cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Or Supramolecular Templating: Defining The Role of Surfactant Chemistry In the Formation of M41S and Zeolitic Molecular Sieves

Publisher Summary The chapter explores the ability of alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants of the type C n H 2n+I (CH 3 ) 3 NBr to serve as structure directing agents, or templates, for the formation of microporous or mesoporous molecular sieves frameworks. At equivalent gel compositions and reaction conditions, it was observed that the alkyl chain length of the surfactant molecule dictated the nature of the silicate product obtained as indicated by the X-ray diffraction patterns. Over the entire range of synthesis temperatures examined (100–200°C) the shortest alkyl chain length surfactant (n=6), produced amorphous or microporous zeolitic materials, such as ZSM-5. The zeolite contained the intact surfactant cation consistent with a commonly observed molecular templating effect. At 100°C as the surfactant chain length was increased (n=8, 10, 12, 14, and 16), the formation of mesoporous molecular sieves (MCM-41) was observed. In these cases, a combination of surfactant chain length and reaction conditions favor surfactant aggregation (micelles), and hence, the formation and utilization of supramolecular templates.
Arms, corruption, and the state: Understanding the role of arms trade corruption in power politics

This article discusses patterns of corruption in the arms business around the world. It finds corruption to be widespread, almost ubiquitous in some sectors such as submarines, and affecting developed democracies as recipients as much as other countries. Anti-corruption efforts face severe challenges in proving corruption in highly complex financial cases involving multiple jurisdictions. However, they also face obstruction from exporter governments who are reluctant to prosecute their national defense industry champions so that even where investigations bear fruit, companies tend to receive light treatment. The article argues that corruption in the arms trade is not merely and simply a matter of individual and corporate greed, but is, on the seller’s side, also an element of defense industrial policy as countries seek to maintain advanced technological capabilities in the face of limited domestic demand, widespread international competition, and a buyer’s market. For recipients in buyer, and sometimes also seller, countries, an underemphasized aspect is the role of arms trade corruption as a means of securing political finance by senior politicians involved in decisionmaking. Thus, the practice occupies a systemic role in political competition, complicating efforts to tackle it.
High‐throughput doping control analysis of 28 amphetamine‐type stimulants in equine plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (HILIC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 28 amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) in equine plasma for doping control analysis. In this method, stimulants were recovered from equine plasma by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) at pH 9.5 using methyl tert-butyl ether and detected on a Thermo Finnigan triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive-ion mode electrospray ionization. All stimulants were eluted within 7 minutes and baseline separation was achieved for isomeric and isobaric compounds using HILIC chromatography. Extraction efficiency was greater than 80% and matrix effect was acceptable for most stimulants. The limit of detection (LOD) was in the range of 10-50 pg/mL and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was in the range of 50-100 pg/mL. Quadratic regression was employed for quantification and the dynamic range of quantification was 50-10000 pg/mL. Confirmatory analysis criteria were established using product ion ratios and retention time. The limit of confirmation (LOC) was in the range of 20-100 pg/mL. Stability study results indicated that some stimulants were unstable in equine plasma at room temperature and 4°C. However, all the stimulants studied were stable at -20°C and - 80°C for the 6 month study period.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of Rhenium, Technetium-99m and Rhenium-188 Pentapeptides

Abstract A pentapeptide macrocyclic ligand, KYCAR (lysyl-tyrosyl-cystyl-alanyl-arginine), has been designed as a potential chelating ligand for SPECT imaging and therapeutic in vivo agents. This study shows the synthesis and characterization of KYCAR complexes containing nonradioactive rhenium, 99mTc, or 188Re. The metal complexes were also biologically evaluated to determine in vivo distribution in healthy mice. The overall goals of this project were (1) to synthesize the Tc/Re pentapeptide complexes, (2) to identify spectroscopic methods for characterization of syn versus anti rhenium peptide complexes, (3) to analyze the ex vivo stability, and (4) to assess the biological properties of the [99mTc]TcO-KYCAR and [188Re]ReO-KYCAR complexes in vivo. Details on these efforts are provided below. Methods NatRe/99mTc/188ReO-KYCAR complexes were synthesized, and macroscopic species were characterized via HPLC, IR, NMR, and CD. These characterization data were compared to the crystallographic data of ReO-KYC to assist in the assignment of diastereomers and to aid in the determination of the structure of the complex. Results The radiometal complexes were synthesized with high purity (>95%). HPLC, IR, NMR and CD data on the macroscopic natReO-KYCAR complexes confirm the successful complexation as well as the presence of two diastereomers in syn and anticonformations. Tracer level complexes show favorable stabilities ex vivo for 2+ h. Conclusion Macroscopic metal complexes form diastereomers with the KYCAR ligand; however, this phenomenon is not readily observed on the tracer level due to the rapid interconversion. It was determined through pKa measurements that the macroscopic natReO-KYCAR complex is 0 at physiological pH. The [99mTc]TcO-KYCAR is stable in vitro while the [188Re]ReO-KYCAR shows 50% decomposition in PBS and serum. Biologically, the tracer level complexes clear through the hepatobiliary pathway. Some decomposition of both tracers is evident by uptake in the thyroid and stomach.
Pottery trade and the formation of early and middle formative style horizons as seen from central mexico

