cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality Assessment of Commercially Produced Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Abstract The quality of the most widely commercialized entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, was assessed from 30 shipments from six United States suppliers mailed to three locations. These suppliers comprise a cottage industry aimed in large part at a mail-order market. Most companies were accessible and reliably shipped pure populations of the correct species on time, in sturdy containers, and often with superb accompanying instructions. Nematodes were received in satisfactory condition with acceptable levels of viability. Consistency, however, was a problem, with each supplier having one or more weak spots to bolster. Most shipments did not contain the expected nematode quantity, and one shipment had no nematodes. Pathogenicity of several products against Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae was not equivalent to our controls. H. bacteriophora was not always available when ordered. A few products contained mixed populations of both nematode species. Application rate recommendations provided by some suppliers appeared unsound. We conclude that (1) the entomopathogenic nematode cottage industry lacks rigorous quality control, (2) self-regulation is problematic without feedback on quality, and (3) consumers are rarely able to provide this feedback. Improved reliability by the nematode industry will most likely be achieved via industry-generated agreement on standards for quality.
Photosensitized Growth Inhibition of Cultured Human Skin Cells: Mechanism and Suppression of Oxidative Stress from Solar Irradiation of Glycated Proteins

Chronic exposure to sunlight plays a role in skin aging and carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms of photodamage by ultraviolet A, the sunlight's major ultraviolet constituent, are poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that advanced glycation end products on proteins are sensitizers of photo-oxidative stress in skin cells. Glycation is a process of protein damage by reducing sugars and other reactive carbonyl species leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products, which accumulate on long-lived proteins such as dermal elastin and collagen during skin aging. Growth inhibition as a result of advanced glycation end product photosensitization of ultraviolet A and solar-simulated light was demonstrated in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Using advanced glycation end product bovine serum albumin and advanced glycation end product collagen as model photosensitizers, ultraviolet A-induced formation of H 2 O 2 was identified as the key mediator of skin cell growth inhibition as evidenced by complete protection by catalase treatment and equivalent growth inhibition of unirradiated cells treated with pre-irradiated advanced glycation end product protein. D-penicillamine protected against advanced glycation end product-photosensitized growth inhibition even when added following irradiation, suggesting the feasibility of therapeutic approaches for protection against skin ultraviolet A damage. Photosensitized growth inhibition increased with the degree of advanced glycation end product modification paralleled by the amount of H 2 O 2 formed upon solar-simulated light irradiation of the protein. Photosensitization was not observed using bovine serum albumin modified with the major advanced glycation end product, N e -carboxymethyl-L-lysine, ruling out effects of cellular advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE) stimulation. In contrast to bovine serum albumin, unglycated collagen showed photosensitization in CF3 fibroblasts and generation of H 2 O 2 upon solar-simulated light irradiation. This study supports the hypothesis that advanced glycation end product-modified proteins are endogenous sensitizers of photo-oxidative cell damage in human skin by ultraviolet A-induced generation of reactive oxygen species contributing to photoaging and photocarcinogenesis.
Depigmented haloes associated with the involution of flat warts

SUMMARY Depigmented haloes developed around involuting flat warts in two patients whose warts were treated with a 6% salicylic acid-propylene glycol gel formulation. The clinical picture was indistinguishable from that seen in halo naevus.
Persistence of cell types in monolayer cultures of dispersed cells from the pituitary pars distalis as revealed by immunohistochemistry.

The objective was to study the fate of specific secretory cell types of the rat hypophysis when grown in primary monolayer cultures for periods ranging up to 32 days. The cells were identified immunohistochemically using peroxidase-labeled antibody. Early in the culture period TSH-cells were scarce and by 12 days they could no longer be identified. In most cultures LH-cells were well stained and common for eight to 12 days, after which they underwent involution. Growth hormone cells were a prominent feature up to six days but by 12 days they were declining in number, size, and stainability; in contrast, prolactin cells proliferated and were large and intensely stained throughout the period of study, ultimately becoming the dominant secretory cell type. Corticotropic cells also continued throughout the period of study without regression. Thus drastic shifts occur with time in the relative proportions of cell types in monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells.
Pacemaker Overdrive Causing Recurrence of Rate-Dependent Ventricular Tachycardia

Pacemaker overdrive is an accepted method for treating drag resistant ventricular tachyarrhythmia. We report a paradoxic response to this mode of therapy in a 47-year-old man without demonstrable organic heart disease and His bundle documented ventricular tachycardia. Normally functioning ventricular demand pacemaker at a pacing rate of 107 per minute caused recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia. The latter also occurred with spontaneous acceleration of patient's heart rate, treadmill exercise, emotional stress and atrial pacing. The mechanisms involved are unknown. Propranolol therapy was effective.
The effect of primary pump coastdown characteristics on loss-of-flow transients without scram in EBR-II☆☆☆

