cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Boisduval Scale, Diaspis boisduvalii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), on Native Epiphytic Orchids in Collier Co., Florida, Including Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve

ABSTRACT We present the results of a field study conducted in 2011 to assess native epiphytic orchids in South Florida for infestations of armored scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). A total of 1,726 orchids spanning 10 taxa were surveyed at 7 locations at 3 sites. Boisduval scale, Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret, was detected on 2.3% of the orchids from 6 of the 10 orchid species, and was present at all 3 primary sites surveyed. Prosthechea cochleata and Epidendrum amphistomum (Asparagales: Orchidaceae) appeared to be most vulnerable to this scale, with infection totals of 5.8% and 2.1%, respectively. Of 44 scales from the 39 orchids, 27% hosted hymenopteran parasitoids in various stages of development. The presence of D. boisduvalii adds an additional burden to state-endangered orchid populations and indicates that resource managers may need to expand management approaches to include plant-parasitic insect control.
Almost: exploring program traces

We built a tool to visualize and explore program execution traces. Our goal was to help programmers without any prior knowledge of a program, quickly get enough knowledge about its structure so that they can make small to medium changes. In the process, a number of problems were faced and tackled concerning the efficient use of screen space, interaction with multiple concurrent views, and linking of asymmetric views
Design tools for cost-effective implementation of planetary protection requirements

Since the Viking missions to Mars in the 1970s, accounting for the costs associated with planetary protection implementation has not been done systematically during early project formulation phases, leading to unanticipated costs during subsequent implementation phases of flight projects. In the intervening period, more rigorous planetary protection requirements, resulting from new knowledge about the limits of life on Earth, have been developed. This, together with current plans to conduct life-detection experiments on a number of different solar system target bodies have motivated a systematic approach to integrating planetary protection requirements and mission design. A current development effort at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is aimed at integrating planetary protection requirements more fully into the early phases of mission architecture formulation and at developing tools to more rigorously predict associated cost and schedule impacts of architecture options chosen to meet planetary protection requirements.
The Relationship of Selected Community College Faculty Attitudes, Socialization Experiences, and Reference Group Identities

Abstract This study was designed to explore the relationship of selected attitudinal variables among community college faculty members, using a framework derived from symbolic interaction of theory. A survey questionnaire was administered to 627 faculty members in five Pennsylvania community colleges in autumn of 1973. Attitudinal variables are operationally defined through the use of factor analysis, and are related to one another and to socialization experience and reference group identity proxy variables through multiple and partial correlational analysis. Hypotheses concerning variations in attitudes toward the community college philosophy and orientations toward education as consequences of differences in socialization experiences and reference group identities are supported.
Ternary complexes of Al3+ and F− with a third ligand

Abstract Al 3+ binds fluoride more strongly than sixty other metal ions. Binary stability constants are recommended for four ionic strengths from 0.0 to 0.5 M. Ternary complexes with hydroxide become important in neutral solutions. Competition between fluoride and hydroxide occurs for scarce sites on a metal ion highly chelated by a ligand such as EDTA. Under the conditions of experiments with G-proteins, the main solution species are hexacoordinate (H 2 O) 2 (HO)AlF − 3 at pH 7.5 and hexacoordinate (H 2 O) 2 AlF − 4 at pH 6.0. Crystal structure determinations show that on a G-protein a β-phosphate oxygen substitutes for a water molecule on the species in solution.
Canonical Wnt Signaling Is Required for Pancreatic Carcinogenesis

Wnt ligand expression and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but whether Wnt activity is required for the development of pancreatic cancer has remained unclear. Here, we report the results of three different approaches to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a established transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. First, we found that β-catenin null cells were incapable of undergoing acinar to ductal metaplasia, a process associated with development of premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions. Second, we addressed the specific role of ligand-mediated Wnt signaling through inducible expression of Dkk1, an endogenous secreted inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway. Finally, we targeted the Wnt pathway with OMP-18R5, a therapeutic antibody that interacts with multiple Frizzled receptors. Together, these approaches showed that ligand-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required to initiate pancreatic cancer. Moreover, they establish that Wnt signaling is also critical for progression of pancreatic cancer, a finding with potential therapeutic implications.
Energy loss of a heavy quark from asymptotically AdS geometries

We investigate some universal features of AdS/CFT models of heavy quark energy loss. In addition, as a specific example, we examine quark damping in the spinning D3-brane solution dual to = 4 SU(N) super Yang-Mills at finite temperature and R-charge chemical potential.
ENCAPSULATION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS WITHIN ZEOLITES

