cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor–Mobilized Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Maintains Graft-Versus-Leukemia Effects Through a Perforin-Dependent Pathway While Preventing Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Minimization of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with preservation of the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect is a crucial step to improve the overall survival of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for patients with hematological malignancies. We and other investigators have shown that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) reduces the severity of acute GVHD in murine models. In this study, we investigated whether G-CSF-mobilized PBSC maintain their GVL effect in a murine allogeneic transplant model (B6 --> B6D2F1). B6 mice (H-2(b)) were injected subcutaneously with human G-CSF (100 micrograms/kg/d) for 6 days and their splenocytes were harvested on day 7 as a source of PBSC. G-CSF mobilization dramatically improved transplant survival compared with nonmobilized controls (95% v 0%, P <.001). Systemic levels of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were markedly reduced in recipients of allogeneic G-CSF-mobilized donors, but cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against host tumor target cells p815 was retained in those recipients. When leukemia was induced in recipients by coinjection of p815 tumor cells (H-2(d)) at the time of transplantation, all surviving recipients of G-CSF-mobilized B6 donors were leukemia-free at day 70 after transplant, whereas all mice who received T-cell-depleted (TCD) splenocytes from G-CSF-mobilized B6 donors died of leukemia. When splenocytes from G-CSF-mobilized perforin-deficient (pfp-/-) mice were used for transplantation, 90% of recipients died of leukemia, demonstrating that perforin is a crucial pathway mediating GVL effects after G-CSF-mobilized PBSCT. These data illustrate that G-CSF-mobilized allogeneic PBSCT separate GVL from GVHD by preserving perforin-dependent donor CTL activity while reducing systemic inflammation.
A Conceptual Approach to Optimal Nutrition of Brood Mares

Cumulative nutritional demands on good brood mares are unrivalled among domestic livestock, but little attention has been given to the influence of nutrition on their reproductive performance and efficiency. We suggest that part of the decline in racing performance of progeny of mares over 10 years of age may be caused by suboptimal nutrition. This article contrasts the concepts of minimal and optimal nutrient requirements, revives Hammond’s concept of nutrient partitioning to the conceptus and mammary gland, and discusses energy and nutrient requirements during gestation and lactation. Further consideration is given to the aged brood mare.
Level Structure of Ti 44

The level structure of $^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$ has been studied using the $^{46}\mathrm{Ti}(p,t)$ reaction at a proton energy of 51 MeV. Experimental angular distributions were compared with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations to determine the angular momentum transfers. Spin, parity, and enhancement factors were extracted for the levels observed up to 9.330-MeV excitation energy. The measured $Q$ value for the ground-state transition was determined to be -14.235 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.010 MeV. A strong $L=2$ transition at ${E}_{x}=6.600$ MeV is assigned as the $T=1$ analog of the $^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$ ground state, and an $L=0$ transition at 9.330 MeV is assigned as the $T=2$ analog of the $^{44}\mathrm{Ca}$ ground state.
Zone electrophoresis in studies of maternal and fetal sera.

SummaryZone electrophoresis was carried out on 15 pairs of maternal and cord sera. Qualitative differences between all maternal and cord bloods were observed in electro-phoretic patterns stained for proteins and protein-bound polysaccharides. Maternal sera consistently showed decreases in albumin and gamma globulin and increases in alpha and beta globulins. Corresponding cord sera exhibited decreases in alpha and beta globulins and an increase in gamma globulin. Protein-bound polysaccharides associated with alpha and beta globulins were markedly increased in mothers'sera but were decreased below normal in the corresponding cord serum specimens.
First landing state park: participation patterns and perceived health outcomes of recreation at an urban-proximate park.

Executive Summary: Former Secretary of the Interior, Dirk Kempthorne (2007), acknowledged the role National Parks should play in health and fitness: “National parks will be part of the solution to reduce obesity, chronic illness, and adult-onset diabetes” (p. 12). However, given the increase in urbanization and population diversity, we have turned our focus to an urban-proximate state park. First Landing State Park (FLSP) in Virginia Beach includes 2,888 acres of land, 20 miles of trails, and is situated in the most populated city in Virginia. Little research exists on the perceived health benefits of urban park trail users.The purpose of this study was to explore demographic variables and perceived health benefits of urban park trail users by using the Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS) at FLSP. Similar to Tinsley and Croskey’s (2002) investigation, rather than focus on the activities and activity preferences, we looked at perceived psychosocial benefits derived from the activities.This research study considered (a) gender differences, (b) racial group differences, (c) age difference, (d) residential differences, and (e) trail user types as they related to perceived health benefits and park use. A total of 307 questionnaires were completed, with a response rate of 66.3%. However, because the focus of this study is on urban recreation, visitors from outside of Hampton Roads were removed, leaving 84% of responses ( n =258) for the purposes of this study. Analyses included t -tests, ANOVAs and regression. This study reveals the critical role of urban-proximate parks in providing opportunities for wellness, access to nature, social justice, and improved quality of life. It also provided multiple key insights into the demographics and perceived health benefits of urban visitors to the most visited state park in Virginia. Gomez and Malega (2007) had called for more studies to explore the relationship between perceived benefits of recreation and park use. This study answered that call and found, of the three perceived benefits captured by the PHORS (psychological benefits, improvement benefits, prevention benefits), perceived realization of a psychological outcome was the only significant predictor of park use. According to Kil and colleagues, “little knowledge exists on wildland urban interface user groups’ perceived benefits” (p. 377). It is our hope that we have begun to address this gap in the literature, calling for more studies of this nature.
Radiative heat transfer and ionization in magnetohydrodynamically driven vortices for a GCNR

