cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Worst-Case Analysis of Nearest Neighbor Searching by Projection

The nearest neighbor searching problem (also called the post office problem) calls for organizing the set P of N points in k-space so that the nearest neighbor in P to a new point can be quickly found. Friedman, Baskett and Shustek describe an algorithm for nearest neighbor searching based on projecting the points onto the various coordinate axes; their analysis of this method shows that a nearest neighbor search can be performed in O(N1−1/k) expected time, for any fixed dimension k>1 under a variety of probability distributions. In this paper we shall prove the stronger (worst-case) result that the total time required by (an extension of) their method to find the nearest neighbor of every point in any fixed k-dimensional point set is O(N2−1/k), which immediately implies a result similar to theirs. The above results hold only for the L∞ metric; we also investigate the Euclidean (L2) metric. Our first result for that metric shows that the above analysis does not hold in general, and our second result then goes on to show that the analysis does in fact apply in practice, because of the finite word-length restrictions of real computers.
Affine actions of higher rank lattices

We consider actions of lattices in certain higher rank simple Lie groups by affine (i.e. connection-preserving) transformations of a compact Riemannian manifold. When the dimension of the manifold is not too large, such actions are partially described here in terms of affine actions on the flat torus and isometric actions. The main tools are Marguils' and Zimmer's rigidity theorems.
Effect of blood collection tubes on the incidence of artifactual hyperkalemia on patient samples from an outreach clinic.

Abstract Background An offsite satellite clinic of the University of Chicago Medical Center (UCMC) requested an investigation by the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (CCL) into several cases of possible falsely elevated potassium (K+) values in their patients. Bloods for K+ and chemistry profiles are routinely collected in mint-green, heparinized plasma separator tubes (PST), centrifuged, and transported by courier from satellite clinic to CCL within several hours. Samples from on-site phlebotomy areas are similarly collected but sent uncentrifuged to CCL via a pneumatic tube system within minutes of collection. Methods Our investigations included extensive QC and QA review of UCMC onsite and offsite outpatient clinics, reference range studies using PST and serum separator tubes (SST), assessment of pre-analytic handling of specimens, including transportation simulation study, and comparison of K+ results for samples collected simultaneously using PST and SST tubes at an offsite clinic. Results Our transportation simulation demonstrated elevations in K+ concentrations following sample jostling and perturbations. We also observed RBC escape across the gel barrier further contributing to K+ elevations. Conclusion Serum is preferred sample type for an offsite clinic.
Greater inhibition of platelet procoagulant activity by antibody-derived glycoprotein IIb--IIIa inhibitors than by peptide and peptidomimetic inhibitors.

Antibody-derived GPIIb–IIIa antagonists, such as the c7E3 Fab fragment abciximab, have been shown to inhibit platelet procoagulant activity as well as platelet aggregation. Whether low-molecular-weight peptide-derived and peptidomimetic antagonists also inhibit platelet procoagulant activity in a similar manner has not been fully investigated. We compared the effects of the antibody-derived antagonists c7E3 Fab and m10E5 IgG, the peptide-derived antagonists eptifibatide, MK-852 and RGDS, and the peptidomimetic RO44–9883 on platelet procoagulant activity and on the stimulated cytosolic calcium increases that promote procoagulant activity. Procoagulant activity was measured as prothrombinase activity in gel-filtered platelets, activated by collagen plus thrombin or collagen alone, with and without stirring. The stimulated increases in cytosolic calcium were measured in parallel samples of platelets loaded with fura-2AM. Both c7E3 and m10E5 inhibited prothrombinase activity by 40–50% under all conditions of activation tested and inhibited cytosolic calcium increases to a similar extent in stirred, but not unstirred, platelets. The low-molecular-weight antagonists caused significantly less inhibition of prothrombinase activity in collagen plus thrombin-stimulated platelets, and produced no inhibition but rather a slight enhancement of activity in platelets stimulated by collagen alone. These antagonists also had little or no effect on the cytosolic calcium increases in stirred platelets. These differential effects of antibody-derived versus non-antibody GPIIb–IIIa antagonists on procoagulant activity may be a factor contributing to the differing anti-thrombotic effects of these antagonists seen in clinical trials.
Projective modules over the endomorphism ring of a biuniform module

Abstract We investigate infinitely generated projective modules over the endomorphism ring of a biuniform module.
Tolerance of engrafted donor T cells following bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency.