A great deal of current research efforts are aimed at the design and understanding of conducting and semiconducting structures at sub-micrometer dimensions. The term ‘molecular electronics’ describes the ultimate reduction of electronic circuitry to the molecular level.1 Beyond the development of concepts,2 a major challenge in this area is to create isolated, addressable molecular units that function as useful electronic components. We study the encapsulation of conducting polymers within the crystalline channel systems of zeolite hosts as a promising approach to isolated, well-defined chains of molecular conductors. The molecularsize channels of these hosts limit the dimensions of the polymer chains to molecular dimensions. The conducting polymers polypyrrole and polythiophene have previously been studied in larger scale host structures such as layered FeOCl and V2O5.3 Polypyrrole fibrils with diameters between 0.03 and 1 μm at 10 μm length have been synthesized in Nucleopore membranes.4
Polls and Elections: Opinion Formation, Polarization, and Presidential Reelection

The authors examine the dynamics of public opinion formation and change around asitting president and their implications for reelection contests. Because of the biases inherent ininformation processing and the information environment, two distinct, but simultaneous, effectsof citizen learning during a presidential term are expected. For those with prior opinions of thepresident, learning contributes to more polarized evaluations of the president. For those initiallyuncertain about the president, learning contributes to opinion formation about the president.Because the gap in uncertainty generally favors the incumbent over a lesser-known challenger,raceswithanincumbentpresidentialcandidatearetypicallymarked,perhapsparadoxically,byboth a polarization of public opinion and an incumbency advantage.I’m a uniter not a divider.
The AISP model on increasingly diverse campuses

How can cultural awareness assist campus intervention teams to promote a campus of care? This chapter describes the implications of the AISP model and campus intervention teams in the context of greater campus diversity.
Complement-mediated T-cell depletion of bone marrow: comparison of T10B9.1A-31 and Muromonab-Orthoclone OKT3.

Background T10B9.1A-31 (T 10 B 9) and Muromonab-Orthoclone OKT3 (OKT3) are both murine MAb with a narrow specificity for T lymphocytes. Over the past 10 years, we have used each for T-cell depletion (TCD) of BM. In this report we describe similarities and differences using these antibodies, as well as their effects on patient outcome. Methods We compared BM mononuclear cells (BMMC) prepared using a Cobe Spectra apheresis machine with density gradient (DG) separation to remove RBC and enrich for CD34 + cells prior to TCD. FACS and limiting dilution assays (LDA) were used to measure the efficiency of TCD, the subsets of cells removed and CD34 content. Univariate statistics were used to assess graft outcome, including GvHD, graft failure, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), relapse, DFS, and TRM. Results BMMC preparation on the Cobe Spectra resulted in superior recovery of CD34 + cells. However, this method could not be used with OKT3 due to inhibition of T-cell lysis. Optimal TCD required tw...
The channel-kinase TRPM7, revealing the untold story of Mg 2+ in cellular signaling

Ion homeostasis dysregulations have severe effects on human health, impairing the effectiveness and appropriateness of major cellular events, including immune responses. The adverse effects of Mg(2+) deficiency on cellular physiology are well known and documented, but mechanistic insights into Mg(2+) sensitive signal transduction are still lacking. TRPM7 and its sister channel TRPM6 stand out as the only known fusions of an ion pore with a Ser/Thr kinase domain. Both channels are permeable to divalent cations and are central regulators of Mg(2+) homeostasis. One crucial aspect of TRPM7 function we have extensively studied is the relationship between its ion channel portion and its C-terminal Ser/Thr kinase domain. The modulation of ion channels by phosphorylation through exogenous kinases is common, however the covalent bound between the TRPM7 channel and its kinase suggests a novel kind of link between ion-entry and signal transduction events. Current knowledge supports a reciprocal "two-way street" model where TRPM7-kinase modulates ion transport function through Ser/Thr phosphorylation, and in turn, channel gating and ionic conditions in close proximity to the pore regulate TRPM7-kinase mediated signaling. We have shown that TRPM7 acts as a sensor of Mg(2+)-availability, adjusting key cellular functions such as the rate of cellular protein translation to the Mg(2+) nutritional status. Since molecular mechanisms controlling rates of protein translation are critical for cell growth and division in response to nutrient availability, this could have relevance for example for therapies targeted at molecules shaping the cancerous translational apparatus. In our quest to understand the biology of Mg(2+) in the context of immune responses, we found that TRPM7 associates with, and phosphorylates phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2), a pivotal molecule in the signaling pathway following B-cell receptor (BCR) activation. This contributes to the Mg(2+)-dependent modulation of the Ca(2+) response elicited by BCR ligation, and provides the first molecular pathway underlying the Mg(2+)-sensitivity of immune responses. Expanding our knowledge about the modulation of immunoreceptor signaling in response to Mg(2+) availability could allow for the development of unexplored strategies for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and lymphoma.
Commentary: Interrater and intrarater agreements of magnetic resonance imaging findings in the lumbar spine

