cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE MEAN OCCUPATION FUNCTION OF QUASARS: BREAKING DEGENERACIES BETWEEN HALO OCCUPATION DISTRIBUTION MODELS

Recent work on quasar clustering suggests a degeneracy in the halo occupation distribution constrained from two-point correlation functions. To break this degeneracy, we make the first empirical measurement of the mean occupation function (MOF) of quasars at z ~ 0.2 by matching quasar positions with groups and clusters identified in the MaxBCG sample. We fit two models to the MOF, a power law and a four-parameter model. The number distribution of quasars in host halos is close to Poisson, and the slopes of the MOF obtained from our best-fit models (for the power-law case) favor an MOF that monotonically increases with halo mass. The best-fit slopes are 0.53 ± 0.04 and 1.03 ± 1.12 for the power-law model and the four-parameter model, respectively. We measure the radial distribution of quasars within dark matter halos and find it to be adequately described by a power law with a slope –2.3 ± 0.4. We measure the conditional luminosity function (CLF) of quasars and show that there is no evidence that quasar luminosity depends on host halo mass, similar to the inferences drawn from clustering measurements. We also measure the conditional black hole mass function (CMF) of our quasars. Although the results are consistent with no dependence on halo mass, we observe a slight indication of downsizing of the black hole mass function. The lack of halo mass dependence in the CLF and CMF shows that quasars residing in galaxy clusters have characteristic luminosity and black hole mass scales.
Video-assisted cycling alters perception of effort and increases self-selected exercise intensity

Two studies were conducted to assess whether indoor video-assisted cycling influenced a person's quality of exercise (subjectively and quantitatively), compared to indoor cycling alone. In the first study 12 recreationally active subjects completed an initial test of VO2max, and three randomized trials of cycling at 70% VO2max (35 min.) watching a commercial cycling tape (cycle video), a test pattern displayed on the ergometer screen (blank video), or no video. Subjects' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and Affect were recorded, and heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during testing. The second study required 12 different subjects first to complete an assessment of VO2max and then two randomized trials (cycle video and no video) on a cycle ergometer where they freely set the intensity of their own exercise. Measurements of VO2, heart rate, blood lactate, power output, RPE, and Affect were recorded during testing. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that subjects' perceived effort equally between the two conditions, yet reported significantly (p < .05) higher affect at 25 and 35 min. of cycling during the cycle video condition than no video condition. Results of Exp. 2 indicated that despite similar levels of blood lactate, subjects exercised at a significantly higher intensity during the cycle video condition compared to no video condition, with a higher VO2 and heart rate. The data support the use of indoor exercise videos to improve the exercise experience and also to increase the physiological demands of indoor exercise.
Crosstalk reduction with a micromachined diaphragm structure for integrated ultrasound transducer arrays

Crosstalk reduction in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) integrated ultrasound transducer array with a micromachined diaphragm structure is reported. Three sets of linear arrays with nine 1 mm*1 mm elements on dielectric diaphragms have been made. They were fabricated with (1) a solid substrate, (2) a single large diaphragm window underneath the entire array, and (3) a small diaphragm window (SW) for each array element. To estimate crosstalk and fringe field effects in each array, the authors measured each array's angular response in the far field of an unfocused source transducer. A Fourier transform analysis was then performed on the measured data to obtain each array's directivity pattern, which in turn was fitted to theoretical curves based on a crosstalk model. Crosstalk-related parameters have been extracted from curve-fitting and their values show that the array with the SW structure for each element has the least electrical and acoustical crosstalk and fringe field effects. >
Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Mass Flow Rate in Pin Fin Channels With Long and Short Trailing Edge Ejection Holes

Cas d'une aube avec refroidissement interne par un canal avec des broches et des trous d'ejection longs et courts dans le bord de perte. Etude du transfert, de chaleur, de la chute de pression et des taux d'ecoulement massique
Third-generation leptoquark decays and collider searches

Abstract Collider searches for first-, second-, and third-generation scalar (S) or vector (V) leptoquarks (LQs) focus on the quark-lepton decay modes S,V → ql. For SU(2)-doublet and -triplet leptoquarks with a sufficiently large splitting between the components, decays involving real W-boson emission (such as S 2 (+ 5 3 ) → S 2 (+ 2 3 ) W + and others) become possible and can change the patterns of leptoquark decays. For third-generation leptoquarks, where these mass splittings might be large, such modes could dominate certain leptoquark decays as they are (if kinematically allowed) guaranteed to be of order g2 where g is the electroweak coupling. We calculate the decay rates for all such processes involving SU(2)-doublet and triplet, scalar and vector leptoquarks. Standard limits on mass splittings from precision electroweak measurements imply that only such decays involving SU(2)-doublet scalar LQs are likely kinematically possible.
A theoretical investigation of the plausibility of reactions between ammonia and carbonyl species (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone) in interstellar ice analogs at ultracold temperatures.

