cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pamidronate preserves bone mass for at least 2 years following acute administration for pediatric burn injury.

We have previously shown that pamidronate, when given within ten days of burn injury, preserves lumbar spine bone mineral content from admission to discharge in 6-8 weeks and at six months increases both lumbar spine and total body bone mineral content (BMC) over placebo. We followed patients unblinded after 6 months every 3 months up to 2 years post-burn to see if the effects of pamidronate were sustained. Additionally, we assessed bone remodeling at one year post-burn by iliac crest bone biopsy. We enrolled 57 subjects who were initially randomized to pamidronate (n=32) and placebo (n=25). After 2 yr, 21 subjects (pamidronate=8, placebo=13) remained. Analysis of bone densitometry by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry revealed an effect of both treatment (p<0.012 for total body BMC, p<0.001 for lumbar spine BMC, p<0.014 for lumbar spine bone area and p<0.003 for lumbar spine bone density (BMD)) and time (p<0.0003 on total body BMC, p<0.001 on lumbar spine BMC, p<0.001 on lumbar spine bone area, and no significant difference on lumbar spine BMD). There was no interaction between treatment and time. Results for bone histomorphometry revealed no effect of treatment on either static or dynamic parameters but did show an effect of time on osteoid area (p=0.004, surface p<0.001, and width, p<0.001). We conclude that acute administration of pamidronate resulted in sustained therapeutic effect on bone and that this type of administration may serve as a useful adjunct to other therapies in the preservation and augmentation of bone mass following severe burns.
A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism

Within the framework of neo-Darwinism, with its focus on fitness, it has been hard to account for altruism behavior that reduces the fitness of the altruist but increases average fitness in society. Many population biologists argue that, except for altruism to close relatives, human behavior that appears to be altruistic amounts to reciprocal altruism, behavior undertaken with an expectation of reciprocation, hence incurring no net cost to fitness. Herein is proposed a simple and robust mechanism, based on human docility and bounded rationality that can account for the evolutionary success of genuinely altruistic behavior. Because docility-receptivity to social influence-contributes greatly to fitness in the human species, it will be positively selected. As a consequence, society can impose a "tax" on the gross benefits gained by individuals from docility by inducing docile individuals to engage in altruistic behaviors. Limits on rationality in the face of environmental complexity prevent the individual from avoiding this "tax." An upper bound is imposed on altruism by the condition that there must remain a net fitness advantage for docile behavior after the cost to the individual of altruism has been deducted.
Subsistence economics, family size, and the emergence of social complexity in hunter–gatherer systems in eastern North America

Abstract A consideration of ethnographic data, computational model results, and archaeological data suggest that changes in family-level economics coincident with subsistence intensification contributed to the emergence of social complexity among prehistoric hunter–gatherers in eastern North America by creating the conditions for a “rich get richer” scenario. Ethnographic data are used to construct a general computational model representing key person- and family-level behaviors, constraints, and decisions affecting the size and composition of hunter–gatherer families. Results from model experiments suggest that lowering the age at which children make a significant contribution to subsistence (e.g., through the broadening of the diet to include the kinds of mass-harvested, “low quality” foods that were increasingly exploited during the Archaic and Woodland periods) relaxes constraints on family size and makes large, polygynous families economically viable. Positive feedbacks between the productive and reproductive potentials of larger families produce right-tailed distributions of family size and “wealth” when the productive age of children is low and polygyny is incentivized. Size data from over 800 prehistoric residential structures suggest right-tailed distributions of family size were present during the Late Archaic through Middle Woodland periods. These distributions would have provided variability in family-based status that permitted the emergence of hereditary social distinctions.
Who Makes the Most Productive Executive

This article compares two attitudes upper-level managers can demonstrate when they assume a new position. It uses Marissa Mayer of Yahoo! and Pat Carrigan of General Motors as examples. The first attitude is “Letting you know that I am in charge.” The second is “You need to help me figure things out.” The article relates these styles to left-brain and right-brain dominance and traces the historical shift from the first of these to the second in the workplace.
An empirical correlation for electrohydrodynamic enhancement of natural convection.

Abstract A correlation for predicting the extent of electrohydrodynamic enhancement of natural convection from heated horizontal cylinders is presented. This correlation is supported with results from two different experiments; the first involves natural convection from a thin platinum wire immersed in R-123 with a uniform electric field, while the second involves natural convection from a flooded tube immersed in R-123 in a non-uniform electric field. The Nusselt number enhancement is correlated in terms of a “corrected electrical Rayleigh number”, RaEl, to account for the effect of a non-uniform electric field on natural convection. The correlation is valid for the range 4.0×103≤RaEl≤8.0×108.
‘Who Is My Good Neighbor?’ Classical Indian Dance in the Prophetic Work of the Church

AbstractThe use of the classical dance form bharatanatyam by Catholic Christians has inspired vigorous resistance from Hindus and Christians alike. The most salient of these objections relate to the use of power. Some see this form of ministry as a colonialist appropriation; others argue that it perpetuates caste and religious values that do not belong to the majority of Indian Christians, who are Dalits. While the Church may eventually abandon this form of ministry for such reasons, I argue that the case of Nav Sadhana Kala Kendra, a Catholic school of dance and music in Varanasi that produces dance programs on video disc and YouTube, subverts both forms of hegemony.
Passive stiffness of coupled wrist and forearm rotations.

