cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-symbol detection of M-DPSK

The authors discuss optimal and suboptimal detection methods for improving the error performance when M-ary DPSK (differential phase shift keying) modulation is employed. All procedures use a block of N+1 measurements to produce N data decisions. The motivation is to lessen the energy penalty associated with classical DPSK detection and to approach the performance of fully-coherent detection, but without complicated feedback phase-tracking circuitry and the associated phase-acquisition time. The authors formulate optimal (block) detection under the assumption of unknown carrier phase. Performance analysis and simulation show significant improvement with increasing blocklength, but complexity increases exponentially in blocklength. Suboptimal methods are then proposed which have far less complexity, but retain the improvement over standard DPSK. The primary applications of the present work are in fast-acquisition TDMA (time-division multiple-access) systems with PSK modulation and in frequency-hopping systems using DPSK. >
Male and Female Child Murderers: An Empirical Analysis of U.S. Arrest Data

Recent U.S. cases of murders by children below age 11 have captured national headlines. A review of the literature reveals that little is known about this population of juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs). Most studies on juvenile murderers have used small clinical samples, focused on adolescents, and concentrated on male offenders. Studies that have used Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) data have found significant gender differences among juveniles below 18 years arrested for murder. This study investigated gender differences among 226 juvenile murderers ages 6 through 10 involved in single-victim incidents using bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Consistent with previous research, bivariate analyses revealed gender differences with respect to the type of weapon used, age of the victim, relationship to the victim, and circumstances of the crime. Logistic regression analysis identified female JHOs as more likely to use a knife, kill a family member, and kill a victim below age 5, when compared with male JHOs. From these findings, profiles of young male and female JHOs can be drawn. The article concludes with a discussion of the study's implications for prevention and treatment. The authors recommend that future research in gender differences among young children focus on examining psychological, neurological, and sociological variables not included in the SHR data set.
Why technology matters to writing: A cyberwriter's tale

Technology does indeed matter to writing—and in significant ways. But how it matters can vary, depending on the particular technology, the habits and attitudes of the individual writer, and the context of learning and use. Here I employ a personal narrative (“a cyberwriter’s tale”) to track my development as a writer over time—from handwriting to typewriting to cyberwriting—and to show how each new writing technology influenced my practices and products. I argue finally for a cyborgian, posthumanist view of writing technologies. Such a view does not isolate the technological tool as an abstracted machine apart from human use, but insists on defining technology as use—as the human and machine working in concert (joined at the interface) and writing in a particular social, political, and rhetorical context.
Agent-Based Modeling vs. Equation-Based Modeling: A Case Study and Users' Guide

In many domains, agent-based system modeling competes with equation-based approaches that identify system variables and evaluate or integrate sets of equations relating these variables. The distinction has been of great interest in a project that applies agent-based modeling to industrial supply networks, since virtually all computer-based modeling of such networks up to this point has used system dynamics, an approach based on ordinary differential equations (ODE’s). This paper summarizes the domain of supply networks and illustrates how they can be modeled both with agents and with equations. It summarizes the similarities and differences of these two classes of models, and develops criteria for selecting one or the other approach.
Governmental Structure and Performance: the Effects of the Lakewood Plan On Property Values

The paper analyzes the impact on municipal property values of the Lakewood intergovernmental contract police services plan. It is argued that any economic Abstract benefits of contracting over self-provision of services will generate tax and service quality differentials which will tend to be capitalized into residential property values; thus, property value effects can serve, in the absence of accu rate police output indicators, as indirect measures of relative local govern ment performance. The study finds that, after accounting for other spending and tax differences, property values are significantly lower in contract cities. When combined with more direct evidence on police output, this result suggests that the contracting plan does not provide superior services. To improve govermental effectiveness via contracting, it is argued that output-oriented, performance contracts are needed.
Mycophagy among Primates

The majority of the 22 primate species known to eat fungi spend less than 5% of their feeding time doing so. The Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii), a small South American primate, devotes up to 63% of its feeding time to the consumption of Auricularia auricula, A. mesenterica, Ascopolyporus polyporoides and A. polychrous. This may be as much as 6.1kg/animal/year of fresh weight of fungus consumed by an animal weighing half a kilogram; in comparison, the average person in the U.S.A. consumes 1.9 kg/person/year of fresh weight of mushrooms. The nutritional benefits of mycophagy appear to be relatively few, but need to be investigated further. Mycophagy by Goeldi's monkeys may be a strategy for reducing feeding competition during the dry season and likely affects the monkeys' home range size and distribution pattern.
The Deep Impact crater on 9P/Tempel-1 from Stardust-NExT

