cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Plasmon-Enhanced Light Absorption in Monolayer WS2 Films

Transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors hold great promise in photonic and optoelectronic applications, such as flexible solar cells and ultrafast photodetectors, because of their direct band gap and few-atom thicknesses. However, it is crucial to understand and improve the absorption characteristics of these monolayer semiconducting materials. In this study, we conducted a systematic numerical and experimental investigation to demonstrate and quantify absorption enhancement in WS2 monolayer films, in the presence of silver plasmonic nanodisk arrays. Our analysis combining full-field electromagnetic simulations and optical absorption spectroscopy measurements indicates a fourfold enhancement in the absorption of an WS2 film near its band edge, close to the plasmonic resonance wavelength of Ag nanodisk arrays. The proposed Ag/WS2 heterostructure exhibited a 2.5-fold enhancement in calculated short-circuit current. Such hybrid plasmonic or two-dimensional (2D) materials with enhanced absorption pave ...
Improving Online Teaching in a Required Geriatrics Clerkship Using Heuristic Evaluation

We demonstrate conducting heuristic evaluation to improve the usability of online medical education using an instrument specifically designed for e-learning. Specifically, we describe the process and outcomes of implementing heuristic evaluation to enhance a newly developed online geriatric module. The result of this implementation indicated the feasibility and usefulness of incorporating HE, as a relatively low-cost usability evaluation approach, into the refinement of e-learning systems in medical education. Lessons learned from this implementation and future steps are presented at the end.
The Role of Multiple Male Characters in Mate Choice by Female Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the relative importance of a variety of male traits in mate choice by female guppies. Guppies are small, sexually dimorphic, live-bearing fish native to Trinidad and Tobago and to neighboring parts of South America. Because of the males' conspicuous color patterns and courtship displays, guppies are a common study organism for animal behaviorists interested in sexual selection and mate choice. This species is non-territorial, lives in large mixed-sex groups, and has no clearly defined breeding season. In general, the two sexes have very different reproductive strategies, females being more discriminating in their choice of mates than males are. For example, Bateman (1948) observed that male fruit flies try to mate with almost any female, whereas females tend to interact with a number of males before they allow one to mate. These sex differences in choosiness are probably related to sex differences in the costs of making poor mating choices. Compared to males, females typically incur greater reproductive costs (egg production, gestation, incubation, lactation), and as a result, females run the risk of paying a greater cost for making poor mate choices.
The “Totality” of the Function

The function is the “self-manifesting” activity of the essence or substance. In the terminology of the “Awakening of Faith” the function is also called the “permeation” (hsun-hsi; Jap: kunjū). As such it represents universal action which consequently must be considered as primordial karma. The givenness of a universal, primordial “agency” was assumed by the previous pre-totalistic doctrine of causation, but not dialectically accounted for.
Mammary epithelium-specific inactivation of V-ATPase reduces stiffness of extracellular matrix and enhances metastasis of breast cancer

Extracellular matrix (ECM) critically impacts tumor progression and is influenced by both cancer and host tissue cells. While our understanding of cancer cell ECM remodeling is widespread, the importance of host tissue ECM, which provides initial congenial environment for primary tumor formation, is partly understood. Here, we report a novel role of epithelial cell-associated vacuolar ATPase 'a2' isoform (a2V) in regulating breast tissue ECM stiffness to control metastasis. Using a mammary gland-specific a2V-knockout model, we show that in the absence of a2V, breast tumors exhibit atypically soft tumor phenotype, less tumor rigidity, and necrotic tumor microenvironment. These tumors contain a decreased number of cancer cells at primary tumor site, but showed extensive metastases compared to control. Nanomechanical evaluation of normal breast tissues revealed a decrease in stiffness and collagen content in ECM of a2V-deleted breast tissues. Mechanistically, inhibition of a2V expression caused dispersed Golgi morphology with relocation of glycosyltransferase enzymes to early endosomes in mammary epithelial cells. This resulted in defective glycosylation of ECM proteins and production of compromised ECM that further influenced tumor metastasis. Clinically, in patients with cancer, low a2V expression levels in normal breast tissue correlated with lymph node metastasis. Thus, using a new knockout mouse model, we have identified a2V expression in epithelial cells as a key requirement for proper ECM formation in breast tissue and its expression levels can significantly modulate breast tumor dissemination. Evaluation of a2V expression in normal breast tissues can help in identifying patients with high risk of developing metastases.
A mathematical model of Noggin and BMP densities in adult neural stem cells

