cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of micro-scale EHD conduction pumping: The effect of pump orientation and flow inertia on heterocharge layer morphology and flow distribution control

Abstract Innovative technological solutions for thermal management of components at small scales, such as electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping, are being developed to enable the next generation of miniaturized high density electronics. In EHD conduction, a strong electric field is applied via asymmetric submerged electrodes in a dielectric liquid. The field enhances the dissociation of electrolytic impurities present within the fluid, generating ions that migrate to form heterocharge layers over each electrode. The subsequent abundance of asymmetrically distributed space charge generates a net Coulomb force that is applied on the fluid, producing a net flow in the direction of the force. EHD conduction pumps have no moving parts, consume very little power, and have simple, flexible designs that can be easily miniaturized to the micro-scale. This study numerically investigates the heterocharge layer morphology of EHD conduction pumping used in flow distribution control between parallel micro-scale branches, using different pumping orientations and accounting for flow inertia effects. The results are qualitatively compared with available experimental data and serve to explain observed behaviors.
Design of graded porous bone-like structures via a multi-material topology optimization approach

Graded porous structures combine robustness of porous structures and high stiffness of bulk designs. This study aims to design optimized graded porous bone-like structures through a novel multi-material topology optimization approach, which generalizes the concept of multiple materials. Namely, each material can have not only distinct material property but also a different level of local porosity, or a combination of both, thus allowing the realization of multiple levels of porosity. With separated density and material/porosity fields, we propose two types of multi-porosity local volume constraints to enable graded porosity considering linear and bi-linear material constitutive relations. Through the proposed framework, single- and multi-material structures can be obtained with a natural transition between the bulk and multiple levels of porous regions. We adopt the Bi-value Coding Parameterization (BCP) scheme combined with the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method to interpolate the stored energy functions. Through several examples with multiple porosity levels and various material properties, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework with two novel constraints to generate optimized multi-material and multi-porosity structures. We further investigate the interactions among material properties, multiple porosity levels, structural stiffness, and robustness. Compared with conventional bulk designs, the optimized bone-like structures with multi-level graded porosity, although less stiff, are found to be more robust, i.e., their structural stiffness is less influenced by the load variations and material deficiency. The resulting graded porous composite designs showcase the capability of the proposed multi-material formulation to optimize the distributions of not only different types of materials but also multiple levels of porosity.
Differences and disparities in seasonal influenza vaccine, acceptance, adverse reactions, and coverage by age, sex, gender, and race.

Abstract Background Influenza is a significant threat to public health worldwide. Despite the widespread availability of effective and generally safe vaccines, the acceptance and coverage of influenza vaccines are significantly lower than recommended. Sociodemographic variables are known to be potential predictors of differential influenza vaccine uptake and outcomes. Objectives This review aims to (1) identify how sociodemographic characteristics such as age, sex, gender, and race may influence seasonal influenza vaccine acceptance and coverage; and (2) evaluate the role of these sociodemographic characteristics in differential adverse reactions among vaccinated individuals. Methods PubMed was used as the database to search for published literature in three thematic areas related to the seasonal influenza vaccine - vaccine acceptance, adverse reactions, and vaccine coverage. Results A total of 3249 articles published between 2010 and 2020 were screened and reviewed, of which 39 studies were included in this literature review. By the three thematic areas, 17 studies assessed vaccine acceptance, 8 studies focused on adverse reactions, and 14 examined coverage of the seasonal influenza vaccine. There were also two studies that focused on more than one of the areas of interest. Conclusion Each of the four sociodemographic predictors – age, sex, race, and gender – were found to significantly influence vaccine acceptance, receipt and outcomes in this review.
Colicin E1 binds to TolC as an open hinge to penetrate the outer-membrane

The double membrane architecture of Gram-negative bacteria forms a barrier that is effectively impermeable to extracellular threats. Bacteriocin proteins evolved to exploit the accessible, surface-exposed proteins embedded in the outer membrane to deliver cytotoxic cargo. Colicin E1 is a bacteriocin produced by, and lethal to, Escherichia coli that hijacks the outer membrane proteins TolC and BtuB to enter the cell. Here we capture the colicin E1 translocation domain inside its membrane receptor, TolC, by high-resolution cryoEM. Colicin E1 binds stably to TolC as an open hinge through the TolC pore - an architectural rearrangement from colicin E1 unbound conformation. This binding is stable in live E. coli cells as indicated by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Finally, colicin E1 fragments binding to TolC plugs the channel, inhibiting its native efflux function as an antibiotic efflux pump and heightening susceptibility to four antibiotic classes.
“Historical” and “scientifically valid”

