cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin-rotation relaxation times at different temperatures for methyl compounds with hindrance barriers

Abstract The 13 C spin-rotational relaxation times T 1,SR of methyl groups were measured at 10 and 38°C for a series of organic compounds. The curves of T 1,SR versus the barrier height for hindered rotation deviated somewhat from linearity. This was explained by a theory which incoroporates an additional correlation time rbe, associated with the height of the barrier V 0 and the average period of motion within the potential well.
Sesquiterpene lactones and species relationships among the shrubby Ambrosia taxa

Abstract The sesquiterpene lactone chemistry, chromosome numbers and morphology of selected Sonoran Desert Ambrosia taxa are reported. The sesquiterpene lactone distribution correlates with morphologically defined species groups.
Socioeconomic status and open-angle glaucoma

Evaluation of: Ramdas WD, Wolfs RC, Hofman A, de Jong PT, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam Study. Arch. Ophthalmol. DOI: 10.1001/arch...
Use of light for footprinting DNA in vivo.

A new ‘photofootprinting’ technique, which uses light to detect protein–DNA contacts as well as changes in the structure of DNA at the base pair level, has been developed and used to detect contacts between lac repressor and the lac operator in Escherichia coli cells.
Site Redressing Techniques and Rework of Lead-Free Chip Scale Packages

The implementation of lead-free solder into an electronics assembly process necessitates the reassessment of the individual factors involved in component attachment and rework. A component assembly undergoes multiple thermal cycles during rework. With the use of lead-free solder, the assemblies are subjected to higher assembly and rework temperatures than those required for eutectic tin-lead assemblies. The rework of lead-free area array components involves the removal of defective component, preparation of the printed circuit board attachment pad (site redressing), solder paste replenishment or flux deposition, and component placement and reflow. This paper primarily focuses on the site redressing aspect of lead-free rework, followed by the development of rework processes for lead-free chip scale packages utilizing the knowledge gained in the site redressing studies.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, PREVENTION, AND MANAGEMENT OF PROSTHETIC INFECTIONS IN HERNIA SURGERY

Because hernias are repaired increasingly with mesh and plugs, surgeons performing these operations should make an extended effort to prevent infection, and, when infections occur, to treat them expeditiously. This article discusses bacterial binding, infection reduction, the patient-doctor relationship during the care of an infected wound, and other related topics.
Appetites Without Prejudice: U.S. Foreign Restaurants and the Globalization of American Food Between the Wars

The popularity of foreign-themed restaurants grew dramatically in the United States following the Great War. This article analyzes the contradiction between the “Americanization” of food at the same time as native-born Americans enjoyed a growing taste for global cuisines. Distinguishing between foreign and foreign-themed restaurants, this article argues that the latter exposed American palates to a variety of global flavors. In turn, Americans began to conceive of “American food” in more cosmopolitan terms. This article also places material decorations, including the bodies of employees, at the center of its interpretation of the restaurant space and expands the debate over restaurants’ use of foreign languages on printed menus to encompass the place of the spoken word. Ultimately, this article argues that the rising popularity of global foodways in the United States not only changed the taste of traditional “American food” but led to a “world citizen” ideal of American national identity.
The kinematic equation for the rotation vector

Different derivations of the kinematic equation for the rotation vector are discussed within a common framework. Simpler and more direct derivations of this kinematic equation are presented than are found in the literature. The kinematic equation is presented in terms of both the body-referenced angular velocity and the inertially referenced angular velocity. The kinematic equation is shown to have the same form in both the passive and active descriptions of attitude. >
The Effect of Symptom Information on Faking on the MMPI-2

We investigated the effect of specific symptom information on faking a personality disorder on the MMPI-2. Four groups of adult subjects were studied: 23 normal adults given specific information ab...
Influence of the quasi‐biennial oscillation on the North Pacific and El Niño teleconnections

[1] Reanalysis and model data are used to study El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in the North Pacific during boreal winter. El Nino events appear to have a significantly stronger teleconnection when the equatorial stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is in its westerly phase relative to its easterly phase at 70 hPa in both the reanalysis record and in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. The difference is much larger in the reanalysis, however. Composites of easterly QBO at 70 hPa show an anomalous ridge over the North Pacific, which explains part of the weakening of El Nino teleconnections. Associated with this ridge are easterly anomalies at the climatological subtropical jet position and westerly anomalies in the deep tropics. A shallow water model linearized about such zonal wind anomalies gives a weaker extratropical response to a deep tropical vorticity anomaly, suggesting a dynamical explanation of how the QBO can influence the extratropical response to anomalous ENSO convection. These results suggest that modification of wave propagation is likely an important cause of the observed differences in El Nino teleconnections between easterly and westerly QBO phases, but sampling variability and differences in underlying tropical convection are also likely contributors.
The hospitalist movement: ten issues to consider.

