cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations between movement and single cell discharge in the substantia nigra of the behaving monkey

In order to clarify the motor functions of the substantia nigra (SN), we studied the activity of single neurons in both the pars compacta (SNpc) and the pars reticulata (SNpr) of behaving primates during performance of a visuomotor arm-tracking task. We also studied the relations of neuronal activity to active movements and passive manipulations of the limbs and other body parts outside the behavioral paradigm. On the basis of spontaneous discharge rates, most cells within the SN fell into two categories: (1) low discharge rate (LDR) cells (n = 53, mean rate 2. 1 impulses/set) and (2) high discharge rate (HDR) cells (n = 129, mean rate 60.4 impulses/set). HDR neurons had firing rates and discharge patterns similar to neurons in the inner segment of the globus pallidus. Most (83%) LDR neurons were located within the SNpc, and all HDR neurons were located in the SNpr. None of the LDR neurons in SNpc exhibited detectable phasic changes in discharge in relation to active movements or passive manipulations. Only a small number of SNpc cells showed modulation in the behavioral paradigm. These findings suggest that the nigrostriatal dopamine system, rather than conveying highly specific information about movement to the striatum, may exert a more tonic modulatory effect upon the striatum. However, phasic release of dopamine in the striatum may be affected by presynaptic mechanisms. Twenty-five percent of cells in the SNpr were related to licking and chewing movements. Cells specifically related to limb movements were rare. Some of these arm movement-related neurons showed a relation to movement parameters. A small number of SNpr cells (3%) were related to eye movements or exhibited responses to gross visual stimulation. Neurons related to licking and chewing were located primarily in the centrolateral portions of the nucleus. These findings suggest that the lateral portion of the SNpr may play a role in the control of orofacial movements.
Frequency Dependent Electromagnetic Sensing (FDEMS)

The use of polymeric materials in extended use structures such as airplanes, bridges, and pipelines, where expected lifetimes are 20 to 40+ years and where failure can be catastrophic, is rapidly expanding. Because of this, there is a clear need to develop in situ intelligent processing to ensure the highest quality “smart” fabrication and to monitor in situ any changes in the parts' performance properties while in use. This article describes the progress in developing frequency-dependent dielectric sensor measurements that can detect change in the physical and chemical state of a polymeric material in situ, that is, those changes that occur during processing and fabrication and during aging in the field environment. Frequency-dependent dielectric measurement sensing (FDEMS) provides a sensitive, automated, in situ sensing technique for quality control monitoring, intelligent processing, and monitoring of durability and degradation of polymers during use. FDEMS in situ sensing can be designed and calibrated to monitor changes in the mechanical service life properties of polymer materials during aging in the field environment. The FDEMS technique has advantages over other monitoring techniques because it is nondestructive, sensitive, in situ, remote, and automated. Keywords: Life monitoring; Autoclave cure; Viscosity; Mold; Model verification; Instrument; Theory; Macroscopic performance; Processing properties; Molecular mobility; Changes; In situ monitoring; Smart automated cure control; Polyimide cure
To Arbitrate or to Advocate

The Honest Broker . Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics. By Roger A. Pielke Jr. . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. 198 pp. Paper, $29.99. ISBN 9780521694810. Pielke examines the choices and consequences facing scientists who wish to contribute their research findings to policy-making.
The Presidential Rhetoric of Terror: The (Re)Creation of Reality Immediately after 9/11

This article examines six presidential speeches/statements ranging from Bush's remarks on the night of the terrorist attacks to his (in)famous State of the Union address declaring Iran, Iraq, and North Korea an “Axis of Evil.” Using qualitative content analysis to investigate closely the six speeches for their “reality creating” and “persuasive” rhetoric, the study scrutinizes Bush's allegorical creation of the “identity” of the enemy. David Zarefsky's concept of the “Power of Definition” and Carl Schmitt's notion of the “state of exception” are applied to the shifting rhetoric of Bush's speeches. The article concludes that Bush used increasingly strong language after the September 11 attacks to create a war-like aporia and that Bush's rhetoric set the limits of discursive definition, and hence created the parameters of thought regarding the issue of terrorism.
Pilot Study of the Fracture Arrest Capabilities of A553B Steel

The arrest properties of A533B steel are derived from measurements of the crack velocity and crack length at arrest using: (a) 140 by 400-mm duplex double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens with hardened and welded-on AISI 4340 steel starter sections, (b) a wedge-loading procedure, and (c) the Timoshenko beam-on-a-generalized-foundation dynamic analysis. Propagation and arrest events were studied at temperatures from -18 to 33°C (nil ductility temperature + 61°C) and involved fractures propagating in the A533B at velocities up to 710 ms - 1 and for distances up to 159 mm. The arrest capability of the steel is expressed in terms of the propagating crack fracture energy for the corresponding toughness, K D , and the velocity dependence of these quantities. The thickness, crack velocity, and temperature dependences of K D and its relation to K 1 c and K 1 a are examined. At -18°C, K D = 129 MNm - 3 | 2 , and K a = 76 MNm - 3 | 2 . This method of evaluation promises to provide access to the full range of arrest properties of low and medium strength structural steels.
Quest-V: a virtualized multikernel for safety-critical real-time systems

