cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal chromophore structure and Schiff base interactions in red-shifted channelrhodopsin-1 from Chlamydomonas augustae.

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs), which form a distinct branch of the microbial rhodopsin family, control phototaxis in green algae. Because ChRs can be expressed and function in neuronal membranes as light-gated cation channels, they have rapidly become an important optogenetic tool in neurobiology. While channelrhodopsin-2 from the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR2) is the most commonly used and extensively studied optogenetic ChR, little is known about the properties of the diverse group of other ChRs. In this study, near-infrared confocal resonance Raman spectroscopy along with hydrogen–deuterium exchange and site-directed mutagenesis were used to study the structure of red-shifted ChR1 from Chlamydomonas augustae (CaChR1). These measurements reveal that (i) CaChR1 has an all-trans-retinal structure similar to those of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and sensory rhodopsin II but different from that of the mixed retinal composition of CrChR2, (ii) lowering the pH from 7 to ...
Design and evaluation of the FlexiCore metal-on-metal intervertebral disc prosthesis.

Abstract Background context The technical difficulties associated with the development of an intervertebral disc prosthesis include endurance demands on the device, lack of consensus concerning the biomechanical principles governing the articulation of the spinal joint and the performance of materials available for implantation. Purpose Although biologically based disc prostheses and augmentations may be the endpoint of spinal disc replacements, these devices and associated technologies will still require decades of work in order to achieve fruition. The more immediate solution will require a durable, biocompatible device capable of restoring range of motion. The evaluation of such a device must include failure testing of critical components as well as a series of fatigue experiments under overloaded conditions. Study design/setting Recent literature citing adjacent level degeneration associated with segmental mobilization and a lack of correlation between successful fusion and clinical success has prompted the need for a dynamic intervertebral disc prosthesis. Methods Combined with a better understanding of the biomechanics and the prospect of an increasing percentage of more elderly patients, the future of spinal fusion for pain and instability may need to be reexamined. The authors propose a novel metal-on-metal design for an intervertebral device that features a fixed center of rotation, a mechanical torsional limit, a unique feature to allow for the location of the device in a patient-specific manner, and means by which the device may be implanted directly anterior or anterolaterally. Results Physiological ranges of motion are retained by the prosthesis. In addition, initial and long-term fixations are achieved through spines and bone ingrowth coating. The device comprises a retained ball and socket positioned between two baseplates. The ball and socket joint permits articulation through the appropriate physiological range of motion and center of rotation as the baseplates provide a stable platform for implantation. Conclusions An intervertebral disc prosthesis has been designed and has demonstrated mechanical performance beyond what is required physiologically under preliminary testing.
Intracellular adenosine in isolated rat liver cells.

Our objective was to determine whether a non-extracellular pool of adenosine exists in mammalian cells. Rat liver cells were dispersed by a collagenase perfusion technique and suspended in buffered salt solution. The adenosine content of these suspensions rose during hypoxia. Exogenous adenosine deaminase prevented or reversed the hypoxic increment but failed to reduce suspension adenosine levels to zero. This residual adenosine pool (average size=85±10 pmol/mg protein) was not located in the extracellular medium, on surface adenosine receptors or in solution in the cytoplasm. A likely locus is the adenine-analog binding protein which has been described for liver and other tissues. Thus, our study supports the existence of an intracellular adenosine pool in isolated rat liver cells which is a large fraction of the total tissue adenosine. This situation may exist in other cell types as well, based on the ubiquity of the adenosine binding protein. Tissue adenosine content may not, therefore, accurately reflect interstitial adenosine concentration; thus, such measurements must be interpreted cautiously. It is not clear what, if any, functional role this putative, intracellular, bound adenosine pool plays in local vasoregulation.
Kidney development in newborn lambs: Response to water load and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Abstract Six newborn female lambs were maintained on a formula similar to normal ewe's milk and five on a high protein diet for up to 7 weeks. From the earliest postnatal days a series of urine and blood samples was collected from each lamb twice weekly. The first series of samples was obtained after oral water loading and a second series was collected after ADH administration following an identical water load. Diuretic response to oral water load was as pronounced during the early postnatal days as at 7 weeks. The neonatal ovine kidney was responsive to ADH: ADH administration caused a significant alteration in the diuretic pattern induced by oral water load in the earliest postnatal period studies. There was a marked increase in solute excretion following ADH administration in all lambs. Kidneys of lambs maintained on the high protein diet showed enhanced solute free water reabsorption but also had increased excretion of sodium and potassium following ADH administration.
The nature of stress in child-abusing families: a factor analytic study.

