cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward cities without slums: Topology and the spatial evolution of neighborhoods

The world is urbanizing quickly with nearly 4 billion people presently living in urban areas, about 1 billion of them in slums. Achieving sustainable development from rapid urbanization relies critically on creating cities without slums. We show that it is possible to diagnose systematically the central physical problem of slums—the lack of spatial accesses and related services—using a topological analysis of neighborhood maps and resolved by finding solutions to a sequence of constrained optimization problems. We set up the problem by showing that the built environment of any city can be decomposed into two types of networked spaces—accesses and places—and prove that these spaces display universal topological characteristics. We then show that while the neighborhoods of developed cities express the same common topology, urban slums fall into a different topological class. We demonstrate that it is always possible to find solutions that grow a street network in existing slums, providing universal accesses at minimal disruption and cost. We then show how elaborations of this procedure that include local preferences and reduce travel distances between places result from additional access construction. These methods are presently taking effect in neighborhoods in Cape Town (South Africa) and Mumbai (India), demonstrating their practical feasibility and emphasizing their role as a platform to enable communities and local governments to combine technical knowledge with local aspirations into contextually appropriate urban sustainable development solutions.
Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 enhances chemosensitization in multidrug resistant human breast cancer cells

5079 Drug resistance remains as a major hurdle to successful cancer treatment. Many mechanisms such as overexpression of multidrug resistant protein, increased turnover of drug metastasis, decreased apoptosis and impairment of signal transduction pathway can contribute multidrug resistance. Recent studies strongly suggest a close link between cytokines and drug resistance. To identify new targets involved in drug resistance, we established a multidrug resistant human breast cancer cell line MCF-7/R and examined the cytokine profile using cytokine antibody array technology. Among 120 cytokines/chemokines screened, IL-6, IL-8 and other 13 proteins were found to be markedly increased in drug resistant MCF-7/R cell line as compared to sensitive MCF-7/S cell line, while 7 proteins were specifically reduced in drug resistant MCF-7/R cells. Neutralizing antibody against IL-6 and IL-8 partially reversed the drug-resistance of MCF-7/R to taxol and doxorubicin, but neutralizing antibody of MCP-1 had no significant effect. Inhibition of endogenous IL-6 or IL-8 by siRNA technology significantly enhanced drug sensitivity of MCF-7/R cells. The drug sensitivity was not related to multidrug resistant protein since the expression of multidrug resistant protein remained unchanged in both IL-6 and IL-8 siRNA transfected cells. Our data suggest that increased expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 may contribute to multidrug resistance in human breast cancer cells.
Return of the Repressed: Native Presence and American Memory in John Muir’s Boyhood and Youth

Naturalist John Muir has often been criticized for his relative silence on the role of native peoples in occupying, forging, and tending the environments that he so often described as wilderness. H...
Mitigating the Backfire Effect Using Pacing and Leading.

Online social networks create echo-chambers where people are infrequently exposed to opposing opinions. Even if such exposure occurs, the persuasive effect may be minimal or nonexistent. Recent studies have shown that exposure to opposing opinions causes a backfire effect, where people become more steadfast in their original beliefs. We conducted a longitudinal field experiment on Twitter to test methods that mitigate the backfire effect while exposing people to opposing opinions. Our subjects were Twitter users with anti-immigration sentiment. The backfire effect was defined as an increase in the usage frequency of extreme anti-immigration language in the subjects' posts. We used automated Twitter accounts, or bots, to apply different treatments to the subjects. One bot posted only pro-immigration content, which we refer to as arguing. Another bot initially posted anti-immigration content, then gradually posted more pro-immigration content, which we refer to as pacing and leading. We also applied a contact treatment in conjunction with the messaging based methods, where the bots liked the subjects' posts. We found that the most effective treatment was a combination of pacing and leading with contact. The least effective treatment was arguing with contact. In fact, arguing with contact consistently showed a backfire effect relative to a control group. These findings have many limitations, but they still have important implications for the study of political polarization, the backfire effect, and persuasion in online social networks.
Modulation of glucocorticoid sensitivity by RNA interference in leukemic cells.

3639 Glucocorticoids (GC) induce apoptosis in numerous hematopoetic tissues and therefore are widely used in the treatment of leukemias and lymphomas. GC-induced apoptosis involves nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), causing transcriptional events that activate the mitocondrial/caspase-9 (intrinsic) pathway. However, it is unclear which GR-regulated genes function in initiating the caspase cascade. Previously we analyzed the transcriptional profile of GC-treated 697 pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, and identified interesting candidate genes. To search for the critical mediators of GC-induced apoptosis, we then employed a gene knockdown approach. The effect of the potent GC, triamcinolone acetonide (TA), on cell viability was determined after electroporating 697 cells in the presence of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against GR target genes. This analysis included RNA duplexes that reduce expression of MKP1 (MAP Kinase Phosphatase-1), BCL2, SGK1 (serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase), and forkhead-related transcription factor FOXO3a. After optimizing the transfection conditions, we have found that knockdown of several of these genes increased sensitivity of 697 cells to GC. We conclude that this approach will be useful for discovering and validating new therapeutic targets for GC- resistant hematopoietic malignancies.
Screening, Counseling, and Shared Decision Making for Alcohol Use with Transgender and Gender-Diverse Populations.

