cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical projection of proprioception in the cat and monkey.

SummaryThe effect of proprioceptive impulses on the corticogram was studied in cat and rhesus monkey by 1. passive flexion and extension of an extremity, 2. stimulation of the peripheral end of a ventral spinal root with condenser discharges, 3. stimulation of the central end of a muscle nerve. Excitation was indicated by disappearance of “Dial” potentials and/or increase in amplitude and frequency of background potentials. That tension receptors were primarily involved was shown by the fact that a stimulus of S1, subthreshold as far as the cortical effect was concerned, became effective if the muscles contracted isometrically or under load.The principal area of the cortex which was excited by proprioceptive impulses was the sensori-motor area in the cat and the pre-central motor cortex in the monkey. In several cats the excitation induced by proprioception was spread diffusely throughout the contralateral hemisphere except for the extreme poles, but the excitation was greatest in the sensori-motor area. ...
The change of T lymphocyte subtypes and cytokines in chronic hepatitis C

Humen infected with HCV are very likely to progress to chronic infection,resulting from change of immune function of host in which T lymphocytes play an important role.Here variation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subtypes and the cytokines in chronic HCV infected patients were reviewed.
Measurement of the New Generation Migrant Workers' Employment Stability Based on the Micro perspective

Based on the micro measurement index of the migrant workers' employment stability and the survey data of urban migrant workers in Pearl River Delta in 2008 and in 2009,a conclusion can be drawn that the new generation migrant workers' employment stability in that region is not obvious between 2008 and 2009;factors such as age,marital status,job satisfaction greatly influence turnover intention;the percentage of stable new generation migrant workers is lower than 50%.
TU-FG-201-12: Designing a Risk-Based Quality Assurance Program for a Newly Implemented Y-90 Microspheres Procedure

Purpose: To create a quality assurance program based upon a risk-based assessment of a newly implemented SirSpheres Y-90 procedure. Methods: A process map was created for a newly implemented SirSpheres procedure at a community hospital. The process map documented each step of this collaborative procedure, as well as the roles and responsibilities of each member. From the process map, different potential failure modes were determined as well as any current controls in place. From this list, a full failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was performed by grading each failure mode's likelihood of occurrence, likelihood of detection, and potential severity. These numbers were then multiplied to compute the risk priority number (RPN) for each potential failure mode. Failure modes were then ranked based on their RPN. Additional controls were then added, with failure modes corresponding to the highest RPNs taking priority. Results: A process map was created that succinctly outlined each step in the SirSpheres procedure in its current implementation. From this, 72 potential failure modes were identified and ranked according to their associated RPN. Quality assurance controls and safety barriers were then added for failure modes associated with the highest risk being addressed first. Conclusion: A quality assurance program was created from a risk-based assessment of the SirSpheres process. Process mapping and FMEA were effective in identifying potential high-risk failure modes for this new procedure, which were prioritized for new quality assurance controls. TG 100 recommends the fault tree analysis methodology to design a comprehensive and effective QC/QM program, yet we found that by simply introducing additional safety barriers to address high RPN failure modes makes the whole process simpler and safer.
The Afghan Communist-Mujahedin War, 1978–1989

So far we have witnessed the unraveling of the civil war among Afghan mujahedin factions and the dramatic rise of the Taliban. That war – which started with the collapse of the Afghan communist regime in 1992 and ended with the Taliban's takeover of 90 percent of the country in 1998 – was fought along more or less perfectly overlain lines of ethnicity and party, which had been drawn just prior to the war's outbreak. Hence one might rightly wonder how these parties, which had appeared in much more ethnically integrated versions in the days of the Afghan Jihad (1978–1989), made partners and enemies in that earlier iteration of civil war on Afghan soil. Were those alliances also power-determined? Could alliance changes be accurately traced around relative power changes? Were there instances of group fractionalization during the Afghan Jihad and were they prompted by severe or asymmetrically borne losses among a group's constituent subgroups? One might argue that the civil war in Afghanistan (1978–1989) that was cast in communist-versus-mujahedin terms is an easy first test of this book's theory. Given that it was fought along largely ideological rather than ethnic lines, one would not be surprised to see less salience placed on shared ideological characteristics. After all, they are not as ascriptive as ethnic characteristics, and we can see why a group may be less constrained by them. The existing literature, however, has no conclusive predictions on the matter. Scholars cannot even agree on whether the ethnic/nonethnic distinction is analytically meaningful. Indeed, most civil wars have gone down in history with a label: Those dating from the start of the twentieth century to the end of the Cold War tend to be coined as “ideological,” whereas those in the post–Cold War era are seen as “ethnic.” And even though no unique and systematic characterization appears to exist – some scholars make a new-versus-old civil wars distinction, whereas others a distinction between ethnic-versus-nonethnic civil wars – such identifiers are nevertheless often employed as heuristic descriptors.
Sex Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences and HIV/STIs: Mediation of Psychopathology and Sexual Behaviors

HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are important public health challenges in the US. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse (emotional, physical or sexual), witnessing violence among household members, may have an effect on sexual behaviors, which increase the risk of HIV/STIs. The aim of this study was to examine the sex differences in the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression (MD), substance use disorders (SUDs), early sexual debut, and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration as mediators in the association between ACEs and HIV/STIs. Data were obtained from Wave 2 (2004–2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the role of PTSD, MD, SUDs, early sexual debut, and IPV perpetration as mediators in the relationships between ACEs and HIV/STIs. Differences and similarities existed in the mediational roles of psychopathology and sexual behaviors. For example, among men, MD fully mediated physical/psychological abuse (β = 0.0002; p = 0.012) and sexual abuse (β = 0.0002; p = 0.006), and HIV/STIs while among women, MD fully mediated physical/psychological abuse (β = 0.0005; p < 0.001) and parental violence (β = −0.0002; p = 0.012). Among men, IPV perpetration fully mediated sexual abuse (β = −0.0005; p = 0.012) and HIV/STIs while among women, IPV perpetration was not a statistically significant mediator. HIV/STI prevention and intervention programs should use a life course approach by addressing adverse childhood events among men and women and consider the sex differences in the roles of psychopathology and sexual behaviors.
Submarine system applications for phased array technology

For decades, United States submarines performed their missions with only a minimal amount of communications. Today, however, there is a need for submarines to serve new missions, including intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), covert strike, and battle group support. These missions require a dramatic improvement in the radio frequency (RF) systems on submarines to support capabilities such as high data rate communications, improved navigation, and more sensitive detection of the electromagnetic (EM) environment above the sea surface. Phased array technology potentially offers significant advantages over other antenna approaches in providing higher data rate communications to submarines while addressing platform volume and environmental constraints. Multifunction arrays improves submarine EM capabilities by co-locating additional functions in a single mast system. The current state-of-the-art in phased array technology for submarines is discussed here, along with notional system configurations for supporting phased array technology on submarines.
Patterned photostimulation via visible-wavelength photonic probes for deep brain optogenetics.

Optogenetic methods developed over the past decade enable unprecedented optical activation and silencing of specific neuronal cell types. However, light scattering in neural tissue precludes illuminating areas deep within the brain via free-space optics; this has impeded employing optogenetics universally. Here, we report an approach surmounting this significant limitation. We realize implantable, ultranarrow, silicon-based photonic probes enabling the delivery of complex illumination patterns deep within brain tissue. Our approach combines methods from integrated nanophotonics and microelectromechanical systems, to yield photonic probes that are robust, scalable, and readily producible en masse. Their minute cross sections minimize tissue displacement upon probe implantation. We functionally validate one probe design in vivo with mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2. Highly local optogenetic neural activation is demonstrated by recording the induced response—both by extracellular electrical recordings in the hippocampus and by two-photon functional imaging in the cortex of mice coexpressing GCaMP6.
An Appropriate Theoretical Lens: Lag Time

Lag time is defined as the amount of time between when a mathematical development (such as Newton’s fluxions) was first made known and when that development came to be “normally studied” as part of the implemented mathematics curriculum in schools. In preparing this book we identified and analyzed pertinent archival and other data and then recognized that our interpretations of those data were consistent with lag-time theory. From the beginning of RMS, in 1673, logarithms and trigonometry were incorporated into the RMS curriculum, at a time when school children, elsewhere, were rarely expected to grapple with such topics. Edward Paget (in 1694) and Humfrey Ditton (in 1709) attempted to introduce sophisticated algebraic principles into the RMS curriculum, and in 1694 Isaac Newton attempted to persuade Christ’s Hospital authorities to include the theory of mechanics. James Hodgson, in his 1723 textbook which was especially designed for the RMS program, made use of fluxions, which had only been made known, by Isaac Newton, in 1693. We conclude that anyone proposing to introduce topics based on recent mathematical developments into school mathematical curricula needs to take into account not only existing school cultures but also whether prospective learners will be cognitively ready to learn the new ideas.
Fast blind deconvolution and blind demixing via nonconvex optimization

We study the question of reconstructing a sequence of {f i , g i } i=1 s from the sum of their convolution, i.e., y = ∑ i=1 s f i * g i . This problem is closely related to both blind deconvolution and blind demixing problem. Our goal is to find all {f i , g i } i=1 s by jointly demixing each component f i * g i and performing deconvolution procedure. While the convex program is able to solve this problem effectively and robustly under certain conditions, the main obstacle towards real-time deployment is to find a provably convergent, efficient and robust algorithm. We present an efficient numerical algorithm which guarantees the exact recovery of the solutions despite its notorious non-convexity. The proposed two-step algorithm converges to the global minima linearly and is also robust to the noise. Though the derived performance bound is suboptimal in terms of the information-theoretic limit, numerical simulations show the remarkable performance even if the number of measurements is close to the degree of freedom.
Climate Change, Air Pollution, and Infectious Diseases: A New Epidemiological Scenario in Argentina

