cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serological studies with EB virus in infectious lymphocytosis.

RECENT epidemiological studies reveal a highly significant correlation between infectious mononucleosis and the development of serum antibodies to EB virus (EBV)1,2. It has been suggested that these findings indicate that EBV is probably the causative agent in infectious mononucleosis. An alternative hypothesis is that EBV may merely be a poorly immunogenic, non-aetiological “passenger” virus that is activated non-specifically during the proliferation of lymphoreticular cells in infectious mononucleosis with subsequent appearance of detectable EBV antibodies3–8. The second hypothesis may be tested in part by studying EBV antibody responses that occur in infectious lymphocytosis, a mild communicable paediatric illness of unknown aetiology in which elevated absolute and relative lymphocyte counts develop, usually without specific signs or symptoms9.
Long-Range Distance Measurements of Protein Binding Sites by Rotational-Echo Double-Resonance NMR

Figure 1. (Left) CR trace of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phospate synthase, based on the X-ray diffraction results of ref 16, showing the approximate locations of W172 (upper domain) and W337 (lower domain) of the double mutant W289Q;F172W. The side chain of F172 in the wild-type structure can be modified to tryptophan with retention of the wild-type rotameric state and only slight adjustment to remove van der Waals contacts with nearby residues. The F-F distance in this structure is 38 A. (Right) CR trace of a model of the EPSPS ternary complex consistent with 19 F- 31 P REDOR distance measurements (cf. Figure 3). Ligands were docked into the X-ray structure on the basis of the results of REDOR studies involving complexes of specifically 13 C- and 15 N-labeled protein and ligands (refs 17-21). The hinge was identified by searching for residues in the connecting strands that were not part of a secondary structural element in either the upper or lower domain. Torsions in the two hinge strands in EPSPS were manually adjusted to bring the two protein domains into proximity. Ligand position and hinge torsions were adjusted iteratively to accommodate the P-F distances measured in this study and C-N, C-P, and N-P distances measured previously. 17-21 The F-F distance in this model is 21 A. The F -P distances for W337-S3P, W337-Glp, W172-S3P, and W172-Glp in the model are 18, 13, 7, and 11 A, respectively.
Persistently low natural killer cell activity and circulating levels of plasma beta endorphin: risk factors for infectious disease.

Abstract Beta endorphin levels were quantitated in plasma samples obtained from normal subjects (n=81, 37% males and 63% females, age range 18–45 years) as a component of a prospective study examining the relationship of illness morbidity to natural killer cell activity and psychological indices of stress. The present study was designed to test whether beta endorphin levels contributed additionally to the explanation of illness outcome variance. In the larger study, persistently low NK (LNK) activity was associated prospectively with higher illness morbidity. The findings reported here suggest that the observed LNK activity might be affected by circulating levels of plasma beta endorphin, as lower endorphin levels predicted the LNK pattern, which in turn, predicted higher illness morbidity.
The optical polarization of the Sun measured at a sensitivity of parts in ten million

The integrated light of the Sun, an essentially spherical star with only slight asymmetries (small oblateness, weak overall magnetic field), would normally be found to be unpolarized, as observed in broad spectral bands with common instrumental sensitivities, 10−4−10−5 fractional polarization1–4. Defining the Sun's intrinsic linear (LP) and circular (CP) polarizations down to much lower levels (10−7 or even 10−8) would have consequences not only in solar physics but in other areas, setting, for example, a new standard for stellar polarimetry. We report measurements of the general polarization of the Sun, both CP and LP, over the whole disk and over large sectors, at an absolute sensitivity level of ≲3×10−7, carried out during August–September 1986. Upper limits for the intrinsic whole-Sun LP from the best data (minimum Earth-atmospheric contamination) were 0.2×10−6 in the V (yellow) band and 0.8×10–6 in B (blue). Definite CP was discovered. (1) The north and south polar zones showed values of V (normalized or fractional CP) of −1 to −6×10−6 for the north, and 0 to +2×10−6 for the south zones. The spectral CP rises steeply toward the blue. (2) The whole disk had a net CP of −0.1 to −1.0×10−6 (from red to blue), negative as with the magnetically dominant north pole. The spectral dependence of the global broadband CP resembles that of sunspots5,6 and of local non-spot regions with magnetic flux tubes7.
A radiation effects facility using a 1.7 MV tandem accelerator

