cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved methodologies for the isolation and purification of tropoelastin.

Abstract Increased yields of purified tropoelastin were obtained from lathyritic chicks which had been raised on normal commercial starting feed for 1 week followed by 8 days on commercial starting feed supplemented with 0.1% aminoacetonitrile·HCl and 0.05% ϵ-aminocaproic acid. The increased age of chicks prior to lathyrogen administration plus the addition of the trypsin-like enzyme inhibitor, ϵ-aminocaproic acid, to the diet resulted in a 110% increase in the yield of tropoelastin. In addition, a cation-exchange system was developed for the fractionation of tropoelastin and removal of minor acidic protein contaminants.
Interfacial morphology and mechanical hysteresis in S‐B‐S triblock copolymers

Significant aspects of the interfacial phase continuity and mechanical stress-strain hysteresis in S-B-S triblock copolymers, where S is polystyrene and B is polybutadiene, are analyzed in terms of a cavitation model for interfacial debonding. Extension-recovery data in tensile deformation at temperatures from −120°C to 90°C include the glass temperatures of both the S and B phases. The correlation of rheological response at low deformation ϵ = ΔL/LO ⩽ 0.02, where the interfacial phase is intact, with high deformation response ϵ ⩾ 1.0, where interfacial debonding is substantially complete, isolates the strain-time-temperature function B(t,ϵ) which defines the interfacial continuity. Analysis of this function by use of the Halpin-Polley model for kinetics of micro defect growth isolates an intial cavity nucleation process and subsequent propagation and coalescence of cavities at distinct levels of B(t,ϵ). At temperatures above 20°C the work lost WL due to mechanical hysteresis in stress-strain response is correlated directly with the interfacial work of adhesion Wa between S and B phases of Kraton 101 by means of the model for interfacial morphology.
Atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing after pediatric heart transplantation.

Abstract Background: Atrial tachyarrhythmias have been reported in as high as 50% of adult heart recipients. Limited information is available on arrhythmias in pediatric transplant patients. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and significance of atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing following pediatric heart transplantation. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records, electrocardiograms, and Holter recordings of all consecutive patients following heart transplantation at Children’s Hospital, Boston ( n = 104) and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford ( n = 123) was performed. The study group consisted of 227 patients with a median age at transplant of 10.2 yrs (1 day–23.3 yrs). Results: Atrial tachyarrhythmias occurred in 32 patients (14%) at a median of 15 days post-transplant (1 day–9.2 yrs) and included atrial flutter ( n = 13), atrial fibrillation ( n = 7), ectopic atrial tachycardia ( n = 5), atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or atrioventricular node reentry ( n = 5), and other ( n = 2). Atrial flutter was the only tachyarrhythmia associated with allograft rejection (6/13 atrial flutter vs. 0/7 atrial fibrillation vs. 0/5 ectopic atrial tachycardia, p = 0.03). Patients with atrial fibrillation had a 2.5 fold (95%CI 1.7–3.5) higher risk of death or retransplant compared to patients without atrial fibrillation. Ectopic atrial tachycardia tended to occur in younger recipients compared to atrial fibrillation and flutter (2.7 yrs vs 18.6 yrs and 8.5 yrs respectively, p = 0.06) and was associated with a benign clinical course. There was no association between atrial tachyarrhythmias and graft ischemic time, surgical technique, or coronary artery disease. Pacemakers were required in 12 patients (5.2%), 7 with sinus node dysfunction and 5 for intermittent complete atrioventricular block. There was no consistent association between the need for permanent pacing and coronary artery disease, rejection, or surgical technique. Conclusions: Atrial tachyarrhythmias and permanent pacing were uncommon in this cohort of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Association with cardiac rejection, clinical course, and mortality varied depending on the tachyarrhythmia mechanism.
Partly supersymmetric grand unification

It is shown how grand unification can occur in models which are partly supersymmetric. The particle states which are composite do not contribute to the running of gauge couplings above the compositeness scale, while the elementary states contribute the usual large logarithms. This introduces a new differential running contribution to the gauge couplings from partly composite SU(5) matter multiplets. In particular, for partly supersymmetric models, the incomplete SU(5) elementary matter multiplets restore gauge coupling unification even though the usual elementary gaugino and Higgsino contributions need not be present.
Changing Balance: Environment and Individual

The role of occupational therapy as a process for changing balance from dysfunction to function is discussed in this paper. The individual as the first level environment to be considered for balance in the occupational therapy process is emphasized. The role of purposeful activity as a change determinant and as a valued treatment modality is recognized as a practice factor that needs verification through research in conjunction with systematic study of the occupational therapy process.
Personal systems image application architecture: lessons learned from the ImagEdit program

