cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lineage-specific expression divergence in grasses is associated with Male reproduction, host-pathogen defense, and domestication

Poaceae (grasses) is an agriculturally important and widely distributed family of plants with extraordinary phenotypic diversity, much of which was generated under recent lineage-specific evolution. Yet, little is known about the genes and functional modules involved in the lineage-specific divergence of grasses. Here, I address this question on a genome-wide scale by applying a novel branch-based statistic of lineage-specific expression divergence, LED, to RNA-seq data from nine tissues of the wild grass Brachypodium distachyon and its domesticated relatives Oryza sativa japonica (rice) and Sorghum bicolor (sorghum). I find that LED is generally smallest in B. distachyon and largest in O. sativa japonica, which underwent domestication earlier than S. bicolor, supporting the hypothesis that domestication may increase the rate of lineage-specific expression divergence in grasses. Moreover, in all three species, LED is positively correlated with protein-coding sequence divergence and tissue specificity, and negatively correlated with network connectivity. Further analysis reveals that genes with large LED are often primarily expressed in anther, implicating lineage-specific expression divergence in the evolution of male reproductive phenotypes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis also identifies an overrepresentation of terms related to male reproduction in the two domesticated grasses, as well as to those involved in host-pathogen defense in all three species. Last, examinations of genes with the largest LED reveal that their lineage-specific expression divergence may have contributed to antimicrobial functions in B. distachyon, to enhanced adaptation and yield during domestication in O. sativa japonica, and to defense against a widespread and devastating fungal pathogen in S. bicolor. Together, these findings suggest that lineage-specific expression divergence in grasses may increase under domestication and preferentially target rapidly evolving genes involved in male reproduction, host-pathogen defense, and the origin of domesticated phenotypes.
An identity systems perspective on high ability in self-regulated learning

In this paper, we consider the theoretical implications of having high ability and being labeled as highly able to engagement in self-regulated learning. We frame this theoretical explication with ...
Summarising Pictures

How can one abbreviate visual items? For example, if your goal is to make tactile versions of maps or diagrams in a book, there is much less resolution available in a tactile form. Or, if your goal is to detect similarities of overall shape, you do not wish to be distracted by image detail. We experimented with sketching done in a way that captures the stroke sequence and timing, and realize that the first strokes made often abbreviate the image. We used both sketches made locally on a Wacom tablet, giving us both stroke sequence and timing data, and sketches from the SIGGRAPH dataset which provide sequence but not timing. Our sketches are necessarily simple, but we hope that we can use what we've learned from them to build machine-learning databases to extract important features from more complex imagery. This is a revised version of a talk given at ICDAR in 2013
Stopping Rules as Experimental Design

A “stopping rule” in a sequential experiment is a rule or procedure for deciding when that experiment should end. Accordingly, the “stopping rule principle” (SRP) states that, in a sequential experiment, the evidential relationship between the final data and an hypothesis under consideration does not depend on the experiment’s stopping rule: the same data should yield the same evidence, regardless of which stopping rule was used. In this essay, I reconstruct and rebut five independent arguments for the SRP. Reminding oneself that the stopping rule is a part of an experiment’s design and is no more mysterious than many other design aspects helps elucidate why some of these arguments for the SRP are unsound.
Early-Life Trauma and Diabetes Management: An Under-Recognized Phenomenon in Transition-Aged Youth

Robert is an 18-year-old young man with type 1 diabetes who was noted to have a pattern of increasing A1C at his most recent diabetes clinic visits. The certified diabetes educator reviewed his logs and recognized that he did not calibrate his continuous glucose monitoring system regularly. He denied having any management-related concerns, but when he met with the pediatric endocrinologist, he admitted to avoiding carbohydrate calculations and “winging it” for insulin dosing, which he attributed to “not wanting to deal with his diabetes right now.” As part of the clinic’s multidisciplinary evaluation, he met with a social worker. During this assessment, Robert disclosed that he was struggling with anxiety and intrusive thoughts resulting from witnessing domestic violence between his parents when he was 10 years old. He reported that these thoughts and increased anxiety were newly triggered by recent attempts by his estranged father to contact him. After meeting with the social worker and the clinic’s psychiatrist, he agreed to a referral for trauma therapy to discuss how his heightened hypervigilance and intrusive symptoms may be affecting his diabetes management and to strategize about how to address these symptoms to improve his overall health. Many adolescents and transition-aged young adults with type 1 diabetes do not meet glycemic control treatment targets (1). Depression, anxiety, disordered eating, and inadequate family support around diabetes are recognized as factors that …
Comparisons of Pulmonary Effects in Rats Exposed to Size-Separated Preparations of Para-Aramid Or Chrysotile Asbestos Fibres After 2-Week Inhalation Exposures

