cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An In-Vitro Experiment to Study Sustained Torque on the Spine

In adolescent scoliosis patients, as the vicious cycle hypothesis proposed by Dr. Stokes suggests [1], a lateral spinal curvature produces asymmetrical loading of the skeletally immature spine, which in turn causes asymmetrical growth and therefore progressive wedging deformity. Numerous studies have been done to evaluate the effect of sustained compression or tension loading on the spinal bone growth [2,3]. However, in scoliosis patients, there is not only the asymmetrical axial loading which will worsen the curve progression, but also constant shear force in the transverse plane that may affect the bone growth. So far, no in vivo experiment has been done to study the effect of shear force on the spine. The goal of this study is to design an in vitro experiment that will provide incessant torques in the calves’ tails, and determine the relationship between the magnitude of the torque and change of stress between tail segments.© 2009 ASME
Myotonic dystrophy mimicking bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Myotonic dystrophy is a disorder with frequent ophthalmologic features. A 44-year-old black male with myotonic dystrophy is described. The patient displays a previously unreported type of motility disturbance in myotonic dystrophy in which there is an apparent limitation of motility that simulates a bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Myotonic dystrophy may be considered as another possible cause of pseudo-internu-clear ophthalmoplegia.
Effect of temperature on rate of photosynthesis in Antarctic phytoplankton

The rate of photosynthesis of marine antarctic phytoplankton (western Scotia Sea and Bransfield Strait) was determined as a function of temperature, from ambient (-0.8°C to 1.0°C) to 28°C. Photosynthetic rates, based on radiocarbon incorporation during half-day incubations, were increased by as much as 2x with temperatures up to 7°C; at higher temperatures the rates decreased rapidly, so that at 28°C the rates were only 3% of that at ambient temperatures. In antarctic surface waters during the austral summer the rate of photosynthesis by phytoplankton thus is limited by thermodynamic effects on metabolic reactions, in spite of high nutrient concentrations and saturating light levels. The observed rates were in agreement with thermodynamic models of the dependence of phytoplankton growth rate on temperature.
A Structural View of Policy Issues in African Agricultural Development: Comment

In their paper on African agricultural development, Delgado and Mellor (henceforth DM) identify two alternative paradigms-the "price incentive paradigm" and the "structural change paradigm"which have been used to explain the dismal performance of the agricultural sector in Sub-Sahara Africa and to recommend policy measures designed to improve agricultural performance. They argue that structural changes-especially in research, infrastructure, and input delivery systems-are the essential ingredients of a successful reform of the agricultural sector. Even though they do not disagree that agricultural prices should be at about the international level, they claim that improved price incentives alone will not bring about the desired improvements because agriculture's aggregate supply is deemed to be highly inelastic. The same view has been expressed by others (e.g., de Janvry). DM state that "it is widely agreed that labor... is the key limiting resource to African agricultural
Regulation of expression and function of m2 and m4 muscarinic receptors in cultured embryonic chick heart cells by transforming growth factor-β1

Abstract Incubation of cultured embryonic chicken heart cells with transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in the number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), which reached a maximum by 24 hr. Twenty-four hours following TGF-β 1 treatment, cm2 and cm4 mAChR protein levels were decreased 59 and 41%, respectively, and cm2 mRNA and cm4 mRNA levels were both decreased by approximately 40%. Chick heart cells treated wich TGF-β 1 exhibited a decreased sensitivity for carbachol-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity compared with control cells. Thus, TGF-β 1 stimulation of chick heart cells results in decreases in the expression of both cm2 and cm4 mAChR and in muscarinic responsiveness.
Modeling Developmental Processes Using Latent Growth Structural Equation Methodology

Recent advances in latent growth modeling allow for the testing of complex models regarding develop mental trends from both an inter- and intra-individual perspective. The interpretation of model parameters for the latent growth specification is illustrated with a simple two-factor model. An example application of latent growth methodology analyzing developmental change in adolescent alcohol consumption is presented. Findings are discussed with particular reference to the utility of latent growth curve models for assessing de velopmental processes at both the inter- and intra-indi vidual level across a variety of behavioral domains. Index terms: alcohol consumption, change measure ment, developmental models, growth measurement, la tent growth models.
The effect of osteogenic protein-1 in instrumented and noninstrumented posterolateral fusion in rabbits.

