cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages in a glacially influenced stream system in the Italian Alps

1. The longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrates was investigated in June, August and September 1996 and 1997 in the Conca glacial stream and its tributary (Italian Alps; 46°N, 10°E). The principal aim was to test the Milner & Petts (1994) model that predicts the succession of faunal groups downstream of the glacial snout in relation to water temperature and channel stability. The effect of a non-glacial tributary on the taxonomic richness and density patterns occurring in the glacial stream was also considered. 2. Channel stability showed an atypical longitudinal trend in the Conca glacial stream, being high in the upper part with Pfankuch Index values between 30 and 33. Water temperature exceeded 6 °C at all stations, with average values below 2 °C occurring only within 700 m from the glacial snout. 3. Taxonomic richness and diversity increased downstream. Taxonomic richness in the glacial stream (at about 1.5 km from the glacier) was comparable with the tributary and the reach after the confluence. Abundance also increased downstream in the glacial stream, but not as greatly as the number of taxa. 4. At higher taxonomic levels, the community structure in the tributary stations appeared to be similar to the two stations in the glacial stream just upstream of the confluence. The effect of the tributary was evident mainly at the genus or species level of the Chironomidae community. Some taxa found in the non-glacial stream (e.g. Cricotopus fuscus, Eukiefferiella coerulescens, Metriocnemus sp., Paratrichocladius rufiventris, P. skirwitensis, Rheocricotopus effusus and Smittia sp.) were found also in the Conca stream but only after the confluence. 5. The upper glacial reach (within 700 m from the glacier snout) was dominated by the chironomid Diamesa spp. Less than 400 m from the glacier other Diamesinae (Pseudokiefferiella parva) and a few Orthocladiinae, especially Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) rivicola gr., colonized the stream. Some Diamesinae maintained relatively dense populations at mean water temperature around 5 °C, while some Orthocladiinae colonized reaches with mean water temperature <3 °C. 6. Contrary to the Milner & Petts (1994) model, Dipteran families such as Empididae and Limoniidae were more abundant in the upper stations than Simuliidae; non-insects such as Nematoda and Oligochaeta were also numerous at some sites. Leuctridae, Taeniopterygidae and Nemouridae were the first Plecoptera to appear upstream, while Chloroperlidae were restricted to the lower reaches. Among Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae were more abundant than Baetidae in the glacial sites. 7. In this glacial system channel stability and maximum temperature did not show the expected longitudinal trend and thus a typical kryal community was confined within 700 m from the glacier snout where summer mean water temperature was below 4 °C.
A Multiple-Relaxation-Time Lattice-Boltzmann Model for Bacterial Chemotaxis: Effects of Initial Concentration, Diffusion, and Hydrodynamic Dispersion on Traveling Bacterial Bands

Bacterial chemotaxis can enhance the bioremediation of contaminants in aqueous and subsurface environments if the contaminant is a chemoattractant that the bacteria degrade. The process can be promoted by traveling bands of chemotactic bacteria that form due to metabolism-generated gradients in chemoattractant concentration. We developed a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM) to model chemotaxis, because LBMs are well suited to model reactive transport in the complex geometries that are typical for subsurface porous media. This MRT-LBM can attain a better numerical stability than its corresponding single-relaxation-time LBM. We performed simulations to investigate the effects of substrate diffusion, initial bacterial concentration, and hydrodynamic dispersion on the formation, shape, and propagation of bacterial bands. Band formation requires a sufficiently high initial number of bacteria and a small substrate diffusion coefficient. Uniform flow does not affect the bands while shear flow does. Bacterial bands can move both upstream and downstream when the flow velocity is small. However, the bands disappear once the velocity becomes too large due to hydrodynamic dispersion. Generally bands can only be observed if the dimensionless ratio between the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient and the effective diffusion coefficient of the bacteria exceeds a critical value, that is, when the biased movement due to chemotaxis overcomes the diffusion-like movement due to the random motility and hydrodynamic dispersion.
The Effects of Positive Information on Evaluations of Black and White Targets by Black and White Subjects

Abstract The effects of information that disconfirmed negative stereotypes about blacks on evaluations of target individuals were examined. Black and white subjects rated black or white target individuals whose law school applications contained either moderately or strongly positive information. The gender of targets and subjects was also considered. Results indicated that black targets were evaluated more favorably than comparable white targets, but only by blacks. White subjects were more influenced by the target's gender than by his or her race, favoring male targets over equally qualified female targets.
Abstract A06: Reducing decision errors in the paired comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of continuous screening tests.