Abstract Patients transplanted for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) frequently develop a unique state of split lymphoid chimerism. Such patients have T cells of donor origin, and non-T cells which are predominantly or exclusively of host origin. We have studied the reactivity of engrafted donor T cells to host and/or donor antigens in 12 patients transplanted for SCID, focusing on the characteristics of the tolerance to host and/or donor MHC antigens observed in nine of these patients who were recipients of T-cell-depleted, haploidentical parental bone marrow. In both proliferative and cytolytic assays, engrafted, donor-derived T cells were shown to be selectively nonreactive to histoincompatible host cells. This tolerance could not be ascribed to cells with suppressive activity in the engrafted T-cell population. T cells from a subset of patients, however, exhibited proliferative but not cytolytic reactivity to donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The responding cells were shown to be donor-derived CD3 + cells and were predominantly reactive to B-cell fractions from the donor. Two patients who received transplants from each parent in sequency engrafted T cells from one parent and had non-T cells of host, paternal, and maternal origin. The engrafted T cells proliferated weakly to B cells from the other parent, but were tolerant in cytolytic assays. Donor anti-donor reactivity was seen only in haploidentical split chimeras who had not been treated with cytotoxic drugs prior to T-cell engraftment. This proliferative reactivity toward donor may be due to an absence of donor derived Ia + antigen presenting cells resident in the thymus of SCID patients at the time when the T-cell repertoire is being shaped.
Intergroup flexibility and people's views of African Americans

Abstract We propose that individual differences in intergroup flexibility are associated with differences in the stereotypicality of views of certain groups. Intergroup flexibility refers to the tendency to recognize and respond to concurrent similarities and differences among diverse groups including one's own. Study 1 found significantly more of the characteristics listed about African Americans overlapped with the cultural stereotype for intergroup inflexible participants than for intergroup flexible participants. Study 2 revealed priming of category labels led inflexible participants to rate a target more stereotypically than flexible participants. Study 3 demonstrated that flexible people relative to inflexible people are not ignorant of the stereotype of African Americans.
Long-Term Stability of Children's Attitudes Toward Reading

The long-term stability of the construct of children's attitudes toward reading was examined. One hundred eighty-nine students in Grades 1-4 completed two administrations of the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey (ERAS) following a 3-year interval. Initially, reading attitudes were relatively positive and comparable to the standardization sample for both the recreational and academic subscales of the ERAS. Following the 3 years, however, reading attitudes dropped significantly for both recreational and academic scores. Nonsignificant grade differences were observed, but girls consistently expressed more positive attitudes toward recreational reading than did boys. Similarly, girls also demonstrated greater stability in reading attitudes than boys, based on higher correlations between first and second administrations of the ERAS. Implications for the classroom and directions for future research are provided.
Bio-inspired photo-electronic material based on photosynthetic proteins

The construction of efficient light energy converting (photovoltaic and photo-electronic) devices is a current and great challenge in science and technology and one that will have important economic consequences. Several innovative nanoelectronic materials were proposed to achieve this goal, semiconductor quantum dots, metallic nanowires and carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among them. As a charge separating unit for light energy conversion, we propose the utilization of the most advanced photoelectronic material developed by nature, photosynthetic reaction center proteins. As a first step in this direction, we constructed a novel bioinorganic nanophotoelectronic material with photoactive photosynthetic reaction center (RC) proteins encapsulated inside a multiwall CNT arrayed electrode. The material consists of photosynthetic RC-cytochrome complexes acting as charge separating units bound to the inner walls of a CNT electrode and ubiquinone-10 (Q2) serving as a soluble electron-transfer mediator to the counter electrode. The proteins were immobilized inside carbon nanotubes by a Ni(NTA)-alkane-pyrene linker, forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface of inner CNT walls and allowing for unidirectional protein orientation. The material demonstrates an enhanced photoinduced electron transfer rate and shows substantial improvement in photocurrent density compared to that obtained with the same proteins when immobilized on planar graphite (HOPG) electrode. The results suggest that protein encapsulation in precisely organized arrayed tubular electrode architecture can considerably improve the performance of photovoltaic, photoelectronic, or biofuel cell devices. They demonstrate the potential for substantial advantages of precisely organized nano electrode tubular arrayed architecture for variety biotechnological applications.
Estimating effect size when there is clustering in one treatment group

Some experimental designs involve clustering within only one treatment group. Such designs may involve group tutoring, therapy administered by multiple therapists, or interventions administered by clinics for the treatment group, whereas the control group receives no treatment. In such cases, the data analysis often proceeds as if there were no clustering within the treatment group. A consequence is that the actual significance level of the treatment effects is larger (i.e., actual p values are larger) than nominal. Additionally, biases will be introduced in estimates of the effect sizes and their variances, leading to inflated effects and underestimated variances when clustering in the treatment group is not taken into account. These consequences of clustering can seriously compromise the interpretation of study results. This article shows how information on the intraclass correlation can be used to obtain a correction for biases in the effect sizes and their variances, and also to obtain an adjustment to the significance test for the effects of clustering.
Pathology of dysproteinemia: Light chain amyloidosis, non-amyloid immunoglobulin deposition disease, cryoglobulinemia syndromes, and macroglobulinemia of waldenström

