cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Putting Global Gender Issues on the US Foreign Policy Agenda

Gender & Foreign Policy in the Clinton Administration. By Garner Karen. Boulder, CO: FirstForumPress, 2013. 331 pp., $69.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-935049-60-9). Contrary to popular assumptions, the United States ranked only 27th on the UN Development Program Gender Inequality Index in 2012, 23rd on the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index in 2013, and 83rd in terms of women's representation in national legislatures in 2014 according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. It also remains one of only seven countries that have not ratified the 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Although the United States still lags behind most other Western countries (if not most of the world) on such indicators, Karen Garner argues in Gender & Foreign Policy in the Clinton Administration the turning point for getting the US government to take gender equality seriously as a foreign policy matter and a global norm can be traced to the work of savvy American feminists inside and outside the Clinton Administration, who took advantage of the post-Cold War moment and accompanying temporary absence of Republican administrations hostile to women's rights and the rise of a more feminist-friendly Democratic administration. They were a part of, and greatly aided by, the rise of a global women's movement facilitated by the UN Decade for Women conferences held between 1975 and 1985 and subsequent UN conferences held during the Clinton years on Environment and Development (1992), Human Rights (1993), Population and Development (1994), and Social Development (1995), as well as two more UN Women's Conferences (Beijing in 1995 and Beijing plus Five in 2000). The political opportunities these international …
Electronic skeletons: modeling skeletal structures with piecewise algebraic surfaces (Invited Paper)

We present two algorithms to construct C1-smooth models of skeletal structures from CT/NMR voxel data. The boundary of the reconstructed models consists of a C1- continuous mesh of triangular algebraic surface patches. One algorithm first constructs C1-continuous piecewise conic contours on each of the CT/NMR data slices and then uses piecewise triangular algebraic surface patches to C1 interpolate the contours on adjacent slices. The other algorithm works directly in voxel space and replaces an initial C0 triangular facet approximation of the model with a highly compressed C1- continuous mesh of triangular algebraic surface patches. Both schemes are adaptive, yielding a higher density of patches in regions of higher curvature.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Frequency analysis of lower extremity electromyography signals for the quantitative diagnosis of dystonia

The purpose of this study was to develop an objective, quantitative tool for the diagnosis of lower extremity dystonia. Frequency domain analysis was performed on surface and fine-wire electromyography (EMG) signals collected from the lower extremity musculature of ten patients with suspected dystonia while performing walking trials at self-selected speeds. The median power frequency (MdPF) and percentage of total power contained in the low frequency range (%AUCTotal) were determined for each muscle studied. Muscles exhibiting clinical signs of dystonia were found to have a shift of the MdPF to lower frequencies and a simultaneous increase in the %AUCTotal. A threshold frequency of 70 Hz identified dystonic muscles with 73% sensitivity and 63% specificity. These results indicate that frequency analysis can accurately distinguish dystonic from non-dystonic muscles.
CONNECTION AND CARING: THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN ADULT JEWISH LEARNING

Abstract This article explores how the role of educational leadership can significantly enhance adult Jewish learning experiences through an in-depth examination of the position of site director at the Florence Melton Adult Mini-School, a two-year program of adult Jewish learning operating at more than sixty sites across North America. Applying the literature on moral leadership that is shaped by an ethic of caring, the author shows how these site directors care for their learners and build learning communities. The article explores how the site directors shape, support, and sustain the learning process at this particular program and considers how the role of educational leadership can enhance and enrich adult Jewish learning in other venues.
Lower suicide risk with long-term lithium treatment in major affective illness: a meta-analysis.

Objective: To compare suicide rates with vs. without long-term lithium treatment in major affective disorders. Method: Broad searching yielded 22 studies providing suicide rates during lithium maintenance; 13 also provide rates without such treatment. Study quality was scored, between-study variance tested, and suicide rates on vs. off lithium examined by meta-analyses using random-effects regression methods to model risk ratios. Results: Among 5647 patients (33 473 patient-years of risk) in 22 studies, suicide was 82% less frequent during lithium-treatment (0.159 vs. 0.875 deaths/100 patient-years). The computed risk-ratio in studies with rates on/off lithium was 8.85 (95% CI, 4.12–19.1; P<0.0001). Higher rates off-lithium were not accounted for by treatment-discontinuation. Conclusion: Suicide risk was consistently lower during long-term treatment of major affective illnesses with lithium in all studies in the meta-analysis, including the few involving treatment-randomization.
Pendulous Crop in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Abstract Quail chicks from a line selected for growth on a low protein (17.9%) glucose monohydrate-soybean meal diet showed a high incidence, 44.0%, of pendulous crop as compared to 11.8% in the control line fed the same ration. Substituting sucrose for glucose monohydrate did not change the incidence of pendulous crop in either the control or the selected line. However, birds from the selected line fed a corn oil-cellulose diet had the same lower incidence as the control group fed either corn oil or glucose monohydrate. Pendulous crop in quail is evidently the manifestation of a genotype-environment interaction.
Enhancement of transdermal drug delivery via synergistic action of chemicals

Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative to conventional techniques for administration of systemic therapeutics. One challenge in designing transdermal drug delivery systems is to overcome the natural transport barrier of the skin. Chemicals offer tremendous potential in overcoming the skin barrier to enhance transport of drug molecules. Individual chemicals are however limited in their efficacy in disrupting the skin barrier at low concentrations and usually cause skin irritation at high concentrations. Multicomponent mixtures of chemicals, however, have been shown to provide high skin permeabilization potency as compared to individual chemicals without necessarily causing irritation. Here we review systems employing synergistic mixtures of chemicals that offer superior skin permeation enhancement. These synergistic systems include solvent mixtures, microemulsions, eutectic mixtures, complex self-assembled vesicles and inclusion complexes. Methods for design and discovery of such synergistic systems are also discussed.
SPEDE: Probabilistic Edit Distance Metrics for MT Evaluation

This paper describes Stanford University's submission to the Shared Evaluation Task of WMT 2012. Our proposed metric (SPEDE) computes probabilistic edit distance as predictions of translation quality. We learn weighted edit distance in a probabilistic finite state machine (pFSM) model, where state transitions correspond to edit operations. While standard edit distance models cannot capture long-distance word swapping or cross alignments, we rectify these shortcomings using a novel pushdown automaton extension of the pFSM model. Our models are trained in a regression framework, and can easily incorporate a rich set of linguistic features. Evaluated on two different prediction tasks across a diverse set of datasets, our methods achieve state-of-the-art correlation with human judgments.
Feasibility of intravascular laser irradiation for in vivo visualization and therapy of cardiocirculatory diseases.

Reprint requests: Garrett 1,~. M.D., Cardiovascular Medicine, Suite 202. LICD Professional Bldg.. 4301 S St., Sacramento, CA 95817. therapy” of heart and circulatory disorders is virtually unexplored. To determine the in vivo feasibility of transmitting laser energy intravascularly for the purposes of visualizing and treating peripheral artery pathoanatomy, a flexible fiberopticscope (Trimedyne, Inc., Arlington Heights, Ill.), equipped with a quartz fiber, was inserted via the left subclavian artery to the aortoiliac bifurcation in open-chest dogs (Fig. 1, A). For improved viewing, blood was diverted by normal saline infusion through the flushing channel of t,he fiberopticscope (Fig. 2, A). In addition, an area within the origin of the right iliac artery was then photoirradiated by a neodymium-YAG laser (five 2 to 3 second bursts of 60 W) (Fig. 2, B). Following these studies, the intervened vessels were removed, thereby verifying that the photoirradiation had indeed produced a lesion of coagulation necrosis (Fig. 1, A and B). Thus this investigation provides the initial demonstration of the practicality of conducting laser energy into living blood vessels and related structures as a new modality in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
The Spiritual World of a Hakka Village

This paper examines spiritual beliefs and practices in the Hakka Malaysian community of Pulai, focusing on the pantheon of deities and spirits worshipped and propitiated; the system of local beliefs in the power and efficacy of these deities; and the manner in which individuals and families have reproduced and altered these spiritual beliefs over time. Unlike my previous writings about religion in Pulai, which have emphasized the sociological components of local religion practices, my goal here is to explore the cosmological system, world view, and system of meanings conveyed through religious practices in this Hakka village. As with many Chinese communities, the list of spirits who are propitiated in Pulai is rather lengthy. The most visible community deities are those with permanent places in the village temple dedicated to Guanyin (觀音) where the front altar also includes Mazu (媽祖) known locally as Maniang (媽娘) and represented as three sisters; Shupoda (叔頗大), who cares for domestic animals; Guandi (關帝); Tangongye (譚公爺), a Hakka rain deity; Dabogong (大伯公), a territorial spirit; and Caishen (財神) Wealth God. During the nine day annual Guanyin birthday celebration in the second lunar month, additional deities and spirits who are propitiated include Tiangong (天公), the God of Heaven; Shuidexianjun (水德仙君), a water spirit; two Malay laduk (拿督公), local earth spirits; a 'festivity' shen (神); and the unnamed spirits of men who died protecting the community. Ancestors are worshipped in family homes on altars that often include other deities such as Guanyin, Maniang, Guandi, or Caishen. Families also propitiate Zaojun (灶君), the Stove God, in their kitchens, and Tudigong (土地公), the Earth God, and Tiangong in appropriate domestic locations. Finally a handwritten book of temple prayers includes petitions not only to Guanyin and other temple deities, but also to Longshen (龍神), Dragon God; Dasui (大歲), a star deity; Nandou, Beidou (南斗北斗), South and North Pole Stars; Jigong (濟公); Nazha (哪吒); and Jitian (濟天). The first section of this paper examines the unique characteristics of the spirits included in the Pulai pantheon, and describes briefly how they came to be worshipped in the community. The second section explores local beliefs in the powers of these spirits conveyed through stories of their actions and interactions with community members over time. The paper's third section situates Pulai spiritual beliefs in time and space, and discusses how shifts in local spiritual practices and beliefs have helped new generations of Pulai residents respond to a changing world.
Integrating Career Development Into The Accounting Curriculum

