cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering by bubbles: general features, shape effects, and optical probes of bubble dynamics

Bubbles in water or ice are examples of scatterers where the refractive index of the scatterer is less than the surrounding media. For most situations of interest, the size of the bubble is much greater than a wavelength so that many prominent features of the scattering may be identified by the application of ray methods. Such features include: caustics (associated with backward and forward glory scattering and their unfoldings for spheroidal bubbles), critical angle scattering (which may be observed in sunlit bubble clouds in sea water), and Brewster angle scattering (where the reflection of parallel polarized light is quenched). The scattering amplitude near singular features such as caustics and critical angle scattering require physical-optics corrections or, in the case of the critical angle, a detailed asymptotic analysis. Various ones of these features and polarization properties have been observed with laser illumination of freely rising spherical or spheroidal bubbles in water. Modulation of the extinction cross section and modulation of the critical angle scattering were used to study the dynamics of bubbles in laboratory experiments.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reversal of relaxing mechanism in muscle fibre systems by hydrostatic pressure.

It is an old observation1,2 that intact muscle subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of a few thousand pounds per square inch goes into contracture. Further, it was shown by Brown3 that in the range where contracture is still small, pressure greatly increases the tension of an electrically stimulated twitch, and that this effect occurs if the pressure is maintained only up to the end of the latent period. Thus pressure is promoting a precursor reaction which has been loosely called activation.
A new device for emergency percutaneous transtracheal ventilation in partial and complete airway obstruction

Several methods of percutaneous transtracheal ventilation have been described for the immediate relief of upper airway obstruction when conventional methods fail. This study was conducted to determine whether a single percutaneously placed catheter introducer (Arrow Emergency Infusion Device ® [EID]) could provide access adequate for percutaneous transtracheal ventilation with standard ventilatory modalities in an obstructed airway. Ten mongrel dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and monitored (for pulse, blood pressure, ECG, and arterial blood gases). The endotracheal tube was occluded. When the dogs became hypoxic and hypercarbic, the Arrow EIDs were inserted transtracheally and the dogs were ventilated with either a Bear 1 Adult Ventilator ® or a Mapleson D system. Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation by the Arrow EID adequately ventilated dogs with controlled partial (95%) or complete airway obstruction from hypoxic and hypercarbic states. The ease of insertion, decreased associated complications, ability to ventilate with easily available devices, and use with complete airway obstruction make the EID an effective device for transtracheal ventilation.
Industrial software architecture with Gestalt

The architecture of a software system specifies, among other things, its decomposition into parts and the communication between those parts. The structure of this decomposition and interconnection is separable from the protocols (types and sequencing) of communication. A language for specifying this structure and a toolset for checking consistency between structure specifications and code would provide substantial benefits to practicing industrial software architects. Gestalt is an architecture language for specifying structure, with separate, partial support for protocol specifications. The Gestalt toolset checks structural consistency between the architecture and the code. It specifies and checks protocol type compatibility at the interfaces, using the implementation language and tools (e.g. compiler). It provides annotation support for sequencing and other architectural information.
Measurements Matter: Taking the DIT-2 Multiple Times and College Students’ Moral Reasoning Development

The purpose of this paper was to examine differences between undergraduate students who had multiple exposures to an assessment of moral reasoning development (DIT-2) and students of the same cohort who had fewer exposures to the same assessment. Controlling for a host of individual covariates, the analysis determined that students who took the DIT-2 three times scored significantly higher than those who took this measure only twice. Effects were similar for two additional cohorts of students. Implications are discussed.
Treatment of superficial human neoplasms by local hyperthermia induced by ultrasound

This study was designed to test the safety and efficacy of local heating of superficial tumors by ultrasound. Twenty-five patients were treated who had recurrent or metastatic tumor in superficial locations refractory to conventional treatment modalities. Heating was done with high intensity ultrasound fields produced by a 2 cm or 4 cm piezoelectric transducer at frequencies of 1-3 MHz. Tumors were held at 43, 44, or 45 C center temperature for 30 minutes each treatment. Analysis of response was done after 6 treatments. Ultrasound and thermal fields were carefully mapped. Some nonuniformity of tumor heating was noted despite relatively uniform output of ultrasound energy by the transducer. Twenty-one of the 25 patients were evaluable after 26 courses of local hyperthermia. Fourteen of 26 courses of treatment resulted in objective tumor response (54%) However, most responses were partial and median follow-up time was short (5 weeks) because many patients had systemic disease and died or were put on chemotherapy after treatment. Eight of 12 lesions in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck regressed. Response rate did not correlate with central tumor temperature. Treatment was, in general, well tolerated although 10/26 courses of treatment caused significant local pain. Pain always subsided after treatment. Five of 26 courses of treatment resulted in small (0.5 cm) cutaneous burns. Previous irradiation did not limit heating. We conclude that superficial tumors can be safely and effectively heated by ultrasound. Objective tumor responses were seen with hyperthermia alone, although we stress that, because of the short follow-up time and, because most responses were partial, it is likely that the effects noted were transitory.
Risk analysis for aortic surgery using hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion.

