cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Application of Availability and Energy Balances to a Diesel Engine

The maximum power that can be extracted from an engine operating at a given condition was determined by means of analyses based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. These analyses were applied to a heavy-duty single-cylinder open-chamber diesel engine operated at constant speed. Over the range of operating conditions investigated, the second-law efficiency (ratio of brake power to maximum extractable power) of the engine, which increased with engine load, was found to vary from 22 to 50 percent. It was concluded that besides heat transfer, the combustion process was the most important source of irreversibility and accounted for 25 to 43 percent of the lost power.
Depression, general anxiety, test anxiety, and rigidity of gifted junior high and high school children

27 gifted students in junior high and high school from north central Kansas school districts were administered the Children's Depression Inventory, the Beck Depression Scale, Test Anxiety Scale, General Anxiety Scale, and Breskin's Rigidity Scale. Sex, age, and grade were not considered, as the sample was small. The gifted students' mean scores for depression were below the cut-off score while their test anxiety, general anxiety, and rigidity scores were at moderate levels. Pearson correlations were significant for Beck Depression with the Children's Depression (r = .82) and General Anxiety Scales (r = .60). Scores on the General Anxiety Scale correlated significantly with those on the Children's Depression Inventory (r = .69) and the Test Anxiety Scale (r = .55). Rigidity scores were not correlated significantly with any other measure and scores on the depression scales did not correlate significantly with those on the Test Anxiety Scale.
Reduced fluorescence quenching of cyclodextrin-acetylene dye rotaxanes.

An acetylene dye rotaxane with α-CD has been synthesized using the Heck−Cassar−Sonogashira−Hagihara-type reaction in aqueous solution. Free dye with tetracarboxylic acids is found to be highly sensitive to various metal ions, showing high Stern−Volmer constants, KSV. As CD encapsulation protects and stabilizes the threaded chromophore against an outside quencher, metal-insensitive biological tags are an obvious application for this class of molecules.
NanoCluster budesonide formulations enable efficient drug delivery driven by mechanical ventilation.

Abstract Agglomerates of budesonide nanoparticles (also known as ‘NanoClusters’) are fine dry powder aerosols that were hypothesized to enable drug delivery through ventilator circuits. These engineered powders were delivered via a Monodose® inhaler or a novel device, entrained through commercial endotracheal tubes, and analyzed by cascade impaction. Inspiration flow rates and other parameters such as inspiration patterns and inspiration volumes were controlled by a ventilator. NanoCluster budesonide (NC-Bud) formulations had a higher efficiency of aerosol delivery compared to micronized budesonide with NC-Bud showing a much higher percent emitted fraction (%EF). Different inspiration patterns (sine, square, and ramp) did not affect the powder performance of NC-Bud when applied through a 5.0 mm endotracheal tube. The aerosolization of NC-Bud also did not change with the inspiration volume (1.5–2.5 L) nor with the inspiration flow rate (20–40 L/min) suggesting fast emptying times for budesonide capsules. The %EF of NC-Bud was higher at 51% relative humidity compared to 82% RH. The novel device and the Monodose® showed the same efficiency of drug delivery but the novel device fit directly to a ventilator and endotracheal tubing connections. The new device combined with NanoCluster formulation technology allowed convenient and efficient drug delivery through endotracheal tubes.
Atoll Island Hydrogeology: Flow and Freshwater Occurrence in a Tidally Dominated System

A layered-aquifer model of groundwater occurrence in an atoll island was tested with a solute-transport numerical model. The computer model used, SUTRA, incorporates density-dependent flow. This can be significant in freshwater-saltwater interactions associated with the freshwater lens of an atoll island. Boundary conditions for the model included ocean and lagoon tidal variations. The model was calibrated to field data from Enjebi Island, Enewetak Atoll, and tested for sensitivity to a variety of parameters. This resulted in a hydraulic conductivity of 10 m day−1 for the surficial aquifer and 1000 m day−1 for the deeper aquifer; this combination of values gave an excellent reproduction of the tidal response data from test wells. The average salinity distribution was closely reproduced using a dispersivity of 0.02m. The computer simulation quantitatively supports the layered-aquifer model, including under conditions of density-dependent flow, and shows that tidal variations are the predominant driving force for flow beneath the island. The oscillating, vertical flow produced by the tidal variations creates an extensive mixing zone of brackish water. The layered-aquifer model with tidally driven flow is a significant improvement over the Ghyben-Herzberg-Dupuit model as it is conventionally applied to groundwater studies for many Pacific reef islands.
Molecular Characterization and Expression Patterns of a B-Type Nuclear Lamin during Sea Urchin Embryogenesis

