cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Perspectives on Empowerment and Responsibility in the New Public Health

The new public health is compelling because it uses the discourse of empowerment and participatory methodologies to promote health citizenship, but it has also been criticized for reinforcing an individual locus of responsibility while overlooking the role of the state in providing healthy environments. Thus far, much of the discourse surrounding the new public has tended to be the purview of public health experts and professionals. This study uses the interpretive approach to health communication to understand how debates regarding rights and responsibilities inherent in the new public health are appropriated by six employees at two community-based organizations that provide support to HIV-positive (HIV+) people in South India. I ask the question: How is the term “empowerment” understood by these individuals? Three primary dimensions of power emerged from my study: power from self-acceptance and inner strength, power from family and society, and power from self-reliance. In talking about empowerment, par...
A New Hybrid Boosting Converter for Renewable Energy Applications

A hybrid boosting converter (HBC) with collective advantages of regulation capability from its boost structure and gain enhancement from its voltage multiplier structure is proposed in this paper. The new converter incorporates a bipolar voltage multiplier, featuring symmetrical configuration, single inductor and single switch, high gain capability with wide regulation range, low component stress, small output ripple and flexible extension, which make it suitable for front-end PV system and some other renewable energy applications. The operation principal, component stress, and voltage ripple are analyzed in this paper. Performance comparison and evaluation with a number of previous single-switch single-inductor converters are provided. A 200-W 35 to 380 V second-order HBC prototype was built with peak efficiency at 95.44%. The experimental results confirms the feasibility of the proposed converter.
The internal state distribution of CN radicals produced in the photolysis of HC2CN and CH3CN

The energy partitioning in CN radicals produced by the vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of HC2CN and CH3CN is studied by means of laser-induced fluorescence of the B-X transition. Experiments are performed in two collision regimes: (1) in the low-collision number regime, the energy partitioning in CN(X) is measured; (2) in the high-collision number regime, the formation of CN(A) is monitored. It is shown that photodissociation of HC2CN in its linear predissociative 1Sigma(+) state produces predominantly ground-state CN in rotationally and vibrationally excited states. The vibrational population ratios and the temperatures computed from a Boltzmann fit of the rotational levels are given in a table. The excitation of CH3CN produces CN radicals almost entirely in the first excited A-state with vibrational excitation.
Reactivity of b72.3 with adenocarcinomas. An immunohistochemical study of 476 cases

Background The monoclonal antibody B72.3 has been shown to react with several common types of adenocarcinoma. However, the distribution of B72.3 reactivity in adenocarcinomas has not been well-enough defined to determine whether B72.3 immunostaining would be helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. Methods Formaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 476 adenocarcinomas from a variety of primary sites were studied using B72.3 and an avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemical technique. Results B72.3 immunoreactivity was seen in 75-100% of the adenocarcinomas from the ovary, endocervix, endometrium, distal esophagus/stomach, colon, lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, and bile ducts. Positive reactions were unusual in thyroid carcinomas (7%) and renal cell carcinomas (11%). B72.3 reactivity was not seen in the 20 hepatocellular carcinomas or 4 adrenal cortical carcinomas studied. Conclusions B72.3 reacts with a wide variety of adenocarcinomas. Immunostaining with B72.3 may be helpful in excluding hepatocellular carcinoma in certain clinical settings.
Global and Local Processing: A Clarification and Integration

Global and local information processing can inﬂu-ence judgments and decisions in almost every areaof daily life experience. The research summarized byForster and Dannenberg (this issue) is therefore im-¨portant in documenting both the diverse implicationsof this processing and the cognitive and motivationalfactors that affect it. The indication that stimulatingindividuals to employ global or detailed criteria as abasis for judgments in one domain can inﬂuence theway in which information is processed in other, quiteunrelated situations is particularly provocative.The scope and penetration of Forster and Dannen-¨berg’sreviewandanalysisarecertainlyimpressive,anditisdifﬁculttoﬁndseriousfaultwiththeirconclusions.The vast amount of evidence they compile concerningthe determinants and consequences of global versuslocal (piecemeal) processing phenomena (to which theﬁrst author has made a major contribution) is trulyremarkable, and their discussion of more general fac-tors that potentially bind the phenomena together isprovocative. Nevertheless, the cognitive and motiva-tional underpinnings of the phenomena could standsome further elaboration. Moreover, although the situ-ational determinants of global and local processing areconsidered indetail,the factorsthatgive risetochronicindividual differences in this processing may also beworth considering.Following Smith (1990, 1994), Forster and Dan-¨nenberg distinguish between
Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides as Causes of Intestinal Infections

