cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Media as Support for Partners of Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Researchers have established that partners of veterans who isolate socially because of posttraumatic stress disorder are also socially impacted. It is not known how partners cope with their own social isolation and the influence of social media on the isolation while maintaining commitment to their veteran partners. Weiss’ theory of the syndrome of loneliness was used as the basis for this phenomenological study investigating social experiences in 10 female participants drawn from social media groups. Although the study was open to male or female partners, only female partners of male veterans chose to participate. Qualitative email interviews established how the participants socialized as well as the professional and supportive services they might consider beneficial. Data were coded and analyzed to identify patterns that emerged from the experiences of the participants. The primary themes that emerged included that the women had established deep commitments to their veterans and experienced social isolation. Participants’ perception of the social stigma of posttraumatic stress disorder resulted in social withdrawal and a dependency on social media for their social interaction and support.
Response of Liquid in a Rectangular Container

Ideal incompressible liquid motion in rectangular container due to rectangular double and sinusoidal pulse excitation
Welcoming the Outsider: Local Variations in the Construction of the Law Towards Immigrants - Police Departments

This paper examines the local construction of law on the street regarding immigrants. Local agencies play a key role in immigration enforcement and in providing services to immigrants. As such, they are increasingly the ‘face of the state’ to immigrants, a face which varies across localities and regions and ranges from friendly to hostile. Some agencies have a full array of policies and procedures for providing services to immigrants, including policies requiring equal service without regard to immigration status, informational materials in foreign languages and training in providing neutral professional service, while others have few or none of these things. The purpose of this paper is two-fold; first, it develops a framework for measuring the degree of ‘welcomeness’ of public agencies. Second, it examines how widely local agencies are welcoming (or unwelcoming) to immigrants and what are the conditions that shape the degree of welcomeness. To address these questions, this paper uses results from nationwide surveys of local police departments in cities with a minimum population of 10,000 and a foreign-born population of least 5%. The research is framed by three competing theoretical approaches: minority group threat, neo-institutionalism and situational imperatives. Minority-threat theory suggests that agencies are more punitive toward minorities the greater the minority population. Neo-institutional theories suggest that agencies are somewhat insulated from local pressures and instead are influenced by broader institutional norms. Theories of situational imperatives suggest that front-line staff react toward people differently depending on the characteristics of the situation and the presumed moral worthiness of the person. This study improves understanding of how administrative policies and practices evolve in the context of political and institutional pressures. Preliminary results find a remarkable degree of deliberate welcomeness toward immigrants even in some politically conservative states.
A novel transparent air-stable printable n-type semiconductor technology using ZnO nanoparticles

We report on a novel, air-stable, printable, transparent, NMOS semiconductor technology using soluble ZnO nanoparticles. We demonstrate solution-processed transistors with mobility > 0.1 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s, which is the highest solution-processed NMOS mobility reported to date. The air-stability and transparency make this device an ideal candidate for low-cost printed displays and CMOS circuitry.
Overexpression of MnSOD Does Not Improve Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Mice

We previously reported that MnSOD-deficiency does not cause overt vasomotor dysfunction in aged or hypercholesterolemic mice. To determine whether increasing MnSOD protects against vasomotor dysfun...
Stability and Performance Relations between Triangular and Decentralized Control Systems

Preliminary results which help to understand the relationship between the stability and performance characteristics of diagonal and triangular control structures for 2×2 systems are presented. The results may be applied to larger systems when G(s) is a consistently ordered matrix. The presented development is derived from the theory of linear iterative methods and its duality with control theory.
GateMaker: a transistor to gate level model extractor for simulation, automatic test pattern generation and verification

Hierarchy is key to managing design complexity. A hierarchical design system needs to maintain many views of the same design entity. Some of the examples might be physical view for placement routing and extraction; transistor schematic view for circuit simulation, timing characterization and noise analysis; a gate level schematic view for timing, verification, logic simulation, fault simulation and automatic lest pattern generation (ATPG); a register transfer level (RTL) view for specification and high level simulation etc. In order to achieve highest system performance, multiple design iterations are necessary, each iteration involving both forward and backward pass through hierarchy, with manual changes at any level of the hierarchy. This poses an essential challenge of keeping all views of same design entity in sync. In this paper we describe an automatic tool called GateMaker, that has been developed to extract a gate level schematic model from a transistor level schematic model for the purposes of logic simulation, fault simulation and automatic test pattern generation. This eliminates a manual process and offers manifold advantages that will be discussed in this paper.
Anatomical distribution of the growth-associated protein GAP-43/B-50 in the adult rat brain

