cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New insights into Fe–H $$_{2}$$ 2 and Fe–H $$^{-}$$ - bonding of a [NiFe] hydrogenase mimic: a local vibrational mode study

In this work, we investigated the strength of the $${\hbox {H}}^{-}$$ and $${\hbox {H}}_{2}$$ interaction with the Fe atom of a [NiFe] hydrogenase mimic, and how this interaction can be modulated by changing the Fe ligand in trans-position relative to $${\hbox {H}}^{-}$$ and $${\hbox {H}}_{2}$$ . We used as a quantitative measure of bond strength local vibrational force constants derived from the Konkoli–Cremer local mode analysis, complemented by the topological analysis of the electronic density and the natural bond orbital analysis. Seventeen different ligands were investigated utilizing density functional theory calculations, including $${\sigma }$$ -donor ligands such as $${\hbox {CH}}_{3}^{-}$$ , $${\hbox {C}}_{2}{\hbox {H}}_{5}^{-}$$ , $${\hbox {NH}}_{3}$$ , and $${\hbox {H}}_{2}\hbox {O}$$ , $${\pi }$$ -donor ligands such as $${\hbox {Cl}}^{-}$$ , $${\hbox {F}}^{-}$$ , and $${\hbox {OH}}^{-}$$ , and $${\sigma }$$ -donor/ $${\pi }$$ -acceptor ligands such as $${\hbox {CN}}^{-}$$ and CO. According to the local mode analysis, Fe–H interactions are strengthened by $${\sigma }$$ -donor or $${\pi }$$ -donor ligands and weakened by $${\sigma }$$ -donor/ $${\pi }$$ -acceptor ligands. In contrast, the H–H bond of $${\hbox {H}}_{2}$$ is weakened by $${\sigma }$$ -donor or $${\pi }$$ -donor ligands and strengthened by $${\sigma }$$ -donor/ $${\pi }$$ -acceptor ligands. We also present a new metal–ligand electronic parameter (MLEP) for Fe–H ligands which can be generally applied to evaluate the Fe–H bond strength in iron complexes and iron hydrides. These results form a valuable basis for future [NiFe] hydrogenase-based catalyst design and fine tuning, as well as for the development of efficient biomimetic catalysts for $${\hbox {H}}_{2}$$ generation.
Where, When, and How: Context-Dependent Functions of RNA Methylation Writers, Readers, and Erasers

Cellular RNAs are naturally decorated with a variety of chemical modifications. The structural diversity of the modified nucleosides provides regulatory potential to sort groups of RNAs for organized metabolism and functions, thus affecting gene expression. Recent years have witnessed a burst of interest in and understanding of RNA modification biology, thanks to the emerging transcriptome-wide sequencing methods for mapping modified sites, highly sensitive mass spectrometry for precise modification detection and quantification, and extensive characterization of the modification "effectors," including enzymes ("writers" and "erasers") that alter the modification level and binding proteins ("readers") that recognize the chemical marks. However, challenges remain due to the vast heterogeneity in expression abundance of different RNA species, further complicated by divergent cell-type-specific and tissue-specific expression and localization of the effectors as well as modifications. In this review, we highlight recent progress in understanding the function of N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal mark on eukaryotic mRNA, in light of the specific biological contexts of m6A effectors. We emphasize the importance of context for RNA modification regulation and function.
Adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon induces apoptotic cell death and suppresses proliferation in human ovarian cancer cells.

We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of adiponectin receptors with the synthetic agonist AdipoRon suppresses proliferation and induces apoptotic death in human high grade serous ovarian tumor cell lines and in ex vivo primary tumors, mediated by activation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). We determined the effect of AdipoRon on high grade serous ovarian tumor cells lines (OVCAR3, OVCAR4, A2780) and ex vivo primary tumor tissue. Western blotting analysis was performed to examine changes in activation of AMPK and mTOR signaling and flow cytometry was utilized to examine changes in cell cycle progression. Immunofluorescence of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells and flow cytometry of annexin V positive cells were used to determine changes in apoptotic response. The CyQUANT proliferation assay was used to assess cell proliferation. AdipoRon treatment increased AMPK phosphorylation (OVCAR3 P = 0.01; A2780 P = 0.02) but did not significantly alter mTOR activity. AdipoRon induced G1 cell cycle arrest in OVCAR3 (+ 12.1%, P = 0.03) and A2780 (+ 12.0%, P = 0.002) cells. OVCAR3 and OVCAR4 cells treated with AdipoRon underwent apoptosis based on cleaved caspase-3 and annexin V staining. AdipoRon treatment resulted in a dose dependent decrease in cell number versus vehicle treatment in OVCAR3 (−61.2%, P < 0.001), OVCAR4 (−79%, P < 0.001), and A2780 (−56.9%, P < 0.001). Ex vivo culture of primary tumors treated with AdipoRon resulted in an increase in apoptosis measured with cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry. AdipoRon induces activation of AMPK and exhibits an anti-tumor effect in ovarian cancer cell lines and primary tumor via a mTOR-independent pathway.
A Quality Improvement Approach to Increase Exercise Assessment in Survivors of Childhood Leukemia

