cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction Helmet Response Under Severe Impact

Construction caps composed of fiberglass and an army helmet mounted on a thin-walled aluminum spherical shell purporting to model a human head have been subjected to severe impact by impingement of wooden boards at speeds of about 50 fps (15 m/s). All caps failed catastrophically by both fracture of the cover and partial or total loss of the suspension system; the army helmet exhibited a noticeable dent. Force histories of the transients propagating through the target to the support, measured by strain gages, were found to be nonreproducible with amplitudes ranging from 1,700 lb to 33,600 lb (7,400 N to 150,000 N). This variability is attributed to small changes in impact geometry in successive tests that profoundly affect the contact phenomenon. However, the duration of these transients ranged from 40 μ\Nsec to 90 μ\Nsec, an interval considerably less than the natural period of transducers currently employed in acceptance tests. Such instruments cannot respond to pulses of this type.
"Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, cannot exclude high-grade:" TBS says "Don't Use It!" should I really stop it?

Background: The Bethesda System uses a two-tiered approach in the diagnosis of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). Occasionally, Papanicolaou (Pap) tests with evident low-grade SIL (LSIL) also have some features suggestive but not diagnostic of high-grade SIL (HSIL). This study reviews our experience with “Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, Cannot Exclude High-grade” (LSIL-H) and discusses the best approach to report such Paps if the LSIL-H interpretation is abandoned. Methods: Abnormal Paps were identified between January and December 2014 that had surgical follow-up within 6 months. Their biopsy outcomes were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's Chi-square and McNemar tests in SPSS software version 23. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ 0.05. Results: There were a total of 1049 abnormal Paps with follow-up. High-grade dysplasia/carcinoma (HGD+) was found in 8% of LSIL, 30% of LSIL-H, 52% of atypical squamous cells (ASCs), cannot rule out HSIL (ASC-H), and 77% of HSIL Paps. The detection rate of HGD+ for LSIL-H was between that of LSIL (Pearson's Chi-square test, P = 0.000) and ASC-H (P = 0.04). If LSIL-H cases are reported as ASC-H, the rate of HGD+ for the ASC-H category would decrease from 51.5% to 37.4% (McNemar test, P = 0.000). Alternatively, if LSIL-H cases are downgraded to LSIL, the rate of HGD+ for the LSIL category would rise from 7.7% to 10.4% (McNemar test, P = 0.000). Nearly 86.7% of LSIL-H cases were positive for high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) in comparison to 77.5% of LSILs, 100% of ASC-Hs, and 75% of HSILs. The sample size for HR-HPV and LSIL-H was too small for meaningful statistical analysis. Conclusions: “LSIL-H” category detects more HGD+ than LSIL, and fewer than ASC-H and HSIL. If LSIL-H is eliminated, Paps with this finding are best reported as ASC-H to ensure that women with potential HGD+ undergo colposcopy in a timely manner. Reporting LSIL-H as LSIL may delay colposcopy since management of LSIL Paps depends on multiple factors (age, HPV status, etc.).
Genetic Variation and Relationships of Constitutive and Herbivore-Induced Glucosinolates, Trypsin Inhibitors, and Herbivore Resistance in Brassica rapa

We examined genetic variation in inducibility and in constitutive and herbivore-induced levels of glucosinolates, trypsin inhibitors, and resistance to herbivory in families of Brassica rapa originating from a wild population. We also examined phenotypic and genetic correlations among absolute levels of these traits in control and induced plants. We grew seedlings of 10 half-sib families in pairs in pots, and exposed one plant per pair to folivory by Trichoplusia ni larvae. Two days later, we sampled all plants for total glucosinolate and trypsin inhibitor levels and examined the preference and consumption by T. ni larvae of previously damaged (induced) and undamaged (control) plants. There was no significant variation among sire families in the induction of glucosinolates or trypsin inhibitors by T. ni feeding. Total glucosinolate levels in either control or induced plants did not vary by family. In contrast, trypsin inhibitor levels in both control and induced plants varied significantly by family. Trichoplusia ni fed less on induced plants than on control plants in the bioassay, but neither the induction of resistance by prior T. ni feeding nor absolute levels of damage done to control and induced plants varied significantly by sire family. Temporal blocking strongly affected trypsin inhibitor levels and the response of some families in the bioassays. There were no significant phenotypic or genetic correlations of levels of glucosinolates or trypsin inhibitors with each other or with damage in either control or induced plants. Overall, these results suggest that in the B. rapa population that we studied, both total glucosinolate content and biological resistance to herbivory by T. ni was nonvariable and almost universally inducible by prior T. ni feeding. In contrast, control and induced levels of trypsin inhibitors varied genetically and have the capacity to respond to future selection imposed by herbivores. However, the role of these defenses in constitutive or induced resistance to T. ni in this species remains unclear.
Leadership and Power

