cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Study: Equivalent Widths of the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico

Successive reaches of the Rio Grande have maintained equivalent channel widths of 50 and 250 m, respectively, over long periods of time. It is hypothesized that alluvial channels adjust bed slope to match the long-term changes in channel width. Analytical relationships show that wider river reaches develop steeper slopes. A modeling approach using daily water and sediment discharges simulates the transient evolution of bed elevation changes. The analytical and numerical models are in very good agreement with the longitudinal profile measurements of the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande, NM, from 1992 to 1999. The slope of the 50 m wide reach was 50 cm/km and the slope of the 250 m wide reach of the same river increased to 80 cm/km. This unsteady daily transient model compares well with a steady transient solution at a constant discharge close to the mean annual flow. The transient slope adjustments can also be approximated with an exponential model. Accordingly, it takes about 20-25 years for the Rio Grande to achieve about 90% of its slope adjustment.
Contemporary psychotherapy research: implications for substance misuse treatment and research.

This article provides an overview of the major findings of psychotherapy research and discusses the possible implications of these findings for substance user treatment researchers and practitioners. While the centrality of relationship for human change processes was historically understood, twentieth century research tended to see relationship and person variables as secondary to operationalized “mechanisms of action” unique to particular psychotherapies. Interestingly, recent meta-analytic investigations have uncovered the weakness of randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparison investigations that have, until recently, represented the “gold standard” for the field. There has been a resurgent interest in the “common factors” that appear to be important across many effective psychotherapies. In addition, psychiatric anthropologists have contributed important information about the problems of client noncompliance with mental health treatment that parallel quantitative investigations. Substance misuse res...
Predicting germination response to temperature. III. Model validation under field-variable temperature conditions.

•Background and Aims Two previous papers in this series evaluated model fit of eight thermal-germination models parameterized from constant-temperature germination data. The previous studies determined that model formulations with the fewest shape assumptions provided the best estimates of both germination rate and germination time. The purpose of this latest study was to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of these same models in predicting germination time and relative seedlot performance under field-variable temperature scenarios. •Methods The seeds of four rangeland grass species were germinated under 104 variable-temperature treatments simulating six planting dates at three field sites in south-western Idaho. Measured and estimated germination times for all subpopulations were compared for all models, species and temperature treatments. •Key Results All models showed similar, and relatively high, predictive accuracy for field-temperature simulations except for the iterative-probit-optimization (IPO) model, which exhibited systematic errors as a function of subpopulation. Highest efficiency was obtained with the statistical-gridding (SG) model, which could be directly parameterized by measured subpopulation rate data. Relative seedlot response predicted by thermal time coefficients was somewhat different from that estimated from mean field-variable temperature response as a function of subpopulation. •Conclusions All germination response models tested performed relatively well in estimating field-variable temperature response. IPO caused systematic errors in predictions of germination time, and may have degraded the physiological relevance of resultant cardinal-temperature parameters. Comparative indices based on expected field performance may be more ecologically relevant than indices derived from a broader range of potential thermal conditions.
Coaxial Si/anodic titanium oxide/Si nanotube arrays for lithium-ion battery anodes

Silicon (Si) has the highest known theoretical specific capacity (3,590 mAh/g for Li15Si4, and 4,200 mAh/g for Li22Si4) as a lithium-ion battery anode, and has attracted extensive interest in the past few years. However, its application is limited by poor cyclability and early capacity fading due to significant volume changes during lithiation and delithiation processes. In this work, we report a coaxial silicon/anodic titanium oxide/silicon (Si-ATO-Si) nanotube array structure grown on a titanium substrate demonstrating excellent electrochemical cyclability. The ATO nanotube scaffold used for Si deposition has many desirable features, such as a rough surface for enhanced Si adhesion, and direct contact with the Ti substrate working as current collector. More importantly, our ATO scaffold provides a rather unique advantage in that Si can be loaded on both the inner and outer surfaces, and an inner pore can be retained to provide room for Si volume expansion. This coaxial structure shows a capacity above 1,500 mAh/g after 100 cycles, with less than 0.05% decay per cycle. Simulations show that this improved performance can be attributed to the lower stress induced on Si layers upon lithiation/delithiation compared with some other recently reported Si-based nanostructures.
A Practical Superheterodyne-Receiver Detector Using Stimulated Emissions

