cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of phenobarbital pretreatment on the metabolism and toxicity of paraoxon in the mouse

The effects of induction of various forms of cytochromes P450 by chemicals like phenobarbital on the hepatic oxidative desulfuration and acute toxicity of the phosphorothioate insecticide parathion have been well-characterized. However, the effects of these chemicals on the metabolism and acute toxicity of the active metabolite paraoxon are less understood. In the present study, daily pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital (intraperitoneally 75 mg/kg) for up to eight days resulted in a transient increase in hepatic microsomal A-esterase activity, with a corresponding transient decrease in serum A-esterase activity (A-esterase was defined as hydrolysis of paraoxon which could be inhibited by EDTA). These alterations could be accounted for by a temporary decrease in the rate of secretion of A-esterase from liver. However, the same pretreatment resulted in a sustained protective effect against the acute toxicity of paraoxon. These data suggest that alterations in A-esterase activity as a result of phenobarbital pretreatment cannot account for the observed antagonism of the acute toxicity of paraoxon. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that the protective effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on phosphorothioate insecticides like parathion cannot be attributed exclusively to alterations in oxidative desulfuration of these compounds.
moving and dwelling: building the Moroccan Ashelhi homeland

The tamazirt (homeland, countryside, village) has become an organizing symbol for Anti-Atlas mountain Ishelhin (Tashelhit-speaking Moroccan Berbers) that helps perpetuate Tashelhit language as an index of ethnic identity. Residents render rural spaces meaningful through gendered material practices and discursive representations. They construct place and gender in the course of their movements between the countryside and the city. I suggest that dislocation may be integral to the cultural process of rendering locations as well as identities meaningful. The subjective connection of Ishelhin to place gives less primacy to place as space than as a location in a nexus of mobile relationships. [anthropology of place, rural-urban relations, ethnicity, verbal expression, Morocco, Imazighen]
Reactions of model compounds over steamed ZSM-5 at simulated FCC reaction conditions

Abstract C 6 C 10 normal paraffins and olefins were cracked over steamed ZSM-5 in a fixed-bed reactor in order to determine the dominant reactions that occur when ZSM-5 is added to an FCC unit. Conditions were chosen to approximate the reaction severity in industrial FCC reactors. For all three paraffins, conversion was less than 1%. Conversions of the olefins to lower carbon number species ranged from 26% for hexene to 83% for decene. Olefin isomerization was faster than olefin cracking. Formation of aromatics and paraffins was very low (about 1 %). These results indicate that equilibrated ZSM-5 does little cracking of gasoline-range paraffins in the FCC unit. Most of the reduction in paraffins which is observed upon ZSM-5 addition is likely due to the cracking away of gasoline-range olefins (especially C 7+ , leaving fewer of these olefins available for conversion to paraffins by hydrogen transfer reactions over the base catalyst. Experiments with hexene reaction over sequential beds of ZSM-5 and Y base catalysts demonstrated that cracking of olefins over ZSM-5 can reduce paraffin formation by REY and USY catalysts.
Dietary restriction reduces angiogenesis and growth in an orthotopic mouse brain tumour model.

Diet and lifestyle produce major effects on tumour incidence, prevalence, and natural history. Moderate dietary restriction has long been recognised as a natural therapy that improves health, promotes longevity, and reduces both the incidence and growth of many tumour types. Dietary restriction differs from fasting or starvation by reducing total food and caloric intake without causing nutritional deficiencies. No prior studies have evaluated the responsiveness of malignant brain cancer to dietary restriction. We found that a moderate dietary restriction of 30-40% significantly inhibited the intracerebral growth of the CT-2A syngeneic malignant mouse astrocytoma by almost 80%. The total dietary intake for the ad libitum control group (n=9) and the dietary restriction experimental group (n=10) was about 20 and 13 Kcal x day(-1), respectively. Overall health and vitality was better in the dietary restriction-fed mice than in the ad libitum-fed mice. Tumour microvessel density (Factor VIII immunostaining) was two-fold less in the dietary restriction mice than in the ad libitum mice, whereas the tumour apoptotic index (TUNEL assay) was three-fold greater in the dietary restriction mice than in the ad libitum mice. CT-2A tumour cell-induced vascularity was also less in the dietary restriction mice than in the ad libitum mice in the in vivo Matrigel plug assay. These findings indicate that dietary restriction inhibited CT-2A growth by reducing angiogenesis and by enhancing apoptosis. Dietary restriction may shift the tumour microenvironment from a proangiogenic to an antiangiogenic state through multiple effects on the tumour cells and the tumour-associated host cells. Our data suggest that moderate dietary restriction may be an effective antiangiogenic therapy for recurrent malignant brain cancers.
Exact algorithms for four track-to-track fusion configurations: All you wanted to know but were afraid to ask