The rapidly growing hospitalist model appears to be living up its promise to improve the efficiency and perhaps the quality of hospital care. The important issues no longer relate to its continued existence—even skeptics concede that it is here to stay. Instead, concern surrounds the myriad organizational and clinical issues that inevitably appear whenever there is a major change in the health care system.
Nursing Personnel Accidents and Their Causes in a Veterans Affairs Hospital

Abstract A prospective collection of accidents and their causes was necessary to establish a reference database for determining risks/trends and causal relationships. Since the causes of accidents vary in hospitals, a prospective collection and analysis of injuries sustained by nursing personnel in a Veterans Affairs hospital was undertaken during an 8-year period from 1983 to 1990. The data were collected from a standard accident reporting form. The time, date, type of accident, body part involved, cause, employee, position, and time lost were recorded in a log. During the 8-year period, 1004 accidents were reported (average 126/year; FTE average 264) in a hospital with over 300 acute care and 54 nursing home beds. An analysis of 827 of the most commonly reported accidents revealed the following: needle punctures (314), musculoskeletal strains (295), patient-inflicted injury (85), cuts and non-needle punctures (60), falls and twists (36), and splashes to the face (38). Further analysis of the activity mo...
Pregnancy and copulatory behavior in random-bred house mice mated in postpartum estrus

Sixteen male-female pairs of random-bred house mice were studied in a total of 61 matings in postpartum estrus. An array of behavioral measures and measures related to resulting pregnancies were determined. Measures of copulatory behavior were comparable to those in hormone-induced estrus. There was no evidence that the number of preejaculatory intromissions, the total number of intravaginal thrusts, or any other behavioral measure was related to any aspect of pregnancy measured. Thus, the paradox of a considerable amount of male copulatory behavior coupled with a low stimulus requirement for pregnancy in female house mice reported in earlier studies appears unattributable to effects of domestication, mode of estrus, or failure to permit females to carry litters to term.
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Is a Disease of MUC2-Expressing Goblet Cells

Pseudomyxoma peritonei, a syndrome first described by Karl F. Rokitansky in 1842, is an enigmatic, often fatal intra-abdominal disease characterized by dissecting gelatinous ascites and multifocal peritoneal epithelial implants secreting copious globules of extracellular mucin. Although past interest in the syndrome has focused on the questions of the site of origin (appendix versus ovary), mechanisms of peritoneal spread (multicentricity, redistribution phenomenon, or metastasis), and the degree of malignant transformation present (adenoma, borderline tumor, or carcinoma), another important question is the mechanism behind the accumulation of extracellular mucin, the real cause of the disease's morbidity and mortality irrespective of the site of origin, mechanism of peritoneal spread, or transformed status of its epithelium. Taking advantage of the recently cloned human mucin genes, we decided to investigate this question. Our studies revealed that pseudomyxoma peritonei is a disease of MUC2-expressing goblet cells. These cells also express MUC5AC but the latter mucin is not specific for pseudomyxoma peritonei. MUC2 expression accounts for the voluminous deposits of extracellular mucin (mucin:cell ratios exceeding 10:1) and distinguishes pseudomyxoma peritonei secondarily involving the ovary from primary ovarian mucinous tumors with peritoneal implants. Because mucinous tumors of the appendix similarly express MUC2, the MUC2 expression profile also supports an appendiceal rather than ovarian origin for pseudomyxoma peritonei. Increased steady-state mRNA is observed in pooled cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei but does not occur on the basis of gene rearrangement or gene amplification. Primary epithelial cell cultures obtained from pseudomyxoma peritonei express MUC2 whose levels can be epigenetically regulated. These lines up-regulate MUC2 expression in response to both methylation inhibition by 5-azacytidine and exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide, both of whose effects can be suppressed by genistein pretreatment. Both immunocytochemical as well as in situ hybridization studies with ancillary digital image analysis reveal that MUC2 expression in cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei is independent of the degrees of malignant transformation that are present and, in fact, reflects the constitutive levels of expression observed in normal goblet cells of the appendix. Extracellular mucin accumulates dramatically in pseudomyxoma peritonei because the number of MUC2-secreting cells dramatically increase and because this MUC2 has no place to drain. These studies suggest that pseudomyxoma peritonei should be regarded as a disease of MUC2-expressing goblet cells whose MUC2 expression might be susceptible to pharmacological targeting.
Quantum mechanical and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus investigation of the thermal unimolecular decomposition of CF2BrO and CF2ClO radicals