Coordinated movement requires that the neuromuscular system account and compensate for movement dynamics. One particularly complex aspect of movement dynamics is the interaction that occurs between degrees of freedom (DOF), which may be caused by inertia, damping, and/or stiffness. During wrist rotations, the two DOF of the wrist (flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation, FE and RUD) are coupled through interaction torques arising from passive joint stiffness. One important unanswered question is whether the DOF of the forearm (pronation–supination, PS) is coupled to the two DOF of the wrist. Answering this question, and understanding the dynamics of wrist and forearm rotations in general, requires knowledge of the stiffness encountered during rotations involving all three DOF (PS, FE, and RUD). Here we present the first-ever measurement of the passive stiffness encountered during simultaneous wrist and forearm rotations. Using a wrist and forearm robot, we measured coupled wrist and forearm stiffness in 10 subjects and present it as a 3-by-3 stiffness matrix. This measurement of passive wrist and forearm stiffness will enable future studies investigating the dynamics of wrist and forearm rotations, exposing the dynamics for which the neuromuscular system must plan and compensate during movements involving the wrist and forearm.
Testing Morphological Concepts of Orders of Pleurocarpous Mosses (Bryophyta) Using Phylogenetic Reconstructions Based on TRNL-TRNF and RPS4 Sequences

The ordinal classification of pleurocarpous mosses rests on characters such as branching mode and architecture of the peristome teeth that line the mouth of the capsule. The Leucodontales comprise mainly epiphytic taxa, characterized by sympodial branching and reduced peristomes, whereas the Hypnales are primarily terricolous and monopodially branching. The third order, the Hookeriales, is defined by a unique architecture of the endostome. We sampled 78 exemplar taxa representing most families of these orders and sequenced two chloroplast loci, the trnL-trnF region and the rps4 gene, to test the monophyly and relationships of these orders of pleurocarpous mosses. Estimates of levels of saturation suggest that the trnL-trnF spacer and the third codon position of the rps4 gene have reached saturation, in at least the transitions. Analyses of the combined data set were performed under three optimality criteria with different sets of assumptions, such as excluding hypervariable positions, downweighting the most likely transformations, and indirect weighting of rps4 codon positions by including amino acid translations. Multiple parallelism in nonsynonymous mutations led to little or no improvement in various indices upon inclusion of amino acid sequences. Trees obtained under likelihood were significantly better under likelihood than the trees derived from the same matrix under parsimony. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that (1) the pleurocarpous mosses, with the exception of the Cyrtopodaceae, form a monophyletic group which is here given formal recognition as the Hypnidae; (2) the Leucodontales are at least paraphyletic; and (3) the Hypnales form, with most members of the Leucodontalean grade, a monophyletic group sister to a Hookerialean lineage. The Hypopterygiaceae, Hookeriales, and a clade composed of Neorutenbergia, Pseudocryphaea, and Trachyloma likely represent a basal clade or grade within the Hypnidae. These results suggest that mode of branching and reduced peristomes are homoplastic at the ordinal level in pleurocarpous mosses.
UDFT and MCSCF descriptions of the photochemical Bergman cyclization of enediynes

Several singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces (PES) for the Bergman cyclization of cis-1,5-hexadiyne-3-ene (1a) have been computed by UDFT, CI, CASCI, CASSCF, and CASMP2 methods. It is found that the first six excited states of 1a can be qualitatively described as linear combinations of the configurations of weakly interacting ethylene and acetylene units. Although the symmetry relaxation from C2ν to C2 makes cyclization of the 13B state Woodward−Hoffmann allowed, it also increases the probability of competing cis−trans isomerization. Hydrogen atom abstraction is another plausible pathway because the terminal alkyne carbons possess a large radical character. In view of the competing processes, we conclude that the Bergman cyclization along the 13B path is unlikely despite its exothermicity (Δ = −42 kcal/mol). Calculations on cyclic analogues of 1a lead to similar conclusions. A less exothermic, but more plausible pathway for photochemical cyclization lies on the 21A PES (Δ = −18 kcal/mol). Compare...
Mechanism of photoaffinity labeling of P2-purinergic receptors by arylazido aminopropionyl ATP in isolated guinea-pig vas deferens