Notes that a recent survey found many scholars who believe, incorrectly, that history is not random enough, large enough, or controlled enough for science. Reiterates why science is not dependent on randomization, size, or control, but does require comparison. Posits that the most powerful feature of scientific validation is the comparative measurement of argument (CMA). Specifically illustrates how and why comparison inexpensively elevates any history into an excellent vehicle for relevant, credible, scientific scholarship. Concludes that the best method of CMA is not always obvious, but researchers should always try CMA because they will find that any use of it will produce some recognizable value and provide discipline to unmanageable data sources such as history.
Mechanistic studies of beef liver mitochondrial amine oxidase

Abstract A possible mechanism for the action of beef liver MAO on benzylamine at pH 7.4 and 25 ° is presented. The pros and cons of the proposed formal mechanism are discussed. The mechanism was derived from the chemical, kinetic, and product inhibition data. If all the data reported by the various investigators to date are correct, and the different substrates used do not account for the observed differences in their results, it appears that the MAO isolated from different species proceed by different ping pong mechanisms.
10 Mixtures of dissimilar molecules

Summary Equations (10.14) and (10.15), which are the basis of the present theory, are mathematically exact. The choice of the closure expression, Equation (10.21), relating the cross-direct-correlation integral to the other two integrals in a binary mixture allows us to solve these equations simply and analytically using only the pure-fluid thermodynamic data. It is demonstrated here that simple geometric- and arithmetic-mean closures are needed for simple model fluids. It is also demonstrated that a weighted-arithmetic-mean closure expression is sufficient to represent the relation between the cross-direct-correlation integral to the other two correlation integrals of binary mixtures. Success of this theory in its application to a variety of mixtures comprised of components with polar and associating intermolecular potential energies is indicative of its promise as a strong technique for prediction of properties of complex dissimilar mixtures of practical interest. The present theory has allowed us to perform calculations of properties and phase equilibria of mixtures. There are several points to be noted about the advantages of the present techniques compared with other existing thermodynamic calculation methods for mixtures: (i) The present theory allows us to perform thermodynamic calculations for the whole range of mixture compositions and not just at the infinite-dilution and high-concentration limits as has been the case for most of the fluctuation-theory techniques. (ii) The present theory is applicable for mixtures consisting of dissimilar species with large differences in molecular size, shape, and energetics. It is specifically useful for polar and associating molecular fluids for which, generally, no accurate intermolecular-potential-energy functions are available. (iii) With the application of the weighted-arithmetic-mean closure for the cross-direct-correlation-function integrals, Equation (10.21), it has become possible to derive analytic expressions for activity coefficients in complex mixtures consisting the dissimilar molecules. The resulting activity-coefficient expressions allow us to perform vapor-liquid and liquidliquid equilibria computations for such mixtures. The accuracy of these calculations are is good as the best available phase-equilibria computational techniques for mixtures. (iv) What makes the relations among the direct-correlation-function integrals (or fluctuation integrals) introduced here particularly interesting is the fact that only one closure relation is needed to determine all the binary-mixture properties. Detailed studies are under way in order to develop analytic expressions for total and partial molar properties of multicomponent systems using the present theory.
Biased Impartiality Among National Hockey League Referees

This paper builds an economic model of referee behavior in the National Hockey League using period-specific, in-game data. Recognizing that referees are influenced by a desire for perceived fairness, this model isolates situations where a referee is more likely to call a penalty on one team. While prior research has focused on a systematic bias in favor of the home team, we find that referee bias also depends upon game-spe cific conditions that incentivize an evening of penalty calls. Refereeing games in this fashion maintains the integrity of the game, thus benefiting spectator perceptions and opportunities for financial returns.
Impulsive Ion Injection into the Polar Cusp

Impulsive bursts of positive ions were observed in the polar cusp during two rocket flights. Dispersion of arrival time with energy implies a modulation or acceleration region at a distance of 11 to 13 R E presumably in the magnetosheath. The ion energy spectra closely match typical magnetosheath spectra. The bursts had a duration of about 20 s and repetition period on the order of 100 s. These results suggest that ions have intermittent rather than continuous entry at the polar cusps. At times, the ion and electron precipitation was anticorrelated in a manner consistent with a parallel electric field.
Identifying infants at high-risk for second-hand smoke exposure.

