cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pollen-specific IgG antibodies in the tears of patients with allergic-like conjunctivitis

Specific-IgG antibodies to rye grass and/or AgE in the tear secretions were demonstrated in studies of patients with the clinical features of allergic conjunctivitis but negative immediate skin reactivity and absent IgE antibodies by RAST to the inhalant pollen allergens. Studies by use of transferrin as a marker for the vascular leakage of plasma proteins into the tear secretions indicated that more than 98% of these pollen-specific IgG antibodies were locally produced by the conjunctival tissues of the external eye. These findings suggest that IgG-mediated immune mechanism(s) are important in the pathogenesis of some patients with allergic-like conjunctivitis.
Differential-twist Yarn Structures

(1984). Differential-twist Yarn Structures. The Journal of The Textile Institute: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 72-75.
Dissociation of a heavy quarkonium in quark–gluon plasma

Abstract In this work we calculate the dissociation of heavy mesons such as the upsilon due to absorption of a thermal gluon in a quark–gluon plasma. We also calculate the dissociation of heavy mesons due to the effect of color charge screening. The lifetime of quarkonium moving with velocity v through a quark–gluon plasma at temperature T is computed. An explicit, configuration–space potential is found for the screened interaction between the quarks constituting the meson. This potential is non-spherical, but axially symmetric about the direction of v. We solve the Schrodinger equation for the relative motion of the quarks in this potential, and use the bound-state wavefunction as the initial state for the dissociation of the meson. The meson lifetime is thus determined as a function of v and T, and conclusions are drawn concerning the possibility of detection of the meson in a high-energy heavy-nucleus collision.
Cytomegalovirus enhances lysis of HIV-infected T lymphoblasts.

A T4+ T lymphoblastoid cell line (CR-10) persistently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and designated CR-1O/NIT was superinfected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with AIDS. A productive CMV cycle in the CR-1O/NIT lymphoblasts was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody staining (IF) using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the 150-kDa major capsid protein, by infectivity assays and by electron microscopy (EM). Two-color IF analysis showed that a small percentage of the CR-1O/NIT cells were producing both CMV and HIV at any one time. EM studies revealed that all doubly infected cells were lysed whereas most cells infected only with HIV appeared intact. Cell lysis appeared 24 hr after superinfection of the CR-1O/NIT cells with CMV and progressed to complete destruction of the cell culture between days 9 and 10. Our results suggest that CMV may convert a mildly cytopathic HIV infection of T lymphoblasts into a highly lytic process.
Early development of verb structures and caregiver input in Korean: Two case studies:

This study examines the development of verb structures in the multiword combinations of two Korean learners, starting from 15 months of age when both children produced their first word combination. After a brief period of “ verb island usage,” from 20 months the two children showed remarkable systematicity and coherence in their use of transitive and intransitive verbs: Transitive verbs typically occurred with objects whereas intransitive verbs occurred with subjects. These distinct “ preferred” structures between the two verb categories corresponded to distinct semantic and discourse pragmatic structures. Transitive sentences encoded the child or the mother as the agent acting upon inanimate entities, whereas intransitive sentences encoded a third party as the agent or experience of an event or state. Analysis of the mothers’ speech to the children suggests that not only do they provide children with a clear model for the preferred structures but they also guide children’ s development by eliciting those structures from them through questions. The study suggests that the early development of verb structures in Korean is due in part to these features of the input as well as to children’ s early sensitivity to syntactic and semantic/pragmatic patterns in the target grammar.
Finite element model of nitrogen species transformation and transport in the unsaturated zone

Abstract A two-dimensional finite element model based on Galerkin's weighted residual approach and incorporating an upstream weighting technique was developed to predict the simultaneous transformation and transport of nitrogen species. The nitrogen cycle used in the analyses assumes first-order rate coefficients for nitrification, denitrification, immobilization and mineralization between the nitrogen species NH+4, NO−3, organic-N and denitrified fractions. The NO−3-N component in the soil solution was assumed to have negligible adsorption on exchange sites while adsorption of NH+4 was assumed to be represented by a Freundlich type nonlinear isotherm (S = kd Cp). The accuracy and validity of the proposed model was examined by comparison with analytical model results and available field data. The results showed improved accuracy and stability with the upstream weighting approach in comparison to the standard weighted residual method. A sensitivity study on the kinetics of the nitrogen cycle showed that both concentration and cumulative mass distribution of different nitrogen species are substantially affected by the nitrification rate but to a lesser extent by the distribution coefficient kd for NH+4 adsorption and less so by nonlinear coefficient p. To evaluate the applicability of the model in actual field situations, data on groundwater nitrogen concentration beneath a functioning drainfield site were compared with the results of numerical simulations. Predicted results agreed with the observed data within the bounds of experimental errors.
Obama cares about visuo-spatial attention: perception of political figures moves attention and determines gaze direction.