Abstract Following photolysis in the presence of the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens, arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP 3 ), a photoaffinity label analog of ATP, produces an irreversible and specific pharmacological antagonism of contractile responses to adenine nucleotides. Experiments were performed to determine whether the antagonism follows the photolysis-dependent formation of nitrene intermediates at occupied receptors (true photoaffinity labeling) or if the reactive intermediate is photogenerated in solution prior to diffusion to the receptor and formation of covalent bonds (pseudo-photoaffinity labeling). When present during photolysis, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA; 10 mM), a scavenger for nitrenes generated in solution, did not prevent the antagonism of ATP-induced responses by ANAPP 3 . However, the absorption spectrum of ANAPP 3 photolyzed in the presence of PABA was different from that obtained when PABA was not present. This evidence for the formation of additional photolysis products suggests that ANAPP 3 had inserted into PABA during photolysis. Thus, covalent bonds arise from true photoaffinity labeling of the receptor. An analysis of the pharmacological effects of PABA indicated that responses to ATP, KCl and acetylcholine were unaffected either in the presence of, or after a 23 min incubation, with 10 mM PABA. In contrast, PABA produced a substantial, but reversible, antagonism of histamine- and norepinephrine-induced contractions. Irradiation of tissues in the presence of 10 mM PABA produced a slight potentiation of responses to ATP. Thus, information on the mechanisms of photoaffinity labeling may be obtained from functional studies on intact tissues. However, the pharmacological effects of agents used to define these mechanisms should be evaluated as well.
Going the distance: a critical infant in need of ECMO bypass.

Air Medical Journal 16:2 April-June 1997 On March 31, 1994, at approximately 10 AM, our service, Survival Flight, received a request for neonatal transport from Marquette, Michigan, back to the University of Michigan Medical Center (UMMC) in Ann Arbor. The patient was a l-day-old male with severe respiratory failure. Because of the severity of his illness and lack of response to conventional therapy, the baby was considered a candidate for extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) bypass. ECMO involves the use of a specialized heart-lung bypass machine or circuit designed to substitute the functions of diseased or injured heart, lungs, or both. ECMO does not cure the disease but allows time for the diseased organ to heal or recover. It has become the standard treatment for severe respiratory failure in newborn infants refractory to max imal conventional medical support and is being used successfully in the adult pop ulation as well. ECMO also may be referred to as extracorporeal lie support. Marquette is located in the upper peninsula of Michigan approximately 350 nautical miles from Ann Arbor. Although out of normal helicopter range (180 to 200 nautical miles one way), unusual circumstances called for use of our recently acquired Bell 230 helicopter on this mission. Our dedicated transport jet was already in service when this call was received and would not be available for several more hours. Calls to three other fixed-wing operators proved fruitless. Two were unavailable; although the third service was located near the referring facility, it was unable to provide a neonatal team to transport the infant back to the UMMC for specialized tertiary care. The baby’s grave and rapidly deteriorating clinical status made ground transport of 8 to 10 hours impossible. The forecast called for “severe clear” conditions from coast to coast. Ceiling and visibility were certainly within our minimums for cross-country flight. A decision was reached within 45 minutes that the mission could be accomplished by our rotor-wing service. For each mission, two rotor-wing aircraft, a fixed-wing aircraft, and ground transportation are evaluated to determine which mode of transport best supports the condition and needs of the patient. The program administrator, medical director, pilot, and medical flight crew evaluated the mission from each perspective and agreed rotor wing was the best lifesaving option for this infant. The Bell 230 aircraft afforded room and ease of transport for all missions, particularly neonatal transfers. The neonatal specialty team consisted of a neonatology fellow, a nurse, and a respiratory therapist who flew in addition to the flight nurse (FN) from the regular critical care transport team. The FN’s primary role was to assist the pilot with safety aspects of specialty team transports. In addition, the FN was also available to assist the team with patient care if needed. Several important safety factors were addressed during this transport. Most importantly, the 5-hour rotor-wing flight
Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South

Gospel of Disunion examines the ways in which religion influenced the development of a distinctive Southern culture and politics before the Civil War, translating the secessionist movement into a struggle of the highest moral significance. It explores such topics as the religious pro-slavery argument and the slaveholding ethic for Christian masters, the denominational schisms of the 1830s and 1840s that divided Southern Protestants along sectional lines, and the distinctive religious rationale for secession. This book is the first major attempt to explore fully the relationship between religion and the origins of Southern nationalism in all these manifestations.
INVENTING RACE: THE BRITISH AND INDIA'S MARTIAL RACES

(1995). Inventing Race: The British and India's Martial Races. The Historian: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 107-116.
Intramolecularly competitive Ireland Claisen rearrangements: Stereoselective synthesis of alkylidene cyclohexenes

Abstract Unsymmetrical bis-allyl silylketene acetals derived from cyclohexenones undergo regio- and stereoselective Ireland Claisen rearrangements to afford alkylidene cyclohexenes in good yield.
Identification of calcium binding proteins from brain.