Abstract A facility has been established at the Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory for the study of radiation effects on materials. The capabilities include a broad range of materials (metals, ceramics and polymers), radiation damage rates (10−8 to 10−3 dpa/s) and irradiation temperatures (−196°C to 600°C). The key to the utility of this facility is the control of irradiation dose, dose uniformity, and sample temperature during irradiation. Temperature stability is maintained by simultaneous heating and cooling of the sample stage, and use of a liquid metal interface (for metal samples). The temperature of individual samples in the irradiated area is measured via an infrared pyrometer and thermocouples. Temperature uniformity is confirmed by the pyrometer, while dose uniformity is provided by a split aperture. A total of eight input channels transmit temperature and beam current signals to a 486DX computer to provide feedback to the operator and to record the irradiation history at a frequency of 1 point per second. Continuous irradiations lasting up to 120 hours have been successfully conducted.
Harmonic analysis in rheological property measurement

Sudden change in the linear stress-strain relationship has long been known to produce interesting discontinuities in the flow properties of polymer melts, concentrated particle suspensions, and gels as the shear rate amplitude is increased. The non-linear effect produces stress harmonics, which contain information about the material properties that is otherwise difficult to obtain. This note describes a generalized procedure for extracting yield stress material functions from the discrete Fourier transform of the stress signal.
Galactose fluxes across brush border of hamster jejunal epithelium: effects of mucosal anaerobiosis.

We have determined unidirectional influxes by measuring rate of uptake between 0.5 and 1.0 min of incubation in 5mm galactose.3H-inulin was used to correct for galactose in residual mucosal solution. Influx was greatly depressed by removing Na+ from or adding 10−4m phlorizin to the incubation medium. Influx was also greatly depressed by making the mucosal solution anaerobic during a 10-min preincubation period. The same severe inhibition of galactose influx by mucosal anaerobiosis also occurrend under conditions in which the epithelial cells did not gain Na+. After taking into account the effect of the mucosal unstirred water layer, influxes could be normalized to a concentration of 1.0mm at the membrane surface. It was estimated that at 1.0mm the phlorizin-sensitive component of galactose influx was reduced 93% by 10 min of mucosal anaerobiosis. Unidirectional effluxes were estimated by subtracting steady-state downhill mucosal-to-serosal flux from influx. The ease of efflux was apparently augmented 2.8-fold by mucosal anaerobiosis. After 10 min of mucosal anaerobiosis, there was no longer any directional preference for movement of galactose across the brush border and there was no uphill transport, in spite of the persistence of a large Na+ gradient. These results provide strong evidence against the theory that ion gradients provide the major source of energy for directional preference and uphill transport.
An abstract model of the object-oriented DBMS

In his research the author is looking into the cooperation of methodology, language, and database in the design of object-oriented systems which are to be realized in an object-oriented programming language using an object-oriented database system (OODBMS). The focus is on some of the differences between traditional object-oriented design and object-oriented database design. For this purpose a small formal model of a contemporary OODBMS is built. This model describes abstractions of the most important data structures of OODBMS and their associated functionality. Based on both a pragmatic and a theoretic understanding of the architecture of contemporary OODBMSs, the author aims at presenting some of the issues to be considered in object-oriented database design such as: object management, object retrieval, and concurrency. >
Migration of seismic data as W.K.B. approximation

Abstract The purpose of seismic migration is to find the coordinates of inaccessible subsurface points by use of seismic reflection measurements taken on the earth's surface. The three most popular conventional migration methods are the finite-difference method, the Kirchhoff method, and the frequency—wavenumber method. They are each based on a stratified model; that is, a two-dimensional model in which all the interfaces encountered by propagating waves must be horizontal. Such a model is called a sol1 2 dimensional (1.5D) model, because a true two-dimensional model would allow dipping interfaces. The 1.5 D model corresponds to a one-dimensional W.K.B. approximation to the wave equation. The surface seismic data can be downward continued (i.e. backtracked) into the earth in conventional migration because the 1.5D model has only flat horizontal interfaces, so no unknown dips are ever encountered. If in the real earth there is just one dipping interface, then all the conventional migration results below this interface are wrong. Thus in any practical situation, finite-difference migration, Kirchhoff migration, and frequency—wavenumber migration suffer serious specification errors. Larner depth migration, which in practice is replacing the 1.5D methods, uses a true two-dimensional, and, although it is more difficult to implement, it is correctly specified. As a justification for the use of the 1.5D wave equation migration on seismic data, in this paper we propose the random reflector-dip hypothesis. This statistical justification is the only reason that conventional migration methods give satisfactory results on actual seismic data.
Placing Presidential-Congressional Relations in Context: A Comparison of Barack Obama and His Predecessors

What better accounts for Barack Obama's success with Congress, his political skills, or aspects of the political context, such as party control of Congress and public approval? To address this question, we update the Bond-Fleisher-Wood (BFW) political context model through 2010. The BFW model accounts for Obama's success vis-a-vis the House, and, to some extent, for the Senate as well. This article argues that increasing party polarization affects the relationship between party control and presidential success differently in the House and Senate. In the supermajoritiarian Senate, greater partisanship diminishes the effects of party control—in other words, as party polarization increases, presidential success declines for both majority and minority presidents. A comparison of Obama's success with that of previous presidents facing a similar context reveals no evidence that Obama has won significantly more often than should be expected given the context.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Cyanide-Utilizing Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain NCIMB 11764

