cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Environment of Cascading Consequences

There is debate in critical race theory about the role of empathy in social progress, particularly in terms of the conditions for people of African descent. Can performance create “connections” between people of different races that help lead to the eventual dissolution of racism? Is the notion of racial “progress” a myth or can we look to an optimistic Afro-utopian future? This essay uses Clybourne Park to “think through” the possibilities of performance.
Plasma Amino Acids During 8 Weeks of Overfeeding: Relation to Diet Body Composition and Fat Cell Size in the PROOF Study.

Objective Different amounts of dietary protein during overfeeding produced similar fat gain but different amounts of gain in fat-free body mass. Protein and energy intake may have differential effects on amino acids during overfeeding. Methods Twenty-three healthy adult men and women were overfed by 40% for 8 weeks with 5%, 15%, or 25% protein diets. Plasma amino acids were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry at baseline and week 8. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, fat cell size (FCS) from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and insulin resistance by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Results The following three amino acid patterns were seen: increasing concentration of five essential and three nonessential amino acids with increasing protein intake, higher levels of six nonessential amino acids with the low-protein diet, and a pattern that was flat or "V" shaped. Dietary fat and protein were both correlated with changes in valine, leucine/isoleucine/norleucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, but energy intake was not. The change in fat mass and weight was related to the change in several amino acids. Baseline FCS and the interaction between glucose disposal and FCS were associated with changes in several amino acids during overfeeding. Conclusions Overfeeding dietary protein affects the levels of both essential and nonessential amino acids.
A Comparison of Salinity Effects from Hurricanes Dolly (2008) and Alex (2010) in a Texas Lagoon System

ABSTRACT Kowalski, J.L.; DeYoe, H.R.; Boza, G.H., Jr.; Hockaday, D.L., and Zimba, P.V., 2018. A comparison of salinity effects from hurricanes Dolly (2008) and Alex (2010) in a Texas lagoon system. Hurricanes are not uncommon along the Gulf of Mexico coast, but there are few studies of the effects they have on coastal embayments. Hurricanes Dolly (2008) and Alex (2010) were both Category 2 storms affecting the Lower Laguna Madre (LLM) of Texas. Surveys were performed to assess poststorm water quality after landfall of both storms at up to 18 sample stations. The main difference between storm effects was salinity reduction because of stormwater input from the watershed. Effects from Hurricane Dolly were of short duration and small magnitude, whereas the effects from Hurricane Alex were extensive and lasted more than a month. Differences in spatial patterns in salinity were significantly more pronounced across the LLM than were temporal differences. Precipitation of 50–100 cm caused stormwater discharge to ...
Geometric Isomerism: The Simplest Illustrator of Orbital Symmetry Control of Molecular Stereochemistry

The thermal conversion of 1,3-butadiene to cyclobutene may occur in a conrotatory or a disrotatory fashion. In the former case, an axis of symmetry is maintained along the reaction coordinate while in the latter case a plane of symmetry is preserved during the conversion or reactants to products. This difference with respect to the existing symmetry elements becomes responsible for a difference in the symmetry labels of reactant and product orbitals. In turn, this becomes responsible for the existence of a barrier in the case of disrotation and the absence of a barrier in the case of conrotation at the level of Huckel MO theory. This is clearly revealed by the Longuet-Higgins-Abrahamson-Woodward-Hoffmann MO correlation diagrams1 for con- and dis-rotatory ring closure of 1,3-butadiene. The conrotatory ring closure of 1,3-butadiene is termed a symmetry “allowed” and the disrotatory ring closure of the same molecule is termed a “forbidden” reaction.
Hospitality and reciprocity - working tourists in Dominica.

Abstract This study examines the importance of host–guest relationships in community-based, working holidays. It looks at a working vacation in the Carib Territory of Dominica to assess how sociocultural systems for the treatment of tourists feature in small-scale tourism. The study finds that such working holidays appear to imitate elements of traditional forms of hospitality. Some of the duties and obligations of host–guest relationships appear to be carried into the sphere of guest-local interactions, in particular, non-monetary reciprocities. This suggests that understanding the nature of hospitality is central to analyzing small-scale, community-based tourism, and it has implications for understanding behaviors, outcomes, and impacts.
Water quality, availability, and acute gastroenteritis on the Navajo Nation – a pilot case-control study

