cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Physiological Role of Relaxin in the Pregnant Rat. IV. The Influence of Relaxin on Cervical Collagen and Glycosaminoglycans

Changes in the collagen and glycosaminoglycan components of cervical connective tissue were studied in nonpregnant, intact pregnant, and ovariectomized hormone-treated pregnant rats. Collagen concentration and solubility and the concentration of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid (HA) in cervices taken from day 9 (D9) pregnant rats were similar to those in cervices from nonpregnant rats. In cervical tissue from late pregnant intact control rats on D18 and D22, the collagen concentration decreased, collagen solubility increased, and there was no significant change in total glycosaminoglycan concentration. In cervices from ovariectomized pregnant rats treated with progesterone and estrogen, collagen and glycosaminoglycan parameters resembled those of D9 and nonpregnant cervices on both D18 and D22. However, treatment of ovariectomized pregnant rats with progesterone, estrogen, and porcine relaxin (R) restored cervical collagen concentrations to those of intact...
Risk factors influe ncing the growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica on moisture enhanced pork

iv CHAPTER 1.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization 2 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Production of Moisture Enhanced Pork 3 Microbiological Aspects of Moisture Enhanced pork 9 The Challenges of Foodborne Pathogens in Moisture Enhanced Pork 10 Hazard Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni 15 Hazard characterization of Salmonella enterica 17 Risk Assessment 20 Summary of Literature 34 References 36 CHAPTER 3. TRANSLOCATION OF SURFACE-INOCULATED E.COLI BIOTYPE I INTO PORK SUBPRIMALS FOLLOWING MOISTURE ENHANCEMENT AND SLICING 46 Abstract 46 Introduction 46 Materials and Methods 48 Results and Discussion 49 Acknowledgements 51 References 51 CHAPTER 4: SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA IN MOISTURE ENHANCED PORK DURING VACUUM STORAGE 56 Abstract 56 Introduction 57 Materials and Methods 59 Results and Discussion 61 Acknowledgements 64 References 64 CHAPTER 5. EFFECTS OF MOISTURE, STORAGE AND SUBSEQUENT COOKING ON INACTIVATION OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA IN MOISTURE ENHANCED PORK 73 Abstract 73 Introduction 74 Materials and methods 76 Results and Discussion 79 Acknowledgements 84
Physical Characterization Of The Variable Grating Mode Liquid Crystal Device

The physical principles of operation of the variable grating mode (VGM) liquid crystal device are described. The VGM device is capable of performing a two-dimensional intensity-to-spatial frequency conversion, which in turn allows the implementation of a wide range of nonlinear optical processing and computing functions. The device utilizes certain nematic liquid crystal mixtures that are observed to form variable frequency diffraction gratings under the influence of an applied bias voltage. Both fundamental and technological limitations to device performance characteristics are discussed.
Power Generation from Galloping-based Piezoaeroelastic Energy Harvesters for Different Cross-Section Geometries

The possibility of harvesting energy from galloping oscillations of a bluff body with different cross-section geometries attached to a cantilever beam is investigated. To convert these oscillations into electrical power, a piezoelectric transducer is attached to the transverse degree of freedom of the prismatic structure. A modal analysis that takes into consideration the placement of the piezoelectric sheet is performed to determine the exact mode shapes of the structure. Linear analysis is performed to investigate the effects of the electrical load resistance and the cross-section geometry on the onset speed of galloping. The results show that the electrical load resistance and the cross-section geometry affect significantly the onset speed of galloping. Nonlinear analysis is performed to determine the effects of the electrical load resistance, cross-section geometry, and wind speed on the system’s outputs and particularly the level of the harvested power. A comparison of the performance of the different cross-sections in terms of displacement and harvested power is presented.
The Role of Soft Segment Molecular Weight on Microphase Separation and Dynamics of Bulk Polymerized Polyureas

The influence of poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft segment length on the phase-separated microstructure, state of hydrogen-bonded associations, and molecular dynamics was investigated in polyureas polymerized from the bulk. For higher PTMO molecular weights (1000 and 650 g/mol) hard segments self-assemble into ribbon-like domains, while incorporation of a 250 g/mol soft segment leads to a predominately mixed segment material. The degree of microphase separation of the hard and soft segments, however, is rather incomplete for polymers synthesized from 1000 and 650 g/mol PTMO and decreases with decreasing soft segment molecular weight. Broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy reveals two segmental relaxations: a soft segment rich (α) and slow segmental (α2) process. When the molecular weight is reduced from 1000 to 650 g/mol the mobility of these processes is reduced, consistent with findings from differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from the isolated rat heart: the effect of aprotinin and forskolin.

