cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and control of protein crystal shape distribution

The production of highly ordered, high quality protein crystals through batch crystallization processes is vital in devising proteins for therapeutic purposes in a number of diseases. Additionally, protein crystallization is a central activity in the pharmaceutical industry. The present work focuses on the modeling and control for a population of tetragonal hen egg-white (HEW) lysozyme protein crystals. First, a model is presented which will consider nucleation of lysozyme crystals followed by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations to model the crystal growth on the (110) and (101) faces, respectively. These kMC simulations comprise of adsorption, desorption, and migration events where the rate equations for each type of event are similar to those of Durbin and Feher [10]. The computation of the growth rate for each face requires the use of kMC simulations due to the dependence of the desorption and migration rates on the surface micro-configuration, and thus it cannot be computed simply by subtracting the adsorption and desorption rates. Next, the data obtained from the kMC simulations will be used to generate a nonlinear algebraic equation which relates the solute concentration and temperature to the growth rate ratio between the two independent crystal faces. A model predictive controller will use this nonlinear equation to regulate the protein crystals to desired shapes in the presence of disturbance in the operating conditions. The proposed method demonstrates that it can successfully achieve the desired crystal shapes which range from equidimensional to more elongated type of structures for the entire crystal population while in the presence of arbitrary variations in the solute concentration.
Fuzzy set theory in computer vision: a prospectus

Abstract In this paper, I will briefly outline the impact that fuzzy set theory has already had in the domain of computer vision, but more importantly, where I see the need and potential for new fuzzy approaches to the difficult tasks in the understanding of image data.
Continuous intrahepatic infusion of floxuridine and leucovorin through an implantable pump for the treatment of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma

Based on laboratory studies showing enhanced cytotoxicity of floxuridine (FUDR) when used with high doses of leucovorin (LV), a pilot study of FUDR and LV through an implantable pump was initiated for the treatment of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. The highest dose of LV that could be administered, taking into account the constraints of the capacity of the pump and the solubility of LV, was 120 mg/m2/d. Due to the possibility of added toxicity, 25% of this dose was initially used. Twenty-four patients were treated at three dose levels. Eight patients were treated with the combination of LV (30 mg/m2/d) and FUDR (0.3 mg/kg/d) for a 14-day infusion through the pump, alternating with 2 weeks of saline. All eight patients had a greater than 50% decrease in measurable disease (PR) and a greater than 50% decrease in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) value; however, sclerosing cholangitis developed in two of these patients within 4 months. The next seven patients were treated with a lower dose of FUDR (0.2 mg/kg/d) and the same dose of LV, both for 14 days. Four of seven patients had a PR, and toxicity was decreased with no biliary sclerosis. A third regimen explored the combination of FUDR (0.3 mg/kg/d) and LV (30 mg/m2/d) for 7 days, alternating with 1 week of saline, to evaluate a shorter interval of treatment with the same overall dose intensity. Six of nine patients had a PR and all patients had a greater than 50% decrease in CEA value; sclerosing cholangitis developed in three of these patients. The overall response rate was 72%, with 18 of 25 patients alive after 1 year. The median survival time has not been determined, but it is greater than 27 months. FUDR with LV appeared to be effective in the treatment of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma, but hepatic toxicity appeared to be greater than that previously reported with FUDR alone.
Changes in RNA synthesis associated with differentiation (sporulation) in Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract Sporulation (differentiation) of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum occurs synchronously, is independent of growth, is irreversible, and is sensitive to actinomycin D. A large portion of the RNA synthesized after illumination, which triggers sporulation, is ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The microsomal RNA from sporulating cultures revealed characteristic differences in the light region of sucrose gradients (4–16 S); this region also contained labile RNA fractions that hybridized to a greater extent than rRNA. The pattern of hybridization of total RNA obtained from sporulating cultures and fractionated on sucrose gradient was also distinct from that of starved plasmodia. Hybridization-competition experiments suggest a different RNA moiety in starving and growing plasmodia but have failed to distinguish between microsomal RNA from starving and that from sporulating cultures.
The origin and deposition history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the finger lakes region of New York

Studies aimed at determining the deposition history of energy related, potentially carcinogenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) deposited in the sediments of Cayuga Lake, in the Finger Lakes Region of central New York State, are described. PAH fluxes in the 1850's were at least an order of magnitude less than the maximum rates in the period of 1940 to 1955. PAH fluxes began to decline before the Milliken coal fired power plant, located on Cayuga Lake, started service in 1955. Correlation between the PAH flux into the sediments and fossil fuel usage and emissions for the states of New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania and the United States as a whole, suggests that modern, high efficiency fossil fuel fired power plants are minor sources of PAHs compared to coal related residential heating and industrial combustion. Similar comparisons with historic emissions data do not support the hypothesis that PAH flux is a useful indicator of the combustion sources which produce the `acidifying' compounds SO2 and NOx for the Finger Lakes region.
Cigarette smoking and gestational diabetes mellitus in Hispanic woman.