We report here the 6.97-Mb draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain NCIMB 11764, which is capable of growth on cyanide as the sole nitrogen source. The draft genome sequence allowed the discovery of several genes implicated in enzymatic cyanide turnover and provided additional information contributing to a better understanding of this organism's unique cyanotrophic ability. This is the first sequenced genome of a cyanide-assimilating bacterium.
Intergenerational volunteering and quality of life: mixed methods evaluation of a randomized control trial involving persons with mild to moderate dementia

This article reports on a mixed methods evaluation of a randomized control trial in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, that assessed whether an intergenerational volunteering intervention could enhance quality of life (QOL) for persons with mild to moderate dementia. Fifteen participants were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in hour-long volunteer sessions with a kindergarten class and an older elementary class in alternating weeks over a 5-month interval. Psychometric data on cognitive functioning, stress, depression, sense of purpose, and sense of usefulness were collected at baseline and at the close of the intervention, and change scores were computed and analyzed for all variables. Ethnography was carried out through the duration of the study, and narrative interviews were held with participants and caregivers. A modified grounded theory approach was used for qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in stress for the intervention group. Qualitative analysis identified three main pathways through which intergenerational volunteering affected QOL: perceived health benefits, sense of purpose and sense of usefulness, and relationships. Mixed methods evaluation demonstrated that intergenerational volunteering might enhance quality of life through several key pathways, most significantly reduced stress.
The Drowning Heart: An Ambiguous Lymphoma

The Drowning Heart: An Ambiguous Lymphoma P. Elliott Miller, MD, Christian Gocke, MD, Christopher Gocke, MD, Steven Y. Cho, MD, Brian A. Houston, MD Osler Medical Service, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
Faecal phosphorus excretion from horses fed typical diets with and without added phytase

Abstract Phosphorus (P) returned to the environment in land-applied animal manures has potential for detrimentally affecting soil and water resources. Use of specific feed ingredients and/or the enzyme phytase in animal diets may favourably alter manure characteristics by increasing P mineralization in the gastrointestinal tract and, thus, the proportion of soluble, plant-available P in faeces. In the present study, faecal P excretion was characterized in eight yearling geldings ( Equus caballus ) fed four typical diets, with and without added phytase. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square in which horses were fed Coastal bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) hay at a rate of 0.015 × body weight (BW) daily plus sufficient quantity of whole oats ( Avena sativa ), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) cubes, a textured ‘sweet feed’ formulation or pelleted concentrate formulation to meet NRC requirements for digestible energy (DE) and crude protein (CP); phytase status represented a within-unit repeated measures factor. Apparent digestibility of P was not different, but faecal output of total P, water-soluble P and insoluble P differed ( P P = 0.081) and insoluble P ( P = 0.069) such that these were lower ( P −1 ; 10.1, 3.9 and 6.9 g day −1 ; 14.9, 5.3 and 9.6 g day −1 ; and 19.0, 7.9 and 11.1 g day −1 , respectively for diets containing whole oats, alfalfa cubes, sweet feed and pelleted concentrate. Results indicate that typical diets for horses, formulated with commonly used feed ingredients to meet DE and CP requirements, can be expected to differ markedly with respect to quantity and solubility of P returned to the environment in faeces. As such, feed ingredient selection represents a viable approach to dietary nutrient management for meeting current and future regulations pertaining to environmental disposal of manure from equine operations. Added phytase showed limited potential for increasing the proportion of soluble, plant-available P in equine faeces.
Early Postoperative Measures Predict 1- and 2-Year Outcomes After Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: Importance of Contralateral Limb Strength

Background Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to be an effective surgical intervention for people with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. However, recovery of function is variable, and not all people have successful outcomes. Objective The aim of this study was to discern which early postoperative functional measures could predict functional ability at 1 year and 2 years after surgery. Design and Methods One hundred fifty-five people who underwent unilateral TKA participated in the prospective longitudinal study. Functional evaluations were performed at the initial outpatient physical therapy appointment and at 1 and 2 years after surgery. Evaluations consisted of measurements of height, weight, quadriceps muscle strength (force-generating capacity), and knee range of motion; the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG); the stair-climbing task (SCT); and the Knee Outcome Survey (KOS) questionnaire. The ability to predict 1- and 2-year outcomes on the basis of early postoperative measures was analyzed with a hierarchical regression. Differences in functional scores were evaluated with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results The TUG, SCT, and KOS scores at 1 and 2 years showed significant improvements over the scores at the initial evaluation ( P <.001). A weaker quadriceps muscle in the limb that did not undergo surgery (“nonoperated limb”) was related to poorer 1- and 2-year outcomes even after the influence of the other early postoperative measures was accounted for in the regression. Older participants with higher body masses also had poorer outcomes at 1 and 2 years. Postoperative measures were better predictors of TUG and SCT times than of KOS scores. Conclusions Rehabilitation regimens after TKA should include exercises to improve the strength of the nonoperated limb as well as to treat the deficits imposed by the surgery. Emphasis on treating age-related impairments and reducing body mass also might improve long-term outcomes.
Mechanical behavior characterization of a thin ceramic substrate at elevated temperature using a stereo-imaging technique