Image applications require complex processing on large amounts of data. The application designer is presented with difficult challenges that are exacerbated on personal systems which have limited processor speed and constrained memory. This paper discusses the problems relevant to personal systems image application architecture and how these problems were solved in the ImagEdit® program. A virtual array manager (VAM) consisting of a virtual memory manager (VMM) and an access scheduler was used to solve the data management problem. The VAM divided each image into segments and transferred them to the VMM for storage. These segments were swapped between memory and disk in response to a sequence of access requests, controlled by the access scheduler using performance-maximizing heuristics. Object-oriented design was used to address the functional complexity problem. The processing functions were divided into two classes. The data-stream class included scanning, printing, and filing, with each data-stream function decomposed into a series of demand-driven pipe objects. The editing class included cut and paste, textual and graphical annotation, and freehand drawing.
Nonlinear buckling analysis of two-dimensional frames composed of curved non-prismatic members

A novel finite element methodology is presented for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional frames composed of curved non-prismatic members. The method utilizes a hybrid-mixed approach in conjunction with an updated Lagrangian formulation. The proposed methodology goes beyond existing modelling capabilities for it enables a more realistic analysis of the nonlinear response of thin-walled frames undergoing large deflections (displacements and/or rotations) in the pre- and postbuckling range. Efficiency, accuracy and reliability of the proposed method are demonstrated on the basis of numerical experiments carried out on several typical examples.
Gender differences in recalled parental childrearing behaviors and adult self-esteem

A retrospective questionnaire study investigated gender differences in the relations between the self-reported self-esteem of 155 psychiatric adult outpatients and their recalled experience of their parents' behavior toward them as children. There were no significant sex differences in degree of self-esteem. However, it had a higher correlation to parenting variables for the men than for the women, with maternal predictor variables accounting for 36% and paternal predictors accounting for 32% of the variance in the men's self-esteem. Neither combined maternal nor combined paternal variables were significant predictors for women. For men, parental acceptance/ autonomy was significantly and positively related and inconsistency negatively related to self-esteem. Paternal rejection but not maternal rejection was significantly associated with low self-esteem only for the women. The greater amount of variance explained by childrearing variables in the men's self-esteem scores was attributed to the earlier ego development and consequent increased individuation in women.
Improved results of transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a report from the International Registry of Hepatic Tumors in Liver Transplantation.

Improved outcome after liver transplantation (LTX) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) made LTX a legitimate treatment of the disease. We analyzed trends of LTX for HCC with tumors known before transplantation in 902 patients in a large international registry across 3 periods: 1983-1990, 1991-1996, and 1997-2005. Patient survival improved gradually across eras, with 5-year survival rates of 25.3%, 44.4%, and 67.8%, respectively (P 5 cm decreased from 54.5% to 31.7% and 11.7%, respectively (P or=4 nodules decreased from 38.9% to 23.5% and 15.1%, respectively (P = 0.0044). Poorly differentiated tumors decreased from 37.2% to 31.8% and 20.3%, respectively (P = 0.0005). Tumor microvascular invasion remained at 21.2% to 23.8% despite changes in patient selection over time (P = 0.7124). Stepwise Cox regression analysis (n = 502) showed significant risk for tumor recurrence and patient survival for transplants before 1997 [hazard ratio (HR), 1.82 and 1.88, respectively], tumor size > 6 cm (HR, 2.09 and 1.76), microvascular invasion (HR, 1.75 and 1.69, respectively), and alpha-fetoprotein > 200 (HR, 2.45 and 2.32, respectively). In conclusion, outcome after LTX for HCC has improved continuously over the past 20 years. Improved perioperative care and better patient selection may partially explain the improved outcome after LTX for HCC.
Proinflammatory microenvironments within the intestine regulate the differentiation of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells responding to infection

We report that oral infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis results in the development of two distinct populations of pathogen-specific CD8(+) tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) in the lamina propria. CD103(-) T cells did not require transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling but were true resident memory cells. Unlike CD103(+)CD8(+) T cells, which were TGF-β dependent and were scattered in the tissue, CD103(-)CD8(+) T cells clustered with CD4(+) T cells and CX3CR1(+) macrophages and/or dendritic cells around areas of bacterial infection. CXCR3-dependent recruitment of cells to inflamed areas was critical for development of the CD103(-) population and pathogen clearance. Our studies have identified the 'preferential' development of CD103(-) TRM cells in inflammatory microenvironments within the lamina propria and suggest that this subset has a critical role in controlling infection.
Antisense therapeutics: from theory to clinical practice

The use of antisense (AS) oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents was proposed as far back as the 1960s/1970s when the AS strategy was initially developed. However, it has taken almost a quarter of a century for this potential to be realized. The last few years has seen a rapid increase in the number of AS molecules progressing past Phase I in clinical trials, due in part to our increased knowledge of their structure and chemistry. Here, we describe the most prominent of these modifications with respect to clinical applicability. However, the main focus of this review is clinical application, with a focus on cancer. We will discuss in detail both the status of the current AS clinical trials and the molecules that are likely to be the targets of the next group of AS molecules entering the clinic.
The Effect of Selective Opioid Antagonists on Vasopressin Secretion in the Rat

