cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Occult Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Young Febrile Children

Abstract Study objective: Occult pneumococcal bacteremia (OPB) occurs in 2.5% to 3% of highly febrile children 3 to 36 months of age, and 10% to 25% of untreated patients with OPB experience complications, including 3% to 6% in whom meningitis develops. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of OPB among a large cohort of young, febrile children treated as outpatients using multivariable statistical methods. Methods: We derived and validated a logistic regression model for the prediction of OPB. We evaluated 6,579 outpatients 3 to 36 months of age with temperatures of 39° C or higher who previously had been enrolled in a study of young febrile patients at risk of OPB in the emergency departments of 10 hospitals in the United States between 1987 and 1991; 164 patients (2.5%) had OPB. We randomly selected two thirds of this population for the derivation of the model and one third for validation. In the derivation set, we analyzed the univariate relationships of six variables with OPB: age, temperature, clinical score, WBC count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and absolute band count (ABC). All six variables were then entered into a logistic regression equation and those retaining statistical significance were considered to have an independent association with OPB. Results: Patients with OPB were younger, more frequently ill-appearing, and had higher temperatures, WBC, ANC, and ABC than patients without bacteremia. Only three variables, however, retained statistically significant associations with OPB in the multivariate analysis: ANC (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.15 for each 1,000 cells/mm 3 increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06, 1.25), temperature (adjusted OR 1.77 for each 1° C increase, 95% CI 1.21, 2.58), and age younger than 2 years (adjusted OR 2.43 versus patients 2 to 3 years old, 95% CI interval 1.11, 5.34). In the derivation set, 8.1% of patients with ANCs greater than or equal to 10,000 cells/mm 3 had OPB (95% CI 6.3, 10.1%) versus .8% of patients with ANCs less than 10,000 cells/mm 3 (95% CI .5, 1.2%). When tested on the validation set, the model performed similarly. Conclusion: Independent predictors of OPB in children 3 to 36 months of age with temperatures of 39° C or higher treated as outpatients include ANC, temperature, and age younger than 2 years. These predictors may be used to develop clinical strategies to limit laboratory testing and antibiotic administration to those children at greatest risk of OPB. [Kuppermann N, Fleisher GR, Jaffe DM: Predictors of occult pneumococcal bacteremia in young febrile children. Ann Emerg Med June 1998;31:679-687.]
Estrogen: A Neuroprotective or Proinflammatory Hormone? Emerging Evidence from Reproductive Aging Models

Estrogen or hormone (estrogen + progestin) replacement is typically prescribed to women for relief from vasomotor symptoms at menopause. Observational studies have shown that such replacement also decreases the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Experimental data from a variety of animal models also suggest that estrogen replacement given to ovariectomized animals is largely neuroprotective. However, the recent intervention trial (Women's Health Initiative Memory Study; WHIMS) concluded that estrogen replacement and hormone replacement prescribed to postmenopausal women increased the risk for global cognitive impairment and dementia, respectively. This paper will examine evidence that the disparity in the human and animal data can be reconciled by consideration of the "reproductive" age of the individual receiving estrogen or hormone replacement. Our recent studies comparing the effects of estrogen replacement on young adult animals with those of estrogen replacement to reproductive senescent animals suggest that the estrogen replacement is beneficial when given to "surgically menopausal" (ovariectomized) animals. However, estrogen replacement appears to be deleterious to acyclic reproductive senescent animals, where target organs such as the brain have been in a prolonged estrogen-deficient state. The paper will also review aging and reproductive age-related changes in the estrogen receptor (ER) systems, specifically ER-alpha, as a potential mechanism for estrogen's deleterious effects in the reproductive senescent animal.
Pretreatment with portal venous ultraviolet B-irradiated donor alloantigen promotes donor-specific tolerance to rat nerve allografts.

Objective To determine if a single intraportal inoculation of ultraviolet B-irradiated (UVB) donor splenocytes can prevent nerve allograft rejection and confer donor-specific immunotolerance to rat nerve allograft segments. Methods Age-matched, class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched Buffalo (RT1b) rats were transplanted with a syngeneic nerve isograft, a Lewis (RT1l) nerve allograft, or a Brown-Norway (RT1n) rat nerve allograft segment. Control Buffalo rats in group I received a 3.0-cm Lewis (RT11) sciatic-posterior tibial interposition nerve allograft without pretreatment;group II Buffalo rats received a syngeneic Buffalo nerve isograft without pretreatment. Group III Buffalo recipients were inoculated with 2.5 × 107 UVB-irradiated Lewis donor splenocyte cells by portal venous administration 7 days before transplantation with a 3.0-cm sciatic-posterior tibial nerve allograft from a Lewis (RT11) or a third party Brown-Norway rat (RT1n) donor (group IV). Nerve graft regeneration was assessed with walking track analysis, nerve conduction studies, retrograde neural tracing, nerve graft histology, and morphometry. Recipient immune tolerance was assessed through in vitro immunological assessment. Results Pretreatment with UVB-irradiated donor splenocytes 7 days before transplantation prevented nerve allograft rejection. Pretreated animals receiving a nerve allograft recovered limb function, and demonstrated morphological, histological, and electrophysiologic parameters of nerve regeneration similar to that measured in rats receiving a nerve isograft. In vitro immunological assessment by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay, limiting dilution analysis (LDA) of helper (pTH) and cytotoxic (pCTL) precursor frequencies, and IL-2 production demonstrated a marked donor-specific suppression in allografted animals pretreated with intraportal UVB-irradiated donor splenocytes. These assessments correlated with indefinite acceptance of donor nerve allografts. Conclusions A single pretreatment with a single intraportal dose of UVB-modified donor antigen specifically induces tolerance to peripheral nerve allografts in rats.
Combinatorially Designed Lipid-like Nanoparticles for Intracellular Delivery of Cytotoxic Protein for Cancer Therapy