We have reexamined the reaction between formaldehyde and ammonia, which was previously studied by us and other workers in modestly sized cluster calculations. Larger model systems with up to 12H 2 O were employed, and reactions of two more carbonyl species, acetaldehyde and acetone, were also carried out. Calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G ** level with bulk solvent effects treated with a polarizable continuum model; limited MP2/6-31+G ** calculations were also performed. We found that while the barrier for the concerted proton relay mechanism described in previous work remains modest, it is still prohibitively high for the reaction to occur under the ultracold conditions that prevail in dense interstellar clouds. However, a new pathway emerged in more realistic clusters that involves at least one barrierless step for two of the carbonyl species considered here: ammonia reacts with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde to form a partial charge transfer species in small dusters (4H 2 O) and a protonated hydroxyamino intermediate species in large dusters (9H 2 0, 12H 2 O); modest barriers that decrease sharply with cluster size are found for the analogous processes for the acetone-NH 3 reaction. Furthermore, if a second ammonia replaces one of the water molecules in calculations in the 9H 2 O clusters, deprotonation can occur to yield the same neutral hydroxyamino spedes that is formed via the original concerted proton relay mechanism. In at least one position, deprotonation is barrierless when zero-point energy is included In addition to describing the structures and energetics of the reactions between formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone with ammonia, we report spectroscopic predictions of the observable vibrational features that are expected to be present in ice mixtures of different composition.
Changing approaches of prosecutors towards juvenile repeated sex-offenders: A Bayesian evaluation

Existing state-wide data bases on prosecutors' decisions about juvenile offenders are important, yet often un-explored resources for understanding changes in patterns of judicial decisions over time. We investigate the extent and nature of change in judicial behavior towards juveniles following the enactment of a new set of mandatory registration policies between 1992 and 1996 via analyzing the data on prosecutors' decisions of moving forward for youths repeatedly charged with sexual violence in South Carolina. We use a novel extension of random effects logistic regression model for longitudinal binary data via incorporating an unknown change-point year. For convenient physical interpretation, our models allow the proportional odds interpretation of effects of the explanatory variables and the change-point year with and without conditioning on the youth-specific random effects. As a consequence, the effects of the unknown change-point year and other factors can be interpreted as changes in both within youth and population averaged odds of moving forward. Using a Bayesian paradigm, we consider various prior opinions about the unknown year of the change in the pattern of prosecutors' decision. Based on the available data, we make posteriori conclusions about whether a change-point has occurred between 1992 and 1996 (inclusive), evaluate the degree of confidence about the year of change-point, estimate the magnitude of the effects of the change-point and other factors, and investigate other provocative questions about patterns of prosecutors' decisions over time.
Two Models of the Auditor ‐ Client Interaction: Tests with United Kingdom Data*

. Accounting research contains two distinct approaches to the interaction between accounting management and the independent auditor. Game theory suggests that the auditor's testing strategy will affect the manager's reporting strategy and that the two strategies form an equilibrium. The game-theoretic approach views the auditor as active, in that the auditor acknowledges the effect that his or her testing strategy has on the manager's reporting. In contrast, in the decision-theoretic approach, the auditor tests reports, but ignores the effect that such testing might have on the manager's reporting behavior. Essentially, the decision-theoretic approach views the auditor as passive, taking the reporting strategy as given when designing tests. We use United Kingdom data to estimate both models and test their validity using nested hypothesis tests. Our results demonstrate that the active, game-theoretic model better describes the auditor-manager interaction. This is the first empirical validation of the game-theoretic model using archival accounting data.
Plans for Kaon Physics at BNL

I give an overview of current plans for kaon physics at BNL. The program is centered around the rare decay modes K + → π + ν ν ¯ and K L → π 0 ν ν ¯ .
Thermal decomposition of HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid, PNA): rate coefficient and determination of the enthalpy of formation.

Rate coefficients for the gas-phase thermal decomposition of HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid, PNA) are reported at temperatures between 331 and 350 K at total pressures of 25 and 50 Torr of N2. Rate coefficients were determined by measuring the steady-state OH concentration in a mixture of known concentrations of HO2NO2 and NO. The measured thermal decomposition rate coefficients k-1(T,P) are used in combination with previously published rate coefficient data for the HO2NO2 formation reaction to yield a standard enthalpy for reaction 1 of ΔrH°298 K = −24.0 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 (uncertainties are 2σ values and include estimated systematic errors). A HO2NO2 standard heat of formation, ΔfH°298 K(HO2NO2), of −12.6 ± 1.0 kcal mol-1 was calculated from this value. Some of the previously reported data on the thermal decomposition of HO2NO2 have been reanalyzed and shown to be in good agreement with our reported value.
Hadron freeze-out conditions in high energy nuclear collisions

