cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model and Data Based Approaches to the Control of Tensegrity Robots

this letter proposes two approaches to control the shape of the structure or the position of the end effector for a soft-robotic application. The first approach is a model-based approach where the non-linear dynamics of the tensegrity system is used to regulate position, velocity and acceleration to the specified reference trajectory. The formulation uses state feedback to obtain the solution for the control (tension in the strings) as a linear programming problem. The other model-free approach is a novel decoupled data-based control (D2C) which first optimizes a deterministic open-loop trajectory using a black-box (no actual model) simulation model and then develops a linear quadratic regulator around the linearized open-loop trajectory. A two-dimensional tensegrity robotic reacher is used to compare the results for both the approaches for a given cost function. The D2C approach is also used to study two more complex tensegrity examples whose dynamics is difficult to model analytically.
Developmental exposure to cannabidiol (CBD) alters longevity and health span of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Consumption of cannabinoid-containing products is on the rise, even during pregnancy. Unfortunately, the long-term, age-related consequences of developmental cannabidiol (CBD) exposure remain largely unknown. This is a critical gap given the established Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm which emphasizes that stressors, like drug exposure, early in life can instigate molecular and cellular changes that ultimately lead to adverse outcomes later in life. Thus, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to varying concentrations of CBD (0.02, 0.1, 0.5 μM) during larval development and assessed aging in both the F0 (exposed generation) and their F1 offspring 30 months later. F0 exposure to CBD significantly increased survival (~ 20%) and reduced size (wet weight and length) of female fish. While survival was increased, the age-related loss of locomotor function was unaffected and the effects on fecundity varied by sex and dose. Treatment with 0.5 μM CBD significantly reduced sperm concentration in males, but 0.1 μM increased egg production in females. Similar to other model systems, control aged zebrafish exhibited increased kyphosis as well as increased expression markers of senescence, and inflammation (p16ink4ab, tnfα, il1b, il6, and pparγ) in the liver. Exposure to CBD significantly reduced the expression of several of these genes in a dose-dependent manner relative to the age-matched controls. The effects of CBD on size, gene expression, and reproduction were not reproduced in the F1 generation, suggesting the influence on aging was not cross-generational. Together, our results demonstrate that developmental exposure to CBD causes significant effects on the health and longevity of zebrafish.
The Trinity is still unconstitutional

I argue that we should not model the Trinity using the concept of constitution, and reply to William Hasker's recent defence of the constitutionalist position, also developing my own views in some respects.
Challenges for journalism education in the era of automation

The emergence of automated journalism and concerns about the rise of ‘fake news’ are the latest catalysts for journalism educators to revisit how reporting and writing skills are taught. In this st...
The "Loopole" Antenna: A Hybrid Coil Combining Loop and Electric Dipole Properties for Ultra-High-Field MRI.

To revisit the "loopole," an unusual coil topology whose unbalanced current distribution captures both loop and electric dipole properties, which can be advantageous in ultra-high-field MRI. Loopole coils were built by deliberately breaking the capacitor symmetry of traditional loop coils. The corresponding current distribution, transmit efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were evaluated in simulation and experiments in comparison to those of loops and electric dipoles at 7 T (297 MHz). The loopole coil exhibited a hybrid current pattern, comprising features of both loops and electric dipole current patterns. Depending on the orientation relative to B, the loopole demonstrated significant performance boost in either the transmit efficiency or SNR at the center of a dielectric sample when compared to a traditional loop. Modest improvements were observed when compared to an electric dipole. The loopole can achieve high performance by supporting both divergence-free and curl-free current patterns, which are both significant contributors to the ultimate intrinsic performance at ultra-high field. While electric dipoles exhibit similar hybrid properties, loopoles maintain the engineering advantages of loops, such as geometric decoupling and reduced resonance frequency dependence on sample loading.
Detecting Misclassification Errors in Neural Networks with a Gaussian Process Model

As neural network classifiers are deployed in real-world applications, it is crucial that their predictions are not just accurate, but trustworthy as well. One practical solution is to assign confidence scores to each prediction, then filter out low-confidence predictions. However, existing confidence metrics are not yet sufficiently reliable for this role. This paper presents a new framework that produces more reliable confidence scores for detecting misclassification errors. This framework, RED, calibrates the classifier's inherent confidence indicators and estimates uncertainty of the calibrated confidence scores using Gaussian Processes. Empirical comparisons with other confidence estimation methods on 125 UCI datasets demonstrate that this approach is effective. An experiment on a vision task with a large deep learning architecture further confirms that the method can scale up, and a case study involving out-of-distribution and adversarial samples shows potential of the proposed method to improve robustness of neural network classifiers more broadly in the future.
Allodynia and Disability in Migraine: The Mediating Role of Stress.