Quantum mechanical and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus calculations are carried out to study the thermal unimolecular decomposition of CF 2 XO radicals (X = Br, Cl). Two kinds of dissociation mechanisms are possible, carbon-halogen bond scission and intramolecular three-center XF elimination. It should be noted that the three-center direct XF elimination has only been able to be characterized at the B3LYP level. X-atom elimination is shown to be the dominant reaction pathway, whereas C-F bond scission and XF elimination have been found to exhibit high energy barriers. On the basis of the ab initio data, energy-specific rate constants k(E) and thermal rate constants k(T,P) are evaluated using master equation numerical analysis.
Treatment of Postoperative Hemorrhage with Venous Embolization

artery. The pulmonary artery remained patent, with no intraluminal filling defects, no evidence of thrombus, and good and homogeneous perfusion to both upper and lower lobes (Fig 3). Consensus opinion (after consultation with thoracic surgery, vascular surgery, and two other senior interventional radiologists) was that the best course of action would be to leave the filter in place. It was felt that more harm could be done in attempting to retrieve the filter from the pulmonary artery, especially if it were to deploy in the heart. There was no thrombus present and no obstruction to pulmonary arterial flow at that time. We believed it would be relatively unlikely to thrombose in this high flow system, and therefore the best course of action was to leave it alone and place a second filter in the infrarenal IVC as originally planned. The right arm sheath was then exchanged for a triple lumen PICC line, placed with the tip at the cavoatrial junction. Access was then made in the left femoral vein, a repeat cavogram was performed (which did not find a fibrin sheath), and a second Venatech LP was deployed infrarenally without complication.
Does source matter? Examining source effects in online product reviews

Drawing on the literature about online source classification, source credibility, and attribution theory, this study examines how the source of a product review influences people's product judgments. Results from a between-subjects experiment suggest that the perceived source of a message (the visible source) impacts how people evaluate actual reviewer (the original source) and product. Reviews made by regular Internet users (visible sources) lead to greater trust in the actual reviewer (the original source), compared to product reviews from product makers. Results further indicate that visible sources play a crucial role in helping people judge the credibility of online reviews. Particularly, the identity of a visible source is used to consider the intention of original source of the message, which in turn determines message persuasiveness. The authors conclude that evaluating the intentions of online reviewers is a critical antecedent to forming opinions about online reviews and products.
Monetary Integration Initiatives in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA): Sorting the Overlapping Membership†

Overlaps in membership of monetary integration initiatives in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) region is a major stumbling block to deeper integration. For example, a strict implementation of the East African Community (EAC) customs union concluded in 2004 would violate existing Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) free trade agreements. To resolve this problem the paper applies cluster analysis to assign countries to the most suitable monetary union initiative based on real and nominal convergence criteria. The results indicate that the ESA region is not converged enough for an ESA-wide monetary union. Instead two fairly distinct clusters, one in the southern cone around South Africa and the other around the EAC, are identified. This implies that a two-track monetary integration route is more appropriate for the region. The EAC is identified as a subgroup within COMESA, suggesting Tanzania should cede SADC membership for COMESA.
Healthy young and old women differ in their trunk elevation and hip pivot motions when rising from supine to sitting

OBJECTIVE: To describe the differences between healthy young and older women in regards to trunk elevation and hip pivot motions when rising from a supine to a seated position. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison. SETTING: University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Two groups of healthy female volunteers: young adult female controls (n = 22, mean age 23.5 years) and community-dwelling older female adults (n = 17, mean age 73.8 years). MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were videotaped as they performed three controlled bed mobility tasks, starting from a supine position: (1) rising to a seated position at the edge of a firm plinth surface (SS); and rising to a seated position without moving to the edge of the bed while either (2) using hands (SUH) or (3) not using hands (SUNH). A series of movements involving the trunk were identified as subjects performed the SS task. RESULTS: The older women were more likely to rotate and laterally flex their trunks, particularly in the later phases of the SS task. In addition, during the SS task, the older group was more likely to bear weight on their hip/gluteal area, particularly in the later phases, and more likely to use a broad pivot base, consisting of the hip and the elbow. While all young and old performed the SUH task, less than half of the older group could complete the SUNH task. Moreover, the subgroup of older adults who could not complete the SUNH task may have accounted for much of the differences between the young and the old on the SS task. CONCLUSION: Healthy young and older women differ in their ability to rise from a supine to sitting position, primarily in the strategies used to elevate the trunk and facilitate a pivot. Trunk flexion ability likely contributes to the age group differences noted in rising. These data provide the basis for a biomechanical analysis of the critical body segment motions and the strengths required to perform bed mobility tasks.
Vacuum-Assisted Cell Seeding in a Microwell Cell Culture System

