cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles: A tutorial review

This tutorial review is intended to provide an accessible and self-contained introduction to the discipline of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles and discuss the most general ways in which the scattering and absorption properties of particles and small random particle groups are affected by particle morphology. The main focus is on how nonsphericity influences our way of describing and quantifying electromagnetic scattering by particles and how it is likely to affect, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the principal theoretical descriptors of scattering and the relevant optical observables. Several quantitative examples included in this review are the result of a controlled laboratory measurement or a numerically exact theoretical computation and are intended to illustrate the main theses and conclusions.
Hysteretic resistance spikes at transitions between quantum Hall ferromagnets in AlAs 2D electrons

Abstract We report hysteretic resistance spikes at transitions between quantum Hall ferromagnets in AlAs two-dimensional electrons. The observed magnetic hysteresis depends sensitively on the electron occupation of the two energy levels crossing at the transition. Temperature-dependent measurements show that the resistance spikes at the transition are not activated, in contrast to the resistance minima away from the transition, which follow an Arrhenius behavior.
Cloning and functional characterization of extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptors from parathyroid and kidney

Abstract Parathyroid cells recognize and respond to (i.e., “sense”) minute perturbations in the extracellular ionized calcium concentration (Ca02+), but the mechanisms underlying this process have remained obscure. Recently, we employed expression cloning in Xenopus laevis oocytes to isolate a cDNA coding for a Ca02+-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Like the native receptor, the cloned Ca02+-sensing receptor stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) in a G-protein-dependent manner with a nearly identical pharmacological profile. Its deduced amino acid sequence confirms that it is a member of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR). Transcripts for the receptor are expressed in parathyroid and other tissues that sense Ca02+ (viz., kidney and thyroidal C-cells) as well as those that have no known role in extracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, such as the brain. The availability of the cDNA clone for the Ca02+-sensing receptor made it possible to test the hypothesis that mutations in the gene encoding the human homolog of the receptor cause inherited disorders of mineral ion metabolism. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) are, in fact, caused by mutations that reduce the activity of the receptor when they are present in the heterozygous and homozygous states, respectively. In contrast, we have subsequently discovered a family in which a form of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia results from an activating mutation in the receptor gene. The Ca02+-sensing receptor, therefore, permits Ca02+ to play a “hormonelike” role as an extracellular first messenger in addition to its well described role as an important intracellular second messenger.
Real line strength distributions for random band models

An improved random band-model method, which makes allowance for the real line-strength distribution, is proposed. The model is shown to be useful for low-resolution, infrared observational data of the outer solar system. The method can be used as easily as conventional random band calculations. In the illustrative examples cited here, the variation of line width with J, the rotational quantum number, is small. Other effects which can, in principle, cause the model to deviate from laboratory observations are discussed. These include the assumption that line positions are random, ignoring the effects of the Lorentz wings of lines immediately outside the specific interval for which the mean transmission is calculated, and ignoring the effects of instrumental slit functions.
Conjugated Metallopolymers for Fluorescent Turn-On Detection of Nitric Oxide

A series of eight π-conjugated polymers (CPs) composed of phenylenevinylene, phenyleneethynylene, fluorene, and thiophene derivatives have been prepared with bipyridyl or terpyridyl substituents within the π-conjugated backbone or at side-chain positions. These ligand-modified CPs serve as macromolecular scaffolds for conducting metallopolymers. The optical and photoluminescent properties of the polymers and corresponding copper(II) metallopolymers were investigated. Copper(II) is a highly efficient quencher of CP emission (75−100% quenching). CPs featuring bipyridyl units within the CP backbone are quenched more efficiently than those with terpyridyl units. The copper(II) metallopolymer undergoes reduction to the corresponding copper(I) species upon reaction with nitric oxide, with concomitant changes in integrated emission ranging from a 50% decrease to a 320% increase. The positive emission response is largest when Cu(II) was bound to the CP through bipyridyl units within the backbone, making these mat...
Diastereoselection during 1,2-Addition of the Allylindium Reagent to alpha-Thia and alpha-Amino Aldehydes in Aqueous and Organic Solvents.

