cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal evaluation of free autogenous gingival grafts

Abstract This study was designed to determine the necessity for and effectiveness of the free autogenous gingival graft in maintaining the periodontal attachment to teeth. Ninety-two patients with bilateral facial surfaces of inadequate keratinized gingiva had a free autogenous gingival graft placed on one of the facial surfaces (experimental side) while the contralateral side served as the control. Measurements were recorded from the CEJ to the 1) free gingival margin, 2) base of the gingival sulcus, and 3) mucogingival junction on the mid-facial of selected teeth. The Gingival Index and Plaque Index (Loe 1967) were also evaluated. A total of 107 grafts were performed and followed from 6 months to 2 years post grafting. Patients were recalled (scaling, root planing, plaque control instruction) and clinical parameters such as pocket depth, recession and attachment level were measured at 3- and 6-month intervals. Both experimental (grafted) and control (unoperated) sides showed marked reduction in the Gingival Index and Plaque Index. Neither side demonstrated further attachment loss. It would appear that minimizing inflammation is sufficient to maintain attachment levels despite the width of keratinized attached gingiva.
Intensity interferometry with anyons

A pairwise correlation function in relative momentum space is discussed as a tool to characterize the properties of an incoherent source of noninteracting Abelian anyons. This is analogous to the Hanbury-Brown Twiss effect for particles with fractional statistics in two dimensions. In particular, using a flux tube model for anyons, the effects of source shape and quantum statistics on a two-particle correlation function are examined. Such a tool may prove useful in the context of quantum computing and other experimental applications where studying anyon sources are of interest.
Mechanisms of action of morphine in the treatment of experimental pulmonary edema.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of morphine were correlated with the course of acute pulmonary edema in 18 dogs. Pulmonary edema was produced by various technics designed to simulate the clinical cardiovascular disorders in which pulmonary edema most commonly occurs. Morphine (0.5 mg./kg.) resulted in subsidence of pulmonary edema in all animals, and improvement was concomitant with striking and parallel decreases in pulmonary arterial flow and pressure and in left atrial and left ventricular enddiastolic pressures. Total pulmonary vascular resistance was measured before and after morphine administration in 12 normal dogs. A preparation was utilized in which left atrial pressure and pulmonary and systemic arterial flows were maintained constant. A slight to moderate decrease in resistance usually occurred, but the changes were variable and not of significance. The experiments indicate that the beneficial effects of morphine in pulmonary edema may be principally attributed to the effects of the drug on the capacitance vessels of the peripheral circulation. Capacity of the peripheral vascular bed is increased, systemic venous return is reduced, and improvement results from a “pharmacologic phlebotomy.”
A User Looks at the Semiconductor Converter

As one of the largest users of power converter equipment in the world, Alcoa has had a profound interest in the development of the semiconductor power converter. This paper reviews the application of large converter equipment, starting with the first major unit installed in the United States at Alcoa's Badin Works in North Carolina, and traces operations to the present. Advantages of the silicon equipment as compared with other methods of power conversion, as well as some of the engineering problems encountered, are described from the user's viewpoint.
Public feasting, elite competition, and the market economy of Roman North Africa

This article explores the economy of Roman North Africa, particularly the province of Africa Proconsularis, in an attempt to illuminate how the area grew to become one of the most prosperous areas of the Roman Empire. Looking specifically at the institutional role played by competitive, ostentatious spending on public goods by elites in the region, I contend that this elite competition and the money this injected into the regional economy was a major factor in the development of market forces and monetisation throughout Roman Africa. Further, this perspective helps to explain also how the urban spaces and the agriculturally productive rural areas of Roman Africa were linked together, forming an active regional economy that operated alongside, and partly in competition with, the export-oriented economy focused on supplying the city Rome.
Self-assembling materials for lithographic patterning: overview, status, and moving forward

We survey several different approaches wherein self-assembly has been applied in lithographic patterning. As part of this survey, we trace the evolution of block copolymer directed self-assembly used as lithographic technique, and summarize its current status. We compare a process based on block copolymer lithography with an equivalent process based on spacer pitch division. We conclude with a brief discussion of design issues and future research in the field.
Surface tension and density profile of liquid 3 He

The surface tension and density profile of liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ are calculated by a new variational method which employs as input the radial distribution function of bulk $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ obtained by x-ray scattering. The theoretical value of the surface tension, at 0.152 dyn/cm, stands in good agreement with experiment. A density profile characterized by a one-atomic-layer-thick high-density region is predicted. The density near the surface exceeds the bulk density by 30%, and should be experimentally observable. A more-general self-consistent theory is outlined to show directions for improvements in the theoretical calculation.
Imaging during radiation therapy captures abrupt and dramatic changes.

