cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-grade gliomas in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Dear Editor: We read with great interest the recent article by Bien et al. on high-grade gliomas that occurred in children cured of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). In this study, the authors reported two cases of glioblastoma multiforme and one case of anaplastic astrocytoma with poor overall survival despite aggressive treatment. Cranial irradiation has been considered as the most important factor for the development of secondary brain tumours. The authors concluded that early detection followed by complete resection and chemoradiotherapy is of paramount importance; however, they do not warrant better prognosis [1]. We recently studied the secondary malignant brain tumours in children who were previously treated for ALL in our institute and we encountered one case of glioblastoma multiforme and two cases of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. The tumours developed after a mean period of 6.8 years after ALL treatment. The occurrence of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas is exceedingly rare and only eight cases have been reported in the literature. For further investigation, we undertook a molecular cytogenetic study of the oligodendroglioma specimens obtained from the two patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes mapping to chromosome 1p36, 19p13 and 19q13. FISH analysis demonstrated in both cases 1p36 deletions (unpublished data). Studies of oligodendroglioma patients indicated that a loss of chromosome 1p and 19q was associated with high sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and a better probability of survival [2]. We believe that it would be interesting to investigate if the allelic loss differs from those observed in primary lesions. Further research is needed to clarify if certain underlying genetic characteristics may also be associated with an increased risk of radiation-induced brain tumours.
Ketamine impairs multiple cognitive domains in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Available evidence suggests that recreational use and abuse of the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine is increasing. Characterization of the cognitive risks of ketamine exposure contributes substantially to understanding this growing public health threat. Although prior human studies demonstrate that ketamine impairs a range of cognitive skills, investigation in nonhuman models permits more precise exploration of neurochemical mechanisms which may underlie detrimental behavioral effects. Adult male rhesus monkeys ( N =7) were trained on a neuropsychological battery including tests of memory (delayed match-to-sample, DMS; self-ordered spatial search, SOSS), reaction time (RT), reinforcer efficacy and sustained attention (progressive ratio, PR) and fine motor coordination (bimanual motor skill, BMS). Battery performance was then serially challenged with acute doses of ketamine (0.3, 1.0, 1.78 mg/kg IM). Ketamine impaired DMS and SOSS in a dose×difficulty dependent manner with the most difficult task conditions disrupted at the 1.0 and 1.78 mg/kg doses. Thus, both visual recognition memory and working memory indices were affected. Ketamine also slowed RT and BMS performance and interfered with PR performance at the 1.78 mg/kg dose. Overall the present findings confirm that ketamine interferes with multiple aspects of cognition at subanesthetic doses in monkeys.
Linkage mapping of the gene for type III collagen (COL3A1) to human chromosome 2q using a VNTR polymorphism.

The gene for the [alpha]1(III) chain of type III collagen, COL3A1, has been previously mapped to human chromosome 2q24.3-q31 by in situ hybridization. Physical mapping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis has demonstrated that COL3A1 lies within 35 kb of COL5A2. The authors genotyped the CEPH families at the COL3A2 locus using a pentanucleotide repeat polymorphism within intron 25. They demonstrated significant linkage to 18 anonymous markers as well as the gene for carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPSI), which had been previously mapped to this region. No recombination was seen between COL3A1 and COL5A2 (Z = 9.93 at [theta] = 0) or D2S24 (Z = 10.55 at [theta] = 0). The locus order is (D2S32-D2S138-D2S148)-(D2S24-COL5A2-COL3A1)-(D2S118-D2S161), with odds of 1:2300 for the next most likely order. These relationships are consistent with the physical mapping of COL3A1 to the distal portion of 2q and place it proximal to CPSI by means of multipoint analysis. These linkage relationships should prove useful in further studies of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV and carbamyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency and provide an additional framework for localizing other genes in this region. 13 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Passive vs active exposure and other variables related to the occurrence of hand adaptation to lateral displacement.

