cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOUND PROPAGATION IN SHALLOW WATER: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION BY AQUATIC ANIMALS

ABSTRACT Measurements of sound propagation were made in a shallow, sloping bottomed freshwater pond. The frequency responses of the pond had a highpass characteristic with a sharp cutoff frequency. Cut-off frequency of the response was inversely related to the depth of water at the shallowest transducer (either projector or receiver) and was the same whether propagating downslope or upslope (reciprocity). The relationship between cut-off frequency and depth was significantly different from that expected for propagation in a channel with either a rigid or pressure release (gas) bottom. The highpass characteristic is due to modal propagation in the ‘waveguide’, and the effect of this environmental filtering is 30–60 dB between frequencies that propagate and those that do not. Thus, the physical constraints of this shallow-water environment on acoustic communication by aquatic animals are much greater than those measured in terrestrial environments. These constraints are discussed relative to selection for b...
Combining microarray-based genomic selection (MGS) with the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to sequence diploid target regions.

Novel methods of targeted sequencing of unique regions from complex eukaryotic have generated a great deal of excitement, but critical demonstrations of these methods efficacy with respect to diploid genotype calling and experimental variation are lacking. To address this issue, we optimized microarray-based genomic selection (MGS) for use with the Illumina Genome Analyzer (IGA). A set of 202 fragments (304 kb total) contained within a 1.7-Mb genomic region on human chromosome X were MGS/IGA sequenced in ten female HapMap samples generating a total of 2.4 GB of DNA sequence. At a minimum coverage threshold of 5X, 93.9% of all bases and 94.9% of segregating sites were called, while 57.7% of bases (57.4% of segregating sites) were called at a 50x threshold. Data accuracy at known segregating sites was 98.9% at 5X coverage, rising to 99.6% at 50X coverage. Accuracy at homozygous sites was 98.7% at 5X sequence coverage and 99.5% at 50X coverage. Although accuracy at heterozygous sites was modestly lower, it was still over 92% at 5X coverage and increased to nearly 97% at 50X coverage. These data provide the first demonstration that MGS/IGA sequencing can generate the very high quality sequence data necessary for human genetics research. All sequence generated in this study have been deposited in NCBI Short Read Archive (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra, Accession # SRA007913).
Comparison of Survival of Different Species of Bacteria in Freshwater Microcosms

ABSTRACT Survival of five species of bacteria was determined in freshwater microcosms containing stream water, leaves, and sediments. Native stream species (Burkholderia cepacia and Aeromonas caviae) became established in sediment biofilms, but coliforms (Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli) and an insecticide-producing bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, did not. A. caviae and B. thuringiensis were common on leaf surfaces, but population sizes were much lower than those of B. cepacia. Population sizes of all species decreased substantially in the water column over the course of the seven day experiments. To examine the basis of this high mortality in the water column, the effects of predation, competition, and resource limitation were examined. Competition and predation attributable to smaller microorganisms (< 1μm) had the greatest impact on bacterial mortality. These results suggest that the overall significance of benthic habitats as sources of stream bacteria was enhanced by high rates of mortal...
Force-velocity-length relations in man expressed by a single hemodynamic expression: the ejection rate of change of power at peak tension.

Abstract An attempt was made to develop a hemodynamic indicator of pump function that relates to the contractile characteristics of cardiac muscle. The ejection rate of change of power has ideal characteristics for this purpose. It is firmly based upon theories of fluid dynamics and its derivation is free of assumptions related to heart structure and function. It is measured as p dQ/dt + Q dp/dt, where p = pressure and flow. When measured at peak tension, the ejection rate of change of power was (12.3 ± 0.8) × 10 8 dynes cm sec −2 in 9 patients with normal performance, and (2.7 ± 0.3) × 10 8 dynes cm sec −2 in 11 patients with abnormal ventricular performance ( P d( power ) dt = 8π T [( dr dt ) 2 + r d 2 r dt 2 ] . Thus, the contractile characteristics of muscle fibers (force, velocity and tension) are related in an uncomplicated fashion by a single and highly discriminating hemodynamic indicator of ventricular performance, the ejection rate of change of ventricular power measured at peak tension.
Evaluation of an integrin αvβ6-specific peptide labeled with [18F]fluorine by copper-free, strain-promoted click chemistry.

