cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New quantitative approach reveals heterogeneity in mitochondrial structure-function relations in tumor initiating cells

Steady-state mitochondrial structure or morphology is primarily maintained by a balance of opposing fission and fusion events between individual mitochondria, which is collectively referred to as mitochondrial dynamics. The details of the bidirectional relationship between the status of mitochondrial dynamics (structure) and energetics (function) require methods to integrate these mitochondrial aspects. To study the quantitative relationship between the status of mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, matrix continuity and diameter) and energetics (ATP and redox), we have developed an analytical approach called mito-SinCe2 After validating and providing proof of principle, we applied mito-SinCe2 on ovarian tumor-initiating cells (ovTICs). Mito-SinCe2 analyses led to the hypothesis that mitochondria-dependent ovTICs interconvert between three states, that have distinct relationships between mitochondrial energetics and dynamics. Interestingly, fusion and ATP increase linearly with each other only once a certain level of fusion is attained. Moreover, mitochondrial dynamics status changes linearly with ATP or with redox, but not simultaneously with both. Furthermore, mito-SinCe2 analyses can potentially predict new quantitative features of the opposing fission versus fusion relationship and classify cells into functional classes based on their mito-SinCe2 states.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Generating an Agent Taxonomy Using Topological Data Analysis

One of the challenges with the interpretability of large and complex multiagent simulations is understanding the kinds of agents that emerge from the interactions in the simulation, in terms of agent states and behaviors. We address one aspect of this challenge, which is to generate an agent taxonomy by analyzing the simulation outputs. We show that topological data analysis (TDA) can be used for this problem by applying it to agent trajectories, and present some promising results from the analysis of a large-scale disaster simulation. The results show a taxonomy of multiple types of agents that emerge, and which can be tracked over time through this taxonomical description.
Hydration, Protons, & Onset of Biological Function: A Percolation Approach

Dry biological systems, such as plant seeds, pollen grains, animal cysts and bacteria, can be considered model systems for physical studies on intracellular water and its role as a trigger of biological functions. Despite their importance for human welfare, little is known about the physical mechanisms which enable these systems to tolerate desiccation for long periods of time, and to resume metabolic activities upon rehydration.
Examining the Influence of Work–Family Conflict on Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment Among Correctional Officers:

Correctional officers perform a unique job that can lead to various negative outcomes. Understanding factors that can have harmful effects on important organizational attitudes like job stress, job...
Mexican Migrants and the Vocabulary of Transnationalism

This article examines elements of the vocabulary of migration in one film and two works of literature, considering how representations of Mexican migrants and their migrations can either support or...
LGB individuals’ preferences for psychotherapy theoretical orientations: Results from two studies

The aim of Study 1 was to determine whether preferences for psychotherapy theoretical orientations (PTOs) differ between LGB and heterosexual persons. Eighty-four LGB and 87 heterosexual participan...
RESPONSE OF MIGRATORY SCULPIN POPULATIONS TO BARRIER REMOVAL IN FOUR SMALL LOWLAND URBAN STREAMS IN THE LAKE WASHINGTON BASIN

We examined changes in density, distribution, and size of migratory sculpins (Coastrange Sculpin [Cottus aleuticus] and Prickly Sculpin [C. asper]) in 4 small lowland urban tributaries following the removal of instream barriers. In 3 of the streams, a complete or partial barrier to upstream movements of migratory sculpins was removed. In the 4th stream where sculpin were not known to be present, the lower reach was daylighted (stream channel was reconfigured from an underground culvert to a more natural stream channel at the surface). In Lyon Creek, where a partial barrier was removed, sculpin densities upstream of the barrier site increased only slightly. Poor habitat conditions in this stream section may have limited recovery. In Taylor and Zackuse Creeks, where barriers were also removed, Coastrange Sculpin quickly colonized the stream section upstream of the barrier site and densities became similar to or higher than downstream study sections. In the daylighted Mapes Creek, both sculpin species were common throughout the new channel shortly after the project was completed. In both Lyon and Taylor creeks, body size of migratory sculpin in the upstream section decreased dramatically following barrier improvement. Prior to barrier removal, only a few large sculpin migrated upstream; whereas, after barrier removal sculpin of all sizes were able to move upstream except young-of-the-year. Our results indicate that migratory sculpin have the ability to recolonize new habitats shortly after connectivity is restored, but habitat quality may limit sculpin use of newly accessible areas.
High-Fidelity Simulation Scenario: Pediatric Sulfonylurea Overdose and Treatment.

