cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An optimal concentration of phosphoric acid as an etching agent. Part I: Tensile bond strength studies

E tching enamel surfaces with phosphoric acid (H,PO,) is an accepted and widely applied technique to improve bonding of dental resins to enamel in restorative dentistry,’ in preventive dentistry,’ and for the direct bonding of orthodontic attachments.3 The concentrations recommended for clinical use range from 30% to 60%. Numerous investigations have been carried out to define the optimal concentration of H,PO, for use as an enamel etching agent. Tensile bond strength studies of dental restorative resins to enamel surfaces etched with different concentrations of H,PO, have been used for this purpose.4-‘5 The optimal concentrations of H,PO, recommended by these investigators have ranged from 8% to 65%. This study was designed to determine an optimal concentration of H,PO, as an enamel etching agent by means of tensile bond strength tests.
Prostaglandin E2 increases hematopoietic stem cell survival and accelerates hematopoietic recovery after radiation injury.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), which continuously maintain all mature blood cells, are regulated within the marrow microenvironment. We previously reported that pharmacologic treatment of naive mice with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expands HSPCs. However, the cellular mechanisms mediating this expansion remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PGE2 treatment in naive mice inhibits apoptosis of HSPCs without changing their proliferation rate. In a murine model of sublethal total body irradiation (TBI), in which HSPCs are rapidly lost, treatment with a long-acting PGE2 analog (dmPGE2) reversed the apoptotic program initiated by TBI. dmPGE2 treatment in vivo decreased the loss of functional HSPCs following radiation injury, as demonstrated both phenotypically and by their increased reconstitution capacity. The antiapoptotic effect of dmPGE2 on HSPCs did not impair their ability to differentiate in vivo, resulting instead in improved hematopoietic recovery after TBI. dmPGE2 also increased microenvironmental cyclooxygenase-2 expression and expanded the α-smooth muscle actin-expressing subset of marrow macrophages, thus enhancing the bone marrow microenvironmental response to TBI. Therefore, in vivo treatment with PGE2 analogs may be particularly beneficial to HSPCs in the setting of injury by targeting them both directly and also through their niche. The current data provide rationale for in vivo manipulation of the HSPC pool as a strategy to improve recovery after myelosuppression.
Asbestos Release During Removal of Resilient Floor Covering Materials by Recommended Work Practices of the Resilient Floor Covering Institute

The release of asbestos during maintenance and removal of resilient floor covering is of concern to health professionals and many regulators. This study assesses the asbestos levels observed during removal of resilient floor covering products using the "Recommended Work Practices" (1995) of the Resilient Floor Covering Institute or other methods requiring containment (Controls). The 1995 "work practices" require wet removal or dry heat removal but do not require the use of respirators. Wet removals of sheet vinyl/separated backing, 12" x 12" vinyl asbestos tile/mastic, and 9" x 9" asphalt tiles/mastic were conducted and the air was sampled during each procedure. Settled dust samples were collected at the sites of RFCI square tile removal and pieces of each type of tile were broken in a mini-enclosure to evaluate asbestos emissions. Analyses of the air samples collected during the removals showed that the RFCI methods did not produce asbestos counts significantly different from the Control methods requiring containment. Only a small number (0.7%) of fibers and structures, counted and measured by Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy, would have been counted using the rules for Phase Contrast Microscopy in the 7400 method specified by Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations. This indicates workers in similar situations without respirators are likely to have unknown exposure levels. A high percentage of these fibers and structures are 5 micrometers or less in length, smaller than 0.5 micrometer in diameter, and are easily inhaled. The RFCI air sample and settled dust data may cause regulators to consider requiring respiratory protection, cleanup procedures, and methods to control asbestos migration. Other areas that might be addressed are clearance levels and their measurement, removal area size, bulk sample analysis by transmission electron microscopy if polarized light microscopy reports less than 1 percent asbestos, better worker exposure evaluation, and supervisor/worker training in accordance with the Model Accreditation Plan.
Site Preference and Diffusion in Ni3Al Alloyed with Ir, Ta or Re at 1200°C

Diffusion in L12-Ni3Al with ternary alloying additions of Ir, Ta and Re was investigated at 1200°C using solid-to-solid diffusion couples, and examined with respect to site preference in ordered intermetallic compound. In addition to determination of average ternary interdiffusion coefficients [1-3], average effective interdiffusion coefficients were determined directly from the experimental concentration profiles. Ni has the largest magnitude of average effective interdiffusion coefficient, followed by Al, Ir, Re and Ta. The average effective interdiffusion coefficients for Ir, Re and Ta are much smaller than those for Ni and Al. Tracer diffusion coefficients determined by extrapolation technique, and available literature also followed the same trend. The relative tendency of Ni, Al, Ir, Re and Ta to occupy the -Ni and -Al sites are correlated to these diffusion coefficients, with due consideration for diffusion mechanisms and coordination of atoms.
Academic IT and adjacent disciplines 2010

