cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Aspects of Osteoclast Differentiation and Function

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of the myeloid lineage that are highly specialized for bone resorption through acidification and exocytosis of bone-degrading enzymes into the space between the osteoclast and underlying bone, termed the resorption lacuna. Physiologic osteoclast activity is essential for normal skeletal development and remodeling to repair skeletal microdamage. Osteopetrosis, a collection of monogenic diseases caused by nonfunctional or absent osteoclasts, underscores the importance of adequate osteoclast function for skeletal health. Excessive osteoclastic bone resorption also results in bone disease, including osteoporosis. In this chapter, we provide information on the cellular origin of osteoclasts, discuss the receptors and signaling pathways that drive osteoclast differentiation, and detail the transcriptional machinery required to express the osteoclast program. We detail the cytoskeletal reorganization and formation of a specialized resorption apparatus required for mineral and matrix resorption. Lastly, we discuss the consequences of perturbation of osteoclast formation or function, both in the context of genetic diseases that map to the osteoclast and in the context of pathologic conditions. The goal of this chapter is to provide a detailed overview of osteoclast formation and function that can serve as a reference for clinician’s interested in the role of the osteoclast in osteoporosis.
Pureed Foods: Lentil Desserts

A pureed diet may be recommended for individuals with swallowing problems; however, it can be challenging for those with a pureed diet to receive adequate protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. This 4-page document provides recipes made with pureed lentils, offering desserts that are both tasty and nutrient-dense. Written by Wendy J. Dahl and Alison O’Donoughue and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, March 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs306
Alcohol-induced CYP2E1, mitochondrial dynamics and retrograde signaling in human hepatic 3D organoids.

Abstract Alcohol toxicity is a significant health problem with ~3 million estimated deaths per year globally. Alcohol is metabolized to the toxic metabolite, acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase or CYP2E1 in the hepatic tissue, and also induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which together play a pivotal role in cell and tissue damage. Our previous studies with COS-7 cells transduced with unique human CYP2E1 variants that mostly localize to either microsomes or mitochondria revealed that mitochondrially-localized CYP2E1 drives alcohol toxicity through the generation of higher levels of ROS, which has a consequent effect on cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and mitochondrial oxidative function. Alcohol treatment of human hepatocyte cell line, HepaRG, in monolayer cultures increased ROS, affected CcO activity/stability, and induced mitophagy. Alcohol treatment of 3D organoids of HepaRG cells induced higher levels of CYP2E1 mRNA and activated mitochondrial stress-induced retrograde signaling, and also induced markers of hepatic steatosis. Knock down of CYP2E1 mRNA using specific shRNA, FK506, a Calcineurin inhibitor, and Mdivi-1, a DRP1 inhibitor, ameliorated alcohol-induced mitochondrial retrograde signaling, and hepatic steatosis. These results for the first time present a mechanistic link between CYP2E1 function and alcohol mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, retrograde signaling, and activation of hepatic steatosis in a 3D organoid system that closely recapitulates the in vivo liver response.
Untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased hospitalization from influenza infection

Study Objectives:There is evidence that sleep deprivation or diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that lead to sleep disruption may adversely impact immune system functioning. We hypothes...
Deeper understanding on controlling dark and bright states in organic and perovskite LEDs

In organic LEDs, converting dark states (triplets) into bright states (singlets) has become a crucial procedure to develop high efficiencies. Essentially, the triplet-to-singlet conversion requires a mechanism to flip the spins of triplets towards realizing the triplet-to-singlet conversion. Our recent studies have shown that charge-transfer states present a vital mechanism to generate a spin-orbital coupling (SOC) to flip spins towards converting triplets into singlets in exciplex systems. Furthermore, organic-inorganic halide perovskites are known as strong-orbital materials formed with bright (J = 1, named as triplets) and dark (J = 0, named as singlets) states. Our studies found that the orbit-orbit interaction between light-emitting states plays an important role to convert the dark states into bright states in hybrid perovskites. This presentation will discuss the SOC effects on light emission in organic and perovskite materials in spontaneous and stimulated regimes.
Abstract PO-074: Understanding men’s concerns about linking health data in the context of precision medicine