We have shown previously that the nonselective opioid antagonist diprenorphine inhibits the vasopressin response to an acute hypovolemic stimulus in rats. To elucidate the type of endogenous opioid receptor at which this inhibition occurs, we investigated whether more selective antagonists, administered alone or in combination with diprenorphine, also inhibited the vasopressin response to hypovolemia induced by ip injection of polyethylene glycol. We found that the rise in plasma vasopressin was inhibited by the kappa-antagonist Mr 2266 BS at doses 30- to 300-fold higher than those of diprenorphine. Over the same dose range (0.003-100 mumol/kg), the kappa 1-selective antagonist norbinaltorphimine and the mu-selective antagonist naloxone had no effect or enhanced the vasopressin response, whereas the delta-antagonist ICI 154,129 had no effect. By augmenting the vasopressin response to hypovolemia, higher doses of naloxone or nor-binaltorphimine offset the inhibitory effect of concurrently administered dipr...
Differing rate dependence and temporal distribution of repolarization alternans in patients with and without ventricular tachycardia.

Temporal Dynamics of Repolarization Alternans. Introduction: Repolarization atlternans(RPA) may reflect repolarization heterogeneities underlying VT, yet its temporal dynamics are poorly understood. We hypothesized (hat RPA occurring late, rather than early, with in repolarization reflects a temporal variation in recovery that may predispose to wave front fractionation and the initiation of reentrant VT, and that this temporal distribution may vary with heart rate. Methods and Results: ECG leads I, aVF, and V1 were recorded in 40 patients during; electrophysiologic study. RPA across the JT interval was computed. spectrally for 64-heatsequences at paced cycle lengths (CLs) of 600, 500, and 400 msec, and expressed as the T wave alternans ratio (TWAR) on the vector ECG lead. Significant RPA (TWAR ≥ 3) was reconstructed into the time domain, and its center of area used to represent its temporal distribution. Twenty-two patients were inducible into VT and 18 were not. RPA was of larger magnitude in Inducible than noninducible patients (TWAR = 11.1 vs 4.42, P = 0.035; 38.3 vs 5.74, P = 0.004;and 88.8 vs 4.2S. P = 0.001 in each, respectively), and was distributed later (P < 0.02; CL 600msec). Applying TWAR ≥ 3 to the distal half of the JT segment produced greater specificity for inducible VT (88.9%, 66.7%, and 69.2% at each CL, respectively) than did RPA of the entire JT segment (77.8%. 53.3%, and 69.2%) Conclusion: RPA is more specific for inducible VT when distributed late rather than else wherein repolarization, and this temporal distribution is heart rate sensitive. Further study is required to interpret these findings in the context of temporal dispersion of refractoriness.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation by Smad3 Interacting with CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein (C/EBP) and Repressing C/EBP Transactivation Function

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a potent inhibitor of adipocyte differentiation. To identify which adipocyte transcription factors might be targeted by TGF-β, we overexpressed key adipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ in NIH3T3 cells and tested the ability of TGF-β to block adipogenesis. We show that TGF-β inhibits adipocyte differentiation driven by either C/EBPβ or C/EBPδ without affecting C/EBP protein expression levels, suggesting that these C/EBPs are a direct target of TGF-β action. Because TGF-β inhibits adipogenesis by signaling through Smad3, we examined physical and functional interactions of Smad3 and Smad4 with C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, and PPARγ2. C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were found to physically interact with Smad3 and Smad4, and Smad3 cooperated with Smad4 and TGF-β signaling to repress the transcriptional activity of C/EBPs. Thus, repression of the activity of C/EBPs by Smad3/4 at C/EBP binding sites inhibited transcription from the PPARγ2 and leptin promoters. In contrast, PPARγ interacted only very weakly with Smad3 and its transcriptional activity was not repressed by Smad3/4 or in response to TGF-β. Smad3/4 did not reduce the ability of C/EBP to bind to its cognate DNA sequence, but repressed transcription by inhibiting the transactivation function of C/EBP.
Microstructural evolution and electrical property of Ta-doped SnO2 films grown on Al2O3(0001) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Ta-doped tin oxide, SnO 2 , films have been deposited using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition system on sapphire (0001) substrates in temperature range of 400–600°C. When Ta concentration is varied from 0 to 8.30 at.% in the films, the electrical resistivity is changed by three orders of magnitude where the minimum resistivity was observed at 1.35% of Ta. An increase in the carrier concentration is a dominant factor responsible for such a large decrease in the resistivity while improved crystalinity contributes to the improvement in the mobility among doped samples. Microstructural investigation revealed the Ta-doped film showed a clean epitaxial relationship of SnO 2 (100)//Al 2 O 3 (0001) with SnO 2 [100]//Al 2 O 3 〈1210〉 between the substrate and the film while undoped film had a weak epitaxial correlation with an extra epitaxial relationship of SnO 2 (100)//Al 2 O 3 (0001) with SnO 2 [010]//Al 2 O 3 〈1100〉.
Structural geology of the Nenana River segment of the Denali fault system, central Alaska Range