Abstract Processing an abstract concept such as political ideology by itself is difficult but becomes easier when a background situation contextualizes it. Political ideology within American politics, for example, is commonly processed using space metaphorically, i.e., the political “left” and “right” (referring to Democrat and Republican views, respectively), presumably to provide a common metric to which abstract features of ideology can be grounded and understood. Commonplace use of space as metaphor raises the question of whether an inherently non-spatial stimulus (e.g., picture of the political “left” leader, Barack Obama) can trigger a spatially-specific response (e.g., attentional bias toward “left” regions of the visual field). Accordingly, pictures of well-known Democrats and Republicans were presented as central cues in peripheral target detection (Experiment 1) and saccadic free-choice (Experiment 2) tasks to determine whether perception of stimuli lacking a direct association with physical space nonetheless induce attentional and oculomotor biases in the direction compatible with the ideological category of the cue (i.e., Democrat/left and Republican/right). In Experiment 1, target detection following presentation of a Democrat (Republican) was facilitated for targets appearing to the left (right). In Experiment 2, participants were more likely to look left (right) following presentation of a Democrat (Republican). Thus, activating an internal representation of political ideology induced a shift of attention and biased choice of gaze direction in a spatially-specific manner. These findings demonstrate that the link between conceptual processing and spatial attention can be totally arbitrary, with no reference to physical or symbolic spatial information.
075 Wound Healing is Delayed in Women and in the Aged: A Potential Role for the HPA Axis

Both senescence and psychological stress have been shown to alter numerous immune components including inflammatory processes. However, whether such effects can be dissociated by gender is largely unknown. To determine the effects of gender and age on wound healing, a 3.5 mm round wound was placed under local anesthesia on the hard palates of 88 younger (18–35 years) and 56 older (50+ years) male and female volunteers. Immediately prior to wounding and 15, 30 and 60 min afterwards, blood was drawn from which cortisol and ACTH levels were determined, as both are immunosuppressive. Wounds were photographed and measured daily until healed. Preliminary analyses revealed that older individuals healed 25.6% slower than younger individuals (P < .001), and women healed 14.0% slower than men (P < .05). These results may have involved alterations in HPA activity, as blood work revealed significant differences in baseline hormone levels: cortisol levels were lower in the older group (P < .05), and ACTH levels were lower in females (P < .01). Furthermore, in women only, faster healing rates were related to both increased anxiety at the time of wounding (P < .05), and higher cortisol levels at all time points (P < .01). Moreover, preliminary results indicated that, in women, higher anxiety was also related to lowered release of IL-1β in the first 24 h. In men these relationships were not evident, although higher ACTH levels were related to faster healing times (P < .01). Taken together, these findings indicate that aging delays oral wound healing and provide evidence for a previously unreported gender difference in wound healing rates in favor of males. Furthermore, the effects of anxiety on wound healing seem to be sexually differentiated and transient activation of the HPA axis, especially in women, appears to be associated with healing rates.
Sentence processing by non-native speakers of English: Evidence from the perception of natural and computer-generated anomalous L2 sentences

Abstract The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the intelligibility of semantically anomalous natural and computer-generated (synthetic) sentences presented to native and non-native listeners. Subjects included 24 German-dominant German English bilinguals and 24 English monolinguals. Detailed analyses of subjects' orthographic transcriptions of the sentences revealed that: (1) the non-native listeners made far more errors than did the native listeners in response to natural and computergenerated speech; (2) for both groups and in both listening conditions, the largest number of errors were phonemic substitutions; (3) the non-native listeners had a significantly lower percentage of morpho-syntactic errors and a significantly higher percentage of lexico-semantic errors than did the native listeners; and (4) the non-native listeners had a significantly larger number of “other” (including explicable) errors than did the native listeners. In addition, there was evidence that the non-native listeners' responses were, in part, characterized by transfer from their L1. Both a language competence account and an information-based theory of L2 sentence processing are considered in the discussion of differences between the native and non-native listeners' responses to this task.
Electro-luminescent cooling: light emitting diodes above unity efficiency

Experimental demonstration of net electro-luminescent cooling in a diode, or equivalently electroluminescence with wall-plug efficiency greater than unity, had eluded direct observation for more than five decades. We review experiments demonstrating light emission from a light-emitting diode in which the electron population is pumped by a combination of electrical work and heat.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in All Four Corners of the Earth

