cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Si nanowire biosensor: Effects of surface and biasing on sensitivity and linearity

We present here a numerically simulated pH sensing performance of Si nanowire (SiNW) FETs. The simulation is formulated based on Fermi-Dirac, Poisson-Boltzman, site-binding and Gouy-Chapman-Stern theories. Device characteristics (Vt, SS, On/Off, etc.) and pH sensing linearity/sensitivity from simulation match well with our sensing experiments using SiNW FETs fabricated with CMOS compatible process. Our study quantitatively shows the biasing under strong inversion yields better linearity, while sub-threshold yields better sensitivity. We also show that high sensitivity and linearity would require oxide surface with high density of reactive groups and good SAMs coverage.
Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss after spine surgery: case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is infrequent, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 20 cases yearly per 100 000 people. Although multiple etiologies have been identified, infection and idiopathic SNHL are most common. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss after nonotologic noncardiac surgery is highly unusual, particularly after spinal surgery. Case Description We report a case of unilateral sudden SNHL after lumbar spinal fusion with review of the literature. Potential etiologies, treatment, and prognosis are summarized. Conclusion Multiple etiologies have been proposed for SNHL after nonotologic noncardiac surgery. Excessive positive upper airway pressure during induction of anesthesia or Valsalva maneuvers can result in SNHL from LMR. Aberrant NO accumulation in the middle ear cavity during general anesthesia with subsequent LMR is also a potential etiology, as is excessive leakage of CSF causing a form of endolymphatic hydrops. There is no definitive treatment of postoperative SNHL, although middle ear exploration may be beneficial for suspected overpressure injury to the middle ear, causing a perilymphatic fistula. Corticosteroids have been beneficial in certain cases of idiopathic SNHL; however, its effectiveness for postoperative SNHL is undocumented.
56 The Adaptive ‘Anemia’ of Severe Protein Calorie Malnutrition (Marasmus)

A reduced hemoglobin concentration with normocytic, normochromic erythrocytes commonly cocurs in severely marasmic infants. Severe marasmus has been produced in 20 piglets by feeding a balanced but restricted diet to stabilize their weight at 5 to 7 kg for up to 9 months. Eight additional piglets served as controls. Clinical, autopsy and biochemical observations show the similarity of this animal model to marasmus previously studied in human infants. Red cell indices, marrow morphology, transferrin iron, marrow iron stores and DFP32 erythrocyte life span are all normal and fail to indicate the presence of any specific nutritional deficiency that alters the production or survival of erythrocytes in marasmus. In spite of these findings the animals have a persistent but not progressive reduction of hemoglobin concentration (10 to 11 gms % compared to 15 to 16 gms % normal). Cr51 studies reveal a red cell mass deficit (16.5 ml/kg in 7 months, 6 kg pigs compared to 25 ml/kg in normal 6 kg pigs). The animals were stressed by controlled phlebotomy. A prompt erythropoietic response occurred with return to the prebleeding hemoglobin level. Small increases of food intake were consistently and rapidly followed by increased erythropoiesis as measured by reticulocyte counts, M:E ratio, and iron59 kinetic studies. On the basis of these results it is proposed that the impaired erythropoiesis in marasmus is not caused by a specific nutritional deficiency. The ‘anemia’ that is present represents an adaptation to the reduced metabollic demands of these undernourished subjects. The proliferative activity of the erythropoietic tissue may provide a sensitive measure of response to nutritional rehabilitation. (APS)
Isotopic composition of silicon in meteorites

Abstract Samples of bulk meteorites show only mass-dependent fractionation of silicon isotopes. No isotopic anomalies were found. The variation of the ratios 29 Si/ 28 Si and 30 Si/ 28 Si over the meteorite classes is small; 1%. per mass unit difference. The average Si isotopic composition for each class of meteorites is identical, within analytical uncertainties. This is quite unlike O, whose anomalous isotopic abundances in bulk samples differentiate among the classes of meteorites. The overlapping abundance ranges of Si isotopes among many classes of meteorites suggest closed-system behavior for this element prior to meteorite accretion and allow calculation of an average solar system Si isotope composition.
Response bias in community surveys of mental health: systematic bias or random noise?

Abstract This paper examines the effects on a mental health survey of three forms of response bias— naysaying, perceived trait desirability and need for social approval. It is suggested that, although these three forms of response bias may be statistically associated with either the independent or the dependent variables, it is mmore meaningful to introduce them as controls on the relation between the independent and dependent variables. Data from a moderately poor, predominately black population suggest that these three forms of response bias are statistically associated with symptoms of depression and other forms of mental illness. Nonetheless, response bias generally does not act as a form of systematic bias that invalidates the pattern of relationships observed with traditional independent variables, but instead acts as random noise.
All subsets regression using a genetic search algorithm

