cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Envelope in Nuclear Positioning and Cell Migration

Hauling and anchoring the nucleus within immobile or motile cells, tissues, and/or syncytia represents a major challenge. In the past 15 years, Linkers of the Nucleoskeleton to the Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes) have emerged as evolutionary-conserved molecular devices that span the nuclear envelope and provide interacting interfaces for cytoskeletal networks and molecular motors to the nuclear envelope. Here, we review the molecular composition of LINC complexes and focus on how their genetic alteration in vivo has provided a wealth of information related to the relevance of nuclear positioning during tissue development and homeostasis with a special emphasis on the central nervous system. As it may be relevant for metastasis in a range of cancers, the involvement of LINC complexes in migration of nonneuronal cells via its interaction with the perinuclear actin cap will also be developed.
Applications of Boundary Harnack Inequalities for p Harmonic Functions and Related Topics

This course will be concerned with applications of recent work—techniques concerning the boundary behavior of positive p harmonic functions vanishing on a portion of the boundary of Lipschitz, chord arc, and Reifenberg flat domains.
The Enlightened Negotiator: What is the Best Type of Interaction?

One of the most profound breakthroughs for students in negotiation courses is the realization that negotiations are not always win-lose, or more technically fixed-sum situations. However, many students of negotiation express frustration and exasperation when they attempt these new-found skills in 'real world' negotiations. This dilemma points to a fundamental misassumption about negotiation: the faulty belief that in order to reach integrative (win-win) agreements, both people need to be enlightened, that is, not only aware of the possibility of win-win, but actively committed to reaching win-win deals. In this research we examine whether or not enlightened negotiators can reach integrative outcomes even when the other party is un-enlightened. Furthermore, we investigate whether or not the particular interaction approach taken by the enlightened party is critical.
Bulimia Nervosa During Pregnancy: A Review

Abstract Pregnant women with bulimia nervosa present interesting practice challenges for dietitians and healthcare professionals due to potential complications of bulimia nervosa for both mothers and fetuses. This review summarizes case study reports, case series reports, and retrospective studies of women with bulimia nervosa during pregnancy, and focuses on relationships among bulimic behaviors, pregnancy results, and birth outcomes. Pregnancy and birth outcomes of women with bulimia nervosa varied among individuals and studies. Maternal outcomes of concern included miscarriages, inappropriate weight gains (excessive or inadequate), complicated deliveries, and resumed and/or continued bulimic behaviors shortly after parturition. Fetal complications included low birth weights, prematurity, malformations, and low Apgar scores. Screening to detect bulimic behaviors is recommended, as is multidisciplinary treatment of pregnant women with bulimia nervosa to emphasize adequate dietary intakes, promote appropriate weight gains, and help achieve healthy infant outcomes in addition to long-term, healthy eating habits for these women. Future research regarding maternal and fetal outcomes of women with bulimia nervosa during pregnancy, conducted by registered dietitians, is needed to provide greater clarity and understanding of the impact of bulimic behaviors, dietary intakes, and nutritional status during pregnancy on maternal and fetal health. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:448-454 .
Expanding a catalogue of deceptive linguistic features with NLP technologies

We evaluate conversational transcripts of deceptive speech using a sophisticated natural language processing tool called Coh-Metrix. Coh-Metrix is unique in that it tracks linguistic features based on social and cognitive factors. The results from Coh-Metrix are compared to linguistic features reported in previous independent deception research, which used a natural language processing tool called LIWC. The comparison provides converging validity for several linguistic features, and establishes new insights on deceptive language.
Fear, Radical Democracy, and Ontological Methadone

Given recent social and political transformations as well as our cultural landscape's dominance by narratives of threat and victimization, it is understandable that fear has occupied an ever-expanding role in our lives. Although these instabilities and insecurities have inspired a resurgence of various explanatory and mollifying fundamentalisms, radical democrats suggest that the conditions of this “postmetaphysical” age might instead facilitate unprecedented commitments to democracy. As such, radical democrats welcome the very conditions of contingency that contemporary citizen-subjects tend to find so frightening. In attacking the drive towards fundamentalism that they identify in various ideologies from Islam through liberalism, radical democrats betray an inattention to the functional consolation they offer. If fundamentalisms are opiates, radical democrats offer a prescription for addiction treatment that few have any interest in taking.
Chemically Pumped Electronic Transition Lasers

For a number of years we have been examining the ability to partition the chemical reaction energy directly into electronic transitions. The obvious advantage with this approach is that energy, which comes basically from chemistry, is partitioned directly into electronically excited states rather than going through an electrical power generation step with its associated inefficiencies. The disadvantage of such pumping schemes is that the excitation energy is limited to that of the chemical bond, 3 to 4 ev. Thus, unless multiple collisions are invoked, only electronic states below 4 ev could be pumped by such energy partitioning.
Characteristics and diagnosis of pregnancy and lactation associated breast cancer: Analysis of a self-reported regional registry.