Does all leadership constitute of power relationships? Some may argue that in order to lead efficiently, the leader must demonstrate and exert models of power. Others argue that one can lead without exerting power and lead based on the relationship and rapport developed with subordinates. The leadership-followership relationship developed between managers-subordinates is a major concept of management studies that many researchers have studied for various decades. This paper covers some of these studies and the aspects of leadership and power.
Optically stimulated and spontaneously generated electron spin coherence in quantum dots

We report the observation of long-lived quantum beats in quantum dots (ensemble and single) due to electron spin coherence, resulting from stimulated Raman transition as well as spontaneous radiative decay of the trion state.
Simian Varicella Virus Is Present in Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and T Cells in Lymph Nodes of Rhesus Macaques after Experimental Reactivation

UNLABELLED Like varicella-zoster virus (VZV), simian varicella virus (SVV) reactivates to produce zoster. In the present study, 5 rhesus macaques were inoculated intrabronchially with SVV, and 5 months later, 4 monkeys were immunosuppressed; 1 monkey was not immunosuppressed but was subjected to the stress of transportation. In 4 monkeys, a zoster rash developed 7 to 12 weeks after immunosuppression, and a rash also developed in the monkey that was not immunosuppressed. Analysis at 24 to 48 h after zoster revealed SVV antigen in the lung alveolar wall, in ganglionic neurons and nonneuronal cells, and in skin and in lymph nodes. In skin, SVV was found primarily in sweat glands. In lymph nodes, the SVV antigen colocalized mostly with macrophages, dendritic cells, and, to a lesser extent, T cells. The presence of SVV in lymph nodes, as verified by quantitative PCR detection of SVV DNA, might reflect the sequestration of virus by macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes or the presentation of viral antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response against SVV, or both. IMPORTANCE VZV causes varicella (chickenpox), becomes latent in ganglia, and reactivates to produce zoster and multiple other serious neurological disorders. SVV in nonhuman primates has proved to be a useful model in which the pathogenesis of the virus parallels the pathogenesis of VZV in humans. Here, we show that SVV antigens are present in sweat glands in skin and in macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes after SVV reactivation in monkeys, raising the possibility that macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes serve as antigen-presenting cells to activate T cell responses against SVV after reactivation.
Molecular cloning and expression of GRK6. A new member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK), such as the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) and rhodopsin kinase, specifically phosphorylate the activated form of G protein-coupled receptors. To identify additional members of the GRK family, we screened a human heart cDNA library by low stringency hybridization using the catalytic domains of two beta ARK isoforms. Here we report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes a 576-amino-acid protein kinase, termed GRK6, that has significant homology with GRK5 (70.1% amino acid identity), IT11 (68.5%), rhodopsin kinase (47.1%), and beta ARK (37.4%). RNA blot analysis of GRK6 with selected human tissues reveals two distinct mRNAs of 3 and 2.4 kilobases with a distribution very similar to that of beta ARK (i.e. brain, skeletal muscle > pancreas > heart, lung, kidney, placenta > liver). GRK6, overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells using the baculovirus system, was able to phosphorylate both the beta 2-adrenergic receptor and rhodopsin in a stimulus-dependent fashion, although it was significantly less active then beta ARK on these substrates. These data extend the family of GRKs and suggest that GRK6 may have a substrate specificity quite distinct from beta ARK and rhodopsin kinase.
Experimental database and design concept for a 1-MW, 200-keV neutral-beam line based on a SITEX negative ion source

Scaling studies for a SITEX negative ion source to produce 200-keV, 10-A, long pulse D/sup -/ beams are under way at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Designs have been restricted to the use of established techniques and reasonably welldemonstrated scaling. The results show that the 1-A SITEX source can be directly scaled to produce 200-keV, 10-A long pulse ion beams with a source power efficiency of less than or equal to5 kW of total plasma generator power per ampere of D/sup -/ beam generated. Extracted electron-to-D/sup -/ ratios should be less than or equal to0.06, with all extracted electrons recovered at less than or equal to10% of the first gap potential energy difference. The close-coupled accelerating structure will be 5 cm long and have five electrodes with 21 slits each, with a 50-kV/cm field in each gap. No decel electrode was included because of the transverse magnetic field. Electrons formed in each gap by the about16% charge-exchange loss of D/sup -/ in the total accelerator column will be collected by electron recovery structures associated with the gaps at an average energy of 50% of a gap's potential energy difference. Atomic gas efficiency will be greater than or equal to67%. Beammore » divergence calculations using the ORNL optics code give theta /SUB rms/ = + or -0.4/sup 0/. The ion source magnetic field provides momentum dispersion of the extracted beam, separating out both the electrons and all heavy ion impurities and low energy D/sup 0/ particles formed by charge exchange in the accelerating column. A D/sub 2/ gas neutralization cell and a charge separation magnet provide 1 MW of D/sup 0/ beam at 200 keV for injection. The overall beam line dimensions are 2.2 X 1.0 X 5.0 m (H X W X L).« less
DISCRETIONARY DISCLOSURES OVER TIME