Abstract Background context: The use of rigid instrumentation combined with bone graft makes intuitive sense given the requirements for vascular ingrowth, bone formation and a stable environment for the cellular events of healing to develop. However, with the advances of potent osteoinductive growth factors, the role of internal fixation may come into question. Whether bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) would benefit from a more "stable" spinal segment for bone production and modeling remains unknown. In addition, it is unknown whether BMP and rigid fixation may have an additive effect on fusion healing. Purpose: This study is proposed to test the hypothesis that rigid fixation in the lumbar spine would be advantageous to achieve fusion for autogenous bone grafting, but fusion would occur regardless of fixation with the use of osteogenic protein (OP)-1. Study design/setting: A histologic and radiographic analysis of BMP in a rabbit lumbar fusion model. Methods: Thirty-two rabbits were randomized into four groups: 1) control animals: in situ posterolateral L5–L6 arthrodesis using autogenous iliac crest bone graft; 2) fixation group: posterolateral arthrodesis L5–L6 with autogenous bone graft and interspinous fixation; 3) OP-1 group: in situ posterolateral L5–L6 arthrodesis using OP-1 and 4) combined OP-1 and fixation group. Radiographic fusion analysis was performed with computed tomography scans at 3 and 12 weeks after surgery. Decalcified histology was performed to assess tissue morphology and cellularity. Results: Minimal evidence of fusion was noted at 3 weeks with autograft or OP-1. By 12 weeks, all OP-1–treated animals had solid fusion, whereas no fusion was noted in autograft animals. The addition of fixation slightly increased radiographic fusion at 3 weeks in autograft and OP-1 groups but did not affect OP-1 animals at 12 weeks where all were fused. Decalcified histologic results confirmed the proliferative bone formation noted with OP-1 and the variable cellular response with autograft. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the osteoinductive effect of OP-1 may be only minimally enhanced early in the bone healing process but does not appear to be affected in the long term by spinal fixation in the rabbit intertransverse fusion model. Fixation appeared to enhance early fusion in the autograft group.
Recent Discoveries Relating to the Origin and Antiquity of Man

Let us therefore conclude with consideration of the ancestry of man according to the modified concept of "dawn men," not "ape-men." In the first place, over an incredibly long period of time the Dawn Men have been tool-makers, of high adaptability and wonderful technique. We have then a biped, a being with a hand capable of grasping and controlling tools, a tool-maker with as fine a sense of touch as that of any of the present-day etchers, engravers and artists. In my opinion, the pro-man psychology, leaving out the evidence of anatomy and morphology, is certainly that of a Dawn Man and not of an "ape-man." I agree with my colleagues that man passed through an arboreal stage, but I believe that this stage did not progress so far as to carry man into a stage approaching that of the anthropoid apes. Dollo has stated the law of the irreversibility of evolution. The brachiating hand of the ape was used as a hook—apes do not grasp a branch with the fingers and thumb but hook the whole hand over the branch, as trapeze workers do to-day—and the thumb was therefore a grave danger. If man had gone through a prolonged period of brachiating in the branches of trees he would have lost his thumb. I agree to putting our arboreal ancestors back to Eocene time, but I predict that even in Upper Oligocene time we shall find pro-men, and if we find Oligocene pro-man—in Mongolia, for example—that he will have pro-human limbs, not proanthropoid ape limbs.
Equilbrium Price Paths in Sequential Auctions with Stochastic Supply

In many settings where several objects are auctioned sequentially, the total supply is not known with certainity ex ante. In such settings, price formation over the sequence of sales depends critically on the information available to the bidders regarding the remaining supply. For instance, prices may decline due to a reduced "option value" in early auctions caused by uncertain supply. However, if in the course of the auction it becomes known that fewer than expected units will be auctioned, prices may increase due to diminished supply and the corresponding increase in competition in latter auctions.
Isolation and characterization of human DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Abstract Two forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been solubilized and purified from lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The properties of these two forms of RNA polymerase, such as metal ion dependence, ionic strength dependence, and α-amanitin sensitivity, resemble those reported for other mammalian RNA polymerases.
Self-consistent phonon theory of mean-field hydrogen-bond melting of poly(dG)-poly(dC)

A modified self-consistent phonon theory based on the Green's-function method is developed and is applied to a melting of the hydrogen bonds in DNA polymer poly(dG)-poly(dC), where dG refers to repeating guanine bases on one strand and dC the repeating cytosine bases on the other strand. The model predicts melting at 380 K. The calculation has no parameters adjusted to fit the melting and the hydrogen-bond potentials are adjusted to fit data of vibrational modes of DNA at room temperature.
Does Market Orientation Facilitate Balanced Innovation Programs? An Organizational Learning Perspective

There appears to be widespread agreement that optimal new product development programs require a balance between customer-led and lead-the-customer innovation practices. The former is associated with adaptive learning inspired incremental innovation, whereas the latter is associated with generative-learning-inspired radical innovation. There is debate, however, as to whether a strong market orientation can facilitate this balance. Some believe that a strong market orientation causes firms to overemphasize customer-led incremental innovations. Others believe that a strong market orientation can facilitate this balance but assert that traditional measures of market orientation only capture the types of behaviors associated with customer-led incremental innovations. This latter concern has led some to abandon the single-construct operationalization of market orientation and to introduce two constructs—responsive and proactive market orientation—into the literature. The purpose of this research is to address these developments. The study makes use of a national sample of marketing executives and employs a cross-sectional survey design. Measures used are market orientation, radical and incremental innovation priority, generative and adaptive learning priority, and new product success. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equations models are employed to develop measures and to test hypotheses. The study's results reaffirm the position that a strong market orientation helps facilitate a balance between incremental and radical innovation by shifting firms' innovation priority more toward radical innovation activities. It also suggests that the abandonment of traditional conceptualizations and measures of market orientation are premature.
Dog bites of the head and neck: an evaluation of a common pediatric trauma and associated treatment.

Abstract Purpose To identify which patients and canines are involved in dog bites of the head and neck, and how they impact health systems. Materials and methods This is a single center, retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2012 to June 2013 in an academic, tertiary care center situated between multiple suburban and urban communities. Patients were identified by queried search for all bite-related diagnoses codes. Results 334 unique dog bites were identified, of which 101 involved the head and neck. The mean patient age was 15.1 ± 18.1 years. Of the more than 8 different breeds identified, one-third were caused by pit bull terriers and resulted in the highest rate of consultation (94%) and had 5 times the relative rate of surgical intervention. Unlike all other breeds, pit bull terriers were relatively more likely to attack an unknown individual (+ 31%), and without provocation (+ 48%). Injuries of the head and neck had an average follow-up of 1.26 ± 2.4 visits, and average specialty follow-up of 3.1 ± 3.5 visits. Conclusions The patients most likely to suffer dog bite injuries of the head and neck are children. Although a number of dog breeds were identified, the largest group were pit bull terriers, whose resultant injuries were more severe and resulted from unprovoked, unknown dogs. More severe injuries required a greater number of interventions, a greater number of inpatient physicians, and more outpatient follow-up encounters. Healthcare utilization and costs associated with dog bites warrant further investigation.
A comparison of measured and calculated toroidal Alfvén eigenmode damping rates in Alcator C-Mod

Measured damping rates of stable toroidal Alfv?n eigenmodes (TAEs) have been compared with damping rates calculated with the NOVA-K code for a number of experimental conditions on Alcator C-Mod to test the NOVA-K damping model. Very low amplitude ( 10?7 at the wall) stable TAEs are excited in Ohmic plasmas with a pair of active MHD antennas inside C-Mod. By sweeping the excited frequency of the antennas through the expected TAE frequency, the frequency width of a mode resonance can be measured with poloidal field pick-up coils on outboard limiters to determine the damping rate of that mode. The calculated equilibrium and main plasma parameters at the time of the resonance are input into the NOVA-K code to then calculate the expected damping rate for the measured toroidal mode number and compare with the experimental value. The calculations include continuum damping, Landau damping on both the electrons and the background and impurity ions and collisional damping on the electrons. Comparisons have been made for inner wall limited and diverted cases over a range of ITER-relevant moderate toroidal mode numbers (4 ? |n | ? 9). Good agreement between the experiment and theoretical calculations can be obtained with reasonable q profiles for the plasma conditions in which perturbative NOVA models are applicable, but the results are found to depend very sensitively on the assumed q profile.
SEMI-INFINITE MATTER AND THE NUCLEAR SURFACE.

Abstract The surface energy and thickness of semi-infinite nuclear matter are calculated by Swiatecki's variational method. Smooth, effective two-body interactions are used to study the relationship between the characteristics of each interaction and the predicted bulk surface properties. Both local and non-local Gaussian interactions are considered and are adjusted to either saturate infinite nuclear matter or to fit two-nucleon (singlet-even) phase shifts. Purely local potentials are found to give an excessively large surface energy ( ≈ 50 A 2 3 MeV ), whereas potentials having some non-locality (even if the non-locality is confined to short distances) reduce the surface energy to a reasonable value of (20–30) A 2 3 MeV . The separate potential and kinetic energy contributions are examined in detail and are used to explain how the character of each interaction affects the surface properties. This model calculation shows that the surface energy is greatly influenced by non-locality. Also, we find that the predicted surface thickness tends to be too large (t ≈ 3.5 fm) for potentials that are adjusted to saturate and too small (t ≈ 1.8 fm) for potentials that are fitted to two-nucleon phase-shifts.
Endotoxin exposure in allergy and asthma: reconciling a paradox.

Abstract Well-established evidence links endotoxin exposure, especially in the workplace, to airways disease. Endotoxin can increase disease severity by acting as a natural adjuvant to augment asthma and atopic inflammation. Recent studies suggest that it can even act on its own, causing a distinct endotoxic form of asthma. Other studies, however, contradict the paradigm that endotoxin's influence is solely a negative one. Epidemiologic associations of environmental endotoxin exposure with allergy and asthma prevention are consistent with hygiene hypothesis associations of other microbial exposures or infections with a lower incidence of atopic disease. Currently, microbe-derived products are being developed as potential therapies for allergy and asthma. Thus it is an ideal time to consider endotoxin as a prototype of a natural intervention with microbial components. Nature's ongoing experiment with endotoxin can provide clues for the development of effective and safe microbe-based products for disease treatment and prevention. This article will discuss (1) conventional paradigms in which endotoxin-induced immune modulation by TH1-type induction leads to mitigation of TH2-type immune development, allergen sensitization, and atopic inflammation; (2) newer concepts of TH1-type immune responses that may provide additional asthma-protective effects by preventing airways remodeling; (3) home and environmental features that significantly contribute to endotoxin exposure; (4) different aspects of asthma mediated by endotoxin exposure; and (5) how to understand endotoxin's paradoxical nature of serving as both friend and foe. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:379-92.)
Kinship, promiscuity, and communal breeding in the acorn woodpecker

1. Acorn woodpeckers typically live in permanent social groups in which most adults help to incubate and feed the young of a single nest. The selective basis of communal breeding in this species is examined. 2. At the study area in New Mexico, most juveniles did not remain on their natal territories during subsequent breeding seasons. There was also a high rate of turnover among adults within each group. The groups were not composed entirely of extended families, and unrelated adults fed young. Kin selection alone does not appear to be adequate to explain all instances of communal breeding. 3. Immigrants that joined groups before courtship in the spring participated in all phases of reproduction in their new groups. However, immigrants that joined groups after eggs were laid did not incubate or feed the young. This, combined with the high rate of turnover within groups, indicates that hypotheses based upon individual benefits through increased production of young and/or reciprocity are also not sufficient for this species. 4. An examination of the reproductive behavior within groups suggests that the mating system may be promiscuous. It was not possible to identify which individuals were the parents of the young, and all group members normally participated in every phase of reproduction. A promiscuous mating system means that each group member could make a genetic contribution to the young and that all would help to raise the young to protect their genetic investment. 5. Larger groups successfully fledged more young than did smaller groups, and promiscuity may be an individual strategy to insure that all individuals remain within the group and participate in reproduction.
The Alimentary Canal of the Apple Maggot

The anatomy of dipterous larvae has claimed the attention of many investigators in the past but, for the most part, their work has been confined to the scatophagous forms or those of medical importance. In view of their different food habits, and the possible structural modifications which this suggests, and because the group includes several important agricultural pests, a study of the digestive tract of a strictly phytophagous maggot seems warranted. The larva of Rhagoletis pomonella was chosen as a typical example of a plant-feeding maggot as the entire feeding period is spent within the fruit of the apple. It is also an important economic pest and an abundance of material was available for study.
The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation

In recent years, considerable emphasis has been placed upon the putative role of nucleus accumbens dopamine systems in appetitive motivation and positive reinforcement. However, considerable evidence indicates that brain dopamine in general, and nucleus accumbens dopamine in particular, is involved in aspects of aversive motivation. Administration of dopamine antagonists or localized interference with nucleus accumbens dopamine systems has been shown to disrupt active avoidance behavior. In addition, accumbens dopamine release and metabolism is activated by a wide variety of stressful conditions. A review of the literature indicates that there are substantial similarities between the characteristics of dopaminergic involvement in appetitive and aversive motivation. There is conflicting evidence about the role of dopamine in emotion, and little evidence to suggest that the profound and consistent changes in instrumental behavior produced by interference with DA systems are due to direct dopaminergic mediation of positive affective responses such as hedonia. It is suggested that nucleus accumbens dopamine is involved in aspects of sensorimotor functions that are involved in both appetitive and aversive motivation.
A note on cointegration and international capital market efficiency

Abstract In a recent paper in the JIMF , Crowder (1994) claims that evidence that spot exchange rates are cointegrated and forward premiums are non-stationary implies international capital markets are not efficient. This note argues that the cointegration properties of spot exchange rates are independent of the efficiency or inefficiency of financial markets.
On simulation and analysis of instability and transition in high-speed boundary-layer flows