An instrument for measuring stress (the Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes: FILE) was administered to 151 parents of abused children. A factor analytic treatment of the results indicated that ten different aspects of stress (factors) best explained the data. Several of these factors seemed to be unique to the abusing environment while the rest were similar to those found in less atypical samples. The results suggest that (a) "local factor analyses" should be employed with atypical samples and (b) both measures of types of stress as well as general stress may be useful. The ten stress factors identified were (1) Trouble with Teenagers, (2) Violence and Separation, (3) Legal Violations, (4) Work, (5) Family Loss, (6) Financial Strains, (7) Illness and Family Care Strains, (8) Public Assistance, (9) Major Changes in Family Situation, and (10) Young Child Management Focus. The "unique" factors that only appeared in our child-abusing sample were (1) Trouble with Teenagers, (2) Violence and Separation, and (8) Public Assistance. Language: en
Persistent changes in spinal cord gene expression after recovery from inflammatory hyperalgesia: A preliminary study on pain memory

Previous studies found that rats subjected to carrageenan injection develop hyperalgesia, and despite complete recovery in several days, they continue to have an enhanced hyperalgesic response to a new noxious challenge for more than 28d. The study's aim was to identify candidate genes that have a role in the formation of the long-term hyperalgesia-related imprint in the spinal cord. This objective was undertaken with the understanding that the long-lasting imprint of acute pain in the central nervous system may contribute to the transition of acute pain to chronicity. To analyze changes in gene expression when carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia has disappeared but propensity for the enhanced hyperalgesic response is still present, we determined the gene expression profile using oligo microarray in the lumbar part of the spinal cord in three groups of rats: 28d after carrageenan injection, 24h after injection (the peak of inflammation), and with no injection (control group). Out of 17,000 annotated genes, 356 were found to be differentially expressed compared with the control group at 28d, and 329 at 24h after carrageenan injection (both groups at p < 0.01). Among differentially expressed genes, 67 (39 in 28d group) were identified as being part of pain-related pathways, altered in different models of pain, or interacting with proteins involved in pain-related pathways. Using gene ontology (GO) classification, we have identified 3 functional classes deserving attention for possible association with pain memory: They are related to cell-to-cell interaction, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis. Despite recovery from inflammatory hyperalgesia, persistent changes in spinal cord gene expression may underlie the propensity for the enhanced hyperalgesic response. We suggest that lasting changes in expression of genes involved in the formation of new synapses and neurogenesis may contribute to the transition of acute pain to chronicity.
“Are There Any Children for Sale?”: Genocide and the Transfer of Armenian Children (1915–1922)

The forced transfer of children from one group to another is considered an element of the crime of genocide, yet this subject has attracted little scholarly attention. Using the history of the mass transfer of Armenian children during the Armenian Genocide of 1915–1922 as a case, this article argues that the study of child transfer and recovery is critical to both the history of human rights and a more sophisticated understanding of genocide, including the forms of genocide accompanying the colonial encounter. The experience of transferred children and their recovery or loss can help better clarify the historical relationship between the concepts of the rights of the child and individual human and minority rights as these have evolved before and immediately after World War II. Moreover, this article also contends that it is important to characterize child transfer as genocide, as opposed to colonial assimilation or acculturation as a feature of modernization, when explaining the broader social impact of m...
The mouse forkhead gene Foxc1 is required for primordial germ cell migration and antral follicle development.

Abstract Foxc1 encodes a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor expressed in many embryonic tissues. Previous studies have investigated defects in the urogenital system of Foxc1 null mutants, but the mechanisms underlying the abnormal development of the gonad have not been explored. From earliest stages, the mutant ovaries are smaller than normal, with fewer germ cells and disorganized somatic issue. No bursa membrane is formed, and the oviduct remains uncoiled. Although germ cells are specified correctly, many of them do not migrate to the gonadal ridge, remaining trapped in the hindgut. Consequently, the number initially reaching the gonad is less than 25% of normal. Once in the ovary, germ cells proliferate normally, but the supporting somatic cells are not organized correctly. Since mutant embryos die at birth, further development was followed in ovaries grafted underneath the kidney capsule of ovariectomized females. Transplanted ovaries display normal folliculogenesis up to preantral stages. However, no follicles develop beyond early antral stages. Mutant follicles are often polyovulatory and have disrupted theca and granulosa cell layers. We conclude that alongside its previously known roles in kidney, cardiovascular and eye development, Foxc1 has essential functions during at least two stages of gonad development—germ cell migration and folliculogenesis.
Implications of three parameter solutions to the three-layer model

The use of relative reflectivity changes as an independent third ellipsometric parameter provide insight into shortcomings of the three layer model in thin film systems. An analysis of the successes and failures of this approach in the study of thin films produced electrochemically is presented. An algorithm for the rapid computer evaluation of two (Δ and ψ) and three (Δ, ψ, and δR/R) parameter value for n, k and t of an absorbing film is discussed.
Morphological evidence that regenerating axons can fuse with severed axon segments