In a previous work[l . the concept of using magnetohydrodynamically driven vortices to contain gas phase uranium in n. nuclear thermal propulsion system was investigated. Using & simplified two gas model with convection as the dominant mode of heat transfer, it was shown that the use of MHD could increase vortex strength, allowing forced diffusion of the propellant through a dense cloud of uranium without significant loss of fuel out the nozzle. The current work extends the analysis of the vortex containment to include hydrogen dissociation, ionization of the fuel and propellant, and radiative heat transfer. Analysis of uranium emission data at the high temperature and density conditions which exist in the vortex shows that the optical depth is on the order of millimeters and a diffusion approximation is applied. It is shown that the effect of radiative heat transfer is to broaden the high temperature range by moving heat generated in the core outward to the periphery. This has the negative effect of allowing more heat to transfer to the wall, but a positive effect on the mean conductivity across the vortex. The fuel is found to be the dominant source of the conduction electrons, and the collision frequency of the electrons with neutrals is much larger than with ions over much of the vortex. New results linking the tangential Mach number in the vortex to the fraction of power dedicated to the MHD enhancement are discussed.
Analyzing Benzene and Cyclohexane Emulsion Droplet Collisions on Ultramicroelectrodes.

We report the collisions of single emulsion oil droplets with extremely low dielectric constants (e.g., benzene, e of 2.27, or cyclohexane, e of 2.02) as studied via emulsion droplet reactor (EDR) on an ultramicroelectrode (UME). By applying appropriate potentials to the UME, we observed the electrochemical effects of single-collision signals from the bulk electrolysis of single emulsion droplets. Different hydrophobic redox species (ferrocene, decamethyl-ferrocene, or metalloporphyrin) were trapped in a mixed benzene (or cyclohexane) oil-in-water emulsion using an ionic liquid as the supporting electrolyte and emulsifier. The emulsions were prepared using ultrasonic processing. Spike-like responses were observed in each i–t response due to the complete electrolysis of all of the above-mentioned redox species within the droplet. On the basis of these single-particle collision results, the collision frequency, size distribution, i–t decay behavior of the emulsion droplets, and possible mechanisms are analy...
Shape Transitions in Anisotropic Multicomponent Lipid Tubules

Abstract Ternary mixtures of saturated and unsaturated lipids together with cholesterol can be induced to phase separate by photo-peroxidation into lipid-ordered Lo and lipid-disordered Ld domains. Because these have different mechanical properties, the phase separation is accompanied by dramatic changes in morphology. This work considers a tubule composed of Ld phase with Lo phase inclusions that possess greater rigidity; this system has been shown experimentally by Yuan and coworkers to spontaneously adopt either banded or disc configurations following phase separation. The static behaviour of inter-domain interactions is analyzed in each of these geometries by solving the linearized shape equations. These calculations suggest a possible mechanism by which the two structures form.
The Lapides legacy: 42 years and cathing.

KLAUSNER AP. The Lapides legacy: 42 years and cathing. Can J Urol 2014;21(2):7194. that CIC failure was associated with factors including diabetes, use of antimuscarinic medications, the need for home care, and post void residual volumes of less than 300 mL.9 Although definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from this limited series, the article represents a clear step in the right direction and will hopefully fuel the development of multi-institutional randomized controlled trials to answer some of these important questions and improve outcomes for individuals on CIC. It is only in this way that we can continue to make progress in the management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction and other forms of urinary retention. It is only in this way that we can continue to improve upon the legacy of Lapides. We have reached the 42nd anniversary of the landmark paper by Jack Lapides1 which introduced the world to the concept of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). This sentinel work led to a paradigm shift in bladder management for individuals with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and other causes of urinary retention. It is arguable that the introduction of CIC is responsible for reductions in mortality due to renal deterioration in individuals with spinal cord injury and disorders. In addition, CIC has been shown to reduce deleterious effects of chronic indwelling catheters including urinary tract infections (UTIs),2 traumatic hypospadias, urinary tract fistulae, urinary calculi, and even bladder cancer.3 Yet, 42 years later, we are still plagued by a persistently high incidence of catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTI) in our institutions and our communities. Industry has tried to improve issues associated with CIC by developing various advances in catheter technologies including antibiotic-coated catheters, hydrophilic catheters, and closed system catheterization kits. However, the data on these advancements for the improvement in both CIC compliance and reduction in CAUTI has been limited.4-6 Likewise, various medical strategies for reduction in CAUTI including antibiotics, methenamine, cranberry compounds, and bacterial interference have not been widely accepted.7 We are also aware that many individuals who start off on CIC eventually fail and revert to the use of indwelling catheters due to lack of care-giver support, convenience, or other unknown reasons.8 Unfortunately, specific data about who best benefits from CIC and how to improve CIC compliance are sorely lacking. Thus, it is refreshing to read the article by Di Pierdomenico and Radomski in this issue of CJU entitled, “Success rates of patients with poor emptying on clean intermittent catheterization.” In this study, the authors examined their retrospective series of more than 300 patients on CIC and used multivariate regressions to show References
P11.05 Proportion of hiv and sexually transmitted infection (sti) cases among men who have sex with men (msm) attributable to serosorting

