cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the hydropower potential of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

One of the largest hydropower projects in Africa is the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which is currently under construction in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) basin in Ethiopia. The GERD has been billed as a hydropower project that will significantly improve electricity supply in Ethiopia and neighboring countries with a total capacity of 5150 MW. This paper evaluates the hydrological potential of the UBN basin for meeting the declared hydropower production design from the GERD. Our investigation indicated that the hydrology of the UBN can sustain the inflow to the GERD that would produce 13 629 GWh per annum (capacity factor = 0.30). Investigations further revealed that the GERD operation in the current design configuration will likely result in eight (out of 14) idle turbines every year. Our study also demonstrated that current GERD capacity (5150 MW) is more reasonable than previous designs (e.g., 6000 and 6450 MW).
The effectiveness of laboratory tests to predict early postoperative periprosthetic infection after total knee arthroplasty.

Aims It remains difficult to diagnose early postoperative periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to validate the optimal cutoff values of ESR, CRP, a...
Symmetric mutations algebras in the context of sub-cluster algebras

For a rooted cluster algebra $\mathcal{A}(Q)$ over a valued quiver $Q$, a \emph{symmetric cluster variable} is any cluster variable that belongs to a cluster associated with a quiver $\sigma (Q)$, for some permutation $\sigma$. The subalgebra of $\mathcal{A}(Q)$ generated by all symmetric cluster variables is called the \emph{symmetric mutation subalgebra} and is denoted by $\mathcal{B}(Q)$. In this paper, we identify the class of cluster algebras that satisfy $\mathcal{B}(Q)=\mathcal{A}(Q)$, which contains almost every quiver of finite mutation type. In the process of proving the main theorem, we provide a classification of quivers mutation classes based on their weights. Some properties of symmetric mutation subalgebras are given.
Comparing total cost of ownership of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles

Abstract The technological advance of electrochemical energy storage and the electric powertrain has led to rapid growth in the deployment of electric vehicles. The high cost and the added weight of the batteries have limited the size (energy storage capacity) and, therefore, the driving range of these vehicles. However, consumers are steadily purchasing these vehicles because of the fast acceleration, quiet ride, and high energy efficiency. The higher pack-to-wheel efficiency and the lower energy cost per mile, as well as the lower expense for maintenance and repair, translate to operating savings over conventional vehicles. This paper compares battery electric vehicles with internal combustion engine vehicles based on the total cost of ownership. It is seen that the higher initial cost of electric vehicles can be recovered in as little as 5 years. This is especially true for electric vehicles with shorter driving ranges. Specifically, a vehicle with an electric driving range under 200 miles may achieve cost parity with an equivalent internal combustion engine vehicle in 8 years or less.
Electronic Journal Management Systems: Experiences from the Field

* Introduction (Gary Ives) * The Master Serial List at Montana State University--A Simple, Easy to Use Approach (Susan P. Marshall and Jodee L. Kawasaki) * Electronic Resource Management: Transition from In-House to In-House/Vendor Approach (Robert Alan) * One-Stop: Serials Management with TDNet (Peggy S. Cooper and Dan Lester) * Taming the E-Journal Jungle: The University of South Carolina's Experience with TDNet (Karen McMullen and Derek Wilmott) * Implementing EBSCO's A-to-Z and LinkSource Products for Improved Electronic Journal Management (Virginia A. Lingle) * Evolutionary Approach to Managing E-Resources (Richard P. Jasper and Laura Sheble) * Transition to E-Journals at Texas A&M University, 1995-2004 (Gary Ives) * Can SFX Replace Your Homegrown Periodicals Holding List? How the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Made the Transition (Jenifer S. Holman) * Customized Electronic Resources Management System for a Multi-Library University: Viewpoint from One Library (Janis F. Brown, Janet L. Nelson, and Maggie Wineburgh-Freed) * Integrating and Streamlining Electronic Resources Workflows via Innovative's Electronic Resource Management (Laura Tull, Janet Crum, Trisha Davis, and C. Rockelle Strader) * Electronic Resources Management Systems: The Experience of Beta Testing and Implementation (Tony A. Harvell) * Beginning to See the Light: Developing a Discourse for Electronic Resource Management (Jill Emery) * Index * Reference Notes Included
School district planning and the 2010 decennial census: Data uses and needs

As school districts attempt to address future planning needs for the next 10 years, they are increasingly using in-depth and comprehensive demographic data to assist them in the decision making process. Data at the school district level is available from the 2000 decennial census through the Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics. Unfortunately, demographic data for sub district areas must be complied by aggregating block level census data to various sub district geographies. Without access to accurate block and block group census data, school districts would have no reliable demographic data to use in there efforts to develop short and long term strategic plans addressing the future composition and distribution of their students or to make accurate projections of future demand based on the unique characteristic of the district sub areas.
Naturally Occurring Proteasome Inhibitors from Mate Tea (Ilex paraguayensis) Serve as Models for Topical Proteasome Inhibitors

