cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuromodulatory Basis of Emotion

The neural basis of emotion can be found in both the neural computation and the neuromodulation of the neural substrate that mediates behavior. I review the experimental evidence showing the involvement of the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex in emotion. For each of these structures, I show the important role of various neuromodulatory systems in mediating emotional behavior. Generalizing, I suggest that behavioral complexity is caused partly by the diversity and intensity of neuromodulation and hence depends on emotional contexts. Rooting the emotional state in neuromodulatory phenomena allows for its quantitative and scientific study and possibly its characterization. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:283-294, 1999
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in lane snapper ( Lutjanus synagris ), mutton snapper ( Lutjanus analis ), and yellowtail snapper ( Ocyurus chrysurus )

Polymerase chain reaction primer pairs for a total of 25 nuclear-encoded microsatellites (loci) were developed from genomic DNA libraries of lane snapper ( Lutjanus synagris ), mutton snapper ( Lutjanus analis ), and yellowtail snapper ( Ocyurus chrysurus ). The microsatellites include 24 perfect (21 dinucleotide and three trinucleotide) and one imperfect (combination tetranucleotide/tetranucleotide) repeat motifs. A total of 32 individuals of each species were assayed for allelic variation at all 25 microsatellites; reliable amplification products were generated for lane snapper (25 loci), mutton snapper (21 loci), and yellowtail snapper (24 loci). Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, following Bonferroni corrections, were found for one microsatellite in lane and yellowtail snappers, and for three microsatellites in mutton snapper. All pairwise comparisons of microsatellites (all three species) did not deviate significantly from genotypic equilibrium.
Evolution of tonsillar ectopia associated with frontal encephalocoele.

Introduction Chiari I malformation has been traditionally considered a congenital malformation. However, there is growing clinical evidence suggesting that it is an acquired phenomenon as also exemplified by this case.
Merchants: An essay in historical ethnography

Les negociants se distinguent des commercants en cela qu'ils font office d'intermediaires entre differents producteurs et consommateurs. L'A. prend l'exemple des negociants swahili de la cote orientale de l'Afrique, qui connurent leur heure de prosperite au debut de l'ere moderne. Les nombreuses villes portuaires swahili controlaient les echanges commerciaux entre l'interieur du continent africain et l'ouest de l'Ocean Indien. Les echanges etaient bases sur des liens d'affinite et de quasi parente etablis par les Swahili dans les regions du centre. Les Swahili utilisaient comme monnaie d'echange des pieces frappees localement ; les echanges se negociaient a l'interieur des maisons swahili, lieu de purete et de securite ; et les negociants, par un habile usage des cadeaux de grand prix aux autres peuples cotiers, parvinrent a influencer, voire controler le systeme local de hierarchie et de pouvoir. Colonises entre le XVIII eme et le XIX eme siecle par les Arabes d'Oman, qui fonderent le sultanat de Zanzibar et mirent en place des modes d'echanges tout a fait differents, les Swahili ne jouent plus aujourd'hui qu'un role commercial marginal. Leur organisation des echanges etait analogue a celle des autres societes mercantiles des debuts de l'epoque coloniale.
The research on the stock price volatility of Chinese growth enterprise market

There is an important practical significance in studying the volatility of the GEM market from an empirical perspective. By analyzing the GEM index in a certain stage, we found that the GEM has the volatility clustering effect and leverage effect; By the co-integration test of the GEM and the Main Board Market, we find that the GEM is independent of the Main Board Market, there is no necessary connection between the two markets, while the Granger causality test shows that the GEM and the Main Board is guided each other within the short-term. Empirical analysis shows that there are larger volatility and higher risk. The management agencies need to develop more stringent regulatory mechanism to reduce the risk of the market.
New capabilities for the Aurora flash X-ray machine

Abstract A series of recent upgrades enable the Aurora flash X-ray machine to provide a wide variety of different radiation pulses. The original design gives a single γ-ray pulse with 50 ns risetime and 135 ns width that irradiates a volume of around 1 m 3 with up to 50 krad (Si). The upgrades allow for two pulses with arbitrary separation in time, each with half the output. The pulse widths can be shortened to around 30 ns (with reduced energy), and the risetime can be reduced to 10 ns. These upgrades are discussed in some detail. Other upgrades are described elsewhere: the moderate energy bremsstrahlung option is described by J.A. Anderson et al. [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B40/41 (1989) 1189]; the high power microwave option is described by G.A. Huttlin et al. [IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PS-18 (1990) 618 and other papers in this series].
Acid-Catalyzed Oxidation of Reduced Pyridine Nucleotides

