cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A redox cycle with complex II prioritizes sulfide quinone oxidoreductase dependent H2S oxidation.

The dual roles of H2S as an endogenously synthesized respiratory substrate and as a toxin, raise questions as to how it is cleared when the electron transport chain is inhibited. Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) catalyzes the first step in the mitochondrial H2S oxidation pathway, using CoQ as an electron acceptor, and connects to the electron transport chain at the level of complex III. We have discovered that at high H2S concentrations, which are known to inhibit complex IV, a new redox cycle is established between SQOR and complex II, operating in reverse. Under these conditions, the purine nucleotide cycle and the malate aspartate shuttle furnish fumarate, which supports complex II reversal and leads to succinate accumulation. Complex II knockdown in colonocytes decreases the efficiency of H2S clearance while targeted knockout of complex II in intestinal epithelial cells significantly decreases the levels of thiosulfate, a biomarker of H2S oxidation, to approximately one third of the values seen in serum and urine samples from control mice. These data establish the physiological relevance of this newly discovered redox circuitry between SQOR and complex II for prioritizing H2S oxidation and reveal the quantitatively significant contribution of intestinal epithelial cells to systemic H2S metabolism.
Freezing of supercooled water drops on cold solid substrates: initiation and mechanism

Drops of liquid are placed on substrates having temperatures below the melting point of the liquids (supercooling). All well-known stages of cooling and freezing (supercooling–recalescence–main solidification–ice cooling) of water drops on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces were observed using a k-type thermocouple and an IR camera. Duration of the main solidification and the ice cooling stages were found to be dependent on the drop size. However, no conclusive relationship can be made regarding the duration of the supercooling stage with the drop size and the surface hydrophobicity. Using an IR camera, we observed that the solidification initiation of the main drop, which corresponds to the supercooling stage duration, is triggered by the erratic wave-like recalescence front of the surrounding condensed microdrops. The nucleation always initiates from the trijunction and propagates into the drop volume with different structural morphologies determined by temperatures and surface hydrophobicity of the substrate. The recalescence front speed of the main drop varies from 50 to 150 mm/s with supercooling temperatures.
Aeromonas Distribution and Survival in a Thermally Altered Lake

Par Pond is a thermally enriched monomictic southeastern lake which receives heated effluent from a production nuclear reactor. Fish populations in the lake have lesions of epizooty from which Aeromonas spp. are readily isolated. Distribution and population densities of Aeromonas in the water column were measured along an oxygen and temperature gradient as well as seasonally. Greater population densities of Aeromonas occurred below the oxygen chemocline when the lake was stratified. Survival of Aeromonas hydrophila under in situ conditions in both epilimnetic and hypolimnetic waters was determined through the use of polycarbonate membrane diffusion chambers during two separate reactor operating conditions. Survival levels of pure cultures of A. hydrophila corresponded to the distribution patterns of the naturally occurring Aeromonas-like populations. The greater survival of A. hydrophila during full reactor operation suggests that the fish populations may be exposed to Aeromonas for a longer period of time than when the reactor is not operating.
Statistical complexity of simple one-dimensional spin systems

We present exact results for two complementary measures of spatial structure generated by one-dimensional spin systems with finite-range interactions. The first, excess entropy, measures the apparent spatial memory stored in configurations. The second, statistical complexity, measures the amount of memory needed to optimally predict the chain of spin values in configurations. These statistics capture distinct properties and are different from existing thermodynamic quantities.
Discrete growth, real output, and inflation: An additive perspective on the index number problem

This paper examines the problem of estimating real output and inflation using index numbers that are related to nominal output change through addition rather than multiplication. This approach to the development of index numbers is consistent with the manner in which nominal output actually evolves through time relative to some base year. Formulas for additive measures of real output and inflation that accurately capture the relative impacts of price and output change on nominal output are derived, and their use in separating real and nominal effects is illustrated and compared with standard indices. The additive approach is also used to understand the nature of formula bias in some traditional index numbers. Finally, through the test approach, the indices presented in this paper have a number of appealing properties.
Purification and properties of molecular-weight variants of human placental alkaline phosphatase.

1. Alkaline phosphatase of human placenta was purified by a procedure involving homogenization with tris buffer, pH8·6, extraction with butanol, ammonium sulphate fractionation, exposure to heat, ethanol fractionation, gel filtration, triethylaminoethylcellulose anion-exchange chromatography, continuous curtain electrophoresis on paper and equilibrium dialysis. Methods for both laboratory-scale and large-scale preparation were devised. 2. Two major molecular-weight variants designated A and B were separated by molecular sieving with Sephadex G-200 and variant A was purified 4000-fold. 3. Variant B, which comes off the Sephadex G-200 column before variant A, is the electrophoretically slower-moving species on starch gel and is quite heterogeneous. 4. Purified variant A was fairly homogeneous on the basis of electrophoretic studies on starch gel and Sephadex gel, ultracentrifugation and immunodiffusion. 5. The respective molecular weights for variants A and B were 70000 and over 200000 on the basis of sucrose-density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Variant A exhibited a sedimentation coefficient of 4·2s. 6. Crystalline variant B could be converted into fast-moving variant A and vice versa. 7. Kinetic studies indicated no difference between the two variants. These include linear rates of hydrolysis, pH optimum, Michaelis constants and uncompetitive stereospecific l-phenylalanine inhibition. 8. The amino acid compositions of variants A and B and of placental albumin were determined.
The Development of the Inductive Database System VINLEN: A Review of Current Research