At-risk alcohol use occurs among transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) populations, yet current alcohol use screening tools and guidelines do not distinguish between sex- and gender-related characte...
Tunable Far Ir Source via Difference Frequency Mixing in a Planar Dielectric Waveguide

Discretely tunable far infrared signals in the 100-1000 μm wavelength range, generated by phase matched difference frequency mixing selected pulsed CO 2 laser lines in a GaAs planar dielectric waveguide, are described. About 0.25 milliwatt (∼ 4.6% of theoretical) maximum with a 30% bandwidth tunability around 250 μm was achieved using a 4.87 mm length waveguide.
Determinants of consumer attitudes and re-purchase intentions toward direct-to-consumer (DTC) brands

In the fashion and retail industry, a group of startups, referred to as Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) brands, are proliferating. DTC brands are defined as e-commerce brands that sell directly to consumers, without retailer ‘middlemen’ like department stores. They typically begin as a purely online business, fully leveraging digital channels for marketing and selling. Given the limited research on the topic, this paper aims to identify determinants of consumers’ attitudes and re-purchase intentions toward DTC brands. The initial qualitative phase of in-depth interviews with frequent DTC shoppers, resulted in the identification of eight determinants. The subsequent quantitative analysis with 210 US DTC shoppers confirmed that co-creation, cost-effectiveness, website attractiveness, brand uniqueness, social media engagement, and innovativeness of DTC brands significantly influence consumers’ attitudes while cost-effectiveness (indirectly), brand uniqueness, social media engagement, and brand innovativeness affect consumers re-purchase intentions. The findings offer insights for aspiring entrepreneurs and incumbent retailers on strengthening their value propositions.
Assessing a Group's Understanding of Cybersecurity through Collective Concept Maps

Concept maps are graphical representations of the hierarchical relationships among ideas. They are frequently used to assess individual students? understanding in a given domain. We present a methodology to create a collective concept map, which illustrates a group's, not an individual's, understanding of a concept. We draw on data from 15 grades 2-12 teachers and 23 grades 6-11 students from several schools within a metropolitan area in the U.S., who were participants in a summer cybersecurity workshop for beginner learners. Using collective concept maps, we study the initial views on the topic of cybersecurity between teachers and students.
What the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Clinician Needs to Know about Acne.

ABSTRACT Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition encountered in specialties outside of dermatology, including obstetrics and gynecology. The pathophysiology of acne is complex and includes disruption of the cutaneous microbiome, abnormal keratinization, inflammation, and hormonal influences. Various topical and systemic treatment modalities target each component of acne pathophysiology. Clinically, acne can be broken down into noninflammatory, inflammatory, or mixed subtypes. The age of the patient at presentation and signs and symptoms of hormonal imbalance might prompt workup for underlying disorders. The severity as well as type of acne dictates the type of treatment.
CX3CR1 mutation alters synaptic and astrocytic protein expression, topographic gradients, and response latencies in the auditory brainstem

The precise and specialized circuitry in the auditory brainstem develops through adaptations of cellular and molecular signaling. We previously showed that elimination of microglia during development impairs synaptic pruning that leads to maturation of the calyx of Held, a large encapsulating synapse that terminates on neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Microglia depletion also led to a decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for mature astrocytes. Here, we investigated the role of signaling through the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1), which is expressed by microglia and mediates communication with neurons. CX3CR1-/- and wild-type mice were studied before and after hearing onset and at 9 weeks of age. Levels of GFAP were significantly increased in the MNTB in mutants at 9 weeks. Pruning was unaffected at the calyx of Held, but we found an increase in expression of glycinergic synaptic marker in mutant mice at P14, suggesting an effect on maturation of inhibitory inputs. We observed disrupted tonotopic gradients of neuron and calyx size in MNTB in mutant mice. Auditory brainstem recording (ABR) revealed that CX3CR1-/- mice had normal thresholds and amplitudes but decreased latencies and interpeak latencies, particularly for the highest frequencies. These results demonstrate that disruption of fractalkine signaling has a significant effect on auditory brainstem development. Our findings highlight the importance of neuron-microglia-astrocyte communication in pruning of inhibitory synapses and establishment of tonotopic gradients early in postnatal development.
The Use of Typology in Anthropological Theory