Developmentally regulated, tissue-specific patterns of nuclear lamin expression occur during vertebrate embryogenesis, but little is known regarding lamin ontogeny during the early development of other phyla. cDNA clones encoding a lamin from the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus have been identified, and the full coding region from the former has been sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that this echinoderm lamin is more closely related to vertebrate B-type lamins than to dipteran fly and nematode lamins--the only other invertebrate lamins sequenced to date. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to sea urchin lamin demonstrate that nuclei of unfertilized eggs and embryos exhibit relatively faint immunoreactivity until the differentiation of primary mesenchymal cells, the nuclear envelopes of which become strongly and selectively labeled by anti-lamin antibodies. Northern blots reveal stage-specific fluctuations in a single 4-kb lamin message during early development and, together with immunoblotting data, suggest that the increase in mesenchymal cell nuclear envelope immunoreactivity is due to a quantitative increase in a single type of lamin. These observations demonstrate that, similar to vertebrates, cell differentiation in invertebrates can be accompanied by a change in lamin expression patterns.
Social support networks of African-American children attending head start: A longitudinal investigation of structural and supportive network characteristics

This study examined the stability and coherence of African-American children's social support networks. Participants included a total of 106 3- to 4-year-old children attending Head Start centers located in the southeast. Children completed a social network interview in two consecutive years at the Head Start centers. These interviews tapped multiple dimensions of the support network including social embeddedness, proportion of the network providing support, and perceived support. Analyses focused on both the rank-order stability of children with respect to network characteristics as well as stability of network relationships (the same individuals included in the network at both time periods). Results indicated age-related increases in network size for adult and child categories, network size across three support domains, proportion of support scores, and perceived support from adults. In addition to age-related changes, analyses revealed considerable rank-order stability with respect to structural network dimensions, but very little rank-order stability in proportion of support and perceived support scores. In contrast, both structural and supportive components of the children's networks were shown to be coherent over a one-year period when specific network member relationships were examined. Discussion highlights both continuities and discontinuities in young children's social networks, and how data obtained in this study contribute to theory building and the systematic examination of African-American children's emerging social networks.
Semiparametric Bayesian joint modeling of a binary and continuous outcome with applications in toxicological risk assessment

Many dose–response studies collect data on correlated outcomes. For example, in developmental toxicity studies, uterine weight and presence of malformed pups are measured on the same dam. Joint modeling can result in more efficient inferences than independent models for each outcome. Most methods for joint modeling assume standard parametric response distributions. However, in toxicity studies, it is possible that response distributions vary in location and shape with dose, which may not be easily captured by standard models. To address this issue, we propose a semiparametric Bayesian joint model for a binary and continuous response. In our model, a kernel stick-breaking process prior is assigned to the distribution of a random effect shared across outcomes, which allows flexible changes in distribution shape with dose shared across outcomes. The model also includes outcome-specific fixed effects to allow different location effects. In simulation studies, we found that the proposed model provides accurate estimates of toxicological risk when the data do not satisfy assumptions of standard parametric models. We apply our method to data from a developmental toxicity study of ethylene glycol diethyl ether. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the Treatment of Patron Privacy in Library 2.0 Literature

As libraries begin to embrace Web 2.0 technologies to serve patrons – ushering in the era of Library 2.0 – unique dilemmas arise regarding protection of patron privacy. The norms of Web 2.0 promote the open sharing of information – often personal information – and the design of many Library 2.0 services capitalize on access to patron information and might require additional tracking, collection and aggregation of patron activities. Thus, embracing Library 2.0 potentially threatens the traditional ethics of librarianship, where protecting patron privacy and intellectual freedom has been held paramount. As a step towards informing the decisions to implement Library 2.0 to adequately protect patron privacy, we must first understand how such concerns are being articulated within the professional discourse surrounding these next generation library tools and services. The study presented in this paper aims to determine whether and how issues of patron privacy are introduced, discussed, and settled – if at all – within trade publications utilized by librarians and related information professionals
Proliferation of DU145 prostate cancer cells is inhibited by suppressing insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2.

Background: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is expressed by all human prostate cancer cell lines and dramatically increases in the serum of prostate cancer patients. However, the role of IGFBP-2 in prostatic tumorigenesis is not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of IGFBP-2 on the proliferation of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in culture. Methods: Using cell proliferation assays, we examined the effects of exogenously administered and endogenously modulated levels of IGFBP-2 on the proliferation of DU145 cells. Result: Cell growth was stimulated by exogenously administered IGFBP-2, but significantly retarded (P < 0.05) by its neutralizing antibody. Overexpression of IGFBP-2 by transfection also stimulated cell growth, which was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited in transfectants expressing antisense mRNA to IGFBP-2. Furthermore, the proliferation of IGFBP-2 overexpressing cells was significantly dampened by exogenously administered IGFBP-2 antibody. Conclusions: IGFBP-2 is an autocrine growth factor for DU145 human prostate cancer cells and cell proliferation can be significantly retarded by neutralizing or inhibiting its synthesis. These findings provide a strong rationale for targeting IGFBP-2 in the testing of novel strategies to treat prostate cancer.
Models of the Aging Self

