cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Her Own Good Name: Two Centuries of Talk About Chastity

Since the earliest days of U.S. legal history, women have sought legal redress for statements about their sexual behavior or otherwise about them as sexual beings. These female plaintiffs have typically employed defamation law to sue on the basis of communications that undermined their reputations for sexual propriety, which the law referred to as chastity. In this article, Professor Pruitt tracks women's use of defamation law from the earliest recorded cases to the turn of the twenty-first century, noting how changing society and evolving legal doctrines have altered judicial responses to these claims. Defamation law was historically highly responsive to injuries resulting from such communications, but the ways in which the media portray and undermine women are constantly shifting. Professor Pruitt focuses in particular on late twentieth century defamation cases related to chastity and sexual portrayals. She observes that courts still recognize injury to a woman's reputation from a straightforward assertion of adultery, prostitution, or certain sexually deviant behaviors. Contemporary defamation fails, however, to acknowledge or provide redress for many other statements that ridicule and demean women in relation to their sexuality. Professor Pruitt's analysis illustrates how Constitutional doctrines associated with defamation law, such as the fact-opinion dichotomy and the related protection of rhetorical hyperbole, defeat women's legal claims and obscure the dignitary injuries they suffer. As a solution to this legal oversight, Professor Pruitt argues for recognition of a new tort for technically false statements that demean or ridicule. She explains how such a tort is consistent with First Amendment jurisprudence, and she discusses how it is preferable to defamation law in terms of its candid characterization of injury as one to dignity, rather than to reputation. While she acknowledges that her proposed solution is not foolproof (and risks continuing legal regulation of women's sexuality), Professor Pruitt argues that it is nevertheless preferable to provide a remedy that women may invoke rather than to leave them entirely without the option of legal redress.
Charge relaxation dynamics of an electrolytic nanocapacitor

Understanding ion relaxation dynamics in overlapping electric double layers (EDLs) is critical for the development of efficient nanotechnology-based electrochemical energy storage, electrochemomechanical energy conversion, and bioelectrochemical sensing devices as well as the controlled synthesis of nanostructured materials. Here, a lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is employed to simulate an electrolytic nanocapacitor subjected to a step potential at t = 0 for various degrees of EDL overlap, solvent viscosities, ratios of cation-to-anion diffusivity, and electrode separations. The use of a novel continuously varying and Galilean-invariant molecular-speed-dependent relaxation time (MSDRT) with the LB equation recovers a correct microscopic description of the molecular-collision phenomena and enhances the stability of the LB algorithm. Results for large EDL overlaps indicated oscillatory behavior for the ionic current density, in contrast to monotonic relaxation to equilibrium for low EDL overlaps. Further, at low solvent viscosities and large EDL overlaps, anomalous plasmalike spatial oscillations of the electric field were observed that appeared to be purely an effect of nanoscale confinement. Employing MSDRT in our simulations enabled modeling of the fundamental physics of the transient charge relaxation dynamics in electrochemical systems operating away from equilibrium wherein Nernst–Einstein relation is known to be violated.
Why Do Firms Announce Open-Market Repurchase Programs?

Empirically, a price increase accompanies the announcement of an open-market stock repurchase program, even though the announcement is not a commitment. In fact, for many announced programs no shares are ever actually repurchased. This article explores this puzzle. In the single-firm-type version of the model, the option that a firm grants itself by announcing a program does not generate announcement returns. In equilibrium, long-run gains from the informed trading that the option creates are offset by short-run costs from the market's accounting for this adverse selection. Based on this trade-off, I construct a signaling (two-type) model that can deliver announcement returns. In the separating equilibrium, good firms do not incur any cost when they announce programs. Their gains from informed trading in the long run offset the cost of announcement incurred in the short run. Mimicry is costly, because a bad firm's long-run gains from informed trading cannot compensate for the short-run cost of announcing. The open-market stock repurchase program (henceforth "repurchase program" or "program") is a commonly used method for distributing corporate cash to shareholders. In a repurchase program, a firm buys back its shares in the market over a period lasting from months to years. In recent years, repurchase programs have become increasingly popular relative to other common forms of payout and now represent approximately 90% of the dollar value of all announced repurchases, or about the same value (compared with only 10-15% in the early 1980s) as all dividend payments.' Although they are not required to, most firms announce their repurchase programs in advance.
Airbus versus Boeing Revisited: International Competition in the Aircraft Market