The stereochemistry of the indium-promoted reaction of allyl bromide with α-thia (PhS and MeS), disubstituted α-amino (Bn2N, Me2N, isoindolyl), and protected α-amino aldehydes (Ac and Boc) in water has been evaluated. The reactions involving the sulfur derivatives are minimally diastereoselective, indicating that the allylindium reagent is not thiophilic. Chelation is not observed and π-facial discrimination is achieved via Felkin−Ahn transition states under the steric control of the substituents. The Garner aldehyde is also anti-diastereoselective. Interestingly, N-acetylmannosamine is appreciably responsive to chelation control and is capable of generating 90% of the syn β-amino alcohol when reacted in a 0.5 M NH4Cl solution. While the α-dibenzylamino substituent is too bulky to enter into complexation, the α-dimethylamino group is not and can lead to high levels (99%) of syn diastereomer. The size of other neighboring substituents does have an impact on π-facial discrimination in these systems and can ...
Pulmonary dysfunction in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: Overview, diagnostic considerations, and infectious complications

Pulmonary complications are among the most common and serious sequelae seen in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. This two-part review addresses the incidence and impact of pulmonary complications in pediatric HSCT patients. In this first part we review the available data for the use of diagnostic modalities in this population, including flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and open lung biopsy (OLB). We also review the many infectious pulmonary complications that may occur in pediatric HSCT recipients, utilizing the traditional chronologic divisions of neutropenic phase (0-30 days following HSCT), early phase (30-100 days), and late phase (>100 days).
Sonographic prediction of twin birth weight discordance.

Abstract Objective: To assess the accuracy of sonographic prediction of clinically significant twin birth weight discordance (25% or greater) and to determine whether this accuracy is affected by defined fetal and maternal variables. Methods: Using an established database, we reviewed 338 twin gestations delivered over 10 years as a retrospective cohort. Estimation of fetal weight was calculated by applying the Hadlock formula using composite fetal biometry. Intertwin weight discordance was calculated as the difference in the estimated or actual twin weights (A−B) divided by the weight of the larger twin and was expressed as a percentage. Statistical evaluation included validity (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values) and reliability assessment of ultrasonographic measurements (intraclass correlation coefficients). Multivariable analysis was performed. Results: Of 338 twin gestations, 192 (57%) twin pairs met inclusion criteria. Sonographic prediction of actual intertwin birth weight discordance of 25% or greater had a sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 97%, positive predictive value of 82%, and negative predictive value of 91%. The reliability of estimating intertwin birth weight discordance by ultrasonography was moderately high (intraclass correlation coefficient = .700; 95% confidence interval [CI] .620, .765). Multivariable analysis revealed no significant effects of individual maternal or fetal factors on the accuracy of ultrasonographic prediction of intertwin birth weight discordance. Conclusion: Sonographic prediction of actual intertwin birth weight discordance of 25% or greater within 16 days of delivery appears to be a valid and reliable method for clinical use. Predictive accuracy is independent of other identifiable maternal or fetal variables.
Rule-based simulation metamodels

Abstract Simulation models provide useful knowledge about the dynamic behavior of systems. It has been proposed to incorporate these models in knowledge-based systems. Unfortunately, simulation is time and memory consuming and the results, which are frequently in the form of a variety of large tables of data, are often difficult to interpret. Due to these problems, simulation metamodels (models of simulation models), such as regression metamodels, have already been suggested. We introduce rule-based metamodels, which are a set of production rules that model the simulation model. They can be obtained from simulation results using automatic learning programs. The rules represent understandable knowledge that can be directly used for decision making, or inserted into a knowledge-based system. Our approach is illustrated and discussed through manufacturing scheduling and control problems. It is also suitable to other Artificial Intelligence formalisms, such as frames.
Putting an ear to the ground: where now with Quinacrine?

Quinacrine has been one focus of the search for a safe and effective method of nonsurgical female sterilization. Questions about its safety and efficacy as well as about ethics policy rights and the prioritization of resources have been raised by womens health advocates and agencies concerned with public health. Nevertheless interest in the method by researchers and donors has continued. Yet global experience shows that the users of contraceptive technologies possess perspectives necessary to successful and ethical research and introduction of any new method into general service. Without an inclusive process for discussing and resolving the many questions that continue to surround quinacrine the method is likely to face an embattled future and its pursuit may jeopardize other important efforts to make quality family planning and sterilization services available. (authors)
Scanning electron microscopy of the decidual stalk and decidua basalis in the mouse

Placentas either in situ or mechanically separated from their uterine beds were surveyed by scanning electron microscopy to determine the changing relationship of the placenta to its uterine bed with special reference to alteration in the decidual basalis accompanying parturition. At 13 days gestation the placenta is connected to the uterus by a short, broad decidual stalk which becomes longer and more constricted by term. The stalk is covered by a layer of squamous epithelium. Mechanical separation of the placenta and uterus in early gestation reveals that the entire decidual basalis of the decidual stalk is composed of large coarse fibers. As gestation progresses, a relatively smooth acellular capsule forms around the base of the placenta. However, the center of the decidua basalis, the core of the stalk, continues to be composed of large coarse fibers throughout gestation and appears to be the only region penetrated by maternal vessels.
Competence: A concept analysis