This review has dealt with four syndromes associated with dysproteinemia, and has emphasized studies of the tissue deposits and forms of tissue injury which occur in such patients. However, similar tissue deposits and tissue damage occasionally occur in the absence of a serum or urine paraprotein, in which case other clinical data are necessary to suggest the need for examination of tissue for Ig heavy and light chain determinants in order to provide a correct diagnosis of dysproteinemia. In such cases, one may speculate that there is a low rate of paraprotein production and secretion, in addition to tissue tropism. Some paraproteins are antibodies, in which case they may circulate and/or deposit as immune complexes, or bind to tissue antigens with immune complex formation in situ. Some paraproteins are also cryoproteins, and clues to this property can also be found in the tissue, particularly at the ultrastructural level. Thus, a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations of a B cell proliferative disorder may be associated with any of a variety of circulating paraproteins and a variety of forms of tissue deposit and injury. Consequently, the best understanding of an individual patient requires correlation of the clinical features of the disorder, the immunochemical characterization of the circulating and excreted paraproteins, and an immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue deposits and associated morphologic abnormalities. This should be correlated with histologic and immunohistologic assessment of bone marrow, looking for overt B cell neoplasia, the more difficult to define "lymphoproliferative disorders," or alterations in kappa to lambda plasma cell ratios which may correlate with the deposited material. Studies of the Ig synthesized by cultured bone marrow plasma cells, and biochemical analyses of the deposited material, have demonstrated structural abnormalities of paraproteins which may be responsible for their tissue deposition.
Impact of azadirachtin on vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reproduction

Abstract 1 The dose–response of azadirachtin on vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), reproduction is investigated by confining adults to feed on treated Taxus × media leaves, and by counting and evaluating development in the resulting eggs. 2 A dosage-dependent reduction in oviposition is discovered for foliar surface residues of azadirachtin, with an EC50 of 25–50 parts per million (p.p.m) and 99.2% inhibition of viable egg production with 100 p.p.m. 3 Switching weevils from treated to untreated foliage allows reproductive capability to be restored for weevils that cease egg laying after azadirachtin exposure of 50 p.p.m. Weevils that had already started laying eggs in untreated groups soon cease oviposition once switched to azadirachtin-treated foliage. 4 A transovarial effect results in a decrease in the percentage of viable eggs as the azadirachtin concentration increases. 5 The amount of feeding on foliage does not appreciably decrease at these hormonally effective concentrations, and adult weevil mortality is only slightly greater in the azadirachtin-treated groups. Therefore, the overall effect of azadirachtin on weevil populations in the field is difficult to assess, except by collecting weevils to determine whether they are able to lay viable eggs.
Transient induction of C‐jun during hepatic regeneration

The cellular oncogene c-jun is transiently expressed in cultured cells stimulated to proliferate but has not been identified in normal liver. Because partial hepatectomy results in coordinated cell proliferation in the remaining liver, we investigated c-jun expression after partial hepatectomy in mice. Northern analysis of whole liver mRNA demonstrated a transient increased expression of c-jun within half an hour of the operation. The related gene junB increased only 50%, whereas c-jun expression increased 13-fold compared with sham-operated controls. To determine the cell of origin of the c-jun transcript, both in situ hybridization and Northern analysis of mRNAs from parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell fractions were performed 2 hr after partial hepatectomy. C-jun expression was found in both cell populations. To investigate the mechanism of increased c-jun expression, cycloheximide was given to some animals preoperatively. C-jun induction occurred with cycloheximide alone, but partial hepatectomy further increased c-jun expression, indicating that new protein synthesis was not required for this effect. Furthermore, run-on transcriptional assay demonstrated a twofold increase in c-jun expression. Thus c-jun expression increases after hepatectomy by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Because the extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme transin, which bears the recognition site for jun/AP-1, showed sustained induction after hepatectomy, we speculate that an important function of c-jun expression could be the remodeling of extracellular matrices to accommodate cell proliferation.
Driving-stress waveform and the determination of rock internal friction by the stress—strain curve method

Summary Harmonic distortion in the stress—time function applied to rock specimens affects the measurement of rock internal friction in the seismic wave periods by the stress—strain hysteresis loop method. If neglected, the harmonic distortion can cause measurements of rock internal friction to be in error by 30 per cent in the linear range. The stress-time function therefore must be recorded and Fourier analysed for correct interpretation of the experimental data. Such a procedure would also yield a value for internal friction at the higher harmonic frequencies.
Introducing the Hospitality Roundtable on Legal Issues

Excerpt] I am pleased to present this issue’s section on issues connected to employment law. The section comprises three articles, two of which stem directly from a roundtable held at the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration.
Thermodynamic properties of transition metals in aqueous solution: 1. The enthalpies of dilution of some aqueous transition metal chloride solutions at 25°C

Enthalpies of dilution ΔHD of aqueous solutions of the transition metal chlorides CdCl2, CoCl2, CuCl2, MnCl2, and NiCl2 were measured from 1.0 molal to dilute solution at 25°C. The apparent molal enthalpy equations of Pitzer were then fit to the resulting ΔHD data and the parameters for these equations are presented. The heat of dilution data for CdCl2 and CuCl2 were in good agreement with results by other workers.
A second order discontinuous Galerkin fast sweeping method for Eikonal equations

