cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A diffusion source for sodium and potassium in the atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon

Deep grain-boundary diffusion and regolith diffusion through a fractured crust and regolith can account not only for the Na/K ratios observed in the Mercurian and lunar atmospheres, but the large Na abundance enhancement of Mercury over lunar levels. A hot component of Na and K at Mercury is noted to be smaller in proportion to the total abundances of these two constituents than at the moon; this hot component is consistent with a population of meteoritic substances similar to lunar ones, as well as with a surface composition which has undergone no greater K depletion than that of the moon.
An investigation of the construct validity of the Tennessee self‐concept scale

A common factor analysis was utilized to extend the validation of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale to adolescents, a group for which no previous study has been available. Product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated on the 100 items of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale for a sample of 237 secondary school students from a large southwestern metropolitan area in the United States. A total of 46 items were found to contribute to the factor structure, which produced nine factors that accounted for 36.4% of the original variance. The results of this investigation concur to some degree with Fitts' model of the construct of self-concept.
Patterns of understanding with open-ended learning environments: A qualitative study

This study examined patterns of scientific understanding using an open-ended learning environment (OELE). Four seventh-graders were drawn from a general science class and were studied as separate cases. The OELE was the ErgoMotion program on mechanical physics, which combines computer-generated graphics, computer simulations, video, and print-based materials. Primary data collection techniques included think-aloud protocols and interviews. The results indicated that learners perceived information from the system, derived interpretations to explain observations, and used system features to test interpretations. Learners also, however, tended to perceive and interpret information inaccurately. While learners built and formalized scientific theories, they often failed to use system data to evaluate the limitations of their understanding. In some cases, they assimilated new data into existing theories, ignored inconsistent data, or derived independent theories to account for contradictory evidence. This study indicated that powerful intuitive theories, which are highly resistant to change, influence the interpretation of system events.
toward professional commitment through risking and sharing

Because many counselors perform tasks that offer little satisfaction, their commitment to the counseling profession is minimal. In this article the author suggests that by taking the risk to implement innovative counseling techniques and by sharing ideas both within and outside the profession, counselors can derive greater satisfaction from their work and consequently experience increased professional commitment.
Deafferentation Pain in Man

Pains of various etiologies are described in so many overlapping ways that verbal descriptions alone do not permit a valid distinction between those pains associated with neurological injury (with or
gridlock, a localized heritable vascular patterning defect in the zebrafish

We are using the zebrafish, Danio rerio, to identify genes that generate and pattern the vertebrate vasculature. We have isolated a recessive mutation, gridlockm145 (grlm145) in which blood flow to the tail is impeded by a localized vascular defect. Using a novel microangiographic method, we show that the blockade is in the anterior trunk, where the paired lateral dorsal aortae normally merge to form the single midline aorta. Arterial-venous shunts and collateral vessels develop in most mutant embryos, bypassing the lesion and reconstituting caudal blood flow. The grl defect resembles coarctation of the aorta, a human congenital cardiovascular malformation of unknown aetiology, in the location of the lesion and its consequences and in the mutants' dependence on collateral vessels for survival.
Identification of an enhancer element in the estrogen receptor upstream region: implications for regulation of ER transcription in breast cancer

Abstract The estrogen receptor (ER) serves as a diagnostic marker for the treatment of breast cancer. Patients with ER-positive breast tumors are likely to respond to hormonal therapies, while ER-negative breast cancers are resistant to endocrine therapies. Most ER-negative tumors do not express detectable levels of ER transcript, highlighting the importance of transcriptional regulation. A novel regulatory element which resembles a steroid hormone response element has been identified in the 5′-flanking region of the human ER gene. We observed 3- to 5-fold higher specific binding to this element in nuclear extracts from ER-expressing MCF-7 breast cancer cells compared to ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells. We termed the factor(s) which bind to this cis-element estrogen receptor upstream binding factor-1 (ERUBF-1). In transient transfection assays in MCF-7 cells, the ERUBF-1 binding site elicited a 20-fold increase in luciferase activity over the ER P1, promoter. This enhancer element was significantly more active in the ER-positive MCF-7 cell line compared to the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. These data indicate that ERUBF-1 plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of the ER gene in breast cancer.
Improved modeling of lithium-based batteries using temperature-dependent resistance and overpotential

The temperature-dependent behavior of the resistance and overpotential of a lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) battery cell is explored in this paper. Offline experimental results from hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods for resistance and overpotential are explained using Arrhenius equations. Using a nonlinear regression technique, simulated drive cycle data are used to confirm the experimental findings and construct a generic cell model that explicitly takes temperature effects on the resistance and overpotential into account. The significance of the work lies in its confirmation of the inadequacy of the baseline linear-circuit model for lithium batteries at low temperatures and its presentation of a modeling approach that provides much better agreement with measured battery characteristics.
The effect of compositionally-generated elastic stresses on morphological instability during directional solidification

