cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of IgG Fusion Proteins Transiently Expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana

High demand for antibodies as therapeutic interventions for various infectious, metabolic, autoimmune, neoplastic, and other diseases creates a growing need in developing efficient methods for recombinant antibody production. As of 2019, there were more than 70 FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies, and there is exponential growth potential. Despite their promise, limiting factors for widespread use are manufacturing costs and complexity. Potentially, plants offer low-cost, safe, and easily scalable protein manufacturing strategies. Plants like Nicotiana benthamiana not only can correctly fold and assemble complex mammalian proteins but also can add critical post-translational modifications similar to those offered by mammalian cell cultures. In this work, by using native GFP and an acid-stable variant of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to human monoclonal antibodies, we were able to visualize the entire transient antibody expression and purification process from N. benthamiana plants. Depending on the experiment's purpose, native GFP fusion can ensure easier visualization during the expression phase in the plants, while acid-stable GFP fusion allows for visualization during downstream processing. This scalable and straightforward procedure can be performed by a single researcher to produce milligram quantities of highly pure antibody or antibody fusion proteins in a matter of days using only a few small plants. Such a technique can be extended to the visualization of any type of antibody purification process and potentially many other proteins, both in plant and other expression systems. Moreover, these techniques can benefit virtual instructions and be executed in a teaching laboratory by undergraduate students possessing minimal prior experience with molecular biology techniques, providing a foundation for project-based exploration with real-world applications.
Prevalence of specialised palliative care consultation for eligible children within a paediatric cardiac ICU.

OBJECTIVE Retrospectively apply criteria from Center to Advance Palliative Care to a cohort of children treated in a cardiac ICU and compare children who received a palliative care consultation to those who were eligible for but did not receive one. METHODS Medical records of children admitted to a cardiac ICU between January 2014 and June 2017 were reviewed. Selected criteria include cardiac ICU length of stay >14 days and/or ≥ 3 hospitalisations within a 6-month period. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS A consultation occurred in 17% (n = 48) of 288 eligible children. Children who received a consult had longer cardiac ICU (27 days versus 17 days; p < 0.001) and hospital (91 days versus 35 days; p < 0.001) lengths of stay, more complex chronic conditions at the end of first hospitalisation (3 versus1; p < 0.001) and the end of the study (4 vs.2; p < 0.001), and higher mortality (42% versus 7%; p < 0.001) when compared with the non-consulted group. Of the 142 pre-natally diagnosed children, only one received a pre-natal consult and 23 received it post-natally. Children who received a consultation (n = 48) were almost 2 months of age at the time of the consult. CONCLUSIONS Less than a quarter of eligible children received a consultation. The consultation usually occurred in the context of medical complexity, high risk of mortality, and at an older age, suggesting potential opportunities for more and earlier paediatric palliative care involvement in the cardiac ICU. Screening criteria to identify patients for a consultation may increase the use of palliative care services in the cardiac ICU.
Solid phase submonomer azapeptide synthesis.

Abstract Azapeptides contain at least one aza-amino acid, where the α-carbon has been replaced by a nitrogen atom, and have found broad applicability in fields ranging from medicinal chemistry to biomaterials. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step protocol for the solid phase submonomer synthesis of azapeptides, which includes three steps: (1) hydrazone activation and coupling onto a resin-bound peptide, (2) chemoselective semicarbazone functionalization for installation of the aza-amino acid side chain, and (3) orthogonal deprotection of the semicarbazone to complete the monomer addition cycle. We focus on semicarbazone functionalization by N-alkylation with primary alkyl halides, and describe conditions for coupling onto aza-amino acids. Such divergent methods accelerate the synthesis of peptidomimetics and allow the rapid introduction of a wide variety of natural and unnatural side chains directly on solid support using easily accessible submonomers.
Dealing with Dying, Death, and Grief during Adolescence

1. Adolescent Development and Serious Life Crises 2. Adolescent Development: Physical, Cognitive, and Personal Changes 3. Ecological Niches for Adolescents: Family, Peers, School, Media, and Gangs 4. Coping Responses of Adolescents 5. Principal Causes of Death during Adolescence: Accidents, Murder, Suicide 6. Chronic, Life-Threatening Disease and Terminal Illness during Adolescence 7. Trauma 8. Bereavement 9. Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning during Adolescence 10. Interventions 11. Beyond Websites: The Relevance of the Internet and Technology for Adolescents Coping with Illness and Loss 12. Some Final Thoughts
The President's Legislative Policy Agenda, 1789–2002

Introduction. Two puzzles 1. The president's legislative policy agenda 2. Studying agenda building 3. A theory of presidential legislative policy agenda building 4. The size of the president's agenda 5. The substantive content of presidential agenda 6. Divided government and presidential policy moderation 7. From the White House to Capitol Hill: presidential agenda success in Congress 8. Conclusions.
A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment

This paper argues that current, global conceptions of organizational commitment may be deficient in several respects. A review of macro approaches to the nature of organization, as well as research on reference groups and role theory, indicates that a multiple commitments approach may be more precise and meaningful. It is suggested here that employees experience several different commitments to the goals and values of multiple groups. Some implications of this perspective are presented.
Lost in translation?: an investigation of the interpretative process via the creation of a memento based on dream analysis

In this paper issues related to communication and interpretation are explored in the context of dream analysis. In an attempt to understand the complexities of communicating visual ideas, as used in fields related to visual expression such as art or design, a simple experiment was conducted. The process included the collection of dream data from 6 individuals, the interpretation of those dreams in order to create 6 small representative objects and then a final review of those objects by the original participants. Through this process the researcher hope to uncover both the limitations and successes of communication of visual ideas through strictly verbal means, as well as insight into future methods for conducting similar experiments or additional testing to be done with this set of data.
Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis in children following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.

Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy can complicate cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Peritoneal dialysis has been shown to stabilize electrolytes and improve fluid status in these patients. To assess dialysis adequacy in this setting, we prospectively measured Kt/V and creatinine clearance in five patients (6–839 days of age) requiring renal replacement therapy at our institution. Median dialysis creatinine clearance was 74.25 L/week/1.73m2 (range 28.28–96.63 L/week/1.73m2). Residual renal function provided additional solute clearance as total creatinine clearance was 215.97 L/week/1.73m2 (range 108.04–323.25 L/week/1.73m2). Dialysis Kt/V of >2.1 (median 4.84 [range 2.12–5.59]) was achieved in all patients. No dialysis-associated complications were observed. We conclude that peritoneal dialysis is a safe, simple method of providing adequate clearance in children who develop acute renal failure following exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass.
Hemodynamic and Hormonal Patterns of Untreated Essential Hypertension in Men and Women

Background:Knowledge of hemodynamic factors accounting for the development of hypertension should help to tailor therapeutic approaches and improve blood pressure control. Few data exist regarding ...
The role of TiO2 and composition in the devitrification of near-stoichiometric cordierite

Devitrification behavior and thermal expansion of glasses and glass-ceramics, doped with TiO2, near the stoichiometric cordierite composition were investigated. The activation energy for growth of surface nucleated crystals was shown to be approximately 433 kJ/mol. and was independent of TiO2 content in the glass. Volume nucleation was achieved by the addition of approximately 8 wt% TiO2, but the mechanism of volume nucleation was different depending upon cordierite composition. Regions in the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram near the stochiometric cordierite compound were investigated using thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and dilatometry. Glass in glass phase separation was postulated for MgO-lean glasses, whereas precipitation of mullite and Al2TiO5 preceded devitrification in other compositions. In each case, the formation of a silica-rich glass is believed to initiate the devitrification. Coefficients of thermal expansion for the glass-ceramics increased with increasing TiO2 content resulting from increasing levels of uncrystallized glass and the formation of mullite and rutile during crystallization.
A study of the methane tolerance of LSCM–YSZ composite anodes with Pt, Ni, Pd and ceria catalysts

Abstract The performance of solid-oxide-fuel-cell anodes based on composites of LSCM and YSZ containing 0.5 wt.% metal catalyst was studied to understand the performance and stability of these anodes. Electrodes containing Pt were found to be stable in CH 4 but carbon deposits with granular or filamentous morphologies were found with electrodes containing either 0.5 wt.% Pd or Ni. Carbon deposition with both Pd and Ni was greatly suppressed by the addition of 10 wt.% ceria as a co-catalyst.
Catalytic Intramolecular Hydroamination of Substituted Aminoallenes by Chiral Titanium Amino-Alcohol Complexes

Intramolecular hydroamination of aminoallenes is catalyzed by titanium complexes with a number of chiral amino alcohols. The ring-closing reaction of hepta-4,5-dienylamine at 110 °C with 5 mol % catalyst gives a mixture of 6-ethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (14−33%) and both Z- and E-2-propenylpyrrolidine (67−86%). However, the ring-closing reaction of 6-methylhepta-4,5-dienylamine at 135 °C with 5 mol % catalyst gives exclusively 2-(2-methylpropenyl)pyrrolidine. The pyrrolidine products are obtained with enantiomeric excesses up to 16%.
The reaction anything at 1.09–2.90 GeV/c: double scattering effects and the missing mass spectrum

Abstract The cross section and momentum dependence of Λ's produced in the reaction p d → Λ + anything has been studied at 1.09–2.90 GeV/c incident momentum. We find that this reaction is primarily produced in double scattering collisions within the deuteron. This, plus the wide range of incident momenta available, demonstrates that the missing mass spectrum is inconsistent with the hypothesis of a resonance at 2.06 GeV, as suggested by Camerini et al. [1], in a similar experiment at 1.25–1.67 GeV/c.
A TBP–TAF complex required for transcription of human snRNA genes by RNA polymerases II and III