A 53 year-old woman with non-small cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe (LUL) was treated with radiation and concurrent chemotherapy. The initial baseline 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed tomography (CT) scans (left panels) displayed an FDG-avid LUL mass, a positive left pretracheal node, atelectasis of the LUL, and minimal FDG activity in the esophagus. Repeat CT and PET scans (middle panels) on day 39, following a 44 Gy tumor dose, revealed minimal activity in the pretracheal node, reduced LUL tumor activity and size, persistence of the LUL atelectasis, and increased esophageal activity. Three days later an on-treatment cone beam CT (upper right panel, CT3*) showed remarkable posterior-lateral translation of the primary tumor and complete resolution of the LUL atelectasis. Repeat CT (not shown) and PET (PET3) confirmed the cone beam CT findings and demonstrated increased esophageal activity consistent with clinical symptoms of radiation esophagitis. The abrupt resolution of atelectasis and dramatic tumor shift, demonstrated in the co-registered PET image showing a fusion of the 2nd and 3rd PET images, mandated substantial changes to the treatment. Without adaptive planning, a highly conformal treatment plan would have missed a portion of the shifted target volume. With advanced radiation delivery methods and small treatment margins the possibility of a geometric miss due to such a shift is high. Similar tumor and anatomic re-modeling may go undetected unless frequent imaging is performed during treatment, especially when the patient’s normal anatomy is drastically altered by disease. In such cases a daily cone beam CT may be warranted. This finding provides further justification for the RTOG1106/ACRIN6697 trial, which will test whether during-treatment PET and CT based individualized adaptive radiation planning enables improved local regional tumor control in non-small cell lung cancer.
Beta-lactamase alteration of betalactam inhibitory zones

A disk approximation test, in which the inhibitory zone of one beta-lactam antibiotic is truncated under influence of another beta-lactam (e.g. cefoxitin), was used as a screen for the presence of inducible betalactamase. By using beta-lactamase extracts and a specific inhibitor, it was shown that chromosomal beta-lactamase can indeed be the sole cause of truncated beta-lactam inhibitory zones.
George Wallis: The Original Artist-Teacher

ABSTRACT A historical discussion of George Wallis, an influential nineteenth-century pioneer of teaching artistry.
Soil nutrients affect sweetness of sugar maple sap

Abstract Understanding how soil nutrients affect sap sweetness of sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is important for producing maple syrup, an economically important non-timber forest product in the northeastern USA and southeastern Canada. Sugar maples were sampled for sap sweetness in 21 plots distributed across five stands in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Sugar concentrations in maple sap were higher in plots with greater native soil nitrogen availability, indicated by N mineralization in laboratory incubations (p = 0.01). To test whether nutrient additions can improve sap sweetness, treatment plots were fertilized with N, P, N and P, or Ca. Addition of 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1 increased sap sweetness two years after initial treatment. Foliar P had a negative correlation with sap sweetness (p = 0.02) while trees with higher foliar N:P had sweeter sap (p
Adjustment of Provisional Mortality Series: The Dynamic Linear Model with Structured Measurement Errors

Abstract We consider the problem of adjusting provisional time series using a bivariate structural model with correlated measurement errors. Maximum likelihood estimators and a minimum mean squared error adjustment procedure are derived for a provisional and final series containing common trend and seasonal components. The model also includes measurement errors common to both series and errors that are specific to the provisional series. We illustrate the technique by using provisional data to forecast ischemic heart disease mortality.
Magnetic moments, hadron masses, and quark masses

Two independent quark-model predictions of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ magnetic moments, in agreement with one another and with experiment to 1%, are obtained by using two different inputs for SU(3) breaking in quark masses: (1) $(\frac{{m}_{s}}{{m}_{u}})=\frac{({M}_{{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{*}}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{\ensuremath{\Sigma}})}{({M}_{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{N})}$; and (2) ${m}_{s}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{u}={M}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{N}$. I discuss the implications of the surprising sucess of a description of quark magnetic moments as Dirac moments with quark masses related so simply to hadron masses.
The neural binding problem(s)

The famous Neural Binding Problem (NBP) comprises at least four distinct problems with different computational and neural requirements. This review discusses the current state of work on General Coordination, Visual Feature-Binding, Variable Binding, and the SubjectiveUnity of Perception. There is significant continuing progress, partially masked by confusing the different versions of the NBP.
Heterogeneity of Thyroid Iodine Turnover: Last Come, Last Served Phenomenon