Modern processors are increasingly featuring multiple cores, as well as support for hardware virtualization. While these processors are common in desktop and server-class computing, they are less prevalent in embedded and real-time systems. However, smartphones and tablet PCs are starting to feature multicore processors with hardware virtualization. If the trend continues, it is possible that future real-time systems will feature more sophisticated processor architectures. Future automotive or avionics systems, for example, could replace complex networks of uniprocessors with consolidated services on a smaller number of multicore processors. Likewise, virtualization could be used to isolate services and increase the availability of a system even when failures occur. This paper investigates whether advances in modern processor technologies offer new opportunities to rethink the design of real-time operating systems. We describe some of the design principles behind Quest-V, which is being used as an exploratory vehicle for real-time system design on multicore processors with hardware virtualization capabilities. While not all embedded systems should assume such features, a case can be made that more robust, safety-critical systems can be built to use hardware virtualization without incurring significant overheads.
The Death of Captain Cook: A Hero Made and Unmade – By Glyn Williams

In July 1776, an already famous Captain James Cook embarked on his third Pacific reconnaissance. After two years at sea and a fruitless search for the Northwest Passage, Cook “discovered” the Hawai...
The Ohio Department of Youth Services Juvenile Prison Library System

The article is an introduction to The Ohio Department of Youth Services librarians and the services they provide. Information about each juvenile prison facility is revealed and provides an explanation of guidelines and standards for prison libraries. Sixty-eight questions were asked in four in-person interviews to present a profile of the librarians working within juvenile correctional facility high schools and examines the effects of literacy programming. Six categories covered are (1) questions for the librarian; (2) questions about the library; (3) patron usage, access, and service; (4) programming and collaborative efforts; (5) collection development and budget; and (6) additional questions.
Breast cancer in 2013: Genomics, drug approval, and optimal treatment duration

2013 saw much progress in breast cancer research. Advances in high-throughput technologies continue to refine our knowledge of the molecular biology of breast cancer, and are beginning to give insight into cancer evolution, drug resistance, and how to deploy precision therapeutics.
Stenting carotidien chez les patients à haut risque : analyse de mortalité à moyen terme

Les interventions carotidiennes sont evaluees sur la survie precoce et tardive sans accident vasculaire ischemique. La faisabilite technique du stenting de l'artere carotide (SAC) a ete etablie. Les resultats a court terme ont ete contradictoires. En depit de ceci, de nombreux praticiens ont adopte le SAC en tant qu'alternative a l'endarteriectomie carotidienne chez les patients a haut risque. Les avantages protecteurs a long terme sont cependant mal etablis chez les patients a haut risque. Les resultats a moyen terme apres SAC dans notre protocole du haut risque ont ete analyses pour determiner les taux de mortalite specifiques et toutes causes (au dela de 30 jours). Nous avons retrospectivement evalue un registre prospectif du stenting carotidien d'octobre 2003 a fevrier 2006. Les caracteristiques demographiques, l'indication du haut risque, la presence de symptomes carotidiens, des antecedents de cancer, le succes de la procedure, les complications, et le suivi comprenant le taux de readmission aussi bien que les causes specifiques des deces ont ete enregistres. Cinquante patients presentant une stenose carotidienne critique (stenose moyenne 90%) ont eu un SAC. Cette cohorte a repondu a des criteres a haut risque dus aux conditions physiologiques chez 26 patients et aux facteurs anatomiques dans 22 cas. Deux patients repondaient aux deux criteres. Les indications etaient une maladie symptomatique dans 14 cas (30%) et des lesions asymptomatiques dans 36 cas. Le taux global d'AVC, d'infarctus du myocarde, et de mortalite a 30 jours etait de 2%. Aucun AVC mineur ou important n'a ete enregistre en postoperatoire a 30 jours. Le suivi moyen global etait de 11-28 mois. La survie sans AVC etait de 94% pour tous les patients. La survie globale a un an etait de 75% pour tous les patients, sensiblement plus elevee dans le groupe asymptomatique (88%) ( p
Automated extraction of damage features through genetic programming

Robust damage detection algorithms are a fundamental requirement for development of practical structural health monitoring systems. Typically, structural health-related decisions are made based on measurements of structural response. Data analysis involves a two-stage process of feature extraction and classification. While classification methods are well understood, feature design is difficult, time-consuming, and requires application experts and domain-specific knowledge. Genetic programming, a method of evolutionary computing closely related to genetic algorithms, has previously shown promise when adapted to problems involving structured data such as signals and images. Genetic programming evolves a population of candidate solutions represented as computer programs to perform a well-defined task. Importantly, genetic programming conducts an efficient search without specification of the size of the desired solution. In this study, a novel formulation of genetic programming is introduced as an automated feature extractor for supervised learning problems related to structural health monitoring applications. Performance of the system is evaluated on signal processing problems with known optimal solutions.
Induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in rodent lung by cigarette smoke: a potential short-term bioassay.