Infections due to Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides in immuno-compromised hosts have been well documented, but the role of these organisms in causing gastrointestinal disease in healthy persons is controversial. Despite difficulties in characterizing the exotoxins produced by Aeromonas species, there is accumulating evidence that these bacteria are capable of causing usually mild, self-limited diarrheal disease in previously healthy adults. Some pediatric patients may have protracted dysenteric symptoms. P. shigelloides, an organism closely related to Aeromonas species, may also cause diarrhea in the healthy host, but no exotoxins have yet been identified by the assays used to identify other bacterial enterotoxins. Replacement of fluid and electrolytes is the basis of treatment, and antimicrobial agents should be reserved for patients with chronic or serious illness, or for those at particular risk of serious illness (hepatobiliary disease, septicemia, neoplasms).
Neutralizations and a history of ‘keeping the lid’ on it: how church leaders handled and explained sexual abuse in one diocese

While much is known about the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic Church, there are very few criminological studies on the topic. This research adds to that knowledge base. This study examines the techniques of neutralization used by diocesan personnel in their efforts to justify priests' abusive behaviors and temper public knowledge of what was occurring behind closed doors. Over 4000 pages of documentation, from 42 priest files, unsealed by the Archdiocese of Milwaukee in July 2013 were analyzed retrospectively via qualitative content analysis of all statements consistent with neutralization techniques. Findings indicate that diocesan personnel were most likely to deny injury and responsibility, and that some were very forthright about covering up these crimes. The need for continued qualitative research using more recently released files, as well as surveys and interviews with Church leaders, also is discussed.
Selective Acetylation of per-O-TMS-Protected Monosaccharides

Selective acetylation of various per-O-TMS-protected carbohydrates has been accomplished. Using a protecting group exchange strategy and microwave assistance, monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and mannose) can be selectively acetylated producing either the 6-O-monoacetate or 1,6-O-diacetylated species. This new class of molecules can be deprotected without migration of the acetyl groups, providing useful synthetic intermediates. To demonstrate the scope of the reaction, the methodology was successfully extended to TMS-protected ceramide.
An experimental test of the role of predators in the maintenance of a genetically based polymorphism

Polymorphisms provide one of the most useful tools for understanding the maintenance of genetic and phenotypic variation in nature. We have previously described a genetically based polymorphism in dorsal patterning that is expressed by female brown anole lizards, Anolis sagrei, which occur in Bar, Diamond and intermediate Diamond-Bar morphs. Previous studies of island populations in The Bahamas support a role for selection in maintaining the polymorphism, but the agents responsible for this selection remain unclear. We tested two main hypotheses regarding the importance of predation as a selective agent that maintains the polymorphism within populations. First, we tested whether correlational selection favours different combinations of morph, locomotor performance and escape behaviour by measuring morph-specific natural selection on sprint speed, running endurance and the propensity of females to either 'freeze' or 'run' in response to attempted capture. Morphs did not differ in any of these traits, nor did correlational selection consistently favour any particular combinations of morph and antipredator behaviour. Second, we experimentally excluded bird and snake predators from two entire island populations, allowed these predators access to two additional islands and then measured subsequent differences in natural selection on morphs in each population. Predators reduced the survival of Bar and Diamond females, but not of genetically intermediate Diamond-Bar females. These results provide limited evidence that predation may play a role in maintaining this polymorphism, although the functional traits that could account for differential susceptibility to predation remain unclear.
John Nelson, Merchant Adventurer: A Life between Empires

John Nelson was an entrepreneur born in the mid 17th century, a man, in Johnson's words, 'operating ahead of the government and settled society from which he came', one who 'responded to conventions and conditions derived from several different and often competing cultures'. In the case of Nelson, this meant operating in England and France in Europe and in French Canada and New England in America. In several major transactions, he acted as middleman between French Canada and New England. He led an uprising that forced out the Royal Governor of Massachusetts in 1689 and later led an expedition against the French at Port Royal, where he was captured and ultimately landed in the Bastille in Paris. When he was finally released in 1698, he returned to Boston and remained in international trade but no longer had a political role. John Nelson's career exemplifies ways in which the expansion of European empires overwhelmed the local and proprietary rules in effect in colonial America. Johnson's book also provides a way of looking at the continued strong conflict between New England and Acadia about fishing rights in the North Atlantic. In Johnson's words, 'Nelson's career directs attention beyond social life on the one hand and court politics on the other to individuals whose lives precipitated policy even if they themselves never put it into execution. [Figures like Nelson] were at once the unsung creators and among the numerous victims of Europe's American empires'.
Model-Based Design, Engineering, and Development: Advancements mean New Opportunities for Space Systems Development

Space systems have always been model-based. The difference now is the depth and extent of the modeling and how much models and model analyses have begun to substitute for traditional design and development activities. In this paper, we consider some advances in model-based design, engineering and development (MBDED) that show great promise for complex space system design, and describe others that could provide even more gains for space systems, from design through operation.
Gender-Related Differences in Hypnosis-Based Treatments for Smoking: A Follow-up Meta-Analysis

