cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of algal growth phase on Aureococcus anophagefferens susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract A cell's growth phase could affect its susceptibility to a biocide in microbial control. This study examines the growth phase dependent susceptibility of a brown tide bloom alga Aureococcus anophagefferens to microbial biocide hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Test cultures of A. anophagefferens cells in exponential and stationary growth phase and similar initial cell density (1.6 × 106 cells mL−1) were exposed to 0.4–1.6 mg L−1 H2O2. Changes in algal growth (in vivo fluorescence, total chlorophyll a, and cell density), cell physiology (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, and total intracellular non-protein thiols), and H2O2 decomposition were quantified. Results show that the stationary phase cells are more susceptible to H2O2 than the exponential phase cells, and this is attributed to the weaker ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging system and consequently greater cell damage in stationary phase cells. The stationary phase cells potentially require 30–40% less H2O2 to reach 90% removal within 12 h of treatment as compared to the exponential phase cells. The results have practical implications in brown tide bloom control with respect to the timing and the dosage of H2O2 application.
The effect of insulin on glucose transport in rabbit erythrocytes and reticulocytes.

Abstract Insulin binding and 3-0-Methylglucose transport have been studied in erythrocyte- and reticulocyte-enriched fractions of blood cells in order to determine if the increased number of insulin binding sites in reticulocytes is associated with a glucose transport response to insulin. In these experiments rabbit reticulocytes demonstrate an eightfold increase in total insulin receptors when compared to erythrocytes. Glucose transport activity in the erythrocyte has a K m of 3.2 mM. Reticulocytes demonstrate a saturable glucose transport activity of lower affinity, K m 18.9 mM. Neither the erythrocyte, nor the reticulocyte glucose transport activity, was capable of an increased response to insulin. The low affinity glucose transport activity in reticulocytes could allow a fourfold increase in facilitated glucose transport at supraphysiological glucose concentrations that might occur in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
Distally based posterior tibial artery perforator flap for coverage of defects around the ankle, heel and lower third of leg

Reconstruction of distal leg region remained a difficult task. Free flaps had long been considered as a gold standard for these regions. However, due to various limitations of the free flap, a local fasciocutaneous flap could be considered as a good alternative. In this study, the use of a distally based posterior tibial artery perforator flap had been evaluated in the coverage of defects around the ankle, heel, and lower third of a leg. The study also outlined the donor-site morbidity and the technical details of the surgical procedure. In this prospective study, a total of 42 patients with distal lower leg defects were included. The defects were located on the lower third of the leg (n = 23), ankle (n = 11), and heel (n = 8). Reconstruction was performed using distally pedicled posterior tibial artery perforator flaps. Patients were evaluated in terms of viability of the flap, functional gain, and donor-site morbidity. The technical details of the operative procedure have also been outlined. All the flaps survived well, with the exception of one patient, who experienced complete flap loss. Minor complications were, however, noted in four other patients: One patient developed superficial epidermolysis; one developed postoperative venous congestion, which subsided within 3 days by conservative means, and in two patients, partial loss of the skin graft occurred at the donor site but healed completely with dressing and antibiotics. The patients were followed up for an average period of 6 months, ranging from 1 to 13 months. Donor-site morbidity was minimal. It was concluded that the distally based pedicled posterior tibial artery perforator flap was a reliable, easy, less time-consuming, and versatile procedure for covering the defects around the ankle, heel, and lower third a leg. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study
Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease

An impaired ability to initiate walking is a common feature of postural instability and gait impairment in Parkinson's disease. While progressive resistance training (PRT) has been proposed to be an effective modality to improve balance and gait function in people with Parkinson's disease, there are a limited number of randomized trials and no studies have evaluated gait initiation performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the potential benefits PRT on GI performance in people with Parkinson's disease. Eighteen individuals with idiopathic PD were randomly assigned to either a twice weekly PRT program or a non-contact control group for 10 weeks. Biomechanical analysis of GI was performed pre- and post-intervention. Dependent variables of interest included the displacement of the center-of-pressure (COP) during the anticipatory postural phase of GI as well as the initial stride length and velocity. The PRT group demonstrated improvements in the posterior displacement of the COP and the initial stride length and velocity. There were no improvements in any variables for the control subjects. These results suggest that PRT may be an effective non-pharmacological and nonsurgical treatment to improve GI performance in PWP.
The process for developing an international program for dual-career couples

Abstract Dual-career couples have unique needs which are accentuated during relocation. Nowhere is this problem more acute than when one of the members is transferred overseas. The career conflict of a trailing spouse accentuates the “spillover” of tension from the professional domain to the family unit. This tension makes it difficult for the expatriate to perform well in the foreign assignment. This paper examines a process that could be followed to develop a social support system for dual-career couples expatriated on overseas assignments.
Accuracy and controlling effects of self-monitoring as a function of concurrent responding and reinforcement*