Abstract Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was increased several fold in the lungs of hamsters, mice and rats after inhalation of cigarette smoke. Hamsters had low basal activity of lung AHH but showed the greatest inducibility (the ratio of induced to noninduced enzyme). Inducibility was lower but the actual levels of enzyme activity, both basal and induced, were higher in mice and highest in rats. Several criteria were met which could qualify the lung AHH assay as a short-term bioassay to aid in the measurement of cigarette toxicity. (1) Within a relatively narrow range, AHH activity increased with the number of cigarettes smoked. (2) In tests with standard reference cigarettes and three commercial brands, cigarettes which delivered high levels of total particulate matter (TPM) in the smoke induced AHH in lung to the highest degree; measures which reduced the TPM, primarily filtering methods, reduced the enzyme-inducing effect. (3) Also, with regard to filtering methods, the type of cigarettes which have been reported to cause the most extensive damage to the respiratory tract of animals in chronic inhalation studies caused the greatest enzyme induction in acute experiments. (4) Assay results can be obtained rapidly; maximum induction occurs within 24 hr after smoke exposure.
Small States in World Markets: 1985–2010

What is the institutional legacy of Katzenstein's 1985 work on international relations theorizing? This article places Small States in World Markets in the history of the study of power. Katzenstein's contribution endures by identifying the relationship between changes in the world economy and the capacity of states to adapt. His 1985 book opened up new paths of theorizing – from the role of norms to the ways in which smaller political economies in Europe can inform the large. Even though the issue-areas, actors, and measures of power and authority evolve, Katzenstein's analysis remains a critical benchmark for institutional/IR analysis.
Self‐reported sexual anxiety and arousal: The expanded sexual arousability inventory

Abstract This study was designed to (a) provide initial validity data on the Expanded Sexual Arousability Inventory developed by E. F. Hoon (1978) and (b) to investigate the relationship of self‐reported sexual arousability to anxiety. Subjects were 252 female undergraduates and 90 female volunteers from the community who completed inventories concerning their sexual responsiveness. The arousal and anxiety scales were found to be uncorrelated, whereas a third scale, satisfaction, was so highly correlated with arousal as to be redundant. All scales showed high split‐half reliability, and the construct validity of arousal and anxiety was generally supported. No relationship was found, with either sample, between self‐reported sexual anxiety and arousal. These findings indicate the relationship between these two variables is not simple. However, it should be noted that the current subjects were not severely sexually anxious, and it cannot be concluded from these data that very high anxiety might not inhibit ...
Metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells

One of the challenges in improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is the development of suitable interconnect materials. The interconnect material is in contact with both the anode and the cathode, and thus must be stable with both electrode materials and in oxidizing and reducing environments. The interconnect material must also maintain a low electrical resistance during cell operation to avoid decreased efficiency due to ohmic losses. The common feature of the two approaches (metallic and ceramic) to the development of interconnect materials is the presence of chromium. The most promising ceramic materials are chromites, while the most promising metallic materials are chromia-forming alloys. The focus of this paper is comparison of metallic alloys for use as interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells, in terms of properties including oxidation resistance, volatility, electrical resistance and thermal expansion.
Fertility options after cancer treatment: a case report and review of the literature

Long-term survival has improved for many forms of cancer, particularly childhood malignancies. With improved life expectancy, many women now live to face the side effects of treatment, including potential infertility and ovarian failure. Emerging neoplastic treatments can potentially minimize reproductive toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. The reproductive effects of various regimens, including chemotherapy with alkylating agents and radiotherapy, are discussed. Medical and surgical methods of minimizing reproductive morbidity are explored. For patients who require aggressive, potentially sterilizing treatment, cryopreservation of embryos, oocytes, or ovarian tissue may preserve reproductive options in selected patients. New information and technology are reviewed to assist in adequately counseling the cancer survivor.
Nonnative Interactions between Cysteines Direct Productive Assembly of P22 Tailspike Protein

