cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planar InSb photodiodes fabricated by Be and Mg ion implantation

Abstract Planar p−n junction photodiodes in InSb have been made by ion implantation of Be and Mg acceptors. Both ions were incorporated with a doping efficiency of about 50 per cent and each produced excellent photodiodes. At 77°K, 20-mil-dia. diodes have typical zero-bias resistances of 6 Mμ. At the wavelength peak of 5·3 μm, quantum efficiencies of 60–70 per cent and detectivities with a 77°K background of 2 × 10 12 cm Hz W were measured. Field plate guard rings were used to adjust the surface potential at the diode perimeters for optimum performance.
Differences in transduction between rod and cone photoreceptors: an exploration of the role of calcium homeostasis

Rod and cone photoreceptors respond to light with distinct sensitivity and kinetics. Recent biochemical and electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the enzymes of the phototransduction cascade are similar, but not identical, in these two photoreceptor types. In contrast, light or voltage stimulation generates changes in the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ in the outer segment that are far larger and faster in cones than in rods. This distinction reflects rod-cone differences in each of the elements that control Ca2+ homeostasis: cell volume, the rate of Ca2+ clearance from the outer segment, the cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering, and the Ca2+ influx through cGMP-gated ion channels.
Electric Field-Assisted Assembly of Type-I Collagen for Applications in Biomedical Micro-Systems

In the field of nanotechnology and applied engineering, an area that has received a great deal of attention is that of nanoassembly. The objective of this study was to demonstrate nanoassembly of type-I collagen on specified surfaces in response to an electric field. Two, otherwise identical, collagen solutions were prepared and adjusted to pHs of 5.5 and 8. The isoelectric fosusing point of collagen occurs at pH=6.7 which implies that the suspended collagen fibers in the aforementioned solutions possessed a net positive or negative charge, respectively. In each collagen solution, one volt was applied through a set of submerged electrodes for one minute. Atomic force microscopy was used to detect if and where assembly had occurred on the electrodes. The positively charged fibrils (pH=5.5) assembled on the negative electrode, but not on the positive electrode. The negatively charged fibrils (pH=8) assembled only on the positive electrode, but not on the negative electrode. In both cases, assembly occurred on the electrode of opposite charge of the suspended collagen fibrils, which was anticipated. The assembly of the positively charged fibrils (pH=5.5) on the cathode produced larger fibers than the fibers that were produced by the negatively charged fibrils (pH=8) on the anode. This indicated the more favorable environment for nanoassembly was the positively charged fibril solution (pH=5.5).Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Modulation of the mitogenic response of an epidermal growth factor-dependent keratinocyte cell line by dexamethasone, insulin, and transforming growth factor-β

The stimulation of DNA synthesis by epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been studied for a cell line having properties useful for investigating the mechanism of action of EGF in epithelial cell populations. These studies employ a mouse keratinocyte cell line (MK), isolated by Weissman and Aaronson (1983), which is stringently dependent on exogenous EGF for growth in serum containing medium. The studies reported here characterize the compliment of EGR receptors present on the surface of MK cells and demonstrate the regulatory influence of other hormones on the capacity of EGF to stimulate DNA synthesis. Up-regulated MK cells contain approximately 22,000 EGF receptors per cell, but when the cells are grown in the presence of EGF the receptor number is reduced to about 4,000. It is estimated that only a small number of high-affinity receptors (less than 500) are required for EGF-dependent cell proliferation. In contrast to its action in fibroblastic cells, dexamethasone is a strong inhibitor of EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis of MK cells. Insulin at high concentrations, or insulin-like growth factors I or II (IGF-I, IGF-II) at physiological concentrations, synergistically enhance the EGF response. Interestingly, insulin or IGF-I or II are also able to reverse most of the dexamethasone inhibition of DNA synthesis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibits, in reversible manner, the EGF stimulation of DNA synthesis and this inhibition is not overcome by insulin. TGF-beta receptors have been measured in MK cells and Scatchard analysis indicates approximately 20,000 receptors per cell. None of the modulatory hormones (insulin, dexamethasone, TGF-beta) significantly altered 125I-EGF binding characteristics in MK cells, suggesting a point of action distal to 125I-EGF binding.
The cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor response to low dose dexamethasone administration in aging combat veterans and holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Background: Because alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition associated with aging are generally opposite of those observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we examined the cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response to dexamethasone (DEX) in older trauma survivors. Methods: Twenty-three Holocaust survivors (9 men, 14 women), 27 combat veterans (all male), and 10 comparison subjects (7 men, 3 women) provided samples for plasma or salivary cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor determination in mononuclear leukocytes at 8:00 am on the day of, and following, 0.5 mg of DEX at 11:00 pm . Results: Greater percent suppression of cortisol and lymphocyte GR was observed in older trauma survivors with PTSD compared to survivors without PTSD and comparison subjects. There was a significant main effect of depression in the direction of reduced suppression following DEX, consistent with the effects of DEX in major depressive disorder patients. Responses to DEX were uncorrelated with PTSD symptom severity, but cortisol suppression was associated with years elapsed since the most recent, but not focal, traumatic event. Conclusions: The response to DEX is generally similar in older and younger trauma survivors, but the findings suggest that age, symptom severity, and lifetime trauma exposure characteristics may influence this response.
Time-dependent channel formation in a laser-produced plasma.