New neurons are generated in the adult hippocampus throughout life by neural stem cells (NSCs) in a dynamic process responsive to external signalling cues. NSCs in the adult hippocampus divide infrequently, and it has been shown that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) modulates their quiescence. Infusion of Noggin, a BMP antagonist, blocks this signalling. We investigate the balance of BMP and Noggin in this particular niche and qualitatively reproduce experimental results obtained and qualitatively reproduce experimental results with a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion model. We use the model to connect BMP signalling profiles with specific cellular outcomes and to determine whether the transient infusion of BMP leads to a signalling profile which can be reversed by the infusion of Noggin. Additionally, we analyse the role of diffusion in this system for generating signalling profiles with dramatically different cell-fate outcomes and show that diffusion-driven instability is not possible in our system of reaction–diffusion equations.
Resolving Transnational Insolvencies Through Private Ordering

This essay argues that transactional insolvencies should not be governed by a rigid commitment to either a universalist or territorial approach. Rather, firms should be allowed, before the onset of financial distress, to select which country's or countries' bankruptcy law would apply should the firm become insolvent. Firms would sort themselves depending on whether it would be more efficient to handle financial distress in one proceeding or in several proceedings. This approach has the additional benefit that it would create a regulatory competition among nations to provide more efficient bankruptcy laws. Bankruptcy attorneys would have the incentive to lobby their country to enact laws that more efficiently handled the financial distress of transnational firms. Contrary to some critics, this proposal would not induce debtors to select jurisdictions simply for the purpose of depriving involuntary creditors protection that they would otherwise receive.
Benign Nodular Thyroid Disease

Benign nodular disease of the thyroid gland is exceedingly common in most of the world. In fact, some estimates have suggested that up to 70% of the population in the United States will have thyroid nodules detectable by ultrasound. The diagnostic categories for benign nodular thyroids include both multinodular disease and dominant single nodules, which can be of neoplastic or nonneoplastic origin. The benign nodular thyroid diseases are discussed in this chapter, along with the relevant molecular pathogenesis.
From Neuron to Brain: Statistical Physics of the Nervous System

A common experimental neuroscience protocol is to record the single neuron activity in response to repeated stimulus presentations and analyze how this activity encodes for stimulus properties. Neurons are embedded in a large network and their response properties depend on the dynamical state of the network. I discuss how brain chemicals — neuromodulators — can dynamically change the coherence and frequency content of network activity; how the network coherence affects the neuronal response to current injection and how this can form the neural correlate for an important computation — gain modulation — that the brain performs.
Sepsis in the elderly.

Sepsis in the elderly occurs frequently and carries a high rate of mortality. In consideration of the increasing number of elderly patients being cared for in critical care units, the critical care nurse must have a thorough understanding of the unique aspects of this patient population. Nurses must be prepared to deliver expert nursing care that is knowledge-based and incorporates current research findings. Unit protocols that encompass the preventive measures needed by these special patients will assist in reducing the incidence of sepsis. When sepsis occurs, careful trending of data will signal the need for timely and precise interventions that may result in a good outcome for the elderly patient with sepsis.
The Role of Statistics and Thermodynamics in Nuclear Multifragmentation

The natural limit of binomial reducibility in nuclear multifragmentation is observed in excitation functions for intermediate mass fragments (IMF) of a given element Z. The multiplicity distributions for each window of transverse energy are Poissonian. Thermal scaling is observed in the linear Arrhenius plots constructed from the average multiplicity of each element. Emission barriers are extracted from the slopes of the Arrhenius plots and their possible origin is discussed.
Efficacy or Rigidity? Power, Influence, and Social Learning in the U.S. Senate, 1973–2005

Organizations have idiosyncratic norms and practices that govern the exercise of power. Newcomers learn these unwritten rules through organizational socialization. In organizations with dominant an...
Home Time as a Patient-Centered Outcome in Administrative Claims Data.

BACKGROUND Home time, the number of days alive and spent out of hospital and skilled nursing facility, has been proposed as a patient‐centered outcome that can be readily calculated in administrative claims data. OBJECTIVES To compare home time against existing patient‐centered outcome measures. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4594 Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older with complete survey and claims data in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey 2010 to 2011. MEASUREMENTS Home time was calculated from the 2011 claims data (range, 0‐365 days). The 1‐year incidence of patient‐centered outcomes (poor self‐rated health, mobility impairment, depression, limited social activity, and difficulty in self‐care) was measured. The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was derived by contrasting the mean home time between those who experienced functional decline or death and those who did not. RESULTS The mean home time was 355.8 days (SD, 42.1 days); 84.1% had a home time of 365 days, and 5.7% had a home time of 336 days or fewer. The incidence of poor self‐rated health ranged from 2% (home time, 365 days) to 21% (home time, less than 337 days). Similarly, the corresponding incidence risks were 11% to 59% for mobility impairment, 5% to 19% for depression, 17% to 67% for limited social activity, and 13% to 68% for difficulty in self‐care. The risk of mobility impairment, depression, and difficulty in self‐care increased steeply after home time loss of 15 days or greater. The MCID of home time was 18.6 days. CONCLUSION A loss in home time is associated with decline in several patient‐centered outcome measures in community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries. These results provide empirical evidence to promote adoption of home time and its clinical interpretation for database studies of medical interventions. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:347–351, 2019.
Transitioning through social media: International students' SNS use, perceived social support, and acculturative stress