Nonnative disulfide bond formation can play a critical role in the assembly of disulfide bonded proteins. During the folding and assembly of the P22 tailspike protein, nonnative disulfide bonds form both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanism and identity of cysteine disulfide pairs remains elusive, particularly for P22 tailspike, which contains no disulfide bonds in its native, functional form. Understanding the interactions between cysteine residues is important for developing a mechanistic model for the role of nonnative cysteines in P22 tailspike assembly. Prior in vivo studies have suggested that cysteines 496, 613, and 635 are the most likely site for sulfhydryl reactivity. Here we demonstrate that these three cysteines are critical for efficient assembly of tailspike trimers, and that interactions between cysteine pairs lead to productive assembly of native tailspike.
The acceleration of anisotropic transport iterations

Abstract Problems in transport theory have long presented difficulties to the numerical analyst; a great diversity of methods have been spawned by the efforts of many who have attempted to deal with these difficulties, each usually successful only used in production codes for time independent linear transport problems is the source iteration method. This method consists of iterating the particle density in the transport equation using the result of the previous iteration in the scattering integral term thus reducing the computation at each step to a much simpler streaming calculation. This method generally gives good results when the criticality constant, c, is bounded below one; however, the spectral radius of the iteration map approaches one as c does.
Creativity in MS/OR: Overcoming Barriers to Creativity

Over the years, Gene Woolsey and others have taught us that mathematics and models are not always necessary to solve important problems in MS/OR. Often, the best solutions are novel and unusual-that is, they are creative. The Edelman Award papers often illustrate how even mathematical models can be used creatively. Creativity is a fascinating subject. Years ago in teaching an undergraduate capstone course in management science, I found that learning the principles of creative thinking helped students to address unstructured cases and to apply the traditional operations research problem-solving techniques. I find these principles helpful in explaining, understanding, and enhancing what I do in teaching, research, and consulting. In this series of columns, I plan to discuss many principles of creative thinking and ways in which you can become more creative and enhance your problem-solving skills. I invite you to submit your examples, comments, and perspectives on creativity.
Designing Electoral Systems

Abstract The insights gained while carrying out a book-length study of electoral systems are applied to evaluate existing electoral systems and to suggest guidelines for changes, if necessary.
MedlinePlus Go Local: The librarian’s tool for promoting hospital services to the community

ABSTRACT Healthcare systems are complex organizations that patients and families may find difficult to navigate. MedlinePlus Go Local projects are assisting consumers in this navigation by developing directories of health services that are indexed by geographic area, types of services provided, and associated health issues. Librarians affiliated with healthcare systems can play a critical role in promoting their organization and assisting healthcare consumers in locating needed services by assisting Go Local projects in accurately indexing their organization and assisting with keeping the information up-to-date.
Partial and Total Reconstruction of the Lower Eyelid

Our techniques for reconstruction of the lower lid are based on the maintenance of tarsal support in the reconstructed lid. The surgical approach is dictated by the position and extent of the defect produced by tumor excision. Lysis of the extension of the lateral canthal ligament to the lower lid allows closure of small, full-thickness defects. Mobilization of tarsal remnants by temporal advancement flaps provides for closure of larger defects. An advancement flap of split-thickness upper lid tarsus is combined with a pedicle flap of skin from the upper lid for total lower lid reconstruction.
Four-dimensional parafermionic string

It is suggested how to formulate a consistent string theory in four spacetime dimensions, based on parafermionic fields. A formula for the cosmological constant is given, together with some plausibility arguments for the existence of a corresponding conformal field theory and string.
Regulation of the mitosis/meiosis decision in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline

During the development of multicellular organisms, the processes of growth and differentiation are kept in balance to generate and maintain tissues and organs of the correct size, shape and cellular composition. We have investigated the molecular controls of growth and differentiation in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. A single somatic cell, called the distal tip cell, promotes mitotic proliferation in the adjacent germline by GLP-1/Notch signalling. Within the germline, the decisions between mitosis and meiosis and between spermatogenesis and oogenesis are controlled by a group of conserved RNA regulators. FBF, a member of the PUF (for Pumilio and FBF) family of RNA-binding proteins, promotes mitosis by repressing gld-1 mRNA activity; the GLD-1, GLD-2, GLD-3 and NOS-3 proteins promote entry into meiosis by regulating mRNAs that remain unknown. The regulatory balance between opposing FBF and GLD activities is crucial for controlling the extent of germline proliferation. PUF proteins regulate germline stem cells in both Drosophila and C. elegans and are localized to germline stem cells of the mammalian testis. Therefore, this post-transcriptional regulatory switch may be an ancient mechanism for controlling maintenance of stem cells versus differentiation.
A Determination of the Absorption and Scattering of Visible and Ultraviolet Light by Six Species of Protozoa

Some of the optical properties of six strains of protozoa were determined. The loss of transmitted intensity resulting from scattering and true absorption was calculated.
Separating the Influences of Escape and Access to Preferred Activities on Problem Behavior Occurring in Instructional Contexts.

