cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GPS: A military/civilian collaboration.

Daniel Clery's article “Europe's answer to GPS could be a boon for research” (News of the Week, 23 Dec. 2005, p. 1893) did a fine job of describing how Galileo (the European equivalent of the U.S.'s GPS) will extend the research value of global satellite navigation systems and help further develop new applications pioneered by GPS, including weather forecasting, ocean altimetry, surface roughness, and wave height. Science readers should be aware that, although GPS is operated and maintained by the U.S. military, it is designed as a dual-use system and is managed by a joint military-civil committee. The official U.S. Government policy ([www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm][1]) states that “The United States Government recognizes that GPS plays a key role around the world as part of the global information infrastructure and takes seriously the responsibility to provide the best possible service to civil and commercial users worldwide. This is as true in times of conflict as it is in times of peace.” One other point of clarification is that a single GPS receiver in low Earth orbit can detect hundreds of atmospheric occulation signals every day, not just “a few.” [1]: http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm
Measurements of spatial line emission profiles in the main scrape-off layer of the DIII-D tokamak.

A video camera system is described as that measures the spatial distribution of visible line emission emitted from the main scrape-off layer (SOL) of plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak. A wide-angle lens installed on an equatorial port and an in-vessel mirror, which intercepts part of the lens’ view, provide simultaneous tangential views of the SOL on the low-field and high-field sides of the plasma’s equatorial plane. Tomographic reconstruction techniques are used to calculate the two-dimensional (2D) poloidal profiles from the raw data, and one-dimensional (1D) poloidal profiles simulating chordal views of other optical diagnostics from the 2D profiles. The 2D profiles can be compared with SOL plasma simulations; the 1D profiles with measurements from spectroscopic diagnostics. Sample results are presented, which elucidate carbon transport in plasmas with toroidally uniform injection of methane and argon transport in disruption mitigation experiments with massive gas jet injection.
A Model for Predicting the Outcomes of Basketball Games

SUMMARY We investigated the task of predicting the outcomes of sporting events, in particular, basketball games. In two experiments, college students predicted the outcomes of a series of National Basketball Association (NBA) games. Following each prediction, the subject received feedback in the form of the actual outcome of the NBA game. After a period of initial learning about the relative strengths of the teams, the subjects were surprisingly successful in their predictions. We examined expert-novice differences by comparing the published predictions of professional oddsmakers to the predictions of the experimental subjects. The average predictions by the subjects were approximately as accurate as the predictions of experts. Finally, we applied a mathematical model, developed originally as an account of simpler learning experiments, to the subjects’ responses. We found that the course of the subjects’ learning about the teams was well-described by this model.
Displacement of the Moho by the Outer Isles thrust shown by seismic modelling

Deep seismic data (Fig. 1) from the Caledonides, off the north-west coast of Scotland, collected (1981–82) by the British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS), show evidence that Caledonian thrusts have been reactivated as Mesozoic normal faults1,2. The best example is the Outer Isles (OI) thrust, which is mapped on land as a compressional fault, and is revealed by these data to be overlain offshore by a thick, wedge-shaped Mesozoic rift basin1, known as the North Lewis (NL) basin. Here we have used synthetic seismic sections to identify distortions of the OI thrust reflection due to the NL basin. Models, which compensate for the effects of this distortion, show that the OI thrust has a steeper angle of dip than has been predicted previously assuming no distortion, causing the OI thrust to project into a 2–3 km offset of the Moho and hence to penetrate the entire crust. Our data, suggesting that shear strains affecting the lower crust may be localized in character, have adverse implications for rheological models which predict, to the contrary, that the lower crust is a region where strain is distributed.
Synthesis of Novel Block Copolymers Comprised of Polyisobutylene and Poly(vinylferrocene) Segments

Well-defined poly(vinylferrocene)s with predictable molecular weights and low polydispersities were prepared by living anionic polymerization of vinylferrocene initiated with nBuLi in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −28 °C as well as 0 °C. The living poly(vinylferrocenyl)lithium (PVFcLi) was first employed in coupling reactions with haloallyl chain-end functionalized polyisobutylene (PIB) series. By using bromoallyl chain-end functionalized PIB, the coupling proceeded in THF at 0 °C to afford a new AB diblock copolymer comprised of PIB and PVFc segments with high coupling efficiency (∼85%) limited by undesired lithium-halogen exchange. The synthesis of an ABA triblock copolymer, PVFc-b-PIB-b-PVFc, was also attempted by coupling of α,ω-bromoallyl difunctionalized PIB and PVFcLi; however, lithium-halogen exchange yielded a significant amount of byproducts. In contrast, PIB-b-PVFc and PVFc-b-PIB-b-PVFc with excellent coupling efficiencies (>94%) could be successfully synthesized by using chlorosilyl chain-end funct...
Upper atmospheric probing by resonance fluorescence excited by tunable laser radiation.