The formation of density channels in an underdense plasma is studied as a function of the laser pulse length. For pulse lengths of less than 300 ps, the channels have a finite axial length and end short of the peak density. As the pulse length is increased beyond 300 ps, the channel lengthens to the opposite side of the density profile and a situation can be obtained in which most of the beam propagates through the plasma within the vacuum propagation cone. The process of channel formation is successfully modeled by two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LANE-CHANGING TRAFFIC

On a multilane roadway, systematic lane changes can seriously disrupt traffic flow and cause capacity reductions. Therefore it is important to understand the characteristics of lane-changing traffic flow. In a previous study, a new variable, lane-changing intensity, was theoretically derived by doubling the contribution to the total density of a lane-changing vehicle during its lane-changing period, and an intensity-density relation was incorporated into the fundamental diagram to capture such bottleneck effects at the aggregate level. In this study, a new interpretation of lane-changing intensity is proposed by following Edie's definition of traffic density. Detailed studies of macroscopic characteristics of lane-changing traffic with 75 min of vehicle trajectories collected for a freeway section on I-80 near San Francisco, California, by FHWA's next-generation simulation project are presented. About 10% misindentified lane changes are excluded. For different time intervals, cell sizes, and locations, th...
Aliskiren in patients failing to achieve blood pressure targets with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.

Background: To assess the efficacy of aliskiren in patients failing to reach blood pressure (BP) goals with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Methods: A total of 107 patients who failed to reach BP goals on ACEI or ARB were switched to aliskiren. Changes in BP were determined during maximal ACEI, ARB, or aliskiren therapy. Results: Mean reduction in sBP and dBP with ACEI was 8.5 ± 6.3 mmHg and 6.0 ± 4.7 mmHg, respectively. Mean reduction in sBP and dBP with ARB was 8.3 ± 6.7 mmHg and 5.0 ± 5.2 mmHg, respectively. Mean reduction in sBP and dBP with aliskiren 150 mg/d was 6.7 ± 5.4 mmHg and 5.4 ± 4.8 mmHg, respectively. Mean reduction in sBP and dBP with aliskiren 300 mg/d was 8.6 ± 6.3 mmHg and 6.0 ± 4.9 mmHg, respectively. BP reductions between ACEI, ARB, and aliskiren were not significantly different. Conclusions: Aliskiren is ineffective in patients failing ACEI or ARB therapy. Given the label changes restricting the use of aliskiren in combination with ACEI and ARB, excess cost compared to ACEI and ARB, and a paucity of outcome data, there is a limited role for aliskiren in practice. Cardiol Res. 2012;3(4):147-153 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/cr201w
Improving the Scalability of a Hurricane Forecast System in Mixed-Parallel Environments

The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model is one of the premier models in NOAA's operational suite of severe weather forecasting systems. An axiom in numerical weather prediction suggests that modeling the environment at high resolution optimizes forecast accuracy. However, due to operational time constraints, only the region immediately surrounding a single hurricane can be modeled in high resolution. Currently, this is achieved by embedding a relatively small high resolution, storm-following pair of grids within a larger and coarser grid. In a previous work, we extended HWRF to support multiple such independent storm-following pair of grids. The result was improved forecast accuracy by virtue of modeling storm-to-storm interactions in high resolution. However, some shortcomings in the underlying WRF framework cause these independent pairs of grids to be simulated sequentially. This limits the model's scalability and makes it impossible to harness this novel capability within the operational time constraints. In this paper, we address this issue by modifying the underlying WRF framework to simulate these independent pairs of storm-following grids in parallel. This is the first approach to be successfully implemented in the history of the WRF framework.
Pharmacological and Behavioral Characterization of D-473, an Orally Active Triple Reuptake Inhibitor Targeting Dopamine, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Transporters