Two experiments are presented in which the accuracy and controlling effects of self-monitoring are evaluated as a function of engaging in concurrent operants and as a function of being reinforced for reliable recording. In Experiment I, each of 12 subjects were exposed to conditions involving reinforced self-monitoring, operant responding, and the concurrent performance of operant responding and reinforced self-monitoring. Monitoring was always reinforced, operant responding was not. Results indicated that the accuracy of self-monitoring was decreased during the performance of a concurrent operant. No controlling (reactive) effects of self-monitoring were observed. Experiment II was conducted to evaluate the effects of reinforcing reliable self-monitoring on the accuracy and control produced by self-monitoring. Experimental phases included self-monitoring, reinforced self-monitoring, and a replication of concurrent reinforced self-monitoring-operant responding. Reinforcing reliable recording resulted in a slight decrease in errors compared to self-monitoring alone, while errors during both these conditions were significantly fewer than during the concurrent self-monitoring-operant task. Rates of the monitored response remained stable during reinforced self-monitoring, while they decreased during self-monitoring alone. The results of both experiments are related to the clinical usage of self-monitoring, as they demonstrate the importance of assessing concurrent environmental contingencies when requesting clients to self-monitor, as well as indicating the potential accelerative effects on a response that, when correctly monitored, is reinforced.
Up-regulation of guinea pig myometrial β-adrenergic receptors by intrauterine estradiol and progesterone pellets

The effect of intrauterine implantation of 17p-estradiol and progesterone on the concentration and affinity of myometrial p-adrenergic receptor were studied in nonpregnant, previously oophorectomized guinea pigs receiving intrauterine implants of either 17p-estradiol, progesterone, a combination of the two hormones, or placebo for 7 days. Myometrial p-adrenergic receptors were characterized by use of (-)-iodine 125-cyanopindolol as the specific p-adrenergic receptor ligand. On comparison with the control group, administration of 170-estradiol or progesterone resulted in a severafold increase in the concentration (B.) of myometrial p-adrenergic receptor and a lesser but significant increase in the dissociation constant, Ko. Although a combination of 170-estradiol and progesterone treatment increased the concentration and the dissociation constant of p-adrenergic receptors, it did not result in any synergistic or additive effect. We conclude that intrauterine administration of these sex steroid hormones, directly or indirectly, modulates myometrial 0-adrenergic receptor concentrations and affinity.
Altered endochondral ossification in collagen X mouse models leads to impaired immune responses

Disruption of collagen X function in hypertrophic cartilage undergoing endochondral ossification was previously linked to altered hematopoiesis in collagen X transgenic (Tg) and null (KO) mice (Jacenko et al., [2002] Am J Pathol 160:2019–2034). Mice displayed altered growth plates, diminished trabecular bone, and marrow hypoplasia with an aberrant lymphocyte profile throughout life. This study identifies altered B220+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte numbers, as well as CD4+/fox3P+ T regulatory cells in the collagen X mice. Additionally, diminished in vitro splenocyte responses to mitogens and an inability of mice to survive a challenge with Toxoplasma gondii, confirm impaired immune responses. In concert, ELISA and protein arrays identify aberrant levels of inflammatory, chemo-attractant, and matrix binding cytokines in collagen X mouse sera. These data link the disruption of collagen X function in the chondro-osseous junction to an altered hematopoietic stem cell niche in the marrow, resulting in impaired immune function. Developmental Dynamics 237:2693–2704, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IP3 RECEPTOR SUBTYPE-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF STORE-OPERATED CALCIUM ENTRY THROUGH ICRAC

The store-operated, calcium release-activated calcium current I(CRAC) is activated by the depletion of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-sensitive stores. The significantly different dose-response relationships of IP(3)-mediated Ca(2+) release and CRAC channel activation indicate that I(CRAC) is activated by a functionally, and possibly physically, distinct sub-compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the so-called CRAC store. Vertebrate genomes contain three IP(3) receptor (IP(3)R) genes and most cells express at least two subtypes, but the functional relevance of various IP(3)R subtypes with respect to store-operated Ca(2+) entry is completely unknown. We here demonstrate in avian B cells (chicken DT40) that IP(3)R type II and type III participate in IP(3)-induced activation of I(CRAC), but IP(3)R type I does not. This suggests that the expression pattern of IP(3)R contributes to the formation of specialized CRAC stores in B cells.
Cholinesterases in the amyloid angiopathy of Alzheimer's disease

Vessels affected by amyloid angiopathy in patients with Alzheimer's disease also displayed intense acetylcholinestearase and butyrylcholinesterase activity when examined by light and electron microscopy. The enzymatic properties of the vessel-bound cholinesterases were identical to those of the cholinesterases associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This cholinesterase activity is of unknown origin but represents one of the very few features common to all the major pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and redox behaviour of copper(II) complexes with quinquedentate thiaaza ligands

