cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicultural Considerations in Measurement and Classification of Positive Psychology

Positive psychology encourages psychologists to focus research efforts on the prevention of disease, the development of strengths, and virtues that lead to optimal human functioning (Pedrotti JT, Edwards LM, The intersection of positive psychology and multiculturalism in counseling. In: Ponterotto JG, Casas JM, Suzuki LA, Alexander CM (eds) The handbook of multicultural counseling, 3rd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2010; Sandage SJ, Hill PC, Vang HC, Couns Psychol 31(5):564–591. doi:10.1177/001100000325650, 2003). The joining of strengths, virtues and multiculturalism “is both logical and necessary” (p. 166) as multiculturalism becomes a strength in and of itself (Pedrotti JT, Edwards LM, The intersection of positive psychology and multiculturalism in counseling. In: Ponterotto JG, Casas JM, Suzuki LA, Alexander CM (eds) The handbook of multicultural counseling, 3rd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2010). Although the combination of strengths, virtues and multiculturalism is logical, it is also important to consider variance in cross-cultural applications and definitions of positive psychology constructs and subsequent measurements of these constructs.
Isolation and characterization of a gene from Aspergillus parasiticus associated with the conversion of versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin in aflatoxin biosynthesis.

DNA isolated from the wild-type aflatoxin-producing (Afl+) fungus Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 5862 was used to construct a cosmid genomic DNA library employing the homologous gene (pyrG) encoding orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase for selection of fungal transformants. The cosmid library was transformed into an Afl- mutant, A. parasiticus CS10 (ver-1 wh-1 pyrG), deficient in the conversion of the aflatoxin biosynthetic intermediate versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin. One pyrG+ Afl+ transformant was identified. DNA fragments from this transformant, recovered by marker rescue, contained part of the cosmid vector including the pyrG gene, the ampr gene, and a piece of the original genomic insert DNA. Transformation of these rescued DNA fragments into A. parasiticus CS10 resulted in production of wild-type levels of aflatoxin and abundant formation of sclerotia. The gene responsible for this complementation (ver-1) was identified by Northern RNA analysis and transformation with subcloned DNA fragments. The approximate locations of transcription initiation and polyadenylation sites of ver-1 were determined by an RNase protection assay and cDNA sequence analysis. The predicted amino acid sequence, deduced from the ver-1 genomic and cDNA nucleotide sequences, was compared with the EMBL and GenBank data bases. The search revealed striking similarity with Streptomyces ketoreductases involved in polyketide biosynthesis. Images
The eicosanoid pathway and brain aging

Publisher Summary The mammalian eicosanoid pathway encompasses two major enzyme families: the lipoxygenases (LOX) that lead to synthesis of leukotrienes, and the cyclooxygenases (COX) that lead to synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Although insects apparently also possess a functional eicosanoid pathway insect, eicosanoids have for the most part been poorly characterized. The expression in the brain of several LOX genes as well as that of COX has generally been demonstrated using methods for specific mRNA detection. Moreover, biochemical studies have demonstrated that various leukotrienes and prostaglandins can be produced in the mammalian brain, as well as in neurons. Very recently, it was proposed that in sensory neurons, the product of 12-LOX activity, 2-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE), may act as an endogenous regulator of pain-related neuronal vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors. This chapter focuses on evidence for the neuronal presence of these enzymes and on two members of the eicosanoid pathway, 5-LOX and COX-2. However, it has to be stressed that the expression of LOX and COX enzymes in non-neuronal cells may also be important for central nervous system (CNS) functioning, particularly in certain pathologies.
Per-visit pollinator performance and regional importance of wild Bombus and Andrena (Melandrena) compared to the managed honey bee in New York apple orchards

Declines in honey bee health and increasing demand for pollination services highlight a need to optimize crop pollination by wild bees. Apple is an economically important crop in eastern North America, requires insect pollination, and is visited by a diverse bee fauna, but a direct assessment of wild bee pollination in apple orchards is lacking. We combined measurements of two facets of pollination service, per-visit efficiency (fruit and seed set) and relative abundance, to estimate orchard-level, pollinator importance of mining bees (Andrena subgenus Melandrena), bumble bees (Bombus), and honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Average pollinator importance provided a relative measure that allowed comparison of pollination service among the three focal bees across the study region. On average, a wild bee visit resulted in higher pollen transfer to stigmas, but had the same probability of setting fruit and seed as a honey bee visit. Regionally, pollinator importance of Melandrena and Bombus were 32 and 14 % that of honey bees, respectively. Because per-visit performances were similar, such disparities in importance were based largely on differences in relative abundance. Although the summed pollinator importance of Melandrena and Bombus was less than that of the honey bee, these, and other, wild pollinators have a role to play in filling future pollination gaps, and thus, warrant further study and conservation.
Traumatic Brain Injury Impairs Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor Complex Formation and Alters Synaptic Vesicle Distribution in the Hippocampus

