cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid sovent systems are not equivalent for analysis of lipid classes in the microeukaryotic green alga, Chlorella

A comparison of three lipid solvent system indicated that they are not equivalent for the analysis of lipid classes in the green alga, Chlorella. Soxhlet extraction (methylene chloride/methanol, 3 h refulx) recovers more neutral lipid than the other methods but is equivalent to the room-temperature Bligh and Dyer (chloroform/methanol/water) extraction modified with phosphate buffer in glycolipid and polar lipid recovery. The Soxhlet method, however, gave a significantly lower recovery of many polyunsaturated fatty acids. The hexane/isopropanol method is selective for algal neutral lipids with poor recovery of membrane lipids (glyco- and polar lipids). Although this selectivity may have some useful applications, for biochemical studies of lipid synthesis in Chlorella, the modified Bligh and Dyer provides the most quantitative and reproducible recovery of all Chlorella lipid classes while minimizing artifacts due to the extraction procedure.
A Bayesian network model for spatial event surveillance

Abstract Methods for spatial cluster detection attempt to locate spatial subregions of some larger region where the count of some occurrences is higher than expected. Event surveillance consists of monitoring a region in order to detect emerging patterns that are indicative of some event of interest. In spatial event surveillance, we search for emerging patterns in spatial subregions. A well-known method for spatial cluster detection is Kulldorff’s [M. Kulldorff, A spatial scan statistic, Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods 26 (6) (1997)] spatial scan statistic, which directly analyzes the counts of occurrences in the subregions. Neill et al. [D.B. Neill, A.W. Moore, G.F. Cooper, A Bayesian spatial scan statistic, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) 18 (2005)] developed a Bayesian spatial scan statistic called BSS, which also directly analyzes the counts. We developed a new Bayesian-network-based spatial scan statistic, called BNetScan, which models the relationships among the events of interest and the observable events using a Bayesian network. BNetScan is an entity-based Bayesian network that models the underlying state and observable variables for each individual in a population. We compared the performance of BNetScan to Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic and BSS using simulated outbreaks of influenza and cryptosporidiosis injected into real Emergency Department data from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. It is an open question whether we can obtain acceptable results using a Bayesian network if the probability distributions in the network do not closely reflect reality, and thus, we examined the robustness of BNetScan relative to the probability distributions used to generate the data in the experiments. Our results indicate that BNetScan outperforms the other methods and its performance is robust relative to the probability distribution that is used to generate the data.
Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics

Abstract Cycloheximide (actidione) and the related glutarimide antibiotics, E-73, streptovitacin A, and streptimidone, have been studied as inhibitors of protein synthesis in vitro; mouse Adenocarcinoma 755 cells in culture were used as the source of the ribosomal and S100-pH 5 fractions. Each of these compounds markedly inhibited the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine, [14C]lysine, and [14C]leucine in the presence of endogenous messenger RNA and the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine in the presence of added polyuridylic acid. Inhibition occurred after the formation of aminoacyl soluble RNA's. E-73 was somewhat more effective than the other glutarimides, and the activity of the glutarimides was about the same as that of puromycin.
Multifunctional Fullerene-Mediated Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles

Functionalized fullerenes are used as a mediator to assemble citrate-capped gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution. This nanostructured assembly exploits the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged nanoparticles and the positively charged fullerene.
2-Ammonio-6-(3-oxidopyridinium-1-yl)hexanoate (OP-lysine) Is a Newly Identified Advanced Glycation End Product in Cataractous and Aged Human Lenses

Post-translational modifications of proteins take place during the aging of human lens. The present study describes a newly isolated glycation product of lysine, which was found in the human lens. Cataractous and aged human lenses were hydrolyzed and fractionated using reverse-phase and ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). One of the nonproteinogenic amino acid components of the hydrolysates was identified as a 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative of lysine, 2-ammonio-6-(3-oxidopyridinium-1-yl)hexanoate (OP-lysine). The compound was synthesized independently from 3-hydroxypyridine and methyl 2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-6-iodohexanoate. The spectral and chromatographic properties of the synthetic OP-lysine and the substance isolated from hydrolyzed lenses were identical. HPLC analysis showed that the amounts of OP-lysine were higher in water-insoluble compared with water-soluble proteins and was higher in a pool of cataractous lenses compared with normal aged lenses, reaching 500 pmol/mg protein. The model incubations showed that an anaerobic reaction mixture of Nalpha-tert-butoxycarbonyllysine, glycolaldehyde, and glyceraldehyde could produce the Nalpha-t-butoxycarbonyl derivative of OP-lysine. The irradiation of OP-lysine with UVA under anaerobic conditions in the presence of ascorbate led to a photochemical bleaching of this compound. Our results argue that OP-lysine is a newly identified glycation product of lysine in the lens. It is a marker of aging and pathology of the lens, and its formation could be considered as a potential cataract risk-factor based on its concentration and its photochemical properties.
Macroelectronic applications of carbon nanotube networks

Abstract We report the use of random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes for electronics on large-area noncrystalline substrates. Thin-film transistors made from such random networks were fabricated and characterized on silicon oxide substrates. We have demonstrated both n- and p-type transistors with an effective mobility that is higher than amorphous Si or organic semiconductors. The carbon nanotube networks were also deposited from solution onto polymeric substrates. The ability to deposit these networks via room temperature methods defines a pathway for lightweight, unbreakable displays and other electronic applications requiring large-area, flexible substrates.
Individual Differences in Procedures for Knowledge Acquisition from Maps.

