cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer talk on twitter: community structure and information sources in breast and prostate cancer social networks.

This study suggests taking a social networks theoretical approach to predict and explain patterns of information exchange among Twitter prostate and breast cancer communities. The authors collected profiles and following relationship data about users who posted messages about either cancer over 1 composite week. Using social network analysis, the authors identified the main clusters of interconnected users and their most followed hubs (i.e., information sources sought). Findings suggest that users who populated the persistent-across-time core cancer communities created dense clusters, an indication of taking advantage of the technology to form relationships with one another in ways that traditional one-to-many communication technologies cannot support. The major information sources sought were very specific to the community health interest and were grassroots oriented (e.g., a blog about prostate cancer treatments). Accounts associated with health organizations and news media, despite their focus on healt...
On Comparing Error Patterns and the Effect of Maturation in a Unit on Sentential Logic.

If this objective [critical thinking] is to be realized, a clear notion of the relevant skills must guide the selection of classroom subject matter and teaching methods. Critical thought requires the ability to make logically correct inferences, to recognize fallacies, and to identify inconsistencies among statements. If the school is to encourage these skills significantly, instruction must deal specifically with the ability to derive logical conclusions from given sets of premises, evidence, or data [p. 188].
Filtered Rayleigh scattering velocimetry—accuracy investigation in a M=2.2 axisymmetric jet

The present study is a quantitative evaluation of filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) axial velocity measurements in a M=2.2 axisymmetric jet. The FRS setup used a frequency-doubled, injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser, an iodine vapor cell and two intensified CCD cameras. The goal was to evaluate the FRS accuracy in a practical flow case and assess the relative uncertainty contributions of different sources. Despite the use of dried air and co-flow, water condensation produced uneven seeding of the flow, making particle scattering dominate over molecular scattering. The time-averaged velocity measurements showed fair agreement between the FRS and pressure probe data acquired in the same setup with deviations of up to 50 m/s. The analysis of uncertainty sources showed that laser drift dominated with an estimated contribution of 35 m/s. Several other sources, shot noise, iodine cell calibration, image misalignment and non-monochromatic scattered light were found to contribute O(10 m/s) each, bringing the total uncertainty estimate to ±50 m/s, in agreement with the experimental data.
Pyramids and roundtables: a reflection on leadership.

Abstract By the nature of their career choice, surgeons are leaders at a variety of levels. The rise to leadership positions in surgery often requires scaling a steep pyramid. Many young surgeons are poorly prepared for what is frequently a competition with their peers. Some of the qualities young surgeons must possess to ascend the leadership pyramid are summarized by the “HOPES” of leadership: Honesty, recognition of Opportunity, having a Plan, knowing your Environment, and Self-assessment.
Attitudes toward animals and personal violence (suicide and homicide).

ownership of cats and dogs were associated with homicide rates (rs = 0.44 and 0.67, respectively, p < .05). Ownership of cats and dogs was related to national indices of extraversion (r; = 0.64 and 0.68) but not to national indices of anxiety (r; = -0.22 and -0.19). Further, elimination of nonEuropean nations (Australia, Canada, Japan, and the USA) eliminated the significant differences. Incidentally, for the 12 nations in the European Economic Community, suicide and homicide rates were not related to the percentage of the population who hunt (Anon., 1986b) n = -0.38 and -0.28, respectively). Ownership of cats and dogs then may be positively related to national indices of extraversion and homicide and may prove to be a useful social indicator in further cross-cultural research.
The spectral sensitivity of evoked potentials from the retina and cortex of nocturnal and diurnal monkeys

Abstract Spectral sensitivity functions of Rhesus and Aotes monkeys were determined from simultaneous recordings of light-evoked cortical and retinal responses. In Aotes, a nocturnal anthropoid, the scotopic system dominated both the VER and the ERG. With Rhesus, on the other hand, rod activity was more prominent at the retina, but the cortical responses were subserved primarily by photopic processes. Analysis of the relative contributions of the photopic and scotopic mechanisms in the evoked responses from these species suggests that retinal interaction effects, notably at the ganglion cell level, play an important role in determining the characteristics of the visual signals transmitted to the cortex.
Nuclear Scission and Quantum Localization

We examine nuclear scission within a fully quantum-mechanical microscopic framework, focusing on the nonlocal aspects of the theory. Using $^{240}\mathrm{Pu}$ hot fission as an example, we discuss the identification of the fragments and the calculation of their kinetic, excitation, and interaction energies, through the localization of the orbital wave functions. We show that the disentanglement of the fragment wave functions is essential to the quantum-mechanical definition of scission and the calculation of physical observables. Finally, we discuss the fragments' prescission excitation mechanisms and give a nonadiabatic description of their evolution beyond scission.
Archaeology in the Lettered City

