cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic generation of physical data base structures

This paper addresses a problem which arises during the design of an integrated data base: this is to generate a set of physical data structures capable of supporting a desired set of logical data structures. A prototype design aid which generates physical data structures for IMS is described. A state diagram is used to represent the constraints imposed by IMS, and a modified depth first tree search is used to find the physical data structures. One can force the solution to either satisfy bounds on one or more objective functions, and/or optimize a single objective function.
Frequency of Primary Nonadherence to Acne Treatment.

Importance Treatment outcomes depend on adherence to the prescribed regimen. Primary nonadherence refers to not obtaining and starting to take a prescribed medication. The frequency of primary nonadherence to acne treatment has not been well characterized. The complexity of multidrug acne regimens may add to this problem but, to our knowledge, has not been explored. Objectives To estimate acne treatment primary nonadherence rates and to determine the relationship between primary nonadherence and the number of acne treatments prescribed. Design, Setting, and Participants A review of medical records from an outpatient university dermatology clinic identified patients with an acne diagnosis at a dermatology visit in the past 3 months who were prescribed 1, 2, or 3 or more treatments. Patients were excluded if they were not English speakers, were not prescribed treatment for their acne, or did not have an active telephone number. Using randomized lists, these patients were queried via telephone regarding which acne treatments they obtained. The results were analyzed using Fisher exact tests and multivariable logistic regression. For patients who were prescribed 1, 2, or 3 or more treatments, 47, 48, and 48 eligible patients were contacted, respectively. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary study outcomes were the overall rate of primary nonadherence and the rate for each treatment-number subgroup. Secondary outcomes included the association of sex, age, medication type, and electronic prescription status with primary nonadherence. Results Overall, 27% of patients did not fill all their prescriptions. Of patients who were given 1, 2, or 3 or more treatments, 9%, 40%, and 31%, respectively, did not fill all their prescriptions. There was no statistically significant difference by sex or age for primary nonadherence in any of the 3 treatment-number groups. Based on multivariable analyses, being prescribed a topical retinoid (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.0-8.0) or an over-the-counter product (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1-12.3) was associated with primary nonadherence. Based on univariate analysis, there was less primary nonadherence with electronic prescriptions compared with paper prescriptions (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Primary adherence to an acne treatment regimen is better when only 1 treatment is prescribed. Some patients may not complete acne treatment because 1 or more of their medications were never obtained.
STRONG SHAPE THEORY AND RESOLUTIONS

Abstract It is shown that the strong shape theory of compact metrizable spaces extends to a theory for all topological spaces. The extension resembles the inverse systems approach to shape theory of Mardesic and Segal. Fundamental roles are played by the Steenrod homotopy theory of Edwards and Hastings and the theory of ANR-resolutions due to Mardesic.
Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon and Atlantic ITCZ

Abstract Intraseasonal variability of boreal summer rainfall and winds in tropical West Africa and the east Atlantic is examined using daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis during 1998–2006. Intraseasonal precipitation variability is dominated by two significant spectral peaks at time scales near 15 and 50 days, accompanied by corresponding peaks in eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and eddy enstrophy. Regional precipitation variability on 30–90-day time scales is significantly correlated (+0.6) with a global Madden–Julian oscillation time series based on equatorial zonal winds, supporting the results of A. J. Matthews. The overall amplitude of the 30–90-day West African monsoon precipitation variability during a given summer, however, does not appear to be strongly regulated by interannual variability in MJO amplitude. Composite analysis and complex empirical orthogonal function analysis shows that 30–90-day precipitation anomalies are generally zonally elong...
Filter integration using on-chip transformers

An on-chip filter using monolithic transformer that can be integrated on a Si substrate is presented. The new filter topology has been fabricated using Motorola 0.18 micron copper process. Measurement results show significant improvement in Q of the present design compared to the inductor implementation. The size and Q advantages of the new topology can be useful in cost sensitive consumer products.
Formation control of wheeled robots with vision-based position measurement