Background To examine the social determinants of infant smoke exposure and whether these associations vary by mothers' smoking status and number of children in the household. Methods There were 135 278 mothers from 28 states who participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from 2000 to 2003. Results Overall 9.9% of mothers reported that her infant was in the same room as someone smoking for 1 or more hours per day. Among smoking households, infants with 1 or 2+ siblings were 25% and 59% more likely to be exposed to 1+ hours of second-hand smoke daily, respectively, than infants with no siblings. Conclusion Infants only a few months old are being exposed to second-hand smoke, particularly infants whose mother smokes and infants with siblings, indicating the importance of surveillance even for this young age group.
Reaction of 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with the Free α Chains of Human Hemoglobin EVALUATION OF THE pK OF THE TERMINAL AMINO GROUP

Abstract The reaction of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with isolated α chains in their mercaptide form with p-mercuribenzoate (PMB) was studied. From kinetic measurements with the change in absorbance at 353 nm upon substitution of the terminal valine, the pK of this group was calculated to be 7.30. The pH-independent reaction constant was estimated to be 0.282 m-1 sec-1. Comparing the proton-binding behavior of untreated α chains with that of the chains substituted in the terminal valine (αpmbDNP) the pK of this group was calculated to be 7.4. Histidines did not appear to be dinitrophenylated. However, from the rate of liberation of protons upon the reaction of the chains with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene we concluded that they do interact with the reagent without forming a stable derivative. A pK of 6.85 and a pH-independent reaction constant of 0.023 m-1 sec-1 per individual group was calculated for these residues. From oxygen equilibrium studies on a mixture in equal amount of αpmbDNP and β chains in their mercaptide form with p-mercuribenzoate we calculated a value of 1.35 for the Hill parameter n. The s20,w of this mixture was 4.95 while it is near 2.5 when the α chains are not dinitrophenylated (Antonini et al., J. Mol. Biol., 17, 29 (1966)), indicating that the dinitrophenylation strongly favors the formation of tetramers. This high sedimentation value is consistent with a partial specific volume v = 0.731, as compared to v = 0.749 commonly used for hemoglobin (Svedberg and Pedersen, The ultracentrifuge, Oxford University Press, New York, 1940).
The American Business Elite: A Collective Portrait *

The Dictionary of American Biography contains 1,464 biographies of eminent American businessmen. Among them are most of the wellknown financial and business figures, as well as many others never widely known or else long forgotten. The announced criterion for inclusion in the D.A.B. is that the person â€œdid something notable in some field of American life.â€ Over 100 â€œconsulting specialistsâ€ handled the various lists of candidates for inclusion; these specialists included economic and business historians.
Are alcoholism treatments effective? The Project MATCH data

Project MATCH was the largest and most expensive alcoholism treatment trial ever conducted. The results were disappointing. There were essentially no patient-treatment matches, and three very different treatments produced nearly identical outcomes. These results were interpreted post hoc as evidence that all three treatments were quite effective. We re-analyzed the data in order to estimate effectiveness in relation to quantity of treatment. This was a secondary analysis of data from a multisite clinical trial of alcohol dependent volunteers (N = 1726) who received outpatient psychosocial therapy. Analyses were confined to the primary outcome variables, percent days abstinent (PDA) and drinks per drinking day (DDD). Overall tests between treatment outcome and treatment quantity were conducted. Next, three specific groups were highlighted. One group consisted of those who dropped out immediately; the second were those who dropped out after receiving only one therapy session, and the third were those who attended 12 therapy sessions. Overall, a median of only 3% of the drinking outcome at follow-up could be attributed to treatment. However this effect appeared to be present at week one before most of the treatment had been delivered. The zero treatment dropout group showed great improvement, achieving a mean of 72 percent days abstinent at follow-up. Effect size estimates showed that two-thirds to three-fourths of the improvement in the full treatment group was duplicated in the zero treatment group. Outcomes for the one session treatment group were worse than for the zero treatment group, suggesting a patient self selection effect. Nearly all the improvement in all groups had occurred by week one. The full treatment group had improved in PDA by 62% at week one, and the additional 11 therapy sessions added only another 4% improvement. The results suggest that current psychosocial treatments for alcoholism are not particularly effective. Untreated alcoholics in clinical trials show significant improvement. Most of the improvement which is interpreted as treatment effect is not due to treatment. Part of the remainder appears to be due to selection effects.
Alterations in Proteins Involved in Cellular Level Contractile Dysfunction in the Left Ventricles of Patients with End Stage Heart Failure

Understanding how cellular level mechanical properties change as failing hearts remodel may help identify the protein modifications that produce contractile dysfunction associated with this condition. We therefore procured through wall left ventricular samples from patients undergoing heart transplants at the University of Kentucky and from organ donors who did not have heart failure. Multicellular chemically permeabilized preparations were subsequently obtained from sub epicardial, midwall and sub endocardial regions of these samples by mechanical homogenization and triton treatment. The mechanical properties of the preparations were assessed by attaching them between a force transducer and a motor and subjecting them to a standard series of mechanical assays. There was a 30% decrease in maximum power output (p-value = 0.01) and steady-state force (p-value=0.005) in patients with end-stage heart failure (n=8, total of 72 preparations) as compared to samples from nonfailing organ donors (n=4, total of 36 preparations). The phosphorylation of two cardiac sarcomeric proteins- myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) and troponin-I (cTnI) which have been previously associated with contractile dysfunction were investigated using phospho specific antibodies. Western blot analysis of three major phosphorylated sites of cMyBP-C, PSer273, PSer282 and PSer302 were not significantly different between heart failure and non failing groups but cTnI phosphorylation at PSer22/23 decreased significantly in heart failure (p=0.01). This study suggests that the cellular level mechanical dysfunction seen in heart failure may be in part due to phosphorylation modifications.
Evidence for neutral transcellular NaCl transport and neutral basolateral chloride exit in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule

The electrical nature of active NaCl transport and the significance of a basolateral membrane chloride conductance were examined in isolated perfused rabbit proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). PCT were perfused with a high chloride solution that simulated late proximal tubular fluid and were bathed in an albumin solution that simulated rabbit serum in the control and recovery periods. The electrical nature of NaCl transport was examined by bathing the tubules in a high chloride albumin solution where there were no anion gradients. Volume reabsorption (Jv) during the control and recovery period was 0.56 and 0.51 nl/mm X min, respectively, and 0.45 nl/mm X min when the tubules were bathed in a high chloride bath. The transepithelial potential difference (PD) during the control and recovery periods averaged 2.3 mV, but decreased to 0.0 mV in the absence of anion gradients, which indicated that NaCl transport is electroneutral. Further evidence that NaCl transport is electroneutral was obtained by examining the effect of addition of 0.01 mM ouabain in PCT perfused and bathed with high chloride solutions. The Jv was 0.54 nl/mm X min in the control period and not statistically different from zero after inhibition of active transport. The PD was not different from zero in both periods. Two groups of studies examined the role of basolateral membrane Cl- conductance in NaCl transport. First, depolarizing the basolateral membrane with 2 mM bath Ba++ did not significantly affect Jv or PD. Second, the effect of the presumptive Cl- conductance inhibitor anthracene-9-CO2H was examined. Anthracene-9-CO2H did not significantly affect Jv or PD. In conclusion, these data show that NaCl transport in the PCT is electroneutral and transcellular and provide evidence against a significant role for basolateral membrane chloride conductance in the rabbit PCT.
Social Return to U.S. Technical Assistance in Bolivian Agriculture: The Case of Sheep and Wheat

Official U.S. technical assistance to the developing world has been a relatively important social investment in the post-World War II era. Approximately $4.7 billion was spent between 1949-72 in agriculture, health, and education by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and predecessor agencies (USAID, p. 47). In 1972, USAID allocated $103 million to programs in food and agriculture (p. 28), more than 20% of the amount spent on public research programs in U.S. agriculture for the same year (Boyce and Evenson, p. 152). Yet, despite the relative importance of technical assistance and the close involvement of
Lipid monolayers. Interactions with staphylococcal α-toxin☆

Abstract Staphylococcal α-toxin spreads readily as a film on aqueous media; the film contains 3 and 30 times as much protein as in films of mitochondrial structural protein and in a protein monolayer, respetively. The toxin forms a film also by adsorption from the hypophase. The ability of α-toxin both to spread and adsorb at the air-water interface is increased markedly by 6 M urea. Penetration of α-toxin into lipid monolayers is influenced greatly by the chemical structure of the lipid; the ΔΠ values are in the order cholesterol > phosphatidyl choline > phosphatidyl inositol > sphingomyelin > ganglioside. In line with the known binding of gangliosides by histones, penetration of the basic toxin into the air-water interface is inhibited by ganglioside as well as by sulfatide monolayers. Inasmuch as film penetration (ΔΠ) is consistent with anchoring of the protein at the interface, binding of the cationic toxin under the negatively charged monolayers of phosphatidyl inositol, sulfatide, or ganglioside explains the low ΔΠ values observed with these lipids and the known ability of this protein to coat the host membrane. Penetration of α-toxin into lecithin monolayers increases as the protein concentration in the hypophase becomes greater, as the initial pressure of the lipid film becomes smaller, as pH or temperature of hypophase increases.
Synthesis of DNA-binding protein in WI-38 cells stimulated to synthesize DNA by medium replacement.

