cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of intercultural competence among US American teachers: professional development factors that enhance competence

The increasing diversity of the student age population in the USA calls for increased cultural competence on behalf of educators to effectively teach students. This article reports on a study of a suburban school district’s initiatives that utilized the Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity, the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) as a baseline measurement tool, and subsequent professional development for teachers, to promote the development of intercultural competence. ANOVA and regression analysis models were used to determine the variables that affect teachers’ perceived intercultural competence after their participation in professional development.
An 8.8GHz 198mW 16x64b 1R/1W variationtolerant register file in 65nm CMOS

A 16times64b 1R/1W register file is fabricated in 65nm CMOS technology. The 0.017mm2 chip performs 8.8GHz fused decode and read/write operations in a single cycle while dissipating 198mW at 1.2V, 50degC, with frequency scalable to 10.1GHz at 1.4V, 50degC. Variation-tolerant keeper compensation, leakage-tolerant BL/WL architecture and optimal non-minimum channel-length usage enable wide PVT operating range with an active leakage of 25mW and a BL noise droop les8mV
Computation of rotor aerodynamic loads with a constant vorticity contour free wake model

An analytical method is presented which facilitates the study of isolated rotors with an improved approach to wake simulation. Vortex filaments are simulated along contours of constant sheet strength for the sheet of vorticity resulting from each rotor blade. Curved vortex elements comprise the filaments which can be distorted by the local velocity field. Called the Constant Vorticity Contour wake model, the approach permits the simulation of the blades' wakes corresponding to the full span of the rotor blade. The discretization of the wake of the rotor blade produces spacing and structure that are consistent with the spatial and temporal variations in the loading. A vortex-lattice aerodynamic model of the blade is also included which introduces a finite-element structural model of the blade and consideration of the force and moment trim analysis. Results of the present version of the simulation, called RotorCRAFT, are found to correlate well with H-34 flight-test data.
Hypoxia Post-translationally Activates Iron-regulatory Protein 2

Iron-regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) are RNA-binding proteins that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of mRNAs that code for proteins involved in the maintenance of iron and energy homeostasis. Here we show that hypoxia differentially regulates the RNA binding activities of IRP1 and IRP2 in human 293 and in mouse Hepa-1 cells. In contrast to IRP1, where hypoxic exposure decreases IRP1 RNA binding activity, hypoxia increases IRP2 RNA binding activity. The hypoxic increase in IRP2 RNA binding activity results from increased IRP2 protein levels. Cobalt, which mimics hypoxia by activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), also increases IRP2 protein levels; however, cobalt-induced IRP2 lacks RNA binding activity. Addition of a reductant to cobalt-treated extracts restored IRP2 RNA binding activity. Hypoxic activation of IRP2 is not because of an increase in transcriptional activation by HIF-1, because IRP2 accumulates in Hepa-1 cells lacking a functional HIF-1β subunit, nor is it because of an increase in IRP2 mRNA stability. Rather, our data indicate that hypoxia increases IRP2 levels by a post-translational mechanism involving protein stability. Differential regulation of IRP1 and IRP2 during hypoxia may regulate specific IRP target mRNAs whose expression is required for hypoxic adaptation. Furthermore, these data imply mechanistic parallels between the hypoxia-induced post-transcriptional regulation of IRP2 and HIF-1α.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CHLAMYDOMONAS1,2

SUMMARY Two new species of Chlamydomonas, C. surtseyiensis and C. archibaldii, are described as is their sexual reproduction which occurs in clonal culture.
A primer of turbulence at the wind turbine rotor

Abstract Some wind turbine fatigue problems are caused by the turbulent wind, and there is an engineering need to understand both qualitatively and quantitatively the characteristics of the wind that are causing untimely damage to wind turbine components. To help meet this need, this article describes, in simple terms, turbulent motion: where it is generated and how it changes with differences in terrain, height above the ground, meteorological conditions, time, and distance from its source. For quantitative information on conventional atmospheric turbulence, the reader is referred to the classic literature, and for current information specialized for wind turbine dynamics the reader is guided to the modern literature of the American and European wind energy programs. The article concludes with examples of several computational methods and several measurement methods of modeling the turbulent wind that loads and stresses turbine rotors.
RNA polymerase II pausing can be retained or acquired during activation of genes involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing is implicated in the regulation of gene transcription. However, the mechanisms of pausing including its dynamics during transcriptional responses remain to be fully understood. We performed global analysis of short capped RNAs and Pol II Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to map Pol II pausing across the genome, and used permanganate footprinting to specifically follow pausing during transcriptional activation of several genes involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We find that the gene for EMT master regulator Snail (SNAI1), but not Slug (SNAI2), shows evidence of Pol II pausing before activation. Transcriptional activation of the paused SNAI1 gene is accompanied by a further increase in Pol II pausing signal, whereas activation of non-paused SNAI2 gene results in the acquisition of a typical pausing signature. The increase in pausing signal reflects increased transcription initiation without changes in Pol II pausing. Activation of the heat shock HSP70 gene involves pausing release that speeds up Pol II turnover, but does not change pausing location. We suggest that Pol II pausing is retained during transcriptional activation and can further undergo regulated release in a signal-specific manner.
Theories of the Firm - Implications for Strategy Research

