cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF PRANDTL NUMBER ON FREE CONVECTION IN A RECTANGULAR CAVITY

Abstract Natural convection in a rectangular cavity is considered for the problem where one vertical wall is heated and the other is cooled. The boundary layer flow is solved using a modified Oseen technique in a manner similar to Gill's solution. Temperature and velocity profiles in the core, and the Nusselt number, are found as functions of the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers and the length ratio. The solution indicates that for a Prandtl number less than 1 7 , a midsection shear layer develops.
Portable Trap for Collecting Adult Sea Lampreys

(1982). Portable Trap for Collecting Adult Sea Lampreys. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 220-221.
The Influence of Age on Breeding Efficiency of Dairy Cattle in Artificial Insemination

Summary 1.Since the beginning of the New York Artificial Breeders' Cooperative in June, 1940, until June 30, 1944, a total of 12,621 complete, recorded services to registered Holstein-Friesian cows, involving 41 bulls, have accumulated. This number is 22.4 per cent of all matings to Holstein-Friesian bulls. 2.The average number of services required per conception when based on all females, infertile cows included, was 2.07, or a breeding efficiency of 48.2 per cent. 3.The influence of the age of the cow on breeding efficiency reveals a steady increase in the conception rate up to four years of age. Between the ages of five to seven years, inclusive, cows maintain a uniformly high breeding efficiency, which gradually declines with advancing age. 4.Although the full effect of the age of the sire could not be obtained with a group of bulls selected for fertility, young bulls between the ages of one to three years, inclusive, have shown the highest breeding efficiency of all age groups. Within this group the peak in conception rates was found for the two-year-old bulls.
Cholecystectomy accompanying major abdominal surgery for gynecologic cancer.

Abstract In a 66-month period 950 major abdominal operations were performed for known or suspected gynecologic malignancy. Thirtyfive patients (3.6%), of whom 29 had proven gynecologic malignancy, underwent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis known from prior evaluation or found incidentally during abdominal exploration. All cholecystectomies were performed through the original incision with no direct operative morbidity or mortality. Cholecystectomy accompanying gynecologic cancer surgery appears to be well tolerated if performed expeditiously, and avoids the potential of postoperative cholecystitis in this select group of patients.
Anion-sensitive ATPase in rabbit corneal endothelium and its relation to corneal hydration.

The activity of Mg2+-activated ATPase in the corneal endothelium of the rabbit is dependent on the anionic composition of the medium and is not inhibited by ouabain. Maximum anion-dependent Mg2+ ATPase activity was demonstrated in the presence of HCO3− ion, followed by acetate, Cl−, SO42−, SCN− and OCN−. The maximum rates of ATP hydrolyzed in the presence of Mg2+, Mg2++HCO3− and Mg2++Na++K+ were 5·61±0·7, 9·03±0·8 and 6·74±0·7 μmol hr−1 mg−1 protein, respectively. The major part of each of these ATPase activities was found in a crude mitochondrial fraction. Activity in the presence of HCO3− was inhibited by 65% when 50 mm-SCN− or 10 mm-OCN− was added to the medium. These concentrations of inhibitor, when added to a medium perfusing intact, isolated corneas, caused a deterioration of their ability to transport fluid out of the tissue. The results indicate that the anion-sensitive ATPase plays an important quantitative role in the energy metabolism of the endothelium and suggest that the postulated active bicarbonate transport across the cell layer may be influenced by this enzyme.
Update on Intravascular Ultrasound

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has moved from being predominately a research tool at tertiary interventional centers to a clinical instrument used routinely to assess interventional success and resolve diagnostic challenges. Advances in instrumentation technology, along with emerging clinical data, have contributed to the wider application of IVUS. However, there are number of practical limitations that must be overcome to integrate intravascular ultrasound into the catheterization laboratory. It is novel to many experienced interventionalists and its use requires appropriate training and experience. This article reviews the technological advances in catheter, transducer, and imaging systems design and recent and emerging clinical trials.
Selecting patients for endoscopic third ventriculostomy

ETV using contemporary instrumentation has been used for more than 50 years, but its use has become widespread only in the last 10 to 15 years. Randomized prospective trials comparing ETV with shunts are needed before definitive statements can be made about the role of the former in managing the many forms of hydrocephalus. The absolute and relative contraindications for the use of ETV in the management of hydrocephalus are shown in the Box 1 on this page. It is important not to presume that a specific radiographic or clinical feature would prevent a patient from responding to this rather new procedure without testing the hypothesis. Patients should be given as much information as possible regarding the risks and benefits of ETV so they can participate in the decision-making process. When should the role of ETV in the management of hydrocephalus be discussed with a patient? At the initial diagnosis of hydrocephalus, the patient or family should be informed of this potential alternative to shunting for the management of hydrocephalus. I also believe that patients with working shunts who are being followed chronically should be informed about ETV as a potential treatment option when their shunt fails. Every shunt failure or infection should be viewed as an opportunity to explore the possibility that the patient could become shunt independent.
Trawling in the Sea of the Great Unread: Sub-corpus topic modeling and Humanities research