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impairs neuronal function and can culminate in lasting cognitive impairment. While impaired neurotransmitter release has been well established after experimental TBI, little is understood about the mechanisms underlying this consequence. In the synapse, vesicular docking and neurotransmitter release requires the formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. Impairments in vesicle docking, and alterations in SNARE complex formation are associated with impaired neurotransmitter release. We hypothesized that TBI reduces SNARE complex formation and disrupts synaptic vesicle distribution in the hippocampus. To examine the effect of TBI on the SNARE complex, rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury, and the brains were assessed at 6 h, 1 d, one week, two weeks, or four weeks post-injury. Immunoblotting of hippocampal homogenates revealed significantly reduced SNARE complex formation at o...
Cutting Edge: Selective Role of Ubiquitin in MHC Class I Antigen Presentation

The importance of ubiquitination in MHC class I-restricted Ag processing remains unclear. To address this issue, we overexpressed wild-type and dominant-negative lysineless forms of ubiquitin (Ub) in mammalian cells using an inducible vaccinia virus system. Overexpression of the lysineless Ub nearly abrogated polyubiquitination and potently inhibited epitope presentation from a cytosolic N-end rule substrate as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted model Ags. In contrast, there was little impact on Ag presentation from cytosolic proteins. These trends were location dependent; redirecting cytosolic Ag to the ER rendered presentation lysineless Ub-sensitive, whereas retargeting exocytic Ag to the cytosol had the inverse effect. This dichotomy was further underscored by small interfering RNA knockdown of the ER-associated Ub ligase Hrd1. Thus, Ub-dependent degradation appears to play a major role in the MHC class I-restricted processing of ER-targeted proteins and a more restricted role in the processing of cytosolic proteins.
Improved image resolution of target near rough surfaces using generalized Memory Effects of angular and frequency correlations

It has been noted that angular and frequency correlations of the scattered wave from multiple scattering or rough surfaces exhibit the characteristics indicating that the scattered wave remembers the angular and frequency characteristics of incident wave under certain conditions. This is called the “Memory Effects” and was discussed by Feng in 1988. In July 2014 at URSI meeting in Memphis, we presented a preliminary study of the use of Memory Effects to reduce the clutter from rough surface and to improve the resolution of images of objects located near rough surface.
A CHONDRICHTHYAN COMPENDIUM: Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives

Edited by J. C. Carrier, J. A. Musick and M. R. Heithaus CRC Press (2004) pp. 596. ISBN 0-8493-1514-X $99.95 ![Figure][1] The table of contents of Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives is the first indication that this book's editors succeeded in their objective of
Cavity growth in a superplastic Al–Mg alloy: II. An improved plasticity based model

The extent of cavity growth estimated from a combination of diffusional and plasticity based growth models generally underestimates the actual cavity growth in superplastic alloys. It has been shown that in a fine grain Al–Mg alloy, cavity growth begins by matrix/particle debonding at grain boundary particles (Mat. Sci. Forum, Trans. Tech. Pub. 304–306 (1999) 609), and also from pre-existing voids. In this study, cavity growth beyond interface decohesion is modeled in which deformation of the matrix surrounding the cavity is free from interface constraint, but it still experiences an accelerated local deformation rate. Stress and strain-rate in this region are intensified due to the perturbed flow field near the cavity, and not relaxed during the time frame for superplastic forming. This local deformation around the cavity is a function of strain-rate sensitivity, m, the level of strain concentration, and the cavity spacing. Two important effects not previously considered: (i) local stress concentration around the cavities, and (ii) continuous nucleation of new cavities, have been included in this work. Using this model that is suitable for low overall cavity volume (i.e. no cavity coalescence), faster growth rate is predicted for single cavities when strain-rate sensitivity is low and/or the population density of cavities is low (generally at slow strain-rates). By combining the predicted growth rate of individual cavities with the emerging cavity population density determined experimentally, a quantitative understanding of the various complex dependencies of cavitation has been obtained.
Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) develop pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with the demyelinating disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We have shown that transplantation of NSCs into the spinal cords of sick mice results in a significant improvement in both remyelination and in clinical outcome. Cell replacement therapies for the treatment of chronic neurologic diseases are now a reality and in vivo models are vital in understanding the interactions between the engrafted cells and host tissue microenvironment. This presentation provides an adapted method for transplanting cells into the spinal cord of JHMV-infected mice. In brief, we provide a procedure for i) preparation of NSCs prior to transplant, ii) pre-operative care of mice, iii) exposure of the spinal cord via laminectomy, iv) stereotactic injection of NSCs, and iv) post-operative care.
Dose-Volume Histograms for bladder and rectum