GAP-43 (B-50,F1,pp46) is a neuron-specific phosphoprotein that has been implicated in the development and modulation of synaptic relationships. Although most neurons cease expressing high levels of GAP-43 after the completion of synaptogenesis (Jacobson et al., 1986), certain brain regions continue to have considerable amounts of the protein throughout life (Oestreicher et al., 1986); in at least one such area, the phosphorylation of the protein has been linked with the events that underlie synaptic potentiation (Lovinger et al., 1985). In this study, we used the indirect immunoperoxidase method to map the distribution of GAP-43/B-50 in the brains of 8 adult rats with 2 different antibodies: a monospecific, polyclonal antibody prepared in sheep against the purified protein and an affinity-purified IgG prepared in rabbits. Specific immunoreactivity was found primarily in the neuropil and followed a generally increasing caudal-to-rostral gradient along the neuraxis. Densest staining occurred in layer I of the cortex, the CA1 field of the hippocampus, and in a continuum of subcortical structures that included the caudate-putamen, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and medial preoptic area-hypothalamus. In the brain stem, staining was seen in the central gray and in ascending visceral relay nuclei, but was essentially absent in areas related to ascending somatosensory information (e.g., the cochlear nuclei or vestibular complex) and motor control (e.g., nucleus ruber or the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves). Staining in dorsal thalamus was likewise modest in most somatosensory and somatomotor relay nuclei, but dark in certain other structures (e.g., mediodorsal nucleus, lateral complex). This distributional pattern raises the question of whether synapses in all areas containing high levels of GAP-43/B-50 are capable of undergoing functional plasticity, or whether the protein may function in some of these areas in some other capacity (e.g., general signal transduction).
Low-dose cone-beam CT imaging for radiotherapy

On-board cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides volumetric information of a patient at treatment position and improves the setup accuracy and may be used for dose reconstruction. However, there is a great concern that repeated use of CBCT during a treatment course delivers too much extra dose to the patient. To reduce the CBCT dose, one needs to lower the total mAs of the x-ray current, which usually leads to reduced image quality. Our goal of this work is to develop an effective method that enables to achieve clinically acceptable CBCT image with as low as possible mAs without compromising quality. An iterative image reconstruction algorithm based on a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) principle was developed for this purpose. To preserve edges in the reconstructed images, we designed an anisotropic penalty term of a quadratic form. The algorithm was evaluated with a CT quality assurance phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Compared with conventional isotropic penalty, the PWLS image reconstruction algorithm with anisotropic penalty shows better resolution preservation.
Undersized mitral annuloplasty inhibits left ventricular basal wall thickening but does not affect equatorial wall cardiac strains.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Undersized mitral annuloplasty has been widely employed for patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation. Beyond correction of mitral regurgitation, ring annuloplasty is postulated to normalize global left ventricular (LV) shape, thereby decreasing LV wall stress and promoting reverse LV remodeling. The effect of undersized annuloplasty on regional transmural LV wall thickening and strain patterns, however, has not been examined. METHODS In nine sheep, transmural radiopaque beadsets were inserted into the anterobasal and equatorial lateral LV walls, with additional markers silhouetting the left ventricle and mitral annulus. Four-dimensional marker dynamics were studied with biplane videofluoroscopy (open-chest) before and after tightening a Paneth-type mitral annuloplasty suture. LV volumes, mitral dimensions, transmural circumferential, longitudinal, and radial systolic strains, and end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) remodeling strains in the two LV regions were computed. RESULTS In the anterobasal LV wall close to the mitral annulus, annuloplasty increased ED wall thickness and surprisingly reduced systolic radial strain (wall thickening) at all transmural depths. Radial subepicardial, midwall, and subendocardial wall-thickening strains at ES in the anterobasal LV site were 0.25 +/- 0.15, 0.33 +/- 0.16, and 0.47 +/- 0.29, respectively, before tightening the suture annuloplasty, compared to 0.13 +/- 0.12, 0.15 +/- 0.18, and 0.20 +/- 0.26 after tightening. In the equatorial lateral LV wall further away from the annulus, most LV transmural systolic and remodeling strains did not change. CONCLUSION Simulated undersized annuloplasty acutely decreased transmural systolic LV wall thickening in the anterobasal region, without substantially affecting transmural deformations in the lateral LV wall. These acute effects of undersized annuloplasty require a better understanding as they may potentially be deleterious, and a direct ventricular approach may be needed as an adjunct to promote reverse LV remodeling.
Implications of Computer-Aided Design for Work and Performance

In a study of the implications of computer-aided design (CAD) for work and performance, the authors tested the proposition that CAD not only is superior to manual drafting and design technology, bu...
The evolution of science at the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