Commentary on Fu MC, Buerba RA, Long WD III, et al. Interrater and intrarater agreements of magnetic resonance imaging findings in the lumbar spine: significant variability across degenerative conditions. Spine J 2014;14:2442–8 ( in this issue ).
Growth inhibition of primary keratinocytes following transduction with a novel TGFβ-1 containing retrovirus

Abstract Growth and migration of keratinocytes are known to be affected by the addition of exogenous cytokines, such as TGFβ-1, to culture media. We have developed a retroviral vector, LNTβ-1, that confers constitutive expression of human TGFβ-1 to transduced cells. Keratinocytes were exposed to retroviral particles generated in serum-free media, and infected cells were selected for with Geneticin. Transduced keratinocytes remained in culture as single cells instead of a normally grouped growth pattern. While these transduced keratinocytes survived in culture for several weeks, they did not proliferate and seemed arrested in their growth. Keratinocytes transduced with retrovirus not containing the TGFβ-1 gene appeared normal in their growth pattern. These findings indicate that high-level endogenous expression of TGFβ-1 in keratinocytes can at least inhibit, and possibly arrest, growth.
The Oxidation of Hypotaurine to Taurine: Bis -Aminoethyl-α-Disulfone, A Metabolic Intermediate in Mammalian Tissue

The primary mammalian metabolic pathway leading to taurine is generally recognized as beginning with the oxidation of cysteine to cysteine sulfinate via cysteine dioxygenase (19). This rate limiting enzyme is, carefully regulated thus setting the rate for the catabolism of sulfur amino acids (4). A major portion of cysteine sulfinate is subject to unidirectional transamination leading to pyruvate and sulfite; a smaller fraction of cysteine sulfinate is decarboxylated by cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase to hypotaurine (8). The ratio of the two pathways appears to be relatively constant; what controls the pathway bifurcation remains unknown. Although a small fraction (10%) of the hypotaurine is subject to unidirectional transamination to acetaldehyde and sulfate (4,6), the bulk of hypotaurine is oxidized to taurine. A possible alternate metabolic route involves initial oxidation of cysteine sulfinate to cysteic acid by an unspecified mechanism followed by decarboxylation of cysteic acid to taurine. The latter is an established capacity of the enzyme cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (10).
Women’s NGOs and Civil Society Building in Bosnia-Herzegovin

Very often conflict and post-conflict images of Bosnia-Herzegovina overshadow noteworthy developments and changes. Similarly the role and contributions of women's NGOs in the process of civil society building don't receive proper publicity and acknowledgment. Therefore, this paper aims to put in the perspective women's NGOs in Bosnia-Herzegovina by providing historical and theoretical analysis of their contributions towards peace-building and elections, state-building and civil society building. Furthermore, this paper aims to analyze origin and developments of gender legal, economic and socio-political framework as such framework is the precondition for actual application and achievement of gender equality. Finally, this paper applies theoretical framework of civil society functions on leading women's NGOs. The author uses ethnographic methodology, written sources, NGO and governmental reports and gender related laws. The results of this paper indicate that women's NGO's in Bosnia-Herzegovina made significant progress from providing mere humanitarian services to the establishment of gender institutional, legal, economic and socio-political framework. Such progress placed women's NGOs at the position of application and achievement of gender equality in Bosnia-Herzegovina. With regards to the fulfillment of civil society functions, results indicate that women's NGO's made significant achievements in advocating values of human rights, tolerance and understanding, offering civic training, promoting civic education and public issues through media, and promotion of conflict resolution and inter-faith dialogue. However, civil society functions such as control of political power, monitoring of political participation and elections and promoting of anti-corruption awareness don't indicate significant involvement of women's NGOs.
Shared Task on Prediction of Dropout Over Time in Massively Open Online Courses

The shared task on Prediction of Dropout Over Time in MOOCs involves analysis of data from 6 MOOCs offered through Coursera. Data from one MOOC with approximately 30K students was distributed as training data and consisted of discussion forum data (in SQL) and clickstream data (in JSON format). The prediction task was Predicting Attrition Over Time. Based on behavioral data from a week’s worth of activity in a MOOC for a student, predict whether the student will cease to actively participate after that week. This paper describes the task. A full write up of the results is published separately (Rose & Siemens, 2014).
Effect of Temperature on Growth Rate and Development of the Thermophilic Fungus Chaetomium Thermophile