Reduced pyridine nucleotides are oxidatively catalyzed in weakly acidic solutions. The rate is proportional to the acidity, and at constant acidic pH, the reaction follows first-order kinetics. The rate of oxidation of reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide is approximately 3 times that of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide. The reaction offers a very plausible explanation for the metabolic efficiency of the malignant tumor cell. It may also play a key role in wound healing and muscle contraction.
Reliance on end-expiratory wedge pressure leads to misclassification of pulmonary hypertension

Current guidelines recommend measurement of pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) at end-expiration. However, this recommendation is not universally followed and may not be physiologically appropriate. We investigated the performance of end-expiratory PAWP in the evaluation of precapillary pulmonary hypertension patients. 329 spontaneously breathing patients undergoing right heart catheterisation were retrospectively classified as having a precapillary, post-capillary or mixed phenotype based on standardised clinical criteria. Tracings were reviewed to compare end-expiratory PAWP with PAWP averaged throughout the respiratory cycle; these values were correlated with the clinical classifications. Predictors of large respirophasic variation in PAWP were determined. Elevated end-expiratory PAWP (>15 mmHg) occurred in 29% of subjects with precapillary phenotype. There were no differences in demographics or clinical history between those with elevated and normal end-expiratory PAWP. Those with elevated end-expiratory PAWP had greater right atrial pressure and respirophasic PAWP variation. Among all subjects, the magnitude of respirophasic variation in PAWP was positively correlated with body mass index and respirophasic variation in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. A significant proportion of precapillary pulmonary hypertension patients have end-expiratory PAWP >15 mmHg. Spontaneous positive end-expiratory intrathoracic pressure may contribute; in those cases, PAWP averaged throughout respiration may be a more accurate measurement.
Effects of heterospecific call overlap on the phonotactic behaviour of grey treefrogs

We investigated the effects of overlap between the advertisement calls of two closely related and often-sympatric species of grey treefrogs on female phonotactic behaviour and signal selectivity. The tetraploid H. versicolor and the diploid H. chrysoscelis have advertisement calls consisting of trains of stereotyped pulses that are similar in their spectral composition. All females of H. versicolor from a population sympatric with H. chrysoscelis approached a speaker broadcasting synthetic advertisement calls modelled after conspecific calls when the calls of the two species alternated from speakers with a 90° angular separation with respect to the release point. Surprisingly, the same females almost exclusively approached the source of synthetic calls modelled after the heterospecific advertisement calls when these calls completely overlapped the conspecific stimuli. Female H. chrysoscelis from the same sympatric population approached the source of synthetic conspecific calls even when these calls were overlapped by the heterospecific stimuli, indicating that females in these closely related species may differ in their susceptibility to the negative consequences of call overlap. When female H. versicolor were presented with conspecific advertisement calls that were completely overlapped by those of H. chrysoscelis, many females failed to approach either signal source. Response times of females that did respond were also longer, and the direction of phonotaxis was shifted in the direction of the heterospecific signal source. These negative influences of acoustic interference were reduced or eliminated as the degree of overlap between the calls of the two species was reduced. The results demonstrate that the effects of signal overlap on female phonotactic behaviour may be complex.
Discrimination in Financial Services: What Do We Not Know?

Chicago, the site of this conference on discrimination in the financial industry, is also the site of concern about mortgage redlining. It is the home of the greenlining coalition, whose existence is based on the belief that banks discriminate against neighborhoods by refusing to make conventional mortgage loans on properties located there. At the outset, I want to point out that the race of potential mortgagors was not considered in the initial redlining studies and assertions nor was it the direct concern of the groups or politicians who worked to enact the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA).
Min And Max Extreme Interval Values

The paper shows how to find the min and max extreme interval values for the exponential and triangular distributions from the min and max uniform extreme interval values. Tables are provided to show the min and max extreme interval values for the uniform, exponential, and triangular distributions for different probabilities and observation sizes.
Selecting Good ‘Drug-Like’ Properties to Optimize Small Molecule Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration

The success rate to achieve clinical approval of drugs developed to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is the lowest of all disease indications. A large contributor to this poor success rate is failure of small molecules to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a barrier composed of capillary endothelial cells connected by tight junctions that functions to extrude xenobiotics from the brain. Designing small molecules to be BBB penetrant has been the subject of intensive research and has resulted in a series of guidelines to attain the best possible chances of BBB penetration. This review will analyze the current state of thinking in ranking the importance of various physicochemical properties required to select BBB penetrant molecules, describe model systems to determine BBB penetration, summarize data analysis methods and provide an outlook on further developments in the field.
Physicians as public advocates: setting achievable goals for every physician.

A physician argues that every clinician should expand themselves beyond individual patient care and on some level adopt a public role within their community. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Zero infection rate: an achievable irreducible minimum in clean surgery?

