cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color-center powder laser: the effect of pulverization on color-center characteristics

Stimulated emission is obtained and characterized in a powder of LiF crystal with color centers. Absorption, luminescent, and kinetics properties of color centers are studied in powder samples of LiF. They are found to be rather different from those in a bulk material. The difference is explained by dislocations mechanically created during the pulverization of the material. The characteristics of stimulated emission in LiF powder samples were found very different from those in scattering Nd-doped luminophosphors. This difference can be ascribed to a much higher emission cross section and a much smaller lifetime of emitting centers in LiF.
Different Minds and Common Problems: Geert Hofstede's Research on National Cultures1

This article discusses Geert Hofstede's work on national cultural differences. It explains how Hofstede's model of the dimensions of national culture might be of use to performance improvement professionals as they try to solve familiar, and perhaps not so familiar, problems in international settings. Hofstede's work, first published in 1980, argues that many management theories, such as those of Herzberr, Mausner, and Snyderman (1959), Maslow (1970), and McGregor (1960), are not valid worldwide be cause the authors are subject to cultural bias that is manifested in their own cultural makeup. Hofstede's research has shown that national cultures tend vary on four dimensions: uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, power distance, and individualism. Understanding national cultural differences is important to organizations to expand beyond their own national boundaries and to attempt to win the loyalty and business of customers around the globe.
Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England . By Gloria L. Main. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Pp. xi, 237. $49.95.

Family relationships were not immune to the complexities of settler life that are a consistent theme in much of the literature on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century America. Gloria L. Main's work uses patterns of family growth and their influence on land acquisition to explain the English settlement of New England. Her methodology brings together research from several distinct disciplines and uses an in-depth analysis of the history, placing Main's work in the same category as that of noted authors John Demos (A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) and Kenneth Lockridge (A New England Town: The First Hundred Years, Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636â€“1736. New York: Norton, 1985). Main incorporates a complex and broad range of disciplines including economics, history, psychology, anthropology, and sociology and applies them to the historical issue of settlement. To support her thesis Main uses diaries of settlers and later generations for a primary-source account of events as well as analysis. Overall, Main presents her ideas in a clear, concise manner and avoids the nit picking that can occur between and within disciplines.
ASSESSMENT OF HARBOR SEAL PREDATION ON ADULT SALMONIDS IN A PACIFIC NORTHWEST ESTUARY

The populations of many native species have increased or expanded in distribution in recent decades, sometimes with negative consequences to sympatric native species that are rarer or less adaptable to anthropogenic changes to the environment. An example of this phenomenon from the Pacific Northwest is predation by locally abundant pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) on threatened, endangered, or otherwise depleted salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. We used survey sampling methodology, acoustic telemetry, and molecular genetics to quantify the amount of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) predation on a depressed run of coho salmon (O. kisutch) and to determine whether some seals consumed a disproportionately higher number of salmonids than others. Based on a probability sample totaling 759.5 h of observation, we estimated that seals consumed 1161 adult salmonids (95% CI = 503–1818 salmonids) during daylight hours over an 18.9-km estuarine study area in Oregon during an 84-d period in fall 2002. Simultaneous ...
Running on Foreign Policy? Examining the Role of Foreign Policy Issues in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 Congressional Campaigns

While there is a long, rich tradition of scholarship on the impact of foreign policy on presidential campaigns and elections, the question of the role of foreign policy concerns in congressional elections has been left largely unexplored. This is particularly surprising given that scholars have in recent years highlighted the significant impact of Congress on American foreign policy both as an institution and as the result of the foreign policy activism of individual members. This earlier research indicates that the role of foreign policy in congressional campaigns and elections deserves much more attention than it has so far received. In this project, we examine the use of foreign policy in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 congressional campaigns, analyzing the issue content of television advertisements produced by candidates seeking election to the US House of Representatives. We find that across the three election cycles, foreign policy issues became much more prominent over time but still remained a modest part of candidates' appeals to potential voters. We also find differences between candidates rooted in partisan identification and perceptions of policy performance on key foreign policy issues, and strong indications that candidates emphasize foreign policy issues that have significant local impact.
Simulation of cold-formed steel beams in local and distortional buckling with applications to the direct strength method