Abstract Subset regression procedures have been shown to provide better overall performance than stepwise regression procedures. However, it is difficult to use them when a large number of candidate variables exists. This is due to the high computational costs associated with the combinatorial nature of evaluating each potential subset. To resolve this difficulty, the use of a “Genetic Algorithm” (GA), a global optimization search procedure, is proposed to reduce the number of subsets which must be evaluated. Any of a number of popular criteria, including Mallows' Cp, MSE, R 2 , AIC, etc., can be used to drive the search strategy associated with GA. Several illustrated examples on its use are provided.
The related integral theorem in phase space: A generalization of Poisson’ theorem on constants of the motion

The related integral theorem 0 -3) is a unified method which shows that , if a dynamical system admits a symmetry, then in general a new constant of the motion will result from the deformation of a given one under this symmetry mapping. As originally formulated 0) the theorem provided a method for generating quadrat ic first integrals of dynamical systems with geodesic trajectories based upon the deformation of the metrical quadrat ic integral under projective collineations. A later generalization (3) extended the domain of the theorem to include conservative dynamical systems governed by the equation D2x~/dt2+ g"V.~= 0(~). Dynamical symmetries for such systems were called t ra jectory collineations. Based upon the deformations of the energy integral under the t ra jec tory collineation mappings addi t ional constants of the motion were obtained in a systematic manner. Application of the theory to the Kepler problem and three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator showed that the well-known RungeLenz vector constant of the motion and symmetr ic tensor constant of the motion could be obtained in a simple manner by this unified approach. In the cases thus far considered the related integral theorem has been formulated in terms of point mappings of the generalized co-ordinates of configuration space. We now show how the related integral theorem may be formulated in phase space for dynamical systems governed by Hamil ton 's equations. As a result we find tha t the wellknown Poisson's theorem on constants of the inotion (b) is a special caae of the related integral theorem. Consider a dynamical system of n degrees of freedom with Hamiltonian H(~). I Iamil ton 's equations may be expressed in the form (s e)
It is time to emphasize arraylists over arrays in Java-based first programming courses

The array is typically the first aggregate collection taught in first programming courses. Arrays are commonly introduced as a way to implement variable-sized lists, despite their fixed size and, in first courses using Java, the availability of the ArrayList class, which represents variable-sized lists directly. It appears the array has been used mainly because of ArrayList's limitations. However, with the recent release of Java 5.0, the ArrayList structure now has properties that make it the better structure for representing contiguous lists, both conceptually and in terms of implementation. We argue that it is the list structure that should be introduced first, and the one emphasized, in a Javabased first course.
Girls’ challenging social experiences in early adolescence predict neural response to rewards and depressive symptoms

Developmental models of psychopathology posit that exposure to social stressors may confer risk for depression in adolescent girls by disrupting neural reward circuitry. The current study tested this hypothesis by examining the relationship between early adolescent social stressors and later neural reward processing and depressive symptoms. Participants were 120 girls from an ongoing longitudinal study of precursors to depression across adolescent development. Low parental warmth, peer victimization, and depressive symptoms were assessed when the girls were 11 and 12 years old, and participants completed a monetary reward guessing fMRI task and assessment of depressive symptoms at age 16. Results indicate that low parental warmth was associated with increased response to potential rewards in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), striatum, and amygdala, whereas peer victimization was associated with decreased response to potential rewards in the mPFC. Furthermore, concurrent depressive symptoms were associated with increased reward anticipation response in mPFC and striatal regions that were also associated with early adolescent psychosocial stressors, with mPFC and striatal response mediating the association between social stressors and depressive symptoms. These findings are consistent with developmental models that emphasize the adverse impact of early psychosocial stressors on neural reward processing and risk for depression in adolescence.
Potassium carbonate as a potassium source and dietary buffer for lactating Holstein cows during hot weather

Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were offered diets containing .93, 1.29, and 1.53% potassium during hot weather. Cows fed 1.53% potassium consumed more dry matter than cows fed either .93 or 1.29% potassium. Milk production and composition were not different. Potassium intake and fractional excretion increased, and fecal output as a percentage of intake declined with diets containing 1.29 and 1.53% potassium. Magnesium fractional excretion was least and fecal output greatest in cows fed 1.29% potassium. Fecal sodium output and fecal output as a percentage of intake was reduced by 1.53% dietary potassium. During comparison period 2, potassium carbonate at 0, .5, or 1.0% had no effect on feed consumption or milk yield, but buffered diets increased milk fat percentage and depressed milk protein percentage. No effects of buffers on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, or digestibility of dry matter or fiber were noted. Cows responded favorably during hot weather to potassium supplementation at 1.53% of the diet, but with high dietary potassium, effects on other minerals must be considered. Chloride, although present above requirements in all diets, was greater in the highest potassium diet.
An Improved Usability Measure Based on Novice and Expert Performance