Over the past 50 years, human activity, in particular the consumption of fossil fuels, has released quantities of CO2 and other greenhouse gases sufficient to retain more heat in the lower layers of the atmosphere and to alter global climate. Sea level is increasing, glaciers are melting, and rainfall regimes are changing. Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent. On the other hand, it is estimated that by 2030, climate change will increase the risk of some health parameters to double. Health effects related to climate change can be either direct, as heat waves, or indirect, through changes in vectors, water quality, and food, which favors the onset of diseases. Our intention is to provide the reader with what is being done in Argentina about these diseases provoked and increased by climate change. Of course, when answering questions like these, we should limit ourselves to making a report of each particular noxa, despite the obvious importance of it, and to stop in those with the greatest impact in the country.
Mentoring for Black Male Youth: A Systematic Review of the Research

A growing body of literature has been dedicated to evaluating the potential benefits of mentoring interventions. Although the majority of youth served by mentoring interventions are youth of color, little is known about the role of mentoring programs in specific cultural populations. The current literature review was conducted to compile all available research evidence about mentoring for Black boys. The aims of the review were to examine (a) the demonstrated effects of mentoring for Black male youth and (b) the factors that condition or influence (moderators) the effectiveness of mentoring for Black male youth. Available research points to a range of potential benefits of mentoring for this population, such as reduced health-risk behavior and improved academic outcomes, social-emotional wellbeing, mental health, interpersonal relationships, and racial identity. The literature revealed potential moderators of mentoring for Black boys related to program and mentor characteristics. This review showed that there are few studies focused specifically on mentoring for Black boys and that there is generally a lack of rigor in many studies of mentoring programs targeting this group. Further, it is unknown whether culturally tailored mentoring programs are more effective than general mentoring programs targeting diverse youth. We call on researchers to conduct investigations of mentoring for this population, to specifically examine the racial, cultural, and contextual factors that influence the effect of mentoring on Black male youth’s outcomes, and to study culturally specific outcomes.
Chicago’s block clubs: How neighbors shape the city, by Amanda I. Seligman: Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2016

It seems like an obvious insight, but for all of the research on communities and neighborhoods across the many disciplines that make up urban studies, there has been surprisingly little analytical ...
Adipose Lipolysis Unchanged by Preexercise Carbohydrate Regardless of Glycemic Index.

PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of preexercise carbohydrate of different glycemic indices on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) metabolism and running performance. METHODS Ten trained male runners completed three experimental trials consisting of 30 min at 60% maximal oxygen consumption, 30 min at 75% maximal oxygen consumption, and a 5-km time trial. Thirty minutes before exercise, participants consumed one of three beverages: 1) 75 g low glycemic index modified starch supplement (UCAN), 2) 75 g high glycemic index glucose-based supplement (G), or 3) a flavor-matched noncaloric placebo (PL). SCAAT lipolysis was assessed via microdialysis. RESULTS Before exercise, blood glucose and insulin were elevated with G versus PL (+53.0 ± 21.3 mg·dL (mean ± SD), P < 0.0001; +33.9 ± 11.0 μU·mL, P < 0.0001) and G versus UCAN (+36.6 ± 24.9 mg·dL, P < 0.0001; +25.2 ± 11.0 μU·mL, P < 0.0001), respectively. Fat oxidation was attenuated, and carbohydrate oxidation increased before exercise with G versus PL (-0.06 ± 0.06 g·min, P = 0.005; +0.18 ± 0.07 g·min, P < 0.0001) and G versus UCAN (-0.06 ± 0.05 g·min, P = 0.004; +0.18 ± 0.14 g·min, P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in SCAAT lipolysis at rest or during running at either exercise intensity. Also, there was no effect of treatment on running performance. CONCLUSIONS Preexercise carbohydrate lowers fat oxidation and increases carbohydrate oxidation, and these effects are attenuated with low glycemic index carbohydrate. However, these changes are not the result of alterations in SCAAT lipolysis, nor do they affect running performance.
Ileal nitric oxide formation is altered in the young rat in response to endotoxin: effects of exposure to alcohol in utero.

Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the activity and expression of iNOS in the ileum will be altered in young rats exposed to alcohol in utero (FAE). The subjects, 26–29-day-old rats, were progeny of dams fed an alcohol diet during gestation and their pair-fed/control cohorts. We determined the effects of endotoxin administration on ileal iNOS enzymatic activity and on ileal iNOS immunoreactivity. The basal levels of the measured variables were not significantly different between the groups. In response to LPS, however, FAE animals responded with a greater increase in ileal iNOS activity and immunoreactivity. The findings indicate that ileal iNOS is augmented in response to immune signals, which may partly account for the altered gut functions associated with FAE.
What Vulnerability Assessment and Management Cybersecurity Professionals Think Their Future Colleagues Need to Know: (Abstract Only)

There is a growing need for cybersecurity professionals with the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) necessary for risk and vulnerability analysis. Cybersecurity curricula should emphasize KSAs most important in cyber work. To determine which KSAs should be prioritized in curricula, we interviewed 38 cyber professionals with a specialty in vulnerability assessment and management. Interviews took place at the premier hacking conferences Black Hat and DEF CON in 2016 and 2017. Participants rated the importance of 31 KSAs taken from the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education's Cybersecurity Workforce Framework. Of the 31 KSAs, 12 were rated as being significantly important to vulnerability assessment and management work. Half of these KSAs dealt with system and application vulnerabilities (e.g., Skills in conducting vulnerability scans and recognizing vulnerabilities). The other 6 most important KSAs concerned attacks (e.g., Knowledge of different classes of attacks), penetration testing (e.g., Skill in the use of penetration testing tools and techniques), and network protocols (e.g., Knowledge of network protocols). Overall, results suggest that vulnerability assessment students should graduate with: 1) knowledge of and skills in identifying vulnerabilities and robustness of systems and applications; 2) conceptual familiarity with classes of attacks and attack stages; 3) knowledge of and skills in penetration testing principles and tools, and 4) knowledge of network traffic and network protocols. Handouts will be provided.
Algebraic Geometry. An Introduction to Birational Geometry of Algebraic Varieties. By Shigeru Iitaka

(1984). Algebraic Geometry. An Introduction to Birational Geometry of Algebraic Varieties. By Shigeru Iitaka. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 66-70.
Safety and effectiveness of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl used in combination in the pediatric emergency department

Abstract Objective To examine the safety and effectiveness of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl used in combination for laceration repair in the pediatric emergency department. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of a random sample of 546 children less than 18 years of age who received both intranasal midazolam and fentanyl for laceration repair in the pediatric emergency department at a large, urban children's hospital. Records were reviewed from April 1, 2012 to June 31, 2015. The primary outcome measures were adverse events and failed laceration repair. Results Of the 546 subjects analyzed, 5.1% had multiple lacerations. Facial lacerations were the most common site representing 70.3%, followed by lacerations to the hand (9.9%) and leg (7.0%). The median length of lacerations was 1.5 cm [1.0–2.5]. The median dose of fentanyl was 2.0 μg/kg [1.9–2.0] and midazolam was 0.2 mg/kg [0.19–0.20]. There were no serious adverse events reported. The rate of minor side effects was 0.7% (95% CI 0.2% to 1.9%); 0.5% (95% CI 0.1% to 1.6%) experienced anxiety and 0.2% (95% CI 0.0% to 1.0%) vomited. No patients developed hypotension or hypoxia. Of the 546 patients, 2.4% (95% CI 1.3% to 4.0%) experienced a treatment failure. 2.0% (95% CI 1.3% to 4.0%) required IV sedation and 0.4% (95% CI 0.0% to 1.3%) were repaired in the operating room. Conclusions Our results suggest that the combination of INM and INF may be a safe and effective strategy for procedural sedation in young children undergoing simple laceration repair.
Giant left atrium: look before you leap into invasive procedures

A 67-year-old woman with history of mechanical mitral valve replacement for severe rheumatic mitral stenosis and permanent atrial fibrillation on warfarin presented with worsening dyspnoea and bilateral lower extremity swelling over the past 3 weeks. Physical examination revealed hypoxaemia with an oxygen saturation of 85% on room air, jugular venous distension, absent breath sound at right middle and lower lung zones, a crisp prosthetic valve click with a grade 1/6 holosystolic murmur at the apex and 2+ lower extremity oedema. Laboratory showed a brain natriuretic peptide of 799 pg/mL and an international normalized ratio of 2.7. A venous blood gas revealed respiratory acidosis with PaCO2 of 75 mm Hg. Chest X-ray (CXR) revealed cardiomegaly and complete opacification of right mid-to-lower lung zones (figure 1). Concerned for massive right-sided pleural effusion or right thoracic mass, a CT of the chest (figure 2) was performed, which showed massive left atrial dilatation with an enlarged main pulmonary artery and compressive atelectasis at right lung base. A transthoracic echocardiogram …
Integrated introspective case-based reasoning for intelligent tutoring systems