Contrary to current dogma, the present studies indicate that the thyroid does not always secrete recently labeled iodine at a faster rate than “old” labeled iodine which has been present in the gland for a longer period. Thyroids of intact or hypophysectomized rats were labeled with 123I 20–48 hr and with 131I 0.5–4 hr before instituting treatment with thionamide drugs to prevent reaccumulation and organic binding of radioiodine lost from the thyroid. The animals were then injected with a single dose of TSH or saline. Newly labeled iodine was secreted at a faster rate than previously labeled iodine in intact iodine-replete and iodine-deficient rats when 125I was given 48 hr and 131I 4 hr before initiating the thyroid measurements. However, exactly the re verse was found when the glands of intact iodine-replete animals were labeled with 125)I 20 hr and with 131I 0.5 hr before beginning the thionamide regimen or if those of iodine-deficient hypophy-sectomized rats were labeled with 125I 48 hr and with 131I ...
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication

1. Introduction 2. The wireless channel 3. Point-to-point communication: detection, diversity and channel uncertainty 4. Cellular systems: multiple access and interference management 5. Capacity of wireless channels 6. Multiuser capacity and opportunistic communication 7. MIMO I: spatial multiplexing and channel modeling 8. MIMO II: capacity and multiplexing architectures 9. MIMO III: diversity-multiplexing tradeoff and universal space-time codes 10. MIMO IV: multiuser communication A. Detection and estimation in additive Gaussian noise B. Information theory background.
Cutaneous blood flow and percutaneous absorption: a quantitative analysis using a laser Doppler velocimeter and a blood flow meter

Cutaneous blood flow has been directly quantitated in vivo for the first time without animal death utilizing the rat skin sandwich flap. This was accomplished by conducting experiments that made a direct correlation between two instruments: a laser Doppler velocimeter and an electromagnetic blood flow meter. Data demonstrate that the correlation between these two instruments is high and reproducible (r = 0.96) with a small (1.3%) coefficient of variation. Blood flow to skin in the unmanipulated state varies from 0.7 to 1.2 mls/min in an anesthetized rat. Application of the blood flow correlation to the determination of percutaneous absorption of caffeine across human skin and benzoic acid across rat skin demonstrates that assuming cutaneous blood flow is a particular value day to day in any skin type results in an apparent wide range of total compound absorbed across that skin on independent occasions. Utilizing actual blood flow measurements to calculate the amount of chemical absorbed reduces the range of variability in the total amount of chemical absorbed and provides a more accurate knowledge of events occurring during a particular time of the absorption process. Quantitation of cutaneous blood flow will be useful in physiologic and pharmacologic studies where actual cutaneous blood flow is likely to be important to the processes studied, e.g., delivery of drug to skin, metabolism within the skin, and disposition of drug to blood and skin following topical drug application.
pH dependence of the electronic structure of glycine.

The carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen K-edge spectra were measured for aqueous solutions of glycine by total electron yield near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (TEY NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The bulk solution pH was systematically varied while maintaining a constant amino acid concentration. Spectra were assigned through comparisons with both previous studies and ab initio computed spectra of isolated glycine molecules and hydrated glycine clusters. Nitrogen K-edge solution spectra recorded at low and moderate pH are nearly identical to those of solid glycine, whereas basic solution spectra strongly resemble those of the gas phase. The carbon 1s → π*CO transition exhibits a 0.2 eV red shift at high pH due to the deprotonation of the amine terminus. This deprotonation also effects a 1.4 eV red shift in the nitrogen K-edge at high pH. Two sharp preedge features at 401.3 and 402.5 eV are also observed at high pH. These resonances, previously observed in the vapor-phase ISEELS spectrum of glycine,1 have been rea...
The search for proton decay and other rare phenomena

We have obtained the first results with a large water Cherenkov counter located in a salt mine in Ohio. (Bionta et al . 1983. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett .) The partial lifetime for the decay p e + π° is found to be longer than the value calculated from the minimal SU(5) theory, with the best presently available estimates for the parameters needed. The detector is sensitive to some other potential decay modes, as well as to some rare phenomena that have been discussed in recent years. The characteristics of the penetrating cosmic ray muons and atmospheric neutrino interactions observed are compatible with expectations.
Low Protein Rations for the Bobwhite Quail

Abstract NORRIS (1935) reported that the bobwhite quail needed a 27 percent protein ration for the most rapid growth to eight weeks of age. Stadelman et al. (1945) found that the best results were obtained with a mixture running slightly over 28 percent crude protein. Favorable results were also obtained with 24 and 25 percent crude protein mixtures. Nestler et al. (1942) studied protein levels varying from 22 to 32 percent and reported that the 28 percent level gave the best general results. The mortality was high, ranging from 40 to 56 percent for the first 10 weeks. In later experiments by Nestler et al. (1944) the mortality to ten weeks was reduced to approximately 20 percent. Baldini et al. (1950) found that optimum growth was obtained on a 28 percent protein corn-soybean oil meal ration supplemented with minerals, vitamins, and methionine and reported that mortality ranged from zero to 9 …
Concurrent static and dynamic light scattering from macromolecular solutions. 1. Model systems in the low q regime