Abstract Introduction Click chemistry, particularly the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an alkyne with an azide, has quickly become popular for site-specific radiolabeling. Recently, strain-promoted click chemistries have been developed, eliminating the need for potentially toxic copper catalysts. This study presents radiolabeling of an αvβ6 integrin targeting peptide (A20FMDV2) via strain-promoted click using a fluorine-18 prosthetic group, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Methods The radiotracer [18F]FBA-C6-ADIBON3-PEG7-A20FMDV2 (1) was prepared from [18F]FBA-C6-ADIBO (2) and N3-PEG7-A20FMDV2 (ethanol; 10 min; 35–45 °C). HPLC-purified and formulated radiotracer 1 was evaluated in vitro by cell binding (DX3puroβ6, αvβ6-positive; and DX3puro, αvβ6-negative control) and serum stability, and in vivo using PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies in mice. Results The radiotracer 1 was readily prepared and purified (from 2 : 40 ± 4 min including HPLC, 11.9 ± 3.2% decay corrected isolated radiochemical yield, > 99% radiochemical purity, n = 4) and displayed good stability (1 h: > 99%, saline; 94.6%, serum). Strong αvβ6-targeted binding was observed in vitro (DX3puroβ6 cells, 15 min: 43.2% binding, > 6:1 for DX3puroβ6:DX3puro). In the mouse model DX3puroβ6-tumor binding was low (1 h: 0.47 ± 0.28% ID/g, 4 h: 0.14 ± 0.09% ID/g) and clearing from the bloodstream was via the renal and hepatobiliary routes (urine: 167 ± 84% ID/g at 1 h, 10.3 ± 4.8% ID/g at 4 h; gall bladder: 95 ± 33% ID/g at 1 h, 63 ± 11% ID/g at 4 h). Conclusion Copper-free, strain-promoted click chemistry is an attractive, straightforward approach to radiolabeling. Although the [18F]FBA-C6-ADBIO-based prosthetic group did not interfere with αvβ6-targeted binding in vitro, it did influence the pharmacokinetics, possibly due to its size and lipophilic nature.
Dimethyl sulfoxide does not trigger urine histamine release in interstitial cystitis

Objectives Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an agent that provides symptomatic relief in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) works via an unknown mechanism. We investigated whether DMSO acts as a chemical stimulant of mast cell degranulation. Methods A radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for histamine was used to test this hypothesis. Twelve women with strictly diagnosed IC were treated with intravesical instillations of DMSO. Treatments were repeated at varying intervals, and each patient received three to six treatments. Urine histamine levels were measured before and after each intravesical instillation of DMSO. Dilutional effects of DMSO were corrected for by conversion of urine histamine concentration to urine histamine:creatinine ratio. Results The RIA was unaffected by the addition of DMSO to urine. No consistent change in the urine histamine: creatinine ratio following DMSO instillation was found. Trend analysis revealed no trend in the histamine: creatinine ratio with time. Conclusions The relief of symptoms reported in 50% to 77% of patients treated with intravesical DMSO is not related to detectable mast cell release of histamine. Other mechanisms of action must be investigated to explain the beneficial effect of this agent.
Incorporating short‐term outcome information to predict long‐term survival with discrete markers

In disease screening and prognosis studies, an important task is to determine useful markers for identifying high-risk subgroups. Once such markers are established, they can be incorporated into public health practice to provide appropriate strategies for treatment or disease monitoring based on each individual's predicted risk. In the recent years, genetic and biological markers have been examined extensively for their potential to signal progression or risk of disease. In addition to these markers, it has often been argued that short-term outcomes may be helpful in making a better prediction of disease outcomes in clinical practice. In this paper we propose model-free non-parametric procedures to incorporate short-term event information to improve the prediction of a long-term terminal event. We include the optional availability of a single discrete marker measurement and assess the additional information gained by including the short-term outcome. We focus on the semi-competing risk setting where the short-term event is an intermediate event that may be censored by the terminal event while the terminal event is only subject to administrative censoring. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed procedures perform well in finite samples. Our procedures are illustrated using a data set of post-dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease.
Calculation of dispersion in AWG demultiplexers by a Shifting-Image method

We introduce a novel method for calculating dispersion in AWG demultiplexers, based on the shift of the image of the input field across the output waveguide. A complex field leads to dispersion. An input waveguide with parabolic taper is treated in detail.
Zhamanshin crater, a possible source of Australasian tektites?

Tektitelike glass objects called irghizites have been found associated with the Zhamanshin impact crater in southern Siberia. The irghizites are similar to the Australasian tektites in composition, and the Zhamanshin crater appears to be about the same age as the Australasian tektites. Variations in size, structure, form, petrography, and chemical composition of tektites within the Australasian strewnfield suggest that the source of the Australasian tektites lies to the northwest, in the direction of the Zhamanshin crater. It is hypothesized that both the irghizites and the Australasian tektites may have been produced by impact melting of loesslike deposits that covered the area at the Zhamanshin crater site prior to the impact.
Cointegration tests with conditional heteroskedasticity

Abstract We examine the performance of Johansen's (1988) likelihood ratio tests for cointegration in the presence of GARCH and compare with other cointegration tests. The tests tend to overreject the null hypothesis of no cointegration in favor of finding cointegration, but the problem is generally not very serious.
The 12/23 rule is enforced at the cleavage step of V(D)J recombination in vivo