Aims Hispanic women are at increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as compared to non-Hispanic white women. While smoking has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, studies of smoking and GDM are sparse and conflicting. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between cigarette smoking and GDM in Hispanic women.
Synthesis of 2-deamino- and 2-deamino-2-nitroactinomycin D

A single step synthesis of 2-deaminoactinomycin D (3a) and 2-deamino-2-nitroactinomycin D (2a) arising from actinomycin D (1a, AMD) is reported. Structural confirmation was made by nmr, ir and chemical conversion to known materials.
Leucemia in childhood with onset simulating rheumatic disease

Summary 1. Three cases of lymphatic leucemia in children have been described in which, at the onset, the clinical signs and symptoms closely resembled rheumatic disease. The explanation for this confusion may rest on anatomical changes incident to the particular growth period. 2. During the course of the illness marked anemia occurred, which was associated with leucopenia or mild leucocytosis. The diagnosis was manifest from the appearance of abnormal lymphocytes in the circulation possessing the morphologic characteristics of leucemic cells. These hematologic changes were noted in the absence of the usual splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. No abnormalities were observed in the roentgenogram of the long bones.
Obesity is independently associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with normal or mildly diseased coronary arteries.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the impact of obesity on coronary endothelial function in patients with normal or mild coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND The American Heart Association (AHA) has recently classified obesity as a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. METHODS A total of 397 consecutive patients with normal or mildly diseased coronary arteries at angiography underwent coronary vascular reactivity evaluation using intracoronary adenosine, acetylcholine and nitroglycerin. Patients were divided into three groups based on the body mass index (BMI): Group 1, patients with a BMI 30 (n = 131, obese). RESULTS There were no significant differences among the groups in regard to other cardiovascular risk factors, except that overweight but not obese patients were significantly older than normal-weight patients (47 ± 1 years in Group 1, 53 ± 1 years in Group 2 and 50 ± 1 years in Group 3, p CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that obesity is independently associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction in patients with normal or mildly diseased coronary arteries.
The effect of newborn early discharge follow-up program on pediatric urgent care utilization.

Abstract Introduction: The effects of an early discharge follow-up program on the subsequent use of urgent care sevices by newborn infants at Kaiser Permanente in Fontana, Calif, was evaluated to test the hypothesis that partic pation in the tollow up program would result in a significant decrease in utilization of urgent care services. Method: Through records review, the effect of a new early discharge follow-up program on the rate of use of urgent care services was examined. Use of urgent care services by 324 early discharged newborn infants who were born before the new program was initiated was measured and compared with the use of urgent care services by 315 early discharged newborn infants whose parents had attended the program. Results: Of the infants born before the new program was initiated, 58% used urgent care services before the 2- to 3-week newborn checkup. The group that participated in the new-program used urgent care at the lower rate of 28%, thus the hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion: Follow-up programs in which qualified nurse practitioners provide care for both the mother and newborn infant are demonstrated to decrease the ufilization of urgent care services and better meet the needs of the infant and mother. Innovative and collaborative nurse practitioner-managed programs such as Great Starts are needed to ensure quality care in today's rapidly changing health care environment. J Pediatr Health Care. (1999), 13 , 58–61.
IRON-ATP, A BY-PRODUCT OF ACID EXTRACTION OF WHOLE BLOOD OR RED BLOOD CELLS

(Received March 19th, 1973) SUMMARY Trichloroai:,etic acid extracts of red cells often produce an iron-ATP* complex after ion exchange chromatography of the extract amounting to about 1/3 of the total ATP. In the present work the presence of 14-50 % of iron-ATP in such extracts from human and Rhesus monkey blood has been shown. Experiments designed to clarify the possible role and origin of iron-ATP re- vealed that non-acid treatment of human whole blood or red cells, as in the freeze-thaw process, followed by separation on a Sephadex column did not produce an iron-ATP fraction. In addition, purified hemoglobin and ATP were combined and incubated at pH 7.4. After Sephadex chromatography, there was no evidence of an iron-ATP fraction. However, similar combinations of incubated hemoglobin and ATP treated with trichloroacetic acid and separated by ion exchange chromatography did produce an iron-ATP fraction similar to that obtained from acid-extracted blood. It appears that iron-ATP in quantities found in acid-extracted blood is the result of iron release from hemoglobin and the subsequent complexing of such iron with available ATP. INTRODUCTION For many years an iron adenosine 5'-triphosphate (iron-ATP)* complex has been reported when whole blood or red blood cells were extracted with trichloroacetic acid in studies of the soluble nucleotides and other glycolytic intermediates 1'2. After ion exchange chromatography, this material, sometimes called "AXP" appeared as a single peak or overlapped the trailing edge of the much larger ATP curve when eluted with a linear gradient of formic-formate buffer 3. Investigators have stated that 20- 50 % of the ATP obtained from such acid extracts of whole blood or red ceils is in the form of an iron-ATP complex 4. * We are using the term, iron-ATP for compounds reported as "AXP" and (Fe)x(ATP),.
Integrating GIS into the survey research process