We present a simple method to actively pattern individual cells and groups of cells in a polymer-based microdevice using vacuum-assisted cell seeding. Soft lithography is used to mold polymer microwells with various geometries on top of commercially available porous membranes. Cell suspensions are placed in a vacuum filtration setup to pull culture medium through the microdevice, trapping the cells in the microwells. The process is evaluated by determining the number of cells per microwell for a given cell seeding density and microwell geometry. This method is tested with adherent and nonadherent cells (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, PANC-1 pancreatic ductal epithelial-like cells, and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells). These devices could find applications in high-throughput cell screening, cell transport studies, guided formation of cell clusters, and tissue engineering.
NRPA's tourism and commercial sessions

the global/transnational firm will increase. (m) The widening gap between the North/South nations will continue to cause frictions and will be a constant source of concern for harmonious tourism development. (n) Continued regional conflicts and terrorist activities are impediments to the development and prosperity of tourism. (0) Health and security concerns could become a major deterrent to tourism travel. (p) Technological advances are giving rise to both opportunities and pressures for improved productivity, human resource development, and restructuring of the tourism industry. (q) There is a continuing and growing need to increase the supply of personnel and to enhance their professionalism. (r) Despite recent progress, recognition by governments of tourism and its importance to social and economic development and wellbeing of regions is still far from satisfactory; one part of the reason is a lack of credibility of tourism data. (s) Growing dissatisfaction with current governing systems and processes may lead to a new framework (paradigm) for tourism. The immediate follow-up measures of the assembly included the dissemination of the findings and transmission of a teleconference, via satellite, to Latin America which resulted in interaction between regional tourism leaders and assembly representatives. The complete text of the forum’s proceedings will appear m the World Travel and Tourism Review, scheduled to appear in 1991. The Tourism Policy Forum is a non-profit research and analysis group of the George Washington University School of Education and Human Development. Established in 1988, the forum assists governments and businesses worldwide in developing international tourism policy, publishes research and position papers, and brings together tourism officials from around the world to address specific issues and problems which may constrain tourism in the years ahead. The second assembly is scheduled to take place in October 1991, in New Delhi, India. For more information about the first assembly and the future activities of the forum, contact Sheryl Spivack, Tourism Policy Forum, George Washington University, 817 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA. 0 c]
Astronomical and Optical Principles in the Architecture of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople

Textual and material evidence suggests that early Byzantine architects, known as mechanikoi, were comprehensively educated in the mathematical sciences according to contemporary standards. This paper explores the significance of the astronomical and optical sciences for the working methods of the two mechanikoi of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletus. It argues that one major concern in the sixth-century architectural design of the Great Church was the visual effect of its sacred interior, particularly the luminosity within. Anthemios and Isidoros seem to have been thoroughly conversant with the ancient corpus of astronomical and optical writings and, as will be shown, implemented their theoretical knowledge in the design of Hagia Sophia. Specifically, the paper demonstrates that the orientation of the building’s longitudinal axis coincides with the sunrise on the winter solstice according to ancient computations, implying that the orientation was intentionally calculated in order to secure an advantageous natural illumination of the interior. Light and visual effects served to reinforce the symbolic significance of the sacred space that furthermore provides evidence for optical considerations with respect to late antique concepts of light and vision
A Chebyshev pseudospectral method for nonlinear constrained optimal control problems

We analyze a few long-standing issues related to the Chebyshev pseudospectral (PS) approximations of nonlinear constrained optimal control problems. The feasibility and consistency of a Chebyshev PS method are demonstrated. We also show that the standard primal-dual closure conditions can be mapped to primal-only closure conditions. The primal-only closure condition facilitates an easy computation of the problem covectors which can be used to verify and validate the computational solution by way of the continuous-time necessary conditions.
A study of discretization error in the finite element approximation of wave solutions

A dispersion analysis is used to study the errors caused by the spatial discretization of the finite-element method for the two-dimensional scalar Helmholtz equation. It is shown that the error can be determined analytically for a uniform mesh of infinite extent. Numerical results are presented to show the effects of several parameters on the error. These parameters are the nodal density, the electrical size of the mesh, the direction of propagation of the incident wave, the type of element, and the type of boundary condition. >
Optimal solutions to multi-objective robust fault detection problems

This paper will give complete, analytic, and optimal solutions to several robust fault detection problems that have been considered in the research community in the last twenty years. It is shown that several well-recognized robust fault detection problems, such as H-/Hinfin, H2/Hinfin, and Hinfin/Hinfin problems, have a very simple optimal solution in an observer form by solving a standard algebraic Riccati equation. Moreover, the optimal filter does not depend on how the fault occurs, i.e., it is optimal for all possible faults under the optimization criteria. It is also shown that some well-studied and seeming sensible optimization criteria for fault detection filter design could lead to (optimal but) useless fault detection filter designs.
Effects of residual stress on the thin-film elastic moduli calculated from surface acoustic wave spectroscopy experiments

