cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Romance and Depressive Symptoms: The Moderating Effects of Positive Coping and Perceived Friendship Competence

Youths' ability to positively cope with negative emotions and their self-perceived friendship competence were examined as potential moderators of links between multiple aspects of romantic relationships and residualized increases in depressive symptoms from late adolescence into early adulthood. Participants included 184 teens (46% male; 42% non-White) assessed at ages 15 to 19 and 21, as well as a subsample of 62 romantic partners of participants assessed when teens were 18. Results of hierarchical linear regressions showed that positive coping served as a buffer against depressive symptoms for romantically involved adolescents and also for teens receiving more intense emotional support from their romantic partners, but not for youth whose relationship had ended and had not been replaced by a new relationship. Higher perceived friendship competence served as a buffer against depressive symptoms for youth enduring the dissolution and nonreplacement of their romantic relationship. Greater use of positive coping skills and higher perceived friendship competence may help protect adolescents from depressive symptoms in different types of romantic experiences.
Percutaneous cement augmentations of malignant lesions of the sacrum and pelvis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although cement augmentation has been described in the literature for the treatment of benign sacral insufficiency fractures, only a few case reports have described the procedure9s usage in the treatment of malignant lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, safety, and clinical outcome for percutaneous cement augmentation of patients with malignant lesions in the sacrum and pelvis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of 12 patients (7 men and 5 women) with a median age of 64.5 years was conducted under appropriate institutional review board protocol. Patients had different types of malignant metastatic lesions of the sacrum and pelvic bones. All but 1 patient underwent preprocedure CT and MR imaging. All patients had a postprocedure CT, and all but 1 had sacral lesions. Six patients had a second lesion in the iliac bones. Under CT guidance, percutaneous cement augmentation was performed in 8 cases and under fluoroscopy guidance in 2 cases. In 2 cases, needles were placed under CT guidance, and the injection was performed under fluoroscopy. In 5 patients, a single needle was used; in another 5 patients, 2 needles were used. One patient had 3 needles, and another patient required 4 needles. RESULTS: Adequate cement deposition was seen in all cases. Three patients had minimal clinically insignificant cement leakage. All treated patients (except 1 patient) reported decreased pain level with use of the visual analog scale (VAS) within 2 to 4 weeks of follow-up. No other subsequent surgical interventions were required. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous cement augmentation of metastatic lesions of the sacrum and pelvic bones is a feasible and safe technique that can be performed under CT or fluoroscopic guidance. The technique results in decreased pain relief on short-term follow-up that can allow patients to tolerate future treatment.
Cross-talk between the endocytic pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum in cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules.

Cross-presentation of exogenous proteins on MHC class I complexes contributes to the priming CD8 + T-cell responses. However, the mechanisms by which antigen-presenting cells transfer internalized proteins to the MHC class I loading pathway are not well understood. Endocytosed proteins often appear to require proteasomal processing and transport into the endoplasmic reticulum, but the intracellular routes involved in cross-presentation remain unclear. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of cross-presentation will illuminate novel aspects of cell physiology and might lead to improved vaccine design.
Predictors of Taiwanese Nurses' Intention to Care for Patients who are HIV Positive

The purpose of this research was to explore the knowledge of, attitudes toward, and intention to care for HIV-positive patients among 223 Taiwanese nurses. They worked in many different settings and had a variety of levels of exposure to HIV-positive patients. The findings of this research revealed that most Taiwanese nurses lacked sufficient knowledge to prevent themselves from becoming infected in the workplace. Their attitude about giving care to HIV-positive patients was generally negative; most nurses stated that they did not intend to care for these patients. A regression analysis revealed that knowledge was not a significant predictor of intention. Attitudes about societal treatment of HIV-positive people and nursing care were significant predictors of intention. Implications for practice and education of Taiwanese nurses are discussed.
How Do Older People Describe Others With Cognitive Impairment? A Multiethnic Study in the United States

We studied how older people describe others with cognitive impairment. Forty-two focus groups represented African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Vietnamese Americans, and Whites other than Latinos (Whites) (N = 396, ages 50+), in nine locations in the United States of America. Axial coding connected categories and identified themes. The constant comparison method compared themes across ethnic groups. African Americans, American Indians and Whites emphasised memory loss. African Americans, American Indians, Latinos and Whites stressed withdrawal, isolation and repetitive speech. African Americans, American Indians, Vietnamese Americans and Whites emphasised ‘slow thinking’. Only Whites described mood swings and personality changes. Many participants attributed dementia to stress. Terms describing others with dementia included ‘Alzheimer's’, ‘dementia’, ‘senile’ and ‘crazy’. Euphemisms were common (‘senior moment’, ‘old timer's disease’). Responses focused on memory, with limited mention of other cognitive functions. Differences among ethnic groups in descriptions of cognitive health and cognitive impairment underscore the need to tailor public health messages about cognitive health to ways that people construe its loss, and to their interest in maintaining it, so that messages and terms used are familiar, understandable and relevant to the groups for which they are designed. Health promotion efforts should develop ethnically sensitive ways to address the widely held misperception that even serious cognitive impairment is a normal characteristic of ageing and also to address stigma associated with cognitive impairment.
Inhibition of RNA Interference and Modulation of Transposable Element Expression by Cell Death in Drosophila

