cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of 'Transonic Resonance' with Convergent-Divergent Nozzles

Convergent-divergent nozzles, when run at pressure ratios lower than the design value, often undergo a flow resonance accompanied by the emission of acoustic tones. The phenomenon, different in characteristics from conventional 'screech' tones, has been studied experimentally. Unlike screech, the frequency increases with increasing supply pressure. There is a 'staging' behavior; 'odd harmonic' stages resonate at lower pressures while the fundamental occurs in a range of higher pressures corresponding to a fully expanded Mach number (M(sub j)) around unity. The frequency (f(sub N)) variation with M(sub j) depends on the half angle-of-divergence (theta) of the nozzle. At smaller theta, the slope of f(sub N) versus M(sub j) curve becomes steeper. The resonance involves standing waves and is driven by unsteady shock/boundary layer interaction. The distance between the foot of the shock and the nozzle exit imposes the lengthscale (L'). The fundamental corresponds to a quarterwave resonance, the next stage at a lower supply pressure corresponds to a three-quarter-wave resonance, and so on. The principal trends in the frequency variation are explained simply from the characteristic variation of the length-scale L'. Based on the data, correlation equations are provided for the prediction of f(sub N). A striking feature is that tripping of the boundary layer near the nozzle's throat tends to suppress the resonance. In a practical nozzle a tendency for the occurrence of the phenomenon is thought to be a source of 'internal noise'; thus, there is a potential for noise benefit simply by appropriate boundary layer tripping near the nozzle's throat.
HSP90 at the hub of protein homeostasis: emerging mechanistic insights

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that facilitates the maturation of a wide range of proteins (known as clients). Clients are enriched in signal transducers, including kinases and transcription factors. Therefore, HSP90 regulates diverse cellular functions and exerts marked effects on normal biology, disease and evolutionary processes. Recent structural and functional analyses have provided new insights on the transcriptional and biochemical regulation of HSP90 and the structural dynamics it uses to act on a diverse client repertoire. Comprehensive understanding of how HSP90 functions promises not only to provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention, but to shed light on fundamental biological questions.
Screening of adolescent females for depression before during and after pregnancy.

Pregnancy and childbirth are known to have major physiologic and psychological effects on women. The rate of major depression in pregnant women is generally quoted in medical literature as approximately 10% much the same as depression in nonpregnant women. Of major public health concern is the morbidity associated with postpartum depression as well as perinatal outcomes associated with depressed mood during pregnancy. We also know that depressed adolescent females are at greater risk to become pregnant than are their nondepressed peers. Therefore it seems that screening for depression may identify adolescent females at risk for becoming pregnant adolescent mothers with depressed mood and depressed pregnant teenagers. (excerpt)
Anti-Consequentialism and the Transcendence of the Good

Richard Boyd's "Finite Beings, Finite Goods"1 is exactly the sort of response a philosopher hopes to evoke. It is perceptive and fair-minded in its reading and criticism of my work, illuminating the agreements and disagreements and the motivations on both sides, and showing points at which my position stands in need of more adequate development. At the same time it is much more than a response, offering a fuller and richer development, on several points, of what was already, in my opinion, the most plausible and promis ing version of naturalist moral realism. Here I will try to respond in a similar spirit, though on a smaller scale, taking up first issues about consequential ism, and helplessness, and then more metaethical issues, involving what I have called "the critical stance." I should say something at the outset about my aims in engaging Boyd in debate, as I did already in my book (Adams 58-82).21 was and am arguing, of course, against Boyd's version of naturalism. But I was not and am not aim ing at a definitive refutation of his view. His is one of relatively few con structive nontheistic theories in metaethics against which I argue at any length in Finite and Infinite Goods and that is precisely because his theory is so close to mine in some ways that seeing why I differ with it may be par ticularly helpful in understanding the motivation of my own view. I have not wanted to try to prove my own theory by refuting all the main competing types of metaethical theory and then saying, 'See now; my view wins by default.' The problem with that strategy is that all known metaethical theories are attended with grave problems. No doubt each theory that's still seriously in the running is commended in part by the difficulties of the others. But relatively little is gained by dwelling on those problems, because most of them are pretty well known already. The hard project, and the only
Uniform performance-adaptive renewal policies for linear systems

The model for a linear system with renewal capability presented by Ratner and Luenberger [1] is investigated. An algorithm is given for determining a region over which immediate renewal is the optimal policy. The optimal feedback gains are given for system operation with immediate renewal. A scalar example illustrates the utilization of the algorithm.
A minimax search plan for constrained optimization problems

A minimax search strategy is described for locating the boundary point of a region on a line joining a feasible point to an infeasible point. Asymptotic strategies, useful when the number of experiments to be used in the search is not predetermined, are also given. These strategies are useful subroutines for many multidimensional optimization algorithms.
Event-triggered broadcasting across distributed networked control systems

