cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering functional anisotropy in fibrocartilage neotissues

The knee meniscus, intervertebral disc, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc all possess complex geometric shapes and anisotropic matrix organization. While these characteristics are imperative for proper tissue function, they are seldom recapitulated following injury or disease. Thus, this study's objective was to engineer fibrocartilages that capture both gross and molecular structural features of native tissues. Self-assembled TMJ discs were selected as the model system, as the disc exhibits a unique biconcave shape and functional anisotropy. To drive anisotropy, 50:50 co-cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes were grown in biconcave, TMJ-shaped molds and treated with two exogenous stimuli: biomechanical (BM) stimulation via passive axial compression and bioactive agent (BA) stimulation via chondroitinase-ABC and transforming growth factor-β1. BM + BA synergistically increased Col/WW, Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength 5.8-fold, 14.7-fold, and 13.8-fold that of controls, respectively; it also promoted collagen fibril alignment akin to native tissue. Finite element analysis found BM stimulation to create direction-dependent strains within the neotissue, suggesting shape plays an essential role toward driving in vitro anisotropic neotissue development. Methods used in this study offer insight on the ability to achieve physiologic anisotropy in biomaterials through the strategic application of spatial, biomechanical, and biochemical cues.
Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-gamma in ischemic stroke.

Background— Although lymphocyte recruitment and activation are associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, the contributions of specific lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to stroke remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to define the contribution of specific populations of lymphocytes to the inflammatory and prothrombogenic responses elicited in the cerebral microvasculature by I/R and to investigate the role of T-cell–associated IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Methods and Results— Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 1 hour (followed by 4 or 24 hours of reperfusion) in wild-type mice and mice deficient in lymphocytes (Rag1−/−), CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, or IFN-γ. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion was assessed in cortical venules with intravital video microscopy. Neurological deficit and infarct volume were determined 24 hours after reperfusion. Rag1−/−, CD4+ T-cell−/−, CD8+ T-cell−/−, and IFN-γ−/− mice exhib...
Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina

SUMMARY Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina , is the most common rust disease of wheat. The fungus is an obligate parasite capable of producing infectious urediniospores as long as infected leaf tissue remains alive. Urediniospores can be wind-disseminated and infect host plants hundreds of kilometres from their source plant, which can result in wheat leaf rust epidemics on a continental scale. This review summarizes current knowledge of the P. triticina /wheat interaction with emphasis on the infection process, molecular aspects of pathogenicity, rust resistance genes in wheat, genetics of the host parasite interaction, and the population biology of P. triticina . Taxonomy: Puccinia triticina Eriks.: kingdom Fungi, phylum Basidiomycota, class Urediniomycetes, order Uredinales, family Pucciniaceae, genus Puccinia . Host range: Telial/uredinial (primary) hosts: common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat ( T. turgidum L. var. durum ), cultivated emmer wheat ( T. dicoccon ) and wild emmer wheat ( T. dicoccoides) , Aegilops speltoides , goatgrass ( Ae. cylindrica ), and triticale (X Triticosecale). Pycnial/aecial (alternative) hosts: Thalictrum speciosissimum (= T. flavum glaucum ) and Isopyrum fumaroides . Identification: Leaf rust is characterized by the uredinial stage. Uredinia are up to 1.5 mm in diameter, erumpent, round to ovoid, with orange to brown uredinia that are scattered on both the upper and the lower leaf surfaces of the primary host. Uredinia produce urediniospores that are sub-globoid, average 20 µ m in diameter and are orange‐brown, with up to eight germ pores scattered in thick, echinulate walls. Disease symptoms: Wheat varieties that are fully susceptible have large uredinia without causing chlorosis or necrosis in the host tissues. Resistant wheat varieties are characterized by various responses from small hypersensitive flecks to small to moderate size uredinia that may be surrounded by chlorotic and/ or necrotic zones. Useful website: USDA Cereal Disease Laboratory: http:// www.ars.usda.gov/mwa/cdl
Distinct α- and β-tubulin isotypes are required for the positioning, differentiation and survival of neurons: new support for the 'multi-tubulin' hypothesis

The many functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton are essential for shaping the development and maintaining the operation of the nervous system. With the recent discovery of congenital neurological disorders that result from mutations in genes that encode different alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes (TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBA8 and TUBB3), scientists have a novel paradigm to assess how select perturbations in microtubule function affect a range of cellular processes in humans. Moreover, important phenotypic distinctions found among the syndromes suggest that different tubulin isotypes can be utilized for distinct cellular functions during nervous system development. In the present review, we discuss: (i) the spectrum of congenital nervous system diseases that result from mutations in tubulin and MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins); (ii) the known or putative roles of these proteins during nervous system development; (iii) how the findings collectively support the 'multi-tubulin' hypothesis, which postulates that different tubulin isotypes may be required for specialized microtubule functions.
Cofacially constrained organic semiconductors