This multifunctional study was designed to compare the pulmonary toxic effects of inhaled, size-separated preparations of chrysotile asbestos fibres with Kevlar® aramid fibrils at similar aerosol fibre concentrations. One of the most important factors influencing the pathogenic development of fibre-related lung disease is fibre dimension (Davis et al., 1986). Although chrysotile asbestos fibres have previously produced fibrosis and tumors in the lungs of rats, the mean lengths of fibres used in those studies were short, i.e., in the range of 2 μm. Thus, for adequate comparisons, mean lengths of chrysotile asbestos fibres were size-separated, (i.e., increased) for this inhalation toxicity study.
Creating Hotter Fires in the Sonoran Desert: Buffelgrass Produces Copious Fuels and High Fire Temperatures

Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare [L.] Link) can create a grass-fire cycle in many parts of the world because it is a highly competitive, fire-tolerant grass and can replace less fire-tolerant native plants. Fuel loads, loss of buffelgrass biomass after herbicide treatments, and allometric data of buffelgrass growth were measured across sites in southern Arizona, USA. Prescribed fires also were conducted in buffelgrass-dominated fields to measure fire temperatures and quantify relationships between temperature and fuel load. We directly recorded temperatures up to 871 °C and indirectly recorded temperatures of 900 °C. There was no relationship between fuel load and temperature, likely because increased fuel was insufficient to contribute to additional fire intensity beyond minimum fuel loads. Compared to previously described buffelgrass stands and across different desert ecosystems, buffelgrass fuel loads were higher than reported in most other studies, and inter-annual variation in buffelgrass biomass is much lower than that of other invasive grasses, including annual and perennial grasses. As a result, buffelgrass creates a more consistent year-to-year fire hazard than annual grasses. Managers have used herbicide to reduce buffelgrass biomass and we found that, after three years of decomposition, stands of dead buffelgrass were unlikely to support fire spread. Allometric relationships can provide an accurate estimate of buffelgrass biomass of individual plants, but not fuel loads. Buffelgrass produces nonnative grasslands at relatively low elevations of the Sonoran Desert, with more biomass than comparable grasslands in more mesic environments.
Dealing With the Whole Head: Diversity and Function of Capsid Ejection Proteins in Tailed Phages

Abstract Tailed double stranded DNA containing bacteriophages often contain ejection or E proteins packed within the capsid in addition to DNA. E proteins are packaged into the procapsid before the DNA and vary in numbers, locales within the head and the structures they form. Large and multi-subunit enzymes may be packaged as mature structures that must be disassembled to exit through the narrow portal and tail channel. Characterized E proteins have functions ranging from DNA protection, formation of an ejection channel, and enzymatic roles in the host, but many are still to be characterized and represent exciting avenues of future research.
L6.4 The Marriage of ‘Translational Medicine’ to ‘Big Data’: Key Opportunities to Change how we do Science

Abstract The generation of much higher resolution models of diseases such as Cancer and Immune disorders, is being enabled by joining large scale phenotypic and genotypic data. The scale and scope of translational medicine providing novel insights into individual responses in translational medicine will require the generation analysis and sharing of large amounts of clinical and genomic data. The scale and scope of these projects will look more and more like those done by physicists. We as biologists, clinicians, and medical researchers can learn from the ways that data generators, and data analyzers in other scientific fields working with large data work and are rewarded on such projects. We should examine new opportunities for academia, industry, and the government to work together on these large projects.
Improved Recognition of Hematogones From Precursor B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia by a Single Tube Flow Cytometric Analysis

OBJECTIVES To improve diagnostic accuracy in differentiating hematogones from leukemic blasts in cases of precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL), particularly those that are posttreatment or after bone marrow transplant, and to provide an algorithmic approach to this diagnostic challenge. METHODS A seven-color antibody panel including CD10, CD19, CD45, CD38, CD34, CD58, and CD81 was generated to assess the feasibility of a single tube panel and provide an algorithmic approach to distinguish hematogones from B-ALL. Fifty-three cases were analyzed, and results were correlated with histology and ancillary studies. RESULTS There was a significant difference in mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) for CD81 and CD58 when comparing hematogones and B-ALL populations (P < .001). B-ALL cases had a mean (SD) MFI of 24.6 (27.5; range, 2-125) for CD81 and 135.6 (72.6; range, 48-328) for CD58. Hematogones cases had a mean (SD) MFI of 70.2 (19.2; range, 42-123) for CD81 and 38.8 (9.4; range, 23-58) for CD58. CONCLUSIONS The flow cytometry panel with the above markers and utilization of the proposed algorithmic approach provide differentiation of hematogones from B-ALL. This includes rare cases of hematogones and B-ALL overlap where additional ancillary studies are necessary.
Grating Lobe Mitigation in Scanning Planar Phased Array Antennas

This paper presents the grating lobe reduction in a planar phased array antenna with a rectangular lattice and large element spacing in the order of one wavelength for scan angles up to $\pm 45^{\circ}$ . A dual-mode circular microstrip patch antenna is considered as the constitutive element of the phased array, in which two different transverse magnetic modes are exploited simultaneously. The numerical analysis shows that the achieved grating lobe reduction is well below 25 dB for scan angles up to $\pm 45^{\circ}$ with large element spacing in the order of one wavelength.
A study of emotion revealed in two types of athletic sports contests.

