cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality Improvement Interventions to Improve Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening.

Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) using pulse oximetry improves detection and is associated with decreased related infant mortality. In 2015, the Healthy Hearts of Babies Act required hospitals to screen all newborns in the District of Columbia for CCHD using pulse oximetry and to provide documentation of individual screening results to the Department of Health. A regulatory report from the electronic health record revealed an opportunity to improve both documentation and protocol adherence within our hospital. We aimed to reduce documentation errors and protocol violations by 75% and sustain this improvement for 6 months. Methods In February of 2014, our center, a large free-standing children's hospital, implemented CCHD screening in the neonatal intensive care unit on all infants without known congenital heart disease or receiving supplemental oxygen. During the intervention period (January 2016 to December 2018), an interdisciplinary team engaged in regular review and analysis of reports, monthly closed-loop feedback, and iterative refinements to the electronic health record. Statistical process control charts were used to compare a baseline period to the intervention period and track monthly progress. Results Between February 2014 and December 2018, we screened 2,214 infants for CCHD. The average percentage of documentation errors decreased from 23.5% during the baseline period to 1.2% during the intervention period, a sustained reduction for over 2 years. Protocol violations occurred at an average of 2.1% in the baseline period, with a sustained decrease to 0.6% during the intervention period. Conclusions This multimodal quality improvement project demonstrated a sustained reduction of CCHD screening documentation errors and protocol violations.
Versatile digital approach to laser frequency comb stabilization

We demonstrate the use of a flexible digital servo system for the optical stabilization of both the repetition rate and carrier-envelope offset frequency of a laser frequency comb. The servo system is based entirely on a low-cost field programmable gate array, simple electronic components, and existing open-source software. Utilizing both slow and fast feedback actuators of a commercial mode-locked laser frequency comb, we maintain cycle-slip free locking of optically-derived beatnotes over a 30 hour period and measure residual phase noise at or below ~0.1 rad, corresponding to <100 attosecond timing jitter on the optical phase locks. This stability is sufficient for high-precision frequency comb applications and indicates comparable performance to existing frequency control systems. The modularity of this system allows for it to be easily adapted to suit the servo actuators of a wide variety of laser frequency combs and continuous-wave lasers, reducing cost and complexity barriers, and enabling digital phase control in a wide range of settings.
Holmes Tremor due to Artery of Percheron Infarct: Clinical Case and Treatment Using Deep Brain Stimulation of the Vim and ZI Targets.

Background: Holmes tremor (HT) arises from disruption of the cerebellothalamocortical pathways. A lesion can interrupt the projection at any point, resulting in this tremor. We describe a case of HT due to the rare artery of Percheron infarct and its successful treatment using deep brain stimulation. Case report: A 62-year-old woman with a right medial cerebral peduncle and bilateral thalamic stroke developed HT. Ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) zona incerta (ZI) deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery was performed, with improvement in her tremor. Discussion: Our case supports the theory that the more caudal ZI target in combination with Vim is beneficial in treating poorly DBS-responsive tremors such as HT.
MUC1 Mediates Pneumocystis murina Binding to Airway Epithelial Cells

Previous studies have shown that Pneumocystis binds to pneumocytes, but the proteins responsible for binding have not been well defined. Mucins are the major glycoproteins present in mucus, which serves as the first line of defence during airway infection. MUC1 is the best characterised membrane-tethered mucin and is expressed on the surface of most airway epithelial cells. Although by electron microscopy Pneumocystis primarily binds to type I pneumocytes, it can also bind to type II pneumocytes. We hypothesized that Pneumocystis organisms can bind to MUC1 expressed by type II pneumocytes. Overexpression of MUC1 in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells increased Pneumocystis binding, while knockdown of MUC1 expression by siRNA in A549 cells, a human adenocarcinoma-derived alveolar type II epithelial cell line, decreased Pneumocystis binding. Immunofluorescence labelling indicated that MUC1 and Pneumocystis were co-localised in infected mouse lung tissue. Incubation of A549 cells with Pneumocystis led to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 that increased with knockdown of MUC1 expression by siRNA. Pneumocystis caused increased IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by A549 cells, and knockdown of MUC1 further increased their secretion in A549 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that binding of Pneumocystis to MUC1 expressed by airway epithelial cells may facilitate establishment of productive infection.
Nutritional status impacts dengue virus infection in mice

