cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain region‐selective cellular redistribution of mGlu5 but not GABAB receptors following methamphetamine‐induced associative learning

Alterations in receptor expression and distribution between cell surface and cytoplasm are means by which psychostimulants regulate neurotransmission. Metabotropic glutamate receptor group I, subtype 5 (mGluR5) and GABAB receptors (GABABR) are critically involved in the development and expression of stimulant-induced behaviors, including conditioned place preference (CPP), an index of drug-seeking. However, it is not known if psychostimulant-induced CPP alters the trafficking of these receptors. To fill this gap, this study used methamphetamine (Meth)-induced CPP in rats to ascertain if receptor changes occur in limbic brain regions that regulate drug-seeking, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral pallidum (VP). To do so, ex vivo tissue was assessed for changes in expression and surface vs. intracellular distribution of mGluR5 and GABABRs. There was a decrease in the surface to intracellular ratio of mGluR5 in the mPFC in Meth-conditioned rats, commensurate with an increase in intracellular levels. mGluR5 levels in the NAc or the VP were unaltered. There were no changes for GABABR in any brain region assayed. This ex vivo snapshot of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptor cellular distribution following induction of Meth-induced CPP is the first report to determine if these receptors are differentially altered after Meth-induced CPP. The results suggest that this Meth treatment paradigm likely induced a compensatory change in mGluR5 surface to intracellular ratio such that the surface remains unaltered while an increase in intracellular protein occurred. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The South Carolina Digital Watershed: End-to-End Support for Real-Time Management of Water Resources

Water resources are under unprecedented strain. The combined effects of population growth, climate change, and rural industrialization have led to greater demand for an increasingly scarce resource. Ensuring that communities have adequate access to water—an essential requirement for community health and prosperity—requires finegrained management policies based on real-time in situ data, both environmental and hydrological. To address this requirement at the state level, we have developed the South Carolina Digital Watershed, an end-to-end system for monitoring water resources. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the core system components: (i) in situ sensing hardware, (ii) collection and uplink facilities, (iii) data streaming middleware, and (iv) back-end repository and presentation services. We conclude by discussing key organizational and technical challenges encountered during the development process.
Design and Layout of 66-Kv 10,000-Kva Series Capacitor Substation

This paper describes the design and layout problems encountered in the construction of a substation for the largest series capacitor installation in operation to date. Companion papers1,2 cover the application and equipment design of the series capacitor.
Research note on application of a constitutive inequality in nonassociated plasticity

Abstract A constitutive inequality proposed by several authors is applied, apparently for the first time, to a nonassociated elastic/plastic constitutive model. The main mathematical difficulty ensues from the presence of a nonsymmetric dyadic matrix in the constitutive equations. A general property of such products is used to derive a simple sufficient condition for the constitutive inequality. This condition involves the hardening modulus and the spectral condition number of a matrix arising from the constitutive equations. Several examples are given.
The hindrance in the development of pit additive products for swine manure odor control ‐ A review

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on the development of pit additive products for swine manure odor control. It addresses the problems currently existing in the areas of both product designing and testing. Odors emitted from the swine manure storage system are complicated by the characteristics of many volatile organic compounds. A clear understanding of the major odorous compounds that serve as odor indicators is of great importance in developing quality odor control products. Past research has identified volatile fatty acids as indicators of malodor; however, the most recent studies showed that they still may be misleading. There exists a need of in‐depth classification of the odorous compounds with respect to the inherent characteristics of these compounds. Lack of this information has already contributed to the blind development of pit additive products. Another hindrance is the lack of a standard procedure to scientifically evaluate pit additive products. Thus, more effort is needed in devel...
A Versatile Video Image Digitizer For Pc-Based Image Processing Systems

A peripheral card has been designed to interface the Texas Instruments Professional Computer to a standard RS-170 video camera, providing real-time digitization and storage of a single video field as a 256 x 256, eight-bit pixel array. The digitizer card is bus-compatible with any Intel 8088 microprocessor based microcomputer e.g. TI-PC or IBM-PC. At present, the TI-PC based image processing system allows for a high resolution four-bit display of the digitized image as sixteen grey levels for the monochrome monitor, or sixteen color-mapped levels on the color monitor. The system is being extended to reconstruct the RS-170 standard monochrome monitor for eight-bit grey level resolution. Further system extensions include eight-bit digitization, storage, and display of true color video by front end interface of the system to a high resolution TI-CCD color camera. The use of lower level languages has allowed for the implementation of software features such as image display and image enhancement algorithms. FFT spatial frequency filtering and small kernel convolution are available for 128 x 128 and 256 x 256 image array sizes, respectively. In addition to providing a number of digital system hardware and software educational opportunities, the applicability of this system will be invaluable as a cost-effective, compact, yet high performance and quantitative image analyzing system.
Avoidance of a warning signal