Consideration of the application of the measurement of resonance fluorescence radiation excited by tunable laser radiation to the detection of atomic, molecular, and ionic species in the upper atmosphere. The species considered are N2, N2(+), NO, NO(+), O2(+), CO, CO(+), CH, Na, K, and Ca. Calculations of the resonance scattering cross sections, photon returns, and signal-to-noise ratios are given for these species for a range of conditions. Based on a probing altitude of 100 km, the detections of N2, NO, CO, CH, O2, and the trace metals appear feasible with state-of-the-art systems and within the concentration range present in the atmosphere.
Stability of Ni electrodes and Ni-BaTiO3 interface evolution in ultrathin BME MLCCs

Microstructural control in thin-layer multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) is one of the present day challenges for maintaining an increase in capacitive volumetric efficiency. It is observed that the continuity of the Ni electrodes increases with increasing heating rate but behaves non-linearly on sintering temperature. It is proposed that an interfacial liquid alloy layer initiates when the Ni electrodes are under tension. This accelerates a stress-induced diffusion which is the key cause of the severe electrode discontinuities during heating. Kinetic and thermodynamic approaches based on the control of sintering profiles or the control of Ni-BaTiO3 interface chemistry are proposed to prevent the Ni electrode discontinuity.
Branding resources: extractive communities, industrial brandscapes and themed environments:

As the labour process is mechanized and Fordist social contracts between company and workers erode, extractive communities bear increased costs while receiving fewer benefits. The authors use two case studies to elucidate how processes that characterize post-industrial culture elsewhere are now transforming the working landscapes of rural mining and timbering communities. Companies draw on branding techniques familiar to other contexts to evoke markets where none exist, and to link production practices with particular forms of identity. These branding strategies at the site of production attempt to simulate the paternalistic culture of a company town, in a themed environment that identifies the company with both locale and nation. These techniques allowed both companies in this article to extend temporary legitimacy in their practices, creating a sense of continuity despite the radical rearrangement and intensification of mining and timbering practices.
Quantum theories of dilaton gravity.

Quantization of two-dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to conformal matter is investigated. Working in the conformal gauge about a fixed background metric, the theory may be viewed as a $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model whose target space is parametrized by the dilaton $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and conformal factor $\ensuremath{\rho}$. A precise connection is given between the constraint that the theory be independent of the background metric and conformal invariance of the resulting $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model. Although the action is renormalizable, new coupling constants must be specified at each order in perturbation theory in order to determine the quantum theory. These constants may be viewed as initial data for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-function equations. It is argued that not all choices of these data correspond to physically sensible theories of gravity, and physically motivated constraints on the data are discussed. In particular a recently constructed subclass of initial data which reduces the full quantum theory to a soluble Liouville-like theory has energies unbounded from below and thus is unphysical. Possibilities for modifying this construction so as to avoid this difficulty are briefly discussed.
The effect of dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C3S) on the thermal stability of vinyl-type polymer concrete☆

Abstract The effect of anhydrous cement on the thermal stability of vinyl-type polymer concretes has been studied by investigating the interaction between the polymers and the calcium compounds of cement. It was proven from differential scanning calorimetry that C2S and C3S have a significant effect on the thermal stability of polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene. From infrared analysis, the reaction mechanism appears to occur between the calcium oxide in the filler and the -CH2- groups in the polymer. Polymer concrete containing 17 wt% C2S maintained excellent strength after exposure for 30 days to 25% brine solutions and to air at 238°C.
Self-Nucleated Thin Films of GaN and Al x Ga1−x N for Optoelectronic Devices: Structure and Morphology

Abstract There is increasing interest in the use of Group IIIA nitrides (A1N, GaN, InN, and their alloys) for a variety of optoelectronic applications, including short wavelength sources and detectors. Progress, while spectacular these past few years, has been hampered by the lack of bulk, lattice-matched material to serve as the substrate for homoepitaxial growth. The most common substrate, basal plane sapphire, with a 16% lattice mismatch, requires a predeposited nucleation layer to achieve pseudo two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth suitable for device processing. The surface morphology and mosaic dispersion of both unnucleated and self-nucleated GaN thin films have been studied by a combination of real space images from atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopies and reciprocal space intensity data from X-ray scattering measurements. The unnucleated GaN films show a large-grained hexagonal relief, typical of three-dimensional island growth, while the self-nucleated films are shown to be dense mo...
Lopinavir/ritonavir: towards simplifying therapy in HIV infection

