cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources of carbon and nitrogen in modern planktonic foraminifera: the role of algal symbionts as determined by bulk and compound specific stable isotopic analyses

Abstract Juvenile specimens of the symbiont-bearing planktonic foraminifera, Orbulina universa , and the symbiont-free planktonic foraminifera, Globigerina bulloides , were collected by scuba divers off the coast of Santa Catalina Island, California, U.S.A. These specimens were cultured under controlled laboratory conditions and the foraminifera were fed daily a single Artemia nauplii of known isotopic composition. The bulk 15 N data shows the typical 3‰, enrichment for the non-symbiont bearing species, G. bulloides . The symbiont-bearing species, O. universa , are enriched in 15 N by 1.5‰, indicating a contribution of nitrogen to the foraminifera by the endosymbionts. The carbon isotope values show that both species are depleted by up to 3.5‰ in 13 C relative to their A. nauplii diet. Compound-specific stable isotope data on the fatty acids are also depleted in 13 C relative to those from the A. nauplii . These values reflect the characteristic isotope fractionations associated with biosynthesis of these compounds, indicating possible synthesis by both species of foraminifera. The stable carbon isotopic values of the majority of amino acids from the foraminifera are also consistent with biosynthesis. However, amino acids, such as glutamic acid, valine and isoleucine are directly incorporated from the diet. These isotopic data provide insight into the source of metabolic carbon and nitrogen used for amino acid and fatty acid synthesis in both species of foraminifera. Our data suggest that diet is the sole source of metabolic carbon and nitrogen used for amino acid and fatty acid synthesis in G. bulloides , whereas the isotopic data from O. universa are consistent with two isotopically distinct sources of carbon and nitrogen. The isotopic data from O. universa are indicative of the transfer of isotopically heavy metabolic carbon and nitrogen from its symbionts and relatively lighter carbon and nitrogen from the diet.
SPECTROPOLARIMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OF HERBIG AE/BE STARS. II. COMPARISON OF SPECTROPOLARIMETRIC SURVEYS: HAEBE, BE AND OTHER EMISSION-LINE STARS

The polarization of light across individual spectral lines contains information about the circumstellar environment on very small spatial scales. We have obtained a large number of high-precision, high-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of Herbig Ae/Be, Classical Be and other emission-line stars collected on 117 nights of observations with the Hi-Resolution Visible spectropolarimeter at a resolution of R = 13, 000 on the 3.67 m Advanced Electro-Optical System telescope. We also have many observations from the ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter at a resolution of R = 68, 000 on the 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. In roughly ~2/3 of the so-called windy or disky Herbig Ae/Be stars, the detected Hα linear polarization varies from our typical detection threshold near 0.1% to over 2%. In all but one HAe/Be star, the detected polarization effect is not coincident with the Hα emission peak but is detected in and around the obvious absorptive part of the line profile. The qu-loops are dominated by the polarization in this absorptive region. In several stars, the polarization varies in time mostly in the absorptive component and is not necessarily tied to corresponding variations in intensity. This is a new result not seen at lower resolution. In the Be and emission-line stars, ten out of a sample of 30 show a typical broad depolarization effect but four of these ten show weaker effects only visible at high resolution. Another five of 30 show smaller amplitude, more complex signatures. Six stars of alternate classification showed large amplitude (1%-3%) absorptive polarization effects. These detections are largely inconsistent with the traditional disk-scattering and depolarization models.
Bucket Learning: Improving model quality through enhancing local patterns

It is always desirable to improve the quality of a global classification model in the light of the existing models. In this work, the Bucket Learning methodology is first proposed to improve the model quality by enhancing its local patterns. We formally define the concept of a board as a tri-tuple , which unifies the data view, model view and evaluation view of a data mining task. The Bucket Learning framework includes the modules of Boards Generation, Short Boards Discovery, and Short Boards Replacement. A prototypical system is developed to verify the proposed methodology. The experimental results on eight representative data sets from the UCI data repository show that Bucket Learning performs better than traditional classification methods such as J48, AdaBoost, Bagging and LogitBoost. We also demonstrate that the Bucket Learning framework can combine all kinds of data classification models and that the combined model outperforms each individual one.
Short‐term Consequences of Trade Reform for Industry Employment and Wages: Survey of Evidence from Colombia

Recent research has focused on the short- to medium-term implications of trade reforms for the labour market outcomes and poverty in poor economies. This article summarises the evidence on the short-term consequences of the Colombian trade reform initiated in 1985 for industry employment and industry wages. Although the reform reduced manufacturing tariffs on average by 40 percentage points from 1984 to 1994, tariff declines were not significantly associated with labour reallocation across sectors. The reform, however, was associated with bigger declines in relative industry wages in sectors that experienced bigger tariff cuts. This evidence is in line with the predictions of short- to medium-run models of trade in which labour is not mobile across sectors. It is also consistent with the predictions of models where imperfectly competitive industries share rents with workers and trade reduces the firms’ profit margins and thus workers’ rents.
Financial deregulation and segmented capital markets: The case of Korea