Abstract The simulation of instabilities and laminar-trubulent transition in high-speed boundary-layer flows represents one of the major computational challenges of the decade. By taking advantage of recent advances in computational science and instability theory for compressible flows, we have formulated an approach to this problem that combines parabolized stability equation (PSE) methodology with spatial direct numerical simulation (DNS). The relatively inexpensive PSE method is used to explore the parameter space, to compute the early (weakly and moderately nonlinear) stages of laminar breakdown, and to provide inflow conditions for the spatial DNS, which is then used to compute the highly nonlinear laminar-breakdown stage. The approach is made feasible by an accurate and efficient DNS algorithm, which has been implemented in parallel on a CRAY C90 supercomputer. The design of the DNS algorithm is discussed in detail, with emphasis on factors that affect both accuracy and efficiency. The method is applied to the investigation of the laminar breakdown of the boundary layer on an axisymmetric sharp cone in Mach 8 flow. Techniques for analysis of the resulting data are also addressed, including novel computational flow imaging procedures.
Reducing dependence on oil imports

Abstract The legacy of higher oil prices left by the 1970s has the oil importing economies reeling, with another unexpected oil supply interruption threatening a knockout during the 1980s. Policies designed to reduce the level of oil imports have been the subject of intensive study, but disagreements over their desirability has led to policymaking paralysis on the part of the major oil importing nations. These disagreements have often resulted from differing views about how the world oil market works. This paper considers a number of oil import reduction measures within a common framework that allows the effects of alternative assumptions about the world oil market to be investigated. Results from that framework suggest that there are many things that can be done to reduce dependence on oil imports with little cost and significant potential benefits under all but the most pessimistic world oil market assumptions.
Comparison of theory and experiment for the dilute Kondo alloy AgFe

Abstract We compare experimental data for the susceptibility and magnetization obtained from Mossbauer measurements on dilute Ag Fe alloys to exact theoretical results for the n -channel Kondo model. These exact results are obtained by numerically solving the thermodynamic Bethe-Ansatz equations for the model. Good agreement as a function of magnetic field and temperature is obtained for S = 2, T K = 2 K and g = 2. The results for Ag Fe are discussed in the context of previous comparisons for dilute alloys of Cu Fe and Cu Cr.
Characterization of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane performance for aqueous salt solutions using irreversible thermodynamics

Abstract A novel protocol is developed to characterize nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes that employ the Spiegler–Kedem membrane-transport model based on irreversible thermodynamics coupled with a Film Theory description of the concentration polarization. The novel aspect of this characterization protocol is extracting the concentration polarization boundary-layer thickness as well the three membrane transport parameters from permeation data. This methodology is applied to four dilute aqueous salt systems for a Dow Filmtech NF-255 membrane and one dilute aqueous salt system for a Dow Filmtech BS-30 membrane that were studied using a wellmixed flat sheet membrane permeation cell. Interestingly, the total volumetric flux and intrinsic rejection can be described quite well over the entire range of studied feed concentration, flow rates, and transmembrane pressures using constant membrane transport coefficients in the Spiegler–Kedem model. However, it should be emphasized that the conclusions drawn from this study are restricted to the dilute aqueous salt solutions that were employed. Some prior studies of aqueous salt systems have found it necessary to employ concentration-dependent transport coefficients to describe the permeation behavior. It is possible that the more exacting method for determining the thickness of the concentration boundary-layer thickness that is used in this study properly accounts for volumetric flow rate effects that have been attributed to nonconstant membrane transport coefficients. A design correlation for the intrinsic rejection of an NF or RO membrane as a function of the total volumetric flux is developed that encompasses the full range of concentrations used in the experiments, flow rates, and transmembrane pressures for a specified binary aqueous salt system. This design correlation formalism in principle can be used to characterize any NF or RO membrane irrespective of the type of membrane contactor employed.
Critical consumer issues in St. Lucia: an examination of consumer challenges and related learning among rural adults according to income levels.

Consumer education is a relatively new and growing interest in St. Lucia. Neither the government nor the National Consumer Association has established a consumer education programme to address the growing consumer concerns in the country. The purpose of this study was to examine critical consumer issues, related learning challenges and strategies among rural adults in St. Lucia according to income levels. Rural adult consumers are most disadvantaged in terms of levels of education, income and access to resources, which may help to prevent and mediate consumer concerns. The specific research questions examined were: (1) What is the nature of problems experienced by rural St. Lucian adult consumers in the marketplace? (2) How do rural St. Lucian adult consumers solve the challenges they encounter in the marketplace? (3) What is it like for rural St. Lucian adult consumers as they go about trying to learn to solve the consumer issues they face? and (4) What do rural St. Lucian adult consumers perceive to be the requisites for effective decision making in the marketplace? Data were collected using a questionnaire comprising of 29 questions divided into four sections (problems, strategies, solving consumer problems and making effective decisions) and two biographical questions. A total of 500 rural adult consumers were surveyed verbally through door-to-door contact. The findings of this study revealed that middle-income rural adult consumers experience more problems in the marketplace than those with each lower or higher level of income. Middle-income rural adult St. Lucian consumers in particular seek more information and are comfortable with using more strategies than the lower- and higher-income rural adult consumers. This research gives us a better understanding of the problems faced by rural adult consumers based on their income. Research results will be useful to the government of St. Lucia and the National Consumer Association when they decide to establish an adult consumer education programme for St. Lucia.
Simulation of poloidal divertors in one-dimensional tokamak transport codes