Abstract Purpose: A careful examination of the foundation upon which the concept of the Dose-Volume Histogram (DVH) is built, and the implications of this set of parameters on the clinical application and interpretation of the DVH concept has not been conducted since the introduction of DVHs as a tool for the quantitative evaluation of treatment plans. The purpose of the work presented herein is to illustrate problems with current methods of implementing and interpreting DVHs when applied to hollow anatomic structures such as the bladder and rectum. Methods and Materials: A typical treatment plan for external beam irradiation of a patient with prostate cancer was chosen to provide a data set from which DVH curves for both the bladder and rectum were calculated. The two organs share the property of being shells with contents that are of no clinical importance. DVHs for both organs were computed using a solid model and using a shell model. Typical treatment plans for prostate cancer were used to generate DVH curves for both models. The Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) for these organs is discussed in this context. Results: For an eight-field conformal treatment plan of the prostate, a bladder DVH curve generated using the shell model is higher than the corresponding curve generated using the solid model. The shell model also has a higher NTCP. A six-field conformal treatment plan slo results in a higher DVH curve for the shell model. A treatment plan consisting of bilateral 120-degree arcs, results in a higher DVH curve for the shell model, as well as a higher NTCP. Conclusion: The DVH concept currently used in evaluation of treatment plans is problematic because current practices of defining exactly what constitutes "bladder" and "rectum." Commonly used methods of tracing the bladder and rectum imply use of a solid structure model for DVHs. In reality, these organs are shells and the critical structure associated with NTCP is obviously and indisputably the shell, as opposed to its contents. Treatment planning algorithms for DVH computation should thus be modified to utilize the shell model for these organs.
Applicability of an automatic surface detection approach to micro-pulse photon-counting lidar altimetry data: implications for canopy height retrieval from future ICESat-2 data

We develop and validate an automated approach to determine canopy height, an important metric for global biomass assessments, from micro-pulse photon-counting lidar data collected over forested ecosystems. Such a lidar system is planned to be launched aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s follow-on Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite mission (ICESat-2) in 2017. For algorithm development purposes in preparation for the mission, the ICESat-2 project team produced simulated ICESat-2 data sets from airborne observations of a commercial micro-pulse lidar instrument (developed by Sigma Space Corporation) over two forests in the eastern USA. The technique derived in this article is based on a multi-step mathematical and statistical signal extraction process which is applied to the simulated ICESat-2 data set. First, ground and canopy surfaces are approximately extracted using the statistical information derived from the histogram of elevations for accumulated photons in 100 footprints. S...
Damage‐Limiting Aseismic Design of Buildings

Abstract A procedure for earthquake‐resistant design is developed to limit the potential damage of buildings to a tolerable level. The procedure is based on the damage model developed earlier (Park and Ang, 1984) in which structural damage is expressed as a function of the maximum deformation and dissipated hysteretic energy. The tolerable degree of damage is defined on the basis of calibration with observed damages from past major earthquakes. The design method is examined in the context of reliability.
Increased mast cell density in invasive melanoma.

Mast cell participation in immune responses, tumor progression, and vascularization has been studied extensively in vitro. In situ investigation of mast cells in routinely processed tissues is hampered by difficulty in reliable detection of mast cells. We studied the tissue density of mast cells using a morphometric point-counting technique in 1 μm-thick, Giemsa-stained, tissue sections from epon-embedded samples of skin biopsies. This technique has been demonstrated to be an accurate and reproducible method for determining mast cell density. Mast cell density in 15 cases of invasive melanoma was compared to that of 9 cases of benign melanocytic nevi and 4 cases of melanoma in situ. Mast cell density was greatest in invasive melanoma (mean density = 0.61 vol.%). The mean density of mast cells in nevi and in situ melanoma was 0.33 and 0.5 respectively. Six of 15 cases of melanoma had mast cell densities > 0.6, whereas mast cell density did not exceed 0.6 in any cases of melanoma in situ or benign melanocytic nevi (p < 0.02). Our findings confirm an increase in mast cell tissue density in some cases of invasive melanoma when compared to mast cell density in benign nevi and in situ melanoma.
Abstract B82: Olanzapine for cachexia in patients with advanced cancer.