The Navajo Nation includes approximately 250,000 American Indians living in a remote high desert environment with limited access to public water systems. We conducted a pilot case-control study to assess associations between acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and water availability, use patterns, and quality. Case patients with AGE and non-AGE controls who presented for care to two Indian Health Service hospitals were recruited. Data on demographics and water use practices were collected using a standard questionnaire. Household drinking water was tested for presence of pathogens, coliforms, and residual chlorine. Sixty-one subjects (32 cases and 29 controls) participated in the study. Cases and controls were not significantly different with respect to water sources, quality, or patterns of use. Twenty-one percent (n = 12) of study participants resided in dwellings not connected to a community water system. Eleven percent (n = 7) of subjects reported drinking hauled water from unregulated sources. Coliform bacteria were present in 44% (n = 27) of household water samples, and 68% (n = 40) of samples contained residual chlorine concentrations of <0.2 mg/L. This study highlights issues with water availability, quality, and use patterns within the Navajo Nation, including sub-optimal access to community water systems, and use of water hauled from unregulated sources.
Negative mood induction effects on problem solving task in women with eating disorders: a multi-method examination

Eating disorders (EDs) are a serious public health concern, affecting about 5.2% of American women. The effects of negative affect on problem-solving and its psychophysiological correlates are poorly understood in this population. This study examined respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance responses of 102 women with EDs (Binge eating disorder [BED]: n = 57, Anorexia nervosa: n = 13, Bulimia nervosa [BN]: n = 32) and 24 healthy controls (HCs) at baseline, and then during: a negative mood induction task, an adapted Means Ends Problem-Solving (MEPS) task and recovery. The MEPS Task included four interpersonal scenarios: 1) binge-eating when sad, 2) job dissatisfaction, 3) feeling rejected by friends, and 4) jealousy in a relationship. ED groups reported more negative and less positive emotions than HCs. After a negative mood induction, women with BED provided significantly less effective problem-solving strategies compared to HCs and women with BN for the binge-eating MEPS scenario. Relative to baseline and the negative mood induction, all participants exhibited significantly higher skin conductance response and skin conductance levels throughout the MEPS scenarios and recovery. BED showed significantly lower RSA levels than individuals with BN and HCs throughout the protocol. The multimethod findings suggest individuals with BED are likely to solve problems by binge-eating when in a negative affective state.
Immunizing Joint Ventures: How negative feedback positively influences retention decisions

In this study we examine key behavioral mechanisms that influence retention decisions, i.e. decisions to continue or abandon a previously chosen course of action. Focusing on the effects of externa...
Fair Authentic Acoustic Network Grouping

This work examines authentication in underwater acoustic networking scenario. Taking a nontraditional approach to meet authenticity requirements, a scheme is proposed which includes not only intrusion prevention but also intrusion tolerance to some degree, called Fair Authentic Acoustic Network Grouping (FAANG). FAANG combines existing trust mechanisms with existing digital signature schemes to harness the most effective aspects of each. The study also surveys the state-of-the-art in securing underwater acoustic networks and notes the challenges not yet addressed in literature, rendering the said networks vulnerable. The work includes a new trust model. Simulation results against two popular trust violation cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
Report of the Committee on Infiltration, 1954-1955

Reports from the committee members and others follow in abstract. Names and addresses of contributors are given as references for readers. The Chairman has complete reports on file. Some studies are stressing techniques and reliability of the infiltrometer. A study is being initiated using the double ring technique on a number of soils ranging in texture from coarse sands to clays (H. R. Haise and Neil Dimick, Fort Collins, Colo., Agricultural Research Service and Angostura Project, S. Dak., respectively). It is planned to use about 20 double ring infiltrometers at each site and to sample the soil thoroughly within each infiltrometer ring for subsequent physical analysis. It is hoped to isolate some of the physical factors affecting infiltration. Attempts will be made to determine the number of samples needed to account for soil variability. Another study is now underway in Eastern Oregon to determine the reliability of the double ring infiltrometer for estimating field intake rates under different methods of irrigation (F. M. Tileston, Agricultural Research Service, Ontario, Ore.).
Merit, Diversity, and Performance: Does Diversity Management Moderate the Effect of Merit Principles on Governmental Performance?:

The compatibility of merit principles and diversity management is particularly intriguing in theory and practice. Although theoretical arguments for merit-based practices and diversity management a...
Portable Low-Pressure Solar Steaming-Collection Unisystem with Polypyrrole Origamis

Solar steaming has emerged as a promising green technology that can address the global issue of scarcity of clean water. However, developing high-performance, cost-effective, and manufacturable solar-steaming materials, and portable solar steaming-collection systems for individuals remains a great challenge. Here, a one-step, low-cost, and mass-producible synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) origami-based photothermal materials, and an original portable low-pressure controlled solar steaming-collection unisystem, offering synergetic high rates in both water evaporation and steam collection, are reported. Due to enhanced areas for vapor dissipation, the PPy origami improves the water evaporation rate by at least 71% to 2.12 kg m-2 h-1 from that of a planar structure and exhibits a solar-thermal energy conversion efficiency of 91.5% under 1 Sun. When further controlling the pressure to ≈0.17 atm in the steaming-collection unisystem, the water collection rate improves by up to 52% systematically and dramatically. Although partial energy is utilized toward obtaining low-pressure, evaluations show that the overall energy efficiency is improved remarkably in the low-pressure system compared to that in ambient pressure. Furthermore, the device demonstrates effective decontamination of heavy metals, bacteria, and desalination. This work can inspire new paradigms toward developing high-performance solar steaming technologies for individuals and households.
TREC Chemical IR Track 2009: A Distributed Dimensional Indexing Model for Chemical Patent Search