Abstract Regenerating axons of sensory neurons in the leech nerve cord usually reconnect with their normal targets by growing the entire distance from the site of lesion to the target. However, is less than 1% to nearly 10% of cases a rapid restoration of the normal arborization occurs when the regenerating axon connects with the severed distal segment of the same cell or another cell of the same modality. The passage of horseradish peroxidase (mol.wt∼ 40, 000 daltons) from the regenerating axon selectively into the axon or cell with which it has connected indicates that the two have joined or fused, rather than become linked by an electrical synapse, as sometimes occurs for other neurons in the leech. These results support the conclusions, based largely on physiological data from regenerating motor axons in crayfish, that unusually rapid and complete regeneration can occur when a growing axon fuses with its severed distal segment.
The Pulsating Heart and Its Divine Sense Energies: Body and Touch in Abhinavagupta's Trika Śaivism

This paper is a study of the significance of body and touch in the embodied thinking and lifeworld of the Hindu Tantric visionary Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 C.E.). I elucidate Abhinavagupta's embodied phenomenology of Śiva-Who-Is-Being, focusing on his multivocal metaphor of the pulsating heart and its divine sense-energies. I show that Abhinavagupta understood the central act of salvation, the recollection (vimarśa) of Being, or ultimate consciousness, as being a bodily felt process. Abhinavagupta drew on an earlier body of discourse and practice, the Kaula Trika substratum, whose pivotal ritual was that of sexual union. Thus, Abhinavagupta recovered the body and senses for consciousness in a sensuous and erotic phenomenology, so that vimarśa was understood precisely as the “body's recollection of Being,” the bodily felt awareness of the Pulsating Heart.
Using Full Repeats to Initiate Repair on Others’ Questions

This article is a conversation-analytic investigation of a previously undescribed practice of other-initiation of repair designed to locate an entire action as the repairable. This practice is implemented by a full, virtually identical, final-rising-intoned repeat of a sentential turn-constructional unit (a full repeat). This article focuses on how the full repeat is deployed to deal with one type of action, the question (i.e., a first-pair part whose primary action is one of requesting information in the vernacular sense). The full repeat delimits the nature of the trouble by working to rule out that of hearing-what-was-said and understanding-that-a-question-was-asked. The full repeat tacitly claims that a questioning action is somehow problematic. The nature of this problem can be one of either understanding the questioning action (i.e., trouble understanding the thrust of the question-as-a-whole, or what it is getting at, or what is meant by its asking), or accepting the questioning action (e.g., chara...
A Diagnostic Study of a Non-Deepening Disturbance in the Caribbean Sea

Abstract This paper discusses the results obtained from a study of a non-deepening disturbance which developed and dissipated in the Caribbean Sea. Careful analyses Of the temperature moisture, and wind fields Were performed at six levels for a two-day, period while the disturbance was dissipating. The data were used to compute vertical motions from a nonlinear balance model for the purpose of diagnosing the reasons for decay of the disturbance. The vertical motions that were derived from the diagnostic computations compared favorably with the synoptic-scale cloud distribution. The results suggested that the presence of clouds within the disturbance on the first day was attributed to 1) frictionally induced ascending motions in the lower troposphere where there were large values of specific humidity, 2) the Laplacian of thermal advection which produced rising motions in the lower and upper troposphere where there were weak, though significant, temperature gradients, and 3) ascending motions in the upper t...
Alcohol Exposure Decreases CREB Binding Protein Expression and Histone Acetylation in the Developing Cerebellum

Background Fetal alcohol exposure affects 1 in 100 children making it the leading cause of mental retardation in the US. It has long been known that alcohol affects cerebellum development and function. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate that CREB binding protein (CBP) is widely expressed in granule and Purkinje neurons of the developing cerebellar cortex of naive rats. We also show that exposure to ethanol during the 3rd trimester-equivalent of human pregnancy reduces CBP levels. CBP is a histone acetyltransferase, a component of the epigenetic mechanism controlling neuronal gene expression. We further demonstrate that the acetylation of both histone H3 and H4 is reduced in the cerebellum of ethanol- treated rats. Conclusions/Significance These findings indicate that ethanol exposure decreases the expression and function of CBP in the developing cerebellum. This effect of ethanol may be responsible for the motor coordination deficits that characterize fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Photokilling of bacteria by the natural dye curcumin