Abstract This paper deals with the relation between the official and the unregulated (or curb) segments of the capital market in Korea. The paper focuses on the behavior of officially controlled interest rates paid on time deposits and on freely determined curb market interest rates. The effects of financial deregulation on interest rates, investment and growth are investigated. It is argued that under some (plausible) circumstances financial deregulation can generate significant crowding out in the curb market, reducing the total degree of financial intermediation. The empirical results provide some support to the crowding-out hypothesis, and indicate that changes in the officially controlled time deposit rate have been positively related to changes in the freely determined curb market interest rate. An aggregate investment function is also estimated for Korea. It is found that an increase (decrease) in the curb rate discourages (encourages) investment; on the other hand, increases in the real volume of credit intermediate in the official segment have a positive effect on real aggregate investment.
Block-structured adaptive mesh refinement algorithms for Vlasov simulation

Direct discretization of continuum kinetic equations, like the Vlasov equation, are under-utilized because the distribution function generally exists in a high-dimensional (>3D) space and computational cost increases geometrically with dimension. We propose to use high-order finite-volume techniques with block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to reduce the computational cost. The primary complication comes from a solution state comprised of variables of different dimensions. We develop the algorithms required to extend standard single-dimension block structured AMR to the multi-dimension case. Specifically, algorithms for reduction and injection operations that transfer data between mesh hierarchies of different dimensions are explained in detail. In addition, modifications to the basic AMR algorithm that enable the use of high-order spatial and temporal discretizations are discussed. Preliminary results for a standard 1D+1V Vlasov-Poisson test problem are presented. Results indicate that there is potential for significant savings for some classes of Vlasov problems.
Spirocyclic Restriction of Nucleosides

The concept of spirocyclic restriction as applied broadly to the field of nucleoside mimics makes possible the generation of diastereomeric pairs configured with a syn- or anti-oriented hydroxyl substituent at C5′. The development of concise synthetic routes to spiro-fused nucleosides bearing all possible natural bases and expectedly capable of enforcing a conformation favourable for duplex formation on incorporation into oligomers represents a significant new direction in the design of antisense molecules. The present overview describes the convenient approaches that have been developed in this laboratory for accessing varied members of this class, including analogues that feature sulfur and carbon at the apical position.
An improved synthesis of galanthamine

Modifications in the total synthesis of the Amarylidaceae alkaloid of galanthamine from commercially available isovanillin and tyramine have resulted in a shortened reaction sequence, which is amenable to upscaling and in improved product yield.
A Hydraulic Rotary Switched-Inertance Servo-Transformer

Switched-reactance hydraulics represents a radically novel approach to the control of fluid power, since the proportional metering of flow through adjustable orifices is eliminated, and the inertive properties of the fluid substituted. Potential advantages in bandwidth, linearity, and efficiency have been indicated. This paper presents the first steady-state theory and experiments with a rotary fluid switch, which accomplishes the needed pulse-width modulation at a desirably high frequency. Cavitation problems are observed, means of their partial solution are implemented, and means of a more complete solution are indicated.
SwetoDblp ontology of Computer Science publications

SwetoDblp is a large populated ontology with a shallow schema yet a large number of real-world instance data. We describe how such ontology is built from an XML source and how it can be maintained. Instead of a one-to-one mapping from XML to RDF, the creation of the ontology emphasizes the addition of relationships and the value of URIs. SwetoDblp is publicly available online. We also summarize research efforts that have used or are using this freely available community resource.
OUTLIERS FROM THE MASS-METALLICITY RELATION. II. A SAMPLE OF MASSIVE METAL-POOR GALAXIES FROM SDSS

We present a sample of 42 high-mass low-metallicity outliers from the mass-metallicity relation of star-forming galaxies. These galaxies have stellar masses that span log(M /M ?) ~ 9.4 to 11.1 and are offset from the mass-metallicity relation by ?0.3 to ?0.85?dex in 12 + log(O/H). In general, they are extremely blue, have high star-formation rates for their masses, and are morphologically disturbed. Tidal interactions are expected to induce large-scale gas inflow to the galaxies' central regions, and we find that these galaxies' gas-phase oxygen abundances are consistent with large quantities of low-metallicity gas from large galactocentric radii diluting the central metal-rich gas. We conclude with implications for deducing gas-phase metallicities of individual galaxies based solely on their luminosities, specifically in the case of long gamma-ray burst host galaxies.
Hot Accretion with Conduction: Spontaneous Thermal Outflows