Abstract Three potentially quinquedentate ligands, 1,11-diamino-6-oxa-3,9-dithiaundecane (LO), 1,6,11-triaza-3,9-dithiaundecane (LN), 1,11-diamino-3,6,9-trithiaundecane (LS) and their quadridentate analogue 1,11-diamine-3,9-dithiaundecane (LC) were prepared. Their copper(II) complexes of composition CuL(ClO 4 ) 2 have been isolated for the quinquedentate ligands, whereas for LC the dimeric complex Cu 2 (LC) 3 (ClO 4 ) 2 was the main product. ESR spectroscopy showed that the copper(II) complex with LO has rhombic symmetry, whereas the complexes with LN and LS are tetragonal, and the dimeric LC complex exhibits a weak Cu(II)-Cu(II) interaction. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes with the quinquedentate ligands show a negative potential shift in comparison with the complex with the tetradentate ligand LC. Under CO, the E 1/2 value for Cu(LS)(ClO 4 ) 2 shifts anodically by 50 mV due to formation of [Cu(LS)(CO)] + .
Aspirin, NSAIDs, and digestive tract cancers

The possibility that aspirin and related nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs might inhibit certain cancers first arose in the late 1970's when higher concentrations of several prostaglandins, particularly PGE 2, were observed in human tumors of the colon, lung, and breast than in surrounding normal tissue [1-7]. Venous blood draining from these tumors contained higher concentrations of prostaglandins when the tumors were large and/or invasive [7], suggesting that prostaglandins produced by the tumors might promote the growth or spread of the cancer. Beginning in the late 1970s, a series of over twenty experiments in rodents consistently revealed that indomethacin, piroxicam, sulindac, and other aspirin-like NSAIDs inhibit chemically induced adenomas and early carcinomas of the rodent colon [828]. These studies generally involved high doses of NSAIDs other than aspirin, although aspirin caused similar inhibition [29]. NSAIDs reduced the incidence (percent of animals with tumors), multiplicity (number of tumors per animal), and size of chemically induced cancers, even when treatment was begun weeks after exposure to the chemical initiator when microscopic tumors were already present [11-15, 29]. The mechanism of this reversible, apparently antipromotional effect was not defined but could reflect inhibition of cyclooxygenase mediated prostaglandin synthesis. These experimental studies proved conclusively that NSAIDs prevent or inhibit colon cancer in rodents. The model of chemically induced colon cancer in rats has many similarities to human colon cancer although lower propensity to metastasize [30].
Prediction of multicomponent inorganic atmospheric aerosol behavior

Abstract Many existing models calculate the composition of the atmospheric aerosol system by solving a set of algebraic equations based on reversible reactions derived from thermodynamic equilibrium. Some models rely on an a priori knowledge of the presence of components in certain relative humidity regimes, and often fail to accurately predict deliquescence point depression and multistage aerosol growth. The present approach, relying on adjusted thermodynamic parameters of solid salts and a state of the art activity coefficient model, directly minimizes the Gibbs free energy (according to thermodynamic equilibrium principles) given temperature, relative humidity and the total (gas plus aerosol) ammonia, nitric acid, sulfate, sodium, and hydrochloric acid concentrations. A direct minimization, while requiring no additional assumptions in its algorithm, allows the elimination of many of the assumptions used in previous models such as divided relative humidity (rh) and composition domains where only certain reactions are assumed to occur and constant DRH values despite varying temperature and composition. Moreover, the current approach predicts aerosol deliquescence and efflorescence behavior explaining the existence of supersaturated aerosol solutions. A comparison is conducted between our approach and available experimental results under several conditions. The current model agrees with experimental results for single salt systems although it shows sensitivity to thermodynamic parameters used in the minimization algorithm. A set of Δ G 0 f for solid salts is estimated that is consistent with available laboratory measurements and significantly improves model performance. For multicomponent systems, the current approach with adjusted Δ G 0 f accurately reproduces observed multistage growth patterns and deliquescence point depression over a broad temperature range. Finally, the direct Gibbs free energy minimization accurately reproduces aerosol efflorescence behavior.
Evidence of multiple paternity in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) broods based on microsatellite analysis

An understanding of alternative mating systems is a fundamental requirement for the effective management of vulnerable species. Microsatellite analysis of spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias broods from the north-west Atlantic provides novel evidence of polyandry in this species.
Efficient acquisition of dual metastasis organotropism to bone and lung through stable spontaneous fusion between MDA-MB-231 variants