Dengue virus (DENV) is estimated to infect 390 million people annually. However, few host factors that alter disease severity are known. Malnutrition, defined as both over- and undernutrition, is a growing problem worldwide and has long been linked to dengue disease severity by epidemiological and anecdotal observations. Accordingly, we sought to establish a mouse model to assess the impact of nutritional status on DENV disease severity. Using transiently immunocompromised mice, we established a model of mild dengue disease with measurable viremia. We then applied it to study the effects of healthy weight, obese, and low-protein diets representing normal, over-, and undernutrition, respectively. Upon infection with DENV serotype 2, obese mice experienced more severe morbidity in the form of weight loss and thrombocytopenia compared to healthy weight groups. Additionally, obesity altered cytokine expression following DENV infection. Although low protein-fed mice did not lose significant weight after DENV2 infection, they also experienced a reduction in platelets as well as increased spleen pathology and viral titers. Our results indicate that obese or undernourished mice incur greater disease severity after DENV infection. These studies establish a role for nutritional status in DENV disease severity.
Voice and Mirroring in SLA: Top-Down Pedagogy for L2 Pronunciation Instruction:

There are two broad approaches to the research and teaching of second-language (L2) pronunciation—‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’—which roughly align with structural and communicative approaches to lang...
Demonstration of complete gain-narrowing compensation for 100fs duration pulses with ~30nm bandwidth in Yb-doped fiber amplifier system with up to 150dB of total multi-stage gain

We report demonstration of a new spectrally-controllable device, based on a sequence of linear polarizers and birefringent plates, which allows to accurately and adjustably tailor its spectral filtering properties for achieving complete gain-narrowing compensation over ~30nm of signal bandwidth in an Yb-doped fiber system with the total gain reaching 150dB. The experimental demonstration was performed in a regenerative Yb-fiber amplifier system with controllable number of passes, allowing to characterize both signal spectral-narrowing, and as well as spectral compensation at varying levels of achieved total gain. This result opens a pathway towards 100fs duration multi-mJ pulses from fiber CPSA systems.
Resolving Power and Collision Cross Section Measurement Accuracy of a Prototype High-Resolution Ion Mobility Platform Incorporating Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation.

A production prototype structures for lossless ion manipulation ion mobility (SLIM IM) platform interfaced to a commercial high-resolution mass spectrometer (MS) is described. The SLIM IM implements the traveling wave ion mobility technique across a ∼13m path length for high-resolution IM (HRIM) separations. The resolving power (CCS/ΔCCS) of the SLIM IM stage was benchmarked across various parameters (traveling wave speeds, amplitudes, and waveforms), and results indicated that resolving powers in excess of 200 can be accessed for a broad range of masses. For several cases, resolving powers greater than 300 were achieved, notably under wave conditions where ions transition from a nonselective "surfing" motion to a mobility-selective ion drift, that corresponded to ion speeds approximately 30-70% of the traveling wave speed. The separation capabilities were evaluated on a series of isomeric and isobaric compounds that cannot be resolved by MS alone, including reversed-sequence peptides (SDGRG and GRGDS), triglyceride double-bond positional isomers (TG 3, 6, 9 and TG 6, 9, 12), trisaccharides (melezitose, raffinose, isomaltotriose, and maltotriose), and ganglioside lipids (GD1b and GD1a). The SLIM IM platform resolved the corresponding isomeric mixtures, which were unresolvable using the standard resolution of a drift-tube instrument (∼50). In general, the SLIM IM-MS platform is capable of resolving peaks separated by as little as ∼0.6% without the need to target a specific separation window or drift time. Low CCS measurement biases 200), demonstrating that this instrument is well-suited for broadband HRIM separations important in global untargeted applications.
Model-free estimates that complement information obtained from the hazard ratio.

Understand the limitations of the modeling of survival data, especially as pertains to the Cox proportional hazards model.An introduction to model-free estimates of survival, namely, the restricted mean survival time/restricted mean lost time.Use R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria) or STATA® (The STATACorp, College Station, TX, USA) to perform analyses and obtain these parameters from a dataset. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12055-021-01167-4.
Analysis of glycosylation and disulfide bonding of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, uses its spike (S) glycoprotein anchored in the viral membrane to enter host cells. The S glycoprotein is the major target for neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection and by vaccines. Approximately 35% of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein consists of carbohydrate, which can influence virus infectivity and susceptibility to antibody inhibition. We found that virus-like particles produced by coexpression of SARS-CoV-2 S, M, E and N proteins contained spike glycoproteins that were extensively modified by complex carbohydrates. We used a fucose-selective lectin to enrich the Golgi-resident fraction of a wild-type SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein trimer, and determined its glycosylation and disulfide bond profile. Compared with soluble or solubilized S glycoproteins modified to prevent proteolytic cleavage and to retain a prefusion conformation, more of the wild-type S glycoprotein N-linked glycans are processed to complex forms. Even Asn 234, a significant percentage of which is decorated by high-mannose glycans on soluble and virion S trimers, is predominantly modified in the Golgi by processed glycans. Three incompletely occupied sites of O-linked glycosylation were detected. Viruses pseudotyped with natural variants of the serine/threonine residues implicated in O-linked glycosylation were generally infectious and exhibited sensitivity to neutralization by soluble ACE2 and convalescent antisera comparable to that of the wild-type virus. Unlike other natural cysteine variants, a Cys15Phe (C15F) mutant retained partial, but unstable, infectivity. These findings enhance our understanding of the Golgi processing of the native SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein carbohydrates and could assist the design of interventions.
Outcomes of immunotherapy (ICI) alone vs tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) alone versus ICI and TKI combined in renal cell carcinoma brain metastasis.