The discovery of antibiotics in the early 20th century was one of the most important medical advances in history. However, humans came rather late to the use of antibiotics. Longer than the human species has existed, microorganisms have generated their own antibiotics to provide a survival advantage against other competing or infecting microorganisms. In turn, antibiotic resistance mechanisms evolved as a countermeasure. Now, Nesme et al. reveal just how widespread and diverse those antibiotic resistance mechanisms are. Taking advantage of publicly available data, the authors identified 71 shotgun sequencing metagenomes (collective genetic material in an environmental sample) from a variety of sources, including Antarctic lakes; Arctic snow; ocean water; soil from multiple locations; air filters; sludge; feces of human, mouse, cow, and chicken; as well as other sources. Then, they cross-referenced these metagenomic sequences to the Antibiotic Resistance Database, which describes ~3000 different amino acid sequences conferring antibiotic resistance. This allowed the authors to define the abundance, diversity, and specific types of antibiotic resistance gene determinants (ARGD) in each metagenome. Every sampled environmental metagenome included ARGD sequences. The abundance of such sequences ranged from 0.05% in chicken gut to 5.6% in human feces. Moreover, the diversity of ARGD sequences was also highly variable. About 1% of sequences in the Antibiotic Resistance Database were identified in cow gut. In contrast, nearly 33% of these sequences were identified in soil from a research park in the United Kingdom. Human feces had an intermediate diversity, comprising 13% Antibiotic Resistance Database sequences. Next, the authors defined the different types of resistance-imparting sequences. Most common were sequences encoding multidrug resistance efflux pumps, accounting for nearly 60% of global abundance as measured in the 71 metagenomes; then came vancomycin resistance at 17%, β-lactam resistance at 9%, and tetracycline resistance at 7% of global abundance. This study highlights the global extent of naturally occurring antibiotic resistance genes, even where there has been no clinical use of antibiotics. Given that this pool of antibiotic resistance genes cannot be depleted, the focus turns to understanding the role that such genes play in microbial physiology and ecology, limiting their dissemination and minimizing antibiotic-induced selection. J. Nesme et al. , Large-scale metagenomic-based study of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Curr. Biol. 24 , 1096–1100 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982214003285
Effect of cooperative atomic interactions on photon statistics in a single-mode laser

The effect of cooperative atomic interactions on the photon statistics in a single-mode laser is studied on the basis of an equation of motion for the reduced-density operator of the field that was recently derived by Huang and Mandel. The corresponding antinormal ordering distribution function is shown to satisfy a Fokker-Planck equation. The steady-state solution of this equation is used to determine the photon-number distribution, the average intensity, and the intensity fluctuation.
Dielectric Response of free Standing Strontium Titanate Thin Films from 10 Khz to 1 Ghz as A Function of Temperature and Applied Voltage

Using pulsed laser ablation, we have grown epitaxial bilayers of strontium titanate (STO) and yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) on (110) neodymium gallate (NGO) substrates. Using a selective acid etch, we have removed the YBCO from the middle of the bilayer and lifted off the STO films from their parent substrates. Using coplanar interdigital capacitors patterned on the surface of the films, we have measured the capacitance and loss as a function of frequency (from 10 kHz to 1 GHz), temperature (from 300 K to 4 K), and applied electric field (up to roughly 2 V/μm). We have seen frequency dependent loss peaks in the films that indicate thermally activated behavior, and an improvement in the tuning quality.
Adaptive selective verification: an efficient adaptive countermeasure to thwart DoS attacks

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are considered within the province of a shared channel model in which attack rates may be large but are bounded and client request rates vary within fixed bounds. In this setting, it is shown that clients can adapt effectively to an attack by increasing their request rate based on timeout windows to estimate attack rates. The server will be able to process client requests with high probability while pruning out most of the attack by selective random sampling. The protocol introduced here, called Adaptive Selective Verification (ASV), is shown to use bandwidth efficiently and does not require any server state or assumptions about network congestion. The main results of the paper are a formulation of optimal performance and a proof that ASV is optimal.
Technology Assessment in the Normative Aging Study

This review of publications based on data from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study identified four articles that were considered assessments of health care technologies. Three evaluated methods for research on body composition, the fourth studied ventricular size in patients with presenile dementia. Several additional articles are discussed that provided data on baseline values or risk factors for disease that might be useful in generating hypotheses to be tested in later assessments of technologies.
Severe osteomyelitis caused by Myceliophthora thermophila after a pitchfork injury

Background: Traumatic injuries occurring in agricultural settings are often associated with infections caused by unusual organisms. Such agents may be difficult to isolate, identify, and treat effectively. Case report: A 4-year-old boy developed an extensive infection of his knee and distal femur following a barnyard pitchfork injury. Ultimately the primary infecting agent was determined to be Myceliophthora thermophila, a thermophilic melanized hyphomycete, rarely associated with human infection, found in animal excreta. Because of resistance to standard antifungal agents including amphotericin B and caspofungin, therapy was instituted with a prolonged course of terbinafine and voriconazole. Voriconazole blood levels demonstrated that the patient required a drug dosage (13.4 mg/kg) several fold greater than that recommended for adults in order to attain therapeutic blood levels. Conclusion: Unusual pathogens should be sought following traumatic farm injuries. Pharmacokinetic studies may be of critical importance when utilizing antifungal therapy with agents for which little information exists regarding drug metabolism in children.
Trehalose and sucrose protect both membranes and proteins in intact bacteria during drying.