Abstract This study investigated the procedures subjects use to acquire knowledge from maps. In Experiment 1, three experienced and five novice map users provided verbal protocols while attempting to learn a map. The protocols suggested four categories of processes that subjects invoked during learning: attention, encoding, evaluation, and control. Good learners differed from poor learners primarily in their techniques for and success at encoding spatial information, their ability to accurately evaluate their learning progress, and their ability to focus attention on unlearned information. An analysis of the performance of experienced map users suggested that learning depended on particular procedures and not on familiarity with the task. In Experiment 2, subjects were instructed to use (a) six of the effective learning procedures from Experiment 1, (b) six procedures unrelated to learning success, or (c) their own techniques. The effective procedures set comprised three techniques for learning spatial information, two techniques for using self-generated feedback to guide subsequent study behaviors, and a procedure for partitioning the map into sections. Subjects using these procedures performed better than subjects in the other groups. In addition, subjects' visual memory ability predicted the magnitude of the performance differential.
Analysis of coenzyme binding by human placental 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5→4-ene-isomerase using 5′-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine, an affinity labeling cofactor analog

Abstract 3β-Hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5→4-ene-isomerase copurify as a single, homogeneous protein from human placental microsomes. Affinity alkylation with 2α-bromoacetoxyprogesterone suggests that the dehydrogenase and isomerase substrate steroids bind at different sites on the same protein. However, the coenzyme, NADH, completely abolishes the alkylation of both enzyme activities by the progestin analog [Thomas J. L., Myers R. P., Rosik L. O. and Strickler R. C., J. Steroid Biochem. 36 (1990) 117–123]. Unlike bacterial 3-keto-5-ene-steroid isomerase, the human isomerase reaction is stimulated by diphosphopyridine nucleotides (NADH, NAD+). The affinity labeling nucleotide analog, 5′-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine (FSA), inactivates the dehydrogenase and isomerase activities at similar rates in an irreversible manner which follows first order kinetics with respect to both time and alkylator concentration (0.2–0.6 mM). FSA is a cofactor site-directed reagent that binds with similar affinity as a competitive inhibitor of NAD+ reduction by dehydrogenase (Ki = 162 μM) or as a stimulator of isomerase (Km = 153 μM). Parallel plots derived from Kitz and Wilson analysis indicate that FSA inactivates the two enzyme activities with equal alkylation efficiency ( k 3 K i = 1/ slope = 0.5 l/mol-s for both). The 3β-hydroxy-steroid substrate, pregnenolone, protects isomerase as well as dehydrogenase from inactivation by FSA. These observations are evidence for a single cofactor binding region which services both enzyme activities.
Evidence for chromophore-chromophore (exciton) interaction in the purple membrane of Halobacteriumhalobium

Summary The visible circular dichroic spectrum of the purple membrane of H . halobium includes intense positive and negative bands with cross-over near the wavelength of the absorption maximum. We report here results that show that the circular dichroic spectrum has two contributions: a positive band due to retinal bound to the protein, and positive and negative bands due to the interaction of the chromophores of separate proteins. Bleached purple membrane was regenerated by successive additions of retinal. The shape of the circular dichroic spectrum was dependent on the percent of the retinal binding sits occupied. This dependence strongly suggests that the circular dichroic spectrum of the purple membrane has an important contribution from chromophore-chromophore interactions.
Fulfilling the dialogic promise: A ten-year reflective survey on dialogic Internet principles

Abstract A decade ago, using the dialogic theory of public relations as the theoretical framework, Kent and Taylor [Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (1998). Building a dialogic relationship through the World Wide Web. Public Relations Review, 24, 321–340; Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (2002). Toward a dialogic theory of public relations. Public Relations Review, 28, 21–37] provided a strategic framework to facilitate relationships with publics though the World Wide Web. Based on a review of research exploring Web-based public relations practices drawing on Kent and Taylor's theoretical framework, this essay offers a ten-year reflective survey on past, current, and future directions of Kent and Taylor's Internet principles, as they relate to the dialogic theory of public relations.
Conservation properties of the bridging domain method for coupled molecular/continuum dynamics

An overlaid domain decomposition method, called the bridging domain method, for the coupled simulation of molecular/continuum systems is analyzed. In this method, compatibility between the atomistic and the continuum subdomains is enforced by Lagrange multipliers. Two forms are considered: (1) a consistent constraint form, which employs the exact non-diagonal Lagrange multiplier equations and thus enforces compatibility exactly, but is computationally demanding and (2) a diagonalized constraint form, which is computationally more efficient. It is shown that the consistent constraint form conserves linear momentum, angular momentum and energy. The diagonalized constraint form dissipates energy. The diagonalized form is shown to be more effective in suppressing spurious reflections at the interface. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UNUSUAL CARBOHYDRATE TRANSFER REACTIONS OF CYCLODEXTRIN TRANSGLUCOSYLASE.