Background: This study assessed the safety, tolerability as well as effectiveness of olanzapine as a treatment for cachexia in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: Patients with advanced cancers were recruited into this exploratory, open-label, study of olanzapine for cachexia starting at 2.5 milligram (mg) once-daily oral dosing. All patients received anti-neoplastic treatments for their cancers in addition to our study drug olanzapine. Serum samples from patients were collected at baseline, and after weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 for analysis of levels of leptin, growth hormone, ghrelin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results: Thirty-nine patients received olanzapine. Of the 39 participants, 31 were evaluable for weight change. Six were excluded because they had developed ascites, and two were excluded because of incomplete body weight data. Toxicities related olanzapine are Grade II somnolence (n=1), grade II pancreatitis (n=1), grade II extrapyramidal symptoms (n=1) and grade II nausea/ vomiting (n=1). No dose-limiting toxicities were reported. The recommended dose was defined as 20 mg daily by mouth once daily. Samples from twenty-nine patient were eligible for analysis of serum cytokine levels. Mean values of leptin levels before treatment and on treatment were 3153 pg/ml vs 2488 pg/ml (p=0.085); for growth hormone the values were 2961 pg/ml vs 3758 pg/ml (p=0.33); for interleukin-6, the values were 27.5 pg/ml vs 40.9 pg/ml (p=0069) and for ghrelin they were 0.18 ng/ml vs 0.19 ng/ml p=0.52. The mean change in slope in weight from prior to and during the study is 0.24 with 95% CI = (-0.08, 0.56) and p = 0.13. Associations between changes in different cytokines and weight were inconclusive. Conclusion: Though some patients’ serum cytokines levels increased or decreased, these changes did not correlate with change in body weight. Treatment with Olanzapine had a modest effect in changing the trajectory of weight loss. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B82. Citation Format: Maen Abdelrahim, Aung Naing, Shalini Dalal, Jennifer Wheler, Kenneth Hess, Siqing Fu, David S. Hong, Filip Janku, Gerald S. Falchook, Alyson Ilustre, Fengying Ouyang, Razelle Kurzrock. Olanzapine for cachexia in patients with advanced cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B82.
Pressure dependence of the magnetization in Mn7 single-molecule magnets

Abstract Single-molecule magnet (SMM) clusters of Mn7 can have ground states of S = 11 or S = 16 , depending upon the local symmetry of the clusters. The possibility of inducing a switching of the spin ground state configuration as a function of pressure was investigated by measuring the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, χ M ( 3 K ⩽ T ⩽ 40 K ) , using a home-made resonant coil magnetometer operated near 6 MHz and equipped with a pressure cell capable of producing P ≲ 2.5 GPa . The results indicate the ground states of both materials are robust in the temperature–pressure–frequency parameter space that was probed.
Origins of the Cold War in Europe and the Near East: Recent Historiography and the National Security Imperative

This essay examines materials published during the last decade or so on the origins of the Cold War in Europe and the Near East, with the goal of determining if something like a synthesis is emerging on the subject. Historians of America's foreign relations, particularly those of us writing on the Cold War, have struggled long and hard to forge a synthesis that integrates the domestic and international forces underlying American diplomacy. The results have not been encouraging, and there is even the possibility that such a grand, all-encompassing conceptual device does not exist. Our analysis of recent works on the Cold War, however, does reveal a number of common factors that suggest if not a synthesis at least a dominant approach based on the national security imperative. In other words, the bulk of this work demonstrates a pervasive concern with the way that policymakers perceived global threats to the nation's security and how they responded to those threats. In the best of this work, national security is defined broadly enough to show the relation between domestic and foreign elements affecting a country's safety and to include the social, economic, political, and military considerations that influence strategy, as well as the important and often subtle cross-cultural exchanges and the interworkings of the public and private sectors of society. Defined in this manner, the concept of national security encompasses not only the varied reasoned responses to danger but also those wide-ranging irrational impulses resulting from exaggerated or erroneous perceptions and from an often-obsessive concern with the credibility of the country's commitments abroad.
Effects of source credibility on the relationship between authoritarianism and attitude change.

Persuasive messages attributed to either a high credible or a low credible source were presented to Ss who varied in F Scale ("authoritarianism") scores. A significant interaction appeared between F Scale scores and source credibility with respect to attitude change, indicating the low F scorer to be more influenced by source differences than the high F scorer. These data are interpreted as supporting McGuire's general model for the relationship between persuasibility and personality, and refuting Johnson and Steiner's hypothesis that the high F scorer is "source-oriented." Extension of these findings to social conformity studies is discussed.
I feel your pain: Emotional closeness modulates neural responses to empathically experienced rejection

Empathy is generally thought of as the ability to share the emotional experiences of others. In scientific terms, this is usually operationalized as an ability to vicariously feel others' mental and emotional experiences. Supporting this account, research demonstrates that watching others experience physical pain activates similar brain regions to the actual experience of pain itself. First-hand experience of social rejection also activates this network. The current work extends these findings by examining whether the "pain" network is similarly implicated in witnessing rejection, and whether emotional closeness modulates this response. We provide evidence for each of these suppositions, demonstrating: (a) that the pain network is activated when watching a friend suffer social rejection, and (b) that interpersonal closeness with that friend modulates this response. Further, we found that the inferior frontal gyrus, critical for representing others' mental and emotional states, mediates the relationship between emotional closeness and neural responses to watching the rejection of a friend.
Shape Characteristics of Cost Curves Involving Multiple Shifts in Automotive Assembly Plants

