cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of cell numbers and volumes of bronchiolar epithelium during rabbit lung maturation

To estimate the numbers and volumes of bronchiolar epithelial cells during lung maturation, we examined rabbits at three time points, 30 days gestation and 4 and 17 weeks postnatal age. Morphometric measures (mean caliper diameter, surface area, and volume) of nonciliated and ciliated bronchiolar cell nuclei, using computer modeling from serial sections, showed a significant decrease in nuclear size for both cell types and a significant increase in cell volume for the nonciliated bronchiolar cell during lung maturation. A shape coefficient (β) proved to be the most efficient estimator of the number of cells per unit volume when it was used with estimates of the number of nuclei per unit area and the volumetric density of nuclei. Two-dimensional estimates of bronchiolar epithelial cell abundance (the number of nuclei per unit length or area) significantly underestimated the percentage of nonciliated bronchiolar cells as compared to three-dimensional estimates for rabbits 17 weeks of age. We have shown an inverse relationship between nonciliated and ciliated bronchiolar cell abundance during lung maturation. Nonciliated cells decreased while ciliated cells increased. We have confirmed that cytodifferentiation of the nonciliated bronchiolar cell occurs within the first 4 weeks of postnatal development. The volume of the nonciliated bronchiolar cell increased about twofold during development. Because of the concomitant decrease in nuclear volume, the cytoplasm of the cell showed an even greater increase in volume. Within the cytoplasm of the nonciliated bronchiolar cell, glycogen significantly decreased, and agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) and mitochondria significantly increased in volume during development. The biosynthesis of AER closely correlated with pharmacological studies of xenobiotic metabolism during rabbit lung maturation.
Predicting empty body composition and composition of empty body weight changes in mature cattle

Abstract Data on empty body chemical composition of 18 breeds or breed crosses of non-lactating, non-pregnant mature cows, were used to estimate a standard reference empty body weight (SREBW) for each breed. The SREBW was defined as the empty body weight at skeletal maturity that contained 25% fat. Relationship between empty body fat percentage (EBFP) and empty body weight as a fraction of SREBW (μE) was, EBFP = −15·7 + 40·7 ∗μ E ( r 2 = 0·77) . This relationship was not significantly different among breeds. An evaluation with chemical composition data of five breeds of mature non-lactating cows showed no significant difference in the relationship between EBFP and μE. Data from five experiments showed that cows that lose empty body weight in early lactation had a leaner empty body composition in mid-lactation compared with non-lactating cows at the same value of μE. Equations were formulated to adjust predictions of body composition changes for lactating cows.
Part five: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, oral cavity and pharynx, and ovary

This is the fifth of a six-part series on metastatic spread and natural history of 18 common tumors. Part 1 summarized symptom/problem anticipation, cancer metastasis, and the 18 tumors that each cause more than 6000 deaths/year in the United States. Bladder and brain cancer were discussed, with information given on tumor types, metastatic spread and invasion, and common symptoms. Parts two, three, and four charted the natural histories, problems, and assessment parameters of advanced cancers of the breast, colon and rectum, esophagus, kidney, liver, and lung; and leukemia, melanoma, and multiple myeloma. Part five provides corresponding information on non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and cancers of the oral cavity (and pharynx) and ovary. Each of these cancers is presented separately, with information given on mortality rates, the most common tumor types, sites of metastases, common problems, and common oncologic emergencies. Sites of spread, resulting problems (including site-specific symptoms), and assessment pa...
An efficient, scalable numerical algorithm for the simulation of electrochemical systems on irregular domains

We present a projection method for the solution of the diffusive transport and reaction equations of electrochemical systems on irregular time-dependent domains. Specific applications include electrodeposition of copper in sub-micron trenches, as well as any other electrochemical system with an arbitrarily shaped bulk region of dilute electrolyte solution. Our method uses a finite volume spatial discretization that is second-order accurate throughout, including a nonuniform region used as a transition to the far-field chemical concentrations. Time integration is performed with a splitting technique that includes a projection step to solve for the electric potential. The resulting method is first-order accurate in time, and is observed to be stable for relatively large time steps. Furthermore, the algorithm complexity scales very respectably with grid refinement and is naturally parallelizable.
Collaborative Partnerships and the Transformation of Secondary Education through ICTs in South Africa.