Whitehead was right when he said that classification is only a half-way house in science. On the other hand, I think L. J. Henderson was equally correct in saying that in science any classification is better than no classification. A classification is useful to the degree that it sheds light on the relation between one set of facts and another. By a “ typology” I mean precisely a classification that is explicitly theoretical in intent as opposed to one intended purely as a descriptive categorization.
New Therapeutic Directions in Sarcomas: Biologic and Cytotoxic Modalities

Although advances have occurred in the management of osteosarcomas, progress in the treatment of adult soft tissue sarcomas continues to be frustrated by a paucity of effective systemic modalities. However, the propitious data with iphosphamide has already been reviewed and two doxorubicin analogues of promise are currently being tested. Several other new approaches await Phase II assessment. Finally, preclinical data has suggested a number of potential directions for clinical evaluation. Thus, the outlook for reduction in mortality from sarcomas is brighter than at any time in the past decade.
Die Ursachen der Innovationsdynamik

Erfolgreiche Unternehmungen messen dem Faktor Zeit eine immer grosere Bedeutung zu. Die Differenzierung im Wettbewerb wird zunehmend mit Zeitmerkmalen erzielt. Kostenvorteile verschwinden, nicht zuletzt wegen der internationalen Wettbewerber, hohe Qualitat von Leistungen wird vorausgesetzt. Damit erhalten okonomische Theorien der Zeit einen neuen Stellenwert. Die formale Behandlung der Zeit in mikrookonomischen Modellen wurde in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften wesentlich von BECKER2 (1965) und LINDNER3 (1970) gepragt.
Enhanced call: a paradigm for applications with dynamic client-membership in ATM networks

The traditional monolithic call concept is inefficient in representing multi-point applications with dynamic client-membership and client-level binding. We propose a new high-level network object called the enhanced call. Clients present at its setup time are called primary clients. Clients that add on to an existing call are called secondary clients. To reduce the overhead associated with end-to-end connection admission of every secondary client, virtual channel links (VCLs) are reserved statistically at enhanced call setup. This reduces the likelihood of secondary clients being blocked due to lack of available bandwidth. This paper addresses issues related to admission management of the enhanced call. First, we describe a network architecture required to implement the enhanced call. Client-level descriptors are proposed for the new call object. These descriptors are used to construct a worst-case model for secondary-client arrivals. The distribution of the number of carried VCLs in a call is obtained on each link of the call multicast tree. In particular, the VCL-size stochastic process is shown to be semi-regenerative with respect to an underlying Markov renewal process, and its steady-state distribution is computed. A call-admission scheme is developed based on the VCL-size distribution of a call. To ensure that secondary clients comply with the call descriptors, we define conformance in terms of global and local regulators. Following the admission of a call, these regulators test each arriving secondary client to check if it is conforming. Conforming secondary clients are set up without an end-to-end admission procedure.
Defining Reliable Forensic Economics inthe Post-Daubert/Kumho Tire Era:Case Studies from Antitrust

I. Introduction American law has reached a critical phase in its evolution. After initially resolving a prinicipal tension in the Sherman Act through endorsement of a "rule of reason" in 1911,1 the Supremem Court almost immediately turned down the path of rigid, bright line per se prohibitions.2 From 1927 3 through 1972,4 those per se rules expanded, engulfing much of the law of au and leaving little room for thoughtful economic analysis of conduct suspected of injuring competition.5 These decisions reduced antitrust law to a categorization scheme, in which courts swiftly pigeon-holed conduct for condemnation or, on occasion, for more lengthy consideration. Rigid categories and subcategories of "horizontal" and "vertical" conduct confined antitrust analysis to a neat, but ultimately uninformative framework. In a trilogy of cases in the late 1970s,6 the Court turned a corner. With increased fervor, the Court progressively opened doors to evolving theories of economic efficiency, swiftly abandoning the expressed so vividly in United States v. Topco Associates, Inc.:7 Without the per se rules, businessmen would be left with little to aid them in predicting in any particular case what courts will find to be legal and illegal underthe Sherman Act. Should Congress ultimately determine that predictability is unimportant in this area of the law, it can, of course, make per se rule inapplicable in some or all cases, and leave courts free to ramble through the wilds of economic theory in order to maintain a flexible approach.8 The Court's new decisions relied on the "flexible approach" of the rule of reason as antitrust's first principle, and considered per se rules the exception rather than the rule.9 "[D]eparre from the rule of reason," the Court declared in Continental T. V, Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc.,10 "must be based upon demonstrable ecomic effect rather they . .. . formalistic line drawing."11 This return to the rule of reason, however, brought antitrust law full circle to confront the unanswered questions in classic rule of reason cases like Standard Oil Co. v. United States12 and Chicago Board of Trade v. United States.13 What factors are relevant to the rule of reason inquiry? How are the factors to be weighted relative to one another? And how are burdens of proof to be allocated among the plaintiff and the defendant? Recent cases and enforcement guidelines have begun focusing more intently on these pressing issues and needs of amit law.14 The rise of this new rule of reason also signaled increased reliance on economic concepts, such as market power, efficiency, and conditions of entry - all of which are best introduced into evidence through an economist. …
Blockholder Identity, Equity Ownership Structures, and Hostile Takeovers