Summary.-In an experiment concerned with adaptation of the hand to lateral displacement no significant differences between active and passive exposure were found. With one of the dependent variables increasing temporal delays following exposure were associated with decreasing adaptation. However, using a second dependent variable, data suggested the unexpected result that an intermediate amount of delay was associated with maximum adaptation. Also suggested by the data for one measure was the unpredicted result that relatively long exposure durations produced adaptation that dissipated more rapidly at first than adaptation produced by briefer exposures. Held's position regarding the importance of self-produced movements in achieving hand adaptation (e.g., Held & Hein, 1958; Held & Schlank, 1959) has received some recent support (e.g., Pick & Hay, 1965) but has been challenged by a number of studies including Weinstein, Sersen, and Weinstein (1964), Templeton, Howard, and Lowman (1966), and Singer and Day ( 1966). Of these the last mentioned is lnosr damaging to Held's view. In that part of Singer and Day's work which most resembled Held's there was essentially no difference between active and passive groups. These results are inconsistent with a strong interpretation of Held's hypothesis, i.e., no adaptation with passive exposure, and also with a weak interpretation, i.e., that less passive than active adaptation should occur. One purpose of the present work was to use apparatus and procedures similar to those used by Singer and Day in an attempt to replicate their results regarding passive adaptation. In addition, two other questions were studied. These were the effects of varying exposure duration and the effects of varying the time interval between exposure termination and the posttest. While these variables have received some attention [e.g., Wertheimer and Arena ( 1959), Hamilton (1964), Held, Efstathiou and Green ( 1966) in relation to exposure duration, and Hamilton and Bossom (1964) in relation to the time interval], there is little agreement on the shape of the relevant functions and more im
Interventions for Sexually abused Children: Initial Treatment Outcome Findings

This study evaluated treatment outcome for 49 recently sexually abused children aged 7-14, who were randomly assigned to receive either sexual abuse-specific cognitive behavioral therapy (SAS-CBT) or nondirective supportive therapy (NST). Respondents and their nonoffending parent were provided with 12 individual treatment sessions, which were closely monitored for adherence to the assigned treatment modality. Participants and parents completed several standardized assessment instruments pre- and posttreatment. Results indicated that there was a significant group-by-time interaction on the Children's Depression Inventory and the Child Behavior Checklist Social Competence Scale, with the SAS-CBT group improving more than the NST group on both of these instruments. Clinical findings also suggested that SAS-CBT was more effective than NST in treating sexually inappropriate behaviors. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
The role of knowledge sharing and trust in new product development outsourcing

The idea of forming strategic alliances with suppliers while developing a new product has been recognised as an effective strategy for hedging the risk in a dynamic business environment. To implement such strategy, new product development (NPD) team needs to understand the factor that may affect the suppliers' interest of involving in NPD. This study proposes a research model to study such emergent area and to explore the relationships among trust, knowledge sharing, adoption of collaborative information technology and supplier's involvement in NPD process.
Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences

(2007). Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 102, No. 477, pp. 380-380.
On the (Non)complementarity of θ-Theory and Checking Theory

Chomsky (1995) proposes that the θ system and the checking system form two complementary modules. As a consequence both subjects and objects must form nontrivial chains to check their formal features with a functional category (T and v, respectively). I argue that objects and exceptional-Case-marking subjects check their formal features with a lexical verb, whose domain is therefore both θ role assigning and feature checking. I showthat discarding the complementarity assumption in this manner results in a more “bare” theory of the computational system as well as several empirical advantages.
Adaptive aging in the context of evolutionary theory.

Compelling evidence for an adaptive origin of aging has clashed with traditional evolutionary theory based on exclusively individual selection. The consensus view has been to try to understand aging in the context of a narrow, restrictive evolutionary paradigm, called the Modern Synthesis, or neo-Darwinism. But neo-Darwinism has shown itself to be inadequate in other ways, failing to account for stable ecosystems, for the evolution of sex and the maintenance of diversity and the architecture of the genome, which appears to be optimized for evolvability. Thus aging is not the only reason to consider overhauling the standard theoretical framework. Selection for stable ecosystems is rapid and efficient, and so it is the easiest modification of the neo-Darwinian paradigm to understand and to model. Aging may be understood in this context. More profound and more mysterious are the ways in which the process of evolution itself has been transformed in a boot-strapping process of selection for evolvability. Evolving organisms have learned to channel their variation in ways that are likely to enhance their long-term prospects. This is an expanded notion of fitness. Only in this context can the full spectrum of sophisticated adaptations be understood, including aging, sex, diversity, ecological interdependence, and the structure of the genome.
Differential expression of proteins in fetal brains of alcohol‐treated prenatally C57BL/6 mice: A proteomic investigation

Alcohol is known to impede the growth of the central nervous system and to induce neurodegeneration through cellular apoptosis. We have previously shown that moderate prenatal alcohol exposure results in brain defects at different stages of development. In this study, we further characterize the proteomic architecture underlying ethanol teratogenesis during early fetal brain development using chromatography in conjunction with a tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed from embryonic day 7 (E7) to E13 with either a 25% ethanol derived calorie (ALC) or pair-fed (PF) liquid diets. At E13, fetal brains were collected from 5 dams for each group. Individual brains were homogenized and the extracted proteins were then tryptically digested and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Label-free quantitative proteomic analyses were performed on proteomes extracted from fetal brains of both ALC and PF groups. These analyses demonstrated that prenatal alcohol exposure induced significant down-regulation (p < 0.001) of the expression of mitochondrial enzymes including ADP/ATP translocase 1, ATP synthase subunit α and ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductases. In addition, mitochondrial carrier homolog 1, which plays a role in apoptosis, was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001) in the ALC group. Moreover, among the cytosolic proteins that were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001) are Bcl-2, 14-3-3 protein and calmodulin. Significant down-regulation (p < 0.001) of proteins that are critical for fetal brain development was observed such as prohibitin and neuronal migration protein doublecortin. These findings provide information about possible mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during early embryonic stage.
Detection of Haemophilus aphrophilus in the Human Oral Flora with a Selective Medium