Motivated by the low collisionality of gas accreted onto black holes in Sgr Aand other nearby galactic nuclei, we study a family of two-dimensional advective accretion solutions with thermal conduction. While we only impose global inflow,the accretionflow spontaneously develops bipolar outflows.The role of conduction is key in providing the extra degree of freedom (latitudinal energy transport) necessary to launch these rotating thermal outflows. The signoftheBernoulliconstantdoesnotdiscriminate betweeninflowingandoutflowingregions.Ourparametersurvey covers mass outflow rates from � 0% to 13% of the net inflow rate, outflow velocities from � 0% to 11% of the local Keplerian velocity, and outflow opening angles from � 0 � to 60 � . As the magnitude of conduction is increased, out- flows canadopt aconical geometry,pureinflow solutionsemerge, andthelimit oftwo-dimensional nonrotatingBondi- like solutions is eventually reached. These results confirm that radiatively inefficient, hot accretion flows have a hydrodynamic propensity to generate bipolar thermal outflows. Subject headingg accretion, accretion disks — black hole physics — conduction — hydrodynamics Online material: color figures
Generalized duality for graphs on surfaces and the signed Bollobás--Riordan polynomial

We generalize the natural duality of graphs embedded into a surface to a duality with respect to a subset of edges. The dual graph might be embedded into a different surface. We prove a relation between the signed Bollobas-Riordan polynomials of dual graphs. This relation unifies various recent results expressing the Jones polynomial of links as specializations of the Bollobas-Riordan polynomials.
Anisotropic Sparse Gauss-Hermite Quadrature Filter

In this paper, a new nonlinear filter based on the anisotropic sparse Gauss-Hermite quadrature (ASGHQ) is proposed. The sparse Gauss-Hermite quadrature (SGHQ) has been recently proposed and used in the nonlinear filtering to overcome the curse-of-dimensionality problem in the conventional Gauss-Hermite Quadrature (GHQ). SGHQ is more efficient to use since the number of SGHQ points increases polynomially with dimension whereas the number of GHQ points increases exponentially with dimension. In this paper, we propose to use ASGHQ to design a new nonlinear filter as an extension of SGHQ. The advantage of ASGHQ is that the design of quadrature incorporates the information of the system which is neglected by GHQ or SGHQ. As a result, the quadrature points in the filter algorithm can be further reduced and thus, this new nonlinear filter is particularly useful for high dimensional nonlinear filtering problems. In addition, the accuracy of ASGHQ is analyzed. The performance of this new filter is demonstrated by the application to the attitude estimation problem, which demonstrates much better performance than the extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and more efficient than the filters based on SGHQ and GHQ.
A Remark on 'Counting Primitive Elements in Free Groups' (By J. Burillo and E. Ventura)

We observe that a sharp result on the exponential growth rate of the number of primitive elements exists for the free group on two generators.
THEORY OF NEUTRINO MASSES AND MIXINGS

Neutrino physics is going through a revolutionary progress. In this talk I review what we have learned and why neutrino mass is so important. Neutrino masses and mixings are already shedding new insight into the origin of flavor. Given the evidences for neutrino mass, leptogenesis is gaining momentum as the origin of cosmic baryon asymmetry. Best of all, we will learn a lot more in the coming years.
Absolutely Continuous Spectra of Quantum Tree Graphs with Weak Disorder

We consider the Laplacian on a rooted metric tree graph with branching number K≥2 and random edge lengths given by independent and identically distributed bounded variables. Our main result is the stability of the absolutely continuous spectrum for weak disorder. A useful tool in the discussion is a function which expresses a directional transmission amplitude to infinity and forms a generalization of the Weyl-Titchmarsh function to trees. The proof of the main result rests on upper bounds on the range of fluctuations of this quantity in the limit of weak disorder.
In-situ micro-twinning of TiAl in the field ion microscope

Abstract Stress-induced transformations were observed in the γ phase of a two phase TiAl alloy and were manifested by the sudden appearance of newly formed regions in the field ion image having significant contrast difference from the matrix. This in-situ transformation was often accompanied by a slight shift of all or part of the atoms in the field ion image. The TiAl alloy investigated was found to be particularly prone to specimen failure on the application of the electric field, which suggests that the formation of these twin regions can lead to an unstable specimen geometry. Different types of contrast were observed depending on the position and orientation of the twinned region with respect to the previously untransformed γ matrix. Twinned regions may appear with dark or bright contrast in the field ion image and ultrathin microtwins can be generated that are similar in appearance to thin α 2 laths.
Methyl imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbamates and related compounds as potential antifilarial agents

A series of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines have been synthesized for antifilarial evaluation. The compounds prepared include methyl 6-benzoylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbamate (12), 6-benzoyl-2-t-butylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine (13), methyl 6-(4-fluorobenzoyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbamate (14), and methyl 6-(2-thienylcarbonylcarbonyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbamate (15) which are aza analogs of the anthelmintic agents mebendazole, flubendazole and nocadazole. In addition, the preparation of a series of 2-t-butylimidazo[1,2-b]-pyridazine-6-carboxylic acid derivatives is described. Electrophilic bromination and iodination substitutions of 2-t-butyl-6-methylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine afforded 3-halo derivatives. Methyl 6-(4-fluorobenzoyl)pyridazine-3-carbamate was also prepared for antifilarial evaluation. None of these compounds possessed significant antifilarial activity against Brugia pahangi or Acanthocheilonema viteae infections in jirds.
Time Series Analysis of Deregulatory Dynamics and Technical Efficiency: The Case of the U.S. Airline Industry

