cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent and Adult Clients in Prenatal Case Management: Differences in Problems and Interventions Used.

Objectives This study sought to characterize differences between pregnant adolescents and adults in the types of problems addressed by case managers, and to assess subsequent differences in the types of interventions used with both groups.
MITRAL STENOSIS. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POSTOPERATIVE RESULTS FOLLOWING THE CLOSED AND OPEN OPERATIVE APPROACH.

Abstract The postoperative benefit obtained in patients with mitral stenosis operated upon by the closed technic was compared to that obtained by the open technic as evidenced by electrocardiographic, radiographie and hemodynamic evaluation studies. Superiority of results was noted following the open technic in each category. The operative mortality and morbidity for comparable lesions were not only no greater by the open technic but the versatility of the open approach allowed correction of many defects that could not have been corrected by the closed approach. The superiority of the results of the open technic were such that if the facilities and experience for open operation are available, there should be no question as to its use.
Characterization and immobilization of cesium-137 in soil at Los Alamos National Laboratory

At Los Alamos National Laboratory, cesium-137 ({sup 137}Cs) is a major contaminant in soils of Technical Area 21 (TA-21) and is mainly associated with soil particles {<=}2.00 mm. Cesium-137 was not leached by synthetic groundwater or acid rainwater. Soil erosion is a primary mechanism of {sup 137}Cs transport in TA-21. The methodology that controls soil particle runoff can prevent the transport of {sup 137}Cs.
Economic Theory of Bellwether Trials

This paper explores the informational benefits and costs of bellwether trials. It is the first to articulate and defend a theory of bellwether trials using a law-and-economics framework. While some scholars and practitioners have undertaken descriptive analysis of bellwether trials, or defended them on procedural-justice grounds, they have not accounted for an important attribute that is particularly amenable to economic analysis. Bellwether trials serve the valuable function of price signaling: providing data points for future settlement negotiations about the likelihood of success at trial, as well as the damages awards juries are willing to set for certain claims or types of injuries. Drawing from the law-and-economics literature on the selection of disputes for litigation, this paper explains that bellwether trials inform parties of the likelihood they will succeed on the merits of their claims. In so doing, these early trials channel "easy" cases (from either the plaintiff's or defendant’s perspective) away from litigation and toward settlement or dismissal.
Review essay: Bohmian mechanics and the quantum revolution

Compte-rendu de l'ouvrage de D. Bohm et B. J. Hiley, intitule «The undivided universe: an ontological interpretation of quantum theory» (1993), d'une part, et de celui de J. S. Bell, intitule «Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mecanics» (1987), d'autre part, qui defendent des positions opposees concernant les variables cachees et l'interpretation classique de la mecanique quantique
Pulse Cycles, Pulse Sequences, and Tissue Contrast

In order to create an image in space, steps 2 and 3 of MRR must be repeated multiple times. That is, the RF pulse must be applied over and over with relaxation and signal measurement occurring after each application of the pulse. The number of such repetitions is usually on the order of 128 or 256 (or some other multiple of 64). Therefore, it is necessary to obtain 128 or 256 signal samples in order to form our image. We are getting a little ahead of ourselves, for this is really the meat of part two of this book-the image in space. However, we have said in our introduction that there will be times when these two major sections intersect, and this happens to be one of them. To understand how we get tissue contrast, we must be aware that the RF pulse must be repeated many times to produce an image.
Psychoanalysis and Early Modern Culture: Is it Time to Move Beyond Charges of Anachronism?

In the last few decades, cultural and textual studies of early modern sexualities, passions, kinship bonds, etc., have burgeoned, while more or less overlooking the role of the unconscious within these all too human realms of inquiry. No one doubts that something akin to rationality or irrationality actually occurred in early modernity. But the possibility that something like repression might have occurred opens a floodgate of protests: to pose the question of how repression might have operated within early modernity is to invite the immediate response that the unconscious possesses no earlier history prior to Freud’s famous couch in Vienna. Blunt-force accusations that psychoanalysis is anachronistic when brought to bear on early modern studies have become mantras, often assuming such mesmerizing, hegemonic force that they have all but foreclosed on the benefits of further reflection and debate. This essay speculates on how – and whether – we can work through and moves beyond this all-too-predictable, but stubbornly durable charge.
The non-linear response of quasi-isotropic composite laminates

Abstract The stress–strain response of quasi-isotropic composite laminates consisting of carbon fiber strands embedded in urethane resin was tested at several load orientations. It was noted that at sufficiently high stresses the above response exhibited angular dependence and deviation from linearity, especially at load orientations intermediate to the fiber directions. Similar results were reproduced for quasi-isotropic carbon/PPS composites, where failure was associated with a most substantial amount of delaminations. The above angular dependence could not be explained by either of two forms of elaso-plastic models, and is probably attributable to damage.
Thyroidal I131 collection in normal and adrenalectomized rats, effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate and physiological saline.