In an earlier meta-analysis of 12 studies using hypnosis-based treatments for smoking cessation, we provided preliminary evidence that males fare better than females when trying to quit smoking (Green, Lynn, & Montgomery, 2006). By excluding studies that reported no gender differences, but failed to report final outcome-statistics-by-gender, our previous conclusion may have overestimated the role of gender in hypnosis-based smoking cessation treatment. In the present analysis, we included 12 additional studies that reported no gender differences, but failed to report final outcome-by-gender statistics. Across each of these studies, we calculated identical success rates for male and female participants and then added these results to our database. Among all 24 groups of participants who completed hypnosis-based treatment for smoking, we found a small but significant effect for male participants being more successful in quitting smoking relative to females. Specific suggestions for tailoring hypnosis smoking cessation programs to take gender differences into account are discussed.
Nonlinear instability of a Rossby-wavecritical layer

The vorticity distribution in a Rossby-wave nonlinear critical layer, given by the Stewartson–Warn–Warn solution, may be strongly modified by the action of shear instability. In a companion paper (Killworth & McIntyre 1985) it was shown, using linear theory, that unstable modes indeed existed. Here, using numerical methods, the nonlinear evolution of unstable disturbances is followed up to the time at which their growth ceases. By such a time there has been considerable redistribution of vorticity in the critical layer.
NEED FOR COGNITION: EXPLORATORY RELATIONSHIPS WITH SIBSHIP STRUCTURE AND COGNITIVE STYLE '

Summary.-Statistical evidence indicates that need for cognition scores may be Wed to the number of male children in the family. Responses from 33 female and 46 male university studenrs indicated that the independent variable of number of male children in the family was related to need for cognition scores. The number of female children was not related. The concept of cognitive style as related to Jungian psychological type theory is discussed as a partial explanation. Awareness is growing among economists of the important role of childhood in conditioning adult socioeconomic success (Behrman & Taubman, 1986, p. S121). In this paper are integrated several constructs regarding why certain types of people tend to develop characteristics that may often lead to 'L success" in an overt and conventional sense. Exploratory statistics are offered in support. Koch (1955) found that females with brothers tended to be more tenacious and competitive than those with sisters, while males were not differentially affected by siblings' sex. In studying academic self-concepts Abrams, Sparkes, and Hogg (1985) found females' academic aspirations to be especidy susceptible to influence by brothers. Conversely for males, the number of sisters was important to self-evaluation of intelligence and work ethic. In terms of socioeconomic success, evidence has been reported that first-born women who have all brothers and no sisters tend to exhibit high motivation and achievement and be among the most highly paid female executives (Moore & Cox, 1990). Effects of sibling variables on personality differences, individual performance, and social achievement have also been reported by Blake (1985), Marjoribanks (1987), and Sutton-Smith and Rosenberg (1970), among others. This paper considers whether need for cognition (Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984) may also be influenced by sibship composition, i.e., by the number of brothers or sisters one has. Need for cognition is defined as the tendency for an individual to enjoy thinking and to engage in it (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982). The concept of cognitive style is related to Jungian (1971) psychological type theory. Cognitive style is measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Myers & McCaulley, 1985). A person's preferred mode of information in
Electronegativity and the reactions of XFe+ (X = Cl, Br, I) with Fe(CO)5

Abstract The reactions of XF+ with Fe(CO) formally proceed through two routes, charge transfer and clustering. The charge transfer reaction channel yields Fe(CO)y+ species (y = 3–5). Clustering reactions yield X(CO)yFex+ species (x = 1–3, y = 2,3,5,6,9). We suggest that the product ions are formed along a reaction coordinate involving a common collision complex. The product distribution is governed by competitive charge transfer and geometric relaxation of the collision complex. The ratio of cluster formation to charge exchange is discussed in terms of the electronegativity of the halide.
Filtering and detection for doubly stochastic Poisson processes

Equations are derived that describe the time evolution of the posterior statistics of a general Markov process that modulates the intensity function of an observed inhomogeneous Poisson counting process. The basic equation is a stochastic differential equation for the conditional characteristic function of the Markov process. A separation theorem is established for the detection of a Poisson process having a stochastic intensity function. Specifically, it is shown that the causal minimum-mean-square-error estimate of the stochastic intensity is incorporated in the optimum Reiffen-Sherman detector in the same way as if it were known. Specialized results are obtained when a set of random variables modulate the intensity. These include equations for maximum a posteriori probability estimates of the variables and some accuracy equations based on the Cramer-Rao inequality. Procedures for approximating exact estimates of the Markov process are given. A comparison by simulation of exact and approximate estimates indicates that the approximations suggested can work well even under low count rate conditions.
Isoform Composition of Connexin Channels Determines Selectivity among Second Messengers and Uncharged Molecules

