cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Natural History of Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Cowden Syndrome.

Introduction Cowden syndrome patients are at an increased risk of developing differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). There are limited studies of thyroid cancer biology within this population. We aimed to describe the frequency and progression of DTC in this population. Method We reviewed all patients with clinically or genetically confirmed Cowden syndrome treated at our institution between 1979 and 2017. Presentation, operative details, pathology, and adjuvant treatment for all thyroid diseases were analyzed. Results Forty-seven patients were identified. Thirty-seven received a clinical diagnosis while 10 tested positive on genetic testing for the PTEN gene. Average follow-up time was 10 years. Twenty-three patients underwent a total thyroidectomy. Nine patients were diagnosed with thyroid cancer, with a mean age of 28.5 years, 4 cases of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 4 of PTC, and 1 of cystic PTC. One patient required an interval lateral neck dissection but no patients developed distant metastasis. Fourteen patients underwent thyroidectomy, 12 due to follicular adenoma, Hurthle cell adenoma, or multinodular goiter, 1 due to Graves' disease, and 1 who elected to undergo a prophylactic thyroidectomy. No mortality was associated with thyroid cancer in these patients. Conclusion Patients with Cowden syndrome are at a significantly increased risk of developing DTC and have a younger age of onset. In this study, 20% of the patients with Cowden syndrome were diagnosed with DTC, but distant metastasis and overall mortality were absent. Clinical features were similar to those of sporadic DTC, proving that, apart from screening, Cowden syndrome-related DTC can be treated in similar fashion.
Design of Chemical Surface Treatment for Laser-Textured Metal Alloys to Achieve Extreme Wetting Behavior.

Extreme wetting activities of laser-textured metal alloys have received significant interest due to their superior performance in a wide range of commercial applications and fundamental research st...
Ideality of liquid structure: A case study for metallic alloy liquids

It is difficult to characterize by experiment the structural features of liquids and glasses which lack long-range translational periodicity in the structure. Here, we suggest that the height and shape of the first peak of the structure function $S(Q)$ carry significant information about the nature of the medium-range order and the coherence of density correlations. It is further proposed that they indicate how ideal the liquid structure is. Here, the ideal state is defined by long-range density correlations, not by structural coherence at the atomic level. The analysis is applied to the $S(Q)$ of metallic alloy liquids determined by x-ray diffraction and simulation. The ideality index defined here may provide a common parameter to characterize structural coherence among various disparate groups of liquids and glasses.
Chapter e49 – Identity Theft

This chapter focuses on identity manipulation tactics in email and Web pages. It describes the effects of features ranging from URL plausibility to trust endorsement graphics on a population of 398 subjects. The experiment presents these trust indicators in a variety of stimuli, since reactions vary according to context. In addition to testing specific features, the test gauges the potential of a tactic that spoofs third-party contractors rather than a brand itself. The results show that indeed graphic design can change authenticity evaluations and that its impact varies with context. We expected that authenticity-inspiring design changes would have the opposite effect when paired with an unreasonable request, but our data suggest that narrative strength, rather than underlying legitimacy, limits the impact of graphic design on trust and that these authenticity-inspiring design features improve trust in both legitimate and illegitimate media. Thus, it is not what is said that matters but how it is said: An eloquently stated unreasonable request is more convincing than a poorly phrased but quite reasonable request.
Valence or traits? Developmental change in children’s use of facial features to make inferences about others

Abstract Children predict others’ behavior from their facial features (Charlesworth, Hudson, Cogsdill, Spelke, & Banaji, 2019). This study examined whether children make these face-based decisions by associating traits (e.g. competence and trustworthiness) with specific faces, or by evaluating faces based on valence (e.g., positive or negative). Four- and five-year-olds made inferences about pairs of positively-valenced faces with different traits: one competent-looking and one trustworthy-looking. Only 5-year-olds reliably distinguished between the faces in each pair, identifying the competent-looking faces as most likely to be knowledgeable and the trustworthy-looking faces as most likely to be good sharers. Therefore, although very young children are sensitive to others’ facial features (Jessen & Grossmann, 2016), preschoolers still undergo important changes in how they evaluate others’ faces. Specifically, younger preschoolers’ inferences rely more on holistic processes of evaluating the valence in someone’s face, whereas older preschoolers evaluate others’ faces based on traits apparent in each face.
The Geometry of Culture: Analyzing the Meanings of Class through Word Embeddings:

We argue word embedding models are a useful tool for the study of culture using a historical analysis of shared understandings of social class as an empirical case. Word embeddings represent semant...
COVID-19 and thrombosis: From bench to bedside.