Abstract Given a small, well-understood corpus that is of interest to a Humanities scholar, we propose sub-corpus topic modeling (STM) as a tool for discovering meaningful passages in a larger collection of less well-understood texts. STM allows Humanities scholars to discover unknown passages from the vast sea of works that Moretti calls the “great unread” and to significantly increase the researcher's ability to discuss aspects of influence and the development of intellectual movements across a broader swath of the literary landscape. In this article, we test three typical Humanities research problems: in the first, a researcher wants to find text passages that exhibit similarities to a collection of influential non literary texts from a single author (here, Darwin); in the second, a researcher wants to discover literary passages related to a well understood corpus of literary texts (here, emblematic texts from the Modern Breakthrough); and in the third, a researcher hopes to understand the influence that a particular domain (here, folklore) has had on the realm of literature over a series of decades. We explore these research challenges with three experiments.
IMPLICATIONS AND RESULTS OF THE DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATIONS TRIAL

After almost 60 years of debate, the DCCT demonstrated that intensive management that is able to lower blood glucose and HbA1c to levels that are close to normal markedly lowers the risk for and progression of the microvascular and neuropathic complications of IDDM. The challenge to pediatricians and other clinicians is to achieve and maintain such stringent treatment goals in children and adolescents, who are especially difficult to manage, without causing an unacceptably high rate of severe hypoglycemia. Translation of DCCT recommendations into clinical practice is best accomplished by multidisciplinary teams who are experienced in the management of young patients with IDDM and are willing to use the variety of unconventional treatment regimens that may be required. Patients and families must be instructed on ways to reduce the risk for hypoglycemia and be able to recognize and treat hypoglycemic events that require assistance. New agents, such as insulin lispro, may enhance the ability to achieve strict glycemic control, but the treatment remains a burden. Nevertheless, in patients in whom treatment is successful, the improvement in long-term prognosis more than justifies the investment in time, effort, and resources.
Expression of Myocilin/TIGR in Normal and Glaucomatous Primate Optic Nerves

Myocilin/TIGR was the first molecule discovered to be linked with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a blinding disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Mutations in myocilin/TIGR have been associated with age of disease onset and severity. The function of myocilin/TIGR and its role in glaucoma is unknown. Myocilin/TIGR has been studied in the trabecular meshwork to determine a role in regulation of intraocular pressure. The site of damage to the axons of the retinal ganglion cells is the optic nerve head (ONH). The myocilin/TIGR expression was examined in fetal through adult human optic nerve as well as in POAG. Myocilin/TIGR was expressed in the myelinated optic nerve of children and normal adults but not in the fetal optic nerve before myelination. Also examined was the expression in monkeys with experimental glaucoma. The results demonstrate that optic nerve head astrocytes constitutively express myocilin/TIGR in vivo in primates. Nevertheless, myocilin/TIGR is apparently reduced in glaucomatous ONH. The colocalization of myocilin/TIGR to the myelin suggests a role of myocilin/TIGR in the myelinated optic nerve.
TU-A-12A-02: Novel Lung Ventilation Imaging with Single Energy CT After Single Inhalation of Xenon: Comparison with SPECT Ventilation Images

Purpose: We propose a novel lung functional imaging method to determine the spatial distribution of xenon (Xe) gas in a single inhalation as a measure of regional ventilation. We compare Xe-CT ventilation to single-photon emission CT (SPECT) ventilation, which is the current clinical reference. Regional lung ventilation information may be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary diseases such as COPD, radiotherapy planning, and assessing the progression of toxicity after radiation therapy. Methods: In an IRB-approved clinical study, Xe-CT and SPECT ventilation scans were acquired for three patients including one patient with severe emphysema and two lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. For Xe- CT, we acquired two breath-hold single energy CT images of the entire lung with inspiration of 100% O2 and a mixture of 70% Xe and 30% O2, respectively. A video biofeedback system was used to achieve reproducible breath-holds. We used deformable image registration to align the breathhold images with each other to accurately subtract them, producing a map of the distribution of Xe as a surrogate of lung ventilation. We divided each lung into twelve parts and correlated the Hounsfield unit (HU) enhancement at each part with the SPECT ventilation count of the corresponding partmore » of the lung. Results: The mean of the Pearson linear correlation coefficient values between the Xe-CT and ventilation SPECT count for all three patients were 0.62 (p<0.01). The Xe-CT image had a higher resolution than SPECT, and did not show central airway deposition artifacts that were present in the SPECT image. Conclusion: We developed a rapid, safe, clinically practical, and potentially widely accessible method for regional lung functional imaging. We demonstrated strong correlations between the Xe-CT ventilation image and SPECT ventilation image as the clinical reference. This ongoing study will investigate more patients to confirm this finding.« less
The evolutionary dynamics of human influenza B virus.

Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, type A and B influenza viruses exhibit major epidemiological differences in humans, with the latter both less common and less often associated with severe disease. However, it is unclear what processes determine the evolutionary dynamics of influenza B virus, and how influenza viruses A and B interact at the evolutionary scale. To address these questions we inferred the phylogenetic history of human influenza B virus using complete genome sequences for which the date (day) of isolation was available. By comparing the phylogenetic patterns of all eight viral segments we determined the occurrence of segment reassortment over a 30-year sampling period. An analysis of rates of nucleotide substitution and selection pressures revealed sporadic occurrences of adaptive evolution, most notably in the viral hemagglutinin and compatible with the action of antigenic drift, yet lower rates of overall and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution compared to influenza A virus. Overall, these results led us to propose a model in which evolutionary changes within and between the antigenically distinct ‘Yam88’ and ‘Vic87’ lineages of influenza B virus are the result of changes in herd immunity, with reassortment continuously generating novel genetic variation. Additionally, we suggest that the interaction with influenza A virus may be central in shaping the evolutionary dynamics of influenza B virus, facilitating the shift of dominance between the Vic87 and the Yam88 lineages.
Effect of Medium Attenuation on the Asymptotic Eigenvalues of Noise Covariance Matrices

Covariance matrices of noise models are used in signal and array processing to study the effect of various noise fields and array configurations on signals and their detectability. Here, the asymptotic eigenvalues of noise covariance matrices in 2-D and 3-D attenuating media are derived. The asymptotic eigenvalues are given by a continuous function, which is the Fourier transform of the infinite sequence formed by sampling the spatial coherence function. The presence of attenuation decreases the value of the large eigenvalues and raises the value of the smaller eigenvalues (compared to the attenuation free case). The eigenvalue density of the sample covariance matrix also shows variation in shape depending on the attenuation, which potentially could be used to retrieve medium attenuation properties from observations of noise.
Individual differences as moderators of persuasive message and attitude-behavior relations

Two individual difference characteristics, need for cognition and argumentativeness, are investigated to determine their impact on persuasive message processing and attitude‐behavior relations. Results indicate that although these characteristics moderate message perception and the relationship between attitudes and behavioral intentions they did not significantly influence message processing.
An Analysis of Interactive Behavior in a Practicum in Personnel Relationships

Purpose and Rationale. The purpose of this research is to examine the validity of the general hypothesis that: patterns of operational behavior of persons participating in a Practicum in Person nel Relationships can be identified, the patterns be ing relevant to attitude, flow of discussion, inter action during discussion, and seating contiguity . Analysis of the behavior of participants while they are engaged in sessions of a practicum would pro vide appropriate data for an evaluation of the prac ticum. If it be possible to discern patterns of op erational behavior in a human relation training program like the Practicum in Personnel Relation ships, these patterns could be related to appropri ate criteria and a relatively controlled, objective assessment of the program could be made in terms of operational behavior rather than, or as well as, in terms of written reports or self-analyses. Though several methods of analysis reported herein have been used by various investigators, three relatively new methods of analysis were de veloped by the investigator for this research on the Practicum: thread-flow diagrams of participation in group discussion, an analysis of the equitable ness of the distribution of participation in group discussion, and a seating contiguity index. If the methods of analysis used for this study be effec tive in identifying patterns of operational behavior, the methods could be used in other research stud ies on human relations training programs. The research design is a developmental, longi tudinal survey of the four behavioral var i a b 1 e s enumerated in the general hypothesis above. Review of the Literature. Two supporting con cepts are found in the literature on human rela tions training. The first concept is that human relations training is an important aspect of pro grams for the preparation and development of teach ers and educational administrators. The second concept is that there is a continuing need for re search regarding the analysis and evaluation of hu man relations training. Bonner (3:327), Moore (6:28-9), and numerous abstracts in Pi s s e r t ation Abstracts, in the subdivision on "Education, " at test to the importance and prevalence of human re lations training for educators. Hughes (4:14) and Miles (5:252) point out the need for research and re ports on human relations training programs. That the American Educational Research Associ?t ion publishes a volume on "Human Relations in Educa tion", (1) is testimony to the concern of educators for research in this field. Insofar as this investi gator knows, this report on the Practicum is the first extensive research dealing with observations of these selected networks of interactive behavior as a means of analyzing a program in human rela tions. Even though the findings have limitedgener alizability, it is hoped that the research will be helpful in the designing of methods and the testing of hypotheses by other investigators concerned with human relations training.
Idiopathic atrophy of the nails: a possible hereditary association.

idiopathic atrophy of the naiis has been described as an acquired condition of childhood wherein the changes may iead to permanent ioss with scarring of the nait bed. Three patients with idiopathic atrophy are described here, two of whom are siblings, ages 9 and 11 years. The authors suggest that ail family members of patients with this condition be examined for possible involvement.
The role of bicycle helmets in bicycle-related injury prevention.