Abstract Twenty years ago, the National League for Nursing pushed for major reform in nursing curriculum. It was their intent to revitalize nursing education and help prepare the next generation of nursing students for the increasingly complex nursing challenges of the future. Benefits of this change were to provide better prepared nurses, increased nursing satisfaction, and decreased nursing attrition. Unfortunately, many nursing schools have not changed their curriculum in a substantive way to meet this challenge. To meet this challenge, nurse educators need to look at new ways to help students develop critical-thinking skills to be able to competently problem solve in today's challenging health care environment. This article explores the concept of competence as it relates to nursing practice. Through examination and understanding of this concept, nurse educators are challenged to redefine and rebuild nursing curriculum to help develop competent nurses and make the profession stronger.
Solubilities in Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts from a Simple Perturbed-Hard-Sphere Theory

In recent years, several publications have provided solubilities of ordinary gases and liquids in ionic liquids. This work reports an initial attempt to correlate the experimental data using a perturbed-hard-sphere theory; the perturbation is based on well-known molecular physics when the solution is considered as a dielectric continuum. For this correlation, the most important input parameters are the hard-sphere diameters of the solute and of the cation and anion that constitute the ionic liquid. In addition, the correlation uses the solvent's density and the solute's polarizability and dipole and quadrupole moments, if any. Dispersion-energy parameters are obtained from global correlation of solubility data. Results are given for 20 solutes in several ionic liquids at normal temperatures; in addition, some results are given for gases in two molten salts at very high temperatures. Because the theory used here is much simplified and because experimental uncertainties (especially for gaseous solutes) are ...
Gender and the placebo analgesic effect in acute pain

Objective Our objective was to examine the placebo arms from a series of clinical trials in which the post–third molar extraction dental pain model was used to elucidate the time course of the placebo effect and the proportion of the population that are responders, as well as to evaluate whether the placebo analgesic response of female subjects may differ from that of male subjects. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of 596 subjects included in the placebo treatment arm of 16 double-blind, post–third molar extraction dental pain (moderate to severe) studies submitted to the Food and Drug Administration electronically. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were practically identical in all studies. Pain relief and pain intensity measurements used the same metrics in all studies. The measurements were recorded just before drug administration and at least at postdose hours 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Results There were325 female subjects and 271 male subjects. They were all otherwise healthy, with a mean age of 21.6 years for female subjects and 22.3 years for male subjects. The postoperative baseline pain was greater in female subjects than in male subjects, and this difference was statistically significant. Both pain intensity and pain relief scores demonstrate the well-established placebo effect in 10% of the pooled subjects, as well as in all the individual studies. Over time, however, the mean pain intensity and pain relief scores for the female and male treatment groups were not noticeably different at any time point after medication. Further analysis of the data showed no gender difference in duration of action of the placebo. Conclusions The results demonstrated no gender difference in response to placebo. These results were obtained from the post–third molar extraction situation, in which the least possible confounding factors were present. To fully establish the generality of this phenomenon, studies should be carried out in other pain models. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 287–291; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.118366
Improbable Patriot: The Secret History of Monsieur de Beaumarchais, the French Playwright Who Saved the American Revolution. By Harlow Giles Unger. (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2011. Pp. x, 236. $26.95.)

The author of this book brings the secret life of Pierre‐Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais into vivid relief with this well‐written, engaging, and fast‐paced tour de force. Beaumarchais's pivotal role...
Structure and Function of Photolyase and in Vivo Enzymology: 50th Anniversary

Photoreactivation is the reversal of the harmful effects of far-UV radiation (200–300 nm) on organisms, such as growth delay, mutation, cell death, and cancer, by concomitant or subsequent exposure of the organism to near-UV/blue light (300–500 nm). The two major lesions induced in DNA by UV light are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (Pyr Pyr2 or CPD), which constitute ∼80–90% of the photoproducts, and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts (Pyr[6-4]Pyr), which account for the 10–20% of the UV lesions. Photoreactivation results from the repair of these lesions in situ by flavoproteins called photoreactivating enzymes (photolyase) that use a blue-light photon as a co-substrate. Photolyases that repair these two photoproducts are evolutionarily related but functionally distinct. Enzymes that repair CPDs are referred to as CPD photolyase, and enzymes that repair (6-4) photoproducts are called (6-4) photolyase. For historical reasons and as a matter of common practice, the term “photolyase” without further qualification means CPD photolyase, and it will be used as such in this review, which celebrates the 50th anniversary of the discovery of photolyase.
History, Memory, and Historic Districts in Chicago