A selective medium was used to recover Haemophilus aphrophilus from oral flora; without such a medium, the organism is overgrown by other bacteria and remains undetected. No strains isolated required increased CO2, since all grew well in air with added moisture. The data also suggest that hemin may not be required for primary isolation. This study indicates that H. aphrophilus is a component of the normal oral flora of a substantial percentage of the adult population. Therefore, the mouth is a likely source of the organism in cases of infection with H. aphrophilus.
Temporal context affects the observed rate of climate‐driven range shifts in tree species

Aim Range shifts associated with 20th-century warming have been documented for a wide range of taxa, but many species are not migrating fast enough to keep pace with the rapidly changing climate. Tree species can experience particularly long time lags in their migration response, resulting in altered forest composition and potentially delaying the migration of other obligate species. Here we review potential causes of these time lags and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how migration timing affects the observed rate of change. Location Global forest ecosystems. Methods We synthesize evidence from present-day tree species migrations to determine how different migration constraints can delay tree species range shifts. Results The rate of present-day tree migrations is frequently slower than expected, and many factors may contribute to observed migration lags. Migration constraints can be overcome given the right combination of circumstances, resulting in episodic range shifts that create temporal variability in migration rates. Given projected increases in forest disturbances and extreme climatic events, episodic range shifts are likely. Main conclusions Recent efforts to explain the slow rate of tree migration have primarily focused on dispersal limitation and niche-based constraints such as competition and other biotic interactions. We argue that these constraints cannot be fully understood without considering the temporal context of tree migration. Attempts to forecast and manage future distribution shifts must consequently consider how migration timing may affect observed patterns of change.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of a novel positive photoresist polyimide

An aqueous base-soluble polyimide (BAPAF/6FDA) was obtained from the polycondensation of 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl )hexafluoropropane (BAPAF) and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)-bis (phthalic anhydride (6FDA). It exhibits high thermal stability and high transparency at 365 nm. A novel positive photoresist was prepared by protecting BAPAF/6FDA with a trimethylsilyl group while using diazonaphthoquinone as the photosensitizer. In addition, the silylated polyimide was converted to aqueouse base-soluble polyimide in the presence of an acid and a slight amount of water. This photoresist yields a sensitivity of 110 mJ/cm 2 and a contrast of 3.24.
Implications of Parent-Child Boundary Dissolution for Developmental Psychopathology: Who Is the Parent and Who Is the Child?

Boundary dissolution is a broad and poorly defined construct, described in the psychotherapy literature in various terms, including parentification, role reversal, enmeshment, psychological control...
Orbital stability of standing waves for semilinear wave equations with indefinite energy

The orbital stability of standing waves for semilinear wave equations is studied in the case that the energy is indefinite and the underlying space domain is bounded or a compact manifold or whole R n with n 2. The stability is determined by the convexity on ω of the lowest energy d(ω) of standing waves with frequency ω. The arguments rely on the conservation of energy and charge and the construction of suitable invariant manifolds of solution flows.
Amphiphysin IIm, a Novel Amphiphysin II Isoform, Is Required for Macrophage Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages initiates the innate immune response, which in turn orchestrates the adaptive immune response. Amphiphysin II participates in receptor-mediated endocytosis, in part, by recruiting the GTPase dynamin to the nascent endosome. We demonstrate here that a novel isoform of amphiphysin II associates with early phagosomes in macrophages. We have ablated the dynamin-binding site of this protein and shown that this mutant form of amphiphysin II inhibits phagocytosis at the stage of membrane extension around the bound particles. We define a signaling cascade in which PI3K is required to recruit amphiphysin II to the phagosome, and amphiphysin II in turn recruits dynamin. Thus, amphiphysin II facilitates a critical initial step in host response to infection.
A simple model for diffuse reflection

Abstract Diffuse reflection from a matte nonabsorbing inhomogeneous medium such as white paint or paper can be described by a simple model in which light rays enter the volume of medium and then undergo a random walk until they reemerge from the surface. Lambert's law of diffuse reflection is an immediate consequence of the random walk. Another consequence of the volume interaction is that the light emerges from a different point than where it enters. This spreading of the light was measured for BaSO 4 white reflectance paint and for several kinds of paper. The random walk model implies a diffusion equation which makes predictions that are in reasonable agreement with the experiments. The spreading is proportional to an interaction length which, in this model, represents the range of distances that light rays penetrate before beginning their random walk.
Cholesterol promotes hemifusion and pore widening in membrane fusion induced by influenza hemagglutinin.