Abstract A series of loss-of-flow (LOF) tests without scram (unprotected) is planned for the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) to demonstrate the inherent shutdown capability of the reactor during an LOF event. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail the unprotected LOF transient analysis, the validation of the EBR-II reactivity feedback modeling, and the significance of pump coastdown characteristics on peak reactor temperatures. The tests as designed are limited by the fuel-cladding eutectic temperature of the fuel elements, and in order to meet the required temperature limit, the initial power and flow of all the tests are 16.7 and 20% of their rated values, respectively. To further reduce peak temperature, the primary tank temperature is to be decreased to 338°C from the nominal 371°C. The results show that primary flow coastdown rate and the capacity of the auxiliary pump have dramatic effects on the reactor temperatures. The impact of secondary flow depends somewhat on test conditions. When the auxiliary pump is in operation, the effect of secondary flow behavior on the reactor temperature becomes less significant during an unprotected LOF event.
Basic Neuroanatomy and Stroke Syndromes

Stroke should not solely be considered a disease of the elderly, and racial disparities are most evident among young adults. Acute stroke can present at any age and it is important to be familiar with the evaluation and treatment of stroke to provide timely care. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale helps physicians objectively evaluate stroke patients. This article presents an overview of basic information on neuroanatomy, pathophysiology, and stroke syndromes.
Response of experimental epileptic foci to intravenous and topical metrazol

Abstract The intravenous injection of Metrazol in epileptic monkeys having had alum cream applied to the motor cortex may induce focal electroencephalographic abnormalities, increase focal abnormalities already present and/or result in focal convulsive seizures. The Metrazol convulsive threshold is lower in such epileptic monkeys than in normal animals. Following the application of Metrazol to the cerebral cortex of the normal monkey, high voltage single spikes or bursts of 2 to 3 spikes appear from the site of application and commonly from the same area of cortex on the opposite hemisphere and from areas adjacent to the site of application. These spikes recur every 4 to 5 sec. and persist for 3 to 10 min. The foci of epileptic monkeys are more sensitive to the convulsive drug than the remainder of the cerebral cortex in the same animal or the cortex of normal animals and respond by spiking to greater dilutions of the convulsive drug. The resulting discharge may be prolonged and may spread over the cortex producing a generalized seizure pattern.
Mixing or Matching? The Influence of Voluntary Associations on the Occupational Diversity and Density of Small Business Owners' Networks

Most employeeswork in large organizations, enjoying the potential benefits of forming career-enhancing intraorganizational networks. By contrast, small business owners must look to external contexts such as voluntary associations for their business-enhancing ties. This research discusses ways through which involvement in voluntary associations can enhance or diminish occupational diversity and density for owners' networks. Whether owners met their alters (members of respondents'business discussion network, individuals they nominated as persons with whom they would discuss business matters) in voluntary association memberships and whether comemberships are concentrated in one or dispersed among several organizations influence the occupational diversity and density of their networks. The article concludes that voluntary association memberships help owners overcome some of the career isolation produced by their social location.
The Role of Reading Identities and Reading Abilities in Students' Discussions about Texts and Comprehension Strategies.

The present study examines how sixth grade students’ discussions about texts and comprehension strategies looked similar and/or different based on their identities as readers and their reading leve...
Comments on the gamma-ray burst logN>S) — LogS point of Beurleet al.

The isotropic cumulative burst rate of 7030−6000+10000yr−1 at a fluence ofS=8.47×10−9 erg−1 cm−2 determined by Beurleet al. from their observation of two gamma-ray bursts is shown to be statistically improbable. The difficulty arises from their assumption that the power law cumulative distribution function index γ equals one. Their observations are rediscussed and an upper limit ofN(>8.47×10−9 erg cm−2)<5400 yr−1 is proposed.
The diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis: noninvasive and radioisotopic techniques.

The signs and symptoms of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) are nonspecific [ 1,2] and when present may be explained by numerous other etiologies. Likewise, the complications of completely asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis can be fatal in the short-term, and associated with significant morbidity over the longterm 131. Clinicians now appreciate the necessity of objectively evaluating the deep venous system when acute thrombi are suspected. The currently available technology offers the clinician an opportunity to evaluate the deep venous system in a variety of ways. Many techniques “overlap” in their principles, however many others are complementary, particularly when radioisotopic techniques are combined with standard noninvasive methods. This review is intended to summarize the frequently performed noninvasive and radioisotopic techniques available for the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis.
The St. Regis environmental health issue: assessment of dental defects.