This paper examines international competition in the commercial aircraft industry. We estimate a discrete choice, differentiated products demand system for wide-body aircraft and examine the Airbus-Boeing rivalry under various assumptions on firm conduct. We then use this structure to evaluate two trade disputes between the United States and European Union. Our results suggest that aircraft prices increased by about 3.7 percent after the 1992 U.S. – E.U. agreement on trade in civil aircraft that limits subsidies. This price hike is consistent with a 5 percent increase in firms’ marginal costs after the subsidy cuts. We also simulate the impact of the future entry of the Airbus A-380 super-jumbo aircraft on the demand for other wide-bodied aircraft, notably the Boeing 747. We find that the A-380 could reduce the market share of the 747 by up to 14.8 percentage points in the long range wide-body market segment (depending upon the discounts offered on the A-380), but would reduce the market for Airbus’s existing wide-bodies by an even greater margin.
A Theory of Why the Ruthless Revolt

We examine whether ruthless members of society are more likely to revolt against an existing government. The decision of whether to participate can be analyzed in the same way as the decision to exercise an option. We consider this decision when there are two groups in society: the ruthless and average citizens. We assume that the ruthless differ from the average citizens because they invest in fighting technology and therefore face a lower cost of participation. The participation decision then captures two important (and conflicting) incentives. The first is that, since participation is costly, there is value in waiting to participate. The second is that there is value in being the first mover and capturing a greater share of the “spoils of war” if the revolution is successful. Our model generates the following implications. First, since participation is costly, there is some positive threshold for the net benefit that must be met before any individual decides to participate. Second, if the ruthless do not have a significant cost advantage, then one cannot predict, a priori, that the ruthless lead the revolt. Third, when the ruthless have a significant cost advantage, they have a lower threshold and always enter the conflict first. Finally, existing regimes can delay revolution among one or both groups by increasing the cost of participation.
Transparency and Broadband Internet Service Providers

Broadband Internet Service Providers have been the subject of recent debate about the future of the Internet, with transparency being of particular concern: Are broadband ISPs (and other Internet firms) sufficiently transparent in their service offerings to customers? In this paper, I develop four principles of transparency: 1) disclose all information relevant to customer choice, 2) to which customers have easy access, 3) clearly and simply, and 4) in a way that is verifiable. I draw on experience in other industries and other regulators to illustrate these points, and I review the current state of transparency of Internet firms, including broadband ISPs, as well as the challenges they face. The point of this paper is not to recommend specific disclosure practices, but rather, to provide a framework for policy analysis.
Brand and Price Advertising in Online Markets

We model an environment where e-retailers sell similar products and endogenously engage in both brand advertising (to create loyal customers) and price advertising (to attract “shoppers”). In contrast to models where loyalty is exogenous, endogenizing the creation of loyal customers by allowing firms to engage in brand advertising leads to a continuum of symmetric equilibria; however, there is a unique equilibrium in secure strategies, and the set of equilibria converges to this unique equilibrium as the number of potential e-retailers grows arbitrarily large. Price dispersion is a key feature of all of these equilibria, including the limit equilibrium. Branding tightens the range of prices and reduces the value of the price information provided by a comparison site, and this reduces profits for platforms (such as an Internet price comparison site) where firms advertise prices. Data from a leading price comparison site are shown to be consistent with several predictions of the model.
Individual Preferences for Giving

payoff-pairs. We test these data for consistency with utility maximization, and we recover the underlying preferences for giving (trade-offs between own payoffs and the payoffs of others). Two further experiments augment the analysis. An extensive elaboration employs three-person budget sets to distinguish preferences for giving from social preferences (trade-offs between the payoffs of others). And an intensive elaboration employs step-shaped sets to distinguish between behaviors that are compatible with well-behaved preferences and those compatible only with not well-behaved cases. (JEL C72, D64)
Quantifying the Long-Term Impact of Negative Word of Mouth on Cash Flows and Stock Prices

This paper seeks to quantify the long-term financial impact of negative word of mouth (NWOM), an issue that has long challenged extant research. We do so with real-world data on firm security prices. The developed time-series models innovatively uncover (1) short-and long-term effects of NWOM on cash flows, stock returns, and stock volatilities, and (2) NWOM's “wear-in” effects (i.e., it takes a number of months before the stock price impact of NWOM reaches the peak point) and “wear-out” effects (i.e., it takes several months after the peak before the stock price impact of NWOM dies out completely). In addition, the results related to endogeneity and feedback effects from the stock market are also interesting, supporting the idea that historical underperformance in stock prices may breed more harmful future buzz in a “vicious” cycle of NWOM. After controlling for competition, NWOM's long-term financial harm becomes more destructive in magnitude, kicks in more quickly, and haunts investors longer. Overall, these findings offer some unique implications for buzz management, time-series models quantifying the financial impact of word of mouth, and the marketing-finance interface.
Creating high‐performing software development teams