The two-dimensional effect of plasma flow along the field lines in the scrape-off zone of a poloidal divertor has been modelled phenomenologically in a one-dimensional tokamak transport code. Some results for the density and temperature profiles in the scrape-off zone, as well as in the main plasma, are given in this paper. These calculations suggest some approximations, which have been used to develop a zero dimensional model of the divertor; this model can be used to make estimates of divertor performance without having to make detailed numerical calculations.
Western legal treatises in russian translations

Western legal works translated in the 1920's and 1930's were either practical German handbooks dealing with the technique of criminal investigation3 or with practical issues of maritime law.4 The only international law textbook translated at this period, Franz von Liszt's Volkerrecht, was a new, revised Russian edition prepared for Russian students by V. E. Grabar. Grabar stated in the foreword that he omitted all political views of German scholars contained in the original work. Omitted also was everything which was only of interest to German readers before World War I; instead, Soviet legislation in the field of international law and relations was added. Worth mentioning are three short booklets dealing with theoretical foundations of law, translated very early in the period: Duguit, Hedemann and Karner.5 The earliest one, done before the formation of the Soviet Union, was Duguit's Les transformations generales du droit prive (1919). Duguit's theory of social functions of law presented in favorable light by Professor A. G. Goikhbarg6 was later condemned as anti-marxist.7 Hedemann's Grundziuge des Wirtschaftsrechts attracted the attention of Soviet lawyers by the mere concept of economic law. Promoters of this concept and authors of Soviet textbooks on economic law, Goikhbarg and Pashukanis, were later declared enemies of the people.8 Translation of Karner's book did not have such damaging effects. The last translation of this period, Sagnac's Legislation civile de la Revolution frangaise, 1789-1804, had more
Oversight in State Legislatures Structural-Attitudinal Interaction

This article examines legislative oversight activity at the state level. The interaction between a state's capacity to conduct oversight and the forces motivating oversight activity are analyzed in three states-Missouri, Tennessee, and Florida. Findings substantiate the proposition that oversight activity in legislatures in which review procedures have been institutionalized is similar to other lawmaking functions-motivated by constituency and partisan concerns. On the other hand, oversight activity in legislatures not so equipped is more a function of individual lawmakers' own norms concerning oversight.
Effect of resistance spot welding parameters on weld pool properties in a DP600 dual-phase steel: A parametric study using thermomechanically-coupled finite element analysis

Abstract The objective of this research is to quantify the effects of resistance spot welding (RSW) parameters on different weld properties of a dual-phase steel. A finite element based model was used which accounted for the following required physical interactions: the interaction between (1) the electro-kinetics and heat transfer via the Joule effect, (2) the heat transfer and phase transformations through latent heat, and (3) the heat transfer, electro-kinetics, and mechanical behavior via the contact conditions. The effects of the RSW parameters on weld properties were investigated within a design of experiments framework by altering (1) the electrical current intensity, (2) the welding time, (3) the sheet thickness, (3) the electrode face radius, and (5) the squeeze force at multiple levels. The simulation results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique to show the effects of these parameters and their potential interactions, along with their significance. The current intensity was the most influential factor and resulted in an increased size of molten zone and the heat affected zone. The sheet thickness and welding time also showed significant contributions in changing the weld properties. The effects of the other parameters were less significant. The importance of this study is that finding the optimal process window for RSW parameters can help to engineer the desired weld properties.
The effects of spatial and temporal variability at the sediment surface on aquatic eddy correlation flux measurements