The accurate and timely discovery of radio receivers can assist in the detection of radio-controlled explosives. Superheterodyne receivers emit low-power radio signals during normal operation. These are known as unintended emissions. In this paper, the unintended emissions of superheterodyne receivers are analyzed. Such receivers are exposed to known stimulation signals, and their behavior is measured. Recorded emissions demonstrate that it is possible to inject arbitrary signals into a radio's unintended emissions using a relatively weak stimulation signal. This effect is called stimulated emissions. A novel detection system that uses these stimulated emissions is proposed. The performance of this system is compared with passive-detection techniques using artificially generated emissions signals. The proposed system offers a 5- to 10-dB sensitivity improvement over existing techniques.
Lipid in Ripening Banana Fruit

SUMMARY: Lipid extracts were isolated from unripe and ripe banana pulp and peel and the fatty acid composition of the extracts was determined. Unsaturated acids, particularly linoleic and palmitoleic, decreased about 3-fold in the pulp while more than a 2-fold increase in stearic acid occurred. In general, unsaturated fatty acids decreased in both the pulp and peel during ripening. The peel contained almost 4 times more lipid than the pulp.
Performance of finite capacity communication and queuing systems under various service and buffer preemption policies

The authors carry out message delay and system throughput analysis for communication and telecommunications system applications which require the use of finite-capacity service systems using preemptive buffering (PB) disciplines. Such systems are of particular importance in situation where it is essential to provide short (and at times, bounded) message waiting-time delays, for messages which are selected for service. The authors analyze and compare the performance of such service systems, modeling them as finite capacity M/G/1/N queueing systems and using the service/buffering policies first-come-first-served/nonpreemptive buffering (FCFS/NPB), FCFS/PB, and last-come-first-served/preemptive buffering (LCFS/PB). They evaluate the performance tradeoffs offered by these policies, as they relate to the mean and variance of the waiting times of messages which are eventually served or eventually rejected/preempted. >
Occupy Wall Street and the Economic Imagination

This article explores the making of an expansive and expanding economic imagination in disparate Occupy sites—the Alternative Banking working group of Occupy Wall Street, the daily life of lists in Liberty Square, nee Zuccotti Park, and the work of Strike Debt. In particular, I focus on transformative possibility in unanticipated places. Where anthropology and critical theory have often sought out capitalism’s otherwises for inspiration and potential, the expansion of the economic imagination I trace here suggests that the centers constitute zones of possibility as well. I aim to show not only the conditions of possibility for a certain kind of imaginative work in the dense and seemingly definitive spaces of financial expertise but also a remarkable, and largely unrecognized, contemporary conversation around the future of banking, foreclosures, and democratized finance.
Validation of AMSR-E soil moisture algorithms with ground based networks

Validation of satellite-based soil moisture algorithms and products is particularly challenging due to the disparity of scales of the two observation methods. Validation programs for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-E (AMSR-E) instrument on the Aqua satellite is currently ongoing. As part of the AMSR-E validation activities several networks of ground based in-situ soil moisture sensors were established in research watersheds. These networks provide estimates of the average soil moisture over the watersheds and surrounding areas that approximate the size of the AMSR-E passive microwave footprint. Four watersheds in different vegetation/climate regions of the U.S. were selected. All instrumentation was installed prior to the launch of AMSR-E in 2002. There are now over five years of observations available. Quality control of the data has included short term field experiments at some of the watersheds to verify calibration and scaling. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) soil moisture products were compared to the network observations, along with an alternative algorithm. The results indicate that each algorithm has different performance statistics that depend upon the site. A positive outcome of the analysis is that it appears that the algorithms have the potential to perform within acceptable error bounds. Preliminary results indicate the single channel algorithm performs very well in all four watersheds. These results are not final because the products of both agencies are undergoing revisions. The issues addressed here are common to both current and future satellite missions.
Predicting Performance of Resolution Changes in Parallel Simulations

Multi-resolution models can be statically (i.e., before simulation) or dynamically (i.e., during simulation) abstracted to accelerate the simulations without compromising the analysis goals. However, abstractions must be carefully chosen because not all abstractions improve performance. Unfortunately, identifying performance enhancing transformations, particularly in parallel simulations, is a complex task. We have been investigating this bottleneck using a component-based, Time Warp synchronized modeling and simulation environment called WESE in which static and dynamic abstractions are performed using a methodology called Dynamic Component Substitution (DCS). Our ongoing research has resulted in further advances to a novel DCS Performance Prediction Methodology (DCSPPM). DCSPPM combines and compares platform-specific performance characteristics of components via static analysis of the model to predict performance changes due to DCS transformations. This paper presents the enhanced version of DCSPPM and experiments. Empirical evidence obtained using diverse models indicates that DCSPPM provides good estimates (error \le 5%) of the performance impacts of DCS transformations.
Does Size Really Matter? The Steric Isotope Effect in a Supramolecular Host–Guest Exchange Reaction