The effect of compositionally-generated elastic stresses on the conditions for morphological instability during directional solidification of a dilute, ideal binary alloy is investigated using the Gibbs-Thomson equations for an elastically-stressed solid with zero surface stress in equilibrium with a liquid. It is found that these stresses lead to a small stabilization of the Mullins and Sekerka cellular mode of instability. The steady mode is stabilized by a stress-induced modification to the interfacial concentration of the solid, which in turn alters the amount of solute rejected to inhibit the growth of perturbations. The presence of elastic stresses could generate a new oscillatory instability which is most likely to be found in experiments near absolute stability for materials with segregation coefficients near unity and large solute expansion coefficients.
Sex differences in the relation between statistics anxiety and cognitive/learning strategies

Three hundred twenty three students were recruited in order to investigate sex differences on measures of statistics anxiety and learning strategies. Data was analyzed using descriptive discriminant analysis and canonical correlation analysis. Findings indicated that sex differences on these measures were statistically significant, but with small effect sizes. However, the relationship between statistics anxiety and learning strategies varied between men and women. Men showed a much more clear relationship where procrastination was positively related to fear of asking for help and organization, peer learning, and procrastination was positively related to test and class anxiety and interpretation anxiety. For women, all of the learning strategies except procrastination and peer learning were negatively related to aspects of statistics anxiety. Procrastination was positively related to statistics anxiety. Results are discussed evaluating the role of procrastination as a means of avoiding anxiety. Suggestions are provided to instructors based in the framework of exposure to the anxiety-provoking stimulus (statistics) as a means of helping students maximize their potential in statistics courses.
FUNCTIONAL STATUS VERSUS UTILITIES IN SURVIVORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

While much progress in assessing quality of life has been made since Karnofsky'sseminal effort,1 the plethora of instruments2 is an indication of the lack of a gold standard in the field. Types of measures include ordinal symptom and functional status scales, such as the Karnofsky scale,1'3 rating scales such as the 10 cm visual analogue scale,4 and utilities, such as the time trade-off,5 which gauge a person's strength of preference for their health state. Although comparisons have been made among functional status measures6-10 and among utility measures,11-14 utilities have rarely been directly compared with functional status measures.7'13'516 The purposes of this study were: 1) to assess the
Stopped-flow kinetic and biophysical studies of membrane-associated D-lactate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The enzyme kinetics of the FAD-containing membrane-associated d -lactate dehydrogenase ( d -LDH) of Escherichia coli have been investigated by stopped-flow spectroscopy. The reduction of d -LDH by the substrate, d -lactate, exhibits a two-stage behavior as observed by the absorbance change for the enzyme-bound FAD. The fast stage with a maximum rate of 400 s −1 represents the rapid formation of the enzyme-substrate complex and the formation of the equilibrium between the oxidized and the reduced enzyme-substrate complexes. The slow stage, which occurs on the order of 0.36 s −1 , represents the slow release of the product, pyruvate, from the reduced enzyme. The formation of a d -LDH semiquinone radical was not observed during the oxidation of d -lactate by d -LDH at 25°C. However, during the subsequent electron transfer from the reduced enzyme to a nitroxide spin-label, a one-electron acceptor, an enzyme intermediate has been observed and identified by both optical and EPR spectroscopies as an anionic semiquinone. Results from 1 H-NMR spectroscopic studies suggest the possible formation of a substrate carbanion when d -lactate is bound at the active site of d -LDH.
Analysis and performance of an axial-gap superconductor motor

The performance of a variable-speed, AC, superconducting motor has been evaluated. A novel axial-gap geometry was chosen for four-pole, 1800-r/min operation, using a superconducting stator and normal armature. The pool-boiling cryostat contains four solenoidal field windings of filamentary Nb-Ti conductor and has a maximum field of 7 T and an air-gap field of 2-3 T. The armature windings are formed from copper Litz wire and are arranged in 48 radial slots. The wires inside diameter and outside diameter are 17.18 and 69.24 cm, respectively. The armature is driven by three-phase power supplied via slip rings and an adjustable-speed drive. The maximum design power is 100 hp, which can be doubled by using two armatures. Motor-performance data as a function of speed and air-gap flux density are presented for initial low-power tests with a drive capable of delivering 60 A per phase to the armature.
An improved method for the measurement of nonlinear audio distortion