The focus of this study is on lessons learned by collaborative partnerships that use ICTs to expand access to and improve the quality of secondary education in South Africa. Secondary education is ...
Digital NMR Profiles as Building Blocks: Assembling 1H Fingerprints of Steviol Glycosides

This report describes a fragment-based approach to the examination of congeneric organic compounds by NMR spectroscopy. The method combines the classic interpretation of 1D- and 2D-NMR data sets with contemporary computer-assisted NMR analysis. Characteristic NMR profiles of key structural motifs were generated by 1H iterative full spin analysis and then joined together as building blocks to recreate the 1H NMR spectra of increasingly complex molecules. To illustrate the methodology described, a comprehensive analysis of steviol (1), seven steviol glycosides (2–8) and two structurally related isosteviol compounds (9, 10) was carried out. The study also assessed the potential impact of this method on relevant aspects of natural product research including structural verification, chemical dereplication, and mixture analysis.
Of Toasters and Molecular Ticker Tapes

Experiments in systems neuroscience can be seen as consisting of three steps: (1) selecting the signals we are interested in, (2) probing the system with carefully chosen stimuli, and (3) getting data out of the brain. Here I discuss how emerging techniques in molecular biology are starting to improve these three steps. To estimate its future impact on experimental neuroscience, I will stress the analogy of ongoing progress with that of microprocessor production techniques. These techniques have allowed computers to simplify countless problems; because they are easier to use than mechanical timers, they are even built into toasters. Molecular biology may advance even faster than computer speeds and has made immense progress in understanding and designing molecules. These advancements may in turn produce impressive improvements to each of the three steps, ultimately shifting the bottleneck from obtaining data to interpreting it.
Cure Characterization in Bis(maleimide)/Diallylbisphenol A Resin by Fluorescence, FT-IR, and UV-Reflection Spectroscopy

Curing bis(maleimide)/diallylbisphenol A (BMI/DABPA) results in the formation of a high-temperature thermoset resin. FT-IR, fluorescence, and UV-reflectance spectroscopy were used to investigate the cure behavior of this material under three different cure schedules. Fluorescence signals were quenched before curing due to the BMI component but increased and eventually leveled off as cure time increased. The largest fluorescence intensity increases occurred after 80% of the phenylmaleimide units were converted to phenylsuccinimide. Fluorescence signals were observed in both short-wavelength and long-wavelength regions. Model compound studies indicated that the phenolic portion of the BMI/DABPA resin has a higher quantum yield for fluorescence at a shorter wavelength than phenylsuccinimide derivatives. Therefore, fluorescence emission observed near 356 nm during curing is attributed to phenolic structures. FT-IR was used to quantify the extent of succinimide formation and to identify cross-linking processes...
Probing cosmology with weak lensing peak counts

We propose counting peaks in weak lensing (WL) maps, as a function of their height, to probe models of dark energy and to constrain cosmological parameters. Because peaks can be identified in two-dimensional WL maps directly, they can provide constraints that are free from potential selection effects and biases involved in identifying and determining the masses of galaxy clusters. As a pilot study, we have run cosmological N-body simulations to produce WL convergence maps in three models with different constant values of the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, $w=\ensuremath{-}0.8$, $\ensuremath{-}1$, and $\ensuremath{-}1.2$, with a fixed normalization of the primordial power spectrum (corresponding to present-day normalizations of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}=0.742$, 0.798, and 0.839, respectively). By comparing the number of WL peaks in eight convergence bins in the range of $\ensuremath{-}0.1l\ensuremath{\kappa}l0.4$, in multiple realizations of a single simulated $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ degree field, we show that the first (last) pair of models differ at the 95% (85%) confidence level. A survey with depth and area comparable to those expected from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope should have a factor of $\ensuremath{\approx}50$ better parameter sensitivity. These results warrant further investigation, in order to assess the constraints available when marginalization over other uncertain parameters is included, and with the specifications of a realistic survey folded into the analysis. Here we find that relatively low-amplitude peaks ($\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}0.03$), which typically do not correspond to a single collapsed halo along the line of sight, account for most of the parameter sensitivity. We study a range of smoothing scales and source galaxy redshifts (${z}_{s}$). With a fixed source galaxy density of $15\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{arcmin}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, the best results are provided by the smallest scale we can reliably simulate, 1 arcmin, and ${z}_{s}=2$ provides substantially better sensitivity than ${z}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}1.5$.
Analytic Solutions for the Antigreenhouse Effect: Titan and the Early Earth

Abstract The antigreenhouse effect results from a high altitude haze which blocks sunlight while allowing transmission of thermal infrared. An antigreenhouse is observed on Titan and has been proposed for the early Earth. Here, we derive an analytic solution useful for computing the atmospheric and surface temperature with both the greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects included. In agreement with detailed calculations, the analytic solution predicts that a runaway greenhouse on early Titan caused by accretional heat would collapse when the flux fell to 0.9 W m −2 . For the present value of the solar luminosity a runaway greenhouse collapses at a geothermal heat flux of 0.4 W m −2 . We show that the antigreenhouse effect may compromise attempts to solve the faint young sun problem on the early Earth with a methane–ammonia greenhouse shielded by an organic haze, more than doubling the infrared opacity needed to warm the early Earth compared to the case with no antigreen- house.
Sunken scald spot field injury evident in stored potatoes

Freshly dug Triumph potatoes were exposed in burlap and canvas bags in the field for short periods (mostly not over 4 hours), stored in bushel lots in 8-oz. burlap bags, and inspected for loss in weight, sunken-scald-spot injury, and decay the following March.
A two-colour near-infrared sensor for sorting recycled plastic waste