We determine firms' equity ownership structures and provide a theory of hostile takeovers by distinguishing the roles of two types of blockholders: rich investors and institutional investors. We also distinguish the roles of two types of stock markets: the block market and the market with small investors. Rich investors have their own money at stake while institutional investors are run by professional managers and hence face agency conflicts. Because rich investors face no agency problems they are better at monitoring managers. If their wealth is insufficient to control all corporations, then agency-cost free' capital is scarce. We investigate the allocation of this scarce resource. A hostile takeover is the consequence of a state-contingent allocation of agency-cost free capital. We show that only rich investors engage in hostile takeovers. Institutional investors instead are either permanent blockholding monitors or facilitate takeovers by selling blocks to rich investors. Even though all firms are ex ante identical, some may rely on the takeover mechanism while others rely on permanent institutional monitoring. We characterize the ownership structure of firms showing, in particular, that (ex ante) identical firms can have different ownership structures. Some can have initially dispersed ownership while others have an institutional blockholder.
A Study of Consumers' Response to Quick Service Restaurants' Healthy Menu Items

Abstract Nutritional choices play an important role in the increasing prevalence of overweight and obese adults and children. American consumers are pressuring restaurant companies to offer healthier restaurant menu options. The current study uses a content analysis of the literature to explain consumers' attitudes toward nutrition and healthy eating and a repeated measures ANOVA of key menu items from 31 quick service hamburger restaurants to analyze actual consumer eating behavior. Based on the content analysis, it was determined that consumer attitudes regarding healthy eating have declined in the last twenty years. The statistical analysis of the data found a significant increase in the amount of “healthy” menu items purchased and a statistically significant decrease in the number of side items purchased over the past three years. The number of regular entree menu items purchased did not change. Implications for practice in the restaurant industry and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Fabrication of phased array microwave waveguides windows

In thermonuclear fusion research, RF power is used to heat the plasma and accelerate particles in order to drive steady-state currents in the plasma. In the range of frequencies near lower hybrid resonance, between 1 and 8 GHz, RF power can be successfully coupled to the plasma only by launching waves with a refraction index greater than unity along the confining toroidal field. This is achieved by using an array of waveguides in which each element is properly phased with respect to the element adjacent to it and the width and separation of the elements are such as to achieve the desired k-spectrum. The higher the number of elements, the narrower the k-spectrum becomes. In most experiments, this narrowing of the spectrum produces a higher efficiency. Because of the potentially large number of elements in an array and the desirability of placing the array as close to the vacuum vessel as possible, it is convenient to make the vacuum seal on the array assembly. This is much more desirable than making individual vacuum seals for each element. This problem has been approached by fabricating a long, tight array of elements and brazing the elements into a vacuum flange. Fabrication of the array is described. >
Forming a teacher educator identity: uncertain standards, practice and relationships

Drawing on his own experience as an illustrative case, the author examines the interplay of external influences and internal sense-making to explore aspects of teacher educator identity. Framed by attention to institutional, discursive and affinity perspectives on identity development, he argues that research and practice contexts in research-intensive schools and colleges of education in the USA contribute to uncertain conditions for the development of professional identity in the field of teacher education. Given an environment that sends mixed messages about the standards that most matter to knowing and acting in teacher education, teacher educators are encouraged to recognise their agency in claiming a sense of professional self, work with colleagues and students to cultivate deliberative inquiry spaces to shed light on the mystery of university-based teacher education, and explore the relationships embedded in the practice of teacher education that prompt recognition of what it means to be a teacher ...
Starch and Fiber Fractions in Selected Food and Feed Ingredients Affect Their Small Intestinal Digestibility and Fermentability and Their Large Bowel Fermentability In Vitro in a Canine Model