RNA interference (RNAi) regulates gene expression by sequence-specific destruction of RNA. It acts as a defense mechanism against viruses and represses the expression of transposable elements (TEs) and some endogenous genes. We report that mutations and transgene constructs that condition cell death suppress RNA interference in adjacent cells in Drosophila melanogaster. The reversal of RNAi is effective for both the white (w) eye color gene and green fluorescent protein (GFP), indicating the generality of the inhibition. Antiapoptotic transgenes that reverse cell death will also reverse the inhibition of RNAi. Using GFP and a low level of cell death produced by a heat shock-head involution defective (hs-hid) transgene, the inhibition appears to occur by blocking the conversion of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to short interfering RNA (siRNA). We also demonstrate that the mus308 gene and endogenous transposable elements, which are both regularly silenced by RNAi, are increased in expression and accompanied by a reduced level of siRNA, when cell death occurs. The finding that chronic ectopic cell death affects RNAi is critical for an understanding of the application of the technique in basic and applied studies. These results also suggest that developmental perturbations, disease states, or environmental insults that cause ectopic cell death would alter transposon and gene expression patterns in the organism by the inhibition of small RNA silencing processes.
Porphyroblast rotation during crenulation cleavage development: an example from the aureole of the Mooselookmeguntic pluton, Maine, USA

In the low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphic rocks of western Maine, USA, staurolite porphyroblasts grew at c. 400 Ma, very late during the regional orogenesis. These porphyroblasts, which preserve straight inclusion trails with small thin-section-scale variation in pitch, were subsequently involved in the strain and metamorphic aureole of the c. 370 Ma Mooselookmeguntic pluton. The aureole shows a progressive fabric intensity gradient from effectively zero emplacement-related deformation at the outer edge of the aureole ! 2900 m (map distance) from the pluton margin to the development of a pervasive emplacement-related foliation adjacent to the pluton. The development of this pervasive foliation spanned all stages of crenulation cleavage development, which are preserved at different distances from the pluton. The spread of inclusion-trail pitches in the staurolite porphyroblasts, as measured in two-dimensional (2-D) thin sections, increases nonlinearly from ! 16! to 75! with increasing strain in the aureole. These data provide clear evidence for rotation of the staurolite porphyroblasts relative to one another and to the developing crenulation cleavage. The data spread is qualitatively modelled for both pure and simple shear, and both solutions match the data reasonably well. The spread of inclusion-trail orientations (40-75! ) in the moderately to highly strained rocks is similar to the spread reported in several previous studies. We consider it likely that the sample-scale spread in these previous studies is also the result of porphyroblast rotation relative to one another. However, the average inclusion-trail orientation for a single sample may, in at least some instances, reflect the original orientation of the overgrown foliation.
Bioreactor Production of Human α1‐Antitrypsin Using Metabolically Regulated Plant Cell Cultures

Transgenic rice cell cultures, capable of producing recombinant human alpha(1)-antitrypsin (rAAT), were scaled up from shake flasks to a 5-L bioreactor. The maximum specific growth rates (mu(max)) observed from two bioreactor runs were 0.40 day(-1) (doubling time of 1.7 days) and 0.47 day(-1) (doubling time of 1.5 days), and the maximum specific oxygen uptake rates were 0.78 and 0.84 mmol O(2)/(g dw h). Using a metabolically regulated rice alpha-amylase (RAmy3D) promoter, signal peptide, and terminator, sugar deprivation turned on rAAT expression, and rAAT was secreted into the culture medium. After 1 day of culture in sugar-free medium, there was still continued biomass growth, oxygen consumption, and viability. Extracellular concentrations of 51 and 40 mg active rAAT/L were reached 1.7 and 2.5 days, respectively, after induction in a sugar-free medium. Volumetric productivities for two batch cultures were 7.3 and 4.6 mg rAAT/(L day), and specific productivities were 3.2 and 1.6 mg rAAT/(g dw day). Several different molecular weight bands of immunoreactive rAAT were observed on immunoblots.
Differential expression of the C(s) and Calpha1 isoforms of the catalytic subunit of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase testicular cells.

