cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A McDonald Observatory Study of Comet 19P/Borrelly: Placing the Deep Space 1 Observations into a Broader Context

We present imaging and spectroscopic data on Comet 19P/Borrelly that were obtained around the time of the Deep Space 1 encounter and in subsequent months. In the four months after perihelion, the comet showed a strong primary (sunward) jet that is aligned with the nucleus' spin axis. A weaker secondary jet on the opposite hemisphere appeared to become active around the end of 2001, when the primary jet was shutting down. We investigated the gas and dust distributions in the coma, which exhibited strong asymmetries in the sunward/antisunward direction. A comparison of the CN and C2 distributions from 2001 and 1994 (during times when the viewing geometry was almost identical) shows that each species is remarkably similar, indicating that the comet's activity is essentially repeatable from one apparition to the next. We also measured the dust reflectivities as a function of wavelength and position in the coma, and though the dust was very red overall, we again found variations with respect to the solar direction. We used the primary jet's appearance on several dates to determine the orientation of the rotation pole to be α=214°, δ=−5°. We compared this result to published images from 1994 to conclude that the nucleus is near a state of simple rotation. However, data from the 1911, 1918, and 1925 apparitions indicate that the pole might have shifted by 5–10° since the comet was discovered. Using our pole position and the published nongravitational acceleration terms, we computed a mass of the nucleus of 3.3×1016 g and a bulk density of 0.49 g cm−3 (with a range of 0.29<ρ<0.83 g cm−3). This result is the least model-dependent comet density known to date.
An approximate method of analysis of large deflections

Ein einfaches analytisches Naherungsverfahren zur Behandlung einer Klasse nichtlinearer Randwertaufgaben wird beschrieben und bei der Berechnung der grossen Biegeverformungen von schweren, dunnen Balken und Saulen angewandt. Das Wesen des Verfahrens beruht auf der Linearisierung (oder der Herabsetzung des Nichtlinearitatsgrades) der nichtlinearen Differentialgleichung mittels der Tschebyschewschen Polynome. Die Genauigkeit des Verfahrens beruht auf der Eigenschaft der Tschebyschewschen Entwicklungen, den absoluten Maximal-Fehler der polynomischen Annaherung an eine gegebene Funktion in einem vorgeschriebenen Intervall beinahe auf ein Mindestmass zu verringern.
Fractionation of α-lactalbumin from β-lactoglobulin using positively charged tangential flow ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract The fractionation of the dairy proteins, α-lactalbumin (ALA) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG), was examined using tangential flow ultrafiltration. ALA and BLG differ somewhat in isoelectric point (4.4 vs. 5.2, respectively), but not in size (14.4 kDa vs. 18.4 kDa, respectively). By placing a positive charge on a 300 kDa composite regenerated cellulose membrane and adjusting the solution pH and ionic strength, nearly 490% increase in selectivity for the fractionation of ALA from a binary solution containing ALA and BLG was observed, compared to the uncharged membrane. Thus, like-sized proteins that differ only somewhat in isoelectric point, and that are about 15–20 times smaller than the membrane molecular-weight cutoff (MWCO) are fractionated using charged ultrafiltration membranes. A binary solution containing a 50:50 mixture of ALA and BLG was used to obtain 87% pure ALA using a two-stage flow configuration. A mass balance model for the fractionation of proteins using membranes in staged configurations was developed and it compared well with experimental observations. This work demonstrates that chromatographic purity can be obtained in the fractionation of proteins without the use of chromatography by placing a charge on the ultrafiltration membrane and using it in a staged configuration.
Canvas, Catalyst, Crucible: Exploring the Role of the Setting in the Wilderness Expedition Experience

What is the role of the setting in the wilderness expedition experience? This paper presents one of the findings of a 25-year retrospective study that looked at the life significance of a spiritually oriented, Outward Bound-type, 20-day wilderness expedition offered by a small liberal arts college in North Carolina. The purpose was to understand what role the wilderness setting played in the overall expedition experience.
Chronic Inhibition of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis and Body Weight Gain by Brain-Directed Delivery of Estradiol-17β in Female Rats

The effect of preferential delivery of estradiol (E2) into the brain on both the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and weight gain was studied in female rats. When E2 was coupled to a lipoidal dihydropyridine-pyridinium carrier, the resulting carrier E2 complex (CE), upon a single intravenous administration to cycling female rats, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ovulation which lasted 3 times longer than with uncoupled E2. The dose of CE that delayed ovulation for 4 days was one twentieth the amount of E2 needed to produce the same effect. Studies in ovariectomized (OVEX) rats indicated that the prolonged ovulation-blocking action of CE appeared to be related to a sustained storage and release of E2 in the brain, which in turn suppressed the release of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH). Upon single intravenous administration in pubertal female rats, CE caused a dose-dependent reduction of body weight gain for a minimum period of 28 days. The inhibitory action of CE on body weight gain was more potent and longer lasting than that of E2 in pubertal rats. When administered in OVEX rats, CE produced a loss of body weight that lasted significantly longer than that produced by uncoupled E2 in these rats. These results suggest that the biological action of E2 can be potentiated by this novel chemical delivery system.
Strategies to Reinforce Learning