Curcumin is a yellow-orange compound derived from the root of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae family), that has been used as a medicine, spice and coloring agent. Curcumin has proved nontoxic in a number of cell culture and whole animal studies. Curcumin has, however, been reported to have bactericidal effects at very high concentrations. When illuminated, curcumin exerted potent phototoxic effects in micromolar amounts. Gram-negative bacteria displayed greater resistance to curcumin phototoxicity relative to Gram-positive bacteria. Oxygen was required for curcumin phototoxicity. Curcumin binding to cells was not required for photokilling; the reactive intermediate therefore must be relatively long-lived. The mechanism(s) of curcumin phototoxicity may involve hydrogen peroxide production. Singlet excited oxygen was not detected.
A case-control method for assessing environmental risks from multiple industrial point sources

Abstract Models for assessing associations between environmental risks and cancer are becoming increasingly important in epidemiology. Studies relating air pollution levels to cancer mortality or morbidity may employ models of varying complexity to predict ground-level dosages. This study utilizes a simple method based on the inverse of distances from point sources, weighted by annual average emissions, to create an industrial emissions score for each census tract in two industrialized Texas counties. In a case-control study of liver cancer, residential patterns at time of death were evaluated utilizing a model in which the appropriate census tract scores were assigned to study subjects. The hypothesis that there was no difference between cases and controls in their proximity to industrial plants was tested and could not be rejected. No interaction between employment status and proximity scores was observed.
Reference Deconvolution, Phase Correction, and Line Listing of NMR Spectra by the 1D Filter Diagonalization Method

We describe a new way to attack the problem of identifying and quantifying the number of NMR transitions in a given NMR spectrum. The goal is to reduce the spectrum to a tabular line list of peak positions, widths, amplitudes, and phases, and to have this line list be of high fidelity. In this context "high fidelity" means that each true NMR transition is represented by a single entry, with no spurious entries and no missed peaks. A high fidelity line list allows the measurement of chemical shifts and coupling constants with good accuracy and precision and is the ultimate in data compression. There are two parts to the problem. The first is to overcome common imperfections: the non-Lorentzian lineshapes that can arise whenever the magnetic field inhomogeneity is less than perfect, and nonzero time delays that cause frequency-dependent phase errors. The second is to fit the spectral features to a model of Lorentzian lines. We use the recently developed filter diagonalization method (FDM) to accomplish the reference deconvolution, the phase correction, and the fitting, and show good progress toward the goal of obtaining a high fidelity line list.
Classical chaos and fluctuation-dissipation relations for nonlinear response

The classical nonlinear optical response is expressed in a form that closely resembles the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The nth-order response is shown to depend on interferences among n closely lying trajectories. The relevant dynamical information on the vicinity of a given trajectory can be recast using the stability matrix related to the Lyapunov exponents. No such interference exists in the linear response, and the nonlinear response is consequently a much more sensitive probe for classical chaos. Sequences of multiple femtosecond pulses can be designed to directly probe the stability matrix. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Titin mutation defines roles for circulation in endothelial morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of the developing vascular network requires coordinated regulation of an extensive array of endothelial cell behaviors. Precisely regulated signaling molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) direct some of these endothelial behaviors. Newly forming blood vessels also become subjected to novel biomechanical forces upon initiation of cardiac contractions. We report here the identification of a recessive mouse mutation termed shrunken-head (shru) that disrupts function of the Titin gene. Titin was found to be required for the initiation of proper heart contractions as well as for maintaining the correct overall shape and orientation of individual cardiomyocytes. Cardiac dysfunction in shrunken-head mutant embryos provided an opportunity to study the effects of lack of blood circulation on the morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Without blood flow, differentiating endothelial cells display defects in their shapes and patterns of cell-cell contact. These endothelial cells, without exposure to blood circulation, have an abnormal distribution within vasculogenic vessels. Further effects of absent blood flow include abnormal spatial regulation of angiogenesis and elevated VEGF signaling. The shrunken-head mutation has provided an in vivo model to precisely define the roles of circulation on cellular and network aspects of vascular morphogenesis.
SPEAR3 DC MAGNET POWER SUPPLIES - AN OVERVIEW

The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) has successfully commissioned SPEAR 3, its newly upgraded 3-GeV synchrotron light source. First stored beam occurred December 15, 2003. This paper presents an overview and descriptions of the DC magnet power supplies. These consist of tightly-regulated ({le} 10 ppm) current sources ranging in output from 30 A to 800 A and output power ranging from a few watts to almost 1.0 MW. A total of 226 magnet power supplies are in successful operation. The SPEAR 3 upgrade performance and reliability requirements mandated new power supplies for both the SPEAR 3 storage ring, and for the booster-to-SPEAR 3 (BTS) transport line. A large variety of precise, highly stable current power supplies were needed to fill the diverse magnet needs. Also described are outside procurement aspects, in-house construction, installation, testing, performance and operation of the power supplies. During field testing, special emphasis was made to ensure a critically damped response on the current loop. Frequency spectra measurements were made for reference and future diagnostics.
AKI in a Hospitalized Patient with Cellulitis

