cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxic diatoms: report on a workshop

A workshop on toxic diatoms held during the 12th International Diatom Symposium, Renesse, The Netherlands, attracted about 25 people from 10 countries. The purpose of the workshop was to make diatomists aware that some diatoms produce toxins that can cause human health problems.
An Evaluation of Self-explanation in a Programming Tutor

A controlled study was conducted in-natura to evaluate the effectiveness of presenting passive self-explanation questions in a problem-solving tutor on code-tracing. Data was collected from multiple institutions over three semesters using a tutor on selection statements: fall 2012-fall 2013. ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to analyze the collected data. After accounting for the additional time provided to test group students to answer self-explanation questions, test group was found to fare no better than control group on the number of concepts practiced, the pre-post change in score or the number of practice problems solved per practiced concept. It is speculated that this lack of difference might be attributable to self-efficacy issues, and that the features of tutors found to be effective in-vivo might need self-efficacy supports to also be effective in-natura.
Acoustic Wave (TSM) Biosensors: Weighing Bacteria

This chapter is focused on the development and use of acoustic wave biosensor platforms for the detection of bacteria, specifically those based on the thickness shear mode (TSM) resonator. We demonstrated the mechanical and electrical implications of bacterial positioning at the solid-liquid interface of a TSM biosensor and presented a model of the TSM with bacteria attached operating as coupled oscillators. The experiments and model provide an understanding of the nature of the signals produced by acoustic wave devices when they are used for testing bacteria. The paradox of “negative mass” could be a real threat to the interpretation of experimental results related to the detection of bacteria. The knowledge of the true nature of “negative mass” linked to the strength of bacteria attachment will contribute significantly to our understanding of the results of “weighing bacteria.” The results of this work can be used for bacterial detection and control of processes of bacterial settlement, bacterial colonization, biofilm formation, and bacterial infection in which bacterial attachment plays a role.
Genetic Algorithms And Fine-grained Topologies For Optimization

In this paper we show how the performance of two meta-heuristic algorithms and two simple search routines varies as these algorithms are applied singly, in pairwise combinations, and in larger, finer-grained combinations. The area of application is f6 and f17, two well-known optimization benchmark problems. Our conclusion is that when these algorithms are combined in complex ways, their performance is much better than when they are used alone or in pairs, and so there is strong evidence that the current approach to optimization followed by many current practitioners with, for instance, an evolutionary algorithm succeeded by a hill-climber, could be improved on if more complex algorithm topologies were used.
Brazil's state debt crisis: lessons learned

This note summarizes the chronology of the state debt crisis and the efforts by the Brazilian government to resolve it. It also describes the World Banks efforts to assist in this process through state level adjustment loans. It concludes with lessons. A technical appendix, detailing the loan conditionahty and disbursement mechanism used in the adjustment loans, is attached.
On Law and the Transition to Market: The Case of Egypt

On the eve of independence from European colonialism, Egypt, like most other developing countries, undertook the project of de-linking itself from colonial economy through initiating domestic industrialization. The economic project known as Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) was designed to liberate Egypt from raw commodity production, agricultural and mineral, servicing its previous colonial master Great Britain. The engine of development would be an expanding public sector with nationalization and socialism as leitmotif. In re-orienting the economy towards industrial production, it was hoped that the terms of trade with the international economy for Egypt would significantly improve, leading thereby to an improvement in the living standards of its population.
The frequency detuning correction and the asymmetry of line shapes: The far wings of H2O–H2O

A far-wing line shape theory which satisfies the detailed balance principle is applied to the H2O-H2O system. Within this formalism, two line shapes are introduced, corresponding to band-averages over the positive and negative resonance lines, respectively. Using the coordinate representation, the two line shapes can be obtained by evaluating 11-dimensional integrations whose integrands are a product of two factors. One depends on the interaction between the two molecules and is easy to evaluate. The other contains the density matrix of the system and is expressed as a product of two 3-dimensional distributions associated with the density matrices of the absorber and the perturber molecule, respectively. If most of the populated states are included in the averaging process, to obtain these distributions requires extensive computer CPU time, but only have to be computed once for a given temperature. The 11-dimensional integrations are evaluated using the Monte Carlo method, and in order to reduce the variance, the integration variables are chosen such that the sensitivity of the integrands on them is clearly distinguished.
RELIABILITY MODELS OF AGING PASSIVE COMPONENTS INFORMED BY MATERIALS DEGRADATION METRICS TO SUPPORT LONG-TERM REACTOR OPERATIONS

Conventional probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) are not well suited to addressing long-term reactor operations. Since passive structures and components are among those for which replacement can ...
Perceptions and practices of dental school faculty regarding evidence-based dentistry.