The ‘lettered creole’ Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora is widely seen as an antiquarian who collected textual materials associated with the indigenous past. But Siguenza's historical interest exceeded both the textual and the indigenous. Following a popular insurrection in 1692, which left the viceroy's palace in ruins, Siguenza was asked to present a proposal for segregating Mexico City into distinct Spanish and Indian zones. He framed his project not as an attempt to trace a new line but as the recuperation of an old one, ‘excavating’ the original plan laid out by Hernan Cortes. Drawing on recent work in the field of archaeology and proposing a revisionist history of Mexican archaeology, this essay reads Siguenza's interventions in the wake of the uprising as articulating an ‘archaeology of the colonial present’ whose modalities include both digging and ‘walking in the city.’ This operation renders the Spanish city a colonial ruin to be curated by a creole administrative apparatus. For the first time, the S...
Stomatal conductance and transpiration of co-occurring seedlings with varying shade tolerance

Forest ecosystems exert a large influence on the hydrologic cycle through transpiration, with the majority supplied by saplings and adult trees. However, a measurable amount is also supplied by seedlings. The contribution of seedlings is dependent upon species, which is ultimately controlled by microclimate. The objectives of this study were to (1) observe meteorological conditions of two forest microclimates; and (2) assess the intra- and interspecific stomatal conductance and transpiration responses of naturally occurring seedlings of varying shade tolerance. Naturally established seedlings in a deciduous forest understory and an adjacent clearing were monitored throughout the 2008 growing season in southeastern Pennsylvania (39°49′N, 75°43′W). The understory microclimate conditions overall had a lower degree of variability and had consistently lower mean quantum flux densities, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, volumetric water content, and soil temperature than the clearing plot. Understory seedlings of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) and Prunus serotina L. (black cherry) had significantly lower mean monthly rates of water loss (p = 0.05) than clearing seedlings [P. serotina and Liriodendron tulipifera L. (yellow poplar)]. Additionally, water loss by shade-grown P. serotina seedlings was significantly lower (p = 0.05) than by sun-grown seedlings. Physiological differences, specifically shade tolerance, played an important role in determining the rates of stomatal conductance and transpiration in the seedlings. To a lesser degree, microclimate variability also influenced water loss. The results of this study validate results obtained in previous studies conducted largely under controlled conditions. Field validations are critical to developing better models and forest management strategies.
Freedom of choice in tracking an atomic resonance

The International Second (SI) is defined in terms of a resonant frequency of cesium imagined at 0 K, differing from any measurable resonant frequency by an offset calculated from a chosen wave function. As proved in prior work, the choice of wave function cannot be determined by measured data but requires a reach beyond anything measurable or calculable, thereby bringing incalculablility, along with an element of free choice, into the definition and the realization of the second. A clock that realizes the second contains a variable-frequency oscillator controlled by a measurement model running in a computational process, and the chosen wave function is embodied in the measurement model. Embedded in a computational process, the measurement model, with its dependence on the chosen wave function, acts as an active agent, responding to incalculable detections by calculating numbers that adjust the oscillator. Because the choice of realization of a proper clock influences the measured numbers that give evidence of spacetime curvature, the chosen wave function for cesium clocks affects spacetime curvature, inviting exploration of offsets of imagined proper clocks from measurable frequencies in interesting situations, such as stellar interiors.
Functional role of glycosphingolipids in tumor progression.

HAKOMORI, S. Functional Role of Glycosphingolipids in Tumor Progression. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1992, 168 (2), 211-222 -Molecular modeling of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), and their organization in membranes, suggest that GSL “patches” provide binding sites for interaction with ligands and adjacent cells, and that GSLs or their catabolites modulate transmembrane signaling. Aberrant GSL expression is a ubiquitous phenotype common to essentially all types of tumors, and leads to (i) formation of tumor-associated antigens defind by a large variety of monoclonal anti-bodies; (ii) aberrant adhesion favoring metastasis and invasiveness of tumor cells; and (iii) aberrant catabolism leading to altered transmembrane signaling and loss of growth control. Classical immunotherapy is based on (i). New approaches termed “antiadhesion” and “anti-signaling” therapy, based on (ii) and (iii), are hereby proposed. -antiadhesion therapy; glycosphingolipids; integrin family; anti-signaling therapy; tumor-associated antigen
Loss mechanisms in resonant spectrophones.

Quality factors and resonant frequencies of a resonant spectrophone have been measured as a function of pressure and the results compared to theoretical predictions which took into account classical surface and volumetric losses and molecular relaxation. Buffer gases investigated included the five noble gases, H2, N2, O2, CO2, N2O, and SF6. Typically 95% of the cavity losses were accounted for theoretically. Frequency shifts due to relaxational dispersion, nonideal gas behavior, and classical boundary layer effects were observed; all behaved as predicted by theory.
Screening mammography and constructs from the transtheoretical model: Associations using two definitions of the stages-of-adoption.