As markets worldwide become less regulated, it becomes increasingly possible and timely to establish the presence of an empirical relationship between technical efficiency and market forces compelling agents to economize. This article, taking an innovative approach to test the hypothesis that competitive pressure enhances efficiency, constructs a methodology to examine time series of technical efficiency indices for cointegration and convergence. A panel of U.S. airlines, observed quarterly between 1970 and 1990, is used as a case study. Cointegration results are suggestive of long-run relationships between carriers; furthermore, convergence tests document less dispersion in firm performance over time.
Gold-based catalysts for the water–gas shift reaction: Active sites and reaction mechanism

Abstract The water–gas shift (WGS, CO + H2O → H2 + CO2) reaction was studied on a series of gold/oxide catalysts. The results of in situ measurements with X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicate that the active phase of Au-ceria and Au-titania catalysts under the reaction conditions of the water–gas shift consists of metallic nanoparticles of gold on a partially reduced oxide support. In spite of the lack of catalytic activity of Au (1 1 1) and other gold surfaces for the water–gas shift process, gold nanoparticles dispersed on oxide surfaces are excellent catalysts for this reaction. Results of density-functional calculations point to a very high barrier for the dissociation of H2O on Au (1 1 1) or isolated Au nanoparticles, which leads to negligible activity for the WGS process. In the gold-oxide systems, one has a bifunctional catalyst: the adsorption and dissociation of water takes place on the oxide, CO adsorbs on the gold nanoparticles, and all subsequent reaction steps occur at oxide–metal interfaces. The nature of the support plays a key role in the activation of the gold nanoparticles. Although zinc oxide is frequently used in industrial WGS catalysts, the Au/ZnO ( 0 0 0 1 ¯ ) system displays low WGS activity when compared to Au/CeO2 (1 1 1), Au/TiO2 (1 1 0) or Au/CeOx/TiO2 (1 1 0). The ceria and titania supports contain a substantial number of metal cations that are not fully oxidized under WGS reaction conditions and may participate directly in the dissociation of water and other important steps of the catalytic process. The results for Au/CeOx/TiO2 (1 1 0) illustrate the tremendous impact that an optimization of the chemical properties of gold and the oxide phase can have on the activity of a WGS catalyst.
Anisotropic Mechanical Response of the Enzyme Guanylate Kinase Perturbed by the DNA Molecular Spring

Protein molecules are semi-rigid objects with organized but fluctuating conformation. For Guanylate Kinase, which catalyzes phosphoryl transfer between ATP and GMP, a large conformational change upon substrate binding occurs which is essential for enzymatic activity. With a DNA molecular spring stretching the molecule in distinct ways, we demonstrate that the enzymatic functions of substrate binding and phosphoryl transfer can be separately controlled mechanically.Three different attachment points of the DNA spring on the surface of the protein were tested, corresponding to stretching the protein along three different directions. Using activity measurements with titration over substrate concentration, the kinetic parameters (i.e., binding affinity of substrates and catalytic rate constant) based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics were obtained in the presence and absence of the three different mechanical perturbations.
Emergent chiral spin liquid: fractional quantum Hall effect in a kagome Heisenberg model.

The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) realized in two-dimensional electron systems under a magnetic field is one of the most remarkable discoveries in condensed matter physics. Interestingly, it has been proposed that FQHE can also emerge in time-reversal invariant spin systems, known as the chiral spin liquid (CSL) characterized by the topological order and the emerging of the fractionalized quasiparticles. A CSL can naturally lead to the exotic superconductivity originating from the condense of anyonic quasiparticles. Although CSL was highly sought after for more than twenty years, it had never been found in a spin isotropic Heisenberg model or related materials. By developing a density-matrix renormalization group based method for adiabatically inserting flux, we discover a FQHE in a isotropic kagome Heisenberg model. We identify this FQHE state as the long-sought CSL with a uniform chiral order spontaneously breaking time reversal symmetry, which is uniquely characterized by the half-integer quantized topological Chern number protected by a robust excitation gap. The CSL is found to be at the neighbor of the previously identified Z2 spin liquid, which may lead to an exotic quantum phase transition between two gapped topological spin liquids.
Electron-Electron Interaction in the Non-Relativistic Limit