In this paper, we construct a second order fast sweeping method with a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) local solver for computing viscosity solutions of a class of static Hamilton-Jacobi equations, namely the Eikonal equations. Our piecewise linear DG local solver is built on a DG method developed recently [Y. Cheng, C.-W. Shu, A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for directly solving the Hamilton-Jacobi equations, Journal of Computational Physics 223 (2007) 398-415] for the time-dependent Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The causality property of Eikonal equations is incorporated into the design of this solver. The resulting local nonlinear system in the Gauss-Seidel iterations is a simple quadratic system and can be solved explicitly. The compactness of the DG method and the fast sweeping strategy lead to fast convergence of the new scheme for Eikonal equations. Extensive numerical examples verify efficiency, convergence and second order accuracy of the proposed method.
INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN MEN ON A DIET HIGH IN POLYUNSATURATED FAT

Abstract In an eight-year controlled clinical trial of a diet high in polyunsaturated vegetable oils and low in saturated fat and cholesterol in preventing complications of atherosclerosis, 846 men were assigned randomly to a conventional diet or to one similar in all respects except for a substitution of vegetable oils for saturated fat. Fatal atherosclerotic events were more common in the control group (70 v .48; P
Finite element modeling of stiffened and unstiffened orthotropic plates

Abstract A finite element analysis is carried out for the bending and buckling of unstiffened, sandwich and hat-stiffened orthotropic, rectangular plates. Systematic calculations are performed for deflection, stress and critical buckling load of the plate using first order shell elements, and first and second order three-dimensional solid elements. The calculated results are compared with available analytical solutions for unstiffened plates. First-order shell and second-order three-dimensional solid elements are found to model accurately bending and buckling of the plate structures, but first-order three-dimensional solid elements give very inaccurate, inconsistent results even when the mesh density is high. For thin, unstiffened plates, one layer of second-order three-dimensional solid elements through-the-thickness is found to give sufficient accuracy. The same is found to be true for thin sandwich plates using one layer of second-order three-dimensional elements for each of the skins and one layer for the core. For a hat-stiffened plate clamped along the short edges and simply supported along the long edges, the first buckling mode occurs in the region between the stiffeners. Different approaches for joining the stiffeners to the plate are discussed.
Hyperthermia-induced Hsp90·eNOS Preserves Mitochondrial Respiration in Hyperglycemic Endothelial Cells by Down-regulating Glut-1 and Up-regulating G6PD Activity

Uncoupling of NO production from NADPH oxidation by endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) is enhanced in hyperglycemic endothelium, potentially due to dissociation of heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90), and cellular glucose homeostasis is enhanced by a ROS-induced positive feed back mechanism. In this study we investigated how such an uncoupling impacts oxygen metabolism and how the oxidative phosphorylation can be preserved by heat shock (42 °C for 2 h, hyperthermia) in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Normal and heat-shocked bovine aortic endothelial cells were exposed to normoglycemia (NG, 5.0 mm) or hyperglycemia (30 mm). With hyperglycemia treatment, O2 consumption rate was reduced (from VO2max = 7.51 ± 0.54 to 2.35 ± 0.27 mm Hg/min/106 cells), whereas in heat-shocked cells, O2 consumption rate remained unaltered (8.19 ± 1.01 mm Hg/min/10 × 106 cells). Heat shock was found to enhance Hsp90/endothelial NOS interactions and produce higher NO. Moreover, ROS generation in the hyperglycemic condition was also reduced in heat-shocked cells. Interestingly, glucose uptake was reduced in heat-shocked cells as a result of decrease in Glut-1 protein level. Glucose phosphate dehydrogenase activity that gives rise to NADPH generation was increased by hyperthermia, and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was preserved. In conclusion, the present study provides a novel mechanism wherein the reduced oxidative stress in heat-shocked hyperglycemic cells down-regulates Glut-1 and glucose uptake, and fine-tuning of this pathway may be a potential approach to use for therapeutic benefit of diabetes mellitus.
Oxidations of Vincristine Catalyzed by Peroxidase and Ceruloplasmin

The dimeric Catharanthus alkaloid vincristine (1) is oxidized to the same ring fission product in incubations with either horseradish peroxidase or the human serum copper oxidase ceruloplasmin. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of vincristine requires hydrogen peroxide, whereas ceruloplasmin-catalyzed oxiation of vincristine requires chlorpromazine as a “shuttle oxidant”. Preparative-scale incubations allowed for the production, isolation, structural characterization, and biological evaluation of the metabolite. The metabolite was identified as the heterocyclic ring cleavage product N-formylcatharinine (5). N-Formylcatharinine was 118 times less active than vincristine in an in vitro test against a human T-cell leukemic cell line. Therefore, these enzyme-catalyzed reactions lead to bioinactivation of vincristine.
Nanoindentation study of size effects in nickel–graphene nanocomposites

