cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classroom mathematical practices and gesturing

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a methodological approach for empirically investigating the function of gesturing in the collective development of knowledge. We extend the earlier work of Stephan and Rasmussen [Stephan, M., & Rasmussen, C. (2002). Classroom mathematical practices in differential equations. Journal of Mathematical Behavior 21, 459–490] who analyzed classroom discourse and symbolizing to document the emergence of six classroom mathematical practices over the course of 22 days of instruction on first-order differential equations. We complement and extend this previous analysis by re-examining the same data for gesturing and coordinate this analysis with the evolution of the classroom mathematical practices as they developed in this particular community of learners. Our illustration of the methodology we developed suggests that (1) gestures and argumentation can function as a unit that supports the establishment of one or more taken-as-shared ideas, and (2) that a gesture/argumentation pair that develops while establishing one practice can change function to support the establishment of ideas embedded in other classroom mathematical practices.
Endomorphisms of bounded height and resultant

Abstract Let K be an algebraic number field and B ≥ 1 . For an endomorphism φ : P n → P n defined over K of degree d let R φ ⊂ O K denote its minimal resultant ideal. For a fixed height function h M d n on the moduli space of dynamical systems this paper shows that all such morphisms φ of bounded resultant N K / Q ( R φ ) ≤ B and bounded height h M d n ( 〈 φ 〉 ) ≤ B are contained in finitely many PGL n + 1 ( K ) -equivalence classes. This answers a question of Silverman in the affirmative.
DEA Malmquist productivity measure: New insights with an application to computer industry

Abstract Data envelopment analysis (DEA) measures the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. DEA-based Malmquist productivity index measures the productivity change over time. The DEA-based Malmquist productivity index can be decomposed into two components: one measuring the technical change and the other measuring the frontier shift. In the current study, we provide an extension to the DEA-based Malmquist approach by further analyzing these two Malmquist components. Our proposed new approach not only reveals patterns of productivity change and presents a new interpretation along with the managerial implication of each Malmquist component, but also identifies the strategy shifts of individual DMUs based upon isoquant changes. We can make judgments on whether or not such strategy shifts are favorable and promising. The approach is illustrated with a set of Fortune Global 500 Computer and Office Equipment companies from 1991 to 1997.
in situ sampling and transmission electron microscope analysis of soot in the flame zone of large pool fires

To assess assumptions invoked in experimental optical techniques and fire field model heat transfer calculations, and to provide additional insight into soot formation, transport processes, and oxidation processes, soot samples were obtained within the flame zone of 1 m and 5 m JP-8 pool fires and studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to determine primary particle size and aggregate structure. These studies are of particular interest because previous works have been limited to smaller flames or the overfire region of large fires. The results show primary mean particle sizes of 38.8 nm with a standard deviation of 15.6 nm for the 1-m fires and 43.8 nm with a standard deviation of 23.8 nm for the 5-m fires. Particles between 100 and 150 nm in diameter were only observed in the 5-m fires. Soot was present in the form of wispy-chain aggregates, each of which contains an approximately uniform size of primary particles. Analysis of the measured size distributions indicates the potential for significant deviation of radiative properties from those associated with the Rayleigh small particle assumption. For very large aggregates, scattering can comprise up to 17% of the Planck-mean extinction at a temperature of 1600 K, and up to 36% of the extinction at a wavelength of 632 nm. Overall, the trends in the data are consistent with the formation of soot on the fuel-rich side of the flame sheet and subsequent agglomeration upon local flame interface extinction.
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test in the Domestic Fowl (Chicken)

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test was developed by Westergren (1920, 1926) as a prognostic clinical aid in medicine and its value to the veterinary profession, principally in the dog and cat, has been amply demonstrated (Schalm, 1961). The ESR of birds has been studied previously by Redmond et al. (1951), Ponder (1925), Grundboeck (1960), Swenson (1951), Gray et al. (1954), Gilbert (1962), Sturkie and Textor (1958, 1960), Goff et al. (1953), and Dittmer (1961). However, the value of the ESR in the chicken as a physiological or medical aid has not been made clear. For the studies reported herein, erythrocyte sedimentation was observed in avian whole blood, and in artificial avian erythrocyte suspensions. The objective was the identification of factors contributing to the nature of the system, and their influence on the ESR test in the chicken. METHODS AND MATERIALS By standard methods (Wintrobe and Landsberg, 1935) the …
Temporal behavior of microplasma and its coupling phenomena in silicon channel devices

Summary form only given. The spatiotemporal behavior of microplasmas produced with a silicon microchannel device having a transverse electrode structure has been studied by optical microscopy. For the experiments reported here, the microchannels have a width of 50 µm and a depth of ∼30 µm, and are fabricated in a 380 µm thick Si wafer, Along the rim of the channel is deposited a metal film electrode that is periodic having a square wave pattern and an edge-to-edge spacing of 50 µm. The channel and electrodes are overcoated with a multi-dielectric film stack to yield a micro dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device.
Nuclear matter incompressibility coefficient and giant monopole resonance