For over 100 years, bicycles have served as an effective means of transportation, exercise, and recreation. Presently there are over 100 million bicyclists in the U.S. alone. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the extent and severity of bicycling injuries. As a result, there has been a growing awareness of bicycle safety, including a concerted effort to reduce morbidity and mortality from bicycling accidents through bicycle education and bicycle-helmet usage. The following comprehensive review of the literature is an attempt to document the severity of the bicycle-related injury problem and the extent to which bicycle helmets and other preventive measures may afford protection from the morbidity and mortality commonly associated with bicycle accidents.
Modelling the pyrolysis of tar sands in fluidized bed reactors

Abstract The state of Utah has vast tar sand resources. Surface thermal recovery processes, such as pyrolysis, have been investigated as possibilities in the sequence of processes for the surface mining of the tar sands and the subsequent recovery and upgrading of bitumen. Fluidized beds have been used extensively to effect the pyrolysis. In this paper, the hydrodynamics of laboratory scale fluidized beds and a mathematical fluidized bed model have been examined. Using newly developed correlations for minimum fluidization velocities, the hydrodynamics of the previously used laboratory reactors were evaluated. These hydrodynamic parameters helped demarcate slugging and bubbling beds. A kinetic model, which invoked a three-step reaction network and a simple two-phase bubbling bed model were used to generate product distribution curves. Reaction kinetics for the proposed reaction network and hydrodynamics from the two-phase theory of fluidized beds were integrated in the bubbling bed model. A uniform reaction model for the conversion of ‘solids’ was assumed. The product distributions calculated using these models were compared with those observed experimentally. Both the kinetic and the fluidized bed models qualitatively predicted the trends in product distributions with respect to temperature. The kinetic model also predicted trends with regard to residence times. Through the use of these simple models, a framework for the application of more complicated models was established.
Optimal management of a biochemical incomplete response to therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer: aggressive treatment or cautious observation?

The last 10 years has seen a renewed interest in a risk adapted management approach to differentiated thyroid cancer. We now view risk stratification as an ongoing, dynamic process that begins with initial estimates of the risk of death from thyroid cancer and risk of recurrent/ persistent disease for each patient [1]. These initial risk estimates are used to guide early management decisions and plan follow-up studies that allow us to define the response to initial therapy for each patient. As information is accumulated during follow-up, we actively modify the initial risk estimates based on the clinical course of the disease and the patient’s individual response to therapy. To facilitate classification and communication, we have previously proposed a nomenclature that can be used to describe response to therapy as either [1–3]
Instability waves in twin supersonic jets

Calculations are presented for the characteristics of instability waves in the initial mixing region of twin circular supersonic jets. Two models for the basic jet flow are used. In the first, the jets are modeled as two circular vortex sheets. In the second, realistic velocity and density profiles are used. It is shown that the unsteady flow fields of the two jets interact before the time-averaged jets flows have merged. The normal modes or instability waves are classified by their symmetry properties in the twin-jet case and their asymptotic behavior for large jet separations. Calculations of the growth rates and phase velocities are made for these modes as a function of jet separation and mixing-layer thickness. The associated pressure distributions are also presented. In the realistic jet profile calculations the effect of jet separation is found to be relatively weak. For modes that are even about the symmetry plane between the two jets the pressure levels are found to increase near this plane as the jet separation decreases.
Probabilistic analysis of transport-reaction processes over catalytic particles: theory and experimental testing

Abstract We developed a probabilistic theory of transport–reaction processes over various types of configurations of catalytic particles, particularly for a single particle. The theory describes a single pulse–response experiment which is similar to the single pulse temporal analysis of products (TAP) experiment. The analysis is based on the general theory of Brownian motion with “killing” and the Feynman–Kac formula. Different diffusion–reaction problems, particularly the problem “diffusion–very fast reaction” (infinite rate reaction), have been analyzed. In the latter case, the probability for a reactant to be converted equals a purely geometric characteristic, namely, the probability for a reactant molecule to hit at least one catalyst particle in a configuration of particles. Solving a boundary value problem, the probability of conversion can be found as a function of the apparent kinetic parameter. Based on experimental data on exit flow and conversion this parameter can be extracted. Experimental data in studies of CO oxidation over a single particle of Pt catalyst show a qualitative agreement with data from computational experiments based on the developed probabilistic theory. For two-particle catalyst configurations, it was found computationally a non-trivial dependence of the reactant conversion on some geometric characteristics, especially the distance between particles. A distance was found for which conversion is highest.
We are good to grow: dynamic integration of cell wall architecture with the machinery of growth

