cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of optical guiding on sideband instabilities in a free-electron laser.

The effects of optical guiding on sideband instabilities in a Raman free-electron laser (FEL) are studied numerically and experimentally. An axisymmetric two-dimensional (2D) computer code that includes the effects of space charge and diffraction in an overmoded waveguide is developed to simulate sideband growth in the Columbia University FEL, which generates radiation of millimeter wavelength. It is found in both the simulation and the experiment that the effect of refractive optical guiding, which slows down the radiation group velocity, shifts the sidebands away from the signal carrier. We also find numerically that refractive optical guiding enhances the filling factor of the electron beam and perturbs the electron distribution, and thereby increases the sideband growth rate. We show that the sideband growth rate can be depressed by tuning the FEL so that the real part of the effective index of refraction associated with the electron beam decreases. The effect of wiggler tapering on the sideband growth is also studied with the 2D code. A significant reduction in the sideband growth rate in an efficiency-enhanced wiggler has been demonstrated and is qualitatively consistent with experimental measurements.
Polystyrene local dynamics in dilute solution: Temperature and solvent dependence of C-D vector correlation function shape

Variable temperature 2H-NMR T 1 experiments were performed on backbone deuterated atactic polystyrene in four solvents at two Larmor frequencies. Temperature-frequency superposition, which is consistent with experimental results for many other polymers, cannot describe our data. This indicates that the shape of the correlation function for C-D vector reorientation is temperature dependent. A modified log X 2 distribution of relaxation times, i.e., a delta function plus a log X 2 distribution, was used to fit the experimental data. These fits are consistent with literature 13 C T 1 and NOE data. As polystyrene local dynamics slow down by a factor of 5, the FWHM of the log X 2 distribution increases from 0.8 to 1.1 decades. Solvent identity does not play a major role in determining the shape of the correlation function. The fraction of the correlation function decay caused by librational motion was determined to be 0.28. The quantity was compared for series of polymers and found to correlate with the size of the side group.
Taking Action: Assessing the Impact of Preservice Teaching on Learning

Abstract This writing is an investigation into the use of action research methods and tools as a means for preparing 26 preservice teachers to effectively link assessment to instruction. Two concepts emerged from the data: The importance of developmentally appropriate practice and documenting and validating student learning. This study suggests the power of action research as a teaching and learning tool in teacher preparation programs.
Equal Thermodynamic Distance and Equipartition of Forces Principles Applied to Binary Distillation

Two theoretically derived entropy optimization methods for design of distillation columns with multiple heat exchangers have recently been presented in the literature. These two methods, called equal thermodynamic distance (ETD) and equipartition of forces (EoF), have here been applied to binary distillation and compared. For a 17 plate column separating benzene and toluene the entropy production inside the ETD column was found to be 32.8% less than the comparable adiabatic column while the entropy production in the EoF column was 32.6% less. A numerically calculated optimum was found to be 37.3% better than the adiabatic column. The difference between the EoF column and the numerical optimum occurs mainly in the end sections where the EoF operating line requires driving forces which are difficult to obtain because of the mass balance. The mismatch is mainly due to (i) failure to take bulk fluxes into account, (ii) mass balance restrictions on the driving force in the upper section, and (iii) uncertainty ...
Parental Alcohol Use and Brain Volumes in Early- and Late-Onset Alcoholics

Background Studies have shown that alcoholics have smaller brain volumes than non-alcoholic cohorts, but an effect of family history (FH) of heavy drinking on brain volume has not been demonstrated. We examined the relationship between an FH of heavy drinking and both brain shrinkage as measured by the ratio of brain volumes to intracranial volume (ICV) as well as maximal brain growth as measured by ICV in early-onset and late-onset alcoholics. Methods With T1-weighted resonance imaging, we measured ICV, brain volume, and white and gray matter volume in adult treatment-seeking late-onset and early-onset alcoholics with either a positive or a negative FH of heavy alcohol use, and in healthy control subjects. We also calculated brain shrinkage using a ratio of soft tissue volumes to ICV. Results The FH positive alcoholic patients had significantly smaller ICVs than FH negative patients, suggesting smaller premorbid brain growth. Brain shrinkage did not correlate with FH. Late-onset alcoholics showed a greater difference in ICV between FH positive and FH negative patients than early-onset alcoholics. Late-onset FH positive patients also had significantly lower IQ scores than late-onset FH negative patients, and IQ scores were correlated with ICV. Conclusions These data provide evidence that parental alcohol use might increase risk for alcoholism in offspring in part by a genetic and/or environmental effect that might be related to reduced brain growth.
MMPI CORRELATES OF THE INVENTORY OF FACTORS STDCR