(1949). A Study of Emotion Revealed in Two Types of Athletic Sports Contests. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 72-79.
Intensity interferometry-based depth ranging

This paper demonstrates range imaging based on intensity interferometry with real thermal light. Advantages like robustness to atmospheric scattering or autonomy by exploiting external light sources make this approach interesting for future applications.
Harmonic Bergman Theory on Punctured Domains

For bounded domains in $${\mathbb {R}}^n$$ with smooth boundary that are punctured by removing a point, we give a complete description of when basic duality and approximation properties hold for harmonic Bergman spaces and determine the $$L^p$$ mapping properties of the harmonic Bergman projection. Our findings reveal some unexpected dimension-dependent behavior of harmonic Bergman spaces that can occur for non-smooth domains.
Covariant Effective Field Theory for Bulk Properties of Nuclei

Recent progress in Lorentz-covariant quantum field theories of the nuclear many-body problem (quantum hadrodynamics or QHD) is discussed. The importance of modern perspectives in effective field theory and density functional theory for understanding the successes of QHD is emphasised. The inclusion of hadronic electromagnetic structure and of nonanalytic terms in the energy functional is also considered.
Introduction to the Special Section on Book/Media/Resource Reviews for Gerontological Social Work Education and Discrimination and Disparities.

In the Summer of 2020, years of racial inequity and the evidence of the racially motivated deaths of Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, and others sparked a renewed movement toward action...
Physical approach to price momentum and its application to momentum strategy

We introduce various quantitative and mathematical definitions for price momentum of financial instruments. The price momentum is quantified with velocity and mass concepts originated from the momentum in physics. By using the physical momentum of price as a selection criterion, the weekly contrarian strategies are implemented in South Korea KOSPI 200 and US S&P 500 universes. The alternative strategies constructed by the physical momentum achieve the better expected returns and reward–risk measures than those of the traditional contrarian strategy in weekly scale. The portfolio performance is not understood by the Fama–French three-factor model.
Imaging Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Oncology Clinical Trials

The imaging biomarkers concept has generated excitement for its potential impact on both drug development and clinical care. In early-stage drug development, preliminary efficacy data derived from imaging biomarkers may influence decisions on whether to promote candidate compounds to more expensive late-stage testing. In late-state testing, imaging biomarkers may help select patient subpopulations with higher drug efficacy and may provide surrogate endpoint data to support marketing applications to regulatory agencies. In the clinical setting, imaging biomarkers may help tailor targeted therapies to specific patient groups. Tumor size-based imaging biomarkers such as the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) are the most widely used in human cancer imaging. Metabolic activity measurements from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) are now part of the current response assessment standards for hematologic malignancies and have also been incorporated minimally into the most recent revision of RECIST. The imaging community is now actively engaged in developing advanced imaging biomarkers to push response assessment to more fundamental metrics at the physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. Evaluation of new candidate biomarkers as possible surrogate endpoints for clinical trials requires addressing issues of analytical validation, qualification, and proper utilization.
Crack patterns in brittle thin films

The physical system studied is a brittle elastic film bonded to an elastic substrate with different elastic properties; a residual tensile stress is presumed to exist in the film. The focus of the study is the influence of the mismatch in elastic properties on patterns of crack formation in the film. The stress intensity factor and crack driving force for growth of a periodic array of cracks in the direction normal to the interface under two-dimensional conditions are determined for any crack depth and any mismatch in elastic parameters. It is found that, even for a relatively stiff film material, the stress intensity factor of each crack as a function of crack depth exhibits a local maximum. The driving force for crack extension in the direction parallel to the interface is then determined on the basis of these two-dimensional results, and the equilibrium spacing of crack arrays is estimated for given residual stress. The results of the calculations are used as a basis for qualitative arguments to explain the crack patterns which have been observed in GaN films on Si substrates.
Abstract P1-02-06: Retrospective comparison of sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) to contrast enhanced breast MRI (BMRI) in 50 malignant breasts