Abstract The cyclodextrin transglucosylase from Bacillus macerans has previously been employed to prepare a series of α-methyl malto-oligosaccharides from Schardinger α-dextrin, with α-methyl glueopyranoside as the acceptor. The same enzyme system has now been employed to effect the transfer of glucose units to the methyl glycosides of d -xylose, 6- o -methyl- d -glucose, and 2-deoxy d -glucose. The methyl glycoside of 3- o -methyl- d -glucose does not act as an acceptor
A primary care physician’s view

in quality of life after Lap-Band placement. Am J Surg 2002;184: 51S–4S. [28] Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Gastroesophageal reflux in obesity: the effect of Lap-Band placement. Obes Surg 1999;9:527–31. [29] Frigg A, Peterli R, Peters T, et al. Reduction in comorbidities 4 years after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 2004;14: 216–23. [30] Dargent J. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: lessons from the first 500 patients in a single institution. Obes Surg 1999;9:446–52.
Developing Metacognitive and Problem-Solving Skills through Problem Manipulation

In a collaborative effort between the our university’s department of chemistry and the academic resource center, we designed a model for general chemistry recitation based on a problem manipulation method in which students actively assess the skills and knowledge used to answer a chemical problem and then manipulate the problem to create a new one. This reflective process aims to facilitate student engagement with the chemistry problem-solving process and to enhance student metacognition by helping students identify their knowledge gaps. The recitation format provides an opportunity for students to work collaboratively on this process and to present and discuss their work. Student response to this new style of recitation was overwhelmingly positive. In addition, students easily assimilated the vocabulary of the methodology into everyday conversation and were better able to articulate their learning needs.
3D-xy critical point behavior in high-Tc superconductors

Abstract It is shown that the available experimental data on the intriguing doping dependence of specific heat singularity and of the magnetic penetration depth, as well as the relation between transition temperature and magnetic penetration depth can be understood in terms of three-dimensional xy critical point universality supplemented by the experimental phase transition line.
An Electron Microscope Investigation of the Structure of Some Amorphous Materials

The structure of as deposited thin films of SiO2 and as deposited, as well as heated Si, Ge, and several Ge–Te alloys, has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Using high resolution dark field microscopy it is shown that the structure of all the amorphous specimens investigated comprised of coherently scattering regions 10 to 20 A in size. The coherently scattering regions are retained until crystallization in the Si, Ge, and GeTe films. In the case of tellurium-rich Ge–Te alloys, the coherently scattering regions are found to disappear and reappear with temperature cycling. On the basis of the experimental evidence, it is suggested that the conventional microcrystalline model is not a valid description of amorphous materials. Die Strukturen dunner Schichten von SiO2 und aufgedampfter sowie getemperter Schichten von Si, Ge und einigen Ge–Te-Legierungen wurden mittels Elektronenmikroskopie und Elektronenbeugung untersucht. An Hand von Dunkelfeldmikroskopie hoher Auflosung wird gezeigt, das alle untersuchten Proben koharent streuende Bereiche von 10 bis 20 A enthalten. Diese koharent streuenden Bereiche werden bis zur Kristallisation des Si, Ge und der Verbindung GeTe beibehalten; in Ge–Te-Mischungen, die reich an Te sind, sind sie aber umkehrbar von der Temperatur abhangig. Auf Grund dieser experimentellen Ergebnisse wird angenommen, das das konventionelle mikrokristalline Modell nicht geeignet ist, um den amorphen Zustand zu beschreiben.
Regulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 by the Hepatitis C Virus Serine Protease

Persistent infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are likely to depend on viral inhibition of host defenses. We show that the HCV NS3/4A serine protease blocks the phosphorylation and effector action of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3), a key cellular antiviral signaling molecule. Disruption of NS3/4A protease function by mutation or a ketoamide peptidomimetic inhibitor relieved this blockade and restored IRF-3 phosphorylation after cellular challenge with an unrelated virus. Furthermore, dominant-negative or constitutively active IRF-3 mutants, respectively, enhanced or suppressed HCV RNA replication in hepatoma cells. Thus, the NS3/4A protease represents a dual therapeutic target, the inhibition of which may both block viral replication and restore IRF-3 control of HCV infection.
Are the differential effects of chloral hydrate on hooded rats vs. albino rats due to pigmentation or strain differences