2030Background: Renal cancer is the fourth most common cause of metastatic tumors to the brain. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting VEGFR and other receptors, such as sunitinib, pazopanib, ...
The COVID-19 Employment Prospects of Women

In this commentary we are using raw statistical data to tell the story of how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted employment prospects of women in the United States. However, this is not a story focusing on healthcare, but is more about the extrinsic principles and market forces that impact employment and livelihood.
Validation of the Telestroke Mimic Score in Mayo Clinic Population.

Abstract Objectives Telestroke consultations enable hospital providers to administer intravenous (IV) alteplase to patients who would otherwise not receive it due to lack of an in-hospital stroke team. However, up to 30% of acute stroke patient evaluations are deemed to be stroke mimics. Mimics present a challenge with the limitations of a virtual neurological exam. The administration of IV alteplase in these patients is not without risk. With the cost and risk associated with IV alteplase, there are both ethical and practical incentives to avoid administering alteplase to a patient manifesting a stroke-mimic. Recently a retrospective analysis validated a TeleStroke Mimic Score (TM-Score) to help detect stroke mimics. We retrospectively applied this tool to Mayo Clinic Stroke Telemedicine for Arizona Rural Residents (STARR) telestroke database to provide external validation in an independent study population. Materials and Methods We analyzed 339 patients in the STARR database for validation of the TM-Score, which was applied retrospectively to determine whether it predicted stroke-mimic, using data available during each patient's telestroke consult. We assessed the TM-Score's performance with a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A scatter plot of the data was assembled to demonstrate the relationship between the TM-Score and the likelihood of having a stroke mimic, and was compared to the nomogram in the original TM-Score study. Results When the TM-Score was applied to Mayo Clinic STARR validation cohort, the area under the ROC curve was 0.78, larger than that of the derivation cohort in the original study (0.75). Further analysis suggested that a TM-Score > 25 or Conclusions We determined that the original TM-Score was valid when applied to Mayo Clinic STARR telestroke population.
Unraveling transition-metal-mediated stability of spinel oxide via in situ neutron scattering

Abstract The energy materials performance is intrinsically determined by structures from the average lattice structure to the atom arrangement, valence, and distribution of the containing transition metal (TM) elements. Understanding the mechanism of the structure transition and atom rearrangement via synthesis or processing is key to expediting the exploration of excellent energy materials. In this work, in situ neutron scattering is employed to reveal the real-time structure evolution, including the TM–O bonds, lattice, TM valence and the migration of the high-voltage spinel cathode LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The transition-metal-mediated spinel destabilization under the annealing at the oxygen-deficient atmosphere is pinpointed. The formation of Mn3+ is correlated to the TM migration activation, TM disordered rearrangement in the spinel, and the transition to a layered-rocksalt phase. The further TM interdiffusion and Mn2+ reduction are also revealed with multi-stage thermodynamics and kinetics. The mechanisms of phase transition and atom migrations as functions of temperature, time and atmosphere present important guidance on the synthesis in various-valence element containing oxides.
SONO case series: 39-year-old man with leg swelling and pain.

A 39-year-old man presented to the ED with 1 week of right lower extremity (RLE) swelling, redness and pain. His pain is currently rated at 10/10. His pain began after a long run. He denies trauma during this run. He was recently treated with an antibiotic for a skin infection. He denies any fevers, recent surgeries or hospitalisations. He denies any recent long car trips or flights. The patient denies any medical history. He has never had any surgeries. He is not taking any medications and has no allergies. On examination, the patient’s BP is 130/85 mm Hg with a pulse of 83. He is afebrile with a temperature of 36.5°C. He is breathing 18 times/min and has an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. The patient is a middle-aged man in no acute distress. His RLE exhibits erythematous streaking, extending from medial inguinal area down to his medial malleolus, along the distribution of the saphenous vein. The area is not warm to touch. He has tenderness to palpation of his RLE. He has normal dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses. He has full range of motion at the hip, knee and ankle. He has no swelling or redness to these joints. His sensation in the RLE is intact. His left lower extremity has a normal examination. The patient’s complete blood count and metabolic panel are normal. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of RLE from common femoral vein (CFV) to popliteal vein (PV) is performed. ### What are the indications for a POCUS deep venous thrombosis examination? Patients who have asymmetrical swelling, pain, or redness of their lower extremities, or concerning history or risk factors for deep venous thrombosis (DVT), may benefit from a bedside DVT examination. Recent meta-analysis showed that emergency medicine providers can perform this examination well on ambulatory patients with 96% sensitivity and 96% specificity after training and practice.1–3 ### What is normal anatomy and how do you perform this examination? A high …
Genetics of Common Congenital Syndromes of the Head and Neck

This chapter introduces the reader to the more common congenital syndromes of the head and neck. The chapter begins with a general overview of genetic sequences, associations, and syndromes. In-depth descriptions and photographs of patients with the more common syndromes are then presented including Pierre Robin sequence, CHARGE association, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, craniosynostosis syndromes, and oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (Goldenhar, hemifacial microsomia).
Alternate pathways of D-fructose metabolism in Aerobacter aerogenes. A specific D-fructokinase and its preferential role in the metabolism of sucrose.