Successful integration of critical thinking and evidence-based dentistry (EBD) concepts throughout didactic and clinical dental curricula require faculty support. Critical thinking and EBD definitions and practice continue to evolve, and not all dental faculty members were exposed to such concepts during their education. The objective of this study was to understand faculty members’ perspectives on both critical thinking and EBD. An online survey was designed to assess full- and part-time faculty members’ understanding, practice and teaching of critical thinking and EBD, interest in and perceived significance of EBD, and perceived barriers to teaching critical thinking and EBD at one U.S. dental school. Forty-three faculty members completed the survey for a 41 percent response rate. Most respondents (46 percent) defined critical thinking as the use of evidence or the scientific method in decision making and EBD as clinical practice based on “science only” (39 percent) or “quality science only” (34 percent). Based on their individual definitions, over 75 percent of the respondents reported incorporating critical thinking into didactic and clinical teaching; 79 percent and 47 percent, respectively, reported incorporating EBD into their didactic and clinical teaching. While these faculty members confirmed the importance of teaching students EBD, they identified barriers to teaching as time, knowledge, and resources. These results, which reflect one school’s efforts to understand faculty perceptions and practices of EBD, suggest that faculty training and resource support are necessary for successful curricular integration of critical thinking and EBD.
U–Pb isotopic behaviour of zircon during upper-amphibolite facies fluid infiltration in the Napier Complex, east Antarctica

Understanding the factors that contribute to U–Pb discordance in zircon is essential for interpreting isotopic data and for assessing the validity of concordia intercept ages. Modification caused by interaction with metamorphic fluids is often cited as a primary means by which significant or even complete isotopic resetting of U–Pb systematics in zircon might be achieved under subsolidus conditions. We present a field example from the Napier Complex, east Antarctica, in which a Palaeoproterozoic (2450–70 Ma) zircon population interacted locally with an Early Palaeozoic (498±1.7 Ma) aqueous fluid at upper-amphibolite facies conditions. Conventional ion microprobe analysis of sectioned and polished grain surfaces indicates that fluid interaction resulted in minor disturbance of U and Pb in zircons (both normal and reverse discordance) with limited displacement along a chord with a lower intercept that coincides with the timing of fluid infiltration. In contrast, ion probe ‘drilling’ or depth profiling into unpolished natural zircon crystal surfaces revealed extensive disturbance of U–Pb systematics, to depths of ∼0.2 μm, with near-surface ages consistent with the timing of fluid influx at ∼498 Ma. Although zircon underwent some radiogenic Pb redistribution during fluid interaction, infiltrating fluids resulted in minimal grain-scale isotopic modification of zircon. Based on ion probe depth profiling results, we propose that limited normal discordance observed in the conventional ion microprobe zircon analyses, in this case, is controlled by an analytical mixture of reset and/or recrystallised zircon along penetrative micro-fracture networks with that of adjacent unaffected zircon. We also suggest that the observed reverse discordance is genuine, resulting from localised intra-grain net accumulations of radiogenic Pb. We conclude that the isotopic response of zircon, in this case, is controlled by the interaction of an aqueous metamorphic fluid, of low to moderate salinity, resulting in sub-micrometre depth scale isotopic modification at natural crystal faces and along penetrative micro-fracture networks, and that grain-scale isotopic modification was negligible. Therefore, we urge caution when considering regional chronological interpretations that appeal to significant zircon isotopic resetting caused exclusively by metamorphic fluid interaction at upper-amphibolite facies conditions.
Intertrial effects of same-different judgements

Specific intertrial effects (repetition effects) and general intertrial effects (refractoriness or persisting attention to the preceding trial) were studied with the same-different judgment task, w...
When is First-Order Optics Meaninfgul?

Contradictory results may be obtained in first-order optics when the ray coordinates are assumed to be infinitesimal at the outset. Consistency is assured if the approximations of first-order optics are made only after the exact relations have, in principle, been obtained. This is illustrated, for the case of imagery in a neighborhood of an arbitrary base ray lying in the plane of symmetry of a plane-symmetric system, by a discussion of the astigmatism of a first-order pencil.
Attention and Memory Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Role of Comorbid Depression

Cognitive biases play an important role in the onset and maintenance of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Few studies, however, have examined the role of comorbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in the processing of emotional material. In addition, little is known about the relation among different cognitive biases. In the current study, 73 participants (54.79% female) completed an emotion face dot-probe task followed by a recognition memory test. Compared to participants with SAD, participants with comorbid SAD and MDD oriented away from supraliminally presented angry faces. Subsequently, SAD participants with and without comorbidity recognized fewer angry faces than non-disordered controls. Furthermore, attention biases for subliminally presented stimuli predicted recognition accuracy only for comorbid participants. These results suggest that the presence of comorbid MDD affects attentional orienting in SAD participants. In addition, it highlights the interconnectedness of attention and memory biases for comorbid participants.
Degradation of Proton Momentum through Nuclei

The inclusive reactions $p+A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+X$ are studied in the framework of an evolution process in momentum degradation. All measured inclusive cross sections between C and Pb for all $x$ values can be understood in terms of one basic degradation function which involves only one adjustable parameter. The inferred degradation length in nuclear matter is 17 fm.
Differential activation and antagonistic function of HIF-α isoforms in macrophages are essential for NO homeostasis