Cholesterol-specific interactions that affect membrane fusion were tested for using insect cells; cells that have naturally low cholesterol levels (<4 mol %). Sf9 cells were engineered (HAS cells) to express the hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza virus X-31 strain. Enrichment of HAS cells with cholesterol reduced the delay between triggering and lipid dye transfer between HAS cells and human red blood cells (RBC), indicating that cholesterol facilitates membrane lipid mixing prior to fusion pore opening. Increased cholesterol also increased aqueous content transfer between HAS cells and RBC over a broad range of HA expression levels, suggesting that cholesterol also favors fusion pore expansion. This interpretation was tested using both trans-cell dye diffusion and fusion pore conductivity measurements in cholesterol-enriched cells. The results of this study support the hypothesis that host cell cholesterol acts at two stages in membrane fusion: (1) early, prior to fusion pore opening, and (2) late, during fusion pore expansion.
Theory of light reflection by cholesteric liquid crystals possessing a tilted structure

It has long been known that thin films of cholesteric liquid crystals subject to a shear will exhibit a blue shift in the color that they reflect. In this article a molecular structure that could explain this shift is postulated. Using Mauguin’s continuum model of a cholesteric liquid crystal, the governing electromagnetic field equations are formulated. An approximate, analytic solution is obtained by a perturbation technique. The results are consistent with the available experimental data.
Relaxation of Prestressing Steel at Varying Strain and Temperature: Viscoplastic Constitutive Relation

Recent studiesof excessivemultidecade deflectionsof prestressed segmentally erectedboxgirders revealedthatmore accurate pre- dictionsoftheprestresslossduetosteelrelaxationareneededforthedesignoflarge-spancreep-sensitivestructures.Inparticular,thelossneeds to be calculated as part of creep structural analysis, during which the strain of concrete to which the prestressing steel is bonded varies in each timestep.TheexistingempiricalformulasusedintheEuropeanModelCodeandAmericanpractice,whicharevalidonlyforconstantstrainand constant temperature, are here generalized to arbitrarily variable strain and temperature, heeding obvious asymptotic restrictions and the fact that steel is a viscoplastic material whose constitutive principles are well known. The resulting formula is a memoryless nonlinear equation for theviscoplasticstrainrateofsteelasafunctionofthecurrentstress,strain,andtemperature.Close fitsofallthemaintestdatafromtheliterature, including the available data on the effects of strain and temperature changes, are achieved. The effect of temperature is found to be quite im- portant and is formulated on the basis of the activation energy of viscoplastic flow of metals. Finally, the need for further tests at variable strain and variable temperature is emphasized. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000533. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Prestressing; Relaxation (mechanical); Viscoplasticity; Steel; Temperature effects. Author keywords: Prestress loss; Relaxation; Viscoplasticity.
Huntingtin and Mutant SOD1 Form Aggregate Structures with Distinct Molecular Properties in Human Cells

Expression of many proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease results in the appearance of misfolded species that readily adopt alternate folded states. In vivo, these appear as punctated subcellular structures typically referred to as aggregates or inclusion bodies. Whereas groupings of these distinct proteins into a common morphological class have been useful conceptually, there is some suggestion that aggregates are not homogeneous and can exhibit a range of biological properties. In this study, we use dynamic imaging analysis of living cells to compare the aggregation and growth properties of mutant huntingtin with polyglutamine expansions or mutant SOD1 (G85R/G93A) to examine the formation of aggregate structures and interactions with other cellular proteins. Using a dual conditional expression system for sequential expression of fluorescence-tagged proteins, we show that mutant huntingtin forms multiple intracellular cytoplasmic and nuclear structures composed of a dense core inaccessible to nascent polypeptides surrounded by a surface that stably sequesters certain transcription factors and interacts transiently with molecular chaperones. In contrast, mutant SOD1 (G85R/G93A) forms a distinct aggregate structure that is porous, through which nascent proteins diffuse. These results reveal that protein aggregates do not correspond to a single common class of subcellular structures, and rather that there may be a wide range of aggregate structures, perhaps each corresponding to the specific disease-associated protein with distinct consequences on the biochemical state of the cell.
Pervasive Hydrologic Effects on Freshwater Mussels and Riparian Trees in Southeastern Floodplain Ecosystems

