cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Considerations in Twin-Fluid Atomization

With certain types of prefilming airblast atomizers, the manner in which the atomizing air impinges on the liquid sheet prohibits the wave formation that normally precedes the breakup of a liquid sheet into drops. Instead, the liquid is shattered almost instantaneously into drops of various sizes. This prompt atomization process is characterized by a broad range of drop sizes in the spray and by a lack of sensitivity of mean drop size to variations in liquid viscosity, atomizing air pressure, and initial liquid sheet thickness. Evidence is presented to show that which of these two different modes of atomization will occur in any given flow situation is largely dependent on the angle at which the atomizing air impinges on the liquid sheet. In this paper an equation for mean drop size, derived from the assumption that the main factor controlling prompt atomization is the ratio of the energy required for atomization to the kinetic energy of the atomizing air, is shown to provide a good fit to experimental data acquired from atomization studies on water and heating oil, carried out over wide ranges of air velocity, air/liquid ratio, and ambient air pressure.
Do Phone Calls Increase Voter Turnout? An Update:

This article estimates the extent to which nonpartisan phone calls from commercial phone banks increase voter turnout. Prior to the 1998 and 2002 elections, randomized field experiments were conducted in which more than 1 million subjects were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. The results indicate that this type of phone calling campaign is ineffective.
A high power, 600 μm wavelength free electron laser☆

Abstract We report high power emission (18 MW) at a wavelength of λ = 640 μm and a bandwith Δλ/λ
Treatment of anaplastic giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland with combination adriamycin and radiation therapy a new approach

The authors have devised a new treatment regimen consisting of combination Adriamycin and hyperfractionated radiation therapy for the treatment of anaplastic giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. The regimen consists of a once weekly administration of low-dose Adriamycin (doxorubicin) (10 mg/m2) and hyperfractionated radiation therapy. The radiation therapy is carried out with fractional dose of 160 rad per treatment twice a day for three days per week. The total tumor dose is 5760 rad delivered in 40 days. Since 1979, nine patients underwent the foregoing combination treatment regimen. Eight of nine achieved complete tumor regression in the primary treated area and six remained free of disease in the neck until time of death or last follow-up. There was no disproportionately enhanced normal tissue morbidity seen with this combined approach. If an effective systemic treatment regimen can be devised for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid, the present Adriamycin and hyperfractionated radiation therapy may be capable of achieving improved survival time.
Horizontal mergers of price-setting firms with sunk capacity costs

Abstract We examine the profitability of a horizontal merger and its effects on the outsiders' profits and industry prices, in a market for a homogeneous product where firms with sunk capacity costs engage in price competition. We show that, unlike previous studies, a merger can hurt the outsiders, the postmerger prices can be lower than thepremerger prices, and a merger can reduce the joint profits of the participating firms even in a static model of price competition.
Asymmetric allylation of aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by chiral phosphoramides prepared from (S)-proline

Abstract Chiral phosphoramides prepared from (S)-proline were used to catalyze the allylation and crotylation of aromatic aldehydes with allylic trichlorosilanes in good enantioselective yields. Phosphoramides 4d and 4m gave chiral homoallylic alcohols and their enantiomers, respectively, with similar levels of enantioselectivity.
Integrated aerodynamic-structural-control wing design

Abstract The aerodynamic-structural-control design of a forward-swept composite wing for a high subsonic transport aircraft is considered. The structural analysis is based on a finite-element method. The aerodynamic calculations are based on a vortex-lattice method, and the control calculations are based on an output feed-back control law. The wing is designed for minimum weight subject to structural, performance/aerodynamic and control constraints. Efficient techniques are developed to calculate the control-deflection and control-effectiveness sensitivities which appear as second-order derivatives in the control constraint equations. To suppress the aeroelastic divergence of the forward-swept wing, and to minimize the take-off gross weight of the design aircraft, two separate cases are studied: (1) combined application of aeroelastic tailoring and active controls; and (2) aeroelastic tailoring alone. For the particular example problem considered in this study, the aeroelastic tailoring was found to have a substantially greater influence than active controls on weight minimization and divergence suppression.
Stereochemical Course of Singlet Oxygenation of a Stereoisomeric Pair of 1,9a-Epoxydecahydro-4a,5,8a-Trimethyl-2(3H)-Anthracenones

Abstract The syn and anti isomers of the title compound have been subjected to singlet photooxygenation and shown to react only from their β face in both instances.
Extensions to the classical calculation of the effect of mutual shadowing in diffuse reflection