Combination antiretroviral therapy has greatly decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection, although many agents currently available are limited by difficult dosing requirements, side-effect profiles and the development of resistance. Lopinavir/ritonavir is a coformulation of two protease inhibitors that exploit a favorable drug–drug interaction, yielding sustained increases in plasma levels of lopinavir. This agent has shown excellent therapeutic efficacy in both antiretroviral-naive and –experienced patients, with a tolerable side-effect profile and without evidence of the development of primary resistance mutations in registrational trials. Once-daily dosing has been approved recently for use in antiretroviral-naive patients, and US FDA approval was granted recently for a new tablet formulation that decreases the number of pills required for standard dosing.
Defusing the Nuclear Middle East

It would take some doing, including the imposition of an effective enforcement mechanism, but a nuclear-free zone could be the best answer to proliferation in the Middle East.
A new water-soluble near-infrared croconium dye

Abstract A new water-soluble near-infrared (NIR) absorbing croconium dye, 2,5-bis[(4-carboxylic-piperidylamino)thiophenyl]-croconium, was synthesised by condensing croconic acid with 2-(4-carboxylic-piperidylamino)thiophene and characterised by 1H NMR, high-resolution MS and UV–vis spectra. The dye showed a sharp and intense absorption band peaking near 800 nm and little absorption in visible region in several water-soluble polymers. It also exhibited excellent photostability in water, methanol and in the plastic films. Due to its good water solubility, a water-based coating process was developed to make NIR blocking plastic filters for use as attenuators of stray light in NIR laser systems.
Recovery of sperm production following radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease after induction chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, vincristine, vinblastine, and prednisone (NOVP).

Abstract Purpose: The effect on human male fertility of radiotherapy following chemotherapy for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease (HD) is unknown. The impact of radiation therapy, given after mitoxantrone, vincristine, vinblastine, and prednisone (NOVP) chemotherapy, on sperm production is the focus of this study. Patients: Serial semen analyses were performed on 34 patients with HD Stages I–III before NOVP chemotherapy, after chemotherapy prior to radiation, and after radiation therapy. The most inferior radiation portals for patients were: mantle, 1 patient; paraaortic-spleen, 3 patients; upper abdomen, 24 patients; abdominal spade, 4 patients; and pelvic, 2 patients. Testicular radiation dose measurements were available for 20 of these patients. Results: Before the start of radiation, 90% of patients were normospermic. The magnitude of the decline in sperm counts was related to the measured testicular dose and/or radiation fields employed. The minimum postradiotherapy counts, expressed as a fraction of pretreatment counts, for the various treatment groups are as follows: paraaortic-spleen, 20%; upper abdomen, testicular dose Conclusion: The effect of radiation following NOVP chemotherapy on sperm counts was no greater than would be expected with radiation therapy alone. In most patients, sperm counts recovered to levels compatible with normal fertility.
Theoretical models for wide binary evolution

Wide binary evolution under the influence of stars, giant molecular clouds, and the galactic tidal field is reviewed. Recent results show that binary lifetimes ata≳0.1 pc are determined by an interplay between relatively gentle evolution due to stellar encounters and catastrophic collisions with cloud subclumps. It is emphasized that binary semimajor axis distributions may not be understood from lifetimes alone. To determine the theoretical distribution binary ‘birthrate functions’ must be convolved with probability distributions for the evolution of an ensemble of binaries from given initial separations. Simple models show no sharp breaks below the tidal cut-off imposed by the Galaxy.
Voltage-sensing phosphatase modulation by a C2 domain.

The voltage-sensing phosphatase (VSP) is the first example of an enzyme controlled by changes in membrane potential. VSP has four distinct regions: the transmembrane voltage-sensing domain (VSD), the inter-domain linker, the cytosolic catalytic domain and the C2 domain. The VSD transmits the changes in membrane potential through the inter-domain linker activating the catalytic domain which then dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol phosphate lipids. The role of the C2, however, has not been established. In this study, we explore two possible roles for the C2: catalysis and membrane-binding. The Ci-VSP crystal structures show that the C2 residue Y522 lines the active site suggesting a contribution to catalysis. When we mutated Y522 to phenylalanine, we found a shift in the voltage dependence of activity. This suggests hydrogen bonding as a mechanism of action. Going one step further, when we deleted the entire C2 domain, we found voltage-dependent enzyme activity was no longer detectable. This result clearly indicates the entire C2 is necessary for catalysis as well as for modulating activity. As C2s are known membrane-binding domains, we tested whether the VSP C2 interacts with the membrane. We probed a cluster of four positively charged residues lining the top of the C2 and suggested by previous studies to interact with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) (Kalli et al., 2014). Neutralizing those positive charges significantly shifted the voltage dependence of activity to higher voltages. We tested membrane binding by depleting PI(4,5)P2 from the membrane using the 5HT2C receptor and found that the VSD motions as measured by voltage clamp fluorometry were not changed. These results suggest that if the C2 domain interacts with the membrane to influence VSP function it may not occur exclusively through PI(4,5)P2. Together, this data advances our understanding of the VSP C2 by demonstrating a necessary and critical role for the C2 domain in VSP function.
Surface area determination via NMR: Fluid and frequency effects