Background: V(D)J recombination is initiated by the introduction of double-stranded breaks (DSB) adjacent to recombination signal sequences (RSS). Each RSS contains a conserved heptamer and a conserved nonamer element separated by a 12 or 23 nucleotide spacer. In vivo, efficient recombination requires one RSS of each spacer length, although it has been unclear whether this ‘12/23 rule’ regulates cleavage, joining, or both. Results: We describe a novel system that permits semiquantitative detection of DSB at RSS derived from V(D)J recombination substrates transfected into cultured cells. This approach provides a powerful new tool for analysis of the cleavage and joining steps of V(D)J recombination in vivo. In this study, substrates containing either a consensus 12/23 RSS pair or various deviations from the consensus were used to investigate the requirements for cleavage. The results show that both a 12-spacer and a 23-spacer RSS are required for efficient cleavage. Truncated RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins, while capable of cleaving at isolated RSS in cell-free systems, also require a 12/23 RSS pair for efficient cleavage in vivo. Conclusions: These results suggest that the 12/23 rule is enforced at or prior to cleavage and support a synapsis model for V(D)J recombination. Detection of rare cleavage events in substrates containing a single RSS or a pair of RSS with the same spacer length provide evidence for an inefficient, single RSS cleavage pathway that may contribute to aberrant V(D)J rearrangements in vivo.
An analysis of multiple parallel coupled quasi-tem transmission lines

A theoretical analysis of general multiple parallel coupled transmission lines in an inhomogeneous medium is presented. The analysis is based on the generalized telegraphists' equation. It is relatively simple and has the advantage of giving explicit solutions for the properties of the coupled-line system. Considerations are also given to a coupled-line structure whose lines have the same characteristic impedance. Results for two and three coupled lines are found in agreement with those published previously.
A Gene Correlate of Geotaxis Near Adh (2-50.1) in Drosophila melanogaster

As part of a long-term study (38+ years) to identify genetic correlates of geotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster, the investigators report the results of allozyme-level analyses of 2 lines derived from hybridizing high- and low-selected lines that have evolved stable, extreme expressions of geotaxis. Allelic variation at Adh was associated with geotactic performance in 1 hybrid-derived line, but not in another, after 66 free-mating generations beyond the F2 generation. A second-chromosome gene correlate of geotaxis may lie within 1 map unit of Adh. Population genetic analyses suggest that there were different selection pressures on the hybrid-derived lines and that the fixation of PGD-A in the high-geotaxis line was probably due to a founder-effect event.
Continuity and resilience in the central Georgia Bight (USA) fishery between 2760 BC and AD 1580

Abstract Continuity is a hallmark of a broad-based fishery at archaeological sites from coastal Georgia (southeastern Atlantic coast, USA) despite changes in the biogeochemical and cultural contexts within which fishing occurred. This continuity probably is not due to a lack of adverse impacts of both non-anthropogenic and anthropogenic origins, but instead to the ecosystem's resilience. Resilient ecosystems are easily altered but recover quickly. The most ubiquitous and abundant fishes are characterized by flexibility and resilience, enabling them to flourish within an environment with considerable spatial heterogeneity and biogeochemical properties that change annually and with each tidal cycle. The fishing strategies practiced by people living along the coast also were flexible and resilient. Perhaps the fishery was managed through cultural institutions that avoided overfishing and a system-wide collapse. This conclusion is drawn from evidence for flexibility, resilience, and possible overfishing found in two aspects of the zooarchaeological record: (1) relative exploitation of different taxa and (2) subsistence efficiency.
Correlations of two quality of nursing care measures

A correlational design was used to examine two process instruments designed to measure the quality of nursing care: the Quality Patient Care Scale (QualPacs) and the Methodology for Monitoring Quality of Nursing Care (Rush-Medicus). Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that the Physical and Psychosocial subscales of the instruments were unrelated; in a replication, the subscales were weakly correlated. The results indicate that these two process instruments measure different dimensions and underscore the idea that quality of nursing care is complex and multidimensional.
Matroids and quotients of spheres

For any linear quotient of a sphere, \(X=S^{n-1}/\Gamma,\) where \(\Gamma\) is an elementary abelian p–group, there is a corresponding \({\mathbb F}_p\) representable matroid \(M_X\) which only depends on the isometry class of X. When p is 2 or 3 this correspondence induces a bijection between isometry classes of linear quotients of spheres by elementary abelian p–groups, and matroids representable over \(\F_p.\) Not only do the matroids give a great deal of information about the geometry and topology of the quotient spaces, but the topology of the quotient spaces point to new insights into some familiar matroid invariants. These include a generalization of the Crapo–Rota critical problem inequality \(\chi(M;p^k)\ge 0,\) and an unexpected relationship between \(\mu(M)\) and whether or not the matroid is affine.
Retro-reflector diversity effects in free-space optical links

