cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitryl chloride (ClNO2): UV/vis absorption spectrum between 210 and 296 K and O(3P) quantum yield at 193 and 248 nm.

Recent studies have shown that the UV/vis photolysis of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) can be a major source of reactive chlorine in the troposphere. The present work reports measurements of the ClNO2 absorption spectrum and its temperature dependence between 210 and 296 K over the wavelength range 200–475 nm using diode array spectroscopy. The room temperature spectrum obtained in this work was found to be in good agreement with the results from Ganske et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97, 7651) over the wavelength range common to both studies (200–370 nm) but differs systematically from the currently recommended spectrum for use in atmospheric models. The present results lead to a decrease in the calculated atmospheric ClNO2 photolysis rate by ∼30%. Including the temperature dependence of the ClNO2 spectrum decreases the calculated atmospheric photolysis rate at lower temperatures (higher altitudes) even further. A parametrization of the wavelength and temperature dependence of the ClNO2 spectrum is presented. O(...
Curative Observation of Using Pudilan Anti-inflammatory Oral Liquid as Adjunctive Therapy to Treat Herpetic Angina

Objective: To observing the curative effect of using Pudilan Anti-inflammatory Oral Liquid as adjunctive therapy to treat herpetic angina of children. Mehtods: 182 cases of kids were divided into treatment group and controlled group,both of whom were administered ribavirin particles orally and symptomatic treatment. Meanwhile,the treatment group were treated with Pudilan Anti-inflammatory Oral Liquid. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed. Results: It took less time that the temperature returned to normal,slobber and herpes disappeared in the treatment group than those of the controlled group. The efficiency rate was 62. 0% a nd total effective rate was99. 0% in the treatment groups,while the efficiency rate was 41. 5% and total effective rate was 90. 2% in the controlled group. There were significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: Pudilan Anti-inflammatory Oral Liquid can shorten the treatment time of herpetic angina and improve efficiency.
Treatment of acute and chronic instability of the distal radio-ulnar joint

This article discusses the joint mechanics and the anatomy of the forearm with respect to understanding instability of the distal radio-ulnar joint. Acute and chronic instability are reviewed, and treatments are discussed.
Wounds of the Esophagus and Trachea

Wounds of the esophagus and trachea are uncommon, but closed wounds can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Esophageal wounds are the more serious and can be life-threatening; however, appropriate surgical and medical treatment applied without delay can be successful in some cases, especially in full-thickness longitudinal wounds. Tracheal wounds are usually less severe, but the high risk of iatrogenic injuries to the trachea should be recognized. Also, tracheal injuries can limit the athletic potential of a horse.
Organohalogen and organophosphorus pesticides in mixed feed rations: findings from FDA's domestic surveillance during fiscal years 1989-1994.

During Fiscal Years 1989-1994, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) collected and analyzed 545 domestic surveillance samples of mixed feed rations (172 for cattle, 125 for poultry, 83 for swine, 61 for pets, 56 for fish, and 48 miscellaneous). All samples were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography for organohalogen and organophosphorus pesticides. Of the 545 samples, 88 (16.1%) did not contain detectable pesticide residues. In the 457 samples with detectable pesticide levels, 804 residues (654 quantitable and 150 trace) were found. None of these 804 residues exceeded regulatory guidance. Malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and pirimiphos-methyl were the most commonly detected pesticides. These 5 organophosphorus pesticides accounted for 93.4% of all pesticide residues detected (malathion, 52.9% ; chlorpyrifos-methyl, 25.2% ; diazinon, 7.7% ; chlorpyrifos, 4.9% ; and pirimiphos-methyl, 2.7%). Their median values in samples containing quantitable levels ranged from 0.014 to 0.098 ppm. The most commonly detected organohalogen compounds were methoxychlor, DDE, PCB, dieldrin, pentachloronitrobenzene, and lindane. These 6 compounds combined accounted for only 4.1% of all residues detected. FDA is continuing its pesticide surveillance of feeds to help ensure animal safety and prevent violative residues in food derived from animals.
Patient abusing alcohol or drugs? Help starts with a single question Although binge drinking and drug use are rarely discussed during office visits, they're common, costly, and potentially fatal. Help patients stop with these easy-to-use screening tools and effective intervention strategies.