Abstract A nonlinear finite element (FE) model is developed to simulate two series of flexural tests, previously conducted by the authors, on industry standard cold-formed steel C- and Z-section beams. The previous tests focused on laterally braced beams with compression flange details that lead predominately to local buckling failures, in the first test series, and distortional buckling failures, in the second test series. The objectives of this paper are to (i) validate the FE model developed for simulation of the testing, (ii) perform parametric studies outside the bounds of the original tests with a particular focus on variation in yield stress and influence of moment gradient on failures, and (iii) apply the study results to examine and extend the Direct Strength Method of design. The developed FE model shows good agreement with the test data in terms of ultimate bending strength. Extension of the tested sections to cover yield stresses from 228 to 506 MPa indicates that the Direct Strength Method is applicable over this full range of yield stresses. The FE model is also applied to analyze the effect of moment gradient on distortional buckling. It is found that the distortional buckling strength of beams is increased due to the presence of moment gradient. Further, it is proposed and verified that the moment gradient effect on distortional buckling failures can be conservatively accounted for in the Direct Strength Method by using an elastic buckling moment that accounts for the moment gradient. An empirical equation, appropriate for use in design, to predict the increase in the elastic distortional buckling moment due to moment gradient, is developed.
THE EFFECT OF NATIONAL CULTURE ON THE CHOICE BETWEEN LICENSING AND DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT

This paper argues that national differences in levels of trust impact perceptions of transactions costs and thereby influence the desirability of internalization and the choice of foreign market entry mode. The paper tests this framework on industry level data from the United States Commerce Department's Benchmark Survey of operations of U. S. -based manufacturing multinational corporations in 1977 and 1982, and shows that cultural differences in trust do influence perceptions of transaction costs and the preference for direct foreign investment across countries.
Optimal efficiency-power relationship for an air motor-compressor in an energy storage and regeneration system

Compressing air from atmospheric pressure into high pressure storage and expanding the compressed air in reverse is a means of energy storage and regeneration for fluid power systems that can potentially improve energy density by an order of magnitude over existing accumulators. This approach, known as the “open accumulator” energy storage concept, as well as other applications such as compressed air powered cars, rely on the availability of efficient and power-dense air motor/compressors. Increasing power is typically accompanied by reducing efficiency with the trade-off being determined by the heat transfer capability. In this paper, the authors present the Pareto optimal trade-off between the efficiency and power for a given heat transfer capability and ambient temperature in an air motor/compressor to achieve a given pressure ratio. It is shown that the optimal frontier is generated by an air motor/compressor that compresses and expands the air via a sequence of adiabatic, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. For the same efficiency of 80%, such an optimal volume trajectory achieves 3-5 times increased power over ad-hoc volume trajectories. It is also shown that approximating the infinitely fast adiabatic portions by finite time processes do not significantly reduce the effectiveness of the optimal operating strategy.
Utilization of venous duplex scanning and postoperative venography in patients with subclavian vein thrombosis

Objective The purpose of this study was to review preoperative and postoperative duplex scans and postoperative venograms in patients with subclavian vein thrombosis who underwent first rib resection and scalenectomy (FRRS) during 2005 to 2013. Methods Preoperative venous duplex scans revealed no compression (NC), venous compression (VC, ≥50% decrease in velocity on abduction), venous ablation (VA, 0 velocity on abduction), and acute thrombus (AT, 0 velocity on abduction and adduction). Correlation with 2-week postoperative venograms (open, stenosis requiring dilation, or occluded) and postoperative (2- to 4-month, 6- to 8-month, and 12-month) duplex scans was performed. Results Of 215 patients treated with FRRS for effort thrombosis, 140 had an ipsilateral preoperative duplex scan and postoperative venogram. Twenty-nine patients (21%) had VC, 70 (50%) had VA, 8 (5.7%) had AT, and 33 (24%) had NC. Patients with preoperative NC or VC were more likely to have an open vein on venography ( P = .014). Six to 8 months after FRRS, patients with preoperative VA were more likely to have compression or ablation ( P = .009); no difference was seen at 1 year. Patency rates at last follow-up were 100% in the preoperative VC and AT groups, 96% in those with VA, and 94% in patients with no preoperative compression. The 128 preoperative scans of the asymptomatic side revealed that 67 patients (52%) had NC, 29 (23%) had VC, 32 (25%) had VA, and 0 had AT. Patients with NC ( P = .027), VC ( P = .017), or VA ( P = .008) were significantly more likely to have the same result on the opposite side. Conclusions Postoperative duplex scans reveal that VC and VA resolve during the year after FRRS, obviating the need for repeated venography or intervention. Patency rates are excellent in all patients when postoperative venography directs intervention. Patients with NC, VC, or VA on preoperative scans often show the same result on the opposite side.
A Rare Case of Acroangiodermatitis Associated with a Congenital Arteriovenous Malformation (Stewart–Bluefarb Syndrome) in a Young Veteran: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Acroangiodermatitis (AD) is a rare angioproliferative disease manifesting with cutaneous lesions clinically similar to Kaposi's sarcoma. AD is a benign hyperplasia of preexisting vasculature and may be associated with acquired or congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVM), or severe chronic venous insufficiency (because of hypostasis, elevated venous pressure, arteriovenous shunting). Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome is the rare syndrome in which AD is associated with a congenital AVM. We present the case of a young veteran with a painful, chronic nonhealing ulcer and ipsilateral popliteal artery occlusion likely because of trauma, who elected transmetatarsal amputation for symptomatic relief. A 24-year-old male veteran presented with a 5-year history of a nonhealing dorsal left foot ulcer, resulting from a training exercise injury. He ultimately developed osteomyelitis requiring antibiotics, frequent debridements, multiple trials of unsuccessful skin substitute grafting, and severe unremitting pain. He noted a remote history of left digital deformities treated surgically as a child, and an AVM, previously endovascularly treated at an outside facility. Arterial duplex revealed somewhat dampened left popliteal, posterior tibial (PT), and dorsalis pedis (DP) artery signals with arterial brachial index of 1.0. CT angiography showed occlusion of the proximal to mid popliteal artery with significant calcifications felt initially to be a result of prior trauma. Pedal pulses were palpable and transcutaneous oxygen measurements revealed adequate oxygenation. Because of unremitting pain, the patient opted for amputation. Pathology revealed vascular proliferation consistent with AD. This case illustrates an unusual diagnosis of acroangiodermatitis, and a rare syndrome when associated with his underlying AVM (Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome). This resulted in a painful, chronic ulcer and was further complicated by trauma-related arterial occlusive disease. AD disease can hinder wound healing even in the presence of clinically evident blood flow. Although rare, such unusual diagnoses should be entertained particularly in the unusually young vascular surgical patient.
Valuation Effects for Asset Sales

