cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE THEORY OF HEAD WAVES

When a combined longitudinal and transverse disturbance, diverging from a localized source, strikes a plane boundary between two solid elastic media, several systems of head waves and second‐order boundary waves are generated, each associated with grazing incidence of one or the other of the reflected or refracted waves. Associated with grazing incidence of P1P_2, the refracted P‐wave, is the head wave system comprising P1P2P1 (the “refracted wave” of seismic prospectors), and P1P2S1 (a transverse head wave) in the upper medium, and P1P2S_2 (a transverse head wave) in the lower medium. There is no boundary wave in the lower medium. These three waves, with the second‐order term of P1þ_2 (the first‐order term is zero on the boundary) satisfy conditions of continuity of stress and displacement at the boundary. Moreover, the energy of the three head waves is derived completely from the second‐order component of P1P_2, which possesses a component of energy flow normal to the boundary. The amplitudes of P1P2P1,...
Empirical and Rademacher Processes

It should be mentioned that certain measurability assumptions are required in the study of empirical and Rademacher processes. In particular, under these assumptions
Inflow Hydrographs from Large Unconfined Aquifers

A general method is presented for predicting the subsurface lateral inflow hydrograph from large unconfined aquifers into adjacent streams. It is based on grouping the pertinent variables into dimensionless parameters. The relationships between these parameters were obtained experimentally. Use was made of the analogy between the flow of water through a saturated porous medium and the flow of a viscous fluid in a Hele-Shaw model. The experimental results verified the applicability of the proposed method. Field problems with similar boundary conditions may be solved through the use of simple transformation equations. A comparison is presented between the experimental results and some of the approximate solutions available in the literature.
Voting Rights in California: 1982-2006

The article provides a comprehensive description of voting discrimination in California from 1982 to 2006. This article was presented as a report to Congress during the 2006 reauthorization and amendments to the Voting Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1973, et seq. The authors focus on the continued necessity for Section 5 review of changes affecting voting and for a bilingual election process in selected jurisdictions. In effect since 1965, Section 5 requires covered jurisdictions to submit all voting changes for approval to either the United States Attorney General or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The burden is on the jurisdiction to demonstrate the absence of a discriminatory purpose in the enactment of a proposed voting change and to show that the change does not discriminate against minority voting strength. Section 5 has been the most effective civil rights law ever enacted, preventing the implementation of over a thousand voting changes that could have discriminated against minority communities. The bilingual election provisions, first enacted in 1975 as Section 203, have proven to be an important avenue in providing language minorities access to the political process. Although there have been substantial improvements in the elimination of discriminatory election features, methods of election, and English-only election processes, there continues to be a need for federal oversight in this area. This article documents the voting discrimination that occurred in California from 1982 to 2006. This report, along with other state reports, served as the evidentiary basis for Congress in 2006 to both reauthorize and amend the Voting.
The art of abortion. 2. Induction of labor and other methods.

When curettage for therapeutic abortion is not appropriate, other methods are available. If gestation is between week 16 and week 20, saline infusion is the preferred method. The greatest likelihood of success is in pregnancies close to week 20. Specific guidelines are given for inducing labor by injection of hypertonic saline solution, and indications for other methods of terminating pregnancy are discussed.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of rac-Me2Si(indenyl)2Zr(NMe2)2

The amine elimination reaction of (SBI)H2 (3, Me2Si(1-indenyl)2) and Zr(NMe2)4 (2) affords rac-(SBI)Zr(NMe2)2 (4) in 65% isolated yield. This reaction proceeds via initial formation of a mono(indenyl) intermediate, (η5-C9H6SiMe2C9H7)Zr(NMe2)3 (6). Intermediate 6 reacts reversibly with a second equivalent of 2 to form a binuclear complex, {μ-η5:η5-Me2Si(1-indenyl)2}{Zr(NMe2)3}2 (5), which was prepared independently by the reaction of 3 and 2 equiv of 2. Complex 6 also undergoes reversible intramolecular amine elimination to form rac-4 and meso-4. The equilibrium between 6 and 4 + NMe2H strongly favors 6. rac-4 is the kinetic product of the intramolecular amine elimination of 6, the thermodynamic rac-4/meso-4 ratio is 4/1, and the rac-4/meso-4 isomerization is catalyzed by NMe2H. Therefore, the removal of NMe2H from the reaction mixture is the most important factor in controlling the yield of 4 and the rac-4/meso-4 ratio. The molecular structures of rac-4 and meso-5 have been determined by X-ray crystallogr...
ALTERNATIVE MACROPHAGES PROMOTE INTRAPLAQUE ANGIOGENESIS AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Alternative macrophages exist in human atherosclerosis but their role in atherogenesis remains uncertain. Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is an important stimulus driving alternative macrophage polarization. Intake of hemoglobin (Hb) by the hemoglobin: haptoglobin receptor CD163 leads to a distinct non
Development of a technique to monitor resistance to biodegradable insecticides in field populations of tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A procedure involving the use of glass vials containing insecticide was clevcloped to monitor for resistance to biodegradable insecticides among field populations of adult tobacco bud worms. Heliothis virescens (F.). These insecticides are replacing pyrethroids for the tobacco bud worm control in areas where pyrethroid resistance is a problem. Residues of profenofos, chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and endosulfan in glass vials were depleted in 2 d when they were held either in daylight or in the dark at room temperature. Residues of these compounds remained much longer (>70 d) in vials held in the freezer. The loss of toxicity was shown to mainly caused by hydrolytic degradation of the insecticide rather than to the volatilities. The addition of mineral oil or ethylene glycol did not increase the persistence of insecticide residues in glass vials; however, addition of an organic acid (benzoic or decanoic) to the vials significantly extended stability of insecticide residues. Based on these results, treating vials with combinations of insecticides plus benzoic acid and storing them in a freezer is this preferred technique if they are held for extended periods before use. The usefulness of this technique was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of insecticide residues and by field monitoring data.
Symbolic Relations Among Classical Polynomials