This paper describes a series of integrated career development activities offered in several required courses which are designed to help accounting majors gain a competitive edge in the job market. Supported by a partnership between the School of Business and the Academic and Career Planning Office, the Career Tool Kit program consists of classroom presentations followed by hands-on applied experiences in which students become proficient in preparing resumes, writing cover letters, interviewing, and using all available resources to find a position that best matches their skills, interests, and values. Unique features of the Career Tool Kit are the placement of program elements within required courses (to ensure that all students participate) and the scheduling of these elements over a three-year period (to allow time for students to prepare an intentional job search strategy).
Retrieving event-based semantics from images

This paper discusses the semantic retrieval of image features that capture dynamic aspects or events. Even a single image can demonstrate evidence of dynamic activity. The ability to classify events from one or more images provides a foundation for ultimately extending the capabilities for feature extraction based on real-world happenings. This ability improves a user's knowledge base and provides insights into a range of possible events that are associated with an image including evidence of unexpected or novel events. In this paper, we describe the requirements for ontologies that support images containing events. Images, as snapshots of dynamic occurrences, require extended ontologies that include event classes and relations. Semantics associated with events give rise to a categorization of image events that can augment image ontology as well as serve as a foundation for event-based querying of images. Categories of image events include: activity-based events, such as blocking and facilitating events; events that are initiating or terminating; events that relate to changes experienced by objects, including appearance, disappearance, and metamorphose events, as well as unexpected events.
Flutter and long-wave instabilities in compliant channels conveying developing flows

A partially collapsed lung airway or other flexible tube is modelled as a two-dimensional channel of infinite length. We consider the linear stability of this system conveying a developing flow, analysing the full Orr-Sommerfeld system analytically for long waves and numerically for arbitrary wavelengths. We find a long-wave instability which has not been observed in previous channel studies. This long-wave instability is stabilized by increasing the elastance of the wall, but other wall properties do not affect it except in correction terms. In addition to the long-wave instability, there is the finite wavelength (flutter) instability, which, depending on the parameter values chosen, may be critical at a higher or lower flow speed than the long-wave instability. For special parameter values the long-wave and flutter instabilities are critical at the same flow speed. Comparisons with experiments show that theoretical predictions are in agreement with experimental observations.
Corrective osteotomy for scaphoid malunion: technique and long-term follow-up evaluation

Five patients with dorsal intercalated segment instability underwent corrective osteotomy for symptomatic scaphoid malunion. Follow-up examination at an average of nearly 9 years after the procedure (range, 1.5–19 years) revealed that all had improvement in range of motion (ROM). Total active ROM improved from a mean of 127° (range, 95°–165°) to a mean of 156° (range, 95°–214°). Grip strength increased from a mean of 16 kg (range, 14–35 kg) to a mean of 32 kg (range, 24–48 kg). The wrist score improved from an average of 19 to 75. The preoperative intrascaphoid and carpal malalignments were reduced, as demonstrated by trispiral tomography. Symptomatically, all patients reported improvement. All osteotomies healed within 5.5 months of the procedure. No case of avascular necrosis was noted. Mild radioscaphoid arthrosis is apparent in four patients and a preexisting midcarpal arthrosis persists in one patient. Corrective osteotomy for scaphoid malunion may have a role in the prevention or slowing of the onset of premature arthritis in young patients with high functional demands. A technique is described.
Thermal and Functional Properties of Bovine Blood Plasma and Egg White Proteins

All blood plasma proteins denatured at lower temperatures than the major protein of egg white (ovalbumin). γ-Globulin was the most heat-stable, and fibrinogen was the most heat-sensitive protein of blood plasma. The plasma had similar foaming capacity as egg white, but foam stability of plasma was less. Among plasma fractions, serum albumin, fibrinogen, and α-globulin had good foaming capacities and stabilities. Globulins were the only protein fraction of egg white with good foaming properties. Blood plasma and its component proteins were better emulsifiers than egg white and its component proteins.
THE NESTING ECOLOGY OF THE ALLEN CAYS ROCK IGUANA, CYCLURA CYCHLURA INORNATA IN THE BAHAMAS