This study provides evidence that the outcome for shareholders resulting from asset sales is determined at the time of transaction by the value for the asset sold. Assets sold above market value are followed by positive and significant abnormal returns over the following three months; these returns are magnified in firms where the balance of power in corporate governance favors shareholders. Abnormal returns following undervalued asset sales are insignificant from zero, indicating value-preservation. Value-preservation when the assets are sold below market value becomes less likely as firms approach financial constraints. The reverse is true when assets are sold above market value. This evidence is documented for apartment REITs, which have a large number of comparable transactions available for estimating expected market values.
Trastuzumab-induced cardiomyopathy: not as benign as it looks? A retrospective study.

Abstract Background One of the recent advances in the treatment of breast cancer is trastuzumab. However, a major side effect of this medication is cardiomyopathy. Our objective was to determine the incidence of trastuzumab-induced cardiomyopathy and the rate of discontinuation of trastuzumab in a clinical setting. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed the records of all women treated with trastuzumab at the Moffitt Cancer Center between 2003 and 2007. Cardiomyopathy was defined as symptomatic heart failure or a decrease of ejection fraction by ≥10% from baseline or to t -test test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Cardiomyopathy developed in 52 of 156 (33.3%) of patients being treated with trastuzumab. In the adjuvant group, 23 (19.5%) of women permanently or temporarily discontinued therapy secondary to cardiomyopathy. Conclusions Cardiomyopathy is a common side effect of trastuzumab that leads to discontinuation of treatment in a significant proportion of patients. Further studies are indicated to establish the ways to predict, prevent, and treat cardiomyopathy to provide patients with maximal therapeutic benefit of trastuzumab.
Common familial colorectal cancer linked to chromosome 7q31: a genome-wide analysis.

Present investigations suggest that approximately 30% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases arise on the basis of inherited factors. We hypothesize that the majority of inherited factors are moderately penetrant genes, common in the population. We use an affected sibling pair approach to identify genetic regions that are coinherited by siblings with CRC. Individuals from families with at least two siblings diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma or high grade dysplasia were enrolled. Known familial CRC syndromes were excluded. A genome-wide scan on 151 DNA samples from 70 kindreds was completed using deCODE's 1100 short tandem repeat marker set at an average 4 cM density. Fine mapping on a total of 184 DNAs from 83 kindreds was done in regions suggesting linkage. Linkage analysis was accomplished with MERLIN analysis package. Linkage analysis revealed three genetic regions with NPL LOD scores ≥ 2.0: Ch. 3q29, LOD 2.61 (p=0.0003); Ch. 4q31.3, LOD 2.13 (p=0.0009); and Ch. 7q31.31, LOD 3.08 (p=0.00008). Affected siblings with increased sharing at the 7q31 locus have an 3.8 year (±3.5) earlier age of CRC onset although this is not statistically significant (p=0.11). No significant linkage was found near genes causing known syndromes or, regions previously reported (8q24, 9q22, and 11q23). The chromosome 3q21-q24 region reported to be linked in CRC relative pairs, is supported by our study, albeit a minor peak (LOD 0.9, p=0.02). No known familial cancer genes reside in the 7q31 locus, thus the identified region may contain a novel susceptibility gene responsible for common familial CRC.
Stable Boundary Layer Depth from High-Resolution Measurements of the Mean Wind Profile