Two individuals with developmental disabilities were observed to engage in destructive behavior when demands were presented, suggesting that the behaviors were maintained by negative reinforcement. Subsequent analyses revealed that (i) the behavior problems persisted when the participants were asked to cease a high-probability, ongoing activity (walking) while demands were not presented and (ii) problem behaviors ceased when the participants were trained to request access to walking through appropriate means. These findings suggested that the presentation of demands, per se, was not the critical variable in maintaining destructive behavior. Rather, it appeared that restricting the participants from walking, which was only coincidentally necessary in the initiation of demands, set the occasion for the aberrant responses. Subsequent analyses were conducted with one participant to further strengthen this hypothesis. These findings are discussed in terms of the utility of seeking out idiosyncratic and individualized behavioral functions subsequent to initial assessments and their contribution to the growing body of literature regarding the complex interactions of destructive behavior and other naturally occurring high-rate behaviors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and processing of high molecular weight RNA by nuclei isolated from embryos of Rana pipiens

Abstract When synthesized under conditions optimal for maximal methylation, two of the major classes of high molecular-weight RNA produced by isolated nuclei were indistinguishable from RNA purified from cytoplasmic ribosomes. The degree of methylation was found to influence the sedimentation velocity of only the heavier major RNA fraction. Upon becoming maximally methylated, this RNA sedimented at 27 s rather than 25 s. When comparing maximally-methylated nuclear RNA to cytoplasmic rRNA, it was found that on the basis of sedimentation coefficient, base composition and electrophoretic mobility, the 0.7 million dalton nuclear RNA was equivalent to 18 s cytoplasmic rRNA, the 1.5 million dalton nuclear RNA was equivalent to the 27 s moiety of 28 s cytoplasmic rRNA, and the 0.058 million dalton nuclear RNA was the same as the 7 s moiety of 28 s cytoplasmic rRNA. In isolated nuclei, the 27 s and 7 s RNA did not associate to form the 28 s duplex found in mature cytoplasmic ribosomes. In addition to these three fractions, which accumulated throughout the incubation period, several rapidly turning over, high molecular-weight, methylated RNA fractions were identified. The largest had a sedimentation coefficient (45 s) and nominal molecular weight (4.4 million daltons) to be expected of the primary transcription product of the entire rRNA gene. The results have been used to deduce processing pathways for cleavage of the primary precursor into the two definitive rRNA species and several excess rRNA fragments.
Major workforce and workplace trends influencing the training anddevelopment field in the USA

A recent research study sponsored by the US-based Society for Human Resource Management identified six key workforce and workplace trends facing HR managers. These trends focused around changes in technology, globalisation, cost containment, speed in market change, knowledge capital, and change. This article examines the implications of these trends for training and development professionals.
Statistical correlation analysis in image retrieval

A statistical correlation model for image retrieval is proposed. This model captures the semantic relationships among images in a database from simple statistics of user-provided relevance feedback information. It is applied in the post-processing of image retrieval results such that more semantically related images are returned to the user. The algorithm is easy to implement and can be efficiently integrated into an image retrieval system to help improve the retrieval performance. Preliminary experimental results on a database of 100,000 images show that the proposed model could improve image retrieval performance for both content- and text-based queries.
Universal inverse deuterium isotope effect on the Tc of BEDT-TTF-based molecular superconductors

Abstract Deuterium substitution of the ethylene end groups of the ET [ET: BEDT-TTF or bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] electron-donor molecule results in a 0.25 K increase in the superconducting transition temperature of three molecular superconductors derived from this molecule. Simplistically speaking, this change in T c is in contradiction to that predicted by the electron–phonon coupling mechanism of the BCS theory. We suggest that the slight shortening of the C–D bond relative to the C–H bond, coupled with the recent findings of a large, negative uniaxial pressure derivative of T c in κ-(ET) 2 Cu(SCN) 2 and β ′′ -(ET) 2 SF 5 CH 2 CF 2 SO 3 , can explain this unique effect. Herein we report the first study of the effect of deuterium substitution on the superconducting transition temperature in a molecular-based superconductor in which the electron-donor molecules are packed in a β ′′ motif, viz., β ′′ -(ET) 2 SF 5 CH 2 CF 2 SO 3 . This compound is ideally suited for this study because it contains discrete (non-polymeric) anions, has a completely ordered structure, is indefinitely stable in air at room temperature, and is free from possible magnetic impurities. Substitution of the eight hydrogen atoms of the ET molecule by deuterium causes the T c of β ′′ -(ET) 2 SF 5 CH 2 CF 2 SO 3 to increase from 4.34±0.05 to 4.61±0.03 K. These values were determined by measuring several representative crystals from various parallel electrocrystallization experiments containing h 8 - or d 8 -ET that was prepared in parallel syntheses. This is the first example which demonstrates that the inverse (positive) isotope effect previously observed in κ-phase salts is also present in a β ′′ -phase superconductor.
Cognitive and linguistic sources of variance in 2-year-olds’ speech-sound discrimination: a preliminary investigation.