Abstract Across America, National Register Historic Districts have done a better job helping to preserve building stock and stabilize communities than they have of meeting the articulated goal of With a Heritage So Rich , the foundational 1966 study that gave birth to the National Register of Historic Places. According to that report, historic sites were to ““give a sense of orientation to our society”” and help to implant in people ““values of time and place.”” This article looks at the evolution of historic districts in Chicago, Illinois through the lens of public memory. It explores the relationship between ““official”” memory and gentrification, ““vernacular memory”” and community preservation through the story of two waves of National Register District creation in Chicago, first in the 1980s led by real estate developers and a second in the late 1990s.
An intertemporal analysis of the shifting of FHA discount points to buyers

In this paper, hedonic regressions are used to analyze a seven-year sample of monthly sales of bungalows in Chicago. Even when sales are considered within individual sections of Chicago, the FHA dummyindependent variable and the ‘points’-independent variable usually have negative coefficients. In certain areas of Chicago there is an absence of conventional loans and conventionally qualified buyers. Consequently, sellers in these neighborhoods must sell using FHA-insured mortgages and may be prevented from fully shifting points to the FHA buyer in the absence of competing financing alternatives. The use of FHA mortgages in these transactions means that the standard hedonic approach cannot correctly measure the extent of point-shifting because the housing/demographic characteristics decrease sales-prices at the same time the point-shifting increases them. The estimated FHA coefficients reflect the net result of these effects.
Characteristics of Coupled Buried Microstrip Lines by Modeling and Simulation

Electrical characteristics of coupled buried microstrip lines were obtained using a recently developed two-dimensional TEM transmission line parameter modeling tool. The capacitance [C] and inductance matrix [L] parameters were used in a lossless TEM mode transmission line transient response calculator to determine the maximum coupled noise. It is found that there is a critical depth of bury h c below which the lines appear to be within an infinite dielectric and above which there is coupling to the polarization charge on the dielectric interface. This often results in very complicated Coupled noise behavior as the coupling of the lines is capacitive at One depth of bury and inductive at another depth of bury. Parameter simulation and maximum noise results are given for a wide variety of structures important in integrated circuit electronic packaging structures.
Internationalizing Teaching and Learning

In 2009, the University of Minnesota established initiatives to internationalize the curriculum on all five of its system campuses. These efforts began and have continued as a direct response to the University’s strategic educational goal to graduate lifelong learners, leaders, and global citizens.
Achromobacter xylosoxidans Bacteremia: Report of Four Cases and Review of the Literature

Seventy-seven cases of bacteremia due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans were reviewed, and susceptibility studies were performed on 11 clinical isolates of A. xylosoxidans. Nosocomial bacteremia was noted in 54 of 77 patients (70%), and 28 (36%) had infection associated with an outbreak or acquired from a discrete point source. The most common underlying illnesses were malignancies (30%) and cardiac disease (21%); immunosuppression affected 27%. The most common clinical syndromes were primary and catheter-associated bacteremia (19% each) and pneumonia (16%). The case-fatality rate was 30%; only 3% of patients with primary or catheter-associated bacteremia died, but 65% of patients with meningitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia died. The case-fatality rate in neonates was 80%. Susceptibility studies showed that all strains were resistant to aminoglycosides, most were resistant to quinolones, and all were susceptible to broad-spectrum penicillins, imipenem, ceftazidime, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Two-disk approximation and time-kill studies showed synergy or additive effects for the combination of gentamicin and piperacillin against most strains.
Secrecy in the Mediterranean World: an Anthropological Perspective

The so-called Messianic secret in the Gospels is much more complex than the classic theory of Wilhelm Wrede allowed. Insights and models drawn and adapted from Georg Simmel and developed by Tefft et al. demonstrate that secrecy is an integral part of Mediterranean culture required by the demands of the core cultural values, honor and shame. Ideological interpretations of this motif in the Gospels must be modified by these insights.
Impact of physician assistants on the outcomes of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia receiving chemotherapy in an academic medical center.