In spite of the threats presented by teaching machinery, the position of the teacher in the classroom seems still to be secure. Nonetheless, some scholars believe there are tactics that can make that position even more defensible, and some of them are discussed in this paper.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Complication of Insulin Resistance

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis, and rarely, progression to cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is thought to be related to insulin resistance and oxidant stress. Truncal obesity, dyslipidema, hypertension, and hyperglycemia are strongly associated with NAFLD; therefore, management of NAFLD entails identification and treatment of metabolic risk factors, improving insulin sensitivity, and increasing antioxidant defenses in the liver. This article briefly summarizes advances in our understanding of the relationship between NAFLD and the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome, its prevalence, natural history, and treatment.
Control of Common Bunt in Organic Wheat

Common bunt, caused by the seedborne and soilborne pathogens Tilletia caries and T. laevis, has re-emerged as a major disease in organic wheat. In conventional agriculture, common bunt is routinely managed with the use of synthetic chemical seed treatments. For this reason, common bunt is a relatively unimportant disease in conventional agriculture. However, since synthetic chemical inputs are prohibited in organic agriculture, common bunt is a major threat once more in organic wheat and seed production. The challenge today is to manage the disease without the use of chemical seed treatments. This review reports on the management of common bunt under organic farming systems, mainly through host resistance and organic seed treatments. We report the history of screening wheat germplasm for bunt resistance, the search for new sources of resistance, and identification and mapping of bunt resistance genes. Since the pathogen has a gene-for-gene relationship with the host, this review also includes a summary of work on pathogen race identification and virulence patterns of field isolates. Also included are studies on the physiological and molecular basis of host resistance. Alternative seed treatments are discussed, including physical seed treatments, and microbial-based and plant-based treatments acceptable in organic systems. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the current gaps in research on the management of common bunt in organic wheat.
Psychosocial Effects of Breast Cancer on the Patient's Children

Nineteen breast cancer outpatients responded to a semistructured interview and written measures of maternal psychosocial adjustment and children's adjustment. Mothers responded on 32 children who did not differ from a normative sample on measures of emotional and behavior problems and overall competence. However, the mothers reported significantly higher psychological distress than did a normative sample of mixed cancer patients. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that children whose mothers did not have serious complications associated with treatment and whose mothers reported more psychological distress were rated as having significantly more emotional and behavior problems. Mothers who did not experience serious complications of treatment also reported sigmficantly lower overall competence in their children. Finally, family adaptability appeared to be related to the ability of mothers and children to cope with the mother's illness. The authors suggest that the implications include providing con...
Saccharin derivatives II. Synthesis of 4-nitrosaccharin and related compounds

Five new saccharin derivatives were prepared: 4-nitrosaccharin, 4-aminosaccharin, 4-acetamidosaccharin, 2-ethyl-4-nitrosaccharin, and 2- n -propyl-4-nitrosaccharin. Attempts to prepare 5-nitrosaccharin, using procedures described in the literature, gave instead a mixture of two nitrosaccharins, which was shown to consist of the known 6-nitrosaccharin plus 4-nitrosaccharin identical to the above compound. The new saccharin derivatives were tasteless, with the exception of 4-aminosaccharin which had a slightly sweet taste.
High density of zinc-containing and dynorphin B- and substance P-immunoreactive terminals in the marginal division of the rat striatum

Abstract A distinct subdivision of the striatum has recently been described which is located at the caudomedial margin of the striatum, surrounding the rostrolateral edge of the globus pallidus. This “marginal division” has an internal organization and an efferent distribution which is distinct from the rest of the striatum. The striatum contains moderately high levels of zinc and the neuropeptides enkephalin, dynorphin and substance P. In the present study we have examined the distribution of histologically detectable zinc and of dynorphin B- and substance P-immunoreactivity in the marginal division of the striatum. Each of these substances was more dense within the confines of the marginal division than in the rest of the striatum. These data provide further evidence that the marginal division is a structurally distinct subdivision of the striatum.
511 keV Photons from Superconducting Cosmic Strings

