cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
e + e - →H + e - ν̄ in the two-Higgs-doublet model

We calculate the cross section for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{H}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ in the two-Higgs-doublet model from one-loop diagrams involving top and bottom quarks. This process offers the possibility of producing the charged Higgs boson at the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider when its mass is more than half the center-of-mass energy, so that charged Higgs pair production is kinematically forbidden. The cross section receives contributions from both s-channel and t-channel processes; the s-channel contribution dominates for center-of-mass energies of 1 TeV and below. About 80% of the s-channel contribution comes from the resonant process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{H}^{+}{W}^{\ensuremath{-}},$ with ${W}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}.$ The cross section is generally small, below 0.01 fb for $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}g2,$ and falls with increasing $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}.$
Issues in the Design of Growth Exercises

This paper deals with the design of quantitative exercises relating objectives for the growth of national income over the medium term to key macroeconomic policy variables. It focuses on the roles of capital formation, saving, and total factor productivity in the process of economic growth and examines the main conceptual and empirical problems involved in accounting for the growth of national income, dealing explicitly with the cost of borrowing from abroad. The paper examines the link between fiscal and structural policies and the growth of productive capacity through the effect of those policies on productivity, saving and the cost of capital.
Multiples representations of knowledge in a mechanics problem-solver

Expert problem-solving programs have focused on working problems which humans consider difficult Oddly, many such problem-solvers could not solve less difficult versions of the problems addressed by their expertise This shortcoming also contributed to these program's inability to solve harder problems. To overcome this 'paradox' requires multiple representations of knowledge, inferencing schemes for each, and communication schemes between them. This paper presents a program, NEWTON, applying this idea to the domain of simple classical mechanics. NEWTON employs the method of envisionment, whereby simple questions may be answered directly, and plans produced for solving more complex problems. Envisioning enables NEWTON to use qualitative arguments when possible, with resorts to mathematical equations only if the qualitative reasoning fails to produce a solution.
A Grounded Theory of Inductive Qualitative Research Education: Results of a Meta-Data-Analysis

This paper reports on the first stage of a meta-study conducted by the authors on primary research published during the last thirty years that focused on discovering the experiences of students learning qualitative research. The authors carried out a meta-analysis of the findings of students’ experiences learning qualitative research included in twenty-five published articles. Using constructivist grounded theory to analyze the experience of those seeking to learn qualitative research, including factors that appear to support or interfere with their learning experiences, the authors identified three key dimensions of qualitative research students’ learning experiences—affective, cognitive, and experiential. Based on this analysis, the authors developed a grounded theory of qualitative research education. This theory suggests that students’ learning experiences will be enhanced through the implementation of an inductive approach to qualitative research education that incorporates experiential learning early in the learning experience. This paper reports these findings, presents this grounded theory of inductive qualitative research education, and discusses the implications of the findings of this meta-analysis for those teaching and researching qualitative research.
A Quantitative Description of the Relaxation of Textured Patterns

A characterization of textured patterns, referred to as the disorder function δ(β), is used to study the dynamics of patterns generated in the Swift-Hohenberg equation (SHE). The evolution of random initial states under the SHE exhibits two stages of relaxation. The initial phase, where local striped domains emerge from a noisy background, is quantified by a power law decay δ(β) ~t -1/2 Beyond a sharp transition a slower power law decay of δ(β), which corresponds to the coarsening of striped domains, is observed. The transition between the phases advances as the system is driven further from the onset of patterns, and suitable scaling of time and δ(β) leads to the collapse of distinct curves.
Probabilistic Temporal Logics via the Modal Mu-Calculus

This paper presents a mu-calculus-based modal logic for describing properties of probabilistic labeled transition systems (PLTSs) and develops a model-checking algorithm for determining whether or not states in finite-state PLTSs satisfy formulas in the logic. The logic is based on the distinction between (probabilistic) "systems" and (nonprobabilistic) "observations": using the modal mu-calculus, one may specify sets of observations, and the semantics of our logic then enable statements to be made about the measures of such sets at various system states. The logic may be used to encode a variety of probabilistic modal and temporal logics; in addition, the model-checking problem for it may be reduced to the calculation of solutions to systems of non-linear equations.
Boundary Conditions in Diffusional Growth and Sedimentation

In many applications, transport of particles can be described by the diffusion equation, or its convective-diffusion generalizations, in part of three-dimensional space. In particular, in surface deposition or in growth of aggregates or sediments, particles in the suspension outside the surface or aggregate boundary can be considered as diffusing under the influence of applied forces, such as the double-layer interactions or gravity. However, the diffusion equation cannot be used at the substrate or inside the aggregate. One convenient and widely used approach has been to impose boundary conditions at the surface, to supplement and completely define the diffusion problem outside it.1-11 This short survey describes some theoretical results on the use of such boundary conditions and their physical interpretation.
Adding Regime-Switching to a GARCH-Copula Model: Modeling the Joint Distribution of Excess Returns of S&P 500 and Nasdaq Indices