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disease affecting a wide cross section of people around the world. The current therapy for depression is less than adequate and there is a considerable unmet need for more efficacious treatment. Dopamine has been shown to play a significant role in depression including production of anhedonia which has been one of the untreated symptoms in MDD. It has been hypothesized that drugs acting at all three monoamine transporters including dopamine transporter should provide more efficacious antidepressants activity. This has led to the development of triple reuptake inhibitor D-473 which is a novel pyran based molecule and interacts with all three monoamine transporters. The monoamine uptake inhibition activity in the cloned human transporters expressed in HEK-293 cells (70.4, 9.18 and 39.7 for DAT, SERT and NET, respectively) indicates a serotonin preferring triple reuptake inhibition profile for this drug. The drug D-473 exhibited good brain penetration and produced efficacious activity in rat forced swim test under oral administration. The optimal efficacy dose did not produce any locomotor activation. Microdialysis experiment demonstrated that systemic administration of D-473 elevated extracellular level of the three monoamines DA, 5-HT, and NE efficaciously in the dorsal lateral striatum (DLS) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) area, indicating in vivo blockade of all three monoamine transporters by D-473. Thus, the current biological data from D-473 indicate potent antidepressant activity of the molecule.
Establishing a sentinel lymph node mapping algorithm for the treatment of early cervical cancer.

Objective To establish an algorithm that incorporates sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping to the surgical treatment of early cervical cancer, ensuring that lymph node (LN) metastases are accurately detected but minimizing the need for complete lymphadenectomy (LND).
Risk of anaphylaxis in a hospital population in relation to the use of various drugs: an international study

Purpose To evaluate the risk of anaphylaxis following exposure to medications given during hospitalization. Methods Cases with anaphylaxis and controls, matched according to length of hospital stay, were enrolled from hospitals in Hungary, Spain, India and Sweden. Exposures were recorded from the hospital record. The incidence of anaphylaxis was calculated among those exposed to various drugs, with denominators estimated from exposure rates in the controls and number of hospitalizations. Results Among 184 cases and 1003 controls, the incidence of anaphylaxis was in the range of 5–15 cases per 100 000 exposed patients for most analgesics and antibiotics administered orally or parenterally; for parenteral penicillin, it was 32. Incidence estimates were somewhat higher for blood, dextran, pentoxifylline and both ionic and nonionic contrast media, ranging from 35 to 95 cases. The highest estimates were for streptokinase and plasma, at 378 and 284. With no exposed controls, the incidence could not be calculated for anti-snake venom, but it was clearly higher than for other exposures. Conclusions Although anaphylaxis is known to occur following exposure to a large number of drugs, the incidence is not well documented. We have demonstrated a relatively low risk for dipyrone, diclofenac, paracetamol, ampicillin, cloxacillin and cephalosporins. An intermediate risk was shown for parenteral penicillin, dextran, contrast media, blood and pentoxifylline. The highest incidence was observed for plasma, streptokinase and anti-snake venom (the latter used only in India). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counting Chicago's Homeless An Assessment of the Census Bureau's "Street and Shelter Night"

In Chicago, 60 independent observers were hired to assess how well Census Bureau enumerators implemented procedures for the homeless count (S-Night) in one district office area (DOA). Within this DOA, they observed 29 of the 87 predesignated nighttime street enumeration sites. Observers saw enumerators in only one third of these sites. Those observers who saw enumerators reported that enumerators failed to follow procedure. As a result, observer estimates of the number of homeless persons at their site were substantially higher than enumerator estimates. Qualitative interviews with 18 homeless persons on the day following the count revealed that only five of 18 believed they had been counted
MOLECULAR CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF CYP2J2, A HUMAN CYTOCHROME P450 ARACHIDONIC ACID EPOXYGENASE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HEART

A cDNA encoding a human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase was isolated from a human liver cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed that this 1,876-base pair cDNA contained an open reading frame and encoded a new 502-amino acid protein designated CYP2J2. Blot hybridization analysis of RNA prepared from human tissues revealed that CYP2J2 was highly expressed in the heart. Recombinant CYP2J2 protein was prepared using the baculovirus expression system and purified to near electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme metabolized arachidonic acid predominantly via olefin epoxidation to all four regioisomeric cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (catalytic turnover 65 pmol of product formed/nmol of cytochrome P450/min at 30°C). Epoxidation of arachidonic acid by CYP2J2 at the 14,15-olefin was highly enantioselective for (14R,15S)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (76% optical purity). Immunoblotting of microsomal fractions prepared from human tissues using a polyclonal antibody raised against the recombinant hemoprotein confirmed primary expression of CYP2J2 protein in human heart. The in vivo significance of CYP2J2 was suggested by documenting the presence of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in the human heart using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Importantly, the chirality of CYP2J2 products matched that of the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid enantiomers present, in vivo, in human heart. We propose that CYP2J2 is one of the enzymes responsible for epoxidation of endogenous arachidonic acid pools in human heart and that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids may, therefore, play important functional roles in cardiac physiology.
Flame temperature measurements using the anomalous fluorescence of pyrene.