The two purposes of this investigation were: (a) to examine whether an association existed between stages of adopting regular mammography and decision-making constructs from the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change, and (b) to determine whether any such associations would be found for each of the two ways of defining the stages-of-adoption. One method integrated past screening history with a report of future intention for screening; the other method used a single item with predetermined response categories. Data were from the baseline survey of 1,323 women aged 50–74 who were recruited as part of an intervention study through a local Health Maintenance Organization. Results showed that both ways of defining stages of adopting regular mammography were associated with decisional balance and processes-of-change. The method that integrated past history plus intention provided somewhat better discrimination among stages. Women who were labeled as being at “Risk of Relapse,” and those who said they waited for a “Provider’s Recommendation,” may be useful groups to add to the set of stages that have been employed so far by the TTM. In addition, a tendency to avoid the health care system in general was used as a process-of-change to complement the mammography-specific processes.
Chiappinoite-(Y), Y2Mn(Si3O7)4, a new layer silicate found in peralkaline syenitic ejecta from the Água de Pau volcano, Azores

Chiappinoite-(Y) (IMA2014-040), ideally Y_2Mn(Si_3O_7)_4, is a new mineral found in peralkaline syenitic ejecta from the Agua de Pau volcano, San Miguel Island, Azores District, Portugal. It was discovered by collector Luigi Chiappino of Milan, Italy, after whom the mineral is named. It occurs as colourless, thin to thick prisms, up to 1 mm long, with blunt chisel-like terminations, and exhibits the forms {100}, {010}, {001}, {110} and {011}. Crystals are transparent with vitreous lustre. The Mohs hardness is about 6 and the mineral is brittle with uneven fracture and one perfect cleavage on {001}. The measured and calculated densities are 3.09(2) and 3.073 g/cm^3, respectively. Chiappinoite-(Y) is biaxial (–) and the refractive indices (white light) are α = 1.590(1), β = 1.5978(10), γ = 1.5982(10); 2V_(meas) = 24(1)° and 2V_(calc) = 25° . The mineral exhibits no dispersion and is nonpleochroic. The optical orientation is X = c, Y = b, Z = a. The empirical formula on 28 O apfu is (Y_(1.17)Ce_(0.18)Dy_(0.10)Na_(0.10)Nd_(0.09)Er_(0.08)La_(0.07)Gd_(0.07)Yb_(0.06) Sm_(0.03)Pr_(0.02))_(Σ1.97)(Mn^(2+) _(0.61)Ca_(0.25)Fe^(2+)_(0.09))_(Σ0.95)Si_(12.07)O_(28). The eight strongest reflections in the X-ray diffraction pattern [d_(obs). in A (I) (hkl)] are: 9.84 (90) (002), 4.129 (52) (024), 3.977 (48) (114), 3.544 (100) (211,042,202), 3.203 (48) (222), 2.999 (71) (044,204), 2.478 (67) (310,046,206) and 2.065 (57) (multiple). The mineral is orthorhombic, Ibam, with ɑ = 7.5549(3), b = 15.2342(5), c = 19.6418(14) A, V = 2260.6(2) A^3 and Z = 4. The structure of chiappinoite-(Y) contains 3-tetrahedra-thick silicate layers consisting of sinuous batisite-like chains, above and below which are four-membered silicate rings. Eight-coordinate Y and Mn sites are located between the silicate layers. The structure is essentially identical to that of the synthetic phases PrNaSi_6O_(14) and NdNaSi_6O_(14), except that the latter phases have an additional 12-coordinate Na site within the “cage” in the silicate layer.
Genetic mapping of complex traits

Statistical genetic mapping methods are powerful tools for finding genes that contribute to complex human traits. Mapping methods combine knowledge of the biological mechanisms of inheritance and the randomness inherent in those mechanisms to locate, with increasing precision, trait genes on the human genome. We provide an overview of the two major classes of mapping methods, genetic linkage analysis and linkage disequilibrium analysis, and related concepts of genetic inheritance.
Tuning a Multiscale Model of Abdominal Aortic Hemodynamics to Incorporate Patient-Specific Features of Flow and Pressure Waveforms

Computational models enable the calculation of quantities that are impractical or impossible to measure and the prediction of physiological changes due to interventions. In order to be useful, cardiovascular models must be both rooted in physical principles and designed such that measured or otherwise desired features of the cardiovascular system are reproduced. The former requirement has motivated the development of image-based anatomic models, patient-specific inflow boundary conditions, deformable vascular walls, outflow boundary conditions that represent the influence of the downstream circulation, and multiscale models. The development of approaches to address the latter requirement, reproducing desired features of the circulation, is a critical area of modeling research that has received comparatively little attention.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Strict unimodality of q-binomial coefficients

We prove the strict unimodality of the q-binomial coefficients (nk)q as polynomials in q. The proof is based on the combinatorics of certain Young tableaux and the semigroup property of Kronecker coefficients of Sn representations.
CPAC: An industry—university cooperative research center for process analytical chemistry

