cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Nutrient Export From Coastal California Watersheds

Nitrate and phosphate export coefficient models were developed for coastal watersheds along the Santa Barbara Channel in central California. One approach was based on measurements of nutrient fluxes in streams from specific land use classes and included a watershed response function that scaled export up or down depending on antecedent moisture conditions. The second approach for nutrient export coefficient modeling used anthropogenic nutrient loading for land use classes and atmospheric nutrient deposition to model export. In an application of the first approach to one watershed, the nitrate and phosphate models were within 20% of measured values for most storms. When applied to another year, both nitrate and phosphate models generally performed adequately with annual, storm-flow, and base-flow values within 20% of measured nutrient loadings. Less satisfactory results were found when applied to neighboring watersheds with difference percentages of land use and hydrologic conditions. Application of the second approach was less successful than the first approach.
Serial passage of strawberry crinkle virus in the aphid Chaetosiphon jacobi

Abstract Strawberry crinkle virus was maintained through 6 consecutive serial passages by needle inoculation of the aphid vector, Chaetosiphon jacobi . A dilution factor of at least 10 −3 at each passage, coupled with a high rate of successful inoculation (ca. 90%) and a stable incubation period, indicated that the virus titer was being maintained by multiplication in the aphid.
Synthesis and hydrogen permeation properties of membranes based on dense SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3−α thin films

Dense SrZr0.95Y0.05O3a and SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3a thin films with perovskite structure were prepared on porous SrZr0.95Y0.05O3a substrates by spin coating colloidal suspensions of powders prepared by combustion methods. Porous substrates were prepared by treating carbon/SrZr0.95Y0.05O3a composites in air at 1273–1573 K in order to combust the carbon and partially sinter the resulting porous oxide. This procedure led to strong porous solids with a high gas permeability. Matching the shrinkage of the porous substrate and of the thin film by this pre-sintering of the porous substrate led to thin films free of fissures and other defects. Thin films prepared by these methods did not transport He at ambient temperature or N2 at 900–1000 K. H2 permeation rates through SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3a thin films at 950 K were as high as 500 times larger than on 1-mm disks and reached values of 610 4 mol H2/cm 2 min for 2 Am films. H2 permeation rates were proportional to the inverse of the membrane thickness, indicating that permeation in SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3a thin films is controlled by bulk diffusion and not by H2 dissociative chemisorption or by boundary layer transport, even for 2 Am films. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Efficient and Secure Source Authentication for Multicast.

One of the main challenges of securing multicast communicationis source authentication,or enabling receivers of multicast data to verify that the received data originated with the claimed source and was not modified enroute. The problem becomes more complex in common settings where other receivers of the data are not trusted, and where lost packets are not retransmitted. Several source authentication schemes for multicast have been suggested in the past, but none of these schemes is satisfactorily efficient in all prominent parameters. We recently proposed a very efficient scheme, TESLA, that is based on initial loose time synchronization between the sender and the receivers, followed by delayed release of keys by the sender. This paper proposes several substantial modifications and improvements to TESLA. One modification allows receivers to authenticate most packets as soon as they arrive (whereas TESLArequires buffering packets at the receiver side, and provides delayed authentication only). Other modifications improve the scalability of the scheme, reduce the space overhead for multiple instances, increase its resistance to denial-of-service attacks, and more.
Low and High Magnesium Concentrations at Various Calcium Levels

Electrocardiograms, ventricular monophasic action potentials registered with suction and intracellular microelectrodes, and pressure curves were recorded simultaneously in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henscleit solution containing varying calcium/magnesium ratios. The duration of the action potential and Q-T interval was not affected by low and high magnesium concentrations unless calcium was omitted or significantly reduced. When Mg was completely absent, solutions free of calcium or with one-sixteenth of the "normal" Ca concentration caused a progressive prolongation of the action potential and Q-T interval until they occupied the entire cardiac cycle. When Mg concentration was low (0.075 to 0.6 mM/L.), the prolongation occurred at a slower rate and was less pronounced. With higher Mg concentrations (1.2 to 19.2 mM/L.), the initial lengthening of the action potential and Q-T interval was followed by a gradual shortening. The higher the Mg concentration employed, the shorter was the period of the initial lengthening, and the more pronounced was the subsequent shortening. These observations can be best explained by assuming that calcium-like action of Mg on the plateau of the action potential becomes apparent only when Ca is absent or significantly decreased. The depression of contractility by calcium deficiency proceeded at the same rate at all studied Mg concentrations. The findings are discussed in relation to the electrocardiographic patterns encountered in clinical cal cium and magnesium deficiency.
Invasive hemodynamic evaluation in patients with mechanical aortic valves.