Aprotinin has been reported to reduce plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Because CPB is also associated with elevated levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines from the heart we tested the hypothesis that aprotinin would inhibit cardiac release of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) provoked by LPS. Isolated rat hearts were perfused Langendorf style. After 30 minutes of equilibration LPS (100 ng/mL) was infused for 60 minutes. Timed samples of coronary effluent were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes after the initiation of LPS for the measurement of coronary flow and the determination of TNF and cyclic AMP. Other hearts were perfused with buffer containing aprotinin [137 kallikrein-inhibiting units (KIU)/mL or 250 KIU/mL] and then infused with LPS. An additional group received forskolin (10 μM) and LPS. In hearts perfused as controls with buffer alone no TNF was detected in the coronary effluent. In hearts perfused with LPS TNF was reliably detected in the coronary effluent at 60 minutes (606 ± 450 pg/min) and increased with time to a level of 1792 ± 650 pg/min at 150 minutes. The addition of aprotinin had no significant effect on LPS-stimulated TNF release. For instance in hearts perfused with 137 KIU/mL aprotinin LPS-stimulated release at 150 minutes was 2141 ± 732 pg/min and in hearts perfused with 250 KIU/mL LPS-stimulated TNF release was 2049 ± 789 pg/min. Forskolin administration was associated with release of cyclic AMP from the heart and completely inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF release. We conclude that LPS stimulated release of TNF from the heart. Adding aprotinin to the perfusion buffer in either high or low concentrations did not attenuate LPS-stimulated cytokine release. Elevating myocardial cyclic AMP with forskolin completely attenuated LPS-stimulated TNF release.
Computation of Radon Data from Cone Beam Data in Cone Beam Imaging

In the latest development in x-ray inspection, cone beam x-rays are used to inspect three-dimensional objects. However, the cone beam projection data collected are not compatible with image reconstruction by three-dimensional Radon inversion. In this paper a method is developed to convert the cone beam data to Radon data which can then be inverted to yield the object. The Radon data are generated directly on the polar grid lines on a set of coaxial vertical planes in the Radon space for Radon inversion, and therefore only 1-dimensional interpolation in the Radon space is needed to obtain Radon data at the desired locations.
A novel auto regression and fuzzy-neural combination method to identify cardiovascular dynamics

In this paper cardiovascular dynamics, which refers to the dynamic relationship among the heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP) and instantaneous lung volume (ILV), is identified through a novel combination approach that consists of a set of linear auto-regression (AR) equations and nonlinear fuzzy-neural inference. Based on linear assumption of cardiovascular system, auto-regressive and moving average method (ARMA) has been popular approaches to identify the complex cardio-system in recent years. Fuzzy set theory is very suitable to systems with uncertainties such as the cardiovascular dynamic system with expert knowledge. Fuzzy- Neural inference paradigm imports the auto-learning property into fuzzy logic engine, therefore extracts some knowledge from data automatically. An effective hybrid approach, which has parallel modular structure of AR and Fuzzy-neural inference, becomes feasible IO interpret physiologically linear component of heart function and nonlinear nervous regulation component respectively. Details of proposed combination method as well as subjects' study results are presented in this paper.
Turnstile Careers Between Academia and Practice

This reflection on the academic and practice careers—my own and some notable health promotion professors’—supports my suggestions about what makes good teaching and research faculty members in prof...
Global communication coverage using Cubesats

Cubesat constellations may become the next generation of communication backbone architecture to provide future worldwide communication services. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of deploying Cubesat constellations with inter-satellite links (ISL) for the delivery of global continuous communication. Cubesat constellation designs for various mission scenarios are proposed and verified using a simulation toolkit commonly used by space engineers.
Multiscale Crystal Plasticity Modeling of Multiphase Advanced High Strength Steel

Abstract Designing multiphase metals based on their constituent phase micromechanical properties and using these metals for manufacturing lightweight automotive parts are a challenging process. A multiphase and multiscale model is strongly beneficial in achieving this goal, as such a model can play an important role in connecting the material response at the macroscopic scale with the microstructural properties. In the present study, a computationally efficient rate independent crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model was used to simulate the bulging test of a three-phase (ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite) quenched and partitioned Q&P980 advanced high strength steel (AHSS) sheet. The CPFE model was developed to capture the mechanical properties of the steel phases based on their individual plastic deformation and slip systems. The macroscopic behavior of the polycrystalline aggregate was then predicted based on the volume averaged response of the representative phases, and their volume fraction in the steel sheet. In addition to random texture distribution assumption for each grain, two methods were considered in this study for the initial volume fraction distribution of the phases in steel sheet to introduce the effect of inhomogeneity based on phase distributions. The objective of developing the proposed model is to investigate the material behavior of the AHSS from the uniaxial microscale tension tests to large deformation applications through validation with the macroscale deformation based on the bulge test. The comparison between the multiphase CPFE model, experiments, and two phenomenological models (isotropic von Mises and anisotropic Hill’48 yield criteria) was conducted for validation of the proposed model. Also, the numerical results were further evaluated by comparing the predicted against experimental forming limit curve (FLC). The results showed that the trend of the forming limit curve predicted by the multiphase CPFE model is in good agreement with experimental results.
Brain endothelial cells induce astrocytic expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 by a Notch-dependent mechanism.