The classical method for accounting for the mutual shadowing among closely packed particles in multiple scattering calculations is extended in the following ways. (1) By modeling the particle distribution by a Poisson process with a varying density parameter, a 'Van der Waals' type approximation allows extension to a greater fractional volume density, D. In this case it is only required that D squared be much less than 1 instead of D being much less than 1. (2) In the case that the particle distribution is not uniform the classical calculation may be weighted by the pair correlation function of the distribution. (3) The use of the Markov chain formalism for radiative transfer allows inclusion of the effect of shadowing for two orders of scattering. For conditions such as might apply in Saturn's rings, the inclusion of this effect makes less than a 0.1% difference in the calculated phase curves, compared to previous calculations which have included shadowing only in the first scattering. The latter are thus shown to be quite accurate.
Motion induced between parallel plates with offset centers of radial stretching and shrinking

The flow between parallel plates separated by distance $$h$$ is investigated where the upper plate radially stretches at a rate $$a$$ , the lower plate radially shrinks at the same rate, and the centers of stretching and shrinking are horizontally separated by a distance $${2\,l}$$ . A reduction of the Navier–Stokes equation yields two ordinary differential equations dependent on a Reynolds number $$R = ah^2/\nu $$ . In addition, a free parameter $$\gamma $$ appears that corresponds to a uniform pressure gradient acting along the line connecting the stretching/shrinking centers. We consider three cases: $$\gamma = 0$$ , $$\gamma = O(1)$$ , and $$\gamma = O(R)$$ . The flow is described by two functions of the plate-normal coordinate $$\eta = z/h$$ : the first $$f(\eta )$$ has an analytical solution, whereas the second $$g(\eta )$$ must be solved numerically. Small- $$R$$ solutions are found, and large- $$R$$ asymptotic behaviors of the wall shear stresses and the centerline velocities are obtained by matching the viscous boundary-layer flows to the interior inviscid motion.
Relational trauma in the context of intimate partner violence

The relational model of trauma (Scheeringa & Zeanah, 2001) proposes that infants' trauma symptoms may be influenced by their mothers' trauma symptoms and disruptions in caregiving behavior, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are less well understood. In this research, we examined the direct and indirect effects of a traumatic event (maternal intimate partner violence [IPV]), maternal trauma symptoms, and impaired (harsh and neglectful) parenting on infant trauma symptoms in a sample of mother-infant dyads (N=182) using structural equation modeling. Mothers completed questionnaires on IPV experienced during pregnancy and the child's first year of life, their past-month trauma symptoms, their child's past-month trauma symptoms, and their parenting behaviors. Results indicated that the effects of prenatal IPV on infant trauma symptoms were partially mediated by maternal trauma symptoms, and the relationship between maternal and infant trauma symptoms was fully mediated by neglectful parenting. Postnatal IPV did not affect maternal or infant trauma symptoms. Findings support the application of the relational model to IPV-exposed mother-infant dyads, with regard to IPV experienced during pregnancy, and help identify potential foci of intervention for professionals working with mothers and children.
Multiaccess channels with state known to some encoders and independent messages

We consider a state-dependent multiaccess channel (MAC) with state noncausally known to some encoders. For simplicity of exposition, we focus on a two-encoder model in which one of the encoders has noncausal access to the channel state. The results can in principle be extended to any number of encoders with a subset of them being informed. We derive an inner bound for the capacity region in the general discrete memoryless case and specialize to a binary noiseless case. In binary noiseless case, we compare the inner bounds with trivial outer bounds obtained by providing the channel state to the decoder. In the case of maximum entropy channel state, we obtain the capacity region for binary noiseless MAC with one informed encoder. For a Gaussian state-dependent MAC with one encoder being informed of the channel state, we present an inner bound by applying a slightly generalized dirty paper coding (GDPC) at the informed encoder and a trivial outer bound by providing channel state to the decoder also. In particular, if the channel input is negatively correlated with the channel state in the random coding distribution, then GDPC can be interpreted as partial state cancellation followed by standard dirty paper coding. The uninformed encoders benefit from the state cancellation in terms of achievable rates, however, it seems that GDPC cannot completely eliminate the effect of the channel state on the achievable rate region, in contrast to the case of all encoders being informed. In the case of infinite state variance, we provide an inner bound and also provide a nontrivial outer bound for this case which is better than the trivial outer bound.
Environmental high resolution electron microscopy and applications to chemical science

Abstract An environmental cell high resolution electron microscope (EHREM) has been developed for in situ studies of dynamic chemical reactions on the atomic scale. It allows access to metastable intermediate phases of catalysts and to sequences of reversible microstructural and chemical development associated with the activation, deactivation and poisoning of a catalyst. Materials transported through air can be restored or recreated and samples damaged, e.g. by dehydration, by the usual vacuum environment in a conventional electron microscope can be preserved. A Philips CM30 HRTEM/STEM system has been extensively modified in our laboratory to add facilities for in situ gas-solid reaction studies in controlled atmospheres of gas or vapor at pressures of 0–50 mbar, instead of the regular TEM high vacuum environment. The integrated new environmental cell capability is combined with the original 0.23 nm TEM resolution, STEM imaging (bright field/annular dark field) and chemical and crystallographic microanalyses. Regular sample holders are used and include hot stages to > 1000°C. Examples of applications include direct studies of dynamic reactions with supported metal particle catalysts, the generation of defects and structural changes in practical complex oxide catalyst systems under operating conditions and carbon microstructures.
Enabling Contribution Awareness in an Overlay Broadcasting System