This paper examines event-triggered broadcasting of state information in distributed control systems implemented over wireless communication networks. Event-triggering requires a subsystem to only broadcast its state information when the local state error exceeds a given threshold. The paper designs an event triggering scheme that assures asymptotic stability of the entire networked system. The results apply to networks of linear time-invariant systems. We derive a lower bound on the estimated time to next broadcast. Simulation results show that event triggering allows a subsystem to adjust its broadcast periods to the amount of activity in its immediate neighborhood. Simulation results also show that event-triggering's average broadcast period scales well with system size. These results are significant because they show how one might stabilize distributed control systems over ad hoc wireless networks without necessarily requiring a high degree of synchronization within the communication network.
Magnified beam waveguide feed with perfect pattern symmetry

Beam waveguide feeds are commonly employed as rotary joints in steerable reflector antenna systems requiring fixed transmitters and feed horns. With the traditional beam waveguide configuration shown, a perfect image of the feed (from a geometrical optics standpoint) can be generated at the beam waveguide focal point. In some situations, it is desirable to magnify the image of the feed. This allows a lower gain horn than what is actually required to feed the reflector antenna, to be used. In this paper, a new configuration of the traditional beam waveguide is presented. This new configuration allows magnification of the feed while maintaining the symmetry of the beam waveguide pattern, which results in zero cross polarization.
Sepsis and burn complicated by sepsis alter cardiac transporter expression.

Abstract Sepsis alone and burn complicated by sepsis produce significant cardiac dysfunction. Since calcium handling by the cardiomyocyte is essential for cardiac function, one mechanism for cardiac abnormalities may be calcium dyshomeostasis. We hypothesized that sepsis and burn plus sepsis alter cardiac calcium transporter expression. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into: (1) control, (2) sepsis (intratracheal S. Pneumoniae , 4 × 10 6 CFU), and (3) burn (40% TBSA) plus sepsis. Myocyte [Ca 2+ ] i and [Na + ] i were quantified with Fura-2 AM and SBFI, respectively. Western blot analysis of rat hearts used antibodies against the sarcoplasmic reticular Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA), the L-type calcium channel, the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger or the Na + /K + ATPase. RESULTS: Sepsis in the presence and absence of burn trauma increased [Ca 2+ ] i and [Na + ] i . SERCA expression was decreased in the sepsis and burn plus sepsis groups while calcium channel expression was transiently increased in these sepsis groups. Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger expression exhibited a biphasic pattern of altered expression. Sepsis and burn plus sepsis reduced Na + /K + ATPase protein levels. These data suggest that altered transporter expression produce cardiomyocyte calcium and sodium loading and may contribute to sepsis-mediated cardiac contractile dysfunction.
Semantics-based code search

Our goal is to use the vast repositories of available open source code to generate specific functions or classes that meet a user's specifications. The key words here are specifications and generate. We let users specify what they are looking for as precisely as possible using keywords, class or method signatures, test cases, contracts, and security constraints. Our system then uses an open set of program transformations to map retrieved code into what the user asked for. This approach is implemented in a prototype system for Java with a web interface.
A microfluidic blood-clogging valve for on-chip blood analysis

The lack of simple but reliable microvalves is still a serious problem for many lab-on-a-chip applications. This work studied the use of blood coagulation, the transformation of liquid blood into solid coagulum, as a possible valving mechanism for microfluidic control and demonstrated a one-time open-to-close valve. This is done by creating a solidified blood coagulum, which clogs a normally-open fluidic channel as a closed valve. Local thermal coagulation is demonstrated using a focused laser for blood heating. This clogging valve can withstand a back pressure of 22 psig or higher and its simple structure is well-suited for disposable devices.
Experimental tuberculosis: the role of comparative pathology in the discovery of improved tuberculosis treatment strategies

The use of laboratory animals is critical to the discovery and in vivo pre-clinical testing of new drugs and drug combinations for use in humans. M. tuberculosis infection of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and non-human primates are the most commonly used animal models of human tuberculosis. While granulomatous inflammation characterizes the most fundamental host response to M. tuberculosis aerosol infection in humans and animals, there are important species differences in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lesion morphology which may influence responses to drug therapy. Lesions that progress to necrosis or cavitation are common, unfavorable host responses in naturally occurring tuberculosis of humans, but are not seen consistently in experimental infections in most animal model species. The importance of these unique lesion morphologies is that they represent irreversible tissue damage that can harbor persistent bacilli which are difficult to treat with standard therapies. Understanding the differences in host response to experimental tuberculosis infections may aid in selecting the most appropriate animal models to test drugs that have been rationally designed to have specific mechanisms of action in vivo. A better understanding of lesion pathogenesis across species may also aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets or strategies that can be used alone or in combination with more conventional tuberculosis treatments in humans.
Fathers’ and Mothers’ Work and Family Issues as Related to Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior of Children Attending Day Care