This paper describes a simple device for automated sorting of post-consumer plastic waste. It is shown that rapid and reliable identification of certain polymers can be achieved by using a simple two-colour fixed filter near-infrared spectrometer in conjunction with a simple ratio circuit. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in sorting of polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride. A sensor based on this identification method is inexpensive to build and provides the necessary speed and performance required by the recycling industry.
Platform-aware bottleneck detection for reconfigurable computing applications

Reconfigurable Computing (RC) has the potential to provide substantial performance benefits and yet simultaneously consume less power than traditional microprocessors or GPUs. While experimental performance analysis of RC applications has previously been shown crucial for achieving this potential, existing methods still require application designers to manually locate bottlenecks and determine appropriate optimizations, typically requiring significant designer expertise and effort. Worse, the diversity of platforms employed by RC applications further complicates the process of detecting bottlenecks and formulating optimizations. To address these shortcomings, we first discuss our platform-template system, which enables a performance analysis tool to perform more accurate bottleneck detection and achieve a higher degree of portability across diverse FPGA systems. We then provide details for our implementation of these concepts and techniques in the Reconfigurable Computing Application Performance (ReCAP) tool. Next, we present a taxonomy of common RC bottlenecks, providing associated detection and optimization strategies for each bottleneck, which we use to populate ReCAP's knowledge base for bottleneck detection. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our approach via two application case studies across a total of three platforms.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization assessment of chromosome 8 copy number in breast cancer

Conventional cytogenetics of breast and other solid tumors has been hampered by a number of factors. An analysis of breast tumor tissues was therefore undertaken using fluorescentin situ hybridization (FISH). A total of 34 specimens were analyzed using a chromosome 8-specific α-satellite probe. Various approaches were tested and compared. Among 30 informative samples, 11 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, not otherwise specified (NOS), 5 ductal carcinomasin situ, 5 lobular carcinomas, 3 papillary carcinomas, and 6 benign lesions were studied. Of the 11 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinomas (NOS) analyzed, four cases showed 3 signals, one case showed 4 signals, and the rest showed 2 signals. Of the 5 cases of ductal carcinomain situ samples, 1 showed 3 signals and the other 4 cases showed 2 signals. All cases of lobular carcinomas, papillary carcinomas, and benign lesions showed 2 signals. We inferred from these data that 36% of the infiltrating ductal carcinomas (NOS) were trisomic and 9% were tetrasomic, whereas 20% of the ductal carcinomasin situ were trisomic. All samples from lobular carcinomas, papillary carcinomas, and the benign lesions were disomic. From our preliminary data, it can further be concluded that a subset of breast cancer is characterized by chromosome 8 trisomy. These data are consistent with an ever-increasing database on the association of chromosomal 8 trisomy with other cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, prostate cancer, ovarian carcinoma, salivary gland tumor, malignant melanoma, desmoid tumors, and recently gestational trophoblastic disease. It is also noted that the ability to analyze formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival material will enable a more comprehensive cytogenetic study of breast cancer than is currently available.
Editorial: In Memory Of George Reynolds (1937-1987)

I was deeply saddened to learn that George O. Reynolds, a long-time member of SPIE and active participant in its activities, had died suddenly on February 17, 1987, of a pulmonary thrombosis at the age of 49. On behalf of the officers, governors, members, and staff of the Society, I wish to express our heartfelt sympathy to his mother Marjorie Reynolds, his wife Anne, his sons William, Gordon, and Andrew, and the rest of his family and friends. This editorial is dedicated to his memory.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Modifies [3H]MK‐801 Binding to NMDA Receptors: Spermidine and Ifenprodil

Background: It has been suggested that abnormalities seen in fetal alcohol syndrome are linked with NMDA receptor malfunction. Our laboratory has previously shown that prenatal ethanol treatment decreases [3H]MK-801 binding density at postnatal day 21, when NMDA receptor subunit protein levels were unaltered. Thus, the focus of the present study was to examine whether prenatal ethanol modifies native NMDA receptor levels. Methods: Cerebral cortices were taken from offspring born to three treatment groups of pregnant Sprague Dawley® rats: an ethanol group given an ethanol liquid diet during the gestational period, a pair-fed control group that received a liquid diet without ethanol, and an ad libitum group fed rat chow and tap water. Western blot studies were carried out at postnatal days 1, 7, 14, and 21 to examine total protein expression of NR1 and NR1b splice variants. NR2 subunit levels were examined by [3H]MK-801 binding studies using spermidine, an endogenous polyamine, and ifenprodil, a selective NR2B antagonist. Results: [3H]MK-801 binding density was significantly reduced in prenatal ethanol-treated groups compared with ad libitum and pair-fed control groups. Spermidine increased [3H]MK-801 binding, although potentiation by spermidine was not significantly different among all three experimental groups. Furthermore, no significant differences in total protein expression of NR1 or NR1b splice variants were observed in cortical membrane homogenates at postnatal days 1 through 21. [3H]MK-801 binding in the presence of ifenprodil showed that prenatal ethanol treatment significantly decreased low-affinity ifenprodil binding. High-affinity ifenprodil binding was reduced in both pair-fed and ethanol-treated groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that prenatal ethanol treatment reduces [3H]MK-801 binding and that this reduction may be due to a decrease in NR2A subunits.
Coupling characteristics of LiNbO3 directional couplers

