cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for coupled sodium/hydrogen exchange in the rat superficial proximal convoluted tubule.

Recent in vitro studies from the rat and rabbit have suggested a tightly coupled sodium/hydrogen ion exchanger on the luminal membrane of proximal tubules. The steep sodium gradient from the lumen to cell supplies indirect energy for hydrogen ions to be pumped from the cell to the lumen. However, a proton translocating pump has been demonstrated in other epithelia, which is independent of sodium transport and directly driven by ATP. To examine the role that sodium might play in the process of acidification, rat proximal convoluted tubules and their surrounding peritubular capillaries were perfused in vivo with artificial ultrafiltrate-like perfusion solutions. Total CO2 absorption was measured by microcalorimetry during alterations in sodium transport by replacement of the sodium with an impermeant cation, choline, or by inhibition of the (Na++K+)-ATPase by removing potassium from both perfusion solutions. Under control conditions the absolute rate of total CO2 absorption was 140 pmol/mm·min. In the choline substitution and potassium removal experiments, absolute total CO2 absorption fell to 23 and 28 pmol/mm·min, respectively. The data suggest that: 1) in the rat superficial proximal convoluted tubule approximately 80% of the bicarbonate absorption is tightly coupled to sodium transport; 2) this process is driven indirectly by the (Na++K+)-ATPase system; and 3) the residual 20% of acidification appears to be mediated by another mechanism or may be a consequence of technical liminations.
Sex determination in a symmetric autosomal multi-locus model.

Abstract A model of determination of sex by an individual′s genotype at n loci is discussed. The parameters that determine the probability that an individual is male (or female) depend only on the loci at which the individual is heterozygous, extending the two-gene theory of Feldman et al . (1991, Genetics 129 , 297-312). The analysis uses a set indexation technique that allows a compact expression of the recombination process, and a transformation of the chromosome frequencies that induces a natural subgroup structure on hyperplanes in the frequency simplex. It is shown that the polymorphic equilibria correspond to these subgroups. Conditions are determined under which equilibria that exhibit the even sex ratio are stable. How recombination affects the stability of other equilibria, including those with linkage disequilibrium, are also explored.
Genome Size and Operon Content

Prokaryotic genes are often organized into operons, clusters of genes that are transcribed together. Because all genes in an operon must be transcribed in the same direction, this organization will be reflected in a tendency for nearby genes to have the same orientation. This tendency can be used to estimate the degree to which the genes in a genome are clustered into operons. Application of the technique to Escherichia coli yields results that are similar to estimates based on detailed examination of the genome and empirical knowledge about particular operons. Results for Saccharomyces cerevisiae are consistent with the near absence of polycistronic transcripts in eukaryotes. The method is easily applied to other genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. Analysis of 26 bacterial and archaeal genomes indicates that the degree of clustering varies widely among prokaryotes. Comparison of these genomes shows that those containing more genes tend to have less clustering of genes into operons. This observation may have implications concerning the evolution of operons.
A microwave dielectric measurement technique for high permitivity materials

Abstract A microwave measurement technique has been developed for the characterization of high dielectric constant (100 to 10,000), and high dielectric loss (0.2 to 0.7) materials. The method is based on the frequency dependence of electromagnetic wave transmission through a dielectric slab. It is a useful technique for the dielectric measurement of relaxor ferroelectric materials, and an example is given for the Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 system. The rapid developments in network analysis have made this measurment method possible.
Transcatheter reconstruction of obliterated superior vena cava with additional obliteration of right internal jugular and subclavian vein

We describe the successful reconstruction of a completely obliterated superior vena cava, despite additional obliteration of right internal jugular and subclavian vein, using an end-to-side approach to connect to the innominate and left internal jugular vein. We also document long-term patency.
Pig liver monoamine oxidase I: Isolation and characterization

1. 1. Monoamine oxidase has been isolated from pig liver and crystallized from an (NH4)2SO4 solution. 2. 2. This enzyme has a molecular weight of 1 200 00 wih subunits of approximately 146 000 which readily polymerize to the higher molecular weight form. 3. 3. The pH of maximum activity is 9.0. Its activity increases with temperature over the range 25–40°C. 4. 4. The apparent Km at 25 °C is 1.28·10−6 M at pH 9.0 (0.05 M glycine) and 1.74·10−5 M at pH 7.2 (0.2 M phosphate). 5. 5. The enzyme contains approximately eight copper(II) ions per 1 200 000 molecular weight. This metal can be removed and replaced by other divalent metal ions: Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ all produce a catalytically active form of this enzyme; but replacement with Mn2+ did not restore catalytic activity.
Histological and Behavioral Studies of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae) Feeding on Soybean

Threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spissistilus festinus (Say), feed on vascular tissues of soybean; most stylet insertions terminate in phloem. Girdles, formed by repeated stylet punctures encircling the stem or petiole, are characterized by disruption of the vascular system, and frequently by a swelling of the stem above the girdle. Hoppers exploit this blockage of translocation by feeding preferentially above the girdle. Location of nymphs and associated girdle damage changes with the phenology of the soybean plant, from the main stem to the petioles to the racemes.
Comparative pharmacologic responses to antihistamines in newborn and young rats

Summary The acute subcutaneous and oral toxicities of two commonly used antihistaminic drugs, chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine, were determined in newborn and young rats. The resistance of rats to both drugs increased with increasing age. The greatest change in resistance appeared between the ages of 16 and 25 days. There was no apparent difference in the activity of the enzymes concerned with the metabolism of both drugs in the livers of 15- and 40-day-old rats. The development of greater resistance to both drugs with increasing age can be explained, insofar as the subcutaneous route is concerned, by a decrease in the amount of absorption.
Antichresis leases: Theory and empirical evidence from the Bolivian experience

Abstract The antichresis lease in civil law countries requires a lump sum tenant payment which is returned when the lease ends. The custody of the lump sum is the property owner's compensation. We present a theory of leases that emphasizes tenant liquidity risk and owner input moral hazard. Monthly rent leases dominate when tenant consumption depends importantly on owner supplied inputs. However, the antichresis insulates owners from tenant liquidity risk while rent contracts do not, making antichresis leases more attractive for tenant populations with greater liquidity risk. The empirical evidence from Bolivian property leases is consistent with the main model predictions.
At the brink of eusociality: transcriptomic correlates of worker behaviour in a small carpenter bee

Background There is great interest in understanding the genomic underpinnings of social evolution, in particular, the evolution of eusociality (caste-containing societies with non-reproductives that care for siblings). Subsociality is a key precursor for the evolution of eusociality and characterized by prolonged parental care and parent-offspring interaction. Here, we provide the first transcriptomic data for the small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata. This species is of special interest because it is subsocial and in the same family as the highly eusocial honey bee, Apis mellifera. In addition, some C. calcarata females demonstrate alloparental care without reproduction, which provides a unique opportunity to study worker behaviour in a non-eusocial species.
Interactions Among Dietary Fat, Protein, and Cholesterol in Atherosclerosis-Susceptible Pigeons

Atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeons fed cholesterol developed coronary atherosclerosis much more frequently than pigeons maintained on a cholesterol-free diet. Fewer of the cholesterol-fed pigeons fed a low protein diet developed coronary atherosclerosis than did cholesterol-fed pigeons on a high protein diet. Corn oil decreased the frequency of coronary atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed pigeons. Limited evidence suggests that the coronary arteries and aortae in noncholesterol-fed birds are independent of each other in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
Selective retention of alkali metals on cation-exchange resins: Rapid separation of alkali metals from other metals

Abstract The alkali metals, as a group, can be rapidly separated from multivalent metals by batchwise precomplexing of the multivalent metals with EDTA at pH 8 and passing the solution through a cation resin in the tetramethylammonium ion form. After isolation of the alkali metals on the resin, they can be rapidly eluted as a group and concentrated. Separations of the alkali metals from the alkaline earths and cadmium are illustrated. Variables affecting the efficiency of alkali metal uptake have been studied in detail.
Influence of lead on the cariostatic effect of fluoride co-crystallized with sucrose in desalivated rats.

OBJECTIVE: Results from previous studies have shown that pre- and perinatal exposure to lead enhances susceptibility of rats to development of dental caries. A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be that lead complexes with fluoride and renders F insoluble and unable to exert its cariostatic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thus, to explore this hypothesis, 48 desalivated Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in a Konig-Hofer programmed feeder and received 17 meals of powdered sucrose daily, and water ad libitum as follows: group (I) plain sucrose and sterile distilled water (SDW); (2) sucrose containing IS ppm F and SDW; (3) sucrose containing IS ppm F and 10 ppm Pb water; (4) sucrose containing IS ppm F and 25 ppm Pb water. RESULTS: The highest smooth-surface, sulcal surface caries and severity scores were observed in group 1. Animals that were exposed to fluoride showed reduced smooth-surface caries and severity scores. S. sobrinus counts did not differ among the groups. CONCLUSION: Lead did not interfere with the protective effect of fluoride in the conditions of the present study.
Quality assessment. An emerging component of hospital epidemiology.