An efficient and safe method to deliver active proteins into the cytosol of targeted cells is highly desirable to advance protein-based therapeutics. A novel protein delivery platform has been created by combinatorial design of cationic lipid-like materials (termed “lipidoids”), coupled with a reversible chemical protein engineering approach. Using ribonuclease A (RNase A) and saporin as two representative cytotoxic proteins, the combinatorial lipidoids efficiently deliver proteins into cancer cells and inhibit cell proliferation. A study of the structure–function relationship reveals that the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the lipidoids and the protein play a vital role in the formation of protein–lipidoid nanocomplexes and intracellular delivery. A representative lipidoid (EC16-1) protein nanoparticle formulation inhibits cell proliferation in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in a murine breast cancer model.
The ideal living donor nephrectomy “Mini-Nephrectomy” through a posterior transcostal approach1

Cadaver kidney donation has failed to keep pace with an increase in the number of patients with end-stage renal disease. Living donor kidney transplantation is evolving as a means to partially alleviate the shortage of cadaver organs. Living donor nephrectomy is most commonly performed through a retroperitoneal approach using a flank incision. This procedure is safe and has minimal complications, but the flank incision traversing the abdominal wall musculature can be associated with major perioperative pain and discomfort. Currently, laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is the most popular minimally invasive alternative. This is performed through a transperitoneal anterior approach using three or four upper abdominal incisions to accommodate a laparoscope and working ports. In addition, a 7to 8-cm lower midline or Pfennenstiel incision is used to extract the kidney allograft. Recently, this incision has also been used as a hand port for assistance during the laparoscopic procedure. Delayed initial graft function has been reported with laparoscopic nephrectomy. This is attributed to shorter length of vessels, a prolonged period of warm ischemia, and decreased renal perfusion because of insufflation of the abdomen during laparoscopic dissection. Laparoscopy is also associated with complications of transperitoneal surgery, especially a longterm risk of adhesive intestinal obstruction. In a followup period of 5 years, 15 episodes of intestinal obstruction were noted in 4,000 laparoscopic donors (Ratner L, personal communication, June, 2001). The procedure also requires considerable training and expensive instrumentation. Despite these disadvantages, the benefits of this minimally invasive procedure have appealed to voluntary donors, increasing living donor kidney donation. The advantages of a minimally invasive technique and its appeal to donors prompted us to develop a novel procedure that is minimally invasive and that provides the safety of a retroperitoneal approach. Our hypothesis was that the smallest incision possible to extract the kidney from the donor would be sufficient to perform the mobilization of the kidney and dissection of the vessels and ureter. The key features would be the strategic placement of the incision to reduce the postoperative discomfort and appropriate instrumentation to enhance the limited exposure. We have achieved this by adopting minimally invasive techniques in an open surgical setting. We use a 6to 8-cm posterior transcostal incision instead of the standard 14to 20-cm flank incision. We refer to this novel procedure as the “mini-nephrectomy.” To date, we have successfully performed 28 donor nephrectomies using this keyhole incision. We have reported in detail the outcomes of 15 consecutive donors using this technique (unpublished data). Here, we describe the technical details of this novel surgical procedure and its successful outcomes.
Paleomycology: The rediscovery of the obvious