Abstract Background Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is the most common malignancy in pregnancy. However due to its infrequent occurrence, PABC continues to be poorly understood. Methods We performed a retrospective study using self-reported data from 1079 eligible women in a regional breast cancer registry. Results The PABC cases were more likely than non-PABCs to be younger than age 35 and have nodal involvement at diagnosis. Despite diagnosis at a young age, there was not an association between PABC and family history. For method of diagnosis, PABC was found on self-exam, while non-PABCs were found on mammography. Conclusion In conclusion, PABC is rarely detected by mammography and diagnosis is highly dependent on detection during self-breast exam. Women who are or recently were pregnant should be encouraged to perform regular self-breast exams to report any changes for further evaluation. Patient and clinician education regarding risk and realities of PABC is essential.
The Mountain Pine Beetle: A Study of Tourism Businesses’ Perceptions of the Risk of Ecological Disturbances

Recent increases in forest insect activities pose a potential risk to the ecosystem and often have social and economic consequences. In areas dependent on outdoor recreation and tourism, businesses such as parks, accommodations, restaurants, and attractions are central stakeholders in forest management, and it is important for policy makers to craft more effective policies that incorporate business needs. Management agencies understand the need to adapt the standard management strategies to focus on prevention, early detection, and prompt response. Yet, heterogeneity among stakeholders in terms of values, ideologies, capacity, and vested interests, make it difficult to get broad participation in management practices. The present study examines the attitudes and perceptions of tourism and outdoor recreation businesses regarding the mountain pine beetle (MPB, MPB Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation in the Black Hills Forest, South Dakota, U.S. Despite significant efforts to stymie the infestation, the beetle has changed the forest ecosystem by killing pine trees. The dead trees have not only changed the aesthetic landscape but also have presented a safety hazard and financially impacted local businesses. The Health Belief Model served as a theoretical framework for this study. Data were generated from 417 businesses, such as accommodations, restaurants, convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs), and attractions, using a targeted online survey. While in general, owners and managers of tourism businesses in the Black Hills felt that the MBP had affected their business operations, the study found substantial variation in the range and degree of perceived impacts and potential risks. The use of the Health Belief Model facilitated the understanding of variations in support and participation in combating MPB activities among tourism businesses, with those having greater knowledge of MPB, higher perceived severity, higher self-efficacy, and higher perceived benefits being more likely to engage in the recommended ecological management activities. The level of perception was also influenced by the location of the business with relation to recent MPB outbreaks. The study highlights that in order to increase participation in combating the pine beetle outbreak, policy makers must develop programs that not only improve awareness but also increase stakeholder self-efficacy and the perceived benefits of participation. Management strategies should also be adaptable to a more local context in order to accommodate differences in risk perceptions related to an ecological disturbance. Subscribe to JPRA
A Systematic Way to LTE Testing

LTE test cases are standardized by 3GPP. They must be executed on every LTE-capable device model before commercial release. In this work, we examine the LTE testing practices in terms of completeness and efficiency. We discover that the standardized tests are incomplete in that a number of test cases related to multiple protocol interactions are missing. Our analysis also shows that, the isolated treatment of test cases, but not from the system perspective, incurs repetitive executions of test operations, thus resulting in testing inefficiencies. We thus make a case for a paradigm shift from ad hoc testing to a methodical approach to LTE testing. We follow a few guidelines from the LTE standards and propose an algorithmic approach to systematic testing. In the process, we address various challenges, provide complete list of test cases, and present the related algorithms. Our evaluation shows that, by eliminating repetitive operations, our new scheme reduces up to 70% of LTE testing steps. We also find 87 new, yet valid test cases that are not defined by the LTE standards.
Low-Capacitance SCR for On-Chip ESD Protection with High CDM Tolerance in 7nm Bulk FinFET Technology

A low-capacitance silicon-controlled rectifier for high speed I/O pad protection is implemented with TSMC 7nm bulk FinFET technology. It can achieve much higher ESD robustness per capacitance with better dynamic on-resistance and faster turn-on speed for CDM protection as compared to the prior art.
An autopsy of the US financial system: accident, suicide, or negligent homicide