Abstract Synthesis of DNA-binding proteins was investigated in WI-38 human diploid fibroblast cultures after stimulation with serum containing medium. Density-inhibited confluent monolayers of young (phase II) and aging (phase III) WI-38 cells can be stimulated to synthesize DNA by replacing the medium with fresh medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Of the phase II cells, 35–50% showed a partially synchronized burst of DNA-synthesizing activity between 15 and 24 h whereas only 4–6% of phase III cells showed DNA-synthesizing activity at 20 h, and that cell fraction was increasing even at 38 h. This suggests either an extremely prolonged G 1 in stimulated phase III cells, or a heterogeneity of the population (e.g., a mixed population of pre- and postmitotic cells) for phase III cells. At various times after the change of medium, DNA-binding protein synthesis was examined in these stimulated cultures. Protein of mol. wt 20 000–25 000 D accumulated rapidly during early G 1 and declined thereafter, whereas larger protein (40 000 and 68 000 D) accumulated during the late G 1 or G 1-S transition period indicating that accumulation of these proteins is associated with the onset of DNA synthesis in the serum-stimulated cells. In cultures where the DNA synthesis has been reduced or inhibited by an excess of thymidine, hydroxyurea or dibutyryl cAMP, the accumulation of the larger proteins (40 000 and 68 000 D) was neglible as compared with non-stimulated cultures. Hydrocortisone did not exert any effect on the DNA-binding protein synthesis in phase II cells. However, it seems to increase the cell fraction which can respond to the serum factor in phase III cells as evidenced from the pattern of DNA-binding proteins synthesis.
The mechanism of floral heliotropism in the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus

ABSTRACT We designed field experiments using solar-trackingRanunculus adoneusflowers to determine where photo-reception occurred, which organs responded, and howmovement was achieved. Flower peduncles bend eastwardin the morning and gradually unbend over the course ofthe day. Peduncles were found to bend significantly morefrequently in the middle region near the floral bracts,1–3 cm below the flower, than elsewhere on the peduncle.Because the peduncle tip continued to track the sun evenafter the flower itself was removed, our experiments con-centrated on shielding (or conversely, exposing) variousportions of peduncles from (or to) sunlight. Photo-reception occurred primarily in the portion of the stemjust beneath the floral receptacle. By following the posi-tion of landmarks applied to the stem, we found that 40%more growth occurred on the shaded side of bent pedun-cles, compared to the sunlit side. In contrast, top-shieldedpeduncles did not solar track well and grew only 25%more on the shaded side than on the sunlit side. Thisgrowth differential corresponded to differences in celllength on the two sides of bent peduncles, with signifi-cantly longer epidermal cells occurring on the shaded sidethan on the sunlit side.Key-words: Ranunculus adoneus; snow buttercup; helio-tropism; phototropism; solar tracking.
Formation energies, abundances, and the electronic structure of native defects in cubic SiC.

The relative abundance of native point defects in cubic SiC has been studied via ab initio calculations as a function of composition and the Fermi-level position. For Si-rich cubic SiC, the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ antisite is the dominant defect in $n$-type material, while the carbon vacancy, which is a double donor, dominates in $p$-type material. These results explain the experimentally observed low doping efficiencies of acceptors and the strong self-compensation effects in Si-rich cubic SiC. In C-rich SiC, the dominant defect is the electrically inactive ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Si}}$ antisite, regardless of the position of the Fermi level. The slightly C-rich cubic SiC is thus a more suitable material for $p$-type doping.
Queueing analysis: a useful planning and management technique medical concepts and reasoning

Queueing analysis is a mathematical technique which is used for studying characteristics of queueing (waiting) for service. Recent development of improved software systems has made the technique easily available and versatile using a microcomputer. In this study the characteristics of examination time and interarrival time were determined for an emergency room radiology service, and two examples were analyzed that demonstrate the usefulness of queueing analysis in radiology. In the first example the effects of a 5% annual increase in patients on waiting time are shown, while the second example shows the use of the technique for cost analysis. Radiologists and medical administrators should be aware of the availability and value of queueing analysis for department planning and management.
T-Type Ca2+ Channels Mediate Neurotransmitter Release in Retinal Bipolar Cells

Abstract Transmitter release in neurons is thought to be mediated exclusively by high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca 2+ channels. However, we now report that, in retinal bipolar cells, low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca 2+ channels also mediate neurotransmitter release. Bipolar cells are specialized neurons that release neurotransmitter in response to graded depolarizations. Here we show that these cells express T-type Ca 2+ channel subunits and functional LVA Ca 2+ currents sensitive to mibefradil. Activation of these currents results in Ca 2+ influx into presynaptic terminals and exocytosis, which we detected as a capacitance increase in isolated terminals and the appearance of reciprocal currents in retinal slices. The involvement of T-type Ca 2+ channels in bipolar cell transmitter release may contribute to retinal information processing.
Changes in polyadenylated RNA sequences associated with fruiting body morphogenesis in Coprinus cinereus

Complementary-DNA probes made either from polyadenylated RNAs isolated from vegetative dikaryons or from fruiting bodies were used to search a Coprinus cinereus DNA library for complementary sequences. By screening 17% of the Coprinus genome sequences were isolated that were differentially expressed during fruiting body formation. The differential colony screen and subsequent Southern blot analysis revealed that clones containing sequences whose transcripts were equally abundant in the vegetative dikaryons and fruiting bodies were distinguished easily from clones containing sequences preferentially expressed in one of the two differentiated states. A wide range in steady-state abundance levels was noted in both the constitutive and the differentially expressed sequences. In some cases the same cloned genomic segment contained regions complementary to both constitutive and regulated transcripts. RNA blot analysis on selected transcripts indicated that during fruiting body morphogenesis and meiocyte development the patterns of expression showed both temporal and tissue specificities. These results provide evidence for regulation of gene expression during fungal development, while indicating that genes coding for regulated transcripts are not tightly clustered in the Coprinus genome.
Cue elicited urge to drink and salivation in alcoholics: Relationship to individual differences