Relationships between work and family variables and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior are examined in 132 dual-earner couples of preschool-age children. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress and mothers’ work-family conflict predict children’s internalizing behavior; mothers’ work-family conflict, mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress, the number of hours fathers’ worked, and mothers’ beliefs about father involvement predict externalizing symptoms in children. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of mothers’ and fathers’ work and family issues for children’s behavior.
MAC protocol identification using support vector machines for cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio is regarded as a potential solution to address the spectrum scarcity issue in wireless communication. In CR, an unlicensed network user (secondary user) is enabled to dynamically/adaptively access the frequency channels considering the current state of the external radio environment. In this article, we investigate the medium access control protocol identification for applications in cognitive MAC. MAC protocol identification enables CR users to sense and identify the MAC protocol types of any existing transmissions (primary or secondary users). The identification results will be used by CR users to adaptively change their transmission parameters in order to improve spectrum utilization, as well as to minimize potential interference to primary and other secondary users. MAC protocol identification also facilitates the implementation of communications among heterogeneous CR networks. In this article, we consider four MAC protocols, including TDMA, CSMA/CA, pure ALOHA, and slotted ALOHA, and propose a MAC identification method based on machine learning techniques. Computer simulations are performed to evaluate the MAC identification performance.
Calculation of Doppler-Broadened cross sections directly from Doppler- (and resolution-) broadened cross sections corresponding to a lower temperature

Abstract Conventionally, a Doppler-broadened cross section for a given temperature T is calculated from the zero-temperature cross section by means of a convolution. A simple proof is presented for the fact that instead of starting from the zero-temperature cross section one can as well start from the Doppler-broadened cross section for a finite temperature T′
Probabilistic Hydrometeorological Forecasts: Toward a New Era in Operational Forecasting

Abstract Under the auspices of the Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training, pilot research has been conducted from 1991 to 1996 on operational methods for producing Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (PQPFs) and Probabilistic River Stage Forecasts (PRSFs). The first integrated forecasts were produced using operational data and models of the National Weather Service on 19 October 1996. The PQPF was for a 24-h period and the PRSFs were for lead times of 1, 2, and 3 days. This article discusses these pilot forecasts, their interpretation, and their advantages to forecasters and end users with regard to communicating uncertainties and making decisions. All those whose duty it is to issue regular daily forecasts know that there are times when they feel very confident and other times when they are doubtful as to the coming weather. It seems to me that the condition of confidence or otherwise forms a very important part of the prediction, and ought to find expressi...
Neutral density shading and far-red radiation influence black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) growth

Abstract Greenhouse and growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the ratio of red to far-red (R:FR) radiation and of neutral filtration of plant-available radiation on the vegetative and reproductive growth of selected nightshade species. Exposure of eastern black nightshade and black nightshade to far-red radiation resulted in greater partitioning of resources to stem tissue, resulting in taller plants. Number of flowers, timing of flowering, branching, and biomass production of black nightshade and eastern black nightshade were not influenced by the ratio of red to far-red radiation. Eastern black nightshade shoot and berry dry weight decreased as neutral density shading increased from 0 to 71%. Shoot dry weight decrease was associated with lower stem weight and production of fewer berries per plant. Neutral shading did not reduce leaf weight or leaf area per plant but increased the specific leaf area of eastern black nightshade. Internode elongation of nightshade species ...
DNA synthesis and multinucleation in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

The proliferative capacity of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes was assessed. Enriched preparations of cardiomyocytes were isolated by microdissection of the cardiogenic regions of cultured embryoid bodies. The identity of the isolated cells was established by immunocytology, and mitotic activity was monitored by [3H]thymidine incorporation and pulse-chase experiments. ES-derived cardiomyocytes were mitotically active and predominantly mononucleated at 11 days after cardiogenic induction. By 21 days postinduction, cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis was markedly decreased, with a concomitant increase in the percentage of multinucleated cells. Interestingly, the duration of active cardiomyocyte reduplication in the ES system appeared to be roughly similar to that observed during normal murine cardiogenesis. Given these observations, as well as the genetic tractability of ES cells, ES-derived cardiogenesis might provide a useful in vitro system with which to assess the molecular regulation of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle.
ALIVE Trial: How Is This Trial Design Different?