Isotope effects (IEs), which arise from differences in zero point energies (ZPEs) between a parent and isotopically substituted bond, have been used extensively by chemists to probe molecular interactions and reactivity. Due to the anharmonicity of the C-H/D vibrational potential energy function and the lower ZPE of a C-D bond, the average C-D bond length is typically {approx}0.005 {angstrom} shorter than an equivalent C-H bond. It is this difference in size that is often invoked to explain the observation of secondary, inverse kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in chemical processes which proceed through a sterically strained transition state. This so-called 'steric isotope effect' (SIE) has been observed in processes such as the racemization of ortho-substituted biphenyls[6] and phenanthrenes, ring flipping of cyclophanes, and more recently in the deslipping of rotaxanes, where substitution of the sterically less demanding deuterium for protium results in rate accelerations for these processes. Herein, we use deuterium substitution in a cationic guest molecule to probe the sensitivity limits of the guest exchange process from a highly-charged supramolecular host.
Performance Assessment of Bundled Carbon Nanotube for Antenna Applications at Terahertz Frequencies and Higher

The performance of bundled carbon nanotubes (BCNTs) as a conducting material for the fabrication of antennas in the terahertz frequency range and above is evaluated. The performance is compared against gold film, which is usually used for antenna fabrication. The macroscopic behavior of BCNTs is modeled by an anisotropic resistive sheet model which is extracted from the discrete circuit model of a single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT). Numerical simulations using the method of moments (MoM) and the mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) are performed to quantify radiation efficiencies of resonant strip antennas composed of BCNTs and thin gold films. For accurate high frequency simulations of antennas constructed from a thin gold layer, the Drude-Smith model is used to calculate the conductivity of gold. Simulations are carried out from 1 THz to 50 THz for conventional half-wave strip antennas. It is shown that the radiation efficiency of a BCNT antenna is consistently lower than the efficiency of a gold film antenna for BCNT equivalent density values up to 104 [CNTs/μm]. However, if equivalent density values above 104 [CNTs/μm] could ever be achieved, which are approximately 103 times higher than the currently realizable density (10 [CNTs/μm]), BCNTs would outperform thin gold film at frequencies above 1 THz.
Avoidance of unconventional oil wells and roads exacerbates habitat loss for grassland birds in the North American great plains

Abstract Oil development in the Bakken shale region has increased rapidly as a result of new technologies and strong demand for fossil fuel. This region also supports a particularly high density and diversity of grassland bird species, which are declining across North America. We examined grassland bird response to unconventional oil extraction sites (i.e. developed with hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques) and associated roads in North Dakota. Our goal was to quantify the amount of habitat that was indirectly degraded by oil development, as evidenced by patterns of avoidance by birds. Grassland birds avoided areas within 150 m of roads (95% CI: 87–214 m), 267 m of single-bore well pads (95% CI: 157–378 m), and 150 m of multi-bore well pads (95% CI: 67–233 m). Individual species demonstrated variable tolerance of well pads. Clay-colored sparrows (Spizella pallida) were tolerant of oil-related infrastructure, whereas Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii) avoided areas within 350 m (95% CI: 215–485 m) of single-bore well pads. Given these density patterns around oil wells, the potential footprint of any individual oil well, and oil development across the region, is greatly multiplied for sensitive species. Efforts to reduce new road construction, concentrate wells along developed corridors, combine numerous wells on multi-bore pads rather than build many single-bore wells, and to place well pads near existing roads will serve to minimize loss of suitable habitat for birds. Quantifying environmental degradation caused by oil development is a critical step in understanding how to better mitigate harm to wildlife populations.
In pursuit of virtual lead optimization: The role of the receptor structure and ensembles in accurate docking

Accurate ranking during in silico lead optimization is critical to drive the generation of new ligands with higher affinity, yet it is especially difficult because of the subtle changes between analogs. In order to assess the role of the structure of the receptor in delivering accurate lead ranking results, we docked a set of forty related inhibitors to structures of one species of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) derived from crystallographic, NMR solution data, and homology models. In this study, the crystal structures yielded the superior results: the compounds were placed in the active site in the conserved orientation and the docking scores for 80% percent of the compounds clustered into the same bins as the measured affinity. Single receptor structures derived from NMR data or homology models did not serve as accurate docking receptors. To our knowledge, these are the first experiments that assess ranking of homologous lead compounds using a variety of receptor structures. We then extended the study to investigate whether ensembles, either computationally or experimentally derived, of all of the single starting structures aid, hinder or have no effect on the performance of the starting template. Impressively, when ensembles of receptor structures derived from NMR data or homology models were employed, docking accuracy improved to a level equal to that of the high resolution crystal structures. The same experiments using a second species of DHFR and set of ligands confirm the results. A comparison of the structures of the individual ensemble members to the starting structures shows that the effect of the ensembles can be ascribed to protein flexibility in addition to absorption of computational error.
Sinterable Ceramic Powders from Laser‐Driven Reactions: II, Powder Characteristics and Process Variables