Abstract The Stardust-NExT (SdN) mission returned to Comet 9P/Tempel-1 and viewed the site of the Deep Impact (DI) collision just over one comet year later. Comparisons between pre-impact images from the ITS camera on the DI probe and SdN images reveal a 50 m-diameter crater surrounded by a low rim about 180 m in diameter. The removal of a small mound uprange (but offset from the trajectory) from the impact site can be related to changes in the evolution of ejecta. A narrow (6°) gap in the ejecta curtain downrange indicates that a ridge extending from the impact-facing scarp downrange interrupted the final stages of cratering in one small region. Together, these observations indicate that the DI excavation crater diameter was about 200 m (±20 m), a value consistent with the ejected mass derived from Earth- and space-based observations with the assumption that this mass represents only 10–20% of the total ejected mass. As a result, the DI crater visible today is consistent with either a larger transient crater, which collapsed, or a central crater of a nested crater resembling an inverted sombrero. The latter alternative would be expected from a layered target: a loose particulate surface about 1–2 m deep over a slightly more competent substrate.
Sensitivity of Microbial Lipases to Antibiotics

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effect of various concentrations of pimaricin, mycostatin, and penicillin upon bacterial and fungal lipases. Although the antibiotics exhibited extremely mild inhibitory effects upon the cell production of Achromobacter lipolyticum , the lipase activity of the growing culture was arrested by 46 to 100%, 59 to 100%, and 43 to 100% by 0.5 to 50.0 units of pimaricin, mycostatin, and penicillin per milliliter, respectively. Different concentrations of the antibiotics inhibited the lipases produced by A. lipolyticum, Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus niger , and Penicillium roqueforti to varying degrees. There was a direct but not proportional relationship between the antibiotic concentration and the per cent inhibition. The fungal lipase of G. candidum showed maximum resistance to antibiotic action. Under the conditions of the study, A. lipolyticum , produced considerably more lipase or at a faster rate than those produced by the fungi. While A. lipolyticum and G. candidum produced only extracellular lipases, A. niger and P. roqueforti produced both intra- and extra-cellular lipases. The antibiotics appeared to have no specificity in regard to the inhibition of intra- or extra-cellular mold lipases. An increase in the substrate concentration in the experimental mixture nullified the inhibitory effect of the antibiotics upon the microbial lipases, indicating that the antibiotics are competitive inhibitors.
Robust Adaptive Kalman Filtering with Unknown Inputs

The conventional sequential adaptive procedure for estimating noise covariances and input forcing function has suboptimal performance and potential instability. In this work we present a robust procedure for optimally estimating a polynomial-form input forcing function, its time of occurrence and the measurement error covariance matrix, R. This procedure is based on a running window robust regression analysis. In addition a general robust procedure for estimating the process noise covariance matrix, Q, is derived. This procedure is based on the optimal filter's residual characteristics and stochastic approximation.
Disturbance and landscape effects on avian nests in agricultural conservation buffers

We studied the effects of periodic disturbance (prescribed burning and light disking) and landscape composition on nest density and success for grassland birds in agricultural conservation buffers in southeastern United States agroecosystems. During the 2007-2009 breeding seasons, we located 387 nests in buffers of a northeast Mississippi agroecosystem. Dickcissel (Spiza americana) and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) were the most common nesting species. Time since disturbance influenced nest densities of dickcissels and red-winged blackbirds; densities were lesser during the first growing season post- disturbance but increased during the second growing season post-burn. Nest densities for both species were least in buffers adjacent to woodland. Inclusion of disturbance did not improve models of dickcissel and red- winged blackbird nest survival, suggesting that disturbance influenced nesting density, but not nesting outcomes. Amount of grassland surrounding dickcissel nests was positively associated with nest survival, but confidence intervals included zero indicating effects were not strong. Although distance to nearest crop or developed edge were included in competing models of red-winged blackbird nest survival, their effects were negligible. Agricultural conservation buffers will best serve breeding grassland bird populations if they are established in areas with minimal woodland cover, maximize total grassland in the landscape, and are maintained with prescribed burning. These results will help characterize the contribution of agricultural conservation buffers in agroecosystems of the southeastern United States. 2013 The Wildlife Society.
A Look Back at the First Seven Years of the AIS Educator Journal

ABSTRACT At the 2003 meeting of the AIS Educator Association, an idea for an on-line resource for AIS educators was first introduced. The idea evolved into the AIS Educator Journal, the first completely on-line academic journal in the accounting education field. Since the first issue went live on-line in 2006, sufficient manuscripts has been blind-reviewed and accepted to provide an annual volume each year. A total of 31 articles by 60 authors and co-authors have been published. This article provides a brief history of the journal and a summary analysis of the first seven volumes.
Experiencing Action Evaluation's Cyclic Process: Partnering Conflict, Reflection, and Action.