Introduction Survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk of treatment-related cardiovascular disease, the severity of which is impacted by the level of regular exercise. Exercise assessments (EAs) are not a routine component of follow-up care. Methods We incorporated a quantitative EA tool into the clinic triage during follow-up visits for survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The nursing staff was surveyed on the use of the EA tool to gauge understanding and level of comfort with addressing patient questions. Results Over 27 months, the percentage of off-therapy acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with documented EA increased from 0% to 80%. We noted degradation in EA completions in the last 6 months of the project, which we attributed to project nursing staff transition and failure to maintain education. Interventions that improved the percentage of completed EA included the incorporation the assessment tool into the electronic medical record and weekly reminders of scheduled eligible patients. A nurse incentive plan did not impact project success. Survey results revealed that the nursing staff were comfortable with the EA and did not view the new process as hurting patient flow. Conclusion Implementation of an EA tool into routine clinic follow-up was successful. We met the project goal of assessing greater than 50% of the follow-up patients. This work will serve as the foundation for the next phase of the project, which will be to provide education on the importance of exercise and earlier intervention when a sedentary lifestyle is identified.
Rocketry Mentors, Rocketry Practitioners and Unique Space Pioneers

Abstract The Apollo operations on the Moon constitute a happening in the 20th Century that will be acknowledged in history for many centuries in the future. Historians and the Apollo participants themselves agree that an essential factor in the success of the lunar missions was the ‘team’ circumstances that prevailed. Hence, it is historically valuable to identify those team members who began their space careers in Germany and, after World War II, came to the United States and ultimately provided the experienced core of the Apollo rocket transportation team. It is informative to compile special lists of those core team members whose careers satisfy pertinent criteria.
Outcomes of major lower extremity amputations n dysvascular patients: Room for improvement

Abstract Objectives Dysvascular patients account for >80% of major amputations in the US. We sought to determine if early mobilization and discharge disposition decreased post-operative hospital length of stay (PO-LOS) and expedited independent ambulation. Methods A retrospective review of dysvascular patients undergoing major amputations was performed. Primary outcomes included PO-LOS, discharge disposition, and days to ambulation. Results 130 patients were included. Patients evaluated by Physical Therapy (PT) within 1 day of formal amputation had decreased PO-LOS (5.6 vs 6.5 days, p = 0.029). Patients discharged to rehab had a shorter PO-LOS (4 days) than those discharged to SNF or home (8 and 5 days, respectively; p = 0.008). Time to ambulation was shorter for patients discharged to rehab (109 days vs home = 153 days; SNF = 175 days; p = 0.033). Conclusion Modifiable factors, including early PT and rehab placement, decreased PO-LOS and expedited time to ambulation. A need exists for a standardized multidisciplinary team approach to improve outcomes.
Balanced metrics and Chow stability of projective bundles over Kähler manifolds

In 1980, I. Morrison proved that the slope stability of a vector bundle of rank 2 over a compact Riemann surface implies Chow stability of the projectivization of the bundle with respect to certain polarizations. Using the notion of balanced metrics and recent work of Donaldson, Zhang, Wang, and Phong-Sturm, we show that the statement holds for higher-rank vector bundles over compact algebraic manifolds of arbitrary dimension that admit constant scalar curvature metric and have discrete automorphism group
Promoting Gender Equality by Supporting Men’s Emotional Flexibility:

Progress toward gender equality has slowed or stalled in recent years, primarily because gender stereotypes and roles are changing more quickly for women than men. Women are increasingly free to be...
The Colonial Side of Advertising Self-Regulation: Imperialist Consumerism in Latin America

The purpose of this paper is to analyze, through a decolonial perspective and using a historical approach, the geopolitical and colonial elements present in the origins of the Advertising Self-Regu...
On Security of Key Derivation Functions in Password-based Cryptography

Most common user authentication methods use some form of password or a combination of passwords. However, encryption schemes are generally not directly compatible with user passwords and thus, Password-Based Key Derivation Functions (PBKDFs) are used to convert user passwords into cryptographic keys. In this paper, we analyze the theoretical security of PBKDF2 and present two vulnerabilities, γ-collision and δ-collision. Using AES-128 as our exemplar, we show that due to γ-collision, text encrypted with one user password can be decrypted with γ 1 different passwords. We also provide a proof that finding− a collision in the derived key for AES-128 requires δ lesser calls to PBKDF2 than the known Birthday attack. Due to this, it is possible to break password-based AES-128 in O(264) calls, which is equivalent to brute-forcing DES.
Structure and energetics of the elbows in the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction

We study the structure of the threading edge dislocations, or ``elbows,'' which are an essential component of the well-known herringbone reconstruction of the (111) surface of Au. Previous work had shown that these dislocations can be stabilized by long-range elastic relaxations into the bulk. However, the validity of the harmonic spring model that had been used to estimate the energies of the dislocations is uncertain. To enable a more refined model of the dislocation energetics, we have imaged the atomic structure of these dislocations using scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that the harmonic spring model does not adequately reproduce the observed structure. We are able to reproduce the structure, however, with a two-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) model that uses a pairwise Morse potential to describe the interactions between the top layer Au atoms on a rigid substrate. The parameters of the potential were obtained by fitting the energy of uniaxially compressed phases, or ``stripes'', computed with density functional theory, as a function of surface Au density. Within this model, the formation of the threading dislocations remains unfavorable. However, the large forces on the substrate atoms near the threading-dislocation cores, render the assumption of a completely rigid substrate questionable. Indeed, if the FK parameters are modified to account for the relaxation of just one more atomic layer, threading dislocations can, in principle, become favorable, even without bulk elastic relaxations. Additional evidence for a small elbow energy is that our computed change in the Au(111) surface stress tensor caused by the $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}22)$ reconstruction is considerably smaller than previous estimates.
A92 Developing an Evidence-Informed Pedestrian Safety Communication Campaign

Abstract Background Pedestrian fatalities have been increasing in the U.S. and almost three quarters occur in an urban setting. To reduce the risk of pedestrian injury among individuals on and around an urban, academic healthcare campus, a communication campaign was created as one component of a comprehensive pedestrian safety intervention Methods A 10-minute online survey, open for 3 weeks in Aug-Sept 2013, was distributed via email and e-newsletters to the target audience - members of an academic healthcare community and residents in the community. Neighborhood partners worked with low-income and low-literacy residents to access and complete the survey if they desired. Based on the online survey data, strategic and creative approaches for a pedestrian safety communication campaign were developed and tested with n=4 focus groups composed of target audience participants. The final strategic and creative approach was determined from the results of the focus groups, which involved open-ended questions and discussions as well as the participants completing rating sheets. Results Most respondents reported that pedestrian safety was an important or very important problem (97%) and that drivers and pedestrians (74%) contributed equally to it. 56% reported that a communication campaign to educate pedestrians and drivers about how to stay safe would be effective or very effective in improving pedestrian safety. Open-ended questions solicited suggestions for persuasive campaign messages. Focus group participants (n=31) rated “Alertness” as the most effective strategic approach and “Be alert. Don’t get hurt.” as the most effective creative message. Conclusions Pedestrian safety campaigns are often created without the use of formative research. Soliciting information and opinions from the target audience bolsters the chance of developing a communication campaign targeted to its needs. This work demonstrates how collecting both quantitative and qualitative data from the target audience can inform the development of a campaign to maximize the impact on reducing pedestrian injuries.
Pseudo-random Number Generation on the IBM 4758 Secure Crypto Coprocessor

In this paper we explore pseudo-random number generation on the IBM 4758 Secure Crypto Coprocessor. In particular we compare several variants of Gennaro's provably secure generator, proposed at Crypto 2000, with more standard techniques based on the SHA-1 compression function. Our results show how the presence of hardware support for modular multiplication and exponentiation affects these algorithms.
Influence of calcium on the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C in human neutrophils. Extraction conditions determine partitioning of histone-phosphorylating activity and immunoreactivity between cytosol and particulate fractions.

Abstract Activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst is thought to involve a translocation and activation of protein kinase C. We report that the presence of Ca2+ during the disruption of unstimulated human neutrophils and cytoplasts resulted in an increase in protein kinase C activity (histone phosphorylation) and immunoreactive protein kinase C species in the particulate (membrane) fraction and a reduction in such activities in the cytosol. This Ca2+-induced translocation of activity was concentration-dependent and occurred at physiologically relevant concentrations of Ca2+ (30-500 nM). The Ca2+-induced membrane association of protein kinase C could be reversed by removal of Ca2+. These findings indicate that the Ca2+ concentration of the extraction buffer can determine the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C in disrupted cells and suggest that the observed location of this enzyme activity in cell fractions may not necessarily reflect the localization in intact cells. These results also raise the possibility that the distribution of protein kinase C between cytosol and membrane is a dynamic equilibrium controlled by levels of free Ca2+. Thus, Ca2+ might regulate distribution as well as activation of protein kinase C.
Lunar occultation of Saturn: III. How big is Iapetus?