Abstract Concurrent acquisition of static and dynamic light scattering data has been performed on model systems of dilute narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrenes in toluene and also on dilute suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene lattices in water. The data were analysed to extract a self consistent set of thermodynamic (molecular weight, radius of gyration, virial coefficient) and hydrodynamic (diffusion coefficient) results. It is demonstrated that the intensity autocorrelation function can be analysed to determine the absolute magnitude of the temporal-spatial scattering surface and can therefore provide the results which would normally be obtained from a separate static light scattering experiment. Preliminary results in the intermediate q regime suggest that with a concurrent analysis scheme of the type demonstrated here it will be possible to analyse in further detail the transition of the scattering function from q 2 to q 3 dependence.
The Effects of Food Deprivation on Food Sharing and Attraction in the White Rat

Food sharing behaviors in the white rat were examined in two studies using a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design with depriva tion of the free roaming animals (deprived or not food deprived), deprivation of the tethered target animals (deprived or not food deprived), and food availability during testing (available or not available) as the independent variables. In Experiment I a single animal served as the tethered target while in Experiment II two animals served as tethered targets. Food sharing and eating behaviors for deprived animals were much like those of the wild rats described by Barnett (1963). The nondeprived animals neither ate nor retrieved-food. No support was generated for an altruism hypothesis which required that the deprivation state of the tethered animal affect retrieval rates by the free roaming animals. The presence of food decreased contact times for the deprived, free roaming animals but not for the non deprived ones (p < .10 Exp I; p < .05 Exp II). In Experiment II more time was spent with ...
Automated system for analytical microbiology V: Calibration lines for antibiotics

The accuracy of an automated system for the microbiological assay of antibiotics was increased by improvement attendant to connection to an on-line computer. The system was used to investigate the suitability of four forms of interpolation formulas by assaying for chlortetracycline and erythromycin. The calibration lines were prepared as point-to-point straight-line approximations and as cubic equations. Cubic equations through four calibration points were preferred. Since the automated system was a four-channel instrument, a separate response line was prepared for each channel. Combining the four response lines into one could substantially degrade the accuracy and precision of assays. A new general equation relating the response of the test organism to concentrations of active materials was used to account for factors in addition to the antibiotic upon the dose-response line. Some of these factors were: diluents, growth substances, relative proportions of mixed antibiotics, pH and buffer capacities of the sample solution and assay broth, salts, and organic compounds in samples and not in standard solutions. The equation was used to show under what conditions the dose-response lines of mixtures and single-component antibiotics could be the same. It could also account for the nonspecific nature of turbidimetric assays. The equation showed assay biases to be caused not by differences in composition of antibiotics in standards and samples but by differences in other substances affecting growth of the test organism. A new dose-response line applicable to assays using Klebsiella pneumoniae was described.
On a theory of computing symposia

We consider the problem of scheduling a conference to achieve the benefits in time-compression of parallel sessions, but without the associated high degree of conflict between talks. We describe a randomized construction meeting these goals that we analyze based on an expansion property of an associated graph. We also give algorithms for attendees scheduling their time within such a conference, and algorithms for verifying a proposed conference schedule. Finally, we present simulation results for typical conference sizes.
E-012 Direct transcrainal puncture of a hemangiopericytoma and successful embolization with Onyx

Introduction Hemangiopericytomas (HPC) comprise 1% of intracranial neoplasms and are traditionally treated with preoperative embolization and resection. This is a case of direct transcranial puncture and Onyx embolization of a right extra-axial tentorial HPC. Materials and Methods A 61-year-old woman presented to the University of Virginia Medical Center following an aborted resection at an outside hospital of what was believed a meningioma. During the operation significant bleeding occurred. Frozen section identified it as a HPC. Angiography was performed for preoperative embolization of the lesion. The tumor was highly vascular and had arterial feeders from the right ECA and parasitized vessels from the right MCA, PCA, and SCA. The only appropriate branch for embolization was a small tortuous branch of the middle meningeal artery. Attempts to select this vessel using 0.014 and 0.010 microguidewires were unsuccessful. The vessel proved to be too small to catheterize. The team opted to attempt to treat the tumor by a direct stick embolization through the gap in the craniotomy defect. The scalp was surgically prepped and a diagnostic angiographic catheter was placed into the right ECA trunk to perform control angiograms and to monitor embolization. This was used to puncture the center of the supratentorial component. Embolization was performed with Onyx 34 (eV3, Irvine, California, USA) with continuous fluoroscopic monitoring using a negative roadmap technique. The needle was repositioned five times and a total of five cc9s of Onyx was injected into the supratentorial component. The infratentorial component was not treated because it was small and less accessible. Surgical resection was performed the following day. The supratentorial section was completely necrotic and avascular. The infratentorial tumor was very vascular but resected with acceptable blood loss. Discussion Transarterial embolization of vascular tumors of the head and neck is a standard procedure; direct stick embolization is rare. Direct puncture embolization with NBCA of vascular tumors has been reported. Onyx has been used for direct stick embolization of carotid body tumors. In this case, the crainotomy defect allowed for direct access to a tumor which could not have been embolized with transarterial techniques. In principle, otherwise inaccessible intracranial tumors would be embolized via small burr holes. Conclusion Successful Onyx embolization of intracranial vascular tumors can be achieved via unique accesses.
Polarization Features in Bistatic Scattering From Rough Surfaces