Introduction The contribution of serosorting to HIV/STI disease burden among MSM is unknown. Methods The study used data collected as part of routine care at an STD clinic 2002–2013 or a community-based HIV/STD testing centre 2004–2013 in Seattle, Washington. Data included men’s condom use for anal sex with HIV-positive, negative and unknown-status partners in the prior 12 months. We defined three mutually-exclusive behavioural categories: serosorting (condomless anal intercourse [CAI] only with HIV-concordant partners); non-concordant CAI (any CAI with HIV-discordant/unknown-status partners; [NCCAI]); and no CAI (consistent condom use or no AI). We estimated adjusted relative risks (aRR) between sexual behaviour and HIV/STI, and calculated the population attributable risk (PAR%) as the proportion of HIV/STI cases attributable to serosorting (assuming serosorters would have otherwise consistently used condoms) and the population prevented fraction (PF) as the proportion of hypothetical HIV/STI cases averted by serosorting (assuming serosorters would have otherwise had NCCAI). Results Behavioural data were complete for 49,912 visits; 91% (n = 45,220) were among self-reported HIV-negative MSM. Overall, serosorting was reported by 35% and 38% of HIV-negative and positive MSM, respectively. Compared to men reporting no CAI, HIV-negative serosorters had a significantly higher risk of HIV (aRR = 2.0), syphilis (aRR = 2.0), urethral gonorrhoea/chlamydia (GC/CT) (aRR = 1.5) and rectal GC/CT (aRR = 1.7). The proportion of HIV/STI cases attributable to serosorting (PAR%) were: HIV (15.3%); syphilis (16.9%); urethral GC/CT (11.9%); rectal GC/CT (19.3%). Serosorters had a significantly lower risk of HIV (aRR = 0.53) and syphilis (aRR = 0.76) compared to men reporting NCCAI; the proportion of HIV and syphilis cases averted by serosorting (PF) were 14.6% and 8.3%, respectively. Among HIV-positive MSM, syphilis risk was significantly higher for serosorters compared to consistent condom users (aRR = 1.4; PAR% = 12.1%). Conclusion These data suggest that serosorting is responsible for, but also prevents, 15% of HIV cases among MSM (PAR% = 15.3% and PF = 14.6%), depending on the behaviour it replaces. Disclosure of interest statement No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CIVILIAN AND MILITARY PHYSICAL THERAPISTS' KNOWLEDGE IN MANAGING MUSCULOSKELETAL CONDITIONS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY.

Background Military physical therapists have been shown to have the necessary knowledge in musculoskeletal medicine in order to practice as a direct access provider. However, research about musculoskeletal knowledge in the civilian physical therapist (non-military) population is lacking. Purpose The purpose of the current study was to compare the knowledge in managing musculoskeletal conditions between civilian and military physical therapists using a validated and standardized musculoskeletal competency examination. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the potential factors that may lead to increased musculoskeletal competency. Study design Cross-sectional, electronic survey. Methods This study involved a cross-sectional, electronic survey completed in August and September of 2014 in order to assess licensed physical therapists' knowledge in identifying and managing musculoskeletal conditions. Only physical therapists practicing in orthopedics were permitted to be involved in the study. Descriptive statistics of the participants, and logistic regressions analyzing variables correlated with passing the musculoskeletal exam were calculated using SPSS 22.0. Frequencies were produced for multiple variables. Binary logistic regressions were used to correlate the frequency variables with performing at competency level on the musculoskeletal exam. Results A total of 22,750 surveys were sent to physical therapists in Arizona, Ohio, Texas, Maine and Wyoming. Two thousand sixty-five surveys were returned for a response rate of 10.6%. Of the 2,065 surveys completed, 408 responses were included for analysis. The average score for the respondents on the exam was 65.08% and only 28.2% of all respondents met the competency cutoff score (previously established to be 73.1%). Respondents who were orthopedic certified specialists (OCS) or sports certified specialists (SCS) were 3.091 times more likely to perform at the competency level on the examination with a p-value of 95%. Conclusion The current study utilized the results from a previous study for a comparison between the civilian and military physical therapist populations. The results indicate that civilian physical therapists in the current study (65.08%) scored lower than their military counterparts in the previous study (75.9%) on the musculoskeletal exam. Potential reasons for this include less autonomous practice responsibilities and a disparity in educational experiences. Board certifications may enhance civilian physical therapists ability to practice with greater autonomy as primary care clinicians when managing musculoskeletal conditions. Level of evidence Level 4.
Complement Component C1q Programs a Pro-Efferocytic Phenotype while Limiting TNFα Production in Primary Mouse and Human Macrophages