The three most common methods of measuring non-linear distortion in audio equipment are the harmonic method in which harmonics of a single sinusoidal input signal are measured; the SMPTE, or modulation, method in which the modulation of a high audio frequency by a low frequency is measured; and the CCIF, or difference frequency, method in which the beat note between two closely spaced frequencies is measured. These methods are discussed with particular reference to the behavior which may be expected in applications where the equipment under test includes pre-emphasis or de-emphasis networks, or where the distortion is symmetrical. It is shown that in a number of cases a more satisfactory method for use at the higher audio frequencies would be the measurement of the third-order component, rather than the second, produced in the CCIF method. A modification of the CCIF method using a sharp-cutoff low-pass filter is described which is capable of measuring both second- and third-order components, it is then shown that an instrument for this new method and the standard SMPTE method have many elements in common and that one instrument could be devised to make both forms of tests. The discussion is illustrated with the results of measurements made on a simulated distortion generator and on actual samples of audio equipment.
Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathway.

Summary Functional imaging with genetically encoded calcium and cAMP reporters was used to examine the signal integration underlying learning in Drosophila . Dopamine and octopamine modulated intracellular cAMP in spatially distinct patterns in mushroom body neurons. Pairing of neuronal depolarization with subsequent dopamine application revealed a synergistic increase in cAMP in the mushroom body lobes, which was dependent on the rutabaga adenylyl cyclase. This synergy was restricted to the axons of mushroom body neurons, and occurred only following forward pairing with time intervals similar to those required for behavioral conditioning. In contrast, forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and octopamine produced a subadditive effect on cAMP. Finally, elevating intracellular cAMP facilitated calcium transients in mushroom body neurons, suggesting that cAMP elevation is sufficient to induce presynaptic plasticity. These data suggest that rutabaga functions as a coincidence detector in an intact neuronal circuit, with dopamine and octopamine bidirectionally influencing the generation of cAMP.
Beyond Protection Motivation: An Integrative Theory of Health Appeals

We develop an integrated theory of health communication by combining protection motivation theory (PMT; Rogers, 1983) with the stages of change described in the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DClemente, 1982). Our study challenges the assumption implicit in PMT that perceptions of vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy are equally weighted across individuals. Rather, we propose that people at different stages of readiness to change are differentially affected by levels of these predictor variables. Results from our experiment confirm that vulnerability, severity, and efficacy (response and self) are the main motivators to change behavior during the precontemplation, contemplation, and action stages, respectively. Furthermore, we explore how specific categories of beliefs identified by the transtheoretical model are associated with perceptions of vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy.
Measuring the quality of hospital-based domestic violence programs

Objective: To obtain consensus among a panel of experts on performance measures useful for evaluating the quality of hospital-based domestic violence (DV) programs. Methods: The Delphi process of consensus development was used with a panel of 18 experts including DV researchers, program planners, and advocates. Three rounds were conducted over a period of six months, with each round involving the completion of a written questionnaire. Panelists were instructed to concentrate on structure and process measures of DV program performance. Health outcome measures were not considered. During each round, panelists rated (scale of 1-5) their level of agreement with each measure, in terms of the measure's usefulness for evaluating hospital-based DV programs. Data were entered into SPSS on a personal computer and frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, and variance were computed for each measure. Consensus development was defined as a reduction in the item-specific variance from one round to the next. Results: A total of 37 performance measures were agreed upon. These measures fell within nine different domains of DV program activities, including: Policies and Procedures, Hospital Physical Environment, Hospital Cultural Environment, Training of Providers, Screening and Safety Assessment, Documentation, Intervention Services, Evaluation Activities, and Collaboration. Conclusions: A number of measures have been identified as useful for evaluating hospital-based DV programs. Use of these measures should assist researchers, program planners, and administrators in assessing the quality of hospital-based DV programs.
I Know My Instructional Technologies: It's These Learners That Perplex Me!.

Abstract The role of technical support personnel in higher education and corporate training has traditionally been confined to the areas of hardware and software. Now technologists are often asked to serve as corporate trainers and advisors to faculty in the choice and integration of educational technology into teaching and learning. Based on her own training and personal experience, the author suggests and discusses three areas of study within adult education that can assist persons with a technical background to make this role transition. The areas of study include 1) introduction to adult education, 2) adult learners and learning, and 3) program planning. The combination of technology training and knowledge in these three areas will provide a solid foundation for the expanding role of technologists.
Time-Dependent Raman Analysis of Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States: Application to Radiative and NonRadiative Decay

The photophysical properties of the emitting metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of the complexes, [Os(bpy)3]2+, [Os(bpy)2(py)2]2+, and [Os(bpy)(py)4]2+ (bpy = 4-4‘-bipyridine, py...
The effects of transient dopamine antagonism on thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced prolactin release in pseudopregnant rats.

