cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of being modified: roles of modified nucleosides and Mg2+ in RNA structure and function.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the relationships between modified nucleosides and transfer RNA (tRNA) function. In vivo and in vitro syntheses of modified nucleoside-containing RNAs have been developed for physicochemical and biochemical studies. The different approaches to RNA synthesis are compared in the chapter. An understanding of the chemistry, structure, and function of modified nucleosides of tRNAs is applicable to the study of modified nucleosides of other RNAs and DNA. The structure–function relationships of the simplest of nucleoside modifications may provide insights into the “RNA World” and could be applied to the design of nucleic acids with new or altered functions. Nucleosides are modified after the polymerization of the nucleic acid. To accomplish site-specific modifications of the bases in DNA and the bases and ribose of RNA, a very large investment in genetic information, energy, and material resources has been made d. Nucleic-acid modifications have been linked to the control of gene expression at both the level of transcription and translation. Although a few modifications have been found in DNA, 93 modified nucleosides exist in various RNAs. Nucleic-acid stability is enhanced through the modifications that introduce local positive charges, neutralizing the anionic phosphate backbone.
Suppression of lex Mutations Affecting Deoxyribonucleic Acid Repair in Escherichia coli K-12 by Closely Linked Thermosensitive Mutations

A major class of ultraviolet (UV)-resistant derivatives of lex− strains of Escherichia coli K-12 grows normally at 30 C but at 42.5 C fails to produce colonies on complete or minimal agar. At 42.5 C these thermosensitive strains form filaments without septa, due to an apparent defect in cell division. Deoxyribonucleic acid degradation in UV-irradiated cultures of the thermosensitive strains is slow, in contrast to the rapid degradation in UV-irradiated cultures of the parental lex− strains. The thermosensitive mutations (tsl) are tightly linked (less than 0.04 min on the E. coli K-12 linkage map) to the site of the lex mutation in the parental strain and could lie within the same gene. The tsl+/tsl− heterozygotes grow at 42.5 C and are UV resistant when grown at 30 or 42.5 C. The tsl mutations are, therefore, recessive in contrast to lex mutations, which are dominant. It appears likely that the tsl mutations alter the diffusible product that gives rise to the Lex− mutant phenotype. This product appears to be necessary for deoxyribonucleic acid repair and cell division.
The Eastern Question as a Europe question: Viewing the ascent of ‘Europe’ through the lens of Ottoman decline

During the nineteenth century, the decline of the Ottoman Empire emerged as a central issue in European politics and society. While this so-called ‘Eastern Question’ has long featured in diplomatic histories, there has been little attention to how ‘Europe’, as place and idea, may have developed in tandem with the events and dynamics that made up the Eastern Question. This article looks at three major events in the narrative of the Eastern Question to demonstrate how Europeans were – and still are – influenced by their relationship to and role in Ottoman decline, noting how such events produced experiences and values now associated with what, where and why ‘Europe’ is. Indeed, ongoing debates over the accession to the European Union of former Ottoman territories in south-eastern Europe and the Near East clearly exhibit the persistence of language, ideals and forms that were constructed during the era of the Eastern Question.
Rising Confidence Behind the “Chinese Dream”

Since November 2012, the Chinese leaders have been calling for the Chinese people to become confident in achieving the “Chinese Dream”. Given the mounting political, economic and social problems that China is facing and low rankings China receives on some key indicators on a global scale of comparison, one has to wonder where China’s confidence comes from. This study suggests that what gives China the reasons to be confident is not how well China has been performing in absolute terms, but how China has been performing relative to its neighboring countries. This study has selected three of China’s biggest neighbors, Japan, Russia and India, to compare with China on seven systems of performance assessment which cover the areas of government effectiveness, economic confidence, foreign direct investment confidence, intentional homicide, gender gap, international tourism, and global competitiveness. It finds that while Japan is still ahead of China in a few areas of performance assessment, China is closing in on Japan fast. On the other hand, Russia and India are trailing China in most areas of performance assessment and the gap between them is widening. Throughout the 20th Century, Russia, China and India all struggled to pursue their dreams of becoming strong and prosperous in the face of challenges from the Western powers. Today, China seems one step ahead of the rest toward achieving its dream. Behind the “Chinese Dream” project is the rising confidence about China’s current position and China’s future.
Abstract A51: Identification of cytokine network signaling abnormalities in immune cells from cancer patients.