Objective This study sought to investigate the relationship between allodynia, psychological variables, and disability among individuals with migraine. Background A growing body of research views migraine as a condition of stress-related physiological dysregulation. Cutaneous allodynia is one manifestation of this dysregulation and affects a majority of individuals with migraine, though it is typically discussed in the context of headache pathophysiology. Stress, like allodynia, is implicated in the development of central sensitization and migraine progression. However, the contributions of stress and related psychological factors in allodynia and resulting disability remain largely unknown. Methods A cross-sectional study at a Southern U.S. university queried young adults with migraine regarding headache symptoms, disability, allodynia symptom frequency, and psychological variables using validated measures. Relations among allodynia and psychological variables of relevance were examined, including the association between allodynia and disability after controlling for pain severity. Subsequently, we assessed whether stress mediated the relationship between allodynia and disability. Results The final sample consisted of 147 young adults (87.8% [129/147] female, mean age = 19.0 ± 2.4) with an average headache frequency of 9.9 days per month (SD = 5.9). Increases in allodynia showed small associations with increases in stress, (r = 0.26, P = .001), fear of pain (r = 0.22, P = .008), and headache-related disability (r = 0.18, P = .003); and a small association with reduced self-efficacy (r = -0.16, P = .049). Allodynia significantly predicted disability even after controlling for pain severity (∆R2 = 0.02, P = .040), and the allodynia-disability relationship was mediated by stress (point estimate = 0.10, 95% CI [0.02-0.21]), such that as allodynia severity increased, stress increased and subsequent disability worsened. Conclusions This study establishes meaningful relationships between allodynia and psychological variables of importance to headache self-management and adaptive coping. Allodynia exerts some effect on disability independent of pain itself, and this relationship is partially driven by stress. This study highlights the potential role of the stress response among those with allodynia, and further research is needed to determine if migraine interventions that target maladaptive stress responses may reduce disability by impeding the feedforward loop of allostatic load.
Endovascular management of symptomatic gastrointestinal complications associated with retrievable inferior vena cava filters.

Objective With the increase in retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter use, a higher than expected reported rate of pericaval tine penetration is observed. Symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) complications associated with retrievable IVC filters have been documented; however, their management remains controversial. We describe a series of GI complications of retrievable IVC filters, detailing the spectrum of presenting symptoms and multiple treatment options, including the safety of endovascular retrieval. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to describe the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with symptomatic GI complications associated with retrievable IVC filters from 2008 to 2014. Results Nine patients had symptomatic GI complications associated with a retrievable IVC filter (two G2 Recovery [Bard Peripheral Vascular, Tempe, Ariz], seven Celect [Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind]; six women; age range, 17-81 years). All patients had small bowel perforation on computed tomography scan, four confirmed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Concomitant aortic and vertebral penetration occurred in seven and five patients, respectively. Patients presented with various abdominal complaints; one patient presented in acute sepsis. Two patients underwent laparotomy without complications. The remaining seven patients had attempted endovascular retrieval, six of which were successful. One patient's IVC filter was unable to be retrieved, and he was managed medically. Of the six patients who had successful endovascular retrieval, all had resolution of their symptoms with no complications, except for transient sepsis in a single patient who was not receiving periprocedural antibiotics. A follow-up computed tomography scan was performed 48 to 72 hours after endovascular retrieval and ruled out duodenal leak in all patients. Long-term follow-up demonstrated continued resolution of GI symptoms without further episodes of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Conclusions GI complications of retrievable IVC filters are manifested with a wide spectrum of symptoms and frequent concomitant aortic and vertebral penetration. Endovascular retrieval can be safely used as a first-line therapy even in the setting of small bowel and aortic penetration.
Faculty Status for Librarians: Retrospect and Prospect

The article examines the history of faculty status for academic librarians and the attempts to relieve them of this status.
Small College Unions

This chapter examines the current state of college unions at small colleges and offers a forecast of their future.
'Creating New Categories': Anglo-American Radical Feminism's Constitutionalism in the Streets