The Denali fault system, one of the major tectonic elements of southern Alaska, forms an arc 2,100 km long across southern Alaska. In the central Alaska Range, the system consists of a northern Hines Creek strand and a southern McKinley strand, 30 km apart, which divide the area into northern, central, and southern terranes. There is evidence for at least two episodes of deformation in the northern terrane, four in the central, and two in the southern during Paleozoic and Mesozoic time. During each, the inferred axis of maximum compressive strain was subhorizontal and about north-south, but the direction shifted to north-northwest–south-southeast during a late Paleocene–Eocene folding episode. Tectonic stability during Oligocene–middle Miocene time was followed by differential uplift of crustal blocks during late Miocene–Pliocene time. The Hines Creek fault may preserve a record of the early history of the fault system. Strong contrasts between lower and middle Paleozoic rocks juxtaposed along the fault suggest large dextral strike-slip displacement, but major convergent movement cannot be ruled out. Movement throughout the Hines Creek fault ceased by middle Cretaceous time, but local dip-slip movements continued into the Cenozoic era. The McKinley fault is an active dextral strike-slip fault, with Cenozoic offset of probably at least 30 km and possibly much greater. Mean Holocene displacement rates are 1 to 2 cm/yr. These rates would produce a 30-km offset in 1.5 to 3.0 m.y., or a 400-km offset in 20 to 40 m.y. The Denali fault may be part of a transform fault system connecting the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the landward extension of the Aleutian subduction zone. However, it is more likely that the fault forms the northern boundary of a small lithospheric plate caught between the Pacific and American plates.
This Hand Is My Hand: A Probabilistic Approach to Hand Disambiguation in Egocentric Video

Egocentric cameras are becoming more popular, introducing increasing volumes of video in which the biases and framing of traditional photography are replaced with those of natural viewing tendencies. This paradigm enables new applications, including novel studies of social interaction and human development. Recent work has focused on identifying the camera wearer's hands as a first step towards more complex analysis. In this paper, we study how to disambiguate and track not only the observer's hands but also those of social partners. We present a probabilistic framework for modeling paired interactions that incorporates the spatial, temporal, and appearance constraints inherent in egocentric video. We test our approach on a dataset of over 30 minutes of video from six pairs of subjects.
Associations of postmenopausal hormone therapy with markers of hemostasis and inflammation and lipid profiles in diabetic and nondiabetic american Indian women: the strong heart study.

Objectives: To examine the associations of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT) with indicators of hemostasis and inflammation and with lipid profiles in American Indian women and to determine if diabetes modifies these associations. Methods: This report is a cross-sectional analysis of data from 1446 postmenopausal women who were free from cardiovascular disease (CVD) at the second Strong Heart Study examination (1993-1995). Diabetes was diagnosed by WHO criteria. Postmenopausal hormone use was ascertained by review of the medications brought to the examination or by medical record review. Lipoproteins, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in fasting plasma samples. Results: Among nondiabetic women, current PHT users had lower mean fibrinogen, PAI1, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels than those in never users (38.4 mg/dl, 8.68 ng/ml, and 14.16 mg/dl lower, respectively) but higher CRP and triglyceride levels (1.53 mg/l a...
Use-effectiveness among users of the symptothermal method of family planning.

A 1987 retrospective study examined effectiveness and continuation rates for the symptothermal method (STM) of family planning among a group of 507 women in Mauritius who had completed a training period and were considered to be autonomous users. Women who had been using STM to space their births and those who had been using it to limit births were equally likely to have experienced an unplanned pregnancy after 24 months of use (12/100 women). An additional 40 women/100 who were spacing births reported a planned pregnancy compared with 6/100 who said they were using the method to limit births. Continuation rates after 2 years were 51/100 for spacers and 80/100 limiters. Women who discontinued use to become pregnant were more likely to resume use than were those who had an accidental pregnancy or who discontinued use for other reasons. (authors) (summaries in SPA FRE)
Stoichiometry of H+ ejection coupled to electron transport through site 2 in ascites tumor mitochondria.