Abstract Effects of chloral hydrate anesthesia on EEG power spectra and VEP components were examined as a function of both pigmentation and strain differences in rats. Ten albino Westenberg Long Evans rats (WLE A) were compared to ten pigmented Westenberg Long Evans rats (WLE P), and to ten Wistar albino (Wis A) rats. Albino rats required less chloral hydrate to reach a deep level of anesthesia than pigmented rats. Wistar rats remained anesthetized longer than WLE rats. During deep levels of anesthesia, the lowest EEG frequency band contained more power in Wistar rats than in WLE rats. During moderate levels of anesthesia, frequencies less than 4 Hz lost power while frequencies greater than 13 Hz gained across all rats. Wistar rats had more power in the frequencies less than 8 Hz than did WLE rats; pigmented rats had more power in the frequencies greater that 13 Hz than did albinos. VEP component latencies of pigmented rats were shorter than albinos. Component amplitudes were not significantly different between groups.
Synthesis and tribological behavior of ashless alkylphosphorofluoridothioates

Abstract Ashless alkylphosphorofluoridothioates were synthesized and their tribological performance was comparatively studied with zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) by high frequency reciprocating ball tests. Formulations with alkylphosphorofluoridothioates in base oil at 0.1% (w/w) phosphorus level show significantly better antiwear performance than that with ZDDP, in particular for compounds with medium or long alkyl chains. The tribofilms generated from HFRB tests were examined using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). XANES analysis demonstrates that tribofilms from alkylphosphorofluoridothioates are made up of oxides, sulfides, sulfates and short chain phosphates of iron while tribofilm from ZDDP is made up of oxides, sulfides, sulfates and short chain phosphates of iron in addition to sulfides, sulfates and short chain phosphates of zinc.
Locating Precision of Fit Datums

One of the methods design engineers use to achieve alignment between precision features of two mating parts is through locating or alignment features. The most common locating features are a pair of small holes and pins that would define the in-plane position and orientation of two parts with respect to each other. These locating features establish a datum frame for all other critical features of a part. Design engineers would be interested to know the worst-case and probabilistic value of misalignments resulting from their choices of tolerances that assure fit of the datum features as well as their choices of tolerances that locate the precision features with respect to such a datum. This paper uses two-dimensional tolerance analysis methods to formulate this alignment problem. Worst-case estimates as well as Monte Carlo simulation have been used to analyze the misalignments resulting from play in the datum fit. It is shown that a number of dimensionless parameters can characterize the misalignment and these are used to create graphs adequate for design work.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Vocal jitter in young adult and aged female voices

Summary Twenty-five young adult and 25 aged women, in good health, produced the vowel /a/ at three different intensity levels (soft, conversational, and loud) and read the first paragraph of the "Rainbow Passage." Measures of vocal jitter ratio (JR), fundamental frequency (F 0 ) and F 0 SD were calculated from the vowel productions. Measures of average speaking fundamental frequency (SFF), SFF SD, and reading length were calculated from the reading passage. JR values between the young and aged speakers were found to be nonsignificant, whereas F 0 , SFF, F 0 /SFF SD, and reading length were all found to be significantly different between the two groups—the aged speakers exhibited lower F 0 and SFF values, and higher F 0 /SFF SD and reading length values, when compared to the younger speakers.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: new translational therapies

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma includes cancers of the mouth, throat, larynx, and lymph nodes of the neck. Although early disease is amenable to single-modality treatment with surgery or radiation, patients with advanced disease have a dramatically worse prognosis, despite potentially morbid/toxic treatment regimens involving surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or all 3 modalities. The present review seeks to provide an overview of current understanding and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma for the nonspecialist clinician or basic/translational researcher, followed by an overview of major translational approaches to the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Translational research topics addressed include targeted molecular therapy, immunotherapy, minimally invasive robotic surgery, and ablation of dormant/residual tumor cells. Despite the many potentially promising avenues of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma research, only 2 new treatment approaches (antiepidermal growth factor receptor therapy and robotic surgery) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past 30 years. Focused research programs involving integrated teams of clinicians, basic scientists, and translational clinician-researchers have the potential to accelerate discovery and change treatment paradigms for patients with head and neck cancer.
An experimental study of the aeroacoustics of a subsonic jet impinging normal to a large rigid surface