Many applications require multiple mobile robots to move with a common velocity and at fixed relative distances. We present a time-invariant, state-feedback control law and a novel vision-based pose reconstruction system that allows one differential drive robot to follow another at a constant relative distance. The control law does not require measurement or estimation of the leader robot velocity and has tunable parameters that allows one to prioritize the error bounds of the desired states. The proposed pose reconstruction algorithm is computationally inexpensive and reliable. We present experimental results on two iRobot Create robots showing the performance of the controller and vision algorithm.
Volume estimates by imaging methods: model comparisons with visible woman as the reference.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of four volume estimation models to actual tissue and organ volumes measured in the visible woman. Methods: Actual volumes were calculated from 1-mm-thick visible woman images that were segmented for five major components including subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue across the 1730 available slices. Four available models resolved to two equations: truncated cone/truncated pyramid vs. two-column/parallel trapezium. Between-slice interval and initial slice were systematically varied when deriving component volumes using the two equations in four regions. Results: For each compartment and each between-slice interval, the means of the two-column model were always the same as the corresponding reference volumes, whereas those of the truncated cone model were smaller than the reference volumes. Similarly, the coefficient variation for the two-column model was always smaller than for the truncated cone model. Discussion: The equation based on the parallel trapezium and the two-column models is more accurate in estimating tissue volumes than the corresponding equation for truncated pyramid and truncated cone models. This finding has important implications for the volume calculations of imaging-based body compartments such as adipose tissue.
A STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF CAPACITY CONSTRAINED RESOURCES IN DRUM‐BUFFER‐ROPE SYSTEMS*

Goldratt, the originator of the Theory of Constraints (TOC), maintains that only the system's primary resource constraint(s) should be scheduled at 100% of capacity. All other resources should have excess capacity. This paper presents the results of a simulation experiment that studies how changes in the capacity utilization of a systems two most heavily utilized resources affect the performance of a drum-buffer-rope (DBR)scheduling system. The research demonstrates that 100% utilization of the primary constraint is not optimal. It also shows that DBR responds well to relatively low levels of increased capacity at the operations second most heavily utilized resource. This research also highlights several other issues related to capacity utilization that need further investigation.
Social interest, an Adlerian rationale for the Rorschach human movement response.

(1956). Social Interest, an Adlerian Rationale for the Rorschach Human Movement Response. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 363-365.
Micromagnetic analysis of domain variations in thin films

A numerical micromagnetic model is developed that uses an iterative energy minimization method to obtain the domain structure of a soft magnetic thin film under various conditions. This model is used to study domain wall motion and magnetization rotation due to an external field. The results are consistent with domain-level calculations but show much more details. The effects of closure domain on susceptibility are examined. Some stiff modes in the micromagnetic calculations are identified, and an adaptive pushing algorithm is utilized to accelerate the convergence. >
Effects of Dibutyryl Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate, Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone, and Aromatase Inhibitor on Simultaneous Outputs of Progesterone, 17β-Estradiol, and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin by Term Placental Explants*

To contrast the effects of dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) with those of LRH and to evaluate the effects of low density lipoprotein (LDL), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and aromatase inhibitor (4-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) on the output of hCG, β-estradiol, and progesterone, term human placental explants were maintained in culture for 6 days with daily changes of medium. The daily outputs of progesterone and hCG were observed to decrease while that of β-estradiol remained constant during the course of the incubation. The addition of 67 μg/ml LDL cholesterol had no effect on the basal output of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, or hCG. The addition of 4 μg/ml DHEAS increased β-estradiol output 20- fold, but did not affect the outputs of hCG or progesterone. The addition of 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 μg/ml LRH had no effect on the output of progesterone or 17β-estradiol. LRH increased hCG output in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with penicillin, streptomycin, insulin, and glucose alone, but not in the presenc...
Antimitotic effects of dehydroretronecine pyrrole.

SummaryWhen dehydroretronecine, a metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, is given subcutaneously to rats at doses ranging between 90 and 250 mg per kg body weight, a conspicuous inhibition of cell mitosis occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. Hemorrhage and ulceration of the gastric mucosa were common in the animals that died or were sacrificed within 72 hr after treatment. In addition, the animals experienced splenic and thymic hypoplasia due primarily to the rapid depletion of their lymphocytic components. The bone marrow of these animals was practically devoid of all precursor cells within 48 hr after the administration of dehydroretronecine. There was also an inhibition of cell division in the seminiferous tubules. However, within 7 days, the cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and testes showed a decided improvement. These data indicate that the effects of dehydroretronecine are primarily limited to its inhibiting effect on mitotic division in rapidly d...
Diminished Growth Hormone Response to Arginine in the Puerperium1

ABSTRACT Arginine infusion tests were carried out on 21 women during the first post-partum week and on 8 healthy nonpregnant women, and the concentration of serum growth hormone, chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), insulin and blood glucose was determined. The mean growth hormone concentration for the post-partum group was significantly less than for controls. Six subjects retested 1–5 months post partum demonstrated greater growth hormone responsiveness than in the earlier test. The implications of these findings are discussed and it is suggested, on the basis of indirect evidence, that HCS may play an important role in inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary growth hormone releasing mechanism in late pregnancy, and that this suppression persists into the early postpartum period. The peak insulin secretion following arginine in the first post-partum week did not differ significantly from controls. The mean increment in blood glucose observed after arginine was greater in the early puerperium and the nadir l...
Effects of voice on emotional arousal