While savoring your double mushroom pizza or contemplating the increasing number of mold spots on your bathroom wall, have you ever wondered how these organisms evolved and how long they have been around? Well, we have, and constantly do! Surprisingly, however, obtaining satisfying answers to these questions is difficult. Molecular-clock estimates have greatly varied as to the origin of the fungi (e.g., Heckman et al., 2001; Taylor and Berbee, 2006). Likewise the fossil record has been inconclusive with regard to the origin of the fungi and is astonishingly incomplete relative to the evolutionary history of the various fungal lineages. While the molecular-clock inconsistencies appear to be related to methodological approaches and the data sets used, the paucity of the fossil record is largely due to a lack of attention of the paleontological community to fungal remains, at least in the past. The apparent lack of interest by paleontologists in fossil fungi is even more perplexing if one considers that fungi are major drivers in ecosystem functioning and that many other organisms, especially plants, would not exist in the way they do without fungi. As a result, understanding the evolution of ecosystems and their individual constituents requires attention to the discipline of paleomycology. Although even the most distinguished naturalists of the day, including Charles Darwin, took notice of the presence of fungi associated with certain fossils (Smith, 1884), one might ask why there has not been an interest in fossil fungi that parallels that of fossil animals and plants, which have been intensively collected and studied for more than 200 years. Perhaps the most obvious reason is that attention was directed at the numerous plant and animal macrofossils that captured the imagination of the research community at the time. No doubt another reason involved a difficulty in identifying and interpreting fungal …
Full-system timing-first simulation

Computer system designers often evaluate future design alternatives with detailed simulators that strive for functional fidelity (to execute relevant workloads) and performance fidelity (to rank design alternatives). Trends toward multi-threaded architectures, more complex micro-architectures, and richer workloads, make authoring detailed simulators increasingly difficult. To manage simulator complexity, this paper advocates decoupled simulator organizations that separate functional and performance concerns. Furthermore, we define an approach, called timing-first simulation, that uses an augmented timing simulator to execute instructions important to performance in conjunction with a functional simulator to insure correctness. This design simplifies software development, leverages existing simulators, and can model micro-architecture timing in detail.We describe the timing-first organization and our experiences implementing TFsim, a full-system multiprocessor performance simulator. TFsim models a pipelined, out-of-order micro-architecture in detail, was developed in less than one person-year, and performs competitively with previously-published simulators. TFsim's timing simulator implements dynamically common instructions (99.99% of them), while avoiding the vast and exacting implementation efforts necessary to run unmodified commercial operating systems and workloads. Virtutech Simics, a full-system functional simulator, checks and corrects the timing simulator's execution, contributing 18-36% to the overall run-time. TFsim's mostly correct functional implementation introduces a worst-case performance error of 4.8% for our commercial workloads. Some additional simulator performance is gained by verifying functional correctness less often, at the cost of some additional performance error.
The depression of estrone-induced uterine growth by phenolic estrogens with oxygenated functions at positions 6 or 16: the impeded estrogens.

Two small groups of steroids in the estrane series—here designated as impeded estrogens,—represent a class of compounds which differ from the majority of estrogenic substances in exerting certain unusual influences on growth of the uterus. The induction of these effects previously was considered to be peculiar to estriol. The unusual growth properties common to impeded estrogens are twofold: (a) after the threshold dosage required to initiate growth has been reached, the slope of the curve of increment of uterine weight in response to increased steroid dosage is very gradual rather than steep; (b) these compounds possess the ability to inhibit to a limited extent the uterine growth induced by estrone administered concurrently. The partial inhibition of estrone-induced growth of the uterus is confined to a critical dosage of the impeded estrogen and is overcome by increased dosage of the inhibitor. Estrone-induced growth of the vagina is not inhibited by impeded estrogens. Furthermore the simultaneous administration of impeded estrogens and testosterone does not lessen the amount of uterine growth evoked by the latter. The impeded estrogens so far encountered are 3-hydroxyestratriene derivatives possessing either a ketone group at position 6 or a hydroxyl group at position 16. Oxygenated functions at these positions in phenolic estrogens have special significance in the excitation and restraint of uterine growth unshared by similar groups at certain other sites of the estrane molecule.
Assessing the Belief Bias Effect With ROCs: It's a Response Bias Effect

A belief bias effect in syllogistic reasoning (Evans, Barston, & Pollard, 1983) is observed when subjects accept more valid than invalid arguments and more believable than unbelievable conclusions and show greater overall accuracy in judging arguments with unbelievable conclusions. The effect is measured with a contrast of contrasts, comparing the acceptance rates for valid and invalid arguments with believable and unbelievable conclusions. We show that use of this measure entails the assumption of a threshold model, which predicts linear receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). In 3 experiments, subjects made “valid”/”invalid” responses to syllogisms, followed by confidence ratings that allowed the construction of empirical ROCs; ROCs were also constructed from a base-rate manipulation in one experiment. In all cases, the form of the empirical ROCs was curved and therefore inconsistent with the assumptions of Klauer, Musch, and Naumer’s (2000) multinomial model of belief bias. We propose a more appropriate, signal detection–based model of belief bias. We then use that model to develop theoretically sound and empirically justified measures of decision accuracy and response bias; those measures demonstrate that the belief bias effect is simply a response bias effect. Thus, our data and analyses challenge existing theories of belief bias because those theories predict an accuracy effect that our data suggest is a Type I error. Our results also provide support for processing theories of deduction that assume responses are driven by a graded argument-strength variable, such as the probability heuristic model proposed by Chater and Oaksford (1999).
An exotic invader drives the evolution of plant traits that determine mycorrhizal fungal diversity in a native competitor.

