cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artificial nutritional support: the daughters' dilemma.

Mrs. W is a 73-year-old woman with a history of type II diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. She has been at an acute rehabilitation hospital for 10 days after the onset of a left thalamic hemorrhage with resultant aphasia, confusion, right hemiplegia, right neglect, and severe dysphagia. She had been living at home with her husband who has been diagnosed with moderate dementia. Mrs. W has been his primary caregiver. Since admission, the patient has been consistently somnolent. She had a nasogastric (NG) tube placed in the acute care facility to sustain her nutrition and hydration secondary to severe dysphagia. The patient’s right nares had become very swollen and irritated, and the tube was removed and replaced in her left nares. The patient pulled the NG tube out during the following night. Mrs W’s left nares were then similarly swollen, and it would be difficult or impossible to place another tube down that side. The patient does not have a formal advance directive. Her two daughters (her only children) have been serving as her proxy decision-makers. They have been asked to provide consent to allow Mrs. W to have a percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tube placed to sustain nutrition and hydration. The patient’s speech-language pathologist does not recommend a videofluoroscopic swallow evaluation at this time, because the patient is not even able to recognize that she has food in her mouth during a clinical examination. The daughters indicate that this is a very difficult decision for them to make. They report that in past conversations, their mother stated that she would not want to live with a feeding tube. These discussions had been prompted by the illness of Mrs. W’s sister, who recently died after a battle with esophageal cancer. Mrs. W’s sister had
Launching the workplace flexibility movement: work family research and a program of social change

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation's Workplace, Work Force & Working Families program was established in 1994 and ended in 2011. Over the course of its 17-year lifespan, this program – through its vision, commitment and unique, pragmatic grant-making strategies – pioneered the interdisciplinary field of work–family research and spearheaded a national movement to create more flexible workplaces that effectively meet the needs of employees and employers. The program's first strategic phase supported high-quality, multidisciplinary research to examine what was happening within working families at all stages of their lives, both at home and at work. Results from these investigations highlighted the structural mismatch between the needs of this diverse workforce – comprised increasingly of working parents and older workers – and the demands of a rigidly structured workplace requiring full-time, full-year work, with little to no flexibility in how, when, or where work gets done. After a decade of scholarly research...
Crosstalk among Histone Modifications

Histone modifications play a complex role in the regulation of transcription. Recent studies (Duncan et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008) reveal that regulation of histone modifications can be functionally linked to reinforce the activation or repression of gene expression.
Rationality and its Relation to Extraversion and Neuroticism

The Rational Behavior Inventory, a measure of Ellis' irrational beliefs, was compared to extraversion and neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Neuroticism was correlated to several rationality subscales including catastrophizing, blaming, inertia, downing, and projected misfortunes. Extraversion was correlated to caring, downing, and control of emotions. The utility of the inventory in clinical research and patients' assessment is discussed.
Using Wear Curves to Predict the Cost of Changes in Cutting Conditions

A recently-proposed probability model for cutting tool lifetimes based on tool wear curves is presented. Optimal tool replacement strategies and cutting conditions are calculated using this wear-based model. The model's use of wear curves permits extrapolation of cost calculations to cutting conditions for which little statistical data has been collected, assuming data is available for other cutting conditions which have the same failure mechanism. This is particularly important during process design changes, when data is expensive to obtain or limited in quantity. Analysis indicates that an important factor in tool replacement is run-in wear.
Provider and patient expectations for dietary supplement discussions.

BACKGROUND Dietary supplement use in the United States is common. Patients can procure supplements without a prescription, and often do not disclose supplement use to their healthcare providers. Providers and patients may be uncertain about what would be appropriate or helpful in discussions of supplements during routine office visits.
extradenticle Raises the DNA binding specificity of homeotic selector gene products

Abstract Recently, a Drosophila gene has been identified, extradenticle , whose product modulates the morphological consequences of homeotic selector genes. We show here that extradenticle protein raises the DNA binding specificity of Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A but not that of Abdominal-B. We further show that extradenticle modulates the DNA binding activity of engrailed to a different target site. While a region N-terminal of the extradenticle homeodomain Is required for Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A cooperativity, engrailed requires a domain C-terminal of the extradenticle homeobox. These studies show directly how the DNA binding specificity of selector gene products can be raised by extradenticle and provides a mechanism, cooperative DNA binding, that allows selector gene products to achieve some of their biological specificity.
Resolution of Toll-like receptor 4-mediated acute lung injury is linked to eicosanoids and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