In 1968 and 1970, U.S. and British radical feminists organized provocative protests at the Miss America and Miss World beauty pageants. While the American New York Radical Women expressed their outrage at women’s objectification by picketing, engaging in street theater antics, and organizing a brief if peaceable outburst, British feminists raised a panic in London by throwing flour bombs and rotten produce at audience members and celebrity MC’s, scattering plastic mice, spraying ink-filled squirt guns, and even snubbing out a cigarette on a policeman. Why were the U.S. radical feminists so much more decorous than their British sisters? In this article, I analyze how each of these radical feminist camps employed the strategies of outrage, law-breaking, and violence, noting that U.S. beauty pageant protesters were outrageous, but avoided the scandalous scofflawing and aggression of the London rebels. Investigating the historical and contemporary political worlds in which these two revolutionary groups worked, I show that U.S. and British attitudes toward law-breaking and violence were shaped by their native, early 20th century histories of feminism, as well as the American and European tumults and tragedies that characterized the age. Drawing on the work of Reva Siegel, Jack M. Balkin, and Lynda G. Dodd, I will then consider how the U.S. and British protesters influenced their countries’ respective constitutional cultures and future feminist legal theories. Each camp’s approach to outrage, law-breaking, and violence in street protest would later be felt in successes and failures on the constitutional front, and also resound in a law-faithful U.S. feminism that differs significantly from its skeptical, anti-authoritarian British complement.
Sub-surface object sensing with multi-frequency microwave radiometry

Previous modeling studies have indicated that a multi-frequency radiometer could prove advantageous for shallow, sub-surface object sensing due to the oscillatory patterns in brightness temperature versus frequency that would be observed in the presence of a sub-surface object. Initial experimental results are reported in this paper from a multi-frequency radiometer system operating in the 2.1-6.5 GHz band. Measured brightnesses with sub-surface metallic and styrofoam targets are provided that demonstrate the predicted oscillatory behavior.
Telling Stories: Reflexivity, Queer Theory, and Autoethnography

This essay focuses on intersections of reflexivity as both an orientation to research and a writing practice that brings together the method of autoethnography and the paradigm of queer theory. Taking seriously autoethnography’s and queer theory’s commitments to uncertain, fluid, and becoming subjectivities, multiple forms of knowledge and representations, and research as an agent of change, we write a series of reflexively queer personal texts. These texts ask us—as writers and readers in a community of scholars—to question our desire to name and claim stories and to embrace the gifts and challenges of open texts and the importance of reflexivity as we test the limits of knowledge and certainty.
A potential osteoporosis target in the FAS ligand/FAS pathway of osteoblast to osteoclast signaling.

One of the pivotal factors in the health and maintenance of dense bone is the coordinated activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Research scientists are developing an enormous knowledge base about the signaling that occurs between these two cell types with the goal of understanding the bone microenvironment under normal as well as resorptive disease states. This knowledge base has already led to the development of successful therapies for osteoporosis. The monoclonal antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), known as Prolia ® (denosumab), is a recent example. RANKL is a cytokine expressed on the surface of the osteoblast in response to bone resorption cues like 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and interleukin 11 (IL-11). A second cytokine, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is released by the osteoblast on a continual basis with both cytokines promoting differentiation of osteoclast precursors. The osteoclast precursors express receptors for the two cytokines, c-Fms (M-CSF receptor) and RANK (RANKL receptor). Another ligand for c-Fms is IL-34, expressed primarily by splenic red pulp, which appears to act in concert with M-CSF and RANKL. Osteoblasts express a third factor which is a soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family member, osteoprotegrin (OPG), that serves as a “decoy” receptor for RANKL and thereby blocks RANKL-RANK binding to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. A construct of OPG in which the heparin-binding and death homology domains are removed and the remaining peptide is fused to the F c domain of the human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used for experimental therapeutic purposes. The resulting fusion protein construct is called OPG-F c , and it neutralizes RANKL. In a study of ovariectomized (OVX) rats, the combined use of OPG-F c and alendronate (a commonly used bisphosphonate) significantly increased the mechanical strength properties of femurs and lumbar vertebrae bodies compared to treatment with either OPG-F c or alendronate alone.
On the elastic properties of carbon nanotube-based composites: modelling and characterization

The exceptional mechanical and physical properties observed for carbon nanotubes has stimulated the development of nanotube-based composite materials, but critical challenges exist before we can exploit these extraordinary nanoscale properties in a macroscopic composite. At the nanoscale, the structure of the carbon nanotube strongly influences the overall properties of the composite. The focus of this research is to develop a fundamental understanding of the structure/size influence of carbon nanotubes on the elastic properties of nanotube-based composites. Towards this end, the nanoscale structure and elastic properties of a model composite system of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in a polystyrene matrix were characterized, and a micromechanical approach for modelling of short fibre composites was modified to account for the structure of the nanotube reinforcement to predict the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite as a function of the constituent properties, reinforcement geometry and nanotube structure. The experimental characterization results are compared with numerical predictions and highlight the structure/size influence of the nanotube reinforcement on the properties of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite elastic properties are particularly sensitive to the nanotube diameter, since larger diameter nanotubes show a lower effective modulus and occupy a greater volume fraction in the composite relative to smaller-diameter nanotubes.
Gravitational synchrotron radiation from cosmic strings