Although binge drinking and drug use are rarely discussed during office visits, they're common, costly, and potentially fatal. Help patients stop with these easy-to-use screening tools and effective intervention strategies.
Introduction: The Succession in History and Theory

According to a story current in the seventeenth century, Henry IV was never certain of his title to the crown, ‘With what right I got it,’ he was supposed to have said, ‘God only knows.’1 The antiquary Sir Roger Twysden, repeating the story in the middle of the century and at a remove of over three hundred years from the actual event, claimed no better understanding. Of the first Lancastrian’s right to the throne, Twysden confessed, ‘ I will say nothing, but that his sonne and grandchild were reputed kings.’2 The story, if apocryphal, was none the less instructive. To the Stuart political nation it underscored the dangerous failure of consensus on a question of fundamental importance: by what right did the monarch, any monarch, occupy the throne?
From social constructivist epistemology to context realism

ABSTRACTNumerous important concepts we use in policy studies lack material being, including collective will, altruism, passion, experience, and social structure. Lack of materiality has not prevented social constructivists, especially feminists and phenomenologists, from making significant intellectual contributions using such concepts. But in this article I envisage that, after the linguistic turn, we could do better by now turning to context realism as informed by quantum theory. Having appreciated Ludwig Wittgenstein’s linguistic, social-constructivist epistemology that brings attention to conventions and context, I turn to Alexander Wendt’s attempt to make quantum theory relevant to the social sciences. I speculate that the quantum wave function accommodates subjective and collective consciousness as part of physical reality, and thus affords reality status to many concepts and dynamics that lack materiality but are nonetheless important in scholarly research.
Can we rely on Formal Methods

We can all agree that safety-critical systems already contain software and hardware components of immense complexity. The reliability of these discrete systems is obviously a matter of concern to those involved in building or using such systems. We can also agree that there is a major gap between the reliability levels that are required of these systems and those that are obtainable using traditional hardware and software design methods. The basic question then is: Can formal methods play a useful role infilling this reliability gap? I will argue that formal methods technology has matured to a point where it ought to be a major component of any process for building reliable systems. Like any other technology, it will have to be used judiciously and in conjunction with other effective design tools and techniques. I will also argue that if it makes sense to apply formal methods, then it also makes sense to employ mechanized tools to support the formal process. I will then discuss some of the prospects and challenges for formal methods. My opinions are mostly based on my personal experience with building and using mechanized tools and methodologies for specification and verification.
Laboratory tests to evaluate effectiveness of wicking geotextile in soil moisture reduction

Abstract A new type of woven geotextile, referred to as wicking geotextile, was developed and introduced to the market. Since this wicking geotextile consists of wicking fibers, they can wick water out from unsaturated soils in a pavement structure thus resulting in an increase of soil resilient modulus and enhance performance of roadways. In this study, a physical model test was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the wicking geotextile in soil moisture reduction for roadway applications. A test box with a dimension of 1041 mm in length, 686 mm in width, and 584 mm in height was used in this study. Two HDPE plastic panels were used to separate the box into two sections, one containing a dehumidifier and the other backfilled with soil. The dehumidifier was adopted to collect the water, which was wicked out from the soil by the wicking geotextile and evaporated into air. Test results show that (1) the wicking geotextile wicked water out from the soil even at the moisture content close to the optimum moisture content and (2) the comparison of soil moisture contents before and after rainfall demonstrated that the wicking geotextile maintained the soil moisture contents after rainfall close to those before rainfall and had an effective distance for the soil moisture reduction.
Identification of Atypical Bile Acids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Computer Techniques

One of the major projects in our laboratory is the study of bile acids. In the field of gasteroenterology and pediatrics, there is an increasing interest in the identification of this category of compounds. The importance of abnormal bile acid composition in biological fluids and tissue as a portent of liver disease is not yet well understood. The appearance of certain atypical bile acids may indicate specific metabolic defects in the pathways leading to bile acid formation, whereas abnormal compositions of normal bile acids may be related to circulation or absorption problems.
Impaired right ventricular contractile function in childhood obesity and its association with right and left ventricular changes: a cine DENSE cardiac magnetic resonance study

Pediatric obesity is a growing public health problem, which is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. Left ventricular (LV) remodeling (increased myocardial mass and thickness) and contractile dysfunction (impaired longitudinal strain) have been documented in obese children, but little attention has been paid to the right ventricle (RV). We hypothesized that obese/overweight children would have evidence of RV remodeling and contractile dysfunction. One hundred and three children, ages 8–18 years, were prospectively recruited and underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), including both standard cine imaging and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) imaging, which allowed for quantification of RV geometry and function/mechanics. RV free wall longitudinal strain was quantified from the end-systolic four-chamber DENSE image. Linear regression was used to quantify correlations of RV strain with LV strain and measurements of body composition (adjusted for sex and height). Analysis of variance was used to study the relationship between RV strain and LV remodeling types (concentric remodeling, eccentric/concentric hypertrophy). The RV was sufficiently visualized with DENSE in 70 (68%) subjects, comprising 36 healthy weight (13.6 ± 2.7 years) and 34 (12.1 ± 2.9 years) obese/overweight children. Obese/overweight children had a 22% larger RV mass index (8.2 ± 0.9 vs 6.7 ± 1.1 g/m2.7, p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. RV free wall longitudinal strain was impaired in obese/overweight children (−16 ± 4% vs −19 ± 5%, p = 0.02). Ten (14%) out of 70 children had LV concentric hypertrophy, and these children had the most impaired RV longitudinal strain compared to those with normal LV geometry (−13 ± 4% vs −19 ± 5%, p = 0.002). RV longitudinal strain was correlated with LV longitudinal strain (r = 0.34, p = 0.004), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.33, p = 0.006), as well as BMI z-score (r = 0.28, p = 0.02), waist (r = 0.31, p = 0.01), hip (r = 0.40, p = 0.004) and abdominal (r = 0.38, p = 0.002) circumference, height and sex adjusted. Obese/overweight children have evidence of RV remodeling (increased RV mass) and RV contractile dysfunction (impaired free wall longitudinal strain). Moreover, RV longitudinal strain correlates with LV longitudinal strain, and children with LV concentric hypertrophy show the most impaired RV function. These results suggest there may be a common mechanism underlying both remodeling and dysfunction of the left and right ventricles in obese/overweight children.
Modeling and Simulation of Nanoindentation