This paper adds regime-switching to the GARCH-Copula framework to model the joint distribution of the excess returns of S&P 500 and Nasdaq Indices. First, we plot the exceedance correlation and the tail dependence for the two indices to measure their asymmetric dependence. We arbitrarily divide the data into two subperiods and find that the evidence of asymmetric dependence for the second period (Oct. 16, 1996-Oct. 28, 2005) is not as strong as the first subperiod (Oct. 12, 1984-Oct. 15, 1996), which leads to the mild dependence asymmetry for the whole period (Oct. 12, 1984-Oct. 28, 2005). Based on this observation, we introduce the first set of regimes: normal copula and rotated Gumbel copula. Alternatively, we propose to use the two copula-normal copula and Student's t copula, which yield the highest log-likelihoods when used alone, as the chosen regimes. Our estimation results show that the regime-switching structure improves the log-likelihood and the latter choice of regimes gives the highest log-likelihood.
Federal-State Financial Relations, 1790–1860

Financial relationships between the federal government and the states were a critical matter in the founding and early operations of the federal government under the Constitution, with the settlement of the Revolutionary War debt the object of chief concern. When the debt was ultimately secured, other matters arose to keep funds passing from one level of government to another. Some of these were of major political importance, while others involving substantial sums made little political impact, being less controversial.
Advances in Plasma Heat Transfer

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the advances in plasma heat transfer. Serious heat-transfer problems are encountered in the development of various engineering devices that have to deal with gases heated to such temperatures that they are partially ionized. The term “plasma” has been adopted to describe such gases and the present paper surveys the knowledge of plasma heat-transfer processes encountered in various engineering applications, especially in the reentry problem in space flight, in arc technology, and in magnetohydrodynamic acceleration and energy conversion processes. Certain conditions are common to heat transfer in these applications and the present discussion will be restricted to these. The cooling effect of the walls to which heat is transferred extends generally into the plasma in a thin layer only which can, in the usual terminology, be described as a boundary layer. Analytical investigations on plasma heat transfer are almost completely restricted to laminar flow. In experiments, the degree and the nature of turbulence in the plasma streams is poorly known. The chapter discusses the plasma state and its influence on heat transfer. Plasma heat transfer in the absence of an externally applied electric or magnetic field has also been discussed. The chapter closes with a discussion on heat transfer in the presence of an electric current.
An Implementation of OFI Libfabric in Support of Multithreaded PGAS Solutions

In this paper, we present an implementation of the OpenFabrics Interfaces (OFI) libfabric API in support of multithreaded PGAS programming models. Specifically, we describe a libfabric provider implementation for the Cray XCTM system using the Generic Network Interface (GNI) library. OFI libfabric is a new portable network API designed to address the needs of high performance networking software. In fact, the PGAS community was specifically targeted to provide input during the design phase, and the requirements of the community were directly addressed. The Cray XC is a system designed to meet the needs of multithreaded PGAS applications, and thus the implementation of libfabric for the GNI library provides a unique opportunity to evaluate a provider. We present initial results from our GNI provider that show good multithreaded performance and scaling for one-sided libfabric operations, which represent the bulk of data transfer operations in PGAS applications. We also show initial results for two-sided operations that are often needed for bootstrapping and barrier-style operations.
Effects of hyperoxia on microvascular cells in vitro

Microvascular cells are most vulnerable to direct oxygen damage. Using an in vitro model system we have investigated the effect of elevated oxygen on the proliferation, morphology, and integrity of microvascular endothelial cells (EC) and pericytes. Cultivation of these cells at oxygen concentrations of 40% for 1 wk resulted in the inhibition of EC proliferation but had no effect on the growth of the pericytes. Similarly, hyperoxia induced a dramatic change in the shape of the EC, increasing their spread area by close to six-fold. Under the same conditions, the spread area of the pericytes was unaffected. To understand the effect of the hyperoxic treatment on the cells, the integrity of various membrane systems was assessed.51Chromium release was used to monitor plasma membrane integrity. There was no difference in chromium release by EC and pericytes over the 7 d of growth under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Mitochondrial integrity was examined by staining the cells with Rhodamine 123, which is selectively accumulated by the mitochondria. The staining pattern of the mitochondria of both EC and pericytes was altered by growth in the elevated oxygen. Finally, the lysosomes were visualized using acridine orange. The acridine orange staining pattern revealed enlarged and perinuclear lysosomes in the EC but no change in the pericyte lysosomal staining pattern. Thus, the cells of the microvasculature seem to be differentially affected by hyperoxia, a fact that may be significant in the etiology of reperfusion injury, ischemic disease, and pathologies associated with prematurity.
DEVELOPMENT OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND EXCRETION OF β2‐MICROGLOBULIN IN NEONATES DURING GENTAMICIN TREATMENT