Objective: Contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a new study using contrast for early breast cancer detection. It utilizes dual energy digital mammographic technology to detect contrast enhanced cancer that may be invisible on conventional mammogram. Limited studies have shown that adding CESM to diagnostic workup adjunct with mammogram and breast ultrasound does increase sensitivity for breast cancer detection. More studies are needed to compare the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of CESM to BMRI to further define the role of CESM in breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: This study involved 50 malignant breasts in 48 women retrospectively chosen from of 960 patients in our institution during the period of October 2012 to March 2014. Both CESM and BMRI were done for each patient within 30 days. The cancer diagnoses were confirmed by tissue diagnoses. The number of malignant lesions was quantified in each breast. The size of lesions was classified into three categories based on standard of breast cancer stages: 1 (0.2cm - 5cm). The enhancement intensity of both lesions and background has been quantified based on a scale of 0-3. Statistical significance was analyzed using T test for mean size of index cancer and mean score of enhancement intensity of background and lesions on CESM and BMRI. Sensitivity and PPV were calculated for both CESM and BMRI. Morphology consistence was calculated on both studies. Results: Both CESM and BMRI have sensitivity of 100% for breast cancer detection. CESM has a PPV of 98% versus 93% for BMRI. No statistical significance was identified on mean size of index cancer (3.7cm for CESM and 3.8cm for BMRI). The enhancement intensity of background and lesions is significantly higher on CESM than on BMRI (p Conclusions: Our study indicates that CESM and BMRI have comparable high sensitivity on breast cancer detection. CESM has a higher PPV than BMRI that may indicate a better specificity (no significant difference due to the small sample size). Significantly less background enhancement intensity on CESM than on BMRI reflect an increased specificity. More studies need to be conducted for further evaluation. Citation Format: Luna Li, Lydia Liao, Pauline Germaine, Elizabeth Tinney, Kristin Brill, Karen Hendershott. Retrospective comparison of sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) to contrast enhanced breast MRI (BMRI) in 50 malignant breasts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-02-06.
The growth of the New Jersey Shelf Observing System for monitoring plumes and blooms on the Mid-Atlantic continental shelf

To study changes occurring within the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), we have constructed a shelf-wide ocean observatory. While initial efforts focused on using an undersea cable, our experience during a series of coastal predictive skill experiments demonstrated that spatial data were the most highly valued commodity. Because of this we have focused on developing a subsurface capability to mirror the existing satellite and HF radar capabilities. Currently in situ spatial data are collected with a fleet of autonomous underwater Sloccum Gliders to collect physical and biooptical data throughout the year. Our scientific efforts have focused on understanding biogeochemical dynamics on the MAB. Topographic steering of currents and its impact on material transport on the MAB plays a central role in transporting material from the nearshore to offshore slope waters. Additionally hypoxia and anoxia dynamics in the coastal MAB appear related to offshore dynamics. Gliders provide ideal platforms for tackling those problems.
Central Nervous System Infections

The central nervous system infections that are neurological emergencies are meningitis, encephalitis, focal infectious mass lesions (brain abscess and subdural empyema), and spinal epidural abscess. This chapter will review the diagnosis and management of these neuroinfectious diseases.
Statistical Training for Social Workers

Abstract The increased emphasis on research content in the last few years has prompted confusion and disagreement over the extent and type of research content to be included in curricula. The debate has been particularly intensive over the extent to which social workers should be trained in statistics, resulting in an enormous variation among social workers in their ability to understand and undertake statistical analyses. This paper establishes the value of statistical training for social workers, assesses current levels of training, presents general educational principles for statistical training, and proposes bachelor's, master's, and doctoral statistical curricula that will cover the continuum of statistical methodologies in three separate, but interrelated segments.
Strained Si/SiGe technology: status and opportunities

Fabrication of sub-100 nm strained Si/SiGe MOSFETs using CMOS technology have been demonstrated, with current drives enhancements in both NFET and PFET. Material properties of strained Si and SiGe require careful modifications in CMOS process flow. Band offset induced shift in threshold voltages need to be compensated by device design and the difference in dopant diffusion properties also need to be taken into account. SGOI substrates can be fabricated by SIMOX, thermal diffusion of Ge and layer transfer techniques.
Gerry Stahl. Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge

The author, Gerry Stahl, has attempted to create a large, broad book on a tremendously complex, multidisciplinary subject. This sense of scope exists on several dimensions. The 21 essays represent ...
Ultrastructural Immunocytochemical Localization of μ-Opioid Receptors in Rat Nucleus Accumbens: Extrasynaptic Plasmalemmal Distribution and Association with Leu5-Enkephalin

