cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the variability of neural network classification measures in the protein secondary structure prediction problem

We revisit the protein secondary structure prediction problem using linear and backpropagation neural network architectures commonly applied in the literature. In this context, neural network mappings are constructed between protein training set sequences and their assigned structure classes in order to analyze the class membership of test data and associated measures of significance. We present numerical results demonstrating that classifier performance measures can vary significantly depending upon the classifier architecture and the structure class encoding technique. Furthermore, an analytic formulation is introduced in order to substantiate the observed numerical data. Finally, we analyze and discuss the ability of the neural network to accurately model fundamental attributes of protein secondary structure.
THE ACTION OF TETRACYCLINE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL ALONE AND IN ADMIXTURE ON THE GROWTH OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The dependence of E. coli growth rates upon chloramphenicol concentration has been established. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline are equivalent in their action on E. coli and their combined effects on growth rate are additive. The decrease in rate of growth is a function of the first power of concentration of either antibiotic or combinations of them. A new mechanism of action is implied when the growth rate decreases to negative values: at this stage the rate of decrease is a function of a fractional power of the concentration.
Heterogeneous Targets of Dopamine Synapses in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex Demonstrated by Serial Section Electron Microscopy: A Laminar Analysis Using the Silver-enhanced Diaminobenzidine Sulfide (SEDS) Immunolabeling Technique

Dopamine projections to the cerebral cortex have been implicated in normal and pathological cognitive processes, notably, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. To help elucidate the function of these dopamine axons, they were characterized by serial section electron microscopy in individual layers of monkey prefrontal cortex. Dopamine immunoreactivity was visualized with a silver precipitation technique that allowed clear resolution of the internal structures and cell membranes of labeled axons. Apart from the occasional large microtubule-filled axon, dopamine axons were thin and varicose with many clear synaptic vesicles and fewer dense-core vesicles. With few exceptions, dopamine synapses were symmetric and quite small, seen in only one to three serial sections. A determination of the "synaptic incidence" showed that only 39% of labeled varicosities formed identifiable synapses. However, it is certain that some small synapses could not be visualized even in serial sections, and it is possible that the vast majority if not all varicosities form synapses. Except for one soma, dendritic spines and shafts were the recipients of dopamine synapses. Many postsynaptic shafts were small and spiny, indicating that they were distal pyramidal dendrites. However, some postsynaptic shafts especially in supragranular layers had distinctly nonpyramidal features. These lacked spines, had a high density of synaptic inputs, and often had a strikingly varicose morphology. The data suggest that the majority of dopamine synapses in all layers are on pyramidal cells, but that a significant fraction are on presumed GABAergic nonpyramidal cells.
Revising the Text, Revisioning the Field: Reciprocity over the Long Term

In Parallel Worlds (Gottlieb and Graham 1994), we chronicle our first two stays in Beng villages in Cote d'lvoire. The present essay updates the aftermath of Parallel Worlds on the Beng community and, especially, our relationship with that community. Returning to Bengland in summer 1993, we aimed to offer royalties from the sale of our memoir to two Beng villages, to be used for community development projects of their choosing. Would the residents of these villages agree on small-scale projects, or would various subgroups diverge, perhaps bitterly, in their opinions? What role, if any, should we play in trying to steer a project toward our own values concerning democracy and appropriate development? While rooted in our experiences, this essay also serves as a prolegomenon to a more general meditation on the obligations that devolve on the ethnographer of a place, any place, over the long term, and it further reflects on the parallels between the continual processes and demands of revising a text and of revisioning our relations—ethical, literary, and otherwise—with the communities that (willingly or not) host us.
Prediction of survival of critically ill patients by admission comorbidity.

The objective of this study was to determine how well the Charlson index of comorbidity would predict mortality of critically ill patients; and how the predictive ability of the index would compare with that of the comorbidity component (Chronic Health Points) of the APACHE II system. This prospective cohort study included in its setting an intensive care unit (ICU) and intermediate ICU (IICU) in a teaching hospital. Patients included a previously assembled inception cohort of 201 patients consecutively admitted to either unit, followed until death or discharge from the hospital, excluding patients admitted after coronary artery bypass grafting, for planned dialysis, or transferred to the IICU from another intensive care unit. Main outcome measures were recorded as death in hospital versus survival at discharge. For each patient we had prospectively obtained all data necessary to predict the probability of in-hospital death using the APACHE II system, and to classify comorbidity using the Charlson index. The Charlson index had significant ability to discriminate between patients who would live and who would die (ROC curve area = 0.67, SE = 0.05). The Chronic Health Points component of APACHE II had no significant discriminating ability (ROC area = 0.57, SE = 0.05), although the full APACHE II system was an excellent predictor (area = 0.87, SE = 0.04). Logistic regression analyses suggested that the Charlson index could contribute significant (p = 0.03) prognostic information to that obtained from the components of APACHE II other than Chronic Health, i.e., acute physiological derangement, age, and reason for admission, but the Chronic Health Points component of APACHE II could not so contribute to the rest of APACHE II (p = 0.19). Our conclusion is that use of the detailed information about comorbidity captured by the Charlson index could improve prognostic predictions even for critically ill patients.
Asymmetric composition profiles in block copolymer interphases: 1. Experimental evidence

