cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability testing of a children's version of the Eating Attitude Test.

Abstract To study eating disorders in children, a measurement of children's eating attitudes must be available. Adolescents and adults are commonly surveyed with the Eating Attitude Test (EAT), but it is incomprehensible to children. A children's version of the EAT (ChEAT) was designed and tested on 318 children aged 8 through 13 years. Test-retest and internal reliability coefficients of the ChEAT were comparable to published studies with adults. Almost 7% of the children scored within the anorectic range on the ChEAT, closely matching the percentage reported for adolescents and adults on the EAT.
Room-Level Transient CFD Modeling of Rack Shutdown

Servers have time constants on the order of several minutes, which is significantly longer than many other time constants observed in data centers. When server thermal masses are not negligible, transient scenarios cannot be modeled appropriately with the steady state boundary conditions. By using the time constant and thermal masses of the servers, transient server air exit temperature can be calculated by solving unsteady heat balance equations for the server and air stream. This paper presents a room-level CFD case study of rack shutdown in which transient server exit air temperature are introduced via user defined functions. The results include verification of simulation results with the experimental data taken in a 3-rack test cell.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
GENERAL METHODS OF ALKALOID SYNTHESIS. XII. THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐ISORETRONECANOL AND (.+‐.)‐Δ‐CONICEINE

Phenylthioacetonitril (I) wird mit Athylenchlorid (II) zum Cyclopropylnitril (III) kondensiert, aus dem , mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid der Aldehyd (IV) gewonnen wird.
Lead, zinc and cadmium budgets in experimentally enriched salt marsh ecosystems

Abstract The amounts of lead, zinc and cadmium were measured in various components of a salt-marsh ecosystem experimentally treated at two levels with a metals-containing fertilizer. Lead entering a salt marsh is largely retained by the surface sediments but 6–8% is taken up by marsh grasses. Lead in grass tops is exported as detritus to deeper waters but this loss was only about 3–4% of the entering lead. About 2% of the zinc at both levels of addition was exported in grass detritus while 16 and 45% were lost by undetermined mechanisms. About 80% of 15 mg m−2 year−1 of cadmium added was retained in the sediments but at a dosage of 43 mg m−2 year−1, 65% of the added cadmium left the plot, probably in dissolved form. The nitrogen added in conjunction with the metals resulted in increased movement of these metals into coastal waters due to increased production of grasses and increased metals contents of the grass tops.
Brain-derived peptides increase the expression of a blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter reporter gene

The brain-derived peptide preparation Cerebrolysin (C1; EBEWE, Austria) increases the stability of blood-brain barrier (BBB)-GLUT1 transcript. To determine if the increase in BBB-GLUT1 mRNA stability is associated with an augmentation of gene expression, the present investigation studied the effect of C1 on the expression of a BBB-GLUT1-luciferase reporter gene in brain endothelial cultured (ECL) cells. Dose response studies showed that C1 markedly increased the expression of luciferase when the BBB-GLUT1-reporter gene was used. On the contrary, C1 produced no changes in the expression pattern of the control reporter gene, which lacks the GLUT1 regulatory sequence. Desensitization of the protein kinase C (PKC) receptor with the phorbol ester TPA, or inhibition with either 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7) or staurosporine, had no effect on the increased levels of luciferase induced by C1. Transfection efficiency was determined by measuring intracellular levels of the expression vector using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The data presented here demonstrate that C1 increases BBB-GLUT1 gene expression in ECL cells through a mechanism that appears to be independent of activation of PKC.
The frequency-following response to continuous tones in humans

Previous studies of the frequency-following response (FFR) in man suggest that it has multiple sources. Identification of these sources has been complicated by the use of tone bursts to evoke FFRs and the lack of precise methods to calculate their amplitude and latency. Tone bursts produce transient responses which confound measurements of the FFR. The use of continuous tones avoids this problem and the Fast Fourier Transform can be used to assess accurately and efficiently the presence, amplitude and phase angle of the FFR. In this study we systematically examined the frequency and intensity range over which FFRs to continuous tones could be evoked using FFRs to tone bursts for comparison. We then analyzed FFRs to continuous tones to determine the sources of this potential. FFRs to both stimuli have similar thresholds (65-90 dB SPL) and can be evoked by the same range of frequencies. Neurogenic FFRs in man occur only below 1000 Hz. The source for this potential has a latency of 8.2 +/- 0.1 ms (mean +/- SD) and is consistent with a midbrain source. At higher frequencies FFRs have a latency of less than 1 ms and are most likely cochlear microphonic. The small variation in the latency of the neurogenic FFR suggests this as a possible tool for assessing neurological disorders.
Cross sections for inelastic electron-ion scattering in weak-coupling approximations