Abstract Social learning models of relapse have included a focus on the learned reactions of substance abusers to the presence of substance use cues, but the relative roles played by cue-elicited psychophysiological reactions and urges to use have been unclear. The relationships of these kinds of cue-elicited reactions to each other, to measures of individual differences, to attentional processes, and to relapse are reviewed across three recent studies (published or to be published elsewhere). Alcoholic males who participated in one of three studies were assessed for cue reactivity (salivation and urge to drink while sniffing an alcoholic beverage versus water) as well as individual difference measures. Salivation and urge to drink have a weak or nonsignificant relationship to each other. Cue-elicited urge to drink generally correlates with negative mood, awareness of somatic reactions, attention to alcohol, and enjoyment of the sight and smell of alcohol. Salivation tends not to be related to these conscious processes although it is greater among those who expect more positive effects from alcohol, and among those with more alcohol dependence. Salivation but not urge to drink was predictive of quantity and frequency of drinking during the first three months post-detoxification. Results are generally consistent with appetitive-motivation models of alcohol use and with Tiffany's (1990) hypothesis that automatic processes are more important than conscious processes in drug-use behavior.
Longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of DSM‐IV criteria for obsessive–compulsive personality disorder: a 2‐year prospective study

Objective: To examine the longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of the DSM-IV criteria for obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Method: At baseline, criteria and diagnoses were determined using diagnostic interviews, and blinded assessments were performed 24 months later with 550 participants. Diagnostic efficiency indices (conditional probabilities, total predictive power, and kappa) were calculated for each criterion determined at baseline, using the independent OCPD diagnosis at follow-up as the standard. Results: Longitudinal diagnostic efficiencies for the OCPD criteria varied; findings suggested the overall predictive utility of ‘preoccupied with details’, ‘rigid and stubborn’, and ‘reluctant to delegate’. Conclusion: These findings suggest the predictive validity of three cognitive-interpersonal OCPD criteria.
Fuzzy ART Neural Network Model for Automated Detection of Freeway Incidents

Pattern recognition techniques such as artificial neural networks continue to offer potential solutions to many of the existing problems associated with freeway incident-detection algorithms. This study focuses on the application of Fuzzy ART neural networks to incident detection on freeways. Unlike back-propagation models, Fuzzy ART is capable of fast, stable learning of recognition categories. It is an incremental approach that has the potential for on-line implementation. Fuzzy ART is trained with traffic patterns that are represented by 30-s loop-detector data of occupancy, speed, or a combination of both. Traffic patterns observed at the incident time and location are mapped to a group of categories. Each incident category maps incidents with similar traffic pattern characteristics, which are affected by the type and severity of the incident and the prevailing traffic conditions. Detection rate and false alarm rate are used to measure the performance of the Fuzzy ART algorithm. To reduce the false al...
Isolation stress during the third postnatal week alters radial arm maze performance and corticosterone levels in adulthood

Stressful experiences during development cause long-lasting changes in neuroendocrine systems as well as lasting changes in behavior. The present study examines the long-term consequences of daily periods of social isolation during the third postnatal week on radial arm maze performance in adulthood. Male rat pups were either isolated for 6 h per day between postnatal days 15-21 or remained in the home cage. This manipulation caused a significant increase in plasma corticosterone during the isolation period. As adults, these animals were tested on a 12-arm radial arm maze. Rats that experienced social isolation during development made more working memory errors during initial acquisition but reached an asymptotic level of performance comparable to controls. The pattern of reference memory errors across testing was comparable to the pattern of working memory errors, though the difference between isolated and control animals was not significant. Blood samples taken in adulthood revealed that social isolation during development results in an long-term elevation in plasma corticosterone levels. These findings indicate that isolation stress during the third week of life leads to lasting impairments in cognition and HPA axis activity and suggest a potential alteration in hippocampal function.
Tactics of Acclimation: Morphological Changes of Sponges in an Unpredictable Environment

Reciprocal transplants of genetically identical fragments of intertidal sponges between environments of high and low wave action exhibit great variability in the timing of their responses to environmental change. Sponges quickly begin production of stiffer and stronger tissues in high wave energy environments but delay formation of new, weak tissues in calm habitats. This may be due to the risks of forming wave-intolerant tissue in a temporally variable, unpredictable environment. These results suggest that the evolution of acclimatory control is linked to environmental predictability and concomitantly to risks of acclimatory errors.
Pars plana lensectomy combined with pars plana vitrectomy for dislocated cataract.