Theories of the firm provide a perspective for thinking about organizational objectives and a framework for analysing important research problems. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of several economic theories of the firm for guiding strategy research. We evaluate the relevance of each theory with regard to how the underlying conceptualization of the firm permits us to investigate issues of substantive interest to strategy researchers, and how compatible the assumptions contained within the theory are with the traditional strategy framework. We also examine the relevance of the theories from the viewpoint of philosophical methodology. We argue that, because of the integrative nature of strategy research, it is imperative for researchers to adopt multiple frameworks represented by different theories for the advancement of the field.
Towards a unifying structure for discrete event simulation

Simulation is a technique that can be viewed as all things to all people, It is surprising, sometimes even alarming, that so many diverse studies are carried on under the general term of 'simulation.' More disturbing is the fact that so little communications appears to exist between the practitioners in one area and those in another. "Man in the loop" simulations seem to be conducted without regard to the simulation of individual and group decision making behavior conducted by psychologists and sociologists. Techniques in Monte Carlo applications seem never to find acceptance, or perhaps awareness, in simulation of urban systems. The simulation of continuous systems exists as a totally separate entity from those working in the discrete event systems, and the effort of those seeking to bring the two together seem to offer little promise for immediate results. We suggest that the lack of communication among practitioners of simulation stems from the lack of a unifying structure or theory leading to an understanding and acceptance of the technique 'digital simulation.'
A Monitor Lizard in the Philippines

Until 1976 Gray's monitor lizard was known to science only by two museum specimens, neither of which gave any data more precise than ‘Luzon’. In 1975 the author discovered a third which identified an area on Luzon, and in 1976 he went to the Philippines and found this large monitor, which some scientists had thought might be extinct, widely distributed in forests in southern Luzon. But large areas of these forests have been and continue to be destroyed, and with them go the monitor’s habitat. Also local people hunt it for meat. The author discusses the ecology and distribution of the monitor and urges that a new national park be created.
Landscape factors that contribute to animal–vehicle collisions in two northern Utah canyons

Abstract Animal–vehicle collisions (AVCs) are a serious problem that can result in property damage and human and animal injury and death. This study investigated the role that elevation, slope, and vegetation may have in AVC locations (mule deer Odocoileus hemionus and elk Cervus canadensis ) in several canyon corridors in north central Utah. This was done by comparing these characteristics around known AVCs with those around control points where AVCs did not occur. The study found that elevation was significantly lower around AVC points, slope was significantly greater, and there was no difference in overall vegetation when measured with NDVI, but there was a difference in percentage of Sage brush ( Artemisia tridentata Nutt) steppe around the points. AVCs may occur in these areas because mule deer tend to be more active in the lower elevations and use steeper slope for cover. Also, in areas with greater slope, the road will probably be curvier and provide less driver visibility than in areas with less steep slope. These results may help guide where to place deer warning signs and other AVC mitigation strategies.
Drosophila mef2 expression during mesoderm development is controlled by a complex array of cis-acting regulatory modules.

Abstract The function of theDrosophila mef2gene, a member of the MADS box supergene family of transcription factors, is critical for terminal differentiation of the three major muscle cell types, namely somatic, visceral, and cardiac. During embryogenesis,mef2undergoes multiple phases of expression, which are characterized by initial broad mesodermal expression, followed by restricted expression in the dorsal mesoderm, specific expression in muscle progenitors, and sustained expression in the differentiated musculatures. In this study, evidence is presented that temporally and spatially specificmef2expression is controlled by a complex array ofcis-acting regulatory modules that are responsive to different genetic signals. Functional testing of ∼12 kb of 5′ flanking region of themef2gene showed that the initial widespread mesodermal expression is achieved through a 280-bptwist-dependent enhancer. The subsequent dorsal mesoderm-restrictedmef2expression is mediated through a 460-bpdpp-responsive regulatory module, which involves the function of the Smad4 homologMedeaand contains several binding sites for Medea and Mad. The analysis also showed that regulatedmef2expression in the caudal and trunk visceral mesoderm, which give rise to longitudinal and circular gut musculatures, respectively, is under the control of distinct enhancer elements. In addition,mef2expression in the cardioblasts of the heart is dependent upon at least two distinct enhancers, which are active at different periods during embryogenesis. Moreover, multiple regulatory elements are differentially activated for specific expression in presumptive muscle founders, prefusion myoblasts, and differentiated muscle fibers. Taken together, the presented data suggest that specific expression of themef2gene in myogenic lineages in theDrosophilaembryo is the result of multiple genetic inputs that act in an additive manner upon distinct enhancers in the 5′ flanking region.
Self-consistent pseudopotential method for localized configurations: Molecules