Hypoxic response and inflammation both involve the action of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Previous studies have revealed that both HIF-α proteins are in a number of aspects similarly regulated post-translationally. However, the functional interrelationship of these two isoforms remains largely unclear. The polarization of macrophages controls functionally divergent processes; one of these is nitric oxide (NO) production, which in turn is controlled in part by HIF factors. We show here that the HIF-α isoforms can be differentially activated: HIF-1α is induced by Th1 cytokines in M1 macrophage polarization, whereas HIF-2α is induced by Th2 cytokines during an M2 response. This differential response was most evident in polarized macrophages through HIF-α isoform-specific regulation of the inducible NO synthase gene by HIF-1α, and the arginase1 gene by HIF-2α. In silico modeling predicted that regulation of overall NO availability is due to differential regulation of HIF-1α versus HIF-2α, acting to, respectively, either increase or suppress NO synthesis. An in vivo model of endotoxin challenge confirmed this; thus, these studies reveal that the two homologous transcription factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, can have physiologically antagonistic functions, but that their antiphase regulation allows them to coordinately regulate NO production in a cytokine-induced and transcription-dependent fashion.
Quantum-resolved molecular-beam scattering of ammonia from ammonia-saturated tungsten (100)

Abstract Using two-photon-resonant three-photon laser ionization spectroscopy, the rotational distribution and the time-of-arrival waveform of ammonia molecules scattered from an ammonia-saturated W (100) surface at 300 K have been measured. The rotational distribution is Boltzmann with a temperature of 300 K. The time-of-arrival waveform suggests translational equilibration, with a residence time on the surface
Corticotropin-releasing factor: Effects on the sympathetic nervous system and oxygen consumption

Corticotropin-releasing factor administered intracerebroventricularly produces prolonged elevation of plasma concentration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and glucose. These hormonal changes are associated with an increase in motor activity and oxygen consumption. No change in body temperature is observed. CRF produces changes in animal physiology that are similar to those observed in response to stress.
Confidential clinician-reported surveillance of adverse events among medical inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Although iatrogenic injury poses a significant risk to hospitalized patients, detection of adverse events (AEs) is costly and difficult.
The lipid composition of microsomal preparations from lactating bovine mammary tissue.

The microsomes isolated from lactating bovine mammary tissue contained 4.3 mg lipid per milligram nitrogen. Phospholipids comprised 83% of the lipids. The neutral lipids were composed of triglycerides (20–30%), diglycerides (5–10%), free fatty acids (15–30%, cholesterol (35–40% and cholesterol esters (10–12%, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid component (>50%), and the remainder consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (21–13%), phosphatidylserine (4–6%), phosphatidylinositol (8%), sphingomyelin (9%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (2%) respectively. The composition of the microsomal phospholipids was similar to that of isolated mammary cells and tissue homogenates but quite different from milk and fat globule membrane phospholipids. The triglycerides contained short chain fatty acids but their relative concentrations were lower than in milk triglycerides. The various lipid fractions had a variable proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e., triglycerides (47.7%), diglycerides (86.7%), free fatty acids (70.6%), phosphatidylcholine (50.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (50.8%), phosphatidylserine (35.3%), phosphatidylinositol (40.5%) and sphingomyelin (82.3%), respectively. The molecular distribution of fatty acids in the microsomal triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine was similar to that occurring in milk, i.e., the short chain and unsaturated fatty acids were concentrated in the primary positions (sn1 andsn3) of the triglycerides, and the unsaturated acids were preferentially located in positionsn2 of the phosphatidylcholine. The compositional data indicate that mammary microsomes are not the direct source of the phospholipids of the milk fat globule.
Residual stress effects on near-threshold fatigue crack growth in friction stir welds in aerospace alloys

Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is being explored as a potential tool for manufacturing aluminum aerospace structures. Several joint configurations, butt, lap and fillet joints have been made in the production of such exploratory structures. Research work on S–N fatigue and fatigue crack growth in the weld zone is required to provide an understanding and tools to assess the damage tolerance issues in friction stir welded joints and structures. In this work, results of a study conducted on near-threshold fatigue crack growth in friction stir welded aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 and a titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V are presented. Tests were conducted on weld coupons as a function of specimen geometry (compact tension, eccentrically loaded single edge and center-crack tension) and stress ratio to understand the effects of residual stresses in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the alloy. Residual stresses were measured on samples machined from the friction stir welded plates prior to testing. The crack growth results show that residual stresses play a key role in the crack growth parallel to the weld-path in the HAZ. Although friction stir welding process induced low residual stresses in the welds, they are found to produce large effects on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth. In general, the magnitude of the shift in the fatigue threshold in the friction stir welded coupons is a function of microstructure, residual stresses and specimen geometry. However, for a constant microstructure, fatigue thresholds at low stress ratios, were specimen geometry dependent. The thresholds were either higher or lower than those of the parent material. At high stress ratio, the differences due to the specimen geometry vanish. Stress ratio studies show that the center-crack tension geometry is less sensitive to the residual stress effects compared to the compact tension geometry. Crack growth analysis using equivalent residual stresses was used to determine the residual stress intensity factor and predict stress ratio effects. The role of microstructure on the fatigue threshold in the welds is also discussed.
Incorporation of [35S] sulfate into chondroitin sulfates by organized cultures of murine peripheral, sympathetic and central nervous tissues