Abstract Social networking sites (SNSs) are becoming an increasingly important communication tool for international students. Research suggests that it could facilitate the acculturation process. However, the mechanisms through which such facilitation take place are still under-investigated. This study examined the role of perceived social support from home/host country as mediators through which home/host SNSs use were associated with international students' acculturative stress. By surveying international students in a large American university (N = 322), the study found that (1) both perceived social support from home and host country were related to less acculturative stress; (2) SNS use with host national was associated with less acculturative stress through the increased level of social support from host country; (3) SNS use with distant and local conational was related neither to perceived social support from home country nor to acculturative stress. Among the control variables, we also found that (1) non-SNS mediated communication (i.e., email, text messages, and phones calls) with distant conational as well as face-to-face communication with local conational were related to less acculturative stress through the increased level of social support from home country; (2) non-SNS mediated communication with host national was associated with less acculturative stress through the increased level of perceived social support from host country. We discuss how these findings help us understand international students' acculturation experience in the age of digital media.
Balance through Struggle: Understanding the Novel Cosmology of the Force in The Last Jedi

This article examines the cosmology of the Force presented in the film Episode VIII: The Last Jedi in the context of how depictions of the Force have shifted since the release of Episode VII: The F...
Training and Practice Patterns in Cancer Rehabilitation: A Survey of Physiatrists Specializing in Oncology Care

Background Cancer rehabilitation is an integral part of the continuum of care for survivors. Due to the increasing number of survivors, physiatrists commonly see cancer patients in their general practices. Essential to guiding the field is to understand the current training and practice patterns of cancer rehabilitation physicians. Objectives To assess current trends in training and practice for cancer rehabilitation physicians, including the level of burnout among providers in this field. Design Cross-sectional descriptive survey study. Setting Online survey. Participants American physicians who are affiliated with the Cancer Rehabilitation Physician Consortium (CRPC) of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R). The CRPC is a group of cancer rehabilitation providers (both fellowship-trained and not fellowship-trained) with the mission of furthering cancer rehabilitation medicine through education, research, and networking. Methods All CRPC physicians were invited to complete a voluntary and anonymous 43-question online survey. The survey was conceived by a group of eight experts interested in providing additional information to the current literature regarding the training and practice in the cancer rehabilitation field. Main outcome measurements Training, practice, opioid prescribing, and professional support. Results Thirty-seven of 50 physicians participated (response rate = 74%). Respondents were from various states, the three most common being New York (16%, n = 6), Texas (16%, n = 6), and Massachusetts (11%, n = 4). About 57% (n = 21) of the respondents were employed in an academic medical center and 73% (n = 27) reported their primary departmental affiliation was Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R). Approximately 78% (n = 29) credited mentorship early in training for their interest in the field. More than half (54%, n = 20) either strongly agreed or agreed that cancer rehabilitation fellowship training is necessary for graduating physiatrists who plan to treat oncology patients/survivors. National PM&R meetings were the primary source of continuing education for 86% (n = 31). Sixty-five percent (n = 24), strongly agreed or agreed that cancer rehabilitation physiatrists should know how to prescribe opioids, and 35% (n = 13) reported prescribing them when appropriate. About 54% (n = 20) rated their level of burnout as low or very low, and more than half (51%, n = 19) believed their burnout level was lower than physiatrists treating other rehabilitation populations. Conclusions Cancer rehabilitation is a growing subspecialty in PM&R, and most physiatrists in general practice will treat many survivors-often for neurologic or musculoskeletal impairments related to cancer or its treatment. Cancer rehabilitation physicians perceive that they have relatively low levels of burnout, and early mentorship and fellowship training is beneficial. Professional conferences and mentorship are a primary source for continuing education. Level of evidence IV.
[Measures and effects of schistosomiasis elimination in Wujin District, Changzhou City].

OBJECTIVE To understand the measures and effects of schistosomiasis elimination in Wujin District, Changzhou City, so as to provide the reference for other similar areas. METHODS The data of schistosomiasis prevention and control were collected and analyzed in Wujin District, Changzhou City from 1995 to 2015. RESULTS From 1995 to 2015, the accumulated area for investigating Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats was 15 934.01 hm2 in Wujin District, and the accumulated area with snail habitats was 34.61 hm2, but no schistosome-infected snails were found. The area of snail control by molluscicides was 234.59 hm2, and the area of snail control by environmental reform was 84.48 hm2 in 18 key points. There were 259.3 thousand person-times receiving the examinations for schistosomiasis, and there were 17 314 head of livestock receiving the examinations for schistosomiasis, but no schistosome-infected cases were found. There were 204 2 person-times receiving the extensive chemotherapy. The popularizing rate of sanitary toilets was 99.25% in the whole district. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge was 98.08% and the formation rate of proper behaviors was 97.82% in the population. CONCLUSIONS In Wujin District, the aim of schistosomiasis elimination has been performed through the active control measures. However, there are still social and natural risk factors of re-endemic of schistosomiasis, and therefore, the schistosomiasis monitoring work still should be strengthened.
Increased Support for Same-sex Marriage in the US: Disentangling Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

Previous research established a substantial increase in support for same-sex marriage in the US, but it is unclear if this increase is due to cohort (a change that affects only the younger generati...
Renal Volume Loss During Partial Nephrectomy Due to Resected Healthy Parenchyma: A Tool for Quick Estimation.