Abstract The nesting ecology of the Allen Cays rock iguana was studied on Leaf Cay and Southwest Allen's Cay (= U Cay) in the northern Exuma Islands, Bahamas, during 2001 and 2002. Mating occured in mid-May, and females migrated 30–173 m to potential nest sites in mid to late June. Females often abandoned initial attempts at digging nest burrows, and average time from initiation of the final burrow to completion of a covered nest was six days. At least some females completely buried themselves within the burrow during the final stages of burrow construction and oviposition. Females defended the burrow site during the entire time of construction, and most continued that defense for at least three to four weeks after nest completion. Nests were completed between mid-June and mid-July, but for unknown reasons timing was seven days earlier on U Cay than on Leaf Cay. Nest burrows averaged 149 cm in length and terminal nest chambers usually angled off the main burrow. Depth to the bottom of the egg chamber aver...
Branched chain fatty acids promote Listeria monocytogenes intracellular infection and virulence

Anteiso-branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) represent the dominant group of membrane fatty acids and have been established as crucial determinants in resistance against environmental stresses in Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular pathogen. Here, we investigate the role of anteiso-BCFA in L. monocytogenes virulence by using mutants deficient in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKD), an enzyme complex involved in the synthesis of BCFA. In tissue culture models of infection, anteiso-BCFA contributed to intracellular growth and survival in macrophages and significantly enhanced plaque formation upon prolonged infection in L2 fibroblasts. The intracellular defects observed could be attributed partially to insufficient listeriolysin O (LLO) production, indicating a requirement for anteiso-BCFA in regulating virulence factor production. In a murine model of infection, the BKD-deficient mutant was highly attenuated, further emphasizing the importance of BKD-mediated metabolism in L. monocytogenes virulence. This study demonstrates an underappreciated role for BCFA in bacterial pathogenesis, which may provide insight into the development and application of antimicrobial agents.
The impact of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in patients with suspected advanced ovarian malignancies and pleural effusions

Abstract Objectives. We previously reported our initial experience of patients with suspected advanced ovarian cancer and moderate to large pleural effusions who underwent video-assessed thoracic surgery (VATS) before planned abdominal exploration. The objective of this study was to report the surgical findings and management of patients who underwent VATS in an update of our experience. Methods. We performed a retrospective review of all patients with suspected advanced ovarian cancer and moderate to large pleural effusions who underwent VATS for assessment of extent of intrathoracic disease at our institution between 6/01 and 8/05. Results. Twenty-three patients with a median age of 61 years (range, 36–79) were identified. VATS was performed for right-sided effusions in 17 patients (74%), and a median of 1350 ml (400–3700 ml) of pleural fluid was drained. VATS demonstrated macroscopic disease in 15 (65%) patients, with nodules >1 cm in 11/15 (73%), and nodules 1 cm. After VATS, 12/23 patients (52%) underwent primary surgical management, with cytoreduction to ≤1 cm achieved in 11/12 patients (92%). The other eleven patients received primary chemotherapy after undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy alone (4/11) or no further abdominal exploration (7/11). Nine of these patients proceeded to interval cytoreduction, while 2 had pathology demonstrating upper gastrointestinal and lymphoma primaries at the time of VATS. Final diagnosis of primary site of disease included: ovary, 14 (61%); endometrial, 2 (9%); dual ovarian/endometrial primaries, 1 (4%); fallopian tube, 1 (4%); primary peritoneal, 1 (4%); other, 4 (17%). Overall, findings at VATS altered primary surgical management in 11/23 (48%) patients. Conclusions. Sixty-five percent of patients with suspected advanced ovarian cancer and moderate to large pleural effusions had gross intrathoracic disease identified at VATS, with the majority (11/15, 73%) having disease >1 cm in diameter. Use of VATS allows for assessment of intrathoracic disease and may help identify candidates for primary cytoreductive surgery and possible intrathoracic cytoreduction versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
The Importance of Jacques Saurin in the History of Casuistry and the Enlightenment

The purpose of this paper is to examine several aspects of the relationship between Christianity and the rise of the new rationalistic spirit of the eighteenth century. It is in this connection that we intend to examine the thought of the French Huguenot preacher Jacques Saurin (1677–1730). Historians have held that the two leading ideas of that century, Nature and Reason, derive their meaning from the natural sciences. Such a point of view tends to ignore the greater realism towards nature and politics which developed within the Christian theological framework itself. From the sixteenth century on, we find orthodox theologians emphasizing the need for dealing with the world on its own terms. It was not so much the new sciences but rather the conflicts of the Reformation which brought out this increasingly rational attitude on the part of both Protestant and Catholic theologians. This development went on side by side with that secularized idea of reason which is of specific scientific inspiration. The means which theologians used to make room for a greater realism in their Christian framework of thought was casuistic divinity.
The Role of "Fictions" in the Redefinition of Mission