Invasive hemodynamic evaluation in the patient with a mechanical aortic valve has in the past required transseptal or apical left ventricular puncture in order to obtain left ventricular pressure measurements. Over the last few years, several case reports have described the feasibility of using a coronary pressure-sensing guidewire to cross mechanical prosthetic aortic valves. In the current manuscript, we report four cases in which the use of a pressure-sensing guidewire was utilized for invasive hemodynamic diagnostic evaluation in patients with mechanical aortic valves. Furthermore, we present a detailed description of the technical approach to this technique and the limitations of this approach. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting met mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the treatment of breast cancer

Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor receptor (Met) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in promoting cancer cell malignant progression. Met is activated by its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF-dependent Met activation plays an important role in stimulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, resulting in increased tumor cell proliferation, survival, motility, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The HGF/Met axis has thus attracted great interest as a potential target in the development of novel cancer therapies. In an effort to suppress tumor cell malignant progression, efforts have been made to develop agents capable of inhibiting inhibit Met-induced EMT, including specific Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors, HGF antagonists that interfere with HGF binding to Met, and antibodies that prevent Met activation and/or dimerization. Tocotrienols, a subgroup within the vitamin E family of compounds, display potent anticancer activity that results, at least in part, from inhibition of HGF-dependent Met activation and signaling. The present review will provide a brief summary of the increasing importance of the HGF/Met axis as an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy and the role of tocotrienols in suppressing Met activation, signaling and HGF-induced EMT in breast cancer cells. Evidence provided suggests that γ-tocotrienol therapy may afford significant benefit in the treatment of breast cancers characterized by Met dysregulation.
The Paraphilias and Depo-Provera: Some Medical, Ethical and Legal Considerations

Paraphilic disorders are Axis I psychiatric afflictions. They are not acquired by volitional decision, but are manifested by the association of erotic arousal with unacceptable behavior or stimulae (e.g., children). Because paraphilic behavior occurs in the service of a biological drive, use of medication to suppress sexual appetite may constitute an adjunct in treatment. Medroxyprogesterone can be used to decrease unacceptable erotic urges and fantasies, with the intent of increasing self-control. Such treatment should not be forced upon an unwilling person. Conversely, persons should not be denied access to treatment by laws which deter seeking help, or because of incarceration, parole, or probation.
CMOS Switch Logic

Conventional static CMOS logic circuits provide the foundation for many system designs. However, other circuit variations are possible which often allow greater flexibility or give better performance than that offered by standard CMOS. In this chapter we will examine the more popular alternatives to static circuits. All can be discussed (with varying degrees of success) using the concept of switched logic circuits, so we have chosen to group them together here.
Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Transformation A Social Movements Approach

Citizen participation in neighborhood transformation takes many forms, and its out comes include neighborhood preservation, exclusion, displacement and / or revitalization, and fair-share housing-in both urban and suburban contexts. A social movements or resource mobilization approach to its study is recommended, one which attends to both pluralist and socialist theoretical paradigms. The article concludes with the presentation of a model of factors whose study is required for the full analysis of citizen participation in processes of neighborhood stability and change.
Methods for Subtyping and Molecular Comparison of Human Viral Genomes

The development over the past two decades of molecular methods for manipulation of RNA and DNA has afforded molecular virologists the ability to study viral genomes in detail that has heretofore not been possible. There are many molecular techniques now available for typing and subtyping of viruses. The available methods include restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, Southern blot analysis, oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis, reverse hybridization, DNA enzyme immunoassay, RNase protection analysis, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, heteroduplex mobility assay, nucleotide sequencing, and genome segment length polymorphism analysis. The methods have certain advantages and disadvantages which should be considered in their application to specific viruses or for specific purposes. These techniques are likely to become more widely used in the future for epidemiologic studies and for investigations into the pathophysiology of virus infections.
A Jacobson–Morozov lemma for sp(2n, R)

A variation of the lemma of Jacobson–Morozov on the imbedding of a nonzero nilpotent element of the real symplectic algebra into the split simple three‐dimensional Lie algebra is proved. The proof is algorithmic and relies on our earlier work on the theory of normal forms for the real symplectic algebra.
Back to School: Federal Student Aid Policy and Adult College Enrollment.

Much of the research examining the question of how federal financial aid affects decisions to enroll in college has focused on the behavior of students in the relatively narrow range immediately following high school graduation, leaving unanswered the question of how changes in the availability of aid affect the behavior of older students. This analysis examines the question of how changes in the means-tested federal Pell grant program affects enrollment decisions of potential students in their twenties and thirties. Our results indicate sizable effects of the introduction of the Pell grant program on college enrollment decisions for older students.
The marketplace of print : pamphlets and the public sphere in early modern England

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Print matters 2. Figuring the marketplace of print 3. The patrimony of learning 4. Artisanal dispossession 5. The public sphere and the marketplace Afterword Notes Bibliography Index.
Eine einfache Methode zur Messung der Tagessummen ultravioletter Globalstrahlung