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is the respiratory viral infection caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Despite being a respiratory illness, COVID-19 is found to increase the risk of venous and arterial thromboembolic events. Indeed, the link between COVID-19 and thrombosis is attracting attention from the broad scientific community. In this review we will analyze the current available knowledge of the association between COVID-19 and thrombosis. We will highlight mechanisms at both molecular and cellular levels that may explain this association. In addition, the article will review the antithrombotic properties of agents currently utilized or being studied in COVID-19 management. Finally, we will discuss current professional association guidance on prevention and treatment of thromboembolism associated with COVID-19.
“Laughing moments”: the complex negotiation of laughing acts among students and teachers in an English as a second language classroom

Using multimodal conversation analysis, this study closely examines moments when an instructor’s embodied explanations elicit laughter from his students – which we refer to as laughing moments – in...
Speech and Resonance Disorders Secondary to Cleft Lip/Palate (CLP)

Dental malocclusion can affect speech sound production, and cleft palate can cause velopharyngeal insufficiency
Inter-city Transport Infrastructure and Intra-city Housing Markets: Estimating the Redistribution Effect of High-Speed Rail in Shenzhen, China

This study analyzes the changes in intra-city housing values in response to improved inter-city connection brought by high speed rail (HSR), using the opening of the Hangzhou-FuZhou-Shenzhen Passenger Dedicated Line (HFSL) in Shenzhen, China as an example. The opening of the HFSL and its integration into the local metro network at Shenzhen North Station provide exogenous intra-city variations in access to surrounding economic mass. With a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the HFSL showed a negative local effect as housing values declined by 11.5-13.3% in the proximity of Shenzhen North Station relative to areas further from the station after the opening, possibly due to the negative externalities of the HFSL. The HFSL effect can spread along the metro network and lead to, on average, a 7% appreciation of housing values around metro stations (network effect). The direction and strength of the network effect vary by metro travel time between Shenzhen North Station and metro stations. Housing values decreased by 7.7% around metro stations within 5-15 minutes of metro travel time but increased by 63.6%, 16.6%, and 29.2% around metro station within 15-25, 25-35, and 35-45 minutes of metro travel time to Shenzhen North Station, respectively. The HFSL effect on housing values diminished when the travel time is above 45 minutes. We interpret these findings as evidence of redistribution effect in the city related to HSR connection.
Refusal of surgery and survival outcomes in endometrial cancer.

Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the impact refusal of surgery has on overall survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Methods From January 2004 to December 2015, the National Cancer Database was queried for patients with pathologically proven endometrial cancer who were recommended surgery and refused. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to account for differences in baseline characteristics between patients who underwent surgery and those who refused. Kaplan–Meier analyses and doubly robust estimation with multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to analyze overall survival. Results Of the 300 675 patients identified, 534 patients (0.2%) were recommended surgical treatment but refused: 18% (95/534) were age ≤40 years. The 5-year overall survival for all patients who refused surgery was significantly decreased compared with patients who underwent surgery (29.2% vs 71.9%, P Conclusions Refusal of surgery for endometrial cancer is uncommon and leads to decreased overall survival.
Single-molecule biophysics experiments in silico: Towards a physical model of a replisome

The interpretation of single-molecule experiments is frequently aided by computational modeling of biomolecular dynamics. The growth of computing power and ongoing validation of computational models suggest that it soon may be possible to replace some experiments outright with computational mimics. Here we offer a blueprint for performing single-molecule studies in silico using a DNA binding protein as a test bed. We demonstrate how atomistic simulations, typically limited to sub-millisecond durations and zeptoliter volumes, can guide development of a coarse-grained model for use in simulations that mimic experimental assays. We show that, after initially correcting excess attraction between the DNA and protein, qualitative consistency between several experiments and their computational equivalents is achieved, while additionally providing a detailed portrait of the underlying mechanics. Finally the model is used to simulate the trombone loop of a replication fork, a large complex of proteins and DNA.
The Application of the Egyptian Declaration: April 24, 1957’November 17, 1969

At the end of the previous chapter the view was expressed that the international community had by and large acquiesced in the Egyptian Declaration of April 24, 1957. This view could be justified on grounds both of the express though somewhat cautious declarations made by a number of countries during the discussions referred to at the Security Council, and of the lack of any particular reaction from the rest of the nations which had not on that occasion taken part in the proceedings of that organ. However, this acquiescence, it was there added, was to be considered only provisional inasmuch as the Declaration itself had to be well tested in its actual working before it could be accepted as a final settlement of the Suez question. Such a noncommittal attitude on the part of the international community was due in general to the circumstances surrounding the Suez canal after the 1956 debacle, and, particularly, as stated, to the unilateral and somewhat nebulous character of the Declaration.
Shielding Tensor Calculations

