cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravity Field Variability, the Geoid, and Ocean Dynamics

With the advent of accurate satellite altimetry, physical oceanography and geodesy have come to have many overlapping problems. The most fundamental of these problems concerns the detailed determination of the geoid. This gravitational equipotential of the earth is central to a description of the solid earth, and appears as the principle reference surface for computing oceanic currents. From the oceanographer’s point of view, knowledge of the sea surface elevation relative to the geoid determines the absolute circulation of the ocean. Great progress has occurred in recent years in determining the geoid with much improved accuracy, although much remains to be done for the result to be fully useful for oceanographic purposes. The possibility of measurement of the earth’s time variable gravity field and the very high accuracies and precisions which appear possible, raise a myriad of new and interesting challenges for understanding and using the measurements. This present paper summarizes some of the work we have performed (Condi and Wunsch (2003)) in exploring the idea of measuring bottom pressure changes from space, and how these data might be used, but with particular attention paid to basic concepts in ocean dynamics and errors in model approximations.
How Christian Can Philosophy Be

This essay addresses the question, in what sense can and should philosophy be Christian? After considering some views according to which philosophy should not and cannot be Christian, the ideas of three prominent Christian philosophers on the topic are surveyed, and in the light of this some conclusions are formulated.
Language rights in the constitutions, organic acts, and statutes of the territories of the United States and the Freely Associated States

The constitutions, organic acts, and statutes of the territories of the United States and the Freely Associated States are given an exhaustive screening to identify legal language defining the linguistic obligations of each territory or associated state and the language rights of individuals and groups dwelling within. The author suggests that the territories of the United States and the Freely Associated States are well served by “hands-on” policies declaring provisions that protect the rights of language minority groups, or of all people living in the territory (i.e., Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and American Samoa) and associated states (i.e., the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau). As in many states in the United States, the absence of an explicit language policy in the United States Virgin Islands has not prevented it from practicing implicit language policies that promote the use of English while also allowing minority languages to be used in the territory. Unlike many states in the United States which declare English as the sole official language and/or enact provisions to protect official English, none of the territories and associated states of the United States declares English as the sole official language or establishes provisions that hinder the rights of language minority groups.
Showcasing the Possible: Mass Spectrometry Onsite Workshop Enhances Adoption of the Technology.

Mass spectrometry has gained a tremendous amount of interest in the clinical community in recent years, since it has become an essential platform in the clinical laboratory, providing vital and reliable results to enhance patient care. However, the scientists, technicians, and physicians associated with traditional clinical laboratories are not always familiar with this technique. Hence, implementation of mass spectrometry technology has generated a lot of apprehension. Great effort has been devoted to educating and training clinical laboratory personnel in both the technology and its applications. The AACC, in conjunction with the newly established Mass Spectrometry and Separation Sciences (MSSS)3 Division, has played an essential role in providing the necessary knowledge through the AACC annual conference, webinars, online certificate programs, and the AACC/MSSS conferences. Another mechanism, a mass spectrometry workshop, was introduced this year to further enhance the training and education in this field. The inaugural workshop took place on the last day of the 2016 AACC annual conference at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (Fig. 1). The following month, two additional workshops occurred: one at the University of Chicago Medicine and one at …
A selective linearization method for multiblock convex optimization

We consider the problem of minimizing a sum of several convex nonsmooth functions. We introduce a new algorithm called the selective linearization method, which iteratively linearizes all but one of the functions and employs simple proximal steps. The algorithm is a form of multiple operator splitting in which the order of processing partial functions is not fixed, but rather determined in the course of calculations. Global convergence is proved and estimates of the convergence rate are derived. Specifically, the number of iterations needed to achieve solution accuracy $\varepsilon$ is of order $\mathcal{O}(\ln(1/\varepsilon)/\varepsilon)$.
DNA-barcoding of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Caribbean Region