Rates of growth of seven strains of Chaetomium thermophile var. dissitum and one strain of C. thermophile var. coprophile were determined over a wide range of temperature by measurement of increase in colony diameter on Emerson YpSs Agar. After a lag phase, increase in diameter occurred at a constant rate. Growth rates and cardinal points differed among the strains. Ability to grow, form mycelial pigmentation, and produce immature and mature perithecia at extreme temperatures differed significantly among the strains for a given character, and within a strain for different characters. The range of temperature suitable for sexual reproduction was small and was much less than that for vegetative growth and pigmentation. The two taxonomic varieties differed significantly from one another in their responses to extreme temperatures, and one strain of variety dissitum had lower growth rates and more restricted morphogenetic capacity than other strains of the variety.
Free-space optical interconnects for Viterbi decoding

A Viterbi decoder architecture utilizing free space optical interconnects for inter-chip communications is described. The proposed system overcomes the interconnection bottleneck inherent in long constraint length parallel Viterbi decoders and achieves high speed decoding.
Two-Dimensional π-Conjugated Covalent-Organic Frameworks as Quantum Anomalous Hall Topological Insulators

The quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulator is a novel topological state of matter characterized by a nonzero quantized Hall conductivity without an external magnetic field. Using first-principles calculations, we predict the QAH state in monolayers of covalent-organic frameworks based on the newly synthesized X_{3}(C_{18}H_{12}N_{6})_{2} structure where X represents 5d transition metal elements Ta, Re, and Ir. The π conjugation between X d_{xz} and d_{yz} orbitals, mediated by N p_{z} and C p_{z} orbitals, gives rise to a massive Dirac spectrum in momentum space with a band gap of up to 24 meV due to strong spin-orbit coupling. We show that the QAH state can appear by chemically engineering the exchange field and the Fermi level in the monolayer structure, resulting in nonzero Chern numbers. Our results suggest a reliable pathway toward the realization of a QAH phase at temperatures between 100 K and room temperature in covalent-organic frameworks.
Late Quaternary slip history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California: The role of a subsidiary left-lateral fault in strand switching

The fault history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault (SAF) in the San Gorgonio Pass region, along with the reconstructed geomorphology surrounding this fault strand, reveals the important role of the left-lateral Pinto Mountain fault in the regional fault strand switching. The Mill Creek strand has 7.1–8.7 km total slip. Following this displacement, the Pinto Mountain fault offset the Mill Creek strand 1–1.25 km, as SAF slip transferred to the San Bernardino, Banning, and Garnet Hill strands. An alluvial complex within the Mission Creek watershed can be linked to palinspastic reconstruction of drainage segments to constrain slip history of the Mill Creek strand. We investigated surface remnants through detailed geologic mapping, morphometric and stratigraphic analysis, geochronology, and pedogenic analysis. The degree of soil development constrains the duration of surface stability when correlated to other regional, independently dated pedons. This correlation indicates that the oldest surfaces are significantly older than 500 ka. Luminescence dates of 106 ka and 95 ka from (respectively) 5 and 4 m beneath a younger fan surface are consistent with age estimates based on soil-profile development. Offset of the Mill Creek strand by the Pinto Mountain fault suggests a short-term slip rate of ~10–12.5 mm/yr for the Pinto Mountain fault, and a lower long-term slip rate. Uplift of the Yucaipa Ridge block during the period of Mill Creek strand activity is consistent with thermochronologic modeled uplift estimates.
The Bacillus thuringiensis β-Exotoxin: Current Status

In response to numerous requests from fellow entomologists and insect pathologists for reprints of my presentation at the seminar on bacterial insecticides (72nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pa., 1972), I present here a written form of my talk. The paper is intended to be an objective analysis and an assessment of the literature devoted to the β -exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, so that further experimental work may be considered in a continuing and formative frame. I also hope to stimulate a renewal in the scientific and practical interest of insect pathologists so they will once again instigate more intensive research. In this way we shall acquire the answers to the queries that I pose here and that were asked of me at the conclusion of my presentation.
Labor Mobility and Industrialization in a Utah County

of symbol acceptance and in the dress functions stressed has been observed in our small sample that we feel there is reason to re-examine thoroughly the social class concept as it applies to fashion. We have termed this behavior the "Symbol Acceptance Concept." A. As persons move through any group they accept or reject dress status symbols. B. Consequently, it has been possible to divide dress buyers into three groups: (1) those who have assimilated the dress symbol for their group; (2) those who are experimenting and in the process of trying to learn the symbol; (3) those who have little concern with status symbols in general, or with dresses as a status symbol in particular. After a survey of the literature and a small exploratory study, it is our feeling that there are several converging lines of investigation in this area of dress buying behavior: (1) basic needs and values in the psychological sense; (2) individual personality traits; (3) immediate influences, e.g., income, price, style, special dress feature, use situations; and (4) the learning and conditioning process, e.g., the way in which dress status symbols are assimilated, the way in which dresses are deemed appropriate for use situations. Since some priority of research must be assigned, it would appear that studies of actual dress buying behavior should be made. These studies should concentrate on integrating the immediate influences concept, the learning and conditioning process, and individual personality traits as they affect areas (3) and (4) above. In any event the social class concept should be re-evaluated in the light of consumer behavior studies.
El papel de la mujer en la historia maya-quiché, según el "Popol Vuh"