A study of the bistatic scattering patterns of rough surfaces is reported. We utilize both approximate and numerically exact models for surface scattering, and focus in particular on the location of local minima in the normalized radar cross-section as a function of the polar and azimuthal scattering angles. It is shown that these minima locations are distinct for HH and VV polarized returns in the case of slight roughness, and that the minimum locations for VV polarization are dependent for this case on the permittivity of the surface. It is also shown that these behaviors are modified as the surface roughness increases. These results may be useful in the design of future bistatic methods for sensing rough surface properties; initial consideration of the remote sensing of surface permittivity for small height surfaces is provided as an example.
Unsupervised image classification for remotely sensed imagery

Unsupervised image classification for remotely sensed imagery is very challenging due to the fact that the unknown image background generally varies with a wide range of spectral deviations. Additionally, spectral similarity among subtle small calsses also causes tremendous difficulty in classification. This paper investigates three major issues, (1) image background removal, (2) generation of training sample data, (3) determination of the number of classes to be classified, p which are encountered in unsupervised image classification. The study on these three issues is conducted via a well-known Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) image scene, Indiana Pine test site available online at Purdue University's website. Since image background varies with different applications, it is generally difficult to perform background removal without prior knowledge. In order for unsupervised classification to be effective, a good set of training data is also necessary. These training samples must be generated directly from the image data in an unsupervised manner. This paper develops an unsupervised training sample generation algorithm (UTSGA) that can generate a good sample pool of training data for supervised classification. In determining p, a newly developed concept, called virtual dimensionality (VD) is used to estimate the p where a Neyman-Pearson-based eigen-analysis approach developed by Harsanyi, Farrand and Chang, called noise-whitened HFC (NWHFC)'s method, is implemented to find the VD to be used for the p. Finally, an unsupervised image classification algorithm can be derived by implementing a supervised classifier in conjunction with teh UTSGA algorithm and NWHFC's method.
Retention of lead acetate in weanling and adult rats.

Abstract The relative toxicity of lead acetate provided at uniform dosages (mg/kg body weight/week) in drinking water or by a single weekly po administration was studied in weanling and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrins, urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid, and lead levels in blood, brain, kidney, and femur were measured. Effects of age and schedule of administration were evaluated by calculating the percentage of ingested lead retained in brain, kidney, and femur. No effects of age on levels of lead in blood or in brain tissue were observed within the same dosage schedule group when dosing was equivalent on the basis of body weight. Weanling rats had lower levels of lead in kidney and higher levels in femur than did equivalently dosed adult rats. Concentrations of lead in blood, kidney, and femur were significantly higher in weanling rats exposed to lead daily in drinking water than in weanling animals receiving an equivalent dose of lead once per week. Brain lead levels were significantly higher in adult rats receiving lead in drinking water than in intermittently exposed adult animals. Weanling rats retained significantly higher fractions of ingested lead in brain tissue and in femur than did equivalently dosed adult rats under both schedules of lead administration. Under conditions of intermittent exposure to equivalent doses of lead, adult rats retained a higher percentage of lead in kidney tissue than did weanling animals. Lead retention in kidney tissue of weanling rats was significantly higher when lead was provided daily than when equivalent doses were administered at weekly intervals.
Information Disclosure, Subject Understanding, and Informed Consent in Psychiatric Research*

Investigator information disclosure and subject understanding are examined in four psychiatric studies using data drawn from observation of 88 consent sessions. In an attempt to determine if subjects' understanding of research can be improved, three experimental methods of information giving (including the use of independent subject educators) are compared to standard investigator disclosure. Findings indicate that the use of experimental techniques generally increases the quality of information delivered to prospective subjects, with disclosures by subject educators generating the most complete information. Subject understanding was also found to be significantly associated with the quality of information provided. Diagnosis and level of psychopathology, however, were found to be the most important predictors of subject understanding, with schizophrenics and the highly impaired most likely to demonstrate poor comprehension. These results suggest that the degree of improvement in understanding obtainable for severely disordered subjects is substantially lower than it is for others. The implications of these findings for informed consent, the regulation of medical research, and the protection of human subjects are discussed.
New T-lymphocytic cell lines for studying cell infectability by human immunodeficiency virus.