Systematic trend of the hadron freeze-out conditions from AGS/SPS to RHIC is discussed. The most interesting results from collisions at RHIC are that the system is indeed approaching net-baryon free and the transverse expansion is much stronger than that from collisions at AGS/SPS energies. In order to understand the trend of the collective velocity, an energy scan between $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 20 - 200 GeV, is important. In addition, systematic studies on the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ and the transverse momentum distributions of $\phi, \Omega,$ and $J / \psi$ are necessary as they will help in determining whether the collectivity is developed at the partonic stage.
History of FORTRAN standardization

The history of FORTRAN Standardization, ranging from the original efforts in the early 60s up to the present, is presented. Some of the precedent-setting development during the initial cycle in handling problems common to all language standardization is discussed. The background in introducing some of the features in FORTRAN 77 is covered. The nature and reasoning behind the current activity are described.
On A Nascent Mathematical-Physical Latency-Information Theory, Part II: The Revelation Of Guidance Theory For Intelligence And Life System Designs

Since its introduction more than six decades ago by Claude E. Shannon information theory has guided with two performance bounds, namely source-entropy H and channel capacity C , the design of sourced intelligence-space compressors for communication systems, where the units of intelligence-space are 'mathematical' binary digit (bit) units of a passing of time uncertainty nature. Recently, motivated by both a real-world radar problem treated in the first part of the present paper series, and previous uncertainty/certainty duality studies of digital-communication and quantizedcontrol problems by the author, information theory was discovered to have a 'certainty' time-dual that was named latency theory. Latency theory guides with two performance bounds, i.e. processor-ectropy K and sensor consciousness F the design of processing intelligence-time compressors for recognition systems, where the units of intelligence-time are 'mathematical' binary operator (bor) units of a configuration of space certainty nature. Furthermore, these two theories have been unified to form a mathematical latency-information theory (M-LIT) for the guidance of intelligence system designs, which has been successfully applied to real-world radar. Also recently, M-LIT has been found to have a physical LIT (P-LIT) dual that guides life system designs. This novel physical theory addresses the design of motion life-time and retention life-space compressors for physical signals and also has four performance bounds. Two of these bounds are mover-ectropy A and channel-stay T for the design of motion life-time compressors for communication systems. An example of a motion life-time compressor is a laser system, inclusive of a network router for a certainty, or multi-path life-time channel. The other two bounds are retainer-entropy N and sensor scope I for the design of retention life-space compressors for recognition systems. An example of a retention life-space compressor is a silicon semiconductor crystal, inclusive of a leadless chip carrier for an uncertainty, or noisy life-space sensor. The eight performance bounds of our guidance theory for intelligence and life system designs will be illustrated with practical examples. Moreover, a four quadrants (quadrants I and III for the two physical theories and quadrants II and IV for the two mathematical ones) LIT revolution is advanced that highlights both the discovered dualities and the fundamental properties of signal compressors leading to a unifying communication embedded recognition (CER) system architecture.
Coupling of Parallelized DEGAS 2 and UEDGE Codes

Benchmarks of DEGAS 2 against EIRENE yield agreement to within 5% and comparable single processor run times. DEGAS 2 demonstrates a nearly linear increase in processing speed with the number of parallel processors. That speed is put to practical use here in the first runs of UEDGE coupled to DEGAS 2. The results of the coupled codes match those of coupled UEDGE and EIRENE. Additional algorithmic improvements such as use of the correlated sampling technique promise to make runs of the coupled UEDGE - DEGAS 2 codes practical for everyday use.
Comparison of AI Techniques for Prediction of Liver Fibrosis in Hepatitis Patients

Globally one in twelve people have the Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C virus. Diagnosis and treatment of this disease is guided by liver biopsies where a small amount of tissue is removed by a surgeon and examined by a pathologist to determine the fibrosis stage from F0 (no damage) to F4 (cirrhosis). Biopsies are costly and carry some risk for the patient. Non-invasive techniques for determining fibrosis stage have been developed and evaluated since 2003. Non-invasive methods have utilized serum markers, imaging test, and genetic studies. The accuracy of these non-invasive techniques has not achieved sufficient acceptance and so the invasive biopsy is still considered the gold standard. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) use decision support system theory and technology to assist clinicians in the evaluation and treatment process. Using historical clinical data and the relationship processed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to aid physicians in their decision making process is the goal of CDSS. The CDSS provides a large number of medical support functions to help clinicians make the most reasonable diagnosis and choose the best treatment measures. This paper applies four artificial intelligence predictive techniques to publicly available data on 424 Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C patients. Demographic and standard serum markers are utilized to predict fibrosis stage and compare these predictions to known biopsy results. A final decision tree evaluation is applied to make a final prediction. We have also developed a publically available web application that can be used as a prototype for presenting AI predictive results in a CDSS environment based on these models. This technique along with others could mitigate the need for some liver biopsies in the more than 500 million Hepatitis B and C patients worldwide with additional validation and verification.
Alkylation of aromatic aldehydes with alkylboron chloride derivatives