We present long-term growth trends for 13 freshwater mussel species from two unregulated rivers and one regulated river in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain. We also collected baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) tree cores adjacent to mussel collection sites in one river and directly compared tree and mussel chronologies in this river. To extend our analysis spatially, we examined published baldcypress chronologies from six other unregulated rivers throughout the region. Biochronologies were developed using standard dendrochronology techniques and we explored relationships between annual growth and a suite of streamflow variables in each river. Growth of mussels in unregulated rivers was negatively correlated with annual flood pulse count and May and June discharge, but positively correlated with annual low pulse count and annual number of hydrographic reversals. Baldcypress growth in unregulated rivers was positively correlated with May and June discharge and negatively correlated with annual low pulse count. Mussel growth in the regulated river was not correlated with any streamflow variable suggesting that biological rhythms are decoupled from hydrologic variations in this system. This study shows how interannual variability in streamflow can benefit diverse taxa in floodplain rivers over long periods and how river regulation can disrupt these relationships.
Observations of Possible Thiaminase Activity in Scallop Viscera Fed in Broiler Diets. Case Report

Abstract Five-week-old broilers were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory showing sudden onset of incoordination, ataxia, anorexia, dehydration and coma. Groups of birds were being fed the New England Conference (NECC) broiler diets in which scallop viscera was added. Moribund birds receiving thiamine hydrochloride recovered without complications.
Design, testing, and clinical studies of a handheld polarized light camera

Polarized light imaging has been used to detect the borders of skin cancer and facilitate assessment of cancer boundaries. A design for an inexpensive handheld polarized camera is presented and clinical images acquired with this prototype are shown. The camera is built with two universal serial bus (USB) color video cameras, a polarizing beamsplitter cube, and a 4× objective lens. Illumination is provided by three white LEDs and a sheet polarizer. Horizontal and vertical linearly polarized reflected images are processed at 7 frames/s and a resulting polarized image is displayed on screen. We compare the performances of cheap USB camera and a 16-bit electronically cooled camera. Dark noise and image repeatability are compared. In both cases, the 16-bit camera outperforms the USB cameras. Despite these limitations, the results obtained with this USB prototype are very satisfactory. Examples of polarized images of lesions taken prior to surgery are presented.
CheA Kinase of bacterial chemotaxis: chemical mapping of four essential docking sites.

The chemotaxis pathway of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium is the paradigm for the ubiquitous class of 2-component signaling pathways in prokaryotic organisms. Chemosensing begins with the binding of a chemical attractant to a transmembrane receptor on the cell surface. The resulting transmembrane signal regulates a cytoplasmic, multiprotein signaling complex that controls cellular swimming behavior by generating a diffusible phosphoprotein. The minimal functional unit of this signaling complex, termed the core complex, consists of the transmembrane receptor, the coupling protein CheW, and the histidine kinase CheA. Though the structures of individual components are largely known and the core complex can be functionally reconstituted, the architecture of the assembled core complex has remained elusive. To probe this architecture, the present study has utilized an enhanced version of the protein-interactions-by-cysteine-modification method (PICM-β) to map out docking surfaces on CheA essential for kinase activity and for core complex assembly. The approach employed a library of 70 single, engineered cysteine residues, scattered uniformly over the surfaces of the five CheA domains in a cysteine-free CheA background. These surface Cys residues were further modified by the sulfhydryl-specific alkylating agent, 5-fluorescein-maleimide (5FM). The functional effects of individual Cys and 5FM-Cys surface modifications were measured by kinase assays of CheA activity in both the free and core complex-associated states, and by direct binding assays of CheA associations with CheW and the receptor. The results define (i) two mutual docking surfaces on the CheA substrate and catalytic domains essential for the association of these domains during autophosphorylation, (ii) a docking surface on the CheA regulatory domain essential for CheW binding, and (iii) a large docking surface encompassing regions of the CheA dimerization, catalytic, and regulatory domains proposed to bind the receptor. To test the generality of these findings, a CheA sequence alignment was analyzed, revealing that the newly identified docking surfaces are highly conserved among CheA homologues. These results strongly suggest that the same docking sites are widely utilized in prokaryotic sensory pathways. Finally, the results provide new structural constraints allowing the development of improved models for core complex architecture.
A implementação de inovação radical em empresas maduras

There is increasing evidence of the importance of radical or breakthrough innovation to long-term firm success in the competitive marketplace today. Although this recognition has permeated many established companies, there is uncertainty about how to accomplish such innovation. This article is based on a six-year longitudinal study of 12 radical-innovation projects in 10 large, mature companies. The life cycle of radical-innovation projects is unlike those of incremental projects, because of an abundance of uncertainties and discontinuities. These characteristics require that radical-innovation projects be managed quite differently from incremental ones. Seven key strategic imperatives are offered for successfully implementing radical innovation.
Temperature dependence of the pre-wetting transition at the (1 1 1) anti-phase boundary in Ni3Al: an atomistic study

