cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Physiology of a Triathlon

The triathlon is an endurance contest in which contestants must compete in 3 consecutive events, usually swimming, cycling and running. Success in a triathlon depends upon the ability of the triathlete to perform each of the sequential events at optimal pace without creating fatigue that will hinder performance in the next event. The successful triathlete must, therefore, have highly developed oxygen transport and utilisation systems as well as the ability to efficiently produce a high energy output for prolonged periods without creating metabolic acidosis. Accordingly, mean VO2 max values for groups of triathletes during treadmill running have been reported to range from 52.4 to 72 ml/kg/min in men; 58.7 to 65.9 ml/kg/min in women. VO2 max values during cycle ergometry were 3 to 6% less than treadmill running values; tethered swimming maximums 13 to 18% less. Predictable and well-known adaptations occur in the cardiovascular systems of triathletes. Structural adaptations of the heart that have been documented in triathletes include increased left ventricular cavity size or wall thickness, or both. Morphological characteristics of the triathlete’s heart appear to be unrelated to success in triathlon races. Following the acute stress of triathlon competition, alterations in both systolic and diastolic function have been observed. Heart muscle fatigue is the most likely reason for these changes, since there is a rapid return to normal with rest. Like the cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system responds to triathlon training. Peripheral adaptations occur that lead to increased muscle respiratory capacity and to modifications in substrate utilisation. The musculoskeletal system is the site of most injuries to triathletes, and non-traumatic overuse injuries account for 80 to 85% of the musculoskeletal injuries. Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance is of primary importance for the triathlete both in day-to-day training and during races. Water may be an adequate replacement fluid for short distance triathlons, but some combination of carbohydrate, electrolyte and fluid replacement is necessary for longer races. Although the physiological bases for success in a triathlon are not well understood at present, the ability to maintain minimal alterations in the homeostasis of cardiovascular, haemodynamic, thermal, metabolic, and musculoskeletal functions are of obvious importance.
Reactive scattering of small molecules from platinum crystal surfaces: D2CO, CH3OH, HCOOH, and the nonanomalous kinetics of hydrogen atom recombination

Abstract The decomposition of D2CO, CH3OD and HCOOH on Pt(110) and of D2CO on Pt(S)-[9(111) × (100)] was studied by molecular beam relaxation spectroscopy. D2CO and CH3OD evolved CO and H2 via a desorption limited sequence of elementary steps. The rate constant for CO desorption from Pt(110) was 6 × 1014exp(− 35.5 kcal gmol · RT) s−1, and from Pt(S)-[9(111) × (100)] it was 1 × 1015 exp(−36.2 kcal gmol ·RT ) s−1. On Pt(110) the rate constant for hydrogen formation was 100 ± 1exp(−24 kcal gmol ·RT ) m 2 atom · s. On Pt(S)-[9(111) × (100)] two pathways for H2 formation existed with rate constants of 8.7 × 10−2exp( −24.9 kcal gmol · RT ) cm 2 atom · s and 3.2 × 10−3 exp(−19.5 kcal gmol ·RT ) cm 2 atom · s. These pre-exponential factors are in order of magnitude agreement with values typical of hydrogen recombination on other metals. When a small amount of sulfur ( ~ 0.1 ML) was adsorbed on the stepped Pt surface, only one pathway for H2 formation existed due to blockage of stepped sites. A similar result was obtained when a beam of CO was impinged on the surface. Formic acid decomposed via a branched process to form primarily CO2 and H2.
Impact of fiddler crab foraging and tidal inundation on an intertidal sandflat: season-dependent effects in one tidal cycle

Intertidal sandflats inhabited by fiddler crabs are ideal systems in which to study the effects of physical and biological processes. This study addressed two questions: (1) Do fiddler crab feeding and tidal inundation have measurable effects on the sandflat over one tidal cycle? (2) Does the sandflat change over the course of a year? In field exclusion/inclusion experiments, fiddler crabs reduced sediment organic content by 40%, Chlorophyll a levels by 20% and meiofaunal density by 60% in one tidal cycle. Effects were most pronounced in the spring when organic content and meiofaunal densities were maximal. Effects of foraging were not erased by the tide and accumulated over time. The sandflat had highest levels of all variables in spring and minimal levels during summer and fall. Crabs graze the sandflat to minimum levels in the spring. Due to crab foraging, the flat is barren during the summer and fall, and recovers during the winter when crabs are minimally active.
A 10 Gb/s adaptive analog decision feedback equalizer for multimode fiber dispersion compensation in 0.13 µm CMOS

A 10 Gb/s adaptive analog decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with 6 taps is realized in 0.13 µm CMOS. A modified Cherry-Hooper stage is designed as the delay element in the feed-forward path. An analog implementation of the LMS algorithm is used to continuously adapt the feedback filter coefficients. A clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is used to extract the clock from the DFE output. The adaptive DFE dissipates 452 mW and can equalize PRBS data corrupted by a 300m-long multimode fiber (MMF) achieving BER < 10−13.
Regulation of metabolism in facultative bacteria. I. Structural and functional changes in Escherichia coli associated with shifts between the aerobic and anaerobic states.