Deficiency in complement component C1q is associated with an inability to clear apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and aberrant inflammation in lupus, and identification of the pathways involved in these processes should reveal important regulatory mechanisms in lupus and other autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. In this study, C1q-dependent regulation of TNFα/IL-6 expression and efferocytosis was investigated using primary mouse bone marrow derived macrophages, and human monocyte derived macrophages. C1q downregulated LPS-dependent TNFα production in mouse and human macrophages. While prolonged stimulation with C1q (18 hours) was required to elicit a dampening of TNFα production from mouse macrophages, the human macrophages responded to C1q with immediate downregulation of TNFα. IL-6 production was unchanged in mouse and upregulated by human macrophages following prolonged stimulation with C1q. Our previous studies indicated that C1q programmed enhanced efferocytosis in mouse macrophages by enhancing expression of Mer tyrosine kinase and its ligand Gas6, a receptor-ligand pair that also inhibits proinflammatory signaling. Here we demonstrated that C1q-dependent programming of human macrophage efferocytosis required protein synthesis, however neither Mer nor the related receptor Axl were upregulated in human cells. In addition, while the C1q-collagen-like tails are sufficient for promoting C1q-dependent phagocytosis of antibody coated targets, the C1q-tails failed to program enhanced efferocytosis or dampen TNFα production. These data further elucidate the mechanisms by which C1q regulates proinflammatory signaling and efferocytosis in macrophages, functions that are likely to influence the progression of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.
Assessment of Shoulder-Girdle Posture in Overhead Athletes

posture, are believed to be a predisposing factor to shoulder injury. It might be possible to prevent these injuries from occurring through appropriate assessment of the postural malalignments in overhead athletes. Qualitative and quantitative postural assessment of the shoulder girdle examines the relative positioning between the scapula and thorax, humerus and scapula, and the shoulder girdle to the entire body. Information gained during the postural assessment can be used to guide preventive and maintenance exercise programs, which might ultimately help reduce the risk of shoulder injury in overhead athletes. Assessment of shoulder-girdle posture should focus on the positioning of the head, thorax, scapula, and humerus relative to one another, as well as to the entire body. To accurately identify each bony segment, clinicians should identify specific bony landmarks using small circular stickers before performing the postural assessment. A series of photographs can then be taken with a digital camera to capture images of the individual with the stickers in place from the sagittal, anterior, and posterior views (Figure 1). The individual’s posture can then be assessed either qualitatively or quantitatively from the digital images at a later time. Using the digital camera enables clinicians to screen a large number of individuals in a short amount of time and then later perform the postural assessment. In addition, the digital image provides a reference image
Designing and Testing User-Centric Systems with both User Experience and Design Science Research Principles

The User Experience (UX) and Design Science Research (DSR) paradigms have much in common; they both contribute to Information Systems (IS) research by providing guidelines for designing successful Information Technology (IT) systems. We are working toward a research paradigm that combines the best elements of DSR and UX for designing user-centric IT systems with an outstanding user experience. To achieve this goal, we are jointly applying these two paradigms to develop an IT artifact (a sleep app). We will examine what we have learned from applying DSR and the UX principles and explore how these two paradigms individually and jointly can strengthen the design and development process for user-centric systems. Our initial results indicate that jointly using these two paradigms can strengthen the design and development process for user-centric systems and can be of great value to theory and practice.
Lepidium seydelii (Brassicaceae), a New Species from Namibia

Abstract. Lepidium seydelii (Brassicaceae), a new species from Namibia, is described and illustrated. It is easily distinguished from the closely related to L. divaricatum and all other southern African species of Lepidium by having pubescent, elliptic to elliptic-ovate fruit 1.3–1.6 × 1–1.2 mm and fruiting pedicels densely hirsutulous all around. A key distinguishing the four species of Lepidium native to Namibia is presented.
Delivering Advanced Technical Education Using Online, Immersive Classroom Technology

ABSTRACTVacuum and thin film technologies are critical to advanced manufacturing industries. With a grant from the National Science Foundation (DUE #14004080), Normandale Community College has developed courses that are delivered online and via telepresence to provide a formal education to vacuum technician students around the country. Telepresence technology supports real-time interactions, which are crucial for instructors to help students understand this complicated topic. Designing the courses with active learning and flipped classroom principles encourages students to be prepared and to use class time for resolving questions. An unanticipated project outcome is that it has proven easier to partner with industry than with other educational institutions.
Publication of comparative effectiveness research has not increased in high-impact medical journals, 2004-2013.