Cell fusion is involved in many critical developmental processes, including zygote formation and organogenesis of placenta, bone, and skeletal muscle. In adult tissues, cell fusion has been shown to play an active role in tissue regeneration and repair, and its frequency of occurrence is significantly increased during chronic inflammation. Fusion between tumor cells and normal cells, or among tumor cells themselves, has also been speculated to contribute to tumor initiation, as well as phenotypic evolution during cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we show that dual metastasis organotropisms can be acquired in the same cell through in vitro or in vivo spontaneous fusion between bone- and lung-tropic sublines of the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. The synkaryonic hybrids assimilate organ-specific metastasis gene signatures from both parental cells and are genetically and phenotypically stable. Our study suggests cell fusion as an efficient means of phenotypic evolution during tumor progression and additionally demonstrates the compatibility of different metastasis organotropisms.
Signal and servo issues in DVD/CD and CD-R/RW compatible optical pick up

Optical pick-ups offering DVD, CD and CD-R/RW compatibility begin to use non-conventional optical components. Possible influences to HF and servo signals caused from these components are discussed. And the newly developed compatible pick-up is introduced.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of the putative dopamine D1 agonist and D2 antagonist FCE 23884 on Parkinson's disease

The ergoline derivative FCE 23,884 acts as a dopamine D1 agonist in untreated parkinsonian animals and as a D2 antagonist in animals whose dopamine system is intact or levodopa treated. To evaluate whether this dual action might benefit patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who have developed levodopa-induced dyskinesias, the motor effects of FCE 23,884 were examined in seven such individuals using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. At doses up to the maximum tolerated dose (3.5 +/- 0.5 mg), FCE 23,884 monotherapy did not affect parkinsonian severity. On the other hand, coadministration of FCE 23,884 with a mildly dyskinetic dose of levodopa, infused intravenously under steady-state conditions, reduced the antiparkinson response by 54 +/- 19% and tended to diminish dyskinesia severity. The results thus fail to suggest any useful role for FCE 23,884 in the symptomatic treatment of PD. Although D2 receptor blockade provided by FCE 23,884 antagonizes both the antiparkinson and dyskinesigenic responses to levodopa, the degree of D1 receptor stimulation appears insufficient to ameliorate parkinsonian symptomatology.
An ultrastructural study of epididymal mouse spermatozoa binding to zonae pellucidae in vitro: Sequential relationship to the acrosome reaction

Mouse sperm bind to the zona pellucida of the egg prior to penetration of the zona and entry into the perivitelline space. The question then arises: when does the acrosome reaction occur relative to these processes? An ultrastructural study of mouse epididymal sperm bound to the surface of the zona and in the privitelline space was undertaken to clarify this point. Cumulus-free mouse eggs were inseminated in either a complete defined culture medium capable of supporting in vitro fertilization or in Tris/NaCl buffer containing Ca+2. Both media support sperm binding to the zona to the same extent; binding is complete in 15 minutes. Unbound sperm were removed by a step gradient density centrifugation to yield a preparation of eggs with sperm firmly bound. All sperm in the perivitelline space had undergone the acrosome reaction. Sperm bound at the surface of the zonae pellucidae of eggs recovered at ten minutes after insemination all had intact acrosomes. At 40 minutes after insemination, half of the sperm were intact; the other half were in the initial stages of the acrosome reaction. At 90 minutes after insemination, 12% of the sperm had undergone the full acrosome reaction and were starting to penetrate the zona; of the balance, half were in various stages of the acrosome reaction, while half were still intact. These findings support the hypothesis that the sequence of the early reactions leading to fertilization in the mouse is: intact sperm binding to zona; acrosome reaction at the zona surface; penetration of the zona.
Triangle scan conversion using 2D homogeneous coordinates

We present a new triangle scan conversion algorithm that works entirely in homogeneous coordinates. By using homogeneous coordinntes, the algorithm avoids costly clipping tests which make pipelining or hardware implementations of previous scan conversion algorithms difticult. The algorithm handles clipping by the addition of clip edges, without the need to actually split the clipped triangle. Furthermore, the algorithm can render true homogeneous triangles, including external triungles that should pass through infinity with two visible sections. An implementation of the algorithm on Pixel-Planes 5 runs about 33% faster than a similar implementation of the previous algorithm. CR
Phorbol esters and PKC signaling regulate proliferation, vimentin cytoskeleton assembly and glutamine synthetase activity of chick embryo cerebrum astrocytes in culture