Metal–graphene nanocomposites find applications in nanoscale devices, as functional materials and can serve as a test bed to gain insight into fundamental deformation mechanisms of metals under geometric confinement. Here, we report full atomistic nanoindentation simulations for nickel–graphene nanocomposites with varied numbers of layers of graphene sheets to investigate the size effects on the hardness, and to understand how emerging dislocation loops interact with the nickel–graphene interface under varied geometric confinements. A detailed analysis of the plastic deformation mechanism shows that as dislocation loops reach the nickel–graphene interface, the local bending of the graphene sheet is altered and further dislocation propagation is blocked. An increase in the number of graphene layers decreases the hardness, but increases the maximum elastic deformation of the nickel–graphene nanocomposites. These findings indicate that the mechanical properties of nickel–graphene nanocomposites can be engine...
Meeting the health literacy needs of immigrant populations.

Abstract Objective Immigrant populations are vulnerable to serious health disparities, with many immigrants experiencing significantly worse health outcomes, such as higher rates of morbidity and mortality, than other segments of society. Immigrants disproportionately suffer from heart attacks, cancer, diabetes, strokes, HIV/AIDS, and many other serious diseases. These health risks demand effective health communication to help immigrants recognize, minimize, and respond effectively to potential health problems. Yet, while the need for effective communication about health risks is particularly acute, it is also tremendously complicated to communicate effectively with these vulnerable populations. Methods A literature review using online databases was performed. Results Immigrants often have significant language and health literacy difficulties, which are further exacerbated by cultural barriers and economic challenges to accessing and making sense of relevant health information. Conclusion This paper examined the challenges to communicating relevant information about health risks to vulnerable immigrant populations and suggested specific communication strategies for effectively reaching and influencing these groups of people to reduce health disparities and promote public health. Practice implications Communication interventions to educate vulnerable populations need to be strategic and evidence-based. It is important for health educators to adopt culturally sensitive communication practices to reach and influence vulnerable populations. Community participative communication interventions are a valuable strategy for integrating consumers' perspectives into health education efforts and building community commitment to health communication interventions.
Reactivation of memory by hypnosis and suggestion.

Abstract The effects of hypnotic susceptibility (high vs. low), hypnotic condition (hypnotized vs. waking), and the order of testing (hypnosis first vs. waking first) on S's ability to recall meaningful material (specific facts about a rare chemical) 2 weeks after it was originally learned were studied using a 3-way, repeated-measures, factorial design. 52 college students (both male and female) acted as Ss for the study. No significant main effects were found, and the only significant interaction effect indicated that the memory was enhanced when tested the second time, regardless of whether it was in the waking or the hypnotized condition. The results were compared with the findings of other studies in this area using a less complex design.
LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT CAPACITIES OF PrBi, PrSb, LaBi, AND LaSb, CRYSTAL FIELD EFFECTS IN PrBi AND PrSb.

Abstract The heat capacities of PrBi, LaBi, PrSb and LaSb have been measured between 7° and 300° K. While the results on LaBi and LaSb showed only vibrational and electronic contributions, PrBi and PrSb exhibit Schottky-type thermal anomalies which are attributed to excitation within the crystal field states. The entropy changes associated with the anomalies were in approximate agreement with the theoretical value of Rln (2 J + 1) = Rln 9. The overall splitting associates with the crystal field heat capacity is found to be 280°K in both cases.
Differential Social Comparison Processes in Women With and Without Eating Disorder Symptoms

On the basis of predictions from social comparison theory (L. Festinger, 1954) and informed by findings from the social comparison and eating disorder literatures, hypotheses were tested regarding the social comparison behaviors of women with eating disorder symptoms and their asymptomatic peers. Re
Reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate in adults with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Rationale There has been controversy over the abuse potential of methylphenidate (MPH) in the context of treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Coarsening of Ni3Si precipitates at volume fractions from 0.03 to 0.30

The coarsening behavior of coherent Ni3Si precipitates in six binary Ni–Si alloys with Si concentrations of 10.98, 11.42, 11.74, 12.69, 13.38 and 14.35 at.% Si was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic analysis. The equilibrium volume fraction, fe, of Ni3Si in these alloys ranges from ∼0.03 to ∼0.30. The four most concentrated alloys were aged at 650°C for times up to 2760 h and investigated using magnetic analysis to supplement an earlier TEM investigation. Unimodal dispersions of Ni3Si precipitates could not be obtained in the 10.98 and 11.42% Si alloys by isothermal aging at 650°C. Therefore, these alloys were first aged at 530°C for 163 h and then re-aged at 650°C for times ranging from 120 to 1175 h. This seeding and re-aging treatment was successful in producing unimodal dispersions. The alloy containing 11.74 at.% Si, investigated previously, was also subjected to the seeding and re-aging treatment to serve as a check on the procedure. The coarsening kinetics were consistent with data from previous investigations for fe>0.10 in that there is virtually no effect of fe. For fe<0.10 there is some evidence that the relationship between coarsening behavior and fe is anomalous because the rate constants for the kinetics of average particle growth and supersaturation depletion, as well as the standard deviations of the particle size distributions, all decrease slightly as fe increases. The values of the diffusion coefficient derived from analysis of the data are in good agreement with those from previous work, but the average value of the Ni3Si/matrix interfacial free energy (derived assuming ideal solution thermodynamics for the matrix phase) is about 10% smaller, ∼8.9 mJ/m2. It is suggested that elastic interactions, even in Ni3Si precipitates with their small lattice mismatch (−0.0023), are important in retarding coarsening kinetics in this system. This conjecture is supported by the strong spatial correlations observed in all the alloys, even the one in which fe≈0.03.
Development of neocortical circuitry: quantitative ultrastructural analysis of putative monoaminergic synapses.