Abstract New mechanical property data, coupled with a new interpretation of data from the literature covering many instrumental techniques, show that microphase-separated block copolymers have interphase regions that are generally asymmetric (rich in one component). New theoretical methods are needed to account for this and to accommodate it in thermodynamic predictions.
Morphine-induced macrophage activity modulates mesangial cell proliferation and matrix synthesis

Morphine-induced macrophage activity modulates mesangial cell proliferation and matrix synthesis. Glomerular mesangial injury is the predominant renal lesion in patients with heroin addiction. We studied the effect of morphine (an active metabolite of heroin) activated macrophages on mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and matrix synthesis. We prepared conditioned media containing either vehicle alone (CSP), macrophage secretory products (MSP) and secretory products of morphine treated macrophages (M-MSP). M-MSP increased ( P P P β antibodies. Since M-MSP also increased mRNA expression for TGF- β by MC, it appears that the effect of M-MSP on MC may be mediated through the generation of TGF- β .
Blue-tinged toes

64-year-old man with a history of peripheral vascular isease and hypertension presented to the emergency epartment with a 10-day history of bilateral toe pain. Six eeks earlier, he had been admitted to the hospital with hest pain. At that time, he was diagnosed with an acute yocardial infarction, and he underwent angioplasty ith stent placement. During his hospital stay, the patient omplained of worsening right lower-extremity claudicaion. Angiography indicated right superficial femoral arery occlusion. He was started on warfarin with a plan to erform lower-extremity revascularization at a future ate.
A Review Of Color Vision And Imaging

As an introduction to the session on color vision and multisensor processing, we review the physics of color imaging as well as fundamentals of human color perception. Alternative color representations motivated by both pattern classification and visual perception are discussed, as are classes of color algorithms used in scene segmentation.
LINEAR GAP AND TIGHT JUNCTIONAL ASSEMBLIES BETWEEN CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN THE EEL RETE MIRABILE

Background: Interendothelial tight junctions and gap junctions have been described in large blood vessels and in cultures of endothelium derived from large blood vessels. Transfer of microinjected smallmolecular weight tracers between adjacent endothelial cells also has been demonstrated indicating the presence of gap junctional interendothelial communication. Similar transfer of tracers is evident between microvessel endothelial cells in culture and in microvessels in situ. However, gap junctions have not been detectable by electron microscopy of intact capillary systems. This may be due to limited sampling available in diffuse capillary systems and a small area of overlap between adjacent endothelial membranes. Methods: Thin slices of the parallel, tightly packed capillary bed of the eel rete mirabile were cryofixed and prepared for conventional TEM by freeze substitution. Other samples were freeze-fractured and replicated for examination of endothelial junctional components. Results: A novel tight-gap junctional complex between rete capillary endothelial cells is described. In freeze-fracture replicas of the membrane P face, rows of gap junction subunits are flanked on either side by linear depressions representing grooves previously occupied by tight junctional strands that partition to the E face. In thin sections, the junctions appear in profile as short lengths of closely apposed membranes characteristic of gap junctions. Conclusions: The tight junctional components imply a barrier to paracellular transport across the capillary wall between the endothelial cells. The gap junctional component may provide a mechanism for communication between endothelial cells along the length of the vessel wall. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of cocaine on membrane potential, on membrane depolarization by veratridine or elevated [K]o and on sodium/potassium permeability ratios in synaptosomes from the limbic cortex of the rat