We have recently shown that expression of specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms correlates with cell fate in neural chicken embryo cells. Therefore we investigated the effects of PKC activation by phorbol esters on acquisition of the astrocytic phenotype, using cultured embryonic cortical astrocytes, derived from 15-day-old chick embryos (E15CH), as a model. Short term treatment with the phorbol ester 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), which activates PKC-alpha/beta in E15CH, caused association of PKC with the cytoskeleton. In vitro kinase assays of cytoskeleton-associated PKC demonstrated phosphorylation of many cytoskeletal proteins. Phosphorylation was blocked by protein kinase inhibitors (H8), and enhanced by phosphatase inhibitors (calyculin A). Among these PKC substrates, a most prominent 60-kDa protein was identified as vimentin. Assembly of vimentin into the cytoskeleton depends on cell type and state of differentiation. To establish that TPA (PKC) regulates assembly of vimentin into the cytoskeleton of astrocytes, we used pulse-chase (20/5 min) labeling with [35S]methionine, and immunoprecipitations with an anti-vimentin mAb from extractable and cytoskeletal fractions. These studies revealed that 20 min treatment with TPA leads to a 3-fold increase in the rate of newly synthesized full-length vimentin assembly (posttranslational assembly). Furthermore, TPA increased cotranslational assembly of vimentin. The protein kinase A activator forskolin, did not have such effects on vimentin assembly. Long-term TPA treatment, which correlates with a prolonged phospholipase D (PLD) activation, was mitogenic and caused dramatic changes in the morphology of astrocytes. In addition these fibrous, polarized astrocytes had decreased activity of the astrocyte specific enzyme, glutamine synthetase, but had increased abundance of vimentin protein. These studies provide biochemical evidence on acquisition of a different astrocytic phenotype after activation of the PKC/PLD pathway, in the chick embryo. Therefore PKC and PLD activation is pivotal for the acquisition and maintenance of phenotypes in chick embryonic astrocytes.
Incorporating organizational justice, role states, pay satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction in a model of turnover intentions

Abstract In this study, two data sets were used to examine the relationship among organizational justice, role states, pay satisfaction, supervisor satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal cognitions. The results showed that procedural justice was an important, direct predictor of supervisor satisfaction, while distributive justice predicted pay satisfaction. Both justice variables were only indirect predictors of organizational commitment. Role conflict was a significant predictor of organizational commitment both directly and indirectly through supervisor satisfaction, but role ambiguity was a predictor of only supervisor satisfaction and not organizational commitment. Pay satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction had a direct influence on withdrawal cognitions. Study 2 tested and supported the validity of the best model from Study 1.
NONSAP — A nonlinear structural analysis program☆

Abstract The current version of the computer program NONSAP for linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic finite element analysis is presented. The solution capabilities, the numerical techniques used, the finite element library, the logical construction of the program and storage allocations are discussed. The solutions of some sample problems considered during the development of the program are presented.
Further structural and functional analogies between the repressor regions of phages P22 and λ

Mutants of P22 which have been located in the c2 repressor gene were examined. The most rightward “c2 mutation” was found to define a site that is neccessary only for the establishment and not for the maintenance of repressor synthesis. We concluded that this site c27 is an analog of cy mutants in phage λ which define a promotor for repression establishment (pre). The K5 mutation of P22 maps between c27 and all other c2 mutants. Examination of its biological behavior and direct measurement of repressor activity show that K5 does not affect c2 repression. A model to explain these findings implies that c27 and K5 affect transcripts of opposite directions. P22 c1 mutants do not allow c2 repressor synthesis and we conclude that the activity of c1 product (and presumably c3 product) at the site defined by c27 is necessary for repressor synthesis. The combined activity of c1 and c3 product at c27 is postulated to promote repressor synthesis and block transcription of vegatative phage genes to the right of K5. After repressor synthesis has been established, another site analogous to λ prm is sufficient for repressor synthesis and c27 is no longer required. These observations and conclusions point to a very close analogy between repressor synthesis and control in phages P22 and λ.
Regulation of NBCe1-B by IRBIT, PIP2 and the WNK/SPAK Kinases

The electrogenic Na+-HCO3− co-transporter NBCe1-B plays a crucial role in pHin regulation and epithelial HCO3− secretion by mediating basolateral HCO3− entry, when the luminal HCO3− exit mediated by CFTR and members of the SLC26 transporters.The regulation of NBCe1-B is poorly understood. IRBIT, (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding protein released with IP3), binds to N terminus of NBCe1-B to markedly increase its activity, while the WNK/SPAK pathway setting the resting state by reducing surface expression of NBCe1-B. NBCe1-B may also be regulated by PIP2 interacting with highly charge module in the N terminus. The site and mechanisms for the regulation by IRBIT, PIP2, and SPAK and the relationship between them are not known.We identified a positive clustered module in NBCe1-B and three arginines within required for regulation by IRBIT and PIP2. The effect of IRBIT and PIP2 are not additive but complementary. The module contains two critical phosphorylation sites. The constitutively cAMP phosphorylated Thr49 is required for all form of NBCe1-B regulations, while Ser65 mediates the function of SPAK. The module is conserved in most NBC superfamily and have the same roles in NBCn1-A. These findings suggest the sites of regulation on NBCe1-B by IRBIT/PIP2 and SPAK and provide a molecular mechanism by which these regulatory factors converge to coordinate epithelia HCO3− secretion.
HNF-3/forkhead homologue-4 influences lung morphogenesis and respiratory epithelial cell differentiation in vivo.