Abstract The distribution, numbers and morphology of presumed monoaminergic (MA) synapses were examined in somatosensory cortex of neonatal rats and mice (newborn to 16 days of age). MA synapses were identified using an ultrastructural cytochemical marker, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA), which results in the appearance of small granular vesicles (SGV) in their presynaptic terminals. From birth to 7 days of age, 20–30% of all synapses sampled in somatosensory cortex contain SGVs. However, few SGV synapses are seen in 8-day-old cortex and by 12 days of age, SGVs are no longer detectable in cortex. A specific laminar distribution for these SGV synapses—which is distinct from the overall synaptic distribution—is first seen at 3 days of age and is essentially unchanged until 7 days postnatally. During this entire period, the SGV synapses predominate in the primordium of layer IV, where they account for 50–70% of all synapses. Morphometric analysis of SGV synapses indicates that there are differences in junctional symmetry, vesicle shape and configuration of the contact zone between SGV and non-SGV synapses, as well as between SGV synapses themselves in the various cortical layers. The laminar distribution and morphological characteristics of SGV synapses suggest that the MA projection to neocortex exhibits a high degree of spatial specificity during its ingrowth. Also, the relatively high proportion of SGV synapses in the first postnatal week may reflect a potent influence exerted by the MA inputs on immature neocortex. The decreased numerical density of SGV synapses after 7 days of age is probably due to the development of the blood-brain barrier to 5-OHDA.
Pediatric sex group differences in location of snakebite injuries requiring antivenom therapy.

Objective The objective of this study is to examine the patterns of snakebite injury in pediatric patients that require antivenom therapy and to evaluate whether and when sex group differences exist.
Rapid synthesis of radiolabeled phenylethanolamine

A method for the rapid synthesis of [14C]-phenylethanolamine (PEOH) amenable to the preparation of [11C]-PEOH was developed under anhydrous conditions. Reaction of benzaldehyde with [14C]-NaCN in the presence of crown ethers in THF yielded [14C]-cyanohydrin which was reduced to [14C]-PEOH with borane in the same solvent. The overall chemical and radiochemical yields were 33%.
A critical evaluation of science outreach via social media: its role and impact on scientists

The role of scientists in social media and its impact on their careers are not fully explored. While policies and best practices are still fluid, it is concerning that discourse is often based on little to no data, and some arguments directly contradict the available data. Here, we consider the relevant but subjective questions about science outreach via social media (SOSM), specifically: (1) Does a public relations nightmare exist for science?; (2) Why (or why aren’t) scientists engaging in social media?; (3) Are scientists using social media well?; and (4) Will social media benefit a scientist’s career? We call for the scientific community to create tangible plans that value, measure, and help manage scientists’ social media engagement.
Effect of the oxygen content in solution on the static and cyclic deformation of titanium foams

It is well known that interstitials affect the mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys. Their effects on the fatigue properties of titanium foams have not, however, been documented in the literature. This paper presents the effect of the oxygen content on the static and dynamic compression properties of titanium foams. Increasing the oxygen content from 0.24 to 0.51 wt% O in solution significantly increases the yield strength and reduces the ductility of the foams. However, the fatigue limit is not significantly affected by the oxygen content and falls within the 92 MPa ± 12 MPa range for all specimens investigated in this study. During cyclic loading, deformation is initially coming from cumulative creep followed by the formation of microcracks. The coalescence of these microcracks is responsible for the rupture of the specimens. Fracture surfaces of the specimens having lower oxygen content show a more ductile aspect than the specimens having higher oxygen content.
CSF, sagittal sinus, and jugular venous pressures during desflurane or isoflurane anesthesia in dogs.