(1946). Symbolic Relations Among Classical Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 299-305.
Financial sector development and dollarization in emerging economies

Abstract This paper discusses important features of financial dollarization and its implications for the macro economy and financial sector deepening. Despite the need to slow down the rate of inflation and keep exchange rates under control, to achieve growth and economic development, monetary policies may permit increases in the base money to keep pace with real GDP growth. In heavily dollarized economies, during periods of sharp devaluations of the domestic currency, financial assets and liabilities shift toward foreign currency, exacerbating downward pressure on the exchange rate. When central banks face pressures to keep the exchange rate steady in nominal terms, interest rates in the domestic currency are set at levels substantially higher than those on dollar assets. In such states of the world, banks prefer to lend to the government sector at these higher rates than to the private sector. Although private firms may benefit from lower rates on dollar loans, they also face significant exchange rate or currency risk due to the currency mismatch emerging from their dollar debt while their receivables may tilt toward domestic currency denominated instruments. This weakens their balance sheet, which in turn increases the exposure of the banking sector to a variety of risks.
Distribution of Pathogens of Nosocomial Infection in Neonate Ward and Analysis of Their Drug Resistance

OBJECTIVE To study the distribution of pathogens of nosocomial infection in neonate ward and analysis of their drug resistance. METHODS Blood was cultured in BacT/Alert3D of Bio-Merieux of France,The clinical isolates were identified by VITEK-60 of Bio-Merieux of France. Using K-B agar diffusion method and confirmed test,the drug resistance of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were detected. RESULTS The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcus was 76.5% in blood culture,K. pneumoniae was mostly isolated from sputum and throat swab (80.0%),The incidence of ESBLs was 57.1% in E. coli and 87.2% in K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS We must control nosocomial infection,doctors should choose proper antibiotic and according to analysis of their drug resistance.
Performance analysis of parallel-type resonant fault current limiters

Many types of fault current limiters (FCLs) have been designed and implemented in transmission and subtransmission levels of the grid, among which the resonant type FCL has captured more attention due to its simple, yet efficient, functionality. Parallel-type resonant FCLs (PRFCLs) could reduce the fault current effectively with only the reactive part of impedance, rather than the resistance; this could be considered as both a merit and a drawback. In this paper, the performance and functionality of different designs of PRFCLs are addressed to find the best method of current limitation with minimum side effects like voltage sag, harmonics, etc. Performance analysis for various PRFCLs is conducted using SIMULINK/MATLAB software. Simulation results show the efficiency of a PRFCL in reducing the fault current by changing only its reactance.
Integrating natural capital into system of national accounts for policy analysis: An application of a computable general equilibrium model ☆

Abstract Natural capital is an asset that provides natural resource inputs and environmental services for economic production. Regional patterns of production and consumption have direct and indirect effects on sustainability of its natural capital. Traditional gross domestic product (GDP) estimates fail to explicitly and fully account for natural capital in system of national accounts (SNA). To address this gap, this study builds on United Nation's System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) and provides a methodological framework to integrate natural capital into system of national accounts, in input-output table. It further illustrates how natural capital-integrated system of national accounts in input-output table can be used as an effective tool for natural resource management and policy analysis in computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling framework. Results indicate that, without natural capital accounting and integration into system of national accounts, GDP estimates may give misleading signals as a measure of a region's economic performance, where economic growth could be at the expense of natural capital depletion.
Coronary artery disease in patients with body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2): a retrospective chart analysis.