DISCRETIONARY DISCLOSURES OVER TIMEThomas F. CosimanoUniversity of Notre DameBjorn N. JorgensenColumbia UniversityRamachandran RamananUniversity of Notre DameRevised, December 2002Preliminary, please do not quoteTheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethevaluablesuggestionsofMarkBagnoli,AugustineDuru,RonDye, Miles Gietzman, Tom Gresik, and seminar participants at the 1999 American AccountingAssociation meeting and Oliver Kim (discussant), American University, EIASM Workshop onAccounting and Economics, London Business School, London School of Economics, OdenseUniversity, Purdue University, Syracuse University and Texas A&M University. We are indebtedtoCharlesMillerforprogrammingthesimulationsreportedinthetext. CosimanothankstheCenterfor Research in the Financial Services Industry for financial support. Ramanan thanks ArthurAndersen LLP for financial support.
Dealing with node mobility in ad hoc wireless network

A Mobile “Ad hoc” wireless NETwork (MANET) is a network established for a special, often extemporaneous service customized to applications. The ad hoc network is typically set up for a limited period of time, in an environment that may change from application to application. As a difference from the Internet where the TCP/IP protocol suite supports a vast range of applications, in the MANET the protocols are tuned to a specific customer and application (eg, send a video stream across the battlefield; find out if there is a fire in the forest; establish a videoconference among several teams engaged in a rescue effort, etc). The customers move and the environment may change dynamically and unpredictably. For the MANET to retain its efficiency, the ad hoc protocols at various layers may need to self-tune to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes. From these properties emerges the vision of the MANET as an extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust and formidable network architecture. Indeed, an architecture that can be deployed to monitor the habits of birds in their natural habitat, and which, in other circumstances, can be organized to interconnect rescue crews after a Tsunami disaster, or yet can be structured to launch deadly attacks onto unsuspecting enemies.
Ductility Ratio for Slabs

A method is presented to calculate, approximately, the ultimate deflection of a reinforced concrete slab subjected to a point load at the center. This deflection is divided by the yield deflection, calculated by an approximate, but widely used method, to obtain a permissable ductility ratio for the slab. This ratio is useful in approximate dynamic analyses of slabs subjected to impulsive and impactive loadings. The method presented for the calculation of ultimate deflection takes account of the compressive strength of the concrete, the yield strength of the steel, the ratios of tensile and compressive steel in a cross section of slab, and the slab geometry. Thus, it is presented as a rational replacement for the empirical equations in current use. Comparisons with test data indicate that the method presented is reasonable and conservative.
A Connecticut Yankee in Nisei King Company's Court: With the Japanese American 442nd RCT in World War II

A print on demand of this book can be obtained by sending e-mail to digital@cornell.edu. In the body of the message include the identifier.uri listed above, and ask to be contacted regarding payment.
Delivering Views Distant Cultures in Early Postcards

Delivering Views: Distant Cultures in Early Postcards. Christraud M. Geary and Virginia-Lee Webb. eds. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington and London. 1998 199pp. 132 ill.
Rheological and Thermal Properties of Elastomeric Polypropylene

The properties of elastomeric polypropylene synthesized from an unbridged metallocene catalyst are investigated by mechanical rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and optical depolarization. The material is compositionally heterogeneous in tacticity, and its behavior is compared to that of its solvent fractions. The behavior of elastomeric polypropylene is also compared with tacticity-matched atactic/isotactic homopolymer blends. For T below Tm, mechanical rheometry shows that elastomeric polypropylene forms a more constrained network than tacticity-matched homopolymer blends. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals that the elastomeric samples crystallize at a lower temperature than blends composed of the same isotactic content. Depolarization studies show similar transitions but reveal the presence of an additional slower time scale involved with crystallizing the elastomeric sample. Data are consistent with the presumed atactic/isotactic multiblock microstructure of elastomeric polypropylene.
Emotion expression and the locution “I love you”: A cross-cultural study

Abstract This exploratory study is aimed to advance the understanding of emotion expression across cultures by focusing on the declaration of love and studying its expression across cultures. In particular, the use of the locution “I love you” was investigated. Results indicate that the use of the locution “I love you” fluctuates greatly across cultures: It is used exclusively for romantic declarations of love in some cultures, but has a much wider distribution in others. Interestingly, nonnative speakers seem to use the locution “I love you” more in English than their native language. Differences are also noticeable within cultures, particularly across genders and age groups. Thus, females tend to use the expression more often than males. In addition, there seems to be more widespread use of the locution now than just a few decades ago.
On the non-linear dynamic response of the rhesus to impact.