We present the synthesis, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry of bis[oligo(thiophene)] monomers where the sterics of covalently attached subunits enforced oblique spatial orientations. The synthetic scheme applied to a variety of chromophores; standard bromination and cross-coupling chemistry afforded bis(terthienyl)benzene systems in high yield. We prepared model systems consisting of mono(terthiophene)s to probe the effects that van der Waals contacts impose during electropolymerization and methyl-blocked analogues to examine the electrochemical properties of derivatives that do not undergo polymerization. We discuss the extent of delocalization between chromophores as deduced from electrochemical studies and demonstrate that these materials provide viable electrochromic polymers.
Laboratory evaluation of smoke detectors for use in underground mines

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the responses of a prototype smoke detector and a commercially available photoelectric smoke detector to smoke particles generated from various combustion sources. The prototype smoke detector combines optical scattering measurements with ionization chamber measurements in order to reduce/eliminate nuisance alarms due to the presence of airborne dusts or diesel exhaust particles. The commercially available smoke detector is designed for use in harsh environments where airborne dust represents a major problem due to both nuisance alarms and detector contamination. In the experiments, the responses of the two detectors were measured when exposed to smoke particles from the exhaust of a diesel engine and from a variety of fire sources, including wood, coal, styrene butadiene rubber, and No. 2 diesel fuel. For the solid fuels, data were obtained for both smoldering and flaming combustions. This report describes the experiments, their results, and the use of these results as they apply to early-warning fire sensors capable of the rapid and reliable detection of fires in atmospheres that may or may not be contaminated by either airborne dust or the products produced from diesel engines.
Extreme Summer Convection in South America

Abstract Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis data are used to indicate mechanisms responsible for extreme summer convection over South America. The three-dimensional reflectivity field is analyzed to define three types of extreme echo, deep convective cores, wide convective cores, and broad stratiform regions. The location and timing of these echoes are sensitive to midlatitude synoptic disturbances crossing the Andes. At the leading edges of these disturbances the nocturnal South American low-level jet (SALLJ) transports moisture along the eastern edge of the Andes from the tropical to the subtropical part of the continent. Where the SALLJ rises over lower but steep mountains on the east side of the southern central Andes, deep and wide convective cores are triggered in the evening. When the SALLJ withdraws to the north as the disturbance passes, nocturnal trig...
Contrasting effects of resource availability and plant mortality on plant community invasion by Bromus tectorum L.

The positive effect of disturbance on plant community invasibility is one of the more consistent results in invasion ecology. It is generally attributed to a coincident increase in available resources (due to the disturbance) that allows non-resident plant species to establish (Davis MA, Grime JP Thompson K, J Ecol 88:528–534, 2000). However, most research addressing this issue has been in artificial or highly modified plant communities. Our goal in this study was to investigate the interactive effects of resource availability and plant mortality disturbance on the invasion of natural plant communities. We conducted a series of experiments that examined the response of Bromus tectorum L., a highly invasive annual grass, to experimentally created gradients of resource availability [nitrogen (N) and water] and resident plant species mortality. We found that B. tectorum biomass was co-limited by N and water. Biomass at the end of the growing season was a saturating function (i.e., increased to a maximum) of water, which determined maximum biomass, and N, which determined the rate at which maximum biomass was attained. Despite that fact that plant mortality increased N availability, it had a negative impact on invasion success. Plant mortality also decreased foliar cover, standing dead biomass, and soil cover by litter. In harsh environments, removing foliar and soil cover may increase germination and seedling stress by increasing soil temperatures and water loss. Across all treatments, B. tectorum success decreased with decreasing foliar cover and standing dead biomass. This, in combination with the strong limitation of B. tectorum biomass by water in this experiment, suggests that our plant mortality disturbance removed soil cover that may have otherwise aided B. tectorum invasion into this semi-arid plant community by reducing water stress.
Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156–1478