For the TREC-2009 Chemical IR Track, we explore development of a distributed information retrieval system based on a dimensional data model. The indexing model supports named entity identification and aggregatio n of term statistics at multiple levels of patent struct ure including individual words, sentences, claims, desc riptions, abstracts, and titles. The system was deployed across 15 Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instances and 15 Elastic Block Storage (EBS) database shards to supp ort efficient indexing and query processing of the rela tively large index generated from indexing each individual word (sans stop words) in the 100G+ collection of chemic al patent documents. The query processing algorithm for technology survey search and prior art search uses information extraction techniques and locally aggregated term statistics t o help disambiguate candidate entities and terms in contex t. Query processing for prior art search automatically generates a structured query based on the relative distinctiven ess of individual terms and candidate entity phrases from the query patent's claims, abstract, and title sections . For both the technology survey and prior art search , we evaluated several probabilistic retrieval functions for integ rating statistics of retrieved named entities with term st atistics at multiple levels of document structure to identify r elevant patents.
In inpatients with cirrhosis opioid use is common and associated with length of stay and persistent use post-discharge.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that opioids are often prescribed and associated with complications in outpatients with cirrhosis. Less is known about opioids among hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. We aimed to describe the patterns and complications of opioid use among inpatients with cirrhosis. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with cirrhosis admitted to a single hospital system from 4/4/2014 to 9/30/2015. We excluded hospitalizations with a surgery, invasive procedure, or palliative care/hospice consult in order to understand opioid use that may be avoidable. We determined the frequency, dosage, and type of opioids given during hospitalization. Using bivariable and multivariable analyses, we assessed length of stay, intensive care unit transfer, and in-hospital mortality by opioid use. RESULTS Of 217 inpatients with cirrhosis, 118 (54.4%) received opioids during hospitalization, including 41.7% of patients without prior outpatient opioid prescriptions. Benzodiazepines or hypnotic sleep aids were given to 28.8% of opioid recipients. In the multivariable model, younger age and outpatient opioid prescription were associated with inpatient opioids. Hospitalization was longer among opioid recipients (median 3.9 vs 3.0 days, p = 0.002) and this difference remained after adjusting for age, cirrhosis severity, and medical comorbidities. There was no difference in intensive care unit transfers and no deaths occurred. At discharge, 22 patients were newly started on opioids of whom 10 (45.5%) had opioid prescriptions at 90 days post-discharge. CONCLUSION In non-surgical inpatients with cirrhosis, opioid prescribing was common and associated with prolonged length of stay. A high proportion of patients newly discharged with opioid prescriptions had ongoing prescriptions at 90 days post-discharge.
A Refined Hydrogeologic Framework Model for Gaines, Terry, and Yoakum Counties, Texas

Declining groundwater levels in Gaines, Yoakum, and Terry counties in the Southern High Plains have raised concerns about the amount of available groundwater and the potential for water-quality changes resulting from dewatering and increased vertical groundwater movement between adjacent water-bearing hydrogeologic units. More than 11,500 well records containing pertinent data were compiled, including data delineating the vertical extents of wells penetrating one or more of the units. Additional geophysical data were collected to improve the spatial coverage of available data across the study area and to reduce uncertainty regarding hydrogeologic unit extents. Across the study area, the average altitude of the base of the Ogallala Aquifer was approximately 1.7 feet lower compared to previous assessments of the altitude of the base of the aquifer, resulting in an increase in the saturated thickness by the same amount. Some of the largest increases in the altitude of the base of the Ogallala Aquifer were observed in central and east-central Gaines County where the units that compose the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer thin at approximately 136 feet and the largest decreases in altitudes are in Yoakum County at around 185 feet. Both the thickest and thinnest part of the Ogallala Aquifer is in Gaines County at just over 300 feet in west Gaines County and around 20 feet in northeast Gaines County. Citation: Thomas JV, Teeple AP, Payne JD, Ikard SJ. 2019. A refined hydrogeologic framework model for Gaines, Terry, and Yoakum counties, Texas. Texas Water Journal. 10(1):1-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v10i1.7082.
Research Utilization in Higher Education Rulemaking: A Multi-Case Study of Research Prevalence, Sources, and Barriers.