Abstract We describe a method to examine how residual stress affects the values of thin-film elastic moduli determined from surface acoustic wave spectroscopy experiments. To illustrate our approach, we apply it to the case of an elastically isotropic thin film under equibiaxial stress. The five test samples consisted of TiN films deposited on single-crystal Si substrate (film thickness 0.287–3.330 μm and assumed compressive stress 0.5–5.4 GPa). With increasing thickness and decreasing stress, the effective second-order moduli C 11 increased and C 13 decreased. The natural second-order elastic moduli c 11 and c 13 and the natural third-order elastic moduli c 111 , c 112 , and c 123 in the unstressed state were computed by fitting the model equations to the measured data. Our results show how surface acoustic wave measurements may be analyzed to obtain additional information about the mechanical properties of thin films with residual stress.
Evolution of pore volume distribution during gasification

A general equation is derived that predicts the evolution of pore volume distribution during isothermal gasification in the regime of kinetic control, starting from a given initial condition. The development takes into account pore enlargement as well as pore intersections. Equations are also derived for the special cases of (1) uniform pore size and (2) bimodal distribution. The results are used to interpret the experimental data of Tomkow et al. (1977) and Kawahata and Walker (1962).
Passenger protein determines translocation versus retention in the endoplasmic reticulum for aromatase expression

Aromatase protein is overexpressed in the breasts of women affected with cancer. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), signal sequence and signal anchors (SAs) facilitate translocation and topology of proteins. To understand the function of type-I SAs (SA-Is), we evaluated translocation of aromatase, whose signal anchor follows a hydrophilic region. Aromatase SA-I mediates translocation of a short N-terminal hydrophillic domain to ER lumen and integrates the protein in the membrane, with the remainder of the protein residing in the cytosol. We showed that lack of a signal peptidase cleavage site is not responsible for the stop-transfer function of SA-I. However, SA-I could not block the translocation of a full-length microsomal secretory protein and was cleaved as part of the signal sequence. We propose that interaction between the translocon and the region after the signal anchor plays a critical role in directing the topology of the protein by SA-Is. The positive charges in the signal sequence helped it to override the function of signal anchor. Thus, when signal sequence follows SA-I immediately, the interaction with the translocon is perturbed and topology of the protein in ER is altered. If signal sequence is placed far enough from SA-I, then it does not affect membrane integration of SA-I. In summary, we conclude that it is not just the SA-I, but also the region following it, which together affect function of aromatase SA-I in ER.
Does morphological variation buffer against extinction? A test using veneroid bivalves from the Plio-Pleistocene of Florida

Although morphological variation is known to influence the evolutionary fates of species, the relationship between morphological variation and survivorship in the face of extinction-inducing perturbations is poorly understood. Here, we investigate this relationship for veneroid bivalves in association with the Plio-Pleistocene extinction in Florida. Fourteen pairs of related species were selected for analysis, with each pair including one species that survived the Plio-Pleistocene extinction and another that became extinct during the interval. Morphological landmark data were acquired for more than 1500 museum specimens, representing 19 localities that encompass four well-known Plio- Pleistocene units in the study region. Procrustes superimposition was applied to each sample, and overall multivariate variation was calculated as the mean squared partial Procrustes distance between specimens and their mean form. Morphological variation was calculated at three geographic scales for each species, and differences in variation between survivors and victims were examined within each species pair. Results indicate that species surviving the Plio-Pleistocene extinction were significantly more variable morphologically than victims. Greater morphological variation may promote survivorship by directly enhancing species adaptations to changing conditions or by permitting the occupation of a larger geographic range. Alternatively, high morphological variation and survivorship may both be mediated by a third variable, such as large geographic range.
An Evaluation of Through-Thickness Changes in Primary Damage Production in Commercial Reactor Pressure Vessels

An extensive database of atomic displacement cascades in iron has been developed using the method of molecular dynamics (MD). More than 300 simulations have been completed at 100K with energies between 0.1 and 100 keV. This encompasses nearly all energies relevant to fission reactor irradiation environments since a 100 keV MD cascade corresponds to the average iron cascade following a collision with a 5.1 MeV neutron. Extensive statistical analysis of the database has determined representative average values for several primary damage parameters: the total number of surviving point defects, the fraction of the surviving point defects contained in clusters formed during cascade cooling, and a measure of the size distribution of the in-cascade point defect clusters. The cascade energy dependence of the MD-based primary damage parameters has been used to obtain spectrum-averaged defect production cross sections for typical fission reactor neutron energy spectra as a function of depth through the reactor pressure vessel. The attenuation of the spectrum-averaged cross sections for total point defect survival and the fraction of either interstitials or vacancies in clusters are quite similar to that for the NRT dpa. However, the cross sections derived to account for the energy dependence of the point defect clustermore » size distributions exhibit a potentially significant variation through the vessel. The production rate of large interstitial clusters decreases more rapidly than dpa whereas the production of large vacancy clusters is slower than dpa.« less
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF PRETERM DELIVERY