The novice–expert ratio method (NEM) pinpoints user interface design problems by identifying the steps in a task that have a high ratio of novice to expert completion time. This study tested the construct validity of NEM's ratio measure against common alternatives. Data were collected from 337 participants who separately performed 10 word-completion tasks on a cellular phone interface. The logarithm, ratio, Cohen's d, and Hedges's ĝ measures had similar construct validity, but Hedges's ĝ provided the most accurate measure of effect size. All these measures correlated more strongly with self-reported interface usability and interface knowledge when applied to the number of actions required to complete a task than when applied to task completion time. A weighted average of both measures had the highest correlation. The relatively high correlation between self-reported interface usability and a weighted Hedges's ĝ measure as compared to the correlations found in the literature indicates the usefulness of the...
The vorticity jump across a gasdynamic discontinuity

An expression is obtained for the jump in the vorticity across a gasdynamic discontinuity in an inviscid flow. This result generalized results of Truesdell (1952) and Lighthill (1957) for the vorticity behind a steady curved shock in a uniform flow and that of Emmons (1957) for the vorticity jump across a steady flame. The derivation is a dynamical one, and no assumptions on the composition or thermodynamic properties of the fluid are made. The jump in vorticity in the steady flow case is found to depend upon the jump in density and upon gradients along the discontinuity surface of the tangential velocity component and of the normal mass flow. An analogous result is found with unsteady flow.
Remnants of Romanticism: Max Weber in Oklahoma and Indian Territory

One of the most unusual aspects of Max Weber’s 1904 journey to the United States was his trip to Oklahoma and Indian Territory. This article reconstructs the origins, rationale, circumstances and results of this experience on the American frontier. Weber used the opportunity to investigate social and economic development, observing the work of the Dawes Commission, the conditions of native American life and the emerging patterns of settlement and their consequences. He discussed these matters with many of the Territory’s leading figures, such as Tams Bixby and Robert L. Owen. He viewed the transition from traditional society to modern capitalist economic conditions as inevitable and irreversible. But he also thought processes of sociation, modeled on the voluntaristic sects and supported by a worldly ethos, served as a counterweight and strengthened the fledgling democratic order.
Extensive genetic heterogeneity in the "pure" form of autosomal dominant familial spastic paraplegia (Strümpell's disease).

Three dominantly inherited "pure" form of familial spastic paraplegia (FSP) genes have been genetically mapped to regions of chromosomes, yet no specific genes or mutations have been identified (FSP1; chromosome 14q, FSP2; chromosome 2p and FSP3; chromosome 15q). We studied a "pure" form of autosomal dominant FSP family from North American of Italian descent for linkage to three dominant FSP loci. We excluded all three known loci with markers (D14S288, D14S269, D14S281, D2S352, D2S367, D15S210, D15S122, and D15S156) in our "pure" dominant FSP family. Our result suggests that dominant FSP is very genetically heterogeneous, and the existence of at least a fourth locus (FSP4) for the pure form of autosomal dominant FSP (Strumpell's disease).
Endogenous retinoids in mammalian growth plate cartilage: analysis and roles in matrix homeostasis and turnover

The growth plate contains resting and proliferating chondrocytes in its upper zones (UGP) and maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes in its lower zones (LGP), but the mechanisms by which it operates to sustain skeletal growth are not fully clear. Retinoid signaling was previously found to be nearly absent in UGP, but to be much stronger in LGP coincident with hypertrophy, extracellular matrix turnover and endochondral bone formation. To determine whether such distinct signaling levels and phenotypic events reflect different endogenous retinoid levels, the upper two-thirds and lower one-third of rabbit rib growth plates were microsurgically isolated and processed for ultrasensitive retinoid LC-tandem MS quantification. Indeed, the UGP samples contained only about a 0.6 nm concentration of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) that is the most active natural retinoid in tissues, whereas LGP samples contained nearly 3-fold higher atRA levels (about 1.8 nm). Perichondrium was quite rich in atRA (about 4.9 nm). Interestingly, the levels of retinol, the major but inactive atRA precursor, were similar in all tissues (1.1–1.6 μm), suggesting that the distinct atRA levels in UGP and LGP reflect different retinoid anabolic capacity. Indeed, RALDH2 and CRABP1 transcript levels were much higher in LGP than UGP samples. To determine the minimum effective atRA concentration, chondrogenic cells transfected with a retinoic acid response element (RARE)-luc reporter plasmid were treated with different concentrations of exogenous atRA (0–100 nm). About 3 nm atRA was needed to elicit appreciable RARE-luc reporter activity and to decrease proteoglycan synthesis and activity of an aggrecan enhancer reporter plasmid. In sum, the data indicate that (i) the endogenous levels of atRA are significantly higher in hypertrophic than upper zones of growth plate; (ii) such difference likely reflects distinct retinoid anabolic capacity; and (iii) importantly, atRA levels in hypertrophic portion are within effective ranges to elicit retinoid signaling and action, but those in upper zones are not.
Internal banding for palliation of truncus arteriosus in the neonate

A method for surgically limiting pulmonary blood flow in the critically ill neonate with truncus arteriosus is described. Two recent cases utilizing this technique are presented. Comparisons are made between this and other palliative surgical procedures used in truncus arteriosus.
A flux monitor for the Natick solar furnace