This chapter shows how institutional researchers can make use of GIS to improve the quality of their surveys and extract more information from their results.
Electrostatic control of enzyme reactions: The mechanism of inhibition of glucose oxidase by putrescine

Abstract The interaction of putrescine dihydrochloride with glucose oxidase is reported. At pH 7.65 glucose oxidase is strongly anionic (Z = −80). The p K a of an essential acidic group on the reduced form of the enzyme is extremely sensitive to ionic strength, as predicted by simple electrostatic theory [ J. G. Voet, J. Coe, J. Epstein, V. Matossian, and T. Shipley (1981) , Biochemistry , 20 , 7182–7185]. Putrescine dihydrochloride was found to inhibit glucose oxidase at pH 7.65 at a constant ionic strength of 0.05. The kinetics do not obey simple competitive inhibition, however. The data can best be explained by a model in which change in the electrostatic potential of the enzyme on putrescine binding changes the observed p K a of the essential acidic group. The pH dependence of putrescine inhibition supports this interpretation. At I = 0.05, 5 mM putrescine was found to change the p K a of the essential acidic group from 7.6 to 7.1. The shift in the p K a as a function of putrescine concentration at pH 7.7 and I = 0.05 also supports the model presented. The K a for putrescine to the active form of the enzyme was calculated to be 4.2 m m .
Speed, dissipation, and error in kinetic proofreading

Proofreading mechanisms increase specificity in biochemical reactions by allowing for the dissociation of intermediate complexes. These mechanisms disrupt and reset the reaction to undo errors at the cost of increased time of reaction and free energy expenditure. Here, we draw an analogy between proofreading and microtubule growth which share some of the features described above. Our analogy relates the statistics of growth and shrinkage of microtubules in physical space to the cycling of intermediate complexes in the space of chemical states in proofreading mechanisms. Using this analogy, we find a new kinetic regime of proofreading in which an exponential speed-up of the process can be achieved at the cost of a somewhat larger error rate. This regime is analogous to the transition region between two known growth regimes of microtubules (bounded and unbounded) and is sharply defined in the limit of large proofreading networks. We find that this advantageous regime of speed-error tradeoff might be present in proofreading schemes studied earlier in the charging of tRNA by tRNA synthetases, in RecA filament assembly on ssDNA, and in protein synthesis by ribosomes.
Syncope Induced by Dysphagia Correction by Esophageal Dilatation

T h e r o l e o f t h e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t i n p r o d u c i n g c a r d i a c s y m p t o m s h a s b e e n d o c u m e n t e d b y n u m e r o u s a u t h o r s (1 -3 ) . M o s t r e p o r t s f o c u s e d o n t h e c o n f u s i o n o f c a r d i a c w i t h g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l s y m p t o m s a n d o n t h e r o l e o f g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a n g i n a . C a r d i a c sync o p e i n d u c e d b y s w a l l o w i n g h a s r e c e i v e d less a t t e n t i o n b u t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h e s o p h a g e a l t u m o r (4), e s o p h a g e a l d i v e r t i c u l u m (5), e s o p h a g e a l s p a s m (6), a c h a l a s i a (7) a n d i n 1 p a t i e n t w,~thout e s o p h a g e a l d i s ea s e (8). T h e f i rs t case o f e s o p h a g e a l s t r i c t u r e , i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h c a r d i a c s y n c o p e a n d i ts r e v e r s i b i l i t y w i t h e s o p h a g e a l d i l a t a t i o n , is r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r .
Relativistic quantum field theory of finite nuclei

Abstract Finite nuclei are studied in a relativistic quantum field theory. It is approximated by the Thomas-Fermi approximation. We study 40Ca, 48Ca, 56Ni, 90Zr and 208Pb. We show that over all the theory agrees quite well with the available data and is consistent with conventional Hartree-Fock calculations.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Tarsal Joints of Chickens with Experimental Viral Arthritis