Many intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have been developed, deployed, assessed, and proven to facilitate learning. However, most of these systems do not generally adapt to new circumstances, do not self-evaluate and self-configure their own strategies, and do not monitor the usage history of the learning content being delivered or presented to the students. These shortcomings force ITS developers to often spend much development time in manual revision and fine-tuning of the learning and instructional contents of an ITS. In this paper, we describe an intelligent agent that delivers learning material adaptively to different students, factoring in the usage history of the learning materials and student profiles as observed by the agent. Student-tutor interaction includes the activities of going through learning material, such as a topical tutorial, a set of examples, and a set of problems. Our assumption is that our agent will be able to capture and utilize these student activities as the primer to select the appropriate examples or problems to administer to the student. Using an integrated introspective case-based reasoning approach, our agent further learns from its experience and refines its reasoning process-including the instructional strategies-to adapt to student needs. Moreover, our agent monitors the usage history of the learning materials to improve its performance. We have built an end-to-end ITS using an agent powered by this integrated introspective case-based reasoning engine. We have deployed the ITS in a CS course. Results indicate that the ITS was able to learn to deliver more appropriate examples and problems to the students.
The Little Commonwealth: The Family as Matrix of Markets and Morality in Early Protestantism

Max Weber traced the rise of the modern economy back to the convergence of new Protestant teachings on vocation, predestination, and asceticism. It was especially the marital household, this Article argues, that served as an incubator of these Protestant teachings and a laboratory for their application to economic activity. The early modern Protestant family was structured and schooled to cultivate the critical habits of discipline and organization in the economic lives of its members. Early modern Protestant catechisms and household manuals set out in detail the moral and religious rules, rights, and responsibilities that husbands and wives, parents and children, masters and servants had to each other and to their neighbors in different stages of life. It is here, in the elementary ethics and intimate experiences of the Protestant household, that many of the basic norms and habits of modern economic life were slowly instilled and cultivated in each new generation. This chapter offers case studies of Heinrich Bullinger, Robert Cleaver, William Perkins, and Richard Baxter to illustrate how the early modern Protestant family was structured to support church, state, society, and economy alike.
Quite an encumbrance? Work-related obstacles to Finnish fathers’ take-up of parental leave

An ideal of involved fatherhood has become popular in the developed countries, but even countries like Finland that have introduced an individual father’s quota to parental leave are far fr...
Anarchism, Decolonization, and Collaborative Archaeology

This article explores the relationship between anarchism, collaborative archaeology, and the decolonization of African diaspora heritage in the US and Caribbean. The heart of anarchism as a political theory articulates a robust criticism of hierarchy, and neatly intersects growing interests in collaborative archaeology and heritage. This represents a crucial intersection as the majority of archaeological projects remains rigidly hierarchical, often resulting in the silencing of local stakeholder communities. Anarchism's attention to identifying and addressing hierarchy represents a living theory for the decolonization of archaeological practice. The author grounds these thoughts through two case studies. The first examines the importance of situating scholarly interests alongside, or even below local community concerns as they relate to the 1923 Rosewood race riot in Levy County, Florida. The second case study examines how this approach alerts researchers to new projects revealing the unique interactions between Afro-Caribbean and British soilders in Nevis, West Indies. The author's ongoing experience with anarchism continues to transform his personal practice of archaeology. This paper concludes by highlighting anarchism's unique ability to address harmful hierarchical posturing, democratize archaeological knowledge, and support our roles as researchers, educators, and advocates.
Treatment of antagonism: Cognitive behavioral therapy

Abstract This chapter presents an overview of how a Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) framework can be used to inform selection of cognitive, behavioral, and experiential treatment techniques that can be integrated for a patient presenting with clinically significant antagonistic traits. Cognitive techniques from CBT and schema therapy (e.g., “ABC model,” schema focused techniques) and how they may be tailored for antagonistic patients are reviewed, as well as behaviorally focused strategies including behavioral chain analysis, behavioral experiments, and behavioral rehearsal and role-playing and a variety of coping skills. Potential barriers or challenges that may be relevant to this treatment approach are reviewed.
Perceived and measured availability of tobacco to youths in 14 Minnesota communities: The TPOP study

Introduction Availability of tobacco to young people is believed to be an important factor in the onset of tobacco use. We still do not have a complete picture of how tobacco is obtained by youths or how access can be curtailed. Design This article describes tobacco availability to youths in 14 communities that are part of a randomized trial, known as TPOP (Tobacco Policy Options for Prevention). The data reported here were obtained from student surveys and tobacco-purchase attempts by underage confederates. Results Students who have smoked at least once were likely to cite social sources for cigarettes. However, more than half of weekly smokers and almost one third of tenth-grade ever smokers reported purchasing cigarettes in the last 30 days. Tobacco-purchase attempts by confederate buyers at all outlets resulted in an overall success rate of 40.8%, lower than previously reported for urban communities. Fiftyfive percent of the over-the-counter outlets had no self-service displays of tobacco at baseline. Store factors that predicted purchase success include tobacco location; purchase success was lower when all tobacco was locked or behind a service counter. The percentage of smokers who reported purchasing their own tobacco soon after starting to smoke was highest in towns where purchase success by teenage study confederates was highest. Conclusions These results suggest that sources of cigarettes shift from social to commercial with age and that sources of cigarettes for rural youths may be different than for urban youths.
Linking noncognitive factors back to second language learning: New theoretical directions