Abstract The stoichiometry of H+ ejection coupled to electron flow from succinate to ferricyanide in the electron transport chain of mitochondria from Ehrlich ascites tumor and AS30-D hepatoma cells was determined. Values close to 4.0 for the H + 2e − ejection ratio were found in both cell lines, with either Ca2+ or K+ (+ valinomycin) as charge-compensating permeant cation. The 4 H+ ejected were compensated by outward movement of two negative charges to reduce 2 Fe(CN)63− to 2 Fe(CN)64−, and the uptake of two positive charges in the form of the permeant cation. Experiments on (a) omission of rotenone (b) the effect of antimycin A and (c) depletion of endogenous NAD(P)-linked substrates showed that no significant endogenous electron flow or H+ ejection occurred, thus eliminating possible overestimation of the H+/2e− ratio from endogenous substrates. These data on mitochondria from two tumor cell lines are fully consistent with earlier measurements of the H+/O stoichiometry for succinate and NADH oxidation in tumor mitochondria and with the H + 2e − stoichiometry for site 2 in normal rat liver mitochondria.
Trust and reputation approach to smart grid security

The electric grid in the US is aging and needs to be upgraded. Solutions involve the use of equipment with wireless communication capability for monitoring of generation, transmission and distribution. These systems introduce vulnerabilities to attack that can lead to blackouts and damage to equipment. In order to increase the reliability of the power systems, it is important to detect sources of risk at the system and individual level. The approach described in this paper applies trust and reputation management at the home based meter to detect when false reports occur.
WE‐A‐19A‐01: SRT I: Comparison of SRT Techniques

Within the past several years, the field of radiosurgery has seen numerous technological enhancements, including new dedicated devices for stereotactic delivery, the use of re-locatable frames to facilitate fractionated delivery and the image guided frameless approaches. The goal of this symposium is to compare and contrast competing technologies for cranial SRS/SRT. The symposium will open with a review of the general concept of cranial SRS/SRT procedures as well as describe the key differences from conventional radiotherapy. The speakers will then review each of the delivery technique (Gamma Knife, CyberKnife and Conventional linear accelerator) in turn. The focus of each speaker will be to describe the general workflow of each SRS modality, indications and counterindications for treatment. To compare and contrast different technologies, 2–3 cases examples demonstrating interesting treatment situations and expected outcomes, a sample treatment plan (either live or pre-recorded with live commentary) demonstrating the treatment planning technique, and machine and patient-specific QA required for treatment (if applicable). Additionally, workflows and data describing the use of immobilization devices or tracking/monitoring during SRS/SRT delivery will also be discussed. The session will close with a roundtable discussion of methods to evaluate plan quality, and achievable technical and clinical goals for intracranial SRS. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the key differences between cranial SRS/SRT and conventional treatments. 2. Review Gamma Knife, CyberKnife and Conventional Linac-based radiosurgery delivery techniques and quality assurance 3. Compare and contrast treatment plans, treatment planning strategy and and quality assurance procedures for each technology. 4. Be able to establish cranial SRS/SRT procedure with optimized quality assurance program for each technology.
Change of the Chlorine : Sodium Ratio in the Atmosphere with Altitude and Distance from the Source of Sodium Chloride, and the Distribution of Atmospheric Nitrate over the United States

THE change of the chlorine : sodium ratio in rain-water with inland distance from seas is a well-known phenomenon. The experimental evidence available has lately been discussed by Eriksson1, while further data on an almost continental scale have been supplied by Junge and Werby2. The latter measurements were recently used by Papee and Smith for an evaluation of trends between components of rain-water and physical variables3. From those computations, an indication of a decrease in the ratio between chlorine and sodium with the altitude of the sampling stations became available, and it was pointed out recently to one of us that a semi-empirical evaluation of the phenomenon might be of interest to workers in mountainous countries. In view of the importance of the process in atmospheric chemistry in general, and especially because of the possible role of activated sodium chloride as nuclei of atmospheric precipitation4,5, a further study of Junge's data with particular emphasis on this problem was made. Prior to a broader evaluation of the problem and to a laboratory study of the phenomena involved, some results obtained are reported in this communication.
Scope and Utility of a New Soluble Copper Catalyst [CuBr−LiSPh−LiBr−THF]: A Comparison with Other Copper Catalysts in Their Ability to Couple One Equivalent of a Grignard Reagent with an Alkyl Sulfonate

A mixture of equal amounts of CuBr−SMe2, LiBr, and LiSPh in THF at 0 °C furnished a new soluble copper catalyst that was highly efficient at coupling primary, secondary, tertiary, aryl, vinyl, and allylic Grignard reagents to primary tosylates and primary Grignard reagents to secondary tosylates and mesylates, all with the use of only 1 equiv of Grignard reagent. The new catalyst was shown to be much more reactive than copper catalysts CuBr and Li2CuCl4 and more efficient in the transference of secondary and tertiary alkyl groups than lower order cuprates (Gilman reagents) and demonstrated more reactivity than the lower order cuprates with its ability to couple primary Grignard reagents to secondary sulfonates. The Grignard reagent/catalyst system was compatible with an ester functionalized tosylate, thus proving to be more chemoselective than a Grignard reagent without the catalyst. The catalyst exhibited good reactivity below room temperature, and with the addition of 6% v/v of HMPA to the catalyst solu...
Management of Electronic Serials in Academic Libraries: The Results of an Online Survey