Allegations were received of suspected dental fluorosis in Native American children. A descriptive study was undertaken to determine the cause of the defects and subsequently to discuss the distribution of these conditions by demographic and ecogenetic variables.
Cell cycle-dependent expression of surface antigens in murine T-lymphoma cells. I. Quantitative analysis by SDS-PAGE of antigens from cells in different phases precipitated by antisera against membranes from synchronized cells.

Studies were undertaken to identify cell surface markers specific for different phases of the cell cycle. Antisera were prepared in rabbits against membrane protein preparations from synchronized BW 5147 cells, an AKR mouse T-lymphoma cell line, in the G1, S, G2 or M phases of the cell cycle. These antisera were used to precipitate radioiodinated surface proteins from synchronized cells in the different phases. The immunoprecipitates were quantitatively analyzed by sodiumdodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Cells in S phase had significantly higher concentrations of proteins weighing 70 × 103 and 165 × 103 D than cells in G1 or G2 phase. The other major labeled surface components did not vary. These results were confirmed by quantitative absorption of the antisera with synchronized cells. Comparative analysis of the antisera showed that the 165 × 103 D peak contained at least two antigens, one recognized by both a-G1 and a-S and the other by a-G1 only. Though cells in S phase had large quantities of the 70 × 103 D protein, intact and SDS-solubilized membrane preparations from S phase could not elicit in rabbits any antibody against that protein. These antisera did, however, have good antibody titers to the other major protein peaks and the antisera developed against cells in G1, G2 or M had good anti-70 × 103 activity. The results suggest a qualitative molecular change in the 70 × 103 protein during S phase.
Sustaining Democracy: Localization, Globalization, and Feminist Praxis†

Following contemporary discussions of environmental sustainability, I view sustainable democracy as an approach that remains open to diversity, promotes well-being for all social actors, and advances social justice. The notion of sustaining democracy that I adopt foregrounds everyday practical and participatory strategies that are self-consciously tied to a vision of the future which will be more economically equitable, peaceful, inclusive, and socially just. However, I argue, a political vision cannot be enacted without an epistemological articulation that informs political practice. Feminist praxis contains, in its epistemological formulation, a reflexive process by which lessons from past activist engagements are incorporated into contemporary efforts, which, in turn, are further reflected upon in changing political and cultural contexts. Feminist praxis is further deepened by incorporating epistemological insights from feminist theories of intersectionality to inform its political methodology. I illustrate the possibilities of intersectional feminist praxis for sustaining democratic practice with attention to five different dimensions: strategies for inclusion, methods of empowerment, countering power imbalances, organizing across differences, and processes of reflexivity.
Parallel computation of radiative heat transfer in an axisymmetric closed chamber: an application to crystal growth

Abstract Parallel computation of view factors for gray diffuse surfaces is studied using a combination of methods developed by the authors and other researchers, exploiting the strengths and advantages of the respective methods. Kobayashi and Miyahara (Numer. Heat Transfer Part B 28 (1995) 437) introduced the use of a path integral to calculate the view factor and this method is accurate and robust, especially near the corners which are typically problematic. Dupret et al. (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 33 (1990) 1849) have a less preferred means of calculating the view factor integral but their visibility or blocking algorithm allows analysis of completely arbitrary axisymmetric closed geometries. In this paper, we introduce optimizations to the Dupret blocking algorithm. The computation of view factors and blocking requires more computer time than solving for the flux, and the parallel code developed exhibits excellent scalability. The code was applied to the design of a heat shield with a controlled temerature. The growth velocity and temperature gradients are measured and studied in terms of the constraint imposed by the equation for the formation of an oxidation induced stacking fault ring, V g / G s > C crit .
Prevalence and outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation

Background. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the main cause of late morbidity and mortality in lung transplantation. This study was designed to accurately determine the prevalence of this syndrome of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (which is presumed to be due to chronic rejection). Methods. A retrospective analysis was done of 212 consecutive lung transplantations performed at Barnes Hospital between July 1988 and March 1994 to characterize the prevalence and course of BOS. One hundred eighty-seven transplant recipients survived at least 3 months after transplantation, putting them at risk for BOS. Recipients free of BOS (group I) were distinguished from those with BOS (group II) based on the presence of declining spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 second persistently less than 80% of previous baseline) or histologic obliterative bronchiolitis in group II. Results. There were 110 transplantations in group I (59%) and 77 in group II (41%). At follow-up, BOS was detected using the following criteria: declining forced expiratory volume in 1 second alone, 40 of 77 (52%); positive histologic results alone, 7 of 77 (9.1%); and both, 30 of 77 (38.9%). Declining spirometry was the most common initial sign of BOS onset (57 of 77, 74%). There were no differences between groups with respect to age, sex, indication for transplantation, or type of transplantation performed. The mortality rate was significantly higher with BOS (group II, 22 of 77 [28.6%] versus group I, 8 of 110 [7.3%]; p = 0.001) and was not related to either the type of transplantation performed or the indication for transplantation. Follow-up of group II (mean 35.1 months; range, 7.1 to 63.7 months) showed a delay until BOS onset (16.1 ± 1.2 months); when BOS was fatal, death ensued within 11.5 ± 2.4 months of its onset. Comparison of the first and last quartiles of recipients in this series (QTR1 versus QTR4, 53 patients in each) demonstrated a higher prevalence of BOS in QTR1 (24 with BOS of 43 at risk [55.8%] versus QTR4, 5 with BOS of 52 at risk [9.6%]; p p = 0.007). Conclusions. (1) Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is truly a clinical syndrome, not simply a pathologic entity; (2) BOS displays considerable latency in onset and progression; (3) lung transplant recipients must therefore be followed up for a sufficient interval to determine the actual prevalence and mortality rate of BOS; and (4) the prevalence and mortality rates of BOS are higher than previously appreciated, exceeding 50% and 40%, respectively.
The Relationship Between Primary Care and Life Chances