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 The Use of Calculations of Chemical Shielding Tensors for the Assignment of the Orientations of the Principal Values Obtained from Disordered Samples 3 The Use of Chemical Shielding Tensor Calculations for the Assignment of 13C Resonances in the Solid Phase 4 Studies of the Additivity of Electronic Substituent Effects in the Tensor Components of Chemical Shift Tensors 5 Study of Steric Effects on Chemical Shifts Tensors 6 Sensitivity of the Calculated Shieldings to the Molecular Geometry 7 Relationship between Calculated 13C Chemical Shift Tensors and Aromaticity 8 Calculations of Chemical Shifts in Carbocations 9 Angular Dependence of the Principal Components of the 13C Chemical Shift Tensors 10 Conclusions 11 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
A unified controller design methodology for systems with continuous and bang-bang control effectors

A unified, systematic controller design procedure is introduced for the class of linear time invariant systems with use both continuous and bang-bang control effecters. The sampled-data regulator weighting matrices and cost function are extended to this class of system, and modulates the bang-bang effector to achieve desired performance levels. Controller synthesis is illustrated for a generic second order plant with one continuous effector and one bang-bang effector.
Head and Neck Paragangliomas

Head and neck paragangliomas are rare vascular tumors of neural crest origin that arise from extra-adrenal paraganglia of the autonomic system. The nomenclature of these tumors has been confusing throughout the literature. Most are benign tumors and rarely display malignant features. A majority of paragangliomas are sporadic with 10–30% representing familial cases. Most present as an asymptomatic mass in the head or neck, and MRI with and without contrast is the best initial imaging modality. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for isolated paragangliomas, but observation versus radiation therapy should be considered for high surgical risk patients or multiple paragangliomas. The potential morbidity of surgical treatment must be weighed with the patient-oriented factors to determine an appropriate course of action. Rehabilitation of the surgical patient is sometimes necessary to assist with voice and swallowing dysfunction, baroreflex failure, and first-bite syndrome.
The panel study of income dynamics: Renew or replace?

Assessing the need for a new nationally representative household panel survey in the United States
M/G/1 queue with deterministic reneging times

We consider a single-server queue with a deterministic reneging time motivated by the timeout mechanism used in application servers in distributed computing environments. We have employed a Volterra integral equation to study the M/G/1 queue with reneging using level crossing analysis. An analytical solution is given for the M/H"2/1 queue with deterministic reneging times and a numerical approach is presented for the more general M/G/1 queue. The numerical approach is verified via simulation and the results reveal that predictions are highly accurate with errors that are in general below 0.5%.
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact on Young Children of Maternal HIV Serostatus Disclosure

A longitudinal analysis of the psychological well-being of 81 young children ages 6–11 living with their HIV symptomatic or AIDS diagnosed mothers was conducted. Specifically, the relationship among mothers’ disease severity, maternal disclosure of HIV, and children’s psychological well-being was investigated. The children were assessed over three time points (i.e. baseline assessment, 6- month and 1-year follow-up). Two categories of maternal disclosure (disclosed before baseline, no disclosure at any of the three time points over 1-year), and two categories of disease severity (< 500 T-cell count across all assessments, 500+) were created. A series of 2 × 2 × 3 repeated measures MANOVAs was used to assess the effects of the maternal disclosure and disease severity across time on children’s psychological well-being. Results showed significant within-group time effects for child depression, suggesting a decrease in depression over time. Interaction results of time and maternal disclosure revealed only a f...
Perceived neighbourhood social cohesion and myocardial infarction

Background The main strategy for alleviating heart disease has been to target individuals and encourage them to change their health behaviours. Although important, emphasis on individuals has diverted focus and responsibility away from neighbourhood characteristics, which also strongly influence people9s behaviours. Although a growing body of research has repeatedly demonstrated strong associations between neighbourhood characteristics and cardiovascular health, it has typically focused on negative neighbourhood characteristics. Only a few studies have examined the potential health enhancing effects of positive neighbourhood characteristics, such as perceived neighbourhood social cohesion. Methods Using multiple logistic regression models, we tested whether higher perceived neighbourhood social cohesion was associated with lower incidence of myocardial infarction. Prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study—a nationally representative panel study of American adults over the age of 50—were used to analyse 5276 participants with no history of heart disease. Respondents were tracked for 4 years and analyses adjusted for relevant sociodemographic, behavioural, biological and psychosocial factors. Results In a model that adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, education and total wealth, each SD increase in perceived neighbourhood social cohesion was associated with a 22% reduced odds of myocardial infarction (OR=0.78, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.94. The association between perceived neighbourhood social cohesion and myocardial infarction remained even after adjusting for behavioural, biological and psychosocial covariates. Conclusions Higher perceived neighbourhood social cohesion may have a protective effect against myocardial infarction.
Season- and latitude-dependent effects of simulated twilights on circadian entrainment