Effects of cocaine on the synaptosomal membrane potential (Em), on membrane depolarization induced by veratridine or elevated [K]o and on sodium/potassium permeability ratios (pNa/pK), have been measured in buffer containing either low or high [Na]. Fluorescence of the dye rhodamine 6G was used to measure the membrane potential. Cocaine began to reduce the Em (depolarized) at concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-5) M in low [Na] buffer and between 10(-5) and 10(-4) M in high [Na] buffer. Maximum depolarization (with 10(-3) M cocaine) was 21 mV in low [Na] buffer and 11 mV in high [Na] buffer. Cocaine also reduced the depolarization caused by veratridine or elevated [K]o; the effective concentration of cocaine in reducing the response to veratridine was one-tenth that necessary to reduce the response to elevated [K]o. The antagonism by cocaine of the response to veratridine was similar to that found by other investigators; however, this action would tend to oppose depolarization and thus cannot explain the depolarizing effect of cocaine alone. The antagonism by cocaine of the depolarization caused by elevated [K] was consistent with a reduction in pK; such a change in pK could explain the observed reduction in Em caused by cocaine alone. The effect of cocaine (10(-3) M) on the Em was also measured as a function of [K]o at low and high [Na]o. Cocaine caused membrane depolarization at all [K]o's (3.9-19.2 mV), an effect that was somewhat greater in the low [Na] medium. These measurements of Em were fitted to the Goldman equation and the ratio of pNa/pK estimated. The presence of cocaine increased the estimate of pNa/pK by 45.7%, presumably by reducing pK.
Organic phosphate binding to hemoglobin in intact human erythrocytes determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy was used to estimate the percent of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP bound to hemoglobin in intact human erythrocytes at 37 °C. Binding was assessed by comparing the chemical shifts (δ) of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and of ATP observed in intact cells with the δ values of these organic phosphates determined in model solutions closely simulating intracellular conditions, in which percent binding was directly evaluated by membrane ultrafiltration. The results showed that the percent of bound 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in intact cells varied with pH, the state of oxygenation, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration. The values ranged from 33% in cells incubated with glucose in air at an intracellular pH of 7.2 to 100% in cells incubated with inosine in N2 at a pH of 6.75. At the same 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration, a greater percentage of the compound appeared to be bound in erythrocytes than in the closely simulated model system. ATP was not significantly bound to hemoglobin under any condition examined, but appeared to be strongly complexed to Mg2− inside the erythrocyte. The binding percentages for both 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP in intact cells estimated by 31P NMR spectroscopy were lower than those calculated by others from individual association constants determined for the binding of different ligands to hemoglobin.
Perinatal imprinting by estrogen and adult prostate disease

One of the major conceptual novelties in human medicine emerging during the last two decades is the fetal-origin hypothesis, challenging our traditional view on the pathogenesis of common chronic disorders. This hypothesis, originally put forward by Barker et al. (1), states that prenatal events, mainly of nutritional and metabolic nature, are memorized (“imprinted”) by the developing organism and, if inappropriate for the postnatal situation, may result in the development of diseases during the adult age. Although intriguing and supported by an increasing number of experimental and epidemiological studies, the “Barker hypothesis” must still be validated with respect to its underlying biology. In this issue of PNAS, Omoto et al. (2) reveal that a well tuned temporal and spatial expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ in the epithelial and stromal cells of the ventral prostate, concomitant with an estrogen signal, is required for normal morphological development of the prostate in mice. By employing ERα and ERβ gene-deleted mice, it was shown that ERα, but not ERβ, is necessary for the neonatal imprinting by estrogen during the first two postnatal weeks and branching morphogenesis of the developing ventral prostate later on. Furthermore, the study supports the yin-yang concept that endogenous estrogenic ligands mediate proliferative signals through ERα and differentiation and antiproliferative signals through ERβ during prostate ontogeny (2). The proliferative signals are thought to be mediated by stromal ERα, resulting in production of paracrine growth factors serving as epithelial mitogens (3). In addition, Omoto et al (2) show that 2- and 3-week-old mice express ERα in the prostatic epithelium, indicating that, during this particular time of development, ERα-mediated cellular proliferation may occur directly in the epithelium.
IMMIGRATION, RETURN, AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP: RUSSIAN MUSLIMS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1860–1914

The immigration of Muslims into the Ottoman Empire, especially from Russia and the Balkans, is a feature of late imperial Ottoman history whose legacy remains strong to this day. Millions of individuals in present-day Turkey trace their roots back to the Balkans or Russia, and interest in these regions remains high in Turkey. Estimates of Muslim immigrants to the Ottoman Empire vary, although most sources place the total number of Muslims leaving Russia for the Ottoman Empire in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century at well over one million. As Russian Muslims in 1897 were considered to number nearly 20 million while Ottoman Muslims counted in the same year numbered 14.1 million, this population shift involved a significant proportion of the Muslim populations of both empires.
Assessment of Pediatric Residents’ Communication and Interpersonal Skills During Family-Centered Rounds

Objectives: Residency training programs are required to assess and document residents’ competency in communication. Multisource evaluations that include direct resident observations are preferred. Previous studies have often used methods of asking faculty members to evaluate residents on behaviors they did not witness. Methods: Twenty first year pediatric residents (interns) were evaluated preand post-FCR introduction by a faculty member, a parent, and a nurse after the encounter with the patients and their families during rounds. All participants used the CAT. Mean CAT scores and associations between the evaluator groups were determined. Results: Nurses and faculty were significantly more likely to observe how interns communicated with the parents in the post-FCR period (P Conclusions: Family-centered rounds provide more opportunities for direct observation of residents’ competence in accordance with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education guidelines. This rounds format also encourages a climate that improves residents’ ability to self-assess. Residents’ communication skills can be assessed by using the Communication Assessment Tool in an efficient and timely manner, because all evaluators are present at the bedside during family-centered rounds.
High current superconductors for tokamak toroidal field coils