Correct identification of forensically important insects, such as flies in the family Calliphoridae, is a crucial step for them to be used as evidence in legal investigations. Traditional identification based on morphology has been effective, but has some limitations when it comes to identifying immature stages of certain species. DNA-barcoding, using COI, has demonstrated potential for rapid and accurate identification of Calliphoridae, however, this gene does not reliably distinguish among some recently diverged species, raising questions about its use for delimitation of species of forensic importance. To facilitate DNA based identification of Calliphoridae in the Caribbean we developed a vouchered reference collection from across the region, and a DNA sequence database, and further added the nuclear ITS2 as a second marker to increase accuracy of identification through barcoding. We morphologically identified freshly collected specimens, did phylogenetic analyses and employed several species delimitation methods for a total of 468 individuals representing 19 described species. Our results show that combination of COI + ITS2 genes yields more accurate identification and diagnoses, and better agreement with morphological data, than the mitochondrial barcodes alone. All of our results from independent and concatenated trees and most of the species delimitation methods yield considerably higher diversity estimates than the distance based approach and morphology. Molecular data support at least 24 distinct clades within Calliphoridae in this study, recovering substantial geographic variation for Lucilia eximia, Lucilia retroversa, Lucilia rica and Chloroprocta idioidea, probably indicating several cryptic species. In sum, our study demonstrates the importance of employing a second nuclear marker for barcoding analyses and species delimitation of calliphorids, and the power of molecular data in combination with a complete reference database to enable identification of taxonomically and geographically diverse insects of forensic importance.
What we eat in America food categories and changes between survey cycles

Abstract Detailed analysis of food and beverage consumption of the U.S. population is limited, yet critical for developing food guidance programs and for dietary surveillance. The What We Eat in America (WWEIA) Food Categories, intended for use with data from WWEIA, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS), allow foods and beverages consumed to be summarized by food category. A new version is produced with each 2-year release cycle of WWEIA, NHANES and FNDDS. The objective of this project is to present the WWEIA Food Categories and describe how updates to FNDDS affect the WWEIA Food Categories and potential analysis between survey cycles. The WWEIA Food Categories arrange all foods and beverages reported in WWEIA into 150+ unique categories, each with a 4-digit number and description. Each FNDDS food code is linked to a category. Beginning with 2011–2012 and continuing through 2013–2014, updates to FNDDS focus on increasing the variety of food and beverage codes. A new version of the WWEIA Food Categories plus a summary of changes is available on the Food Surveys Research Group website and can readily be used by other researchers.
How Much Will My Child's Operation Cost? Availability of Consumer Prices From US Hospitals for a Common Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgical Procedure.

Background Price transparency allows patients to make value-based health care decisions and is particularly important for individuals who are uninsured or enrolled in high-deductible health care plans. The availability of consumer prices for children undergoing orthopaedic surgery has not been previously investigated. We aimed to determine the availability of price estimates from hospitals in the United States for an archetypal pediatric orthopaedic surgical procedure (closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a distal radius fracture) and identify variations in price estimates across hospitals. Methods This prospective investigation utilized a scripted telephone call to obtain price estimates from 50 "top-ranked hospitals" for pediatric orthopaedics and 1 "non-top-ranked hospital" from each state and the District of Columbia. Price estimates were requested using a standardized script, in which an investigator posed as the mother of a child with a displaced distal radius fracture that needed closed reduction and pinning. Price estimates (complete or partial) were recorded for each hospital. The number of calls and the duration of time required to obtain the pricing information was also recorded. Variation was assessed, and hospitals were compared on the basis of ranking, teaching status, and region. Results Less than half (44%) of the 101 hospitals provided a complete price estimate. The mean price estimate for top-ranked hospitals ($17,813; range, $2742 to $49,063) was 50% higher than the price estimate for non-top-ranked hospitals ($11,866; range, $3623 to $22,967) (P=0.020). Differences in price estimates were attributable to differences in hospital fees (P=0.003), not surgeon fees. Top-ranked hospitals required more calls than non-top-ranked hospitals (4.4±2.9 vs. 2.8±2.3 calls, P=0.003). A longer duration of time was required to obtain price estimates from top-ranked hospitals than from non-top-ranked hospitals (8.2±9.4 vs. 4.1±5.1 d, P=0.024). Conclusions Price estimates for pediatric orthopaedic procedures are difficult to obtain. Top-ranked hospitals are more expensive and less likely to provide price information than non-top-ranked hospitals, with price differences primarily caused by variation in hospital fees, not surgeon fees. Level of evidence Level II-economic and decision analyses.
Persons (real and alleged) in enlightenment traditions : A partial look at Jainism and Buddhism

Comment le Jinisme et le Bouddhisme regardent-ils la notion de personne ? Pour repondre a cette question, l'A. distingue deux visions de ce concept : une vision substantiviste et une non-substantiviste. Puis dans la premiere partie de sa reflexion, il montre des recits jiniques et bouddhiques ou la notion est definie. Il s'agit de lire ces definitions, non avec nos concepts occidentaux, mais a l'interieur de la tradition religieuse ou elles sont nees. La deuxieme partie procede a l'etude comparative de ces deux traditions sur le sujet. La troisieme section systematise, la derniere tranche entre Bouddhisme et Jinisme sur la verite contenue par ces deux visions religieuses differentes
Chemical bonding and molecular structure