We show that a tangle of light superconducting strings in the Milky Way could be the source of the observed 511 keV emission from electron-positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge. The scenario predicts a flux that is in agreement with observations if the strings are at the approximately 1 TeV scale, making the particle physics within reach of planned accelerator experiments. The emission is directly proportional to the galactic magnetic field, and future observations should be able to differentiate the superconducting string scenario from other proposals.
The Importance of Parenting in the Development of Self-Control in Boys and Girls: Results from a Multinational Study of Youth

Abstract Purpose Using self-report data from a cross-national study of 7th, 8th, and 9th graders (N = 67, 883) in 30 countries, this study assesses the cultural generality of self-control theory and its predictions linking parenting to self-control. We focus on the relationship between gender and self-control, assess the contribution of various parenting strategies to the development of self-control in males and females, and gauge the importance of parenting as an explanation for the established gender gap in self-control. Methods OLS regression is used to evaluate these causal links. Findings Supporting self-control theory, across all country clusters, males demonstrate lower levels of self-control than females. Furthermore, parenting strategies have a modest effect on self-control in both male and female groups in all cultural contexts. However, finding of the statistically significant differences in the parenting of sons and daughters is limited to post-Socialist, Mediterranean, and Western countries, and, in these regions, the contribution of gendered parenting to the gender gap in self-control is minimal. Conclusions These results suggest that the development of self-control is a complex process likely affected by multiple factors, some of which may be culture-specific.
An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element method for large deformation analysis of elastic-viscoplastic solids

Abstract Analysis of large deformation of elastic-viscoplastic materials has been performed in this paper using the finite element method with the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian description. An overstress type viscoplastic model using the internal variable approach in a rotated stress-strain space characterizes the material. Stable and efficient integration techniques for the viscoplastic relations are discussed. A linearized form in the ALE description is presented which is to be solved using iteration techniques. In particular the quasi-Newton methods have been used in this analysis. Several test problems which have been considered illustrate the effectiveness of the entire solution algorithm.
Ethical dimensions in trauma research

This article examines the methodological and ethical challenges in studying trauma caused by sexual abuse, poverty, homophobia, and racism. I propose that the challenges of studying trauma add nuance to perennial methodological questions about insider-outsider relations, research techniques, and the possible impact of research on social change. By drawing on a multiracial study I conducted that examined African American, Latina, and white women’s methods of coping with trauma, I trace how issues of identification and overidentification, boundary maintenance, narrative structures, and transference raise new ethical and methodological issues for researchers. I suggest that the longstanding sociological concern with oppression and injustice, and the trauma they often cause, requires continued exploration about why and how questions of ethics and methods are intertwined in trauma research.
Meeting Report: THz Science and Technology Network: Opportunities and Organization

There has been a recent explosion of interest in using terahertz (THz) radiation to investigate questions in chemistry, biology, physics, medicine and materials science. Simultaneously, there has b...
Thermal minima along the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts erupted near fracture zones seem to have lower quenching temperatures than along unfractured ridge segments probably because of enhanced cooling by exposing magmas to colder fault planes and more intense seawater circulation. The cooling effect is most pronounced along segments over hotspots with close ridge displacement fabric and recurrent rift jumping, probably reflecting additional complications, including subaxial magma flow about ‘plumes’, or the presence of an unusually large magma chamber on the Azores Platform and the southern part of the Iceland Plateau.
Abstract 4497: Therapeutic benefit of targeting ERK in mutant KRAS pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The limited success of anti-MEK and anti-RAF therapies with KRAS mutant cancers has been attributed, in part, to de novo or acquired resistance mechanisms that arise after prolonged treatment. A majority of resistance mechanisms involve kinome reprograming to reactivate ERK downstream of inhibitor activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that directly targeting ERK would be an effective method for overcoming these resistance mechanisms. To address this possibility, we evaluated the sensitivity of a panel of mutant KRAS pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines to the highly selective SCH772984 ERK1/2 protein kinase inhibitor. First, we found that the anchorage-dependent growth of 6 of 12 cell lines were sensitive to SCH772984 treatment (IC50<2 uM). Some sensitive PDAC lines were resistant to the AZD6244 MEK1/2-selective inhibitor, indicating different mechanisms of action of these two inhibitors. Second, we identified phospho-AKT as a potential biomarker for PDAC SCH772984 sensitivity. Third, we assessed the molecular basis for anchorage-dependent growth inhibition. After 72 h treatment, flow cytometry analyses indicated impaired cell cycle progression through G1. Additionally, we found increased apoptosis as measured by formation of cleaved caspase-3. Together these observations suggest that sensitivity is a result of both impaired cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Surprisingly prolonged SCH772984 treatment (2 weeks) resulted in senescence, as sensitive lines stained positive for senescence-associated beta-galactocidase. Furthermore, we found that senescent cells induced p16 and lost phospho-RB two common markers associated with induction of senescence. Onset of senescence was dependent on the loss of total MYC protein expression. Finally, we found that treatment with SCH772984 reduced tumorigenic growth in an in vivo xenograft mouse model. Our ongoing studies include determining the mechanisms of inhibitor resistance. In summary, our findings suggest that targeting ERK will be therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of KRAS mutant PDAC. Citation Format: Tikvah K. Hayes. Therapeutic benefit of targeting ERK in mutant KRAS pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4497. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4497
Differential effects of the trophic factors BDNF, NT-4, GDNF, and IGF-I on the isthmo-optic nucleus in chick embryos.

The isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) of chick embryos is a model system for the study of retrograde trophic signaling in developing CNS neurons. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is well established in this system. Recent work has implicated neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) as additional trophic factors for ION neurons. Here it was examined in vitro and in vivo whether these factors are target-derived trophic factors for the ION in 13- to 16-day-old chick embryos. Unlike BDNF, neither GDNF, NT-4, nor IGF-I increased the survival of ION neurons in dissociated cultures identified by retrograde labeling with the fluorescent tracer DiI. BDNF and IGF-I promoted neurite outgrowth from ION explants, whereas GDNF and NT-4 had no effect. Injections of NT-4, but not GDNF, in the retina decreased the survival of ION neurons and accelerated cell death in the ION. NT-4-like immunoreactivity was present in the retina and the ION. Exogenous, radiolabeled NT-4, but not GDNF or IGF-I, was retrogradely transported from the retina to the ION. NT-4 transport was significantly reduced by coinjection of excess cold nerve growth factor (NGF), indicating that the majority of NT-4 bound to p75 neurotrophin receptors during axonal transport. Binding of NT-4 to chick p75 receptors was confirmed in L-cells, which express chick p75 receptors. These data indicate that GDNF has no direct trophic effects on ION neurons. IGF-I may be an afferent trophic factor for the ION, and NT-4 may act as an antagonist to BDNF, either by competing with BDNF for p75 and/or trkB binding or by signaling cell death via p75.
Ion confinement by electrostatic potential well in magnetic multipole device

Abstract An effective confinement of fast ions is achieved by a negative electrostatic potential well produced by injection of electrons into a surface magnetic multipole device.
On the inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadenings of optical and ODMR transitions of triplet states in solids

A simple mechanism for the broadening of optical and ODMR transitions of guest molecules in both lattices is provided. According to this mechanism the broadening results from the random spin-orbital interactions caused by electronic energy fluctuations (inhomogeneous) in the singlet and triplet states. Comparison of the theoretical findings of the model with experiments is made and new predictions are given.
Locating Genetic Knowledge: Picturing Marfan Syndrome and Its Traveling Constituencies

This article draws attention to the production and circulation of genetic knowledge among three constituencies—laboratory researchers, clinicians, and health advocates— all of whom have a stake in research on a heritable connective tissue condition known as Marfan syndrome. National and international conferences provide a context that brings members of these groups together. Such meetings are performance settings, which include the display of visual images depicting various aspects of Marfan syndrome and of the bodies and lived experience of those who have it. The article examines how these images are interpreted, appropriated, and exchanged and how their circulation is both grounded in local knowledge and the grounds for transformative translocal practice.
Hype or Ready for Prime Time?: Speech Recognition on Mobile Handheld Devices MASR

The pervasiveness of mobile handheld devices and advancement in real-time continuous speech recognition technology has opened up a wide range of research opportunities in human-computer interaction for those devices. On the one hand, there has been an increasing amount of research on developing user-friendly speech recognition solutions and applications for mobile handheld devices. On the other hand, there are many distinct challenges in mobile speech recognition. Aiming to gain a good understanding of this emerging yet challenging area and provide a research map, this paper presents a state-of-the-art overview of this field. We will discuss three main architectures of mobile speech recognition systems, analyze their strengths and weaknesses, introduce some major research issues in the field, and highlight a number of major applications of speech recognition on handheld devices. The authors will also shed some light into important future research issues as a road map for researchers and practitioners.
Dendritic Development of Purkinje and Granule Cells in the Cerebellar Cortex of Rats Treated Postnatally with α-Difluoromethylomithine

Postnatal administration of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), is known to curtail replication of granule cells in the cerebellum of the rat, but its effects on post-proliferative neurons is unknown. This Golgi study assessed the influence of daily postnatal injections of DFMO on dendritic development of the Purkinje and granule cells. Although the overall appearance of the Purkinje cells was normal, DFMO affected morphogenesis by causing: 1) a reduction in somatic growth, 2) an elongation of the primary dendrite, 3) a lengthening of the distance between the soma and the pial surface, 4) a reduction in the number of tertiary dendrites, and 5) a disruption of the distribution of the tertiary branches. Many of these effects of DFMO may be mediated via the reduction of granule cells rather than representing a direct effect on dendritogenesis. In addition to reducing the number of granule cells, the distribution and morphology of these cells in the DFMO-treated rats were severely affected. Many granule cells did not complete their migration and remained trapped in the molecular layer, and many of those trapped had greatly elongated dendrites that extended into the internal granule cell layer. These results suggest that ornithine decarboxylase is involved in the postproliferative processes of neuronal migration and differentiation.
Mamillary bodies in Alzheimer's disease