The innate and adaptive immune systems have the capacity to recognize and eliminate transformed cells while the ability of tumors to evade and abrogate immune functions appears to be a requisite for disease progression. Abnormalities in essentially every immune population have been documented in cancer patients and murine tumor models. Thus, the immune system is a crucial target for cancer therapeutics in order to achieve a true cure. The cytokine JAK-STAT signaling network is a key instrument of immune system communication and directs a multitude of immune functions. Because of the integral role in regulation of immune functions as well as the intricate crosstalk that occurs within cytokine signaling networks, alterations in these networks in cancer patients are likely to be key contributing factors in immune dysfunction. We have previously shown that IFNα and IFNγ signaling are impaired in lymphocytes from breast cancer, melanoma, and gastrointestinal cancer patients. In this study we sought to determine whether additional cytokine signaling pathways are altered in immune cells from cancer patients. Phospho-flow cytometry was used to measure STAT phosphorylation in response to 10 cytokines from the IFN, gp130, γC, and the IL3 cytokine families, to provide a broad picture of the global cytokine network in peripheral blood immune cells. Included in this analysis were patient cohorts with various carcinomas including breast, lung, gastrointestinal, and melanoma, as well as patients with psoriasis, an epidermal hyperplasia resulting from chronic inflammatory cytokine production by persistently activated immune cells. Preliminary analysis of our study has revealed that compared with healthy controls, cancer and psoriasis patients exhibit altered responses to multiple additional cytokines in various immune cell subsets. We hypothesize that chronic inflammation which occurs in the settings of both cancer and psoriasis contributes to cytokine signaling defects and are exploring the mechanisms and the functional consequences of these defects on T cell function. Understanding how alterations in cytokine responsiveness contribute to immune dysfunction will enable correction of these signaling defects to restore anti-tumor immune function and enhance the ability of the host immune response to control cancer. This work was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under W81XWH-10-1-0616 and W81XWH-06-1-0417, NIH Molecular and Cellular Immunobiology Training Grant No. 5 T32 AI07290-24, and NIH R01 CA130817. Citation Format: Andrea K. Miyahira, Diana L. Simons, Frederick Dirbas, Ellie Guardino, Shruti Sheth, Robert Carlson, Peter P. Lee. Identification of cytokine network signaling abnormalities in immune cells from cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A51.
The Use of Sample Modulation to Simplify the Experimental Arrangement of Selective Line Modulation in Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Selective spectral line modulation (SLM) is a technique used in atomic spectrometry for recovering analyte signals in the presence of spectral interferences, such as overlapping lines from matrix concomitants and background features from the emission source. Application of SLM usually requires passing the analytical source emission through what is essentially a modulated atom reservoir. In previous work, this system was designed with the use of an array of optical choppers, mirrors, and lenses that directed the radiation through and around a standard atomic-absorption slot burner. In the present study, a sample-modulation device was used in place of this complex array. The device operates by pulsing sample aerosol into a flame, and therefore directly performs the function of a modulated atom reservoir. When used in the SLM experiment, this device considerably simplifies the experimental arrangement. Comparisons are made between the conventional optical arrangement and the sample-modulation device.
Evolution of Eukaryotic DNA Methylation and the Pursuit of Safer Sex

Cytosine methylation is an ancient process with conserved enzymology but diverse biological functions that include defense against transposable elements and regulation of gene expression. Here we will discuss the evolution and biological significance of eukaryotic DNA methylation, the likely drivers of that evolution, and major remaining mysteries.
Temporal synergism of corticosterone and prolactin in the Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus.

To augment the limited work reported in the literature regarding testing of the hormonal temporal synergism hypothesis in Syrian hamsters (Joseph MM, Meier AH. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1974;146:1150-5), a large experiment with female hamsters was conducted. Forty-eight received corticosterone at 18:00 h on January 21, 23, 25, 27, and 29 and ovine prolactin at one of six times of day beginning January 22 for 8 days; 36 received saline (at 18:00) and prolactin at one of the six times of day for 8 days; 35 received only prolactin at one of the six times of day for 8 days; and 16 received no injections. Twelve hamsters receiving corticosterone and prolactin and eight uninjected hamsters were on running wheels. The corticosterone and prolactin group not on wheels had a body weight gain and no circadian rhythm of weight gain, but did have circadian rhythms of response in organ weight, per 100 g of body weight, and in weights of fat pads and uteri. The corticosterone and prolactin group with access to running whee...
Leigh Hunt, John Pomfret, and the Politics of Retirement

This article unravels an apparent paradox: an imitation of John Pomfret's 1699 poem of the same title, Leigh Hunt's 1823 “The Choice” appears in a reformist journal but embodies a retirement poem, the retirement mode typically viewed as quietist or reactionary in its politics. Grasping Hunt's goals in turning to the retirement mode requires recognizing the upsurge of lower-middle-class interest in such poetry after 1790, an increase reflecting a new concept of retirement among city-bound readers barred from the rural estates celebrated in such poems: retirement as the reading or writing of retirement poetry. Once retirement poetry internalized the ideal-real contrasts central to its urban, middle-class reception, such verse acquired a reformist function that attracted Hunt. Such poems highlighted the trammels of Cockney life and, through their foregrounding of the unreality of rural retirement, invited utopian speculation. The association of Hunt's poem with Pomfret also amplified its reformist resonances...
State of Nursing Science: On the Edge