Episcopal election in Western Christianity evolved considerably over the course of the fifth to the twelfth centuries. In the early part of this period, an open electorate consisting of the clergy and the people (clerus et populus), as well as the diocesan clergy and the metropolitan archbishop, all took part in the election and consecration of a new bishop. Over the course of several centuries, the local prince came increasingly to dominate the process due both to Germanic and Roman traditions of the role of the prince and to the growth in power of the local rulers over the course of the Middle Ages. Efforts to harmonize the discordant views of a “democratic” versus an elite (either princely or clerical) electorate with the ideals of canon law, which forbade lay participation in episcopal election, led to assertions that the clergy were to elect the bishop with the people and the prince giving their assent to the bishop-elect. However, with the Gregorian reforms of the twelfth century, the right of the clergy in episcopal elections became preeminent as the reformers sought to enforce the canon laws and exclude the laity from episcopal election, especially in light of past princely abuse. Despite the apparent victory of the reformers in the Investiture Controversy, the local ruler continued to play a preeminent role in episcopal appointments (or elections) into modern times, though the principle of election “by the clergy and the people” fell into disuse.
Aggregate Stability and Individual-Level Flux in Mass Belief Systems: The Level of Analysis Paradox

Converse's findings of low constraint and stability among mass attitudes are only one side of the story; mass attitudes often manifest much more coherent and stable patterns at the aggregate level than would seem possible if one took the results of panel survey analysis at face value. Items designed by Rokeach and Inglehart to tap basic value priorities, show modest individual-level stability, together with remarkably high aggregate stability structured in ways that could not occur if random answering were the prevailing pattern. Materialist/postmaterialist values show large differences between birth cohorts that not only persisted throughout 1970-1984 but seem to reflect distinctive formative experiences that occurred as much as 50 years ago. These aggregate results are much too skewed to result from equiprobable random answering and cannot be attributed to methods effects. They reflect underlying attitudinal predispositions in the respondents themselves. While random response to given items does play an important role, it is much less widespread than Converse's Black and White model implies and does not generally reflect an absence of relevant preferences. Structural equation analysis of multiple indicators demonstrates much stabler, broader orientations underlying the response to given items that account for the high aggregate-level stability observed here. Because it usually measures such orientations imperfectly, individual-level survey data tend systematically to underestimate constraint and stability in mass attitudes.
COMPLEXITY OF TRIVIAL EXTENSIONS OF ITERATED TILTED ALGEBRAS

We study the complexity of a family of finite-dimensional self-injective k-algebras where k is an algebraically closed field. More precisely, let T be the trivial extension of an iterated tilted algebra of type H. We prove that modules over the trivial extension T all have complexities either 0, 1, 2 or infinity, depending on the representation type of the hereditary algebra H.
Initiation and preliminary evaluation of an oncology pharmacy training course for staff pharmacists.

IntroductionThere is currently a disparity between oncology pharmacy job openings and PGY2 trained pharmacists completing residency training each year. As a result, pharmacists without specialized training in oncology are filling much needed oncology positions and may need on-the-job oncology training. To improve oncology knowledge among non-PGY2 trained pharmacists working in oncology positions, Novant Health coordinated an Oncology Pharmacy Training Course (OPTC).ObjectivesThe primary objective was to assess efficacy of the OPTC through evaluation of post-intervention oncology knowledge. Secondary objectives included efficacy of each lecture, assessment of knowledge improvement in those with and without residency or chemotherapy training, and assessment of satisfaction with the OPTC.MethodsThis was a prospective, cohort study. All pharmacists expressing interest in the OPTC were included unless PGY2 oncology residency trained or Board-Certified in Oncology Pharmacy (BCOP). Participants were invited to a...
Surfactant protein A modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages during tuberculosis

Tuberculosis leads to immune activation and increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in the lung. However, in vitro models of mycobacterial infection of human macrophages do not fully reproduce these in vivo observations, suggesting that there are additional host factors. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an important mediator of innate immunity in the lung. SP-A levels were assayed in the human lung by using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). There was a threefold reduction in SP-A levels during tuberculosis only in the radiographically involved lung segments, and the levels returned to normal after 1 month of treatment. The SP-A levels were inversely correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in BAL fluid, suggesting that low SP-A levels were associated with increased inflammation in the lung. Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were used to test the effect of decreasing SP-A levels on immune function. In the absence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, SP-A at doses ranging from 5 to 0.01 μg/ml inhibited both interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) activity. In macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, SP-A augmented both IL-6 production and HIV-1 LTR activity. To better understand the effect of SP-A, we measured expression of CAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor central to the regulation of IL-6 and the HIV-1 LTR. In macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, SP-A reduced expression of a dominant negative isoform of C/EBPβ. These data suggest that SP-A has pleiotropic effects even at the low concentrations found in tuberculosis patients. This protein augments inflammation in the presence of infection and inhibits inflammation in uninfected macrophages, protecting uninvolved lung segments from the deleterious effects of inflammation.
Numerical simulation of nonadiabatic electron excitation in the strong field regime. 2. Linear polyene cations.