This article presents the results of an online survey of academic librarians conducted in 2011 on the topic of electronic serials management. Since online journals had by 2011 become a major part of academic library serials collections, a central objective of this survey was to explore whether this had led to any degree of standardization in online serials management procedures across academic libraries. The focus of the survey was generally on issues affecting technical services, specifically exploring the impact of electronic serials on collection development, library staffing, and serials management tools. The responses to the survey did not reflect any significant level of uniformity among these libraries in any of these areas, suggesting that libraries primarily take into account the needs of their own institutions when formulating procedures for managing online serials.
Controlling Ensembles of Robots via a Supervisory Aerial Robot

We consider the task of controlling a large team of non-holonomic ground robots with an unmanned aerial vehicle in a decentralized manner that is invariant to the number of ground robots. The central idea is the development of an abstraction for the team of ground robots that allows the aerial platform to control the team without any knowledge of the specificity of individual vehicles. This happens in much the same way as a human operator can control a single robot vehicle by simply commanding the forward and turning velocities without a detailed knowledge of the specifics of the robot. The abstraction includes a gross model of the shape of the formation of the team, and information about the position and orientation of the team in the plane. We derive controllers that allow the team of robots to move in formation while avoiding collisions and respecting the abstraction commanded by the aerial platform. We propose strategies for controlling the physical spread of the ensemble of robots by splitting and me...
Severe traumatic brain injury.

Purpose of Review: Although adherence to traumatic brain injury (TBI) guidelines has been associated with improved patient outcomes, guideline adherence remains suboptimal in practice. With neurologists becoming increasingly involved in specialized neurointensive care units and in the care of patients with severe TBI, familiarization with these guidelines is essential.Recent Findings: Intracranial monitoring of different physiologic variables has increased in the past few years. Intracranial pressure (ICP)-driven therapy has been replaced by ICP-cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)-driven therapy. More recently, the importance of brain oxygen optimization in addition to ICP-CPP has been recognized, and clinical trials are underway to study the effect of this approach. Surgical management of patients with TBI is also evolving rapidly with further studies on decompressive craniectomy. These are significant advances to improve TBI outcomes.Summary: This article summarizes the routine monitoring of patients with severe TBI and offers insight into some novel physiologic monitoring devices available. The guidelines for management of patients with severe TBI are summarized along with outcome measures. Language: en
Homoharringtonine for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia

Background: The anticancer activity of the natural alkaloid homoharringtonine (HHT) was first recognized by Chinese investigators. HHT exerts its activity through inhibition of protein synthesis and promotion of apoptosis. Methods: The authors reviewed the most relevant preclinical and clinical studies involving patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) receiving therapy with either natural HHT or omacetaxine mepesuccinate (Ceflatonin, Myelostat, CGX-653), a semisynthetic subcutaneously bioavailable form of HHT presently under development for the treatment of CML. Results: Prior to the advent of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib mesilate, controlled clinical studies established HHT as the most active therapy in CML after failure of IFN-a for patients who were not candidates for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Preliminary results from Phase II studies suggest that omacetaxine mepesuccinate is active in patients with imatinib-resistant CML, including those carrying the T315I mutation...
T-cell activation induced by anti-CD3 x anti-B-cell lymphoma monoclonal antibody is enhanced by pretreatment of lymphoma cells with soluble CD40 ligand.

T cells play a key role in the control of abnormal B cell proliferation. Factors that play a role in inadequate T cell responses include absence of expression of costimulatory and adhesion molecules by the malignant B cells and lack of cytotoxic T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens. A number of approaches have been used to enhance T cell response against malignant B cells. Agents such as soluble CD40 ligand can enhance expression of costimulatory molecules by the malignant B cells and improve their ability to activate T cells. Anti-CD3-based bispecific antibodies can retarget T cells toward the tumor cells irrespective of T cell specificity. We used the V 38C13 murine lymphoma model to assess whether the combination of soluble CD40 ligand and anti-CD3-based bispecific antibody can enhance T cell activation induced by malignant B cells more effectively than either approach alone. Expression of CD80, CD86, and ICAM-1 on lymphoma cells was up-regulated by soluble CD40 ligand. Syngeneic T cells were activated more extensively by lymphoma cells when the lymphoma cells were pre-treated with soluble CD40 ligand. Bispecific-antibody induced T cell activation was more extensive when lymphoma cells pretreated with soluble CD40 ligand were present. The combination of soluble CD40 ligand plus bispecific antibody enhanced the median survival of mice compared to mice treated with bispecific anibody alone. We conclude that pretreatment of tumor cells with agents capable of inducing costimulatory molecule expression, such as soluble CD40 ligand can enhance the ability of malignant B cells to activate T cells. This effect is enhanced by the addition of bispecific antibody. The combination of enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules and retargeting of T cells by bispecific antibody may allow for a more effective T-cell-based immunotherapy.
The Pastor in the Basement: Discourses of Authenticity in the Networked Public Sphere