A procedure was worked out for purification and identification of calcium-binding proteins from bovine brain using Ca2+-dependent, reversible binding to a hydrophobic support, phenyl-Sepharose, as the method of isolation. These proteins could be visualized during and after their separation by running them on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels, blotting to Zeta-probe paper, and autoradiographing with45Ca2+. About 24 polypeptides could be seen in this fraction on SDS (Laemmli) gels and about 8–10 native, Ca2+-binding proteins could be seen on non-denaturing gels and on blots of their 45Ca2+ autoradiographs. Some of these proteins could be purified further by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and still retain their45Ca2+-binding activity.
Long-term antiproteinuric and renoprotective efficacy and safety of losartan in children with proteinuria☆

Abstract Background Angiotensin receptor antagonists are effective in reducing proteinuria by an action independent of blood pressure. As a consequence, such agents retard progressive renal dysfunction in adults with chronic proteinuria. Long-term efficacy and tolerability data in children are unavailable. Methods Efficacy of losartan in reducing proteinuria and in preserving renal function was prospectively assessed in 52 consecutive children under 18 years of age with chronic proteinuric renal disorders, an initial creatinine clearance ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and a minimum of two or more follow-up visits. Thirty had proteinuria (P), and 22 had proteinuria combined with hypertension (P+H). Adverse effects were also evaluated. Results Proteinuria had persisted or increased during a mean interval of 8.5 months before initiation of losartan at a mean dosage of 0.8 mg/kg/d. Mean protein excretion before starting losartan was 2453 mg/m 2 /d and fell by 34% at a mean follow-up time of six weeks (visit I, P P 2 /h (nephrotic range proteinuria) or nephrotic syndrome (>3500 mg/1.73 m 2 /d) fell from 42% and 40% at the start, to 24% and 8%, respectively, at visit IV ( P 2 levels remained unchanged during the time of follow-up. Reduction in proteinuria in the P subgroup alone correlated with lowering in diastolic blood pressure at visit II and with both diastolic and systolic blood pressure at visits III and IV (all P P Z scores. Thirteen children had adverse effects potentially ascribed to losartan; most of these either improved or resolved with dosage adjustment or resulted in its discontinuation in 9 of the 52 children (17%). Conclusion Losartan therapy was associated with a marked and sustained reduction in proteinuria and in preservation of GFR in children with chronic proteinuric disorders. The association between proteinuria and systemic blood pressure reduction was complex: it was largely limited to the first year of losartan therapy and was more pronounced in the normotensive subgroup. Losartan was generally well tolerated.
T cell receptors and cancer: gain gives pain.

T lymphocytes engineered to produce T cell receptors specific for tumor antigens lead to an antitumor immune response. New findings draw attention to a potentially deadly problem with this strategy. The transgenic T cell receptors can shuffle components with native receptors to produce hybrid molecules with specificity against self antigens (pages 565–570).
MULTIPLE IDENTITIES, MULTIPLE VOICES:READING ANDREE CHEDID'S LA MAISON SANS RACINES

Lecture intertextuelle (Kristeva, Genette) du metissage culturel dans les epigraphes de La Maison sans racines d'A. Chedid.
On the measurement of cell adhesiveness.

Four parameters that might be related to either the cell surface or cell adhesiveness were examined as a function of embryonic age in chick cells, and compared to each other. The four parameters were: (1) size of aggregates formed in shaker culture; (2) rate of aggregation in shaker culture; (3) sorting-out behavior; (4) surface charge density. Aggregate size and aggregation rate of retinal cells were both found to decrease from 5 to 19 days of embryonic development, but the decreases followed different patterns. Sorting-out behavior remained constant from as early as four to as late as 19 days of development (liver, heart and retinal cells). Surface charge density of retinal cells at physiological pH's rose from five to seven days, reached a maximum value between 7 and 11 days, and decreased from 11 to 19 days of development. Because of this negative correlation, it was concluded that the four parameters reflect different properties of the cell surface.
THE EFFECT OF A PEDIATRIC SELF-CARE BOOK ON UTILIZATION OF OUTPATIENT SERVICES IN A GROUP MODEL HMO. • 781

THE EFFECT OF A PEDIATRIC SELF-CARE BOOK ON UTILIZATION OF OUTPATIENT SERVICES IN A GROUP MODEL HMO. • 781
Serum Peptide Profiling by Magnetic Particle-Assisted, Automated Sample Processing and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Human serum contains a complex array of proteolytically derived peptides (serum peptidome) that may provide a correlate of biological events occurring in the entire organism; for instance, as a diagnostic for solid tumors (Petricoin, E. F.; Ardekani, A. M.; Hitt, B. A.; Levine, P. J.; Fusaro, V. A.; Steinberg, S. M.; Mills, G. B.; Simone, C.; Fishman, D. A.; Kohn, E. C.; Liotta, L. Lancet 2002, 359, 572−577). Here, we describe a novel, automated technology platform for the simultaneous measurement of serum peptides that is simple, scalable, and generates highly reproducible patterns. Peptides are captured and concentrated using reversed-phase (RP) batch processing in a magnetic particle-based format, automated on a liquid handling robot, and followed by a MALDI TOF mass spectrometric readout. The protocol is based on a detailed investigation of serum handling, RP ligand and eluant selection, small-volume robotics design, an optimized spectral acquisition program, and consistent peak extraction plus binnin...
Got Milk? Lactation and Purification among Covenanters

