus. Results A total of 2836 flights carried over 2500 units of thawed plasma throughout the study period. During this time, 16 patients received prehospital plasma resuscitation, five of who were on warfarin with a concurrent TBI. The median Injury Severity Score was 17 (8.5-27.5) with a median Glasgow Coma Score of 13 (8-15) and a mortality rate of 40%. A median of 2 (1.5-2.0) units of thawed plasma and 0 (0-0) units of RBCs were transfused en route. The pretransfusion point-of-care international normalized ratio improved from 3.1 (2.3-4.0) to 1.9 (1.3-3.6) upon trauma center admission (serum sample). One hundred percent of the transported, but unused, thawed plasma underwent subsequent transfusion prior to expiration. Conclusions Remote prehospital plasma transfusions effectively reverse anticoagulation secondary to warfarin administration in TBI patients. It is feasible to transfuse thawed plasma in the prehospital setting via remote damage control techniques without increasing waste. Prospective studies are needed to determine if this practice can improve outcomes in this population.
Analyzing the Labor Market Outcomes of Occupational Licensing

Recent assessments of occupational licensing have shown varying effects of the institution on laborâ€ market outcomes. This study revisits the relationship between occupational licensing and laborâ€ market outcomes by analyzing a new topical module to the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Relative to previously available data, the topical module offers more detailed information on occupational licensing attainment, with larger sample sizes and access to richer sets of personâ€ level characteristics. We find that those with a license earn higher pay, are more likely to be employed, and have a higher probability of employerâ€ sponsored health insurance offers.
Phytochromes: An Atomic Perspective on Photoactivation and Signaling

The superfamily of phytochrome (Phy) photoreceptors regulates a wide array of light responses in plants and microorganisms through their unique ability to reversibly switch between stable dark-adapted and photoactivated end states. Whereas the downstream signaling cascades and biological consequences have been described, the initial events that underpin photochemistry of the coupled bilin chromophore and the ensuing conformational changes needed to propagate the light signal are only now being understood. Especially informative has been the rapidly expanding collection of 3D models developed by x-ray crystallographic, NMR, and single-particle electron microscopic methods from a remarkably diverse array of bacterial Phys. These structures have revealed how the modular architecture of these dimeric photoreceptors engages the buried chromophore through distinctive knot, hairpin, and helical spine features. When collectively viewed, these 3D structures reveal complex structural alterations whereby photoisomerization of the bilin drives nanometer-scale movements within the Phy dimer through bilin sliding, hairpin reconfiguration, and spine deformation that ultimately impinge upon the paired signal output domains. When integrated with the recently described structure of the photosensory module from Arabidopsis thaliana PhyB, new opportunities emerge for the rational redesign of plant Phys with novel photochemistries and signaling properties potentially beneficial to agriculture and their exploitation as optogenetic reagents.
Bargaining and separation costs in two-sided markets

Abstract A two-sided market is characterized by contract negotiations, bilateral exchanges between buyers and sellers. Separation costs endow trading partners with monopoly power, rendering this a market of bilateral monopolistic competition. Market equilibrium is defined by these negotiations, a matching of the two sides, and a set of prices; the costs of disagreement are endogenous. A bargaining strategy some players use is commitment to a position. Disagreements are possible and, contrary to the case of bilateral monopoly, these disagreements are not always inefficient.
HFOSS-Lite in CS2: Incorporating the Ushahidi Crowdmapping Program in a Data Structures and Algorithms Course (Abstract Only)

Although undergraduate computer science enrollments are again on the upswing, increased enrollments do not seem to have led to increased diversity -- CS, at least in America, remains a field dominated by white males. A variety of evidence shows that many underrepresented groups, such as women and domestic students of color, are often motivated by course work that includes a clear societal benefit. The Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software (HFOSS) approach suggests that working on FOSS projects that have humanitarian benefits provides such motivation. Unfortunately, adding new themes and topics to courses can be difficult. CS2, in particular, often feels packed enough that it's hard to envision adding something else. And, while HFOSS is attractive, it's sometimes hard for the particular needs of a project to help students develop course-specific knowledge (about data structures and algorithms).I've recently experimented with an idea that I call "HFOSS-lite". Rather than students contributing directly to an HFOSS project, they use an HFOSS project as a source of data for their data structures and algorithms. The Ushahidi crowdmapping platform has proven especially useful. Students can contribute data to Ushahidi sites and even build their own sites. The data can be used in a variety of exercises, from simple searching to sorting algorithms in which they use different criteria (not just alphabetical or by time, but also by distance from a location and a variety of hybrid approaches) and beyond. And, because they are using the HFOSS software, they think about societal impact.
Delay Analysis for Cognitive Radio Networks with Random Access: A Fluid Queue View