Time-dependent Hartree−Fock theory has been used to study the electronic optical response of a series of linear polyene cations (+1 and +2) in strong laser fields. The interaction of ethylene, butadiene, and hexatriene, with pulsed and CW fields corresponding to 8.75 × 1013 W/cm2 and 760 nm, have been calculated using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Nonadiabatic processes including nonlinear response of the dipole moment to the field and nonresonsnat energy deposition into excited states were more pronounced for the monocations in comparison with dications. For a given charge state and geometry, the nonadiabatic effects in the charge distribution and instantaneous dipole increased with the length of the polyene. For pulsed fields, the instantaneous dipole continued to oscillate after the field returned to zero and corresponded to a nonresonant electronic excitation involving primarily the lowest electronic transition. For a given molecule and fixed charge state, the degree of nonadiabatic coupling and excitatio...
Landscape of the unknown: mobilizing three understandings of landscape to interpret American and Indian cinematic outer space

Many landscapes are available to only some groups and cultures. For example, oceans, deserts, mountains, etc. cannot be fully understood and experienced by all people in the world. However, there is one landscape that is likely available to all cultures—outer space. By investigating this panorama that is accessible all over the globe, geography can gain insight into landscape interpretation. Film is an ideal medium for this endeavor. Unlike most film landscape interpretation that concentrates on landscape as a text or a way of seeing, I argue that three understandings of landscape, landscape as mediated by technology, landscape as a way of seeing, and landscape as engagement, all interact with one another to create cinematic outer space. I use this landscape as portrayed in the United States and India as case studies.
Using Systematic Measurement to Target Consumer Activation Strategies

Current policy directions place high expectations on consumers, pressing them to adopt new roles and behaviors. The price of failing to meet these expectations will be high for the individual, for the care delivery system, and for the society as a whole. Yet there is limited support in place to help consumers meet these expectations. The article reviews the major approaches used to stimulate consumer engagement in health and health care. The concept of activation is explored as a possible organizing construct for informing strategies to increase consumer involvement in health. Illustrative data are presented that show how activation levels are associated with engaging in specific health behaviors. The strategy of measuring activation and calibrating both the type and the amount of support for consumers is discussed as a way to improve current approaches. Tailoring activation to the individual, group, and community level is also explored.
Dynamic recruitment of microRNAs to their mRNA targets in the regenerating liver.

Validation of physiologic miRNA targets has been met with significant challenges. We employed HITS-CLIP to identify which miRNAs participate in liver regeneration, and to identify their target mRNAs. miRNA recruitment to the RISC is highly dynamic, changing more than five-fold for several miRNAs. miRNA recruitment to the RISC did not correlate with changes in overall miRNA expression for these dynamically recruited miRNAs, emphasizing the necessity to determine miRNA recruitment to the RISC in order to fully assess the impact of miRNA regulation. We incorporated RNA-seq quantification of total mRNA to identify expression-weighted Ago footprints, and developed a microRNA regulatory element (MRE) prediction algorithm that represents a greater than 20-fold refinement over computational methods alone. These high confidence MREs were used to generate candidate ‘competing endogenous RNA’ (ceRNA) networks. HITS-CLIP analysis provide novel insights into global miRNA:mRNA relationships in the regenerating liver.
Path based approach for crosstalk delay analysis

Crosstalk delay analysis and closure is becoming crucial for first pass silicon success in current technologies. The inherent pessimism in crosstalk delay analysis results in huge number of violations to be flagged, which is both difficult to fix and to identify the real violations that could actually cause silicon failures. In this paper, we present a new approach of path based crosstalk delay analysis to reduce the inherent pessimism. The solution uses a two pass analysis approach-in the first pass all crosstalk delay violating paths are identified and in the second pass all these violations are reanalyzed more accurately to verify whether it is a real violation. The solution fundamentally relies on the fact that a path based crosstalk delay analysis is more accurate and less pessimistic, compared to net based analysis and violation identification. We also present results from various 130 nm designs showing as much as 70% reduction in violations.
Psychophysiological correlates of parenting behavior in mothers of young children

This study investigated HPA and vagal functioning as correlates of parenting in mothers of 175 six-month-old children. Salivary cortisol indexed HPA functioning and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reduction indexed vagal regulation. Positive engagement and negative intrusiveness were observed during the Face-to-Face Still Face Paradigm (FFSFP) reunion and a semi-structured free play episode. Mixed modeling was used to examine differences in maternal behaviors across contexts as a function of psychophysiology. Main effects of cortisol levels, as well as interactions with RSA reduction and context, predicted negative intrusiveness. Mothers with high cortisol exhibited more negative intrusiveness if they also had lower RSA reduction. Mothers were also less negatively intrusive during the FFSFP than the free play if they had lower cortisol levels. There were no associations between psychophysiological measures and positive engagement. The findings suggest: (1) that parenting behaviors are associated with maternal stress physiology; (2) considerations of single physiological systems related to parenting behaviors may be incomplete; and (3) type and context of behaviors must be considered when examining biobehavioral associations with parenting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 650–661, 2009
Practical Health Promotion

Practical Health Promotion provides practical tips and steps equipping new health promotion students and practitioners with skills and competencies needed to be effective and successful in the fiel...
Education sciences, schooling, and abjection: recognizing difference and the making of inequality?