ABSTRACT Based on a typical automotive assembly plant in today's environment, this analysis provides insight into the marginal cost curves facing industry. Because of employment guarantee provisions of the labor contract, the short-term marginal cost curve is not U-shaped, increasing, nor even convex. A consequence of this complicated shape is that there may be more than one point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, thus requiring the firm to evaluate each such point to find its profit maximizing production level.
A Mathematical Visit to Hanoi

This article, written in September 1978, is appearing after several unexpected publication delays. In the meantime a sequence of events in Southeast Asia — the Chinese invasion, the exodus of refugees, the war in Cambodia — is inevitably having an impact on Vietnam’s pace of economic recovery from the War and level of technological development. In any case, this article obviously cannot address the political and economic issues that have come into focus in the past year.
The clinical significance of cerebral atrophy in dementia.

Abstract The clinical significance of cortical atrophy is reviewed in relationship to neuropsychological impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type. The degree of cortical atrophy may vary independent of the degree of cognitive impairment. There is some tendency for greater amounts of cortical atrophy to be associated with greater cognitive deficits, but individual variations limit the linearity of this relationship. On an individual case basis, lateralized atrophy in some patients may be associated with greater lateralization of cognitive impairment. Cortical atrophy patterns do not differ substantially in the pre-senile and senile forms of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychological follow-up provides a belter index of the speed of deterioration in Alzheimer's disease than does computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Various clinical guidelines are offered for the interpretation of neuropsychological impairment based upon CT or MRI findings of cerebral atrophy.
Enthalpy and entropy of H2 Adsorption on Rh/Al2O3 measured by temperature-programmed desorption

Abstract Temperature-programmed desorption spectroscopy under pseudo-equilibrium conditions has been used to obtain the coverage dependence of the heat and entropy of hydrogen adsorption for a 5-wt% Rh/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. This method is considered to be more convenient than volumetric or flow methods. The latter require more effort to obtain various isotherms and isobars, from which the heat and entropy of adsorption are obtained in a manner similar to that in this study. Extrapolation of the heat and entropy of adsorption to zero coverage yields values of 24 kcal/mol and 38 cal/mol-K, respectively. For the former value, a binding energy of 64 kcal/mol is obtained, which is comparable to reported values for a polycrystalline Rh surface.
Probing the Spacetime around Sagittarius A* with Radio Pulsars

The supermassive black hole at the Galactic center harbors a bound cluster of massive stars that should leave neutron star remnants. Extrapolating from the available data, we estimate that ~1000 radio pulsars may currently orbit Sgr A* with periods of 100 yr. Optimistically, 1-10 of the most luminous of these pulsars may be detectable with current telescopes in periodicity searches at frequencies near 10 GHz, where the effects of interstellar scattering are alleviated. Long-term timing observations of such a pulsar would clearly reveal its Keplerian motion and possibly show the effects of relativistic gravity. We briefly discuss how pulsar timing can be used to study the dynamical and interstellar environment of the central black hole and speculate on the prospects for astrometric observations of an orbiting pulsar.
Psychiatric Diagnosis and Uncooperative Behavior in Nursing Homes

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders and behavioral disturbances in nursing homes is high, but the relationship between the two is unknown. We studied 454 new admissions who were diagnosed by research psychiatrists using DSM-III-R criteria and compared patients who nursing staff designated as cooperative or uncooperative by psychiatric diagnosis and use of restraints and neuroleptics. Uncooperative patients (n = 79; 17.4%) had a variety of psychiatric disorders (total, 87.3%) but particularly had dementia syndromes complicated by delusions, depression, or delirium (44.3%). Uncooperative patients were more frequently restrained and prescribed neuroleptics. Determining the origins of behavior disorders in patients with psychiatric disorders in nursing homes may reduce behavior disturbances.
All inkjet-printed, fully self-aligned transistors for low-cost circuit applications

Abstract Layer-to-layer registration is a significant problem in printed electronics since parasitic overlap capacitances resulting from the poor registration of conventional printers substantially degrade device operating speeds. To overcome this, a novel inkjet printing process was utilized to demonstrate an all inkjet-printed and fully self-aligned transistor, as well as fully self-aligned inverters for the first time. Self-alignment of transistor source/drain electrodes to gates was achieved by a printed wetting-based roll-off process, resulting in an improved overlap capacitance as small as 0.14–0.23 pF mm−1. Circuit building blocks including transistor arrays and inverters were demonstrated using a novel self-split source/drain and a self-aligned interconnect printing technique. Due to the substantial reduction in overlap capacitance, demonstrated inverters showed a propagation delay as low as 0.488 ms at a fan-out of 1, despite using materials with mobility of 0.01 cm2 V−1 s−1, thus showing a performance that is suitable for use in a range of low-cost electronics applications, realized using a simple, scalable process.
The intussusception antireflux valve is ineffective in preventing cholangitis in biliary atresia.