We identified five human T-lymphoid cell lines (PB-1, Sez-4, C19PL, HUT 102B and ATL-2) which highly express CD4 in addition to CXCR4 and CCR5, In order to evaluate if these cells are infectabile by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and could be employed as a model in HIV research we exposed these cell lines to X4 (T-cell tropic) and R5 (macrophage tropic) and subsequently tried to correlate their infectability with (i) level of chemokine coreceptor (CXCR4 and CCR5) expression, (ii) coreceptor functionality (calcium flux, chemotaxis and phosphorylation of MAPK p42/44 and AKT) and (iii) endogenous expression and secretion of HIV-related chemokines which compete with the virus for binding to CXCR4 (SDF-1/CXCL12) or CCR5 (MIP-1β/ CCL4, MIP-1α/CCL3, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-2/CCL8, MCP-3/CCL7 and MCP-4/CCL13). We demonstrated that while PB-I cells are infectable by both X4 and R5 HIV, Sez-4, C91PL, HUT 102B and ATL-2 cells were infected by X4 HIV only. Moreover, we noticed that the susceptibility of these cells to HIV did not correspond either with the level of surface expression or with the functionality of CXCR4 or CCR5; however, it was modulated to some degree by the endogenously secreted HIV-related chemokines. Thus all five mature T-cell lines described here may provide useful new models for studying various aspects of HIV infection. In addition we demonstrate that the infectability of cells by HIV is modulated by so far unidentified intrinsic factors as well as some already known endogenously secreted chemokines. The identification of these factors may be important for developing new strategies to protect cells from HIV infection.
TREATMENT OF HISTIOCYTOSIS-X WITH SUPPRESSIN A: RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY

We have previously described that thymic hormones might be useful in the treatment of histiocytosis-X. Based on those data, the Office of Orphan Products Development at the FDA is sponsoring a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study to determine if Suppressin A, a mixture of thymic hormones that specifically induce the differentiation of suppressor T-lymphocytes, is biologically active in histiocytosis-X. Patients are randomized to receive either Suppressin A or placebo for 42 days, after which they are re-evaluated and the code broken. To help in the evaluation of biological activity, four distinct clinical scoring systems were created: 1)organ specific; 2)whole body; 3)vital systems (respiratory, hepatic and hematopoetic function); and 4)overall performance status. The results to date from the initial 13 patients who have completed the six-week treatment course in this on-going study are: These data indicate biological activity of Suppressin A in the treatment of histiocytosis-X. These early trends of significance need to be confirmed through further patient recruitment and study.
Identification of Anaplasma marginale type IV secretion system effector proteins.

Lockwood, S., D.E. Voth, K.A. Brayton, P.A. Beare, W.C. Brown, R.A. Heinzen, and S.L. Broschat, ���Identification of Anaplasma marginale type IV secretion system effector proteins,�� PLoS ONE, Vol. 6, No. 11, e7724, Nov. 2011. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027724.
Global solutions for nonlinear systems using qualitative reasoning

This paper explores how qualitative information can be used to improve the performance of global optimization procedures. Specifically, we have constructed a nonlinear parameter estimation reasoner (NPER) for finding parameter values that match an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model to observed data. Qualitative reasoning is used within the NPER, for instance, to intelligently choose starting values for the unknown parameters and to empirically determine when the system appears to be chaotic. This enables odrpack, the nonlinear leastdsquares solver that lies at the heart of this NPER, to avoid terminating at local extrema in the regression landscape. odrpack is uniquely suited to this task because of its efficiency and stability. The NPER’s robustness is demonstrated via a Monte Carlo analysis of simulated examples drawn from across the domain of dynamics, including systems that are nonlinear, chaotic, and noisy. It is shown to locate solutions for noisy, incomplete realdworld sensor data from radiodcontrolled cars used in the University of British Columbia’s soccerdplaying robot project. The parameter estimation scheme described in this paper is a component of pret, an implemented computer program that uses a variety of artificial intelligence techniques to automate system identification – the process of inferring an internal ODE model from external observations of a system – a routine and difficult problem faced by engineers from various disciplines.
Will the “Real” American Please Stand Up? The Effect of Implicit National Prototypes on Discriminatory Behavior and Judgments

Three studies tested whether implicit prototypes about who is authentically American predict discriminatory behavior and judgments against Americans of non-European descent. These studies identified specific contexts in which discrimination is more versus less likely to occur, the underlying mechanism driving it, and moderators of such discrimination. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that the more participants held implicit beliefs that the prototypical American is White, the less willing they were to hire qualified Asian Americans in national security jobs; however, this relation did not hold in identical corporate jobs where national security was irrelevant. The implicit belief—behavior link was mediated by doubts about Asian Americans’ national loyalty. Study 3 demonstrated a similar effect in a different domain: The more participants harbored race-based national prototypes, the more negatively they evaluated an immigration policy proposed by an Asian American but not a White policy writer. Political conse...
Neolocality and household structure in Early America