We explore the relationship between long-distance pottery trade and the formation of Early and Middle Formative style horizons in Mesoamerica. A sample of 1,154 ceramics mostly from Early and Middle Formative contexts in the central Mexican highlands was irradiated at the University of Missouri Research Reactor with a subsample (n = 313) for petrographic analysis. We conclude that: (1) most sites and regions display more than one process for making pottery; (2) there is a small amount of intraregional exchange among central Mexican sites, with the southeastern Basin of Mexico making the largest portion of pottery intended for trade within the region; and (3) interregional imports found at several sites likely come from the metamorphic region of southwestern Puebla with smaller numbers imported from the southern Gulf Coast, Morelos, and possibly Oaxaca. The trend over time from Early Formative to the end of the Middle Formative is one of decreasing intensity of long-distance interaction and decreasing geographic range of trade. These two trends contribute to the regional divergence of ceramic styles that peaks by the Late Formative in Mesoamerica.
Imaging of the female urethra

Female urethral pathology can be challenging to diagnose clinically due to non-specific symptoms. High-resolution MRI has become a powerful tool in the diagnosis of urethral lesions and staging of malignancy. Additionally, dynamic MRI, fluoroscopy or ultrasound can evaluate for pelvic floor prolapse and the effectiveness of surgical interventions. This article will review the imaging features of common benign and malignant conditions of the female urethra including diverticula, benign cystic and solid lesions, malignancy, surgical slings, and injection of bulking agents.
Challenges in Predicting Machine Translation Utility for Human Post-Editors

As machine translation quality continues to improve, the idea of using MT to assist human translators becomes increasingly attractive. In this work, we discuss and provide empirical evidence of the challenges faced when adapting traditional MT systems to provide automatic translations for human post-editors to correct. We discuss the differences between this task and traditional adequacy-based tasks and the challenges that arise when using automatic metrics to predict the amount of effort required to post-edit translations. A series of experiments simulating a real-world localization scenario shows that current metrics under-perform on this task, even when tuned to maximize correlation with expert translator judgments, illustrating the need to rethink traditional MT pipelines when addressing the challenges of this translation task.
Primary Care Access to an Online Decision Support Tool is Associated With Improvements in Some Aspects of Pediatric Migraine Care.

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether primary care provider (PCP) access to an online decision support tool is associated with a change in evidence-based primary care medical management of pediatric migraine. Methods In this prospective observational study, PCPs serving a target community were educated on the availability and use of an online clinical decision support tool that was developed to inform treatment of pediatric migraine. For 9 months before and after implementation of the decision tool, the proportions of children with migraine prescribed evidence-based and contraindicated medications by PCPs in the target region were monitored using electronic medical record query and statistically compared to these same proportions for patients in surrounding (control) regions. Rates of visits to the emergency department for migraine also were tracked pre- and post-implementation as an indirect measure of impact of the decision tool. Provider usage of the decision tool was monitored and summarized using web analytics. Results Approximately half (56%) of target region PCPs used the online tool at least once over the project period. Relative to control regions and baseline trends, the proportion of children residing in the target region who were prescribed recommended abortive and preventive medications for treating migraine was statistically significantly higher following implementation of the tool. No significant changes to frequency of emergency care visits for migraine by youth in the target region were observed. Conclusions Availability to PCPs of an online decision support tool for pediatric migraine is associated with a modest change in some aspects of evidence-based medical care.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Postnatal Environmental Intervention Alter Dopaminergic Neuron and Microglia Morphology in the Ventral Tegmental Area During Adulthood.

BACKGROUND Prenatal ethanol exposure (PE) impairs midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron function, which might contribute to various cognitive and behavioral deficits, including attention deficits and increased addiction risk, often observed in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Currently, the underlying mechanisms for PE-induced deficits are unclear. PE could lead to neuroinflammation by activating microglia, which play an important role in synaptic function. In the present study, we investigated PE effects on microglial activation and DA neuron density and morphology in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Since postnatal environmental enrichment can reduce neuroinflammation and ameliorate several PE-induced behavioral deficits, we examined if a postnatal environmental intervention strategy using neonatal handling and postweaning complex housing could reverse PE effects on VTA DA neurons and microglia. METHODS Pregnant rats received 0 or 6 g/kg/d ethanol by 2 intragastric intubations on gestation days 8 to 20. After birth, rats were reared in the standard laboratory or enriched condition. Male adult rats (8 to 12 weeks old) were used for immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The results showed that PE decreased VTA DA neuron body size in standardly housed rats. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in numbers of VTA microglial branches and junctions in PE rats, suggesting morphological activation of microglia and possible neuroinflammation. The PE effects on microglia were normalized by postnatal environmental intervention, which also decreased the numbers of microglial branches and junctions in control animals, possibly via reduced stress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show an association between PE-induced morphological activation of microglia and impaired DA neuron morphology in the VTA. Importantly, postnatal environmental intervention rescues possible PE-induced microglial activation. These data support that environmental intervention can be effective in ameliorating cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with VTA DA neuron dysfunctions, such as attention deficits and increased addiction risk.
Ciencia y fe, hacia un pensamiento integral: la propuesta de Raimon Panikkar

