cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATIONSHIP EDUCATION FOR STEPCOUPLES REPORTING RELATIONSHIP INSTABILITY— EVALUATION OF THE SMART STEPS: EMBRACE THE JOURNEY CURRICULUM

Smart Steps: Embrace the Journey is a research-based educational curriculum for stepfamily couples ("stepcouples"). The curriculum is designed to build couple strengths while addressing the unique challenges of repartnering with a child or children from a previous relationship. This study evaluated the effectiveness of this curriculum with 151 individuals in relationally less stable stepcouple relationships who either engaged in the Smart Steps curriculum (n = 97) or were part of the comparison group (n = 54). This study represents methodological and conceptual advances in the study of stepfamily programs with the use of a comparison group, a racially and economically diverse sample, and a relationally at-risk population. Results indicated that those who participated in Smart Steps reported significant increases in individual empowerment, couple quality, family harmony, and parenting efficacy while these measures were unchanged for those who did not receive the program. Implications for future research and for practitioners are provided.
Replication Factor C Clamp Loader Subunit Arrangement within the Circular Pentamer and Its Attachment Points to Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Replication factor C (RFC) is a heteropentameric AAA+ protein clamp loader of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) processivity factor. The prokaryotic homologue, γ complex, is also a heteropentamer, and structural studies show the subunits are arranged in a circle. In this report, Saccharomyces cerevisiae RFC protomers are examined for their interaction with each other and PCNA. The data lead to a model of subunit order around the circle. A characteristic of AAA+ oligomers is the use of bipartite ATP sites in which one subunit supplies a catalytic arginine residue for hydrolysis of ATP bound to the neighboring subunit. We find that the RFC(3/4) complex is a DNA-dependent ATPase, and we use this activity to determine that RFC3 supplies a catalytic arginine to the ATP site of RFC4. This information, combined with the subunit arrangement, defines the composition of the remaining ATP sites. Furthermore, the RFC(2/3) and RFC(3/4) subassemblies bind stably to PCNA, yet neither RFC2 nor RFC4 bind tightly to PCNA, indicating that RFC3 forms a strong contact point to PCNA. The RFC1 subunit also binds PCNA tightly, and we identify two hydrophobic residues in RFC1 that are important for this interaction. Therefore, at least two subunits in RFC make strong contacts with PCNA, unlike the Escherichia coli γ complex in which only one subunit makes strong contact with the β clamp. Multiple strong contact points to PCNA may reflect the extra demands of loading the PCNA trimeric ring onto DNA compared with the dimeric β ring.
False negative results from using common PCR reagents

The sensitivity of the PCR reaction makes it ideal for use when identifying potentially novel viral infections in human disease. Unfortunately, this same sensitivity also leaves this popular technique open to potential contamination with previously amplified PCR products, or "carry-over" contamination. PCR product carry-over contamination can be prevented with uracil-DNA-glycosylase (UNG), and it is for this reason that it is commonly included in many commercial PCR master-mixes. While testing the sensitivity of PCR assays to detect murine DNA contamination in human tissue samples, we inadvertently discovered that the use of this common PCR reagent may lead to the production of false-negative PCR results. We show here that contamination with minute quantities of UNG-digested PCR product or any negative control PCR reactions containing primer-dimers regardless of UNG presence can completely block amplification from as much as 60 ng of legitimate target DNA. These findings could potentially explain discrepant results from laboratories attempting to amplify MLV-related viruses including XMRV from human samples, as none of the published reports used internal-tube controls for amplification. The potential for false negative results needs to be considered and carefully controlled in PCR experiments, especially when the target copy number may be low - just as the potential for false positive results already is.
Economics of alternative simulated manual asparagus harvesting strategies

Abstract Asparagus is harvested daily during the production season. The adoption of harvesting strategies less or more frequent than the traditional 24-h strategy has not occurred because of problems in hiring manual labor. A model that predicts daily harvest and the impact of different harvesting strategies was developed. This paper presents a bioeconomic model, capable of predicting daily asparagus harvests, composed by different mathematical functions: emergence, density dynamics, spear growth, diameter, weight, carbohydrates reserve dynamics, and profit. The bioeconomic model was used to simulate yield, number of harvests, profit, and the total cost of harvest for every year in the period 1989–2004. A simulation with the minimum wage harvesting constraint was developed and is labeled as the constrained model. The model was evaluated using data from different locations for four consecutive years in Washington State (USA) asparagus fields. The impact of the minimum wage requirements was estimated in terms of yield and profit for both processed and fresh asparagus. The traditional harvest interval of 24 h was compared to a more frequent (12 h) and a less frequent (48 h) interval. Manual harvest with the interval of 12 h showed the best results in terms of yields and profits for both processed and fresh asparagus. Gains in profits with the actual production conditions in Washington State were US$183.88/ha and US$210.60/ha for processed and fresh product, respectively. The 48-h strategy resulted in decreased yields and profits.
Kaolin particle film prevents galling by Gynaikothrips uzeli.