Recently, the use of NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements has been proposed as a tool for the determination of specific surface area. The use of this approach, which has several advantages and disadvantages as compared to conventional methods, was demonstrated using relaxation measurements of water at 20 MHz for two materials with similar surface chemistry. In principle, the surface-enhanced spin-lattice relaxation rate is a function of proton frequency, fluid, temperature and surface chemistry. In this paper, we describe relaxation measurements at 303 K using a range of fluids (water, methanol, ethanol, cyclohexane) at two proton frequencies (20 and 300 MHz) for a series of samples with different surface areas from three different porous solid groups (controlled pore glass, mixed ester cellulose membranes and carbon blacks). Surface area of samples studied were in the range of 4.4 to 179.0 m2/g. A three-fold increase in the sensitivity of the surface area determination is noted when the frequency is decreased from 300 to 20 MHz. In general, surface area sensitivity increases with fluid type as (cyclohexane ⪡ water < methanol < ethanol).
The distribution, commonness, and habitat characteristics of Fissidens hyalinus in the United States

Abstract Fissidens hyalinus Hook. & Wils. is often considered to be one of the rarest mosses in the United States. The species, however, is much more common than has previously been assumed. Sixty-five new collections of F. hyalinus, in combination with previous collections, document the species from 28 counties, 7 states, and 5 major physiographic provinces. The species is newly reported for Alabama, Tennessee, and Virginia. Fissidens hyalinus is most frequent on bare soil of streambanks in steep and deeply dissected landscapes with calcareous geology and mixed deciduous forests.
Energy-aware application scheduling on a heterogeneous multi-core system

Heterogeneous multi-core processors are attractive for power efficient computing because of their ability to meet varied resource requirements of diverse applications in a workload. However, one of the challenges of using a heterogeneous multi-core processor is to schedule different programs in a workload to matching cores that can deliver the most efficient program execution. This paper presents an energy-aware scheduling mechanism that employs fuzzy logic to calculate the suitability between programs and cores by analyzing important inherent program characteristics such as instruction dependency distance and branch transition rate. The obtained suitability is then used to guide the program scheduling in the heterogeneous multi-core system. The experimental results show that the proposed suitability-guided program scheduling mechanism achieves up to 15.0% average reduction in energy-delay product compared with that of the random scheduling approach. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to apply fuzzy logic to schedule programs in heterogeneous multi-core systems.
On Balancing Energy Consumption, Rendering Speed, and Image Quality on Mobile Devices

Mobile games and graphics are popular because un-tethered computing is convenient and ubiquitous entertainment is compelling. However, rendering graphics on mobile devices faces challenges due to limited system resources, such as battery energy, and low memory and disk space. Real time frame rates, low energy consumption and high image quality are all desirable attributes of interactive mobile graphics; however, achieving these objectives is conflicting. For instance, increasing mesh resolutions improves rendered image quality but consumes more battery energy. Therefore, the authors propose a mobile graphics heuristic to minimize energy consumption while maintaining acceptable image quality and interactive frame rates. Over the lifetime of a mobile graphics application, scene complexity, animation paths, user interactivity and other elements all change its CPU and resource demands. In this regard, a heuristic that dynamically changes scene mesh LoDs and amount of CPU timeslices allotted to the mobile graphics application is presented to select optimal operating conditions that balance rendering speed, energy conservation and image quality. Additionally, a workload predict model is proposed so that the heuristic can monitor both application workload and the availability of resources of mobile devices periodically, while adaptively determining how much resources will be allocated to applications.
The expression of a novel receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase suggests a role in morphogenesis and plasticity of the nervous system

Analysis of the localization of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase-beta (RPTP-beta) by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry indicates that it is predominantly expressed in the developing central nervous system (CNS). RPTP-beta is highly expressed in radial glia and other forms of glial cells that play an important role during development. The immunoreactivity localizes to the radial processes of these cells, which act as guides during neuronal migration and axonal elongation. The pattern of RPTP-beta expression changes with the progression of glial cell differentiation. In the adult, high levels of RPTP-beta are seen in regions of the brain where there is continued neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth. The spatial and temporal patterns of RPTP-beta expression suggest that this receptor phosphatase plays a role in morphogenesis and plasticity of the nervous system.
The relationship between post-burn increases in peripheral resistance and vasopressin☆