For stakeholders who would like to see more research as a basis for educational policy, it is important to understand the prevalence of research use and the sources of the studies used by policymakers, as well as the factors that hinder research use in educational policymaking. Through an analysis of regulatory documents and interviews with 34 key informants, this multi-case study examined the prevalence and sources of research utilized in higher education rulemaking, which is the process for developing federal regulations that govern higher education. This study also examined barriers to using research in higher education rulemaking. Findings indicate that while research has been used in this process, factors other than research were discussed more frequently in final regulations. Barriers to research use in higher education rulemaking included time constraints, unavailability of data, politics, lack of government research capacity, and other disjunctions between the research and policy communities. Moreover, the contexts in which particular rules were created shaped the prevalence and sources of research used in the regulations’ development. The article concludes with implications for policy and theory.
Blockade of Human PAR4 in Novel Humanized Mouse Strains Supports PAR4 As a Potential Target in Stroke: Ex Vivo Demonstration of Platelet Hyperreactivity of the Thr120 Variant

Human platelets express two thrombin-activated G-protein coupled receptors, PAR1 and PAR4, that activate upon protease cleavage of the amino-terminus of the receptor. Thrombin induces rapid and transient platelet activation through PAR1, while PAR4 mediates slower and sustained activation, as well as greater phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and thrombin generation under shear stress. Because PAR1 blockade is contraindicated in treating stroke, PAR4 has been considered as a novel potential anti-platelet target. Human PAR4 has a common Ala120Thr variant that is much more common in individuals of sub-Saharan African ancestry. The Thr120 variant induces platelet hyperreactivity, and is associated with increased stroke risk and less bleeding. Because human PAR4 (hPAR4) differs significantly from mouse Par4 (mPar4), in vivo studies of hPAR4 and the Ala120Thr variant have not been possible. The goals of the current study were to (1) express and characterize hPAR4 in vivo and (2) determine specifically if the PAR4 Thr120 variant results in platelet hyperactivity. We generated humanized PAR4 Ala120 (hPAR4Ala) and PAR4 Thr120 (hPAR4Thr) mouse lines using CRISPR/Cas9 to replace the mouse F2rl3 with either human variant gene (F2RL3). Both hPAR4Ala and hPAR4Thr lines are viable, display germline transmission of hPAR4 and produce expected numbers of offspring. Genomic DNA from both strains contained human F2RL3 and not murine F2rl3, and whole genome sequencing confirmed the successful insertion of a single copy of F2RL3 in the proper location. hPAR4 mRNA was abundantly expressed in platelets from hPAR4Ala and hPAR4Thr, but not wild type mice. Our engineering strategy retained murine F2rl3 regulatory sequences, and hPAR4 transcripts were readily detected in brain, liver and lung in hPAR4Ala and hPAR4Thr mice. Importantly for our goals, hPAR4 mRNA and protein was expressed at similar levels in both hPAR4Ala and hPAR4Thr lines. Platelet counts and mean platelet volume from hPAR4Ala (635±149 K/μL and 4.2±0.1) and hPAR4Thr (617±145 K/μL and 4.0±0.3) mice were similar to wild type mPar4 mice (705±142 K/μL and 4.2±0.1). When washed platelets were stimulated with PAR4 activation peptides (APs) AYPGKF (artificial) or GYPGQV (natural tethered ligand), a dose-dependent activation of integrin aIIbb3 (by Jon/A binding) was observed that was significantly higher on hPAR4Thr platelets compared to hPAR4Ala platelets (p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Neural Network-based Model Predictive Control Approach for Buildings Comfort Management

This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) approach incorporated with machine learning to control the energy consumption and occupants’ comfort (thermal and visual comfort) in a smart building. Neural networks (NN)s are developed to learn and predict the building’s comfort specifications, environmental conditions, and power consumption. Based on the predicted data, MPC provides optimal control inputs for the thermal and lighting systems to achieve the desired performance. In contrast to the existing building control frameworks, our proposed learning-based control method incorporates the occupant-related parameters in the control loop, which enhances the prediction accuracy and control performance. Our proposed learning-based MPC approach is implemented on a building, simulated in EnergyPlus software, and its performance is compared with that of a model-based building control framework. From the simulation results, our control method performs significantly better than the conventional MPC in maintaining residents’ comfort and reducing energy consumption.
Supply Chain Management with Historical, Academic, Professional Perspective

I wrote this paper with the intention that everybody should know about the supply chain management. In this paper I expressed about the professional, present, historical, academic aspect, because in this era of globalization business run very efficient and effectively because of modernization and invention of science. I wrote about the academic stance of supply chain management. I covered all the aspect of supply chain management.
Theorizing the City