The orbital light curve of Iapetus is analyzed, and the bright material on the trailing face of the satellite is found to have an effective limb-darkening parameter of 0.62 (+0.10, -0.12). This result is combined with observations of a lunar occultation of Iapetus to derive a radius of 718 (+87, -78) km for the satellite. The specific patchy albedo model of Morrison et al. (1975) is shown to fit the observed orbital light curve precisely and to yield an occultation radius of 724 + or - 60 km. It is noted that the values determined for the limb-darkening parameter and for the normal reflectance (in V) of the material at the center of the bright face are consistent with a partial water-frost cover on the bright side of Iapetus. It is concluded that if the albedo model of Morrison et al. reliably represents the surface of Iapetus, the radius of that satellite is 724 + or - 60 km, which is consistent with the radiometric radius of 835 (+50, -75) km derived by Morrison et al. (1975).
Neighborhood methods for image classification

Nonparametric classifiers predicated on spectral neighborhoods have not been widely used for pixel assignment in remote sensing. This is probably because their computational requirements make them too slow for practical classification of large images. Regardless, when properly specified, the nearest neighbor classifier is a Bayesian classifier, and does not require conditions of multivariate normality as a prerequisite for good pixel assignment. In this study, six nearest neighbor classifiers and four parametric classifiers are applied to several Landsat images embracing a broad variety of land cover. The accuracy of the classifiers is compared. In a majority of hybrid experiments, classifiers predicated on spectral neighborhoods were significantly superior to parametric classifiers when training sample proportions matched the true population proportions. A nonparametric classifier that weighted neighbor "votes" inversely by distance proved particularly accurate in classifying land cover.
Changes in skeletal muscle gene expression following clenbuterol administration

Background Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists (BA) induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, yet specific mechanisms that lead to this effect are not well understood. The objective of this research was to identify novel genes and physiological pathways that potentially facilitate BA induced skeletal muscle growth. The Affymetrix platform was utilized to identify gene expression changes in mouse skeletal muscle 24 hours and 10 days after administration of the BA clenbuterol.
Synthesis, Reactivity, and Structural Characterization of the Nonclassical [MTe7]n- Anions (M = Ag, Au, n = 3; M = Hg, n = 2)

Several tellurometalates of the general formula [MTe(7)](n)()(-) (n = 2, 3) have been isolated as salts of organic cations by reaction of suitable metal sources with polytelluride solutions in DMF. The [HgTe(7)](2)(-) anion has the same structure in both the NEt(4)(+) and the PPh(4)(+) salts except for a minor change in the ligand conformation. The [AgTe(7)](3)(-) and [HgTe(7)](2)(-) anions contain metal atoms coordinated in trigonal-planar fashion to eta(3)-Te(7)(4)(-) ligands. The central Te atom of an eta(3)-Te(7)(4)(-) ligand is coordinated to the metal atom and to two Te atoms in a "T"-shaped geometry consistent with a hypervalent 10 e(-) center. The planar [AuTe(7)](3)(-) anion may best be described as possessing a square-planar Au(III) atom coordinated to an eta(3)-Te(5)(4)(-) ligand and to an eta(1)-Te(2)(2)(-) ligand. The reaction of [NEt(4)](n)()[MTe(7)] (M = Hg, n = 2; M = Au, n = 3) with the activated acetylene dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) has yielded the products [NEt(4)](n)()[M(Te(2)C(2)(COOCH(3))(2))(2)] (M = Hg, n = 2; M = Au, n = 1). The metal atoms are coordinated to two Te(COOCH(3))C=C(COOCH(3))Te(2)(-) ligands, for M = Hg in a distorted tetrahedral fashion and for M = Au in a square-planar fashion.
A conceptual model for understanding rainfall variability in the West African Sahel on interannual and interdecadal timescales

This article describes and validates a new conceptual model for understanding Sahel rainfall variability. This conceptual model provides a framework that can readily incorporate and synthesize the roles played by the oceans, the African landmass and local meteorological factors. The most important local factors are the location of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and the associated shears. The position of the AEJ helps to distinguish between a wet mode and a dry mode in the Sahel, while other factors determine which of two spatial patterns prevail during years of the dry regime. We test the paradigm by contrasting selected circulation parameters for the years 1958-1967 (representing the wet mode) and 1968-1997 (representing the dry mode). In doing so, we have identified several changes in the general atmospheric circulation that have accompanied the shift to drier conditions. The AEJ is further southward and more intense, the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is further south, the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) is weaker, the equatorial westerlies are shallower and weaker, the southwesterly monsoon flow is weaker, and the relative humidity is lower (but not consistently so). The results of this study suggest that the key factor controlling the occurrence of the wet Sahel mode versus the dry mode is the presence of deep, well-developed equatorial westerlies. These displace the AEJ northward into Sahelian latitudes and increase the shear instabilities. The westerlies appear to be at least partially responsible for the well-known association between a weaker AEJ and wetter conditions in the Sahel, because the thermal wind induced by the Sahara/Atlantic temperature gradient is imposed upon a westerly basic state. Since one of the strongest contrasts between the wet Sahel and dry Sahel modes is the strength of the TEJ, the TEJ probably also plays a pivotal role in rainfall variability. In the dry mode, the equatorial westerlies are poorly developed and the core of the AEJ lies well to the south of the Sahel. The dry mode consists of two basic spatial patterns, depending on whether the Guinea Coast Region is anomalously wet or dry (the well-known dipole and no-dipole patterns, respectively). Which occurs is determined by other factors acting to reduce the intensity of the rainbelt. One of the relevant factors appears to be sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Gulf of Guinea.
Gender and diversity in hiring software professionals: what do students say?