Soul of the World, inspir'd by Thee, The jarring Seeds of Matter did agree. Thou didst the scatter'd Atoms bind, Which, by thy Laws of True Proportion
Exact Contrast Expansions

For two-phase media in which variations in the phase properties are small, formally exact perturbation series for both the effective conductivity (Beran 1968, Phan-Thien and Milton 1982) and effective elastic moduli (Beran 1968, Dederichs and Zeller 1973, Willis 1981) have been developed. Such weak-contrast expansions are found by first obtaining corresponding expansions of either the local electric field E(x) or the local strain field e(x) via integral equations. For specificity, it is useful to state the weak-contrast form of the effective conductivity σe of a macroscopically isotropic medium, keeping in mind that analogous results exist for anisotropic media and for the effective elastic tensor.
Molecular Properties of Calcium Channels: A Summary

The voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel consists of four major subunits: α1, α2, β, and γ. The α1, contains the pore and calcium channel modulator sites. The nature, regulation, and asymmetry of the pore and the putatitive binding sites of the drugs are being studied.
The Rise of Institutional Mortgage Lending in Early Nineteenth-Century New Haven

This paper presents original primary research on mortgage lending in New Haven, Connecticut in the early nineteenth century. It observes a shift in the market at 1837: lending institutions abruptly began to make significant volumes of mortgage loans to non-elite individuals with less wealth and social standing. Before 1837, these institutions primarily made loans to the city’s social and economic elite. The paper uses this shift as a case study in local financial development, placing particular emphasis on the role of local political institutions in facilitating
Higher Horizons: Three Views

Some speak of “higher consciousness.” Or higher human possibility. Here are three areas and information from professionals who explored them. It is up to us to decide about validity. Interesting that qualities of everyday creative living may assist on such paths. Evolution has manifested a series of major emergences over time. Might there be other emergences forthcoming, even during our lifetimes? Significant that academia is taking more interest, e.g., through consciousness studies, and that spiritual disciplines are exploring related sciences, e.g., H.H. the Dalai Lama. Rigorous publications are bridging earlier gaps. We can learn by creative openness aligned with scientific rigor. This also brings hope in our world: As Einstein said, “No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.”
Impact of variant allele frequency of mutant PTPN11 in AML: Single institution experience of 122 patients.

7046Background: Mutations in PTPN11, encoding tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, are present in 4-6% of AML. Largest report includes 27 patients (pts). Methods: Analysis included AML patients (pts) treated...
Light-Weight Object Detection and Decision Making via Approximate Computing in Resource-Constrained Mobile Robots

Most of the current solutions for autonomous flights in indoor environments rely on purely geometric maps (e.g., point clouds). There has been, however, a growing interest in supplementing such maps with semantic information (e.g., object detections) using computer vision algorithms. Unfortunately, there is a disconnect between the relatively heavy computational requirements of these computer vision solutions, and the limited computation capacity available on mobile autonomous platforms. In this paper, we propose to bridge this gap with a novel Markov Decision Process framework that adapts the parameters of the vision algorithms to the incoming video data rather than fixing them a priori. As a concrete example, we test our framework on a object detection and tracking task, showing significant benefits in terms of energy consumption without considerable loss in accuracy, using a combination of publicly available and novel datasets.
Facial Plastic Surgery Faculty Turnover: Survey of Academic Facial Plastic Surgeons and Department Chairs.

Introduction The turnover and inability to consistently retain academic facial plastic surgeons is an issue that many academic departments of otolaryngology face. In addition to the financial costs of staff turnover and gaps in patient care, insufficient exposure of residents to key surgical procedures is a significant problem for residency programs. Objective To identify the most important reasons that lead faculty members to leave an academic facial plastic surgery (FPS) practice as well as features that may be associated with retention of FPS faculty. Methods Members of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS) and the Association of Academic Departments of Otolaryngology (AADO) were administered an anonymous, online survey. For both groups, we evaluated demographic factors, reasons for choosing academic careers, contributors to faculty turnover, as well as strategies for retention. The frequency of the responses was analyzed. Results A total of 11.3% (135/1,200) of facial plastic surgery faculty responded to the faculty survey, with 59.1% (68/115) of current, academic surgeons participating, and a total of 16.7% (20/120) of department chairs responded to the chairs' survey. If a faculty member had left/was to leave, more control over practice was the most common reason between the two respondent groups. Of the five most important ways to increase faculty retention, more control over practice was the number one reason. Conclusion Chairs and facial plastic surgery faculty should strive to agree upon the amount of control over the academic practice to lead to higher retention, better patient care, and continued resident education.
An Introduction to Direction‐of‐Arrival Estimation Techniques