Organized cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia (PNS), cerebellum (CNS), and sympathetic chain ganglia (ANS) were exposed to feeding media containing radioactive Na235SO4 for 10 day periods beginning either at the onset of myelination or during myelin maintenance. During this period, the used medium was collected at each of three feedings and frozen. Some cultures were frozen and together with the collected medium were analyzed for mucopolysaccharides (MPS). Sister cultures were fixed in ruthenium red-glutaraldehyde and processed for [35S] radioautography by light microscopy, and cellular localization of MPS by electron microscopy. [35S] MPS were isolated from both cultures and medium (by alkali treatment, proteolytic digestion, TCA treatment, and dialysis, followed by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride and ethanol). Isolated MPS were analysed by paper chromatography after digestion with chondroitinase-ABC and testicular hyarulonidase. Fifty-five to seventy-five percent of the total sulfated MPS formed in all types of cultures were chondroitin sulfates (Ch-S) A, B, and C, 1 chondroitin sulfate A accounting for 50 to 60% of the total MPS. PNS and ANS exceeded CNS cultures in total sulfated MPS formed by 10:1. Qualitatively, CNS cultures produced a higher proportion of ChS-C and a lower proportion of ChS-B compared to PNS and ANS. Rutheniumred positive material covered all types of cell surfaces, collagen fibers, and the surfaces of enveloped axons; the layers of compact myelin and its underlying axon-Schwann cell interface showed no such staining, though it appeared regularly in the external mesaxon.
Autologous fat implantation for vocal fold scar.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To evaluate current information and practice regarding autologous fat implantation for treatment of vocal fold scar and to summarize the surgical technique. RECENT FINDINGS: There has been no recent literature on this topic. SUMMARY: Autologous fat implantation is useful and effective for severe and/or extensive vocal fold scar.
Emergence of the battered woman syndrome: The impact upon the legal system

The purpose of this review article is to analyze the emergence of the battered woman syndrome and how it currently impacts the legal system. The battered woman syndrome is compared with other syndromes used in the courts and then unresolved issues surrounding the usage of the battered woman syndrome are discussed.
Modelled influences of non-exchanging trichomes on leaf boundary layers and gas exchange.

The two main resistances in the exchange of gases between plants and the atmosphere are stomatal and boundary layer resistances. We modeled boundary layer dynamics over glabrous and pubescent leaves (assuming non-exchanging trichomes) with leaf lengths varying from 0.01 to 0.2 m, and windspeeds of 0.1}5.0 m s~1. Results from theoretical and semi-empirical formulae were compared. As expected, boundary layer thickness decreased with decreasing leaf length and increasing windspeed. The presence of trichomes increased leaf surface roughness, resulting in lowered Reynolds numbers at which the boundary layer became turbulent. This e!ect is especially important at low windspeeds and over small leaves, where the Reynolds number over glabrous surfaces would be low. We derived a new simple dimensionless number, the trip factor, to distinguish "eld conditions that would lead to a turbulent boundary layer based on the in#uence of trichomes. Because modeled rates of CO 2 and H 2 O v exchange over turbulent boundary layers are one or more orders of magnitude faster than over laminar boundary layers, a turbulent boundary layer may lead to increased carbon uptake by plants. The biological trade-o! is potentially increased transpirational water loss. However, in understory habitats characterized by low windspeeds, even a few trichomes may increase turbulence in the boundary layer, thus facilitating photosynthetic gas exchange. Preliminary "eld data show that critical trip factors are exceeded for several plant species, both in understory and open habitats. ( 2001 Academic Press
Fear induced neuronal alterations in a genetic model of depression: An fMRI study on awake animals

Previous human imaging studies used facial stimuli to explore the potential association between depression and fear. This study aimed at investigating brain alterations in a rodent model of depression when innate fear was induced in the form of the predator odor trimethylthiazoline (TMT). Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic animal model of depression, and their control counterpart Flinders resistant line (FRL), were used in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessment. Compared to FRL, FSL rats exhibited greater BOLD activation in the cortical amygdala and hypoactivation in the prefrontal cortex in response to TMT, suggesting cortico-amygdalar dysfunction in the depressed strain. In addition, the hyperactivation in the insular cortex in FSL rats may be the basis for enhanced neuronal responses to fear and aversion in depression. These results are evidence for the value of translational models of depression in expanding understanding of the neural circuitries sub-serving common human co-morbidities like depression and fear.
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE

There are hundreds of lesions or diseases that occur primarily within the oral cavity. Lesions in the mouth are also associated with a variety of systemic diseases. These lesions may be useful adjuncts to the clinical diagnosis of a syndrome and occasionally can be the presenting sign or symptom of a systemic disease. This article discusses the more common oral lesions associated with extraoral disease.
Astrocytes and Synaptic Plasticity

Synaptic plasticity, the ability of neurons to change the number and strength of their synapses, has long been considered the sole province of the neuron. Yet neurons do not function in isolation; they are a part of elaborate glial networks where they are intimately associated with astrocytes. Astrocytes make extensive contacts with synaptic sites where they release soluble factors that can increase synapse number, provide synaptic insulation restricting the spread of neurotransmitter to neighboring synapses, and release neuroactive compounds, gliotransmitters, that can directly influence synaptic transmission. During periods of synaptogenesis, astrocyte processes are highly mobile and may contribute to the stabilization of new synapses. As our understanding of the extent of their influence at the synapse unfolds, it is clear that astrocytes are well poised to modulate multiple aspects of synaptic plasticity.
Young women's education and behavioural risk trajectories: clarifying their association with unintended-pregnancy resolution

In the USA, most pregnancies occurring to teenage women are unplanned, making both the decisions regarding their resolution and the consequences of those decisions important topics of inquiry. Substantial debate surrounds the potential consequences for young women of either carrying an unintended pregnancy to term or voluntarily terminating it. The present study utilises data from The US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health prospectively to examine the predictors of pregnancy resolution decisions in terms of young women's educational goals and their engagement in risk behaviours. Additionally, the long-term consequences of these decisions for education and risk-taking behaviours are identified. Results indicate that young women with strong educational goals have a greater likelihood of terminating an unintended pregnancy than those with low aspirations, and that pregnancy termination predicts higher educational attainment compared to motherhood. Risk behaviours did not predict pregnancy-resolution decisions, but young women who became mothers reported lower rates of subsequent substance use and fewer sexual partners post-pregnancy than those who terminated the pregnancy or who had never been pregnant. Motherhood appears to be a catalyst for lifestyle change among young women, limiting substance use and sexual partnering, in contrast to abortion, which appears to allow adolescents to continue risk-taking trajectories.
Contribution of sickle cell disease to the occurrence of developmental disabilities: a population-based study.

Purpose: Population-based surveillance of children aged 3‐10 years from metropolitan Atlanta was used to determine if stroke-related neurological damage in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with developmental disabilities (DD). Methods: School and medical records were reviewed annually to identify eligible children. Observed-to-expected ratios, P values, and population attributable fractions were calculated. Results: Children with SCD had increased risk for DD (O/E 5 3.2, P , 0.0001), particularly mental retardation (O/E 5 2.7, P 5 0.0005) and cerebral palsy (O/E 5 10.8, P , 0.0001). This risk was confined to DD associated with stroke (O/E 5 130, P , 0.0001; for DD without stroke: O/E 5 1.3, P 5 0.23). Conclusions: Children with SCD have increased risk for DD associated with stroke; thus, aggressive interventions are needed to prevent stroke in these children. Genetics in Medicine, 2001:3(3):181‐186.
Os Tapirapé, Tenetehara e gurupaenses através das lentes da máquina de Charles Wagley: uma análise de conteúdo

During his long career Charles Wagley took hundreds of research photographs, but to date very few of these images have been published. In 2011 the University of Florida posted on-line hundreds of his images of the Tapirape, Tenetehara, and Gurupa. In 2012 Isabel Wagley Kottak - daughter of Charles Wagley - provided me with dozens more images that he took. In this paper I analyze these images commenting on the particulars of their production within the historical and theoretical context of the era, as well as the photographic conventions that Wagley used in the representations of the other. The conventions include a humanistic gaze, a classificatory gaze, an exotic gaze, and a male gaze.
Photovoltaic on-demand high voltage pulse generator as an on-board power source for electrostatic actuator array

The use of amorphous silicon solar cell array high voltage power source as an on-demand wireless power source for electrostatically actuated 32 X 32 micromirror array is presented. The amorphous silicon solar cell array has been reported previously by authors of this paper. In this work, the solar cell array has been used to drive distributed electrostatic actuator array (micromirror array in this particular paper). A 32 X 32 micromirror array has been fabricated and the size of single micromirror is 200 micrometer X 200 micrometer. Static deflection test of micromirrors has been carried out and pull-in voltage of 44 V and releasing voltage of 30 V was found. The electrical output of the solar cell array has been directly connected to the 32 X 32 micromirror array to demonstrate a wireless powered distributed MEMS actuator array. A total solar cell array area of 0.3 cm2 (30 series-interconnected solar cells) were used to drive a part of 32 X 32 micromirror array (a total array area of 0.4 cm2). Motion of multiple numbers of micromirrors was reproducibly observed. The ultimate goal of this research is to achieve power-integrated autonomous MEMS using solar cell array as a miniaturized wireless on-board power source and distributed actuator array as a locomotive engine.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polyamine and macromolecule levels during spore germination in Rhizopus stolonifer and Botryodiplodia theobromae