Although much emphasis has been placed on a nonprofit organization's definition of mission and the extent to which it can be translated into specific performance criteria, the language that satisfies bureaucratic agencies is seldom the same as that which generates moral allegiance. The case of the National Trust for Historic Preservation reveals a nonprofit organization in the process of changing its mission from one based on architectural conservation toward one committed to rebuilding American communities. The author argues that this new mission takes the form of a 'fiction, " with fictions defined as "instruments of cultural imagination that lead to the re enchantment of the world. " The author provides three criteria by which this and similar organizational fictions can be evaluated. Whether such missions-as-fictions are exportable and how they relate to the broader organizational field are also considered.
Evaluation of Distinct Blood Lymphocyte Populations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1—Infected Subjects in the Absence or Presence of Effective Therapy

Virus reservoirs can persist in human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1)-infected subjects despite effective plasma virus suppression. To compare viral dynamics in the absence and presence of antiretroviral therapy, blood mononuclear cells from 19 subjects with high plasma RNA levels and 18 subjects following prolonged virus suppression were examined, by use of in situ hybridization, to detect virus RNA expression before and after in vitro T cell activation. This approach reveals circulating lymphocytes expressing HIV-1 RNA before activation and an increase in cells with detectable HIV-I RNA transcription after in vitro activation. The frequencies of these 2 cell populations are strongly correlated with plasma virus load and appear to be stable once a new steady state is established during therapy. The frequency of viral RNA-positive cells is equivalent to the frequency of cells that produce infectious virus. Thus, in HIV-1-infected subjects there are distinct virus reservoirs comprising both latent and replication-active cells.
The Korteweg-de Vries Equation with Small Dispersion: Higher Order Lax-Levermore Theory

We utilize the inverse scattering transformation to study the rapid oscillations which arise in the solution of the initial value problem: $$\begin{gathered} {u_t} + 6u{u_x} + { \in ^2}{u_{xxx}} = 0, \hfill \\ u\left( {x,0} \right) = v\left( x \right), \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ when ∈ → 0. We refine the Lax-Levermore theory, which gives the weak limit of the solution as ∈ → 0, by introducing a quantum condition. This allows us to calculate the waveform of the local oscillations up to phase-shifts when ∈ is small.
Delamination mechanisms of thermal interface materials in organic packages during reflow and moisture soaking

A thermal interface material (TIM) is typically a compliant material with high thermal conductivity that is applied between a heat-generating chip and a heat spreader in an electronic package. For a high-conductivity polymeric TIM, the adhesion strength between the TIM and its mating interfaces is typically weak, making the TIM susceptible to degradation when subjected to environmental stresses. At typical chip operating temperatures which are below the curing temperature of the TIM, a compressive force acts on the TIM at the chip center due to the CTE mismatch between the die and the organic chip carrier. Conversely at high BGA(Ball Grid Array) or card-attach reflow temperatures, the TIM center is under tension and the TIM tends to either cohesively separate or adhesively separate from the interfaces. Also, during moisture soaking, such as 85C/85%RH, the organic chip carrier absorbs moisture and expands. The hygroscopic expansion of the organic chip carrier is of the same order of magnitude as the thermal expansion. This expansion reduces the compressive force acting on the TIM, and for certain package constructions, this can lead to degradation of thermal performance. In this paper, the delamination mechanism of a polymer-based thermal interface material in an organic package during reflow and moisture soaking is investigated. The in-situ deformation of the TIM bondline was measured by a digital image correlation (DIC) method on a cross-sectioned part. The TIM bondline deformation was also captured by a digital camera. The coefficients of thermal expansion and hygroscopic expansion for different organic materials were measured, and a finite element analysis of the hygroscopic expansion and TIM bondline deformation was conducted. The affect of T&H stress was analyzed using an equivalent CTE concept.
Simultaneous and sequential language acquisition in Nigerian children

This paper looks at the acquisition of a localized variety of English- 'Educated Nigerian English' - in three groups of 3-year-old children before and after one nursery school year. The groups consisted of those acquiring English first (L1), those acquiring English and Igbo simultaneously (Lla + L1b) and those acquiring English (L2) after Igbo. An analysis of the errors in English revealed that while all groups showed developmental errors, those acquiring two languages simul taneously showed significantly more unique errors. There were no clear instances of unacceptable interference errors from Igbo. It is argued that this supports Dulay & Burt's 'identity' hypothesis.
Evolving Images of Gender and Equality: A Feminist Journey

This chapter, which will be included in Transcending the Boundaries of Law, M.A. Fineman, Ed (Routledge 2010) brings a historical and analytic gaze on the concept of equality in the US legal system. Beginning with the establishment of Portia Law School for women and court decisions like Muller v. Oregon, I discuss the tension between seeking equality as sameness of treatment and seeking positive improvements in the lives of women. While women have officially attained legal equality with men, in terms of being able to vote, practice a profession, and own property among other things, the benefits of citizenship are still distributed in highly unequal ways. In part this is because as a nation Americans value autonomy over equality and thus sacrifice substantive equality in the name of greater independence, ignoring the realities of our shared states of episodic dependency and constant vulnerability.
Toward more effective humanitarian assistance