Purpose – The purpose of this postmortem is to assess whether the design, implementation, and maintenance of financial policies during the period from 1996 through 2006 were primary causes of the financial system's demise.Design/methodology/approach – To draw conclusions about the policy determinants of the crisis, the paper studies five important policies: Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) policies toward credit rating agencies, Federal Reserve policies concerning bank capital and credit default swaps, SEC and Federal Reserve policies about over‐the‐counter derivatives, SEC policies toward the consolidated supervision of major investment banks, and government policies toward two housing‐finance entities, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.Findings – The evidence is inconsistent with the view that the collapse of the financial system was caused only by the popping of the housing bubble (“accident”) and the herding behavior of financiers rushing to create and market increasingly complex and questionable fin...
Measures of Nominal and Ordinal Population Diversity

A measure of population diversity across a set of categories such as racial and ethnic groups is presented that clearly demonstrates how the index captures deviations from a standard of maximum diversity. The measure is applied to subareas of a larger area such as census tracts and is employed to develop 2 alternative measures of neighborhood diversity for the larger area. This and other measures of diversity assume that the population is classified into a nominal, unordered set of categories. The distribution of the population into a set of rank-ordered categories introduces the additional element that the pattern of a distribution across the categories should be considered in assessing levels of diversity. A measure of ordinal diversity and corresponding measures of neighborhood ordinal diversity are presented to address this.
High-Order Correlations Explain the Collective Behavior of Cortical Populations in Executive, But Not Sensory Areas

The complete characterization of the activity of a neural population is a challenging task that is complicated by the number of potential interactions that grows exponentially as the size of the population increases. One influential view that has emerged several decades ago is that simple pairwise interactions between neurons can account for the observed firing patterns of large networks. However, despite its prevalence, this view originates from computational and electrophysiological studies in the retina and the primary visual cortex (V1) of anesthetized animals. Therefore, whether or not pairwise interactions predict the observed distribution of firing patterns across multiple brain areas in behaving animals remains unknown. Here we performed multi-electrode recordings from 3 cortical areas to report that second-order neuronal interactions can explain a high fraction of the entropy of the population response in early and mid-level visual cortex (areas V1 and V4) while providing a good approximation of the probability of spiking for groups of neurons. Surprisingly, despite the fact the firing pattern of neurons is controlled by brain state, the model based on pairwise interactions captures more than 90% of the structure in the detailed patterns of spiking observed during wakefulness and sleep. In contrast, regardless of brain state, pairwise interactions fail to explain experimentally observed entropy in neural populations from executive brain areas, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). These results indicate that higher-order interactions explain the population dynamics in downstream, executive areas, whereas simple pairwise interactions account for the dynamic behavior of neuronal networks in sensory cortical areas.
Deep Mutational Scanning of Dynamic Interaction Networks in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Complexes: Allosteric Hotspots Control Functional Mimicry and Resilience to Mutational Escape

We develop a computational approach for deep mutational scanning of residue interaction networks in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein complexes to characterize mechanisms of functional mimicry and resilience to mutational escape by miniprotein inhibitors. Using a dynamic mutational profiling and sensitivity analysis of protein stability, binding interactions and global network parameters describing allosteric signaling, we identify regulatory hotspots in the SARS-CoV-2 S complexes with the ACE2 host receptor and ultra-potent miniproteins. The results revealed that global circulating variants are associated with allosteric control points that are dynamically coupled to structural stability hotspots. In this mechanism, variant-induced perturbations of flexible allosteric sites can result in global network changes and elicit specific protein responses. The binding affinity fingerprints and allosteric signatures of the SARS-CoV-2 complexes with miniproteins are determined by a dynamic cross-talk between regulatory control points and conformationally adaptable allosteric hotspots that collectively control structure-functional mimicry, signal transmission and resilience to mutational escape.
Associations between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, pain, and alcohol use disorder among OEF/OIF/OND veterans.

Abstract Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is prevalent among Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans. Pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid and increase risk of AUD. Prior studies linking pain or PTSD to AUD have not explored interactions between pain and PTSD symptoms. Methods: OEF/OIF/OND veterans (N = 1230) were recruited from social media websites for a cross-sectional study of health behavior. Pain was assessed using the Pain Outcomes Questionnaire. PTSD symptoms and PTSD symptom clusters were assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5. AUD symptoms were assessed with the AUD Identification Test. Linear regression models were used to test for main and interaction effects in the full sample and separately by sex. Results: Both pain and PTSD symptoms were associated with increased AUD symptomology, though the relationship between pain and AUD was heighted at relatively low PTSD symptoms. With respect to PTSD symptom clusters, re-experiencing and negative cognitions and mood were associated with increased AUD symptomology. Interactions between pain and re-experiencing as well as pain and avoidance were revealed. Results for men mirrored the full sample, while an interaction between pain and negative cognitions and mood was associated with AUD in women. Conclusions: Results highlight associations between AUD, PTSD symptoms, and pain among veterans. While the relationship between pain and AUD appeared stronger in the context of low PTSD symptoms, both pain and PTSD symptoms were associated with increased AUD. Clinicians treating veterans with AUD should address the range of potential comorbidities.
MCI Communications Corp.: Capital Structure Theory (Spanish)