Abstract The depth h of the stable boundary layer (SBL) has long been an elusive measurement. In this diagnostic study the use of high-quality, high-resolution (Δz = 10 m) vertical profile data of the mean wind U(z) and streamwise variance σu2(z) is investigated to see whether mean-profile features alone can be equated with h. Three mean-profile diagnostics are identified: hJ, the height of maximum low-level-jet (LLJ) wind speed U in the SBL; h1, the height of the first zero crossing or minimum absolute value of the magnitude of the shear ∂U/∂z profile above the surface; and h2, the minimum in the curvature ∂2U/∂z2 profile. Boundary layer BL here is defined as the surface-based layer of significant turbulence, so the top of the BL was determined as the first significant minimum in the σu2(z) profile, designated as hσ. The height hσ was taken as a reference against which the three mean-profile diagnostics were tested. Mean-wind profiles smooth enough to calculate second derivatives were obtained by averagi...
Robust Statistical Label Fusion Through Consensus Level, Labeler Accuracy, and Truth Estimation (COLLATE)

Segmentation and delineation of structures of interest in medical images is paramount to quantifying and characterizing structural, morphological, and functional correlations with clinically relevant conditions. The established gold standard for performing segmentation has been manual voxel-by-voxel labeling by a neuroanatomist expert. This process can be extremely time consuming, resource intensive and fraught with high inter-observer variability. Hence, studies involving characterizations of novel structures or appearances have been limited in scope (numbers of subjects), scale (extent of regions assessed), and statistical power. Statistical methods to fuse data sets from several different sources (e.g., multiple human observers) have been proposed to simultaneously estimate both rater performance and the ground truth labels. However, with empirical datasets, statistical fusion has been observed to result in visually inconsistent findings. So, despite the ease and elegance of a statistical approach, single observers and/or direct voting are often used in practice. Hence, rater performance is not systematically quantified and exploited during label estimation. To date, statistical fusion methods have relied on characterizations of rater performance that do not intrinsically include spatially varying models of rater performance. Herein, we present a novel, robust statistical label fusion algorithm to estimate and account for spatially varying performance. This algorithm, COnsensus Level, Labeler Accuracy and Truth Estimation (COLLATE), is based on the simple idea that some regions of an image are difficult to label (e.g., confusion regions: boundaries or low contrast areas) while other regions are intrinsically obvious (e.g., consensus regions: centers of large regions or high contrast edges). Unlike its predecessors, COLLATE estimates the consensus level of each voxel and estimates differing models of observer behavior in each region. We show that COLLATE provides significant improvement in label accuracy and rater assessment over previous fusion methods in both simulated and empirical datasets.
Methotrexate-Related Nonnecrotizing Multifocal Axonopathy Detected by β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Immunohistochemistry

Abstract We describe a 64-year-old woman with biphenotypic leukemia involving the meninges who received 2 doses of intrathecal methotrexate. Soon after treatment, the patient developed postural rigidity and a marked decline in mental status. The patient died of respiratory failure 1 month after methotrexate treatment was initiated. At autopsy, the brain was grossly normal. Routine microscopy showed no evidence of leukemic infiltrates or necrotizing lesions. However, when stained with β-amyloid precursor protein, multifocal axonal injury was evident in the brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots. Our findings show that immunohistochemical staining for β-amyloid precursor protein can effectively demonstrate axonal injury associated with methotrexate neurotoxicity, even when conventional staining procedures are negative. This technique may therefore reveal a possible pathologic substrate for some of the neurological complications seen in patients with methotrexate neurotoxicity.
Capacity Allocation for Long Tailed Traffic in Packet Switching Networks

The packet switching techniques are under evolution. The conventional "best effort" approach will no longer be the dominant service. The next generation of IP networks must provide the QoS to customers. Inadequacy is obvious when the conventional capacity allocation (CA) models are applied to the new IP architecture. In this paper, we propose a CA model that characterizes (1) the service priority scheme, (2) the service preemption scheme, and (3) the non-Poisson traffic in which the packets follow long tailed distributions.
Tolerated Deviance and Small Group Solidarity

When studying deviance, certain sociological purposes are served by treating it as a "formal" category, that is, as something identified simply with rates of occurrence. However, some sociologists also deal with why it occurs; but in restricting the scope of their inquiries to the sociological level, they slight or ignore the substantive or "lived" experience of actual actors. Anthropologists working on the level of individual analysis find it difficult to overlook this aspect of an informant's experience. In fact, interviewing flesh and blood persons whose feelings are usually ambivalent, whose ideas are often amorphous, and whose behavior frequently has ambiguous meaning, compels attention to the nature of life as it is lived. In view of this, the discussion below aims at augmenting sociological explanations of the inevitability of deviance and of the effect it has on group solidarity by suggesting substantial reasons (acknowledged and putative) why actual persons tolerate deviance. To begin, let me summarize Durkheim's explanation of these matters. His is the most seminal sociological approach among those going beyond a formal treatment of deviance. In asserting the inevitability of crime, that is, of deviance, Durk
The Caenorhabditis elegans lim-6 LIM homeobox gene regulates neurite outgrowth and function of particular GABAergic neurons