Older adults are faced with numerous physical, psychological, and social role changes that challenge their sense of self and capacity to live happily. In addition, they are inundated by our youth-oriented culture with negative ageist stereotypes. Nevertheless, most older adults live happy, fulfilling lives. In this article, we review theories of the aging individual that address this apparent paradox. These theories can be largely divided into those that emphasize control and goal attainment, and those that emphasize the self's organizational capacity. Of the self-oriented theories, we will highlight Whitbourne's (1996) identity process perspective, which is specific to the aging process and attempts to explain the self's unique capacity to remain stable yet change over time.
Reasoning counterfactually: combining and rending.

Counterfactual reasoning occurs when people are asked to assume for the sake of argument that a fact they previously thought was true is now false and to draw a conclusion on that basis. To accomplish this sort of reasoning requires a revising of one’s beliefs, which was simulated in the present study. Students were shown a set of statements that they were to assure themselves was consistent. They were then asked to accept a counterfactual assumption as true and reconcile resulting inconsistencies among the set of statements. In these problems, one statement is a generality (e.g.,All trees on the plaza are elms), another is a particular (e.g.,This tree is a pine), and one is a counterfactual (e.g.,Assume this tree is on the plaza). Students preferred to reconcile the inconsistency by identifying the generality as “true” and the particular as “false.” They did this more often when the assumptioncombined categories than when itdislodged categories and when real beliefs were at stake rather than arbitrary generalities. This study tested current models of inference for their ability to account for counterfactual reasoning and found the results to be consistent with natural deduction system, mental models, and conceptualintegration network approaches to everyday reasoning.
Inelastic High-Energy Proton-Proton Collisions

We have measured the differential production cross section $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{dp}}$ for pions, kaons, protons, and antiprotons produced in $12.4\ensuremath{-}12.5\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ proton-proton collisions. We systematically studied the dependence of these cross sections on the center-of-mass longitudinal and transverse momentum of $\ensuremath{\pi}$'s, $K$'s, and $\overline{p}$'s, and on ${p}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$ for protons, over much of the available phase space. The extracted proton beam of the Argonne zero-gradient synchrotron (ZGS) impinged on a liquid-hydrogen target. The scattered particles were detected by a spectrometer using magnets and scintillation and Cherenkov counters to identify and momentum-analyze these particles. A steering magnet allowed detection of particles produced at different laboratory angles without moving any of the apparatus. The incident proton intensity was determined by monitor counters calibrated using foil spallation techniques. The pion production cross section was well represented by a sum of two Gaussians in ${{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}:\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{dp}}=A{e}^{\ensuremath{-}15{{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}}+B{e}^{\ensuremath{-}3{{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}}$. The slope for large-momentum-transfer kaon production was also about 3 ${(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The pion production cross section as a function of ${p}_{l}^{{}^{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}}$ had a maximum at ${p}_{l}^{{}^{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}}=0$, possibly supporting a one-center model. Incorrect earlier measurements supporting a two-center model are discussed and corrected. The inelastic scattering cross section for protons also shows a less prominent forward peak and an ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}3{{p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}}$ dependence. This proton cross section also seems independent of inelasticity over a large range.
Layer assignment problem for three-layer routing

The layer assignment problem for interconnect is the problem of determining which layers should be used for wiring the signal nets so that the number of vias is minimized. The problem is often referred to as the via minimization problem. The problem is considered for three-layer routing, concentrating on one version called the constrained via minimization (CVM3) problem. It is shown that the CVM3 problem is NP-complete and a heuristic algorithm is proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient and generates fairly good solutions. >
Ensuring code safety without runtime checks for real-time control systems

This paper considers the problem of providing safe programming support and enabling secure online software upgrades for control software in real-time control systems. In such systems, offline techniques for ensuring code safety are greatly preferable to online techniques. We propose a language called Control-C that is essentially a subset of C, but with key restrictions designed to ensure that memory safety of code can be verified entirely by static checking, under certain system assumptions. The language permits pointer-based data structures, restricted dynamic memory allocation, and restricted array operations, without requiring any runtime checks on memory operations and without garbage collection. The language restrictions have been chosen based on an understanding of both compiler technology and the needs of real-time control systems. The paper describes the language design and a compiler implementation for Control-C. We use control codes from three different experimental control systems to evaluate the suitability of the language for these codes, the effort required to port them to Control-C, and the effectiveness of the compiler in detecting a wide range of potential security violations for one of the systems.
Bilinear Sparse Coding for Invariant Vision