AbstractIn this article, the authors describe experiences in and offer suggestions from a course entitled ‘Educational Innovation for Excellence Through Action Research, Conflict Resolution, and Organizational Learning’ – an action evaluation (AE). The class was taught using the principles of action research and AE. The authors explore the impact that the course had on the their personal perceptions and classmates’ perceptions of AE, grapple with the criteria for what constituted a shared definition of ‘success’ in the course, and offer a critical lens for viewing educational evaluation as a means to continued self-reflection or reflexivity. The theoretical framework utilized is symbolic interactionism and critical pedagogy. The process of AE, including resonance, positive disruptions, reflexivity, and conflict resolution, is discussed within the authors’ narratives. Action evaluation is revealed as the complex process of joining sometimes apparently disjointed participants as unlikely partners to create ...
Sequence of Single Neuron Changes in CA1 Hippocampus of Rabbits During Acquisition of Trace Eyeblink Conditioned Responses

McEchron, Matthew D. and John F. Disterhoft. Sequence of single neuron changes in CA1 hippocampus of rabbits during acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioned responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1030–10...
American Indian Entrepreneurship

Almost none of the 300 Indian reservations located in the lower forty-eight states possess functioning economies in which reservation residents and visitors can purchase the goods and services commonly available in the U.S. economy. A private, free market economy obviously requires private business owners, i.e., entrepreneurs. The percentage of private business ownership among American Indians, however, is by far the lowest for any identifiable group in the U.S. and this fact alone contributes greatly to the poverty and lack of economic activity on reservations. Consequently, to assist Indian nations and communities to unlock their wealth and to improve their economic and social conditions, tribal governments and others need to focus on increasing the number of on-reservation Indian entrepreneurs and creating more privately owned businesses and private-sector economies on reservations.
The Metabolic Effects of Alcohol on the Liver

Although there has been considerable debate as to the pathways of alcohol metabolism, It still can be stated with confidence that the main enzyme responsible for ethanol oxidation is alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme is found in the cytoplasm of the liver cell. There are two other mechanisms for the oxidation of alcohol: 1) catalase and catalatic peroxidation; and 2) microsomal ethanol oxidation. Many laboratories including our own have attempted to determine the mechanism of microsomal ethanol oxidation and whether this system has any physiologic or clinical significance in the overall metabolism of alcohol. Most of the evidence that we have obtained would suggest that microsomal ethanol oxidation which can be demonstrated in vitro is the net result of two enzyme reactions: 1) NADPH oxidase and 2) catalase. The interactions of these two enzymes lead to the production of hydrogen peroxide which in turn serves to oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde. Evidence for this concept as an explanation of microsomal ethanol oxidation will be presented.One of the effects of alcohol is the production of a fatty liver. Fatty liver can be produced by: 1) increased fatty acid synthesis, 2) decreased fatty acid oxidation, 3) increased fatty acid esterification, 4) decreased formation of the apoproteins of lipoproteins, 5) increased mobilization of fatty acids to the liver and 6) decreased release of lipoproteins from the liver. Alcohol affects many of these processes. Much of the available evidence indicates, however, that decreased fatty acid oxidation is probably the most significant factor in leading to the production of the fatty liver produced by alcohol. In general the fat in the liver is present in the form of triglyceride and is present in two types of particles, a small 30-80A particle and the other>200A. The smaller particle represents the lipoproteins which are being prepared for export. The larger particles represent the lipid being accumulated in the liver.One of the features of alcohol on the liver is the production of hyperlipemia. This appears to be due to increased synthesis of lipoproteins by the liver and is most common in individuals who already have an elevated triglyceride level especially those with an underlying defect in type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.Hypoglycemia occurs with alcohol but only when the glycogen stores of the liver have been depleted due to poor nutrition or fasting. The other metabolic effects of the liver will be discussed.Finally in addition to the effects on the liver we have come to learn of important actions of alcohol on the intestine. These include: 1) increase in lipid synthesis by the intestine which contributes to the fatty liver, 2) decreased vitamin B12 absorption, 3) decreased sugar and amino acid transport and 4) decrease in calcium absorption. These effects of alcohol on the intestine may contribute to the impaired nutrition seen in alcoholic subjects.
Spatially Resolved Electronic Alterations As Seen by in Situ195Pt and 13CO NMR in Ru@Pt and Au@Pt Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Pt-based core–shell (M@Pt where M stands for core element) nanoparticles (NPs) have recently been under increasing scrutiny in the fields of fuel cell and lithium air battery electrocatalysis due to their promising prospects in optimizing catalytic activity, reducing Pt loading and consequently lowering its cost. To achieve the latter, delineating spatially resolved local (surface) elemental distribution and associated variations in electronic properties under working condition (i.e., in situ) is arguably a prerequisite of fundamental importance in investigating electrocatalysis but unfortunately is still sorely missing. In this regard, in situ195Pt electrochemical NMR (EC-NMR) of Pt-based NPs is unique in terms of accessing such information, particularly the spatially resolved partition between the s- and d-like Fermi level local density of states (Ef-LDOS) modified by the core elements. In this paper, we report a comparative in situ195Pt EC-NMR investigation of Ru@Pt vs Au@Pt NPs which was complemented ...
Measurement of heterogeneous reaction rates: three strategies for controlling mass transport and their application to indium-mediated allylations.