The development of the ALIVE study design is based upon an analysis of previous studies attempting pharmacologic reduction of arrhythmic death after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Historically, antiarrhythmic agents with predominant class I or class III (Vaughan Williams classification) activity have been tested and shown in several post-MI clinical trials to be ineffective, or even harmful, in terms of excessive morbidity and mortality because of proarrhythmic effects or end-organ toxicities [1–6]. Examples of such agents and trials include flecainide and encainide in Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) [1], moricizine in CAST II [2], D-sotalol in the Survival With Oral D-Sotalol (SWORD) trial [3, 4], and amiodarone in the European Myocardial Infarction Amiodarone Trial (EMIAT) [5] and the Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial (CAMIAT) [6]. A significant contributing factor to the failures in many of these clinical trials was patient selection. A broad net of patients were enrolled in these studies; even those at low risk for arrhythmic death were included and thus subjected to the potentially adverse effects of these agents. This resulted in antiarrhythmic therapy in a subset of patients in whom no benefit could be gained by exposure to the drug and, in many cases, in whom there was an increased risk of mortality due to drug-related arrhythmogenicity or nonarrhythmic toxicity.
A Practical Guide to Better Writing for Real Estate Classes

There is a continuing high demand for effective written communication in the workplace. Real estate students, in particular, need strong writing skills because localized real estate markets prevent the centralization of reporting. Additionally, writing facilitates learning. Yet classroom writing quality is a matter of ongoing concern; educators therefore must try to facilitate their students’ improvement. Existing tools for writing improvement often are too short to give specific direction or too long to be useful with coursework. This paper presents a practical guide that has proven helpful in addressing numerous problems that appear repeatedly in students’ written work.
Integrating data curation concepts throughout the project lifecycle: A WILIS case study

Researchers and funders continue to be concerned about the lack of archiving of scientific data. A webbased guide to data archiving for LIS researchers is being undertaken as part of the WILIS project. The WILIS project consists of: 1) an in-depth retrospective career survey of graduates of LIS programs in North Carolina with 2,653 respondents; 2) a modified recent graduates’ survey that was tested in 39 LIS programs in North America with 3,507 respondents; and 3) the preparation and archiving of the WILIS datasets in a publicly accessible data archive. This experience is being used to create the guide to data archiving. The guide will contain a full description of the steps involved in preparing and archiving datasets such as data cleaning, de-identification, preparation of supporting documentation, metadata, submitting to an archive and marketing the availability of data. The guide will be useful to researchers, data managers and data archivists/librarians.
Attraction of Non-Target Organisms to Swass

Non-target organisms killed by SWASS pellets, a bait toxicant system for screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were determined. Collections of insects were made at 391 sites in 19 study areas in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. The reaction of domestic animals to the pellets was recorded, and pellet-baited small mammal traps were set in selected areas. Diptera comprised 93.5% of the insects collected, and 88.5% of these were Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Anthomyiidae, and Muscidae. The predominant species in these families in order of abundance were C. macellaria (Fabricius), Ravinia effrenata (Walker), Hylemya cinerella (Fallen), and Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). Mammals caught in traps included Neotoma micropus Baird, N. Albigula (Hartley), Spermophilus mexicanus (Erxleben), and Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen). Domestic animals have little or no interest in the pellet as food. On the average, ca. 10% of all pellets were degraded or removed from a site within one wk.
Elite and ethical: The defensive distinctions of middle-class bicycling in Bangalore, India:

This article applies social practice theory to study the emergence of sustainable consumption practices like bicycling among the new middle classes of Bangalore, India. I argue that expansions of bicycling practices are dependent on the construction of defensive distinctions, which I define as distinctions that draw equally on lifestyle-based and ethics-based discourses to normalize bicycling among Bangalore’s middle classes. With their environmental discourses and signage, middle-class cyclists make claims to being ethical actors and ecological citizens concerned about global environments. Their high-end bicycles and special gear enable them to maintain their social status in personal and professional circles, despite adopting what is an essentialized and stigmatized mobility practice in a social context where personal automobiles are a dominant symbol of respectability and propertied citizenship. These defensive distinctions are anchored in communities that facilitate social learning, skill-building, an...
In Vitro Synthesis of Mycorrhizae Between Presumed Specific and Nonspecific Pinus + Suillus Combinations