Abstract Previous studies to determine whether desflurane increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure are inconclusive because none have included all of the following: multiple doses of desflurane, administration for at least several hours, examination at normo- and hypocapnia, a concurrent comparison group, direct measurement of both intra- and extracranial CSF pressures, and measurement of venous pressures that influence CSF pressure. The present study was designed to determine whether CSF pressure increases during 4.0 h desflurane anesthesia using a study design that included the above elements. Catheters were placed in the lateral cerebral ventricle, cisterna magna, sagittal sinus, and jugular vein of 12 dogs anesthetized with thiopental 12 mg.kg-1.h-1 and halothane 0.5 to 0.8%. Catheter pressures were measured, and the CSF-sagittal sinus pressure gradient and slope of the gradient to CSF pressure relationship were determined during control conditions. Then, 6 dogs were anesthetized with desflurane and 6 dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the same values were determined for 1.0 h at each of four experimental conditions: 0.5 and 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) during normocapnia (PaCO2 35-39 mm Hg) and 0.5 and 1.0 MAC during hypocapnia (PaCO2 20-24 mm Hg). CSF and sagittal sinus pressures, but not jugular venous pressure, increased with both desflurane and isoflurane. The greater increase of CSF pressure with 4.0 h desflurane (to 40.2 +/- 12.7 cm H2O) than with 4.0 h isoflurane (to 26.2 +/- 11.5 cm H2O) was attributable to an increase of CSF pressure that was greater during 2.0 h desflurane and normocapnia than during 2.0 h isoflurane and normocapnia, and to an increase of CSF pressure during 2.0 h desflurane and hypocapnia that was similar to that during 2.0 h isoflurane and hypocapnia. The greater increase of CSF pressure during desflurane may have resulted, in part, from increased CSF volume as indicated by a positive CSF-sagittal sinus pressure gradient (in contrast, there was little or no CSF-sagittal sinus pressure gradient during isoflurane) and a steeper slope of the gradient to CSF pressure relationship.
Conversion of guayule residues into fuel energy products

Abstract A thermochemical conversion process has been developed that can convert residues from a guayule processing facility to gaseous and/or liquid fuels. This paper presents characterization data and gasifier conversion data for several guayule samples (whole shrub, bagasse, bagasse plus resin). Gas yields of approximately 0·9 g gas g −1 of feed were achieved. Gas heating values were approximately 20 000 J liter −1 (std). Projected liquid fuel yields (no. 2 diesel) for this gas is approximately 0·25 liter kg −1 of guayule feedstock (dry, ash-free basis).
PeerWave: Exploiting Wavefront Parallelism on GPUs with Peer-SM Synchronization

Nested loops with regular iteration dependencies span a large class of applications ranging from string matching to linear system solvers. Wavefront parallelism is a well-known technique to enable concurrent processing of such applications and is widely being used on GPUs to benefit from their massively parallel computing capabilities. Wavefront parallelism on GPUs uses global barriers between processing of tiles to enforce data dependencies. However, such diagonal-wide synchronization causes load imbalance by forcing SMs to wait for the completion of the SM with longest computation. Moreover, diagonal processing causes loss of locality due to elements that border adjacent tiles. In this paper, we propose PeerWave, an alternative GPU wavefront parallelization technique that improves inter-SM load balance by using peer-wise synchronization between SMs. and eliminating global synchronization. Our approach also increases GPU L2 cache locality through row allocation of tiles to the SMs. We further improve PeerWave performance by using flexible hyper-tiles that reduce inter-SM wait time while maximizing intra-SM utilization. We develop an analytical model for determining the optimal tile size. Finally, we present a run-time and a CUDA based API to allow users to easily implement their applications using PeerWave. We evaluate PeerWave on the NVIDIA K40c GPU using 6 different applications and achieve speedups of up to 2X compared to the most recent hyperplane transformation based GPU implementation.
In vivo exposure of clearnose skates, Raja eglanteria, to ionizing X-radiation: acute effects on the thymus.

To investigate for the first time the effects of ionizing radiation on thymus of a representative cartilaginous fish, juvenile clearnose skates, Raja eglanteria, were exposed to 0‐75 Gy of X-radiation and sacrificed after 12 days. Morphometrics (weight, disc width and total length) and thymus and thymic cyst area were compared to controls using ANOVA. Thymus area declined logarithmically and medullary cysts increased as a function of dose (P%0.05). To assess thymic recovery, skates were exposed to 0, 9, 13.5 or 18 Gy of X-radiation and sacrificed when moribund or on days 10, 20, 30 and 40 post-irradiation. Complete restoration of the thymus was not achieved during the 40-day observation period, although repopulation with pro-thymocytes and partial recovery of thymic architecture were evident histologically. The observed high radiosensitivity of R. eglanteria thymocytes was similar to responses of other vertebrates, but recovery time was prolonged. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Characterization of In Vivo Developmental Chromosome Fragmentation Intermediates in E. crassus

Ligation-mediated PCR was used to characterize intermediates in the fragmentation/de novo telomere addition process that occurs during sexual reproduction in the ciliate E. crassus. Fragmentation generates ends with 6-base, 3' overhangs that have 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl groups. These intermediates are detected only during the period of chromosome fragmentation. Fragmentation always occurs at a precise distance from a conserved sequence, the E-Cbs, indicating that it is a key cis-acting element in the process. The results also serve to identify the natural substrate for de novo telomere addition and indicate that telomerase recognizes, and compensates for, partial telomeric repeats at the ends of fragmentation intermediates. Similarities of the Euplotes fragmentation/telomere addition process to the movement of some non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons are discussed.
A connectionist processing metaphor for diagnostic reasoning