Many researchers criticize clinical medicine for its failure to improve mortality rates. But in their critiques, few distinguish primary care from expensive, high-technology specialized care. This research is concerned with the empirical relationship between the availability of health services resources (i.e., primary care, specialty care, hospital beds) and certain "life chances," as measured by overall and disease-specific mortality rates, and life expectancy. The model shows a significant direct association between primary care and favorable mortality outcomes, though the same does not hold true for variables such as hospital beds or physician specialists. There should be greater emphasis on prevention-oriented primary care as a mechanism for health improvement and cost control.
Characterization and reduction of a new particle defect mode in sub-0.25 μm semiconductor process flows

Abstract A new particle defect mode has manifested itself with the introduction of sub-0.25 μm process flows. Device structures can now be damaged as a result of collision of high velocity wafers with lower velocity “ambient” particles in the process chamber. This effect has been found in batch implanters where wafers are scanned on a spinning disk or wheel. As feature geometries shrink, yield losses from the ballistic particle collisions increase. The particles may be sourced within the process tool, or brought in on the incoming wafers. It is primarily the motion of the wafer which provides the damaging energy of collision, not the motion of the particle. High scan velocities were thought necessary to achieve implant process uniformity. Avoiding yield loss from these new defect modes requires careful attention to the conceptual and detailed design of the implanter to minimize the likelihood and energy of these collisions.
Fractionation of yeast ribosomal proteins.

Abstract Isolation and characterization of individual ribosomal proteins of E. coli has been reported by Traut et al. (1967). This communication is to report on the fractionation and analysis of proteins isolated from the ribosomes of brewer's yeast. It was found that, as in the case of E. coli, the protein moiety of the yeast ribosome is made up of several distinct molecular species. Individual ribosomal protein species have been isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis, characterized by analytical gel electrophoresis and in most cases by amino acid analysis.
Evaluating the impact of alternative plans on manufacturing performance

In recent years, process planners have become interested in the development of dynamic process planning systems that can interface to scheduling systems providing alternative process plans to increase flexibility in scheduling. However, deciding how many alternatives are needed has not been addressed in any previous studies. This paper presents the results of a simulation-based study aimed at characterizing the benefit provided from having alternative plans available for use in scheduling. This benefit is quantified in terms of the overall performance of a job-shop manufacturing environment. The results of this study indicate that the advantage gained by increasing the number of alternative process plans diminishes rapidly. In fact, under some conditions for the particular system studied, increasing the number of alternatives actually resulted in degraded system performance. Based on these results developers of process planning systems and methodologies need to evaluate carefully the benefit of expending time and resources on the generation of alternative plans or optimal plans.
Effects of Two Isoflavonoids, Osajin and Pomiferin, from Maclura pomifera for Growth and Feeding Disruption in Ostrinia nubilalis