Abstract The reaction of aryl aldehydes with alkylboron chlorides has been investigated. Monoalkylboron dichlorides react with aryl aldehydes in hexane under reflux conditions to give a mixture of dichloroarylmethane and benzyl chloride. Under the same reaction conditions, dialkylboron chlorides lead to formation of a mixture of benzyl chloride and the chloroalkylation product. In the presence of a base such as 2,6-lutidine, the reactions of monoalkylboron dichlorides with aryl aldehydes yield small amounts of the desired alkylation products at room temperature. Dialkylboron chlorides react with aryl aldehydes in hexane in the presence of base to generate the corresponding arylalkylmethanols in good yields.
A general approach to triphenylenes and azatriphenylenes: total synthesis of dehydrotylophorine and tylophorine

A convergent and flexible synthesis of substituted triphenylenes, azatriphenylenes, and the cytotoxic alkaloids dehydrotylophorine and tylophorine has been developed.
Got milk? The impact of Heifer International's livestock donation programs in Rwanda on nutritional outcomes

Abstract International animal donation programs have become an increasingly popular way for people living in developed countries to transfer resources to families living in developing countries. We evaluate the impact of Heifer International’s dairy cow and meat goat donation programs in Rwanda. We find that the program substantially increases dairy and meat consumption among Rwandan households who were given a dairy cow or a meat goat, respectively. We also find marginally statistically significant increases in weight-for-height z -scores and weight-for-age z -scores of about 0.4 standard deviations among children aged 0–5 years in households that were recipients of meat goats, and increases in height-for-age z -scores of about 0.5 standard deviations among children in households that received dairy cows. Our results suggest that increasing livestock ownership in developing countries may significantly increase consumption of nutrient dense animal-source foods and improve nutrition outcomes.
Total synthesis: Welwitindolinone is well worth it.

Recent syntheses of the natural product 3-hydroxy-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate are taken as examples to answer an oft-raised question about the value of total synthesis.
Improved Accuracy, Second-Order Response Model for Pressure Sensing Systems

DOI: 10.2514/1.36262 The primary difficulty with obtaining high-fidelity pressure measurements is acoustical distortion within the various components of the pneumatic system. The method of Berg and Tijdeman is the de facto standard for the aerospace industry for calculating the frequency response of pressure-sensing systems. However, the model is complex,difficulttoprogram, andinherently linkedtothefrequencydomain.Formany applications,alesscomplex time-domain model is desired, and considerable work has previously been performed on this topic. Unfortunately, existing low-order response models are not particularly accurate. These models are derived using simplifying assumptions that lose many of the salient features of the flow physics. This paper derives a second-order model directly from the Berg and Tijdeman solution and the model accurately describes the physical characteristics of the dominant response harmonic. The model is modified for application to both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Frequency- and step-response comparisons are presented to demonstrate that the derived second-order model has superior response fidelity. Accuracies of model predictions are validated by a series of laboratory step-response experiments.
An observation on the structure of production sets with indivisibilities

Abstract A subset of the constraints of an integer programming problem is said to be binding if, when the remaining constraints are eliminated, the smaller problem has the same optimal solution as the original problem. It is shown that an integer programming problem with n variables has a set of binding constraints of cardinality less than or equal to 2n-1. The bound is sharp.
Recommender systems and their effects on consumers: the fragmentation debate

This document presents the extended abstract for "Recommender Systems and Their Effect on Consumers" and a link to the full paper on SSRN.
The great appreciation, the great depreciation, and the purchasing power parity hypothesis

Abstract Although there has been much recent work on purchasing power parity (PPP), neither univariate nor panel methods have produced strong rejections of unit roots in US dollar real exchange rates for industrialized countries during the post-1973 period. We investigate the hypothesis that these non-rejections can be explained by one episode, the large appreciation and depreciation of the dollar in the 1980s, by developing unit root tests which account for this event and maintain long-run PPP. Using panel methods, we can strongly reject the unit root null for those countries that adhere to the typical pattern of the dollar’s rise and fall.
Expanding the scope of the Cu assisted Suzuki–Miyaura reaction

Abstract Recent advances in the development of the copper facilitated Suzuki–Miyaura reaction are described. Improvements include expansion of substrate scope to include aryl chlorides and polyhalo aryl boronates. It was found that use of S-Phos and X-Phos could accomplish the coupling of 2-pyridyl boronates to aryl chlorides and bromides in shorter reaction times and in higher yield than previously described with DPPF.
Comparison of QoS Guarantee Techniques for VoIP over IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN

An emerging killer application for enterprise wireless LANs (WLANs) is voice over IP (VoIP) telephony, which promises to greatly improve the reachability and mobility of enterprise telephony service at low cost. None of the commercial IEEE 802.11 WLAN-based VoIP products can support more than ten G.729-quality voice conversations over a single IEEE 802.11b channel on real-world WLANs, even though the physical transmission rate is more than two orders of magnitude higher than an individual VoIP connection's bandwidth requirement. There are two main reasons why these VoIP systems' effective throughput is significantly lower than expected: VoIP's stringent latency requirement and substantial per-WLAN-packet overhead. Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a well-known technique that provides per-connection QoS guarantee as well as improves the radio channel utilization efficiency. This paper compares the effective throughput of IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11e and a software-based TDMA (STDMA) protocol that is specifically designed to support WLAN-based VoIP applications, on the same commodity IEEE 802.11 WLAN hardware. Empirical measurements from a VOIP over WLAN testbed show that the numbers of G.729-quality voice conversations that IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11e and STDMA can support over a single IEEE 802.11b channel are 18, 22 and 50, respectively.
Crime and growth convergence: Evidence from Mexico

Scholars have often argued that crime deters growth, but the empirical literature assessing such effect is scarce. By exploiting cross-municipality income and crime data for Mexico -- a country that experienced a high increase in crime rates over the past decade -- this study circumvents two of the most common problems faced by researchers in this area. These are: (i) the lack of a homogenous, consistently comparable measure of crime and (ii) the small sample problem in the estimation. Combining income data from poverty maps, administrative records on crime and violence, and public expenditures data at the municipal level for Mexico (2005-2010), the analysis finds evidence indicating that drug-related crimes indeed deter growth. It also finds no evidence of a negative effect on growth from crimes unrelated to drug trafficking.
ASET-B: A room fire program for personal computers

ASET-B, a personal computer program for predicting the fire environment in a single room, is presented. ASET-B solves the same differential equations as the previously developed computer program, ASET (Available Safe Egress Time), using a simpler numerical technique. ASET-B requires as input the height and area of the room, the elevation of the fire above the floor, a heat loss factor, and a fire specified in terms of heat release rate. The program predicts the thickness and the temperature of the hot smoke layer as a function of time. ASET-B is written in BASIC and is not subject to copyright. This paper describes the program and its use. Included are a listing of the program, program variable name listing and a sample run. A discussion of user modifications also is given.
THE MEASURABILITY OF HITTING TIMES

Under very general conditions the hitting time of a set by a stochastic process is a stopping time. We give a new simple proof of this fact. The section theorems for optional and predictable sets are easy corollaries of the proof. A correction to this paper has been published : Electronic Communications in Probability, Vol. 16 (2011), paper 18
Is extended resection for adenocarcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas justified

Patients with body or tail tumors of the pancreas often have contiguous organ involvement or portal-splenic confluence adherence requiring extensive resection in order to obtain grossly negative margins. The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term survival is possible after contiguous organ or portal vein resection in patients with adenocarcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas. Between 1983 and 2000, a total of 513 patients with adenocarcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas were identified from a prospective database. Distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy was performed in 57 patients (11%). Extended resection was necessary in 22 patients (39%): 14 (64%) for contiguous organ involvement and eight (36%) for portal vein resection Estimated blood loss, blood transfused, and length of hospital stay were significantly greater in patients requiring extended resection compared to standard resection (P=0.02, P=0.01, and P=0.02, respectively). Median follow-up for patients still alive was 84 months (range 40 to 189 months). Median survival following resection was 15.9 months compared to 5.8 months in patients who were not resected (P<0.0001). Actual 5- and 10-year survival rates were 22% and 18%, respectively, following extended resection, 8% and 8% following standard resection, and 0% and 0% if no resection was attempted because of locally unresectable disease. Patients undergoing extended resection for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic body or tail have long-term survival rates similar to those for patients undergoing standard resection; they also have markedly improved long-term survival compared to those who are not considered resectable because of locally advanced disease. Extended distal pancreatectomy is justified in this group of patients.
Almost split morphisms, preprojective algebras and multiplication maps of maximal rank

Abstract With a grading previously introduced by the second-named author, the multiplication maps in the preprojective algebra satisfy a maximal rank property that is similar to the maximal rank property proven by Hochster and Laksov for the multiplication maps in the commutative polynomial ring. The result follows from a more general theorem about the maximal rank property of a minimal almost split morphism, which also yields a quadratic inequality for the dimensions of indecomposable modules involved.
C2-Symmetric Tin(II) Complexes as Chiral Lewis Acids. Catalytic Enantioselective Anti Aldol Additions of Enolsilanes to Glyoxylate and Pyruvate Esters