Abstract The symbiosis between land plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one ofthe most widespread and ancient mutualisms on the planet. However, relatively littleis known about the evolution of these symbiotic plant–fungal interactions in naturalcommunities. In this study, we investigated the symbiotic AMF communities of popu-lations of the native plant species Pilea pumila (Urticaceae) with varying histories ofcoexistence with a nonmycorrhizal invasive species, Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae),known to affect mycorrhizal communities. We found that native populations of P.pumila with a long history of coexistence with the invasive species developed morediverse symbiotic AMF communities. This effect was strongest when A. petiolataplants were actively growing with the natives, and in soils with the longest history ofA. petiolata growth. These results suggest that despite the ancient and widespread nat-ure of the plant–AMF symbiosis, the plant traits responsible for symbiotic preferencescan, nevertheless, evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes.Keywords: Alliaria petiolata, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phylogenetic diversity, Pilea pumilaReceived 4 February 2013; revision received 16 July 2013; accepted 29 July 2013
Fracture of organosilicate glass thin films: environmental effects

Fracture of organosilicate glass coatings is shown to depend sensitively on reactive species in the environment: water vapor for fracture in ambient environments and hydroxyl ions for fracture in aqueous solutions. A simple model captures the key features of the experimental crack velocity curves, including the presence of a threshold energy release rate below which no crack propagation is observed and the effect of chemical species on crack velocity. The similarity between subcritical fracture of OSG in aqueous environments and results from a dissolution study suggests that both processes are controlled by the same mechanism. Bond densities obtained from both the ambient and the aqueous measurements are in line with expectations for organosilicate coatings. At high driving forces, crack growth in aqueous environments is limited by diffusion of hydroxyl ions to the crack tip. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Boundary effects on the sedimentation and hindered diffusion of charged particles

A general formalism is developed to examine the sedimentation of a charged particle in a bounded system at small Peclet numbers and small particle-surface potentials. The excess viscous force is evaluated using a generalized form of the Lorentz reciprocal theorem, eliminating the need to calculate the detailed fluid flow around the charged particle. Specific calculations are provided for the sedimentation of a charged sphere in a concentric (uncharged) spherical cavity. Boundary interactions increase the magnitude of the excess force at small Debye lengths, with the opposite effect seen at very large Debye lengths. A general solution is presented for the sedimentation velocity for an arbitrary particle in both unbounded and bounded systems in the limit of very thin double layers. The excess force under these conditions is proportional to the square of the Debye length, with the proportionality constant being a function of the detailed system geometry. These results provide important insights into the transport of charged particles in porous membranes and chromatographic materials.
WHAT IS “SECULAR”? TECHNO‐SECULARISM AND SPIRITUALITY

. I argue that there is no “roaring reality of rampant secularism” with “technological application as its chief agent,” as claimed by John Caiazza (2005). Two phenomena, techno-religion and a spirituality of technology, suggest a different picture of reality: Technology may be an alternative spirituality rather than an ally of a secularism that makes “nutcrackers of the soul” out of people who should be “dancers” (Nietzsche). An analysis of secularism and its manifold causes indicates that secularism is a fruit of both science and religion. The secular is a companion of religion rather than its enemy. Hence, I recommend a heuristic instead of an ontological use of the concept of secularism. In a technological age, religion is changing rather than being displaced. These changes are illustrated by the increase of private religiosity, megachurches, and cyber-spirituality. Energized by the tension between finitude and creativity, technology shares in the marks of spirituality (Philip Hefner) and in the potential for good and evil. In this situation, fundamentalism and dogmatism in religion, science, and technology are a greater threat than secularism.
Natural infection and transmission of a retrovirus closely related to myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1 in egg-type chickens

SUMMARY. Myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1 (MAV-1) is an exogenous avian retrovirus with oncogenic potential. MAV-1 was detected in young chicks hatching from eggs produced by an experimental genetic line of egg-type chickens. Transmissibility of MAV-1 had not been documented previously. This investigation was intended to partially characterize the virus involved and to study its transmissibility and oncogenicity in naturally and contact-infected chickens. Commercially produced white and brown layer pullets free of exogenous avian leukosis viruses were commingled at hatch with naturally MAV-1–infected chickens. The original MAV-1–infected chickens were discarded after approximately 8 wk, and the contact-exposed chickens were maintained in isolation for 36 wk. Young specific-pathogen-free (SPF) single comb white leghorn chickens were added to the group to study possible horizontal transmission of MAV-1 in young chickens. Upon weekly virus isolation attempts, MAV-1 was readily isolated from the contact...
Computation of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase‐VI rotor in pitch motion during standstill