オーセージオレンジ (クワ科ハリグワ属植物) の成熟果実から2種類のイソフラボノイド, オサジンとポミフェリンを単離し, アワノメイガに対する摂食阻害と成長抑制効果を調べた. 人工飼料の乾物重量あたり0.4%以上の濃度では, オサジンはアワノメイガの飼料消費量, 消費速度および成長を顕著に抑制した. 一方, ポミフェリンは, 0.1%以上の濃度ではアワノメイガの飼料消費量, 成長, 排泄量および成長速度を顕著に抑制した. また, ポミフェリンは, 0.4%以上の濃度でアワノメイガの飼料消費速度を抑制した. 両化合物とも, 排泄速度に対しては有意な効果を示さなかった. ポミフェリンはアワノメイガ雌の蛹重を減少させたが, 幼虫期間や蛹期間および雌雄の羽化率には顕著な効果を示さなかった. 両化合物のアワノメイガの防除剤としての利用には限界があるように思われた.
Prospective evaluation of a monoclonal antibody in diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Abstract To evaluate the ability of a mouse monoclonal antibody, 2G2, directed against human Pneumocystis carinii , to detect the organism in clinical specimens, a prospective study of the antibody in an indirect immunofluorescent assay was undertaken. P carinii was rapidly detected in thirteen of fourteen bronchoalveolar lavage specimens positive by toluidineblue-O stain, none of eleven lavage specimens negative by toluidine-blue-O, neither of two impression smears of histologically negative open-lung biopsy specimens, and both of two impression smears of histologically positive necropsy specimens. Immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody 2G2 is a rapid, simple, and specific technique for detection of P carinii in clinical specimens.
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN THE SEXES: A FOCUS ON MALE‐FEMALE GROCERY SHOPPING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

The purpose of this research was to study the nature and extent of differences, if any, between male and female grocery shoppers in terms of grocery shopping behavior and attitudes and with respect to those store criteria that are important in selecting a food store. The results suggest that the underlying constructs influencing grocery shopping behavior and attitudes are basically the same for the male and female shoppers; however, the findings indicated that the degree to which some of these behavior/attitude factors impact resulted in a difference in grocery shopping patterns between the sexes. Further, even though some differences were observed in the relative importance rankings of 22 store‐selection criteria, the overriding pattern was one of congruence between the two groups of respondents. The paper concludes with a discussion of the strategic implications of the findings for the food retailer.
Initiation of fatigue cracks near inclusions in elastoplastic materials

We propose a new approach to calculating the period of crack initiation in the neighborhood of elastic inclusions in elastoplastic materials. We have established the factors determining the intensity of fatigue of a material in the neighborhood of an inclusion. These factors are: load amplitude and ratio; geometry of the inclusion surface and its relative rigidity; Young’s modulus, yield point, and ultimate strength of the matrix material; parameters of cyclic strengthening or softening of the material and its ultimate strain.
Dexmedetomidine and the successful management of electroconvulsive therapy postictal agitation: a case report.

Abstract Postictal agitation after electroconvulsive therapy is a common and serious condition and when severe, requires prompt intervention to safeguard the patient and medical staff from the potential for mayhem and physical harm. We present a case report on the successful use of dexmedetomidine, an α2 agonist, in the postictal management of severe agitation in a 34-year-old morbidly obese woman, after prior modes of intervention had failed to deliver ideal conditions.
6-methyl-8-beta-ergoline-acetonitrile (mea)-induced Suppression of mammary tumorigenesis in c3h/hej female mice.

Abstract Daily treatment for 14 months of 2 -month-old nulliparous C3H/HeJ mice with 6-methyl-8-β-ergoline-acetonitrile (MEA), an effective inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion, markedly suppressed development of mammary hyperplastic alveolar nodules and sharply reduced mammary tumor incidence. Mature 8 -month-old multiparous C3H/HeJ mice, treated daily for 30 -day periods, at bimonthly intervals for a period of 1 year, also had reduced numbers of mammary hyperplastic alveolar nodules and decreased mammary tumor incidence. Treatment with the ergoline derivative had no significant effect on pituitary, ovarian, uterine, adrenal or body weight nor did it alter the estrous cycles. Thus, significant inhibition of spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis by drug-induced hormone (prolactin) suppression has been demonstrated in this study.
Intrarenal blood flow in congestive heart failure.

Intrarenal blood flow distribution was measured by the 133xenon washout technic in 10 patients with heart disease who were studied at time of left and right heart catheterization. Renal washout curves were analyzed by computer using a weighted least-squares nonlinear regression technic. In three patients with heart disease without edema the compartment I blood flow rates (outer cortex) were not significantly different from those found in nine normal kidney donors. In seven patients with hemodynamic evidence of heart failure and clinical edema the compartment I flow rates were significantly lower than those of the normal control group and of a group of sodium-depleted hypertensive patients. The rate constants of isotope removal from more central regions of the kidney (compartments II and III) were not depressed to a similar degree. Infusion of furosemide into the renal artery induced diuresis in eight studies which was accompained by preferential increases in compartment I flow rates in six. The data sugge...
THE VOLATILE ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF RUMANIA1

ABSTRACT Planners have reformed Rumania's administrative map almost a dozen times since the end of the First World War. The mosaics produced by these overhauls reflect in the size, shape, number, and distribution of their constituent local government areas the political objectives that inspired reform. With one exception (1938) the mosaics also exhibit high degrees of areal correlation between their constituent divisions and ethnic, historic, economic, and physical regions in the Rumanian landscape; moreover, the planners who designed the exceptional mosaic tried purposely to avoid such congruence. Administrative divisions fashioned in geographical vacuums according to geometrical formulas have not typified contemporary Rumania.
OPEN PROBLEMS IN SOAP BUBBLE GEOMETRY