SummaryAdrenalectomized male rats, fed an iodine deficient diet and maintained on 1/4/ mg DCA daily, were injected intravenously with I131 containing 8.5 μg of iodide carrier. Thyroidal collection of I131 increased at 3 hr after 1.25 mg DCA 100 g. but not at 1 1/2 hr after 1 1/2 mg DCA 100 g, the DCA being given intraperitoneally immediately after I131 in both groups. There was no change from controls in plasma I131 level or urinary I131 excretion. Under similar conditions, adrenalectomized rats showed increased thyroidal I131 collection 3 hr and 1 1/2 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml 0.9% NaCl/100 g. This occurred despite decreased plasma radioactivity and increased urinary I131 excretion. Intact rats studied under the same conditions showed no change from controls in thyroidal I131 collection, but had less radioactivity in their blood plasma.
Body Image for Women: Conceptualization, Assessment, and a Test of its Importance to Sexual Dysfunction and Medical Illness

The content and valence of women's body image attitudes, general and enduring positive or negative feelings about the body, are studied with psychometric analyses of measures and contrasted groups. Data from two frequently used measures (Body Image Scale, Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1979; Body Satisfaction Scale, Berscheid, Walster & Bohrnstedt, 1973) provided an evaluation of the construct and the assessment of body image. Two studies are provided. The construct analyses suggest two contents for body attitude measures: a general factor of body, facial, and sexual (genital and breast) items, and a second factor assessing weight and/or its body correlates—the hips, thighs, and buttocks. Also, a method factor, a response style of negativity, may be important. Body image attitudes are correlated with some conceptually relevant criteria, such as interest in engaging in sexual activity; however, these relationships do not appear sufficiently strong to predict behavior, such as the occurrence or resolution of sexu...
Electrons in Superfluid Helium-4

We review the current status of theory and experiment concerning electrons in superfluid helium-4 with an emphasis on some of the unsolved problems. Although calculations of the bubble structure have been confirmed in detail by measurements of the optical absorption spectrum, the energy of interaction of a bubble with a vortex is not understood. We discuss the theory behind a proposed experiment that may shed light on the physical nature of the exotic ions.
Results on robust stability and feedback stabilization for systems with a continuum of equilibria

A discrete-time dynamical system, with a continuum of equilibria and nonlinear, multivalued dynamics is discussed. An asymptotic stability property, its robustness, and necessary and sufficient Lyapunov-like conditions are presented. The conditions involve a set-valued Lyapunov function. Then a control system is studied, in which the stability property can be achieved by open-loop controls, and a feedback control construction is presented. Set-valued control Lyapunov functions are introduced, for the purpose of robust feedback design.
The Interesting, the Remarkable, the Unusual: Deleuze's Grand Style

Gilles Deleuze takes up the challenge to create a philosophy of the interesting, the remarkable and the unusual. He does this in what Alain Badiou calls the ‘Grand Style’, the style of Descartes, Spinoza and Kant whose philosophies arise in relation to developments in the natural sciences and mathematics. Grounding himself in the molar-molecular pair, Deleuze sets out a new image of thought. He conceptualises an immanent but still relatively closed, deterministic, atomistic and reversible system that is not immediately reduced to entropic equilibrium because its processes take place on the molecular level, at speeds which he hypothesises are beyond the speed of light. He postulates a manifold, a sphere of immanence that is the entire universe and not merely the Earth or our solar system. It is a system governed by sensitivity to initial starting points and unstable boundaries, thus although it is chaotic as well as probabilistic, it remains a mathematically formal, deterministic system.
Representing Powers of Numbers as Subset Sums of Small Sets

Abstract We investigate a number of questions concerning representations of a set of numbers as sums of subsets of some other set. In particular, we obtain several results on the possible sizes of the second set when the first set consists of a geometric sequence of integers, partially answering a generalisation of a question of Gerry Myerson.
A plant leucine zipper protein that recognizes an abscisic acid response element

The mechanism by which phytohormones, like abscisic acid (ABA), regulate gene expression is unknown. An activity in nuclear extracts that interacts with the ABA response element (ABRE) from the 5' regulatory region of the wheat Em gene was identified. A complementary DNA clone was isolated whose product is a DNA binding protein (EmBP-1) that interacts specifically with an 8-base pair (bp) sequence (CACGTGGC) in the ABRE. A 2-bp mutation in this sequence prevented binding of EmBP-1. The same mutation reduced the ability of the ABRE to confer ABA responsiveness on a viral promoter in a transient assay. The 8-bp EmBP-1 target sequence was found to be conserved in several other ABA-responsive promoters and in promoters from plants that respond to signals other than ABA. Similar sequences are found in promoters from mammals, yeast, and in the major late promoter of adenovirus. The deduced amino acid sequence of EmBP-1 contains conserved basic and leucine zipper domains found in transcription factors in plants, yeast, and mammals. EmBP-1 may be a member of a highly conserved family of proteins that recognize a core sequence found in the regulatory regions of various genes that are integrated into a number of different response pathways.
Reference systems for assessing viability and accuracy of pH sensors in high temperature subcritical and supercritical aqueous solutions