This paper provides an analysis of students' choices and rationale with respect to gender and diversity in hiring software professionals. The study population included students at two universities who were asked to hire a software developer and a program manager from a pool of four candidates for a fictitious software company. As part of a written assignment, students provided reasons for choosing and not choosing candidates. To understand the role gender played in selecting candidates, the study included two candidate pools. The first candidate pool included four candidates. The second candidate pool differed from the first in that the descriptions of two of the candidates, represented by opposite genders, were switched. This paper reports on the following questions: 1) Does gender matter in the rate of selection among candidates?, 2) Does gender matter in how the candidates are perceived?, and 3) What statements about gender and diversity did students make? Through analyzing students' work, our study shows that gender plays a role in the rate of selection: the female candidate is more popular. Assumptions about candidates vary with gender. Finally, some students use diversity as a hiring criterion while others openly reject using gender and diversity as criteria in hiring.
Identification of FGF10 Targets in the Embryonic Lung Epithelium during Bud Morphogenesis

Genetic studies implicate Fgf10-Fgfr2 signaling as a critical regulator of bud morphogenesis in the embryo. However, little is known about the transcriptional targets of Fgf10 during this process. Here we identified global changes in gene expression in lung epithelial explants undergoing FGF10-mediated budding in the absence of other growth factors and mesenchyme. Targets were confirmed by their localization at sites where endogenous Fgf10 signaling is active in embryonic lungs and by demonstrating their induction in intact lungs in response to local application of FGF10 protein. We show that the initial stages of budding are characterized by marked up-regulation of genes associated with cell rearrangement and cell migration, inflammatory process, and lipid metabolism but not cell proliferation. We also found that some genes implicated in tumor invasion and metastatic behavior are epithelial targets of Fgf10 in the lung and other developing organs that depend on Fgf10-Fgfr2 signaling to properly form. Our approach identifies Fgf10 targets that are common to multiple biological processes and provides insights into potential mechanisms by which Fgf signaling regulates epithelial cell behavior.
Argon content of SiO 2 , films deposited by RF sputtering in argon

When SiO2 is deposited by sputtering in an argon rf glow discharge, the films so produced contain considerable amounts of trapped argon, as determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis. This argon content was measured as a function of various sputtering parameters: argon pressure, rf power, electrode spacing, substrate temperature, and magnetic field, the latter two being most influential. A simple theoretical model for the capture and release of argon is presented which explains an observed linear decrease of the argon concentration in SiO2 with increasing temperature. Incorporation of argon into the sputtered SiO2 film does not seem to impair the film's ability to act as a good passivating and insulating layer.
Spin Orientation And Relaxation Of Carriers In GaAs/A1GaAs Quantum Wells

Angular and linear momentum of carriers in semiconductors can be oriented 1,2 using polarized light . Over past twenty years, spin alignment and relaxation in bulk samples have been studied by applying various techniques 3-7 . The degree of carrier spin polarization depends on the optical matrix elements, selection rules, the symmetry of 8-12 bands, crystal structure, excitations, relaxation mechanisms and dimensionality. The search for highly spin polarized source for high energy and atomic physics is still in progress. Optical pumping offers the most direct, convenient, and simple method. One of the ways to study spin alignment is to measure the degree of circular polarized photoluminescence. A great deal of work has been done on bulk semiconductors in particular GaAs. Since the energy states and phonon modes in quantum well are altered, the degree of spin polarization and spin relaxation processes in quantum wells should be different and may offer a new highly polarized spin source. At k=0, the valence band degeneracy in a quantum well is lifted and may give rise to higher spin polarization. In this paper, we report for the first time on the degree of spin alignment and spin relaxation of carriers at different energies in quantum wells using time resolved picosecond photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Synthesis and X-ray Powder Structures of Covalently Pillared Lamellar Zinc Bis(phosphonates)

Two new lamellar metal phosphonates, zinc phenylenebis(phosphonate), Zn2[(O3PC6H4PO3)(H2O)2] (1), and zinc biphenylylenebis(phosphonate), Zn[HO3P(C6H4)2PO3H] (2), have been synthesized. The structures of these compounds were solved ab initio from X-ray powder diffraction data and refined by Rietveld methods. Compound 1 is orthorhombic: space group Pnnm, a = 19.2991(6) A, b = 4.8232(2) A, c = 5.6545(2) A, and Z = 2. The structure is layered, and its layer arrangement is similar to that in zinc phenylphosphonate. The zinc atoms are octahedrally coordinated. Two of the oxygens of the phosphonate group are involved in chelation and bridging the metal atoms. The third oxygen binds to only one metal atom. The sixth coordination site is occupied by a water molecule. The adjacent layers are bridged by the phenylene group of the bis(phosphonate). Compound 2 is triclinic: space group P1, a = 9.5097(3) A, b = 5.0074(2) A, c = 14.2109(4) A, α = 92.797(3)°, β = 99.725(3)°, γ = 92.003(3)°, and Z = 2. In this case th...
Use of the transtheoretical model to enhance resources and supports for diabetes self management: lessons from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Diabetes Initiative.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe how Resources and Supports for Self Management (RSSM) and strategies of the transtheoretical model (TTM) intersect to produce a comprehensive approach resulting in cutting-edge diabetes programs. Methods Specific components of RSSM, especially individualized assessment, collaborative goal setting, and enhancing skills, are reviewed in terms of contributions to the TTM. Results Specific examples from the Diabetes Initiative of using TTM constructs from 5 projects are shown to illustrate the first 3 RSSM constructs: individualized assessment, collaborative goal setting, and skill building. Conclusion Diabetes Initiative grantees have demonstrated that the TTM enhances RSSM and facilitates the adoption of good diabetes self-management behaviors.
Solution of the coupled-mode equations in terms of redefined even- and odd-mode waves