We have evaluated the anomalous fluorescence of pyrene as a method for determining flame temperature. Vapor-phase pyrene was injected into four premixed hydrogen/oxygen flames at equivalence ratios of 1.0 and 1.5 and pressures of 22 and 72 Torr. For each flame, the relative laser-induced (S2 → S0)/(S1 → S0) emission was monitored as a function of height above the burner and compared to the temperature profile as measured by miniature thermocouples. The thermal behavior of pyrene is discussed in terms of a modified intermediate strong-coupling model. A theoretical calculation of the temperature dependence of the S2/S1 emission ratio agrees well with the experimental flame-temperature data. Based on this agreement, conditions are delineated for the most suitable use of pyrene as a molecular temperature probe.
Influence of Surface Hydroxyls on the Adsorption and Reaction of Ethanol on Polycrystalline Titania

Previous studies have demonstrated that the binding and reactivity of aliphatic alcohols on TiO2 surfaces are controlled by local coordination environments at the binding sites. As a result, there ...
THE AWKWARD AGE IN HIGH SCHOOL LANGUAGE STUDY

THE student in the third or fourth-year modern foreign language class in most high schools presents a problem that seems to be unique. The basis upon which, in general, high school curricula are planned precludes recourse to extensive work of an advanced nature. In university work a student in his third year of a modern foreign language commonly has an introduction to literature, or elementary survey course, comprising twenty-five or more worth-while titles. And with the fourth year he reaches the real survey course or separate period courses. In high school, however, educators do not seem to approve of such extensive work and the curriculum is scaled down to less exacting requirements. Rightly or wrongly, the pupils are accustomed to a relatively small number of class texts and complain if the language teacher seeks to broaden the course. Even extensive outside reading is not enthusiastically welcomed as an outlet for their language talents-because they are required to read so much for English, to write so many themes for that subject, and to prepare for frequent tests in all subjects. And extra-curricular activities are legion. Yet, even though they are not willing to increase the difficulty greatly, these same third and fourth-year students are apt to feel so accomplished in language study and so familiar with the routine work that they are bored with the course. They have had varied drills, oral work, dramatization, realia and civilization material-practically the whole repertoire of pedagogical offerings. What can be done about it?
Extracellular modulation of BMP activity in patterning the dorsoventral axis

Signaling via bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulates a vast array of diverse biological processes in the developing embryo and in postembryonic life. Many insights into BMP signaling derive from studies of the BMP signaling gradients that pattern cell fates along the embryonic dorsal-ventral (DV) axis of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This review examines recent developments in the field of DV patterning by BMP signaling, focusing on extracellular modulation as a key mechanism in the formation of BMP signaling gradients in Drosophila, Xenopus, and zebrafish.
Rat preputial sebocyte differentiation involves peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

The hallmark of sebaceous epithelial cell (sebocyte) differentiation is the accumulation of fused neutral fat droplets. Very little sebocyte differentiation occurs, however, in primary or organ culture, even upon incubating with androgens, which are required for maturation in vivo . We hypothesized that sebocyte cell culture systems lack activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors that are involved in adipocyte differentiation. We here report that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and α by their respective specific ligands, a thiazolidinedione and a fibrate, induced lipid droplet formation in sebocytes but not epidermal cells. Linoleic acid and carbaprostacyclin, both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ and α ligand-activators, were more effective but less specific, stimulating lipid formation in both types of cells. Either was more effective than the combination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and α activation, suggesting that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ is involved in this lipid formation. Linoleic acid 0.1 mM stimulated significantly more advanced sebocyte maturation than any other treatment, including carbaprostacyclin, which suggests a distinct role of long chain fatty acids in sebocyte differentiation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 mRNA was demonstrated in sebocytes, but not in epidermal cells; it was more strongly expressed in freshly dispersed than in cultured sebocytes. In contrast, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ mRNA was expressed to a similarly high extent before and after culture in both sebocytes and epidermal cells. These findings are compatible with the concepts that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 gene expression plays a unique role in the differentiation of sebocytes, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ activation and long chain fatty acids finalize sebocyte maturation and are capable of stimulating epidermal lipid formation. These findings have implications for the development of new modalities of treatment for acne vulgaris.
A high spin molecular square based on square pyramidal CoII and tetrahedral MnII centers: [{MnIICl2}2{CoII(triphos)(CN)2}2]

A high spin molecular square of square pyramidal CoII and tetrahedral MnII corners exhibiting an overall S = 4 ground state has been crystallized and its magnetic properties investigated.
A Parallel Three-Dimensional Computational Aeroacoustics Method Using Nonlinear Disturbance Equations