NIH had its beginnings in a humble one-room hygienic laboratory on Staten Island 100 years ago. That laboratory was equipped with a modern Zeiss light microscope imported from Germany. The laboratory's primary function was to inspect cargo and persons coming into the United States from abroad for contagious disease. In 1912, Congress changed the name of the organization that ran the laboratory from the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service to the Public Health Service. The change expanded the PHS role to include the diseases of man, pollution of navigable streams, sanitation, and sewage. Before there was an EPA and an NIEHS, pollution issues were handled by a variety of Public Health Service entities. In June 1958 the BayneJones report recommended to Congress the establishment of an agency specifically oriented toward the conduct of biomedical research into the effects of environmental agents on human health. Afterwards, a coalition of social forces moved irrevocably toward the creation of a national center devoted to studying the effects environmental hazards on human health. These forces included increased public awareness of air and water pollution; the disastrous effects of thalidomide in Europe; the destruction of bird and aquatic life by pesticides; the inevitable Congressional desire to do something about the pollution problem; and the eagerness of the academic community to get into and explore a new and exciting, socially desirable field of research. In November 1961, Dr. Paul Gross, professor of chemistry at Duke University, issued a similar call for creation of an institutional focus for environmental health research. The call was then taken up by a Study Group of the Public Health Service, which recommended an increased public role in environmental health research, a central laboratory. By 1962, the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council endorsed the idea, extending the concept even further to include university involvement. This is today a reality in the form of NIEHS's 15 Environmental Health Centers at universities. A short time later, in 1966, the
Cross‐species transmission of avian and mammalian Giardia spp: Inoculation of chicks, ducklings, budgerigars, mongolian gerbils and neonatal mice with Giardia ardeae, Giardia duodenalis (lamblia), Giardia psittaci and Giardia muris

Birds infected with Giardia may constitute a potential avenue for cross‐species transmission of giardiasis, especially during seasonal migration of infected birds from wetland habitats. We have investigated the potential for cross‐species transmission of avian Giardia species (Giardia ardeae from the great blue heron; Giardia psittaci from budgerigars) into unrelated avian hosts (chicks and ducklings) as well as established mammalian models for giardiasis, the Mongolian jird (gerbil) and the neonatal mouse. Avian Giardia species could not be transmitted to either young chicks, ducklings, or mammalian hosts; however, the transmission of G.psittaci to its natural host, the budgerigar, was successfully performed with either trophozoites or cysts. Attempts at transmission of mammalian Giardia spp. into avian hosts were consistently unsuccessful, although mammalian hosts were successfully infected with mammalian Giardia spp.. Experiments on the short term survival of cultured Giardia trophozoites inoculated di...
What Disciplinary Rehabilitation Unit Participants are Saying about Shock Incarceration The Alabama Experience

Boot camps are known for their rigorous regimen of marching, physical training, and hard work; however, Alabama boot camp officials have learned that additional services, such as individual and group counseling, will help improve probationers' chances of not reoffending when they are released. Moreover, officials at the Disciplinary Rehabilitation Unit have also discovered that by asking offenders what works, they can better treat and rehabilitate them.
Pyrolysis-Molecular Weight Chromatography of Polymers: A New Technique

Abstract A pyrolyzer with programming capability has been coupled in series with a thermal conductivity cell and a mass chromatograph. The thermal conductivity cell gives the flexibility for selective trapping of decomposition products, and also provides data that are complementary to thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The mass chromatograph is composed of two gas chromatographs that are run parallel from a common injection port. Each chromatograph uses a different carrier gas and is equipped with a gas density balance detector. The instrument simplifies identification of mixtures of unknowns in directly providing molecular weights, absolute quantities, and gas chromatographic retention times of the constituents. In this respect, the present system is analogous to pyrolysisgas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Discussion of the technique and its application to the investigation of the thermal degradation of low-density polyethylene are presented.
THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE COTTON PLANT AS INDICATED BY TISSUE TESTS.

Tissue tests applied to corn and various truck crops have afforded a convenient means of estimating the nutritional status of the plant. The application of suitable tissue tests to cotton should be of similar value. The determination of the portion of the plant to be used, the relation existing between the availability of certain elements and the accumulation of these elements in the sampling tissue, are among the problems which must be solved so that results obtained from tissue tests may be interpreted properly. Tissue tests developed at Purdue University are being used in diagnoses of nutrient deficiencies in corn (8, 12, 13, 14). According to Hoffer (8) the best time to make tests on corn is when the plants are well along in maturity. The value of information obtained late in the season is limited, however, by the fact that corrective measures cannot be taken until the following growing season. Carolus (1) employed quantitative tissue-testing methods using cabbage and potatoes as his experimental plants. He noted that a deficient supply of nitrogen was reflected in a high concentration of soluble phosphorus and a low concentration of soluble nitrate nitrogen in the experimental tissue. A reverse of the above situation was observed when phosphorus was the limiting element. A potassium deficiency resulted mainly in a low concentration of that element and in some cases was accompanied by increased amounts of soluble nitrate nitrogen. Magnesium deficiency was generally associated with a low concentration of nitrogen. Wolf and Ichisaka (16) drew similar conclusions as to the relationship existing between nitrogen and phosphorus. Emmert (5) utilized plant tissue tests as a guide in fertilizing tomatoes. He concludes that determinations of soluble nutrients are of greater value as tissue tests than total analyses, which often obscure important variations in the nutrients concerned.
Complete nucleotide sequences and genome organization of a cherry isolate of cherry leaf roll virus