The purpose of this study was to investigate roles for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in host responses to sterile tissue injury. Hydrochloric acid was instilled into the left mainstem bronchus of TLR4-defective (both C3H/HeJ and congenic C.C3-Tlr4(Lps-d)/J) and control mice to initiate mild, self-limited acute lung injury (ALI). Outcome measures included respiratory mechanics, barrier integrity, leukocyte accumulation, and levels of select soluble mediators. TLR4-defective mice were more resistant to ALI, with significantly decreased perturbations in lung elastance and resistance, resulting in faster resolution of these parameters [resolution interval (R(i)); ∼6 vs. 12 h]. Vascular permeability changes and oxidative stress were also decreased in injured HeJ mice. These TLR4-defective mice paradoxically displayed increased lung neutrophils [(HeJ) 24×10(3) vs. (control) 13×10(3) cells/bronchoalveolar lavage]. Proresolving mechanisms for TLR4-defective animals included decreased eicosanoid biosynthesis, including cysteinyl leukotrienes (80% mean decrease) that mediated CysLT1 receptor-dependent vascular permeability changes; and induction of lung suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression that decreased TLR4-driven oxidative stress. Together, these findings indicate pivotal roles for TLR4 in promoting sterile ALI and suggest downstream provocative roles for cysteinyl leukotrienes and protective roles for SOCS3 in the intensity and duration of host responses to ALI.
Heating of the solar transition region in fine-scale structures

Abstract Studies of the solar transition region with ultraviolet instruments such as the NRL High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) point out the advantages of this region to understanding nonthermal heating in the solar atmosphere. In contrast to the classical picture where the transition zone is a thin region maintained simply by the dissipation of heat conducted down from the corona, high resolution spectroheliograms show that the transition zone consists of elongated structures that must be heated locally because the field aligned temperature gradients are insufficient to support the necessary conductive flux. An analysis of the observationally determined emission measures (n e 2 Δ1) and pressures of transition region structures reveals that they consist of fine-scale subresolution structures with dimensions less than 100 km. Further evidence for subresolution structure is found in spectral line widths which are wider than expected from thermal broadening. The velocity power spectrum, derived from both resolved motions evident in net Doppler shifts of line profiles and unresolved motions seen in the nonthermal widths, shows the need for significant power at scales of 10 km or less. The power, because it extends to such high wavenumbers, can be dissipated by viscosity and joule heating at a rate sufficient to maintain transition zone against its radiative losses.
POLARIZED PROTON AND ANTIPROTON BEAMS AT FERMILAB AND ASSOCIATED EXPERIMENTS

We describe the polarized proton and antiproton beams up to 200 GeV/c in the Fermilab MP beam line which is currently operational. We also present the Fermilab polarized beam program using this facility. These Fermilab polarization projects are designated as E-581/704 initiated and carried out by an international collaboration, Argonne (USA), Fermilab (USA), Kyoto (Japan), LAPP-Annecy (France), Northwestern University (USA), Los Alamos Laboratory (USA), Rice (USA), CEN-Saclay (France), Serpukhov (USSR), INFN Trieste (Italy), and University of Texas (USA).
Levels of impairment of sensori-motor functions in children with early brain damage

Abstract Sixty-three ambulatory, educable children with early brain damage were tested neurologically, with the WISC, and with supplementary sonsory and perceptual tasks derived from studies of cases of late brain injury. Performance on these latter tasks was also assessed in normal children over a wide range of ages. Early damage seemed to spare elementary sensory function while motor impairment was conspicuous, particularly impairment of the oculomotor system, and the latter correlated with dificient performance on spatial tasks. Performance on a variety of verbal and non-verbal tasks correlated with lateralization of symptoms in the brain-damaged group; a reciprocal pattern emerged depending upon whether the right or left side of their body was predominantly involved. The results suggest that the adult pattern of hemispheric specialization antedates birth and that damage which does not encroach directly on the language zones leaves that pattern intact if somewhat attenuated, particularly in the case of left hemisphere functions. There were in the group of 63 only 12 with right-sided (left hemisphere) neurological signs and only 3 of these were dysphasic. This inequality of lateralizing signs could reflect a sampling bias (childred with right-sided signs may be more language impaired and less “educable”) or some greater invulnerability of the left hemisphere to early damage.
On Monotonicity for Strain-Limiting Theories of Elasticity

In a previous paper, we studied strong ellipticity for explicit strain-limiting theories of elasticity where the Green-St. Venant strain tensor is defined as a nonlinear response function of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor. The approach to strong ellipticity studied in that paper requires that the Frechet derivative of the response function be invertible as a fourth-order tensor. In this paper, a weaker convexity notion is introduced in the case that the Frechet derivative of the response function either fails to exist or is not invertible. We generalize the classical notion of monotonicity to a class of nonlinear strain-limiting models. It is shown that the generalized monotonicity holds for sufficiently small Green-St. Venant strains and fails (through demonstration by counterexample) when the small strain constraint is relaxed.
The polylogarithm in the field of two irreducible quintics

A brief review of the polylogarithmic ladder and its cyclotomic equation is followed by an application to the roots of two irreducible quintic equations. The first is unique in its class and possesses four accessible and two inaccessible valid ladders. The other equation gives rise to a single ladder determinable, at the present time, only by numerical computation, and is a member of a completely new category.
A Rare Finding on Liver Explant