The TATA-box-binding protein TBP exists in the cell complexed with different sets of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). In general, each of these TBP-TAF complexes is dedicated to transcription by a single RNA polymerase. Thus, SL1, TFIID and TFIIIB are required for transcription by polymerases I, II and III, respectively. Here we characterize a fourth TBP-TAF complex called SNAPc. Unlike the other TBP-TAF complexes, SNAPc is implicated in transcription by two types of polymerases; it is required for transcription of both the RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes and binds specifically to the proximal sequence element PSE, a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these two types of genes. In addition to TBP, SNAPc is composed of at least three TAFs, SNAP43, SNAP45 and SNAP50. The predicted amino-acid sequence of SNAP43 reveals that it corresponds to a new protein.
Ten-year PVC geomembrane durability

The 10-year results of an ongoing study on the long-term performance of a PVC geomembrane in northern Minnesota are presented. Samples of PVC geomembrane and seams are exhumed periodically over a 30-year period and tested to measure the certified, index, and seam properties of the exhumed geomembrane and seams. Results are compared with the material specification existing at the time of installation as well as with the current PVC geomembrane specification prepared by the PVC Geomembrane Institute. All material properties except for thickness meet both specifications. Material properties measured at the laboratory and field moisture conditions are compared, and indicate that testing at the field moisture condition is more representative of the field performance than after laboratory desiccation. Data measured over a ten-year period suggest that the in situ moisture condition may counteract some, if not all, of the plasticizer migration that occurs in this application, and plasticizer migration slows as th...
The Invisible Powers: The Language of Business

The article presents a review of the book “The Invisible Powers: The Language of Business,” by John J. Clancy.
Antisite-interstitial-complex model for the EL2 defect in GaAs.

The suitability of an As-derived antisite-intersitital-complex model for the EL2 defect center in semi-insulating GaAs is examined via first-principles pseudopotential calculations. The structure most consistent with electron-nuclear-double-resonance data consists of a positively charged As antisite (A) bound to a negatively charged twofold-coordinated As interstitial (I). Depending on its precise structure, the A-I axis deviates by 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the (111) cubic axis and the A-I separation varies from 6.3 to 5.1 \AA{}. The maximal bond-angle variation around the antisite is 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the ideal tetrahedral value for these structures. A major problem with the distant-pair antisite-interstitial model for EL2 is that it is unstable with respect to atomic rearrangement leading to a nearest-neighbor split-interstitial bonded configuration. The consistency of the model with other experimental data is examined.
Differences between the heavy chains of fast and slow muscle myosin.

Abstract The different speeds of contraction of slow-twitch and fast-twitch mammalian hind limb muscles correlate with their myosin ATPase activities. Consequently, the structural characterization of these two types of myosin is relevant to an examination of the genetic level at which the speed of contraction is controlled. The myosin molecule consists of two to four light chains (molecular weight approx, 20,000), and two heavy chains (molecular weight of 200,000 each). The light chains from fast and slow muscle myosin are known to differ in number and molecular weight. Tryptic digestion of cat gastrocnemius (a fast muscle) myosin revealed a distinct peptide band of 88,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. This peptide was altogether absent in tryptic digests of cat soleus (a slow muscle) myosin. This difference in heavy chains from the two types of myosin was still evident after removing the light chains with p -chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate. The fast muscle myosin heavy chain still retained its characteristic peptide band, but its molecular weight had decreased to 77,000. Thus, the myosins from fast and slow muscles are different with respect to heavy chains (as well as light chains). It is therefore suggested that two different sets of genes are responsible for the synthesis of heavy chains in fast and slow muscles.
Synthesis and characterization of tetra- and trisiloxane-containing oligo(ethylene glycol)s- highly conducting electrolytes for lithium batteries

Tetrasiloxane and trisiloxane compounds were attached to oligo(ethylene oxide) chains, -(CH2CH2O)-n (n = 2−7), via hydrosilation and dehydrocoupling reactions. The compounds were purified by solvent extraction and distillation before being characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR. Upon being doped with lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) or lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), the electrolytes showed ambient temperature conductivities ranging from 2 × 10-4 to 6 × 10-4 S cm-1. These low viscosity compounds have conductivities that are among the highest observed to date for liquid “polymer” electrolytes. Temperature-dependent conductivity studies suggest that the ethylene oxide chains contribute to ion transport as a polymer would. The amorphous behavior of the electrolytes was observed by differential scanning calorimetry, which revealed very low glass-transition temperatures before and after doping.
Dynamics of bead formation, filament thinning and breakup in weakly viscoelastic jets