This chapter introduces the fundamentals of direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) techniques for localization systems. The main goal is the introduction of DOA methods via antenna arrays. In order to better introduce the principles of DOA, the chapter briefly introduces antenna systems and antenna arrays for the reader to learn important parameters of an antenna and antenna arrays and the notion of beamforming (BF). It introduces different measures for comparing DOA estimation methods and examples of DOA estimation techniques, and discusses their pros and cons. Moreover, a new DOA estimation method that improves the performance and complexity for implementation on software‐defined radios is introduced. Finally, the chapter discuss a DOA estimation method that is suitable for periodic sense transmissions in localization techniques such as wireless local positioning systems (WLPSs). WLPS consists of two types of nodes: a multiantenna radio called dynamic base station (DBS), and a single‐antenna radio called transceiver (TRX). The localization process starts at the DBS.
CULTURAL INFLUENCE AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF A SYRIAN IMMIGRANT GIRL IN ALABAMA

Using ethnography and case study approaches from qualitative methodology, this study examined a Syrian immigrant child’s language acquisition and culture adaptation in the United States. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with the teachers and the mother of the child, participant observations during home visits, and field notes during classroom observations. The child’s culture and language learning were conceptualized through the lens of Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) ecological model and Funds of Knowledge approach to education (Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1985). The article documented factors that facilitated and negatively impacted on her process of becoming bilingual and her cultural adaptation after moving to an English speaking country. Implications for fostering a better school and home relationship was discussed.
"People are struggling in this area:" a qualitative study of women's perspectives of telehealth in rural South Carolina

Rural communities face disparities and barriers to health care access that may be addressed through telehealth programs; yet little research is available detailing rural women’s attitudes toward te...
Measuring media exposure to acute mass violence.

OBJECTIVE Researchers have studied the influence of media exposure to acute mass violence (e.g., terror attack, mass shooting, etc.) on distress in populations not directly experiencing the trauma; however, the field has yet to achieve consensus on the measurement of media exposure. There has been a rapidly changing media environment since this body of research began, with the rise of social media. To address this, we developed a measure using the most relevant items from media exposure surveys and accounting for evolving social media. METHOD We asked a sample of youth and adults (N = 1,249), ages 14 - 59 years old, about average time spent consuming news in general, time spent viewing coverage of specific terror attacks, and their emotional reactions to the media coverage. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis specifying a 3-factor model was run on a subsample of the data (n = 308), and the data fit the model well, χ2(17) = 30.799, p < .05, root mean square error of approximation = .051 [90% confidence interval = .020, .080], comparative fit index = .989, and standardized root mean square error of approximation = .043. Measurement invariance was examined on the remainder of the participants (n = 937) to determine whether the model was invariant across participant sex. CONCLUSION Analyses support that the factor structure of the measure was consistent across male and female participants. Implications on measuring media exposure to acute mass violence will be discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
A novel craniotomy simulator provides a validated method to enhance education in the management of traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND In a variety of surgical specialties, simulation-based technologies play an important role in resident training. The Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) established an initiative to enhance neurosurgical training by developing a simulation-based curriculum to complement standard didactic and clinical learning. OBJECTIVE To enhance resident education in the management of traumatic brain injury by the use of simulation-based training. METHODS A course-based neurosurgical simulation curriculum was developed and offered at the 2012 CNS annual meeting. Within this curriculum, a trauma module was developed to teach skills necessary in the management of traumatic brain injury, including the performance of craniotomy for trauma. Didactic and simulator-based instruction were incorporated into the course. Written and practical pre- and posttests, as well as questionnaires, were used to assess the improvement in skill level and to validate the simulator as a teaching tool. RESULTS Fourteen trainees participated in the didactic section of the trauma module. Average performance improved significantly in written scores from pretest (75%) to posttest (87.5%, P < .05). Eight participants completed the trauma craniotomy simulator. Incision planning, burr hole placement (P < .02), and craniotomy size (P < .05) improved significantly. Junior residents (postgraduate years 1-3) demonstrated the most improvement during the course. CONCLUSION The CNS simulation trauma module provides a complementary method for residents to acquire necessary skills in the management of traumatic brain injury. Preliminary data indicate improvement in didactic and hands-on knowledge after training. Additional data are needed to confirm the validity of the simulator.
Human papillomavirus insertions identify the PIM family of serine/threonine kinases as targetable driver genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Human papillomavirus (HPV) insertions in cancer genomes have been linked to various forms of focal genomic instability and altered expression of neighboring genes. Here we tested the hypothesis that investigation of HPV insertions in a head and neck cancer squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line would identify targetable driver genes contributing to oncogenesis of other HNSCC. In the cell line UPCI:SCC090 HPV16 integration amplified the PIM1 serine/threonine kinase gene ~16-fold, thereby increasing transcript and protein levels. We used genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit PIM kinases in this and other HNSCC cell lines. Knockdown of PIM1 transcripts by transfected short hairpin RNAs reduced UPCI:SCC090 viability. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of PIM1 caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of PIM family kinases decreased growth of UPCI:SCC090 and additional HNSCC cell lines in vitro and a xenograft UPCI:SCC090 model in vivo. Based on established interactions between intracellular signaling pathways and relatively high levels of gene expression in almost all HNSCC, we also evaluated combinations of PIM kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Dual inhibition of these pathways resulted in supra-additive cell death. These data support clinical testing of PIM inhibitors alone or in combination in HNSCC.
Autobiography of an Analytical Chemist.