Scientists often use a paired comparison of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves to decide which continuous cancer screening test has the best diagnostic accuracy. In the paired design, all participants are screened with both tests. Participants with unremarkable screening results enter a follow-up period. Participants with suspicious screening results and those who show evidence of disease during follow-up receive the gold standard test. The remaining participants are classified as non-cases, even though some may have occult disease. The standard analysis includes all study participants in the analysis, which can create bias in the estimates of diagnostic accuracy. If the bias affects the area under the curve for one screening test more than the other screening test, scientists may make the wrong decision as to which screening test has better diagnostic accuracy. We propose a weighted maximum likelihood bias-correction method to reduce decision errors. The amount of bias in the study and the performance of the bias correction method depend on characteristics of the screening tests and the disease, and on the percentage of study participants who receive the gold standard test. In order to determine if bias correction is needed for a specific screening trial, we recommend the investigator conduct a simulation study using our software. We demonstrate the proposed method with an application to a hypothetical oral cancer screening study. Citation Format: Brandy M. Ringham, Todd A. Alonzo, John T. Brinton, Keith E. Muller, Deborah H. Glueck. Reducing decision errors in the paired comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of continuous screening tests. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A06.
Feature based robotic visual tracking of 3-D translational motion

The authors address the problem of robotic visual tracking of a target that moves in 3-D with translational motion. The camera is mounted on the end-effector of the robotic manipulator. Use is made of simple SISO adaptive controllers in conjunction with a Cartesian robotic controller for successful tracking. The scheme does not need explicit computation of the target's relative depth with respect to the camera frame. In addition, the relative motion of the target with respect to the camera is measured by using a cross-correlation technique called sum-of-squared differences optical flow. Experimental and simulation results are presented to show the efficacy of the proposed approach. >
RELIGION AND FRANCIS BACON'S SCIENTIFIC UTOPIANISM

. Francis Bacon often is depicted as a patriarch of modernity who promotes human rational action over faith in divine Providence and as a secular humanitarian who realized that improvement of the human condition depended on human action and not on God's saving acts in history. Bacon's New Atlantis is usually described as a “scientific utopia” because its ideal order, harmony, and prosperity are the result of the investigations of nature conducted by the members of Solomon's House. I challenge these characterizations by showing that Bacon's so-called scientific utopianism is grounded in his religious convictions that his age was one of Providential intervention and that he was God's agent for an apocalyptic transformation of the human condition. I examine the centrality of these religious themes in two of his philosophical works, The Advancement of Learning and The Great Instauration, which are well known for setting out Bacon's critique of the state of learning and for presenting the principles of his epistemology. Analysis of The Advancement of Learning demonstrates Bacon's conviction that his reform of natural philosophy was part of a Providentially guided, twofold restoration of the knowledge of nature and the knowledge of God. Examination of The Great Instauration reveals that Bacon sees his age as one of apocalyptic transformation of the human condition that restores humanity to a prelapsarian state. Analysis of the New Atlantis shows that utopian perfection can be achieved only through a combination of right religion and the proper study of nature. Moreover, when the “scientific” work of Solomon's House is recontextualized within the religious themes of salvation and deliverance that permeate the New Atlantis, the full scope of Bacon's “scientific utopianism” can be seen, and this project is not the one usually portrayed in scholarly treatments. Bacon's program for rehabilitating humanity and its relation to nature is not a secular, scientific advance through which humanity gains dominion over nature and mastery of its own destiny but rather one guided by divine Providence and achieved through pious human effort.
Structure of the adult prostate from a clinician's standpoint.

When urologists palpate left and right lobes of the prostate on digital rectal examination, they are assessing the gland for the presence of abnormal conditions. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, an abnormal condition may appear lobar by digital examination; however, the normal, nonhyperplastic prostate lacks lobar configuration. Clin. Anat. 13:214–215, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Green Manure Approaches to Crop Production: A Synthesis

A green manure (GM) is a crop used primarily as a soil amendment and a nutrient source for subsequent crops. Green manure approaches to crop production may improve economic viability, while reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture. However, such approaches are complex because they depend on interactions between the GM, the environment, and management. We suggest that the research and management techniques developed for synthetic inputs are not adequate for effective GM use. This review provides a conceptual framework to more critically evaluate GM use, and we discuss a limited number of key examples involving GM adaptation and growth, effects on soil organic matter, N release and availability for future crops, and pest control. We explore the deficiencies in our current understanding of GM approaches and argue that economic justification of GM requires provision of multiple services (such as nutrient supply, pest and weed control, and increase of soil organic matter). We propose that future research efforts make improved use of whole systems and participatory strategies to better address both the complexity of GMbased cropping systems and the obstacles preventing farmer adoption of GM approaches. D
Factors that determine cancer treatment choice among minority groups.