Scintillation is an effect that limits the performance of many optical systems including imagers and free space optical communication links. Scintillation can be especially severe for optical retro-reflectors. This can limit the range of links based on modulating retro-reflectors. In this work we examine the effects of retro-reflector diversity on optical scintillation. This technique uses multiple retro-reflectors, separated by a distance larger than the atmospheric coherence size and illuminated by one interrogating beam, to reduce the scintillation index. We examine the dependence of scintillation index on the number of retro-reflectors, their separation and the degree of coherent interference at the receiver. Data was taken in the field at three different sites: the Naval Research Laboratory's Chesapeake Bay Detachment, where both over land and over water measurements were made, the Fort AP Hill Laser Test Range and China Lake, California. We show that multiple retro-reflectors can reduce the scintillation index on double-pass links. We demonstrate that when retro-reflectors are spaced too closely, coherent interference can increase the scintillation index and greatly expand its frequency content. We also examine the effects of retro-reflector diversity on the margin needed for modulating retroreflector data links.
Transenteric drainage of pancreatic-fluid collections with fully covered self-expanding metallic stents (with video)

Background Drainage of pancreatic-fluid collections (PFCs) by using fully covered self-expanding metallic stents (CSEMSs) offers the option of providing a larger-diameter access fistula for drainage when compared with plastic stents. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transenteric drainage of PFCs by using CSEMSs. Design A prospective case series. Setting A tertiary-referral center. Patients Between January 2007 and September 2007, 18 patients underwent drainage of PFCs by using CSEMSs. Follow-up and final results were prospectively recorded until May 2008. Interventions Placement of CSEMSs with a double-pigtail stent placed alongside (4 cases) or into the CSEMS (14 cases) to prevent migration. Main Outcome Measurements The number of sessions and time to resolution of the PFCs. Results A median of 1 session was required to achieve drainage (range 1-4) when using CSEMSs. Complications included superinfection (5), bleeding (2), and inner migration (1). A total of 17 of 18 patients (95%) responded successfully, with 14 patients (78%) achieving complete resolution of their PFC. The mean (± SD) time of follow-up until final resolution was 77 ± 80 days (range 15-310 days). Conclusions Placement of CSEMSs seems to offer an effective and safe alternative for the drainage of PFCs. A randomized controlled trial should be performed to compare this technique with plastic-stent drainage.
Unusual Origin of a Nuclear Pseudogene in the Italian Wall Lizard: Intergenomic and Interspecific Transfer of a Large Section of the Mitochondrial Genome in the Genus Podarcis (Lacertidae)

Two distinct cytochrome b-like sequences were discovered in the genome of Podarcis sicula. One of them represents a nuclear copy of a mitochondrial sequence (numt-sic) differing by 14.3% from the authentic mitochondrial (mt) sequence obtained from the same individual. This numt, however, differs by only 2.7% from the mt sequence found in one population of Podarcis muralis, a related species in which no corresponding numt was detected. The numt-sic sequence extends over at least 7637 bp and is homologous to a section of the mt genome spanning from the tRNA-Lys to the tRNA-Pro gene. Premature mt stop codons were detected in two of the nine protein coding genes of numt-sic. The distribution of substitutions among the three codon positions and the transition/transversion ratio of the numt-sic sequence resemble, with few exceptions, those of functional mt genes, indicating a rather recent transfer to the nucleus. Phylogenetic analyses performed on the data set including P. sicula numt-cytb sequences as well as mt-cytb sequences from the same individuals and mt sequences of various P. muralis populations suggest that numt-sic originated in P. muralis. In a geographic survey, P. sicula populations belonging to different mt lineages, covering most of the distribution area, were screened for the presence of numt-sic and for a 15-bp duplication polymorphism in the numt-nd5 sequence. Our results suggest that numt-sic has spread rapidly through the species range via sexual transmission, thereby being transferred to populations belonging to well-separated mt lineages that diverged 1–3 Mya.
Towards a Universal Viewer for Digital Content

Abstract In this paper we present a distributed setup for the viewing of digital data within a large number of formats. Through the use of software servers 3rd party software is automated and made available as functions that can be called within other programs. Using multiple machines containing software and running software servers a conversion service is built. Being built on top of 3rd party software the conversion service is easily extensible and thus can be made to support a large number of conversions. We use this service to build a “universal” viewer by converting given files among a large set of file formats to a relatively small subset of formats that are renderable by a given viewer (e.g. web browser). We describe this service and the underlying software servers as well as the future directions we are planning on taking.
The hydrophobic domains in the carboxyl-terminal signal for GPI modification and in the amino-terminal leader peptide have similar structural requirements