This work studies the gravitational synchrotron radiation emitted from arbitrary cusps of cosmic strings. The results are expressed in terms of four parameters describing the motion of such a cusp. The power spectrum is derived for cusps moving at unit velocity. By using a phenomenological approach we also derive the power emitted when the radiation reaction on the cusps is taken into account. In both cases, the synchrotron nature of the radiation produces a power spectrum emitted in a narrow forward cone. If cosmic strings do exist, the radiation emitted by their cusps would seem to be a potential candidate for gravitational-wave detectors.
Dynamic regulation of the dopamine transporter

In the mammalian central nervous system the dopamine transporter (DAT) is the primary mechanism for clearance of dopamine from the extracellular space. Presynaptic receptors for dopamine and other neurotransmitters (auto-receptors and hetero-receptors) present on dopaminergic neurons are poised to regulate the activity of the dopamine transporter acutely through their actions on intracellular signaling systems. The mechanisms proposed for acute presynaptic regulation of dopamine transport include direct effects of phosphorylation on enzymatic rate, indirect effects through the alteration of the electrical and chemical gradients that drive transport and/or the modulation of transporter number through the trafficking of carriers to and from the cell surface. This review focuses on recent evidence for several distinct mechanisms which dynamically regulate dopamine transporter activity and thus have an important role in shaping the duration and amplitude of dopamine signals in the brain.
CD44 Interaction with c-Src Kinase Promotes Cortactin-mediated Cytoskeleton Function and Hyaluronic Acid-dependent Ovarian Tumor Cell Migration *

In this study we have demonstrated that both CD44 (the hyaluronan (HA) receptor) and c-Src kinase are expressed in human ovarian tumor cells (SK-OV-3.ipl cell line), and that these two proteins are physically associated as a complex in vivo. Using a recombinant cytoplasmic domain of CD44 and anin vitro binding assay, we have detected a specific interaction between CD44 and c-Src kinase. Furthermore, the binding of HA to SK-OV-3.ipl cells promotes c-Src kinase recruitment to CD44 and stimulates c-Src kinase activity, which, in turn, increases tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein, cortactin. Subsequently, tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin attenuates its ability to cross-link filamentous actin in vitro. In addition, transfection of SK-OV-3.ipl cells with a dominant active form of c-Src (Y527F)cDNA promotes CD44 and c-Src association with cortactin in membrane projections, and stimulates HA-dependent/CD44-specific ovarian tumor cell migration. Finally, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Src kinase (K295R) in SK-OV-3.ipl cells impairs the tumor cell-specific phenotype. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that CD44 interaction with c-Src kinase plays a pivotal role in initiating cortactin-regulated cytoskeleton function and HA-dependent tumor cell migration, which may be required for human ovarian cancer progression.
Pathomechanisms of Photosensitive Lupus Erythematosus

This review discusses the mechanisms involved in different photosensitive lupus syndromes: acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, chronic cutaneous (discoid) lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and neonatal lupus erythematosus. It is proposed that there are three principal determinants of photosensitivity in lupus: (1) susceptibility to UVR-induced release of epidermal and dermal cytokines; (2) susceptibility to UVR-induced release or translocation of sequestered antigens in the epidermis or dermis; and (3) different specific immunologic effector mechanisms, activated by cytokines and directed against discrete epidermal targets. Several characteristics of photosensitive lupus are discussed in detail: autoantibody specificities, autoantigen translocation, induction of epidermal intercellular adhesion molecule-a (ICAM-1), vascular activation, cytokine release and T-cell activation, and clinical phototesting. The role of antibodies to the extractable nuclear antigens Ro and La and the relationship to subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and neonatal lupus erythematosus is discussed in detail, and a model of SCLE is proposed.
The onset of autism: patterns of symptom emergence in the first years of life

Previous conceptualizations of autism have suggested that symptoms are evident either early in the first year of life or later in the second year, after a loss of previously acquired skills. New research suggests, however, that these two patterns do not capture all the different ways autism can emerge. For example, some children show a developmental plateau marked by failure to progress, while other children display mixed features, with both early delays and later losses evident. This article reviews the literature on autism onset, discusses problems with the traditional ways in which onset has been conceptualized, and provides recommendations for future research. We suggest that onset is better thought of as a dimensional process rather than dichotomous categories.
Suppression of spin diffusion near a micron-size ferromagnet.