Current research on the VINLEN inductive database system is briefly reviewed and illustrated by selected results. The goal of research on VINLEN is to develop a methodology for deeply integrating a wide range of knowledge generation operators with a relational database and a knowledge base. The current system has already integrated an AQ learning system for generating attributional rules in two modes: theory formation, in which generated rules are consistent and complete with regard to data, and pattern discovery, in which generated rules represent strong patterns, not necessarily consistent or complete. It also has integrated a conceptual clustering module for splitting data into conceptual classes, and providing descriptions of those classes. Preliminary data management and knowledge visualization operators, such as the intelligent target data generator (ITG) and concept association graph display, have also been integrated. To facilitate an easy interaction with the system, a user-oriented visual interface has been implemented. An example of results from applying VINLEN to a medical problem domain is presented to illustrate VINLEN knowledge discovery and representation capabilities.
The location of pretreatment hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign predicts the outcome of intraarterial thrombectomy for acute stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intraarterial (IA) mechanical thrombectomy has an excellent recanalization rate but does not always correlate with good clinical outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) on preintervention nonenhanced CT (NECT) predicts IA therapy outcome for acute stroke. METHODS Data were abstracted from our Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke database. Patients with occlusion in ICA, MCA, or MCA M2 branches who underwent IA therapy were included. RESULTS Among 126 patients who underwent IA treatment, 64 (51%) had hyperdense M1 MCA sign (M1 HMCAS), 11 (9%) had hyperdense M2, and 51 (40%) had No HMCAS (NHMCAS).M1 HMCAS and NHMCAS group has comparable baseline stroke severity and infarct volume (P > .05); and the differences of favorable outcome (modified Rankin Score 0-2) at 30 days were not significant (21% vs. 30%, P = .259). For those with HMCAS, favorable 30-day outcome was most frequent in Distal HMCAS (39%), followed by hyperdense M2 (27%), HMCAS proximal (11%), and HMCAS full length (0%). CONCLUSIONS For acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion, the lack of HMCAS on NECT does not predict favorable outcome after IA therapy. Among those with HMCAS, proximal and longer HMCAS predicts unfavorable outcome.
Neutron Diffusion in a Temperature Gradient

>The space energy distribution of neutrons diffusing in a source-free, nonabsorbing medium possessing a temperature gradient is obtained by solving the appropriate Boltzmann equation to a second order approximation using the expansion technique of Chipman and Enskog. The medium is assumed to possess a locally Maxwellian energy distributlon and the neutron scattering is taken to be isotropic in the laboratory system of coordinates. It is found that the neutron current is increased in the direction of a negative temperature gradient and the thermal diffusion transport coefflcient is evaluated as a function of the mass of the moderator nuclei. For the case of infinite mass nuclei, the results correspond to the kinetic theory model of a Knudsen gas in a binary Lorentzian gas mixture. An analysis of the results is carried out in the framework of the thermodynamic theory of coupled irreversible processes. (auth)
Judicious Use of Multiple Hypothesis Tests

: When analyzing a table of statistical results, one must first decide whether adjustment of significance levels is appropriate. If the main goal is hypothesis generation or initial screening for potential conservation problems, then it may be appropriate to use the standard comparisonwise significance level to avoid Type II errors (not detecting real differences or trends). If the main goal is rigorous testing of a hypothesis, however, then an adjustment for multiple tests is needed. To control the familywise Type I error rate (the probability of rejecting at least one true null hypothesis), sequential modifications of the standard Bonferroni method, such as Holm's method, will provide more statistical power than the standard Bonferroni method. Additional power may be achieved through procedures that control the false discovery rate (FDR) (the expected proportion of false positives among tests found to be significant). Holm's sequential Bonferroni method and two FDR-controlling procedures were applied to the results of multiple-regression analyses of the relationship between habitat variables and the abundance of 25 species of forest birds in Japan, and the FDR-controlling procedures provided considerably greater statistical power. Resumen: Al analizar una tabla de resultados estadisticos, primero se debe decidir si el ajuste de niveles de significancia es adecuado. Si la meta principal es la generacion de hipotesis o la seleccion inicial de problemas de conservacion potenciales, entonces puede ser apropiado utilizar el nivel de significancia estandar de comparacion para evitar errores de Tipo II (no detectar diferencias reales o tendencias). Sin embargo, si la meta principal es probar una hipotesis rigurosamente, entonces se requiere un ajuste para pruebas multiples. Para controlar la tasa error de Tipo I (la probabilidad de rechazar por lo menos a una hipotesis nula verdadera) modificaciones secuenciales del metodo Bonferroni estandar, como el metodo de Holm, proporcionaran mas poder estadistico que el metodo Bonferroni estandar. Se puede obtener poder adicional por medio de procedimientos que controlan la tasa de descubrimiento falso (la proporcion esperada de falsos positivos entre pruebas que resulta significativa). Se aplicaron el metodo Bonferroni secuencial de Holm y dos procedimientos de tasa de descubrimiento falso (TDF) a los resultados de analisis de regresion multiple de la relacion entre variables de habitat y abundancia de 25 especies de aves de bosque en Japon, y los procedimientos de control de TDF proporcionaron considerablemente mayor poder estadistico.
SAMPEX Observations of Energetic Hydrogen Isotopes in the Inner Zone