We consider the design of bandwidth-demanding broadcasting applications using overlays in environments characterized by hosts with limited and asymmetric bandwidth, and significant heterogeneity in upload bandwidth. Such environments are critical to consider to extend the applicability of overlay multicast to mainstream Internet environments where insufficient bandwidth exists to support all hosts, but have not received adequate attention from the research community. We leverage the multitree framework and design heuristics to enable it to consider host contribution and operate in bandwidth-scarce environments. Our extensions seek to simultaneously achieve good utilization of system resources, performance to hosts commensurate to their contributions, and consistent performance. We have implemented the system and conducted an Internet evaluation on PlanetLab using real traces from previous operational deployments of an overlay broadcasting system. Our results indicate for these traces, our heuristics can improve the performance of high contributors by 10-240% and facilitate equitable bandwidth distribution among hosts with similar contributions.
Estimate of contribution from p–d mixing in atomic PNC

Abstract We investigate possible contributions to future atomic parity nonconservation (PNC) experiments from parity admixtures between single-electron atomic states with total angular momentum j=3/2. We develop new formalism for studying these admixtures between atomic p and d states, which enter only when finite nuclear size effects are considered and have been neglected in the literature to date. We use analytic approximations to provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of the contribution from these admixtures, and identify a dimensionless ratio which sets the scale of the correction. Using realistic numerical wavefunctions in Ba+ we confirm the results of our analytic expressions, and conclude quantitatively that these novel admixtures are likely to be negligible in essentially all cases.
Scattering through QCD sphalerons

Abstract Diffractive parton-parton scattering in the soft pomeron regime can be explained by the production of a QCD sphaleron. Sphaleron production results into the emission of 3 + 2NF gluons and quarks. At RHIC we expect many sphalerons to be released thereby affecting most prompt processes.
The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation

[1] To quantify the effects of land cover changes in the Amazon on local and global climate, numerical simulation experiments using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Model II global climate model are conducted. An ensemble approach is adopted, in which a group of six control simulations is compared with a group of six deforested simulations. The deforestation effect in the Amazon is strong, with reductions in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and cloudiness. We also detect a noticeable impact in several other regions of the world, several of which show a reduction in rainy season precipitation that exhibits a high signal-to-noise ratio (determined by the t statistic). To determine the significance of the deforestation signal, we create several “false” ensembles, combining control and deforested members randomly, for comparison with the actual “true” ensemble. Such an analysis has not been used previously in deforestation studies and is useful for verifying the significance of a purported effect. The globally averaged precipitation deficits for the true ensemble are generally high in comparison with the false ensembles. Furthermore, changes in the Amazon due to the deforestation correlate significantly with remote changes in several areas. This suggests that the Amazon deforestation is producing a detectable signal throughout the Earth, and this finding underscores the importance of human activity in that region.
Fat-suppressed MRI of musculoskeletal infection: fast T2-weighted techniques versus gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images.

Purpose. To investigate gadolinium’s role in imaging musculoskeletal infection by comparing the conspicuity and extent of inflammatory changes demonstrated on gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images versus fat-suppressed fast T2-weighted sequences. Design. Eighteen patients with infection were imaged in a 1.5-T unit, using frequency-selective and/or inversion recovery fat-suppressed fast T2-weighted images (T2WI) and gadolinium-enhanced frequency-selective fat-suppressed T1-weighted images (T1WI). Thirty-four imaging planes with both a fat-suppressed gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted sequence and a fat-suppressed T2-weighted sequence were obtained. Comparison of the extent and conspicuity of signal intensity changes was made for both bone and soft tissue in each plane. Results. In bone, inflammatory change was equal in extent and conspicuity on fat-suppressed T2WI and fat-suppressed T1WI with gadolinium in 19 planes, more extensive or conspicuous on T2WI in three planes, and less so on T2WI in two planes. Marrow was normal on all three sequences in 10 cases. In soft tissue, inflammatory change was seen equally well in 20 instances, more extensively or conspicuously on the T2WI in 11 instances, and less so on T2WI in 2 instances. One case had no soft tissue involvement on any of the sequences. Five abscesses and three joint effusions were present, all more conspicuously delineated from surrounding inflammatory change on the fat-saturated T1WI with gadolinium. The average imaging time for the fat-saturated T1WI with gadolinium was 6.75 min, while that of the T2-weighted sequences was 5.75 min. Conclusion. Routine use of gadolinium is not warranted. Instead, gadolinium should be reserved for clinically suspected infection in or around a joint, and in cases refractory to medical or surgical treatment due to possible abscess formation.
Three-dimensional gauge theories and monopoles