Abstract Objective To explore the impact of increasing interest and investment in patient-centered research, this study sought to describe patterns of comparative effectiveness research (CER) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in pharmacologic intervention studies published in widely read medical journals from 2004-2013. Design and Setting We identified 2335 articles published in five widely read medical journals from 2004-2013 with ≥1 intervention meeting the US Food and Drug Administration’s definitions for a drug, biologic, or vaccine. Six trained reviewers extracted characteristics from a 20% random sample of articles (468 studies). We calculated the proportion of studies with CER and PROs. Trends were summarized using locally-weighted means and 95% confidence intervals. Results Of the 468 sampled studies, 30% used CER designs and 33% assessed PROs. The proportion of studies using CER designs did not meaningfully increase over the study period. However, we observed an increase in the use of PROs. Conclusions Among pharmacological intervention studies published in widely read medical journals from 2004-2013, we identified no increase in CER. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials continue to be the dominant study design for assessing pharmacologic interventions. Increasing trends in PRO use may indicate greater acceptance of these outcomes as evidence for clinical benefit.
High pressure supercritical carbon dioxide adsorption in coal: Adsorption model and thermodynamic characteristics

Abstract This work uses a dual-site Langmuir adsorption model to describe supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) adsorption in coal up to 20 MPa and 253 K. The isosteric heat of adsorption for scCO2 in coal is calculated analytically by considering both the real gas behavior and the adsorbed phase, which are ignored in the classic Clausius-Clapeyron approximation. It was found that the proposed model can not only reasonably interpret observed test phenomena but also has the intrinsic ability to extrapolate adsorption isotherms under different temperatures beyond test data. The crossovers of the observed adsorption isotherms under different temperatures can be simply attributed to the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior of the bulk gas during the adsorption process. Both the temperature dependence and adsorption uptake dependence of isosteric heat of adsorption are revealed; the higher the temperature and the adsorption uptake, the lower the isosteric heat of adsorption. The ideal gas law overestimates the isosteric heat of adsorption for scCO2 in coal. The application of the dual-site Langmuir model allows for estimating the CO2 storage capacity of deep unmineable coal seams, modeling CO2 transport behavior via differentiating the true ratio between bulk phase and adsorbed phase, and investigating the true thermodynamic characteristics of CO2 in coal under high pressures.
Integrated sensing and actuation of dielectric elastomer actuator

Dielectric elastomer (DE) is a type of soft actuating material, the shape of which can be changed under electrical voltage stimuli. DE materials have great potential in applications involving energy harvesters, micro-manipulators, and adaptive optics. In this paper, a stripe DE actuator with integrated sensing and actuation is designed and fabricated, and characterized through several experiments. Considering the actuator’s capacitor-like structure and its deform mechanism, detecting the actuator’s displacement through the actuator’s circuit feature is a potential approach. A self-sensing scheme that adds a high frequency probing signal into actuation signal is developed. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is used to extract the magnitude change of the probing signal, and a non-linear fitting method and artificial neural network (ANN) approach are utilized to reflect the relationship between the probing signal and the actuator’s displacement. Experimental results showed this structure has capability of performing self-sensing and actuation, simultaneously. With an enhanced ANN, the self-sensing scheme can achieve 2.5% accuracy.
Spuriously Elevated 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Lithium Heparin Plasma Samples Transported by Courier.

To the Editor: Modern immunoassays are notoriously prone to interferences from a variety of sources, including lipids, antibodies, fibrin strands, and other particulates (1). As more laboratories adopt plasma as their specimen of choice, interference from particulate matter becomes of greater significance. A variety of interferences have been associated with cell debris, microclots, and other particulate matter found in lithium heparin plasma separator tubes (2, 3). The presence of particulates is associated with improper use of plasma separator tubes, for example, not following manufacturer's recommended centrifugation protocol or remixing specimens after centrifugation (4). Our …
Design of a digital IP for 3D-IC die-to-die clock synchronization

In this paper the design of a novel IP for 3D IC die-to-die clock synchronization is presented. The proposed design offers notable benefits over the conventional dual DLL based architectures for 3D IC clock synchronization. Simulation results of the IP are presented with GLOBALFOUNDRIES 14nm finFET library, and Through-Silicon Via (TSV) technology.
Actinic EUV scatterometry for parametric mask quantification