Abstract The U. S. Army Natick Laboratories solar furnace is used, to a large extent, to evaluate the thermal protection afforded by fabric systems. For these studies the exposures are short, usually one second or less. It is desirable for reliability, convenience and economy to monitor the irradiation of the target for each exposure. For various reasons—vignetting, shadowing and deterioration—it is difficult to obtain a correctly averaged measurement of the irradiance. The reflected radiation from the surface of the water-cooled shutter affords a relative measure of the irradiance at the target, immediately before and after the exposure. For this purpose, the shutter is coated with flame-sprayed aluminum oxide, which provides a stable, diffuse reflecting surface. The reflected radiation is measured with a simple photocell system, using a 929 photocell apertured to view only the water-cooled shutter. This device was calibrated by comparing the response with that of the disk calorimeters used at the furnace, and generally the monitor readings were within the limits of calibration of the calorimeters. The monitor is used to set the attenuator to obtain a predetermined irradiance, which is measured with the disk calorimeter. A series of samples is exposed, and the irradiance is verified again with the calorimeter. The long-term reflecting stability of the aluminumoxide surface eliminates the need for repeated calibration of the monitor. Monitoring improves the reliability of the exposure data and reduces the frequency of calorimeter measurements.
Yielding and shear induced melting of 2D mixed crystals of spheres and dimers

We performed constant stress and constant shear rate non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study the effects on mechanical properties of introducing varying amounts of dimers (dumbbells) in two-dimensional mixed crystals of monomers (spheres) and dimers. We observe that dislocation cages formed by blocking orientations of dimer particles introduce two opposing effects on the mechanical strength and rheological properties of such systems. Upon increasing the dimer concentration, the number of dislocations and vacancies increases, ‘weakening’ the crystal, but also the size of dislocation cages reduces, reinforcing the crystal by an effect similar to ‘grain-boundary strengthening’. In our constant stress simulations, these competing effects lead to a non-monotonic dependence of yield stress on the dimer fraction wherein it first drops and then increases. In our constant shear simulations, the crystals exhibit a plateau region in the stress vs. strain rate curves right around the yield stress values, confirming a change in dynamical and structural behavior at these points. Further, we find evidence of an unusual transitional phase before the crystal melts as shear increases: for any composition of the crystal an intermediate state is reached where a dynamic balance occurs between the rate of crystal growth (driven by thermodynamics) and the rate of melting (driven by shear). Such an intermediate state (whose onset agrees with the plateau region in the stress vs. strain curves) exhibits a heterogeneous structure and shear banding at a local level, while exhibiting a hexatic-like behavior at the macroscopic level. We also find differences in the solid and hexatic-like phases with respect to their stress relaxation mechanism, with the latter exhibiting a phase lag between the instantaneous stress and the ‘micro-structural yielding’ event.
DEPRESSION AND ATTRIBUTIONS FOR PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN COLLEGE STUDENTS

50 adult clients at college counseling centers completed scales measuring depression, attributions for their primary problem and its expected improvement, and locus of control. Subjects who were more depressed made relatively internal and stable attributions for their primary problems, were less likely to believe they would improve, and expressed more belief in the importance of chance and powerful others. As a group, subjects tended to view their improvement as more internal and controllable than the cause of their problems. The results suggest that knowledge of clients' attributions for their problems could prove relevant to the treatment of depression.
Reevaluating the Health and Nutritional Status of Maize-Dependent Populations: Evidence for the Impact of Pellagra on Human Skeletons from South Africa

Pellagra, a niacin/tryptophan deficiency disease, is prevalent in populations that have high maize/low protein diets. Historically it has been essentially a disease of undernutrition and social inequality. We offer a unique analysis of both macro- and microstructural skeletal indicators from 31 individuals known to have died from pellagra (n = 14) and non-specific general malnutrition (n = 17). These cases are part of the Raymond Dart Skeletal Collection, housed at the University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa. This sample was drawn from a mid-to-late 20th century Black South African population. These individuals were found to exhibit a high incidence of alveolar bone loss, dental caries, enamel hypoplasias, periostitic lesions, osteomyelitis, cribra orbitalia, and cranial pitting. The frequency of specific pathological indicators separated the pellagrins from those with non-specific general malnutrition; however, the indicators were not pellagra-specific. We strongly argue th...
Gain and photoluminescence spectroscopy in violet and ultraviolet InAlGaN laser structures

We report on gain and photoluminescence spectroscopy on optically pumped violet and ultraviolet InGaN and InAlGaN multi quantum well laser structures grown on sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Gain spectroscopy was used to study the optical gain and loss mechanisms in these structures. We demonstrate optically pumped InAlGaN laser diodes at 343 nm with lasing threshold at an excitation power of 0.7 MW/cm2. Sub-bandgap absorption in Mg-doped waveguide layers and absorption of leakage modes in the underlying GaN buffer layer are identified as major loss mechanism. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Soil warming accelerates decomposition of fine woody debris