The number of senile (neuritic) plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in mamillary bodies (MB) and in the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus (DMNT) were assessed in 25 cases of definite Alzheimer's disease. In 20 cases with AD without other CNS disease the MB and DMNT showed SP and/or NFT in 19 (95%). No correlation was found between the number of SP and NFT and the duration or age of onset of the disease. In patients with AD plus another CNS disease, there were fewer SP and NFT regardless of duration and age at onset of the disease. AD is a diffuse disorder with cortical and subcortical changes. The involvement of MB and DMNT suggests that subcortical structures are also implicated in the memory disorder of AD. The association of AD with other diseases that can themselves cause dementia requires further studies, especially regarding the pattern of topographic distribution of the degenerative changes.
Morphogenetic movements driving neural tube closure in Xenopus require myosin IIB

Abstract Vertebrate neural tube formation involves two distinct morphogenetic events — convergent extension (CE) driven by mediolateral cell intercalation, and bending of the neural plate driven largely by cellular apical constriction. However, the cellular and molecular biomechanics of these processes are not understood. Here, using tissue-targeting techniques, we show that the myosin IIB motor protein complex is essential for both these processes, as well as for conferring resistance to deformation to the neural plate tissue. We show that myosin IIB is required for actin-cytoskeletal organization in both superficial and deep layers of the Xenopus neural plate. In the superficial layer, myosin IIB is needed for apical actin accumulation, which underlies constriction of the neuroepithelial cells, and that ultimately drive neural plate bending, whereas in the deep neural cells myosin IIB organizes a cortical actin cytoskeleton, which we describe for the first time, and that is necessary for both normal neural cell cortical tension and shape and for autonomous CE of the neural tissue. We also show that myosin IIB is required for resistance to deformation (“stiffness”) in the neural plate, indicating that the cytoskeleton-organizing roles of this protein translate in regulation of the biomechanical properties of the neural plate at the tissue-level.
Clinical and Histopathologic Changes in the Host Cornea After Epikeratoplasty for Keratoconus

Five consecutive patients underwent epikeratoplasty for keratoconus. Postoperatively, four patients had poor visual acuity (average, 20/200) secondary to folds in Descemet's membrane and interface scarring. Two underwent penetrating keratoplasty eight months later. Histopathologic examination of the host corneas and the overlying lenticules disclosed epithelial irregularity and subepithelial fibrosis. The host corneas showed folds in Descemet's membrane and focal posterior stromal fibrosis. Electron microscopy disclosed breaks in Bowman's membrane with irregular collagen, posterior aggregates of amorphous material, and focal endothelial degeneration. The fifth patient had graft ulceration and vascularization that required removal of the lenticule. She underwent a penetrating keratoplasty five months later and histopathologic examination demonstrated persistent folds in Descemet's membrane. Immunostaining of specimens from three cases disclosed a reduced expression of sulfated epitopes of keratan sulfate and an increase in sulfated dermatan sulfate in the lenticule and host corneal tissues. These alterations in stromal proteoglycans are characteristic of stromal scars and keratoconus and provide evidence of pathologic processes in the graft tissue. Because of potential complications, epikeratoplasty should be considered only for those patients who are unsuitable candidates for contact lenses or penetrating keratoplasty.
Jimmy Carter on human rights: A thematic analysis

The analysis of Jimmy Carter's public statements on human rights reveals a calculated attempt to infuse an ambiguous catch phrase or slogan with the symbolic power of an ultimate term.
Relationships among mammary nucleic acids, milk yield, serum prolactin, and growth hormone in heifers from 3 months of age to lactation.