Abstract This paper examines texts in 4Q266.6.ii in the Dead Sea Scrolls that regulated impurities attributed to parturient women living among the Covenanters. It contrasts how the regulations of 4Q266 differed from those in Leviticus 12. The thesis of the paper is that the Covenanters regarded new mothers as impure, but excluded and protected newborns from the impurities of their mothers. In particular, the paper will examine the possibility that a lactating mother was required to hire a wet-nurse to feed her infant during the first seven days of life if the baby were male or fourteen days of life if the baby were female, lest the mother’s impurity from childbirth render the infant impure. Once the 7-14 days of impurity passed, new mothers were no longer impure to the touch and could therefore resume care for their infants. They were however still impure with regard to the sancta, or holy things, including the sanctuary. This paper will use texts outside of the Qumran community to interpret possible explanations for the Covenanters’ understanding of the impurity of parturient women and the purity of their newborns. These texts will include: Mishnah, Talmud, Soranus’ Gynecology, Galen’s Method of Medicine, Tertullian’s De Carne Christi, Protevangelium Jacobi, and Cyrene Cathartic Law.
Optimum positioning of moving service facility

Abstract In this paper we address the problem of optimal positioning of a service facility among moving existing ones. A model is developed to find the initial location, the velocity and the direction of the service facility in order to minimize the cost of travel over a given time horizon. This horizon is divided into periods; in each of these periods the level of service required by each facility as well as velocity, magnitude and direction remains constant. However, the level of service required and the velocity may change only from period to period.
Una victoria pírrica en el México posrevolucionario: los finqueros alemanes, las escuelas Artículo 123 y la formación del Estado en la costa de Chiapas, 1934-1942

Article 123 of Mexico’s 1917 Constitution stipulated that landowners bore the responsibility of educating the school-aged children of their workers. In 1934, the Ministry of Public Education endorsed socialist education, which required Article 123 teachers to promote agrarian and labor reforms on Chiapas’s coffee plantations. The planters, many of whom were of German origin, successfully undermined the Article 123 schools but were targeted first by the Cardenista agrarian reform of 1939 and later by the seizure of their properties during World War II. In other words, they won their battle against the SEP but ultimately lost the war to the emerging Mexican nation-state.
Stenciling Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Fullerenes Using Elastomeric Lift-Off Membranes

Graphene, a 2D crystal comprised of single-atom-thick sheets of hexagonal sp2 carbon atoms, has garnered much attention recently owing to potential applications in field-effect transistors (FETs), sensors, composite reinforcement, supercapacitors, and emissive displays.[1–5] While other low-dimensional allotropes of carbon have been extensively studied since their discoveries over 20 years ago,[6,7] graphene research is still in its infancy. Although many methods to synthesize these nanomaterials have been demonstrated, there are relatively few approaches to systematically organize these materials that meet the high throughput requirements for practical device applications. In this Communication, we demonstrate that thin elastomeric membranes comprised of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) can be utilized as physical stencils for patterning chemically converted graphene (CCG), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and fullerenes, all of which can be dispersed in hydrazine. Furthermore, this method represents a simple and versatile process to selectively register these carbon nanomaterials into configurations suitable for nanoelectronic devices.
Flow in porous metallic materials: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

Purpose: To visualize ﬂow dynamics of analytes inside po-rous metallic materials with laser-detected magnetic reso-nance imaging (MRI).Materials and Methods: We examine the ﬂow of nuclear-polarized water in a porous stainless steel cylinder. Laser-detected MRI utilizes a sensitive optical atomic magnetom-eter as the detector. Imaging was performed in a remote-detection mode: the encoding was conducted in the Earth’smagnetic ﬁeld, and detection is conducted downstream ofthe encoding location. Conventional MRI (7T) was also per-formed for comparison.Results: Laser-detected MRI clearly showed MR images ofwater ﬂowing through the sample, whereas conventionalMRI provided no image.Conclusion: We demonstrated the viability of laser-de-tected MRI at low-ﬁeld for studying porous metallic mate-rials, extending MRI techniques to a new group of systemsthat is normally not accessible to conventional MRI.Key Words: low-ﬁeld MRI; laser detection, porous metal;ﬂow imaging; remote detection; penetration depthJ. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1299–1302.© 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Force production and mechanical accommodation during convergent extension