High temperature mechanical behaviors of a thin ceramic substrate of 3%yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) were characterized using ARAMIS optical measurement system (GOM Optical Measuring Techniques, Braunschweig, Germany). The technique relies on 3D image correlation photogrammetric principles providing non-contact determination of shape, deformation and full-field strain. Experimentally, a random pattern with good contrast was applied to the surface of a thin substrate, and the deformation of substrate under load was recorded and evaluated using digital image processing. The elastic modulus of the ceramic substrate at room temperature and 725°C was indirectly calculated from the deflection data, and generally it was found to be in agreement with values reported elsewhere. This characterization technique also allows the determination of the maximum value of deflection of the substrate at failure during pressure rupture testing and in-situ observation of ceramic membrane response under temperatures.
Sketch-based shape exploration using multiscale free-form surface editing

The hierarchical construction of solid models with current computer-aided design systems provide little support in creating and editing free-form surfaces commonly encountered in industrial design. In this work, we propose a new design exploration method that enables sketch-based editing of free-form surface geometries where specific modifications can be applied at different levels of detail. This multilevel detail approach allows the designer to work from existing models and make alterations at coarse and fine representations of the geometry, thereby providing increased conceptual flexibility during modeling. At the heart of our approach lies a multiscale representation of the geometry obtained through a spectral analysis on the discrete free-form surface. This representation is accompanied by a sketch-based surface editing algorithm that enables edits to be made at different levels. The seamless transfer of modifications across different levels of detail facilitates a fluid exploration of the geometry by eliminating the need for a manual specification of the shape hierarchy. We demonstrate our method with several design examples.
Identification of a virulence-associated determinant, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (lpd), in Mycoplasma gallisepticum through in vivo screening of transposon mutants

To effectively analyze Mycoplasma gallisepticum for virulence-associated determinants, the ability to create stable genetic mutations is essential. Global M. gallisepticum mutagenesis is currently limited to the use of transposons. Using the gram-positive transposon Tn4001mod, a mutant library of 110 transformants was constructed and all insertion sites were mapped. To identify transposon insertion points, a unique primer directed outward from the end of Tn4001mod was used to sequence flanking genomic regions. By comparing sequences obtained in this manner to the annotated M. gallisepticum genome, the precise locations of transposon insertions were discerned. After determining the transposon insertion site for each mutant, unique reverse primers were synthesized based on the specific sequences, and PCR was performed. The resultant amplicons were used as unique Tn4001mod mutant identifiers. This procedure is referred to as signature sequence mutagenesis (SSM). SSM permits the comprehensive screening of the M. gallisepticum genome for the identification of novel virulence-associated determinants from a mixed mutant population. To this end, chickens were challenged with a pool of 27 unique Tn4001mod mutants. Two weeks postinfection, the birds were sacrificed, and organisms were recovered from respiratory tract tissues and screened for the presence or absence of various mutants. SSM is a negative-selection screening technique whereby those mutants possessing transposon insertions in genes essential for in vivo survival are not recovered from the host. We have identified a virulence-associated gene encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (lpd). A transposon insertion in the middle of the coding sequence resulted in diminished biologic function and reduced virulence of the mutant designated Mg 7.
WHAT DID THEY COOK? A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO CULINARY PRACTICES AND POTTERY USE IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA DURING THE MID TO LATE HOLOCENE

This study attempts to understand prehistoric human subsistence in Korean peninsula through the preliminary initiation of organic geochemical analyses on potsherds. While traditional approaches focus on reconstructing the ancient pot function or relative chronology, organic geochemical analyses on archaeological potteries endeavors to be precise about the types of food groups that were cooked or stored in a pot by attempting to identify the specific organic compounds trapped in the clay matrix. Since organic compounds are often preserved in direct association with archaeological pots, organic geochemical analyses have become an important method of investigation which archaeologists use to better understand the function of ceramic artifacts such as pottery and local diets. The sherd samples for the analyses in this paper were collected from the two prehistoric habitation sites located in the central part of the Korean peninsula: Kimpo-Yangchon site and Eupha-ri site. The main habitation period of the former is around 2800 BP (B. Kim et al. 2013), and the latter site was occupied around 1900 BP (H. Wang et al. 2013). We show that terrestrial animals are strongly represented in the organic residues, suggesting that views of a crop-dominated diet might need revision. Our results provide a critical clue to understand ancient subsistence of the central part of the Korean peninsula.
Eliminating finite-amplitude non-physical oscillations in the time evolution of adjoint model solutions introduced by the leapfrog time-integration scheme