Proteasome inhibitors have emerged as a clinically important therapy for neoplastic disease, with velcade, an organoboron compound used extensively in multiple myeloma. Recently, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate has been found to be a potent inhibitor of the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity. Other compounds that inhibit angiogenesis and are active as chemopreventive agents, such as curcumin, also inhibit proteasome activity. We have screened natural product extracts using ras-transformed endothelial cells (SVR cells) as a bioassay, and found that extracts of mate tea (Ilex paraguayensis) inhibit the growth of these endothelial cells. The extract was fractionated and found to have novel cinnamate esters that inhibit proteasome activity. Based upon the structures of the compounds isolated from mate tea, we examined synthetic analogs of these compounds for proteasome activity. Cinnamic acid amides had no inhibitory activity against proteasomes, whereas cinnamate esters displayed the activity. Based upon these findings, preclinical and clinical trials of topical cinnamate esters as proteasome inhibitors are warranted for psoriasis and other inflammatory disorders.
Richard Feynman and the History of Superconductivity

We have been asked to speak to you this morning about the history of superconductivity. We will do that, of course. We always do whatever Harvey Newman asks us to do. However, we also have another objective in mind. Because this conference is the occasion of the formal dedication of the Richard P. Feynman Lecture Hall at the Ettore Majorana Centre, we would like to tell you a bit of the story of Feynman’s epic battle with superconductivity. As it turned out, Feynman was the loser in that struggle, and so the story may tell us more about Richard Feynman than it does about superconductivity. We hope that will not make it any less interesting.
Autoradiographic localization of putative nicotinic receptors in the rat brain using 125I-neuronal bungarotoxin

Neuronal bungarotoxin (NBT), a snake venom neurotoxin, selectively blocks nicotinic receptors in many peripheral and central neuronal preparations. alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha BT), on the other hand, a second toxin isolated from the venom of the same snake, is an ineffective nicotinic antagonist in most vertebrate neuronal preparations studied thus far. To examine central nicotinic receptors recognized by NBT, we have characterized the binding of 125I-labeled NBT (125I-NBT) to rat brain membranes and have mapped the distribution of 125I-NBT binding in brain sections using quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. The binding of 125I-NBT was found to be saturable, of high affinity, and heterogeneously distributed in the brain. Pharmacological studies suggested that more than one population of sites is labeled by 125I-NBT. For example, one component of 125I-NBT binding was also recognized by alpha BT, while a second component, not recognized by alpha BT, was recognized by the nicotinic agonist nicotine. The highest densities of these alpha BT-insensitive, nicotine- sensitive sites were found in the fasciculus retroflexus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, and the olivary pretectal nucleus. alpha BT-sensitive NBT binding sites were found in highest density in the lateral geniculate nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the dorsal tegmental nucleus, and the medial mammillary nucleus (lateral part). The number of brain regions with a high density of 125I-NBT binding sites, blocked either by alpha BT or by nicotine, is low when compared with results obtained using other approaches to studying the central distribution of nicotinic receptors, such as labeling with 3H-nicotine or labeling with cDNA probes to mRNAs coding for putative receptor subunits. It is proposed that 125I-NBT labels a subpopulation of nicotinic receptors in the rat brain, and that, given its ability to block nicotinic receptors in a variety of neuronal preparations, NBT will be a useful probe for studying the functional properties of these sites.
Improved Lyophilization Procedure for Storage of Reference Cultures and Clinical Isolates

A capillary lyophilization technique was devised as a simple means for storage of replicate cultures. This technique was evaluated over a 1-year period, utilizing 18 different strains.
Vinpocetine inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced upregulation of mucin MUC5AC expression via induction of MKP-1 phosphatase in the pathogenesis of otitis media.

Mucin overproduction is a hallmark of otitis media (OM). Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common bacterial pathogens causing OM. Mucin MUC5AC plays an important role in mucociliary clearance of bacterial pathogens. However, if uncontrolled, excessive mucus contributes significantly to conductive hearing loss. Currently, there is a lack of effective therapeutic agents that suppress mucus overproduction. In this study, we show that a currently existing antistroke drug, vinpocetine, a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine, inhibited S. pneumoniae–induced mucin MUC5AC upregulation in cultured middle ear epithelial cells and in the middle ear of mice. Moreover, vinpocetine inhibited MUC5AC upregulation by inhibiting the MAPK ERK pathway in an MKP-1–dependent manner. Importantly, ototopical administration of vinpocetine postinfection inhibited MUC5AC expression and middle ear inflammation induced by S. pneumoniae and reduced hearing loss and pneumococcal loads in a well-established mouse model of OM. Thus, these studies identified vinpocetine as a potential therapeutic agent for inhibiting mucus production in the pathogenesis of OM.
PEDOT-PSS coated ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods as ultralong-life anode material for lithium ion batteries