The digestion of legumes, cereal grains, cereal and potato flours and grain-based foods in dogs was studied using two in vitro model systems. The first simulated the stomach and small intestine through the additions of acid and enzymes and large bowel fermentation through use of fecal inocula from dogs, and the second simulated small intestinal fermentation using canine ileal chyme as the bacterial source. All substrates were analyzed for total dietary fiber (TDF) including insoluble and soluble components, and starch fractions: rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, resistant starch (RS) and total starch. Legumes had high TDF and RS concentrations (mean 36.5 and 24.7%, respectively), resulting in lower ileal digestible starch and total digestible starch concentrations (mean 21 and 31%, respectively). Seventy-four percent of the TS in the cereal grains group was rapidly digestible starch plus slowly digestible starch compared with the flour group, where the corresponding value was 95%. This related to the processing of cereals to flours, in which TDF and RS concentrations were reduced markedly. This increased ileal digestible starch concentrations in the flour group (65%) versus the cereal grains group (60%). Ileal digestion of starch in grain-based food products like macaroni and spaghetti was high (96 and 92%, expressed as a percentage of TS, respectively). Fermentation of substrates with ileal microflora was influenced by substrate chemical composition, with the flour group exhibiting the highest organic matter disappearance values. The legume group had a high total short-chain fatty acid concentration (7.8 mmol/g organic matter fermented), perhaps as a result of fermentation of TDF as well as starch components. A database such as this one provides information about utilization of foods and feeds in the dog and potentially in humans.
Algal fluorescence: impact and potential for retrieval from measurements of the underwater degree of polarization

Algorithms for retrieving inherent optical properties (IOPs) in coastal waters from remote sensing of water leaving reflectance spectra, are increasingly focused on red and near infrared (NIR) spectral bands, since the simple blue - green ratio approaches, valid in open oceans, fail when in coastal waters with strongly scattering inorganic particles and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). NIR spectra can however be significantly impacted by overlapping chlorophyll a fluorescence, and considerable progress has been made to quantify its contribution, and hence achieve more accurate [Chl] retrievals. Recently we have been studying multiangular hyperspectral polarization characteristics of underwater scattered light, using our recently developed Stokes vector polarimeter to fully measure Stokes parameters. From these studies, information on IOPs, in particular the characteristics of non - algal particles (NAP), which are the primary source of underwater polarized elastic scattering, can be obtained. Multiangular hyperspectral polarization measurements, combined with those of IOPs collected in eutrophic waters of Chesapeake/Virginia and New York Harbor/Hudson River areas, showed that chlorophyll a fluorescence markedly impacts (reduces) the underwater degree of polarization (DOP) in the 650 - 700 nm spectral region. By noting the unpolarized nature of algal fluorescence and the partially polarized properties of elastic scattering, we are able to separate the chlorophyll a fluorescence signal from the total reflectance. The analysis is based on comparisons of experimental measurements with vector/scalar radiative transfer computations using measured IOPs as inputs. Relationships between change in observed DOP and fluorescence contributions are examined, and the possibility of using DOP measurements for underwater fluorescence retrieval is evaluated for different scattering geometries.
Effect of Winter Wheat Crop Residue on No-Till Corn Growth and Development

Two established methods for increasing the sustainability of production agricultural cropping systems are (i) increasing crop residue levels by reducing tillage and (ii) including a winter annual crop in the rotation. A wide range of crop yield responses have been reported for no-till systems adopted to a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. However, little research has been done in the Northern Corn Belt on no-till corn following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter wheat crop residue on the growth and development of no-till corn. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Treatments consisted of no-till systems with three levels of winter wheat residue [no wheat residue (NWR), wheat root residue only (WRR), and wheat root and shoot residue (WRSR)]. Data were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Measurements included plant emergence, plant height, time of tasseling (VT stage), chlorophyll content, presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) soil nitrate levels, soil moisture and temperature, corn grain yield, grain moisture, and grain test weight of corn at harvest. In all years, the presence of winter wheat residue above and below ground decreased soil temperature, increased soil moisture, and decreased chlorophyll content in corn leaves and plant height in the early stages of corn development. The VT stage of corn was delayed for about 1 wk in residue systems. Winter wheat residue decreased the amount of plant available N and increased grain moisture and test weight of corn grain at harvest. Emergence and population of corn in 2003 and 2005 were reduced in residue systems. The use of a PSNT-based N application rate was successful in maintaining corn grain yield in wheat residue systems with corn grain yield in NWR systems in 2003 and 2004 despite wheat residue antagonism of corn growth and development. In 2005, corn grain yield in wheat residue treatments was less than in NWR treatments, but was equal to PSNT target yields.
On the movement and alignment of DNA during 120° pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Abstract The displacement per pulse of lambda, T4, and G DNA during pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis has been measured for a fine mesh of pulse durations T between 0.02 and 120 s. The slopes of these curves show that the DNA moves by two distinct processes, designated 1 and 2, depending upon the pulse duration T. Process 1 operates at short T and causes dx/dT to decrease gradually with increasing T. This process is independent of molecular weight M. Process 2 is effective at longer T and causes dx/dT to rise sharply in sigmoidal fashion at a value of T which increases as M1.2, finally reaching a plateau of 1.4 microns/s for E = 4 V/cm. The shape of the dx/dT curve and its dependence on M lead directly to 4 zones of separation in plots of mobility vs M for different T. The alignment of the 3 DNAs during PFGE was measured by fluorescence-detected linear dichroism for E between 4 and 10 V/cm. These results are used in developing a molecular understanding of the mobility data.
Aneurysm of thoracic aorta in an infant treated by resection and arterial homograft.