We have used the large gradients generated near the ferromagnetic tip of a magnetic resonance force microscope to locally suppress spin diffusion in a silica sample containing paramagnetic electron spins. By controlling the slice location with respect to the tip, the magnetic field gradient was varied from 0.01 to $36\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{T}/\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, resulting in a fourfold decrease in ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and a similar decrease in ${T}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The observed dependence of the relaxation rates on field gradient is consistent with the quenching of flip-flop interactions that mediate the transport of magnetization between slow and fast relaxing spins.
Light-induced reaction of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide with bacteriorhodopsin.

Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin solubilized in Triton X-100 micelles undergoes a light-induced reaction with [14C]-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide at pH 7.5. The reaction has three consequences: 1) incorporation of radioactivity into bacteriorhodopsin, 2) irreversible bleaching of the retinal chromophore, and 3) alteration of the CNBr cleavage pattern. Reverse phase chromatography of the CNBr fragments from the modified bacteriorhodopsin reveals two new peptide fractions. The major fraction (91%) consists of two peptides of apparent molecular weights 10,700 and 5,400. N-terminal analysis suggests these peptides are bacteriorhodopsin residues 119–209 and 69–118, respectively. The modifications of these peptides are at sites that are exposed or activated by light, a property expected of groups involved in moving H+ across the purple membrane during proton pumping.
IgA in uterine tissue: effect of estrous cycle, hormone treatment and intrauterine immunization.

Abstract In order to determine whether uteri synthesize and store IgA, rats were sacrificed and uterine tissues placed in organ culture for 24 h under the following conditions: (i) at various stages of the estrous cycle, (ii) following ovariectomy and treatment with estradiol, and (iii) after intrauterine immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). When IgA was analyzed in tissues both prior to and following organ culture and in incubation media, no significant increases in total IgA were observed, nor was IgA release into media reduced when cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, was present. Analysis of uterine tissues indicated that IgA levels remained relatively constant throughout the estrous cycle and was not markedly increased when ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol (2 μg/day) for 3 days. These results indicate that tissue IgA levels remain relatively constant even during estradiol treatment, when uterine luminal IgA levels are known to increase markedly. Analysis of ovariectomized rats that received intrauterine immunizations with SRBC indicated tenfold greater amounts of IgA in immunized tissues than did uteri from intact or ovariectomized animals. Despite this, no evidence of protein synthesis was obtained, based on measurements of total IgA content before and after organ culture or inhibition of IgA synthesis by cycloheximide. These results indicate that IgA synthesis under the conditions examined is not occurring, but that uterine tissue may serve as a significant storage depot for IgA synthesized either distal to or within uterine tissues at times other than those analyzed in the present study.
Fluosilicate Impurity in Infrared Spectra of Pyrolyzates of Fluorocarbon Resins

Infrared spectra of fluororesin pyrolyzates, obtained by the conventional decomposition of samples on a commercial pyrolyzer employing a Nichrome filament (e.g., Barnes Engineering Company pyrolyzer model PY-2), generally contain fluosilicate (SiF62−) absorption maxima at 730 and 480 cm−1.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and its receptor changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract The distribution of the VIP receptor in the human hippocampus was studied by receptor autoradiography using [3-iodotyrosyl-125I]Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) as a ligand, and the relationship of receptor distribution to the distribution of the peptide (visualized by immunocytochemistry) was examined in hippocampi surgically removed from patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and hippocampi obtained at autopsy from neurologically normal subjects. In the autopsy hippocampi and hippocampi from TLE patients with extrahippocampal temporal lobe lesions [125I]VIP binding was highest in the dentate molecular layer, with lower levels in the fields of Ammon's Horn (CA fields) and the subiculum. In hippocampi from patients with no temporal lobe lesions but considerable hippocampal neuronal loss there were significant elevations in the levels of ligand binding in all CA fields and the subiculum. Ligand binding densities in all CA fields of the patient hippocampi were strongly negatively correlated with neuronal numbers. Immunocytochemical localization of VIP shows no obvious change in the distribution patterns of VIP immunoreactivity in the patient groups. This is the first demonstration of VIP and its receptor distribution in the human hippocampus. It is suggested that the elevated levels of receptor binding in the hippocampal seizure focus may indicate a mechanism for greater excitability of neurons and/or for their survivability in the face of the increased excitation and potential for injury in a seizure focus.
Attitudes of entry level occupational therapy doctoral students towards inclusion for students with disabilities

Background/Aims: The increasing popularity of inclusive education for students with disabilities and the attitudes towards it inevitably affect school-based occupational therapy practice. This survey study investigated the attitudes of entry-level occupational therapy doctoral (EOTD) students towards inclusive education and the effect of professional education on their perception. Methods: A total of 62 EOTD students responded to a self-developed questionnaire, Attitudes and Inclusive Education Survey, yielding a response rate of 91.2%. Results: Results of the study revealed that entry level occupational therapy doctoral students have positive attitudes towards inclusive education and believe that the inclusion movement has an inevitable impact on school-based occupational therapy practice. Professional education in occupational therapy might positively affect students’ attitudes. Conclusion: Given the close association between one's attitude and behaviour, the findings of the study are particularly encouraging. Future research needs to further examine school-based occupational therapy practice in inclusive environments.
Small Angle Scattering of Light by a Coulomb Field