Mycorrhizal synthesis was successful between Pinus resinosa and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes (two isolates), S. luteus, and S. neoalbidipes, and between Pinus strobus and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes (two isolates), S. granulatus, S. pictus, and S. punctipes. Mycorrhizae formed by all combinations were similar in that all had multiple dichotomous branches, hyphae and hyphal strands with microscopic, pigmented, surface incrustations surrounding the mycorrhizae and roots, and in the mantle organization. Mycorrhizae differed in the macroscopic color ofthe mantle and surrounding hyphae and hyphal strands, the amount of hyphal surface incrustation present, the organization of individual hyphae in the mantle layers, the width ofthe mantle, the presence of clamp connections, and the amount of radial elongation of cortical cells. Data on additional diagnostic characters must be collected and evaluated for value in the identification of mycobionts of field-collected mycorrhizae. Numerous reports of putative mycorrhizal associations exist in the literature. Evidence for many of these reports is restricted to field observations of fungusplant occurrences or less frequently by tracing hyphae from the base of sporomata to adjoining plant roots. A more recent trend has been to confirm field observations experimentally by use of in vitro mycorrhizal syntheses. In vitro mycorrhizal synthesis studies provide the most direct and scientifically rigorous means of determining the ability of a fungal isolate to form mycorrhizae while providing much needed anatomical and morphological data on selected plant + fungus com? binations produced under controlled conditions. Morphology and anatomy, combined with other distinctive characters, provide essential data for identifying mycobionts from field collections. Assessment of ability to form mycorrhizae in vitro should provide a basis for furthering our understanding of the complexities of the mycorrhizal relationship, including the apparent specificity exhibited by some mycobionts or its absence in others in nature. The objectives of this study were to assess the ability of seven Minnesotacollected Suillus spp. to form mycorrhizae in vitro with either Pinus resinosa Ait. or Pinus strobus L., or both, and to characterize the resultant mycorrhizae. Suillus americanus (Pk.) Snell in Slipp & Snell, two isolates of Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze, Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray, Suillus neoalbidipes Palm & Stewart, and Suillus punctipes (Pk.) Sing. were paired with P. resinosa; S. americanus, two isolates of S. brevipes, Suillus granulatus (L.:Fr.) Kuntze, Suillus pictus (Pk.) Smith & Thiers, and S. punctipes were paired with P. strobus.
The impact of socio-technical communication styles on the diversity and innovation potential of global science collaboratories

Emerging cyber-infrastructure tools are enabling scientists to transparently co-develop, share, and communicate about real-time diverse forms of knowledge artifacts. In these environments, communication preferences of scientists are posited as an important factor affecting innovation capacity and robustness of social and knowledge network structures. Scientific knowledge creation in such communities is called global participatory science (GPS). Recently, using agent-based modeling and collective action theory as a basis, a complex adaptive social communication network model (CollectiveInnoSim) is implemented. This work leverages CollectiveInnoSim implementing communication preferences of scientists. Social network metrics and knowledge production patterns are used as proxy metrics to infer innovation potential of emergent knowledge and collaboration networks. The objective is to present the underlying communication dynamics of GPS in a form of computational model and delineate the impacts of various communication preferences of scientists on innovation potential of the collaboration network. Gained insight can ultimately help policy-makers to design GPS environments and promote innovation.
Analysis on the causes of 117 children with cerebral Palsy and its prevention

Objective:To study the causes of cerebral palsy in children and its countermeasure of prevention and treatment.Meth-ods:The causes of 117 children with cerebral palsy in the children rehabilitation center of women and children's hospital of Lianyungangwere analysed retrospectively.Results:The antenatal factor,intrapartum factor and postpartum factor were the main causes of cerebral palsyin children,especially intrapartum factor,their percentages were 16.2%,58.1% and 17.9% respectively.While unknown cause was 7.7%.Conclusion:Stregthening the antenatal care,improving the obstetrical quality,preventing all kinds of diseases positively and reducing theinjury in cerebral tissue are the key to decrease the incidence of cerebral palsy.
Some amelioration in technics for drilling pump manufacture

Some amelioration in technics for drilling pump manufacture has been put forward.Using these ameliorations,the manufacture efficiency for drilling pump could be improved.
Review: implantable cardioverter defibrillators reduce all-cause mortality in nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

Source Citation Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, Baughman KL. Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized cont...
Liberal Ministries, Ideas, and Andrew Carnegie, 1892–1895

In the summer of 1892, following the general election, the Liberals returned to office under their venerable veteran leader Gladstone. Their majority was based tenuously upon the Irish Nationalists as there had been no reconciliation with the Liberal Unionists and Chamberlain. Despite their party’s eagerness to produce legislative reforms, the Liberal leaders found the trial of governing more difficult than in 1886. While the Newcastle Programme of 1891 had emphasized a broad progressive platform, Gladstone and his Chief Secretary for Ireland, John Morley, both advocated the single overriding issue of Irish Home Rule. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Harcourt, eventually advocated local option for the drink trade and reform of the death duties. The Foreign Secretary, later Prime Minister, Rosebery, supported reform of the House of Lords, but his primary enthusiasm was directed towards a more active imperial and foreign policy. However, it was Gladstone who inevitably dominated the content and tone of Liberal affairs, and it was Home Rule that consumed him.
A Direct Radioimmunoassay for Human Urinary Kallikrein