Abstract The Coulomb branch of N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills gauge theories in d = 2 + 1 is studied. A direct connection between gauge theories and monopole moduli spaces is presented. It is proposed that the hyper-Kahler metric of supersymmetric N = 4 SU ( N ) Yang-Mills theory is given by the charge N centered moduli space of BPS monopoles in SU (2). The theory is compared to N = 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions through compactification on a circle of the latter. It is found that rational maps are appropriate to this comparison. A BPS mass formula is also written for particles in three dimensions and strings in four dimensions.
Stille coupling approaches to the stereospecific synthesis of 7-[(E)-alkylidene]cephalosporins

Stille coupling methodology is used to stereospecifically synthesize 7-[(E)-alkylidene]cephalosporins, potential enzyme inhibitors which are unavailable via other synthetic methodology. Two procedures are described, utilizing either a stannylalkylidene cephem which is then coupled with an organohalide, or a haloalkylidene cephem which is coupled with an organostannane.
Antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition in metallic Tl1−xKxCo2Se2 (0≤x≤1.0) with ThCr2Si2-type structure

Abstract Solid solutions of Tl1−xKxCo2Se2 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.0) were prepared by high temperature solid state reactions. All the samples are highly metallic ( ρ ≈ 10 −4 –10 −5 Ω cm ). The magnetic phase diagram was determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements: the thallium-rich phases (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.45) order antiferromagnetically, the potassium-rich phases (0.55 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.0) order ferromagnetically, and the intermediate phases (x = 0.50) show competition between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior. The possible mechanism of the transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic behavior is discussed.
Survivorship and the Economic Grim Reaper

The ten year survival rate for firms trading on the New York and American Stock Exchanges between 1963 and 1995 is only 61%. This paper explores the process by which firms come to be delisted. We calculate the returns of firms from ten years before delisting to their delisting date and show that, on average, the economic grim reaper kills poorly performing firms. We document takeover and distress delisting rates through time, analyze pre-delisting equity market returns for both groups, and explore how firm characteristics and regulations governing corporate takeovers and bankruptcy affect the friction with which these processes operate. We believe this is the first analysis to document long-term equity market and operating performance of delisting firms. The study builds on research from both finance and industrial organization and is consistent with a Schumpeterian view of economic development.
BIOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

. The sciences may be conceptualized as a hierarchy ranked by level of organization (e.g., many-body physics ranks above particle physics). Each science serves as an antidiscipline for the science above it; that is, between each pair, tense but creative interplay is inevitable. Biology has advanced through such tension between its subdisciplines and now can serve as an antidiscipline for the social sciences—for anthropology, for example, by examining the connection between cultural and biological evolution; for psychology, by addressing the nature of learning and the structure of the unconscious; for economics, by examining economically irrational behavior and by comparing economic activity in humans and other species. Sociology, concerned mainly with advanced literate societies, is relatively remote from the genetic basis of human social behavior. However, moving between biological and social levels of organization generates richness and points to new and unexpected principles.
A possible redesign of the SLAC SLC damping rings

We describe a possible replacement for the SLC damping rings that would generate beams with normalized horizontal emittances of /spl gammaspl epsivsub x/=9/spl times/10/sup -6/ m-rad when uncoupled; this is more than three times smaller than that generated by the current rings. The primary difference between the new design and the current ring is the arc cell structure; the insertion regions, the kickers, and the RF are essentially unchanged. The new cell uses a single combined function bending magnet, roughly 70 cm in length, to replace the two bends, defocusing quadrupole, and defocusing sextupoles in the current FODO cell; the focusing quadrupole and sextupoles, used in the current cell, are also used in the new structure. The length of the new cell is identical to that of the current cell and thus nine of these new cells would simply replace the nine FODO cells in each arc of the rings. >
Heat transfer and fouling behaviour of Siemens PWR steam generators : long-term operating experience