The microorganisms Escherichia coli DH5 alpha and Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1 show an increased tolerance to freeze-drying when dried in the presence of the disaccharides trehalose and sucrose. When the bacteria were dried with 100 mM trehalose, 70% of the E. coli and 57% of the B. thuringiensis organisms survived, compared with 56 and 44%, respectively, when they were dried with sucrose. Only 8% of the E. coli and 14% of the B. thuringiensis organisms survived drying without the sugars. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the role of membrane phase transitions in the survival of the organisms during drying and rehydration. Both E. coli and B. thuringiensis showed an increase of 30 to 40 degrees C in the temperature of their phospholipid phase transition when dried without the sugars, while phase transition temperatures of those dried with the sugars remained near those of the hydrated cells. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscope made it possible to investigate the effects of drying on the protein structure in the intact cells. The amide II peak shifts from 1,543 cm-1 in the hydrated cells to about 1,533 cm-1 in the cells dried without sugar. There is no shift in the amide II peak when the cells are dried with trehalose or sucrose. We attribute the increased survival to the sugars9 ability to lower the membrane phase transition temperature and to protect protein structure in the dry state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photofragment Spectroscopy and Dynamics of NiOH+ and NiOH+(H2O)

Photodissociation of thermalized NiOH+ and NiOH+(H2O) are examined over the visible and near-ultraviolet using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Branching ratios and photodissociation cross sections are monitored as a function of laser wavelength. Loss of OH is the only dissociation channel observed in NiOH+, whereas loss of H2O and OH are present, and competitive, in the photodissociation of NiOH+(H2O). The photofragment spectrum of NiOH+ shows absorption bands at ∼300 and ∼400 nm. An almost identical spectrum is observed for the net photodissociation of NiOH+(H2O). Spectroscopic thresholds taken from the photofragment spectra have been corrected to yield upper limits to the 0 K bond energies for the ions: Do0(Ni+−OH) ≤ 271 ± 9 kJ/mol, Do0(NiOH+−H2O) ≤ 271 ± 9 kJ/mol, and Do0(Ni+H2O−OH) ≤ 334 ± 5 kJ/mol. Calculated B3LYP values are consistent with the experimental upper limits, but suggest that the true Do0(NiOH+−H2O) and Do0(Ni+H2O−OH) lie significantly below these upper limits. Photodissociation of Ni...
The National Archives and secondary analysis

The National Archives and Records Service and especially the Machine Readable Archives Division provide excellent resources for secondary analysis and are prepared to facilitate the process within appropriate guidelines for protection of privacy and confidentiality.
Quality in Psychiatric Training Development of a Resident Satisfaction Questionnaire

The authors describe the development of an instrument to measure resident satisfaction with training, the Resident Satisfaction Questionnaire (RSQ). A national sample of 180 residents rated 41 items regarding the relative importance of each item in determining resident satisfaction with training. The five items rated most important in determining resident satisfaction with psychiatric training were 1) quality of supervision; 2) respect of faculty for residents; 3) responsiveness of the program to feedback from residents; 4) balance of training between psychosocial and biomedical aspects of psychiatry; and 5) departmental morale. Authors discuss differences among resident subgroups. The 10-item RSQ included items rated most important by the overall group of residents and by resident subgroups. Authors present recommendations for use of the questionnaire.
Basic Training for Digital Artists in the Texas A&M Visualization Program

We provide an overview of the master of science in visualization sciences program offered at Texas A&M University. Central to this program is the intermixing of concepts, students, and faculty from art, computer science, architecture, and engineering. We explain the structure of the curriculum, and then focus on a detailed analysis of foundation courses that have been designed to make it possible for students from such diverse backgrounds to share the same advanced coursework. Illustrations are drawn from a number of examples of student project work in these foundation courses. We present practical guidelines for those seeking to implement similar courses in their programs.
Exascale System Software for the Year of the Dragon

Summary form only given, as follows. As we look to exascale systems and a new generation of computing hardware begins to take shape, new software challenges have also emerged. It is therefore an exciting year for computer scientists. We must not fear the challenges ahead, but be must be willing to break the rules to achieve our exascale goals. Node architectures are rapidly changing. Every hardware company is looking for ways to squeeze out more performance per Watt. System architects are also working on ways to integrate fast networking and memory, increase parallelism, and manage heterogeneous computing elements. Building special-purpose exascale systems from this new technology will fundamentally change many parts of our system software stack. While it may be years before disruptive and emerging technology paths become clear and architectures converge on fundamental design patterns, there are many exciting areas of advanced research that can be addressed today. Other areas are yet to be explored. This presentation will focus on the areas of system software, that code that sits between the application and the hardware, that must either evolve or be reinvented to reach our computing goals.
Development of an on-chip injector for microchip-based flow analyses using laminar flow