Stannous triflate-diamine complexes are effective organizational centers for Lewis acid promoted aldol reactions.1 However, the documented difficulties in rendering these processes catalytic in metal complex appear to contradict the established fact that Sn(II) complexes are kinetically labile toward ligand substitution.2 In this communication we demonstrate that ligand architecture can play an important role in the design of Sn(II)-based chiral Lewis acidic complexes. Specifically, the Lewis acidic complexes 1 and 2 derived from Sn(OTf)2 and bidentate bis(oxazoline)4 and tridentate pyridylbis(oxazoline)5 ligands6 are efficient anti-aldol catalysts for the enantioselective addition of enolsilanes to 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. These ligand-metal complexes exhibit efficient turnover in the catalytic cycle and may be employed in amounts as low as 2 mol %.
Between Efficiency and Sovereignty: Transnational Actors, the European Union, and the Regulation of Bankruptcy

The regulation of regional markets has traditionally challenged the sovereignty of the member states. The increasing presence of transnational actors has intensified this challenge. Those actors can benefit from single regulatory regimes that streamline their operations and activities. No country, however, is inclined to renounce its domestic approach. Can the tension between efficiency and sovereignty be resolved? The recent adoption of a transnational bankruptcy regulation in the European Union (EU) offers instructive insights. The intense struggle lasted from 1960 to 2000. The solution involves a clever compromise: elevating from the national to the regional level the law of the member state most implicated by a given bankruptcy. The approach merits careful consideration, for it departs both from parallel efforts at bankruptcy regulation by the United Nations, NAFTA, and the Scandinavian countries, and from the EU's own efforts in areas other than bankruptcy. Avoiding harmonization improves member states’ acceptance, while reliance on established national regimes guarantees oversight over much of the bankruptcy process. The absence of a fixed legislative framework, however, limits the number of issue areas that this type of approach can effectively target.
On the singularity probability of discrete random matrices

Abstract Let n be a large integer and M n be an n by n complex matrix whose entries are independent (but not necessarily identically distributed) discrete random variables. The main goal of this paper is to prove a general upper bound for the probability that M n is singular. For a constant 0 p 1 and a constant positive integer r , we will define a property p-bounded of exponent r . Our main result shows that if the entries of M n satisfy this property, then the probability that M n is singular is at most ( p 1 / r + o ( 1 ) ) n . All of the results in this paper hold for any characteristic zero integral domain replacing the complex numbers. In the special case where the entries of M n are “fair coin flips” (taking the values + 1 , − 1 each with probability 1/2), our general bound implies that the probability that M n is singular is at most ( 1 2 + o ( 1 ) ) n , improving on the previous best upper bound of ( 3 4 + o ( 1 ) ) n , proved by Tao and Vu [Terence Tao, Van Vu, On the singularity probability of random Bernoulli matrices, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 20 (2007) 603–628]. In the special case where the entries of M n are “lazy coin flips” (taking values + 1 , − 1 each with probability 1/4 and value 0 with probability 1/2), our general bound implies that the probability that M n is singular is at most ( 1 2 + o ( 1 ) ) n , which is asymptotically sharp. Our method is a refinement of those from [Jeff Kahn, Janos Komlos, Endre Szemeredi, On the probability that a random ±1-matrix is singular, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (1) (1995) 223–240; Terence Tao, Van Vu, On the singularity probability of random Bernoulli matrices, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 20 (2007) 603–628]. In particular, we make a critical use of the structure theorem from [Terence Tao, Van Vu, On the singularity probability of random Bernoulli matrices, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 20 (2007) 603–628], which was obtained using tools from additive combinatorics.
Profile-based string kernels for remote homology detection and motif extraction.

We introduce novel profile-based string kernels for use with support vector machines (SVMs) for the problems of protein classification and remote homology detection. These kernels use probabilistic profiles, such as those produced by the PSI-BLAST algorithm, to define position-dependent mutation neighborhoods along protein sequences for inexact matching of k-length subsequences ("k-mers") in the data. By use of an efficient data structure, the kernels are fast to compute once the profiles have been obtained. For example, the time needed to run PSI-BLAST in order to build the profiles is significantly longer than both the kernel computation time and the SVM training time. We present remote homology detection experiments based on the SCOP database where we show that profile-based string kernels used with SVM classifiers strongly outperform all recently presented supervised SVM methods. We further examine how to incorporate predicted secondary structure information into the profile kernel to obtain a small but significant performance improvement. We also show how we can use the learned SVM classifier to extract "discriminative sequence motifs" — short regions of the original profile that contribute almost all the weight of the SVM classification score — and show that these discriminative motifs correspond to meaningful structural features in the protein data. The use of PSI-BLAST profiles can be seen as a semi-supervised learning technique, since PSI-BLAST leverages unlabeled data from a large sequence database to build more informative profiles. Recently presented "cluster kernels" give general semi-supervised methods for improving SVM protein classification performance. We show that our profile kernel results also outperform cluster kernels while providing much better scalability to large datasets. Supplementary website:.
Spin-polarized electron transport at ferromagnet/semiconductor Schottky contacts