Rats were scheduled to receive electric shock every 20 sec, half under the typical nondiscriminated procedure where shock is scheduled from the last response, and half under a fixed-cycle procedure where shock is scheduled regularly by time. For half of each of these groups, a 4 sec CS preceded the shock. In the latter procedure, most avoidance responses occurred before (and hence also avoided) the CS. The difference was attributed to the relative efficiency of avoiding a warning signal.
Hazard surveillance and injury control: A university-based pedestrian safety project

Hazards to pedestrians at 15 campus crosswalk sites were identified, using a data collection protocol the authors developed so that two-person teams of trained observers could record the volume of vehicular and pedestrian traffic at the sites. Findings from the study revealed the nature of certain pedestrian hazards on campus, with specific intersections found to be more dangerous for pedestrians than others. The data collected were analyzed to create practical and effective hazard-control and safety programs for student groups.
Response of muscle glycogen and phosphorylase to electrical stimulation in trained and nontrained guinea pigs

Abstract Total phosphorylase activity determined histochemically was selectively depleted in white fibers of the medial gastrocnemius of adult guinea pigs after 1 hour of electrical stimulation at a frequency of 5/sec. Histochemical depletion of phosphorylase was paralleled by glycogen depletion measured spectrophotometrically in homogenates and histochemically in frozen sections. Every phosphorylase-negative fiber was negative for glycogen as determined by the PAS stain. The number of PAS-negative fibers slightly exceeded the number of phosphorylase-negative fibers. No PAS- and 11 phosphorylase-negative fibers were found in nonstimulated muscles. The histochemical depletion of glycogen and of phosphorylase was more pronounced in the nontrained than in the trained animals.
Low temperature formation of hydroxyapatite-poly(alkyl oxybenzoate)phosphazene composites for biomedical applications.

Abstract The formation of biodegradable composites which may be suitable as bone analogs is described. Polyphosphazene–hydroxyapatite (HAp) composites were produced via an acid–base reaction of tetracalcium phosphate and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate in the presence of polyphosphazenes bearing alkyl ester containing side-groups. The polyphosphazenes used were poly(ethyl oxybenzoate)phosphazene (PN-EOB) and poly(propyl oxybenzoate) phosphazene (PN-POB). The effects of temperature and the proportions of polymers, PN-EOB and PN-POB on the kinetics, reaction chemistry and phase evolution during the formation of stoichiometric HAp were studied. Kinetics, phase evolution and microstructural development were evaluated using isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Analysis of solution chemistry revealed that the increases in the pH during the formation of SHAp, resulted in partial hydrolysis of the polymer surfaces, which led in turn to the formation of a calcium cross-linked polymer surface. The calcium cross-linked polymer surface appeared to facilitate the nucleation and growth of apatite deposits on the polymer. The current study illustrates the in situ formation of HAp in the presence of polyphosphazenes, where HAp is chemically bonded to the polymer.
Use of Inclined-Plane Traps to Study Movement and Survival of Atlantic Salmon Smolts in the Connecticut River

Abstract We determined the utility of inclined-plane traps for capturing smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and studied the timing of the downriver run and survival of smolts in the Connecticut River in 1985 and 1986. We captured 22 smolts with one trap in 1985, and 45 with three traps in 1986. Although these numbers were small, the results from both years were similar. Mean total lengths of smolts (ranges in parentheses) were 186 mm (152–206 mm) in 1985 and 178 mm (152–201 mm) in 1986. The migration period in both years extended from early April to mid-May. Mean river temperatures when smolts were captured were 10.5°C (4.5–16.0°C) in 1985 and 10.3°C (4.5–15.0°C) in 1986. Most smolts were captured several weeks after the period of peak spring flows that probably would have provided the safest passage past electricity generating stations. The recapture rates of tagged hatchery smolts stocked 8 km upstream from the trap were 1 of 4,400 (0.023%) in 1985 and 1 of 2,900 (0.034%) in 1986. These rates were si...
Indigenous Architecture in Borneo: Traditional Patterns and New Developments

Indigenous Architecture in Borneo: Traditional Patterns and New Developments. Roberts. Winzeler ., ed. Phillips, ME: Borneo Research Council, Inc., 1998. No. 5, The Borneo Research Council Proceedings Series, ix. 234 pp., illustrations, photographs, figures, tables, map.
Reinforcement of shock-induced fighting

Twelve rats were given a fixed number of inescapable electric shocks in a T-maze. Under these conditions, Ss chose to run to the end of the arm containing another rat and engaged in the stereotyped shock-induced fighting. This choice supports previous studies showing that the opportunity for aggression is a reinforcement of behavior of Ss receiving inescapable shock.
Islands and striosomes in the neostriatum of the rhesus monkey: Non-equivalent compartments