Abstract Background . Retrospective analysis of 144 patients undergoing aortic arch reconstruction using hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) with retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) for cerebral protection was performed. Methods . The diagnosis, procedure, and anatomic site of the arch anastomosis were analyzed to see if they were independent predictors of mortality or morbidity. In addition age, gender, HCA-RCP times, preoperative malperfusion (both treated and untreated), surgical status, and redo surgery status were also examined to determine their influence on the incidence of death and complications. Both multivariate and univariate analysis were performed using linear regression and cross-tabulation with either χ 2 or Fisher's exact test where appropriate. Results . Preoperative surgical status (emergent) and the presence of untreated preoperative malperfusion were the only variables that were significant independent predictors for mortality ( p Conclusions . Complex aortic surgery using HCA-RCP can be performed with acceptable risk to the patients.
Theory of fractional functional differential equations

Abstract In this paper, the basic theory for the initial value problems for fractional functional differential equations is considered, extending the corresponding theory of ordinary functional differential equations.
Correlation between hydrogen bond lengths and reduction potentials in Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin.

15N NMR hyperfine-shift data were collected for wild-type and site-specific mutant (V44I, V44A, and V44G) Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxins in the oxidized state. Whereas most of the 15N NMR signals did not exhibit large systematic changes upon mutation of residue 44, the signal from the backbone nitrogen of residue 44 itself (arrows) shifted by ∼400 ppm. These shifts were used to determine the lengths of the hydrogen bond between the backbone amide of residue 44 and the side-chain sulfur of cysteine-44, which is covalently ligated to the iron of the metal center. The results, which demonstrated that this hydrogen bond is shorter in mutants with higher reduction potential, point to the importance of hydrogen bonds in modulating the reduction potential of iron−sulfur proteins.
An Inherited Tabu Search Algorithm for the Truck and Trailer Vehicle Scheduling Problem in Iron and Steel Industry

The truck and trailer vehicle scheduling problem (TTVSP) involves vehicles and products allocation when the products are transported from warehouse to dock yard. The TTVSP with multiple types of vehicles which can be assigned to different tasks more than one time is considered and the vehicle can also transport the products that don't absolutely suit it. For this TTVSP, the continuity of task and truck are also under the consideration based on the practical requirement. This problem is formulated as a mixed integer programming model to minimize the total cost by considering some practical issues. In this paper, the problem how to transport the last operation in appointed task is also analyzed and the property about the scheduling of last operation is put forward to optimize algorithm. An inherited composite neighborhood tabu search algorithm is developed to find a near-optimal scheduling where an initial solution is obtained based on the know-how knowledge. The results of experiment show that the proposed method could resolve the problem more effectively than current manual method.
Excited states of all‐trans and 11‐cis retinal: All valence‐electron SCF‐MO‐CI calculations

All valence-electron (cndo/s) scf-mo-ci calculations are carried out on the excited states of a number of conformers of all-trans and 11-cis retinal. Singlet state transition energies, oscillator strengths, polarization directions, and ground and excited state dipole moments are examined, and the relationship of the retinal 1ππ* states to polyene 1ππ* states is analyzed. Particular emphasis is given to the nature and location of the cis-band, and to the relative location of the 1ππ* and 1Bu states. Several aspects of the electronic structure of triplet states are also examined.
The Effect of First Person and Third Person Instructions and Stems on Sentence Completion Responses

Abstract First person and third person instructions and stems were varied separately to produce four Rotter ISB sentence completion forms. Ss were 72 male and 72 female psychiatric in-patients. Both types of instructions and of stems were equally effective in eliciting dependency, anxiety and hostility responses as scored by the objective Renner, Maher and Campbell (1962) manual. This implies that the proliferation of sentence completion forms is not a productive approach. Secondarily, males produced more anxiety and less dependency responses than females.
Metastasectomy of neuroendocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Abstract Background Neuroendocrine (NE) tumors commonly afflict patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). It is thought that patients with MEN1 have improved survival compared with individuals with analogous lesions. The role of metastasectomy of NE tumors in MEN1 patients is not clearly defined. Methods A review of MEN1 patients undergoing surgery for NE tumors from 1994 to 2010 at a single tertiary care center was performed. Tumor function, the extent of metastasis, R0 resection, and survival were analyzed. Results We identified 30 patients who underwent resection including synchronous and metachronous metastasectomy. Synchronous metastases were identified in 19 patients (63%), whereas 11 (37%) had metachronous disease. R0 resection was achieved in 93% of patients. Estimated 10-year survival is 86.4% (95% confidence interval, 60% to 100%) with no factors predictive of overall survival. The disease-free interval at 1, 5, and 10 years was 89%, 50%, and 19%, respectively, with recurrence occurring at a median of 5.4 years (95% confidence interval, 77.7% to 100%). Synchronous metastasis ( P = .0072; hazard ratio [HR], 3.4) and nonfunctioning tumors ( P = .014; HR, 3.3) were more likely to recur, whereas age ( P = .09; HR, 1.5), gender ( P = .49; HR, 1.3), and the site of metastasis ( P = .81; HR, 1.1) did not influence recurrence. Discussion Patients with MEN1 benefit from resection of metastatic NE disease. Despite a high recurrence rate, survival and disease-free interval is favorable vs patients without MEN1.
A Parallel Repetition Theorem for Constant-Round Arthur-Merlin Proofs