A protein-binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for human urinary kallikrein (HUK). HUK was purified to apparent homogeneity and rabbit anti-human urinary kallikrein serum was prepared. Radio-iodination of HUK was performed in 20 µg batches with 1 mCi of 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent in 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 8.5, at 0°C. The 30 min reaction was terminated by adding 0.5 ml of 0.2 M glycine. Radiolabelled HUK was purified on a Sephacryl S-200 column (1 × 50 cm) in 0.05 M Tris HC1 plus 0.2% gelatin, pH 7.4 (RIA buffer). 125I-HUK emerged as a single, uniform peak at Ve/Vo of 1.3. The RIA reaction mixture contained 15,000 cpm of 125I-HUK, 0.1 ml of diluted anti-kallikrein serum, 0.1 ml unlabelled kallikrein (1–100 ng) or the unknown sample and RIA buffer to a total of 0.5 ml. The reaction mixture was incubated at 22°C for 18 hr, and 100 µl of goat-anti-rabbit IgG serum was added to each tube. The tubes were incubated 18 hr at 4°C, centrifuged 4,000 rpm for 30 min and, after decantation, the precipitate was counted for 125I. The RIA reported here is sufficiently sensitive to detect 1 ng of kallikrein and should offer a useful technique to determine alterations of the kallikrein-kinin system in response to stimuli; both physiologic and pathologic.
Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process

Tree islands in the Everglades are critical landscape features, but anthropogenic modification of the Everglades during the past century has led to the degradation and loss of many of the tree islands that originally dotted the Everglades landscape. Many of the tree islands have lost elevation and the majority of their woody species such that they are now covered with emergent plants such as sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense). A simple, cost-effective tree planting technique is needed for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands. We patterned our design after a natural Everglades process that creates floating islands, which promotes tree survival and growth in both flooded and dry conditions and may lead to the development of fixed islands. Commercial peat bags were tested as a means to provide the medium for the growth and establishment of potted tree saplings native to Everglades tree islands. Three tree species (Annona glabra, Ficus aurea, and Acer rubrum) and five treatments were evaluated. The results indicate that the preferred deployed peat-bag configuration should provide the greatest additional elevation to minimize inundation and be planted with a single Everglades tree island species sapling, with a single commercial tree fertilizer spike inserted for nutrients. Although most plants survived and many thrived for the two-year period of this study, determining whether the trees planted using this technique can become established will require longer-term studies and extensive field tests.
Design of Integrated LC VCOs

A general and insightful optimization technique to design integrated LC VCOs utilizing GNP was reviewed. A method for selecting the optimum inductor to minimize phase noise was emphasized. A 2.4 GHz fully integrated LC VCO was designed using our optimization technique and implemented as a design example. A tuning range of 26% was achieved with the inversion mode MOSCAP tuning. The measured phase noise was -121, -117 and -115 dBc/Hz at 600 kHz offset from 1.91, 2.03 and 2.60 GHz carriers, respectively. The designed VCO dissipates only 4 mA from a 2.5 V supply voltage. Comparison with other oscillators using two figures of merit, PFN and PFTN, supports the adequacy of our design methodology.
Crystalline-Induced Arthropathies

Crystal-induced arthropathies are a group of joint diseases caused by deposition of crystals into joints and include gouty arthritis due to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) crystal deposition disease. Gouty arthritis is the most common crystal-induced arthropathy and occurs in 2–3% of the adult population. MSU crystals in gouty arthritis result from hyperuricemia, which can be caused by overproduction or underexcretion of urate. Crystal-induced arthropathies may present as acute, intermittent arthritis initially and progress into chronic arthritis. Diagnosis of crystal-induced arthropathies is made by crystal exams of the synovial fluid. Treatment of gouty arthritis includes management of acute arthritis and uric acid-lowering therapy.
Characterising pavement roughness at non-uniform speeds using connected vehicles

Methods of pavement roughness characterisations using connected vehicles are poised to scale beyond the frequency, span and affordability of existing methods that require specially instrumented vehicles and skilled technicians. However, speed variability and differences in suspension behaviour require segmentation of the connected vehicle data to achieve some level of desired precision and accuracy with relatively few measurements. This study evaluates the reliability of a Road Impact Factor (RIF) transform under stop-and-go conditions. A RIF-transform converts inertial signals from on-board accelerometers and speed sensors to roughness indices (RIF-indices), in real-time. The case studies collected data from 18 different buses during their normal operation in a small urban city. Within 30 measurements, the RIF-indices distributed normally with an average margin-of-error below 6%. This result indicates that a large number of measurements will provide a reliable estimate of the average roughness ex...
High-Sensitivity Electric Force Microscopy of Organic Electronic Materials and Devices

Conducting and semiconducting organic materials have long been known [1], [2], but recent advances in chemical synthesis [3], [4] have enabled organic materials to begin delivering on the promise of mass-produced economical electronic devices. Organic electronic materials are better suited for constructing high-efficiency light-emitting diodes [5]–[8], solar cells [9], [10], and cheap solution-processable thin-film transistors [6], [11]–[18] than are crystalline inorganic semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide. The electronic/optical properties and solubility of organic materials can be tuned independently by chemical synthesis [4]. Since they can be processed and patterned at ambient temperature, organic electronic materials are compatible with flexible large-area substrates [19].
Modeling the Microstructure Evolutions of NiTi Thin Film During Tension