Coulomb-Born and distorted-wave theories for electron-ion scattering are described and applied to several transitions in H-, He-, Li-, and Be-like isoelectric ions. A number of options are available in these theories and the numerical data plus theoretical arguments are used to define the most accurate alternative. The most complex of these weak-coupling approaches (DWXII) which is a distorted-wave theory that includes initial- and final-state distorting potentials, local-exchange approximations to the exchange terms appearing in the distorting potentials, the retention of the full distorting potential in the $S$-matrix element one-electron exchange terms, and $S$-matrix elements transformed to guarantee a unitary $S$ matrix, is recommended as a survey tool with the potential for reasonable accuracy. Supporting evidence becomes stronger for increasing charge on the ion. The sum of cross sections for the excitation of nearly degenerate or strongly coupled states remains reliable for examples that exhibit the expected weak-coupling inaccuracies in predicting the individual contributions. The long-recognized requirement of using accurate target wave functions, including configuration interaction, is reemphasized.
Characterization of Polymorphs and Solid-State Reactions for Paramagnetic Systems by 13C Solid-State NMR and ab Initio Calculations

Despite its importance in drug and material science, spectroscopic characterization of polymorphs or supramolecular structures of paramagnetic systems often poses challenges, particularly for noncr...
Palaeozoic Tethyan Ocean

THE statement by Burrett1 that there is “no evidence for the existence of a Tethyan Ocean in the Palaeozoic” is incorrect. I refer to a symposium on Aspects of Tethyan Biogeography published by the Systematics Association in 1967 (ref. 2). In that volume one of the first articles was by Sdzuy, entitled The Tethys in Cambrian Time. The Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists for October 1972 contains an article entitled Permian Tethys and the Indian Ocean3. The concept of a Palaeozoic Tethys is so well established in geological literature that a list of references would probably include several thousand titles.
Crystallographic analysis and observations of true twinning modes in the Ni2Mo superlattice phase contained in a Ni-25Mo-8Cr alloy

Abstract Deformation twinning in a two phase Ni25Mo8Cr (in wt%) alloy containing Ni2(Mo, Cr) domains/precipitates in a face centred cubic (f.c.c.) matrix has been studied by detailed crystallographic analysis, coupled with transmission electron microscopy and experimental and computer simulated electron diffraction. Correlation of crystallography with diffraction evidence indicates that all the twinning modes that lead to the formation of true twins (combined, types I and II) in the Ni2Mo superlattice are in operation. Long range order within the domains/precipitates of the ordered phase is preserved during deformation by the reorientation of the sheared regions into anti-parallel or perpendicular twin variants, and the rationale for this, from crystallographic considerations, is provided. Defect analysis, through weak-beam dark field imaging, revealed that the twins in the Ni2Mo domains form as a consequence of shearing by 1 6 〈112〉 Shockley partial dislocations with the same Burgers vector on adjacent {111} planes and eventual overlapping of intrinsic stacking faults. Twin nuclei are composed of three-layer or nine-layer stacking faults, depending on the geometry of the twinning plane within the Ni2Mo domains. A new dislocation model, based on the dissociation of a single set of 1 2 〈011〉 unit dislocations—in slips bands at the precipitate/matrix interface—to release the twinning Shockley partial dislocations, is able to satisfactorily account for twin formation within the Ni2Mo precipitates.
K:Cl Cotransport Activity Is Inhibited by HCO−3 in Knockout Mouse Red Cells Expressing Human HbC

Abstract ABSTRACT K:Cl cotransport (KCl) was examined in transgenic mice expressing exclusively human hemoglobin C. In contrast to previous studies in early transgenic mice expressing human α and β S and residual mouse globins, we found significant volume and pH stimulation and sensitivity to . Exposure to physiological levels of also blocked a significant fraction of KCl cotransport.
N-alkylation andN-acylation of polyaniline and its effect on solubility and electrical conductivity

Various alkylating and acylating agents, with different electrophilicity, were allowed to react with polyaniline emeraldine base (Pan-EB) ) or its anion. Replacing the N-hydrogens of polyaniline by various acyl or benzyl groups strongly affected the solubility and the electrical conductivity of the polymer. Neutral Pan-EB was reacted with benzoyl chloride, p-t-butylbenzoyl chloride or pivaloyl chloride in N,N'-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU) solutions. While the benzoyl and pivaloyl derivatives showed very poor solubility in common organic solvents, the p-t-butylbenzoyl derivative was readily soluble in THF, chloroform, DMSO, etc. As expected, these acyl derivatives showed diminished electrical conductivity relative to that of the parent Pan-EB. Benzyl chlorides did not react with neutral Pan-EB. Attempts to prepare solutions of the nitrogen anion of Pan-EB by reaction with sodium hydride in DMSO or DMPU led invariably to crosslinked insoluble material. This was ascribed to Michael addition of the formed nitrogen anions to the quinonimine moieties. However forming the nitrogen anion in presence of p-t-butylbenzyl chloride trapped it to form N-benzylated Pan-EB. This was a soluble high molecular weight, electrically conductive (4.3 x 10 -1 S cm -1 as the hydrochloride) N-alkyl Pan-EB. Reacting Pan-EB with excess of both sodium hydride and benzyl chlorides led to film-forming per-benzylated Pan-leucoemeraldine reduced form.
Equality of the density of states in a wide class of tight-binding Lorentzian random models