Purpose: Inpatient academic medical center care historically has been delivered by faculty physicians in conjunction with physicians in training (house officers [HOs]). Alternative staffing models have emerged secondary to American Counsel for Graduate Medical Education work-hour restrictions. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) care provided by a physician assistant (PA) service compared with a traditional model. Patients and Methods: Data were retrospectively collected on patients admitted with AML for reinduction chemotherapy from 2008 to 2012. Primary outcome measures were inpatient mortality and length of stay (LOS). Secondary measures included readmissions, intensive care unit (ICU) transfers, consults requested, and radiologic studies ordered. Results: Ninety-five patients with AML were reviewed. Fortyseven patients (49.5%) were admitted to the HO service, and 48 patients (50.5%) were admitted to the PA service. Demographic data were similar between services. LOS was significantly different between the services, with a mean of 36.8 days with the HO model compared with 30.9 days with the PA service (P .03). The 14-day readmission rate also differed significantly; it was 10.6% (five of 47 patients) and zero for the HO and PA models, respectively (P .03). The mean number of consults with the HO model was 2.11 (range, zero to five) versus 1.47 (range, zero to four) with the PA service (P .03). Mortality and ICU transfers were not significantly different. Conclusion: The data demonstrate equivalent mortality and ICU transfers, with a decrease in LOS, readmission rates, and consults for patients cared for in the PA service. This suggests that the PA service is associated with increased operational efficiency and decreased health service use without compromising health care outcomes.
Control of Alluvial Rivers by Steel Jetties

Field and laboratory studies to refine methods used in design of steel jetty fields for river alignment; set of dimensionless friction head loss curves, verified by model studies is described; method using developed curves and reconnaissance field data, for predicting changes in river bed after jetty field is installed.
Ideal Compliant Joints and Integration of Computer Aided Design and Analysis

This paper discusses fundamental issues related to the integration of computer aided design and analysis (I-CAD-A) by introducing a new class of ideal compliant joints that account for the distributed inertia and elasticity. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) degrees of freedom are used in order to capture modes of deformation that cannot be captured using existing formulations. The ideal compliant joints developed can be formulated, for the most part, using linear algebraic equations, allowing for the elimination of the dependent variables at a preprocessing stage, thereby significantly reducing the problem dimension and array storage needed. Furthermore, the constraint equations are automatically satisfied at the position, velocity, and acceleration levels. When using the proposed approach to model large scale chain systems, differences in computational efficiency between the augmented formulation and the recursive methods are eliminated, and the CPU times resulting from the use of the two formulations become similar regardless of the complexity of the system. The elimination of the joint constraint equations and the associated dependent variables also contribute to the solution of a fundamental singularity problem encountered in the analysis of closed loop chains and mechanisms by eliminating the need to repeatedly change the chain or mechanism independent coordinates. It is shown that the concept of the knot multiplicity used in computational geometry methods, such as B-spline and NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline), to control the degree of continuity at the breakpoints is not suited for the formulation of many ideal compliant joints. As explained in this paper, this issue is closely related to the inability of B-spline and NURBS to model structural discontinuities. Another contribution of this paper is demonstrating that large deformation ANCF finite elements can be effective, in some MBS application, in solving small deformation problems. This is demonstrated using a heavily constrained tracked vehicle with flexible link chains. Without using the proposed approach, modeling such a complex system with flexible links can be very challenging. The analysis presented in this paper also demonstrates that adding significant model details does not necessarily imply increasing the complexity of the MBS algorithm.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Application of parallel processors to real-time sensor array processing

Historically, most radar sensor array processing has been implemented using dedicated and specialized processing systems. This approach was necessary because the algorithm computation requirements were several orders of magnitude higher than any commercial supercomputer could provide in an acceptable size, weight and power. Most recently, with the interest by the military to employ commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology, and the rapid advances in computation throughput by COTS supercomputers, we are able to meet the present algorithm requirements with COTS massively parallel processors (MPPs). However, there are still many issues to be overcome to get the most out of a parallel processor for our application. Some of the important issues are the balance between high computation throughput and total exchange communication over the processor network, message passing or shared memory access with high communication throughput for small message sizes, and the scalability of these machines to more demanding algorithm and application requirements. In this paper we present the application requirements, review the important computational kernels, and conclude with our experiences in evaluating representative MPPs.
Chemotherapy for Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors: An Update

Surgery is the primary intervention in oral and maxillofacial tumors and under ideal circumstances is curative. There is no evidence to support the use of induction or adjuvant chemotherapy in initial therapy of early stage tumors. Locally advanced tumors, non-resectable tumors as well as recurrence in early stage disease, need a multi-modality therapeutic approach involving chemotherapy. Palliative chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment patients with metastatic oral and maxillofacial tumors. Chemotherapy and targeted agents plays an important role in the treatment of patients with rare oral and maxillofacial tumors such as sarcomas, lymphomas, and giant cell tumors.
Visual mental imagery activates topographically organized visual cortex: Pet investigations