Music is a powerful medium capable of eliciting a broad range of emotions. Although the relationship between language and music is well documented, relatively little is known about the effects of lyrics and the voice on the emotional processing of music and on listeners’ preferences. In the present study, we investigated the effects of vocals in music on participants’ perceived valence and arousal in songs. Participants (N = 50) made valence and arousal ratings for familiar songs that were presented with and without the voice. We observed robust effects of vocal content on perceived arousal. Furthermore, we found that the effect of the voice on enhancing arousal ratings is independent of familiarity of the song and differs across genders and age: females were more influenced by vocals than males; furthermore these gender effects were enhanced among older adults. Results highlight the effects of gender and aging in emotion perception and are discussed in terms of the social roles of music.
Prior data for non‐normal priors

Data augmentation priors facilitate contextual evaluation of prior distributions and the generation of Bayesian outputs from frequentist software. Previous papers have presented approximate Bayesian methods using 2x2 tables of 'prior data' to represent lognormal relative-risk priors in stratified and regression analyses. The present paper describes extensions that use the tables to represent generalized-F prior distributions for relative risks, which subsume lognormal priors as a limiting case. The method provides a means to increase tail-weight or skew the prior distribution for the log relative risk away from normality, while retaining the simple 2x2 table form of the prior data. When prior normality is preferred, it also provides a more accurate lognormal relative-risk prior in for the 2x2 table format. For more compact representation in regression analyses, the prior data can be compressed into a single data record. The method is illustrated with historical data from a study of electronic foetal monitoring and neonatal death.
Mastermind is a putative activator for Notch

We thank Rafi Kopan and Meera Saxena for providing mNotch1 plasmids. AGP is an HHMI predoctoral fellow. JK is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Heterogeneity in Diabetes Mellitus—Update, 1978: Evidence for Further Genetic Heterogeneity within Juvenile-onset Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The concept that idiopathic diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders has been established by twin and HLA studied that have permitted the separation of juvenile-onset and maturity-onset diabetes. The extent of the heterogeneity within the juvenile-onset and maturity-onset types is still in question. On the basis of recent immunologic and metabolic studies we believe that further heterogeneity can be demonstrated within the juvenile-onset diabetic group. We wish to hypothesize that there are at least two distinct forms of juvenile-onset diabetes, one associated with HLA B8 and the other with BW15. The B8 type is characterized by autoimmunity, microangiopathy, and a stronger association with the HLA D locus. The BW15 type is characterized by antibody response to exogenous insulin and a stronger association with the HLA C locus. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis, natural history, and genetics of diabetes mellitus will result as the full extent of genetic heterogeneity is elucidated.
Rapid approximation to molecular surface area via the use of Boolean logic and look-up tables

We report the development of a new approximate method of calculating molecular surface areas. Our technique is based upon the method of Sharake and Rupley but incorporates several major advances. First, we represent the state of surface points as bits in a bit string so we can utilize Boolean operations to simultaneously turn off multiple test points in one Boolean AND operation. Second, we use a series of Boolean mask look-up tables to reduce the time complexity of the calculation of molecular surface area down to the same magnitude as doing a potential energy evaluation. When we use a 256 surface point sphere for all of the atoms in BPTI, a 454 nonhydrogen atom protein, and a 1.4-A solvent probe, we in general underestimate the total solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) by approximately 1.25% with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990 over a wide range of conformations. The average CPU time required to calculate the SASA of a BPTI conformer is 0.58 s on an SGI 4D/220 workstation. We also describe a method by which we can calculate an approximate finite difference SASA gradient for BPTI in 0.79 of CPU time. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alternating minimization for regression problems with vector-valued outputs

In regression problems involving vector-valued outputs (or equivalently, multiple responses), it is well known that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), which takes noise covariance structure into account, can be significantly more accurate than the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. However, existing literature compares OLS and MLE in terms of their asymptotic, not finite sample, guarantees. More crucially, computing the MLE in general requires solving a non-convex optimization problem and is not known to be efficiently solvable. We provide finite sample upper and lower bounds on the estimation error of OLS and MLE, in two popular models: a) Pooled model, b) Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. We provide precise instances where the MLE is significantly more accurate than OLS. Furthermore, for both models, we show that the output of a computationally efficient alternating minimization procedure enjoys the same performance guarantee as MLE, up to universal constants. Finally, we show that for high-dimensional settings as well, the alternating minimization procedure leads to significantly more accurate solutions than the corresponding OLS solutions but with error bound that depends only logarithmically on the data dimensionality.
Infertility trends among U.S. couples: 1965-1976.