This paper describes the application of a three-dimensional computational aeroacoustics (CAA) methodology to the prediction of jet noise. The technique has been implemented using parallel computers. In this approach the nonlinear disturbance equations are solved in a conservative form using a finite-difference based technique. A fourth-order optimized dispersion relation preserving scheme is used for spatial discretization and a fourth-order classical Runge?Kutta scheme is employed for temporal discretization. The three-dimensional CAA code has been parallelized using a domain decomposition strategy in the streamwise direction. The calculations are carried out on both IBM-SP2 and SGI Power-Challenge parallel computers using message passing interface routines to facilitate exchange of boundary data between adjacent nodes (processors). Excellent parallel performance has been obtained using the present code. Acoustic results are presented for a perfectly expanded supersonic axisymmetric jet under harmonic and random inlet conditions. Results are given for both the instantaneous and averaged flow and acoustic variables. Comparisons are made between the predictions and experimental data.
Computerized detection of pulmonary embolism in computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA): improvement of vessel segmentation

Vessel segmentation is a fundamental step in an automated pulmonary embolism (PE) detection system. The purpose of this study is to improve the segmentation scheme for pulmonary vessels affected by PE and other lung diseases. We have developed a multiscale hierarchical vessel enhancement and segmentation (MHES) method for pulmonary vessel tree extraction based on the analysis of eigenvalues of Hessian matrices. However, it is difficult to segment the pulmonary vessels accurately when the vessel is occluded by PEs and/or surrounded by lymphoid tissues or lung diseases. In this study, we developed a method that combines MHES with level set refinement (MHES-LSR) to improve vessel segmentation accuracy. The level set was designed to propagate the initial object contours to the regions with relatively high gray-level, high gradient, and high compactness as measured by the smoothness of the curvature along vessel boundaries. Two and eight CTPA scans were randomly selected as training and test data sets, respectively. Forty volumes of interest (VOI) containing "representative" vessels were manually segmented by a radiologist experienced in CTPA interpretation and used as reference standard. The results show that, for the 32 test VOIs, the average percentage volume error relative to the reference standard was improved from 31.7±10.9% using the MHES method to 7.7±4.7% using the MHES-LSR method. The correlation between the computer-segmented vessel volume and the reference standard was improved from 0.954 to 0.986. The accuracy of vessel segmentation was improved significantly (p<0.05). The MHES-LSR method may have the potential to improve PE detection.
Some aspects of the interannual variation of mean monthly sea level pressure on the Southern Hemisphere

We calculate the seasonal changes that are largely associated with the half-yearly wave, autocorrelation functions, and the mean planetary waves in the monthly mean sea level pressure from two data sources. One covers the period from 1951 to 1958 (from the South African Weather Bureau) and the other the period from 1972 to 1980 (from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology). Thirty years of data from stations over the southern hemisphere are used to assess the reliability of the differences between the two periods that the grid-point data show. These differences are especially large over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The station data confirm the changes between the two periods and thus the observed differences in the mean waves, which are especially large for wave number 3.
Binge eating in anorexia nervosa predicts later onset of substance use disorder: A ten-year prospective, longitudinal follow-up of 95 adolescents

The cooccurrence of binge eating and increased alcohol intake and substance abuse has been reported in clinical and community epidemiological samples. To further investigate the nature and causes of this comorbidity, we examined the 10-year prospective, longitudinal course of illness in 95 nonsubstance abusing adolescents hospitalized for treatment of anorexia nervosa. Survival analysis with Cox regression was used to quantitate the cumulative risk of developing substance use disorder (SUD) as a function of patterns of binge eating vs. dietary restraint within this cohort. Subjects who were binge eating at the time of intake were robustly distinguished from restrictors, having increased risk of SUD as well as greater likelihood of having at least one first-degree relative with SUD. The findings suggest binge eating that develops in the underweight stage of anorexia nervosa may reflect developmental, biological, and genetic risk processes shared in common with SUD.
Israeli history: Who is fabricating what?

Fabricating Israeli History: The ‘New Historians‘. by Efraim Karsh. Ilford, Essex: Frank Cass, 1997. 210pp. £13.50 paperback.
Generating Non-Rayleigh Speckles with Tailored Intensity Statistics

We experimentally generate speckle patterns with non-Rayleigh statistics using a phase-only spatial light modulator. By introducing high order correlations to the input light fields we redistribute the intensity among the speckle grains, while preserving the granular structure of the pattern. Our method is versatile and allows for generating speckle patterns with enhanced or diminished contrast in a controlled manner.
r-adaptive methods based on element-level error indicators for parallel analysis of plates and shells

The formulation and application of element-level error indicators based on parametrized variational principles are investigated. These indicators are ideally suited to drive adaptive mesh refinment on parallel computers where access to neighboring elements resident on different processors may incur significant computational overhead. Furthermore, such estimators are not affected by physical jumps at wavefronts or interfaces. An estimator derived from the higher-order element energy is applied to r adaptation of meshes in plates and shell structures where the exact solution is known.
HYPOGLYCEMIA REQUIRING AMBULANCE SERVICES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LONG-TERM MORTALITY

Objective: To report population burden of hypoglycemia requiring ambulance services and long term outcomes thereafter, among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Methods: We retrieved all ambulance ca...
The Families In Recovery From Stroke Trial (FIRST): primary study results.