Summary Aneurysm of the aorta in infancy and childhood is rare, and successful surgical treatment has not been previously recorded. A case of an 11-month-old infant is reported with a large fusiform aneurysm of the distal thoracic aorta which was either mycotic or congenital in origin. The aneurysm was resected and the aortic segment replaced by a lyophilized arterial homograft, with ultimate recovery of the patient.
Chemistry of rhodium in zeolite Y

Exchange of [Rh(NH3)5(H2O)]3+ ions from aqueous solution into NaY starts at the surface of the zeolite grains; ion penetration into subsurface cavities is slow. A marked rhodium concentration profile from the surface to the interior of the granuli vanishes only after an exchange time of three days, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Heating the [Rh(NH3)5(H2O)]3+-loaded NaY in argon up to 500°C leads to 100% autoreduction of the rhodium and formation of rather large rhodium particles. Heating the same precursor in 1 bar of O2 up to 380°C yields a mixture of the oxides RhO2 and Rh2O3 and the ions Rh3+ and Rh+. The oxides and Rh3+ ions are located in the supercages, while Rh+ is most likely in the small cages. After calcination to 500°C, Rh2O3 is the only oxide present; some of the Rh3+ ions have migrated into sodalite cages and hexagonal prisms. Reaction of Rh2O3 with zeolite protons produces more Rh3+ ions; a maximum concentration is achieved with HY when heated to 500°C. Reduction of the calcined samples in flowing H2 produces small rhodium particles located primarily inside the zeolite supercages. The extent of this reduction depends on the proton concentration and the temperature because the equilibrium between Rh0, protons, and Rh+ prevents 100% formation of Rh0 when the H+ concentration is appreciable; in HY a Rh0Rh+ ratio ≈1 is found. As a consequence of strong proton anchoring, the rhodium particle size in HY remains <1 nm after H2 reduction. Formation of rhodium-proton adducts lowers the propensity of rhodium to adsorb H2 at low temperature.
Recounting the Rationals

(2000). Recounting the Rationals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 360-363.
Basement membrane component changes in skeletal muscle transplants undergoing regeneration or rejection

The basement membrane of myofibers plays an important role during orderly regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. In this report, changes in various basement membrane components were analyzed in skeletal muscle grafts undergoing regeneration (autografts) or immune rejection (allografts). The immunofluorescence technique using specific antibodies against laminin, types IV and V collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, fibronectin, in combination with binding of concanavalin A (ConA) was used to monitor basement membranes. In normal muscle, these components were localized in the pericellular region of myofiber corresponding to its basement membrane. After transplantation, the majority of myofibers underwent degeneration as a result of ischemic injury, followed by regeneration from precursor myosatellite cells. Various components of basement membrane zone disappeared from the degenerating myofibers, leaving behind some unidentifiable component that still bound ConA. A new basement membrane appeared around the regenerated myotubes which persisted during maturation of the regenerating muscle. In rejected skeletal muscles, the immunoreactivity of various components persisted even after the disappearance of myotubes and myofiber cytoplasm. In addition, an accumulation of fibronectin was seen throughout the rejected muscle with the onset of immune rejection. These results demonstrate that the major basement membrane components disappear and reappear sequentially during myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Such a turnover is not seen in rejected skeletal muscles. Thus, the myofiber basement membrane is not a static structure as previously thought but one which changes chemically during degeneration and regeneration. This feature of basement membrane may be important in the orderly regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury.
Adaptive collocation method for simultaneous heat and mass diffusion with phase change

In post-accident heat removal applications the use of a lead slab is being considered for protecting a porous bed of steel shot in ex-vessel cavity from direct impingement of molten steel or fuel as released from reactor vessel following a hypothetical core disassembly accident in an LMFBR. The porous bed is provided to increase the coolability of the fuel debris by the sodium coolant. The present study is carried out to determine melting rates of a lead slab of various thicknesses by contact with sodium coolant and to evaluate the extent of penetration and the mixing rates of molten lead into liquid sodium by molecular diffusion alone. The study shows that these two calculations cannot be performed simultaneous without the use of adaptive coordinates which cause considerable stretching of the physical coordinates for mass diffusion. Because of the large difference in densities of these two liquid metals, the traditional constant density approximation for the calculation of mass diffusion cannot be used for studying their interdiffusion. The use of orthogonal collocation method along with adaptive coordinates produces extremely accurate results which are ascertained by comparing with the existing analytical solutions for concentration distribution for the case of constant density approximation andmore » for melting rates for the case of infinite lead slab. The analysis further shows that the melting rate progressively increases as the thickness of lead slab decreases.« less
Acting-out and the dynamics of victimization