Abstract This paper presents evidence that the pathway by which d-fructose is metabolized in Aerobacter aerogenes PRL-R3 depends on whether it is presented to the cells extracellularly as the free hexose or intracellularly as a product of sucrose hydrolysis. Whereas the metabolism of exogenously supplied d-fructose is mediated by a phosphoenolpyruvate:d-fructose 1-phosphotransferase system and d-fructose 1-phosphate kinase (ATP:d-fructose 1-phosphate 6-phosphotransferase), the metabolism of the d-fructose moiety of sucrose is mediated by a specific d-fructokinase (ATP:d-fructose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.4) that is preferentially induced by sucrose. Conclusions drawn from studies with the wild type strain were supported by an analysis of mutants lacking d-fructokinase, d-fructose 1-phosphate kinase, or both of these enzymes. However, in contrast with the wild type, the mutant which lacks d-fructokinase metabolizes the d-fructose moiety of sucrose via d-fructose 1-phosphate rather than d-fructose 6-phosphate.
Influence of Neonatal Castration or Neonatal Anti-Gonadotropin Treatment on Fertility, Phallus Development, and Male Sexual Behavior in the Mouse*

Male mice were castrated on the day of birth or were treated with anti-gonadotropin serum (AGS) successively on days 1, 3, and 5 of age. When the adult AGS-treated males were compared with normal rabbit serum (NRS)-treated males with respect to fertility, male sexual behavior, gonadotropin release, body size, and penis size it was found that: (1) fertility of AGS-treated males did not differ from that of NRS-treated males; (2) AGS-treated males showed a significant reduction in penis size, compared with NRS-treated males; (3) both groups showed high levels of male sexual behavior; (4) neither group showed the capacity to support ovulation in ovarian grafts from immature mice. It was also observed that the fertility of female mice treated with AGS on days 1, 3, and 5 of age did not differ from that of control females treated with comparable doses of NRS. Male mice castrated at birth showed a significant reduction in male sexual behavior and penis size compared with males first sham-operated at birth then castrated at 25 days of age. Thus, males castrated at birth were similar to males receiving AGS in infancy, except for sex behavior. The results suggest that the neonatal pituitary in the mouse may not have an important role in the process of sexual differentiation. Previous data for the male rat were compared with those for the mouse.
The role of amygdaloid brain-derived neurotrophic factor, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein and dendritic spines in anxiety and alcoholism

Innate anxiety appears to be a robust factor in the promotion of alcohol intake, possibly due to the anxiolytic effects of self-medication with alcohol. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream target, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein, play a role in the regulation of synaptic function and structure. In order to examine the role of the BDNF-Arc system and associated dendritic spines in the anxiolytic effects of ethanol, we investigated the effects of acute ethanol exposure on anxiety-like behaviors of alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rats. We also examined changes in the expression of BDNF and Arc, and dendritic spine density (DSD), in amygdaloid brain regions of P and NP rats with or without ethanol exposure. It was found that in comparison with NP rats, P rats displayed innate anxiety-like behaviors, and had lower mRNA and protein levels of both BDNF and Arc, and also had lower DSD in the central amygdala (CeA) and medial amygdala (MeA), but not in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Acute ethanol treatment had an anxiolytic effect in P, but not in NP rats, and was associated with an increase in mRNA and protein levels of BDNF and Arc, and in DSD in the CeA and MeA, but not BLA. These results suggest that innate deficits in BDNF-Arc levels, and DSD, in the CeA and MeA may be involved in the anxiety-like and excessive alcohol-drinking behaviors of P rats, as ethanol increased these amygdaloid synaptic markers and produced anxiolytic effects in P rats, but not NP rats.
Visual search and multirobot collaboration based on hierarchical planning