The Burlington Mathfest in August 1995 included an AMS Special Session on Soap Bubble Geometry, organized by Frank Morgan. At the end of the session, participants were asked to pose open problems related to bubble geometry. We have collected those problems here, adding a few introductory comments. Participants in the special session included the following: Fred Almgren, Princeton U. Megan Barber, Williams C. Ken Brakke, Susquehanna U. John Cahn, NIST Joel Foisy, Duke U. Christopher French, U.Chicago Scott Greenleaf, SUNY Stony Brook Karsten Groes-Brauckmann, Bonn Joel Hass, UC Davis Aladar Heppes, Budapest Michael Hutchings, Harvard U. Jenny Kelley, Rutgers U. Andy Kraynik, Sandia Rob Kusner, U.Massachusetts Rafael Lopez, Granada Joe Masters, U.Texas Helen Moore, Bowdoin C. Frank Morgan, Williams C. Ivars Peterson, Science News Robert Phelan, Dublin Joel Shore, McGill U. John Sullivan, U.Minnesota Italo Tamanini, Trento Jean Taylor, Rutgers U. Jennifer Tice, Williams C. Brian Wecht, Williams C. Henry Wente, U.Toledo Brian White, Stanford U.
MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS

Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and ochratoxins are contaminants of many agronomic crops worldwide, and cause both economic losses and health effects. The potential of antagonistic microorganisms to be developed into biological control agents has been investigated in several crop systems, as alternatives to chemical fungicides for control of mycotoxigenic fungi. Laboratory and greenhouse studies have identified a number of bacterial, yeast, and filamentous fungal isolates that reduce crop contamination of mycotoxigenic fungi, although investigations of field efficacy have been limited. These studies demonstrate that the diversity of ecological interactions between mycotoxigenic fungi and other resident microorganisms may provide tools for development of biocontrol methods to reduce mycotoxin contamination.
A Validation Study of the PAWPER (Pediatric Advanced Weight Prediction in the Emergency Room) Tape--A New Weight Estimation Tool.

Objective To evaluate the performance of the PAWPER (Pediatric Advanced Weight Prediction in the Emergency Room) tape, a new weight-estimation tool with a modifier for body habitus, in our increasingly obese population. Study design A convenience sample of children presenting to the pediatric emergency department of an urban public hospital was enrolled. A nurse or doctor assigned the patient a body habitus score and used the PAWPER tape to estimate the weight. The true weight was then recorded for comparison.The estimated weight was considered accurate if it was within 10% of the true weight. Results We enrolled 1698 patients; 579 (34%) were overweight or obese. Overall, the estimated weight was accurate for 64% of patients (95% CI 61%-65%). For children with an above-average body habitus, the tape was accurate 50% of the time (95% CI 46%-55%). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of the PAWPER tape for children assessed during medical and trauma resuscitations. Conclusion Although the PAWPER tape may ultimately be useful, its initial performance was not replicated in our population. A simple, accurate method of weight estimation remains elusive.
Trends in methanol decomposition on transition metal alloy clusters from scaling and Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relationships

A combination of first principles Density Functional Theory calculations and thermochemical scaling relationships are employed to estimate the thermochemistry and kinetics of methanol decomposition on unsupported subnanometer metal clusters. The approach uses binding energies of various atomic and molecular species, determined on the pure metal clusters, to develop scaling relationships that are then further used to estimate the methanol decomposition thermodynamics for a series of pure and bimetallic clusters with four atoms per cluster. Additionally, activation energy barriers are estimated from Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi plots relating transition and final state energies on these clusters. The energetic results are combined with a simple, microkinetically-inspired rate expression to estimate reaction rates as a function of important catalytic descriptors, including the carbon and atomic oxygen binding energies to the clusters. Based on these analyses, several alloy clusters are identified as promising candidates for the methanol decomposition reaction.
Syntheses of water-soluble N-donor ligands for aqueous catalysis using green, Michael-type addition reactions