Groups of Syrian hamsters were exposed to LD cycles with twilight transitions and photoperiods simulating natural lighting conditions at the summer solstice (SS), equinox, and winter solstice (WS) at 41°N and at the winter solstice at the Arctic Circle (WS 66°N) but with daytime illuminance truncatedat10 lux (LD-twilight). Separate groups were kept under matching rectangular cycles (LD-rectangular). The inclusion of twilights affected several circadian parameters in a season-and latitude-dependent manner. The most striking difference was in the timing of activity onsets, which followed dusk in the presence of twilights but were more closely related to dawn (lights-on) in their absence. Activity offsets and midpoints were also earlier in LD-twilight than in LD-rectangular, with the differences being most pronounced under WS 66°N. In LD-twilight, longer nights resulted in earlier offsets and midpoints, but in LD-rectangular, midpoints were later under long than under short nights while offsets did not vary ...
Internal arteriovenous fistulae for dialysis in children

Abstract The dangers of hemorrhage, infection, and thrombosis that attend the use of external silastic-teflon arteriovenous cannulas can be largely avoided by creation of internal arteriovenous fistulae. The advantages of a fistula are particularly evident when children are maintained on hemodialysis. It is recommended that fistulae be made several months before dialysis is needed since optimal vein wall hypertrophy and dilatation will be achieved in the interim.
Going Contemporary in the Intermediate-Advanced Curriculum

In a recent interview, author Wladimir Kaminer observed that in contemporary German writing, "the focus is on the surroundingworld, the past, the future, encounters. Dialogue is hugely important, because communication is [crucial]" (Fishman).1 That connection between history and dialogic personal reflection strikes a chord with American undergraduates. Though easily baffled by details, unfamiliar with historical information, and per plexed by linguistic register, students at the thresh old between ACTFL intermediate and advanced proficiency levels still willingly puzzle through these difficulties to comprehend recent German works. Stylistically close to living communication, con temporary writing dynamically links students' classroom experience to the reality of another cul ture. True, for our undergraduates "contempo rary" likely means texts dated after about 1995 (a small slice of history); however the limited space those works occupy in the college curriculum is hardly trivial for those of us who are teachers. Savvy students readily measure the disjuncture between beginning-intermediate classes and the design of upper-division courses in terms of new versus old-a split often underscored by the shift from informal to formal register in reading. Thus a course for majors might foreground literary canon through an abrupt abandonment of the experien tial/contemporary focus found in language classes open to the general undergraduate audience. Po sitioned between these language and content courses, bridge courses (i.e., courses designed to transition students from language into literature studies) may suffer from a lack of clear objectives, but they display, too, our deep-seated, academic ambivalence about living culture. Attentive to these conflicting intellectual priorities, Arens pru dently cautions against efforts to expand the canon simply for the sake of the latest trend, waming that, "If we do not take the trouble to assess and validate our efforts at novelty, we will be adding compart ments to our departments ... we will not necessarily be making substantive changes in teaching or learning practices" (24). One way to advance such fundamental change is the implementation of an evolving curriculum with strong contemporary elements in multiple courses at the intermediate-advanced juncture. In advocating this approach, we acknowledge a need for systematic attention to fostering a community of skilled readers/writers who have portable interpre tive skills that can be applied to multiple text types and fluid genres. These skills are critical for our stu dents, both because taking courses non-sequen tially is the norm once undergraduates have com pleted bridge classes and because majors and dou
Emerging Housing Markets in Moldova

Abstract This paper provides tentative evidence on the extent to which market forces are now responsible of the determination of housing prices in the two principle cities of Moldova, a former Soviet republic. Microlevel data for flats in the two principal cities of Chisinau and Tiraspol are used to estimate hedonic price equations in an attempt to discern the extent to which market forces are now determining prices. Despite the fact that Moldova is taking a rather slow approach to economic transition in general, with the economy in a continued decline with GDP per capita falling, these data reveal a substantial degree of housing market rationality based on market forces.
Antibiotic Discovery: A Step in the Right Direction

A group of Merck scientists in the United States and Spain have now come up with a very clever screening technique and discovered an unique antibiotic (Phillips et al., 2011). Such discoveries are sorely needed to assist us out of the antibiotic crisis that the world is now experiencing.
The effects of strain and prenatal nicotine exposure on ethanol consumption by adolescent male and female rats

Abstract Two studies of variables affecting voluntary ethanol consumption by adolescent male and female rats are reported. Sprague–Dawley (SD) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were compared in Experiment 1. Starting on postnatal day 30 all had 24-h access to 2%, then 4%, and then 6% ethanol, followed by 1-h access to the 6% until intake stabilized. During the 1-h access SHR females consumed more ethanol than all other groups. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was used to compare SD groups prenatally exposed to nicotine, with controls. Nicotine-exposed females consumed more ethanol during 1-h access than both nicotine-exposed and control males; but after using water intake as a covariate, the differences were not significant. These data show that deprivation conditions need to be considered when generalizing the results of voluntary consumption studies, and that estrogens may be a modulator of addictive behavior.
Crystalline Molecular Gyroscopes: The Effects of Subtle Molecular Differences on the Crystal Packing of Triphenylmethyl and Triphenylsilyl Stators

Single crystals of molecular gyroscopes, 1,4-bis(3,3,3-triphenylpropynyl)benzene and 1,4-bis(triphenyl-silanylethynyl)-benzene were studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and their packing tendencies were compared to those of analogous structures without the central phenylene rotator.
Sox6 directly silences epsilon globin expression in definitive erythropoiesis.