Mobile robots are increasingly being used in the real-world due to the availability of high-fidelity sensors and sophisticated information processing algorithms. A key challenge to the widespread deployment of robots is the ability to accurately sense the environment and collaborate towards a common objective. Probabilistic sequential decision-making methods can be used to address this challenge because they encapsulate the partial observability and non-determinism of robot domains. However, such formulations soon become intractable for domains with complex state spaces that require real-time operation. Our prior work enabled a mobile robot to use hierarchical partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) to automatically tailor visual sensing and information processing to the task at hand (Zhang, Sridharan, & Li 2011). This paper introduces adaptive observation functions and policy re-weighting in a three-layered POMDP hierarchy to enable reliable and efficient visual processing in dynamic domains. In addition, each robot merges its beliefs with those communicated by teammates, to enable a team of robots to collaborate robustly. All algorithms are evaluated in simulated domains and on physical robots tasked with locating target objects in indoor environments.
Is wireless data dead

Summary form only given. In this presentation, we explore in greater detail the challenges faced by wireless data services, and some of the technology developments and possible solutions that lead us to be optimistic that wireless data is not yet dead, and in fact, has a very promising future. In particular, new spectrum allocations, coupled with integrated circuit technology breakthroughs, will enable much higher data rates. For example, the FCC has recently allocated spectrum for the Unlicensed NII Band at 5.15 GHz (350 MHz) and in the 60 GHz band (an incredible 5 GHz of available spectrum). Furthermore, ubiquitous digital cellular telephones will provide a widely available, flexible, and moderate rate digital channel for voice and data over the wide-area. And new networking technologies, in particular, wireless overlay networks and spectrum sharing techniques, will make it possible to maintain connectivity as a user moves from room-sized wireless networks, to building-sized networks, to the metropolitan, wide-area, and regional networks.
A graphical notation for describing data flow in digital filters

This paper illustrates a graphical notation that provides a clear representation of the data flow in digital filters. The notation accommodates situations in which state variables are accessed and updated sequentially, and in which several arithmetic and data transfer operations take place concurrently. It has been found useful for verifying the correctness of algorithms developed for a dedicated LSI signal processor that has a high degree of functional parallelism.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of total intravenous anesthesia and endoscopic sinus surgery

Background Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) has been shown in some studies to impact visual field, blood loss, and cardiovascular parameters during endoscopic sinus surgery when compared to inhalational anesthesia (IA). These variables are critical in endoscopic sinus surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to discern the impact of TIVA vs IA in endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods MEDLINE (1950 to October 20, 2012) was searched using a search strategy designed to include all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that discussed TIVA, IA, and endoscopic sinus surgery. An abstract search was then used to identify RCTs directly comparing TIVA and IA in endoscopic sinus surgery. All articles selected then underwent full-text review. Data on visual field scores, blood loss, and cardiovascular parameters was then extracted, compared, and analyzed. Results There were 42 articles identified by the search strategy. Full-text review identified 9 articles that met eligibility criteria and contained extractable data. Although inconsistently reported, preoperative characteristics (Lund-Mackay scores and history of nasal polyps) were similar (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. No difference was found between heart rate, mean arterial pressure, anesthesia time, operative time, or estimated blood loss. Only 7 studies reported a visibility score, but overall favored the TIVA group (p < 0.001). Conclusion Current evidence supporting TIVA is limited to a handful of inconsistently controlled and reported studies. Standardized grading of visibility scores and preoperative characteristics would better establish the role of TIVA in endoscopic sinus surgery.
Jury To Judge Sentencing: Observations on Alabama's Policy Change

This paper presents data and analysis concerning the effect of change in criminal sanctioning authority in the State of Alabama. The data indicate that judges impose longer sentences than juries, but they are less influenced by the race of the defendent. While the recent policy change has brought positive results, unanticipated consequences also occurred. It is suggested that further reform in Alabama sentencing procedure is required.
Disilyl complexes of zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum. Their synthesis, characterization, and exchanges with silyl anions

Cyclopentadienyl-free disilyl amide complexes [(Me2N)3M(SiButPh2)2]- (M = Zr, 1; Hf, 2 as [Li(THF)4]+ salts), K(18-crown-6)3/2{(Me2N)3M[(Me3Si)2Si-(CH2)2-Si(SiMe3)2]} (M = Zr, 3; Hf, 4), (Me2N)3Ta[Si(SiMe3)3]2 (5), (Me2N)3Ta(SiButPh2)2 (6), and (Me2N)3Ta(SiButPh2)[Si(SiMe3)3] (7) have been prepared. The structures of 1−4 have been determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The two −Si(SiMe3)3- ligands in (Me2N)3Ta[Si(SiMe3)3]2 (5) were replaced sequentially by the −SiButPh2- anions to give (Me2N)3Ta(SiButPh2)[Si(SiMe3)3] (7) and (Me2N)3Ta(SiButPh2)2 (6). The silyl ligand in (Me2N)3Zr-Si(SiMe3)3 was found to undergo a reversible exchange with SiButPh2-, probably through a disilyl intermediate, to reach the following equilibrium: (Me2N)3ZrSi(SiMe3)3 + SiButPh2- ⇌ (Me2N)3ZrSiButPh2 + Si(SiMe3)3- with ΔH° = 4.6(0.5) kcal/mol and ΔS° = −7(2) eu. A similar exchange involving [(Me2N)3M(SiButPh2)2]- (M = Zr, 1; Hf, 2) was observed: (Me2N)3ZrSiButPh2 + SiButPh2- ⇌ 1 with the estimated free energy of activat...
Edith Turner: The Gender of Giftedness