The effectiveness of TRH in releasing PRL after transient dopamine (DA) blockade was investigated in female rats between days 3 and 11 of pseudopregnancy (PSP). At 0930 h on the morning of the experiment, each animal was injected with the DA antagonist domperidone (0.01 mg/rat, iv) or vehicle (acetic acid in saline); 5 min later, the DA agonist 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine maleate (CB-154; 0.5 mg/rat, iv) was administered. Sixty minutes later, TRH (1.0 μg/rat, iv) was administered. Blood samples were withdrawn via indwelling catheters before, 5, 20, 40, and 70 min after domperidone or vehicle administration, and 5 and 10 min after TRH administration. On day 3 of PSP, TRH-induced PRL release was signficantly enhanced by the domperidone-CBl54 treatment compared to that in vehicle-treated control rats. By day 9 of PSP, the effectiveness of TRH in stimulating PRL release after domperidone treatment was decreased by 50% compared to that on day 3 of PSP. This reduction in PRL response to TRH was not due to decreased ...
Relational Self-construal Moderates the Link between Goal Coherence and Well-being

Two studies examined the moderating effect of relational self-construal on the association between goal coherence and psychological well-being in two domains: relationships and academics. In Study 1, 178 undergraduates completed measures of their self-construal and life satisfaction, listed and categorized 7 goals, and then completed a measure of goal dependence. Study 2 (n = 166) used the same procedure as Study 1 except participants completed measures of purpose in life and a Goal Instrumentality Matrix. Results indicated that the association between academic goal coherence and well-being was positive for low relationals, but non-significant or negative for high relationals. These results suggest that the beneficial outcomes of some forms of cognitive consistency are moderated by individual differences in self-definition.
Structural motif of polyglutamine amyloid fibrils discerned with mixed-isotope infrared spectroscopy

Polyglutamine (polyQ) sequences are found in a variety of proteins, and mutational expansion of the polyQ tract is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. We study the amyloid fibril structure and aggregation kinetics of K2Q24K2W, a model polyQ sequence. Two structures have been proposed for amyloid fibrils formed by polyQ peptides. By forming fibrils composed of both 12C and 13C monomers, made possible by protein expression in Escherichia coli, we can restrict vibrational delocalization to measure 2D IR spectra of individual monomers within the fibrils. The spectra are consistent with a β-turn structure in which each monomer forms an antiparallel hairpin and donates two strands to a single β-sheet. Calculated spectra from atomistic molecular-dynamics simulations of the two proposed structures confirm the assignment. No spectroscopically distinct intermediates are observed in rapid-scan 2D IR kinetics measurements, suggesting that aggregation is highly cooperative. Although 2D IR spectroscopy has advantages over linear techniques, the isotope-mixing strategy will also be useful with standard Fourier transform IR spectroscopy.
Sympathetic neuronotrophic activity in the pulp of the cat canine tooth

Extracts of these dental pulps from adult cats contained a non-dialysable agent or agents which could support neurone survival and neurite development for at least three days in neurone-enriched cultures of sympathetic ganglion cells from 11-day chick embryos. The neurone survival-promoting activity differed from nerve growth factor (NGF) in that: (1) anti-mouse NGF serum did not inhibit it; (2) nearly all ganglionic neurones survived in optimum concentrations of pulp extract, whereas only about 35 per cent were supported by NGF; and (3) cell bodies of NGF-supported neurones were markedly larger than in neurones supported by pulp extracts. The neuronotrophic activity in individual dental pulps was highly variable among different cats, but similar between mandibular canines from the same animal. Smaller pulps had higher concentrations of trophic activity than larger ones. Gingival tissue and the anterior belly of the disgastric muscle contained little neuronotrophic activity.
Formation of a novel alkylcobalt dimer

Abstract A functionally-substituted derivative (I) of N, N′-disalicylalethylenediamine-cobalt(II) was synthesized. Reduction of I with lithium naphthalide to formation of a novel alkylcobalt dimer.
Adaptive Communication in Educational Contexts: A Study of Teachers' Communicative Strategies.

The present study examined individual differences in psychological development among prospective teachers as these affect the adaptive, “person‐centered” quality of their communication with students. Significant relationships were found between abstract psychological development and use of person‐centered communicative strategies in regulative and interpersonal educational contexts. In addition, differences in the quality of the teachers’ construal of the student‐teacher relationship were significantly related to their ability to manage those relationships in their communication with students. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of the impact of differences in teachers’ communicative development upon development of students and their implications for future studies of relationships between specific components of psychological and communicative development.
First-principles ionicity scales. I. Charge asymmetry in the solid state.