Ten infants of different gestational ages (GA) and postnatal ages (PNA), treated with gentamicin, were compared with 10 control patients of similar GA and PNA to evaluate the possible nephrotoxic effects of this drug. Changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the fractional excretion of beta 2-microglobulin in urine (FE beta) were used as indicators of renal dysfunction. In the control infants there was a postnatal increase in the GFR that was higher in full-term than in preterm infants. The FE beta decreased logarithmically as a function of both the GA and the PNA. The GFR was statistically lower in 5/10 and 6/10 of the patients on the first and the last days of gentamicin treatment (GT) respectively. Three weeks after GT, 8/10 had a normal GFR. The FE beta was statistically higher in 4/10 of the patients on their first day of GT and 7/10 on their last day of GT. Three weeks after GT, 9/10 of the patients had a normal FE beta for their postnatal and gestational ages. It is concluded that GT influences filtration and proximal reabsorption in GT infants by decreasing the GFR and increasing the FE beta. However, the observed renal dysfunction seemed to be reversible.
A Review of Donald Capps’s At Home in the World

This article is part of a book forum on Donald Capps’s At Home in the World: A Study in Psychoanalysis, Religion, and Art. Commentary on the book is offered, and, in terms of future writing on male melancholia, it is suggested that the paradoxical notion of “melancholic happiness” be explored in terms of men’s religious sensibilities.
Bill provides clear mandate for NOAA

The Science Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives on 17 May approved the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Act (House Resolution 50), a bill to clarify and codify the agency's functions and responsibilities. The legislation now awaits action by the full House. NOAA was created by Executive Order in 1970, and since then has operated without a clear mandate from Congress on what its role and responsibilities should be. Passage of a NOAA organic act was a key recommendation of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy.
Effects of collateral blood vessel ligation and electrical conditioning on blood flow in dog latissimus dorsi muscle.

Abstract Utilization of skeletal muscle as a myocardial substitute requires it to undergo two major modifications: mobilization to the site of action and adaptation to continuous activity. We have examined the effects of collateral blood vessel ligation, which would accompany mobilization, on blood flow in control and electrically conditioned canine latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Blood flows were measured at rest and during a vigorous isometric fatigue test. In 22 control muscles, electrical stimulation during the fatigue test resulted in a sevenfold increase in muscle blood flow (0.26 ± 0.18 ml/g/min at rest, 1.69 ± 0.84 ml/g/min during stimulation). No difference was detected in flow to distal and proximal portions of the muscle. In three muscles where collateral vessels were ligated immediately before measurement of blood flow, flow in the proximal portion of the muscle was not significantly different from control, but in the distal portion, stimulation failed to elicit an increase in flow (0.12 ± 0.13 ml/g/min at rest, 0.16 ± 0.07 ml/g/min during stimulation). In animals allowed a 3-week recovery period following collateral vessel ligation, stimulation-induced increases in blood flow were detected but remained lower than control. Muscles which had been conditioned by continuous electrical stimulation for 6–7 weeks at 2 or 10 Hz generated less peak isometric tension than controls (peak tension = 4.5 ± 1.7 kg control, 2.4 ± 0.7 kg following 2 Hz conditioning, 1.6 ± 0.4 kg following 10 Hz conditioning). However, these muscles demonstrated an increased resistance to fatigue. Blood flows during stimulation were lower ( P ⩽ 0.01) than in nonconditioned control muscle, but were less affected by ligation of collateral blood vessels. The resistance to fatigue and the less prominant effect of collateral vessel ligation may indicate an advantage in using electrically conditioned muscle in the construction of a cardiac substitute.
The role of phospholipase C-γ1 in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulated keratinocyte differentiation

Abstract Phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) is the most abundant member of the phospholipase C family expressed in human keratinocytes. PLC-γ1 is induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) in normal keratinocytes via a DR6-type vitamin D responsive element. This regulation is not observed in transformed keratinocytes. The role of PLC-γ1 in mediating 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 and calcium-regulated differentiation was then tested. Both specific PLC inhibitors and antisense constructs which selectively block PLC-γ1 production prevented 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 and calcium from inducing markers of differentiation such as involucrin and transglutaminase. These studies demonstrate that PLC-γ1 induction by 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 is critical to the ability of this hormone to regulate keratinocyte differentiation.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF HETEROCYST DEVELOPMENT IN ANABAENA AZOLLAE STRASBURGER

SUMMARY Various stages of heterocyst development in Anabaena azollae growing within Azolla filiculoides were viewed with an electron microscope. Developing heterocysts undergo marked internal and external reorganization which cannot be detected with light microscopy. The proposed sequence of developmental stages includes: (1) formation of a thick, two-layered envelope; (2) contortion of photosynthetic lamellae; (3) loss of granular inclusions and possible loss of or change in nucleoplasms material; and (4) concentration of photosynthetic lamellae toward the poles. These findings are compared with those reported by Wildon and Mercer in 1963.
Toward the incorporation of costs, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-benefit analysis into clinical research.