Purpose: Our objective is to evaluate a technique for estimating the amount of healthy margin resected during partial nephrectomy (PN). Materials and Methods: The resected healthy margin volume was...
Learning-Supported Full-Color Cell Imaging through Disordered Optical Fiber

Full-color artifact-free cell image transport through an 80 cm disordered optical fiber is demonstrated for the first time using a learning-based wide-field configuration. Incoherent broadband light from a halogen lamp is used for illumination.
Associations between preoperative depression and opioid use after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and concomitant procedures.

Objectives: To determine rates of perioperative opioid use and characterize associations between preoperative depression and chronic and cumulative opioid consumption after ACL reconstruction. Meth...
Othello in the Balkans: Performing Race Rhetoric on the Albanian Stage

This essay examines the racialized rhetoric in Fan Noli’s 1916 Othello translation and the racialized performance techniques employed in A.J. Ricko’s 1953 National Theatre of Albania production. Hoping to combat racial discrimination in Albania, Noli’s translation of Othello renders the Moor an exceptional Turk whose alienation in Venice was designed to mirror the Albanophobic experiences of Albanian immigrants. Moreover, the Albanian Othello can serve as a platform for addressing ethno-racial tensions between Albanians and Turks, northern and southern Albanians, and Albanians of color and white Albanians. Both Noli and Ricko believed there was an anti-racist power inherent within Shakespeare’s play. In the end, however, the race-based rhetoric in the Albanian language, the use of blackface make-up in performance, and the logic and rhetoric of Shakespeare’s play itself challenged these lofty goals for race-healing.
Multiple Target Angular and Radial Velocity Association in Interferometric Radar

In this article we present a method for extracting the radial and angular velocity of multiple targets using a two-element continuous-wave correlation interferometer. A filter-bank is used to spectrally isolate the individual target signals in the Doppler domain, then correlation processing is performed between the two antennas, between corresponding banks. With this method we are able to associate target-specific angular velocity and Doppler responses, while mitigating the intermodulation distortion which occurs when correlating a response with multiple scatterers. Simulated results are provided which show the individual target time-frequency responses from which angular velocity may be estimated.
In pancreatic β-cells myosin 1b regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulating an early step in insulin granule trafficking from the Golgi.

In pancreatic β-cells, Myo1b controls glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at least in part by mediating an early stage in insulin granule trafficking from the trans-Golgi network.
Invited Address III

Every day we read about the latest advances in communications technology, from broadband switching to pocket phones. but most of us are still stuck with plain old telephone service. Why has the silicon revolution engendered vibrant growth and rapid change in the computer industry but left the telecommunications infrastructure slower to catch on?
Anger, revolution, and romanticism

The Romantic age was one of anger and its consequences: revolution and reaction, terror and war. Andrew M. Stauffer explores the changing place of anger in the literature and culture of the period, as English men and women rethought their relationship to the aggressive passions in the wake of the French Revolution. Drawing on diverse fields and discourses such as aesthetics, politics, medicine and the law and tracing the classical legacy the Romantics inherited, Stauffer charts the period's struggle to define the relationship of anger to justice and the creative self. In their poetry and prose, Romantic authors including Blake, Coleridge, Godwin, Shelley and Byron negotiate the meanings of indignation and rage amidst a clamourous debate over the place of anger in art and in civil society. This innovative book has much to contribute to the understanding of Romantic literature and the cultural history of the emotions.
Should Relief Be Granted from the Clean Power Plan for Reliability Reasons

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's pushback on a proposal by the ISO/RTO Council for a Reliability Safety Valve is appropriate and warranted. The focus going forward should be on improving existing processes and communications as opposed to developing new ones.
A Model-based Prognostics Methodology for Electrolytic Capacitors Based on Electrical Overstress Accelerated Aging

A remaining useful life prediction methodology for electrolytic capacitors is presented. This methodology is based on the Kalman filter framework and an empirical degradation model. Electrolytic capacitors are used in several applications ranging from power supplies on critical avionics equipment to power drivers for electro-mechanical actuators. These devices are known for their comparatively low reliability and given their criticality in electronics subsystems they are a good candidate for component level prognostics and health management. Prognostics provides a way to assess remaining useful life of a capacitor based on its current state of health and its anticipated future usage and operational conditions. We present here also, experimental results of an accelerated aging test under electrical stresses. The data obtained in this test form the basis for a remaining life prediction algorithm where a model of the degradation process is suggested. This preliminary remaining life prediction algorithm serves as a demonstration of how prognostics methodologies could be used for electrolytic capacitors. In addition, the use degradation progression data from accelerated aging, provides an avenue for validation of applications of the Kalman filter based prognostics methods typically used for remaining useful life predictions in other applications.
Space jam: Are niche parties strategic or looney?