Most of my research directions were opportunistic. Having worked with lasers in the early stages of laser applications in analytical chemistry, attending conferences, workshops, and administrative ...
Investigating the XENON1T low-energy electronic recoil excess using NEST

The search for dark matter, the missing mass of the Universe, is one of the most active fields of study within particle physics. The XENON1T experiment recently observed a $3.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ excess potentially consistent with dark matter, or with solar axions. Here, we will use the Noble Element Simulation Technique (NEST) software to simulate the XENON1T detector, reproducing the excess. We utilize different detector efficiency and energy reconstruction models, but they primarily impact sub-keV energies and cannot explain the XENON1T excess. However, using NEST, we can reproduce their excess in multiple, unique ways, most easily via the addition of $31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11$ $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ decays. Furthermore, this results in new, modified background models, reducing the significance of the excess to $\ensuremath{\le}2.2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ at least using non-Profile Likelihood Ratio (PLR) methods. This is independent confirmation that the excess is a real effect, but potentially explicable by known physics. Many cross-checks of our $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ hypothesis are presented.
Grid-Connected Hybrid Wind-Solar Farm Hourly Dispatching with Battery and Supercapacitor Energy Storage

The hybrid utilization of photovoltaic and wind turbine, known as the wind-solar hybrid power system (WSHPS), is one of the most promising renewable energy technologies for satisfying the power load demand, since they have complementary energy generation profiles and reduced capacity for energy storage. This paper demonstrates a successful dispatching scheme of the WSHPS for a one-hour dispatching period for an entire day using battery and supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Frequency management technique is utilized to increase the longevity of the batteries through comprehensively utilizing the high power density property of supercapacitors and the high energy density property of batteries in the HESS scheme. Several control algorithms based on the battery state of charge are developed to achieve accurate estimation of the grid reference power for each one-hour dispatching period that helps to minimize the energy storage cost, in addition to ensuring the energy storage system with sufficient capacity to be available for next-day operation. This study also presents an economic comparison to investigate the impact of using different kinds of energy storage systems for hourly dispatching the power of the WSHPS. The simulation results show that HESS outperforms battery-only or supercapacitor-only operation.
COVID-19 and the Injustice System: Reshaping Clinical Practice for Children and Families Impacted by Hyper-Incarceration

This chapter explores the systemic and psychological manifestations of racial and medical trauma symptoms associated with COVID-19 and parental incarceration and lays the groundwork for the implementation of relational-cultural and attachment theory and practice within a clinical community-based setting to treat this population. The overwhelming prevalence of infection of COVID-19 in correctional facilities further heightens the collateral trauma responses of children grieving the loss of their loved ones due to hyper-incarceration. Trauma symptoms exhibited by children and adolescents generally follow a similar symptomatology: depression, anger, aggression, self-isolation, and self-harming behaviors. As with other vulnerable populations impacted by various forms of trauma, children of incarcerated parents will likewise benefit from mental health providers employing attachment theory-based interventions during the global pandemic. Clinicians working with children of incarcerated parents often experience secondary trauma, and in the time of the coronavirus pandemic, the term shared trauma is more aptly applied.
Caveat Lessor - US Aircraft Financiers Beware: 11 USC 1110 Expectations May Not be Met in Cross-Border Insolvencies

This paper uses the bankruptcy filing of Varig airlines in Brazil and its subsequent ancillary proceeding in the United States bankruptcy court to address comity concerns raised by U.S. aircraft financiers in regards to 11 USC 1110, which provides special protections from the automatic stay under the US Code. The US court granted Varig's foreign representative's petition and deferred to the Brazilian court's proceeding in spite of the financiers' arguments that public policy behind 1110 dictated otherwise.
Disparities in Growth of Low-Cost Air Pollution Sensor Deployment