In this paper the exact algorithms for track-to-track fusion (T2TF) which can operate at an arbitrary rate for various information configurations are investigated. First, the exact algorithms for T2TF without memory (T2TFwoM) are presented for three information configurations: with no, partial and full information feedback from the fusion center (FC) to the local trackers. As one major contribution of this paper, the impact of information feedback on fusion accuracy is studied. It is shown that in T2TFwoM, which uses only the track estimates at the fusion time, information feedback will have a negative impact on the fusion accuracy. Then, the exact algorithms for T2TF with memory (T2TFwM) are derived for configurations with and without information feedback. Operating at full rate, T2TFwM is equivalent to the centralized measurement fusion (CMF) regardless of information feedback. However, at a reduced rate, a certain amount of degradation in fusion accuracy is unavoidable. In contrast to the case of T2TFwoM, information feedback is beneficial in T2TFwM.
Optimal population transfers for a quantum system in the limit of large transfer time

We consider an optimal population transfer problem for a finite-dimensional quantum system with an energy-like cost. We show that a way to realize a small control limit is as the limit of large transfer time T. In the process we show that, in the large T limit, the optimal control is a sum of terms with the following structure: each term is an exponential with frequency given by a Bohr frequency of the quantum system times a slow varying envelope, that is a function of t/T. The form of these envelopes can be computed by solving an "averaged" two-point boundary value problem. We demonstrate our results with an example.
Cobalt(II) "scorpionate" complexes as models for cobalt-substituted zinc enzymes: electronic structure investigation by high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

A series of complexes of formula Tp R,RCoL, where Tp R,R'- ) hydrotris(3-R,5-R'-pyrazol-1-yl)borate ("scorpionate") anion (R ) tert-butyl, R' ) H, Me, 2'-thienyl (Tn), L ) Cl - , NCS - , NCO - ,N 3 - ), has been characterized by electronic absorption spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared (near-IR) region and by high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR). Reported here are also crystal structures of seven members of the series that have not been reported previously: R' ) H, L ) NCO - , N3 - ;R ' ) Me, L ) Cl - , NCS - , NCO - ,N 3 - ;R ' ) Tn, L ) Cl - , NCS - . These include a structure for Tp t-Bu,Me CoCl different from that previously reported. All of the investigated complexes contain a four-coordinate cobalt(II) ion (3d 7 ) with approximate C3v point group symmetry about the metal ion and exhibit an S ) 3 /2 high-spin ground state. The use of HFEPR allows extraction of the full set of intrinsic S ) 3 /2 spin Hamiltonian parameters (D, E, and g values). The axial zero-field splitting parameter, D, for all investigated Tp R,RCoL complexes is always positive, a fact not easily determined by other methods. However, the magnitude of this parameter varies widely: 2.4 cm -1 e D e 12.7 cm -1 , indicating the extreme sensitivity of this parameter to environment. The spin Hamiltonian parameters are combined with estimates of 3d energy levels based on the visible-near-IR spectra to yield ligand-field parameters for these complexes following the angular overlap model (AOM). This description of electronic structure and bonding in pseudotetrahedral cobalt(II) complexes can enhance the understanding of similar sites in metalloproteins, specifically cobalt-substituted zinc enzymes.
Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies III: Hydrophobic compounds

The absorption of two hydrophobic compounds through rat skin was measured by in vivo and in vitro techniques. The permeation of the fragrance ingredients 3-phenyl-2-propenyl 2-aminobenzoate (I) and 1-(3-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)ethanone (II) was measured from a petrolatum and an acetone vehicle. Increases in permeation of 8-fold (I) and 95-fold (II) were observed when the compounds were tested in vivo under conditions similar to in vitro procedures. The apparent inability of the compounds to freely enter the diffusion cell receptor fluid was partially reversed by replacing normal saline with other fluids: rabbit serum, 3% bovine serum albumin, organic solvents, and dilutions of four nonionic surfactants. The effect of the receptor fluids on the integrity of the skin barrier was assessed by measuring the permeability of control compounds (cortisone, urea, and water). A 6% solution of polyethylene glycol 20 oleyl ether was the receptor fluid of choice. Without apparent damage to the skin, 61% (petrolatum vehicle) or 73% (acetone vehicle) of the in vivo absorption of I was obtained. With II, only 32% of the in vivo absorption was achieved (petrolatum vehicle). Even when the surfactant solution is used, significant differences may still remain between in vivo and in vitro results.
Adolescent Prosocial Values and Self-Efficacy in Relation to Delinquency, Risky Sexual Behavior, and Drug Use:

The present study examined relations of prosocial values and three measures of self-efficacy as predictors of delinquency, risky sex, and drug use in a sample of 2,146 racially diverse adolescents. It also explored moderating effects on the relations between self-efficacy and values on the three problem behaviors. Adolescents with strong prosocial values and self-efficacy reported fewer problem behaviors. Implications for program development and implementation based on differential needs by race and gender are discussed.
Stages of change versus addiction: a replication and extension

Data from the Working Well trial (n = 2379) were used to test the capacity of 19 variables to predict smoking cessation at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. Among the core constructs of transtheoretical model (TTM), stage of change was the best predictor. The processes of change and the pros and cons of smoking were relatively ineffective predictors. Among other variables, self-efficacy, cigarettes per day, duration of longest quit attempt during the previous year, and the contemplation ladder were the most effective stand-alone predictors. A composite of cigarettes per day and quit duration was particularly effective for predicting cessation. Consistent with Farkas et al. (Farkas AJ, Pierce JP, Zhu SH, Rosbrook B, Gilpin EA, Berry C, Kaplan RM, Addiction 91:1271-1280, 1996), multivariate analyses including the composite variable (cigarettes per day and quit duration) and the stages of change revealed the composite variable to be the better predictor of cessation.
A quality control measure for longitudinal studies with continuous outcomes.