Intercellular connexin channels (gap junction channels) have long been thought to mediate molecular signaling between cells, but the nature of the signaling has been unclear. This study shows that connexin channels from native tissue have selective permeabilities, partially based on pore diameter, that discriminate among cytoplasmic second messenger molecules. Permeability was assessed by measurement of selective loss/retention of tracers from liposomes containing reconstituted connexin channels. The tracers employed were tritiated cyclic nucleotides and a series of oligomaltosaccharides derivatized with a small uncharged fluorescent moiety. The data define different size cut-off limits for permeability through homomeric connexin-32 channels and through heteromeric connexin-32/connexin-26 channels. Connexin-26 contributes to a narrowed pore. Both cAMP and cGMP were permeable through the homomeric connexin-32 channels. cAMP was permeable through only a fraction of the heteromeric channels. Surprisingly, cGMP was permeable through a substantially greater fraction of the heteromeric channels than was cAMP. The data suggest that isoform stoichiometry and/or arrangement within a connexin channel determines whether cyclic nucleotides can permeate, and which ones. This is the first evidence for connexin-specific selectivity among biological signaling molecules.
Stream Bank Failure and Rotational Slumping: Preservation and Significance in the Geologic Record

Evidence of stream bank failure in the geologic record is surprisingly meager. Observations on modern stream bank failure and on ancient analogues suggest that bank failures most likely to be preserved in the stratigraphic record are those produced by large-scale shear failure—in particular, by rotational slumping. Although the the frequency of bank failures is much higher along streams of alluvial valleys than along distributaries of deltaic plains, potential for preservation of these large-scale structures is greater in the latter environment. Preservation is apparently most easily accomplished by the type of rotational slumping in which base failure, rather than slope failure, is involved. Base failure is manifest by large slump blocks with surfaces of failure passing below the local thalweg and, therefore, below the depth of active stream scouring; preservation of at least subthalweg parts of slumped masses is, thus, theoretically possible. Areas of active scouring in which banks and thalwegs are cut in very cohesive silt- and clay-rich sediments favor the occurrence of deep rotational slumping and possibly base failure. Such conditions appear to be more common in low-energy deltaic plain or tidal flat environments than in alluvial valleys. Consequently, fossil displaced bank sediments are predictably rare due to the somewhat restricted environmental conditions under which they can be preserved best, the actual low frequency of bank failure within these environments, and possibly an even lower frequency of true base failure in these same environments.
Resection Followed by Stereotactic Radiosurgery to Resection Cavity for Intracranial Metastases

Purpose In patients who undergo resection of central nervous system metastases, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is added to reduce the rates of recurrence and neurologic death. However, the risk of late neurotoxicity has led many patients to decline WBRT. We offered adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) as an alternative to select patients with resected brain metastases. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent brain metastasis resection followed by SRS/SRT. WBRT was administered only as salvage treatment. Patients had one to four brain metastases. The dose was 15–18 Gy for SRS and 22–27.5 Gy in four to six fractions for SRT. Target margins were typically expanded by 1 mm for rigid immobilization and 3 mm for mask immobilization. SRS/SRT involved the use of linear accelerator radiosurgery using the IMRT 21EX or Helical Tomotherapy unit. Results Between December 1999 and January 2007, 30 patients diagnosed with intracranial metastases were treated with resection followed by SRS or SRT to the resection cavity. Of the 30 patients, 4 (13.3%) developed recurrence in the resection cavity, and 19 (63%) developed recurrences in new intracranial sites. The actuarial 12-month survival rate was 82% for local recurrence-free survival, 31% for freedom from new brain metastases, 67% for neurologic deficit-free survival, and 51% for overall survival. Salvage WBRT was performed in 14 (47%) of the 30 patients. Conclusion Our results suggest that for patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases treated with surgical resection, postoperative SRS/SRT to the resection cavity is a feasible option. WBRT can be reserved as salvage treatment with acceptable neurologic deficit-free survival.
Two-dimensional imaging of optical emission in a multicusp-ECR microwave resonant cavity

Optical emission of the electron-cyclotron resonant (ECR) region of a multicusp microwave resonant cavity plasma source has been imaged onto a two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The technique provides a real-time diagnostic of the plasma emission around the ECR region within a wavelength region defined by low-bandpass filters.
Persistent organic pollutants in blood plasma of satellite‐tracked adult male loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)