The eddy correlation technique has become a widely used approach to measure ecosystem scale fluxes in aquatic benthic environments; however, there are few theoretical studies designed to guide deployment planning, the characterization of flux variability, or how to correctly interpret measured fluxes. Here, a three-dimensional numerical model for the turbulent transport and mixing in the near-bottom water was used to examine how well variations in vertical flux due to heterogeneities in the benthic community are integrated in eddy correlation measurements. The results showed that an appropriate choice of measuring height above the sediment surface is crucial to obtain an accurate average of the vertical flux from heterogeneous benthic communities. Through regression analysis of modeling results, a set of simple analytical expressions were derived for this threshold measuring height as a function of two parameters: heterogeneity patch size and sediment surface roughness. The same model was also used to examine the time lag between when a change in vertical flux occurs at the sediment surface and when it reaches the measuring point. The results showed that this response time varies by several orders of magnitude depending on flow velocity, sediment surface roughness, and measuring height. Simple analytical expressions were also derived for the response time. Overall, the findings indicate that both the spatial variability in benthic communities and the response to temporal changes are important factors that should be considered in planning eddy correlation measurements and interpreting eddy correlation fluxes.
A new technique to quantify deuterium passivation of interface traps in MOS devices

The ubiquitous presence of hydrogen in the fabrication of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices results in the passivation of most interface traps by hydrogen. In this letter, we show that this hydrogen cannot be completely replaced by deuterium through a one-step deuterium anneal process. Improved device reliability attributed to deuterium incorporation at the oxide/silicon interface is thus limited by the remnant hydrogen. To determine the deuterium passivation fraction, we propose a new technique that is based solely on electrical testing. Compared to other techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrum (SIMS), the new technique can be used to measure the deuterium passivation fraction in deep submicron MOS devices with very small testing areas.
Hydrodynamics of Dissolution in a Newtonian and a Non-Newtonian Solution

The dissolution rate of benzoic acid was measured in various concentrations of aqueous solutions of propylene glycol and colloidal solutions of guar gum. In polymeric solutions of guar gum the dissolution rate was influenced primarily by the effect of viscosity on the hydrodynamic shear in the dissolution medium. In the aqueous solutions of propylene glycol the dissolution rate was a complex function of kinematic viscosity, solubility, diffusivity and rotational speed. By means of dimensionless analysis it appears that the difference in the hydrodynamics of the true and colloidal solutions causes a difference in dissolution rate because of dissimilar fluid flow patterns.
The Great Objective-C Swift Migration of 2015 (Abstract Only)

Apple recently announced Swift, a new development language for iOS and OSX. While designed with developers in mind, it is also a boon to those who teach programming topics. Its relatively simple and familiar syntax; its integration in a scripting environment, Playgrounds, complete with built-in visualization tools; and the ability to incorporate live code in textbook form means that Swift is far better suited for teaching mobile app development than Objective-C. Indeed, the tools are so learner-friendly and the language so inviting that Swift might even find a place in a CS1 course. The language itself and the migration from Objective-C raise both logistical and pedagogical issues that will be addressed in this Birds of a Feather session.
Metagenomic analyses reveal antibiotic-induced temporal and spatial changes in intestinal microbiota with associated alterations in immune cell homeostasis

Despite widespread use of antibiotics, few studies have measured their effects on the burden or diversity of bacteria in the mammalian intestine. We developed an oral antibiotic treatment protocol and characterized its effects on murine intestinal bacterial communities and immune cell homeostasis. Antibiotic administration resulted in a 10-fold reduction in the amount of intestinal bacteria present and sequencing of 16S rDNA segments revealed significant temporal and spatial effects on luminal and mucosal-associated communities including reductions in luminal Firmicutes and mucosal-associated Lactobacillus species, and persistence of bacteria belonging to the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. Concurrently, antibiotic administration resulted in reduced RELM beta production, and reduced production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-17A by mucosal CD4(+) T lymphocytes. This comprehensive temporal and spatial metagenomic analyses will provide a resource and framework to test the influence of bacterial communities in murine models of human disease.
Preventing Domestic Violence in the African American Community The Rationale for Popular Culture Interventions

This article explores how aspects of Black popular culture can be effectively used to enhance awareness of domestic violence among African Americans and access to domestic violence treatment interventions for this population. Black popular culture can be used to enhance the cultural sensitivity and competence of intervention efforts designed to prevent and reduce domestic violence among African Americans.
Understanding the Spatial Variability of Environmental Change in Drylands with Rock Varnish Microlaminations

Abstract A fundamental problem in the analysis of landforms and surface artifacts is how to correlate the ages of non-contiguous surfaces. One solution to this problem may lie within the varnish coatings on desert rocks. When viewed with a light microscope in ultra-thin cross-sections, rock varnish reveals orange and black layers that record drier and wetter climates, respectively. Consistent patterns of alternating orange and black microlaminae are evident in some 2900 rock-surface depressions in 420 ultra thin sections from 360 rocks in Death Valley and the surrounding region. Microlaminae are organized into distinct layering units that provide relative ages for geomorphic and archaeological surfaces. The largest uncertainty in developing calibrated chronologies for layering units is the inability to date specific layers; we resolve this problem by correlating layering units with independent numerical ages. Because rock varnishes are ubiquitous in deserts, their visual microlaminations have great potent...
Sublingual desensitization for buprenorphine hypersensitivity.