With software development (SD) constituting one of the largest portions of corporate capital expenditures, an organization's capability to manage the SD process is a key success factor. Additionally, SD is increasingly an important driver of successful technology-based products as evidenced by the interdependence of software and hardware in telecommunications equipment, computers, medical devices, measurement/monitoring equipment, and industrial controls equipment. Building high-performing SD teams that utilize state-of-the-art development processes increases the likelihood that firms can compete and meet the ever-expanding expectations of stakeholders. We first introduce the generic process models of SD and then address a number of major issues that can arise in the course of building highly effective SD teams. We then identify a number of best practices that can improve SD teams, both in terms of technical and intragroup aspects, and the role that senior management can play in reinforcing effective project team behaviors. Finally, we address the concept of capturing learning from SD project teams and advance several areas for future research.
Translating Visions of Rationality into Specific Legal Reforms

This Article addresses the long-standing assumptions about reason and behavior that underlie the Federal Rules of Evidence. Specifically, the Article explores the potential value to courts of new empirical evidence from the fields of behavioral economics and social psychology. The Article is an attempt to synthesize and critique a range of possible answers to the question of how evidence law should respond to new data on human decision-making and behavior from other fields.
How rigged are stock markets? Evidence from microsecond timestamps

Abstract Using new data from the two U.S. securities information processors (SIPs) between August 6, 2015 and June 30, 2016, we examine claims that high-frequency trading (HFT) firms use direct feeds to exploit traders who rely on SIP prices. Across $3.7 trillion of trades in the Dow Jones 30, the SIPs report quote updates from exchanges 1,128 μs after they occur. However, the SIP-reported National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) matches the NBBO calculated without reporting latencies in 97% of all SIP-priced trades. Liquidity-taking orders gain on average $0.0002/share when priced at the SIP-reported NBBO rather than the instantaneous NBBO, but aggregate gross profits are just $14.4 million. These findings indicate that direct feed arbitrage is not a meaningful source of HFT profits, nor can it explain the arms race for trading speed.
Out of the Gray: The Impact of Provincial Institutions on Business Formalization in Vietnam

Scholars have long argued that institutional context significantly influences business strategy and economic performance. Research on the relationship between institutions and business strategy, however, has overwhelmingly focused on the decisions of larger, established corporations, mostly neglecting the strategic thinking of smaller, more entrepreneurial ventures. This article seeks to correct this bias by focusing the analysis directly on the critical decision of small-scale entrepreneurs to move from the informal and largely unregulated sector into operation as formal companies. Using a unique dataset and ranking of provincial governance institutions from Vietnam, the authors show that improvements in institutions make firms more likely to choose the formal sector from the start and, for those who do not, to spend less time in the informal sector. The study also finds that property rights have a more salient impact on formalization than other types of institutions.
House Prices and Fundamentals: 355 Years of Evidence

This paper examines the long-run relation between prices and rents for houses in Amsterdam from 1650 to 2005. We estimate the deviation of house prices from fundamentals and find that these deviations can be persistent and long-lasting. Furthermore, we look at the feedback mechanisms between housing market fundamentals and prices, and find that market correction of the mispricing occurs mainly through prices not rents. This correction back to equilibrium, however, can take decades.
The Evolution of a Policy Idea: How Restrictions on the Size of the GSEs’ Portfolios became the Central Issue in Reform of their Regulation

The portfolios of mortgages and mortgage-backed securities held by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have now become the central issue in the legislative battle over improvements in their regulation. But it was not always so. When the notion of improving their regulation was first advanced in 2000, the objective of those who favored tighter regulation was far more limited. Only after it was found that Freddie Mac had violated accounting rules did policy-makers—and particularly Fed chairman Alan Greenspan—begin to suggest that the only way to protect against the systemic risk associated with the GSEs was to limit, reduce or eliminate their portfolios of mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. If this approach is ultimately adopted by Congress, it will substantially reshape their business model and perhaps induce them to give up their government charters.
The Suspension Clause as a Structural Right

The central point of disagreement between the majority and dissenting opinions in the D.C. Circuit in Boumediene v. Bush, the latest in a series of challenges to the detention of non-citizen enemy combatants at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, is the question whether the Constitution's Suspension Clause applies in Guantanamo. In this symposium essay, I argue that both sides of the current debate are focusing on the wrong question because of a deeply rooted historical misunderstanding of the Suspension Clause. Retracing the original understanding of the Clause, the essay argues that the Suspension Clause was meant as a grant of authority to Congress to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in certain circumstances, rather than as a constraint on Congress's power thereto. As such, the Clause delineates the only circumstances wherein Congress may abridge the otherwise-available common law writ of habeas corpus. The problem, as the essay retraces, comes from reading together the Supreme Court's decisions in Ex parte Bollman (1807) and Tarble's Case (1872), the former of which precluded common-law habeas corpus in the federal courts, and the latter of which denied state courts the authority to issue habeas petitions against federal custodians. As I argue, although each decision is defensible on its own merits, together, they produce a constitutional conundrum vis-a-vis Congress's power over habeas corpus, and one that should limit Congress's power to completely preclude federal habeas jurisdiction over claims cognizable at common law to those cases authorized by the Constitution, i.e., Cases of Rebellion or Invasion [when] the public Safety may require it.
Extended shareholder liability as a means to constrain moral hazard in insured banks