espanolResumen La cuestion de la relacion entre ciencia y fe ha adquirido nuevo vigor en los comienzos del siglo, cuando, tras anos de especializacion y separacion fragmentaria de los saberes, que conducian a la esquizofrenia cultural del cognoscente, se empieza a percibir de manera cada vez mas nitida la necesidad de su integracion para dar cuenta de la multidimensionalidad de lo real. Tras poner de manifiesto la aparente tension entre cultura y trascendencia como realidades que conviven en el ser humano, se rastrea la posibilidad que Panikkar propone de una ciencia que, sin eliminarse a si misma, sin cancelar la mediacion que ella misma constituye ni despojarse de sus maneras y metodos propios, sin siquiera abandonar el plano de la pura inmanencia, reconoce en el lo divino: la infinita trascendencia del cuerpo -su caracter siempre abierto al misterio- y su infinita inmanencia -su profundidad insondable-. Esto tiene lugar en la forma concreta que el autor propone de una teofisica, de modo que con ella no ocurre algo semejante a lo que Wittgenstein indica respecto a la escalera de la que, una vez arriba -lograda la significacion de lo Absoluto- puedo desprenderme, sino que, en ella, la escalera -la dimension fisica- se conserva y se supera. EnglishAbstract The issue of the relationship between science and faith has acquired greater relevance since the beginning of the century, time in which, after years of specialization and fragmentation of human knowledge, which have led to a cultural schizophrenia of the knower, there is a growing awareness of the need to integrate both to account for a multidimensional reality. After noticing the apparent tension between culture and the divine as realities that coexist in human beings, it is examined Panikkar’s proposal of a science that, without eliminating itself, without cancelling the mediation that it constitutes, nor divesting itself from its own methods, not even without abandoning immanence, recognizes in itself the divine: the infinite transcendence of the body -its character always open to mystery- and its infinite immanence -its unfathomable depth-. This corresponds to the author’s theophysics, so that, in it, it does not happen something similar to what Wittgenstein indicates about the ladder of which one can get rid once up -when the significance of the divine has been attained-, but in it the ladder -the physical dimension- is preserved and surpassed.
Machine Learning-enhanced Multi-dimensional Co-Optimization of Sub-10nm Technology Node Options

This paper presents a next generation multi-objective co-optimization approach that enables the joint utilization of machine and human intelligence to address the growing challenges in all stages of technology enablement. This approach is utilized in exploring optimal combinations of a rich set of design, technology and ingredients (DTI) to push the power/performance/area (PPA) envelope across sub-10nm derivatives of Intel technology nodes and various intellectual properties (IPs). It focuses on assisting design engineers in exploring the multi-faceted design space of ever-increasing complexity that is governed by convoluted trade-offs, which directly determine end product quality. This approach is applicable to all stages of the technology definition and readiness cycle. Here, a 10× improvement in turn-around time (TAT) with better quality of results (QoR) is reported compared to purely human-optimized high-performance CPU implementations in Intel’s 10nm technology node using various transistor, standard cell, metal stack, track pattern and methodology options.
RNN-Based Classifier to Detect Stealthy Malware using Localized Features and Complex Symbolic Sequence

Malware detection and classification has enticed a lot of researchers in the past decades. Several mechanisms based on machine learning (ML), computer vision and deep learning have been deployed to this task and have achieved considerable results. However, advanced malware (stealthy malware) generated using various obfuscation techniques like code relocation, code transposition, polymorphism and mutation thwart the detection. In this paper, we propose a two-pronged technique which can efficiently detect both traditional and stealthy malware. Firstly, we extract the microarchitectural traces procured while executing the application, which are fed to the traditional ML classifiers to identify malware spawned as separate thread. In parallel, for an efficient stealthy malware detection, we instigate an automated localized feature extraction technique that will be used as an input to recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for classification. We have tested the proposed mechanism rigorously on stealthy malware created using code relocation obfuscation technique. With the proposed two-pronged approach, an accuracy of 94%, precision of 93%, recall score of 96% and F-1 score of 94% is achieved. Furthermore, the proposed technique attains up to 11% higher on average detection accuracy and precision, along with 24% higher on average recall and F-1 score as compared to the CNN-based sequence classification and hidden Markov model (HMM) based approaches in detecting stealthy malware.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Thyroiditis Is Associated with Increased Intrathyroidal T Lymphocyte Subpopulations

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) frequently cause thyroid dysfunction but their underlying mechanism remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated increased circulating natural ki...
Renal tubular acidosis.