Polyamine, RNA, DNA, and protein levels were determined during the germination of Rhizopus stolonifer and Botryodiplodia theobromae spores. Putrescine and spermidine were the only polyamines detected in the spores. In both fungi, the increases in spermidine and RNA roughly paralleled one another. In addition, a large transitory increase in the putrescine pool size was observed in R. stolonifer . Quantitatively, the biosynthetic patterns observed in the two fungi were quite different. In R. stolonifer , macromolecular and polyamine syntheses were continuous from the onset of germination, resulting in several fold increases by the time of germ tube formation. These syntheses were delayed in B. theobromae , however; consequently, the macromolecular and polyamine contents only doubled by the time of germ tube formation.
UNIFAC Prediction of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solubilities of Chemicals with Environmental Interest

The aqueous and nonaqueous solubilities of a vast number of chemicals with significant environmental roles have been predicted using the latest version of UNIFAC group interaction parameters. A few critical measurements to test specific UNIFAC calculations of nonaqueous solubilities are also reported. The chemicals included in the calculation have aqueous solubilities that span 11 orders of magnitude. Good agreement was observed between the UNIFAC-predicted and literature-reported aqueous solubilities for 11 groups of compounds, i.e., short-chain alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, chlorinated alkanes, alkyl benzenes, chlorinated benzenes, PAHs, PCBs, anilines, phenols, and organohalide insecticides (DDT and lindane). Similarly, UNIFAC successfully predicts the co-solvency of PCB in methanol/water solutions. The error between predicted and literature-reported aqueous solubilities was larger for three groups of chemicals: long-chain alkanes, phthalates, and chlorinated alkenes. The average absolute error in UNIFA...
Interactive Team Teaching of Government Documents Data Sources: A Case Study

Over the years much has been written about integrated library instruction and its importance as a viable, effective method of bibliographic instruction. Indeed, a study by Judith Pask showed that eighty‐eight percent of the academic libraries surveyed were using integrated library instruction. There is, however, a form of integrated library instruction, team teaching, about which little has been written. For purposes of this paper, team teaching is defined as a team composed of a professional librarian and an academic faculty member teaching the same course. A review of the literature over the past two decades showed only one reference to team teaching. Porter, Lanning, and Warner discussed a team teaching experience in which a chemistry professor and librarian alternately lectured in a one‐hour credit course with one instructor present at a time in the classroom. However, there is a type of team teaching, which this author has designated as interactive team teaching, to which no references in the literature were found. Interactive team teaching is defined as two instructors from different disciplines in the classroom at the same time. A case study of interactive team teaching follows.
Exact quantum scattering in 2 + 1 dimensional gravity

Abstract Using Witten's new approach to the canonical quantization of 2 + 1 dimensional gravity, exact multiparticle scattering amplitudes are computed in terms of expectation values of Wilson lines. In a suitable approximation, the two-particle amplitude reduces to an earlier result of 't Hooft. Some implications for 3 + 1 dimensional quantum gravity are discussed.
Effect of Nitro Orientation on Ras -Protooncogene Mutation in Liver Tumors from 7-Nitrodibenz[ a,h ]anthracene-Treated Mice

Dibenz[ a,h ]anthracene (DB[ a,h ]A) and 7-nitrodibenz[ a,h ]anthracene (7-NDB[ a,h ]A) induced liver tumors when administered to neonatal B6C3F 1 mice. For protooncogene analysis, RNA was isolated from each of the liver tumors from treated mice and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Portions of the K- and H- ras protein coding sequences were then amplified and analyzed for DNA sequence alterations. DB[ a,h ]A-induced liver tumors had a 100% (23/23) frequency of ras -protooncogene mutation, with 83% (19/23) occurring at the first base of K- ras codon 13 and resulting in G GC M C GC transversion; the remaining 17% (4/23) of the mutations were located at the second base of H- ras codon 61. In contrast, only four of nine (44%) of 7-NDB[ a,h ]A-induced liver tumors had ras -protooncogene mutations, with two each at K- ras codon 13 and H- ras codon 61. Combined with previous observations, the results indicate that the nitro substituent perpendicular to the aromatic moiety alters the chemical-induced protooncogene ...
PEGylation of Concanavalin A to decrease nonspecific interactions in a fluorescent glucose sensor

The ability of people with diabetes to both monitor and regulate blood sugar levels is limited by the conventional “finger-prick” test that provides intermittent, single point measurements. Toward the development of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, the lectin, Concanavalin A (ConA), has been utilized as a component in a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), competitive glucose binding assay. Recently, to avoid reversibility problems associated with ConA aggregation, a suitable competing ligand labeled with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (APTS) has been engineered. However, its ability to function as part of a glucose sensing assay is compromised due to the negative charge (at physiological pH) of native ConA that gives rise to non-specific binding with other ConA groups as well as with electrostatically charged assay-delivery carriers. To minimize these undesirable interactions, we have conjugated ConA with monomethoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) (i.e. “PEGylation”). In this preliminary research, fluorescently-labeled ConA was successfully PEGylated with mPEG-Nhydroxylsuccinimide( succinimidyl carbonate) (mPEG-NHS(SC)). The FRET response of APTS-labeled competing ligand (donor) conveyed an increase in the fluorescence intensity with increasing glucose concentrations.
Picornavirus infection in early murine gestation: significance of maternal illness.