Abstract This special volume commentary addresses the significance of recent research on noncognitive factors for instructed second language acquisition, and considers this research in light of recent paradigm shifts in research on language learning as well as recent technological advances. Commonalities among the theories covered in this volume are assessed, and insights are offered into other issues that merit attention. The paper questions the value of distinguishing between cognitive and noncognitive individual differences, and looks at the nature of these theories within questions of domain specificity and the mechanism for interaction between internal states and external environments such as culture. The paper also considers alternative ways of measuring these factors to determine the true strength and direction of their influence in classroom learning, and discusses the role of deductive and inductive methods for scientific inquiries.
Homo Cyberneticus: The Era of Human-AI Integration

This article is submitted and accepted as ACM UIST 2019 Visions. UIST Visions is a venue for forward thinking ideas to inspire the community. The goal is not to report research but to project and propose new research directions. This article, entitled "Homo Cyberneticus: The Era of Human-AI Integration", proposes HCI research directions, namely human-augmentation and human-AI-integration.
Association Between Body Mass Index and Perioperative Mortality After Repair of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

Objective:The attempt to repair a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm carries a significant risk of perioperative mortality. The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes after repair ...
Echocardiography to Screen for Pulmonary Hypertension in CKD.

Introduction Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common yet incompletely understood complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although transthoracic echocardiogram is commonly used to noninvasively estimate PH, it has not been validated in a CKD population. We investigated the utility of this diagnostic tool for CKD-associated PH in a large right heart catheterization (RHC) cohort. Methods We reviewed RHC and echocardiography data in 4036 patients (1714 with CKD) obtained between 2011 and 2014 at a single center. We used multivariate regression to determine the associations of echocardiography measurements with PH, and evaluated whether estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) modified these associations. Using internal validation, we sequentially added measurements to predictive models and analyzed the incremental predictive performance using the change in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ΔAUC) and net reclassification improvement. Results The echocardiography measurements most strongly associated with the diagnosis of PH included tricuspid regurgitant velocity (TRV), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right atrial pressure, diastolic dysfunction, and right ventricular function. Among these measurements, eGFR significantly modified the associations of TAPSE and diastolic dysfunction with the diagnosis of PH. The model consisting of a combination of TRV, right atrial pressure, and TAPSE most accurately predicted the diagnosis of PH in a CKD population (AUC 0.82). Conclusions The optimal model to predict PH diagnosis included TRV, right atrial pressure, and TAPSE. Since TAPSE more strongly associated with PH in the CKD population, these findings support a CKD-specific approach to the development of noninvasive screening algorithms for PH.
Friedrich Engels and the Strategy of “Siege Warfare”

In a March 1887 letter to Hermann Schluter, a prominent member of the German-speaking socialist movement in the United States, Friedrich Engels argued that the appropriate strategy for the German s...
“From Charity to Classroom Co-Learning: Togetherness in the Spirit as a Model for Experiential Education with People with Disabilities”

Reflecting on our experience as educators in a semester long “Disability and Christian Ministry” mini-course with ministerial students from Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS) and Career and Commu...
The Goldilocks zone: young adults’ credibility perceptions of online news articles based on visual appearance

Credibility judgments of online news are affected greatly by perceived expertise and trustworthiness, but users encounter an article’s visual appearance before its content, and yet visual appearanc...
How O2-Binding Affects Structural Evolution of Medium Even-Sized Gold Clusters Aun- (n = 20-34).

We report the first joint anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study on how O2-binding affects the structures of medium even-sized gold clusters, Aun- (n = 20-34), a special size region that entails a variety of distinct structures. Under the temperature conditions in the current photoelectron spectroscopy experiment, O2-bound gold clusters were observed only for n = 22-24 and 34. Nevertheless, O2 binding with the clusters in the size range of n = 20-34 can be still predicted based on the obtained global-minimum structures. Consequently, a series of structural transitions, from the pyramidal to fused-planar to core-shell structures, are either identified or predicted for the AunO2- clusters, where the O2-binding is in either superoxo or peroxo fashion. The identified global-minimum structures of AunO2- (n = 20-34) also allow us to gain improved understanding of why the clusters Aun- (n = 26-32) are less reactive with O2 in comparison to others.
The oncogenic roles of NTRK fusions and methods of molecular diagnosis.