Abstract We examine the current status of nuclear matter incompressibility coefficient, K nm , deduced from experimental data on the strength function of the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) in nuclei. We review the results obtained by using a microscopic (continuum) random phase approximation (RPA) calculation and by using a semi-empirical expansion of the nucleus incompressibility coefficient K A in A − 1 3 . We discuss the accuracy of the semi-empirical expansion and present arguments indicating that all the coefficients in this expansion must be determined by a fit to the data. Contrary to recent claims, the present complete data set is not adequate to limit the range of K nm to better than 200–350 MeV when employing the semi-empirical approach.
Algorithms for the calculation of Hadamard-Walsh spectrum for completely and incompletely specified Boolean functions

The authors describe two algorithms for the calculation of the forward Hadamard-Walsh transform for completely and incompletely specified Boolean functions. The first method is based on direct manipulation from Karnaugh maps. The conversion starts from Karnaugh maps and results in Hadamard-Walsh spectral coefficients. The second algorithm makes use of the properties of a disjoint-cube-array representation of Boolean functions. >
Structural Dynamics by Time-Reolved EPR and Transient Time-Resolved FRET: Application to Myosin

We have used three complementary spectroscopic techniques, pulsed EPR (DEER), time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) and transient time-resolved FRET [(TR)2FRET], to elucidate the mechanisms of energy transduction in myosin - an important motility protein involved in a variety of processes including muscle contraction. We engineered two double-Cys myosin mutants that were labeled with optical probes or spin labels, and determined structural changes in a single structural element of the myosin motor domain, the relay helix, as affected by nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. In all cases, time-domain detection permitted the reliable determination of the interprobe distance distribution, quantitating both order and disorder, and resolving coexisting structural states. While DEER offered superior distance resolution, (TR)2FRET permitted detection of transient structural changes after rapid mixing (stopped-flow) with ATP. All methods demonstrated two structural states of myosin during the recovery stroke, corresponding to straight and bent conformations of the relay helix, in parallel with straight and bent conformations of the entire myosin head. A narrower interprobe distance distribution in the post-recovery state shows ordering of the relay helix structure during the recovery stroke. These experiments reveal changes in both structure and dynamics of the relay helix and identify it as a key player in the interdomain coupling mechanism. This methodology is applicable to any enzyme in which double Cys mutants can be engineered in a key region of energy transduction, permitting resolution of structural states and dynamics in real time during the transient phase of a biochemical reaction.
Properties of amorphous silicon produced by ion implantation: Thermal annealing

Abstract The refractive index, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal strength and density of amorphous silicon were measured as a function of 500°C isothermal annealing time. The EPR signal was found to be correlated with two distinct optical states of amorphous silicon that were previously reported. One state is the as-implanted state which has a refractive index 12% larger than crystalline silicon. The other state is stabilized after thermal annealing and has a refractive index 8% larger than crystalline silicon and an EPR signal strength a factor of three smaller than the first state. This state is stable until epitaxial recrystallization occurs. No correlation is found with the amorphous silicon density.
Silica nanoparticle crystals and ordered coatings using lys-sil and a novel coating device.

Silica nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution and controlled diameters of 10−20 nm are synthesized via hydrolysis and hydrothermal aging of tetraethylorthosilicate in an aqueous l-lysine solution. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) reveals that the silica nanoparticles assemble to form close-packed nanoparticle crystals over short length scales on carbon-coated grids. Evaporative drying of the same sols results in nanoparticle stability and remarkable long-range facile ordering of the silica nanoparticles over scales greater than 10 μm. Whereas small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) discount the possibility of a core (silica)−shell (lysine) structure, the possibility remains for lysine occlusion within the silica nanoparticles and concomitant hydrogen bonding effects driving self-assembly. Facile ordering of the silica nanoparticles into multilayer and monolayer coatings over square-centimeter areas by evaporation-induced self-assembly i...
Three-dimensional electrophoretic NMR correlation spectroscopy.