Minority cancer outcomes and treatment satisfaction can only be improved if physicians are knowledgeable about cultural differences and work to improve patient-physician communication and patient engagement.
Finance, inequality and the poor

Financial development disproportionately boosts incomes of the poorest quintile and reduces income inequality. About 40% of the long-run impact of financial development on the income growth of the poorest quintile is the result of reductions in income inequality, while 60% is due to the impact of financial development on aggregate economic growth. Furthermore, financial development is associated with a drop in the fraction of the population living on less than $ 1 a day, a result which holds when conditioning on average growth. These findings emphasize the importance of the financial system for the poor.
The Development and Validation of Scales Assessing Students' Achievement Goal Orientations

Achievement goal theory has emerged as a major new direction in motivational research. A distinction is made among conceptually different achievement goal orientations including the goal to develop ability (task goal orientation), the goal to demonstrate ability (ability-approach goal orientation), and the goal to avoid the demonstration of lack of ability (ability-avoid goal orientation). Scales assessing each of these goal orientations were developed over an eight year period by a group of researchers at the University of Michigan. The results of studies conducted with seven different samples of elementary and middle school students are used to describe the internal consistency, stability, and construct validity of the scales. Comparisons of these scales with those developed by Nicholls and his colleagues provide evidence of convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis attests to the discriminant validity of the scales.
Particle size distribution and human respiratory deposition of trace metals in indoor work environments.

Respiratory response to inhalation of fine particles has been investigated for the aerosol generated by welding. Particles were sampled using a pair of 5-stage cascade impactors operating at 1 l./min flow rate. The subject exhaled into one impactor through an air ballast arrangement, and the other impactor simultaneously sampled the surrounding air. Particle size fractions were analyzed for principal elemental constituents from sulphur to lead using proton induced X-ray emission, PIXE. The results indicated a complex respiratory response, including both increase in particle size due to exposure to high humidity in the respiratory tract and deposition of particles during inhalation. The response was found to be different for the element group Mn, Cr, Fe, Ni compared to the group K, Ca, Ti by observing the associations among the elements as a function of particle size in the inhaled and exhaled aerosol. However, for respiratory deposition efficiency alone in all runs averaged together, no systematic differences between the different elements are demonstrated at the 99 % confidence level.
Utilizing Fishermen Knowledge and Expertise: Keys to Success for Collaborative Fisheries Research

Abstract Collaborative fisheries research provides a mechanism for integrating the unique knowledge, experience, and skills of fishermen and scientists. It is a joint intellectual endeavor that begins with the inception of a project and continues until its final stages, with each group having mutual investment in—and ownership of—the project. Collaborative fisheries research promotes communication and trust among fishermen, scientists, and managers and can provide much-needed scientifically valid data for fisheries management. It can enhance federal and state management data collection programs, which span broad sections of coastline, by increasing the ability to detect changes in local metapopulations that may be overfished or underutilized. We describe a methodology for conducting collaborative fisheries surveys and apply it to marine protected areas along the central California coast. During a series of workshops in 2006, attended by members of the fishing, academic, environmental, and management commu...
An identity involving Nörlund polynomials

We prove an identity involving Norlund polynomials, the proof of which is elementary and involves the enumeration of lattice points. The identity is slightly stronger than an identity of Carlitz which he obtained by using Apostol's transformation formula for Lambert series.
Pioneers in Pediatric Psychology: Personal Reflections for the Young Professional

One of the most rewarding aspects of being a seasoned clinician in pediatric psychology is that of influencing the training and career paths of young professionals in the healthcare field. The insights offered in this article are meant not only to guide young professionals but also to help them ‘‘pay it forward’’ to the future generations of pediatric psychologists. My personal reflections respectfully shared in this article begin with what I have found to be essential in early education and training and also include ‘‘pearls of wisdom’’ regarding early career development and advancement in the field.
Prostate Specific Antigen is Metabolized in the Liver

AbstractPurpose: The site of metabolism of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was determined.Materials and Methods: In a prospective study, during clinically indicated left and right heart catheterizations for various cardiac diseases in 12 men (mean age 62.5 plus/minus 8.3 years, standard deviation), selective blood samples were obtained from the infra-renal, infra-hepatic and supra-hepatic inferior vena cava, renal vein, superior vena cava, pulmonary artery and femoral artery. Mean PSA concentration was calculated for all vascular sites. Using a paired Student t test, the mean difference between the afferent and efferent PSA concentrations across the renal, hepatic, pulmonary and pelvic circulation was calculated.Results: The hepatic gradient between the infra-hepatic and suprahepatic inferior vena cava showed the greatest decrease (0.11 plus/minus 0.16 ng./ml. or 8.3 percent) in PSA concentration and was statistically significant (p = 0.04). A smaller decrease across the pulmonary circulation was statisti...
Pancreatic islet cell tumor metastasis in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: Correlation with primary tumor size