Despite differences in cell wall composition between the type I cell walls of dicots and most monocots and the type II walls of commelinid monocots, all flowering plants respond to the same classes of growth regulators in the same tissue-specific way and exhibit the same growth physics. Substantial progress has been made in defining gene families and identifying mutants in cell wall-related genes, but our understanding of the biochemical basis of wall extensibility during growth is still rudimentary. In this review, we highlight insights into the physiological control of cell expansion emerging from genetic functional analyses, mostly in Arabidopsis and other dicots, and a few examples of genes of potential orthologous function in grass species. We discuss examples of cell wall architectural features that impact growth independent of composition, and progress in identifying proteins involved in transduction of growth signals and integrating their outputs in the molecular machinery of wall expansion.
Infants chunk object arrays into sets of individuals

Research suggests that, using representations from object-based attention, infants can represent only 3 individuals at a time. For example, infants successfully represent 1, 2, or 3 hidden objects, but fail with 4 (Developmental Science 6 (2003) 568), and a similar limit is seen in adults' tracking of multiple objects (see Cognitive Psychology 38 (1999) 259). In the present experiments we used a manual search procedure to ask whether infants can overcome this limit of 3 by chunking individuals into sets. Experiments 1 and 2 replicate infants' failure to represent a total of 4 objects. We then show that infants can exceed this limit when items are spatiotemporally grouped into two sets of 2 prior to hiding, leading infants to successfully represent a total of 4 objects. Experiment 3 demonstrates that infants tracked the 4 objects as two sets of 2, searching for each set in its correct hiding location. That infants represented the number of individuals in each set is demonstrated by their reaching for the correct number of objects in each location. These results suggest that by binding individuals into sets, infants can increase their representational capacity. This is the first evidence for chunking abilities in infants.
The energetics of the trot–gallop transition

Two studies have focused on potential triggers for the trot-gallop transition in the horse. One study concluded that the transition was triggered by metabolic economy. The second study found that it was not metabolic factors but, rather, peak musculoskeletal forces that determine gait transition speeds. In theory, peak musculoskeletal forces should be the same when trotting up an incline as when trotting at the same speed on the level. Assuming this is the case, we hypothesized that if peak forces determine gait transition speeds then horses should switch from a trot to a gallop at the same speed (i.e. the same critical force) regardless of incline. The aim of the present research was to examine the effects of incline on the trot-gallop transition speed in horses and to re-examine the role of metabolism in determining the trot-gallop transition. Horses (Equus caballus) were conditioned to run on a high-speed treadmill prior to data collection. Gait changes were recorded for each horse using a standardized testing protocol on the level and when trotting up a 10% incline. Both maximum sustained trotting speeds and minimum sustained galloping speeds, representing the lower and upper limits of the trot-gallop transition, respectively, were significantly slower when trotting up an incline. After completing collection of gait transition data, the horses were trained to extend their gaits beyond the normal transition speeds, and metabolic data were collected. Maximum sustained trotting speeds were not different from the energetically optimal transition speeds, i.e. the speed at which metabolic rates are the same for both gaits.
FOUR YEARS OF OPERATIONS AND RESULTS WITH FORTE

The FORTE (Fast Onboard Recording of Transient Events) satellite was launched on 29 August 1997 and has been in continuous operation since that time. FORTE was placed in a nearly circular, 825-km-altitude, 70 degrees inclination orbit by a Pegasus rocket funded by Air Force Space Test Program. The Department of Energy funded the FORTE satellite, which was designed and built at Los Alamos. FORTE's successful launch and engineered robustness were a result of several years of dedicated work by the joint Los Alamos National Laboratory/Sandia National Laboratory project team, led through mission definition, payload and satellite development, and launch by Dr. Stephen Knox. The project is now led by Dr. Abram Jacobson. FORTE carries a suite of instruments, an optical system and a rf system, for the study of lightning and anthropogenic signals. As a result of this effort, new understandings of lightning events have emerged as well as a more complete understanding of the relationship between optical and rf lightning events. This paper will provide an overview of the FORTE satellite and will discuss the on orbit performance of the subsystems.
Continuants with bounded digits—II

This paper is a sequel to [1], but can be read independently. However, we do quote one of the results of [1] in the proof of our theorem here.As in [1], we define the continuantK(a1, a2, …, an) formed from the positive integers a1 …,an to be the denominator qn of the continued fractionwhere pn/qn is in lowest terms.
Saturation of rod-initiated signals in 2-month-old human infants