The spatiotemporal evolution of a viscoelastic jet depends on the relative magnitude of capillary, viscous, inertial and elastic stresses. The interplay of capillary and elastic stresses leads to the formation of very thin and stable filaments between drops, or to ‘beads-on-a-string’ structure. In this paper, we show that by understanding the physical processes that control different stages of the jet evolution it is possible to extract transient extensional viscosity information even for very low viscosity and weakly elastic liquids, which is a particular challenge in using traditional rheometers. The parameter space at which a forced jet can be used as an extensional rheometer is numerically investigated by using a one-dimensional nonlinear free-surface theory for Oldroyd-B and Giesekus fluids. The results show that even when the ratio of viscous to inertio-capillary time scales (or Ohnesorge number) is as low as Oh ~ 0.02, the temporal evolution of the jet can be used to obtain elongational properties of the liquid.
The Shape of Things to Come

Economic recoveries from the past two recessions have been much more gradual than the rapid V-shaped recoveries typical of earlier downturns. Analysis of the factors that determine economic growth rates indicates that recovery from the most recent recession is likely to be faster than from the two previous recessions, but slower than earlier V-shaped recoveries. By many measures, the most recent recession has been the worst in the United States since the Great Depression. Will the recovery now under way be rapid, as it was following most postwar recessions through the mid-1980s? Or will growth be more modest, as it was following the two most recent recessions? This question is often rephrased in terms of the shape of the recovery. That is, will economic activity turn up sharply, tracing out the upward sweep of the letter V? Or will it be more gradual, like the lower part of the letter U? This
Evaluating ERCP is important but difficult

ERCP is a valuable technique now practised widely throughout the world. It revolutionised the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic diseases in the 1970s and 1980s. However, recent developments have highlighted the need for detailed evaluation of current ERCP practice. This review is based on a presentation to a recent NIH “state of the science” conference on ERCP, and refers to an article which appears in this issue of Gut from researchers in Hong Kong who report on a randomised controlled trial of endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute cholangitis.
Digitized Government in Worldwide Municipalities between 2003 and 2007

Observers of digitized government suggest that governments around the world are using the Internet to increase the effectiveness and transparency of administrative functions while engaging citizens and transforming the nature of democracy. The current research examines digital government by analyzing data from worldwide municipal websites reviewed in 2003 and in 2007. The findings are bifurcated. The research suggests that digital government performance of cities worldwide is increasing over time. However, the findings also demonstrate volatility in performance levels of city digital government initiatives. In other words, early adopters of digital government often find it difficult to maintain their performance between the survey years, while some late adopters experience dramatic performance improvements. The results suggest that future research needs to consider the reasons for changes in relative performance and the variation of digital government.
Review: Statins are not associated with cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, or dementia

Source Citation Richardson K, Schoen M, French B, et al. Statins and cognitive function: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:688-97. 24247674
Modeling the effect of invasive quagga mussels on the spring phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan

Abstract The disappearance of the spring phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan has been attributed in some studies to the direct effect of quagga mussel filter-feeding. We applied a biophysical model to test whether the observed reduction in the spring bloom can be explained by direct effects of quagga mussel grazing. We developed a 1-D column biological model that simulated light and temperature limitation on phytoplankton growth, vertical mixing, and grazing by zooplankton and quagga mussels. We applied the 3-D finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) to provide vertical mixing, with two scenarios of atmospheric forcing: (a) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and (b) station interpolation using the Natural Neighbor Method. Simulated development of the spring bloom and formation of the deep chlorophyll layer in the early summer stratified period were consistent with observations. Increased strength of winter stratification (surface
The generic oracle hypothesis is false

Beaucoup de problemes ouverts en theorie de calcul de complexite peuvent etre resolus de facon conflictuelle lorsqu'ils sont relatifs a des oracles differents. Avec la relativisation conflictuelle, c'est naturel de savoir la classe d'oracle la plus probable de representer le monde effectif. L'article montre que l'hypothese generique echoue. Il montre que l'hypothese d'oracle pour la notion sousrecursive legerement faible est fausse
Vacuum stripping of trichlorofluoromethane emulsions from water sprays

Abstract The feasibility of using a vacuum spray chamber for stripping emulsified organic liquid (in this case, trichlorofluoromethane) from water sprays was investigated. The mass transfer rates of refrigerant-11 from aqueous emulsions using a flat spray nozzle were measured and a mathematical model developed that accounts for the flashing of the organic droplets and for their solution into the aqueous phase. The mass transfer coefficients for stripping of the dissolved refrigerant, obtained from previously measured mass transfer rates of other solution in vacuum spray chambers, were used with the model to predict reasonably well the mass transfer of refrigerant-11 from aqueous emulsions of refrigerant.
Purkinje-like cells in rat cochlear nucleus