Recent algorithms for sparse coding and independent component analysis (ICA) have demonstrated how localized features can be learned from natural images. However, these approaches do not take image transformations into account. We describe an unsupervised algorithm for learning both localized features and their transformations directly from images using a sparse bilinear generative model. We show that from an arbitrary set of natural images, the algorithm produces oriented basis filters that can simultaneously represent features in an image and their transformations. The learned generative model can be used to translate features to different locations, thereby reducing the need to learn the same feature at multiple locations, a limitation of previous approaches to sparse coding and ICA. Our results suggest that by explicitly modeling the interaction between local image features and their transformations, the sparse bilinear approach can provide a basis for achieving transformation-invariant vision.
FLOW DYNAMICS AND SEDIMENTATION IN SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA AND PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS MARSHES OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

The introduction of invasive species such as Phragmites australis in the Chesapeake Bay has been viewed to be deleterious to habitat quality. Little is known, however, on the extent to which the replacement of Spartina alterniflora by Phragmites affects hydrodynamics and sediment trapping on the surface of impacted marshes. This study examined sediment deposition, sediment mobility, and flow conditions in adjacent Phragmites australis and Spartina alternifora marshes in Prospect Bay, Maryland, USA in order to determine if differences in plant morphology affect surficial flow properties and particle dispersion patterns. Measures of fine-scale flow dynamics, total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration, and particulate deposition were obtained at various distances from open water across the marsh surface over four sequential tidal cycles in Fall 1999. The hydrodynamic data indicate that both the gross and fine-scale properties of tidal flows were similar in both types of vegetation and that flow conditions were conductive to particle deposition. TSS concentrations did not differ between canopy types and decreased over time in both systems. There was no difference in TSS reduction over distance between Spartina and Phragmites. The sediment trap data indicate that maximum deposition occurs closer to open water in both Spartina and Phragmites and that the organic content of deposited matter increased with distance into the marsh interior. This study provides the first in situ, high resolution, over-marsh flow data for marshes dominated by Phragmites. The data provided herein suggest that differences in vegetative cover do not significantly affect flow regime, sediment transport, and sediment deposition patterns in the marsh systems examined.
Identification of a novel promoter in the E2 open reading frame of the human papillomavirus type 18 genome

Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the human papillomavirus E4 open reading frame is expressed in HeLa cells. Because integration at the E1 or E2 open reading frame would place the viral upstream regulatory region downstream of the viral late genes, the expression of E4 in HeLa cells is most likely regulated by host cellular promoter(s) or unidentified viral promoter(s) in the E2 region. Primer extension analysis and transient transfection experiments with luciferase reporter constructs under the transcriptional control of various subgenomic fragments of HPV-18 were carried out to identify and characterize functional promoters within the E2 region. The in vivo activity of a novel promoter located within the 5′-end region of the E2 open reading frame of human papillomavirus type 18 is demonstrated. J. Med. Virol. 69:122–131, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geographical knowledge in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Geographical knowledge in patients with Parkinson’s disease was studied with the revised version of the Fargo Map Test (Beatty, 1988). Patients with Parkinson’s disease who scored within the range of normal controls on a standard clinical mental status exam were impaired in locating US cities, but otherwise they performed normally. Patients who scored below the control range on the mental status test were impaired in locating US cities, regional cities, and gross features of US geography, as well as in naming the states in which the US cities are located. Patients with Parkinson’s disease appear to suffer retrograde amnesia with respect to visuospatial (geographical) knowledge as well as other forms of information.
μ2‐Oxo‐bis­[bis(η5‐1,3‐di‐tert‐butylcyclo­penta­dienyl)­titanium(III)]

The title compound, [Ti2O(C13H21)4] or {[(1,3-tBu2C5H3)2Ti}2(μ2-O)}, crystallizes as a centrosymmetric mol­ecule, in which the two metallocene fragments are bridged by an O atom. The trigonal planar coordination around each metal consists of two 1,3-tBu2C5H3 ligands and the bridging O atom. The O atom is located on a crystallographic inversion center, resulting in a linear Ti—O—Ti linkage.
Cloning, Tissue Expression, and Chromosomal Localization of SUR2, the Putative Drug-Binding Subunit of Cardiac, Skeletal Muscle, and Vascular KATP Channels

ATP-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium channels are expressed in a variety of tissues, including heart, skeletal, and smooth muscle, and pancreatic β-cells. Physiological and pharmacological studies suggest the presence of distinct K ATP channels in these tissues. Recently, the K ATP channel of β-cells has been reconstituted in functional form by coexpression of SUR, the sulfonylurea-binding protein, and the inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit, KIR6.2. In this article, we describe the isolation of cDNAs encoding SUR-like proteins from mouse, SUR2A and SUR2B. Northern blotting showed that the highest expression of the SUR2 isoforms is in the heart and skeletal muscle, with lower levels in all other tissues. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, SUR2B is ubiquitously expressed, while the apparently alternatively spliced variant, SUR2A, is expressed exclusively in heart. In situ hybridization shows that the SUR2 isoforms are expressed in the parenchyma of the heart and skeletal muscle and in the vascular structures of other tissues. Human SUR2 was localized to chromosome 12, p12.1 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The structure of the predicted protein and expression pattern of SUR2 suggests that it is the drug-binding channel-modulating subunit of the extrapancreatic K ATP channel. Differences in sequence between SUR and between SUR2 isoforms may underlie the tissue-specific pharmacology of the K ATP channel.
Comparison between dislocation dynamics model predictions and experiments in precipitation-strengthened Al–Li–Sc alloys