Absolute and increment thresholds were measured for 2-month-old human infants by using long-wavelength adapting fields and short-wavelength test flashes. The test flashes were 500 or 10 msec in duration and varied from 6° to 16° in diameter. The psychometric functions measured in the dark were steep for large, long-duration test flashes and shallow for small, brief flashes. Under conditions of light adaptation, the psychometric functions were consistently steep. The shape of the area–threshold function depended on the criterial percent correct responses; when a criterion of 75% correct responses was used, the slope of the area-threshold function was much steeper than predicted by Ricco’s law. These results are interpreted in the context of a model in which rod-initiated signals saturate at a locus proximal to the rods themselves but distal to most of the considerable spatial pooling of visual signals that occurs in infants.
Modification of impact craters in the northern plains of Mars: Implications for Amazonian climate history

We measured the depth, wall steepness, and ejecta roughness and surveyed the wall and floor morphology of all craters 10-25 km in diameter within the typical Vastitas Borealis Formation in the northern lowlands of Mars north of 52°N. Two of the 130 craters have unusually rough ejecta; they are deep, have steep walls, and are apparently the youngest in the population. Icy mantles filling the local subkilometer-scale topographic lows is the main contribution to ejecta smoothing, which occurs at a time scale on the order of tens of Myr. Wall degradation and crater shallowing generally occur at longer time scales, comparable to the duration of the Amazonian period. Many craters are shallow due to filling of the crater with specific ice-rich material of uncertain origin. We use our collected data to infer the nature of the past climate back through the Amazonian, a period prior to ~10-20 Myr ago, when orbital parameter solutions are chaotic and one must rely on geological data to infer climate conditions. We conclude that moderately high obliquity and wide obliquity variations were probable during the last 40-160 Myr. We tentatively conclude that high obliquity peaks (>40-45°) may have occurred episodically through the last 210-430 Myr. A sharp step in the frequency distribution of wall steepness at 20° may indicate a geologically long period prior to that time where obliquity never exceeded 40-45°.
Patient Treatment Preferences and the 5-HT1B/1D Agonists

Migraineurs have specific preferences with regard to migraine therapy. In surveys, they consistently cite several attributes they seek in a migraine medication: rapid pain relief, complete pain relief, ability to return to normal functioning, relief of migraine-associated symptoms, reduction in headache recurrence, and minimal adverse effects. When prescribing medication for patients with migraine, physicians should respect patients' treatment preferences and select drugs that most closely meet patients' needs. As a class, the 5-HT1B/1Dagonists, or triptans, have many of these attributes, including effectively relieving pain and associated symptoms and allowing patients to return fairly quickly to their normal activities. However, differences have emerged in the ability of specific triptans to satisfy patient preferences. Physicians should consider these differences when prescribing triptans for their patients with migraine.
Culturally tuned emotional intelligence: an effective change management tool?

This article is concerned with the potential influence of culture in managing emotions both in others and in ourselves, within a change management framework. It is proposed that reframing emotional intelligence (EI) in terms of culture may support leaders when effecting change within their organizations. For well over a decade anthropologists have suggested that cultures have conventions and norms that influence the management of emotions. Cultural values create a commonality among members in how they interpret and subsequently respond to emotional issues. A tripartite definition of cultural values, based on national, organizational and professional cultures, provides a framework for exploring several EI case study examples. These practical examples demonstrate how organizations have effected change by stepping outside of their immediate and obvious framework to examine the issues in a ‘culturally tuned’ manner. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing Risk and Preventing Pressure Ulcers in Patients With Cancer

Objective To identify risk factors for pressure ulcers that may place the patient with cancer at higher risk. The role of nursing to provide pressure ulcer preventive measures will be discussed. Data Sources Current research and published literature Conclusion Research suggests that comprehensive prevention programs are effective in reducing pressure ulcer incidence rates and can be cost-effective. Comprehensive pressure ulcer prevention guidelines include risk assessment, skin care, offloading, and nutrition. Immobility places patients with cancer at greater risk. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses are at the forefront of predicting patients at risk for pressure ulcers and working with the multidisciplinary team to implement a pressure ulcer preventive program. There remains a dearth of research related to pressure ulcers and cancer. Research in this area is strongly suggested.
Four "lessons learned" while implementing a multi-site caries prevention trial.