Abstract The amino terminus of the sperm cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (termed Cs) differs from that of the Cα1 isoform expressed in most tissues due to the use of alternative transcripts of the Cα gene. Both Cα1 and Cs transcripts are present in testis; Cs is expressed specifically in spermatogenic cells and is the only C isoform detected in mature sperm. Immunohistochemistry of mouse testis using antibodies specific for Cs and Cα1 now shows that Cα1 is present in somatic testicular cells, spermatogonia, and preleptotene spermatocytes but not in cells that are in later stages of spermatogenesis. In contrast, Cs is expressed only in midpachytene and later stage spermatocytes and in spermatids. Therefore, Cs and Cα1 expression do not overlap. Immunofluorescence microscopic localization of Cs in murine and ovine sperm reveals that Cs is located primarily in sperm tail components, including the midpiece mitochondria and the axoneme. Quantitative analysis of Western blots indicates that indi...
Corporate Venture Capital and the Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Firms - DISSERTATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This dissertation uses quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the “direct” (e.g. the effect when acquiring portfolio companies) and “indirect” (the effect on all startups the firm acquires) impact of corporate venture capital investments on the acquisition of technology startups. In the first study, I examine the acquisition of startups by 61 top CVC investors between 1987 and 2003. I find evidence that established firms use external venturing programs as a mechanism for identifying and monitoring potential acquisition targets. The strategic investors in my sample had a prior equity investment in one of every five startups they acquired in this 16-year period. Interestingly, I find that firms are more likely to destroy value acquiring startups from within their CVC portfolio (e.g. “trying before they buy”) than when acquiring startups outright. I then explore several alternate explanations for these puzzling results. Overall, the evidence suggests that value-destroying takeovers of portfolio companies stem from managerial overconfidence or agency problems at the CVC program level.I supplement the quantitative analysis with interviews with CVC managers, independent VCs, and entrepreneurs. While many of the managers I spoke with agreed that acquisitions of portfolio companies ended up destroying value, several of them made comments like, “even if we overpay for the startups we invest in first and then acquire, it is still worth it to us to stay connected to the community of startups and venture capitalists.” I explore this potential for spillover benefits in the second empirical study. Specifically, I examine the extent to which CVC investments provide information flows that can improve the firm’s acquisition performance more generally. I find that CVC investments do in fact provide a boost to acquisition performance relative to noninvestors; however, this advantage dissipates quickly and is subject to diminishing returns. Contrary to my expectations, however, I do not find that acquisition returns are higher when firms’ portfolio companies are concentrated in the same industries as the startups they acquired. Instead, investments in startups in IT and life science industries increase acquisition returns (when acquiring startups in IT) by roughly the same magnitude.
Topical Mosquito Repellents III: Carboxamide Acetals and Ketals and Related Carbonyl Addition Derivatives

Slow release of topically applied mosquito repellents was attempted via formation of low volatility carbonyl addition derivatives of repellent alcohols and carbonyl compounds. Sufficiently rapid hydrolytic release of volatile, repellent moieties on the skin surface did not occur. Vapor repellency was due to the intact derivatives and was found to be dependent upon volatility characteristics. It was concluded that optimum volatility for prolonged topical repellency varies with each homologous series. Compounds incorporating both an acetal and an amine function, although not comparable to diethyltoluamide in topical repellency, appear to be worthy of additional study.
The Structure of Obsessions and Compulsions: Implications for the Classifcation of Hoarding

Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are broad in content, reflecting a heterogeneous condition. Substantial consideration has been given to the construct of hoarding and whether it is best considered a symptom of OCD, part of another disorder, or a distinct disorder. Several lines of research target this issue, including epidemiology and estimated comorbidity, cognitive processing, neuroimaging, and treatment response. Structural analyses, such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, also have been used. In this paper, the role of structural analyses for addressing hoarding-OCD relations is considered. Issues include the identification of hoarding factors within OCD symptom measures, the magnitude of association between hoarding and symptoms considered to be “classic” OCD, strength of factor loadings, and between-groups comparisons on factor-analytically derived scales. Collectively, these lines of analysis do not consistently support the inclusion of hoarding as a core OCD symptom, b...
Labscape: a smart environment for the cell biology laboratory

Labscape is a smart environment that we designed to improve the experience of people who work in a cell biology laboratory. Our goal in creating it was to simplify, laboratory work by making information available where it is needed and by collecting and organizing data where and when it is created into a formal representation that others can understand and process. By helping biologists produce a more complete record of their work with less effort, Labscape is designed to foster improved collaboration in conjunction with increased individual efficiency and satisfaction. A user-driven system, although technologically conservative, embraces a central goal of ubiquitous computing: to enhance the ability to perform domain tasks through fluid interaction with computational resources. Smart environments could soon replace the pen and paper commonly used in the laboratory setting.
The AGS Fast Kicker Magnet System