The proportion of US couples who were surgically sterile rose from 16% in 1965 to 28% in 1976 according to estimates derived from national fertility surveys carried out in those years. However surgical sterilization for contraceptive reasons more than doubled--from 8% to 19%--leaving the proportions sterilized for noncontraceptive reasons virtually unchanged over the 11 years. The overall increase was greatest among white couples couples in which the wife was aged 30-44 and those with 3 or more children. In 1976 1/2 of all couples with 3 or more children and 1/3 of those with 2 were surgically sterile. In 1976 about 2.8 million couples--some 10% of those in which wives were aged 15-44--were classified as infertile. Infertility was higher among blacks than whites in both survey years and the largest increase in infertility occurred among black couples where the wife was aged 20-24. In almost every race age and parity group surveyed the proportion fecund declined considerably between the 2 years mostly as a result of concomitant increases in surgical sterility. In 1965 73% of all US couples were capable of childbearing; by 1976 this proportion had dropped to 62%. In 1976 only 42% of couples in which the wife was aged 35-39 and 74% in which the wife was aged 25-29 were capable of conceiving a child. Moreover only 62% of couples with 2 children were classified as fecund in 1976--a decline of 15 percentage points in 11 years. (authors modified)
Minority carrier diffusion length measurements in solar cells by electron beam induced current

In this paper, a comparison of established analytical models (Luke and Bonard) for analysis of electron beam induced current profiles across p-n junction solar cell structures is presented. Simulation results are presented for two typical cases; when the diffusion length (L) is comparable to or longer than the base thickness (thin base), and when L is shorter than the device thickness (thick base). In addition, the experimental profiles for both cases are analyzed using different analytical models. Simulation results show that while the Bonard and Luke models have a good agreement for both thin and thick base conditions, the Luke model more closely agrees with experimental profiles for the thin base case.
Apartment Investment Opportunity

The purpose of this case is to present the challenges facing individual, taxable investors when evaluating multiple investment opportunities. Many individual investors rely on investment advisors o...
Training Affects Variability in Training Performance Both Within and Across Jobs

A partial test of a model of training performance variability was conducted. The current study examined variability in cognitive ability and training performance in job-specific training. Several studies have found mean score differences in cognitive ability across jobs. Further, the variability in training outcomes among individuals within a job has been shown to vary across jobs. Reduced variability in training outcomes is a measure of training effectiveness. For this study data were grouped by job over several years. Participants were 116,310 enlistees enrolled in 108 US Air Force training specialties. Aptitude was measured by a verbal/math composite derived from the US military enlistment test, the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. Training performance was assessed by written tests of job-related knowledge content. Predictive validity of the verbal/math composite ranged from .124 to .836 across jobs with a mean weighted value of 0.691. Substantial differences were observed for mean and variability of aptitude across jobs. Trainees in jobs with high aptitude requirements had higher mean aptitude and were less variable on aptitude than those in jobs with lower aptitude requirements. Further, trainees in high aptitude jobs had higher mean training performance scores and were less variable on performance than those in jobs with lower aptitude requirements. Finally, training performance was much less variable than aptitude. Training had the effect of reducing variability among trainees within jobs. This has the effect of producing a more homogenous set of trainees on trained content, which is beneficial to on-the-job training. Support was found for a part of the model.
Mythical moments in Remington brand history

To investigate the brand history of Remington firearms, this study introduces and applies a new construct, the ‘mythical moment', which is defined as an episode when the course of brand mythmaking quickens and has greater cultural resonance. Three such mythical moments are examined: the Remington founder myth of 1816, the Remington sharpshooter myth of the 1870s, and the mythic world of Remington storefront windows in the early twentieth century. These narrative histories are analyzed in terms of their commonalities and differences, and their implications for processes of heritage branding and brand consumption are discussed.
Assessing member expertise in groups An expertise dependence perspective

In contemporary organizations, the knowledge needed to perform work is frequently housed within groups. In order to effectively leverage this knowledge, however, groups must identify relative membe...
Bacillus thuringiensis: Control of the Gypsy Moth and Elm Span worm with Three New Commercial Formulations

Commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were held tested in Connecticut against larvae of Porthetria dispar (L.), and Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner). Formulations tested on apple trees with a knapsack mist blower were: Biotrol® XK Wettable (7500 IU /mg), Dipel® Wettable (16,000 IU/mg), and Thuricide® HPC Liquid (4000 IU/mg). Sprays were applied against larvae of gypsy moth in the 2nd and 3rd stages and elm span worm in the 3rd and 4th stages. Excellent control of span worm was obtained with Biotrol XK at 0.10 1b, Dipel at 0.03 1b, and Thuricide HPC at 0.16 pint per gallon of water. Gypsy moth larvae were reduced to low levels with Biotrol XK at 0.64 1b, Dipel at 0.20 1b, and Thuricide HPC at 0.80 pint per gallon of water.
Classifying the Shape of Colloidal Nanocrystals by Complex Fourier Descriptor Analysis

The optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of colloidal nanocrystals are intimately tied to their form, in particular their physical size and shape. Synthetic techniques have been developed to produce metallic and semiconducting nanomaterials with well-controlled forms; however, characterization tools for describing shape have remained limited to small samples and lack the quantitative rigor necessary for a universal classification scheme. Here complex Fourier descriptors are shown to be a quantitative and high-throughput approach for classifying the shape of colloidal nanocrystals. Large, monodisperse, and polydisperse ensembles of CdSe nanocrystals are characterized with respect to shape and categorized as circles, triangles, squares, rods, and pentagonal or hexagonal platelets. These results suggest that classification of shape by Fourier descriptor analysis may in the near future be a powerful tool for continuous monitoring of synthesis, purification, or packaging/integration processe...
The landscape of urban agriculture in California’s capital

AbstractThe popularity of urban agriculture in numerous California cities has begun to escalate; however, Sacramento has been slower to address this growing interest. Sacramento serves as a significant case study in examining the relationship between community and municipal efforts to promote urban agriculture, given its role as an agricultural and political centre for the state. Three veins of inquiry investigate the landscape of urban agricultural practice in Sacramento: first, past and present urban agricultural projects and advocacy within the city are detailed, offering a narrative of urban agriculture’s role within Sacramento’s development. Second, city and state policies that have both promoted and prevented the practice within the city are examined. Finally, the authors investigate the potential for strategies and plans for the future of urban agriculture in Sacramento. The authors conclude that community interest is out-pacing local policies, and city-wide initiatives might improve efforts at inc...
Regulation of glutamate transport and transport proteins in a placental cell line.

We utilized HRP.1 cells derived from midgestation rat placental labyrinth to determine that the primary pathway for glutamate uptake is via system X AG − , a Na+-dependent transport system. Kinetic...
Relationship Between Anticoagulation Intensity and Thrombotic or Bleeding Outcomes Among Outpatients With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Background— We evaluated thrombotic and bleeding outcomes in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs), stratified by anticoagulation intensity. Previous studies of outpatients with CF-LVADs have suggested that target international normalized ratio (INR) values <2.5 (range, 2–3) may be used. However, recent studies reported an increase in pump thrombosis among CF-LVADs, especially within the first 6 months of implant. Methods and Results— We retrospectively reviewed 249 outpatients at our center who received a CF-LVAD between January 2005 and August 2013. Using Poisson models, we analyzed their 10 927 INRs to determine INR-specific rates of thrombotic (ischemic stroke and suspected pump thrombosis) and hemorrhagic (gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke) events occurring outside of the hospital. In multivariate analyses, we adjusted for age, sex, atrial fibrillation, coronary disease, and LVAD type as time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models. During a mean follow-up of 17.6±13.6 months, thrombotic events occurred in 46 outpatients. The highest event rate (0.40 thrombotic events per patient-year) was in the INR range of <1.5, but INR values of 1.5 to 1.99 also had high rates (0.16 thrombotic events per patient-year). INR was inversely associated with thrombotic events (hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.22–0.72; P =0.002). The optimal INR based on weighted mortality of thrombotic and bleeding events was 2.6. Conclusions— INR is inversely related to thrombotic events occurring outside of the hospital among patients supported with CF-LVADs. INR values <2.0 increase the rate of thrombotic events occurring outside of the hospital among patients supported with CF-LVADs.
The Design of Governor Hydraulic System of Little Hydro-Power Plant based on Hydraulic Manifold Technology

This Paper has described a designing way about governor hydraulic system of little hydro-power plant based on hydraulic manifold technology,the design includes hydraulic resource and hydraulic regulate parts.The system can decrease the space and investment which the governor system is needed.The applying of hydraulic manifold technology simplifies governor systems modify,mount and maintains.It also can increase governor system stability.
Determination of fifteen elements in natural mineral water by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 15 elements in natural mineral water by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.Methods: Fifteen elements of AL,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Sr,Ag,Cd,Sb,Ba,Pb,As,Cr,Se in natural mineral water could be determined simultaneously by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.Results: The results showed that the linear correlation coefficients were more than 0.999 over a wide range of concentrations.The recoveries for the spiked samples ranged from 80% to 120% and the relative standard deviations(RSD) were less than 3%.Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,sensitive,accurate and it can be applied to the simultaneous determination of 15 elements in natural mineral water.
Implications of Volume of Nodal Metastasis in Patients with Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