Lisa M. Stutius, MD1,2, Itai Pessach, MD, PhD1,2, Joanne Lee, PharmD, BCPS3, Mindy S. Lo, MD, PhD1,2, Sharon Levy, MD, MPH2,4, Patricia Schram, MD2,4, Miriam Schizer, MD2,4, Jackson Wong, MD5, Wanda Phipatanakul, MD, MS1,2, and Dale T. Umetsu, MD, PhD1,2 1 Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 2 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 3 Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 4 Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 5 Medicine Critical Care Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
Proapoptotic Bim regulates antigen-specific NK cell contraction and the generation of the memory NK cell pool after cytomegalovirus infection

Apoptosis is critical for the elimination of activated lymphocytes after viral infection. Proapoptotic factor Bim (Bcl2l11) controls T lymphocyte contraction and the formation of memory T cells after infection. Natural killer (NK) cells also undergo antigen-driven expansion to become long-lived memory cells after mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection; therefore, we examined the role of Bim in regulating the MCMV-driven memory NK cell pool. Despite responding similarly early after infection, Bcl2l11(-/-) Ly49H(+) NK cells show impaired contraction and significantly outnumber wild-type (WT) cells after the expansion phase. The inability to reduce the effector pool leads to a larger Bcl2l11(-/-) NK memory subset, which displays a less mature phenotype (CD11b(lo), CD27(+)) and lower levels of NK cell memory-associated markers KLRG1 and Ly6C. Bcl2l11(-/-) memory NK cells demonstrate a reduced response to m157-mediated stimulation and do not protect as effectively as WT memory NK cells in an MCMV challenge model. Thus, Bim-mediated apoptosis drives selective contraction of effector NK cells to generate a pool of mature, MCMV-specific memory cells.
Identifying the Skeleton of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Observational Data

The Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) skeleton model offers a theoretical prediction of the MJO’s structure. Here, a method is described for identifying this structure in observational data. The method utilizes projections onto equatorial wave structures, and a main question is: Can this method isolate the MJO without using temporal filtering or empirical orthogonal functions? For the data projection, a wide range of data is incorporated: multiple variables (wind, geopotential height, water vapor, and, as a proxy for convective activity, outgoing longwave radiation), multiple pressure levels (850 and 200hPa), and multiple latitudes (both equatorial and off-equatorial). Such a data variety is combined using a systematic method, and it allows for a distinction between the Kelvin and Rossby components of the MJO’s structure. Results are illustrated for some well-known cases, and statistical measures are presented to quantify the variability of the MJO skeleton signal, MJOS(x, t), and its amplitude, MJOSA(t). The robustness of the methods is demonstrated through a suite of sensitivity studies, including tests with two projection methods. When the projection is based on the skeleton model’s energy, as opposed to the standard L 2 energy, water vapor is seen to be of primary importance. Finally, a simple interpretation is given for the MJO skeleton structure: it is related to the wave responseto amovingheatsource.From eitherperspective, themethods hereidentifysignalsthatproject onto coupled convection‐circulation patterns, and the results suggest that a large portion of the MJO’s structure is consistent with such a coupled pattern.
Directed gossiping for distributed data aggregation

In this paper, we are studying a class of distributed data aggregation problems where a set of nodes in a network is interested in a function of data that is stored in another set of nodes. Assuming the function of interest is separable, we propose an algorithm based on gossiping schemes. Gossiping protocols are iterative methods based on near neighbor communications, and they are known to be efficient and robust to link/node failures. In this work, after formulating the problem mathematically, and introducing previously proposed necessary and sufficient conditions on the gossiping updates, we introduce several necessary conditions on the feasible codes which will provide significant intuition in determining the (in)feasibility of a given problem. By focusing on stochastic codes, we provide a necessary condition based on topology and discuss scenarios where the codes we seek cannot be found.
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a potential drug target for neurodegeneration

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has been considered a key contributor to cell death, inducing the process in several major neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the molecular nature of the mPTP remains confounding but its significance is universally acknowledged. Several targets have been screened and inhibition of mPTP has emerged as an attractive field for researchers. Nowadays, in silico-directed studies help to explore new small molecules targeting the mPTP to improve their drug-like properties and bioactivity. Here, we briefly summarize the role of mPTP in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD), and discusses current and future potential therapeutic targets.