CC2005 used the bodies of knowledge (BOKs) of the five computing disciplines then officially recognized to position them relative to each other. Since that time several revisions of model curricula have been made, masters curricula have been adopted and other disciplines have emerged as an examples of what we could call cousins, if not a sister disciplines. In this paper we provide a brief description of the computing disciplines described in CC2005 as a baseline from which to describe the evolution of the computing family with related disciplines and discuss some implications for IT pedagogy and research in the future
Explosive source location by relative arrival times of atmospherically and seismically propagating disturbances

Detonation of explosives during rock excavation in surface mining produces both atmospherically and seismically propagating disturbances. By manipulating the difference in arrival times of the air blast and ground motion, shot‐to‐recorder distance can be determined with only one recording station. This shot‐to‐recorder distance is needed for automatic development of ground motion attenuation curves with automatic recording devices and is generally helpful in mine activity detection. With two recording stations, the location of the blast may be determined even if the stations are not time synchronized. Data from production blasting at a coal mine were evaluated to verify the method proposed herein. The blast location as determined by the difference in arrival times of the atmospherically and seismically propagating disturbances showed excellent agreement with the location of blasts as provided by field personnel. The method may be employed to detect any explosive activity that produces both types of disturbances.
Effect of nearest-neighbor interactions on surface titrations

Abstract By considering the discreteness of surface groups and using either the random-mixing or quasichemical approximations for mixing ionized and un-ionized groups, analytical expressions are presented for the apparent dissociation constant in terms of nearest-neighbor interaction energies. These expressions are exact at zero and one degree of dissociation. A smeared surface charge model or a model calculating Δp K using only the electrostatic potential at a given charge due to the electrostatic potential of all the other charges is insufficient to explain the difference observed in the p K at a surface and an analogous nonaggregating molecule in bulk solution for titrations of dodecylamineoxide micelles and phosphatidic acid vesicles in the literature. In particular for a neutralized surface or when the electrostatic potentials cancel, there is still a discrepancy in the p K 's even if image forces are considered. For dodecylamineoxide, assuming only a charge-charge interaction in the nearest-neighbor model is still inconsistent with the data, while an additional attractive interaction such as hydrogen bonding is consistent.
“I Teach Them Correct Principles and They Govern Themselves”: The Leadership Genius of the Mormon Prophet Abstract

Abstract In an age characterized by “strong-man” or “leader-centered” leadership styles, Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, set himself apart by leadership behaviors that centered in the conviction that the world of human interaction is governed by interpersonal and moral laws in just the same sense that the physical world is governed by the laws of nature. If one could identify these correct or “fixed principles,” and live in harmony with them, one would thereby gain leadership power and influence. From this belief grew his leadership dictum, “I teach them correct principles, and they govern themselves.” Specifically, we note Smith's emphasis on integrity as a foundation for leadership interaction, both in truth-telling and in living in harmony with the correct principles one knows. In addition, Smith underscored the importance of unleashing the creative talent of followers by trusting them with sizeable responsibilities (empowerment, in today's terms), in demonstrating love for followers, and in having t...
Thermal Damage on LX‐04 Mock Material and Gas Permeability Assessment

RM-04-BR, a mock material for the plastic-bonded HMX-based explosive LX-04, is characterized after being thermally damaged at 140 C and 190 C. We measured the following material properties before and after the thermal experiments: sample volume, density, sound speed, and gas permeability in the material. Thermal treatment of the mock material leads to de-coloring and insignificant weight loss. Sample expanded, resulting in density reductions of 1.0% to 2.5% at 140 C and 190 C, respectively. Permeability in the mock samples was found to increase from 10{sup -15} to 10{sup -16} m{sup 2}, as the porosity increased. The permeability measurements are well represented by the Blake-Kozeny equation for laminar flow through porous media. The results are similar to the gas permeability in PBX-9501 obtained by other researchers.
A New Test Method for Determining the Strength and Fracture Toughness of Cement Mortar and Concrete

The Spiral Notch Torsion Fracture Toughness Test (SNTT) was developed recently to determine the intrinsic fracture toughness (KIC ) of structural materials. The SNTT system operates by applying pure torsion to uniform cylindrical specimens with a notch line that spirals around the specimen at a 45° pitch. KIC values are obtained with the aid of an in-house developed three-dimensional finite-element computer code, TOR3D-KIC. The SNTT method is uniquely suitable for testing a wide variety of materials used extensively in pressure vessel and piping structural components and weldments. Application of the method to metallic, ceramic, and graphite materials has been demonstrated. One important characteristic of SNTT is that neither a fatigue precrack nor a deep notch are required for the evaluation of brittle materials, which significantly reduces the sample size requirement. In this paper we report results for a Portland cement-based mortar to demonstrate applicability of the SNTT method to cementitious materials. The estimated KIC of the tested mortar samples with compressive strength of 34.45 MPa was found to be 0.19 MPa √m.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Enhancing speech intelligibility: Interactions among context, modality, speech style, and masker