Proteins having a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor are synthesized with a carboxyl-terminal signal that is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum prior to GPI modification. The signal is characterized by a moderately hydrophobic domain downstream from the cleavage/modification site. The essential features of this domain were characterized using a truncated version of folate receptor (FR) type beta (FR-beta delta 5) in which its five carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues were deleted without affecting the efficiency of GPI modification. The amino acids at various positions in the hydrophobic domain were systematically altered and the extent of GPI modification of the recombinant proteins was determined by measuring [3H]folic acid binding at the cell surface, by Western blot analysis and from the sensitivity of the proteins to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). The results indicate that a threshold level of hydrophobicity exists at a single position below which the efficiency of GPI modification decreases with increasing hydrophilicity. Further, the hydrophobic domain is characterized by a hydrophobicity profile and not merely a minimum overall hydrophobicity. Thus, a leucine-rich core hydrophobic segment of six to eight amino acid residues is more sensitive to relatively small hydrophilic substitutions compared to its flanking regions and such mutations could be compensated by a hydrophobic substitution elsewhere within this core segment. Such a hydrophobicity profile is characteristic of the amino-terminal leader peptide. When the entire hydrophobic domain of the leader peptide of FR-beta (12 amino acid residues) was substituted with the hydrophobic domain of the GPI signal (13 amino acids), it was possible to obtain expression of FR-beta on the cell surface. In this construct, point mutations in the core hydrophobic segment and in the flanking regions within the substituting peptide produced a similar pattern of effects on the cell surface receptor expression compared to the corresponding mutations in the GPI signal of FR-beta. The results suggest that common principles may govern interactions of the hydrophobic domains of the GPI signal and the leader peptide with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use by mentally retarded adults across community residential and vocational placements

The prevalence of psycholropic and anticonvulsant drug use across a comprehensive continuum of community programs for mentally retarded adults was examined. Psychotropic and/or anticonvulsant drugs were administered to 48% of the sample. The hypnotic, antidepressant, antimanic, and anxiolytic medications were used by 6%–12%, the anticonvulsants by 48%, and the neuroleplics by 66% of those who were prescribed psychotropic drugs. Mildly mentally retarded persons used more neuroleptic, manic, and antidepressant medication. Severely and profoundly mentally retarded individuals used more anxiolytics and hypnotic drugs. Psycholropic and anticonvulsant drug intake varied little by sex. However, an institutional history was associated with higher levels of drug use. Seventy percent of those with an institutional history were prescribed drugs; in comparison, only 27% of those without such a history used medication. The percentage of individuals who used psychotropic and anticonvulsant drugs increased dramatically as both the vocational and residential placements became more restrictive. Possible toxic behavioral effects of psychotropic and anticonvulsant medication upon habilitative efforts were discussed. Future research issues were suggested.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of liposomal encapsulated ampicillin in male and female rats.

The dispositions of free and liposomal entrapped ampicillin were compared in male and female rats after i.v. administration. Serial blood samples were collected for 2 h in the free drug study and 12 h for the liposomal formulation. Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with free drug were not significantly different between genders. However, gender significantly influenced the disposition of liposomal encapsulated ampicillin. While no difference was observed in distribution t1/2 between genders, female rats had a shorter MRT, smaller Vss and Vt, and faster clearance as compared to male rats. In a second study, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, and lung were harvested post-injection of free and liposomal entrapped ampicillin. Free ampicillin did not distribute extensively into the tissue compartment and no gender difference was noted. In contrast, liposomal encapsulation resulted in a substantial tissue uptake. In general, female rats had higher concentrations in the spleen and lung as compared to male rats. In vitro plasma stability was not significantly different, suggesting that destabilization of the liposomes does not play a large role in the dispositional differences observed in these studies. However, in vivo interaction of liposomes and plasma lipoproteins may influence the disposition of encapsulated drug.
CHANGES IN BODY AND BONE COMPOSITION IN ADOLESCENT GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR DEFICIENT (GHRD) PATIENTS RECEIVING rhIGF-I AND A GnRH ANALOG

We observed the body and bone composition changes in two adolescent GHRD patients receiving 120 ug/g of rhIGF-I twice daily sc. A GnRH analog was administered im once monthly. LHRH testing demonstrated a blunted response during therapy. All safety parameters remain within normal ranges. The main characteristics of the individuals at baseline and at a six months evaluation are provided: SUBJECT #1: Age 17 8/12vs18 2/12 y; Height 115.5vs119.6 cm; Weight 28.6vs30.8 kg; BMI 30.0vs21.5; Bone age 13vsl3 y; Body mass 28,604vs30,813 g; Lean mass 14,653v5l6,891 g; Fat mass 13,951vsl3,922 g; Fat percentage 48.8vs45.2 %; L/F ratio 1.05vs1.21; Body Calcium 326vs327; Total BHD 0.72vs0.83; Spine BMD 0.69vs0.70; Femur BMD 0.58vs0.63.
Improved Solder Joint Fatigue Models Through Reduced Geometry Dependence of Empirical Fits