Applying Altheide's method of ethnographic content analysis, this article tracks competing discourses of authenticity in media coverage of Jeremiah Wright and Sarah Palin. The “pastor problems” of the last election demonstrate a bias toward issues of sincerity and authenticity in the networked public sphere. Pundits and bloggers use viral videos to construct rival representations of candidates’ backstage identities. Such debates favor “flat” notions of authenticity, however, and decontextualization tends to thwart the critical gatekeeping functions of journalism. Religion serves as a proxy for issues of race, prophetic critique is demonized, and apocalyptic thinking is normalized.
Reciprocal changes of CD44 and GAP-43 expression in the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer after status epilepticus in mice

Mossy fiber sprouting (MFS), a common feature of human temporal lobe epilepsy and many epilepsy animal models, contributes to hippocampal hyperexcitability. The molecular events responsible for MFS are not well understood, although the growth-associated protein GAP-43 has been implicated in rats. Here, we focus on the hyaluronan receptor CD44, which is involved in routing of retinal axons during development and is upregulated after injury in many tissues including brain. After pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice most hilar neurons died and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity appeared in the dentate inner molecular layer (IML) after 10–31 days indicative of MFS. Strong CD44 immunoreactivity appeared in the IML 3 days after pilocarpine, then declined over the next 4 weeks. Conversely, GAP-43 immunoreactivity was decreased in the IML at 3–10 days after pilocarpine-induced SE. After SE induced by repeated kainate injections, mice did not show any hilar cell loss or changes in CD44 or GAP-43 expression in the IML, and MFS was absent at 20–35 days. Thus, after SE in mice, early loss of GAP-43 and strong CD44 induction in the IML correlated with hilar cell loss and subsequent MFS. CD44 is one of the earliest proteins upregulated in the IML and coincides with early sprouting of mossy fibers, although its function is still unknown. We hypothesize that CD44 is involved in the response to axon terminal degeneration and/or neuronal reorganization preceding MFS.
Neurologic signs of cerebellar and cortical sensory dysfunction in schizophrenics and their relatives

Abstract Previous research has found that both schizophrenics and their relatives have significantly elevated rates of clinical neurologic signs—including `hard' signs screened to exclude artifacts. The present study examined whether hard signs that indicate relatively localized dysfunction in particular brain regions significantly distinguish schizophrenics and/or their non-schizophrenic relatives from psychiatrically normal controls and patients with other disorders. All patients were diagnosed with DSM-III or DSM-IIIR criteria, using information from structured interviews, supplemented by chart review and family informants. Subjects were administered clinical neurologic examinations by a neurologist blind to diagnosis. The proband sample, composed of 54 schizophrenic or schizoaffective subjects, had a significantly greater proportion of subjects with signs of cerebellar dysfunction than any of the comparison samples, which included: 44 control subjects, 24 patients with substance abuse, 37 patients with bipolar disorder, and 73 of the probands' non-schizophrenic parents and adult siblings. Proportions of both probands and their relatives with signs of dysfunction of sensory cortex were significantly higher than for other groups. Cerebellar and sensory cortical dysfunctions may distinguish different subgroups of schizophrenics and may tend to reflect, respectively, non-familial and familial neuropathological factors.
Comparison of Emergence Speed and Sterility in Two Sterile Annual Hybrid Cereal Grasses Developed for Use in Restoration

Two varieties of sterile annual hybrid (SAH) cereal grasses (Triticum aestivum×Elytrigia elongata and Triticum sp. ×Secale sp.) have been developed as tools for restoration to circumvent problems associated with the use of exotic perennial grasses in wildlands. Recent research has shown that both varieties of SAH grasses performed better than native species when sown into Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)-dominated rangelands. The primary goal of this study was to see whether early emergence was a potential mechanism contributing to the success of SAH grasses. Second, we investigated whether the SAH grasses were indeed sterile. Seeds of both SAH varieties were germinated in growth chambers along with B. tectorum and four perennial grasses. Seeds were exposed to three moisture levels and four temperature regimes. In a separate experiment, seed from 10 individuals of each SAH variety grown in a greenhouse were tested for sterility. Triticum aestivum×E. elongata consistently emerged fastest under all moisture and temperature levels, followed by Triticum sp. ×Secale sp., then B. tectorum, and, finally, the four perennial grass species. All interactions also were significant; these interactions modified without negating the general patterns revealed in the main effects. Seed production in the sterility trial for both SAH varieties was highly variable among individuals and all seed that were produced germinated. The ability of SAH grasses to maintain rapid emergence under adverse conditions suggests that they may be a useful tool in restoration; however, their lack of true sterility may contradict the goals of land managers.
The meaning of psychotropic medications for children, adolescents, and their families.