A method is proposed using pseudopotentials in a self-consistent manner to describe localized configurations such as molecules, surfaces, impurities, vacancies, finite chains of atoms, adsorbates, and solid interfaces. Specific application is made to the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ molecule. The ${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ energy levels and charge densities are calculated with reasonable accuracy using a plane-wave basis sct.
Retrograde analysis of the cerebellar projections to the posteroventral part of the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus in the macaque monkey

The organization of cerebellothalamic projections was investigated in macaque monkeys using injections of retrograde tracers (cholera toxin B and fluorescent dextrans) in the posteroventral part of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLpv), the main source of thalamic inputs to the primary motor cortex. Injections that filled all of VLpv labeled abundant neurons that were inhomogeneously distributed among many unlabeled cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCbN). Single large pressure injections made in face-, forelimb-, or hindlimb-related portions of VLpv using physiological guidance labeled numerous neurons that were broadly dispersed within a coarse somatotopographic anteroposterior (foot to face) gradient in the dentate and interposed nuclei. Small iontophoretic injections labeled fewer neurons with the same somatotopographic gradient, but strikingly, the labeled neurons in these cases were as broadly dispersed as in cases with large injections. Simultaneous injections of multiple tracers in VLpv (one tracer per somatic region with no overlap between injections) confirmed the general somatotopography but also demonstrated clearly the overlapping distributions and the close intermingling of neurons labeled with different tracers. Significantly, very few neurons (<2%) were double-labeled. This organizational pattern contrasts with the concept of a segregated “point-to-point” somatotopy and instead resembles the complex patterns that have been observed throughout the motor pathway. These data support the idea that muscle synergies are represented anatomically in the DCbN by a general somatotopography in which intermingled neurons and dispersed but selective connections provide the basis for plastic, adaptable movement coordination of different parts of the body. Indexing terms: J. Comp. Neurol. 508:286–314, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CHOICE BETWEEN FIXED‐INTERVAL SCHEDULES: GRADED VERSUS STEP‐LIKE CHOICE FUNCTIONS

Pigeons chose between two fixed-interval schedules of food reinforcement. A single peck on one of two lighted keys started the fixed-interval schedule correlated with that key. The schedule had to be completed before the next choice opportunity. The durations of the fixed intervals were varied over conditions from 15 s to 40 s. To maximize the rate of reinforcement, the pigeons had to choose exclusively the shorter of the two schedules. Nevertheless, choice was not all-or-none. Instead, relative choice, and the rates of producing the fixed intervals, varied in a graded fashion with the disparity between the two schedules. Choice ratios under this procedure (single response to choose) were highly sensitive to the ratios of the fixed-interval schedules.
Quality control for organic trace analyses

Abstract There has been increasing emphasis in organic trace analyses on both accurate qualitative identifications and quantitative estimates of concentrations present. An understanding of the sources of random and systematic errors and application of basic statistical concepts permits more accurate analyses to be made. Capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry has provided for improved qualitative identification, while isotope dilution calibration and analysis has improved the accuracy of results.
Ration Effect on Polyethylene Glycol as a Rumen Marker

Abstract Three in vivo studies determined rate of passage of polyethylene glycol (PEG) from the rumen of sheep fed either ground alfalfa hay or a ration containing 4% cottonseed hulls (CSH). Total rumen contents were collected immediately after slaughter, weight and volume determined, and samples collected for PEG and dry matter analysis. It appeared that rate of passage of PEG from the rumen of sheep was relatively constant (r= −.88, Reg. Coef. = −.85) when alfalfa was fed. However, when sheep were fed CSH, approximately 20% of the PEG was recovered 2 to 4 hr after PEG was administered to the sheep (r= −.56, Reg. Coef. = −.16). This suggested a rapid loss of PEG from the rumen or retention of PEG by runen contents that interfered with analytical procedures. In vitro studies determined if PEG was being retained by animals fed CSH. Approximately 91% of the PEG added to rumen contents of sheep fed alfalfa was recovered; however, when PEG was added to rumen contents from sheep fed either 40% or 100% CSH, recovery was decreased as CSH increased. There was also a trend for decreased recovery with time of incubation with CSH but not alfalfa. The in vitro studies indicated that CSH were adsorbing PEG at approximately 109mg of PEG per 1.0g of CSH.
Effect of cement selection and finishing technique on marginal opening of cast gold inlays