Abstract Background: Islet cell tumor (ICT) metastasis is one of the potentially lethal outcomes of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). Management of ICT in patients with MEN 1 is controversial; some advocate resection based on biochemical evidence of progression, whereas others use tumor size to predict the risk of metastasis and the need for resection. This study correlates the size of primary ICT with the presence of metastases. Methods: Forty-eight patients with MEN 1 with ICT, from 34 kindreds followed up in our multiple endocrine neoplasia program, were evaluated; 43 of the 48 have been explored for ICT. Metastases to the lymph nodes and liver were documented. Results: Thirty-three percent of patients with pancreatic tumors less than 1 cm in greatest diameter had metastatic disease at surgery and in follow-up, whereas 34.8% of patients with tumors greater than 2 cm in diameter had metastases to lymph nodes or liver. The 2 patients with liver metastases each had primary tumors greater than 2 cm. Follow-up revealed subsequent metastasis in 1 patient. Conclusions: The size of primary tumors in MEN 1 does not correlate with metastatic potential. This is not a good criterion for exploration. Continued follow-up of these patients will be necessary to define the effect of operation on the course of ICT in MEN 1. (Surgery 1999;125:1043-9.)
The rational design of highly stable, amphiphilic helical peptides

A computer algorithm was devised for the evaluation of helical stability of potentially amphiphilic peptide sequences of specified length containing a set number of leucines in the hydrophobic region. All possible combinations of Glu, Lys and Gln in the hydrophilic region are rated using a set of empirical rules for salt bridge formation in alpha-helices, and the sequences which rate the highest are displayed. The rules for salt bridge formation were largely derived from published studies on the effects of salt bridges on helical stability. The algorithm was tested by redesigning a known amphiphilic alpha-helical peptide, alpha 1B or 1, which has been shown to aggregate into four-helix bundles. Comparison of the circular dichroism spectra of two peptides, 2 and 3, to 1 demonstrated that the redesigned peptide with the highest priority score from the algorithm, 2, was more helical when aggregated and slightly more helical as a monomer, whereas the peptide with the low priority score, 3, was somewhat less helical when aggregated and much less helical when monomeric. These results support the design of the algorithm, although conclusions based on aggregation data are complicated by the importance of interhelix contacts in the bundle. Further studies are underway to examine the reliability of the algorithm's predictions regarding the design of other helical peptides.
Comparative genomic sequence analysis of the human and mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator genes.

The identification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) in 1989 represents a landmark accomplishment in human genetics. Since that time, there have been numerous advances in elucidating the function of the encoded protein and the physiological basis of cystic fibrosis. However, numerous areas of cystic fibrosis biology require additional investigation, some of which would be facilitated by information about the long-range sequence context of the CFTR gene. For example, the latter might provide clues about the sequence elements responsible for the temporal and spatial regulation of CFTR expression. We thus sought to establish the sequence of the chromosomal segments encompassing the human CFTR and mouse Cftr genes, with the hope of identifying conserved regions of biologic interest by sequence comparison. Bacterial clone-based physical maps of the relevant human and mouse genomic regions were constructed, and minimally overlapping sets of clones were selected and sequenced, eventually yielding ≈1.6 Mb and ≈358 kb of contiguous human and mouse sequence, respectively. These efforts have produced the complete sequence of the ≈189-kb and ≈152-kb segments containing the human CFTR and mouse Cftr genes, respectively, as well as significant amounts of flanking DNA. Analyses of the resulting data provide insights about the organization of the CFTR/Cftr genes and potential sequence elements regulating their expression. Furthermore, the generated sequence reveals the precise architecture of genes residing near CFTR/Cftr, including one known gene (WNT2/Wnt2) and two previously unknown genes that immediately flank CFTR/Cftr.
Postmodernism and the Rest of the World

Postmodernism is the expression of a profound contradiction: deterritorialization and a borderless world on the one hand, and, on the other, the return of nationalism and the exacerbation of the ga...
The UCSF-FDA TransPortal: A Public Drug Transporter Database

Drug transporters play a key role in the absorption, distribution, and elimination of many drugs, and they appear to be important determinants of therapeutic and adverse drug activities. Although a large body of data pertaining to drug transporters is available, there are few databases that inform drug developers, regulatory agencies, and academic scientists about transporters that are important in drug action and disposition. In this article, we inform the scientific community about the UCSF-FDA TransPortal, a new and valuable online resource for research and drug development.
The BPAG1 locus alternative splicing produces multiple isoforms with distinct cytoskeletal linker domains, including predominant isoforms in neurons and muscles

Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1) is a member of the plakin family with cytoskeletal linker properties. Mutations in BPAG1 cause sensory neuron degeneration and skin fragility in mice. We have analyzed the BPAG1 locus in detail and found that it encodes different interaction domains that are combined in tissue-specific manners. These domains include an actin-binding domain (ABD), a plakin domain, a coiled coil (CC) rod domain, two different potential intermediate filament–binding domains (IFBDs), a spectrin repeat (SR)-containing rod domain, and a microtubule-binding domain (MTBD). There are at least three major forms of BPAG1: BPAG1-e (302 kD), BPAG1-a (615 kD), and BPAG1-b (834 kD). BPAG1-e has been described previously and consists of the plakin domain, the CC rod domain, and the first IFBD. It is the primary epidermal BPAG1 isoform, and its absence that is the likely cause of skin fragility in mutant mice. BPAG1-a is the major isoform in the nervous system and a homologue of the microtubule actin cross-linking factor, MACF. BPAG1-a is composed of the ABD, the plakin domain, the SR-containing rod domain, and the MTBD. The absence of BPAG1-a is the likely cause of sensory neurodegeneration in mutant mice. BPAG1-b is highly expressed in muscles, and has extra exons encoding a second IFBD between the plakin and SR-containing rod domains of BPAG1-a.
Septicemia in diabetic hemodialysis patients: Comparison of incidence, risk factors, and mortality with nondiabetic hemodialysis patients

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and diabetic hemodialysis patients have a high mortality rate. To identify differences in risk of septicemia among diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis patients, we examined the incidence, risk factors, and mortality for septicemia in a large sample of the US hemodialysis population. We performed a longitudinal cohort study of the incidence and risk factors for hospitalized cases of septicemia in diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis patients using baseline data from the US Renal Data System case-mix severity study with 7-year follow-up from hospitalization and death records. Independent risk factors for septicemia were assessed using Poisson regression. Independent effect of septicemia on mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Over 7 years, 11.1% of nondiabetic patients and 12.5% of diabetic patients experienced at least one episode of septicemia. Older age and low serum albumin were independent risk factors for septicemia in all patients. In diabetics, white race, peripheral vascular disease, and hemodialyzer reuse, particularly in type 1, were independent risk factors. In nondiabetics, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and temporary and permanent catheters were associated with an increased risk. In both groups, patients who experienced an episode of septicemia had twice the risk of death from any cause and an eightfold risk of death from septicemia. Septicemia occurs equally frequently and carries a marked increased risk of death in both nondiabetic and diabetic hemodialysis patients. Improving nutritional status and minimizing the use of catheters might help ameliorate the risk of septicemia. In diabetics, aggressive treatment of peripheral vascular disease might help reduce the risk of septicemia. Further research to elucidate potential mechanisms for variations in risk for septicemia according to race and hemodialyzer reuse practices are warranted in diabetic patients.
An Analysis of the Debt Crisis

In this paper it is argued that in circumstances where the contractual value of a country`s external debt remains above the market`s valuation of that debt, gross capital formation will be constrained. Moreover, the persistence over time of such a divergence between market and contractual values represents a failure of the institutional framework, not a failure of policies pursued by debtor or creditor countries. In fact, even policies that would succeed in reducing external debt over time may do little to establish a climate in which residents and nonresidents will undertake productive investment in the debtor country.
Auxin-regulated chromatin switch directs acquisition of flower primordium founder fate

Reprogramming of cell identities during development frequently requires changes in the chromatin state that need to be restricted to the correct cell populations. Here we identify an auxin hormone-regulated chromatin state switch that directs reprogramming from transit amplifying to primordium founder cell fate in Arabidopsis inflorescences. Upon auxin sensing, the MONOPTEROS transcription factor recruits SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling ATPases to increase accessibility of the DNA for induction of key regulators of flower primordium initiation. In the absence of the hormonal cue, auxin sensitive Aux/IAA proteins bound to MONOPTEROS block recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling ATPases in addition to recruiting a co-repressor/histone deacetylase complex. This simple and elegant hormone-mediated chromatin state switch is ideally suited for iterative flower primordium initiation and orchestrates additional auxin-regulated cell fate transitions. Our findings establish a new paradigm for nuclear response to auxin. They also provide an explanation for how this small molecule can direct diverse plant responses.
Ward identity and electrical conductivity in hot QED

We study the Ward identity for the efiective photon-electron vertex summing the ladder diagrams contributing to the electrical conductivity in hot QED at leading logarithmic order. It is shown that the Ward identity requires the inclusion of a new diagram in the integral equation for the vertex that has not been considered before. The real part of this diagram is subleading and therefore the flnal expressions for the electrical conductivity at leading logarithmic order are not afiected.
Endovaskuläre Therapie bei Beckenvenensporn / Endovascular Treatment of Pelvic Vein Spur