Using a measure of the asymmetry of the valence charge distribution in ${\mathit{A}}^{\mathit{N}}$${\mathit{B}}^{8\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{N}}$ compounds, a mapping to Phillips's ionicity scale is achieved.
Democratic Breakdown in Paraguay and Venezuela: The Shape of Things to Come for Latin America?

The decade of the 1990s saw advances in democratization and civilian control of the armed forces in Latin America, but there are warning signs on the horizon. Civil/military miovements developed in...
Coherence properties of Stokes beams for incoherent broadband pumps

We calculate the Stokes correlation function for resonant Raman amplification by a broadband incoherent pump. For beams crossing at a nonzero angle the transversal Stokes coherence length is proportional to the longitudinal pump coherence length, and for small crossing angles it is inversely proportional to the angle. Transversal pump incoherence leads to a threshold for amplification.
Determination of biomass composition of Catharanthus roseus hairy roots for metabolic flux analysis.

Metabolic flux analysis is a powerful diagnostic tool in metabolic engineering, and determination of biomass composition is indispensable to accurate flux evaluation. We report the elemental and biomolecular composition of Catharanthus roseus hairy roots, a pharmaceutically significant plant system and an important metabolic engineering target. The molecular formula of the organic material in the hairy roots was C 12.0 H 22.7 N 0.4 O 7.6 during mid-exponential growth. The abundances of lipids, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, protein, proteinogenic amino acids, mineral ash, and moisture in the biomass were quantified. Analysis of water-soluble components of the biomass with 1-D 13 C and 2-D ['H,'H] correlation (COSY) NMR spectroscopy revealed that the water-soluble components were composed almost entirely of β-glucans. Agropine, a frequently reported hairy root biomass component, was not detected. Our measurements of the biomass components quantified 83.6 ± 9.3% (w/w) of the biomass. Together with previously reported abundances of indole alkaloids, we accounted for at least 85.9 ± 11.6% (w/w) of the carbon in the biomass, which enabled the precise determination of 12 biomass synthesis fluxes.
Tigecycline attenuates staphylococcal superantigen-induced T-cell proliferation and production of cytokines and chemokines.

The purpose of this study is to examine the in vitro modulatory effect of tigecycline on staphylococcal superantigen-induced T-cell activation and cytokines and chemokines production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Isolated human PBMC from ten healthy volunteers were stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) superantigens with varying concentrations of tigecycline. Cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and chemokines MIP-1α and MIP-1β concentrations were measured along with T cell proliferation. Results demonstrated that tigecycline alters cytokine production and reduces T-cell proliferation in vitro suggesting an immunomodulatory activity independent of its antimicrobial effect.
Scotopic and Photopic Spectral Sensitivities of Boobies

The day and night visual capacities (photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity) of several species of boobies (family Sulidae) were analyzed using a behavioral psychophysical testing technique. On the basis of these data there is evidence for sensitivity to near-ultraviolet light in the order Pelecaniformes. The scotopic spectral sensitivity functions of three booby species conform closely to the spectral absorption characteristics of avian rhodopsin. There are marked differences between the photopic sensitivities of a coastal booby species with that of a pelagic species; these differences appear correlated with their respective feeding ecologies. Lastly, a brief review of avian spectral sensitivity and a consideration of individual variation in avian vision studies are presented.
Tachykinins contract the circular muscle of the human esophageal body in vitro via NK2 receptors.

Abstract Background: The action of tachykinins in the circular muscle of the human esophageal body is not known. The present study aimed to determine the response to tachykinins and the receptor type mediating this response. Methods: Specimen were obtained from organ donors or patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer, and isometric tension in response to tachykinins was measured. Results: Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB) evoked a concentration-dependent contraction with the following order of potency: NKA > NKB > SP. The neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, increased only the response to SP. [βAla 8 ]NKA(4–10), a selective agonist of the NK 2 receptor, produced a concentration-dependent contraction, whereas [Sar 9 ,Met(O 2 ) 11 ]SP and [MePhe 7 ]NKB, selective agonists of NK 1 and NK 3 receptors, respectively, had no effect. Contraction evoked by NKA was inhibited by the nonpeptide NK 2 antagonist SR 48968 but not by the nonpeptide NK 1 receptor antagonist CP-96, 345, tetrodotoxin, or atropine. SR 48968 did not affect the response to carbachol. Conclusions: Tachykinins contract the circular muscle of human esophageal body by activation of NK 2 receptors without involvement of neural mechanisms. Response to SP is modulated by a phosphoramidon-sensitive enzymatic activity.
Some properties of order-statistics filters