Abstract The Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) is one of about 20 industry—university partnerships across the U.S.A. founded with support from the National Science Foundation to stimulate some aspect of industrial innovation and productivity. Because industry is looking toward increased automation and in order to improve productivity, new sensors and strategies need to be developed for real-time process monitoring and control. Research at CPAC is aimed at the discovery and development of analytical methods that can be integrated directly into the process and that are coupled with chemometrics techniques. CPAC is advancing a systems approach by combining (1) theoretical research on new and existing transduction principles, (2) rational sensor design and multivariate techniques for calibration, resolution and interpretation of data, (3) sensor fabrication and engineering research, and (4) process optimization and control using analytical data in real-time. Process applications are seen as one element of a broader trend, termed distributed analytical chemistry, which is bringing analytical methods out of the laboratory into the system being analyzed. The trend will provide a natural and fertile field for industry—university cooperative endeavors. In this article, the effects of the CPAC partnership on analytical research and education at the University of Washington are assessed.
Difference in Brain Densities Between Chronic Alcoholic and Normal Control Patients.

The densities of the brains of 11 chronic alcoholics were compared with those of 11 age-matched normal control subjects. Densities were determined from the density numbers generated by computerized tomography at three levels of the brain-the highest level of the lateral ventricles and the next two higher levels-with adjustments made to control for possible artifacts in the data. The advantage of the dominant hemisphere over the nondominant hemisphere was lessened in alcoholics.
Total lymphoid irradiation in the treatment of early or recurrent heart transplant rejection

Purpose : Recurrent acute cardiac allograft rejection is an important cause of repeat hospitalization and a major mode of mortality, particularly during the 6 months immediately following transplant. Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) has been shown experimentally to induce a state of partial tolerance when administered prior to transplantation. Anecdotal reports of clinical experience have also suggested efficacy of TLI in treatment of recurrent cardiac rejection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TLI for treatment of early or recurrent heart transplant rejection. Materials and Methods : Between January 1990 and June 1992, 49 patients postallograft cardiac transplant were given courses of TLI for treatment of early or recurrent rejection after conventional therapy with Methylprednisolone, antithymocyte globulin, OKT3, and methotrexate. Two patients failed to complete their therapy and were not evaluated. Two other patients received a second TLI course, making a total of 49 courses delivered. Indications for TLI were early rejection (n = 5), recurrent rejection (n = 38), and recurrent rejection with vasculitis (n = 6). The dose goal of the TLI protocol was 8 Gy in 10 fractions given twice weekly. Three separate fields were used to encompass all major lymph node-bearing areas. The actual mean dose was 7 Gy (range 2.4-8.4 Gy), and the duration of treatment was 8 to 106 days. These variations were secondary to leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. Results : The mean posttransplant follow-up is 15 ± 1.2 months (maximum 27 months). Among patients initiating TLI within 1 month posttransplant (n = 15), the rejection frequency decreased from 1.83 episodes/patient/month pre-TLI to 0.13 episodes/patient/month post-TLI (p < 0.0001). For those who began TLI 1-3 months after transplant (n = 21), rejection decreased from 1.43 to 0.10 episodes/patient/month (p < 0.0001). When TLI was started more than 3 months posttransplant (n = 11), the pre-TLI and post-TLI rejection frequencies were 0.67 and 0.07/patient/month (p < 0.0001), respectively. The reduced post-TLI rejection frequencies were maintained to 24 months. There was no increase in the frequency of infection after TLI, nor were there any deaths during or immediately following TLI. Conclusion : Total lymphoid irradiation is a safe and effective adjunct for prolonged control of early or recurrent cardiac rejection. Bone marrow suppression is transient in nearly all patients and is not associated with an increased incidence of infection. The long-term benefits, possible late deleterious effects, and the potential role of TLI as induction therapy remain to be elucidated.
Taking it out of context: collaborating within and across cultures in face-to-face settings and via instant messaging

As new communications media foster international collaborations, we would be remiss in overlooking cultural differences when assessing them. In this study, 24 pairs in three cultural groupings--American-American (AA), Chinese-Chinese (CC) and American-Chinese (AC) --worked on two decision-making tasks, one face-to-face and the other via IM. Drawing upon prior research, we predicted differences in conversational efficiency, conversational content, interaction quality, persuasion, and performance. The quantitative results combined with conversation analysis suggest that the groups viewed the task differently--AA pairs as an exercise in situation-specific compromise; CC as consensus-reaching. Cultural differences were reduced but not eliminated in the IM condition.
Effect of adsorption of non-ionic surfactant and non-ionic—anionic surfactant mixtures on silica—liquid interfacial properties