Schooling in North America and northern Europe embodies salvation themes. The themes are (re)visions of Enlightenments' projects about the cosmopolitan citizen and scientific progress. The emancipatory principles, however, were never merely about freedom and inclusion. A comparative system of reason was inscribed as gestures of hope and fear. The hope was of the child who would be the future cosmopolitan citizen; the fears were of the dangers and dangerous people to that future. The double gestures continue in contemporary school reform and its sciences. American progressive education sciences at the turn of the 20th century and contemporary school reform research are examined to understand their different cultural theses about cosmopolitan modes of life and the child cast out as different and abjected. Today's cosmopolitanism, different from that in the past, generates principles about the lifelong learner and its cosmopolitan hope of inclusion. The inclusionary impulse is expressed in the phrase “all children can learn”. The child who stands outside of the unity of “all children” is disadvantaged and urban. School subject research in music at the turn of the 20th century and today's mathematics education are exemplars of the inscriptions of hope and fears in the sciences of education. The method of study is a history of the present. It is a strategy of resistance and counter praxis by making visible what is assumed as natural and inevitable in schooling. Keywords : educational sciences; history of present; politics of schooling; reform; social inclusion/exclusion South African Journal of Education Vol. 28 (3) 2008: pp. 301-319
The effect of topical application of diethyl- -fluoroglutarate on the metabolism and electrical activity in vivo of cat cerebral cortex.

— The effect of topical application of diethyl-α-fluoroglutarate on the primary response of cat cerebral cortex to thalamic stimulation was investigated, and samples of the involved tissue and of homologous contralateral control tissue were removed at appropriate times for biochemical analyses. Changes in electrocortical response were first noted 30–40 min after topical application of 10 μ1 (52.7 μmol) of the drug to the pericruciate gyrus. A rapid reduction in amplitude of the surface negative component of the primary response was observed initially, followed by amplitude reduction and rapid disappearance of the primary response throughout the cortical field within a few minutes after the change first observed at the surface. The effects were interpreted either as a direct action of the drug on the somadendritic membrane or an inhibition of the excitatory synaptic impingement. Analyses of the tissues removed at the time of maximum electrocortical response indicated profound metabolic changes, including depletion of energy reserves and several Krebs cycle intermediates. Large increases in tissue levels of glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and pyruvate were found. Changes in amino acids comprised depletion of glutamate with increased tissue levels of aspartate, GABA, NH3, threonine, serine and alanine. Tissues were also removed at 10 min after topical application of the drug but before the advent of electrocortical changes. Decreased levels of glutamate were associated with a rise in tissue aspartate. Tissue levels of the other amino acids were unchanged. Glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and pyruvate levels were increased, lactate and ATP levels were unchanged, and P-creatine, α-KG and malate levels were reduced. We believe that the observed pattern of changes represents responses of the cerebral cortex to either a block in the synthesis of glutamate or in oxidation of pyruvate, with consequent interference with oxidative and energy metabolism and eventual depression of cortical electrical activity.
Body Weight and the Quality of Interpersonal Relationships

We investigate whether underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese Americans differ in their evaluations of positive and negative aspects of their interpersonal relationships. Analyses are based on data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study, a survey of more than 3,000 adults ages 25 to 74 in 1995. We find no significant differences across the body mass index (BMI) categories in the quality of relationships with friends, coworkers, and spouses. Severely obese persons report significantly higher levels of strain and lower levels of support in their family relationships. This pattern, however, is contingent upon one’s adolescent body weight. Among persons who were of “normal” weight at age 21, current BMI is not associated with relationship quality. For persons who were overweight at age 21, the level of social support received from family during adulthood declines as adult BMI increases. Implications for stigma theory are discussed.
Chemical cues: Why basic peptides are signal molecules in marine environments