We describe three new strategies for determining heterogeneous reaction rates using photomicroscopy to measure the rate of retreat of metal surfaces: (i) spheres in a stirred solution, (ii) microscopic powder in an unstirred solution, and (iii) spheres on a rotating shaft. The strategies are applied to indium-mediated allylation (IMA), which is a powerful tool for synthetic chemists because of its stereoselectivity, broad applicability, and high yields. The rate-limiting step of IMA, reaction of allyl halides at indium metal surfaces, is shown to be fast, with a minimum value of the heterogeneous rate constant of 1 × 10–2 cm/s, an order of magnitude faster than the previously determined minimum value. The strategies described here can be applied to any reaction in which the surface is retreating or advancing, thereby broadening the applicability of photomicroscopy to measuring heterogeneous reaction kinetics.
APPLICATION OF RAPID COOLING SYSTED BASED ON VACCOM METHOD FOR STEAM TURBINE OF 600MW UNIT

Through structure analysis of steam turbine for the 600 MW unit in Hanfeng Power Generation Co Ltd,a rapid cooling system based on vacuum method has been presented,and a comparison of the said system with the commonly used system,in which the heated compressed air is taken as the cooling medium,being carried out.Practice shows that the application of rapid cooling system based on vacuum method to be safe and reliable.
Local orbitals in electron scattering calculations

We examine the use of local orbitals to improve the scaling of calculations that incorporate target polarization in a description of low-energy electron-molecule scattering. After discussing the improved scaling that results, we consider the results of a test calculation that treats scattering from a two-molecule system using both local and delocalized orbitals. Initial results are promising.
The use of immediate grafting in facial fracture management : indications and clinical considerations

One of the goals of reconstruction of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton following major trauma has been the one-stage repair of form and function. This goal can be achieved by the application of craniofacial techniques, careful interfragmentary stabilization, and primary bone grafting even in the most severe injuries. Primary bone grafting, only recently achieving wide acceptance, has proven to be an important clinical advance following definitive one-stage repair in previously difficult situations.
The Integration of Adult Acute Care Surgeons into Pediatric Surgical Care Models Supplements the Workforce without Compromising Quality of Care

Acute care of children remains a challenge due to a shortage of pediatric surgeons, particularly in rural areas. In our institutional norm, all cases in patients age six and older are managed by dedicated general surgeons. The provision of care to these children by these surgeons alleviates the impact of such shortages. We conducted a five-year retrospective analysis of all acute care pediatric surgical cases performed in patients aged 6 to 17 years by a dedicated group of adult general surgeons in a rural tertiary care hospital. Demographics, procedure, complications, outcomes, length of stay, and time of consultation/operation were obtained via chart review. Elective, trauma related, or procedures performed by a pediatric surgeon were excluded. Descriptive statistics are reported. A total of 397 cases were performed by six dedicated general surgeons during the study period. Mean age was 11.5 ± 3.1 years. In all, 100 (25.2%) were transferred from outlying facilities and 52.6 per cent of consultations/operations occurred at night (7P-7A), of which 33.2 per cent occurred during late night hours (11P-7A). On weekends, 34.0 per cent occurred. Appendectomy was the most commonly performed operation (n = 357,89.9%), of which 311 were laparoscopic (87.1%). Others included incision/drainage (4.5%), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (2.0%), bowel resection (1.5%), incarcerated hernia (0.5%), small bowel obstruction (0.5%), intra-abdominal abscess drainage (0.3%), resection of intussusception (0.3%), Graham patch (0.3%), and resection omental torsion (0.3%). Median length of stay was two days. Complications occurred in 23 patients (5.8%), of which 22(5.5%) were the result of the disease process. These results parallel those published by pediatric surgeons in this age group and for the diagnoses treated. Models integrating dedicated general surgeons into pediatric call rotations can be designed such that quality of pediatric care is maintained while providing relief to an overburdened pediatric surgical workforce.
Techniques of Directory Decoding

Four of the decoding techniques shown in Fig. 27 are to be described and analyzed. There are (1) the truncated fixed length keyword tree, (2) the unique truncation variable length key-word tree, (3) the complete variable length key-word tree, and (4) the randomizer. For convenience these descriptions will be shortened to the fixed tree, truncated variable tree, variable tree, and randomized methods, respectively. The procedure followed will be to describe and illustrate the methods of each, then to formulate expressions for retrieval time and storage requirements, and finally to compare them with respect to programming complexity, decoding speed, and memory requirement.
Money-Measurement as the Moral Problem