Abstract Using the dog anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital receiving a 15 per cent total body surface full skin thickness flame burn as an experimental model, it was observed that administration of the vasopressin, V-1 receptor, blocking agent d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (SK&F100273) prior to burn could significantly reduce the increase in peripheral resistance which occurs in untreated burned animals. At 30 min post-burn peripheral resistance was 60·2±7·8 units in treated animals and 117·1±16·8 units in untreated animals. At 60 min post-burn these values were 71·3±7·2 units and 117·0±13·5 units, respectively. Changes in cardiac output were significantly less in treated than untreated experimental animals. The mean arterial blood pressures were not significantly different. Plasma levels of vasopressin were measured by radio-immunoassay prior to burn and at 30-min intervals for 6 h following burn. At the time of taking blood samples for vasopressin levels, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were measured and peripheral resistance was calculated. The results of this study showed that immediately post-burn vasopressin plasma levels increased from 6·2±2·2pg/ml to 27·3±9·5pg/ml and peripheral resistance increased from 62·3±6·3 units to 128·0±20·3 units. During the remaining 6h of the experimental study both vasopressin plasma levels and peripheral resistance remained elevated. These results show that following thermal injury there is a significant release of vasopressin and suggest that the increase in peripheral resistance observed could be due in part to the vasoconstrictor action of the released vasopressin.
Synchronous release of ATP and neurotransmitter within milliseconds of a motor nerve impulse in the frog

1. It has been suggested that ATP is released together with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and, after hydrolysis to adenosine, is the primary physiological mediator of prejunctional neuromuscular depression. To evaluate whether ATP is released with sufficient rapidity to mediate prejunctional depression, outside-out patches containing both ATP-gated and ACh-gated ion channels were made from acutely dissociated guinea-pig sympathetic neurons and used to detect the co-release of nucleotide and neurotransmitter in frog cutaneous pectoris nerve-muscle preparations. 2. In a normal bathing solution in which muscle nicotinic receptors were blocked, a single stimulus to the motor nerve produced channel openings in the detector patch characteristic of both ATP and ACh. 3. In the remaining experiments, preparations were treated with sufficient hexamethonium (200 microM) to block nicotinic responses in the detector patch. In these experiments, a single temporally isolated nerve impulse caused the synchronous opening of ATP-gated channels in the detector patch with a latency of < 5 ms when patches were placed within 10 microns of the motor nerve ending. This multichannel phasic response was followed by trail of discrete channel openings characteristic of ATP-gated channels. 4. The selective ATP antagonist suramin (50 microM) reversibly eliminated the response to nerve stimulation. 5. The results suggest that ATP is released synchronously together with the neurotransmitter ACh in response to an individual nerve impulse and with a brief latency characteristic of quantal release from synaptic vesicles.
Is statistical learning constrained by lower level perceptual organization

In order for statistical information to aid in complex developmental processes such as language acquisition, learning from higher-order statistics (e.g. across successive syllables in a speech stream to support segmentation) must be possible while perceptual abilities (e.g. speech categorization) are still developing. The current study examines how perceptual organization interacts with statistical learning. Adult participants were presented with multiple exemplars from novel, complex sound categories designed to reflect some of the spectral complexity and variability of speech. These categories were organized into sequential pairs and presented such that higher-order statistics, defined based on sound categories, could support stream segmentation. Perceptual similarity judgments and multi-dimensional scaling revealed that participants only perceived three perceptual clusters of sounds and thus did not distinguish the four experimenter-defined categories, creating a tension between lower level perceptual organization and higher-order statistical information. We examined whether the resulting pattern of learning is more consistent with statistical learning being "bottom-up," constrained by the lower levels of organization, or "top-down," such that higher-order statistical information of the stimulus stream takes priority over perceptual organization and perhaps influences perceptual organization. We consistently find evidence that learning is constrained by perceptual organization. Moreover, participants generalize their learning to novel sounds that occupy a similar perceptual space, suggesting that statistical learning occurs based on regions of or clusters in perceptual space. Overall, these results reveal a constraint on learning of sound sequences such that statistical information is determined based on lower level organization. These findings have important implications for the role of statistical learning in language acquisition.
An elastohydrodynamic theory for the rheology of concentrated suspensions of deformable particles

Abstract The equations which govern thin films of a Newtonian liquid confined between deformable solid surfaces are applied to the regions of near contact in a concentrated suspension of deformable particles. For the case of slightly deformable elastic particles, one obtains the socalled “elastohydrodynamic” equations of lubrication theory. The appropriate asymptotic solution of these equations yields estimates for the viscosity, of a form proposed earlier by Frankel and Acrivos [1] for rigid particles, as well as a relaxation time for a suspension of near spheres. The present method, which goes beyond the dissipation calculation of Frankel and Acrivos to a derivation of the full stress tensor, yields the same form of dependence of viscosity on particle concentration. However, there is an as yet unexplained difference between the methods in the value of a numerical coefficient determined by the assumed packing of the spheres. While further work is needed on the kinetic theory for fluid suspensions, the methods employed here for the derivation of the stress tensor should have direct utility for certain solid dispersions, where it is possible to specify a priori the particle-packing in the system.
Cocaine sobers up