Abstract The nature and regulation of facultative metabolism in Escherichia coli has been investigated in terms of structural and functional changes mediated by O2. Cells were cultivated under controlled conditions of aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. The membrane containing and soluble fractions of these cells are compared with those from obligate aerobes and anaerobes, in terms of quantity, the localization, and the function of enzymes involved in formate metabolism, the Krebs cycle and the terminal respiratory apparatus. E. coli grown aerobically corresponds closely to a strict aerobe in that it has an intact Krebs cycle and a similar array of terminal respiratory enzymes. The level of Krebs cycle enzymes is greatly reduced in anaerobically grown E. coli. The membrane-bound cytochromes are maintained at a high level, and at the same time a series of enzymes which function in anaerobic electron transport are depressed. In contrast to strict anaerobes, anaerobically grown E. coli cotnains many membrane-bound enzymes. The membrane-bound cytochromes are maintained, and even certain of the depressed enzymes, such as hydrogenase and fumaric reductase, are membrane bound; whereas both the latter are soluble in anaerobes. In certain isntances E. coli can show complete structural and functional correspondence with both strict aerobes and anaerobes. For example, it possesses a membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase aerobically and in addition a soluble formate dehydrogenase anaerobically. It is concluded that when E. coli is grown anaerobically it differs from the true anaerobe in that the membrane remains a major site of enzyme activity.
Quinone Binding in Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center

Quinones play a crucial role in transmembrane electron and proton transfer in proteins, thereby creating a gradient that is utilized for energy conversion. The medicinal properties of these molecules render them important for drug design. The quinone binding site varies considerably across different proteins and any strict binding motif is not defined yet. The bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (BRC) is one such protein with two quinone binding sites - QA and QB. Kinetic studies have shown differently substituted foreign quinones to be good binders at the QA site, however there are no protein structures available with the foreign quinones. The goal of this computational study is to derive a BRC-quinone interaction signature, with different quinones docked at the QA site. The derived signature could pave the way for future computer aided drug design, targeted at quinone binding proteins.Sets of substituted foreign quinones were built and optimized in Gaussian09 and docked into the BRC QA site with AutoDock4.2. The protein-ligand vanderwaals overlap was calculated in Chimera. Analyses of the van der waals interaction of the complexes brought out a pattern of favorable interactions of the ligand with the protein, that directly correlate with high binding affinity. The benzoquinone strong binders showed favorable interaction with TrpM252, MetM256 and MetM262 of the BRC. The methyl and methoxy flanking a carbonyl formed a benzoquinone ligand-motif for strong binding. LeuM215, TrpM252, Met256, PheM258, MetM262, and IleM265 of the receptor favorably interacted with the strong naptho binders. Future work includes Molecular dynamics studies that will involve the FEP method on the docked complexes in NAMD2.9.
The interaction between dietary fructose and magnesium adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in men.

Objective: Studies with rats have found that an interaction between fructose and magnesium affects macromineral metabolism; high dietary fructose significantly increased kidney calcification in both male and female rats, particularly when dietary magnesium was low. This study tests the hypothesis that an interaction between dietary fructose and magnesium adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in men.Methods: Eleven men aged 22 to 40 years were fed a mixed, Western diet for four 42-day dietary periods in which dietary magnesium was either approximately 170 or 370 mg/day and dietary fructose was either 4% or 20% of energy. A decaffeinated beverage containing high fructose corn syrup replaced cornstarch, bread and rice in the low fructose diet to give the high fructose diet.Results: High dietary fructose significantly (p<0.01) increased magnesium balance during both low and high dietary magnesium intakes. Ultrafilterable and ionized serum magnesium also apparently were related to magnesium and fructose i...
Effects of Human Anti-Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain Antibodies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Neutralization Escape and Fitness