Neuron-secreted factors induce astrocytic expression of the glutamate transporter, GLT-1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2). In addition to their elaborate anatomic relationships with neurons, astrocytes also have processes that extend to and envelop the vasculature. Although previous studies have demonstrated that brain endothelia contribute to astrocyte differentiation and maturation, the effects of brain endothelia on astrocytic expression of GLT-1 have not been examined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that endothelia induce expression of GLT-1 by co-culturing astrocytes from mice that utilize non-coding elements of the GLT-1 gene to control expression of reporter proteins with the mouse endothelial cell line, bEND.3. We found that endothelia increased steady state levels of reporter and GLT-1 mRNA/protein. Co-culturing with primary rat brain endothelia also increases reporter protein, GLT-1 protein, and GLT-1-mediated glutamate uptake. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, bone morphogenic protein/transforming growth factor β, and nitric oxide pathways have been implicated in endothelia-to-astrocyte signaling; we provide multiple lines of evidence that none of these pathways mediate the effects of endothelia on astrocytic GLT-1 expression. Using transwells with a semi-permeable membrane, we demonstrate that the effects of the bEND.3 cell line are dependent upon contact. Notch has also been implicated in endothelia-astrocyte signaling in vitro and in vivo. The first step of Notch signaling requires cleavage of Notch intracellular domain by γ-secretase. We demonstrate that the γ-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester blocks endothelia-induced increases in GLT-1. We show that the levels of Notch intracellular domain are higher in nuclei of astrocytes co-cultured with endothelia, an effect also blocked by N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester. Finally, infection of co-cultures with shRNA directed against recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J, a Notch effector, also reduces endothelia-dependent increases in enhanced green fluorescent protein and GLT-1. Together, these studies support a novel role for Notch in endothelia-dependent induction of GLT-1 expression. Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13825.
Laryngeal trauma with and without tracheal separation

External laryngotracheal trauma is a rare occurrence and requires specialized evaluation and management. Airway compromise from laryngotracheal injury can be catastrophic. The stability of an airway must be ensured with rapid and repeated clinical evaluation. Additionally, bedside and operative endoscopy combined with radiographic studies should guide treatment planning. Repair may include open reduction and internal fixation of laryngeal fractures, endolaryngeal mucosal repair (via either endoscopic or open approaches), endoluminal stenting, or open repair of laryngotracheal separation.
G-Iii Apparel Group, Inc.

SUBJECT AREAS: Initial Public Offerings, Valuation, Earnings Management, Securities Underwriting. CASE SETTING: Late 1989, apparel manufacturer and distributor located in NY, with production in Korea. IPO selling $26 million of an $80 million company. REQUEST FOR COPIES: http://linux.agsm.ucla.edu/giii/. There are four versions of the case, ranging from 13 pages to 25 pages, according to desired level of detail. This includes 3 pages from the prospectus itself. A very detailed instructors guide is available upon request. It tries to link the case and discussion to findings in the academic literature (with full citations and references). Situation: The case presents the initial public offering (IPO) of G-III, a leather apparel producer. Unlike biotech or computer IPOs, the G-III company is not in a sexy growth industry, but in an "almost-commodity" industry. G-III has operated for a good number of years and has revenue-generating operations. Furthermore, apparel is relatively comparable across different companies, which presumably allows students to evaluate the relative potential of G-III. The case illustrates how difficult it is to value even established companies off of comparables. In addition, most IPOs manage their reported earnings rather aggressively, and G-III is no exception. A naive application of comparables thus misleads and later unpleasantly surprises investors/students. The instructor's note details how this is done and what its consequences are. (In my opinion, the "surprise factor" is of great didactic use: the instructor adds value by pointing out the mistakes in most students' analyses of what is the most standard/common IPO that I could find.) The case also contains some detail about the IPO and underwriting process, and lends itself to a discussion of many IPO related issues (such as the role and selection of the underwriter) and IPO and apparel market conditions. Smaller versions (progressively) exclude details on industry, market, company, comparables, and IPO market conditions. The case is geared towards a second or third course in corporate finance, or a valuation course. It can be taught either over one or two class sessions. It has been used in my own and others' classes. I expect to refine the teaching note and perhaps change some minor parts of the case in the next year, but the case is fairly stable by now.
Rapid implementation of a partially reconfigurable video system with PYNQ

Undergraduate students rapidly implement a partially-reconfigured, real-time video processor on the Xilinx PYNQ board. The video processor performs various real-time operations including Sobel edge detection, embossing, averaging, an interactive Pong game, etc., using a separate partially-reconfigurable bit-stream for each distinct function. Selection of image-processing functions is accomplished by a Python-based graphical user interface that is accessed via a Jupyter notebook. As users select image-processing functions the appropriate partial bit-stream is automatically downloaded to the FPGA. The resulting system is easily and quickly developed by several undergraduate students over a period of about 10 weeks with very little supervision. All files related to the project are available for download on GitHub. The productivity benefits provided by PYNQ, including Jupyter-based documentation, tutorials, and executable Python code greatly ease development effort making PYNQ an excellent FPGA platform for education.
Using video microscopy to improve quantitative estimates of protozoal motility and cell volume