A new route for synthesizing sulfonate-containing N-donor ligands has been developed involving the Michael-type addition reaction of primary or secondary amines with sodium vinylsulfonate in water. Our reactions offer several advantages over traditional Michael-type addition reactions. For example, while most conjugate addition reactions are carried out in organic solvents in the presence of bases or acids (S. G. Davies, T. D. McCarthy, Synlett, 1995, 700–704; D. Rosenthal, G. Braundrup, K. H. Davies, M.E. Wall, J. Org. Chem., 1965, 30, 3689–3696), our reactions adhere to green chemistry principles and are conducted in aqueous solutions without harsh bases or acids, eliminating the need for more toxic compounds and solvents. Additionally, the new synthetic route utilizes selective conjugate addition reactions instead of unselective alkylation reactions using sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate or similar sulfonated alkyl halides (J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: reactions, mechanisms and structure, Wiley, New York, 4th edn., 1992, pp. 411-413), which greatly decreases the amount of undesired side-products. Finally, the new synthetic route yields new, water-soluble ligands which may be utilized in aqueous catalysis involving water-soluble metal complexes.
Nitrogen concentrations in the cell wall and lignocellulose of smooth homegrass herbage

Applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer to grass generally increases N concentration in herbage. Not as well documented, however, are N fertilizer effects on concentrations of N in plant cell walls and lignocellulose. The objective four study was to ascertain how N fertilizer applied with or without a nitrification inhibitor would affect N concentrations in the cell wall (neutral-detergent fibre (NDF)) and lignocellulose (acid-detergent fibre (ADF)) of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss). Nitrogen fertilizer ((NH4)2SO4) was applied at 0, 125, or 230 kg N ha−1 in combination with 0, 2–5, or 50 kg ha−1 of nitrapyrin (2- chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine) to smooth bromegrass in April of 1985 and 1986. Herbage was harvested at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment. Freeze-dried herbage samples were analysed for in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), total N, and N in neutral- and acid-detergent fibre (NDFN and ADFN, expressed as g kg−1 NDF and ADF, respectively). Nitrapyrin had no effect on IVDDM, total N, NDFN or ADFN, Nitrogen fertilizer increased concentrations of total N in herbage dry matter, and increased N concentrations in NDF and ADF. Most of the increase in total N concentration occurred in the neutral-detergent soluble portion. When NDFN and ADFN concentrations were expressed on a total N basis (g k g−1 of total N), N fertilizer had no effect. Available fibre N (AFN; calculated as NDFN minus ADFN, each expressed as g kg−1 total N) was not affected by N fertilizer. The average AFN concentration was 93 g kg−1 total N. Nitrogen fertilizer did not affect herbage quality; however, age of herbage had marked effects on herbage quality.
DREAMS and IMAGE: A Model and Computer Implementation for Concurrent, Life-Cycle Design of Complex Systems

Computing architectures are being assembled that extend concurrent engineering practices by providing more efficient execution and collaboration on distributed, heterogeneous computing networks. Built on the successes of initial architectures, requirements for a next-generation design computing infrastructure can be developed. These requirements concentrate on those needed by a designer in decision-making processes from product conception to recycling and can be categorized in two areas: design process and design information management. A designer both designs and executes design processes throughout design time to achieve better product and process capabilities while expanding fewer resources. In order to accomplish this, information, or more appropriately design knowledge, needs to be adequately managed during product and process decomposition as well as recomposition. A foundation has been laid that captures these requirements in a design architecture called DREAMS (Developing Robust Engineering Analysis Models and Specifications). In addition, a computing infrastructure, called IMAGE (Intelligent Multidisciplinary Aircraft Generation Environment), is being developed that satisfies design requirements defined in DREAMS and incorporates enabling computational technologies.
Variation of spectral power immediately prior to spontaneous onset of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients.

Spectral Power at Onset of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia. Introduction: Short-term heart rate variability (HRV) may change immediately before onset of a ventricular arrhythmia (ONSET). Methods and Results: Power spectrum analysis was performed on instantaneous heart rate (IHR; including all beats) and normal heart rate (NHR; excluding ectopics) curves obtained at equally spaced 0.5-second intervals using a cubic spline. The database consisted of 135 sets of 1,024 RR intervals leading to ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and controls from 78 patients. Total periodogram and time course of spectral power were obtained. Ten spectral bands of 0.1-Hz bandwidth (0 to 1 Hz) were analyzed. A simple threshold technique was retrospectively used to predict the onset of a VA. RR intervals that led to VA ONSET bad significantly higher total spectral power than controls (P < 0.001 for both NHR and IHR for every band). Spectral power remained constant until 100 seconds before ONSET and then increased significantly in the time window immediately preceding ONSET (P < 0.02 compared with others). Using a simple threshold method, a predictive accuracy of 68%± 1.4% was obtained with different window sizes. Using specific spectral bands, the predictive accuracy of VA ONSET could be improved to 76% for IHR and 71% for NHR (0.8- to 0.9-Hz band). Conclusion: Our results suggest that a sustained higher power increase in NHR and IHR occurs during the course of 12.11 ± 2.57 minutes, followed by a sudden elevation in spectral power within 100 seconds of ONSET, and may be a precursor to ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation episodes.
Gender issues and borderline personality disorder: Why do females dominate the diagnosis?