One criticism which has often arisen regarding personality inventories is that they do not measure what their factor names suggest they measure. Such names are usually selected in a highly subjective manner. Consequently, tests which use similar factor names or factor descriptions may not measure the same factors; or factors which are labeled with different names may turn out to be the same or similar (3 , pp. 2 2 5 2 2 7 ) . The present study is concerned with the relationship between scores obtained on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Inventory of Factors STDCR, since these two inventories use certain factor names and factor descriptions that suggest they may test similar personality traits ( 1 , 2 ) .
Preoperative Imaging for Staging Bladder Cancer

Accurate preoperative staging of bladder cancer is essential in determining the extent of disease and optimal treatment. The current gold standard of transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by computed tomography (CT) imaging provides excellent staging specificity, but often understages the disease, leading to pathologic upstaging and adverse outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Newer imaging modalities, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT or MR provides promising imaging alternatives which may improve accuracy of staging both local and distant disease.
Distal Sensory Nerve Transfers in Lower-Type Injuries of the Brachial Plexus

Purpose To report the results of sensory nerve transfers to reconstruct sensation on the ulnar side of the hand in lower-type palsies of the brachial plexus. Methods From 2007 to 2009, we operated on 6 men and 2 women with a lower-type injury of the brachial plexus and observed them for a minimum of 24 months. The mean interval between the injury and surgery was 8 months (SD ± 8.6 mo). Before surgery, we documented anesthesia on the ulnar side of the hand in all patients. Donor nerves included cutaneous branches of the median nerve to the palm (n = 5) or the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (n = 3). The ulnar proper digital nerve of the little finger was the recipient nerve. We evaluated sensory recovery by assessing static 2-point discrimination and sensation to Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Results According to the British Medical Council system of evaluation, 5 patients scored S3 and 3 scored S3+. Conclusions In lower-type injuries of the brachial plexus, transfer of median nerve branches that innervate the palm of the hand to the ulnar proper digital nerve of the little finger predictably restored protective sensation on the ulnar side of the hand. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
The role of intestinal flora on the interactions between nonparenchymal cells and hepatocytes in coculture

Kupffer cells are exposed directly to a number of factors in the portal circulation that can modify or regulate their responses to septic stimuli. The gut represents a potential source of a number of these factors including endotoxin, lymphokines, and prostaglandins. We examined Kupffer cells from germfree rats and germfree rats exposed to endotoxin or bacteria via their GI tracts to determine the importance of the intestinal flora in maintaining or modulating Kupffer cell responses. Kupffer cells from germfree animals were reduced in numbers and failed to respond to LPS in Kupffer cell:hepatocyte coculture. When germfree rats were exposed to bacterial endotoxin or bacteria via the gastrointestinal tract their Kupffer cells increased in numbers to normal and the cells responded to LPS in culture. Intestinal overgrowth with Escherichia coli for 2 days activated the Kupffer cells and significantly increased Kupffer cell sensitivity to LPS. These data suggest that the environment of the gastrointestinal tract is important for normal Kupffer cell responses and that intestinal bacterial overgrowth can modify Kupffer cell responses to septic stimuli.
Risk prediction and aversion by anterior cingulate cortex

The recently proposed error-likelihood hypothesis suggests that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and surrounding areas will become active in proportion to the perceived likelihood of an error. The hypothesis was originally derived from a computational model prediction. The same computational model now makes a further prediction that ACC will be sensitive not only to predicted error likelihood, but also to the predicted magnitude of the consequences, should an error occur. The product of error likelihood and predicted error consequence magnitude collectively defines the general “expected risk” of a given behavior in a manner analogous but orthogonal to subjective expected utility theory. New fMRI results from an incentive change signal task now replicate the errorlikelihood effect, validate the further predictions of the computational model, and suggest why some segments of the population may fail to show an error-likelihood effect. In particular, error-likelihood effects and expected risk effects in general indicate greater sensitivity to earlier predictors of errors and are seen in risk-averse but not risktolerant individuals. Taken together, the results are consistent with an expected risk model of ACC and suggest that ACC may generally contribute to cognitive control by recruiting brain activity to avoid risk.
The new need: Nutrition-oriented food policies☆

Abstract Inadequate nutrition results in human and economic waste. In developing societies, substantial deaths are thought to be malnutrition-related, and large proportions of the populations live with the negative effeets that inadequate diet and related illness have on learning, work capacity, behaviour and well-being. ' The nutritional state of the populace both influences and reflects the level and pace of national development. 2
Towards a Cognitive Approach for the Automated Detection of Connotative Meaning