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to apply digital imaging to improve quantification of rumen protozoal biomass and distinguish treatment differences in cell motility and volume among ruminal protozoa. Observations of protozoa in rumen fluid treated with essential oils (CinnaGar, CIN; Provimi North America, Brookville, OH) or an ionophore (monensin, MON) indicated possible cell shrinkage. We hypothesized that MON would decrease protozoal motility and interact with CIN on cell volume. In addition, we hypothesized that analysis of still frames from video of swimming protozoa would improve volume prediction accuracy. Flocculated rumen fluid was incubated in batch culture dosed with N-free feed only (control), MON, CIN, or a combination of MON+CIN. Samples were taken at 0, 3, or 6 h post-treatment and wet-mounted on a microscope fitted with a high-definition camera. At 3 h post-inoculation, there was a treatment interaction for average speed such that CIN attenuated the effect of MON, with treatment means of 243, 138, 211, and 183 µm/s for control, MON, CIN, and MON+CIN, respectively. At 6 h post-inoculation, MON decreased average speed by 79.2 µm/s compared with the main effect mean without MON. We measured both minimum and maximum diameters (depth and width, respectively) perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of swimming protozoa, yielding a 3-dimensional estimate of protozoal volume. The ellipsoid formula ( 4 / 3 ) π a b c , where a = 1/2 length, b = 1/2 width, and c = 1/2 depth, was compared with previously published volume estimations using genera-specific coefficients (genera-specific coefficient × length × width 2 ). Residuals (genera-specific coefficients – ellipsoid) were plotted against predicted (ellipsoid) and centered to the mean ( Xi - x ¯ ) to evaluate both mean and slope biases. For Entodinium spp., Y=0.248 (±0.037) (X i − 7.98 × 10 4 ) + 1.97 × 10 4 (±1.48 × 10 3 ); n=100; r 2 [coefficient of determination (squared correlation coefficient)] = 0.31, with significant slope and mean biases. For family Isotrichidae , Y=−0.124 (±0.068) (X i − 2.54 × 10 6 ) − 1.21 × 10 4 (±4.86 × 10 4 ); n=32; r 2 = 0.10, where slope tended to be different from zero but with no mean bias. For Epidinium spp., Y=0.375 (±0.056) (X i − 2.45 × 10 5 ) + 6.65 × 10 4 (±0.28 × 10 4 ); n=64; r 2 = 0.43, with both mean and slope biases. The present regression analyses demonstrate that the genera-specific coefficient-based method more likely overestimates volume for Entodinium and Epidinium than for the teardrop-shaped Isotrichidae . Based on simulations derived from previous literature reporting treatments that depress protozoal populations or among-animal changes in protozoal population structures, our proposed ellipsoid method offers potential to advance the prediction of treatment effects on protozoal volume and to shift focus from the number of cells present to the diversity, function, and biomass of protozoa under various treatment conditions.
Abstract 17277: Trends of Emergency Department Visits for Non Specific Chest Pain in USA: Analysis of National Emergency Department Sample Database From 2006 to 2013

Background: Non-specific chest pain (NSCP), or chest pain without an ischemic etiology, is fifth most common reason for Emergency Department (ED) visits in USA. At present, there are no comprehensi...
Selektion und Rekonstruktion

Das Problem der Notwendigkeit eines selektiven Bezugnehmens auf die beobachtete Situation wird in diesem Beitrag zum Ausgangspunkt einer methodologischen Reflexion videographischer Interaktionsanalysen gemacht. In einer rekonstruktiven Wendung dieses Problems wird vorgeschlagen, die Analyse auf die Kriterien des Auswahlens zu fokussieren, an denen sich die Interaktionsbeteiligten im beobachteten Geschehen orientieren. Erziehungswissenschaftlich bedeutsam ist ein solcher videogestutzter Blick auf die soziale Ordnung des Umgangs mit Selektivitat, weil mit ihm das padagogische Phanomen der Aufmerksamkeit als ein interaktiv hervorgebrachtes Geschehen empirisch erschliesbar wird.
Gifts and Caring Duties in Medicine

The moral practices of medicine are permeated by the language of gift and embedded in gift relationships. We commonly refer, for example, to physicians, nurses, and others, including family members, as caregivers. In so doing, we seek to commend the virtues of care and compassion expressed by the agents as well as their actions of giving. The language of caregiving personalizes a practice that increasingly relies on technical expertise. The association of caring with giving in medicine is surely one reason why the entrepreneurial emphasis of market-place medicine strikes many as somewhat alien to the moral traditions of medicine. It implies a shift in paradigm from giving to the selling of services and commodities.
Frequency of social contact in-person vs. on Facebook: An examination of associations with psychiatric symptoms in military veterans