Die Indikation zur Behandlung eines Beckenvenensporns (BVS) ergibt sich bei erheblichen Schmerz- und Schwellungszustanden sowie nach lumeneroffnender Therapie einer spornbedingten Beckenvenenthrombose. Mittels endovaskularem Vorgehen (Ballondilatation und Stent) kann bei Patienten mit alleinigem BVS bzw. Fallen mit Beseitigung einer spornverursachten Thrombose eine sekundare Offenheit von 100 bzw. 82% nach 2 Jahren erreicht werden. Die endovaskulare Therapie des BVS stellt derzeit eine sichere und effektive Behandlungsmodalitat dar, die aufgrund ihrer geringeren Invasivitat im Vergleich zu offenen chirurgischen Verfahren als die Therapieoption der ersten Wahl angesehen werden sollte.
Marginalization and Prior Probabilities (1980)

This article calls for an unusually long commentary, because a great deal of misinformation about improper priors is now propagating through the statistical literature, inspiring wasted effort on non-problems. Some further explanations are needed.
The Four-Day Work Week: But What About Ms. Coke, Ms. Upton, and Ms. Blankenship?

The work/family conflicts of poor and low-income women remain invisible in mainstream discussions about reform of working hours. "Family-friendly" reforms such as compressed work weeks, part-time jobs, reduced hours, and other alternative work schedules largely address the interests of professional women who are in a position to trade income for time. This Article suggests ways of expanding work/family discussions to address the needs of poor and low-income women who are immigrants, single parents, and involuntary part-time workers who labor in low-wage industries such as home care, clerical services, and office cleaning. The Article begins by examining gaps in the current discourse that reinforce racial and class hierarchies among women and families. It then explores the role of race, class, and citizenship in rethinking how to broaden the work/family discourse through a consideration of three cases brought by women to challenge the length or conditions of their working hours. This Article argues that to ensure that work/family policies benefit poor and low-income women, it is necessary to understand how social welfare policies, the structure of low-wage work, and immigration policies intersect to deprive low-income women of the right to make meaningful choices about paid work, unpaid work, and caregiving. The last section of the Article emphasizes the need for the work/family discourse to focus on a right of control of time as a means of challenging the unilateral control of working hours that our legal regime vests in employers. In particular, worker control of time provides a unifying framework for the common struggles that all women face as economic providers and caregivers.
Switched Capacitor Building Blocks and Filters

In MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) integrated technology, it is relatively simple to produce transistors and capacitors but resistors present problems. This led a group of researchers to the idea of replacing resistors by periodically Switched-Capacitors. The aim of this chapter is to present a brief overview of switched capacitor technology and its application in active filter design. In particular, the following topics are presented with illustrations: Switched Capacitor Resistor Switched Capacitor Integrators Switched Capacitor Filter Building Blocks Higher order Switched Capacitor Filters
The Role of the Plague in the "Iliad"

IN HIS FAMOUS study of image and symbol in the Aeneid, Viktor P6schl remarks that Homer does not use the plague motif to set the mood of the Iliad in the same way that Virgil does through the opening storm at sea.1 Homeric scholars have concurred insofar as the episode of the plague is discussed mainly as the occasion of Agamemnon and Achilles' quarrel.2 Yet this drama should not blind us to the role of the plague in setting the tone for what follows, nor, more importantly, in providing an ethical pattern which lies near the heart of the story. The connections between the Loimos and the central story of the Menis are illustrated through the uniformity of diction in the two.3 Mfjvtg is the first linking work to be noticed. The plague is caused by the ELjvig of Apollo (fjlvv 'Ajt6kkovog, 1.75), which therefore recalls verbally and foreshadows dramati cally the rtjvLg of Achilles (Fjvlv, 1.1). In both cases Agamemnon provokes the wrath by seeking possession of a woman. The IltjVL; of 1.1 not only singles out the most central theme of the Iliad but, despite the passions of the poem's
Effect of dissolved oxygen manipulation on diffusive emissions from NAPL-impacted low permeability soil layers.