A55-year-old man with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, refractory ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy after placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was referred for liver transplantation. He was placed on the transplantation waiting list in October 2009. Magnetic resonance imaging performed in March 2010 identified a 2.0-cm lesion concerning for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in segment VII. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed. Recurrence at the periphery of the post-TACE cavity occurred 1 year after the initial TACE, which was treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy. Two years later, a new 3.0-cm lesion in the caudate lobe was identified. Because the patient was near the top of the transplant waiting list, treatment was differed. On October 4, 2013, the patient underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. The surface of the explanted liver was firm and micronodular. A 3.0-cm, well-circumscribed HCC was present in the caudate lobe. Inspection of the previously treated HCC in segment VII showed dense fibrosis and a 1.2-cm, firm, irregular, white nodule (Figure A). Microscopy showed spindle cells and multinucleated tumor adjacent to TACE microspheres, (Figure B) with frequent mitoses (Figure C). This lesion was consistent with sarcomatoid HCC. Conventional HCC with clear cell morphology was noted next to the sarcomatoid HCC at the region of previous TACE and stereotactic body radiation therapy (Figure D). Sarcomatoid HCC is a rare entity, found in approximately 2% of surgical cases and up to 9.4% of autopsy cases. The incidence of sarcomatoid HCC has increased over the past 3 decades coincident with increasing use of nonsurgical anticancer therapies such as TACE,
Tissue-specific expression of the rat β-casein gene in transgenic mice

The rat beta-casein gene is a member of a small gene family, encoding the principal milk proteins. In order to understand the mechanisms by which its stage- and tissue-specific expression are regulated, initially, a 14 kb genomic clone containing the entire 7.5 kb rat beta-casein gene with 3.5 kb of 5' and 3.0 kb of 3' flanking DNA was microinjected into the germline of mice. Eight F0 transgenic mice were generated with copy numbers ranging from 1-10; five transmitted the transgene to their offspring in a Mendelian pattern. A specific RNase protection assay was developed to quantitate the level of expression of the rat beta-casein transgene as compared to the endogenous mouse beta-casein gene. Using this assay expression was demonstrated predominantly in the lactating mammary gland of transgenic mice at a level of 0.01-1% of the endogenous mouse beta-casein gene. The transgene employed the authentic transcription initiation site observed previously in the analogous rat beta-casein gene. In one line, a reduced level of expression of the transgene was also observed in the brain. The site of integration, therefore, plays an important role in influencing the level of expression of the transgene, but not its general pattern of tissue-specificity. The transgene appears to be developmentally-regulated in accordance with the endogenous mouse beta-casein gene. These lines of mice generated carrying the rat beta-casein transgene should provide useful models for studying the developmental and hormonal regulation of milk protein gene expression.
A neuroendocrine basis for the hierarchical control of frog courtship vocalizations

Seasonal courtship signals, such as mating calls, are orchestrated by steroid hormones. Sex differences are also sculpted by hormones, typically during brief sensitive periods. The influential organizational– activational hypothesis [50] established the notion of a strong distinction between long-lasting (developmental) and cyclical (adult) effects. While the dichotomy is not always strict [1], experimental paradigms based on this hypothesis have indeed revealed long-lasting hormone actions during development and more transient anatomical, physiological and behavioral effects of hormonal variation in adulthood. Sites of action during both time periods include forebrain and midbrain sensorimotor integration centers, hindbrain and spinal cord motor centers, and muscles. African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) courtship vocalizations follow the basic organization–activation pattern of hormone-dependence with some exceptions, including expanded steroid-sensitive periods. Two highly-tractable preparations—the isolated larynx and the fictively calling brain—make this model system powerful for dissecting the hierarchical action of hormones. We discuss steroid effects from larynx to forebrain, and introduce new directions of inquiry for which Xenopus vocalizations are especially well-suited.
A Computational Study of Mixed Aggregates of Chloromethyllithium with Lithium Dialkylamides

DFT calculations were performed to examine the possible formation of mixed aggregates between chloromethyllithium carbenoids and lithium dimethylamide (LiDMA). In the gas phase mixed aggregates were readily formed and consisted of mixed dimers, mixed trimers, and mixed tetramers. THF solvation disfavored the formation of mixed tetramers and resulted in less exergonic free energies of mixed dimer and mixed trimer formation.
Growth and water relations in a central North Carolina population of Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus

The ability of an invasive plant to occupy new areas is often attributed to both morphological and physiological plasticities that allow them to remain viable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Studies addressing the ecological requirements of Microstegium vimineum often consider soil moisture or soil moisture along with other factors as important explanatory components for the establishment and persistence of this invasive monocot. However, controlled studies specifically targeting water relations in M. vimineum are needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how different water availabilities influence the growth and physiological performance of M. vimineum. This study utilized experimental microcosms to achieve different water availabilities including low soil moisture (<15% water), moderate soil moisture (ca. 20–30%), and flooded conditions. While both flooded and low soil moisture resulted in diminished growth, M. vimineum still survived under these conditions. Physiological processes including C4 metabolism, minimum stress under low water conditions, and the ability to increase tissue rigidity may confer some advantages to M. vimineum during periods of limiting water conditions. Similarly, the proportionally low root biomass, shallow root structure, and its ability to maintain stable water relations during flooding and/or soil waterlogging may facilitate M. vimineum’s ability to invade mesic habitats. It is likely, therefore, that the capacity to tolerate both low soil moistures and flooded conditions has enhanced the ability of M. vimineum to populate disturbed systems in central North Carolina.
EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES IN THE GENUS COREOCARPUS: INSIGHTS FROM MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS

A molecular phylogenetic study of the plant genus Coreocarpus was conducted using nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rpl16 intron) DNA sequences, with phylogenies of the nuclear and plastid sequences highly congruent in defining a monophyletic group of six species (core Coreocarpus), although three other species often placed within the genus were excluded. Relationships within the genus are largely but not totally concordant with prior biosystematic studies. Despite strong molecular support, no morphological characters uniting the six species of core Coreocarpus have been identified; retention of plesiomorphic characters and the genetic lability of characters are two probable factors contributing to lack of consistent defining characters. The age of the core Coreocarpus is estimated at 1 million years because the basal species is endemic to a volcanic island that emerged in the past million years. Mapping the results of earlier breeding studies on the molecular phylogeny showed that use of cross-compatibility as a criterion for species delimitation would result in the recognition of paraphyletic species. Prior field, morphological, and biosystematic studies provided no indication of past hybridization in the evolution of Coreocarpus, and species in the genus appeared to be well defined morphologically. However, three instances of incongruence were observed. Two of these were between the nuclear and plastid partitions, and the third was between the morphological species assignment of one accession and the molecular data. If hybridization accounts for incongruence between the nuclear and plastid data, it occurred between species that now appear to be cross-incompatible and allopatric. The incongruence between morphological species assignment and the molecular data could be the result of parallel fixation of characters that have a simple genetic basis. This study suggests that the evolutionary history of Coreocarpus is much more complex than indicated from prior biosystematic investigations and that biosystematic and molecular phylogenetic studies may complement each other for elucidating the evolution and phylogeny of a group.
Isolation and characterization of the gene for the murine T cell differentiation antigen and immunoglobulin-related molecule, Lyt-2

We present here the sequence of the 5310 base pair Hind III-cleaved genomic DNA segment that includes the gene for the Lyt-2, a murine differentiation antigen expressed on most immature T lymphocytes as well as the cytotoxic suppressor T cell subset. We also present the complete intron/exon structure of Lyt-2. There are five exons: a fused leader and immunoglobulin variable region like exon, a hinge region exon, a transmembrane exon and two alternatively spliced intracytoplasmic exons (alternative splicing of these exons yields the 38 kDa alpha and 34 kDa alpha' Lyt-2 polypeptides). The promotor region contains a "TATA" box and sequences homologous to the putative immunoglobulin transcriptional control elements cd/pd. S1 protection analysis reveals that thymocytes, T cells from lymph nodes, and a Lyt-2 transfectant obtained by introduction of total genomic DNA have the same initiation site. In the 3' region, there is a polyadenylation signal sequence after a 700 bp long 3' untranslated region.
VLSI Bio-Inspired Microsystem for Robust Microarrray Image Analysis and Recognition

A VLSI bio-inspired microsystem for real-time, on-site, robust image analysis and recognition has been developed. A corresponding novel artificial neural network (ANN) learning algorithm using new sigmoid-logarithmic transfer function is invented. Our results show the trained new ANN can recognize low fluorescence patterns better than the conventional sigmoidal ANN does. A differential logarithmic imaging chip is designed for calculating logarithm of relative intensities of fluorescence signals. The single-rail logarithmic circuit and a prototype ANN chip are designed, fabricated and characterized.
Fungal prion HET-s as a model for structural complexity and self-propagation in prions

The highly ordered and reproducible structure of the fungal prion HET-s makes it an excellent model system for studying the inherent properties of prions, self-propagating infectious proteins that have been implicated in a number of fatal diseases. In particular, the HET-s prion-forming domain readily folds into a relatively complex two-rung β-solenoid amyloid. The faithful self-propagation of this fold involves a diverse array of inter- and intramolecular structural features. These features include a long flexible loop connecting the two rungs, buried polar residues, salt bridges, and asparagine ladders. We have used site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray fiber diffraction to probe the relative importance of these features for the formation of β-solenoid structure, as well as the cumulative effects of multiple mutations. Using fibrillization kinetics and chemical stability assays, we have determined the biophysical effects of our mutations on the assembly and stability of the prion-forming domain. We have found that a diversity of structural features provides a level of redundancy that allows robust folding and stability even in the face of significant sequence alterations and suboptimal environmental conditions. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the structural interactions necessary for self-propagation. Propagation of prion structure seems to require an obligatory level of complexity that may not be reproducible in short peptide models.
Voluminous low δ18O magmas in the late Miocene Heise volcanic field, Idaho: Implications for the fate of Yellowstone hotspot calderas