Chemical composition and ordering at the (1 1 1) anti-phase boundary (APB) in the Ni3Al-based γ' phase have been studied by semi-grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations at temperatures from 700 to 1300 K. The atomic interactions are modeled with an embedded-atom potential reproducing the relevant part of the Ni–Al phase diagram. In a certain range of bulk compositions and temperatures within the γ' phase stability domain, the APB undergoes a pre-wetting transformation by becoming a layer of disordered γ phase. The pre-wetting transformation line is mapped onto the bulk phase diagram allowing predictions of the APB state under various thermochemical conditions.
Steering user behavior with badges

An increasingly common feature of online communities and social media sites is a mechanism for rewarding user achievements based on a system of badges. Badges are given to users for particular contributions to a site, such as performing a certain number of actions of a given type. They have been employed in many domains, including news sites like the Huffington Post, educational sites like Khan Academy, and knowledge-creation sites like Wikipedia and Stack Overflow. At the most basic level, badges serve as a summary of a user's key accomplishments; however, experience with these sites also shows that users will put in non-trivial amounts of work to achieve particular badges, and as such, badges can act as powerful incentives. Thus far, however, the incentive structures created by badges have not been well understood, making it difficult to deploy badges with an eye toward the incentives they are likely to create. In this paper, we study how badges can influence and steer user behavior on a site---leading both to increased participation and to changes in the mix of activities a user pursues on the site. We introduce a formal model for reasoning about user behavior in the presence of badges, and in particular for analyzing the ways in which badges can steer users to change their behavior. To evaluate the main predictions of our model, we study the use of badges and their effects on the widely used Stack Overflow question-answering site, and find evidence that their badges steer behavior in ways closely consistent with the predictions of our model. Finally, we investigate the problem of how to optimally place badges in order to induce particular user behaviors. Several robust design principles emerge from our framework that could potentially aid in the design of incentives for a broad range of sites.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BY USING LIQUID RUBBER/CLAY MASTER BATCHES

ABSTRACT Rubber/clay nanocomposites (RCNs) have many applications because of their improved properties. The dispersion of clay in a rubber matrix, which plays an important role in the properties of RCNs, is a challenge. In this article, a solvent-free approach to produce the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/clay nanocomposites by using liquid rubber/clay master batches was introduced. The liquid/rubber master batches were first prepared using a high-speed centrifugal mixer and then compounded with neat SBR using conventional rubber compounding equipment. Compared with the composites prepared by melt mixing, this approach resulted in a better dispersion of the clay in the rubber matrix and improvements in tensile strength (4.98 MPa at 10 phr clay loading) and elongation at break (>1000% at 10 phr clay loading). The improved dispersion was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The effect of clay loading on the tensile properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and the Payne effect was also investigated. The increas...
Leaky One-Dimensional Flow with Storage and Skin Effect in Finite-Width Sink

One-dimensional horizontal flow in a semiinfinite confined aquifer can be described in terms of mathematical solutions that relate drawdown in the aquifer to aquifer parameters and flow into or out of a line sink. A new solution that considers the effects of a low-permeability skin along with storage in a finite-width sink is developed for the leaky-aquifer case. A coefficient Sk is defined to represent the skin effect for one-dimensional flow. The transient solution, which is obtained by inverting the Laplace-space solution using the Stehfest numerical algorithm, calculates drawdowns in the sink as well as in the aquifer. A nondimensional drain function D(u,x/B,A/x,Sk/x)q is defined based on the solution. Selected type curves for the drain function are plotted, and a match-point procedure is described that is based on matching observed drawdowns at observation wells to an appropriate type curve. The match-point procedure is illustrated by fitting simulated drawdown data to a type curve and determining th...
Age-related variability in occlusal wear planes.