Although perspectives of military and civilian humanitarians may differ, they share common goals and parallel efforts for more effective humanitarian assistance. Effectiveness measures for military or civilian humanitarian assistance are discussed. Whereas examples cite military medicine, findings and recommendations are widely applicable to all forms of humanitarian assistance especially developmental relief. Humanitarian effectiveness is improved by a straightforward, standard approach to planning and evaluation, such as the logical framework process. Given successful application by a wide variety of private volunteer, nongovernmental, and international humanitarian organizations, the logical framework process is recommended for adaptation by the Department of Defense. More effective humanitarian assistance requires: developing specific, written purpose, criteria, and quantifiable measures, coordinating the purpose, criteria, and measures with all involved, including donor and host nation officials, all other providers (expatriates, private volunteers, nongovernmentals, international organizations), and beneficiaries, and documenting then analyzing results to compare outcomes with project purpose and international consensus standards for minimal performance in humanitarian assistance (i.e., Sphere project, see http://www.sphereproject.org/).
Dark Enamel Spheres Capture as Many Apple Maggot Flies as Fluorescent Spheres

Dark enamel spheres about the size of a large apple are highly attractive to apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Oatman 1964a; Prokopy 1967, 1968a, b; Moore 1969; Kring 1970; Rivard 1972). Also, yellow enamel rectangles are highly attractive to these flies (Still 1960; Oatman 1964b; Howitt and Connor 1965; Wilde and Goble 1966; Prokopy 1967, 1968b, 1972; Maxwell 1968; Moore 1969; Kring 1970). My recent study (Prokopy 1972) showed that rectangles painted daylight fluorescent yellow attract even more flies than those painted with yellow enamel. This is a report on the orchard response of apple maggot flies to spheres coated with various colors of daylight fluorescent paint or covered with aluminum foil compared with dark enamel spheres.
Role of Product-Related Conversations in the Diffusion of a New Product:

This article reports an experiment designed to investigate the short-term sales effects of product-related conversations. The results show that exposure to favorable comments aids acceptance of a n...
Food intake and acquisition of maze learning as a function of the experimenter

Although the results were not statistically significant, a group of rats trained by a naive experimenter showed (a) less food intake, (b) greater loss of body weight, and (c) fewer trials to learn a maze. However, the maze running time of the naive experimenter’s rats was significantly slower than that of the other experimenter’s rats.
Return to Launch Site Trajectory Aeroheating for a Resuable Booster

For the past few years, the Air Force has been studying using a reusable booster stage to meet access to space needs for Operational Responsive Spacelift. After staging, the current desire is for the booster to return to its launch site. This paper will go over two trajectory methods of returning the booster after staging, using turbine engines for cruise following downrange ballistic flight and using the main rocket engines to reverse the horizontal velocity. One main difference between these two concepts is the aeroheating environment that corresponding vehicles will encounter. This paper presents trajectories designed to minimize the cost of a hybrid launch system (reusable booster and expendable upper stage) and corresponding aeroheating of the booster. These results clearly show that using the main rocket engine to reverse horizontal velocity, known as the rocketback method, allows the vehicle to undergo a milder heating environment.
Properties of Ge and GeOx Thin Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering

Optical properties of pulsed DC magnetron sputtered Ge and GeOx layers are reported. Complex multilayer infrared bandpass filters were successfully fabricated. However, these coatings exhibit severe environmental durability issues which may limit their applications.
Volumetric real-time wide-field microscopy with tunable acoustic gradient lens(Conference Presentation)

Three-dimensional real-time imaging is a fundamental challenge for understanding dynamic processes. In this presentation, we propose a new method based on a tunable acoustic gradient lens integrated in a simple optical system. By synchronizing a pulsed LED with a high-speed camera, we are able to resolve a volume of 2 millimeters and 2 millimeters with depth 1 millimeter in 7 microseconds. A simulation model of the optical system is provided and serves as a useful tool for designing the optical system for the desired aspect-ratio of the imaging volume. The ability to resolve a volume in microseconds opens the door to exploring the fundamental dynamics in micro scale.
Jewish Legal Resistance to Romanianization

In this chapter, Jewish legal resistance to the Antonescu regime is investigated, focusing on the use of the law to bypass the Romanianization of businesses and urban real estate. Despite multiple attempts, Antonescu’s government failed to completely expropriate Jewish urban buildings in favor of the state and subsequently distribute those properties to ethnic Romanians. The Romanianization of businesses yielded similar results.
Erratum to: Diabetes self-management among Arab Americans: patient and provider perspectives

Unfortunately, the original version of this article [1] contained an error. The acknowledgements section was included incorrectly and should have acknowledged The Martha Schnebly Endowed Research Fund.
PCR-Free, Multiplexed Expression Profiling of microRNAs Using Silicon Photonic Microring Resonators