Abstract The NTRK gene family is composed of NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3, which encode three tropomyosin-receptor kinases, belonging to a class of tyrosine kinase receptors. These proteins are known to play roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. Fusions involving the NTRK genes are long known as drivers in many tumors. Although they occur in less than 5% of all malignancies, their occurrence in a great diversity of tumors has been documented. Several rare tumors including infantile fibrosarcoma, secretory breast carcinoma, and mammary analogue secretory carcinoma are accompanied by NTRK fusions in more than 90% of cases, demonstrating a diagnostic value for the NTRK fusion testing in these tumors. More recently, the development of effective targeted therapies has created a demand for their detection in all malignancies. A variety of approaches are available for testing including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS). This article reviews the molecular biology and tumorigenesis of NTRK fusions, their prevalence and clinical significance with a focus on available methods for fusion detection. The advantages and limitations of different technologies, the best practice algorithms for NTRK fusion detection, and the future direction of NTRK testing are also discussed.
Fellowship program directors and trainees across the United States find parental leave policies to be inconsistent, inaccessible, and inadequate.

Introduction Determine the consistency, accessibility, and adequacy of parental leave policies for adult and pediatric medicine fellowship programs. Methods We administered a 40-question survey to fellowship program directors (PDs) and trainees in adult and pediatric cardiology, hematology/oncology, gastroenterology, and pulmonology/critical care fellowship programs in the United States. We used Chi-square tests to compare proportions for categorical variables and t-tests to compare means for continuous variables. Results A total of 190 PDs from 500 programs (38.0%) and 236 trainees from 142 programs (28.4%) responded. Most respondents did not believe that parental leave policies were accessible publicly (322/426; 75.6%), on password-protected intranet (343/426; 80.5%), or upon request (240/426; 56.3%). The PDs and trainees broadly felt that parental leave for fellows should be 5–10 weeks (156/426; 36.6%) or 11–15 weeks (165/426; 38.7%). A majority of PDs felt that there was no increased burden upon other fellows (122/190; 64.2%) or change in overall well-being (110/190; 57.9%). When asked about the biggest barrier to parental leave support, most PDs noted time constrains of fellowship (101/190; 53.1%) and the limited number of fellows (43/190; 22.6%). Trainees similarly selected the time constraints of training (88/236; 37.3%), but nearly one-fifth chose the culture in medicine (44/236; 18.6%). There were no statistically significant differences in answers based on the respondents’ sex, specialty, or subspecialty. Discussion Parental leave policies are broadly in place, but did not feel these were readily accessible, standardized, or of optimum length. PDs and trainees noted several barriers that undermine support for better parental leave policies, including time constraints of fellowship, the limited number of fellows for coverage, and workplace culture. Standardization of parental leave policies is advisable to allow trainees to pursue fellowship training and care for their newborns without undermining their educational experiences.
Bigfoot: The Life and Times of a Legend

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Joshua Blu Buhs Year: 2009 Pages: 304 Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 9780226079790 (hard cover). Prices: $29.00 USD(hard cover).
Normal‐Phase Liquid Chromatography

Normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) is a technique that uses columns packed with polar stationaryphases combined with nonpolar or moderately-polar mobile phases to separate the components of mixtures. The rate at which individual solutes migrate through NPLC columns is primarily a function of their polarity. Less polar solutes move the fastest and therefore exit the column and are detected first, followed by solutes of increasing polarity which move more slowly. However, polarity can sometimes play a secondary role relative to a solute's ability to experience a specific interaction with active sites on the stationary phase surface. The importance of these specific solute–stationary phase interactions in NPLC gives it some unique advantages over the more widely practised reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) technique. RPLC utilizes nonpolar stationary phases and aqueous-based polar mobile phases, and the elution order of solutes in a mixture is related to their hydrophobicity, not polarity; more polar solutes move the fastest and appear first, followed by solutes of decreasing polarity. RPLC is useful for separating mixtures in which components differ in molecular weight and/or water solubility. However, NPLC is preferred for many separation problems, including those in which the water solubility of sample compounds is limited. In addition, NPLC is a better technique for separating compounds that differ in the number or character of functional groups and is particularly useful for separating many types of isomers.
A Yankee in King Gustav's Court

How to Win the Nobel Prize An Unexpected Life in Science. by J. Michael Bishop. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. 287 pp., illus. $27.95, £18.50, €27.95. ISBN 0-674-00880-4. Offering more than an account of his path to Stockholm, Bishop weaves together an autobiography and histories of efforts to control infectious diseases and to identify and control the causes of cancer.
Interannual sea level variability in the western North Atlantic: Regional forcing and remote response