At the time of data acquisition in a longitudinal study a decision needs to be made whether or not the latest measurement of the primary outcome is a potential outlier. If the data point does not fit with the subject's prior data, the patient can be immediately remeasured before he/she leaves the office. From the third visit onwards, a least squares approach can be used to generate prediction intervals for the value of the response at that visit. We propose a Bayesian method for calculating a prediction interval that can incorporate external information about the process that can be used beginning at the first visit. Both the least squares and Bayesian approaches will be used to prospectively clean longitudinal data. An example using longitudinally measured bone density measurements in the elderly will be discussed. In addition, simulation studies will be described which show that both cleaning methods are better than doing nothing and that the Bayesian approach outperforms the least squares method. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Revised Key to the Nearctic Species of Lespesia (Diptera: Tachinidae)

A greatly revised key to the parasitic flies of the nearctic genus Lespesia has been drafted to avoid difficulties with variable characters and to identify additional species described in or referred to the genus. One new species, L. rubripes, is described. Lespesia samiae (Webber) and L. anisotae (Webber) are restored to valid status, and 5 species, Gymnoerycia rubra Townsend, Phorocera halisidotae Aldrich and Webber, P. marginalis Aldrich and Webber, P. parviteres Aldrich and Webber, and Sturmia pilatei Coquillett, are referred to Lespesia for the 1st time (n. combs.). Gymnoerycia Townsend is a new synonym of Lespesia. Notes on some of the species explain nomenclatural changes, variation, and correction of misidentifications. Nilea dimmocki (Webber) (n. comb.) is removed from Lespesia.
Producing Workers: The Politics of Gender, Class and Culture in the Calcutta Jute Mills

Producing Workers: The Politics of Gender, Class and Culture in the Calcutta Jute Mills. Leela Fernandes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. 199 pp.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: Is there a role for elective neck treatment?

A retrospective review of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience (MSKCC) with esthesioneuroblastoma was performed. From 1975 to 1985 14 cases were identified. Overall 5- and 10-year survival was 86% and 70%, respectively. Four local failures were observed and 4 neck failures were observed. A review of the literature since 1966 revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of neck failure, and of the 21 of 110 patients with neck failures that were identified through the literature, there were 6 subsequent deaths.
Mutations in Synaptojanin Disrupt Synaptic Vesicle Recycling

Synaptojanin is a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase that is found at synapses and binds to proteins implicated in endocytosis. For these reasons, it has been proposed that synaptojanin is involved in the recycling of synaptic vesicles. Here, we demonstrate that the unc-26 gene encodes the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of synaptojanin. unc-26 mutants exhibit defects in vesicle trafficking in several tissues, but most defects are found at synaptic termini. Specifically, we observed defects in the budding of synaptic vesicles from the plasma membrane, in the uncoating of vesicles after fission, in the recovery of vesicles from endosomes, and in the tethering of vesicles to the cytoskeleton. Thus, these results confirm studies of the mouse synaptojanin 1 mutants, which exhibit defects in the uncoating of synaptic vesicles (Cremona, O., G. Di Paolo, M.R. Wenk, A. Luthi, W.T. Kim, K. Takei, L. Daniell, Y. Nemoto, S.B. Shears, R.A. Flavell, D.A. McCormick, and P. De Camilli. 1999. Cell. 99:179-188), and further demonstrate that synaptojanin facilitates multiple steps of synaptic vesicle recycling.
Web Services Operation and Parameter Matchmaking Based on Free-Form User Queries

Service-oriented architectures (SOA), based on Web services as the underlying architecture, have the potential to facilitate dynamic evolution of business processes. However, to fully realize the benefit of the SOA vision, it is critical to shield application developers from the complexity of Web services and related XML-based formats. In the currently available toolkits, users often play an informed role in the mapping of XML based specifications, operation names, message structures, and parameter types. The focus of our work is to design and develop an elegant, intuitive, simple, and powerful free-form query based system that allows interaction with Web services, without requiring the end-user to understand the operation names, parameters types, and other XML-based information in a WSDL document. Our system uses semantic Web concepts, ontologies, and WordNet in the process of automating Web services matchmaking. In this paper we focus on presenting techniques for matching free-form queries with appropriate Web service operations and extracting parameter values from user queries. We quantify the accuracy of our methodologies in terms of precision and recall.
Treatment of tachyarrhythmias with implantable devices