As linguistic, religious, and racialized minorities, Himalayan youth are one among many marginalized others migrating to Indian cities in pursuit of higher education. This article draws on research with college students from Ladakh in the Northwest Himalaya, formerly a district of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir, designated its own Union Territory (autonomous jurisdiction) in 2019. Our research asks, how do Ladakhi youth look towards the future as outsiders and aliens in the urban Global South? In what ways are they architects building the city anew, creating their own cultural subtext to the city? We work to understand how Ladakhi youth use the city as a vector in their own life trajectory. We argue that young people are constantly theorizing the city from the perspective of marginalized others within the margins of the Global South. They theorize the city in four ways, as a site of: a) working through questions of difference, b) “exposure,” c) personal growth, and d) as a lens to consider the future of their hometowns. We propose, that through their critiques and desires, students reject the temporal assumptions of ‘planetary urbanization’ that an urban future awaits their mountainous hometowns.
Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex

Bladder exstrophy is a complex congenital birth defect ranging from complete epispadias to complete bladder exstrophy. Though not included in the exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) disease spectrum, cloacal exstrophy is a more severe form which includes bowel segments in the defect and has many of the same defects as the EEC. Initial care of these complex patients focuses on the primary repair of the defect, a repair which is the most important of the many operations these children will have in their lifetime. A failure of primary closure is associated with worse outcomes across the board. The most essential goal in treatment of the exstrophy patient is renal protection. Once that can be assured, social continence then becomes the most important goal. Given the complex nature of this disorder, these children should be managed at speciality centers with orthopedic, urologic, and nursing experience with these patients.
A new molecular model for Congo Red-β amyloid interaction: implications for diagnosis and inhibition of brain plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. One strong pathological indicator of AD is senile plaques, which are aggregates of fibrils formed from amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Thus, detection and inhibition of Aβ aggregation are critical for the prevention and treatment of AD. Congo red (CR) is one of the most widely used dye molecules for probing as well as inhabiting Aβ aggregation. However, the nature of interaction between CR and Aβ is not well understood. In this research, we systematically studied the interaction between CR and Aβ using a combination of optical techniques, including electronic absorption, fluorescence, Raman scattering, and circular dichroism, to provide detailed information with molecular specificity and high sensitivity. Compared to CR alone, interaction of the dye with Aβ results in a new absorption peak near 540 nm and significantly enhanced photoluminescence as well as Raman signal. Our results led us to propose a new model suggesting that CR exists primarily in a micellar form, resembling H-aggregates, in water and dissociates into monomers upon interaction with Aβ. This model has significant implications for the development of new strategies to detect and inhibit brain plaques for treatment of neurological diseases like AD.
Interlaminar Tensile Strength of CFRP Composites Reinforced With Interleaved Carbon Nanotube Sheets

Unidirectional carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with interleaved carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets were manufactured using a heated press. The effect of CNT sheets on the interlaminar tensile strength (ILTS) of composite laminates was measured using curved beam bending tests. Two sets of [0]24 T800S/3900-2B specimen were prepared using carbon fiber prepregs and non-woven CNT sheets, with specimen thickness and radial geometries conforming to ASTM D6415. Epoxy resin loaded CNT sheets were inserted in the mid-radius region of curved beam specimens during the lay-up process. The measured interlaminar tensile strengths (ILTS) were compared between the CNT-enhanced and baseline CFRP specimens. Specimen fracture surfaces were examined with optical microscopy to determine the mode of failure and to confirm that fracture occurred at the location with the highest radial stresses. CNT sheet enhancements have shown to improve ILTS by 42%, with all failures initiating at the CNT interlayer and the polymer matrix interface.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Posterior Urethral Valves

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the main cause of bladder outfl ow obstruction in male infants, and the most common obstructive uropathy leading to chronic renal failure in childhood. Their incidence is estimated at 1/5,000 to 1/8,000 male births, but these fi gures are probably underestimated due to fetal and perinatal demise. Despite occasional reports of PUV occurring in twins and in siblings, PUV are generally sporadic. Chromosomal anomalies are uncommon and associated anomalies are also very rare. Cryptorchidism only occurs more frequently in VUP patients (12%) compared to the 0.8% expected incidence in common children.
Monitoring Autophagy in Lysosomal Storage Disorders

Lysosomes are the final destination of the autophagic pathway. It is in the acidic milieu of the lysosomes that autophagic cargo is metabolized and recycled. One would expect that diseases with primary lysosomal defects would be among the first systems in which autophagy would be studied. In reality, this is not the case. Lysosomal storage diseases, a group of more than 60 diverse inherited disorders, have only recently become a focus of autophagic research. Studies of these clinically severe conditions promise not only to clarify pathogenic mechanisms, but also to expand our knowledge of autophagy itself. In this chapter, we will describe the lysosomal storage diseases in which autophagy has been explored, and present the approaches used to evaluate this essential cellular pathway.
A statistical perspective on nonlinear model reduction