Nurse scientists have had great and important successes contributing to science and to patient care. To review the state of nursing science is an enormous and complex challenge, and yet the pace of discovery constantly quickens. The purpose of this article, which was read at the 2002 State of the Science Congress, was to use the human response model to describe the domains of nursing science and note exemplary, innovative developments in the context of the model’s “person” and “environmental” domains. Advances are noted in genetics, aging, development, and gender studies; also noted is work in infection care, disaster care, and identification of health disparities. Asked to predict the future, we chose instead to describe societal challenges and speculate how nursing leaders can contribute importantly by applying nursing’s unique perspective. Benchmarks of our success will include reversal of the nursing shortage, patients living to their highest potential, and penetration of evidence-based care into clin...
Load balanced connected dominating set for mobile ad hoc networks

A connected Dominating Set (CDS) can be used as a backbone in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) where a fixed communication infrastructure does not exist. Creating a virtual backbone within a MANET can reduce routing overhead and enhance scalability. Most CDS algorithms that exist today use a heuristic approach to try and find a Minimum CDS (MCDS). These approaches generally assign nodes with a large number of connections to be backbone nodes. Due to the high number of connections, the backbone nodes process a high volume of traffic, increasing energy consumption. This paper expands on an existing load balancing CDS algorithm, where the communication load is more evenly distributed between the backbone nodes.
A Layman Proposes Protestant Union: Robert Hales and the Helvetic Churches, 1700–1705

In the early years of the eighteenth century the fear of French power fused into alliance nations and individuals who under other circumstances would have stood suspiciously apart. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713) the Protestant Circle of Princes fought for and with a Roman Catholic emperor; England recognized a would-be king of Spain, Charles III, and repudiated the would-be king of England, James III; Dutchmen and Englishmen accepted one another's aid, gracelessly, but to some purpose. Monarchs at the time, and historians later on, insisted that the war was not one of religion; nevertheless, a vast number of men then living viewed it as such.
Calcium sulfate dihydrate crystal growth in aqueous solution at elevated temperatures

Abstract The growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate seed crystals from supersaturated solutions at temperatures where this phase is thermodynamically stable has been shown, in previous studies, to involve a surface controlled rate determining step. In the present study, the investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate crystallization has been extended up to temperatures at which phase transformation to the hemihydrate occurs, conditions under which the dihydrate is the thermodynamically unstable phase. Solubilities of both the dihydrate and hemihydrate have been determined from the results of both dissolution and crystallization experiments in order to establish the conditions for the dihydrate-hemihydrate phase transition in the salt free systems used. Calcium sulfate dihydrate seeded growth experiments at temperatures between 60–105°C showed no evidence of transition to the thermodynamically stable salt, anhydrous calcium sulfate, during the course of the experiments. The rate of reaction was proportional to the square of the relative supersaturation and an approximately constant number of growth sites were available during the crystallization experiments. The crystal growth activation energy was found to be 14 ± 2 kcal/mole. Seeded crystal growth experiments near the dihydrate-hemihydrate phase transition temperature (103°C in salt free solutions at 4 atm) show that phase transformation accompanies the seeded growth of the less stable modification. The mechanism of phase transformation appears to involve collission breeding of nuclei of the more stable phase followed by a dissolution growth process.
Does concurrent in utero exposure to buprenorphine and antidepressant medications influence the course of neonatal abstinence syndrome

AbstractObjective: To determine whether concurrent in utero exposure to buprenorphine and antidepressants impacts the course of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in infants.Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 148 infants who were exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to examine associations between concurrent maternal use of buprenorphine and antidepressants as compared to maternal use of buprenorphine alone.Results: The time to onset of NAS resolution was significantly longer in infants exposed to both buprenorphine and antidepressants during pregnancy when compared to those exposed to buprenorphine alone (129.8 h versus 70.2 h, p = 0.042).Conclusions: Women who are prescribed both antidepressants and buprenorphine during pregnancy should be counseled about the possibility of a prolonged course of neonatal abstinence syndrome.
Trimethyltin disrupts acoustic startle responding in adult rats.