This is a Spanish translation of the November 5, 2010 version of UVA-1175. This case provides an introductory exercise for estimating the cost of capital (cost of equity, weighted average cost of capital) for a firm contemplating a large increase in debt. Students are asked to compare the debt policy of MCI Communications with that of five other leading telecommunications companies to find MCI's optimal capital structure. Excerpt UVA-F-1826 Rev. Nov. 5, 2010 MCI Communications Corp.: Teoria sobre la estructura de capital En una fria manana de invierno en febrero de 1996, Katzu Mizuno se detuvo a admirar la vista panoramica de la bahia de Nueva York. Mizuno se sorprendio de contar con cierto tiempo libre en sus primeros cinco meses en Nueva York para poder explorar la Gran Manzana ya que era su primer ano como ejecutivo en Lynch Investments. Durante este tiempo, habia logrado encontrar un apartamento, ido a un juego de los Knicks en el Madison Square Garden, a un concierto de la filarmonica en el Lincoln Center y habia visitado varias veces un restaurante de sushi en su barrio. Sin embargo, la tranquilidad de ese momento se vio interrumpida por una llamada urgente de su jefa, Anna Curti. Mas temprano esa misma manana, MCI Communications Corporation, un cliente de la compania de muchos anos, llamo solicitando asesoramiento con respecto a un programa para la recompra de algunas de sus acciones ordinarias en circulacion. Tal como muestra el anexo 1, las acciones de MCI durante casi todo el ano 1995 habian tenido un desempeno muy pobre en un mercado por su parte activo y la gerencia percibio una creciente preocupacion por parte de los accionistas. En las ultimas reuniones de directorio las discusiones se habian centrado en la recompra de algunas acciones de la compania como forma de aumentar el valor de las participaciones de los accionistas. Uno de los directores con mayor tiempo en la compania, Gavin Philips, insistio en financiar la recompra aumentando el endeudamiento de MCI. Argumento que dicha medida enviaria una senal fuerte al mercado con respecto a las perspectivas futuras de la compania. Philips sugirio, para que esta fuera una estrategia efectiva, que la compania debia aumentar la relacion actual de deuda-capital, la cual se encontraba en un 40%, a “mas o menos el doble de esa cantidad”. Dijo: “Aun en ese nivel de deuda, la relacion deuda-capital de MCI seria moderada con respecto al sector”. Estimo que para llevarlo a cabo MCI debia emitir unos USD 2 mil millones de deuda adicional. Otros directores, preocupados de que un aumento en la carga de la deuda obstaculizara el programa vigente de expansion de capital, solicitaron se tomaran medidas menos extremas. En su lugar, eran partidarios de un programa de compra en el mercado abierto. Bajo esta alternativa, la compania comunicaria su intencion de recomprar acciones en “forma periodica”, pero unicamente cuando los fondos corporativos lo permitieran. Esta linea de accion, por lo tanto, no requeria aumentar la deuda. . . .
Bayesian inversion for an inverse spectral problem of transmission eigenvalues