A case-control study of the epidemiology of preterm delivery was undertaken at Yale-New Haven Hospital in Connecticut during 1977. The study population consisted of 175 mothers of singleton preterm infants and 313 mothers of singleton term infants. Significant risk factors of a preterm delivery included low socioeconomic status; low pregravid weight; inadequate weight gain during the pregnancy; a previous preterm delivery; a history of infertility problems; an induced abortion terminating the previous pregnancy; vaginal spotting or light bleeding during the pregnancy; antepartum hemorrhage and abnormal placental implantation; lack of leisure-time physical activities during the pregnancy; alcohol consumption prior to the third trimester of pregnancy; and negative attitudinal expression toward the pregnancy.
DO TIES REALLY BIND? THE EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE AND COMMERCIALIZATION NETWORKS ON OPPOSITION TO STANDARDS

We examine how the multiplicity of interorganizational relationships affects strategic behavior by studying the influence of two such relationships--knowledge linkages and commercialization ties--on the voting behavior of firms in a technological standards-setting committee. We find that, while centrally positioned firms in the knowledge network exhibit lower opposition to the standard, centrally positioned firms in the commercialization network exhibit higher opposition to the standard. Thus, the influence of network position on coordination is contingent upon the type of interorganizational tie. Furthermore, when we consider these relationships jointly, knowledge centrality moderates the opposing effect of commercialization centrality, such that the commercialization centrality effect increases with decreasing levels of knowledge centrality. In other words, firms most likely to delay the standard are peripheral in the knowledge network yet central in the commercialization network, which suggests that they have the most to lose from changes to current technology
Chemical contaminants in fish feeds used in federal salmonid hatcheries in the USA

Recent studies have demonstrated that fish feeds contain significant concentrations of contaminants, many of which can bioaccumulate and bioconcentrate in fish. Organochlorine (OC) contaminants are present in the fish oils and fish meals used in feed manufacture, and some researchers speculate that all fish feeds contain measurable levels of some contaminants. To determine the concentration of contaminants in feeds used in US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Fish Hatcheries, we systematically collected samples of feed from 11 cold-water fish hatcheries. All samples (collected from October 2001 to October 2003) contained at least one polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener, or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolite. Of the 55 samples in which they were analyzed 39 contained PCDDs, 24 contained PCDFs and 24 contained DDT or its metabolites. There were 10- to 150-fold differences in concentrations of total PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs and DDT. Although PCBs were the most commonly detected contaminant in our study, concentrations (range: 0.07-10.46 ng g(-1) wet weight) were low compared to those reported previously. In general, we also found lower levels of OCs than reported previously in fish feed. Perhaps most notable was the near absence of OC pesticides - except for DDT or its metabolites, and two samples containing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). While contaminant concentrations were generally low, the ecological impacts can not be determined without a measure of the bioaccumulation of these compounds in the fish and the fate of these compounds after the fish are released.
Chapter 25 Complexes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the factors that lead to the formation of rare earth complexes and illustrates examples of the various types of complexes that are prepared. The examples are taken whenever possible from the most recent literature available. The ability and tendency of a metal ion to form complexes depends strongly on a number of factors. For the rare earth ions these are such that the nature and type of complexes that are formed are different from those formed by the d-transition elements. The ion exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed to separate small amounts of the elements and which have since been extended for the separation of larger quantities, resulted in the availability of substantial quantities of pure materials. Because these separations made use of the differing degrees of complex formation of the various elements, the search for new and better complexing agents was given an added impetus.
Automated control for elastic storage

Elasticity - where systems acquire and release resources in response to dynamic workloads, while paying only for what they need - is a driving property of cloud computing. At the core of any elastic system is an automated controller. This paper addresses elastic control for multi-tier application services that allocate and release resources in discrete units, such as virtual server instances of predetermined sizes. It focuses on elastic control of the storage tier, in which adding or removing a storage node or "brick" requires rebalancing stored data across the nodes. The storage tier presents new challenges for elastic control: actuator delays (lag) due to rebalancing, interference with applications and sensor measurements, and the need to synchronize the multiple control elements, including rebalancing.We have designed and implemented a new controller for elastic storage systems to address these challenges. Using a popular distributed storage system - the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) - under dynamic Web 2.0 workloads, we show how the controller adapts to workload changes to maintain performance objectives efficiently in a pay-as-you-go cloud computing environment.
Influence of Hydroxyl Substitution on Benzyne Properties. Quantum Chemical Characterization of the Didehydrophenols