Si, Si3N4, and SiC powders which possess a unique set of characteristics were produced by a laser-driven gas-phase synthesis process. The powders have a fine particle size (<0.1 μm), are spherical, have a narrow range of particle sizes, are free of hard agglomerates, have a high degree of phase purity, and have a high absolute purity (<0.1% including oxygen). A detailed analysis of the physical, chemical, and crystalline characteristics of Si and Si3N4 is presented. A brief discussion of our initial work with SiC is also included. The dependence of particle characteristics on the various process parameters (laser power, cell pressure, gas composition) is discussed and related to a model of the powder-synthesis process.
Model Comparison For Three Forage Grasses At The Same Location

The extended logistic model has proven very useful in describing forage production for both warm-season and cool-season grasses since it was introduced in 1994. Work continues on identifying the linkage of model parameters with components of the physical system. In this article data from the literature for three forage grasses, Coastal and Midland bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and KY 31 tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.), grown on the same soil are used to compare model parameters. Two of the parameters relate to the genetics of the plants, while the others appear to depend upon both plant and soil properties.
Laying the Groundwork: The Constant Gardening of Community—University— School Partnerships for Postsecondary Access and Success

Collaborative efforts between school districts and higher education institutions to address access, retention, and achievement issues for underrepresented students have grown in recent years.Yet many of these university or school district—led efforts possess limited understanding of the community context for systemic change, and engage community stakeholders in limited ways.This article illuminates a national initiative’s efforts to develop local partnerships led by community organizations to influence systemic change in K-12 and higher education institutions around postsecondary access and success.
A Microfabricated Phantom for Quantitative MR Perfusion Measurements: Validation of Singular Value Decomposition Deconvolution Method

A perfusion phantom with unique features and a wide variety of applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging modalities is presented. Using microfabrication technique, a network of microchannels, in the scale of actual microvasculature, was created. The geometry of the network was determined based on Murray's “minimum work” law to simulate the hemodynamic in actual capillary networks. The perfusion-related parameters, such as flow, volume ratio, and the transit time, were precisely calculated using a finite-element method based program. These parameters were also estimated through the deconvolution of the residue function from the tissue concentration-time curve in the perfusion model. The widely accepted singular value decomposition (SVD) method in standard sSVD and reformulated rSVD forms were used for the purpose of the deconvolution and regularization. The accuracy of these methods in the presence of delay and dispersion was investigated. Comparing the estimated values to the true values, the contribution of each of these sources of error to the total error in the estimated perfusion parameters was determined.
The Sensitivity of Bank Net Interest Margins and Profitability to Credit, Interest-Rate, and Term-Structure Shocks Across Bank Product Specializations

This paper presents a dynamic model of bank behavior that explains net interest margin changes for different groups of banks in response to credit, interest-rate, and term-structure shocks. Using quarterly data from 1986 to 2003, we find that banks with different product-line specializations and asset sizes respond in predictable yet fundamentally dissimilar ways to these shocks. Banks in most bank groups are sensitive in varying degrees to credit, interest-rate, and term-structure shocks. Large and more diversified banks seem to be less sensitive to interest- rate and term-structure shocks, but more sensitive to credit shocks. We also find that the composition of assets and liabilities, in terms of their repricing frequencies, helps amplify or moderate the effects of changes and volatility in short-term interest rates on bank net interest margins, depending on the direction of the repricing mismatch. We also analyze subsample periods that represent different legislative, regulatory, and economic environments and find that most banks continue to be sensitive to credit, interest-rate, and term-structure shocks. However, the sensitivity to term-structure shocks seems to have lessened over time for certain groups of banks, although the results are not universal. In addition, our results show that banks in general are not able to hedge fully against interest-rate volatility. The sensitivity of net interest margins to interest-rate volatility for different groups of banks varies across subsample periods; this varying sensitivity could reflect interest-rate regime shifts as well as the degree of hedging activities and market competition. Finally, by investigating the sensitivity of ROA to interest-rate and credit shocks, we have some evidence that banks of different specializations were able to price actual and expected changes in credit risk more efficiently in the recent period than in previous periods. These results also demonstrate that banks of all specializations try to offset adverse changes in net interest margins so as to mute their effect on reported after-tax earnings.
Particle Acceleration at Shocks: Insights from Supernova Remnant Shocks