Purpose This preliminary investigation explored potential cognitive and linguistic sources of variance in 2-year-olds' speech-sound discrimination by using the toddler change/no-change procedure and examined whether modifications would result in a procedure that can be used consistently with younger 2-year-olds. Method Twenty typically developing 2-year-olds completed the newly modified toddler change/no-change procedure. Behavioral tests and parent report questionnaires were used to measure several cognitive and linguistic constructs. Stepwise linear regression was used to relate discrimination sensitivity to the cognitive and linguistic measures. In addition, discrimination results from the current experiment were compared with those from 2-year-old children tested in a previous experiment. Results Receptive vocabulary and working memory explained 56.6% of variance in discrimination performance. Performance was not different on the modified toddler change/no-change procedure used in the current experime...
Time development of the spectral redistribution in disordered systems with a Lorentzian transfer rate: Theoretical models and a Monte Carlo study

The time-dependent spectral redistribution in fluorescence line narrowing in an inhomogeneously broadened system is investigated by means of simple theoretical models and Monte Carlo calculations. The two-site phonon-assisted energy transfer rate is assumed to be site-symmetric and a Lorentzian function of energy mismatch. For the Monte Carlo calculations initial excitations are made at the wing, shoulder, and center of the inhomogeneously broadened Gaussian band. For the wing excitation it is argued that, because of the above Lorentzian factor, the intensity in the initial site of excitation decays with a much smaller back-transfer rate than for the center excitation, simplifying the theoretical treatment. This effect is demonstrated by the Monte Carlo study. A refinement of this model is developed for a general situation, and its predictions are compared with the Monte Carlo results.
Discovering high-resolution patterns of differential DNA methylation that correlate with gene expression changes

Methylation of the CpG-rich region (CpG island) overlapping a gene's promoter is a generally accepted mechanism for silencing expression. While recent technological advances have enabled measurement of DNA methylation and expression changes genome-wide, only modest correlations between differential methylation at gene promoters and expression have been found. We hypothesize that stronger associations are not observed because existing analysis methods oversimplify their representation of the data and do not capture the diversity of existing methylation patterns. Recently, other patterns such as CpG island shore methylation and long partially hypomethylated domains have also been linked with gene silencing. Here, we detail a new approach for discovering differential methylation patterns associated with expression change using genome-wide high-resolution methylation data: we represent differential methylation as an interpolated curve, or signature, and then identify groups of genes with similarly shaped signatures and corresponding expression changes. Our technique uncovers a diverse set of patterns that are conserved across embryonic stem cell and cancer data sets. Overall, we find strong associations between these methylation patterns and expression. We further show that an extension of our method also outperforms other approaches by generating a longer list of genes with higher quality associations between differential methylation and expression.
Discovering the rating pattern of online reviewers through data coclustering

The reliability of online reviewers is a complex issue due to multiple dimensional and heterogeneous properties. In this paper, we propose a computational study of the rating pattern of reviewers. A reliability matrix is built between two data types which are the reviewer and the product. Two types of clusters can be extracted concurrently after a nonnegative tri-factorization of the reliability matrix. In our preliminary experiments, a rating consistency was used in formulation of the reliability matrix. The experimental results uncovered the rating patterns which reflects the product-dependent property of the reviewers. Our study demonstrated that the coclustering of reviewers and products can be a promising technique for analysis of online reviewers. The results from coclustering reviewers and products provides valuable knowledge for predicting the reliability of a reviewer to a product.
Real-time visualization of electron transport in quantum devices

An exciting interactive program is written in Visual C++ to visualized ultrafast electron transport dynamics in user defined quantum structures by solving time- dependent Schrodinger equations. The program accepts certain inputs about the quantum structure, the initial electron wave function, the information on electron-phonon or electron-photon interaction, and applied bias, and immediately displays results in animations at they are being calculated. This program provides powerful tool for those studying semiconductor devices at advanced undergraduate or graduate level. It will be also of interest and value to researchers in physics, materials science, and electrical engineering. In this paper, we will show how femtosecond electron transport dynamics can be visualized. Two examples are presented on the electron capture and decapture dynamics due to electron-phonon interactions as well as the ultrafast optoelectronic switching dynamics due to electron-photon interactions in a single semiconductor quantum structure.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep in the rat by cholinergic and adenosinergic agonists infused into the pontine reticular formation