Abstract ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods were synthesized through one-pot wet-chemical reaction followed by thermal calcination. It was found that ZnO/C porous nanorods are composed of numerous nanograins, exhibiting a hierarchical micro/nanostructure. In-situ synchrotron high energy X-ray diffraction study revealed that ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods involve a two-step reversible lithiation mechanism during charge/discharge; and part of ZnO and Zn remains at the end of the first discharge and charge process, respectively, leading to a low coulombic efficiency in the initial few cycles. The electrochemical test demonstrated that the reversible capacity and the rate performance of ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods anode have been greatly improved by PEDOT-PSS coating, which could maintain a reversible capacity of 623.94 mA h g−1 after 1500 cycles at 1 C. Its excellent high rate capability and long cycle stability were attributed to the high electronic conductivity of PEDOT-PSS coating layer and the hierarchical structures of ZnO/C porous nanorods.
Inequalities in the use of helmets by race and payer status among pediatric cyclists

BACKGROUND: Despite nationwide campaigns to increase the use of helmets among pediatric cyclists, many children continue to be injured while riding without a helmet. To determine where programs and policies intended to promote helmet use should be directed, we surveyed a large national dataset to identify variables associated with helmet use. METHODS: The National Trauma Data Bank was queried during the years 2007, 2010, and 2011 for children younger than the age of 16 years who were involved in a bicycle accident. Children were grouped based on whether they had a helmet on during the accident. A multivariable logistic mixed-effects model was utilized to determine factors associated with helmet use. RESULTS: Of the 7,678 children included in the analysis, 1,695 (22.1%) were wearing a helmet during their accident. On unadjusted analysis, nonhelmeted riders were more likely to be older (median age 11 years vs 10 years, P CONCLUSION: Children who are black or who are on Medicaid are less likely to be wearing a helmet when involved in a bicycle accident than white children or children with private insurance, respectively. Future efforts to promote helmet use should be directed towards these groups. Language: en
"No Taking Without a Touching?" Questions from an Armchair Originalist

This paper is an invited contribution to the Bernard Siegan Memorial Conference on Economic Liberties, Property Rights, and the Original Meaning of the Constitution at the University of San Diego School of Law. The paper poses three questions about the historical evidence used to support the dominant academic view that the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause, as originally understood, extended only to physical appropriations or invasions of private property. First, the paper questions the relevance of state and local regulatory practices to the pre-incorporation understanding of the Takings Clause. Second, the paper expresses concern about the use of state-court cases decided well into the nineteenth century to elucidate the meaning of a late-eighteenth-century legal provision. Finally, the paper asks whether the state decisions frequently cited for the no taking without a touching principle might have been answering different questions than the modern regulatory takings problem.
Transferability of Microeconomic Data over Time: An Illustration

Data from a long series of plant cost syntheses are used to illustrate the feasibility of transferring microeconomic data over time. The effect of technical change in building construction practices on index-transferred investment costs is illustrated. A bias in the BLS construction wage rate indices is identified.
Absolute 2-D Sub-Micron Metrology For Electron Beam Lithography

An E-beam lithography machine with a high precision X-Y stage is used to measure a grid plate with grid points at approximately known coordinates. Two interferometer beams, one parallel to the X-axis and one parallel to the Y-axis, measure stage displacements. A calibration procedure is described in which no geometric assumptions other than repeatability are made concerning the stage, e.g. it is not assumed that interferometer mirrors are spherical or parabolic, nor are specific geometric features, such as axis misalignment, modelled. Although the assumptions are very general, it is possible to observe the grid in just three orientations to determine both an inverse distortion function (calibration) and absolute rectangular coordinates for the grid points, providing that only one additional item of information is available, namely the absolute distance between a pair of points on the grid. The mathematical theory is based upon the group of symmetries generated by the three orientations of the grid and an associated lattice of rotational fixpoints. A cali-bration program has been written applying the theory to the practical problem of calibrating an E-beam lithography system. Simulations based on actual E-beam measurements confirm the theory for the practical problem. The calibration program is a powerful tool for observing and measuring the behavior of a working E-beam system. An E-beam machine can be calibrated using the program to an accuracy limited only by the repeatability of the machine, currently on the order of hundredths of a micrometer.
The chromosomes of some North American chipmunks (Sciuridae) belonging to the genera Tamias and Eutamias.

The somatic chromosomes of T. striatus lysteri, E. minimus operarius, E. speciosus frater, E. quadrivittaius hopiensis and E. umbrinus montanus have been analyzed utilizing a method employing pretreatment with colchicine and hypotonic citrate followed by staining and squashing.
The Influence of Cp(L-s) on the Calculation of Phase Diagrams: The systems AlCa and CaPb

Abstract The difference in heat capacity, Cp(L)-Cp(s), between liquid and solid influences greatly the calculation of phase diagrams. We show, that irrespective of how we represent the difference in Gibbs energy between liquid and solid, G(L-s), the results are the same: the Enthalpy of formation of the binary intermediate compounds, and the value of G(L-s) of the end components at their eutectic point is the same. We show this on the two binary systems AlCa and CaPb. In the AlCa system the Ca eutectic temperature is 300 K below its melting point.
Changes in the structure of the ligand or substitutions to AF2 residues in the estrogen receptor make independent contributions to coactivator sensitivity by SRC-1