We describe an approach for multiplexed microRNA analysis using silicon photonic microring resonators to detect cDNA reverse transcription products via a subsequent enzymatic signal enhancement strategy. Key to this method is a modified stem loop primer that facilitates downstream signal amplification via enzymatic turnover and improves the sensor signal 20-fold when compared to traditional stem loop primers. This approach facilitates targeted microRNA quantification in only 2.5 h and without requiring target amplification via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primers for 7 miRNA targets were orthogonally designed to avoid cross-hybridization between capture probes. This approach was applied to the detection of total RNA from human tissues and found to display differential expression profiles consistent with literature precedent. This development holds promise as an alternative to single-plex RT-qPCR methods and more expensive RNA-seq by offering a cost-effective method to analyze targeted miRNA panels...
39.5-GHz static frequency divider implemented in AlInAs/GaInAs HBT technology

A static divide-by-four frequency divider operating at 39.5-GHz input frequency is reported. Graded emitter-base junction AlInAs/GaInAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology lattice-matched to InP substrates has been used to implement the divider. The graded junction HBTs feature unity gain cutoff frequency and maximum frequency of oscillation of 130 GHz and 91 GHz, respectively. The devices have a very low turn-on voltage of about 0.7 V at collector current density of 5*10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/. The divider operated at a power supply voltage of -3 V and consumes a total DC power of 425 mW, corresponding to 77 mW per flip-flop. >
Do narcissists try to make romantic partners jealous on purpose? An examination of motives for deliberate jealousy-induction among subtypes of narcissism

Abstract We speculated that narcissists' apparent desire for alternative mates might reflect a behavioral strategy designed to induce jealousy in their partners. We assessed grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, propensity to engage in strategic jealousy induction, and five motives for strategic jealousy induction. Both grandiose and vulnerable narcissists reported enhanced strategic jealousy induction. Results revealed that grandiose narcissists induce jealousy as means to acquire power and control, but vulnerable narcissists induce jealousy as a means to acquire power and control, exact revenge on the partner, test and strengthen the relationship, seek security, and compensate for low self-esteem. Additional mediation analyses revealed that the effects of both narcissism subtypes on jealousy induction were reduced upon controlling for Machiavellianism, and the effects of grandiose (vulnerable) narcissism on jealousy induction were accentuated (suppressed) upon controlling for trait self-esteem. Therefore, narcissists' relationship-threatening behavior might, in part, be strategic.
A Short Note on Universal Inequalities for Certain Potential Operators

We give universal inequalities for the norm of certain potential operators in terms of the least non-zero Neumann eigenvalue.
Wastes from the Preservation of Wood

Waste water from a wood preservation process is highly contaminated; however, the volume of contaminants is relatively small. The isolated location of many of these plants has prevented the recognition of their contribution to stream pollution. As these plants become a part of urban areas, it is necessary that the waste streams be controlled. Information is presented that should be useful as a guide in designing waste treatment facilities at similar wood preservation plants. The waste contains toxicants, but it is ameniable to biological treatment. Four species of Pseudomas bacteria were isolated from the biological culture. Chemical flocculation, chlorination, and chemical flocculation coupled with chlorination significantly reduced the COD of the waste.
Irrigation offsets wheat yield reductions from warming temperatures

Temperature increases due to climate change are expected to cause substantial reductions in global wheat yields. However, uncertainty remains regarding the potential role for irrigation as an adaptation strategy to offset heat impacts. Here we utilize over 7000 observations spanning eleven Kansas field-trial locations, 180 varieties, and 29 years to show that irrigation significantly reduces the negative impact of warming temperatures on winter wheat yields. Dryland wheat yields are estimated to decrease about eight percent for every one-degree Celsius increase in temperature, yet irrigation completely offsets this negative impact in our sample. As in previous studies, we find that important interactions exist between heat stress and precipitation for dryland production. Here, uniquely, we observe both dryland and irrigated trials side-by-side at the same locations and find that precipitation does not provide the same reduction in heat stress as irrigation. This is likely to be because the timing, intensity, and volume of water applications influence wheat yields, so the ability to irrigate—rather than relying on rainfall alone—has a stronger influence on heat stress. We find evidence of extensive differences of water-deficit stress impacts across varieties. This provides some evidence of the potential for adapting to hotter and drier climate conditions using optimal variety selection. Overall, our results highlight the critical role of water management for future global food security. Water scarcity not only reduces crop yields through water-deficit stress, but also amplifies the negative effects of warming temperatures.
Selective Excitation of Cyanophenylalanine Fluorophores for Multi-Site Binding Studies.