The transmission eigenvalue problem plays an important role in the inverse scattering theory of inhomogeneous media. In particular, transmission eigenvalues can be reconstructed from scattering data and used to obtain qualitative information about the material properties of the scattering medium. In this paper, we consider the inverse spectral problem to determine the material properties given a few transmission eigenvalues. The lack of theoretical results motivates us to propose a Bayesian approach. The inverse problem is first formulated as a statistical inference problem using the Bayes’ theorem. Then, the MCMC algorithm is used to compute the posterior density. Due to the non-uniqueness nature of the problem, we adopt the local conditional means (LCM) to characterize the posterior density function. Numerical examples show that the proposed method can provide useful information about the unknown material properties.
Assessing psychiatric symptoms in individuals with, and at risk for, Huntington’s disease (P5.290)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R), a 90-item self-report psychiatric symptom inventory, for assessing psychiatric symptoms in patients with, and at risk for, HD. BACKGROUND: HD is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease, characterized by motor, cognitive, and various psychiatric symptoms, including depression, irritability, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive features. Evidence suggests that psychiatric manifestations may predate motor signs by a decade in HD but studies of psychiatric functioning in pre-manifest HD have been equivocal. DESIGN/METHODS: We administered the SCL-90-R to 36 normal controls (NC) and 88 gene carriers, stratified on the basis of the UHDRS Total Functional Capacity (TFC) and Penny Burden of Pathology (BOP) score as early pre-manifest, transitional (patients transitioning from pre-manifest to symptomatic), or later HD. Participants also completed additional assessments commonly used in HD, including the UHDRS Total Motor Score (UHDRS-TMS), and brief cognitive measures including the MMSE, MoCA, and Symbol Digit Modalities (SDM) Test. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc comparisons were used to compare psychiatric symptom dimensions for each group. RESULTS: Not surprisingly, there were significant differences between NC and later HD subjects with regard to anxiety and depression (p<0.05) and especially, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, psychosis, and paranoia (all p<0.01). Motor (UHDRS-TMS, p<0.01) and cognitive differences (MMSE, MoCA, SDM, all p<0.01) were only observed between later HD subjects and NC. In contrast, transitional subjects showed significant differences with regard to obsessive-compulsive symptoms and psychosis (p<0.01) compared to NC. It was the early pre-manifest subjects who showed the strongest difference with regard to anxiety (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The SCL-90R can be useful for assessing psychiatric functioning in individuals with, and at risk for, HD, and suggests that significant psychiatric symptoms may be present early in the course of the disease in individuals with little to no cognitive or motor decline. Disclosure: Dr. Corey-Bloom9s husband holds stock and/or stock options in Alkermes. Dr. Corey-Bloom has received research support from PRANA, Omeros, Teva, HSG, and CHDI. Dr. Herndon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Howell has nothing to disclose.
In search of functional specificity in the brain: generative models for group fmri data

In this thesis, we develop an exploratory framework for design and analysis of fMRI studies. In our framework, the experimenter presents subjects with a broad set of stimuli/tasks relevant to the domain under study. The analysis method then automatically searches for likely patterns of functional specificity in the resulting data. This is in contrast to the traditional confirmatory approaches that require the experimenter to specify a narrow hypothesis a priori and aims to localize areas of the brain whose activation pattern agrees with the hypothesized response. To validate the hypothesis, it is usually assumed that detected areas should appear in consistent anatomical locations across subjects. Our approach relaxes the conventional anatomical consistency constraint to discover networks of functionally homogeneous but anatomically variable areas. Our analysis method relies on generative models that explain fMRI data across the group as collections of brain locations with similar profiles of functional specificity. We refer to each such collection as a functional system and model it as a component of a mixture model for the data. The search for patterns of specificity corresponds to inference on the hidden variables of the model based on the observed fMRI data. We also develop a nonparametric hierarchical Bayesian model for group fMRI data that integrates the mixture model prior over activations with a model for fMRI signals. We apply the algorithms in a study of high level vision where we consider a large space of patterns of category selectivity over 69 distinct images. The analysis successfully discovers previously characterized face, scene, and body selective areas, among a few others, as the most dominant patterns in the data. This finding suggests that our approach can be employed to search for novel patterns of functional specificity in high level perception and cognition. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Presentation of the Morris F. Collen Award to Robert S. Ledley, DDS.

Robert S. Ledley, DDS The following description, written by Daniel Masys, provides a historical perspective of the Morris F. Collen Award. “The American College of Medical Informatics is an honorary society established to recognize those who have made sustained contributions to the field. Since its founding in 1984, 170 fellows have been-elected to the College. Its highest award, for lifetime achievement and contributions to the discipline of medical informatics, is the Morris F. Collen Award. Dr. Collen's own efforts as a pioneer in the field stand as the embodiment of creativity, intellectual rigor, perseverance, and personal integrity. And so it is that the College gives its highest recognition to those whose attainments have, throughout their careers, substantially advanced the science and art of medical informatics.”1 The College is pleased to announce that Robert S. Ledley, DDS, is the 1998 recipient of the Morris F. Collen Award. Dr. Robert Ledley is a great inventor, scholar, scientist, teacher, and family man. He is witty, clever with words, and has a tremendous sense of humor. Although humble and shy in many ways, he is highly confident of his ability to achieve the impossible. He recognizes that he can invent almost anything. Today Dr. Robert Ledley is Professor of Radiology, Physiology and Biophysics and the Director of the National Biomedical Research Foundation at Georgetown University Medical Center. He was born about 60 years ago in Flushing, New York, where he lived his early years and went to school. He earned a doctorate in dental surgery from New York University in 1948, and a master's degree in mathematical physics from Columbia University the next year. In 1950, two years later, he married Terry Ledley. When they first met, he boldly told Terry he was going to “push forward the frontiers of scientific knowledge.” So, …
Teaching 'Introduction to American Government' via Professional Political Science Articles