Abstract The evolution of heat transfer performance of the steam generators (SGs) is regularly monitored on the basis of plant data recordings in many Siemens pressurized water reactors (PWRs). For the oldest SGs operating experience covers more than 27 years. Heat transfer performance is quantified in terms of the fouling factor. It is correlated with the amount of iron ingress into the steam generator stemming from the feedwater/steam cycle. After all plants that have started under phosphate treatment have converted their feedwater chemistry to H-AVT treatment (all volatile treatment with hydrazine dosing to assure high pH-values), iron transport in these plants has drastically reduced and, consequently, the fouling increase has almost stopped. In plants which operate under H-AVT from the beginning, no significant fouling factor increase has been observed after up to 15 years of operation. Hence, H-AVT is the preferred feedwater chemistry treatment – not only from a corrosion prevention point of view but also from a heat transfer performance point of view. The thermal effects of chemical cleaning as well as the fouling behaviour specific to economizer-type SGs are also addressed in this paper.
Class-specific error bounds for ensemble classifiers

The generalization error, or probability of misclassification, of ensemble classifiers has been shown to be bounded above by a function of the mean correlation between the constituent (i.e., base) classifiers and their average strength. This bound suggests that increasing the strength and/or decreasing the correlation of an ensemble's base classifiers may yield improved performance under the assumption of equal error costs. However, this and other existing bounds do not directly address application spaces in which error costs are inherently unequal. For applications involving binary classification, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, performance curves that explicitly trade off false alarms and missed detections, are often utilized to support decision making. To address performance optimization in this context, we have developed a lower bound for the entire ROC curve that can be expressed in terms of the class-specific strength and correlation of the base classifiers. We present empirical analyses demonstrating the efficacy of these bounds in predicting relative classifier performance. In addition, we specify performance regions of the ROC curve that are naturally delineated by the class-specific strengths of the base classifiers and show that each of these regions can be associated with a unique set of guidelines for performance optimization of binary classifiers within unequal error cost regimes.
Functional programming and lambda calculus

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lambda calculus and explains how this system is able to capture all computable functions. Once a reduction strategy is chosen, the behavior of a term is determined. This gives a so-called operational semantics. The chapter presents the meaning of a λ -term, which is given by translating it to a set [M]. This set is an element of a mathematical structure in which application and abstraction are well-defined operations. In this way, a so-called denotational semantics is obtained.
Batrachotoxin binding site antagonists

Abstract The preparation and SAR of a series of batrachotoxin partial structures that antagonize binding and activity of batrachotoxin are reported in this communication.
Vector and axial nucleon form factors: A duality constrained parameterization

We present new parameterizations of vector and axial nucleon form factors. We maintain an excellent descriptions of the form factors at low momentum transfers, where the spatial structure of the nucleon is important, and use the Nachtman scaling variable ξ to relate elastic and inelastic form factors and impose quark–hadron duality constraints at high momentum transfers where the quark structure dominates. We use the new vector form factors to re-extract updated values of the axial form factor from neutrino experiments on deuterium. We obtain an updated world average value from νμd and pion electroproduction experiments of MA=1.014± 0.014 GeV/c 2. Our parameterizations are useful in modeling neutrino interactions at low energies (e.g. for neutrino oscillations experiments). The predictions for high momentum transfers can be tested in the next generation electron and neutrino scattering experiments.
Earth-current variations with periods longer than one day

Examination of the earth-current records from Tucson and Huancayo shows that the daily mean values recorded on characteristically disturbed and calm days differ consistently by a small amount. This suggests that a part of the current flowing during disturbances or magnetic storms is unidirectional for the day or longer and is the first definite indication of a component in earth-currents with period greater than one day. The magnitude of the effect is small, not more than a few per cent of the range of diurnal variation at a given station. The direction of flow indicated is to the north and east at Tucson and to the south and east at Huancayo. These directions are consistent with those noted in the diurnal variations but they may be modified by local geological features. The reversal of direction of the northward component is also a feature of the diurnal variations when the stations considered are on opposite sides of the equator. The potential gradient due to earth-current flow is so small at Watheroo, in proportion to the large and irregular contact-potentials occurring there, that the Watheroo records are not conclusive on this point. In so far as they have any significance, the results are in agreement with those at Huancayo and consistent with the preferred direction of current-flow found in the diurnal-variation records. A wider distribution of stations and a more accurate quantitative measure of the effect is necessary before attempting to suggest a system of current-circulation consistent with these results.
EMP Coupling Through Cable Shields

Recent research in electromagnetic coupling between the interior and exterior of coaxial cables is described. Both tubular shields and shields with apertures are discussed with reference to the physical coupling mechanisms and their mathematical representations in terms of transmission-line models.
Stacking entropy of hard-sphere crystals