We theoretically investigate electron spin-injection and spin-polarization sensitive current detection at a Schottky contact between a ferromagnetic metal and an n-type or a p-type semiconductor. We use spin-dependent continuity equations and transport equations at the drift-diffusion level of approximation. Spin-polarized electron current and density in the semiconductor are described for four scenarios corresponding to the injection or the collection of spin-polarized electrons at Schottky contacts to n-type or p-type semiconductors. The transport properties of the interface are described by a spin-dependent interface resistance, resulting from an interfacial tunneling region. The spin-dependent interface resistance is crucial for achieving spin-injection or spin-polarization sensitivity in these configurations. We find that the depletion region resulting from the Schottky barrier formation at a metal/semiconductor interface is detrimental to both spin injection and spin detection. However, the depletion region can be tailored using a doping density profile to minimize these deleterious effects. For example, a heavily doped region near the interface, such as a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-doped layer, can be used to form a sharp potential profile through which electrons tunnel to reduce the effective Schottky energy barrier that determines the width of the depletion region. The model results indicate that efficient spin-injection and spin-polarization detection can be achieved in properly designed structures and can serve as a guide for the structure design.
ENHANCED ABUNDANCES IN THREE LARGE-DIAMETER MIXED-MORPHOLOGY SUPERNOVA REMNANTS

We present an X-ray study of three mixed-morphology (MM) supernova remnants (SNRs)—HB 21, CTB 1, and HB 3—using archival ASCA and ROSAT data. These data are complemented by archival Chandra X-Ray Observatory data for CTB 1 and XMM-Newton X-Ray Observatory data for HB 3. The spectra from HB 21 and HB 3 are well described with a single-temperature thermal plasma in ionization equilibrium, while a two-temperature thermal plasma is found in CTB 1. We found enhanced abundances in all three SNRs. The elemental abundance of Mg is clearly enhanced in CTB 1, while HB 21 has enhanced abundances of Si and S. The situation is not as clear in HB 3—the plasma in this SNR either has significantly enhanced abundances of O, Ne, and Mg, or has marginally enhanced abundances of Mg and underabundant Fe. We discuss the plausibility of mixed-morphology SNR models for the three SNRs, and the presence of enhanced abundances. We revise a list of MM SNRs and their properties, compare the three SNRs studied here with other members of this class, and discuss the presence of enhanced elemental abundances in MM SNRs. We also report the ASCA detection of a compact source in the southern part of HB 3. The source spectrum is consistent with a power law with a photon index of ~2.7, and an unabsorbed X-ray flux of ~10-12 ergs cm-2 s-1 in the 0.5-10.0 keV band. The column density toward this source differs from that toward the SNR, and it is therefore unlikely that they are related.
The J-triplet Cooper pairing with magnetic dipolar interactions.

Recently, cold atomic Fermi gases with the large magnetic dipolar interaction have been laser cooled down to quantum degeneracy. Different from electric-dipoles which are classic vectors, atomic magnetic dipoles are quantum-mechanical matrix operators proportional to the hyperfine-spin of atoms, thus provide rich opportunities to investigate exotic many-body physics. Furthermore, unlike anisotropic electric dipolar gases, unpolarized magnetic dipolar systems are isotropic under simultaneous spin-orbit rotation. These features give rise to a robust mechanism for a novel pairing symmetry: orbital p-wave (L = 1) spin triplet (S = 1) pairing with total angular momentum of the Cooper pair J = 1. This pairing is markedly different from both the 3He-B phase in which J = 0 and the 3He-A phase in which J is not conserved. It is also different from the p-wave pairing in the single-component electric dipolar systems in which the spin degree of freedom is frozen.
Palladium-Catalyzed Nitromethylation of Aryl Halides: An Orthogonal Formylation Equivalent

An efficient cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides and nitromethane was developed with the use of parallel microscale experimentation. The arylnitromethane products are precursors for numerous useful synthetic products. An efficient method for their direct conversion to the corresponding oximes and aldehydes in a one-pot operation has been discovered. The process exploits inexpensive nitromethane as a carbonyl equivalent, providing a mild and convenient formylation method that is compatible with many functional groups.
Predicting the Winner's Curse

If quantity uncertainty exists in a first price auction that specifies a fixed bid, a participant must answer two questions when evaluating a candidate bid: “What are my chances of winning?” and “What is the effect of the winner's curse on my quantity estimate?” The winner's curse is the tendency of the winner of a first-price sealed-bid auction to be the bidder that most overvalues the items being offered. When value uncertainty is due to quantity uncertainty, the winner's curse implies that the bidder that most overestimates the quantity tends to win. Thus, if there is quantity uncertainty, a participant must adjust its bid for this tendency to overestimate quantities. This paper presents an empirical method to answer the above questions by estimating a predictive distribution of the highest competing bid and the quantity bias caused by the winner's curse. The method is developed for timber auctions but is general to auctions where a fixed bid is called for and there is uncertainty in the mix and quantities of items being offered. An example that uses data from timber auctions is used to demonstrate the method.
An Adaptive Copula-Based Approach for Model Bias Characterization