Summary AKI occurs commonly in hospitalized patients with multiple comorbidities. In this Attending Rounds, a woman with AKI in the setting of an infection, use of antibiotics and other medications, bacteremia, and hypotension is considered. Such patients lead to a broad differential diagnosis for AKI including prerenal AKI, acute tubular injury/acute tubular necrosis, infection-related GN, and drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. The roles of an accurate history, physical examination, laboratory data, and kidney biopsy are highlighted in establishing the correct diagnosis in such patients.
Development and Evaluation of Models to Predict the Feed Intake of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Inaccurate prediction of dry matter intake (DMI) limits the ability of current models to anticipate the technical and economic consequences of adopting different strategies for production management on individual dairy farms. The objective of the present study was to develop an accurate, robust, and broadly applicable prediction model and to compare it with the current NRC model for dairy cows in early lactation. Among various functions, an exponential model was selected for its best fit to DMI data of dairy cows in early lactation. Daily DMI data (n = 8,547) for 3 groups of Holstein cows (at Illinois, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania) were used in this study. Cows at Illinois and New Hampshire were fed totally mixed diets for the first 70 d of lactation. At Pennsylvania, data were for the first 63 d postpartum. Data from Illinois cows were used as the developmental dataset, and the other 2 datasets were used for model evaluation and validation. Data for BW, milk yield, and milk composition were only available for Illinois and New Hampshire cows; therefore, only these 2 datasets were used for model comparisons. The exponential model, fitted to the individual cow daily DMI data, explained an average of 74% of the total variation in daily DMI for Illinois data, 49% of the variation for New Hampshire data, 67% of the variation for Pennsylvania data, and 64% of the variation overall. Based on all model selection criteria used in this study, the exponential model for prediction of weekly DMI of individual cows was superior to the current NRC equation. The exponential model explained 85% of the variation in weekly mean DMI compared with 42% for the NRC equation. Compared with the relative prediction error of 6% for the exponential model, that associated with prediction using the NRC equation was 14%. The overall mean square prediction error value for individual cows was 5-fold higher for the NRC equation than for the exponential model (10.4 vs. 2.0 kg2/d2). The consistently accurate and robust prediction of DMI by the exponential model for all data-sets suggested that it could safely be used for predicting DMI in many circumstances.
Chiropractic care of a patient with thoracic outlet syndrome and arrhythmia.

Objective The purpose of this article is to describe a case report and discuss a possible anatomical explanation of the occurrence of arrhythmias in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS).
On the determination of phosphorus via charged particle activation analysis

The feasibility of charged particle activation analysis for phosphorus measurements was evaluated. Several nuclear reactions were studied with respect to pertinent activation data, thick target yields for calibration, relative excitation functions, and quantitative importances of interferences. Determination of phosphorus by the reaction31P(α,n)34mCl was determined to be most advantagous with sensitivity competitive with other techniques.
Active Learning Image Spam Hunter

Image spam is annoying email users around the world. Most previous work for image spam detection focuses on supervised learning approaches. However, it is costly to get enough trustworthy labels for learning, especially for an adversarial problem where spammers constantly modify patterns to evade the classifier. To address this issue, we employ the principle of active learning where the learner guides the user to label as few images as possible while maximizing the classification accuracy. Active learning is more suited for online image spam filtering since it dramatically reduces the labeling costs with negligible overhead while maintaining high recognition performance. We present and compare two active learning algorithms, based on an SVM and a Gaussian process classifier respectively. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to apply active learning for the task of spam image filtering. Experimental results demonstrate that our active learning based approaches quickly achieve > 99% high detection rate and < 0.5% low false positive rate with small number of images being labeled.
Electronic Band Structure of {Al2O3}, with Comparison to Alon and {AIN}

As the uses of Al2O3 and other ceramics expand into new and more demanding applications, it is increasingly important to understand their electronic structure and its relationship to properties. However, compared with metals, semiconductors, or alkali halides, our understanding of the electronic structure of ceramic materials is limited. There has been much recent progress in our understanding of the electronic structure of Al2O3, based on the applications of new experimental and theoretial methods. Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and valence band photoemission spectroscopy coupled with pseudofunction band structure methods provide a comprehensive approach to study a wide variety of electronic structure issues of importance to ceramic materials. The high-temperature electronic structure and its role in determining the high-temperature, intrinsic, electronic conductivity gives us the ability to evaluate high-temperature conductivity data, and supports the conclusion that Al2O3 is predominantly an electronic conductor at high-temperatures. The strain dependence of the electronic structure, as embodied in the deformation potentials, provides a simple method to determine surface stresses and strains. The variation of the electronic structure in the family Al2O3-AION-AIN demonstrates the changes associated with the valence band chemistry of changing the anion from oxygen to nitrogen, and the bonding from mixed ioniccovalent in the direction of greater covalency. These changes in the anion valence bands lead to dramatic changes in the atomic and electronic nature of room-temperature bimaterial interface formation for copper to Al2O3 or AIN. The application of this new methodology to develop our perspective on electronic structure and apply it to problems associated with temperature, stress, composition, or interface formation can improve our understanding of many critical questions in ceramics.
Conduction by Polarons in Ionic Crystals