Statement of problem The standard cement for partial-veneer cast gold restorations has been zinc phosphate. With increasing interest in using resin and resin-modified glass ionomer cements for this purpose, marginal adaptation with use of these newer cements must be assessed. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine if the marginal adaptation of cast gold inlays is comparable for 3 different luting agents and 3 finishing techniques. Material and methods Cast gold inlays were cemented into triangular preparations on the buccal surface of 45 extracted human molars. Three operators each used a different technique for finishing margins: finishing during cementation (FD), finishing before cementation (FB), and finishing before and during cementation (FBA). The 15 teeth for each operator were divided into 3 subgroups of 5 each to accommodate 3 cements: zinc phosphate (Fleck's zinc phosphate: ZP), resin-modified glass ionomer (RelyX Luting: RXL), and self-adhesive modified resin (RelyX Unicem: RXU). For all specimens, fine sandpaper disks followed by fine cuttle disks were used for finishing the castings. The marginal gap was measured using a Nikon measuring microscope at x50 magnification. Data were analyzed with a 1-way ANOVA for each cement (α=.05). Results There were significant differences among finishing techniques for each cement ( P Conclusions Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the marginal gap attained with cementation of partial-veneer cast gold restorations with ZP (31 μm) can also be obtained using RXL or RXU. The techniques of FD or FBA are best used for ZP, whereas the FBA technique is best for RXL, and either FB or FBA is optimal for RXU. The FBA technique yielded a small gap; this was common to all 3 cements. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:287–292)
Recent Progress Towards a High-Speed Three-Dimensional Flow Visualization Technique

Advances in high-repetition rate laser and camera technology present a renewed opportunity to develop high-speed three-dimensional flow diagnostics based on the rapid scanning of a laser sheet through a flow field. Recent progress towards developing a high-speed 3-D flow visualization system is presented. The system is based on a MHz rate pulse burst laser, a galvanometric scanning mirror and an ultra-high-speed camera. Once development is complete, the system will be able to acquire a 3-D image in tens of microseconds, making it suitable for a broad range of high-speed flow fields. In this paper, a low-speed version of the system was used to image the 3-D structure of vortex rings emitted from a small smoke chamber. The rich nature of the 3-D images demonstrates the inherent potential of the technique. Future work includes incorporation of the pulse burst laser into the 3-D system.
Histone Deacetylases Are Required for Androgen Receptor Function in Hormone-Sensitive and Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR) is crucial for growth and survival of prostate cancer even upon development of resistance to androgen ablation and antiandrogen therapies. Therefore, novel therapies that can suppress AR transcriptional activity when conventional hormone therapies fail are needed. Here, we show that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, including SAHA (vorinostat) and LBH589, which are currently being tested in clinic, could be such a therapy. HDAC inhibitors block the AR-mediated transcriptional activation of many genes, including the TMPRSS2 gene involved in fusion with ETS family members in a majority of prostate cancers. Genetic knockdown of either HDAC1 or HDAC3 can also suppress expression of AR-regulated genes, recapitulating the effect of HDAC inhibitor treatment. Whereas HDAC inhibitor treatment can lower androgen receptor protein levels in prostate cancer cells, we show that independent of AR protein levels, HDAC inhibitors block AR activity through inhibiting the assembly of coactivator/RNA polymerase II complex after AR binds to the enhancers of target genes. Failed complex assembly is associated with a phase shift in the cyclical wave of AR recruitment that typically occurs in response to ligand treatment. HDAC inhibitors retain the ability to block AR activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer models and, therefore, merit clinical investigation in this setting. The HDAC-regulated AR target genes defined here can serve as biomarkers to ensure sufficient levels of HDAC inhibition.
Components of Parallel Computers

Parallel processing is information processing that illustrates the concurrent manipulation of data elements belonging to one or more processes solving a single computational problem. The past several years have witnessed an increasing acceptance and adoption of parallel processing both for high-performance scientific computation and for more general-purpose applications. This was a result of the demand for high performance, lower cost, and sustained productivity. The acceptance has been facilitated by multiprocessor architectures such as SIMD and MIMD computers. These machines combine a few hundred to a few thousand processors connected to hundreds of gigabytes of memory.
Pediatric Migraine: Pharmacologic Agents for Prophylaxis

Objective:To identify and evaluate the data regarding medication use for migraine prophylaxis in the pediatric population.Data Sources:Literature was obtained through searches in PubMed (Mid 1950s–March 2007), Iowa Drug Information Service/Web (1966–February 2007), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–Pebruary 2007), and the Cochrane Library. The terms migraine, prophylaxis, child, and children were used and cross referenced with all drug names. Reference citations from publications identified were also reviewed and included.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Only trials that evaluated migraine headaches in the pediatric population were included. Trials including adolescent and adult populations are briefly listed, but not reviewed. Trials involving nonprescription medication were also included in the evaluation. Due to the limited information, all clinical trials, retrospective reviews, and abstracts evaluated were included in this review.Data Synthesis:Few controlled clinical trials regarding p...
Integrated batch size and setup reduction decisions in multi-product, dynamic manufacturing environments