Abstract A novel method of three-dimensional electrophoretic NMR correlation spectroscopy (3D EP-COSY) has been proposed, developed, and implemented. It has a demonstrated potential of facilitating simultaneous structural assignments of multiple proteins in mixtures. The principle is to add a pulsed DC electric field that introduces a new dimension of electrophoretic flow, in which resonances of different molecules can be separated by their electrophoretic migration rates without physical separation. As a result, two COSY spectra were simultaneously obtained in a single 3D EP-COSY experiment from a mixture of 150 mM l -aspartic acid and 148 mM 4,9-dioxa-1,12-dodecanediamine with concurrent resolution of their chemical shifts and J-coupling constants. This approach creates a new horizon of multidimensional electrophoretic NMR. The technical advance opens doors for structure characterization of complex protein systems and protein interactions, which are at the basis of biochemical mechanisms and the phenomena of living systems.
The Prognosis in Alzheimer's Disease: 'How Far' Rather Than 'How Fast' Best Predicts the Course

• Clinical features at the initial examination of 42 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease were tested for prognostic value at subsequent follow-up of 54 ± 25 months. These potential prognostic features were of three types: degree of severity features (eg, IQ scores); variable clinical features (eg, extrapyramidal signs); and individual distinguishing features (eg, gender, education, and age). The power of these potential prognostic features to predict prognosis was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier life-tables method and the Cox proportional hazards model. Three clinical end points were considered: total dependence in activities of daily living; incontinence; and institutionalization at follow-up. Degree of severity features (subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Clinical Severity Score) predicted subsequent dependence in activities of daily living, incontinence, and institutionalization. Historical disease duration, age, gender, family history of dementia, retrospective rate of progression, anxiety, psychosis, depression, and extrapyramidal signs did not influence prognosis. These results suggest that initial degree of severity ("how far") rather than variation in the rate of progression ("how fast") best predicts prognosis in the early to intermediate stages of Alzheimer's disease. The relationship of disease severity to prognosis should be taken into account before concluding that there are subtypes of Alzheimer's disease that have different rates of progression.
Radical cystectomy with ileal conduit diversion: early prospective evaluation of the impact of robotic assistance

OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of radical cystectomy with ileal conduit diversion by standard methods with that using the assistance of the daVinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). PATIENTS AND METHODS From November 2003 to August 2005, we performed 30 radical cystectomies with ileal conduit urinary diversions on patients with bladder cancer. Seven patients (one woman) had a cystectomy with the daVinci system and 23 (nine women) had a standard cystectomy. Data were collected prospectively, including estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion requirement, operative duration, hospital stay and body mass index (BMI), and compared. RESULTS The mean EBL and transfusion requirements for standard and daVinci-assisted cases was 1109 and 479 mL (P = 0.002) and 2.7 and 1.6 units (P = 0.14), respectively. Four of seven patients received a transfusion in the robotic group, and 20 of 23 in the standard group (P = 0.084). The mean operative duration was 638 and 507 min (P = 0.005) for the daVinci and standard group, respectively, with respective mean hospital stays of 11 and 13 days (P = 0.52). There was no difference in patient BMI between the groups (P = 0.22). CONCLUSION The daVinci-assisted cystectomy appears to offer some advantages over standard cystectomy. Larger randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Musgrave's "target saver" theory: Implications for macroeconomic stability and economic policy effectiveness"

Musgrave develops the concept of the “target saver,” in which the household saves in the present in order to finance a target level of consumption outlays in the future. The resulting household behavior is one in which a rise in the rate of interest in the present period reduces the amount of saving needed for future consumption, so that household saving is inversely rather than positively a function of the interest rate. The present study examines the potential implications of the target saver in the aggregate for macroeconomic stability and economic policy effectiveness.
Improved techniques for culturing and administering ascarid eggs to experimental chicks.

Abstract 1. 1. Improved methods for culturing and administering ascarid eggs to experimental chicks were devised. Experiments were conducted in which experimental chicks were used to evaluate the merits of feeding ascarid eggs suspended in a 1.25 M cane sugar solution as compared with those of feeding chicks eggs suspended in water. 2. 2. Artificial digestive juice was used to free rapidly ascarid eggs from the uteri of female worms. 3. 3. The water-egg suspension technique of feeding ascarid eggs results in an increase in the numbers of eggs per dose as the volume of stock suspension is decreased. Likewise, there is a significant variation in the numbers of eggs fed to each chick within a group. These variables are nearly-eliminated when eggs are suspended in a 1.25 M canesugar solution. 4. 4. Statistical analysis of combined data from all experiments revealed that those chicks fed eggs suspended in water harbored significantly more worms than did those chicks fed eggs suspended in the sugar solution. There was a tendency toward an increase in worm burdens of chicks fed water-egg suspensions on order of infection, those in the last third to be infected harbored the most worms. Sugar suspensions of eggs when fed to chicks result in relatively constant worm burdens regardless of order of infection. 5. 5. If water-egg suspensions are used to infect chicks, one should use only half of the total volume of stock suspension. Sugar-egg suspensions permit the use of the entire volume of stock suspension.
Intermittency and chaos in intracavity doubled lasers. II.