We show a parallel-repetition theorem for constant-round Arthur-Merlin Proofs, using an efficient reduction. As a consequence, we show that parallel repetition reduces the soundness-error at an optimal rate (up to a negligible factor) in constant-round public-coin argument systems, and constant-round public-coin proofs of knowledge. The first of these results resolves an open question posed by Bellare, Impagliazzo, and Naor (FOCS’97).
Maturational changes in the ovarian lipid spectrum of the pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum duorarum Burkenroad

1. 1. Excised ovaries of the pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum duorarum Burkenroad, were assigned to one of four sequential developmental stages ranging from Stage 1, undeveloped, to Stage 4, ripe. 2. 2. Ovarian lipids were extracted and the total lipids determined. 3. 3. The major phospholipid and neutral lipid classes were separated using thin-layer chromatography. 4. 4. Total lipids, total neutral lipids, total phospholipids, and the two major neutral lipid fractions, triglycerides and sterols, all followed the same pattern: a significant increase between Stages 1 and 2 and Stages 2 and 3, followed by a decline in Stage 4. 5. 5. No qualitative changes were detected in the ovarian lipid spectrum as development proceeded.
Post-thymectomy murine experimental autoimmune oophoritis is associated with reduced natural killer cell activity

PROBLEM: Natural killer (NK) cells can influence the immune response by secreting potent lymphokines. It has been suggested that NK cells have a suppressive action on B cells, and that impaired NK cell activity may play a role in some types of autoimmunity. NK cell abnormalities have been reported in women with premature ovarian failure. We therefore examined NK cell activity during the development of murine experimental autoimmune oophoritis, which serves as a model for autoimmune ovarian failure in women. METHOD OF STUDY: Neonatally thymectomized and sham-operated C57B1/6 × A/J (B6A) mice were prepared and sacrificed at 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after surgery. Splenic NK cell activity was determined in groups of five or more mice by measuring the percent specific lysis of target YAC-1 lymphoma cells using a standard 4-hr chromium release cytotoxicity assay. The number of splenic NK cells in neonatally thymectomized and sham-operated animals was also compared using flow cytometry. In a subsequent experiment, interleukin 12 (IL-12; NK cell-stimulating factor) was administered to neonatal mice before neonatal thymectomy. RESULTS: Neonatally thymectomized mice with associated autoimmune oophoritis had a 75% reduction in the number of splenic NK cells, and 50% or greater reduction in splenic NK cell activity at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after surgery. IL-12 treatment before neonatal thymectomy maintained NK cell activity and was shown to ameliorate the associated autoimmune oophoritis. CONCLUSION: Murine post-thymectomy autoimmune oophoritis is associated with reduced NK cell number and impaired NK cell activity, and in these respects the model is similar to premature ovarian failure in women. Research to define the relationship between NK cell abnormalities and the mechanism of ovarian failure in this model might lend insight into the pathogenesis of premature ovarian failure in women.
Qualitative sales research: an exposition of grounded theory

The dominant research paradigm in sales research involves testing theory through empirical research. Nascent or underdeveloped research areas, however, may lack or have inadequate existing theories to explain sales-related phenomena. In these cases, sales researchers require a theory-generating methodological approach. Qualitative research designs are useful in this pursuit. The purpose of this article is to provide an exposition of one such qualitative research design – grounded theory. To this end, the foundational processes of grounded theory methodology are discussed. The results of a review of grounded theory examinations conducted in sales research are also provided, and current practices utilized by sales grounded theorists are discussed. Based on this review, future directions in substantive areas and methodological practices are provided. This article aims to serve as a resource for sales scholars wishing to know what grounded theory examinations have been conducted, how to implement grounded the...
Influence of Dietary Fat, Soybean Meal Treatment and Antibiotic Supplementation on Growth of Chicks Fed Different Carbohydrates