The goal of the research described here is to automate the recognition of connotative meaning in text using a range of linguistic and non-linguistic features. Pilot results are used to illustrate the potential of an integrated multi-disciplinary approach to semantic text analysis that combines cognitive-oriented human subject experimentation with Machine Learning (ML) based Natural Language Processing (NLP). The research presented here was funded through the Advanced Question and Answering for Intelligence (AQUAINT) Project of the U.S. federal government's Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) Office. Funded as an exploratory "Blue Sky" project, this award enabled us to develop an extensible experimental setup and to make progress towards training a machine learning system.
Synthetic aperture radar imaging and motion estimation via robust principal component analysis

We consider the problem of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and motion estimation of complex scenes. By complex we mean scenes with multiple targets, both stationary and in motion. We use the usual setup with one moving antenna emitting and receiving signals. We address two challenges: (1) the detection of moving targets in the complex scene, and (2) the separation of the echoes from the stationary targets and those from the moving targets. Such separation allows high resolution imaging of the stationary scene and motion estimation with the echoes from the moving targets alone. We show that the robust principal component analysis (PCA) method which decomposes a matrix into two parts, one low rank and one sparse, can be used for motion detection and data separation. The matrix that is decomposed consists of the pulse- and range-compressed SAR data indexed by two discrete time variables: the slow time, which parametrizes the location of the antenna, and the fast time, which parametrizes the echoes rec...
Some Guide Foraminifera of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in Australia and California.: ABSTRACT

A number of stratigraphically restricted species of Foraminifera are found in the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary of Australia and California. These cosmopolitan species are also found in many other parts of the world, often under different names. They have been noted in samples collected here for the Richfield Oil Corporation and for the Bureau of Mineral Resources in Northwest Australia. Their identification permits direct or indirect correlation with standard European stages and thus contributes to a universal stratigraphy, as well as to the knowledge of paleogeography. In addition, the widespread occurrence of index Foraminifera for the Maestrichtian and Danian-Paleocene often permits an exact distinction between uppermost Cretaceous and lowermost Tertiary. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2781------------
Policy guidelines for collective bargaining and family planning

The benfits of establishing family planning through collective bargaining to both labor and management are discussed. Until workers can be convinced that their children will receive health care education and employment and that they will be economically secure in old age it is difficult to convince them of the many benefits of child spacing and small family size. In 1953 it was calculated by management in a Japanese steel factory that about 70% of all acidents could be attributable to difficulties in the private lives of employees. In order to ease problems in the home collective agreements were initiated by management in the Nippon Express Company to provide family planning services. Labor agreed as long as the workers were to share in the economic awards which came from participation. Costs of implementing the family planning programs were fully offset by the decrease in expenditure on family allowances confinement nursing and so on. In India some ten estates began a program in which a certain amount of money is paid into an account for every month that a woman does not become pregnant. If the woman becomes pregnant she forfeits a substantial amount of the fund. This money comes directly from the funds which would normally have to be set aside to provide for maternity and child support programs. Certain guidelines are presented in the paper to outline the areas of responsibility of labor and management in the provision of family planning services. Among the many possibilities mentioned is the idea that both labor and management could look into the conceivability of plowing back a portion of whatever savings are accrued by management into a pension scheme to compensate workers for the loss of labor caused by having fewer children than were previously anticipated.
Successful treatment of venous stasis ulcers with combination compression therapy and pulsed radio frequency energy in a patient scheduled for amputation.

Background Venous ulcers are a frequent complication of chronic venous insufficiency. Compression therapy remains the mainstay of conservative treatment, as many patients are not candidates for surgical intervention. Case A 78-year-old man was referred to our Preservation-Amputation Care and Treatment for management of 3 venous stasis ulcers on the front of the left lower leg. Multiple comorbid conditions and his generally poor health rendered him a poor candidate for surgical reperfusion In addition, his right leg was amputated approximately 3 years before, and he was nonweight bearing on the remaining left leg. In order to heal these venous stasis ulcers and preserve his limb, Mr A underwent treatment with a combination of compression therapy and pulsed radio frequency energy. Conclusion Compression therapy plus pulsed radio frequency energy led to healing of his venous leg ulcers and avoided amputation of the affected limb. This treatment is currently being evaluated in other patients with chronic venous insufficiency and ulceration.
Atlantic Midshipman, Porichthys plectrodon, in North Carolina

Abstract A total of 2,910 Atlantic midshipman were collected, mainly by trawl, off North Carolina between 1911–2012. Only four were found in Pamlico Sound. Once abundant their numbers have declined after 1990 when ocean water temperatures changed from cool to warm. Today they are rarely caught or seen in North Carolina.
Addition of Antioxidant to Improve Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Irradiated Pork Patties