The laser system we use to exemplify intracavity doubling is the diode pumped YAG laser with an intracavity KTP (potassium titanyl phosphate) cyrstal shown in Fig. 1. The rate equations used by Baer to model the intensities and gains of N longitudinal modes in an intracavity doubled laser were: $$ {\tau _c}\frac{{d{I_j}}}{{dt}} = ({G_j} - {\alpha _j} - \varepsilon {I_j} - 2\varepsilon \mathop \sum \limits_{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {k = 1} \\ {k \ne j} \end{array}}^N {I_k}){I_j} $$ 1(a) $$ {\tau _f}\frac{{d{I_j}}}{{dt}} = (G_j^o - {G_j}(1 + {\beta _j}{I_j} + \mathop \sum \limits_{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {k = 1} \\ {k \ne j} \end{array}}^N {\beta _{jk}}{I_k}) $$ 1(b) where τc and τf are cavity round trip time and fluorescence time, respectively; (αj is the cavity loss Open image in new window for jth mode; GjO is the small signal gain; βj and βjk are self saturation and cross saturation parameters; e is the nonlinear coupling coefficient due to the presence of the intercavity doubling crystal. TheIj 2 terms account for the loss in the intensity through frequency doubling; the intensity cross products IjIk account for losses due to sum frequency generation. Baer identified this sum frequency coupling as the nonlinearity which destabilizes the system of equations (1).
Effect of isopropylidene replacement on gas transport properties of polycarbonates

The gas sorption and transport properties of a series of polycarbonates in which the isopropylidene unit of bisphenol A polycarbonate has been replaced with another molecular group are presented. Two new materials, bisphenol of norbornane polycarbonate (NBPC) and bisphenol Z polycarbonate (PCZ), are compared with several polymers which have been studied previously in this laboratory, including bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC), hexafluorobisphenol A polycarbonate (HFPC), and bisphenol of chloral polycarbonate (BCPC). The effect of molecular structure on chain mobility and chain packing is related to the gas transport properties. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are used to judge chain mobility, while x-ray diffraction and free volume calculations give information about chain packing. Permeability measurements were made for He, H2, O2, N2, CH4, and CO2 at 35°C over a range of pressures up to 20 atm. Sorption experiments were also done for N2, CH4, and CO2 under the same conditions. The permeability coefficients of these polymers rank in the order HFPC ≫ NBPC>PC>BCPC ≫ PCZ for all of the gases. With the exception of BCPC, this order correlates well with fractional free volume. The low gas permeability of BCPC is attributed to a polarity effect. In general, bulky and relatively immobile substituents, as in HFPC and NBPC, can yield improved separation characteristics. The polar group of BCPC and the flexible cyclohexyl substituent of PCZ result in relatively low gas permeability.
Diffuse neutrino flux from failed supernovae.

I study the diffuse flux of electron antineutrinos from stellar collapses with direct black hole formation (failed supernovae). This flux is more energetic than that from successful supernovae, and therefore it might contribute substantially to the total diffuse flux above realistic detection thresholds. The total flux might be considerably higher than previously thought, and approach the sensitivity of Super-Kamiokande. For more conservative values of the parameters, the flux from failed supernovae dominates for antineutrino energies above 30--45 MeV, with potential to give an observable spectral distortion at megaton detectors.
The Moral Basis for Contract Rights

L'A. entreprend la justification morale des droits contractuels en reference a une conception lockienne de l'autonomie, et a partir des elements juridiques definis par W. Hohfeld tels que la revendication, le devoir et les privilieges. Distinguant le droit d'etablir un contrat et le droit au contrat de performance, l'A. montre que la question du fondement moral du contrat varie selon le contexte des affaires ou le contexte de la sante.
The prospects for life on Mars: A pre-Viking assessment

The paper considers implications of the Mariner 9 findings for the investigation of Martian biology in the next decade, beginning with the Viking mission. Previous claims for observations of Martian biological activity are reviewed and refuted or reinterpreted. The question is raised of whether there are combinations of environmental temperature and water activity on Mars that are suitable for a conceivable Martian biology. Four possible classes of Martian organisms associated with temperature/water ecological niches in the external environment are proposed: organisms requiring high temperatures and high water activity, those inhabiting niches with low temperatures and high water activity, those inhabiting niches of high temperature and low water activity, and those which can survive under conditions of low temperature and low water activity. It is noted that organisms of the last two classes may extract water from minerals or from ice and may be of large dimensions. The possible surface distribution of Martian organisms is discussed along with future search strategies for life on Mars.
The use of denture adhesive as an aid to denture treatment

Denture adhesives are used by more than five million denture wearers in the United States. All dentists strive to achieve stable, retentive, and comfortable dentures that do not require the use of denture adhesives. However, dentists may prescribe and use denture adhesives as a legitimate therapeutic and effective procedure in denture treatment and in denture aftercare, when indicated. Denture patients should use denture adhesive on the advice of their dentists and should be instructed in its proper use and cautioned against misuse.
A Cystic Upper Lobe Lesion in a Healthy Nonsmoking Man