Abstract PREVIOUS studies from this laboratory (Dal Borgo et al., 1967) have shown that glucose produced significantly better growth of chicks than starch when fed diets containing raw or autoclaved soybean meal. These results agree with other recent publications (Chalupa and Fisher, 1963; Wagstaff, 1966). Chicks under three weeks of age fed diets containing unheated hexane extracted soybean meal absorb fat poorly (Nesheim et al., 1962). The fraction of the soybean meal responsible for this decreased fat absorption is part of a group of proteins soluble at pH 4.4 which can be readily extracted from the soybean meal. This causative agent is heat labile and only affects chicks under two or three weeks of age. Fat absorption in birds four weeks of age or older was affected very little by raw soybean meal (Nesheim et al., 1962). Brambila et al. (1961) and Garlich and Nesheim (1965) showed that the effect of . . .
Metal Cation Speciation via Extraction Reversed Phase HPLC with Refractive Index and/or Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Detection Methods (HPLC-RI-ICP)

Abstract Conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation and packing materials can be inexpensively and rapidly utilized for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of various metal cations. The final approaches utilize reversed phase HPLC in the form of extraction chromatography. The detection of individually eluted, fully resolved metal cations is then possible via conventional refractive index (RI) and/or inductively coupled plasma ([icaron]P) emission spectroscopic detection. Final data presentation can be in the form of conventional, continuous RI or ICP chromatograms, via pulsed data ICP presentations, and/or via tabular ICP data presentation.
Experiencing Ethnic Economies: Brazilian Immigrants and Returnees

Brazilian immigrants in the United States experience socioeconomic changes and engage in various professional occupations. Migrant livelihoods and experiences are affected in two receiving communities in the United States (Framingham, Massachusetts, and Marietta, Georgia), and in two sending communities in Brazil (Governador Valadares and Piracanjuba). What are the most common professional occupations among Brazilians immigrants, and what were their professional occupations prior to migrating? How are immigrants’ livelihoods and experiences being shaped by current economic exchanges spurred by immigration? I evaluate these important questions by looking at changes at the micro-level, within migrants’ occupations, experiences, and economic transactions. By weaving though survey results and excerpts from a total of 273 interviews in two receiving communities and returnees in two sending communities, I illustrate how migration processes have significantly affected ethnic economies and livelihoods at the micr...
Windrow Cocomposting of Municipal Biosolids and Yard Waste

A total of four windrows with yard waste:biosolids ratios ranging from 5.0:1 to 1.2:1 by wet weight were operated over a six month period. The windrows were monitored for temperature, oxygen content, bulk density, particle size, compost characteristics (including metals, nutrients, pesticides, volatile solids, and moisture content), runoff characteristics, and odor potential. Based on study results, cocomposting should be employed at a yard waste:biosolids ratio greater than or equal to 3:1 in order to minimize odor and improve compost characteristics. Leaching of several metals was observed; however, only lead was observed in the runoff at concentrations above maximum contaminant levels.
Communication patterns in an on‐line mutual help group for problem drinkers

This study analyzed 376 randomly selected messages (known as “posts”) to investigate the features, patterns, and functions of communication in an on-line mutual help group (OMHG) for problem drinkers. Consistent with previous OMHG research, the most prevalent form of communication was providing self-disclosure, followed by providing information/advice. As in face-to-face groups, conflict was infrequent and communication was generally warm and supportive. Consistent with previous findings of gender atypicality in OMHG participation, although most problem drinkers are male, 72% of posts for which the author's gender could be identified were written by women. No gender differences were found in communication patterns. The findings suggest that OMHGs may be particularly appealing to individuals with minority status in a problem-focused community. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hospitalist performance of cardiac hand-carried ultrasound after focused training.

PURPOSE: Because the training that noncardiologists require to perform cardiac hand-carried ultrasound has not been defined, we studied how well hospitalists perform hand-carried echocardiography after limited training. METHODS: Ten hospitalists completed a focused training program that included performing an average of 35 hand-carried echocardiograms. Hospitalists' echocardiograms were compared with gold-standard conventional echocardiograms, and hospitalists were compared with 5 certified echocardiography technicians in their ability to acquire, measure, and interpret hand-carried ultrasound images and with 6 senior cardiology fellows in their ability to interpret echocardiograms. RESULTS: Echocardiography technicians had significantly higher performance scores for image acquisition, measurement, and interpretation than hospitalists. Senior cardiology fellows outperformed hospitalists in most aspects of image interpretation. For hospitalists, learning image acquisition was more difficult than image interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalists can learn aspects of hand-carried echocardiography, but after 35 training echocardiograms cannot replicate the quality of conventional echocardiography. Whether the lower performance skills are important will depend on the clinical context of hand-carried echocardiography performed by hospitalists.
Self-identity and specific vulnerability to depressed mood

Four studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that experiencing a life event that disrupts the pursuit of self-defining activities would be associated with depressed mood. Across all four studies, a strong and exclusive identification with the athlete role was related to subjects' affective response to both hypothetical and actual athletic injuries. The results highlight the importance of assessing the match between specific cognitive diatheses and specific life events in predicting depressive reactions.
Solubilization and partial purification of alkaline phosphatases of sarcoma 180-TG ascites cells.