The trauma of child abuse resides not only in the event itself but also arises from dynamics of victimization which causes secondary trauma. Acting-out among adolescents is symbolic of these dynamics. This article has explored an ecological perspective to present a relational model of pastoral care, uplifting the impact of victimization on both the individual and the community, as well as the individual's interaction within the community.
Contact Force and Frictional Heating due to “Large” Particles in the Head Disk Interface

Particles in the head disk interface may cause large contact forces acting on the slider as well as thermal asperities in the read/write signal. This is especially true for the close spacing required for 1 Tbit/in. 2 . In this paper, a three-body contact model is employed to study the effects of a particle entrapped between a slider and a disk. A criterion for determining a particle's movement pattern is proposed. The study of particles in the head disk interface shows that large particles are likely to slide between the slider and disk interface, and the particles going through the trailing pad of an air bearing slider cause severe contact forces on the slider and generate large heat sources. The frictional heating study shows that the temperature around the magnetoresistive head increases to about 5°C for a single 200 nm particle passing through the trailing pad of the slider. The effects of the particle size, disk material, and friction coefficient are also studied. It is found that the disk and slider materials and the frictional coefficient between the materials largely affect the contact force acting on the slider by an entrapped particle as well as the temperature rise at its contact region. It is also found that the friction coefficient largely affects a particle's movement pattern in the head disk interface.
A GCM Parameterization for the Shortwave Radiative Properties of Water Clouds

A new parameterization was developed for predicting the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds, suitable for inclusion in general circulation models (GCMs). The parameterization makes use of the simple relationships found by Slingo and Schrecker, giving the three input parameters required to calculate the cloud radiative properties (the optical depth, single scatter albedo and asymmetry parameter) in terms of the liquid water path and equivalent radius of the drop size distribution. The input parameters are then used to derive the cloud radiative properties, using standard two-stream equations for a single layer. The relationships were originally derived for fairly narrow spectral bands but it was found that it is possible to average the coefficients so as to use a much smaller number of bands, without sacrificing accuracy in calculating the cloud radiative properties. This makes the parameterization fast enough to be included in GCMs. The parameterization was programmed into the radiation scheme used in the U.K. Meteorological Office GCM. This scheme and the 24 band Slingo/Schrecker scheme were compared with each other and with observations, using a variety of published datasets. There is good agreement between the two schemes for both cloud albedo and absorption, even when only four spectral bands are employed in the GCM.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia—The Wrong Quality Measure for Benchmarking

Legislators, payers, and quality-of-care advocates are considering whether to require hospitals to report ventilator-associated pneumonia rates as a way to evaluate quality of care. Accurate diagno...
Continuous systemic interleukin-1α infusion suppresses food intake without increasing lateral hypothalamic dopamine activity

In addition to its immunomodulatory action, interleukin-1 (IL-1α) induces anorexia centrally. Whether IL-1-induced anorexia is mediated by dopaminergic activity in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was investigated by using microdialysis in freely moving rats. After recovery from jugular vein catheterization and LHA cannulation, rats had a microdialysis probe inserted into the LHA. Microdialysis samples were continuously collected fn control rats not infused, and in IL-1-treated rats during and after a 24 h continuous systemic infusion of 6 μg IL-1α. IL-1α significantly suppressed food intake from 13.6 ± 0.1 g to 4.3 ± 0.8 g (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in dopamine concentration in the LHA dialysates before, during and after IL-1α infusion relative to controls. Although IL-1α has been shown to act centrally, our results suggest that the anorexic effect of IL-1α is not mediated through dopaminergic activity in the LHA.
The contribution of developmental psychology to education ‐ ‐examples from moral education 1

It is argued that much of the ineffectiveness of schools in producing change is due to the educational psychologists’ moral relativity, identified with an “industrial psychologist”; model. Such rel...
A disease of the honey bee causing behavioral changes and mortality

Abstract A disease of Apis mellifera adults was observed to cause abnormal behavior and mortality. Tests conducted on colonies isolated in observation hives and in flight cages showed that diseased bees were often attacked by other bees in the colony and, as a result of the attacking, diseased bees became black and hairless. The attacking bees themselves became infected, hence, the disease was transmitted through the colony. Occasionally diseased bees were not attacked but withdrew from the main cluster and died. Bacteria-free suspensions prepared from diseased bees were infectious when injected into healthy bees and a number of viruslike particles were found in these suspensions. The effect of the disease on the welfare of the colony was followed by the experimental introduction of diseased bees into healthy normal colonies.
Objectivity bias in eyewitness performance