We report oxygen isotope compositions of phenocrysts and U-Pb ages of zircons in four large caldera-forming ignimbrites and post-caldera lavas of the Heise volcanic field, a nested caldera complex in the Snake River Plain, that preceded volcanism in Yellowstone. Early eruption of three normal δ 18 O voluminous ignimbrites with δ 18 O quartz = 6.4‰ and δ 18 O zircon = 4.8‰ started at Heise at 6.6 Ma, and was followed by a 2‰–3‰ δ 18 O depletion in the subsequent 4.45 Ma Kilgore caldera cycle that includes the 1800 km 3 Kilgore ignimbrite, and post-Kilgore intracaldera lavas with δ 18 O quartz = 4.3‰ and δ 18 O zircon = 1.5‰. The Kilgore ignimbrite represents the largest known low-δ 18 O magma in the Snake River Plain and worldwide. The post-Kilgore low δ 18 O volcanism likely represents the waning stages of silicic magmatism at Heise, prior to the reinitiation of normal δ 18 O silicic volcanism 100 km to the northeast at Yellowstone. The occurrence of low δ 18 O magmas at Heise and Yellowstone hallmarks a mature stage of individual volcanic cycles in each caldera complex. Sudden shifts in δ 18 O of silicic magmas erupted from the same nested caldera complexes argue against any inheritance of the low δ 18 O signature from mantle or crustal sources. Instead, δ 18 O age trends indicate progressive remelting of low δ 18 O hydrothermally altered intracaldera rocks of previous eruptions. This trend may be generally applicable to older caldera complexes in the Snake River Plain that are poorly exposed.
Distributed multicast group security architecture for mobile ad hoc networks

Multicast communication is an efficient means to support key network applications such as real-time teleconferencing and data dissemination. In this paper we devise a security architecture for multicast communications in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Our design is both suitable in MANET environment and compliant to the IETF standard multicast group security architecture (MGSA). Because centralized servers are vulnerable to network dynamics and security attacks in a distributed MANET, we distribute the function of MGSA's group control key server (GCKS) to a dedicated subset of mobile backbone nodes in MANET. Unlike distributed GCKS nodes in stationary infrastructure networks, our GCKS backbone nodes are mobile, fully distributed and adaptive to network dynamics, in particular the constant and instant changes in network topology, node density and node mobility. We study the characteristics of our GCKS backbone design and its impacts on ad-hoc multicast security research. Our simulation study and Linux implementation confirm the effectiveness of the new MANET MGSA design
Differential Subcellular Localization of mGluR1a and mGluR5 in the Rat and Monkey Substantia Nigra

Neurons in the rat substantia nigra (SN) are enriched in group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes and respond to group I mGluR activation. To better understand the mechanisms by which mGluR1 and mGluR5 mediate these effects, the goal of this study was to elucidate the subsynaptic localization of these two receptor subtypes in the rat and monkey substantia nigra. At the light microscope level, neurons of the SN pars reticulata (SNr) displayed moderate to strong immunoreactivity for both mGluR1a and mGluR5 in rats and monkeys. However, mGluR1a labeling was much stronger in monkey than in rat SN pars compacta (SNc) neurons, whereas a moderate level of mGluR5 immunoreactivity was found in both species. At the electron microscope level, the immunoreactivity for both group I mGluR subtypes was primarily expressed postsynaptically, although light mGluR1a labeling was occasionally seen in axon terminals in the rat SNr. Immunogold studies revealed a striking difference in the subcellular distribution of mGluR1a and mGluR5 immunoreactivity in SNr and SNc neurons. Although the bulk of mGluR1a was attached to the plasma membrane, >80% of mGluR5 immunoreactivity was intracellular. Plasma membrane-bound immunoreactivity for group I mGluRs in both SNc and SNr neurons was mostly extrasynaptic or in the main body of symmetric, putative GABAergic synapses. On the other hand, asymmetric synapses either were nonimmunoreactive or displayed perisynaptic labeling. These data raise important questions about the trafficking, internalization, and potential functions of group I mGluRs at extrasynaptic sites or symmetric synapses in the substantia nigra.
Culturally familiar tasks on reading performance and self-efficacy of culturally and linguistically diverse students