Nanoindentation is a hardness test method applied to small volumes of material which can provide some unique effects and spark many related research activities. To fully understand the phenomena observed during nanoindentation tests, modeling and simulation methods have been developed to predict the mechanical response of materials during nanoindentation. However, challenges remain with those computational approaches, because of their length scale, predictive capability, and accuracy. This article reviews recent progress and challenges for modeling and simulation of nanoindentation, including an overview of molecular dynamics, the quasicontinuum method, discrete dislocation dynamics, and the crystal plasticity finite element method, and discusses how to integrate multiscale modeling approaches seamlessly with experimental studies to understand the length-scale effects and microstructure evolution during nanoindentation tests, creating a unique opportunity to establish new calibration procedures for the nanoindentation technique.
The Emerging Military Balance in East Asia: How China's Neighbors Can Check Chinese Naval Expansion

Many analysts argue that China will soon dominate East Asia militarily. In reality, China is far from achieving this goal and will remain so for the foreseeable future. China's maritime neighbors h...
3D Printed Electronics With High Performance, Multi-Layered Electrical Interconnect

2-D printed electronics have been the focus of intense research for the past two decades primarily focused on implementing electrical interconnect by dispensing conductive binder-based inks. More recently, traditional printed electronics processes have been leveraged within 3-D printed structures where components and interconnect are introduced during fabrication interruptions. The dielectric performance of 3-D printed materials compares well with traditional printed circuit board (PCB) dielectrics but one remaining challenge is the low conductivity of printed ink traces. The performance degradation is due to curing temperature limits imposed by the properties of the polymer substrates. Thermoplastics, such as ULTEM, can maintain form at over 200 °C, but production ink curing processes require 850 °C to provide an appropriate conductivity. Previous reports have described submerging wires with selective energy within a thermoplastic substrate upon which 3-D printing can continue uninhibited. As copper wires have the same conductivity as PCBs and can be implemented in a wide range of cross-sectional areas, 3-D printed electronics are now in a position to transform the electronics industry. This paper describes an inter-layer process to insert metal connection between layers—allowing for improved routing density and leveraging the geometries brought to bear by 3-D printing. Minimum placement distance between these 3-D printed vias was initially 1.5 mm, and the vias can connect layers separated by as much as 2.8 mm in the vertical build direction (z-axis). As the number of wires layers that can be fabricated is not as limited as traditional board lamination, complex routing can be realized within mass customized, arbitrary shapes.
Algunas consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas para abordar la poesía chilena del siglo XVIII

El objetivo del trabajo es delinear algunas orientaciones teoricas y metodologicas para estudiar la poesia chilena del siglo XVIII. Lo que propone es considerar esta poesia en terminos de “practicas poeticas”, de modo de dar cabida a las manifestaciones textuales de los diferentes sectores socio-economicos del Reino de Chile, y tambien como una forma de insistir en las conexiones de estos mismos textos con sus circunstancias de produccion. La posibilidad que se abre con esto es la de incrementar considerablemente el corpus literario de la epoca.
Influenza Vaccines for Avian Species