We prove directly the equality of the density of states in a wide class of tight-binding Lorentzian random models, including the Lloyd model, the $tan(2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\alpha}n+\ensuremath{\theta})$ model of Grempel, Fishman, and Prange, and a model with potential $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}tan(2\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{i}n)$, where $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{i}=1$ and the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{i}$ are rationally independent.
Coating tungsten composites for improved low temperature ductility

At temperatures below about 375 K, liquid-phase sintered tungsten base composites fail by cleavage of the tungsten spheroids. Alloying additions or heat treatments have not improved the ductility significantly. The ductilizing process described here consists in coating the composite with a ductile metal followed by heat treatment to insure sufficient diffusion for the coat and base to become integral. The ductile coat is now the “piece” surface, and the initiation of cleavage cracks requires much greater stresses. Coats of copper, nickel, gold and cobalt have been used successfully.
Genotypic differences in larval olfactory discrimination in twoDrosophila melanogaster strains

Wild-type (+B) and compound chromosome mutant(bB) Drosophila melanogaster larvae were tested in a U-maze. FreshDrosophila food or food and larvae were placed in each of the two goals (+B only in goal 1,bB in goal 2) and served as stimulus. Separate trials were conducted using +B andbB larvae to test for preference in the maze. Significantly more test larvae went to the arm of the maze containing their own strain as stimulus when (1) both goals contained larvae, (2) one goal contained homogenetic larvae and the other fresh food only, and (3) the goals contained biotic residues of stimulus larvae. The strength of the stimulus necessary to elicit the response differed for the two strains, the +B strain apparently being more sensitive. As the density of the stimulus larvae was increased, the choices of the test larvae became statistically nonsignificant and the number of larvae remaining in the starting arm of the maze increased. The data suggested that the strains of larvae utilized here have the capacity for olfactory discrimination.
Modeling tether–ballast asteroid diversion systems, including tether mass and elasticity

Abstract The risk of an impact between a large asteroid and the Earth has been significant enough to attract the attention of many researchers. This paper focuses on a mitigation technique that involves the use of a long tether and ballast mass to divert an asteroid. When such a tether is modeled as massless and inelastic, results show that the method may be viable for diverting asteroids away from a collision with the Earth; the next step towards demonstrating the viability of the approach is to conduct a study which uses a more realistic tether model. This paper presents such a study, in which the tether models include tether mass and elasticity. These models verify that a tether–ballast system is capable of diverting Earth-threatening asteroids. Detailed parametric studies are presented which illustrate how system performance depends on tether mass and elasticity. Also, case studies are presented which show how more realistic models can aid in the design of tether–ballast asteroid mitigation systems. Key findings include the dangers imposed by periods during which the tether goes slack and ways to preclude this.
The Effect of the Ligroin Extract of Nutmeg and Its Residue on Ethanol-induced Sleep in the Young Chick

AbstractThe ligroin extract of nutmeg and the extracted residue do not act in an additive manner with moderate dose levels of ethanol. The extract does not contain detectable levels of myristicin, eugenol, safrole, or elemicin, which are thought to be the active agents of nutmeg, but the extract does cause significant changes in the pattern of light and deep sleep in young chicks.
The effect of sodium replacement on the electroretinogram recorded from the cockroach ocellus.

Abstract Choline, tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA), and sucrose were used as sodium replacements in testing the effect of sodium replacement on the components contributing to the electroretinogram (ERG) recorded from the ocellus of the cockroach Blaberus craniifer. Several components have been shown to contribute to the ocellar ERG ( Ruck , 1961, 1966). Components assigned to sites of origin in the retinula cell axons and ocellar nerve fibres are abolished when the sodium is replaced by any of the test solutions. The effect on the generator potential differs, being reduced in magnitude when testing choline or TMA, but with only small decreases in magnitude when testing sucrose. This indicates that different mechanisms must be responsible for producing the components contributing to the ocellar ERG.
Injury to the anterior tibial system during percutaneous plating of a proximal tibial fracture.