Background: Low-cost air quality sensors offer the capability to measure and generate a large volume of real-time air pollution data. Two of the most popular low-cost sensors are PurpleAir, a stati...
Imagining Europe: Myth, Memory, and Identity

In Imagining Europe, Chiara Bottici and Benoit Challand explore the formation of modern European identity. Europe has not always been there, although we have been imagining it for quite some time. Even after the birth of a polity called the European Union, the meaning of Europe remained a very much contested topic. What is Europe? What are its boundaries? Is there a specific European identity or is the EU just the name for a group of institutions? This book answers these questions, showing that in Europe's formation, myth and memory, although distinct, are often merged in a common attempt to construct an identity for its present and its future. In a time when Europe is facing an existential crisis, when its meaning is being questioned, Imagining Europe explores a vital and often unacknowledged aspect of the European project.
Does ACTH mediate the punishment-intensification effect of prolonged, fixed-duration treatment shocks?

Dexamethasone (DEX) was used to suppress adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) liberation during shock treatment (ST), punishment testing, or both, for four groups of rats (the same injection pattern was also given to four non-ST groups). ST facilitated punishment learning equally for groups given either saline or DEX for both treatment and testing, whereas ST groups that were switched (from treatment DEX to test saline or from treatment saline to test DEX) performed more like non-ST controls. DEX also produced marked weight losses, suppressed pretest baseline responding and, when given only during testing, modestly offset punishment learning. The theory that ACTH is a source of memory retrieval was consistent with this finding that punishment-facilitation effects of ST are (partly) mediated by cues associated with elevated pituitary-adrenal output. However, the similar mediational effect of DEX cues was consistent with a more general internal-cue conditioning interpretation of ST effects.
Introduction: Fractals Really Are Everywhere

Fractals and chaos bring to us new sets of ideas and thus new ways of looking at nature. With this fresh viewpoint come new tools to analyze experimental data and interpret the results.
The Range of Dyadic Ontology

We have to decide upon the number of the categories as well as upon the names. The bewildering variety of philosophies springs from the choice at the outset of whether we are to have one, two, three, or more, categories, and what these are to be, and the sub-categories which are in turn to depend from them. Something of the range must be understood before the choice that has been made will seem a wise one.
Using person-centered planning concepts to enhance school-to-adult life transition planning

Person-centered approaches, such as personal futures planning, are currently being proposed as alternatives to traditional systems-centered approaches for school-to-adult life transition services. Because of the time and other resource commitments required, many service providers and families do not readily embrace these approaches. As a result, many individuals with disabilities who could benefit from more person-centered planning approaches continue to receive traditional, systems-centered services. The purpose of this article is to discuss the application of selected person-centered planning concepts not as an alternative to traditional planning approaches, but as a mechanism for enhancing traditional IEP and transition planning approaches.
Killing Brown Softly: The Subtle Undermining of Effective Desegregation in Freeman v. Pitts

Uncertainty continues to surround the issue of what steps a racially segregated school district must take to comply with the Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment, as interpreted by Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court's recent decision in Freeman v. Pitts expanded district courts' discretion in releasing school districts from court-ordered desegregation plans, allowing courts to withdraw supervision incrementally from individual areas of school district operations. In this note, Bradley Joondeph argues that such incremental withdrawal of supervision allows school districts to take measures that have a resegregatory effect on areas in which compliance has been achieved, and may therefore undermine the ultimate goal of court-ordered desegregation plans: eliminating the racial identifiability of formerly segregated schools. Mr. Joondeph suggests the Court instead should have endorsed an alternative system of "prophylactic" supervision that would maintain court supervision over all areas of school operations until each area has been successfully desegregated.
A Decision-Making Phase-Space Model for Fairness Assessment

Toward the goal of delineating the underlying decision-making process in relation to fairness, a mathematical model describing the decision criteria is derived. In this fairness-decision model, the decision-making criteria are limited to choose between fairness, equity/disparity and monetary gain. In this model, the decision threshold criteria are represented by the graphical location of the decision space in the fairness-equity quadrant. The fairness decision criterion is determined by the relativistic fairness stimulus-response function representing the relationship between fairness and disparity. The disparity/equity decision criterion is determined by the disparity of the monetary offer. The decision threshold is represented by the graphical intersection between the fairness stimulus-response function and the disparity function. The analysis shows that monetary gain or loss is a consequence of the decision, rather than a decision criterion, unless the decision is already predetermined. The analysis also shows that the paradoxical decisions that seem to be irrational (such as rejecting hyper-equitable offers) are, in fact, logically consistent without being paradoxical or irrational. It is resulted from a bias in fairness perception that shifts the fairness stimulus-response function up/down or left/right around the four fairness-equity quadrants. If either fairness or equity/disparity were used as the sole criterion for decision, no paradox would exist. It is only when both fairness and equity/disparity were used as the decision criteria simultaneously that would have resulted in a paradoxical decision under certain circumstances. But such paradox is merely a shift/bias in the fairness perception without being irrational, as predicted by the present relativistic fairness-equity model.
Peptide-membrane interactions determined using site-directed spin labeling