There is an emerging consensus that niche parties are fundamentally different from mainstream parties because niche parties do not moderate their policy positions strategically. However, there is theoretical reason to believe that niche parties have an electoral incentive to shift their policy positions in the same direction as parties that are proximate to them in their most salient policy space. This paper examines whether niche parties respond to such electoral incentives, using data on government coalitions from the Parliament and Government Composition Database, and party behavior from the Comparative Manifesto Project in 17 Western style democracies. The results suggest that niche parties tend to respond strategically to the perceived behavior of proximate parties, especially on their most salient policy dimension.
Laboratory and Numerical Experiments in Oceanic Convection

Recent advances in our understanding of the hydrodynamics of open-ocean deep convection are reviewed and illustrated by laboratory and numerical experiment. Laboratory exper iments in rotating convection, driven by the melting of a coloured disc of ice floating on the surface of a rotating pan of water, vividly demonstrate the ‘mixing’ and ‘spreading’ phases of open-ocean convection. Analogous numerical simulations of the convective overturning and break-up of a ‘chimney’ employ a non-hydrostatic ocean circulation model of sufficiently high resolution that convection can be resolved. The simulations are related both to laboratory experiments and observations of deep convection in the field.
Taking “Blind Shots at a Hidden Target”: Witness Anonymity in the United Kingdom

Witness intimidation has become an increasing problem in the United Kingdom, and as a result, British courts have allowed witnesses to testify anonymously in cases where they are fearful of testifying. Recently, the House of Lords overturned a murder conviction based on anonymous witness testimony on the grounds that it rendered that trial unfair. Parliament responded by codifying the power to grant witness anonymity as it existed before the Law Lords’ decision. The use of anonymous witnesses raises questions about the right of a defendant to confront the witnesses before him or her, a right that has its history in English common law and is guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. This Comment argues that the use of anonymous witness testimony violates a defendant’s right to confrontation, and proposes possible alternatives.
Where Are They Now? A Follow-up Study of Suicide Attempters from the Golden Gate Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is currently the number one suicide location in the world. From the opening day, May 18, 1937 to April 1, 1978, there have been 625 officially reported suicide deaths and perhaps more than 200 others which have gone unseen and unreported. Proposals for the construction of a hardware antisuicide barrier have been challenged with the untested contention that "they'll just go someplace else." This research tests the contention by describing and evaluating the long-term mortality experience of the 515 persons who had attempted suicide from the Golden Gate Bridge but were restrained, from the opening day through the year 1971 plus a comparison group of 184 persons who made nonbridge suicide attempts during 1956--57 and were treated at the emergency room of a large metropolitan hospital and were also followed through the close of 1971. Results of the followup study are directed toward answering the important question: "Will a person who is prevented from suicide in one location inexorably tend to attempt and commit suicide elsewhere?"
Pyridoxine-5'-β-D-glucoside competitively inhibits uptake of vitamin B-6 into isolated rat liver cells

Uptake of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside by freshly isolated rat liver cells was studied at a concentration (0.5 mumol/L) approximating the physiological range of vitamin B-6 by using a membrane filtration method. Unlabeled pyridoxine glucoside was found to competitively inhibit the uptake of [4'-3H]pyridoxine but have no detectable effect on the uptake of D-[1-3H]glucose by hepatocytes. The uptake of [3H]pyridoxine glucoside by isolated rat liver cells was very similar to the uptake of [3H]pyridoxine with Kt = 13.8 mumol/L (6.3 mumol/L for pyridoxine) and Vmax = 82 pmol/(10(6) cells.min) [28 pmol/(10(6) cells.min for pyridoxine)]. The results of this study indicate that pyridoxine glucoside uses the same transport system as does pyridoxine. Upon entry to the cell, pyridoxine glucoside undergoes hydrolysis to release pyridoxine, which is the rate-limiting step in metabolism of this beta-glucoside.
Artificial Intelligence for Investigative Reporting

This paper describes an artificial intelligence-based software system that augments public affairs reporters’ ability to sort through data and identify investigative storytelling opportunities. A prototype of the model was developed and was used to analyze education data. The successful prototype and the social impact of the stories derived from the prototype suggest this approach as a valid option for newsrooms that seek to tell more compelling, data-rich stories about public affairs issues.
The Scientific Standing of Marx's Capital