OBJECTIVE Social support and family ties are strong predictors of functional recovery after stroke; however, development of successful psychosocial intervention programs has been difficult. This study examined whether a family-systems intervention designed to influence social support and self-efficacy affects functional outcome in older stroke patients. METHODS Two hundred ninety-one community-residing survivors of ischemic stroke or nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage from eight acute-care hospitals and rehabilitation centers were randomized to either psychosocial intervention (PSI) or usual care (UC). PSI involved up to 16 sessions conducted in the home by a mental health worker. Functional recovery (measured by the Barthel Index [BI] at 6 months postrandomization, inability to assess functioning because of illness or death) was the primary end point. RESULTS Functional recovery did not differ between UC and PSI in intention-to-treat analyses. In adjusted logistic regression, the odds of being functionally independent at 6 months was 60% higher in the intervention group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = .31). Subgroup analyses revealed that PSI may be more effective in subjects with better psychologic and cognitive functioning and who required less inpatient rehabilitation. CONCLUSION This study does not provide evidence for the efficacy of psychosocial intervention to improve functional recovery in stroke. Although PSI showed greater improvement than UC, the differences were not statistically significant.
Dietary, behavioral, and morphological aspects of gummivory† in primates

Primates are usually classified as faunivores, frugivores, or folivores. Recent field studies have shown that plant exudates, mainly gums, are also a significant component of primate diets. Few other vertebrates consume gum. One group of primate gummivores, including the lemur Phaner, the galagine Euoticus, and especially the marmosets Cebuella and Cat-lithrix, has dental adaptations allowing its members to gouge or scrape trees to stimulate the flow of gum. Members of this group also have modifications of the nails which facilitate the postural repertoire required to harvest gums on large-diameter trunks. A second group, including Galago spp., Perodicticus potto, tamarins (Saguinus spp.), baboons (Papio spp.), vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops), and patas (Erythrocebus patas), is less morphologically specialized. These primates eat gums exuded in response to insect and/or mechanical damage. Gums are complex polysaccharides which, like foliage, require fermentation for digestion. At least some gummivorous primates show intestinal specializations for fermentation. Gums may also be an important source of minerals, especially calcium. Like folivores, gum feeders have the capacity to avoid secondary compounds found in gum, such as tannins and phenols. Gums are found in small, discrete patches. Each gum site can generally accommodate only one individual at a time, but the site may be rapidly renewed. One tree may contain many gum sites. Consequently, the foraging and digestive challenges entailed by gummivory involve a unique combination of features shows by faunivory, frugivory, and folivory. Understanding the biological bases of gummivory will be of value in interpreting the anatomy and modeling the behavior of early primates.
Distinguishing Depression and Trait Anxiety in Terms of Basic Dimensions of Temperament

The PAD Temperament Model provides a framework for the analysis of adjusted and maladjusted personality characteristics. Extrapolating from findings bearing on the model, it was hypothesized that Trait Anxiety and Depression have substantial similarities, but differ with respect to Trait Arousability. Consistent with the hypotheses, Depression involved unpleasant and submissive characteristics and a marginal positive contribution from Trait Arousability. Trait Anxiety also involved unpleasant and submissive temperament attributes, but included a stronger positive contribution from Trait Arousability. Thus, the anxious were significantly more arousable than the depressed. Furthermore, the depressed were found to be significantly more submissive than the anxious. Findings were related to alternative theoretical approaches to depression and anxiety. Implications regarding suicide risks and drug treatments of the two conditions were discussed.
Blue and UV LED-induced fluorescence in cotton foreign matter

Cotton is an important domesticated fiber used to manufacture a variety of products and industrial goods. During harvesting with cotton strippers and cotton pickers, it is contaminated with foreign matter from botanical and non-botanical sources which adversely affect the quality and consistency of cotton, and therefore reduces its market value. To improve the current grading done by the High Volume Instrument (HVI) and human inspectors, it was explored whether fluorescence imaging can be used for cotton foreign matter detection. Eight types of botanical foreign matter (bark, bract, brown leaf, green leaf, hull, seed coat, seed, stem), and four types of non-botanical foreign matter (paper, twine, plastic bale packaging, plastic bag) were subjected to a fluorescence spectroscopy analysis to determine their optimal excitation and emission wavelength range. Matrix 3D scans were performed in the excitation range from 300 nm to 500 nm, and emission range from 320 nm to 700 nm, and the results indicated the photo-excitable fluorescence in the aforementioned excitation range for all the selected foreign matter categories. Consequently, the blue and the UV LEDs were selected as the excitation sources. The blue LED light provided optimal excitation light for bark, brown leaf, bract, green leaf, hull, and stem, while the UV LED light provided optimal excitation light for paper, plastic bag, plastic packaging, seed, seed coat, and twine. UV and blue light induces fluorescence in 12 types of botanical and non-botanical cotton foreign matter. An imaging apparatus with blue and UV light excitation sources, and a consumer grade SLR camera was successfully developed to capture and characterize fluorescent images of cotton foreign matter. Based on the results, fluorescent imaging could be a promising method for cotton foreign matter detection. Future studies will focus on the classification of cotton foreign matter categories and to further refine the image processing sequence.
The Baby Boomers’ Intergenerational Relationships