Risks from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) remain largely a mystery for threatened loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). The present study examines regional-scale POP differences in blood plasma from adult male C. caretta based on movement patterns. Turtles were captured near Port Canaveral, Florida, USA, in April of 2006 and 2007 and fitted with satellite transmitters as part of a National Marine Fisheries Service-funded project. Residents (n = 9) remained near the capture site, whereas transients (n = 10) migrated northward, becoming established in areas largely from south of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, to north of Cape May, New Jersey, USA. Blood was sampled from the dorsocervical sinus of each turtle and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and toxaphenes. Blood plasma concentrations of OCPs and total PBDEs were elevated in transients (p < 0.05) and in some cases were correlated with turtle size. Migratory adults showed an atypical PBDE congener profile relative to other published studies on wildlife, with PBDE 154 being the dominant congener. Additionally, PCB congener patterns differed between groups, with total PCBs slightly elevated in transients. This supports the idea that foraging location can influence exposure to, and patterns of, POPs in highly mobile species such as C. caretta. Understanding patterns of contamination informs wildlife managers about possible health risks to certain subpopulations. The present study is the first to examine POPs in the rarely studied adult male sea turtle and to couple contaminant measurements with satellite tracking.
Automated main-chain model building by template matching and iterative fragment extension.

An algorithm for the automated macromolecular model building of polypeptide backbones is described. The procedure is hierarchical. In the initial stages, many overlapping polypeptide fragments are built. In subsequent stages, the fragments are extended and then connected. Identification of the locations of helical and β-strand regions is carried out by FFT-based template matching. Fragment libraries of helices and β-strands from refined protein structures are then positioned at the potential locations of helices and strands and the longest segments that fit the electron-density map are chosen. The helices and strands are then extended using fragment libraries consisting of sequences three amino acids long derived from refined protein structures. The resulting segments of polypeptide chain are then connected by choosing those which overlap at two or more Cα positions. The fully automated procedure has been implemented in RESOLVE and is capable of model building at resolutions as low as 3.5 A. The algorithm is useful for building a preliminary main-chain model that can serve as a basis for refinement and side-chain addition.
Olanzapine-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis

OBJECTIVE:To report the case of a patient taking olanzapine who developed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).CASE SUMMARY:A 46-year-old African American woman with no previous history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital and subsequently diagnosed with DKA and acute pancreatitis. The patient had been taking olanzapine, valproic acid, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene, and conjugated estrogens prior to admission. Olanzapine was the last medication added to the regimen. In addition to clinicians treating the DKA with appropriate interventions, olanzapine (due to possible association with hyperglycemia and DKA) as well as valproic acid (due to possible association with pancreatitis) were discontinued from the medication regimen. The patient was discharged home and her most recent glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting glucose concentrations have been within the normal range.DISCUSSION:Atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine, have been associated with hyperglycemia and possibly DKA. We bel...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of neurocognitive-sparing treatments for brain metastases

BACKGROUND Decisions regarding how to treat patients who have 1 to 3 brain metastases require important tradeoffs between controlling recurrences, side effects, and costs. In this analysis, the authors compared novel treatments versus usual care to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio from a payer's (Medicare) perspective. METHODS Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using a microsimulation of a Markov model for 60 one-month cycles. The model used 4 simulated cohorts of patients aged 65 years with 1 to 3 brain metastases. The 4 cohorts had a median survival of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months to test the sensitivity of the model to different prognoses. The treatment alternatives evaluated included stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with 3 variants of salvage after recurrence (whole-brain radiotherapy [WBRT], hippocampal avoidance WBRT [HA-WBRT], SRS plus WBRT, and SRS plus HA-WBRT). The findings were tested for robustness using probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Traditional radiation therapies remained cost-effective for patients in the 3-month and 6-month cohorts. In the cohorts with longer median survival, HA-WBRT and SRS plus HA-WBRT became cost-effective relative to traditional treatments. When the treatments that involved HA-WBRT were excluded, either SRS alone or SRS plus WBRT was cost-effective relative to WBRT alone. The deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results. CONCLUSIONS HA-WBRT and SRS plus HA-WBRT were cost-effective for 2 of the 4 cohorts, demonstrating the value of controlling late brain toxicity with this novel therapy. Cost-effectiveness depended on patient life expectancy. SRS was cost-effective in the cohorts with short prognoses (3 and 6 months), whereas HA-WBRT and SRS plus HA-WBRT were cost-effective in the cohorts with longer prognoses (12 and 24 months). Cancer 2015;121:4231–4239. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Risk stratification of kidneys from donation after cardiac death donors and the utility of machine perfusion.