Most research in clinical psychology and related disciplines does not measure, report, or analyze costs, cost-effectiveness, or cost-benefit analysis. Reasons for this are discussed. It may be thought, for example, that costs are trivial to measure. Data are presented to show that the values of resources consumed in treatment (i.e., costs) actually can be quite complex to assess accurately and completely. Research findings are assembled to show that costs, as experienced by clients, may be beneficial to assess in that they can be significantly related to the outcomes of treatment. Empirical findings also show that costs also can be useful to measure because costs and outcomes can be related inversely rather than directly (i.e., clients may benefit most from treatments that cost less than several viable alternatives). Finally, perceived impediments to assessing costs and to cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis in psychology are considered. Dialogue is encouraged on the scientific study of relationships between (a) monetary and other costs, (b) treatment techniques and treatment delivery systems, and (c) psychological and economic outcomes.
Effect of Lüders Bands on the Bending Capacity of Steel Tubes

In several offshore applications hot-finished pipe that often exhibits Luders bands is bent to strains of 2–3%. Luders banding is a material instability that leads to inhomogeneous plastic deformation in the range of 1–4%. It can precipitate structural instabilities and collapse of the pipe. Experiments and analysis are used to study the interaction of the prevalent structural instabilities under bending with Luders banding, with the objective of providing guidance to the designer. Pure bending experiments on tubes of various D/t values reveal that Luders bands result in the development of inhomogeneous deformation in the structure, in the form of coexistence of two curvature regimes. Under rotation controlled bending, the higher curvature zone(s) gradually spreads while the moment remains essentially unchanged. For relatively low D/t tubes with relatively smaller Luders strain, the whole tube eventually is deformed to the higher curvature, subsequently entering the usual hardening regime where it continues to deform uniformly until the expected limit state is reached. For higher D/t tubes and/or for materials with longer Luders strain, the structure collapses during the inhomogeneous deformation regime. This class of problems is analyzed using 3D finite elements and an elastic-plastic constitutive model with an up-down-up material response. It will be demonstrated that the solution procedure followed can simulate the experiments with consistency.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
An Ensemble Multiscale Filter for Large Nonlinear Data Assimilation Problems

Abstract Operational data assimilation problems tend to be very large, both in terms of the number of unknowns to be estimated and the number of measurements to be processed. This poses significant computational challenges, especially for ensemble methods, which are critically dependent on the number of replicates used to derive sample covariances and other statistics. Most efforts to deal with the related problems of computational effort and sampling error in ensemble estimation have focused on spatial localization. The ensemble multiscale Kalman filter described here offers an alternative approach that effectively replaces, at each update time, the prior (or background) sample covariance with a multiscale tree. The tree is composed of nodes distributed over a relatively small number of discrete scales. Global correlations between variables at different locations are described in terms of local relationships between nodes at adjacent scales (parents and children). The Kalman updating process can be carri...
Long arc orbit determination solutions using Encke's method

The long term tracking of geodetic satellites using laser ranging has provided an opportunity to conduct various geophysical studies by solving for continuous, dynamically consistent trajectories that span up to tens of thousands of orbital revolutions. The process of computing these long arc solutions require a reliable technique that numerically integrates the equations of motion. Previous studies have demonstrated that Encke's method can be used to reduce numerical integration errors and improve filter convergence for long arc solutions. However, current forms used to represent the reference orbit in Encke's method are not capable of maintaining the reference trajectory close to the true trajectory for the extended trajectories involved in the long arc solutions. To improve on the previous Encke reference orbit models, an expanded model has been developed and successfully applied to a 15 yr LAGEOS long are solution.
Propagation of Lirlodendron hybrids via somatic embryogenesis