Purpose To assess the prognosis and complications after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with lensectomy as a primary procedure for visual correction of complicated cataract. Setting Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA. Methods This retrospective study reviewed the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical features in eyes that had PPV combined with lensectomy as a primary procedure for complicated cataract without severe posterior segment pathology (study group). The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), reoperations, retinal detachment (RD), and cystoid macular edema (CME) were ascertained. Results were compared with those in a control group of eyes having combined PPV and lensectomy for uncomplicated cataract. Results In the study group (40 patients), 23 eyes had traumatic lens dislocation, 12 had Marfan syndrome, 7 had idiopathic lens dislocation, and 4 had pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The median corrected distance visual acuity improved from 20/185 (range 20/20 to hand motions) preoperatively to 20/30 (range 20/20 to hand motions) 3 months postoperatively ( P P = .018). Complications included RD (6.5%), transient vitreous hemorrhage (13.0%), choroidal detachment (4.3%) and CME (13.0%), which occurred more frequently in eyes with a history of trauma ( P = .022). The control group (43 eyes; 42 patients) had 1 (2.3%) RD. Conclusions Pars plana vitrectomy with lensectomy yielded favorable visual outcomes in eyes with complicated cataract in which standard anterior segment techniques were prohibitive or risky. However, preexisting conditions and postoperative complications may limit visual outcomes. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Recent developments in the measurement of magnetic fields from isolated nerves and muscles (invited)

We have developed a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer with a miniature, room‐temperature toroidal pick‐up coil that has sufficient sensitivity and frequency response to measure the magnetic field associated with the action potential of isolated nerves and muscles. A magnetically shielded SQUID operates in a liquid helium storage dewar so that the measurements of the weak magnetic fields can be made in a typical laboratory. The nerve or muscle fiber is immersed by Ringer’s solution and is threaded through the ferrite core of the toroidal pick‐up coil so that electrical current within the fiber will thread the toroid but the return current external to the fiber will not. The time‐dependent 100 pT magnetic field produced by the cellular action current induces currents in the pick‐up coil that are detected by the SQUID with signal‐to‐noise ratios of 10 to 1 in a 2 kHz bandwidth. In the case of a single large nerve axon, this technique will allow quantitative measurement of the i...
Heteroduplex analysis of cloned fragments of herpes simplex virus DNAs

Abstract The heteroduplex map of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) DNAs was constructed with recombinant HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNAs so that the overall map was built up piece by piece across the virus genome. Extensive regions of good base sequence homology and some regions of partial homology were mapped. In certain cases, known virus functions were assigned to specific positions on the HSV-1-HSV-2 DNA heteroduplex map, and the sequences of HSV-1 and HSV-2 genes were compared.
Compression of the electrocardiogram (ECG) using an adaptive orthonomal wavelet basis architecture

This paper deals with the compression of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a large library of orthonormal bases functions that are translated and dilated versions of Daubechies wavelets. The wavelet transform has been implemented using quadrature mirror filters (QMF) employed in a sub-band coding scheme. Interesting transients and notable frequencies of the ECG are captured by appropriately scaled waveforms chosen in a parallel fashion from this collection of wavelets. Since there is a choice of orthonormal bases functions for the efficient transcription of the ECG, it is then possible to choose the best one by various criterion. We have imposed very stringent threshold conditions on the wavelet expansion coefficients, such as in maintaining a very large percentage of the energy of the current signal segment, and this has resulted in reconstructed waveforms with negligible distortion relative to the source signal. Even without the use of any specialized quantizers and encoders, the compression ratio numbers look encouraging, with preliminary results indicating compression ratios ranging from 40:1 to 15:1 at percentage rms distortions ranging from about 22% to 2.3%, respectively. Irrespective of the ECG lead chosen, or the signal deviations that may occur due to either noise or arrhythmias, only one wavelet family that correlates best with that particular portion of the signal, is chosen. The main reason for the compression is because the chosen mother wavelet and its variations match the shape of the ECG and are able to efficiently transcribe the source with few wavelet coefficients. The adaptive template matching architecture that carries out a parallel search of the transform domain is described, and preliminary simulation results are discussed. The adaptivity of the architecture comes from the fine tuning of the wavelet selection process that is based on localized constraints, such as shape of the signal and its energy.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The family context of an intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk teens.