Abstract Amid the national preoccupation for monitoring health care and health care providers, it is argued that quality assurance is basically an epidemiological pursuit. The study of the distribution and determinants of desirable health care—quality assurance—is best illustrated by the efforts of those who have worked to prevent and control the untoward outcomes associated with hospital-acquired infections. As such, infection control is the paradigm for quality assurance, and hospital epidemiology is the discipline best suited to deal with continual need for providing information for health care decisionmakers.
Ultraviolet studies of stars in the populous cluster NGC 2100 in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The ultraviolet energy distributions of the B stars in the LMC cluster NGC 2100 have been studied. The ultraviolet extinction law was studied for the LMC cluster. The T(eff)-luminosity diagrams were determined. The brightest stars in the cluster are evolved stars on the 'horizontal' supergiant branch. No P Cygni profiles indicating mass loss were recognized for these supergiants.
Comparison of late rectal toxicity from conventional versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Analysis of clinical and dosimetric factors

Abstract Objectives To compare late rectal toxicity (LRT) after definitive radiotherapy (DR) and salvage radiotherapy (SR) in prostate cancer using conventional (CONV) or three-dimensional conformal (3-D) techniques. Methods The outcomes and clinical factors of 212 patients with Stage T1a-T4 prostate cancer were evaluated (separated into DR and SR groups). The median prescribed dose was 66, 74, 66, and 70 Gy, for the CONV-DR, 3-D-DR, CONV-SR, and 3-D-SR groups, respectively. LRT was scored using both Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and modified RTOG and Late Effects Normal Tissue (mRTOG/LENT) scales. Results The 4-year biochemical relapse-free survival rate was 83% for all patients, with a trend toward improvement in the 3-D groups (78% CONV and 85% 3-D, P = 0.12). One patient (1%) in the CONV group and 24 (24%) in the 3-D group experienced grade 2 or worse LRT by the mRTOG/LENT scale. Patients undergoing DR experienced grade 2 or worse LRT of 1% versus 21% ( P = 0.003) for the CONV and 3-D groups, respectively. Patients undergoing SR experienced grade 2 or worse LRT of 0% versus 40% for the CONV and 3-D groups, respectively. The following variables correlated significantly with LRT on both univariate and multivariate analyses: prescribed radiation dose ( P P P P >0.05). Conclusions The prescribed radiation dose and percentage of rectal volume treated to 60 or 70 Gy had statistically significant correlations with increased LRT. The rate of grade 2 or worse LRT was greater for patients undergoing SR than for those undergoing DR. We believe that continued close attention to dosimetric variables is imperative for future studies of dose escalation.
Regulation of expression by promoters versus internal ribosome entry site in the 5'-untranslated sequence of the human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1.

p27 kip1 regulates cell proliferation by binding to and inhibiting the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases and its expression oscillates with cell cycle. Recently, it has been suggested from studies using the traditional dicistronic DNA assay that the expression of p27 kip1 is regulated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation initiation, and several RNA-binding protein factors were thought to play some role in this regulation. Considering the inevitable drawbacks of the dicistronic DNA assay, which could mislead a promoter activity or alternative splicing to IRES as previously demonstrated, we decided to reanalyze the 5 0 -untranslated region (5 0 UTR) sequence of p27 kip1 and test whether it contains an IRES element or a promoter using more stringent methods, such as dicistronic RNA and promoterless dicistronic and monocistronic DNA assays. We found that the 5 0 -UTR sequence of human p27 kip1 does not have any significant IRES activity. The previously observed IRES activities are likely generated from the promoter activities present in the 5 0 -UTR sequences of p27 kip1 . The findings in this study indicate that transcriptional regulation likely plays an important role in p27 kip1 expression, and the mechanism of regulation of p27 expression by RNA-binding factors needs to be re-examined. The findings in this study also further enforce the importance that more stringent studies, such as promoterless dicistronic and monocistronic DNA and dicistronic RNA tests, are required to safeguard any future claims of cellular IRES.
NSAIDs and Cardiovascular Diseases: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs worldwide. NSAIDs are used for a variety of conditions including pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal disorders. The beneficial effects of NSAIDs in reducing or relieving pain are well established, and other benefits such as reducing inflammation and anticancer effects are also documented. The undesirable side effects of NSAIDs include ulcers, internal bleeding, kidney failure, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Some of these side effects may be due to the oxidative stress induced by NSAIDs in different tissues. NSAIDs have been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different cell types including cardiac and cardiovascular related cells. Increases in ROS result in increased levels of oxidized proteins which alters key intracellular signaling pathways. One of these key pathways is apoptosis which causes cell death when significantly activated. This review discusses the relationship between NSAIDs and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the role of NSAID-induced ROS in CVD.
Multimodality imaging approach for serial assessment of regional changes in lower extremity arteriogenesis and tissue perfusion in a porcine model of peripheral arterial disease.