We consider the advantages of statistically motivated reasoning in analyzing the nonlinear model reduction problem. By adopting an information-theoretic analysis, we argue that the general analog macromodeling is tractable on average by nonlinear reduction methods. We provide examples to illustrate the importance of utilizing prior information, and provide a general outline of algorithms based on reproducing kernel Hilbert space machinery.
Analysis and measurement of small inductance of loops and vias on printed circuit board

Printed circuit board (PCB) design has become a crucial issue for high density packaging of power electronics circuits. The traces, loops and vias on the PCB all introduce parasitic inductance, which causes high frequency ringing in the circuit and thus additional losses. In this paper, the inductance of several typical loops and vias on PCB is analyzed using Neumann formula. Studies show that the self-inductance of the rectangular loop is related to the length/width ratio, the trace width as well as the rectangular area. The mutual inductance between two loops is related to their relative position as well as their common area. When a loop contains vias, they may introduce additional inductance due to the additional cross-sectional area formed by the vias, while the vias themselves have little contribution to the inductance in the switching frequency domain. A simple and accurate test circuit was built based on oscillation method to measure the small inductance of loops on the PCB. Experimental results match the theoretical prediction with acceptable errors. Finally, some useful design guidelines are presented to optimize the layouts.
Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop—2002: Conference Report

The Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop, ICC2002, provided a forum for presentations and exchange of ideas on the science and status of innovative concepts in the U.S. Fusion Energy Program. The workshop, held at the University of Maryland on January 22-24, 2002, included oral presentations addressing the important science and status of the concepts, posters focussed on details of the work, a skunkworks for novel ideas, and breakout sessions preparing for the July 2002 fusion energy Snowmass meeting. This report summarizes the oral presentations. A web site (https:// wormhole.ucllnl.org/ICC2002/) has been established with the abstracts and many of the presentations, both oral and poster, from the workshop.
Analysis of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring

We provide an in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to real-world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements were developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the sensor network software, protective enclosures, and system architecture to meet the requirements of biologists. In the summer of 2002, 43 nodes were deployed on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. Although researchers anticipate some challenges arising in real-world deployments of WSNs, many problems can only be discovered through experience. We present a set of experiences from a four month long deployment on a remote island. We analyze the environmental and node health data to evaluate system performance. The close integration of WSNs with their environment provides environmental data at densities previously impossible. We show that the sensor data is also useful for predicting system operation and network failures. Based on over one million data readings, we analyze the node and network design and develop network reliability profiles and failure models.
Reduction of Irradiation Mortality Through Pretreatment

The effect of whole-body irradiation on rodents with lethal doses of X rays or gamma rays is one of the most widely investigated phenomena. The mortality depends on the total dose, intensity at which this dose is delivered, strain, sex, and age of the animal. The first observable symptom is a drastic drop in the number of circulating leukocytes. This drop is a direct consequence of bone marrow destruction. Both serial histologic studies and direct counts demonstrate the rapid loss of nucleated cells from the bone marrow. The animal’s failure to replenish the granulocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes from the circulating blood is primarily responsible for the death.
Conceptual issues in the classification of psychosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the conceptual status of attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) as a psychiatric disorder. RECENT FINDINGS In May 2012, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) Task Force announced that the planned introduction of APS as a new diagnosis in DSM-5 was cancelled and that APS was being moved to 'Section III' of the manual as a diagnostic construct requiring more work. Recent studies of APS have reflected this uncertainty and debate over its validity. SUMMARY Before and after the decision in May 2012 to remove APS as a new diagnosis in DSM-5, scientific work has proceeded in a robust manner to shore up the validity of APS as a diagnostic construct. Recent work on APS has revolved around a series of unresolved questions: the actual incidence of conversion of APS to full-blown psychosis, the identification of the subgroup that will convert, the appropriate treatment for APS, the ability of treatment to prevent conversion to psychosis, the wide range of long-term outcomes of APS and finally the decision whether to include APS as a formal psychiatric diagnosis. Although the debate continues, a substantial number of the major researchers have argued that APS does not yet enjoy a degree of validity that warrants inclusion as a formal diagnosis.
Surrounded by science

Museums of science and natural history serve a critical role in preserving our past and educating the public about advances in our understanding of the world around us. Yet few appreciate the degree to which these seemingly timeless institutions have transformed to meet new challenges and evolving expectations. Kirk R. Johnson, director of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, considers a historical account of the evolution of the modern museum in a review of Life on Display: Revolutionizing U.S. Museums of Science and Natural History in the Twentieth Century.
Determination of interface heat-transfer coefficients for permanent-mold casting of Ti-6Al-4V