Background and aims Soil warming from global climate change could increase decomposition of fine woody debris (FWD), but debris size and quality may mitigate this effect. The goal of this study was to investigate theeffectofsoilwarming on decompositionoffine woody debris of differing size and quality. Methods We placedFWD of two sizeclasses (2×20cm and 4×40 cm) and four species (Acer saccharum, Betula lenta, Quercus rubra and Tsuga canadensis )i n a soil warming and ambient area at Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts. We collected the debris from each area over two years and measured mass loss and lignin concentration. Results Warming increased mass loss for all species and size classes (by as much as 30%), but larger debris and debris with higher initial lignin content decomposed slower than smaller debris and debris with lower initial lignin content. Lignin degradation did not follow the same trends as mass loss. Lignin loss from the most lignin-rich species, T. canadensis, was the highest despite the fact that it lost mass the slowest. Conclusions Our results suggest that soil warming will increase decomposition of FWD in temperate forests. It is imperative that future models and policy efforts account for this potential shift in the carbon storage pool.
Dante and the Frescoes at Santi Quattro Coronati

It would be hard to find a more effective visual source for understanding the political ideology that underscores Dante's relationship to Boniface VIII in the Divina Commedia than the frescoes that line the walls of the Oratorio di San Silvestro in the Basilica of the Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome. These frescoes, which depict episodes from the life of St. Sylvester and his relationship to the emperor Constantine, express as their clear subtext the thirteenth-century papacy's view of the proper relationship between ecclesiastical and secular power (Fig. 1). Their vivid dramatization of these events synthesizes and, more importantly, interprets two well-known literary sources: the life of St. Sylvester that was thought to have been composed by Eusebius of Caesarea and the text of the Donation of Constantine, the Constitutum Constantini. The account of the life of St. Sylvester that is contained in the Golden Legend (probably composed around 1260) also provides a readily accessible point of reference for t...
Insights into mid-ocean ridge basalt petrogenesis: U-series disequilibria from the Siqueiros Transform, Lamont Seamounts, and East Pacific Rise

Parent-daughter disequilibria between (230Th)/(238U), (231Pa)/(235U) and (226Ra)/(230Th) (parentheses refer to activities) have been measured by thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in basalts from three tectonomagmatic settings of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 8°20′-10°N. Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) from the Siqueiros Transform, the Lamont Seamounts, and the EPR ridge crest span a large compositional range from primitive, high-MgO basalts with strong incompatible element depletions (DMORB) to typical normal MORB (NMORB) to rare incompatible element enriched basalts (EMORB) derived from a more enriched source isotopically. Concentrations of U vary from 400 ppb in EMORB while Th/U ranges from 2 in DMORB up to 3 in EMORB. The young-looking high-MgO basalts have (226Ra)/(230Th) that ranges from 3.2 to 4.2, while EMORB appear old being near secular equilibrium. Initial (231Pa)(235U) are very high (>2.5) in all of the Siqueiros basalts. Three basalts from the Lamont Seamounts have low incompatible element concentrations and low Th/U and are in secular equilibrium for (226Ra)/(230Th) while the sample located closest to the ridge axis has significant 226Ra and 231Pa excesses and minor 230Th excess. DMORB lack 230Th excess, have high excesses of226Ra and 231Pa, and resemble experimentally determined melts of peridotite at 1 GPa, implying derivation from relatively shallow level melting of spinel lherzolite at low residual porosity. Disequilibria for all three parent-daughter pairs are consistent with typical axial NMORB resulting from mixing of melts derived from heterogeneous sources, specifically 90–95% DMORB with 5–10% EMORB. The observation that all samples, regardless of tectonomagmatic setting, lie on the same mixing trend suggests that melting beneath seamounts and transforms is similar to melting beneath the ridge axis. Variations in 230Th excess over short spatial scales imply that garnet-bearing mafic veins create all of the 230Th excess observed in typical NMORB.
Spin transport in graphite and graphene spin valves

Spin transport in graphene devices has been investigated in both local and non-local spin valve geometries. In the nonlocal measurement, spin transport and spin precession in single layer and bilayer graphene have both been achieved with transparent Co contacts. Gate controllable non-local spin signal was also demonstrated in this system. For the local graphite spin valve device, we report MR up to 12% for devices with tunneling contacts. We observe a correlation between the nonlinearity of the I-V curve and the presence of local MR and conclude that tunnel barriers can be employed to surmount the conductance mismatch problem in this system. These studies indicate that the improvement of tunnel barriers on graphene, especially to inhibit the formation of pinholes, is an important step to achieve more efficient spin injection into graphene.
Partially Adaptive Estimation of the Censored Regression Model

Data censoring causes ordinary least squares estimates of linear models to be biased and inconsistent. Tobit, semiparametric, and partially adaptive estimators have been considered as possible solutions. This paper proposes several new partially adaptive estimators that cover a wide range of distributional characteristics. A simulation study is used to investigate the estimators’ relative efficiency in these settings. The partially adaptive censored regression estimators have little efficiency loss for censored normal errors and may outperform Tobit and semiparametric estimators considered for non-normal distributions. An empirical example of out-of-pocket expenditures for a health insurance plan provides an example, which supports these results.
Grain boundary stoichiometry and interactions with defects in SrTiO3