A new on-chip injector for microchip-based flow analyses has been designed and characterized. The microchip design utilizes separate laminar flow streams of buffer and sample that are brought into parallel contact for a distance of 300 µm. The buffer flow stream is first routed through a conventional 6-port injection valve fitted with a 5 µm i.d. sample loop. When the 6-port valve is actuated from load to inject for a given time, the on-chip buffer flow stream is constricted and the sample flow stream is pressurized into the buffer flow channel. Once the valve returns to the load state the separate laminar flow streams resume. Fluorescence detection was used to characterize the injector and it was found that 50 injections of a 100 µM fluorescein sample led to an average peak height of 174.32 ± 2.05 AFU (RSD 1.18%) and average peak skew of 1.37 ± 0.06. The injector was also interfaced with amperometric detection. Injections of catechol solutions ranging in concentration from 500 nM to 100 µM resulted in a linear response (sensitivity = 2.49 pA µM−1, r2 = 0.998) and a limit of detection of 155 nM (S/N = 3). Compared to an off-chip injection scheme, plug dilution, band broadening, and peak asymmetry are much reduced. Finally, the injection and subsequent lysis of an erythrocyte sample was demonstrated, with an injected plug of erythrocytes being lysed 5.72 ± 0.15 s after injection into a flow stream containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (n = 10). The new injection scheme does not require complex valving mechanisms or high pressures and enables reproducible injections from a continuous sample flow stream in a manner where changes in analyte concentration can be monitored with high temporal resolution.
Selecting rf amplifiers for impedance controlled LLRF systems - nonlinear effects and system implications

Several high-current accelerators use feedback techniques in the accelerating RF systems to control the impedances seen by the circulating beam. [1, 2] These Direct and Comb Loop architectures put the high power klystron and LLRF signal processing components inside feedback loops, and the ultimate behavior of the systems depends on the individual sub-component properties. Imperfections and non-idealities in the signal processing leads to reduced effectiveness in the impedance controlled loops. In the PEP-II LLRF systems non-linear effects have been shown to reduce the achievable beam currents, increase low-mode longitudinal growth rates and reduce the margins and stability of the LLRF control loops. We present measurements of the driver amplifiers used in the PEP-II systems, and present measurement techniques needed to quantify the small-signal gain, linearity, transient response and image frequency generation of these amplifiers.
Mechanistic study of secondary organic aerosol components formed from nucleophilic addition reactions of methacrylic acid epoxide

Abstract. Recently, methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) has been proposed as a precursor to an important class of isoprene-derived compounds found in secondary organic aerosol (SOA): 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) and a set of oligomers, nitric acid esters, and sulfuric acid esters related to 2-MG. However, the specific chemical mechanisms by which MAE could form these compounds have not been previously studied with experimental methods. In order to determine the relevance of these processes to atmospheric aerosol, MAE and 2-MG have been synthesized and a series of bulk solution-phase experiments aimed at studying the reactivity of MAE using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been performed. The present results indicate that the acid-catalyzed MAE reaction is more than 600 times slower than a similar reaction of an important isoprene-derived epoxide, but is still expected to be kinetically feasible in the atmosphere on more acidic SOA. The specific mechanism by which MAE leads to oligomers was identified, and the reactions of MAE with a number of atmospherically relevant nucleophiles were also investigated. Because the nucleophilic strengths of water, sulfate, alcohols (including 2-MG), and acids (including MAE and 2-MG) in their reactions with MAE were found to be of similar magnitudes, it is expected that a diverse variety of MAE + nucleophile product species may be formed on ambient SOA. Thus, the results indicate that epoxide chain reaction oligomerization will be limited by the presence of high concentrations of non-epoxide nucleophiles (such as water); this finding is consistent with previous environmental chamber investigations of the relative humidity dependence of 2-MG-derived oligomerization processes and suggests that extensive oligomerization may not be likely on ambient SOA because of other competitive MAE reaction mechanisms.
Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography of Optic Nerve Head Drusen