Full article available online at Healio.com/Orthopedics. Search: 20120621-37 Minimally invasive osteosynthesis of proximal tibial fractures has grown in popularity in recent years. This article describes a patient with a Schatzker type VI proximal tibial fracture (AO/OTA type 41.C3) and previous compartment syndrome treated with definitive fixation 8 weeks after initial injury with a precontoured proximal tibial plate and a distal targeting device. Brisk bleeding occurred during percutaneous insertion of a cortical screw at the midshaft of the tibia. Surgical exploration revealed sidewall tearing of the anterior tibial artery and vein, which were clipped at the screw insertion site. After the bleeding was controlled, the patient had a strong palpable posterior tibial pulse with no palpable dorsalis pedis pulse, and the foot remained well perfused. Function of the deep peroneal nerve was normal postoperatively. Previous concerns regarding the percutaneous treatment of proximal tibial fractures have focused on the risks of damage to the superficial peroneal nerve from distal screws. Based on cadaveric studies, percutaneously and laterally based screw placement in the distal tibial metaphysis threatens injury to the anterior tibial system. However, with alterations to the normal anatomy caused by severe trauma, previously described safe zones may be changed and neurovascular structures may be exposed to risk in locations that were previously thought safe.
Selection of needlestick prevention devices: A conceptual framework for approaching product evaluation

Needlestick injuries have been associated with blood-borne disease transmission to health care workers. A demand for a safer work environment has contributed to a proliferation of "safety" products. The selection and evaluation of these devices differs from traditional product evaluation in that it considers not only effectiveness in patient care but also health care worker safety and cost-effectiveness in terms of prevention gained. In addition, multiple devices associated with injuries and choices between passive, active, and accessory safety options require that institutions establish priorities for focusing intervention efforts. Selection of products must involve the primary users. Unless new devices are found acceptable for patient care, health care workers are likely to reject them, despite any apparent safety advantages. Five project steps help define a systematic approach for this process: (1) creation of a multidisciplinary team, (2) defining prevention priorities on the basis of collection and analysis of an institution's injury data, (3) development of design and performance criteria for product selection according to needs for patient care and health care worker safety, (4) planning and implementing an evaluation of products in clinical settings, and (5) analyzing product performance and cost-effectiveness to choose the product. Several methodologic issues raise questions for future research in the area of product evaluation, including the selection of study populations, methods of product distribution and data collection, and influence of institutional culture. In addition, there is a need to develop product-specific design and performance criteria by which evaluation teams can measure various technologies under consideration. Standardization of the product evaluation process for needlestick prevention technology should lead to the collection of information that can be compared across institutions. Infection control professionals have an important opportunity to assume a leadership role in this process.
Nanofabrication with biomolecules

The advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology are spawning a new and exciting manufacturing tool – bionanofabrication – which enables revolutionary ways of building complex bionanostructures on surfaces with nanometer precision. Here, we highlight the opportunities and challenges in the development of this emerging technology and discuss its use in genomics, proteomics, nanostructures, nanomaterials, drug discovery, and synthetic biology. To provide useful insights into the future directions of bionanofabrication, current developments in characterization techniques, fabrication methods, and their integration and control in manufacturing processes are discussed.
Structural testing of DARPA/BIR composite army bridge treadway

Abstract A polymeric-composite mobile army bridge is being developed for DARPA and the US Army that will have greater tactical mobility (rapid deployment/retrievals, carry multiple bridges per launcher, minimum profile depth), as well as weigh less and cost less, than existing metallic bridges. In this paper, the results of the first full-scale static test of a composite bridge treadway is presented. The results reveal that: (1) low-cost SCRIMP fabrication process appears to be a viable manufacturing process for the CAB treadway based upon the quality of most of the components, (2) the strains and displacements are extremely low throughout the structure, thus, during Phase II further weight/cost savings are expected, and (3) the failure was characterized by a poor bond during fabrication.
Spin-offs and technical entrepreneurship

The study centers upon new, technologically based firms founded on the San Francisco peninsula since 1960. Spin-off rates were calculated for individual organizations and for different classes of organizations in this area. It was found that organizations varied widely in the extent to which they had served as incubators of new firms. Firms with less than 500 employees and small subsidiaries had higher spin-off rates than large firms. Nonprofit organizations served as incubators for only a small percentage of the new firms. Limited evidence suggests that, within large firms, the large divisions had the lowest spin-off rates.
Deformations in Si-Li anodes upon electrochemical alloying in nano-confined space.

The energy density of Li-ion batteries can be increased if graphitic anodes are replaced with nanostructured Si-based materials. Design of efficient Si anodes requires a better fundamental understanding of the possible changes in Si−Li alloy morphology during cycling. Here we propose a simple elastoplastic model to predict morphological changes in Si upon electrochemical reaction with Li in a confined geometry, such as a pore of a carbon nanotube (CNT). Our experiments with CNTs having inner Si coatings of different thicknesses confirmed the theoretical predictions and demonstrated irreversible shape changes in the first cycle and fully reversible shape changes in subsequent cycles. During the first lithiation, Si was found to adapt to the restricted shape of the rigid CNT pore and plastically deform during electrochemical alloying with Li. The sequential Li insertion and extraction periodically alters the tube size between the expanded and contracted states. The produced samples of porous Si with rigid C...
Effects of dibuturyl cAMP, LHRH, and aromatase inhibitor on simultaneous outputs of prostaglandin F2α, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α by term placental explants