Abstract Precipitate distributions were quantitatively measured by local electrode atom-probe (LEAP) tomography in several age-hardenable Al-based alloys to provide input to both analytical models and dislocation dynamics simulations of critical resolved shear strength, for comparison with experimentally measured Vickers microhardness values. The method of reconstructing precipitate-containing volumes from LEAP tomography, then importing these data to dislocation dynamics simulations, is explained in detail in the supplementary material available in the online version of this paper. Two alloys were studied: Al–2.9Li–0.11Sc at.% (Al–Li–Sc) and Al–6.3Li–0.07Sc–0.02Yb at.% (Al–Li–Sc–Yb). Heat treatment of these alloys produced nanometer-scale α′-Al3(Li, Sc, Yb)(L12) precipitates after isothermal aging at 325 °C. In some cases δ′-Al3Li(L12) shells were formed on these precipitates after subsequent isothermal aging at 170 °C. Dislocation dynamics results and experimental measurements were combined to define empirical strengthening superposition rules for the cases of contributions from: (i) Li in solid-solution plus α′-Al3(Li, Sc, Yb)(L12) precipitates; (ii) α′-Al3(Li, Sc, Yb)(L12) precipitates plus δ′-Al3Li(L12) shells in doubly aged Al–Li–Sc–Yb. Simulations of aged Al–Li–Sc overpredict the strength if a single dislocation is used, and underpredict the strength if instead a cooperative dislocation pair is considered. For simulations of dislocation pairs in Al–Li–Sc (single-phase precipitates), the precipitate bypass mechanism depends on the aging condition of the alloy. At peak age, precipitate shearing occurs mainly by pairs of closely spaced dislocations moving cooperatively. As overaging progresses, Orowan looping increasingly dominates and the distance between the leading and trailing dislocations increases. For dislocation pairs in doubly aged Al–Li–Sc–Yb with some core/shell precipitates, the measured and simulated strength values agree to within their uncertainties.
Who Knows Tomorrow: Berlin and Beyond

This essay focuses on Who Knows Tomorrow , which ran in Berlin from June 4 to September 26, 2010. Hosted by the Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, this exhibition featured the work of five prominent international artists of African origin—El Anatsui, Zarina Bhimji, Antonio Ole, Yinka Shonibare, MBE, and Pascale Marthine Tayou. The artists' work engaged visitors with a range of difficult issues, including the role that Germany and the city of Berlin played in the colonization of Africa. The exhibit also acknowledged and explored the complex postcolonial relationship between Africa and Europe, an interconnected history that remains an integral component of modern-day globalization. This essay considers the historical significance and legacy of this exhibition as well as the extensive accompanying catalogue and concludes that the challenging questions posed by Who Knows Tomorrow urgently warrant answers today.
Post-nesting migrations of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta from Georgia, USA: conservation implications for a genetically distinct subpopulation

The loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta is listed as threatened with extinction on the US Endangered Species Act. Those loggerhead turtles that nest on US beaches from North Carolina to north-east Florida are a genetically distinct subpopulation. This subpopulation is small, and may be declining. To obtain information about the migratory pathways of these turtles we tracked post-nesting movements of five females by satellite from their nesting beach at Wassaw Island, Georgia. Four turtles migrated north of the nesting beach, of which three moved to coastal waters of mid Atlantic states (total distances of 157–1,458 km). Efforts to reduce mortality of northern subpopulations of loggerhead turtles need to focus on identifying and reducing threats in north-east US waters.
Cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis dissemination from colorectal cancer

SUMMARY Peritoneal carcinomatosis is an insidious condition that afflicts up to 20% of patients with colorectal cancer annually. Symptoms are related to disease progression in the peritoneal cavity such as bloating and intermittent abdominal pain; diagnostic imaging studies will frequently underestimate the extent of disease. The strategy of operative cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy has become increasingly utilized as a therapeutic approach, however, most of the data regarding its efficacy come from single-institution studies. With increased understanding of optimal patient selection and treatment parameters, cytoreduction with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy will likely become increasingly accepted as part of an integrated multimodal strategy to treat patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer in the future.
A new approach for physical therapists in the long term care of Alzheimer patients