We consider a cognitive radio network where multiple secondary users (SUs) contend for spectrum usage, using random access, over available primary user (PU) channels. Our focus is on SUs' queueing delay performance, for which a systematic understanding is lacking. We take a fluid queue approximation approach to study the steady-state delay performance of SUs, for cases with a single PU channel and multiple PU channels. Using stochastic fluid models, we represent the queue dynamics as Poisson driven stochastic differential equations, and characterize the moments of the SUs' queue lengths accordingly. Since in practical systems, a secondary user would have no knowledge of other users' activities, its contention probability has to be set based on local information. With this observation, we develop adaptive algorithms to find the optimal contention probability that minimizes the mean queue lengths. Moreover, we study the impact of multiple channels and multiple interfaces, on SUs' delay performance. As expected, the use of multiple channels and/or multiple interfaces leads to significant delay reduction.
Individual, Peer, and Family Factors Influencing Urban African American Adolescents’ Responses to Problem Dating Situations

A clear understanding of factors influencing adolescents’ responses to problem dating situations is needed to guide efforts to promote healthy dating relationships and address issues such as emotional distress, conflict, and violence in dating contexts. This study used qualitative methods guided by a socio-ecological model to identify factors at the individual-level and those within adolescents’ peer and family relationships that influenced their use of specific strategies (active, avoidant, support-seeking, or aggressive) in response to problem dating situations. Interviews were conducted with 38 African American middle and high school students in an urban public school system. Participants identified nine themes that would make it easier for them to engage in their best response strategies to deal with problem dating situations. These included four individual-level factors (e.g., individual characteristics and adolescents’ confidence in their ability to address dating problems), three peer factors (e.g., supportive advice from peers), and two family factors (e.g., support, advice, and messages about dating relationships from family members). Nine themes were identified that would make it harder for adolescents to engage in these responses including three individual-level factors (e.g., difficulty in regulating anger, anxiety, and sadness in dealing with dating problems), four peer factors (e.g., peer instigated conflict among dating partners), and two family factors (e.g., family involvement in adolescents’ dating relationships). The results inform prevention efforts that focus on promoting healthy dating relationships during adolescence.
National trends in the surgical management of Meckel's diverticulum

Abstract Background Treatment recommendations for Meckel's diverticulum (MD) come mostly from single-institution case series. The objective of this study was to review the surgical management and outcomes of children undergoing Meckel's diverticulectomy using contemporary data from a national database. Methods We queried 2007 to 2008 data from the Pediatric Health Information System database and analyzed demographic and outcome variables for patients undergoing surgical resection of MD. Cases were classified as primary (symptomatic MD) or secondary (incidental MD). Outcomes in primary cases were compared between open and laparoscopic approaches. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Chicago, IL). Results Eight hundred fifteen children underwent Meckel's diverticulectomy. Meckel's diverticulectomy was more common in boys (boy-girl, 2.3:1), and half (53%) of the children required surgery before their fourth birthday. More cases (n = 485; 60%) were classified as primary, and most children were approached by laparotomy (75%). The most common presentations for primary cases were obstruction (30%), bleeding (27%), and intussusception (19%). In the primary group, patients treated with the laparoscopic approach had a shorter length of stay (open approach, 5.7 ± 5.2 days; laparoscopic approach, 4.3 ± 2.7 days; P Conclusion These data describe current trends in the surgical treatment of MD in the United States. Laparoscopic Meckel's diverticulectomy appears to shorten length of stay but is used much less frequently than the traditional open approach.
In-situ chemical detection based on photonic devices

A novel scheme of a laser-based chemical sensor has been examined. The scheme is based on the lasing frequency shift of a DBR laser as a result of refractive index change of the sensitive coating in the presence of chemicals in question. The applicability and advantages of different schemes are discussed. The results of preliminary experiments related to the construction and stability of an external cavity DBR laser and interferometric measurements of refractive index change are presented.
1970 Solar Eclipse as "Seen" by a Torsion Pendulum

During the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970, readings were taken and recorded electronically of the times required for the torsion pendulum to rotate through a given fixed part of its path, involving both clockwise and counterclockwise motions, on its first swing from rest. Significant variations in these times were observed during the course of the eclipse as well as in the hours just preceding and just following the eclipse itself. Between the onset of the eclipse and its midpoint there is a steady increase in the observed times. After the midpoint the times decrease suddenly and level off promptly to values considerably greater than those observed before the eclipse. Furthermore, before the eclipse there is a periodic variation in these times. This strange periodicity was essentially repeated two weeks later at the same hours, though the actual values were somewhat greater than the earlier ones. These increases in actual values exceed by a factor of ${10}^{5}$ those that can be explained by the attraction of the moon due to its change in position relative to the sun and earth. All this leads to the conclusion that classical gravitational theory needs to be modified to interpret these experimental facts.