Abstract This paper describes an effort in developing reference systems to be used in high temperature subcritical and supercritical aqueous solutions for assessing the viability and accuracy of high-temperature pH sensors. Each of these reference systems consists of a couple of three-component aqueous solutions in which the concentration of NaCl is greater than the concentration of another solute, such as HCl and NaOH. The viability of the reference systems was tested using the recently published experimental data employing a flow-through electrochemical cell at temperatures from 25°C to 400°C and densities from 0.17 to 1 g cm −3 [S.N. Lvov, X.Y. Zhou, and A.V. Bandura, 1999a, Estimation of Isothermal Potential for HCl/NaCl and NaOH/NaCl Systems in High Temperatures Supercritical Aqueous Solutions, J. Supercrit. Fluids, in preparation; S.N. Lvov, X.Y. Zhou, and D.D. Macdonald, 1999, Flow-Through Electrochemical Cell for Accurate pH Measurements at Temperature up to 400°C, J. Electroanal. Chem., 463, 146–156]. The applicability of the method was tested for dilute (0.01 and 0.001 mol kg −1 ) HCl aqueous solutions having background NaCl electrolyte in the amount of 0.1 mol kg −1 . The most significant property of the reference systems is that the pH difference, and hence, the cell potential, can easily be estimated with sufficient accuracy using only the analytical concentrations of the electrolytes without considering the speciation calculations, given the fact that the association and dissociation constants at supercritical temperatures have not been accurately determined yet.
A nucleation study of group III-nitride multifunctional nanostructures

Abstract A Stranski–Krastanow (SK)-like growth mode is shown for GaN nanostructures on AlN template layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire substrates. A wide temperature range from 800 to 1100 °C and V/III ratios ranging from 4.5 to 3500 were explored to determine the optimal growth conditions. Silicon was used as an anti-surfactant to enhance the nucleation. Further, an activation step was introduced to the GaN/AlN heterosystem to support the formation of 3D islands revealing a SK-like growth mode. Initial nucleation studies on GaMnN grown on AlN epilayers were performed to achieve multifunctional nanostructures, combining the advantages of quantum dots and diluted magnetic semiconductors. It is shown that manganese incorporation enhances the nucleation of GaN nanostructures. Further studies reveal that no additional activation step is necessary for nanostructures containing manganese.
Pd-catalyzed amination reactions of aryl halides using bulky biarylmonophosphine ligands

The following protocol describes the selective cross-coupling of an amine with an aryl halide using a Pd-based catalyst to provide the corresponding N-arylated amine. This general procedure for C–N bond formation includes a detailed description of an appropriate reaction setup, two methods for assaying the crude reaction mixtures (thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC)) and procedures for the isolation, purification and characterization of the anticipated product. Reagents and catalyst precursors can be manipulated in the air; however, the cross-coupling reactions must be performed under an inert atmosphere. Two Pd-catalyzed C–N bond-forming reactions are included in the text as representative examples of these procedures. Although the reactions can proceed in <5 min, the protocols, including workup, generally take 6–30 h to complete.
When Did the Victorian Period End? Relativity, Sexuality, Narrative

(2006). When Did the Victorian Period End? Relativity, Sexuality, Narrative. Journal of Victorian Culture: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 326-338.
Effect of drug therapy on survival in chronic congestive heart failure.

A review of the current evidence on the effects of various agents on survival among patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) suggests that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors probably offer the greatest potential for benefit. Trials undertaken before the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) revealed favorable trends among patients in New York Heart Association functional classes II to IV who received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Data from CONSENSUS clearly demonstrate that enalapril reduces mortality rates among patients in New York Heart Association class IV, but conclusions regarding effects in patients with mild or moderate CHF must await the results of future studies. In contrast, the large data base on α -adrenergic blockers suggests that these drugs are not likely to improve survival. Information on inotropic agents is sparse, but it is possible that these drugs may not improve survival and, in fact, may have a harmful effect. Mortality data on CHF patients treated with β blockers and calcium channel blockers are like-wise limited; conclusions concerning effects on survival must be postponed until further studies are conducted. Many of the investigations undertaken thus far to examine survival in patients with CHF have been small and of short duration, so any comparisons of the effects of various drugs must be interpreted with caution.
Log Mean Temperature Correction Factor: An Alternative Representation