The advantages of using implantable devices for the control of arrhythmias and the factors hindering their broad clinical acceptance are enumerated. The various types of arrhythmias are identified. The steps that must be taken to determine the applicability of implantable stimulators are outlined. Technical problems are discussed. The evolution of techniques and devices is examined. >
Working toward Wellness: Early Results from a Telephone Care Management Program for Medicaid Recipients with Depression

Very early results from a random assignment study suggest that Working toward Wellness increased the use of mental health services and had mixed effects on depression severity. Impacts are concentrated among Hispanic participants.
Effect of Polyelectrolyte Treatments on Waste Strength of Snap and Dry Bean Wastewaters

Processing waters from snap beans (SBW) and dry beans (DBW) were treated with 16 different cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, singly and in combinations. None of the anionic and only two of the cationic polymers tested worked well for turbidity reduction. Treatments of SBW with Floculite 250 at 10–30 mg/L and of DBW with chitosan at 60–80 mg/L reduced turbidity (NTU) by 81 and 90%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 21 and 23%, total solids (TS) by 25 and 8%, suspended solids (SS) by 54 and 44%, dissolved solids (DS) by 22 and 0%, nitrate-nitrogen by 0 and 39%, and total phosphorus by 74 and 18%, respectively. Total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and mesophilic bacterial spores were reduced by 68 and 20%, 81 and 90%, and 94 and 96% for SBW and DBW treatments, respectively.
Thirst and salt appetite elicited by hypovolemia in rats with chronic lesions of the nucleus of the solitary tract

Cardiac vagal afferents terminating in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are believed to participate in stimulating neurohypophysial secretion of vasopressin as well as increased ingestion of water and NaCl solution in response to decreased blood volume. However, we recently reported that chronic lesions of NTS, which eliminate neural input from cardiac and arterial baroreceptors, do not impair hypovolemia-induced vasopressin secretion in rats. In the present investigation we sought to determine whether those sensory signals were necessary for hypovolemia-induced thirst and salt appetite. Rats with chronic lesions of the NTS increased consumption of water and NaCl solution normally when plasma volume was reduced isosmotically by subcutaneous injection of polyethylene glycol solution. These results were obtained whether rats were allowed to drink water or 0.15 M NaCl in one-bottle tests or water and 0.5 M NaCl in two-bottle tests. The induction of thirst and salt appetite by hypovolemia despite the apparent loss of neural input to the brain from cardiac volume-sensitive receptors indicates that other signals generated by plasma volume deficits can stimulate these behavioral responses in rats.
Regional variation in distribution of EGF receptor in developing and adult corneal epithelium.

Epidermal growth factor receptor has been localized to the proliferative cell layers in a variety of stratified squamous epithelia. In the current study, the rat cornea was used as an experimental model to determine if epidermal growth factor receptor is concentrated in epithelial stem cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor was localized using immunofluorescence microscopy in adult and neonatal (1-day to 4-week) rat corneas. Antibody binding to epidermal growth factor receptor was present in basal cells across the adult cornea but was more intense in the limbal zone. In rats 1 day to 1 week of age, the corneal epithelium consisted of one or two layer of cells that were intensely labeled by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor. Following epithelial stratification, which occurred just prior to eyelid opening (approximately 12 days), expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was greatly reduced in central corneal epithelium and gained an adult pattern by 3 weeks of age. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was also examined by incubating 1 mm slices of adult corneas with 125I-epidermal growth factor (4 nM) for 90 minutes, followed by washing and autoradiography. Basal cells in the limbal zone contained 4.5-fold more silver grains per cell than did basal cells in the central cornea. These data suggest that cells with high potential for proliferation, i.e. limbal basal cells and all basal cells in developing rats, express high epidermal growth factor receptor levels. High levels of receptor may allow these cells to be rapidly stimulated by growth factors to undergo cell division during development and following wounding in adult corneas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Scattering in Severely Bent Carbon Nanotubes and Bi-layer Graphene

Abstract The combination of high thermal conductivity and mechanical resilience makes carbon nanotubes and few-layer graphene interesting systems to investigate phonon scattering on the nonlinear structural buckling. This fundamental limit of heat transfer has not been so far detected, partly because of the extraordinary experimental difficulties encountered at this scale. Utilizing non-equilibrium molecular dynamics with classical inter-atomic potentials, we study thermal transport in severely bent single-wall carbon nanotube and bi-layer graphene structures. These bent structures were computed with atomistic-level calculations performed under objective boundary conditions, which allow imposing a pure bending moment. We show that at lengths much shorter than the mean free path, local buckling can significantly decrease the thermal conductivity. Our calculations provide guidance for the experimental lengths required to observe phonon-buckling scattering effect in these structures.
Analysis on Sterilization and Disinfection Effect in the Provincial Medical Institutions of Guangxi