Abstract Adsorption of non-ionic surfactants and non-ionic—anionic surfactant mixtures is shown to have marked effects on silica—liquid interfacial properties such as hydrophobicity and zeta potential. The hydrophobicity of silica surface is found to be dependent on both adsorption density and structure of the non-ionic surfactants. At relatively low adsorption densities, non-ionic surfactant with long ethoxyl chain (C 8 φEO 40 ) is observed to impart hydrophobicity to silica surface, but further adsorption restored hydrophilicity to the silica surface. Such changes in hydrophobicity are not observed with non-ionic surfactant with shorter ethoxyl chain and this difference in hydrophobicity effects is related to the conformational behavior of the adsorbed molecules. Anionic surfactant, which by itself does not adsorb on silica, shows significant adsorption in the presence of the non-ionic surfactant and markedly changes the zeta potential of silica particles. Surfactant adsorption mechanisms responsible for changes in silica—liquid interfacial properties are discussed in this paper.
Spatial-temporal dissipative structures arising in open reactive systems with a negative feedback loop

A systematic way of finding the possible spatial-temporal structures that may emerge in open reactive systems coupled with diffusive transport and containing one inhibitory (negative feedback) loop is presented. The method is illustrated on two kinetic models, one used by L. Glass, another by Higgins et al. which we coupled with diffusion. The ranges of cooperativity index and Fick transport coefficients we find for the occurrence of a spatially non-uniform time periodicity are consistent with in vitro experiments.
Ethical, legal, and social dimensions of epilepsy genetics.

Summary: Purpose: Emerging genetic information and the availability of genetic testing has the potential to increase understanding of the disease and improve clinical management of some types of epilepsy. However, genetic testing is also likely to raise significant ethical, legal, and social issues for people with epilepsy, their family members, and their health care providers. We review the genetic and social dimensions of epilepsy relevant to understanding the complex questions raised by epilepsy genetics. Methods: We reviewed two literatures: (a) research on the genetics of epilepsy, and (b) social science research on the social experience and social consequences of epilepsy. For each, we note key empiric findings and discuss their implications with regard to the consequences of emerging genetic information about epilepsy. We also briefly review available principles and guidelines from professional and advocacy groups that might help to direct efforts to ascertain and address the ethical, legal, and social dimensions of genetic testing for epilepsy. Results: Genetic information about epilepsy may pose significant challenges for people with epilepsy and their family members. Although some general resources are available for navigating this complex new terrain, no guidelines specific to epilepsy have yet been developed to assist people with epilepsy, their family members, or their health care providers. Conclusions: Research is needed on the ethical, legal, and social concerns raised by genetic research on epilepsy and the advent of genetic testing. This research should include the perspectives of people with epilepsy and their family members, as well as those of health care professionals, policymakers, and bioethicists.
The separation of membrane proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

A modified Takayama (K. Takayama, D. H. Mac Lennanan, A. Tzagoloff and C. D. Stoner, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 114 (1966) 223.) method for acrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins is described. The method uses acetic acid, urea, phenol and mercaptoethanol as the solvent for solubilizing the membranes. This method gives more and sharper bands than Takayama's method and other methods in the literature.
Influence of body mass index and serum lipids on the cholesterol-lowering effects of almonds in free-living individuals.

Background and aims: Short-term (4e9 weeks) human feeding trials have shown nut consumption to reduce serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL). We hypoth- esized that individual levels of BMI, LDL, TC and triglycerides modify the cholesterol-lowering effect of almonds in a 24-week almond supplementation trial in a free-living population. Methods and results: We performed secondary analysis on data from a previously published study. Using a sequential study design, all participants followed their habitual diets during the first six months (control), and then consumed an almond-supplemented diet (habitual þ almonds) for another six months. 100 adults enrolled; 19 were lost to attrition. Those who completed the study were men (n Z 43) and women (n Z 38) with mean (SD) age 49.4 (13.6) years. During almond supplementation, we found statistically significant changes in TC (�0.22 mmol/L), LDL ( � 0.22 mmol/L), TC:HDL (�0.35), and LDL:HDL ( �0.28) in participants with baseline LDL levels � 3.30 mmol/L, but not among normocholesterolemic individuals. Direction and magnitude of change were similar among individuals with TC � 5.20 mmol/L but not in the lower strata. Tests of interaction (dietTC and dietLDL) were significant. Reductions in the ratios TC:HDL, and LDL:HDL were significant among those with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 , but not in heavier individuals; however, formal tests of
Quantitative assessment of the relative contributions of steric repulsion and chemical interactions to macromolecular crowding.