Abstract Extended liability for bank shareholders offers a possible method for mitigating moral hazard in insured banks. The dominant approach to maintaining financial stability seeks to constrain banks’ profit-maximizing responses to distorted incentives by means of ad hoc restrictions. By contrast, extended liability seeks to create healthier incentives. We examine how a variety of extended liability regimes worked historically, and consider leading concerns about their potential disadvantages. We conclude by discussing how extended liability avoids the difficulties of both ‘microprudential and ‘macroprudential’ approaches to systemic stability.
Corporate Risk Management: Theory and Practice

As the sophistication of risk management instruments has increased, the scope of corporate risk management policy has become much broader. These instruments provide great flexibility in structuring a risk management strategy for the firm. But to realize their potential requires a detailed understanding of the instruments and their uses. This article reviews the logic of the links between risk management and value creation as well as the accumulating empirical evidence.
A Probabilistic Proof of the Spherical Excess Formula

A probabilistic proof of Girard’s angle excess formula for the area of a spherical triangle emerges from the observation that an unbounded 3-dimensional convex cone, with single vertex at the origi...
Asymptotically Optimal Control for an Assemble-to-Order System with Capacitated Component Production and Fixed Transport Costs

This paper examines a two-tier assemble-to-order system. Customer orders for various products must be filled within the product-specific target lead time, or become lost sales. A product can be assembled instantaneously if its required components are in stock at the assembly facility. The production facility for each component is geographically distant from the assembly facility, and the transportation lead time is deterministic. Each shipment of components incurs a fixed cost and a variable cost per unit. The system manager must initially commit to the production capacity for each component. Then, in response to customer orders, he must dynamically manage production (expediting and salvaging) and shipping for each component, and the sequence of customer orders for assembly (how scarce components are allocated to outstanding orders). The objective is to minimize expected discounted costs for lost sales, production, and shipping. This discounted formulation accounts for financial inventory holding costs bu...
The Importance of Reporting Incentives: Earnings Management in European Private and Public Firms

This paper examines how capital market pressures and institutional factors shape firms' incentives to report earnings that reflect economic performance. To isolate the effects of reporting incentives, we exploit the fact that, within the European Union, privately held corporations face the same accounting standards as publicly traded companies because accounting regulation is based on legal form. We focus on the level of earnings management as one dimension of accounting quality that is particularly responsive to firms' reporting incentives. We document that private firms exhibit higher levels of earnings management and that strong legal systems are associated with less earnings management in private and public firms. We also provide evidence that private and public firms respond differentially to institutional factors, such as book‐tax alignment, outside investor protection, and capital market structure. Moreover, legal institutions and capital market forces often appear to reinforce each other.
Representation and reasoning about changing semantics in heterogeneous data sources

Changes of semantics in data sources further complicate the semantic heterogeneity problem. We identify four types of semantic heterogeneities related to changing semantics and present a solution based on an extension to the Context Interchange (COIN) framework. Changing semantics is represented as multi-valued contextual attributes in a shared ontology; however, only a single value is valid over a certain time interval. A mediator, implemented in abductive constraint logic programming, processes the semantics by solving temporal constraints for single-valued time intervals and automatically applying conversions to resolve semantic differences over these intervals. We also discuss the scalability of the approach and its applicability to the Semantic Web.
An improved basket of spread options heuristic for merchant energy storage

Practitioners use the Basket of Spread Options (BSO) heuristic to model merchant energy storage as a portfolio of spread options and spot/forward sales. This method solves a linear program to obtai...
Do dark pools harm price discovery

Dark pools are equity trading systems that do not publicly display orders. Dark pools oer potential price improvements but do not guarantee execution. Informed traders tend to trade in the same direction, crowd on the heavy side of the market, and face a higher execution risk in the dark pool, relative to uninformed traders. Consequently, exchanges are more attractive to informed traders, and dark pools are more attractive to uninformed traders. Under certain conditions, adding a dark pool alongside an exchange concentrates price-relevant information into the exchange and improves price discovery. Improved price discovery coincides with reduced exchange liquidity.
Oracle v. Google: are APIs copyrightable?