Despite the dramatic increase in the use of &atric psychopharmacology Uensen et al., 1999), there is a surprising paucity of discussion about the psychological meanings of medication to both children and parents. Shapiro (1996) presents some clinical examples that explore the meaning of medication. He points out that in the early years of pediatric psychopharmacology, there was an artificial polarization between doctors who were alleged to have a primarily biological view and those who very reluctantly used medication secondary to a largely psychodynamic formulation. Shapiro encourages clinicians to maintain a rigorous standard of care that is attuned to developmental and temperamental issues when considering medication for children. Bastiens (1995) advocates that clinicians pay attention to the efficacy and side effects of medication, as well as to whether parents are comfortable giving medication and children are comfortable receiving it. Clinicians’ attention to the wishes, fantasies, and fears of children and their families will enhance the therapeutic relationship.
Theory of oligonucleotide stabilization. I. The effect of single-strand stacking.

Certain theoretical difficulties present in the analysis of thermal transition properties of short complementary double-stranded RNA oligomers can be resolved in part by introducing the stability of the component single-stranded systems explicitly into the model. The stability constant S of the usual theories is redefined so as to contain double-stranded pairing (τt) and single-stranded stacking (ρ) contributions, and we analyze the statistics of two experimental systems—acid oligo(A) and oligo (An·Un) dimers—to exhibit the underlying stability parameters. We present a fitting procedure to extract values of the heats and entropies of the separated components when the required single-strand data is unreliable or not available. The theory leads to length dependent heats and entropies for short single strands in a natural way, and permits a more accurate assessment of the contribution of partially bonded states in thermal transitions than has previously been possible.
The Student Teacher as an Agent of Instructional Reform: Effects of Student Teachers on Supervising Teachers

Abstract The researchers conducted two studies to investigate whether supervising teachers occasionally learned current teaching methods from their student teachers. In the first study one hundred and sixty-three supervising teachers were surveyed about how they came to learn about 24 common teaching methods and instructional innovations. While the results showed that student teachers were not as influential a source of learning, as a teacher education program, for example, teaching methods that were frequently cited as having been learned from student teachers included process writing, manipulatives, individualized instruction, and cooperative learning. A qualitative follow-up study was conducted with 18 of the 107 teachers who had cited the student teacher as a source of their knowledge of an innovation. It supported the findings of the first study and added an overlooked element in the discussions of systemic reform, i.e., that student teachers are themselves agents of change in classroom practice.
The effects of recall and recognition test expectancies on the retention of prose

The hypothesis that people expecting recall and recognition employ different encoding processes was tested in two experiments using prose materials. In Experiment 1, unrelated sentences were used, and in Experiment 2, a short essay was used. The results indicated that a recall test expectancy led to greater sentence recall than a recognition test expectancy. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that people expecting recall and recognition retained different types of information contained in sentences. In Experiment 2, the effects of test expectancy were analyzed as a function of the structural importance and rated comprehensibility of sentences. A main effect of test expectancy was found in sentence recall, replicating the results of Experiment 1. Also, people expecting recall tended to remember greater detail than did people expecting recognition. The results suggested that encoding processes vary as a function of test expectancy and that the appropriateness of encoding depends on the type of test received.
Criteria for adequacy in rhetorical criticism

Based on some of the presuppositions of rhetorical criticism, four standards for criterial adequacy in this method of inquiry are suggested: (1) Justification of claims; (2) presentation of the choices available to the rhetor and assumption of responsibility for the critic's own choices; (3) coherent presentation of theoretical framework; and (4) capacity to incorporate other perspectives.
Slurs and the indexical field: the pejoration and reclaiming of favelado ‘slum-dweller’

Abstract We consider the application of the indexical field (Eckert, 2008) and orders of indexicality (Silverstein, 2003) for the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) term favelado ‘slum-dweller’, which is synonymous to morador de favela ‘slum-dweller’ but has acquired negatively charged indexical values. Building on discussions of the (re)appropriation or reclaiming of slurs and other pejorized terms, such as the Cantonese word tongzhi (Wong, 2005, 2008), gay ( McConnell-Ginet, 2002 ), queer ( McConnell-Ginet, 2002 ), nigger (Jacobs, 2002; Camp, 2013; Croom, 2011; Washington, 2010; inter alia ), this study of favelado builds on Eckert's (2008) indexical field and creates a model of lexical indexicality that explains the simultaneous availability of both pejorative and powerful meanings. The positively-valenced reclaimed meanings are contextually limited and require simultaneous access to pejorative meanings. We propose that movement, or ‘sidestepping’ (Eckert, 2008), within the indexical field fuels movement between pejorative and ameliorated meanings. This paper highlights the importance of accounting for lexical indexical values in sociolinguistic study.
Afghanistan's Post-Taliban Transition: The State of State-Building After War

This paper assesses the effectiveness of the 'post-conflict' political transition process that created the Kabul regime. Specifically, this paper will review and critique the Bonn Agreement and Process--the major driver for Afghanistan's post-conflict transition: assess the current situation in Afghanistan, and examine prospects for Afghan democratization, development and stability. It will identify the oppportunities and obstacles generated from Afghanistan's transition for peace, stability and nation building after three decades of state failure.