The electron-electron potential in the one-photon exchange approximation with the omission of the spin-spin interaction, leads to the classical Coulomb interaction, but the inclusion of the latter results in the Moller interaction. Bethe and Fermi showed that the latter interaction leads to the Breit potential, if a few of the terms in the expansion of the retardation effect are considered. In this article, it is shown that the higher order terms omitted in the Bethe-Fermi treatment reduces to terms of the same order in Dirac's alpha-matrices considered by Bethe and Fermi. This raises questions whether the Breit interaction is the appropriate first order correction to the Coulomb potential in the non-relativistic limit. It is pointed out that the nature of the interaction between two bound (1s) electron derived by Brown using the Schwinger formalism of the quantum electrodynamics but proposed empirically in 1929 by Gaunt could be a better correction to the Coulomb potential for bound electrons in atoms. The calculated energies using these matrix elements plus the vacuum polarization energies are in reasonable agreement with the data. For comparison, calculated energies using the Breit interaction plus vacuum polarization energies are also presented.
Elliptic flow from a parton cascade

Abstract The dependence of elliptic flow at RHIC energies on the effective parton scattering cross section is calculated using the ZPC parton cascade model. We show that the v2 measure of elliptic flow saturates early in the evolution before the hadronization transition to a rather large value ∼0.05–0.15 as σg varies from 2–10 mb and thus is a sensitive probe of the dynamics in the plasma phase.
Acoustic Scattering of Point Sources by a Moving Prolate Spheroid

THIS paper contains a numerical prediction of bodyscattering effects on aircraft flyover noise. A simple model consisting of a moving prolate spheroid with trailing acoustic point sources is used to represent the complicated physical system of a subsonic jet aircraft flyover. Classical theories of scattering and diffraction are used to predict sound pressure levels on an imaginary plane below the body. This technique was developed for application in the study of installation effects for static and moving jets. Several approaches for calculating the scattered field of an acoustic point source near a stationary prolate spheroid are available, for example, Refs. 1 and 2. The method of geometric optics was selected because it provides solutions in a minimum amount of computer time and allows for sources off the axis of symmetry. Using the Lorentz transform described in Ref. 3, the scattered field of a moving body and source can be determined from an equivalent stationary problem. Contents Consider an acoustic point source near the end of a slender prolate spheroid where source and body are moving at a constant forward speed, Fig. 1. The rectangular coordinate axes* andy fall on the major and minor axes of the body. An imaginary observer plane is below and parallel to the x-y plane. The intersection of the z axis with this observer plane is defined as a reference point; all sound pressure levels (SPL) presented herein are normalized with respect to the SPL at the reference point. Figure 1 also indicates the position of the geometric shadow region. Only diffracted rays contribute to the solution in this region, whereas incident and scattered rays dominate the solution elsewhere. Geometric optics solutions are appropriate for high frequencies, that is, for frequencies whose wavelengths are considerably smaller than the dimensions of the body. The usual measure of normalized frequency is the product of the wave number (k=2irf/c) and the semimajor axis length a. A ka value of 50 is considered high. A comparison of geometric optics solution with other experimental and numerical results in Ref. 2 shows that geometric optics is very reliable except in the shadow region. Fortunately, in the present study, SPL values in the shadow region are not as important as those values near the reference point. Contouring of computed results demonstrate the significance of scattering and motion effects on flyover data. Normalized SPL are calculated for a grid of points on an observer plane, which is a distance of 20a below the body. A standard computer software routine is used to draw equal level contours for the data. Contours for a stationary point
Aiming for Efficiency Rather than Proficiency

The No Child Left Behind law is flawed for many reasons, but the most important is that it is built around proficiency targets. Proficiency rates are not useful metrics of school performance because universal proficiency is not a socially efficient goal for principals and teachers. Further, the variation in proficiency rates among schools reflects, in large part, interschool differences in student background characteristics. The designers of accountability systems must move away from systems designed around a one-size-fits-all standard and begin designing systems that organize and promote competition among schools. Well-organized competition among schools is the best vehicle for making sure that schools use public funds efficiently. If education officials pursue this paradigm, they must develop relative performance measures that assess the outcomes of these contests while making reasonable allowance for differences in student populations served by public schools. I will discuss a method for deriving context-specific measures of school performance. A percentile performance index tells public officials how often the students in a particular school or classroom perform better than students in other schools who began the year in similar circumstances with respect to their prior achievements, the compositions of their classmates, and their family backgrounds. This index of relative performance provides the information policymakers need to make preliminary judgments concerning when to reorganize a given school and give a new staff the opportunity to prove they can do better.
Optoelectronic image processors: morphological pattern recognition and neural nets

Many seemingly diverse optical processing operations are possible on one new multifunctional optical architecture. We describe these operations and provide examples of each for scene analysis. L© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solution-phase parallel synthesis of a benzoxazinone library using complementary molecular reactivity and molecular recognition (CMR/R) purification technology