We examine the role that the atomic structure, both the terminating plane and the stoichiometry, of Σ3 twin boundaries in SrTiO 3 has on the interaction of point defects using an interatomic potential. Both factors strongly influence defect interactions with the boundary, with interactions strongest for the non-stoichiometric boundary. These results are confirmed with density functional theory. We conclude that boundary atomic structure must be accounted for when understanding the properties of oxides with a large fraction of grain boundaries.
Surgical Management of the Small Aortic Annulus: Hemodynamic Evaluation

Replacement of the aortic valve can be accomplished with ease and safety in most instances. The presence of a small aortic root, however, remains a problem in that both mechanical and stent-mounted tissue valves produce higher resting gradients in the smaller sizes. To avoid this, a technique has been developed to enlarge the aortic annulus. In a series of 253 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, 22 required division of the aortic annulus. Extension of the incision inferioily to the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and a resulting separation of the annulus facilitated implantation of a larger valve. The resulting defect is obliterated with a woven Dacron patch. Hemodynamic data obtained on 12 patients who had recatheterization one to ten months postoperatively disclosed an average resting transvalvular gradient of 13.5 mm Hg. This procedure has been used successfully in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement and heart block has not occurred. Based upon encouraging follow-up studies of the Hancock glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine heterograft, we use this prosthesis in patients with annular diameters of less than 25 mm. Our experience suggests that enlargement of the aortic annulus is necessary in a significant number of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.
Cavitation in a flowing liquid.

In this paper, I propose that the cavitation threshold in a flowing liquid could be associated with the maximum tension that the fluid can sustain before undergoing cohesive fracture at a certain point. My criterion is not isotropic; I believe that a liquid will break if the tension in one direction exceeds a threshold, independent of the value of the other principal stresses. I also believe that if a liquid breaks, it is a cohesive fracture in which the liquid molecules disassociate into vapor and recondense as mist.
59 Utility of the periphyton index of biotic integrity (PIBI) as an indicator of acid mine drainage impacts in southeastern ohio

In the Appalachian region, numerous streams are polluted with acid mine drainage (AMD). These waters are sulfate-rich with elevated amounts of total acidity, low pH, and high levels of dissolved metals. Biotic multimetric indices, such as the Periphyton Index of Biotic Integrity (PIBI) have been employed to determine water quality across a variety of environmental conditions and may prove useful for AMD impacts. This study was initiated (1) to evaluate the PIBI for distinguishing AMD impact in streams and (2) to examine whether PIBI scores are impacted by seasonal differences. Twelve AMD and three reference streams were sampled for periphyton in June, August, and October. Water chemistry was collected at least once during the sampling period. Preliminary results showed that PIBI scores were significantly different (p<0.05) among the seasons. In addition, the seasonal trends in PIBI scores among streams were not consistent. The PIBI scores were correlated with six water chemistry variables in August and with at least one variable indicative of AMD in each season sampled. PCA and UPGMA analyses of water chemistry data grouped the streams into five categories: (1) moderately impacted AMD streams with lower total dissolved solids, sulfate, total aluminum, and alkalinity, and higher sulfate; (2) AMD streams with higher alkalinity and lower total aluminum; (3) AMD streams with lower alkalinity and higher total aluminum; (4) reference streams and (5) an outlier reference stream affected by nutrients. Relationships between the groups based on water chemistry and the groups derived from the PIBI will be discussed.
SOME EFFECTS OF STIMULUS MODALITY ON WORD ASSOCIATIONS

114 Ss were administered a word-association task with stimuli presented to half the Ss in an aural mode, and to half in a visual mode. Responses were evaluated in terms of meaningfulness, quality, and structure. Qualitative and structural differences were negligible, whereas meaningfulness was affected by modality and stimulus characteristics. Interpretation of main effects was tempered by the presence of a significant interaction between modality and stimulus.
Antigenic cross-reactivity of venom proteins from hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets

Abstract The venoms of hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets have similar protein compositions. The three major venom proteins are antigen 5, hyaluronidase, and phospholipase A 1 . These proteins, which are allergens in man, have been isolated and compared for their biochemical and antigenic properties. The homologous proteins from these vespids have very similar biochemical properties that include their molecular size and charge, their amino acid composition, and, where it is applicable, their enzymatic activities. They were studied for their antigenic cross-reactivity with specific mouse antibodies. The phospholipases demonstrated no detectable cross-reactivity, whereas the antigen 5s and hyaluronidases demonstrated varying extents of cross-reactivity.
Using Social Media to Assess Conceptualizations of Sexuality