mu-Opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands, including Leu5-enkephalin (LE), are distributed abundantly in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), a region implicated in mechanisms of opiate reinforcement. We used immunoperoxidase and/or immunogold-silver methods to define ultrastructural sites for functions ascribed to mu-opioid receptors and potential sites for activation by LE in the NAC. An antipeptide antibody raised against an 18 amino acid sequence of the cloned mu-opioid receptor (MOR) C terminus showed that MOR-like immunoreactivity (MOR-LI) was localized predominantly to extrasynaptic sites along neuronal plasma membranes. The majority of neuronal profiles containing MOR-LI were dendrites and dendritic spines. The dendritic plasma membranes immunolabeled for MOR were near sites of synaptic input from LE-labeled terminals and other unlabeled terminals forming either inhibitory or excitatory type synapses. Unmyelinated axons and axon terminals were also intensely but less frequently immunoreactive for MOR. Observed sites for potential axonal associations with LE included coexistence of MOR and LE within the same terminal, as well as close appositions between differentially labeled axons. Astrocytic processes rarely contained detectable MOR-LI, but also were sometimes observed in apposition to LE-labeled terminals. We conclude that in the rat NAC, MOR is localized prominently to extrasynaptic neuronal and more rarely to glial plasma membranes that are readily accessible to released LE and possibly other opioid peptides and opiate drugs. The close affiliation of MOR with spines receiving excitatory synapses and dendrites receiving inhibitory synapses provides the first direct morphological evidence that MOR selectively modulates postsynaptic responses to cortical and other afferents.
Convex Land Acquisition with Zero-One Programming

The land-acquisition problem involves selecting multiple discrete parcels to be acquired for a particular land use. In previous models, typical selection criteria have been land cost, land area, and spatial attributes such as contiguity and compactness. Here I introduce a new spatial attribute, convexity. I develop a way to approximate convex shapes in continuous space with ‘cellularly convex’ shapes composed of grid cells. A zero-one programming model is formulated for finding minimum-cost cellularly convex regions of specified area. Computational experience with 144-cell and 1024-cell demonstration problems is reported, and results and extensions are discussed.
Developing indicators of ecosystem condition using geographic information systems and remote sensing

Improvements in remote sensing technologies and the use of geographic information system (GIS), are increasingly allowing us to develop indicators that can be used to monitor and assess ecosystem condition and change at multiple scales. This paper presents global- and regional-level indicators developed by the World Resources Institute and collaborating partners using remote sensing and GIS. Presented as regional and global maps, these spatial indicators are ideal communication tools to raise awareness of the condition of the Earth’s ecosystems among different audiences. Global and regional spatial indicators not only inform us about the current condition of, and pressures on, ecosystems, but also about the likely capacity of the ecosystem to continue to provide goods and services to future generations. The increasing focus on integrating socio-economic and biological information with remote sensing and GIS technology can only help to further our understanding and capacity to manage ecosystems in a more sustainable manner.
Biological Therapy of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer treatment has now entered a new era in which biological therapies, based on a rapidly expanding cellular and molecular understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis, have joined the standard armamentarium of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. In 1998, the anti-HER2 humanised monoclonal antibody trastuzumab became the first biological therapy to receive US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of breast cancer, thus marking a milestone that almost certainly will be repeated with other new agents. HER2 (ErbB2) has been the focus of many therapeutic strategies because of its frequent gene amplification and overexpression in breast cancer, its role in tumourigenesis and cancer progression, and its prognostic and predictive significance in clinical studies.
Substitutions of amino acids in α-helix-4 of gyrase a confer fluoroquinolone resistance on Clostridium perfringens

DNA gyrase, an essential enzyme that regulates DNA topology in bacteria, is the target of fluoroquinolones. Three fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants derived from one strain of Clostridium perfringens had amino acid substitutions of glycine 81 to cysteine, aspartic acid 87 to tyrosine, or both, in α-helix-4 of gyrase A. The gyrase mutations affected the growth kinetics of mutants differently when the mutants were exposed to increasing concentrations of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone concentration-dependent effects observed during growth in the exponential and stationary phases depended on the presence of particular gyrA mutations. Introduction of a wild-type gyrA gene into the mutants enhanced their susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and decreased their growth rates proportional to increases in fluoroquinolone concentrations. Amino acid substitutions in α-helix-4 of gyrase A protected C. perfringens from fluoroquinolones, and a strain with two substitutions was the most resistant.
SU-GG-I-30: Feasibility Study and Clinical Application of the 100 Degree Limited-Angle CBCT for Sarcoma Treatments in RT