Abstract The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor which depends, in part, upon the C-terminal activation function (AF2) in order to regulate the expression of target genes. AF2 residues fold into an amphipathic α -helix on helix 12 of the ER, with hydrophobic and acidic faces. It is believed that AF2 mediates the gene regulatory activities of ligand-activated ER by interacting with coactivator proteins. We have analyzed the contribution of acidic AF2 residues to the process of ER coactivation by the steroid receptor coactivator, SRC-1. In HeLa cells, SRC-1 coexpression was found to restore transcriptional potency to otherwise inert complexes of wild type ER and 4-hydroxyestratrien-17 β -ol. SRC-1 coexpression also enhanced transcriptional activity of reporter genes induced by an ER mutant with neutral replacements to acidic AF2 residues, in response to E2 or 4-hydroxyestratrien-17 β -ol. By contrast, ER complexes from ICI164,384-treated HeLa cells were both transcriptionally inactive and coactivator insensitive. It is concluded that changes to the structure of the ligand or substitutions to acidic residues in the AF2 region of the receptor contribute independently to the control of coactivator sensitivity in ER.
The ‘Wave Band’ Theory of Wireless Transmission

Two obvious objections can be made to Sir Ambrose Fleming's lucid analysis of the wave band theory in NATURE of Jan. 18.
Effect of graded hypoxia on cortical and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials

Abstract Cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP), spinal somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), and electroencephalogram were recorded in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. After baseline recordings in room air (21% O 2 ), animals were subjected to a graded hypoxia at 15.75%, 10.5%, and 5.25% oxygen levels for 10 minutes. Each level of hypoxia was followed by a 15-minute reoxygenation period. With a moderate hypoxia (15.75% O 2 ), measured latencies for the CSEP and the SSEP were not significantly different compared with baseline ( p > 0.05). The CSEP amplitude showed a significant increase ( p . 0.02) during reoxygenation after the moderate hypoxia. Change in the latency or amplitude of SSEP at 15.75% hypoxia or during the reoxygenation period was not significant compared with the room air ( p . 0.05). No change in the electroencephalogram was noticed with the moderate hypoxia. At severe hypoxia (10.5% O 2 ), 80% of the animals lost CSEP within 2 minutes. The loss of CSEP was concomitant with significant attenuation of the electroencephalogram waves. The SSEP was resistant to the severe hypoxia and was present in all animals. We concluded that hypoxia affects CSEP with the tendency to increase the amplitude at moderate hypoxia (15.75%) and loss of the latency and amplitude with severe (10.5%) and extreme (5.25%) hypoxia.
Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the trachea.

A 41-year-old woman developed progressive dyspnea during a 3-month period. She was initially diagnosed with asthma and treated medically without significant relief. Chest x-ray was unremarkable. She reported feeling like her “throat was closing up.” Pulmonary function demonstrated a severe obstructive pattern. Her dyspnea continued to progress and eventually the patient reportedly became apneic at home and required resuscitation. A computed tomography scan demonstrated a near obstructing lesion of the distal trachea (Figure 1). She was emergently transferred to our institution. Bronchoscopy revealed a near obstructing polypoid mass 7 cm from the vocal cords (Figure 2). The lesion was detached from the tracheal wall with a snare cautery. The mass was located 3 cm proximal to the carina and 7 cm distal to the vocal cords. The mass measured 2 1.8 1.3 cm and frozen section analysis revealed a poorly differentiated carcinoma. Five days later, she underwent a sternotomy with resection of 2 cm of trachea, 3 cm proximal to the carina. Subsequently, final pathology demonstrated an anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive large B-cell lymphoma. Resection margins were free of tumor. Immunohistochemistry was positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1, CD138, and MUM1. Ebstein-Barr encoded RNA was negative as was CD30 and CD20. One paratracheal lymph node was involved out of 17 sampled. Tumor was stage II by the Ann Arbor staging system. Six cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone chemotherapy were administered postoperatively. At 4-month follow-up, the patient is alive and well without clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrent disease. Primary tumors of the trachea represent about 0.1% of all malignancies.1 Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the trachea is even more uncommon, representing 0.23% of all tracheal tumors.2 The most comprehensive review of the literature identified only 28 primary tracheal lymphomas from 1973 to 2000.3 Median age of presentation was 44 years
Divertor regimes in NSTX

Abstract The identification of divertor operating regimes is of particular importance for heat and particle control optimization in high performance plasmas of a spherical torus, because of the magnetic geometry effects and compactness of the divertor region. Recent measurements of radiated power, heat, and particle fluxes in lower single null and double null NSTX plasmas with 0.8–6 MW NBI heating suggest that the inner divertor is detached at n ¯ e ⩽ 2 – 3 × 10 19 m - 3 whereas the outer divertor is always attached. This resilient state exists in most L- and H-mode plasmas. The inner divertor transiently re-attaches in ELMy H-mode plasmas when heat pulses from type I or type III ELMs reach the divertor.
Depressive Symptom Outcomes of Physical Activity Interventions: Meta-analysis Findings