Abstract We present a comprehensive model for simultaneously planning for the setup time reductions and the batch sizes of several products over a finite planning horizon in a capacitated manufacturing environment. It is assumed that by investing in the appropriate amounts of various resources (such as R&D time, equipment, fixtures, tooling, re-layout, etc.) setup times can be reduced. The problem is to determine how much to cut the setup time for each product and how much of each product to produce in each period of the planning horizon so that total costs are minimized, subject to limits on the manufacturing and setup reduction resources. A nonlinear, mixed-integer mathematical programming model of this problem is formulated and a heuristic method is developed for solving it. The proposed model is broad and can be directly applied in a variety of practical situations including the case where discrete technology choices must be made.
Intraarterial hepatic infusion and intravenous adriamycin for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. A clinical and pharmacology report

Four patients received intraarterial (ia) hepatic infusion and 10 received intravenous (iv) adriamycin for hepatocellular carcinoma. Four of each group are evaluable. The remaining 6 patients died within 14 days of intravenous therapy and are, therefore, considered nonevaluable. Patients received 2 to 9 courses of adriamycin every 3 weeks. One half of each group of evaluable patients had partial responses (pr). The group had pr for 22.5 weeks (range 8 to 37). The iv group had pr 27.2 weeks (range: 16 to 38.5). Mean survival was 21 weeks for nonresponders, and 43 weeks for responders. Intraarterial infusion did not protect patients from adriamycin toxicity. Cardiac and liver toxicity were not seen, but marrow and gastrointestinal toxicity developed at 1.2 X 10(-7)M adriamycin serum level. Adriamycin disappearance curves after ia and iv therapy were similar for similar bilirubin levels, and prolonged with hyperbilirubinemia. Ascites fluid did not accumulate detectable adriamycin. Pharmacokinetics are described in this report.
Low Self-Control and the Victim–Offender Overlap A Gendered Analysis

The overlap between victimization and offending is well documented. Yet, there have been fewer investigations of the reasons underlying this relationship. One possible, but understudied, explanation lies with Gottfredson and Hirschi’s arguments regarding self-control. The current study adds to this line of inquiry by assessing whether low self-control accounts for the victim–offender overlap in a sample of young adults and whether self-control accounts for the observed overlap similarly across gender. Results from a series of bivariate probit regression models indicate that low self-control is positively related to both victimization and offending. However, only among males does low self-control account for a substantive portion of the victim–offender overlap. Limitations of the study and implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Mining TCP/IP packets to detect stepping-stone intrusion

An effective approach of detecting stepping-stone intrusion is to estimate the number of hosts compromised through estimating the length of a connection chain. This can be done by studying the changes in TCP packet round-trip time. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm by using data mining method to find the round-trip time from the timestamps of TCP send and echo packets. Previous algorithms produce either good packet matches on very few packets, or poor matches on many packets. This method gives us better round-trip time and more matched packets than other algorithms proposed in the past. It can estimate the length of a connection more accurate than other methods and has largely decreased false positive error and false negative error in detecting stepping-stone intrusion comparing with existing methods.
Postoperative Chemoradiation Therapy in High-Risk Cervical Cancer: Re-evaluating the Findings of Gynecologic Oncology Group Study 109 in a Large, Population-Based Cohort

Purpose To review the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to evaluate postoperative high-risk cervical cancer patients for factors associated with a benefit from chemoradiation therapy (CRT) over external beam radiation therapy alone (EBRT). Methods and Materials The National Cancer Database was queried for women with cervical cancer treated with hysterectomy and adjuvant EBRT from 2002 to 2012. Only patients with pathologic lymph node involvement (LN+), positive surgical margins, and/or parametrial invasion were included in our analysis (on the basis of Peter's criteria). Univariable and multivariable analyses (MVA) were performed, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to investigate for factors associated with of CRT utilization and overall survival (OS). Results A total of 3053 patients met inclusion criteria, and 2479 received adjuvant CRT (81%), whereas 574 (19%) received EBRT alone. Factors associated with increased CRT utilization on MVA included age P =.022). On MVA, CRT improved OS in patients with LN+ as their sole Peter's criteria (HR 0.58, CI 0.413-0.814; P =.002). Chemoradiation therapy did not improve OS in patients with only positive margins ( P =.73), only parametrial invasion ( P =.95), or any combination of these 2 factors without LN+ ( P =.63). Conclusions The use of adjuvant CRT after hysterectomy improves OS in patients with high-risk cervical cancer compared with EBRT alone, but this benefit seems to be restricted to patients with LN+. The benefits of adjuvant CRT over EBRT alone in patients with parametrial invasion and/or positive margins (without nodal involvement) are unknown.
Increases in the intracellular concentration of glycerol during development in Myxococcus xanthus S. Courtney Frasch

The role of glycerol as a natural morphogen of myxospore formation in Myxococcus xanthus was examined. Glycerol was extracted from cells undergoing development and analyzed by gas chromatography. Glycerol is present in cells, and the intracellular level undergoes a series of transient increases during development. The data suggest a role for glycerol in myxosporulation and fruiting body morphogenesis supporting the notion that this chemical induction of sporulation may represent a physiological pathway in development.
Review Essay: A Sociocultural Perspective on Genocide: A Review of The Psychology of Genocide: Perpetrators, Bystanders, and Rescuers by Steven Baum: Baum, Steven, The Psychology of Genocide: Perpetrators, Bystanders, and Rescuers. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 255 pp. ISBN 978—0—521—71392—4