Geometries and singlet-triplet splittings for the 10 geometrical isomers of didehydrophenol are characterized at a variety of levels of electronic structure theory. The influence of the hydroxyl group is primarily to increase/decrease the weight of zwitterionic singlet mesomers that place positive/negative charge adjacent to oxygen in valence bond descriptions of the arynes. For some of the meta isomers, this interaction stabilizes distortion in the direction of a bicyclic geometry. The net effect, relative to the unsubstituted benzynes, is to increase the singlet-triplet splittings in 2,3-, 2,6-, and 3,5-didehydrophenol and to decrease that splitting in 2,4- and 2,5-didehydrophenol (3,4-didehydrophenol is essentially unaffected). As shown for other arynes, the singlet-triplet splittings can also be accurately estimated by correlation with proton hyperfine coupling constants in antecedent monoradicals, these values being accessible from very economical calculations.
Evaluation of Two Assessment Techniques for Adaptation to Stress

Two conceptual nursing models, Roy's adaptation model and Erickson and Swain's adaptive potential assessment model are explained, and knowledge is identified within these two assessment techniques for adaptation to stress. The purpose is to identify common, noteworthy areas of nursing science as well as areas where further development in nursing knowledge is needed. A case study is used to compare and contrast these models. When assessing adaptation to stress, one simi larity between the approaches appears to be a propositional linkage that supports the influence of developmental level on basic need satisfaction. A divergent area between the two models identifies a need for further development in nursing knowledge regarding the adaptive potential sta tus. This includes information pertaining to what an individual can reasonably do or be expected to do when contending with stressors.
Growth and population dynamics of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in a continuous-flow bioreactor

The consumption of methane in anoxic marine sediments is a biogeochemical phenomenon mediated by two archaeal groups (ANME-1 and ANME-2) that exist syntrophically with sulfate-reducing bacteria. These anaerobic methanotrophs have yet to be recovered in pure culture, and key aspects of their ecology and physiology remain poorly understood. To characterize the growth and physiology of these anaerobic methanotrophs and the syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, we incubated marine sediments using an anoxic, continuous-flow bioreactor during two experiments at different advective porewater flow rates. We examined the growth kinetics of anaerobic methanotrophs and Desulfosarcina-like sulfate-reducing bacteria using quantitative PCR as a proxy for cell counts, and measured methane oxidation rates using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. Our data show that the specific growth rates of ANME-1 and ANME-2 archaea differed in response to porewater flow rates. ANME-2 methanotrophs had the highest rates in lower-flow regimes (μANME-2 = 0.167 · week−1), whereas ANME-1 methanotrophs had the highest rates in higher-flow regimes (μANME-1 = 0.218 · week−1). In both incubations, Desulfosarcina-like sulfate-reducing bacterial growth rates were approximately 0.3 · week−1, and their growth dynamics suggested that sulfate-reducing bacterial growth might be facilitated by, but not dependent upon, an established anaerobic methanotrophic population. ANME-1 growth rates corroborate field observations that ANME-1 archaea flourish in higher-flow regimes. Our growth and methane oxidation rates jointly demonstrate that anaerobic methanotrophs are capable of attaining substantial growth over a range of environmental conditions used in these experiments, including relatively low methane partial pressures.
Evidence for a ν=5/2 fractional quantum Hall nematic state in parallel magnetic fields

We report magnetotransport measurements for the fractional quantum Hall state at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=$ 5/2 as a function of applied parallel magnetic field (${B}_{||}$). As ${B}_{||}$ is increased, the 5/2 state becomes increasingly anisotropic, with the in-plane resistance along the direction of ${B}_{||}$ becoming more than 30 times larger than in the perpendicular direction. Despite the very large resistance anisotropy, the anisotropy ratio remains constant over a relatively large temperature range, yielding an energy gap which is the same for both directions. Our data are qualitatively consistent with a fractional quantum Hall nematic phase.
Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: an entity in search of cytologic criteria.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) are histologically subclassified into typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small cell carcinoma (SCLC). The criteria for subclassification in cytological specimens are not well defined. In this study, we reviewed histologically confirmed 18 TC, 8 AC, 10 LCNEC, and 10 SCLC cytologic specimens from 45 patients. The following features were reviewed: small clusters, geographic sheets, trabecular structures, pseudo-rosettes, single cells, doublets, triplets or short cords, papillary-like structures, capillary vasculatures, necrosis, smear background, cell size, cell pleomorphism, amount of cytoplasm, plasmacytoid cells, spindle cells, nuclear atypia, molding, palisading and smearing, chromatin textures, nucleoli, and mitotic figure count. Based on our results, geographic clusters and necrosis were often seen in LCNEC and SCLC; while AC only showed scattered single cell necrosis. TC and AC commonly exhibited trabecular structures. Papillary-like structures and capillary vasculature were only present in TC, AC, and LCNEC. Cells forming doublets, triplets, and short cords were more commonly seen in SCLC and rarely seen in other entities. Plasmacytoid and spindle cells were only seen in TC and AC. Nuclear smearing was not identified in TC, rare in AC, focally present in LCNEC and obvious in SCLC. Mitotic figures were nearly absent in TC, ≤5/10 HPF in AT, and ≥10/10 HPF in SCLC. LCNEC showed a wide span of mitotic count ranging between 2 and 16/10 HPF. In this study, we propose a set of cytological features that are essential for subclassification of PNETs in cytologic specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:689–696. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysis for the MILAGRO field campaign