Classical hard spheres crystallize at equilibrium at high enough density. Crystals made up of stackings of two-dimensional hexagonal close-packed layers (e.g., fcc, hcp, etc.) differ in entropy by only about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{k}_{B}$ per sphere (all configurations are degenerate in energy). To readily resolve and study these small entropy differences, we have implemented two different multicanonical Monte Carlo algorithms that allow direct equilibration between crystals with different stacking sequences. Recent work had demonstrated that the fcc stacking has higher entropy than the hcp stacking. We have studied other stackings to demonstrate that the fcc stacking does indeed have the highest entropy of all possible stackings. The entropic interactions we could detect involve three, four, and (although with less statistical certainty) five consecutive layers of spheres. These interlayer entropic interactions fall off in strength with increasing distance, as expected; this falloff appears to be much slower near the melting density than at the maximum (close-packing) density. At maximum density the entropy difference between fcc and hcp stackings is $0.00115\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00004{k}_{B}$ per sphere, which is roughly $30%$ higher than the same quantity measured near the melting transition.
Maxwell-Huygens, Newton-Cartan, and Saunders-Knox Spacetimes

I address a question recently raised by Simon Saunders concerning the relationship between the space-time structure of Newton-Cartan theory and that of what I will call “Maxwell-Huygens space-time.” This discussion will also clarify a connection between Saunders’s work and a recent paper by Eleanor Knox.
Binding of calcium and phosphate ions to dentin phosphophoryn.

The concomitant binding of calcium and inorganic phosphate ions by the highly phosphorylated rat dentin phosphophoryn (HP) was measured in the pH range of 7.4-8.5 using an ultrafiltration procedure. HP binds almost exclusively the triply charged PO43-ion, and for each PO43-ion bound, the protein binds about 1.5 additional Ca2+ ions. The proteinmineral ion complex can be described as a protein with two different ligands, Ca2+ ions and calcium phosphate clusters having a stoichiometry of about Ca1.5PO4. The stoichiometry of the bound clusters is similar to amorphous calcium phosphate, indicating that the protein does not sequester crystal embryos of octacalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite. The protein-mineral ion complex is amorphous by electron diffraction analysis and does not catalyze the formation of a crystalline phase when aged in contact with its solution.
Reaction of Ammonia with Fumed Silica

The reaction between fumed silica and ammonia has been studied between 600° and 1200°C. Up to 24 wt% nitrogen can be introduced into vitreous silica by adjusting the partial pressure of ammonia, temperature, and reaction time. The experiments show that the amount of nitrogen incorporated into silica has a linear dependence on the partial pressure of ammonia and a square root dependence on the reaction time. The activation energy for the reaction was found to be 76.0 kJ/mol. The nitrided powders as well as several hotpressed samples were crystallized at 1550° to 1650°C. Silica glasses containing 0 to 1 wt% nitrogen crystallize to cristobalite. Glasses containing 2 to 10 wt% nitrogen are stable against devitrification in nitrogen, even at 1650°C. Glasses with 12 to 28 wt% nitrogen crystallize to fine-grained Si2N2O with residual glass.
Design and synthesis of bistereogenic chiral ionic liquids and their use as solvents for asymmetric Baylis-Hillman reactions.

Three novel chiral ionic liquids (CILs) containing two chiral centers in the side chain bonded to the 2-position of the imidazolium cation and different anions have been synthesized, characterized and used as chiral solvents for asymmetric Baylis–Hillman (BH) reactions; good yields and fair enantioselectivities were obtained.
Diagnosing Sources of U.S. Seasonal Forecast Skill

In this study the authors diagnose the sources for the contiguous U.S. seasonal forecast skill that are related to sea surface temperature (SST) variations using a combination of dynamical and empirical methods. The dynamical methods include ensemble simulations with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by observed monthly global SSTs from 1950 to 1999, and ensemble AGCM experiments forced by idealized SST anomalies. The empirical methods involve a suite of reductions of the AGCM simulations. These include uni- and multivariate regression models that encapsulate the simultaneous and one-season lag linear connections between seasonal mean tropical SST anomalies and U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature. Nearly all of the AGCM skill in U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature, arising from global SST influences, can be explained by a single degree of freedom in the tropical SST field—that associated with the linear atmospheric signal of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results support previous findings regarding the preeminence of ENSO as a U.S. skill source. The diagnostic methods used here exposed another skill source that appeared to be of non-ENSO origins. In late autumn, when the AGCM simulation skill of U.S. temperatures peaked in absolute value and in spatial coverage, the majority of that originated from SST variability in the subtropical west Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Hindcast experiments were performed for 1950–99 that revealed most of the simulation skill of the U.S. seasonal climate to be recoverable at one-season lag. The skill attributable to the AGCMs was shown to achieve parity with that attributable to empirical models derived purely from observational data. The diagnostics promote the interpretation that only limited advances in U.S. seasonal prediction skill should be expected from methods seeking to capitalize on sea surface predictors alone, and that advances that may occur in future decades could be readily masked by inherent multidecadal fluctuations in skill of coupled ocean–atmosphere systems.
Reliability-based soft-decision decoding with iterative information set reduction