ABSTRACT The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a major target of protective immunity in vivo . Although a large number of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been developed, it remains unclear if a single RBD-targeting nAb or two in combination can prevent neutralization escape and, if not, attenuate viral virulence in vivo . In this study, we used a large panel of human nAbs against an epitope that overlaps the interface between the RBD and its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to assess their cross-neutralization activities against a panel of human and zoonotic SARS-CoVs and neutralization escape mutants. We also investigated the neutralization escape profiles of these nAbs and evaluated their effects on receptor binding and virus fitness in vitro and in mice. We found that some nAbs had great potency and breadth in neutralizing multiple viral strains, including neutralization escape viruses derived from other nAbs; however, no single nAb or combination of two blocked neutralization escape. Interestingly, in mice the neutralization escape mutant viruses showed either attenuation (Urbani background) or increased virulence (GD03 background) consistent with the different binding affinities between their RBDs and the mouse ACE2. We conclude that using either single nAbs or dual nAb combinations to target a SARS-CoV RBD epitope that shows plasticity may have limitations for preventing neutralization escape during in vivo immunotherapy. However, RBD-directed nAbs may be useful for providing broad neutralization and prevention of escape variants when combined with other nAbs that target a second conserved epitope with less plasticity and more structural constraint. IMPORTANCE The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 has resulted in severe human respiratory disease with high death rates. Their zoonotic origins highlight the likelihood of reemergence or further evolution into novel human coronavirus pathogens. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that prevent infection of related viruses represent an important immunostrategy for combating coronavirus infections; however, for this strategy to succeed, it is essential to uncover nAb-mediated escape pathways and to pioneer strategies that prevent escape. Here, we used SARS-CoV as a research model and examined the escape pathways of broad nAbs that target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the virus. We found that neither single nAbs nor two nAbs in combination blocked escape. Our results suggest that targeting conserved regions with less plasticity and more structural constraint rather than the SARS-CoV RBD-like region(s) should have broader utility for antibody-based immunotherapy.
SRPT optimally utilizes faster machines to minimize flow time

We analyze the shortest remaining processing time (SRPT) algorithm with respect to the problem of scheduling n jobs with release times on m identical machines to minimize total flow time. It is known that SRPT is optimal if m = 1 but that SRPT has a worst-case approximation ratio of Θ(min(log n/m, log Δ)) for this problem, where Δ is the ratio of the length of the longest job divided by the length of the shortest job. It has previously been shown that SRPT is able to use faster machines to produce a schedule as good as an optimal algorithm using slower machines. We now show that SRPT optimally uses these faster machines with respect to the worst-case approximation ratio. That is, if SRPT is given machines that are s ≥ 2 − 1/m times as fast as those used by an optimal algorithm, SRPT's flow time is at least s times smaller than the flow time incurred by the optimal algorithm. Clearly, no algorithm can offer a better worst-case guarantee, and we show that existing algorithms with similar performance guarantees to SRPT without resource augmentation do not optimally use extra resources.
Development of a Tuned Interfacial Force Field Parameter Set for the Simulation of Protein Adsorption to Silica Glass

Adsorption free energies for eight host–guest peptides (TGTG-X-GTGT, with X = N, D, G, K, F, T, W, and V) on two different silica surfaces [quartz (100) and silica glass] were calculated using umbrella sampling and replica exchange molecular dynamics and compared with experimental values determined by atomic force microscopy. Using the CHARMM force field, adsorption free energies were found to be overestimated (i.e., too strongly adsorbing) by about 5–9 kcal/mol compared to the experimental data for both types of silica surfaces. Peptide adsorption behavior for the silica glass surface was then adjusted using a modified version of the CHARMM program, which we call dual force-field CHARMM, which allows separate sets of nonbonded parameters (i.e., partial charge and Lennard-Jones parameters) to be used to represent intra-phase and inter-phase interactions within a given molecular system. Using this program, interfacial force field (IFF) parameters for the peptide-silica glass systems were corrected to obtain adsorption free energies within about 0.5 kcal/mol of their respective experimental values, while IFF tuning for the quartz (100) surface remains for future work. The tuned IFF parameter set for silica glass will subsequently be used for simulations of protein adsorption behavior on silica glass with greater confidence in the balance between relative adsorption affinities of amino acid residues and the aqueous solution for the silica glass surface.
High mortality from unidentified CVD in IDDM: time to start screening?'

Mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes is markedly increased compared to the general population. Although strong associations have been found between renal disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) the interaction between these two factors is not well understood. This study, which addresses risk factors for mortality in IDDM with a particular focus on the renal-CVD link, is based on the prospective Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study. Thirty-seven (mean age 36 years, mean duration of IDDM 28 years at baseline) of the 658 IDDM individuals (mean age 28 years, mean duration of IDDM 20 years at baseline) have died in the first 4 years of follow up. A nested case-control study was performed, matching on sex and duration of diabetes. Twenty-two (59%) of the deaths were attributed to coronary heart disease, with an additional 16% attributed to diabetic coma. Only nine (41%) of the 22 individuals who died from cardiovascular disease had clinical evidence of coronary heart disease when seen for their last biennial exam. However, 54% of those who died of CVD without prior evidence did have evidence of lower extremity arterial disease. A strong link with renal disease was confirmed, with 81% of those with a coronary artery disease death having renal disease. Multivariate analyses suggest that smoking history, triglycerides and total platelet count are independent predictors of mortality, while LDL cholesterol best predicted CVD mortality. These results suggest a need for more intensive screening for cardiovascular disease, and correction of cardiovascular risk factors, in order to reduce the increased rate of mortality in this population. Efforts to prevent or delay the onset of renal disease may also be of benefit.
Spin-Orbit Coupling Effects in Zinc Blende Structures

Character tables for the "group of the wave vector" at certain points of symmetry in the Brillouin zone are given. The additional degeneracies due to time reversal symmetry are indicated. The form of energy vs wave vector at these points of symmetry is derived. A possible reason for the complications which may make a simple effective mass concept invalid for some crystals of this type structure will be presented.
Two-dimensional protein-to-ligand transferred NOE in 4-fluorocinnamate-chymotrypsin complexes

Les effets Overhauser nucleaires peuvent etre engendres dans les systemes proteine-coordinats par des contacts entre des protons de la proteine et des spins du coordinat; on montre que ce type d'effet Overhauser nucleaire de transfert est observable par des experiences a deux dimensions
Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: Classical conditioning is more effective when prior knowledge about the attitude stimulus is low than high

Abstract Petty and Cacioppo's (1981, 1986) elaboration likelihood model of persuasion predicts that the classical conditioning of human attitudes is similar to other peripheral attitude change mechanisms in that conditioning should be more powerful when preexposure to and prior knowledge about the conditioned stimulus is low rather than high. To test this hypothesis, neutral words (high prior knowledge) and pronounceable nonwords (low prior knowledge) were matched in terms of subjects' prior attitudes and served as the conditioned stimuli. Forty-three subjects participated in a 2 (Gender: male, female) × 3 (CS-US contingency: word followed by electric shock, nonword followed by electric shock, word and nonword paired randomly with electric shock) × 2 (Experimental Stimulus: word, nonword) mixed-model factorial design. As predicted, the classical conditioning of human attitudes was more effective when nonwords than when words were followed by electric shock. Experiment 2 was a simulation experiment in which 22 students from the same subject pool read descriptions of the experimental conditions used in Experiment 1 and responded to questions about (a) subjects' attitudes toward the stimuli following the various CS-US contingencies, and (b) how the experimenter wanted the subjects to rate the stimuli. Results revealed that subjects expected (and believed the experimenter anticipated) simply that whatever stimulus was associated with shock would also become disliked.
Volume scattering function of suspended particulate matter at near-forward angles: a comparison of experimental and theoretical values

Narrow angle light scattering measurements were made for various sizes of spherical particles suspended in water. These were compared to calculated theoretical scattering values as derived from the theory of Mie (1908). Through measurements with different particle concentrations at angles between 0.2° and 0.7° the effect of the unscattered main beam light was removed. Results agreed well with Mie theory for these angles.
Characterization of Armillaria spp. from peach orchards in the southeastern United States using fatty acid methyl ester profiling.

Abstract Limited information is available regarding the composition of cellular fatty acids in Armillaria and the extent to which fatty acid profiles can be used to characterize species in this genus. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles generated from cultures of A. tabescens, A. mellea, and A. gallica consisted of 16–18 fatty acids ranging from 12–24 carbons in length, although some of these were present only in trace amounts. Across the three species, 9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid (9,12-C18:2), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), heneicosanoic acid (21:0), 9-cis-octadecenoic acid (9-C18:1), and 2-hydroxy-docosanoic acid (OH-22:0) were the most abundant fatty acids. FAME profiles from different thallus morphologies (mycelium, sclerotial crust, or rhizomorphs) displayed by cultures of A. gallica showed that thallus type had no significant effect on cellular fatty acid composition (P > 0.05), suggesting that FAME profiling is sufficiently robust for species differentiation despite potential differences in thallus morphology within and among species. The three Armillaria species included in this study could be distinguished from other lignicolous basidiomycete species commonly occurring on peach (Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma lucidum, Stereum hirsutum, and Trametes versicolor) on the basis of FAME profiles using stepwise discriminant analysis (average squared canonical correlation = 0.953), whereby 9-C18:1, 9,12-C18:2, and 10-cis-hexadecenoic acid (10-C16:1) were the three strongest contributors. In a separate stepwise discriminant analysis, A. tabescens, A. mellea, and A. gallica were separated from one another based on their fatty acid profiles (average squared canonical correlation = 0.924), with 11-cis-octadecenoic acid (11-C18:1), 9-C18:1, and 2-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid (OH-16:0) being most important for species separation. When fatty acids were extracted directly from mycelium dissected from naturally infected host tissue, the FAME-based discriminant functions developed in the preceding experiments classified all samples (n = 16) as A. tabescens; when applied to cultures derived from the same naturally infected samples, all unknowns were similarly classified as A. tabescens. Thus, FAME species classification of Armillaria unknowns directly from infected tissues may be feasible. Species designation of unknown Armillaria cultures by FAME analysis was identical to that indicated by IGS-RFLP classification with AluI.
Distinct roles of residual xylan and lignin in limiting enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv pretreated loblolly pine and sweetgum.