A new fast extraction system from the AGS will be implemented to improve the neutrino beam and to serve for ISABELLE injection. The fast kicker for the system is of an open C-type design with a field strength of 1.25 kG at 2650 amperes. The pulser system is a mismatched, discharge type PFN which is capable of delivering a pulse of 3000 amperes peak current at 30 kV d.c., with a 2.7 ?sec pulse width, 170 nsec rise time, and flat top ripple within ± 1%. It also serves as a prototype for an ISA injection magnet, and is to be operated in UHV in the 10-11 Torr range. Special measures to achieve this goal are also discussed.
A New Method for the Calculations of Blade Loadings in a Radial Flow Compressor

The paper outlines a quasi-three-dimensional approach based on the solution of the entire inviscid momentum and energy equations in the meridional and blade-to-blade plane to calculate the blade loading in a radial flow turbomachine. The method is outlined in detail so as to enable the reader to adapt it for use on his computer. The flow in the compressor is considered to be nonhomentropic with variations of thermodynamic properties at the inlet. A comparison of various inlet distributions is shown and this illustrates the usefulness of this method. Calculation of the velocity on the trailing and driving faces of the blades is obtained. Pressure and temperature distribution throughout the flow passage considering an actual process is also outlined.Copyright © 1971 by ASME
Numerical Simulation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Growth in a Tube Flow Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor

The deposition rate of carbon nanotubes in a tube flow CVD reactor was studied over different temperatures and inlet gas concentrations with a focus on particle size and the number nanotube walls per particle. It was found that larger particles and higher numbers of walls increased the use of carbon and required a higher concentration of the carbon feedstock gas, methane. These results show that optimizing reactor conditions will require tailoring the feedstock gas concentrations according to the particle size and expected number of walls per nanotube in order to ensure that there is enough carbon to facilitate nanotube forming reactions.© 2010 ASME
Traumatic Cardiac Injury: Ventricular Perforation Caught on CT

Myocardial rupture is a rare imaging diagnosis given its clinical severity and high mortality. Early findings should be promptly communicated to the trauma service to ensure immediate intervention. We present a rare case of blowout perforation of the right ventricle which was prospectively diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) leading to emergent operative repair. The patient subsequently survived and was discharged after a lengthy hospital course.
Low-cost soft error resilience with unified data verification and fine-grained recovery for acoustic sensor based detection

This paper presents Turnstile, a hardware/software cooperative technique for low-cost soft error resilience. Leveraging the recent advance of acoustic sensor based soft error detection, Turnstile achieves guaranteed recovery by taking into account the bounded detection latency. The compiler forms verifiable regions and selectively inserts store instructions to checkpoint their register inputs so that Turnstile can verify the register/memory states with regard to a region boundary in a unified way without expensive register file protection. At runtime, for each region, Turnstile regards any stores (to both memory and register checkpoints) as unverified, and thus holds them in a store queue until the region ends and spends the time of the error detection latency. If no error is detected during the time, the verified stores are merged into memory systems, and registers are checkpointed. When all the stores including checkpointing stores prior to a region boundary are verified, the architectural and memory states with regard to the boundary are verified, thus it can serve as a recovery point. In this way, Turnstile contains the errors within the core without extra memory buffering. When an error is detected, Turnstile invalidates unverified entries in the store queue and restores the checkpointed register values to get the architectural and memory states back to what they were at the most recently verified region boundary. Then, Turnstile simply redirects program control to the verified region boundary and continues execution. The experimental results demonstrate that Turnstile can offer guaranteed soft error recovery with low performance overhead (<8% on average).
An exploratory study of a story problem assessment: Understanding children's number sense

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe students' use of number sense as they solved story problem tasks. Three 8- and 9-year-old students participated in clinical interviews. Through a process of holistic and qualitative coding, researchers used the number sense view as a theoretical framework for exploring how students' number sense was reflected in their numerical reasoning and verbal explanations of strategies for solving story problems. The results suggest that students' coordination of number sense constructs affords flexibility in problem-solving and deeper understanding of place value. Implications for classroom practice and mathematics education research are discussed.
Abnormalities of Stromal Cells in Autoimmune Systemic Lupus Murine Model.