Abstract HNF-3/forkhead homologue 4 (HFH-4), a transcription factor of the winged helix/forkhead family, is expressed in various tissues including lung, brain, oviduct, testis, and embryonic kidney. In order to test whether the temporospatial expression of HFH-4 influences lung morphogenesis, HFH-4 was expressed in lungs of transgenic mice under control of the surfactant protein C (SP-C) promoter. The morphology of the lungs from SP-C/HFH-4 embryos (day 18 postconception) was distinctly abnormal, and the severity of the alterations correlated with the level of transgene expression as detected by in situ hybridization. At high levels of expression, HFH-4 altered epithelial cell differentiation and inhibited branching morphogenesis. Atypical cuboidal or columnar cells lined the lung periphery of SP-C/HFH-4 transgenic mice. The atypical epithelial cells seen in the SP-C/HFH-4 mice expressed thyroid transcription factor-1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β (HNF-3β). However, surfactant proteins SP-B, SP-C, and Clara cell secretory protein, normally produced by nonciliated epithelial cells in lung parenchyma were lacking. β-Tubulin IV, a marker of ciliated cells, stained the atypical columnar cells produced by expression of high levels of the SP-C/HFH-4 transgene. Ectopic expression of HFH-4 in developing mouse lung altered epithelial cell differentiation and morphology, restricting the expression of markers typical of nonciliated cells of the distal lung parenchyma.
The Role of Words in Cognitive Tasks: What, When, and How?

The current review focuses on how exposure to linguistic input, and count nouns in particular, affect performance on various cognitive tasks, including individuation, categorization and category learning, and inductive inference. We review two theoretical accounts of effects of words. Proponents of one account argue that words have top-down effects on cognitive tasks, and, as such, function as supervisory signals. Proponents of the other account suggest that early in development, words, just like any other perceptual feature, are first and foremost part of the stimulus input and influence cognitive tasks in a bottom-up, non-supervisory fashion. We then review evidence supporting each account. We conclude that, although much research is needed, there is a large body of evidence indicating that words start out like other perceptual features and become supervisory signals in the course of development.
CO-REDUCE: Collaborative Redundancy Reduction Service in Software-Defined Networks

A large portion of digital data is transferred repeatedly across networks and duplicated in storage systems, which costs excessive bandwidth, storage, energy, and operations. Thus, great effort has been made in both areas of networks and storage systems to lower the redundancies. However, due to the lack of the coordination capabilities, expensive procedures of C-H-I (Chunking, Hashing, and Indexing) are incurring recursively on the path of data processing. In this paper, we propose a collaborative redundancy reduction service (CO-REDUCE) in Software-Defined Networks (SDN). Taking advantage of SDN control, CO-REDUCE renders the promising vision of Redundancy Elimination as a network service (REaaS) as a real practical service. CO-REDUCE is a new virtualized network function service that dynamically offloads computational operations and memory management tasks of deduplication to the group of the software designed network middleboxes. Chaining various redundant REs of both storage and network into a service, COREDUCE consolidates and simplifies the expensive C-H-I processes. We develop service coordination protocols and virtualization and control mechanisms in SDN, and indexing algorithms for CO-REDUCE software-designed middleboxes (SDMB). Our evaluation results from the system and Mininet-based prototypes show that CO-REDUCE achieves 2-4 times more bandwidth reduction than existing RE technologies and has compatible storage space savings to existing storage de-duplication techniques while reducing expensive overhead of processing time and memory size.
Diffuse enkephalin innervation from caudate to globus pallidus

The source of enkephalin in neuronal terminals of the rat globus pallidus was evaluated with electrolytic and knife cut lesions. Straight knife cuts medial to the globus pallidus or a curved knife cut just below the corpus callosum do not reduce immunofluorescence staining in the globus pallidus, indicating that cerebral cortex is not a major source of pallidal enkephalin. Electrolytic lesions of dorsal and ventral portions of the globus pallidus, and even lesions which sever medial from lateral globus, fail to reduce pallidal staining, ruling out long enkephalin neurons traversing the globus. Large electrolytic lesions of the head of the caudate do decrease dorsal pallidal fluorescence, though multiple small caudate lesions are without observable effect. Large pallidal lesions elicit a build-up of enkephalin fluorescence in the caudate. These results suggest that the caudate is the sole source of pallidal enkephalin and that the innervation diffusely converges on the smaller globus pallidus.
Development of a multiple-choice MATLAB theory and syntax exam

Examinations in programming courses that require students to write code to solve a problem are an excellent method for testing how well a student has mastered language syntax, programming theory, and problem solving technique. However, if a student struggles with problem solving, it is often difficult for students to demonstrate any understanding of syntax or theory. To address this situation, faculty for a freshman engineering MATLAB-focused introductory programming course at a private southeastern STEM+Business-only university have been giving exams that are a combination of practical programming problems and multiple-choice questions. This research is focused on performing an item analysis of the questions appearing on those exams with the immediate goal being a multiple-choice exam with both topic coverage and documentation of it's ability to properly discriminate knowledge.
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase participates in the establishment and growth of feather germs in embryonic chick skin cultures