Objective : In this study, we evaluated obesity as a single risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), along with the synergistic effect of obesity and other risk factors. Methods : A retrospective study of 7,567 patients admitted to hospital for chest pain from 2005 to 2014 and underwent cardiac catheterization. Patients were divided into two groups: obese and normal with body mass index (BMI) calculated as ≥30 kg/m 2 and <25, respectively. We assessed the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in obese patients and the degree of CAD. Results : Of the 7,567 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization, 414 (5.5%) had a BMI ≥30. Of 414 obese patients, 332 (80%) had evidence of CAD. Obese patients displayed evidence of CAD at the age of 57 versus 63.3 in non-obese patients ( p <0.001). Of the 332 patients with CAD and obesity, 55.4% had obstructive CAD versus 44.6% with non-obstructive CAD. In obese patients with CAD, male gender and history of smoking were major risk factors for development of obstructive CAD ( p =0.001 and 0.01, respectively) while dyslipidemia was a major risk factor for non-obstructive CAD (p=0.01). Additionally, obese patients with more than one risk factor developed obstructive CAD compared to non-obstructive CAD ( p =0.003). Conclusion : Having a BMI ≥30 appears to be a risk factor for early development of CAD. Severity of CAD in obese patients is depicted on non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors such as the male gender and smoking or greater than one risk factor, respectively. Keywords: coronary artery disease; obesity; body mass index≥30; obstructive CAD; dyslipidemia; smoking; hypertension (Published: 6 July 2016) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2016, 6 : 31483 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.31483
Infrared Spectra of HC≡C-MH and M-η2-(C2H2) from Reactions of Laser-Ablated Group-4 Transition-Metal Atoms with Acetylene

Reactions of laser-ablated group 4 transition-metal atoms with acetylene have been carried out. The ethynyl metal hydrides (HC≡C-MH) and corresponding π complexes (M−η2-(C2H2)) are identified in th...
Achievable performance of acoustic imaging systems

Image information content, sonar equations for different target types, and achievable range-resolution performance envelopes are presented. Potential for improved performance and versatility through non linear techniques is explored. Illustrations from experiments are provided.
ESP: A System Utilization Benchmark

This article describes a new benchmark, called the Effective System Performance (ESP) test, which is designed to measure system-level performance, including such factors as job scheduling efficiency, handling of large jobs and shutdown-reboot times. In particular, this test can be used to study the effects of various scheduling policies and parameters. We present here some results that we have obtained so far on the Cray T3E and IBM SP systems, together with insights obtained from simulations.
The Symbolic Role of Immigration: Effects of the 2006 Spring Marches on Latino Political Behavior

The second chapter in Sect. 2 explores the role of immigration on Latino partisanship when immigration is primed. This chapter relies on the natural quasi experiment that occurred in 2006 while the Latino National Survey (LNS 2006) was in the field. The nationwide marches opposing H.R. 4437 heightened the importance of immigration across the country. The statistical analyses in this chapter explore whether this environmental priming of immigration was capable of increasing the impact of immigration on partisanship. While immigration preferences affected evaluations of G.W. Bush significantly, their effect on Latino partisanship was nonsignificant.
Origin of Spindles in Developing Rat Hindlimb Muscles

Whether intrafusal and extrafusal fibres arise from a common progenitor in developing rat skeletal muscle is unresolved. Pedrosa & Thornell (1990) proposed that the primary myotubes which differentiate into the bag2 intrafusal fibre form from fusion of myogenic cells committed to differentiate into intrafusal fibres only. They further suggested that the precursors of bag2 fibres are capable of attracting sensory innervation to the developing muscle spindles, and that all subsequent generation types of intrafusal fibre form by a similar process (Pedrosa & Thornell, 1990). In contrast, Kucera & Walro (1990) proposed that both intrafusal and extrafusal fibres originate from several pools of bipotential myotubes, and that the interaction between primary afferents and bipotential myotubes mediates transformation of these myotubes into the different types of intrafusal fibres.
Washington, Morris, and Resourcing the American Revolution

Following the end of the Seven Years War (or the French and Indian War as it was known in North America), Great Britain, in the midst of a financial crisis, embarked on a policy requiring its overseas colonies to pay a “fair share” of the defense costs associated with its empire. Within a relatively short period of time, the cry “no taxation with representation” resonated throughout the colonies, setting the stage for the first of two armed conflicts that would decide the future of the North American continent. Although the UK remained dominant in the world’s political, military and financial realms for an additional 130 years, a second super power, the United States, would eventually emerge from this struggle to challenge Britain for this supremacy.
Using a network-based approach and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to evaluate the effect of adding pre-exposure prophylaxis to an ongoing test-and-treat trial.