As the number of dental-related randomized clinical trials (RCTs) increases, there is a need for literature to help investigators inexperienced in conducting RCTs design and implement studies. This commentary describes four “lessons learned” or considerations important in the planning and initial implementation of RCTs in dentistry that, to our knowledge, have not been discussed in the general dental literature describing trial techniques. These considerations are a) preparing or securing a thorough systematic review; b) developing a comprehensive set of study documents; c) designing and testing multiple recruitment strategies; and d) employing a run-in period prior to enrollment. Attention to these considerations in the planning phases of a dental RCT can help ensure that the trial is clinically relevant while also maximizing the likelihood that its implementation will be successful.
Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and its deregulation in mouse B cell lymphomas

CDKN1B (p27) regulates cell-cycle progression at the G1-S transition by suppressing the cyclin E/CDK2 kinase complex. In normal lymphocytes and most human B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), there is an inverse correlation between proliferative activity and expression of p27; however, a subset of NHL with high mitotic indices expresses p27, which is inactive due to sequestration in nuclear protein complexes or due to cytoplasmic retention. Our studies of mouse B cell NHL also identified cases with high proliferative activity and high levels of p27 at a surprisingly high frequency. Here, p27 was complexed with D-type cyclins 1 and 3 and with the COPS9 protein, JAB1. In addition, we found cytoplasmic sequestration following phosphorylation by activated AKT.
Modeling of Three-Dimensional Gas Metal Arc Welding With Groove

This article analyzes the dynamic process of groove filling and the resulting weld pool fluid flow in gas metal arc welding of thick metals with V-groove. Filler droplets carrying mass, momentum, thermal energy, and sulfur species are periodically impinged onto the workpiece. The complex transport phenomena in the weld pool, caused by the combined effect of droplet impingement, gravity, electromagnetic force, surface tension, and plasma arc pressure, were investigated to determine the transient weld pool shape and distributions of velocity, temperature, and sulfur species in the weld pool. It was found that the groove provides a channel which can smooth the flow in the weld pool, leading to poor mixing between the filler metal and the base metal, as compared to the case without a groove.
Beyrer C, Pizer HF (editors). Public health & human rights: evidence-based approaches.

Beyrer C, Pizer HF (editors). Public health & human rights: evidence-based approaches. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. 470 pp. ISBN 13: 978-0-8018-8647-8, paperback. As noted by the late Jonathan Mann, social injustices and limits on basic rights and freedoms can have direct and indirect effects on the health of individuals, communities and populations.1 The recent book edited by Chris Beyrer and H.F. Pizer on Public Health & Human Rights: Evidence-Based Approaches ,2 is a welcome addition to the literature on the intersection of public health and human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes a number of important civil and political rights as well as cultural, economic and social rights such as the right of each person and his or her family to a standard of living adequate for their health and well-being, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social …
A Bayesian Mixture Model for Comparative Spectral Count Data in Shotgun Proteomics

Recent developments in mass-spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics, especially methods using spectral counting, have enabled large-scale identification and differential profiling of complex proteomes. Most such proteomic studies are interested in identifying proteins, the abundance of which is different under various conditions. Several quantitative methods have recently been proposed and implemented for this purpose. Building on some techniques that are now widely accepted in the microarray literature, we developed and implemented a new method using a Bayesian model to calculate posterior probabilities of differential abundance for thousands of proteins in a given experiment simultaneously. Our Bayesian model is shown to deliver uniformly superior performance when compared with several existing methods.
Asymptotic Stability of Controlling Uncertain Dynamical Systems

Asymptotic stabilisation of general uncertain dynamical systems is investigated. A new theoretical result on asymptotical stability is presented. Based on the result, a new class of continuous feedback controls is proposed to guarantee asymptotic stability for any uncertain systems whose nominal system is uniformly asymptotically stable. The required information about uncertain dynamics in the system is merely that the uncertainties are bounded in Euclidean norm by a known function of the system state.
Beyond the Personal Software Process: Metrics collection and analysis for the differently disciplined

Pedagogies such as the Personal Software Process (PSP) shift metrics definition, collection, and analysis from the organizational level to the individual level. While case study research indicates that the PSP can provide software engineering students with empirical support for improving estimation and quality assurance, there is little evidence that many students continue to use the PSP when no longer required to do so. Our research suggests that this "PSP adoption problem" may be due to two problems: the high overhead of PSP-style metrics collection and analysis, and the requirement that PSP users "context switch" between product development and process recording. This paper overviews our initial PSP experiences, our first attempt to solve the PSP adoption problem with the LEAP system, and our current approach called Hackystat. This approach fully automates both data collection and analysis, which eliminates overhead and context switching. However, Hackystat changes the kind of metrics data that is collected, and introduces new privacy-related adoption issues of its own.
Frictional behavior of magnetic recording disks

The frictional behavior of oxide-coated and thin-film metallic recording disks is investigated in sliding contact with ferrite, calcium titanate, and alumina titanium carbide sliders. The dependence of the friction coefficient on velocity and the number of repeated disk revolutions is studied. The mechanism of friction and failure is investigated for both unlubricated and lubricated oxide and thin-film disks. >
Field Capacity, Wilting Point, Available Water, and the Non-Limiting Water Range