Alkaline phosphatase activity is present in the mesoderm of embryonic chick skin and becomes spatially restricted to the dermal condensation of the developing feather germs. Inhibitors to tissue-nonspecific (liver/bone/kidney), but not intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibit the establishment and growth of feather germs in cultured skins. A window of maximum sensitivity to the inhibitor was observed to be the first day of culture when early development and establishment of pattern takes place. The cDNA for the avian tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase was cloned and sequenced, and Southern analysis revealed a single copy of this gene in the avian genome. Northern analysis revealed that a 2.8 kb transcript for this form of alkaline phosphatase is present in developing skin.
Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum

In discussions of the cosmological constant, the Casimir effect is often invoked as decisive evidence that the zero-point energies of quantum fields are ``real.'' On the contrary, Casimir effects can be formulated and Casimir forces can be computed without reference to zero-point energies. They are relativistic, quantum forces between charges and currents. The Casimir force (per unit area) between parallel plates vanishes as $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, the fine structure constant, goes to zero, and the standard result, which appears to be independent of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, corresponds to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit.
Dancing the Nation

Paper Tangos. Julie Taylor. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. 121pp. The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil. Hermano Vianna. John Charles Chasteen, ed. and trans. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. 147 pp.
Divergent phenotypic responses to predators and cyanobacteria in Daphnia lumholtzi

Summary Daphnia lumholtzi is an exotic species of zooplankton that was first introduced in Texas, U.S.A., and has since spread across most of the areas in the country. Research has focussed on the importance of the production of morphological defences in response to predator exposure as a key explanation for the spread of this species. Very little is known about the influence of other common environmental stressors on the fitness of this species or the potential role for genetic variation in plasticity in the spread of this species. We assessed the effects of two common environmental stressors, invertebrate predator cues and increasing concentrations of cyanobacteria, on the life-history traits in D. lumholtzi. This study also included clones from three reservoirs in Texas to measure potential genetic variation in plasticity. We found that the expression of life-history traits depended strongly upon the combined effects of predator exposure and food quality. Increasing concentrations of cyanobacteria resulted in delayed maturation, slower growth, a smaller size at maturation, declines in clutch size and slower rate of population growth. Yet, such declines were much smaller in the presence of predator cues. Divergent responses observed were the size of defence traits; Daphnia reared in the absence of predator cues increased the size of spines as the concentrations of cyanobacteria increased, while the opposite pattern was observed in the presence of predator cues. This study also revealed extensive genetic variation in the magnitude and direction of phenotypic responses to predators and cyanobacteria. These latter results illustrate that significant clonal variation in plasticity may help promote the spread of this species.
60 GHz single-chip 90nm CMOS radio with integrated signal processor

A 60GHz single-chip CMOS radio has been fully integrated using standard 90nm CMOS process technology. The digitally controlled wideband super-heterodyne architecture combined with a high-speed digital signal processor has been designed to support the whole 57 to 66 GHz bandwidth available, and enable data throughput exceeding 7Gbps QPSK and 15Gbps 16QAM for a total DC power budget below 200mW. The receiver chain provides a total gain of nearly 50dB for a total noise figure below 9dB while the power amplifier delivers +8.4dBm saturated output power at 60GHz. The single-chip radio is digitally controlled via a standard SPI, and scalable to a phased array architecture. This is the highest level of integration for a 60GHz single-chip transceiver reported till date. The design has been optimized for robustness against process variation and temperature, and verified by measurement results.
In-depth interviews with state public health practitioners on the United States National Physical Activity Plan

Background: The United States National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP; 2010), the country’s first national plan for physical activity, provides strategies to increase population-level physical activity to complement the 2008 physical activity guidelines. This study examined state public health practitioner awareness, dissemination, use, challenges, and recommendations for the NPAP. Methods: In 2011–2012, we interviewed 27 state practitioners from 25 states. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded using a standard protocol, verified and reconciled by an independent coder, and input into qualitative software to facilitate development of common themes. Results: NPAP awareness was high among state practitioners; dissemination to local constituents varied. Development of state-level strategies and goals was the most frequently reported use of the NPAP. Some respondents noted the usefulness of the NPAP for coalitions and local practitioners. Challenges to the plan included implementation cost, complexity, and consistency with other policies. The most frequent recommendation made was to directly link examples of implementation activities to the plan. Conclusions: These results provide early evidence of NPAP dissemination and use, along with challenges encountered and suggestions for future iterations. Public health is one of eight sectors in the NPAP. Further efforts are needed to understand uptake and use by other sectors, as well as to monitor long-term relevance, progress, and collaboration across sectors.
Assigning confidence to conditional branch predictions