Trimethyltin (TMT) is a limbic-system toxicant which also produces sensory dysfunction in adult animals. In the present experiment, we examined the effects of TMT on the acoustic startle response. Adult male, Long-Evans rats (N = 12/dose) received a single i.p. injection of either 0, 4.0, 5.0 or 6.0 mg/kg TMT hydroxide as the base. The number of responses, latency and peak amplitude of the startle response to a 13 kHz, 120 dB tone were measured 2 h, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after dosing. For each test session, 10 stimuli were presented at each of three background noise levels (50, 65 and 80 dB). By 2 h after dosing, the number of responses and response amplitude were decreased following 4.0-6.0 mg/kg TMT; these treatment effects persisted through 4 weeks after dosing. Increases in latency were also seen following all dosages of TMT. These data suggest that TMT produces disruption of function within the acoustic-startle pathway.
Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food by John Cooper/Food and Judaism, Studies in Jewish Civilization, Vol. 15, edited by Leonard J. Greenspoon, Ronald A. Simkins and Gerald Shapiro

(2009). Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food by John Cooper/Food and Judaism, Studies in Jewish Civilization, Vol. 15, edited by Leonard J. Greenspoon, Ronald A. Simkins and Gerald Shapiro. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 114-117.
Mitiglinide for type 2 diabetes treatment.

Introduction: Mitiglinide, a rapid-acting insulin secretion-stimulating agent, is approved in Japan for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Rapid-acting insulin secretion-stimulating agents, also known as meglitinides, are not recommended as monotherapy, however, may be added to metformin therapy for those patients with continued postprandial hyperglycemia. Currently, repaglinide (Prandin®) and nateglinide (Starlix®) are the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved agents in this class of drugs. Areas covered: This review describes the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and potential role in therapy of mitiglinide therapy. Phase II and III clinical studies have demonstrated that A1C levels should be expected to decrease by 0.17 – 1.1% with mitiglinide therapy. The most common adverse effects in these studies were hypoglycemia related. Expert opinion: Meglitinides are limited by their cost, frequency of administration, and minimal available data assessing clinical impact; however, ...
Universal banking networks in pre-war Germany: new evidence from company financial data

Explanations for the extensive interlocking of bank and firm directorates in pre-World War I Germany have traditionally emphasized oversight and control by universal banks over their industrial clientele. The economic logic inherent in the orthodox view suggests that bank-affiliated companies should benefit from improvements in information flows as well as the good advice and guidance of bankers. Thus, attached firms would be expected to have maintained higher debt–equity ratios, profitability, and growth rates than did their independent counterparts. Using a new database of firm-level financial data to estimate discrete-choice models of the bank affiliation decision, this paper provides evidence that contradicts the standard view. The paper instead argues that externalities in the provision of underwriting and brokerage services motivated the expansive networks of interlocking directorates. The results also provide provisional evidence that proxy votes conferred on universal banks by their commercial customers played a significant role in the development of financial–industrial networks. Finally, the paper shows that, while loose connections between banks and firms were widespread, direct, exclusive relationships were rare. The findings argue for a moderate interpretation of the benefits of interlocking directorates in the later stages of German industrialization.
Texture Development via Grain Rotation in β‐Silicon Nitride

A grain rotation model first described by Jeffery is applied to quantitatively predict texture development and texture heterogeneity in hot-worked [beta]-Si[sub 3]N[sub 4]. Comparison of model predictions and experimental results indicates that such models can successfully predict the texture developed in [beta]-Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] with significant differences observed at height reductions greater than 60% (true strain [approximately] [minus]0.9). Applications include a description of textures in hot forging, plane strain compression, and various green body forming techniques including tape casting and extrusion.
Performance evaluation in high technology firms: a political perspective

Abstract The increased emergence and growth of high technology organizations worldwide presents both opportunities and challenges for effective management and organizational performance. The turbulent, uncertain, and ambiguous internal and external environments of high technology firms present particular challenges for the effective management of human resources. The present article addresses perhaps the most central human resource management practice, performance evaluation, and it suggests a new and different perspective through which this process can more appropriately be viewed within the contexts of high technology firms. The suggested political perspective is used to assess the behavior of managers who serve as raters of their subordinates' performance, and it also is used to interpret the behavior of the personnel/human resources department toward its internal constituencies. Testable propositions are developed to guide future research.
An otx cis-regulatory module: a key node in the sea urchin endomesoderm gene regulatory network