We characterized the lymphocytes in the tarsal joint synovium of chickens inoculated with an arthrotropic strain of avian reovirus. Cryostat sections of whole joints taken from 2 days to 35 days postin- oculation were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies directed against B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and chicken Ia antigen. Plasma cells were morphologically identified using stained sections of whole joints. Time- dependent changes were found in the type and number of positively staining cells. Synoviocytes and cells with a dendritic morphology stained positive for Ia in normal joint sections. T cells, mostly CD8 positive, were present in low numbers in acute phase arthritis (2-6 days postinfection) in the perivascular and superficial regions of the synovium. Subacute arthritis (8-1 4 days postinfection) was characterized by increased numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the perivascular and superficial regions. The perivascular T cells began to organize into aggregates, with IgM-positive B cells and plasma cells on the periphery of these aggregates. Some CD8- positive cells were detected on the surface of the articular cartilage. Cells staining positively for Ia were not lymphocytes. Chronic arthritis (> 14 days postinfection) was characterized by large numbers of T cells in the perivascular and superficial regions, with the CD4-positive T cells found primarly in the lymphoid aggregates of the perivascular regions. IgM-positive B cells were fewer, but more plasma cells, few of which stained positive for IgM, were present. Lymphocytes in chronic arthritis stained positively for Ia. These data suggest that the types, numbers, and activation level of lymphocytes present in the tarsal joints are similar but not identical to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis.
A functional extracellular transcriptome in animals? implications for biology, disease and medicine

Muneesh Tewari shares his views on possible functions and applications of RNA transport by extracellular vesicles in animals.
Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Extracranial Internal Carotid Arteries Associated With an Ulcerative Plaque

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the extracranial internal carotid arteries is a relatively rare angiographical finding which has been reported as an incidental finding during angiography, as well as in association with a variety of different clinical conditions. A case is reported of transient attacks of amaurosis fugax and hemiparesis. Angiography in this patient revealed bilateral FMD of the internal carotids as well as a small ulcerative plaque involving the right internal carotid artery at the region of carotid bifurcation. Surgical treatment directed toward the ulcerative plaque and not the FMD of the carotid arteries has rendered the patient asymptomatic. Lack of symptoms, despite the persistence of FMD, suggests that FMD is of doubtful pathogenic significance. A small, surgically correctable ulcerative plaque should not be overlooked in the presence of FMD of the internal carotid arteries. The significance of the rare finding of FMD of the internal carotid arteries is not clear.
Exploring Culture in the World of International Nutrition and Nutrition Sciences

This symposium was organized to bring insights from the social sciences into the awareness of nutrition scientists committed to developing and implementing effective nutrition interventions internationally. The symposium explored three different areas in the field where a more precise analysis of culture could enhance the effectiveness of nutrition science: 1) in the implementation of nutrition science research in the field; 2) in the collaboration of multiple stakeholders working to enhance nutrition in a national setting; and 3) in the language and discussions used to frame proposed changes in large scale food and nutrition security policy transnationally. Three social scientists, Monique Centrone Stefani, Lucy Jarosz, and David Pelletier were invited to share insights from their respective disciplines and respondents from within the field of nutrition provided initial reflections to better understand such perspectives. The symposium’s interdisciplinary nature was designed to illustrate the challenge of multiple perspectives and methodologies and to advance understanding that could derive from such an exchange for those in the field of international nutrition seeking to decrease global hunger and malnutrition.
Is parity in the eye of the beholder

To investigate whether parity status can be predicted by physical examination and which findings are most predictive. A retrospective chart review of 75 postmenopausal nulliparous/parous sister pairs who underwent gynecological examination as part of a study. An examiner, blinded to parity status, predicted parity status based on physical findings recorded on 146 women. Parity status was correctly predicted for 84.9% of the women. Of the 22 women for whom parity prediction was incorrect, 11 were nulliparous and 11 parous. The physical findings most commonly used for prediction were presence or absence of abdominal striae, appearance of the cervical os, and condition of hymen. Absence of the hymen at 6 o’clock alone correctly predicted parity in 11 of 12 parous and 11 of 11 nulliparous women. Parity status can be predicted based on physical exam in the majority of women. Blinding of investigators to parity status may not be feasible.
Minimum rate coding for state estimation over noiseless channels

This paper studies the minimal rate requirements for state estimation in linear time-invariant (LTI) systems where the controller and the plant are connected via a noiseless bandlimited channel. Using information theoretic arguments, we obtain first for scalar systems lower bounds on the data rates required for state estimation under three different stability criteria; monotonic boundedness of distortion, terminal-time distortion minimization and stability in support size. The minimum data rate achievable by any source-coder is computed under each of these criteria, and the best rate achievable with quantization (operational source-coding) is shown to be in agreement with the information-theoretic bounds in some specific cases (such as if the system coefficient is an integer or if the criterion is an asymptotic one). The optimal variable-rate and fixed-rate quantizers are studied and constructed for each of these criteria. We then extend these results to multi-dimensional systems, replacing the distortion measure in the first criterion with differential entropy. One byproduct of this analysis is the message that entropy is not an appropriate measure of uncertainty in multi-dimensional systems for control purposes.
Introduction of information in fuzzy control systems