Objective To investigate the sterilization and disinfection effect in the provincial medical institutions of Guangxi so as to improve the disinfection quality and prevent nosocomial infection.Methods The sterilization and disinfection effect in the medical institutions was examined by field sampling and laboratory testing.Results A total of 3,376 samples were tested during the period of 2009-2011,and 95.6%(3,226/3,376) were up to standard.The qualified rates of disinfection for the 3 years were 94.3%,94.9% and 97.5%,respectively.The qualified rates of disinfectant solution in use and sterilizers were both the highest(both 100%),while the passing rate of the hands of medical professionals was the lowest(90.1%),followed by indoor air(93.5%).Conclusions The quality of disinfection of the provincial medical institutions in Guangxi is satisfactory.The qualified rates of indoor air and hands of medical professionals are relatively lower,and hence,monitoring needs to be strengthened for these aspects.
Epidemiologic analysis of Salmonella infection in Huangpu District of Shanghai in 2008-2011

[Objective] To obtain the epidemiologic characteristics of Salmonella infection in Huangpu District,Shanghai.[Methods] Three hospitals were selected randomly for monitoring.Basic information of each case was recorded.According to the definition of Salmonella infection,clinical symptoms and epidemiologic data from patients were collected.The stool samples were taken for serotype detection.[Results] Salmonella detection rate was decreasing from 2008 to 2011.The average detection rate was 3.25% in Huangpu District,which was slightly higher than the average level of Shanghai(3.13%).Most cases occurred between May and October.The incidence rate in male was 1.53 times higher than that in female.People between 20 and 39 were more likely to get infected.Salmonella Enteritis(31.83%) and Salmonella Typhimurium(15.57%) were the dominant serotypes.[Conclusion] The Salmonella detection rate of diarrhea patients presented a decreasing trend in Huangpu District within the past 4 years while the average detection rate in Huangpu District was higher than that in Shanghai.In order to effectively control Salmonella infection and raise the public awareness of Salmonella prevention,case surveillance and management,food safety management,and health education should be placed in high priority.
Single-Molecule Imaging Tau Dynamics on the Microtubule Surface: Effects of Phosphoregulation

Tau is a conformationally dynamic microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons. It is localized primarily in the axonal compartment where it has been implicated in a number of intracellular functions, including microtubule stabilization, cross-linking between the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, acting as a scaffold for a variety of signaling molecules, and modulating the axonal transport process. Tau's myriad of functions are likely to be related to its conformationally dynamic structure, but the structure/function relationships within this molecule remain poorly defined. Additionally, Tau is known to be regulated by phosphorylation at numerous Ser/Thr and Tyr sites throughout the molecule, but the effects of phosphorylation on Tau's structural dynamics are also unclear. Previous in vitro work in our lab has shown that Tau interconverts between static and diffusive states on the microtubule surface in an isoform and microtubule-lattice specific manner. In the current work we demonstrate that phosphomimetic constructs of Tau alter its dynamics on the microtubule surface. Specifically, phosphomimetic constructs at tyrosine 18 (Y18E) in the acidic N-terminal region shift Tau's dynamic equilibrium on the microtubule surface to a more diffusive state, while those in the central proline-rich region (S202E/T205E) have no effect and Tau remains in a predominantly static state. Interestingly, phosphorylation of Y18 in Tau prevents disruption of fast axonal transport, while the phosphorylation of S202 and T205 are hallmarks of Tau in a hyperphosphorylated disease state. These results are consistent with previous results demonstrating that static, but not diffusive, Tau inhibits kinesin-1 motility. Thus site-specific phosphoregulation of Tau can differentially affect its dynamics on the microtubule surface and effects on kinesin-mediated cargo transport within the axon. These results shed important new light on the mechanisms underlying Tau's function in both normal and pathological states of the neuron.
TAMSULOSIN : THE UNITED STATES TRIALS

Overall, tamsulosin has several advantages. Its long-acting action allows for once-daily dosing. The therapeutic effect, as indicated by > 30% increase in peak urinary flow rate, is realized in more than 50% of the patients receiving the therapy. The beneficial effect from treatment is seen as early as 2 to 3 weeks after the maximum dose is reached. In addition, the dose may be adjusted from 0.4 mg daily to 0.8 mg daily to obtain the desired decrease in urinary tract obstructive symptoms, although the vast majority of patients are effectively treated with 0.4 mg daily. Also, there is no known effect of alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists on the serum PSA concentration. The incidence of untoward cardiovascular system effects is less important because of tamsulosin's uroselective action. As with any other medical therapy for BPH, tamsulosin must be taken indefinitely to maintain the therapeutic effect.
Anemia in black preschool children in Mississippi. Dietary and hematologic findings.