Propagation of hybrids between the Chinese tuliptree (Liriodendron chinense) and the North American yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipiferea) could be greatly accelerated with a highly productive somatic embryogenesis system. Flowers were collected from a single Chinese tuliptree and the anthers used for controlled pollinations of 4 yellow-poplar mother trees. Aggregates of samaras resulting from the pollinations were harvested 8 weeks post-pollination. Following surface disinfestation, samaras were dissected and embryos and endosperm were cultured together on a semisolid induction medium containing 9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.1 μM benzyladenine. Following 2–3 months on induction medium, an average of 15.6 percent of the explants produced either somatic embryos or proembryogenic masses. Compared to pure yellow-poplar embryogenic cultures, putative hybrid cultures tended not to maintain growth as proembryogenic masses while exposed to auxin, instead proliferating via repetitive embryogenesis as globular-stage embryos. Four to six weeks following transfer of globular embryos to basal medium, mature embryos were produced from the putative hybrid lines. Mature embryos germinated following transfer to basal medium lacking casein hydrolysate. Plantlets survived transfer to potting mix and acclimatization to greenhouse conditions. Verification of the hybrid nature of the embryogenic lines and somatic embryo-derived plantlets was accomplished by Southern hybridization analysis with a species-specific DNA marker.
Effects of aflatoxin B1 on polysomal profiles and RNA synthesis in rat liver.

Abstract 1. Aflatoxin B 1 , a known hepatocarcinogen, is found to induce polysomal disaggregation in rat liver. 2. The entry of [ 14 C]orotic acid into liver RNA is also inhibited by this toxin. A significant inhibition is obtained at a dose as low as 6.5 μg per 100 g body weight and the inhibition seems to be almost complete at 150 μg per 100 g body weight. At lower doses the ribosomal RNA's showed greater susceptibility to inhibition than the smaller RNA species. 3. Aflatoxin B 1 did not inhibit an in vitro RNA synthesizing system containing rat-testicular RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). 4. These results suggest that a metabolite of aflatoxin B 1 rather than the toxin itself is a binding inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
Multiple scattering with three-body forces

The multiple-scattering formalism is generalized to account for simultaneous interactions of a projectile with two target particles. In the cluster expansion of multiple-scattering theory such three-body interactions combine with iterates of two-body interactions. Some comparisons of multiple scattering with the Faddeev theory are given.
THE DYNAMICS OF STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION

This article demonstrates how learning dynamics select among equilibria in a statistical discrimination model of employment. The static market model exhibits multiple equilibria. The belief revision dynamics generate a Markov market process which, in the long run, is mostly near one and only one of the static equilibria, regardless of initial conditions. Usually policy effects appear in comparative statics, where the equilibrium set moves with different policies. But here policy is also seen to effect which equilibrium is selected even when it has no comparative statics effect at all. Social scientists have identified self-fulfilling expectations as an important source of discrimination in labour markets and other social exchanges. Various theories highlight the role of negative racial attitudes in creating social outcomes that in turn help to perpetuate the initial beliefs. In this account, discriminatory outcomes appear as an equilibrium of beliefs and behaviour. Among sociologists, Merton (1948) is one source for this view.1 A similar view of discrimination was put forward by Myrdal (1944), who referred to an equilibrium of beliefs and behaviour as 'the principle of cumulation' and, less abstractly, as 'the vicious circle'. Myrdal observes that social systems may have multiple equilibria, and that different equilibria may be more or less robust to perturbations. Remedial policies, he notes, might work by destabilising one equilibrium in favour of another.
Time-resolved RHEED Studies of the Growth of Epitaxial ZnSe Films on GaAs By Pulsed Laser Deposition

Film growth consists of two basic processes, deposition and surface relaxation, with opposing effects on the evolution of surface roughness. The pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) growth process has the unique feature of having periods of very high deposition rates on μs time scales followed by periods, on the order of seconds, with only surface relaxation. In this paper we report the first efforts towards exploiting this unique feature to study these two basic processes independently. Thin epitaxial films of ZnSe were grown using PLD on (001) GaAs and 2° miscut (001) GaAs substrates. For growth on both the singular and vicinal surfaces, RHEED patterns taken following growth showed clear, streaky first zone and sharp second zone spots, and well-defined Kikuchi lines; these features are indicative of a smooth growth surface and high quality film. No reconstruction of the growth surface was observed, in contrast to behavior observed in molecular beam epitaxy. Time-resolved RHEED measurements show that a single morphology developed during growth on singular (001) GaAs. However, during growth on miscut (001) GaAs, two morphologies developed, one transitory and one appearing to evolve towards steady state. When growth on the miscut substrate was stopped, recovery of the RHEED signal was observed. The rate of recovery could be attributed to two relaxation processes, as differentiated by their time constants. Potential origins of these observations are discussed.
Sub-Municipal Governance in Practice: The Rotterdam Experience