Strongly ionic crystals such as the alkali or silver halides have filled valence bands which are separated from empty conduction bands by forbidden regions as wide as several electron-volts. Consequently these materials are insulators at low temperature. On the other hand, small photocurrents can be made to flow when the crystals are illuminated with light capable of producing electrons and holes. Photoexcitation takes place in highly perfect crystals either by a one-photon process across the band gap or, at very high light intensity, by a two-photon process. In the latter case, the sum of the photon energies must be equal to or greater than the band gap. Defects which become electron donors can be introduced into ionic crystals just as in semiconductors. In the alkali halides, the most common donor is the F center, or electron trapped at a negative-ion vacancy, and this defect can be formed either by radiation, for example, X-rays, or by heating in alkali metal vapor, i.e., additive coloration. The F-center electron in its ground state is bound with too great an energy to be thermally ionized at room temperature. Therefore, colored alkali halide crystals can be made conducting most conveniently by illuminating with light whose quantum energy is equal to or greater than the ionization energy of the F center, usually 3 or 4 eV.
Deep sequencing of small RNAs from human skin reveals major alterations in the psoriasis miRNAome

cing in a large patient cohort. We generated 6.7 3 10 8 small RNA reads representing 717 known and 284 putative novel microRNAs (miRNAs). We also observed widespread expression of isomiRs and miRNA ∗ s derived from known and novel miRNA loci, and a low frequency of miRNA editing in normal and psoriatic skin. The expression and processing of selected novel miRNAs were confirmed with qRT-PCR in skin and other human tissues or cell lines. Eighty known and 18 novel miRNAs were 2‐42-fold differentially expressed in psoriatic skin. Of particular significance was the 2.7-fold upregulation of a validated novel miRNA derived from the antisense strand of the miR-203 locus, which plays a role in epithelial differentiation. Other differentially expressed miRNAs included hematopoietic-specific miRNAs such as miR-142-3p and miR-223/223 ∗ , and angiogenic miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-378, miR-100 and miR-31, which was the most highly upregulated miRNA in psoriatic skin. The functions of these miRNAs are consistent with the inflammatory and hyperproliferative phenotype of psoriatic lesions. In situ hybridization of differentially expressed miRNAs revealed stratified epidermal expression of an uncharacterized keratinocyte-derived miRNA, miR-135b, as well as the epidermal infiltration of the hematopoietic-specific miRNA, miR-142-3p, in psoriatic lesions. This study lays a critical framework for functional characterization of miRNAs in healthy and diseased skin.
Noninvariance Groups in Particle Physics

The concept of a noninvariance group is introduced by considering some classical systems. This is then used to study properties of strongly interacting particles. A logically consistent way of deriving static properties such as magnetic moments and electromagnetic mass differences, as well as predictions regarding scattering cross sections, is described.
Hearing Spaces: David Tudor's Collaboration on Sea Tails

In 1983, David Tudor collaborated with kite artist Jackie Matisse and filmmaker Molly Davies on a six-monitor video piece called Sea Tails: Davies filmed Matisse's underwater kites, and Tudor recorded sea sounds from which he later mixed a score. Using notes and correspondence found at the Getty Research Institute, as well as interviews conducted with Matisse and Davies, the author reconstructs the collaborative process of making Sea Tails. Points of contact between the media of film, sculpture and sound reveal Tudor's post- Cagean form of collaboration, in which Tudor ceded control over compositional process and performance to outside forces—Matisse and Davies and the reverberation of the performance and sea spaces.
The Regularization-Homotopy Method for the Linear and Non-linear Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind

In this work, a reliable treatment for the linear and nonlinear Fredholm integral equations of the first kind is presented. The regularization method combined with the homotopy perturbation method is employed to handle the ill-posed Fredholm problems. Also, the reliability of the regularization-homotopy method is justified using illustrative examples.
On precise center stable manifold theorems for certain reaction–diffusion and Klein–Gordon equations

Abstract We consider positive, radial and exponentially decaying steady state solutions of the general reaction–diffusion and Klein–Gordon type equations and present an explicit construction of infinite-dimensional invariant manifolds in the vicinity of these solutions. The result is a precise stable manifold theorem for the reaction–diffusion equation and a precise center-stable manifold theorem for the Klein–Gordon equation, which include the co-dimension of the manifolds and the decay rates for even perturbations.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of electronic structure in colloidal indium phosphide quantum dots