199 Purpose: As Baby Boomers enter late life, relationships with family members gain importance. This review article highlights two aspects of their intergenerational relationships: (a) caregiving for aging parents and (b) interactions with adult children in the context of changing marital dynamics. Design and Methods: The researchers describe three studies: (a) the Within Family Differences Study (WFDS) of mothers aged 65–75 and their multiple grown children (primarily Baby Boomers) ongoing since 2001; (b) the Family Exchanges Study (FES) of Baby Boomers aged 42–60, their spouses, parents, and multiple grown children ongoing since 2008; and (c) the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSoG) of 351 three-generation families started when the Baby Boomers were teenagers in 1971, with interviews every 3–5 years from 1985 to 2005. Results: These studies show that the Baby Boomers in midlife navigate complex intergenerational patterns. The WFDS finds aging parents differentiate among Baby Boomer children in midlife, favoring some more than others. The FES shows that the Baby Boomers are typically more involved with their children than with their aging parents; Boomers’ personal values, family members’ needs, and personal rewards shape decisions about support. The LSoG documents how divorce and remarriage dampen intergenerational obligations in some families. Moreover, loosening cultural norms have weakened family bonds in general. Implications: Reviews of these studies provide insights into how the Baby Boomers may negotiate caregiving for aging parents as well as the likelihood of family care they will receive when their own health declines in the future.
The dual role of cyclin C connects stress regulated gene expression to mitochondrial dynamics

Following exposure to cytotoxic agents, cellular damage is first recognized by a variety of sensor mechanisms. Thenceforth, the damage signal is transduced to the nucleus to install the correct gene expression program including the induction of genes whose products either detoxify destructive compounds or repair the damage they cause. Next, the stress signal is disseminated throughout the cell to effect the appropriate changes at organelles including the mitochondria. The mitochondria represent an important signaling platform for the stress response. An initial stress response of the mitochondria is extensive fragmentation. If the damage is prodigious, the mitochondria fragment (fission) and lose their outer membrane integrity leading to the release of pro-apoptotic factors necessary for programmed cell death (PCD) execution. As this complex biological process contains many moving parts, it must be exquisitely coordinated as the ultimate decision is life or death. The conserved C-type cyclin plays an important role in executing this molecular Rubicon by coupling changes in gene expression to mitochondrial fission and PCD. Cyclin C, along with its cyclin dependent kinase partner Cdk8, associates with the RNA polymerase holoenzyme to regulate transcription. In particular, cyclin C-Cdk8 repress many stress responsive genes. To relieve this repression, cyclin C is destroyed in cells exposed to pro-oxidants and other stressors. However, prior to its destruction, cyclin C, but not Cdk8, is released from its nuclear anchor (Med13), translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it interacts with the fission machinery and is both necessary and sufficient to induce extensive mitochondria fragmentation. Furthermore, cytoplasmic cyclin C promotes PCD indicating that it mediates both mitochondrial fission and cell death pathways. This review will summarize the role cyclin C plays in regulating stress-responsive transcription. In addition, we will detail this new function mediating mitochondrial fission and PCD. Although both these roles of cyclin C are conserved, this review will concentrate on cyclin C's dual role in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A wall-following method for escaping local minima in potential field based motion planning

A wall-following method for escaping local minima encountered by the potential field based motion planning method used in real-time obstacle avoidance is presented. The new algorithm switches to a wall-following control mode when the robot falls into a local minimum. A switches back to the potential field guided control mode when a certain condition is met. A simple switch condition derived from monitoring the distance from the robot's position to the goal position is shown to be effective in escaping local minima in typical laboratory environments. A provision is built into the algorithm, allowing the robot to follow a wall in a different direction if the first attempt fails. The new algorithm is implemented on a Nomad 200 mobile robot. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the method.
Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microstructures on planar and nonplanar surfaces using a modified LIGA process