Background:Several cluster-randomized trials are underway to investigate the implementation and effectiveness of a universal test-and-treat strategy on the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. We co...
Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein 120 alters sleep and induces cytokine mRNA expression in rats

Pages R963–R970 : M. R. Opp, P L. Rady, T. K. Hughes, Jr., P. Cadet, S. K. Tyring, and E. M. Smith. “Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein 120 alters sleep and induces cytokine mRNA expression in rats.” On p. R968, Fig. 3 should appear as below. (See PDF)
A Moderator Model of Alcohol Use and Dating Aggression among Young Adults

Dating aggression has been identified as a priority public health concern. Although alcohol use is a known robust risk factor for dating aggression involvement, such usage is neither necessary nor sufficient for dating aggression involvement. As such, a growing topic of interest is a better understanding of when, and for whom, alcohol use increases risk. A theoretical moderator model posits that associations between alcohol use and dating aggression involvement vary depending on both background (e.g., psychopathology) and situational (e.g., relationship characteristics) risk factors. Alcohol use is thought to be more strongly associated with dating aggression in the context of these other risk factors. Using an intensive longitudinal design, we collected six waves of data spanning 6 months from 120 participants (60 females; M age W1 = 22.44). Alcohol use and relationship risk were both associated with increases in dating aggression involvement. Consistent with a moderator model, interactions emerged between alcohol use and relationship risk for subsequent dating aggression involvement. The findings underscore the importance of alcohol use and relationship risk for the development of intervention and prevention programs.
Maintaining Higher Taxes and Spending More With the Line-Item Veto: Uncommon Events That Sting: Maintaining Higher Taxes and Spending More With the Line-Item Veto: Uncommon Events That Sting

The scholarly literature provides little evidence that the line‐item veto is used effectively by governors in the U.S. states to reduce budget totals or shrink the size of government. By examining the actions of five governors in four states, this study reveals that item vetoes have been used explicitly in several cases to maintain higher levels of taxation and spending. It concludes that under the right conditions at key moments in time the line item veto can be used by governors to have a decisive impact on state budget outcomes.
Murray Rosenblatt: His Contributions to Probability and Statistics

This article is a short summary of Murray Rosenblatt's contributions to probability and statistics in honor of his 70th birthday. Rosenblatt has written about 140 research articles, 4 books (one jointly with U. Grenander) and has edited or coedited 6 books. His research interests cover a wide range of topics in the field of probability theory and statistics. It is impossible to comment on all of his contributions in detail in this short article. Instead we shall concentrate on only 4 areas in which he has made fundamental contributions and inspiring impact. The selection of these areas is influenced by the familiarity of this author to these subjects. It is by no means any discredit to his contributions to other areas. We shall leave the comments on his contributions to other areas by people later on some other occasions.
Hypervigilance to a Gluten-Free Diet and Decreased Quality of Life in Teenagers and Adults with Celiac Disease

Avoidance of gluten is critical for individuals with celiac disease (CD), but there is also concern that “extreme vigilance” to a strict gluten-free diet may increase symptoms such as anxiety and fatigue, and therefore, lower quality of life (QOL). We examined the associations of QOL with energy levels and adherence to, and knowledge about, a gluten-free diet. This is a cross-sectional prospective study of 80 teenagers and adults, all with biopsy-confirmed CD, living in a major metropolitan area. QOL was assessed with CD-specific measures. Dietary vigilance was based on 24-h recalls and an interview. Knowledge was based on a food label quiz. Open-ended questions described facilitators and barriers to maintaining a gluten-free diet. The extremely vigilant adults in our sample had significantly lower QOL scores than their less vigilant counterparts [(mean (SD): 64.2 (16.0) vs 77.2 (12.2), p = 0.004]. Extreme vigilance was also associated with greater knowledge [5.7 (0.7) vs 5.1 (0.8), p = 0.035]. Adults with lower energy levels had significantly lower overall QOL scores than adults with higher energy levels [68.0 (13.6) vs 78.9 (13.0), p = 0.006]. Patterns were similar for teenagers. Cooking at home and using internet sites and apps were prevalent strategies used by the hypervigilant to maintain a strict gluten-free diet. Eating out was particularly problematic. There are potential negative consequences of hypervigilance to a strict gluten-free diet. Clinicians must consider the importance of concurrently promoting both dietary adherence and social and emotional well-being for individuals with CD.
Opinion: How to achieve better flood-risk governance in the United States.

Recent flood disasters (Fig. 1) have exposed issues with how flood risk is governed in the United States, raising questions about who owns responsibility for managing and paying for losses. In February 2017, 190,000 residents were evacuated as the primary and emergency spillways at Oroville Dam in California failed, a scenario that had been raised to and dismissed by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission engineers in 2005. To date, more than $1 billion in claims has been filed with the State of California associated with recovery from this failing infrastructure. More recently, the nation watched as Hurricanes Harvey and Irma flooded cities across the South, threatening to considerably deepen the National Flood Insurance Program’s (NFIP’s) $25 billion debt. Fig. 1. Recent flooding has decimated infrastructure and left thousands homeless. In October 2015, Hurricane Joaquin caused widespread flooding in South Carolina and destroyed Cary Lake dam in Columbia ( Upper Left ). Heavy rain and flooding caused the Oroville Dam spillway in northern California to fail in February 2017 ( Upper Right ). And in August 2017, massive rains from Hurricane Harvey spurred extensive flooding across much of Houston ( Bottom Left and Right ). Images courtesy of Hermann Fritz (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta) ( Upper Left ), The California Department of Water Resources ( Upper Right ), Shutterstock/DIIMSA Researcher ( Lower Left ), and Shutterstock/michelmond ( Lower Right ). Furthermore, the 2017 hurricane season highlighted some of the key failures in the nation’s leadership regarding flood response. Much of Houston, TX, failed to evacuate during Hurricane Harvey after mixed messages from political leaders and a catastrophic evacuation in 2005, and only 20% of homeowners in the area have flood insurance. More than 3,400 water evacuations were conducted within the 4 days after the hurricane made landfall (Fig. 1, Bottom Right ), and the uninsured losses are expected to soar. Hurricanes Irma and Maria both exposed … [↵][1]1Email: Desiree.Tullos{at}oregonstate.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Testing a Strategy to Identify Incidence of Nurse Suicide in the United States