A 57-year-old man presented with cough, purulent blood-streaked mucus, and sinus congestion, which resolved with a course of amoxicillin/clavulanate therapy. The patient was noted to have a left upper lobe cystic lesion on a chest radiograph (Fig 1) and a CT scan (Fig 2). Sputum cytology testing results were negative. Sputum cultures initially revealed Mycobacterium gordonae, but this did not grow on subsequent serial sputum analyses and was presumed to be a contaminant. The patient was a lifelong nonsmoker, was feeling well, had no weight loss, fevers, or sweats, and had not experienced any unusual environmental exposures. The only unusual features in his medical history were a cholecystectomy and a skin lesion on his scalp, which had been removed 3 years previously. The patient had no recurrence of symptoms and no change in the size of the lesion as assessed by CT scan over the following 7 months, and so he declined further intervention. However, 11 months after the initial presentation, the hemoptysis recurred and persisted despite treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. At that time, the lesion looked larger on a chest radiograph and a CT scan. The patient still felt well, apart from the hemoptysis, and sputum culture findings were negative for bacterial, fungal, or mycobacterial organisms.
Evaluation of a photochemical grid model using estimates of concentration probability density functions

A method for evaluating photochemical grid models based on the estimation of the probability density function (PDF) of the variations in ozone concentrations is described and demonstrated. It is assumed that the ozone concentration PDF is determined from 100 Monte Carlo uncertainty runs based on uncertainties in photochemical grid model input variables. The exercise involves the Urban Airshed Model with Variable grid (UAM-V) as applied to the July 1995 Ozone Transport Assessment Group episode in the eastern US. The focus is on the distribution of model residuals (observed concentration minus model-predicted ensemble mean concentration) for 66 ozone monitors on the OTAG domain. It is concluded that the distribution of observed model residuals is within the 95% range of expected uncertainty, suggesting that the model is performing adequately.
Exploring a circuit design approach based on one-hot multi-valued domino logic

In this paper, we report on initial experiments on the feasibility of a circuit design approach that is based on one-hot multi-valued decomposition of a logic netlist. A binary-valued logic netlist would first be decomposed into multi-valued logic nodes (with multi-valued inputs as well as outputs). For an arbitrary multi-valued logic node, this paper presents a circuit and layout design approach. We first synthesize the multi-valued logic node, using multi-valued decision diagrams (MDDs) to represent each output value of the multi-valued logic node. Each such MDD represents a binary valued output function, on one-hot multi-valued inputs. Assuming that the multi-valued logic node has a κ-valued output, then κ such MDDs completely represent the logic of the multi-valued node. Each such MDD is realized using a very regular, compact domino logic based layout structure. We have compared the delay, area, power and power-delay product of our approach with the same logic functionality implemented in standard cells. Averaged over 15 examples, our approach yields a 22% (26%) improvement in delay, 33% (17%) improvement in area, 42% (29%) improvement in power and a 52% (45%) improvement in power-delay product compared to a delay mapped (area mapped) standard cell based realization of the same functionality.
Dietary p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT or p,p′-DDE and Changes in Egg Shell Characteristics and Pesticide Accumulation in Egg Contents and Body Fat of Caged White Leghorns

Abstract White Leghorn pullets were fed diets containing 5, 25 and 50 p.p.m. of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT or p,p′-DDE for 28 weeks. The pesticides were then fed at a level of 50, 150 and 300 p.p.m. for the succeeding period of 12 weeks. Egg weight, egg shell thickness and egg shell calcium were unaffected by treatment. Pesticide concentration of the egg contents reached equilibrium at 12 weeks, and was approximately equal to dietary level for the p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT diets. The level of o,p′-DDT in eggs, however, was only 10% of the dietary level. At 2 weeks 87% of the pesticide egg residue in p,p′-DDT-fed chickens was p,p′-DDT while 13% was p,p′-DDE . The proportion of p,p′-DDE increased until 12 weeks when 25% of the pesticide residue was p,p′-DDE and remained at this level thereafter. There was no evidence for conversion of o,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDT in the chickens fed o,p′-DDT. At the end of the experiment, residues in the fat from birds fed o,p′-DDT equaled the concentration in the diet. However, birds fed p,p′-DDT or p,p′-DDE had residues in the fat which were 13–14 × that of the diet. Pesticides in the fat were approximately 13 × that of residues in egg contents.
Analytical performance of a venturi device integrated into an electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for analysis of nucleic acids.