Accurate numerical simulations of the complex wind flows in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) can be an invaluable tool for interpreting the MILAGRO field campaign results. This paper uses three methods to eval- uate numerical simulations of basin meteorology using the MM5 and WRF models: statistical comparisons with obser- vations, "Concentration Field Analysis" (CFA) using mea- sured air pollutant concentrations, and comparison of flow features using cluster analysis. CFA is shown to be a better indication of simulation quality than statistical metrics, and WRF simulations are shown to be an improvement on the MM5 ones. Comparisons with clusters identifies an under- representation of the drainage flows into the basin and an over-representation of wind shear in the boundary layer. Par- ticle trajectories simulated with WRF-FLEXPART are then used to analyse the transport of the urban plume and show rapid venting and limited recirculation during MILAGRO. Lagrangian impacts were identified at the campaign super- sites, and age spectra of the pollutants evaluated at those same sites. The evaluation presented in the paper show that mesoscale meteorological simulations are of sufficient accu- racy to be useful for MILAGRO data analysis. simulations and the reliability of the conclusions they sug- gest. This paper seeks to evaluate the results of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model for interpreting data from the MILAGRO field campaign. Model results are then used to quantify mixing in the basin, venting of the urban plume and Lagrangian transport past the campaign super- sites.
A performance analysis of trellis coded hybrid-ARQ protocols in a fading environment

A method is described for modifying trellis coded modulation systems for use in type-I hybrid ARQ protocols over slowly fading Rician channels. The difference in the metrics between the surviving path and the nonsurvivors throughout the trellis can be used to determine the desirability of retransmission requests. Bounds on the reliability and throughput performance of the resulting error control scheme are then derived for slowly fading Rician channels. Examples are included to illustrate the achievable gain compared to ordinary forward error control (FEC) trellis-coded transmission. Schemes based on ordinary and multiple trellis-coded modulation are compared over several different Rician fading channels. >
Presence of Nuclear Bodies in Some Minicells of Escherichia coli

Electron microscopy of serial sections of Escherichia coli K-12 (P678-54) revealed that some "minicells" contain nuclear bodies.
Aging and the Neural Correlates of Successful Picture Encoding: Frontal Activations Compensate for Decreased Medial-Temporal Activity

We investigated the hypothesis that increased prefrontal activations in older adults are compensatory for decreases in medial-temporal activations that occur with age. Because scene encoding engages both hippocampal and prefrontal sites, we examined incidental encoding of scenes by 14 young and 13 older adults in a subsequent memory paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behavioral results indicated that there were equivalent numbers of remembered and forgotten items, which did not vary as a function of age. In an fMRI analysis subtracting forgotten items from remembered items, younger and older adults both activated inferior frontal and lateral occipital regions bilaterally; however, older adults showed less activation than young adults in the left and right parahippocampus and more activation than young adults in the middle frontal cortex. Moreover, correlations between inferior frontal and parahippocampal activity were significantly negative for old but not young, suggesting that those older adults who showed the least engagement of the parahippocampus activated inferior frontal areas the most. Because the analyses included only the unique activations associated with remembered items, these data suggest that prefrontal regions could serve a compensatory role for declines in medial-temporal activations with age.
High-Risk Behaviors and Mental Health

Adolescence is a critically important time for prevention work to decrease substance use, inactivity leading to obesity, unprotected sexual activity, and exposure to violence (Swahn, 2012). There is a range of high-risk activities that adolescents engage in across countries. Using the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health, researchers looked at eight risk factors for students and found that decreasing health was associated with increasing numbers of risk factors (Larson, Russ, Crall, & Halfon, 2008). Risk behaviors among adolescents lead to many negative outcomes in adulthood (Hesseler & Katz, 2010). Multiple risks have a cumulative effect on children’s mental health.