Purpose The authors sought to investigate interactions among intelligibility-enhancing speech cues (i.e., semantic context, clearly produced speech, and visual information) across a range of masking conditions. Method Sentence recognition in noise was assessed for 29 normal-hearing listeners. Testing included semantically normal and anomalous sentences, conversational and clear speaking styles, auditory-only (AO) and audiovisual (AV) presentation modalities, and 4 different maskers (2-talker babble, 4-talker babble, 8-talker babble, and speech-shaped noise). Results Semantic context, clear speech, and visual input all improved intelligibility but also interacted with one another and with masking condition. Semantic context was beneficial across all maskers in AV conditions but only in speech-shaped noise in AO conditions. Clear speech provided the most benefit for AV speech with semantically anomalous targets. Finally, listeners were better able to take advantage of visual information for meaningful versu...
Social Classification and History

This paper explores certain regularities between social-structural and historical particulars. The particulars are drawn from the society and history of Brunei, an ancient Malay state in northwest Borneo. Since the center of my attention is theory, I shall merely refer the reader to my more extensive summary of the particulars in question.
Performance measures of game activity and team effectiveness in competitive youth soccer

Analysis of performance measures over 49 important games for a youth soccer team (males under 12 years of age) indicated significant reliability for win-loss record, goals scored, goal kicks, direct free kicks, and offsides calls. One performance measure had no reliability: indirect free kicks other than for offsides. Throw-ins became less reliable over the season. Corner kicks, goalkeeper touches of the ball, and goalkeeper saves increased in reliability over the season. Effectiveness measures for the attacking players were relatively stable within the team for scoring the first and/or deciding goal in a match. Over the season, it became more difficult for both teams to score goals. The effectiveness measure for the defensive unit (number of scoreless halves for both teams) was stable. The multiple regression equation (R=.79) developed on the first 25 important games accurately predicted 21 of 24 game results (p <.001) during the last half of the season.
Image analysis cytometry of dysplastic nevi

Computerized image analysis was used to assess nuclear atypia in 24 dysplastic nevi (DN), 19 CN (CN), and five thin melanomas. DN were selected for the study using architectural criteria alone. Feulgen-stained, 6-um sections were analyzed with a microTICAS cytometer. At least 100 nuclei were measured in each case. The standard deviation of nuclear area, mean nuclear roundness, standard deviation of nuclear roundness, mean ploidy, and standard deviation of ploidy were found to be significantly greater for DN than for CN. DNA histograms from DN showed an increased fraction above 2N, suggesting that DN are more proliferative than CN. No DN were aneuploid. All melanomas were aneuploid, and differed significantly from DN in mean nuclear area, standard deviation of nuclear area, mean ploidy, and standard deviation of ploidy. There were no significant differences between the junctional and intradermal populations of compound DN in any of the measured parameters, except that the intradermal nuclei were significantly rounder than the junctional nuclei. There were no significant differences between DN from patients with only a single DN and DN from patients with at least two dysplastic nevi.
Randomization, Statistics, and Causal Inference

This paper reviews the role of statistics in causal inference. Special attention is given to the need for randomization to justify causal inferences from conventional statistics, and the need for random sampling to justify descriptive inferences. In most epidemiologic studies, randomization and random sampling play little or no role in the assembly of study cohorts. I therefore conclude that probabilistic interpretations of conventional statistics are rarely justified, and that such interpretations may encourage misinterpretation of nonrandomized studies. Possible remedies for this problem include deemphasizing inferential statistics in favor of data descriptors, and adopting statistical techniques based on more realistic probability models than those in common use.
Nonuniform metallic state in manganites and cuprates

Local lattice distortions suggesting nonuniform charge distributions were found to be a common feature of manganites and cuprates in the metallic state by neutron scattering studies. The atomic pair-density function (PDF) determined by pulsed neutron powder diffraction showed that in La1-xSrxMnO3 doped holes form lattice polarons which persist even in the metallic state. In La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 the energy width of the LO phonons around (π,0) determined by inelastic neutron scattering reflects magnetic satellites indicative of spin charge stripe formation. The implications of such nonuniform charge distribution for metal-insulator transition and superconductivity are discussed.
Interests Versus Ideology in the Ratification of the 16th and 17th Amendments

The ideology of Progressivism that peaked in the early years of the 20th century brought with it the 16th amendment, which allowed the federal government to tax incomes, and the 17th amendment, which mandated direct elections of Senators. Both were ratified in 1913. The 16th amendment provided the financing for government to expand its scope, and the 17th amendment created more democratic accountability, which both were goals of the Progressive movement. An examination of House and Senate voting on these amendments suggests that those opposed to the amendments voted against them based on interests rather than ideology.
Canonical Multiattribute Utility Functions: Enumeration, Verification, and Application