Abstract The study of peptide-membrane interactions is important for understanding a wide range of fundamental molecular mechanisms, including the action of antibiotic peptides, the association of proteins involved in cell signaling, and membrane fusion. This review discusses the use of site-directed spin labeling to investigate peptide-membrane interactions. Site-directed spin labeling involves the incorporation of a spin label in a site-specific fashion into a macromolecule, such as a protein or peptide, either through synthesis or site-directed mutagenesis. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is then used to determine molecular structure and dynamics. A number of examples discussed in this review demonstrate how this methodology can be used to determine the conformation of membrane-associated peptides, their position along the bilayer normal, and their state of aggregation. Recent studies have shown that this approach is not highly perturbing, and with new advances in EPR resonator design, it is a highly sensitive technique.
The Aging Leydig Cell VIII Protein Kinase Activity

The effects of aging on cyclic AMP (cAMP) dependent protein kinase activity of purified Leydig cells were evaluated. Purified Leydig cells from 20-day-, 40-day-, 60-day- and 30-month-old rats were incubated with or without hCG for 1 hour. At the end of incubation, tubes were centrifuged and supernatants were saved for cAMP and testosterone determinations, and the pellets were prepared for protein kinase assay. Basal cAMP levels of Leydig cells from 20-day- and 40-day-old rats were lower than those of 60-day- and 30-month-old rats. In response to hCG stimulation, Leydig cells of 40-day-old rats produced the highest amounts of cAMP, while 30-month-old rats had the lowest levels. Testosterone responses of 30-month-old rats were also significantly lower than those of 60-day-old mature rats. When cAMP-dependent protein kinase activities were measured, 30-month-old rats had the lowest total kinase activity. These results suggest that reduced protein kinase activity might contribute to the decreased testosterone synthesis of aged rats.
COMMENTS on B. Golden and A. Assad: A PRELIMINARY FRAMEWORK FOR URBAN MODEL-BUILDING

Quantitative resource allocation models are likely to be much less useful in designing cities than role-dominated process models, the Doxiadis ekistics concept, various empirical results from related areas, and various relatively untapped theories and methodologies.
A Summary of Properties of Radio Jets

It is now commonly accepted that enormous amounts of energy are generated in the nucleus of some giant elliptical galaxies and quasars. This energy in some form is transported non-isotropically, often well beyond the boundaries of the galaxy. The energy is then disrupted in radio lobes which are often dominated by several intense regions of radio emission.
The Role of Future-Market Focus in the Early Stages of NPD across Varying Levels of Innovativeness

The concept of future-market focus (FMF) arose out of the debate about firm size and incumbency in the face of radical or disruptive innovations, and has been demonstrated to have a positive correlation with radical innovation (RI) success. This study examines the relationship between FMF and the processes used in the early stages of NPD for four types of innovation projects: incremental innovations, technological breakthroughs, market breakthroughs, and radical innovations. We found that the future-market focus of a project team can influence the early stage processes used in a new product innovation project, and does so differentially across levels of innovativeness. In particular, the concept generation process, understanding of market needs, and screening decision criteria are different for low- versus high-FMF projects and there are differences based on the level of innovation. In addition, we found that radical innovation projects rated low in FMF are markedly different than the radical innovation projects described in prior studies.
Detecting Slow Changes in System Dynamics

Abstract : Two experiments were performed under laboratory conditions to study the human operator's adaptive behavior in manual control of slowly changing system dynamics. In the first experiment, the dynamics changed from rate to acceleration control. In the second experiment, the control stick sensitivity either slowly increased or decreased from a standard level. Four subjects participated in each experiment. Tracking performance on a compensatory task demonstrated that the human operator lags in adapting to the changing system dynamics, but he does adapt when given sufficient time. As the rate of change increases, the human operator needs a larger change for detection and a decreasing judgment time to detect the changing system dynamics. (Author)
The potential for local croplands to meet US food demand