There has been a dramatic increase in the utilization of kidneys from donors after cardiac death (DCD). While these organs represent an opportunity to expand the donor pool, the assessment of risk and optimal perioperative management remains unclear. Our primary aim was to identify risk factors for objective outcomes, and secondarily, we sought to determine what impact pulsatile machine perfusion (PMP) had on these outcomes. From 1993 to November 2008, 6057 DCD kidney transplants were reported to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database, with complete endpoints for delayed graft function (DGF) and graft survival (GS). Risk factors were identified using a multivariable regression analysis adjusted for recipient factors. Age (50 yr) [OR 1.81, p 30 h) [OR 3.22, p 60 yr and improved long-term graft survival when donor age was >50 yr. Donor warm ischemia time >20 min was also found to correlate with increased DGF. While the incidence of DGF in DCD kidneys is significantly higher, the only factors the transplant surgeon can control are CIT and the use of PMP. The data suggest that the use of PMP in DCD kidneys <50 yr old provides little clinical benefit and may increase CIT.
p32 (C1QBP) and cancer cell metabolism: is the Warburg effect a lot of hot air?

Most cancer cells are believed to convert glucose avidly to lactate, even when oxygen is adequate for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis, which contrasts with anaerobic glycolysis, which is triggered in hypoxic normal cells or cancer cells adapting to hypoxia (6, 9, 11, 13, 20). In this issue, Fogal et al. report that knockdown of p32, a receptor for a tumor-specific homing peptide, in breast cancer cell lines enhanced glycolysis but, surprisingly, impaired tumorigenesis (7). Their observations unlink glycolysis from tumorigenic potential and question the paradigm stipulated by the Warburg effect.
Sum rules and electrodynamics of high-T c cuprates in the pseudogap state

We explore connections between the electronic density of states ~DOS! in a conducting system and the frequency dependence of the scattering rate 1/t(v) inferred from infrared spectroscopy. We show that changes in the DOS upon the development of energy gaps can be reliably tracked through the examination of the 1/t(v) spectra using the sum rules discussed in the text. Applying this analysis to the charge dynamics in high- Tc cuprates, we find radically different trends in the evolution of the DOS in the pseudogap state and in the superconducting state. One of the most enigmatic properties of cuprate high- temperature superconductors is the pseudogap in the spec- trum of low-energy excitations developing primarily in weakly doped materials at a temperature T* well above the superconducting transition Tc . 1 First discovered through ex- periments probing spin-related behavior, the pseudogap also leads to a characteristic modification of a variety of proper- ties in the charge sector. The microscopic origins of the pseudogap state are still debated. Some aspects of the pseudogap have led to an interpretation of this phenomenon in terms of a ''precursor'' of the superconducting gap, whereas another school of thought is proposing scenarios based on spin-or charge-density wave fluctuations. 1 In view of the generic character of the pseudogap phenomenon in a large variety of cuprates, it is conceivable that a resolution of the pseudogap puzzles may become an essential step towards elucidating the mechanism of high-Tc superconductivity. Infrared studies of the electromagnetic response of cu- prates are ideally suited for the investigation of the pseudogap and its evolution with temperature and doping. The characteristic features of the pseudogap are distinct in the in plane ~EiCuO2 planes! 2 and in the c-axis ~E'CuO2 planes! properties. 3-7 In the latter case, the formation of the pseudogap leads to a depletion of the far-IR conductivity with the transfer of the spectral weight to energies above 0.2-0.3 eV. This effect is common for both double-layered materials (YBa2Cu3Ox , YBa2Cu4O8) and for the cuprates with single CuO2 plane per unit cell La22xSrxCuO4 ~La214!. 5 The transfer of the spectral weight accounts for the ''semiconducting'' temperature dependence of the c axis resistivity. Manifestation of the pseudogap in the EiCuO2 plane re- sponse of cuprates is more subtle in part because the in-plane carrier dynamics is governed by nodal regions of the Fermi surface that remains gapless at all temperatures. The signa- tures of the pseudogap in the in-plane data are best resolved in the spectra of the frequency-dependent scattering rate, 2,8
Geography as Disparity: The Shifting Burden of Heart Disease.

The news from the American Heart Association’s 2016 Statistical Update on Heart Disease and Stroke was generally positive.1 Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to cause more deaths in the United States than any other factor, “[f]rom 2003 to 2013, death rates attributable to CVD declined 28.8%.”1 The data also reflect a 38% decline in the death rate attributable to coronary heart disease (CHD), the principal cause of CVD deaths. Article, see p 1171 The Update identifies a second issue that is concerning: continuing, and sometimes worsening racial disparities in the prevalence of and deaths caused by CVD. Based on data for 2012, the prevalence of CVD was 36.1% among white men, 46.0% among black men, 31.9% among white women, and 48.3% among black women. Similar disparities were found in the prevalence of heart failure (HF). In contrast to the continuing decline in CHD nationally, the prevalence of HF is predicted to increase 46% between 2012 and 2030. These changing patterns in the burden of heart disease (HD) reflect important geographic shifts, as reported by Casper and colleagues2 in this issue of Circulation . Using county-level data, the authors provide a written and graphic description of the changes that have taken place over the past 40 years in mortality rates from HD in the United States. Their principal finding is a, “substantial shift in the concentration of high-rate counties from the Northeast to the South. The shift was accompanied by geographic disparities in the rates of declining heart disease mortality (with the slowest declines concentrated primarily among southern counties), and a 2-fold increase in the magnitude of geographic disparities among US counties.” In interpreting these findings, the authors indicate that, “the observed combination of a steady progression of high-rate counties from the Northeast to the South, together with …
Attitudes Toward Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation of the Hands and Face in an Urban Population