A drug that discourages alcohol ingestion has shown promise as a treatment for cocaine addiction. New findings in rats suggest a potential mechanism—the drug decreases amounts of dopamine in the brain ( pages 1024–1028 ). Blocking enzymes that regulate dopamine abundance may be a new way to treat cocaine addiction and prevent relapse in humans.
500 PEDIATRIC HOUSE OFFFICER EDUCATION IN NEWBORN INTENTSIVE CARE UNITS

The purpose of this time motion study was to quantitate and evaluate the time spent by PL-l's in the newborn intensive care unit (NBICU). Seven PL-l's were followed continuously for approximately one week each. A total of 505 hours including 9 on-call shifts were studied. Nineteen percent of the time involved discussing patients with faculty, house officers, students and nurses; 17%, patient rounds and conferences; 16%, charting and writing histories and physicals, progress notes, etc.; 12%*, performing procedures which could easily be performed by non-physician personnel; 9%, personal activities; 8%, miscellaneous; 7%, physical examination or parent contact; 6%, tasks generally considered the responsibility of the physician, such as umbilical artery catheterization; and 5%*, non-medical tasks such as secretarial duties. Based on 61 replies to 110 questionnaires sent to neonatal centers, an average of 23.3 weeks (16%) is spent by pediatric house officers in newborn nurseries in a 3-year training program. Ten programs required more than 28 weeks, but none more than 42 weeks. Conclusions are: 1) 16% of pediatric training is in the nursery; 2) a significant proportion of the house officers' time is spent in activities which other personnel could perform; and 3) nursing roles in an NBICU could be extended in order to relieve the house officer of many tasks(*).
Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm

Left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysms form when cardiac rupture is contained by adherent pericardium or scar tissue. Although LV pseudoaneurysms are not common, the diagnosis is difficult and they are prone to rupture. We evaluated the clinical presentation, diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities, results of therapy and prognosis of 290 patients with LV pseudoaneurysms. Most cases of LV pseudoaneurysm were related to myocardial infarction (particularly inferior wall myocardial infarction) and cardiac surgery. Congestive heart failure, chest pain and dyspnea were the most frequently reported symptoms, but >10% of patients were asymptomatic. Physical examination revealed a murmur in 70% of patients. Almost all patients had electrocardiographic abnormalities, but these were usually nonspecific ST segment changes; only 20% of patients had ST segment elevation. Although radiographic findings were also usually nonspecific, the appearance of a mass was present in more than one half of patients and may be an important clue to the correct diagnosis. Left ventricular angiography was the most definitive test and can be useful in planning surgery since concomitant coronary angiography can be performed. Regardless of treatment, patients with LV pseudoaneurysms had a high mortality rate, especially those who did not undergo surgery. Because the symptoms, signs, electrocardiographic abnormalities and radiographic findings seen in patients with LV pseudoaneurysms can be indistinguishable from those in patients with coronary disease alone, a high clinical index of suspicion is needed to avoid missing the diagnosis.
On design of observer-based pulse-frequency-modulated feedback control systems

A simple method of for observer-based design of pulse-frequency modulated (PFM) control systems is presented. The method consists of first designing a conventional observer-based control system, and then placing a pulse-frequency modulator in the control path, feeding back the PFM signal to the observer. The stability of systems designed by this method is discussed, and the method is illustrated by two examples: a d-c motor and an inverted pendulum.
Bespoke tools: adapted to the concepts developers know

Even though different developers have varying levels of expertise, the tools in one developer's integrated development environment (IDE) behave the same as the tools in every other developers' IDE. In this paper, we propose the idea of automatically customizing development tools by modeling what a developer knows about software concepts. We then sketch three such ``bespoke'' tools and describe how development data can be used to infer what a developer knows about relevant concepts. Finally, we describe our ongoing efforts to make bespoke program analysis tools that customize their notifications to the developer using them.
Men Reconnecting Spirituality and Sexuality

Society as a whole, particularly men, is sorely in need of an integrated vision of sexuality and spirituality. In the absence of such a vision, men experience their sexuality as burden not blessing, as nonrelational sexuality, and unconnected lust. Men are at risk of preoccupation with sexual fantasy, pornography, affairs, sexual addiction, and abuse. This article suggests the need for an integrated, expanded understanding of sexuality and spirituality, explores the origins and costs of this dissociation, and considers the nature of desire and the archetype of the Lover. The article closes with clinical and educational strategies for facilitating men’s work reconnecting sexuality and spirituality.
Evaluation of a HIV/AIDS education program for adolescents.