Abstract The cholinergic agonist carbachol (1.1 mM) and the adenosinergic agonist cyclohexyladenosine (0.1 mM) were microinjected (60 nl) into the region of the caudal, oral pontine reticular formation of the rat. Local intracerebral infusion of each receptor agonist resulted in significant, long-lasting (at least 8 h) elevations in rapid eye movement sleep without reduction in latency to onset. The effects of carbachol were reduced by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine, while those of cyclohexyladenosine were reduced by the adenosinergic receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline. Atropine failed to antagonize the long-term induction of rapid eye movement sleep following cyclohexyladenosine, but did appear to suppress increases in the first 2 h. Similarity of effects on sleep parameters and the lack of additivity when injected consecutively are consistent with these agonist ligands targeting the same cellular mechanisms through their respective receptors. These findings suggest that transitory increases in the pons of either acetylcholine or adenosine may underlie long-lasting elevations in the amount of rapid eye movement sleep. Adenosine may play a role in the increased rapid eye movement sleep following prolonged wakefulness, as well as following conditions of stress and learning.
Active Voltage Feedback Control for Hybrid Multiterminal HVDC System Adopting Improved Synchronverters

In this paper, we propose an idea to integrate more renewable energy into the existing China power grid and to provide remote islands with a reliable power supply. The idea is to expand the existing point-to-point line-commutated converter (LCC) HVDC transmission link into a hybrid multiterminal HVDC (hybrid MTDC) system, which contains LCC stations and voltage-source converter (VSC) stations. Accordingly, this paper proposes a novel control strategy for this system called active voltage feedback control, which does not need any high-speed communication system under various disturbances, such as wind speed variations, load fluctuations, faults, etc. This paper also adds secondary frequency regulation to the synchronverter, which is one way of combining the VSC converter with synchronous machine behavior. Then, this paper applies an approach to limit its current under fault conditions. Finally, the entire hybrid MTDC system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results show that the improved synchronverter is able to achieve secondary frequency control, and the presented active voltage feedback control works very well when exposed to various disturbances.
The Effect of Static Electrification on Gas-Solid Flows in Vertical Risers

Steady, fully developed gas−particle flow in a vertical riser is analyzed. The model consists of axial momentum balances for the gas and particle phases, a radial momentum balance for the particle phase, and Poisson's equation for the electric field. Each particle carries a prescribed charge. Consequently, a radially varying electric field develops spontaneously, and this drives an electrophoretic flux of particles toward the wall. This is balanced by a diffusive particle flux. At steady state, these fluxes balance and produce a radially nonuniform particle volume fraction distribution. This, in turn, affects the axial momentum balance. The model captures important qualitative features of riser flows: core−annular particle distribution, annular particle downflow at low riser gas velocities, and annular upflow at high gas velocities. Furthermore, the model accurately depicts results on riser flows reported by Bader et al.
What drives calcium entry during [Ca2+]i oscillations?--challenging the capacitative model.

Abstract An increased entry of Ca2+across the plasma membrane plays a key role in the generation and maintenance of the [Ca2+]isignals seen in cells following activation of receptors coupled to the PLC/InsP3signaling pathway. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to define the nature and control of this agonist-enhanced Ca2+entry. To date, these studies have largely focussed on the so-called ‘capacitative’ or store-operated model and, although many important details remain unclear, the critical role this mechanism plays in maintaining the sustained elevated ‘plateau’ type of [Ca2+]iresponse seen at high agonist concentrations is now well established. Far less well understood is the nature of the enhanced Ca2+entry associated with the more complex [Ca2+]isignals typical of stimulation at more physiological levels of agonist. Where such entry has been considered, it too has generally been assumed to result from a capacitative or ‘store-operated’ mechanism. Significantly, however, direct evidence in support of this assumption is lacking. This review attempts to critically examine this assumption and presents the argument that several key characteristics of capacitative or store-operated mechanisms of agonist-activated Ca2+entry are incompatible with its operation during these types of [Ca2+]isignal.
A mechanical model illustrating the scatter diagram with oblique test vectors.

A mechanical model is described for illustrating changes in the configuration of points when the reference axes are rotated obliquely and the values of the orthogonal projections of the points on the reference axes are maintained constant. This type of transformation is important in factor analysis.
Insights into Photoinduced Electron Transfer between (Ru(bpy)3) 2+ and (S2O8) 2- in Water: Computational and Experimental Studies

We examine the mechanism of electron transfer between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [S2O8]2− in aqueous solutions using time-dependent density functional and transition charge density model levels of theory. Th...
Covalent immobilization of p-selectin enhances cell rolling.