Forces generated within the embryo during convergent extension (CE) must overcome mechanical resistance to push the head away from the rear. As mechanical resistance increases more than eightfold during CE and can vary twofold from individual to individual, we have proposed that developmental programs must include mechanical accommodation in order to maintain robust morphogenesis. To test this idea and investigate the processes that generate forces within early embryos, we developed a novel gel-based sensor to report force production as a tissue changes shape; we find that the mean stress produced by CE is 5.0±1.6 Pascal (Pa). Experiments with the gel-based force sensor resulted in three findings. (1) Force production and mechanical resistance can be coupled through myosin contractility. The coupling of these processes can be hidden unless affected tissues are challenged by physical constraints. (2) CE is mechanically adaptive; dorsal tissues can increase force production up to threefold to overcome a stiffer microenvironment. These findings demonstrate that mechanical accommodation can ensure robust morphogenetic movements against environmental and genetic variation that might otherwise perturb development and growth. (3) Force production is distributed between neural and mesodermal tissues in the dorsal isolate, and the notochord, a central structure involved in patterning vertebrate morphogenesis, is not required for force production during late gastrulation and early neurulation. Our findings suggest that genetic factors that coordinately alter force production and mechanical resistance are common during morphogenesis, and that their cryptic roles can be revealed when tissues are challenged by controlled biophysical constraints.
Pressure–volume–temperature paths in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell

The temperature, pressure, and stress conditions in the diamond anvil cell sample chamber before, during, and after laser heating are mapped by employing standard materials as in situ pressure markers. Unit cell volumes of Pt, MgO, and NaCl were monitored by synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction at temperatures between 300 and 2290 K and pressures ranging from 14 to 53 GPa. To aid in interpreting the resulting pressure–volume–temperature paths, we perform a series of model calculations of the high-temperature, high-pressure x-ray diffraction behavior of platinum subjected to a general stress state. Thermal pressure and thermal expansion effects within the laser-heated volume are observed but are not sufficient to fully explain the measured paths. Large apparent pressure changes can also result from relaxation of deviatoric stresses during heating and partial reintroduction of those stresses during quench. Deviatoric stresses, monitored from both diffraction peak widths and lattice parameter shifts as a func...
Planning for play in programs for young children

Play and playing processes of the young child are the basis for early education for centuries. With the rediscovery of the young child during the decade of the 1960's, theoreticians and practioneers alike are showing continued interest in play from basic and applied perspectives. From a Piagetian developmental point of view, play is closely allied to the growth of thinking structures in the young child. As such, the characteristics of play and make-believe as part of the evolving mental structures require careful consideration and examination by early educators. The characteristics of and processes basic to the young child's play can be considered in context of initial learning environments and early education programs. As with indoor play, a variety of materials, arrangement of play space, and provisions for challenges in developmental problem solving are bridges between play and thought and keys to supportive learning environments and successful early education programs.
Characterization of oxidized species in superconducting ternary oxides by solution chemistry

Abstract The redox potential of superconducting yttrium barium cuprates, as well as of simple barium cuprate has been evaluated using a series of inorganic as well as organic redox indicators in aqueous solution. The extent of conversion to the oxidized form upon contact of the solid cuprate with a solution containing the reduced form of the indicator has been determined in each case. In the cases of indicators having high redox potentials the only process which takes place in the system is hydrolysis of the cuprates with evolution of oxygen. The results indicate that the redox potential of both types of cuprate is approximately 0.7 V. This is indicative of extensive delocalization of the electron deficiency of the oxygen atoms surrounding the central copper ion.
Reporting of race and ethnicity in breast cancer research: room for improvement

Health disparities in breast cancer outcomes according to race/ethnicity are well documented. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) offer an opportunity to evaluate differences in disease biology and response to therapy that may contribute to disparities. We conducted a PubMed search to identify all English language original reports of breast cancer RCT from October 2001 to October 2006. The primary outcomes of interest were reporting of accrual and results by race or ethnicity of trial subjects. We evaluated the correlation between study characteristics and reporting of race/ethnicity. A total of 197 eligible trials were identified among 29 journals. Accrual was reported by race in 17% of studies and results analyzed by race in only 2%. Reporting of race was associated with National Cancer Institute funding (38 vs. 13%, P = 0.001), US cooperative group trials (52 vs. 13%, P 500 subjects (24 vs. 12%, P = 0.055). Pharmaceutical industry funding, # of centers, stage of disease, nature of experimental intervention and study outcomes were not associated with reporting of race. Among US studies reporting trial accrual by race/ethnicity, the mean accrual distribution was 81% white, 7.6% black, 9.6% Asian, and 7.2% Hispanic subjects. The majority of breast cancer RCT fail to report the race/ethnicity of participants. Low accrual of black subjects and failure to report accrual and outcomes by race in RCT may contribute to difficulty in understanding and overcoming health disparities in breast cancer.
A technique for simultaneous measurement of DC and multiple unit responses.