PACS 81.07.Ta We present detailed electronic structure calculations, based on an atomistic pseudopotential approach, for a 42 A InP QD; theoretical results are correlated to results of experimental measurements. To better understand energy loss dynamics and mechanisms for hot carriers in QDs, we investigate relaxation between electronic levels in InP QDs with diameters significantly smaller than twice the Bohr exciton radius. Energy level spacings exceeding the optical phonon energy present the opportunity for slowed charge carrier cooling (phonon bottleneck effect). However, interaction between confined electrons and holes provides an alternate, efficient relaxation route. Therefore, we expect sufficiently fast charge separation to weaken the Coulomb interaction and decrease the electronic energy loss rate. We study electronic relaxation in InP QDs using variations of subpicosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. 1 Introduction Nanomaterials exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, and offer the potential to enhance the efficiency of solar energy conversion through utilization of hot carriers to either increase the photovoltage or to increase the photocurrent via impact ionization [1]. Colloidally-prepared semiconductor QDs lie typically in the 10 A to 100 A diameter range, and display clear quantum size effects, including emission blue-shifted from that of the bulk, and absorption spectra which include discrete exciton transition features. The large spacings between conduction levels of many tens of meV or more have been the subject of carrier relaxation studies seeking evidence for or against the phonon bottleneck effect. The phonon bottleneck effect [2–4] in colloidal QDs has proven elusive; electron-hole carriercarrier scattering has been shown to yield an efficient energy relaxation channel for hot electrons [5, 6]. Charge separation on a timescale competitive with relaxation offers the best route to slowed electronic relaxation. We discuss here results based on theoretical and experimental investigations of electronic structure and relaxation in InP QDs. We identify single particle levels and exciton states for a 42 A diameter InP QD, including states with orbital angular momentum of S, P, and D symmetry. Our experimental results based on transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy yield spectral data in good agreement with theoretical electronic structure calculations, and our time-dependent data indicate that fast charge carrier separation leads to slowed relaxation of hot electrons. 2 Theoretical To determine the electronic structure in more detail than previously available, as well as to compare experiment with theory, we calculated excitonic energies for a 41.8 A diameter InP QD using the atomistic pseudopotential method [7]. Initially we compute 32 single-particle valence states and 16
Detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in cats with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

Background — Increased serum parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) concentration is used to diagnose humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) in humans and animals. A commercially available assay for human PTHrP has diagnostic utility in the dog, but has not been assessed in cats. Objectives — The goals of this study were to determine serum or plasma levels of PTHrP in a population of hypercalcemic cats and to determine whether increased PTHrP concentration was associated with malignancy. In addition, we validated immunoradiometric assays (IRMAs) for intact parathormone (iPTH) and PTHrP for use with feline samples. Methods — A retrospective analysis of iPTH and PTHrP results from 322 hypercalcemic cats (ionized calcium concentration >1.4 mmol/L) was performed. Immunoassays for human iPTH and PTHrP (residues 1–84) were validated using standard methods, and reference intervals were calculated using values from 31 healthy adult cats. Hypercalcemic cats were classified as parathyroid-independent (iPTH 4.6 pmol/L). Seven cats with detectable or increased PTHrP concentrations were evaluated further for underlying disease. Formalin-fixed neoplastic tissues were immunohistochemically stained using rabbit antibody to human midregion PTHrP. Results — Assays for iPTH and PTHrP showed acceptable precision for feline samples. The reference interval for iPTH was 0.8–4.6 pmol/L and for PTHrP was 1.5 pmol/L (range 1.5–26.6 pmol/L). All 7 cats for which follow-up information was available had HHM; 6 had carcinomas (4 lung carcinomas, 1 undifferentiated carcinoma, 1 thyroid carcinoma) and 1 had lymphoma. All tumors had mild to moderate positive staining for PTHrP; however, lung carcinomas from normocalcemic cats also stained positive. Conclusions — Human IRMA for PTHrP (1–84) can be used to measure PTHrP in cats. Malignancies, particularly carcinomas, appear to secrete PTHrP and induce HHM in this species. Immunohistochemistry alone cannot predict the occurrence of HHM in cats.
Emerging role of topotecan in front-line treatment of carcinoma of the ovary