The angular distribution for small angles and the total cross section for Delbr\"uck scattering (the elastic scattering of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays by the Coulomb field of heavy nuclei) are calculated approximately. The method is a combination of an impact parameter and an analytic continuation method. It is valid for energies $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ large compared to the electron rest energy $m{c}^{2}$. Curves are given for the shapes of the dispersive and absorptive parts of the differential cross section, valid for angles of order $\frac{m{c}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}}$ or less.
Stereo Measurement Of The Ocular Fundus In Ophthalmology

Glaucoma, a common cause of blindness, can be detected in the early stages by studying topographic changes or cupping in the optic disc. The direct observation of fundus using an ophthalmoscope or the evaluation of the disc in fundus photographs has been primarily subjective , differing considerably from observer to observer. We have, therefore, developed an objective quantification technique -- the photogrammetric radial section method, which can quantitate not only cupping or swelling of the optic nerve, but also the growth of tumor or the development of posterior staphyloma in the myopic eye.
Thermodynamics of the O(N)-invariant sigma-model in 2 + 1 dimensions

The O(N)-invariant non-linear σ-model in d = 2 + 1 is studied in the framework of the 1N expansion. The model is non-renormalizable in the weak coupling expansion but becomes renormalizable in the 1N expansion. We explicitly demonstrate how the constraint n2 = 1 exhibits itself on the quantum level. The phase structure and correlation functions are calculated at zero and finite temperature, and are compared with recent numerical simulations.
Some remarks on Arslan's 2011 paper

It is shown that the main theorem of Arslan's paper (Theorem 2, 2011), as stated, is incorrect. Under additional conditions, we present a short proof of the corrected version of the theorem. We also give a proof of a theorem of Rao and Shanbhag (1991) [2], employed by Arslan, without the use of the Kolmogorov Consistency Theorem.
An Analytical Framework for Preliminary Evaluation of Space Conditioning Systems

This paper introduces a methodology for comparing three advanced space and water heating technologies whose higher second law efficiencies promise to offset their increased capital costs: onsite cogeneration; centralized cogeneration with district heating; and electric heat pumps. The competing technologies are compared with a single-system boundary that includes the electric utility system, because cogeneration systems produce electricity and heat pumps consume it. This approach eliminates the electric rate structure from the equations, allowing the analysis to focus on cost rather than price. The results are intended to inform a longer term perspective, over which modern metering technology will enable utility rate structures to reflect the real duration-dependent cost of electricity generation.
Dr William W. Duke: Pioneer in Platelet Research

The purpose of this article is to report 3 cases and experiments that furnish additional evidence showing that blood platelets play a part in stopping hemorrhagic disease. In addition, a method for studying hemorrhage called the bleeding time, and a simple method for determining the coagulation time are described.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Enuresis. An attempt at classification by genesis.

. Andersen, O. Ortved and Petersen, K. E. (Children's Hospital Fuglebakken, Copenhagen, Denmark). Enuresis. An attempt at classification hy genesis. Acta Paediatr Scand. 63: 512, 1974.—A series of 133 enuretic children aged 4–15 years is reported. Age variation. sex ratio. and distrihution of anamnestic data substantiate that the sign enuresis comprises an extremely heterogeneous group. The disease is therefore probably due to several causes. In an effort to elucidate in greater detail the causal relationship, int. al. with a view to its therapeutic significance. the material was divided into 4 groups: (A) Children with primary enuresis without behavioural disturbances. (R) Children with primary enuresis and behavioural disturbances. (C) Children with secondary enuresis without hehavioural disturbances. (D) Children with secondary enuresis and behavioural disturbances. It is demonstrated that boys, especially young boys, aged 4–6 years, usually belong to group A, whereas girls. in particular thnse aged 7–10 years, predominate in groups B+C+D. In girls the enuresis was more often of a diurnal nature, either in the form of isnlated diurnal or combined diurnal and nocturnal enuresis, especially in girls of groups B+C+D. Symptoms of urinary tract infection were also more common in girls than in boys, and predominantly among the girls nf groups B+C+D. Encopresis was twice as common in boys as in girls, also mainly in groups B+C+D. Data concerning a familial predisposition and heavy sleep could not contrihute to a further pathogenetic elucidation.
Frequency and amplitude perturbation in the voices of female speakers