Tagessummen der Globalstrahlung von Wellenlangen unter 345 nm konnen mit dunnen Plattchen eines leicht erhaltlichen Harzkunststoffes, Plexiglas, Typ G [Abk. P (G)] von 0,8 mm Dicke direkt integriert werden. Die optischen Dichteanderungen des P (G) im Spektralbereich zwischen etwa 340 und 390 nm sind den UV-Dosen proportional und konnen mittels einfacher densitometrischer Apparate gemessen werden. Verschiedene physikalische und phototropische Eigenschaften des P (G) wurden gepruft, insbesondere die Abhangigkeit der Photodegradierung von der Temperatur. Der Temperatureinflus wird durch Reduktion der Meswerte auf 45° C ausgeschaltet; hierzu dient eine Formel mit einem empirisch bestimmten Temperaturkoeffizienten, in welcher die wahrend der Bestrahlung erreichte maximale Lufttemperatur benutzt wird. Die P (G)-Plattchen wurden mittels einer Normalstrahlungsquelle geeicht und damit wurde der Eichfaktor bestimmt. Die Fehlerquellen und die Genauigkeit der unter verschiedenen Bedingungen gemessenen UV-Dosen werden analysiert.
Differential properties of human ACL and MCL stem cells may be responsible for their differential healing capacity

The human anterior cruciate ligament (hACL) and medial collateral ligament (hMCL) of the knee joint are frequently injured, especially in athletic settings. It has been known that, while injuries to the MCL typically heal with conservative treatment, ACL injuries usually do not heal. As adult stem cells repair injured tissues through proliferation and differentiation, we hypothesized that the hACL and hMCL contain stem cells exhibiting unique properties that could be responsible for the differential healing capacity of the two ligaments. To test the above hypothesis, we derived ligament stem cells from normal hACL and hMCL samples from the same adult donors using tissue culture techniques and characterized their properties using immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry. We found that both hACL stem cells (hACL-SCs) and hMCL stem cells (hMCL-SCs) formed colonies in culture and expressed stem cell markers nucleostemin and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4). Moreover, both hACL-SCs and hMCL-SCs expressed CD surface markers for mesenchymal stem cells, including CD44 and CD90, but not those markers for vascular cells, CD31, CD34, CD45, and CD146. However, hACL-SCs differed from hMCL-SCs in that the size and number of hACL-SC colonies in culture were much smaller and grew more slowly than hMCL-SC colonies. Moreover, fewer hACL-SCs in cell colonies expressed stem cell markers STRO-1 and octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (Oct-4) than hMCL-SCs. Finally, hACL-SCs had less multi-differentiation potential than hMCL-SCs, evidenced by differing extents of adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis in the respective induction media. This study shows for the first time that hACL-SCs are intrinsically different from hMCL-SCs. We suggest that the differences in their properties contribute to the known disparity in healing capabilities between the two ligaments.
Mapping Brain Metabolic Connectivity in Awake Rats with μPET and Optogenetic Stimulation

Positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose was used to measure changes in regional brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in response to optogenetic stimulation (using the excitatory channelrhodopsin-2) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in awake rats. We demonstrated not only increases in BGluM that correlated with c-Fos expression in the region of stimulation, but also BGluM increases in the ipsilateral striatum, periaqueductal gray, and somatosensory cortex, and in contralateral amygdala, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, and hippocampus, as well as decreases in BGluM in regions of the default mode network (retrosplenial cortex and cingulate gyrus) and secondary motor cortex. Additional exploration of c-Fos expression in regions found to be activated by PET results found corroborating evidence, with increased c-Fos expression in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, contralateral amygdala and globus pallidus, and bilateral periaqueductal gray. These findings are consistent with optogenetic excitation of the area of stimulation (NAc), as well as with stimulatory and inhibitory effects on downstream regions. They also confirm the utility of PET imaging to monitor connectivity in the awake rodent brain.
Albumin is not an irreplaceable carrier for amphipathic mediators of thermoregulatory responses to LPS: compensatory role of α1-acid glycoprotein

In view of the potential involvement of peripherally synthesized, circulating amphipathic mediators [such as platelet-activating factor (PAF) and prostaglandin E2] in the systemic inflammatory resp...
Retroelement genome painting: cytological visualization of retroelement expansions in the genera Zea and Tripsacum.