The adolescent population has recently been recognized as one of the groups at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Statistics are beginning to document the extent of this trend. This study is aimed at determining adolescent sexual behaviors and the efficacy of a medical student-run acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) education program. Medical students taught 2,169 high school students in the St. Louis area with a pre- and post-intervention questionnaire administered to record levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge and sexual practices. Data revealed that 56.4% of the respondents were sexually active with 70.4% having multiple partners and 61.0% admitting to unprotected sex. These students demonstrated a significant increase in their knowledge about HIV infection after the educational program. The results show that, adolescents are sexually active and more importantly, they are practicing behaviors that put them at risk for HIV/AIDS, a risk which they recognize. Finally, the educational intervention did increase students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS. This may not translate into a change in behaviors, but it is a first step.
Hepatic tumor necrosis factors production and distant organ dysfunction in a murine model of obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND : Multisystem organ dysfunction frequently occurs following obstructive jaundice, but its etiology remains unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role for endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in the renal and pulmonary injury that accompanies obstructive jaundice. METHODS : Two hundred and twenty C57BL/6 mice underwent ligation and division of the common bile duct or a sham celiotomy. The animals were randomized to receive either placebo or 1 mg/kg BW (low dose) or 15 mg/kg BW (high dose) of a novel TNF-α inhibitor comprised of two extracellular domains of the p55 TNF receptor linked together with polyethylene glycol. Serum bilirubin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen were determined. TNF-α bioactivity in plasma and organs was determined using the WEHI 164 clone 13 cytotoxicity assay. The TNF-α messenger RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Neutrophil infiltration into the lungs and kidney were quantitated by the myeloperoxidase assay. RESULTS : Common bile duct ligation and division resulted in rapid and sustained increases in serum bilirubin, creatinine, and urea nitrogen, peaking 2 to 5 days later. Hepatic TNF-α production was detected in the liver within 8 hours following obstructive jaundice, but TNF-α production could not be detected in the kidney or lung at any time point. Increased neutrophil infiltration occurred in the lung following obstructive jaundice peaking 5 days after obstructive jaundice. This neutrophil infiltration into the lungs could be partially inhibited (62%, P < 0.05) by administration of the novel TNF inhibitor. In contrast, neither renal nor hepatic dysfunction were affected by TNF-α blockade. CONCLUSIONS : Hepatic TNF-α production is an integral component of the response to obstructive jaundice. A TNF-a-mediated inflammatory response occurs in the lungs as a result of obstructive jaundice ; however, renal and hepatic dysfunction do not appear to be TNF-a dependent since they cannot be affected by TNF-α blockade.
The Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experiment (SISEX)

The concept of the imaging spectrometer is becoming established as a major new thrust in remote sensing of the earth. For several years, JPL has operated the airborne imaging spectrometer on a NASA C-130; this instrument has demonstrated the direct identification of surface materials using imaging spectrometry. An advanced aircraft instrument, the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS), began operation on a NASA U-2 in 1987. The Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experiment (SISEX) was conceived as the next step in the sequence, and would provide a relatively inexpensive demonstration of the concept in earth orbit. This paper describes the design and development status of SISEX and the status of the enabling technology.
Dominant lethal assay. II. Folpet and difolatan

Abstract The fungicides, folpet (N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide) and Difolatan (N-(tetrachloroethylthio)tetrahydrophthalimide) were given to male rats in five daily ip or orally intubated doses. These rats were subsequently mated with untreated females for the following 10 wk in an assay designed to determine dominant lethal potential. Neither degrees of fertility nor mean total implants were affected by the compounds. Mean early deaths per pregnancy were consistently higher than those of the controls after either ip or oral administration of either compound. The percentages of litters with two or more early deaths showed statistically significant increases after treatment, and the increases appeared to be dose-related.
Syntheses of carbon-14 and tritium labelled forms of bupropion hydrochloride – a novel antidepressant

Bupropion hydrochloride 1 (2-tert-butylamino-3′-chloropropiophenone hydrochloride) was synthesized in the [14C]-labelled form with specific activity 36.5 mCi/mmol suitable for drug metabolism, distribution and pharmacokinetic studies. The drug was synthesized in the [3H]-labelled form with specific activity 20.5 Ci/mmol suitable for development of a radioimmunoassay procedure.
Start‐Up Social Ventures: Blending Fine‐Grained Behaviors From Two Institutions for Entrepreneurial Success

Social entrepreneurs develop market–driven ventures to produce social change; some succeed while others fail. This research advances our understanding of start–up behaviors of ventures that span no...
Goals and governance of higher education in India