The reliability-based decoding approach using the reprocessing of the most reliable information set only is extended into the iterative reprocessing of several information sets. At the end of each information set reprocessing, some information bits are delivered by the decoder. Consequently, information sets with decreasing cardinality values are considered at each iteration. A tight upper bound on the error performance achieved by this new method is derived. Compared to previously proposed competitive approaches, this new method reduces the number of candidate codewords needed to achieve practically optimum decoding. Importantly, it also preserves the very simple structured implementation of the order statistic decoding.
Chaos and sector-specific externalities

Abstract Benhabib and Farmer [1996. Indeterminacy and sector specific externalities. Journal of Monetary Economics 37, 397–419] explore the possibility of local indeterminacy in a two-sector model with sector-specific externalities. They find that very small sector-specific externalities are sufficient for local indeterminacy. In this case, it is possible to construct sunspot equilibria where extrinsic uncertainty matters. In this paper, I provide a global analysis of their model revealing the existence of Euler equation branching. This branching allows for regime switching equilibria with cycles and chaotic behavior. These equilibria occur whether the “local dynamics” are determinate or indeterminate.
The relationship among corporate culture, strategic orientation, and financial performance.

This study was conducted to suggest strategic orientations that can analyze which types of corporate culture and strategic orientation contribute to enhanced financial performance, based on the the...
Ethics and Leadership: Reflections From A Public Research University

Issues of ethics and leadership are important, growing and intense in universities. Five examples are discussed, drawn from the personal experience of the author. These involve the selection of research, the collection and use of ethically sensitive materials, major relationships with industry and donors, access and admissions, and the content of education itself. Analyses of these cases are couched in terms of some of the major trends affecting public research universities, with one conclusion being that the most challenging situations are those where multiple ethical standards are pertinent, and conflict with one another.
Hingeless Flow Control Over A Delta Wing Planform

An experimental investigation of hingeless flow control by vortex breakdown manipulation over a delta wing is described. Employed as a method of longitudinal control for slender-wing planforms, the performance of this active flow control technique was evaluated as a possible replacement to conventional moving or hinged control surfaces. Testing was conducted with a 60-deg delta-wing model incorporating pneumatic vortex control (PVC) actuators. These actuators delivered high-pressure jets of varying parameters on the upper surface of the model. The jets were used to alter the flowfield over the wing caused by leading-edge vortices. The natural location of vortex breakdown was shifted by three sets of PVC actuators strategically positioned on the model. This effect was intended to control the chordwise lift distribution over the wing by inducing both premature and delayed vortex breakdown, resulting in nose-up and nose-down pitch responses, respectively. A comparative analysis of this hingeless flow control concept was conducted in Texas A&M University's 3 × 4 ft low-speed wind tunnel and 2 x 3 ft water tunnel
CsOH-promoted P-alkylation: a convenient and highly efficient synthesis of tertiary phosphines

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of tertiary phosphines and ditertiary phosphines has been developed. In the presence of cesium hydroxide, molecular sieves and DMF at room temperature, various secondary phosphines and alkyl bromides were examined, and the results have demonstrated that this methodology offers a general synthetic procedure to produce tertiary phosphines in moderate to high yields. Optically active tertiary phosphine synthesis is also described.
Hidden credential retrieval from a reusable password

We revisit the venerable question of access credentials management, which concerns the techniques that we, humans with limited memory, must employ to safeguard our various access keys and tokens in a connected world. Although many existing solutions can be employed to protect a long secret using a short password, those solutions typically require certain assumptions on the distribution of the secret and/or the password, and are helpful against only a subset of the possible attackers.After briefly reviewing a variety of approaches, we propose a user-centric comprehensive model to capture the possible threats posed by online and offline attackers, from the outside and the inside, against the security of both the plaintext and the password. We then propose a few very simple protocols, adapted from the Ford-Kaliski server-assisted password generator and the Boldyreva unique blind signature in particular, that provide the best protection against all kinds of threats, for all distributions of secrets. We also quantify the concrete security of our approach in terms of online and offline password guesses made by outsiders and insiders, in the random-oracle model.The main contribution of this paper lies not in the technical novelty of the proposed solution, but in the identification of the problem and its model. Our results have an immediate and practical application for the real world: they show how to implement single-sign-on stateless roaming authentication for the internet, in a ad-hoc user-driven fashion that requires no change to protocols or infrastructure.
Stereospecific protein kinase C activation by photolabile diglycerides

Abstract The synthesis and photochemistry of diglycerides designed to photolyze to bioactive diacylglycerols and optimized for facile incorporation into biological membranes is described. Stereospecific activation of protein kinase C in vitro and in living cells is demonstrated.
Computer-aided processing of the news

The process of publishing the news may be divided into three parts: the news gathering stage, the processing of the raw information into publishable form, and the actual printing and distribution of the material. Many technologies, including wire and wireless communication, computers, automatic-typesetting equipments and photographies are being employed by news publishers in order to achieve their goal of getting a hard copy of the news to their readership as quickly as possible at the lowest cost consistent with profitability. Our study of the application of multiaccess computers operated in an online mode to news processing indicates that these machines offer interesting opportunities for departure from the traditional processes employed in the business of news publishing.
Electrophilic formamidines. Organometallic addition to 2-methoxy pyrrolidine or piperidine N-t-butyl formamidines. Formation of 2-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines.