Background and Importance: Linking data is a critical feature of precision medicine initiatives that involves integrating information from multiple sources to improve researchers’ and clinicians’ ability to deliver care. To date, we have limited understanding of how racial and ethnic minorities perceive linking data as it relates to precision medicine. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify how demographics, co-morbidities, and beliefs about precision medicine influence two outcomes related to linking data: beliefs about linking data and concerns about linking data among minority men. Methods: Adult individuals were recruited from primary care practices at a large clinical research university. 375 individuals were invited to participate and 124 completed a cross-sectional survey that included questions about demographic characteristics, comorbidities, beliefs, benefits, and limitations of precision medicine, and two outcomes of interest: beliefs about the value of linking data and concerns about linking data. Descriptives, bivariate, and multivariable regression were conducted in SAS version 9.4. Results: Participants had positive perceptions about beliefs about linking data for precision medicine (M=4.05/5) and average concern about linking data (M=2.1/5). Final multivariable models revealed that higher levels of loneliness are associated with more positive beliefs about linking data (B=0.41, p=0.027). Races other than Black or African American (B=-0.64, p=0.009) and those with lower perceived limitations of precision medicine were less likely to be concerned about linking data (B=-0.75, p=-.0006). Conclusion and Relevance: Our results contribute to the lack of literature about perceptions of linking data for use in clinical and research studies among men. Better understanding of factors associated with more positive perceptions of data linkages could help improve how researchers recruit and engage participants. Citation Format: Melanie Jefferson, Gayenell Magwood, Cathy Melvin, Oluwole Babatunde, Chanita Hughes Halbert, Caitlin G. Allen. Understanding men’s concerns about linking health data in the context of precision medicine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-074.
The Insurance Performance Measure: Assembling the Property & Casualty Profitability Puzzle

The property and casualty insurance industry has historically focused on the underwriting or combined ratio as the primary measure of operating performance. Many dramatic changes have occurred in this industry and its operating environment over the past thirty years, which have moderated the importance of the underwriting ratio. An alternative performance measurement system, the Insurance Performance Measure (IPM), is presented and illustrated. The IPM integrates all areas P&C operating activity into a measure more comprehensive (and economic) that the underwriting ratio.
Natural language processing and its role in spine surgery: A narrative review of potentials and challenges

Abstract In recent years, the volume and complexity of electronic patient-generated health data has increased exponentially leading to unprecedented opportunities for automated extraction of clinical features from free-text medical note and speech. Natural language processing (NLP), a branch of computer science that focuses on enabling computers to process human language, can process this rich resource of data for clinical and research purposes. In this narrative review, we provide the fundamentals of NLP and discuss the potentials and challenges in the spinal community. This lays a foundation for the reader to better understand and appreciate the role that NLP will play in the evolving field of artificial intelligence.
Revisit: Clinical, Laboratory And Electrodiagnositc Features Of Zinc Deficiency-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (P3.9-049)

Objective: To study the clinical, laboratory and electrophysiologic features of zinc deficiency induced peripheral neuropathy (ZdiPN). Background: Zinc is an important essential trace element and is involved in more than 200 enzymatic reactions which are critical in maintaining normal structural and functional conditions of multi-systems in humans. In a previous pilot study, we reported clinical observations of patients with ZdiPN (Muscle & Nerve 58(S2):S7, 2018). In this study we expanded the cases of the patients with ZdiPN and confirmed our previous findings. Design/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of our neuromuscular clinic/EMG laboratory database from January 1, 2015 to October 15, 2018 to identify patients with peripheral neuropathy and zinc deficiency. Subjects who had an abnormal copper level were excluded. Data were obtained including clinical presentations, comorbidities, body mass index, neurological examinations, laboratory findings and records of nerve conduction studies and needle electromyograms. Results: Twenty patients (age: 57.0±13.9 years; Male/Female=8/12; zinc=53.3±5.3 mcg/dL, range 37–58 [normal=60–130 mcg/dL]; copper=106.2±24.0 mcg/dL, range 75–173, [normal=72–175 mcg/dL]) were included. Of them 18 patients received electrophysiologic evaluations. The notable findings in presentation included paresthesia (75%) and gait abnormalities (70%). Four had diarrhea (20%). Neurological examination showed sensory deficits (75%), hypo-(45%) and hyper-(20%) tendon reflexes, unsteady gait (65%) and an abnormal Romberg test (55%). Cerebrospinal fluid protein was increased in 3/6 subjects. Electrophysiologic evaluations showed evidence of mononeuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex or polyneuropathy. Detailed results of clinical, laboratory and electrodiagnostic findings will be presented. Conclusions: Our current study confirmed our previous findings that acral paresthesia and ambulatory difficulty are prominent symptoms and signs of patients with ZdiPN. Increased CSF protein, brisk tendon reflexes and abnormal Romberg test may suggest posterior column involvement in some patients. A mixed feature of demyelination and axonal loss is evident in electrophysiologic evaluation. Recognition of the features of ZdiPN will help effectively manage the patients. Disclosure: Dr. Rahimian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aminian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bumanlag has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maddigunta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Luo has nothing to disclose.
Ethnic identity commitment and socioemotional well-being among Latinx-origin college students: The influence of maternal and peer relationships:

Purpose:Considerable research has noted the association between ethnic identity commitment, which refers to a positive affirmation, sense of belonging and heightened level of engagement to one’s et...
Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century