Assessing the first phase of the trial based on claims that Google's Android platform infringes Oracle's Java-related copyrights and patents.
The deviance of the will: Policing the bounds of testamentary freedom in nineteenth-century America

INTRODUCTION ........ ...... 960 I. FREEDOM AND THE W ILL 966 A. The Origins of the Will 966 B. Revolutionary Revisions 969 C. Depravity and the Disposing M ind 976 II. THE OFFSPRING OF DELUSION . 985
Why Jack Balkin is Disgusting

ideals such as equal protection. When we today offer our best understanding of those ideals, we manifest the same faith. That is a kind of originalism. But it’s not the kind that conservative originalists were hoping for. Balkin thinks that faith is possible without endorsing implausible factual claims about the world. But human beings evidently vary in the degree to which they need to believe such claims in order to sustain their faith. The preacher may be vividly aware of the facts that make faith difficult, but that doesn’t obligate him to talk about them in every sermon. We live in a world in which the Constitution isn’t really a higher standard outside ourselves. It is a human construct, legitimated, if at all, by things unseen. We are, perhaps, all that the Constitution is constituted out of. Its innards are as slimy as ours. How disgusting is that? basic pattern of man’s destiny only to be allowed to find the finality of his existence in this unceasing rivalry between doubt and belief, temptation and certainty. Perhaps in precisely this way doubt, which saves both sides from being shut up in their own worlds, could become an avenue of communication. It prevents both from enjoying complete self-satisfaction; it opens up the believer to the doubter and the doubter to the believer; for one, it is his share in the fate of the unbeliever; for the other, the form in which belief remains nevertheless a challenge to him. JOSEPH CARDINAL RATZINGER, INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIANITY 46–47 (rev. ed. 2004). 48. See Andrew Koppelman, Naked Strong Evaluation, 56 DISSENT 105 (Winter 2009) (book review of CHARLES TAYLOR, A SECULAR AGE (2007)).
On the Coefficient of Variation as a Criterion for Decision under Risk

Abstract The coefficient of variation (CV) has been advocated as a measure of risk sensitivity in meta-analyses of data for risky choices by animals and humans. We examine properties of the CV measure. We demonstrate that the CV has unsatisfactory normative properties because it is inconsistent with preference for more than for less of the reward medium. Whether or not the CV succeeds as a descriptive criterion depends on its consistency or inconsistency with data. We report two experiments designed to test the distinctive properties of the CV. The experiments involve human subjects motivated by salient monetary payoffs. Data from the experiments do not support the CV as a descriptive criterion for decision under risk. We also use data from an experiment designed to test for the incidence of patterns of small-stakes risk aversion used in concavity calibration. These data also do not support the CV as a good descriptive criterion.
Distributive injustice: an ethical analysis of the NCAA’s “collegiate model of athletics” and its jurisprudence

The NCAA’s purported philosophical justifications for its “Collegiate Model of Athletics” are embedded within its seven stated “Core Values” and “Principles”, which are based on a distribution principle of strict, or radical, equality in which it is believed societal benefit or the “greater good” is achieved if universities can lawfully conspire to compensate all athletes at the same level. From this theoretical perspective, the authors scrutinize two ethical frameworks most often asserted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to justify exploitation of profit-athletes in the revenue-generating sports of Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) football and Division I men’s basketball: Classical Utilitarianism and Paternalism. From an analysis of several court rulings over the past 40 years involving challenges to the NCAA’s “amateurism” principles, the authors found, in rulings favoring the NCAA, the judges implicitly supported their decisions utilizing the NCAA’s utilitarian and paternalistic justifications for its Collegiate Model of Athletics. They recommend courts should balance considerations of utilitarianism and paternalism against normative principles of honesty, harm, autonomy, justice, and an adult individual’s fundamental right to maximize economic value and self-worth free of conspiratorial restraints.
The overblown implications effect

People frequently engage in behaviors that put their competencies on display. However, do such actors understand how others view them in light of these performances? Eight studies support an overblown implications effect (OIE): Actors overestimate how much observers think an actor's one-off success or failure offers clear insight about a relevant competency (Study 1). Furthermore, actors overblow performances' implications even in prospect, before there are experienced successes or failures on which to ruminate (Studies 2 and 3). To explain the OIE, we introduce the construct of working trait definitions-accessible beliefs about what specific skills define a general trait or competency. When actors try to adopt observers' perspective, the narrow performance domain seems disproportionately important in defining the general trait (Study 4). By manipulating actors' working trait definitions to include other (unobserved) trait-relevant behaviors, we eliminated the OIE (Study 5). The final 3 studies (Studies 6a-6c) more precisely localized the error. Although actors and observers agreed on what a single success or failure (e.g., the quality of a single batch of cookies) could reveal about actors' narrow competence (e.g., skill at baking cookies), actors erred in thinking observers would feel this performance would reveal a considerable amount about the more general skill (e.g., cooking ability) and related specific competencies (e.g., skill at making omelets). Discussion centers on how the present theoretical account differs from previous explanations why metaperceptions err and identifies important open questions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Liberating Sexual Harassment Law