In this paper, we explore the evolution of the Indian State’s role in governance, and the implications this has for goal setting. We find that the Indian government’s activist role in governance marked a change from the colonial period. This, we suggest, was not due to changes in the relative influence of different stakeholder groups. It was instead due to new national developmental goals, particularly industrialization. Fairly quickly after independence, we find that higher education governance came to be exercised in different ways between the center and the states. Control over the system’s governance was to later become an arena of contest between the national (central) government and the provinces (states), leading to disagreements on strategies, such as on funding and regulation. In later phases, particularly in the third phase that began in 1984 and continues to the present, the disagreements intensified because educational priorities started changing due to the changes in the relative influence of stakeholder groups and new forces such as globalization.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COURSE EVALUATION

Analyse factorielle des reponses de 54 eleves-infirmieres a un questionnaire d'evaluation d'un cours portant sur les methodes de recherches liees a leur future profession, les resultats etant compares avant et apres le suivi du cours
The effects of cognitive self-instruction on student teachers' perceptions of control

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of cognitive self-instructional (CSI) strategies for increasing student teachers' perceptions of control. Thirty-two subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. While both groups received training in lesson planning, instructing, evaluating instruction, and classroom management, the experimental training was augmented with CSI techniques. Fisher's Exact Test of a 2 × 2 contingency showed significant differences between groups for each of the four teaching phases above, with subjects receiving training in CSI perceiving themselves to be more in control than those with no training.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Induced Reactive Arthritis Treated With Systemic Corticosteroid

Reactive arthritis consists of the classic clinical triad of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis generally occurring within 6 weeks of an infection, typically of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems. Staphylococcus aureus is not usually implicated in this condition. Staphylococcal septicemia, while frequently associated with arthralgia, has rarely been associated with a sterile arthritis, although it infrequently results in septic arthritis. It is important to consider reactive arthritis, rather than solely an infectious cause of joint effusions, and arthropathy in a patient with a preceding or ongoing Staphylococcal infection. We report a case of reactive arthritis, in a human leukocyte B27-positive patient, following a recurrent bacterial prostatitis caused by methicillin-resistant S aureus.
Enantiomer fractions of chlordane components in sediment from U.S. Geological Survey sites in lakes and rivers.

Spatial, temporal, and sediment-type trends in enantiomer signatures were evaluated for cis- and trans-chlordane (CC, TC) in archived core, suspended, and surficial-sediment samples from six lake, reservoir, and river sites across the United States. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) measured in these samples are in good agreement with those reported for sediment, soil, and air samples in previous studies. The chlordane EFs were generally close to the racemic value of 0.5, with CC values ranging from 0.493 to 0.527 (usually >0.5) and TC values from 0.463 to 0.53 (usually <0.5). EF changes with core depth were detected for TC and CC in some cores, with the most non-racemic values near the top of the core. Surficial and suspended sediments generally have EF values similar to the top core layers but are often more non-racemic, indicating that enantioselective degradation is occurring before soils are eroded and deposited into bottom sediments. We hypothesize that rapid losses (desorption or degradation) from suspended sediments of the more bioavailable chlordane fraction during transport and initial deposition could explain the apparent shift to more racemic EF values in surficial and top core sediments. Near racemic CC and TC in the core profiles suggest minimal alteration of chlordane from biotic degradation, unless it is via non-enantioselective processes. EF values for the heptachlor degradate, heptachlor epoxide (HEPX), determined in surficial sediments from one location only were always non-racemic (EF ≈ 0.66), were indicative of substantial biotic processing, and followed reported EF trends.
Stepwise multiple quantile regression estimation using non-crossing constraints

Quantile regression is an important statistical tool for statistical modeling. It has been widely used in various fields including econometrics, medicine, and bioinformatics. Despite its popularity in practice, individually estimated quantile regression functions often cross each other and consequently violate the basic properties of quantiles. In this paper we propose a new method for estimating multiple quantile regression functions without crossing. Both linear and kernel quantile regression models are considered. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate competitive performance of the proposed method.
Apatite formability of boron nitride nanotubes.

This study investigates the ability of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) to induce apatite formation in a simulated body fluid environment for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days. BNNTs, when soaked in the simulated body fluid, are found to induce hydroxyapatite (HA) precipitation on their surface. The precipitation process has an initial incubation period of ~ 4.6 days. The amount of HA precipitate increases gradually with the soaking time. High resolution TEM results indicated a hexagonal crystal structure of HA needles. No specific crystallographic orientation relationship is observed between BNNT and HA, which is due to the presence of a thin amorphous HA layer on the BNNT surface that disturbs a definite orientation relationship.
Measurement of the coupling impedance in slow-wave structures using a longitudinally conducting plate

A method of measuring the coupling impedance in slow-wave structures (SWS) is presented and analyzed in this paper. This method is based on comparisons of the resonant frequencies of a SWS with and without the longitudinally conducting probe. Using these frequencies, we derive an expression for the wave impedance of a sheet electron beam in a planar SWS with a rectangular cross section.