Grounded in the theoretical frameworks of constructivism and social cognitive theory, this study examined utilising culturally responsive pedagogy through a Latino themed reading task with the intention of increasing reading achievement and reading self-efficacy beliefs for culturally and linguistically diverse students. The research was conducted in an urban middle school in the south-western United States with 43 seventh grade students whose age ranged from 12 to 13 years. The majority of participants in this study reported to be Hispanic or multiracial with Hispanic origins. This study’s findings added to the existing knowledge base regarding the effectiveness of culturally responsive teaching practices. More specifically, culturally responsive pedagogy was utilised in the form of a reading task to examine its influence on students’ recall and reading comprehension performance. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that a culturally familiar reading task may increase reading self-efficacy bel...
Duality and interpolation of anisotropic Triebel–Lizorkin spaces

We study properties of anisotropic Triebel–Lizorkin spaces associated with general expansive dilations and doubling measures on \({\mathbb{R}}^n\) using wavelet transforms. This paper is a continuation of (Bownik in J Geom Anal 2007, to appear, Trans Am Math Soc 358:1469–1510, 2006), where we generalized the isotropic methods of dyadic \(\varphi\) -transforms of Frazier and Jawerth (J Funct Anal 93:34–170, 1990) to non-isotropic settings. By working at the level of sequence spaces, we identify the duals of anisotropic Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. We also obtain several real and complex interpolation results for these spaces.
Theoretical prediction of single-site enthalpies of surface protonation for oxides and silicates in water

Abstract Surface protonation is the most fundamental adsorption process of geochemical interest. Yet remarkably little is known about protonation of mineral surfaces at temperatures greater than 25°C. Experimentally derived standard enthalpies of surface protonation, ΔHr,1°, ΔHr,2°, and ΔHr,ZPC°, correspond to the reactions >SOH+H + =>SOH 2 + >SO − +H + =>SOH >SO − +2H + =>SOH 2 + respectively, and provide a starting point for evaluating the role of surface protonation in geochemical processes at elevated temperatures. However, the experimental data for oxides do not have a theoretical explanation, and data are completely lacking for silicates other than SiO2. In the present study, the combination of crystal chemical and Born solvation theory provides a theoretical basis for explaining the variation of the enthalpies of protonation of oxides. Experimental values of ΔHr,1°, ΔHr,2°, and ΔHr,ZPC° consistent with the triple layer model can be expressed in terms of the inverse of the dielectric constant (1/e) and the Pauling bond strength per angstrom (s/rM-OH) of each mineral by equations such as ΔH r,ZPC ° =ΔΩ r,Z [(1/e)−(T/e) 2 (∂e/∂T)]−B ′ Z (s/r M-OH )+H ′ Z . The Born solvation coefficient ΔΩr,Z was taken from a prior analysis of surface equilibrium constants. The coefficients BZ′ and HZ′ were derived by regression of experimental enthalpies for rutile, γ-alumina, magnetite, hematite, and silica. This approach permits widespread prediction of the enthalpies of surface protonation. Predicted standard enthalpies of surface protonation for oxides and silicates extend over the ranges (in kcal.mole−1): ΔHr,1° ≈ −3 to −15; ΔHr,2° ≈ −0.5 to −18; ΔHr,ZPC° ≈ −4 to −33. Minerals with the largest values of s/rM-OH (e.g., quartz and kaolinite) are predicted to have weakly negative enthalpies and a weak temperature dependence for their protonation equilibrium constants. Conversely, minerals with the smallest values of s/rM-OH (e.g., garnets and olivines) should have strong negative enthalpies and a strong temperature dependence for their protonation equilibrium constants.
Father absence, menarche and interest in infants among adolescent girls

In this study we examined the relationship between menarche and interest in infants among adolescent girls, and the effects of early environment, particularly of father absence from home, on both variables. Eighty-three girls ranging in age from between 11 and 14 years served as study participants. Interest in infants was assessed through their preferences for photos and silhouettes of animal and human faces of infants versus adults. Information on menarche and the early family environment was obtained with questionnaires and interviews. Variation in menarcheal status or timing of menarche was associated with some differences in interest in infants. There was little or no evidence, however, that suggested a direct causal relationship between these variables. Instead, both menarche and interest in infants were independently associated with early father absence from home such that father-absent girls exhibited earlier menarche and greater attraction to infant visual stimuli than father-present girls. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that father absence is associated with a developmental trajectory characterized by earlier readiness for reproduction and parenting.
Selection of carbon nanotubes with specific chiralities using helical assemblies of flavin mononucleotide

The chirality of single-walled carbon nanotubes affects many of their physical and electronic properties. Current production methods result in nanotubes of mixed chiralities, so facile extraction of specific chiralities of single-walled carbon nanotubes is an important step in their effective utilization. Here we show that the flavin mononucleotide, a common redox cofactor, wraps around single-walled carbon nanotubes in a helical pattern that imparts efficient individualization and chirality selection. The cooperative hydrogen bonding between adjacent flavin moieties results in the formation of a helical ribbon, which organizes around single-walled carbon nanotubes through concentric π–π interactions between the flavin mononucleotide and the underlying graphene wall. The strength of the helical flavin mononucleotide assembly is strongly dependent on nanotube chirality. In the presence of a surfactant, the flavin mononucleotide assembly is disrupted and replaced without precipitation by a surfactant micelle. The significantly higher affinity of the flavin mononucleotide assembly for (8,6)-single-walled carbon nanotubes results in an 85% chirality enrichment from a nanotube sample with broad diameter distribution. A small organic molecule self-assembles into helical ribbons that wrap around single-walled carbon nanotubes. The strength of the wrapping interaction depends on the chirality of each nanotube and enables mixtures to be separated.
Abstract 531: Intestinal Pregnane X Receptor Links Xenobiotic Exposure and Hypercholesterolemia