The term “macromolecular crowding” denotes the combined effects of high volume fractions of nominally unrelated macromolecules upon the equilibrium and transport properties of all macrosolutes, dilute as well as concentrated, in the crowded medium. We present a formal partitioning of the total crowding effect into contributions from steric exclusion (excluded volume) and weak, nonspecific attractive interactions between a concentrated “crowding agent” and reactant and product species present at trace concentration. A numerical example of the combined effect of both steric and chemical interactions between crowder and tracer upon the reversible dimerization of tracer is presented, based upon reasonable estimates of the magnitude of both repulsive and attractive interactions between tracer and crowder species.
Is polygyny a risk factor for poor growth performance among Tanzanian agropastoralists

Anthropologists and demographers have devoted considerable attention to testing the fertility-polygyny hypothesis, which posits that polygynously married women have lower fertility than their monogamously married counterparts. Much less attention has been paid to the potential impact of polygynous marriages on the health and well-being of children. The objective of this paper was to assess whether polygynous marital status is a risk factor for poor nutritional status and growth performance among a cohort of young Tanzanian children. Using data collected from both wet and dry season periods, we tested for an association from both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. Despite relatively high nutritional status compared to other agropastoralists and horticultural populations, as well as the presence of various socioecological factors that were expected to mitigate any "costs" to polygynous marriage, we found that among our target population, polygynous marital status is a risk factor for poor growth performance. This association is most pronounced in the wet season, and maintains even after allowing for the potential influences of child age and sex, and household characteristics. These results counter our original expectation, and suggest that polygyny is costly to children in this population; this does not appear to be the result of difference in early child environment or household wealth.
Multiple-View Face Tracking For Modeling and Analysis Based On Non-Cooperative Video Imagery

3D face analysis has been researched intensively in recent decades. Most 3D data (so called range facial data) are obtained from 3D range imaging systems. Such data representations have been proven effective for face recognition in 3D space. However, obtaining such data requires subject cooperation in a constrained environment, which is not practical for many real applications of video surveillance. It is therefore in high demand to use regular video cameras to generate 3D face models for further classification. The goal of our research is to develop a method of tracking feature points on a face in multiple views in order to build 3D models of individual faces. We proposed a three-view based video tracking and model creation algorithm, which is based on the Active Appearance Model and a generic facial model. We will describe how to build useful individual models over time, and validate the created dynamic model sequences through the application of face recognition. Tracking multiple view fiducial points of a face in a time sequence can also be used for facial expression analysis. Our experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed work.
Effect of one-second light pulses on testicular function and locomotor activity in the golden hamster

The effects of 1-sec light pulses on testicular size and the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in male golden hamsters were examined utilizing two different paradigms. First, adult male hamsters that had been maintained on 14L:1OD were transferred to either a 6L:18D or 6L:18D light cycle with a 1-sec light pulse interrupting the dark phase of 8 h after lights-off. Exposure to 6L:18D for 11 weeks induced complete testicular regression which was accompanied by low serum testosterone levels. In contrast, the paired testis weights and serum testosterone levels of animals receiving the 1-sec night interruption were maintained at values comparable to those found in hamsters maintained on photostimulatory long days. The daily onset of activity occurred 4-6 h after lights-off in the animals exposed to 6L:18D. Animals receiving the 1-sec night interruption exhibited two distinct patterns of entrainment: one in which the onset of activity occurred near the time of the 1-sec light pulse, and another in which activity was initiated daily near the offset of the 6-h light phase. In the second study, adult male hamsters that had been maintained on 14L:1OD were transferred to either constant darkness or to a 1-sec skeleton photoperiod consisting of two 1-sec light pulses separated by dark intervals of 14 h and 10 h (i.e., 1 sec L:14D:1 sec L:IOD). As expected, exposure to constant darkness for 11 weeks induced complete testicular regression. However, in 7 of 12 animals exposed to 2 sec of light per day, testicular size was maintained in the range of values normally observed in hamsters exposed to stimulator>’ long-day photoperiods. Following transfer to constant darkness, the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity was observed to free-run with a period greater than 24 h in all animals. In contrast, entrainment of the activity rhythm was observed in all animals exposed to the 1-sec skeleton photoperiod with the pattern of activity resembling that exhibited by animals maintained under a complete 14L:1OD photoperiod. These results demonstrate that as little as 2 sec of light per day can influence the neuroendocrine events underlying the photoperiodic maintenance of gonadal function, and can be effective stimuli for the entrainment of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.
Point-Counter-Point: Psychotherapy in the Age of Pharmacology

The long-held view that medicine or therapy is an "art" is quickly becoming obsolete. To procure referrals and reimbursement, clinicians are being forced to be accountable (ie, use empirically supported, effective, reproducible, and efficient treatment interventions) by insurance companies, professional credentialing bodies, and their consumers. This article focuses on reviews of treatment interventions by scholars, researchers, clinicians, and study groups who have examined multiple databases of published studies and ongoing treatment protocols. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies were most often identified as well-established treatments for specific mental and behavioral health disorders in children and adolescents. Psychotherapy alone or in conjunction with pharmacotherapy can be powerful tools in helping youth manage or eliminate negative outcomes of mental and behavioral disorders.
Localization of a Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Subregion Regulating Locomotor Rhythmicity