In 1991 an internal memo from the World Bank’s Chief Economist Lawrence Summers was leaked to the world’s press.2 Uproar followed, for in the memo Summers made certain policy recommendations concerning pollution based entirely on monetary considerations. In itself this might not be thought objectionable, but Summers was talking about the morbidity and mortality associated with high levels of pollution; the third world was under polluted and so he suggested that such pollution be exported to the less developed world where human life was ‘cheaper’ than in more developed nations. As he pointed out, people in the less developed world did not tend to live as long or earn as much as those in the developed world. In money terms the loss, and particularly the early loss, of a productive life in the developed world far outweighed the same loss in the less developed world. True, levels of morbidity and mortality would certainly increase in less developed nations as they became the repository for the world’s toxins, but such increases would hardly matter given the low monetary value of lives in these regions, and they would certainly be far outweighed by the monetary gains from healthier, longer lived peonle from developed nations.
Do the physical facilities in restaurants match older Americans’ preferences?

ABSTRACTThis study investigated restaurants’ response to the aging population’s preferences. Gaps between previously identified preferences and current restaurant design were examined. The observational survey assessed: parking and outside accessibility, comfort and inside accessibility, menu readability, and restrooms. Occasional gaps were found even though restaurants were generally well-designed. Casual dining restaurants were more likely to meet consumer preferences as to the exterior, seating, and service. Limited-service restaurants better met preferences for the bathrooms, lighting, and sound. This information may be helpful when building or remodeling restaurants and may help restaurants to attract older customers.
Elastic constants and their pressure dependences in Cd1-xMnxTe with 0 <= x <= 0.52 and in Cd0.52Zn0.48Te.

We have measured ultrasonic transit times to determine the elastic constants of ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Te crystals with 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.52 and of ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{0.52}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.48}$Te at 296 K using hydrostatic pressures up to 4 kbar. It is found that Mn, but not Zn, weakens the zinc-blende crystal structure and makes it less stable under pressure. Applying a modified Born criterion to our data, we deduce the pressure expected to cause the transition to the rocksalt structure in each compound. The influence of Mn we attribute to Mn 3d orbitals hybridizing into the tetrahedral bonds.
Emergency Preparedness of Persons Over 50 Years Old: Further Results From the Health and Retirement Study.

Objective This article conceptualized emergency preparedness as a complex, multidimensional construct and empirically examined an array of sociodemographic, motivation, and barrier variables as predictors of levels of emergency preparedness. Methods The authors used the 2010 wave of the Health and Retirement Study's emergency preparedness module to focus on persons 50 years old and older in the United States by use of logistic regression models and reconsidered a previous analysis. Results The models demonstrated 3 key findings: (1) a lack of preparedness is widespread across virtually all sociodemographic variables and regions of the country; (2) an authoritative voice, in the role of health care personnel, was a strong predictor of preparedness; and (3) previous experience in helping others in a disaster predisposes individuals to be better prepared. Analyses also suggest the need for caution in creating simple summative indexes and the need for further research into appropriate measures of preparedness. Conclusion This population of older persons was generally not well prepared for emergencies, and this lack of preparedness was widespread across social, demographic, and economic groups in the United States. Findings with implications for policy and outreach include the importance of health care providers discussing preparedness and the use of experienced peers for outreach. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:80-89).
The indirect effect of panic disorder on smoking cognitions via difficulties in emotion regulation.

Abstract Panic disorder (PD) and cigarette smoking are highly comorbid and associated with worse panic and smoking outcomes. Smoking may become an overlearned automatized response to relieve panic-like withdrawal distress, leading to corresponding smoking cognitions, which contribute to its reinforcing properties and difficultly abstaining. Difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) may underlie this relation such that in the absence of adaptive emotion regulatory strategies, smokers with PD may more readily rely upon smoking to manage affective distress. In the current study, the indirect relation between PD status and smoking cognitions through ER difficulties was examined among daily smokers (N = 74). We found evidence for an indirect relation between PD status and negative affect, addictive and habitual smoking motives, and anticipating smoking will result in negative reinforcement and personal harm, through self-reported difficulties with ER. Our findings are aligned with theoretical models on anxiety and smoking, and suggest that reports of greater smoking cognitions may be due to ER difficulties.
Exploring the HIV continuum of care among young black MSM.