The interactions between xylan/lignin and cellulase enzymes play a key role in the effective hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Organosolv pretreated loblolly pine (OPLP) and sweetgum (OPSG) we...
Overview of salmon stock enhancement in southeast Alaska and compatibility with maintenance of hatchery and wild stocks

Modern salmon hatcheries in Southeast Alaska were established in the 1970s when wild runs were at record low levels. Enhancement programs were designed to help rehabilitate depressed fisheries and to protect wild salmon stocks through detailed planning and permitting processes that included focused policies on genetics, pathology, and management. Hatcheries were located away from significant wild stocks, local sources were used to develop hatchery broodstocks, and juveniles are marked so management can target fisheries on hatchery fish. Initially conceived as a state-run system, the Southeast Alaska (SEAK) program has evolved into a private, non-profit concept centered around regional aquaculture associations run by fishermen and other stakeholders that pay for hatchery operations through landing fees and sale of fish. Today there are 15 production hatcheries and 2 research hatcheries in SEAK that between 2005 and 2009 released from 474 to 580 million (average 517 million) juvenile salmon per year. During this same period commercial harvest of salmon in the region ranged from 28 to 71 million salmon per year (average 49 million). Contributions of hatchery-origin fish to this harvest respectively averaged 2%, 9%, 19%, 20%, and 78% for pink, sockeye, Chinook, coho, and chum salmon. Both hatchery and wild salmon stocks throughout much of Alaska have experienced high marine survivals since the 1980s and 1990s resulting in record harvests over the past two decades. Although some interactions between hatchery salmon and wild salmon are unavoidable including increasing concerns over straying of hatchery fish into wild salmon streams, obvious adverse impacts from hatcheries on production of wild salmon populations in this region are not readily evident.
Departures from geostrophy in the Gulf stream

Abstract Non-geostrophic velocities produced by horizontal gradients of Reynolds stresses have been calculated from observed surface data in the Florida Current region of the Gulf Stream. It was found that the departure from geostrophy is characteristically about ten per cent of the mean velocity. An examination of surface velocity data also shows that horizontal gradients in the Reynolds stresses can produce a transverse velocity in the Florida Straits off Miami. The velocity profile of the non-geostrophic transverse component has the same sign and approximately the same magnitude as the observed transverse surface velocity.
Alkaline condensation of 9,10-phenanthrenedione with N,N-dialkylguanidines. A novel synthesis of 2′-(dialkylamino)spiro[9H-fluorene-9,4′-[4H]imidazol]-5′(3′H)ones

9,10-Phenanthrenedione was reacted with equimolar amounts of N,N-dimethylguanidine or creatine in 0.2 N potassium hydroxide in ethanol-water, 7:3 to obtain 2′-(dimethylamino)spiro-[9H-fluorene-9,4′-[4H]imidazol]-5′(3′H)one or N-(3′,5′-dihydro-5′-oxospiro[9H-fluorene-9,4′-[4H]imidazol]-2′-yl)-N-methylglycine, respectively. These products are the first derivatives of this ring system with 2′-amino substituents. Formation of these products accounts for the previously reported absence of fluorescence when 9,10-phenanthrenedione reacts with N,N-di-substituted guanidines.
Lymphomas in solid organ transplantation

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to identify and characterize abdominal lymphomas as they occur in a large solid-organ-transplant population.
Effect of impulsive transient electric fields on autoionization

Picosecond half cycle pulses (HCPs) have been used to examine the effect of transient electric fields on the autoionization of doubly excited states of calcium. The autoionization yield, following picosecond isolated core excitation (ICE) of 4pnd Rydberg states, has been measured as a function of the relative delay between the transient field and the ICE laser pulse. Using single and multiple HCPs in combination with a static electric field, we explicitly investigate the relative importance of static field induced l mixing, and transient field excitation of high-l, low-m or high-l, high-m states on the suppression of autoionization. Our experimental results can be understood using semiclassical analyses and are well reproduced by quantum simulations.
Organization of pulse-height analysis programs for high event rates