The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) correction factor, F, is traditionally expressed in terms of two non-dimensional parameters P = t2 − t1T1 − t1, and R = T1 − T2t2 − t1 in form of charts as the underlying equations are complicated. F shows strong functional dependence on both P and R, reducing the accuracy of reading the charts particularly in the steep regions. In this study it is shown that the LMTD correction factor F, can be expressed in terms of two new variables, φ = (T1 − T2)2 + (t2 − t1)22[(T1 + T2) − (t1 + t2)] and ρ = T1 − t2T2 − t1. Expressed in terms of these variables, F correlations and charts are much better behaved. Furthermore, it is shown that for the shell and tube and cross flow of heat exchangers, over a wide range of operating conditions of practical interest (0.5 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.0), F can be approximated as a function of a single variable function φ, to within 4% accuracy.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Solvent cage effects. I. Effect of radical mass and size on radical cage pair recombination efficiency. II. Is geminate recombination of polar radicals sensitive to solvent polarity

Abstract The radical cage effect is briefly reviewed with an emphasis on how radical mass and size affect the cage recombination efficiencies ( F cP ) of radical cage pairs. The results of one study show that F cP −1 varies linearly with radical radius −2 and radical mass 1/2 , but additional studies are needed to determine if this result is general. The results of a new study on solvent polarity effects are also presented. The effect of solvent polarity on the geminate recombination of polar Cp′Mo(CO) 3 (Cp′=η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 3 ) radical cage pairs was studied by using a series of solvent systems that ranged from nonpolar to polar. The solvent systems consisted of a solvent and a viscogen of similar polarity. The solvents were hexane–squalane, hexane–paraffin oil, glyme–polyglyme, THF–polyglyme, and ethanol–propylene glycol. The cage effects were identical in four of the five solvent systems (hexane–paraffin oil is the exception), and no trend with solvent polarity was observed. From these results, it is concluded that the influence of solvent polarity is either weak or absent altogether. A similar analysis of the data of Szwarc et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (1968) 278) for [H 3 C , CH 3 ] and [F 3 C , CF 3 ] cage pairs showed that, although there is a solvent effect, it cannot be attributed to solvent polarity. All of these results are consistent with a model for the cage effect in which geminate recombination of the Cp′Mo(CO) 3 radicals is faster than molecular rotation. Rotational correlation times and diffusion coefficients were measured in the solvents used herein and the results support the model.
Redox regulation of hepatitis C in nonalcoholic and alcoholic liver

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that is estimated to have infected 170 million people worldwide. HCV can cause serious liver disease in humans, such as cirrhosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV induces a state of oxidative/nitrosative stress in patients through multiple mechanisms, and this redox perturbation has been recognized as a key player in HCV-induced pathogenesis. Studies have shown that alcohol synergizes with HCV in the pathogenesis of liver disease, and part of these effects may be mediated by reactive species that are generated during hepatic metabolism of alcohol. Furthermore, reactive species and alcohol may influence HCV replication and the outcome of interferon therapy. Alcohol consumption has also been associated with increased sequence heterogeneity of the HCV RNA sequences, suggesting multiple modes of interaction between alcohol and HCV. This review summarizes the current understanding of oxidative and nitrosative stress during HCV infection and possible combined effects of HCV, alcohol, and reactive species in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
Long-distance fluid and heat transport in the oceanic crust entering the Nankai subduction zone, NanTroSEIZE transect

Abstract I examine the potential causes of anomalous seafloor heat flux on the oceanic plate in the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) transect offshore southern Japan. The most prominent anomaly is a ∼ 50 mW m − 2 change in heat flux between Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Sites C0011 and C0012 over a distance of 30 km wide transition at the seafloor. The observed surface heat flux pattern is indicative of hydrothermal circulation in the basement aquifer and advection of heat from the subducted crust into the aquifer on the incoming plate. For a 600 m thick aquifer, the permeability is likely ⩾ 7 × 10 − 11 m 2 , and hydrothermal circulation transports at least 300 times more heat than conduction alone. The heat flux from the subduction zone seaward to the incoming plate is consistent with hydrothermal circulation in the subducting crust persisting to ∼100 km landward of the deformation front. Vigorous fluid circulation in the basaltic basement is consistent with both the seafloor thermal anomalies and geochemical anomalies near the sediment–basement interface.
DEPRESSION OF MASTIGOCLADUS LAMINOSUS (CYANOPHYTA) NITROGENASE ACTIVITY UNDER NORMAL SUNLIGHT INTENSITIES1