Mice of the BXSB strain develop autoimmune systemic lupus-like syndrome characterized by thrombocytopenic purpura, coronary vascular disease with myocardial infarction, glomerulonephritis, and autoantibodies. Defects in hematopoietic cells and lymphocytes have been reported in these strains. We have analyzed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) purified from autoimmune prone BXSB to determine whether stromal, and not only hematopoietic cells contribute to the development of autoimmune pathology in these mice. MSCs are progenitors within the bone marrow stroma that spontaneously differentiate into adipose, bone, cartilage, and stromal tissue. Stromal progeny of MSCs support engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and promote hematopoiesis. We have previously demonstrated the capacity of bone marrow transplanted from healthy mice into autoimmune prone mice to prevent and treat the autoimmune pathology and reverse associated abnormalities. MSCs were purified from autoimmune BXSB bone marrow, and from normal C57Bl/6 mouse strains. Initially, adherent stromal cell populations from both murine cultures proliferated at similar rate, however fewer colony forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) were obtained in cultures from BXSB stroma. After few passages, C57/Bl 6 stroma continued to reach 70% confluency within 2 weeks of splitting, while BXSB stromal culture continued to survive but stagnated and did not reach confluency. Both MSCs harvested from BXSB and C57/Bl6 lacked hematopoietic progenitors and did not develop CFU-E, CFU-GM, or CFU-GEMM when cultured in methyl cellulose medium supplemented with the appropriate hematopoietic growth factors. To examine interaction between diseased stroma and healthy marrow cells, stroma from autoimmune BXSB and healthy C57Bl/6 mice were separately placed in the bottom chambers of transwell plates. The top chambers contained marrow cells from healthy GFP-transgenic B6 mice and were separated by nylon mesh membrane (5μ pores) from the bottom chambers. More marrow cells migrated to the autoimmune MSCs well as shown by flow cytometry. This suggests that the autoimmune affected MSCs produce cyokines/mediators, or have cellular structure defects that attract healthy marrow cells. To investigate the latter possibility, we looked for expression of gap junction protein Connexin 43 which is important for MSC-HSC interaction and possibly subsequent expansion and proliferation. While healthy MSCs from C57/Bl6 mice expressed connexin 43, this expression was minimal in MSCs purified from autoimmune mice as shown by both immunostaining and Western blot analysis. These results indicate that marrow-derived MSCs have defective structure and function when compared with MSCs from healthy mouse strains. These data support the hypothesis that co-transplantation of MSCs along with HSCs for the treatment of advanced SLE and other autoimmune disease is imperative to restore healthy stromal cells in the diseased marrow, and to support hematopoiesis and promote tissue repair.
Discriminating cascading processes in nonlinear optics: A QED analysis based on their molecular and geometric origin

The nonlinear optical response of a system of molecules often contains contributions whereby the products of lower-order processes in two separate molecules give signals that appear on top of a genuine direct higher-order process with a single molecule. These many-body contributions are known as cascading and complicate the interpretation of multidimensional stimulated Raman and other nonlinear signals. In a quantum electrodynamic treatment, these cascading processes arise from second-order expansion in the molecular coupling to vacuum modes of the radiation field, i.e., single-photon exchange between molecules, which also gives rise to other collective effects. We predict the relative phase of the direct and cascading nonlinear signals and its dependence on the microscopic dynamics as well as the sample geometry. This phase may be used to identify experimental conditions for distinguishing the direct and cascading signals by their phase. Higher-order cascading processes involving the exchange of several photons between more than two molecules are discussed.
Surgical site infection reduction bundle in patients with gynecologic cancer undergoing colon surgery

Abstract Objective Surgical site infections (SSIs) can lead to substantial morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, and death in patients undergoing colorectal procedures. We sought to investigate the effect of using an SSI reduction bundle on the rate of SSIs in gynecologic cancer patients undergoing colon surgery. Methods We identified all gynecologic cancer patients who underwent colon resection at our institution from 2014 to 2016, during which time a service-wide SSI reduction bundle was introduced. The intervention included preoperative oral antibiotics with optional mechanical bowel preparation, skin preparation with antibacterial solution, and the use of a separate surgical closing tray. SSI rates were assessed within 30days post-surgery. Results Of 233 identified patients, 115 had undergone colon surgery prior to (PRE) and 118 after (POST) the implementation of the intervention. A low anterior resection was the most common colon surgery in both cohorts. The incidence of SSI within 30days of surgery was 43/115 (37%) in the PRE and 14/118 (12%) in the POST cohorts ( p ≤0.001). Wound dehiscence was noted in 30/115 (26%) and 2/118 (2%) patients, respectively ( p ≤0.001). In patients whose operation took longer than 360min, 30-day SSI rates were 37% (28/76) and 12% (8/67), respectively ( p ≤0.001). In patients with an estimated blood loss >500cm 3 , SSI rates were 44% (27/62) and 15% (10/67), respectively ( p ≤0.001). Conclusions The implementation of an SSI reduction bundle was associated with a significant reduction in 30-day SSIs in these patients. The intervention remained effective in patients undergoing longer operations and in those with increased blood loss.
Withholding and Withdrawal of Dialysis