An analytic model of a Ti:LiNbO3 channel waveguide has been developed to predict conveniently the coupling coefficient of directional couplers based on near-field intensity measurements. This model is compared to experimental results at wavelengths of 0.63 and 0.81 microm and indicates an accuracy of predicting coupling coefficients within a factor of 2 without prior knowledge of the fabrication parameters.
Instigators and Inhibitors of Aggression in a Field Experiment

Summary The effects of an aggressive cue, level of frustration, and two dependency manipulations on subsequent aggression were studied in a field experiment. Ss were 320 men and women standing in line in supermarkets who saw the confederate (C) cut in line in front of them. C wore either a plain sweatshirt or one with “Drop Dead” stenciled on it, carried one or eight objects, used a crutch or not, and said “Please, I'm in a hurry” or not. Analyses of verbal, nonverbal, and total aggression indicated that Ss were more aggressive in the “Drop Dead” shirt, no crutch, and no hurry conditions, as predicted. No effect of sex or number of objects was found. The results suggest that aggressive cues can increase aggression, and dependency cues can inhibit it in a naturalistic setting.
Preparation of Tritio-Cholecalciferol: (Tritiated Vitamin D3)

Cholecalciferol was tritiated by exposure to tritium gas at —198° (liquid nitrogen). Pure tritiated vitamin D 3 with a specific activity of 216 (μc./mg. was obtained following equilibration with solvents and purification by successive recrystallization from acetone at —80° and column chromatography on Florisil until a constant specific activity was achieved. The formation of radiation decomposition products was minimal because of using low temperature during tritiation. A possible ex-planation for this low temperature effect is given.
Identifying risk factors for maternal depression in families of adolescents with epilepsy.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To investigate factors associated with depressive symptoms in mothers of children with chronic seizure disorders. DESIGN AND METHODS. A cross-sectional correlational design was used with a sample of 115 mother-child dyads in families where the child had chronic epilepsy. RESULTS. A three-factor model consisting of family income, satisfaction with family relationships, and presence of child behavior problems explained 32% of the variance in maternal depressive symptoms. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Childhood epilepsy has a negative effect on the mother's mood in many families. Child behavior problems were found to be the strongest predictor of maternal depressive symptoms. Assessing for behavior problems and maternal depression should become a routine part of the family nursing assessment.
Plasma protein concentrations in adrenalectomized rats maintained on sodium chloride.

SummaryThe adrenalectomized rat maintained on sodium chloride for 20 days has a subnormal plasma albumin concentration. Pair fed rats exhibit the same low plasma protein concentrations and the same impaired growth rate. In the replacement in part of adrenal cortical function sodium salts appear to permit the adrenalectomized rat to manufacture plasma proteins in a normal manner although appetite is subnormal. Organ weights are not affected.
Stimulation of the activity of prolyl hydroxylase in 3T3 fibroblasts by 1,10-phenanthroline.

Abstract In confluent cultures of 3T3 fibroblasts, incubated for 24 h with 1,10-phenanthroline at 10−5–10−9 M, the activity of prolyl hydroxylase was significantly increased. 1,10-Phenanthroline was inhibitory at concentrations greater than 10−4 M. The stimulatory effect of 1,10-phenanthroline manifets itself after 6 h inhubation and increased with time up to 48 h. 2,2′-dipyridyl and 5,6-dimethyl-1-1,10-phemamthroline were also stimulatory; a nonchelating analog, 1,7-phenanthroline had no effect. Cycloheximide did not modify the 1,10-phenanthroline effect. The stimulatory effect does not seem to depend on the shift of an inactive precursor of prolyl hydroxylase to an active form because 1,10-phenanthroline was shown to be ineffective in logarithmically growing cells. While dialysis of washed and homogenized cells significantly increased prolyl hydroxylase activity in cell extracts, undialyzed 1,10-phenanthroline treated samples exhibited higher prolyl hydroxylase activity than dialyxed controls. These data suggested to us that 1,10-phenanthroline and other chelating agents may be forming complexes with certain metal ions or protein-metal ions which are inhibitory towards prolyl hydroxylase.
Playing Fetch with Your Robot: The Ability of Robots to Locate and Interact with Objects