Physical activity (PA) is consistently linked to mental health outcomes. This meta-analysis synthesized depressive symptom outcomes of supervised and unsupervised PA interventions among healthy adults. Comprehensive searching and coding were applied to PA interventions among adults without clinical depression. Analyses included random-effects standardized means, Q, and moderator analysis using analysis of variance and regression meta-analytic analogues. Treatment versus control comparisons yielded a standardized mean effect size of 0.372 among 38 supervised PA studies and 0.522 among 22 unsupervised PA studies. Preliminary moderator analyses suggested that supervised PA interventions may be more effective when they include flexibility/resistance and low-intensity exercise. Unsupervised PA interventions may be more effective when they recommend center-based PA. Methodological moderators (random assignment, control group management) were identified. These findings document that PA interventions reduce depressive symptoms even in adults without clinical depression. Moderator analyses suggest directions for future research as well as practice.
Parental Presence on Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Rounds

Objective To comprehensively evaluate the effect of parental presence on pediatric intensive care unit rounds. Study design A prospective, observational and survey-based study comprised of (1) observation of rounds (2) “rounding event assessments” (brief surveys specific to 1 rounding event, completed by health care providers [HCPs] n = 375) (3) qualitative interviews with parents (36 who joined rounds and 16 who elected not to join), and (4) qualitative written surveys from HCPs (63 nurses, 39 doctors). Results Eighty-one percent of parents who chose to join rounds reported that participation increased their overall satisfaction with their child's care. In 57% of rounding events, at least 1 HCP learned new, pertinent information from the parents. However, in 32% of rounding events, at least 1 HCP believed parental presence limited discussion. Forty-seven percent of parents who participated in rounds and 88% of those who chose not to participate volunteered that participation has the potential to increase parental confusion and anxiety (P = .02). Conclusions Most parents and physicians agree that parents should be invited to participate on rounds. Parents report increased satisfaction from participation, and parents provide new information when on rounds. However, parental presence may limit discussion during rounds which may adversely affect patient care.
Variable-ratio, polarisation-insensitive, 3*3 fused biconical tapered couplers

The authors present a polarisation-insensitive, 3*3 fused biconical tapered coupler with a variable screw gauge that can change the coupling ratios from a splitting percentage of 11%-44%-45% to a uniformity of 33%-33%-34%, with excess loss maintained below 1.1 dB. The fabrication and packaging methods are described and wavelength tunability of the coupler is demonstrated. >
Gap-Junction Uncoupling Paradoxically Increase Synchronization of Spontaneous Calcium Release in the Intact Heart

Intracellular calcium (Ca) dysregulation associated with cardiac disease has been linked to mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias. We have previously shown that spontaneous calcium release from an aggregate of many cells in situ (an SCR) occurs in a synchronized fashion; however, the mechanism responsible for synchronizing SCR activity in coupled myocardium is unknown. Since others have reported that Ca can diffuse through gap junctions (GJ), we hypothesize that uncoupling cells by blocking GJ will desynchronize, and attenuate SCR activity. Methods: To test this hypothesis high resolution optical mapping of Ca (Indo-1AM) from the anterior surface of the Langendorff perfused guinea pig heart (n=5) was performed in hearts under high Ca conditions ([Ca2+]e=5.5mM), with and without carbonoxolone (CBX, 50μM) to reduce GJ coupling. Endocardial cryoablation were performed to eliminate Purkinje fibers and cytochalasin-D (7μM) was administered to remove motion artifact. Fifteen seconds of rapid pacing (350-160 ms cycle length) followed by a pause was used to induce SCR activity. Results: In all preparations, SCR activity was observed across the entire mapping field before and after CBX. With CBX, the amplitude of SCR activity increased (+14.8%, p < 0.05) and its time to peak occurred earlier (−11.2%, p < 0.01) compared to no CBX. CBX also decreased the range of local SCR time to peaks across the mapping field (−17.2%, p < 0.05), suggesting that uncoupling myocytes synchronizes spontaneous calcium release across cells. There was no statistical difference in the occurrence of triggered activity before and during CBX. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the occurrence of spontaneous calcium release in tissue (an SCR) does not require Ca diffusion though GJs. In fact, spontaneous calcium release in tissue is paradoxically enhanced during GJ inhibition.
Effect of Desmopresssin in Normal Dogs and Dogs with von Willebrand's Disease

Summary Desmopressin acetate (DDAVPR), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, was slowly administered intravenously to 12 healthy dogs of various breeds and 10 Doberman Pinschers with mild-to-moderate type I von Willebrand's disease at a dose of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg body weight. Plasma von Willebrand factor: antigen was measured by an electroimmunoassay prior to and 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after desmopressin infusion. Desmopressin induced only very modest and statistically insignificant increases in von Willebrand factor in both groups. We conclude that the response to desmopressin as measured by circulating von Willebrand factor is much less pronounced in healthy dogs and in Doberman Pinschers with von Willebrand's disease than in humans.
Grain Size Distribution Effect on Mechanical Behavior of Nanocrystalline Materials

Grain size distribution effect on the mechanical behavior of NiTi and Vitroperm alloys were investigated. Yielding at significantly lower stresses than found in equiaxed counterparts, along with well defined strain hardening was observed in these nanocrystalline materials with large grains embedded in the matrix during tensile deformation at temperatures of 0.4Tm. At higher temperature the effect of grain size distribution on yield stress was not revealed while plasticity was increased in 50% in NiTi alloy with bimodal grain size structure.
Aging, sex, and cost of medical treatment.