Abstract Explants from term human placentas were maintained in culture with daily changes of medium. Daily output of PGF2α and PGFM 1 decreased during the course of the incubation. Addition of 4 μg/ml DHEAS or 67 μg/ml LDL cholesterol had no effect on output of PGF2α or PGFM. Addition of 1.6, 3.2, or 6.4 μg/ml of LHRH to the culture plates had no effect on output of PGFM or PGF2α, but LHRH increased hCG output. Dibutyryl cAMP (1mM, 2mM, and 4mM) increased output of PGF2α, PGFM, and hCG. Aromatase inhibitor decreased hCG output, but it was without effect on output of PGF2α, or PGFM. Significant correlations were demonstrated between progesterone, PGFM, PGF2α, and hCG, suggesting that PGF2α originates in the syncytiotrophoblast cell. The ability of LHRH to stimulate output of hCG but not PGF2α while dbcAMP stimulated both suggests that either PGF2α and hCG arise in different cells or that LHRH does not act through cAMP.
Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer

Background Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 (omega-6) class, as found in corn and safflower oils, can act as precursors for intermediates involved in the growth of mammary tumors when fed to animals, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 (omega-3) class, as found in fish oil, can inhibit these effects. The effects of dietary intervention on the ratios of these fatty acids in breast and other adipose tissues have not previously been prospectively studied. Purpose The present investigation was conducted to study the impact on the ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid in plasma and in adipose tissue of the breast and buttocks when women with breast cancer consume a low-fat diet and fish oil supplements. Methods Twenty-five women with high-risk localized breast cancer were enrolled in a dietary intervention program that required them to eat a low-fat diet and take a daily fish oil supplement throughout a 3-month period. Breast and gluteal fat biopsy specimens were obtained from each woman before and after dietary intervention. The fatty acid compositions of specimens of plasma, breast fat, and gluteal fat were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis involved use of a two-sided paired t test. Results After dietary intervention, a reduction in the level of total omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma was observed (P Conclusion Short-term dietary intervention can lead to statistically significant increases in omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in plasma and breast adipose tissue. Breast adipose tissue changed more rapidly than gluteal adipose tissue in response to the dietary modification tested in this study. Therefore, gluteal adipose tissue may not be a useful surrogate to study the effect of diet on breast adipose tissue.
Moore's law, microcomputer, and me

In 1960--ten years before Intel developed the first single-chip CPU (microcomputer central processing unit)-the revolution that would ensue was inconceivable: the cost of computing dropped by a factor of a million, modes of personal communication changed forever, and intelligent machines took over processes in manufacturing, transportation, medicine-virtually every aspect of our lives. Certainly Moore's law - that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every year, later amended to every two years - is a dominant factor in this revolution. In this paper, the author gives his views on Moore's law and focus on the role of applications engineering in developing Intel's first microcomputer.
Diet Dilution by Omitting Added Fat with Broilers for Further Processing

Abstract Omission of added fat from all feed throughout 50 days of production was examined with broiler males used for further processing. Corn-soybean meal feeds that satisfied NRC (1994) nutrient recommendations for CP and ME were compared to those resulting when fat in the corresponding feeds had been omitted, and ME:CP ratios were similar. Omission of fat reduced live gain through the first 39 days, but because of subsequent weight gain compensation, birds on the reduced-fat-diet had approximately the same weight as control birds at 50 days. Carcass yield and cone-deboned breast meats from both treatments were similar. Drumstick evaluation from the entire population indicated that dietary dilation significantly relieved tibial dyschondroplasia. Omitting added fat appears to be an effective means of limiting early growth and minimizing leg problems without adversely affecting further-processing yields.
Why We Need To Learn More About Youth Civic Engagement