E. P. Thompson argues that Marx's ambition of providing a scientific theory of capitalism is inherently defective, and that this goal contributes to the implicit idealism which Thompson identifies in Althusser's Marxism. This article provides a defense of the scientific standing of Capital against Thompson's chief criticisms: that Capital attempts to reduce all of capitalist society to a set of economic categories; that Capital attempts to isolate the "economic" to the exclusion of the political or cultural aspects of society; and that Capital is a "conceptualist" work which attempts to discover truths about society on the basis of purely logical analysis of economic concepts. Thompson's criticisms of Capital are if anything more important than his criticisms of Althusserian Marxism. I argue thatCapital is a rigorous work of empirical social science: it provides, an extensive and empirically d=faile description of the social relations-which define the economic structure of capitalism, and it offers a weal...
Prospective photosensitization of photopolymerization systems

The current art for image-wise photopolymerization is reviewed and the prospective future developments are briefly assessed. Photomechanics, photoengraving, gravure, lithography, chromophores, dye sensitization, cyanine photopolymerization, bathochromy, and phototanning are covered. Primary photoprocesses, their sensitization by cyanines, Oster photopolymerization, photovinyls, diazo and diazido-sensitized systems, and secondary photoprocesses are discussed. A bibliography is provided.
Flux pinning and irreversibility temperature in melt-grown, quench-melt-grown, and sintered YBa2Cu3O6+y superconductors

Abstract The intragranular critical current density J c , the apparent pinning potential U 0 , and the irreversibility temperature T irr of melt-grown (MG), quench-melt-grown (QMG), and sintered YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ y (123) were studied. A systematic increase in U 0 and a slower drop in J c with temperature and magnetic field have been observed as one progresses from sintered 123 to the QMG and MG 123. Contrary to expectation, the somewhat weaker pinning in the QMG 123 compared to the MG 123 indicates no significant role of the size or amount of Y 2 BaCuO 5 (211) precipitates in flux pinning within the range of present study. The T irr line shifts to higher temperatures with increasing pinning and follows a power law 1- T irr / T c = AH n , where A and n are sample-dependent values related to the flux pinning properties of the samples. The implication of this result for theoretical models is discussed.
Multivariate Analysis of TOF-SIMS Spectra from Dodecanethiol SAM Assembly on Gold: Spectral Interpretation and TOF-SIMS Fragmentation Processes

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) negative and positive spectral fragmentation patterns acquired from a series of samples taken at various times during the assembly of dodecanethiol on gold were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA). This analysis allowed exploration of the entire spectrum, thereby eliminating peak choice bias and permitting the elucidation of trends not apparent from univariate analysis. PCA results showed trends in the data that give insight into the fragmentation process of assembled monolayer surfaces. Long assembly times corresponded with a series of short hydrocarbon fragments hypothesized to originate from the headgroup region of the thiol molecules (C-, CH-, CH2-, C2-, C2H-, C2H3-, C3-, C3H-, C3H2-) and with key molecular ion clusters emitted from the gold surface ([M − H]-, AuM-, Au2[M − H]-, and Au[M − H]2-, where M = HSC12H25). Similar trends were seen in the positive ion spectral data. This information was used to create a multivariate rati...
Overcoming Moral Hurdles: Using Techniques of Neutralization by White-Collar Suspects as an Interrogation Tool

To better detect and prevent white-collar crime, it is important for investigators, security specialists, business managers, and other professionals to understand motivations behind how and why individuals participate in such behavior. This paper examines how techniques of neutralization are used by white-collar offenders to justify their behavior and minimize the guilt associated with engaging in illegal activity. Investigator recognition of common neutralizations used by white-collar offenders can help them during the interrogations of suspected offenders. Additionally, a proper understanding of neutralizations available to white-collar offenders can be used by businesses and other organizations to effectively design comprehensive employee ethics programs geared toward helping prevent illegal activity before it occurs.
Improving Estimates of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Streamlines in Drake Passage

Abstract Accurately resolving the mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is essential for determining Southern Ocean eddy fluxes that are important to the global meridional overturning circulation. Previous estimates of the mean ACC have been limited by the paucity of Southern Ocean observations. A new estimate of the mean surface ACC in Drake Passage is presented that combines sea surface height anomalies measured by satellite altimetry with a recent dataset of repeat high-resolution acoustic Doppler current profiler observations. A mean streamfunction (surface height field), objectively mapped from the mean currents, is used to validate two recent dynamic height climatologies. The new streamfunction has narrower and stronger ACC fronts separated by quiescent zones of much weaker flow, thereby improving on the resolution of ACC fronts observed in the other climatologies. Distinct streamlines can be associated with particular ACC fronts and tracked in time-dependent maps of dynamic height. This analysis...
SU-FF-J-85: Inter-Observer Variation In The Planning Of Head/Neck Radiotherapy