The effects of added antioxidants on the oxidative quality changes of irradiated pork patties were studied. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was not a concern, even in aerobically packaged irradiated pork patties when antioxidants were added. Irradiation produced sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide, responsible for irradiation off-odor. The addition of gallate + tocopherol or sesamol + tocopherol was effective in reducing the sulfur volatiles, but had no effect on the redness of irradiated raw pork patties. Aerobic packaging was highly effective in reducing sulfur volatiles and off-odor from irradiated meat during storage. Antioxidants had little effect on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance of irradiated pork, and consumers did not consider the red color of irradiated raw pork as a quality defect.
Recent change in summer chlorophyll a dynamics of southeastern Lake Michigan

Abstract Six offshore stations in southeastern Lake Michigan were sampled during a pre quagga mussel Dreissena rostriformis bugensis period (1995–2000) and a post quagga mussel period (2007–2011). Chlorophyll a fluorescence profiles were used to characterize chlorophyll a concentrations during early (June–July) and late (August–September) summer stratification. During the early summer period the average whole water column chlorophyll a , the deep chlorophyll maximum, and the size of deep chlorophyll layer decreased 50%, 55%, and 92%, respectively, between 1995–2000 and 2007–2011. By contrast, in late summer there were no changes in these metrics between periods. Surface mixed layer chlorophyll a in early and late summer did not differ between time periods. On the other hand, chlorophyll a in the near bottom zone (bottom 20 m) declined 63% and 54% between 1995–2000 and 2007–2011 in early and late summer respectively. Changes in total phosphorus between 1995–2000 and 2007–2011 were less dramatic, with declines of 22–27% in early summer and 11–30% in late summer. Changes in the chlorophyll a conditions were attributed to dreissenid mussels which reduced material available from the spring bloom and disrupted the horizontal transport of nutrients to the offshore. Although light availability increased (i.e., increased secchi depths), reduced nutrient availability and spring diatom abundance resulted in a much smaller deep chlorophyll layer in 2007–2011.
Periodic conduction problems: the fast multipole method and convergence of integral equations and lattice sums

This paper presents a version of the fast multipole method (FMM) for integral equations describing conduction through three–dimensional periodic heterogeneous media. The proposed method is based on the standard rather than periodic fundamental solution, and therefore it is very close to the original FMM. In deriving the method, particular attention is paid to convergence of arising integral equations and lattice sums. It is shown that convergence can be achieved without introducing artificial compensatory sources or boundary conditions.
Design-space exploration for CMOS photonic processor networks

Monolithically integrated dense WDM photonic network topologies optimized for loss and power footprint of optical components can achieve up to 4x better energy-efficiency and throughput than electrical interconnects in core-to-core, and 10x in core-to-DRAM networks.
Impairment of cystine-35S incorporation into skin protein by zinc-deficient rats

Studies were carried out in young rats to determine the effect of zinc deficiency on the distribution of >5Sand incorporation of L-cystine-*sS into skin protein. Results indicate that urinary excretion of "S in zinc-deficient rats was significantly greater than in the zinc-supplemented rats. Conversely, the up take of "S in the skin and hair of zinc-deficient rats was considerably lower than control rats. Zinc deficiency drastically reduced the amount of cystine-S5Sincor poration into skin protein at 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours postinjection. This defect was not due to food intake and can be corrected upon zinc repletion. No significant differences were observed in the protein radioactivity of the liver, kidney, testes and muscles between the two groups. However, a significant increase of cystine- 3!S was incorporated into pancreas protein in zinc-deficient rats. Additional ex periments revealed that zinc-deficient rats had a reduced capacity to utilize L-proline-U-"C and glycine-l-I4C for the formation of skin protein as compared to zinc-supplemented rats. These observations strongly suggest that zinc is essen tial in the synthesis of skin keratin and collagen. J. Nutr. 101: 445â€"452,1971.
Dose-dependent enhancement of morphine-induced analgesia by ingestion of amniotic fluid and placenta

Ingestion of amniotic fluid and placenta by rats has been shown to enhance opioid-mediated analgesia. The present studies were designed to examine the effect of several doses and volumes of placenta and amniotic fluid on tail-flick latency in rats treated with 3 mg/kg morphine. The optimal dose of amniotic fluid was found to be 0.25 ml, although 0.50 and 1.0 ml also produced significant enhancement. Doses of 0.125 and 2 ml of amniotic fluid were ineffective, as was a dose of 0.25 ml diluted to 2 ml with saline. The optimal dose of placenta was found to be 1 placenta, although the resulting enhancement was not significantly greater than that produced by 0.25, 0.50, 2.0 or 4.0 placentas. Doses smaller than 0.25 placenta or larger than 4.0 placentas were ineffective. The most effective doses of amniotic fluid and placenta correspond to the amounts delivered with each pup during parturition.
Design of ultra-low-leakage logic gates and flip-flops in high-performance FinFET technology