Abstract Cytoarchitectonically defined cell-dense islands and regions of low acetylcholinesterase reactivity referred to as striosomes have been regarded as equivalent markers of the non-matrix compartment in the neostriatum. We examined islands and striosomes in adjacent sections to determine the degree of correspondence between the two neostriatal compartmental markers. Islands are aggregated centrally within the caudate, whereas striosomes are located throughout the entire nucleus, including the dorsolateral and ventromedial sectors. Moreover, even within the central sector, striosomes are more prevalent than islands. The present quantitative analysis suggests that islands may be further characterized as acetylcholinesterase-poor since the vast majority of islands co-localize with striosomes. However, due to the fact that striosomes are more numerous and more widely distributed throughout the neostriatum, less than a third of all striosomes are coincident with islands in adjacent sections. Comparison of each of these compartmental markers with the patterned terminal field of the prefrontal cortical projection revealed a near one-to-one correspondence between islands and terminal-free zones in the prefrontal projection. The percentage of striosomes which are aligned with fenestrations in the prefrontal projection is also quite high; however, because more striosomes than islands are found within the prefrontal terminal domain, some striosomes that fit within terminal-free zones do not have corresponding islands. These results indicate that islands and striosomes are not entirely equivalent compartmental markers and further suggest that contemporary, two-compartment models may not adequately represent the heterogeneity of the neostriatum.
A novel grid load management technique using electric water heaters and Q-learning

This paper describes a novel technique for controlling demand-side management (DSM) by optimizing the power consumed by Domestic Electric Water Heaters (DEWH) while maintaining customer satisfaction. The system has 18 states based on three factors: instantaneous grid load, water consumption, and the temperature of the water supplied. The current state of the system is defined based on its fuzzy membership for each factor. The resulting model represents a Semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) with two possible actions, “On” and “Off.” Rewards are assigned for each action-state pairs proportionally to the fuzzy membership of the system in the new state. A simulation study was conducted to compare the proposed method with three previous approaches. The proposed method demonstrated better performance in reducing the overall grid power demand and flattening its peaks. Furthermore, it provides better rate of customers' satisfaction than the uncontrolled operation.
Solar variability and climate change: Geomagnetic aa index and global surface temperature

During the past -120 years, Earth's surface temperature is correlated with both decadal averages and solar cycle minimum values of the geomagnetic aa index. The correlation with aa minimum values sug- gests the existence of a long-term (low-frequency) com- ponent of solar irradiance that underlies the l 1-year cyclic component. Extrapolating the aa-temperature correlations to Maunder Minimum geomagnetic condi- tions implies that solar forcing can account for 50% or more of the estimated 0.7-1.5oC increase in global surface temperature since the second half of the 17th century. Our analysis is admittedly crude and ignores known contributors to climate change such as warming by anthropogenic greenhouse-gases or cooling by vol- canic aerosols. Nevertheless, the general similarity in the time-variation of Earth's surface temperature and the low-frequency or secular component of the aa index over the last -120 years supports other studies that in- dicate a more significant role for solar variability in cli- mate change on decadal and century time-scales than has previously been supposed. The most recent aa data for the current solar minimum suggest that the long- term component of solar forcing will level off or decline during the coming solar cycle. gases such as CO2, which cause global warming, rose monotonically. In this study, we investigate the usefulness of a new proxy for solar variability and climate change - the time variation of the geomagnetic aa index (Mayaud, 1972). The aa index is a measure of the disturbance level of Earth's magnetic field based on magnetometer observa- tions at two, nearly antipodal, stations in Australia and England. Like the global temperature, the aa index has exhibited a secular increase since 1900 (Feynman and Crooker, 1978). It is well established that geomagnetic activity is driven by the solar wind. The fact that l 1- year averages of the sunspot number and the aa index are highly correlated for the past 150 years (Cliver et al., 1998) indicates that, the long-term rise of the aa in- dex is a solar rather than an instrumental or internal (to the Earth) effect.
The complexity of ADHD : Diagnosis and treatment of the adult patient with comorbidities