The task addressed in this article is the localization of an unknown number of targets using a mobile robot equipped with a visual sensor. The estimation of the number of targets and their locations is done using a recursive Bayesian filter over random finite sets (RFSs), and the position of the robot is assumed to be known. We present a computationally tractable control law whereby the robot follows the gradient of mutual information between target locations and detections. The method is verified through real-world experimental trials, reliably detecting multiple targets and ignoring clutter obstacles.
Dynamic Topology in Spatiotemporal Chaos

By measuring the tracks of tracer particles in a quasi-two-dimensional spatiotemporally chaotic laboratory flow, we determine the instantaneous curvature along each trajectory and use it to construct the instantaneous curvature field. We show that this field can be used to extract the time-dependent hyperbolic and elliptic points of the flow. These important topological features are created and annihilated in pairs only above a critical Reynolds number that is largest for highly symmetric flows. We also study the statistics of curvature for different driving patterns and show that the curvature probability distribution is insensitive to the details of the flow.
Glomalin extraction and measurement

Abstract We investigated extraction from soil of glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and we examined its measurement. The most commonly used protocols for extracting glomalin require autoclaving of soil in citrate solution, followed by centrifugation to separate the supernatant, and then measurement by either Bradford protein assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that lengthening the time of autoclaving increased easily extractable glomalin extraction. Delay of centrifugation after autoclaving, however, diminished Bradford-reactive substances in the supernatant, suggesting that extracted substances might be reversibly immobilized on soil particles. Surprisingly, increasing the volume of extraction solution did not accelerate extraction of “total glomalin”, but instead, substantially increased the amount extracted. Multiple autoclave cycles nevertheless denature glomalin, which may not be as heat-resistant as thought. Repeated 1-h autoclaving of supernatant diminished both its Bradford-reactive substances (7.3% h−1) and immunoreactive protein (22% during the first hour and 9.5% h−1 of the remainder thereafter), although a large initial volume of extractant could reduce the loss of immunoreactive protein. Proteins and polyphenols that survive the extraction process are measured non-specifically by the Bradford assay. When we added other glycoproteins to dry soils, we recovered a maximum 34% bovine serum albumin and 22% bovine mucin, primarily in the first two, 1-h extraction cycles. These added proteins may adhere to soil organic matter and thereby be protected from denaturation. In addressing the endpoint of glomalin extraction, we found that the Michaelis–Menten equation closely fits cumulative glomalin per extraction cycle such that its asymptote provides an objective estimate of total extractable glomalin for a given set of extraction conditions. Additionally, the equation provides a curvature parameter that reflects the soil-specific efficiency of an extraction protocol. Although the soils that we investigated with 7.6% or more soil organic matter had the most asymptotic total glomalin, they were extracted the least efficiently.
Silhouette Functions of Short-Run Cost Behavior

I. Introduction, 131. — II. Scope of the model, 132. — III. Mathematical statement of the model, 134. — IV. Profit maximization, 140. — V. Cost-quantity silhouettes, 145.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS : III. THE ACTION OF LIGHT ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO.

1. In the presence of autogenous red blood cells, fibroblasts, grown in vitro from the heart and intestine of embryo chicks of from 6-12 days incubation, underwent a rapid degeneration when exposed to light of the visual spectrum. 2. In this degeneration, the cells showed a marked increase in refractive index, and a massive formation of colorless vacuoles of low refractive index. These vacuoles gave no reaction with osmic acid or Sudan III, but took up neutral red. Later in the degeneration the cells showed marked signs of rounding up and of coagulation. In some cases this degeneration process was modified in such a manner that, instead of the formation of vacuoles, the whole cytoplasm became much less viscid and the cells swelled greatly and became spherical. 3. The similarity of this degeneration to that shown by the erythrocytes, and more particularly, to that shown by the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, under the action of light, is pointed out. 4. Degeneration of the fibroblasts occurred when the cells were irradiated by light of any one of the following wave-length zones: (a) 430micromicro-550micromicro; infra-red; (b) 475micromicro-630micromicro; 690micromicro-infra-red; (c) 60micromicro-infra-red. 5. This degeneration was much slower for the cells irradiated through the blue or red filters of less than 5 per cent, and less than 6.6 per cent, respective total transmissions. When irradiated through the green filter of 23 per cent total transmission it was much more rapid, and even more rapid than for cultures irradiated with white light of 100 per cent total transmission. These data were obtained on a short series of cultures and must be considered only as suggestive. 6. In the apparent absence of red cells, the fibroblasts underwent only a slight degree of degeneration after irradiation lasting from 13-24(1/2) hours. It is possible that even this minor degeneration may depend upon the presence of traces of disintegration products of red cells in the culture. Much more advanced degenerative processes were obtained, when many red cells were present, after only 3 hours irradiation.
Primary pancreatic lymphoma evaluated by fine-needle aspiration: findings in 14 cases.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a popular method for evaluating pancreatic lesions. There is considerable literature on FNA evaluation of primary pancreatic carcinomas, but few studies address the FNA diagnosis of primary pancreatic lymphoma. We reviewed 14 cases of atypical lymphoid processes diagnosed by FNA during a 5-year period, constituting 1.3% of a total of 1,050 pancreatic FNA cases. The diagnoses were as follows: 6 large B-cell lymphomas, 4 follicular lymphomas, 3 suggestive of lymphoma, and 1
Comparative biodistributions and dosimetry of [177Lu]DOTA-anti-bcl-2-PNA-Tyr3-octreotate and [177Lu]DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate in a mouse model of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia

Abstract Introduction The B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 ( bcl-2 ) proto-oncogene in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a dominant inhibitor of apoptosis. We developed a 177 Lu-labeled bcl-2 antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA)–peptide conjugate designed for dual modality NHL therapy, consisting of a radiopharmaceutical capable of simultaneously down-regulating apoptotic resistance and delivering cytotoxic internally emitted radiation. Methods DOTA-anti- bcl-2 -Tyr 3 -octreotate was synthesized, labeled with 177 Lu, and purified using RP-HPLC. The PNA–peptide conjugate was evaluated in Mec-1 NHL-bearing mice and compared to [ 177 Lu]DOTA-Tyr 3 -octreotate in biodistribution and excretion studies. These data were then used to generate in vivo dosimetry models. Results The PNA–peptide conjugate was readily prepared and radiolabeled in high yield and radiochemical purity. An in vivo blocking study determined that administration of 50μg of non-radioactive PNA–peptide was the optimal mass for maximum delivery to the tumor. Based on that result, a dosing regimen of 177 Lu-PNA–peptide, for radiologic effect, followed by the optimal mass of non-radioactive compound, for antisense effect, was designed. Using that dosing regimen, biodistribution of the PNA–peptide showed uptake in the tumor with minimal washout over a 4-day period. Uptakes in receptor-positive normal organs were low and displayed nearly complete washout by 24h. Dosimetry models showed that the tumor absorbed dose of the PNA–peptide conjugate was approximately twice that of the peptide-only conjugate. Conclusions Biodistribution data showed specific tumor targeting of the 177 Lu-labeled PNA–peptide compound with minimal receptor-positive normal tissue uptake when compared to [ 177 Lu]DOTA-Tyr 3 -octreotate. In vivo dosimetry models predicted a more favorable tumor absorbed dose from [ 177 Lu]DOTA-anti- bcl-2 -Tyr 3 -octreotate.
Angle of arrival measurement using wideband linear phased array

A radio frequency (RF) signal detection algorithm is developed based on two- dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on phased array time series data. The sensitivity is calculated based on two-frame signal detection criterion. A collection system consisting of a linear phased array and multiple wideband digital receivers is utilized. Simulation results are presented based on the system parameters of the channelization frequency plan including the frequency range, LO, mixer, and sampling frequency. Experimental angle of arrival data are processed, and the results are shown to be in good agreement with the simulation results.
Progressive neurological deficit in an HIV patient.

A 57-year-old man with a history of HIV presented to the hospital with generalised weakness, slurred speech and an unsteady gait. CT scan showed hypodensity in the left cerebellar hemisphere and middle cerebellar peduncle and an MRI of the brain was consistent with the left middle peduncle subacute ischaemic infarct. He was started on aspirin 325 mg daily and transferred to the skilled nursing facility for physical therapy. Two months after the initial event, he was readmitted for worsening slurred speech, unsteady gait, dysphagia and left-sided …
Effects of AUoxan Diabetes on Lactational Performance and Mammary Tissue Metabolism in the Rat1

The effects of insulin insufficiency on lactational performance and metabolism of mammary glands were investigated using alloxanized rats. Diabetes resulted in an immediate depression of lactational performance and in the synthesis of lactose, casein and lipid by mammary tissue slices. Insulin reversed these effects during the early stages of diabetes. Food intake and mammary tissue DNA, RNA and enzyme levels were not altered by the treatments imposed. Mammary tissue microsomes isolated from alloxan diabetic rats exhibited a slight reduction in protein synthesizing capacity when compared to the control group. A preliminary study of metabolite level changes suggested that during insulin insufficiency a block in glucose utilization had occurred after glucose phosphorylation. (Endocrinology 88: 863, 1971)
Craftopolis: blending tangible, informal construction into virtual multiuser communities

The last decade has seen a blossoming of creative online activities for children in which groups, or communities, of youngsters participate within (e.g.) multiplayer games, social networks, shared programming environments, and so forth. Despite the marvelous features of these environments, they all share the limitation of being exclusively "virtual" in their design: children can play in virtual worlds, create virtual buildings and farms, or design programs, but they cannot experiment or create with tangible materials in these activities. In this paper, we present a prototype of a shared online children's "world" in which the basic elements are tangible, informal, "rooms" or constructions that can be controlled computationally and accessed over the World Wide Web. This system, Craftopolis, enables users to make their own computationally-enriched physical models (e.g., of dollhouse rooms, dioramas, game boards, and so forth), using any materials whatever, and to link those rooms into a shared online space.
Spatial and temporal constancy of seismic strain release along an evolving segment of the Pacific-North America plate boundary