This paper presents results from an experimental study of unsteady surface pressures and far-field noise produced by a subsonic jet impinging normal to a large, rigid, flat surface. The tests were performed in an anechoic room for jet Mach numbers from 0.54 to 0.85, and for jet-to-surface heights of from 5 to 10 jet diameters. Results showed that the root-mean-square surface pressure levels were proportional to jet dynamic pressure and were independent of jet height for radial distances from the stagnation point greater than 3 jet diameters. Far-field measurements indicated a significant increase in noise over that of a free jet for all cases of impingement. Cross spectral calculations between the surface and the far field suggested that at a Mach number of 0.70 and a height of 5 jet diameters the additional noise originated mainly in the outer edge of the impingement region between 1 and 3 jet diameters from the stagnation point.
Esterases and phosphatases in the gastric secretion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract Zone electrophoretic analysis of the gastric secretion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, revealed the presence of six carboxylic esterases. Two of these enzymes are resistant to 10−4 M dichlorvos (DDVP) and one, E6, is localized in the epithelium of the gastric caecum and the midgut. A purification is described for esterase E6 which yields a single zone after starch-gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme readily hydrolysed 14C-labelled tripalmitin to free fatty acid, diglyceride, and monoglyceride, and 1-naphthyl acetate to 1-naphthol and acetic acid, and 86 per cent of both the esterolytic and lipolytic activity was inhibited by 10−3 M dichlorvos. Both the calcium and manganous ions served as activators in triglyceride hydrolysis. Three different phosphatases were isolated from the gastric fluid, one having an alkaline pH optimum and the second having an acid pH optimum (5·0) and a third having a pH optimum near 7. The acid phosphatase was inhibited by 10−3 M manganous ion; the neutral phosphatase showed a marked increase in activity in the presence of the same cation. The role of these hydrolases in the normal function of the insect and in the metabolism and mode of action of insecticides is discussed.
Deletion of Osr2 Partially Rescues Tooth Development in Runx2 Mutant Mice

Tooth organogenesis depends on genetically programmed sequential and reciprocal inductive interactions between the dental epithelium and neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Previous studies showed that the Msx1 and Runx2 transcription factors are required for activation of odontogenic signals, including Bmp4 and Fgf3, in the early tooth mesenchyme to drive tooth morphogenesis through the bud-to-cap transition and that Runx2 acts downstream of Msx1 to activate Fgf3 expression. Recent studies identified Osr2 as a repressor of tooth development and showed that inactivation of Osr2 rescued molar tooth morphogenesis in the Msx1(-/-) mutant mice as well as in mice with neural crest-specific inactivation of Bmp4. Here we show that Runx2 expression is expanded in the tooth bud mesenchyme in Osr2(-/-) mutant mouse embryos and is partially restored in the tooth mesenchyme in Msx1(-/-)Osr2(-/-) mutants in comparison with Msx1(-/-) and wild-type embryos. Whereas mandibular molar development arrested at the bud stage and maxillary molar development arrested at the bud-to-cap transition in Runx2(-/-) mutant mice, both mandibular and maxillary molar tooth germs progressed to the early bell stage, with rescued expression of Msx1 and Bmp4 in the dental papilla as well as expression of Bmp4, p21, and Shh in the primary enamel knot in the Osr2(-/-)Runx2(-/-) compound mutants. In contrast to the Msx1(-/-)Osr2(-/-) compound mutants, which exhibit nearly normal first molar morphogenesis, the Osr2(-/-)Runx2(-/-) compound mutant embryos failed to activate the expression of Fgf3 and Fgf10 in the dental papilla and exhibited significant deficit in cell proliferation in both the dental epithelium and mesenchyme in comparison with the control embryos. These data indicate that Runx2 synergizes with Msx1 to drive tooth morphogenesis through the bud-to-cap transition and that Runx2 controls continued tooth growth and morphogenesis beyond the cap stage through activation of Fgf3 and Fgf10 expression in the dental papilla.
Coverage dependent surface diffusion of noble gases and methane on Pt(111)

The surface diffusion of krypton, xenon, and methane on the Pt(111) surface was studied using laser induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. The surface diffusion coefficient of krypton on Pt(111) at 45 K decreased dramatically with coverage fromD = 1.4 × 10−7cm2s at θ = 0.05θs to approximatelyD ≈ 1 × 10−9cm2s at θ = θs Similarly, the surface diffusion coefficient of xenon on Pt(111) at 80 K decreased from D = 8 × 10−7 cm2s at θ = 0.05θs toD> = 2 × 10−8cm2s at θ = θs. The coverage-dependent surface diffusion coefficients for the noble gases on Pt(111) were consistent with attractive interactions between the adsorbed atoms and a multiple site diffusion mechanism. In contrast, the surface diffusion coefficient of methane on Pt(111) at 45 K was independent of surface coverage at D = 1 × 10−6cm2s. This coverage independence indicated that latera interactions between the adsorbed methane molecules did not influence the surface diffusion process. Thermal desorption kinetics for krypton, xenon, and methane on Pt(111) were determined using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. Using the variation of heating rates method, the desorption energies were Edes = 3.7 ± 0.1 kcalmol for Kr/Pt(111), Edes = 6. kcalmol for Xe/Pt(111), and Edes = 3.6 ± 0.15 kcal/mol for CH4/Pt(111). The TPD peaks for krypton and xenon on Pt(111) shifted to higher temperature versus initial coverage, consistent with attractive interactions between the adsorbed atoms. In contrast, the coverage-independent TPD peak temperature for methane on Pt(111) provided further evidence for the absence of interactions between the adsorbed methane molecules.
Acoustic emission monitoring results from a fermi dipole