At the beginning of 21st century, food-borne diseases were a common cause of illness because of poor sanitation, inadequate refrigeration and canning practices, and because diseased animals were killed under unsanitary conditions. Improvements in hygiene, availability of refrigeration, educational efforts, and industry regulations have improved many of these conditions; however, food-borne diseases remain a major public health problem. This chapter presents examples of new and emerging food-borne pathogens followed by examples of how changes in the food industry and in the population affect the safety of food supply. Approaches that may help to prevent and control emerging food-borne hazards are discussed. Emerging food-borne pathogens include new or newly recognized pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, E. coli0157:H7, Vibrio vulnifieus, and Cyclospora eayetanensis; previously recognized pathogens that have emerged because of new modes of transmission such as Salmonella serotype Enteritidis transmitted by shell eggs; pathogens recently recognized to be transmitted by food-borne routes such as L. monoeytogenes; and pathogens that have selectively adapted to environmental conditions such as antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DTI 04. The public health infrastructure consists of the personnel (epidemiologists, laboratorians, support staff) and the tools (computers and diagnostic laboratory equipment) necessary to conduct surveillance, investigation, and prevention activities to protect the public's health. Existing technologies (e.g., pasteurization, chlorination, and refrigeration) and new technologies (e.g., Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and food irradiation) are promising methods of food protection.
¿Doctor, habla español? Increasing the Supply and Quality of Language-Concordant Physicians for Spanish-Speaking Patients.

As of 2013, there were an estimated 54 million Latinos in the U.S., and at 17 %, they represent the largest minority racial/ethnic group.1 In the Americas, only Mexico has a larger Latino population. About 16 million people in the U.S. speak Spanish at home and have limited English proficiency (LEP)—speaking English less than “very well”—with about 9 million reporting that they speak English “not at all” or “not well.”2 While still concentrated in the states of Florida, California, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois and New York, Spanish-speaking monolingual patients are now encountered in nearly every healthcare system in the U.S., and the greatest growth in the past decade has occurred in non-portal states. Millions of patients struggle with language barriers in navigating health care systems and communicating with their doctors; their clinicians struggle too. Language barriers are associated with lower patient comprehension, satisfaction, and trust in physicians, and often, worse clinical outcomes.3,4 For clinicians, language barriers can invoke dread, with visions of wasted time, communication frustration, and increased difficulty in providing high-quality care.5 Finally, patient safety suffers when language barriers impede easy communication.6
Developing a computational model of “quality” for educational digital libraries

This poster will present the results of a pilot study that examined the efficacy of a computational model to support users in determining quality in educational digital libraries. The subsequent research design of a larger follow-on project will also be presented. It is anticipated that the conceptual and computational models that will be created for scaffolding quality judgments about library resources can be empirically validated, and ultimately integrated into digital library tools and services.
Properties of Organizational Slack in the U.S. Context

This study examines the properties of organizational slack for U.S. firms for the 1985-95 period in a dual sector economy. The economy can be divided into a monopoly/core sector and a competitive/periphery sector. The results show that the three measures of slack used: administrative slack, available liquidity and recoverable liquidity, are higher for firms in the periphery sector than in the core sector. In addition, organizational slack, however measured, is negatively related to the level and variablity of reported profits.
A Decompositional Approach to the Design of Efficient parallel Programs

A methodology for the derivation of efficient parallel implementations from program specifications is developed. The goal of the methodology is to decompose a program specification into a collection of module specifications, such that each module may be implemented by a subprogram. The correctness of the whole program is then deduced from the correctness of the property refinement procedure and the correctness of the individual subprograms. The refinement strategy is based on identifying frequently occurring control structures such as sequential composition and iteration. The methodology is developed in the context of the UNITY logic and the UC programming language, and illustrated through the solution of diffusion aggregation in fluid flow simulations.
Beta-Lactamase Repressor BlaI Modulates Staphylococcus aureus Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance and Virulence

BlaI is a repressor of BlaZ, the beta-lactamase responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Through screening a transposon library in S. aureus Newman for susceptibility to cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, we discovered BlaI as a novel cathelicidin resistance factor. Additionally, through integrational mutagenesis in S. aureus Newman and MRSA Sanger 252 strains, we confirmed the role of BlaI in resistance to human and murine cathelidicin and showed that it contributes to virulence in human whole blood and murine infection models. We further demonstrated that BlaI could be a target for innate immune-based antimicrobial therapies; by removing BlaI through subinhibitory concentrations of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, we were able to sensitize S. aureus to LL-37 killing.
Spinal cord stimulation