Withholding and withdrawal of dialysis are both instances of foregoing life-sustaining treatment and are considered morally equivalent. Decisions to withhold or withdraw dialysis should be made using family-centered shared decision-making focused on the benefits and burdens of dialysis therapy for the child. Nephrologists should educate the family about the risks and benefits and alternatives to dialysis treatment and provide their recommendation for the best choice for the child. In settings of disagreement, continued discussions are warranted, and other interventions such as a trial of therapy or ethics committee involvement should be considered. Court intervention should be sought only as a last resort. A decision to forgo life-sustaining treatments is not the same as forgoing care. There is a continued duty to provide effective palliative care.
Chapter 50 – Tourette syndrome

This chapter addresses research applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Tourette syndrome (TS). TS is a primary, idiopathic, neurological disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics of childhood onset, with duration greater than 1 year, and associated in the majority of cases with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and/or other psychiatric disorders. The majority of the chapter is a critical synopsis of case–control studies applying basic single- and paired-pulse TMS techniques to “resting” motor cortex. Newer applications of theta-burst stimulation are also analyzed. A number of intriguing findings have emerged, which may reflect abnormalities in several disrupted inhibitory or modulatory pathways that may underlie the tendency to manifest tics as well as commonly co-occurring problems such as ADHD and OCD. Chapter sections are organized by type of TMS measurement, with each section describing briefly the technique, the pitfalls of the technique with regard to the above-described challenges, the findings in TS using that technique, and the possible implications for those findings in furthering our understanding of TS. Possible future applications for TMS in studying TS are also discussed.
Organizing in the Garment Industry in Mexico: Implications for New Social Movement Theory

This paper examines attempts to improve workers' rights in the Maquila industry in Mexico by using two case studies. It analyzes the struggles that recently occurred at the Kukdong and Duro plants. The underlying question of the research is how to balance the co-existence of market economies with effective means to ensure adequate conditions for workers, and most importantly, ensuring their right to freedom of association. Under recent forms of global economic restructuring, the state is often unwilling or unable to uphold workers' rights. To combat the present form of corporate-driven global capitalism, workers in the South, in solidarity with activists in North have formed networks and developed unique strategies and organizing tools to enhance transnational network-building and information sharing. This research uses new social movement theory to examine power dynamics in the contemporary global economic system, and to conceptualize the internationalization of grassroots efforts among workers, activists, and other political actors to pressure transnational corporations and host governments to respect labor laws. It uses aspects of both the cultural and political versions of new social movement theory to heuristically analyze how transnational networks among activists have come to play an influential role in local and global politics.
Student Emotions in Conversation-Based Assessments

Students can experience a variety of emotions while completing assessments. Some emotions can get in the way of students performing their best (e.g., anxiety, frustration), whereas other emotions can facilitate student performance (e.g., engagement). Many new, non-traditional assessments, such as automated conversation-based assessments (CBA), are designed with the intention to create a test-taking experience that maximizes beneficial emotions for students and minimizes detrimental emotions. However, there is a paucity of research on students’ actual emotional experiences during these non-traditional assessments. Across two studies, we investigated students’ moment-to-moment emotions during two CBAs that differed on construct (science inquiry, mathematical reasoning) and environment (virtual world, chat box). We found a similar set of emotions to frequently occur across the two studies and came to the preliminary conclusion that students have a generally positive experience with CBAs and that boredom, confusion, curiosity, delight, engagement/flow, frustration, happiness/enjoyment, hope, and pride are the prevalent emotions in CBAs. The temporal dynamics of emotions as well as the emotion-performance relationship were also investigated across the two studies. Lastly, we discuss how these findings can inform the development of emotion-sensitive CBAs that can facilitate students being able to perform to the best of their ability.
Including Perceptual Skills Testing in an Ophthalmic Examination Why? How?