Abstract A solution-phase synthesis of a benzoxazinone library is described. The five-step synthesis is accomplished using combinations of complementary molecular reactivity and molecular recognition (CMR/R) purification concepts, including reactant-sequestering resins, reagent-sequestering resins, sequestration-enabling-reagents, reaction-quenching resins, as well as the judicious use of polymeric reagents. The multi-step synthesis affords the desired benzoxazinone products in excellent purities and yields. This study demonstrates that multi-step library syntheses can be performed in solution-phase, and that utilization of CMR/R purification strategies as the sole method of purification can lead to products of high purity.
Dynamical Cusp Regeneration

After being destroyed by a binary supermassive black hole, a stellar density cusp can regrow at the center of a galaxy via energy exchange between stars moving in the gravitational field of the single, coalesced hole. We illustrate this process via high-accuracy N-body simulations. Regeneration requires roughly one relaxation time, and the new cusp extends to a distance of roughly one-fifth the black hole's influence radius, with density ρ ~ r-7/4; the mass in the cusp is of the order of 10% of the mass of the black hole. The growth of the cusp is preceded by a stage in which the stellar velocity dispersion evolves toward isotropy and away from the tangentially anisotropic state induced by the binary. We show that density profiles similar to those observed at the center of the Milky Way and M32 can regenerate themselves in several Gyr following the infall of a second black hole; the presence of density cusps at the centers of these galaxies can therefore not be used to infer that no merger has occurred. We argue that ρ ~ r-7/4 density cusps are ubiquitous in stellar spheroids fainter than MV ≈ -18.5 that contain supermassive black holes, but the cusps have not been detected outside of the Local Group, since their angular sizes are less than ~01. We show that the presence of a cusp implies a lower limit of ~10-4 yr-1 on the rate of stellar tidal disruptions and discuss the consequences of the cusps for gravitational lensing and the distribution of dark matter on subparsec scales.
Food value chain transformations in developing countries: Selected hypotheses on nutritional implications

We examine how the transformation of food value chains (FVCs) influence the triple malnutrition burden (undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies and over-nutrition) in developing countries. We propose a FVC typology (modern, traditional, modern-to-traditional, and traditional-to-modern) that takes into account the participants, the target market, and the products offered. Next, we propose selected hypotheses on the relationship between each FVC category and elements of the triple malnutrition burden. The primary finding is that the transformation of FVCs creates challenges and opportunities for nutrition in developing countries. For example, Modern FVCs may increase over-nutrition problems and alleviate micronutrient deficiencies for urban people with relatively high incomes. However, they have little nutritional impacts among rural residents and urban poor people, who primarily depend on traditional FVCs to access adequate quantities of calories and micronutrients. In addition, modern food manufacturers are leveraging traditional distribution networks (modern-to-traditional FVCs), substantially increasing access to low-priced processed/packaged foods in rural areas and low-income urban neighbors with mixed impacts on the triple burden of malnutrition. Further research should focus on the influence of FVC transformation on reduction of micronutrient deficiencies, on modeling demand substitution effects across food categories and the attendant policy implications for malnutrition.
ESTABLISHING LOGICAL RULES FROM EMPIRICAL DATA

We review a method of generating logical rules, or axioms, from empirical data. This method, using closed set properties of formal concept analysis, has been previously described and tested on rather large sets of deterministic data. In spite of the fact that formal concept techniques have been used to prune frequent set data mining results, frequency and/or statistical significance are totally irrelevant to this method. It is strictly logical and deterministic. The contribution of this paper is a completely new extension of this method to create implications involving numeric inequalities. That is, numerical inequalities such as "age > 39" can be treated as logical predicates that have been extracted from the data itself and not postulated apriori.
The last shall be first: Efficient constraints on foreign borrowing in a model of endogenous growth

Abstract In an open economy with a trade-off between production and productivity growth and with externalities in productivity growth, it is shown that a restriction on foreign borrowing in the short-run can increase welfare. In the long-run a subsidy is efficient. When the fiscal instrument is the tax on foreign borrowing, it is possible that non-dampened cycles of tax rates are efficient.
Optimizing type-I polarization-entangled photons

Optical quantum information processing needs ultra-bright sources of entangled photons, especially from synchronizable femtosecond lasers and low-cost cw-diode lasers. Decoherence due to timing information and spatial mode-dependent phase has traditionally limited the brightness of such sources. We report on a variety of methods to optimize type-I polarization-entangled sources — the combined use of different compensation techniques to engineer high-fidelity pulsed and cw-diode laser-pumped sources, as well as the first production of polarization-entanglement directly from the highly nonlinear biaxial crystal BiB3O6 (BiBO). Using spatial compensation, we show more than a 400-fold improvement in the phase flatness, which otherwise limits efficient collection of entangled photons from BiBO, and report the highest fidelity to date (99%) of any ultrafast polarization-entanglement source. Our numerical code, available on our website, can design optimal compensation crystals and simulate entanglement from a variety of type-I phasematched nonlinear crystals.
The combined sensate radial forearm and iliac crest free flaps for reconstruction of significant glossectomy-mandibulectomy defects