Great innovation in patient selection, expertise, and technology has yielded spinal cord stimulation as a treatment which when skillfully applied offers significant and reliable chronic pain relief at the patient’s own direction. This chapter presents an overview of the practical application of spinal cord stimulation, focusing on patient selection, mechanism of action, outcomes and effectiveness data, psychological assessment and screening, as well as future directions. Lastly, the chapter reviews potential complications and presents considerations for virtually every step in neuromodulation but especially for surgical methodology to mitigate risk and increase chances of success. Along with traditional thoracic lead placement, cervical and retrograde approaches are additionally explained and detailed.
Vulnerable to Violence: Jeff Donaldson’s Ala Shango and the Erasure of Diasporic Difference

This article examines AfriCOBRA cofounder Jeff Donaldson’s painting Ala Shango (1969) in relation to the 1968 Chicago riots and the militaristic and Pan-Africanist rhetoric of the Black Nationalist movement. Specifically, I discuss the artist’s appropriation and incorporation of a double-headed axe of Shango, the Yoruba god of fire, lightning, and thunder. The axe, wielded by the composition’s central figure, shatters the pictorial plane of the canvas, which Donaldson variously labeled GLASS, SHEET, and MADE IN USA. I argue that, through his appropriation of African art, as well as in his channeling and innovating upon iconographic references to the riot—namely, the initial shattering of glass that directly precedes looting—Donaldson articulates an abstracted blackness where black identity, internationally, is always vulnerable to violence and requires an armed response, regardless of geographic locale.
The Parallels Between Jesus and Moses

The literary genre of Luke-Acts has recently created considerable interest. The Lukan Jesus is surely portrayed as a prophet. This article lists and evaluates the parallels between Jesus and Moses. Jesus is more clearly established as lawgiver and leader on the way to resurrection, and the relationship between "Moses" ("Law") and these parallels is explained. Finally, a summary of the implications of the parallels and their import for Luke's christology is provided.
Belowground insights into nutrient limitation in northern hardwood forests

Soil nutrient environments are changing in forests of the northeastern United States due to decades of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) emissions and acidic deposition, causing N enrichment and cation depletion, and possibly alleviating N limitation to forest growth. We asked whether biotic demand for phosphorus (P) or calcium (Ca) exceeded that for N and used an ingrowth core approach to test belowground responses to different nutrients. We tested fine root foraging for nutrients (N, P, or Ca) in three mid-age (26–30 years) and mature (≥100 years) northern hardwood forest stands in the Bartlett Experimental Forest (BEF), NH, and in one mature forest stand in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, USA. Fine root colonization of cores responded clearly to Ca in mature forest at HBEF, responded to P in mid-age forests at BEF, and responded primarily to N in mature forests at BEF. Net N mineralization potential was higher in soils of mid-age than mature forests at BEF, with roots responding to N where N availability was low and to P or Ca where N availability was high. Nutrients elicited no responses from either fungi or phosphatase activity in mid-age forests, but in mature forests at BEF, N enhanced phosphatase activity. While no straightforward pattern emerged among the different mechanisms of nutrient acquisition that we tested, our results do suggest that P and Ca can be important limiting nutrients in these northern hardwood forests when N availability is relatively high. We hypothesize that the interacting effects of disturbance by forest harvest and N deposition can cause a transient P limitation to forest growth, and that other nutrients become more limiting as forests age.
The factors associated with child welfare professionals' application of relationship education

Abstract Child welfare professionals are in a unique position to share information with their clients that can promote healthy couple relationships and facilitate family stability. However, it is unclear how relationship education can be effectively integrated into child welfare services. The current study explored what may have influenced or impeded professionals who completed a one-day relationship education training from implementing the tools and skills acquired with their clients. Because the sharing of new skills and resources with clients is likely influenced by professionals' perceptions of the costs and benefits in doing so, Social Exchange Theory was used to help guide data collection and interpretation of the findings of this study. Focus groups were conducted with 12 professionals six-months post-training, and domain analysis, a form of content analysis, was used to identify emerging themes. Both personal and professional benefits as well as client- and job-based barriers were identified as influencing participants' implementation of relationship education. Implications for practice are shared.
A Whooping Cough of a Time: An Employee with Pertussis in an Adult Hospital