The recently introduced new definition of the fundamental even- and odd-mode waves for nonsymmetrical parallel coupled lines in nonhomogeneous media is proved to verify the coupled-mode form of the differential wave equations under only one restriction, defined as the condition of congruent nonsymmetry.
Survival and Reproduction of Paramecium after X-irradiation

Four species of Paramecium, P. calkinsi, P. mul-timicronucleatum, P. bursaria, and P. trichium, were treated in the following way. Counted numbers (100 or 200) were irradiated with X-rays in 2 ml air-tight Nylon syringes in steps of 50,000 r begining with this dosage and extending up to at least 450,000 r. For each experiment, the four different species were irradiated simultaneously each in one syringe. Survival and reproduction were then followed for at least 48 hours by expressing irradiated specimens from the syringes into spot plates. P. trichium was the most radiosensitive and recovery and reproduction occurred only after the lower dosages. P. calkinsi was the most radioresistant and showed relatively fast recovery and reproduction even after moderately high dosages. With certain high dosages, reproduction was blocked temporarily for 24-30 hours, after which there was not only recovery from irradiation but a gradually in creased reproductive rate. The greater the dosage, the slower the recovery to reproductive ability.
Composition-dependent glass-transition temperatures and copolymers

The glass transition is of primary relevance to the forming conditions and end-use properties of polymeric materials. Several polymers of industrial importance, most notably polyvinyl chloride (PVC), contain small molecules as processing lubricants (plasticizers) and are, therefore, solutions. Separately, economic and materials advantages have spurred the use of one-phase mixtures (miscible blends) of high polymers. The general theme of the compositional variation of glass-transition temperatures (Tg) includes, in addition, the variation of Tg with degree of polymerization, with cross-link density (network formation) and with copolymer composition. An attempt is made here to find a unified basis for the prediction of these several aspects of an identifiably single topic.
A New Look at the Calculation of Tristimulus Values

The method of calculating tristimulus values currently recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) consists of summing, over the visible region, terms which involve an approximation over the wavelength interval 1, 5, or 10 nm for which data from standard tables are multiplied by measured spectral radiance factors. It is suggested that this approximation be carried out by integration. Integration can be carried out if the standard data are considered as points on a curve subject to interpolation between listed values and if the spectral radiance factor can be determined by interpolation between measured values. Adoption of this suggestion would lead to more accurate determination of tristimulus values and improved agreement among laboratories.
Measurement of polypectomy rate by using administrative claims data with validation against the adenoma detection rate

Background The adenoma detection rate (ADR) is a main quality indicator in colonoscopy but has many challenges for calculating. The polypectomy rate (PR) may be calculable from administrative claims data, but this has not been validated against the ADR. Objective To determine whether a PR calculated from United States billing claims data is an accurate surrogate for the ADR. Design A PR was calculated by using billing claims data from Current Procedural Terminology codes. The ADR was calculated for each endoscopist by using an endoscopy report database to which the pathology report data had been added. The relationship between PR and ADR was evaluated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. The ADR was plotted against the PR by individual endoscopist, and a least-squares regression line was created. A t test was used to analyze the differences in lesion detection between endoscopists with a PR above and below the benchmark PR. Setting Tertiary-care, outpatient endoscopy center. Patients All ages undergoing colonoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements PR and ADR. Results A total of 5382 colonoscopies were reviewed. A significant relationship between endoscopists' calculated PRs and ADRs was seen ( r = 0.85; P P = .0029). Limitations Study population. Conclusion Calculated PR from billing claims data is an accurate surrogate for ADR and may become an important quality measure for external and internal use.
Brucellosis in the United States

In the United States, effective control of brucellosis in animal populations, primarily cattle, has resulted in the reduction of the number of human infections from 6,321 in 1947 to 231 in 1969; however, brucellosis continues to be a significant occupational hazard to workers in meat packinghouses and to others associated with the meat-processing industry. Employees in packinghouses accounted for 6896 of the human cases reported in 1969. Most of these infections are related to infected swine. Elimination of the disease from this source is in sight within this decade, but it will require the cooperative efforts of all those involved in activities related to disease control. Cases of human brucellosis as the result of infection with Brucella neotomae have not been reported in the United States. A few cases of human infection with Brucella melitensis have been reported in recent years, but most were not acquired from indigenous sources.
The Couple's Reflecting Team: How Spoken and Written Reflections, Gender, and Stage of Therapy Impact Perceived Helpfulness