Multi-gate CMOS devices promise to usher an era of transistors with good electrostatic integrity at the sub-22nm nodes, which makes it essential to rethink traditional approaches to designing low-leakage digital logic and sequential elements formerly used in high-performance planar single-gate technologies. In the current work, we explore the design space of symmetric (Symm-Φ G ) and asymmetric gate workfunction (Asymm-Φ G ) FinFET logic gates, latches, and flip-flops for optimal trade-offs in leakage vs. delay and temperature in a high-performance FinFET technology. We demonstrate, using mixed-mode Sentaurus technology computer-aided design (TCAD) device simulations, that Asymm-Φ G shorted-gate n/p-FinFETs, which use both workfunctions corresponding to typical high-performance n/p-FinFETs, yield over two orders of magnitude lower leakage without excessive degradation in on-state current, in comparison to Symm-Φ G shorted-gate (SG) FinFETs, placing them in a better position than back-gate biased independent-gate (IG) FinFETs for leakage reduction. Results for elementary logic gates like INV, NAND2, NOR2, XOR2, and XNOR2 using Asymm-Φ G SG-mode FinFETs indicate that they are more optimally located in the leakage-delay spectrum in comparison to the most versatile configurations possible by mixing corresponding Symm-Φ G SG- and IG-mode FinFETs. Latches and flip-flops, however, require an astute combination of Symm-Φ G and Asymm-Φ G FinFETs to optimize leakage, delay, and setup time simultaneously.
Protocadherins, not prototypical: a complex tale of their interactions, expression, and functions.

The organization of functional neural circuits requires the precise and coordinated control of cell-cell interactions at nearly all stages of development, including neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, dendrite arborization, and synapse formation and stabilization. This coordination is brought about by the concerted action of a large number of cell surface receptors, whose dynamic regulation enables neurons (and astrocytes) to adopt their proper roles within developing neural circuits. The protocadherins (Pcdhs) comprise a major family of cell surface receptors expressed in the developing vertebrate nervous system whose cellular and developmental roles are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight selected recent results in several key areas of protocadherin biology and discuss their implications for our understanding of neural circuit formation and function.
Cataract-Causing Defect of a Mutant γ-Crystallin Proceeds through an Aggregation Pathway Which Bypasses Recognition by the α-Crystallin Chaperone

Background: The transparency of the eye lens depends upon maintenance of the native state of the c- and b-crystallins, which is aided by the abundant chaperones aA- and aB-crystallin. Mature onset cataract, the leading cause of blindness worldwide, involves the polymerization of covalently damaged or partially unfolded crystallins into light-scattering aggregates. A number of single amino acid substitutions and truncations of c-crystallins result in congenital cataract in both humans and mice, though in many cases the coupling between the protein alterations and the accumulation of aggregates is poorly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have studied the aggregation properties and chaperone interactions of human cDcrystallin carrying substitutions of two buried core mutants, I90F and V75D, which cause congenital cataract in mice. The in vitro aggregation pathway competing with productive refolding was not altered by either substitution. Furthermore, this aggregation pathway for both mutant proteins–originating from a partially folded intermediate–was efficiently suppressed by aB-crystallin. Thus the cataract pathology was unlikely to be associated with a direct folding defect. The native state of wild-type human cD-crystallin exhibited no tendency to aggregate under physiological conditions. However both I90F and V75D native-like proteins exhibited slow (days) aggregation to high molecular weight aggregates under physiological conditions. The perturbed conformation of I90F was recognized and bound by both aA and aB chaperones. In contrast, the aggregation derived from the perturbed state of V75D was not suppressed by either chaperone, and the aggregating species were not bound by the chaperone. Conclusions/Significance: The cataract phenotype of I90F in mice may be due to premature saturation of the finite acrystallin pool. The V75D aggregation pathway and its escape from chaperone surveillance and aggregation suppression can account for the congenital cataract pathology of this mutant. Failure of chaperone recognition may be an important source of pathology for many other protein folding defects.
Bioprosthetic Plugs for Complex Anal Fistulas: An Early Experience

Purpose The goal in the treatment of anal fistulas is to eliminate the fistula without a change in continence. No single technique exists that is appropriate for the treatment of all fistulas. Options include fistulotomy, use of setons, fibrin sealant, and advancement flaps. Recently, a bioprosthetic fistula plug has been described. The purpose of this study is to report the author's early experience with the bioprosthetic fistula plug and to compare the results of bioprosthetic plug closure of complex anal fistulas with those achieved with advancement flap repair. Methods A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed for patients treated with an anal fistula. Data collected included age, gender, fistula anatomy and etiology, previous repairs, comorbidities, procedure performed, pain scores, and fistula recurrence. Results Overall, 95 patients comprised the control group (43 men and 52 women), with transsphincteric or rectovaginal fistulas in 51 and 44 patients, respectively, managed by advancement flap repair of their fistula. The fistula recurred in 31 patients (32.6%) during a median follow-up of 10 months. Overall,18 patients had their fistula managed using the porcine fistula plug (12 men and 6 women), with transsphincteric or rectovaginal fistulas in 13 and 5 patients, respectively. The fistula recurred in 2 patients (12%) during a median follow-up of 6 months. Conclusion Use of a porcine fistula plug for the management of complex anal fistulas is a new technique that, in the early experience, seems to yield results similar to advancement flap repair.
Prevalence of Amblyopia and Strabismus in White and African American Children Aged 6 through 71 Months: The Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study