Interface heat-transfer coefficients (h0) for permanent-mold casting (PMC) of Ti-6Al-4V were established as a function of casting surface temperature using a calibration-curve technique. Because mold geometry has a strong effect on h0, values were determined for both of the two limiting interface types, “shrink-off” and “shrink-on.” For this purpose, casting experiments with instrumented molds were performed for cylinder- and pipe-shaped castings. The measured temperature transients were used in conjunction with two-dimensional (2-D) axisymmetric finite-element method (FEM) simulations to determine h0(T). For the shrink-off interface type, h0 was found to decrease linearly from 2000 to 1500 W/m2 K between the liquidus and the solidus, from 1500 to 325 W/m2 K between the solidus and the gap-formation temperature, and at a rate of 0.3 W/m2 K/K thereafter. For the shrink-on interface type, h0 was found to increase linearly from 2000 to 2500 W/m2 K between the liquidus and the solidus temperatures, from 2500 to 5000 W/m2 K between the solidus and the gap-formation temperature, and to remain constant thereafter. The shrink-on values were up to 100 times the shrink-off values, indicating the importance of accounting for the interface geometry in FEM simulations of this process. The FEM-predicted casting and mold temperatures were found to be insensitive to certain changes in the h0 values and sensitive to others. A comparison to published h0 values for PMC of aluminum alloys showed some similarities and some differences.
Activating and inactivating mutations in N- and C-terminal i3 loop junctions of muscarinic acetylcholine Hm1 receptors.

The N- and C-terminal junctions of the third intracellular loop (i3) of G protein-coupled receptors play a role in the coupling process. We had previously constructed two triple point alanine mutants of the i3 junction of the muscarinic Hm1 receptor, W209A/I211A/Y212A and E360A/K362A/T366A, which are defective in mediating carbachol stimulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover (Moro, O., Lameh, J., Hogger, P., and Sadee, W. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22273-22276). Each of the corresponding six single point mutations were constructed to determine residues crucial to receptor coupling. Mutants W209A and T366A were similar to or only slightly less effective than wild type Hm1 in stimulating PI turnover. In the N-terminal junction, I211A and Y212A were defective in coupling, and I211A was even more defective than the corresponding triple mutant. Therefore, the triple mutation compensated at least partially for the effect of these two single point mutations. In the C-terminal i3 loop junction, mutant K362A was again more strongly defective than the corresponding triple mutant. In contrast, mutation E360A was found to be activating, leading to elevated PI turnover in the absence of agonist and sensitization toward carbachol activation. Activating mutations in the C-terminal i3 loop junction have been reported previously for the adrenergic receptors, but E360A represents the first muscarinic receptor with substantial basal activity. The effects of the single point mutations observed in this study were not readily predictable from similar mutations from closely related G protein-coupled receptors despite sequence conservation in the i3 loop junctions. Our results caution against defining precise coupling domains in these regions by mutagenesis results.
Development of image mappers for hyperspectral biomedical imaging applications.

A new design and fabrication method is presented for creating large-format (>100 mirror facets) image mappers for a snapshot hyperspectral biomedical imaging system called an image mapping spectrometer (IMS). To verify this approach a 250 facet image mapper with 25 multiple-tilt angles is designed for a compact IMS that groups the 25 subpupils in a 5×5 matrix residing within a single collecting objective's pupil. The image mapper is fabricated by precision diamond raster fly cutting using surface-shaped tools. The individual mirror facets have minimal edge eating, tilt errors of <1 mrad, and an average roughness of 5.4 nm.
Retractile Testis—Is it Really a Normal Variant?

Purpose: Retractile testes are thought to represent a normal variant of descended testes in prepubertal boys. We studied retractile testes to determine their natural history.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 122 boys (mean age 5.4 years) who were referred for a suspected undescended testis and were found to have a retractile testis. A retractile testis was defined as a suprascrotal testis that could be manipulated easily into the scrotum and remained there without traction until the cremasteric reflex was induced. The boys were followed by annual examinations, which demonstrated the presence of retractile, descended (nonretractile) or undescended testes, and the presence or absence of a taut or inelastic spermatic cord in association with a retractile testis.Results: Of 204 retractile testes 61 (30%) descended (became nonretractile), 66 (32%) became UDTs and 77 (38%) remained retractile. Of the 62 retractile testes with a taut or inelastic spermatic cord 35 (56%) became UDTs...
Naval Research Laboratory flex processor for radar signal processing

This paper describes a programmable radar signal processor architecture developed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The design incorporates T.I. TMS320C30 programmable digital signal processor devices, Xilinx programmable gate arrays, TRW FFT devices, and a parallel array of Inmos Transputer microprocessors. The architecture is extremely flexible and is applicable to a wide variety of applications.
A note on estimating the minimum extended Gini hedge ratio