Sox6 is a member of the Sox transcription factor family that is defined by the conserved high mobility group (HMG) DNA binding domain, first described in the testis determining gene, Sry. Previous studies have suggested that Sox6 plays a role in the development of the central nervous system, cartilage, and muscle. In the Sox6-deficient mouse, p100H, ɛy globin is persistently expressed, and increased numbers of nucleated red cells are present in the fetal circulation. Transfection assays in GM979 (erythroleukemic) cells define a 36–base pair region of the ɛy proximal promoter that is critical for Sox6 mediated repression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that Sox6 acts as a repressor by directly binding to the ɛy promoter. The normal expression of Sox6 in wild-type fetal liver and the ectopic expression of ɛy in p100H homozygous fetal liver demonstrate that Sox6 functions in definitive erythropoiesis. The present study shows that Sox6 is required for silencing of ɛy globin in definitive erythropoiesis and suggests a role for Sox6 in erythroid cell maturation. Thus, Sox6 regulation of ɛy globin might provide a novel therapeutical target in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
Trichloroethylene adsorption by activated carbon preloaded with humic substances: effects of solution chemistry.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption by activated carbon previously loaded (“preloaded”) with humic substances was found to decrease with increasing concentrations of monovalent ions (NaCl), calcium (until solubility was exceeded), or dissolved oxygen in the preloading solution. For a given percentage of organic carbon removal during humic acid loading, greater reductions in TCE adsorption occurred with increasing monovalent ion concentration and calcium concentration at constant ionic strength. However, this effect was related primarily to the amount of humic material adsorbed—the reduction in TCE adsorption was independent of the ionic composition of the preloading solution when compared at similar humic acid loading. Experiments were performed which showed that calcium ions can associate with humic material after the humic has been adsorbed, which subsequently reduces TCE uptake, but this effect does not dominate when calcium is present during humic loading. At sufficiently high calcium concentrations (approaching solubility), aggregation or co-precipitation of humic acid mitigated the effects of preloading. In contrast to the effects of ionic composition, the presence of dissolved oxygen did fundamentally change the mechanism by which organic macromolecules compete with TCE. TCE uptake was lower when preloading by poly(maleic acid) (PMA) occurred in the presence of dissolved oxygen, even when the amount loaded was the same. One explanation invokes a coupling mechanism promoted by the carbon surface, which results in either additional blockage of TCE sorption sites, additional site competition, or both. In all experiments, the effects of preloading were consistent with those reported previously, which have been interpreted as a loss of high-energy sites available to TCE, causing a significant reduction in the site-energy heterogeneity, and reduced uptake in the low concentration region.
ASIC design flow considering lithography-induced effects

As VLSI technology scales towards 65 nm and beyond, both timing and power performance of integrated circuits are increasingly affected by process variations. In practice, people often treat systematic components of the variations, which are generally traceable according to process models, in the same way as random variations in process corner-based methodologies. In particular, lithography-induced process variations are usually estimated by a universal worst-case value without considering their layout environment. Consequently, the process corner models based on such estimation are unnecessarily pessimistic. A new ASIC design methodology that captures lithography-induced polysilicon gate length variations including both the layout dependent systematic components and random components is proposed. This methodology also shows that lookup table methodology is sufficient to handle back end of line lithography process variations in timing analysis. In addition, a new technique of dummy poly insertion is suggested to shield inter-cell optical interferences. This technique together with standard cells characterised using the new methodology will let current design flows comprehend the variations almost without any changes. More importantly, by separating systematic lithography effect from random process variations, this methodology greatly reduces pessimism in timing analysis, thus enabling both aggressive design implementation and easier timing signoff. Experimental results on industrial designs indicate that the new methodology can averagely reduce timing variation window by 11% and power variation window by 55% when compared with a worst-case approach.
The emergence of cosmic repulsion