AbstractWe divided 73 cases of pelvic nodal metastases from prostatic cancer into subgroups based upon the volume and extent of nodal disease. Of the patients with gross nodal disease 15 per cent survived 5 years without progression compared to 27 per cent of those with microscopic involvement of more than 1 node and 44 per cent with a single positive node. On the other hand, 52 per cent of the patients with gross disease died of prostatic cancer within 5 years compared to 37 per cent of those with multiple microscopic nodes and 28 per cent with a single node. Although other variables also influence prognosis, the differences in survival demonstrable within these subgroups may have important implications regarding selection of therapy and interpretation of treatment results.
Two especially useful estimation tools

Estimates of parameters based on statistical models and their evaluation are major components of statistical methods. The following outlines two techniques that are key to statistical estimation in general, namely maximum likelihood estimation and the derivation of the statistical properties of analytic functions. These somewhat theoretical topics are not critical to understanding the application of survival analysis methods, but provide valuable insight into the origins of parameter estimates and the variances of their distributions. Maximum likelihood estimation Maximum likelihood estimation is used in the vast majority of statistical analyses to determine values for the parameters of models describing the relationships within sampled data. The complexity of this technique lies in the technical application and not its underlying principle. Maximum likelihood estimation is conceptually simple. A small example introduces the fundamental considerations at the heart of the maximum likelihood estimation process. Suppose that a thumbtack tossed in the air has an unknown probability of landing with the point up (denoted p ). Furthermore, three tacks are tossed and one lands point up and the other two land point down. The probability of this result is 3 p (1 – p ) 2 . When two values are proposed as an estimate of p , it is not hard to decide the most likely to have produced the observed result (one up and two down) and therefore is the better estimate of the unknown probability p . For the example, the likelihood that one up-tack occurs out of three tossed when p = 0.2 is 3(0.2)(0.8) 2 = 0.384 and the probability of the same outcome when p = 0.8 is 3(0.8)(0.2) 2 = 0.096.
THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF A GRAIN MILL LOCATED IN BALD EAGLE VALLEY, PENNSYLVANIA 1868 TO 1872

In 1831, a grain mill was constructed along Bald Eagle Creek in Unionville, Pennsylvania. The author examines accounting records of this mill from 1868 to 1872 while under the proprietorship of William D. Smith. The economic activities and accounting procedures revealed in this study provide insight into the economic events as perceived and recorded by this proprietorship in immediate post-Civil War times.
The Non-Linear Model of the Subject

The Boolean model and the Boolean-linear model based on it are clearly limited in their applicability. To demonstrate the limitations of the Boolean-linear model, we consider the following situation. Three soldiers, X, Y, and Z have been captured. The enemy exerts strong pressure on X to provide information, and this does not come as a surprise for X, so that x 1=x 2=0. Captive X knows that any choice he makes will mean a death sentence for one of his comrades. If X is silent, Y will be killed; if X speaks, Z will be killed. Thus, M(1,y) ≡ 0 and M(0,y) ≡ O. It follows from the linearity of M(x,y) on x that M(x,y) ≡ 0, and subject X corresponds to equation: $${x_1}^{{x_2}^{{M_1}(x,y)}} = {0^{{0^0}}} = 0$$ (14.1)
Comparison of Rigiscan and Formal Nocturnal Penile Tumescence Testing in the Evaluation of Erectile Rigidity

Evaluation of male erectile function ideally should include measurement of axial rigidity expressed as grams force required to produce penile buckling. An axial rigidity more than 550 gm. is generally considered adequate for vaginal penetration. Unfortunately, this test cannot be done frequently and may disrupt sleep. An alternative method of determining rigidity is to use the RigiScan,* which makes repetitive measurements of radial rigidity at the base and tip of the penis expressed as per cent of normal maximum. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between axial and radial rigidity measurements but they have not been compared in patients with a wide range of erectile function. We performed a prospective study in a consecutive series of patients presenting with impotence comparing axial rigidity measured with a tonometer and radial rigidity measured by RigiScan. Erectile rigidity also was evaluated by a trained, blinded observer. Overall, RigiScan base and tip radial rigidity correlated well with axial rigidity (p 0.1). In this range, the RigiScan failed to discriminate axial rigidities between 450 and 900 gm. buckling force; however, axial rigidity in this same range again correlated well with observer ratings (p < 0.0001). Since an axial rigidity of more than 550 gm. is considered adequate for vaginal penetration, the RigiScan may not be able to detect mild abnormalities in erectile function. Further study is in progress to evaluate the significance of these findings but presently a RigiScan measurement of radial rigidity in excess of 60% of maximum should be interpreted cautiously and not necessarily regarded as normal. In this range further measurements of axial rigidity or observer ratings of rigidity may be necessary to establish the diagnosis.
Expanding Role for Radiotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Era of Targeted Therapy and Immuno-Oncology

