cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscous heating of high Prandtl number fluids with temperature-dependent viscosity

Abstract The transient velocity and temperature fields have been calculated for the sudden start of Couette flow for fluids with Prandtl numbers of 1,100 and 1000 and with a viscosity which decreases exponentially with temperature. The velocity field established itself much more rapidly than the temperature field for the fluids with Prandtl numbers 100 and 1000. The development of the temperature field occurs only after the velocity field is already established for fluids with Prandtl numbers larger than 1000 when the Nahme number has values smaller than 80.
11 The Effects of Governments on Management and Organization

Abstract We review and integrate existing research from organization theory, strategy, organizational behavior, economics, sociology and political science on the effects of governments on organization and management, with a focus on how governing ideology and government capability influence independent organizations’ forms, strategies, and their participants’ behavior. When brought together these works suggest significant research opportunities in the fields of management and organization, as well as new perspectives on public policy challenges. Several avenues of potentially profitable empirical research include more attention to the influence of government on corporate strategies, more research on the strategies of pursuing corruption and government capture for competitive advantage, the role of government in fostering innovation and the growth of entrepreneurial organizations, and extra‐organizational contextual effects on managerial and employee organizational behavior. Possible public policy implicat...
Economics in the pre-college curricluum

This study analyzes the effects of integrating economics into the social studies curriculum and the effects of participation in the Stock Market Game (SMG) on the Maryland School Performance Assessment Program (MSPAP) economics outcome scores. The study was carried out using state summary and disaggregated data and summary data for each school system in Maryland. The 1992 and 1994 MSPAP economics outcome scores for grades 3, 5, and 8 constituted the dependent variable with the level of integration of economics in the curriculum and the level of participation in the SMG being the main explanatory variables. Using comparative static analysis, two related but separate questions were addressed. The first question asks how school systems with different levels of integration of economics in the curriculum and with different levels of participation in the SMG compare to the state average. The second question asks how these groupings compare to each other. It is this second question that lends itself to more rigorous hypothesis testing.
Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis of the hand following human bites

The spectrum of radiographic abnormalities accompanying bone and joint infection that results from human bites of the hand is presented in an analyis of 13 patients. Features include mono-articular involvement, predilection for a metacarpophalangeal joint, soft tissue swelling, joint space narrowing, bone erosions and periostitis. Magnification techniques may be required for early and accurate diagnosis.
Evaluation of effects of unmodified niacin on fasting and postprandial plasma lipids in normolipidemic men with hypoalphalipoproteinemia

Abstract purpose: The aim of this study was to define the effects of unmodified niacin on basal lipids and lipoproteins and on the plasma triglyceride response to a fatty meal—postprandial or alimentary lipemia—in individuals with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and normal fasting cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (normolipidemic hypoalphalipoproteinemia, isolated low HDL-C). patients and methods: Twenty-eight normolipidemic men (total plasma cholesterol concentration [TC] Outcome measures included changes in plasma lipoproteins and alimentary lipemia. results: Fifteen participants completed the study. Mean baseline HDL-C ±SD was 31.7 ± 6.2 mg/dL (0.82 ± 0.16 mmol/L). Mean baseline TC, plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and Tg were 192 ± 29.4 mg/dL (4.97 ± 0.76 mmol/L), 123 ± 27 mg/dL (3.17 ± 0.69 mmol/L), and 197 ± 75 mg/dL (2.17 ± 0.83 mmol/L), respectively. Unmodified niacin treatment resulted in significant ( P 2 cholesterol (from 5 mg/dL to 9 mg/dL, 0.12 mmol/L to 0.24 mmol/L), and 21% in HDL 3 cholesterol (from 27 mg/dL to 33 mg/dL, 0.70 mmol/L to 0.85 mmol/L). Unmodified niacin treatment reduced alimentary lipemia by 45% ( P conclusions: Crystalline niacin effectively raises HDL-C, lowers LDL-C, and reduces alimentary lipemia in patients with isolated low HDL-C. However, many patients have difficulty tolerating the drug, and supervision may be required to sustain patient compliance and avoid toxicity.
Helium flux through marine sediments of the northeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract Quantitative determinations of helium and other noble gas concentrations in pore waters of marine sediments permit the calculation of helium fluxes out of the sedimentary column. Values of 1.1 and 6.4 × 10 4 atoms/cm 2 sec were found for two locations in the northeast Pacific. These fluxes are one to two orders of magnitude less than those based on theoretical degassing models of the earth or on measurements of excess helium in the deep ocean water.
The clinical utility of nonword repetition for children living in the rural south of the US

Nonword repetition (NWR) tasks have been shown to minimize cultural biases in language assessment. In the current study, we further examined the clinical utility of NWR with 83 children who lived in the rural south of the US; 33 were African American and 50 were White, with 16 classified as specifically language impaired (SLI) 6-year-olds and 67 classified as either age-matched or younger controls. Main effects were found for group, with the children in the SLI group earning lower NWR scores than the controls. A main effect for syllable length but not race was also documented. The group and syllable length effects could not be explained by differences in the children's articulation abilities or by potential differences in the children's use of vernacular dialect. Discriminant analysis indicated that NWR had a diagnostic accuracy rate of 81% for the 6-year-olds, but sensitivity was low (56%). When combined with scores from one other nonbiased assessment tool, however, the diagnostic accuracy of NWR increased to 90%, with rates of sensitivity and specificity above 80%.
Effects of naloxene on the subjective and psychomotor effects of nitrous oxide in humans

Abstract The effects of naloxone on the mood-altering and psychomotor-impairing effects of nitrous oxide were examined in two studies. Each of the double-blind, randomized trials tested effects of three doses of naloxone or saline placebo during inhalation of 30% nitrous oxide in oxygen or 100% oxygen placebo. Experiment 1 tested a range of naloxone doses used clinically to reverse opiate-induced respiratory depression (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/70 kg) and Experiment 2 included a dose approximately 25 times higher than that needed to reverse opiate-induced respiratory depression (0, 1.0, 3.0, 10 mg/70 kg). Nitrous oxide increased subject-rated reports of “feel drug effect”, “carefree,” “drunk,” “sedated,rd and “high,” and decreased psychomotor performance in both experiments. Naloxone had no effects by itself in either experiment, and, for the most part, did not significantly interact with nitrous oxide-induced changes in mood or psychomotor performance. Naloxone, in doses of 10 mg or less, does not appear to affect the subjective and psychomotor effects of nitrous oxide.
Performance Evaluation of Hypervisors for Cloud Computing

The virtualization of IT infrastructure enables consolidation and pooling of IT resources so they are shared over diverse applications to offset the limitation of shrinking resources and growing business needs. Virtualization provides a logical abstraction of physical computing resources and creates computing environments that are not restricted by physical configuration or implementation. Virtualization is very important for cloud computing because the delivery of services simplified by providing a platform for optimizing complex IT resources in a scalable manner, which makes cloud computing more cost effective. Hypervisor plays an important role in the virtualization of hardware. This software provides a virtual hardware to support running multiple operating systems concurrently using one physical server. This research quantitatively and qualitatively compares the performance of VMware ESXi 4.1, Citrix Systems Xen Server 5.6 and KVM Hypervisors using standard benchmark SPECvirt_sc2010v1.01 formulated by Standard Performance Evaluation Committee SPEC, which generate various Workloads simulating real life situations.
Trends in bulk moduli from first-principles total-energy calculations

We show that bulk moduli, determined from first-principles total-energy electronic calculations using the local-spin-density and atomic-sphere approximations in cubic structures, are in remarkable agreement with experiment for all of the nonmagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic 3[ital d] and 4[ital d] transition and noble metals. Good agreement with experiment is achieved without relativistic corrections which, by themselves, introduce sizable errors in calculated bulk moduli.
Measurement of dissolved organic carbon by wet chemical oxidation with persulfate: influence of chloride concentration and reagent volume

Abstract The influence of chloride content and reagent volume on the analysis of dissolved organic carbon by wet chemical oxidation with persulfate was evaluated. A strong hyperbolic relationship was found between measured DOC concentration and volume of persulfate added for oxidation in both marine and artificially chlorinated (NaCl) freshwater samples. Freshwater samples showed no such relationship. Precision of measured DOC concentrations averaged 4–7% and did not vary as a function of persulfate volume. Apparently chloride, and possibly other ions, produce significant interference in the oxidation reaction of organic matter by persulfate. Thus, analysis of DOC in seawater, or water with a high chloride content, by persulfate oxidation may yield erroneously low, yet precise, results if asymptotic concentrations of persulfate are not employed. Use of less than asymptotic concentrations of persulfate may account for some of the variability encountered in intercomparison experiments employing persulfate and high temperature catalytic oxidation methods.
Cell Adhesion Proteins As Tumor Suppressors

Purpose: We summarize recent progress on the role of cell adhesion molecules in biology and discuss the potential application of cell adhesion molecules for managing urological cancer.Materials and Methods: We comprehensively reviewed the literature from 1982 to 2001, including peer reviewed publications and recent abstracts from national meetings, relevant to cell adhesion molecules in urological cancer.Results: A growing body of evidence suggests that alterations in the adhesion properties of neoplastic cells have a pivotal role in the development and progression of cancer. Loss of intercellular adhesion and desquamation of cells from the underlying lamina propria allows malignant cells to escape from their site of origin, degrade the extracellular matrix, acquire a more motile and invasion phenotype, and invade and metastasize. In addition to participating in tumor invasiveness and metastasis, adhesion molecules regulate or significantly contribute to various functions, including signal transduction, c...
The process of wound healing in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas☆☆☆★

Abstract A study was made of the wound repair process of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas . It was observed that the healing process is carried on in its entirety by the leukocytes of the injured organism. These cells delineate the wound, enclose and fill the lesion and ultimately, after scar formation, remove the damaged tissues and transform into new cells indistinguishable from normal cells of the oyster. The wound-healing process of the oyster is compared with the same process in other invertebrate groups.
An in vitro study of normal and mutant myogenesis in the mouse.

Precursor muscle cells from embryonic mice homozygous for the mutation muscular dysgenesis (mdgmdg) differentiate into cross-striated myotubes in monodispersed cell culture. Pattern and rate of myogenesis in mdgmdg cell cultures are the same as in the controls; moreover, the extent of differentiation of mutant cells in quantitative terms is greater than that of control cells. Although mdgmdg muscle cultures are characterized on the whole by the more frequent occurrence of vacuolation and other cellular abnormalities, selected histochemical tests revealed no differences between normal and mutant cells. However, in contrast to control muscle cells, the expression of muscle function, i.e., contractility, in homozygous mdg muscle is virtually absent and, when present, often qualitatively abnormal. Physiological studies of the cultured cells include those utilizing caffeine, ATP, and K+, and an interpretation of the possible cellular basis of the effect of the mdg mutation is presented.
Barrier heights and passivation of grain boundaries in polycrystalline silicon

A simple frequently presented model for the electronic structure of a grain boundary in an n-type semiconductor is shown in Fig. 1. We have recently completed an extensive series of transport measurements on single grain boundaries in neutron-transmutat ion-doped polysilicon with the intent of investigating the applicability of this model. If thermal emission of electrons over the barrier predominates, the zero bias conductance Go across such a barrier will be proport ional to exp (---¢B/kT) and the observed activation energy Eac t of this quant i ty will be @S -TaC~B/a T. Seager and Castner [1] have observed such an Arrhenius behavior for Go above 270 K for large mismatch angle barriers in silicon; a plot of their activation energies versus dopant density is shown in Fig. 2. If CB is linear in temperature (as simple theory would suggest), Eac t is approximately CB(T = 0) and hence the vertical scale of Fig. 2 can be interpreted as the low temperature barrier height. The general Nd dependence of these data is in accord with expectations. As the donor density decreases an increasingly smaller amount of excess negative charge is transferred to the boundary (for a fixed value of @B). This leaves the Fermi energy in the barrier near its value in the neutral condition (EFB in Fig. 1). Thus the barrier height in this "saturated regime" should be constant and equal to EFG -EFB ; if EFB is temperature independent, this implies a constant value of Eact (as observed) equal to Ec -EFB.
Lossless intensity modulation in integrated photonics

We present a dynamical analysis of lossless intensity modulation in two different ring resonator geometries. In both geometries, we demonstrate modulation schemes that result in a symmetrical output with an infinite on/off ratio. The systems behave as lossless intensity modulators where the time-averaged output optical power is equal to the time-averaged input optical power.
A market reaction to DOD contract delay — Does the market reward poor performance?

Abstract Civilian development projects occur faster than projects for the Department of Defense (DoD). Faster development either means quicker delivery (i.e. sales), or for DoD, it means a more capable warfighter. On average, DoD Acquisition Category One (ACAT I) development projects now take 15 years, an increase of 20%. These same companies producing civilian products faster fail to do so with their DoD contracts. This paper examines the relationship between DoD delay and its impact on shareholder wealth. The results show positive, significant wealth for shareholders at the announcement of a DoD delay, suggesting an insensitivity toward such production delays.
Teaching students about information: Information literacy and cognitive authority

Abstract Scholarship has not undergone a paradigm shift in terms of argument and research with the introduction of the Web-based information world. Searching, on the other hand, has undergone a significant shift. In teaching students to find, use, and evaluate information, librarians and instructors need a useful model of the information world that enables them to teach students about information. A practical example of how this may be accomplished is presented. 1
Erratum to: Impact of Preoperative MRSA Screening and Decolonization on Hospital-acquired MRSA Burden

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2848-3.
Relationship quality moderates the effect of social support given by close friends on cardiovascular reactivity in women.

We examined the role of the type of support provided, gender of support provider, and relationship quality in predicting how social support might influence cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress in women. A group of 88 women received either emotional, instrumental, or no support from a close female or male friend while performing a series of speech tasks. Results suggest that the effectiveness of social support for women depended primarily on the quality of the friendship (i.e., purely positive, or ambivalent). More specifically, women who interacted with a female, ambivalent friend had the largest changes in diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and pre-ejection period compared to the other conditions. Furthermore, receiving emotional support from a purely positive friend was related to lower increases in cardiac output (CO) compared to a no-support condition. In contrast, receiving emotional support from an ambivalent friend was related to larger increases in CO and only small changes in TPR when compared to individuals in the no-support condition. These data are discussed in light of the psychosocial processes underlying social support effects in women, and the importance of a more comprehensive view of how close relationships influence cardiovascular function.
Spatial distribution of potentials evoked by half-field pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimuli

Abstract Spatial distributions of visual potentials (VEPs) evoked by half-field checkerboard pattern-reversal and pattern-onset stimuli were studied in 13 subjects, using an 11 lead unipolar array. The main aim was to confirm findings, obtained by previous workers with bipolar recordings, that half-field pattern-reversal VEPs are confined to the contralateral hemisphere and that half-field pattern-onset VEPs are asymmetrical, with greater right hemisphere involvement. Pattern-reversal VEPs contained four consistent peaks, designated here by polarity and peak latency as: (a) P95, positivity contralateral and negativity ipsilateral to the field stimulated; (b) P125, predominantly ipsilateral positivity; (c) N165, predominantly ipsilateral negativity; (d) P225, predominantly midline positivity. Pattern-onset VEPs contained three consistent peaks: (a) P125, mainly contralateral positivity; (b) N175, mainly contralateral negativity; (c) P225, midline positivity. Distributions of pattern-reversal and pattern-onset peaks resembled one another only for P225, suggesting different cortical representation for the other events of the two kinds of VEP. Bipolar pattern-reversal VEPs were largely contralateral, but unipolar recordings showed that this was due to steeper contralateral potential gradients, as ipsilateral activity was widespread. Pattern-onset peaks did not differ in amplitude with respect to the half-field stimulated. Previously reported asymmetries were not confirmed. The P125 and N175 pattern-onset peaks were almost entirely restricted to the contralateral hemisphere, but the distributions by half-field were mirror-images of one another. Half-field pattern-onset stimuli could be used to investigate the responseiveness of each hemisphere, although differential hemispheric involvement was not shown. Several differences in amplitude and distribution resulted from varying the width of the vertical central dark strip.
The variation of the marine 87Sr86Sr ratio during Phanerozonic time: interpretation using a flux model

The 87Sr86Sr ratio in sea water has varied over geologic time due to the addition of strontium to the sea from rocks with a variety of 87Sr86Sr ratios. The measurements by Petermanet al. (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta34, 105–120, 1970) of the value of the marine 87Sr86Sr ratio have been confirmed by several other workers and by some new measurements on JOIDES samples. They form the basis of a model calculation of the relative proportions of ‘basaltic’ (87Sr86Sr = 0.704) and ‘granitic’ (87Sr86Sr = 0.718) strontium being supplied to the sea. For the last 200 million years, the proportions of these two sources appear to reflect the history of global tectonics; ‘basaltic’ during rifting and increasingly ‘granitic’ during the present episodes of uplift and continental collision
Potential Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions Involving the Unique-5′ Region of the HIV-1 5′-UTR†

The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genome regulates multiple RNA-dependent functions during viral replication and has been proposed to adopt multiple secondary structures. Recent phylogenetic studies identified base pair complementarity between residues of the unique 5' element and those near the gag start codon (gag(AUG)) that is conserved among evolutionarily distant retroviruses, suggesting a potential long-range RNA-RNA interaction. However, nucleotide accessibility studies led to conflicting conclusions about the presence of such interactions in virions and in infected cells. Here, we show that an 11-nucleotide oligo-RNA spanning residues 105-115 of the 5'-UTR (U5) readily binds to oligoribonucleotides containing the gag start codon (AUG), disrupting a pre-existing stem loop and forming a heteroduplex stabilized by 11 Watson-Crick base pairs (K(d) = 0.47 +/- 0.16 microM). Addition of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC), the trans-acting viral factor required for genome packaging, disrupts the heteroduplex by binding tightly to U5 (K(d) = 122 +/- 10 nM). The structure of the NC:U5 complex, determined by NMR, exhibits features similar to those observed in NC complexes with HIV-1 stem loop RNAs, including the insertion of guanosine nucleobases to hydrophobic clefts on the surface of the zinc fingers and a 3'-to-5' orientation of the RNA relative to protein. Our findings indicate that the previously proposed long-range U5-gag(AUG) interaction is feasible and suggest a potential NC-dependent mechanism for modulating the structure of the 5'-UTR.
Computer-Simulated Images For The Perceptual Evaluation Of Physical Parameters In Radiographic Image Formation

Computer simulation of blood vessel images is described to study the effects of technical factors on observers' performance in detecting small details in angiographic images. The blood vessel images generated by a computer are embedded in radiographic noise of a given screen-film combination which was digitized at high resolution. The final images, which appear on film, are organized to permit the estimation of Receiver Operating Characteristic curves for detecting vessels and their correct location.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parrot behavior at a Rio Manu (Peru) clay lick: Temporal patterns, associations, and antipredator responses

Although eating clay at “licks” (a form of geophagy) has been described, there are few behavioral data on temporal patterns, social interactions, species associations, or reactions to potential predators. We examined the behavior of nine species of macaws, parrots, and parakeets at the Machiguenga Ccolpa, a clay lick on the Rio Manu, Peru in the dry season. Three distinct mixed-species groups used the licks: in the early morning (parrots and small macaws), in mid-morning (large macaws), and in the early afternoon (parakeets), although the latter two groups used the licks at other times of day as well. The first parrots to begin eating at the lick in the early morning were yellow-crowned parrots (Amazona ochrocephala) and dusky-headed parakeets (Aratinga weddellii), followed by blue-headed parrots Pionus sordidus, and then by mealy (Amazona farinosa) and orange-cheeked (Pionopsitta barrabandi) parrots, and chestnut-fronted macaws (Ara severa). Although blue-headed parrots fed in dense groups of over 50, the others rarely exceeded 20 individuals. Scarlet macaws (A. macao) sometimes fed alone or joined the early morning groups, but most associated with a large group of red and green macaws (A. chloroptera) that arrived, often scaring off the smaller birds. On average, about 100 macaws and parrots fed in the early morning, macaw feeding groups averaging just over 40, and the parakeets averaged over 70. Average time at the lick ranged from 28 min for yellow-crowned parrots to 47 min for tui parakeets. Of the early morning group, blue-headed and mealy parrots were the most aggressive and orange-cheeked parrots were the least aggressive. Red and green macaws were more aggressive than scarlet macaws; the parakeets were equally aggressive. All species had more aggressive interactions with conspecifics than with other species. Responses to intruders and predators varied by species of parrot/macaw and type of intruder. In response to intruders or loud calls, responses could be partial (some individuals flew away, circled, and returned), temporary (all individuals flew away but returned within a few minutes), or total (all flew away and abandoned feeding for at least a half hour). The large macaws showed the lowest rate of total abandonment and the parakeets showed the highest. People passing up or down river in boats scared birds from the lick. The local residents (Machiguenga tribespeople in boats) elicited a much greater response than did the researchers. In the recent past, macaws and parrots were hunted for food, feathers, and the pet trade, and the birds’ response, as well as the presence of parrot and macaw feathers in local villages we visited, suggests some continued exploitation, or a long-term memory in the birds.
Direct observation of the superconducting energy gap developing in the conductivity spectra of niobium

The electrodynamic response of Nb in the frequency range above and below the energy gap 2\ensuremath{\Delta} is studied in the normal and in the superconducting state. A coherent source interferometer is utilized in the spectral range between 5 and $30{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ to investigate the amplitude and the phase of the transmission through niobium films that allows the direct determination of both components of the complex conductivity. The optical conductivity up to $300{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ is evaluated using infrared reflection measurements. Below the 8.31-K superconducting transition temperature of the 150-\AA{}-thick film, the superconducting energy gap is observed to increase as the temperature decreases. The overall frequency dependence of the conductivity can be described using the BCS formalism and assuming finite scattering effects; however, at low temperatures we find deviations from the predicted behavior in the spectral range below the energy gap. Estimations of the gap at zero temperature $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)=24{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ or ${4.1k}_{B}{T}_{c}$ deviate from the weak-coupling BCS limit.
Does cost containment create conflict in the care of the elderly patient

Ethical aspects of care of geriatric patients with orthopaedic disorders include patient autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Advance directives and surrogate decision-makers are required if the patient has lost decisional capacity. Investor-owned health plans have captured the major share of the United States medical market, but have been shown to deliver lower quality of care than competing methods. A deeply imbedded fear of a government-run health plan with good intentions expressed as bad policy exists. Ageism is one example of how ethical principles may be trampled. The orthopaedic surgeon has a responsibility to maintain and fight for these ethical standards.
Analysis of high-frequency signal-averaged ECG measurements

Abstract Analysis of high frequency (150–250 Hz) in the signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) is one of the emerging methods for detecting vessel patency in acute myocardial infarction following thrombolytic therapy and angioplasty. Root-mean-square voltage (RMSV) of the filtered QRS has been used in earlier studies to detect reperfusion; however, previous analysis indicated that RMSV is sensitive to residual noise in the SAECG and errors in QRS delineation (onset/offset). A new measurement is proposed, high-frequency energy (HFQE), and the robustness of the RMSV and HFQE was evaluated for simulated errors in QRS delineation. In this study, two measures (RMSV and HFQE) were tested on 24 control subjects and 21 patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy. Results indicate that unfiltered QRS duration is more stable than filtered QRS duration for the control subjects and patients and that HFQE had less fluctuation than RMSV in thrombolytic therapy patients. In the control group, HFQE was sensitive to the amplitude variation of the filtered SAECG. Therefore, another new measurement is proposed high-frequency integral of absolute value (HFAV), for reducing the sensitivity to amplitude changes in the filtered SAECG. This new feature was tested on control subjects and was found to be more stable than HFQE. In the thrombolytic therapy group, HFAV provided similar information as HFQE. These three measurements—RMSV, HFQE, and HFAV—provide a comprehensive analysis of the high-frequency SAECG for detecting vessel patency and reocclusion. Relative merits of these measures need to be evaluated on a larger database of patients undergoing thrombolysis and angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.
Eosinophils in innate immunity: an evolving story

Eosinophils are innate immune leukocytes found in relatively low numbers within the blood. Terminal effector functions of eosinophils, deriving from their capacity to release their content of tissue-destructive cationic proteins, have historically been considered primary effector mechanisms against specific parasites, and are likewise implicated in tissue damage accompanying allergic responses such as asthma. However, the past decade has seen dramatic advancements in the field of eosinophil immunobiology, revealing eosinophils to also be key participants in many other facets of innate immunity, from bridging innate and adaptive immune responses to orchestrating tissue remodeling events. Here, we review the multifaceted functions of eosinophils in innate immunity that are currently known, and discuss new avenues in this evolving story.
Nitric oxide regulation of calcitonin gene‐related peptide gene expression in rat trigeminal ganglia neurons

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide are involved in the underlying pathophysiology of migraine and other diseases involving neurogenic inflammation. We have tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide might trigger signaling mechanisms within the trigeminal ganglia neurons that would coordinately stimulate CGRP synthesis and release. Treatment of primary trigeminal ganglia cultures with nitric oxide donors caused a greater than four-fold increase in CGRP release compared with unstimulated cultures. Similarly, CGRP promoter activity was also stimulated by nitric oxide donors and overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Cotreatment with the antimigraine drug sumatriptan greatly repressed nitric oxide stimulation of CGRP promoter activity and secretion. Somewhat surprisingly, the mechanisms of nitric oxide stimulation of CGRP secretion did not require cGMP or PI3-kinase signaling pathways, but rather, nitric oxide action required extracellular calcium and likely involves T-type calcium channels. Furthermore, nitric oxide was shown to increase expression of the active forms of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Jun amino-terminal kinase and p38 but not extracellular signal-related kinase in trigeminal neurons. In summary, our results provide new insight into the cellular mechanisms by which nitric oxide induces CGRP synthesis and secretion from trigeminal neurons.
Interferon‐γ induces cell surface expression for both types of tumor necrosis factor receptors

Abstract Interferons are known to potentiate various biological effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recently, two different types of TNF receptors with molecular masses of 60 kDa (p60) and 80 kDa (p80), primarily expressed by epithelial cells and myeloid cells, respectively, have been identified. In the present report, we examined the effect of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on each type of TNF receptor. Our results indicate that IFN-γ induces TNF receptors on both myeloid (e.g. HL-60) and epithelial cells (e.g. HeLa). Furthermore, by using antibodies specific to each type of receptor, we demonstrate that both TNF receptors are equally inducible by IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ. Thus, the increase in TNF receptors by interferons may play a role in their synergistic cellular response.
Filtering of satellite-to-satellite observations☆

Abstract This study addresses criticism of the low-low satellite-to-satellite methodology to obtain the small-scale gravitational structure of a primary gravitating body. Specifically, the aliasing of satellite-to-satellite range-rate observations from errors in the initial conditions of the orbits is studied numerically. It is shown that high-pass filtering effectively eliminates the aliasing of initial condition errors. In the case of the Lunar Polar Orbiter, ephemeris errors of at least 1 km can be tolerated. With two spacecraft in polar orbits, a data storage capability would provide global data coverage. Solution for the small-scale gravitational structure would probably be best achieved by an iterative approach using regional solutions. To this end, a simplified algorithm has been developed that can be used in feasibility studies. The performance of the algorithm is compared with simulated data.
Range-wide comparisons of northern leatherside chub populations reveal historical and contemporary patterns of genetic variation

Patchily distributed species are those taxa whose populations occupy geographically insular habitats and their conservation often depends on an understanding of the relationship among disjunct populations. The objective of our study was to use molecular data and analytical techniques to separate the effects of historical and contemporary processes influencing the distribution of a high-desert minnow, the northern leatherside chub (Lepidomeda copei). Individuals from 23 populations were sequenced for 1,140 base pairs of the cytochrome B gene of the mitochondrial genome and genotyped at seven nuclear microsatellite loci. We estimated gene flow and examined population structure using both microsatellite and mtDNA data. Low sequence divergence and the distribution of shared haplotypes in multiple watersheds suggest historical connectivity between populations over a large geographic area. In contrast, patterns of microsatellite diversity indicate that populations of leatherside chub are isolated from one another with low levels of contemporary gene flow between populations. Our results suggest that populations of leatherside chub were historically more widely inter-connected and have recently been isolated, likely through a combination of natural and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. As populations become increasingly isolated, they are more vulnerable to extirpation as a result of stochastic events. For northern leatherside chub, recent isolation and lack of gene flow among populations may affect their long-term survival in the arid landscapes of the Great Basin and surrounding watersheds because of widespread and increasing habitat alteration and fragmentation.
Anion-exchange equilibria in alkaline media

Abstract The distribution ratios of a large number of species are reported for anion exchange from strongly alkaline solutions. The strongly basic macroreticular anion exchanger, Amberlyst A-29, was used. The elements in the oxidation states studied are classified by their ion-exchange behavior. The degree to which a species is absorbed by the resin depends on whether it exists in an anionic form and whether it is hydrated or forms hydrogen bonds with the water in the aqueous solution. While working with hydroxide solutions presents some practical problems, the sizeable differences in distribution coefficients for several groups of ions may be analytically useful.
Metabolism of T-2 mycotoxin by cultured cells☆

T-2 mycotoxin is a small (i.e. mol. wt 466), non-protein toxin. We studied its metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, African green monkey kidney (VERO) cells, human fibroblasts and mouse connective tissue cells (L-929). Confluent cells were exposed to [3H]-T-2(0.01 μg/ml) for 1 hr at 37°C. The toxin was removed, cells rinsed, and unlabeled culture media added for 4 hr (37° C). Cell monolayers were extracted and media and cell extracts were spotted on thin-layer chromatography plates with known standards. Thin-layer plates were developed and scanned for radioactivity, and metabolites were identified based on co-migration with known standards. CHO and VERO cells metabolized T-2 to a greater per cent and to a wider variety of metabolites than the other two cell types. In CHO, fibroblast and L-929 cells, the major metabolite was HT-2 toxin, while in VERO cells an unknown metabolite, more polar than T-2, was the major metabolite. Cell and media extracts of CHO and VERO cells revealed smaller amounts of T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol and several unknowns. In both cell types, metabolites were detected in labeled media by 1 hr and in increasing amounts in unlabeled media by 4 hr. Under the above conditions, 37–58% of the radioactivity remained as T-2 toxin after 4 hr in both cell types. The data suggest that some cultured cell lines possess enzyme systems capable of limited metabolism of T-2 mycotoxin to a variety of known and some as yet unidentified metabolites.
A useful modification of the attached proton test 13C NMR experiment: Unambiguous peak assignments for carbons with large 1J(CH) values

We have developed an extension of the APT 13C NMR experiment which differentiates tetracoordinate methine carbons and hexacoordinate 2-carboranyl carbons in complex organic molecules bearing o-carboranyl functionalities, as well as discriminating between pairs of carbons such as methylenes and terminal alkynes. The differences in the 1J(CH) of each carbon results in modified intensities in APT experiments using a 7.5 msec and a 10 msec delay. Comparing the spectra from these two experiments definitively assigns the peaks to the appropriate carbon, yielding information often only obtainable from 2D experiments.
Help Seeking for Alcohol Problems in a College Population

Despite the availability of effective treatments for problem drinkers, only a minority seek professional assistance. The authors investigated the influences on help seeking for alcohol-related difficulties in two separate studies. In Study 1, 59 men and 74 women completed questionnaires regarding their alcohol use, related problems, readiness to change, and help-seeking interest. The authors also developed a measure of stigma related to alcohol help seeking. Problem recognition, anxiety symptoms, and stigma predicted a global rating of help-seeking. Students (22 men and 60 women) participated in Study 2, which incorporated a multi-item measure of help-seeking intentions as well as attitude and personality measures. Positive attitudes, less perceived stigma, and greater self-efficacy increased help seeking. The findings highlight the importance of both approach and avoidance factors that affect help-seeking decisions, and the authors suggest directions for further research.
ENERGY SPECTRA OF THE RETROFUGAL ELECTRON FLUX FROM MASSIVE TARGETS

Electrons from linear accelerator directed in collimated beam at normal incidence upon thick targets of various materials, obtaining energy spectra of retrofugal electrons
The relationship between cerebral hemisphere volume and receptive language functioning in dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Because poor comprehension has been associated with small cerebral volume and there is a high comorbidity between developmental dyslexia, ADHD, and specific language impairment, the goal of this study was to determine if cerebral volume is reduced in dyslexia and ADHD in general, as some suggest, or if reduction in volume corresponds with poor receptive language functioning regardless of diagnosis. Participants included 46 children with and without dyslexia and ADHD, ages 8-12 years. Results indicated that cerebral volume was comparable between those with and without dyslexia and ADHD overall. However, when groups were further divided into those with and without receptive language difficulties, children with poor receptive language had smaller volumes bilaterally as hypothesized. Nonetheless, the relationship between cerebral volume and receptive language was not linear; rather, our results suggest small volume is associated with poor receptive language only in those with the smallest volumes in both dyslexia and ADHD.
Evidence of a connotative dimension in short-term memory as a function of retention interval

The possibility of a connotative dimension operating in STM was investigated by the use of an RIP design. Connotative difference between items did not facilitate recall at a retention interval of 12 sec but was found to be significantly effective at a retention interval of 24 sec. The results were discussed in terms of the notion that the manifestation of higher-order codes is time dependent.
Directional laser velocimetry without frequency biasing: part 2.

In an earlier paper, Agrawal and McCullough demonstrated that a single laser beam focused at the point of measurement can be used to obtain both the magnitude and direction of local fluid velocity without the use of beam-splitting optics or frequency biasing devices. Additionally, the photoelectric signal was shown to be a zero-mean sine wave suitable for existing counter-type laser Doppler velocimeter signal processors. The method described in the above paper indicated the use of two offset photodetector arrays; the resulting photocurrents from the two arrays were correlated to give direction. In this paper we describe the implementation of the method using a self-scanning diode array. Detector sensitivity in the array is discussed and microchannel plate detectors are suggested for increased sensitivity.
Water solubility: A critique of the solvatochromic approach

The reasoning and some of the assumptions behind the solvatochromic approach to water solubility are evaluated, particularly in relation to its claims. It is shown that the contribution of the π* term is uncertain, and that it can be dropped from the correlation without substantially affecting the degree of fit. The solvatochromic method is compared with the long-standing relationship between solubility and the octanol-water partition coefficient, and it is demonstrated that the latter offers a far superior route to solubility estimation.
The use of the vascularizedosteoseptocutaneous fibula transplant for extremity tumor reconstruction

Abstract Radical resection of bone and soft tissue tumors necessitates the need for reconstructive techniques that willefficiently reconstruct the extremity. The use of the osteoseptocutaneous fibula transplant is an ideal microsurgical procedure for one stage reconstruction of such defects. The transplant provides vascularized bone and soft tissue that replaces “like with like.” The strategies for vascularized access fixation and indications are discussed in this article.
Intracerebral distribution of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal insomnia

Molecular genetics and protein chemistry have led to major advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of phenotypic variability of prion diseases. A large body of evidence indicates that a common methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 in the prion protein gene (PRNP), alone or in conjunction with PRNP mutations, modulates both disease susceptibility and phenotypic expression of human prion diseases. In addition, there are physicochemical properties of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP(sc)), such as relative molecular mass and glycosylation, that correlate with distinct phenotypes even in subjects carrying the same PRNP genotype. Different PrP(sc) "type"-PRNP genotype combinations are found associated with pathological phenotypes that differ in the relative severity of lesions among distinct brain regions, the presence and morphology of certain lesions such as amyloid plaques, and the pattern of intracerebral and tissue deposition of PrP(sc). This review summarizes the currently available data on the molecular pathology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the most common human prion disease, and fatal insomnia, a more recently defined entity that has rapidly become one of the best characterized of the human prion diseases.
Optical and electronic properties of nitrogen-implanted diamond-like carbon films

Optical and electrical measurements on nitrogen ion-implanted diamond-like carbon films are presented. Raman scattering measurements, which probe the crystallinity of the film surface, indicate that nitrogen implantation reduces the finite crystallographic order in the pristine carbon films. The absence of molecular vibrations in the infrared absorption spectra of the films argues against a polymeric structure of the ion-implanted films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry experiments determine the change in the optical constants of the carbon film due to nitrogen implantation. Electrical de conductivity measurements are interpreted within the framework of a schematic density of states picture of graphitic τ-electrons in an amorphous carbon system. Taken collectively, the optical and electrical measurements suggest that nitrogen implantation increases the density of localized states within the 1.5 eV bandgap of the quasi-amorphous carbon film, thereby reducing the bandgap and increasing the conductivity of the nitrogen-implanted films.
Oxygen detection via nanoscale optical indicators

Oxygen plays a ubiquitous role in terrestrial biological processes such as respiration and chemical process, i.e. oxidation-reduction reactions. We have developed an optical technique for monitoring oxygen in both gas and liquid phases utilizing nanoscale metal-halide clusters immobilized in a porous matrix. The sensor monitors the luminescence intensity or lifetime from inorganic hexanuclear molybdenum chloride clusters (Mo 6 Cl 12 ) which is efficiently quenched by ground state 3O 2 . Control of the material properties of the matrix at the nanometer scale is requires for fast quantitative output from our reflection mode fiber based sensor. For aqueous applications we can monitor dissolved oxygen in the 0.2–17 mg/L range at temperatures of 10–25 °C. The sensor output was validated using a commercial electro-chemical sensor and the Stern-Volmer fit is linear over the entire measurement range. In the gas phase our device can monitor oxygen with a response time, t 95 , of 30s in the 0.1 – 21 % range.