Abstract Introduction Social isolation is closely associated with negative mental health outcomes. Social media platforms may expand opportunities for social contact, but whether online interactions are as effective as face-to-face, or in-person, interactions at protecting against the negative effects of social isolation is unclear. Methods Participants consisted of U.S. military veterans who served since September 2001 and used Facebook (n = 587). Our independent variables were frequency of social contact occurring in-person and on Facebook. Dependent variables were probable psychiatric disorders and suicidality, measured using several validated screening tools. The independent effect of each form of social contact was assessed using multivariate logistic regression, which included adjustment for several potential confounders. Results We found that veterans who frequently interacted on Facebook engaged in more in-person social contact than infrequent Facebook users (p Limitations All associations are cross-sectional (direction of association is unclear) and based on self-report measures. Conclusions Although veterans who frequently use Facebook are also typically social in their offline life, it is their offline (in-person) social interaction, rather than their social contact on Facebook, that is associated with reduced psychiatric symptoms.
Using Scenarios Throughout The User-Centered Design Process in Healthcare

Context-specific descriptions of the intended user interactions with health information technology (HIT) systems provide an important perspective to the overall goals of HIT design. These descripti...
Challenges During Surgery for Myelomeningocele and Encephalocele

Neural tube defects, also referred to as spinal dysraphism, myelodysplasia, or spina bifida, result from incomplete fusion of midline structures with lack of covering over neural elements. Although introduction of the use of folic acid to potential mothers prior to conception has decreased the risk of having a fetus with a neural tube defect, the incidence is not negligible at about 3000 per year in the United States, or about 1 per 1000 live births (0.1%). Worldwide, there are more than 300,000 babies born each year with neural tube defects. A myelomeningocele involves protrusion of only the meninges through the dysraphic defect and spares the neural contents. However, a myelomeningocele refers to a defect with protrusion of neural elements along with their covering and has implications for the patient and the provider from infancy to adulthood. This chapter focuses on perioperative complications of myelomeningocele as follows: (1) damage to neural placode, (2) hydrocephalus, (3) CSF leak, and (4) latex allergy. A miscellaneous section (5) is also included.
Even Cancer Cells Watch Their Cholesterol

Deregulated cell proliferation is an established feature of cancer, and altered tumor metabolism has witnessed renewed interest over the past decade, including the study of how cancer cells rewire metabolic pathways to renew energy sources and "building blocks" that sustain cell division. Microenvironmental oxygen, glucose, and glutamine are regarded as principal nutrients fueling tumor growth. However, hostile tumor microenvironments render O2/nutrient supplies chronically insufficient for increased proliferation rates, forcing cancer cells to develop strategies for opportunistic modes of nutrient acquisition. Recent work shows that cancer cells overcome this nutrient scarcity by scavenging other substrates, such as proteins and lipids, or utilizing adaptive metabolic pathways. As such, reprogramming lipid metabolism plays important roles in providing energy, macromolecules for membrane synthesis, and lipid-mediated signaling during cancer progression. In this review, we highlight more recently appreciated roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol and its derivatives, in cancer cell metabolism within intrinsically harsh tumor microenvironments.
Regionally Correlated Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Zonation in Diagenetic Carbonates of the Bakken Formation

ABSTRACT Diagenetic minerals preserve records of burial processes that overprint records of seawater chemistry and impact reservoir porosity. The Mississippian-Devonian aged Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin is a reservoir rock of economic importance whose productivity is affected by diagenetic carbonates, particularly dolomite-ankerite-series carbonates. To investigate how diagenetic carbonate alteration manifests in the Bakken and how that might change across the basin, a combined δ18O and δ13C isotope dataset for diagenetic carbonates was collected by in situ SIMS analysis of 10-μm spots from nine drill holes covering a ∼250 km transect of the middle Bakken member. Observed core-to-rim isotopic variability in these small Fe-zoned dolomites and calcites frequently exceeds 10‰ in both δ18O and δ13C, indicating significant changes in thermal and chemical conditions during cementation. Individual ankeritic growth bands can be correlated across the basin by systematic similarities in minor-element compositions and isotope ratios. In the central part of the basin, δ18O and δ13C trends at sub-mm-scale decline consistently towards the rims of ankerite-series carbonates, which is interpreted to reflect mineral growth coincident with rising temperatures and an increasing organic contribution to inorganic carbon during burial. The most abrupt shifts in δ18O and δ13C (changes as large as 12‰ for δ18O and 6.5‰ for δ13C within distances
A Framework for Resilience Informed Decision Making in Early Design

Early in the design process, informed decisions must be made to ensure that the developed system will be resilient—that is, capable of preventing, mitigating, or recovering failures. However, at this phase of design, many options exist to achieve resilience, each with different effects on the system’s fault response, performance, and difficulty to implement. As a result, it is important to be able to quantify the value of a design’s resilience so that it can be traded off against these other concerns. Advancements in the capabilities of Prognostics and Health Management, fault-tolerant control and related technologies have enabled a variety of novel prevention and recovery features that require an understanding of the system’s structure and available functions during operation to consider properly. This work aims to develop modelling and design frameworks enabling the consideration of these features, such as system reconfiguration, functional redundancy, operational failure avoidance, and goal change early in the design process. Such design frameworks will show which designed features are most appropriate in the system and will account for the uncertainty of assumptions made in early design phase.
Multiplexed Gene Expression Tuning with Orthogonal Synthetic Gene Circuits.