Throughout the progressive stages of dementia, there is a need for an interdisciplinary team approach in the long term care of Alzheimer patients. This article describes the need for a shift in our therapeutic strategies and will address ways in which the physical therapist can positively impact Alzheimer patient care and reduce caregiver burden, whether the patient is at home or in an institution. This can be accomplished in part by:• Designing a daily exercise program;• Making modifications to the environment to decrease sensory stress andfacilitate autonomy;• Designing appropriate cues to help the patient with activities of daily living;• Evaluating home safety, equipment needs and falls prevention; and finally• Teaching safe transfers and bed-bound care.
Solutions of the Schrodinger equation for an attractive 1/r 6 potential

Mathematical methods are presented that give pairs of linearly independent solutions for an attractive ${1/r}^{6}$ potential. These solutions represent a different class of special functions that are important to the understanding of molecular vibration spectra near the dissociation threshold and slow atomic collisions.
Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Human CYP2E1 by Diethyldithocarbamate

Although the ability of disulfiram to inactivate CYP2E1 has been known for more than 20 years, the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. A metabolite of disulfiram, diethyldithocarbamate (DDC), is converted by CYP2E1 to a reactive intermediate that subsequently inactivates the protein, leading to mechanism-based inactivation. Mass spectral analysis of the inactivated human 2E1 protein demonstrates that the inactivation is due to the formation of an adduct of the reactive metabolite of DDC with the apoprotein. These data, along with mass spectral analysis of a reactive intermediate trapped with GSH, indicate the involvement of a reactive intermediate with a molecular mass of 116 Da. Our results suggest that this binding involves formation of a disulfide bond with one of the eight cysteines in CYP2E1. The inactivation of wild-type CYP2E1 as well as two of its polymorphic mutants, CYP2E1*2 and CYP2E1*4, was also investigated. For wild-type CYP2E1, the KI was 12.2 μM and the kinact was 0.02 min−1. The KI values for the two polymorphic mutants were 227.6 and 12.4 μM for CYP2E1.2 and CYP2E1.4, and the kinact values were 0.0061 and 0.0187 min−1, respectively. These data indicate that DDC is a much less efficient inactivator of CYP2E1.2 than it is of either the wild-type or the CYP2E1.4 variant.
Head Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Recent data showed that soccer players in Italy had an unusually high risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and that repeated head trauma might have contributed to this increase. The authors examined whether head injury was related to ALS risk in a case-control study of 109 New England ALS cases diagnosed in 1993-1996 and 255 matched controls. They also conducted a meta-analysis of the published literature. Overall, ever having experienced a head injury was nonsignificantly associated with a higher ALS risk. When compared with persons without a head injury, a statistically significant ALS risk elevation was found for participants with more than one head injury (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 8.1) and patients who had had a head injury during the past 10 years (OR = 3.2, 95 percent CI: 1.0, 10.2). For participants who had had multiple head injuries with the latest occurring in the past 10 years, risk was elevated more than 11-fold. The meta-analysis also indicated a moderately elevated risk of ALS among persons with previous head injuries (OR = 1.7, 95 percent CI: 1.3, 2.2). In this study population, physical injuries to other body parts, including the trunk, arms, or legs, were not related to ALS risk. These data support the notion that head injury may increase the risk of ALS.
Crystal structure of a vertebrate smooth muscle myosin motor domain and its complex with the essential light chain: visualization of the pre-power stroke state.

Abstract The crystal structures of an expressed vertebrate smooth muscle myosin motor domain (MD) and a motor domain–essential light chain (ELC) complex (MDE), both with a transition state analog (MgADP·AlF 4 − ) in the active site, have been determined to 2.9 A and 3.5 A resolution, respectively. The MDE structure with an ATP analog (MgADP·BeF x ) was also determined to 3.6 A resolution. In all three structures, a domain of the C-terminal region, the "converter," is rotated ∼70° from that in nucleotide-free skeletal subfragment 1 (S1). We have found that the MDE–BeF x and MDE–AlF 4 − structures are almost identical, consistent with the fact that they both bind weakly to actin. A comparison of the lever arm positions in MDE–AlF 4 − and in nucleotide-free skeletal S1 shows that a potential displacement of ∼10 nm can be achieved during the power stroke.
Self-stabilized gradient algorithms for blind source separation with orthogonality constraints

Developments in self-stabilized algorithms for gradient adaptation of orthonormal matrices have resulted in simple but powerful principal and minor subspace analysis methods. We extend these ideas to develop algorithms for instantaneous prewhitened blind separation of homogeneous signal mixtures. Our algorithms are proven to be self-stabilizing to the Stiefel manifold of orthonormal matrices, such that the rows of the adaptive demixing matrix do not need to be periodically reorthonormalized. Several algorithm forms are developed, including those that are equivariant with respect to the prewhitened mixing matrix. Simulations verify the excellent numerical properties of the proposed methods for the blind source separation task.
Feasibility of content dissemination between devices in moving vehicles