Abstract Nucleic acid content was determined in the left halves of udders (removed surgically) of 28 Holstein heifers at 5 months of age and in contralateral halves of udders after 60 days of lactation. Mammary deoxyribonucleic acid increased 89 times and ribonucleic acid increased 415 times between 5 months of age and 60 days of lactation. Nucleic acid contents of udder-halves at 5 months were positively correlated (r = .05 to .27) with similar mammary tissue measurements after 60 days of lactation and milk production of contralateral udder-halves. Correlations of nucleic acids after 60 days of lactation with milk yield were consistently larger than similar correlations between nucleic acids at 5 months of age and milk yield. Serum concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone were measured at many intervals between 3 months of age and 26 days of lactation. Phencyclidine hydrochloride (an anesthetic) caused release of prolactin. Various estimates of serum growth hormone among animals at different physiological states were positively correlated with each other, but similar correlations involving prolactin were consistently low and erratic. Correlation coefficients between various estimates of serum hormone concentrations and mammary nucleic acids or milk yield were low and often negative. The relatively low magnitude of correlation coefficients precludes use of these measures of mammary development or of serum prolactin or growth hormone in prepubertal heifers as reliable means of predicting future lactational performance.
A1H NMR study of glycerol at high pressure

Abstract Relative proton chemical shifts and spin relaxation times T1 and T2 have been measured at 400 MHz and room temperature, as functions of pressure using the diamond anvil cell. Hydroxyl proton chemical shifts indicate a substantial increase in hydrogen bonding with increasing pressure, to 10 kbar. From T1 data, a minimum is inferred at a negative pressure of ∼ − 2.5 kbar, yielding an average molecular correlation time in excellent agreement with a value based independently upon extensive recent measurements of glycerol viscosity. It is concluded that over the observed pressure range NMR correlation times are essentially identical to shear (viscosity) relaxation times in glycerol, and that a single, well-defined average structural correlation time, τ, determines all relaxation phenomena in this liquid. Dielectric susceptibility and Brillouin scattering line width measurements support this conclusion, the former to very high (∼ 20 kbar) pressure. It is also found that values of the spin-spin relaxation rate T2−1 yield approximately 2.2 × 1011 s−2 for the coupling constant between this rate and the correlation time, τ, under slow-hopping conditions, and that differences between observed pressure dependences of viscosity and spin relaxation rates are well accounted for by the pressure dependence of the infinite-frequency shear modulus, G∞.
Effects of the pressure perturbation field in numerical models of unidirectionally sheared thunderstorm convection - Two versus three dimensions

The physical roles of 'buoyant' and 'dynamic' pressure components, and the distinction between buoyant and hydrostatic pressure perturbations, are aspects of the pressure perturbation field in strongly sheared convective storms studied by means of two- and three-dimensional anelastic numerical modeling experiments with common environmental profiles. The pressure analysis clarifies the differences between two- and three-dimensional storms. In the main updraft, strong midlevel thermal buoyancy is partly opposed by a downward-perturbed vertical pressure gradient force. This, however, occurs to a much greater extent in two dimensions than in three, contributing to smaller net upward accelerations. While the buoyant and hydrostatic fields are intimately related to the total buoyancy distribution, the buoyant pressure perturbation is smoother and of lower amplitude than its hydrostatic counterpart. For the model experiments, this distinction is far greater in three dimensions than in two, in association with the smaller scale of the active convection in three dimensions.
Polarization-based segmentation for enhancement of target detection in adaptive polarization-difference imaging

The polarization-based segmentation algorithm, which is an extension of our adaptive polarization-difference technique, has been developed. Notable increase in target-against-background separation is achieved.
Electromagnetic and gravitational responses and anomalies in topological insulators and superconductors

One of the defining properties of the conventional three-dimensional (``${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$'' or ``spin-orbit'') topological insulator is its characteristic magnetoelectric effect, as described by axion electrodynamics. In this paper, we discuss an analog of such a magnetoelectric effect in the thermal (or gravitational) and magnetic dipole responses in all symmetry classes that admit topologically nontrivial insulators or superconductors to exist in three dimensions. In particular, for topological superconductors (or superfluids) with time-reversal symmetry, which lack $\text{SU}(2)$ spin rotation symmetry (e.g., due to spin-orbit interactions), such as the B phase of ${}^{3}$He, the thermal response is the only probe that can detect the nontrivial topological character through transport. We show that, for such topological superconductors, applying a temperature gradient produces a thermal- (or mass-) surface current perpendicular to the thermal gradient. Such charge, thermal, or magnetic dipole responses provide a definition of topological insulators and superconductors beyond the single-particle picture. Moreover, we find, for a significant part of the ``tenfold'' list of topological insulators found in previous work in the absence of interactions, that in general dimensions, the effective field theory describing the space-time responses is governed by a field theory anomaly. Since anomalies are known to be insensitive to whether the underlying fermions are interacting, this shows that the classification of these topological insulators is robust to adiabatic deformations by interparticle interactions in general dimensionality. In particular, this applies to symmetry classes DIII, CI, and AIII in three spatial dimensions, and to symmetry classes D and C in two spatial dimensions.
Complex multiplication and parity in Iwasawa theory