Abstract Acoustic emission (AE) techniques have been used to monitor a Fermi dipole magnet during quench current experiments. The dipole data show that conductor motion is the principal source of AE and the primary cause of quenches, as is the case for most high-performance superconducting magnets. The middle of the dipole was found to be more susceptible to quenches with motion than either end. This result is consistent with the field distribution along the magnet. There is good correlation between quench current and AE history. The experimental data can be satisfactorily explained by a model relating AE energy and frictional motion. Acoustic emission was used in conjunction with voltage data to quantify the average frictional dissipation in the windings, estimated to be ≈ 10 μW cm −3 .
SU-D-18A-01: Tumor Motion Tracking with a Regional Deformable Registration Model for Four Dimensional Radiation Treatment of Lung Cancer

Purpose: To develop a tumor motion model from four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) of thoracic patients and demonstrate its impact on 4D radiation therapy simulation. Methods: A regional deformable image registration algorithm was introduced to extract tumor motion out of patient's breathing cycle. The gross target volume (GTV) was manually delineated on a selected phase of 4DCT and a subregion with 10mm margin supplemented to the GTV was created on the Eclipse treatment planning system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Together with 4DCT the structures were exported into an inhouse research platform. A free form B-Spline deformable registration was carried out to map the subregion to other respiratory phases. The displacement vector fields were employed to propagate GTV contours with which the center of mass (CoM) of the GTV was computed for each breathing phase of 4DCT. The resultant GTV motion and its volumetric shape are utilized to facilitate 4D treatment planning. Five lung cancer patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy were enrolled and their 4DCT sets were included in the study. Results: Application of the algorithm to five thoracic patients indicates that clinically satisfactory outcomes were achievable with a spatial accuracy better than 2mm for GTV contour propagation betweenmore » adjacent phases, and 3mm between opposite phases. The GTV CoM was found to be in the range of 2.0mm through 2.5cm, depending upon the tumor location. Compared to the traditional whole image based registration, the computation of the regional model was found to be an order of magnitude more efficient. Conclusion: A regional deformable registration model was implemented to extract tumor motion. It will have widespread application in 4D radiation treatment planning in the future to maximally utilize the available spatial-tempo information.« less
The case for history in the information technology curriculum

Often, Information Technology (IT) curricula omit addressing historical context of technological developments. When they occur, these omissions often are defended with one of three justifications: 1) IT can be taught, understood, and applied without benefit of any historical context; 2) IT instructors are not professional historians and, therefore, are not qualified to teach history; or 3) There is not enough time in a typical IT curriculum to teach history as well as technological applications. Rejoinders to each of these justifications educe a roadmap for including the study of historical context at all levels of study in the typical IT curriculum.
Penetration of fluorescent microspheres into the NEEM (North Eemian) Greenland ice core to assess the probability of microbial contamination

The validation of microbiological results from non-aseptically drilled deep ice cores is challenging because exogenous microbial cells can be transported into the core interior and compromise the existing microbial populations. The NEEM (North Eemian) ice core in Greenland provided a first-time opportunity to use fluorescent microspheres as tracers for assessing potential microbial contamination of glacial ice. We developed specific procedures to coat the surfaces of selected NEEM core samples representing bubbly (93–100 m), brittle (633–644 m) and clathrated (1,730 and 2,050 m) ice with melamine-based carboxylated fluorescent microspheres and tracked periodically their penetration into the core interior for 2.5 years using flow cytometry. Sufficient ice surface coating was achieved by immersing retrieved cores in plastic bags containing suspensions of pre-counted 1- and 10-μm microspheres or by down-hole microsphere deployment in plastic sleeves attached to the drill barrel and liberated during drilling. We examined the relationship between microspheres penetration and ice core depth, structure and time after coating. One consistent observation for all cores (except the brittle ice) was that removing a few millimeters of the outer layer drastically reduced microsphere counts, independent of timing, indicating that penetration was mostly limited to the surface layers. Any deeper penetration was found to be microsphere size dependent. The brittle ice showed significant microsphere penetration possibly due to microfractures. Overall, the use of fluorescent microspheres as tracers and microbial surrogates proved to be a sensitive approach for testing potential contamination during deep core projects.
Polarization sensitivity of birefringent photorefractive holograms and its applications to binary switching.