Conductors rated at 10,000 A for 8 T and 4.2 K are being purchased for the first large coil segment tests at ORNL. Requirements for these conductors, in addition to the high current rating, are low pulse losses, cryostatic stability, and acceptable mechanical properties. The conductors are required to have losses less than 0.4 W/m under pulsed fields of 0.5 T with a rise time of 1 sec in an ambient 8-T field. Methods of calculating these losses and techniques for verifying the performance by direct measurement are discussed. Conductors stabilized by two different cooling methods, pool boiling and forced helium flow, have been proposed. Analysis of these conductors is presented and a proposed definition and test of stability is discussed. Mechanical property requirements, tensile and compressive, are defined and test methods are discussed.
Distribution, relative abundance and movements of pallid sturgeon in the free‐flowing Mississippi River

Summary A multiyear study of pallid sturgeon distribution and relative abundance was conducted in the lower and middle Mississippi river (LMR and MMR, respectively). The LMR and MMR comprise the free-flowing Mississippi River extending 1857 river kilometers (rkm) from its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico upstream to the mouth of the Missouri River. A total of 219 pallid sturgeon and 6018 shovelnose sturgeon was collected during the periods 1996–1997 and 2000–2006. Trotlines baited with worms were the primary collecting gear. The smallest pallid sturgeon captured on trotlines was 405 mm FL and the largest was 995 mm FL. Mean size of pallid sturgeon was statistically smaller in the Mississippi River below the Atchafalaya River near Baton Rouge, LA (621 mm FL). Mean abundance (catch per trotline night) of pallid sturgeon was highest at water temperatures around 10°C. There was a latitudinal trend in mean abundance of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon, but the pattern differed between species. Pallid sturgeon abundance was statistically (P < 0.05) higher (0.3 fish per trotline night) in the lower reach between the Atchafalaya River and New Orleans (rkm 154–507), and at the Chain of Rocks (COR), a low water dam near the mouth of the Missouri River. Pallid sturgeon abundance between these two locations was statistically the same (0.12–0.23). Shovelnose sturgeon abundance increased going upstream, but was disproportionally higher at the COR (22 fish per line compared with <6 fish per line in other reaches). Overall, the ratio between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon varied from a high of 1 : 6 at the lower reach, and gradually decreased upstream to a low of 1 : 77 at the COR. Based on differences in sturgeon abundance, size and habitat characteristics, the free-flowing Mississippi River can be divided into two reaches in the MMR (i.e. COR is a separate location), and four reaches (i.e., including the Atchafalaya River) in the LMR where management goals may differ.
ORGANIC ACID PROFILES OF THERMALLY PROCESSED SPINACH PUREE

SUMMARY Deaerated spinach puree was packed into TDT tubes, flushed with nitrogen and sealed. The tubes were divided into batches and processed with en Fo= 4.9 at temperatures ranging from 240°-300°F with 10°F increments. Analysis for organic acids was carried out by means of an Automatic Organic Acid Analyzer (AOAA) and confirmed by paper chromatography. Oxalic acid showed very poor resolution on the AOAA; therefore, a chemical method was used for analysis. pH measurements were taken and color was measured on a Hunter Lab Model D25 Color Difference Meter. The acids identified were acetic, formic, fumaric, lactic, succinc, α-ketoglutaric, pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic, malic, citric, and oxalic. Acetic and pyrrolidone-carboxylic acids showed the most striking changes with increases at 240°F of 129% and 132% respectively. The greatest changes in the quality parameters evaluated in this study were noted at 240°F with such changes decreasing as temperature increased up to 300°F. A plateau was noted in the range of 270°-280°F since little improvement was gained above these temperatures.
The Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Alternating Method (EPFEAM) and the prediction of fracture under WFD conditions in aircraft structures