This article describes LIBRA/Dx, a competition-based parallel activation model for diagnostic reasoning. Within a causal network, the model uses a neurally inspired processing paradigm to generate the most plausible explanation for a set of observed manifestations. the model was built using LIBRA: a domain-independent parallel activation network generator, that can be used to build network models with processing paradigms that are tailored to the specifics of an application domain. the underlying theory postulates that by simultaneously satisfying multiple constraints that may exist locally among domain concepts in a causal network (e.g., among disorders, syndromes, manifestations, etc.) it is possible to construct a plausible global explanation for a set of observed signs and symptoms. the proposed processing paradigm which uses an associative network of concepts to represent domain knowledge, lends itself to the kind of interactive processing that is necessary to capture the generative capacity of human diagnostic ability in novel situations. LIBRA/Dx offers a new approach to modeling a higher cognitive process: diagnostic reasoning, specifically in terms of the time-course of processing and the nature of knowledge representation. It further contributes to our current understanding of the phenomena of human cognition, which have eluded successful explication in conventional computational formalisms. (Also with the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS). This research was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Award AFOSR-87-0335 and by the Swiss Life Insurance and Pension Company (RENTENANSTALT), Zurich. © 1989 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
Association of Thyroid Disease With Retinitis Pigmentosa and Gyrate Atrophy

Purpose To compare the prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, in patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, and in patients with no history of ocular disease. Method Forty-four patients with retinitis pigmentosa, 34 patients with gyrate atrophy, and 30 normal control patients with no ocular disease were evaluated in a case-control study for the presence of thyroid disease. Results Thyroid disease was diagnosed in six of 44 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and seven of 34 patients with gyrate atrophy but in only one of 30 control patients. Compared with control patients, the odds ratio for the occurrence of thyroid disease was 6.2 for patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 12.7 for patients with gyrate atrophy. Conclusion These data suggest an increased occurrence of thyroid disease in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and gyrate atrophy.
Thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures containing ketones III. Excess enthalpies of n-alkanes + some aliphatic ketones

Abstract Flow-calorimetric measurements of excess enthalpies at 298.15 K are reported for n -pentane + 2-butanone, + 2-pentanone, and +3-pentanone, and for n -heptane, n -octane, and n -decane with each of the same set of aliphatic ketones.
A Geophysical Case History of the Yanacocha Gold District, Northern Peru

The Yanacocha gold district is located in the northern Andes of Peru (Figure 1). The district lies at an elevation of 3400 to 4200 masl, approximately 600 km north of Lima. Newmont Mining Corporation (51%) is the operator of the Minera Yanacocha S.R.L. joint venture with Minas Buenaventura S.R.L. (44%), and the International Finance Corporation (5%). Modern exploration was initiated in 1969, while discovery of the gold deposit occurred in the mid-1980’s through systematic rock geochemistry. Several strong gold anomalies were subsequently drilled with success. Initial mine operations and production began in 1993.
Quasi-free-space optical coupling between diffraction grating couplers fabricated on independent substrates

Optical coupling between preferential-order volume diffraction grating couplers fabricated on independent substrates is demonstrated. The coupling efficiency between gratings is quantified as a function of both grating and waveguide fabrication technology and relative angular position of the two substrates. A maximum grating-to-grating coupling efficiency of 31% is reported for coupling between two nonoptimized, nonfocusing, unpatterned volume grating couplers.
Dihydroergotamine as a pharmacologic euglycemic clamp in the surgically traumatized rabbit.

We assessed the utility of a pharmacologic euglycemic clamp technique by examining the metabolic and hemodynamic changes brought about by administration of dihydroergotamine (DHE) prior to anesthesia and operative trauma in the rabbit. New Zealand white rabbits received an intramuscular injection of 0.15 mg DHE/kg body weight 20 minutes before general anesthesia and minor surgical trauma, which consisted of carotid artery and jugular vein catheterizations followed by femoral artery and vein cannulations. Arterial blood was sampled every 20 minutes and assayed for glucose, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and insulin. Rates of hindlimb skeletal muscle glucose uptake (Rg) and blood flow were determined 2 hours after the initial administration of DHE. DHE did not produce any effects on heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, and Rg when compared with control animals. Liver glycogen levels were significantly higher after DHE treatment (140 ± 31.4 v 34 ± 9.6 μmol/g dry weight, P<.01). Those animals receiving DHE had significantly lower and more stable plasma glucose levels than untreated animals (ranges, 5 to 9 v 7 to 22 μmol/mL plasma) and circulating NEFA were also lower and less variable (ranges, 0.1 to 1.0 v 0.1 to 2.0 μEq/mL plasma). The results show that DHE prevents stress-induced hyperglycemia in vivo in the rabbit without altering glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. The technique provides control over circulating glucose levels during the study of skeletal muscle glucose uptake without apparent negative physiologic effects.