An essential node in the gene regulatory network (GRN) for endomesoderm specification in the sea urchin embryo lies within the regulatory system of the otx gene. According to the predictions of the GRN, based on perturbation analysis and expression data, the β1/2 transcription unit of this gene is engaged during specification in interactions with two other regulatory genes, krox and gatae. It is predicted to be driven into activity by the krox gene, to form a positively reinforcing functional loop with the gatae gene, and to respond to its own output as well. Here we isolate the relevant otx cis-regulatory element, and examine the specific input predictions of the GRN at the level of its genomic DNA sequence. This β1/2-otx regulatory module performs the necessary functions, as shown by use of expression constructs. It requires gatae, otx, and krox inputs, as predicted, and it operates as an “AND” logic processor in that removal of any one of these inputs essentially destroys activity. The necessary target sites were identified in the module sequence, and mutation of these sites was demonstrated to produce the same respective effects on construct expression as does blocking its regulatory inputs by treatment with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. For spatial expression in the endoderm, one particular pair of Gata sites is essential and these function synergistically with an adjacent Otx site. We thus demonstrate directly the structure/function relationships of the genomic regulatory code, at this key node of the endomesoderm GRN.
Islam, Migration and the Political Economy of Meaning: Fergo Nioro from the Senegal River Valley, 1862–1890

The Muslim social movement known as the fergo Nioro provides a case of popular elaboration of the message of a leader of jihad. Umar Tal's call to holy war led to the conquest of Karta in the mid-1850s, and his call to hijra resulted in the migration of perhaps 20,000 Senegal-valley Fulbe to form a Muslim settler community. In the years after Umar's departure from Karta in 1859, military leaders and others in the Fulbe settler community sent envoys to recruit additional settlers from the Senegal valley. At least 16,000 and perhaps as many as 30,000 Fulbe responded to this recruitment effort and left Bundu, Futa Toro and the lower Senegal valley between 1862 and 1890. Two periods of more massive migration coincided with the residence at Nioro of Amadu Sheku, Umar's son and designated successor. During the late 1860s and early 1870s, a cholera epidemic swept up the Senegal valley, claimed thousands of victims, and encouraged Fulbe to leave the region for Karta. During the mid-1880s, French policies in the Senegal valley, notably the emancipation of slaves and moves to halt Fulbe raids in the lower Senegal valley, influenced the social movement.In both periods of large-scale migration and at other times, the Umarian envoys constructed an appeal which elaborated and even transformed Umar's call to hijra. Umar's insistence on holy war was a dominant theme in all periods, and resonated with the young men who left the valley in hopes of accumulating wealth through warfare. His condemnation of French influence in the Senegal valley was also expressed in the Arabic letters delivered by envoys. Umar's emphasis on the cutting of social bonds was not emphasized, as Fulbe settlers sought to attract relatives and neighbors to the new Fulbe communities in Karta.
Improving the utility of existing conservation plans using projected housing development

Land management agencies frequently develop plans to identify future conservation needs and priorities. Creation and implementation of these plans is often required to maintain funding eligibility. Agency conservation plans are typically expert-based and identify large numbers of priority areas based primarily on biological data. As conservation dollars are limited, the challenge is to implement these plans in a manner that is effective, efficient, and considers future threats. Our goal was to improve the utility of existing, expert- and biologically-based plans using a flexible approach for incorporating spatial data on vulnerability to and threat from housing development. We examined two conservation plans for the state of Wisconsin in the United States and related them to current and projected future housing development, a key cause of habitat loss and degradation. Most (54–73%) priority areas were highly vulnerable to future threat, and 18% were already highly threatened by housing development. Existing conservation investments were highly threatened in 8–9% of priority areas, and 25–34% of priority areas were highly vulnerable and highly threatened, meriting immediate conservation attention. Conversely, low threat levels in 20–26% of priority areas may allow time for new, large-scale conservation initiatives to succeed. Our results highlight that vulnerability to and threat from existing and future housing development vary greatly among expert- and biologically-based priority areas. The framework presented here can thus improve the utility of existing plans by helping to target, schedule, and tailor actions to minimize biodiversity loss in highly threatened areas, maximize biodiversity gains, and protect existing conservation investments.
Observations on the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in glucocorticoid-induced hepatic glycogen deposition

We have studied by quantitative electron microscopy the relationship of specific hepatic cellular organelles to glycogen synthesis using dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, to induce glycogen deposition in livers of adrenalectomized rats. Chemical and ultrastructural glycogen determinations revealed that the livers of fasted adrenalectomized rats had very low glycogen levels. Dexamethasone caused a time-related increase in hepatic glycogen which was the result of increases in the number of hepatocytes depositing glycogen and the amount of glycogen in each cell. The surface density of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes also increased after treatment with dexamethasone; this increase preceded glycogen deposition. The newly deposited glycogen was spatially associated with membranes of SER, and a continued increase in SER surface density was correlated temporally with the increasing glycogen volume density. In both centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes, the surface density of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) initially decreased after dexamethasone administration but later increased. These data support the hypothesis that dexamethasone-induced enhancement of SER is functionally associated with the increase in glycogen, and that although the initial increase in SER may occur through transformation of RER to SER, later increases in SER require synthesis of new membranes.
Does epileptic pain really exist