Abstract The ability of a pulse-height analysis program to handle high event rates can be enhanced by organizing it so as to minimize the time spent in interrupt housekeeping. Specifically, the routine that services the data-ready interrupt from the ADC should test whether another event is ready before performing the interrupt return.
Quantum Well and Quantum Dot Light Emitters Confined in Oxide-Semiconductor Microcavities

Smaller sized, low power silicon semiconductor devices can be used to create more powerful computer chips, but also result in greater difficulty in signal transmission. Recent developments in fabricating III–V microcavity lasers and III–V quantum dots offer possible solutions.
They also serve: Chamorro male fertility in the pre‐world war ii period

Male fertility, a generally overlooked aspect in studies of human reproductive patterns, is examined from the reproductive life histories of Chamorro males with essential completed fertility by 1941. Males in this "natural fertility" indigenous population of the Pacific island of Guam exhibit low levels of couple infertility which are counteracted by high levels of adult male mortality, while new unions formed after the death of female partners tend to reduce completed fertility by only about one child. Delayed age at the time of union formation is largely compensated by reduction in birthspacing intervals among offspring of older fathers. Early terminators, formerly fertile couples of reproductive age who fail for unspecified biological or behavioral reasons to continue reproducing, affect an equal or even larger impact than adult male mortality on failure to attain theoretical male fertility maxima in this population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:23-35, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Visual steering for program debugging

Recent trends in the software industry have shown that the number of software development projects and their increasing complexity will continue to increase the demand for skilled programmers. However, debugging technology has not kept pace and valuable programmer resources are being wasted in debugging cycles. Correction this trend requires innovative approaches to assisting programmers during the debugging cycle to make them more productive both time-wise and with respect to how thoroughly the application is tested and debugged. We have investigated techniques which allow programmers to visually steer an application. Through these new mechanisms, programmers can identify and locate problems without the need for revisiting the code. Through steering the programmer can change the application environment to more thoroughly understand and test the algorithm.
Gradient analysis and numerical classification of apple orchard weed vegetation

Abstract Importance values based on cover and frequency were determined for 36 weed species in understory samples from 47 apple orchards located in Henderson County, North Carolina. Orchard sub-groups identified by cluster analysis of the weed composition data included two major groupings dominated by grasses and woody perennials, respectively. Ordination by detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) was used to extract axes of compositional variation in orchard weed vegetation. Orchard sub-groups identified by cluster analysis could be recognized in the DECORANA ordinations. All grasses, most perennial forbs and all summer-annual forbs decreased in importance along a first ordination axis based upon data from 43 orchards. Two perennial forbs and all woody perennials increased in importance along the same axis, while species-richness of weeds declined. Results of multiple regression indicated that the annual frequency of paraquat application from 1976 to 1979 was the single factor accounting for the greatest compositional variation in the first two axes of the 43-orchard ordination. Tree canopy width and in-row spacing, total extractable soil cations, and percentage soil organic matter also accounted for significant amounts of variation in weed composition. Similar results were obtained from models developed for an ordination of the 35 grass-dominated orchards, suggesting the importance of management, structural and soil factors in determining weed composition in apple orchards.
In-home videotex shopping: potential adopters and non-adopters

This study was designed to identify potential adopters and non-adopters of videotex shopping. Data (n =205) were collected with a questionnaire following demonstration of a typical use of actual videotex shopping. As compared to non-adopters, potential adopters of videotex shopping were more likely to be social shoppers, price conscious, and were less likely to enjoy catalogue shopping. Potential adopters were also more likely to have prior awareness of videotex, a positive attitude towards merchants/service of videotex shopping and overall videotex services. However, they felt that current or demonstrated videotex shopping information was inadequate. In addition, differences existed between potential adopters and non-adopters in some demographics, videotex service needs and almost all videotex shopping merchandise needs.
Higgs masses in the four generation minimal supersymmetric standard model

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model with three generations of fermions, there is a stringent upper bound on the mass of the lightest neutral Higgs h, and the mass of the charged Higgs H{sup +} must be close (within tens of GeV) to the heavier neutral Higgs H and the pseudoscalar Higgs A. In this paper, we show that in the four generation minimal supersymmetric standard model, the upper bound on the h mass is much higher, as high as 400 GeV, and H{sup +} is generally much heavier than the A, allowing the H{sup +}{yields}AW{sup +} decay, potentially changing search strategies for both the charged Higgs and the pseudoscalar. The H mass, on the other hand, remains within tens of GeV of the charged Higgs mass.
Dynamic Partitioning and the Conventionality of Kinds