This article examines household organization and living arrangements in Early America using a unique population enumeration collected in 1776 in the British North American colony of Maryland. Confounding expectations, Early American populations did not demonstrate key demographic or economic pre-conditions of the ‘northwest European’ model. High sex ratios in New England, the Chesapeake, and New Spain led to extremely low ages at marriage. Likewise, evidence of ‘life-cycle’ service in British North America was almost non-existent as dependence on indentured servitude and chattel slavery translated into diminished economic opportunities for single adult males. Despite the differences, British North American populations still adhered to the rule of ‘neolocality’ when it came to household organization. Inheritance practices in British North America seem to have reinforced the practice of neolocality for older sons and the simultaneous formation of both simple and extended households. Parental bequest pattern...
Behavioral Sequences During Dominance Hierarchy Formation in Chickens

Dominance hierarchies near linearity (containing mostly transitive and few intransitive triads) are common in many species. Analysis of the possible sequences for forming dominance relationships shows that two ensure transitivity, and two others produce either transitive or intransitive triads. Experiments with chickens show that in groups of three and four they most often use the two sequences that ensure transitivity and thus linear hierarchies. Examination of such sequences may help explain the formation of near linear hierarchies in other species.
Probing Local Stoichiometry in InGaN Based Quantum Wells of Solid-State LEDs

It is technologically desirable to improve the efficiency (brightness) of green light emitting diodes (LED) to reach values comparable to other LEDs of the visible spectrum for general lighting applications. The active region of green LED devices consists of InxGa1-xN quantum wells (QWs) sandwiched between a pand n-doped GaN matrix. Unlike all other semiconductor LEDs, engineering of the indium (In) distribution towards inhomogeneities seems to boost device performance. The small difference of atomic numbers between Ga and In atoms (ΔZ =18), the low absolute number of In atoms in 2-3 nm wide quantum wells of concentration x ~ 0.2, and the small size of clusters generate unusual challenges for a quantitative investigation of the relation between structure, chemistry, and optical performance since single atom sensitivity and the application of different analytical tools are of importance. We address this challenge by application of highresolution TEM (HRTEM), annular dark field (ADF) TEM, and cathodoluminescence (CL).
Sequence requirements for induction of cytolysis by the T cell antigen Fc receptor ζ chain

The zeta chain of the T cell antigen receptor is a dimeric transmembrane protein with a very short extracellular domain and an extended cytoplasmic tail that triggers T cell effector function when aggregated by extracellular stimuli. We have reduced the active site of zeta to an 18 residue motif that can be appended to the intracellular domain of other transmembrane proteins to endow them with receptor-like activity. The compact size of the motif appears to eliminate zeta mechanisms based on enzymatic activity and suggests that one or at most a few cellular proteins interact with the zeta intracellular domain to initiate signal transduction. Analysis of individual amino acids within the 18 residue element reveals two phylogenetically conserved tyrosines that are absolutely required for activity and other residues that are less essential but contribute to the efficacy of receptor-directed cytolysis.
X-ray diffraction study of acellular teleost bone.

THE osseous endoskeletons of the higher orders of teleost fish are noteworthy in that they are totally devoid of enclosed osteocytes (Fig. 1)1,2. The osseous tissue of other fish, like that of all other vertebrates, contains enclosed osteocytes. Although acellular bone, per se, is phylogenetically a very ancient tissue3, its appearance as the sole osseous element in the skeletal systems of the most highly evolved and successful fish suggests that possession of such a tissue confers an adaptive value to the organism in a marine environment.
Development of Number Line Representations in Children With Mathematical Learning Disability

Children with a mathematical learning disability (MLD, n = 19) and low achieving (LA, n = 43) children were identified using mathematics achievement scores below the 11th percentile and between the 11th and 25th percentiles, respectively. A control group of typically achieving (TA, n = 50) children was also identified. Number line and speed of processing tasks were administered in 1st and 2nd grade and a working memory battery in 1st grade. In both grades, the MLD children were less accurate in their number line placements and more reliant on a natural number-magnitude representational system to make these placements than were TA children. The TA children were more reliant on the school-taught linear system in both grades. The performance of the LA children was similar to that of the MLD children in first grade and to the TA children in second. The central executive component of working memory contributed to across-grade improvements in number line performance and to group differences in this performance.
X-ray properties of quasars and results from a deep X-ray survey of optically selected objects