Beginning in Southeast Asia in 2003, a multinational epizootic outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was identified in commercial poultry and wild bird species. This lineage, originally identified in Southern China in 1996 and then Hong Kong in 1997, caused severe morbidity and mortality in many bird species, was responsible for considerable economic losses via trade restrictions, and crossed species barriers (including its recovery from human cases). To date, these H5N1 HPAI viruses have been isolated in European, Middle Eastern, and African countries, and are considered endemic in many areas where regulatory control and different production sectors face substantial hurdles in controlling the spread of this disease. While control of avian influenza (AI) virus infections in wild bird populations may not be feasible at this point, control and eradiation of AI from commercial, semicommercial, zoo, pet, and village/backyard birds will be critical to preventing events that could lead to the emergence of epizootic influenza virus. Efficacious vaccines can help reduce disease, viral shedding, and transmission to susceptible cohorts. However, only when vaccines are used in a comprehensive program including biosecurity, education, culling, diagnostics and surveillance can control and eradication be considered achievable goals. In humans, protection against influenza is provided by vaccines that are chosen based on molecular, epidemiologic, and antigenic data. In poultry and other birds, AI vaccines are produced against a specific hemagglutinin subtype of AI, and use is decided by government and state agricultural authorities based on risk and economic considerations, including the potential for trade restrictions. In the current H5N1 HPAI epizootic, vaccines have been used in a variety of avian species as a part of an overall control program to aid in disease management and control.
Reader's Response : Responsibilities of Teaching

A response to “Transformative Education in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: An Analysis of SoTL Literature” by Lorraine Gilpin & Delores Liston, International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning, Volume 3, Number 2 ( July 2009).
Effects of Rubella Virus Infection on Islet Function

Viruses have been linked to the subsequent development of diabetes mellitus for at least 90 years (HARRIS 1899). The evidence to support environmental factors comes from a variety of studies including case reports in the literature, especially in regard to the congenital rubella syndrome (GINSBERG-FELLNER et al. 1985). The association of diabetes mellitus with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) provides the most compelling data that viruses may be directly accountable for the later onset of diabetes (RAYFIELD and ISHIMURA 1987). This chapter will first review data from human studies and then present evidence from animal models to support an association of CRS with diabetes mellitus. This is a logical sequence since it was the observations from the human studies which prompted the development of the animal models.
Implied Interest Rates in a Market with Frictions

There are many proxies for the short-term interest rate that are used in asset pricing. Yet, they behave differently, especially in periods of economic stress. Derivatives markets offer a unique laboratory to extract a short-term borrowing and lending rate available to all investors that is relatively free from liquidity and credit effects. Interestingly, implied interest rates do not resemble benchmark interest rates such as the three-month T-bill rate or LIBOR, but instead are much more volatile. I argue that the volatility in the implied short-term rate in futures and option markets is due to frictions arising from borrowing and short-selling costs. I derive an equilibrium model of the futures market where demand imbalances from traders affect the implied interest rate. In the model, the implied interest rate depends on the "true" risk-free rate and a latent demand factor. I estimate the model based on S&P 500 index futures using the Kalman filter. The risk-free rate that results from this estimation has time-series properties similar to Treasury and LIBOR rates, and anticipates interest rate changes. The spread between the risk-free and the T-bill rate correlates with liquidity proxies of the Treasury market, while the spread between LIBOR and the risk-free rate is related to economic distress. The latent demand factor is closely related to proxies for demand pressure in the futures market, such as large speculator positions as well as investor sentiment. The demand factor is positive (negative) when buying (selling) pressure is high and is difficult to borrow (to short-sell the underlying). I also find that demand imbalances are correlated across different indexes, for both futures and options.
Wittgenstein’s “Phenomenological Reduction”

In recent years there has been a proliferation of studies and articles comparing the methods of linguistic analysis and phenomenology. Herbert Spiegelberg’s “‘Linguistic Phenomenology’ John L. Austin and Alexander Pfander,”1 was among the early contributions to this literature. But until recently most such comparative studies have dealt with structural similarities and differences apart from historical connections. Paul Ricoeur’s recent demonstration of the parallel internal developments of theory in Wittgenstein and Husserl from an early “abstract” to a latter “concrete” emphasis is a good example of possible parallel evolution.
Testing for drug-human serum albumin binding using fluorescent probes and other methods

Introduction: Drug plasma protein binding remains highly relevant to research and drug development, making the assessment and profiling of compound affinity to plasma proteins essential to drug dis...
Identifying Collisions of Various Molecularities in Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We present a method based on kinetic molecular theory that identifies reactions of various molecularities in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bulk gases. The method allows characterization of the thermodynamic conditions at which higher than bimolecular reactions are a factor in the mechanisms of complex gas-phase chemistry. Starting with Bodenstein's definition of termolecular collisions we derive analytical expressions for the frequency of higher molecularity collisions. We have developed a relationship for the ratio of the frequencies of termolecular to bimolecular collisions in terms of the temperature, density, and collision times. To demonstrate the method, we used ReaxFF in LAMMPS to carry out MD simulations for NVT ensembles of mixtures of H2-O2 over the density range 120.2-332.7 kg m-3 and temperature range 3000-5000 K. The simulations yield ReaxFF-based predictions of the relative importance of termolecular collisions O2···H2···O2 and bimolecular collisions O2···H2 in the early chemistry of hydrogen combustion.
Computational modeling of through-thickness flow and pressure drop characteristics in woven matrix porous media