Cell rolling is an important physiological and pathological process that is used to recruit specific cells in the bloodstream to a target tissue. This process may be exploited for biomedical applications to capture and separate specific cell types. One of the most commonly studied proteins that regulate cell rolling is P-selectin. By coating surfaces with this protein, biofunctional surfaces that induce cell rolling can be prepared. Although most immobilization methods have relied on physisorption, chemical immobilization has obvious advantages, including longer functional stability and better control over ligand density and orientation. Here we describe chemical methods to immobilize P-selectin covalently on glass substrates. The chemistry was categorized on the basis of the functional groups on modified glass substrates: amine, aldehyde, and epoxy. The prepared surfaces were first tested in a flow chamber by flowing microspheres functionalized with a cell surface carbohydrate (sialyl Lewis(x)) that bin...
Diffusion of labeled particles on one-dimensional chains

The diffusion of a labeled particle on a one-dimensional chain is discussed. It is shown that the long-time behavior is dominated by density fluctuations leading to a ${t}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ dependence of the mean-square deviation in agreement with Monte Carlo results of Richards.
Assessment of the Outflow Path Resistance of the Aqueous Humor Flow in the Eye

The objective of this work was to numerically simulate the flow of the aqueous humor through the outflow pathway of the eye, and to examine the sources of pressure drop for various postulated structural models of the trabecular mesh region.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Solid Phase Transformations During CW Laser Processing

We review recent advances in studies of solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon at high temperatures. The kinetics of solid phase epitaxy and random crystallization have been investigated over the temperature range from 550°C to -1350°C using cw Ar laser and flashlamp-pumped dye laser heating and time-resolved reflectivity measurements of crystallization rate. We examine the interplay between solid phase epitaxy and random crystallization in lightly doped films, and the temperature and concentration dependent competi-tion between crystallization, precipitation and phase separation in amorphous layers containing In and As at concentrations greater than 0.5 at.%.
Structure Information from Atomic-Beam Magnetic-Resonance Studies of Many-Electron Atoms

In this talk there will be time only for a very brief review of the role that atomic-beam magnetic-resonance (ABMR) has played in the recent development of our understanding of atomic structure. I have chosen to give a few examples of the different types of con­tributions such research can make, rather than to present extensive tabulation of results.
Response of the cell membrane-cytoskeleton complex to osmotic and freeze/thaw stresses

In order to develop successful cryopreservation protocols a better understanding of the freeze- and dehydration-induced changes occurring in the cell membrane and its underlying support, the actin cytoskeleton, is required. In this study, we compared the biophysical response of model mammalian cells (human foreskin fibroblasts) to hyperosmotic stress and freeze/thaw. Transmitted light, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence- and cryo-microscopy were used to investigate the changes in the cell membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. We observed that a purely hyperosmotic challenge at room temperature resulted in bleb formation. A decrease in temperature abrogated the blebbing behavior, but was accompanied by a decrease in viability. These results suggested that cell survival depended on the availability of the membrane material to accommodate the volumetric expansion back to the original cell volume at isotonic conditions. Our data also showed that freeze/thaw stresses altered the cell membrane morphology resulting in a loss of membrane material. There was also a significantly lower incidence of blebbing after freeze/thaw as compared to isothermal osmotic stress experiments at room temperature. Significant depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton was seen in cells whose membranes had been compromised by freeze/thaw stresses. Actin depolymerization using cytochalasin D affected the stability of the membrane against mechanical stress at isothermal conditions. This study shows that both the membrane and cytoskeleton, as a system, are involved in the osmotic and freeze/thaw-induced responses of the mammalian cells.
The infrastructure for e-business

Electronic commerce has obtained its means of spreading out to every corner of the world via the Internet. The article gives an overview of the implementation of Internet-based virtual private networks (VPN), the generic deployment framework and main enabling techniques.
Observable and reproducible rogue waves

In physical regimes described by the cubic, focusing, nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation, the N-dimensional homoclinic orbits of a constant amplitude wave with N unstable modes appear to be good candidates for experimentally observable and reproducible rogue waves. These homoclinic solutions include the Akhmediev breathers (N = 1), which are among the most widely adopted spatially periodic models of rogue waves, and their multi-mode generalizations (N > 1), and will be referred to as multi-mode breathers. Numerical simulations and a linear stability analysis indicate that the breathers with a maximal number of modes (maximal breathers) are robust with respect to rather general perturbations of the initial data in a neighborhood of the unstable background.
Drug Courts: A Social Capital Perspective*

Social capital is a variable resource embedded in all social networks. Although the majority of work on social capital describes it as contributing to socially beneficial outcomes, it also contributes to deviant activities. In addition to laying a theoretical basis for understanding the deviant potentials of social capital, this paper argues that a change in social networks results in a change in social capital. Using data collected from adult drug courts in Wyoming, multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses and analyses of personal interviews were used to explore changes in the social capital of drug court participants. However, as a result of deficiencies in available data, questions remain as to the long-term social circumstances of participants after graduating from the programs and differences in social outcomes among minority groups. The results from this project have implications for future research conducted on drug courts and the theory of social capital.