Previously, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computations of dynamic stall on wind turbine blades have been performed for stand still conditions with moderate success by among others the present authors. In the present work, numerical investigations are performed to illustrate the possibilities of state of the art CFD methods for this problem, including the numerical requirements as time-step and grid resolution. Additionally, the effect of different types of modeling is investigated, ranging from fully turbulent Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), transitional RANS, to transitional delayed detached-eddy simulation computations. The investigation indicates that detailed information and fair agreement with measurements can be obtained.
Mutation of COOH-terminal lysines in overexpressed αB- crystallin abrogates ischemic protection in cardiomyocytes

High levels of αB-crystallin are present in the cardiomyocyte, yet little is understood about the function and importance of this protein. Like many other small heat shock proteins, αB-crystallin f...
INTEREST AND THE MARGINAL PRODUCT OF CAPITAL: A CRITIQUE OF SAMUELSON

The association of the equilibrium real rate of interest with the marginal product of capital is a staple of modern mainstream economics. Indeed, when graduate students are asked to find a typical model's equilibrium values of the real wage and interest rate, there is apparently nothing more natural than calculating the derivative of the production function with respect to labor and capital, respectively. This seems to make perfect economic sense, because under competitive conditions, the laborer gets paid the marginal product of his labor, while the capitalist gets paid the marginal product of his capital. Students can even derive the “factor-price frontier” (developed in, for example, Samuelson 1953) to show the inverse relationship between real wages and the real rate of interest, where the “factors” are, of course, labor and capital.
Review of the Genus Caribovia Young (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), including Thirteen New Species

Abstract The genus Caribovia Young contains twenty one species endemic to the Greater Antilles. Eight species were already known, C. coffeacola (Dozier), C. coffeaphila (Dozier) and C. lineata (Osborn) from Puerto Rico; C. constans (Walker) type of the genus, C. glabra Young and C. nesiotica Young from Hispaniola; C. intensa (Walker) from Jamaica; and C. gundlachiana (Metcalf & Bruner), from Cuba. Thirteen new species are described from Hispaniola, C. aperta, C. bifasciata, C. divisa, C. doloma, C. dorsalinea, C. furcata, C. hamata, C. obrienae, C. ovata, C. plagata, C. rubida, C. trimaculata and C. vittata. Keys to the species found on Hispaniola are given.
A Scalable N -Color LED Driver Using Single Inductor Multiple Current Output Topology

Constant current sources are required to drive multiple color LED strings and the LED drivers that drive these LED lighting systems should provide multiple constant currents from a single dc source. In this paper, a single inductor multiple current output (SIMCO) converter that can provide N - independently controllable constant current outputs is reported. The average current in each color LED string is controlled independently by using hybrid average current mode control (HACMC). The HACMC combines the advantage of both average current mode control and charge control method. Traditional dimming approaches such as pulse width modulation and analog dimming can be incorporated in the proposed topology for color tunability and correlated color temperature control. The proposed approach uses a simple control logic, which is modular and can be scalable to N color LED lighting systems. The operation of the SIMCO converter with the HACMC is explained in detail. Simulation and experimental results with 48 V input and 12 W for $N = 3$ (RGB) color systems are presented.
From Where? Synaptic Tagging Allows the Nucleus Not to Care

Most of us now accept that the formation of long-lasting memories requires de novo transcription of plasticity-related proteins. It is also thought that localized translation of these transcripts, at or near recently activated synaptic sites, structurally stabilizes synaptic connections, thereby consolidating the memory. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying where, when, and how these newly synthesized transcripts participate in memory storage has remained a formidable question in neuroscience. Here we discuss the hypothesis that the nucleus acts as a calculator of incoming signals from activated synapses, either in the form of an electrical signal, through calcium, or as part of a transported signal. As long as a synaptic tag is created, the form of how a signal reaches the nucleus is freed from the requirement of leaving a “trail of breadcrumbs.” The nucleus can instead detect information on how the neuron fits into the network (counting number of modified or active synapses, or whether inhibitory neurons have a say, for example). We propose that it is the output of the nucleus, or nucleus-to-synapse signaling, along with the type of synaptic tag formed, that determines whether the right transcript will be translated at the right synapse at the right time. We further discuss the idea of inverse tagging and how local protein synthesis might play a role in distinguishing inactive versus active synapses.
Gender and Globalization: Maquila Geographies

Gender is a useful analytical tool for understanding contemporary globalization. In this regard, geographers have examined gendered representations of globalization, gender and global production patterns, and gendered migration flows. This body of research has been crucial for developing a critical understanding of globalization. Notions of the complexity of contemporary globalization geographies allow us to imagine and construct alternative models of globalization that might be oriented toward internationalist and/or social justice concerns rather than neo-liberal principles and policies promoted by international financial institutions and their allies (Enloe 1989). In this essay, I focus on the gendered geographies of global production, an aspect of globalization that has profound consequences for those directly involved in assembly operations in the “global factory,“ or maquila. Now used in many global contexts, this term derives from maquiladora, the popular name for Mexico’s export-oriented assembly plants.
Adult children’s characteristics and intergenerational financial transfers in urban China:

Financial transfers between adult children and their elderly parents should be viewed as part of larger family dynamics that can also involve siblings. This is particularly likely to be the case in China, where there has been a traditional emphasis on financial support within the extended family. Using data from the 1999 ‘Study of Family Life in Urban China’ and fixed effects models, this study examines how the characteristics of adult children and their adult siblings are associated with financial transfers between them and their elderly parents. Particular attention is given to sibling differences with regard to factors such as gender, birth order, education and financial situation. The findings revealed that in urban China the traditional gender pattern is changing, in that daughters, rather than sons, now provide more financial support to their parents. However, parents still tend to give more financial assistance to sons. Children with more education (i.e., those who received more parental investment...
Comparative measure of the electronic influence of highly substituted aryl isocyanides.

To assess the relative electronic influence of highly substituted aryl isocyanides on transition metal centers, a series of C4v-symmetric Cr(CNR)(CO)5 complexes featuring various alkyl, aryl, and m-terphenyl substituents have been prepared. A correlation between carbonyl-ligand 13C{1H} NMR chemical shift (δCO) and calculated Cotton–Kraihanzel (C–K) force constant (kCO) is presented for these complexes to determine the relative changes in isocyanide σ-donor/π-acid ratio as a function of substituent identity and pattern. For nonfluorinated aryl isocyanides possessing alkyl or aryl substitution, minimal variation in effective σ-donor/π-acid ratio is observed over the series. In addition, aryl isocyanides featuring strongly electron-releasing substituents display an electronic influence that nearly matches that of nonfluorinated alkyl isocyanides. Lower σ-donor/π-acid ratios are displayed by polyfluorinated aryl isocyanide ligands. However, the degree of this attenuation relative to nonfluorinated aryl isocya...
Special Issue on Occupational Therapy for Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury

Awareness of the incidence and consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased in recent years, along with interest in knowing how best to treat this complex condition. This editorial provides an overview of the various factors that contribute to the complexity of TBI and introduces the six systematic reviews and one qualitative study included in this special issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy focusing on interventions for TBI from an occupational therapy perspective. Issues with the generation and interpretation of research evidence are discussed, along with the importance of valuing clinician expertise and client perspectives along with research findings in implementing evidence-based and evidence-informed practice.
Tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition: the mechanism by which p-chlorophenylalanine depletes rat brain serotonin.

Administration of the specific serotonin depletor p-chlorophenylalanine to rats results in marked inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase of the brain. The enzyme inhibition can be correlated with and is assumed to be responsible for brain serotonin depletion. Although p-chlorophenylalanine is a competitive inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase in vitro, it causes an irreversible inactivation of the enzyme in vivo. The findings also support the conclusion that tryptophan hydroxylation is the rate-limiting enzymic step in serotonin biosynthesis.
The absence of isolated node in geometric random graphs

One-dimensional geometric random graphs are constructed by distributing n nodes uniformly and independently on a unit interval and then assigning an undirected edge between any two nodes that have a distance at most rn. These graphs have received much interest and been used in various applications including wireless networks. A threshold of rn for connectivity is known as r*n = ln n/n in the literature. In this paper, we prove that a threshold of rn for the absence of isolated node is ln n/2n (i.e., a half of the threshold r*n). Our result shows there is a gap between thresholds of connectivity and the absence of isolated node in one-dimensional geometric random graphs; in particular, when rn equals c ln n/n for a constant c ∈ (1/2, 1), a one-dimensional geometric random graph has no isolated node but is not connected. This gap in one-dimensional geometric random graphs is in sharp contrast to the prevalent phenomenon in many other random graphs such as two-dimensional geometric random graphs, Erdős-Renyi graphs, and random intersection graphs, all of which in the asymptotic sense become connected as soon as there is no isolated node.
Analysis of Clinical Characters of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with Different Serum Potassium Levels in 175 Children and Adolescent

Objective To explore clinical characters of type 1 diabetes mellitus with different serum potassium levels in children and adolescent.Methods One hundred and seventy-five patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were reviewed,they were divided into 3 groups according to the serum potassium level.The patients whose serum potassium4 mmol/L belonged to A group.The level of serum potassium in C group≥5 mmol/L.The other patients belonged to B group,whose serum potassium level was between 4 and 5 mmol/L.Their clinical characters such as sex,age,length of stay,the rates of vomiting,infection,the rate diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) and biochemical indicators were compared with each ot-her.After getting the clinical characters difference among subjects of three groups,these results were analyzed with statistical methods.The relationship between serum potassium disorder and different clinical manifestations was observed.Results More metabolic disturbance and symptoms were found in patients of abnormal serum potassium.There were 40 cases in group A,the ratio of DKA and infection were higher than those in group B.The level of serum chlorinum of group A was the highest one among 3 groups.The mumber of patients in group C was 36.The rate of vo-miting in group C patients was higher than that of group B.The group C patients were younger than those of group A.The blood glucose level of group C was the highest one at the beginning of therapy.Conclusions The serum potassium disorder happenes frequently when the diabetic patients are in metabolic unbalance and acute complications.There shall be more active managements to control the serum potassium disorders in diabetic therapy.
2.4 Å resolution crystal structure of human TRAP1NM, the Hsp90 paralog in the mitochondrial matrix.