Large surface areas (tens of square centimeters to square meters) covered with high-aspect-ratio microstructures (HARMs) have potential applications in a wide range of fields including heat transfer, adaptive aerodynamics, acoustics, catalysts, seal and bearing design, and composite materials. HARMs are typically hundreds of micrometers in height, with widths ranging from a few micrometers to tens of micrometers, and they can be manufactured from a variety of materials such as metals, polymers, and ceramics. Three of the barriers to extensive use of large HARM-covered surfaces are cost, nonplanarity of typical surfaces, and adhesion of the microstructures to the surface. A starting point for inexpensive reproduction of large arrays of HARMs is the plastic molding step of the LIGA micromanufacturing process. In order to address the latter two problems, the standard LIGA process was modified/extended. Free-standing polymer sheets, perforated with a pattern of high-aspect-ratio throughholes, were clamped to conductive substrates. The sheets provide a template for electrodeposition of nickel microstructures onto the target surface. This process makes it economically feasible to electroform metal microstructures directly onto large planar and nonplanar metal surfaces (cylinders).
Agricultural land use alters the seasonality and magnitude of stream metabolism

We present a comprehensive data set of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) in open-canopy, nutrient-rich streams draining row-crop agriculture in the midwestern United States. We used two approaches to characterize temporal and spatial variation in whole-stream metabolism: continuous measurements in one agricultural stream for 1 yr, and periodic daily measurements in six agricultural streams on six dates spanning summer, autumn, and winter. Continuous measurements revealed high rates of GPP (range: 0.1 to 22.0 g O2 m−2 d−1) and ER (range: −0.9 to −34.8 g O2 m−2 d−1) that varied seasonally with light availability and temperature. GPP and ER were correlated during periods of high autotrophic production, suggesting that autotrophic respiration comprised a large portion of ER; however, the GPP : ER ratio exceeded 1 for only 4% of the year. While there were distinct temporal patterns in metabolism in one agricultural stream, rates of GPP and ER were similar among six streams when assessed via periodic daily measurements, and 26% of all periodic daily measurements were autotrophic with GPP : ER > 1. However, these periodic measurements were collected under baseflow conditions and may have overestimated the extent of autotrophy in agricultural streams. Overall, the open canopy and elevated nutrients of agricultural streams resulted in higher rates of GPP and ER compared with more pristine systems. Estimates of metabolism are needed from underrepresented systems to accurately quantify carbon fluxes from fluvial ecosystems.
The controlled center dynamics of discrete time control bifurcations

In this paper, we introduce the Controlled center dynamics for nonlinear discrete time systems with uncontrollable linearization. This is a reduced order control system whose dimension is the number of uncontrollable modes and whose stabilizability properties determine the stabilizability properties of the full order system. After reducing the order of the system, the synthesis of a stabilizing controller is performed based on the reduced order control system. By changing the feedback, the stability properties of the controlled center dynamics will change, and thus the stability properties of the full order system will change too. Thus, choosing a feedback that stabilizes the controlled center dynamics allows stabilizing the full order system. This approach is a reduction technique for some classes of controlled differential equations.
Cooperative AF Relaying With Beamforming and Limited Feedback in Cognitive Radio Networks

This letter studies cooperative beamforming for dual-hop amplify and forward cognitive relay networks comprising a pair of secondary source-destination and multiple antenna relay in the presence of a pair of primary transmitter-receiver. The aim of this work is to improve the secondary system performance with limited feedback from the primary receiver while using a mean value-based power allocation strategy. We derive closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average error probability over Rayleigh fading channels. Numerical and simulation results demonstrate the impact of the limited feedback on the secondary system performance and show that an acceptable performance is achieved when compared with the case of perfect channel state information.
Dehydrated Soluble Potato Solids in Broiler Rations

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the value of dehydrated soluble potato solids in broiler rations. The soluble potato solids, a waste product from potato starch manufacture and potential pollutant, contains substantial amounts of protein and sugar. It is very hygroscopic and is relatively high in trypsin inhibitors. The sample supplied for final testing had been appropriately heated to reduce the trypsin inhibitors and calcium oxide had been added to reduce the hygroscopicity. Standard broiler diets containing 5% of this sample produced growth and feed efficiency which were not significantly different from those of broilers fed the control diets.
Design and Management Strategies for Mixed Public Private Transportation Networks: A Meta-Heuristic Approach

This article presents a new multi-objective mathematical programming framework to model interactions between public and private sectors in constructing and maintaining highway networks using the build, operate, and transfer scheme. In this study, private companies are assumed to have a degree of control over highway sections on which they perform maintenance and rehabilitation and capacity expansion activities. Private investors recover the cost of construction by levying tolls. The public agency is assumed to maintain the rest of the network with the aim of minimizing total system generalized cost. The bi-directional impact of roadway utilization on deterioration and deterioration on utilization is modeled in this study. The model accounts for route choice of users and all users are assumed to choose routes that have equal and minimal experienced generalized cost. The nonconvex and discontinuous multi-objective mathematical program is solved using nondominant sorting genetic algorithm-II and the pareto-optimal trade-off surface between the profit of the private company and the total system cost is generated. Computational runs are conducted to demonstrate the suitability and flexibility of the developed framework in modeling various policy decisions such as the presence of noncompete clauses.