Waterborne chemical cues are critical in mediating interactions among marine organisms, yet mechanisms controlling the extinction of these signals have not been described. Exogenous factors, such as uptake by bacteria or adsorption to suspended clays or biofilms, could influence the concentrations of environmental signal molecules. In this study, we chose glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine (GGR) to examine the rates and mechanisms of peptide uptake by a natural assemblage of marine bacteria. GGR is a potent synthetic analog of the natural cue-inducing settlement by oyster larvae. Kinetic parameters for the microbial uptake and colloidal adsorption of glycine, L-arginine, and GGR were determined from the decay of 14C-radiolabeled substrates and from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The bacterial uptake rate constant (ksubstrate) was 3.5-fold smaller for GGR (0.019 h−1 for 40-1,000 nM substrate concentration) than for its component amino acids. Nonspecific adsorption of GGR onto colloids had a similar rate constant (0.021 h−1). HPLC analyses of peptide solutions did not indicate any build-up of glycine, Larginine, glycyl-L-arginine, or glycyl-glycine, the potential proteolytic products of GGR, during experiments. Thus, it is unlikely that the nonradiolabeled portion of GGR was cleaved extracellularly before internalization. Our results show that the tripeptide GGR is taken up by marine bacteria at significantly slower rates than are its component amino acids. The slow utilization of GGR by bacteria and low adsorption to colloids could provide at least one rationale-signal persistence-for the selection of basic peptides as chemical cues in marine environments.
Cholesterol Guidelines Do Not Endorse “One Size Fits All”: The Strategy Begins With a Discussion∗

In this issue of the Journal , Navar-Boggan et al. [(1)][1] address the strategy for low-risk primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This is a thoughtful exploration of the impact of varying the 10-year risk thresholds proposed by the cholesterol guidelines [(2)][2]
Graphitic design: prospects of graphene-based nanocomposites for solar energy conversion, storage, and sensing.

Graphene not only possesses interesting electrochemical behavior but also has a remarkable surface area and mechanical strength and is naturally abundant, all advantageous properties for the design of tailored composite materials. Graphene–semiconductor or −metal nanoparticle composites have the potential to function as efficient, multifunctional materials for energy conversion and storage. These next-generation composite systems could possess the capability to integrate conversion and storage of solar energy, detection, and selective destruction of trace environmental contaminants or achieve single-substrate, multistep heterogeneous catalysis. These advanced materials may soon become a reality, based on encouraging results in the key areas of energy conversion and sensing using graphene oxide as a support structure. Through recent advances, chemists can now integrate such processes on a single substrate while using synthetic designs that combine simplicity with a high degree of structural and composition...
Endocrine-metabolic pathophysiologic conditions and treatment approaches after kidney transplantation.

ABSTRACT Objective To review pathophysiologic conditions and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the management of endocrine-metabolic disorders after kidney transplanta tion (KT). Methods We discuss the assessment of diabetes mel litus (DM), hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and disturbances of bone and mineral metabolism after KT. Results KT offers patients with end-stage kidney disease substantial improvement in life expectancy and quality of life. Despite amelioration of renal dysfunction, however, these patients are at risk for the deterioration of existing and the development of new endocrine pathologic conditions. Pretransplant DM and new-onset diabetes after transplantation are associated with worse patient and graft survival. Little is known about preventing new-onset dia betes after transplantation and managing DM shortly after KT. In addition to glycemic control in patients with dia betes, management of cardiovascular risk factors includes appropriate recognition and treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia. After KT, patients are at considerable risk for derangements in calcium and vitamin D metabolism. Immunosuppressive medications may cause compromised glucose and lipid metabolism, which may, in turn, contrib ute to the progression of preexisting and the development of new posttransplant endocrinopathies. Conclusion Clinical care of kidney transplant patients should include a comprehensive endocrine assessment before and after KT in close collaboration with transplant nephrology providers. A referral to an endocrinologist should be initiated early during the pretransplant stage, and collaborative management should be maintained in kidney transplant patients to improve clinical outcomes. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:579-590)
Investigation of the Transition From Plane Strain to Plane Stress in Orthogonal Metal Cutting