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an impairing but usually treatable condition. Popular culture propagates the myth that ADHD recedes with age; this is not the case. Although it is common, <20% of adults with ADHD are diagnosed or treated. Adults with ADHD show significant comorbidities with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use, oppositional defiant disorder, personality disorders, sleep problems, and learning disabilities. However, symptoms that result from ADHD, such as mood symptoms or lability, are often mistaken for comorbid disorders. Comorbidity with ADHD impacts treatment compliance, treatment response, and patient insight. Insufficient data on the interaction between ADHD and comorbidities impedes proper diagnosis and treatment. Better clinical tools for assessing these conditions are needed. Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacologic treatments for adult ADHD include stimulants, dexmethylphenidate, and the nonstimulant atomoxetine. Effect sizes of approved medicines at approved doses are half those seen in children. Adults may also need longer duration of medication effects than children. Short-acting stimulants are likely to result in poorer adherence and have a higher risk for diversion or abuse. Risk of abuse is a major concern; stimulant treatments are controlled substances, and children with ADHD show increased risk of substance abuse. Psychosocial interventions may be beneficial in treating both ADHD and comorbidities.In this expert roundtable supplement, Margaret Weiss, MD, PhD, presents a comprehensive overview of complications surrounding differential diagnosis in adults with ADHD. Next, Mark A. Stein, PhD, reviews evaluation, comorbidity, and development of a treatment plan in this population. Finally, Jeffrey H. Newcorn, MD, provides a discussion on the pharmacologic options available for adults with ADHD, considering dosages specific to adults and common comorbidities.
Members of the American College of epidemiology: are we making progress toward diversity goals?

PURPOSE: A longstanding goal of ACE is to develop and maintain a vital membership base representing all aspects of epidemiology, and anecdotal evidence suggests progress. The objective of this study was to quantify possible changes in the diversity of the ACE membership. METHODS: Members were divided into two groups: a) member as of 1/1/01, and b) new member between 1/2/01 and 3/15/02. The two groups were compared using descriptive statistics. Proportions are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: As of 1/1/01, there were 859 active members. Over the next 15 months, an additional 93 members joined the College. Compared with members on 1/1/01, new members were younger (54 vs. 42 years, respectively; p < 0.001). However, the two groups did not differ by gender (66% vs. 66% male) or by race/ethnicity (86% vs. 81% white; p = 0.42). The majority of both groups reside in the US (92% vs. 87%; p = 0.63). Existing members' top areas of research expertise (up to 5 choices per member) were cancer (29%; 95% CI, 26–32%), methods (22%; 95% CI, 20–25%), environmental (21%; 95% CI, 18–24%), and infectious disease (19%; 95% CI, 16–21). New members were less likely to report expertise in cancer (29% vs. 18%; p = 0.03) and environmental (21% vs 10%; p = 0.01) epidemiology, but did not differ in methods or infectious disease; new members were more likely to report expertise in cardiovascular, dental, drug, eye, geriatric, and hospital areas of research expertise (all p < 0.05). University or academic position was the most commonly reported current place of employment but was less common among new members (45% vs. 31%; p = 0.009); new members were more likely to hold consulting positions (4% vs. 11%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although long-term trends may be favorable, we observed no increase in gender and race/ethnic diversity in 2001. The College is attracting younger epidemiologists, however, and has become more diverse in its range of research expertise and employment settings.
MIMO Robust Control for HVAC Systems

Potential improvements in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system performance are investigated through the application of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) robust controllers. This approach differs dramatically from today's prevalent method of building HVAC controllers using multiple single-input-single-output control loops. A simulation model of an experimental HVAC system is used in the design and simulation testing of controllers. While simulation can be insightful, the only way to truly verify the performance provided by different HVAC controller designs is by actually using them to control an HVAC system. Thus, an experimental HVAC system was built for testing a wide range of advanced HVAC controllers. The design and testing of MIMO robust controllers provides valuable insight into potential improvements in performance, as well as constraints, associated with applying this control methodology to HVAC systems. Test results on the physical system demonstrate achievable performance gains (reductions in discharge air temperature settle time) in excess of 300%. Furthermore, these performance gains may be achieved without significant impact to current HVAC system architecture (interconnection).
Protein Kinase C Signaling in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus Regulates Sexual Receptivity in Female Rats