In The Psychology of Genocide, Steven Baum adds a new voice to the field of genocide studies. By connecting relevant psychological theories, Baum is able to effectively show that one’s level of emotional and moral development plays a part in determining whether one will become a bystander, perpetrator or rescuer during a genocide. However, his look into hate and genocide lacks a complete psychological perspective because his sole emphasis is on developmental theories. By adding a sociocultural perspective to this approach, specifically through the addition of social identity and representation research, one can get a fuller picture of what leads a society and its people to genocide and hate.
Effects of a Warm Oceanic Feature on Hurricane Opal

On 4 October 1995, Hurricane Opal deepened from 965 to 916 hPa in the Gulf of Mexico over a 14-h period upon encountering a warm core ring (WCR) in the ocean shed by the Loop Current during an upper-level atmospheric trough interaction. Based on historical hydrographic measurements placed within the context of a two-layer model and surface height anomalies (SHA) from the radar altimeter on the TOPEX mission, upperlayer thickness fields indicated the presence of two warm core rings during September and October 1995. As Hurricane Opal passed directly over one of these WCRs, the 1-min surface winds increased from 35 to more than 60 m s21, and the radius of maximum wind decreased from 40 to 25 km. Pre-Opal SHAs in the WCR exceeded 30 cm where the estimated depth of the 208C isotherm was located between 175 and 200 m. Subsequent to Opal’s passage, this depth decreased approximately 50 m, which suggests upwelling underneath the storm track due to Ekman divergence. The maximum heat loss of approximately 24 Kcal cm22 relative to depth of the 268C isotherm was a factor of 6 times the threshold value required to sustain a hurricane. Since most of this loss occurred over a period of 14 h, the heat content loss of 24 Kcal cm22 equates to approximately 20 kW m22. Previous observational findings suggest that about 10%‐15% of upper-ocean cooling is due to surface heat fluxes. Estimated surface heat fluxes based upon heat content changes range from 2000 to 3000 W m 22 in accord with numerically simulated surface heat fluxes during Opal’s encounter with the WCR. Composited AVHRR-derived SSTs indicated a2 8‐38C cooling associated with vertical mixing in the along-track direction of Opal except over the WCR where AVHRR-derived and buoy-derived SSTs decreased only by about 0.58‐18C. Thus, the WCR’s effect was to provide a regime of positive feedback to the hurricane rather than negative feedback induced by cooler waters due to upwelling and vertical mixing as observed over the Bay of Campeche and north of the WCR.
Deletion of Drosophila muscle LIM protein decreases flight muscle stiffness and power generation.

Muscle LIM protein (MLP) can be found at the Z-disk of sarcomeres where it is hypothesized to be involved in sensing muscle stretch. Loss of murine MLP results in dilated cardiomyopathy, and mutati...
Spinto: high-performance energy minimization in spin glasses

With the prospect of atomic-scale computing, we study cumulative energy profiles of spin-spin interactions in non-ferromagnetic lattices (Ising spin-glasses)---an established topic in solid-state physics that is now becoming relevant to atomic-scale EDA. Recent proposals suggest non-traditional computing devices based on nature's ability to find min-energy states. Spinto utilizes EDA-inspired high-performance algorithms to (i) simulate natural energy minimization in spin systems and (ii) study its potential for solving hard computational problems. Unlike previous work, our algorithms are not limited to planar Ising topologies. In one CPU-day, our branch-and-bound algorithm finds min-energy (ground) states on 100 spins, while our local search approximates ground states on 1,000, 000 spins. We use this computational tool to study the significance of hyper-couplings in the context of recently implemented adiabatic quantum computers.
COMPARISON OF MODELS FOR FLOW THROUGH FLANGED AND PLAIN CIRCULAR HOODS

Comparaison de deux methodes mathematiques de modelisation de la vitesse du flux d'air induit par un appareillage de ventilation
Model-based automated generation of user interfaces

User interface design and development for knowledge-based systems and most other types of applications is a resource-consuming activity. Thus, many attempts have been made to automate, to certain degrees, the construction of user interfaces. Current tools for automated design of user interfaces are able to generate the static layout of an interface from the application's data model using an intelligent program that applies design rules. These tools, however, are not capable of generating the dynamic behavior of the interface, which must be specified programmatically, and which constitutes most of the effort of interface construction. Mecano is a model-based user-interface development environment that uses a domain model to generate both the static layout and the dynamic behavior of an interface. A knowledge-based system applies sets of dialog design and layout rules to produce interfaces from the domain model. Mecano has been used successfully to completely generate the layout and the dynamic behavior of relatively large and complex, domain-specific, form- and graph-based interfaces for applications in medicine and several other domains.
Effects of commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler bone development and mineralization on days 0 and 21 posthatch,