Objective To determine the age-specific prevalence of strabismus in white and African American children aged 6 through 71 months and of amblyopia in white and African American children aged 30 through 71 months. Design Cross-sectional, population-based study. Participants White and African American children aged 6 through 71 months in Baltimore, MD, United States. Among 4132 children identified, 3990 eligible children (97%) were enrolled and 2546 children (62%) were examined. Methods Parents or guardians of eligible participants underwent an in-home interview and were scheduled for a detailed eye examination, including optotype visual acuity and measurement of ocular deviations. Strabismus was defined as a heterotropia at near or distance fixation. Amblyopia was assessed in those children aged 30 through 71 months who were able to perform optotype testing at 3 meters. Main Outcome Measures The proportions of children aged 6 through 71 months with strabismus and of children aged 30 through 71 months with amblyopia. Results Manifest strabismus was found in 3.3% of white and 2.1% of African American children (relative prevalence [RP], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97–2.66). Esotropia and exotropia each accounted for close to half of all strabismus in both groups. Only 1 case of strabismus was found among 84 white children 6 through 11 months of age. Rates were higher in children 60 through 71 months of age (5.8% for whites and 2.9% for African Americans [RP, 2.05; 95% CI, 0.79–5.27]). Amblyopia was present in 12 (1.8%) white and 7 (0.8%) African American children (RP, 2.23; 95% CI, 0.88–5.62). Only 1 child had bilateral amblyopia. Conclusions Manifest strabismus affected 1 in 30 white and 1 in 47 African American preschool-aged children. The prevalence of amblyopia was Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Adaptive Robotic Visual Tracking

Current robotic systems lack the flexibility of dynamic interaction with the environment. The use of sensors can make the robotic systems more flexible. Among the different types of sensors, visual sensors play a critical role. This paper addresses some of the issues associated with the use of a visual sensor in the feedback loop. In particular, algorithms are proposed for the solution of the robotic (hand-eye configuration) visual tracking and servoing problem. We state the problem of robotic visual tracking as a problem of combining control with computer vision. We propose the use of sum-of-squared differences (SSD) optical flow for the computation of the vector of discrete displacements. These displacements are fed to an adaptive controller (self-tuning regulator) that drives implemented three different adaptive control schemes and the results are presented in this paper.
Scalable temporal order analysis for large scale debugging

We present a scalable temporal order analysis technique that supports debugging of large scale applications by classifying MPI tasks based on their logical program execution order. Our approach combines static analysis techniques with dynamic analysis to determine this temporal order scalably. It uses scalable stack trace analysis techniques to guide selection of critical program execution points in anomalous application runs. Our novel temporal ordering engine then leverages this information along with the application's static control structure to apply data flow analysis techniques to determine key application data such as loop control variables. We then use lightweight techniques to gather the dynamic data that determines the temporal order of the MPI tasks. Our evaluation, which extends the Stack Trace Analysis Tool (STAT), demonstrates that this temporal order analysis technique can isolate bugs in benchmark codes with injected faults as well as a real world hang case with AMG2006.
Towards automatic synthesis of a class of application-specific sensor networks

Automatic synthesis of sensor network-based systems can be described as the process of translating a formal specification of application functionality into a particular task mapping, settings of available hardware knobs, and communication and coordination mechanisms among the sensor nodes, so as to meet the performance requirements and constraints. We propose a general methodology to tackle a specific class of this problem, based on analytical performance modeling, multigranularity system simulation, and automatic refinement of model parameters. To demonstrate the utility and feasibility of our proposed methodology, we define a system model for a class of sensor networks, and implement a software framework for its modeling and simulation. Our graphical design environment supports plug-and-play integration of different performance models, simulation and visualization suites, and even automatic design space exploration and optimization tools.
Rural non-farm development: a trade-theoretic view