This note provides a detailed theoretical derivation for the removal of non-physical finiteamplitudecomputational oscillations from the solution of the adjoint of a discretized modelusing the leapfrog finite-difference scheme. Numerical results are shown using a 1-dimensionalshallow water equation model. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2001.00233.x
Periodontal assessment by right- and left-handed examiners: Is there a difference?

Background: Multiple factors that influence the precision of periodontal probing measurements have been identified. These factors can be categorized as being dependent upon host-related, probe-related, or examiner-related variables. However, the potential influence of examiner handedness (right or left) on the measurement of periodontal probing depths (PDs) has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the measurements of PDs in the right and left quadrants are influenced by the handedness of the examiner.Methods: Eight systemically healthy adult subjects with varying degrees of attachment loss and a minimum of 20 teeth were examined by five right-handed and five left-handed clinicians. The 10 clinicians were trained and calibrated for reproducible probe placement and angulation. PDs were measured using a conventional periodontal probe at six sites per tooth. Mean PD measurements were compared between right- and left-handed examiners using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a r...
A Production Support Infrastructure for Live Student Projects

The benefits to students who work on live projects are well documented, but the challenges of supporting the students, the clients, and the deliverables are largely unaddressed. Radford University has created the Small Project Support Center (SPSC) to coordinate live student projects and to support the applications that are deployed into production. This paper describes an infrastructure of tools, people, and processes developed by the SPSC to support live student projects from the initial project evaluation through development, deployment, and operation in a production environment.
A Wide-Band Strip-Line Balun

A new wide-band strip-line balun that uses a pair of dual coupled-strip-line band-pass filters is described. It can operate over bandwidths up to about 8:1 in the frequency range of about 100 to 10,000 mc. Design data and theoretical performance curves for typical wide-band baluns of this type are presented. The measured performance of an experimental balun operating over a 3:1 frequency range centered at 3000 mc is compared with the theoretical performance, and the effects of discontinuities and dissymmetries in the experimental balun are discussed.
A REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF UNREGULATED STREAM FLOWS: SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND HIERARCHICAL FRAMEWORKS

River regulation has resulted in substantial losses in habitat connectivity, biodiversity and ecosystem services. River managers are faced with a growing need to protect the key aspects of the natural flow regime. A practical approach to providing environmental flow standards is to create a regional framework by classifying unregulated streams into groups of similar hydrologic properties, which represent natural flow regime targets. Because spatial resolution can influence the structure of regional datasets, it may be advantageous to relate datasets created at different scales in order to establish hierarchical structure and to understand how the relative importance of variables change with regard to scale. The purpose of this study was to classify unregulated streams within an eight-state region into groups in order to provide environmental flow standards for managers and to relate that dataset to frameworks created at larger scales. Using USGS daily stream gauge information, we used 66 hydrologic statistics to classify 292 streams in groups of similar hydrologic properties. We isolated six flow classes in a sub-region of the Southeastern US that ranged from extremely stable to highly variable to intermittent. We developed classification trees to reduce the number of hydrologic variables for future classifications. By comparing flow classes in our study to those of the entire US, we found that hierarchical structure did exist and that the divergence of flow classes will largely depend on the spatial resolution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Results on the Completeness of Approximation Based Reasoning

We present two results relating the completeness condition of the 0-approximation for two formalisms: the action description language ${\mathcal A}$ and the situation calculus. The first result suggests that the condition for the situation calculus formalism implies the condition for the action language formalism. The second result indicates that an action theory in ${\mathcal A}$ can sometimes be simplified to an equivalent action theory whose completeness condition is weaker than the original theory for certain queries.
Mesothelin: A New Target for Immunotherapy

To the Editor: The Perspective by Hassan et al. [(1)][1] is an excellent synopsis of the substantial studies by these authors and others that have identified mesothelin as a new target for tumor immunotherapy and diagnosis. We would like to comment on the mesothelin variants diagrammed in Fig. 2 of
Deflationism, the Problem of Representation, and Horwich's Use Theory of Meaning

This paper contains a critical discussion of Paul Horwich's use theory of meaning. Horwich attempts to dissolve the problem of representation through a combination of his theory of meaning and a deflationism about truth. I argue that the dissolution works only if deflationism makes strong and dubious claims about semantic concepts. Horwich offers a specific version of the use theory of meaning. I argue that this version rests on an unacceptable identification: an identification of principles that are fundamental to an explanation of the acceptance of sentences with principles that are fundamental to meaning.
Pulsed Lavage in Wound Cleansing

Wound cleansing is an essential component of wound management used to facilitate the wound healing process.1,2 Several methods are available for use by the physical therapist to achieve wound cleansing.1–4 This update reviews the research examining the effects of pulsed lavage in wound cleansing and comparisons with more traditional methods of wound cleansing. Normal wound healing is characterized by 3 overlapping phases: inflammatory, proliferative or fibroplastic, and remodeling.5,6 Vascular and cellular responses to trauma occurring during the inflammatory phase remove infectious microorganisms, foreign materials, and necrotic tissue from the wound's surface. During the proliferative phase, tissue granulation and reepithelialization occur.5,6 Collagen fibers are deposited in the dermis of the skin during the remodeling phase to strengthen the healing wound. If the body's inflammatory response is inadequate to overcome surface microorganisms, a wound is predisposed to infection, delaying wound angiogenesis and granulation.7 In the 1950s, Liedberg et al8 showed that when bacterial concentrations of streptococci, pseudomonas, or staphylococci were greater than 100,000 organisms per gram in tissues, skin grafts on rabbits were destroyed. In 1969, Robson and Heggers9 summarized military and civilian studies examining the critical level of bacterial burden necessary to produce wound sepsis and failure to heal. They concluded that wound healing is possible only when bacterial counts are maintained at a concentration of 100,000 organisms per gram or less. Impediments to healing are not limited to the presence of microorganisms on the wound's surface. Winter,10 for example, suggested that the presence of eschar or scab in a dry wound delays wound epithelialization and contraction. Likewise, Constantine and Bolton11 surmised that the presence of necrotic tissue or eschar, within the wound or at the wound's margin, impedes wound contraction and closure. Elek …
Effects of AAC interventions on communication and language for young children with complex communication needs

Children with complex communication needs (CCN) who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) are at considerable risk in many aspects of their development: (a) functional communication skills, (b) speech development, (c) language development, (d) cognitive/conceptual development, (e) literacy development, (f) social participation, (g) access to education, and (h) overall quality of life. Early intervention is critical to address these areas and provide successful and functional outcomes. AAC offers the potential to enhance communication, language, and learning for children with significant communication disabilities. This paper provides an overview of the effects of AAC interventions on communication, behavior, language, and speech outcomes for young children with CCN for pediatricians and other medical and rehabilitation professionals. Future research directions to maximize the communication development of young children with CCN are also discussed.
Robust and Scalable Geographic Multicast Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Group communications are important in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). Multicast is an efficient method to implement the group communications. However, it is challenging to implement scalable, robust and efficient multicast in MANET due to the difficulty in group membership management, multicast packet forwarding and the maintenance of a tree-or mesh-based multicast structure over the dynamic topology for a large group size or network size. We propose a novel robust and scalable geographic multicast protocol (RSGM). Scalable and efficient group membership management has been performed through zone-based structure, and the location service for group members is combined with membership management. Both the control messages and data packets are forwarded along efficient tree-shape paths, but there is no need to actively maintain a tree structure, which efficiently reduces the maintenance overhead and makes the transmissions more robust to dynamics. Geographic forwarding is used to achieve further scalability and robustness. To avoid periodic flooding-based sources' announcements, an efficient source tracking mechanism is designed. Furthermore, we handle the empty zone problem faced by most zone-based routing protocols. Our simulation studies show that RSGM can scale to large group size and large network size, and a high delivery ratio is achieved by RSGM even under high dynamics.
Kinetics of pinned layer and free layer relaxation upon hard axis anneal of NiMn spin valves

We discuss the results of a systematic study of the magnetic stability of both free and pinned layers in NiMn based spin valves upon hard axis anneals at temperatures ranging from 120/spl deg/C to 200/spl deg/C. For the free layer, the relaxation of the anisotropy follows a T In(t) dependence, where T is the anneal temperature and t is the anneal time. By contrast, the rotation of the pinned layer unidirectional anisotropy angle does not follow a simple logarithmic time dependence. A further difference lies in the relaxation rate, which in these particular spin valves is much more rapid for the free layer than the pinned layer. Significant training effects are observed when the sample is subjected to repeated major easy axis loops. In addition to the well known shrinkage of the pinned layer loop, we find that the training is associated with a net rotation of the unidirectional axis be as much as 10 degrees.
On the Classification Problem for Rank 2 Torsion-Free Abelian Groups

We study here some foundational aspects of the classification problem for torsion-free abelian groups of finite rank. These are, up to isomorphism, the subgroups of the additive groups (Q^n, +), for some n = 1, 2, 3,.... The torsion-free abelian groups of rank ≤ n are the subgroups of (Q^n, +).
Isthmus (Juchitán) Zapotec