Abstract In decisions with uncertainty and multiple objectives, the construction of a representative multiattribute utility function (MUF) is of paramount importance. When the attributes of a decision problem exhibit some forms of utility independence, the functional form is significantly simplified. When the complete utility independence conditions do not exist, it is still possible to simplify the functional form. An important special case in this instance is known as canonical form. This paper characterizes the number of canonical forms in a multiattribute decision problem and conducts experiments to determine their applicability in a borehole restoration problem in the uranium extraction industry.
Further studies on the modulation of fossil fuel production by global temperature variations

Abstract This study extends the earlier work of Rust and Kirk (1982) on the inverse modulation of global fossil fuel production by variations in Northern Hemispheric temperatures. Recent revisions and extensions of the fuel production record are incorporated and a much improved temperature record is used. The new data are consistent with the predictions of the original Rust-Kirk model which is extended to allow for time lags between variations in the temperature and the corresponding responses in fuel production. The modulation enters the new model through the convolution of a lagged averaging function with the temperature time-series. Explicit terms account for the perturbations caused by the Great Depression and World War II. The final model accounts for 99.84% of the total variance in the production record. The temperature modulation produces variations of as much as 30% in the total production. This modulation represents a feedback which is consistent with the predictions of the Gaia hypothesis for a planetary greenhouse temperature control. The new model calculates 20-y fuel production predictions for three temperature scenarios which hopefully bracket the possibilities for temperature behavior during that time.
Techniques of Program Execution with a Writable Control Memory

The objective of the present paper is to investigate possible methods to reduce a program's execution time by detecting and converting automatically the more frequently executed program parts, mostly inner loops, into microcode.
Pancreatitis Associated with Atypical Antipsychotics: From the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch Surveillance System and Published Reports

Study Objective. To investigate the relative numbers and clinical characteristics of pancreatitis in patients treated with the atypical antipsychotic agents, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, versus the conventional neuroleptic, haloperidol. Design. Pharmacovigilance study of pooled, spontaneously reported adverse events. Setting. Government-affiliated drug evaluation center. Patients. One hundred ninety-two patients who developed pancreatitis during treatment with one or more antipsychotic agents. Intervention. Patients were identified with the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch surveillance program and a MEDLINE search. Measurements and Main Results. Most cases of pancreatitis occurred within 6 months after the start of therapy with one or more antipsychotic agents. Of the reports of pancreatitis occurring in conjunction with these drugs, 40%, 33%, 16%, and 12% were in patients receiving treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol, respectively. In 50% of the patients receiving haloperidol, an atypical antipsychotic was listed as a concomitant drug. Valproate was administered concomitantly in 23% of patients. Hyperglycemia and acidosis, although uncommon, developed with all the drugs except haloperidol. Twenty-two patients died. In contrast to patients who developed pancreatitis while receiving an atypical antipsychotic, those who developed the disease while receiving haloperidol were women and tended to be older. Conclusion. The number of reports involving the three atypical antipsychotic agents and the relative paucity of reports involving haloperidol, despite its more extensive patient exposure, suggest that atypical antipsychotics may precipitate pancreatitis. However, the risk may not be the same with all agents; pancreatitis was reported most frequently with clozapine, followed by olanzapine, and then risperidone. The temporal relationship of the onset of pancreatitis with the start of drug therapy further supports a cause-and-effect relationship.
Alternatives in higher education — Who wants what?

A survey of undergraduate students enrolled on eight campuses of The University of California yielded information about the magnitude and structure of desire for programs of study different from the traditional, full-time programs in which these students are enrolled. These preferences were elicited about both undergraduate and graduate programs of study. Although a desire for alternative programs is greater for the graduate level, both graduate and undergraduate orientations toward alternative programs have two principal sources: (1) a desire for greater time and space flexibility in access to higher education, which arises out of objective familial and financial impediments to easy, full-time enrollment; and (2) a negative view of established forms and modes of higher education. The kinds of programs which students feel will meet these needs are characterized by instructional modes which do not require the student to attend a single center of learning but which, nevertheless, retain interpersonal contacts among students and faculty members. The most attractive single feature endorsed by those desiring alternative modes of instruction is the design of the course of study by the student himself. The implications of these findings for future changes in traditional higher education are discussed.
Adaptive control using microprocessor-based systems and frequency domain algorithms

Control system design using adaptive filters defined in the frequency domain is described. Results are used from a previous paper to facilitate microprocessor implementation of a feedback control system. Conceptual modifications of the basic frequency domain, fast transform algorithm which reduce loop delay and processing requirements are described. It is shown that a recursive, adaptive controller operating in the time domain results by extending frequency domain filter design concepts.
Mobilization of Pentachlorophenol by GlutathioneS-Transferase μ Increases Cellular Toxicity