Rapid membrane-mediated estradiol signaling regulating sexual receptivity requires the interaction of the estrogen receptor (ER)- and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a (mGluR1a). A cell signaling antibody microarray revealed that estradiol activated 42 proteins in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). To begin an analysis of various signaling pathways, protein kinase A and protein kinase C (PKC)-, whose signaling pathways have been implicated in the estradiol regulation of sexual receptivity, were examined. In the ARH sample, the increase in phospho-protein kinase A couldnotbeconfirmedbyWesternblotting,ineithercytosolic or membrane fractions. However, the increase in phosphorylated PKC seen with the pathway array was verified by Western blotting. To study whether rapid estradiol activation of PKC regulates the ARH-medial preoptic nucleus pathway regulating lordosis, -opioid receptor (MOR) internalization and lordosis reflex were tested. Blocking PKC in ARH with 2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]3(1H-indol-3-yl) maleimide significantly attenuated estradiolinduced MOR internalization. Furthermore, disruption of PKC signaling within the ARH at the time of estradiol treatment significantly diminished the lordosis reflex. Moreover, blocking PKC prevented MOR internalization when the circuit was activated by the mGluR1a agonist, (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Activation of PKC with phorbol 12, 13dibutyrate induced MOR internalization, indicating that PKC was a critical step for membrane ER-initiated mGluR1a-mediated cell signaling and phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate significantly facilitated the lordosis reflex. Together these findings indicate that rapid membrane ER-mGluR1a interactions activate PKC cell signaling, which regulates female sexual receptivity. (Endocrinology 149: 5934–5942, 2008)
Ribosome Assembly Factors Pwp1 and Nop12 Are Important for Folding of 5.8S rRNA during Ribosome Biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previous work from our lab suggests that a group of interdependent assembly factors (A(3) factors) is necessary to create early, stable preribosomes. Many of these proteins bind at or near internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), but in their absence, ITS1 is not removed from rRNA, suggesting long-range communication between these two spacers. By comparing the nonessential assembly factors Nop12 and Pwp1, we show that misfolding of rRNA is sufficient to perturb early steps of biogenesis, but it is the lack of A(3) factors that results in turnover of early preribosomes. Deletion of NOP12 significantly inhibits 27SA(3) pre-rRNA processing, even though the A(3) factors are present in preribosomes. Furthermore, pre-rRNAs are stable, indicating that the block in processing is not sufficient to trigger turnover. This is in contrast to the absence of Pwp1, in which the A(3) factors are not present and pre-rRNAs are unstable. In vivo RNA structure probing revealed that the pre-rRNA processing defects are due to misfolding of 5.8S rRNA. In the absence of Nop12 and Pwp1, rRNA helix 5 is not stably formed. Interestingly, the absence of Nop12 results in the formation of an alternative yet unproductive helix 5 when cells are grown at low temperatures.
Screening combinatorial libraries of de Novo proteins by hydrogen- deuterium exchange and electrospray mass spectrometry

Combinatorial methods have emerged as valuable tools for the discovery of proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules with novel structures and properties. While combinatorial methods can generate de novo proteins with native-like properties, finding such proteins in libraries containing an abundance of non-native structures has proved difficult and tedious. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a rapid screen for native-like properties. The screen uses electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) to monitor the hydrogen- deuterium (H-D) exchange kinetics in semicrude samples of de novo proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we screened two libraries of de novo sequences and identified proteins whose amide protons were protected from exchange with solvent. The results of the screen correlate well with orthogonal methods for detecting native-like structures. As protection of amide protons from exchange is a hallmark of well-folded proteins, this screen can be used to identify native-like proteins from combinatorial libraries containing both native-like and molten globule-like structures. Moreover, since the screen can be applied to semicrude samples and does not require extensive protein purification, it can be used for medium throughput screening of large combinatorial libraries.
Resource Room Teachers' Use of Strategies that Promote the Success of Handicapped Students in Regular Classrooms

The purposes of this survey were to determine the extent to which resource room teachers use strategies that promote the success of handicapped students in regular classrooms and to identify variables that may affect the successful implementation of those strategies. Teachers were asked to indicate the extent to which they currently use 19 strategies that have been associated in the literature with promoting the success of handicapped students in regular classrooms. Common barriers to effective service delivery were also identified, and teachers were asked to indicate the extent to which each posed a problem in their school. Teachers reported only moderate use of the strategies included in this survey, but attached a higher degree of importance to their use. The findings from this survey suggest that resource room teachers need more training in the use of strategies that promote the success of handicapped students in regular classrooms, and more time to implement them in the way that the results of this s...
Higher coronary heart disease and heart attack morbidity in Appalachian coal mining regions.

article i nfo higher risk of CVD (OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.14-1.30), angina or CHD (OR=1.29, 95% CI=1.19-1.39) and heart attack (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.10-1.30). Effects were present for both men and women. Conclusions. Cardiovascular diseases have been linked to both air and water contamination in ways consistent with toxicants found in coal and coal processing. Future research is indicated to assess air and water quality in coal mining communities in Appalachia, with corresponding environmental programs and standards established as indicated.
Inside JetBlue's privacy policy violations

JetBlue Airways (JetBlue) gave five million customers' travel records to a USA Department of Defense contractor. The authors' analysis reveals that JetBlue's privacy policy might pose additional significant threats to customer privacy and that the USA Department of Homeland Security anti-terrorism exercise has adversely affected personal privacy.
Optimal pricing for residential demand response: A stochastic optimization approach