There are many applications where fast, accurate light scattering from EUV photomasks must be computed, including inverse mask design, actinic die-to-database inspection, and actinic scatterometry. However, so-called mask 3D effects make this calculation much more challenging than traditional optical lithography. These 3D effects arise from the optically thicker absorber, the lack of illumination symmetry about normal incidence, the multilayer mirror reflection function, and multiple scattering off the absorber. In this paper, we explore using actinic scatterometry at the CXRO EUV reflectometer to characterize both the multilayer and absorber of an EUV photomask; we then introduce the Multilayer Multiple Scattering (MLMS) mathematical model that conveniently separates the effects of the multilayer and the absorber and explore the implications of this model on the origins of mask 3D effects.
CHAPTER II – Consistency

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of limits, almost sure convergence, convergence in probability, and convergence in rth mean. It also describes the limit of a continuous function of a sequence. The convergence notions of limits, almost sure limits, and probability limits are those most frequently encountered in econometrics, and most of the results in the literature are stated in these terms. The concept that is often encountered in the context of time series data is that of convergence in the rth mean. The chapter also describes the concept of Jensen's inequality and generalized Chebyshev inequality.
Domains of Creativity

Theories of domain specificity argue that the skills and traits that lead to creative performance in different domains (e.g., linguistic, artistic, musical, and mathematical) are distinct and unrelated to the skills and traits that underlie creative performance in other domains (as opposed to domain general theories, which assume that there are common skills and traits that lead to creativity in all domains). A growing body of evidence suggests that creativity is domain specific. This article explains what is meant by domain specificity, summarizes evidence supporting the theory, and discusses the implications of domain specificity for creativity theory, testing, and training.
Heavenly hermaphrodites: sexual difference at the beginning and end of time

This article examines how ancient and medieval Christians invoked ideas about ‘hermaphrodites’ to work out fundamental questions about who we are as humans. What was the original or ideal state of humanity? Was the division of sex into male and female an inherent part of human nature? Certain Christian theologians, beginning in antiquity, claimed that Adam – the first human, according to the biblical book of Genesis – was an ‘androgyne’ or ‘hermaphrodite,’ that is, a combination of male and female sex. Similarly, some medieval theologians speculated that all post-resurrection bodies were androgynous. In conversations about both the creation and the resurrection, questions about sexual difference thus surfaced repeatedly, revealing key assumptions about the sexed body and its place in the narrative of Christian history. This article suggests that such debates were key to ancient and medieval efforts to determine which sexes were legitimate sexes, and therefore which lives were redeemably human.
400 Years Old and Still Cutting Edge: Applying Ignatian Pedagogy to an Online Library Orientation

AbstractThe Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm is centuries old, but its focus on student-centered learning is cutting edge. When the Gonzaga University library was asked to collaborate with an online g...
Reconciling Structural and Spectroscopic Fingerprints of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II: A Computational Study of the S 2 State

The catalytic cycle of photosynthetic water oxidation occurs at the Mn4CaO5 oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II. Extensive spectroscopic data have been collected on the intermediates, especially the S2 (Kok) state, although the proton and electron inventories (Mn oxidation states) are still uncertain. The “high oxidation” paradigm assigns S2 Mn oxidation level (III, IV, IV, IV) or (IV, IV, IV, III), whereas a “low oxidation” paradigm posits two additional electrons. Here, we investigate the geometric (X-ray diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure) and spectroscopic (electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR)) properties of the S2 state using quantum chemical density functional theory calculations, focusing on the neglected low paradigm. Two interconvertible electronic spin configurations are predicted as ground states, producing multiline (S = 1/2) and broad (S = 5/2) EPR signals in the low paradigm oxidation state (III, IV, III, III) and wit...
Large-Scale Analyses of Site-Specific Evolutionary Rates across Eukaryote Proteomes Reveal Confounding Interactions between Intrinsic Disorder, Secondary Structure, and Functional Domains

Various structural and functional constraints govern the evolution of protein sequences. As a result, the relative rates of amino acid replacement among sites within a protein can vary significantly. Previous large-scale work on Metazoan (Animal) protein sequence alignments indicated that amino acid replacement rates are partially driven by a complex interaction among three factors: intrinsic disorder propensity; secondary structure; and functional domain involvement. Here, we use sequence-based predictors to evaluate the effects of these factors on site-specific sequence evolutionary rates within four eukaryotic lineages: Metazoans; Plants; Saccharomycete Fungi; and Alveolate Protists. Our results show broad, consistent trends across all four Eukaryote groups. In all four lineages, there is a significant increase in amino acid replacement rates when comparing: (i) disordered vs. ordered sites; (ii) random coil sites vs. sites in secondary structures; and (iii) inter-domain linker sites vs. sites in functional domains. Additionally, within Metazoans, Plants, and Saccharomycetes, there is a strong confounding interaction between intrinsic disorder and secondary structure—alignment sites exhibiting both high disorder propensity and involvement in secondary structures have very low average rates of sequence evolution. Analysis of gene ontology (GO) terms revealed that in all four lineages, a high fraction of sequences containing these conserved, disordered-structured sites are involved in nucleic acid binding. We also observe notable differences in the statistical trends of Alveolates, where intrinsically disordered sites are more variable than in other Eukaryotes and the statistical interactions between disorder and other factors are less pronounced.
Who Needs What? Perceptions of Patients and Caregivers in Oncology Phase 1 Trials.