Background HIV disproportionately impacts young, black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) who experience disparities across the HIV care continuum. A more nuanced understanding of facilitators and barriers to engagement in care, missed visits, antiretroviral uptake, adherence and viral suppression could improve care and intervention design. Methods A randomized controlled trial of an online intervention, healthMpowerment, enrolled 465 YBMSM (18–30 years); 193 identified as HIV-positive. Bivariable and multivariable analyses of baseline data explored predictors of: engagement in care, missed visits, antiretroviral uptake, self-reported adherence, and viral suppression. Results Mean age was 24.9 years; most identified as gay (71.0%) and were receiving HIV care (89.1%). Among those in care, 52.1% reported no missed visits in the past 12 months, 41 (24.6%) reported one missed visit, and 39 (23.4%) reported two or more. Having insurance (prevalence odds ratio [POR] 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3, 15.8) and provider self-efficacy (POR 20.1; 95% CI: 6.1, 64.1) were associated with being in care. Those with a college degree (POR 9.1; 95% CI: 1.9, 45.2) and no recent marijuana (POR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.6) or methamphetamine use (POR 5.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 28.5) were less likely to miss visits. Most (n = 153, 84.1%) had been prescribed antiretroviral therapy. A majority of participants (70.8%) reported ≥90% adherence; those with depressive symptoms had 4.7 times the odds of reporting adherence <90% (95% CI: 1.65, 13.37). Of participants who reported viral load testing in the past six months, 65% (n = 102) reported an undetectable viral load. Disclosure to sex partners was associated with viral suppression (POR 6.0; 95% CI: 1.6, 22.4). Conclusions Multi-level facilitators and barriers to engagement across the continuum of care were identified in this sample of YBMSM. Understanding the distinct needs of YBMSM at each stage of the continuum and addressing them through tailored approaches is critical for long term success in care.
Introduction: Graphs—Basic Definitions

By a graph, we don’t mean a chart or function plot or a diagram. We mean a combinatorial structure which consists of vertices, also called points or nodes, connected by edges, also called arcs. If you wish, think of vertices as destinations and edges as routes. A more precise statement is given below.
The TRiCky business of reovirus assembly.

The TRiC chaperonin has been identified as a crucial player in the assembly of reovirus capsids by folding the σ3 outer-capsid protein into its native conformation. These findings provide a functional understanding of TRiC in virus replication and a rationale for the development of TRiC inhibitors as broad-spectrum anti-viral agents.
Congenital Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare disorder characterized by an impaired ventilatory response to hypercarbia and hypoxia, resulting in alveolar hypoventilation during sleep and variably while awake. CCHS is usually caused by sporadic mutations in the paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) gene, though familial transmission does occur in an autosomal dominant fashion. CCHS is suspected based on clinical symptoms and requires exclusion of a pulmonary, neuromuscular, brainstem, or cardiac cause. The diagnosis is established by demonstration of a PHOX2B mutation. There is no cure for CCHS, and management is supportive with ventilatory care. Other associated conditions can include Hirschsprung's disorder, neural crest tumors, and physiologic symptoms of autonomic insufficiency.
The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50th Anniversary of the Society's Formation

The formation of the Society for Neuroscience in 1969 was a scientific landmark, remarkable for the conceptual transformation it represented by uniting all fields touching on the nervous system. The scientific program of the first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held in Washington, DC in 1971, is summarized here. By reviewing the scientific program from the vantage point of the 50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience, the trajectory of research now and into the future can be tracked to its origins, and the impact that the founding of the Society has had on basic and biomedical science is evident. The broad foundation of the Society was firmly cast at this first meeting, which embraced the full spectrum of science related to the nervous system, emphasized the importance of public education, and attracted the most renowned scientists of the day who were drawn together by a common purpose and eagerness to share research and ideas. Some intriguing areas of investigation discussed at this first meeting blossomed into new branches of research that flourish today, but others dwindled and have been largely forgotten. Technological developments and advances in understanding of brain function have been profound since 1971, but the success of the first meeting demonstrates how uniting scientists across diversity fueled prosperity of the Society and propelled the vigorous advancement of science.
Correction to: Operationalizing a Conceptual Model of Colorism in Local Policing

The article Operationalizing a Conceptual Model of Colorism in Local Policing, written by Henry Smart III, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s Internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 21 November 2018 with open access. The original article has been corrected.
A micro-mechanical approach to model thermal induced aging in elastomers

Abstract This paper presents a micro-mechanical approach to describe the effects of thermal induced aging on the constitutive behavior of aged elastomers for long-range timescales. In particular, this model focuses on the effects of thermal induced aging on the quasi-static mechanical response of elastomers and their inelastic responses such as Mullins effect and permanent set over time. The model describes the aging induced damage with respect to experimental studies on the process of chemical aging which suggests high detachment of original covalent bonds and formation of new bonds. Accordingly, in the course of aging, the strain energy of the polymer matrix is divided from two independent sources, (i) a decomposing original matrix cross-linked by a small number of strong original bonds, (ii) a newly formed matrix cross-linked by a high number of weak reformed bonds. Each network has its own damage mechanisms which are induced based on the applied deformation and time. The proposed mechanism satisfies the Clausius–Planck inequality and is thus physically feasible. The model is validated with respect to a comprehensive set of experimental data designed by Johlitz et al. [38]. to capture thermal induced aging effect on constitutive behavior of elastomers. Besides accuracy, the model is relatively simple and easy to fit. It requires ten material parameters, all with clear physical meaning, which can be identified from only one set of experiment.
Collaboration: A Mechanism of Drug Court Model Adherence:

Drug courts solve problems, namely, reducing drug use and recidivism. The current research attempts to answer the question of how to ensure program fidelity and therefore optimize the efficacy of d...
Flüssigkeits- und Elektrolytveränderungen bei experimentellen Verbrennungen

Es wird uber tierexperimentelle Versuche zur Beeinflussung der Wasser- und Natriumretention nach Verbrennungen berichtet. 25 Hunden wurde eine drittgradige Verbrennung von 30% der Korperoberflache zugefugt. Vor und nach der Verletzung wurden Aufnahme und Ausscheidung von Wasser und Natrium gemessen und aus zweitagigen Durchschnittswerten Veranderungen des Flussigkeits- und Elektrolythaushalts errechnet. 1. Bei den Kontronlltieren wurde eine betrachtliche Zunahme der Retention von Wasser und Natrium nach der Verbrennung festgestellt. 2. Nur wenig geringer war die Wasser- und Natriumretention nach Behandlung mit einer 5%igen Mannitollosung. 3. Die Wasserretention bei den mit einer 4%igen Harnstofflosung behandelten Hunden lag nach der Verbrennung nur wenig uber dem Ausgangswert. 4. Rheomacrodex (niedrigmolekulares Dextran) in 10%iger Losung bewirkte eine deutliche Verminderung der Natriumretention. Hinsichtlich einer Beeinflussung der Wasserretention war ihm Harnstoff uberlegen.
Abstract 018: TET2 Loss of Function-driven Clonal Hematopoiesis Promotes Age-related Vascular and Systemic Inflammation and Metabolic Dysfunction in Mice

Background: Acquired mutations in the hematopoietic system and subsequent clonal hematopoiesis are emerging as potential new drivers of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. TET2 was the first ge...
What can we really learn from Las Vegas

Fifty years ago, Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown and Steven Izenour, with 13 students from the Yale School of Architecture, made a 10-day study trip to Las Vegas. They were enthralled by the tow...
On totally geodesic foliations and doubly ruled surfaces in a compact Lie group

For a Riemannian submersion from a simple compact Lie group with a bi-invariant metric, we prove that the action of its holonomy group on the fibers is transitive. As a step towards classifying Riemannian submersions with totally geodesic fibers, we consider the parameterized surface induced by lifting a base geodesic to points along a geodesic in a fiber. Such a surface is "doubly ruled" (it is ruled by horizontal geodesics and also by vertical geodesics). Its characterizing properties allow us to define "doubly ruled parameterized surfaces" in any Riemannian manifold, independent of Riemannian submersions. We initiate a study of the doubly ruled parameterized surfaces in compact Lie groups and in other symmetric spaces by establishing several rigidity theorems and constructing examples.
Elevated algal and sedimentary turbidity alter prey consumption by emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides)

Anthropogenic increases to turbidity (suspended particulates) in the water column can alter the underwater visual environment, resulting in disruptions to visual signals in fishes exposed to these conditions. However, dissimilar turbidity types (e.g. sedimentary or algal particles) are expected to influence the visual environment in different ways as they exhibit differing physical characteristics. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of elevated turbidity on prey consumption in emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides). A secondary goal was to determine the relationship between visual morphological structures (i.e. eyes and optic lobe of brain) and prey consumption in different visual environments. We tested emerald shiner consumption of Daphnia magna in three turbidity types (sedimentary, algal and sedimentary + algal) at two different levels (20 NTU and 40 NTU) as well as in a clear (<5 NTU) control. We found that prey consumption decreased in high turbidity (40 NTU) across turbidity types relative to the control treatment. Further, consumption was lower in each treatment relative to the control with the exception of the moderate (20 NTU) sedimentary turbidity treatment. This study indicates that for emerald shiner, while high levels of turbidity are likely to suppress foraging, moderate levels of sedimentary turbidity may be slightly beneficial for foraging success. Further, it is likely that increases in algal turbidity via cultural eutrophication are likely to result in reductions in prey consumption.
Endovascular septal fenestration using a radiofrequency wire to salvage inadvertent false lumen deployment of a frozen elephant trunk stent graft.