El articulo ofrece una innovadora metodologia que se inserta en coordenadas no patriarcales, cosa que difiere cualitativamente de la mayoria de las lecturas existentes sobre el Popol Vuh. Se trata una cartografia que revela desde las primeras diosas, semidiosas, semimujeres y mujeres un proceso que va "desde la veneracion a la explotacion". Al hacerlo, se devela que ese proceso designa valores y matices analogos al proceso de degradacion economico-social de la mujer en la historia. The article offers an innovative methodology using non patriarchal coordinates an interpretation that differs qualitatively from most of the current views of Popol Vuh. A cartography is traced that reveals the process of "veneration to exploitation" from the first goddesses, semigoddesses, semi-women to women. That process reflects the values and shades of weaning that are analogous to the historical process of woman's economic-social degradation.
Clinical outcomes of obturator canal bypass.

Abstract Objective Infected aortofemoral grafts pose a formidable challenge with a significant risk of limb loss and high mortality. Despite successful reports of obturator canal bypass (OCB) for infected aortofemoral graft and complicated groins, the technique has not gained widespread use. We reviewed our experience with OCB and performed a systematic review of the literature. Methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent OCB in our institution between 1995 and 2013 was conducted. Demographics of the patients, comorbidities, previous interventions, and postoperative and longer term related events were recorded. Outcomes were primary and secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival rates. For the literature review, all published series in the English language were identified through a PubMed database query. Results Fifteen patients underwent 18 OCBs during the study period. Mean age was 59.6 ± 12 years, and 11 were men. Indications for surgery were chronic infection in 10 patients and acute bleeding in 5. Polytetrafluoroethylene was used in all cases. Mean clinical follow-up was 57.7 ± 42.3 months (range, 7.4-181). The 30-day complications included three (16.7%) superficial wound infections without any cardiac events, stroke, or death. Midterm outcomes included five late deaths and one myocardial infarction. Regarding major adverse limb events, three patients underwent above-knee amputation. Another procedure was required in 11 of the 18 limbs (61%) at a mean duration of 42 months for reoperation and 35 months for reintervention. One OCB (6%) became infected, requiring removal at 42 months. Primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency was 65%, 71%, and 88% at 24 months, respectively. Overall survival and limb salvage was 83% and 81% at 36 months, respectively. Conclusions The OCB can be performed safely with minimal early morbidity and mortality in well-selected patients with infections limited to one femoral anastomosis site. Limb salvage and overall mortality in this series are excellent and in agreement with the reported literature on OCB. Long-term follow-up is recommended because of a significant reoperation and reintervention rate.
Improved TOF determination algorithms for robust ultrasonic positioning of smart tools

This paper investigates the design criteria for an ultrasound positioning system used in smart tool applications. A novel range-finding system based upon low cost, ease of implementation, and an automatic gain controller (AGC) is developed. We also design several signal processing algorithms for this system, including an amplitude threshold method (ATM), a frequency threshold method (FTM), and a cross correlation method (CCM). These methods are compared in one dimension based upon precision and processing time. Our results show promising results for a high-accuracy, low-cost, and flexible solution for smart tool applications. For smart tool applications which require 1mm precision and target speeds of 0.25m/s, we recommend the CCM, which strikes a balance between processing time and accuracy. We discuss methods for improving these algorithms.
Testing Identifying Assumptions in Nonseparable Panel Data Models

Abstract Recent work on nonparametric identification of average partial effects (APEs) from panel data require restrictions on individual or time heterogeneity. Identifying assumptions under the “generalized first-differencing” category, such as time homogeneity (Chernozhukov et al., 2013), have testable equality restrictions on the distribution of the outcome variable. This paper proposes specification tests based on these restrictions. The bootstrap critical values for the resulting Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Cramer–von-Mises statistics are shown to be asymptotically valid and deliver good finite-sample properties in Monte Carlo simulations. An empirical application illustrates the merits of testing nonparametric identification from an empiricist’s perspective.
Autonomous Surgical Robots