A microscale phase field model for the multivariant martensitic phase transformation is advanced and utilized for studying the pseudoelastic behavior of a thin film of equiatomic single crystal NiTi under tensile loading. The thermomechanical model includes the strain softening as a mechanism leading to strain (transformation) localization and discrete microstructure formation. To avoid a small scale limitation, gradient term is dropped. Numerical solutions have shown a negligible mesh sensitivity for different element shapes and densities, which is due to rate-dependent kinetic equations for phase transformation. Microstructure evolution and corresponding stress-strain curves are presented for several cases. Obtained stress-strain curves, band-like martensitic microstructure, a sudden drop in the stress at the beginning of the martensitic transformation, residual austenite, and multiple stress oscillations due to nucleation events are qualitatively similar to those in known experiments.
Multilevel Performance Evaluation of Nvidia Grid VCA Using Iray and V-Ray Rendering Engines in 3DS Max Design

High performance computing is increasingly common in technological industries and there are many different solutions available on the market. Determining which computing solution is most cost-effective can be difficult. This study outlines the performance between a single-user, traditional high-performance workstation and a multi-user, virtualized workstation. Along with this direct performance comparison, the impacts of virtualization on rendering performance, GPUs, and the technological industry is evaluated in this study. Through the repeated rendering of two different Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models under varying test scenarios, a pool of data including render times and image quality is collected and analyzed. Two phenomena are observed and explained. One is a diminishing return in GPU power output that is observed after allocating four or more GPUs to a single rendering task. The second is a noticeable point of image-noise convergence during a render that could potentially be calculated and exploited to make rendering more time-efficient. These discoveries may impact the effectiveness of virtual GPU scalability and make time-consuming rendering more efficient for industry users. The NVIDIA GRID Visual Computing Appliance (VCA) is found to be cost effective for research laboratories that have several users with diverse needs.
Transport of a manganese/zinc ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide may involve pre-synaptic dopaminergic transporters.

Abstract Mancozeb (MZ), an organic-metal fungicide used predominantly on vegetables and fruits, has been linked to neurodegeneration and behavioral disruptions in a variety of organisms, including humans. Both γ-aminobutyric acid and dopamine neurons appear to be more vulnerable to MZ exposure than other neuronal populations. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that MZ may be differentially transported into these cells through their presynaptic neurotransmitter transporters. To test this, we pretreated Caenorhabditis elegans with transporter antagonists followed by exposure to various concentrations of MZ. Potential neuroprotection was monitored via green fluorescence associated with various neuron populations in transgenic worm strains. Neurodegeneration associated with subacute MZ treatment (30 min) was not altered by transporter antagonist pretreatment. On the other hand, pretreatment with a dopamine transporter antagonist (GBR12909) appeared to protect dopaminergic neurons from chronic (24 h) MZ treatment. These results are consistent with other reports that dopamine transporter levels or activity may modulate toxicity for neurotoxicants.
Trends in Names of Undergraduate Computer-Related Majors in Aacsb-Accredited Schools of Business in the Usa

Information systems, management information systems, computer information systems, business information systems, and information technology are some of the names referring to a relatively new discipline in traditional business school offerings. Professionals and educators in this discipline want to assure that such programs continue to meet the needs of their stakeholders. As a first step in researching the trends in IS education, the authors investigated the incidence of computer-related majors in accredited business schools and their names, then compared the data with that of three years ago. The results provide evidence that although information systems programs remain common, there is no move toward standardization of the majors' names.
Modulation of learning and memory by the genetic disruption of circadian oscillator populations.

Abstract While a rich literature has documented that the efficiency of learning and memory varies across circadian time, a close survey of that literature reveals extensive heterogeneity in the time of day (TOD) when peak cognitive performance occurs. Moreover, most previous experiments in rodents have not focused on the question of discriminating which memory processes (e.g., working memory, memory acquisition, or retrieval) are modulated by the TOD. Here, we use assays of contextual fear conditioning and spontaneous alternation in WT (C57Bl/6 J) mice to survey circadian modulation of hippocampal-dependent memory at multiple timescales – including working memory (seconds to a few minutes), intermediate-term memory (a delay of thirty minutes), and acquisition and retrieval of long-term memory (a delay of two days). Further, in order to test the relative contributions of circadian timing mechanisms to the modulation of memory, a parallel set of studies were performed in mice lacking clock timing mechanisms. These transgenic mice lacked the essential circadian gene Bmal1 , either globally ( Bmal1 null) or locally (floxed Bmal1 mice, which lack Bmal1 in excitatory forebrain neurons, e.g. cortical and hippocampal neurons). Here, we show that in WT mice, retrieval (but not working memory, intermediate-term memory, or acquisition of long-term memory) is modulated by TOD. However, transgenic mouse models lacking Bmal1 – both globally, and only in forebrain excitatory neurons – show deficits regardless of the memory process tested (and lack circadian modulation of retrieval). These results provide new clarity regarding the impact of the TOD on hippocampal-dependent memory and support the key role of hippocampal and cortical circadian oscillations in circadian gating of cognition.
Eric Voegelin’s Semiotics of History