For clean elective surgery, the goal of nosocomial infection control is nothing less than an infection rate of zero. Although infection rates of less than 1% are being posted regularly in selected surgical operations today, infection rates of 2% to 6% persist in many procedures such as coronary artery bypass surgery and vascular surgery. Predictable achievement of a zero infection rate in all of clean surgery will require new directions in both basic and clinical research. Research into the prevention of infection in clean surgery has, to date, focused upon 1) identifying and controlling the routes of wound contamination , 2) decontamination of a contaminated wound through the prophylactic use of antimicrobials, and 3) modifying the host immune system . The latter is a fascinating area of new research which will not be discussed in detail here. Routes of contamination are often categorized as endogenous or exogenous. “Endogenous” generally refers to bacterial seeding of the wound from the flora of the patient's own skin, nose, perineum, and GI tract. “Exogenous” contamination has come to mean bacteria originating from the operating room environment or operating room personnel which reach the wound by direct inoculation (eg, improperly sterilized instruments, hands of the surgeon via torn gloves) or by the airborne route. These categories may not be broad enough to satisfy the complexities of the hospital environment, however. The addition of the category “acquired endogenous” may be of help in describing contamination which occurs when patients become colonized with resistant hospital flora and subsequently carry this newly acquired flora into the operating theater.
An autonomous, small scale temperature mapping data-logger for automated manufacturing applications

Modern manufacturing processes require minimal human intervention and a high degree of automation to meet industry demands. Sensing systems employed to monitor such processes must be compact, economical, and capable of operating under different environmental conditions. This work presents the development, fabrication, testing, and validation of a low cost small scale temperature data-logger used for monitoring an automated manufacturing process. The system is battery powered and packaged to operate in temperatures up to 100°C, with exposure to chemicals such as Isopropyl Alcohol, Propylene Glycol, and De-Ionized water for a period of 2 hours with accuracy of ±0.5°C. The developed system was benchtop tested and validated. In addition, the system was tested “in-situ” in a manufacturing process to validate its operation inside automated applications. The systems transient and steady state response are presented for each of these test scenarios. The development process illustrated in this work including the system design, fabrication, and testing can be used as a base to develop a “best fit” monitoring system for additional applications.
Asymptotic formulas and Lipschitz conditions

If we let p → ∞ in the theorems of § 6 they go over formally into theorems about the boundedness of x−γϕ(x)(−1 < y < 0) or of |x − a| −γ|ϕ(x)−ϕ(a)| (0 ϕ y < 1), and about the boundedness of nγ+1 λ n or of $$ {n^\gamma }\sum\limits_{k = n}^\infty {{\lambda _k}}. $$
Field-based Robotic Phenotyping for Sorghum Biomass Yield Component Traits Characterization Using Stereo Vision

Abstract: Sorghum is known as a major potential feedstock for biofuel production. Being able to efficiently discover genetic control of many traits over a large number of genotypes, genome-wide association study (GWAS) has become a powerful tool for studying sorghum biomass yield components. However, automated high-throughput field-based plant phenotyping is now the bottleneck for scaling up such experiments. This paper presents an auto-guidance enabled utility tractor which navigates itself between crop rows with a predefined path while collecting stereo images of sorghum samples from both sides of the vehicle. Three levels of stereo camera heads were instrumented to capture images of plants up to 3 meters tall. The stereo images were processed offline to reconstruct 3D point clouds using Semi-Global Block Matching. A semi-automated software interface was developed to measure stem diameter due to the strict sampling strategy and the complexity of high-density crop canopy. An automated hedge-based feature extraction pipeline was proposed to quantify other variations in plant architecture traits such as plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation volume index (VVI). The stem diameter measured using the semiautomatic method showed high correlation (0.958) to hand measurement.
Resolution of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome with topical capsaicin in the emergency department: a case series

AbstractBackground: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by symptoms of cyclic abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting in the setting of prolonged cannabis use. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor may be involved in this syndrome. Topical capsaicin is a proposed treatment for CHS; it binds TRPV1 with high specificity, impairing substance P signaling in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius via overstimulation of TRPV1. This may explain its apparent antiemetic effect in this syndrome.Purpose: We describe a series of thirteen cases of suspected cannabis hyperemesis syndrome treated with capsaicin in the emergency departments of two academic medical centers.Methods: A query of the electronic health record at both centers identified thirteen patients with documented daily cannabis use and symptoms consistent with CHS who were administered topical capsaicin cream for symptom management.Results: All 13 patients experienced symptom relief after administration ...
Superior real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Babesia microti parasites in whole blood utilizing high-copy BMN antigens as amplification targets.