Abstract Glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) are a class of proteins that have intracellular binding and sequestration, as well as catalytic, capabilities. This study investigated the role of GSTs in the intracellular mobilization of pentachlorophenol (PCP). A single mouse GST isoform, GST μ , specifically and competitively bound PCP with a k i = 7 μ M with respect to the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), yet did not metabolize PCP. Instead, the binding of GST μ to PCP resulted in the partitioning of PCP from lipid to aqueous compartments. The physiological significance of the mobilization was then investigated using two mouse hepatocyte cell lines that differ significantly in their expression of GST μ . These cells were treated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to induce GST μ and provided several levels of GST μ expression. The toxicity of PCP to these cells based on trypan blue dye exclusion was assessed, which demonstrated a significant correlation between GST μ levels within the cell and PCP toxicity. The BHA-treated, high GST μ expressor cells were approximately 40% more sensitive to PCP toxicity than were the untreated low GST μ expressors, suggesting that GST μ was acting to make PCP more bioavailable to elicit toxicity. Furthermore, the increase in toxicity was not due to a difference in PCP accumulation or in GST metabolism by the cells. These results suggest that GST μ may increase the cellular toxicity of PCP by mobilizing this lipophilic compound within the cell.
Early and late morbidity in patients undergoing pulmonary resection with low diffusion capacity

Background. We sought to determine whether low diffiusion capacity of the lung to carbon monoxide (DLCO) is a predictor of high postoperative mortality and morbidity after major pulmonary resection and whether major pulmonary resection in patients with low DLCO results in substantial long-term morbidity. Methods. Sixty-two major pulmonary resections were performed in 61 patients with low DLCO (DLCO ≤60% predicted for pneumonectomy or bilobectomy; ≤50% predicted for lobectomy). Contemporaneously, 262 other patients underwent 263 major pulmonary resections (group II). Long-term morbidity was assessed in subsets of patients with low (n = 24) and high (n = 22; DLCO >60% predicted) DLCO. Results. The hospital mortality rates were equivalent (4.8% low DLCO versus 4.9% group II), whereas respiratory complications were more frequent in patients with low DLCO (18% versus 9.5%; p = 0.05). In the subgroup analyses, patients with low DLCO had more hospitalizations for respiratory compromise and worse median dyspnea scores. Analysis of patients with substantial dyspnea revealed an association with extended pulmonary resection and postoperative radiation therapy in patients with low DLCO. Conclusions. Patients with low DLCO underwent major pulmonary resection with a low mortality rate and an acceptable, but increased, respiratory complication rate. Long-term respiratory morbidity was increased in patients with low DLCO; however, the extent of pulmonary resection and the use of postoperative radiation therapy may have contributed to the development of dyspnea in these patients.
The Central Melanocortin System and Fever

Fever is a phylogenetically ancient response that is mounted upon exposure of the host to pathogens or inflammatory agents. Melanocortin agonists act centrally to inhibit fever by acting at receptors, including the melanocortin-4 receptor, which is prominently expressed in key hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers. Furthermore, endogenous melanocortins act centrally as physiological modulators of fever, recruited during the febrile response to restrain its intensity. Functionally, these actions lie at the interface between the anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortins, which involve suppression of the synthesis and actions of proinflammatory cytokines, and the central control of thermoregulation. Considering the extensive neuroanatomic and functional overlaps between central pathways and peripheral effectors involved in thermoregulation and energy balance, it is not surprising that melanocortins have been found to influence the metabolic economy profoundly in pathological as well as normal states. For example, despite suppressing endotoxin-induced fever, endogenous melanocortins appear to mediate the associated anorexia, a classic component of the "illness syndrome" accompanying acute infections, and promote a negative energy balance. The thermoregulatory actions of melanocortins are in several respects functionally opposed, and are remarkably dependent on physiological state, indicating that responsiveness to melanocortins is a physiologically modulated variable. Elucidating the anti-inflammatory and thermoregulatory roles of central melanocortin receptors during inflammatory states may lead to novel pharmacotherapeutic targets based on selective targeting of melanocortin receptor subtypes, for clinical benefit in human disease states involving neuroinflammatory components and metabolic wasting.
Individual differences in affect regulation strategies