The complete nucleotide sequence of cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV, genus Nepovirus) from a naturally infected cherry tree (Prunus avium cv. Bing) in North America was determined. RNA1 and RNA2 consist of 7,893 and 6,492 nucleotides, respectively, plus a poly-(A) tail. Each RNA encodes a single potential open reading frame. The first 657 nucleotides of RNA1 and RNA2 are 99% identical and include the 5'-UTR and the first 214 deduced amino acids of the polyproteins following the first of two in-frame start codons. Phylogenetic analysis reveals close relationships between CLRV and members of subgroup C of the genus Nepovirus.
A Cognitive Model of Strategies for Cardinal Direction Judgments

ABSTRACT Previous research has identified a variety of strategies used by novice and experienced navigators in making cardinal direction judgments (Gugerty, Brooks, & Treadaway, 2004). We developed an ACT-R cognitive model of some of these strategies that instantiated a number of concepts from research in spatial cognition, including a visual-short-term-memory buffer overlaid on a perceptual buffer, an egocentric reference frame in visual-short-term-memory, storage of categorical spatial information in visual-short-term-memory, and rotation of a mental compass in visual-short-term-memory. Response times predicted by the model fit well with the data of two groups, college students (N = 20) trained and practiced in the modeled strategies, and jet pilots (N = 4) with no strategy training. Thus, the cognitive model seems to provide an accurate description of important strategies for cardinal direction judgments. Additionally, it demonstrates how theoretical constructs in spatial cognition can be applied to a ...
APAREL—A parse-request language

APAREL is described: this language is an extension to an algorithmic language (PL/I) that provides the pattern-matching capabilities normally found only in special purpose languages such as SNOBOL4 and TMG. This capability is provided through parse-requests stated in a BNF-like format. These parse-requests form their own programming language with special sequencing rules. Upon successfully completing a parse-request, an associated piece of PL/I code is executed. This code has available for use, as normal PL/I strings, the various pieces (at all levels) of the parse. It also has available, as normal PL/I variables, the information concerning which of the various alternatives were successful. Convenient facilities for multiple input-output streams, the initiation of sequences of parse-requests as a subroutine, and parse-time semantic checks are also included.APAREL has proven convenient in building a powerful SYNTAX and FUNCTION macro system, an algebraic language preprocessor debugging system, an on-line command parser, a translator for Dataless Programming, and as a general string manipulator.
Insomnia associated with depressive disorder: primary, secondary, or mixed?

Background: Insomnia is a common problem that is known to occur during depression. However, literature still debates whether insomnia is part of depression or a separate entity. Materials and Methods: Subjects presenting with depressive disorder according to DSM-IV-Text Revision criteria were recruited after seeking informed consent. Clinical interview was performed with the help of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus. Their demographic data and depression related history were recorded. Depression severity was assessed by using Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Diagnosis of insomnia was made with the help of International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2 criteria. Type of insomnia, its duration, and its relationship with depressive illness were specifically asked. If any subject fulfilled criteria for more than one type of insomnia, both were recorded. Statistical analysis was done with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. χ2 test, independent sample t test, and Pearson's correlation were performed. Results: A total of 54 subjects were enrolled in this study. Primary insomnia was seen in 40.7% cases and secondary insomnia in 58.8% cases; 27.3% subjects did not experience insomnia along with depressive disorder. In the primary insomnia category, adjustment insomnia was most prevalent (63.6%), and in secondary insomnia group, insomnia due to depressive disorder was most frequent (59.3%). Interestingly, primary insomnia often followed an onset of depressive illness (P=0.04), while secondary insomnia preceded it (c2 =11.1; P=0.004). The presence of either type of insomnias was not influenced by duration of depressive illness, number of depressive episodes, and duration of current depressive episode. On the other hand, duration of insomnia was positively correlated with total duration of depressive illness (P=0.003), number of episodes (P=0.04), and duration of current depressive episode (P<0.001). Conclusion: Primary insomnia is common in subjects with depression, and it usually follows depressive illness. On the other hand, secondary insomnia often precedes the onset of depressive illness. Duration of insomnia positively correlates with duration and frequency of depressive episodes.
Theory of localized magnetic moments in metals I finite cluster approach

Abstract The origin of localized magnetic moments formation in metals is investigated theoretically using a self-consistent local spin density molecular cluster approach. Clusters with up to 55 atoms are employed to describe isolated impurity local moment behavior in the cases of Fe Ag and Fe Pd . Densities of states and spin magnetic moments were determined and compared with results of spectroscopic (notably photoemission) and magnetization measurements, respectively. In the case of a noble metal host, the spin magnetization density is found to be highly localized around the Fe site; the iron moment is ≈ 3.9μB and the polarization of the host Ag atoms is small. In the case of a transition metal host, the iron moment is ≈ 3.2 μB but here the strong hybridization of the Fe-3d and Pd-4d states results in a large induced magnetic moment in the host PD metal — in essential agreement with experiment for this giant moment system.
A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989.