A key component of rural development is the growth of production linkages between the farm and non-farm sectors. The growth of these linkages contributes to the development of agricultural clusters and to the increased articulation of the rural economy. This articulation process is modelled using a specific factors model with differentiated intermediate inputs or producer services produced under monopolistic competition. The implications of labour force growth, agricultural pricing policy, and import substitution industrialization policy on rural non-farm development are explored. The results suggest that agricultural clusters and the (dis)articulation of the farm and non-farm sectors are important aspects of rural development.
Exploiting barriers to optimize power consumption of CMPs

Power consumption is an important concern for future billion transistor designs. This paper proposes a novel technique for optimizing the power consumption of chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) using an integrated hardware-software mechanism. By using a high level synchronization construct, called the barrier, our technique tracks the idle times spent by a processor waiting for other processors to get to the same point in the program. Using this knowledge, the frequency of the processors can be modulated to reduce/eliminate these idle times, thus providing power savings without compromising on performance. Using real applications from the SpecOMP suite, and a complete system CMP simulator, we demonstrate that this approach can provide as much as 40% power savings (and 32% on the average across five applications) with little impact on performance.
Hardware-accelerated parallel non-photorealistic volume rendering

Non-photorealistic rendering can be used to illustrate subtle spatial relationships that might not be visible with more realistic rendering techniques. We present a parallel hardware-accelerated rendering technique, making extensive use of multi-texturing and paletted textures, for the interactive non-photorealistic visualization of scalar volume data. With this technique, we can render a 512x512x512 volume using non-photorealistic techniques that include tone-shading, silhouettes, gradient-based enhancement, and color depth cueing, as shown in the images on the color plate, at multiple frames second. The interactivity we achieve with our method allows for the exploration of a large visualization parameter space for the creation of effective illustrations.
Removing the Malice from Federal "Malicious Prosecution": What Cognitive Science Can Teach Lawyers About Reform

Section 1983 (“§ 1983”), Title 42 of the U.S. Code empowers individuals suffering civil rights abuses at the hands of state actors to seek recourse in federal court. The statute was enacted in response to southern states’ failure to control the Ku Klux Klan. Since 1961, it has increasingly become a vehicle for federal reform of unconstitutional state and local government practices. Nationwide, state criminal justice systems cry out for such ex post reform, as they continue to generate wrongful convictions at unacceptable rates with no notable preventative measures in place.“Malicious prosecution” claims brought under § 1983 are a common mechanism for redressing state-driven wrongful convictions, but this Article asserts that they are not meeting their full reform potential. A plurality of federal courts erroneously requires plaintiffs to prove malice in support of such claims. While superficially the requirement comports with the “malicious” prosecution nomenclature, the nomenclature itself is misleading. Federal malicious prosecution claims are based on the Fourth Amendment, the purpose of which is to hold state defendants accountable for objectively unreasonable acts — not intentional, or malicious, ones.In abandoning the Fourth Amendment’s purpose, the offending courts have also ignored the real causes of wrongful convictions, and therefore have failed to further true reform. Research shows that the vast majority of wrongful convictions are driven not by malice but by cognitive biases — mental processes that filter information subjectively, causing inaccurate perceptions and objectively unreasonable decisionmaking. Although unintentional and often unconscious, cognitive biases may be ameliorated through education, exposure to divergent views, and reform of systemic factors that trigger and exacerbate bias. Reframing § 1983 relief for wrongful conviction as a question of objective unreasonableness rather than malice would tie liability more closely to: (1) nonmalicious cognitive errors that frequently taint state actors’ decisions during criminal proceedings; and (2) states’ failure to implement cognitive error-neutralizing practices. This change to the legal standard, accompanied by close consideration of cognitive science, has the potential to enhance plaintiffs’ access to compensation and to require state reform of the true systemic causes of many wrongful convictions.
Characterization of Carbon-Dioxide-Induced Asphaltene Precipitation

Asphaltene precipitation continues to be one of the major problems during the carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery process. Supercritical carbon dioxide is injected into oil reservoirs to enhance oil recovery in the tertiary phase of production. Development of multiple-contact miscibility is important in the success of a carbon dioxide flood. In this paper, we establish conditions at which solids are formed in carbon dioxide–oil systems and characterize these solids by a variety of analytical techniques. Crude oils containing low and medium amounts of heptane-insoluble asphaltenes were used in the study. A high-pressure thermodynamic system was designed and fabricated, and a number of thermodynamic experiments were performed with dead and live oils. Multiple-contact experiments were first performed by adding a “light–intermediate” cut to the crude oil and later by creating actual multiple contacts. Precipitation onset for dead oils was obtained between 20 and 30 mol % CO2. CO2-induced solids consisted of ...
The PDGF receptor phosphorylates Tyr 138 in the c-Src SH3 domain in vivo reducing peptide ligand binding