Background— A standard quantitative imaging approach to evaluate peripheral arterial disease does not exist. Quantitative tools for evaluating arteriogenesis in vivo are not readily available, and the feasibility of monitoring serial regional changes in lower extremity perfusion has not been examined. Methods and Results— Serial changes in lower extremity arteriogenesis and muscle perfusion were evaluated after femoral artery occlusion in a porcine model using single photon emission tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging with postmortem validation of in vivo findings using gamma counting, postmortem imaging, and histological analysis. Hybrid 201Tl SPECT/CT imaging was performed in pigs (n=8) at baseline, immediately postocclusion, and at 1 and 4 weeks postocclusion. CT imaging was used to identify muscle regions of interest in the ischemic and nonischemic hindlimbs for quantification of regional changes in CT-defined arteriogenesis and quantification of 201Tl perfusion. Four weeks postocclusion, postmortem tissue 201Tl activity was measured by gamma counting, and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess capillary density. Relative 201Tl retention (ischemic/nonischemic) was reduced immediately postocclusion in distal and proximal muscles and remained lower in calf and gluteus muscles 4 weeks later. Analysis of CT angiography revealed collateralization at 4 weeks within proximal muscles ( P <0.05). SPECT perfusion correlated with tissue gamma counting at 4 weeks ( P =0.01). Increased capillary density was seen within the ischemic calf at 4 weeks ( P =0.004). Conclusions— 201Tl SPECT/CT imaging permits serial, regional quantification of arteriogenesis and resting tissue perfusion after limb ischemia. This approach may be effective for detection of disease and monitoring therapy in peripheral arterial disease.
Reactive oxygen species as an independent marker of male factor infertility

Objective To determine the abnormal patterns of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in male factor infertility (MFI) patients and to define the ROS reference values in such patients. Design A retrospective study. Setting Male infertility clinic at a tertiary healthcare center. Patient(s) We examined 132 MFI patients (all normal sperm parameters, n=24, and all abnormal sperm parameters, n=38) and 34 healthy donors. Intervention(s) Routine semen analysis, measurement of ROS. Main Outcome Measure(s) Sperm parameters, ROS levels (10 4 cpm/20 × 10 6 sperm). Result(s) Normal, healthy donors had significantly higher ( P Conclusion(s) High ROS is an independent marker of MFI, irrespective of whether these patients have normal or abnormal semen parameters. We suggest the inclusion of ROS measurement as part of idiopathic infertility evaluation. Treatment with antioxidants may be beneficial in such patients.
Multifactor dimensionality reduction software for detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.

Motivation: Polymorphisms in human genes are being described in remarkable numbers. Determining which polymorphisms and which environmental factors are associated with common, complex diseases has become a daunting task. This is partly because the effect of any single genetic variation will likely be dependent on other genetic variations (gene–gene interaction or epistasis) and environmental factors (gene–environment interaction). Detecting and characterizing interactions among multiple factors is both a statistical and a computational challenge. To address this problem, we have developed am ultifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method for collapsing high-dimensional genetic data into a single dimension thus permitting interactions to be detected in relatively small sample sizes. In this paper, we describe the MDR approach and an MDR software package. Results: We developed a program that integrates MDR with a cross-validation strategy for estimating the classification and prediction error of multifactor models. The software can be used to analyze interactions among 2–15 genetic and/or environmental factors. The dataset may contain up to 500 total variables and a maximum of 4000 study subjects.
Human enteroids as an ex-vivo model of host–pathogen interactions in the gastrointestinal tract

Currently, 9 out of 10 experimental drugs fail in clinical studies. This has caused a 40% plunge in the number of drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2005. It has been suggested that the mechanistic differences between human diseases modeled in animals (mostly rodents) and the pathophysiology of human diseases might be one of the critical factors that contribute to drug failure in clinical trials. Rapid progress in the field of human stem cell technology has allowed the in-vitro recreation of human tissue that should complement and expand upon the limitations of cell and animal models currently used to study human diseases and drug toxicity. Recent success in the identification and isolation of human intestinal epithelial stem cells (Lgr5(+)) from the small intestine and colon has led to culture of functional intestinal epithelial units termed organoids or enteroids. Intestinal enteroids are comprised of all four types of normal epithelial cells and develop a crypt-villus differentiation axis. They demonstrate major intestinal physiologic functions, including Na(+) absorption and Cl(-) secretion. This review discusses the recent progress in establishing human enteroids as a model of infectious diarrheal diseases such as cholera, rotavirus, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and use of the enteroids to determine ways to correct the diarrhea-induced ion transport abnormalities via drug therapy.
Modeling timed user-interactions in multimedia documents