BACKGROUNDVirtually all natural history studies of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome have been case series and, as such, have been constrained by referral biases, skewed age and sex distributions, or brief follow-up periods. The purpose of our study was to examine the natural history, the development of arrhythmias, and the incidence of sudden death in an entire cohort of pediatric and adult WPW patients from a community-based local population.METHODS AND RESULTSWe identified 113 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, during the period 1953-1989 using the centralized records-linkage system provided by the Mayo Clinic and the Rochester Epidemiology Program Project. Medical records and ECGs were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis and to establish pathway location by ECG criteria. Follow-up, via record review and telephone interview, was complete in 95% of subjects through 1990. The incidence of newly diagnosed cases was approximately four per 100,000 per year. Preexcitation was not present on the initial...
Two-stage ignition and NTC phenomenon in diesel engines

Abstract Two-stage ignition and NTC phenomenon in diesel sprays is investigated by performing 3-D two-phase reacting flow simulations in a dual-fuel engine. Spray processes modeled include fuel atomization, droplet distortion, droplet drag, turbulent dispersion, droplet interactions in terms of collision and coalescence, vaporization, and spray–wall interaction. A validated reaction mechanism is implemented in the CFD solver, which has previously been validated for both evaporating and reacting sprays. For single-fuel cases, the effect of temperature on two-stage ignition is examined by varying the start of injection (SOI). While results indicate global similarities between the two-stage ignition processes in diesel sprays and spatially homogeneous mixtures, there are also noticeable differences between them due to temporally and spatially evolving temperature and species fields in the spray case. For instance, both the first- and second-stage ignition delays are higher for the spray cases compared to homogeneous mixtures. Second, while ignition delay for homogeneous mixtures exhibits a NTC region, that for sprays indicate a ZTC region. Moreover, the first- and second-stage ignitions for the spray occur over a wide φ range and at multiple locations in the spray, implying a spatially wide ignition kernel. Additionally, while the chemical ignition delays are strongly influenced by the injection timing, the physical delays are essentially independent of this parameter. Results with dual fuel indicate that the two-stage ignition behavior remains intact even at high molar fractions of methane. The addition of methane increases ignition delays for both sprays and homogeneous mixtures, and can be attributed to the reduction in O2 and the chemical effect of methane. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the chemical effect is primarily due to reaction CH4 + OH = CH3 + H2O.
Conserved organization of the ILT/LIR gene family within the polymorphic human leukocyte receptor complex

The human leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) at Chromosome 19q13.4 encodes Ig superfamily proteins which regulate the function of various hematopoietic cell types. We investigated characteristics of the Ig-like transcript (ILT)/leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LIR) group of LRC genes in comparison with the other major LRC loci encoding the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs). In direct contrast to KIR genes, the ILT/LIR loci of ethnically diverse individuals did not display haplotypic variations in gene number. Investigation of gene expression identified novel cDNA sequences related to the ILT2/LIR1, ILT4/LIR2, ILT3/LIR5, and ILT7 loci, while phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct lineages of ILT/LIR genes. These two lineages differ in both the nature and extent of their sequence polymorphism. The presence of certain transcription factor-related motifs in the 5′ untranslated region of ILT/LIR cDNAs correlates with the specific cell types in which particular ILT/LIR genes are expressed. Although extensive gene duplications and conversion events have apparently forged the LRC, our results indicate striking conservation in the organization of the ILT/LIR genes when compared with the related and closely linked KIR genes. This suggests the evolutionary maintenance of a significant function consistent with the cellular distribution of the ILT/LIR proteins.
The “bends” and neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Decompression sickness (the "bends") is a well-known risk of scuba diving. The pathophysiology and treatment is well documented. In the urologic data, no reference to the development of a neurogenic bladder as a result of an episode of the bends was found. We present the evaluation and management of a previously asymptomatic man who developed detrusor hyperreflexia after an episode of decompression sickness. Urologists in coastal communities should be aware of the potential risk of the development of neurogenic bladder.
Distribution and Removal of Cadmium from Milk

Distribution of added cadmium in milk systems and the feasibility of removing cadmium were investigated. In milk containing 1 ppm cadmium, 96% of the added cadmium chloride was dispersed in the skim milk fraction, and 3% was associated with the cream fraction. Cadmium was not bound strongly to any protein fraction. The association of cadmium with acid casein, whey proteins, and the fat globule membrane was 18, 6, and .5% of total added cadmium. With a 5-min exposure thiosuccinylated aminoethyl cellulose, thionitrocarboxyphenylated aminoethyl cellulose, and reduced human hair removed 72, 70, and 30%, respectively, of added cadmium in skim milk previously equilibrated for 2 h at 37 C. Increasing equilibration time beyond 24 h had no effect on removal efficiency whereas increasing pH decreased cadmium removal markedly.
Penn Medicine Clinical Simulation Center.