The aim of this study was to test a strategy for quantifying incidence of nurse suicide using San Diego County data as a pilot for national investigation.Worldwide, 1 person dies by suicide every 40 seconds; more than 1 000 000 suicides occur yearly. Suicide rates for nurses in the United States have not been evaluated. This methodological article tested a strategy to identify incidence of nurse suicide compared with those of physicians and the general public.Deidentified San Diego County Medical Examiner data from 2005 to 2015 were analyzed with a descriptive epidemiologic approach.Overall RN (18.51) and physician (40.72) incidences of suicide per 100 000 person-years were higher than the San Diego general population, excluding nurses (15.81) normalized to 100 000 person-years.Establishing incidence of nurse suicide is confounded by variation in reporting mechanisms plus incomplete availability of nurse gender data. Relatively small outcome numbers compared with the general population may underestimate results. Research using a larger sample is indicated. Nurse executives may decrease risk by proactively addressing workplace stressors.
The moments of first entrance time distributions

If f ij * =1, then the sequence {f ij (n) , n≧1} determines a discrete probability distribution called the first entrance time distribution from i to j. (For i = j this has also already been called the recurrence time distribution of i in §6.) Thus for each p, \(\sum\limits_{N=1}^{\infty }{{{n}^{p}}f\frac{n}{ij}}\) is the moment of order p of this distribution; for p=1 this is the m ij defined in § 9. More generally, let H be the taboo set; we write $${{H}^{m\begin{matrix}(p)\\ij\\\end{matrix}}}=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty }{{{n}^{p}}}Hf\begin{matrix}(n)\\ij\\\end{matrix}$$
What does the PIN model identify as private information

Some recent papers suggest that the Easley and O’Hara (1987) probability of informed trade (PIN) model fails to capture private information. We investigate this issue by comparing the PIN model with the Duarte and Young (2009) (DY) and Odders-White and Ready (2008) (OWR) models of private information arrival. We find that the PIN and DY models fail to capture private information because they mistakenly associate variations in turnover with the arrival of private information. On the other hand, the OWR model, which uses returns along with order flow imbalance, seems to plausibly identify the arrival of private information.
Vaclav Havel : One man disturbing the peace

In summary, I believe that the qualities that Havel exemplifies in his leadership style, namely, his sense of the absurd, his altruism in reluctantly assuming the responsibility for something he started, his amateurish political style, his apologetic stance, and his apolitical ideologies all serve to make him a flexible and idealistic leader who can, indeed must, be trusted and admired by his followers. Despite these personal and leadership qualities, it was fateful that Vaclav Havel was born in a place where his exemplary qualities could be used. Perhaps if he were born in another nation that did not have such a strong tradition of philosopher-kings or a peace-loving nature, he would not have been able to attain such political and idealistic heights. Also, if he had been born just a few decades earlier, he may not have been the recipient of such benevolent treatment from the Soviet system. In another time and place we may have never had the luxury of basking in the ideas and using the courage and fortitude exemplified in his deeds, which inspired his country to greater plateaus. Vaclav Havel and what he symbolizes are inseparable from his history and his cultural experience. We, as the audience in his absurd play, are forever linked to the author and are grateful for the chance to watch the play unfold. It will be interesting to examine the way in which his leadership style changes as a consequence of his illness. Already, those close to him have noticed personality changes that indicate a shift toward a more direct and abrasive demeanor. Post (1980) has written extensively about the critical role played by aging and illness among leaders. Part of what makes this work exciting is that Vaclav Havel is a contemporary leader whose life continues to undergo strange and unexpected twists and turns.
Tap water perceptions and socioeconomics: Assessing the dissatisfaction of the poor