In fuzzy control theory, the system to be controlled is to be given a response that is a close approximation to what is needed for system stabilization. However, a loss of system information will occur which reduces the accuracy of the response. An approach to FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) design which will introduce more information about the system is proposed called the Multiple-Variable FLC. It uses multiple states directly in determining a feedback response via the super-position principle which makes for a highly versatile FLC. >
Continuous invertibility of minimal Sturm–Liouville operators in Lebesgue spaces

Using a standard theory of differential operators in Lebesgue spaces, we re-prove and generalize some results of Chernyavskaya and Shuster, giving (mostly sufficient) conditions that minimal operators determined by expressions of the form −( ry ′)′ + qy with domain and range in possibly different L p spaces on intervals with at least one singular endpoint have bounded inverses.
On existence in equilibrium models with endogenous default

Abstract The equilibrium concept defined by Dubey et al. Dubey et al., 1990 , Dubey et al., 2000 , DGS, 2005 generates equilibria such that asset buyers could raise expected returns by paying more for the assets that they purchase. A simple example shows that, in fact, all equilibria may be return-dominated in that sense. Universal existence in the DGS model thus depends critically on the assumption that lenders are unable to exploit an obvious profit opportunity.
Rotavirus Vaccines and Health Care Utilization for Diarrhea in the United States (2007–2011)

OBJECTIVES: To examine reductions in diarrhea-associated health care utilization after rotavirus vaccine implementation and to assess direct and indirect effectiveness of vaccination. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of claims data of commercially insured US children aged RESULTS: Among children aged CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of rotavirus vaccines has substantially reduced diarrhea health care utilization in US children. Both rotavirus vaccines conferred high protection against rotavirus hospitalizations; RV5 conferred durable protection through the fourth year of life. Vaccination also conferred indirect benefits to unvaccinated children.
Vitamin B12 and cobalt cycling among diatoms and bacteria in Antarctic sea ice microbial communities

Within McMurdo Sound’s annual sea ice, assimilation and concentrations of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), microbial community productivity, and biomass were examined among three 100-m2 quadrats where light penetration was manipulated by snow cover during austral summer. From late October through December, B12 concentrations (6–32 pmol L21) and assimilation rates (17–780 pmol m22 d21) in congelation ice covaried with primary productivity (0.0001–250 mmol C m22 d21 ) and chlorophyll a (0.6–36 mg m22). Within ice core samples, incorporation of 57Co-B12 into the .1.0-mm size fraction (mostly diatoms) was almost 100 times faster than into 0.2–1.0-mm particles (mostly heterotrophic bacteria) and was dependent on light and active transport across cell membranes. Microalgal B12 : C cell quotas in field communities varied widely (2.6–150,000 nmol B12 (mol C)21 ;x ¯ 5 500) and generally exceeded those of cultured temperate diatoms (0.4–55 nmol B12 (mol C)21 ;x ¯ 5 4.1). Comparisons of dissolved B12 pools in the ice and their turnover (0.02–0.6 d21) with underlying seawater suggest that this vitamin is produced in situ rather than delivered from waters below. Production and uptake of B12 and uptake of cobalt, required for B12 synthesis, were then examined among bacteria isolated from these communities. Only 23% of 78 bacterial isolates were incapable of B12 uptake, but these clones assimilated dissolved cobalt. Intracellular B12 production was evident in 9 of the 11 isolates screened and their cell quotas varied widely, 0.6–6,800 nmol B12 (mol C) 21 . Mass balance analyses and published kinetics data independently suggest that microalgal growth in sea ice was not limited by vitamin B12 in most of our field observations and that in situ bacterial B12 production could potentially meet microalgal demands. Similar analyses, however, suggest that cobalt supply from underlying waters may have limited community growth and B12 production. Consistent with Liebig’s law of the minimum, numerous aquatic studies have demonstrated that the nutrient in shortest supply (N, P, Si, or Fe) relative to cellular demand at any particular time or site limits system productivity (Liebig 1855). Furthermore, relative stoichiometries and speciation of these elements can influence phytoplankton community structure as a consequence of cell nutrient quotas, uptake kinetics, and specificity of individual population’s uptake systems (Tilman 1982; Karl 2002). Selective growth responses within phytoplankton communities can have important implications for carbon cycling,
Automatically Determining Dominant Motions in Crowded Scenes by Clustering Partial Feature Trajectories

We present a system for automatically identifying dominant motions in a crowded scene. Accurately tracking individual objects in such scenes is difficult due to inter-and intra-object occlusions that cannot be easily resolved. Our approach begins by independently tracking low-level features using optical flow. While many of the feature point tracks are unreliable, we show that they can be clustered into dominant motions using a distance measure for feature trajectories based on longest common subsequences. Results on real video sequences demonstrate that the approach can successfully identify both dominant and anomalous motions in crowded scenes. These fully-automatic algorithms could be easily incorporated into distributed camera networks for autonomous scene analysis.
Clinicopathological strategies to identify contralateral prostate cancer involvement in potential candidates for focal therapy.