Background: Almost 100 hand and face transplants have been performed worldwide. Their success has generated enthusiasm within the medical community, however, little is known about public attitudes toward vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) of the hands and face as compared to solid organ transplantation. The objective of this survey study was to assess these attitudes and the acceptability and potential barriers to the further growth of these procedures.Methods: Cooper University Hospital Emergency Department (Camden, New Jersey) patients, accompanying family members and friends ≥18 years of age were surveyed about knowledge of and attitudes toward organ, hand, and face transplants as well as preferences as a potential VCA donor or recipient. The socioeconomic aspects of VCA also were assessed.Results: A total of 1,027 individuals participated. Approximately 70% (69.7%) of respondents indicated that they would want to be organ donors, although only 37.1% reported donor registrations on their ...
Neurologic manifestations of congenital infection.

The clinical manifestations of central nervous system infection are less obvious in the newborn, and apparent preservation of neurologic function in the face of severe neuropathologic abnormalities has undermined the value of the neurologic examination in newborns. The advent of CT scanning has permitted the correlation of subtle observations with anatomic pathologic findings on the scan. This and other new diagnostic techniques point the way to early recognition of serious pathology.
Concepts in biocompatibility: new biomaterials, new paradigms and new testing regimes

Abstract: In this chapter the traditional methods to assess biological safety are placed in the context of a new way forward with test procedures that reflect the biomaterials of the future, since both our understanding of biocompatibility phenomena, and the uses and expectations of these new biomaterials, are undergoing radical change. The main issue here is that, historically, biomaterials have been designed to be as inert as possible, but this approach is of limited value in applications that demand some form of biological functionality. The problems of existing in vitro and in vivo test procedures are explained within the framework of a new understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility.
Play: A Paradigm for Tracing Previewing Behaviors

Play is among the most distinctive activities manifested by infants and young children. Indeed, it is perhaps the sole behavior that is clearly relegated to childhood and that is viewed as being an essential prerequisite to the child’s development. Given the characteristic features that are associated with this activity, we may ask what constitutes play and how can it be defined during the early years of life. Moreover, how are the behaviors associated with play different from the myriad of other behaviors manifested by the infant? As will be seen below, there are three predominant qualities of play that have been isolated by researchers who have investigated this phenomenon in infants and young children. These are: (1) a cognitive element, (2) an emotional element, and (3) a social element, all interwoven in a sequence of activity that is filled with joy and delight.
The Nature of Inheritance

If you were asked to explain how organisms transmitted their characteristics to their offspring, you might think up a plausible scheme and be satisfied with that. Or you might get out and contrast parents with their offspring, study family trees or pedigrees, or at least look at existing situations before formulating an explanation. Or maybe you would select an organism with some characteristic that you knew varied, and then would experiment with it by breeding similar and dissimilar kinds. From your observed results you might formulate some laws that you could test by using other organisms and other characters. This last method, known as the experimental method, has come into common use only in the twentieth century and is now taken quite for granted.
Evolving Goals, Pedagogies, and Identities as an Elementary Science Teacher Educator: Prioritizing Practice

In this exploration of the evolution of the work I have done as an elementary science teacher educator, I focus on the goals I have set for my elementary methods class, the pedagogies I have used and privileged, and my own changing identities as a science educator and teacher educator. I draw on my syllabi, assignment descriptions, and published scholarship to discern themes and shifts in goals, emphasis, expectations, and values. I illustrate how the evolution of my course reflects key developments in science education and teacher education: the move toward an emphasis on practice. The chapter provides a meta-self-study, examining a science teacher educator’s work and identity as evidenced by instrumental artifacts of that work and scholarly products resulting from it.
Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights: Racism and Democracy