To the Editor: The Image in Clinical Medicine of Drs. Kwan and Marsh (April 25 issue)1 shows an excellent radiographic example of type 1 (distal) renal tubular acidosis with nephrocalcinosis, but t...
'Makin' it' in the Heartland: Exploring perceptions of success among second-generation immigrant youth in St. Louis.

Abstract Introduction Debates in the literature on youth transitions and on immigrant adaptation acknowledge that recent societal shifts have altered the conditions for young people growing up today. As a result, traditional notions of success may limit our understanding of the mechanisms that lead to differential transitional and adaptation pathways among today's children of immigrants. This study explores the definitions of success among a sample of Bosnian-origin youth in St. Louis. Method The analysis is based on the first wave of in-depth qualitative interviews with 58 Bosnian second-generation youth (age 15–23) in St. Louis. Interviews lasted 45–90 min, were conducted in English, transcribed and coded following an inductive analytic logic. Results Overall the respondents complemented traditional notions of success, such as material stability and family formation with more subjective indicators such as self-fulfillment and happiness. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance for future waves of data collection to trace how definitions of success evolve and how they shape particular trajectories of the youth in our study. On a more general level, these findings urge researchers to incorporate definitions of success that are not primarily based on social and economic status mobility in an effort to generate a more nuanced understanding of the adaptations and transitions to adulthood of today's children of immigrants.
Surface current analysis of a corner cube mixer

The surface current is described for a long wire antenna located in a corner cube. The ground plane perpendicular to the wire is found to be unimportant to the operation of the antenna. Detailed calculations are made for the roof-top reflector configuration which show the importance of obstructions near the apex of the reflector.
Cost of clinician-driven tests and treatments in very low birth weight and/or very preterm infants.

To rank clinician-driven tests and treatments (CTTs) by their total cost during the birth hospitalization for preterm infants. Retrospective cohort of very low birth weight (<1500 g) and/or very preterm (<32 weeks) subjects admitted to US children’s hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Units (2012–2018). CTTs were defined as pharmaceutical, laboratory and imaging services and ranked by total cost. 24,099 infants from 51 hospitals were included. Parenteral nutrition ($85M, 32% of pharmacy costs), blood gas analysis ($34M, 29% of laboratory costs), and chest radiographs ($18M, 31% of imaging costs) were the costliest CTTs overall. More than half of CTT-related costs occurred during 10% of hospital days. The majority of CTT-related costs were from commonly used tests and treatments. Targeted efforts to improve value in neonatal care may benefit most from focusing on reducing unnecessary utilization of common tests and treatments, rather than infrequently used ones.
Parathyroid Imaging Practices for Primary Hyperparathyroidism Without Previous Operations Among Endocrine Surgery Program Directors.

BackgroundAttempts at preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid gland(s) in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) can be performed with a variety of modalities. Study utilization is surgeon-sp...
The "organic" descriptor and its association with commercial cigarette health risk expectancies, subjective effects, and smoking topography: a pilot human laboratory study.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this mixed method pilot study was to (1) examine whether the "organic" descriptor affects smokers' health risk expectancies, subjective ratings of smoking, and topography, and (2) describe how smokers interpret the "organic" descriptor and relate it to their subjective smoking experience. METHODS Twenty-two daily smokers (45.5% men, 81.8% non-Hispanic White, M (SD) age = 47.3 [12.7], M (SD) cigarettes/day = 14.5 [5.1]) completed a within-person laboratory study. Following a baseline session, smokers attended 2 experimental sessions where they smoked a study-provided cigarette (identical across conditions) paired with either an "organic" or conventional (e.g., no "organic") descriptor condition and completed subjective and behavioral measures. Participants completed a semi-structured interview at the last visit. RESULTS Relative to the conventional cigarette, more participants rated the "organic" cigarette as healthier, having fewer chemicals, and having a more favorable burn rate (p's<0.05). There were no differences in total puff volume by condition (p=0.42). Stratifying by gender, men inhaled 225 ml (SE = 82.7) more in the conventional condition (p=0.02); women inhaled 408 ml (SE = 233.3) more in the organic condition (p=0.11). A common understanding of "organic" was that the product was "…less processed... like less chemicals and it's more natural." Some believed that "organic" cigarettes contained fewer chemicals, which in turn produced a "much cleaner and healthier smoking cigarette" and that they could "taste the difference." CONCLUSIONS Findings support that smokers associate the "organic" descriptor with health and reduced harm. This descriptor may differentially impact puffing behavior by gender. IMPLICATIONS This study provides qualitative and quantitative data regarding how the "organic" descriptor influences adult daily smokers' perceptions and use of cigarettes. After smoking two identical cigarettes described as "organic" and conventional (e.g., no "organic"), smokers expressed more problematic health expectancies about the "organic" cigarette condition, providing further empirical support that the "organic" descriptor is associated with expectancies of reduced harm. The source of reduced harm was understood to be fewer chemicals in the organic cigarette. Though preliminary, findings suggest that "organic" may differentially affect puffing behavior by gender.
The effect of regional anesthesia blocks on post-operative pain after ambulatory orthopedic trauma surgery