A unique class of cells, strongly immunopositive for anti-calbindin D-28 kDa was observed in and near the cochlear nucleus of young adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. These cells are present in small numbers which are highly variable across animals and inconstant in position. They are preferentially located in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, with occasional examples being present in the ventral cochlear nucleus, as well as in adjacent brainstem locations. They have been referred to in other studies as displaced Purkinje cells or 'Purkinje cell-like cells', and are here designated 'Purkinje-like cells' (PLCs). PLCs have relatively large cell bodies, with thick, heavily spined dendrites, and are typically situated in an immediately subpial position. The dendritic arborization extends into the interior of the nucleus, away from the pial surface, a trajectory opposite in direction to that of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. The intense immunoreactivity exhibited by PLC somata and dendrites when treated with antiserum directed against calbindin is equivalent to that of cerebellar Purkinje cells, and markedly stronger than that of most other cell populations of the cochlear nucleus. However, in tissue treated with anti-parvalbumin, which also strongly labels cerebellar Purkinje cell somata and dendrites, PLC labeling, when present, is relatively weak, limited to the cell bodies and only the base of the dendrites of PLCs, indicating non-equivalence of the two cell types. In addition, the intensity of calbindin immunostaining in the PLCs appears to be more sensitive to glutaraldehyde in any of the fixative solutions than that seen in cerebellar Purkinje cells in the same sections. Of the cell types of the cochlear nucleus, the cartwheel cells would appear to be the most similar to the PLCs on morphological and immunocytochemical grounds. However, the subpial position and average somal dimensions of the PLCs, as well as the relatively modest immunoreactivity of the cartwheel cells for calbindin, rather clearly differentiate the PLCs from this class of neurons. The results of the present study suggest that the PLCs of the cochlear nucleus, although they may arise developmentally as ectopic cerebellar Purkinje cells and maintain certain Purkinje cell characteristics, represent a distinct neuronal cell type in the adult rat cochlear nucleus, exhibiting incomplete overlap of fixation, immunocytochemical and morphological characteristics with both cartwheel cells of the cochlear nucleus and cerebellar Purkinje cells.
Theory of simple classical fluids: Universality in the short-range structure

It is shown to within the accuracy of present-day computer-simulation studies that the bridge functions (i.e., the sum of elementary graphs, assumed zero in the hypernetted-chain approximation) constitute the same universal family of curves, irrespective of the assumed pair potential. In view of the known parametrized results for hard spheres, this observation introduces a new method in the theory of fluids, one that is applicable to any potential. The method requires the solution of a modified hypernetted-chain equation with inclusion of a one-parameter bridge-function family appropriate to hard spheres, and the single free parameter (the hard-sphere packing fraction) can be determined by appealing to the requirements of thermodynamic consistency. The assertion of universality is actually demonstrated via the application of this new method to a wide class of different potentials: e.g., hard spheres, Lennard-Jones, an inverse fifth power (${r}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$) applicable to the helium problem, the Coulomb potential (i.e., the one-component plasma), charged hard spheres, an oscillatory potential proposed for certain liquid metals, and the Yukawa potential.
Movements and Temperatures of Radiotagged Salmonines in Lake Ontario and Comparisons with Other Large Aquatic Systems

Abstract We used six years of radiotelemetry data (1980–86) to compare movements and temperatures occupied by four introduced salmonine species (174 fish) in the nearshore region of Lake Ontario. Movement patterns (64% moved east initially with prevailing currents; 68% reversed direction one or more times), net movement rates (ave. −4.7 km/d), water temperatures occupied (ave. = 10.7 C) and harvest rates by anglers (ave. = 23% of radiotagged salmonines) were generally similar among species and seasons. However, Pacific salmon (coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch and chinook, O. tshawvtscha) moved against prevailing currents and were caught by anglers more often than brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss, formerly S. gairdneri). The movement patterns and thermal habitats of salmonines in Lake Ontario generally were in the mid-range of those reported for conspecifics in other large lakes and the North Pacific Ocean.
Role of mitochondrial membrane potential in the regulation of murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation

The level of cytoplasmic calcium ions appears to be important in the control of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cell differentiation. Our interest in this study focuses on the relationship between the regulation of calcium concentration and differentiation. We used the fluorescent membrane probe DiOC6 to examine the relationship between MEL cell mitochondria and changes in cytoplasmic calcium levels occurring at the initiation of commitment. Fluorescence microscopy reveals the selective association of DiOC6 with MEL cell mitochondria, where an enhanced fluorescence is observed. Treatment of cells with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or other inducers causes a decrease in mitochondria-associated fluorescence levels that occurs with the initiation of commitment. A decrease in DiOC6 fluorescence is caused by agents that reduce mitochondrial membrane potential, but is only slightly affected by agents that alter plasma membrane potential. Amiloride and EGTA, agents that prevent commitment and inhibit calcium uptake, also prevent the decrease in DiOC6 uptake caused by DMSO. The effect of DMSO on MEL cell mitochondria is mimicked by FCCP, a proton ionophore that dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential. FCCP also caused MEL cell mitochondria to release calcium into the cytoplasm. When MEL cells are treated with DMSO plus FCCP, commitment is initiated without the lag period observed when cells are treated with DMSO alone. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mitochondrial transmembrane potential is important in the regulation of cytoplasmic calcium levels at the time of commitment of MEL cells to terminal differentiation.
The therapeutic potential of CRF1 antagonists for anxiety