Painful seizures do exist, but are usually caused by uncontrolled muscle contractions that produce pain. Heretofore, no cases of seizures of the pain system have been reported. We will present a case of chest wall pain with episodic, severe exacerbation of the localized pain associated with focal muscle contractions. The episodes of severe pain could be provoked by stimulation of the internal capsule, producing repeated episodes of pain/muscle activity. The symptoms could be stopped by intravenous diazepam and reduced by periventricular grey stimulation.
The relationship of proximal locking screws to the axillary nerve during antegrade humeral nail insertion of four commercially available implants.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the proximity of proximal interlocking mechanisms in 4 current antegrade humeral nails to the axillary nerve and its branches.Design:Cadaveric study.Setting:Anatomy laboratory.Main Outcome Measure:Anatomic relationships.Methods:Four humeral nail d
Role of MAP kinase in signaling indispensable amino acid deficiency in the brain.

Deficiencies of indispensable amino acids (IAAs) appear to be sensed in the anterior piriform cortex (APC) where neurons are activated and potentiated, however, the mediating intracellular signaling mechanisms are largely unexplored. It is postulated that signaling of amino acid deficiency may share many of the same pathways seen with long-term potentiation (LTP). Phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAP kinase) has been shown to be a necessary signaling event for the genesis and maintenance of LTP. Immunoperoxidase immunohistochemistry was used to determine the number of neurons showing activation of the MAP kinase signal transduction system. Relative to rats eating a corrected diet, rats consuming threonine-devoid diet showed significantly greater pMAP kinase labeling in the APC, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. These are areas previously associated with control of food intake. However, since the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus have not previously been implicated as chemosensory areas for IAAs, phosphorylated MAP kinase expression in these areas may reflect secondary activation.
Landsat 6 contract signed

A new agreement provides $220 million for development and construction of the Landsat 6 remote sensing satellite and its ground systems. The contract, signed on March 31, 1988, by the Department of Commerce (DOC) and the Earth Observation Satellite (EOSAT) Company of Lanham, Md., came just days after approval of DOC's Landsat commercialization plan by subcommittees of the House and Senate appropriations committees. The Landsat 6 spacecraft is due to be launched into orbit on a Titan II rocket in June 1991 from Vandenburg Air Force Base, Calif. The satellite will carry an Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) sensor, an instrument sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in seven ranges or bands of wavelengths. The satellite's payload will also include the Sea Wide Field Sensor (Sea-WiFS), designed to provide information on sea surface temperature and ocean color. The sensor is being developed in a cooperative effort by EOSAT and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). A less certain passenger is a proposed 5-m resolution, three-band sensor sensitive to visible light. EOSAT is trying to find both private financing for the device and potential buyers of the high-resolution imagery that it could produce. The company has been actively courting U.S. television networks, which have in the past used imagery from the European Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellite for news coverage.
Argentina y su desarrollo posterior a la crisis financiera

This article reviews the features of the economic recovery in Argentina following the 1999-2001 financial crisis and up through to the present. It examines the development alternatives presented by the presidencies of Duhalde and Kirchner as compared to Menem, looking at literature on Argentina published during this time period. This article ascertains that Kirchnerism is not a coherent mode of governance that has broken with neoliberalism, as the academic literature would claim, but rather a balancing act between the sovereign economic interests of Argentine corporations and the demands of the international financial system facing semi-peripheral economies in the web of global integration. Kirchnerism exposes the contradictions of a dependent economy with a history of instability.
The Role of Polymer Interface During Tree Initiation in LDPE

Based on charge transfer mechanisms at the polymer interface, it is bhown that the injected charges are responsible for the light emitted during tree initiation in LDPE subjected to highly divergent fields. Light was not only detected d in degassed specimens as reported by other workers, but also in air-impregnated (normal) specimens as well as in those impregnated with other gases. The photoemission characteristics of degassed specimens were found to be different from all others and probably are due to radiation from electron-hole recombination. In all other specimens a combination of this and other radiative phenomena could be responsible. It is proposed that at low voltages the emitted light, which is mostly in the visible spectral range, is not immediately harmful to the insulator. It is only at high voltages that the emitted light would include more energetic and intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation and this UV could cause rapid degradation of the polymer and give rise to an electrical tree.
Relevance Recognized: Value-Added Cataloging for Departmental and Digital Collections