ECENTRALIZATION of governing power within large municipalities to some kind of smaller subdivisions, in the name of more direct accountability and presumably increased interest and participation, has probably been the subject of more advocacy and less action than any other theme of recent years in municipal politics around the globe. It's supporters have waxed eloquent on the potential advantages to be gained, foreseeing local governments more truly aware of and responsible to the real wishes of their citizens and thus ameliorating if not curing the common plague of alienation from politics. The principle has been backed, usually in non-specific terms, in resolutions issuing from many a national or international conference of municipal leaders or national government officials responsible for local affairs. Nevertheless, there are others who are notably less sanguine about the prospects. As Yates has remarked, "Decentralization is a fighting word in many American cities. Advocates claim decentralization will bring government closer to people and revitalize urban neighborhoods-especially poor, black ones. Opponents see decentralization as a betrayal of integration and the merit system in urban governments. Some argue that decentralization will produce racism and arbitrary rule." (Yates, 1973: 3. See also Davis in Frederickson, 1973). Kristol (1968) contends that talk of decentralization has become a fad, that it is usually undesirable to fragment heterogeneous political communities, and that decentralization should be undertaken only if stronger local units are created. One complication in any discussion of municipal decentralization is that the term has no single uniform meaning. Several possible types are evident, but there is at least reasonable agreement on the general classifications. Schmandt (in Frederickson, 1973) has suggested five useful categories: (1) the exchange model, involving simply devices for improved communication of information and feedback between a city government and neighborhoods; (2) the bureaucratic model, wherein various administrative services are delegated to civil servants at a localized level; (3) the modified bureaucratic model, in which local area civil servants are responsible both to the central administration and to some sort of neighborhood council with perhaps advisory or even approval powers; (4) the developmental model, where a more or less independent localized development corporation (for example, housing development) is created to virtually by-pass the existing public authorities; and (5) the governmental model, involving elected sub-municipal councils with some significant degree of self-government authority. Examples of the first four types have become relatively common in recent years, but experience with true sub-
Children and Television: The Visual Superiority Effect Reconsidered.

Through a review of the literature, it was demonstrated that the visual superiority effect is confounded with comprehensibility of auditory‐verbal information, and that comprehensibility, rather than modality of presentation, is the critical element in children's television processing. Four issues were examined: (a) evidence for a visual superiority effect, (b) comprehensibility of program content as a determinant of visual attention, (c) centrality of information presented in the auditory and visual modalities, and (d) the need for age‐appropriate linguistic forms in the language of television. Such a discussion has implications for how best to present educational information to young children through television. Suggestions for future research are offered.
On the KOLMOGOROV‐SMIRNOV Test for the POISSON Distribution with Unknown Mean

The standard tables for the KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV test are valid only in the case of testing whether a set of observations is from a completely specified cumulative distribution, F0(X), with all parameters known. If the parameters are unknown and must be estimated from the sample, then the tables are not valid. A table is given in this paper for use with the KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV statistic in the case of testing whether a set of observations is from the POISSON distribution with an unknown mean that must be estimated from the sample. The table is obtained from a Monte Carlo calculation.
Semantic Networking: The New Kid on the Block

This article briefly describes the SemNet™ software and some of its uses as an educational and research tool, with emphasis on the similarities and differences between concept mapping and semantic networking. A semantic network captures (in part) each concept's position in psychological space, identifying both the other concepts to which it is connected and the nature of the links that bind them. Computer-based semantic networks differ from paper-and-pencil maps in that they are n-dimensional; each concept can be linked to many other concepts; relations are bidirectional; representations can include images, text, and sound; and nets can be very large. Disadvantages of SemNet™ networks include (a) the difficulties in obtaining a clear overview and (b) the homogeneous nature of the representations, in which all links look alike. Advantages include the ability to integrate ideas across a large knowledge base, the ease and rapidity of net creation, the ease with which elements (concepts, relations, or propositions) can be found within nets, and the utility of nets as self-study tools. Concept mapping and semantic networking are complementary strategies that can be used effectively in tandem to help students learn, to help teachers teach, and to support cognitive research.
Urinary steroids in the periparturient and postpartum periods through early pregnancy in llamas

Abstract Urinary steroids were determined daily in the periparturient and postpartum periods, including early pregnancy, in the female llama. Estrone sulfate (E 1 S) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay with values corrected for variations in urine concentration by creatinine. Estrone sulfate concentrations, elevated during the last 20 days of gestation through 12 hours before parturition, were declining at the time of delivery. Pregnanediol glucuronide concentrations followed a pattern similar to that of estrone sulfate except that values began to decrease 5 days before parturition. Values for both E 1 S and PdG were basal by 24 hours after delivery. The first significant elevation of estrone sulfate, indicative of initial follicle development, was observed 5 days after parturition. Pregnanediol glucuronide concentrations were low during the postpartum period until 4 to 5 days after breeding. The PdG values rose steadily following copulatory-induced ovulation, which was initiated at about 2 weeks postpartum; values continued to increase through the first 15 days of pregnancy.
Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy for chronic elbow tendinosis: a prospective study