Sexual harassment law and the proposed solutions to that paradigm’s deficiencies teach a disheartening and peculiar lesson to women and gender performance minorities: “You may be disadvantaged at work because of your gender or your gender performance nonconformity. Discrimination against you is okay.” This albatross has inexplicably burdened sexual harassment law for the more than thirty-five years since it emerged as a redressable form of unlawful discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Article coherently explains the reason for it. It makes a simple claim: Sexual harassment law has failed to eradicate workplace gender discrimination, not because that goal is beyond its capacity, as is frequently claimed, but because it is beyond its scope. Sexual harassment law might have changed workplace relations (for the better), but it has not made sexual harassment an anomaly because it was not meant to do so. To accomplish its task, the Article reframes the intractability of problems within the sexual harassment paradigm by viewing the law as an educative process structured by a clear curriculum. Drawing together educational literature and sexual harassment discourse, it (1) maps how sexual harassment law conforms to the essential elements of the dominant curriculum model; (2) shows how existing critiques function within that model; and (3) proposes an alternative critique of sexual harassment law that pinpoints the main deficiency of sexual harassment in its conformity to a educational model that serves to maintain the status quo and inhibit, rather than promote, liberatory social change. On this foundation, the Article argues that the challenge is to create a “dialogical” method for law in which the beneficiaries of sexual harassment law are empowered to determine what behaviors serve to entrench their marginalization and, thereby, define their world and the change they want to see in it. Through its reframing of sexual harassment law, this Article liberates sexual harassment law from its reified limitations, creating space for a legal revolution that will liberate workers.
A simple, high-throughput method of protein and label removal from extracellular vesicle samples

Evidence continues to increase of the clinical utility extracellular vesicles (EVs) as translational biomarkers. While a wide variety of EV isolation and purification methods have been implemented, few techniques are high-throughput and scalable for removing excess fluorescent reagents (e.g. dyes, antibodies). EVs are too small to be recovered from routine cell-processing procedures, such as filtration or centrifugation. The lack of suitable methods for removing unbound labels, especially in optical assays, is a major roadblock to accurate EV phenotyping and utilization of EV assays in a translational or clinical setting. Therefore, we developed a method for using a multi-modal resin, referred to as EV-Clean, to remove unbound labels from EV samples, and we demonstrate improvement in flow cytometric EV analysis with the use of this EV-Clean method.
Ancient and recent introgression shape the evolutionary history of pollinator adaptation and speciation in a model monkeyflower radiation (Mimulus section Erythranthe).

Inferences about past processes of adaptation and speciation require a gene-scale and genome-wide understanding of the evolutionary history of diverging taxa. In this study, we use genome-wide capture of nuclear gene sequences, plus skimming of organellar sequences, to investigate the phylogenomics of monkeyflowers in Mimulus section Erythranthe (27 accessions from seven species). Taxa within Erythranthe, particularly the parapatric and putatively sister species M. lewisii (bee-pollinated) and M. cardinalis (hummingbird-pollinated), have been a model system for investigating the ecological genetics of speciation and adaptation for over five decades. Across >8000 nuclear loci, multiple methods resolve a predominant species tree in which M. cardinalis groups with other hummingbird-pollinated taxa (37% of gene trees), rather than being sister to M. lewisii (32% of gene trees). We independently corroborate a single evolution of hummingbird pollination syndrome in Erythranthe by demonstrating functional redundancy in genetic complementation tests of floral traits in hybrids; together, these analyses overturn a textbook case of pollination-syndrome convergence. Strong asymmetries in allele sharing (Patterson’s D-statistic and related tests) indicate that gene tree discordance reflects ancient and recent introgression rather than incomplete lineage sorting. Consistent with abundant introgression blurring the history of divergence, low-recombination and adaptation-associated regions support the new species tree, while high-recombination regions generate phylogenetic evidence for sister status for M. lewisii and M. cardinalis. Population-level sampling of core taxa also revealed two instances of chloroplast capture, with Sierran M. lewisii and Southern Californian M. parishii each carrying organelle genomes nested within respective sympatric M. cardinalis clades. A recent organellar transfer from M. cardinalis, an outcrosser where selfish cytonuclear dynamics are more likely, may account for the unexpected cytoplasmic male sterility effects of selfer M. parishii organelles in hybrids with M. lewisii. Overall, our phylogenomic results reveal extensive reticulation throughout the evolutionary history of a classic monkeyflower radiation, suggesting that natural selection (re-)assembles and maintains species-diagnostic traits and barriers in the face of gene flow. Our findings further underline the challenges, even in reproductively isolated species, in distinguishing re-use of adaptive alleles from true convergence and emphasize the value of a phylogenomic framework for reconstructing the evolutionary genetics of adaptation and speciation.
Data-driven Characterization of Human Interaction for Model-based Control of Powered Prostheses