A voltage-assisted venturi device modeled after an industrial air amplifier was used to improve the ion transmission efficiency of a 16.2 kDa oligonucleotide and a 53-mer PCR product in the high-pressure region between an electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter and the sampling orifices of two Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FT-ICR-MS). The venturi device increased the total ion abundance of the oligonucleotide and the PCR product by more than 6-fold relative to the best achievable signal without the device. Furthermore, the average charge states of the oligonucleotide and PCR product shifted from 12.5− to 14.5− and 10.9− to 12.6−, respectively, with the addition of the venturi device. Specific to FT-ICR mass spectrometry, this increase in the charge state directly translates to an increase in theoretical mass resolving power (>10 000 full width half-maximum for the results presented here at 7 T). Adduction was still observed while using the device, suggesting that it is “soft”...
A detailed mutational analysis of the VSG gene expression site promoter.

The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease African sleeping sickness. This parasite avoids the host's immune response by the process of antigenic variation, or by sequentially expressing antigenically different cell-surface coat proteins. These proteins, called variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs), are expressed from a specific locus, the VSG gene expression site (ES). In an attempt to understand expression of VSG genes, we expanded on earlier investigations of the promoter that controls the large VSG gene expression site transcription unit. We studied VSG ES promoter function both in transient transfection assays, and after stable integration at a chromosomal locus. Analysis of closely spaced deletion mutants showed that the minimum VSG ES promoter fragment that gives full activity is extremely small, and mapped precisely to a fragment that contains no more than −67 bp 5′ to the putative transcription initiation site. The promoter lacked an upstream control element, or UCE, an element found at the PARP promoter, and at most eukaryotic Pol I promoters. Furthermore, linker scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that the VSG ES promoter contains at least two essential regulatory elements, including sequences within the region −67−60 and the region −35−20, both numbered relative to the initiation site. An altered promoter with mutated nucleotides surrounding the transcription initiation site still directed wild-type levels of expression. In this study, the results were similar for both insect and bloodstream form trypanosomes, suggesting that the same basic machinery for expression from the VSG ES promoter is found in both stages of the parasite.
Inclined planes and traumatic occlusion

Abstract Traumatic occlusion, inclined plane relationships, and mandibular shifting movements have been explained.
The correlation between common mode currents and radiated emissions

Common mode currents are usually suspected of causing the majority of emission problems in equipment under test (EUT). The meaning of "common mode" current in three dimensional (3D) structures in unclear. This term is really only defined for two dimensional (2D) transmission line structures. Other authors use the term "asymmetric mode". Again the word "mode" implies a transmission line structure. Perhaps a better word for these currents would be "antenna currents" or "asymmetric currents". In this paper we clearly define what we mean by antenna or asymmetric currents and how one can measure it. We also show that the magnitude of these so called antenna currents are not necessarily directly correlated with radiated emissions. This is verified by using a full wave 3D simulator. It is easy to construct an example where antenna currents increase but overall emissions decrease.
Application of Multimodal Optimization for Uncertainty Estimation of Computationally Expensive Hydrologic Models

The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework has been widely used in hydrologic studies. However, the extensive random sampling causes a high computational burden that prohibits the efficient application of GLUE to costly distributed hydrologic models such as the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). In this study, a multimodal optimization algorithm called isolated- speciation-based particle swarm optimization (ISPSO) is employed to take samples from the search space. A comparison between the ISPSO- GLUE, proposed here, and traditional GLUE approaches shows that the two approaches generate similar uncertainty bounds, but that the convergence rate to stable uncertainty bounds is much faster for ISPSO-GLUE than for GLUE. That is, ISPSO-GLUE needs a much smaller number of samples than GLUE to arrive at a very similar answer. Although ISPSO-GLUE slightly underestimated the prediction uncertainty and missed a number of observed values, the proposed approach is considered to be a good alternative to the typical GLUE approach that employs random sampling. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000330. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
The FSM network model for behavioral synthesis of control-dominated machines

Since many ASICs are dominated by control functions, control-dominated architectures form an important domain for behavioral synthesis. It is proposed to model control-dominated architectures during behavioral synthesis as networks of communicating finite state machines (FSMs). The model more directly reflects behavior and allows more accurate cost estimation, especially for control, than do traditional data-directed representations for control-dominated machines. It is shown how to implement a number of important compiler optimizations on the FSM network model. >
Brewster Angle of the Lunar Crust

THE Brewster null has been observed in reflexions of Explorer XXXV telemetry transmissions from the lunar surface. In the south-western portion of Oceanus Procellarum the null occurs at an angle of incidence of 60° ± 1°. This implies an effective, relative dielectric constant for this area of 3.0 ± 0.2.
Experimental Microwave Validation of Level Set Reconstruction Algorithm