Feeding by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a pest thrips, induces galls on the ornamental plant Ficus benjamina, which disfigures plants and can facilitate incidental transport of pests. This study evaluated foliar applications of azadirachtin (Azatin XL), bifenthrin (Talstar), or kaolin (Surround WP) to prevent galling in field and laboratory experiments. Azadirachtin did not significantly prevent galling, but kaolin-treated cuttings had 80% reduction in number of galls in laboratory tests, and in the field, kaolintreated plants had ≥ 74% reduction in number of galls versus unprotected plants. Weekly applications of kaolin provided comparable protection to bifenthrin. Laboratory choice and no-choice tests indicate kaolin is not lethal and adult G. uzeli do not avoid kaolin-treated surfaces. Particle film products are an effective alternative to insecticides for preventing leaf galls on weeping fig.
Anesthetic management of the morbidly obese parturient.

Purpose of review Regional analgesia for labor pain and general anesthesia for cesarean section in the morbidly obese parturient is associated with increased maternal and perinatal complications. The purpose of this review is to describe the anesthetic management of the morbidly obese parturient. Recent findings Compared to the lean parturient, the morbidly obese parturient has an increased likelihood for initial failed epidural, subsequent epidural replacement, inadvertent dural puncture, and cesarean section with difficult intubation under emergent conditions. Summary Early preoperative assessment, epidural insertion, and replacement for failed regional anesthesia/analgesia along with preparation for general anesthesia and difficult airway intubation is advocated to decrease potential complications in the morbidly obese parturient.
Computer generated reaction modelling: Decomposition and encoding algorithms for determining species uniqueness

Abstract The concept of computer generated reaction modelling was broadened through the development of a general planar graph algorithm for determination of isomorphism. The previous capability was limited by its inability to determine the uniqueness of ring-containing species unambiguously, restricting the application of automatic network generation to non-cyclic species or cyclic species where the ring was not involved in the chemical transformation. In this work, the systematic identification of both noncyclic and cyclic species was carried out by constructing the structurally explicit decomposition tree, an assembly of the biconnected components of the graph, from which a graph invariant unique string code was obtained by iteratively encoding and ordering the subtrees of the decomposition tree. A lexicographical comparison of the unique string code of the candidate species with the string codes of all previously generated species with the same empirical formula allowed unambiguous determination of species uniqueness.
A New Method for Sampling Arthropods Using a Suction Collecting Machine and Modified Berlese Funnel Separator

A high-speed motor fan was adapted to suck arthropods, along with some trash, from square-foot areas of an alfalfa field. The organisms were sucked into a collecting bag without damage, and these samples of leaves, duff, and living organisms were immediately refrigerated to retard predation and general exhaustive activity. At the end of the day the material from the sample bags was placed in modified Berlese funnels, which separated the organisms from the duff by entrapping the former in alcohol. Three methods of using the suction collecting machine are discussed, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. All data obtained will be presented in a separate paper at a later date. A more nearly complete and quantitatively accurate sample of arthropods, from the ground surface to the top of the alfalfa stand, can be taken quickly in a single operation. These arthropods can also be separated by modified Berlese funnels into easily countable units in which the specimens are preserved. Modifications could make such machines useful in studying arthropods in other field and vegetable crops and possibly in tree crops.
Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695-1870.

This unique study looks at the role material goods played in shaping our culture. Using archaeological data, probate inventories, and etiquette books, Paul A. Shackel has collected valuable information on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century material items which, when analyzed in historical context, reveals how these items have shaped the development of western culture. Specific examples from the Chesapeake area of Maryland show how individuals and groups responded to social and economic crises by using material goods to define power relations, create social hierarchies, and preserve the social order. Shackel argues that, during the pre-industrial era, society's elite introduced hard-to-find material items, like the fork, with rules of etiquette to maintain social distance and stratification. As the Industrial Revolution made material items cheaper and easier to obtain, the non-elite began to adopt regular usage of particular items as part of standardized behavior while the elite sought to maintain their status with newer and different material goods. Focusing on how the spread of capitalism affected various social groups, Shackel pays specific attention to culture and consumption and symbolic qualities of material culture. His analysis incorporates a review of etiquette literature from the late medieval era to provide a global context for regional behavior and material culture.
The Precipitation of Barium Bromate from a Homogeneous Water-Organic Solvent Solution Containing Strontium

Abstract A new and general method of inducing a precipitation from homogeneous solution has been applied to the separation of barium and strontium. The precipitation of barium bromate, a water-soluble compound, is brought about by a gradual change in the composition of the solvent media. An organic compound, such as methanol or tetrahydrofuran, is allowed to diffuse into the original water solution, thus slowly converting the solution into a water-organic mixture. Strontium bromate is about 40 times more soluble in water than barium bromate. The increased solubility plus the greater stability of the strontium MEDTA chelate tend to hold the strontium in solution. The chief advantage of this method over the precipitation of barium chromate is in the preparation of barium compounds. Usually barium must be separated from the chromate before proceeding. However, barium bromate can be easily converted to the oxide, eliminating this separation step.
Inactivation of Complement by Iodo-acetic Acid.