Objective: To identify the magnitude and possible predictors of contralateral lobe involvement and contralateral extraprostatic extension (EPE) in prostatic biopsy–defined localized unilateral cancers. Patients and Methods: Between January 2005 and August 2009, 1861 patients underwent robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy at the authors’ institution. A total of 1114 had unilateral disease on preoperative biopsy. Final histopathology reports of these patients were reviewed. Results: Of the 1114 patients with unilateral disease on biopsy, 867 (77.9%) had contralateral or bilateral disease on final histopathology. EPE was found in 132 patients (11.9%). Twenty patients (1.8%) had contralateral EPE involvement. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (HGPIN) on biopsy was the significant predictor of contralateral lobe involvement on both univariate (P = .02; odds ratio [OR] = 1.791) and multivariate analysis (P = .004; OR = 2.677). Clinical stage T2 was the significant predictor of contralateral EPE on both univariate (P = .012; OR = 5.250) and multivariate analysis (P = .007; OR = 8.656). Conclusion: HGPIN on biopsy significantly predicts for contralateral lobe involvement and should be considered an exclusion criterion for focal therapy in prostate cancer patients. Patients with palpable tumor on digital rectal examination should be advised in favor of radical treatment as these patients may harbor more aggressive tumors involving the contralateral side despite the biopsy findings.
ATTENTION AND INTERFERENCE IN THE PROCESSING OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL INFORMATION: EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL TEMPORAL-PARIETAL JUNCTION LESIONS

The processing of hierarchical stimuli was examined in patients with lesions in the temporal-parietal junction. In separate blocks of trials, subjects were instructed to identify the letter at the local or the global level of a hierarchical stimulus. Consistent with previous findings, reaction times for controls were faster in the globally than in the locally directed condition and reaction times to the local level were longer when the letters at the two levels were different (e.g. local "S's forming a global "H") than when they were the same (e.g. local "S's forming a global "S"). In other words. controls exhibited interference when locally directed. Patients with lesions centered in the rostra) inferior parietal lobe (IPL) showed interference effects similar to controls. In contrast; patients with lesions centered in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and adjacent caudal inferior parietal lobe (STG) showed no interference. The data suggest that the posterior superior temporal plane and adjacent caudal inferior parietal lobe plays an important role in the integration ofand/or attention to local and global level information.
Cytogenetic characterization of embryogenic callus and regenerated plants of Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum

Embryogenic calli were derived from cultured segments of immature inflorescences of Pennisetum americanum (pearl millet). The original explants as well as the embryogenic calli and the plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis were examined cytogenetically. Embryogenic calli were predominantly diploid (2n=14) after one month and six months in culture (92% and 76%, respectively). Tetraploid and aneuploid cells were observed in the original explant (2.5% and 1.2%) as well as in one (4.0% and 4.0%) and six-month-old calli (10.0% and 14.0%). Plants were regenerated from calli that had been in continuous culture for two, four and six months. Of the 101 regenerants, 100 were diploid and 1 was tetraploid. The tetraploid was an albino as were three of the diploid regenerants. Examination of 30 of the regenerants in meiotic diakinesis, anaphase I, anaphase II and quartet stages revealed no cytogenetic differences between control and regenerated plants. Gel electrophoresis for total protein content and alcohol dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activity also did not reveal any differences between the controls and regenerants. The results of this study show that a slight shift toward aneuploidy and polyploidy may occur in embryogenic cultures, but there also is a strong selection in favor of plant regeneration from cytogenetically normal cells.
Encopresis: behavioral parameters associated with children who fail medical management.

The present study examined behavioral parameters such as parent management of encopresis and parental coping styles (active, cognitive, and avoidance) as predictors of success with medical management of encopresis. The results suggest that parents use a variety of management strategies and treatment success cannot be predicted using these variables. However, in line with previous researcch the presence of child behavior problems appeared to be a potential predictor variable.
Quasi‐maximum likelihood estimation of a censored equation system with a copula approach: meat consumption by U.S. individuals

A copula approach to censored system estimation is proposed. The quasi-maximum likelihood estimator departs from the multivariate normal error distribution predominantly used in existing estimators and resolves the computational difficulty with multiple probability integrals in high-dimensional censored systems. An application to individual meat consumption demonstrates that the procedure produces very different empirical estimates from existing Gaussian full-information and quasi-maximum likelihood estimates.
An Integrated Virtual Learning System for the Development of Motor Drive Systems

This paper describes the basic concept of an integrated virtual learning system as an instructional tool for the development of DSP-based control schemes for motor drive applications. The system is comprised of a graphical user interface (GUI) front-end and a hardware-inthe-loop custom digital signal processor (DSP) for rapid prototyping and efficient testing of digital control algorithms. The circuit design and control algorithm development of a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI) for three-phase brushless dc (BLDC) motor control applications is used to describe the functions of the system. It is shown that the virtual learning system provides a cost-effective learning tool for students or engineers in training and can serve as a supplement to a conventional laboratory based system.
Effects of particle fracturing and moisture content on fire behaviour in masticated fuelbeds burned in a laboratory