Purpose: 100° Limited‐Angle (LA) CBCT is developed and applied clinically to treatsarcoma patients without moving the table during treatment in radiation therapy, and investigate its efficacy in routine clinics. Method and Materials: Elekta Synergy Linear accelerator and XVI (v. 3.5) are used to develop 100° LA CBCT to take the CBCTimages without any special software. The CBCTimages of the scanning angles ranging from 200° to 60° are investigated with S20 option, H&N construction, 10mA/frame, and 10ms. The field‐of‐view (FOV) with S20 option is about 26cm in each plane, large enough to cover most treatment volume of the sarcoma patients. The image quality such as the soft‐tissue contrast is not sensitive to mA (10 – 40mA). 120KVp is used (In XVI, we have only two options:100 or 120KVp). Several phantoms are fabricated to investigate the geometical distortions: humanoid phantom, geometry phantom, “deer leg” phantom. The distortion is dependent upon the scanning angles as well as the geometry of the scanned object The deer's leg phantom was used to see hoe the bone artifacts affect the image quality, specially, the distortion of the skin.Results: The CBCTimages with the use of CT wires on the skin are used for sarcomatreatment. The setup uncertainties of the extremities (arm and thigh) are less than “5mm” over the treatment volume. This accuracy is estimated using the CT wires, the bone structures, and surgical clips if used. Conclusion: The limited angle CBCT is implemented for the treatment of extremities like proximal upper and lower extremities. The advantage of the LA CBCT is faster scan, and image quality when motion is an issue, while the disadvantage is the geometrical distortion of the skin regions. This procedure is modified and be used for prostate, lung, and H&N with titanium supporters.
Pulmonary vascular disease in complete atrioventricular canal defect

The incidence and time of occurrence of pulmonary vascular disease were studied in 67 children with the complete form of atrioventricular (A–V) canal defect. Advanced pulmonary vascular disease begins to develop during the first year of life, with intimal fibrosis (grade 3 changes) noted between age 6 months to 1 year. Vascular dilatation with plexiform lesions (grade 4 changes) can be found by age 1 year. These changes can be found in some patients in spite of hemodynamic findings usually considered to indicate lesser degrees of vascular disease. After age 2 years advanced pulmonary vascular disease is commonly found and may persist after surgical correction of the defects. A similar rapid progression of pulmonary vascular disease was noted in 40 children who had a large ventricular septal defect without A–V canal in whom systemic pressure was transmitted directly to the pulmonary vascular bed. Thirty-six of the 67 children had trisomy-21. No difference was noted in the speed of progression of pulmonary vascular disease between these children and those without trisomy 21. Palliative or corrective surgery should be performed in these patients by age 1 year to prevent development of advanced pulmonary vascular disease.
Structural defects in InSb/AlxIn1-xSb quantum wells grown on GaAs (001) substrates

Abstract The effect of deformation potential scattering due to threading dislocations on electron mobilities has been investigated for InSb/AlxIn1−xSb quantum-well (QW) samples which were grown on GaAs (0 0 1) substrates with an InSb nucleation layer. Plan-view transmission electron microscopy images show that micro-twins cut through the InSb QW with a higher density in the [ 1 1 0] directions than in the [1 1 0] direction. Partial dislocations which propagate along the micro-twins have accordingly an identical anisotropic density. However, theoretical calculations indicate that the dislocation-originated deformation potential scattering contributes negligibly to the measured mobilities at low temperatures.
Probing molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions via high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules

We analyse the theory of single photoionization (PI) and high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by intense lasers from aligned molecules. We show that molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions can be extracted from these measurements. We also show that, under favourable conditions, the phase of PI transition dipole matrix elements can be extracted from the HHG spectra. Furthermore, by varying the polarization axis of the HHG generating laser with respect to the polarization axis of the aligning laser, it is possible to extract angle-dependent tunnelling ionization rates for different subshells of the molecules. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Detection of cholinergic mediation of behavior in 7-, 9-, and 12-day old rat pups

Abstract A training procedure that permitted infant rats (7, 9, and 12 days old) to acquire a T maze discrimination to escape footshock (Experiment 1) was used to study the effects of the cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine hydrobromide (0, 0.2 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg) (Experiment 2). These results indicated that (1) Scopolamine had no effect on T maze choice behavior, unlike previous results for 15- and 23-day old rats, but (2) scopolamine did increase latency to choice in the discrimination task at all ages, an effect previously seen in 15-day old animals, but opposite that seen after scopolamine administration to 23-day old animals or adults. This “paradoxical” effect of scopolamine on response latency is present approximately two weeks prior to earlier estimates of the time course of maturation of the cholinergic system.
Hybrid pyramidal/vector-quantized volume compression

Compression and decompression of volume data is gaining increasing importance, especially with wide use of volume visualization techniques in distributed environments. Hitherto researchers have used direct extensions of still- image and video compression techniques to volume data, but these are associated with limitations of scalar quantization. We present an orientation band (ORB) technique for volume compression that exploits orientation information, and consequently preserves structure within the data. The ORB scheme uses a hybrid of lossless (pyramidal) and lossy (vector quantized) techniques to compress within user-specified space and error bounds. The resulting compressed volumes are suited for progressive network transmission and for fast volume rendering.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Students' choices and moral growth

Can schools encourage children to become independent moral decision-makers, maintaining controlled environments suitable to instructing large numbers of children? Two opposing responses are reviewed: one holds that the road to morality is through discipline and obedience, the other through children's experimentation and choice-making. Circumventing these polarities, I look to distinctions within rules that may help in balancing claims of restraint and freedom. Using a pharmacological analogy, one might, in principle, justify ‘pills’ (discipline) for uncontrollable and/or morally trivial behaviors, but not for intentional behaviors of moral significance where volition matters. However, since we cannot permit children to choose to harm, their agency must be curbed. As a compromise, I suggest that teachers hold extended moral discussions, and involve students in rule-making and sanction-giving.
Abstract 184: A gemini vVitamin D analog, BXL0124, inhibits mammary tumorigenesis by delaying the transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to iInvasive breast carcinoma.