The effects of in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] at various dosages on weight, breaking strength, and ash and mineral concentrations of left tibial bones in Ross × Ross 708 broilers on d 0 and 21 posthatch were investigated. Six treatment groups were equally represented on each of 10 tray levels (blocks) of a single-stage incubator. The 6 treatment groups, containing 21 eggs each, were randomly arranged on each tray level with respect to those on other tray levels. A multi-egg injector was used to inject eggs on d 18 of incubation according to their preassigned treatments. The experimental treatments included noninjected and diluent-injected (100 µL of commercial diluent) controls, and those that received 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, or 1.20 µg of 25(OH)D3 in 100 µL of diluent. On d 0 and 21 posthatch, 3 chicks from each treatment replicate group were randomly selected for necropsy and the subsequent extraction of their left tibial bones. Tibia samples were weighed and then subjected to breaking strength and ash concentration analysis. One of the 3 residual bone ash samples in each treatment replicate group was randomly selected, digested, and analyzed for Ca, P, Mg, K, Zn, and Mn concentrations. The relative weight, breaking strength, and percentage ash and mineral concentrations of broiler tibias on d 0 and 21 posthatch were not affected by treatment. However, trend analysis of percentage tibial ash on d 21 revealed a dosage effect (P = 0.068). The results of this study suggest that the in ovo injection of 0.15 to 1.20 µg of 25(OH)D3 on d 18 of incubation did not influence subsequent bone development or mineralization in Ross × Ross 708 broilers on d 0 and 21 posthatch. Nevertheless, further trend analysis suggested that increased dosage levels of 25(OH)D3 above 1.20 µg may have the potential to lead to increases in bone mineralization.
Fault-tolerant control of nonlinear systems: fault-detection and isolation and controller reconfiguration

This work considers the problem of implementing fault-tolerant control on a multi-input multi-output nonlinear system subject to multiple faults in the control actuators and constraints on the manipulated inputs. We design output-feedback fault-detection and isolation filters and output-feedback controllers via a combination of state-feedback fault-detection and isolation filters and controllers, and state estimators. The fault-detection and isolation filters essentially capture the difference between fault-free evolution of the system and the true evolution of the system to detect and isolate faults in the control actuators. The state estimates are used in devising the reconfiguration rule that determines which of the backup control configurations should be implemented in the closed-loop system. Specifically, a configuration is chosen that 1) does not use the failed control actuator, and 2) guarantees stability of the closed-loop system starting from the system state at the time of the failure (this is ascertained via the use of feedback controllers that provides an explicit characterization of the output-feedback stability region). The implementation of the fault-detection and isolation filters and reconfiguration strategy is demonstrated on a chemical reactor network example.
Language and Virtual Machine Support for Efficient Fine-Grained Futures in Java

In this work, we investigate the implementation of futures in Java J2SE v 5.0. Java 5.0 provides an interface-based implementation of futures that enables users to encapsulate potentially asynchronous computation and to define their own execution engines for futures. Although this methodology decouples thread scheduling from application logic, for applications with fine-grained parallelism, this model imposes an undue burden on the average users and introduces significant performance overhead. To address these issues, we investigate the use of lazy futures and offer an alternative implementation to the Java 5.0 approach. In particular, we present a directive-based programming model for using futures in Java that uses annotations in Java 5.0 (as opposed to interfaces) and a lazy future implementation to significantly simplify programmer effort. Our directive-based future system employs novel compilation and runtime techniques that transparently and adaptively split and spawn futures for parallel execution. All such decisions are automatic and guided by dynamically determined future granularity and underlying resource availability. We empirically evaluate our future implementation using different Java Virtual Machine configurations and common Java benchmarks that implement fine-grained parallelism. We compare directive-based lazy futures with lazy and Java 5.0 futures and show that our approach is significantly more scalable.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and pressure natriuresis: interactions with the renin-angiotensin system.

The aim of this study was to quantitate the effects of increases in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), within the pathophysiological range, on the acute pressure natriuresis mechanism and the role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in modulating these effects. Renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion were measured in anesthetized dogs while renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was controlled at three levels (120-122, 100, and 75 mmHg) with and without intrarenal infusion of ANP at 5 ng.kg-1.min-1. Sodium excretion was significantly higher during ANP infusion at RPP of 122 +/- 3 mmHg, averaging 55.8 +/- 13.7 during control and 113.3 +/- 23.3 mueq/min during ANP infusion. AT RPP of 101 +/- 1 mmHg, sodium excretion was 51.8 +/- 17.4 during control and 93.0 +/- 17.6 mueq/min during ANP infusion, but at RPP of 75 +/- 0 mmHg there was no difference in sodium excretion between control and ANP infusion. In a second set of dogs, angiotensin II (ANG II) formation was blocked with captopril (20 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), circulating (5 ng.kg-1.min-1), and the above protocol was repeated. When the RAS was fixed, the renal responses to ANP infusion were abolished, even at the higher pressure levels. These data indicate that ANP increases the slope of pressure natriuresis; at higher levels of RPP, ANP potentiates pressure natriuresis but not at lower pressures. In addition, part of this effect may be due to suppression of the RAS, because the ANP-induced shift in the pressure natriuresis relationship was abolished when circulating ANG II was maintained constant.
Contractile and biochemical properties of diaphragm: Effects of exercise training and fatigue