Is it possible that there is an antidote to precocity, the blight that saps human genious at an early age and leaves more questions than answers? That would Edie Turner. Is it possible that there could be a solution to gender, rather than a mere consummation or compromise? That would be Edie plus or minus Vic. More or less like anthropology itself, Edie started her career after the demise of other options, became sure of herself when most of us are not even sure about “sure.” That would be a liminal event, would it not?, and possibly the only real way to define liminality.
IGUANA: a high-performance 2D and 3D visualisation system

Abstract The IGUANA project has developed visualisation tools for multiple high-energy experiments. At the core of IGUANA is a generic, high-performance visualisation system based on OpenInventor and OpenGL. This paper describes the back-end and a feature-rich 3D visualisation system built on it, as well as a new 2D visualisation system that can automatically generate 2D views from 3D data, for example to produce R/Z or X/Y detector displays from existing 3D display with little effort. IGUANA has collaborated with the open-source gl2ps project to create a high-quality vector postscript output that can produce true vector graphics output from any OpenGL 2D or 3D display, complete with surface shading and culling of invisible surfaces. We describe how it works. We also describe how one can measure the memory and performance costs of various OpenInventor constructs and how to test scene graphs. We present good patterns to follow and bad patterns to avoid. We have added more advanced tools such as per-object clipping, slicing, lighting or animation, as well as multiple linked views with OpenInventor, and describe them in this paper. We give details on how to edit object appearance efficiently and easily, and even dynamically as a function of object properties, with instant visual feedback to the user.
A new web page summarization method

In this paper, we present a novel multi-webpage summarization algorithm. It adds the graph based ranking algorithm into the framework of Maximum Marginal Relevance (MMR) method, to not only capture the main topic of the web pages but also eliminate the redundancy existing in the sentences of the summary result. The experiment result indicates that the new approach has the better performance than the previous methods.
Effects and Prooxidant Mechanisms of Oxidized α-Tocopherol on the Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil

Alpha-tocopherol was oxidized in methanol containing methylene blue for 30 h under light. The effects of 0, 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm of oxidized alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative stability of purified soybean oil in the dark at 55 degrees C were studied by measuring the peroxide values and headspace oxygen contents in sample bottles. As the concentrations of oxidized alpha-tocopherol increased, the peroxide values increased and the headspace oxygen contents decreased during the 6 d of storage. The oxidized alpha-tocopherol compounds acted as prooxidant on the peroxide values and headspace oxygen contents of purified soybean oil. Tukey's test showed that oxidized alpha-tocopherol had a significant effect on the peroxide value and headspace oxygen disappearance of oil at P < 0.05. The prooxidant mechanisms of oxidized alpha-tocopherol may be due to alpha-tocopherol peroxy radical, alpha-tocopherol oxy radical, hydroxy radical, and singlet oxygen formed from the alpha-tocopherol. The oxidized alpha-tocopherol containing polar and nonpolar groups in the same molecule may reduce the surface tension of oil to increase the transfer of headspace oxygen to oil and accelerate the oil oxidation.
Hepatic regulation of adrenal cortical function.

Under many different experimental and physiological conditions, a close correlation has been found between the size of the adrenal glands and the ca-pacity of the liver to inactivate adrenal cortical hormones by ring A reduction in vitro. We have concluded from this close correlation that there is a similar parallel relationship between the in vivo capacity of the liver to inactivate corti-costeroids, and the adrenal cortical secretion rate. This conclusion is based on several assumptions which are discussed. The present experiments demon-strate that this relationship denotes secondary responses of the adrenal cortex to primary, independent variations in hepatic inactivation of corti-costeroids. Neither ACTH nor adrenal cortical hormones increases the capacity of the liver to inactivate corticosteroids. In contrast, however, a primary diminution of hepatic capacit for adrenal steroid inactivation by surgical removal of 65% of the liver tissue can cause secondary adrenal atrophy. Therefore, the parallel re...
If only you could hear what I see: Discourse development in sign language∗

This study described discourse development in sign language of 24 profoundly deaf children between the ages of 3 years, 10 months, and 11 years, 5 months. The children were videotaped during dyadic...
Effect of divalent cations on the daunomycin-deoxyribonucleic acid complex.