Autonomous surgical robots will soon operate on patients. Robots will use sensors to measure patients’ physiology and pathologies, use that information to plan how to complete the necessary surgical actions, and execute those plans by physically moving surgical tools, all without direct human control. These emerging surgical robots pose new questions for the legal and regulatory regimes surrounding medical devices and the practice of medicine. This paper builds on a growing body of legal scholarship about Robot Law to examine the legally-disruptive potential of robots in surgery. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will evaluate new robots before they reach market, most likely through its rigorous premarket approval process which is accompanied by a preemption of state tort law. FDA has experience dealing with uncertainty in inherently unpredictable new technologies, and should be able to eventually find a way to evaluate surgical robots. Eventually, FDA regulation will clash with state licensure of medical professionals as people begin to regard robots less as tools and more as anthropomorphized social actors who themselves practice medicine. Because of autonomous robots’ novel capabilities, surgical robots may push federal regulation into more direct conflict with the states’ traditional role in regulating the practice of medicine.
The Effect of Sketching and Tracing on Instructors' Understanding of Student Misconceptions

The operation of the notional machine presents a hidden but crucial process in students' understanding of introductory programming. When students trace though code, simulating the operation of the notional machine, this hidden operation becomes evident. When students sketch this trace by physically drawing it, the operation is also visible to peers, tutors, and teachers as well as to the students themselves. Increased accuracy on code reading problems has already been found for students who sketch and trace. I want to explore whether sketching and tracing helps others better understand what a student knows about the notional machine.
Interplay between developing flow length and bubble departure diameter during macroconvection enhanced pool boiling

Enhanced boiling structures based on the concept of separate liquid-vapor (L-V) pathways rely on the motion of the bubbles departing from the nucleating regions (NRs) to induce a macroconvective liquid jet impingement flow over adjacent non-boiling regions. Heat transfer in the non-boiling regions can be improved by incorporating microchannels which act as feeder channels (FCs) that also improve liquid directionality towards the NR. We hypothesize that the single-phase flow characteristics in the developing region of the FC contribute to the boiling enhancement and explore the interplay between the FC length, developing flow length, and departure bubble diameter. FC lengths shorter than the developing flow length benefit from the enhancement due to developing boundary layers over their entire length. However, FC lengths shorter than the departure bubble diameter suffer from bubble interference while FC lengths that are considerably longer than the developing flow length exhibit lower heat transfer rates in the fully developed region. This hypothesis was verified by conducting pool boiling experiments with four feeder channel lengths between 1 mm and 3 mm using HFE-7000, PP1, PP1C, and water. Three distinct regions: (i) interfering bubble, (ii) efficient L-V pathways, and (iii) diminished jet were identified to explain the boiling performance enhancement. This analysis will be beneficial in the pursuit to enhance critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on surfaces utilizing macroconvection mechanisms during boiling with different liquids.Enhanced boiling structures based on the concept of separate liquid-vapor (L-V) pathways rely on the motion of the bubbles departing from the nucleating regions (NRs) to induce a macroconvective liquid jet impingement flow over adjacent non-boiling regions. Heat transfer in the non-boiling regions can be improved by incorporating microchannels which act as feeder channels (FCs) that also improve liquid directionality towards the NR. We hypothesize that the single-phase flow characteristics in the developing region of the FC contribute to the boiling enhancement and explore the interplay between the FC length, developing flow length, and departure bubble diameter. FC lengths shorter than the developing flow length benefit from the enhancement due to developing boundary layers over their entire length. However, FC lengths shorter than the departure bubble diameter suffer from bubble interference while FC lengths that are considerably longer than the developing flow length exhibit lower heat transfer rates i...
In Pursuit of the "Golden Fleece": African Students and Higher Education in the United States, 1925-1959

This article addresses the historical contributions of African students to higher education in the United States from 1925-1959. During this period, African students in the United States actively pursued, what Nnamdi Azikiwe, the great African nationalist and former student himself termed, the “golden fleece.” It represented the promise of American higher education as a panacea to African ills, particularly colonialism. The tendency has been to view African studentship in the United States during this period as a one-sided relationship, with African students as the primary benefactors of this relationship. As illustrated in this study, such a perspective ignores the significant contributions of African students to shaping higher education in the United States. I utilize the narratives of prominent African students, such as Nnamdi Azikiwe, Kwame Nkrumah and Kingsley Ozuomba Mbadiwe among others, to highlight two key areas of African student contributions to higher education in the United States; scholarship and activism.
Surgical Conditions Presenting with Diarrhea

This chapter will focus on those surgical conditions that present with diarrhea in the child and the adult. The diarrheal disorders will be classified as acute or chronic, typed as bloody or non-bloody, with suggested management for children and adults, respectively.
Significance of Dietary Contaminants in Diet Restriction Studies

Diet is one of the most important factors in animal experimentation. In addition to the ingredients and nutrients, chemical contaminants and extraneous materials may markedly influence the physiological processes of animals and so their response to experimental treatment (Newberne 1975). The purpose of this report is to summarize the sources and concentrations of various dietary contaminants in open formula and closed formula nonpurified and purified rat and mouse diets (American Institute of Nutrition 1977) manufactured since 1980. A summary of biological effects of dietary contaminants and their possible influence on animal experiments, including diet restriction studies, are also discussed.
At-Risk Drinking Among Diabetic Patients