Radiotherapy for advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has traditionally been administered with palliative intent. However, an emergence of data from retrospective studies and, more recently, prospective trials has indicated the potential of using stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), in combination with known cytotoxic therapies, targeted therapies, and immunotherapeutic agents, to play a curative rather than palliative role in targeting sites of oligometastatic disease. Analysis of patterns of failure for oligometastatic NSCLC after first-line systemic therapy has revealed that failure occurs prevalently at sites of gross disease present at baseline rather than at new disease sites (1), and it has been postulated that local ablation of metastases could limit progenitor sites of new metastatic spread and extend progression free survival (PFS).
Efficient multipath flow monitoring

Network administrators and traffic management tools need up-to-date traffic metrics to monitor and balance traffic load. Recording and reporting flow information is costly in terms of control plane traffic and router memory. Prior work mitigates these costs by limiting the number of monitoring devices, sampling, or only reporting constraint violations. However, these techniques are limited to single-path routing, do not address multiple network flows, and do not guarantee network coverage. We propose strategies to minimize the cost of placing a sufficient number of logical monitors on edges (called turnstiles) so as to monitor all (possibly multipath) flows. Our main result is an (ln m+1)(ln k+1)-approximation algorithm for the general Turnstile Placement problem, for a network with m edges and k flows (commodities). We also show achieving an o(ln k) approximation ratio is NP-hard. We examine a simple heuristic algorithm for the problem as well as a method to adapt existing single path solutions. Simulations show that our approximation algorithm achieves near optimal performance and outperforms existing approaches. The proposed methods reduce monitoring costs in multipath networks, enabling more agile and more accurate load balancing of network flows.
Snow Brand Milk Products (C): 2009—Remaining Challenges

The turnaround at Snow Brand Milk Products was a real learning experience for all involved. The lessons were many, and while prioritizing them was difficult, it seemed clear that the most significant was the realization that the company existed to serve the consumer and, through that service, the broader society. This brief case outlines the successes that Nobuko Hiwasa pushed Snow Brand management to accomplish, and introduces the challenges that the company faced in 2009: primarily, continuing to build its Corporate Social Responsibility approach and addressing environmental and social issues.
Health care politics and policy: the business of medicine: a course for physician leaders.

This article is a condensed and edited version of a speech delivered to The Business of Medicine: A Course for Physician Leaders symposium presented by Yale-New Haven Hospital and the Medical Directors Leadership Council at Yale University in November 2012 and drawn from Politics, Health, and Health Care: Selected Essays by Theodore R. Marmor and Rudolf Klein [1]. It faithfully reflects the major argument delivered, but it does not include the typical range of citations in a journal article. The material presented here reflects more than 40 years of teaching a course variously described as Political Analysis and Management, Policy and Political Analysis, and The Politics of Policy. The aim of all of these efforts is to inform audiences about the necessity of understanding political conflict in any arena, not least of which is the complex and costly world of medical care.
Relationships and Differences among Social Skills, Problem Behaviors, and Academic Competence for Mainstreamed Learning-Disabled and Nonhandicapped Students

The present study was motivated by the Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities (ICLD) recommendation that learning disabilities include social skills as a deficit area and by the fact few researchers have directly assessed specific social skills of students classified as learning disabled. This study used a national representative sample of students from the standardization data of the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) to investigate social skills of students with learning disabilities compared with nonlearning disabled students as rated by teachers, parents, and the students themselves. This investigation also examined the relationships among social skills, problem behaviors, and academic competence of these students. The results indicated there were significant differences in the frequencies of social skills exhibited by LD and nonLD students. Consistent differences between the two groups of students were noted across parents' and teachers' ratings. Although students' ratings did not differentia...
Staying ahead of the game—plasticity in chorusing behavior allows males to remain attractive in different social environments