SummaryIodoacetate, a compound known to form mercaptides with sulphydryls, has been shown to inactivate guinea-pig complement. The inactivated complement was partially regenerated with ascorbic acid and glutathione (SH) but not with saturated H2S water or KCN by our experimental procedure. This would indicate that the action of the iodoacetate on guinea-pig complement is not wholly upon thiol grouping, and that it may have other effects on the protein molecule. The fact that the iodoacetate-treated complement could be reactivated with two natural occurring reductants points to the possibility of a specific action of these two agents.From these observations it must be assumed that iodoacetate acts primarily upon the protein and possibly on the 4th component of complement.
Pulmonary artery and noninvasive hemodynamics during lung lavage in primary alveolar proteinosis.

Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring by bioimpedance has been compared to cardiac output measured by thermodilution. The technology of bioimpedance does allow for monitoring of static thoracic impedance, a measurement thought to be affected by extravascular lung water. No contemporary studies (in the last 20 years) have examined the effectiveness of that parameter in measuring changes in lung water. This case report notes hemodynamics and examines thoracic impedance in a patient undergoing unilateral lung lavage. The hemodynamic data measured by bioimpedance and thermodilution correlated well (r=0.97 for cardiac output). The changes in static impedance were compared to thoracic compliance during infusion of saline solution and evacuation. The changes in both parameters followed each other closely. Further work is required in patients with pulmonary edema or effusions before bioimpedance can be used to monitor such clinical events.
New thiophene-derived 28-π annulenes

Abstract McMurray coupling of α-terthiophene-5,5″-dicarboxaldehyde and of several N-alkyl derivatives of 2,5-bis(α-thienyl)pyrrole-5,5″-dicarboxaldehyde
The effects of time-varying electricity tariffs on emissions in New York City

Demand response has been demonstrated as a valuable resource for ensuring electric system reliability, deferring capacity upgrades, and improving cost efficiency. We quantify the emissions impact of residential demand response due to the implementation of time-varying electricity tariffs. Published demand response rates are used to model the effect of aggregate residential demand response on transmission system level loads. GE MAPS is used to model the electric grid and identify changes in the dispatch of generation due to demand response. We find that demand response substantially reduces power generation by peaking electricity units during peak hours. Further, we find that nitrogen oxide emissions in New York City fall by an average of 1.5 metric tons and particulate matter emissions fall by 0.02 metric tons on days when demand response is triggered. The peak electricity generating units (EGUs) responsible for emissions reductions have been identified as potentially causing substantially more health impacts per unit of emissions than other in-city generators.
CO Oxidation by Rutile TiO2(110) Doped with V, W, Cr, Mo, and Mn

We used density functional theory to study CO oxidation catalyzed by TiO2(110), in which some Ti atoms on the surface are replaced with V, Cr, Mo, W, or Mn. We find that in the presence of O, V, Cr, Mo, and W dopants at the surface bind an oxygen atom so that the dopant has formula MO (M = V, Cr, Mo, W). Rutile doped with Mn does not take an oxygen atom from the gas phase. We find that these materials oxidize CO by a Mars−van Krevelen mechanism in which the role of the dopant is to facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies. The energy of CO reaction with an oxygen atom from the surface layer decays linearly with the energy of vacancy formation ΔEv, whereas the energy of adsorption of O2 at a vacancy is a linear function of ΔEv. These are the only two reactions in the mechanism whose energy varies from one doped oxide to another. Because they both depend on the energy of oxygen vacancy formation, the latter quantity is a good descriptor of catalytic activity. In deciding which intermediate reactions are...
Carbon nanotubes and other fullerene-related nanocrystals in the environment: A TEM study

Carbon nanotubes and other fullerene-related nanocrystals are ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment—both indoor and outdoor. In fact, these nanostructures have been observed even in a 10,000 year-old ice core sample, indicating their natural existence in antiquity, probably as natural gas/methane combustion products. Similar carbon nanotubes and complex carbon nanocrystal aggregates are observed to be emitted from contemporary combustion sources such as kitchen stoves (natural gas and propane), water heater and furnace exhaust vents, natural gas-burning (electric) power plants, and industrial furnace operations, among others. These observations have been made by collecting nanoparticulates and nanocrystal aggregates on carbon/formvar and silicon monoxide/formvarcoated 3 mm grids that were examined with a transmission-electron microscope. This study begins to establish an environmental context for considering the potential impact of future nanostructured particles on human health.
Experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis: reevaluation of the ability of rough mutant antisera to protect mice.