Abstract Cholangitis is the most common complication after portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. The construction of an intussusception valve in the Roux-en-Y limb of the portoenterostomy has been advocated as a means to ameliorate this complication. The authors reviewed the records of children who underwent portoenterostomy to assess the incidence and severity of cholangitis, as well as outcome. The children were divided into two groups according to whether they did not have (group I) or did have (group II) an antireflux valve in the Roux limb of the bilioenteric conduit. There were 19 children in each group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to age at time of portoenterostomy or length of follow-up (Table 1). Nine group I patients are alive and well; five died and five have had or are awaiting transplantation. In group II, 10 patients are alive and well, eight have had transplantation, and one is awaiting transplantation. Outcome with respect to death or the need for liver transplantation because of progressive hepatic failure is not different between the groups ( P = 1.0, Fisher's 2 × 2). The incidence of cholangitis was evaluated by comparing the average number of episodes of cholangitis during the follow-up period, the number of episodes per year, and the number of episodes in the first postoperative year (when this complication is most prevalent). Analysis of the data showed no difference in incidence between those with valved and nonvalved biliary conduits. The severity of cholangitis, judged by total length of antibiotic treatment, did not differ between the groups. It appears that the presence of an intussusception valve in the Roux-en-Y biliary conduit does not affect the incidence of cholangitis or the outcome after portoenterostomy, over short-term follow-up.
Triangulating territory: a case for pragmatic interaction between political science, political geography, and critical IR

The relationship between the political and socially constructed nature of territory (or, territories’ ‘constitutive properties’) and international politics has recently attracted substantial attention from scholars hailing from political science as well as political geography and critical international relations. The conversations across these scholarly traditions, however, leave a lot to be desired. The question then becomes, how can we, if at all, facilitate further interaction and cross-fertilization across seemingly disparate literatures? This study proposes a strategy of ‘pragmatic interaction’, which entails three steps: (i) establishing a simple conceptual framework that would be both recognizable and agreeable to scholars hailing from different perspectives; (ii) emphasizing a number of research topics that are of relevance to these scholars; and (iii) examining some of the recent entries from the relative literatures in the light of the identified research topics. The analysis suggests that there is much potential for interdisciplinary cross-fertilization over two broad research areas – ‘territorial heterogeneity’ of the past and present global territorial orders and the relationship between territory and power – also driving attention to potential research venues such as territorial interpretations of the anarchy/hierarchy problematique and the interaction between identity and territoriality.
Swim or chill: lifestyles of a bacillus

Bacillus subtilis exhibits a number of lifestyles, each characterized by a distinguishing pattern of gene expression. In this issue of Genes & Development, Chai and colleagues (pp. 754–765) dissect the decision-making processes underlying the switch between the motile and sessile states of B. subtilis, and show a role for a double-negative feedback loop that locks the system into the sessile state. These findings are discussed in the context of the natural history and of other lifestyle decisions faced by this model organism.
Valencia gorge: Possible Messinian refill channel for the western Mediterranean Sea

A deeply incised gorge is buried nearly 800 m beneath the floor of the Valencia Trough in the western Mediterranean Sea. The gorge is steeply cut more than 200m into Messinian evaporite deposits and has been mapped for more than 40 km. Published and unpublished seismic profiles show the total length to be nearly 300 km. The gorge is not aligned with any known large fluvial systems, and its orientation indicates that it may have been connected near Valencia with the Betic Strait, the portal in southern Spain proposed to link the Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. The Betic Strait was probably open at least through early Messinian time. Conservative estimates show that sea water flowing through the Valencia gorge at rates of 0.5 to 2 m/s could have refilled the western Mediterranean basins below 2000 m in less than 50 yr.
Using an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Exit Option to Study Alliance Behavior: Results of a Tournament and Simulation

Nearly half of all strategic alliances fail (Park and Russo, 1996; Dyer et al., 2001), often because of opportunistic behavior by one party or the other. We use a tournament and simulation to study strategies in an iterated prisoner's dilemma game with exit option to shed light on how a firm should react to an opportunistic partner. Our results indicate that a firm should give an alliance partner a second chance following an opportunistic act but that subsequent behavior should be contingent on the value of the next best opportunity outside the alliance. Firms should be more forgiving if the potential benefits from the alliance exceed other opportunities. The strategies were also found to be robust across a wide range of game lengths. The implications of these results for alliance strategies are discussed.
Ultrastructural Immunocytochemical Localization of Type I Procollagen in Cultured Human Fibroblasts