It is widely known that in practical orthogonal machining experiments, interior sections of the deforming material undergo plane strain deformation whereas material near the side faces of the workpiece undergoes plane stress deformation. This study is aimed at investigating the plane strain to plane stress transition using 3D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis of orthogonal machining. The temperature, stress, strain and strain-rate distributions along different planes of the workpiece are analyzed to obtain estimates of the fraction of material undergoing plane strain deformation for different widths of cut. While it is found that the deformation in the mid-section of the workpiece is close to that observed in 2D plane strain simulations, the deformation along the side faces is quite different from that observed in 2D plane stress simulations, due to the constraint imposed upon the material along the sides by the material in the middle. Though the chip thickness along the sides is smaller than the chip thickness in the middle, the strain, strain-rate, and temperature fields along the side face and mid-section are quite similar. This study confirms that accurate maps of temperature, strain and strain-rate in plane strain deformation can be obtained by observing the side faces. It is found that for the cutting conditions used, a width to depth-of-cut ratio of twenty (not ten, as is commonly assumed) results in a close approximation to plane strain deformation through more than 90% of the width of the work material. For a width to depth-of-cut ratio of ten, significant deviations are observed in the stresses, with respect to their corresponding values in plane strain. Recommendations for the width of cut to depth of cut ratio to be used in experiments for other cutting conditions can be developed based upon similar studies.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of the yeast RNA-binding protein Whi3 on the half-life and abundance of CLN3 mRNA and other targets.

Whi3 is an RNA binding protein known to bind the mRNA of the yeast G1 cyclin gene CLN3. It inhibits CLN3 function, but the mechanism of this inhibition is unclear; in previous studies, Whi3 made no observable difference to CLN3 mRNA levels, translation, or protein abundance. Here, we re-approach this issue using microarrays, RNA-Seq, ribosome profiling, and other methods. By multiple methods, we find that the whi3 mutation causes a small but consistent increase in the abundance of hundreds of mRNAs, including the CLN3 mRNA. The effect on various mRNAs is roughly in proportion to the density of GCAU or UGCAU motifs carried by these mRNAs, which may be a binding site for Whi3. mRNA instability of Whi3 targets may in part depend on a 3′ AU rich element (ARE), AUUUUA. In addition, the whi3 mutation causes a small increase in the translational efficiency of CLN3 mRNA. The increase in CLN3 mRNA half-life and abundance together with the increase in translational efficiency is fully sufficient to explain the small-cell phenotype of whi3 mutants. Under stress conditions, Whi3 becomes a component of P-bodies or stress granules, but Whi3 also acts under non-stress condition, when no P-bodies are visible. We suggest that Whi3 may be a very broadly-acting, but mild, modulator of mRNA stability. In CLN3, Whi3 may bind to the 3′ GCAU motifs to attract the Ccr4-Not complex to promote RNA deadenylation and turnover, and Whi3 may bind to the 5′ GCAU motifs to inhibit translation.
Thermophilic Archaeal Diversity and Methanogenesis from El Tatio Geyser Field, Chile

ABSTRACTThe hydrothermal fluid chemistry at El Tatio Geyser Field (ETGF) in northern Chile suggests that biogenic CO2–CH4 cycling may play an important role in water chemistry, and relatively low sulfate (0.6–1 mM) and high molecular hydrogen (H2) concentrations (67–363 nM) suggest that methanogenic Archaea are present in ETGF microbial mats. In this study, δ13C analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon and methane was not indicative of biogenic methane production (δ13CCH4 values ranging from −15‰ to −5.3‰); however, methanogenic Archaea were successfully cultured from each of the hydrothermal sites sampled. Sanger sequencing using universal Archaea primers identified putative methanogenic orders with varying metabolic capabilities, including Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales.
Recent Developments in Challenging the Right to Take in Eminent Domain

True or false: “when the legislature has spoken, the public interest has been declared in terms well-nigh conclusive.” Still true, technically speaking: legislative determinations about whether a taking is in the public interest are entitled to a high degree of judicial deference if challenged. But after the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Kelo v. City of New London, that phrase no longer means that if the government wants to take property, the courts will simply rubber stamp it. Kelo reinvigorated judicial and public interest in the Public Use requirement of the Fifth Amendment and its counterparts in state constitutions and courts nationwide are more willing to examine the reasons for a taking than ever before. This article summarizes recent developments in litigation challenging the ability of condemning authorities to take property. There were couple of blockbuster cases from New York state courts, and these cases are summarized in Part I, but overall, the developments in the law were incremental. Consequently, this article will focus not only on cases where public use was challenged, but will include in Part II cases where other limitations on the eminent domain power such as delegation and choice of forum were analyzed. Finally, Part III summarizes recent cases involving recovery of attorneys fees for unsuccessful condemnations, an issue which is sure to grow should courts continue to be more willing to invalidate takings.
Advances in Sorghum Resistance Gene Mapping