The effect of light intensity (PAR) on the nitrogenase activity of Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn was studied by the acetylene reduction technique. Benthic mat from a thermal stream, Hot River, in Yellowstone National Park was used in both experimental and in situ incubations. This hot spring maintained a mean pH of 7.0, was essentially isothermal (ca. 50°C), and had virtually no upstream to downstream physicochemical gradients (P > 0.05). Two surveys of the stream showed that nitrogenase of the M. laminosus mat was significantly more active (P > 0.02) under low light intensities than under high intensities, 252 and 712 μE · m−2· s−1, respectively. Maximum activity of Hot River Mastigocladus (268 nmol C2H4· mg Chl a−1· h−1) occurred at 50% full midday light intensities; the rates at low light (mean = 247 nmol C2H4· mg Chl a−1· h−1) were significantly (P > 0.001) greater than those at high light (mean = 106). The results indicate that M. laminosus nitrogenase activity is low light adapted and suggest that the temporal pattern for nitrogen fixation might be significantly different from that of thermophilic Calothrix.
Structural Characterization of the Binding of Myosin·ADP·Pi to Actin in Permeabilized Rabbit Psoas Muscle

When myosin is attached to actin in a muscle cell, various structures in the filaments are formed. The two strongly bound states (A·M·ADP and A·M) and the weakly bound A·M·ATP states are reasonably well understood. The orientation of the strongly bound myosin heads is uniform (“stereospecific” attachment), and the attached heads exhibit little spatial fluctuation. In the prehydrolysis weakly bound A·M·ATP state, the orientations of the attached myosin heads assume a wide range of azimuthal and axial angles, indicating considerable flexibility in the myosin head. The structure of the other weakly bound state, A·M·ADP·Pi, however, is poorly understood. This state is thought to be the critical pre-power-stroke state, poised to make the transition to the strongly binding, force-generating states, and hence it is of particular interest for understanding the mechanism of contraction. However, because of the low affinity between myosin and actin in the A·M·ADP·Pi state, the structure of this state has eluded determination both in isolated form and in muscle cells. With the knowledge recently gained in the structures of the weakly binding M·ATP, M·ADP·Pi states and the weakly attached A·M·ATP state in muscle fibers, it is now feasible to delineate the in vivo structure of the attached state of A·M·ADP·Pi. The series of experiments presented in this article were carried out under relaxing conditions at 25°C, where ∼95% of the myosin heads in the skinned rabbit psoas muscle contain the hydrolysis products. The affinity for actin is enhanced by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) or by lowering the ionic strength in the bathing solution. Solution kinetics and binding constants were determined in the presence and in the absence of PEG. When the binding between actin and myosin was increased, both the myosin layer lines and the actin layer lines increased in intensity, but the intensity profiles did not change. The configuration (mode) of attachment in the A·M·ADP·Pi state is thus unique among the intermediate attached states of the cross-bridge ATP hydrolysis cycle. One of the simplest explanations is that both myosin filaments and actin filaments are stabilized (e.g., undergo reduced spatial fluctuations) by the attachment. The alignment of the myosin heads in the thick filaments and the alignment of the actin monomers in the thin filaments are improved as a result. The compact atomic structure of M·ADP·Pi with strongly coupled domains may contribute to the unique attachment configuration: the “primed” myosin heads may function as “transient struts” when attached to the thin filaments.
Inertial cues do not enhance knowledge of environmental layout

Several sensory modalities besides vision are available to people as they move through an environment, learning where things are. For example, sensory information about linear and angular acceleration (i.e., inertial information) has been shown to be useful for maintaining orientation in a room-sized space. Because noise in inertial systems can compound over time and over extended travel, it is an open question whether inertial information is important for acquiring knowledge about large-scale environments. We addressed this issue in an experiment in which people learned the spatial layout of a large environment under conditions that varied in the degree to which valid inertial cues were available. The presence of valid inertial cues did not facilitate the acquisition of an accurate memory of the environment. Moreover, the presence of invalid inertial cues did not interfere with such acquisition. We conclude that the effect of inertial information on the acquisition of environmental knowledge is minimal.
XPS study of laser-assisted etching of InP in a chlorine atmosphere

Laser assisted dry etching ablation of (001) InP wafers in a chlorine atmosphere is studied with spatially resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The etching was carried out in a low pressure mixture of chlorine and helium (10% Cl2 in He). The wafers were exposed to 308 nm pulsed XeCl excimer laser radiation with several values of fluence near the ablation threshold of InP. It was found that, at room temperature, the applied etch mixture does not spontaneously react with the wafer. It was also found that laser irradiation at a fluence less than the ablation threshold of InP stimulates a chemical reaction between the chlorine and the wafer, forming In-Cl compounds. At the same time, the irradiation removes the reaction products.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diaphragmatic Flutter Presenting as Inspiratory Stridor