The effect of high-intensity trained (6 X 4.5 min at 40 m/min, 15% grade, 2.5-min rest between bouts, 5 days/wk, for 6 wk) on contractile, biochemical, and fatigue properties of the rat diaphragm were examined. The exercise program produced significant elevations in the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase (mumol X g-1 X min-1) in the soleus (SOL) (27.2 +/- 1.5 vs. 46.7 +/- 2.4; mean +/- SE), deep vastus lateralis (DVL) (40.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 58.3 +/- 2.8), and superficial vastus lateralis (SVL) (8.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.7). No significant differences were observed in the crural (CRU) (45.9 +/- 2.0 vs. 44.0 +/- 2.3) or ventral costal (VEN) (41.5 +/- 2.0 vs. 45.8 +/- 2.6) diaphragmatic regions. Phosphofructokinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, significantly increased in the SOL (19.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 23.3 +/- 1.3 mumol X g-1 X min-1) and DVL (69.3 +/- 6.0 vs. 86.6 +/- 5.0), but no alterations were seen in the SVL (98.6 +/- 5.7 vs. 106.1 +/- 9.0), CRU (54.4 +/- 2.8 vs. 53.8 +/- 1.5), or VEN (44.7 +/- 2.4 vs. 46.4 +/- 1.4) posttraining. Diaphragm contractile properties, with the exception of an increased rate of fall in twitch tension, remained unchanged after training. Glycogen values were significantly higher in trained diaphragms at rest (6.54 +/- 0.39 vs. 4.86 +/- 0.41 mg/g) and during 1, 5, and 10 min of fatiguing stimulation. During fatigue no differences were observed in force, rate of rise in force, rate of fall in force, muscle lactate, ATP, or creatine phosphate in trained vs. control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Finnegans Wake and Political Science Methods

How do the methods of political science relate to the substantive problems that we want to study? Much energy has been spent arguing over the issues raised by this question -- on the nature of science, the making of concepts, the meaning of explanation, and more. These are issues that arise across many domains of inquiry, and although their particular manifestation depends on the subject matter of the field and the intellectual orthodoxies that dominate it, there is a common presumption that ‘method’ and ‘problem’ should align in a particular way. In this essay I examine three popular positions on how method and problem should be brought together, but I start in an unusual place: with Michael Chabon’s recent essay on James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake.
Sulindac Sulfide Selectively Induces Apoptosis of Human Breast Tumor Cells by Inhibiting PDE5A, Elevating cGMP, and Activating PKG.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors display promising antineoplastic activity, but the gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular toxicities that result from COX inhibition limit their clinical utility for cancer chemoprevention. Previous studies suggest that the pro-apoptotic activity of these drugs may be due to a COX-independent mechanism involving cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition. However, the specific PDE isozyme(s) responsible has not yet been identified. Here we used the NSAID sulindac sulfide (SS) to further study cGMP PDE as a potential molecular target of the NSAIDs for breast cancer chemoprevention. SS inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of human SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells, while normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) were less sensitive. SS also inhibited cGMP PDE activity from tumor cell lysates at concentrations comparable to those required for apoptosis, while appreciably higher concentrations were necessary to inhibit activity from HMEC lysates or cAMP PDE activity from any of the cell lysates. Additionally, SS increased intracellular cGMP concentrations and induced protein kinase G (PKG) activity in MDA-MB-231 cells as determined by ELISA and increased levels of phosphorylated VASP, a known PKG substrate, respectively. Moreover, pretreatment with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor LY83583 desensitized the breast tumor cells to the growth-inhibitory activity of SS, likely by suppressing intracellular cGMP levels. The guanylyl cyclase activator NOR-3 and the cGMP PDE inhibitors MY5445 and trequinsin inhibited tumor cell growth, while the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and other PDE inhibitors had no effect. HMEC were found to express several cGMP hydrolyzing PDE isozymes (PDE1, 5, and 9), while the breast tumor cells expressed predominantly PDE5, which was confirmed to be sensitive to inhibition by SS using a recombinant enzyme. This work demonstrates that inhibition of PDE5A, elevation of cGMP, and activation of PKG are responsible for the pro-apoptotic effects of SS in human breast tumor cells and that differential expression of PDE isozymes between normal and tumor cells may explain the tumor selectivity of NSAIDs. These data also suggest that it may be feasible to develop NSAID derivatives with increased selectivity for inhibiting PDE5 and decreased COX-inhibitory activity, which would potentially improve safety and efficacy for breast cancer chemoprevention. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1041.