Abstract To evaluate whether maternal illness following picornavirus infection during pregnancy adversely affects placental and fetal health, mice were inoculated with the GDVII strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus or control cell lysate during days 4–7 of gestation. Gross appearance, histopathology and viral culture, and in situ hybridization positivity of placentae and fetuses from ill GDVII-infected, healthy GDVII-infected and control mice were compared. Twenty of 34 (59 per cent) GDVII-infected dams became clinically ill. More placenta–fetus pairs from ill mice were grossly abnormal (68 per cent) than from well GDVII-infected (51 per cent; P 0.01) or control mice (9 per cent; P 0.001). Virus was detected by in situ hybridization in 73 per cent of placentae and 29 per cent of fetuses from sick GDVII-infected dams, and in 85 per cent of placentae and 19 per cent of fetuses from healthy GDVII-infected mice (differences not significant). Histological abnormalities consisting of necrosis or an increase in hyaline tissue in the vascular labyrinth layer were similarly frequent in placentae from ill and well GDVII-infected mice (58 per cent versus 67 per cent, P =0.5). Viral RNA, inflammation and necrosis were evident in the heart, great vessels, brain and spinal cord of GDVII-infected fetuses. Infection with GDVII in early pregnancy produces a high rate of gross placental and fetal abnormalities. The rate of gross abnormalities exceeds the incidence of fetal infection and more closely parallels the rates of infection and histopathology in the placenta, suggesting that much of the damage to placenta–fetus pairs is a consequence of placental infection. In addition, the occurrence of viral-induced maternal illness is associated with additive risk to placental and fetal health not explained by an increased rate of placental or fetal infection.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Concordance Correlation Coefficient under Univariate Censoring

Assessing agreement is often of interest in clinical studies to evaluate the similarity of measurements produced by different raters or methods on the same subjects. Lin's (1989, Biometrics 45, 255-268) concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) has become a popular measure of agreement for correlated continuous outcomes. However, commonly used estimation methods for the CCC do not accommodate censored observations and are, therefore, not applicable for survival outcomes. In this article, we estimate the CCC nonparametrically through the bivariate survival function. The proposed estimator of the CCC is proven to be strongly consistent and asymptotically normal, with a consistent bootstrap variance estimator. Furthermore, we propose a time-dependent agreement coefficient as an extension of Lin's (1989) CCC for measuring the agreement between survival times among subjects who survive beyond a specified time point. A nonparametric estimator is developed for the time-dependent agreement coefficient as well. It has the same asymptotic properties as the estimator of the CCC. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators. A real data example from a prostate cancer study is used to illustrate the method.
Energy Regulation: HIF MXIes It Up with the C-MYC Powerhouse

The phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis observed in cancer cells has remained unexplained. In the May 2007 issue of Cancer Cell, Zhang and colleagues determine that the hypoxia-inducible factor family of transcriptional factors regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through inhibition of C-MYC.
Soft error modeling and analysis of the Neutron Intercepting Silicon Chip (NISC)

Abstract Soft errors are transient errors caused due to excess charge carriers induced primarily by external radiations in the semiconductor devices. Soft error phenomena could be used to detect thermal neutrons with a neutron monitoring/detection system by enhancing soft error occurrences in the memory devices. This way, one can convert all semiconductor memory devices into neutron detection systems. Such a device is being developed at The Pennsylvania State University and named Neutron Intercepting Silicon Chip (NISC). The NISC is envisioning a miniature, power efficient, and active/passive operation neutron sensor/detector system. NISC aims to achieve this goal by introducing 10B-enriched Borophosphosilicate Glass (BPSG) insulation layers in the semiconductor memories. In order to model and analyze the NISC, an analysis tool using Geant4 as the transport and tracking engine is developed for the simulation of the charged particle interactions in the semiconductor memory model, named NISC Soft Error Analysis Tool (NISCSAT). A simple model with 10B-enriched layer on top of the lumped silicon region is developed in order to represent the semiconductor memory node. Soft error probability calculations were performed via the NISCSAT with both single node and array configurations to investigate device scaling by using different node dimensions in the model. Mono-energetic, mono-directional thermal and fast neutrons are used as the neutron sources. Soft error contribution due to the BPSG layer is also investigated with different 10B contents and the results are presented in this paper.
It Takes Two: The Interplay of Individual and Group Theology on Social Embeddedness