Cerebral blood flow was measured using positron emission tomography (PET) in three experiments while subjects performed mental imagery or analogous perceptual tasks. In Experiment 1, the subjects either visualized letters in grids and decided whether an X mark would have fallen on each letter if it were actually in the grid, or they saw letters in grids and decided whether an X mark fell on each letter. A region identified as part of area 17 by the Talairach and Tournoux (1988) atlas, in addition to other areas involved in vision, was activated more in the mental imagery task than in the perception task. In Experiment 2, the identical stimuli were presented in imagery and baseline conditions, but subjects were asked to form images only in the imagery condition; the portion of area 17 that was more active in the imagery condition of Experiment 1 was also more activated in imagery than in the baseline condition, as was part of area 18. Subjects also were tested with degraded perceptual stimuli, which caused visual cortex to be activated to the same degree in imagery and perception. In both Experiments 1 and 2, however, imagery selectively activated the extreme anterior part of what was identified as area 17, which is inconsistent with the relatively small size of the imaged stimuli. These results, then, suggest that imagery may have activated another region just anterior to area 17. In Experiment 3, subjects were instructed to close their eyes and evaluate visual mental images of upper case letters that were formed at a small size or large size. The small mental images engendered more activation in the posterior portion of visual cortex, and the large mental images engendered more activation in anterior portions of visual cortex. This finding is strong evidence that imagery activates topographically mapped cortex. The activated regions were also consistent with their being localized in area 17. Finally, additional results were consistent with the existence of two types of imagery, one that rests on allocating attention to form a pattern and one that rests on activating stored visual memories.
Response function of a sphere in a viscoelastic two-fluid medium.

In order to address basic questions of importance to microrheology, we study the dynamics of a rigid sphere embedded in a model viscoelastic medium consisting of an elastic network permeated by a viscous fluid. We calculate the complete response of a single bead in this medium to an external force, and compare the result to the commonly-accepted, generalized Stokes-Einstein relation ~GSER!. We find that our response function is well approximated by the GSER only within a particular frequency range determined by the material param- eters of both the bead and the network. We then discuss the relevance of this result to recent experiments. Finally we discuss the approximations made in our solution of the response function by comparing our results to the exact solution for the response function of a bead in a viscous ~Newtonian! fluid. Microrheology @1# has become an important experimental probe of mechanical properties of soft materials such as actin or other biopolymers @2,3#. It is a class of experimental tech- niques that measure the response of probe particles to exter- nal forces. It is generally accepted that the response functions measured in microrheology experiments determine the same material properties as do traditional rheology experiments. In other words, one expects that it is possible to express the response function measured in microrheology in terms of the complex shear modulus G(v). This connection between the measured response function and G(v) allows one to obtain rheological data for materials that cannot be produced in large quantity or to study the local rheological properties of rheologically inhomogeneous materials. An important ex- ample of a system which satisfies both the above criteria is the living cell. Microrheology, therefore, promises to open new window on cellular biology @4,5#. There are currently two classes of techniques used to measure probe-particle responses. In the active technique, probe particles are subjected to an external force ~e.g., mag- netic @5-7# or laser tweezers @8#!, and their displacements are measured with the aid of microscopes and imaging tech- nology. In the passive technique, thermally fluctuating posi- tions of particles are measured either via direct observation @10# or via light scattering @1,3,9# and the response function is then determined with the aid of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. In either case we emphasize that there is an essen- tial role to be played by theory to establish a connection between the measured response function and the underlying material properties of the medium being investigated. It is generally assumed @1,3# that this connection is provided by the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation ~GSER! in which the position r(v) of the probe particle ~of radius a) as a function of frequency is given by
Film Cooling Measurements for Novel Hole Configurations