Abstract The suggestion was made that the relationship between cellular activity and macro-potentials in the brain might best be studied by measuring neuronal population (multiple unit) responses and DC potentials, as such responses may reflect maximal information available in the two measurement realms. Equipment necessary for the simultaneous measurement of DC and multiple unit activity from the same anatomical locus is described.
In vivo, noninvasive measurement of muscle pH during exercise using near infrared spectroscopy

Muscle pH is an important indicator of inadequate blood flow and available oxygen. Muscle pH can be used to triage and help treat trauma victims and indicate poor peripheral blood flow in diabetic patients. Muscle pH can also be used to indicate exercise intensity and fatigue. We have developed methods to non-invasively measure muscle pH using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. A multi-subject PLS model correlating near infrared tissue spectra, acquired from healthy subjects during repetitive hand-grip exercise, to invasive tissue pH measurements, has been developed and validated. Subject related variations in the spectral signal; impede the development of viable multi-subject model. Within-subject variations in tissue NIR spectra often result from uncontrolled motion or blood volume changes during exercise, while subject-to-subject variations arise from differences in skin pigmentation and the fat layer thickness. We have developed signal processing techniques to account for these mitigating factors. By incorporating this signal processing techniques with PLS calibration, we can generate a pH model that has a relative standard error of prediction of 1.7%
Anatomical evidence that neurol circuits related to the subfornical organ contain angiotensin II

Bidirectional connections between the subfornical organ and the hypothalamus are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on recent evidence for the presence of angiotensin II in some of these pathways. Additionally, evidence is presented suggesting that this peptide may serve as a neurotransmitter or neuroendocrine factor in the efferent projections of cell groups receiving neural inputs from the subfornical organ. It appears that angiotensin II may serve as one of the chemical messengers at each link in multi-synaptic pathways related to the subfornical organ.
Electrochemical study of hydrothermal and sedimentary pyrite dissolution

Abstract The dissolution of pyrite is of interest in the formation of acid mine drainage and is a complex electrochemical process. Being able to measure the rate of dissolution of particular pyrite samples under particular conditions is important for describing and predicting rates of AMD generation. Electrochemical techniques offer the promise of performing such measurements rapidly and with small samples. The oxidation of pyrite and the reduction of Fe 3+ ions and/or O 2 half reactions involved in the pyrite dissolution process were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and steady-state voltammetry using three pyrite materials formed in both sedimentary and hydrothermal environments. For each sample, two kinds of pyrite working electrodes (conventional constructed compact solid electrode, and carbon paste electrode constructed from fine-grained pyrite particles) were employed. Results indicated that for both the hydrothermal and sedimentary pyrite samples the oxidation and reduction half reactions involved in dissolution were governed by charge transfer processes, suggesting that hydrothermal and sedimentary pyrites obey the same dissolution mechanism despite their different formation mechanisms. In addition, the results showed that it is feasible to use a C paste electrode constructed from fine-grained or powdered pyrite to study the pyrite dissolution process electrochemically and to derive approximate rate expressions from the electrochemical data.
Shape and Non-Principal Axis Spin State of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis

Radar observations of Toutatis placed hundreds to thousands of pixels per image on the asteroid and revealed it to be a non-principal axis rotator. The radar data are used to calculate Toutatis's three-dimensional shape, spin state, and the ratios of the principal moments of inertia. Toutatis is rotating in a long-axis mode characterized by periods of 5.41 days (rotation about the long axis) and 7.35 days (average for long-axis precession), and its dimensions along the principal axes are 1.92, 2.40, and 4.60 kilometers. To within the model's uncertainties, Toutatis's density is homogeneous, or its inhomogeneities mimic the inertia tensor of a homogeneous body.
New Developments in Behavioral Treatments for Substance Use Disorders

After decades of defining which behavioral treatments are effective for treating addictions, the focus has shifted to exploring how these treatments work, how best to disseminate and implement them in the community, and what underlying factors can be manipulated in order to increase the rates of treatment success. These pursuits have led to advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of treatment effects, the incorporation of technology into the delivery of current treatments and development of novel applications to support relapse prevention, as well as the inclusion of neurocognitive approaches to target the automatic and higher-order processes underlying addictive behaviors. Although such advances have the promise of leading to better treatments for more individuals, there is still much work required for these promises to be realized. The following review will highlight some of these recent developments and provide a glimpse into the future of behavioral treatments.
Inelastic Scattering of a Σ - Hyperon with an Emulsion Nucleus

During a systematic study of fast hyperons resulting from the nuclear capture of ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons, an event has been found which is interpreted as the elastic scattering of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ hyperon by a bound neutron. The reaction kinematics are insufficient to determine the nature of the nuclear potential for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ hyperons but it appears that when about 10 of these events have been found and analyzed, it will be possible to infer the sign of the potential from the general effect it will have on the observable kinematics of the events.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Neurons Mediate Sleep-Specific Circadian Output in Drosophila