ISSUE: Infection Control (IC) was notified when a Respiratory Care employee was diagnosed with pertussis. Patients (pts) & employees on the Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit & an intensive care unit (ICU) were exposed. PROJECT: The Respiratory Care manager was contacted & a list of pts for whom the employee provided care was generated. Occupational Health (OH) contacted the employee for more detailed information on the disease course. The period of communicability was determined after the information was obtained from the employee. The Hospital Epidemiologist was consulted to determine short-term versus prolonged exposure based on CDC recommendations. Prolonged exposure included if a pt received ventilator care, nebulizer treatments, multi-dose inhaler (MDI) treatment or MDI instruction. Exposed pt's Physicians were notified by fax & mail. Follow-up phone calls were made to the physician offices the day after faxes were sent. An E-Mail was sent to nurse managers explaining the exposure & providing a pertussis fact sheet. All Respiratory Care employees were queried for symptoms of pertussis. RESULTS: The employee had contact with 62 pts during the period of communicability before exposure was reported. Twenty-three pts received oxygen per nasal cannula (indicating short-term exposure), 28 pts had prolonged exposure, & 11 pts expired with diagnosis not related to the exposure. Two of the 4 exposed pts still in the hospital presented with new respiratory symptoms. These pts were isolated. Two of the 24 discharged pts developed new respiratory symptoms. Three pts were available for nasopharyngeal swabs & were negative for B. pertussis by PCR testing. No sick hospital employees were identified. Infection Control spent approximately 40 hours identifying, notifying & performing surveillance on this one pertussis exposure. LESSONS LEARNED: One ill employee can expose many pts & staff to communicable disease in a hospital setting. It is critical to have more than one method to notify a physicians' office when faced with an exposure to ensure proper notification. IC & OH must collaborate with many disciplines to promptly identify, define & communicate an exposure.
Fullerene exposures with oysters: embryonic, adult, and cellular responses.

Oysters are an ecologically important group of filter-feeders, and a valuable toxicology model for characterizing the potential impacts of nanoparticles to marine organisms. Fullerene (C60) exposure studies with oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were conducted with a variety of biological levels, e.g., developmental studies with embryos, whole organism exposures with adults, and isolated hepatopancreas cells. Significant effects on embryonic development and lysosomal destabilization were observed at concentrations as low as 10 ppb. Moreover, based on our extensive experience with the lysosomal assay, the lysosomal destabilization rates at fullerene concentrations ≥100 ppb were regarded as biologically significant, as they are associated with reproductive failure. Interestingly, there was no significant increase in lipid peroxidation levels in hepatopancreas tissues. Oyster hepatopancreas tissues are composed of lysosomal rich cells, and confocal microscopy studies indicated that the fullerene particles read...
Effects of long-term in vitro cultivation on Leishmania donovani promastigotes

Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani that had been subcultured in modified Tobie's medium for 2 to 3 years showed decreased infectivity and lack of virulence for hamsters and mice compared to newly transformed promastigotes. Amastigotes derived from these long-term promastigote cultures decreased in number rapidly in hamsters, but only slightly in mice, over a 48-day period. In cultured mouse and hamster macrophages infected in vitro, amastigotes derived from long-term cultures rapidly decreased to low numbers, which persisted. The same pattern was seen in macrophages treated with catalase, an inhibitor of the oxygen-dependent killing mechanism of the macrophage. Promastigotes from long-term cultures also differed from virulent first-passage promastigotes in size, growth patterns in Tobie's medium, and in the quantities of some of their antigens.
Pattern transfer of sub-100 nm features in polysilicon using a single layer photoresist and extreme ultraviolet lithography

Until recently, pattern transfer of 100 nm-scale features using extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) was accomplished by using an intermediate hard mask material such as silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride. In this experiment, a single layer of deep-UV photoresist, 175 nm thick, was patterned using Sandia's 10x-Microstepper EUV imaging system. The pattern was subsequently transferred into an underlying polysilicon layer, 300 nm thick, using a reactive ion etch process. Cross-sectional and top-down scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to evaluate the etch process and determine sidewall angle and the etch selectivity between polysilicon and the photoresist, and were found to be > 85 degrees and approximately 5:1, respectively.
An empirical approach to identify job duty-KSA linkages in managerial jobs: A case example

One-hundred and five managers and supervisors in the maintenance and engineering areas of a national aviation company rated job behaviors and personal requirements of their positions. Component analyses yielded factor structures of seven general job responsibilities and five skills, respectively. Consistent with previous research, skill importance varied as a function of level of management. Most importantly, the results of a series of regression analyses yielded empirical evidence of perceived behavior-skill associations in this sample of managerial positions. The uses of these empirical behavior-skill linkages are outlined.
Design considerations for a space shuttle main engine turbine blade made of single crystal material

Nonlinear finite-element structural analyses were performed on the first stage high-pressure fuel turbopump blade of the Space Shuttle Main Engine. The analyses examined the structural response and the dynamic characteristics at typical operating conditions. Single crystal material PWA-1480 was considered for the analyses. Structural response and the blade natural frequencies with respect to the crystal orientation were investigated. The analyses were conducted based on typical test stand engine cycle. Influence of combined thermal, aerodynamic, and centrifugal loadings was considered. Results obtained showed that the single crystal secondary orientation effects on the maximum principal stresses are not highly significant.
Steady potential fields during sleep and wakefulness in the cat.