Abstract A procedure for the solubilization of particulate-bound alkaline phosphatases (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) from Sarcoma 180/TG ascites tumor cells, and methods for their partial purification are described; the employment of these procedures resulted in the isolation of two distinct alkaline phosphatase activities. Both of the alkaline phosphatase enzymes are non-specific phosphomonesterases which require Mg2+ for maximal activity and exhibit optimum reaction velocities around pH 9.5. However, the two enzymes differ significantly in substrate specificity, degree of Mg2+ activation, and electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels. The two enzymes are inhibited by Be2+, several chelating agents, and Zn2+ at relatively high concentrations, while l -phenylalanine is without major effect on either phosphatase.
Evaluation of formulation strategies to eliminate the biodiesel NOx effect

In this paper, we explore the efficacy of (1) reducing the iodine value of soy-derived biodiesel fuels through increasing the methyl oleate (methyl ester of oleic acid) content and (2) addition of cetane improvers, as strategies to combat the biodiesel NOx effect: the increase in NOx emissions observed in most studies of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. This is accomplished by spiking a conventional soy-derived biodiesel fuel with methyl oleate or with cetane improver. The impact on bulk modulus of compressibility, fuel injection timing, cetane number, combustion, and emissions were examined. The conventional B20 blend produced a NOx increase of 3–5% relative to petroleum diesel, depending on injection timing. However, by using a B20 blend where the biodiesel portion contained 76% methyl oleate, the biodiesel NOx effect was eliminated and a NOx neutral blend was produced. The bulk modulus of petroleum diesel was measured to be 2% lower than B20, yielding a shift in fuel injection timing of 0.1–0.3 crank angle. The bulk modulus of the high methyl oleate B20 blend was measured to be 0.5% lower than B20, not enough to have a measurable impact on fuel injection timing. Increasing the methyl oleate portion of the biodiesel to 76% also had the effect of increasing the cetane number from 48.2 for conventional B20 to 50.4, but this effect is small compared to the increase to 53.5 achieved by adding 1000 ppm of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) to B20. For the particular engine tested, NOx emissions were found to be insensitive to ignition delay, maximum cylinder temperature, and maximum rate of heat release. The dominant effect on NOx emissions was the timing of the combustion process, initiated by the start of injection, and propagated through the timing of maximum heat release rate and maximum temperature.
Percolation of color sources and the equation of state of QGP in central Au–Au collisions at \sqrt{s_{\mathit{NN}}}=200 GeV

The Color String Percolation Model (CSPM) is used to determine the equation of state (EOS) of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) produced in central Au–Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathit{NN}}} = 200$ A GeV using STAR data at RHIC. When the initial density of interacting colored strings exceeds the 2D percolation threshold a cluster is formed, which defines the onset of color deconfinement. These interactions also produce fluctuations in the string tension which transforms the Schwinger particle (gluon) production mechanism into a maximum entropy thermal distribution analogous to QCD Hawking–Unruh radiation. The single string tension is determined by identifying the known value of the universal hadron limiting temperature T c =167.7±2.6 MeV with the CSPM temperature at the critical percolation threshold parameter ξ c =1.2. At midrapidity the initial Bjorken energy density and the initial temperature determine the number of degrees of freedom consistent with the formation of a ∼2+1 flavor QGP. An analytic expression for the equation of state, the sound velocity $C_{s}^{2}(\xi)$ is obtained in CSPM. The CSPM $C_{s}^{2}(\xi)$ and the bulk thermodynamic values energy density e/T 4 and entropy density s/T 3 are in excellent agreement in the phase transition region with recent lattice QCD simulations (LQCD) by the HotQCD Collaboration.
Computer sleep stage scoring: an expert system approach

This paper describes the application of the expert system concept to sleep stage scoring and is aimed at managing the large variability found in such records. The primary computational burden, sleep parameter calculation, can be relieved by recognizing major classes of recordings or 'somnotypes' having internally consistent sleep parameters for each class but significant differences between classes. The initiation and evolution of somnotypes so as to maintain accuracy while introducing a variety of sleep recordings is treated. The technique is demonstrated on seven all-night recordings resulting in 89.6% accuracy for about 5000 pages of data.
Activation energies of water vaporization from the bulk and from laponite, montmorillonite, and chitosan powders

Abstract DSC has been employed to measure the vaporization kinetics of water from the bulk and from wet powders of laponite, Na-montmorillonite, and chitosan. The application of isoconversional kinetic analysis to the vaporization rate data has yielded the following average effective activation energies: 43.80 ± 0.03, 47.9 ± 0.4, 52.6 ± 0.9, and 56.2 ± 0.2 kJ mol−1 for vaporization from the bulk, laponite, sodium montmorillonite, and chitosan, respectively. A moderate increase in the activation energy is comparable to the hydrogen bond energy and can be explained by interaction between water and solid surfaces.
Interface disorder in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells grown by MBE