Purpose: Understanding inter‐observer variation is not only important for evaluating deformable image registration (DIR) which can be used to automatically transform the manual contours of a treatment plan into daily contours facilitating offline or online adaptive radiotherapy, but also helps physicians set reasonable margins on the regions of interest (ROI) when they make treatment plans. The purpose of this study is to determine the observer variation for Head/Neck patients using the implemented radial‐difference approach and the common‐area method to study the observer‐drawn contour pairs. Method and Materials: Two sets of images for each of seven head and neck patients were taken several weeks apart, and the original image sets were used for treatment plans. For each image set, the ROIs: Primary GTV, Nodal GTV, Cord, left Parotid, and right Parotid were contoured by three experienced physicians. The difference of two contours drawn by different physicians was measured using: (1) the radial difference of the paired contours where the center‐mass of a contour is used as the origin of the polar coordinate system, and (2) the ratio of the common area of two contours over the total area of those contours, R=2[C1∩C2/(C1∪C2)]. Results for all the ROI are plotted in histograms to quantify the observer variation. Results: The radial differences for primary GTV, nodal GTV, cord, left parotid, and right parotid are 2.7 ± 2.0 mm, 2.4 ± 1.9 mm, 1.8 ± 0.8 mm, 2.6 ± 2.1 mm, and 2.5 ± 1.9 mm, respectively, and the values of R are 0.75 ± 0.14, 0.82 ± 0.11, 0.82 ± 0.07, 0.80 ± 0.10, and 0.80 ± 0.12, respectively. Conclusion: The inter‐observer variations in the planning of Head/Neck patients are about 3 mm for Cord and 5 mm for the others. These values place an upper limit on the accuracy of DIR algorithm.
Tissue-Specific Regulation of Malic Enzyme by Thyroid Hormone in the Neonatal Rat

Abstract Two recent studies have claimed that thyroid hormone administration accelerates malic enzyme gene expression in the neonatal brain (1,2) in contrast to the well-documented lack of effect of triiodothyronine on malic enzyme gene expression in the adult brain (3,4). Since these observations conflict with earlier observations in our laboratory (3), we reinvestigated the effect of thyroid hormone status on the ontogeny of malic enzyme gene expression in the neonatal rat. Neither hypothyroidism nor hyperthyroidism influenced the ontogenesis of malic enzyme gene expression or malic enzyme activity in neonatal brain whereas the patterns of gene expression and enzyme activity in liver were markedly affected. Our results suggest that tissue-specific factors in brain block thyroid hormone-induced gene expression by thyroid hormone.
Unsymmetric positive definite linear systems

Abstract Is it necessary to pivot when solving an unsymmetric positive definite linear system Ax=b? Define T= (A+A T ) 2 and S= (A±A T ) 2 . It is shown that pivoting is unnecessary if the quantity ‖ST −1 S‖ 2 ‖A‖ 2 is suitably small with respect to the working machine precision.
Relaxation functions, memory functions, and random forces in the one-dimensional spin-1/2 XY and transverse Ising models.

We investigate the dynamics of the one-dimensional S = (1/2) isotropic XY model and transverse Ising model in the high-temperature limit by using the method of recurrence relations. We obtain the relaxation functions as well as some Brownian analogs of the generalized Langevin equation for a tagged spin S/sub j//sup x/ in these models, namely, the memory functions and the random forces. We find that the realized dynamical Hilbert spaces of the two models have the same structure, which leads to similar dynamical behavior apart from a time scale.
Calcium effects on ethylene and ethane production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content in potato disks

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Katahdin) disks produce ethyline in increasing amounts from 6 to 24 h incubation in buffer at pH 4.0. Ethylene production is increased 2–3 times in the presence of 50 mM CaCl2. Levels of endogenous 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) increase in parallel with ethylene production, and ACC levels are 3–5 times higher in calcium-treated disks than in controls. Most of the calcium-induced stimulation of ethylene production can be accounted for by its effect on ACC production, indicating that the primary effect of calcium is on a step of ethylene biosynthesis preceeding ACC production. However, calcium may also have an effect on conversion of ACC to ethylene, since a consistent increase in ACC-de-pendent ethylene production was observed in the presence of calcium. Production of ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, was reduced by calcium, so it is possible that membrane stabilization by calcium could be involved in its effects on ethylene production.
Treatment of hypertension with coronary and cerebral arteriosclerosis

Abstract Under the circumstances of dynamic coronary and cerebral arteriosclerosis, the most acceptable and basic antihypertensive routine appears to be a rauwolfia compound in combination with a saluretic. If additional medication is required guanethidine is preferable particularly in view of its effect on the myocardial catecholamines.
Fields in slanted-gap excited rectangular ducts