We investigate the feasibility of content distribution between devices mounted in moving vehicles using commodity WiFi. We assume that each device stores content in a set of files, and that each file has a version number. When two devices come into wireless range, they attempt to synchronize the latest versions of any files they have in common. This is challenging because connections are often short-lived and have variable link quality. Prior work demonstrates that current protocols perform badly under these conditions. To motivate this work, we use the example of Personal Navigation Devices (PNDs), or SatNavs, where the content to be exchanged includes maps and points-of-interest files.We describe a protocol enabling devices in vehicles to identify and exchange content of shared interest. We evaluate the protocol using a small vehicular testbed in two urban locations and on a highway with a closing speed of 140MPH. We investigate the effects of using 802.11a versus 802.11g, placing the antenna inside or outside the vehicle, and varying the packet size. We transfer up to 70MB in the urban settings and 7MB on the highway.
A unified analysis of routing protocols in MANETs

This paper presents a mathematical framework for the evaluation of the performance of proactive and reactive routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This unified framework provides a parametric view of protocol performance, which in turn provides a deeper insight into protocol operations and reveals the compounding and interacting effects of protocol logic and network parameters. The parametric model comes from a combinatorial model, where the routing logic is synthesized along with the characterization of MAC performance. Each wireless node is seen independently as a two-customer queue without priority, where the two types of customers are unicast and broadcast packets. The model captures the essential behavior and scalability limits in network size of both classes of routing protocols, and provides valuable guidance on the performance of reactive or proactive routing protocols under various network configurations and mobility conditions. The analytical results obtained with the proposed model are in close agreement with simulation results obtained from discrete-event Qualnet simulations.
Redefining teacher excellence

(1999). Redefining teacher excellence. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 38, Redefining Teacher Quality, pp. 4-11.
Discrete event fluid modeling of TCP

The bulk of Internet traffic is carried using variants of the TCP protocol. A realistic simulation-based performance study of any distributed application run over the Internet (e.g. reliable multicast) must therefore account for the impact that TCP background traffic has upon the application behavior. Because TCP flows are shaped by other TCP flows, it is difficult to model TCP and its impact on other traffic, other than by explicitly simulating it. This adds a significant computational burden to the simulation. This paper describes how we use fluid-based models of TCP to reduce the computational workload of simulating background TCP traffic. In particular we describe how a number of significant aspects of TCP can be described within a fluid formulation, how fluid models give rise to specific challenges that must be addressed by the modeler and simulation kernel, and how we have addressed these in the DaSSF simulator.
Deletion of Rb Accelerates Pancreatic Carcinogenesis by Oncogenic Kras and Impairs Senescence in Premalignant Lesions

Background & Aims Rb1 encodes a cell-cycle regulator that is functionally disrupted in most human cancers. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) have a high frequency of mutations in KRAS and INK4A/CDKN2A that might allow cells to bypass the regulatory actions of retinoblastoma (RB). To determine the role of loss of RB function in PDAC progression, we investigated the effects of Rb disruption during pancreatic malignant transformation initiated by oncogenic Kras. Methods We generated mice with pancreas-specific disruption of Rb , in the absence or presence of oncogenic Kras, to examine the role of RB in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Results In the presence of oncogenic Kras, loss of Rb from the pancreatic epithelium accelerated formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), increased the frequency of cystic neoplasms, and promoted rapid progression toward PDAC. Early stage cancers were characterized by acute pancreatic inflammation, associated with up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines within the pancreas. Despite the presence of markers associated with oncogene-induced senescence, low-grade PanIN were highly proliferative and expressed high levels of p53. Pancreatic cancer cell lines derived from these mice expressed high levels of cytokines, and transcriptional activity of p53 was impaired. Conclusions Rb encodes a tumor suppressor that attenuates progression of oncogenic Kras-induced carcinogenesis in the pancreas by mediating the senescence response and promoting activity of the tumor suppressor p53.
Rna in the periphery of rapidly proliferating mouse lymphoid cells.

RNA in the peripheries of various populations of lymph node cells (LNC) has been evaluated by measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of cells, before and after treatment with active or inactivated ribonucleases. Three different populations of LNC were studied: (1) “resting” normal age control LNC; (2) “syngeneic” LNC from irradiated (C3H × C57BL)F1 or C3H mice four to six days following transplantation of syngeneic spleen cells; such cells were progeny of lymphopoietic progenitor cells of the spleen; and (3) “allogeneic” LNC from irradiated (C3H × C57BL)F1 mice four to six days after grafting C3H (parental) spleen cells; such cells were progeny of lymphopoietic progenitor cells, but also alloantigen-sensitive cells of the spleen which proliferate in response to the host's alloantigens (a “graft-versus-host” immunological reaction). Whereas the normal LNC had no detectable peripheral RNA, the allogeneic and syngeneic LNC did, i.e., ribonuclease reduced their mean electrophoretic mobilities by 13.6 and 9.2 per cent, respectively. Since both allogeneic and syngeneic LNC had peripheral RNA, no specific correlation could be made with immunological activity. 3H-uridine and 14C-thymidine incorporation into lymph nodes was greatest in allogeneic, intermediate in syngeneic and least in age control lymph nodes, indicating a “population shift” in the spleen cell chimeras toward relatively immature, rapidly proliferating cells, which had a relatively high rate of RNA synthesis. Thus, rapidly proliferating lymphoid cells do have RNA in their peripheries, but its relation to specific immunological function has yet to be ascertained.
Incorporation of endogenous prolactin by granulosa cells and dictyate oocytes in the postpartum rat: effects of estrogen.