The capability of the level set method is illustrated for shape and location reconstruction using real measurement data in the range of 3-8 GHz. An experimental setup is utilized to measure the S-parameters using two Vivaldi antennas revolving around metallic pipes of different cross-sections. A two-dimensional reconstruction of the pipe's cross section is retrieved using the level set algorithm combined with the method of moments and the frequency hopping technique. The results show good agreement between the reconstructed cross section and the true configuration. This indicates to the strength of the level set method and its ability to cope with the noise in real measurements.
A singular perturbation analysis of high-gain feedback systems

In this paper a singular perturbation approach is used to unify a class of classical and recent results on high-gain systems and to show their relationships with multivariable transmission zero analysis, cheap control problems, and sliding mode in variable structure systems. A new pole placement method and a decomposition of near optimal high-gain regulator problems are presented.
Strain Differences in Thyrocalcitonin Content of Rat Thyroid Glands Associated with Differences in Sensitivity to Thyrocalcitonin1

The varying sensitivities of different strains of rats (Endocrinology 81: 610, 1967) to pig thyrocalcitonin (TC) were explored further. Thyroid glands from less responsive Blue Spruce and Charles River rats and more responsive Holtzman rats were bioassayed for TC content. The assays were of the crossover type in which thyroid glands from each strain were assayed in both the strain of origin and one or both of the other 2 strains. The previous finding that Holtzman rats were more responsive to pig TC than the other 2 strains was confirmed. The order of responsiveness of the 3 strains to rat TC (thyroid gland homogenate) and pig TC was the same. When assayed in the strain of origin a given aliquot of thyroid gland from the 2 less responsive strains was just as effective in lowering the serum Ca as the same aliquot of Holtzman gland in Holtzman rats. Repeated crossover assays involving all 3 strains agreed in showing that thyroid glands from the 2 less responsive strains contained significantly greater amoun...
Sustainability Assessment of Two Alternate Earth-Retaining Structures

This study presents the sustainability assessment of two alternate earth- retaining structures: cantilever retaining wall and mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall over their respective life cycle period. Sustainability evaluation of both retaining structures is performed based on three commonly employed assessment pillars, which are environmental, economic, and social impacts. The environmental impact assessment of cantilever wall and MSE wall is performed by considering various life cycle stages of both systems that cover raw material acquisition, construction, maintenance, and demolition efforts. For design purposes, total wall span, wall height, subsurface soils and backfill soil profiles of both earth-retaining structures are considered to be the same. Technical designs of both earth-retaining structures are carried out based on limit equilibrium method, and it is found that both earth-retaining structures are safe against failure criterion, such as, sliding along the base, overturning about the toe, and bearing failure capacity. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted using SimaPro 8.0 software, related databases and impact assessment methods. It is observed that potential environmental impacts, such as global warming, acidification, and smog are primarily influenced by the concrete and steel production along with the diesel used for transportation and on-site machinery due to mineral extraction, refining, and required energy inputs for processing. Based on the LCA, it is assessed that MSE wall is more environmentally sustainable than cantilever retaining wall. Subsequently, economic evaluation and social impact analyses are conducted for the two retaining structures and the results are compared. It is concluded that the mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall is overall more sustainable than the cantilever retaining wall in terms of environmental, economic, and social aspects over their entire life cycle.
A Typology of Consumers of Institutional Respite Care

In this descriptive ethnography, a typology of consumers of institutional respite care and phases of respite care were formulated from the data collected over a 1-year period at a 24-bed hospital-based skilled nursing facility in the western United States. The sample was drawn from facility billing records, which verified the type of care under the term respite care. Using anthropological fieldwork methods, data were obtained from 14 caregiving dyads plus two care recipients who did not have family caregivers. The identified caregiver categories were depletion, maintenance, caregiver surgery or illness, and no available family caregiver. Phases of respite care provided information regarding the caregivers’ experience in the process of decision making, transitioning to time away from the care recipient, and postrespite adjustment. This model has implications for the structure and process of respite care design and decision making. This may provide a promising avenue in the respite care research arena.
Haemangioma of the oesophagus: CT demonstration.

SUMMARY A case of haemangioma of the oesophagus is presented. The computed tomographic findings of an intramural mass with marked enhancement following intravenous contrast enable the diagnosis to be suggested pre-operatively.
Layer‐by‐Layer Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymer Films: From Fundamentals to Applications