Understanding the individual and joint contribution of multiple protein levels toward a phenotype requires precise and tunable multigene expression control. Here we introduce a pair of mammalian sy...
GAN Tunnel: Network Traffic Steganography by Using GANs to Counter Internet Traffic Classifiers

In this paper, we introduce a novel traffic masking method, called Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) tunnel, to protect the identity of applications that generate network traffic from classification by adversarial Internet traffic classifiers (ITCs). Such ITCs have been used in the past for website fingerprinting and detection of network protocols. Their use is becoming more ubiquitous than before for inferring user information. ITCs based on machine learning can identify user applications by analyzing the statistical features of encrypted packets. Our proposed GAN tunnel generates traffic that mimics a decoy application and encapsulates actual user traffic in the GAN-generated traffic to prevent classification from adversarial ITCs. We show that the statistical distributions of the generated traffic features closely resemble those of the actual network traffic. Therefore, the actual user applications and information associated with the user remain anonymous. We test the GAN tunnel traffic against high-performing ITCs, such as Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and we show that the GAN tunnel protects the identity of the source applications effectively.
Management of Acute Side Effects of Brain Irradiation

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of treatment for patients with brain tumors. Essential to providing quality care is recognizing and treating acute side effects from treatment. This chapter addresses potential side effects of fractionated brain irradiation and makes recommendations for mitigating these side effects.
Skilled Feelings in Chinese and Greek Heart-Mind-Body Metaphors

This article examines the operation of “skilled feelings” in metaphors for the heart-mind (xin 心) as ruler of the body. It focuses on three Chinese philosophical texts in contexts outside of the “Confucian” texts that have dominated the emerging field of comparative virtue ethics—the Zhuangzi 莊子, Sunzi Bingfa 孫子兵法 (Sunzi’s Art of War), and Huangdi Neijing 黃帝內經 (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine)—and briefly contrasts the Chinese accounts to influential Greek metaphors of the mind as ruler of the body and passions.
Sleep, Distressed Appearance, and Quality of Life Relate to Satisfaction with Orthognathic Surgery.

Background: In this study, we aimed to identify factors correlating with satisfaction with orthognathic surgery in order to improve its outcome. Methods: We recruited 77 participants who had received orthognathic surgery and 32 age- and gender-matched normal-controls. Questionnaires that included devised questions for family support, Big Five Inventory, Derriford Appearance Score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and a visual analogy scale for satisfaction, were completed before and one month and nine months after the surgery. The statistical analysis methods included descriptive statistics, t-test, and Pearson correlation. Results: All participants received the preoperative and one-month follow-up, while 28 also completed the nine-month follow-up. Satisfaction was not significantly related to demographic data, but long-term satisfaction was related to an extraverted personality. The preoperative and postoperative results of the Derriford Appearance Scale were related to short-term and long-term satisfaction. Furthermore, both the preoperative and one-month postoperative Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index findings were significantly related to short-term satisfaction. The postoperative 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey was significantly related to short-term and long-term satisfaction. Conclusions: Not only subjective distress and dysfunction of appearance but also sleep problems and quality of life were correlated to satisfaction with orthognathic surgery. In the future, relevant interventions can be developed to further improve patient’s satisfaction and their physical and mental health.
Information Seeking and Risk Reduction Intentions in Response to Environmental Threat Messages: The Role of Message Processing

Communicating complex information about environmental health risks in a single message is impossible. Thus, message designers hope that risk messages encourage people to think more about the message and risks, look for more information, and ultimately make behavior changes. The presentation of information about environmental risks using threat appeals is a common message design strategy thought to increase message engagement and influence attitudes, information seeking, and risk reduction behaviors. We compared lower threat messages, which did not include explicit statements about susceptibility and severity of a risk, to higher threat messages, which did. We combined predictions from the extended parallel process model with dual-process theories of persuasion to examine whether people respond to these types of messages differently. In an online experiment, participants (N = 892) were randomly assigned to a message condition (higher or lower threat) and topic condition (arsenic, bisphenol A, or volatile organic compounds). Overall, participants exposed to higher threat messages (regardless of risk topic) reported experiencing higher levels of fear. Higher levels of fear were associated with more positive thoughts about the message (in alignment with the message advocacy) and fewer negative thoughts about the message (against the message advocacy), both of which influenced message attitudes. Finally, message attitudes were associated with increased information seeking and intentions to engage in risk reduction behaviors.
Encountering virtual users: A qualitative investigation of interpersonal communication in chat reference: Research Articles