Vocal jitter and shimmer during the sustained phonation of /a/, /i/, and /u/ were investigated for twenty adult female speakers using an automatic analysis program. The results showed overall average shimmer of 0.25 dB and overall average jitter of 0.84%. The critical value for shimmer was 0.48 dB. Significant differences between males and females were found.
Elyze: enabling safe parallelism in event-driven servers

It is increasingly necessary for applications to take advantage of concurrency in order to increase performance. Unfortunately, it is notoriously difficult to write correct concurrent applications as they are subject to a variety of subtle bugs that can be difficult to reproduce. We advocate an approach to developing these applications, particularly servers, in which a conservative static analysis determines when code segments may safely run in parallel, and a runtime scheduler respects these constraints, an approach that is safe by default.We have built an analyzer for event-driven servers written in C that detects unsafe data sharing between event handlers. When the analysis determines that two event handlers might access the same data, whether through a global variable or through the request-specific data structure passed to the handlers, it produces a constraint on the concurrent execution of those handlers. We are building a complementary runtime system that will use these constraints to safely run event handlers concurrently.We have analyzed thttpd, an event-driven web server, and show that our analyzer finds safe parallelism in this server, enabling increased performance without the hazards of threads and locks.
Petrus Comestor, Methodius, and the Saracens

PETRUS COMESTOR, in his famous Historia Scholastica, frequently mentions among his sources for his account of early Hebrew traditions a book by a certain Methodius. In his first mention of him he has this to say:' 'Sed Methodius martyr oravit, dum esset in carcere, et revelatum est ei a spiritu de principio et fine mundi; quod et oravit et scriptum licet simpliciter reliquit dicens quod virgines egressi sunt de paradiso.' Obviously, therefore, Comestor was using a book apocalyptic in character, which he thought had been written by the Methodius who was bishop of Patara in Lydia and was martyred about 311. Since we have no evidence that this Methodius wrote such a book, it is probable that what Comestor was using was a Latin version of a later production ascribed to Methodius in order to enhance the value of its contents. And there is such a Latin book, one of the most popular books indeed of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, although not much attention has been paid to it in the various handbooks on Latin literature.2 This book is preserved in four MSS of the eighth century and in a large number of later date, and a text, based on the four earliest manuscripts, was published, with a comprehensive introduction, by Ernst Sackur in 1898.3 The author of this Latin version gives us his name, otherwise unknown, in a preface which is contained in but one of the four manuscripts, Cod. Par. Lat. no. 13348: 'Incipit praefaciuncula Petri monachi,' and he then, after emphasizing the need of reading the works of the Fathers, continues: 'Doctrina beati igitur Methodii martyris dicta de Graeco in Latino transferre sermone curavi et quoniam nostris sunt aptius prophetata temporibus, in quos finis saeculorum, sicut Apostulus inquit, pervenerunt, ut iam per ipsa quae nostris cernimus oculis vera essent credamus ea quae praedicta sunt a patribus nostris. Propter quod magis arbitratus sum hunc libellum de Graeco in Latinum vertere laboravi.' Then follows the caption (Sackur, p. 60): 'Incipit Sancti Methodii Episcopi Paterensis Sermo de Regnum Gentium et in Novissimis Temporibus Certa Demonstratio.' The Greek text, frQm which the author says he made his translation, is preserved for us only in manuscripts of the fifteenth century, and on the basis of these manuscripts was edited, along with Old Slavic and Russian texts, by V. Istrin in 1897.4 According to Sackur, pp. 7, 52, the Greek text represents an
Motion-compensated signal and background estimation from coronary angiograms

Conventional vessel tracking and segmentation techniques identify the positions and two- dimensional structure of arteries in each frame of the angiographic sequence, but cannot distinguish the artery and background contributions to the intensity. We report a new technique for motion-compensated estimation of artery and background structures in coronary angiograms. The image within a region of interest is modeled as consisting of a sum of two independently moving layers, one of which contains the artery and one consisting of only background structures. The density of each of these layers is solved under two assumptions: (1) within each layer, the density varies from frame to frame only by rigid translation, and (2) the sum of the densities of the two layers equals the actual image density. This technique can be used to enhance image sequences by subtracting the component of the background whose temporal variation is entirely due to rigid translation. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated on synthetic and clinical image sequences.
Computer automation of high current ion implanters