We investigated the addition of written reflections to a reflecting team format for couples who requested an initial evaluation or a consultation to an ongoing stuck therapy situation. The 17 couples who participated found the interview, spoken reflections, and written reflections all helpful. Men seemed to get more out of the letters than did women. In addition, in the letter format, they seemed to find suggestions for experiments to try at home more helpful than did women. Overall, men and women were more receptive to defining their relationship in dyadic terms when they read written reflections compared to hearing verbal reflections. Couples who came for an initial interview found the interview and written reflections more helpful than did couples who were in a stuck therapy situation. Our findings offer support for the addition of a letter to the couple's reflecting team consultation. Further, results highlight the importance of considering gender differences in the impact of verbal and written reflec...
Masked hypoglycemia in the presence of icodextrin for peritoneal dialysis.

Abstract Background Handheld glucose meters remain a rapid means of excluding hypoglycemia as a cause of altered mental status in the Emergency Department. However, emergency physicians must be alert for factors that can mask hypoglycemia at the bedside. Case Report An 80-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease on peritoneal dialysis presents with altered mental status, hypotension, and a bedside handheld glucose meter reading of 99 mg/dL. His mental status failed to improve with treatment of hypotension and the patient was intubated for airway protection. Laboratory-measured serum glucose was 29 mg/dL. His mental status improved after glucose administration. It was subsequently determined that the patient used icodextrin (Extraneal ® , Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL) as his peritoneal dialysate. This is partly absorbed into serum and hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides that are falsely detected as glucose by many handheld glucose meters. Conclusion The peritoneal dialysate icodextrin can produce falsely elevated bedside glucose meter values. As the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and dialysis increases, emergency physicians must remain vigilant for such cases of unrecognized hypoglycemia.
Genetic algorithm for MCM partitioning

A genetic algorithm for partitioning register-transfer level designs into multiple ASICs to be mounted on an MCM is proposed. A genetic encoding scheme applicable to the partitioning problem is developed along with suitable genetic operators. When used for several design partitioning examples, the proposed algorithm has consistently produced better results than simulated annealing.
Rationally optimized cryopreservation of multiple mouse embryonic stem cell lines: II--Mathematical prediction and experimental validation of optimal cryopreservation protocols.

In Part I, we documented differences in cryopreservation success measured by membrane integrity in four mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines from different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, CBA, FVB, and 129R1), and we demonstrated a potential biophysical basis for these differences through a comparative study characterizing the membrane permeability characteristics and osmotic tolerance limits of each cell line. Here we use these values to predict optimal cryoprotectants, cooling rates, warming rates, and plunge temperatures. We subsequently verified these predictions experimentally for their effects on post-thaw recovery. From this study, we determined that a cryopreservation protocol utilizing 1 M propylene glycol, a cooling rate of 1 °C/minute, and plunging into liquid nitrogen at −41 °C, combined with subsequent warming in a 22 °C water bath with agitation, significantly improved post-thaw recovery for three of the four mESC lines, and did not diminish post-thaw recovery for our single exception. It is proposed that this protocol can be successfully applied to most mESC lines beyond those included within this study once the effect of propylene glycol on mESC gene expression, growth characteristics, and germ-line transmission has been determined. Mouse ESC lines with poor survival using current standard cryopreservation protocols or our proposed protocol can be optimized on a case-by-case basis using the method we have outlined over two papers. For our single exception, the CBA cell line, a cooling rate of 5 °C/minute in the presence of 1.0 M dimethyl sulfoxide or 1.0 M propylene glycol, combined with plunge temperature of −80 °C was optimal.
Nothing fails like success: The search for an intelligent paradigm for studying intelligence.

Abstract : The possibility is considered that research on intelligence is entering or is about to enter a time of crisis comparable to that experienced during the decline of the psychometric paradigm as the primary means for studying intelligence. First, it is suggested that the decline of the psychometric paradigm as the primary means for studying intelligence was due in part to the failure of users of the paradigm to meet in a highly successful way four challenges that confronted their research. Next, it is shown how, on the surface, users of the information-processing paradigms currently in favor seem successfully to have met these challenges. Then it is shown that, at a deeper level, the level of success is not as great as it is at a surface level. Finally, conclusions are drawn in response to the challenges that still seem to be facing psychologists studying intelligence. (Author)
Variation of Atmospheric “Seeing” Blur with Object-to-Observer Distance

A study has been made of the image blurring introduced by a thermally turbulent atmosphere under poor “seeing” conditions for horizontal sight lines. The root-mean-square radius of the blur circle is shown to increase approximately as the square root of the range up to the maximum range considered, using optical transfer techniques. This is in good agreement with a recent theoretical model of light transmission through a turbulent optical medium.
Mechanism of defect formation in low-dose oxygen implanted silicon-on-insulator material