The loss of motor and sensory function of the tongue following ablative surgery has a devastating effect on oral function. At the present time, there is no way to restore lost tongue musculature following partial glossectomy. The use of sensate cutaneous flaps has been shown to restore sensory feedback to reconstructed areas of the oral cavity. No single composite flap supplies a sensate soft-tissue component together with an osseous component of sufficient bone stock for functional mastication. In this article, the combination of the radial forearm free flap with the iliac crest osteocutaneous or osteomyocutaneous free flap is reported. The radial forearm free flap was used to resurface the resected portion of the tongue to provide maximum mobility and sensation. The lingual nerve was the recipient nerve for anastomosis to the antebrachial cutaneous nerves in all but one case. The iliac bone was used to reconstruct the mandible, with the iliac skin paddle or the internal oblique muscle used to reconstruct the neoridge. This combination of flaps was used in 10 patients. There was one flap failure due to vascular kinking from "piggybacking" the iliac crest to the distal end of the radial forearm flap. As a result, the use of two separate sets of recipient vessels is now advocated. Although a single composite free flap offers an excellent form of oromandibular reconstruction in most cases, it has been shown that oral function deteriorates when large areas of anesthesia are present in the oral cavity. We believe that this combination of two free flaps offers an opportunity for superior function in select patients with significant glossectomy and/or large mucosal defects.
Queuing network models for delay analysis of multihop wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper we analyze the average end-to-end delay and maximum achievable per-node throughput in random access multihop wireless ad hoc networks with stationary nodes. We present an analytical model that takes into account the number of nodes, the random packet arrival process, the extent of locality of traffic, and the back off and collision avoidance mechanisms of random access MAC. We model random access multihop wireless networks as open G/G/1 queuing networks and use the diffusion approximation in order to evaluate closed form expressions for the average end-to-end delay. The mean service time of nodes is evaluated and used to obtain the maximum achievable per-node throughput. The analytical results obtained here from the queuing network analysis are discussed with regard to similarities and differences from the well established information-theoretic results on throughput and delay scaling laws in ad hoc networks. We also investigate the extent of deviation of delay and throughput in a real world network from the analytical results presented in this paper. We conduct extensive simulations in order to verify the analytical results and also compare them against NS-2 simulations.
Gender and Commercial Science: Women’s Patenting in the Life Sciences

Traditional research on gender differences in productivity focuses on academic scientists, and rarely investigates outcomes other than publications. We investigate gender disparities in commercial outcomes, for scientists in both the academic and industrial sectors. Using a unique combination of career history data and patenting information across a period of two decades, we present descriptive statistics and graphical trends of male and female commercialization. Empirical evidence indicates that female scientists engage in and produce less commercial work then their male counterparts, and that the degree of disparity remains constant across time. The quality and impact of women’s commercial work remains the same or better than that of men scientists, however. These results imply that a necessary focus for future work is to understand the personal, structural, and organizational reasons for the filtering process which leads to such a small proportion of female inventors.
A monoclinic polymorph of uranyl dinitrate trihydrate, [UO2(NO3)2(H2O)2].H2O.

Diaquadinitratouranyl(VI) monohydrate is monoclinic (space group P2(1)/c), in contrast to its triclinic polymorph. The main building block of the structure is the finite non-centrosymmetric [UO(2)(NO(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)] cluster, which is a uranyl hexagonal bipyramid that shares two non-opposite equatorial edges with the nitrate triangles, such that the two water molecules are at neighbouring equatorial vertices. There is an interstitial water site in the structure, which is located between adjacent [UO(2)(NO(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)] clusters.
Elevated Preoperative Serum Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine (ADMA) Is Associated With Poor Outcomes After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Purpose Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is elevated in vascular pathologies such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Children undergoing cardiac surgery are at high risk of poor hemodynamic and renal outcomes secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study tested the hypothesis that elevated preoperative ADMA levels are associated with overall worse clinical outcomes after pediatric CPB.
Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Yttrium-Doped Zirconia Powders

The feasibility of low-temperature synthesis of yttrium-doped zirconia (Y-ZrO2) crystalline powders in aqueous solutions at lessthan equal to100°C has been evaluated, and the hydrothermal crystallization mechanism for Y-ZrO2 powders also has been investigated. Coprecipitated (Y,Zr) hydroxide gel, mechanical mixtures of Y(OH)3 and Zr(OH)4 gel, and Y(OH)3 gel have been reacted in boiling alkaline solutions. Coprecipitated (Y,Zr) hydroxide gel crystallized to cubic or tetragonal Y-ZrO2 at pH 13.9. The yttrium content in the powder synthesized from coprecipitated (Y,Zr) hydroxide is consistent with the initial precursor solution composition, as expected from the similarity in solubility of Zr(OH)-5 and Y(OH)-4. A diffusionless mechanism for the transformation of the (Y,Zr) hydroxide gel to Y-ZrO2 is proposed, and the phase stability in aqueous solution is discussed in terms of an in situcrystallization model. It is also demonstrated through thermodynamic arguments with experimental verification that the stable form of the Y-ZrO2 at 25°C is the anhydrous phase, not the metal hydroxide as previously thought.
A Frequency Agile Receiver for Satellite TV Distribution