We describe here the functional analysis of the C. elegans LIM homeobox gene lim-6, the ortholog of the mammalian Lmx-1a and b genes that regulate limb, CNS, kidney and eye development. lim-6 is expressed in a small number of sensory-, inter- and motorneurons, in epithelial cells of the uterus and in the excretory system. Loss of lim-6 function affects late events in the differentiation of two classes of GABAergic motorneurons which control rhythmic enteric muscle contraction. lim-6 is required to specify the correct axon morphology of these neurons and also regulates expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis in these neurons. Moreover, lim-6 gene activity and GABA signaling regulate neuroendocrine outputs of the nervous system. In the chemosensory system lim-6 regulates the asymmetric expression of a probable chemosensory receptor. lim-6 is also required in epithelial cells for uterine morphogenesis. We compare the function of lim-6 to those of other LIM homeobox genes in C. elegans and suggest that LIM homeobox genes share the common theme of controlling terminal neural differentiation steps that when disrupted lead to specific neuroanatomical and neural function defects.
PKC and the Control of Apoptosis

Cells respond to a wide range of cellular toxins by inducing a suicide pathway known as apoptosis. Apoptosis plays a critical role in development, tissue remodeling, and in the removal of damaged and genetically altered cells. Activation of cell death pathways must be tightly regulated as too much or too little apoptosis can have drastic consequences for tissue homeostasis and for disease initiation and progression. While the mechanism of how apoptosis is executed has been extensively studied, little is known about how other signaling pathways influence the decision to die. In this regard, members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases are emerging as important modulators of the apoptotic response. Here we will discuss the role of specific PKC isoforms in regulating cell death, and address how alterations in the expression or activity of some of these kinases contribute to human diseases.
The heat-shock transcription factor HSF1 is rapidly activated by either hyper- or hypo-osmotic stress in mammalian cells

Osmoregulation, the cellular response to environmental changes of osmolarity and ionic strength, is important for the survival of living organisms. We have demonstrated previously that an exposure of mammalian cells to hypo-osmotic stress, either in growth medium (30% growth medium and 70% water) or in binary solution containing sorbitol and water, prominently induced the DNA-binding activity of the heat-shock transcription factor (HSF1) [Huang, Caruccio, Liu and Chen (1995) Biochem. J. 307, 347-352]. Since hyperosmotic and hypo-osmotic stress usually elicit opposite biological responses, we wondered what would be the effect of hyperosmotic stress on HSF activation. In this study we have examined the HSF DNA-binding activity in HeLa cells maintained in the sorbitol/water binary solution over a wide concentration range (0.1-0.9 M) and in Dulbecco's medium supplemented with sorbitol or NaCl. We found that HSF-binding activity could be induced prominently under both hypo-osmotic (0.1-0.25 M) and hyperosmotic conditions (0.50-0.90 M). In both cases, HSF activation was observed within 5 min after changing the osmotic pressure. The activation was accompanied by both HSF trimerization and nuclear translocation, and appeared to be independent of protein synthesis. The effects of hypo- or hyper-osmotic stress on HSF activation could be reversed once the cells were returned to iso-osmotic conditions (0.30M) with a half-life (t12) of 25 min or less. This rapid turnover of the osmotic-stress-induced HSF-binding activity was inhibited by cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. Unlike heat shock, activation of HSF by either hypo- or hyper-osmotic stress did not lead to an accumulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA in HeLa cells. We propose that HSF activation during osmotic stress may serve physiological functions independent of the synthesis of heat-shock proteins.
Trade Costs and Endogenous Nontradability in a Model with Sectoral and Firm-Level Heterogeneity

The paper takes a first step in the direction of simultaneously incorporating sectoral and firm-level heterogeneity in the models of international trade and macroeconomics in a tractable manner: without increasing the complexity of numerical computations compared to the existing models with heterogeneity in one dimension. In a model with sectoral heterogeneity in trade costs and firm-level heterogeneity in productivity, introducing one source of heterogeneity at a time and piecing together the results implies that, on reduction in trade costs, more goods and more varieties of every tradable good become traded. In contrast, in the correctly specified model with simultaneous heterogeneity in both dimensions, while more goods do indeed become tradable, but for more than 50% of the previously traded goods, the number of traded varieties falls. The model also reconciles apparently contrasting predictions for the differences in the deviation of domestic price from the world price for the traded and nontraded goods when heterogeneity is introduced, one dimension at a time.
Endotoxin-Induced Insulin Sensitivity in BCG Infected Mice