SummaryRabbit antisera to three rough Enterobacteriaceae mutants, the Rc chemotype of Escherichia coli J5, the Rd chemotype of Salmonella typhimurium SL 1032, and the Re chemotype of Salmonella minnesota 595, were administered iv or ip to outbred Swiss albino mice. Control animals were injected concomitantly with normal serum from the same donors obtained prior to immunization. One hour later, challenge was performed ip or iv with LD95-100 doses of viable Escherichia coli 018, Proteus mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Normal pre-immune rabbit sera, lacking detectable antibodies to the specific challenge bacterial strains or to Ra, Rc, Rd, or Re rough mutants of Enterobacteriaceae, exhibited definite abilities to reduce septic mortality when compared with physiologic sterile saline. Analysis of preimmune sera from individual rabbit donors revealed a wide spectrum of protective activity. Post-immune sera against the rough bacterial mutants, possessing high titers of Rc, Rd, or Re antibodies, conferred no...
Structure and stability of germanium nanoparticles

In order to tailor the properties of nanodots, it is essential to separate the effects of quantum confinement from those due to the surface, and to determine the mechanisms by which preparation conditions can influence the properties of the dot. We address these issues for the case of small Ge clusters (1--2.5 nm), using a combination of empirical and first-principles molecular-dynamics techniques. Our results show that over a wide temperature range, the diamond structure is more stable than tetragonal-like structures for clusters containing more than 40 atoms; however, the magnitude of the energy difference is strongly dependent on the structure and termination of the surface. On the basis of our calculations, we propose a possible mechanism for the formation of metastable tetragonal clusters observed in vapor deposition experiments, by cold quenching of amorphous nanoparticles exhibiting unsaturated, reconstructed surfaces.
A new approach to imaging with low‐frequency electromagnetic fields

The authors present a new method for interpreting electromagnetic (EM) data using ray tomography. Direct application of ray tomography to low-frequency EM data is difficult because of the diffusive nature of the field. Diffusive EM fields can, however, be mathematically transformed to wavefields defined in a time-like variable. The transform uniquely relates a field satisfying a diffusion equation in time, or in frequency, to an integral of the corresponding wavefield. If the corresponding wavefields can be computed from low-frequency EM data, one should be able to interpret these data using techniques developed for the wavefields. To test the idea, numerically calculated transient magnetic fields were first transformed to wavefields. The typical window of the time-domain data required for the transform is 1.5 decades. Traveltimes from a source to the receivers were estimated from the reconstructed wavefields. Time-domain data with a Gaussian noise of 3 percent gave a traveltime resolution of better than one percent. For the tomographic inversion, the cross-section between the transmitter and receiver boreholes is divided into a number of rectangular elements, and a continuous slowness is assigned to each of these elements. A functional is formulated by invoking Fermat's principle for the traveltime data. Imposing a stationarymore » condition on the functional gives an iterative procedure for the slowness model. Rays are allowed to bend smoothly within each cell. Incorporating smoothly bending rays is extremely important when the velocity contrast is large. A model with a conductivity contrast of ten (10) has been successfully imaged in 120 iterations with 5 CPU hours on a SUN SPARCstation 2.« less
Development of a flash drive design project for engineering graphics and design

A major challenge in engineering design graphics classes has been the development of semester-long projects, which supports curricular goals while maintaining student interest. In this paper, we will describe a project to develop flash drive casings. The project scenario was structured as a request by a client to design a themed set of flash drive casings and a presentation case suitable for use as a gift to outstanding employees and high value clients. Each student rapid prototyped one flash drive casing of his or her own design. The project was implemented as a series of team and individual assignments spread over the semester, with the product of those assignments returned to the instructors in memo format. This project was implemented in three phases, over several semesters, with the number of students increasing at each stage to ensure that its full scale adoption was successful. The initial test of the curricular elements was made in two, approximately 20 student summer classes. At that time, several challenges were identified. Reflection on this phase revealed a need for additional written documentation containing “project hints” to help students provide designs that meet the rapid prototyper's production constraints. It was also determined that a number of intermediate assignments were needed to motivate students to remain on schedule for project completion. The project is currently nearing the end of development phase 2 and most design issues have been resolved. However, curriculum changes are warranted in response to student conceptual difficulties. As in many graphics design projects, a major challenge has been the development of three-dimensional spatial skills. Students have had difficulty creating designs containing layered structures, particularly those needed to secure the electronics within the casing. As expected in a first semester, first year course, some students have shown an inability to follow detailed instructions. While this weakness is normally only a grading issue, the flash drive covers are prototyped directly from their CAD files, making type of error particularly problematic. One major success of the project has been student excitement in the project and the improvement of their graphics skills from re-creation of existing designs to the development of novel designs.
Correlation between disulfide reduction and conformational unfolding in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.