Objective To assess the value of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI OCT) in diagnosing and evaluating optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) compared with conventional diagnostic methods. Design Prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study. Participants Thirty-four patients with clinically visible or suspected ONHD in either eye based on dilated optic disc examination or optic disc stereophotography and without ocular comorbidity. Methods Spectral-domain OCT of the optic nerve head in both conventional (non-EDI) and EDI modes, ultrasound B-scan, and standard automated perimetry were performed on both eyes of all participants. Main Outcome Measures Detection and findings of ONHD between EDI OCT and conventional diagnostic methods. Results Sixty-eight eyes were clinically classified into 3 groups: 32 eyes with definite ONHD, 25 eyes with suspected ONHD, and 11 normal-appearing fellow eyes. In the definite ONHD group, EDI OCT, non–EDI OCT, and ultrasound B-scan were positive for ONHD in all eyes and visual field (VF) was abnormal in 24 eyes. In the suspected ONHD group, EDI OCT, non–EDI OCT, ultrasound B-scan, and VF were positive in 17, 14, 7, and 3 eyes, respectively; 8 eyes had no evidence of ONHD in any of the tests. In normal-appearing fellow eyes, EDI OCT, non–EDI OCT, ultrasound B-scan, and VF were positive in 3, 1, 1, and 0 eyes, respectively; 4 eyes had no evidence of ONHD in any of the tests. Enhanced depth imaging OCT had a significantly higher ONHD detection rate than ultrasound B-scan in all eyes (52/68 eyes vs. 40/68 eyes; P P P = 0.002). Enhanced depth imaging OCT–detected ONHD appeared as signal-poor regions surrounded by short, hyper-reflective bands or isolated/clustered hyper-reflective bands without a signal-poor core. In non–EDI OCT, posterior surfaces of the ONHD and deep-seated hyper-reflective bands were invisible or less clear than in EDI OCT. Conclusions Enhanced depth imaging OCT detects lesions likely representing ONHD more often and better assesses their shape and structure than conventional tests. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Federal R and D Spending in the United States of America: Some impacts on metropolitan economies

Malecki E. J. (1982) Federal R & D Spending in the Unitd States of America: some impacts on metropolitan economies, Reg. Studies 16, 19–35. Government R and D spending in the United States of America is highly concentrated in a small number of metropolitan areas. The effects of this spending are conceptualized in the context of technological change, and in terms of local income effects, agglomeration and spin-off processes, and inter-urban subcontracting linkages. Description of the location pattern of federal R and D spending reveals a highly agglomerated pattern in a few specialized urban regions. Inter-urban linkages through subcontracting for R and D tend to link fewer urban areas than do non-R and D linkages, reinforcing the concentrated pattern. Income change in metropolitan regions appears to be negatively influenced by federal R and D, suggesting that positive local effects are more likely derived from the more complex processes of agglomeration and spin-off.
On the evolution of coastally trapped waves generated by Hurricane Juliette along the Mexican West Coast

[1] An operational real-time eddy-resolving (1/16°) global ocean nowcast/forecast system is used to study the evolution of two coastally trapped waves generated by Hurricane Juliette along the Mexican West Coast. Results indicate that the first wave was generated along mainland Mexico and it propagated poleward as a free coastally trapped wave; it also generated anticyclonic eddies near Cabo Corrientes and the Maria Islands. Upon entering the Gulf of California the wave weakened cyclonic eddies and after reaching the shelf break north of Guaymas, it reversed direction and propagated southward along the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula (BCP). Next, the wave generated an anticyclonic eddy at Cabo San Lucas. Finally, the wave weakened while exiting the gulf and propagated northward along the BCP West Coast. The second coastally trapped wave was generated by Juliette's poleward winds along the BCP West Coast, but was subsequently greatly weakened by Juliette's equatorward winds.
Throughput analysis of a link adaptive system with H-ARQ

We analyze the throughput of a combined hybrid-ARQ and link adaptive packet data transmission system. An analytical approach is used to develop a method for selecting transmit data rates that will maximize system throughput based on available channel state information and the maximum number of allowable transmissions. Performance of the system in the presence of channel estimation errors is also analyzed. Our results show that the availability of channel state information improves system performance significantly, especially under slowly fading channels or when the maximum number of transmissions allowed is small. We also show that, at low SNR, significant gain can be achieved by incorporating the knowledge of TV, the maximum allowable number of transmissions, into our data rate selection process. In addition, comparison to simulation results demonstrates that this approach can also be used to accurately evaluate performance of practical systems.
Drawability of Complete Graphs Using a Minimal Slope Set

In this paper we will study the problem of drawing graphs with a minimum number of slopes. We willshow that the minimum number of slopes needed to draw a complete graph of n vertices is n. We will also prove that for a complete graph of n vertices to be drawn using only n slopes its vertices must form a convex polygon. Finally, we will present an algorithm which checks whether a complete graph of n vertices can he drawn using only slopes from a given set of n slopes
Haptically Annotated Movies: Reaching Out and Touching the Silver Screen

The film industry consistently strives to make the movie-going experience more immersive and more captivating, through larger screens, higher-quality images, and increasingly sophisticated speaker systems. Currently, however, presentation of movies is limited to the visual and auditory senses. Haptics provides significant potential for augmenting the theater experience beyond those sensory modalities. In this paper and the accompanying demo, we present a system for recording and annotating haptic information that is time-referenced to a movie, then replaying the recorded haptic information to a user. We discuss several user interface issues that we addressed and several scenarios that are augmented by this system.
Photochemical aging of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol: effects of OH radical sources and photolysis.