Isthmus Zapotec (autoglossonym: [diʤaˈzaˑ]) is the common name used for a variety of Zapotec (Otomanguean family) spoken on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (Suarez 1983: xvi; Campbell 1997: 158). It is now officially listed by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas (INALI 2008) as ‘zapoteco de la planicie costera’ (‘coastal plain Zapotec’) to distinguish it from other varieties of Zapotec spoken on the Isthmus. It is the mother tongue of many inhabitants of various cities and towns, as well as many smaller communities (INALI 2008), with some lexical, syntactic and phonetic variation between towns only a few kilometers apart. The ISO 639-3 code for this variety is zai. Since the most recent census figures do not separate out the varieties of Zapotec, and have not done so reliably when attempted, official statistics as to the number of speakers of Isthmus Zapotec are not available. (The Ethnologue (Lewis 2009) cites the 1990 census as listing 85,000 speakers; that figure must have been an interpretation of other statistics in the census.) INALI (personal communication, September 2008) estimates the current number to be about 104,000. In the city of Tehuantepec, the language is no longer widely used. In certain other locations, including Juchitan de Zaragoza, Spanish is becoming the dominant or the only language spoken by many people born after about 1990, although Zapotec is dominant in many outlying towns, including San Blas Atempa. Mature speakers have remarked that young people who are not fluent do not use tones correctly. Isthmus Zapotec has had active writers, including poets and novelists, since the first half of the twentieth century, well before an orthography was officially established (Alfabeto popular 1956), but reading and writing of the language are still not taught in schools in the region.
The Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein is proteolytically processed during cell invasion

The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the major surface protein of Plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of malaria. Although CSP has been extensively studied as a malaria vaccine candidate, little is known about its structure. Here, we show that CSP is proteolytically cleaved by a papain family cysteine protease of parasite origin. Our data suggest that the highly conserved region I, found just before the repeat region, contains the cleavage site. Cleavage occurs on the sporozoite surface when parasites contact target cells. Inhibitors of CSP processing inhibit cell invasion in vitro, and treatment of mice with E-64, a highly specific cysteine protease inhibitor, completely inhibits sporozoite infectivity in vivo.
An Investigation Of The Effect Of Reporting Alternatives For Fixed Assets On Financial Statement Users In The United States And The European Union

The European Union’s decision to require consolidated statements in accordance with IASB standards will serve to greatly enhance the acceptance of IASB standards on a worldwide basis. For international standards to be accepted worldwide, they need to reflect the best reporting methods. One area in which diverse treatment is found is in the valuation of fixed assets. This study examines the effect of differing methods of fixed asset valuation on lending decisions made by bankers in the U.S. and the European Union represented by the countries of Germany and Austria. Bankers from these countries were asked to make a lending decision for a hypothetical company, which used either historical cost or fair value in reporting fixed assets. The results reveal a significant interaction effect between the home country of the respondent and the valuation method used. Specifically, the European bankers granted larger loans to companies reporting fixed assets at fair value, while U.S. bankers granted larger loans to companies reporting fixed assets at historical cost.
The Impact of Workaround Difficulty on Frontline Employees’ Response to Operational Failures: A Laboratory Experiment on Medication Administration

Operational failures persist, in part because employees work around them without engaging in actions to prevent recurrence. To break this cycle, we investigate the impact of work design factors on responses to operational failures. We use hospital nurses as subjects in a laboratory experiment, where, unknown to them, two medication administration supplies are missing. We observe their real-time responses to the two failures and whether they contribute an improvement idea. We randomly assign half of the participants to an experiment location far away from a satellite pharmacy where the missing supplies can be obtained (“difficult condition”), and the other half are located near the satellite pharmacy (“easy condition”). Both conditions contain risky, against-policy supplies that can be used to complete the work tasks, giving participants a choice between policy-compliant workarounds and risky, against-policy workarounds. In the first study, we find that participants in the difficult condition are more like...
Book and Resource Reviews

Reviews the book "The Power of Problem-Based Learning," edited by Barbara J. Duch, Susan E. Groh, and Deborah E. Allen.
geogebra in mathematics teacher education: the case of quadratic relations

GeoGebra affords a variety of representational resources and computational utilities that have the potential to engage prospective mathematics teachers in insightful investigations of fundamental ideas of mathematics. Given that many prospective mathematics teachers have a fragmented view of mathematics, GeoGebra, as an integrated system of algebra, geometry, and calculus, stands as a mathematically enriched environment where prospective teachers could explore and/or construct mathematical objects and further develop a connected view of mathematics. In this article, we share our experience in using GeoGebra with prospective middle and secondary mathematics teachers, highlighting the need for reconceptualization and remediation for both the instructor and the prospective teachers.
Influence of Dietary Selenium and Vitamin E on the Humoral Immune Response of the Chick