Local food systems may facilitate agroecological practices that conserve nutrient, energy, and water resources. However, little is known about the potential for local food systems to scale beyond niche markets and meet a substantial fraction of total food demand. Here we estimate the upper potential for all existing US croplands to meet total US food demand through local food networks. Our spatially explicit approach simulates the years 1850 through 2000 and accounts for a wide range of diets, food waste, population distributions, cropland areas, and crop yields. Although we find that local food potential has declined over time, particularly in some coastal cities, our results also demonstrate an unexpectedly large current potential for meeting as much as 90% of the national food demand. This decline in potential is associated with demographic and agronomic trends, resulting in extreme pressures on agroecological systems that, if left unchecked, could severely undermine recent national policies focused on...
A model of communicating hydrocephalus based on the spatial and spectral redistribution of intracranial pulsations

Address: 1Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Health Science Stony Brook, New York 11794-8122, USA, 2Department of Radiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, Level 4, Room 109, Stony Brook, New York 117948460, USA, 3Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine, Suite UHC-6E, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA, 4Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA and 5Department Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, T-6, Room 140, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA
Global Business Service Outsourcing

This article discusses the motives and determinants of global business service outsourcing. Similar to foreign production, outsourcing providers seek resources, new markets, efficiency, and strategic assets or capabilities. Similarities between multinational enterprises producing goods and multinational enterprises offering services with respect to theories related to global strategy, location, management (e.g. managing international data sharing), ownership, internationalization and external environment are also discussed.
Examples of Practice: Professional Knowledge and Self-Study in Multicultural Teacher Education

This chapter examines the development of professional knowledge in multi-cultural teacher education by prOffiding examples of quality self-studies that speak to the need to prepare teachers for diverse student populations. The chapter begins with a description of the persistent challenge of White, middle-class, English-speaking females learning to teach for diversity and then describes the process of transformation, through which this challenge can be addressed. Transformation is the continuous evolution of one’s own understanding and perspectives in order to meet more effectively the needs of all students. It is generally marked by a disruption of values or cultural beliefs through critical reflection with the goal of more socially just teaching. The chapter proffides analyses of self-studies that show how teacher educators studied their role in transforming preservice teachers’ beliefs, attitudes, and assumptions regarding culture, race, sexuality, etc. In the process, the teacher educators also recognized their own beliefs and assumptions that impacted their ability to prepare effective teachers. The studies reveal many insights, some relevant primarily to the practitioner, but many others that speak to the improvement of the preparation of teachers in general. The chapter concludes with ideas about how these types of studies prOffide incentive for more careful attention to and research about the preparation of teacher educators who prepare teachers for diversity.
Closed-loop noise properties of pulse-width modulated power converters

The pulse-width modulation (PWM) process in DC-DC and DC-AC power converters introduces characteristic nonlinear behavior. When PWM is performed in the presence of noise, specific effects are seen on the duty ratio and consequently on the output of the power converter. These effects depend on the PWM feedback control action as well as on the PWM process itself. Small-signal concepts do not model nonlinear noise issues. Here, the probability density function of the duty ratio is obtained analytically given Gaussian external noise. The results are verified by both simulation and experimental test. For a DC-DC power converter, noise is shown to introduce a DC shift at the output. Subharmonics appear as the noise propagates through the PWM control. The degree of nonlinear effect on a power converter depends on the nature of its control. Current mode control, for example, shows strong nonlinear effects. Noise properties of this and other controls, as well as ideas for noise mitigation, are discussed. >
Phase and interference properties of optical vortex beams

Laguerre-Gauss vortex beams carrying different topological charges are generated from Hermite-Gauss laser beams emitted by a gas laser, and their phase properties are explored by studying their interference with a plane wave. Interference of two Laguerre-Gauss vortex beams carrying equal but opposite topological charge is also studied by using a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Experimentally recorded intensity profiles are in good agreement with the theoretically expected profiles.
Just-In-Time Software Pipelining

Software pipelining exploits instruction-level parallelism from loops. In static compilers, it has been one of the most efficient optimizations for wide-issue architectures. However, the compilation time is at least O(|V|3) (V: the set of operations in a loop) and in the worst-case exponential. This paper extends software pipelining to dynamic compilers. We present a novel and simple algorithm with linear time O(|V| + |E|) (E: the set of edges in the dependence graph of a loop). Preliminary experiments show the method is light-weight and generates optimal or near-optimal schedules.
The exact solution of the Rossby adjustment problem

The exact solution of the Rossby (1938) adjustment problem is obtained. If a is the half-width of the initial current and Λ is the radius of deformation, it is shown that Rossby's solution is asymptotically valid for a/Λ 1. The exact energetic relations are obtained. The numerical examples of Rossby are recalculated with the exact solution. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01373.x