Background:The study design and nature of oncology phase 1 clinical trials create a uniquely vulnerable patient population yet little research has been conducted to identify the added burden these ...
Drug Kingpins and Blacklisting: Compliance Issues with U.S. Economic Sanctions, (Part 2)

The proliferation of different sanctions programs and their accompanying blacklists over the last decade poses a number of issues for those seeking to comply with the Government's controls in good faith. To explore these issues Congress created the Judicial Review Commission on Foreign Asset Control when it passed the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, and directed that the Commission conduct a "review of the current judicial, regulatory, and administrative authorities" relating to the sanctions and "evaluate the remedies available to United States persons" affected by the sanctions. In order to carry out its duties, it's essential that the Commission consider the Kingpin Act sanctions against the backdrop of the Office of Foreign Assets Control's other sanctions programs. While individual sanctions programs are typically created by Government policy makers with a narrow focus on a specific objective, the compliance programs that private parties must craft must integrate all the various programs into a coherent whole in order to manage their business dealings. Accordingly, the full impact of the requirements of any one set of controls, such as the Kingpin Act sanctions, can only be fully appreciated when compared to OFAC's other programs. The aim of this paper is to survey these "compliance" issues. It is an effort to highlight, without delving into the political policies motivating any particular sanctions program, the practical difficulties facing private parties in meeting the requirements of OFAC's disparate programs, including the Kingpin Act sanctions. This is Part 2 of a three part series.
An Ultra-Stable Mid-Infrared Sensor for the Detection of Bio-Signatures by Means of Transit Spectroscopy

The discovery of the Trappist-1 system, which consists of an ultra cool M-dwarf star orbited by 7 planets, 3 of which are located in the habitable zone, has demonstrated that these types of planetary systems around dwarf stars are very common. Such systems are well suited for the study of exoplanets. In particular the search for bio-signatures in the atmosphere of planets in the habitable zone around M-stars will be a high-priority science goal of future space missions. The mid-infrared (mid-IR) band between 3 and 15 microns is probably the best available band for this science, because the spectral lines of methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide can be found in this spectral range. he coexistence of these constituents in a planets atmosphere would be a very strong indicator for life on the planet. Mid-IR transit spectrometers on future space missions such as Origins Space Telescope (OST) will be the instrument of choice to detect these bio-signatures in exoplanets around M-dwarfs. Current mid-IR detectors are based on impurity band conduction (IBC) devices such as Si: As detectors. Charge trapping in these device leads to a time and exposure dependent response. As a result, this detector class is not expected to provide the required 5 ppm stability needed for a reliable detection of the aforementioned spectral lines. While efforts are under way to improve IBC detectors, it is un-clear how far the performance can be improved. Here we describe the development of an ultra-stable Mid-IR Array Spectrometer demonstration for Exoplanet Transits (MI-RASET), which includes a calibration system that, as we show, is needed to achieve the required sensitivity for the detection of atmospheric bio-signatures in habitable-zone planets around M-dwarfs. The spectrometer will be demonstrated with arrays of Transition Edge Sensor detectors (TES). These devices are known to have a very linear response and are intrinsically very stable. Furthermore, the required detector parameters (sensitivity, dynamic range) for space based mid-IR transit spectroscopy can be easily met with existing devices. No new detector developments are required, only the absorbers need to be optimized for the wavelength range of the instrument. This project will include the development of a high-accuracy calibration system with a stable reference source which itself will be monitored in the visible (0.5μm) by a photo diode. At this wavelength the precision of the load temperature measurement exceeds that of an in-band calibration. This scheme will allow for real time monitoring of the detector gain and offset, which we anticipate will result in a background limited performance with the required stability of better than 5 ppm for the detection of bio-signatures in a designated spectrometer flying e.g. on the OST space telescope, and as such will help to answer one of NASA's prime questions: “Are we alone?”
Fertility and Social Networks

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by H.P. Kohler, C. Buhler, volume 21, pp. 14380–14384, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Civilian public sector employment as a long-run outcome of military conscription.