The effect of film cooling slot exit area and shape is studied. Detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness measurements are obtained simultaneously using a single transient IR thermography technique. Two designs with a crescent shaped exit and a slot exit are considered. The results show that the crescent shaped exit provides significantly higher film cooling effectiveness than the cylindrical hole exit at all blowing ratios. The converging slot exit provides similar effectiveness as the crescent for higher blowing ratios. However, the crescent shape also enhances heat transfer coefficients significantly. Overall effectiveness for both crescent and converging slot exits are clearly superior to the standard cylindrical hole. With increases in turbine inlet temperature, gas turbine designers are looking to improve cooling effectiveness without raising the amount of coolant usage. Typically film cooling is used to protect the blade outer surface by injecting cooler air through holes or slots on the blade surface. Inclined cylindrical holes have been used due to convenience of manufacturing. The cylindrical holes are extremely ineffective for higher coolant-to-mainstream velocity ratios due to jet lift-off and lack of surface protection. Also, the jets do not spread laterally resulting in non-existing coverage for areas between the holes. Two dimensional slots perform better but it is difficult to maintain structural integrity with a transverse slot running along the blade span. The focus of this investigation is to investigate advanced cooling hole geometries on film cooling heat transfer and cooling effectiveness over flat and turbine airfoil surfaces. The basic aim of these proposed geometries is to allow more uniform spreading of the jet along the surface resulting in uniform higher cooling. Two hole exits are studied, the first one is a crescent shaped hole exit that increases the coolant flow surface area and also reduces the uncovered area. The hole is not been investigated in any previous study and is a novel contribution by the present authors. The second is a converging slot where the flow enters a cylindrical hole and exits from a converging 2-D slot. In the present study, a transient infrared thermography technique is used for obtaining both heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness from a single test. The transient IR technique is based on the two-equation, single test proposed by Vedula and Metzger [1] and was demonstrated successfully by Ekkad et al.[2]. In this test, two images with surface temperature distributions are captured at two different times during the transient test. The test is typical of a transient liquid crystal technique experiment wherein the test surface at ambient is suddenly exposed to a hot mainstream and cold coolant jet. The surface temperature response is captured by the IR camera at different time
Long-Term Storage of Plutonium

Plutonium storage practices at DOE facilities evolved over decades during which the objectives of Department programs were to support nuclear weapons development and production. These practices reflected a desire to maintain plutonium in metal form for prompt recycling into weapon components. The end of the Cold War and the new arms control agreements are leading to the retirement of large numbers of nuclear weapons. In addition, much of the nuclear material at the DOE sites has been declared surplus, which has resulted in inventories of plutonium that exceed defense needs and will necessitate longer term storage until final disposition.
Association of cervical precancer with human papillomavirus types other than 16 among HIV co-infected women

Background HIV-seropositive women face high risk for infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (oncHPV) types, abnormal Pap test results, and precancer, but cervical cancer risk is only modestly increased. Human papillomavirus (HPV)16 is highly oncogenic but only weakly associated with HIV status and immunosuppression, suggesting HPV16 may have a greater innate ability to evade host immune surveillance than other oncHPV types, which in turn should result in a greater relative increase in the prevalence of other oncHPV types among women with cervical precancer. Objective We sought to assess whether the underrepresentation of HPV16 among HIV-seropositive relative to HIV-seronegative women remains among those with cervical precancers. Study Design HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study were screened for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade ≥3 (CIN3 + ). DNA from >40 HPV types was detected by polymerase chain reaction in cervicovaginal lavage specimens obtained at the visit at which CIN3 + was diagnosed. Results HPV16 was detected in 13 (62%) of 21 HIV-seronegative women with CIN3 + but only 44 (29%) of 154 HIV-seropositive women with CIN3 + ( P = .01). The lower prevalence of HPV16 in CIN3 + among HIV-seropositive women persisted after controlling for covariates (odds ratio [OR], 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08–0.78). The prevalence of other members of the HPV16-related alpha-9 oncHPV clade as a group was similar in HIV-infected and uninfected women with CIN3 + (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.53–1.94). The prevalence of non-alpha-9 oncHPV types was increased in HIV-seropositive vs HIV-seronegative women with CIN3 + (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.3–11.8). Conclusion The previously demonstrated increase in CIN3 + incidence among HIV-seropositive women is associated with lower HPV16 and higher non-alpha-9 oncHPV prevalence. This is consistent with prior reports that HIV has a weak effect on infection by HPV16 relative to other oncHPV and supports use of nonavalent HPV vaccine in HIV-seropositive women.
Whither the U.S. Economy

The nine months leading up to April 2009 were among the most difficult and uncertain in U.S. economic history. A series of destabilizing events had led to substantial uncertainty and panic throughout the economy: Three of the five largest U.S. investment banks had failed, the stock market had fallen by 40%, the Fed had doubled its balance sheet, and the federal budget deficit had expanded to well over $1 trillion. Moreover, the crisis had spread from the United States to the world's leading economies and seemed to signal the beginning of an extraordinary rebalancing of the world economy. This case explores the challenge facing the U.S. economy in spring 2009, the global economic forces and trends affecting the economy, and the likely course of key macroeconomic variables: real and nominal interest rates, exchange rates, GDP growth, inflation and budget deficits.
Liquid–Infused Surfaces with Trapped Air (LISTA) for Drag Force Reduction

Superhydrophobic (SHP) surfaces are known for their drag-reducing attributes thanks to their ability to trap air in their surface pores and thereby reduce the contact between water and the frictional solid area. SHP surfaces are prone to failure under elevated pressures or because of air-layer dissolution into the surrounding water. Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) or liquid-infused surfaces (LIS) in which the trapped air is replaced with a lubricant have been proposed in the literature as a way of eliminating the air dissolution problem as well as improving the surface stability under pressure. While an LIS surface has been shown to reduce drag for flow of water–glycerol mixture (ref 18), no significant drag reduction has yet been reported for the flow of water (a lower viscosity fluid) over LIS. In this concern, we have designed a new surface in which a layer of air is trapped underneath the infused lubricant to reduce the frictional forces preventing the LIS to provide drag reduction for...
Electrospray ionization (ESI) fragmentations and dimethyldioxirane reactivities of three diverse lactams having full, half, and zero resonance energies.