There is currently no validated model explaining the variability of sexual expression. This has created a scenario where sexuality, as a construct, is purely intuitive. Sexuality educators have frequently presented the Circles of Sexuality, a model that contends that sexuality is a combination of intimacy, sensuality, sexual health/behaviors, sexual identity, and sexualization. Adapting photovoice methodology and using the social media site Tumblr, the current analysis used this model to assess the social conceptualization of sexuality. Results indicate that the circles are unequally represented, with intimacy underrepresented and sexual identity overrepresented. Implications for sexuality educators, clinicians, and researchers are discussed.
Pseudoprime L-Ideals in a Class of F-Rings

In a commutative f-ring, an 1-ideal I is called pseudoprime if ab = 0 implies a E I or b E I, and is called square dominated if for every a E I, lal O}, x+ = x V 0, x = (-x) V 0, and [xl = x V (-x). Received by the editors August 21, 1987 and, in revised form, November 20, 1987. This paper was presented to the special session on Ordered Algebraic Structures of the American Mathematical Society on January 8, 1988 in Atlanta, Georgia. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 06F25. @1988 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/88 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Trophic interactions in soils as they affect energy and nutrient dynamics. I. Introduction

The dynamics of nutrient transformations at the soil-root interface are complex but amenable to controlled experimental study. Using a conceptual model we introduce a series of papers which ascertain the role of microfloral-faunal trophic interactions in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transformations in soil microcosms.
The Bancomat problem: an example of resource allocation in a partitionable asynchronous system

A partition-aware application is an application that can make progress in multiple connected components. In this paper, we examine a particular partition-aware application to evaluate the properties provided by different partitionable group membership protocols. The application we examine is a simple resource allocation problem that we call the Bancomat problem. We define a metric specific to this application, which we call the cushion, that captures the effects of the uncertainty of the global state caused from partitioning. We solve the Bancomat problem using four different approaches for building partition-aware applications. We compare the approaches in terms of their cushions and discuss how well different group membership protocols support the different approaches.
The use of practolol in supraventricular arrhythmias associated with acute illnesses.

Abstract Supraventricular arrhythmias complicating acute illnesses were treated with intravenously administered practolol, a cardioselective beta adrenergic blocking agent. Slowing of atrioventricular conduction resulted in rapid control of ventricular rate in 23 of 33 episodes (70 percent) in 31 patients. Profound hypotension developed in two patients, presumably as a result of interference with adrenergic circulatory support. Serum levels from 19 patients showed no correlation with response to therapy and were much lower than levels previously reported necessary for slowing of tachycardias induced by isoproterenol and exercise. Response to practolol was maximum within 15 minutes and was not improved by additional dosage sufficient to raise serum levels. Practolol was a rapidly effective and safe antiarrhythmic agent in situations in which propranolol would be contraindicated and the risk of digitalis toxicity increased; it should be considered a primary drug for initiation of therapy for Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Rifampin in Chlamydial Infections

On a weight basis, rifampin is the antibiotic most active against Chlamydia trachomatis. Because of concerns about the ease with which resistance to rifampin emerges in vitro, few clinical trials of rifampin for the treatment of human chlamydial infections have been done. In those few studies, however, rifampin has been found to be as effective as tetracyclines for the treatment of C. trachomatis infection of the male urethra or for the topical treatment of trachoma.
Rejoinder to Charles Lemert and Martin Jay

I am grateful to Charles Lemert and Martin Jay for the trouble they have taken with my essay, and for the interesting problems they have raised. Anxious to reply as concisely as possible, I begin by dealing with two criticisms by Lemert that seem to reflect an incomplete understanding of my position. First, Lemert charges that my approach neglects the biographical. He and his students, he reports, want "access to ideas through the lives of ... exceptional persons" (295) "to hear the stories of special individuals" (296). He writes of my "forceful methodological opposition to biography"; but I am conscious of no such opposition. I approvingly cited a strong example of intellectual biography, (000) and I wrote that the study of great texts and of fields must proceed interactively (278). I only proposed that (a) intellectual fields should be studied in their own right, and (b) intellectual biographies are likely to be most coherent when based upon prior studies of the relevant fields. I see no contradiction at all between the concept of the intellectual field and my special interest in intellectuals who creatively clarified the traditions in which they stood. "Fields may be entities of their own kind," Lemert stipulates; but this "does not entail that there be no place in the field for the individual" (297). We are in perfect agreement, especially because fields are networks of individual positions. The only possible difference I sense between Lemert and myself is that I care less about "stories of exceptional individuals" than about coherent accounts of their ideas.
PERFORMANCE OF A RAPID CYCLING HYDROGEN BUBBLE CHAMBER.