Background Babesiosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks and caused by apicomplexan parasites, most commonly Babesia microti. Additionally, blood and blood products collected from asymptomatically infected blood donors may cause transfusion-transmitted infections in recipients. Highly sensitive molecular assays that detect parasite nucleic acid are needed for laboratory diagnosis and to identify and defer clinically silent but parasitemic blood donors. Study design and methods Here we report the development and analytical and clinical characterization of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assay for the detection of B. microti genomic DNA in whole blood. We evaluate the detection of Babesia parasites using two separate targets, the traditional18S ribosomal subunit gene (Bm18S) and members of the abundant BMN family of seroreactive antigens (BmBMN). Results Analytical sensitivity determination using a probit analysis demonstrated an analytical sensitivity of 30.9 parasites/mL for 18S amplification and 10.0 parasites/mL for BMN amplification The BMN primer set also demonstrates superior sensitivity for serial dilution panels prepared from clinically diagnosed Babesia-infected blood samples, generally detecting 10-fold more dilute nucleic acid. Conclusions Cumulatively, our data demonstrate that RT-PCR detection of the BMN family of seroreactive antigens reflects a sensitive and superior assay for the detection of B. microti in whole blood samples.
Pressure Response of Photoluminescence in Cesium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanocrystals

In this paper, we address the phase stability and the relationship between optical gap and structural perturbations in cesium lead halide nanocrystals. We report photoluminescence (PL) spectra for cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite nanocrystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 2.5 GPa. The peak position of the CsPbI3 PL shifts as a function of pressure. Initially, the PL shifts to lower energies, until a reversal occurs near 0.33 GPa. At higher pressures, the PL peak position shifts to the blue until PL vanishes above 2.5 GPa. We explain the pressure response with different modes of deformation of the perovskite crystal structure.
AQUÍ PARLEM ANGLÈS: PARODYING PARANOIA IN CARME RIERA’S L’ESTIU DE L’ANGLÈS

While generally dismissed as light-hearted, Carme Riera’s L’estiu de l’angles not only functions as satire to cross-dressing thrillers but also updates the thriller tropes with twenty-first-century...
Conclusion: From Periphery to Foreground

For much of the short history of the field of transitional justice, “doing justice” has largely centered on some kind of truth telling and accountability for acts of physical violence while questions of economic violence—including plunder of natural resources, corruption and other economic crimes, and violations of economic and social rights more generally—have been pushed to the periphery. This state of affairs is, however, beginning to change with important developments in transitional justice policy and practice in recent years. Increasingly, the question is no longer whether questions of economic violence should be taken up by transitional justice mechanisms and institutions as a general policy matter, but how these questions should be addressed where context-specific factors suggest that it would be important and prudent to do so. There is no articulable set of policy prescriptions that can serve as a detailed roadmap for addressing what will inevitably be heavily contested questions concerning how to bring about greater truth and accountability in matters of economic violence in times of transition. At the same time, greater engagement with questions of economic violence does raise some broad policy questions that should be considered as the boundaries of transitional justice continue to expand. In particular, this chapter argues that activists, scholars, and policymakers need to give careful thought to whether engagement with questions of economic violence should be relatively broad or narrow, and the extent to which transitional justice efforts should be coordinated with wider efforts related to peacebuilding and development in the post-conflict context.
Comparative Studies on the Physiology of Adipose Tissue

Publisher Summary This chapter presents comparative studies on the physiology of adipose tissue. The adipose tissues of the other species studied differ from that of the lean rat or mouse in these respects : (1) the form in which stored triglyceride fatty acids are mobilized, (2) the nature of the principal extracellular carbohydrate that is metabolized by the fat cell, (3) the capacity to convert glucose to glyceride fatty acids, (4) the responsiveness to the glucose-transport effect of insulin, (5) responsiveness to the antilipolytic action of insulin, and (6) responsiveness to the various naturally occurring lipolytic agents. The notable species differences so far revealed by in vitro studies of adipose tissue are that insect adipose tissue differs from avian and mammalian adipose tissues by utilizing and releasing trehalose as the major extracellular carbohydrate, and by mobilizing stored triglyceride fatty acids principally as diglyceride. The adipose tissues of primate and carnivore orders of mammals are highly sensitive to catecholamines but have not yet been adequately studied in other respects. Interpretation of these comparative data is presently limited by the use of in vitro experimental design and heterologous peptide hormones in the majority of the investigations.
Connecting Landscape Fragments Through Riparian Zones

Restoring forest ecosystem goods and services to agricultural landscapes can be a daunting challenge that stems from the unfeasibility of converting large tracts of food-producing land back into forest and of converting farmers and farming communities into forest managers. Natural science principles suggest that a resolution may be possible through restoration of forest in riparian zones. Riparian zones occupy a small portion of landscapes, but can yield high levels of multiple ecosystem goods and services. Success, however, will require application of social science principles that govern whether farmers, landholders, and communities accept and implement riparian forest restoration. Conducting a multi-scale planning process is important for integrating both natural and social science principles in a way that produces effective restoration plans and encourages their implementation.
It Takes a Village: A Community Based Participatory Framework for Privacy Design