Aquifer physical model experiments were performed to investigate if diffusive emissions from nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-impacted low-permeability layers into groundwater moving through adjacent NAPL-free high-permeability layers can be reduced by creating an aerobic biotreatment zone at the interface between the two, and if over time that leads to reduced emissions after treatment ceases. Experiments were performed in two 1.2-m long × 1.2-m high × 5.4 cm wide stainless steel tanks; each with a high-permeability sand layer overlying a low-permeability crushed granite layer containing a NAPL mixture of indane and benzene. Each tank was water-saturated with horizontal flow primarily through the sand layer. The influent water was initially deoxygenated and the emissions and concentration distributions were allowed to reach near-steady conditions. The influent dissolved oxygen (DO) level was increased stepwise to 6.5–8.5 mg/L and 17–20 mg/L, and then decreased back to deoxygenated conditions. Each conditio...
Attenuation of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol by the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ethanol training affects the ability of Ro 15-4513 to block the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol dose differentially. Three different groups of rats were trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol (n = 8), 1.5 g/kg ethanol (n = 7) or 2.0 g/kg ethanol (n = 8) from water in a two-lever, food-reinforced procedure. Ethanol and water were administered by gavage 20 min before the onset of the session. When the discrimination performance was stable, rats were pretreated with Ro 15-4513 (1-17 mg/kg; i.p.) 5 min before the administration of ethanol. Ro 15-4513 attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg ethanol but not 2.0 g/kg ethanol in each of the ethanol training groups. Overall, blockade of the discriminative stimulus effects of 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg ethanol by 5.6 mg/kg Ro 15-4513 occurred without significantly altering response rates or blood ethanol concentrations. A decrease in blood ethanol concentration was, however, found with 17 mg/kg Ro 15-4513 in combination with 2.0 g/kg ethanol. These results suggest that the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist, Ro 15-4513, can attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects associated with low to moderate doses of ethanol (1.0-1.5 g/kg).
Case studies in research: Is social capital effective for online learning?

The popularity of online social networking has heightened academic interest in social capital. However, few studies have investigated the role of social capital in online learning. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of data from online MIS classes, we find that online learning facilitates social capital formation mostly in terms of the dimensions of community, trust, collective action and cooperation, communication, and sociability and inclusion, depending on the media-based human interaction forms of online learning employed. Structural equation modeling confirms a causal effect of social capital on student satisfaction. Social capital is also found to positively affect learning outcomes as measured by students' group project scores but not class scores. The study's contribution to the literature and practice are discussed.
Do Muslim Women Need Freedom? Traditionalist Feminisms and Transnational Politics

The idea that Muslim women need to be liberated from religion and tradition has animated feminist support for imperialist projects. The idea that tradition itself is women's oppressor prevents Western feminists from perceiving cultural and religious destruction as potentially harmful. In this article, I make conceptual space for traditionalist feminisms by showing that feminism does not require any particular stance toward tradition as such. What should matter to feminists is whether the content of a given tradition is oppressive—not whether it belongs to a worldview that places a high value on traditional adherence. I show this by arguing that, contra some liberal feminists, opposition to sexist oppression does not entail value for what I call “Enlightenment freedom.” I draw on Islamic feminisms to demonstrate the possibility of opposition to sexist oppression grounded in worldviews that value traditional adherence, and even ones that hold certain traditional dictates to be beyond question.
The Pathology of Cultural Criticism

The previous chapter has established the ideological basis for an analysis of authoritarianism and fascism in Lawrence’s works, and for the psychological profile that will be applied to some of Lawrence’s fictional characters. When determining the nature of the “fascist personality,” however, it is incumbent also to consider some of the “proto-fascist” ideological/artistic figures that preceded the period of National Socialism in Germany. The following analysis of the philosophies and personalities of three German theorists who led to the rise of fascism in that country therefore adds a practical element to the multi-faceted definition of fascism and authoritarianism that has so far been established.
R-CMap—An open-source software for concept mapping

Planning and evaluating projects often involves input from many stakeholders. Fusing and organizing many different ideas, opinions, and interpretations into a coherent and acceptable plan or project evaluation is challenging. This is especially true when seeking contributions from a large number of participants, especially when not all can participate in group discussions, or when some prefer to contribute their perspectives anonymously. One of the major breakthroughs in the area of evaluation and program planning has been the use of graphical tools to represent the brainstorming process. This provides a quantitative framework for organizing ideas and general concepts into simple-to-interpret graphs. We developed a new, open-source concept mapping software called R-CMap, which is implemented in R. This software provides a graphical user interface to guide users through the analytical process of concept mapping. The R-CMap software allows users to generate a variety of plots, including cluster maps, point rating and cluster rating maps, as well as pattern matching and go-zone plots. Additionally, R-CMap is capable of generating detailed reports that contain useful statistical summaries of the data. The plots and reports can be embedded in Microsoft Office tools such as Word and PowerPoint, where users may manually adjust various plot and table features to achieve the best visual results in their presentations and official reports. The graphical user interface of R-CMap allows users to define cluster names, change the number of clusters, select rating variables for relevant plots, and importantly, select subsets of respondents by demographic criteria. The latter is particularly useful to project managers in order to identify different patterns of preferences by subpopulations. R-CMap is user-friendly, and does not require any programming experience. However, proficient R users can add to its functionality by directly accessing built-in functions in R and sharing new features with the concept mapping community.
The Deformation of Constitutionally Unstable Materials