Objective: Recent studies have associated endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these associations remain elusive. Many EDCs have been implicated in activating the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. This study aims to investigate the potential role of PXR in lipid homeostasis. Approach and Results: We identified tributyl citrate (TBC), one of a large group of FDA-approved plasticizers for pharmaceutical or food applications, as a potent and selective PXR agonist. TBC efficiently activated PXR and induced PXR target gene expression in vitro and in vivo . Interestingly, TBC was an intestine-specific PXR ligand but did not affect hepatic PXR activity. Exposure to TBC increased plasma total cholesterol and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in wild-type mice, but not in PXR-deficient mice. TBC-mediated PXR activation stimulated the expression of the cholesterol transporter Ni emann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) in the intestine. Promoter analysis revealed a DR-4-type of PXR-response element in the human NPC1L1 promoter and TBC promoted PXR recruitment onto the NPC1L1 promoter. Consistently, TBC treatment significantly increased cholesterol uptake by human and murine intestinal cells and deficiency of PXR blocked TBC-elicited cholesterol uptake. Conclusions: Our results established an important role of intestinal PXR in linking EDC exposure and hyperlipidemia. These findings provide critical mechanistic insight for understanding the adverse effects of EDCs on lipid homeostasis and CVD risk in humans.
Redistribution and Removal of Particles From Drop Surfaces

It was recently shown by us that particles distributed on the surface of a drop can be concentrated at the poles or equator of the drop by subjecting the latter to a uniform electric field. In this paper, we present experimental results for the dependence of the dielectrophoretic force on the parameters of the system such as the particles’ and drop’s radii and the dielectric properties of the fluids and particles, and define a dimensionless parameter regime for which the technique can work. Specifically, we show that if the drop radius is larger than a critical value, that depends on the physical properties of the drop and ambient fluids and the particles, it is not possible to concentrate particles and thus clean the drop of the particles it carries at its surface because the drop breaks or tip-streams at an electric field intensity smaller than that needed for concentrating particles. However, since the dielectrophoretic force varies inversely with the drop radius, the effectiveness of the concentration mechanism increases with decreasing drop size, and therefore the technique is guaranteed to work provided the drop radius is sufficiently small.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Multimodal image fusion with SIMS: Preprocessing with image registration

In order to utilize complementary imaging techniques to supply higher resolution data for fusion with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) chemical images, there are a number of aspects that, if not given proper consideration, could produce results which are easy to misinterpret. One of the most critical aspects is that the two input images must be of the same exact analysis area. With the desire to explore new higher resolution data sources that exists outside of the mass spectrometer, this requirement becomes even more important. To ensure that two input images are of the same region, an implementation of the insight segmentation and registration toolkit (ITK) was developed to act as a preprocessing step before performing image fusion. This implementation of ITK allows for several degrees of movement between two input images to be accounted for, including translation, rotation, and scale transforms. First, the implementation was confirmed to accurately register two multimodal images by supplying a known transform. Once validated, two model systems, a copper mesh grid and a group of RAW 264.7 cells, were used to demonstrate the use of the ITK implementation to register a SIMS image with a microscopy image for the purpose of performing image fusion.
An Alternative Vision

Much of the potential of global custody is still untapped. The first custodian to grasp its full potential will dominate an increasingly pivotal industry.
Helping Women Change the Odds Against Their Number 1 Health Threat

Heart disease survivor Paula Rice of New York has straightforward advice for every woman: if you have not seen your doctor lately, schedule an appointment right away. Two years ago, when Paula began to experience nausea and fatigue, heart disease was the last thing on her mind. She discussed her symptoms with family members, friends, and workmates; yet she never told a doctor. She chose to fight through her symptoms, hoping that they would soon pass. Everything changed several days later when she found herself almost completely out of breath while climbing the subway stairs. Soon after, she went into atrial fibrillation and had a cardiac arrest. Today, as a volunteer advocate for the American Heart Association’s Go Red For Women movement, Paula is sharing her story with women across the country, hoping that her example will serve as a reminder of why it is important to make room on the calendar to see a doctor. Stories like Paula’s are a key reason why Go Red For Women is encouraging every woman to schedule a well-woman visit, an annual prevention check-up to discuss your overall health, lifestyle, blood pressure, and cholesterol and to look for signs of heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. For most women, a well-woman visit has no additional costs because of the Affordable Care Act and is separate from other appointments for specific sicknesses or injuries. However, women should check with their health insurance plan for preventive service coverage before scheduling the visit. A 2013 survey by Go Red For Women found that at least 20% of women had put off preventive services in the past year because of cost concerns. Today, it is likely that many women still are not taking full advantage of benefits like the well-woman visit. Our vision is to create a …
CYP1A2: The Switch-hitter