As data-centric technologies are increasingly being considered in social contexts that intervene in marginalized peoples' lives, we consider design paradigms to create systems that fulfill their unique privacy needs and requirements. Disempowered populations often experience disparate harms from the loss of privacy but, typically, have a limited role in formulating the scope and nature of such interventions, and accompanying (implicit or explicit) privacy policies and consequent engineering processes. This gap can be addressed by including recipient communities in designing these privacy policies. We propose a participatory design model for data-centric applications where privacy policies (norms) emerge out of participation of the community in the research/design process. The framework of Contextual Integrity which articulates privacy as respect for normative rules of information flow in specific contexts, lends itself well to enable a community-generated formulation of these privacy norms within the contexts of the proposed intervention. Employing formal logic, these privacy norms can then be used to engineer systems capable of regulating the flow of information as per the negotiated norms [1]. This entire process which we call Contextualized Participatory Privacy by Design, seeks to empower communities in negotiating and articulating their privacy norms, leading to the development of systems that are capable of enforcing what they deem as ethical, contextualized use of their data.
How do interplanetary shock impact angles control the size of the geoeffective magnetosphere

Abstract In this paper, we investigate temporal and spatial magnetosphere response to the impact of interplanetary (IP) shocks with different inclinations and speeds on the Earth’s magnetosphere. A data set with more than 500 IP shocks is used to identify positive sudden impulse (SI+) events as expressed by the SuperMAG partial ring current index. The SI+ rise time (RT), defined as the time interval between compression onset and maximum SI+ signature, is obtained for each event. We use RT and a model suggested by Takeuchi et al. (2002) to calculate the geoeffective magnetospheric distance (GMD) in the shock propagation direction as a function of shock impact angle and speed for each event. GMD is a generalization of the geoeffective magnetosphere length (GML) suggested by Takeuchi et al. (2002), defined from the subsolar point along the X line toward the tail. We estimate statistical GMD and GML values which are then reported for the first time. We also show that, similarly to well-known results for RT, the highest correlation coefficient for the GMD and impact angle is found for shocks with high speeds and small impact angles, and the faster and more frontal the shock, the smaller the GMD. This result indicates that the magnetospheric response depends heavily on shock impact angle. With these results, we argue that the prediction and forecasting of space weather events, such as those caused by coronal mass ejections, will not be accurately accomplished if the disturbances’ angles of impact are not considered as an important parameter within model and observation scheme capabilities.
Gram-Negative, Oxidase-Positive Bacteria in Rainwater and Wind Samples

Gram-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive bacteria, such as Aeromonas and Pseduomonas, are widespread in the environment. Aeromonas are emerging human pathogens associated with extraintestinal and opportunistic infections. Though there are various biological particles known in the atmosphere, these microbial communities are poorly characterized. Bacteria have the ability to remain suspended in the air for prolonged periods of time and can be transmitted through both airborne and droplet means. This study aimed to isolate Aeromonas and other similar bacteria from samples from the troposphere in order to learn more about the distribution of these organisms. Eleven precipitation and wind samples were aseptically collected in Abilene, Texas, and plated onto Aeromonas Blue Medium plates with and without ampicillin. The 16S rDNA sequences were amplified from 28 Gram-negative, oxidase-positive isolates. The analyzed sequences showed that none of the isolates belonged to the genus Aeromonas, but did include Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Massilia, Naxibacter, Paracoccus, Novosphingobium, and Mesorhizobium, giving clues to the distribution of these organisms. Furthermore, six isolates appeared to be novel species of bacteria, and several more were uncultured before this study.
Power Quality Monitoring of a 1.1 MW Photovoltaic Power Plant