Abstract Steady potential shifts were recorded during sleep and wakefulness in cats. In subcortical areas all shifts, on entering desynchronized sleep or on awakening from slow-wave sleep, were negative with respect to a reference point on frontal or occipital bone. The amplitude of the changes at successive depths in the brain increased abruptly between the extradural surface and cerebral cortex but showed no consistent increase or decrease in deeper areas. Records from a series of points between cortical surface and white matter indicated that the increase in potential occurred at the first recording point in gray matter. Points on the lateral surface and the lateral and posterior areas of the dorsal cortex also shifted negatively on entering desynchronized sleep. A positive shift occurred on medial and anterior areas of the dorsal cortex but was highly variable in extent and occurrence. The diffuse steady potential shifts occurring during the sleep-wakefulness cycle are interpreted as a reflection of current flow between the brain and areas external to the brain. Rather than reflecting a change in the communication between neurons, such as summation of synaptic potentials or polarization of cortical dendrites, these potentials are more likely to be associated with changes in metabolic activity of the nervous system.
Dependence of fiber/fiber bonding on some papermaking variables

The bond breaking load and bonded area of individual fiber/fiber bonds were measured using a new fiber load elongation recorder (FLER2) and Page's polarized light scattering technique, respectively. Lightly (570 mL CSF) and moderately (345 mL CSF) refined fibers with fines subsequently removed produced bonds of equal strength. Bonds between latewood fibers were substantially stronger than those between earlywood fibers. Polymeric strength aids interacting with the fibers by either covalent or ionic bonding increased the bond strength by a factor of two.
Public sociology, public scholarship, and community development

In his 2004 presidential address to the American Sociological Association, Michael Burawoy called for the creation of a public sociology that would be more relevant and useful to the people whom we study and with whom we work. This vision represents one of many responses to the growing chorus of critics who claim that higher education and the various disciplines that comprise it are out of date, out of touch, and are failing to address pressing societal issues. Seen in this light, public sociology is a laudable attempt to reinvigorate the discipline. But there are problems with Burawoy's formulation that prevent it from fulfilling this promise. In this article, we critically examine public sociology, and argue that a broader, alternative model of public scholarship—one that combines academic and civic benefits—will enable sociologists and other scholars to collaborate with the public in ways that more effectively address the intractable problems facing citizens and communities. This model has particular r...
On the generation of a bubbly universe - A quantitative assessment of the CfA slice

A first attempt is made to calculate the properties of the matter distribution in a universe filled with overlapping bubbles produced by multiple explosions. Each spherical shell follows the cosmological Sedov-Taylor solution until it encounters another shell. Thereafter, mergers are allowed to occur in pairs on the basis of N-body results. At the final epoch, the matrix of overlapping shells is populated with 'galaxies' and the properties of slices through the numerically constructed cube compare well with CfA survey results for specified initial conditions. A statistic is found which measures the distance distribution from uniformly distributed points to the nearest galaxies on the projected plane which appears to provide a good measure of the bubbly character of the galaxy distribution. In a quantitative analysis of the CfA 'slice of the universe', a very good match is found between simulation and the real data for final average bubble radii of (13.5 + or - 1.5)/h Mpc with formal filling factor 1.0-1.5 or actual filling factor of 65-80 percent.
Phosphodiester amidates of allenic nucleoside analogues: Anti-HIV activity and possible mechanism of action

Lipophilic phosphodiester amidates 2a, 2b, 4a, 4b, and 6 derived from anti-HIV agent adenallene 1a, 3a, inactive hypoxallene 1b, 3b, and 9-(4-hydroxy-2-butyn-1-yl)adenine (5) were synthesized and studied as inhibitors of HIV-1 in ATH8 cell system. All phosphodiester amidates were more biologically active than their parent nonphosphorylated compounds. Analogues 2a and 4a derived from (±)-adenallene 1a and (R)-enantiomer 3a are effective anti-HIV agents with EC50 approximately 0.88 and 0.21 μM, respectively. Both analogues are 16 and 28 times more effective than parent compounds 1a and 3a, respectively. Some anti-HIV activity of hypoxallene derivatives 2b and 4b was noted in the range of 0.1−10 μM but the dose−response relationship was poor. Phosphodiester amidate analogue 6 also exhibited anti-HIV activity in the range of 0.1−100 μM, but this effect was accompanied by cytotoxicity. Hydrolytic studies performed at pH 9.8 and with pig liver esterase at pH 7.4 have shown that analogue 2a gives adenallene 4‘-p...
Trisomy 20 mosaicism identified prenatally and confirmed in foreskin fibroblasts

Etude de trisomie 20 avec mosaicisme ou le mosaicisme semble limite aux tissus fœtaux car il est retrouve dans les cultures cellulaires de fibroblastes cutanes et non retrouve dans les cellules sanguines
Non-right sidedness: an association with lower IL-2 production.