A hybrid finite element/volume model that captures the flow and pressure drop characteristics in highly porous woven matrix media is developed. It is demonstrated that the characteristics of flow t...
Evaluation of Software and Hardware Settings for Audio-Based Analysis of Construction Operations

Various activities of construction equipment are associated with distinctive sound patterns (e.g., excavating soil, breaking rocks, etc.). Considering this fact, it is possible to extract useful information about construction operations by recording the audio at a jobsite and then processing this data to determine what activities are being performed. Audio-based analysis of construction operations mainly depends on specific hardware and software settings to achieve satisfactory performance. This paper explores the impacts of these settings on the ultimate performance on the task of interest. To achieve this goal, an audio-based system has been developed to recognize the routine sounds of construction machinery. The next step evaluates three types of microphones (off-the-shelf, contact, and a multichannel microphone array) and two installation settings (microphones placed in machines’ cabin and installed on the jobsite in relatively proximity to the machines). Two different jobsite conditions have been considered: (1) jobsites with single machines and (2) jobsites with multiple machines operating simultaneously. In terms of software settings, two different SVM classifiers (RBF and linear kernels) and two common frequency feature extraction techniques (STFT and CWT) were selected. Experimental data from several jobsites was gathered and the results depict an accuracy over 85% for the proposed audio-based recognition system. To better illustrate the practical value of the proposed system, a case study for calculating productivity rates of a sample piece of equipment is presented at the end.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism Val158Met is associated with distal neuropathic pain in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy.

Background:Many of those aging with HIV suffer from distal neuropathic pain (DNP) due to HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN). Prior studies have linked chronic pain conditions to a variant of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Val158Met. This variant confers reduced enzymatic activity a
Continuous micellar electrokinetic focusing of neutral species driven by ion concentration polarization

Ion concentration polarization (ICP) has been broadly applied to accomplish electrokinetic focusing of charged species. However, ICP-based extraction and enrichment of uncharged (neutral) compounds, important for pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental applications, has not yet been reported. Here, we report the ICP-based continuous extraction of two neutral compounds from aqueous solution, by their partition into an ionic micellar phase. Our initial results show that the efficiency of the extraction increases with the concentration of the surfactant comprising the micellar phase, reaching 98 ± 2%, and drops precipitously when the concentration of the target compound exceeds the capacity of the micelles. As a key feature relevant to the practical application of this method, we show that focusing occurs even an order of magnitude below the critical micelle concentration through the local enrichment and assembly of surfactants into micelles, thus minimizing their consumption. To underscore the relevance of this approach to water purification, this method is applied to the extraction of pyrene, a model for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This approach provides access to a broad range of strategies for selective separation that have been developed in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
Graphing True-False Statements.

IN ELEMENTARY logic the construc tion of truth tables, while not difficult, can be a long and tedious process. In this ar ticle I would like to present a simple graphic representation of the truth values of compound statements involving two or three components. The graph gives all the information found in a truth table and pictures the statement as an easily recog nizable pattern. By using this graphing procedure, the simplifying of statements is shortened considerably. In fact, for state ments involving only two components, with a little practice it can usually be done by inspection. Proving that a statement is a tautology becomes almost trivial. Suppose we have some compound state ment involving two components, p\ and p2. There are exactly four possible combina tions of truth values for pi and p2, and we can picture this situation by a lattice of four points: (0, 1) (1, 1)
Shipboard Power System Baseline Modeling and Evaluation

Advances in power electronics, controls, and computer networking are the fundamental building blocks for the next generation of shipboard power system. Due to increasing power requirements, medium voltage ac and dc systems are envisioned to provide the abilities required by the next generation platforms. Before possible benefits of new technologies can be evaluated in a system-relevant context, baseline information on current technologies and operating concepts is required. This paper summarizes efforts in creating such baselines of notional shipboard power systems that allow benchmarking performance and comparing outcomes. With respect to the efforts herein, of most interest are the possible benefits to be gained through alternate electric distribution system design choices, operational procedures, and advanced controls.
Waste package component interactions with Savannah River defense waste glass in a low-magnesium salt brine

Interactive leaching experiments were performed with Savannah River 165 defense waste glass at 90°C in a low-magnesium salt brine (∼100 mg/l) with various amounts of steel present to simulate inter...
Comparison of Role-Assigned Grouping with Free-Form Group Activities in an Introductory Computer Science Course

We investigated the impact of assigning specific roles in Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) activities versus giving the same group activities without pre-assigned roles. We hoped to show that the group with additional structure would receive tangible benefits: more engagement with partners, greater comprehension of material, heightened content interest, and increased retention. Preliminary results suggest that the proportion of minimally participating students was not statistically significantly different, and neither were the individual assessments. The roled section did have higher scores overall in the course, both in the group activities and also in the final exam; however, the difference was small and not clearly statistically significant. Unexpectedly, disciplinary actions and post course surveys indicate a greater rate of plagiarism on both shared lab reports and individual homework assignments in the free-form group and this may be a factor for instructors to bear in mind when utilizing group activities.
A Novel Metal-to-Insulator Transition Found Promising for Neuromorphic Computing