TRAP1 is an organelle-specific Hsp90 paralog that is essential for neoplastic growth. As a member of the Hsp90 family, TRAP1 is presumed to be a general chaperone facilitating the late-stage folding of Hsp90 client proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. Interestingly, TRAP1 cannot replace cytosolic Hsp90 in protein folding, and none of the known Hsp90 co-chaperones are found in mitochondria. Thus, the three-dimensional structure of TRAP1 must feature regulatory elements that are essential to the ATPase activity and chaperone function of TRAP1. Here, the crystal structure of a human TRAP1NM dimer is presented, featuring an intact N-domain and M-domain structure, bound to adenosine 5′-β,γ-imidotriphosphate (ADPNP). The crystal structure together with epitope-mapping results shows that the TRAP1 M-domain loop 1 contacts the neighboring subunit and forms a previously unobserved third dimer interface that mediates the specific interaction with mitochondrial Hsp70.
Alternative Donor Stem Cell Transplantation In Aplastic Anemias and Refractory Cytopenias Is Save and Feasible With T- and B-Cell Depleted Haploidentical Grafts

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is still the curative treatment option for the majority of patients with severe aplastic anemia and refractory cytopenias. However, a HLA-matched donor is not available for all patients. Alternative donor transplantation has been an experimental treatment option, limited by high rejection rates and transplant related mortality. We performed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of haploidentical stem cell transplantation, since haploidentical family members are always available donors. We investigated a cohort of 10 pediatric patients with severe aplastic anemia or myelodysplatic syndrome transplanted (refractory cytopenia) with T-cell depleted grafts between 2004 and 2011. 7 patients had myelodyslastic syndrome with refractory cytopenia (MDS-RC), 3 had severe aplastic anemias (SAA) refractory to immunosuppresive treatment. 3 patients received a 2nd SCT after rejecting the graft from matched donors. Median age was 11.4 years. Standard conditioning regimen consisted of Fludarabin 3-4x40mg/m 2 , Thiotepa 1-3x5mg/kg, Melphalan 2x70mg/m 2 (n=8) and serotherapy using OKT3 (n=5) and ATG (n=5). 8 patients received additional total lymphoid irradiation (TLI 7 Gy) to prevent graft rejection. In vitro graft manipulation was carried out by direct depletion using antiCD3/19 magnetic microbeads. A median number of 10.1x10 6 CD34 + progenitor cells and 27x10 3 T-cells/kg body weight (BW) were transfused. Pharmacological GvHD prophylaxis (graft vs. host disease) was carried out with Mycofenolate until day 60, if residual T-cells in the graft exceeded 25000/kg BW. Primary engraftment occurred in all patients Median time to reach 500/µl neutrophiles was 9 days (9-11). Independence from platelet substitution was reached after 13 days (8-16). Three patients rejected the graft later on. 6/10 patients had no signs of acute GvHD or GvHD grade I, 2 patients had GvHD grade II. TRM at day +100 and after 1 year was 0% and 20%, respectively. Event free survival (EFS) at 3 years was 80%. Conclusions Haploidentical SCT with T-cell depleted grafts is a therapeutic option for refractory cytopenias and severe aplastic anemia after nonresponse to immunosuppressive treatment if no HLA-matched donor is available. Recovery of neutrophiles and platelets were fast and TRM was low, even if retransplantation was necessary. Since spontaneous outcome of these conditions are poor, alternative donor SCT is a realistic option for these patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A framework for informing segmentation of in vivo MRI with information derived from ex vivo imaging: Application in the medial temporal lobe

Automatic segmentation of cortical and subcortical structures is commonplace in brain MRI literature and is frequently used as the first step towards quantitative analysis of structural and functional neuroimaging. Most approaches to brain structure segmentation are based on propagation of anatomical information from example MRI datasets, called atlases or templates, that are manually labeled by experts. The accuracy of automatic segmentation is usually validated against the “bronze” standard of manual segmentation of test MRI datasets. However, good performance vis-a-vis manual segmentation does not imply accuracy relative to the underlying true anatomical boundaries. In the context of segmentation of hippocampal subfields and functionally related medial temporal lobe cortical subregions, we explore the challenges associated with validating existing automatic segmentation techniques against underlying histologically-derived anatomical “gold” standard; and, further, developing automatic in vivo MRI segmentation techniques informed by histological imaging.
Attributes of Instances of Student Mathematical Thinking that Are Worth Building on in Whole-Class Discussion