The bilaterally symmetrical suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus are the loci of the mammalian clock controlling circadian rhythms. Previous studies suggested that all regions of the SCN are equipotential as circadian rhythmicity is sustained after partial ablation, as long as approximately 25% of the nuclei are spared. In contrast to these results, we found that animals bearing partial lesions of the SCN that spared the subregion delimited by cells containing the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28K (CaBP), sustained circadian locomotor rhythms. Furthermore, there was a correlation between the strength of the rhythm and the number of spared CaBP cells. Partial lesions that destroyed this region but spared other compartments of the SCN resulted in loss of rhythmicity. The next study indicates that transplants of half-SCN grafts that contain CaBP cells restore locomotor rhythms in SCN-lesioned host animals, whereas transplants containing SCN tissue but lacking cells of this subnucleus fail to restore rhythmicity. Finally, there was a correlation between the number of CaBP-positive cells in the graft and the strength of the restored rhythm. Taken together, the results indicate that pacemakers in the region of the CaBP subnucleus are necessary and sufficient for the control of locomotor rhythmicity and that the SCN is functionally heterogeneous.
Effect of Enzymes on the Interaction of Enteroviruses with Living HeLa Cells

Zajac, Ihor (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.), and Richard L. Crowell. Effect of enzymes on the interaction of enteroviruses with living HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol. 89:574–582. 1965.—Eight crude enzyme preparations and two crystalline enzymes were tested for ability to inactivate coxsackie group B and poliovirus receptors on living HeLa cells. Receptor-destroying enzyme, erepsin, lysozyme, collagenase, proteinase, and cobra venom did not alter attachment of coxsackie B3 or poliovirus T1 to cells, whereas elastase prevented attachment of both viruses tested. Treatment of live cells with pancreatin or chymotrypsin rendered cells unable to attach group B coxsackie viruses, whereas cells treated with trypsin failed to attach poliovirus T1. In addition, chymotrypsin was found to release coxsackie B3 and poliovirus T1 from cell surfaces, whereas trypsin was unable to dissociate virus-cell union. These results indicate that cellular receptors for polioviruses differ from those for group B coxsackie-viruses. The finding that 1% solutions of enzymes will inactivate differentially the enteroviral receptors of HeLa cells, without altering cell viability, provides a useful approach for study of enterovirus receptors of live host cells.
Guide RNAs in kinetoplastid mitochondria have a nonencoded 3' oligo(U) tail involved in recognition of the preedited region.

Abstract Maxicircle-encoded guide RNAs (gRNAs) for cytochrome b and maxicircle unidentified reading frames 2 and 3 (MURF2 and MURF3) were isolated by hybrid selection and sequenced. All three gRNAs contained nonencoded 3′ oligo(U) tails 5–24 nucleotides in length, with a mean length of approximately 15 nucleotides. Secondary structure calculations indicate a functional role of the 3′ oligo(U) tail in stabilizing the initial hybrid formed between the gRNA and the preedited mRNA, and allowed the identification of potential mRNA recognition sites for an editing complex. In addition, isolated MURF2 gRNA-II could be 5′ capped with [α- 32 P]-GTP and guanylyltransferase, suggesting that at least some gRNAs represent primary transcripts.
Molecular sieve synthesis in the presence of tetraalkylammonium and dialkylimidazolium molten salts

Both solvents and structure-directing agents are very important in molecular sieves synthesis. Tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetrabutylammonium nitrate, tetrapropylammonium bromide, and 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide were used to investigate the effect of molten salts/ionic liquids in dilute concentrations on the synthesis of zeolites. Products made include a microporous silicate with MFI-type framework and the layered silicate magadiite.
Criteria for dead-on-arrivals, prehospital termination of CPR, and do-not-resuscitate orders.

In contrast to the current consensus that governs the mechanics of prehospital advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), uniform criteria for determining when to initiate, withhold, or terminate ACLS in the field do not exist. Most emergency medical services (EMS) permit paramedics and other prehospital providers to withhold resuscitation when the victim obviously is dead, but the accuracy and appropriateness of this judgment in the field have not been subjected to empiric research. Do-not-resuscitate orders on patients in community settings often are problematic when paramedics and other prehospital providers are governed by standing orders that require them to initiate CPR when it is indicated medically. To date, eight states and a number of local EMS systems have developed a varity of policies to address this dilemma. Currently, few services permit paramedics to terminate ACLS in the field when such efforts failt to achieve return to spontaneous circulation. Studies have demonstrated convincingly that the rapid transport of such patients for further attempts at resuscitation in the hospital yields dismal rates of survival. The costs, risks, and benefits of this practice in community settings must be reviewed carefully to allocate EMS resources in an optimal manner.
Giant cavernous hemangioma of the distal esophagus treated with esophagectomy

Generalized lymphangiomatosis management can be challenging. Surgical treatment is indicated for complications (such as chylopericardium and chylothorax) or for biopsy. An important issue for management of chylous effusions is that there is not one specific source of chyle that can be stopped through the thoracic duct ligation; instead, there is a wide abnormal network of lymphatic channels. However, the best results have been reported with pleurectomy, with or without thoracic duct ligation, whereas thoracic duct ligation alone was unsuccessful in all cases. Fibrin glue application may help control lymphatic leakage from exposed surfaces after pleurectomy. 2 Other treatment options include inter feron alfa and systemic chemotherapy with limited success, and radiation in fractioned dose has been promising for patients with extensive mediastinal disease. 5
Neurocognitive change, functional change and service intensity during community-based psychosocial rehabilitation for schizophrenia.