Background Elbow tendinopathy is the most common cause of elbow pain affecting active populations. Surgical excision is reserved for patients with refractory symptoms. Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy performed under local anesthesia also removes degenerated tissue and therefore provides an alternative treatment option to surgical excision. This investigation prospectively documented the safety and 1-year efficacy of ultrasonic percutaneous tenotomy performed by a single operator. Methods Nineteen patients, aged 38 to 67 years, in whom >6 months of conservative management for medial (7) or lateral (12) elbow tendinopathy had failed were prospectively studied. All patients were treated with percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy of the elbow by a single operator. Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick DASH) index, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) were assessed by an independent observer before treatment and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after treatment. Results No procedural complications occurred. Total treatment time was P P P Conclusion Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy performed under local anesthesia appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for chronic, refractory lateral or medial elbow tendinopathy up to 1 year after the procedure.
Mortality in sepsis versus non-sepsis induced acute lung injury

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has been reported to have a higher case fatality rate than other causes of ALI. However, differences in the severity of illness in septic vs. non-septic ALI patients might explain this finding. 520 patients enrolled in the Improving Care of ALI Patients Study (ICAP) were prospectively characterized as having sepsis or non sepsis-induced ALI. Biologically plausible risk factors for in-hospital death were considered in multiple logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association of sepsis vs. non-sepsis ALI risk factors with mortality. Patients with sepsis-induced ALI had greater illness severity and organ dysfunction (APACHE II and SOFA scores) at ALI diagnosis and higher crude in-hospital mortality rates compared with non-sepsis ALI patients. Patients with sepsis-induced ALI received similar tidal volumes, but higher levels of positive end expiratory pressure, and had a more positive net fluid balance in the first week after ALI diagnosis. In multivariable analysis, the following variables (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) were significantly associated with hospital mortality: age (1.04, 1.02 to 1.05), admission to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) (2.76, 1.42 to 5.36), ICU length of stay prior to ALI diagnosis (1.15, 1.03 to 1.29), APACHE II (1.05, 1.02 to 1.08), SOFA at ALI diagnosis (1.17, 1.09 to 1.25), Lung Injury Score (2.33, 1.74 to 3.12) and net fluid balance in liters in the first week after ALI diagnosis (1.06, 1.03 to 1.09). Sepsis did not have a significant, independent association with mortality (1.02, 0.59 to 1.76). Greater severity of illness contributes to the higher case fatality rate observed in sepsis-induced ALI. Sepsis was not independently associated with mortality in our study.
Age of the Bay of Biscay: Evidence from Seismic Profiles and Bottom Samples

Paleomagnetic data and marine magnetic surveys suggest that the Bay of Biscay was created by rifting due to an anticlockwise rotation of the Iberian peninsula. The period during which movement occurred is not known precisely, but a rotation, amounting to 22 degrees, appears to have taken place in post-Eocene time. To provide independent evidence on the age of the rift, bottom samples from the Biscay abyssal plain have been related to the distribution of seismic reflectors within the sediments. The investigation shows that a large part of the Bay of Biscay was in existence in late Cretaceous times and that the data can be interpreted in terms of some early Tertiary rotation. However, the amount of possible Tertiary opening is appreciably less than the paleomagnetic results suggest. In view of the fact that reflectors of Middle-Upper Miocene age can be traced as undisturbed horizons across the bay, all tectonic movements must have ceased by the early Miocene.
SOME CAUTIONARY NOTES ON THE USE OF CONJOINT MEASUREMENT FOR HUMAN JUDGMENT MODELING

Conjoint measurement has been suggested as a methodology that might be useful in assisting research concerned with the identification of the structural form of a judge's model. This paper synthesizes the results of some recent research that examined the robustness of this methodology. This research suggests that conjoint measurement has three major weaknesses: (1) certain biases exist when diagnosing model structure, (2) model diagnosis is limited to a small set of potential models, and (3) error substantially compromises conjoint measurement's ability to diagnose model structure. An empirical example that demonstrates some of the difficulties of using this methodology with experimental data is also presented.
Oppenheimer–Snyder collapse in moving-puncture coordinates