In2001,wedevelopedasurgicalskillscurriculumtoenhancecognitive and procedural skills training for our surgical resi-dents and health care providers. This was initially delivered attheWilliamsT.FittsSurgicalEducationCenter.Thesuccessfulimplementation of simulation rotation and the growing popu-larity of our educational program highlighted the need to in-crease our dedicated educational space for incorporating addi-tional learners and new technologies. Therefore, in July 2008,weinauguratedanewsimulation,skills,andresearchcenterforall our educational endeavors.
Kondo effect in one-dimensional Au(Fe).

We have investigated dimensional crossover with regards to the Kondo effect in Au doped with small amounts of Fe [Au(Fe)]. The samples were narrow strips, and had a constant thickness (\ensuremath{\approxeq}150 \AA{}) that was much smaller than their width. When the strip width w was very large, we found a contribution to the resistance from the presence of the Fe, which we identify as due to the Kondo effect. As w was reduced below about 1500 \AA{} this Kondo contribution to the resistivity decreased significantly. This behavior is similar to that found in previous studies of the three- to two-dimensional Kondo crossover, and implies that there is an intrinsic length scale of \ensuremath{\sim}1500 \AA{} for the Kondo effect in Au(Fe). These results are discussed in light of recent theoretical work.
Matrices of 0's and 1's with restricted permanental minors

Abstract We consider the problem of characterizing the matrices of 0's and 1's whose permanental minors are restricted to a prescribed set.
Potential thermoregulatory advantages of shade use by desert bighorn sheep

Abstract Ungulates in arid climates use a variety of mechanisms to cope with environmental conditions that can result in heat stress and dehydration. Use of shade during midday is common among desert ungulates of the southwestern United States. Desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana ) use both vegetation and caves as sources of thermal cover. We assessed potential thermoregulatory advantages of the use of vegetation and caves by desert bighorn sheep on the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. Midday ambient temperatures in caves were an average of 6.9 °C (SE=0.344) lower than control sites; ambient temperature under tree canopies was an average of 3.3 °C (SE=0.950) below control sites. Caves provided higher quality shade than tree canopies; midday temperature in caves was an average of 3.4 °C (SE=1.06) lower than under tree canopies. Potential thermal benefits of both caves and tree canopies increased with increasing daily high temperature. Behavioral adaptations function in combination with physiological and morphological mechanisms and are of critical importance for the maintenance of temperature and water balance. Short-term physiological and ecological performance is influenced by habitat selection and use of microhabitat; abiotic factors (e.g., ambient temperature) can ultimately influence animal fitness and the demography of animal populations.
C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene modulates the effect of nicotine on working memory performance and cortical processing efficiency

In both animals and humans, nicotine produces behavioral effects that vary across individuals. Studies examining the role of genetic variability in modulating individual response to nicotine in humans have increased, with recent work showing that genetic variation at the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) predicts response to pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence. To determine whether a polymorphism of the DRD2 gene, C957T, that alters DRD2 binding availability in humans modifies the effects of nicotine on verbal working memory performance and on processing efficiency of brain regions that support verbal working memory. Working memory and brain function were assessed in 36 adult subjects (15 957T allele carriers and 21 957C homozygotes), each of whom was studied twice, once after placement of a placebo patch and once after placement of a nicotine patch. Brain function was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging while the subjects performed a verbal working memory task. During performance of a task with high verbal working memory load, nicotine administration worsened performance accuracy and reduced the processing efficiency of brain regions that support phonological rehearsal during verbal working memory in carriers of the 957T allele. These findings are consistent with the notion that genetic variation in DRD2 contributes to individual variation in a range of behavioral and brain responses to nicotine in humans.
Onion fly, Delia antiqua, oviposition and mating as influenced by insect age and dosage of male reproductive tract extract (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