Abstract We examine resident perceptions of tap water organoleptic properties (odor, clarity, taste) to identify overall satisfaction and consumption patterns in relation to social and economic inequality across urban neighborhoods in Palm Beach County, FL. We surveyed randomly selected households and inquired, in-person at the residence, about the organoleptic properties of their household tap water. A socioeconomic status (SES) index was created using Principal Components Analysis and Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to examine the differences in survey responses between SES groups. The results provide evidence that residents living in the lowest SES ranked neighborhoods are less satisfied with the organoleptic properties of their tap water and consume more bottled water than those living in the higher SES ranked neighborhoods. This paper explores socioeconomic disparities across Palm Beach County and assesses how organoleptic properties of tap water influence consumption patterns, especially in poorer neighborhoods. Suggestions for future research include testing for tap water contaminants at the household by using resident descriptions of tap water aesthetics as a guide for sampling design. Additionally, reducing secondary contaminants at the water treatment plant is recommended in order to promote tap water consumption and reduce reliance on bottled water.
Abstract 425: Role of MLF1 in Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Regulation

The neonatal mammalian heart is capable of significant regeneration after cardiac injury. However, that ability is lost in the early postnatal period, coinciding with the development of cardiomyocy...
Three-dimensional macroporous photonic crystal enhanced photon collection for quantum dot-based luminescent solar concentrator

Abstract A luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a photon managing device that can harvest, direct and concentrate solar light to small areas, enabling subsequent coupling to photovoltaic devices (PVs) for enhanced solar energy conversion. However, the intrinsic photon loss through the so-called escape cone of the LSCs significantly limits their light harvesting and concentrating performance. In this work, we introduce a facile and low-cost approach for the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) macroporous photonic crystal (PC) filter as an efficient photon reflector, which can be coated onto quantum dot (QD) based LSC devices. We demonstrate that by controlling the PC reflection band to match the emission profile of the QD emitters, the light trapping efficiency of the PC coated LSC (PC-LSC) can be significantly improved from 73.3% to 95.1% as compared to the conventional PC-free LSC due to the reduced escape cone photon loss. In addition, we have developed a simulation model that considers the PC reflector effect. Both experimental and simulation results show that the enhancement in LSC device performance induced by the PC reflector increases with increasing dimension. In fact, simulation data predicts a maximum of 13.3-fold enhancement in external quantum efficiency (EQE) and concentration factor (C factor) of the PC-LSC under more ideal conditions. Moreover, the simulation result offers insight into the relationship between photon output efficiencies and the geometric design of the PC-LSC. Our study sheds light on future design and fabrication of LSC devices with enhanced photon collection and concentrating efficiencies through novel and wavelength-selective photon reflectors.
Inactivation Kinetics and Mechanical Gating of Piezo1 Ion Channels Depend on Subdomains within the Cap.

Summary Piezo1 ion channels are activated by mechanical stimuli and mediate the sensing of blood flow. Although cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures have revealed the overall architecture of Piezo1, the precise domains involved in activation and subsequent inactivation have remained elusive. Here, we perform a targeted chimeric screen between Piezo1 and the closely related isoform Piezo2 and use electrophysiology to characterize their inactivation kinetics during mechanical stimulation. We identify three small subdomains within the extracellular cap that individually can confer the distinct kinetics of inactivation of Piezo2 onto Piezo1. We further show by cysteine crosslinking that conformational flexibility of these subdomains is required for mechanical activation to occur and that electrostatic interactions functionally couple the cap to the extensive blades, which have been proposed to function as sensors of membrane curvature and tension. This study provides a demonstration of internal gating motions involved in mechanotransduction by Piezo1.
Earliest Utilization of Chicken in Upper California: The Zooarchaeology of Avian Remains from the San Diego Royal Presidio

The San Diego Presidio, established in AD 1769, was the first European settlement in Upper California. Very little is known about chicken husbandry in colonial America, which makes this study the first comprehensive analysis of chicken remains in North America. Chickens are scarcely mentioned in historical accounts describing early California, and information on their sex, age, or management is rare. The faunal assemblage from the San Diego Presidio yielded 20 avian and 14 mammalian species. Chicken remains were studied through a wide range of zooarchaeological methods, including taphonomy, biometry, medullary bone, epiphyseal fusion, butchering, and body-part representation. Taphonomic analysis indicates good preservation of the bone assemblage. The biometric study points to two breeds of chickens: a smaller (bantam) breed alongside a standard-size chicken. The percentage of juvenile chickens (23%), the rooster/hen ratio (1:8.5), and high proportion of medullary bone point to on-site chicken husbandry focusing on meat and egg production. The historical record suggests that California presidios were not self-sufficient and that they relied on food provisioned from Mexico and nearby missions. We argue that small-scale poultry production, likely managed by women and children, provided California presidios with a form of subsistence independence.
"THIS MEME IS WHAT WE CALL PROGRESS”: HISTORY-AS-MEME, MEME-AS-HISTORY ON 4CHAN