Predicting the fatigue life of solder interconnections is a challenge due to the complex nonlinear behavior of solder alloys, the importance of the load history, and the wide variation in package constructions employed by the microelectronics industry. While material behavior can be captured by means of valid constitutive models, the empirical failure models in common use are strongly dependent on package construction due to the fact that they are derived from tests of solder joints with heterogeneous stress and microstructural variation. Despite this limitation, the empirical models have been used to identify reliable choices among package design alternatives. In this technical brief, some of the key limitations that the user of empirical models must be aware of are addressed. Physical arguments are proposed in order to justify the appropriate assumptions that may be made in the life model. Using data from two different sources in the literature, the constants in the empirical models are shown to be dependent on the solder joint geometry. Alternative fits to experimental data that reduce the dependence of the fits on solder joint geometry are proposed.
Quantitation of dopamine, serotonin and adenosine content in a tissue punch from a brain slice using capillary electrophoresis with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detection

Methods to determine neurochemical concentrations in small samples of tissue are needed to map interactions among neurotransmitters. In particular, correlating physiological measurements of neurotransmitter release and the tissue content in a small region would be valuable. HPLC is the standard method for tissue content analysis but it requires microliter samples and the detector often varies by the class of compound being quantified; thus detecting molecules from different classes can be difficult. In this paper, we develop capillary electrophoresis with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detection (CE-FSCV) for analysis of dopamine, serotonin, and adenosine content in tissue punches from rat brain slices. Using field-amplified sample stacking, the limit of detection was 5 nM for dopamine, 10 nM for serotonin, and 50 nM for adenosine. Neurotransmitters could be measured from a tissue punch as small as 7 μg (7 nL) of tissue, three orders of magnitude smaller than a typical HPLC sample. Tissue content analysis of punches in successive slices through the striatum revealed higher dopamine but lower adenosine content in the anterior striatum. Stimulated dopamine release was measured in a brain slice, then a tissue punch collected from the recording region. Dopamine content and release had a correlation coefficient of 0.71, which indicates much of the variance in stimulated release is due to variance in tissue content. CE-FSCV should facilitate measurements of tissue content in nanoliter samples, leading to a better understanding of how diseases or drugs affect dopamine, serotonin, and adenosine content.
The chemistry of chromyl fluoride III. Reactions with inorganic systems

Abstract Reactions of CrO 2 F 2 with MF or MF 2 gave the corresponding M 2 CrO 2 F 4 and MCrO 2 F 4 fluorochromates. With the Lewis Acids (SO 3 , TaF 5 , SbF 5 ) and (CF 3 CO) 2 O known and new chromyl compounds [CrO 2 (CF 3 COO) 2 , CrO 2 (SO 3 F) 2 , CrO 2 FTaF 6 , CrO 2 FSbF 6 , CrO 2 FSb 2 F 11 ] were produced. Chromyl fluoride and inorganic salts (CF 3 COONa and NaNO 3 ) produced the following complexes - Na 2 CrO 2 F 2 (CF 3 COO) 2 and Na 2 CrO 2 F 2 (NO 3 ) 2 . Unusual solid products were obtained with CrO 2 F 2 and NO, NO 2 , SO 2 . A new method of preparing CrO 2 F 2 is also presented.
Mindful Practice in Action (I): Technical Competence, Evidence-Based Medicine, and Relationship-Centered Care

In this first of a 2-part series of articles, mindfulness is defined as a purposeful, non-anxious, reflective presence that can be applied to any aspect of practice. More than an occasional flash of insight, mindfulness is a state of mind that permits insight, presence, and reflection. Mindfulness applies equally to cognitive, technical, and interpersonal aspects of medicine, and invites a deeper examination of the process of care. Mindful practice includes core features: attentive observation, critical curiosity, “beginner’s mind,” and presence. Mindfulness can be recognized, and requires practice to become habitual. Although mindfulness is not taught explicitly in medical training, it is often invoked through clinical stories and by observing exemplary practitioners. Levels of mindfulness extend from mindless imitation to embodied presence, and are described in the text.
Welfare Reform and Teenage Pregnancy, Childbirth, and School Dropout

This study estimates the effect of welfare reform on adolescent behaviors using a difference-indifferences approach. After defining the pre-reform and reform cohorts and considering the life course development of adolescent behavior by following each cohort from age 14 to age 16 we compare the welfare-target and nontarget populations in the two cohorts. The difference-in-differences estimates are obtained using an event history model. Our analysis suggests that welfare reform has not reduced teenage fertility and school dropout. We find modest evidence that welfare reform is associated with higher risk of teenage births for girls in welfare families and higher risk of school dropout for girls in poor families. A combination of a difference-in-differences approach and a life course perspective can be a useful way to delineate the effect of societal-level change on family phenomena. (authors)
The prevention of lubricant migration in spacecraft