The structure of affect regulation using the Measure of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS) was examined in samples of College Students ( N = 565, M = 20 years) and older adults ( N = 135, M = 67 years). Based on factor analysis and on Parkinson and Totterdell’s theoretical framework six affect regulation scales were constructed (reliability range 0.75–0.51; test–retest after 1 year on adult sample ( N = 36) range 0.77–0.42). Age and gender analysis showed that cognitive distraction was used more by older, while affect directed, disengagement, and avoidance strategies were used by the younger group. Females used more affect-directed strategies, while males used disengagement strategies. Associations between personality and regulation strategies were examined separately in age groups. Younger extraverts use more behavioral distraction and less avoidance strategies, while older consciousness people use more situation-focus and less disengagement strategies. Analyses of predictive validity in wellbeing revealed that life satisfaction was best predicted positively by cognitive distraction and negatively by avoidance strategies.
Severe hypoxemia in children with upper airway obstruction during sleep does not lead to significant changes in heart rate

Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, including bradyarrhythmias, are well-known sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults and are associated with apnea and severe hypoxemia. Since the clinical expression of OSAS in children is different, we questioned whether arrhythmias are a common feature of pediatric OSAS. Therefore, we analyzed R-R interval patterns from 12 subjects (age 8 months to 14 years) with OSAS in detail. The diagnosis of pediatric OSAS is based on clinical signs of loud snoring and paradoxical respiratory efforts, as well as elevated end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) and major phasic decreases of oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2). Two hundred and nine episodes of severe hypoxemia, defined as SaO2 values or = 30 seconds, were identified. Only 29 (14%) of these episodes were associated with obstructive apneas. The R-R intervals were analyzed before and during each desaturation. Compared to baseline, mean and minimum R-R intervals (RRmean, RRmin) decreased during the desaturation episodes (P < 0.05), while maximum R-R interval (RRmax) increased (P < 0.05). Although the absolute changes in all parameters were significantly different from baseline, the magnitude of these changes was small, with a mean of -5.3%, -12.2%, and 10.4% for RRmean, RRmin, and RRmax, respectively. No child had life-threatening arrhythmias. Although severe hypoxemia existed in these children, the magnitude of the R-R interval changes was modest, and profound bradycardia as described in adults, was rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Localized damage detection in a large-scale moment connection using a strain gauge sensor network

In order to maintain healthy structures, it is important to find means of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) that are effective, economical, and easy to implement. A localized damage detection algorithm based on measured data from a densely clustered sensor network has been previously presented. This method has been validated using both wired and wireless accelerometers applied to a small-scale idealized beam-column connection. However, to progress towards realworld implementation, there is a need to verify that this algorithm is effective and applicable for full-scale structures with unknown progressive damage. Moreover, it is important to verify the use of other commonly used sensor types, in this case strain gauges, which represent different response parameters. In this paper, the performance of the damage detection algorithm is evaluated for a large-scale steel moment connection constructed at the ATLSS Center at Lehigh University, which was being tested for use in an earthquake-prone structure. This test specimen was instrumented with a network of strain gauges and cyclically loaded to failure. The strain responses from the test are analyzed using the local damage detection algorithm. The resulting changes in the damage indicating parameters compared to the damage observations to both determine the point of earliest detection and to verify the locations of the damage. By successfully implementing this local damage detection algorithm using strain gauges instrumented on a large-scale structure, the versatility of this method is demonstrated.
Overexpression of hMTH1 mRNA: a molecular marker of oxidative stress in lung cancer cells

Human MutT homologue (hMTH1) mRNA was overexpressed in SV-40-transformed non-tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) and in 11 out of 12 human lung cancer cell lines relative to normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Expression levels of hMTH1 mRNA were inversely proportional to cellular levels of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine. Together, these results suggest that hMTH1 gene expression may represent a molecular marker of oxidative stress that could ultimately be used to elucidate the temporal relationships between oxidative stress, genomic instability and the development of lung cancer.
Myocardial abscess complicating myocardial infarction

Myocardial abscess may occur rarely as a complication of myocardial infarction. This case report is the first demonstration of a myocardial abscess at the site of acute myocardial infarction in a 38-year-old man diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography and color-flow imaging. Transesophageal echocardiography was crucial in the timing of surgery. Three months later the patient was well. Our patient is the first reported survivor of this uncommon complication of myocardial infarction.
Management of forest nursery soils dominated by calcium salts

Soils that contain high levels of calcium salts can affect tree seedling growth in two ways: high total salts can reduce water availability, and excess calcium can affect seedling nutrition. Nutritional problems, such as iron deficiency (“lime-induced chlorosis”) and phosphorus deficiency, can seriously affect forest nursery production through growth losses, stunting, and sometimes seedling mortality. High calcium soils can be diagnosed by visible symptoms, soil tests, and seedling nutrient analysis. Soil management practices that have been used to treat high calcium soils include site selection and soil mapping, species and stock type selection, fertilization, and soil acidification. Cultural practices, including irrigation, mulching, deep ripping, organic matter amendments, and mycorrhizal treatments, have been used to lessen the adverse affects of high calcium soils.
Obstetricians and the 2009–2010 H1N1 Vaccination Effort: Implications for Future Pandemics