Interactive multimedia documents (or systems) can be characterized by active user participation and the diversity of multimedia information accessed at various levels of granularity. They need to support extensive user participation in selecting and tailoring the information and its presentation. Multimedia information fragments may vary from portions of video, pieces of audio, newspaper quotations or chapters of a book. Effectively managing the creation, evolution and complexity of multimedia documents formed by combining media fragments is an essential capability. We consider the hyperstory model of a multimedia document, where a document is structured hierarchically in three dimensions: time, space and asynchrony. The model provides a layered approach in structuring multimedia documents, thus reducing the complexities of large systems. The hyperstory model supports user interactions that are timed, and also supports preemptive resuming. Timed user interactions with the document are modeled with a newly introduced timed Petri-net (TPN*). TPN* is used to infer the behavior of the system. This paper describes TPN*'s modeling and analysis and its application to the hyperstory model.
Exceptional patients: Narratives of connections

Objective: This study sought to better understand the patient s perspective of the experience of recovery from cancer that appeared to defy medical prognoses. Methods: Fourteen cases of medically verified exceptional outcomes were identified. Aqualitativeapproach,employinglongnarrativeinterviewswasused.Datawasanalyzed using a cross case thematic analytic approach. Results: The major overarching theme was connections, both internal and external. Internal included connections with God or a higher power and with oneself. The external connections, the focus of this paper, included 1) personal connections with friends and family, 2) connections with the medical system: the physician, nurses and other staff, and 3) connections with other patients. They described the nature of these relationships and the importance of frequent contact with family and friends as providing significant emotional and instrumental support. They expressed confidence in receiving care from a reputable clinic, and with very little probing illustrated the importance of the relationship with their providers. They articulated the significance of the compassionate qualities of the physician and identified communication attributes of their physician that were important in establishing this connection. These attributeswere demeanor,availability,honesty,sensitivity in the decision making process. They provided examples of positive connections with nurses and other staff as well as with other patients through their illness process. Significance of results: The importance of connections in these illness narratives was richly illustrated. These issues often are overlooked in clinical settings; yet they are of crucial importance to the health and well-being of the patients.
Vector potential formulations and finite element trial functions

SUMMARY In field systems containing a divergenceless vector, the problem may be posed in terms of a vector potential for convenience. For the solution of the magnetic vector potential in three dimensional problems with current sources, there exist three standard variational formulations in the literature. While all these are known to give verifiable physical solutions, there is some question as to which is to be preferred. Indeed, one of them is invalid for infinite dimensional fields in that, without the finite element trial functions, it will not give unique solutions since it does not explicitly impose the divergence of the vector potential. In this paper, we look at the formulations in the light of the restrictions imposed by the finite element trial functions for tetrahedral elements and arrive at the curious result that that formulation which is totally invalid when the vector potential is unrestricted by trial functions, is in fact valid in finite element analysis and, at the same time, is the best. We further show that this formulation yields naturally non-divergent vector potential solutions, strictly as a result of the trial functions.
Ethidium Bromide MIC Screening for Enhanced Efflux Pump Gene Expression or Efflux Activity in Staphylococcus aureus

Efflux is an important mechanism of antimicrobial agent and biocide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The efflux process is mediated by membrane-based proteins capable of transporting a single class or several structurally distinct compounds, using either an ion gradient (commonly H+) or ATP cleavage to provide the required energy (18). Proteins that transport two or more antimicrobials or biocides are called multidrug-resistant (MDR) efflux pumps. MDR efflux pump activity can predispose S. aureus to the acquisition of high-level target-based resistance mechanisms, with a relevant example being the appearance of topoisomerase mutations following exposure to fluoroquinolone substrates (14). Substrate exposure can increase efflux pump gene expression by their binding to and altering of the activity of regulatory proteins or the selection of regulatory mutations (4, 8, 10). The increased expression of MDR pumps leading to increased efflux activity may compromise therapy with substrate compounds, especially in cases where drug delivery may be marginal. At institutions where substrate quaternary biocides are used in cleaning, increased expression also may favor environmental survival and later acquisition by patients. Using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that the increased expression of one or more chromosomal MDR efflux pump genes was present in half of all S. aureus bloodstream isolates recovered in 2005 from Detroit-area patients (2, 3). However, this approach requires specialized instrumentation and is expensive in terms of both supplies and hands-on time. In addition, it does not provide phenotypic information with respect to efflux. A simple and inexpensive method to identify S. aureus isolates having an efflux phenotype would be useful for determining the prevalence of increased MDR efflux pump activity among clinical strains from any source. MIC determinations in the presence and absence of efflux pump inhibitors is one approach, but we have found this to be insensitive among clinical strains (3). Fluorometric or radiometric assays of efflux activity would provide accurate prevalence data but suffer from being time-consuming and labor-intensive. An agar-based approach using ethidium bromide (EB), which is a known substrate for all but one of the characterized S. aureus MDR efflux pumps (NorC), has been described and is technically straightforward but has not been evaluated using large numbers of clinical isolates (5, 15). In addition, this method requires a series of plates containing various EB concentrations, and the interpretation of results may be affected by operator subjectivity. Because of these limitations, we evaluated the utility of simple microtiter EB MIC determinations as an inexpensive screening procedure for identifying strains having increased expression of MDR efflux pump genes or an efflux phenotype among a large collection of clinical S. aureus isolates obtained from several geographic locales.
An Approach to Three-Dimensional Variable-Speed Interception Games