Moving puncture coordinates are commonly used in numerical simulations of black holes. Their properties for vacuum Schwarzschild black holes have been analyzed in a number of studies. The behavior of moving-puncture coordinates in spacetimes containing matter, however, is less well understood. In this paper, we explore the behavior of these coordinates for Oppenheimer–Snyder collapse, i.e. the collapse of a uniform density, pressureless sphere of dust initially at rest to a black hole. Oppenheimer–Snyder collapse provides a stringent test of the singularity-avoiding properties of moving-puncture coordinates, since the singularity can form more quickly than it would for matter with pressure. Our results include analytical expressions for the matter density, lapse function and mean curvature at early times, as well as interesting limits for later times. We also carry out numerical simulations to obtain the full solution and these show that even in the absence of pressure, moving-puncture coordinates are able to avoid the singularity. At late times, the geometry settles down to a trumpet slice of a vacuum black hole.
A proof of the Lyusternik–Graves theorem

In this paper, we give a new proof of the Lyusternik–Graves theorem, based on an intermediate result regarding linear openness inspired by works of Frankowska and Ursescu.
Fettsäurespezifische Auslegungskriterien für Spaltrohrmotorpumpen

Eine Pumpe, auch eine Spaltrohrmotorpumpe, mus fur die jeweiligen Betriebsverhaltnisse ausgelegt werden. Besonderer Schwerpunkt wird bei der Auslegung von Spaltrohrmotorpumpen fur den Einsatz in der Fettsaure-verarbeitung auf schonende Produktbehandlung gelegt. So ist das Eindringen von Luftsauerstoff in das unter Vakuum arbeitende System zu verhindern, eine partielle Uberhitzung des Produktes zu vermeiden, Vorkehrung gegen Unterschreitung des Stockpunktes zu treffen und die dampfdruckabhangige Haltedruckhohe besonders zu untersuchen. Diese Anforderungen gelten allgemein fur die Fettsaureverarbeitung, jedoch auch hier sind Produkte mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften im Einsatz, die jeweils eine speziell fur diesen Fall ausgelegte Pumpe erforderlich machen. Specific Criteria of Fatty Acids for the lay-Out of Canned Motor Pumps A pump must be layed out for the suitable working condition; this is valid, too, for a canned motor pump. Special importance in the lay-out of canned motor pumps for use in fatty acid processing is given to protecting product treatment. Thus entering of oxygen into the system, working under vacuum, is to prevent and a local overheating of the product is to avoid, measures against falling below the solidification point are to meet and the height of the maintained pressure, which depends on vapour pressure, is above all to investigate. These requirements are valid in general for the fatty acid processing. But products with different properties are applied in this area, too, which need each a pump which is layed-out especially for this case.
A general derivation of the subharmonic threshold for non-linear bubble oscillations

The paper describes an approximate but rather general derivation of the acoustic threshold for a subharmonic component to be possible in the sound scattered by an insonified gas bubble. The general result is illustrated with several specific models for the mechanical behavior of the surface coating of bubbles used as acoustic contrast agents. The approximate results are found to be in satisfactory agreement with fully non-linear numerical results in the literature. The amplitude of the first harmonic is also found by the same method. A fundamental feature identified by the analysis is that the subharmonic threshold can be considerably lowered with respect to that of an uncoated free bubble if the mechanical response of the coating varies rapidly in the neighborhood of certain specific values of the bubble radius, e.g., because of buckling.
The renal effects of low-dose dopamine in thermally injured patients.

The renal effects of low-dose dopamine (LDD) therapy in hyperdynamic thermally injured patients are unknown. We investigated the renal effects of LDD in ten burn patients (mean±SEM age and %total body surface burned: 30.2±3.3 years and 53.4%±7%) and six controls (mean age; 20.2±0.5 years). Administration of LDD significantly increased glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, sodium excretion, and urine flow in the controls and effective renal plasma flow, urine flow, heart rate, and cardiac index in the patients
Effects of media of low osmolarity on the dense bodies of human platelets

Exposure of human platelets to buffer at 30 milliosmoles (mOs) caused marked swelling of the cells (a volume increase of almost 300% as estimated from electronic sizing) without a statistically significant loss of dense bodies or a change in the measured diameter of the dense-body core (as examined electron-microscopically in air-dried whole mounts). Even biochemically isolated dense bodies maintained the integrity of their electron-opaque cores in 30 mOs buffer. However, exposure of platelets to 30 mOs buffer reduced the platelet content of cytoplasmic 14C-labeled nucleotides and the vesicular content of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by 90%. It thus seems likely that the dense-body membrane displays a sufficiently low permeability to water to prevent swelling and dissolution of the core, but that exposure to hypotonic media allows stored 5-HT to cross the vesicular membrane. Impermeability of this membrane to 5-HT under normal conditions may, therefore, play an important role in the maintenance of vesicular 5-HT stores, rather than the presence of an intact dense-body core. The data also suggest that an "osmotic lysis" or "chemiosmotic" model of secretion may not account for the exocytotic release of human platelet dense bodies.