The extended Gini coefficient, Γ, is a measure of dispersion with strong theoretical merit for use in futures hedging. Yitzhaki (1982, 1983) provides conditions under which a two-parameter framework using the mean and Γ of portfolio returns yields an efficient set consistent with second-order stochastic dominance. Unlike mean-variance theory, the mean-Γ framework requires no particular return distribution or utility function to yield this conclusion. However, Γ must be computed iteratively making it less convenient to use than variance. Shalit (1995) offers a solution to the computation problem by suggesting an instrumental variables (IV) slope estimator, βIV, as the basis for the minimum extended Gini hedge ratio where the instruments are based on the empirical distribution function (edf) of futures prices. However, the validity of employing the IV slope coefficient as the basis for the minimum extended Gini hedge ratio requires the questionable assumption that the rankings of futures prices to be the same as those for the profits of the hedged portfolio. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19:101–113, 1999
Relationship quality among cohabitors and marrieds in older adulthood

The rapid growth in cohabitation in recent decades has coincided with a burgeoning literature on the topic. Yet despite a sustained increase in cohabitation among middle-aged and older adults, this group has received little research attention. Close relationships are integral to well-being and the quality of these relationships has consequences for health, especially among older adults. We use data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a nationally representative sample of 3005 people ages 57–85 to compare the relationship quality of older cohabitors versus marrieds. The two groups are remarkably similar. Cohabitors and marrieds do not significantly differ in their reports of emotional satisfaction, pleasure, openness, time spent together, criticism, and demands. Cohabitors are less likely than marrieds to report that their relationship is very happy. There is some evidence of gender by union type differences. Cohabiting unions among older adults tend to be of relatively long duration. Overall, these results indicate that cohabitation may operate as an alternative to marriage for older adults.
Determination of heavy metals and their leaching characteristics in DOE lead-lined gloves

Lead has been the bulwark of radiological shielding primarily because of its excellent attenuating properties, abundance, and cheapness as compared to other elements. Lead is now a federal regulated element under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and is potentially perilous material to deal with, expensive to decontaminate and stabilize, and environmentally difficult to bury at any approved sites. Leaded gloves are used in gloveboxes as a form of protection for the hands and arms from radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation from radioisotopes. The reduction of lead, mandated by United States Congress because of its hazardous and toxic characteristics, has required a substitute for the red lead oxide (Pb 3 O 4 ) in the leaded-neoprene hand glove. We have performed heavy metal analysis on several proposed alternative materials using neutron activation analysis. To assess potential environmental impact the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was also employed on the current leaded-neoprene glove. These TCLP results using ICP verified that lead leached out at a concentration higher than allowed by US EPA RCRA act. Other heavy metals that leached out were either below the US EPA limits or not on listed of regulated heavy metals.
Planetary science: Of asteroids and onions.

A refined analysis of a group of meteorites has resolved controversy over the likely structure of their parent asteroid. A layered structure is revealed, rather like an onion, whose outer regions cooled fastest.
Perceptual Learning in Development: Some Basic Concepts

(2000). Perceptual Learning in Development: Some Basic Concepts. Ecological Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 295-302.
World Exports of Non-Mineral Primary Products, II The Value of Exports

PERHAPS THE DEMAND for the biocultural exports of tropical and subtropical countries was smaller than the demand for the biocultural exports of temperate countries. Modern international trade, of course, is the result of the commercial expansion of temperate countries. The latter are the major markets. One may hypothesize that in these markets there is a greater demand for commodities produced in temperate climates. If this is so, tropical and subtropical countries perhaps can export only complementary commodities for which the demand is relatively small. Plausible as this hypothesis may appear at first thought, it cannot be accepted without important qualifications. It is true that in recent years temperate countries were the major markets for biocultural products; they took 78 per cent of the world's biocultural imports. But it cannot be shown that tropical and subtropical countries exported only complementary commodities for which the market was necessarily as small as it has been in recent years. Table 3 shows the commodity composition of the biocultural exports of the two groups of countries. In temperate countries originated by far the major part of the world's exports of meat, dairy products, wheat, wood, and wool. For lack of a better term let us call these "characteristically temperate exports." The world's total exports of such commodities were nearly $10.4 billion. Tropical and subtropical countries exported by far the larger share of the coffee, cocoa, tea, spices, cork, and rubber.15 The world's exports of such "characteristically tropical and subtropical exports" were only a little more than $5.2 billion. Thus the market for what we have termed characteristically temperate exports was almost twice as great as the market for characteristically tropical and subtropical exports.
Republication of “Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education: Some Practical Considerations”:

A major tenet of both the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act is the identification and use of evidence-based practices, or those instructional techniques s...
Alteration of cyclic-AMP response element binding protein in the postmortem brain of subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Background Abnormalities of cyclic-AMP (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) function has been suggested in bipolar (BP) illness and schizophrenia (SZ), based on both indirect and direct evidence. To further elucidate the role of CREB in these disorders, we studied CREB expression and function in two brain areas implicated in these disorders, i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cingulate gyrus (CG).