In this paper, an approach to solve three-dimensional minimum-time variable-speed interception problem between a taotical missile and an aircraft is presented by using the manner of the instantaneous coplanar interception. The two-player zero-sum perfect information differential games in a certen fixed inclined plane is analysed at first. An approximate solution in feedback form is obtained by using the technique of forced singular perturbation (FSPT). If target deviates from this plane, the concept of instantaneous coplanar interception proposed in this paper will be used for three-dimensional minimum-time variable-speed interception problem. No matter target how to manoeuvre, the mission of three-dimensional minimum-time variable-speed interception can be approximated by a dynamic game in the instantaneous inclined interception plane. The illustrative example with the realistio aerodynamic and propulsion data shows the validity of this approach.
Charting Magnetic Dip Poles and Associated Field Patterns

Summary The elongated configuration of potential in the Arctic calls for special techniques of magnetic cartography. The paper explains the procedures developed by the author, involving the resolution of the horizontal components of the field vector and of the secular-change vector into components parallel and perpendicular to an appropriately chosen meridian. Stress is placed on the ways in which the presence of elongation affects certain postulates otherwise valid in the polar vicinity, and on the importance of appropriate treatment of secular change. The paper concludes with a discussion of the technique of deriving the drift of a dip pole. The Arctic elongation and problems of magnetic cartography
The Epistle of James as Dialectical Discourse

The search for literary structure in the Epistle of James has been laborious and elusive. Some biblical scholars suggest that it is impossible to produce any reasonable outline of James because there is no relationship among the “unconnected sayings” that make it up. This study argues that James uses binary opposition to structure a coherent teaching on what it means to be a maturing Christian.
Early or late parenteral nutrition: ASPEN vs. ESPEN

group had a relative increase, of 6.3%, in the likelihood of being discharged earlier, and alive, from the ICU (hazard ratio 1.06; 95% confi dence interval [CI] 1.00-1,13; P = 0.04). Rates of death in the ICU and survival at 90 days were similar between the two groups. Th e lateinitiation group, as compared to the early-initiation group, had fewer ICU infections (22.8% v. 26.2%; P = 0.008), less days of renal replacement therapy (7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 3-16) v. 10 days (IQR 5-23); P = 0.008) and fewer patients requiring more than 2 days of mechanical ventilation (36.3% v. 40.2%; P = 0.006). Conclusions Late-initiation of PN was associated with faster recovery and fewer complications, when compared with earlyinitiation.
The Contribution of EEG to the Understanding of Neonatal Seizures

The neonatal EEG is a thread that has linked past and present studies of neonatal seizures that have emerged over the last several decades. Instead of experiencing a waning of value or interest, the neonatal EEG has grown in significance for characterization and quantification of seizures in the neonate. At present, it serves as the ideal theoretical end point of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and provides invaluable prognostic information in the analysis of its interictal EEG background. The needs of the near future are to learn the real behavior of the electrographic neonatal seizure (ENS) burden as it erupts on the scene of an acute encephalopathy. The response of the neonatal seizure burden to AED treatment requires careful quantitative description and reliable, automated ENS detection by cerebral function monitors, which are on the technologic horizon.
Transient studies of nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a four-level system with saturable absorption and gain

We have investigated a nondegenerate transient four-wave mixing scheme that uses the coupled absorption and emission resonances in a four-level system. Strong frequency-shifted signals can be produced if high initial gain is present. In addition, the medium’s recovery time can be significantly decreased owing to the presence of stimulated emission, which occurs simultaneously with signal generation. Dyes are likely medium candidates.
Prospective Observational Study of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Environmental Triggers and Antibiotic Implications