I experiment with teaching (and students’ learning) scholarly articles from the field of Political Science in “Introduction to American Government.” From my perspective [teaching], this essay explains how I organized, implemented and evaluated two collaborative workshops as well as two essays based on a scholarly journal articles. I designed to see: (1) if students would gain a better understanding of what a political scientist does at work — the researcher, than otherwise; (2) if there are any patterns regarding attitudes toward collaboration in an undergraduate college setting which should be implemented long-term; (3) if collaborative workshops are preferred to lectures (with the supplement of PowerPoint); and (4) if essays based on professional political science articles should replace multiple choice tests.I Hypothesize that educators should teach/lecture “Introduction to American Government” with a demonstration of the depth within top-tier scholarly research. The data suggests that teachers should use this approach; but not in excess, and it should not be a replacement for lectures (with PowerPoint). This paper provides the rubrics given to the students for the essay assignments as well as the essay choices, survey analysis, workshop instructions and handouts [for replication purposes], and briefly explains the teaching experiment.
A Strategic Rationale for Imperfect Disclosure

In models by Fershtman and Judd (1987) and Sklivas (1987), firms competing in quantities benefit strategically from commiting to managerial incentives that are biased toward revenue maximization. Little empirical evidence has been produced in support of these models, and their assumption that incentive contracts are observable has been criticized as unrealistic. This paper proposes an alternative model in which firms competing in strategic substitutes commit to using less precise profit measures, which biases the optimal unobservable contract towards revenue maximization. This model performs better empirically. Firms that compete in strategic substitutes choose less precise profit measures across six different measures. Firms with less precise profit measures in turn have stock returns and thus managerial incentives that are driven more by revenue growth. Controlling for this channel, firms that compete in strategic substitutes do not directly modify their managerial incentives in the direction predicted by observable-contract models; on the contrary, having commited to more revenue-driven stock returns, they actually undo part of the resulting incentive bias using their non-stock incentives, which is consistent with unobservable contracts.
Effects on the neonate of the induction of labor with prostaglandin F2α and oxytocin

Abstract Considerable investigative interest has been given to the oxytocin-like effect of the prostaglandins for the induction of labor. However, in depth studies on the effects on the neonate have not appeared in the literature. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible clinical and biochemical alterations in the neonate subsequent to the use of prostaglandin F 2α for the induction of labor in a double blind study with oxytocin. No significant differences between the two groups of infants could be identified by the methods used.
Continuum Hamiltonian Hopf Bifurcation I

Building on the development of [MOR13], bifurcation of unstable modes that emerge from continuous spectra in a class of infinite-dimensional noncanonical Hamiltonian systems is investigated. Of main interest is a bifurcation termed the continuum Hamiltonian Hopf (CHH) bifurcation, which is an infinite-dimensional analog of the usual Hamiltonian Hopf (HH) bifurcation. Necessary notions pertaining to spectra, structural stability, signature of the continuous spectra, and normal forms are described. The theory developed is applicable to a wide class of 2+1 noncanonical Hamiltonian matter models, but the specific example of the Vlasov-Poisson system linearized about homogeneous (spatially independent) equilibria is treated in detail. For this example, structural (in)stability is established in an appropriate functional analytic setting, and two kinds of bifurcations are considered, one at infinite and one at finite wavenumber. After defining and describing the notion of dynamical accessibility, Kreĭn-like theorems regarding signature and bifurcation are proven. In addition, a canonical Hamiltonian example, composed of a negative energy oscillator coupled to a heat bath, is treated and our development is compared to pervious work in this context. A careful counting of eigenvalues, with and without symmetry, is undertaken, leading to the definition of a degenerate continuum steady state (CSS) bifurcation. It is described how the CHH and CSS bifurcations can be viewed as linear normal forms associated with the nonlinear single-wave model described in [BAL13], which is a companion to the present work and that of [MOR13].
Modeling of the surface static displacements and fault plane slip for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake

Synthesis of geodetic and seismological results for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake is approached using three-dimensional finite element modeling techniques. The displacements and stresses are calculated elastically throughout the modeled region. The vertical elastic structure in the model is derived from compressional and shear wave velocities as used in the seismic data analysis (Fuis et al., 1981) combined with a sediment density profile. Two strategies for applying initial conditions are followed in this modeling. In the first strategy, a sample seismological estimate for fault plane slip is used to predict the resultant surface motions. We show that the geodetic strain results over distances of tens of kilometer from the fault (Snay et al., 1982) are basically consistent with the model seismic fault displacements. Geodetic results from within a few kilometers of the fault trace (Mason et al., 1981) seem to require more slip at shallow depths than appears at seismic time scales. This is consistent with the occurrence of aftercreep at shallow depths in less well-consolidated material, which would bring surface displacements into line with maximum slip at depth, but not greatly affect the net moment. In the second strategy, we consider stresses on the fault plane, rather than displacements, as model variables. To constrain this part of our numerical modeling, we assume that the fault driving stress is governed by ambient tectonic stress and an opposing Coulomb friction derived from experiment. The coseismic stress drop from point to point on the failed fault is given by the difference between the tectonic shear stress and the frictional stress. After arriving at such a uniform model which adequately represents the Snay et al. results, we further modify a small region near the seismic “asperity” to make the fault plane motions qualitatively and quantitatively resemble the model of coseismic motions used in the first strategy. The observed offset on the fault trace (Sharp et al., 1982) is approximated in this final stress-driven model by removing the driving stress on the southern third of the fault. Thus, the principal features of the coseismic slip pattern are explained by a stress-driven fault model in which: (a) a spatially unresolved asperity is found equivalent to a stress drop of 18 MPa averaged over an area of 15 km^2, and (b) driving stress is essentially absent on the fault segment overlapping the 1940 earthquake rupture zone.
Acute chest syndrome: sickle cell disease

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a common complication and reason for hospital admission in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). It is also the most common cause of death in this patient population. Most of the time, the trigger for ACS in an individual patient cannot be identified. However, although infection is the most common identifiable cause for ACS, other important triggers are vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) and asthma. This comprehensive review will focus on the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, complications and treatment available to manage ACS. But importantly, this review will highlight new possible etiologies, with the goal of improving oxygenation and, therefore, a reduction in sickling and lung damage in this patient population.
Thermal expansion of composites

A theory is developed for the overall thermal expansion of a composite consisting of either spherical or long cylindrical inclusions of one material in a matrix of another. The strain field of a single inclusion consists of a uniform expansion and a short-range strain field. These two components are related by minimizing the elastic strain energy. To account for a dense array of inclusions, average properties of the mixture are used for the long-range field, but those of the matrix alone for the short-range field. The net dilatation is thus found for inclusions of mismatching volume; hence one finds a differential expression for the thermal expansion in terms of the volume fraction of inclusions, the individual thermal expansivities, the bulk moduli of inclusion and matrix, the shear modulus of the matrix, and, in the case of cylinders, the shear modulus of the inclusions. This expression is integrated over temperature; one accounts for plasticity by letting the shear modulus depend on the temperature and on the accumulated shear strain. A representative numerical example is given.
Analytical model of high-frequency resonant tunneling: The first-order ac current response.

A high-frequency analytical model for double-barrier resonant tunneling is formulated. In evaluating the device frequency response, a dc voltage is applied to bias the double barrier into the resonant-tunneling regime, and a small-amplitude ac modulation is then added. The ac modulation causes transmission sidebands, in addition to the direct transmission peak when an electron traverses the double barrier. Analytical expressions for the first-order sidebands are derived. Using a Breit-Wigner expansion of the sidebands in the neighborhood of a resonance, the small-signal ac current response is evaluated in closed form. The device frequency characteristic is discussed, and a quantum inductance is confirmed, which arises from the resonance lifetime. An analytical model is useful in understanding the device physics and in applications.
Characteristics of full-scale fires in various occupancies

This paper is the second to result from research to evaluate the fire response of building materials. Here the authors discuss gas temperatures, radiant and convective heating, burning rates, and smoke development in full-scale fire tests that characterized the fire hazard of various occupancies.
Photoresponsive control of color, albedo, and structure in lizard skin: a smart functional system

Skin from the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, carries a molecular photosensor and will, in response to visible light, change from bright green to dark brown within minutes. The color/albedo change, involving control of three types of pigment cell, exhibits the sensor, effector, and function aspects of a smart functional system.
Resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus identified in synthetic wheat lines

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an important pathogen in wheat that causes significant yield losses each year. WSMV is typically controlled using cultural practices such as the removal of volunteer wheat. Genetic resistance is limited. Until recently, no varieties have been available with major resistance genes to WSMV. Two resistance genes have been derived from Thinopyrum intermedium through chromosome engineering, while a third gene was transferred from bread wheat through classical breeding. New sources of resistance are needed and synthetic wheat lines provide a means of accessing genetic variability in wheat progenitors. A collection of wheat synthetic lines was screened for WSMV resistance. Four lines, 07-SYN-27, -106, -164, and -383 had significant levels of resistance. Resistance was effective at 18 °C and virus accumulation was similar to the resistant control, WGGRC50 containing Wsm1. At 25 °C, resistance was no longer effective and virus accumulation was similar to the susceptible control, Tomahawk.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1006 Is a Persulfide-Modified Protein That Is Critical for Molybdenum Homeostasis