Diabetes Mellitus is a serious chronic disease, affecting an increasing number of individuals worldwide. Adherence to diabetes self-care behaviors is key to the successful management of the disease...
Effects of a Brief Meditation Program on Well-being and Loneliness

This study tested the hypothesis that brief meditations practiced daily over a short period of time would increase individuals' well being and decrease their susceptibility to loneliness. Twenty gr...
Verification of radiation pressure on a diffraction grating

Solar sailcrafts make use of radiation pressure to propel a payload through space. Modern diffractive structures such as broadband single order gratings, polarization diffraction gratings, and related metamaterials offer the potential to replace reflective sails with efficient diffractive sails for either solar or laser driven space travel. We have experimentally verified the radiation pressure force on a transmissive diffraction grating, demonstrating a large component of force parallel to the surface of the grating. This component is important for orbit-raising types of maneuvers. Unlike a reflective sail with force components only normal to the surface, we also measure a near-vanishing normal force component around the Littrow angle
The hammer, the chisel and the roast: mass-marketing frozen food in France, 1965–1985

In the decades following World War II, frozen-food professionals in France attempted to make sense of why their industry was slow to develop compared to other industrialised nations. Drawing on mar...
The Normative Error Theorist Cannot Avoid Self-Defeat

ABSTRACTMany philosophers have noted that normative error theorists appear to be committed to saying ‘Error theory is true, but I have no reason to believe it’, which seems paradoxical. In defence ...
Temporary Balloon Occlusion for Hepatic Arterial Flow Redistribution during Yttrium-90 Radioembolization

This case series describes an approach for radiation segmentectomy-style treatment of hepatic tumors fed by arteries unsuitable for catheterization. The 15-patient cohort (17 cases from 2015 to 2018) included those diagnosed with liver tumors (14 hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 cholangiocarcinoma, 1 renal-cell carcinoma, and 1 metastatic colorectal carcinoma) and chosen for radioembolization via a multimodal approach. In each case, a balloon microcatheter was used to temporarily redistribute intrahepatic flow during infusion for enhanced radioembolic agent delivery to the tumor. A median of 199 Gy was delivered to a median of 3% of total liver volume. Based on modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors, 11 cases had complete responses and 6 had partial responses.
Student Perceptions of Occupational Congruency.

This paper examined student perceptions of occupational congruency using Holland's Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional personality and environmental types. Using the hexagonal arrangement of the types, congruency levels were established. Student perceptions were examined in the areas of activities, values, interests, traits, and competencies. It was hypothesized that students would perceive congruency with occupational types that corresponded to their personality types and that the degree of perceived congruency would parallel the levels empirically established from the hexagonal model. None of the hypotheses in the study was supported for the high school girls. However, the males tended to perceive occupational congruency overall, and congruency within activities, values, interests, and traits, differently according to the correspondence between their personality types and the types of the occupations presented to them.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in blood pressure regulation

Sphingolipids were originally believed to play a role only as a backbone of mammalian cell membranes. However, sphingolipid metabolites, especially sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are now recognized...
Efficient ferulic acid and xylo-oligosaccharides production by a novel multi-modular bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase using agricultural residues as substrates.

Abstract Liberating high value-added compounds ferulic acid (FA) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) from agricultural residues is a promising strategy for the utilization of lignocellulose. In this study, a bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase from bacterial consortium EMSD5 was heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli. Depending on the inter-domain synergism of the recombinant enzyme rXyn10A/Fae1A, high yields of FA (2.78, 1.82, 1.15 and 7.31 mg/g substrate, respectively) were obtained from 20 mg in-soluble wheat arabinoxylan, de-starched wheat bran, ultrafine-grinding corn stover and steam-exploded corncob. Meanwhile, 3.210, 1.235, 1.215 and 0.823 mg xylose/XOSs were also released. For cost-saving enzyme production, we firstly constructed a recombinant E. coli, which could secrete the bifunctional xylanase/feruloyl esterase out of cells. When the recombinant E. coli was cultured in medium containing 200 mg de-starched wheat bran, 474 μg FA and 18.2 mg xylose/XOSs were also detected. Hence, rXyn10A/Fae1A and the recombinant strain showed great applied potential for FA and XOSs production.
The M yth of Racial Superiority in Sports

Sports hold a special place in the hearts of many Americans. Indeed, athletic competition has come to define and shape our understanding in many ways of what it means to be American. There is, however, a dark side to sports and that is the racial tension that often consumes our understanding of athletic competition and the equality of athletic prowess and personal ability. Seemingly innocuous, sports bring to the forefront racial sentiments about innate superiority, that certain types of people are better athletes simply by the nature of their being born. In his book Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We Are Afraid to Talk about It, John Entine posits that innate genetic differences amongst peoples leads to certain racial groups excelling at particular sporting events. It is the intent of this paper, through a close examination of Entine’s theoretical arguments, to demonstrate that science and genetic experimentation have proven that natural biological variation amongst and between peoples cannot be used to validate claims of innate racial superiority in athletic competition.
Learning Python: conference workshop