Abstract The interface disorder of quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy is investigated by low-temperature photoluminescence. Quantum wells grown at 590 °C with 2 min interruption of group III fluxes at each interface show multiple excitonic emission peaks, which result from one-monolayer growth islands with the lateral size larger than the exciton diameter. By contrast, quantum wells successively grown at 720 °C show a single excitonic emission peak. which indicates that the lateral size of growth islands is much smaller than the exciton diameter.
Unusual small bone metastases from epithelial malignancies: Diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology with histologic confirmation

Although epithelial malignancies can have bone metastases, involvement of small bones is exceedingly rare, representing either first manifestation of an occult carcinoma or late disseminated disease. Small bone metastases may mimic primary skeletal diseases leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. We report three cases of metastatic epithelial malignancies diagnosed by computed tomography (CT)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in two patients with lytic calcaneal lesions and a patellar lesion in a third patient; all with histologic confirmation. Case 1, a 63-yr-old female, presented with heel pain. FNA and tissue biopsy of the calcaneus revealed a clear cell malignancy consistent with a renal primary. Follow-up abdominal CT scan revealed a renal lesion consistent with renal cell carcinoma. Case 2, a 37-yr-old male with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, presented with foot pain. FNA and tissue biopsy of the calcaneus revealed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Case 3, a 52-yr-old male with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of floor of mouth, presented with knee pain and swelling. FNA and tissue biopsy of the patella revealed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete FNA cytology report with histologic confirmation of unusual small bone metastases of the feet and patella from epithelial malignancies and shows the value of FNA cytology in establishing a correct diagnosis, and excluding primary skeletal diseases. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relation of genetics to essential hypertension: A review

Essential hypertension is fundamentally a genetic disease which emerges because of environmental impact. The genetic factors involve intracellular abnormalities which affect calcium metabolism within smooth muscle cells and possibly within the heart and sympathetic nervous system. These abnormalities are influenced by one or more proteins of which calmodulin is a candidate. Sodium pump abnormalities may be primary but may be secondary feedback effects. Homeostasis keeps the blood pressure and cardiac function normal, but eventually becomes less effective. Such homeostasis is produced by negative feedback, but positive external factors also influence the eventual results. Gross homeostasis is provided by the baroreceptors, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, etc. The malfunction of any one or any combination of these systems may produce or accelerate hypertension. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of arteriolar smooth muscle play their role but also multiply the genetic cellular defects. It is possible that in the early history of man essential hypertension had an advantage which now has become obsolete because normotensive man's potential lifespan has been increased by modern civilization.
Baryon-number violation at the Superconducting Super Collider? Recent claims reexamined.

Recent instanton calculations suggest that baryon-number violation is unsuppressed at energies near 10 TeV. We show how to diagrammatically analyze corrections to the basic approximations. We find additional multiplicative contributions of $\mathrm{exp}(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{\mathrm{const}}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{W}})$ to the cross section at such energies which may keep the rate from becoming large. In addition, the ${p}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{p}_{j}$ structure of these corrections is problematic for recent techniques suggested for improving the instanton calculation and controlling corrections at high energy. Despite these corrections, the initial exponential growth of the cross section first obtained by Ringwald survives.
Metal-organic complexes in geochemical processes: Calculation of standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous acetate complexes at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract Estimates of standard partial molal properties at high temperatures and pressures for aqueous acetate complexes of major and trace elements in geologic fluids were made with the aid of experimental data from the literature and correlation algorithms. A system of correlation expressions allows the incorporation of all available experimental data, but also allows estimates in the absence of any measurements. Likely uncertainties for each type of estimate were assessed. Thermodynamic data and equation of state parameters permit calculation of standard partial molal properties including dissociation constants for 114 acetate complexes. Incorporation of many of these dissociation constants with those for hydroxide, chloride, and sulfate complexes demonstrate that acetate complexes are ineffectual in transporting major rock forming elements or trace metals in sedimentary basin brines. In contrast, these complexes could be considerably more efficient in metal transport in low salinity groundwater solutions with elevated concentrations of organic solutes. Calculations indicate that up to 40% of the acetate may be present as sodium and calcium complexes in basin brines with total salinities around 1.0 molal.
Approach to Chronic Daily Headache

Chronic daily headaches (CDH) is a descriptive term used for patients who experience headaches on at least 15 days or more out of the month; for at least 3 months, irrespective of the underlying headache etiology. It is a syndrome that affects many people, usually with an underlying primary headache disorder, leading to a reduction in quality of life. The two most common underlying primary headaches are migraines and tension-type headaches. The prevalence is about 4%, and research is emerging on risk factors and comorbidities. The first step when approaching a patient with chronic daily headaches is to rule out secondary causes. Once that is done, the goal is to effectively reduce the days of headache through preventive treatment as well as complementary therapies. This also often involves limiting the use of abortive therapy to avoid medication-overuse headaches (MOH). The pathophysiology, although not fully understood, is thought to be related to central sensitization along with "neurogenic inflammation." Chronic daily headaches can be difficult to treat and at times require a tertiary specialized center.
Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness.