Abstract Three new slip rates from the Death Valley–Fish Lake Valley (DVFLV) fault contribute to an exceptionally detailed record of lateral rate variations on this 300-km-long system. From south to north, these three new sites are: South Mud Canyon, Cucomongo Canyon, and Indian Creek. Slip rates were determined by combining offsets measured with 1-m-resolution airborne lidar data with 10Be cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure and optically stimulated luminescence ages from displaced alluvial fans. The offset fans date to 17.4 ± 2.3 ka at South Mud Canyon, 39 ± 3 ka at Cucomongo Canyon, and 6.3 ± 1.8 ka at Indian Creek, yielding slip rates of 2.1 + 0.5/−0.4 mm/yr, 6.1 + 1.3/−1.0 mm/yr and 2.2 + 0.8/−0.6 mm/yr, respectively. At Indian Creek, the Holocene (~ 6 ka) and late Quaternary (~ 70 ka) slip rates are the same, within uncertainty, suggesting temporal constancy of seismic strain release along the northern DVFLV fault zone over these time spans. When combined with slip rates determined in earlier companion studies, these results show that the late Quaternary slip rate decreases northward and southward from the central part of the fault, as slip is transferred onto north-trending zones of distributed normal faulting towards the northeast and southwest of the central zone of rapid deformation. This complex pattern of strain accommodation may reflect structural evolution towards a straighter, structurally simpler zone of dextral shear that locally utilizes well-established dextral faults that are linked where necessary by nascent zones of deformation. Summation of the rates of all major faults in the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) at the 37°N latitude of Red Wall Canyon in northern Death Valley shows that the cumulative geologic rate of ~ 8.5–10 mm/yr is indistinguishable from the ~ 9 mm/yr geodetic rate. Although the cumulative rate on the major faults of the ECSZ is slower to the north and south, this probably reflects more distributed deformation in these areas, rather than transient strain accumulation. These results demonstrate the importance of obtaining multiple slip rates to effectively document the behavior of any fault system, especially in studies of seismic hazard assessment and comparisons of geologic and geodetic rate data.
LINUS: A HIERARCHIC PROCEDURE TO PREDICT THE FOLD OF A PROTEIN

We describe LINUS, a hierarchic procedure to predict the fold of a protein from its amino acid sequence alone. The algorithm, which has been implemented in a computer program, was applied to large, overlapping fragments from a diverse test set of 7 X-ray-elucidated proteins, with encouraging results. For all proteins but one, the overall fragment topology is well predicted, including both secondary and supersecondary structure. The algorithm was also applied to a molecule of unknown conformation, groES, in which X-ray structure determination is presently ongoing. LINUS is an acronym for Local Independently Nucleated Units of Structure. The procedure ascends the folding hierarchy in discrete stages, with concomitant accretion of structure at each step. The chain is represented by simplified geometry and folds under the influence of a primitive energy function. The only accurately described energetic quantity in this work is hard sphere repulsion--the principal force involved in organizing protein conformation [Richards, F. M. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 6:151-176, 1977]. Among other applications, the method is a natural tool for use in the human genome initiative.
Turkey's Accession to the European Union: The Geopolitics of Enlargement

An American geographer specializing in southeast Europe and the Middle East examines Turkey's prospects for membership in the European Union, a process that recently received a positive recommendation by the European Commission. Of particular importance in the debate over Turkish accession are claims that cultural differences divide Europe and Turkey, and overshadow both their shared history and practical economic and geopolitical considerations. The author argues that two issues of great interest to the European Union and the domestic politics of its member states—immigration and regional security—relate directly to Turkey's geopolitical situation, complicating its bid for full membership. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F20, J61, O10, O52. 3 figures, 3 tables, 53 references.
Experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in pediatric patients

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is now being recognized as the standard in the management of benign adrenal pathology in adult patients. Few reports have described the use of this technique in pediatric patients. This study combines experience from 2 institutions with lateral transperitoneal LA in children to analyze our results and the clinical and biochemical response to laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with hormonally active adrenal tumors. Methods: A bi-institutional retrospective review of all patients undergoing LA between January 1997 and January 2001 was performed. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained during routine follow-up. Results: Seventeen laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed during this period. The average operating time was 120 minutes, mean estimated blood loss was 25 mL, the mean size of the adrenal lesion was 4.8 cm, and the mean length of hospitalization was 35 hours. Resolution of clinical and biochemical parameters of adrenal hyperfunction was accomplished in all patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma in postoperative follow-up. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be performed safely and effectively with a short hospital stay, minimal blood loss, and excellent functional outcome in this age group. The authors believe laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an excellent approach for the management of benign pediatric
The Effect of Abdominal Pain Duration on the Accuracy of Diagnostic Imaging for Pediatric Appendicitis