Divergence of abundant genomic elements among the Zea and Tripsacum genera was examined cytologically and a tool kit established for subsequent studies. The LTR regions from the CRM, Huck, Grande, Prem1, Prem2/Ji, Opie, Cinful-1, and Tekay retroelement families were used as FISH probes on mitotic chromosome spreads from a “trispecies” hybrid containing chromosomes from each of three species: Zea mays (2n = 20), Z. diploperennis (2n = 20), and Tripsacum dactyloides (2n = 36). Except for Tekay, which painted both Zea and Tripsacum chromosomes with nearly equal intensity, the retroelement probes hybridized strongly to the Zea chromosomes, allowing them to be distinguished from those of Tripsacum. Huck and Grande hybridized more intensely to maize than to Z. diploperennis chromosomes. Tripsacum genomic clones containing retroelement sequences were isolated that specifically paint Tripsacum chromosomes. The retroelement paints proved effective for distinguishing different genomes in interspecific hybrids and visualizing alien chromatin from T. dactyloides introgressed into maize lines. Other FISH probes (180-bp knob, TR-1, 5S, NOR, Cent4, CentC, rp1, rp3, and α-ZeinA) could be simultaneously visualized with the retroelement probes, emphasizing the value of the retroelement probes for cytogenetic studies of Zea and Tripsacum.
Recursive Least Squares Estimation Of Transpulnonary Contrast Medium Transport By Ultrafast Computed Tomography

Time density curves from the pulmonary and aortic outflow tracts from EKG gated flow studies in 5 anesthetized dogs were used to generate constant and time varying single parameter recursive least squares estimates of transpulmonary contrast medium transit. A test for time variability, CUSUM, revealedsignific anttimevariation (P<o.~o) in a single parameter model in all five cases. The root mean square error of the constant model was 21.9*12.3% of the aortic outflow tract peak enhancement. The time varying case was 17.4*9.3%. Time scaling the pulmonary time density curves by the ratio of mean transit times improved the time varying model fit error to 4.1*2.9%. This analysis indicates that lung transit splay accounts for much of the differences, however, the behavior of the modeling parameter suggests that significant dilution of the contrast medium occurs because of osmotic fluid extraction during transport.
Feasibility of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in Low-Income Schools

ABSTRACT This article examines school response to bullying and youth aggression in upper/middle-class and low socioeconomic neighborhoods, and the feasibility of successfully implementing the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in schools located in impoverished communities. The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program is one of the few programs that has proven efficacy in upper/middle-class areas for reducing the incidence of bullying and improving attitudes towards school and academic achievement, but the effectiveness of the program has not been tested in low-income schools. However, research indicates that in both upper/middle-class and low socioeconomic neighborhoods, children are reluctant to seek assistance, and school teachers are not well-informed of effective bullying prevention measures. Researchers have pointed out that although children of low socioeconomic status (particularly minorities) have higher incidence of behavioral problems than their upper/middle-class counterparts, socioeconomic and cult...
Opportunistic optimization for market-based multirobot control

Multirobot coordination, if made efficient and robust, promises high impact on automation. The challenge is to enable robots to work together in an intelligent manner to execute a global task. The market approach has had considerable success in the multirobot coordination domain. This paper investigates the effects of introducing opportunistic optimization with leaders to enhance market-based multirobot coordination. Leaders are able to optimize within subgroups of robots by collecting information about their tasks and status, and re-allocating the tasks within the subgroup in a more profitable manner. The presented work considers the effects of a leader optimizing a single subgroup, and some effects of multiple leaders optimizing overlapping subgroups. The implementations were tested on a variation of the distributed traveling salesman problem. Presented results show that global costs can be reduced, and hence task allocation can be improved, utilizing leaders.
Antigene and Antiproliferative Effects of a c-myc-targeting Phosphorothioate Triple Helix-forming Oligonucleotide in Human Leukemia Cells

The c-myc gene is frequently deregulated and overexpressed in human cancers, and strategies designed to inhibit c-myc expression in cancer cells may have considerable therapeutic value. The purpose of the present work was to characterize the antigene and antiproliferative activity of a triple helix-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) targeted to a homopurine-homopyrimidine sequence in the P2 promoter of the c-myc gene. The TFO was synthesized with phosphorothioate (PS) internucleotide linkages to confer resistance to intra- and extracellular nucleases. This property is required of oligonucleotides designed for in vivo testing and therapeutic applications. The PS-TFO was found to form triplex DNA with affinity and specificity comparable with that of the corresponding phosphodiester TFO, as shown by gel mobility shift and footprinting assays. Fluorescence microscopy and polyacrylamide gel analysis showed that the fluorescein-labeled PS-TFO accumulated in nuclei of CEM leukemia cells and remained intact for at least 72 h. Incubation of CEM cells with PS-TFO reduced c-myc RNA and protein levels. A single exposure of leukemia cells to the PS-TFO was sufficient to induce dose-dependent growth inhibitory effects. Growth inhibition correlated with accumulation of cells in S phase and with induction of cell death by apoptosis. The PS-TFO was also effective in other leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. Control oligonucleotides had minimal effects in all assays. These data indicate that the c-myc-targeted PS-TFO is an effective antigene and antiproliferative agent, with potential for testing in vivo as a novel approach to cancer therapy.
Highly Attenuated Rabies Virus—Based Vaccine Vectors Expressing Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus89.6P Env and Simian Immunodeficiency Virusmac239 Gag Are Safe in Rhesus Macaques and Protect from an AIDS-Like Disease