The effect of polarization sensitivity on the intensity and the resolution of the diffracted beams from a birefringent photorefractive hologram is investigated. In addition, an optical switching technique based on the sensitivity is demonstrated. The method is capable of implementing a large number of 2 × 2 switching channels with only four holograms. The on/off ratio of the switches can easily reach 100:1. This switching methodology is applicable to either synchronous or asynchronous interconnection with a variety of photorefractive materials.
Elucidating the Role of Neurotensin in the Pathophysiology and Management of Major Mental Disorders

Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide that is closely associated with, and is thought to modulate, dopaminergic and other neurotransmitter systems involved in the pathophysiology of various mental disorders. This review outlines data implicating NT in the pathophysiology and management of major mental disorders such as schizophrenia, drug addiction, and autism. The data suggest that NT receptor analogs have the potential to be used as novel therapeutic agents acting through modulation of neurotransmitter systems dys-regulated in these disorders.
CFTC V. Gibraltar Monetary Corp. and Vicarious Liability Under the Commodity Exchange Act

This Comment analyzes CFTC v. Gibraltar Monetary Corp., a 2009 decision in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit introduced a control requirement into the Commodity Exchange Act’s vicarious liability provision. In so doing, the court rejected the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s long-held totality of the circumstances approach, in which any one factor, including control, is not dispositive of an agency relationship. This decision has created an undesirable situation in which retail foreign exchange dealers and futures commission merchants need not investigate the character of their introducing entities before retaining them, allowing them to easily avoid liability for frauds committed in furtherance of mutual profit.
Electron Reactions in Nonpolar Liquids — Pressure Effects

Drift mobilities of excess electrons in nonpolar molecular hydrocarbons range from values as low as 0.016 cm2/Vs for long chain alkanes1 to 400 cm2/Vs for methane2 Similarly the rates of electron attachment reactions differ considerably from one nonpolar solvent to another.3 To explain the first observation, the existence of two types of states in these liquids is assumed: a conducting state where the electron is quasi-free (qf) and mobile, and a trapped state (tr) where the electron is localized and relatively immobile. The range in mobilities is then attributed to differences in the probability of trapping. Trapping is more likely in n-alkanes and less likely in methane and neopentane, which are symmetrical molecules.
Characterization of cellulose gels by small angle light scattering

An experimental evaluation of the light scattering from two water-swollen cellulose gels and the corresponding solvent-exchanged cellulose gels has been made. The two gels were prepared from a commercial viscose by methods which gave different degrees of swelling. The solvent exchanged gels were finally imbibed with silicone fluids whose refractive indices (n) covered the range 1.40–1.59. The Debye-Bueche theory for scattering from a heterogeneous solid was applied to the data. The observed scattering could be interpreted in terms of refractive index or density fluctuations which were less for the sample with lover degree of swelling. The average periodicity of the density fluctuations increased as n of the imbibition fluid in the solvent-exchanged samples approached the value, na, for the amorphous regions and maximized in this region. Comparative lateral order distribution information could be derived from the data. From the results it could be shown that the water-swollen gel is more homogeneous then after solvent exchange but the difference was less for the less swollen system. The evidence collected supports the idea that cellulose gels are, to a first approximation, three-phased systems involving high order and low order regions as well as micropores. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the solvent-exchanged gels served to confirm this hypothesis.
Cellular transport and metabolism of vitamin A: roles of the cellular retinoid-binding proteins.

Before vitamin A can fulfill its several functions in the body, both in vision and in differentiation, it must necessarily move through a number of different cells on its journey from the lumen of the small intestine to the final sites of action. This process involves considerable metabolic activity. Some of this is to produce those active retinoids, such as 11cis-retinal or retinoic acid, that carry out the functions of vitamin A. Other action is required to convert the provitamin carotenes into retinol, the parent vitamin A compound. Retinol must be esterified for export from the absorptive cell or entry into cellular storage; the esters are subsequently hydrolyzed to recover the retinol. Within the various cells that carry out these metabolic transformations are specific retinoid-binding proteins. How these binding proteins participate in this metabolism and movement within the cell will be discussed here. Several recent reviews have considered various aspects of this topic,’“ and a more complete presentation on the various properties of these binding proteins is also a~ailable.~ Properties of the Cellular Retinoid-Binding
Echocardiogram view classification using edge filtered scale-invariant motion features

In an 2D echocardiogram exam, an ultrasound probe samples the heart with 2D slices. Changing the orientation and position on the probe changes the slice viewpoint, altering the cardiac anatomy being imaged. The determination of the probe viewpoint forms an essential step in automatic cardiac echo image analysis. In this paper we present a system for automatic view classification that exploits cues from both cardiac structure and motion in echocardiogram videos. In our framework, each image from the echocardiogram video is represented by a set of novel salient features. We locate these features at scale invariant points in the edge-filtered motion magnitude images and encode them using local spatial, textural and kinetic information. Training in our system involves learning a hierarchical feature dictionary and parameters of a pyramid matching kernel based support vector machine. While testing, each image, classified independently, casts a votes towards parent video classification and the viewpoint with maximum votes wins. Through experiments on a large database of echocardiograms obtained from both diseased and control subjects, we show that our technique consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in the popular four-view classification test. We also present results for eight-view classification to demonstrate the scalability of our framework.
Expression of Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Patients with and without Previous Abdominal Surgery