The native-like two-disulfide intermediate of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), with the disulfide between Cys14 and Cys38 reduced, plays a particularly important role in the disulfide-co...
Molecular Mapping of Stem-Rust-Resistance Gene Sr40 in Wheat

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, was historically one of the most destruc- tive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Deployment of resistant cultivars successfully prevented rust epidemics over the past several decades. Unfortunately, race TTKS (termed Ug99) has emerged in Africa to render several stem-rust-resistance genes inef- fective. Sr40, a stem-rust-resistance gene from Triticum timopheevii ssp. armeniacum, was transferred to wheat on translocation chromo- some T2BL/2G#2S and provides effective levels of seedling and adult plant resistance against Ug99. Two mapping populations were devel- oped using Ug99-resistant line RL6088 and moderately susceptible to susceptible hard win- ter wheat cultivars Lakin and 2174. The parents were screened with 83 simple sequence repeats (SSR) from chromosome 2B and the polymorphic markers were analyzed on F 2 populations. F 2 and F 2:3 populations were inoculated with North American stem rust race RKQQ at the seedling stage. Marker locus Xwmc344 was most closely linked to Sr40 (0.7 cM) in the RL6088/Lakin link- age map, followed by Xwmc474 and Xgwm374. Marker locus Xwmc474 was mapped ~2.5 cM proximal to Sr40 in the RL6088/2174 population. Xwmc474 and Xwmc661 fl anked Sr40 in both populations. Markers linked to Sr40 will be use- ful for marker-assisted integration and pyramid- ing of Sr40 into elite wheat breeding lines, and reduction in the size of the T. timopheevii seg- ment harboring this gene.
A gene-expression score to predict obstructive CAD

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 10, 243–244 (2013); published online 2 April 2013; doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.50 In the version of this article originally published, the sentence “The investigators also determined that the optimal number of genes to use in their GES was 19, which had a sensitivity of 84%...” should have been “The investigators also determined that the optimal GES threshold was 19, which had a sensitivity of 84%.
Dual Diagnosis and Families: Introduction to the Special Issue

Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are more likely to experience serious behavior disorders or mental health impairments than their typically developing counterparts (Deb, Thomas, & Brig...
Parallelism in sequential functional languages

This paper formally studies the question of how much parallelism is available in cal-by-value functional languages with no parallel extensions (i. e., the functional sub;ets of ML or Scheme). In particular we are interested in placing bounds on how much parallelism is available for various problems. To do this we introduce a complexity model, the PAL, based on the call-by-value A-calculus. The model is defined in terms of a profiling semantics and measures complexity in terms of the total work and the parallel depth of a computation. We describe a simulation of the A-PAL (the PAL extended with arithmetic operations) on various parallel machine models, including the butterfly, hypercube, and PRAM models and prove simulation bounds. In particular the simulat ions are workeficient (the processor-time product on the machines is within a constant factor of the work on the A-PAL), and for p processors the slowdown (time on the machines divided by depth on the A-PAL) is proportional to at most O(log p). We also prove bounds for simulating the PRAM on the A-PAL. Based on the model, we describe and analyze tree-based versions of quicksort and merge sort. We show that for an input of size n these algorithms run on the A-PAL model with O(rI log n) work and 0(log2 n) depth (expected case for quicksort ).
The Role of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Other Anaerobes in Periodontal Infections

Recent taxonomic and anatomical studies of dental plaque associated with periodontal health and disease have demonstrated that differences in the microbial populations in plaque may be responsible for the initiation and progression of disease. The consistent isolation of large numbers of anaerobic and capnophilic bacteria from the depths of periodontal lesions has suggested an important role for these organisms. Bacteria that have been isolated include Capnocytophaga (Bacteroides ochraceus), other species of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Selenomonas, spirochetes, Campylobacter, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Peptococcus, and other genera. The periodontopathic potential of oral strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus has been explored in a number of investigations because these organisms are consistently isolated from periodontal lesions. Studies of B. melaninogenicus have included purification of a capsular substance, characterization of the lipopolysaccharide and a variety of toxic substances and lytic enzymes, and ecologic aspects of its colonization. Understanding of the nature and pathogenic mechanisms of the oral microbiota may lead to control of this pandemic infection.
The effect of altering metabolic rate on the mortality and incubation time of rabies.