Two experiments were conducted to explore whether facial identification performance could be predicted from observers' attitudes toward eyewitness evidence, perceived personal objectivity, expressed confidence, or completeness and accuracy of verbal descriptions of the suspect. None of these predictors was found to be significantly related to identification performance with either target-present or target-absent photoarrays. However, observers who perceived themselves to be more objective were likely to give higher confidence ratings regardless of the accuracy of their identification performance, and they were likely to include more incorrect elements in their verbal descriptions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Coats' Disease In A Patient with Cornelia De Lange Syndrome

A 16-month-old boy had the mental and physical retardation, low-pitched cry, phocomelia with syndactyly, hirsutism, low-set ears, bushy eyebrows, elongated eyelashes, blepharoptosis, and strabismus characteristic of Cornelia de Lange syndrome along with ophthalmoscopic findings characteristic of Coats' disease. Cryotherapy made the abnormal telangiectatic vessels less prominent, but macular scarring produced poor visual acuity. Occlusion therapy was unsuccessful.
Temporal perturbations of binocular rivalry.

Successive durations of binocular rivalry are sequentially independent, random variables. To explore the underlying control process, we perturbed the cycle during a 30-sec viewing period by immediately forcing an eye to return to dominance whenever it became suppressed. During this period of forced dominance, that eye’s individual dominance durations were unusually brief, but immediately following the period of forced dominance that eye’s suppression durations were unusually long. However, no long-term change in the sequential pattern of rivalry occurred, and the stochastic independence of successive durations was maintained during and following the period of forced dominance. The same pattern of results was obtained with even longer periods of forced dominance. These results are consistent with the existence of a short-term adaptation, or fatigue, process responsible for transitions from dominance to suppression.
Laparoscopic versus open techniques in rectal cancer surgery: a retrospective analysis of 121 sphincter-saving procedures in a single institution

There are few reports that show that laparoscopic rectal surgery for rectal cancer had similar oncological results based on short-term benefits. The purpose of this study was to analyze our institutional short- and long-term results in laparoscopic rectal surgery and to compare these results with that reported in the literature. The records of 121 patients who underwent sphincter-saving procedure for rectal cancer were reviewed. The variables analyzed included possible factors causing morbidity, anastomotic leak, and recurrence rate in the laparoscopic and open techniques. Multivariable analyses were used to determine relationship between variables. Survival curves were determined by using the Kaplan–Meier method. Laparoscopic sphincter-saving total mesorectal excision or partial mesorectal excision was performed in 97 patients (group 1). Twenty-four patients had open procedure (group 2). The conversion rate from laparoscopic to open technique was 10.3% (n = 10). The overall postoperative morbidity and anastomotic leak rates were 33.4% and 14.8%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in terms of postoperative morbidity (p = 0.177) and anastomotic leak (p = 0.216) between the two groups. Old age was an independent predictor for postoperative morbidity, and downstaging was an independent predictor for anastomotic leak with a sixfold increased risk. Complete downstaging to stage 0 showed a lower overall 5-year survival rate compared with non-downstaged stage I patients (79% vs. 100%). The overall local recurrence rate was 6%. There was one port site metastasis (0.8%). There were two (1.7%) postoperative deaths in group 1. The overall 5-year patient and disease-free survivals were 64% and 74%, respectively, and there was no difference between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.801). Laparoscopic sphincter-saving rectal resection for rectal cancer shows good long-term results. However, it has no advantage in terms of short-term benefits compared with the open procedure. Further studies are needed to validate the effect of downstaging on anastomotic leaks.
Counseling in Malaysia: An Emerging Profession

The emergence of counseling in Malaysia illustrates the importance of a strong professional association and counseling training programs at the university level.
Isochromosome 7q and Wilms Tumor

Isochromosome 7q is a nonrandom cytogenetic abnormality in Wilms tumor. Two notable cases are described: (1) a case of bilateral Wilms tumor in which only the left-sided tumor contained isochromosome 7q and (2) a case of left-sided Wilms tumor in which the tumor contained isochromosome 7q, in addition to four other chromosomal abnormalities associated with Wilms tumor.
Residual stress evaluation using shearography with large-shear displacements

A newly developed optical method for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of residual and live-load stresses is presented. The method utilizes shearography employing a large angle shearing prism which results in large shear displacements. The large angle shearing prism allows the surface speckle pattern to be referenced and mapped onto a remote, separately positionable, surface. Changes on the object surface are initiated between exposures by means of a spherical impression made into the surface. The impression is made by impacting a hardened ball into the surface producing local stresses approximately three times the magnitude of the yield stress for the material. The deformation pattern is recorded and related to the stress that was initially present in the specimen.