Preclinical studies suggest that the brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems mediate anxiety-like behavioural and somatic responses through actions at the CRF1 receptor. CRF1 antagonists block the anxiogenic-like effects of CRF and stress in animal models. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of CRF are elevated in some anxiety disorders and normalise with effective treatment, further implicating CRF systems as a therapeutic target. Prototypical CRF1 antagonists are highly lipophilic, non-competitive antagonists of peptide ligands. Modification of the chemotype and the identification of novel pharmacophores are yielding more drug-like structures with increased hydrophilicity at physiological pHs. Newer compounds exhibit improved solubility, pharmacokinetic properties, potency and efficacy. Several clinical candidates have entered Phase I/II trials. However, unmet challenges await resolution during further discovery, clinical development and therapeutic application of CRF1 antagonists.
Magnetic shielding by superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O hollow cylinders

The authors have measured the magnetic field H' at the center of a hollow of sintered Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor as a function of applied field H, temperature, tube length, and tube wall thickness. The maximum field that can be shielded H/sub sh/ agrees with the value calculated from the critical state model using the measured critical-current density J/sub c/. The maximum trapped field H/sub tr/ in the tube, on decreasing H to zero, exceeds H/sub sh/ by as much as a factor of two, and large enhancements in J/sub c/ are observed in the decreasing field. These phenomena are identified with intragranular flux pinning present only after H has exceeded H/sub c1/ of the grains. Finite tube length does not affect the H/sub tr//H/sub sh/ ratio appreciably. H/sub sh/ depends approximately on the square root of the wall thickness. >
Proteolytic balance and capillary morphogenesis

Angiogenesis is the process by which new capillary blood vessels are formed from preexisting vessels. A number of components of this morphogenetic process, including endothelial cell invasion and capillary lumen formation, are believed to be dependent on tightly controlled proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix. The critical importance of an appropriate balance between proteases and protease inhibitors in these processes is suggested by two sets of observations. Firstly, that extracellular matrix invasion and capillary lumen formation are inhibited in the presence of an excess of protease inhibitors. Secondly, that when unchecked by protease inhibitors, excessive proteolysis is incompatible with normal capillary morphogenesis. These results clearly suggest that a precisely regulated proteolytic balance is necessary for normal capillary morphogenesis.
Primary intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord.

Study design Clinically based systematic review. Objective To define optimal clinical care for primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors using a systematic review with expert opinion. Methods Focused questions on the treatment of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors were refined by a panel of spine oncology surgeons, medical and radiation oncologist. Keyword were searched through Medline database and pertinent abstracts and manuscripts obtained. The quality of literature was rated as high, moderate, low, or very low. Using the GRADE evidence based review system the proposed questions were answered using the literature review and expert opinion. These treatment recommendations were then rated as either strong or weak based on the quality of evidence and clinical expertise. Results The literature searches revealed low and very low quality evidence with no prospective or randomized studies. The MEDLINE search engine returned 9000 articles which was restricted to articles about human subjects and written in the English language. The subsequent search resulted in a return of: "spinal cord tumor" (5053), "ependymoma" (580), "astrocytoma" (420), and "glioma" (235) articles. Seventeen articles referenced timing of surgical intervention and symptomatology for intramedullary spinal cord tumors. One hundred fifty-eight chemotherapy and 183 radiation therapy articles for intramedullary spinal cord tumors were reviewed. Conclusion The most important factor in determining the IMSCT patient's long-term neurologic and functional outcome after surgery is the patient's preoperative neurologic status. However, this must be taken in the context of the underlying tumor histology. Therefore, resection is reserved for progressive neurologic decline and serial monitoring for asymptomatic individuals. Adjuvant therapy is an option for high grade astrocytomas (WHO grades 3-4).
The Hα Emitting Regions of the Accretion Disks in ALGOLS

The circumstellar plasma that produces Hα emission in Algol binaries has been investigated using phase-resolved, high dispersion data acquired from CCD and image tube detectors. Results are summarized in this paper, including discussions of the disk geometry and size, asymmetry in the distribution of material, long-term or non-phase dependent variability, mass outflow, the mean electron density, and how the latter properties vary with the system's period or location in the r-q diagram. Five systems which display permanent emission with periods ranging from 4.5 to 261 days (SW Cyg, UX Mon, TT Hya, AD Her, and RZ Oph) are intercompared. If P 6 days, stable disks with only slight long-term variations in their Hα brightness are seen. The most variable systems appear to be those in the 5 – 6 day range, but the star's position in the r-q diagram has the largest influence on its behavior. The trailing side of the accretion disk, where the gas stream impacts the inner disk, is usually brighter, and the leading side is often times more extended. The disk extends out to at least 95% of the Roche surface of the primary and is highly flattened (≤RP). Mass outflow near phase 0.5 is commonplace.
Oncogenic transcription factors as master regulators of chromatin topology: A new role for ERG in prostate cancer