ABSTRACTThis study investigated attributes of 278 instances of student mathematical thinking during whole-class interactions that were identified as having high potential, if made the object of discussion, to foster learners’ understanding of important mathematical ideas. Attributes included the form of the thinking (e.g., question vs. declarative statement), whether the thinking was based on earlier work or generated in the moment, the accuracy of the thinking, and the type of thinking (e.g., sense-making). Findings illuminate the complexity of identifying student thinking worth building on during whole-class discussion and provide insight into important attributes of these high potential instances that could be used to help teachers more easily recognize them. Implications for researching, learning, and enacting the teaching practice of building on student mathematical thinking are discussed.
Gender Differences in STEM Students' Perfectionism, Career Search Self‐Efficacy, and Perception of Career Barriers

The purpose of this study was to explore potential gender differences in the mediating effect of career search self-efficacy between 2 dimensions of perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) and the perception of career barriers. A total of 279 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics undergraduate students participated in the study. Among men, but not women, career search self-efficacy mediated the relationships between both dimensions of perfectionism and the perception of career barriers. Implications for counselors and future research directions are discussed.
Induction of TGF-β by Irradiation or Chemotherapy in Fanconi Anemia (FA) Mouse Bone Marrow Is Modulated by Small Molecule Radiation Mitigators JP4-039 and MMS350.

Background/aim Total-body irradiation and/or administration of chemotherapy drugs in bone marrow transplantation induce cytokines that can suppress engraftment. Fanconi Anemia (FA) patients have a hyperactive responsiveness to the inhibitory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Small molecule radiation mitigator drugs, JP4-039 and MMS350, were evaluated for suppression of irradiation or drug-induced TGF-β. Materials and methods In vivo induction of TGF-β by total-body ionizing irradiation (TBI), L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM), busulfan or fludarabine, was quantified. In parallel, mitigator drug amelioration of TGF-β induction in FA D2-/- (FANCD2-/-) mouse bone marrow, was studied in vitro. Tissue culture medium, cell lysates, and mouse plasma were analyzed for TGF-β levels. Results Induction of TGF-β levels in FANCD2-/- and FANCD2+/+ mice and in mouse bone marrow were modulated by both JP4-039 and MMS350. Conclusion Bone marrow transplantation in FA recipients may benefit from administration of small molecule agents that suppress TGF-β induction.
Anion-Redox Mechanism of MoO(S2)2(2,2′-bipyridine) for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Redox processes of molybdenum-sulfide (Mo-S) compounds are important in the function of materials for various applications from electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to cathode materials for batteries. Our group has recently described a series of Mo-S molecular HER catalysts based on a MoO(S2)2L2 structural motif. Herein, reductive pathways of MoO(S2)2bpy (Mo-bpy) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) are presented from both experimental and theoretical studies. We tracked chemical reduction of Mo-bpy with UV–vis spectroscopy using sodium napthalenide (NaNpth) as the reducing agent and found that Mo-bpy undergoes anionic persulfide reduction to form the tetragonal Mo(VI) complex [MoOS3]2–. We also identified silver mercury amalgam as an inert working electrode (WE) for spectroectrochemical (SEC) studies. UV–vis spectra in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid with an applied potential confirmed that Mo-bpy maintains its structure during catalytic cycling. Finally, theoretical catalytic reaction path...
From a Trial Attorney’s Perspective: Two Dogmas of Law School Academics and Their Effect Upon the Future of Lawyering

Modern law school academics in the United States are dominated by two major schools of thought: law and economics; critical theory. The most recent popular version of the latter calls itself critical realism. Both schools are conditioned upon two dogmas they claim must be recognized by jurisprudence and policy decisions in law. In critical theory, its foundational dogma states there exists a fundamental empirical distinction between situational influences and individual influences. This dogma exists in law and economics by a multiple of names, all making the same fundamental distinction but in disguised form. For this school, situational influences are dogmatically defined as simply a set, sum, or collection of individual influences. Both schools of thought share another dogma: a belief that normative statements can be derived from empirical statements. Academics and their believers in both schools want to be anything, such as economists, psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, physicists, and onward, anything but lawyers for whom they both exhibit nothing but contempt. As a practicing attorney my whole career in law, I write this essay as a representative of a dying breed (perhaps justly so): trial work and the art of lawyering. Both dogmas and the contempt for the practice of law that goes with them are not only worthless to jurisprudence but the constant bickering over them and associated paper churning verbiage lacking substance pontificated by those who are the law’s teachers serve only to destroy the credibility of jurisprudence and its usefulness for maintaining and passing on to posterity a free, prosperous, and open society. These dogmas and their contempt for the practice of law prevent progress in jurisprudence from catching up and paralleling scientific learning, an update it desperately needs if it will ever be anything more than the under-laborer for the few who are or want power over the many.