Treatment of quiescent NIH3T3 cells with PDGF BB results in the transient activation and hyperphosphorylation of the protein-tyrosine kinase, c-Src. These effects correlate with novel serine and tyrosine phosphorylations in the N-terminal non-catalytic region of the molecule, which contains an SH3 and SH2 domain. In this study, a site of PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was mapped to Tyr 138 in the SH3 domain; Tyr 138 is exposed on the SH3 peptide binding surface. This same site is phosphorylated in vitro by the PDGF receptor when purified baculovirus-expressed c-Src is complexed with the activated receptor. Phosphorylation of Tyr 138 required association of c-Src with the PDGF receptor via its SH2 domain. When a c-Src Phe 138 mutant was stably expressed in Src− mouse fibroblasts, it was activated to the same extent as wild type c-Src following PDGF stimulation, indicating that phosphorylation of this site is not required for PDGF-mediated activation. However, Tyr 138 phosphorylation was found to diminish SH3 domain peptide ligand binding ability in vitro.
Effect analysis of the cancellation of immigration restrictions for foreigners with HIV/AIDS in China

The rules of allowing foreigners with HIV/AIDS entering China not only are consonant with the social development and practical needs,but cause a series of effect and adjustments on the prevention of AIDS in our country(health education,monitoring,detection,epidemiological investigation and management,etc.).The policies on foreigners' employment,medical care,school enrollment and other aspects also need to be adjusted and improved.Following the rules of policy,the article analyzes the policy changes,influence and problems,and makes some suggestions,including strengthening cooperation among relevant institutions,adjusting work center in time,improving policies on school enrollment,employment and medical care of foreigners with HIV,penalizing illegal foreigners with HIV/AIDS.
Ignition Behavior of Biodiesel and Diesel under Reduced Oxygen Atmospheres

The effects of the atmospheric oxygen concentration on the physical and chemical ignition behavior of biodiesel and diesel fuel blends were investigated using an optically accessible constant-volume combustion chamber (600 °C and 20 bar) equipped with a light-duty diesel injector. High-speed imaging was used to measure the transient cone angle and penetration length of the liquid spray jet as it developed within the chamber. Structural fluctuations of the developing spray jets were suggested to be a function of injector pin movement, with their frequency and amplitude being functions of the fuel viscosity and density. Physical and chemical ignition delay was analyzed through detection of excited formaldehyde and hydroxide chemiluminescence using a system of optical filters and photomultiplier tubes. Although biodiesel produced slightly longer physical ignition delays as a result of an extended atomization and evaporation process, its chemical ignition delay was much shorter than that of diesel, which is a...
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN SEPSIS

Sepsis is an enormous public health issue and the leading cause of death in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Overwhelming inflammation, characterized by cytokine storm, oxidative threats, and neutrophil sequestration, is an underlying component of sepsis-associated organ failure. Despite recent advances in sepsis research, there is still no effective treatment available beyond the standard of care and supportive therapy. To reduce sepsis-related mortality, a better understanding of the biological mechanism associated with sepsis is essential. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a subcellular organelle, is responsible for the facilitation of protein folding and assembly and involved in several other physiological activities. Under stress and inflammatory conditions, ER loses homeostasis in its function, which is termed ER stress. During ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to restore ER function to its normal balance. However, once stress is beyond the compensatory capacity of UPR or protracted, apoptosis would be initiated by triggering cell injuries, even cell death. As such, ER stress and UPR are reported to be implicated in several pathological and inflammatory conditions. Although the detrimental role of ER stress during infections has been demonstrated, there is growing evidence that ER stress participates in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In this review, we summarize current research in the context of ER stress and UPR signaling associated with sepsis and its related clinical conditions, such as trauma-hemorrhage and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We also discuss the potential implications of ER stress as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker in patients with sepsis.
Chapter 21 – The Role of the Microbiota and Potential for Dietary Intervention in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex disorder characterized by unexplained, relapsing fatigue that significantly impairs daily activity and diminishes quality of life. In addition to disabling fatigue, CFS patients often experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In fact, many CFS patients have been diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the most prevalent functional GI disorder. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota have been implicated in CFS and IBS, potentially contributing to enhanced gut permeability, immune activation, and altered motility. Dysbiosis can also influence emotional behaviors. This review summarizes the role of the gut microbiota in CFS and the potential for dietary intervention to alleviate its debilitating symptoms. Future research is needed to unravel the mechanisms underlying the health benefit of probiotics. In addition, randomized control trials assessing long-term safety and benefits on clinical endpoints are required before the medical community will accept the addition of probiotics as supplements for CFS.
Developing a Professional Identity on Social Media

Just as teachers form complex personal identities, so too do they form professional identities. This occurs face-to-face and in online settings such as on social media. People make choices about the kinds of identities that they will present for a plethora of reasons, but the role identities associated with our chosen career often figure into these choices.