Materials exhibiting metal-to-insulator transitions (MITs) could enable low power neuromorphic computing, but progress is hindered by insufficient mechanistic understanding. In this issue of Matter, Banerjee and colleagues describe with intricate detail a new MIT mechanism in β′-CuxV2O5, with potential applications to neuromorphic computing.
Deep brain simulation effects on verbal fluency dissociated by target and active contact location

Objective Deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), but it can also disrupt verbal fluency with significant costs to quality of life. The current study investigated how variability of bilateral active electrode coordinates along the superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, and lateral/medial axes in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus interna (GPi) contribute to changes in verbal fluency. We predicted that electrode location in the left hemisphere would be linked to changes in fluency, especially in the STN. Methods Forty PD participants treated with bilateral DBS targeting STN (n = 23) or GPi (n = 17) completed verbal fluency testing in their optimally treated state before and after DBS therapy. Normalized atlas coordinates from left and right active electrode positions along superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, and lateral/medial axes were used to predict changes in fluency postoperatively, separately for patients with STN and GPi targets. Results Consistent with prior studies, fluency significantly declined pre- to postsurgery (in both DBS targets). In STN-DBS patients, electrode position along the inferior to superior axis in the left STN was a significant predictor of fluency changes; relatively more superior left active electrode was associated with the largest fluency declines in STN. Electrode coordinates in right STN or GPi (left or right) did not predict fluency changes. Interpretation We discuss these findings in light of putative mechanisms and potential clinical impact.
French vocabulary development of early-elementary students in a dual language immersion program: The role of out-of-school input and output:

Aims:The current study seeks to better understand the effects of input quantity, input quality, and output on the French vocabulary development of early-elementary school students attending a Frenc...
Enhancing emulsion stability: The synergistic effect of combining Procream and partially hydrolyzed whey protein

Abstract Whey protein concentrate (WPC) was hydrolyzed by trypsin and Protease M from Aspergillus oryzae. Structure and functionality of WPC, hydrolysates, and a whey co-product, Procream, were evaluated for their impact on emulsion stability. Emulsification properties and antioxidant activity of hydrolysates were uniquely impacted by the type of enzyme and the degree of hydrolysis. The physical stability of the emulsions, assessed by turbidity and particle size, and the oxidative stability, assessed by measuring peroxides, were related to physiochemical characteristics. Trypsin hydrolysis significantly decreased surface hydrophobicity, by preferentially targeting β-lactoglobulin, and increased zeta potential, resulting in enhanced water solubility. Hydrolysis improved/maintained emulsification properties and enhanced antioxidant activity. In fish oil emulsions, a synergistic effect on both physical and oxidative stability was observed when combining hydrolysates and Procream. Trypsin hydrolysate + Procream emulsion demonstrated the best oxidative stability. Results demonstrated a successful approach to valorize a whey co-product for targeted emulsion applications.
Support Orders, Church Courts, and the Rule of Filius Nullius: A Reassessment of the Common Law

IN 1973 the United States Supreme Court held that a state violated the equal protection clause by denying illegitimate children a right to parental support granted to legitimate children.' Commentators have regarded that decision as a worthy departure from the common law rule that denied illegitimate children any right to support from their father. But, as those commentators have noted, the decision simply forbade discrimination between legitimate and illegitimate children.2 It stopped short of granting an absolute right to support. It did not challenge the widespread American rule, based on English common law, that in the absence of statute an illegitimate child has no inherent right to parental support. This article suggests that the approach of the American courts rests on a misreading of the historical evidence. Admittedly, the treatment of illegitimates at English common law is well established. "The common law of England," concludes a leading contemporary authority, "was ruthless in its denial of any rights to children born out of wedlock." 3 He merely repeats what every case, every treatise,5 and every law review articles states. The
In vivo cerebrovascular actions of amyloid β-peptides and the protective effect of conjugated estrogens