The problem of optimizing retail electricity price for residential demand response is considered. A two stage stochastic optimization is formulated in which the retailer optimizes the day ahead price in the first stage, and residential customers schedule their demands optimally in respond to the optimized retail price and in a distributed fashion. For the control of thermal dynamic loads, the optimal residential demand response policy is obtained based on a form of consumer surplus that captures the tradeoff between comfort level and cost. It is shown that the optimal control is an affine function of the retail price with a negative definitive factor matrix. The optimal retail pricing is obtained through a convex program that maximizes average profit or a form of conditional value at risk. Effects of incorporating renewable energy are also considered.
Pleiotropic Phenotypes of the sticky peel Mutant Provide New Insight into the Role of CUTIN DEFICIENT2 in Epidermal Cell Function in Tomato

Plant epidermal cells have evolved specialist functions associated with adaptation to stress. These include the synthesis and deposition of specialized metabolites such as waxes and cutin together with flavonoids and anthocyanins, which have important roles in providing a barrier to water loss and protection against UV radiation, respectively. Characterization of the sticky peel (pe) mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) revealed several phenotypes indicative of a defect in epidermal cell function, including reduced anthocyanin accumulation, a lower density of glandular trichomes, and an associated reduction in trichome-derived terpenes. In addition, pe mutant fruit are glossy and peels have increased elasticity due to a severe reduction in cutin biosynthesis and altered wax deposition. Leaves of the pe mutant are also cutin deficient and the epicuticular waxes contain a lower proportion of long-chain alkanes. Direct measurements of transpiration, together with chlorophyll-leaching assays, indicate increased cuticular permeability of pe leaves. Genetic mapping revealed that the pe locus represents a new allele of CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (CD2), a member of the class IV homeodomain-leucine zipper gene family, previously only associated with cutin deficiency in tomato fruit. CD2 is preferentially expressed in epidermal cells of tomato stems and is a homolog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ANTHOCYANINLESS2 (ANL2). Analysis of cuticle composition in leaves of anl2 revealed that cutin accumulates to approximately 60% of the levels observed in wild-type Arabidopsis. Together, these data provide new insight into the role of CD2 and ANL2 in regulating diverse metabolic pathways and in particular, those associated with epidermal cells.
Dynamically reconfigurable systolic array accelerators: A case study with extended Kalman filter and discrete wavelet transform algorithms

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly being adopted as the primary on-board computing system for autonomous deep space vehicles. There is a need to support several complex applications for navigation and image processing in a rapidly responsive on-board FPGA-based computer. Developing such a computer requires the designer to explore and combine several design concepts such as systolic array (SA) design, hardware-software partitioning and partial dynamic reconfiguration (PDR). In this study a microprocessor/co-processor design that can simultaneously accelerate multiple single precision floating-point algorithms is proposed. Two such algorithms are extended Kalman filter (EKF) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Key contributions include (i) polymorphic systolic array (PolySA), comprising partial reconfigurable regions that can accelerate algorithms amenable to being mapped onto linear SAs and (ii) performance model to predict the overall execution time of EKF algorithm on the proposed PolySA architecture. When implemented on a low-end Xilinx Virtex4 SX35 FPGA, the design provides a speed-up of at least 4.18 x and 6.61 x over a state-of-the-art microprocessor used in spacecraft systems for the EKF and DWT algorithms, respectively. The performance of EKF algorithm on the proposed PolySA architecture was compared against the performance on two types of conventional (non-polymorphic) hardware architectures and the results showed that the proposed architecture outperformed the other two architectures in most of the test cases.
Co-Twin Controls: Facioplasty / Twin Research Reviews: Congenital Anomalies; Personality and Coital Orgasmic Infrequency; Physical Activity Participation / Newsworthy: Twins, Triplets and Quads; School Legislation Update; Premature Twins in Court

The usefulness of monozygotic (MZ) twins for studying the efficacy of different face lift techniques is described. The data suggest that no particular procedure out of four under consideration is superior to any other. Next, reviews of recent twin studies of congenital anomalies, personality traits and coital orgasmic infrequency, and physical activity participation are presented. Finally, timely topics of public interest are also described. They include a rare birth consequence of artificial reproductive technology, an update on state legislation regarding parents' rights to decide the classroom placement of their young twins, and medical malpractice lawsuits involving premature twins.
Cookies That Give You Away: The Surveillance Implications of Web Tracking