Many high performance processors predict conditional branches and consume processor resources based on the prediction. In some situations, resource allocation can be better optimized if a confidence level is assigned to a branch prediction; i.e. if the quantity of resources allocated is a function of the confidence level. To support such optimizations, we consider hardware mechanisms that partition conditional branch predictions into two sets: those which are accurate a relatively high percentage of the time, and those which are accurate a relatively low percentage of the time. The objective is to concentrate as many of the mispredictions as practical into a relatively small set of low confidence dynamic branches. We first study an ideal method that profiles branch predictions and sorts static branches into high and low confidence sets, depending on the accuracy with which they are dynamically predicted. We find that about 63 percent of the mispredictions can be localized to a set of static branches that account for 20 percent of the dynamic branches. We then study idealized dynamic confidence methods using both one and two levels of branch correctness history. We find that the single level method performs at least as well as the more complex two level method and is able to isolate 89 percent of the mispredictions into a set containing 20 percent of the dynamic branches. Finally, we study practical, less expensive implementations and find that they achieve most of the performance of the idealized methods.
The Sociological Department at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1901 to 1907: scientific paternalism and industrial control.

The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company's Sociological Department represented an industrial welfare plan based on an early understanding of applied sociology. The Department was created as a response to the demands of integrating coal and coke production with steel manufacturing, and the necessity of combating strikes among the immigrant workers. The “settlement house model” used by the Sociological Department was intended to foster labor stability by transforming the lifestyles and habits of the immigrant workers and their families. It is concluded that the industrial welfare programs that were intended to inspire loyalty to the company merely added to the workers' grievances with the company. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preservice Teachers' Perceptions of Field Experiences in Inclusive Preschool Settings: Implications for Personnel Preparation

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify events in the field experiences of Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) preservice teachers that were perceived by the preservice teachers as influencing their thinking in relation to ECSE practices. The preservice teachers’ weekly reflective journals, university supervisor observation notes, and preservice teachers’ overall evaluations of the field experience were analyzed. Comments were coded into one of the five direct services strands or one of the indirect supports strands of the Division of Early Childhood (DEC) recommended practices in early intervention/ECSE: assessment, child-focused practices, family-based practices, interdisciplinary models, technology applications, personnel preparation, and policy, procedures, and systems change. The majority of data were coded into the strand of child-focused practices. The strand that received the second largest number of codings was assessment; family-based practices had the third highest number of ...
Metabolites of Phencyclidine

The results of the animal experiment demonstrate that oxidative hydroxylation is the major mode of metabolism of phencyclidine. It is evident that this process takes place in all three rings of the molecule. Hydroxylation of the piperidyl moiety probably also accounts for the formation of the N-dealkylated metabolites. Metabolism of phencyclidine in humans appears, at least in part, to be similar to that in the rat. Hydroxylation is still the principal mode in the case of humans though of a lesser extent. Metabolites hydroxylated in the phenyl moiety as well as dihydroxy derivatives of phencyclidine have so far not been observed in humans. Furthermore, most of the monohydroxy metabolites exist as conjugates in the human urine. It should also be pointed out that no metabolites have yet been detected in human blood samples.
Packet-Level Telemetry in Large Datacenter Networks

Debugging faults in complex networks often requires capturing and analyzing traffic at the packet level. In this task, datacenter networks (DCNs) present unique challenges with their scale, traffic volume, and diversity of faults. To troubleshoot faults in a timely manner, DCN administrators must a) identify affected packets inside large volume of traffic; b) track them across multiple network components; c) analyze traffic traces for fault patterns; and d) test or confirm potential causes. To our knowledge, no tool today can achieve both the specificity and scale required for this task. We present Everflow, a packet-level network telemetry system for large DCNs. Everflow traces specific packets by implementing a powerful packet filter on top of "match and mirror" functionality of commodity switches. It shuffles captured packets to multiple analysis servers using load balancers built on switch ASICs, and it sends "guided probes" to test or confirm potential faults. We present experiments that demonstrate Everflow's scalability, and share experiences of troubleshooting network faults gathered from running it for over 6 months in Microsoft's DCNs.
The germicidal properties of ozone-olefin mixtures.

Summary: The use of the reaction products between ozone and olefins as a germicidal agent for the maintenance of sterility in rooms during the treatment of patients is discussed. The product is effective against vegetative bacteria and viruses but does not attack bacterial spores at low concentrations. It is most active at high humidities and possesses low power of penetration into cloth. It rapidly disappears from a system once generation ceases, without leaving unpleasant residues. Its high efficiency at low concentrations on finely dispersed bacterial aerosols renders it attractive in special situations. The possibility that it may prove carcinogenic after long human exposures in the presence of influenza virus, the difficulties involved in monitoring the concentrations generated and greatly reduced efficiency in dealing with organisms contained in large particles combine to render it unattractive for hospital use.