Vascular dysfunction and inflammatory processes may be early events in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Even though amyloid beta-peptides (Abeta) play a prominent role in the initiation and progression of cellular dysfunction in AD, the precise in vivo actions of various Abeta-peptides has not been established. The cerebrovascular actions of the major Abeta-peptides (1-40) and (1-42) in live animals were investigated using an open cranial window technique. We show here that the Abeta-peptides cause vascular lesions, especially in the arterioles. In one set of experiments, leukocytes and platelets were tagged with Rhodamine 6G, soluble Abeta(1-40) infused intravenously for 2 minutes, and the vasculature video recorded for 90 minutes. In a second set of experiments, soluble Abeta(1-40) infusion was followed 30 minutes later by an infusion of soluble Abeta(1-42) and the vasculature recorded for 90 minutes. Fluorescent and transmission electron microscopic examinations demonstrated the following cerebrovascular action of Abeta-peptides: endothelial cell damage, leukocyte adhesion, platelet activation, thrombus formation, impeded blood flow, and smooth muscle cell damage. The vascular disruption observed were similar to those observed in the brains of some AD patients and may represent the initial phase of a vascular inflammatory response associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The combination of Abeta(1-40) and (1-42) produced significantly more vascular disruption than Abeta(1-40) alone. Oral administration of conjugated estrogens in ovariectomized female rats protected them from the deleterious actions of Abeta-peptides. The reported protective effect of estrogen against AD may be mediated in part through prevention of cerebrovascular Abeta toxicity.
Multicore Architecture-aware Scientific Applications

Modern high performance systems are becoming increasingly complex and powerful due to advancements in processor and memory architecture. In order to keep up with this increasing complexity, applications have to be augmented with certain capabilities to fully exploit such systems. These may be at the application level, such as static or dynamic adaptations or at the system level, like having strategies in place to override some of the default operating system polices, the main objective being to improve computational performance of the application. The current work proposes two such capabilites with respect to multi-threaded scientific applications, in particular a large scale physics application computing ab-initio nuclear structure. The first involves using a middleware tool to invoke dynamic adaptations in the application, so as to be able to adjust to the changing computational resource availability at run-time. The second involves a strategy for effective placement of data in main memory, to optimize memory access latencies and bandwidth. These capabilties when included were found to have a significant impact on the application performance, resulting in average speedups of as much as two to four times.
Hypoglossal–Facial Nerve Anastomosis

Facial nerve (FN) palsy is one of the most devastating nerve injuries with important functional and psychological impact on the patient’s life [40]. Among the various aetiologies, the neurosurgeon is most likely to deal with the traumatic [32] and neoplastic ones. FN palsy indeed remains one of the major complications of vestibular schwannoma surgery, and though its incidence has significantly diminished in recent decades thanks to microsurgery and neuromonitoring, it is reported at between 3% and 19% of major modern series [23, 29, 41].
Trajectory determination for vibration-free motions of a flexible-joint robot

Acceleration profiles are developed for a two-link flexible-joint robot. These profiles generate point-to-point motion without residual vibration The command signals are derived using a minimum-energy performance index and solving the corresponding two-point boundary-value problem. By considering the full nonlinear dynamic model, this method determines input profiles that ensure minimum vibration when natural frequencies vary during the move.
Upregulated INHBA Expression May Promote Cell Proliferation and Is Associated with Poor Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Introduction: The expression, mechanisms of regulation, and functional impact of INHBA (activin A) in lung adenocarcinoma (AD) have not been fully elucidated. Methods: INHBA expression was examined in 96 lung samples (86 ADs, 10 normal lung) using oligonucleotide microarrays and 187 lung samples (164 ADs, 6 bronchioalveolar carcinomas, and 17 normal lung) using immunohistochemistry. The proliferation of AD cell lines H460 and SKLU1 was examined with WST-1 assays after treatment with recombinant activin A, follistatin, and INHBA -targeting small-interfering RNA. Cells were also treated with 5-aza-2′ deoxycytidine and trichostatin A to investigate the role of epigenetic regulation in INHBA expression. Results: Primary ADs expressed 3.1 times more INHBA mRNA than normal lung. In stage I AD patients, high levels of primary tumor INHBA transcripts were associated with worse prognosis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed higher inhibin βA protein expression in ADs (78.7%) and bronchioalveolar carcinomas (66.7%) compared with normal lung (11.8%). H460 and SKLU1 demonstrated increased proliferation when treated with exogenous activin A and reduced proliferation when treated with follistatin or INHBA -targeting small-interfering RNA. INHBA mRNA expression in H460 cells was upregulated after treatment with trichostatin A and 5-aza-2′ deoxycytidine. Conclusions: INHBA is overexpressed in AD relative to controls. Inhibin βA may promote cell proliferation, and its overexpression is associated with worse survival in stage I AD patients. In addition, overexpression of INHBA may be affected by promoter methylation and histone acetylation in a subset of lung ADs.
Lycopersene and Prelycopersene Pyrophosphate INTERMEDIATES IN CAROTENE BIOSYNTHESIS