Abstract Studies have been carried out on the interaction of Cu 2+ and Mg 2+ with complexes formed between daunomycin and DNA. In the visible region, at pH 5·2, the addition of Cu 2+ (10 −4 M) to a denatured DNA-daunomycin complex causes a spectral shift from 505 nm to 540 and 582 nm. These peaks disappear at pH values above and below 5·2. Mg 2+ (10 −1 M), at pH 6·9, causes the appearance of peaks similar to those obtained with Cu 2+ , but this occurs with either native or denatured DNA—daunomycin complexes. Daunomycin shows a fluorescence emission peak at 555 nm. In the presence of Cu 2+ , there is a reduction in the fluorescence intensity of the DNA—daunomycin complex, at pH values above 6·0. Below this pH, Cu 2+ has no effect. Mg 2+ , on the other hand, has a marked quenching effect at pH 7·8. As the pH drops below 7·0, this effect gradually disappears. Below pH 3·0, where DNA has no effect on fluorescence, both Cu 2+ and Mg 2+ are without effect.
Fluidic Ratchet Based on Marangoni−Bénard Convection

A mean flow is observed experimentally in a layer of fluid undergoing Marangoni-Benard convection over a heated substrate that presents a pattern of asymmetrical grooves. The direction of the mean flow is a function of the temperature difference across the layer and of the thickness of the layer; the direction can be controlled by changing these parameters. This system acts as a fluidic ratchet: the local structure of the thermally driven convection interacts with the asymmetry of the local topographical pattern and causes a net, global flow in the fluid. This fluidic ratchet may be useful in handling fluids on macroscopic and microscopic scales.
Effects of Interpretation Training on Hostile Attribution Bias and Reactivity to Interpersonal Insult

Research suggests that individuals high in anger have a bias for attributing hostile intentions to ambiguous situations. The current study tested whether this interpretation bias can be altered to influence anger reactivity to an interpersonal insult using a single-session cognitive bias modification program. One hundred thirty-five undergraduate students were randomized to receive positive training, negative training, or a control condition. Anger reactivity to insult was then assessed. Positive training led to significantly greater increases in positive interpretation bias relative to the negative group, though these increases were only marginally greater than the control group. Negative training led to increased negative interpretation bias relative to other groups. During the insult, participants in the positive condition reported less anger than those in the control condition. Observers rated participants in the positive condition as less irritated than those in the negative condition and more amused than the other two conditions. Though mediation of effects via bias modification was not demonstrated, among the positive condition posttraining interpretation bias was correlated with self-reported anger, suggesting that positive training reduced anger reactivity by influencing interpretation biases. Findings suggest that positive interpretation training may be a promising treatment for reducing anger. However, the current study was conducted with a non-treatment-seeking student sample; further research with a treatment-seeking sample with problematic anger is necessary.
Extranodal induction of therapeutic immunity in the tumor microenvironment after intratumoral delivery of Tbet gene-modified dendritic cells

Extranodal induction of therapeutic immunity in the tumor microenvironment after intratumoral delivery of Tbet gene-modified dendritic cells
Factors Underlying Bursting Behavior in a Network of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Exposed to Zero Magnesium

Factors contributing to reduced magnesium-induced neuronal action potential bursting were investigated in primary hippocampal cell culture at high and low culture density. In nominally zero external magnesium medium, pyramidal neurons from high-density cultures produced recurrent spontaneous action potential bursts superimposed on prolonged depolarizations. These bursts were partially attenuated by the NMDA receptor antagonist d-APV. Pharmacological analysis of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) revealed 2 components: one sensitive to d-APV and another to the AMPA receptor antagonist DNQX. The components were kinetically distinct. Participation of NMDA receptors in reduced magnesium-induced synaptic events was supported by the localization of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor with the presynaptic vesicular protein synaptophysin. Presynaptically, zero magnesium induced a significant increase in EPSC frequency likely attributable to increased neuronal hyperexcitability induced by reduced membrane surface charge screening. Mean quantal content was significantly increased in zero magnesium. Cells from low-density cultures did not exhibit action potential bursting in zero magnesium but did show increased EPSC frequency. Low-density neurons had less synaptophysin immunofluorescence and fewer active synapses as determined by FM1-43 analysis. These results demonstrate that multiple factors are involved in network bursting. Increased probability of transmitter release presynaptically, enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated excitability postsynaptically, and extent of neuronal interconnectivity contribute to initiation and maintenance of elevated network excitability.
Effect of head position on the dynamics of the upper esophageal sphincter and pharynx

Due to limitations in available technology it has been difficult to obtain data on upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and pharyngeal (P) function under varying physiologic conditions. We used a manometry system with solid-state intraluminal transducers, including a circumferential sphincter transducer, and computer analysis to measure pressure changes in UES and P during wet (5 ml H2O) swallows as the head was moved through a 75 degree arc in nine normal volunteers. UES residual pressure increased markedly and duration of UES relaxation decreased with increasing head extension. Similar decreases were also seen with time between P peak and both UES nadir and UES end. There were no changes in either pharyngeal peak pressures or the duration of the pharyngeal contraction. Head extension produces major changes in UES relaxation and UES/P coordination. These effects may be clinically important when feeding neurologically impaired patients.
‘The chearful haunts’: John Armstrong (1709–1779), physician, poet, satirist and leveller of medical knowledge