SummaryThe administration of endotoxin to BCG-infected mice induces a marked sensitivity to insulin. When insulin is administered after endotoxin, a profound hypoglycemia ensues. The stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion in endotoxin-poisoned BCG-infected mice by glucose administration may also lead to a reactive hypoglycemia from which the mice do not recover. These observations illustrate the loss of homeostatic control caused by endotoxin and are consistent with previous observations that endotoxin impairs gluconeogenesis.
Lure and Toxicant System for the Cabbage Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A lure and toxicant system for killing cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), moths was developed based on moth attraction to and feeding at flowers. Unmated females were attracted to the floral compound phenylacetaldehyde formulated for release at 20-4,000 ng/h. Attracted moths were stimulated to feed at bait stations loaded with sugar solutions when placed near phenylacetaldehyde dispensers. All feeding moths were killed when 0.2% methomyl was added to the sucrose solutions. A combination phenylacetaldehyde sucrose-methomyl dispenser tested in a field cage resulted in 61% mortality of female moths and 44% of male moths released.
Effects of Structural Defects on Diode Properties in 4H-SiC

The influence of two types of structural defects on Schottky diodes in 4H-SiC is investigated. First, a structural transformation that takes place during oxidation or annealing of heavily n -doped wafers is studied using X-ray diffraction, high resolution TEM, secondary electron imaging (SEI), photoluminescence, and electrical measurements on Schottky diodes. Lamellae of 3C SiC with six bilayers are introduced primarily in the heavily doped substrates, and to a lesser extent in the lightly doped epilayers. Lowered Schottky barrier heights result and are spatially correlated to the 3C phase. The 3C lamellae exhibit charge contrast in SEI images where they intersect the surface. Second, we study isolated screw dislocations and show preliminary evidence that they are not the main factor controlling Schottky barrier height and ideality in Schottky diodes in lower-doped 4H-SiC wafers.
Bacteria-type Distribution and Molecular Typing of Bacillary Dysentery Epidemic Strains by Pulsed-field in Anhui Province in 2007～2008

Objective To understand the prevalence of Shigella bacteria type in Anhui province and establish pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) molecular typing method so as to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of bacillary dysentery.Methods Carry out serotyping test,PFGE test and drug sensitivity test of 22 strains Shigella.Results Of 22 strains Shigella,B group 19,accounting for 86.5%;C group 1,accounting for 4.5%;D group 2,accounting for 9.0% of the total number.Successfully established the PFGE molecular typing methods;and 22 epidemic strains in our province is divided into a number of bands.The results would further cluster analysis.Conclusions The prevalence type of bacillary dysentery in our province was B group;PFGE molecular typing methods and a preliminary zone database were established in Anhui CDC which would help to detect and identify bacillary dysentery epidemic strains.
Erythroid colony formation in vitro by dimethylsulfoxide-treated erythroleukemic cells.

Friend leukemic cells grown in suspension culture with dimethylsulfoxide can be induced to respond to erythropoietin by increased synthesis of hemoglobin. Investigation was undertaken to determine if these erythroleukemic cells could be induced to form erythroid colonies in a plasma-clot system. This study demonstrates that culture for 24-48 hr in suspension in the presence of 2% dimethylsulfoxide affected these cells so that they then produced benzidine-staining erythroid colonies in the plasma-clot culture. The cells responded to erythropoietin in these cultures with an increase in the number of erythroid colonies.
Chemotherapy, Delayed Radiation and Brain Tumors

To avoid the severe irradiation-related neurotoxic effects of postoperative treatment of malignant brain tumors in infants and children less than 3 years of age, the Pediatric Oncology Group, centered at St Louis, MO, conducted a prospective study of primary postoperative chemotherapy.
Irinotecan and bevacizumab in progressive primary brain tumors: The Cleveland Clinic experience

2077 Background: High-grade gliomas are generally resistant to modern chemotherapy. In the case of glioblastoma multiforme, median overall survival has been less than 12 months and progression free...
Penalized least squares estimation with weakly dependent data

In statistics and machine learning communities, the last fifteen years have witnessed a surge of high-dimensional models backed by penalized methods and other state-of-the-art variable selection techniques. The high-dimensional models we refer to differ from conventional models in that the number of all parameters $p$ and number of significant parameters $s$ are both allowed to grow with the sample size $T$. When the field-specific knowledge is preliminary and in view of recent and potential affluence of data from genetics, finance and on-line social networks, etc., such $(s, T, p)$-triply diverging models enjoy ultimate flexibility in terms of modeling, and they can be used as a data-guided first step of investigation. However, model selection consistency and other theoretical properties were addressed only for independent data, leaving time series largely uncovered. On a simple linear regression model endowed with a weakly dependent sequence, this paper applies a penalized least squares (PLS) approach. Under regularity conditions, we show sign consistency, derive finite sample bound with high probability for estimation error, and prove that PLS estimate is consistent in $L_2$ norm with rate $\sqrt{s\log s /T}$.
Magnetic resonance imaging monitoring of cartilage tissue engineering in vivo