To determine if regional anesthesia had added benefit to general anesthesia, with or without local anesthesia, in controlling post-operative pain in outpatient orthopedic trauma surgery. A retrospective review was performed of prospectively gathered data on 71 patients undergoing outpatient orthopedic trauma surgery. All patients received general anesthesia and an addition 52 patients received additional regional anesthesia. Regional vs. no regional anesthesia groups were compared in terms of post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) pain visual analog scores (VAS), PACU length of stay (LOS), opioid use, and pain control at two weeks. The regional anesthesia group not differ in demographics or proportion of patients receiving local anesthesia, but was less likely to be undergoing major procedures (13% vs. 37%, proportional difference (PD) − 23%; 95% confidence interval (CI) − 46% to − 0.4%). There were no detectable differences in PACU opioid requirements (median difference (MD) − 7.5 mg, CI − 8 to 0), PACU LOS (MD − 13 min, CI − 63 to 24), discharge pain VAS (MD 0, CI − 1 to 1), post-discharge pain VAS (MD 0, CI − 1 to 1), opioid refills (PD − 6%, CI − 31% to 18%), or patient-perceived pain control (PD − 24%, CI − 41% to 0%). On multivariate analysis, regional anesthesia was the only variable negatively associated with patient-perceived pain control at two weeks (Odds Ratio 0.15; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.8). Regional anesthesia did not improve post-operative opioid requirements, PACU LOS, or patient-reported pain in the immediate or short-term post-operative period.
CT and MRI Image Fusion Error: An Analysis of Co-Registration Error Using Commercially Available Deep Brain Stimulation Surgical Planning Software.

Introduction During deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans need to be co-registered or fused. Image fusion is associated with the error that can distort the location of anatomical structures. Co-registration in DBS surgery is usually performed automatically by proprietary software; the amount of error during this process is not well understood. Here, our goal is to quantify the error during automated image co-registration with FrameLink™, a commonly used software for DBS planning and clinical research. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study at a quaternary care referral center, comparing CT and MR imaging co-registration for a consecutive series of patients over a 12-month period. We collected CT images and MRI scans for 22 patients with Parkinson's disease requiring placement of DBS. Anatomical landmarks were located on CT images and MRI scans using a novel image analysis algorithm that included a method for capturing the potential error inherent in the image standardization step of the analysis. The distance between the anatomical landmarks was measured, and the error was found by averaging the distances across all patients. Results The average error during co-registration was 1.25 mm. This error was significantly larger than the error resulting from image standardization (0.19 mm) and was worse in the anterior-posterior direction. Conclusions The image fusion errors found in this analysis were nontrivial. Although the estimated error may be inflated, it is sig-nificant enough that users must be aware of this potential inaccuracy, and developers of proprietary software should provide details about the magnitude and direction of co-registration errors.
Brillouin Scattering in Lithium Niobate

With the advent of the laser renewed interest has been stimulated in the phenomenon of the scattering of light by thermal phonons first proposed by Brillouin[1]. In spectroscopy this has become an important method for the determination of the velocity of sound in liquids and solids. Since information is obtained in the hypersonic region this method serves as a complementary one to ultrasonics.
Comparison of flight paths from fixed-wing and rotorcraft small unmanned aerial systems at SR530 mudslide Washington state

This work provides a case study of both fixed-wing and rotorcraft small unmanned aerial systems (SUAS) used in a deployment at the SR530 mudslides in Washington state and compares the types of flight paths used by each vehicle type. Previously aerial imagery from SUAS have produced 2D and 3D reconstructions of simple terrain, but have not been used in complex terrain which encompasses both flat areas and drastic changes in the height of ground level, such as a mudslide. In this deployment, both types of SUAS platforms were used to collect imagery over terrain varied nearly 200m in elevation but different paths were used due to the complexity of the terrain, safety, privacy, and platform-specific limitations. The deployment found that paths with fixed-wing platforms can be thought of as stacked horizontal planes while rotorcraft can cover complex terrain with a set of vertical planes. The different paths contribute to autonomous path planning, particularly to accommodate vertical planes, and to general understanding of how different SUAS can be applied to challenging terrains. Future work in path planning should incorporate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) information to facilitate flight paths in vertical planes and to maintain altitude restrictions relative to radically changing elevations of a landscape.
A multi-level assessment strategy: (dis)continuity in making learning visible differently