John Armstrong, the first honours graduate of the University of Edinburgh School of Medicine, was famous in his day for a lengthy didactic poem entitled The Art of Preserving Health (1744). He is now obscure except to scholars specializing in the 18th century and, when discussed at all, often dismissed as a failed physician who wrote mediocre poetry in a quest for money and fame. A new exegesis by Adam Budd exhumes Armstrong as an original voice who offered timely and reassuring advice to Britons as they braced for another epidemic of plague; who depicted illness through the lens of a vulnerable and sympathetic physician, and who was perhaps above all else a leveller of medical knowledge. Elaborating on Budd's thesis, it would seem that Armstrong, a complicated man, has frequently been misread and was in some ways ahead of his time.
Integrated Engine and Aircraft Mission Performance Analysis Using NPSS

An aircraft mission performance module has been developed in NPSS that allows for a collaborative environment for analysis of engine and aircraft mission performance. This model would provide a level of aircraft performance analysis that could be easily customized and exchanged between companies. The model is modular and allows easy integration of the aircraft aerodynamics, mass properties, and any other vehicle specific inputs into a standardized NPSS aircraft element. It also allows for a customizable run input interface that can integrate user input of mission segments, maneuvers, loadings, etc. This model was demonstrated on cases for analyzing different types of flight segments, technology assessment, and engine fault analysis. The creation of modular mission elements allows for quick creation of either standard or custom missions for analysis as well as plug and play capability with native NPSS models. The generic interface between the mission and vehicle make it easy to integrate a variety of engine and airframe models, including models that are not NPSS-based.
Assessment of adolescents’ motivation for educational attainment.

The Adolescent Motivation for Educational Attainment Questionnaire is a 32-item questionnaire (we drew 20 items from 3 subscales of the Educational Motivation Questionnaire; Murdock, 1999) that was developed to measure multiple potential dimensions of adolescents' motivation to complete high school and enroll in post-secondary education, including competence and effort beliefs; perceived value of education; and peer, teacher, and parent support for educational attainment. We assessed a multiethnic sample (N = 569) of low-achieving students who started 1st grade together in 1 urban and 2 small city school districts. Participants were assessed over 2 consecutive years (Grades 8 and 9 given prior grade retention, or Grades 9 and 10 if not retained). Exploratory factor analyses identified 4 correlated dimensions underlying the questionnaire responses. Subsequent confirmatory factor analyses provided support for a bifactor model, which includes a general factor of students' basic educational motivation, and specific factors of (a) teacher educational expectations, (b) peer aspirations, and (c) value of education. Measurement invariance of the bifactor model was established across students' gender and ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic) and year of testing. Criterion-related validity of the general and specific factors with students' school belonging, student-teacher warmth and conflict, disciplinary practices, letter grade, conduct problems, and behavioral engagement was examined. Practical implications of the measure are discussed.
EFFECTS OF INTRINSIC THREE DIMENSIONALITY ON HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION LOSS IN A PERIODIC ARRAY OF PARALLEL PLATES

Abstract Effects of intrinsic three dimensionality on predicting heat transfer and friction loss in a periodic array of parallel plates have been analyzed extensively. The current study shows that at high Reynolds numbers, two-dimensional simulations significantly overpredict the heat transfer and other rms quantities. Though only a small difference in overall friction loss was observed between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations, the two components of the friction loss— form drag and skin friction—have been significantly overpredicted and underpredicted, respectively, in the two-dimensional simulations. These differences have been identified as the result of different flow characteristics: the strong coherent spanwise vortices in two-dimensional simulations and the weakening of spanwise vortices due to the presence of streamwise vortices in corresponding three-dimensional simulations.
The occurrence of Glugea stephani (Hagenmuller, 1899) in American winter flounder, Pseudopleuronects americanus (Walbaum) from the New York‐New Jersey lower bay complex

American winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Collected in the New York-New Jersey bay complex, contained cysts in the intestinal tract which were subsequently identified as the microsporidan Glugea stephani. These fish represent 13 collections taken at approximately monthly intervals over a one and a half year period. The winter flounder varied in size from 8 to 33 cm and consequently represented a fish population of diverse age. During this study, a total of 1840 apparently healthy fish were dissected and examined for the presence of Glugea cysts, with an overall parasite infection rate of 6.63%. There was no correlation between size of the fish and percentage of infection. This percentage represents the mean carrying rate of this parasite in the fish population, since these are the fish that have survived the initial infection. This report extends the reported host range to the New York-New Jersey area. As a further aid in the characterization of G. stephani, we have included ultrastructural details of the spore morphology.