SummaryStudies were made to determine if raising or lowering the metabolic rate of experimental animals would increase or decrease the incubation period of rabies virus.The metabolic rate of mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs was increased from 17 to 84% with iodinated casein with no significant change in the incubation period or mortality rate of rabies when compared to control animals. The host metabolic rate was decreased by thyroidectomy, hypophysectomy, or propylthiouracil in the diet. In most cases the incubation period of the treated groups did not differ significantly from the rabies controls. However, in thyroidectomized rats with the metabolic rate decreased 13% there was a significant delay in the onset of rabies symptoms (p = .10). In mice fed PTU the mean metabolic rate ranged from a 2.2% increase to a 4% decrease. An analysis of 216 mice suggests a delaying effect in the onset of rabies symptoms and a higher survival rate for mice with PTU in the diet than controls with a normal diet. It ...
The conformations of six-membered indium-arsenic and gallium-antimony rings

Abstract An X-ray diffraction study reveals that the solid state of [Me 2 InAsMe 2 ] 3 contains two independent molecules per asymmetric unit; one has a planar IN 3 As 3 ring while the other is puckered. The Ga 3 Sb 3 ring of [Cl 2 GaSb(t-Bu) 2 ] 3 ( 2 ) is basically boat-shaped, with one Sb atom and one Ga atom 0.938 A and 0.620 A respectively above the central Ga 2 Sb 2 plane of the molecule.
Mechanistic requirements for catalytic active sites

The role of chemical kinetics in defining the requirements for the manufacturing of heterogeneous catalysts is discussed. A personal view is presented in which specific examples from our laboratory are provided to illustrate the role of the chemical composition, structure and electronic properties of catalytic active sites in determining reaction activity and selectivity. Manipulation of catalytic behaviour via the tuning of reaction conditions is also introduced.
Surgical management of locally advanced and recurrent breast cancer

Considerations for surgical treatment of locoregional recurrences of breast cancer are particularly relevant at a time when many primary breast malignancies are being treated in a more conservative manner. The past experience with local recurrence after radical mastectomy was dismal: every patient with recurrence eventually developed systemic disease. Over 80% of such patients died within 2 years. The observations after local recurrence in patients with modified radical mastectomy are generally the same, although those with better prognostic lesions may have a marked delay in mortality. For patients with partial mastectomy and radiation, there are data which suggest that subsequent mastectomy for "in breast" recurrence may salvage approximately 50% of women and achieve long-term freedom from disease. This is a crucial question which will require more patients and time for confirmation. The author reviews patterns of locoregional recurrence after primary treatment of breast cancer, presents a plan for workup of such patients, and describes prognostic factors. The various treatment options, with their results, are discussed, and their dependency on the initial therapy is stressed. For patients with advanced Stage III primary breast cancer (T4 or N2, N3 lesions) and inflammatory carcinoma, a multimodal approach is proposed, with systemic multidrug chemotherapy as the initial treatment. The interlocking roles of surgical resection of the breast and radiation therapy must be considered, depending on the response to chemotherapy. Algorithms for therapy have been constructed to demonstrate the options.
Joint Modeling and Analysis of Longitudinal Data with Informative Observation Times

In analysis of longitudinal data, it is often assumed that observation times are predetermined and are the same across study subjects. Such an assumption, however, is often violated in practice. As a result, the observation times may be highly irregular. It is well known that if the sampling scheme is correlated with the outcome values, the usual statistical analysis may yield bias. In this article, we propose joint modeling and analysis of longitudinal data with possibly informative observation times via latent variables. A two-step estimation procedure is developed for parameter estimation. We show that the resulting estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal, and that the asymptotic variance can be consistently estimated using the bootstrap method. Simulation studies and a real data analysis demonstrate that our method performs well with realistic sample sizes and is appropriate for practical use.
A comparative review of the combustion toxicity of polyvinyl chloride

The results of various combustion toxicity tests with PVC and other materials are discussed as to their implications for the relative toxicity of the materials. Consideration is given to data on PVC, cellulose, cork, wool, felt, leather, wood and cotton burning in a building and the associated mortality rates of mice in laboratory simulations. The tests reveal that the toxicity of all the materials varies as a function of decomposition processes and temperature, air flow, humidity, the test species, the environmental temperature, the degree of oxygen depletion and the data treatment technique. The question of the extent to which PVC is more (or less) toxic than natural materials is asserted to be unresovled, i.e., fires in large buildings have access to many other combustibles that may be significant contributors to the lethality of the smoke. 40 references.
Dissecting clathrin-coated pits

In vitro cell biology has become an effective way to identify molecules responsible for membrane traffic. We have used this approach to study the assembly and budding of coated pits. So far our system has allowed us to identify a high-affinity binding site for the AP2 subunit on the inside surface of plasma membranes, determine the AP2 domain that links clathrin lattices to the plasma membrane, and purify a molecule that appears to participate in coated-pit budding. These discoveries now need to be verified in vivo.
Dynamic analysis of large structural systems with local nonlinearities

Abstract In many types of structures that exhibit significant nonlinearity during dynamic response the nonlinear stiffness property is confined to a few predetermined localities. This physical characteristic may be exploited by making use of substructure concepts in the dynamic response analysis. The elastic components may be represented by a small matrix of stiffness coefficients coupling them to the nonlinear elements, and only the properties of the few nonlinear elements need be modified during the response analysis. Both direct and indirect techniques for taking advantage of localized nonlinearity are reviewed here. In the direct methods the equations of motion are integrated by step-by-step procedures. Various methods of reducing the effective number of degrees of freedom are discussed. In the indirect methods the response to simple loadings is determined, and the response to the prescribed loading is obtained by superposition. A technique for applying superposition to the linear portion of the structure while treating the nonlinear region by a step-by-step procedure is described.
Interocular transfer of mirror image discriminations by chiasm-sectioned monkeys.