We give a new, somewhat elementary method for proving parity results about Iwasawa-theoretic Selmer groups and apply our method to certain Galois representations which are not self-dual. The main result is essentially that Iwasawa's λ-invariants for these representations over dihedral Zpd-extensions are even. Our approach is a specialization argument and does not make use of Nekovař's deformation-theoretic Cassels pairing, though Nekovař's theory implies our results. Examples of the representations we consider arise naturally in the study of CM abelian varieties defined over the totally real subfield of the reflex field of the CM type. We also discuss connections with “large Selmer rank” in the sense of Mazur–Rubin and give several examples in the context of abelian varieties and modular forms.
Les manuscrits de la mer Morte : une nouvelle approche du problème de leur origine

The Dead Sea Scrolls. The Problem of their Origin : a New Approach ; ; The present article is a critique of the famous hypothesis that the Dead Sea Scrolls emanated from a sect (for most writers, the Essenes) inhabiting the Khirbet Qumran site lying below the caves where the scrolls were found. The author reexamines the "Qumran-Essene" hypothesis in the light of many manuscript and archeological disco- veries made in the Judaean wilderness since the initial discovery (1947) of seven Hebrew scrolls in the caves. The author exposes various anomalies in the hypothesis and shows why he now finds it necessary to reject it in favor of another : that the scrolls all originated in Jerusalem, being hidden by the Jews before and/or during the Roman siege on the capital (67-70 A.D.). The author also considers the question of the dependance of the old hypothesis on the specific chronological sequence in which the discoveries were made, claiming that a different sequence would have resulted in the widespread formulation of the Jerusalem hypothesis.
Phenomenon of Swarming in Nematodes

THE phenomenon of swarming has been observed by one of us1 in thirteen species of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes embracing all sub-classes of the class Nematoda. Additional reports of swarming of plant parasitic species have come from Germany2, Kenya3,4, and Florida5. Staniland's original use of the term “swarming”6 for massing of a Rhabditis sp. in response to light has priority. However, in view of the unique character and general nature of the phenomenon investigated at Louisiana State University Laboratories7–10, it is proposed to retain for it the term “swarming” and to refer to Staniland's “swarming” as Staniland's phenomenon.
Effect of ozone on photosystem II in Spinacia oleracea chloroplasts

Abstract Spinach plants were treated with 0.35 ppm ozone and the photochemical activity of photosystem II determined after separation from the isolated chloroplasts using digitonin. Ozone impaired the activity of the system and also reduced the amount of β-carotene in the chloroplasts.
Mapping the Moral Domain

The moral domain is broader than the empathy and justice concerns assessed by existing measures of moral competence, and it is not just a subset of the values assessed by value inventories. To fill the need for reliable and theoretically grounded measurement of the full range of moral concerns, we developed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire on the basis of a theoretical model of 5 universally available (but variably developed) sets of moral intuitions: Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity. We present evidence for the internal and external validity of the scale and the model, and in doing so we present new findings about morality: (a) Comparative model fitting of confirmatory factor analyses provides empirical justification for a 5-factor structure of moral concerns; (b) convergent/discriminant validity evidence suggests that moral concerns predict personality features and social group attitudes not previously considered morally relevant; and (c) we establish pragmatic validity of the measure in providing new knowledge and research opportunities concerning demographic and cultural differences in moral intuitions. These analyses provide evidence for the usefulness of Moral Foundations Theory in simultaneously increasing the scope and sharpening the resolution of psychological views of morality.
Reactions of the Dairy Cow to Changes in Environmental Temperature

Summary The effect of environmental temperature on high producing dairy cows was studied in a large psychrometric room in which the temperature was increased from 40 to 100° F., while air movement and relative humidity were maintained at the constant values of 50 feet per minute and 60 per cent respectively. It was found that, as the room temperature was increased, there was a uniform increase in the respiration rate, which approximately doubled for each increment of 18° F.; that there was a decrease in pulse rate; and that at 80 or 85° F., depending upon the breed, a pyrexial point was reached where the animals were no longer able to maintain heat balance. As the room temperature was elevated above this pyrexial point, anorexia developed, milk flow declined, and an alteration occurred in the characteristics of the milk produced, which included a lowering of the casein and solids-not-fat content, and an increase in the percentage of butterfat. The pH of the milk was raised, the freezing point depression lowered, and a longer rennet coagulation time was required. The butterfat secreted was lower in volatile acids and higher in unsaturated components. The cow's principal avenue for heat dissipation is the respiratory system. Her breathing varies directly with the environmental temperature, and her skin has a high insulating value. She may, therefore, adapt herself with comfort to conditions of extreme cold; a fact that helps to explain why, as found by certain research workers, exposure to zero weather brings about neither lowered production not increased maintenance requirement. It is also evident that the cow is not especially well fitted to withstand hot climates, though our studies show a distinct breed difference in this regard. Because the cow's heat regulating mechanism functions in such a radically different manner from that of man, we are not justified in applying the comfort standards worked out for man to the management of cattle. The changes in com-position and physico-chemical characteristics of milk when a state of positive heat balance is reached probably result from blood changes instituted to facilitate heat disposal.
The redefinition of TIA The uses and limitations of DWI in acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndromes

The evaluation of transient neurologic spells when symptoms and deficits have resolved is challenging for the specialist and non-specialist alike.1,2⇓ Moreover, it has become clear that a TIA is not a benign condition. A TIA implies nothing less than is chemic stroke, and requires prompt diagnosis of etiology and initiation of secondary prevention because there is considerable risk of major stroke within the following 48 hours.3,4⇓ In the 1970s and 1980s, studies employing CT and conventional MR sequences suggested that a subgroup of patients with transient deficits had a relevant infarct on neuroimaging studies, although a temporal link could not be definitively established.5–7⇓⇓ The advent of clinical diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) of acute stroke in the 1990s brought earlier and more sensitive diagnosis of ischemic lesions.8,9⇓ In the last few years, aggregate DWI data from seven prior studies, encompassing 288 patients, have clearly demonstrated that almost half of patients …
Major Depression and the Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Lung Transplant Recipients

The purpose of this study is to describe the potential risks and benefits of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment of depression in lung transplant recipients. The authors performed a record review of depressed patients who underwent lung transplantation at Johns Hopkins Hospital and evaluated their treatment, including ECT. In 9 years, 131 lung transplants were performed, and four patients had been diagnosed with major depression. Of those, two were candidates for ECT, and one received it. This patient's depression did abate with ECT. ECT, an effective treatment for depression, remains a treatment method of choice for depression in the posttransplant population.
Autocrine Effects of Tumor-Derived Complement

We describe a role for the complement system in enhancing cancer growth. Cancer cells secrete complement proteins that stimulate tumor growth upon activation. Complement promotes tumor growth via a direct autocrine effect that is partially independent of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. Activated C5aR and C3aR signal through the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer cells, and silencing the PI3K or AKT gene in cancer cells eliminates the progrowth effects of C5aR and C3aR stimulation. In patients with ovarian or lung cancer, higher tumoral C3 or C5aR mRNA levels were associated with decreased overall survival. These data identify a role for tumor-derived complement proteins in promoting tumor growth, and they therefore have substantial clinical and therapeutic implications.
Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

A review of the medical records of patients diagnosed as having “spontaneous bacterial peritonitis” (SBP) revealed 18 episodes of culture-negative neutrocytic ascites (CNNA) in 17 patients. The following criteria were all required in order to qualify for this diagnosis: (i) an ascitic fluid neutrophil count greater than 500 cells per mm3; (ii) negative ascitic fluid culture (5); (iii) absence of an intraabdominal source of infection; (iv) no antibiotic treatment within 30 days, and (v) no evidence of pancreatitis. Five patients had positive blood cultures. Two patients with CNNA had SBP in the past, and two other patients, who survived the episode of CNNA, subsequently developed SBP. Clinical signs and symptoms of patients with CNNA were not different from those of 32 patients with 33 episodes of culture-positive SBP. The mortality of CNNA (50%) was not different from that of SBP (70%). Because of the high mortality and because of the similarity of CNNA to SBP, it is presumed that many patients with CNNA have bacterial infection of their ascitic fluid, and it is recommended that they be treated with antibiotics. In general, culture-negative cases of suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) have been excluded from the reported series of SBP. In Conn’s report of 1975, 19% of 36 cases of probable SBP were bacteriologically unconfirmed and, therefore, excluded from the analysis (1). In the prospective study of Pinzello et al., 18% of patients with greater than 250 neutrophils (PMN) per mm3 and suspected SBP were found to be culture-negative (2). For comparison, 20.8% of suspected infective endocarditis patients and 25% of suspected acute septic arthritic patients have negative cultures (3, 4). Having encountered several examples of “culturenegative SBP,” the authors conducted a chart review to assess the characteristics of this group of patients in comparison with a group who were culture-positive.
All optical switching of reflectivity and transmissivity by a nonlinear sandwich

A simple model system comprised of a thin nonlinear layer sandwiched between two glass plates is demonstrated. This nonlinear sandwich allows the investigation of both the transmitted and reflected beams for all-optical switching. With a thermal (negative) nonlinearity high-contrast switching is obtained within several nanoseconds. The authors also show for the first time, the avoidance of multiple thresholds and associated beam breakup for a nonsaturating nonlinearity for both the transmitted and reflected beams. This promises cascadability of all optical devices based on the nonlinear interface. >