I review some basic properties of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in the context of young supernova remnants (SNRs). I also point out some key differences with cosmological, cluster-related shocks. DSA seems to be very efficient in strong, young SNR shocks. Provided the magnetic fields exceed some hundreds of μGauss (possibly amplified by CR related dynamics), these shocks can accelerate cosmic ray hadrons to PeV energies in the time available to them. Electron energies, limited by radiative losses, are likely limited to the TeV range. Injection of fresh particles at these shocks is poorly understood, but hadrons are much more easily injected than the more highly magnetized electrons. That seems supported by observational data, as well. So, while CR protons in young SNRs may play very major roles in the SNR evolution, the CR electron populations have minimal such impact, despite their observational importance.
Generalization and Discovery by Assuming Conserved Mechanisms: Cross-Species Research on Circadian Oscillators

In many domains of biology, explanation takes the form of characterizing the mechanism responsible for a particular phenomenon in a specific biological system. How are such explanations generalized? One important strategy assumes conservation of mechanisms through evolutionary descent. But conservation is seldom complete. In the case discussed, the central mechanism for circadian rhythms in animals was first identified in Drosophila and then extended to mammals. Scientists' working assumption that the clock mechanisms would be conserved both yielded important generalizations and served as a heuristic for discovery, especially when significant differences between the insect and mammalian mechanism were identified.
BD +59°224: A New ζ Aurigae System

The star BD +59°224 has an interesting history of spectroscopic classification, having been described in the literature variously as a composite G- and F-type star with helium, a K5 star, an O-type star, and an emission-line object similar to a planetary nebula. We present new spectra of this object that clearly show the star to be a binary with a K4.5 Ib primary and a B3 V secondary. We also calculate a reddening and distance [E(B - V) ≈ 0.75, d ≈ 2.1 kpc] and point out similarities between this object and the class of ζ Aurigae stars.
NULLJOB Product

The ever increasing demand for more CPU cycles for data analysis on our Central VAX Cluster led us to investigate new ways to utilize more fully the resources that were available. A review of the experiment and software development VAX systems on site revealed many unused computing cycles. Furthermore, these systems were all connected by DECnet which would allow easy file transfer and remote batch job submission. A product was developed to allow jobs to be submitted on the Central VAX Cluster but actually to be run on one of the remote systems. The processing of the jobs was arranged, to the greatest extent possible, to be transparent to the user and to have minimal impact on both the Central VAX Cluster and remote systems.
Outcome comparison of endoscopic and transpalpebral decompression for treatment of frontal migraine headaches.

Background:This study was designed to compare the efficacy of the transpalpebral versus endoscopic approach to decompression of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves in patients with frontal migraine headaches.Methods:The medical charts of 253 patients who underwent surgery for frontal migraine
Thermal and Chemical Instability Between Iridium Gate Electrode and Ta205 Gate Dielectrics

The thermal and chemical stability of thin CVD iridium films deposited on thin CVD tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) films on Si(100) have been investigated by means of in-situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and ex-situ Angle Resolved XPS (ARXPS). It was found that upon annealing in vacuum at 800 °C for more than 1 min, tantalum oxide at the Ir-Ta 2 O 5 interface was decomposed and formed metallic tantalum which diffused through Ir, while changes in iridium film itself were negligible. When annealed at 750 °C within 15 minutes, intermediate partially oxidized Ta was formed and coexisted with metallic and oxidized Ta. A portion of metallic Ta near Ir-vacuum interface was subsequently oxidized when the films were exposed in air.
Market and Valuation Risks

In this chapter we present cases that illustrate both market risk and “regulatory risk” in a very dramatic way and points out that they can affect not only your own operations, but also how you interact with other clients or partners. Up-front due diligence in establishing relationships might expose settings where such risks are more likely to suddenly occur if a particular client or relationship is dependent upon a single contract, payer, reimbursement rate, or similar circumstance vulnerable to change. Continued monitoring of the practice, regulatory, and payment environments may also help mitigate potential negative impacts.
Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita; report of two cases.