The dynamic nature of many breeding aggregations, where the composition and attractiveness of a male’s competitors are ever changing, places extreme pressure on advertising males to remain competitive. In response to this challenge, males may adjust the properties of their calls or change when they signal relative to their nearest neighbors, which are likely their strongest competitors. We used two playback experiments—one simulating a conspecific environment and the other simulating a mixed-species environment—to test the hypothesis that males use social plasticity in signal features, signal timing, or both, to remain attractive. Further, we examined whether this plasticity is mediated by selective attention, through which males change calling behavior in response to the most relevant competitors, while disregarding less relevant rivals. We find that males change some temporal call features, but rely strongly on signal timing to remain attractive relative to rivals. Simultaneous assessment of both types of calling plasticity allowed us to makes sense of counterintuitive responses of male calling behavior that would otherwise appear non-adaptive. We further show that this plasticity is most pronounced in response to attractive/conspecific males. We discuss how sexual selection by female choice may influence the trade-off between call feature and call timing plasticity, as well as how competitive interactions on a local scale may affect the overall acoustic environment in the chorus. Males of group-signaling species face intense pressure to stand out from the crowd to attract mates—not only must they produce attractive signals, those signals must also be perceived clearly above the din. As signaling is a costly endeavor, it would be adaptive for males to recognize the relative attractiveness of their competitors and to adjust signaling behavior as the social environment changes. Using playback experiments, we show that male treefrogs modify call features and call timing in response to more attractive rivals. Our study also highlights that when studying chorusing species, the dual demands of producing attractive calls and placing them in attractive positions require simultaneous attention to both aspects of calling behavior. Only then is it possible to appreciate the potential trade-offs involved: males lengthening their call period when interacting with attractive rivals would appear maladaptive without the knowledge that this behavior results in reduced call overlap.
Predictions of cognitive detriments from galactic cosmic ray exposures to astronauts on exploration missions.

Abstract For the first-time we report on predictions on cognitive detriments from galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures on long-duration space missions outside the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere and solid body shielding. Estimates are based on a relative risk (RR) model of the fluence response for proton and heavy ion in rodent studies using the widely used novel object recognition (NOR) test, which estimates detriments in recognition or object memory. Our recent meta-analysis showed that linear and linear-quadratic dose response models were not accurate, while exponential increasing fluence response models based on particle track structure provided good descriptions of rodent data for doses up to 1 Gy. Using detailed models of the GCR environment and particle transport in shielding and tissue, we predict the excess relative risk (ERR) for NOR detriments for several long-term space mission scenarios. Predictions suggest ERR 0.1 for 1-year lunar surface missions, and about ERR~0.1 for a 1000 day Mars mission for average solar cycle conditions. We discuss possible implications of these ERR levels of cognitive performance detriments relative to other neurological challenges such as rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Comparisons suggest a small but potentially clinically significant risk for possible space mission scenarios.
Anti-CD3 preconditioning separates GVL from GVHD via modulating host dendritic and donor T cell migration in TBI-conditioned recipients

Abstract Host dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating graft versus host disease (GVHD) and graft versus leukemia (GVL), and separation of GVL from GVHD remains a major challenge in the treatment of hematological malignancies by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Here, we show that preconditioning with anti- CD3 mAb before conditioning with total body irradiation prevents GVHD but retains GVL in a HCT model of MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 donor to BALB/c host. Prevention of GVHD is associated with inhibition of donor T expression of homing and chemokine receptors and inhibition of GVHD target tissue expression of chemokines. Furthermore, inhibition of donor T expression of gut homing a4b7 and chemokine receptor CCR9 by anti-CD3 preconditioning results from reduction of CD103+ DCs in draining mesenteric lymph nodes, which is associated with downregulation of DC expression of CCR7, a receptor required for tissue DC migration to draining LN. These results indicate that anti-CD3 preconditioning reduces not only tissue release of chemokines but also prevents tissue DC migration to draining LN and subsequently reduces draining LN DC's capacity in imprinting donor T tissue tropism. Therefore, modulation of host DCs by anti-CD3 preconditioning before HCT represents a new approach for separating GVL from GVHD. (Li and Chen contribute equally.
A Partial Charred Wooden Bowl From Aztalan (47JE1), Wisconsin

Fragments of a charred wooden bowl were recovered from Aztalan during excavations by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (SHSW) in 1964. Recent advances in analytical methods facilitated a mu...
Who Controls Criminal Law? Racial Threat and the Adoption of State Sentencing Law, 1975 to 2012:

Threat theory argues that states toughen criminal laws to repress the competitive power of large minority groups. Yet, research on threat suffers from a poor understanding of why minority group siz...
Examining the Influence of Trauma Exposure on HIV Sexual Risk Between Men and Women in Post-Conflict Liberia

The adverse impact of exposure to war-related traumatic events on mental health is well documented. Few studies, however, have focused on the impact of exposure to war-related traumatic events on HIV sexual risk behavior in post-conflict countries such as Liberia. We investigated whether exposure to war-related traumatic events was linked to HIV sexual risk behavior, and identified potential mediators of this relationship, including stressful life events, problematic alcohol use, and intimate partner violence (IPV) among women and men in Liberia. Data were collected from a sample of 395 participants in Monrovia, Liberia. Results from the serial multiple mediator model did not support direct or indirect effects between war-related traumatic events and HIV sexual risk behavior among women. For men, we found both direct and indirect effects between war-related traumatic events and HIV sexual risk behavior. Findings from this research highlight the need for trauma-informed HIV prevention strategies in Liberia.