In 1982, IEEE standard 519 was first released and then updated in 2014. It sets some rules and steady state limitations on Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) with reference to both current and voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). However, exceeding these boundaries may be encountered by transient conditions. IEEE Standard 1547 was published in 2003 and the latest amendment was issued in 2014. This standard contains power quality, response to unusual situations, and installation assessment. The specified requirements are essential for interconnection of distributed resources (DR), including power inverters/converters and synchronous generators. The standards are valid to all DR technologies, with combined capacity of 10 MVA or less at the PCC, connected to secondary and/or primary distribution voltages. This paper presents monitoring and assessment of a 1.1MW photovoltaic power plant at Florida International University, Miami, Florida. The assessment criteria were the IEEE 519 and 1547. Revolution power quality recorder and AlsoEnergy power track software captured the harmonics and voltage data with resolution on 1 minute. It concluded that at current level of photovoltaic penetration (16%), Current THDs violates the 5% limit value at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). Moreover, except from a few short duration voltage impulses, no voltage violation has been observed.
Selective Alanine Transporter Utilization Creates a Targetable Metabolic Niche in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) evolves a complex microenvironment comprised of multiple cell types, including pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). Previous studies have demonstrated that stromal supply of alanine, lipids, and nucleotides supports the metabolism, growth, and therapeutic resistance of PDAC. Here we demonstrate that alanine cross-talk between PSCs and PDAC is orchestrated by the utilization of specific transporters. PSCs utilize SLC1A4 and other transporters to rapidly exchange and maintain environmental alanine concentrations. Moreover, PDAC cells upregulate SLC38A2 to supply their increased alanine demand. Cells lacking SLC38A2 fail to concentrate intracellular alanine and undergo a profound metabolic crisis resulting in markedly impaired tumor growth. Our results demonstrate that stromal-cancer metabolic niches can form through differential transporter expression, creating unique therapeutic opportunities to target metabolic demands of cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies critical neutral amino acid transporters involved in channeling alanine between pancreatic stellate and PDAC cells. Targeting PDAC-specific alanine uptake results in a metabolic crisis impairing metabolism, proliferation, and tumor growth. PDAC cells specifically activate and require SLC38A2 to fuel their alanine demands that may be exploited therapeutically.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 890.
Different computations underlie overt and covert spatial attention

Perception and action are tightly coupled: visual responses at the saccade target are enhanced right before saccade onset. This phenomenon, presaccadic attention, is a form of overt attention-deployment of visual attention with concurrent eye movements. Presaccadic attention is well-documented, but its underlying computational process remains unknown. This is in stark contrast with covert attention-deployment of visual attention without concurrent eye movements-for which the computational process is well characterized. Here, a series of psychophysical experiments reveal that presaccadic attention modulates visual performance only via response gain changes even when attention field size increases, violating the predictions of a normalization model of attention, which has been widely used to explain the computations underlying covert attention. Our empirical results and model comparisons reveal that the perceptual modulations by overt and covert spatial attention are mediated through different computations.
The Unnaturalness of Grue

A category of non-standard predicates was introduced by Goodman (1954) while attempting to recast the old riddle of induction in terms amenable to solution within confirmation theory. The New Riddle proved as intractable as the old one but the category of predicates, “mutant” ones, may assist us in understanding cognitive development from neonate vacuity to linguistically-informed rational inquiry. This paper proposes a naturalistic explanation of why we tend to reject grue-type predicates as proper bases for induction. Its conclusion is that such predicates violate requirements on normal predicates of languages that are capable of being learned by humans. The explanation does not itself directly address standard epistemological questions associated with mutant predicates but instead focusses on the pragmatic bases of such epistemic practices as induction and finds them unfulfilled by mutant predicates.
PRÁTICAS AVALIATIVAS E CONCEPÇÕES PEDAGÓGICAS UTILIZADAS PELOS PROFESSORES DO CURSO TÉCNICO DE MECÂNICA DO INSTITUTO FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO

School cannot be detached from life, from the world that surrounds it; need to be in tune with the community and the time you live. In this sense, evaluation is a necessary and permanent didactic task, and it must follow the process of teaching and learning step by step. Thus, this paper aimed at identifying instruments and techniques used by the Mechanical Technical Course teachers of the Federal Institute of Espirito Santo – Ifes in order to evaluate their students as well as verifying the pedagogical concepts that support their teaching practice. We also intended to ascertain if the teachers are informed about the theoretical foundations that guide the learning assessment proposal of the course. The methodology consisted on a quantitative and qualitative case study, also exploratory and descriptive. The instrument adopted was a duly validated structured questionnaire with closed and open questions, with a sample of 57 (fifty-seven) teachers. Data analysis was descriptive, through the use of absolute and relative frequency tables. The results revealed that the group of teachers often applies a diversity of techniques/instruments, among which we can highlight: academic papers (82,5%); mixed tests (77,2%); essay tests (61,4%); objective tests (54,4%); and seminars (50,9%). Concerning the pedagogical conceptions adopted by the teachers, 52,6% opts for the technicist, whereas 40,4% for the modern humanist and 31,6% for the traditional humanist. When considering the teaches’ knowledge on the evaluation system applied on the referred course, 50,9% of the participants informed that they have a fully understanding of it, whereas 49,1% showed partial knowledge. To sum up, after analyzing the results, it was possible to conclude that the evaluation practices as well as the pedagogical conceptions adopted in this course need to be further worked by the Ifes group of educators for a practice with greater discussion with teachers about this theme.
Nontarget Markets and Viewer Distinctiveness: The Impact of Target Marketing on Advertising Attitudes