In his book, Freedom Summer, Doug McAdam (1988) demonstrated the longterm impact of young people s participation in a collective movement aimed at rectifying centuries of racial injustice. Coupled with James Fendrich's (1993) book, Ideal Citizens, about black and white college-age participants in desegregating Tallahassee, FL, the findings outline a possible process whereby civic-minded adults are formed. Its features include (1. youth as an opportune moment in the life cycle; (2. organized action as the structure; (3. material, social and cognitive resources for support; and (4. participation for a just cause as a major driving force. These are not the only characteristics which spawn civic engagement, but in combination, they are powerful ones which occur across a range of longitudinal studies (Youniss, McLellan and Yates 1997). Teach For America is a program which contains some of these same features. Recent college graduates agree to teach disadvantaged students in schools with low resources under the supportive sponsorship of an organization built on the principle that all children merit quality education. This principle may lack the historical gravitas of the civil rights movement, but inequity in quality education has proven to be an intractable issue that contemporary society has yet to solve. In this respect, TFA surely represents a just cause around which youth can rally. It should not be surprising, therefore, that graduates of the TFA two-year experience think and act like especially engaged citizens. They hold positive attitudes toward civic engagement. The vast majority believe that all youth should be given opportunities for community service. They vote at exceedingly high rates, much higher than the average for their age group. And, after serving, they remain committed to the TFA organization and, presumably, its guiding ideology about educational reform and equal opportunity. The data reported by McAdam and Brandt (2009) fit with what we know about the roots of civic engagement. They confirm a pattern associated with youth activism of the 1960s and extend it to the present and to an issue beyond civil rights. If there is a surprise in this study, it is that the authors consider the graduates of TFA as not living up to the aims and claims of the TFA organization and not fulfilling the civic opportunities the TFA experience gave them. It is clear that the authors reached this less-than-favorable assessment of TFA by comparing graduates from the program with participants who started to teach in the program but dropped out, and with non-matriculants who were vetted and invited, but for unknown reasons, failed to join. In these comparisons, in which TFA graduates scored at very high rates, members of these other groups scored at even higher rates, coming
Combination therapy with radiation and mitomycin C: preliminary results with EMT6 tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract EMT6 tumor cells in vitro and in vivo were used to examine the cytotoxicity and metabolism of mitomycin C, a bioreductive alkylating agent, and to study the use of this drug in combination with radiation. Mitomycin C was active against both aerobic and hypoxic cells in vitro . The drug did not alter the D o 's of the radiation dose-response curves of aerated or hypoxic cells when present during irradiation in vitro or in vivo . Preliminary experiments suggested that mitomycin C may be preferentially metabolized by and toxic to chronically hypoxic cells in vitro . In vivo , mitomycin C reached and was toxic to the cells of solid tumors, including some hypoxic tumor cells.
Roadmap for CMOS image sensors: Moore meets Planck and Sommerfeld

The steady increase in CMOS imager pixel count is built on the technology advances summarized as Moore's law. Because imagers must interact with light, Moore's Law impact differs from its impact on other integrated circuit applications. In this paper, we investigate how the trend towards smaller pixels interacts with two fundamental properties of light: photon noise and diffraction. Using simulations, we investigate three consequences of decreasing pixel size on image quality. First, we quantify the likelihood that photon noise will become visible and derive a noise-visibility contour map based on photometric exposure and pixel size. Second, we illustrate the consequence of diffraction and optical imperfections on image quality and analyze the implications of decreasing pixel size for aliasing in monochrome and color sensors. Third, we calculate how decreasing pixel size impacts the effective use of microlens arrays and derive curves for the concentration and redirection of light within the pixel.
Fishes of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in Central Arizona

Abstract Water resources of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in central Arizona have changed from a desert river and high groundwaters to a dry river bed and a depressed water table. Surface waters are almost entirely man-made canals. As habitats have been changed, so has the fish fanna. An historic assemblage of 15 native species has declined to 4, and 29 introduced forms have been recorded. Canal habitats represent a potentially significant recreational resource that contain substantial populations of desirable game fishes. A history of change in the fishes of the area provides insights into the management problems that are likely to be confronted as resources undergo future development.
Recognizing human-vehicle interactions from aerial video without training

We propose a novel framework to recognize human-vehicle interactions from aerial video. In this scenario, the object resolution is low, the visual cues are vague, and the detection and tracking of objects are less reliable as a consequence. Any methods that require the accurate tracking of objects or the exact matching of event definition are better avoided. To address these issues, we present a temporal logic based approach which does not require training from event examples. At the low-level, we employ dynamic programming to perform fast model fitting between the tracked vehicle and the rendered 3-D vehicle models. At the semantic-level, given the localized event region of interest (ROI), we verify the time series of human-vehicle relationships with the pre-specified event definitions in a piecewise fashion. With special interest in recognizing a person getting into and out of a vehicle, we have tested our method on a subset of the VIRAT Aerial Video dataset [11] and achieved superior results. Our framework can be easily extended to recognize other types of human-vehicle interactions.
Foucault pendulum on a chip: angle measuring silicon MEMS gyroscope

We report detailed characterization of a vacuum sealed angle measuring silicon MEMS gyroscope. The new gyroscope utilizes completely symmetric, dynamically balanced quadruple mass architecture, which provides a unique combination of maximized quality (Q) factors and isotropy of both the resonant frequency and the damping. The vacuum sealed SOI prototype with a 2 kHz operational frequency demonstrated virtually identical X- and Y-mode Q-factors of 1.1 million. Due to the stiffness and damping symmetry, and very low dissipation, the gyroscope can be instrumented for direct angle measurements with fundamentally unlimited rotation range and bandwidth. Experimental characterization of the mode-matched gyroscope operated in whole-angle mode confirmed linear response in excess of ±450 °/s range and 100 Hz bandwidth (limited by the setup), eliminating both bandwidth and range constraints of conventional MEMS rate gyroscopes.
System-level power and thermal modeling and analysis by orthogonal polynomial based response surface approach (OPRS)

This paper proposes a new statistical response surface based power estimation technique. The new approach is able to include a number of parameters such as multiple Vdd, multiple Vth and gate sizing parameters. It has both deterministic ability and statistical ability. The deterministic ability allows the new model to provide optimal design parameters for power reduction. The statistical ability can be used to model the process variation impact on power.
Force, Active Principles, and Newton’s Invisible Realm

In recent years, scholarship has made it possible to achieve a more extended interpretation of the development of Newton’s thought in the years following the publication of the Principia. It is now time to attempt the task of offering a framework within which the results of certain of these investigations can be linked together in a synoptic way. I shall concentrate on what I take to be one of the central problems which Newton attempted to solve in this later period, namely, the ontological problem of the causation of force.
Dermatitis from slimicides in a paper mill.