This paper proposes a data-driven method for powered prosthesis control that achieves stable walking without the need for additional sensors on the human. The key idea is to extract the nominal gait and the human interaction information from motion capture data, and reconstruct the walking behavior with a dynamic model of the human-prosthesis system. The walking behavior of a human wearing a powered prosthesis is obtained through motion capture, which yields the limb and joint trajectories. Then a nominal trajectory is obtained by solving a gait optimization problem designed to reconstruct the walking behavior observed by motion capture. Moreover, the interaction force profiles between the human and the prosthesis are recovered by simulating the model following the recorded gaits, which are then used to construct a force tube that covers all the interaction force profiles. Finally, a robust Control Lyapunov Function (CLF) Quadratic Programming (QP) controller is designed to guarantee the convergence to the nominal trajectory under all possible interaction forces within the tube. Simulation results show this controller’s improved tracking performance with a perturbed force profile compared to other control methods with less model information.
A Bayesian Approach for Inferring Sea Ice Loads

The Earth's climate is rapidly changing and some of the most drastic changes can be seen in the Arctic, where sea ice extent has diminished considerably in recent years. As the Arctic climate continues to change, gathering in situ sea ice measurements is increasingly important for understanding the complex evolution of the Arctic ice pack. To date, observations of ice stresses in the Arctic have been spatially and temporally sparse. We propose a measurement framework that would instrument existing sea ice buoys with strain gauges. This measurement framework uses a Bayesian inference approach to infer ice loads acting on the buoy from a set of strain gauge measurements. To test our framework, strain measurements were collected from an experiment where a buoy was frozen into ice that was subsequently compressed to simulate convergent sea ice conditions. A linear elastic finite element model was used to describe the response of the deformable buoy to mechanical loading, allowing us to link the observed strain on the buoy interior to the applied load on the buoy exterior. The approach presented in this paper presents an instrumentation framework that could use existing buoy platforms as in situ sensors of internal stresses in the ice pack.
A clarified typology of core-periphery structure in networks

Core-periphery structure, the arrangement of a network into a dense core and sparse periphery, is a versatile descriptor of various social, biological, and technological networks. In practice, different core-periphery algorithms are often applied interchangeably despite the fact that they can yield inconsistent descriptions of core-periphery structure. For example, two of the most widely used algorithms, the k-cores decomposition and the classic two-block model of Borgatti and Everett, extract fundamentally different structures: The latter partitions a network into a binary hub-and-spoke layout, while the former divides it into a layered hierarchy. We introduce a core-periphery typology to clarify these differences, along with Bayesian stochastic block modeling techniques to classify networks in accordance with this typology. Empirically, we find a rich diversity of core-periphery structure among networks. Through a detailed case study, we demonstrate the importance of acknowledging this diversity and situating networks within the core-periphery typology when conducting domain-specific analyses.
Does Modification of the Single Variable Deficit (T − G) by FR Purchases Better Measure Crowd Out, Controlling for Endogenous Loanable Funds Growth?

This chapter again tests the hypothesis that a limited portion of the total loanable funds pool, the exogenous part of the pool, namely FR open market securities purchases (Tr + A), is the only part of loanable funds pool that actually offsets crowd out effects of (T) and (G) deficits. However, this time we explicitly control for all other sources of growth in loanable funds. This helps ensure results for exogenous growth of funds (caused by Fed securities purchases ) are not conflated with other things which can cause loanable funds to grow.
Epidemiology of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is currently the third deadliest cancer in the United States and will claim an estimated 49,190 U.S. lives in 2016. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of this disease, based on nationally published statistics and information presented in peer-reviewed journal articles. Specifically, this review will cover the following topics: descriptive epidemiology (including time and disease trends both in the United States and abroad), risk factors (environmental, genetic, and gene-environment interactions), screening, prevention and control, and treatment. Landmark discoveries in colorectal cancer risk factor research will also be presented. Based on the information reviewed for this report, we suggest that future U.S. public health efforts aim to increase colorectal cancer screening among African American communities, and that future worldwide colorectal cancer epidemiology studies should focus on researching nutrient-gene interactions towards the goal of improving personalized treatment and prevention strategies.
Existence and uniqueness of bounded stable solutions to the Peierls–Nabarro model for curved dislocations