Protein, iron, and ascorbic acid intakes of black preschoolers were calculated from four-day records and correlated with hematologic findings.
Numerical Electromagnetics: Review of electromagnetic theory

A study of Numerical Electromagnetics must rely on a firm base of knowledge in the foundations of electromagnetics as stated in Maxwell's equations. Accordingly, we undertake in this chapter a review of Maxwell's equations and associated boundary conditions. All classical electromagnetic phenomena are governed by a compact and elegant set of fundamental rules known as Maxwell's equations . This set of four coupled partial differential equations was put forth as the complete classical theory of electromagnetics in a series of brilliant papers written by James Clerk Maxwell between 1856 and 1865, culminating in his classic paper [2]. In this work, Maxwell provided a mathematical framework for Faraday's primarily experimental results, clearly elucidated the different behavior of conductors and insulators under the influence of fields, imagined and introduced the concept of displacement current [3, Sec. 7.4], and inferred the electromagnetic nature of light. A most fundamental prediction of this theoretical framework is the existence of electromagnetic waves, a conclusion to which Maxwell arrived in the absence of experimental evidence that such waves can exist and propagate through empty space. His bold hypotheses were to be confirmed 23 years later (in 1887) in the experiments of Heinrich Hertz [4]. When most of classical physics was fundamentally revised as a result of Einstein's introduction [6] of the special theory of relativity, Maxwell's equations remained intact. To this day, they stand as the most general mathematical statements of fundamental natural laws which govern all of classical electrodynamics.
Graph Quality in Top Medical Journals

Study objective Well-designed graphs can portray complex data and relationships in ways that are easier to interpret and understand than text and tables. Previous investigations of reports of clinical research showed that graphs are underused and, when used, often depict summary statistics instead of the data distribution. This descriptive study aims to evaluate the quantity and quality of graphs in the current medical literature across a broad range of better journals. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey of 10 randomly selected original research articles per journal from the 2012 issues of 20 highly cited journals. We identified which figures were data graphs and limited analysis to a maximum of 5 randomly selected data graphs per article. We then described the graph type, data density, completeness, visual clarity, special features, and dimensionality of each graph in the sample. Results We analyzed 342 data graphs published in 20 journals. Our sample had a geometric mean data density index across all graphs of 1.18 data elements/cm2. More than half (54%) of the data graphs were simple univariate displays such as line or bar graphs. When analyzed by journal, excellence in one domain (completeness, visual clarity, or special features) was not strongly predictive of excellence in the other domains. Conclusion Despite that graphs can efficiently and effectively convey complex study findings, we found their infrequent use and low data density to be the norm. The majority of graphs were univariate ones that failed to display the overall distribution of data.
Chemokine receptor patterns and right heart failure in mechanical circulatory support

Background Right ventricular failure (RVF) complicates 9% to 44% of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implants post-operatively. Current prediction scores perform only modestly in validation studies, and do not include immune markers. Chemokines are inflammatory signaling molecules with a fundamental role in cardiac physiology and stress adaptation. In this study we investigated chemokine receptor regulation in LVAD recipients who develop RVF. Methods Expression of chemokine receptor (CCR) genes 3 to 8 were examined in the peripheral blood of 111 LVAD patients, collected 24 hours before implant. RNA was isolated using a PAXgene protocol. Gene expression was assessed using a targeted microarray (RT2 Profiler PCR Array; Qiagen). Results were expressed as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycles to threshold and normalized to the average of 3 control genes, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and β 2 -microglobulin (B2M). Secondary outcomes studied were 1-year mortality and long-term RV failure (RVF-LT). Results CCR3, CCR4, CCR6, CCR7 and CCR8 were downregulated in LVAD recipients with RVF. Within this cohort of patients, CCR4, CCR7 and CCR8 were further downregulated in those who required RV mechanical support. In addition, under-expression of CCR3 to CCR8 was independently associated with an increased risk of mortality at 1 year, even after adjusting for RVF. CCR expression did not predict RVF-LT in our patient cohort. Conclusions Pre-LVAD CCR downregulation is associated with RVF and increased mortality after implant. Inflammatory signatures may play a major role in prognostication in this patient population.
Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells with aging in the bone marrow of mice through a NF-κB-dependent mechanism

Summary With aging, there is progressive loss of tissue homeostasis and functional reserve, leading to an impaired response to stress and an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A key mediator of the cellular response to damage and stress is the transcription factor NF-κB. We demonstrated previously that NF-κB transcriptional activity is upregulated in tissues from both natural aged mice and in a mouse model of a human progeroid syndrome caused by defective repair of DNA damage (ERCC1-deficient mice). We also demonstrated that genetic reduction in the level of the NF-κB subunit p65(RelA) in the Ercc1−/∆ progeroid mouse model of accelerated aging delayed the onset of age-related pathology including muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and intervertebral disk degeneration. Here, we report that the largest fraction of NF-κB -expressing cells in the bone marrow (BM) of aged (>2 year old) mice (C57BL/6-NF-κBEGFP reporter mice) are Gr-1+CD11b+myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). There was a significant increase in the overall percentage of MDSC present in the BM of aged animals compared with young, a trend also observed in the spleen. However, the function of these cells appears not to be compromised in aged mice. A similar increase of MDSC was observed in BM of progeroid Ercc1−/∆ and BubR1H/H mice. The increase in MDSC in Ercc1−/∆ mice was abrogated by heterozygosity in the p65/RelA subunit of NF-κB. These results suggest that NF-κB activation with aging, at least in part, drives an increase in the percentage of MDSCs, a cell type able to suppress immune cell responses.
Indices of Body Composition and Repeatability of Residual Feed Intake in Growing Columbia Ewes Fed the Same Diet