Lewis sender‐receiver games illustrate how a meaningful term language might evolve from initially meaningless random signals (Lewis 1969; Skyrms 2006). Here we consider how a meaningful language with a primitive grammar might evolve in a somewhat more subtle sort of game. The evolution of such a language involves the co‐evolution of partitions of the physical world into what may seem, at least from the perspective of someone using the language, to correspond to canonical natural kinds. While the evolved language may allow for the sort of precise representation that is required for successful coordinated action and prediction, the apparent natural kinds reflected in its structure may be purely conventional. This has both positive and negative implications for the limits of naturalized metaphysics.
A Theory of the Catalytic Surface

The problem of the mechanism of a catalytic action occurring at the surface of a solid catalyst can be studied in several ways. Kinetic studies of such reactions supply important information with regard to the manner by which the process is achieved. On the other hand, attention may be focussed, not on the reactions which occur at the catalyst surface, but on the properties of the surface itself, and, from the results of such studies, generalizations may be made with respect to a variety of reactions which occur at such a surface. It is this latter method of attack on the problem of contact catalysis which has been adopted in the last few years in a comprehensive series of investigations on the properties of solid catalytic surfaces conducted in Princeton by the author and his co-workers. Taken in conjunction with the results of other investigators in the field of reaction kinetics, these studies have led to a concept of the catalytic surface which is, perhaps, more comprehensive than earlier efforts and which leads to interesting general conclusions with reference to matter in the solid state. The theory of Bodenstein and Fink, based on kinetic studies, assumed that reaction velocity was determined by the rate of diffusion of reactant gases through a layer of gas adsorbed on the catalyst surface. More recent studies, especially those of Langmuir, have led to the conclusion that multi-molecular layers of gas do not occur on plane surfaces of an adsorbent. Langmuir’s view is that the surface of a catalyst is to be regarded as an area containing a definite number of elementary spaces in which some of the spaces are vacant, while others are covered with adsorbed atoms or molecules. The activity of the surface is conditioned by the nature of the arrangement, and the spacing of the atoms, in the surface layer. The velocity of reaction on such surfaces depends on the fraction of such surface which is covered by adsorbed substances. Langmuir developed two cases in detail, one in which the surface was relatively bare, the other in which the surface was nearly completely covered with adsorbed gases.
Social Cognitive Influences on Physical Activity Behavior in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Methods. Participants completed measures of self-efficacy, disability limitations, goals, outcome expectations, and physical activity at baseline and follow-up. Self-efficacy was hypothesized to influence physical activity both directly and indirectly through goals and outcome expectations. Relationships were examined using panel analysis within a covariance modeling framework. Results. The model provided an excellent fit to the data ( c 2 = 36.16, df = 30, p = .20; comparative fit index = 1.00; root mean square error of approximation = .03). At baseline, self-efficacy was directly related to outcome expectations, disability limitations, goals, and physical activity and indirectly related to physical activity through physical outcome expectations. Changes in self-efficacy were significantly related to residual changes in outcome expectations, disability limitations, goals, and physical activity and indirectly related to residual changes in physical activity through changes in physical and social outcome expectations. Discussion. These results provide further support for the use of SCT to physical activity behavior in middle-aged and older adults. Self-efficacy influenced physical activity both directly and indirectly via outcome expectations, suggesting that these variables should be targeted in physical activity interventions for middle-aged and older adults.
Quality-of-Life–Adjusted Hazard of Death: A Formulation of the Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Model of Use in Benefit-Risk Assessment

Abstract Background Although the quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) model is standard in health technology assessment, quantitative methods are less frequent but increasingly used for benefit-risk assessment (BRA) at earlier stages of drug development. A frequent challenge when implementing metrics for BRA is to weigh the importance of effects on a chronic condition against the risk of severe events during the trial. The lifetime component of the QALY model has a counterpart in the BRA context, namely, the risk of dying during the study. Methods A new concept is presented, the hazard of death function that a subject is willing to accept instead of the baseline hazard to improve his or her chronic health status, which we have called the quality-of-life–adjusted hazard of death. Results It has been proven that if assumptions of the linear QALY model hold, the excess mortality rate tolerated by a subject for a chronic health improvement is inversely proportional to the mean residual life. Conclusions This result leads to a new representation of the linear QALY model in terms of hazard rate functions and allows utilities obtained by using standard methods involving trade-offs of life duration to be translated into thresholds of tolerated mortality risk during a short period of time, thereby avoiding direct trade-offs using small probabilities of events during the study, which is known to lead to bias and variability.
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation

The ability to alter emotional responses as circumstances change is a critical component of normal adaptive behavior and is often impaired in psychological disorders. In this review, we discuss four emotional regulation techniques that have been investigated as means to control fear: extinction, cognitive regulation, active coping, and reconsolidation. For each technique, we review what is known about the underlying neural systems, combining findings from animal models and human neuroscience. The current evidence suggests that these different means of regulating fear depend on both overlapping and distinct components of a fear circuitry.
The trust problem

I. Introductory. Definitions of trust, pool, industrial combination, 382. — Theory that elimination of unfair competition and special privileges would rob combinations of monopoly power, 383. — Difficulty of proof or disproof from experience, 385. — Power of pools to advance prices, 389. — Trust prices, 390. — Oil, sugar, tobacco and steel trusts, 391. — Unfair competitive methods and special privileges not sufficient explanation of monopoly power, 393. — The power of combinations as such to maintain monopoly prices, 395. — Theoretical reasoning on the probable influence of combination and the impossibility of competition, 396. — Consequent necessity of regulation or prohibition, 400. II. Possibility of preventing combination, 402. — Success of certain Federal cases against combinations, 402. — Deterrent effect of more severe penalties, 404. — Reasons for failure of certain trust dissolutions to restore competition, 405. — Possibility of destroying and preventing formal trusts and pools, 408. — Weakness of informal understandings, 410.
Cooperative Time-Reversal Communication is Order-Optimal for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Data gathering is one of the most important services provided by wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The predominant traffic pattern in data gathering services is many-to-one communication. Hence, it is critical to understand the limitations of many-to-one information flows and devise efficient data aggregation protocols to support prolonged operations in WSNs. In this paper, we demonstrate that a data aggregation rate of ?(logn/n) is optimal and that this rate can be achieved using a generalization of cooperative beam forming called cooperative time-reversal communication. In contrast, the non-cooperative multihop relay strategies widely adopted in the literature are shown to be suboptimal in both capacity and network lifetime.
Immune Endophenotypes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Varied immunological findings have been reported in children with ASD. To address the question of heterogeneity in immune responses, we sought to examine the diversity of immune profiles within a representative cohort of boys with ASD. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from male children with ASD ( n = 50) and from typically developing age-matched male control subjects ( n = 16) were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide or phytohemagglutinin. Cytokine production was assessed after stimulation. The ASD study population was clustered into subgroups based on immune responses and assessed for behavioral outcomes. Results Children with ASD who had a proinflammatory profile based on lipopolysaccharide stimulation were more developmentally impaired as assessed by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. They also had greater impairments in social affect as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. These children also displayed more frequent sleep disturbances and episodes of aggression. Similarly, children with ASD and a more activated T cell cytokine profile after phytohemagglutinin stimulation were more developmentally impaired as measured by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Conclusions Children with ASD may be phenotypically characterized based upon their immune profile. Those showing either an innate proinflammatory response or increased T cell activation/skewing display a more impaired behavioral profile than children with noninflamed or non-T cell activated immune profiles. These data suggest that there may be several possible immune subphenotypes within the ASD population that correlate with more severe behavioral impairments.
Simulating Plasma-Induced Hall Thruster Wall Erosion With a Two-Dimensional Hybrid Model

A 2-D radial-axial (r-z) hybrid fluid/particle-in-cell (PIC) model has been developed to model energetic particle-induced channel-wall erosion in coaxial Hall discharge plasma thrusters. The discharge model geometry corresponds to that of a so-called stationary plasma thruster with an extended dielectric channel, and the computational domain extends from the anode at the base of this channel through the channel interior and into the near-field plume region. A model of the wall-erosion process has been added to the simulation in order to assess thruster degradation due to ion and energetic-neutral-induced sputtering of the channel walls. The effect of ion-neutral collisions, including momentum and charge-exchange collisions, on the erosion process is examined. These models are used to simulate the long-term wall-erosion history. For the specific Hall-thruster-configuration modeled, collisions were found to have less than a 10% effect on wall erosion. The erosion rate is seen to decrease with time, in good agreement with experimental measurements of long-term erosion in similar thrusters, resulting in a wall recession of as much as 2 mm after 4000 h of simulated operation.
Metabolic network analysis predicts efficacy of FDA-approved drugs targeting the causative agent of a neglected tropical disease

Background Systems biology holds promise as a new approach to drug target identification and drug discovery against neglected tropical diseases. Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions, assembled from annotated genomes and a vast array of bioinformatics/biochemical resources, provide a framework for the interrogation of human pathogens and serve as a platform for generation of future experimental hypotheses. In this article, with the application of selection criteria for both Leishmania major targets (e.g. in silico gene lethality) and drugs (e.g. toxicity), a method (MetDP) to rationally focus on a subset of low-toxic Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs is introduced.