We analyzed the safety and immunogenicity of attenuated rabies virus vectors expressing simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-1(89.6P) Env or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)(mac239) Gag in rhesus macaques. Four test macaques were immunized with both vaccine constructs, and 2 control macaques received an empty rabies vector. Seroconversion against rabies virus glycoprotein (G) and SHIV(89.6P) Env was detected after the initial immunization, but no cellular responses against SHIV antigens were observed. HIV/SIV-specific immune responses were not enhanced by boosts with the same vectors. Therefore, we constructed vectors expressing SHIV(89.6P) Env and SIV(mac239) Gag in which the rabies G was replaced with the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Two years after initial immunization, a boost with the rabies-VSV G vectors resulted in SIV/HIV-specific immune responses. Upon challenge with SHIV(89.6P) test macaques controlled the infection, whereas control macaques had high levels of viremia and a profound loss of CD4(+) T cells, with 1 control macaque dying of an AIDS-like disease.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)-Induced Increase in Capillary Albumin and Water Flux

Circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) rise in response to acute hypervolemia and during chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure or arterial hypertension.1,2,3 Intravenous infusion of the peptide depresses mean arterial blood pressure and elevates hematocrit in both normal and hypertensive subjects.4,5 Although ANP is a potent vasorelaxant and reduces peripheral vascular resistance, recent studies suggest that ANP-induced hypotension results primarily from a drop in cardiac output.6,7,8 ANP infusion reduces plasma volume in normotensive rats; which may account, at least in part, for the change in cardiac output.9,10 Investigations thus far have failed to identify a direct inotropic effect of the peptide on cardiac muscle.6
Lobbying in the Virtual World: Perceptions in the Nonprofit Sector

Electronic lobbying efforts have become an essential, yet profoundly underutilized strategy of nonprofit organizations to advance the representation of the underserved in policymaking. Through a survey and interviews of leaders and staff members in state nonprofit associations that are members of the National Council of Nonprofits, this study examines the use and perceived effectiveness of nonprofit electronic lobbying activities and the communication channels employed for this purpose, in addition to exploring social crises and technological barriers potentially limiting nonprofit adoption of these activities. The study concludes that state nonprofit associations actively utilize email as an electronic lobbying activity to reach policymakers, but the activity is rarely employed to disseminate information to the general public. Social media methods such as blogging and social networking sites are used less frequently, but they are often perceived as being highly effective as a grassroots lobbying activity.
Learning with Deep Cascades

We introduce a broad learning model formed by cascades of predictors, Deep Cascades, that is structured as general decision trees in which leaf predictors or node questions may be members of rich function families. We present new data-dependent theoretical guarantees for learning with Deep Cascades with complex leaf predictors and node questions in terms of the Rademacher complexities of the sub-families composing these sets of predictors and the fraction of sample points reaching each leaf that are correctly classified. These guarantees can guide the design of a variety of different algorithms for deep cascade models and we give a detailed description of two such algorithms. Our second algorithm uses as node and leaf classifiers SVM predictors and we report the results of experiments comparing its performance with that of SVM combined with polynomial kernels.
Dizziness and death: An imbalance in mortality.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine if dizziness is an independent risk factor for mortality among adults in the United States. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Methods Adult respondents in the 2008 NHIS were evaluated. Demographic information (gender, race, ethnicity, education level), prevalence of dizziness, mortality rates, and leading causes of death (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease) were collected and analyzed. The association between dizziness and subsequent mortality was determined adjusting for demographic and other disease factors. Results Among 213.6 ± 3.5 million adult Americans, 23.8 ± 0.7 million reported dizziness in the past 12 months (11.1% ± 0.3%; mean age, 45.9 ± 0.2 years; 51.7% ± 0.5% female). The mortality rate among the group without dizziness in the preceding 12 months was 2.6% ± 0.1%, compared to the dizzy group at 9.0% ± 0.7%. After adjusting for gender and age, there was a statistically significant association between dizziness and mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-2.8). After adjusting for all covariates including age, ethnicity, race, gender, diabetes, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and grade level, dizziness remained an independent predictor of increased mortality (adjusted OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.36-2.18). Conclusions Approximately 11% of adult Americans reported dizziness or balance problems in the preceding 12 months. Adults with dizziness have a greater mortality rate than nondizzy adults. Even after adjusting for covariates, there was a significant association between dizziness and mortality. Screening for dizziness as a risk factor for mortality may be warranted. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 126:2134–2136, 2016
Lactose repressor experimental folding landscape: fundamental functional unit and tetramer folding mechanisms.