LetX1,X2,... be a stationary sequence of random variables with Pr{Xt, ≤x}=F(x),t=1, 2,... Also leti∶n,(t),i=1,...,n, denote the ith order statistic (OS) in the moving sample (Xt−N,...,Xt,...,Xt+N) of odd sizen=2N+1. ThenYt=∑aiXi∶n(t) with ∑ai=1 is an order-statistics filter. In practiceai≥0,i=1,...,n. Fort>N, the sequence {Yt} is also stationary. IfX1X2, ... are independent, the autocorrelation function ρ(r)=corr(Yt,Yt+r) is zero forr >n − 1 and forr ≤n − 1 can be evaluated directly in terms of the means, variances, and covariances of the OS in random samples of sizen +r fromF(x).
Transcriptional Suppression of IL-27 Production by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Activated p38 MAPK via Inhibition of AP-1 Binding

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major global challenge to human health care, and the mechanisms of how M. tuberculosis evades host immune surveillance to favor its survival are still largely unknown. In this study, we found that bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and viable M. tuberculosis as well as M. tuberculosis lysates could activate IL-27 expression in human and mouse macrophages by induction of p28 subunit transcription. However, in parallel with these effects, BCG and M. tuberculosis lysate stimulation of macrophages induced activation of p38 MAPK signaling molecules MLK3/MKK3/MK2 to prevent maximal IL-27 production. M. tuberculosis lysate-induced p28 transcription was dependent on MyD88 signaling pathway. AP-1/c-Fos was shown to bind directly to the p28 promoter and induce p28 expression after M. tuberculosis lysate stimulation. Overexpression of p38α inhibited the binding of c-Fos to the p28 promoter but had no effect on c-Fos protein expression or phosphorylation in response to M. tuberculosis lysate stimulation. Furthermore, blockade of p38 by SB203580 enhanced M. tuberculosis -induced AP-1 binding to the p28 promoter. Importantly, we show that adding exogenous IL-27 to increase the levels produced by PBMCs stimulated with live mycobacteria enhanced the ability of BCG-expanded T cells to inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth in human macrophages. Taken together, our data demonstrate that mycobacterial stimulation induces both IL-27 production and p38 MAPK activation. Strategies designed to tip the balance toward positive regulation of p28 induction by mycobacteria could lead to enhanced protective tuberculosis immunity.
Boundary Spanners as Bridges of Student and School Discourses in an Urban Science and Mathematics High School.

A key to improving urban science and mathematics education is to facilitate the mutual understanding of the participants involved and then look for strategies to bridge differences. Educators need new theoretical tools to do so. In this paper the argument is made that the concept of “boundary spanner” is such a tool. Boundary spanners are individuals, objects, media, and other experiences that link an organization to its environment. They serve critical communicative roles, such as bridges for bringing distinct discourses together, cultural guides to make discourses of the “other” more explicit, and change agents for potentially reshaping participants' discourses. This ethnographic study provides three examples of boundary spanners found in the context of an urban public high school of science, mathematics, and technology: boundary media, boundary objects, and boundary experiences. The analysis brings to the foreground students' and teachers' distinct discourses about “good student identity,”“good student work,” and “good summer experience” and demonstrates how boundary spanners shaped, were shaped by, and sometimes brought together participants' distinct discourses. An argument is made for boundary spanners' practical and theoretical utility: practically, as a tool for enhancing meaning-making between diverse groups, and theoretically, as a heuristic tool for understanding the reproductive and transformative aspects of urban science education.
Ionic conduction and disorder in the Gd2Sn2O7 pyrochlore system

Abstract Electrical conductivity measurements were performed on Gd2Sn2O7 as a function of temperature, Po2 and Ca doping concentration. An effective frenkel constant and oxygen vacancy mobility were derived. The high level of intrinsic anion disorder is consistent with expectations based on the cation radius ratio ( r A r B ) in A2B2O7 pyrochlore compounds. These measurements were extended to the solid solution Gd2(Ti1 −xSnx)2O7 and Gd2(Zr1 − x Snx)2O7. Intrinsic anion disorder was correlated with x or r A r B . Systematic decreases in oxygen vacancy mobility with increasing Sn content were observed. An apparent second ionic plateau in a plot of σ vs. Po2 was found at low Po2in Gd2(Ti1 − xSnx)2O7 (x ≤ 0.6) which appears to be connected with the reduction of Sn4+ to Sn2+. The variations in ionic carrier density and mobility with composition are discussed in light of appropriate defect models and structural evolution of the lattice.
Intelligent tutoring issues for air traffic control training