One hundred percent of virgin female onion flies,Delia antiqua, receiving ≥1/20 of a male equivalent of an aqueous extract of mature male reproductive tract remained unmated in the presence of males and began laying unfertilized eggs at a normally mated rate of about 20 eggs/female/day. The 50% behavioral response (BR50) fell between 1/40 and 1/20 of a male equivalent. Sex peptide responses are not always all-or-none. Some females receiving extract at ≤1/40 male equivalent oviposited at an intermediate rate. Moreover, at low sex peptide dosages, some females were fully activated ovipositionally but were receiptive to mating. A low level of sex peptide was present in 1-day-old males. Sex peptide titer rose with age until plateauing by 6 days posteclosion. Males began mating at 3 days, when they first had ample mature sperm; 50% of 6-day-old males mated. The mean number of females inseminated per male exposed to an excess of virgin females over 24 h was 4.3±0.6 (±SE). Presence of mature eggs was not always a prerequisite for mating, although probability of insemination was correlated with egg maturation. One-day-old preovipositional females receiving 1/20 of a male equivalent of extract began ovipositing when they had mature eggs at 5–6 days old. Therefore, sex peptide may act early and permanently or have a long half-life and affect behaviors once females reach sexual maturity. Male flies provide females with an excess of sex peptide in many cases.D. antiqua males transferred ca. 5–10 times more sex peptide than necessary to activate females fully. We suggest this excess is related to the speed of female response. It is yet unclear whether sex peptide potency or titer in Diptera has become exaggerated by intra- or intersexual selection.
FUNCTIONAL ENTERO-INSULAR AXIS IN THE NEWBORN

In adults, plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) response to oral glucose is enhanced by hormones of the enteroinsular axis, provided an increment plasma glucose (ΔPG) of >20 mg/dl occurs. Previously we failed to demonstrate a gastrointestinally (GI) enhanced insulin response in newborns (J. Peds 91:783) infused with glucose at 12 mg/kg.min. However, the PG rarely raised to levels above 100 mg/dl. The purpose of the present study is to reevaluate the IRI response to orogastric (OG) vs intravenously (IV) infused glucose into newborn infants with infusion rates aiming to achieve comparable elevations of PG levels. At age 36-90 hrs, after 4 hr fast, 19 term infants, paired by birthweight categories of appropriate, small or large for gestational age, were infused with glucose at 16 mg/kg.min OG (n=10) or 8 mg/kg.min IV (n=9) for 2 hrs. Serial blood samples for PG and IRI were obtained at 15-30 min intervals for 3 hr. Peak PG were 107±21 mg/dl (M± S.D.) at 30-90 min of IV and 114±17 mg/dl at 60-120 min of OG infusion, while peak IRI were 18±9 μU/ml (IV) vs 42±17 μU/ml (OG)(p<0.001) at 30-90 min and 90-150 min respectively. ΔPG were 50±19 mg/dl in the IV and 52±17 mg/dl in the OG infusion groups. Similar patterns of responses occurred in all weight categories. Concl: 1) The newborn has an enhanced insulin response to GI infused glucose, suggesting the presence of a functional enteroinsular axis, 2) This enhanced insulin response will only occur with an adequate increment of plasma glucose.
Ku-Shen (Sophora flavescens Ait), a single Chinese herb, abrogates airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of asthma

Abstract Rationale Ku-Shen (Sophora flavescens Ait) has been used for treating asthma in the practice of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Hawaiian herbal medicine. It is one of the major components in our anti-asthma herbal formula, MSSM-002. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacological actions of Ku-Shen (KS) in a murine model of allergic asthma. Methods AKR/J mice (n=7-10 per group) were sensitized intraperitoneally twice and challenged 3 times intratracheally at 7-10 days intervals with conalbumin. KS was administered intragastrically 24 hours after the first challenge, and then twice daily for 17 days. The effects of KS on airway hyperreactivity (AHR), eosinophilic inflammation, IgE levels and Th2 production in vitro were determined. Results At the equivalent standard human adult dose, KS eliminated the development of AHR. Twice the usual dose (KS-2x) also significantly reduced airway inflammation as compared with the sham-treated group (13 ± 3 vs 43 ± 3%, p Conclusion KS suppressed allergic airway responses, reduced inflammation and down-regulated Th2 responses. These findings lend support to the anecdotal findings of Hawaiian and TCM practice that KS is of value in the treatment of asthma. Further studies are required to determine whether KS alone or with other herbs can be a useful alternative or complementary therapy in modern asthma treatment.
Do low-dose corticosteroids improve mortality or shock reversal in patients with septic shock? A systematic review and position statement prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine.

Abstract Background The management of septic shock has undergone a significant evolution in the past decade. A number of trials have been published to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose corticosteroid administration in patients with septic shock. Methods The Sepsis Sub-committee of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice Committee performed an extensive search of the contemporary literature and identified seven relevant trials. Results Six of the seven trials reported a mortality outcome of patients in septic shock. Analysis of the data revealed that the relative risk (RR) of 28-day all-cause mortality in septic shock patients who received low-dose corticosteroids was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–1.07). All seven trials reported data concerning shock reversal or the withdrawal of vasopressors. Pooled results revealed that the RR of shock reversal is 1.17 (95% CI 1.07–1.28), which suggests that there may be significant improvement in shock reversal after corticosteroid administration. It is important to understand that two of the seven studies reviewed were disproportionately represented and accounted for 799 of 1005 patients (80%) considered for this recommendation. Conclusions The evidence suggests that low-dose corticosteroids may reverse shock faster; however, mortality is not improved for the overall population.
Phloxine B Phototoxicity: A Mechanistic Study Using HaCaT Keratinocytes¶