Summary Background Imbalances in amount and timing of sleep are harmful to physical and mental health. Therefore, the study of the underlying mechanisms is of great biological importance. Proper timing and amount of sleep are regulated by both the circadian clock and homeostatic sleep drive. However, very little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the circadian clock regulates sleep. In this study, we describe a novel role for diuretic hormone 31 (DH31), the fly homolog of the vertebrate neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide, as a circadian wake-promoting signal that awakens the fly in anticipation of dawn. Results Analysis of loss-of-function and gain-of-function Drosophila mutants demonstrates that DH31 suppresses sleep late at night. DH31 is expressed by a subset of dorsal circadian clock neurons that also express the receptor for the circadian neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF). PDF secreted by the ventral pacemaker subset of circadian clock neurons acts on PDF receptors in the DH31-expressing dorsal clock neurons to increase DH31 secretion before dawn. Activation of PDF receptors in DH31-positive DN1 specifically affects sleep and has no effect on circadian rhythms, thus constituting a dedicated locus for circadian regulation of sleep. Conclusions We identified a novel signaling molecule (DH31) as part of a neuropeptide relay mechanism for circadian control of sleep. Our results indicate that outputs of the clock controlling sleep and locomotor rhythms are mediated via distinct neuronal pathways.
Paradox lost: Natural boundary conditions in the Ritz–Galerkin method

We present a simple calculation which seems at first to yield erroneous results when natural boundary conditions are not enforced. Our example is the static deformation of a cantilever beam under uniform loading. The corresponding variational principle is established and two applications of the Rayleigh–Ritz–Galerkin method are made. (1) The deflection is expanded in a series of cosines. The energy is rendered stationary subject to all boundary conditions, geometric and natural (they are imposed through Lagrange multipliers). The resulting function is exactly the Fourier cosine expansion of the true deflection–which is a fourth-degree polynomial. (2) The deflection is again expanded in a cosine series but now the natural boundary conditions are ignored. The resulting series does not converge to the true solution. Owing to the simplicity of the coefficients, exact summations are possible and the discrepancy is clear. The disagreement is large, and the object of the paper is to decide which method is right.
Dynamics and Limitations of Blood/Muscle Interface Detection Using Doppler Power Returns

A new method that relies on backscattered Doppler power from red cells to locate and track blood/muscle interfaces is described. It allows current pulsed Doppler flowmeter systems to yield continuous information on internal vessel diameter and to evenly distribute range gates within the lumen. A smal signal model is fommulated that describes this feedback approach and indicates the relationships between system parameters (filter characteristics, gain settings, sampling rate, etc.) and tracking dynamics. Large signal nonlinear effects, problems of initial lock-in, potential loss of lock, and sources of tracking error are then outlined to provide a thorough description of this novel technique.
Three‐dimensional shear‐wave splitting tomography in the Parkfield, California, region

[1] We developed a three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave splitting tomography method to image the spatial anisotropy distribution by back projecting shear wave splitting delay times along ray paths derived from a 3D shear velocity model, assuming the delay times are accumulated along the ray paths. The local strength of the anisotropy is indicated by a parameter of anisotropy percentage, K. Using the shear-wave splitting delay times for 575 earthquakes measured at PASO and HRSN stations, we imaged a detailed 3D anisotropy percentage model around the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The anisotropy percentage model shows strong heterogeneities, consistent with the strong spatial variations in both measured delay times and fast polarization directions. The San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone is highly anisotropic down to a depth of ∼4 km and then becomes less anisotropic at greater depths. Outside the fault zone, the highly anisotropic zone extends as deep as ∼7 km, consistent with the systematic depth dependence of the average time delays. To the southwest of the SAF, the Salinian granitic block shows relatively strong anisotropic anomalies that are presumably caused by aligned microcracks consistent with the direction of the regional maximum compressive horizontal stress. To the northeast of the fault zone, a strong anisotropic anomaly between depths ∼2 and ∼4 km corresponds to a serpentinite body sandwiched between Franciscan rocks.
FIELD DEPENDENCE IN VISUALLY AND NONVISUALLY INVOLVED LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN

39 visually and nonvisually perceptually impaired 8- to 11-yr.-old boys with learning disabilities were compared with a control group of 35 “normal” learners on the Rod-and-frame and Children's Embedded-figures Tests. Previous findings of greater field dependence of learning disabled children are confounded because the experimental tasks involved visual perception. In our study the 27 “visuals” were more field-dependent than either the 12 “nonvisuals” or the controls. The latter groups did not differ significantly from one another, which may in part be a function of the small sample of nonvisual children identified. Alternative explanations, e.g., the visual nature of the field-dependence measures and the lack of reading difficulty of the nonvisual group, are considered. For the visually disabled Ss only Vocabulary scores correlate significantly with Rod-and-frame and Embedded-figures scores, suggesting that among such children those with higher verbal intelligence may be more field-independent.
Cell specific antiserum to chromosome scaffold proteins

Abstract Antiserum has been raised to a chromosomal protein fraction specific for Hela cells. The immunoactivity is located in the transcriptionally inactive regions of log phase chromatin. Digestion of metaphase chromosomes results in the purification of the immunoactivity in the scaffold region of the chromosomes. Extensive nuclease digestion of the scaffolds results in loss of activity. The data suggest that some of the proteins in the scaffold area are both tight binding and cell specific and may therefore play a sophisticated role in gene expression.