Abstract A non-linear discrete parameter mathematical model describing the dynamic behavior of a primate (Macaca mulatta) has been developed and programmed for solution on the IBM model 360 91 computer using the Continuous Systems Modeling Program (CSMP). The primate is described by a system of discrete anatomical segments connected by translational and rotational springs representing the inter-segment stiffnesses. For example, the neck is represented by three discrete masses, one translational and four rotational springs. The masses, mass moments of inertia, centers of gravity and the neck axial stiffness, were obtained experimentally. The predicted dynamic behavior of the rhesus monkey to blunt head inpact compares favorably with the observations taken from high-speed films of a cerebral concussion experiment. A study of the effect of the point of application and angle of inclination of the forcing function was conducted. The results show that the important response parameters display the expected sensitivity to the location of the blow but are particularly sensitive to its angle of inclination with respect to the plane containing the foramen magnum.
Dual-response resonant chemical sensors for multianalyte analysis

Abstract We developed an approach to increase the information content from resonant, thickness-shear mode (TSM) sensors. These sensors are intended for integration into a microanalytical system that will periodically collect and precondition a predetermined volume of sample and will further present it to the sensor for analysis. Each side of the TSM resonator is coated with a different sensor film. During measurements, only one side at a time is exposed to an analyzed vapor while another side is exposed to a blank gas from a scrubber. Thus, analyte-related signals are generated independently from each side of the TSM sensor. Such dual-response sensing approach reduces the number of sensing elements by a factor of two, leading to further system miniaturization and improved power budget in sensor operation. We demonstrated our dual-response sensor concept with a high-performance, low noise TSM resonator ( f 0 = 10 7 Hz, RMS noise cis -1,2-DCE and trans -1,2-DCE.
Designing the techno-somatic

This paper proposes an alternative approach to the analysis and design of interaction in realtime performance systems. It draws on the idea that the connection between the human engagement with the interface (digital or analog) and the resultant rich media output forms a proposed experiential dimension containing both technical and somatic considerations. The proposed dimension is characterized by its materiality and is referred to by the author as the techno-somatic dimension. The author is proposing that design and analysis efforts for new interactive systems should focus on the techno-somatic dimension. That if this dimension is designed with care to produce a detailed and nuanced experience for the user, then design specifications for the interface will automatically result, and that such an interface will produce the desired materiality and actional intentionality. For the purposes of this discussion, the author will focus principally on musical interfaces.
Second-order perturbation treatment of the general spin hamiltonian in an arbitrary coordinate system

Abstract A second-order perturbation treatment is given for the general spin Hamiltonian in an arbitrary coordinate system. A general solution is obtained within a limit of high-field approximation. It is not necessary that all of the tensors be coaxial or that the g and A tensors be symmetric. The only restriction is that the effective hyperfine Hamiltonian including the nuclear Zeeman term be much greater than the quadrupole Hamiltonian. The nuclear Zeeman term can be greater or smaller than the hyperfine term. A convenient method is given for obtaining solutions without introducing transformation matrices explicitly for the spin operators. The transition probability is given to the first order and supplementarily to the second order for some important cases.
Histopathologic Evaluation of Pulmonary Infection in Lung Transplant Patients

180S Aspen Lung Conference: Infections and the Lung Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Dis 1986; 134:891-96 19 Nash C, Fligiel S. Pathologic features of the lung in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): an autopsy study of seventeen homosexual males. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81:6-12 20 Klatt EC, Jensen DF, Meyer PR. Pathology of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1987; 18:709-14 21 McDonnell JM, Hutchins GM. Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 121-28 22 Drutz DJ, Catanzaro A. Coccidioidomycosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117:559-85;727-71 23 Goodwin RA Jr. DesPrez RM. Histoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117:929-56
The effect of ACE inhibition on the pulmonary vasculature in combined model of chronic hypoxia and pulmonary arterial banding in Sprague Dawley rats

Microfocal CT was used to image the pulmonary arterial (PA) tree in rodent models of pulmonary hypertension (PH). CT images were used to measure the arterial tree diameter along the main arterial trunk at several hydrostatic intravascular pressures and calculate distensibility. High-resolution planar angiographic imaging was also used to examine distal PA microstructure. Data on pulmonary artery tree morphology improves our understanding of vascular remodeling and response to treatments. Angiotensin II (ATII) has been identified as a mediator of vasoconstriction and proliferative mitotic function. ATII has been shown to promote vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia as well as stimulate synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. Available ATII is targeted through angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), a method that has been used in animal models of PH to attenuate vascular remodeling and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance. In this study, we used rat models of chronic hypoxia to induce PH combined with partial left pulmonary artery occlusion (arterial banding, PLPAO) to evaluate effects of the ACEI, captopril, on pulmonary vascular hemodynamic and morphology. Male Sprague Dawley rats were placed in hypoxia (FiO2 0.1), with one group having underwent PLPAO three days prior to the chronic hypoxia. After the twenty-first day of hypoxia exposure, treatment was started with captopril (20 mg/kg/day) for an additional twenty-one days. At the endpoint, lungs were excised and isolated to examine: pulmonary vascular resistance, ACE activity, pulmonary vessel morphology and biomechanics. Hematocrit and RV/LV+septum ratio was also measured. CT planar images showed less vessel dropout in rats treated with captopril versus the non-treatment lungs. Distensibility data shows no change in rats treated with captopril in both chronic hypoxia (CH) and CH with PLPAO (CH+PLPAO) models. Hemodynamic measurements also show no change in the pulmonary vascular resistance with captopril treatment in both CH and CH+PLPAO.
SVO Languages and the OV:VO Typology.