Our objective was to describe the experiences of obstetricians during the 2009–2010 H1N1 vaccination campaign in order to identify possible improvements for future pandemic situations. We conducted a cross-sectional mail survey of a national random sample of 4,000 obstetricians, fielded in Summer 2010. Survey items included availability, recommendation, and patient acceptance of H1N1 vaccine; prioritization of H1N1 vaccine when supply was limited; problems with H1N1 vaccination; and likelihood of providing vaccine during a future influenza pandemic. Response rate was 66 %. Obstetricians strongly recommended H1N1 vaccine during the second (85 %) and third (86 %) trimesters, and less often during the first trimester (71 %) or the immediate postpartum period (76 %); patient preferences followed a similar pattern. H1N1 vaccine was typically available in outpatient obstetrics clinics (80 %). Overall vaccine supply was a major problem for 30 % of obstetricians, but few rated lack of thimerosal-free vaccine as a major problem (12 %). Over half of obstetricians had no major problems with the H1N1 vaccine campaign. Based on this experience, 74 % would be “very likely” and 12 % “likely” to provide vaccine in the event of a future influenza pandemic. Most obstetricians strongly recommended H1N1 vaccine, had few logistical problems beyond limited vaccine supply, and are willing to vaccinate in a future pandemic. Addressing concerns about first-trimester vaccination, developing guidance for prioritization of vaccine in the event of severe supply constraints, and continued facilitation of the logistical aspects of vaccination should be emphasized in future influenza pandemics.
Preservation of existing inflatable penile prosthesis pump mechanism during scrotal surgery.

ABSTRACT Introduction There is little reported regarding the feasibility of scrotal surgery in patients with an existing penile prosthesis. We report a series of two patients with existing inflatable penile prostheses who underwent scrotal surgery for unrelated indications in which the prosthesis pump mechanism and tubing were preserved. In both instances, damage to the prosthetic pump and tubing were avoided. Aim To demonstrate two instances where scrotal surgery was performed successfully in the setting of a pre-existing penile prosthesis. Methods Two cases of patients with existing penile implant who underwent scrotal surgery for pathology unrelated to the implant are reported. Conclusions It is possible to perform scrotal surgery in a patient who has an existing penile prosthesis without injuring or infecting the prosthesis. Tillett J, Issa M, and Ritenour C. Preservation of existing inflatable penile prosthesis pump mechanism during scrotal surgery.
High diagnostic yield of gastrointestinal endoscopy in children with intestinal failure.

Purpose Children with intestinal failure (IF) often have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including bleeding, increased stool output, and feeding intolerance. The use of endoscopic assessment of these symptoms has not been previously reported. This report evaluates the diagnostic yield of GI endoscopy in the setting of IF.
Topological heterogeneity and optimality analysis for multiagent formation

In this paper, we extend the results of the previous paper in the 2011 American Control Conference into a more general case. In the previous literature, the topologies for the velocity and position are assumed to be the same. However, in some cases, both topologies are different, even one of them is disconnected, due to a different detection technique. Therefore in this paper, we investigate the topological heterogeneity for the formation control and synchronization protocols. The requirement of connectivity for both topologies is relaxed. Since the choice of the topology in this case is much more available than that of the connected topology, now the question is which one is the best combination of the position and velocity topologies? Here we propose an optimization problem for choosing the topology by considering the tradeoff between the communication cost and convergence rate. To solve this optimization problem numerically, an adjusted binary particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed. Finally, some simulation results are provided to verify our formation and synchronization protocols.
Bovine ribonucleases: Identification of tissue-specific enzymes by immunological methods

Abstract 1. 1. Antibodies directed against bovine brain or bovine pancreatic ribonucleases (EC 3.1.4.22, ribonucleate 3′-pyrimidino-oligonucletidohydrolase) have been shown to be highly specific and sensitive in enzyme quantitation. In competitive binding radioimmunoassays, cross-reactivity with the heterologous ribonucleasesis less than 0.1% and sensitivity for detection of the homologous enzyme is 1–10 ng per assay, comparable to enzymatic analytic l procedures. 2. 2. Immunological analysis of each enzyme in crude extracts of brain and pancreas accurately measures the level of each enzyme. Radioimmunoassay also shows materials that cross-react with each antibody preparation in extracts of liver, kidney, and seminal vesicles, but in most tissues the level of immunological cross-reactivity is not sufficient to account for all enzymatic activity. Instead, these tissues have one or more RNases which are structurally different from either the brain or pancreatic enzymes. 3. 3. Gel filtration of extracts usually separates pancreatic-like and brain-like immunological cross- reactivity. Ribonuclease(s) which are not closely related to either the brain or pancreatic enzymes are sometimes apparent in the elution patterns. 4. 4. Cross-reactivaty of anti-bovine brain ribonuclease with extracts of pig, rat, chicken, or turtle brain is very low. It is suggested that structural evolution of the brain ribonucleases may have been rapid, as previously suggested for pancreatic ribonucleases.
Characterization of an upstream open reading frame in the 5′ untranslated region of PR-39, a cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide

Abstract Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides present in humans, and laboratory and domestic animals. These peptides are essential components of innate and acquired immune responses; however, little is known about cathelicidin gene regulation. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of cathelicidin gene expression, we characterized the promoter of the PR-39 gene, a multifunctional cathelicidin. Deletion analysis identified a negative regulatory element in the 5′-flanking region of the gene located in the sequence from nt (nucleotide(s)) −69 to −63. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that ATG and its vicinity nucleotides are critical for the repressive activity of this region. A primer extension assay identified a transcription start site upstream from the negative repressor ATG and 76 nt upstream from the major open reading frame (ORF). RT-PCR and 3′-RACE further demonstrated that cDNA of PR-39 and the cathelicidin porcine myeloid antimicrobal peptide (PMAP)-23, which share prepro sequence identity, start from nt −79. Sequencing of this region showed that the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the gene contains an upstream translation start site and an upstream ORF that functions as a repressor of the PR-39 gene. These findings indicate extensive regulation of the PR-39 gene and suggest a mechanism for the tissue-specific and age-dependent repression of this cathelicidin gene.
Algebraic Multigrid Preconditioned Krylov Subspace Methods for Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer on Unstructured Meshes

A numerical tool, Thermoflow, is developed for simulating the three-dimensional incompressible viscous flow and heat transfer on unstructured meshes. It is based on a cell-centered, collocated fini...
Geology and Petrology of the Cambria Felsite, a New Oligocene Formation, West-Central California Coast Ranges

Geologic mapping in the Cambria and Black Mountain areas, western San Luis Obispo County, California, has led to recognition of the two stratigraphically and petrologically distinct extrusive felsic igneous units: (1) the Obispo Formation; and (2) a new unit, named here the Cambria Felsite. The Obispo Formation was deposited above the Rincon Shale and below the Monterey Formation during middle Miocene time. The Cambria Felsite rests with angular unconformity on Franciscan rocks of Jurassic and (or) Cretaceous age, and occurs as clasts in the nonmarine Lospe Formation of Oligocene age. Textural and mineralogic intergradations exist between the Cambria Felsite and the nearby upper Oligocene hypabyssal volcanic necks, plugs, lava domes, and dikes of the Morro Rock–Islay Hill complex; this suggests that the Cambria Felsite represents an effusive equivalent of the Morro Rock–Islay Hill. Cambria tuffs are enriched in alkalis plus silica and are depleted in ferromagnesian constituents relative to samples of the Morro Rock type. Chemical contrasts in the two units probably arose either because of a winnowing of airborne crystals from the glassy shards or because of magma fractionation in the conduits followed by pyroclastic eruption of the upper portions of the melt columns. No obvious correlation exists between the two-stage silicic volcanism, separated by a 10-m.y quiescent interval, and middle Tertiary plate tectonics. However, generation of these igneous rocks was probably a thermal response of the western margin of the continental crust-capped Americas plate to underflow of the Farallon plate, resulting in Morro Rock and Cambria units, followed by a complex encounter with the East Pacific Rise, resulting in the Obispo Formation.
Quantification of Error in Optical Coherence Tomography Central Macular Thickness Measurement in Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To assess error indicators encountered during optical coherence tomography (OCT) automated retinal thickness measurement (RTM) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) before and after bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA) treatment. Design Retrospective observational cross-sectional study. Methods Each of the 6 radial lines of a single Stratus fast macular OCT study before and 3 months following initiation of treatment in 46 eyes with NVAMD, for a total of 552 scans, was evaluated. Error frequency was analyzed relative to the presence of intraretinal, subretinal (SR), and subretinal pigment epithelial (SRPE) fluid. In scans with edge detection kernel (EDK) misplacement, manual caliper measurement of the central macular (CMT) and central foveal (CFT) thicknesses was performed and compared to the software-generated values. The frequency of the various types of error indicators, the risk factors for error, and the magnitude of automated RTM error were analyzed. Results Error indicators were found in 91.3% and 71.7% of eyes before and after treatment, respectively (P = .013). Suboptimal signal strength was the most common error indicator. EDK misplacement was the second most common type of error prior to treatment and the least common after treatment (P = .005). Eyes with SR or SRPE fluid were at the highest risk for error, particularly EDK misplacement (P = .039). There was a strong association between the software-generated and caliper-generated CMT and CFT measurements. The software overestimated measurements by up to 32% and underestimated them by up to 15% in the presence of SR and SRPE fluid, respectively. Conclusions OCT errors are very frequent in NVAMD. SRF is associated with the highest risk and magnitude of error in automated CMT and CFT measurements. Manually adjusted measurements may be more reliable in such eyes.