OBJECTIVE:: Association between medical cost from workplace injuries and aging and its effect modification by sex were examined. METHODS:: Medical costs reimbursed from workers' compensation between 2003 and 2009 were used. A multiple zero-truncated negative binomial regression predicted percent changes in medical cost. Cubic regression spline smoothers tested effect modification. RESULTS:: Reimbursed medical costs comprised 3452 claims. Medical costs increased with aging; however, the trends differ by sex. Medical cost increase after 10 years of age increase was 27% among men (95% CI = 17% to 38%) and was 15% among women (12% to 22%). Medical cost spent among the youngest women was higher than that for the oldest men. The ratio of cost between the oldest women and oldest men was double. CONCLUSIONS:: Prioritizing controls for injuries in hospitals should focus on women and aging workers. Language: en
The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia can be established by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood, even in patients with low levels of circulating malignant cells

The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has traditionally been based on microscopic means. Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood by flow cytometry is not widely recognized as a method for diagnosing HCL, perhaps due to the expectation of low yield of neoplastic cells in patients who are characteristically leukopenic. The abnormal coexpression of CD103, CD25, and intense CD11c and CD20 on monotypic, slightly large B-lymphocytes has previously been shown to be highly characteristic of HCL. We wished to determine if this pattern was valuable in the diagnosis of HCL in leukopenic patients with low levels of neoplastic cells in the peripheral blood. The abnormal immunophenotype above was observed in 25 peripheral blood specimens from patients with unexplained cytopenias or suspected lymphoproliferative processes. Ten of the 25 blood samples exhibited this abnormal phenotype in less than 5% of circulating leukocytes (ranging from <1% to 4%). All 10 patients had other manifestations of HCL, including cytopenias (mean white blood cell count, 1.8 x 10(3)/mm(3); hemoglobin, 11.0 gm/dl; platelets, 74 x 10(3)/mm(3)), splenomegaly, and typical bone marrow morphologic changes. Eight of the 10 patients achieved an excellent response to one course of 2-CDA, with significant improvement of cytopenias (mean white blood cell count: 5.3 x 10(3)/mm(3); hemoglobin: 14.4 g/dl; platelets: 181 x 10(3)/mm(3)) and regression of splenomegaly. One patient had a partial response to alpha interferon and a subsequent complete response to 2-CDA, and one died during treatment. In conclusion, flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood is capable of detecting low levels of circulating malignant cells in HCL, even in leukopenic patients. As such, it can be a very useful, non-invasive tool in the diagnosis of this disorder.
The temperature dependence of SQUID noise at temperatures below 4 K

The temperature dependence of SQUID noise was tested over a temperature range from 0.3-4 K. A SQUID-based picovoltmeter at 4-5 K was used to read out the signal from the SQUID being investigated at the lower temperature. This method reduces noise contributions from cables and electronics. The data were taken in support of a physics experiment which will use SQUIDs to measure the precession frequency of spin polarized 3 He, acting as a comagnetometer with spin polarized ultra-cold neutrons (UCN). The aim of the experiment is to measure the neutron electric dipole moment to 4 x 10 -28 e cm. A high signal-to-noise for the SQUID-based precession frequency measurement is needed to attain this goal. The 3 He and UCN will be in a bath at temperatures <0.5 K. The noise performance of the SQUIDs at these temperatures must be well understood before the experiment. The noise performance of the picovoltmeter system was also compared to that of a conventionally operated SQUID at the same temperature and location on the test probe. The results of the noise studies as a function of temperature are presented.
Statistical Machine Translation for Speech: A Perspective on Structures, Learning, and Decoding

In this paper, we survey and analyze state-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT) techniques for speech translation (ST). We review key learning problems, and investigate essential model structures in SMT, taking a unified perspective to reveal both connections and contrasts between automatic speech recognition (ASR) and SMT. We show that phrase-based SMT can be viewed as a sequence of finite-state transducer (FST) operations, similar in spirit to ASR. We further inspect the synchronous context-free grammar (SCFG)-based formalism that includes hierarchical phrase-based and many linguistically syntax-based models. Decoding for ASR, FST-based, and SCFG-based translation is also presented from a unified perspective as different realizations of the generic Viterbi algorithm on graphs or hypergraphs. These consolidated perspectives are helpful to catalyze tighter integrations for improved ST, and we discuss joint decoding and modeling toward coupling ASR and SMT.
Effects of nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield of cassava in Hawaii: I dynamics of soil nitrogen