ABSTRACT We report a case of a frozen elephant trunk arch repair, where the stent graft was unintentionally placed into the false lumen. Postoperative imaging demonstrated an enlarged false lumen with no thoracic aorta fenestrations that could be traversed to place another thoracic endovascular aortic repair endograft into the true lumen. An atraumatic radiofrequency wire (PowerWire, Baylis Medical, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was used to create a new septal fenestration, enabling thoracic endovascular aortic repair endograft extension into the thoracic true lumen. This novel use of a radiofrequency wire can enable safe and controlled endovascular septal fenestration even in chronic dissections to redirect flow into the true lumen.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Transverse and Longitudinal Ionic Currents in Solid-State Nanopore DNA Sequencing

We report all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) translocation in 1 M KCl solution through a silicon nitride solid-state nanopore with one or two nanochannels p...
Hume’s practice theory of promises and its dissimilar descendants

Why do we have a moral duty to fulfill promises? Hume offers what today is called a practice theory of the obligation of promises: he explains it by appeal to a social convention. His view has inspired more recent practice theories. All practice theories, including Hume’s, are assumed by contemporary philosophers to have a certain normative structure, in which the obligation to fulfill a promise is warranted or justified by a more fundamental moral purpose that is served by the social practice of promising or adherence to it. Recent practice theories do have this structure, but, I argue, Hume’s own does not. Hume’s account, while it does trace the origin of promises to convention, is instead a causal explanation of the moral sentiments we have toward fulfillment and violation of promises, sentiments he regards as normative in themselves and not susceptible of further warrant. He explains how a collectively-invented social practice becomes (itself) morally obligatory for us to conform to, without deriving its moral authority from a more basic principle. I discuss one objection often made to practice theories that, in its application to Hume, presupposes the incorrect interpretation, and show that while it is telling for Hume’s descendants, for Hume it misses the mark. Instead I make a different challenge to Hume, and suggest how he might meet it.
Economic hardship and child intake of foods high in saturated fats and added sugars: the mediating role of parenting stress among high-risk families

Objective:Economic hardship (EH) may link to poorer child diet, however whether this association is due to resource limitations or effects on family functioning is unknown. This study examines whether parenting stress mediates the association between EH and child consumption of foods high in saturated fats and added sugars (SFAS).Design:Data were collected from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. EH was assessed using eight items collected when children were between 1–9 years old. Mothers reported parenting stress and frequency of child consumption of high SFAS foods when children were 9 years old. Latent growth curve modelling (LGCM) and structural equation modelling tested direct associations between the starting level/rate of change in EH and high SFAS food consumption, and parenting stress as a mediator of the association.Setting:Twenty US cities.Participants:Mothers/children (n 3846) followed birth through age 9 years, oversampled ‘high-risk’, unmarried mothers.Results:LGCM indicated a curvilinear trend in EH from ages 1–9, with steeper increases from ages 3–9 years. EH did not directly predict the frequency of high SFAS foods. Average EH at 3 and 5 years and change in EH from ages 1–9 predicted higher parenting stress, which in turn predicted more frequent consumption of high SFAS foods.Conclusions:Findings suggest it may be important to consider parenting stress in early prevention efforts given potential lasting effects of early life EH on child consumption of high SFAS foods. Future research should explore how supports and resources may buffer effects of EH-related stress on parents and children.
Epistemology as the Locus of Teacher Competence.

The school is viewed as an element in a larger system of circular reasoning and circular causality which mitigates against genuine growth. Teacher education institutions have the potential to adaptively break into these circles by stressing those skills and attitudes from which innovation and growth have always sprung. Teacher competence should be defined as the extent to which a teacher can intellectually defend his practices and beliefs rather than as his conformity to current practices.
Maintaining Equity and Access: Successful Implementation of a Virtual Kidney Transplantation Evaluation.

Background Maintaining access to kidney transplantation during a pandemic is a challenge, particularly for centers that serve a large rural and minority patient population with an additional burden of travel. The aim of this article was to describe our experience with the rollout and use of a virtual pretransplantation evaluation platform to facilitate ongoing transplant waitlisting during the early peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study Design This is a retrospective analysis of the process improvement project implemented to continue the evaluation of potential kidney transplantation candidates and ensure waitlist placement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Operational metrics include transplantation volume per month, referral volume per month, pretransplantation patients halted before completing an evaluation per month, evaluations completed per month, and patients waitlisted per month. Results Between April and September 2020, a total of 1,258 patients completed an evaluation. Two hundred and forty-seven patients were halted during this time period before completing a full evaluation. One hundred and fifty-two patients were presented at selection and 113 were placed on the waitlist. In addition, the number of patients in the active referral phase was able to be reduced by 46%. More evaluations were completed within the virtual platform (n = 930 vs n = 880), yielding similar additions to the waitlist in 2020 (n = 282) vs 2019 (n = 308) despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions The virtual platform allowed continued maintenance of a large kidney transplantation program despite the inability to have in-person visits. The value of this platform will likely transform our approach to the pretransplantation process and provides an additional valuable method to improve patient equity and access to transplantation.
Working in Solidarity: An Intersectional Self-Study Methodology as a Means to Inform Social Justice Teacher Education

In this article, we critically analyze our experiences in preparing pre-service teachers (PSTs) to teach for social justice. We utilized an intersectional lens to identify and validate our differen...