Abstract An immunoelectron microscopic study of cultured human fibroblasts was performed with antibody specific for the carboxyl propeptides of human type I procollagen (Goldberg et al., 1985). In cells permeabilized with detergent, the unlabeled antibody peroxidase -antiperoxidase method localized the antigen in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in the Golgi complex, and upon the plasma membrane. Immunostained thread-like periodic fibrillar aggregates within cytoplasmic vacuoles were not apparent. Extracellular fibrils 20–80 nm in thickness were diffusely and heavily stained. Immunostaining also defined a thin extracellular periodic fibril (diameter 10–20 nm; axial period 53.7 nm ± 6.5 S.D.). These data are discussed in terms of current views of procollagen secretion and collagen fibrillogenesis.
Surface analysis of adsorbed species from epoxy adhesives used in microelectronics

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate adsorbed species that originated from two epoxy adhesives that are used for die (chip) and substrate attachment in hybrid microcircuits. Evaporated aluminum on silicon substrates were cleaned with ultraviolet/ozone prior to the exposure to epoxies during cure and post-cure. Adsorbed carbon and, in some cases, nitrogen species were observed in the Auger electron spectra. No other elements were detected that could definitely be associated with the epoxies. The results suggest that surface diffusion may play a major role in the transport of species that originate from adhesives. No unusual species were observed when both epoxies were present together.
Androgen Therapy In Women

Fads and fashions always have characterized the practice of medicine, indeed, even diseases are not free from these vagaries, as our old Professor of Medicine observed in a paper on ‘Fashions in Typhoid Fever,’ but unfortunately clinical endocrinology in recent years has had more than a healthy share of these. The past 12, years have seen extravagant therapeutic excursions involving the use of chorionic gonadotropin, equine gonadotropin and now the currently popular ones, androgens and diethylstilbestrol. The organotherapeutist of several decades past did little harm and dubious good with his glandular potions regardless of his ardent empiricism or the woeful paucity of his pretherapeutic diagnostic endeavors. Now, however, there is not the same immunity for the careless or unscientific therapeutic enthusiast. Many of the currently available endocrine preparations are powerful pharmacodynamic principles, which, depending upon the skill of the clinician, may be implements for the repair of damaged glandula...
Avoiding hyperinflation: Evidence from a laboratory economy

Abstract Hyperinflation results from the creation and injection of fiat money into the economy. Using laboratory methods, this paper examines conditions under which fiat money can serve as a medium of exchange in a finite horizon economy while the government is active in the markets for goods. Consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis, issuing new fiat currency does not stabilize a hyperinflation; however, restricting government spending to the amount of tax revenue or reverting to backed money does. These findings are consistent with previous studies of historical data; thus this work confirms those findings from an alternative data source, the laboratory.
An Exploratory Study of Email Use by Direct Service Social Workers

ABSTRACT A survey of 384 Central Pennsylvania social workers explored email use, attitudes, and difficulties. Results found that approximately three-fourths of social workers use email at work, primarily with co-workers. Almost one-third has used email with clients, although the majority of social workers believe that email for therapeutic purposes is both unethical and ineffective. A small minority of social workers has experienced difficulties that include violating a client's confidentiality through email, sending email to the wrong person, and receiving harassing email. There is considerable variation in agency policy and training related to email. Implications for agency policy and continuing education are discussed.
Measurement and Analysis of the Channel Characteristics of an In-Building Wireless Network

In this paper, we report the results of a study characterizing the channel error environment provided by Lucent WaveLAN, a commercial product designed for 2Mbps inbuilding wireless networks. We evaluate the effects of signal strength attenuation due to distance and obstacles, on packet loss rate, burstiness of packet loss, and packet round trip time (RTT). The results show that the packet loss rate and burstiness of packet of this physical layer are comparable to those of wired links if we maintain good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (say, above 20dB). The packet RTT variations, however, show different values on the wireless network than those of wired network, which result from additional time taken by the retransmission based error control process in the physical layer. From the results of packet RTT variation, it is seen that the packet delay jitters should be taken into consideration in designing real time or interactive applications on the wireless network.
Description and Analysis of the Third Spectrum of Cerium (Ce iii)

New observations of the third spectrum of cerium from 757 to 11 091 A are given, including 1700 lines not previously reported. The ground level of the ion is established as the 3H4 state of the 4f2 electronic configuration. One hundred twenty-six newly discovered energy levels are given, together with revised values of previously known levels. The ionization limit, at 161 955 cm−1, is derived from the three member 4f nd series.
Some Cases of the Mumford-Tate Conjecture and Shimura Varieties

We prove the Mumford-Tate conjecture for those abelian varieties over number fields whose extensions to C have attached adjoint Shimura varieties that are products of simple, adjoint Shimura varieties of certain Shimura types. In particular, we prove the conjecture for the orthogonal case (i.e., for the Bn and D R Shimura types). As a main tool, we construct embeddings of Shimura varieties (whose adjoints are) of prescribed abelian type into unitary Shimura varieties of PEL type. These constructions implicitly classify the adjoints of Shimura varieties of PEL type.
Should the concept of the recommended dietary allowance be altered to incorporate interactive effects of ubiquitous pollutants

Using ascorbic acid as a model, this paper proposes that the concept of the RDA should be broadened to take into account the effects of ubiquitous pollutants on human health, a factor presently not incorporated in RDA derivations. It is now widely accepted that ascorbic acid nutritional status markedly affects the toxicity and/or carcinogenicity of greater than 50 pollutants, many of which are ubiquitous in the air, water, and food environments. At the present time, the data do not warrant changing the ascorbic acid RDA in light of the knowledge of pollutant interactions.
Separation and identification of pteroylpolyglutamates by polyacrylamide gel chromatography.