ABSTRACT The majority of materials of commercial significance possess concentration fluctuations when they are subjected to certain deformation temperatures and degrees of strain. These concentration fluctuations are great enough in most cases to produce clusters, zones, metastable precipitate, and even equilibrium precipitate when the materials are strained. The nature and intensity of these strain-induced transformations are a function of the degree of strain, the deformation temperature, and the strain rate, as well as of the character of the alloy system itself. These strain-induced transformations affect the dislocation structure produced and, therefore, affect the flow stress obtained. The variation of the flow stress with deformation temperature and strain rate is a direct consequence of these constitutional structural instabilities. Thus, the thermally-activated nature of deformation of materials is associated with the dynamic nature of structures other than the dislocations, i.e., solute, vacancies, etc. The dislocations in themselves are not thermally activated. There is, therefore, no thermal component to the flow stress that is associated with the dynamic nature of dislocations; dislocations simply behave athermally. constitutional instability, dynamic strain aging
Psychology of European American Adults: Challenges, Advantages, and the Push for Further Growth

This chapter presents information on mental health issues in European American (White) adults, focusing on poverty, traumatic experience, and alcohol abuse as major challenges to the maintenance of mental health in this group; access to health care, willingness to seek assistance for mental health issues, and selected cognitive factors as strengths contributing to resilience in this group; and how some of the advantages enjoyed by Whites in the United States can be furthered to strengthen the overall mental health of this group.
Composition and Function of Mammalian SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Human Disease

Mammalian SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodeling complexes play critical roles in maintaining chromatin architecture and gene expression. Genomic sequencing efforts over the past several years have unveiled a major role for these complexes in the development of human cancer as well as neurologic disease, prompting the need to interrogate underlying mechanisms and to develop new methods to comprehensively understand mSWI/SNF complex function. Here we discuss the emerging insights from genetic, biochemical, and functional genomic studies in the field and suggest approaches toward further basic investigations, as well as therapeutic targeting of chromatin remodeling machinery.
Investigating the Abscopal Effects of Radioablation on Shielded Bone Marrow in Rodent Models Using Multimodality Imaging

The abscopal effect is the response to radiation at sites that are distant from the irradiated site of an organism, and it is thought to play a role in bone marrow (BM) recovery by initiating responses in the unirradiated bone marrow. Understanding the mechanism of this effect has applications in treating BM failure (BMF) and BM transplantation (BMT), and improving survival of nuclear disaster victims. Here, we investigated the use of multimodality imaging as a translational tool to longitudinally assess bone marrow recovery. We used positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging to quantify bone marrow activity, vascular response and marrow repopulation in fully and partially irradiated rodent models. We further measured the effects of radiation on serum cytokine levels, hematopoietic cell counts and histology. PET/CT imaging revealed a radiation-induced increase in proliferation in the shielded bone marrow (SBM) compared to exposed bone marrow (EBM) and sham controls. T2-weighted MRI showed radiation-induced hemorrhaging in the EBM and unirradiated SBM. In the EBM and SBM groups, we found alterations in serum cytokine and hormone levels and in hematopoietic cell population proportions, and histological evidence of osteoblast activation at the bone marrow interface. Importantly, we generated a BMT mouse model using fluorescent-labeled bone marrow donor cells and performed fluorescent imaging to reveal the migration of bone marrow cells from shielded to radioablated sites. Our study validates the use of multimodality imaging to monitor bone marrow recovery and provides evidence for the abscopal response in promoting bone marrow recovery after irradiation.
Efficient and accurate machine-learning interpolation of atomic energies in compositions with many species

Machine-learning potentials (MLPs) for atomistic simulations are a promising alternative to conventional classical potentials. Current approaches rely on descriptors of the local atomic environment with dimensions that increase quadratically with the number of chemical species. In this paper, we demonstrate that such a scaling can be avoided in practice. We show that a mathematically simple and computationally efficient descriptor with constant complexity is sufficient to represent transition-metal oxide compositions and biomolecules containing 11 chemical species with a precision of around 3 meV/atom. This insight removes a perceived bound on the utility of MLPs and paves the way to investigate the physics of previously inaccessible materials with more than ten chemical species.
Penalty dual decomposition method with application in signal processing

Many problems of recent interest in signal processing, machine learning and wireless communications can be posed as nonconvex nonsmooth optimization problems. These problems are generally difficult to solve especially when the optimization variables are nonlinearly coupled in some nonconvex constraints. In this paper, we propose an algorithm named “penalty dual decomposition” (PDD) method, for the minimization of a nonconvex nonsmooth objective subject to nonconvex constraints. We show that the PDD converges to KKT solutions under certain constraint qualification condition. Simulations corroborate the excellent performance of the PDD method.