Abstract This paper reports the enzymatic synthesis of lycopersene and prelycopersene pyrophosphate from [4,8,12,16-14C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate by soluble enzyme systems obtained from yeast and tomato fruit plastids. Incubation of a soluble extract of an acetone powder of tomato fruit plastids, or a purified squalene synthetase of yeast, with [4,8,12,16-14C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and NADPH yields a product which co-chromatographs with authentic lycopersene on thin layer, column, and gas-liquid chromatographic systems. These enzyme systems also form prelycopersene pyrophosphate from [4,8,12,16-14C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in the absence of NADPH. Both of the above compounds, lycopersene and prelycopersene pyrophosphate, are converted to phytoene and lycopene on incubation with the above soluble tomato enzyme system, NADP and FAD. Hence, it is concluded that these compounds are intermediates in the biosynthesis of acyclic and cyclic carotenes from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.
BODIES AT THE MARGINS: The Case of Transsexuality in Catholic and Shia Ethics

This essay explores the ways in which emerging religious understandings of sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) have potential for new work in comparative ethics. I focus on the startling diversity of teachings on transsexuality among the Vatican and leading Shia clerics in Iran. While the Vatican rejects SRS as a cure for transsexuality, Iranian clerics not only support decisions to transition to a new sex, they see it as necessary in some cases given the gendered nature of the moral life. In this essay, after describing the practical justification for sexual reassignment surgeries in Iranian fatwas and the emerging official Vatican position on transsexuality, I explain how these divergent positions are based on different semiotics of sex and gender that reflect specific ontological views of the human body.
Definitions of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) can be physiologic, but becomes pathologic (gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD) in the presence of symptoms or mucosal injury. In this chapter, we describe different approaches to defining the spectrum of GERD—symptomatic, endoscopic, ambulatory reflux monitoring parameters (both acid and impedance), structural/anatomic, and using newer diagnostic modalities.
The effect of intrinsic body resistance on the breakdown characteristics of DBTS NFD SOI MOSFET's

The existence of non-zero body resistance (R/sub B/) in the DBTS (double-body-tied-to-source) NFD (non-fully depleted) SOI MOSFET structure leads to bipolar-induced premature breakdown, the mechanism of which is similar to the parasitic bipolar effect in the bulk MOSFET. The conditions can be misleading, however, because the holding voltage and the snapback voltage are indistinguishably referred to as the breakdown voltage, and the stated condition for breakdown, i.e., (M-1)/spl beta/=1, is independent of R/sub B/. To clarify this issue and to give physical insight regarding the efficacy of the DBTS, we analyze the breakdown characteristics and their dependence on R/sub B/, and we present simple but physical descriptions of the holding and snapback voltages. The derivations are aided and supported by simulations using SOISPICE-3, in which we have implemented a physics-based model for the NFD SOI MOSFET. >
Pattern recognition in paediatric ECGs: The hidden secrets to clinical diagnosis

In general, medical practitioners (and paediatricians in particular) are trained to recognise common patterns of abnormalities in order to derive clues to disease diagnosis. This is typical of most clinical settings, especially in history taking and clinical examination, but also for investigations such as X-rays and common routine blood tests. It is therefore curious that even though there are a limited number of typical ECG patterns commonly found in routine paediatric cardiac examination, ECG interpretation is often viewed with trepidation and the common patterns are not readily recognised. Rather, the practitioner (or student) faced with an ECG blindly runs through the mantra of 'rate-rhythm-axis', ignoring (or not recognising) the blatant abnormalities that in clinical context may supply clues to an immediate cardiac diagnosis. A cyanosed newborn with a left axis has tricuspid atresia until proven otherwise; a 6-year-old boy with weakness and large R waves in lead V1 probably has Duchenne muscular dystrophy; a child with Down syndrome and a left axis has an AV canal defect; a child with a history of syncope and unusual T waves may have long QT syndrome. It is not difficult to recognise, within clinical context, a diagnostic ECG pattern. The technicalities of rate, rhythm and axis remain as important as ever, but may play only secondary roles in the diagnostic value of the ECG.
Dealing with the coffee crisis in Central America - impacts and strategies

Current coffee prices are at record lows and below the cost of production for many producers in Central America. Moreover, the coffee crisis is structural, and changes in supply and demand do not indicate a quick recovery of prices. So, coffee producers in Central America are facing new challenges-as are coffee laborers, coffee exporters, and others linked to the coffee sector. Coffee plays a major economic role in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The coffee crisis is actually part of a broader rural crisis caused by weather shocks (such as Hurricane Mitch and droughts), low international agricultural commodity prices, and the global recession. These challenges call for new strategies for Central American countries aimed at broad-based sustainable development of their rural economies. The authors deal with the impact of the coffee crisis and strategies to deal with it. They include an analysis of the international coffee situation and country-specific analyses. The authors explore options and constraints for increased competitiveness and diversification, and discuss social, environmental, and institutional dimensions of the crisis. The authors conclude that there are specific solutions that can be pursued for the coffee sector. Some are already being applied, but more can be done in a more systematic way. Also, there is a need for safety nets to deal with the short-term impact of the crisis. Longer-term solutions are to be found in increased competitiveness and diversification in the context of broad-based sustainable rural economic development.