Deborah L. Gladstein This study tests a comprehensive model of group effectiveness with 100 sales teams in the communications industry. Results indicate that traditional theories of group effectiveness match the implicit theories of team members. These theories account for 90 percent of the variance in team satisfaction and self-reported effectiveness but none of the variance in the teams' sales performance. The findings suggest that theories of group effectiveness need to be revised to include the way in which teams manage interactions across their boundary and the impact of the organizational context.
Deformed lower ridge caused by the relining of a denture by a patient.

Extensive resorption of the mandible was discovered in a 62 year old woman who had been adding a home reliner to her lower denture for eight years. She had not added reliner to her upper denture, and no significant change in the con­ tour of the upper ridge had occurred. The promotion and sale o f materials that patients can add to their own illfitting dentures to prolong their use is not in the public interest because serious damage such as that described in this report may ensue.
Improved optical feedback reference tracking for diamagnetically levitating motor system

This paper describes the design and fabrication of an optical sensor to sense vertical displacement of a diamagnetically stabilized levitating rotor. The planar rotor described in this paper rotates due to nine electromagnetic coils evenly spaced around the rotor. A driving circuit allows current to flow through the coils one phase at a time. This produces a magnetic field strong enough to spin the rotor. However, instability due to a number of factors is prevalent in the present system. This instability is observed as vertical and horizontal displacement of the levitating rotor. The purpose of an additional optical sensor is to measure and record this vertical displacement and combine it with topsensing optical measurements in order to create a three-dimensional optical sensing mechanism around the rotor.
Ökonomie und Sexualität in Georg Kaisers Von morgens bis mitternachts und seiner Verfilmung durch Karl-Heinz Martin*

Hinter Kaiser's Drama Von morgens bis mitternachts verbirgt sich eine interessante und zeittypische Analyse der kapitalistischen Geldwirtschaft aus der Perspektive der phallischen Sexualitat, deren Strukturmuster als analog empfunden werden. Kaisers Drama und, mit einer Akzentverschiebung, auch der von Karl-Heinz Martin 1920 fertiggestellte Film sind Zeugnis einer als enge Umschlingung empfundenen Symbiose von Okonomie und mannlicher Sexualitat mit ihrer im freudianischen Sinne konzipierten Dynamik von Ver-ausgabung und Projektion. Kaisers und Martins Kassierer erfahren die Eigengesetzlichkeit von Zirkulationsflus und Geldregulierung an ihrem eigenen Korper in Form von Befriedigung und Nichtbe-friedigung ihrer phallischen Wunsche und halten von daher noch an einer traditionellen Vorstellung von Wert- und Objektrelation fest. Die Erfahrung der Eigendynamik von Kreditwirtschaft wird uber-tragen auf die Wunschokonomie der mannlichen Sexualitat: je mehr die Frau in die Projektion der verfuhrerischen, aber grausamen Venus im Pelz eingefangen wird, umso mehr entzieht sie sich der tat-sachlichen Kontrolle durch den Mann.
The 4F9 Antigen Is a Member of the Tetra Spans Transmembrane Protein Family and Functions as an Accessory Molecule in T Cell Activation and Adhesion

In this report, we describe a 43- to 50-kDa protein, which may function as a costimulatory molecule for full activation of human T cells. This Ag, defined by a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) anti-4F9, is primarily distributed on "helper/inducer" or "memory" CD4+CD45RO+ subset. Like mAbs against many other accessory/costimulatory molecules, coimmobilization of anti-4F9 with anti-CD3 resulted in synergistic T cell proliferation. In addition, immobilized anti-4F9 on plastic plates induced T cell spreading characterized by the development of prominent dendritic processes. A cDNA encoding the 4F9 Ag was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from PHA/PMA-activated T cells using a COS cell expression system. The sequence of the cDNA and a homology search revealed that the 4F9 Ag was identical to R2, a molecule recently cloned by subtractive hybridization. The 4F9/R2 Ag belongs to a newly identified supergene family (tetra spans transmembrane protein family) characterized by four putative transmembrane domains which are highly conserved between the members of this family. Based upon the phenotypical and functional studies described here, we propose that the 4F9 Ag is an integral membrane protein which can transmit signals involved in T cell proliferation and adhesion. The preferential distribution of this molecule on the CD4+CD45RO+ subset of T cells may contribute to the distinct activation profile and functional repertoire of these cells.
Microanatomy of crayfish thoracic cord and roots.