Diaphragmatic flutter is a rarely reported disorder in which the diaphragm involuntarily contracts at a rapid rate. We report a unique case in which diaphragmatic flutter was associated with inspiratory stridor and was severely disabling. A new approach to the treatment of this condition, phrenic nerve crush, provided an optimal outcome, with resolution of symptoms and the return of normal diaphragmatic function. Pathophysiology and treatment of this condition are discussed.
Introduction: Issues in Network Economics

Networks play an increasingly important role in the world economy. Some markets exhibit positive network effects in which the value of a good or service increases with the number of consumers. These include telecommunications, video formats such as Blu-ray, many computer software packages, and online social networks like eHarmony and Facebook. There can also be negative effects, which are present when an increase in the number of users makes the good or service less valuable. This is especially common in the transportation sector of the economy, where congestion can be a problem. Markets with network effects pose difficult policy questions. When strong positive network effects are present, no more than a few firms will exist in the long run, and surviving firms are likely to have market power. Although the market will be statically inefficient, consumer value rises when each supplier serves a greater number of consumers. In addition, firms in emerging markets with rapid technological change, such as broadband service providers, must invest heavily in research and development in order to remain viable. In this setting, dynamic efficiency may be better served with just one or a few firms. The articles in this series address fundamental theoretical and policy issues that are related to network economics. The first paper by Oz Shy contains a survey of both the theoretical and empirical literature that is related to network economics. The literature in this area is both broad and deep. Shy focuses his discussion on the influence of network effects on consumer demand, competition, technological progress, and intellectual property. He also discusses issues related to social networking and eco-
Light-induced conversion of Trp to Gly and Gly hydroperoxide in IgG1.

The exposure of IgG1 in aqueous solution to light with λ = 254 nm or λ > 295 nm yields products consistent with Trp radical cation formation followed by αC–βC cleavage of the Trp side chain. The resulting glycyl radicals either are reduced to Gly or add oxygen prior to reduction to Gly hydroperoxide. Photoirradiation at λ = 254 nm targets Trp at positions 191 (light chain), 309 and 377 (heavy chain) while photoirradiation at λ > 295 nm targets Trp at position 309 (heavy chain). Mechanistically, the formation of Trp radical cations likely proceeds via photoinduced electron or hydrogen transfer to disulfide bonds, yielding thiyl radicals and thiols, where thiols may serve as reductants for the intermediary glycyl or glycylperoxyl radicals.
Effect of adjuvant disease in rats on cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide metabolism.

Abstract After the injection of a variety of arthritogenic adjuvants into male Wistar rats, hepatic activation of cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide is rapidly and profoundly depressed. This selective injury is largely reversible with phenobarbital and principally restricted to the liver microsomal protein fraction, which demethylates aminopyrine and N , N -dimethylaniline and generates “alkylating metabolites” from cyclophosphamide in vitro . Evidence is presented, based upon both metabolite excretion studies and the duration of hexabarbital-induced hypnosis, that this phenomenon is not an artifact in vitro and must be seriously considered in evaluating both the efficacy of potential anti-arthritic drugs against the rat adjuvant arthritis and their toxicity in these arthritic animals. A quantitative separation of two pathological responses to the same adjuvant may be obtained: (1) in Buffalo rats, whose liver metabolism may be profoundly impaired while they suffer minimal (or no) arthritis after being inoculated with adjuvants which are truly arthritogenic in other rat strains; (2) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis dispersed in methyl oleate, which induces minimal arthritis in Wistar rats, but nevertheless impairs their liver metabolism over a prolonged period (14 days or more). Drug metabolism appeared to be normal in rats with two other immunologically mediated “inflammatory diseases” (graft vs host disease and allergic encephalomyelitis) and in other rodents examined after adjuvant inoculations. A novel bioassay for cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide metabolites is described which utilizes their ability to prevent grafted rat lymphocytes from initiating a graft vs host reaction in tolerant recipient rats. At least four alkylating metabolites of cyclophosphamide were found in rat bile and tentatively identified by thin-layer chromatography. The possible error in relying on changes in urinary excretion (rather than biliary excretion) of drug metabolites as a guide to changes in hepatic xenobiotic metabolism is discussed.
Electrostatic-Pneumatic Membrane Mirror With Positive or Negative Variable Optical Power

A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) deformable mirror is described that uses a novel actuation scheme to increase the optical focus range. In this method, electrostatic-pneumatic actuation is used to achieve a convex surface curvature of the mirror with negative focus, while direct electrostatic actuation creates a concave surface with positive focus. Mirrors have demonstrated 20- $\mu $ m total stroke with more than 2-kHz bandwidth. The fabricated device consists of two membranes made of the photoset epoxy SU-8. One membrane serves as the deformable mirror and the other one as the pneumatic actuator. The pneumatic membrane also provides a built-in valve for pressure equalization. The principle of operation, fabrication process, and results are presented. [2014-0135]
Financial facilities of the IMF and the food deficit countries