The fundamental principles that govern monomer folding are believed to be congruent with those of protein oligomers. However, the effects of protein assembly during the folding reaction can result in a series of complex transitions that are considerably more challenging to deconvolute. Here we developed the experimental protein folding mechanism for the lactose repressor (LacI), for both the dimeric and the tetrameric states, using equilibrium unfolding and kinetic experiments, and by leveraging the previously reported monomer folding landscape. Reaction details for LacI oligomers were observed by way of circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence, and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and as a function of protein concentration. In general, the dimer and tetramer are four-phase folding reactions in which the first three transitions are tantamount to the folding of constituent monomers. The final reaction phase of the LacI dimer can be attributed to protein assembly, based on the concentration dependence of the observed folding rates and intermolecular FRET measurements. Unlike the dimer, the latter reaction phase of the LacI tetramer is not dependent on protein concentration, likely because of a strong tethering of the monomers, which simplifies the folding reaction by eliminating an explicit protein assembly phase. Finally, folding of the LacI dimer and tetramer was assessed in the presence of polyethylene glycol to rule out inert molecular crowding as the driving force for the protein folding reaction; in addition, these data provide insight into the folding mechanism in vivo.
A Capability to Model Crack Initiation and Growth in Solder Joints

A new capability to model both crack initiation and growth in eutectic Sn-Pb solder joints was developed and implemented into finite element analysis codes. Two significant developments were needed to create this new capability. First, an ability to accelerate the simulations such that the effects of hundreds or thousands of thermal cycles could be modeled in a reasonable amount of time was needed. This was accomplished by applying a user prescribed acceleration factor to specific terms in the solder model’s damage evolution equation; then, the damage generated by an acceleration factor of cycles could be captured by the numerical simulation of a single thermal cycle. Second, an ability to capture the geometric effects of crack initiation and growth was needed. This was accomplished by replacing material in finite elements that had met the cracking failure criterion with very flexible elastic material. This diffuse crack modeling approach with local finite elements is known to generate mesh-dependent solutions. However, mesh refinement studies revealed that for thermal mechanical fatigue simulations, the mesh dependency is small and has a small effect on predictions for cycles to generate an electrical open. The new crack modeling approach will be described. Finally, crack predictions are compared with experimental observations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Surface Replicas of the Spores of Fleshy Fungi

Single- or two-stage surface replicas were made of the following: Clitopilus prunulus, Leucopaxillus albissimus var. lentus, Laccaria laccata, Laccaria trullisata, Clitocybe asterospora, Clitocybe ...
Efficiency of supply function equilibrium in networked markets

Motivated by the deregulation of electricity market, we study the efficiency loss of the supply function equilibrium (SFE). Specifically, we consider a market where the demand is inelastic, the suppliers submit their supply functions, and a uniform price is set to clear the market. Existing literature has answers to this question without regard to the network structure of the market. However, in many markets (such as electricity markets), there is an underlying physical network that limits the market operations (e.g., in electricity markets, the transmission network determines how electricity flows through the network and thus puts constraints on the supply profile). Motivated by electricity markets, we study how network topology affects the efficiency of SFE. For general mesh networks, we show that the efficiency loss is upper bounded as in the case without networks. Interestingly, we find a class of radial networks, for which the efficiency loss is independent of the local network topology.
Framing Feedback: Choosing Review Environment Features that Support High Quality Peer Assessment

Peer assessment is rapidly growing in online learning, as it presents a method to address scalability challenges. However, research suggests that the benefits of peer review are obtained inconsistently. This paper explores why, introducing three ways that framing task goals significantly changes reviews. Three experiments manipulated features in the review environment. First, adding a numeric scale to open text reviews was found to elicit more explanatory, but lower quality reviews. Second, structuring a review task into short, chunked stages elicited more diverse feedback. Finally, showing reviewers a draft along with finished work elicited reviews that focused more on the work's goals than aesthetic details. These findings demonstrate the importance of carefully structuring online learning environments to ensure high quality peer reviews.
Flow cytometry in feminizing adrenocortical carcinoma.

AbstractA case of feminizing adrenal cortical neoplasm is presented in which automated flow cytometry determination of deoxyribonucleic acid content was used to confirm malignancy.
New Particle Formation from Methanesulfonic Acid and Amines/Ammonia as a Function of Temperature

Previous studies have shown that methanesulfonic acid (MSA) reacts with amines and ammonia to form particles, which is expected to be particularly important in coastal and agricultural areas. We present the first systematic study of temperature dependence of particle formation from the reactions of MSA with trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), methylamine (MA), and ammonia over the range of 21–28 °C and 0.4–5.9 s in a flow reactor under dry conditions and in the presence of 3 × 1017 cm–3 water vapor. Overall activation energies (Eoverall) for particle formation calculated from the dependence of rates of particle formation on temperature for all of these bases are negative. The negative Eoverall is interpreted in terms of reverse reactions that decompose intermediate clusters in competition with the forward reactions that grow the clusters into particles. The average values of Eoverall for the formation of detectable particles are: TMA, −(168 ± 19) kcal mol–1; DMA, −(134 ± 30) kcal mol–1; MA, −(68 ± ...
MEDIUM EFFECTS ON RADICAL-RADICAL REACTIONS