As history and semiotic begin their formal rapprochement, evidenced by numerous articles in Semiotics during the 1980s on semiotics and history -- including special issues in 1982, 1984, and one planned for 1989 -- and a session on history and semiotics at the American Historical Association Convention in 1987, it is worthwhile to call attention to the immensely learned works of the Austrian- American thinker Eric Voegelin (1901–1985). To call him a philosopher, historian, or political scientist is to diminish his stature: his thought linked these disciplines much as semiotics claims to offer a methodology unifying the realms of knowledge. Moreover, Voegelin’s lifelong concern with the symbols through which societies have understood themselves and through which thinkers have sought to interpret human experience foreshadowed modern semiotics. His enquiries were in part inspired by his early encounter with the works of Charles Peirce, William James, George Santayana, and John Dewey - the last of whom was his teacher at Columbia in the 1920s. I therefore treat Voegelin here as a semiotician of history, and invite scholars in both disciplines to benefit from his exciting, if by no means unexceptionable, approach to history as the creation, questioning, and development of certain symbolisms to represent the fundamentals of human experience.
Whose Syndrome? Stories of Medical Eponyms

Medicine has a long history of naming diseases, microorganisms, and so forth after those who were first associated with them, be they the first to describe a phenomenon, a historical or literary figure, or even the patient first reported with the disease. Think of Addison disease (adrenal insufficiency), Pickwickian syndrome (pulmonary alveolar hypoventilation associated with corpulence), or Christmas disease (the name of the person first described with the disorder). This chapter tells of these eponymic diseases and many more.
THE PEPTIDE UNIT

This chapter discusses the structure of polypeptide. The basic unit of polypeptide or protein structure is the amino acid. Amino acids are carboxylic acids with an amino group attached to the carbon next to the carboxyl group. This carbon atom is called the 2 α-carbon. Amino acids form polypeptides when the amino group of one amino acid condenses with the carboxyl group of another amino acid to form an amide, or peptide linkage. The polypeptide backbone is comprised of a repeating –C–C–N– unit. That is, peptide linkages alternate with α-carbons. The polypeptides have an amino end or N-terminus and a carboxyl end or C-terminus. In many natural polypeptides, the peptide linkage is planar, that is, the torsion angle of the C–N bond is either 0° or 180°. Most commonly, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of this linkage aretrans to one another (torsion angle is 180°). This is called the trans-peptide linkage. In the cis-peptide linkage the torsion angle is 0°.
Assessing Human Health PM2.5 and Ozone Impacts from U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Sector Emissions in 2025

Incomplete information regarding emissions from oil and natural gas production has historically made it challenging to characterize the air quality or air pollution-related health impacts for this sector in the United States. Using an emissions inventory for the oil and natural gas sector that reflects information regarding the level and distribution of PM2.5 and ozone precursor emissions, we simulate annual mean PM2.5 and summer season average daily 8 h maximum ozone concentrations with the Comprehensive Air-Quality Model with extensions (CAMx). We quantify the incidence and economic value of PM2.5 and ozone health related effects using the environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP). We find that ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone, and associated health impacts, are highest in a handful of states including Colorado, Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia. On a per-ton basis, the benefits of reducing PM2.5 precursor emissions from this sector vary by pollutant species, and range from between $6,300 and $320,000, while the value of reducing ozone precursors ranges from $500 to $8,200 in the year 2025 (2015$).
Reinterpretation of the electronic absorption spectrum of the methylene amidogen radical (H2CN).

The peculiar electronic absorption spectrum of H2CN has been of great interest to experiment. Herein, this system is studied extensively by applying theoretical methods to the ground and low-lying excited electronic states. Employing a large breadth of high-level ab initio computations, including coupled cluster [CCSD(T) and CCSDT(Q)] and multireference configuration interaction [MRCISD+Q] methods, we comprehensively demonstrate that the most recent experimental and theoretical interpretations of the electronic spectrum of H2CN are in error. The previous assignments of the two broad features in the spectrum as the origin 000 (∼35 050 cm−1) and 402 (∼35 600 cm−1) B 2A1←X 2B2 transitions are both found to be incorrect. The presently reported transition energies suggest that the higher energy band near 35 600 cm−1 is the true origin band. Additionally, from the computed anharmonic vibrational frequencies of the X 2B2 and B 2A1 states, we show that this ∼550 cm−1 band spacing cannot be attributed to a simple vibronic transition, as claimed by the 402 assignment. Possible alternative explanations for the appearance of the lower intensity band near 35 050 cm−1 are discussed.