Abstract Cartilage tissue engineering uses a combination of biocompatible scaffold material, cells, and growth factors to achieve a cartilage-like tissue that has similar biomechanical properties as a native cartilage. After initial success at-bench, most tissue growth strategies are tested in animals. In vivo animal models of cartilage tissue engineering provide a proof-of-concept validation for promising at-bench tissue-growth strategies. A number of animal models such as mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, dogs, and horses have been used for the purpose of validating emerging cartilage tissue-engineering approaches. Out of all the available choices for monitoring cartilage tissue engineering and regeneration in vivo, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most suitable and is the leading imaging modality for noninvasive longitudinal quantitative monitoring of cartilage tissue growth and regeneration. This chapter describes advances made in MRI assessment and monitoring of cartilage tissue engineering in vivo during the last decade.
Detective effort: what contributes to arrests during retrospective criminal investigations?

ABSTRACTClearance rates among retrospective criminal investigations have been a cause for concern in the last 20 years. Unfortunately, little is known about how detectives contribute to case outcomes. To explore this topic, 184 detectives during a 60 day period completed time-task logs that were paired with incident report data. Through a unique temporal sampling procedure, 564 index offenses were disaggregated into subsamples based on the case’s suspect status at the time the case was assigned. The curvilinearity of these estimates was tested and recalculated into binary terms when quadratic relationships were observed. Continuous and re-estimated quadratic variables were then evaluated for multivariate suitability and regressed to predict a cases likelihood of arrest. The results of these analyses found that (a) detectives continue to exercise great investigative discretion once cases are assigned; (b) suspect status influences arrests; (c) detective time spent interviewing the suspect was the most cons...
Rehabilitation for Neurological Issues

Long thoracic nerve palsy (LTNP) and spinal accessory nerve palsy (SANP) can each provide a great challenge for the scapular specialist to rehabilitate due to loss of serratus anterior or trapezius function, respectively. Injury to either nerve may occur in isolation or in combination, due to blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, compression, stretch, traction, viral infection, or iatrogenic trauma [1–16]. Injury to the dorsal scapular nerve, affecting the rhomboid muscles, does occur but will not be directly discussed because of its rarity. Patients presenting with LTNP or SANP may report cervical, thoracic, shoulder, or scapular pain; sensation of upper extremity weakness or instability; and limited shoulder active range of motion (AROM), most notably shoulder flexion in patients with LTNP and abduction in patients with SANP [1, 2, 5–12, 15–18]. However, in the majority of cases, the patients will experience 1–3 weeks of scapular region pain and then only have pain-free weakness. These impairments usually result in some functional limitation of the involved extremity, especially involving lifting or resistance; however, most can function with surprisingly little difficulty for most activities. The severity of symptoms may vary but will often resolve within 24 months through neural regeneration in cases of neuropraxia and axonotmesis [9, 11, 12, 14–18]. In order to appropriately guide patients with LTNP or SANP, the scapular specialist must possess a strong understanding of scapular anatomy, mechanics, and normal muscular activation, as well as the appreciation to complete a thorough scapular evaluation.
Turf herbicide injury to landscape trees as influenced by mulch.

Abstract A two year field study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the sensitivity of landscape trees to certain turf herbicides as affected by mulch. The study included four tree species (‘Bradford’ callery pear, crape myrtle, Eastern redbud, red maple), four mulch treatments (shredded hardwood bark, pine bark, pine needles, no mulch), and six herbicide treatments [Banvel (dicamba), BAS 514 OOH (quinclorac), Image (imazaquin), Redeem (triclopyr), Stinger (clopyralid)]. Herbicides were applied as directed sprays at the labeled rates for use on turf. Visual injury (%) ratings were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment. Trunk diameters and total plant fresh weights were measured at the conclusion of the study. In most cases, applying the herbicide over mulch decreased tree injury compared to applications to bare soil (Fig. 3). Red maples were most severely injured by Stinger (clopyralid) (27%) (60 DAT) and BAS 514 OOH (quinclorac) (33%) (60 DAT). Redbuds were most severely injure...
Trauma System Development and the Joint Trauma System

A report by Mullins and colleagues identified the benefits of trauma systems in the late 1990s. When war developed in response to the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, the concepts of trauma systems had yet to be incorporated into the US military medical planning. Col John Holcomb, Commander of the US Army Institute of Surgical Research, traveled to Iraq for a survey of trauma care. The survey was conducted in May 2003, 2 months after onset of hostilities. He identified no trauma system existed in Iraq. Medical planning had indeed been conducted, but in many circumstances, the planning was service specific. Col Holcomb, Col Don Jenkins (US Air Force), and Lt Col Brian Eastridge (US Army Reserve) proposed the establishment of a theater trauma system for the entire battlespace. The proposal to establish a Joint Theater Trauma System for the US Central Command (CENTCOM) area of responsibility was subsequently approved.
The Human Auditory Evoked Response