Abstract A small hydrogen bubble chamber consisting of a convoluted bellows and driven by a loudspeaker-like coil expansion system was developed and tested to cycling rates of 90 Hz.
Indirect assays for deoxyhypusine hydroxylase using dual-label ratio changes and oxidative release of radioactivity

Abstract Two procedures for rapid assay of deoxyhypusine hydroxylase activity are described. One of these assays measures changes in the 3 H: 14 C ratio of dual-labeled protein that results from the release of tritium from a specific position in the side chain of the 3 H, 14 C-labeled constitutent amino acid deoxyhypusine upon its conversion to [ 3 H, 14 C]hypusine. The other assay relies upon release of radioactivity from product protein by periodate oxidation of the radiolabeled side chain of component hypusine. The good correspondence of each of these assays with the ion exchange chromatographic method which measures hypusine and deoxyhypusine in acid hydrolysates of protein indicates that each provides a valid means of determining deoxyhypusine hydroxylase activity.
Volume and impact of second-opinion consultations by radiologists at a tertiary care cancer center: data.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Patients with cancer who are referred to a dedicated oncology center usually have undergone previous imaging studies that the oncologists typically desire to have reviewed by radiologists. Such reinterpretations can be complex and time-consuming, yet many institutions do not systematically account for them as part of the total workload. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the numbers and types of second-opinion consultations performed by radiologists at a tertiary care cancer center, and to assess their effect on work volume. Materials and Methods A survey of referring clinicians was undertaken to evaluate the numbers and types of second-opinion consultations requested of radiologists at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute during a 12-month period. Consultations included review of studies from outside institutions, and cases from Dana Farber in which further comparison was needed. The number of consultations requiring additional tumor size measurements was tallied. The mean daily number of new studies interpreted by radiologists was used as a benchmark of work volume. Results Radiologists performed 4,664 consultations during 254 workdays, interpreting a mean of 18 additional studies (range, 4–42) per day as a result of referrals for second opinion. These included 3,638 (78%) cross-sectional studies (ie, computed tomographic [CT], magnetic resonance [MR], and ultrasound [US] studies), 674 (14%) mammograms, 220 (5%) plain radiographs, 132 (3%) nuclear medicine scans, and one galactogram. Of the 4,664 consultations, 1,306 (28%) were performed to obtain tumor measurements, many of these involving five to 10 bidimensional calculations per study. A mean of 101 new examinations per day was performed by radiologists during the same 12-month period, including cross-sectional studies (CT and US scans) (56%), plain radiographs (34%), and mammograms (11%). MR imaging was not performed. Conclusion Second-opinion consultations increased the average daily work volume by 18%. This has implications for workforce, as well as for compensation in terms of relative value units and finances for this previously unquantified service.
Interaction of tyrosyl, histidyl, and tryptophanyl peptides with DNA: specificity and mechanism of the interaction

Abstract In the Tyr-(Gly)1-4-Tyr series maximal thermal stabilization of calf thymus DNA (δTm=10°) occurred with the Tyr-(Gly)2-Tyr peptide, where three base pairs could separate the two tyrosyl residues. Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Tyr stabilized the DNA by 6°. The alternating Trp-Gly-Trp-Gly-Trp and His-Gly-His-Gly-His peptides were equally as effective as the Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Tyr peptide in stabilizing calf thymus DNA against thermal denaturation. But the alternating Phe-Gly-Phe-Gly-Phe peptide afforded little stabilization, suggesting that a sidechain possessing both a conjugated π-electron system and an electron donor atom is necessary for DNA stabilization. Introduction of electron withdrawing iodo or nitro group into the tyrosyl sidechains almost completely abolished the stabilizing effect. Although the tyrosyl peptides seem to be specific for GC-base pairs, no correlation was found in natural DNA between% GC and% thermal stabilization. Eukaryotic DNAs showed twice the stabilization of prokaryotic DNAs with the same GC content.
Ion Exchange of the Layered Perovskite KCa2Nb3O10 by Protons.

Abstract The alkali cations in the layered perovskites MCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 (M ≡ K, Rb, Cs) are exchanged by protons in aqueous acid in a topochemical reaction to give HCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 . The unit cell of HCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 , as determined from powder X-ray diffraction, is tetragonal with a = 3.851 A and c = 14.38 A and contains one formula unit. The anhydrous hydrogen compound hydrates to form a composition HCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 ·1.5H 2 O which is also tetragonal with a = 3.854 A and c = 16.23 A . The hydration-dehydration behavior at 24 °C as a function of the partial water pressure shows significant hysteresis as a result of the expansion and contraction of the unit cell along the c axis.
Dual regulation of neuronal morphogenesis by a δ-catenin–cortactin complex and Rho

δ-Catenin is a neuronal protein that contains 10 Armadillo motifs and binds to the juxtamembrane segment of classical cadherins. We report that δ-catenin interacts with cortactin in a tyrosine phosphorylation–dependent manner. This interaction occurs within a region of the δ-catenin sequence that is also essential for the neurite elongation effects. Src family kinases can phosphorylate δ-catenin and bind to δ-catenin through its polyproline tract. Under conditions when tyrosine phosphorylation is reduced, δ-catenin binds to cortactin and cells extend unbranched primary processes. Conversely, increasing tyrosine phosphorylation disrupts the δ-catenin–cortactin complex. When RhoA is inhibited, δ-catenin enhances the effects of Rho inhibition on branching. We conclude that δ-catenin contributes to setting a balance between neurite elongation and branching in the elaboration of a complex dendritic tree.