Hypothesis Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the formation of adhesions after abdominal operations. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting University-based, tertiary referral center. Patients Patients undergoing elective open abdominal operations were recruited and divided into 2 groups. Twenty-two patients with a history of abdominal surgery were designated as study patients, and 10 patients with no history of abdominal surgery served as controls. Interventions Samples of normal peritoneum, peritoneal scar tissues, and serum were obtained from all patients at the time of surgery. Main Outcome Measures Samples were assayed for total TGF-β1 expression using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Scar tissues expressed significantly greater amounts of TGF-β1 (0.47 pg/µL) compared with normal peritoneal tissue from both study patients (0.29 pg/µL;P= .03) and controls (0.17 pg/µL;P= .002). Serum TGF-β1 levels were also higher in study patients (1.71 pg/µL) compared with controls (1.22 pg/µL;P= .02). Neither adhesion nor serum TGF-β1 expression correlated with time since last operation, total number of previous operations, or severity of intra-abdominal adhesions. Conclusion These results suggest that TGF-β1 may play an important role in human peritoneal adhesion formation.
Energy Analysis of Hadoop Cluster Failure Recovery

Energy efficiency is now used as an important metric for evaluating a computing system. However, saving energy is a big challenge due to many constraints. For example, in one of the most popular distributed processing frameworks, Hadoop, three replicas of each data block are randomly distributed in order to improve performance and fault tolerance. But such a mechanism limits the largest number of machines that can be turned off to save energy without affecting the data availability. To overcome this limitation, previous research introduces a new mechanism called covering subset which maintains a set of active nodes to ensure the immediate availability of data, even when all other nodes are turned off. This covering subset based mechanism works smoothly if no failure happens. However, a node in the covering subset may fail. In this paper, we study the energy-efficient failure recovery in Hadoop clusters. Rather than only using the replication as adopted by a Hadoop system by default, we investigate both replication and erasure coding as possible redundancy mechanisms. We develop failure recovery algorithms for both systems and analytically compare their energy efficiency.
3-D spatial compounding using a row-column array.

2-D spatial compounding has long been investigated to reduce speckle in ultrasound images. To further reduce speckle, several 3-D spatial compounding studies using 1-D and 1.5 D arrays with mechanical translation and position tracking have been reported. However, the fixed elevational focus and mechanical translation can degrade image quality in elevation. Using 2-D arrays, a better elevational resolution can be achieved with electronic focusing. Furthermore, 2-D arrays can generate greater number of independent images than 1-D arrays and the need for mechanical scanning is eliminated.In this paper, we present our 3-D spatial compounding images of two gel-based contrast phantoms and one resolution phantom. These images were acquired using a prototype 4 cm × 4 cm ultrasonic row-column prototype 2-D array operating at 5 MHz. Compounding nine decorrelated volumes showed a speckle signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of 2.68. The average improvement of the lesion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was 2.45. How...
Evaluation of Active Handrest performance using labyrinths with adaptive admittance control and virtual fixtures

The Active Handrest is a large workspace, human-machine interface that provides ergonomic support for a user's hand and arm while allowing the user to retain complete control over a grasped tool. In this paper, we introduce methods to improve the base performance of the Active Handrest's linear admittance controller (V = K a * F) based on knowledge of user intention, through adaptive admittance, and knowledge of the environment, via virtual fixtures. Herein, we present feasibility studies to apply adaptive admittance and virtual fixtures to the motion of the Active Handrest and measure user performance. We introduce a more relevant evaluation task for the Active Handrest by conducting experiments involving the navigation of virtual labyrinths. The results of these experiments show that adaptive admittance improves a user's ability to accurately navigate a narrow labyrinth, with less cost of time than using constant gains with a linear admittance controller. Additionally, a feasibility study on virtual fixtures shows that user performance for drawing straight lines with virtual fixtures applied directly to the Active Handrest is equivalent to user performance with virtual fixtures applied directly to the grasped tool, as has been done more traditionally. These results underscore the utility of the Active Handrest as they show the potential to achieve highly accurate motions without the need for a robotically enabled or co-manipulated tool.
Developmental Precursors of Moral Disengagement and the Role of Moral Disengagement in the Development of Antisocial Behavior

The purpose of the study was to advance our understanding of the developmental precursors of Moral Disengagement (MD) and the role of MD in the development of antisocial behavior from early risk among an ethnically diverse sample of 187 low-income boys followed prospectively from ages 1.5 to 17. Results indicated associations between early rejecting parenting, neighborhood impoverishment, and child empathy and later MD. The link between some of these early constructs and later antisocial behavior was mediated by MD. Finally, in an exploratory path model both MD and biases in social information processing were found to mediate separate paths from early risk factors to later antisocial behavior. Results were partially consistent with the notion that adolescent MD was predicted by a combination of early family, neighborhood, and child risk factors, and that MD may be a mechanism underlying some boys' risk of antisocial behavior.