Abstract In cosmology based on general relativity, the universe is modeled as a fluid. The transition from the Einstein field equation to its large-scale (cosmological) version is thus analogous to the transition, for a system consisting of a large number of molecules, from the molecular/kinetic description to thermodynamics and hydrodynamics. The cosmic fluid is an effective continuum defined on the cosmological scales (only); for such a continuum, the appearance of new emergent properties should be expected. (Emergence of space–time and gravity is not discussed here.) When these new properties are calculated, the following predictions result: (a) the universe is spatially flat; (b) its expansion is accelerating; (c) dark energy makes up 75% of the total energy density of the universe; (d) the pressure of dark energy is equal and opposite to its density. All of these are in good agreement with the observational data. Also in favor of the present model are the absence of adjustable parameters, and consistency with the second law of thermodynamics. The distance–redshift relation predicted by the model is in good agreement with the Hubble diagram of Type Ia supernovae.
Long-term education and employment outcomes in pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Methods Data derive from the 2007 cycle of the LOS, an annual longitudinal telephone survey of diverse English-speaking subjects with confirmed SLE. Only subjects of working age (22-50 years) were included in the analysis (N=326). Subjects were classified as juvenile-onset if age at diagnosis was < 18 years (N=70). Outcome variables included completion of a bachelor’s degree and current employment status. We used logistic regression to compare pSLE and aSLE with and without adjustment for other characteristics that could affect educational attainment and employment outcomes. Age, gender, ethnicity and the presence of renal disease were included as predictors of educational attainment. Predictors of employment included age, gender, ethnicity, renal disease, completion of a bachelor’s degree, self-reported disease
Visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution from water using a noble-metal-free polyoxometalate catalyst

Abstract In an effort to address the need to develop hydrolytically more stable, molecular water reduction catalysts (WRCs) amenable to in-depth investigation, we report here one prototype: a tetra-manganese-containing V-centered polyoxotungstate, Na 10 [Mn 4 (H 2 O) 2 (VW 9 O 34 ) 2 ] ( 1 ). The electronic structure of 1 was elucidated using the DFT approach. Complex 1 is readily prepared by a one-pot procedure in aqueous solution and catalyzes the reduction of water using visible light irradiation ( λ = 455 nm) with [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a photosensitizer and sacrificial electron donor, respectively. Upon irradiation, the excited state [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+* is oxidatively quenched by 1 , as confirmed by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence decay studies, to form [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 3+ and a reduced form of the catalyst. The [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ is rapidly regenerated by reaction with TEOA. The reduced form of the catalyst, 1 , reacts with water to generate hydrogen. Isotope labeling experiments demonstrate that the hydrogen comes from water. The stability of the catalyst was assessed using different spectroscopic methods. A mechanism based on experimental results is proposed.
Sickle cell anemia in children.

Sickle cell anemia is a chronic disease characterized by intermittent, acute crises of varying frequency and severity. It is an illness without a cure and without a predictable course. This combination of chronicity and acute illness presents a unique challenge in pediatric nursing care. A discussion of the pathophysiologic and clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia in children is presented, followed by aqn update in medical treatement and a generalized plan for nursing management.
Morbidity and mortality conferences: Their educational role and why we should be there.

Background: This article examines the value of morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences, and the multiple factors that contribute to their efficacy. Physicians’ morbidity and mortality conferences (M&MCs) focus on education by reviewing individual adverse events (AE), M&M. Alternatively, Quality Assurance (QA) conferences better examine system-wide issues (e.g., the role institutions play) in attaining or maintaining acceptable levels of patient care. Other issues examined in this review include: whether prospective vs. retrospective M&M data collection are more accurate, and how most states offer ‘nondiscovery’ of M&M proceedings.
Emotional processing and brain activity in youth at high risk for alcoholism

Background Even in the absence of heavy alcohol use, youth with familial alcoholism (family history positive [FHP]) exhibit atypical brain functioning and behavior. Although emotional and cognitive systems are affected in alcohol use disorders (AUDs), little attention has focused on whether brain and behavior phenotypes related to the interplay between affective and executive functioning may be a premorbid risk factor for the development of AUDs in FHP youth.
Structural origin of reduced critical currents at YBa2Cu3O7–δ grain boundaries

THE critical current density across individual grain boundaries in thin films of the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7–δ (YBCO) has been found1–4 to be inversely proportional to lattice misorientation for tilts up to ∼10°. Reports of impurity segregation5,6 at grain boundaries, and variations in the chemical stoichiometry7,8, have led to the view that deviations from the ideal composition are responsible for the depressed superconducting order parameter at the boundary. Here we present images of YBCO grain boundaries obtained by a scanning transmission electron microscope in Z-contrast mode9,10, which show that chemical segregation does not necessarily occur at these boundaries. A simple model of the strain associated with the grain-boundary dislocations provides a reasonable physical explanation of the suppressed superconductivity. The surprisingly large effect of strain implied by our model has implications beyond critical currents, for the physics and applications of any thin-film YBCO structures involving strained epitaxial layers.
High‐Temperature Cermets: 11, Wetting and Fabrication