We report observations of geomagnetically-trapped hydrogen isotopes at low altitudes, near the feet of field lines in the inner zone, made with the PET instrument aboard the SAMPEX satellite. We have mapped protons from 19 to 500 MeV, and have discovered a collocated belt of deuterons, which we have mapped from 18 to 58 MeV/nucleon. We found deuterium at about 1% of the level of the proton flux at the same energy per nucleon, and no tritium at energies of tens of MeV/nucleon with an upper limit of about 0.1% of the proton flux. Protons and deuterons showed similar time dependence, with fluxes approximately tripling from July 1992 to March 1996, and similar pitch-angle dependence. The high-L limits of the proton and deuteron belts as functions of energy were organized by rigidity, as was to be expected if these limits were set for both species by inability of particles to sustain adiabatic motion and stable trapping.
Assessing the Efficacy of Armed-Forces Recruitment Advertising: A Reasoned-Action Approach

SUMMARY In an all-volunteer military service system, advertising is expected to fulfill a vital role in lead generation, which ultimately influences enlistment. The present study employed the theory of reasoned action to assess the efficacy of U.S. Naval recruitment commercials on relevant behavioral beliefs, social norms, interest, and behavioral intention. As expected, exposure to the commercials significantly enhanced beliefs toward the Navy, but Structural Equation Modeling revealed that exposure failed to enhance the influence of beliefs on interest in the Navy, with only social norms exerting a strong influence. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Creating and sharing clinical decision support content with Web 2.0

Clinical decision support is a powerful tool for improving healthcare quality and patient safety. However, developing a comprehensive package of decision support interventions is costly and difficult. If used well, Web 2.0 methods may make it easier and less costly to develop decision support. Web 2.0 is characterized by online communities, open sharing, interactivity and collaboration. Although most previous attempts at sharing clinical decision support content have worked outside of the Web 2.0 framework, several initiatives are beginning to use Web 2.0 to share and collaborate on decision support content. We present case studies of three efforts: the Clinfowiki, a world-accessible wiki for developing decision support content; Partners Healthcare eRooms, web-based tools for developing decision support within a single organization; and Epic Systems Corporation's Community Library, a repository for sharing decision support content for customers of a single clinical system vendor. We evaluate the potential of Web 2.0 technologies to enable collaborative development and sharing of clinical decision support systems through the lens of three case studies; analyzing technical, legal and organizational issues for developers, consumers and organizers of clinical decision support content in Web 2.0. We believe the case for Web 2.0 as a tool for collaborating on clinical decision support content appears strong, particularly for collaborative content development within an organization.
Hepatic expression of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector C in obese subjects is reduced by marked weight loss.

The hepatic expression of the cell death–inducing DNA fragmentation factor A–like effector family (CIDEA, CIDEB, and CIDEC) genes is markedly upregulated in mouse models of obesity. We evaluated the expression of CIDE genes in liver of obese human subjects undergoing gastric bypass surgery (GBS), at the time of surgery and again 1 year later when subjects had lost 37.6 ± 1.4% of their initial body weight. At the time of GBS, the expression of CIDEA (r2 = 0.20, P = 0.04) and CIDEC (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.01) was strongly correlated with BMI, whereas CIDEB was not (r2 = 0.01, P = 0.81). One year after surgery, CIDEC expression had declined over 60% (P = 0.02), whereas CIDEA expression did not change (P = 0.20). These data demonstrate that, consistent with previous studies conducted in rodents, hepatic expression of CIDEA and CIDEC, but not CIDEB, is increased in obese humans. Moreover, the hepatic expression of CIDEC is downregulated by marked weight loss.
Characteristics of an In Vitro Dental Pellicle