Mechanicalmasticationisafuelstreatmentthatconvertsshrubsandsmalltreesintodensefuelbedscomposed of fractured woody particles. Although compaction is thought to reduce fireline intensity, the added particle surface area due to fracturing could also influence fire behaviour. We evaluated effects of particle fracturing and moisture content (ranging from 2.5 to 13%) on fire behaviour in fuelbeds composed of masticated Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry and Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. shrubs in the laboratory. Fuelbeds composed of fractured particles did not burn with greater intensity than fuelbeds composed of intact particles, as hypothesised. Flame heights ranged from 54 to 95cm and fireline intensityfrom50to140kJs � 1 m � 1 ,approximatingvaluesobservedinfieldexperiments.Masticatedfuelbedsburnedwith shorter flame heights and longer flaming duration under higher fuel moistures, but duration of lethal heating (4608C) above fuelbeds did not differ across the range of fuel moistures, averaging 12min over a 0.1-m 2 area. Our results suggest that expected fire behaviour increases due to particle fracturing may be overwhelmed by fuelbed bulk density. The long-duration heating of burning masticated fuels may require managers to mitigate effects to trees and soils when fuel loads are high.
On even circuit decompositions of Eulerian graphs

Let G be an eulerian graph without odd block. It was proved by P. D. Seymour that if G is planar, then E(G) has a circuit decomposition F such that each circuit of F is of even length. In this paper the theorem of Seymour is generalized: If G contains no subgraph contractible to K5, then E(G) has an even circuit decomposition.
On determining optimum multirate structures for narrow-band FIR filters

Several lower bounds on the storage and multiplication rate required to implement a bandpass filter using multirate structures are developed. These lower bounds suggest hypothetical optimum structures that actual optimum structures are found to resemble. The hypothetical structures are useful for predicting the number of stages, decimation and interpolation factors, and cost of actual structures from knowledge of only the passband width, transition bandwidths, and tolerance specifications of the desired filter. The determination of the actual optimum structure for a given bandpass filter specification requires a search over the space of all possible solutions. The size of this space grows very rapidly as filter bandwidth decreases, and excessive computer time is required to search it exhaustively. A fast branch-and-bound algorithm to search this space is also presented. This algorithm, which is applicable for a large class of cost criteria, improves search time by one to two orders of magnitude for filters with passband width in the range 10/sup -3/-/sup -5/ cycles/sample. >
Explorations into virtual architecture: a HIT Lab gallery

We depend on, and remain overloaded by vast amounts of information. Immersed in a chaotic sea of global data, we must organize this information so that we can interact intuitively and without anxiety from overload or confusion. Enter the architect. Architecture and digital media today, particularly virtual reality technologies, integrate in many ways. Virtual reality promises new venues for designers to conceive, represent, and communicate their ideas, as well. as the opportunity to design spaces not intended for the physical world. Versed in designing and constructing physical environments, architects can create virtual, 3D informational relationships in ways that people can relate to instinctively. This 3D "cyberspace" content must be designed, consciously shaped, and constructed. Architects are just now understanding how to apply their design skills in the virtual world, to design and build "virtual architecture".
Developmental temperature tolerance of certain anuran species

Eggs of Bufo punctatus, B. cognatus, B. valliceps, B. luetkeni, a hybrid combination (male B. valliceps X female B. luetkeni), Scaphiopus couchi, Microhyla olivacea, Acris crepitans, Pseudacris clarki, and Hyla cinerea were exposed to a range of temperatures to determine the developmental temperature tolerance of each species. When comparing closely related species, the species with the most northern distribution has the lowest lethal minimum temperature, while the species with the most southern distribution has the highest lethal maximum temperature. Temperatures of water in which anurans breed are found to be within the temperature tolerance range of the particular species, and usually near that temperature most favorable for optimum development.
Sirtuin-2 mediates male specific neuronal injury following experimental cardiac arrest through activation of TRPM2 ion channels.