This chapter defines field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water to plants, which is the difference between field capacity and the permanent wilting point. The permanent wilting point was described in 1912 by Briggs, a physicist, and Shantz, a botanist, who called it the wilting coefficient. The nonlimiting water range (NLWR), first defined by John Letey at the University of California in 1985, acknowledges that water may not be equally available to plants between field capacity and the permanent wilting point. The NLWR includes the effects of aeration and mechanical resistance on water availability. In follow-up Letey's work, researchers have defined the least limiting water range, which sets limits for water uptake based on the wetness and mechanical resistance of the soil. Biographies of Briggs and Shantz are given in the appendix along with documentation showing they were two of the most important scientists of their time.
Feasibility and Quit Rates of the Tobacco Status Project: A Facebook Smoking Cessation Intervention for Young Adults

Background: Young adult smokers are a challenging group to engage in smoking cessation interventions. With wide reach and engagement among users, Facebook offers opportunity to engage young people in socially supportive communities for quitting smoking and sustaining abstinence. Objective: We developed and tested initial efficacy, engagement, and acceptability of the Tobacco Status Project, a smoking cessation intervention for young adults delivered within Facebook. Methods: The intervention was based on the US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Transtheoretical Model and enrolled participants into study-run 3-month secret Facebook groups matched on readiness to quit smoking. Cigarette smokers (N=79) aged 18-25, who used Facebook on most days, were recruited via Facebook. All participants received the intervention and were randomized to one of three monetary incentive groups tied to engagement (commenting in groups). Assessments were completed at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up. Analyses examined retention, smoking outcomes over 12 months (7-day point prevalence abstinence, ≥50% reduction in cigarettes smoked, quit attempts and strategies used, readiness to quit), engagement, and satisfaction with the intervention. Results: Retention was 82% (65/79) at 6 months and 72% (57/79) at 12 months. From baseline to 12-months follow-up, there was a significant increase in the proportion prepared to quit (10/79, 13%; 36/79, 46%, P <.001). Over a third (28/79, 35%) reduced their cigarette consumption by 50% or greater, and 66% (52/79) made at least one 24-hour quit attempt during the study. In an intent-to-treat analysis, 13% (10/79) self-reported 7-day abstinence (6/79, 8% verified biochemically) at 12-months follow-up. In their quit attempts, 11% (9/79) used a nicotine replacement therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration, while 18% (14/79) used an electronic nicotine delivery system to quit (eg, electronic cigarette). A majority (48/79, 61%) commented on at least one Facebook post, with more commenting among those with biochemically verified abstinence at 3 months ( P =.036) and those randomized to receive a personal monetary incentive ( P =.015). Over a third of participants (28/79, 35%) reported reading most or all of the Facebook posts. Highest acceptability ratings of the intervention were for post ease (57/79, 72%) and thinking about what they read (52/79, 66%); 71% (56/79) recommended the program to others. Only 5 participants attended the optional cognitive-behavioral counseling sessions, though their attendance was high (6/7 sessions overall) and the sessions were rated as easy to understand, useful, and helpful (all 90-100% agreed). Conclusions: A Facebook quit smoking intervention is attractive and feasible to deliver, and early efficacy data are encouraging. However, the 1.5-fold greater use of electronic cigarettes over nicotine replacement products for quitting is concerning. [J Med Internet Res 2015;17(12):e291]
The Picture Plus Discussion Intervention: Text Access for High School Students with Moderate Intellectual Disability:

Students with moderate intellectual disability often experience limited access to age-appropriate texts due to limitations in reading skills, access to instruction and supports, and educator beliefs. Use of text read alouds is an emerging tool for increasing such access; however, supports are often still required for access to age-appropriate texts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of the picture plus discussion (PPD) intervention on the comprehension abilities of high school students with moderate intellectual disability when expository texts were read aloud. A multiple probe design was used to measure the effect of this intervention across three different types of texts including leveled readers, stories from a local newspaper, and sections from employee handbooks. Results indicate that the PPD intervention was successful in increasing student comprehension as measured by story retell. Implications and future directions for research and practice are discussed.
Breaking the Ice of Negotiation Barriers: A Case Study Analysis of the 2004-2005 NHL Dispute

The negotiation process has become an established practice throughout organizations, as means to facilitate collective agreement between different constituent groups. Negotiation strategy has been discussed throughout literature and provides a wealth of knowledge across broad frameworks to support the discussion process and methods to support effective outcomes. The following paper assesses the 2004-2005 NHL case study and provides alternative strategies to create optimal results.