Investigation of two populations of 136 individuals shows several patterns of occlusal wear plane change which are positively correlated with age. For individuals up to the age of 18, there is a characteristic pattern in which the occlusal wear planes of the mandibular teeth are lingually sloped and those of the maxillary dentition buccally sloped, with the exception of the maxillary premolars, which are also lingually sloped. The long axes of the mandibular teeth give them a lingual orientation relative to the maxillary teeth, and the long axes of the maxillary molars, by contrast, are buccally oriented. In the 18-30 age range for all sexes, the mandibular M1 becomes buccally sloped on its occlusal surface while the occlusal wear plane on the maxillary M1 becomes lingually sloped. Later age changes indicate a trend for the mandibular premolars to become buccally sloped, while the wear planes of the maxillary premolars remain lingually sloped. There is a corresponding tendency for the maxillary and mandibular second molars to undergo changes in the initial orientation of the occlusal wear planes.
Atomic layer deposition of tin oxide with nitric oxide as an oxidant gas

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films was achieved using a cyclic amide of Sn(II) (1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4,5-dimethyl-(4R,5R)-1,3,2-diazastannolidin-2-ylidene) as a tin precursor and nitric oxide (NO) as an oxidant gas. Film properties as a function of growth temperature from 130–250 °C were studied. Highly conducting SnO2 films were obtained at 200–250 °C with the growth per cycle of ∼1.4 A/cycle, while insulating films were grown at temperatures lower than 200 °C. Conformal growth of SnO2 in holes of aspect-ratios up to ∼50:1 was successfully demonstrated.
Sudden infant death syndrome: the colon connection.

Summary The etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not known. Various maternal and infant risk factors have been identified. Adoption of the non-prone position has reduced the incidence of SIDS but has not eliminated the problem. Some sulfate reducing bacteria in the colon produce hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) which is as toxic as hydrogen cyanide. Normally, the colonic mechanism for metabolizing and detoxifying H 2 S is very effective and no H 2 S appears in the exhaled breath although small amounts are present in the flatus. We are putting forth the hypothesis that in some cases of SIDS colonocytic mechanism for detoxifying H 2 S may not have matured by the age of 3 months and H 2 S may be absorbed resulting in SIDS. The hypothesis can be tested by in vitro evaluation of colonic tissue from SIDS cases for its ability to detoxify H 2 S.
Clinical Trials of an Anti-Adhesion Adjuvant

Postoperative adhesions are scar tissues, which develop at the site of tissue injury after surgery.1 Their potential significance is immense because of the frequency with which they form, as well as their consequences of potential morbidity and mortality.2 Yet, many surgeons minimize their significance because of the general inability to identify adhesions without performing a repeat surgery, as there are not good serologic markers or accurate imaging modalities (e.g., ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging scans) and the perceived inability to do anything about them.
Racial Progress as Threat to the Status Hierarchy Implications for Perceptions of Anti-White Bias

In three studies, we examined how racial progress affects Whites' perceptions of anti-White bias. When racial progress was chronically (Study 1) and experimentally (Study 2) salient, Whites who believed the current U.S. status hierarchy was legitimate were more likely to report that Whites were victims of racial discrimination. In contrast, Whites who perceived the current status system as illegitimate were unaffected by the salience of racial progress. The results of Study 3 point to the role of threat in explaining these divergent reactions to racial progress. When self-affirmed, Whites who perceived the status hierarchy as legitimate no longer showed increased perceptions of anti-White bias when confronted with evidence of racial progress. Implications for policies designed to remedy social inequality are discussed.
Systematic Search and its Relationship to Firm Founding

This research uses a representative sample of U.S. nascent entrepreneurs to find that there is a positive relationship between their use of systematic search and their success in founding new firms. We control for mediating variables and find that searching systematically leverages firm founding by using an adaptive decision-making style and social capital. Systematic search also appears to reduce environmental uncertainty, which has additional important implications for aspiring entrepreneurs. Finally, this research suggests possible lines of future inquiry.
Heritage Treasures And Gifts: Improving Controls And Systems In A Not For Profit Environment

Not-for-profit organizations often rely heavily on volunteers to help them achieve their goals on very limited budgets. Often, these organizations are especially in need of volunteers with specific skills not possessed by the average volunteer. Such is the case with the County Historical Society (The Society), which is in need of help with certain aspects of its museum gift shop operations. Most of the volunteers and staff of the organization are avid history buffs, but know little about running a business and even less about accounting and systems related processes. Therefore, the organization has approached your professor to ask for your assistance. The Society would like to seek the benefit of your knowledge of accounting systems and internal controls to help it improve operations and financial reporting for the gift shop. A previous group of students has documented the operations in narrative form as part of a class project. The Society would now like specific recommendations for ways to improve internal controls. It would also like to begin to upgrade its systems for inventory tracking, starting with its records for consignment inventory.
Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was originally discovered as the tumor product that causes humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. PTHrP is now known to be widely expressed in many normal fetal tissues where it may participate in the regulation of organogenesis. In this report, we document that overexpression of PTHrP in myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands of transgenic mice resulted in a form of breast hypoplasia characterized by a profound defect in branching morphogenesis of the developing mammary duct system. In addition, transgenic mice manifested a defect in lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy that seemed to be, in part, the consequence of an impaired ability to form terminal ducts in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation. The effects of PTHrP on branching morphogenesis during breast development appeared to be the result of amino-terminal PTH-like sequences that signal through the PTH/PTHrP receptor, since overexpression of parathyroid hormone itself in the mammary glands of transgenic mice caused a similar development phenotype, and delivery of PTHrP (1-36) via locally implanted slow-release pellets impaired breast development in normal mice. These results suggest that PTHrP, which is a native product of mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells may participate in normal breast development, perhaps as a locally secreted growth inhibitor.
Elastic scattering by hot electrons and apparent lifetime of longitudinal optical phonons in gallium nitride