Ovarian follicles were examined for the presence and distribution of endogenous PRL in nor mally lactating control rats and comparable rats which had been subjected no a variety of annilacta tional, luteonropic estrogen treatments. Control ovaries contained both preantral follicles and annral follicles up to 500 @m in diameter. In healthy antral follicles, PRL was present in the cyno plasm and nuclei of granulosa cells (GC), in follicular fluid (FF) and also in the cytoplasm of the manuring dicnyane oocynes (OC), where ins lattice-like distribution resembled that of, and sug gesned an association with, yolk material. PRL was distributed similarly in OC of healthy preannral follicles, but in was absent from the surrounding GC. In anresia, both GC and OC showed disturb ances of PRL distribution (absence from GC nuclei, irregular staining of yolk lattice) or complete absence of staining for PRL. The changes in OC were seen in rats given only 4 @g estradiol benzo ate/day. Stronger estrogen treatments produced anrenicchanges in GC as well. These findings suggest at least two periods of PRL incorporation by healthy dicnyane OC: one prior no, or early in, the stage of meionic arrest, the other during preovulanory manuranional en largement. During the later period, when PRL is transported no the OC through GC cytoplasm and FF, in also enters GC nuclei. The prolonged retention of PRL within the OC and ins renewed in corporation as this cell approaches innerphase, together with recent evidence that PRL may play a role in the inhibition of meiosis in mammalian oocynes, suggest that the specific local resistance no ovulation -inducing stimuli, which is needed for both selective maintenance of the dicnyane state and fine control of preovulatory maturation, might be a function of the PRL snored within the OC itself.
INTERACTION OF NONLINEAR WAVES WITH COASTAL STRUCTURES

Interaction of transient nonlinear waves (modeled by solitary waves with moderate wave height) with submerged breakwater has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The emphasis is on the comparison between the numerical solution and the laboratory experiments on the wave transformation and the water particle velocity of the induced flow field. For the numerical analysis, the Boundary Element Method (BEM) has been used for analyzing the wave field induced by the coastal structure. For the laboratory experiments the wave profiles are obtained by resistance type wave gauge; the two dimensional water particle velocities are obtained by a four-beam Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) equipped with frequency shifting and with a fiber optics system. The LDV measurements are directed to obtain the detail of the wave kinematic properties important for ascertaining the dynamics of the modified wave field in the vicinity of the submerged breakwater. This serves as a critical check for the validity of the numerical computations. Results of the numerical model have been found to compare well with the experimental data for the conditions studied in both the wave profiles and the water particle velocities beneath the waves as they interact with the breakwater.
Polyurethanes for bone tissue engineering

Polyurethanes are of significant interest in bone tissue engineering due to their tunable mechanical properties, noncytotoxic degradation characteristics that can be tailored to the defect site, and potential for controlled release of drugs and biologics. Polyurethanes used in bone tissue engineering are formulated as injectable and settable bone grafts or implanted as prefabricated scaffolds, thereby providing flexibility for orthopedic applications. Various fabrication techniques including gas blowing, electrospinning, and reactive liquid molding have been adapted to design scaffolds that meet the needs of the specific clinical indication. This chapter reviews various formulations of biodegradable polyurethane bone grafts, as well as strategies for enhancing their osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. Recent advances in biodegradable polyurethanes for bone tissue engineering are discussed to provide perspective on the future of this promising technology.
Normative Power in the EU and ASEAN: Why They Diverge

The European Union (EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) aspire to two different types of normative roles in their foreign relations, which reflect the different contexts and goals of their socialization frameworks. The EU, which can collectively count itself as a contemporary great power, seeks a normative role aiming to engage smaller players, often with serious domestic problems. By contrast, ASEAN—essentially a group of relatively weak states—is located in an area where its own security depends on the competition between great powers. Although the EU employs its normative power primarily to shape the political preferences of its neighboring small states and thus construct a normative hegemon in the European periphery, ASEAN’s normative influence is more concerned about intervention by the great powers of Asia. Although the EU model has dominated the discourse of normative power, the normative practice of ASEAN may be more relevant to the developing world facing great powers or a regional hegemon.