For a thorough understanding of the functions of the crustacean nervous system a knowledge of all its components is necessary. The use of the electron microscope provides accurate data of the number, size, and distribution of fibers in nerve tissue. Nerve fiber counts determined by electron microscope mapping show increases of 20 to 60% in the number of fibers over those determined by light optics. In Orconectes, the number of fibers reach close to 9,500 in the thoracic cord, 20,000 in the main walking leg roots, and 83,000 in the main claw leg roots. Fiber size distributions indicate general motor and sensory patterns of function in the thorax. High percentages (97–99) of fine and small fibers in the roots to the legs suggest the presence of multitudinous sensory-associated organelles.
An Overview of the NASA Ames Millimeter-Wave Thermal Launch System

The Millimeter-Wave Thermal Launch System (MTLS) is a beamed-energy propulsion concept being designed at NASA Ames Research Center. This effort is in response to the NASA Office of the Chief Technologist s announcement of the Ride the Light program. Our objective is to produce a design that goes beyond the feasibility analysis level of previous studies and provides a solid foundation for low cost access to space. The MTLS is designed to place a 500 lb payload into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) two times a day. This frequent launch, small payload niche is well suited for the particular advantages and constraints of beamed-energy propulsion, and has the potential to drastically increase access to space by reducing the cost per kilogram of placing payloads into LEO. This paper summarizes the findings of the MTLS study. The chemical rocket engine is in principle a simple device. It acts by releasing the chemical energy stored in propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen through combustion, then converting that thermal energy into kinetic energy by expansion through a nozzle. As such, it is fundamentally limited by the energy released in combustion reactions and the molecular weight of the products of those reactions. The highest performing conventional propellant combination, liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, can produce vacuum specific impulses of around 450 seconds. The design space of current launch vehicles (which tend to be large, multi-stage, and expendable) are defined by these limitations. An entirely new approach may be necessary in order to enable future launch vehicles of radically improved capabilities. Beamed-energy propulsion (BEP) is an alternative approach that bypasses the energy limitations of chemical propulsion. Instead of relying on a chemical reaction as the energy source, it is supplied externally via a beam of electromagnetic energy produced on the ground. In the concept examined in the MTLS, this energy is absorbed by a heat exchanger which then transfers the energy to the propellant. This decouples the energy source from the working fluid, vastly expanding the design space. For example, a launch vehicle could use only water as propellant, making it very safe and easy to handle. However, the most commonly proposed way to take advantage of this decoupling is to use pure hydrogen as the working fluid, which enables specific impulses of around 800 seconds1 if the heat exchanger material can operate at 2200 K. With such a significantly increased Isp, it may be possible to build single-stage to orbit vehicles, with enough mass margins left over to permit lower cost fabrication techniques.
The development and evaluation of a methodology for assessing mental models of complex decision tasks

Models of decision making behavior in complex systems are hampered by an incomplete understanding of the way in which operators internally represent information about decision tasks. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a methodology for assessing mental models by humans to represent complex decision tasks. The methodology is based on the analysis of proximity measures using multidimensional scaling (MDS). In this research, six subjects were trained to classify a visually presented stimulus into one of four categories. The MDS methodology was used to track the evolution of the subject's internal model and identify the dimensional information used to classify the stimuli. The relation between the dimensional information revealed by the analysis and subject performance is discussed. Language: en
On the homotopy type of certain groups of operators

Next suppose His a separable real or complex Hilbert space, (e,,} an orthonormal basis, and let P, be the orthogonal projection of H onto the subspace H, spanned by {eI, . . . , e,}. Let B(H) denote the Banach algebra of bounded operators on H (with 11 II,.,, the usual norm, defined by \lAll oD = Sup{ ll~xll Ix E D) w h ere D is the closed unit ball in H), B(HJ the finite dimensional subalgebra of operators which map H, into itself and are zero on Hi and let Q, denote the projection of B(H) onto B(H,J given by Q,,(A) = P,,.4P”. Let GL(H) denote the group of units of B(H), and let GL(n) denote the subgroup consisting of invertible operators of the form Z + A where Z is the identity and A E B(H,J. Finally let GL(co) = lim GL(n) (the homotopy groups of GL(co) are given by the Bott periodic@ theorems [z
Lipodystrophy in pediatric HIV

Objective To assess fat accumulation in children with HIV/AIDS on long term HAART using CDC defined Body mass Index (BMI) criteria and measured Bioelectric Impedance (BI).
Positive cooperativity in binding carbon monoxide to hemocyanin

The binding of carbon monoxide to hemocyanin from the crab Scylla serrata has been studied by thin layer optical absorption and front face fluorescence techniques. The binding to the monomeric form is completely noncooperative whereas the binding to the native oligomeric form is found to be weakly but definitely cooperative. An analysis based on the MWC model of the oxygen and carbon monoxide binding curves indicates that the allosteric constant, L, describing the equilibrium between the 2 unligated forms is different for each ligand. This implies that at least 3 allosteric forms are needed to characterize the binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to this hemocyanin.