A medium-sized academic library's cataloging department describes the strategies employed when requests for materials-cataloging services from university departments outside the library, followed by the initiation of an Institutional Repository (IR) project, brought opportunities to redefine its perceived role. A service-oriented mindset facilitated the creative repurposing of staff, students, and skills in order to integrate these new formats and processes (both physical and digital) into departmental workflows. Cataloging staff rose to the challenges, gaining satisfaction with new skills learned and a sense of accomplishment at creating order from chaos.
Involving the family in the evaluation and treatment of the child patient: a psychodynamic approach

The purpose of this article is to provide psychotherapists with a tool for family evaluation using the basic principles of psychodynamic work; and to introduce a transitional format for therapists who have practiced family evaluations in their training institutions and now need to adapt this model to the private practitioner's office. A case example illustrates: (1) Use of the therapist's unconscious for diagnosis of the child and its family, (2) joining the family's intersubjective space, and (3) use of play and therapist's neutrality as ways that the psychodynamically oriented clinician involves the family in the evaluation and treatment of the child.
Evaluating to Resolve Controversies

An underappreciated opportunity for evaluators is to develop compelling, defensible, empirical findings that challenge a common wisdom. Policymakers are often highly receptive to such new insights.
Transgenic Bcl-2 expressed in photoreceptor cells confers both death-sparing and death-inducing effects.

To examine its potential role within the retina as a modulator of cell death and photoreceptor degeneration, bcl-2 expression was targeted to the photoreceptors of transgenic mice by the human IRBP promoter. Three transgenic families were established, with levels of transgene expression between 0.2 and two-fold relative to that of endogenous bcl-2. The effect of bcl-2 expression on genetically programmed photoreceptor degeneration was evaluated by crossing these transgenic mice with mice that develop a rapid degeneration of rod photoreceptors due to expression of a distinct transgene, SV40 T antigen (Tag). Transgenic Bcl-2 was localized to photoreceptor inner segments and was capable of abrogating the activation of caspase activity and the resulting cell death associated with ectopic expression of Tag. However, Bcl-2 itself ultimately caused photoreceptor cell death and retinal degeneration. Several proteins not expressed normally in Tag or other transgenic retinas undergoing photoreceptor degeneration were induced in the Bcl-2 transgenic retinas. Analysis by mass spectroscopy identified one of these proteins as αA-crystallin, a member of a protein family that associates with cellular stress. Since Bcl-2 can promote as well as spare cell death in the same photoreceptor population, its potential utility in ameliorating photoreceptor death in human hereditary blinding disorders is compromised.
Monitoring and Ensuring Safety During Clinical Research

Increased numbers of clinical trials, many of which are large, multicenter, and sometimes international, and the marked shift of funding for clinical trials to industry have made apparent the inadequacy of mechanisms for protecting human subjects that were developed when clinical research was generally carried out on a small scale at single institutions. To address concerns regarding the protection of human subjects, a group of professionals with expertise in various aspects of clinical trials was assembled in May 2000. Participants described and evaluated the mechanisms by which clinical trials are monitored, focusing on adverse event reporting and the processes by which various parties with oversight responsibilities interact in the course of these trials. In this article, we describe the manner in which adverse event reporting might function to enhance safety and the role of data monitoring committees in using aggregate data from these reports, outline the problems that now exist for institutional review boards as they are faced with multiple adverse event reports from clinical trials while conducting continuing review, and offer recommendations for improving the current approach.
Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray subdues sensitized pain in morphine- and meperidine-dependent rats

Abstract Because increased tolerance of narcotics is marked by progressive deactivation of the descending antinociceptive system, a question was raised whether stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) would have any electroanalgetic effect in animals adapted to increasing doses of narcotics. The daily dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) administered to rats was increased on alternate days by 10 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg/day. To another group, the daily dose of meperidine was increased from 15 mg/kg by 15 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg/day. Electrophysiological experiments were conducted under chloralose and urethane anesthesia 16 h after the last injection of morphine or meperidine. Spike potentials evoked from individual neurons of the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis by single-pulse stimulation of the sciatic nerve were accumulated in poststimulus time histograms. For nociceptive neurons the histograms were characterized by a short-latency activity peak and at least two late (270 and 420 ms) peaks. For non-nociceptive neurons the histograms had no late activity peaks. In control rats, stimulation of the PAG (400 ms at 70s) prior to each sciatic nerve pulse reorganized the late activity peaks of the nociceptive neurons: a single late peak occurred during the 280 to 400 ms poststimulus interval, indicating suppression of pain by electroanalgesia. In rats adapted to morphine or meperidine, intracarotid infusion of naloxone lowered the nociceptive threshold. Stimulation of the PAG reorganized the late peaks but only if the sciatic nerve stimulation was not increased. At the voltage used to stimulate the sciatic nerve in control animals, two separate late peaks appeared, which were subdued by PAG stimulation after intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytrytophan (5-HTP). These results affirmed previous findings that electroanalgesia is induced by activity in an ascending and a descending pathway, both originating from the PAG. Since the function of the descending pathway is impaired by repeated administration of narcotics, only the pathway ascending to the somesthetic thalamus can be activated to mask pain, unless 5-HTP is injected. The latter renews the functional capacity of the descending pathway and thus reinstates the full capacity of electroanalgesia.
Incidence, epidemiology and prevention of foodborne Campylobacter species