Abstract The International Monetary Fund has various lending facilities which are available to food deficit countries to help them meet their balance of payments problems. This Viewpoint shows how the use of these facilities has evolved in response to changes in the global economic environment and to the specific needs of Fund members
Autonomous navigation in a manufacturing environment

Current approaches towards achieving mobility in the workplace are reviewed. The role of automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) and some of the preliminary work of other groups in autonomous vehicles are described. An overview is presented of the autonomous robot architecture (AuRA), a general-purpose system designed for experimentation in the domain of intelligent mobility. The means by which navigation is accomplished within this framework is specifically addressed. A description is given of the changes made to AuRA to adapt it to a flexible manufacturing environment, the types of knowledge that need to be incorporated, and the new motor behaviors required for this domain. Simulations of both navigational planning and reactive/reflexive motor schema-based navigation in a flexible manufacturing systems environment, followed by actual navigational experiments using the mobile vehicle, are presented. >
Experimental studies of the high-temperature superconducting cuprates using thermal difference reflectance spectroscopy

We have previously measured the temperature dependent thermal difference reflectance (TDR) spectra of several high-temperature superconducting thin films. From the TDR spectra collected above and below the critical temperature of each sample, the superconducting to normal state reflectance ratio, RSRN, has been obtained. We observe significant deviations from unity in this reflectance ratio at photon energies on the order of 2.0 eV. Both the temperature dependence and location of this structure in the RS/RN spectra may be described by solving the Eliashberg integral equations with an electron-boson coupling function that includes both an electron-phonon interaction and an interaction located at approximately the energies of known charge transfer excitations in these materials (approximately 2.0 eV). We found remarkably good agreement between the experimental data and the results of our calculations based upon this description of the superconducting state. We also use the technique of TDR spectroscopy to probe the superconducting proximity effect. By measuring the TDR spectra of the silver layer in a Ag-(BiPb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 bi-layer junction or the indium layer in a In-Ag-(BiPb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 tri-layer junction, at temperatures above and below the critical temperature of the high temperature superconductor, we hope to observe structure due to a proximity induced gap function in the normal metal.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of indenter tip radius on the load deflection behavior of thin plates

The effect of indenter radius on the load-deflection behavior of a clamped, thin isotropic and homogeneous plate is discussed. A depth-sensing nanoindenter was used to apply a transverse load to the plate center and measure the corresponding plate center deflections. The applied stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the contact area. This study shows that the central deflection of the plate is insensitive to small changes of indenter tip radius when the normalized indenter tip radius is smaller than about 0.10 (here, normalized indenter tip radius is defined as the ratio of the indenter tip radius to the plate radius). For these small normalized indenter tip radii, the indenter radius effect is the same in both the small (linear) deflection range and in the large (nonlinear) deflection range. Blunt indenter tips help to minimize material nonlinearity in the region of contact due to localized plastic deformation and/or microcracks, allowing geometrically nonlinear deflection data to be obtained in a less ambiguous manner.
Variation in growth and age at maturity in bluegill sunfish: genetic or environmental effects?

Populations of bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus, experiencing heavy juvenile predation, showed increased growth rates and increased age and size at maturity relative to populations experiencing decreased predation on juveniles but increased predation on adults. This study examined bluegills experimentally from both types of populations and a cross between them in a common environment to determine if variation in growth and age at maturity is genetically or environmentally induced. Two factorial experiments, varying strain of bluegills and resource availability, were used to evaluate differences in growth rate. One experiment, varying strain of bluegills, was used to assess differences in age at maturity. Growth was strongly influenced by resource level, but growth rate did not vary among populations. Nearly all bluegills in each population matured at 1 year of age in a common environment. Thus, variation observed in source populations must be mostly attributable to differences in the environment between populations. At least three factors could potentially cause differences in growth and age at maturity: (1) variation in resource availability; (2) variation in demographic structure; and (3) variation in size-specific mortality rates caused by differences in predator abundance between populations. Observed patterns of variation between populations are best explained by effects of differences in predator populations.
Descartes's Changing Mind

Abstract Descartes is always concerned about knowledge. However, the Galileo affair in 1633, the reactions to his Discourse on method , and later his need to reply to objections to his Meditations provoked crises in Descartes’s intellectual development the import of which has not been sufficiently recognized. These events are the major reasons why Descartes’s philosophical position concerning how we know and what we may know is radically different at the end of his life from what it was when he began. We call this later position Descartes’s epistemic stance and contrast it with his earlier methodological, metaphysical realism. Yet Descartes’s epistemic views cannot be separated from other aspects of his work, for example, his views concerning God, causality, metaphysics, and the nature of science. A further meta-implication is that serious errors await any scholar who cites early Cartesian texts in support of late Cartesian positions, or who uses later texts in conjunction with early ones to support a reading of Descartes’s philosophy.
An intervention to teach self‐monitoring of urine flow in long‐term catheter users