Wetting tests were performed with refractory metal-ceramic combinations selected on the basis of previous compatibility studies. Sessile drop contact angles between liquid Cr, V, Pt, Rh, Mo, and Mo-Re alloy and solid ThO2, HfO2, ZrO2, HfC, TaC, and ZrC were measured at temperatures up to 2800° C in helium. Little wetting occurred between these metals and the refractory oxides, but Mo and the Mo-Re alloy did wet the refractory carbides. Microscopic examination of the metal-ceramic interfaces showed that HfC-Mo-40 wt% Re and ZrC-Mo-40 wt% Re had highly desirable wetting and solubility characteristics for making cermets. Specimens were fabricated from these two systems with 25 and 50 vol% metal by cold-pressing and sintering and by hot-pressing. The microstructures of these cermets consisted of small, uniformly dispersed carbide particles in Mo-Re matrixes. The hardnesses and transverse rupture strengths of these cermets indicate that they have considerable promise for high-temperature applications.
Transient heat transfer and bubble dynamics in a pressurized fluidized bed

Abstract A flow visualization technique for studying the gas bubble dynamics in a pressurized fluidized bed was developed and used to quantify these dynamics at the surface of a vertical tube submerged in the bed. Transient heat flux measurements were made and correlated with bubble motion. As a result, it is concluded that the heat transfer process is strongly affected by bubble dynamics and is much more complex than any of the generally accepted models can predict. It is also shown that the overall bed operating conditions are the primary driver for local bubble/particle motion around the tube which significantly affects the time-dependent fluctuation in local heat transfer.
The implantable defibrillator and the emergency physician.

The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD®) is a proven therapy for preventing the potentially lethal consequences of recurrent ventricular arrhythmias. Given the ever-increasing number of patients who have these devices, it can be anticipated that an increasing number of these patients will likely present to emergency departments with problems associated with this therapy. We review normal automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator function and focus on the evaluation and treatment of problems that may bring a patient to the ED. Included are interaction with the device by magnets, assessment of the propriety of shocks received by the patient, and what to do when patients state they have received a shock from the device. An algorithmic approach is presented to facilitate management of these patients.
Planting Soybean With A Grain Drill Inconsistently Increases Yield And Profit

Growers can plant soybean (Glycine max( L.) Merr.) with a grain drill or row crop planter, which can affect seed and weed control costs and yield. Farmers planted soybean with a drill in 0.19-m rows and row crop planter in 0.38- and 0.76-m rows at two seeding rates (420,000 and 321,000 seeds ha -1 ) in two field-scale studies in New York to obtain agronomic information and conduct partial budget analyses to aid in future planter selection and purchase decisions. Soybean intercepted more light at flowering in 0.19 (65-70%) compared with 0.76-m rows (50-55%), despite lower early plant establishment (~70 and ~85%, respectively) at both locations. At a no-till location, 0.76-m rows compared with narrower rows had greater weed density at full pod stage (19.7 vs. 6.3 and 5.1 weeds m -2 ) and weed biomass at harvest (13.7 vs. 6.6 and 7.3 g m -2 , respectively) but similar yield (~3.30 Mg ha -1 ). At a chisel tillage location, soybean in 0.19-m rows at the recommended 420,000 seeds ha -1 yielded 4% more (4.27 Mg ha -1 ) than in 0.76-m rows at the recommended 321,000 seeds ha -1 (4.11 Mg ha -1 ). Partial budget analyses indicated that soybean in 0.19-m rows at 420,000 seeds ha -1 had ~$30 ha -1 greater profit compared with 0.76-m rows at 321,000 seeds ha -1 . Partial budget analyses indicated that at present prices the 4% yield advantage offset purchasing and owning costs of a new drill and added seed costs, if planting 250 and 500 ha of soybean.
A study of I/O methods for parallel visualization of large-scale data

This paper presents two parallel I/O methods for the visualization of time-varying volume data in a high-performance computing environment. We discuss the interplay between the parallel renderer, I/O strategy, and file system, and show the results of our study on the performance of the I/O strategies with and without MPI parallel I/O support. The targeted application is earthquake modeling using a large 3D unstructured mesh consisting of one hundred millions cells. Our test results on the HP/Compaq AlphaServer operated at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center demonstrate that the I/O methods effectively remove the I/O bottlenecks commonly present in time-varying data visualization, and therefore help significantly lower interframe delay. This high-performance visualization solution allows scientists to explore their data in the temporal, spatial, and visualization domains at high resolution. Such new explorability, likely not presently available to most computational science groups, will help lead to many new insights into the modeled physical and chemical processes.
Significance of cell size and tissue structure in electrical trauma