Abstract Some features of the electromagnetic field in a rectangular wave-guide, cut in two by a plane making an angle θ with the guide's longitudinal axis, are examined. The field is excited by a voltage applied across the two halves of the guide. Several values of θ, frequency (between zero and cut-off), and aspect ratio of the cross-section are considered. The problem is of interest for the design of particle accelerators, and, with this particular application in mind, data are presented for the energy and momentum kicks which particles experience when crossing the gap.
Tunable organic dye lasers: Physics and technology of high-performance liquid and solid-state narrow-linewidth oscillators

Abstract Tunable organic dye lasers, usually referred simply as dye lasers , were the first broadly tunable lasers. Besides this awesome intrinsic feature, dye lasers emit directly in the visible spectrum and in their liquid state are uniquely suited to efficiently generate large pulsed average powers and large single-pulse energies. Other aspects of operational versatility include the ability to lase in the continuous wave (CW) regime and in the femtosecond-pulse regime. Consequently, organic dye lasers have served as pioneering vehicles for the development of essential laser physics. This is particularly true in the areas of tunable narrow-linewidth emission and femtosecond-laser emission. In this review we examine the essentials of cavity dispersion physics that make these emission modes possible, characteristics that have enabled a plethora of very successful and innovative applications. This review also examines developments in highly-efficient tunable single-longitudinal-mode organic solid-state dye lasers. A perspective on possible future trends, including miniature devices, is also provided.
An experimental investigation on thermal exposure during bone drilling

This study presents an experimental investigation of the effects of spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of drilling on the temperature distribution during drilling of the cortical section of the bovine femur. In an effort to reduce measurement uncertainties, a new approach for temperature measurements during bone drilling is presented in this study. The new approach is based on a setup for precise positioning of multiple thermocouples, automated data logging system, and a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining system. A battery of experiments that has been performed to assess the uncertainty and repeatability of the new approach displayed adequate results. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted to determine the effects of spindle speed, feed rate, hole depth, and thermocouple location on the measured bone temperature. This study suggests that the exposure time during bone drilling far exceeds the commonly accepted threshold for thermal injury, which may prevail at significant distances from the drilled hole. Results of this study suggest that the correlation of the thermal exposure threshold for bone injury and viability should be further explored.
The Transmembrane Domain Peptide of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Promotes Both Intermediate and Pore Formation during PEG-Mediated Vesicle Fusion

We propose mechanisms by which the transmembrane domain of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-TMD) promotes both initiation of fusion and formation of a fusion pore. Time courses of polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-mediated fusion of 25 nm small unilamellar vesicles composed of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), bovine brain sphingomyelin, and cholesterol (35:30:15:20 molar ratio) were recorded at pH 7.4 at five different temperatures (from 17°C to 37°C) and compared with time courses obtained with the same vesicles containing the fusion-active TMD of the G protein of VSV. Multiple time courses were fitted globally to a one-intermediate ensemble kinetic model to estimate the rate constants for conversion of the aggregated state to an intermediate hemifused state (k1, stalk, or I1) that rapidly transits to an unstable intermediate (I2 state) that converts to a final fusion pore state with a combined rate k3. The probabilities of lipid mixing, contents mixing, and contents leakage in the three states were also obtained from this analysis. The activation thermodynamics for each step were consistent with previously published models of lipid rearrangements during intermediate and pore formation. The influences of VSV-TMD, hexadecane, and VSV-TMD + hexadecane on the kinetics, activation thermodynamics, and membrane structure support the hypothesis that these two agents do not catalyze fusion by a common mechanism, except possibly at the lowest temperatures examined. VSV-TMD primarily catalyzed initial intermediate formation, although it substantially increased the probability of contents mixing in the intermediate state. Our results support the hypothesis that the catalytic influence of VSV-TMD on the initial-intermediate- and pore-forming steps of PEG-mediated fusion derives from its ability to impose a positive intrinsic curvature and thereby stress small unilamellar vesicle outer leaflets as well as the periphery of intermediate microstructures.
Grant writing: Learning to climb a professional mountain

GRANT WRITING, like mountain climbing, should begin with small achievements and progress, with experience, to greater heights. Nurses are fortunate in that there are many small grants available from professional associations at the local, state, and national levels to support beginning researchers and pilot studies. Obtaining these small seed grants allows nurses to begin grant writing at an amateur level and gradually hone their skills to begin competing with the experts in larger, more competitive grant programs. This article will cover basic techniques of grant writing and include a list of potential sources of funding with related Web sites.
Protein arrays and microarrays

Abstract In the past, studies of protein activities have focused on studying a single protein at a time, which is often time-consuming and expensive. Recently, with the sequencing of entire genomes, large-scale proteome analysis has begun. Arrays of proteins have been used for the determination of subcellular localization, analysis of protein–protein interactions and biochemical analysis of protein function. New protein-microarray technologies have been introduced that enable the high-throughput analysis of protein activities. These have the potential to revolutionize the analysis of entire proteomes.