Abstract Enteritis caused by Campylobacter spp. is now the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis both in the UK and worldwide. There are, however, difficulties in assessing the true incidence of campylobacter enteritis because of under-reporting. This is because in many cases the illness caused by infection by Campylobacter spp. is relatively mild. Despite the recent introduction of more stringent food safety laws, the trend in foodborne illness caused by Campylobacter spp. continues upwards in the UK. Preventative methods based at the beginning of the food chain may prove a more effective means of controlling the incidence of the illness than those already in place.
Building interfaces interactively

The Interface Construction Set (InterCONS) is a visual language and environment. It consists of: a data flow language; an editor for building and testing data flow programs, and for making presentation views of the programs; libraries for holding completed programs; and a presentation system for interacting with finished programs and sequences of programs.This paper describes how interfaces are built using the data flow language. A companion paper describes the data flow language and its primitives for arithmetic, logic, interactive control, path control, visual output, and program control; the execution model is also described.InterCONS is useful for experimenting with new kinds of interactive controls, and building models of interactive applications.
Ribosomal RNA synthesis after infection with adenovirus type 2

Abstract The synthesis of mature cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA was preferentially inhibited in comparison to 4S RNA in T6a (hamster) cells infected with adenovirus type 2, but not in uninfected controls. No effect was observed in 3T3–4E (mouse) cells infected with adenovirus type 2. When T6a-3T3-4E hybrids were infected with this virus, no significant change in the proportion of hamster and mouse cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA synthesized was detected, in comparison to uninfected hybrid cells.
On the Limitations of High Speed Jet Noise Suppression (Keynote Paper)

This paper deals with an experimental investigation on the suppression of high-speed jet noise using air/water microjet injection at the nozzle exit. The far-field acoustic measurements from a high temperature Mj = 1.38 and Mj = 0.9 axisymmetric jet issuing from a converging nozzle show the suppression of screech tones, Mach wave radiation/crackle and mixing noise due to the use of microjets. Estimations of the contributions of different noise sources to the far-field sound are made using the current data supported by observations of previous investigators. It appears that the mixing noise reduction due to elimination of large eddies is found to be about 3–5 dB. Any further reduction of noise may only be accomplished by significant turbulence suppression and thermodynamic changes in the jet.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Protein turnover in rat testis.

Abstract 1. 1. Protein turnover in mature-scrotal, immature, and cryptorchid rat testis was studied. 2. 2. The half-life of heterogeneous testicular protein was found to be greater than 15 days in the mature-scrotal, 6–7 days in the cryptorchid and approximately 5 days in the immature rat.
Molecular imaging can accelerate anti-angiogenic drug development and testing

Angiogenesis is one of the fundamental processes during tumor growth and disease progression, and is regulated by numerous molecular pathways, including, but not limited to, VEGF, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), endoglin (CD105), integrin αvβ3and E-selectin. All these pathways could serve as targets for molecular imaging, as outlined in this Viewpoint.
Fibroblasts from chronic wounds show altered TGF-β-signaling and decreased TGF-β Type II Receptor expression†

Chronic wounds are characterized by failure to heal in a defined time frame. However, the pathogenic steps leading from the etiological factors to failure to heal are unknown. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that resident cells in chronic wounds display a number of critical abnormalities, including senescence and unresponsiveness to the stimulatory action of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). In this study, we have determined some of the mechanisms that might be responsible for unresponsiveness to TGF-beta1. Using Northern analysis and affinity labeling, we show that venous ulcer fibroblasts have decreased TGF-beta Type II receptor expression. This finding is not the result of genetic mutation, as shown by experiments with Type II receptor satellite instability. Decreased Type II receptor expression was accompanied by failure of ulcer fibroblasts to phosphorylate Smad 2, Smad 3, and p42/44 mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK), and was associated with a slower proliferative rate in response to TGF-beta1. We conclude that venous ulcer fibroblasts show decreased Type II receptor expression and display abnormalities in the downstream signaling pathway involving MAPK and the early Smad pathway. These findings suggest ways to address and treat the abnormal cellular phenotype of cells in chronic wounds.