Three lactams having, respectively, ∼20, ∼10, and 0 kcal/mol of resonance energy have been subjected to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) as well as to attempted reaction with dime...
Fracture Processes in Fully Crystallized Co84Nb10B6 Metallic Glass

Fracture processes have been studied in a fully crystallized Co 84 Nb 10 B 6 glass, with the mean grain size ranging from 43 nm to 0.65 μm. Tensile tested specimens with a mean grain size≥ 0.3 μm showed a ductile (dimple) fracture with microvoids initiated at the boride-cobalt matrix interfaces. As the mean grain size (more correctly, the corresponding mean free path of the deforming cobalt phase) was ≤ 0.1 μm, the fracture process may be similarly initiated by the microvoid formation at the boride-cobalt interface. However, one-to-one correspondence between dimples and boride particles may not be preserved. As a result, dimples become more shallow and may include several boride particles instead. Although the fracture surface of the brittle fine grained Co 84 Nb 10 B 6 alloy gives an appearance of a cleavage fracture on a macroscale, it is distinctly different, by allowing for the microvoid formation on a microscale.
H-D-val-leu-lys-aminoisophthalic acid, dimethyl ester, is sensitive to streptokinase-activator not to plasmin.

The ability of human plasma arid purified human plasmin and plasminogen to hydrolyze a new synthetic substrate, H-D-valine-leucine-lysine-5-aminoisophthalic acid, dimethyl ester, ditrifluoroacetate, was studied. Contrary to published data, we found this substrate was only minimally hydrolyzed by plasmin or urokinase-treated plasminogen or plasma. Plasminogen-free bovine fibrinogen was readily degraded by plasmin and urokinase-activated plasminogen. However, in the presence of streptokinase, the synthetic substrate was highly sensitive to human plasma and purified plasmin and plasminogen. Apparently, the substrate is specific for streptokinase-plasmin and streptokinase-plasminogen activators, not for plasmin.
Retaining the 3D framework of zinc sponge anodes upon deep discharge in Zn-air cells.

We fabricate three-dimensional zinc electrodes from emulsion-cast sponges of Zn powder that are thermally treated to produce rugged monoliths. This highly conductive, 3D-wired aperiodic scaffold achieves 740 mA h gZn–1 when discharged in primary Zn–air cells (>90% of theoretical Zn capacity). We use scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to monitor the microstructural evolution of a series of Zn sponges when oxidized in Zn–air cells to specific depths-of-discharge (20, 40, 60, 80% DOD) at a technologically relevant rate (C/40; 4–6 mA cm–2). The Zn sponges maintain their 3D-monolithic form factor at all DOD. The cell resistance remains low under all test conditions, indicating that an inner core of metallic Zn persists that 3D-electrically wires the electrode, even to deep DOD.
Measurement of Fund Allocation Proportion of Basic Public Health Service in Community Based on Workload

Objective To measure the fund allocation proportion of basic public health service in community. Methods The content of standards of basic public health service and work steps were determined by Delphi method. Field investigation was conducted on 60 community health centers that were randomly sampled to measure work time,and work strength of each service in 2013; adjustment coefficient of work strength was also calculated to adjust work time; workload and proportion of each service were calculated. Results The fund allocation proportions of basic public health services were as follows: vaccination( 25. 9%), health management of chronic disease patients( 20. 4%), registry of health records of community residents( 12. 9%),health management of the maternal( 11. 0%),health management of old people( 9. 6%),health management of children( 9. 2%),health education( 4. 6%),report and management of infectious diseases and public health emergencies( 3. 3%), management of severe mental patients( 2. 1%), community- based rehabilitation( 1. 1%).Conclusion The fund allocation proportions of basic public health services can be considered as a reference for government budget and distribution mechanism and also for performance- related pay in community health centers.
Dyspnea and Delirium at the End of Life.

This article focuses on the symptoms of dyspnea and delirium, which can be extremely distressing to patients with cancer at the end of life. Oncology nurses are well suited to detect and treat these symptoms. .