Abstract Phloxine B (PhB) (2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachlorofluorescein; DC it is also currently being evaluated as a phototoxin for the potential control of fruit flies. Previous studies have shown that PhB is an efficient photosensitizer of damage to cellular membranes; thus, exposure of the skin to the dye and sunlight or artificial light may result in phototoxicity. Therefore, we have studied the phototoxicity of PhB and its structural analogue 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) to HaCaT keratinocytes. Anaerobic visible irradiation (>400 nm) of PhB generated a semiquinone type radical, as detected by direct electron paramagnetic resonance. Aerobic visible irradiation of a reaction mixture containing PhB, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) generated a superoxide dismutase–sensitive DMPO/O2·− adduct. Irradiation of PhB and DCF in D2O generated singlet oxygen with quantu...
Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality

The events of September 11, 2001, have raised troubling questions regarding the reliability and security of American commercial air travel. This article applies the concepts and logic of highreliability organizations to airport security operations. Contemporary decision theory is built on the logic of limited or buffered rationability and is based on the study of error-tolerant organizations. The concept of high-reliability organizations is based on the study of nearly error-free operations. For commercial air travel to be highly secure, there must be very high levels of technical competence and sustained performance; regular training; structure redundancy; collegial, decentralized authority patterns; processes that reward error discovery and correction; adequate and reliable funding; high mission valence; reliable and timely information; and protection from external interference in operations. These concepts are used to inform early-stage issues being faced by both local airports and the newly established Transportation Security Administration.
Managing memory for real-time queries

The demanding performance objectives that real-time database systems (RTDBS) face necessitate the use of priority resource scheduling. This paper introduces a Priority Memory Management (PMM) algorithm that is designed to schedule queries in RTDBS. PMM attempts to minimize the number of missed deadlines by adapting both its multiprogramming level and its memory allocation strategy to the characteristics of the offered workload. A series of simulation experiments confirms that PMM's admission control and memory allocation mechanisms are very effective for real-time query scheduling.
When SOFA primes TOUCH: interdependence of spelling, sound, and meaning in "semantically mediated" phonological priming.

Three experiments test for semantically mediated priming of a word’s phonology (e.g.,sofa, an associate of couch, primes naming performance totouch). In the first two experiments, words that were body-rime-inconsistent (comparetouch tocouch) were used as naming targets. In the third experiment, words that were body-rime-consistent were also used (i.e.,sofa primedpouch). Low-frequency inconsistent words yield a high rate of pronunciation errors when they were primed byindirectly related words, such assofa, in both a standard naming task and a speeded naming task. High-frequency inconsistent words yielded slower naming times when they were primed by indirectly related words in a speeded naming task, but consistent words showed no significant effects of the primes. The results suggest that the relationship between semantics and phonology plays an important, early role in word perception.
Laboratory-derived temperature preference and effect on the feeding rate and survival of juvenile Hemimysis anomala

Abstract Hemimysis anomala is a warm-water mysid that invaded the Great Lakes region in 2006 and has since rapidly spread throughout the basin. We conducted three laboratory experiments to better define the temperature preference, tolerance limits, and temperature effects on feeding rates of juvenile Hemimysis , using individuals acclimated to mid (16 °C) and upper (22 °C) preferred temperature values previously reported for the species. For temperature preference, we fit a two-parameter Gaussian (μ, σ) function to the experimental data, and found that the peak values (μ, interpreted as the preference temperature) were 22.0 °C (SE 0.25) when acclimated to 16 and 21.9 °C (SE 0.38) when acclimated to 22 °C, with the σ-values of the curves at 2.6 and 2.5 °C, respectively. No mysids were observed in temperatures below 10 or above 28 °C in these preference experiments. In short-term tolerance experiments for temperatures between 4 and 32 °C, all mysids died within 8 h at 30.2 °C for 16 °C acclimated mysids, and at 31.8 °C for 22 °C acclimated mysids. No lower lethal limit was found. Feeding rates increased with temperature from an average of 4 Bosmina eaten per hour at 5 °C to 19 Bosmina eaten per hour at 27 °C. The results of our experiments indicate an optimal temperature for Hemimysis between 21 and 27 °C, which corresponds with temperatures during periods of high population growth in the field. These results contribute a better understanding of this species' biological response to temperature that will help guide field studies and inform bioenergetics modeling.
Development of the Cerebral Cortex: XI. Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain

Do sexual differences in the organization of the brain exist, and if so, why? Are they caused by environment or genetics? In fact, the evidence for sexual dimorphism in the brain is compelling. In many animals, distinct differences between sexes in brain morphology have been found that are believed to be responsible for a number of the observed behavioral differences between the sexes. How do these differences arise and affect behavior? Many result from the differential expression of gonadal steroid hormones during early critical periods of brain development.