In light of the previous analysis of embodied politics, I would like now to consider the role that the idea of the social construction of race can play in democratic theory as well as take up certain hard questions that bear on the persistence of racism within democratic societies. I begin with the conceptual connection between the requirement of democracy and the critique of racism. I then turn to the issue of whether racial identity can be interpreted in cultural terms, taking up Anthony Appiah's argument on this point. Concerning the norms of democracy, I want to argue for a reinterpretation that draws on a conception of what I have called in Chapter 2 concrete universality. In this connection, while appreciating Charles Mills's trenchant critique of the “racial contract,” I suggest that his appeal to an ideal social contract, with its set of natural and human rights, does not yet provide an adequate normative basis for a fully nonracist democracy. Instead, we need a conception of inclusive, intercultural democratic communities, on a certain interpretation. In terms of this approach to group differences, I then briefly consider the potential impact of economic democracy for reducing racial divisiveness. As background for taking up these difficult questions, however, it is helpful at the outset to briefly review the present situation regarding racism and theories of democracy. Racism and Existing Democratic Frameworks Why does racism, as well as the idea of race itself, play almost no role in most democratic theories?
Iron transport proteins: Gateways of cellular and systemic iron homeostasis

Cellular iron homeostasis is maintained by iron and heme transport proteins that work in concert with ferrireductases, ferroxidases, and chaperones to direct the movement of iron into, within, and out of cells. Systemic iron homeostasis is regulated by the liver-derived peptide hormone, hepcidin. The interface between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis is readily observed in the highly dynamic iron handling of four main cell types: duodenal enterocytes, erythrocyte precursors, macrophages, and hepatocytes. This review provides an overview of how these cell types handle iron, highlighting how iron and heme transporters mediate the exchange and distribution of body iron in health and disease.
Deal or no deal? The prevalence and nutritional quality of price promotions among U.S. food and beverage purchases.

Abstract Objective This study examines trends in the prevalence of price promotions among packaged food and beverage purchases, differences in prevalence by household race/ethnicity or income, and the association between price promotions and the nutritional profile of purchases. Design This cross-sectional study utilizes a dataset of 90 million purchases from 38,744 (2008) to 45,042 (2012) US households in 2008–2012. Chi-square tests were used to examine whether the proportion of purchases with price promotions changed over time or differed by household race/ethnicity or income. T-tests were used to compare purchased products’ nutritional profiles. Results Prevalence of price promotions among packaged food and beverage purchases increased by 8% and 6%, respectively, from 2008 to 2012, with both reaching 34% by 2012. Higher-income households had greater proportions of purchases with price promotions than lower-income households. Asian households had the highest proportion of purchases with any price promotion, followed by non-Hispanic whites. While total price-promoted packaged food purchases had higher mean energy, total sugar, and saturated fat densities than purchases with no price promotions, absolute differences were small. Conclusions Prevalence of price promotions among US household purchases increased from 2008 to 2012 and was greater for higher-income households. No clear associations emerged between presence of price promotions and nutritional quality of purchases.
Use of a Condom to Prevent HIV among Married Couples

Among the most difficult questions of contemporary Catholic medical ethics is whether the use of a condom by a married couple in order to prevent one spouse from infecting the other with the HIV virus is morally permissible. Three solutions to this dilemma have suggested themselves for consideration. First, HIV-discordant spouses could abstain from marital intercourse entirely; this would involve a notably heroic sacrifice. Second, spouses could engage in marital intercourse, though perhaps only infrequently, and accept the risk of infection of the HIV-negative spouse. Third, the spouses could attempt to prevent the spread of the virus when they undertake to have sexual intercourse by blocking the transmission of the carrying agent—i.e., the bodily fluids, whether seminal or vaginal. HIV-discordant spouses would agree, on this scenario, to use a condom when having sexual intercourse in order to prevent the transmission of bodily fluids and thus of disease. In this paper, I argue that the first two proposed solutions are morally permissible, but that the third is not.
Impact of Community-Based Clinical Training on Dental Students' Confidence in Treating Pediatric Patients.

With a significant need for more general dentists to provide care for pediatric patients, previous studies have found that community-based clinical training experience with children increased dental students’ willingness to provide care to pediatric patients after graduation. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of community-based clinical training with pediatric patients on dental students’ self-perceived confidence in treating pediatric patients, both overall and related to specific procedures. Of the total 105 fourth-year dental students at one U.S. dental school invited to participate in the study in academic year 2011–12, 76 completed the survey about their community-based dental education (CBDE), for a 72% response rate. Over half of the respondents (55%) reported feeling more confident in treating pediatric patients after their rotations. The increase in confidence was not associated with demographics. The placement of sealants (p=0.0022) and experience in giving local anesthesia (p=0.0008) were the two procedures most strongly associated with the increase in confidence. Also, these students received more experience in pulp therapy, extractions, and treating children up to three years of age during their community-based rotations than in the school-based clinic. In this study, greater exposure to pediatric dental clinical experiences during CBDE increased the students’ confidence in treating pediatric patients. These results suggest that community-based experiences are useful in supplementing the school-based pediatric clinical experience, including increasing entry-level dentists’ confidence in treating pediatric patients.