The transition of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive carcinoma is a crucial event in the progression of breast tumors. DCIS is a noninvasive breast cancer that harbors various grades of lesions ranging from non life threatening to invasive type lesions. The disappearance and breakdown of the myoepithelial cell layer and basement membrane in DCIS has been identified as a major event in the progression from DCIS to invasive carcinoma. We have previously reported that a novel Gemini vitamin D analog, 1α,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-hydroxy-3-deuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol (BXL0124), inhibits the growth of MCF10DCIS.com xenografted tumors in immunodeficient mice without hypercalcemic toxicity. Based on this knowledge, we have investigated whether BXL0124 blocks or delays the progression of DCIS. In the present study, MCF10DCIS.com cells (1x10 6 cells/mouse) were injected into the mammary fat pad of nu/nu mice. The mice were then treated with BXL0124 (0.1μg/kg) over weeks 1, 2, and 3. Mammary glands and tumors were analyzed over the course of three weeks to determine the effects of BXL0124. The myoepithelial marker, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and the luminal marker, cytokeratin 18 (CK18), were used to analyze tumor histology. The inhibitory effect of BXL0124 treatment on cell proliferation was determined by the cell proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). BXL0124 showed a 53% and 60% reduction in the tumor volume by week 2 and 3, respectively. The myoepithelial structure of DCIS was maintained in the treatment group, whereas loss of the myoepithelial layer was evident in the control group. The treatment with BXL0124 also decreased cell proliferation of DCIS luminal cells compared to the control group, suggesting that growth potential of luminal cells was reduced by BXL0124. In conclusion, the Gemini vitamin D analog BXL0124 inhibits the progression of MCF10DCIS.com xenografted mammary tumors in part by maintaining the vital myoepithelial layer within the tumors and by reducing proliferation rate of the luminal cells. Our results suggest a novel mechanism in the cancer preventive action of BXL0124 during the progression of DCIS like lesions to invasive carcinoma. (This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute R01-CA127645 and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Grant ES005022). Citation Format: Joseph Wahler, Jae Young So, Amanda Smolarek, Hubert Maehr, Milan Uskokovic, Nanjoo Suh. A gemini vVitamin D analog, BXL0124, inhibits mammary tumorigenesis by delaying the transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to iInvasive breast carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 184. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-184
The accumulation of fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate in forage crops collected near a phosphate plant

Abstract Plants were collected from an area high in atmospheric fluoride. Animals grazing on this area showed severe fluoride injury. Analyses of plants indicated accumulation of fluorocitrate and fluoroacetate at concentrations of 896μg and 179 μg/g leaf dry wt. The presence of these compounds was established by chromatographic techniques, inhibition of aconitase and i.r. spectral analysis.
Separation of tocopherol isomers using capillary electrochromatography: comparison of monomeric and polymeric C30 stationary phases.

The comparison of tocopherol isomer separation achieved using different stationary-phase alkyl chain lengths (i.e., C18 vs C30) and modes of alkyl phase attachment to the silica-based supports (i.e., polymeric vs monomeric synthesis) using capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been demonstrated. The smaller alkyl chain does not exhibit the shape selectivity needed to resolve all of the tocopherol isomers. Conversely, both polymeric and monomeric C30 phases show increased tocopherol isomer selectivity. Changing the elutropic strength of the mobile phase had dramatic effects on the selectivity, with small additions of water to a methanol mobile phase yielding the best selectivity. The complete baseline separation of the tocopherol isomers was achieved using the monomerically bound C30 stationary phase and a methanol/water mobile phase. The differences in stationary-phase selectivity were examined using a NIST standard reference material for determining column selectivity in LC. The results indicated tha...
A new electrocatalytic mechanism for the oxidation of phenols at platinum electrodes

Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds generally produces unstable phenoxy radicals that readily polymerize to passivate the surface of solid electrodes. In this study, the electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol in the presence and absence of methanol was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode. The cyclic voltammogram of phenol in a mixture of phosphate buffer/methanol solution showed well-defined peaks at ∼600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, which surprising, gradually increased with repetitive scanning, stabilizing after 50 cycles. This unexpected behavior is in contrast to previous studies involving phenolic compounds, which always show a decrease in intensity during continuous potential scanning. Scanning electrochemical spectroscopy (SEM) was further used to investigate the changes in the surface morphology of the Pt electrode after electrodeposition. A new electrocatalytic mechanism for phenol oxidation on the surface of a Pt electrode is suggested in the presence of methanol. The proposed mechanism is based on the formation of a film of Pt oxide/hydroxides onto which the phenol and the products of its electrochemical oxidation are further deposited. The mechanism was also studied using more complex phenolic compounds including resveratrol, quercetin and bisphenol A. The results emphasized the effect of aryl substituents on the electrochemistry of this particular class of compounds.
Physicians' private clinics in a Northern Thai Town — Patient-healer “Collaboration” and the shape of biomedical practice

Physicians' private clinics in small Northern Thai towns offer the patient the services of official biomedicine's most sophisticated clinical talent, and the physicians themselves an opportunity to significantly supplement their incomes. The clinic form, while familiar to Westerners and Japanese, has been adapted to the Northern Thai medical environment and Northern Thai notions of the therapeutic process. Because of sociocultural constraints and the pressure of the plural medical environment, physicians' private clinics result in a “collaboration” between patient and practitioner in which some prerogatives of each are compromised and others upheld to shape a clinical institution that satisfies the needs of each. This paper discusses three private clinics in a small Northern Thai town from the perspectives of the physicians and the patients, and then describes the “collaboration” that shapes practices within the clinics.
Linear systems [Book Review]

The authors have used their mastery of the subject to produce a textbook that very effectively presents the theory of linear systems as it has evolved over the last 30 years. The result is a comprehensive, complete, and clear exposition that serves as an excellent foundation for more advanced topics in system theory and control.
Tactile Presentation of Visual Information

Psychophysical experiments on tactile sensations were performed to determine parameters needed in the design of a tactile display containing about one hundred stimulators. This tactile displayis being used to present spatial and temporal patterns to the skin to investigate the pattern recognition capabilities of the tactile sense. Airjet tactile stimulators were used in the experiments because they combine the fine localization property of poke-probe stimulators with the slight adaptation property of vibrators. Two perceptual phenomena that were investigated are apparent location and apparent motion. Apparent location occurs when two airjets of different pressure are sensed as one airjet located on the line connecting the two jets. Pressure difference and apparent location were found to be functionally related. This phenomena was extended to two dimensions with three noncollinear stimulators. Apparent motion occurs when two airjets with different onset times are sensed as one airjet moving between two locations. This phenomenon was found to occur when there was a 0.05-to 0.15-second time difference between the onsets of the two pulses, provided that the pulses overlap by less than 0.2 second. The system used to program the array of approximately 100 tactile stimulators is described.
Characterization of membranes used in pressure driven composite processing

Nano-porous membranes are being used in the Vacuum Assisted Process (VAP) as a surface fluid barrier layer that provides continuous venting, reduced void content and improved process repeatability. A model to describe the membrane/resin interactions as a function of microstructure and constituent properties was presented in previous work. It enables the prediction of barrier characteristics, especially permeability, as a function membrane microstructure and process pressure. In this paper, we fully characterize six EPTFE candidate membranes for VAP. Membranes are characterized using SEM and porometry to establish pore size distributions and their corresponding Weibull fits. We will also present the permeability results for the different materials, based on our previous findings, and use this information to provide a ranking of the membranes based on their pressure capability for processes of interest.
Self-supporting Arguments*

Deductive and inductive logic confront this skeptical challenge: we can justify any logical principle only by means of an argument but we can acquire justification by means of an argument only if we are already justified in believing some logical principle. We could solve this problem if probative arguments do not require justified belief in their corresponding conditionals. For if not, then inferential justification would not require justified belief in any logical principle. So even arguments whose corresponding conditionals are epistemically dependent upon their conclusions—epistemically self-supporting arguments—need not be viciously circular. R.B. Braithwaite and James Van Cleve use internalist and externalist versions of this strategy in their proposed solutions to the problem of induction. Unfortunately, their arguments for self-support are unsound and any theory of inferential justification that does not require justified belief in the corresponding conditionals of justification-affording arguments is unacceptably arbitrary. So self-supporting arguments cannot be justification-creating.
The Interactionist Perspectives of George Herbert Mead and Harvey Sacks

﻿The perspectives of George Herbert Mead, as found in various texts developed from his lectures (edited and published posthumously by his students), and Harvey Sacks’ lectures (recorded and edited by Gail Jefferson) and writings on interaction, are examined to show the differences and occasional similarities between their points of view. Mead’s perspective is shown to be that of the analyst/theorist whereas Sacks‘ focus was on ongoing practical accomplishments by members of society.