We study the well-posedness of the vector-field Peierls–Nabarro model for curved dislocations with a double well potential and a bi-states limit at far field. Using the Dirichlet to Neumann map, the 3D Peierls–Nabarro model is reduced to a nonlocal scalar Ginzburg–Landau equation. We derive an integral formulation of the nonlocal operator, whose kernel is anisotropic and positive when Poisson’s ratio $$\nu \in (-{\frac{1}{2}}, {\frac{1}{3}})$$ . We then prove that any bounded stable solution to this nonlocal scalar Ginzburg–Landau equation has a 1D profile, which corresponds to the PDE version of flatness result for minimal surfaces with anisotropic nonlocal perimeter. Based on this, we finally obtain that steady states to the nonlocal scalar equation, as well as the original Peierls–Nabarro model, can be characterized as a one-parameter family of straight dislocation solutions to a rescaled 1D Ginzburg–Landau equation with the half Laplacian.
Competitively-Issued Convertible Bank Notes in a Theory of Finance: Earl Thompson Meets Fischer Black

In this paper, I show the validity of and the relationship between two previously unrelated claims in monetary theory. The first claim, made by Earl Thompson, is that privately-issued bank notes pay a positive rate of return in a competitive equilibrium. The second claim, made by Fischer Black, is that it is possible to have a gold standard in which the gold reserves of the central bank are near zero. I first show the validity of Thompson's claim. I then show that a corollary of my result is that Black's claim is correct in a competitive market. The link between these claims is the Black-Scholes equation applied to bank notes. In commodity-based monetary systems, bank notes are perpetual American options. I extend the model to consider the implications of a lack of commitment on the part of the bank and incomplete markets. I show that both arguments break down when banks lack commitment or markets are incomplete. I conclude with implications for macroeconomic theory.
Detecting the Stealth Erosion of Precedent: Affirmative Action after Ricci

This paper presents a method for detecting stealth precedent erosion, i.e., when an appellate court majority deliberately writes the opinion in case y to reduce the scope of its precedent x, but does not expressly refer to precedent x in the opinion. Applying this method, the paper provides a strong basis for concluding that in Ricci v. DeStefano (2009), a United States Supreme Court case decided under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Court majority eroded by stealth United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979), and Johnson v. Transportation Agency (1987), both cases that read Title VII to permit employers to consider race or sex in employment decisions pursuant to affirmative action plans. In so doing, the paper contributes to research on the stare-decisis norm, fills a gap in the growing literature on the Ricci case, and identifies a critical development in the judicial treatment of employer affirmative action plans in the United States.
Acute ethanol stress induces sumoylation of conserved chromatin structural proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

All organisms experience stress, and stress adaptation is essential to survival. Eukaryotes have evolved stress response mechanisms, many of which occur via posttranslational protein modifications....
Prosecuting Executive Branch Wrongdoing

Attorney General William Barr’s handling of Robert Mueller’s Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election was undeniably controversial and raised meaningful questions regarding the impartiality of the Department of Justice. Yet, Barr’s conduct, which occurred at the conclusion of the Mueller investigation, was merely the caboose at the end of a series of controversies that were coupled together from the outset of the investigation. Ensnarled in dissonance from its inception, the Mueller investigation was dogged by controversies that ultimately compromised its legitimacy. Public trust of criminal investigations of executive branch wrongdoing requires prosecutorial independence. To further this critical objective, an investigative and prosecutorial structure must be implemented that grants a prosecutor sufficient latitude to pursue independent investigations while reigning in the exercise of runaway discretion. Indeed, at no time since Watergate has there been such a clear need for reform. This Article will explain why many of the controversies that beset the Mueller investigation can be sourced to the Special Counsel regulations—the rules that governed his appointment, as well as his investigative and prosecutorial authority. And it will explain why many of these ills can be ameliorated by enacting a modified and innovative version of the expired Independent Counsel Statute.
Nonbinary Systems: Looking towards the future of gender equity in planetary science

Gender equity remains a major issue facing the field of planetary science, and there is broad interest in addressing gender disparities within space science and related disciplines. Many studies of these topics have been performed by professional planetary scientists who are relatively unfamiliar with research in fields such as gender studies and sociology. As a result, they adopt a normative view of gender as a binary choice of 'male' or 'female,' leaving planetary scientists whose genders do not fit within that model out of such research entirely. Reductive frameworks of gender and an overemphasis on quantification as an indicator of gendered phenomena are harmful to people of marginalized genders, especially those who live at the intersections of multiple axes of marginalization such as race, disability, and socioeconomic status. In order for the planetary science community to best serve its marginalized members as we move into the next decade, a new paradigm must be established. This paper aims to address the future of gender equity in planetary science by recommending better survey practices and institutional policies based on a more profound approach to gender.