Greenberg (1963) formulated a number of implicational universals that refer to the order of various syntactic elements. He classified languages on the basis of their order of subject, object and verb into three types, which he labelled I, II and III, and which correspond to what are commonly known as VSO, SVO and SOV languages, respectively. Since that time, evidence for the existence of the three other logically possible orders, VOS, OVS and OSV, has been presented (see Keenan, 1978; Derbyshire & Pullum, 1981, 1986), thus leaving us with a typology of six types. Lehmann (1973, 1978) and Vennemann (1974, 1976) collapsed these six types into two types OV and VO. Implicit in this move is the idea that the fundamental parameter is the order of verb and object and that the position of the subject is less important. In treating VSO, VOS and SVO as subtypes of the general type VO, the claim is that these three types are similar to each other in their other word order characteristics and different from OV languages. More recently, a number of linguists, including Comrie (1981: 90, 94–95; 1989: 96, 100–101), Mallinson & Blake (1981: 379), Siewierska (1988: 18–19) and Payne (1990: 19), but most particularly Hawkins (1980: 199; 1983: 30), have criticized Lehmann and Vennemann for collapsing VSO, VOS and SVO languages into a single category VO. They all argue that the available evidence does not support the claim that SVO languages pattern like VSO and VOS languages. The purpose of this paper is to argue that, although some of these criticisms are not without merit, Lehmann and Vennemann were largely right: with certain well-defined exceptions, the word order properties of SVO languages differ little from those of VSO and VOS languages. In short, it will be shown that with respect to a large number of word order characteristics, we do find a basic split between VO and OV languages.
Opportunistic Cooperation via Relay Selection with Minimal Information Exchange

Opportunistic cooperation is a technique where in each transmission the best relay (or k best relays) are chosen to assist. In a multiuser cooperative network, coordinating the cooperating users requires exchange of channel information between various nodes. As the number of nodes increases, this information exchange can get out of hand. In this work, we propose an opportunistic cooperation technique where at most two bits of information per relay are exchanged for each cooperation period (one bit feedback and one bit feedforward). Our method does not need any carrier sensing technique or any information regarding source-relay channels for its operation. We show that this frugal technique is capable of achieving the same diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) achieved by distributed space-time-coded cooperation protocols (DSTC) in Laneman and Wornell (2003). Also we show how bandwidth allocation between a user and its partner affects the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff.
Neural network approach for direction of arrival estimation

The problem of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation of users in mobile communication systems using linear antenna arrays is addressed. Superresolution algorithms, such as Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), are used to locate desired as well as cochannel mobile users. However these algorithms require extensive computation and are difficult to implement in real-time. In this paper, the DOA problem is approached as a mapping problem which can be modeled using a suitable artificial neural network trained with input output pairs. A study of a three-layer Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) which can learn multiple source direction finding with a six-element array is conducted. RBFNNs were used due to their ability for data interpolation in higher dimensions. The network weights are modified using the normalized cumulative delta rule. The performance of this network is compared to that of the MUSIC algorithm for both uncorrelated and corrected signals. It was found that networks implementing these functions were indeed successful in performing the required task and their performance approached that of the MUSIC algorithm. It is also shown that the RBFNN substantially reduced the CPU time for the DOA estimation computations.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Directional eye fixation sensor using birefringence-based foveal detection

We recently developed and reported an eye fixation monitor that detects the fovea by its radial orientation of birefringent nerve fibers. The instrument used a four-quadrant photodetector and a normalized difference function to check for a best match between the detector quadrants and the arms of the bow-tie pattern of polarization states surrounding the fovea. This function had a maximum during central fixation but could not tell where the subject was looking relative to the center. We propose a linear transformation to obtain horizontal and vertical eye position coordinates from the four photodetector signals, followed by correction based on a priori calibration information. The method was verified on both a computer model and on human eyes. The major advantage of this new eye-tracking method is that it uses true information coming from the fovea, rather than reflections from other structures, to identify the direction of foveal gaze.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and eating disorders : a prevalence study

There have been numerous reports in the recent literature suggesting a relationship between diabetes mellitus and the eating disorders. In the current investigation, 97 pediatric diabetes patients were administered a modified version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire, which included items specific to diabetes mellitus based on DSM-III-R criteria. None of this sample were diagnosed as anorexic and only one patient was diagnosed as currently bulimic. Possible reasons for the higher prevalence rates reported for other samples are discussed.
Dispersive-convective characteristics in the biorestoration of contaminated soil with a heterogeneous formation

Abstract A hydrochemical model comprising a set of coupled partial differential equations has been proposed for the bioremediation of contaminated soil with a heterogeneous formation. The soil bed is a layer of water-saturated porous medium with dominant bypassing flow. Inside the layer, the groundwater flow is relatively slow such that the magnitudes of convection and dispersion are of the same order. This model describes, both spatially and temporally, the contaminant fate, microorganism growth and oxygen consumption. The results of simulation indicate that the velocity of the groundwater flow affects significantly the rate of contaminant depletion; the higher the velocity, the greater the availability of oxygen and the faster the substrate consumption. When the velocity is low, an anaerobic zone is generated in the clay layer, thereby rendering the biodegradation rate oxygen limited and, in turn, prolonging the remediation time.
Nitric oxide scavengers in the treatment of shock associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Shock associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a form of distributive shock affecting over 200,000 patients per year in the US that results in 50% mortality. The role of NO in a variety of shock states has been extensively studied and has been shown to be the primary effector in endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension attendant to shock associated with sepsis or presumed sepsis. NO has also been shown to be a myocardial depressant, an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport, an inducer of vascular leakage and an enhancer of LPS-induced cytokine release. Hence, it is involved in a wide variety of shock-related pathologies and is a key target for therapeutic intervention. Mechanism of action based therapies using NO scavengers represent a promising new approach. However, because NO is involved in such a wide variety of both physiological and pathophysiological processes, a therapy directed at NO must be selective in order to be both safe and effective. NO scavengers are comprised of two basic classes: organic molecules and metal complexes. Pyridoxalated haemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) is a chemically-modified haemoglobin. It is the furthest advanced NO scavenger in clinical trials and is about to enter pivotal Phase 3 trials in patients with shock associated with SIRS.
Receptor distribution and the mechanism of enhanced erythrocyte agglutination by soybean agglutinin

Abstract We have examined the role of receptor clustering in intact erythrocyte membranes exhibiting enhanced lectin-mediated cell agglutination by analyzing freeze-fracture and freeze-etch images of human erythrocytes labeled with ferritin-conjugated soybean agglutinin. We find that trypsinization and fixation of intact erythrocytes, in either order, causes no alteration of the random distribution of ferritin-conjugated soybean agglutinin on the surfaces of these cells as compared to their distribution on the surfaces of fixed erythrocytes and untreated erythrocyte ghosts. Furthermore, clustering of the intramembranous particles in the membrane of intact erythrocytes was not found with any of the cells described above. We conclude that clustering of the soybean agglutinin receptors is not a major factor involved in the enhanced agglutination of intact trypsinized erythrocytes. Caution is necessary in transferring information obtained with erythrocyte ghosts, where clustering can be induced, to intact erythrocytes.
Effect of vitamin A depletion on nonvisual phototransduction pathways in cryptochromeless mice.

Mice exhibit multiple nonvisual responses to light, including 1) photoentrainment of circadian rhythm; 2) “masking,” which refers to the acute effect of light on behavior, either negative (activity suppressing) or positive (activity inducing); and 3) pupillary constriction. In mammals, the eye is the sole photosensory organ for these responses, and it contains only 2 known classes of pigments: opsins and cryptochromes. No individual opsin or cryptochrome gene is essential for circadian photoreception, gene photoinduction, or masking. Previously, the authors found that mice lacking retinol-binding protein, in which dietary depletion of ocular retinaldehyde can be achieved, had normal light signaling to the SCN, as determined by per gene photoinduction. In the present study, the authors analyzed phototransduction to the SCN in vitamin A-replete and vitamin A-depleted rbp-/- and rbp-/-cry1-/-cry2-/- mice using molecular and behavioral end points. They found that vitamin A-depleted rbp-/- mice exhibit either ...
Application of an efficient Bayesian discretization method to biomedical data

Background: Several data mining methods require data that are discrete, and other methods often perform better with discrete data. We introduce an efficient Bayesian discretization (EBD) method for optimal discretization of variables that runs efficiently on high-dimensional biomedical datasets. The EBD method consists of two components, namely, a Bayesian score to evaluate discretizations and a dynamic programming search procedure to efficiently search the space of possible discretizations. We compared the performance of EBD to Fayyad and Irani’s (FI) discretization method, which is commonly used for discretization. Results: On 24 biomedical datasets obtained from high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic studies, the classification performances of the C4.5 classifier and the naive Bayes classifier were statistically significantly better when the predictor variables were discretized using EBD over FI. EBD was statistically significantly more stable to the variability of the datasets than FI. However, EBD was less robust, though not statistically significantly so, than FI and produced slightly more complex discretizations than FI. Conclusions: On a range of biomedical datasets, a Bayesian discretization method (EBD) yielded better classification performance and stability but was less robust than the widely used FI discretization method. The EBD discretization method is easy to implement, permits the incorporation of prior knowledge and belief, and is sufficiently fast for application to high-dimensional data.
Full-potential integral solution for transonic flows with and without embedded Euler domains

Two methods are presented to solve for the transonic airfoil flow problems. The first method is based on the integral equation solution of the full-potential equation in terms of the velocity field, and a Shock Capturing-Shock Fitting (SCSF) scheme has been developed. The SCSF-scheme consists of a shock-capturing part and a shock-fitting part in which shock panels are introduced at the shock location. The sock panels are fitted and crossed by using the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. The second method is based on coupling the integral equation of the full-potential equation with the pseudo time integration of Euler equations in a small embedded region around the shock. The integral solution provides the initial and boundary conditions for the Euler domain. This scheme is named as the Integral Equation-Embedded Euler (IEEE) scheme. The two methods are applied to NACA 0012 and NACA 64A010A over a wide range of Mach numbers, and the reults are in good agreement with the experimental data and other computational results. The schemes converge within a number of iterations which is one-order of magnitude less than the finite-difference schemes.
Stem cell factor/c-kit up-regulates cyclin D3 and promotes cell cycle progression via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/p70 S6 kinase pathway in spermatogonia.

Stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit plays an important role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, and spermatogenesis. In the testis, the SCF/c-kit system is believed to regulate germ cell proliferation, meiosis, and apoptosis. Studies with type A spermatogonia in vivo and in vitro have indicated that SCF induces DNA synthesis and proliferation. However, the signaling pathway for this function of SCF/c-kit has not been elucidated. We now demonstrate that SCF activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) and that rapamycin, a FRAP/mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent inhibitor of p70S6K, completely inhibited bromodeoxyuridine incorporation induced by SCF in primary cultures of spermatogonia. SCF induced cyclin D3 expression and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein through a pathway that is sensitive to both wortmannin and rapamycin. Furthermore, AKT, but not protein kinase C-ζ, is used by SCF/c-kit/PI3-K to activate p70S6K. Dominant negative AKT-K179M completely abolished p70S6K phosphorylation induced by the constitutively active PI3-K catalytic subunit p110. Constitutively active v-AKT highly phosphorylated p70S6K, which was totally inhibited by rapamycin. Thus, SCF/c-kit uses a rapamycin-sensitive PI3-K/AKT/p70S6K/cyclin D3 pathway to promote spermatogonial cell proliferation.
Fabrication and Test of Spherical Primary Optical Telescope (SPOT) Segments

Spherical primary telescopes are cost effective for large segmented apertures. The SPOT segments are cast in pyrex and shaped to allow radius of curvature control. This paper discusses design, fabrication and performance of SPOT segments.
REEXAMINING SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY USING CALLS TO THE POLICE AS A MEASURE OF CRIME

This study examines social disorganization theory using calls to the police during 1980 in 60 Boston neighborhoods. These data, based on complainant reports of crime rather than official police reports, allow further investigation of differences in findings based on victimization data and official crime data. The rates of assault, robbery, and burglary are regressed on poverty, mobility, racial heterogeneity, family disruption, and structural density. Interaction terms for poverty and heterogeneity, poverty and mobility, and mobility and heterogeneity are also explored. Results from this study support findings from recent victimization studies and earlier ecological studies using official counts of crime. Poverty and heterogeneity, along with family disruption and structural density, are found to be important ecological variables for understanding the distribution of crime rates among neighborhoods.
Songbird response to experimental retention harvesting in red pine (Pinus resinosa) forests

Traditional harvesting practices frequently result in simplification of the structure and composition within managed forest stands in comparison to their natural counterparts. In particular, loss of heterogeneity within stands may pose a problem for maintaining biodiversity in perpetuity. In this study, we survey breeding bird diversity and abundance in response to different spatial harvesting patterns in mature red pine forests located on the Chippewa National Forest of northern Minnesota, USA. Treatments are designed to increase structural complexity over time and include three overstory manipulations (dispersed retention, aggregate retention with small gaps, and aggregate retention with large gaps), one understory manipulation (brush removal), and controls (no harvesting, and/or no brush removal). In 2003, the first breeding season following the harvest, we found little difference in bird community composition between control and treatment stands. In 2005, the third breeding season following harvest, avian abundance, richness, and diversity were all greater within treatments. Species associated with edge, shrub, and early successional habitats generally show positive response to treatments (e.g. Chestnut-sided Warbler [Dendroica pensylvanica], Mourning Warbler [Oporornis philadelphia], Chipping Sparrow [Spizella passerine]), as do some species associated with mature forest (e.g., Pine Warbler [Dendroica pinus], Rose-breasted Grosbeak [Pheucticus ludovicianus]). Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) and Black-throated Green Warblers (Dendroica virens) were more abundant in control stands. There are, as of yet, no discernable differences in avian community composition among the three overstory treatments or between the single understory treatment and the understory control, but differences are expected as the treatments diversify due to understory development. While overstory retention harvests provide habitat for a diverse and abundant bird community, the temporal divergence in avian community composition that we observed between treatment and control stands reveals the importance of uncut, mature red pine forest as a component of a biodiverse landscape.
R-E-S-P-E-C-T—What It Means to James L. Hymes, Jr.