Abstract The title compounds were prepared by addition of Grignard reagents to methoxyformamidines 6 and 8 in ether at room temperature. Hydrolysis gives the free secondary amines, or in cases of volatile products, their thiourea derivatives.
UNPACKING “TRANSNATIONAL CITIZENSHIP”*

▪ Abstract What “counts” as transnational citizenship? Like the related notions of global or transnational civil society, the term's appeal to internationalists is greater than its conceptual precision. However, a wide range of empirical trends do raise questions about the nation-state-based approach to the concept of citizenship. In an effort to avoid conceptual stretching, this essay assesses the degree to which the concept of transnational citizenship helps to address issues raised by “globalization from below.” Because many approaches to citizenship focus on the dynamics and texture of participation, this review incorporates recent findings in sociology, anthropology, and geography into the political science discussion. The essay is organized by propositions that bring together analysis of two distinct empirical literatures, on transnational civil society and on migrant civic and political participation. The review concludes by contrasting two cross-cutting sets of definitional choices. The discussion...
Load-balanced short-path routing in wireless networks

We study routing algorithms on wireless networks that use only short paths, for minimizing latency, and achieve good load balance, for balancing the energy use. We consider the special case when all the nodes are located in a narrow strip with width at most /spl radic/3/2 /spl ap/ 0.86 times the communication radius. We present algorithms that achieve good performance in terms of both measures simultaneously. In particular, the routing path is at most four times the shortest path length and the maximum load on any node is at most three times that of the most load-balanced algorithm without path-length constraint. In addition, our routing algorithms make routing decisions by only local information and, as a consequence, are more adaptive to topology changes due to dynamic node insertions/deletions or due to mobility.
A scalable method for solving high-dimensional continuous POMDPs using local approximation

Partially-Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are typically solved by finding an approximate global solution to a corresponding belief-MDP. In this paper, we offer a new planning algorithm for POMDPs with continuous state, action and observation spaces. Since such domains have an inherent notion of locality, we can find an approximate solution using local optimization methods. We parameterize the belief distribution as a Gaussian mixture, and use the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to approximate the belief update. Since the EKF is a first-order filter, we can marginalize over the observations analytically. By using feedback control and state estimation during policy execution, we recover a behavior that is effectively conditioned on incoming observations despite the unconditioned planning. Local optimization provides no guarantees of global optimality, but it allows us to tackle domains that are at least an order of magnitude larger than the current state-of-the-art. We demonstrate the scalability of our algorithm by considering a simulated hand-eye coordination domain with 16 continuous state dimensions and 6 continuous action dimensions.
DOES STUDENT SORTING INVALIDATE VALUE-ADDED MODELS OF TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS? AN EXTENDED ANALYSIS OF THE ROTHSTEIN CRITIQUE

Value-added modeling continues to gain traction as a tool for measuring teacher performance. However, recent research questions the validity of the value-added approach by showing that it does not mitigate studentteacher sorting bias (its presumed primary benefit). Our study explores this critique in more detail. Although we find that estimated teacher effects from some valueadded models are severely biased, we also show that a sufficiently complex value-added model that evaluates teachers over multiple years reduces the sorting bias problem to statistical insignificance. One implication of our findings is that data from the first year or two of classroom teaching for novice teachers may be insufficient to make reliable judgments about quality. Overall, our results suggest that in some cases value-added modeling will continue to provide useful information about the effectiveness of educational inputs.
Supply Response in an Agrarian Economy with Non-Symmetric Gender Relations

Abstract There is a growing recognition that gender relations matter for supply response to devaluation and other structural adjustment policies in sub-Saharan Africa. But, most household models that introduce gender differentiation nevertheless preserve an essential symmetry between male and female household members, and do not capture elements of subordination or coercion in male–female relations. This paper seeks to contribute by developing a model based on Stackelberg-type equations, in which the husband occupies the position of “firstmover,” reflecting his power to set the parameters for women's choices. The model is contextualized with reference to Tanzania.
Nonlocality of Accelerated Systems

The conceptual basis for the nonlocality of accelerated systems is presented. The non-local theory of accelerated observers and its consequences are briefly described. Nonlocal field equations are developed for the case of the electrodynamics of linearly accelerated systems.