Procedures developed for in vitro pellicle formation in intact enamel proved useful for relating qualitiative characteristics of dental pellicle to a number of factors. Coronal surfaces of extracted human molars from experimental and control groups were pumiced, sterilized, and incubated for two hours at 37 C in parotid saliva and distilled water, respectively. Pellicle proteins were desorbed sequentially with water and 0.2 M sodium phosphate, with a pH of 7.0. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the desorbates yielded distinct patterns, indicating selective adsorption of proteins from saliva, varying affinity to enamel, and the presence of proteins not acquired in vitro from saliva. Certain pellicle components, including amylase and IgA, showed a relatively weak affinity for enamel and were eluted in part by water; other proteins were desorbed only by phosphate buffer. Anionic electropherograms of the phosphate desorbates showed an increase in the two most anodic proteins relative to corresponding salivary bands. An intense anodic protein and two minor bands were eluted by water or buffer from the surface of control as well as experimental teeth but not from teeth coated with sealants. Serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase were identified as components of the extra-salivary material. Further investigation of the sources and functions of the constituents of the protein layer generally considered as "acquired" dental pellicle appears warranted.
Proton and hydrogen currents in photosynthetic water oxidation

The photosynthetic processes that lead to water oxidation involve an evolution in time from photon dynamics to photochemically-driven electron transfer to coupled electron/proton chemistry. The redox-active tyrosine, YZ, is the component at which the proton currents necessary for water oxidation are switched on. The thermodynamic and kinetic implications of this function for YZ are discussed. These considerations also provide insight into the related roles of YZ in preserving the high photochemical quantum efficiency in Photosystem II (PSII) and of conserving the highly oxidizing conditions generated by the photochemistry in the PSII reaction center. The oxidation of YZ by P a can be described well by a treatment that invokes proton coupling within the context of non-adiabatic electron transfer. The reduction of Y Z , however, appears to proceed by an adiabatic process that may have hydrogen-atom transfer character. fl 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Survival of the Fittest: The Evolution of U.S. Military Command and Control Structures During and After the Cold War

Military command-and-control structures must adapt to the security environment in which they operate. Following World War II, U.S. command and control evolved to meet the conditions of the postwar era, with mixed results. Sixty years later, the international system has again changed significantly. Military command-and-control structures must evolve accordingly, placing particular emphasis on establishing a less centralized, task-oriented approach to operational leadership and decision making.
Magnetoresistance of a Permalloy Single Crystal and Effect of 3 d Orbital Degeneracies

The electrical resistance of single crystals of the alloy 15% Fe-85% Ni has been measured at 20, 77, and 299\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, in a transverse or longitudinal magnetic field sufficient to cause ferromagnetic saturation. The current is parallel to a $〈100〉$, $〈110〉$, or $〈111〉$ direction. At 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, a change in orientation of the magnetization causes changes of resistivity reaching 30%. The temperature variation of the phenomenological D\"oring coefficients ${k}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{k}_{5}$ follows largely from their dependence on the type of scattering centers; the coefficients are large and positive in the case of impurity scattering alone, and are small or slightly negative in the case of phonon or magnon scattering alone. A microscopic theory has also been developed according to which conduction electrons are scattered by impurities into near-degenerate $3d$ states; these states are strongly perturbed and mixed by the interaction $A{L}_{z}{S}_{z}$. The perturbation of a near-degenerate pair of states is found to be highly anisotropic, and is possible only along a certain "polarization axis." Two different models reproduce correctly most features of the experimental data and are consistent with cubic symmetry. In the first model, the polarization axes are assumed to be parallel to the fourfold cubic axes of the crystal, and spin-orbit perturbation is assumed to decrease the probability of being scattered into a state of the pair. In the other model, the polarization axes are along the threefold cubic axes, and spin-orbit interaction increases the scattering probability. In both models, it is necessary to assume that the spin-orbit perturbation of a pair is large and nonlinear (because of the near degeneracy), in such a way that it tends to saturate at an almost constant value. Calculations of impurity scattering are made in the Slater-Koster approximation. The theory is then extended to show that the validity and success of these two models is actually independent of whether the $A{L}_{z}{S}_{z}$ interaction or the $A ({L}_{x}{S}_{x}+{L}_{y}{S}_{y})$ interaction is the perturbing agent.
Wheat germ oil (vitamin E) in the treatment of congenital nonobstructive hydrocephalus

N UMEROUS methods of therapy, nonsurgical and surgical, some of them very ingenious, have been suggested in the past for the treatment of this disorder. The nonsurgical methods were aimed primarily at the dehydration of the central nervous system through repeated lumbar punctures, ~ the use of hypertonic solutions intravenously or rectally, 2 or the administration of the xanthine group of drugs for the purpose of increasing elimination of fluids through the urinary system2 None of these methods have proved satisfactory except in isolated instances. The surgical procedures in most patients followed Dandy's ~ original method of destroying the choroid plexus in the ventricles or Heile's ~ ingenious but unsatisfactory operation of ureterodural anastomosis. Dandy's operation has been modified by Putnam ~ and Searff ~ by substituting electrocoagulation for actuM resection of the plexus. While the operation entails a high operative mortality, s the results in Putnam's larger series of cases have appeared to offer fair success in selected cases. Whether the arrest of the hydrocephalus was due directly to the destruction of the plexus or was caused by a readjustment for the better of the hematoencephalie barrier as a result of the operation is uncertain. It is known, however, that occasionally an arrest of a progressive hydrocephalus does occur through a spontaneous adjustment of the spinal fluid secretion absorption mechanisms.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF RAPIDLY QUENCHED LITHIUM-SILICATE GLASSES

Li2O-SiO2 glasses with high Li2O content (33-62 mole% Li2O) were prepared by a twin roller quench apparatus, and their electrical characteristics were measured as function of temperature. Glass specimens with conductivity as high as 10-5Ω-1cm-1 at room temperature were obtained. As far as d.c. conductivity was concerned, rapid quenching was equivalent to increasing the alkali content. On the other hand, the quenching rate had little influence on high frequency (or low temperature) electrical characteristics. This suggests that the quenching rate affects mainly the long range motion of alkali ions.
Towards an Evolutionary Model of Animal-Associated Microbiomes

Second-generation sequencing technologies have granted us greater access to the diversity and genetics of microbial communities that naturally reside endo- and ecto-symbiotically with animal hosts. Substantial research has emerged describing the diversity and broader trends that exist within and between host species and their associated microbial ecosystems, yet the application of these data to our evolutionary understanding of microbiomes appears fragmented. For the most part biological perspectives are based on limited observations of oversimplified communities, while mathematical and/or computational modeling of these concepts often lack biological precedence. In recognition of this disconnect, both fields have attempted to incorporate ecological theories, although their applicability is currently a subject of debate because most ecological theories were developed based on observations of macro-organisms and their ecosystems. For the purposes of this review, we attempt to transcend the biological, ecological and computational realms, drawing on extensive literature, to forge a useful framework that can, at a minimum be built upon, but ideally will shape the hypotheses of each field as they move forward. In evaluating the top-down selection pressures that are exerted on a microbiome we find cause to warrant reconsideration of the much-maligned theory of multi-level selection and reason that complexity must be underscored by modularity.
Mercury and methylmercury stream concentrations in a Coastal Plain watershed: A multi-scale simulation analysis

Abstract Mercury is a ubiquitous global environmental toxicant responsible for most US fish advisories. Processes governing mercury concentrations in rivers and streams are not well understood, particularly at multiple spatial scales. We investigate how insights gained from reach-scale mercury data and model simulations can be applied at broader watershed scales using a spatially and temporally explicit watershed hydrology and biogeochemical cycling model, VELMA. We simulate fate and transport using reach-scale (0.1 km2) study data and evaluate applications to multiple watershed scales. Reach-scale VELMA parameterization was applied to two nested sub-watersheds (28 km2 and 25 km2) and the encompassing watershed (79 km2). Results demonstrate that simulated flow and total mercury concentrations compare reasonably to observations at different scales, but simulated methylmercury concentrations are out-of-phase with observations. These findings suggest that intricacies of methylmercury biogeochemical cycling and transport are under-represented in VELMA and underscore the complexity of simulating mercury fate and transport.
Demonstration of Multi- and Single-Reader Sample Size Program for Diagnostic Studies software

The recently released software Multi- and Single-Reader Sample Size Sample Size Program for Diagnostic Studies, written by Kevin Schartz and Stephen Hillis, performs sample size computations for diagnostic reader-performance studies. The program computes the sample size needed to detect a specified difference in a reader performance measure between two modalities, when using the analysis methods initially proposed by Dorfman, Berbaum, and Metz (DBM) and Obuchowski and Rockette (OR), and later unified and improved by Hillis and colleagues. A commonly used reader performance measure is the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve. The program can be used with typical common reader-performance measures which can be estimated parametrically or nonparametrically. The program has an easy-to-use step-by-step intuitive interface that walks the user through the entry of the needed information. Features of the software include the following: (1) choice of several study designs; (2) choice of inputs obtained from either OR or DBM analyses; (3) choice of three different inference situations: both readers and cases random, readers fixed and cases random, and readers random and cases fixed; (4) choice of two types of hypotheses: equivalence or noninferiority; (6) choice of two output formats: power for specified case and reader sample sizes, or a listing of case-reader combinations that provide a specified power; (7) choice of single or multi-reader analyses; and (8) functionality in Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.
Maintenance scheduling for a manufacturing system of machines with adjustable throughput

This paper considers the problem of analyzing and optimizing joint schedules of maintenance and throughput adjustment operations in manufacturing systems. The purpose of joint scheduling of maintenance and throughput changing operations is to maximize the cost benefits of maintenance operations in manufacturing systems in which some or all of the machines can execute their function under different process settings, resulting in different machine and system throughputs. Such a capability enables one to strategically slow down more degraded machines or accelerate freshly maintained machines so that production targets can be met and maintenance operations can be offset to times when they are less intrusive on the manufacturing process. A Monte-Carlo-simulation-based method is proposed for the evaluation of cost effectiveness of any schedule of maintenance and throughput changing operations, and a genetic-algorithm-based method is proposed to enable searching for schedules that would maximize the cost benefit...
The ability of hapten-conjugated cells to induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity is affected by the mode of hapten linkage.

Abstract Spleen cells from C57 B 1 6 mice were modified with varying concentrations of several haptens coupled in different ways, then assayed for their ability to induce a cytotoxic response against hapten-modified target cells when cocultured with syngeneic spleen cells. Haptens such as TNBS, DNBS, Fl-NCS, and AB-NCS which couple via the ϵ-amino groups of lysine were all capable of generating high levels of cytotoxicity when tested against hapten-coupled syngeneic tumor. One hapten, DNBM, which coupled via -COOH groups was effective in generating cell-mediated cytotoxicity. By contrast, similar haptens such as ABA and DNBA which couple as diazonium salts via tyrosine and histidine groups were not found to generate cytotoxic responses over wide ranges of concentrations. Possible explanations are discussed.
The Development of Prejudice and Sex Role Stereotyping in White Adolescents and White Young Adults

White male and female predominantly suburban students in grades 7, 9, 11, and college were given questionnaires that assessed sex-role stereotyping, prejudice against gay males and lesbians, persons with the HIV or AIDS virus, and African Americans. On all measures at all ages, males were more prejudiced and sex-role stereotyped than females. Gay and lesbian prejudice declined with increasing age; race prejudice remained relatively stable during high school, but increased in college; whereas HIV/AIDS prejudice remained relatively flat with increasing age. No systematic age-related patterns of prejudice change were observed. Male and female sex-role stereotyping were positively and equally correlated with all four types of prejudice. Additionally, with the exception of gay and lesbian prejudice, intercorrelations among prejudice types were approximately the same. These findings support the view that a characteristic of intolerance for deviations from social norms underlies commonalities of stereotyping and prejudice in adolescence.
Hematologic characteristics of proliferative glomerulonephritides with nonorganized monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits.

Abstract Objective To study the hematologic characteristics of proliferative glomerulonephritides (GNs) from nonorganized glomerular monoclonal immunoglobulin (MIg) deposition (MIPG). Patients and Methods The pathology database at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) was used to find patients with MIPG who underwent a kidney biopsy between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2013. Retrospective medical record review was conducted in the identified cohort (N=60). Results The median patient age was 56 years (interquartile range, 47-62 years) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was 36 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (interquartile range, 22-52 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). Most patients had IgG MIg deposits (90%; 54 of 60) and a membranoproliferative pattern (48%; 29 of 60). A circulating nephropathic MIg was detected by serum immunofixation (SIFE + ) in 20% (12 of 59) and by abnormal serum free light chain ratio (sFLCR + ) in 21% (12 of 56). The subsets of SIFE + and sFLCR + incompletely overlapped. The nephropathic clone was found by bone marrow testing (BM + ) in 25% (10 of 40; 6 plasma cell clones [5 IgG; 1 IgA], 3 chronic lymphocytic leukemia [all IgG], and 1 lymphoplasmacytic clone [IgM]). The clone detection rate was significantly higher in patients with SIFE + ( P + and/or sFLCR + ( P + and BM + frequently had IgG1-restricted MIg deposits on renal biopsy immunofluorescence ( P =.005). Most BM + patients required flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis of the marrow specimen for accurate diagnosis. Conclusion Undetectable circulating nephropathic MIg and pathologic clones characterize most MIPG. Immunoglobulin isotype may predict detectability of MIg and clone by currently available technology. Bone marrow evaluation, including flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis, should be performed for SIFE + and/or sFLCR + . More sensitive clone-identifying techniques in the marrow and extramedullary tissue are needed when SIFE and sFLCR test negative.
Incidence and Outcome of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Using National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a common complication after stem cell transplant (SCT), has an impact on morbidity and survival. Previous classification of cGVHD has not been reproducible or prognostic for nonrelapse mortality (NRM). Recently the National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria were proposed, but the ability of this classification to predict outcome of various subtypes of cGVHD is unknown. Patients (N = 110) undergoing an SCT for a hematologic malignancy and surviving until day 100 posttransplant from 2001 to 2003 were studied. The overall survival (OS) using a landmark analysis at day 100 was 44% versus 66% (no GVHD vs. GVHD, P = .026). The OS of patients with various types of GVHD as proposed by the NIH criteria were significantly different (P < .0001). In a univariate analyses, this was more apparent when patients with any acute features of GVHD were compared to classic cGVHD (3-year OS 46% vs. 68%, P = .033). The 3-year NRM for the entire cohort was 21%, and was not affected by presence or absence of GVHD or subtypes of GVHD. In a multivariable analysis, extensive cGVHD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.35, P = .015) and having any acute feature of GVHD after day 100 (HR 3.36, P = .0144) were significant independent predictors of survival. The OS with different NIH subtypes of GVHD after day 100 from SCT varies, and is superior for patients with classic cGVHD.
CLINICAL MODELS OF CHEMOPREVENTION FOR THE ESOPHAGUS

The two principal types of esophageal cancer are (1) adenocarcinoma, derived from Barrett's metaplasia, and (2) squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from epithelial dysplasia. Adenocarcinoma occurs frequently in the United States and rarely in the Middle East and far eastern countries, whereas the opposite is true for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Both cancers have a poor prognosis. Chemoprevention is likely to be a viable approach to reduce the incidence of and mortality from these diseases. Approaches for the chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are presented in this article, and they address events associated with both the initiation and promotion/progression stages of these diseases. The results of completed trials for the chemoprevention of these cancers are summarized, and suggestions are made for future trials involving additional strategies and endpoints.
Comparisons of sol-gel-derived thin films with monoliths in a multicomponent silicate glass system☆

Abstract A sol-gel process was used to produce glasses of the composition (wt.%) 66% SiO 2 -18%B 2 O 3 -7%Al 2 O 3 -3%BaO-6%Na 2 O. Monolithic samples of this composition were made by gelling concentrated solutions (12% equivalent oxides). Thin films were prepared by dipping soda-lime glass substrates into dilute solutions (2%) equivalent oxides). The densification of both the monolithic gels and the thin films was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis combined with dilatometry (monoliths) and ellipsometry (films). The pore structures and refractive indices of both films and monoliths were also investigated as functions of the gel-to-glass conversion temperature. Although for the same heat treatment most film properties showed trends similar to those for monolithic samples, film properties generally exhibited values which corresponded to a more compact structure, i.e. higher density, lower surface area and higher refractive index.
Mechanism and microstructure in the free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloride: Head-to-head addition revisited

The recent realization that 1,2-dichloroethyl branches occur in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has now led to a full description of the chemical consequences of head-to-head addition during the free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloride (VC). A kinetic analysis of the relevant reaction scheme is developed here and then verified with the aid of literature values for the branch concentrations of PVC samples prepared by polymerization at subsaturation VC pressures. The analysis allows the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) Kinetically free chlorine atoms are not formed from polymeric -CHCl-CH-CH2Cl or -CH2-CH-CHCl-CH2Cl radicals. Loss of chlorine from these radicals results exclusively, instead, from β scission reactions that transfer chlorine directly to the monomer and are kinetically second-order, overall. (2) The monomer transfer constant that pertains to the transfer occurring after head-to-head addition is, indeed, a true constant that is independent of the concentration of VC. (3) In conventional bulk or suspension VC polymerizations, the rates of the propagation reactions are not controlled by diffusion, even at conversions of ca. 90%. (4) A second type of monomer transfer process probably is responsible for the reductions in polymer molecular weight that result from polymerization at subsaturation VC pressures. This transfer pathway involves the inter- and/or intramolecular abstraction of methylene hydrogen from the polymer by the ordinary head-to-tail macroradicals. The resultant β-chloroalkyl radicals then transfer chlorine to VC by β scission.
Experimental measurement and numerical modeling of the effective thermal conductivity of TRISO fuel compacts

Abstract Accurate modeling capability of thermal conductivity of tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel compacts is important to fuel performance modeling and safety of Generation IV reactors. To date, the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of TRISO fuel compacts has not been measured directly. The composite fuel is a complicated structure comprised of layered particles in a graphite matrix. In this work, finite element modeling is used to validate an analytic ETC model for application to the composite fuel material for particle-volume fractions up to 40%. The effect of each individual layer of a TRISO particle is analyzed showing that the overall ETC of the compact is most sensitive to the outer layer constituent. In conjunction with the modeling results, the thermal conductivity of matrix–graphite compacts and the ETC of surrogate TRISO fuel compacts have been successfully measured using a previously developed measurement system. The ETC of the surrogate fuel compacts varies between 50 and 30 W m−1 K−1 over a temperature range of 50–600 °C. As a result of the numerical modeling and experimental measurements of the fuel compacts, a new model and approach for analyzing the effect of compact constituent materials on ETC is proposed that can estimate the fuel compact ETC with approximately 15–20% more accuracy than the old method. Using the ETC model with measured thermal conductivity of the graphite matrix-only material indicate that, in the composite form, the matrix material has a much greater thermal conductivity, which is attributed to the high anisotropy of graphite thermal conductivity. Therefore, simpler measurements of individual TRISO compact constituents combined with an analytic ETC model, will not provide accurate predictions of overall ETC of the compacts emphasizing the need for measurements of composite, surrogate compacts.
HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDHOOD. I. BASAL METABOLIC RATE, SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND URINARY CREATINE BEFORE TREATMENT1

THYROID DEFICIENCY during childhood often gives rise to physical signs which can be readily recognised. Growth is delayed, the ossification of the epiphyseal cartilages and the eruption of teeth are delayed, the proportions of the upper and lower skeletal segments remain those of a younger child, the nasoorbital configuration fails to mature as in the normal child so that the bridge of the nose remains broad and flat as in the infant. The skin and hair sometimes, but not always, show the changes similar to those of adult myxedema. The lowered metabolism is manifested in mental and physical torpor and a sluggish peripheral circulation, causing pallor of the skin. It is apparent that many of the physical signs upon which the diagnoses of hypothyroidism in childhood depend are due to the retardationor distortion of normal proc esses of growth and development occurring over a considerable period of time. The occurrence of these signs, or their severity, depends upon the age of the patient when thyroid deficie...
The Predatory Behavior of Dileptus anser

SYNOPSIS. A motion picture study of the feeding behavior of Dileptus anser upon Colpidium campylum revealed that feeding begins shortly before dawn (about 4:30 a.m. Pacific DST in July and August) and continues until bright daylight, terminating sharply between 8:30 and 9:00 a.m. Little or no feeding occurs at any other time during a 24 hr cycle. A “biological clock” phenomenon is suggested, but was not further investigated. Attack by Dileptus often results in “escape” behavior by Colpidium. When struck (usually antero-dorsally), the latter rotates, usually adhering to the microscope slide at the end which was struck, constricting the undamaged part of the body, pulling free, swimming off and regenerating if not again struck by Dileptus. After successive attacks and feeding, the proboscis of Dileptus becomes adhesive and sticks to the microscope slide near its tip. Dileptus jerks the proboscis free, sacrificing the attached portion. Several successive such truncations may occur as Dileptus feeds, so that at the end of a feeding period only a stub of the proboscis may remain. The entire proboscis is regenerated before the next feeding period begins. Ingestion of Colpidium by Dileptus appears to involve 2-way streaming of cytoplasm which results in a retreat of cytoplasm from the region of the cytostome toward the rear, forming an ingestion cavity. The cytostome simultaneously opens widely to accommodate passage of prey, even before the prey reaches the cytostome, and is often opened wider than the diameter of the prey. Ingestion is assumed to involve protoplasmic movements other than those only of the fibrillar organelles in the region of the cytostome.
Do some patients with fragile X syndrome have precocious puberty

We report on an 8 1/2-year-old white girl with fra (X) syndrome; she had mental deficiency, hyperactivity, speech disturbances, slightly prominent ears, mild joint laxity and 20% fra (X) expression. Additional findings include idiopathic precocious puberty and a right ovarian cyst. Ovarian cysts have been reported previously in heterozygous females, but to our knowledge idiopathic precocious puberty is a new finding in this syndrome. Whether precocious puberty is a coincidental finding in this patient or a previously unreported manifestation of the fra (X) syndrome is not clear.
A partial solution of the Pompeiu problem

A nonempty bounded open subset D of ℝ n is said to have the Pompeiu property if and only if for every continuous complex-valued function f on ℝ n which does not vanish identically there is a rigid motion σ of ℝ n onto itself — taking D onto σ(D) — such that the integral of f over σ(D) is not zero. This article gives a partial solution of the Pompeiu problem, the problem of finding all sets D with the Pompeiu property. In the special case that D is the interior of a homeomorphic image of an(n−1)-dimensional sphere, the main result states that if D has a portion of an(n−1)-dimensional real analytic surface on its boundary, then either D has the Pompeiu property or any connected real analytic extension of the surface also lies on the boundary of D. Thus, for example, any such region D having a portion of a hyperplane as part of its boundary must have the Pompeiu property, since the entire hyperplane cannot lie in the boundary of the bounded set D.
Agroforestry systems in North America

Agroforestry systems in North America vary widely in terms of components (tree, forb, graminoid, and shrub species) and outputs. Most of the agroforestry systems used in North America have emphasized wood and livestock production. The objective of each system has been to produce annual and long term economic returns and sustainable yields. Inputs such as fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are relatively low compared to those used in conventional agriculture. Major agroforestry system types in each of eight North American regions are described. The major species used as vegetational components in each system are enumerated by region. The numerous variations in how these components are mixed have created an almost endless number of actual systems. Management problems and solutions, economic concerns, and system comparisons have also been addressed for each region.
Backend dielectric reliability simulator for microprocessor system

Backend dielectric breakdown is one of the major sources of wearout for microprocessors. We present test data and a methodology to accurately estimate the lifetime for a microprocessor system due to backend dielectric breakdown. Our methodology incorporates activity in the nets surrounding each dielectric segment in the layout, temperature, and all layout spacings among parallel tracks. We analyze several layouts using our methodology and show the impact of backend dielectric wearout on microprocessor system lifetime.