High-voltage electrical trauma frequently leads to extensive and selective destruction of muscle and nerve tissue. In this paper, the mechanism of plasma membrane disruption due to the large transmembrane potentials imposed during electrical trauma is used to explain the particular susceptibility of muscle and nerve cells to damage. It is proposed that this vulnerability is partially due to the relatively large size of these cells. A distributed-parameter electric cable model of an elongated cell is used to examine the alteration of the transmembrane potential caused by a 60 Hz electric field applied parallel to the long axis of the cell. The maximum predicted transmembrane potential occurs at the ends of the cell and is strongly cell-size dependent. Theories are discussed which illustrate how this could explain the predisposition of skeletal muscle to cell membrane breakdown and rupture. The predicted effect of either close-neighboring cells in a tissue or cell contact with cortical bone is even greater induced transmembrane potentials and increased probability of rupture. This is the first hypothesis which explains the clinically-observed pattern of tissue damage resulting from electrical trauma.
HOSE INSTABILITY OF A BEAM OF CHARGED PARTICLES PENETRATING A PLASMA.

Employing the phenomenological approach, the dispersion relation for the “hose” instability of a beam of charged particles passing through a plasma has been presented. Energy transfer from the beam is considered. Also, the behavior of the hose instability amplitude under various plasma conditions is discussed in detail.
Increasing the writing productivity of "blocked" academicians.

Abstract Individual case histories of six academicians who sought treatment for complaints of an inability to do professional writing are presented. All were exposed to a treatment program of at least a year's duration that included weekly therapy sessions and attendance at group support meetings as regular treatment components. Use of a contracted, external contingency was manipulated experimentally in an ABAB design. The results (measured in terms of numbers of verified pages of writing) indicate that while general treatment components were adequate to produce sporadic writing, use of an external contingency was necessary for the establishment of stable levels of productivity over extended periods of scheduled writing days and at follow-ups a year beyond treatment. Two of the writers required recontracting for a second external contingency before that stability was achieved. A third, who was referred as potentially suicidal over her writing problems, was treated with a lengthy program of successive approximations to formal composition. Taken together, the data of these subjects suggest that writing ‘blocks’ can be treated effectively with conventional behavioral techniques, especially that of contingency management.
Theory of two-phase detonation—Part I: Modeling☆

Abstract A new, one-dimensional, two-phase model appropriate for describing the detonation of granulated solid propellants or explosives is presented. The model satisfies the principle that the mixture mass, momentum, and energy are conserved, is strictly hyperbolic, and is frame indifferent. Conditions are presented for satisfying the second law of thermodynamics. It is shown that this and previous models do not satisfy the second law under all circumstances. It is shown that in the limit of no chemical reaction or gas phase effects that inclusion of compaction work is in violation of the energy conservation principle. It is also shown that a complete two-phase particle combustion model with constitutive functions dependent on particle radius requires an equation specifying the variation of particle radius; such a relation can be given by a number evolution equation. The model equations are solved in a subsequent study which follows as a separate article.
Vibrational relaxation during gas-surface collisions

The probability for deactivation of CO2(001) has been found to be 0.22 for collisions with a stainless steel surface, 0.16 for silver, and 0.20 for nickel. The probability for deactivation on the silver surface was invariant with surface temperature in the range from 298 to 473 K. A pulsed CO2 laser was used to excite the CO2, while the population of vibrationally excited molecules was monitored by observing their infrared fluorescence at 4.3 μm.
Do patients with borderline personality disorder belong to the bipolar spectrum

Background: This report examines clinical indicators for bipolarity in a cohort of patients suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Methods: The study was conducted in the Cornell-Westchester Hospital, famed for its expertise in BPD. To avoid biasing our sample, we excluded all BPD patients who were active patients in our anxiety and mood disorders program. Through the use of both open clinical interviews and standardized diagnostic interviews (SCID), borderline patients were examined for evidence of bipolarity by five indicators: history of spontaneous mania, history of spontaneous hypomania, bipolar temperaments, pharmacologic response typical of bipolar disorder, and a positive bipolar family history. Results: Depending on the level of bipolar disorder from the most rigorous (mania) to the most ‘soft’ (bipolar family history), between 13 and 81% of borderline patients showed signs of bipolarity. Based on what the emerging literature supports as rigorously defined bipolar spectrum (bipolar I and II), we submit that at least 44% of BPD belong to this spectrum; adding hypomanic switches during antidepressant pharmacotherapy, the rate of bipolarity in BPD reaches 69%. As expected from this formulation, most responded negatively to antidepressants (e.g. hostility and agitation) and positively to mood stabilizers. Limitations: Small sample size and retrospective gathering of data on treatment response. Conclusion: Patients with BPD more often than not exhibit clinically ascertainable evidence for bipolarity and may benefit from known treatments for Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. Large scale, systematic treatment studies with mood stabilizers are indicated.