Objective Sirtuins (Sirt) are a class of deacetylase enzymes that play an important role in cell proliferation. Sirt2 activation produces O-acetylated-ADPribose (OAADPr) which can act as a ligand for transient receptor potential cation channel, M2 (TRPM2). We tested the hypothesis that Sirt2 is activated following global cerebral ischemia and contributes to neuronal injury through activation of TRPM2.
Welfare, Economic Structure and Game Theoretic Solutions

The concept of solution to an n-person game is discussed. Six solutions are defined and interpreted in terms of social desiderata. These properties include efficiency, decentralization, social stability, fair division, and limitations on the power of groups in a society.
Net Proton and Negatively-Charged Hadron Spectra from the NA49 Experiment

The collision of heavy nuclei at ultrarelativistic energies provides an opportunity to study a highly excited system with an energy density of several GeV/fm3 in a volume about the size of the ion. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that hadronic matter at a sufficiently high energy density will be transformed into a state of deconfmed quarks and gluons called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). In a nucleus-nucleus collision, a portion of the initial longitudinal energy that is carried by the beam and target baryons is transformed to other degrees of freedom, namely produced particles and transverse momentum. The rapidity shift of the baryons, or ‘stopping’, is estimated by the final state rapidity distribution of the net protons (p - p). The final state negatively-charged hadrons (h −) consisting of π−, K −, and p are all created by the collision and are a measure of the total particle production under the assumption that the positive, negative, and neutral particle production are roughly equal. While these measurements alone cannot show that a phase transition to a QGP has occured, they characterize the basic features of the collisions.
EXAMINING POTENTIAL BIAS IN SCREENING MEASURES FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS BY SPECIAL EDUCATION AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SUBGROUPS

To provide timely and effective supports for students reading below grade level, schools require methods for quickly and accurately identifying those students in need. One method for identifying those students is through universal screening. Assessments such as oral reading fluency (ORF) and Maze reading comprehension are commonly used as screening assessments in middle grades. The current study examined ORF and Maze for evidence of bias across two subgroups known to be at increased risk for failure in reading: (a) students with learning disabilities and (b) students from low-income households. Data from 4,215 students in the sixth (n = 1,126), seventh (n = 1,361), and eighth grades (n = 1,728) were analyzed. Results indicate no significant differences in predictive validity for students from low-income households compared to students from middle and upper income households. For students with learning disabilities only 8th grade scores showed any evidence of bias compared to students without diagnosed disabilities. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Quest for Statehood: Korean Immigrant Nationalism and U.S. Sovereignty, 1905-1945. By Richard S. Kim.

New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 223 pp. hardcover, $99; softcover, $21.95.
Evaluation of Statin Treatment for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective: To review if utilizing statin therapy in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is safe and efficacious. Data Sources: A MEDLINE literature search was performed using the...
ANTIBODY ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT CHICKEN GLOBULINS.

SummaryHemagglutination is of questionable validity for following the synthesis of 19S to 7S chicken anti-BSA antibodies, since only small amounts of the major antibody population (7S) are measured in early primary antisera. The 7S antibodies in primary antisera were demonstrated by antigen-binding methods (ammonium sulfate salting out procedure and RIE). Radioimmunoelec-trophoretic patterns localized anti-BSA and anti-HSA primary antibody activities in the 7S γ−, γ1A−, and γ1M−globulins; however, only a few of these sera had γ1A− activity. No γ1M− antibody was detected by RIE in hyperim-mune antisera, All anti-azobenzoate antisera had γ− and γ1M−globulin antibodies, but no activity in the γ1M−globulin. The species of chicken antibody synthesized seems to be related to the nature of the immunizing antigen.
How Government Coordination Controlled Organized Crime The Case of Mexico’s Cocaine Markets

This article provides empirical evidence showing that when a multilevel government is well coordinated, organized crime can be more effectively controlled. Using a time-variant data set of Mexico’s...
Teaching parallel programming in 50 minutes

This paper presents course materials for introducing the basic elements of share-memory parallel programming. The materials can be covered in an intermediate-level programming course using a single class session. A programming exercise that uses simple sort and merge procedures is provided. The exercise can be done on a personal computer with a multi-core processor. No special computational environment is required.
Studies on Drought-resistance and Yield-potential in Different Hybrid Maize

We got 2 strong,6 medium and 3 average high-yield hybrid maize materials with drought-resistance by method of subordinate function values and direct appraisal by dry field test.We analyzed their fertility by field test.The result showed that the 11 hybrid maize materials all had an yield beyond 10 500 kg/ha and showed high-yield potential compared with CK Xinghuangdan 89-2.They can be all extended as high-yield material with drought-resistance.We thought the reason for high yield was large leaf area,high chlorophyll content and strong photosynthesis.
GUIDELINES FOR EXERCISE TRAINING OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Exercise rehabilitation of elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) can improve physical work capacity and endurance, prolong an active life-style, and retard disability and dependency. Exercise can further favorably affect psychosocial status. With only modest modification of the guidelines used at younger ages, low to moderate intensity exercise rehabilitation can be safely implemented for most elderly patients with CAD. Recommendations for activity levels must incorporate consideration of the structural and functional cardiovascular changes of aging, those due to cardiac dysfunction, and those related to coexisting illnesses.
Inner Retinal Oxygen Extraction Fraction in Response to Light Flicker Stimulation in Humans.

This is a copy of an article published in Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. © 2015 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.