Recent years have seen increasing interest in the construction of nanoscopically layered materials involving aqueous-based sequential assembly of polymers on solid substrates. In the booming research area of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of oppositely charged polymers, self-assembly driven by hydrogen bond formation emerges as a powerful technique. Hydrogen-bonded (HB) LbL materials open new opportunities for LbL films, which are more difficult to produce than their electrostatically assembled counterparts. Specifically, the new properties associated with HB assembly include: 1) the ease of producing films responsive to environmental pH at mild pH values, 2) numerous possibilities for converting HB films into single- or two-component ultrathin hydrogel materials, and 3) the inclusion of polymers with low glass transition temperatures (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide)) within ultrathin films. These properties can lead to new applications for HB LbL films, such as pH- and/or temperature-responsive drug delivery systems, materials with tunable mechanical properties, release films dissolvable under physiological conditions, and proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells. In this report, we discuss the recent developments in the synthesis of LbL materials based on HB assembly, the study of their structure–property relationships, and the prospective applications of HB LbL constructs in biotechnology and biomedicine.
A novel framework for interpretation of data from the fish short‐term reproduction assay (FSTRA) for the detection of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals

The fish short-term reproduction assay (FSTRA) is a key component of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), which uses a weight-of-evidence analysis based on data from several assays to identify the potential for chemicals to act as agonists or antagonists of the estrogen or androgen receptors (ER and AR), or inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes. The FSTRA considers a variety of mechanistic and apical responses in 21-d exposures with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), including plasma steroid and vitellogenin (VTG; egg yolk protein) concentrations, secondary sex characteristics, gonad size and histopathology, and egg production. Although the FSTRA initially was described several years ago, recent data generation associated with implementation of the EDSP highlighted the need for more formal guidance regarding evaluation of information from the assay. The authors describe a framework for interpretation of FSTRA data relative to perturbation of endocrine pathways of concern to the EDSP. The framework considers end points individually and as suites of physiologically related responses relative to pathway identification. Sometimes changes in single end points can be highly diagnostic (e.g., induction of VTG in males by ER agonists, production of male secondary sex characteristics in females by AR agonists); in other instances, however, multiple, related end points are needed to reliably assess pathway perturbation (e.g., AR antagonism, steroid synthesis inhibition). In addition to describing an interpretive framework, the authors demonstrate its practical utility using publicly available FSTRA data for a wide range of known and hypothesized endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2529-2540. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
An ozone-modified refractive index for vertically propagating planetary waves

[1] An ozone-modified refractive index (OMRI) is derived for vertically propagating planetary waves using a mechanistic model that couples quasigeostrophic potential vorticity and ozone volume mixing ratio. The OMRI clarifies how wave-induced heating due to ozone photochemistry, ozone transport, and Newtonian cooling (NC) combine to affect wave propagation, attenuation, and drag on the zonal mean flow. In the photochemically controlled upper stratosphere, the wave-induced ozone heating (OH) always augments the NC, whereas in the dynamically controlled lower stratosphere, the wave-induced OH may augment or reduce the NC depending on the detailed nature of the wave vertical structure and zonal mean ozone gradients. For a basic state representative of Northern Hemisphere winter, the wave-induced OH can increase the planetary wave drag by more than a factor of two in the photochemically controlled upper stratosphere and decrease it by as much as 25% in the dynamically controlled lower stratosphere. Because the zonal mean ozone distribution appears explicitly in the OMRI, the OMRI can be used as a tool for understanding how changes in stratospheric ozone due to solar variability and chemical depletion affect stratosphere-troposphere communication.
Activation of Arterial Wall Dendritic Cells and Breakdown of Self-tolerance in Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous and occlusive vasculitis that causes blindness, stroke, and aortic aneurysm. CD4+ T cells are selectively activated in the adventitia of affected arteries. In human GCA artery–severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse chimeras, depletion of CD83+ dendritic cells (DCs) abrogated vasculitis, suggesting that DCs are critical antigen-presenting cells in GCA. Healthy medium-size arteries possessed an indigenous population of DCs at the adventitia–media border. Adoptive T cell transfer into temporal artery–SCID mouse chimeras demonstrated that DCs in healthy arteries were functionally immature, but gained T cell stimulatory capacity after injection of lipopolysaccharide. In patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), a subclinical variant of GCA, adventitial DCs were mature and produced the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, but vasculitic infiltrates were lacking. Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class II–matched healthy arteries, PMR arteries, and GCA arteries were coimplanted into SCID mice. Immature DCs in healthy arteries failed to stimulate T cells, but DCs in PMR arteries could attract, retain, and activate T cells that originated from the GCA lesions. We propose that in situ maturation of DCs in the adventitia is an early event in the pathogenesis of GCA. Activation of adventitial DCs initiates and maintains T cell responses in the artery and breaks tissue tolerance in the perivascular space.
In-house repair of a 30 Megawatt, S band klystron

This paper documents the repair and reconditioning of an ITT 2960 klystron that had been at atmospheric pressure for eight months due to a leak in the compression seal for the waveguide window. All work was done in the Duke FEL Vacuum Shop by laboratory staff without any external purchases. The reconditioned klystron is currently being operated at full power on the injection linac for the electron storage ring at Duke.