Improving sorghum′s disease resistance is one of the major objectives in our breeding program,as it is essential for the crop′s high yield and desirable quality.In recent years,the advancement in molecular biotechnology fueled the significant progress in sorghum genome research.A large number of the critical resistance genes in sorghum have now been added on the genetic linkage map.It helps propel the studies on the physiology,resistance mechanism,resistance gene cloning,molecular marker assisted selection,favorable gene directed transfer and gene pyramiding on sorghum.In this article,notable achievements,such as the mapping of the QTL that resists drought and genes that resists diseases,pests,parasitic grasses or low temperatures,are summarized;the scientific challenges and anticipated future developments in the field of study are discussed;and specifically,some potential applications of the resistant gene mapping for sorghum breeding are presented.
An Expansion Scheme of CIM/E for the Expression of Substation Model

The substation model is an important foundation of power system automation technology applications.IEC 61850 ’s substation model description is comprehensive and detailed,but the processing efficiency is not high,and can not be applied in the dispatching systems.CIM’s substation model description is relatively simple,and CIM/XML processing efficiency is quite low.CIM/E overcomes CIM/ XML’s efficiency problem,but the model is not comprehensive enough.This paper fully expands the CIM/E specification to include primary device model,secondary device model,communication model,control model,protection model and data acquisition model,so that the substation model can be comprehensively described just as IEC 61850,and be effectively verified by the prototype system.Thus the expanded CIM/E model is expected to be the public substation model description of substation and dispatching automation systems.
Effectiveness of slide tapes for instructing medical students in oral rehydration therapy.

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) can save the lives of children suffering from diarrheal-induced dehydration. During the last five years major efforts have been made to train community health care personnel and mothers in developing countries in the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). However, efforts to train physicians in the community-based use of ORT have lagged behind. This paper reports the evaluation of a slide-tape show designed to teach Colombian medical students in Bogota both technical information and culturally appropriate non-scientific ORT terminology to educate mothers in the local community.
Polytetrafluoroethylene injection for urinary incontinence in children.

AbstractWe have treated 11 children for urinary incontinence with one or more endoscopic injections of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) into the external urethral sphincter region. The procedure is simple to perform and without significant complications. Long-term results have been gratifying, with cure or improvement in 8 of the 11 patients.
Proposal of a computerized algorithm for continuous wave CO2 laser on-line control during orthopaedic surgery. Phase II: simplified algorithm version (LCA-s) and helmet-mounted data access device solution.

This paper is the continuation of the Phase I report published in 1992 by Canestri. It contains recent findings on how to speed-up the process of sublimated volume forecasting for a TEM11* CO2 laserbeam in CW mode following an original model proposed by the author--called LCA--here presented in a simplified version (LCA-s) on PMMA (polymethylmethacrilate) samples. Other interesting parameters, such as the time required to create the minimal injury vb along with its physical interpretations, are reported and explained. TEM11*, TEM01* and TEM00 beams profiles are also compared and discussed for LCA-s. The results of both Phase I and Phase II of this investigation can be integrated in one single solution package for the end-user, combining fast decisions making and operational features. The final part of this paper describes the 'helmet-mounted' data recall visor methodology which allows the surgeon to access to a data base for information retrieval during the course of an operation without interrupting the surgical case itself. This particularly interesting application allows the surgeon to consult a centrally-located data base which contains important information regarding similar clinical cases, choice of laserbeam profiles and focal lengths, simulation of beam behaviours, performances and other data. The on-line and direct access to the data base supports him in all those borderline situations in the O.R. in which the laser device type and configuration/calibration play a device role in the success of the operation. Also, the helmet-mounted display frees surgeon's hands in order to allow him to continue the operation while consulting the data base on-line, thus speeding up decision processes regarding changes of laser set-up, general calibration optimization and remote clinical consultancy.
Cellulose and Other Capsular Polysaccharides of Acetic Acid Bacteria

Some acetic acid bacteria including Komagataeibacter xylinus are known to produce a large amount of cellulose in their culture media. This bacterial cellulose has a unique structure. The fiber of bacterial cellulose is ultrafine, with a width approximately 1/1000th that of pulp cellulose. Although the mechanism of bacterial cellulose synthesis is unclear, recent research, including structure analysis by X-ray diffraction, has revealed the mechanism at the cellulose synthase complex. The biological function of bacterial cellulose, as well as other capsular polysaccharides of acetic acid bacteria, seems to be the formation of biofilms that allow the retention of bacterial cells on the culture surface. This mechanism is favorable for their survival because acetic acid bacteria are strictly oxidative and utilize a large amount of oxygen for their metabolism. To use bacterial cellulose as a commodity material, industrial production systems have been developed using strain improvement and agitation cultures. Bacterial cellulose has many unique properties derived from its structural features. In addition to having been utilized for a long time as a well-known dessert (nata de coco) in Southeast Asia, it has many other possible applications. Some of these have already been commercialized, including speaker diaphragms and artificial skin.