Abstract Using a laterality questionnaire, 138 normal healthy individuals were classified as right-sided and 25 as non-right side. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was generated from whole blood obtained from these subjects using mitogen (PHA) stimulation. IL-2 was quantitated in picograms/ml using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Additionally, sera from these subjects were tested for 7 autoantibodies by standard serological methods. As compared to right sided subjects, non-right sided individuals had significantly lower IL-2 production. Non-right sided individuals with autoantibodies had significantly lower IL-2 production than right sided subjects with or without autoantibodies, but did not differ significantly from their non-right sided counterparts without autoantibodies. These data support the increasing evidence for the differential and lateralized regulation of immune functions by the right and left cerebral regions.
The tanh method for generalized forms of nonlinear heat conduction and Burgers-Fisher equations

Generalized forms of the KdV, the nonlinear heat conduction, and Burgers-Fisher equations are investigated. The analysis rests mainly on the standard tanh method. The focus is on the case where the parameter M is noninteger. A variety of exact travelling wave solutions of distinct physical structures are formally derived.
Mucocutaneous manifestations of viral diseases in children.

There are numerous types of viruses that manifest themselves as dermatologic disorders in children. Some of these affect the skin alone, but many of them are associated with or are even harbingers of serious systemic disease. This contribution disusses the most common viral conditions to affect the skin, as well as some that are less well known. Current treatments and preventive measures for many of these diseases are also considered. There are several groups of viruses that produce mucocutaneous lesions in children: herpesviruses, papovaviruses, poxviruses, picornaviruses, and retroviruses. In addition, there are various other viruses that can have cutaneous manifestations, such as human parvovirus B19, rubella, rubeola, and hepatitis B and C, among others.1 Finally, there are other dermatological disorders and exanthems thought to be viral in nature but that have yet to demonstrate a particular viral etiology. All herpesviruses may have manifestations dermatologic: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively); varicella zoster virus (VZV); Epstein-Barr virus; cytomegalovirus (CMV); and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, respectively). Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a papovavirus that may affect children, especially if they are immunocompromised. Poxviruses, such as molluscum contagiosum (MC), milker’s nodules, and orf, can also present in the pediatric population. Coxsackieviruses are the most common picornavirus infections that cause skin disorders in children. Finally, HIV is a retrovirus well known to cause not only cutaneous but also severe systemic disease and death in children. Fortunately, many of these disorders have good treatments, which, when they are recognized early, can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. Some may be prevented through immunization with licensed vaccines (Table 1),2 and others are the subjects of experimental preventive and therapeutic vaccination. There is still need, however, for ongoing study of those for which no good treatment or vaccine exists.
The effects of exposure to intense sound on the DC endocochlear potential in the chick

Abstract Chicks were exposed to an intense pure tone (0.9 kHz, 120 dB SPL) for 48 h. The DC endocochlear potential was measured with a microelectrode inserted into scala media in six separate groups of animals between 0 and 12 days post exposure. Similar data were obtained from seven groups unexposed control of chicks between 2 and 15 days of age. One to nine animals were tested in each control or exposed group. The results in the control chicks revealed that the EP at 2 days of age (6.7 mV) was 36% of the mature value (15.2 mV) noted at 6 days of age. In the exposed animals, at 0-days recovery, the EP showed a 63% reduction relative to that measured in age matched control chicks. The level of EP in the exposed animals quickly recovered, and by 3 and 6 days post exposure exhibited a loss of only 7 and 3 percent relative to the age-matched controls. The recovery of EP was plotted against the recovery of evoked potential thresholds reported by others, and the time-course of the recovery functions were very similar. This relationship suggested that recovery of auditory function in the chick was highly correlated with the restoration of the EP. Damage to the tegmentum vasculosum and its capacity to secrete potassium, as well as the shunting of current through the damaged basilar papilla, are considered as mechanisms for the reduction of EP loss in the exposed ear.
Evaluation of Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for the Separation and Detection of Normal and Modified Deoxyribonucleosides and Deoxyribonucleotides

Abstract Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography allows high resolution separations with very small sample volume requirements. Deoxyribonucleotide oligomers can be resolved on the basis of chain length, nucleic base sequence, and base modification. Sensitivity for dideoxyribonucleosides in the -presence of a 1,000-fold excess of deoxyribonucleosides is ca. 12 pg with on-column UV absorbance detection.
An efficient method for evaluating black walnut for resistance to walnut anthracnose in field plots and the identification of resistant genotypes