Both esr and flash photolytic methods have been used to follow the bimolecular decay of photochemically generated ketyl radicals. In saturated hydrocarbon solvents, the rates fit a diffusion kinetic model. In benzene and isopropyl alcohol, the rates are slower. There are also rather large substituent effects on reactivity in the “slow” solvents. The substituent effects are not evident in the “fast” solvents. The variation in rate of decay of acetone ketyl radicals in isopropyl alcohol with temperature is perfectly correlated by the temperature dependence of viscosity. We conclude that the rates are in all cases medium-controlled. Whether or not diffusion, in the classical sense, is limiting is a moot question.
Creating Simulation Parameter Inputs with Existing Data Sources: Estimating Offender Risks, Needs, and Recidivism

Reductions in criminal behavior are best achieved when offenders are placed in appropriate treatment programming options matched to the levels of risk and specific criminogenic needs. A major concern of the existing system is that the services and programs currently offered to offenders in either institutional (prison and jail) or community settings do not match the needs of the populations. In this chapter, we define the major variables used in a simulation model of the risk, need, responsivity framework. As discussed in Chap. 4, it is important to identify the core measures since there is no agreement on how to measure these particular constructs. In order to simulate the impact of different risk and need profiles of offenders placed in various responsivity levels, the model must be sensitive to the changes in parameters related to the concepts of treatment matching. We use this chapter to describe the variety of data sources used to create parameters to inform the RNR Simulation Model. This chapter begins with a description of the data sources and how they were prepared to create a synthetic database. (This refers to a constructed data file that has demographic characteristics of offenders, risk and need profiles, and expected outcomes.) This is followed by a discussion of the variables used to create the static risk and criminogenic need factors. Next is a discussion of measures of recidivism and the process used to combine risk, need, and recidivism information for offenders into a single database. This chapter concludes with a description of procedures used to validate the full synthetic database with information from several jurisdictions in the USA.
Growth Regulators and Irrigation Mitigate Competition Between Intercropped Grass and Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’

Abstract Grass, intercropped with nursery stock, is beneficial to the long-term productivity of a field due to decreased erosion of topsoil and increased soil organic material. The primary disadvantage of using grass as an intercrop is supposedly due to a reduction in nutrients and water available to nursery stock. In the spring of 1999, Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’ trees were planted in herbicide strips with no intercrop (cultivated soil), an intercrop of untreated ryegrass, an intercrop of mowed ryegrass or an intercrop of ryegrass treated with a growth regulator. Half of the trees in each treatment were irrigated and half were not. Growth measurements were taken over two, growing seasons. There were no significant increases in growth with the addition of irrigation with the exception of trees grown with an intercrop of growth regulated ryegrass where the addition of irrigation resulted in greater tree height. Trees grown with no intercrop had the greatest increase in both caliper and height. Trees grown w...
Comment on Lewis et al. Management of Hemoglobin Variants Detected Incidentally in HbA 1c Testing: A Common Problem Currently Lacking a Standard Approach. Diabetes Care 2017;40:e8-e9.

We read with concern the article by Lewis et al. (1) regarding HbA1c analysis in the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study. Although the article focused on reporting the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) variants after incidental detection of variants by HbA1c high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, there was also clear mention of a lack of interference from HbS and HbC with the HbA1c assay used for the study—the Tosoh G8 HPLC. Unfortunately, although the authors claim that there is no interference of these common Hb variants with the Tosoh G8 method, there is clear evidence to the contrary. Our study (2) clearly showed a statistically and clinically significant bias in results from this …
TZA: a novel assay for measuring the latent HIV-1 reservoir

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced mortality and morbidity of those infected with HIV-1 [1,2]. During cART, the plasma virus levels become undetectable by standard ...
The impact of leadership involvement in enhancing high school climate and reducing bullying: An exploratory study

Bullying in secondary schools is a serious concern for educators and parents. The relationship between bullying and school climate has been identified and strategies to improve school climate are a...
Harnessing Technology Innovation to Improve Patient Care.

Harnessing Technology Innovation to Improve Patient Care Thomas Skorup; Frontiers of Health Services Management
The exact sequence of a localization for witt groups

It is often useful to compare the value of a functor defined on a "global" ring to its values on the "local" components of the ring. For example, the Hasse-Minkowski theorem [L,6.3.1] states that a quadratic form over a global field F is isotropic if and only if it is isotropic over its completions at the "places" of F. A straightforward consequence of this deep theorem is a localglobal comparison of the above type, where the functor W of a ring A, W(A), is a stable Grothendieck group on isometry classes of quadratic forms over A:
Upper extremity deep venous thromboembolism following arthroscopic labral repair of the shoulder and biceps tenodesis: a case report.