We study the ability of a passive eavesdropper to leverage "third-party" HTTP tracking cookies for mass surveillance. If two web pages embed the same tracker which tags the browser with a unique cookie, then the adversary can link visits to those pages from the same user (i.e., browser instance) even if the user's IP address varies. Further, many popular websites leak a logged-in user's identity to an eavesdropper in unencrypted traffic. To evaluate the effectiveness of our attack, we introduce a methodology that combines web measurement and network measurement. Using OpenWPM, our web privacy measurement platform, we simulate users browsing the web and find that the adversary can reconstruct 62-73% of a typical user's browsing history. We then analyze the effect of the physical location of the wiretap as well as legal restrictions such as the NSA's "one-end foreign" rule. Using measurement units in various locations - Asia, Europe, and the United States - we show that foreign users are highly vulnerable to the NSA's dragnet surveillance due to the concentration of third-party trackers in the U.S. Finally, we find that some browser-based privacy tools mitigate the attack while others are largely ineffective.
Molecular Photoelectrocatalysts for Visible Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Neutral Water

A light-activated hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst is reported. Hydrogen evolves near the thermodynamic potential when aqueous solutions of the iridium chloride complex [Cp*Ir(bpy)(Cl)][Cl] (1, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) are illuminated by visible light. In the dark, no electrocatalytic activity is observed. This unique hydrogen evolution mechanism is made possible because a single transition metal complex is the active light absorber and active electrocatalyst. Optimization by tuning the electronic structure of the catalyst and varying reaction conditions resulted in H2 evolution with faster rates, even at milder applied potentials (kobs ∼ 0.1 s–1 at 100 mV electrochemical overpotential).
Developments on Supervisor and Subordinate Antecedents of Abusive Supervision

Abusive supervision is a pervasive problem for organizations. While much research has examined its outcomes, less is known about the antecedents of abuse. The four empirical papers and one theoretical paper in the symposium contribute to research on antecedents of abusive supervision by: (1) testing supervisor antecedents of abusive supervision (e.g., their work perceptions and personal orientations); (2) exploring subordinate antecedents of abusive supervision (e.g., their centrality in a network); (3) examining the interactive effects of supervisor and subordinate characteristics on abuse (e.g., supervisor workplace frustration and subordinate political skill; subordinate performance and supervisor cognitive approaches; supervisor Theory X beliefs and subordinate core self-evaluation; supervisor feelings of envy, bottom-line mentality, and subordinate competence/warmth; supervisor and subordinate network characteristics), (4) testing mediators of the relationships between supervisor and subordinate ante...
Power Quality Calibration Device Based on Virtual Instrument Technology

This paper studies the application of virtual instrument technology on power quality calibration device. Its function principle, hardware configuration and design idea of the test software developed by LabVIEW program are introduced in details. The device is composed of arbitrary wave generator, power amplifier, data acquisition system, control computer and LabVIEW software platform. The output-calibrated signal is generated by the software platform and monitored by the data acquisition system. The device can be used to calibrate and verify the power quality analyzers. In fact, the metrological device based on virtual instrument technology has many characteristics, such as user-friendly interface, advanced automation, convenient operation, high reliability and high accuracy.
Detection of Airfield Runways in Forward-looking Aerial Images with Complex Backgrounds

This paper discusses the methods to detect the runway in airborne forward-high-angle-shot images with complex background automatically.We can build the gradient field of the mismatch cost function directly based on the model of the gravitational field.As long as in convergence domain of the correct matching position,we will find the steepest descent path according to the optimum estimation theory and then find the correct matching position.The Hough transformation can be used to find straight lines in pictures.By means of INS,the predicted positions of the lines can help us to save the required time.This ensures the requirement of real-time be met.The experiments show that the algorithms have good performance of detecting and locating airfield runways in forward-looking aerial images.
Principal component analysis for histogram-valued data

This paper introduces a principal component methodology for analysing histogram-valued data under the symbolic data domain. Currently, no comparable method exists for this type of data. The proposed method uses a symbolic covariance matrix to determine the principal component space. The resulting observations on principal component space are presented as polytopes for visualization. Numerical representation of the resulting polytopes via histogram-valued output is also presented. The necessary algorithms are included. The technique is illustrated on a weather data set.
Black and indigenous: Garífuna activism and consumer culture in Honduras

On Thursday, 3 March 2016, as I read this book I received the news that Berta Caceres, a prominent indigenous environmental rights activists and general coordinator of COPINH, had been murdered. Ca...
Semiconductor Nanowires for Energy Harvesting

Abstract Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have been extensively studied for over two decades. Due to their one-dimensional morphology-related novel electronic, electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties, semiconductor NWs hold great promises in energy harvesting from light irradiation, temperature gradient, and mechanical deformation. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent major advances of semiconductor NWs in the field of energy harvesting. NW-based photovoltaics are first reviewed with an emphasis of solar cells assembled from p–n junction, organic dye, polymer, quantum dots, and organometal perovskite. Developments of NW-based photoelectrochemical reactions are then discussed and compared from the groups of pristine, doped NWs, and NW heterostructures. NW-based thermoelectric and piezoelectric devices are reviewed and their unique advantages in thermal and mechanical energy harvesting are discussed. This chapter concludes with a brief perspective on future research directions and remaining challenges that would need to be overcome for utilizing semiconductor NWs in practical energy-harvesting devices.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Classification of Images