This research examines the effect of target marketing on members of the advertiser's intended audience as well as members not in the target market: the nontarget market. The results of 3 experiments show that unfavorable nontarget market effects are stronger for members of nondistinctive groups (e.g., Caucasian individuals, heterosexual individuals) and favorable target market effects are stronger for memebers of distinctive groups (e.g., African American individuals, homosexual individuals). The results of Experiment 2 demonstrate that the psychological processes by which target and nontarget market effects occur differ by viewer group: Felt similiarity with sources in an advertisement drives target market effects for nondistinctive viewers. Finally, Experiment 3 shows that these consumer feelings of similarity or targetedness are associated with underlying processes of identification and internalization. Theoretical implications regarding the impact of distinctiveness theory in consumer persuasion effects and potential social effects of target marketing are discussed.
Research Self-Efficacy and Productivity in Communication Sciences and Disorders Faculty.

Abstract Introduction In the field of Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) emphasis is placed on advancing research to inform evidence based practice. However, there is little information about the research support and productivity of current faculty members in the discipline. The aims of this study are: to describe the resources and workload of faculty at different types of institutions; to examine whether self-perception of research self-efficacy differs between faculty across institution types; and to investigate whether self-efficacy, institutional factors, or workload characteristics predict research productivity. Methods CSD faculty (N = 144) completed an online survey about their institutions, departments, and research resources. Respondents rated their research self-efficacy using the Quantitative and/or Qualitative Research Self Efficacy Inventory. Total Research Productivity was tallied using the Total Research Productivity Index. Responses were analyzed according to the respondent institution's Carnegie Classification and faculty rank to provide a more comprehensive picture of faculty experiences at different kinds of institutions. Results Faculty across institution types are equally confident in their research abilities and their confidence is related to similar tasks overall. Departmental resources for research are aligned with Carnegie Classifications of institutions. Faculty at research-focused institutions showed overall higher research productivity but also reported spending similar time on departmental service and teaching. Research productivity was predicted by Carnegie Classification and time spent in advisement and clinic supervision. Limited opportunities for doctoral funding and engagement of post-doctoral research fellows were noted. Conclusions The results of this study further our understanding of the resources and limitations for research in different types of programs that offer CSD degrees. This information is necessary to inform policy decisions regarding academic careers in CSD, provide context for students considering an academic career, and enhance the research productivity of the field.
Neighborhood deprivation and epigenetic aging

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Recent research suggests widening socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy in the United States. Both individual-level and small-area socioeconomic status factors, such as l...
Teaching machines to anticipate catastrophes.

Tipping points may be responsible for some of the most dramatic transformations we observe, from the outbreak of a disease to the collapse of an ecosystem. By their very nature, they are also some of the most difficult phenomena to predict. Could new innovations using machine learning (ML) manage to cut this Gordian knot? In PNAS, Bury et al. (1) present a compelling illustration of that potential. By training a deep neural network on a massive corpus of simulations, they demonstrate how supervised learning successfully distinguishes which cases are rapidly approaching a tipping point and which are not. Fig. 1. CSD-based methods (2) which rely on simple statistical indicators may provide advanced warning of a critical transition but cannot distinguish between noncatastrophic and catastrophic bifurcations. By training a deep neural network on hundreds of thousands of simulations, the algorithm of Bury et al. (1) can reliably identify the catastrophic fold bifurcation from several alternatives. Future work may extend this capability to a larger array of possible transitions by not only training on a wider array of mathematical patterns but also allowing the neural network to include more of the biological context of each time series. Tipping points have been observed in a wide variety of complex systems, from brain waves to global climatic trends (2). The recognition that such a wide array of natural phenomena all share certain signature characteristics known as critical slowing down (CSD) (3) opened the door to the exciting possibility of discovering “universal indicators”—that is, early warning signs of an impending transition. Yet the past decade has demonstrated that such … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: cboettig{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Streaming instability with multiple dust species – II. Turbulence and dust–gas dynamics at non-linear saturation