Study design Case Report. Background Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is a rare complication following arthroscopic shoulder surgery. However, it is possible that a patient with an UEDVT will present to physical therapy as the first service to interact with the patient following surgery. As a result, proper screening in the physical therapy setting is essential. Case description The purpose of this report is to present the case of a 37 year-old male who developed an upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) following arthroscopic glenohumeral labral repair and arthroscopically assisted biceps tenodesis. This patient presented with disproportionate pain and swelling of his involved upper extremity at his initial evaluation in physical therapy (8 days post-operatively), which raised the index of suspicion for an UEDVT. Outcome The patient was referred to the emergency department for immediate diagnostic testing and treatment. A Doppler scan provided a definitive diagnosis of UEDVT. Following successful medical treatment with anti-coagulant therapy, the patient went on to complete an otherwise uneventful course of rehabilitation. Discussion UEDVT events following arthroscopy are rare, and are often attributed to a systemic secondary stimulus. UEDVT following shoulder arthroscopy is a complication that occurs in the orthopaedic setting, but may present primarily to the physical therapist, and as such requires awareness of its clinical presentation and treatment. Care of UEDVT requires a systems-based approach when considering clinical manifestation, best treatment, and future research.
Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroid levels and symptom severity in men with PTSD.

Abstract Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (together termed allo + pregnan) are neurosteroid metabolites of progesterone that equipotently facilitate the action of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors. The adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) allosterically antagonizes GABAA receptors and facilitates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function. In prior research, premenopausal women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) displayed low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of allo + pregnan [undifferentiated by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method used] that correlated strongly and negatively with PTSD reexperiencing and negative mood symptoms. A PTSD-related decrease in the ratio of allo + pregnan to 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP: immediate precursor for allopregnanolone) suggested a block in synthesis of these neurosteroids at 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD). In the current study, CSF was collected from unmedicated, tobacco-free men with PTSD (n = 13) and trauma-exposed healthy controls (n = 17) after an overnight fast. Individual CSF steroids were quantified separately by GC–MS. In the men with PTSD, allo + pregnan correlated negatively with Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) total (ρ=-0.74, p = 0.006) and CAPS-IV derived Simms dysphoria cluster (ρ=-0.71, p = 0.01) scores. The allo+pregnan to DHEA ratio also was negatively correlated with total CAPS (ρ=-0.74, p = 0.006) and dysphoria cluster (ρ=-0.79, p = 0.002) scores. A PTSD-related decrease in the 5α-DHP to progesterone ratio indicated a block in allopregnanolone synthesis at 5α-reductase. This study suggests that CSF allo + pregnan levels correlate negatively with PTSD and negative mood symptoms in both men and women, but that the enzyme blocks in synthesis of these neurosteroids may be sex-specific. Consideration of sex, PTSD severity, and function of 5α-reductase and 3α-HSD thus may enable better targeting of neurosteroid-based PTSD treatments.
Life or death decisions: An analysis of capital jury decision making under the special issues sentencing framework.

The penalty phase deliberation experiences of capital jurors guided by the “special issues” sentencing instructions were investigated. These instructions ask jurors to consider three specific issues to determine whether a defendant should receive a sentence of life imprisonment or the death penalty: whether the crime was committed deliberately; whether there is a probability that the defendant would pose a continuing threat to society; and whether the conduct of the defendant was unreasonable in light of any provocation on the part of the victim. In-depth interviews with 27 jurors explored the organization of the penalty deliberation, the topics discussed, influential factors in the decision-making process, the impact of sentencing instructions, the importance of the possibility of parole, and the stress associated with capital jury service. Jurors relied heavily on sentencing instructions to guide their deliberations and to determine their responsibilities. Future dangerousness and the possibility of parole were critical considerations in deciding between life and death. Although jurors found the capital trial to be stressful, most believed that the life or death decision should be made by jurors. Findings are discussed in light of constitutional concerns about the administration of the death penalty.
A pathway to rapid global solar energy deployment? Exploring the solar dominance hypothesis

Abstract Many observers believe that solar with storage, plus EVs, are emerging as the inevitable future of the energy economy. How fast could this transition occur? This paper reviews the Solar Dominance Hypothesis (SDH). The SDH argues that solar, storage, and related energy and business model innovations are fundamentally disruptive, not incremental technologies. For economic reasons, solar plus storage will provide at least half of electric power generation globally by 2030. In evaluating challenges to the hypothesis, we argue that local, regional and national policy could either impede or substantially support the speed at which solar dominance materializes. At the same time, if the hypothesis is in fact on track, “energy policy’ in the 2020’s will have to transition to a focus addressing economic, political and social concerns including job transitions, stranded economic assets and geopolitical shifts driven by energy and related disruptions.