This paper urges inclusion of perceptual skills testing in an ophthalmic examination. A rationale is presented along with an explanation of the linkup between those basic aptitudes and school perfo...
Contributing from Inside the Outer Circle: The Identity-Based Effects of Noncore Role Incumbents on Relational Coordination and Organizational Climate

To function optimally, most workgroups need an interdependent mix of members in strategically core and noncore roles who work effectively together. However, whereas researchers have investigated the contributions of star performers and strategically core group members, relatively little is known about individuals in noncore roles and how they may facilitate group functioning and contribute to the relational climate of organizations. In this paper, we develop a multi-level, bottom-up model that explains two paths through which employees in noncore roles facilitate the dissemination of relational coordination in organizations. We leverage insights from self-categorization theory and relational coordination theory to explain different ways in which noncore role incumbents attempt to enact their noncore role identities. Then, we describe how the relational stances of those occupying core roles can enable or hinder the identity validation of those in noncore roles, and how validating the role-based identities ...
The Bad, the Ugly, and the Unfortunate

There are a number of things wrong with the world, only some of which can be remedied. There is much wrong due to moral evil, due to the culpable actions of persons. In principle, such could be avoided. If men and women would renounce their evil ways, a moral millennium would dawn. In any event, those who act immorally can be punished and, as far as possible, forced to make restitution. After all of this, much in the world would still be undesirable and unpleasant. Much will be found ugly and unfortunate even if no one is to blame. Given the limitations of humans, it is not possible in principle to set aside all that is disvalued. The moral millennium may require divine grace, pace Pelagius, but to set the unfortunate and ugly aside will take a miraculous intervention into the physical structure of the world. Still, if all problems cannot be solved, it does not follow that some of that which is ugly and unfortunate should not be overcome.
Sulfuranes in organic reactions and synthesis

I I . ~r S u l f u r a n e A d d i t i o n R e a c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. S p i r o a n n e l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ]3. v B u t y r o l a c t o n e S y n t h e s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. G e m i n a l A l k y l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 D . S e c o a l k y l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Slaying Goliath: The Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Antitrust Law to OPEC

Introduction 1322 I. OPEC and its History 1326 A. OPEC: The Most Powerful Cartel in the World 1327 B. OPEC’s Impact on the Oil Industry 1329 II. U.S. Antitrust Law 1331 A. Overview of Existing Law 1331 B. The Meaning and Background of Price-Fixing 1333 C. The Consistent Inconsistencies When Extraterritorially Applying United States Antitrust Laws 1336 1. The basis for extending the reach of the Sherman Act to acts performed abroad: the “effects” test .......1338 2. Limitations on the “effects” test and foreign response to the extraterritorial application of United States antitrust laws 1342 D. Hartford Fire and the Death of Comity 1345 III. Placing Restrictions on Extraterritorial Antitrust Jurisdiction Based on Sovereign Interests 1347 A. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1348 1. The commercial activity exception to sovereign immunity 1350 2. Distinguishing between governmental and commercial activities: the nature v. purpose test .....1353 B. The Act of State Doctrine 1356
On the Effects of Mobility Uncertainties on Wireless Communications between Flying Drones in the mmWave/THz Bands

Millimeter wave and terahertz (mmWave/THz) band communications are a promising technology to alleviate the looming spectrum crunch crisis in traditional RF spectrum bands. This article investigates the challenges in enabling mmWave/THz-band communications for wireless drone networking. To reduce the negative effects of high atmospheric absorption and path loss in radio in-air communications in the mmWave/THz bands, directional transmissions have been widely adopted. However, the directional mmWave/THz links with narrow beamwidth can be easily degraded or disconnected because of the misalignment between the transmit and receive antennas of the communicating drones. To address this challenge, in this article we take an initial step towards understanding the effects of mobility uncertainties on mmWave/THz-band communications between flying drones. We first conduct a series of field experiments to measure the mobility uncertainties of flying drones in micro, small and large scales. Then, the capacity of the mmWave/THz links achievable in the presence of mobility uncertainties is analyzed. Results indicate that micro-scale mobility has only negligible effects on the link capacity (less than 1 %), while the wireless links may experience significant capacity degradation (over 50 %) in the presence of small- and large-scale mobility.
Elevated levels of circulating betahydroxybutyrate in pituitary tumor patients may differentiate prolactinomas from other immunohistochemical subtypes.