The streaming instability is a fundamental process that can drive dust-gas dynamics and ultimately planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs. As a linear instability, it has been shown that its growth with a distribution of dust sizes can be classified into two distinct regimes, fast- and slow-growth, depending on the dust-size distribution and the total dust-to-gas density ratio $\epsilon$. Using numerical simulations of an unstratified disc, we bring three cases in different regimes into nonlinear saturation. We find that the saturation states of the two fast-growth cases are similar to its single-species counterparts. The one with maximum dimensionless stopping time $\tau_\mathrm{s,max}=0.1$ and $\epsilon=2$ drives turbulent vertical dust-gas vortices, while the other with $\tau_\mathrm{s,max}=2$ and $\epsilon=0.2$ leads to radial traffic jams and filamentary structures of dust particles. The dust density distribution for the former is flat in low densities, while the one for the latter has a low-end cutoff. By contrast, the one slow-growth case results in a virtually quiescent state. Moreover, we find that in the fast-growth regime, significant dust segregation by size occurs, with large particles moving towards dense regions while small particles remain in the diffuse regions, and the mean radial drift of each dust species is appreciably altered from the (initial) drag-force equilibrium. The former effect may skew the spectral index derived from multi-wavelength observations and change the initial size distribution of a pebble cloud for planetesimal formation. The latter along with turbulent diffusion may influence the radial transport and mixing of solid materials in young protoplanetary discs.
Early Nutrition among Infants Admitted to the NICU with Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective The objective of this study was to examine differences in human milk feeding outcomes among infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with and without cleft lip and palate (CLP). Method Data were used from a sample of infants admitted to the NICU with and without CLP from the 2018 National Vital Statistics System. For baseline comparisons, Chi-square tests of independence were used to compare categorical variables, and independent samples t tests were used for continuous variables. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the odds of human milk feeding at discharge in infants admitted to the NICU with CLP. Results The total sample included 345,429 infants admitted to the NICU, of which 660 had CLP. Significant differences were found among the following variables when baseline comparisons were made between infants admitted to the NICU with and without CLP: mother's race, mother's education, maternal smoking record, childbirth delivery method, presence of maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes, five-minute APGAR score, multiparity record (having more than one baby at birth), gestational age, and gestational weight. After controlling for baseline differences, results indicated reduced odds of human milk feeding at discharge in infants admitted to the NICU with CLP compared to those without CLP (OR = .543; 95% CI.455,.648). Conclusion Results suggest reduced odds of human milk feeding at discharge among infants admitted to the NICU with CLP compared to those without CLP. These findings emphasize the necessity of awareness and facilitation of human milk feeding in this population.
From Railroads to Sand Dunes: An Examination of the Offsetting Doctrine in Partial Takings

Called “shadowy at best,” the offsetting doctrine in partial takings has confused “even trained legal minds” and generated inconsistent decision after inconsistent decision. The offsetting doctrine allows certain benefits, termed special, to offset condemnation awards, while general benefits may not be offset. Courts blindly adhere to the doctrine despite its underpinnings rooted in eighteenth-century public policy, which was based on concerns of overly speculative valuation and arguably erroneous fairness, as well as incorrect interpretations of Takings Clause jurisprudence. Such adherence dramatically increases the cost of financing a takings project. In the face of blind adherence to the doctrine, municipalities are forced to balance the needs of their citizens against the needs of eighteenthcentury courts, often resulting in the failure of municipalities to engage in takings for the public benefit. This Note argues that new public policy concerns warrant rejection of the doctrine in favor of a rule that allows all nonspeculative benefits to offset a condemnation award. This rule would take into account modern advances in evidence, promote fairness, simplify the judicial process, and allow municipalities to respond to twentiethcentury problems while landowners receive just compensation for taken land.
Distributed interpretation: a model and experiment

Abstract The range of application areas to which distributed processing has been applied effectively is limited. In order to extend this range, new models for organizing distributed systems must be developed. We present a new model in which the distributed system is able to function effectively even though processing nodes have inconsistent and incomplete views of the databases necessary for their computations. This model differs from conventional approaches in its emphasis on dealing with distribution-caused uncertainty and errors in control, data, and algorithm as an integral part of the network problem-solving process. We will show how this new model can be applied to the problem of distributed interpretation. Experimental results with an actual interpretation system support these ideas.
RFI surveys at selected radio observatories

Radio frequency interference (RFI) is one of the most vexing problems confronting any endeavor to search the microwave spectrum for signals of extraterrestrial intelligent origin. Algorithms which detect faint signals from civilizations at interstellar distances will also detect the much stronger and more numerous signals of intelligent origin which are transmitted from the surface of the earth and from nearby and distant spacecraft of human manufacture. Unless great care is taken to automatically recognize and excise these signals from the data stream, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SET[) is destined to become entangled in an endless thicket of false alarms.
Parenteral nutrition, and fluid and electrolyte therapy.

Parenteral nutrition most often is used to provide maintenance calories, fluid and electrolytes to children in good nutritional status. During acute starvation children undergo a natriuresis and diuresis from extracellular fluid contraction. During chronic starvation intracellular losses increase. Thus, during refeeding, as nutritional deficits are replaced, additional supplemental potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus may be needed to replace these intracellular losses. The presence of continuing metabolic demands, renal failure, or chemotherapy may compound and complicate the fluid and electrolyte mixtures provided to these children.