Residual feed intake (RFI), an efficiency measurement based upon the difference in expected and actual feed intake, is used to improve production efficiency of livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of ewe RFI measured for two consecutive years, and to investigate the relationship between indices of body composition in yearling ewes and RFI. Two trials, using the same Columbia ewe lambs (n = 17) were conducted in consecutive years (2014, 2015) using the same diet. RFI was calculated for each ewe each year. RFI did not differ (P = 0.77) between years. Each year, ewes were separated into RFI classes (LOW (efficient); MOD (average); HIGH (inefficient)). In 2014, ewe lamb performance did not differ among classes (P > 0.3). In 2015, dry matter intake was greater for HIGH ewes (P 0.25). There was a trend for whole-body muscle mass to differ among RFI classes (P = 0.09), but no other body composition estimates were affected. Results suggest that RFI is repeatable; however, indices of body composition seem to be independent of RFI in Columbia ewes fed the same diet under similar conditions.
Consummate Dewey Intellectual: Larry Hickman

Consummate Dewey Intellectual: The dialogue with Larry Hickman runs the gamut of a wide variety of aspects of John Dewey’s educational philosophy.
CommunityDiff: Visualizing Community Clustering Algorithms

Community detection is an oft-used analytical function of network analysis but can be a black art to apply in practice. Grouping of related nodes is important for identifying patterns in network datasets but also notoriously sensitive to input data and algorithm selection. This is further complicated by the fact that, depending on domain and use case, the ground truth knowledge of the end-user can vary from none to complete. In this work, we present CommunityDiff, an interactive visualization system that combines visualization and active learning (AL) to support the end-user’s analytical process. As the end-user interacts with the system, a continuous refinement process updates both the community labels and visualizations. CommunityDiff features a mechanism for visualizing ensemble spaces, weighted combinations of algorithm output, that can identify patterns, commonalities, and differences among multiple community detection algorithms. Among other features, CommunityDiff introduces an AL mechanism that visually indicates uncertainty about community labels to focus end-user attention and supporting end-user control that ranges from explicitly indicating the number of expected communities to merging and splitting communities. Based on this end-user input, CommunityDiff dynamically recalculates communities. We demonstrate the viability of our through a study of speed of end-user convergence on satisfactory community labels. As part of building CommunityDiff, we describe a design process that can be adapted to other Interactive Machine Learning applications.
Progressive Support for Activities of Daily Living for Persons Living With Dementia.

Background and objectives Dementia is accompanied by increasing need for support in activities of daily living (ADLs). This brief report/literature review summarizes the practices to care for early stage, middle stage, and late stage ADL needs (dressing, toileting, and eating/nutrition), and examines commonalities across ADL needs and the extent to which practices are reflected in guidelines and/or evidence. Research design and methods A review of the grey and peer-reviewed literature, using some but not all procedures of a systematic review. Key terms were identified for ADLs overall and for each of the 3 ADLs, and a search was conducted using these words in combination with (a) dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and similar terms, and (b) practices, interventions, guidelines, recommendations, and similar terms. Searches were conducted using databases of peer-reviewed literature as well as the Grey Literature Reports and Google search engine. Sources were included if they provided evidence or recommendations on interventions to address ADL functioning for dressing, toileting, and feeding for persons living with dementia. Results As cognitive and functional impairment increases, the number of care practices and themes that embody care practices increases. The majority of practices are evidence-based, and most evidence is incorporated into guidelines. Discussion and implications Virtually all practices reflect person-centered care principles. Five recommendations summarize the evidence and recommendations related to providing support to persons living with dementia in relation to dressing, toileting, and eating/nutrition.
High-spin states in /sup 146/Sm

Transitions between states up to spin $16\ensuremath{\hbar}$ populated in the $^{146}\mathrm{Nd}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 4n)$ reaction were observed using $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distribution and excitation function, and delayed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray measurements. A level scheme was constructed up to 6.2 MeV with all levels above 3.8 MeV observed for the first time. Levels below 4.1 MeV were interpreted in terms of the coupling between two extra-core neutrons and excitations of the $N=82$ core. Rotational structures and isomers were searched for above 4.1 MeV, but none were found.
Prometheus: Processing-in-memory heterogeneous architecture design from a multi-layer network theoretic strategy