Synchronous chat reference services have emerged as viable alternatives to the traditional face-to-face (FtF) library reference encounter. Research in virtual reference service (VRS) and client–librarian behavior is just beginning with a primary focus on task issues of accuracy and efficiency. This study is among the first to apply communication theory to an exploration of relational (socioemotional) aspects of VRS. It reports results from a pilot study that analyzed 44 transcripts nominated for the LSSI Samuel Swett Green Award (Library Systems and Services, Germantown, MD) for Exemplary Virtual Reference followed by an analysis of 245 randomly selected anonymous transcripts from Maryland AskUsNow! statewide chat reference service. Transcripts underwent in-depth qualitative content analysis. Results revealed that interpersonal skills important to FtF reference success are present (although modified) in VRS. These include techniques for rapport building, compensation for lack of nonverbal cues, strategies for relationship development, evidence of deference and respect, face-saving tactics, greeting and closing rituals. Results also identified interpersonal communication dynamics present in the chat reference environment, differences in client versus librarian patterns, and compensation strategies for lack of nonverbal communication. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self Assembly: The Science of Things That Put Themselves Together

Introduction Self-Assembly Why Now? THE NATURAL WORLD Inorganic Systems Introduction Bubble Rafts Crystallization Polymerization Micelles Organic Systems Introduction Proteins and Protein Folding The Tobacco Mosaic Virus The Ribosome Lessons from the Natural World Introduction The Bubble Raft and Nature's Principles Other Aspects of Nature's Motif ENGINEERED SYSTEMS The "Cheerios Effect" and Other Simple Systems Introduction The Penrose Model Magnetic Self-Assembling Systems The "Cheerios Effect" Static Self-Assembly Introduction Assembly via Capillary Forces Template Driven Self-Assembly Structured Surfaces Assembly by Folding Dynamic Self-Assembly Introduction A Prototype for Dynamic Self-Assembly Magnetically Driven Dynamic Systems Mechanically Driven Dynamic Systems Self-Propelled Systems Smart Particles DNA Self-Assembly Introduction DNA-Nature's Ultimate Building Block Cubes and Other Polyhedra DNA Tiles DNA Barcodes DNA Origami DNA as a Template DNA Self-Assembly in Context THE FUTURE Models of Self-Assembly Introduction Physical Models Abstract Models Directions Introduction Fibonacci at the Nanoscale Self-Assembly Springs into Action Self-Assembled Swimming Cells Self-Assembly Goes Broadway Self-Assembly and the Origin of Life Color Plates References Appendix A: The Calculus of Variations Appendix B: Useful Web Sites Appendix C: Glossary Index Chapter Highlights, Exercises, Related Reading, and Notes appear in every chapter.
Jung, Carl Gustav

Once regarded by Sigmund Freud as his heir apparent, Carl Jung developed his own form of analytical psychology, introducing many spiritual and mystical elements which were anathema to Freud. To explore the universal nature of his concepts, Jung traveled the globe, visiting diverse cultures. He lived among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1924, and the people of Mt. Elgon in Kenya in 1926. He also visited Egypt and India, among other places. Jung interpreted the religious symbols or mandalas of Buddhism and Hinduism as representations of the unconscious self, reflecting the complex path toward inner development and growth, which he termed individuation. This growth involves a strong unconscious drive toward one's most complete and unique self, and requires a lifelong process of identifying and uniting one's unconscious elements. Jung viewed the internal, spiritual focus of Eastern faiths as neglected in a Western society preoccupied with logic and technology, but did note some exceptions, such as occultism, Gnosticism, and Christian mysticism. Keywords: Freud, Sigmund; psychoanalysis; psychotherapies
The Perils and Possibilities of Story, on Alexander Graf The Cinema of Wim Wenders: The Celluloid Highway

Alexander Graf _The Cinema of Wim Wenders: The Celluloid Highway_ London: Wallflower Press, 2002 ISBN 1-903364-29-9 ix + 179pp.
Laser photothermal effects on tumor vasculature using laser Doppler flowmetry

Laser Doppler perfusion monitors have been used to study blood flow in tissue. They are useful tools to understand and monitor vascular changes during the treatment of lesions. In addition, lasers have been used in the treatment of cancers through photothermal and photochemical interactions, and the effects of laser treatment in many cases depend on the vasculature of the tumors and their surrounding tissue. In this study, an 805-nm laser was used to non-invasively irradiate subcutaneous mammary and prostatic tumors in rats. The perfusions on the tumor surface, the overlying skin, and underlying muscle tissues were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry during the near-infrared laser treatment. The perfusion probe was fitted into a 16-gauge needle so that the probe could be inserted into the target tissue for the perfusion measurement. The perfusion on the surface of the tumor decreased at the beginning of the laser irradiation, followed by a significant increase. Then, the perfusion was decreased again to a pre-treatment level. The perfusion of the skin tissue and muscle tissue, however, remained relatively unchanged during laser irradiation. Our experimental results indicate that laser photothermal effects could be monitored by the laser Doppler flowmetry and that tumor vascular information could be used to improve the effectiveness of the laser treatment of cancer.
Attack or Defend? The Role of Institutional Context on Patent Litigation Strategies