The range of assessment follows from theoretical assumptions that represent skills and concepts differently, and increasingly wrestle with representations of practices. A pragmatic strategy for coordinating and leveraging these differences may provide degrees of continuity across each, and scaffold both individual performance and collective participation in domain practices. This poster profiles a case study of (dis)continuity across one such pragmatic organization of assessment. Findings suggest methodological limits for illuminating discontinuity and a more tractable approach.
Reply to‘Zero-filled values enhanced the performance of CRP vs RBP:TTR index in ELBW infants’ by Dr Rosales

Reply to‘Zero-filled values enhanced the performance of CRP vs RBP:TTR index in ELBW infants’ by Dr Rosales
SEROLOGY OF THE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPES A-F BY AGAR-GEL DIFFUSION

Abstract Ellner, Paul D. (University of Vermont, Burlington) and Carolyn D. Bohan. Serology of the soluble antigens of Clostridium perfringens types A–F by agar-gel diffusion. J. Bacteriol. 83:284–296. 1962.—A serological study by agar-gel diffusion of the soluble antigens of 39 strains of the Clostridium perfringens group has shown them to be extremely heterogeneous. Strain variation occurred within the six types, and common antigens shared among the six types were frequently observed. Attempts to produce type-specific sera by absorption were unsuccessful, due to incomplete removal of common antibodies.
Perfectly competitive capacity expansion games with risk-averse participants

This paper presents Nash equilibrium models of perfectly competitive capacity expansion involving risk-averse participants in the presence of state uncertainty and pricing mechanisms. Existence of solutions to such models is established based on the nonlinear complementarity formulations of the models to which a general existence result is applicable. This study extends two recent papers (Fan et al. in J Environ Econ Manag 60:193---208, 2010; Zhao et al. in Oper Res 58:529---548, 2010) pertaining to special cases of our models, complements the extensive work on games with strategic players, and provides an extended treatment of games with price-taking players whose feasible sets may be unbounded. The latter aspect generalizes much of the classical analysis of such models for which price boundedness and feasible region compactness are essential assumptions needed for a fixed-point existence proof.
A 5′‐upstream short open reading frame encoded peptide regulates angiotensin type 1a receptor production and signalling via the β‐arrestin pathway

AUG sequences and short open reading frames are commonly present in the 5′-leader sequence of G protein-coupled receptor mRNAs. The presence of these upstream AUG sequences has been demonstrated to inhibit downstream receptor translation efficiency and, most recently, receptor signal transduction. A seven amino acid peptide encoded by a short open reading frame in exon 2 of the angiotensin type 1a receptor has been shown to inhibit non-G protein-coupled signalling of angiotensin II, without altering the classical G protein-coupled pathway activated by the ligand. This finding may lead to the development of a new class of angiotensin receptor antagonists with activities biased for one, but not all, of the signalling cascades activated by angiotensin II, which could have therapeutic implications for the myriad hormones and neurotransmitters that signal through G protein-coupled receptors.
Identification of MYO4, a second class V myosin gene in yeast

We have isolated a fourth myosin gene (MYO4) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). MYO4 encodes a approximately 170 kDa (1471 amino acid) class V myosin, using the classification devised by Cheney et al. (1993a; Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 24, 215-223); the motor domain is followed by a neck region containing six putative calmodulin-binding sites and a tail with a short potential 'coiled-coil' domain. A comparison with other myosins in GenBank reveals that Myo4 protein is most closely related to the yeast Myo2 protein, another class V myosin. Deletion of MYO4 produces no detectable phenotype, either alone or in conjunction with mutations in myo2 or other myosin genes, the actin gene, or secretory genes. However, overexpression of MYO4 or MYO2 results in several morphological abnormalities, including the formation of short strings of unseparated cells in diploid strains, or clusters of cells in haploid strains. Alterations of MYO4 or MYO2 indicate that neither the motor domains nor tails of these myosins are required to confer the overexpression phenotype, whereas the neck region may be required. Although this phenotype is similar to that seen upon MYO1 deletion, we provide evidence that the overexpression of Myo4p or Myo2p is not simply interfering with Myo1p function.
Ventilatory and Acid-Base Responses to Long-Term Hypercapnia in the Freshwater Turtle, Chrysemys Picta Bellii