The diagnosis of various histological subtypes of pituitary tumors is made using serum based hormone panel test. However, certain subtypes secrete more than one hormone, making the diagnosis ambiguous. Here, we performed 1H-NMR based metabolomic analysis of serum and whole-blood from luteinizing/follicle-stimulating (LH/FSH)-secreting (n = 24), prolactinomas (n = 14), and non-functional (NF) (n = 9) tumors. We found elevated levels of betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) in serum and whole-blood (WB) of prolactinomas (0.481 ± 0.211/0.329 ± 0.228 mM in serum/WB), but it was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.0033, Bonferroni correction) only in serum when compared with LH/FSH-secreting tumor patients (0.269 ± 0.139/0.167 ± 0.113 mM in serum/WB). Phenylalanine in NF tumors was found to be elevated in both serum and WB when compared with prolactinomas but it met the statistical significance criteria (p ≤ 0.0028) only in the serum. Alanine (p ≤ 0.011), tyrosine (p ≤ 0.014) and formate (p ≤ 0.011) were also elevated in NF tumors but none showed statistically significance when compared with prolactinomas. Quantification of BHB and the above amino acids in the circulation may aid in the development of blood-based in vitro diagnostic methods which can supplement the currently used serum hormone panel in the diagnosis of various subtypes of pituitary tumors.
High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease pandemic. Initial estimates of the early dynamics of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6-7 days and a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.2-2.7. We collected extensive individual case reports across China and estimated key epidemiologic parameters, including the incubation period (4.2 days). We then designed 2 mathematical modeling approaches to infer the outbreak dynamics in Wuhan by using high-resolution domestic travel and infection data. Results show that the doubling time early in the epidemic in Wuhan was 2.3-3.3 days. Assuming a serial interval of 6-9 days, we calculated a median R0 value of 5.7 (95% CI 3.8-8.9). We further show that active surveillance, contact tracing, quarantine, and early strong social distancing efforts are needed to stop transmission of the virus.
The social patterning of autism diagnoses reversed in California between 1992 and 2018.

As rates of autism diagnosis increased dramatically over the past number of decades, prevalence rates were generally highest among Whites and among those of higher socioeconomic status (SES). Using a unique, population-level dataset, we find that rates of autism diagnosis continued to be on the rise in recent years, but who is diagnosed changed during the study period. Our data consist of birth records of all 13,272,573 children born in the state of California in 1992 through 2016 linked to autism caseload records for January 1992 through November 2019 from California’s Department of Developmental Services. California’s diagnosed autism incidence rate rose from 0.49 per 1,000 3–6 y olds in 1998 to 3.49 per 1,000 3–6 y olds in 2018, a 612% increase. However, diagnosed incidence rates did not rise uniformly across sociodemographic groups. By 2018, children of Black and Asian mothers were diagnosed at higher rates than children of non-Hispanic White mothers. Furthermore, among children of non-Hispanic White and Asian mothers, children of lower SES were diagnosed at higher rates than children of higher SES. These changes align with sociological theories of health disparities and contain important clues for more fully understanding the autism epidemic.
Chlamydia overcomes multiple gastrointestinal barriers to achieve long-lasting colonization

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is frequently detected in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract despite its leading role in sexually transmitted bacterial infections in the genital tract. Chlamydia muridarum (CM), a model pathogen for investigating CT pathogenesis in the genital tract, can also colonize the mouse GI tract for long periods. Genital-tract mutants of CM no longer colonize the GI tract. The mutants lacking plasmid functions are more defective in colonizing the upper GI tract while certain chromosomal gene-deficient mutants are more defective in the lower GI tract, suggesting that Chlamydia may use the plasmid for promoting its spread to the large intestine while using the chromosome-encoded factors for maintaining its colonization in the large intestine. The plasmid-encoded Pgp3 is critical for Chlamydia to resist the acid barrier in the stomach and to overcome a CD4+ T cell barrier in the small intestine. On reaching the large intestine, Pgp3 is no longer required. Instead, the chromosome-encoded open reading frames TC0237/TC0668 become essential for Chlamydia to evade the group 3-like innate lymphoid cell-secreted interferon (IFN)γ in the large intestine. These findings are important for exploring the medical significance of chlamydial colonization in the gut and for understanding the mechanisms of chlamydial pathogenicity in the genital tract.
Lessons learned from studies with the growth hormone receptor

Findings related to GH's biological activities have continued to be a fascinating topic over the past decade. Below, I will review several items related to the actions of GH including the GH/GHR interaction, pegvisomant (a GH receptor antagonist), GHR gene disruptions in mice, and clinical consequences of human GHR gene mutations.
Eukaryotic Nucleotide Excision Repair

Nucleotide excision repair is a highly conserved process found in all kingdoms of life. This repair pathway removes a large number of different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lesions that differ remarkably in chemical structure and helical distortion. Human cells require at least 30 different proteins to orchestrate this complex process. Mutations in several of these key genes encoding these proteins can cause cancer-prone syndromes in humans.
Peer conferences in calculus: the impact of systematic training

This paper describes an intervention for improving the quality of peer assessment conferences in calculus. Although a body of work highlights the learning benefits of peer assessment, few papers have described the nature of student conversations during peer conferences/assessment in detail. This paper provides deeper insight into what those conversations actually look like, and shows the impact of systematic training on conferences. The study took place over two consecutive semesters of introductory college calculus, and analyses show that students had considerably improved conversations after training. The improved conversations consisted of much more on-topic talk and productive feedback; after training, students provided more feedback related to processes (communication and underlying reasoning) than products (correctness or incorrectness).