A system designed for air traffic control (ATC) training is described. The system consists of a computer simulation of an ATC radar workstation, a computer model of an ATC expert and other components that allow for automatic evaluation and coaching of an ATC student. The rationale for such a system is presented, along with a discussion of computer intelligent training methodologies. The architectural design of the system is described and those design features implemented in the current version of the system are discussed. Finally, there is a discussion of current and future research and system development: ideas for incorporating intelligent tutoring into the system software, techniques to be used by the system in evaluating student performance, and parameters and metrics to be used in generating ATC training exercises. >
Linear peak current mode control: a simple active power factor correction control technique for continuous conduction mode

A simplified power factor correction (PFC) technique for continuous conduction mode (CCM) operated power converters is presented which has the following advantages over conventional peak and average current mode PFC techniques: elimination of the controller multiplier and input voltage sensing circuits; unconditional stability of the current loop; and ease of implementation using low cost standard PWM control ICs (e.g. UC2843). Simulation and experimental results verify the viability of the new controller.
High-Affinity Binding Of The AP-1 Adaptor Complex to Trans-Golgi Network Membranes Devoid Of Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptors

The GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) initiates clathrin-coat assembly at the trans-Goli network (TGN) by generating high-affinity membrane-binding sites for the AP-1 adaptor complex. Both transmembrane proteins, which are sorted into the assembling coated bud, and novel docking proteins have been suggested to be partners with GTP-bound ARF in generating the AP-1-docking sites. The best characterized, and probably the major transmembrane molecules sorted into the clathrin-coated vesicles that form on the TGN, are the mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs). Here, we have examined the role of the MPRs in the AP-1 recruitment process by comparing fibroblasts derived from embryos of either normal or MPR-negative animals. Despite major alterations to the lysosome compartment in the MPR-deficient cells, the steady-state distribution of AP-1 at the TGN is comparable to that of normal cells. Golgi-enriched membranes prepared from the receptor-negative cells also display an apparently normal capacity to recruit AP-1 in vitro in the presence of ARF and either GTP or GTPgammaS. The AP-1 adaptor is recruited specifically onto the TGN and not onto the numerous abnormal membrane elements that accumulate within the MPR-negative fibroblasts. AP-1 bound to TGN membranes from either normal or MPR-negative fibroblasts is fully resistant to chemical extraction with 1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7, indicating that the adaptor binds to both membrane types with high affinity. The only difference we do note between the Golgi prepared from the MPR-deficient cells and the normal cells is that AP-1 recruited onto the receptor-lacking membranes in the presence of ARF1.GTP is consistently more resistant to extraction with Tris. Because sensitivity to Tris extraction correlates well with nucleotide hydrolysis, this finding might suggest a possible link between MPR sorting and ARF GAP regulation. We conclude that the MPRs are not essential determinants in the initial steps of AP-1 binding to the TGN but, instead, they may play a regulatory role in clathrin-coated vesicle formation by affecting ARF.GTP hydrolysis.
Synthesis and characterization of [2-3H] (1R,2S)- (−)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol

(R)-(−) Benzoin oxime 2 was catalytically tritiated to afford [2-3H] (1R,2S)-(−)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol 1 in 92% ee. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Timelessness of Nursing Theory

The following column explores the timelessness of nursing theory by highlighting Florence Nightingale's and Rosemarie Parse's theoretical underpinnings related to understanding the person's perspective on health and quality of life. Following this, a concept inventing process conducted by Barbara Condon explores a humanbecoming definition of feeling misunderstood.
The Impact of Learning Transfer Outcomes on Employed Culinary Arts Graduates' Perceptions of Career Success

This study examines the learning transfer outcomes of recent Culinary Arts program graduates relative to the impact of including convenience product analysis skills in the program's curriculum. Eighty-four public, accredited, associate degree granting Culinary Arts programs were identified as the population of interest. The program administrators were polled regarding the inclusion of convenience product analysis skills in their curriculum. Two groups were created from these responses. The first group included these skills and the second did not. Eight programs were randomly selected from each group. Forty recent graduates were selected from each of these programs. A total of 640 recent Culinary Arts program graduates were administered the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. The scores from each group were compared and analyzed. Statistically significant results and relationships were obtained when comparing the groups.
Spherical Brake with MR Fluid as Multi Degree of Freedom Actuator for Haptics

This research explored design of a magnetorheological (MR) spherical brake as a multi-DOF actuator. To the best of our knowledge, our design is the first ever multi-DOF spherical brake using MR fluid. The primary goal was to design a compact but powerful brake using the serpentine flux path approach. An optical position measurement system was also designed to eliminate the gimbal mechanisms that are typically used in spherical joints for position measurement. It was found that the braking torque scales up proportionally to the cube of the brake radius. This enables making much more powerful brakes without increasing the overall size significantly. A prototype spherical brake was built with 76.2 mm diameter and 3.7 Nm braking torque. Experiments were conducted to identify the characteristics of the prototype brake and to test it in virtual wall collision, damping and Coulomb friction simulations for haptics. A joystick was built as a haptic device using the MR spherical brake. Virtual wall collision experi...
The effect of regadenoson-induced transient disruption of the blood–brain barrier on temozolomide delivery to normal rat brain