Background. A prolonged course of antibiotic therapy is often initiated for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) based on symptomatology. We examined differences in clinical manifestations and underlying conditions in patients with symptoms typical for CRS. CT scan abnormality of the sinuses was the gold standard for diagnosis of CRS. Methods. We performed a prospective observational study of 125 adults with classic symptoms of CRS undergoing nasal endoscopy and sinus CT. Results. The patients were classified into 2 groups: (1) those with radiographic evidence of sinusitis by CT (Sx 1 CT) (75) and (2) those with normal CT scans of the sinus (Sx ‐ CT) (50). Decreased smell was significantly more common in Sx 1 CT than in Sx ‐ CT patients, (P 5 .003). Paradoxically, headache, facial pain, and sleep disturbance occurred significantly more frequently in patients with Sx ‐ CT than in patients with Sx 1 CT (P , .05). The absence of mucopurulence on endoscopy proved to be highly specific for Sx ‐ CT patients (100%). On the other hand, sensitivity was low; only 24% of Sx 1 CT patients demonstrated mucopurulence by endoscopy. Improvement in response to antibiotics was similar between both CRS categories. Conclusions. Most symptoms considered to be typical for CRS proved to be nonspecific. Interestingly, symptoms that were more severe were significantly more likely to occur in younger patients who were Sx ‐ CT. The efficacy of antibiotic therapy was uncertain. We suggest that objective evidence of mucopurulence assessed by endoscopy or CT should be obtained if antibiotics are to be given for prolonged duration. We recommend a moratorium for the widespread practice of a prolonged course of empiric antibiotics in patients with presumed CRS.
Social Work Assessment of Separation Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Evidence-Based Approaches

This article provides a description of Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and its diagnosis, and reviews evidence-based methods of assessment including clinical interviews, self-report scales, parent-teacher reports, behavioral observations, and self-monitoring in order to understand the child and the relevant social ecology and to provide the basis for formulating and evaluating social work intervention strategies.
Phosphate sensors based on Co-Cu electrodes fabricated with a sacrificial glass fiber paper template

Phosphate contamination of surface water systems, originating from fertilizer runoff, can lead to eutrophication and other environmental problems. There are increasing demands for preventive in situ phosphate monitoring systems and various types of electrochemical phosphate sensors have been developed. However, their complex fabrication processes, instability, and oxygen interferences impose significant challenges on practical implementation. We report a surface textured Co-Cu electrode-based phosphate sensor fabricated by pulsed electroplating (PEP) using a sacrificial glass fiber paper template. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests in oxygenated and deoxygenated aqueous solutions were used to determine the optimum applied potential to eliminate oxygen interference. The developed phosphate sensor showed a linear amperometric response to phosphate solutions (pH 4.0, 0.05M KHP) in the concentration range of 10−5 to 10−2M with good stability and relatively short response time (<30s).
A Superfluous Petroleum Reserve

Controversy surrounding the existence and management of the United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is not new. Since its creation, there have been legitimate concerns about whether the costs of acquisition and management are justified by the uncertain benefits provided by the SPR in the event of an emergency. Once established, additional questions have arisen about when and to what extent the SPR should be used in an emergency and even what constitutes a true emergency. Our limited track record in dealing with those situations is not encouraging. A fundamental problem arises from vesting a political entity with the inherently complex task of allocating oil across time and space - a task that is probably best left to market forces.
Efficient Construction of Proline-Containing β-Turn Mimetic Cyclic Tetrapeptides via CuAAC Macrocyclization

A range of macrocyclic β-turn mimetic tetrapeptides was prepared by efficient copper-tris(triazole) ligand complex catalyzed azide-alkyne "click" macrocyclizations in good to high yields. Preliminary conformational studies using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of intramolecular H-bonds characteristic of β-turns in these cyclic tetrapeptides.
China's 1989 National College Entrance Examination

(1990). China's 1989 National College Entrance Examination. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 390-393.
Combining the FtsZ-Targeting Prodrug TXA709 and the Cephalosporin Cefdinir Confers Synergy and Reduces the Frequency of Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Combination therapy of bacterial infections with synergistic drug partners offers distinct advantages over monotherapy. Among these advantages are (i) a reduction of the drug dose required for efficacy, (ii) a reduced potential for drug-induced toxicity, and (iii) a reduced potential for the emergence of resistance. Here, we describe the synergistic actions of the third-generation oral cephalosporin cefdinir and TXA709, a new, FtsZ-targeting prodrug that we have developed with improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced in vivo efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) relative to earlier agents. We show that the active product of TXA709 (TXA707) acts synergistically with cefdinir in vitro against clinical isolates of MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and linezolid-resistant S. aureus (LRSA). In addition, relative to TXA707 alone, the combination of TXA707 and cefdinir significantly reduces or eliminates the detectable emergence of resistance. We also demonstrate synergy in vivo with oral administration of the prodrug TXA709 and cefdinir in mouse models of both systemic and tissue (thigh) infections with MRSA. This synergy reduces the dose of TXA709 required for efficacy 3-fold. Viewed as a whole, our results highlight the potential of TXA709 and cefdinir as a promising combination for the treatment of drug-resistant staphylococcal infections.
Construction management of Yuhuangmiao tunnel in Dalian city water diversion from Biliuhe reservoir

The site management mode is taken in Yuhuangmiao tunnel construction of Dalian city water diversion from Buliuhe reservoir. This management mode makes an important play to guarantee construction progress, quality, safety and economic benefit, and provides the experience for many sub－ constructors and united management in large capital construction project.
Psychological interactions for women with breast disease.