This study addresses photochemical aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from α-pinene ozonolysis. The SOA is aged via hydroxyl radical (OH) reactions with first-generation vapors and UV photolysis. OH radicals are created through tetramethylethylene ozonolysis, HOOH photolysis, or HONO photolysis, sources that vary in OH concentration and the presence or absence of UV illumination. Aging strongly influences observed SOA mass concentrations, but the behavior is complex. In the dark or with high concentrations of OH, vapors are functionalized, lowering their volatility, resulting in an increase in OA by a factor of 2–3. However, with lower concentrations of OH under UV illumination SOA mass concentrations decrease over time. We attribute this decrease to evaporation driven by photolysis of the highly functionalized second-generation products. The photolysis rates are rapid, a few percent of the NO2 photolysis frequency, and can thus be highly competitive with other aging mechanisms in the atmos...
THE EVOLUTION OF NEST–BUILDING BEHAVIOR IN APICOTERMES (ISOPTERA)

The relative non-existence of ethological fossils (with such exceptions as fossil tracks and burrows) and the transitory nature of movements and behavior patterns makes the study of the evolution of behavior extremely difficult. It is not surprising that the number of papers dealing with this subject is so small compared to the vast literature on the evolution of morphological structure. The nests of the African genus of termites, Apicotermes, present unique material for the study of the evolution of behavior. These species-specific structures are tangible products of the nest-building behavior of the entire colony, and permit an ethological study of a supraorganism in contrast to an organism. They are relatively permanent and may be studied in the laboratory at leisure. The known nests present an unusually complete phylogenetic series, and it can be expected that this series will be considerably improved as future collections fill in existing gaps. In this genus, the nests show phylogenetic relationships much more clearly than do the morphological characteristics of their builders. Emerson (1938) summarizes the attributes of termite nests as follows:
A View from the Other Side: Elders' Reactions to Intergenerational Service-Learning

Research on the effects of intergenerational service- learning has more often focused on outcomes for students than on outcomes for elders served by those programs. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the effects of an intergenerational service-learning program on elders living in a small Midwestern community. Service-learning programs may be of particular value for rural-dwelling elders because of the paucity of health and human services in rural areas and the outmigration of the young to urban loca- tions. University students were involved in friendly visiting, reminis- cence, oral history, and recreational activities with 43 elders in four community settings: a congregate meal site, a semi-independent liv- ing setting, an assisted living setting, and a nursing home. Age of re- spondents ranged from 60 to 98, with most being in their 80s and 90s. Elders were asked to discuss positive and negative reactions to the service-learning, what students and elders had contributed to each
Population structure of a vector-borne plant parasite.

Parasites are among the most diverse groups of life on Earth, yet complex natural histories often preclude studies of their speciation processes. The biology of parasitic plants facilitates in situ collection of data on both genetic structure and the mechanisms responsible for that structure. Here, we studied the role of mating, dispersal and establishment in host race formation of a parasitic plant. We investigated the population genetics of a vector-borne desert mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) across two legume host tree species (Senegalia greggii and Prosopis velutina) in the Sonoran desert using microsatellites. Consistent with host race formation, we found strong host-associated genetic structure in sympatry, little genetic variation due to geographic site and weak isolation by distance. We hypothesize that genetic differentiation results from differences in the timing of mistletoe flowering by host species, as we found initial flowering date of individual mistletoes correlated with genetic ancestry. Hybrids with intermediate ancestry were detected genetically. Individuals likely resulting from recent, successful establishment events following dispersal between the host species were detected at frequencies similar to hybrids between host races. Therefore, barriers to gene flow between the host races may have been stronger at mating than at dispersal. We also found higher inbreeding and within-host individual relatedness values for mistletoes on the more rare and isolated host species (S. greggii). Our study spanned spatial scales to address how interactions with both vectors and hosts influence parasitic plant structure with implications for parasite virulence evolution and speciation.
Lightning Shielding Analysis Model of UHVAC Overhead Transmission Line

The shielding failure analysis model by means of the leader progression model takes care of the involved phenomena mainly the propagation of the leaders and the inception and propagation of upward leader from earthed structures,which is more suitable for the lightning shielding performance assessment of UHV transmission line.But the lack of the physics background of the lightning discharge and the long air gap discharge,the leader progression models proposed by different scholars differ from each other.Consequently,the recent lightning observation results are analyzed,it is concluded that the downward leader channel model proposed by Cooray is consistent with the lightning observation result.The contrast analysis result of upward leader inception criterion indicates that the Rizk criterion and the critical corona radius conception are equivalent when the gap length is 10.0 m.The calculation result of Rizk criterion conflicts to the test result of laboratory long air gap discharge when gap length extrapolated to the actual transmission line.A new continuous upward connecting leader model based on the mechnism of long air gap discharge is proposed in this paper,the velocity ratio between the downward leader and the upward connecting leader can be approximately equal to the ratio between voltage drop per unite length of upward leader and the induced voltage increscent of conductor,a new two dimension lightning shielding failure analysis model for UHV transmission line is established which can take into account of the arbitrary terrain by using Schwarz-Christoffel transform.The lightning shielding performance of middle phase is clarified by employing this model.The lightning shielding performance of ZMP2 and ZBS2 on typical plain,slope and mountaintop area are calculated,The calculated results indicate that the lightning shielding failure flashover rate is less than the designed value 0.1 flashes/(100 km·a).
Synthesis of α‐MoC1−x Nanoparticles with a Surface‐Modified SBA‐15 Hard Template: Determination of Structure–Function Relationships in Acetic Acid Deoxygenation

Surface modification of mesoporous SBA-15 silica generated a hydrophobic environment for a molybdenum diamine (Mo-diamine) precursor solution, enabling direct growth of isolated 1.9+/-0.4 nm α-MoC1-x nanoparticles (NPs) inside the pores of the support. The resulting NP catalysts are bifunctional, and compared to bulk α-MoC1-x and β-Mo2C, the NPs exhibit a greater acid-site:H-site ratio and a fraction of stronger acid sites. The greater acid-site:H-site ratio results in higher decarbonylation (DCO) selectivity during acetic acid hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions, and the stronger acid sites lead to higher activity and ketonization (KET) selectivity at high temperatures. The hard-templating synthetic method could be a versatile route toward carbide NPs of varying size, composition, and phase, on a range of mesoporous oxide supports.
Applications of nonlinear microscopy in cellular biophysics

Two-photon excitation provides attractive advantages over confocal microscopy for three-dimensional fluorescence imaging and photochemistry, such as release of caged compounds. Two-photon excitation arises from the simultaneous absorption of two photons in a single quantitized event whose probability is proportional to the square of the instantaneous intensity. For example, two red photons can cause the transition to an excited electronic state normally reached by absorption in the ultraviolet. In our fluorescence experiments, the final excited state is the same singlet state that is populated during a conventional fluorescence experiment. Thus, the fluorophore exhibits the same emission properties (e.g. wavelength shifts, environmental sensitivity) used in typical biological microscopy studies. The most important property of two-photon excitation is that the excitation is limited to the focal volume because of the intensity-squared dependence of the two-photon absorption. This inherent localization provides three-dimensional resolution and eliminates background equivalent to an ideal confocal microscope without requiring a confocal spatial filter. Confinement of excitation to the focal volume also minimizes photobleaching and photodamage, and allows for three-dimensionally resolved point photochemistry. Cellular biophysics applications include three-dimensionally resolved, dynamic quantification of intracellular calcium activity by Indo-1, redox imaging of cell autofluorescence arising from NADH, and imaging of nuclear division by Hoechst 33342. The pulsed nature of mode- locked excitation has also been utilized to efficiently realize fluorescence decay time imaging. Finally, point photorelease has been used to marked cells in developing embryos, map receptor distributions in neural cells, and trigger local calcium release in muscle cells.
Alcoholic Dogs and Glory for All: The Anti-Saloon League and Public Relations, 1913

In 1913, the Anti-Saloon League of America declared its intention to pursue national prohibition. While it continued to adhere to its core principles of agitation, it expanded its communication efforts and entered a partnership with the Scientific Temperance Federation, a spin-off of the education arm of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The League's tactics were not necessarily new to the temperance movement -- or even to other reform movements of the time. What did set it apart was its single-minded focus on stopping the liquor traffic. Tracing through archival artifacts the League's communication strategies and tactics during 1913, then, this study contributes to a larger body of work that seeks to expand on the traditional model of public relations history.
Extreme Precipitation in Models: An Evaluation

AbstractA continental United States (CONUS)-wide framework for analyzing quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from NWP models from the perspective of precipitation return period (RP) exceedances is introduced using threshold estimates derived from a combination of NOAA Atlas 14 and older sources. Forecasts between 2009 and 2015 from several different NWP models of varying configurations and spatial resolutions are analyzed to assess bias characteristics and forecast skill for predicting RP exceedances. Specifically, NOAA’s Global Ensemble Forecast System Reforecast (GEFS/R) and the National Severe Storms Laboratory WRF (NSSL-WRF) model are evaluated for 24-h precipitation accumulations. The climatology of extreme precipitation events for 6-h accumulations is also explored in three convection-allowing models: 1) NSSL-WRF, 2) the North American Mesoscale 4-km nest (NAM-NEST), and 3) the experimental High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR). The GEFS/R and NSSL-WRF are both found to exhibit similar 24-h a...
Classification of dielectrics for electronic equipments of the armed services

The requirements of the Armed Services for dielectric materials at times are very specific. At times they appear contradictory. There are times when they appear to he farfetched and philosophical.