Abstract A field experiment was conducted in 1987 on a Vertic Haplustoll on the Island of Oahu (Hawaii) to monitor the dynamics of 1M KCl extractable NH4‐N and NO3‐N, and organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (N) contents following the application of increasing rates of N fertilizer as urea (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N/ha) and subsequent cropping with irrigated cassava. Soil samples were taken at 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm soil depths at 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 days after planting (DAP). Cumulative rainfall values for the periods 0–60, 60–120, 120–180, 180–240, and 240–300 DAP were 151, 0, 156, 142, and 1032 mm, respectively. Two waterlogged periods occurred, one just before 180 DAP and the other after 240 DAP. NH4‐N accumulated to high levels after the first waterlogged period but no NO3‐N was detected. NH4‐N declined sharply after the second waterlogged period. Both OC and total N contents decreased over time and were not affected significantly by N fertilization. Changes in OC and total N conten...
Dispositions and Ontology

One might have assumed that the increase, in recent years, in the number of writers willing to defend the ontological status of dispositions is evidence that the reductionist positions have lost favor.’ Instead, we see reductionism regarding the dispositional holding its own. The debate rages on, and not without good reason.2 Reductionists often seem to occupy the dialectical high ground, especially when one considers how typically unwieldy or uninformative are the nonreductionist alternatives. Nor is the debate a minor internecine skirmish, of significance only to a few practitioners of a small branch of metaphysics. Dispositional notions are commonplace in much of the current work in philosophy. One finds mention of capacities, abilities, potentialities, and dispositions in ethics, epistemology, and the philosophy of mind, as well as the philosophy of science. Indeed, these notions have come to play a more, not less, important role. Making sense of the dispositional is a continuing challenge. What I have to say will do little to assuage our worries about
Comparison of prometaphase chromosome techniques with emphasis on the role of colcemid.

Six different techniques were evaluated to define better those technical factors that are most critical for obtaining prometaphase cells for banding analysis. Our results demonstrate: (a) colcemid exposures of 30 min or less have no effect on increasing the yield of prometaphase cells, (b) colcemid exposures of greater than 0.1 μg/ml can be toxic, (c) methotrexate depresses the mitotic index significantly and seems to increase the incidence of prometaphase cells only because it suppresses later forms; and (d) the optimum number of cytogenetically satisfactory prometaphase cells can be obtained with a 4-h exposure to a combination of low concentration actinomycin D (0.5 μg/ml) and colcemid (0.1 μg/ml). This technique inhibits chromosome condensation while permitting prometaphase cells to accumulate for 4 h.
A Formal Design for Softare

The major idea of SP is to divide a programming task into easily understandable units. Within these units, it may be of little consequence whether the language used is COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/1, or any of the new SP languages. Language design (such as control structures) may determine the size of the program which is the largest easily understandable unit. This is at best a local optimization. I have seen well-structured programs written in assembly language, FORTRAN, and APL–none of which are known for their facilities to enhance structured programming. However, any language claiming to enhance SP should provide a facility for connection among program units: this could be as complex as the abstract type mechanisms of Liskov's CLU or Wulf's ALPHARD, or it could be a simple procedure/macro facility. Poor design of these features limits the effectiveness of languages like FORTRAN and COBOL in the construction of well-structured programs. These facilities are often faked by a preprocessor or by system convention.
Rules of thumb for designing effective external aids

Even with good design, users' needs differ and users change over time. Users' own practices in designing external aids were studied in four domains: a focused analysis of how general aviation pilots remember to perform a task that is commonly forgotten, special activities performed by commercial airplane pilots, warnings and notes posted around copy machines, and ways people get around problems in their homes with devices such as VCRs. I will present design principles based on common occurrences across these studies. It is valuable to study such aids as a guide for redesign.
Azimuthal dependence of angle resolved photoelectron diffraction from I on Ag(111) -- multiple scattering analysis to determine the adsorption site

Abstract The azimuthal anisotropy from the 4d level of (√3 × √3) R 30° I on Ag(111) is calculated and compared with the data of Farrell et al. The comparisons indicate the φ-patterns give a clear and unambiguous determination of the adsorption registry of I on Ag(111).
Automated Machines Designed to Interface with the Extremely Resistant Population

Automated machines facing the general public's daily life (i.e., ATMs) have become common elements of environments. Even with the continued growth, some institutions still find it difficult to get more than half of their customers to use the machine regularly. This paper presents an optimized interface for an automated teller machine designed to attract even the extremely resistant user. To accomplish this task, information was gathered from non ATM users in addition to the regular customers of such machines. Several existing machines were critiqued based on the needs of non ATM users in addition to the generally accepted human factors criteria. Design solutions were generated for all desirable elements, such as input and output devices characteristics, aesthetics, etc. Designed were tested using the method of pair-comparison, the chosen ATM design is believed to enhance ease of use, accessibility, and overall productivity of such units for virtually the entire spectrum of ATM users.
Characterization of neuropeptide Y binding sites in rat cardiac ventricular membranes