The conventional front-line chemotherapy strategy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma has become adjuvant administration of platinum (carboplatin and cisplatin), either alone or, most often, in combination with a taxane. However, a number of active agents have been identified in phase II/III trials of second-line and salvage ovarian cancer patients that may augment this front-line strategy. One agent, topotecan, has antitumor activity comparable with paclitaxel in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer and is an established treatment in secondline or salvage settings. Additionally, its mechanism of action is different from paclitaxel and is nonoverlapping. These properties, coupled with the in vitro synergy observed in tumor models among topotecan, paclitaxel, and platinum, have provided the rationale for investigators to examine topotecan in front-line ovarian cancer therapy. A number of strategies for incorporating topotecan into front-line therapy are under active investigation, including the replacement of paclitaxel with topotecan, a triplet regimen with cisplatin or carboplatin and paclitaxel, a consolidation regimen consisting of several courses of a platinum agent and paclitaxel followed by several courses of topotecan, and a sequential doublet regimen in which patients receive platinum in every course as part of a doublet with alternating or sequential topotecan and paclitaxel. Preliminary data from ongoing clinical trials of these new regimens show favorable response rates and generally manageable toxicity profiles. This review summarizes the preliminary clinical findings associated with the four strategies and outlines ongoing and future randomized studies of topotecan in front-line ovarian cancer. The Oncologist 2002;7(suppl 5):46-55
Influence Functions of a Point Force for Multiply Connected Kirchhoff Plates

A modified version of the classical method of functional equations is developed for accurate evaluation of the response to a transverse point concentrated force for multiply connected Kirchhoff plates. The resolving potentials are built, in this version, with the aid of Green functions of the biharmonic equation for regions of standard shape. The importance of having readily computable representations of such Green functions is emphasized. Since the observation and the source points in the resolving potentials occupy different sets, the boundary value problems to consider reduce to some functional (integral) equations with relatively smooth kernels. It is shown that not only the deflection function, but also the stress components caused by a transverse point force, are accurately computable within this approach.
Attachment/detachment hysteresis of fiber-based magnetic grabbers

We developed an experimental protocol to analyze the behaviour of a model fiber-based magnetic grabber. A fiber is vertically suspended and fixed to the substrate by its upper end. A magnetic droplet is attached to the free end of the fiber and when a permanent magnet approaches the droplet, the fiber is forced to bow and finally jumps to the magnet. It appears that one can flex the micro-fibers by very small micro or even nano-Newton forces. Using this setup, we discovered a hysteresis of fiber attachment/detachment: the pathway of the fiber jumping to and off the magnet depends on the distance between the magnet and the clamped end. This phenomenon was successfully explained by the Euler–Benoulli model of an elastic beam. The observed hysteresis of fiber attachment/detachment was attributed to the multiple equilibrium configurations of the fiber tip placed in a dipole-type magnetic field.
“Looking for a Few Good Women”: Volunteerism as an Interaction in Two Organizations

A substantial body of research examines volunteerism via surveys of individual volunteers or volunteer organizations. The authors argue that researchers must expand this conceptualization of volunteering to include the interactive process between the volunteer and the organization. Using structuration theory as a guiding framework, the authors examine how volunteers' behavior is both shaped by and also affects the way in which two organizations are structured. In this comparative case study, the authors utilize participant observation, interviews, and archival analysis to illustrate this interaction in two organizations, a no-kill cat shelter and a resource organization for women who partner with women. They find that the character of the labor process, and specifically whether it entails the expenditure of emotional labor, leads to either burdensome or rewarding volunteer experiences. The authors further underscore the importance of examining emerging trends in “episodic volunteering” and shifts in nonpr...
Landscapes of Belonging: Protestant Activism in Revolutionary Egypt

The year 2011 saw a remarkable visibility of Christian Egyptian activism, especially among Coptic Orthodox youth movements and Protestant churches. Drawing on both historical and ethnographic material, this article explores the idioms of blood and land used by Protestant pastors and lay leaders at Kasr al-Dobara Evangelical Church bordering Tahrir Square to explain their revolutionary sympathies and to impel those of their congregation. This research connects these twenty-first-century discourses of revolution and responsibility with late nineteenth-century colonial representations of Copts as the native sons of Egypt. I argue that it is through the historical reading of these landscapes of belonging that one can understand these moments of confident, self-assured Christian activism in the face of mounting sectarian and political violence.
Structural Dynamics of a Frame Including Axial Load Effects

This paper considers the free vibration of a plane, rectangular, portal frame consisting of slender members. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are influenced by the addition of mass at the corners of the frame. The members are sufficiently slender that axial effects occur, and may ultimately lead to buckling. The results from both theoretical and experimental studies are presented.
SAS for Mixed Models, Second Edition. R. C.Littell, G. A. Milliken, W. W. Stroup, R. D. Wolfinger, and O. Schabenberger

This book was designed to demonstrate, with applications, how to use the SAS System to analyze data using many different types of mixed models. To fully benefit from the book, readers should have f...
Angular distribution in π- μ decay

Analysis has been made of the decays of 5 034 photoproduced π+ mesons stopping in nuclear emulsion. The angular distribution consistent with isotropy.