The three-dimensional (3D) conformation of the genome is known to be structured and to affect gene transcription, but how chromatin conformation changes in diseases such as cancer is poorly understood. Similarly, oncogenic transcription factors bind to thousands of sites in the genome without a clear transcriptional role on nearby genes. Could these factors play a non-transcriptional role in promoting tumor progression by restructuring the shape of the genome? To address this question, we recently performed unbiased high-resolution mapping of intra- and inter-chromosome interactions upon overexpression of ERG, an oncogenic transcription factor frequently overexpressed in prostate cancer as a result of a gene fusion. By integrating data from genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), ERG binding and gene expression, we have demonstrated that oncogenic transcription factor overexpression is associated with global, reproducible and functionally coherent changes in chromatin organization. Perhaps more importantly, we have identified novel genomic alterations associated with ERG overexpression. These results suggest a yet unappreciated role for transcription factors in promoting genomic alterations through their effect on chromatin architecture.
Using Historical Films to Promote Gender Equity in the History Curriculum

Teaching with film is viewed as a pedagogical best practice, especially when teaching historical or social studies content. Many of the most popular films used to teach history topics leave women's voices out of the narrative. Women's history is generally left out of traditionally male-dominated history curriculum; when it is included, it is usually in the margins or in sidebars. This article promotes the use of historical films that have a female presence. How women are portrayed in film and how to choose films that meet the criteria of the Bechdel Test for women in film are also examined.
Retention in Care among HIV-Infected Patients in Resource-Limited Settings: Emerging Insights and New Directions

In resource-limited settings—where a massive scale up of HIV services has occurred in the last 5 years—both understanding the extent of and improving retention in care presents special challenges. First, retention in care within the decentralizing network of services is likely higher than existing estimates that account only for retention in clinic, and therefore antiretroviral therapy services may be more effective than currently believed. Second, both magnitude and determinants of patient retention vary substantially and therefore encouraging the conduct of locally relevant epidemiology is needed to inform programmatic decisions. Third, socio-structural factors such as program characteristics, transportation, poverty, work/child care responsibilities, and social relations are the major determinants of retention in care, and therefore interventions to improve retention in care should focus on implementation strategies. Research to assess and improve retention in care for HIV-infected patients can be strengthened by incorporating novel methods such as sampling-based approaches and a causal analytic framework.
Mortality after discharge in clinically stable infants admitted with a first-time apparent life-threatening event.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to review the mortality after discharge in clinically stable infants admitted with a first apparent life-threatening event. Methods: design Retrospective chart review of all infants 0 to 6 months presenting with a first apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) over a 5-year period using explicit criteria. Patients with an emergency department (ED) diagnosis of ALTE, seizure, choking spell, or cyanosis were reviewed by 2 of 3 physicians. Level of agreement between reviewers was monitored. Mortalities were identified by a review of the county death record database and hospital records. Results Three hundred sixty-six charts were reviewed; 176 cases met inclusion criteria. All apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) cases were admitted; 1 signed out against medical advice. Blood cultures were obtained in 111 patients (63%)—no pathogens were identified. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and culture was performed in 65 patients (37%)—no pathogens were identified. One patient had pleocytosis. Chest radiographs were obtained in 115 patients (65%); 12 patients had infiltrates. Respiratory syncytial virus nasal washings were obtained in 32% of patients and were positive in 9 patients. The average length of follow-up was 34 months; 2 patients (1.1%) had died at the time of follow-up. Both deaths occurred after hospital discharge and within 2 weeks of the ED visit. Neither of the fatalities had a positive diagnostic evaluation in the ED. The cause of death by coroner report was pneumonia in both instances. Conclusions The risk of subsequent mortality in infants admitted from our pediatric ED with an ALTE is substantial. Emergency physicians should consider routine admission for patients with ALTE.
Transport and concentration of molybdenum in granite molybdenite systems: Effects of fluorine and sulfur

To investigate the effects of F and S on the transport and concentration of Mo in granite molybdenite deposits, we prepared four synthetic granite compositions with Mo, S, and F. Each composition was run at 1000 °C and 100 MPa with 6 wt % H 2 O to stabilize the phase assemblage liquid + aqueous vapor. In all compositions, Mo is partitioned into the vapor phase and deposited on the capsule walls, in vapor bubbles in the quenched glasses, or in silica-rich spherules. F and S do not affect the partitioning of Mo. However, S plays a critical role in the deposition of Mo from the vapor phase. Thus, the initial water content of the magma, which controls the timing of vapor phase evolution, and the presence of S are primary controls on Mo ore deposition in these deposits.
The stability of palladium(II) hydroxide and hydroxy–chloride complexes: an experimental solubility study at 25–85°C and 1 bar