The transmission parameters of a frequency agile receiver for the reception of television from a satellite are calculated and the useful ranges established. The design of a suitable receiver is described. Test data of differential phase, differential gain, and weighted signal-to-noise ratio are presented which show close agreement with the calculated performance. The application for a sync-tip clamper for spreading waveform removal is discussed. The problem of impulse noise when operating near threshold is related and a minimum operating carrier to noise ratio of 11 db is recommended for high performance video systems. From the data presented, the optimum receiver requirements and system performance can be rapidly established for a wide range of satellite system parameters. HE distribution of television by a satellite system requires the establishment of a large number of receiving Earth stations located over a vast geographic area. These stations will each serve a local population and will be designed for unattended operation. Each station may be required to receive any of a number of rf channel frequency assignments with the ability of remote frequency control. This requirement results from scheduled transmissions of programs into different geographic time zones, control of commercials, special broadcasts, replacement of failed equipment, etc. All these requirements, and others, require the frequency agility capability of an unattended receiving Earth station. A TV distribution system consists of a transmitting Earth station, a satellite, and a number of receiving Earth stations. Such a system has been envisioned by others 1'2 as consisting of one or two transmitting Earth stations and up to 300 receiving Earth stations. The number of receiving Earth stations is not limited by equipment design but more likely by the number of available satellite rf channels, and the program distribution problems associated with different geographic time zones, etc. With such a system model the economics of the over-all system are largely affected by the individual receiving Earth station costs. The design of low-cost Earth stations with a flexible configuration for the number of rf carriers to be received with unattended operation is therefore a major economic factor. Figure 1 is the block diagram of a typical receiving Earth station. The station consists of a 25-32 ft antenna and feed system, a dual uncooled low noise amplifier (LNA), a signal divider, and a number of dual conversion receivers. The dual conversion receivers include video demodulators, baseband, and spreading waveform removal circuitry. The output of the system is a number of clamped video signals at the normal level of 1-v peak-to-peak, each multiplexed with an associated audio subcarrier. As shown, redundancy is provided for the LNA and an additional dual conversion receiver is provided as protection for up to 12 dual conversion receivers.
Constraints on the Steady State r-Mode Amplitude in Neutron Star Transients

Recent observations suggest that neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries rotate within a narrow range of spin frequencies clustered around 300 Hz. A proposed explanation for this remarkable fact is that gravitational radiation from a steady state r-mode oscillation in the neutron star's core halts the spin-up due to accretion. For the neutron star transients, balancing the time-averaged accretion torque with gravitational wave emission from steady state, constant amplitude r-mode pulsations implies a quiescent luminosity too bright to be consistent with observations (in particular of Aql X-1). The viscous dissipation (roughly 10 MeV per accreted nucleon for a spin of 300 Hz) from such an r-mode makes the core sufficiently hot to power a thermal luminosity ~1034 ergs s-1 when accretion halts. This is the minimum quiescent luminosity that the neutron star must emit when viscous heating in the core is balanced by radiative cooling from the surface, as is the case when the core of the star is superfluid. We therefore conclude that either the accretion torque is much less than (GMR)1/2 or a steady state r-mode does not limit the spin rate of the neutron star transients. Future observations with Chandra and XMM promise to further constrain the amount of viscous dissipation in the neutron star core.
Mastering Cryogenic Propellants

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) began experimentation with cryogenic propellants in the early 1950s to understand the potential of these high-performance propellants for use in liquid propellant rocket engines. Supporting these tests required learning how to both design cryogenic systems and develop procedures to safely and reliably work with cryogenic fuels and oxidizers. This early work led to the development of a skill set that has been core to the center ever since. When NASA was formed and the exploration missions were defined, it became clear that the ability to use cryogenic propellants in the thermal and microgravity environment of space was critical to mission success, and the agency was tasked with enabling this capability. To support development of the Centaur upper stage and the Saturn S-IVB stage, GRC researchers and engineers initiated extensive technology development for the in-space application of cryogenic fluid management (CFM)...
Profiles of Performance by Educational Level on the NTE Core Battery.

Several comparisons were made across educational level with respect to performance on each of the three NTE Core Battery tests-Communication Skills, General Knowledge, and Professional Knowledge. Various controls were implemented in order to discount selected threats to the interpretation of between-level test score differences as a function of teacher education. Several alternative analyses yielded results that were generally consistent with an interpretation of the Professional Knowledge test as a measure of students' knowledge of the teaching profession. A major limitation of the data on which the results are based was the lack of any specific information about the nature and timing of relevant coursework.