SUMMARY At the outset, the concept of team care was suggested not as a panacea but perhaps as a better approach to acquiring help in areas of expertise not held by the physician. There are tools to help ascertain psychosocial information from patients, and there are agencies that would be willing to conduct psychosocial work-ups for physicians and teach these significant psychosocial concepts. There are many innovative and creative group practices that now employ their own behavioral personnel to assist in a humanistic evaluation of the patient. Recently, Boyd demonstrated through her research projects how one might want to consider approaching women with patient education and treatment of breast disease. The inventory she uses to ascertain both mental and physical characteristics that might place a woman at risk for breast disease is superb and highly recommended. Another paradigm to consider would be Bartlett’s “Behavioral Diagnosis,” a practical approach to patient education. These are but two of countless others one might want to consider. And finally, the “Cancer Inventory of Problem Situations” can also be a very useful tool. This is only a cursory view of the complexities one encounters when attempting to understand women, how and why they behave the way they do, how they respond to the health care system, what some of their influences are, and what we must all do together to help them help themselves and us, to provide them with a longer, more productive,2 rewarding and healthy life span. We have addressed patient education and how physicians might want to embark upon a sound enlightenment program for their patients by enhancing their communication skills and paying strict attention to the patient’s psychosocial history as well as their own psychosocial orientation.
ION-BEAM ALLOYING AND THERMOCHEMISTRY OF CERAMICS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

High fluence ion implantation affords the possibilities of creating unique materials by overcoming chemical or physical processing limitations. Recently there has been considerable interest in high fluence implantation into heated substrates in the semiconductor industry, where this “hot” implantation process has been shown to produce buried dielectric layers in Si [Ref. 1]. Hot implantation into metals [Ref. 2] and ceramics [Ref. 3] has also been investigated for producing graded interfaces with improved surface mechanical properties. Unlike “low” temperature implantation, which sustains only athermal mechanisms for solute redistribution and usually produces metastable phase formation [Ref. 4,5,6], hot implantation should be controlled by thermal processes (e.g., thermochemical reactions, diffusion, and defect annealing) leading to stable-phase formation. Hot implantation metallurgy, however, is expected to be more complicated in engineering materials than in Si because three or more elements are generally involved.
Review: Arts and Crafts Architecture: History and Heritage in New England, by Maureen Meister

Maureen Meister Arts and Crafts Architecture: History and Heritage in New England Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2014, 304 pp., 23 color and 120 b/w illus. $45, ISBN 9781611686623 In Arts and Crafts Architecture : History and Heritage in New England , Maureen Meister examines the work of twelve architects, eleven men and one woman, who took leadership roles in the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts from its founding in 1897 to 1917: Robert Day Andrews, George Edward Barton, Ralph Adams Cram, Lois Lilley Howe, Alexander Wadsworth “Waddy” Longfellow Jr., Charles Donagh Maginnis, Louis Chapell Newhall, William Edward Putnam Jr., George Russell Shaw, Richard Clipston Sturgis, Charles Howard Walker, and Herbert Langford Warren. The book provides useful biographical background on these architects, charts their intersections in Boston arts and social organizations, and glosses their building designs. Meister's intention is to flesh out our understanding of the generation of Boston architects who studied design or worked as draftsmen in the 1870s (or so) and practiced through the interwar period. Focusing on those architects who were associated with the Society of Arts and Crafts, Meister aims to “examine this Boston-based architecture in a comprehensive way, locating the architects and their buildings within the social, political, and philosophical contexts of turn-of-the-twentieth-century New England” (8). Key in this regard is the intellectual legacy of British leaders of the Arts and Crafts movement—John Ruskin and William Morris—and their champions in Boston, especially Harvard's Charles Eliot Norton. The body of work that Meister considers coincides historically with the production of New England architects who were brought to modern scholarly attention by Vincent J. Scully Jr.'s pioneering 1955 study The Shingle Style and the Stick Style and by a number of articles that appeared in the May 1973 issue of this journal.1 Framing the …