With increasing demand for distributed intelligent physical systems performing big data analytics on the field and in real-time, processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures integrating 3D-stacked memory and logic layers could provide higher performance and energy efficiency. Towards this end, the PIM design requires principled and rigorous optimization strategies to identify interactions and manage data movement across different vaults. In this paper, we introduce Prometheus, a novel PIM-based framework that constructs a comprehensive model of computation and communication (MoCC) based on a static and dynamic compilation of an application. Firstly, by adopting a low level virtual machine (LLVM) intermediate representation (IR), an input application is modeled as a two-layered graph consisting of (i) a computation layer in which the nodes denote computation IR instructions and edges denote data dependencies among instructions, and (ii) a communication layer in which the nodes denote memory operations (e.g., load/store) and edges represent memory dependencies detected by alias analysis. Secondly, we develop an optimization framework that partitions the multi-layer network into processing communities within which the computational workload is maximized while balancing the load among computational clusters. Thirdly, we propose a community-to-vault mapping algorithm for designing a scalable hybrid memory cube (HMC)-based system where vaults are interconnected through a network-on-chip (NoC) approach rather than a crossbar architecture. This ensures scalability to hundreds of vaults in each cube. Experimental results demonstrate that Prometheus consisting of 64 HMC-based vaults improves system performance by 9.8x and achieves 2.3x energy reduction, compared to conventional systems.
An Analytical Method for Determining the Surface Energy of Solid Polymers

A phenomenological theory for adhesion has been derived. This theory provides us with a new analytical method for determining the many important adhesion variables, such as the solid/vapor surface energy, the solid/liquid surface energy, the initial spreading coefficient and the equilibrium work of adhesion. The theory also provides significant correlations with many existing theories. Among them are the Zisman equation, the Wenzel equation, the Good-Girifalco equation, and the Good-Girifalco-Fowkes equation. Excellent experimental substantiation was obtained using data obtained at our laboratory and data from the literature for different solid polymers. Based on the foregoing theory, two new thermodynamic criteria for the spreading and for the cohesive failure of an adhesive system have also been established. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and roughness on the adhesion properties can now be determined.
High Fermentable Corn Hybrids for the Dry-Grind Corn Ethanol Industry

The biofuel corn ethanol helps provide a sustainable and secure non-petroleum source of energy. The dry-grind ethanol industry is the customer for about one-third of US-produced corn grain. Getting the most ethanol from sourced corn grain is important to the economics of a commercial ethanol plant. Near infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NIT), backed by calibrations built with robust reference chemistry, is used to predict the fermentability of whole corn grain. Ethanol yield predicted by NIT has been shown to be highly correlated with commercial ethanol yield. High fermentable corn hybrids identified using NIT have been designated by commercial seed producers and made available to corn growers. The combination of a robust, commercially validated NIT calibration and a rigorous corn hybrid designation process has been used to identify high fermentable corn hybrids to enable higher ethanol yields for the dry-grind ethanol industry.
Hydrogen Purification in Palladium-Based Membranes: An Operando X-ray Diffraction Study

Palladium (Pd)-based membranes are highly selective to H2, compact, and operationally flexible, and they could facilitate efficient and on-demand production of H2 as a clean energy carrier. For the...
Design of Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage System

Ocean renewable energy resources are intermittent and a large scale energy storage is needed for their optimal utilization. Ocean compressed air energy storage (OCAES) system is promising large-scale energy storage for integration of ocean energy with the electric grid. In OCAES, energy is stored in the form of compressed air in an underwater storage device. In this paper, modeling and design of various components in the OCAES system is presented. Furthermore, design specifications and efficiencies of the various components in the 2MWh storage system at 500 m ocean depth are evaluated. Design of compressor/expander is crucial for high efficiency and sensible component sizing. Tread-off between the polytropic index and stroke time should be addressed in the compressor/expander design. Compressor/expander volume can be divided into a large number of liquid piston cylinders to achieve high efficiency. Higher ocean depth of the air storage system decreases storage volume requirement but affects roundtrip efficiency. The roundtrip efficiency of OCAES can be significantly improved by designing compressor/expander operating under near-isothermal conditions.
INTRINSIC CAUDATE MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND CIRCUITRY

Publisher Summary Caudate nucleus contains abundant levels of acetylcholine (ACh), choline-acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase. The results of lesion and biochemical studies suggest that both the cholinergic receptors and cells of origin reside within the striatum. Direct neurophysiological evidence in vivo is still unavailable concerning both the cholinergic receptors and cell bodies. A well recognized putative neurotransmitter in the striatum is dopamine (DA). Most studies have shown that the dopamine system in caudate is inhibitory but excitatory effects have also been found. The possibility has been raised that the DA terminals end on incoming axons. This chapter presents studies to answer various questions as (1) do both medium and large cells undergo any chromatolysis or transneuronal degeneration, (2) is the basic organization of the isolated caudate the same as the intact caudate, and (3) what is the action of DA and Ach in such preparations.
Vertex-algebraic structure of the principal subspaces of certain A1(1)-modules, II: Higher-level case

Abstract We give an a priori proof of the known presentations of (that is, completeness of families of relations for) the principal subspaces of all the standard A 1 ( 1 ) -modules. These presentations had been used by Capparelli, Lepowsky and Milas for the purpose of obtaining the classical Rogers–Selberg recursions for the graded dimensions of the principal subspaces. This paper generalizes our previous paper.