Abstract Complete computer automation of a high current ion implanter has been achieved. Special design considerations were necessary for automation including the development of a simplified ion source, a simplified beam transport control function, and a computer aided real-time feedback dosimetry control system. A special, versatile software architecture was also necessary to allow protected operation by unskilled operators, as well as diagnostic and maintenance modes accessible only to qualified personnel. Integral mounting of the DEC LSI-11 computer in the implanter frame provided additional challenges regarding EMI control and the electrical isolation required. The end result is a system in which all pertinent functions of the implanter are computer monitored and controlled continuously, allowing for automatic set-up, operation, on-line fault detection and diagnostics, with recovery software to correct many transient problems as they occur. This paper will discuss both general and specific solutions to the design problems encountered, and will review the system performance from a user point of view.
Chemmotology in Development

The historical preconditions for development of chemmotology as a science of efficient use of fuels, lubricants, and technical fluids are discussed. The methodological principles and key concepts of chemmotology are enunciated. The course of development of these principles and concepts over the past 50 years is shown based on analysis of the interrelations of the components of the technology-fuels-lubricants-utilization system. Views on future prospects of chemmotology are elucidated.
Conservation of Topological Quantum Numbers in Energy Bands

Quantum systems described by parametrized Hamiltonians are studied in a general context. Within this context, the classification scheme of Avron-Seiler-Simon for non-degenerate energy bands is extended to cover general parameter spaces, while their sum rule is generalized to cover cases with degenerate bands as well. Additive topological quantum numbers are defined, and these are shown to be conserved in energy band “collisions”. The conservation laws dictate that when some invariants are non-vanishing, no energy gap can develop in a set of degenerate bands. This gives rise to a series of splitting rules.
In vitro interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with human middle ear epithelial cells.

Background Otitis media (OM) is an inflammation of the middle ear which can be acute or chronic. Acute OM is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). CSOM is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the middle ear characterized by infection and discharge. The survivors often suffer from hearing loss and neurological sequelae. However, no information is available regarding the interaction of P. aeruginosa with human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs). Methodology and Findings In the present investigation, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa is able to enter and survive inside HMEECs via an uptake mechanism that is dependent on microtubule and actin microfilaments. The actin microfilament disrupting agent as well as microtubule inhibitors exhibited significant decrease in invasion of HMEECs by P. aeruginosa. Confocal microscopy demonstrated F-actin condensation associated with bacterial entry. This recruitment of F-actin was transient and returned to normal distribution after bacterial internalization. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of bacteria on the surface of HMEECs, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the internalization of P. aeruginosa located in the plasma membrane-bound vacuoles. We observed a significant decrease in cell invasion of OprF mutant compared to the wild-type strain. P. aeruginosa induced cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the determination of lactate dehydrogenase levels in culture supernatants of infected HMEECs and by a fluorescent dye-based assay. Interestingly, OprF mutant showed little cell damage compared to wild-type P. aeruginosa. Conclusions and Significance This study deciphered the key events in the interaction of P. aeruginosa with HMEECs in vitro and highlighted the role of bacterial outer membrane protein, OprF, in this process. Understanding the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CSOM will help in identifying novel targets to design effective therapeutic strategies and to prevent hearing loss.
Public health concerns take center stage in Nuffield Council on Bioethics: a review of Animal-to-Human Transplants: The Ethics of Xenotransplantation.

Nonhuman primates represent an important reservoir for the transmission of new infectious diseases to humans. While several working groups and international agencies have grappled with the ethics of xenotransplantation, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics have recently published a comprehensive and far-reaching series of recommendations that, while not eliminating the infectious disease risks, have nonetheless detailed the major points for concern and have developed a rational approach to minimizing these risks. This report should serve as the blueprint from which to proceed with xenotransplantation.
An Analysis of the Reliability and Validity of Procedures for Setting Minimum Competency Standards

Pass/fail decisions for all two-method combinations of 10 standard-setting procedures were analyzed. The most reliable or equivalent methods were the practitioners—borderline group, Ebel—contrasting groups, and 33rd percentile—Angoff approaches. The least reliable or equivalent were the chance/ideal mean—masters group and Nedelsky—masters group approaches. The most valid of the 10 methods, as evidenced by correlations with an external criterion, were the practitioner and borderline group approaches while the least valid were the nonmasters, Nedelsky, and chance/ideal mean methods. Results of a more detailed study of the reliability and validity of the item-judgment methods are also reported.
Generalized technique for inverse simulation applied to aircraft maneuvers

Inverse simulation techniques are computational methods that determine the control inputs to a dynamic system that produce desired system outputs. Such techniques can be powerful tools for the analysis of problems associated with maneuvering flight. An algorithm is developed that serves as an efficient inverse simulation tool for analyzing maneuvering flight. As opposed to current inverse simulation methods, which require numerical time differentiation in their implementation, the generalized technique offered is essentially an integration algorithm. Examples of inverse solutions for a large-amplitude aircraft maneuver and a nap-of-the-Earth helicopter maneuver are presented.