Abstract Solubility methods were employed to determine conditional equilibrium constants for the formation of hydroxide and mixed hydroxy–chloride complexes of Pd(II). Measurements were made over a temperature range of 25–85°C, a pH range from 0 to 12, and ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 molal in both KCl and NaClO4 media. Several speciation models were fit to the data using nonlinear regression, and the model yielding the best fit with the fewest number of species was accepted for each temperature and ionic strength. The conditional equilibrium constants were then fit to a function of ionic strength and temperature (including a Debye–Huckel term) to facilitate interpolation and extrapolation to infinite dilution. The following species were found to be important in KCl solutions: PdCl42−, PdCl3(OH)2−, and Pd(OH)20. The relative proportions of the species are dependent on pH and ionic strength (chloride concentration). In perchlorate media the predominant species were Pd(OH)3−, Pd(OH)20, PdOH+ and Pd2+, depending on pH. Conditional stability constants determined in this study agree well with those reported in previous work for the simple chloride and hydroxide complexes, but our results suggest that mixed complexes may be more important than previously thought, and that PdCl3(OH)2− may be the dominant species in seawater, followed by Pd(OH)20.
Early lunar magnetism

A new method (Shaw, 1974) for investigating paleointensity (the ancient magnetic field) was applied to three subsamples of a single, 1-m homogeneous clast from a recrystallized boulder of lunar breccia. Several dating methods established 4 billion years as the age of boulder assembly. Results indicate that the strength of the ambient magnetic field at the Taurus-Littrow region of the moon was about 0.4 oersted at 4 billion years ago. Values as high as 1.2 oersted have been reported (Collison et al., 1973). The required fields are approximately 10,000 times greater than present interplanetary or solar flare fields. It is suggested that this large field could have arisen from a pre-main sequence T-Tauri sun.
Cultural Adjustment Difficulties and Career Development of International College Students

This study examined the extent to which two dimensions of cultural adjustment difficulties (i.e., acculturative distress and intercultural competence concerns) predicted two specific career development outcomes (i.e., career aspirations and career outcome expectations) in a sample of 261 international college students from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Although no significant differences among the participants were found by region of origin and gender, multivariate multiple regression analyses indicated that higher levels of acculturative distress were predictive of lower levels of career outcome expectations among these international students. Furthermore, findings revealed that greater intercultural competence concerns were predictive of lower career aspirations and lower career outcome expectations. Implications of the findings for career counseling with African, Asian, and Latin American international students are discussed.
A bibliography of monographic works on biomaterials and biocompatibility.

Organizing and accessing biomaterials-related information is problematic because of the interdisciplinary nature of the field. Relevant information appears in the literature of numerous science and technology subdisciplines and there is no one index or database that covers all of the related publications. An additional barrier to information retrieval is the lack of a thesaurus for the field. Multiple terms representing the same concepts are currently employed and it is not always readily apparent which terms to use in a literature search. As an aid for students and researchers in the discipline, the author provides an indexed bibliography of English language monographic works on biomaterials and biocompatibility published after 1973. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Baseline Responses of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Insect Growth Regulators 1

J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 29: 35-54 (2013) ABSTRACT The cancellation of most organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, and the emerging resistance to currently available insecticides for managing the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), necessitate efficacy studies on other classes of insecticidal compounds. Baseline dose-response bioassays were conducted with three different types of insect growth regulators (IGRs), fenoxycarb, diflubenzuron, and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) on first and seventh instars, two day-old pupae, and one-week-old adult beetles. Insects were exposed to a range of concentrations through topical application, by residual contact with treated wood shavings, and through feeding on treated chicken feed diet. Insects were observed at 10-day intervals to estimate mortality, pupation, and abnormal growth for each treatment. The mean number of days to pupation increased and pupation was delayed in fenoxycarb-treated seventh instars in feeding, residual, and topical bioassays. Fenoxycarb-treated larvae continued to molt and gain weight, and died as deformed larvae, abnormal pupae, or intermediate larval-pupal and pupal-adult forms. In feeding bioassays, fenoxycarb was more toxic to seventh instars than to first instars or adults, whereas diflubenzuron was more toxic to first instars than it was to seventh instars or adults. The feeding bioassay was more suitable for the first and seventh instars, although the residual contact bioassay could also be used for seventh instars. Adults succumbed to lower concentrations of IGRs in a topical bioassay than in feeding or residual bioassays. All three bioassay methods produced usable dose-response curves and may be used for surveying temporal changes in the IGR susceptibility to lesser mealworm.