This chapter obtains meaningful 3D images of macromolecules by merging only data that originate from particles showing the macromolecule in the same state. It also describes the theory of correspondence analysis and classification of images. Classification of images involves an attempt to interpret the clusters in the widest sense by attaching a label that points outside the mere geometric description, and by assigning the meaning of a physical origin to the diversity found. The need for multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) has become obvious in the treatment of two-dimensional (2D) image averaging. Macromolecules exist in a large range of conformational states. Most of the associated variations are too small to be observed in the electron microscope, but some are big enough to be detected. The forces acting on the molecule in the course of the specimen preparation may produce deformations. Air-drying of negatively stained specimens is known to flatten the molecule in a direction normal to the support; hence, it is an effect that critically depends on the orientation of the molecule relative to the support. Any variations in the orientation of the molecule on the support will result in variations of the projected image, which are in the case of negative staining further amplified by meniscus effects.
Overview of Geologic Storage of CO 2

This chapter presents an overview of geologic storage of CO 2 . It discusses the nature and extent of formations that could be used for geologic storage, the physical and chemical processes responsible for geologic storage, risks of geologic storage, and demonstration projects underway today. The chapter introduces CO 2 capture and storage (CCS), which is a four-step process where a pure or nearly pure stream of CO 2 is separated and captured from flue gas or other process stream; next it is compressed to about 100 atm; it is then transported to the injection site; and finally, it is injected deep underground into a geological formation, such as an oil and gas reservoir where it can be safely stored for thousands of years or longer. Today, CCS has emerged as one of the most promising options for deep reductions in CO 2 emissions.
Level-2 Milestone 5213. CTS-1 Contract Award Completed

This report documents the fact that the first commodity technology (CT) system contract award, CTS-1, has been completed. The description of the milestone is: Based on Tri-Lab CTS-1 process and review, LLNL successfully awards the procurement for the next-generation Tri-Lab Linux CTS-1. The milestone completion criterion is: Signed contract. The milestone was completed on September 24th. 2015.
Down and Out

Ogby trudged up the seamount, expanding her bladders as forcefully as she could, but the effort didn’t gain her much weight. Her body was becoming so light it felt like the current was going to sweep her away, footholds or no footholds.
Modulation of Innate Immune Cells to Create Transplant Tolerance

Graft loss to rejection remains a key impediment to transplant success, which limits the therapeutic potential of this procedure. Though adaptive immune cells are critical in rejection, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of innate immune cells in dictating transplant outcomes (rejection or survival), highlighting the necessity in therapeutically targeting innate immune cells in the induction of tolerance to organ transplants. However, there are many challenges facing the field, as innate immune system consists of diverse cell types, molecular sensors, and soluble mediators that are different from those in the adaptive system. Also, some innate immune cells mediate graft injury, while others promote transplant survival, making therapeutic targeting of innate immune cells a challenging task. In this chapter, key elements in the innate immune system, their responses to organ transplants, as well as the challenges and opportunities in targeting those elements in favor of transplant survival are reviewed.
Microrna 137 Plays A Critical Role in Early Embryonic Development and Synaptic Transmission

Abstract MicroRNA 137 (miR-137) is implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia and fundamental neuronal processes. A locus harboring the MIR137 primary transcript remains the second most significant genome-wide association signal for schizophrenia (rs1702294, P=3.4×10−19) and genes with predicted miR-137 target sites are enriched for smaller GWAS P-values, suggesting that miR-137 regulates a gene network involved in schizophrenia. Here we demonstrate the functional effects resulting from markedly decreasing and increasing the expression of miR-137 in vivo and in vitro. We will present in vivo findings from mice with a targeted disruption of the Mir137 primary transcript, including data on multiple levels: embryonic development, behavior, and gene expression. We will also present recent in vitro functional data resulting from over-expression of Mir137 in primary neurons, followed by a characterization of cell structure, physiology and proteomics. In short, our in vivo results demonstrate that at least one functional copy of Mir137 is essential for embryonic development. These data are consistent with miR-137 playing important roles in development and perhaps also in neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia. Our in vitro results demonstrate that Mir137 expression in neurons inhibits synaptic transmission by a presynaptic mechanism, likely by down-regulating the expression of presynaptic genes involved in synaptic vesicle secretion. These whole-animal and cellular level data are consistent with human genetic data suggesting that MIR137 regulates a gene network involved in schizophrenia etiology.