A copula-based approach for model bias characterization was previously proposed (18) aiming at improving prediction accuracy compared to other model characterization approaches such as regression and Gaussian Process. This paper proposes an adaptive copula-based approach for model bias identification to enhance the available methodology. The main idea is to use cluster analysis to pre-process data, then apply the copula-based approach using information from each cluster. The final prediction accumulates predictions obtained from each cluster. Two case studies will be used to demonstrate the superiority of the adaptive copula-based approach over its predecessor.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Density of the mantle of Mars

The range of zero pressure densities of the Martian mantle which are compatible with the mean density and moment of inertia factor of Mars has been explored by: (1) considering the full range of plausible core compositions and densities, and (2) investigating the sensitivity of computed mantle densities to uncertainties in the input parameters. Ni, Fe, Fe3O4, and FeS cores were considered; corresponding zero pressure mantle densities range from 3.47 to 3.41 g/cu cm. Uncertainty in the mantle density of about 0.04 g/cu cm for the Fe core model and about 0.05 g/cu cm for the FeS core model results from uncertainties in the input parameters. The zero pressure density of the Martian mantle is estimated to be 3.44 plus or minus 0.06 g/cu cm.
Occupational Socialization in the Professions: The Case of Role Innovation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the occupational socialization in the professions. Custodianship is characterized by the total acceptance on the part of the practitioner of the currently existing norms of that profession and by the practitioner's basic acceptance of the current levels of knowledge and skill in that profession. This career of content innovation is characterized by the acceptance of the traditional norms of the profession pertaining to practice but by dissatisfaction with the existing levels of knowledge and skill, which underlie the profession. It is found that the content innovator will concentrate on science, technology, or scholarship to improve the knowledge base and technology that underlie the profession. The content innovator will be oriented more to academic standards and associations of scholars or scientists and he/she will be relatively indifferent to professional associations unless their norms make it difficult to upgrade standards or practice by utilizing the knowledge that the innovator produces. It is suggested that the content innovator will be hostile to such norms and he/she will view licensing procedures as conservative forces that make it difficult for the practitioner trained in the most modern manner to become easily licensed.
THE FLUOROMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALTS

ABSTRACT Fluorescence microphotometry has been used as a technique for the characterization of asphalt binder quality and the deterioration of asphalt cements. The technique employs optical microscopy for the in situ identification of asphalt binder from aggregate materials in cements, thereby eliminating the need to solvent extract the binder for evaluation. It may also obviate the possibility of solvent interaction or interference with the physical and chemical properties of asphalt binders that have developed in-service. In this research effort a standard technique for the measurement of fluorescence intensity has been developed and applied to the characterization of twelve raw asphalts. These studies were first necessary before undertaking the more difficult task of measuring asphalt binder fluorescence in cements. Analytical techniques and some of the factors which influence asphalt fluorescence have been considered. With this small sample set, relationships appear to be emerging between original asp...
The outlook for machine translation

The idea of using electronic digital computers for language translation seems to have arisen about 1946; it was first brought to widespread attention in a memorandum by Warren Weaver in 1949. Today there are about a dozen projects in the United States devoted to machine translation, mostly translation from Russian to English. Many additional projects are located in the Soviet Union, a few in other countries. Many of these projects have been in operation for a number of years. Yet today there is nobody in a position to feed some foreign text into a computing machine and produce automatically an acceptable translation. This is not to say that there have been no accomplishments. Some achievements may be noted, in some other areas there has been considerable progress; and it seems plausible that in a few years completely automatic translation of fair quality will be possible.
Low-Order Method for Predicting Aerodynamic Performance Degradation Due to Ground Icing

Alow-ordermethod to computethe degradation in the maximum lift coefe cient of an aircraft due to distributed surfaceroughnesshasbeendeveloped.ThealgorithmisappliedtotheFokkerF28Mk1000,anaircraftinvolvedinan accidentinwhichgroundicingwasdeterminedtoplayasignie cantrole.Themethodconsistsoftwocomplementary portions. The e rst uses a low-orderpanel method to computethequasi-steady aerodynamiccharacteristics, in and out of groundeffect,ofthecompleteaircraftgeometryincluding one- ortwo-elemente aps,a boundary-layerfence, nacelles, and a horizontal tail. The numerical model then, in the second portion, generates an engineering estimate of the maximum lift coefe cient for the aircraft cone guration. The method is based on the assumptions that the pressure difference between the suction peak and the trailing edge of an airfoil is a maximum at the maximum lift coefe cient and that the condition in which one spanwise station of a wing in a stripwise analysis violates this maximum pressure difference rule is the point at which the maximum lift of the entire aircraft is generated. The application of the pressure difference rule is modie ed to account for the presence of the boundary-layer fence and can estimate (on the conservative side ) the effects of distributed surface roughness on the maximum lift coefe cient using an appropriate maximum allowable pressure difference.