Abstract A simplified procedure for the determination of the glutamate chain lengths of labeled and endogenous tissue folate is described. Pteroylpoly-γ-glutamates in tissue extracts were reductively cleaved at the C,9N,10 bond to p -aminobenzoylpolyglutamates, which were converted to azo dyes by coupling their diazonium salts with naphthylethylene diamine. The azo dyes were well resolved, according to glutamate chain length, by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P4. Unlabeled tissue folates were detected by the absorbance of their azo dye derivatives. The major endogenous pteroylpolyglutamate in rat liver, identified colorimetrically using 0,5 g tissue, was the pentaglutamate. The major labeled folates in Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis , after incubating these bacteria with labeled folic acid, were identified as the octa- and tetraglutamates, respectively. Reductive cleavage of 10-formylfolate and 5.10-methenyltetrahydrofolate resulted in a mixture of N-substituted and unsubstituted p -amino-benzoylpolyglutamates. Methods are described for the complete cleavage of these formyl derivatives to unsubstituted p -aminobenzoylpolyglutamates.
miR-200c Regulates IL8 Expression by Targeting IKBKB: A Potential Mediator of Inflammation in Leiomyoma Pathogenesis

We have previously reported that leiomyoma expressed lower levels of miR-200c and elevated IL8 as compared to paired myometrium. Here we addressed the regulatory functions of miR-200c on the expression of inflammatory mediators and cellular viability using leiomyomas and paired myometrium and their isolated primary smooth muscle cells. Our results indicated that gain-of function or knockdown of miR-200c in leiomyoma smooth muscle cells (LSMC) regulated IL8 mRNA and protein expression through direct targeting of IKBKB and alteration of NF-kB activity. Additionally, leiomyoma expressed higher levels of phosphorylated IKBKB with no significant difference in the level of IKBKB mRNA and protein as compared to matched myometrium. Gain-of function of miR-200c in LSMC resulted in decreased IkBαphosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, which led to decreased p65 transcriptional activity of IL8 promoter, and increased caspase 3/7 activity which was not reversible following IL8 restoration. Collectively, our results suggest that NF-κB signaling pathway is a target of miR-200c regulatory function, and low level of miR-200c expression in leiomyoma by transcriptional regulation of inflammatory mediators such as IL8, in part account for development of leiomyomas.
A Minimal Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) in Human Phospholipid Scramblase 4 That Binds Only the Minor NLS-binding Site of Importin α1

Importin α1 can bind classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in two NLS-binding sites, known as “major” and “minor.” The major site is located between ARM repeats 2–4, whereas the minor site spans ARM 7–8. In this study, we have characterized the cellular localization of human phospholipid scramblase 4 (hPLSCR4), a member of the phospholipid scramblase protein family. We identified a minimal NLS in hPLSCR4 (273GSIIRKWN280) that contains only two basic amino acids. This NLS is both necessary for nuclear localization of hPLSCR4 in transfected HeLa cells and sufficient for nuclear import of a non-diffusible cargo in permeabilized cells. Mutation of only one of the two basic residues, Arg277, correlates with loss of nuclear localization, suggesting this amino acid plays a key role in nuclear transport. Crystallographic analysis of mammalian importin α1 in complex with the hPLSCR4-NLS reveals this minimal NLS binds specifically and exclusively to the minor binding site of importin α. These data provide the first structural and functional evidence of a novel NLS-binding mode in importin α1 that uses only the minor groove as the exclusive site for nuclear import of nonclassical cargos.
Tritium environmental transport studies at TFTR

Environmental tritium concentrations will be measured near the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) to help validate dynamic models of tritium transport in the environment. For model validation the database must contain sequential measurements of tritium concentrations in key environmental compartments. Since complete containment of tritium is an operational goal, the supplementary monitoring program should be able to glean useful data from an unscheduled acute release. Portable air samplers will be used to take samples automatically every 4 hours for a week after an acute release, thus obtaining the time resolution needed for code validation. Samples of soil, vegetation, and foodstuffs will be gathered daily at the same locations as the active air monitors. The database may help validate the plant/soil/air part of tritium transport models and enhance environmental tritium transport understanding for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).