Nutritional deficiencies in vitamin E and/or selenium (Se) caused impaired immune function, as measured by the humoral response to ovine erythrocytes by young chicks, but only at low antigen doses. In the 2-week-old chick, both vitamin E and Se were required for optimum immune function; however, at 3 weeks of age, either vitamin E or Se was sufficient for optimum immune function. At this developmental stage, Se appeared to be capable of replacing vitamin E with regard to the immune system. Titrations of dietary vitamin E in the presence of adequate Se and the reciprocal experi- mental regime did not result in immune enhancement. However, the range of concentrations of each factor employed were within nutritional and nonpharmacological levels. In contrast, high dietary Se produced significant immune suppression in male but not female chicks. These data suggest that Se may be an important component of immune function, and its effect is intluenced by antigen concentration, sex, and the ontogenic state.
Thrombocytopenia in older adults

Thrombocytopenia in older patients is associated with several characteristics that are often underrecognized. Among them are the risk of bleeding complications, the senescence of the bone marrow, the increased use of multiple drugs, and greater comorbidity. In this article, the various forms of thrombocytopenia, including primary and drug-associated immune thrombocytopenias, as well as other drug-associated thrombocytopenias, are reviewed. In addition, how age-related changes in platelet function may affect the bleeding risk is discussed.
Occlusion of the External Pancreatic Secretion in Man

ConclusionsNo general physiologic disturbances are observed in a patient who has survived occlusion of the external pancreatic secretion for 11 months. Previous weight loss was regained. The blood, stools, and fat absorption are normal and heavy physical labor is possible. In 2 other patients with similar occlusion, bulky fatty stools immediately developed and fat absorption was radically reduced. No other general physiologic disturbance was detected during their period of survival (51/2 and 5 months respectively) except for some impairment in digestion of raw meat, death resulting from carcinomatosis. The basis for the marked variation in fat absorption following occlusion of the pancreatic juice in man remains obscure.
Chronotopes of study abroad: the cultural Other, immersion, and compartmentalized space–time

Study abroad offers a specific configuration of encountering cultural Others: in a demarcated “abroad” space in a compartmentalized time period. Informed by Bakhtin's notion of chronotopes, this article investigates narratives of American college students who studied in Paris, France and Bilbao, Spain in June–July 2011 based on an ethnographic fieldwork of their stay. I identify two chronotopes held in tension in their narratives that reflect tenets of the discourse of immersion: of homogeneous space where every minute students spend in the host society is “local” time full of learning, which risks portraying the host society as frozen in the time of the students’ stay; and of heterogeneous space where local space–time and outsider (e.g. American students and tourists) space–time co-exist hierarchically, where students strive to show their engagement with the former. This article calls for encouraging students to examine the effects of these chronotopes on their experiences and for viewing study abroad no...
Contractile activation and recovery in skinned frog muscle stimulated by ionic substitution

Contractile activation of skinned (sarcolemma removed) skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by ionic substitution has been studied. Stimulating solutions contained varying amounts of Cl- and K+ with t...
Problems Related to Probability

As has been mentioned in the Preface, probabilistics, like any other natural science, is founded on its basic phenomenon which may be described in the following words: When a very large number of random tests have been carried out on a set of concrete objects, the number of tests revealing concrete objects of each subset of the set is approximately proportional to the relative measure of this subset. It is precisely this statement which has actually been taken as Axiom 1 of probabilistics (see Sect. 1.6).
Experience with a Commercially Available Kit for Determining Concentration of Serum Fibrin Degradation Products

The analysis of serum for fibrin degradation products is a useful tool for the clinician attending the severely ill patient. Analysis using the standard tanned red ceil hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) is reproducible but time-consuming, and reagents are not readily available. Experience using two commercially available kits is reported here. If each manufacturer's instructions are closely followed, each kit serves as an acceptable alternative to the TRCHII test. The American Dade kit compares favorably to the Burroughs Wellcome product with respect to ease of endpoint determination, correlation with values obtained by the TRCHII test over a wide range of results (from negative to 2,560 μg/mL), and reproducibility.
Turning compositionality into composability

Compositional theories and technologies facilitate the decomposition of a complex system into components, as well as their integration via interfaces. Component interfaces hide the internal details of the components, thereby reducing integration complexity. A system is said to be composable if the properties established and validated for components in isolation hold once the components are integrated to form the system. This brings us the question: "Is compositionality related to composability?" This paper answers this question in the affirmative; it considers a previously known interface for compositionality and shows that it can be used for composability. It also presents a run-time policing mechanism for this interface.