The messages in this paper will be transmitted mainly by its four figures. Smitty would have liked these figures, I think, because they show electrical responses generated in the brains of people as they listen to sounds and make auditory discriminations. In 1947, when he hired me to get some auditory physiology going at the Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory, there was no such thing as an averaging computer, and so it was technically impossible to create pictures like these. If it had been possible to make them I think Smitty would have wanted them made, because his admiration for the cat auditory system I worked on in his laboratory came nowhere near his love for the auditory system of man. And since what Smitty wanted he usually got, and what he liked to believe in he did something about, the experiments these figures summarize could very well have been done a quarter century ago in the basement of Memorial Hall.
The importance of environment: Neighborhood characteristics and parent perceptions of child health.

Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use acknowledges the importance of community and environment in how individuals utilize health-care services. This article questions whether and how e...
Instrumental Social Support Exchanges in African American Extended Families

This study uses data from the National Survey of American Life Re-Interview to examine the types and frequency of instrumental support that African Americans exchange with extended family members a...
The Setting of Enterprise in India

This study is designed to contribute some small part to the Free World’s relations with developing low-income areas in Asia. Much has been written on the subject of development since President Truman made his famous Point Four statement in January, 1949. Volumes of statistics have been poured forth showing the low level of income in these countries — the lack of sanitation, education and medical facilities, the high birthrate, ignorance, superstition, etc. Numerous books and articles have been written from many points of view on various aspects of the subject. Virtually all agree on the desirability of economic development for a number of diverse reasons including humanitarianism, political expediency in a bi-polar world and sustaining full employment in mature economies. Moreover, the various disciplines of the social sciences have been bringing to bear their specialized tools to consider phases of the subject with which they have been traditionally concerned. In the field of economics, there have been many specialized studies addressed to technical problems of one sort or another which the subject of economic development evokes. In short, for some years now, the implementation of a program for economic development has been in the stage of inquiry that concerns the “how.”
Student-oriented learning: an inquiry-based developmental biology lecture course

In this junior-level undergraduate course, developmental life cycles exhibited by various organisms are reviewed, with special attention - where relevant - to the human embryo. Morphological features and processes are described and recent insights into the molecular biology of gene expression are discussed. Ways are studied in which model systems, including marine invertebrates, amphibia, fruit flies and other laboratory species are employed to elucidate general principles which apply to fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis. Special attention is given to insights into those topics which will soon be researched with data from the Human Genome Project. The learning experience is divided into three parts: Part I is a «tutorial» in which the Socratic (inquiry) method is employed by the instructor (GMM) to organize a review of classical developmental phenomena; Part II represents an «intellectual workshop» in which students study the details related to the surveys included in Part I as they have been reported in research journals; Part III focuses on a class project - the preparation of a spiral bound «book» on a topic of relevance to human developmental biology (e.g., Textbook of Embryonal Stem Cells). Student response to the use of the Socratic method increases as the course progresses and represents the most successful aspect of the course.
Isolation of Murine Transplantation Antigen Preparation

The products of H-2 genes are among the most potent transplantation antigens in mice. Much attention has been devoted to the isolation and chemical characterization of these antigens, particularly because of their importance in immunogenetic studies.
Fundamental Groups of Curves in Characteristic p

Consider the following general problem: Given a smooth affine curve U over an algebraically closed field k, find the fundamental group πA(U). When k = C, U is a Riemann surface, and π1 can be computed using loops. If U is obtained by deleting S = {ξ0, ⋯, ξ r } from a compact Riemann surface X of genus g, we thus obtain classically that π1 has generators a1, ⋯, a g , b1, ⋯, bg, ⋯, c0, ⋯, c r subject to the single relation \(\Pi _{j = 1}^g[{a_j},{b_j}]\Pi _{i = 0}^r{c_i} = 1\). This is isomorphic to the free group on 2g + r generators, so πA (U) is the set of finite groups with 2g + r generators. Thus, these are the Galois groups of finite unramified Galois covers of U, or equivalently of finite branched covers of X with branch locus disjoint from U.
System Design, Economic Analysis and Operation Strategy of a Campus Microgrid

The scope of this paper composes of data collection and synthesis, system design, cost analysis, demonstration and grid-connected operation of diesel-gensets, forming a proposed microgrid. The solar resource in Clemson was analyzed through historical data. From the findings, the microgrid component sizing was designed so as to supply the campus with sufficient energy for two-day islanding event. Eventually, for operational performance analysis case study, a microgrid is formed from inertial prime mover gensets for Clemson University to be connected to the western main campus substation in order to support the critical loads. Parallel generator unit connection enables support of critical load during islanding-mode of operation. Results indicate autonomous operation of 1.8MW generator-based microgrid under various scenarios including load sharing, load and droop variations, gensets disconnection and grid islanding modes.