The defects and microstructure of low-dose (<0.7 × 1018 cm−2), oxygen-implanted silicon-on-insulator (SIMOX) material were investigated as a function of implant dose and annealing temperature by plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The threading-dislocations in low-dose (0.2∼0.3×1018 cm−2), annealed SIMOX originate from unfaulting of long (∼10 μm), shallow (0.3 μm), extrinsic stacking faults generated during the ramping stage of annealing. As dose increases, the defect density is reduced and the structure of the buried oxide layer evolves dramatically. It was found that there is a dose window which gives a lower defect density and a continuous buried oxide with a reduced density of Si islands in the buried oxide.
Economic conflicts in South Asia

The issues raised in this paper are common to, and indeed help to define, the area of study: the Indian subcontinent, the IndoChinese peninsula, and insular Southeast Asia. Many of these issues are also common, with progressively increasing degrees of difference, to most of the "non-Western" and "economically underdeveloped" world, as those terms are generally understood. This paper will attempt to explore certain well-known attitudes which are both caus-
The development of trigeminal nerve fibers to the oral mucosa, compared with their development to cutaneous surfaces, ,

Small cutaneous branches of all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve pass toward epithelial surfaces in 14 mm human embryos. By 18 mm, such fibers are nearer the epithelium of the upper lip (14 μ., maxillary division) than the lower lip (31μ, mandibular division). At 20.5mm and 20.7mm, the age when Fitzgerald and Windle ('42) and Hooker ('52, '58) first found the perioral area sensitive to stimulation, the nerve fibers are about the same distance from the epithelium of both upper and lower lips (13–14 μ in rima oris area). Maxillomandibular fibers of the trigeminal nerve reach the basement membrane of the oral cavity epithelium earlier in development than they touch the basement membrane of the cutaneous epithelium about the mouth. Nerve fibers also penetrate the basement membrane of oral mucosal surfaces earlier than that of perioral cutaneous surfaces and form crude Merkel's end discs in mucosal epithelium earlier in development (mucosal epithelium, ten weeks; cutaneous epithelium at 12 weeks according to Hogg, '41). Ophthalmic fibers approach the upper eyelid epithelium later in development than the maxillomandibular fibers near perioral areas and touch the basement membrane of the eyelid epithelium a week later than they do that of the lips. Hooker did not observe reflexes from eyelid stimulation before ten weeks, when ophthalmic fibers reach the basement membrane, although reflexes from perioral stimulation were elicited when the nearest nerve fibers identified are still 13–14 μ from the basement membrane of the perioral epithelium. Additional correlations are made between the human fetal reflexes recorded by Hooker and the degree of development of the sensory peripheral nerve fibers.
Beta-endorphin mediates clonidine stimulated growth hormone release

The role of β-endorphin in the stimulation of growth hormone secretion elicited by administration of clonidine (Clon), an α2-adrenergic agonist, was investigated in awake, freely moving mal
Juvenile Hormone Induces Vitellogenin Synthesis in the Monarch Butterfly

The vitellogenin (yolk protein) of the monarch butterfly has been identified by electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques. In freshly emerged female adults ligature of the neck prevents appearance of this protein in the hemolymph; it prevents yolk deposition and egg maturation as well. These processes are restored by injection of juvenile hormone; the restoration involves induction of vitellogenin synthesis, as shown by incorporation of [3H]leucine.
Defending the brain from estrogen

Alpha-fetoprotein binds estrogens in the developing brain. A new paper shows that inhibiting estrogen rescues the brain masculinization found in female mice lacking this gene, suggesting that alpha-fetoprotein inhibits estrogen activity in females.
LDV and PIV Velocity Results in a Thermosiphon

Heat transfer and flow characteristics have been determined for a single-phase rectangular loop thermosiphon. The plane of the loop was vertical, and tests were performed with in-plane tilt angles ranging from 3.6° CW to 4.2° CCW. Velocity profiles were measured in one vertical leg of the loop using both a single-component Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV), and a commercial Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) system. The LDV data and PIV data were found to be in good agreement. The measured average velocities were approximately 2–2.5 cm/s at an average heating rate of 70 W, and were independent of tilt angle. Significant RMS fluctuations of 10–20% of the mean velocity were observed in the test section, in spite of the laminar or transitional Reynolds numbers (order of 700, based on the hydraulic diameter). These fluctuations have been attributed to vortex shedding from the upstream temperature probes and mitre bends, rather than to fully developed turbulence. Animations of the PIV data clearly show these large scale unsteady flow patterns. Multiple steady state flow patterns were not observed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Improving the positional accuracy of the goniometer on the Philips CM series TEM.

We have developed a method to improve the accuracy for absolute relocation of a target specimen using the goniometer on a Philips transmission electron microscope. We have achieved this by characterizing the performance of the Philips compustage, modeling its behavior, and using this model to calculate the goniometer movements required for accurate target relocation. This resulted in a 10-fold improvement in the positioning accuracy of the goniometer.