Black walnut is native to the eastern USA and prized for its high-quality timber. Walnut anthracnose, the most important foliar disease of black walnut, is caused by Gnomonia leptostyla. There is no germplasm available that is resistant to the disease. Ramets of 42 black walnut clones, comprising about one-third of the Midwestern USA black walnut timber breeding stock, were rated for susceptibility to walnut anthracnose from 1974 to 1982. Significant differences in susceptibility were identified among clones. A method of truncation selection was able to identify the most resistant clones in less time and with a smaller commitment of resources than methods based on means. Truncation selection permitted the identification of the most susceptible clones even in years when the severity of anthracnose was low.
Growth and flowering response of ‘Monte Grace’ lily grown in media amended with bioplastic pellets and in bioplastic pots containing feather fibers

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and flowering of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. × L. × elegans Thunb. (LA) hybrid ‘Monte Grace’ when grown in media amended with three bioplastic resin pellets (Pel) containing chicken feather fibers (Pel 29, Pel 32, and Pel 45) and in injection molded bioplastic (BP) pots processed with three pellets. Bulbs were planted in a growing medium amended (GMA) with 4 or 8 g of each pellet or planted in the BP pots placed in the center of plastic pots. After potting, 2 g of slow release fertilizer (SRF) were applied to the surface of the growing medium. The changes in color of BP 29 and BP 32 pots suggested that these two BP pots may biodegrade faster than BP 45 pots. The growth and development of ‘Monte Grace’ in growing medium amended with Pel 32 and also in BP 32 pots were significantly reduced, resulting in flower bud blast. The negative effects of Pel 32 in the growing medium and in BP 32 pots were not reduced by addition of SRF. The growing medium pH was lowered significantly by the addition of SRF regardless of the BP pot types. However, growth and development was not affected by low pH. Concentrations of macro- and micro-elements fell into suggested and optimum ranges as reported for Lilium species and hybrids; however, the calcium concentration was lower than the optimum concentration, although, no nutrient deficiency symptoms were observed. Although extra nitrogen becomes available from Pel 32 or BP 32 pots, it is not recommended for lily production. The use of Pel 45 or BP 45 pots with SRF proved to be the most effective bioplastic material when plant growth, growing medium, and foliar analysis were evaluated.
Use of advance information for complex movements in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Motor preparation processes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and elderly control subjects were examined by utilizing the movement parameter precue technique in prehension movements to different sized objects. PD patients as well as controls were able to use advance information about object size to reduce their response times. However, further analysis of the response kinematics revealed that in contrast to controls, PD patients showed a prolongation of the transport phase related to the validity of the object size precue when grasping small objects. Therefore, PD patients seem to suffer from a slowing of their qualitatively preserved motor preparation process which becomes more pronounced in complex tasks like prehension. This finding of a qualitatively preserved, but slowed capability in PD patients of using advance information for motor preparation is discussed in the framework of the motor control literature on predictive behavior in PD.
Computer‐Aided Misconception‐Based Intelligent Tutoring and Exercise Generation

Abstract This paper explores two uses of a set of possible student misconceptions about how to carry out a particular task. The first use is in computer‐based intelligent tutoring systems, and the second is in computer‐based exercise and test generation. Also considered are methods of acquiring the set of misconceptions and of dealing with unknown and multiple misconceptions.
Radar and Electronic Warfare Applications of Multigigahertz Optical Components and Systems

Recent advances in wideband components for use in optical fiber systems have been very impressive. Laser diodes have shown 3dB modulation bandwidths near 20 GHz at room temperature /1,2/ and external modulators with similar high-frequency performance have been reported /3/. Bandwidths as high as 100 GHz have been achieved in semiconductor photodiodes /4/. Performance of these components at such high frequencies opens a new realm of possibilities for the use of optics in military systems. These include not only signal transmission over optical fibers, but also signal generation, signal processing, and optical control of microwave devices. Coverage spanning the 0-18 GHz range, where most radar and electronic warfare (EW) systems operate, is now possible. Some of these techniques can also be applied in the millimeter wave frequency range (>30 GHz), which is receiving increased emphasis for military applications. This paper discusses some generic radar and EW applications for multigigahertz technology, and gives several examples of how optical techniques might be used to advantage in such systems.
The contribution of late-generated neurons to the callosal projection in the rat: A study with prenatal x-irradiation

Studies utilizing horseradish peroxidase tracing methods have suggested that there are species differences in the relative contribution of the different neocortical layers to the callosal projection. The present investigation utilized x-irradiation at different gestational ages to eliminate the late-generated neurons in the rat neocortex. The caudorostral gradient of reduction in the neuronal population of the supragranular layers is closely correlated with the gradient of reduction in the size of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, the callosal projection is absent in anteroposterior cortical segments in which the development of the supragranular layers was prevented without a reduction of the number of neurons in the infragranular layers of the neocortex. These results indicate that late-generated neurons residing primarily in the supragranular layers are essential for the formation of the corpus callosum.