Abstract Chiasm-sectioned monkeys, trained monocularly, learned to discriminate left-right (L-R) mirror images faster than up-down (U-D) in contrast to normal monkeys Unlike those of an earlier report, the chiasm-sectioned monkeys in our experiment consistently failed to choose the mirror image stimulus when tested for interocular transfer of discriminations of L-R mirror images under a variety of conditions. Compared to normal monkeys or to their own performance on U-D mirror images, however, they did show a deficit in interocular transfer of the L-R discriminations, performing near chance when first tested with the untrained eye. We attribute the chance performance to a conflict between two response tendencies: verdical performance based on unreversed sensory information transferred by the callosum, and reversed performance based on masking by the bitemporal hemianopia. Reversal occurs because one half of an asymmetric stimulus, seen by the testing eye, resembles the opposite half of its mirror image, seen by the training eye. Related asymmetries in attention may play a significant role in the difficulty that normal animals often show in discriminating L-R mirror images.
Antitumor agents. V. Cytotoxic cardenolides from Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Br.

An alcoholic extract of the aboveground parts of Cryptostegia gradiflora showed inhibitory activity against the KB cell culture and was fractionated through a series of partitions and column chromatography to yield five cardenolides: oleandrigenin, 16‐propionylgitoxigenin—a new natural product, 16‐anhydrogitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, and rhodexin B.
CYP3A4-mediated oxidation of lisofylline to lisofylline 4,5-diol in human liver microsomes.

Abstract □ The cytochrome P450s responsible for the conversion of lisofylline, a drug being developed to prevent the complications of high-dose chemotherapy, to lisofylline 4,5-diol, one of two principal metabolites in human liver microsomes, were evaluated. Lisofylline diol formation in microsomes prepared from five adult human livers was biphasic, with respective K m values of 0.0230 ± 0.015 and 4.23 ± 2.8 mM (mean ± SD) and respective V max values of 0.0565 ± 0.052 and 0.429 ± 0.15 nmol/min/mg of protein. Through studies with isoform selective chemical inhibitors, CYP3A4 was implicated as the low K m enzyme from 89.0 ± 11.2% inhibition of lisofylline 4,5-diol formation by troleandomycin at 50 μ M substrate and CYP2A6 was implicated as the high K m enzyme. The formation of lisofylline 4,5-diol by these enzymes was confirmed with cDNA-expressed human CYP3A4 and CYP2A6.
A political economy of knowledge production

In his farewell address on January 17, 1961 outgoing President Eisenhower coined the now well worn phrase “military industrial complex” in his warning that there is a danger in the confluence of the government’s military establishment and a growing industrial based serving those interests. Specifically, he cautioned that “(i)n the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist (Eisenhower 1961).” These warnings, as we all know, have gone unheeded and at present estimates direct spending by the US Department of Defense will reach almost $664 billion (OMB 2009, Table S.12) while combined defense related expenditures from all sources including debt service has been over a $1 trillion since 2007 (Higgs 2007). Considering this outlay has only risen since 2007 and the current budget expenditures for 2010 estimated at just under $3.6 trillion (OMB 2009, Table S.1) we can say the military industrial complex feeds on almost $0.30 out of every dollar spent by the US government. Few readers of this journal would doubt that Eisenhower’s concern over the existence of misplaced power accompanied by unwarranted influence was overstated. While some domestic social benefits of military-inspired production can be identified in new materials developed, innovative consumer products available, and the like, it is equally obvious that once such a behemoth is set in motion weaning the political economy from defense related spending is nigh impossible. What district or region of the US does not feed to some degree at that public trough, what Representative or Senator will advocate for a reduction in defense spending if it means his or her district will lose Federal dollars, local tax revenues, jobs and more? One need only look to the political struggle in the 1990s surrounding the attempt to identify and then close underutilized and unnecessary military bases around the country to see the scope of the challenge. In the end, the urgency of building a defense apparatus during the Cold War in the post World War II era of confrontation blinded almost everyone to the dangers so clearly outlined by Eisenhower above. A real danger, aside from the incredible drain on the national weal, is that once Critical Sociology 36(4) 483-487
The shape stabilization of paraffin phase change material to reduce graphite nanofiber settling during the phase change process