This report provides a summary of the Elastic- Plastic Finite Element Alternating Method (EPFEAM), the T*-integral fracture mechanics parameter, and the use of both the tools to predict the residual strength of aircraft panels with multiple-site damage. Because this report is meant to be self-contained and each of the three subjects is a considerable research topic in itself, the report is written in three parts. Part I, EPFEAM Theory provides a summary of the elastic-plastic finite element alternating method (EPFEAM) and the algorithms for fracture analysis and crack growth predictions. Part II, Fracture and theT*-Integral Parameter provides a complete description of the T*-integral fracture parameter including a detailed discussion of the theoretical basis of T* and the practical aspects of its use for fracture predictions. Finally, Part III, Computational Predictions of the NIST Multiple Site Damage Experimental Results provides a series of predictions of a number of fracture tests performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These predictions are then compared with the experimental data, thus validating the present model for computing the residual strength under wide-spread-fatigue damage conditions.
Teaming for the future with Purdue's science bound initiative: a cooperative program involving university, secondary schools, and local industries to increase diversity in engineering and technology programs

The need to attract more minority students to science, engineering and technology programs is well documented. Purdue University is three years into a program aimed at finding such students while they are still in middle school and keeping them involved through high school and into college. The Purdue science bound program is conducted in cooperation with the Indianapolis Public Schools system and a wide spectrum of industry partners. This partnership is showing evidence of making a significant difference in the way students from an urban environment look at their futures. This paper discusses the partnership among Purdue, the Indianapolis school system, and the Indianapolis business community that makes science bound possible. It also looks at some of the approaches that have proven successful in helping students improve their understanding of concepts that will help them graduate and transition into their chosen careers
Effect of an Outcomes-Managed Approach to Care of Neuroscience Patients by Acute Care Nurse Practitioners

OBJECTIVE To improve clinical and financial outcomes for neuroscience patients by using an "outcomes-managed" model of care delivery and 2 acute care nurse practitioners as outcomes managers. METHODS Baseline data from the year before implementation of the care model were compared with data from the first 6 months of implementation. A random list of 122 adult patients admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit or the acute care neurosurgery unit of a university teaching hospital between January and December 1998 was generated to provide the baseline data. The prospective sample included 402 patients admitted to either unit during the first 6 months of the project (January through June 1999). The acute care nurse practitioners used an evidence-based multidisciplinary plan of care to manage all patients. RESULTS No differences were found in age, sex, or ethnicity between groups. Patients managed by acute care nurse practitioners had significantly shorter overall length of stay (P = .03), shorter mean length of stay in the intensive care unit (P < .001), lower rates of urinary tract infection and skin breakdown (P < .05), and shorter time to discontinuation of the Foley catheter and mobilization (P <.05). The outcomes-managed group was hospitalized 2306 fewer days than the baseline group, at a total cost savings of $2,467328. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and financial outcomes are improved significantly by identifying patients at risk, monitoring for complications, and having acute care nurse practitioners manage the patients.
Microimaging of hairless rat skin by magnetic resonance at 900 MHz.

Abstract Purpose Quantitative imaging of the rat skin was performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 900 MHz. Materials and methods A number of imaging techniques utilized for multiple contrast included magnetization transfer contrast, spin-lattice relaxation constant (T1-weighting), combination of T2-weighting with magnetic field inhomogeneity (T2*-weighting), magnetization transfer weighting and diffusion tensor weighting. These were used to obtain 2D slices and 3D multislice-multiecho images with high magnetic resonance contrast. These 2D and 3D imaging techniques were combined to achieve high-resolution MRI. Results Oil–water phantom showed distinct fat-water contrast. The dermis and epidermis, including the stratum corneum remnants, of nude rat skin were distinct due to their proton magnetic resonance as a result of proton interactions with the skin interstitial tissue. Combined details obtained from high-resolution, high-quality ex vivo skin images with different multicontrast characteristics generated better differentiation of skin layers, sublayers and significant correlation ( r 2 =0.4927 for MRI area, r 2 =0.3068 for histology area; P Conclusion The multiple contrast approach provided a noninvasive ex vivo MRI visualization with semi-quantitative assessment of the major skin structures including the stratum corneum remnants, epidermis, hair, papillary dermis, reticular dermis and hypodermis.
A Theory of Moral Obligation

The fundamental insight behind utilitarianism is that we ought to do the best we can. I think the intuition is worthy of serious attention, but its traditional formulations are unacceptable. In order to formulate this insight adequately, we must have a suitable concept of possibility to account for the meaning of ‘can’ and a suitable concept of value to account for the meaning of ‘best’. In Section 1 of this chapter, I explain my concept of possibility, which I call ‘accessibility’. Then, in Section 2, I try to give an account of some of the main features of the concept of intrinsic value, which is the concept of value that is used in the formulation of the theory of moral obligation proposed here. Finally, in Section 3, I state the theory itself, and point out a few of its most fundamental logical features.
A formal method to characterize robot reliability

The authors have identified robot system failure modes and characterized the robot system reliability using a structure function model from systems theory. To validate this model, a reliability experiment with a laboratory-scale, teach-pendant microbot was conducted assuming independent failures and ignoring induced failures, since they were not observed. Although the method was developed in a laboratory setting with a small-scale robot, the model can be extended to industry-scale robots. The results can provide feedback to the maintenance and supply organization for supporting robot design studies. >
Sea-floor spreading and continental drift