A companion manuscript revealed that deletion of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pae) PA1006 gene caused pleiotropic defects in metabolism including a loss of all nitrate reductase activities, biofilm maturation, and virulence. Herein, several complementary approaches indicate that PA1006 protein serves as a persulfide-modified protein that is critical for molybdenum homeostasis in Pae. Mutation of a highly conserved Cys22 to Ala or Ser resulted in a loss of PA1006 activity. Yeast-two-hybrid and a green-fluorescent protein fragment complementation assay (GFP-PFCA) in Pae itself revealed that PA1006 interacts with Pae PA3667/CsdA and PA3814/IscS Cys desulfurase enzymes. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) “top-down” analysis of PA1006 purified from Pae revealed that conserved Cys22 is post-translationally modified in vivo in the form a persulfide. Inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP)-MS analysis of ΔPA1006 mutant extracts revealed that the mutant cells contain significantly reduced levels of molybdenum compared to wild-type. GFP-PFCA also revealed that PA1006 interacts with several molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) biosynthesis proteins as well as nitrate reductase maturation factor NarJ and component NarH. These data indicate that a loss of PA1006 protein’s persulfide sulfur and a reduced availability of molybdenum contribute to the phenotype of a ΔPA1006 mutant.
Experimental Manipulation of Midfacial Growth: A Synthesis of Five Years of Research at the Iowa Maxillofacial Growth Laboratory

The purpose of this report is to summarize results and generalizations of animal experimentation conducted at the Iowa Maxillofacial Growth Laboratory, and to comment on the directions of future activity. Since 1965, the laboratory has functioned as part of a hospital-based interdisciplinary research project aimed at improvement of cleft palate habilitative techniques. The laboratory maintains organizational affiliation with the department of otolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery in the College of Medicine, and the department of orthodontics in the College of Dentistry. Research emphasis has been on studies with high potential for providing information for relatively rapid clinical application. The long-range goal is elucidation of control mechanisms that influence growth in the maxillofacial complex. A more immediate goal is identification and control of surgical variables used in cleft palate repairs that might interfere with postsurgical growth in the face. Ultimately, we hope to develop ways to avoid or compensate for growthinhibiting surgical variables. Achievement of that goal would mean that palate repair surgery could be done in humans as soon after birth as was medically feasible, and that delay of palate surgery until the second or third postnatal year would no longer be necessary. Other goals led to involvement in studies of dental development in dogs, and studies of the role of the nasal septal apparatus in dogs and rats. Most of the work on palate surgery has been done using beagle dogs, but recent findings suggest that rats can be
Superconductivity of Contacts with Interposed Barriers

Resistance vs current diagrams and "Diagrams of State" have been obtained for 63 contacts between crossed wires of tin. The wires were plated with various thicknesses of the following metals: copper, silver, gold, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, and platinum. The contacts became superconducting, or showed a noticeable decrease of their resistance at lower temperatures if the plated films were not too thick. The limiting thicknesses were about 35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cm for Cu, Ag, and Au; 7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cm for Pt, 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cm for Cr, and less than 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cm for the ferromagnetic metals Fe, Co, and Ni. The investigation was extended to measurements of the resistance of contacts between crossed wires of copper or gold plated with various thicknesses of tin. Simultaneous measurements of the (longitudinal) resistance of the tin-plated gold or copper wires showed that these thin films of tin do not become superconducting for thicknesses below certain minimum values. These latter findings are in agreement with previous measurements at Toronto. The measurements at Toronto usually were believed to be unreliable because films of tin evaporated onto quartz substrates can be superconducting at thicknesses as small as 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ cm. It is now believed that just as superconducting electrons can drift into an adjoining normal conducting layer and make it superconducting, normal electrons can drift into an adjoining superconducting layer and prevent superconductivity.
Transmission electron microscopy of the AlN–SiC interface

Abstract The AlN–SiC interface has been studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Cross-section lattice images of the AlN–Sic interface have been analysed to establish the connection between image contrast and the atomic positions in the lattice. Assuming atomically abrupt and planar AlN–SiC interfaces, four possible atomic bonding configurations are taken into account for Sic substrates with the (0001)Si orientation. Image simulations of these four interface models are compared with the experimental images. Considering variations at the interface of the image contrast, the basal-plane distance and the projected charge density, it is shown that the C–Al and Si–N bonds are in agreement with the experimental images and are not distinguishable under our experimental conditions. The other two possibilities, involving C–N and Si–Al bonds, are not consistent with our observations.