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) significantly reduces the delivery of many systemically administered agents to the central nervous system. Although temozolomide is the only chemotherapy to improve survival in patients with glioblastoma, its concentration in brain is only 20 % of that in blood. Regadenoson, an FDA approved adenosine receptor agonist used for cardiac stress testing, transiently disrupts rodent BBB allowing high molecular weight dextran (70 kD) to enter the brain. This study was conducted to determine if regadenoson could facilitate entry of temozolomide into normal rodent brain. Temozolomide (50 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage to non-tumor bearing F344 rats. Two-thirds of the animals received a single dose of intravenous regadenoson 60–90 min later. All animals were sacrificed 120 or 360 min after temozolomide administration. Brain and plasma temozolomide concentrations were determined using HPLC/MS/MS. Brain temozolomide concentrations were significantly higher at 120 min when it was given with regadenoson versus alone (8.1 ± 2.7 and 5.1 ± 3.5 µg/g, P < 0.05). A similar trend was noted in brain:plasma ratios (0.45 ± 0.08 and 0.29 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). Brain concentrations and brain:plasma ratios were not significantly different 360 min after temozolomide administration. No differences were seen in plasma temozolomide concentrations with or without regadenoson. These results suggest co-administration of regadenoson with temozolomide results in 60 % higher temozolomide levels in normal brain without affecting plasma concentrations. This novel approach to increasing intracranial concentrations of systemically administered agents has potential to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in neuro-oncologic disorders.
Genomic profiling of Sézary syndrome identifies alterations of key T cell signaling and differentiation genes

Sezary syndrome is a rare leukemic form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma characterized by generalized redness, scaling, itching and increased numbers of circulating atypical T lymphocytes. It is rarely curable, with poor prognosis. Here we present a multiplatform genomic analysis of 37 patients with Sezary syndrome that implicates dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoint and T cell signaling. Frequent somatic alterations were identified in TP53, CARD11, CCR4, PLCG1, CDKN2A, ARID1A, RPS6KA1 and ZEB1. Activating CCR4 and CARD11 mutations were detected in nearly one-third of patients. ZEB1, encoding a transcription repressor essential for T cell differentiation, was deleted in over one-half of patients. IL32 and IL2RG were overexpressed in nearly all cases. Our results demonstrate profound disruption of key signaling pathways in Sezary syndrome and suggest potential targets for new therapies.
Abciximab during percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: intracoronary, intravenous, or not at all?

The intravenous (IV) route is the standard way to administer abciximab to patients during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but pharmacokinetic principles predict that the intracoronary (IC) route would be better. Because of the short
Exploring the Structure of Library and Information Science Web Space Based on Multivariate Analysis of Social Tags.

Introduction. This study examines the structure of Web space in the field of library and information science using multivariate analysis of social tags from the Website, Delicious.com. A few studies have examined mathematical modelling of tags, mainly examining tagging in terms of tri-partite graphs, pattern tracing and descriptive statistics. This study is one of the few studies to employ multivariate analysis in investigating dimensions of Web spaces based on social tagging data. Method. This study examines the post data collected from a set of library and information science related Websites bookmarked on Delicious.com using a Web crawler. Post data consist of the URL, usernames, tags and comments assigned by users of Delicious.com. The collected tag data were analysed based on multivariate methods, such as multidimensional scaling and structural equation modelling. Analysis. Collected data were first analysed using multidimensional scaling to explore initial relationships amongst the selected Websites. Then, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modelling was employed to examine the hierarchical structure of the library & information science Web space. Results. Social tag data exhibit different dimensions in the Web space of the library and information science field. In addition, social tags confirmed the hierarchical structure of the field by showing significantly stronger relationships between the sites with similar characteristics. That is, the structure of the tagging data shows similar connections to those present in the real world. Conclusions. This study suggests a new statistical approach in social tagging and Web space analysis studies. Tag information can be used to explain the hierarchical structure of a certain domain. Methodologically, this study suggests that structural equation modelling can be a compelling method to explore hierarchal structures of nodes on the Web space.
Therapeutic storytelling for adolescents and young adults by Slivinske, J., & Slivinske, L.

The authors present this book as instruction in the use of the Gradual Self-Disclosing Storytelling Technique with adolescents and young adults, however, it offers much more. In terms of theory, it...