A geometrical model of the surface of the earth is obtained in terms of rigid blocks in relative motion with respect to each other. With this model a simplified but complete and consistent picture of the global pattern of surface motion is given on the basis of data on sea-floor spreading. In particular, the vectors of differential movement in the ‘compressive’ belts are computed. An attempt is made to use this model to obtain a reconstruction of the history of spreading during the Cenozoic era. This history of spreading follows closely one previously advocated to explain the distribution of sediments in the oceans.
Nitrogen deposition and plant species interact to influence soil carbon stabilization

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition effects on soil organic carbon (C) decomposition remain controversial, while the role of plant species composition in mediating effects of N deposition on soil organic C decomposition and long-term soil C sequestration is virtually unknown. Here we provide evidence from a 5-year grassland field experiment in Minnesota that under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (560 ppm), plant species determine whether N deposition inhibits the decomposition of soil organic matter via inter-specific variation in root lignin concentration. Plant species producing lignin-rich litter increased stabilization of soil C older than 5 years, but only in combination with elevated N inputs (4 g m )2 year )1 ). Our results suggest that N deposition will increase soil C sequestration in those ecosystems where vegetation composition and/or elevated atmospheric CO2 cause high litter lignin inputs to soils.
An RNAi Screen Identifies TRRAP as a Regulator of Brain Tumor-Initiating Cell Differentiation

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer associated with a very poor prognosis. Recently, the initiation and growth of GBM has been linked to brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs), which are poorly differentiated and share features with neural stem cells (NSCs). Here we describe a kinome-wide RNA interference screen to identify factors that control the tumorigenicity of BTICs. We identified several genes whose silencing induces differentiation of BTICs derived from multiple GBM patients. In particular, knockdown of the adaptor protein TRRAP significantly increased differentiation of cultured BTICs, sensitized the cells to apoptotic stimuli, and negatively affected cell cycle progression. TRRAP knockdown also significantly suppressed tumor formation upon intracranial BTIC implantation into mice. Together, these findings support a critical role for TRRAP in maintaining a tumorigenic, stem cell-like state.
Statistical phrase-based translation

We propose a new phrase-based translation model and decoding algorithm that enables us to evaluate and compare several, previously proposed phrase-based translation models. Within our framework, we carry out a large number of experiments to understand better and explain why phrase-based models out-perform word-based models. Our empirical results, which hold for all examined language pairs, suggest that the highest levels of performance can be obtained through relatively simple means: heuristic learning of phrase translations from word-based alignments and lexical weighting of phrase translations. Surprisingly, learning phrases longer than three words and learning phrases from high-accuracy word-level alignment models does not have a strong impact on performance. Learning only syntactically motivated phrases degrades the performance of our systems.
A Perspective on Epistemology and Ontology of Indian Psychology: A Synthesis of Theory, Method and Practice

The epistemology of Indian Psychology (IP) is akin to that of Indian Philosophy or in general the Indian world view of knowledge, truth and belief about making sense of the self and the world. In this article, the epistemological and ontological foundations of IP are derived from a verse from the Ishopanishad and corroborated by verses from the Bhagavad-Gita. In doing so, epistemological questions like what is knowledge in IP or what knowledge (or theories) should IP develop and how (the methodology) are answered. Similarly, ontological questions like what is the being that is the focus of IP research or are biomechanical or spiritual-social-biological beings of interest to IP are addressed. The simplicity and clarity of this derivation fulfils the twin research criteria of parsimony and aesthetics. The role of epistemology and ontology in constructing cultural meaning for theory, method and practice of IP is discussed.
The effects of maternal weight gain patterns on term birth weight in African-American women

Objective. The goals of our study were (1) to estimate the trends in maternal weight gain patterns and (2) to estimate the influence of variation in maternal weight and rate of weight gain over different time periods in gestation on variation in birth weight in African-American and non-African-American gravidas.Study Design and Setting. Data from a prospective cohort study in which pregnant women were monitored at multiple time points during pregnancy were analysed. Maternal weight was measured at three times during pregnancy: preconception (W0); 16–20 weeks gestation (W1); 30–36 weeks gestation (W2), in a cohort of 435 women with full-term singleton pregnancies. The relationship between gestational age-adjusted birth weight (aBW) and measures of maternal weight and rate of weight gain across pregnancy was estimated using a multivariable longitudinal regression analysis stratified on African-American race.Results. The aBW was significantly associated with maternal weight measured at any visit in both stra...
Emotional arousal enhances word repetition priming

Three experiments were conducted to determine if emotional content increases repetition priming magnitude. In the study phase of Experiment 1, participants rated high-arousing negative (taboo) words and neutral words for concreteness. In the test phase, they made lexical decision judgements for the studied words intermixed with novel words (half taboo, half neutral) and pseudowords. In Experiment 2, low-arousing negative (LAN) words were substituted for the taboo words, and in Experiment 3 all three word types were used. Results showed significant priming in all experiments, as indicated by faster reaction times for studied words than for novel words. A priming × emotion interaction was found in Experiments 1 and 3, with greater priming for taboo relative to neutral words. The LAN words in Experiments 2 and 3 showed no difference in priming magnitude relative to the other word types. These results show selective enhancement of word repetition priming by emotional arousal.
A Foundation for Provitamin A Biofortification of Maize: Genome-Wide Association and Genomic Prediction Models of Carotenoid Levels

Efforts are underway for development of crops with improved levels of provitamin A carotenoids to help combat dietary vitamin A deficiency. As a global staple crop with considerable variation in kernel carotenoid composition, maize (Zea mays L.) could have a widespread impact. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantified seed carotenoids across a panel of maize inbreds ranging from light yellow to dark orange in grain color to identify some of the key genes controlling maize grain carotenoid composition. Significant associations at the genome-wide level were detected within the coding regions of zep1 and lut1, carotenoid biosynthetic genes not previously shown to impact grain carotenoid composition in association studies, as well as within previously associated lcyE and crtRB1 genes. We leveraged existing biochemical and genomic information to identify 58 a priori candidate genes relevant to the biosynthesis and retention of carotenoids in maize to test in a pathway-level analysis. This revealed dxs2 and lut5, genes not previously associated with kernel carotenoids. In genomic prediction models, use of markers that targeted a small set of quantitative trait loci associated with carotenoid levels in prior linkage studies were as effective as genome-wide markers for predicting carotenoid traits. Based on GWAS, pathway-level analysis, and genomic prediction studies, we outline a flexible strategy involving use of a small number of genes that can be selected for rapid conversion of elite white grain germplasm, with minimal amounts of carotenoids, to orange grain versions containing high levels of provitamin A.
Pathogen resistance and genetic variation at MHC loci.

Abstract Balancing selection in the form of heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection, or selection that varies in time and/or space, has been proposed to explain the high variation at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. Here the effect of variation of the presence and absence of pathogens over time on genetic variation at multiallelic loci is examined. In the basic model, resistance to each pathogen is conferred by a given allele, and this allele is assumed to be dominant. Given that s is the selective disadvantage for homozygotes (and heterozygotes) without the resistance allele and the proportion of generations, which a pathogen is present, is e, fitnesses for homozygotes become (1 − s)(n−1)e and the fitnesses for heterozygotes become (1 − s)(n−2)e, where n is the number of alleles. In this situation, the conditions for a stable, multiallelic polymorphism are met even though there is no intrinsic heterozygote advantage. The distribution of allele frequencies and consequently heter...
Nonequilibrium Effects in 1-D Superconductors

The nature of the current-induced transition from perfect superconductivity to full recovery of the normal state has been of recurrent interest since the earliest days of H. Kamerlingh Onnes, who reported (1913): “At the end of the superconductive wire there is no potential difference as long as the current remains below the threshhold value for this wire. As soon as this value is surpassed potential differences originate and the wire by a process that is not quite cleared up obtains ordinary resistance.” Such a transition is inherently a nonequilibrium phenomenon, and given what we have learned from the preceding chapters it should be possible to see what aspects of this process have and have not yet been cleared up.
Effects of 5-day-a-week vs. 2- and 3-day-a-week physical education class on fitness, skill, adipose tissue and growth.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to obtain evidence which might be used to support the desirability of teaching physical education by comparing the effects of daily physical education as opposed to two- or three-day-a-week physical education classes on physical fitness, activity skill, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and physical growth. Of the 743 eighth grade boys and girls included in this study, 284 (151 boys and 133 girls) had physical education daily and 459 (221 boys and 239 girls) had physical education two or three days per week over a period of two consecutive school years. The program followed was identical for both groups in terms of the number of weeks spent in each activity. Near the end of the second year a physical fitness test battery of six items for boys and four items for girls, a skill test battery of three items for boys and two for girls, and the triceps skinfold were given. Longitudinal growth curve data were taken from the individual health record cards. The results indicated t...
Smoothness and Superconvergence for Approximate Solutions to the One Dimensional Monoenergetic Transport Equation

Over the past several years, numerous papers proposing a variety of projection methods for the solution of the linear one-dimensional monoenergetic transport have been published. For the characteristic form, many of these method reduce to standard methods for the solution of linear integral equations of the second kind. In this paper we propose a general framework for several projection methods based on function approximation of specified orders of approximation and/or smoothness. In addition, we illustrate how superconvergence (of the moment type) arises and how to obtain a desired order of superconvergence while maintaining other desired properties, such as smoothness.
“Has a Mother a Right to Her Children?”: Fanny Fern's Urban Domesticity and the “Birth” of Foster Care and Adoption in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America

(2003). “Has a Mother a Right to Her Children?”: Fanny Fern's Urban Domesticity and the “Birth” of Foster Care and Adoption in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 18, Adoption Life Writing: Origins and Other Ghosts, pp. 171-195.
A reassessment of the enigmatic Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete Canadia spinosa Walcott

The enigmatic fossil Wiwaxia corrugata is organically preserved in the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, British Columbia) and is therefore extractable by careful acid maceration of the mineralic matrix. High magnification transmitted light microscopy and SEM of macerated Wiwaxia sclerites reveal a substantial amount of previously undescribed structural and microstructural detail. Anatomical and histological comparison with modern organisms indicates that Wiwaxia sclerites are polychaete paleae (flattened setae) and that Wiwaxia was a jawed annelid broadly related to the extant polychaete families Chrysopetalidae and/or Aprhoditidae (Palmyra). Canadia spinosa, an un- contested fossil polychaete from the same beds, shows a paleal microstructure identical to that of Wiwaxia, as well as a closely comparable gross anatomy and taphonomic grade. The unique com- bination of taxonomically significant characters shared by Wiwaxia and Canadia suggest that they are more closely related to each other than either is to any other fossil or extant polychaete. Thus they constitute a separate superfamily, Canadiacea superfam. nov., in the order Phyllodocida.
On the DirichletL-functions

The main purpose of this paper is to give a sharper asymptotic formula for the mean square value $$\sum\limits_{\chi mod q} {\left| {L'\left( {\frac{1}{2} + i{\text{ }}t,\chi } \right)} \right|^2 } $$ , whereL′(s, χ) denotes the derivative ofL (s, χ) with respect tos.
Demodex Gapperi (Acari: Demodicidae) Associated with Eyelid Sealing in the Red-Backed Vole, Clethrionomys Gapperi

Eyelid sealing associated with large populations of Demodex gapperi occurred in 3 laboratory-reared and 5 wildcaught Clethrionomys gapperi . Gross signs, development of lid closures and histological details are reported and compared with the normal condition. Infested Meibomian (tarsal) gland complexes were free of bacteria and of inflammatory responses. Mite bodies (all stages) distend and plug the gland ducts, thus apparently reducing the normal lid lubrication and leading to lid sealing. No host seasonal, age or sex relationships were evident in this disease.
Microtribological Studies by Using Atomic Force and Friction Force Microscopy and its Applications

We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM) techniques for microtribological studies including microscale friction, nanowear, nanoscratching and nanoindentation hardness measurements. The microscale friction studies on a gold ruler sample demonstrated that the local variation in friction correspond to a change of local surface slope, and this correlation is explained by a friction mechanism. Directionality effect is also observed as the sample was scanned in either direction. Nanoscratching, nanowear and nanoindentation hardness studies were performed on single-crystal silicon. Wear rates of single crystal silicon are approximately constant for various loads and test duration. Nanoindentation hardness studies show that AFM technique allows the hardness measurements of surface monolayers and ultra thin films in multilayered structures at very shallow depths and low loads. The AFM technique has also been shown to be useful for nanofabrication.
Measurement Method and System for Transient Platform Potential Rise and Electromagnetic Disturbance of Ultra-high Voltage Series Compensation Device

To optimize the insulation of primary equipment and the electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) of secondary system on the high-potential platform of ultra-high voltage(UHV) series compensation units, it is necessary to measure the transient platform potential rise(PPR) and electromagnetic disturbance caused by switching operations and bypass gap triggering. Hence, we proposed a method for measuring transient PPR and electromagnetic disturbance in high-potential and high-field intensity environment. Combining multiple technical measures including electromagnetic shielding, DC power supply, and fiber communication, we developed a transient measurement system. It is mainly comprised of a measurement instrument on high-potential platform, a ground-based monitoring and controlling system, and a communication system, and it has three shielding zones. In addition, we conducted switch operation experiments on a real model test platform of UHV series compensation unit, and obtained the amplitude, time-domain, and frequency-domain characteristics of transient measurement signals. The performance tests of the proposed measurement system show that the system has shieling effectiveness over 40 d B, electromagnetic immunity above Level 3, and all test results reach level-A determined in the national EMC standards, power-frequency of 4 kV, and impulse withstand voltage of 10 kV. These main performance indexes meet the requirements of measuring transient PPR and electromagnetic disturbance.