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) binding sites in rat cardiac ventricular membranes have been characterized in detail. 125 I-NPY bound to the membranes with high affinity. Binding was saturable, reversible and specific, and depended on time, pH and temperature. Analysis of the binding data obtained under optimal conditions, 2 hr, 18°C and at pH 7.5, revealed the presence of low and high affinity binding sites. The high affinity binding sites had an apparent dissociation constant (K d ) of 0.38 nM and a binding capacity (B max ) of 7.13 fmol/mg protein. The apparent K d and B max for low affinity binding sites were 22.34 nM and 261.25 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Peptides unrelated to NPY did not compete with 125 I-NPY for the binding sites even at 1 μM concentrations, whereas homologous peptides, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and NPY(13–36) inhibited 125 I-NPY binding but with lower potency compared to NPY. 125 I-NPY binding was sensitive to the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, Gpp(NH)p, suggesting that the NPY receptor is coupled to the adenylate cyclase system. The ventricular membrane receptor characterized in this study may play an important role in mediating the physiological effects of NPY in the heart.
Auger and infrared study of polypyrrole films: Evidence of chemical changes during electrochemical deposition and aging in air

Abstract The conductivity and resulting surface morphology of polypyrrole have been observed to change significantly with deposition rate (growth current density) and thickness, and to a lesser extent with anion species present. Previous results led to the conclusion that changes in the reaction kinetics occur during the growth of the polymer. Further evidence for this comes from the present preliminary infrared and Auger electron spectroscopy studies of the front and back surfaces of the polymer film. An attempt was made to detect chemical changes in the film and correlate them to an observed decay in conductivity when the film was left exposed to the atmosphere. Results show an increase in oxygen content, possibly due to hydroxyl ions, but no loss of the original dopant ion. Evidence is also found for the existence of carbonyl groups on the back (substrate) surface. Dendrite-like formations on the front surface of the films, which are much more pronounced with FeCl 4 − -doped films, contain much less anion than flat areas of the film, indicating that such formations may be caused by other polymer chain defects such as alpha-beta bonding or crosslinking.
Outcome of children bridged to transplant with ventricular assist devices: A multi-institutional study

OUTCOME OF CHILDREN BRIDGED TO TRANSPLANT WITH VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES: A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL STUDY E.D. Blume, D.C. Naftel, H.J. Bastardi, B.W. Duncan, J.K. Kirklin, S.A. Webber, Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA; Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL; Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH; Pediatric Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Children’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
A single-stranded DNA aptamer that selectively binds to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B.

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a common foodborne pathogen capable of secreting a cocktail of small, stable, and strain-specific, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) results when improperly handled food contaminated with SEs is consumed. Gastrointestinal symptoms of SFP include emesis, diarrhea and severe abdominal pain, which manifest within hours of ingesting contaminated food. Immuno-affinity based methods directly detect, identify, and quantify several SEs within a food or clinical sample. However, the success of these assays depends upon the availability of a monoclonal antibody, the development of which is non-trivial and costly. The current scope of the available immuno-affinity based methods is limited to the classical SEs and does not encompass all of the known or emergent SEs. In contrast to antibodies, aptamers are short nucleic acids that exhibit high affinity and specificity for their targets without the high-costs and ethical concerns of animal husbandry. Further, researchers may choose to freely distribute aptamers and develop assays without the proprietary issues that increase the per-sample cost of immuno-affinity assays. This study describes a novel aptamer, selected in vitro, with affinity to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) that may be used in lieu of antibodies in SE detection assays. The aptamer, designated APTSEB1, successfully isolates SEB from a complex mixture of SEs with extremely high discrimination. This work sets the foundation for future aptamer and assay development towards the entire family of SEs. The rapid, robust, and low-cost identification and quantification of all of the SEs in S. aureus contaminated food is essential for food safety and epidemiological efforts. An in vitro generated library of SE aptamers could potentially allow for the comprehensive and cost-effective analysis of food samples that immuno-affinity assays currently cannot provide.
Absolute Measurement of the Critical Behavior of the Smectic Elastic Constant of Bilayer and Monolayer Smectic-A Liquid Crystals on Approaching the Transition to the Nematic Phase

A new technique which provides an absolute measurement of the smectic elastic constant $B$ is presented. This technique measures second sound on samples whose top surface is an air---liquid-crystal interface. The free surface of the sample is electrically driven and the resulting surface displacements are measured with an optical heterodyne technique. The smectic elastic constant is obtained from the spectrum of the scattered light which is determined by the bulk second-sound modes. Two bilayer and two monolayer smectic-$A$ liquid crystals were studied. Near the smectic-$A$---to---nematic phase transition the data can be described by a simple power law $B={B}_{1}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{NA}})}^{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. However, the resulting critical exponents $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ are not universal. In addition, the ${B}_{1}$ values for the bilayer smectics are considerably smaller than the values for the monolayer smectics.