Abstract The control of lubricant migration on the various surfaces in a spacecraft is necessary in order to ensure the continued reliability of the lubricated assemblies and to limit the contamination of critical components. For this reason, the mechanics and rates of migration of thin oil films on metal surfaces have been investigated. It has previously been demonstrated that small temperature gradients cause the rapid and complete migration of oil films toward the regions of lower temperature. More recent studies of the migration of oil in the presence of geometrical and chemical barriers are now discussed. The migration was induced by capillary forces, temperature gradients and gravity. It was established that smooth sharp edges are as effective as chemical agents in preventing oil migration. Rough edges do not exhibit this effect, however.
Author's Response to Dr. Leo

Jonathan Leo raises issues with the adoption literature on schizophrenia [1]. These studies were intensively and independently scrutinized in the 1980s—see the series of papers by Kendler and Gruenberg (e.g., [2]). Most would agree that the number, size, and quality of adoption studies do not provide the highest-quality data (as discussed at more length elsewhere [3]. However, the salient point in my paper [4] was that this body of work (twin, adoption, and family studies) provides a consistent and solid rationale for the search for genes for schizophrenia. Dr. Leo's comments about the treatment of schizophrenia are not within the scope of my paper.
Wide QRS complex tachycardia: ECG differential diagnosis

Wide QRS complex tachycardias (WCT) present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the emergency physician. WCT may represent a supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant ventricular conduction; alternatively, such a rhythm presentation may be caused by ventricular tachycardia. Other clinical syndromes may also demonstrate WCT, such as tricyclic antidepressant toxicity and hyperkalemia. Patient age and history may assist in rhythm diagnosis, especially when coupled with electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence. Numerous ECG features have been suggested as potential clues to origin of the WCT, including ventricular rate, frontal axis, QRS complex width, and QRS morphology, as well as the presence of other characteristics such as atrioventricular dissociation and fusion/capture beats. Differentiation between ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction frequently is difficult despite this clinical and electrocardiographic information, particularly in the early stages of evaluation with an unstable patient. When the rhythm diagnosis is in question, resuscitative therapy should be directed toward ventricular tachycardia.
Comparative effects of TV watching, recreational computer use, and sedentary video game play on spontaneous energy intake in male children. A randomised crossover trial.

To compare the effects of three screen-based sedentary behaviours on acute energy intake (EI) in children. Normal-weight males aged 9-13 years participated in a randomised crossover trial conducted in a laboratory setting between November 2012 and February 2013 in Auckland, New Zealand. EI during an ad libitum meal was compared for three 1-hour conditions: (1) television (TV) watching, (2) sedentary video game (VG) play, and (3) recreational computer use. The primary endpoint was total EI from food and drink. Mixed regression models were used to evaluate the treatment conditions adjusting for age, BMI, and appetite at baseline. A total of 20 participants were randomised and all completed the three conditions. Total EI from food and drink in the TV, computer, and VG conditions was estimated at 820 (SE 73.15), 685 (SE 73.33), and 696 (SE 73.16) kcal, respectively, with EI being significantly greater in the TV versus computer condition (+135; P = 0.04), a trend towards greater intake in the TV versus VG condition (+124; P = 0.06), but not significantly different between the computer and VG conditions (-10; P = 0.87). TV watching was associated with greater EI compared with computer use, and a trend towards greater EI compared with VG play.
Religiosity and Tolerance in the United States and Poland

Survey research shows important links between religion and tolerance in the United States. Yet it is not known to what extent its findings have broader, cross-national relevance. This article compares religious influences on political tolerance in the United States and Poland. Despite the marked political and cultural differences between their national contexts, data from the NORC GSS and Polish GSS reveal similar patterns of religious influences. Both in the United States and Poland, intolerance appears to be linked primarily to theocratic beliefs, that is, to a political correlate of religiosity rather than to its essential components, such as religious commitment and participation that have weak direct effects only on tolerance of atheists, and weak indirect effects on other dimensions of tolerance.
In situ investigation of the dynamic response of energetic materials using IMPULSE at the Advanced Photon Source

The mechanical and chemical response of energetic materials is controlled by a convolution of deformation mechanisms that span length scales and evolve during impact. Traditional methods use continuum measurements to infer the microstructural response whereas advances in synchrotron capabilities and diagnostics are providing new, unique opportunities to interrogate materials in real time and in situ. Experiments have been performed on a new gas-gun system (IMPact system for Ultrafast Synchrotron Experiments) using single X-ray bunch phase contrast imaging (PCI) and Laue diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The low absorption of molecular materials maximizes x-ray beam penetration, allowing measurements in transmission using the brilliance currently available at APS Sector 32. The transmission geometry makes it possible to observe both average lattice response and spatially heterogeneous, continuum response (1-4 um spatial resolution over ~2 × 2 mm area, 80 ps exposure, 153 ns frame-rate) in energetic materials ranging from single crystals to plastic-bonded composites. The current work describes our progress developing and using these diagnostics to observe deformation mechanisms relevant to explosives and the first experiments performed with explosives on IMPULSE at APS.
Mass analyser optics for wide-beam ion sources in ion implantation systems