Memes “act as the locus of memory”, says Gabriella Coleman of the peculiar relationship 4chan has to its own history, made necessary by the ephemeral nature of large amounts of its content (2009). Rather than having an on-site permanent archive as such, its collective history and memory is sublated into and through the circulation and production of memes. Taking this as a prompt, this paper makes the case for the (re)production, circulation, and referencing of memes as embodiment of a particular historical ontology: a mode of being constructed in relationship to, and through, its own past. Memes, in other words, are a new way of thinking about, and experiencing (digital) history: they contribute to, and are part of, new “infra-structures of feeling” (Coleman 2017). With this in mind, I use Benjamin’s reading of Klee’s Angelus Novus as a framing device to start to think about how memes encourage and embody certain modes of being-in-the-world. I do so in specific reference to 4chan and its privileging of a certain subject position along lines raced, classed and gendered, although possibilities for other forms and spaces are considered. On 4chan, the New Man of neofascism remakes the world memetically, in his own image.
Play breeds better thinkers

In a digital, global world where information is projected to double every 12 hours, the memorization of facts will become less of a commodity than the ability to think, find patterns, and generate new ideas from old parts. Thus, a cradle-to-career approach to educating children must be mindful of how children learn to learn, not just what they learn. Combining insight, scientific acumen, and exquisite narrative, The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to peer into the minds of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning.
Vorticity transfer in a leading-edge vortex due to controlled spanwise bending

The effect of dynamic spanwise bending on the vortex dynamics of an accelerating flat plate is studied with experiments and numerical simulations. A flat plate, held at an angle of attack of 30 degrees, is accelerated from rest to Reynolds number 2400. It was bent dynamically along the span in a controlled manner with a bending ratio of 0.65. We find that a dynamic spanwise bending induces a change in the effective shear layer velocity along the span's bent part and creates spanwise vorticity convection. As a result, the growth of circulation in the leading-edge-vortex gets delayed along the bent part, and the final circulation is smaller than the no bending case.
Clinical Experiences of School-Based Clinicians With Stuttering: A Mixed Methods Survey

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical experiences of school-based speech-language pathologists related to stuttering by exploring common clinical situations and challenges s...
DNA Methylation, Preterm Birth and Blood Pressure in African American Children: The DPREG Study.

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) has been associated with high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Epigenetic mechanisms may explain how preterm birth influences later BP. In this study, we examined the association between DNA methylation (DNAm), preterm birth and BP in African American children. We recruited 100 children and collected clinical and birth history data. DNA was extracted from saliva and the Illumina EPIC BeadChip was used for epigenetic analyses. Preterm birth was not associated with systolic or diastolic BP. No significant DNAm sites were associated with preterm birth in candidate gene methylation analyses. Body mass index was associated with systolic BP (p = 0.01). We did not observe an effect of preterm birth on DNAm or BP in early childhood. Our study is one of the few, however, to examine these associations among African Americans.
Acetylated tau: A missing link between head injury and dementia

Head injury is the most significant environmental risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Yet, our understanding of its pathophysiology remains limited, and therapeutic targets remain elusive. In a recent issue of Cell, Shin et al. discovered a promising molecular pathway linking head injury to Alzheimer’s disease.
“We’d better do it under local”

She had been discharged from our breast cancer clinic almost 10 years earlier. There was no reason for her to think she might have relapsed when the bowel investigations at another hospital were normal. Because she had complained about her “waterworks,” she was referred to their local urologists for cystoscopy, but, just in case, the gastroenterologist had also arranged for computed tomography. She was due her cystoscopy after her CT scan but before being reviewed by the gastroenterologist, and she was therefore seen …
Operationalizing evil: Christian realism, liberal economics, and industrial agriculture

The Enlightenment marked a shift inmoral debates away from notions of sin and eviltoward the more secular concept of virtue basedin reason. Perhaps the most notable example ofsuch liberal thought can be found in JohnDewey's 1934 A Common Faith, where he arguesthat people should set aside bickering overreligious differences and work in a utilitarianspirit to achieve public good through science.Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Soviet Union, theChinese cultural revolution, and the Cold War'sthreat of mutually assured destruction haveinspired philosophers and theologians to revivethe concept of evil to explain atrocities tooextreme to be incorporated into conventionalunderstandings of virtue and reason. In theirstruggle to explain the enormity of humancapacities for destruction, they have replacedtraditional religious definitions of evil witha more secular one: the construction anddefense of a systemic contempt for life.Assuming that bad consequences are simply theunintended result of good intentions, socialscientists have resisted employing such aconception of evil. Persisting in thisassumption may prevent us from seeing theperversity of the liberal economicjustification for promoting and perpetuatingdestructive tendencies in the industrialagricultural system. This paper seeks tooperationalize a conception of evil and toapply it to policy debates surrounding the 1985Food Security Act in the hope of evaluating oursociety's inability to resolve social andenvironmental consequences generated byindustrial agriculture.
Localization of an Amikacin 3′-Phosphotransferase in Escherichia coli