Longitudinal optical (LO) phonons in GaN generated in the channel of high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) are shown to undergo nearly elastic scattering via collisions with hot electrons. The net result of these collisions is the diffusion of LO phonons in the Brillouin zone causing reduction of phonon and electron temperatures. This previously unexplored diffusion mechanism explicates how an increase in electron density causes reduction of the apparent lifetime of LO phonons, obtained from the time resolved Raman studies and microwave noise measurements, while the actual decay rate of the LO phonons remains unaffected by the carrier density. Therefore, the saturation velocity in GaN HEMT steadily declines with increased carrier density, in a qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Metabolic monitoring of breast cancer chemohormonotherapy using positron emission tomography: initial evaluation.

PURPOSEWe assessed the feasibility of noninvasive metabolic monitoring of cancer chemohormonotherapy using sequential quantitative positron emission tomographic (PET) scans of tumor glucose metabolism with the glucose analog 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG).PATIENTS AND METHODSEleven women with newly diagnosed primary breast cancers larger than 3 cm in diameter beginning a chemohormonotherapy program underwent a baseline and four follow-up quantitative PET scans during the first three cycles of treatment (days 0 to 63). Tumor response was sequentially determined clinically, radiographically, and then pathologically after nine treatment cycles.RESULTSEight patients had partial or complete pathologic responses. Their maximal tumor uptake of FDG assessed by PET decreased promptly with treatment to the following: day 8, 78 +/- 9.2% (P < .03); day 21, 68.1 +/- 7.5% (P < .025); day 42, 60 +/- 5.1% (P < .001); day 63, 52.4 +/- 4.4% (P < .0001) of the basal values. Tumor diameter did not decrease significan...
Air-coolers for high power vacuum tubes

High power air-cooled tubes require well designed coolers of the extented surface type. Moreover, it is essential to carry these heat transfer design considerations in parallel with the electronic design so that a tube evolves which will operate at its "electronic" rather than its "heat transfer" rating. The objectives of this paper are to present the factors relating to the heat transfer design of an annular air-cooler of the axial-flow type, it which the extended surface consists of a large number of radial fins. Performance equation derived from basic heat transfer and fluid flow theory are presented; application of the theory is illustrated by a specific design; and the validity of the design method in demonstrated by results of test. Some problems requiring further analysis and experimental work are also considered briefly.
Factors Influencing Sweep-Net Sampling of Alfalfa

Sweep-net counts were made on 3 species of insects (pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon possum (Harris); potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris); and meadow spittle bug, Filaments summaries (L.)) in alfalfa near Lafayette, Indiana. Sweeps were taken at 0800, 1200, and 1600 hrs CDT every Monday from June 22 to September 7, 1964 by 2 individuals using 2 types of nets and 2 sampling plans. Weather data from Pursue University Airport were used in analyzing the counts. The counts were analyzed by a complete 5-factor factorial experiment and a multiple regression model with 16 independent variables. Factorial analyses indicated that when the counts for the 3 species were relatively high, most main effects and 2 factor interactions were significant with higher-order interactions generally non significant. However, when the counts were low for pea aphids and potato leafhopper’s, many higher-order interactions were also significant. The multiple regression analyses found all 16 independent variables included to influence significantly the counts of at least I of the 3 species studied. Height of alfalfa and weeks were the most important variables for pea aphids and potato leafhoppers, whereas temperature and relative humidity appeared to be the most important for meadow spittle-bugs. The degree of variability of insect counts found in this study would indicate that the precision of sweep-nets may not be sufficient to make critical population comparisons, but they can be used to determine major population trends.
The democratic peace and the new evolution of an old idea

Since the democratic peace was ‘rediscovered’ in the 1970s, the phenomenon has become a mainstream research agenda. Significant attention and page space has been dedicated to large-N statistical te...
Immunological Specificity of the Secondary Response with Dinitrophenylated Proteins.

SummaryThe data presented clearly indicate that anamnestic response in both systems studied is related to the immunological backbone of the carrier protein as well as the hapten, and that the carrier protein alone injected secondarily does not cause production of antibodies directed against the hapten used for primary immunization.