This chapter discusses the genetics, metabolic actions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 1A2
A Learning Space of, by, and for Engineers: Virginia Tech’s Joseph F. Ware, Jr. Advanced Engineering Laboratory

This paper details the design, renovation, and approximately eight years of operation, plus some additional renovation, of a hands-on undergraduate student projects laboratory with approximately 400 undergraduate students authorized to use the lab during a given semester. Approximately 10,000 square feet of open space was converted into a machine shop, welding shop, CAD lab, and individual project work bays. Problems encountered during renovation, rules for operation, problems encountered, cost of operation, and staffing of the laboratory are discussed. Discussion is presented of what might have been done differently, and advice for those who would create such a lab is included.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Discard mortality rates in the Bering Sea snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, fishery

Fish and invertebrates that are unintentionally captured during commercial fishing operations and then released back into the ocean suffer mortality at unknown rates, introducing uncertainty into the fishery management process. Attempts have been made to quantify discard mortality rates using reflex action mortality predictors or RAMP which use the presence or absence of a suite of reflexes to predict discard mortality. This method was applied to snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, during the 2010–2012 fisheries in the Bering Sea. Discard mortality in the fishery is currently assumed to be 50% in stock assessment models, but that rate is not based on empirical data and is widely recognized to be in need of refinement. Over 19 000 crab were evaluated using the RAMPmethod. The estimated discard mortality rate was 4.5% (s.d. 1⁄4 0.812), significantly below the rate used in stock assessmentmodels. Predicted discardmortality rates from the 2010 to 2012 studywere strongly correlatedwith the air temperature at the St Paul Island airport in the Pribilof Islands.Using this relationship, the discardmortality rate from1991 to 2011was estimated at 4.8% (s.d. 1⁄4 1.08).
mPEG-PAMAM-G4 nucleic acid nanocomplexes: enhanced stability, RNase protection, and activity of splice switching oligomer and poly I:C RNA

Dendrimer chemistries have virtually exploded in recent years with increasing interest in this class of polymers as gene delivery vehicles. An effective nucleic acid delivery vehicle must efficiently bind its cargo and form physically stable complexes. Most importantly, the nucleic acid must be protected in biological fluids and tissues, as RNA is extremely susceptible to nuclease degradation. Here, we characterized the association of nucleic acids with generation 4 PEGylated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (mPEG-PAMAM-G4). We investigated the formation, size, and stability over time of the nanoplexes at various N/P ratios by gel shift and dynamic light scatter spectroscopy (DLS). Further characterization of the mPEG-PAMAM-G4/nucleic acid association was provided by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by circular dichroism (CD). Importantly, mPEG-PAMAM-G4 complexation protected RNA from treatment with RNase A, degradation in serum, and various tissue homogenates. mPEG-PAMAM-G4 complexation also significantly enhanced the functional delivery of RNA in a novel engineered human melanoma cell line with splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) targeting a recombinant luciferase transcript. mPEG-PAMAM-G4 triconjugates formed between gold nanoparticle (GNP) and particularly manganese oxide (MnO) nanorods, poly IC, an anticancer RNA, showed enhanced cancer-killing activity by an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay.
Simulation of Open Channel Turbulent Flow Over Bridge Decks and Formation of Scour Hole Beneath the Bridge Under Flooding Conditions

This study is focused on the simulation of open channel turbulent flow over flooded laboratory scale bridge decks and formation of scour holes under various flooding conditions. Solutions for turbulent flow field are based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and turbulence closure models using the STAR-CD commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. An iterative computational methodology is developed for predicting equilibrium scour profiles using the single-phase flow model with a moving boundary formulation. The methodology relies on an empirical correlation for critical bed shear stress that is used to characterize the condition for onset of sediment motion and an effective bed roughness that is a function of sediment particle size. The computational model and iterative methodology were stable and converged to an equilibrium scour hole shape and size that compares reasonably well with experiment using a constant critical shear stress value.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
New 500 kV Metal Oxide Surge Arresters Potential Distribution

The shunt capacitor for surge arresters can reduce voltage distribution non-uniform coefficient,but it will also lead to bushing diameter larger,change electric field distribution to non-axisymmetric,make performance difficult to test,make the operational reliability decline,and many other factors of insecurity.Therefore,using grading capacitors are often not worth the candle.As the improvement of metal oxide varistor performance,removing grading capacitors on 500 kV arrester has become a trend.A new type 500 kV metal oxide surge arresters has been studied,the non-uniform problem of arrester voltage distribution has been fully solved by the rational design of grading ring.