Since at least T. H. Marshall, scholars have recognized military service as a form of sacrifice that warrants compensation from the state. War-widow pensions, expansion of the franchise, and subsidized higher education are all examples of rights and benefits “bestowed” in return for wartime mobilization. Similarly, in the United States, governments have hired veterans preferentially for civilian public jobs as recompense for active military service. Although oft overlooked, those policies seem influential: the percentage of job holders identifying as veterans in the civilian US executive branch exceeds the proportion in the wider population by several multiples. This century-old pattern suggests another way that wartime mobilization has influenced the state. Yet, efforts to understand it have struggled to rule out the possibility that those who serve in the armed forces are predisposed to work for the state in both military and civilian capacities. Here, we rule out this possibility by examining whether birthdates randomly called for induction in the Vietnam-Era Selective Service Lotteries (VSSL) appear disproportionately in the population of nonsensitive personnel records of the civilian US executive branch. We find that birthdates called for induction appear with unusually high frequency among employees who were draft eligible and at risk for induction but not among other employees. This finding suggests a treatment effect from military service, thus dovetailing with the hypothesis that wartime mobilization has substantially and continually influenced who works in the contemporary administrative state.
Characterization of One Pot methamphetamine laboratories using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS

Abstract Following the first discovery in 2007, One Pot methamphetamine laboratories have quickly grown to become the number one method of production across the United States. While One Pot laboratories accounted for over 85% of all clandestine methamphetamine laboratories in the United States from 2012 to 2016, the byproducts formed during these syntheses have remained uncharacterized. This research sought to help assess the public health impacts of these clandestine laboratories and assist in criminal investigations by characterizing One Pot methamphetamine laboratories and identifying byproducts produced during illicit manufacturing. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, byproducts were identified in the solid and liquid waste materials, as well as the product salts of One Pot reactions. Once identified, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantitate the concentration of these byproducts in all aspects of a completed One Pot methamphetamine reaction. Results demonstrated that designated byproducts could be found in solid waste, liquid waste, and product salts of a One Pot methamphetamine reaction. Two commonly used solvents in One Pot methamphetamine laboratories, diethyl ether and camp fuel, were compared, and results determined that the quantity of byproducts produced during One Pot methamphetamine syntheses were affected by which solvent was used during the reaction. This was the first thorough characterization of the One Pot methamphetamine reaction, and the identification of byproducts in the reaction waste and product salts provides analytical targets to monitor and detect clandestine laboratories.
Design and evaluation of a portable negative pressure hood with HEPA filtration to protect health care workers treating patients with transmissible respiratory infections.

Abstract Background To mitigate potential exposure of healthcare workers (HCWs) to SARS-CoV-2 via aerosol routes, we have developed a portable hood which not only creates a barrier between HCW and patient, but also utilizes negative pressure with filtration of aerosols by a high-efficiency particulate air filter. Material and Methods The hood has iris-port openings for access to the patient, and an opening large enough for a patient's head and upper torso. The top of the hood is a high-efficiency particulate air filter connected to a blower to apply negative pressure. We determined the aerosol penetration from outside to inside in laboratory experiments. Results The penetration of particles from within the hood to the breathing zones of HCWs outside the hood was near 10-4 (0.01%) in the 200-400 nm size range, and near 10−3 (0.1%) for smaller particles. Penetration values for particles in the 500 nm-5 μm range were below 10−2 (1%). Fluorometric analysis of deposited fluorescein particles on the personal protective equipment of an HCW revealed that negative pressure reduces particle deposition both outside and inside the hood. Conclusions We find that negative pressure hoods can be effective controls to mitigate aerosol exposure to HCWs, while simultaneously allowing access to patients.
WNT/β-catenin signaling in tissue self-organization

Across metazoans, animal body structures and tissues exist in robust patterns that arise seemingly out of stochasticity of a few early cells in the embryo. These patterns ensure proper tissue form and function during early embryogenesis, development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Fundamental questions are how these patterns are generated and maintained during tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Though fascinating scientists for generations, these ideas remain poorly understood. Today, it is apparent that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a central role in tissue patterning. Wnt proteins are small diffusible morphogens which are essential for cell type specification and patterning of tissues. In this review, we highlight several mechanisms described where the spatial properties of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are controlled, allowing them to work in combination with other diffusible molecules to control tissue patterning. We discuss examples of this self-patterning behavior during development and adult tissues' maintenance. The combination of new physiological culture systems, mathematical approaches, and synthetic biology will continue to fuel discoveries about how tissues are patterned. These insights are critical for understanding the intricate interplay of core patterning signals and how they become disrupted in disease.
Disorders of RBC Metabolism

As mature red blood cells contain no organelles, they are dependent on the metabolism of glucose for energy. Glucose is metabolized by the hexose monophosphate shunt and glycolytic pathway producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), respectively. Reduction in enzyme activity in these pathways results in hemolysis. The two most common disorders of RBC metabolism are glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency. G6PD deficiency predominantly results in acute episodic hemolysis in response to exposure to oxidative stress. PK deficiency results in chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. Treatment of both disorders is supportive with a focus of avoiding offending agents in G6PD deficiency.