A new intervention was tested to teach self-monitoring skills to long-term urinary catheter users. This intervention is described in detail. Self-monitoring (a component of self-management) involves awareness of what to notice, observations, and simple recordings related to urine flow and associated catheter problems. Self-management strategies were provided, based on the person’s initial self-monitoring and catheter-related problems. The intervention was judged feasible. Study participants responded favorably to the intervention and seemed interested in learning more about catheter self-management.
Training Self-Control: A Domain-General Translational Neuroscience Approach

Self-control plays an important role in healthy development and has been shown to be amenable to intervention. This article presents a theoretical framework for the emerging area of “brain-training” interventions that includes both laboratory-based direct training methods and ecologically valid school-, family-, and community-based interventions. Although these approaches have proliferated in recent years, evidence supporting them is just beginning to emerge, and conceptual models underlying many of the techniques they employ tend to be underspecified and imprecise. Identifying the neural systems responsible for improvements in self-control may be of tremendous benefit not only for overall intervention efficacy but also for basic science issues related to underlying shared biological mechanisms of psychopathology. This article reviews the neurodevelopment of self-control and explores its implications for theory, intervention, and prevention. It then presents a neurally informed framework for understanding self-control development and change and discusses how this framework may inform future intervention strategies for individuals suffering with psychopathology or drug abuse/dependence, or for young children with delays in cognitive or emotional functioning.
Spin dynamics of a model singlet ground-state system

Inelastic neutron scattering has been used to study the spin dynamics of $\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{p}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}p}{\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, an induced-moment ferromagnet in which the lowest crystal-field levels of the ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ ions are two singlets. For $p=0.38$, magnetic excitons are observed which obey the dispersion relation given by mean-field theory. In addition, there is a resolution-limited peak at zero energy transfer which is not accounted for within conventional mean-field theory. For $p=0.97$, this central peak is also observed, but no magnetic excitons are seen.
Self-powered wireless thermoelectric sensors

Abstract Sensors capable of measuring various performance parameters of an operational power generation unit could help improve system performance and overall efficiencies. For example, measurement of temperatures, temperature differences, or exhaust gas concentrations could provide both a quick quantitative and qualitative assessment of system health and allow for operation of power units with smaller safety margins and therefore higher efficiencies. For this study a technique is presented that can transmit data about an operational system wirelessly in real-time to an external location. For these experiments thermoelectric element leads were connected to a solenoid coil. When the thermoelectric was exposed to a temperature difference a current was generated in the thermoelectric and solenoid coil resulting in a magnetic field. A receiver was then used to measure the changes in magnetic field of the system. Two primary configurations were developed to test this wireless sensor configuration: dynamic and static. For dynamic measurements a pendulum and pneumatic air cylinder were used to simulate a moving component that may pass the external Hall sensor such as a fan or turbine blade. For dynamic measurements it was determined that for accurate results it is very important to maintain the distance constant between the Hall sensor and solenoid coil. For stationary measurements the temperature difference across the thermoelectric was related to output measurements from the Hall sensor. Overall, results show that data can be wirelessly transmitted to an external location using this method.
Indirect allorecognition of HLA class I peptides by CD4+ cytolytic T lymphocytes

T-cell responses to alloantigens can occur either by "direct" recognition of donor MHC molecules, or "indirect" recognition of MHC peptides in association with self-MHC. To evaluate human T cells mediating indirect allorecognition, a CD4+ TCL and clones specific for HLA-A1 or HLA-B8 (residues 60-84) were generated from normal PBLs (A2,29 B62,- DR1,4 DQ3). Most clones were A1 specific (16 out of 17 tested), HLA-DR4 restricted (8 out of 8), and lysed targets pulsed with A1 peptide (16 out of 16). An amino acid substitution at position 86 of the DR4 beta chain (G -> V) abrogated the capacity of CD4+ CTLs to lyse target cells. Chloroquine treatment of A1-pulsed targets reduced their susceptibility to lysis, indicating a requirement for peptide processing. The TCL and clones were stimulated to proliferate by cells bearing intact HLA-A1 when autologous APCs were present, indicating that the epitope contained within the A1 60-84 peptide being recognized is produced when APCs process native HLA-A1. Furthermore, the clones and TCL did not recognize HLA-A1 on target cells carrying this allele plus self-HLA-DR4. These studies suggest a much wider role for CD4+ T cells in allograft immunity.