Python is a free, portable, dynamically-typed, object-oriented scripting language. This interactive half-day tutorial for computer science instructors provides a comprehensive introduction to Python as used in a CS1 course. We will write programs similar to those required of our students, including some interactive, graphics applications.
A metric-based framework for sustainable production scheduling

Abstract Production scheduling involves operational level decision making at the shop floor that covers not only the manufacturing stage of the product life-cycle, but also the use stage of the processes. Triple bottom line (TBL) including economic, environmental, and social pillars has been introduced to holistically evaluate the performance of a production firm. Despite the substantial research in sustainable manufacturing, a holistic model that considers all three pillars of the TBL for sustainable production scheduling is virtually absent. This paper presents a metric-based model to systematically and holistically evaluate the sustainability of the production schedules. To this aim, we first perform an extensive literature review to identify the fundamental performance metrics in production scheduling. Second, we assess those metrics with respect to the TBL . Third, we show the inconsistencies among the fundamental performance metrics, and consequently among the objectives defined in the TBL . Finally, we propose a generic model for production scheduling for sustainability based on balancing the trade-offs among the inconsistent objectives. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated using a comprehensive numerical study. The proposed model not only provides a sustainable schedule, but also results in better control over the fundamental performance metrics of the production scheduling.
Senotherapy: A New Horizon for COPD Therapy

There is increasing evidence that COPD is a disease of accelerated lung aging, with the accumulation of senescent cells that lose their ability to repair and secrete multiple inflammatory proteins known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which mimic the profile of inflammatory mediators secreted in COPD. This review discusses novel drugs (senotherapies) that target cellular senescence and which may be a promising therapeutic approach to prevent currently unaddressed disease progression and mortality in COPD. A major pathway leading to senescence is via the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Existing drugs, such as rapamycin and metformin, target this pathway. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a key driving mechanism for this pathway, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are promising. A key finding in COPD is loss of antiaging molecules such as sirtuin-1 and sirtuin-6, which are reduced by phosphoinositide-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling through microRNA-34a. Sirtuin activators are in development, and inhibiting microRNA-34a restores sirtuin expression experimentally in COPD cells. Senolytic therapies induce apoptosis and removal of senescent cells and reduce the senescence-associated secretory phenotype response in animal models of aging and in pilot clinical studies of other age-related diseases. A combination of senolytics and senostatics (drugs that inhibit cellular senescence) may be a valuable new approach to COPD, especially if started early in the disease process. Furthermore, COPD is associated with several comorbidities that share the same aging pathways which may be spread by extracellular vesicles, and thus a single treatment for all these diseases is feasible in the future to extend health span.
Brown Slime, the Silver Tsunami, and Apocalyptic Demography: The Importance of Ageism and Age Relations:

Despite our awareness of ageism, sociologists rarely examine either old age as a disadvantaged status or age relations as an inequality that intersects with others. I show how this exclusion limits...
Optimization of Λ-type Quantum Memories using Gaussian Control Fields

We optimize Λ-type ensemble quantum memories under the restriction of Gaussian optical fields, with particular focus on the Autler-Townes-splitting regime. We find significant enhancement of efficiency and provide an interpretation of the underlying physics.
Before the summit: News media framing, scripts and the flag-raising at Iwo Jima:

Drawing upon media framing theory and the concept of cognitive scripts, this article provides a new interpretation of the context in which the famous World War II photograph ‘Raising the Flag on Iw...
Bike Share Responses to COVID-19

Abstract Bike sharing can leverage its physical distancing advantages for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, but system management and communication are essential to support healthy transportation. This study addresses the need to understand the range of bike share systems’ responses to the pandemic by reviewing bike share system cases in the United States and reports survey responses from bike share users in San Antonio (TX). Five out of eleven bike share systems communicated their responses to the pandemic online at the time of review. 43% of survey respondents who were unemployed due to the pandemic reported increasing use of the bike share system, whereas 36% of employed respondents decreased ridership. Most respondents were unaware of the bike share operator’s steps to control the spread of COVID-19 for users. Moderate-frequency riders (1–2 times per month) may increase bike sharing the most after Coronavirus restrictions are lifted, from 22% of respondents to 34%. Based on our findings, we suggest bike share operators should expand communication efforts about policies and actions to support community health, explore how to serve unemployed and low-income communities best, and prepare for the equitable expansion of ridership following the pandemic.