[1] Annually averaged sea level (1970–2012) measured by tide gauges along the North American east coast is remarkably coherent over a 1700 km swath from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Satellite altimetry (1993–2011) shows that this coherent interannual variability extends over the Middle Atlantic Bight, Gulf of Maine, and Scotian Shelf to the shelf break where there is a local minimum in sea level variance. Comparison with National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis winds suggests that a significant fraction of the detrended sea level variance is forced by the region's along-shelf wind stress. While interannual changes in sea level appear to be forced locally, altimetry suggests that the changes observed along the coast and over the shelf may influence the Gulf Stream path downstream of Cape Hatteras.
Use of the BIOSIS computerized data base taught with audiovisual technology

BIOSIS, producers of Biological Abstracts, continuing to upgrade both the printed and online data bases, has incorporated an audiovisual component into their long history of bringing education and training in the use of their products to the users in the field.BIOSIS since 1964 has had its own educator touring the United States and Canada bringing teaching seminars to small groups of users. Slides had been included in these presentations which showed graphically the important concepts being explained.Key members of the BIOSIS team have been recruited to bring these seminars to Europe, Australia and Japan.The educational section of BIOSIS has been enlarged to four individuals in order to attempt to meet demands from the biological and information communities.In addition, in 1976, a slide presentation with script provided by BIOSIS was developed to enable individuals knowledgeable about Biological Abstracts but not on the BIOSIS staff, to bring the information to other users and potential users. This package was tested and presented at the pre-FID International Seminar on Library Education in Mexico City in 1976.Because library school educators must be knowledgeable about the more sophisticated developments utilized by Biological Abstracts both print and online a self-contained slide and script package was developed for use in library schools. BIOSIS has also authorized its own lecturer to appear in a television tape production recorded for and by the State University of New York at Albany School of Library and Information Science in 1978. This television tape, accompanied by printed materials, has been used by groups of medical and special librarians for meeting programs as well as for library school students.Thus, BIOSIS has brought together computer technology and audiovisual technology using several of the audiovisual media.
Remote sensing of current-wave interactions with SIR-C/X-SAR during SRL-1 and SRL-2 at the Gulf Stream Supersite

The Shuttle Imaging Radar, (SIR)-C/X-SAR, first and second Shuttle Radar Laboratory (SRL) missions, SRL-1 and SRL-2, took place April 9-20 and Sept. 30-Oct. 10, 1994. The authors report on a major, multi organizational series of experiments designed to investigate oceanographic phenomena at the Gulf Stream (GS) Supersite off the east coast of the US during these two missions. The investigations emphasized current-wave and air-sea interactions with extensive ground/sea/air truthing. The authors summarize a number of detailed findings associated with SRL-1 and provide a preliminary description of SRL-2 results.
Triphase catalysis : a rigorous mechanistic model for nucleophilic substitution reactions based on a modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood/Eley-Rideal approach

Abstract In the present work, a general kinetic model based on the traditional kinetic mechanisms of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Eley–Rideal types has been developed for nucleophilic substitution reaction systems involving a triphase catalyst in which the intrinsic reaction rate at the catalyst active site is the rate-limiting step. The present mechanistic model overcomes the limitation of the commonly used pseudo-first-order model by incorporating the effect of the leaving anion on the ion-exchange step, and can be used to determine whether a triphase catalytic system is limited by the organic reaction step, ion-exchange step, or a combination of both the steps. Reactions to synthesize octyl acetate by using different octyl halides as the organic reactant have been used to show how the parameters values obtained can be used to classify systems. These values showed physical relevance since the data were in high conformity with trends that could be expected from the physical and chemical properties of the halide anions and the corresponding alkyl halides.
Econometric Issues in Estimating Consumer Preferences from Stated Preference Data: A Case Study of the Value of Automobile Travel Time

This paper explores a number of methodological issues related to the econometric analysis of stated preference data in the context of estimating the value of automobile travel time. Estimates of parameters and the willingness to pay (WTP) to save time are obtained using conventional ordered probit and rank-ordered logit models and an innovation called mixed logit. We find that the average WTP is low and does not exhibit much variation among motorists. Although our findings using data on respondents' rankings of alternatives are robust, we find that caution should be used in estimating stated preferences based on respondents' ratings.
A Study of Supersonic Surface Sources---The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Equation and The Kirchhoff Formula

In this paper we address the mathematical problem of noise generation from high speed moving surfaces. The problem we are solving is the linear wave euqation with sources on a moving surface. The ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation as well as the foverning equation for deriving the Kirchhoff formula for moving surfaces are both this type of partial differential equation. We give a new exact solution of this problem here in closed form which is valid for subsonic and supersonic motion of the surface but it is particularly suitable for su0p4rsonically moving surfaces. This new solution is the simplest of all high speed formulations of Langley and is denoted formulation 4 following the tradition of numbering of our major results for the prediction of the noise of rotating blades. We show that for a smooth surface moving at superonic speed,