A plasmid-encoded enzyme reported by us to phosphorylate amikacin in a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli has been localized in the bacterial cell. More than 88% of this amikacin phosphotransferase (APH) activity was retained in spheroplasts formed by ethylenediaminetetraacetate-lysozyme treatment of an APH-containing E. coli transconguant known to form spheroplasts readily. By comparison, the spheroplasts retained 94% of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I and 98% of glutamyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, two internal markers, whereas less than 10% of the activity of a periplasmic marker, acid phosphatase, was present in spheroplasts. Treatment of whole cells of the transconjugant with chemical probes incapable of crossing the plasma membrane obliterated acid phosphatase activity, whereas the internal markers deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I, glutamyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, and beta-galactosidase were virtually unaffected after treatment for 5 min; more than 60% of the APH activity remained. As a control, similar chemical treatment of sonic extracts, in which enzymes were not protected by bacterial compartmentalization, produced more extensive reduction in the activities of all test enzymes, including APH. Spheroplasts preincubated with adenosine triphosphatase were shown by thin-layer chromatography to phosphorylate amikacin. Spheroplasts of cells grown in the presence of H(3) (32)PO(4) were shown to utilize internally generated adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the phosphorylation of amikacin. The absence of (32)P-phosphorylated amikacin after incubation of [gamma-(32)P]adenosine 5'-triphosphate with spheroplasts confirmed that exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate was not used in the reaction. These results suggest an internal location for APH. This conclusion has implications for the role of such enzymes in aminoglycoside resistance of gram-negative bacteria.
Sensitivity to the Pion-Nucleon Coupling Constant in Partial-Wave Analyses of πN→πN, NN→NN, and γN→πN

We summarize results obtained in our studies of the pion-nucleon coupling constant. Several different techniques have been applied to πN and NN elastic-scattering data, and the existing database for single-pion photoproduction. The most reliable determination comes from πN elastic scattering. The sensitivity in this reaction was found to be greater, by at least a factor of 3, when compared with analyses of NN elastic scattering or single-pion photoproduction.
Improving Preservice Field Placements in Secondary Mathematics: A Residency Model for Student Teaching Through Lesson Study

In response to the recent calls for a residency model for field internships in education, a possible model based on an adaptation of Japanese lesson study is described. Lesson study consists of collaboratively planning, implementing, and discussing lessons after the lesson is taught. Results of a study in which student teachers and cooperating teachers followed a lesson study format for several meetings is briefly shared, including an analysis of the discussion that took place during planning and follow-up meetings. Suggestions and rationale for a more widespread implementation of the model are discussed.
50 GHz sampler hybrid utilizing a small shockline and an internal SRD

A 50 GHZ sampler whose performance is a result of the addition of a small GaAs nonlinear transmission line is described. The compact hybrid microcircuit also features a step recovery diode (SRD), a microstrip-to-slotline balun and a GaAs integrated sampling bridge to form a complete sampling subsystem. The conversion efficiency of the shockline-enhanced sampler was improved over the full measured frequency range of 2-60 GHz when compared to the response of the sampler that did not use a shockline. >
An Airborne Stereoscopic Mission to Explore the 1998 and 1999 Leonid Meteor Storms

The possibility of a storm of Leonid meteors in November 1998 and 1999 offers exciting opportunities for using unusual meteor observing techniques, because of high flux and because the Leonids are unique probes for the study of the parent comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and the Earth’s upper atmosphere.
Escherichia coli’s aerobic growth is diminished by small C-terminal deletions in the regulatory ε subunit of ATP synthase (615.1)

FOF1 ATP synthase is a rotary nanomotor involved in energy metabolism. It is also a target of antimicrobial drugs. In bacteria, the e subunit can inhibit the enzyme with its C-terminal domain (CTD)...
Draft Genome Sequence of the Shellfish Larval Probiotic Bacillus pumilus RI06-95.

ABSTRACT Bacillus pumilus RI06-95 is a marine bacterium isolated in Narragansett, Rhode Island, which has shown probiotic activity against marine pathogens in larval shellfish. We report the genome of B. pumilus RI06-95, which provides insight into the microbe9s probiotic ability and may be used in future studies of the probiotic mechanism.
Etching of crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) by hydrolysis

Conditions have been found for the etching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with water so that the crystalline portions alone remain. Initial sample and hydrolysis products are analyzed by extraction of low molecular weight products; density, viscosity molecular weight, and endgroup determination; heating-rate-dependent thermal analysis; low-angle and wide-angle x-ray analysis; and electron microscopy. On hydrolysis of a 67% crystalline polymer at 180°C for about 300 min, almost fully crystalline extended-chain oligomers can be obtained with about 65% yield. The morphology of melt-crystallized poly(ethylene terephthalate) and the melting behavior of oligomer lamellae are discussed.
Reflections on Aging: Normal Developmental Process or Disease?

The process of aging is unavoidable and unrelenting in human beings. Is aging a normal stage of human development or a disease that can be treated, delayed, or perhaps even cured? This article expl...