PURPOSEThis research describes the family context of eating and mealtime patterns in young adolescents at high risk for type 2 diabetes and the implications for preventing this disease.METHODSTen families, each consisting of a child and one parent, participated in individual, semistructured interviews that focused on family eating patterns. Topics included meal schedules, food preparation, family eating patterns, school eating patterns, and perception of the child's weight. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using focused summaries and thematic analysis methods.RESULTSFour main themes were identified: child and family eating patterns, perspectives on obesity, perspectives on weight control, and health concerns. Family eating patterns were often inconsistent, and few healthy eating models were available at home or school. Obesity was not always seen as a negative factor, particularly by the youth. Weight-control efforts were sporadic, typically unsuccessful, and consisted primar...
Hyperplane sections and the subtlety of the Lefschetz properties

Abstract The weak and strong Lefschetz properties are two basic properties that Artinian algebras may have. Both Lefschetz properties may vary under small perturbations or changes of the characteristic. We study these subtleties by proposing a systematic way of deforming a monomial ideal failing the weak Lefschetz property to an ideal with the same Hilbert function and the weak Lefschetz property. In particular, we lift a family of Artinian monomial ideals to finite level sets of points in projective space with the property that a general hyperplane section has the weak Lefschetz property in almost all characteristics, whereas a special hyperplane section does not have this property in any characteristic.
Parity breaking and phase transition induced by a magnetic field in high Tc superconductors

Abstract We suggest that the 2 + 1-dimensional Gross-Neveu model can give an effective field theory description of low-energy quasiparticles in high temperature superconductors. The magnetic catalysis of dynamical symmetry breaking is examined. The model shows that a magnetic field can induce a phase transition associated with parity breaking. In particular, it is intended to give an explanation of a second phase transition observed in a recent experiment by Krishana et al.
The non-consequentialist moral force of promises: a response to Sinnott-Armstrong

That we have a duty not to break a promise is often presented as a reason to reject consequentialism. Sinnott-Armstrong has argued, however, that in fact consequentialism provides the best account of the duty not to break a promise (2009; see also Sinnott-Armstrong 1992). I will argue that Sinnott-Armstrong’s argument fails. The phenomena of promising remain a reason to reject the view that all of morality consists in our duty to produce the best consequences. That is not to say that we do not have a duty to produce the best consequences. Rather, the duty to produce the best consequences is, like the duty not to break a promise, one of a plurality of moral duties. According to Sinnott-Armstrong, the best explanation of the strength of one’s duty to keep a promise is that the duty’s strength is based on the consequences of breaking the promise. This is because if the consequences of keeping a promise vary, then the strength of one’s duty to keep the promise will vary as well; while if the consequences of keeping a promise do not vary, the strength of the duty will not vary even if all the other circumstances surrounding the promise do vary. And, applying Mill’s method of concomitant variation, Sinnott-Armstrong maintains that ‘since the strength of a moral obligation goes up and down as the harms in violating it go up and down, this correlation supports the hypothesis that the harms of violating it are what makes the moral obligation as strong as it is’ (2009: 440). Moreover, Sinnott-Armstrong argues, if the strength of the duty to keep a promise is based on the consequences of breaking it, then the best explanation of the existence of the duty must be consequentialist as well. The only way to rebut this consequentialist argument is ‘to explain why some moral obligations are stronger than others without invoking the harmful
Formation of Ice-like Water Structure on the Surface of an Antifreeze Protein†

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are found in different species from polar, alpine, and subarctic regions where they serve to inhibit ice crystal growth by adsorption to ice surfaces. Computational methods have the power to investigate the antifreeze mechanism in atomic detail. Molecular dynamics simulations of water under different conditions have been carried out to test our water model for simulations of biological macromolecules in extreme conditions: very low temperatures (200 K) and at the ice/liquid water interface. We show that the flexible F3C water model reproduces properties of water in the solid phase (ice Ih), the supercooled liquid phase, and at the ice/liquid water interface. Additionally, the hydration of the type III AFP from ocean pout was studied as a function of temperature. Hydration waters on the ice-binding surface of the AFP were less distorted and more tetrahedral than elsewhere on the surface. More ice-like hydrating water structures formed on the ice-binding surface of the protein su...
Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with typical versus atypical antipsychotics in very high risk patients

Our aim was to study the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia in highly vulnerable patients (i.e., middle-aged and older adults with borderline dyskinesia) treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics.We examined the cumulative incidence of definitive tardive dyskinesia at 1, 3, and 6 months during antipsychotic treatment among 240 outpatients at least 45 years of age who had borderline tardive dyskinesia at baseline. Patients treated with conventional antipsychotics were approximately two times more likely to develop definitive tardive dyskinesia during the study period compared with those treated with atypical antipsychotics (p <.001). This difference was found despite patients in the atypical antipsychotic group being significantly older and having more severe extrapyramidal symptoms at baseline than those prescribed typical antipsychotics. Among patients at a very high risk for worsening tardive dyskinesia, the use of atypical antipsychotics was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing definitive tardive dyskinesia compared with conventional antipsychotics.