Recently, it has been shown that nitrile-derivatized phenylalanines possess distinct fluorescent properties depending on the position of the cyano-group within the aromatic ring. These fluorophores have potential as probes for studying protein dynamics due to their sensitivity to local environment. Herein, we demonstrate that 2-cyanophenylalanine (Phe2CN) and Phe4CN can independently monitor multiple sites during the Ca2+ dependent binding of a skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) peptide fragment to the protein calmodulin (CaM). These cyano-probes were incorporated at two different positions along the peptide chain and monitored simultaneously via selective excitation of the two chromophores. The peptide was labeled with Phe4CN at a residue known to bind to a hydrophobic binding pocket of CaM, while Phe2CN was designed to acquire dynamics external to the binding pocket. By selectively exciting each of the chromophores, it was determined that the fluorescence emission of Phe4CN located at posi...
Budgetary Symbolism and Fiscal Planning

It would be asking the impossible to expect the general public to grasp the intricacies and economic refinements of governmental fiscal activity. And because the budget stands as the only summary statement of all national financial policy, it is taken as a broad criterion for passing judgment upon the activities of government in the general field of fiscal relationships. As is to be expected, budgetary judgments are based upon oversimplified, symbolic ideals. This often leads to a popular distortion of fiscal realities. Special interests can be relied upon to use such distortion to their own particular ends. At certain times this merely amounts to a siphoning of public funds in one direction rather than in another. At other times, however, fiscal perversions may prevent necessary adjustment to social changes, with serious consequences for the national welfare.
Something to Celebrate: Leading with Joy

One of the keys to effective leadership is a practice that gets little attention: celebration. Leaders celebrate. They celebrate success, excellence, accomplishments, and, more importantly, they celebrate their followers. The Biblical understanding of celebration is grounded in the concept of joy. The analysis will show that joy is indicative of an inner state of gladness and the communal state of rejoicing. The analysis will begin with a review of the Biblical exemplar of the establishment of the Feast of Purim after God’s deliverance of the Jews in Esther 9 and continue with a concise study of the Greek word for joy, chara, and of relevant New Testament and Old Testament contexts of the word, specifically an investigation of the relationship between joy, the establishment of communal celebration, and the development of traditions. The analysis will show how communal celebration helps to establish coalitions, encourage cooperation, and develop organizational positivity.
The Economics of Price Fixing

This chapter offers a simple nontechnical economic explanation of the causes and effects of price fixing, beginning with a description of how prices are formed in competitive markets and in the presence of a monopoly. These two analytical models of how prices and output evolve in markets are too unrealistic to fit natural markets, yet their contrasting results are useful because they bracket the price/quantity outcomes in real markets. That is, perfect competition and pure monopoly are the extreme points on a continuum of market environments, and the performance of real-world markets tends to be “in between” the two extremes.1 These “in between” markets are different because they have a small number of sellers or buyers. Small numbers raise the possibility of strategic behavior, of which price fixing is one type. A detailed list of company behaviors that constitute price fixing is provided and discussed. This is followed by an explanation of the five main economic factors that affect the formation and success of cartels. The chapter ends with a brief empirical analysis of the economic harm imposed on market participants by effective cartels and a historical survey of global cartels.
The time series technique for aerosol retrievals over land from MODIS

Atmospheric aerosols interact with sunlight by scattering and absorbing radiation. By changing the irradiance at the Earth surface, modifying cloud fractional cover and microphysical properties and by a number of other mechanisms, they affect the energy balance, hydrological cycle, and planetary climate [IPCC, 2007]. In many world regions there is a growing impact of aerosols on air quality and human health.
Dissociative recombination of He 2 + molecular ions

We present calculations of cross sections and rate coefficients for the dissociative recombination of $\mathrm{Ne}_{2}{}^{+}$, following collisions with low-energy electrons $(l1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$. The resonance energies and autoionization widths for the doubly excited states of ${\mathrm{Ne}}_{2}$ lying between the ground and first excited states of the ion are computed from electron scattering calculations using the complex Kohn variational method. The dynamics of the dissociative recombination process is investigated using multichannel quantum defect theory. The calculated absolute rate coefficient at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ is in good agreement with the existing measurement. The rate coefficient is found to decrease with electron temperature as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}0.5}$ in the low-electron-temperature region $({T}_{e}l1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$, where the process is dominated by the lowest $^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ dissociative states. For the high-temperature region $({T}_{e}g1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$, where the contribution from remaining dissociative states (lowest $^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{+}$, $^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$, $^{1,3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ and second resonance states of these symmetries) become more important, the rate coefficients decrease faster and eventually behave approximately as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}1.5}$. We also present cross sections for competing electron-impact vibrational excitation and deexcitation of $\mathrm{Ne}_{2}{}^{+}$ obtained from the same calculations.
The Use of Saporin Conjugates to Dissect Neurons Responsible for Sleep and Wakefulness

Virtually all organisms manifest regular periods of behavioral quiescence and activity. In mammals and birds, these periods have evolved into regular episodes of wakefulness and sleep. The sleep period itself has further differentiated into two distinct states, slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In humans, SWS has further differentiated into four distinct stages, each identified by a specific pattern on the electroencephalogram (EEG). REM sleep is very similar to wakefulness in many ways; the main difference is that there is behavioral quiescence during REM sleep. For this reason, REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep.