cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic stability and mutant selection in Sabin 2 strain of oral poliovirus vaccine grown under different cell culture conditions.

Abstract Mutations that consistently accumulated in the attenuated Sabin 2 strain of poliovirus during propagation in cell cultures were identified by sequence heterogeneity assay and quantified by mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage (MAPREC). Eight additional sites previously identified in stool isolates were also examined by MAPREC in the virus passages. The pattern of selectable mutations and the rate of their accumulation depended on the type and confluence of the cell culture and the temperature of virus growth. Five unstable genomic sites were identified in Sabin 2 virus passaged 10 times at 34° in African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells, with the mutations accumulating in the range 1 to 24%. Accumulation of these mutations did not appear to result in a loss of attenuated phenotype since the virus passaged under these conditions passed the monkey neurovirulence test (MNVT). The content of the 481-G revertant known to be related to neurovirulence in monkeys did not increase. Thus, our results suggest that upon growth of Sabin 2 virus in AGMK cells at 34°, the key determinant(s) of attenuation remained stable, and the mutations that occurred did not affect monkey neurovirulence. In virus passaged to times at 37° in AGMK cells, 4 unstable genomic sites were identified, in some of them accumulating up to 12% of the mutants. This virus sample severely failed the MNVT. Virus passaged in Vero cells at 34 and 37° accumulated mutants at 7 and 14 genomic sites, respectively, including 481-G in both cases, with almost complete substitution of the original nucleotides at some of the sites. We tested 44 commercial monopools of Type 2 OPV and found out that all of them contained 481-G revertants in the range 0.4-1.1%. An increase in the 481-G revertants in passaged viruses to the level of 4% and above correlated with failure of these samples by the MNVT. Since the pattern of selectable mutations differed in viruses grown in the two cell cultures used in this study, specific mutation profiles should be determined for each cell substrate used for vaccine production to assess manufacturing consistency.
The development of cost accounting in France: the engineering contribution

Conventional wisdom argues that cost accounting did not develop until the late 1880s, a period referred to as the costing renaissance. This paper seeks to challenge this view, based on writings on cost accounting undertaken in the 19th century by French writers. In addition, the paper aims to shed light on the importance of the engineers' contribution to the development of cost accounting in the 19th and 20th century in France. The study also highlights how French writers, mainly those graduated from French engineering schools, discussed the issues of overhead allocation, depreciation, transfer prices and the distinction between fixed and variable costs long before these issues were discussed in Anglo-Saxon analysis.
Biosynthesis of prostaglandins by tissues of the human fetus.

Human fetal tissues have been superfused and prostaglandin (PG)E2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α have been measured in the effluents using specific radioimmunoassays. In general, the rates of production of 6-keto-PGF1α by the tissues studied were greater than the rates of production of PGF2α which in turn were greater than the rates of production of PGE2.
The Frizzled Extracellular Domain Is a Ligand for Van Gogh/Stbm during Nonautonomous Planar Cell Polarity Signaling

Summary The Frizzled (Fz) receptor is required cell autonomously in Wnt/β-catenin and planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. In addition to these requirements, Fz acts nonautonomously during PCP establishment: wild-type cells surrounding fz − patches reorient toward the fz − cells. The molecular mechanism(s) of nonautonomous Fz signaling are unknown. Our in vivo studies identify the extracellular domain (ECD) of Fz, in particular its CRD (cysteine rich domain), as critical for nonautonomous Fz-PCP activity. Importantly, we demonstrate biochemical and physical interactions between the FzECD and the transmembrane protein Van Gogh/Strabismus (Vang/Stbm). We show that this function precedes cell-autonomous interactions and visible asymmetric PCP factor localization. Our data suggest that Vang/Stbm can act as a FzECD receptor, allowing cells to sense Fz activity/levels of their neighbors. Thus, direct Fz-Vang/Stbm interactions represent an intriguing mechanism that may account for the global orientation of cells within the plane of their epithelial field.
Alternative Splicing of Amelogenin mRNA from Rat Incisor Ameloblasts

Amelogenin proteins are a major component of the developing enamel matrix, and are likely to have a key role in the control of enamel biomineralization. The heterogeneity of amelogenin is in part due to alternative splicing of the amelogenin RNA transcripts. Several patterns of alternative splicing have been described in mouse, bovine, porcine, and human enamel, with all alternatively spliced products having homologous 5' and 3' sequences within the coding regions. In these studies, we have used anchored PCR to identify alternatively spliced amelogenin cDNA sequences in the rat. We found amelogenin cDNAs that could be divided into two groups based on their 3' sequence. Group 1 cDNAs had a novel terminal sequence that has not been previously identified, while group 2 cDNAs were similar to those previously identified in other animal species. We identified a sequence, identical to the novel 3' amelogenin cDNA sequence, in rat genomic DNA downstream from the previously identified exon 7. The putative amelogenin proteins predicted for the two groups differed in their predicted isoelectric points, with the novel group 1 proteins having a more basic isoelectric point.
The human Na+ glucose cotransporter is a molecular water pump.

The human small intestine absorbs approximately 9 L of water per day, thus establishing this organ as an important contributor to whole-body water homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which water transport occurs in the small intestine has been an issue of debate for nearly 40 years. To examine the involvement of the human sodium-glucose transporter (hSGLT1) in water transport across the brush border membrane, hSGLT1 was expressed in Xenopus larvis.1 These test oocytes were shown to express > 1011 copies of hSGLT1 per cell, and transport activity was quantified with high precision by measuring the inward sodium current stimulated by the addition of α-methyl-glucose, a glucose analog that is transported by hSGLT1 but is not metabolized within the enterocyte. Sensitive optical techniques allowed for simultaneous measurement of oocyte volume during hSGLT1 transport. The addition of α-methyl-glucose to the media bathing test oocytes results in an immediate increase in hSGLT 1 transport and an abrupt swellin...
Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for the identification of drought tolerance in upland cotton

Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) is one tool used by researchers to quantify plant water status during periods of limited water availability. The research reported herein was designed to evaluate a CF-based protocol as a tool for use in cotton, Gossypium spp. breeding programs for the identification of drought tolerant genotypes. Twenty genotypes were selected to represent diverse and distinct US germplasm pools. Replicated tests were performed in Lubbock and College Station, TX in 2006 and 2007. Dryland and irrigated treatments, as main plots, were applied in a randomized complete block design, split to genotypes. CF measurements were taken at mid-bloom and late bloom growth stages. Source leaf tissue was harvested at predawn and subjected to high temperature incubation with CF measurements subsequently taken hourly for 5 h. Drought stressed plants had not mobilized their carbohydrate reserves from their source leaves overnight and thus maintained cell viability and therefore higher CF values throughout the incubation and measurement period with the opposite being true for non-stressed plants. Fiber lint yield and fiber properties were measured for comparison with the CF data. Genotype × treatment effects complicated the classification of genotypic response to drought. Few and inconsistent correlations were found among CF values and lint yield or fiber properties. Data suggested that this procedure provides little potential in selecting plants for drought tolerance when plants are grown under field culture.
Analysis of the Noise Voltage Coupling (Crosstalk) Between Right-Handed and Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) Transmission Lines on Printed Circuit Boards

One aspect of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of RF circuitry is the accurate modeling of the coupling between printed transmission lines. Correct modeling of this coupling is essential because unwanted noise voltages can be substantial and create adverse effects on sensitive components. Recently, the development of composite right-/left-handed transmission lines (CRLHTLs) has received considerable attention due to the unique propagation characteristics. Because of this increase in applications, CRLHTLs are being implemented in RF systems with other printed circuitry, such as microstrip transmission lines, in very close proximity. In many of these instances, the coupling may not be intentional. To study this interaction between CRLHTLs and other printed circuitry from an EMC point of view, this paper presents derived analytical expressions for computing the nearand far-end voltage coupling between right-handed (printed microstrip transmission lines) and CRLHTLs. More specifically, these expressions are used to determine the nearand far-end voltages weakly coupled to the CRLHTL when the conventional microstrip right-handed transmission line is driven with a source and terminated with a load. These expressions are then used to illustrate how the induced voltages on the CRLHTL can be reduced by the capacitance and inductance values that support left-handed propagation. This can be a useful alternative to conventional shielding. Furthermore, design guidelines and tradeoffs are presented on the layout of CRLHTL near other printed transmission lines. The expressions derived in this paper are validated with simulations and measurements.
Quantitative Aspects of the Re-utilization of Protein-bound Amino-acids in vivo

THE extent of the re-utilization of protein-bound amino-acids in the formation of new protein has been a subject of interest for many years1–3. The main difficulty with some of the work reported in the literature has been that the half-life of the protein into which the re-utilized amino-acid residue was traced was short. Thus, when one injects a labelled soluble protein and determines the uptake of the label into liver or serum proteins (the half-lives of which are a few days in extent) one deals with a situation in which the uptake, transfer and loss of label is rapid and, furthermore, where the ‘recipient’ protein continually recirculates some of the amino-acid to itself. In these circumstances one is unable to assess reliably the significance or extent of the re-utilization.
Incorporation of Chance Into Career Development Theory and Research

In a climate in which career transitions are increasingly common, chance events may have a greater influence on career development. This article is a review of how well the current theory and research can account for the interaction between chance events and career development. Chance events are characterized as being unpredictable and unplanned to the person who experiences them. However, existing research and theory have largely failed to consider these unique qualities of chance events. Theories based on learning principles such as happenstance learning theory (Krumboltz, 1996, 2009), social cognitive career theory, and cognitive information processing theory of career development provide a framework for understanding the processes that occur when people are affected by or respond to events that are predictable or unplanned. This review considers this potential and concludes with suggestions for possible avenues for future research.
Spiral Cracks in Glass Tubing

DR. J. J. HOPFIELD'S description of spiral cracks in glass capillary tubing1 reminds us that similar cracks were observed some ten years ago with thinwalled tubing, during the development of flashed sodium-resistant glasses. The tubing in question was a conventional soda-glass, about 5 mm. in external diameter and rather less than 1 mm. in wall thickness, flashed internally with a thin layer of rather weak sodium-resistant glass. Specimens of such tubing in which the expansions of the two glasses were not sufficiently closely matched developed, soon after drawing, spiral cracks. The pitch of the crack increased towards the end of the stick of tubing, as in the specimen described by Dr. Hopfield, and tended to become infinite. In addition, the slope of the spiral varied throughout each turn in a regular manner. Cracks of the type described were only found in tubing having very high strain between the flashing and the base glass, the circumferential tension in the flashing glass corresponding to a stress of about 200 kgm. per sq. cm., a figure of the same order as the average breaking stress of the glass.
Oscillatory shear flow of polymeric systems

On the basis of the Leonov viscoelastic constitutive equation, oscillatory shear flow of elastic fluids in the linear and nonlinear regimes has been considered. The Fourier components and associated phase angles of the shear and normal components of the elastic strain tensor have been found as functions of frequency and deformation amplitude in the range usually employed in experiment, and are presented in a form convenient for further rheological applications. In the linear case, the results correspond to many known theories. In the nonlinear case, the theoretical results have been compared with experiments, on different polymeric systems, with very good agreement being obtained for the shear stress in polymeric solutions but only qualitative agreement for the shear stress and first normal-stress difference in polymer melts.
"Putting things in context": literal and discourse approaches to comprehension assessment.

Research on receptive language development in typical children, especially as explicated in a classic paper by Robin Chapman, is reviewed. These findings raise three challenges for clinicians assessing comprehension in children with language disorders: (1) contrary to popular wisdom, comprehension does not always precede production in a simple step-by-step way; (2) comprehension is a private event; indicators of comprehension must be used to assess it, and these indicators can be misleading; and (3) children with subtle comprehension deficits may do well on standardized tests that are not sensitive to their difficulties with real-time discourse. Some strategies for addressing these challenges, as well as a framework for assessing comprehension, are offered.
Measured free-electron laser microbunching using coherent transition radiation

Abstract The microbunch distribution of an electron beam exiting a SASE free-electron laser has been measured using the emitted coherent transition radiation (CTR) produced from a thin aluminum foil placed at the end of the undulator. The wavelength of the coherent transition radiation is shown to be the same as the FEL wavelength, and thus a measure of the beam microbunch spacing. Also, the study of the CTR linewidth and angular acceptance of the radiation captured are shown to be derived from this coherent radiative process. Scattering effects on the forward emitted transition radiation from the electron beam traversing an aluminum foil are also considered.
PS2-38: Sensitivity to Different Criteria for Identifying Diseased Patients in the Electronic Health Record

Background/Aims One of the primary challenges to observational research based on electronic health record (EHR) data is judging whether or not a patient had a given disease as of a specific date. The problem list, encounter record, and prescription medication orders are all sources of coded diagnoses, but their use varies across providers and diseases. The objective of this study was to test the sensitivity of using different diagnosis criteria for classifying patients with specific diseases in the EHR.
Real time cross-layer adaptation for minimum energy wireless image transport using bit error rate control

In wireless multimedia systems, significant power is consumed in processing image/video content This research looks specifically at the energy cost of wireless image/video transport focusing on image quality as an end metric. The quality of received image/video content depends on the effective bit error rate of the communication channel and the amount by which the image/video data is compressed prior to transmission. For a specified value of received signal quality (as determined by PSNR), the combination of the two that results in minimal RF energy consumption is first determined via an optimization procedure. Then across varying channel conditions, the baseband signal is companded and power is saved by re-biasing the RF power amplifier (PA), while maintaining the "optimal" transmission bit error rate value determined in the first step. Closed loop feedback control is used to guarantee that the received image/video quality remains within the limits set by the user. For a range of PSNR values, the average Energy/image in PA reduces by 50%, where the reference is a static system without channel quality and image quality adaptation.
Differential Role for Trehalose Metabolism in Salt-Stressed Maize

Little is known about how salt impacts primary metabolic pathways of C4 plants, particularly related to kernel development and seed set. Osmotic stress was applied to maize (Zea mays) B73 by irrigation with increasing concentrations of NaCl from the initiation of floral organs until 3 d after pollination. At silking, photosynthesis was reduced to only 2% of control plants. Salt treatment was found to reduce spikelet growth, silk growth, and kernel set. Osmotic stress resulted in higher concentrations of sucrose (Suc) and hexose sugars in leaf, cob, and kernels at silking, pollination, and 3 d after pollination. Citric acid cycle intermediates were lower in salt-treated tissues, indicating that these sugars were unavailable for use in respiration. The sugar-signaling metabolite trehalose-6-phosphate was elevated in leaf, cob, and kernels at silking as a consequence of salt treatment but decreased thereafter even as Suc levels continued to rise. Interestingly, the transcripts of trehalose pathway genes were most affected by salt treatment in leaf tissue. On the other hand, transcripts of the SUCROSE NONFERMENTING-RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1) marker genes were most affected in reproductive tissue. Overall, both source and sink strength are reduced by salt, and the data indicate that trehalose-6-phosphate and SnRK1 may have different roles in source and sink tissues. Kernel abortion resulting from osmotic stress is not from a lack of carbohydrate reserves but from the inability to utilize these energy reserves.
Orientalism Revisited in Asylum and Refugee Claims

This article examines the stereotyping of Islam both by advocates and academics in refugee rights advocacy. The article looks at a particular aspect of this stereotyping, which can be seen as `neo-Orientalism` occurring in the asylum and refugee context, particularly affecting women, and the damage that it does to refugee rights both in and outside the Arab and Muslim world. The article points out the dangers of neo-orientalism in framing refugee law issues, and asks for a more thoughtful and analytical approach by Western refugee advocates and academics on the panoply of Muslim attitudes and Islamic thought affecting applicants for asylum and refugee status in the West.
Deacylation of Dipalmitoyllecithin by Phospholipases A in Alveolar Macrophages

Optimal conditions in vitro were established for the assay of phospholipases A of Bacillus Calmette Guerin-induced alveolar macrophages that deacylated dipalmitoyllecithin in the alkaline pH range. Sodium deoxycholate and Ca++ were found to stimulate both phospholipases A1 and A2, whereas sodium dodecylsulfate strongly inhibited both enzyme activities. Other detergents like Triton X-100, Triton WR-1339, and Tween-20 activated phospholipase A1, whereas they had no effect on or slightly inhibited the phospholipase A2 enzyme. These phospholipases preferentially removed palmitic acid regardless of the position of palmitic acid on the phospholipid molecule and were more active on phosphatidylcholines than phosphatidylethanolamines. This suggests a role for macrophage phospholipases A in the clearance of saturated lecithins in the pulmonary surfactant complex.
Idiopathic hypercalciuria: its control with unprocessed bran.

Approximately 50–60% of patients with urolithiasis have a high urinary calcium excretionl. In the majority of these patients this is secondary to an increased intestinal absorption of calcium (absorptive hypercalciuria). If a consistent reduction in urinary calcium excretion can be achieved then the incidence of recurrent stone formation is reduced2. Current methods of treatment of idiopathic hypercalciuria consist of dietary restriction of calcium, a high fluid intake, sodium cellulose phosphate and thiazide diuretics. Dietary methods are difficult to adhere to as low calcium diets are unpalatable. Cellulose phosphate is a very effective means of reducing urinary calcium excretion but may be associated with side-effects such as diarrhea1.
Throttling On-Disk Schedulers to Meet Soft-Real-Time Requirements

Many contemporary disk drives have built-in queues and schedulers. These features can improve I/O performance, by offloading work from the system's main processor, avoiding disk idle time, and taking advantage of vendor-specific disk characteristics. At the same time, they pose challenges for scheduling requests that have real-time requirements, since the operating system has less visibility and control over service times. While it may be possible for an operating system to obtain more predictable real-time performance by bypassing the on-disk queue and scheduler, the diversity and continuing evolution of disk drives make it difficult to extract the necessary detailed timing characteristics of a specific disk, and to generalize that approach to all hard drives. This paper demonstrates three techniques we developed in the Linux operating system to bound real-time request response times for disks with internal queues and schedulers. The first technique is to use the disk's built-in starvation prevention scheme. The second is to prevent requests from being sent to the disk when real-time requests are waiting to be served. The third is to limit the length of the on-disk queue in addition to the second technique. Our results show the ability to guarantee a wide range of desired response times while still allowing the disk to perform scheduling optimizations. These techniques can be generalized to disks from different vendors.
Comparison of linear and circular cell dual channel emitter switched thyristors

The total on-state voltage drop in a Dual Channel Emitter Switched Thyristor (DC-EST) is a function of the MOS channel density and the thyristor area. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the total on-state voltage drop has a minimum value at an optimum floating N+ emitter size. The minimum in the total on-state voltage drop was experimentally verified for both linear and circular cell DC-ESTs in excellent agreement with analytical predictions. The optimum floating emitter size was found to depend on the lifetime and the operating temperature. The minimum value of the total on-state voltage drop for the linear DC-EST was found to be lower than that for the circular design. However, for the optimum floating emitter size, the circular design has a higher maximum controllable current density than the linear design.
PARDOSA MILVINA (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE) SPIDERLING MOVEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF CONSPECIFIC AND HETEROSPECIFIC SILK AND EXCRETA

Abstract Adult females of the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Hentz 1844) are known to show adaptive antipredator responses in the presence of chemical cues (silk and excreta) from the larger co-occurring wolf spider Hogna helluo (Walckenaer 1837). We tested if the presence of H. helluo cues affected P. milvina spiderling dismounts from their mothers. Immediately after females opened their egg sacs, we counted offspring and placed spiderling-carrying females on one of three experimental substrates: 1) container previously occupied for 24 h by an adult conspecific female, 2) container previously occupied for 24 h by a juvenile H. helluo equal in mass to an adult P. milvina, or 3) a control container devoid of either cue. We then measured the proportion of spiderlings that dismounted from their mothers over a six-day period. Spiderling dismounts peaked by day three, after which spiderlings tended to return to their mother. During day one, significantly fewer spiderlings were dismounted from the mother in conta...
Context allocation with application to data compression

Given a sequence of correlated symbols of a finite alphabet, the context or history of a substring (the sequence of symbols preceding the substring) provides information about likely future symbols for applications such as universal data compression or prediction. In this paper, we describe an approach to calculating optimal context and provide an application to a generalization of Lempel-Ziv coding. >
A statistical study on the impact of wireless signals' behavior on location estimation accuracy in 802.11 fingerprinting systems

Much of the recent interest in location estimation systems has focused on 802.11 fingerprinting. Unlike GPS systems, 802.11 based systems can accurately estimate a user's location inside buildings. Moreover, users don't need any special equipment to carry around, as their WiFi enabled cell phone can already act as the receiver in WiFi fingerprinting systems. However, wireless access points in buildings are placed mostly according to another criteria, namely to increase the network coverage inside the building. But optimal coverage may not necessarily result in optimal location discovery. In this paper, we provide analyses on data gathered for a real WiFi location estimation system, and show what makes it perform inaccurately in some parts of a building while it is more accurate in other parts. We have defined two new metrics for quantifying the wireless signal behavior of multiple access points in small neighborhoods in a building. Finally, we identify the properties that differentiate well behaving and poorly behaving neighborhoods.
Movement Patterns of Adult and Juvenile Rana sylvatica (LeConte) and Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) in Three Restored Seasonal Pools in Maine

Abstract Research on amphibian movement patterns can aid in strengthening amphibian conservation strategies. Yet for many species, there remain substantial gaps in our knowledge of such movement patterns. From 1999–2002, we documented movement patterns to and from breeding pools of both adult and juvenile Rana sylvatica LeConte (Wood Frog) and Ambystoma maculatum Shaw (Spotted Salamander) by using drift fence arrays at three restored vernal pools in Maine to lend insight into conservation strategies for these two species. Adults and juveniles of both species exhibited nonrandom movement at breeding pools directed preferentially from and toward closed-canopy forested habitat. Marked male, female, and juvenile R. sylvatica were recaptured at 30 m, 150 m, and 300 m from the pool in the surrounding terrestrial environment. Most terrestrial recaptures occurred within the forested wetland habitat to the north of the pool. Median snout–vent lengths (SVL) of recaptured juvenile R. sylvatica were progressively lar...
p300 stimulates transcription instigated by ligand‐bound thyroid hormone receptor at a step subsequent to chromatin disruption

We investigate the role of the transcriptional coactivator p300 in gene activation by thyroid hormone receptor (TR) on addition of ligand. The ligand-bound TR targets chromatin disruption independently of gene activation. Exogenous p300 facilitates transcription from a disrupted chromatin template, but does not itself disrupt chromatin in the presence or absence of ligand-bound receptor. Nevertheless, the acetyltransferase activity of p300 is required to facilitate transcription from a disrupted chromatin template. Expression of E1A prevents aspects of chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation dependent on TR and p300. E1A selectively inhibits the acetylation of non-histone substrates. E1A does not prevent the assembly of a DNase I-hypersensitive site induced by TR, but does inhibit topological alterations and the loss of canonical nucleosome arrays dependent on the addition of ligand. Mutants of E1A incompetent for interaction with p300 partially inhibit chromatin disruption but still allow nuclear receptors to activate transcription. We conclude that p300 has no essential role in chromatin disruption, but makes use of acetyltransferase activity to stimulate transcription at a subsequent step.
Hydrogen peroxide contributes to motor dysfunction in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) affects colonic motor function, but the mechanism responsible for this motor dysfunction is not well understood. We have shown that neurokinin A (NKA) may be an endogenous n...
Direct Application of A Language Learner Test To MT Evaluation

This paper shows the applicability of language testing techniques to machine translation (MT) evaluation through one of a set of related experiments. One straightforward experiment is to use language testing exams and scoring on MT output with little or no adaptation. This paper describes one such experiment, the first in a set. After an initial test (Vanni & Reeder, 2000), we expanded the experiment to include multiple raters and a more detailed analysis of the surprising results. Namely that unlike with humans, MT systems perform more poorly at both level zero and one than at level two and three. This paper presents these results as an illustration of both the applicability of language testing techniques and also the caution that needs to be applied.
Comparison of anesthesia with a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine infusion or a morphine-lidocaine epidural on time to extubation in dogs.

Abstract Objective To evaluate and compare the time to extubation in two commonly used methods of analgesia in dogs undergoing elective pelvic limb orthopedic procedures. Study design Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study. Animals Twenty-five adult, client-owned, healthy dogs aged 4.4 ± 1.6 years and weighing 38.5 ±3.5 kg. Methods All dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (5-10 μg kg −1 ) intramuscularly (IM) and anesthesia was induced with propofol (2-6 mg kg −1 ) intravenously (IV). Atipamazole (0.05-0.1 mg kg −1 ) was administered IM after instrumentation. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In one group, morphine (0.1 mg kg −1 ) and lidocaine (2% lidocaine added to a total volume of 0.2 mL kg −1 ) were administered epidurally and a saline placebo constant rate infusion (CRI) was administered IV (group EPI). In the other group (group MLK), morphine (4 μg kg −1 minute −1 ), lidocaine (50 μg kg −1 minute −1 ) and ketamine (10 μg kg −1 minute −1 ) were administered as an IV CRI and a saline placebo was administered by epidural injection. Temperature at the discontinuation of isoflurane, temperature at extubation, time to extubation, duration of inhalation anesthesia and duration of surgery were recorded. Results No significant differences between the groups were found in time to extubation, temperature at the end of surgery, temperature at extubation and total surgical time. Total anesthesia time was significantly longer in group EPI. Conclusions and clinical relevance Administration of MLK at the doses reported in this study did not prolong the time to extubation in comparison with a morphine-lidocaine epidural nerve block. The results indicate that concern over prolonging the time to extubation is not a reason to avoid the administration of MLK.
Wingless eliminates ommatidia from the edge of the developing eye through activation of apoptosis.

The Drosophila compound eye is formed by selective recruitment of undifferentiated cells into clusters called ommatidia during late larval and early pupal development. Ommatidia at the edge of the eye, which often lack the full complement of photoreceptors and support cells, undergo apoptosis during mid-pupation. We have found that this cell death is triggered by the secreted glycoprotein Wingless, which activates its own expression in peripheral ommatidia via a positive feedback loop. Wingless signaling elevates the expression of the pro-apoptotic factors head involution defective, grim and reaper , which are required for ommatidial elimination. We estimate that approximately 6-8% of the total photoreceptor pool in each eye is removed by this mechanism. In addition, we show that the retinal apoptosis previously reported in apc1 mutants occurs at the same time as the peripheral ommatidial cell death and also depends on head involution defective, grim and reaper . We consider the implications of these findings for eye development and function in Drosophila and other organisms.
Identification and molecular mapping of Rps11, a novel gene conferring resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean

Rps11 confers excellent resistance to predominant Phytophthora sojae isolates capable of defeating major Rps genes deployed into soybean production, representing a novel source of resistance for soybean cultivar enhancement. Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRSR), caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora sojae, is a devastating disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] throughout the world. Deploying resistant soybean cultivars is the most effective and environmentally friendly approach to managing this disease. The soybean landrace PI 594527 was found to carry excellent resistance to all P. sojae isolates examined, some of which were capable of overcoming the major Rps genesp, such as Rps1-k, Rps1-c, and Rps3-a, predominantly used for soybean protection in the past decades. A mapping population consisting of 58 F2 individuals and 209 F2:3 families derived from a cross between PI 594527 and the susceptible cultivar ‘Williams’ was used to characterize the inheritance pattern of the resistance to P. soja (Rps) in PI 594527. It was found that the resistance was conferred by a single Rps gene, designated Rps11, which was initially defined as an ~5 Mb genomic region at the beginning of chromosome 7 by bulked segregant analysis (BSA) with a nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip comprising 7039 SNP markers. Subsequently, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the defined region were used to genotype the F2:3 mapping population to map Rps11 to a 225.3 kb genomic region flanked by SSR markers BARCSOYSSR_07_0286 and BARCSOYSSR_07_0300, according to the soybean reference genome sequence. Particularly, an SSR marker (i.e., BARCSOYSSR_07_0295) was found to tightly co-segregate with Rps11 in the mapping population and can be effectively used for marker-assisted selection of this gene for development of resistant soybean cultivars.
It Pays to Be Extraverted: Executive Personality and Career Outcomes

Psychology research identifies extraversion as the personality trait most closely associated with leadership. We examine executive extraversion, as measured by speech patterns during conference calls, and find extraverts experience significant career benefits. Specifically, controlling for executive and firm characteristics, including firm fixed effects, we find that extraverted CFOs and CEOs earn 6-11% higher salaries. Extraverted CFOs are more likely to be promoted to CEO, and extraverts become top executives at a younger age. Extraverted CEOs also serve on more outside boards and hold directorships at larger firms. Our findings highlight the role of personality traits in explaining executive career outcomes.
ERp29, a chaperone protein ushering in new insights on ion transport regulation. Focus on “ERp29 regulates epithelial sodium channel functional expression by promoting channel cleavage”

molecular chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) facilitate folding, oligomerization, maturation, and posttranslational modification of nascent polypeptide chains. ER protein 29 (ERp29) is a chaperone protein with high sequence homology to the protein disulfide isomerase family of enzymes,
Clinical Implications of Guanine Nucleotide–Binding Proteins as Receptor–Effector Couplers

IT has long been known that some cellular proteins bind guanine nucleotides such as guanosine tri-phosphate (GTP) with high affinity. These binding proteins are called G proteins and have been link...
A Method for Risky Multi-attribute Decision Making with Multiple Reference Points

A method based on cumulative prospect theory was proposed to solve risky multiattribute decision making problems with multiple reference points. First,in light of cumulative prospect theory,the prospect value and decision weight of each alternative with regard to each person were calculated in different natural states,and the comprehensive cumulative prospect value of each alternative with regard to each person was obtained accordingly. Then,the expected degree of consistency for each person's decision information and overall decision information was calculated,and each person's weight was obtained. On this basis,the overall cumulative prospect value of each alternative was calculated,and the alternative ranking was determined. Finally,a numerical example was given to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method.
Sy18-3alcohol and Cocaine Interacts With Discrete Brain Structures to Promote Reinforcement

The co-abuse of cocaine and alcohol is prevalent. The vast majority of cocaine users simultaneously use alcohol. There appears to be a genetic linkage for addiction to both drugs since a family history of alcoholism increases the likelihood for cocaine addiction. Preclinical research has failed to model the human condition, …
Interobserver reproducibility of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology.

Background: The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology represents a significant improvement in classification of urinary specimens. The system acknowledges the difficulty in cytologically diagnosing low-grade urothelial carcinomas and has developed categories to deal with this issue. The system uses six categories: unsatisfactory, negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC), atypical urothelial cells, suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma, high-grade urothelial carcinoma, other malignancies and a seventh subcategory (low-grade urothelial neoplasm). Methods: Three hundred and fifty-seven urine specimens were independently reviewed by four cytopathologists unaware of the previous diagnoses. Each cytopathologist rendered a diagnosis according to the Paris System categories. Agreement was assessed using absolute agreement and weighted chance-corrected agreement (kappa). Disagreements were classified as low impact and high impact based on the potential impact of a misclassification on clinical management. Results: The average absolute agreement was 65% with an average expected agreement of 44%. The average chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 0.32. Nine hundred and ninety-nine of 1902 comparisons between rater pairs were in agreement, but 12% of comparisons differed by two or more categories for the category NHGUC. Approximately 15% of the disagreements were classified as high clinical impact. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the scheme recommended by the Paris System shows adequate precision for the category NHGUC, but the other categories demonstrated unacceptable interobserver variability. This low level of diagnostic precision may negatively impact the applicability of the Paris System for widespread clinical application.
Chapter Twenty-Nine – Polarography

Publisher Summary This chapter explains polarography as an electrolysis technique in which microelectrolysis is performed at a dropping mercury electrode (DME) in an unstirred solution. The polarograph is composed of a voltage supply a slide wire to vary the potential, an ammeter to measure the current passing through the cell, and the polarographic cell that contains the DME and a reference electrode. The data are obtained as a current-voltage curve that is characteristic of the electroactive species. Both reduction and oxidation can be studied at the DME. In the former, the DME is made the cathode while in the latter, it is the anode. For this reason, reduction processes are referred to as cathodic polarography, cathodic waves, or cathodic processes. The chapter also discusses the application of polarography in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Under favorable circumstances, as little as 10−6 mole/liter of electroactive species can be detected and determined. The measured currents range from 1 to 100 μA.
Submillimeter-wave active radar imager

The authors have developed and demonstrated 3D imaging using a submillimeter-wave FMCW radar with a fast microwave chirp and phase coherent detection. The technique provides an important advantage over more traditional CW RF imaging in that time gating of the return signals allows optimization of the received scene illumination or specific depth reconstruction. This can be used to enhance (or hide) specific objects or greatly reduce background clutter. The system was initially prototyped with available RF components near 600 GHz and a 12.6 GHz chirp producing a 250 MHz/msec sweep yielding a range resolution of 1.2 cm. Lateral resolution on the scene is set by a 20 cm diameter Teflon lens antenna producing approximately 2 cm at 4 m distance. The RF transmit power (generated by a W-band power amplifier and an in-house frequency multiplier chain) is less than 0.5 mW but when coupled with a heterodyne downconverter (in-house developed fundamental balanced Schottky diode mixer, 4000 K DSB noise temperature) yields a measured dynamic range of more than 70 dB. A more compact and higher resolution system is currently under construction and will employ an 18 GHz msec sweep rate microwave chirp for sub-cm range resolution, a 40 cm reflector and a higher power transmitter, dramatically increasing resolution and dynamic range. The talk will cover the system design and some early results we have obtained on test targets at 4 m.
Photophysiological Tolerance of Algal Symbionts of Archaias Angulatus To Temperature Extremes

Larger benthic foraminifers that host algal symbionts are abundant in the meiobenthos of coral-reef environments in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This study investigated photophysiological responses of chlorophyte endosymbionts of Archaias angulatus , both in hospite and in cytoplasm extracted from the host shell, across a range of temperature conditions (4.4–33.9°C) using pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorometry and chlorophyll a measurements. Typical mean yields (F v /F m ) for symbionts in hospite were 0.6–0.7, and for extracted symbionts were 0.5–0.6. The trends in all of the photophysiological parameters measured or calculated (yield [F v /F m ], photoefficiency [α], maximum electron transport rate [ETR max ], and minimum saturating irradiance [E k ]) were similar between in hospite and extracted symbionts. With the exception of E k , the in hospite values were somewhat higher than those for the extracted symbionts. Though chlorophyll a negatively correlated with temperature, individual variability was high. Light curves based on median relative Electron Transport Rate (rETR) and associated photophysiologically-derived parameters were consistent with results from previous studies of the A. angulatus holobiont based on O 2 and CO 2 production or consumption, with ETR max at ∼200 μmol photon m −2 s −1 and photoinhibition >500 μmol photon m −2 s −1 . Photoinhibition occurred at temperatures >31.0°C. We observed survival of the holobiont and minimal reduction in symbiont photoefficiency at 4.4°C, revealing a lower thermal-tolerance range than had been previously reported for A. angulatus .
A Quorum Based Content Delivery Architecture.

In this ever-growing world, the amount of information obtained by the human race is increasing at an exponential rate. However, along with this progress comes the need to develop the infrastructure to make this information accessible. Since a vast number of people are interested in accessing this information from a relatively small number of servers, an efficient algorithm must be developed and implemented to resolve this dilemma. It would be ideal that every user would be able to access only one server to get all the information. However, this is impractical due to storage limitations. It would also be inefficient because the data would have to be replicated and stored throughout multiple servers whenever a change was made to any or all of this information. This also leads the problem of mutual exclusion. If a server was updating the information, no information would be available to any other client on any other server. To make this information readily available, a new quorum-based scheme for managing this replicated data is developed and described in this paper. This quorum-based scheme will divide the servers into groups containing redundant data, and ensuring the clients that they can access information quickly without compromising network quality, also limiting the number of servers which must be read as well as written.
Learning partial-value variable relations for system modeling

An important part of system modeling involves establishing relations of system variables. Data collected from a system reflects relations of system variables and thus allows us to learn variable relations from system data. Existing machine learning and data mining techniques focus on learning variable relations that hold for all values of variables. However, different variable relations may exist for different ranges of variable values, or a variable relation holds only for certain ranges of variable values but not for full ranges of variable values. This paper presents the use of a new algorithm, called Partial-Value Association Discovery (PVAD), to learn partial-value variable relations for energy consumption system modeling and engineering retention.
Reducing histone acetylation rescues cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most prevalent inherited intellectual disability, resulting from a loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Patients with FXS suffer lifelong cognitive disabilities, but the function of FMRP in the adult brain and the mechanism underlying age-related cognitive decline in FXS is not fully understood. Here, we report that a loss of FMRP results in increased protein synthesis of histone acetyltransferase EP300 and ubiquitination-mediated degradation of histone deacetylase HDAC1 in adult hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). Consequently, FMRP-deficient NSCs exhibit elevated histone acetylation and age-related NSC depletion, leading to cognitive impairment in mature adult mice. Reducing histone acetylation rescues both neurogenesis and cognitive deficits in mature adult FMRP-deficient mice. Our work reveals a role for FMRP and histone acetylation in cognition and presents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for treating adult FXS patients.