Case reports of a two-month-old white girl and of her brother, aged two years and eleven months, are presented because of the roentgenographic findings of calcareous deposits within the cartilage of the joints and in many epiphyses. The girl was admitted for orthopaedic correction of talipes calcaneovalgus deformity, and the calcareous deposits were discovered during routine roentgenography. All laboratory studies failed to disclose the cause for the deposits. The boy had scattered irregular calcareous deposits within the cartilage about the tarsal bones, but these were less numerous than those found in his sister. After study of the British and American literature, nine similar case reports of infants were found. Several patients had congenital heart lesions or cataracts. Neither of these conditions was found in our patients. Several of the case reports mention stippled epiphyses in older children4,10,12,13,14. These cases are not similar to ours, because the authors report stippling of the epiphyses without the presence of diffuse calcareous opacities within the cartilage. We contend that our cases represent an entity separate and distinct from that occurring in older children.
Three-dimensional measurement of fractures in heterogeneous materials using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography

When present, fractures tend to dominate fluid flow though rock bodies, and characterizing fracture networks is necessary for understanding these flow regimes. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has long been successfully used to image fractures in solid samples, but interpretation of CT data is complicated by the inevitable blurring that occurs when fractures are thin compared to the data resolution. This issue is particularly acute when attempting to quantify fine fractures in scans of larger samples, as typically required for characterizing flow systems on a meaningful scale. A number of methods have been proposed to account for CT blurring, but do not include the ability to account for material inhomogeneity and fracture orientation. We here propose an improved method for fracture measurement that consists of characterizing the blurring as a point-spread function (PSF), and using it, in combination with a calibration for the CT number for void space, in an iterative procedure to reconstruct the fracture and material configuration; we call this the inverse PSF (IPSF) method. Tests on CT scans of homogeneous natural samples show that the IPSF method provides more precise results than others. Further testing demonstrates that it can also recover accurate measurements in heterogeneous materials, although particularly severe inhomogeneities may lead to a locally noisy signal. The accuracy, generality, and adaptability of the IPSF method make it very well suited for characterizing fractures and fractures surfaces in natural materials. The principles behind the IPSF method also apply to the reverse problem of measuring thin features that are denser than their surroundings, such as veins or membranes, when they have one dimension that is small compared to CT data resolution.
B-spline curves

A curve generated by using the vertices of a control polygon is dependent on some interpolation or approximation scheme to establish the relationship between the curve and the control polygon. The global nature of the Bernstein basis affects the shape of the total curve. Another basis called the B-spline basis contains the Bernstein basis as a special case. The B-spline basis is generally nonglobal. The nonglobal behavior of B-spline curves is due to the fact that each vertex is associated with a unique basis (support) function. Thus, each vertex affects the shape of a curve only over a range of parameter values where its associated basis function is nonzero. The B-spline basis also allows changing the order of the basis function, and hence the degree of the resulting curve, without changing the number of control polygon vertices. Because of the flexibility of B-spline basis functions and the resulting B-spline curves, different types of control handles are used to influence the shape of B-spline curves.
The Intuitive Totalization of the Individual Sense Object

Husserl’s “Psychological Studies for an Elementary Logic” (hereafter PSL) of 1894 is immensely rich in that, on the one hand, it continues and deepens many themes of earlier publications. Husserl apparently continued to work on many topics he intended to address in the projected second volume of PA until at least the year of this article. The latter undoubtedly reflects ruminations on issues suggested by, if not adequately addressed in, the first volume.1 On the other hand, PSL contains analyses which endured and were elaborated in subsequent publications (the most immediate being the third and fifth of his Logical Investigations).2
Turbulent Natural Convection in a Square Cavity with a Circular Cylinder

Numerical simulations of high Rayleigh number flows (108−1010) were conducted to investigate the turbulent fluid flow and thermal characteristics of natural convection induced by a centrally placed hot cylinder in a cold square enclosure. The effect of the aspect ratio (radius of the cylinder to the side of the cavity) was investigated for three values (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) for each Rayleigh number. Effects of turbulence induced by the high Rayleigh number (>107) were computed by using the unsteady k-ω model. A spectral-element method with high polynomial order (high resolution) was used to solve the system of unsteady time-averaged equations of continuity, momentum, and energy, along with the turbulence equations. Detailed comparison with other numerical work is presented. Contours of velocity, temperature, and turbulence quantities are presented for various high Rayleigh numbers. Also presented is the influence of the Rayleigh number on the local Nusselt number on the centrally placed hot cylinder and the...
The Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Experimental Brain Trauma: Overview, Research Applications, and Protocol

Controlled cortical impact (CCI) is a commonly used and highly regarded model of brain trauma that uses a pneumatically or electromagnetically controlled piston to induce reproducible and well-controlled injury. The CCI model was originally used in ferrets and it has since been scaled for use in many other species. This chapter will describe the historical development of the CCI model, compare and contrast the pneumatic and electromagnetic models, and summarize key short- and long-term consequences of TBI that have been gleaned using this model. In accordance with the recent efforts to promote high-quality evidence through the reporting of common data elements (CDEs), relevant study details-that should be reported in CCI studies-will be noted.
Aging: Treating the Older Patient.

• Despite the greater use of autologous transplant for multiple myeloma and allogeneic transplant for AML, significant underuse persists.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Febuxostat Therapy on Adipokines and Markers of Kidney Fibrosis in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemic Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy

Background:In observational studies, higher uric acid levels are associated with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and kidney disease.Objective:The objective of this study is to examine whether reducti...
Psychometric evaluation of the short version of the Personal Diabetes Questionnaire to assess dietary behaviors and exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background Patients with diabetes and of lower socioeconomic status have difficulty adhering to dietary recommendations. Practical and effective tools assessing self-management behaviors are needed to help evaluate interventions tailored to the needs of individual patients or population groups. This study examined the psychometric properties of a short 11-item version of the Personal Diabetes Questionnaire scale (PDQ-11) using data from the Public-Private Partnership to Improve Diabetes Education trial.
Supervisor Existence for Modular Discrete-Event Systems

Abstract This paper examines decision problems involving existence conditions for supervisors of modular systems. We investigate the problem of deciding if there exists a supervisor that can augment a modular system to satisfy a given modular global specification. Our system and specification modules are “discrete-event systems” modeled as finite-state automata. The parallel composition operation is used to model the interaction between the various modules. A supervisor for a discrete-event system observes events as they occur in the system and enforces a control action by disabling some controllable events. We find that these types of problems are generally PSPACE-complete for a large class of systems and specifications.
Strengthening Performance in Public Sector Management in Asia

In recent years many developing countries are choosing to follow patterns that have emerged in businesses and in some developed country governments over the last several decades of establishing results-oriented monitoring frameworks that report on progress against strategic plans, budgets and sector strategies. This paper addresses five key elements of this new orientation: (i) clarifying the language of performance, (ii) defining indicative performance indicators, (iii) exploring tools for performance measurement, (iv) making changes to improve performance, and (v) creating the performance and knowledge culture in organizations. It then gives examples of these elements from Asia.
A 16 nm FinFET 0.4 V inductor-less cellular receiver front-end with 10 mW ultra-low power and 0.31 mm 2 ultra-small area for 5G system in sub-6 GHz band

This work presents an inductor-less 0.4 V cellular receiver (RX) front-end with an ultra-low power of 10 mW and an ultra-small area 0.31 mm2 in 16 nm FinFET technology, which enables massive receivers in a single chip for 10 Gb/s high throughput 5G system in sub-6 GHz band. The proposed inductor-less low-Vdd RX front-end consists of an LNA, passive mixers, LO generator and 20MHz bandwidth channel filters. By using the proposed current stabilization circuit in 0.4 V channel filter, the current variation with process corners is greatly reduced. This RX front-end can achieve a noise figure of 2.5dB, an in-band IIP3 of −6 dBm, a voltage gain of 35 dB at 2.1 GHz Band-I frequency. To the best of authors' knowledge, this work demonstrates the lowest power consumption with minimum chip area and a competitive performance under the lowest supply voltage of 0.4 V, compared with the prior arts.
Difficulty of recruiting reviewers predicts review scores and editorial decisions at six journals of ecology and evolution

Journal peer review relies on the willingness of researchers to volunteer their time to review manuscripts. However, editors often have difficulty recruiting reviewers, and this difficulty can vary quite substantially among manuscripts. This study examines whether the difficulty recruiting reviewers influences outcomes of the peer review process at six journals of ecology and evolution. The difficulty editors had recruiting reviewers varied substantially among papers, with editors successfully recruiting the first two people invited just 22% of the time, and being declined by two or more invitees for more than half (56%) of reviewed papers. Papers for which editors had more difficulty recruiting reviewers were more likely to be declined at all six journals, with an increase in the odds of acceptance ranging from a low of 3.5 ± 1.2% to a high of 17.3 ± 2.0% for each 10% increase in the proportion of reviewers agreeing to review. Papers for which editors had more difficulty recruiting reviewers were also reviewed less positively at all six journals, and this influence on review scores explained most but not all of the influence of recruitment difficulty on outcomes. Reviewers invited close together in sequence (without many declined invitations between them) were more consistent in the scores they submit than were reviewers invited more greatly separated in sequence, suggesting that editors recruit different kinds of reviewers early versus late in the reviewer invitation sequence. However, the scores submitted by later-recruited reviewers were not less predictive of the editor’s decision than were scores of early-recruited reviewers. The influence of reviewer recruitment difficulty on decisions, although of small effect, should be considered among the diversity of variables that influence outcomes of the editorial and peer review process at academic journals.
Relative Volatility Versus Correlation Tightening

Beta is a composite measure. It reports not only the ratio of asset-specific volatility to market-wide volatility, but also the correlation between asset-specific and market-wide prices or returns. Closer examination of these components of beta, especially in conjunction with single-sided definitions of semideviation, semivariance, and semicovariance, reveals parameters indicating changes in relative volatility and correlation tightening. The behavioral implications of these competing components of beta correspond to the psychological distinction between fast, System 1 instinct and slow, System 2 thought.
Mindfulness-based eating disorder prevention programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based eating disorder prevention programs. Twenty articles met all inclusion and exclusion criteria, including 15 randomized studies (2173 participants) that were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to wait-list controls, mindfulness-based programs were found to significantly reduce participants’ body image concerns and negative affect and improve body appreciation at post-intervention. Compared to cognitive-dissonance programs, mindfulness-based programs were found to significantly improve participants’ self-esteem at post-intervention. There were no significant differences between groups on any other outcome, and no significant differences on any outcome at long-term follow-up. Selective prevention programs and programs that incorporated meditation as the primary intervention type had the largest effect sizes. While the conclusions that can be drawn are limited by both the quantity and quality of available research, results of this review suggest that mindfulness-based eating disorder prevention programs may reduce eating disorder risk factors and increase protective factors.
“It’s a Mad Mad Mad Mad (Men) World”: National and Corporate Strategies in the Global Audiovisual Market

As the audiovisual industry has globalized, it has developed a complicated pattern of national and international marketing strategies. Some nation-states rely on trade barriers and quotas to protect national cultural industries from foreign competition, while elsewhere once-national corporations have evolved into international audiovisual giants, whose products are fine-tuned to the needs and tastes of different national markets. In addition, innovative technologies and alternate outlets present new opportunities for product positioning. It is here argued that one result of these and other strategies is the increased domination of a neoliberal model of global commercialization, with products that don’t fit the model needing to develop alternative strategies.
ANI-1, A data set of 20 million calculated off-equilibrium conformations for organic molecules

ANI-1, A data set of 20 million calculated off-equilibrium conformations for organic molecules
Fracture Topography of Ceramics

Fracture topography is a permanent record of the fracture process, providing valuable information on crack propagation and failure mechanisms. This paper describes mostly features observed in flexural failure at room temperature. Previous papers1–3 are complemented by emphasizing features and techniques for finding and characterizing fracture origins to aid in use of such important, too often neglected, steps in strength studies.
Addressing Segregation in the Brown Collar Workplace: Toward a Solution for the Inexorable 100%

Despite public perceptions to the contrary, segregated workplaces exist in greater numbers today than ever before, largely because of the influx of newly arrived immigrant workers in low-wage industries throughout the country. Yet existing anti-discrimination frameworks no longer operate adequately to rid workplaces of segregated jobs that result from targeting immigrant workers for these jobs. This Article suggests a new anti-discrimination framework to address workplace segregation. The Article reviews how litigants have attempted to rid the workplace of conditions resulting from segregated departments through existing anti-discrimination frameworks. It suggests a simple, yet powerful, shift in the inferences that can be drawn from the inexorability of a segregated workplace. It asks the reader to imagine an inference created from the "inexorable 100," the mirror image of the inexorable zero inference, and a shorthand description for a segregated job category or department within a workplace. The Article proposes a segregation framework that views segregation as an expression of subordinated work conditions, and that offers courts the opportunity to craft broader remedies, both to eliminate segregation and improve the working conditions of segregated workers.
Chapter Twenty-One – Luminescence

Publisher Summary This chapter explains fluorescence, which is a form of luminescence in which light is emitted from an irradiated sample. The fluorescence of all molecules is not observed. Molecules that fluoresce with high quantum efficiency generally have one or more of the following structural components: a high molar absorptivity, a number of conjugated double bonds or high resonance stability, an electron-donating group, and a relatively rigid structure. Fluorescence is applied to the greatest extent in the life sciences where trace concentrations of metabolites and drugs are determined quantitatively; for example, thiamine and riboflavin and their metabolites are determined in trace amounts in biological tissues and fluids. Fluorescence is also used in quality control of drug dosage. The chapter also discusses chemiluminescence, which is a subdivision of luminescence in which the energy is supplied to the molecule by a chemical reaction. The product of a reaction is formed in an excited electronic state.