Abstract Graphite nanofibers (GNFs) embedded in paraffin phase change material are found to settle to the bottom of the sample when subjected to repeated thermal cycling. The majority of this settling is found to occur over the first heating/cooling cycle. A method is developed to prevent GNF settling by creating a shape stabilized phase change material using high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a stabilizing polymer. The shape stabilized samples reduced or eliminated GNF settling over repeated thermal cycles with as little as 10% HDPE by weight.
An investigation of psychopathology in nonreferred suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents

This investigation examined self-reported psychopathology in a school-based sample of 456 suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents. The sample consisted of four groups: three at-risk for suicidal behavior based on current suicidal ideation as assessed by the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ; Reynolds, 1988), past suicide attempts, or both; and one nonsuicidal comparison group. Psychopathology was examined using ten scales from the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale (APS; Reynolds, 1998a) including: Major Depression, Conduct Disorder, Substance Abuse, Schizophrenia, Adjustment Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Borderline Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, and Avoidant Personality Disorder. Analyses were conducted separately for males and females using a MANOVA design that examined psychopathology severity among the four groups. Adolescents who engaged in past or current suicidal behavior had higher psychopathology severity scores compared to their nonsuicidal peers. Males with current suicidal thoughts who had attempted suicide had the highest levels of psychopathology severity compared to males in the other three groups. Females with a past suicide attempt or current suicidal ideation had higher psychopathology severity scores compared to nonsuicidal females. Results show greater psychopathology in school-based adolescents who have engaged in past and/or current suicidal behavior. The need for clinicians and mental health professionals working with at-risk youth to focus on concurrent psychopathology along with suicidal behavior is discussed.
Effect of myxothiazol on Leydig cell steroidogenesis: Inhibition of luteinizing hormone-mediated testosterone synthesis but stimulation of basal steroidogenesis

Studies of MA-10 Leydig cells have shown that intact mitochondria with active respiration are essential for LH-induced Leydig cell steroidogenesis. To further elucidate the role played by mitochondria in steroidogenesis, we examined the effects of the perturbation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with myxothiazol (MYX) on testosterone production by primary cultures of Brown Norway rat Leydig cells. Analysis of the steroidogenic pathway revealed that cAMP production and the activities of each of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17α-hydroxylase/C17–20 lyase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were inhibited by MYX and that LH-stimulated testosterone production was suppressed. In contrast to the inhibition of LH-stimulated testosterone production by MYX, the incubation of Leydig cells with MYX in the absence of LH stimulated testosterone production. Although testosterone production was increased, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was decreased in response to MYX, not increased as could be...
Interaction of Cadmium and Benzo[a]pyrene in Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus): Biotransformation In Isolated Hepatocytes.

Abstract Exposure of mummichog ( Fundulus heteroclitus ), a common estuarine fish species, to simultaneous doses of cadmium (Cd) and benzo[a]pyrene (BP) has been shown to alter the acute toxicity of BP. In this study the effects of in vivo exposure to Cd and BP on the biotransformation of BP by isolated hepatocytes were investigated. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with sublethal doses of BP and Cd, and hepatocytes from these fish were isolated on days 3, 7 and 14. Hepatocytes were then co-incubated with radiolabeled BP. BP breakdown, and the formation of aqueous and organic solvent-extractable metabolites were quantified using HPLC. After three days there was a significant increase in metabolism in the BP exposed fish. The same increase was still noticeable on day 7, but started to return to baseline values on day 14. In the combined BP/Cd treated fish, BP metabolism was not significantly induced on day 3, but full induction was reached on day 7, and was still at this level on day 14. Analysis of the nonconjugated metabolites showed that hepatocytes produced predominantly BP-9,10-diol, BP-7,8-diol, BP-4,5-diol, and 9-hydroxy-BP. The results of this study suggest that Cd does not influence the profile of generated BP metabolites. However, the initial rate of BP breakdown is significantly decreased by pre-exposure to cadmium.
Electron irradiation damage in oxides

Abstract Structural changes occurring at or near surfaces during irradiation in the electron microscope have been reported in a broad range of oxide systems, but only relatively recently have they been investigated primarily in terms of radiation damage. The present study seeks to categorize some recent results as well as results given in the literature by the type of structural modification observed in order to gain a better understanding of the damage mechanism, whether it be ballistic, electronic, or thermal in nature. A specific example is given comparing TiO2, a material known to undergo surface ionization damage in the form of desorption induced by electronic transitions (or DIET), and NiO, a material whose DIET characteristics are not well established. Electron irradiation damage is found to depend not only on the nature of the system, for example the valency of the cationic species, but also on the crystal orientation and surface preparation. The behavior of these materials indicates a complex radiation damage scheme which cannot be explained solely by electronic, thermal or ballistic damage considerations.