Ion implantation systems, used for producing high-current ion beams, employ wide-beam ion sources which are rotated through 90 degrees . These sources need mass analyser optics which are different from the conventional design. The authors present results of calculation of the image distance as a function of entrance and exit angles of a sector magnet mass analyser having such a source. These computations have been performed for the magnetic deflection angles 45 degrees , 60 degrees and 90 degrees . The details of the computations carried out using the computer program MODBEAM, developed for this purpose, are also discussed.
Newer Agents in Colon Cancer: What’s Next?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) was the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States in 2012, and most patients eventually develop metastatic disease. The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy, the antiangiogenesis drug bevacizumab, and the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab have led to an improvement in median OS for metastatic CRC. Despite this improvement in survival, few agents have activity against CRC. Between 2006 and 2012, the FDA approved no new agents for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). Recently, the FDA has approved aflibercept and regorafenib for use in the treatment of patients with mCRC, and several new agents are currently in development. This paper reviews the use of new agents and new uses for established agents in mCRC.
Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity

Self-healing of an electrical circuit is demonstrated with nearly full recovery of conductance less than one millisecond after damage. Crack damage breaks a conductive pathway in a multilayer device, interrupting electron transport and simultaneously rupturing adjacent microcapsules containing gallium-indium liquid metal (top). The released liquid metal flows to the area of damage, restoring the conductive pathway (bottom).
The Cephalosporins: Activity and Clinical Use

The cephalosporin antibiotics have been employed with increasing frequency since their introduction into clinical practice in the early 1960s. With the exception of cephaloridine, cephalosporin compounds are not associated with the production of significant untoward effects. The availability of newer cephalosporins, both oral and parenteral, with enhanced antibacterial activity, has expanded the clinical indications for administration of these antibiotics.
Rapid enzyme assay technique utilizing radioactive substrate, ion-exchange paper, and liquid scintillation counting.

The assay technique consists of determining a labeled anionic product as the radioactivity remaining on anionexchange paper as measured by direct liquid scintillation counting of the paper after elution of the labeled nonionic substrate from the paper with water. Phosphorylations catalyzed by galactokinase and hexokinase are employed as examples. (auth)
Quantitation of experimental postsurgical edema

Abstract Many oral surgical procedures are followed by varying degrees of edema. Although numerous methods for minimizing swelling have been advocated, no technique has gained complete acceptance. A major problem has been the inability to document the efficacy of suggested treatments convincingly. The present study quantitates edema by measuring differences in percentage of water content between operated and unoperated tissues over a period of one week. Percentage difference in water content peaked by 48 to 72 hours and was followed by gradual resolution. By use of this model system, a steroid-induced, dose-dependent suppression of postsurgical swelling was confirmed.
Pedagogy and Place: Merging Urban and Environmental History with Active Learning

Exposing undergraduates to history first-hand through the active learning process is an effective and rewarding way to help them learn about the evolution and nature of urban life.This article highlights the experience of an urban studies professor in implementing active learning models and inquiry-based exercises into four separate undergraduate courses; an interdisciplinary introductory course in urban studies, a survey course in American urban history, an upper-level class in environmental history and public policy, and a specialized course on community development and urban renewal. It argues that a wide variety of local sources can be used to illustrate larger urban trends and environmental themes while at the same time exciting students about becoming scholars, public policy professionals, and informed citizens.
Behavioral, Physiological, and Self-Evaluative Effects of Anxiety on the Self-Control of Pain:

This study examined the impact of trait anxiety on self-control behavior using the cold pressor task. In addition to cold pressor tolerance, effects were measured in terms of physiological arousal and self-evaluations. Forty-six female subjects screened for high and low trait anxiety were given two trials of the cold pressor task, and between trials, they were given either self-control or non-self-control training. As expected, self-control training resulted in increased pain tolerance and decreased physiological arousal. Although anxiety did not influence behavioral tolerance, high trait anxious subjects receiving self-control training made more negative self-evaluations and had higher levels of physiological arousal. These results suggest that anxiety may disrupt the use of self-control strategies in coping with pain.
Crystallinity in the polypropylene/cellulose system. I. Nucleation and crystalline morphology

The amount of research on lignocellulosic/thermoplastic composites has increased dramatically. Little attention, however, has been directed towards the subject of crystallinity at the interface (interphase). Optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used in this work to study crystallinity in the cellulose/polypropylene system. The results verify that cellulose acts as a nucleating agent for polypropylene, producing a transcrystalline region around the fiber. Treatment of the fibers with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA), or stearic acid, inactivates the surface features responsible for transcrystallinity. These treatments also affect the overall degree of crystallinity of the sample. Morphological features, resulting from a transcrystalline or nontranscrystalline interphase, may have a significant effect on mechanical properties. A possible mechanism for the appearance of transcrystallinity involving crystal structure matching is also proposed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.