Dermatitis is reported from slimicides added to wood pulp slurry in a paper mill. The active constituents of the slimicides involved were bis-1.4-bromoacetoxy-2-butene and 2, 3-dichloro-4-bromotelrahydrothiophene-l,l-dioxide. Wood pulp slimicides include many chemicals which are highly irritant and potentially sensitizing to the skin.
A one-bead, one-stock solution approach to chemical genetics: part 2

Abstract Background: Chemical genetics provides a systematic means to study biology using small molecules to effect spatial and temporal control over protein function. As complementary approaches, phenotypic and proteomic screens of structurally diverse and complex small molecules may yield not only interesting individual probes of biological function, but also global information about small molecule collections and the interactions of their members with biological systems. Results: We report a general high-throughput method for converting high-capacity beads into arrayed stock solutions amenable to both phenotypic and proteomic assays. Polystyrene beads from diversity-oriented syntheses were arrayed individually into wells. Bound compounds were cleaved, eluted, and resuspended to generate ‘mother plates' of stock solutions. The second phase of development of our technology platform includes optimized cleavage and elution conditions, a novel bead arraying method, and robotic distribution of stock solutions of small molecules into ‘daughter plates' for direct use in chemical genetic assays. This library formatting strategy enables what we refer to as annotation screening, in which every member of a library is annotated with biological assay data. This phase was validated by arraying and screening 708 members of an encoded 4320-member library of structurally diverse and complex dihydropyrancarboxamides. Conclusions: Our ‘one-bead, multiple-stock solution' library formatting strategy is a central element of a technology platform aimed at advancing chemical genetics. Annotation screening provides a means for biology to inform chemistry, complementary to the way that chemistry can inform biology in conventional (‘investigator-initiated') small molecule screens.
Self-perception, social skills, adjustment, and inhibition in young adolescents with craniofacial anomalies

This study examines the relationships between self-perception, social skills, overall adjustment, and social inhibition in 45 young adolescents with craniofacial anomalies (CFA). Self-perception, social skills, and inhibition scores are within the normal range while the average adjustment is 1.5 SD below the average. Regression analyses were conducted. Social skills and athletic competence are the best predictors of adjustment and accounted for 73.5% of the variance in adjustment. Adjustment of adolescents is associated with degree of inhibition, with more poorly adjusted adolescents displaying greater inhibition. Self-esteem did not predict to adjustment. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Chapter 8. A Landscape of Ancestors: The Space and Place of Death in Iron Age West‐Central Europe

The early Iron Age peoples of west-central Europe invested a considerable amount of energy in the construction, maintenance, and co-option of mortuary space. The “landscapes of ancestors'” created between about 600 and 400 B.C. represented the social and ideological relationships within and between human groups as well as between humans and the Otherworld. Burial mounds containing over one hundred individuals are situated in the landscape in patterns that suggest their use as lineage monuments as well as territorial markers. This period of time is associated with various changes in mortuary ritual, including the gradual replacement of cremation by inhumation as the dominant mortuary rite and the transition from small mounds containing a single individual to large, corporate monuments representing as-yet unknown social units. Later Iron Age groups in the same region seem to have constructed their ritual landscapes with explicit reference to these earlier mortuary “communities.”1 The association between the enigmatic rectangular enclosures known as Viereckschanzen that characterize the late Iron Age landscape and early Iron Age mortuary complexes is an example of the recycling, through co-option, of geographically marked ritual potency. This chapter presents a regional analysis of mortuary practices centered on the ritual landscape of the late Hallstatt Heuneburg hillfort in southwest Germany as the starting point for an examination of the relationship between the space and place of death in this complex period of European prehistory.
The crucial role of chemistry on mobile properties of dislocation

Dislocation–solute interactions are ubiquitous in solids, yet their dual nature in strengthening or softening the material is not well understood. Results of a novel concurrent multiscale approach reveal that the local environment of W solutes in Ta has a dramatic effect both on the dislocation mobility and slip paths. W solutes can enhance or reduce the mobility, and may result in spontaneous dislocation glide. The atomistic mechanism responsible for the dual nature of solutes is elucidated.
The Value of Standardized Testing: A Perspective From Cognitive Psychology

Recent years have seen an increased push toward the standardization of education in the United States. At the federal level, both major national political parties have generally supported the institution of national guidelines known as Common Core—a curriculum developed by states and by philanthropic organizations. A key component of past and present educational reform measures has been standardization of tests. However, increased reliance upon tests has elicited criticism, limiting their popular acceptance and widespread adoption. Tests are not only useful for assessment purposes, however. The goal of this article is to review evidence from the recent literature in psychology that indicates that tests produce direct educational benefits for students. A reconsideration of how and how many tests are implemented based on these principles may help soften the focus on testing solely as a means of assessment and help promote wider recognition of the role of tests as potent instructional interventions.
Performance of copper chloride-impregnated sorbents on mercury vapor control in an entrained-flow reactor system.