The response to hypercapnia was studied in western painted turtles, Chrysemys picta bellii at 20°C. Ventilation, metabolic rate, arterial blood gases, blood pH and blood plasma ions were monitored periodically on individual turtles exposed to 5.7% CO 2 for 72 h and then allowed to recover in air. In response to hypercapnia, there is an immediate 10- to 15-fold increase in ventilation from control levels, which was maintained throughout the entire 5.7% CO 2 breathing period. The first hour of CO 2 breathing caused an increase in Pa CO CO2 from 24–39 mmHg with a concomitant decrease in pH and rise in [HCO 3 − ]. [HCO 3 − ] rose from 42 to 50mmol1 −1 in the next 24 h of CO 2 breathing and remained at this level for the rest of the hypercapnic period. Small, significant increases in total [Ca 2+ ] and total [Mg 2+ ] were found; however, no changes were observed in the plasma Na + , K + or Cl − concentrations and the overall change in measured ions could not account for the increased [HCO 3 − ]. The maximum change in [HCO 3 − ] attained in Chrysemys exposed to a more severe acidosis (14.3% CO 2 ) for up to 18 h was the same as that seen in the animals breathing 5.7% CO 2 (10mmol1 −1 ) implying that there is an upper limit for the accumulation of [HCO 3 − ] in Chrysemys at 20°C. The blood pH of turtles recovering in air returned to the control value (7.56–7.74) within the first hour although Pa CO CO2 did not return to the control value. The HCO 3 − ion concentration also remained elevated throughout the 48-h recovery period, which suggests that ionic compensation is a slower process. The freshwater turtle employs two mechanisms to reduce the severity of an imposed respiratory acidosis: increased ventilation and changes in the strong ion difference. In spite of these responses, blood pH is not restored to the control value.
Photosensitization of bacteria by furocoumarins and related compounds.

IT has been known for many years that exposure to the simultaneous presence of various dyes and visible light results in the death of bacterial cells. This effect has been found to vary with different organisms, but in general, Gram-positive bacteria appear to be more sensitive1,2. Recently, Stainer and Cohen-Bazire3, and Dworkin and Stanier4 have reported that a mutant of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides devoid of carotenoid is killed on exposure to visible light, due to the photosensitizing action of endogenous chlorophyll. Photosensitization of human skin by topical application of another group of compounds, the furocoumarins, has been shown by Musajo et al. 5 to result in erythema, œdema, and vesicle formation on irradiation with long wave-length ultra-violet light. Fitzpatrick et al. 6 have demonstrated the same responses, as well as increased pigmentation, upon ingestion of the furocoumarin 8-methoxypsoralen. Photosensitization of bacteria by psoralen and related compounds is described in this communication.
Prospective Evaluation of Dietary and Other Predictors of Fatal Stroke in Shanghai, China

Background Although a number of risk factors for fatal stroke are well established in Western populations, this is less true for Asian countries, many of which have stroke mortality rates that are historically high. In a prospective study in Shanghai, China, we determined whether the same factors predict risk for fatal stroke as in the West. We also studied a number of potential dietary associations, particularly those with dietary antioxidants because these have been suggested to reduce atherogenesis. Methods and Results Between 1986 and 1989, 18 244 men aged 45 to 64 years living in four geographically defined areas of Shanghai, China were recruited to participate in a prospective study of diet and cancer. All participants completed an in-person, structured interview and provided blood and urine samples. As of March 1994, fatal stroke accounted for 245 of the 980 observed deaths. The most important risk factor for stroke mortality was a history of hypertension (multivariate relative risk, 4.5; 95% confi...
Depression Screening and Treatment in Uninsured Urban Patients

Background: Depression has been widely studied in primary care settings, yet studies of medically uninsured populations are lacking. We sought to determine whether depression screening and treatment improved depression scores of a medically uninsured, mostly African American primary care population. Methods: The study was a prospective repeated-measures design that recruited uninsured patients. Patients were screened for depression, and the rate of depression diagnosis was compared with baseline. Patients who were diagnosed and accepted treatment were randomized to 1 of 4 treatment arms: (1) usual care; (2) usual care and psychotherapy; (3) usual care and education and psychotherapy; and (4) usual care and education. Patients were then reevaluated at 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Results: A total of 674 patients participated. Depression prevalence was significantly higher among those screened (38%) than at baseline (16%). All treatment groups showed a significant reduction in depression scores over a 6-month period, from a mean score of 15 at baseline to 8.3 at 24 weeks ( P Conclusion: Screening improves the rate of diagnosis of depression in an uninsured, primarily African American population, and subsequent treatment significantly reduces the burden of depression.
Response and fertility of dairy heifers following injection with prostaglandin F2α during early, middle or late diestrus☆

Abstract After an observed estrus, 250 dairy heifers were injected once with 25 mg of PGF2α either on cycle days 5 through 7 (E), 8 through 11 (M) or 12 through 15 (L). For five days after the PGF2α injection, heifers were inseminated at about 12 h after estrus was first observed. Observed estrual response rates were 43.0%, 83.6% and 100% for E, M and L, respectively. Average time from PGF2α to observation of estrus for E, M and L was 59, 70 and 72 h. Conception rates for heifers responding to PGF2α were 56.8%, 62.1% and 78.3% for E, M and L, respectively. Based on blood samples drawn at the time of PGF2α injection, progesterone concentration was significantly correlated with response rate but not with conception rate. When compared with M and L, E had a significantly lower response rate and conception rate as well as a shorter period between injection of PGF2α and observation of estrus.
Union—nonunion wage differentials over the business cycle: A bilateral monopoly model