Abstract James L. Hymes, Jr., wrote prolifically from the 1930s through the 1980s on the need for adults to understand and regard children's socio-emotional needs. In the belief that the foundation for true education is relationship-based, this article highlights Hymes's respect for children and examines the relevance of his regard for humanity for today's educational challenges.
Talking to a stranger: Linguistic and non-linguistic behavior of Russian immigrants during 2010 US Census

Abstract During the 2010 US Census enumeration the linguistic and non-linguistic behavior of Russian immigrants with little or no fluency in English was examined and contrasted with data from English language participants. The qualitative analysis of linguistic behavior (phatic communion and conversational closings) revealed similar patterns of interaction for both groups. The quantitative analysis of the non-linguistic behavior (the respondents' observed comfort level throughout the interview and the interview setting) showed a significant increase in comfort level throughout the interviews and movement into a more intimate setting contributed positively to that increase, suggesting that deviations from the strictly scripted protocol provided by the Census Bureau may positively affect the outcome and success of a government initiated activity among linguistically distant populations.
Diamond devices and electrical properties

Abstract Diamond offers tremendous potential for electronic applications such as field effect transistors. An investigation of the electrical properties of boron-doped homoepitaxial diamond films and the metal-oxide-diamond gate structure was performed. Additionally, field effect transistors were fabricated and characterized. Improvements in the diamond deposition process produced boron-doped homoepitaxial diamond films where the room temperature Hall mobility exceeded 1000 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . Analysis of the temperature-dependent carrier concentration indicated that the compensation was 15 cm −3 . The gate structure for metal-silicon dioxide-boron-doped diamond field effect transistors was evaluated by current-voltage and capacitance voltage measurements. Good correlation of the uncompensated acceptor concentration, determined by capacitance-voltage measurements, and the boron concentration, determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, was attained. Preliminary measurements suggested that the density of interface states for this structure was ≈ 10 12 cm −2 eV −1 . Field effect transistors exhibited saturation and pinch-off at temperatures as high as 773 K. The highest normalized transconductance measured was 1.3 mS mm −1 . The field effect transistors were combined into analogue and digital circuits that operated at 523 K and 673 K, respectively.
Dermal benzene and trichloroethylene induce aneuploidy in immature hematopoietic subpopulations in vivo.

Accumulation of genetic damage in long-lived cell populations with proliferative capacity is implicated in tumorigenesis. Hematopoietic stem cells (hsc) maintain lifetime hematopoiesis, and recent studies demonstrate that hsc in leukemic patients are cytogenetically aberrant. We postulated that exposure to agents associated with increased leukemia risk would induce genomic changes in cells in the hsc compartment. Aneusomy involving chromosomes 2 and 11 in sorted hsc (Lin(-)c-kit(+)Sca-1(+)) and maturing lymphoid and myeloid cells from mice that received topical doses of benzene (bz) or trichloroethylene (TCE) was quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Six days after bz or TCE exposure, aneuploid cells in the hsc compartment increase four- to eightfold in a dose- and schedule-independent manner. Aneuploid lymphoid and myeloid cells from bz- and TCE-treated mice approximate controls, except after repeated benzene exposures. Aneuploid cells are more frequent in the hsc compartment than in mature hematopoietic subpopulations. Hematotoxicity was also quantified in bz- and TCE-exposed hematopoietic subpopulations using two colony-forming assays: CFU-GM (colony-forming units/granulocyte-macrophage progenitors) and CAFC (cobblestone area-forming cells). Data indicate that bz is transiently cytotoxic ( 2 weeks) in maturing, committed progenitor subpopulations. TCE is not hematotoxic at the doses applied. In conclusion, we provide direct evidence for induction of aneuploidy in cells in the hsc compartment by topical exposure to bz and TCE. Disruption of genomic integrity and/or toxicity in hsc subpopulations may be one step in leukemic progression.
Determination of arbitrary concomitant absorption and emission distributions in spark discharges using the Abel inversion

Abstract Neglect of absorption in high temperature spark discharges can result in severe degradation of computational fidelity of spatially-resolved emission profiles. To deal with this problem, an algorithm particularly well suited for array detectors is introduced, which allows diagnosis of emission profiles and deconvolution of absorbance and emission distributions. With this development, more accurate spatial distributions of both emitting and absorbing species can be obtained than with previous techniques. An example making use of literature data is given.
A Remarkable Property of Plane Waves in General Relativity

The complete general-relativistic plane-wave space-times (gravitational, electromagnetic, or both) are examined in relation to the focusing effect they exert on null cones. The following remarkable property is then obtained. No spacelike hypersurface exists in the space-time which is adequate for the global specification of Cauchy data. As a consequence, it is not possible to imbed a plane wave globally in any hyperbolic normal pseudo-Euclidean space.