Introduction Oral antidiabetic medications are becoming increasingly popular as the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus increases. Overdoses of these medications, either intentional or accidenta...
An operating room audit to examine for patterns of staff entry/exit: pattern sequencing as a method of traffic reduction:

Background:Surgical site infections (SSIs) are estimated at over 16,000 annually and cost hospitals an estimated $1.6 billion per year. Therefore, most operating rooms (ORs) seek methods to reduce ...
Characteristics of Patients Managed without Positive Pressure Ventilation While on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has expanding indications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation including severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite the adjunct of ECMO for patients with severe ARDS, they often have prolonged mechanical ventilation and are subject to many of its inherent complications. Here, we describe patients who were cannulated for venovenous (VV) ECMO and were taken off positive pressure ventilation. Methods: This is a primary analysis of patients admitted at a tertiary medical center between the dates of August 2014 to January 2020 who were cannulated to ECMO for refractory respiratory failure. We included all patients ≥18 years old. Patients who were extubated or had a tracheostomy and taken off positive pressure while on ECMO were classified as “off positive pressure ventilation (PPV)” and were compared to patients who remained “on PPV” while on ECMO. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes were ventilator free days at 30 days and 60 days after ECMO cannulation, time from cannulation to date of first out-of-bed (OOB), and hospital length of stay (LOS). Patient characteristics were derived from routine clinical information in the electronic health record (EHR). Categorical characteristics were compared using chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Continuous characteristics were compared using independent samples t-test or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. p-values were reported from all analysis. Results: Sixty-five patients were included in this retrospective analysis. Forty-eight were managed on ECMO with PPV and 17 patients were removed from PPV. Patients removed from PPV had significantly higher lung injury scores prior to cannulation (2.5 ± 0.6 vs. 1.04 ± 0.3; p = 0.031) and non-significantly longer duration of ventilation prior to ECMO (6.1 days ± 2.1 vs. 5.0 days ± 01.1; p = 0.634). One hundred percent (100%) of patients removed from PPV survived to hospital discharge compared to 45% who received PPV throughout their duration of ECMO management (p < 0.001). The mean ventilator free days at day 60 was 15 with PPV and 36 without PPV (p = 0.003). The average duration from cannulation to mobilization (i.e., out-of-bed) was 18 days with PPV and 7 days without PPV (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Patients taken off PPV while on ECMO had a very high likelihood of survival to discharge and were mobilized in half as many days. While this likely reflects patient selection, the benefit of early mobilization is well documented and the approach of extubating while on ECMO warrants further investigation.
Cardiovascular risk in menopausal women and our evolving understanding of menopausal hormone therapy: risks, benefits, and current guidelines for use:

Women are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with men. While traditional risk factors for CVD seem to disproportionately affect women and contribute to this disparity, increased prevalence of CVD at midlife calls into question the contribution of menopause. Given the potential role that declining hormone levels play in this transition, menopause hormone therapies (MHT) have been proposed as a strategy for risk factor reduction. Unfortunately, trials have not consistently shown cardiovascular benefit with use, and several describe significant risks. Notably, the timing of hormone administration seems to play a role in its relative risks and benefits. At present, MHT is not recommended for primary or secondary prevention of CVD. For women who may benefit from the associated vasomotor, genitourinary, and/or bone health properties of MHT, CVD risks should be taken into account prior to administration. Further research is needed to assess routes, dosing, and formulations of MHT in order to elucidate appropriate timing for administration. Here, we aim to review both traditional and sex-specific risk factors contributing to increased CVD risk in women with a focus on menopause, understand cardiovascular effects of MHT through a review of several landmark clinical trials, summarize guidelines for appropriate MHT use, and discuss a comprehensive strategy for reducing CV risk in women.
What is not real can be felt into being: affective threat in Jordan Peele’s Get Out

Jordan Peele’s (2017) Get Out presents a political critique of American post-racial discourse. Using Brian Massumi’s concept of affective fact, I articulate how the film navigates a post-race perce...
Body composition changes in physically active individuals consuming ketogenic diets: a systematic review.

Background To achieve ideal strength/power to mass ratio, athletes may attempt to lower body mass through reductions in fat mass (FM), while maintaining or increasing fat-free mass (FFM) by manipulating their training regimens and diets. Emerging evidence suggests that consumption of high-fat, ketogenic diets (KD) may be advantageous for reducing body mass and FM, while retaining FFM. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases to compare the effects of KD versus control diets (CON) on body mass and composition in physically active populations. Randomized and non-randomized studies were included if participants were healthy (free of chronic disease), physically active men or women age ≥ 18 years consuming KD ( 0.5 mmol/L) for ≥14 days. Results Thirteen studies (9 parallel and 4 crossover/longitudinal) that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Aggregated results from the 13 identified studies show body mass decreased 2.7 kg in KD and increased 0.3 kg in CON. FM decreased by 2.3 kg in KD and 0.3 kg in CON. FFM decreased by 0.3 kg in KD and increased 0.7 kg in CON. Estimated energy balance based on changes in body composition was - 339 kcal/d in KD and 5 kcal/d in CON. Risk of bias identified some concern of bias primarily due to studies which allowed participants to self-select diet intervention groups, as well as inability to blind participants to the study intervention, and/or longitudinal study design. Conclusion KD can promote mobilization of fat stores to reduce FM while retaining FFM. However, there is variance in results of FFM across studies and some risk-of-bias in the current literature that is discussed in this systematic review.
Breast and Gynecologic Tumors

Recent advances in molecular biology and molecular techniques have led to a better understanding of biologic diversity of breast and gynecologic tumors, the refinement of molecular taxonomies, the development of novel prognostic and predictive molecular assays, and the identification of new therapeutic targets. Molecular testing has become increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of breast and gynecologic tumors in the era of precision medicine. In the first part of this chapter, by using the format of frequently asked questions (FAQ), we review the roles of molecular testing in breast and gynecologic pathology, the common hereditary syndromes associated with breast and gynecologic tumors, the molecular subclassifications of breast and endometrial cancers, as well as the common biomarkers and the commonly used molecular testing in breast and gynecologic tumors. These FAQs are an attempt to provide evidence-based answers to common questions from clinicians, pathologists and trainees. In the second part of this chapter, we present four cases to further illustrate the application of molecular testing in our daily practices on breast and gynecologic tumors.
Micromechanical investigations of polymer matrix composites with shape memory alloy reinforcement

In the present work, a micromechanics model was established to predict the effective time-dependent pseudoelastic responses of composites consisting of thermoviscoelastic polymer matrix and shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforcement. The incremental constitutive equations were firstly derived for polymer and SMA, respectively, and then formulated into a unified formulation. The starting point of the proposed model is to construct a variational statement which is a potential energy functional derived from the unified formulation. On account of the nonlinearity of the composites’ behavior, the present model was developed based on an incremental procedure associated with the instantaneous effective tangential matrix of composites’ coefficients. The present model offers an efficient tool for analyzing the SMA polymer matrix composites with arbitrary number and geometry of SMA reinforcement.
Dry Etching Processes

The increase in complexity and the decrease in cost of solid state devices and integrated circuits over the past twenty-five years has been phenomenal. In large part, these trends have been made possible by a continual reduction in the minimum feature size of individual circuit elements. Currently available exposure tools and highly sensitive resist materials allow the generation of submicron pattern sizes. However, reproducible and controllable transfer (etching) of pattern in the 1 μm range is difficult if not impossible using conventional liquid etching. As a result, considerable interest in “dry” etching techniques has developed. Specifically, plasma assisted etch processes are attractive because of their unique capabilities. In the following, the properties of rf glow discharges (plasmas) are described as they relate to thin film etching [1]. Materials commonly used in integrated circuits (IC) fabrication are treated individually. Process considerations such as etch profiles, process monotoring, and safety aspects are discussed.
Radioenzymatic assay of plasma mevalonate.

Publisher Summary Plasma mevalonate is taken up by peripheral tissues, mostly by the kidneys. About one-fifth of the renal uptake of mevalonate is excreted in urine. Interest in an assay for plasma mevalonate arose after the discovery of the shunt pathway of mevalonate metabolism that links cholesterol synthesis with leucine catabolism. By contrast, the radioenzymatic assay is a relatively simple and sensitive procedure that is capable of precise quantitation of the picomol amounts of mevalonate found in 0.1 to 1.0 ml of human plasma. However, the assay of plasma mevalonate is a fairly simple procedure, once it has been set up. In the future, determination of the level of plasma mevalonate may prove to be a useful alternative to sterol balance as a means of measuring the rate of cholesterol synthesis in certain well defined applications. For example, relatively large changes in cholesterol synthesis, such as those caused by administration of bile acid binding resins or inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, can be easily detected and used to adjust dosage. However, it must be pointed out that cholesterol synthesis rates are estimated from mevalonate measurements by extrapolation from a standard curve relating mevalonate data to synthesis as measured by the sterol balance method. This approach assumes that there are no important differences in mevalonate metabolism between the group of patients (or animals) that serves as the reference group and the group under study.
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired demyelinating neuropathy in which motor symptoms generally predominate over sensory symptoms and large fiber sensory dysfunction is more common than small fiber loss. The course may either be relapsing and remitting or chronically progressive. CIDP may occur in isolation or in the context of a number of systemic disorders, including HIV and hepatitis C infection, inflammatory bowel disease, lymphoproliferative disorders and osteosclerotic myeloma. The importance of distinguishing CIDP from among other causes of peripheral neuropathy lies in the observation that a significant proportion of patients with CIDP may respond to immune-modifying therapy. In this chapter, we consider important diagnostic questions that relate to the optimal electrophysiological criteria that should be used to define the disorder and the relative diagnostic utility of sural nerve biopsy. Many different forms of immunosuppressive therapy have been proposed for the treatment of CIDP, and although some of these therapeutic modalities have been studied in randomized controlled trials, many have not. We shall also consider the evidence supporting the use of these various immunosuppressive agents as well as the prognosis for patients who are treated in this manner.
The centennial before the millennium: the journal of bacteriology as a world voice for microbiological research.

As the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) celebrates its centennial, it is fitting that ASM’s first and longest-running scientific publication, the Journal of Bacteriology (JB), should celebrate its eighty-third birthday with a sparkling new cover design for its print version and the first
Identification of the major phosphorylation domain of murine mdr1b P-glycoprotein. Analysis of the protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites

P-glycoprotein is phosphorylated in cells, and it has been suggested that phosphorylation may regulate the drug transport activity of P-glycoprotein. Domain mapping, utilizing a combination of cyanogen bromide digestion and immunoblot analysis, was used to reveal the major phosphorylation sites in murine mdr1b P-glycoprotein. After labeling of J7.V1-1 cells with [32P]Pi, or labeling membranes with [gamma-32P]ATP and either protein kinase A or protein kinase C, it was found that the majority of the label was contained within a single cyanogen bromide fragment (amino acid 627-682) that encompassed the majority of the linker region. The in vitro protein kinase C phosphorylation sites within this fragment were analyzed by a combination of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) and two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping. FABMS analysis of a protein kinase C-phosphorylated synthetic peptide, corresponding to a segment of the linker region of P-glycoprotein, identified serine 669 as the single site of phosphorylation. Comparison of two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide maps prepared from synthetic peptide and P-glycoprotein, both of which were phosphorylated in vitro with protein kinase C, revealed that serine 669 was also the major phosphorylation site in the intact glycoprotein. The in vitro protein kinase A phosphorylation site was identified as serine 681 by site-directed mutagenesis. Inspection of the gene organization and the deduced amino acid sequence of mdr1b P-glycoprotein revealed that the linker region, although shorter than the R domain (55 versus 241 amino acids), fits the operational definition of the R domain of cystic fibrosis conductance regulator. Like the R domain, the linker region is encoded by a single exon, is highly charged with alternating acidic and basic side chains, and contains several protein kinase A/protein kinase C consensus phosphorylation sites. Since the R domain is believed to be involved in the regulation of cystic fibrosis conductance regulator function by phosphorylation, it is possible that the linker region plays a similar regulatory role in P-glycoprotein function.
Purification and properties of a lipase from rat adipose tissue.

Abstract A highly purified lipase was prepared from the particulate fraction of rat adipose tissue. Although the lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of diglycerides and triglycerides of both long and short chain fatty acids, monoglycerides are not hydrolyzed. The enzyme has a marked specificity toward fatty acids esterified to the primary hydroxyl groups and hydrolyzes α,β-diglycerides 10 times more rapidly than α,α'-diglycerides. Thus, action of this enzyme would tend to promote the formation of β-monoglycerides in adipose tissue and catalyze the exchange of free fatty acids at the α positions of the triglycerides of adipose tissue.
Scaling results for the liquid sheet radiator

The experimental investigation of sheet flows has been extended to large sheets (width=W=23.5 cm, length=L approximately=3.5 m). Experimental L/W results are greater than the calculated results. However, more experimental results are necessary for a complete comparison. The calculated emissivity of a sheet of Dow-Corning 705 silicone oil, which is a low temperature (300-400 K) candidate for a liquid sheet radiator, is greater than 0.8 for sheet thickness greater than 100 mu m. >
A weighted Möbius function

Abstract Fix an odd prime l and let G be the poset of isomorphism classes of finite abelian l -groups, ordered by inclusion. If ξ : G → R ≥ 0 is a discrete probability distribution on G and A ∈ G , define the A th moment of ξ to be ∑ B ∈ G | Surj ( B , A ) | ξ ( B ) . The question of determining conditions that ensure ξ is completely determined by its moments has been of recent interest in many problems of Cohen–Lenstra type. Furthermore, recovering ξ from its moments requires a new Mobius-type inversion formula on G . In this paper, we define this function, relate it to the classical Mobius function on the poset of subgroups of a fixed group, and prove two theorems about when it vanishes. As one corollary of these theorems, we obtain an analog of Hall’s theorem on the vanishing of the classical Mobius function. As another, we obtain an infinite family of pairs of groups on which the classical Mobius function vanishes; obtaining such pairs is a group-theoretic topic of recent interest.
Catastrophic Default and Credit Risk for Lending Institutions

Mortgage insurance does insure lenders against most ordinary default: that default induced by price movements in the overall housing market. However, private mortgage insurance typically excludes coverage of the truly catastrophic default resulting from such acts of God as fire, floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, increasingly familiar in the United States in recent years. Often, these events affect a substantial portion of the houses within a particular neighborhood or region; and if disaster insurance or government aid is inadequate or nonexistent, the default is likely to occur, putting the credit institution at risk. This paper uses a two-state option model with an added jump process that accounts for the possibility and severity of a catastrophe. The paper then uses that information to determine the credit risk to a lender. In addition, this article goes beyond the standard market valuations typical of an option model in reporting the distribution of events that average up to the market cost of the lender’s liability. This involves doing probability calculations not present in the usual valuation determinations of option pricing. The point of this article is that the option-pricing methodology provides the means for calculating such probability distributions, thus improving credit risk evaluations for the lender.
Maritime training and ocean education

The author argues that the time has come for educators to modify techniques and adjust the curriculums of the maritime education process. He argues that academic institutions need the flexibility to adjust their curriculums as technology advances, not in such a way that makes them followers of industry, but rather to be leaders of technology. He concludes that financial support of the world's ocean-oriented colleges and universities from both the public and the private sector is a primary requisite for advancement in realizing and then utilizing the potential of the world's oceans. >
Production of fissioning uranium plasma to approximate gas-core reactor conditions

The intense burst of neutrons from the d-d reaction in a plasma-focus apparatus is exploited to produce a fissioning uranium plasma. The plasma-focus apparatus consists of a pair of coaxial electrodes and is energized by a 25 kJ capacitor bank. A 15-g rod of 93% enriched U-235 is placed in the end of the center electrode where an intense electron beam impinges during the plasma-focus formation. The resulting uranium plasma is heated to about 5 eV. Fission reactions are induced in the uranium plasma by neutrons from the d-d reaction which were moderated by the polyethylene walls. The fission yield is determined by evaluating the gamma peaks of I-134, Cs-138, and other fission products, and it is found that more than 1,000,000 fissions are induced in the uranium for each focus formation, with at least 1% of these occurring in the uranium plasma.
Two-Phase PIV: Fuel-Spray Interaction with Surrounding Air

The demand for improvement of combustion-engine processes leads to a great need for detailed experimental information about the complicated processes of injection, breakup and propagation of the fuel jet and the vaporization of the fuel. Thus, in the presented work it was the aim to visualize the air flow that is induced by the injected fuel jet and also to explore the air entrainment into the fuel spray. This was done using two-phase PIV (particle image velocimetry). The fuel jet was illuminated with a Nd:YAG PIV-laser and PIV analysis was done by simply measuring the elastically scattered light of the fuel droplets. For the investigation of the surrounding air propylene-carbonate doped with DCM-dye was dispersed and the droplets were added to the continuous gas flow upstream of the chamber. Scattered and fluorescence signals, respectively, were detected perpendicular to the laser sheet with a CCD camera. To detect the gas flow, the scattered light from the liquid fuel was suppressed by an OG 590 longpass filter glass that transmits the fluorescence signal of the DCM-dye. It was possible to measure both the fuel jet and the gas flow in the presence of the fuel spray and a clear separation of the two phases could be achieved. In both (fuel and air) vector pictures corresponding vortices could be identified near the air/fuel boundary layer. Maximum velocities in the jet are depending on the operation conditions up to 150ms−1 and the gas flow has typically a velocity of 1 to 10ms−1. In the region next to the injector the air was pressed away during the injection. After the end of the injection a strong fast air entrainment flow into this region can be observed that compensates the pressure difference.
Numerical Modeling of Nanostructure-Enhanced Solar Cells

This paper presents a computational study of nanostructure-enhanced solar cells. The computer model is developed based on the FDTD solution of the Maxwell equations describing the light propagation in thin film solar cells. With the model, a combination of Ag nanoparticle arrays at the top, Ag nanoparticle embedded into absorption layer and nanograting structures at the bottom of a thin film solar cell is studied. Each nanostructure is known to be capable of enhancing the solar light absorption to a certain degree, with the effect of metal particles coming primarily from the light scattering, the embedded particles from the reflection and that of back reflector from light trapping and reflection. The preliminary data from model simulation illustrate that with an appropriate combination and arrangement of these nanostructures, an increase in both short and long wavelength range can be achieved, thereby overcoming the shorting comings of each of the nanostructures when applied alone.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Phylogenetic isolation increases plant success despite increasing susceptibility to generalist herbivores

Aim Theory suggests that introduced species that are phylogenetically distant from their recipient communities should be more successful than closely related introduced species because they can exploit open niches and escape enemies in their new range, i.e. Darwin’s Naturalization Hypothesis. Alternatively, it has also been hypothesized that closely related invaders might be more successful than novel invaders because they are pre-adapted to conditions in their new range; a paradox coined Darwin’s Naturalization Conundrum. To date, these hypotheses have been tested primarily at the regional scale, not within local plant communities where introduced species colonize, compete and encounter herbivores. Location Global. Methods and Results We used community phylogenetics to analyse data from 49 published experiments to examine the importance of phylogenetic relatedness and generalist herbivory on native and exotic plant success at the community level. Plants that were categorized as ‘invasive’ were indeed less related to the recipient community than ‘non-pest’ exotic plants. Distantly related exotic plants were also more abundant than closely related species. Phylogenetic relatedness predicted herbivore impact, but in a way that was opposite to predictions, as herbivores had stronger, not lesser, impacts on distantly related plants. Importantly, these same patterns generally held for native plants, as distantly related native plants were more abundant and more susceptible to herbivores than closely related species, ultimately resulting in herbivores suppressing community-level phylogenetic diversity. Main conclusions Distantly related plants were more locally successful despite experiencing stronger control by generalist herbivores, a finding that was robust across native and exotic species. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that phylogenetic matching influences the local success of both native and exotic species and that herbivores can influence community phylodiversity. Phylogenetic relatedness explained a relatively small portion of the variance in the data even after taking herbivory into account, however, suggesting that phylogenetic matching works in combination with other factors to influence community assembly.
EMISSION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM THE PULSAR.

Dr. Ruffini gave a brief survey of the present experimental evidence for the existence of gravitational waves, and discussed the possibility that the shapes of neutron stars might depart from rotational symmetry, leading to the emission of gravitational waves.
Studies on the transplantation of spinal cord tissue in the rat. I. The development of a culture system for hemisections of embryonic spinal cord.

This paper describes methods which have been useful in the culture of hemisections of the embryonic rat spinal cord suitable for transplantation into adult rats. The essential feature of the method is the use of small molded fluoroplastic (Aclar) dishes 1 in. in diameter placed in modified petri dishes. These ‘minidishes’ are coated internally with collagen which supports explants grown in a small volume (0.25 ml) of medium in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. This assembly allows easy access to the tissue, as well as serial high resolution microscopic examination with an inverted compound microscope. Tissue can be fixed, dehydrated and embedded for light or electron microscopy directly in the Aclar minidish. Hemisections of embryonic spinal cord show vigorous outgrowth in this dish and can be maintained for extended periods (weeks) with refeeding twice weekly. Myelinogenesis and synaptogenesis occur in the cord hemisections; when explanted with dorsal root ganglia maturation of the ganglion cells occurs and peripheral myelin is formed. This culture system is also useful for the culture of multiple smaller nervous tissue explants, such as various combinations of spinal cord, cortex or peripheral ganglia.
Immersion spectrophotometry of vapor-deposited films: I. Comparison with angular reflectance measurements, and II. Aging effects

Reflection of visible light by interference films of MgF2 vapor-deposited onto vitreous substrates was studied by immersion spectrophotometry and a comparison of the measured refractive index was made with the angular reflectance determination. With a film freshly prepared on annealed vitreous substrates the two results are in good agreement. A change in the anneal of the substrate or in the deposition conditions does not alter the refractive index of the film although the reflected intensities do vary. With aging, unannealed films develop an optical anomaly which is equivalent to the conversion of a very thin superficial layer to higher refractive index. The sensitivity of reflectance by interference layers to inhomogeneity was found to be enhanced by immersion.
The heartbeat of extended clocks

We show that a combination of noise and self-organization in purely excitable media can give rise to the formation of local almost periodic pacemakers. We present numerical studies of such pacemakers and provide approximate analytic estimates of their frequencies.
Effect of wild Helianthus cytoplasms on agronomic and oil characteristics of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) productions reliance on a single source of cytoplasmic male sterility, PET1, derived from H. petiolaris Nutt., makes the crop genetically vulnerable. Twenty diverse cytoplasmic substitution lines from annual and perennial wild species were compared with the inbred line HA89 over four environments. Pairwise comparisons of alloplasmic male fertile (MF) with euplasmic MF lines suggested that cytoplasm of perennial H. angustifolius increased lodging while perennial cytoplasms of H. mollis, H. grosseserratus, and H. divaricatus reduced head size and consequently reduced yield and will need to be used with caution. Lines having annual species, cytoplasms had no effects on agronomic traits. Comparisons of CMS HA 89 with 10 CMS lines suggested yield-reducing cytoplasmic effects of perennial H. maximiliani and annual H. annuus PI 413178 and PI 413024. Cytoplasmic effects on oil percentage and fatty acid composition were minimal and should not be of concern for sunflower breeders. In general, most cytoplasms of wild annual Helianthus species accommodate cultivated nuclear genes without drastic adverse interactions, and are potential sources of cytoplasmic diversity for sunflower breeding.
Tidally driven stress accumulation and shear failure of Enceladus's tiger stripes

Abstract Straddling the south polar region of Saturn's moon Enceladus, the four principal “tiger stripe” fractures are a likely source of tectonic activity and plume generation. Here we investigate tidally driven stress conditions at the tiger stripe fractures through a combined analysis of shear and normal diurnal tidal stresses and accounting for additional stress at depth due to the overburden pressure. We compute Coulomb failure conditions to assess failure location, timing, and direction (right- vs left-lateral slip) throughout the Enceladus orbital cycle and explore a suite of model parameters that inhibit or promote shear failure at the tiger stripes. We find that low coefficients of friction ( μ f = 0.1 – 0.2 ) and shallow overburden depths ( z = 2 – 4 km ) permit shear failure along the tiger stripe faults, and that right- and/or left-lateral slip responses are possible. We integrate these conditions into a 3D time-dependent fault dislocation model to evaluate tectonic displacements and stress variations at depth during a tiger stripe orbital cycle. Depending on the sequence of stress accumulation and subsequent fault slip, which varies as a function of fault location and orientation, frictional coefficient, and fault depth, we estimate resolved shear stress accumulation of ∼70 kPa prior to fault failure, which produces modeled strike-slip displacements on the order of ∼0.5 m in the horizontal direction and ∼5 mm in the vertical direction per slip event. Our models also indicate that net displacements on the order of 0.1 m per orbital cycle, in both right- and left-lateral directions, are possible for particular fault geometries and frictional parameters. Tectonic activity inferred from these analyses correlates with observed plume activity and temperature anomalies at Enceladus's south polar region. Moreover, these analyses provide important details of stress accumulation and the faulting cycle for icy satellites subjected to diurnal tidal stress.
Decomposition of Besov and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces on the sphere

Abstract A discrete system of almost exponentially localized elements (needlets) on the n-dimensional unit sphere S n is constructed. It shown that the needlet system can be used for decomposition of Besov and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces on the sphere. As an application of Besov spaces on S n , a Jackson estimate for nonlinear m-term approximation from the needlet system is obtained.
Understanding the role of progranulin in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by severe cognitive decline and brain amyloid plaques. A new study in mouse models that develop features of Alzheimer's disease indicates that progranulin may have a role in clearing these plaques.
Psychometric Properties of Eating Disorder Instruments in Black and White Young Women: Internal Consistency, Temporal Stability, and Validity

Most of the major instruments in the eating disorder field have documented psychometric support only in predominantly White samples. The current study examined the internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent and discriminant validity of a variety of eating disorder measures in Black (n = 97) and White (n = 179) female undergraduates. Internal consistency coefficients were good (>.76) for all measures for both groups. Temporal stability across 5 months was also adequate in both groups, but with evidence for dietary restraint and subjective binge eating being less stable in Black women (e.g., for the Restraint subscale of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire [TFEQ], r = .63 for Black women and r = .82 for White women). Scores on the bulimic symptoms and dietary restraint instruments converged and diverged in a theoretically consistent pattern. Findings suggest these eating disorder measures are reliable (internally consistent; temporally stable over 5 months) and that the bulimic symptom measures of the Bulimia Test-Revised, the Bulimia subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory, and the dietary restraint measures from the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire and TFEQ demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity in Black college women.
Minor and trace elements in HF-soluble zircons

Electron probe analysis of a group of HF-soluble zircons from porphyroids of the Thuringian Forest, Germany, established yttrium, phosphorus, and iron to be the significant minor constituents. It is believed that these elements render the zircon structure HF-soluble. The Y content varies from about 6500–48000 ppm=0.83–6.10% Y2O3; the P concentrations range from a low of about 790 to a maximum of 4000 ppm=0.18–0.92% P2O5; the Fe content varies from about 400–15000 ppm=0.06–2.10% Fe2O3. Although both Y and P are distributed throughout each given grain, they are sometimes mutually enriched in growth zones. These zones are also resolved in reflected light micrographs and the electron images.
Effects of 100% oxygen breathing on the capillary filtration coefficient in rabbit lungs

Prolonged exposure to 100% O2 at 1 atm is known to result in a progressive increase of the alveolar epithelial permeability to lipid-insoluble molecules. To investigate whether the damage to the capillary endothelium precedes or follows this event, conscious, unanesthetized rabbits were exposed to 100% O2 from 24 to 66 hr, and (a) the filtration coefficient (Kf) of the pulmonary capillary endothelium in isolated, perfused lungs and (b) the arterial and carbon dioxide gas tensions and right and left heart vascular pressures were measured in intact animals. The mean value of the filtration coefficient (+/- SEM) in air-breathing animals was 0.036 +/- 0.002 ml/(min x Torr x g dry lung). After 48 and 66 hr in 100% O2, it increased by 58 and 114% from its baseline value, respectively. At the later period the lung wet/dry weight of the isolated, but not the intact lungs, increased also from 5.42 +/- .2 to 7.3 +/- .3 (means +/- 1 SEM) due to the combination of a higher capillary conductance and the lack of lymph flow in this preparation. All other variables remained normal throughout the exposure. Thus, in contrast to previous morphological findings, these results indicate that the oxygen damage to the capillary endothelium is progressive and occurs concurrently with the increase of the alveolar permeability to solute but before the appearance of pulmonary edema and the compromise of gas exchange.
Analytic Expressions for the Critical Charge in CMOS Static RAM Cells

Common trajectories associated with logic state reversal are discussed, and an analytical expression is developed for the critical charge required for single event upset of CMOS static RAMs.
Quantitative Ionspray Liquid Chromatographic/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Reserpine in Equine Plasma

A method based on ionspray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A comparison was made of the isolation of reserpine from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and by solid-phase extraction. A structural analog, rescinnamine, was used as the internal standard. The reconstituted extracts were analyzed by ionspray LC/MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The calibration graph for reserpine extracted from equine plasma obtained using liquid-liquid extraction was linear from 10 to 5000 pg ml-1 and that using solid-phase extraction from 100 to 5000 pg ml-1. The lower level of quantitation (LLQ) using liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction was 50 and 200 pg ml-1, respectively. The lower level of detection for reserpine by LC/MS/MS was 10 pg ml-1. The intra-assay accuracy did not exceed 13% for liquid-liquid and 12% for solid-phase extraction. The recoveries for the LLQ were 68% for liquid-liquid and 58% for solid-phase extraction.
Integrability and nonintegrability of quantum systems: Quantum integrability and dynamical symmetry.

In this paper we discuss the concepts of quantum integrability and nonintegrability. Based on the concept of a complete set of commuting observables and the Hilbert-space structure of a quantum system, the definitions are given for the quantum-dynamical degrees of freedom and quantum phase space from which the quantum integrability is defined. A criterion for quantum integrability then emerges; the system is integrable if it possesses dynamical symmetry. Breaking of dynamical symmetry is connected with the nonintegrability of systems and thus is the inherent mechanism of chaotic motion. A number of examples are discussed.
Superdense coding of quantum states.

We describe a method for nonobliviously communicating a 2l-qubit quantum state by physically transmitting l + o(l) qubits, and by consuming l ebits of entanglement plus some shared random bits. In the nonoblivious scenario, the sender has a classical description of the state to be communicated. Our method can be used to communicate states that are pure or entangled with the sender's system; l + o(l) and 3l + o(l) shared random bits are sufficient, respectively.
The Phonological Mind

Humans weave phonological patterns instinctively. We form phonological patterns at birth, we spontaneously generate them de novo, and we impose phonological design on both our linguistic communication and cultural technologies--reading and writing. Why are humans compelled to generate phonological patterns? Why are phonological patterns intimately grounded in their sensorimotor channels (speech or gesture) while remaining partly amodal and fully productive? And why does phonology shape natural communication and cultural inventions alike? Here, I suggest these properties emanate from the architecture of the phonological mind, an algebraic system of core knowledge. I evaluate this hypothesis in light of linguistic evidence, behavioral studies, and comparative animal research that gauges the design of the phonological mind and its productivity.
A new and automated method for objective analysis of detrusor rhythm during the filling phase

Introduction There is growing acceptance that the detrusor muscle is not silent during the filling phase of the micturition cycle but displays low-amplitude phasic contractions that have been associated with urinary urgency. Unfortunately, there is currently no standardized methodology to quantify detrusor rhythm during the filling phase. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an automated computer algorithm to analyze rat detrusor rhythm in a quick, accurate, and reproducible manner.
On the theory of a Zeeman laser

The theory of an optical maser in the presence of an external static magnetic field has been discussed recently by several authors. It is shown here that a considerable simplification of the theory results when one uses a tensor operator expansion of the density matrix describing the system.
Electron-hole liquids and band-gap renormalization in short-period semiconductor superlattices.

In short-period superlattices, excited electrons and holes are subject to a one-dimensional perturbation with spatial dimension comparable to the bulk excitonic radius and strength comparable to the bulk excitonic binding energy. We study the stability of the electron-hole liquid and band-gap renormalization as a function of the perturbing potentials (band offsets) using the density-functional approach. We find that there is no universal band-gap renormalization in superlattices, that type-II staggered superlattices are the best candidates for observing the electron-hole liquid, and that a luminescence line in these systems should show a blue shift at intermediate electron-hole densities due to a positive differential band-gap renormalization.
Numerical studies of steady, viscous, incompressible flow in a channel with a step

For many years one of the major criticisms of mathematics was that it provided no methods for solving nonlinear problems. With the development of the high speed computer and related numerical methods, this criticism is now being answered. In this paper we present a numerical method for solving a fundamental nonlinear problem in fluid dynamics. That the numbers presented actually do represent a numerical solution can be verified easily by direct substitution into the difference equations. Why the method converges is a difficult matter and is at present under study.