Research has suggested that firms engage in a number of different patent strategies to protect and even gain competitive advantage. However, we know less about the strategies firms employ when engaging in patent litigation. Using proprietary and defensive generic patent strategies as a starting point, this paper describes two types of patent litigation strategies, the types of institutional contexts that would be expected to motivate firms to engage in each, and the performance outcomes of firms undertaking such strategies. Analyzing patent litigation activity between 2002 and 2008 in the pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries, we find that firms in the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to follow a proactive proprietary patent litigation strategy, while firms in the semiconductor industry are more likely to engage in a proactive defensive patent litigation strategy. Furthermore, firms in the semiconductor industry that followed a proactive defensive patent litigation strategy enjoyed better per...
Insufficient autoantigen presentation and failure of tolerance in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis

Objective In the K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, T cells reactive for the self antigen glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) escape negative selection even though GPI expression is ubiquitous. We sought to determine whether insufficient GPI presentation could account for the failure of negative selection and for the development of arthritis. Methods To increase the antigen presentation of GPI, we generated transgenic mice expressing a membrane-bound form of GPI (mGPI) and crossed them with K/BxN mice. A monoclonal antibody specific for the α-chain of the KRN T cell receptor was generated to examine the fate of GPI-specific T cells. Results The mGPI-transgenic mice presented GPI more efficiently and showed a dramatic increase in negative selection and an inhibition of arthritis. Interestingly, thymic negative selection remained incomplete in these mice, and the escaped autoreactive T cells were anergic in the peripheral lymphoid organs, suggesting that enhanced antigen presentation also induces peripheral tolerance. Despite this apparent tolerance induction toward GPI, these mice developed a chronic wasting disease, characterized by colonic inflammation with epithelial dysplasia, as well as a dramatic reduction in Treg cells. Conclusion These data indicate that insufficient autoantigen expression or presentation results in defects of both central and peripheral tolerance in the K/BxN mice. Our findings also support the idea that insufficient autoantigen levels may underlie the development of autoimmunity.
Assessing the performance of the short screening scale for post-traumatic stress disorder in a large nationally-representative survey

The performance of the short screening scale for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has not been assessed in an independent general population sample, although it has been used in epidemiological as well as clinical research. In this report we evaluate the short screening scale in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a population‐based survey of US household and group quarter residents. DSM‐IV PTSD was assessed via symptom questions in the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule‐DSM‐IV (AUDADIS‐IV) version. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and percent correctly classified were calculated, using the interview‐based diagnosis as the standard. Replicating findings from the initial report, a score of four or more on the short screening scale identifies cases of PTSD with sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 97%, positive predictive value of 75%, and negative predictive value of 98%. The percentage of correctly classified respondents was 96%. The findings support the utility of the seven‐item scale for screening PTSD in clinical and general population samples.
Fostering Data Literacy Through Preservice Teacher Inquiry in English Language Arts

Data literate educators can generate questions about learning in their classes; collect and analyze classroom data to answer them; and develop inferences and explanations. Two elements may promote data literacy: (a) breadth of classroom-based data collection and (b) depth of analysis. We examined these in inquiries conducted by 80 preservice teachers of secondary English in diverse classrooms over a 6-year period. Analyzing products, processes, and self-reports, we found inquiries evidenced a range in breadth of data collection and depth of analysis. Qualitative themes and two cases illustrate data analysis processes and challenges of pattern finding, initially crude analyses in striving for depth, and the need for data literacy mentoring.
Peripheral nerve injuries in children with traumatic brain injury.

The relationship between traumatic brain injuries and associated peripheral nerve injuries has not been previously studied in children in the rehabilitation setting. One hundred and fifty-seven consecutive admissions of brain-injured children were included in this prospective study to determine the frequency and pattern of recovery of peripheral nerve injuries in such patients. Twelve patients met the clinical diagnostic criteria for peripheral nerve injury. Electrodiagnostic studies confirmed the clinical diagnosis in 11 (7%) patients. Grading of spontaneous activity and electrodiagnostic study of the contralateral limb were used to differentiate electromyographic abnormalities due to upper motor neuron lesion and nerve injury. Electrodiagnostic study was useful to confirm clinical diagnosis and predict prognosis of nerve injuries. Two patients developed preventable pressure neuropathy. Eight patients showed moderate or full recovery in 9-10 months post-injury. All children with severe brain injuries sho...