The primary purposes of this paper have been to provide a theoretical explanation of the declining ratio of union to nonunion wages during economic expansion and to identify the bargaining ranges associated with changing labor demand conditions and also associated with variation in the degree of union power relative to management.
Influence of the Electron Charge Distribution on Surface-Plasmon Dispersion

The effects of the spatial variation of the electron density on the surface-plasmon dispersion relation are investigated. We show that measurements of that relation are a useful probe of the electron density in the surface region. Previous calculations on homogeneous materials have predicted a linear or quadratic dependence of the frequency on momentum parallel to the surface. We find that the usual surface-plasmon resonance frequency at first decreases with increasing momentum and then increases with further increases in momentum. This behavior agrees with the experimentally observed dispersion. Additional higher-frequency surface modes, similar to those observed in laboratory plasmas, are identified.
Surface plasmon enhancement of photon extraction efficiency by silver nanoparticles: with applications in laser cooling of semiconductors

Laser cooling of materials has been one of the important topics of photonic research during recent years. This is due to the compactness, lack of vibration, and integratibility of this method. Although laser refrigeration has been achieved in rare earth doped glass, no net cooling of semiconductors has been observed yet. The main challenge in this regard is the photon trapping inside the semiconductors, due to its high refractive index, which prevents the extraction of the energy from the material. Various methods have been proposed to overcome photon trapping but they are either not feasible or introduce surface defects. Surface defects increase the surface recombination which absorbs some portion of the photoluminescence and converts it to heat. We exploit the surface plasmons produced in silver nanoparticles to scatter the PL and make the extraction efficiency significantly higher without increasing the surface recombination. This is also important in the semiconductor lighting industry and also for enhancing the performance of solar cells by coupling the sunlight into the higher index absorbing region. Finite difference time domain simulations were used to find the total power extraction efficiency of the silver nanoparticles. It is also proposed for the first time to use the silver nanoparticles as mask for dry etching. The results for both etched and unetched cases were compared with each other. We also refer to a method of silver nanoparticle fabrication which is easy to apply to all kinds of cooling targets and is relatively cheaper than deposition of complex anti-reflective coatings.
On the Mach reflexion of a solitary wave

Miles’ (1977b) model of the Mach reflexion of a solitary wave by a vertical wall is tested by laboratory experiments. The model over-predicts the measured run-up at the wall, and no evidence of the predicted maximum was found. The measurements provide support for the predicted critical angle of incidence at which Mach reflexion is replaced by regular reflexion. It is shown that mass and energy conservation determine the length of the reflected wave in Miles’ model and that this is not consistent with momentum conservation in the neighbourhood of the end point of the reflected wave. It is suggested that the discrepancy between the measurements and the model may result from this failure of the model.
Crystal structure of the α1β1 integrin I-domain: insights into integrin I-domain function

Abstract The α1β1 integrin is a major cell surface receptor for collagen. Ligand binding is mediated, in part, through a ∼200 amino acid inserted ‘I’-domain contained in the extracellular part of the integrin α chain. Integrin I-domains contain a divalent cation binding (MIDAS) site and require cations to interact with integrin ligands. We have determined the crystal structure of recombinant I-domain from the rat α1β1 integrin at 2.2 A resolution in the absence of divalent cations. The α1 I-domain adopts the dinucleotide binding fold that is characteristic of all I-domain structures that have been solved to date and has a structure very similar to that of the closely related α2β1 I-domain which also mediates collagen binding. A unique feature of the α1 I-domain crystal structure is that the MIDAS site is occupied by an arginine side chain from another I-domain molecule in the crystal, in place of a metal ion. This interaction supports a proposed model for ligand-induced displacement of metal ions. Circular dichroism spectra determined in the presence of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ indicate that no changes in the structure of the I-domain occur upon metal ion binding in solution. Metal ion binding induces small changes in UV absorption spectra, indicating a change in the polarity of the MIDAS site environment.
Fast FFT based GPS satellite acquisition methods

A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver uses satellite signals to determine position, velocity, and timing information. Measurements are obtained by synchronising the locally generated signal in the receiver with the signals received. A synchronisation procedure called acquisition adjusts the code phases of the incoming signal and the locally generated pseudo-random replica sequence of the corresponding satellite to a small timing offset and finds the residual frequency modulation after carrier wipe-off. New fast techniques for acquiring signals indoors in conditions that require a significant number of computations are presented. In this work many arithmetic operations are shared when exploring different search options by using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and a technique based on the frequency domain replica shifting. It is shown that FFT can be used for the joint processing of multiple (code-phase/frequency) search options in both dimensions at once. With a slight degradation in performance, the algorithm has a modified version that implements the technique using two-dimensional FFT. Several possible processing schemes are presented. Moreover, the presented shifting replica approach in the frequency domain can significantly reduce computational complexity by jointly acquiring different satellites.