Background This study examined the magnitude of neurocognitive change during 1 year of community-based psychosocial intervention, whether neurocognitive change and functional change were linked, and how neurocognitive change combined with service intensity to facilitate functional change. Method A total of 130 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were recruited upon admission to four community-based psychosocial rehabilitation programs. Subjects were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months on role functioning and symptom measures. Neurocognition was measured at baseline and 12 months. Service intensity was the number of days of treatment attendance during the study period. Latent mean difference tests and Latent Growth Curve Models (LCGMs) were used to examine the study hypotheses. Results There was statistically and clinically significant functional improvement over 12 months. Neurocognition improved significantly over time. Seventy-six (58%) of the sample showed neurocognitive improvement and 54 (42%) did not. There was a significant rate of functional enhancement in the neurocognitive improver group. There was a non-significant rate of functional change in the neurocognitive non-improver group. Neurocognitive improvers showed functional improvement that was 350% greater than neurocognitive non-improvers. Service intensity did not vary between neurocognitive improvers and non-improvers but there was a strong interaction between neurocognitive improvement, service intensity and rate of functional improvement such that service intensity was strongly related to functional improvement for neurocognitive improvers but not for neurocognitive non-improvers. Medication usage and symptomatology did not confound these findings. Conclusions These findings suggest that neurocognitive improvement may be a foundation for functional change and treatment responsiveness during community-based psychosocial rehabilitation for individuals with schizophrenia.
Wise-ShopFloor: a web-based and sensor-driven shop floor environment

Targeting the remote monitoring and control of shop floors, this paper proposes a new framework called Wise-ShopFloor Web-based integrated sensor-driven e-Shop Floor that can be applied to distributed manufacturing environments. It utilizes the latest Java technologies (Java 3D and Java Servlet) as enabling technologies for system implementation. This web-based framework allows users to monitor and control a distant shop floor device using Java 3D models instead of cameras. The behavior of a 3D model is driven by sensor signals of its physical counterpart. The goal of this research work is to eliminate network traffic, while still providing end users with intuitive environments.
Work-related injuries in minors

Since 1938, federal child labor laws have restricted employment of persons under 18 years old, in part to protect them from hazardous occupations. Workers' compensation claims reported to the Supplementary Data System of the Bureau of Labor Statistics were examined to define the current status of occupational injuries among minors. Data tapes from 1980 to 1983 were searched to identify all current claims for injuries and illnesses occurring in 1980 in persons under age 18. Injury rates were calculated using information about employment in 1979 available from the 1980 census. In the 24 states included in this study, 23,823 claims were reported for persons less than 18 years old. Of these claims, approximately 10% were from persons under age 16. Rates of injuries in 16- and 17 year olds were 12.6 per 100 full-time male workers and 6.6 per 100 full-time female workers. Serious injuries included fractures, dislocations, and amputations, accounting for 5.8%, 0.7%, and 0.6% of cases, respectively. California, the only state that coded whether injuries resulted in fatalities, reported 12 deaths in this age group. Machines and vehicles, many of which are restricted under child labor laws, accounted for 8.3% and 5.8% of claims. These data suggest that persons under age 18 years are not adequately protected from occupational injury. Further attention and, possibly, new preventive strategies are needed.
Biological Applications and Interpretations of TimeFrequency Signal AnalysisThis research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research, ONR contract no. N0001490J1654, the National Science Foundation, NSF grant no. BCS9110571, and a Biomedical Research Support Grant from the Office of Vice President for Research through the National Institutes of Health.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cohen's Class of Distributions Bioacoustics Examples Conclusions This chapter contains sections titled: Acknowledgments References
Holography: Origin, Rediscovery, Development and Beyond

The original purpose for the development of holography was mainly to reproduce a true three-dimensional imagery by means of wave front reconstruction process. However, since the rediscovery, it has offered a much wider spread of application beyond its legacy!
The Urgency of Social Value Theory in Postmodern Capitalism

The above statement by Michel Foucault, whose work is generally associated with the development of postmodernism in contemporary philosophy, speaks to the unsettling and disorienting experience of everyday life encountered by much of the world at the close of the twentieth century. His words reveal a profound loss of confidence in “truth,” a skepticism about knowledge, and an insecurity about progress. Foucault speaks with an emotional depth and conveys that sense of decenteredness commonly associated with postmodernism.