A sample of 178 optically selected quasars and Seyfert galaxies is studied. Seventy seven of the objects have measured X-ray fluxes while the remainder have upper limits. The analysis strengthens and confirms the conclusion of Avni and Tananbaum (1982) that the X-ray-to-optical luminosity ratio of optically selected quasars decreases with increasing optical luminosity. The dependence of the ratio on look-back time is small and may be null. This suggests that the effect is intrinsic to the physical processes that give rise to the nonthermal emission in quasars.
Isomerization of all-trans-9- and 13-desmethylretinol by retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Photoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal triggers phototransduction in the retinal photoreceptor cells and causes ultimately the sensation of vision. 11-cis-Retinal is enzymatically regenerated through a complex set of reactions in adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). In this study using all-trans-9-desmethylretinol (lacking the C19 methyl group) and all-trans-13-desmethylretinol (lacking the C20 methyl group), we explored the effects of C19 and C20 methyl group removals on isomerization of these retinols in RPE microsomes. The C19 methyl group may be involved in the substrate activation, whereas the C20 methyl group causes steric hindrance with a proton in position C10 of 11-cis-retinol; thus, removal of this group could accelerate isomerization. We found that all-trans-9-desmethylretinol and all-trans-13-desmethylretinol are isomerized to their corresponding 11-cis-alcohols, although with lower efficiencies than isomerization of all-trans-retinol to 11-cis-retinol. These fin...
Microgravity materials and life sciences research applications of digital holography

We investigate the utility of digital holographic interferometry for analyzing gravity-dependent mass transport phenomena as applicable to materials and life science research topics. Digital holography is useful for measurement of parameters that introduce phase changes in light traversing the material of interest, such as temperature or concentration variations in an aqueous environment. We have constructed, tested, and verified a compact, portable digital holographic monitor (DHM) suitable for characterization of transparent samples. It has proved useful for the study of systems such as protein crystal growth solutions and has been proposed for further application into studies involving microbial metabolism. The DHM is also sufficiently rugged for field operation in challenging environments as may be encountered in a spacecraft or industrial setting. We discuss some system capabilities and limitations.
Advances in fluorescence imaging of the cardiovascular system.

NIRF molecular imaging strategies are illuminating key biologic aspects of MI and atherosclerosis in vivo. In addition, clinical NIRF reflectance systems are providing intraoperative angiograms and perfusion images that can critically alter the surgical management of coronary artery bypass patients. Advances in NIRF catheter/FMT imaging technology, as well as anticipated clinical trials of NIRF imaging agents, will position fluorescence imaging to play an important role in the molecular diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment plan of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Medicare, medicaid, and access to dermatologists: The effect of patient insurance on appointment access and wait times

Abstract Background In 2002, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services implemented a 5.4% cut in Medicare physician payments, and further reductions are expected in 2004. These cuts have raised concerns that beneficiaries of Medicare will face significant problems obtaining needed physician services. Although there is clear evidence of poor access to care for patients with Medicaid, data measuring access to physicians for patients with Medicare are sparse. Given current lengthy appointment wait times resulting from a relative shortage of dermatologists, we hypothesized that patients with lower-paying coverage might be more likely to experience appointment refusals, longer wait times, or both. Methods Because the ability to obtain timely appointments is a key measure of access, we surveyed dermatologists in 12 medium- and large-sized communities to assess wait times for routine new-patient visits. Dermatologists in these areas (or their staff) received a telephone call asking about the next available appointment for a hypothetical patient with a randomly assigned insurance type (ie, Medicaid, Medicare, or fee-for-service private insurance). Results Of 631 physicians (or staff members) contacted, 612 (97%) agreed to participate. Overall acceptance rates were similar for patients with Medicare (85%) and private insurance (87%), but were much lower for those with Medicaid (32%). Among patients whose insurance was accepted, mean wait times for patients with Medicare and private insurance were 37 days, but patients with Medicaid experienced significant queuing (50 days). There was dramatic geographic variation. In areas where Medicare payments are low relative to commercial payors, there were increases in Medicare rejection rates and wait times. In communities with relatively low Medicaid payment rates, patients with Medicaid faced higher rejection rates and longer wait times. There were also longer overall wait times for female dermatologists and in communities where the concentration of dermatologists was low. Conclusion Although overall access to dermatologists appears comparable for patients with Medicare and private insurance, some access limitations in "hot spots" where Medicare payments are low relative to commercial insurers suggest that patients in these areas may be most sensitive to further payment reductions. Significant access problems for beneficiaries of Medicaid, particularly in areas where Medicaid payments are relatively low, may be a harbinger of the potential consequences of sustained declines in Medicare physician reimbursement.
Case report: tamoxifen-induced depression

Abstract Although there is still some controversy, the general consensus is that estrogen neither increases nor decreases the incidence of depression. However, because estrogen can modulate serotonin, 1 , 2 a neurotransmitter implicated in depression, it is possible that a partial estrogen agonist such as tamoxifen may have mood-altering effects. There have been few studies reporting an association between tamoxifen and depression in women with breast cancer. 3 , 4 In these studies, many confounding factors exist. In this report, we outline a case of depression associated with tamoxifen.