An entrained-flow system has been designed and constructed to simulate in-flight mercury (Hg) capture by sorbent injection in ducts of coal-fired utility plants. The test conditions of 1.2-sec residence time, 140{degree}C gas temperature, 6.7 m/sec (22 ft/sec) gas velocity, and 0-0.24 g/m{sup 3} (0-15 lbs of sorbent per 1 million actual cubic feet of flue gas sorbent injection rates were chosen to simulate conditions in the ducts. Four kinds of sorbents were used in this study. Darco Hg-LH (lignite-based) served as a benchmark sorbent with which Hg control capability of other sorbents could be compared. Also, Darco-FGD (lignite-based) was used as a representative raw activated carbon sorbent. Two different copper chloride-impregnated sorbents were developed in the laboratory and tested in the entrained-flow system to examine the possibility of using these sorbents at coal-fired power plants. The test results showed that one of the copper chloride sorbents has remarkable elemental mercury (Hg{sup 0}) oxidation capability, and the other sorbent demonstrated a better performance in Hg removal than Darco Hg-LH. 13 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Synthesis and Structure of Vanadium Halide Complexes Containing Diphosphine Ligands with Pendant Amines

A series of vanadium(III) diiodide complexes of the formula CpV(PRNR′PR)I2 [Cp = η5-C5H5; PRNR′PR = (R2PCH2)2N(R′); R = Et, R′ = Me (1a); R = Et, R′ = Ph (1b); R = Ph, R′ = Me (1c)] is reported. The corresponding vanadium(II) monoiodide complexes of the formula CpV(PRNR′PR)I [R = Et, R′ = Me (2a); R = Et, R′ = Ph (2b); R = Ph, R′ = Me (2c)] were prepared in THF by reduction of 1a–c with Zn powder. We report the preparation of the vanadium(II) complexes CpV(PPh2NPh2)I (3) (PPh2NPh2 = 1,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane) as well as trans-[VCl2(PEtNMePEt)2] (4a) and trans-[VCl2(PEtNPhPEt)2] (4b). These paramagnetic complexes are characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry for 2a, 2b, 3 and 4b. Complexes 1c, 2a–c, 3, and 4b were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. These complexes represent initial examples for the coordination chemistry of vanadium with PRNR′PR and PPh2NPh2 diphosphine ligands, which contain a pendant amino groups in the second coordination sphere.
The IRS Has Changed Its Game Plan on Attacking Family Limited Partnerships

Highlights the unsuccessful efforts by the IRS in challenging valuation discounts associated with gifts of family limited partnership interests. Advises that the IRS's new approach involves the application of Code Section 2036(a) to include the underlying partnership assets in the transferor's estate without any discounts. Summarizes the estate tax inclusion in Code Sec. 2036(a), outlining the three requirements for includability. Focuses on the element of control maintained by the transferor. Reviews a case in which the IRS argued that underlying assets were includible under Code Sec. 2036(a). Analyzes the original Tax Court opinion and second Tax Court opinion after remand from the Fifth Circuit. Addresses the retained enjoyment and retained control aspects of Code Sec. 2036(a), and considers the relevance of the Byrum case relating to transferred stock. Discusses the exception for a bona fide sale for adequate and full consideration. Reviews a district court case which also applied Code Sec. 2036(a) to a family limited partnership transaction. Notes that the taxpayer argued for application of the bona fide sale exception. Offers extensive planning suggestions for avoiding a challenge under Code Sec. 2036(a) to transfers of family limited partnership interests.
Fractals in Porous Media: From Pore to Field Scale

Two applications of fractal concepts to problems involving porous media are discussed. One of them occurs at the pore level and involves the formation of large molecular aggregates as the result of injecting a fluid into an oil reservoir, or because of compositional changes in the oil. Formation of such aggregates and their precipitation on the pore surfaces cause severe problems for enhanced recovery of oil, and also many processes which use porous catalysts. We argue that these molecular structures are similar to diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregates, and small-angle neutron scattering data support our argument. The second application involves field-scale distributions of the porosity and permeability of oil reservoirs. We show that, contrary to the recent assertions that such distributions are described by fractional Brownian motion or fractional Gaussian noise with positive correlations (persistence), they are described by Levy distributions with negative correlations (anti-persistence).