Prior research argues that religious homophily in social networks is a product of overlapping interests and activities unintentionally leading to relationships or the intentional seeking of relationships with people of similar religious beliefs. This article advances research on religious homophily by including the role that exclusive theological beliefs play in explaining religious homophily among friends. We lay out three propositions for individual-, congregational-, and cross-level effects on the relationship between exclusive theology and embeddedness within one's congregation. Using multilevel models and data from the U.S. Congregational Life Survey (USCLS), we find support for our three propositions. We discuss our findings in terms of how exclusive theologies may contribute to bonding forms of social capital, but limit exposure to diverse social perspectives and bridging forms of social capital.
Differential Ontogeny of in Vitro Vascular Responses to Three Categories of Calcium Channel Antagonists in Rats

ABSTRACT: We examined the ontogeny of relaxation responses to three categories of calcium channel antagonists, represented by verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine, for both potential-operated (KCl-mediated) and receptor-operated channels [norepinephrine (NE)-mediated] in rat thoracic aorta. Aortic rings from 2− to 3-d, 1-wk, and 12-wk-old Sprague Dawley rats were mounted in an organ bath, bathed in Krebs' solution, and connected to a force-displacement transducer to measure isometric tension. Endothelium intact vessels at optimal passive force were exposed to a single ED50 of isotonic KCl or NE, equilibrium contraction was measured, then vessels were washed and exposed for 30 min to 1 μM verapamil, 1 μM diltiazem, or 0.1 μM nifedipine, followed by another dose of KCl or NE. Verapamil and diltiazem demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) age-related increases in effectiveness for blocking KCl-mediated contraction [(% reduction of control contraction ± SEM) (Verapamil: 2–3 d, 67.7 ± 4.2; 1 wk, 72.5 ± 1.8; 12 wk, 89.5 ± 1.0. Diltiazem: 2–3 d, 64.6 ± 2.9; 1 wk, 73.5 ± 3.0; 12 wk, 83.1 ± 1.8]. Nifedipine was equally effective at all ages: 2–3 d, 85.6 ± 1 1.3; wk, 90.0 ± 1.6; and 12 wk, 91.3 ± 1.4. Verapamil and diltiazem also showed significant age-related increases in effectiveness for blocking NE-mediated contraction (Verapamil: 2–3 d, 6.2 ± 3.9; 1 wk, 28.0 ± 4.8; 12 wk, 44.1 ± 6.0. Diltiazem: 2–3 d, 8.0 ± 3.1; 1 wk, 20.5 ± 3.9; 12 wk, 46.5 ± 4.8). Again, nifedipine was equally effective at all ages: 2–3 d, 42.0 ± 6.8; 1 wk, 35.8 ± 3.9; and 12 wk, 37.5 ± 3.2. In summary, for the categories of calcium channel antagonists that interact at the phenylalkytomine (verapamil) and benzothiazepine (diltiazem) binding sites, there were age-related increases in effectiveness for blocking both potential-operated and receptor-operated channels. However, for nifedipine, which binds to the 1,4-dihydropyridine binding site, no maturational change was observed. These results suggest that the ontogeny of calcium channel antagonists' function may vary depending on the site of binding within the calcium channel.
A model system for overcoming physical work barriers

A model system is proposed to help understand the relationship between personal and work factors that affect participation in work. The proposed model includes a hierarchical open-ended format for considering worker and job properties with special emphasis on musculoskeletal disorders. The first level of the analysis is based on information that can be obtained from interviewing patients, workers, supervisors and health care providers, and provides broad categories of information that can be used to anticipate barriers to working and to plan further studies to evaluate and overcome barriers. The sequence and depth of subsequent analysis depends on the circumstances, e.g., finding a new job, returning to work following an injury, or a new job design. If the worker is undergoing medical treatment, the treating health care provider usually has final authority for the return to work decisions, although the decisions can be greatly influenced by job information provided. Two cases are presented to illustrate d...
Order parameters and orientation distributions of solution adsorbed and microcontact printed cytochrome c protein films on glass and ITO.

The structure of solution adsorbed and microcontact printed (ICP) cytochrome c (cyt c) films on glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) was investigated using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopies to determine the orientation of the heme groups in the films. The second and fourth order parameters of the heme as well as information on the angle between the absorption and emission dipoles of the heme, A, were experimentally determined. The order parameters of the heme are related to the order parameters of the protein molecule using the known angle between the heme plane and the electrostatic dipole moment of the cyt c protein. The effect of the surface roughness of the substrates (glass and ITO) was also taken into account quantitatively using AFM data. Physically possible order parameters were obtained for the heme group in both solution adsorbed and ICP films, but not for the electrostatic dipole moment of the protein. In addition, the experimental values of 〈cos 2 A〉 for immobilized zinc-substituted cyt c are greater than the values of 〈cos 2 A〉 determined in viscous solutions, which could be an indication that the environment of the heme groups changes upon adsorption. The electron transfer behavior of solution adsorbed and ICP films on ITO, determined using electrochemical methods, is compared to their orientation distribution and surface coverage as determined by spectroscopic methods.