Study objective Advanced imaging with computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography is frequently used to evaluate for appendicitis. The duration of the abdominal pain may be related to the stage of disease and therefore the interpretability of radiologic studies. Here, we investigate the influence of the duration of pain on the diagnostic accuracy of advanced imaging in children being evaluated for acute appendicitis. Methods A secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter observational cohort of children aged 3 to 18 years with suspected appendicitis who underwent CT or ultrasonography was studied. Outcome was based on histopathology or telephone follow-up. Treating physicians recorded the duration of pain. Imaging was coded as positive, negative, or equivocal according to an attending radiologist's interpretation. Results A total of 1,810 children were analyzed (49% boys, mean age 10.9 years [SD 3.8 years]); 1,216 (68%) were assessed by CT and 832 (46%) by ultrasonography (238 [13%] had both). The sensitivity of ultrasonography increased linearly with increasing pain duration (test for trend: odds ratio=1.39; 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.71). There was no association between the sensitivity of CT or specificity of either modality with pain duration. The proportion of equivocal CT readings significantly decreased with increasing pain duration (test for trend: odds ratio=0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.90). Conclusion The sensitivity of ultrasonography for appendicitis improves with a longer duration of abdominal pain, whereas CT demonstrated high sensitivity regardless of pain duration. Additionally, CT results (but not ultrasonographic results) were less likely to be equivocal with longer duration of abdominal pain.
Health Implications of obesity in American Indians and Alaska Natives

American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) are experiencing an epidemic of diabetes, increasing rates of coronary artery disease and hypertension, and poor survival rates for breast cancer that are likely partially attributable to the increasing prevalence of obesity over the past generation. Obesity may also contribute to the high rates of gallstones and to adverse outcomes of pregnancy in AI/ANs. Although overall mortality was not associated with obesity in Pima Indians (except in the most obese men), the relationship of obesity to longevity in other AI/AN groups is not known. Further study of the specific health effects of obesity in various groups of AI/ANs are needed. In the meantime, community-based programs to prevent obesity and its sequelae should be implemented in all AI/AN communities.
Inlet and Exit-Header Shapes for Uniform Flow Through a Resistance Parallel to the Main Stream

Inlet and exit header shapes for uniform flow through a resistance parallel to the main stream
Antigen-specific densensitization in a rabbit model of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Abstract Rabbits that had been prepared to develop acute alveolitis after aerosol challenge with simple protein antigens did not develop chronic alveolitis but rather gradually recovered despite continued challenge. Immunologic accompaniments of waning disease were compared in this model to those associated with intravenous injections of antigen causing "desensitization". We also studied the effects of aerosol challenge prior to systemic immunization, antigen specificity, and the duration of desensitization by aerosolized and intravenous antigen. We found that repeated aerosol or intravenous challenges produced antigen-specific desensitization in this model, and the effect lasted several weeks. Prior exposure to aerosolized antigen was not protective. Neither aerosol nor intravenous desensitization maneuvers abrogated antigen-specific lymphocyte blastogenesis, although an early transient fall did occur. Humoral responses were boosted. These findings suggest that chronic alveolitis is prevented in this model by specific desensitization, without the induction of true tolerance or of nonspecific anergy. Such immunoregulation may result from development of antigen-specific blockade or blocking factors (e.g., lymphokines), antigen-antibody complexes, or suppressor cells affecting specific effector cells. Evaluation of these mechanisms may have implications for diagnosis and prognosis in human hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
The West, the East, and the insular middle: trading systems, demand, and labour in the integration of the Pacific, 1750–1875*

This article offers the novel interpretation that Pacific integration began in the ocean's western sphere and later moved into its insular middle and eastern sphere. It demonstrates this by tracing three ocean-wide trends: the emergence of common trading goals and systems, the expansive role of reciprocal demand, and the shared experiences of Pacific peoples, who, both as slaves and in tribute-based and free labour systems, produced prominent trade goods. It presents additional new perspectives by identifying a ‘silver-substitute century’ in maritime commerce from 1750 to 1850, and by establishing the 1850s and 1860s as a period of transition from the influence of China-centred to Western-centred demand in Pacific trade. It thus reveals the limits of established interpretations that emphasize Western state and imperial initiatives and the role of Western technological and manufacturing dominance in the process of integration.
Robust principal component analysis based on low-rank and block-sparse matrix decomposition

In this paper, we propose a convex program for low-rank and block-sparse matrix decomposition. Potential applications include outlier detection when certain columns of the data matrix are outliers. We design an algorithm based on the augmented Lagrange multiplier method to solve the convex program. We solve the subproblems involved in the augmented Lagrange multiplier method using the Douglas/Peaceman-Rachford (DR) monotone operator splitting method. Numerical simulations demonstrate the accuracy of our method compared with the robust principal component analysis based on low-rank and sparse matrix decomposition.