There are significantly more females with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder than males. This article explores the developmental factors that place females at a greater risk to develop the disorder. Societal expectations that increase the emerging of borderline symptoms are also discussed. Gender differences of "normal" behavior that effect the assigning of the diagnosis are explained. The theory that borderline personality disorder has become the "virus" of psychiatry is presented.
Specific heat of antiferromagnetic K Mn Cl3·2H2O☆

Specific heat measurements of single crystal K Mn Cl3·2H2O from 1.0° - 6.8°K indicated a magnetic transition to an antiferromagnetic state at 2.70 ± 0.01°K. A smaller anomaly, due to a magnetic impurity, has also been observed at 1.6°K. The calculated sublattice magnetization is compared to the molecular field theory as well as a semi-classical statistical model.
A survey of graduate training in empirically supported and manualized treatments: A preliminary report

The promotion and dissemination of empirically supported (ESTs) and manualized therapies are important, albeit controversial, developments within clinical science and practice. To date, studies evaluating training opportunities and attitudes about such treatments at the graduate, predoctoral internship, and postdoctoral levels have focused on the opinions of training directors and seasoned practitioners. The present study surveyed 172 graduate students from 60 APA-accredited doctoral programs in clinical, counseling, and school psychology programs regarding their knowledge, extent of didactic and practical training experiences, and attitudes about ESTs and treatment manuals. Student knowledge of, and attitudes about, treatment manuals and ESTs varied reliably as a function of self-described theoretical orientation (i.e., cognitive behavioral vs. eclectic) and extent of didactic and applied training experiences. Graduate education and training in ESTs and treatment manuals predicted plans to use and seek out additional training with such methods. We recommend that graduate programs increase efforts to promote, disseminate, and integrate these and other evidentiary procedures into their training curricula.
Tumor suppressive maspin and epithelial homeostasis

Maspin is a 42-kDa novel serine protease inhibitor (serpin) with multifaceted tumor suppressive activities. To date, the consensus that maspin expression predicts a better prognosis still largely holds for breast, prostate, colon, and oral squamous cancers. Interestingly, however, more detailed analyses revealed a biphasic expression pattern of maspin in early steps of tumorigenesity and re-expression of maspin in dormant cancer metastastic revertants. These data suggest a sensitivity of maspin expression to changes of epithelial microenvironments, and a role of maspin in epithelial homeostasis. Experimental evidence consistently showed that maspin suppresses tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, induces tumor redifferentiation, and enhances tumor cell sensitivity to apoptosis. Maspin protein isolated from biological sources is a monomer, which is present as a secreted, a cytoplasmic, a nuclear, as well as a cell surface-associated protein. Nuclear maspin is associated with better prognoses of cancer. It is further noted that extracellular maspin is sufficient to block tumor induced extracellular matrix degradation, tumor cell motility and invasion, whereas intracellular maspin is responsible for the increased cellular sensitivity to apoptosis. Despite these exciting developments, the mechanistic studies of maspin have proven challenging primarily due to the lack of a prototype molecular model. Although the maspin sequence has overall homologies with other members in the serpin superfamily, it does not behave like a typical serpin, that is, non-inhibitory toward active serine proteases in solution. This novel feature is in line with the X-ray crystallographic evidence. Several recent studies dedicated to finding the maspin partners support a paradigm shift. The current review is intended to summarize these recent findings and discuss a new perspective of maspin in epithelial homeostasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 651–660, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New developments in membrane-based separations.

Recent advances in membrane-based separations include chiral separations, nanofiltration, ion-permselectivity, gas separation and pervaporation. Novel chiral separations using enzymes and chiral surfactants as carrier have been achieved using facilitatedtransport membranes. Graft-copolymeric membranes have been constructed that possess pH-controlled ion selectivity, and membranes have been made from gold nanotubules that exhibit electrochemically controlled permselectivity.
Mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus showing enhanced rates of growth and ethanol formation from d-xylose

Abstract Mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus NRRL Y-2460 have been sought that show enhanced rates of d -xylose fermentation. Mutagenesis followed by enrichment in urea-xylitol broth generally resulted in a lower frequency of good ethanol producers than enrichment in nitrate-xylitol broth. Under aerobic conditions, the best xylose-fermenting strains (which were obtained from nitrate-xylitol broth) produced ethanol from xylose twice as fast and in 32% better yield than the parent strain. Under anaerobic conditions, these strains produced ethanol from xylose 50% faster than (but in the same yield as) the parent strain. These findings show that enrichment in nitrate-xylitol broth is a promising method for obtaining mutants of Pachysolen having enhanced fermentation rates .
Stonebraker on NoSQL and enterprises

Michael Stonebraker “Why Enterprises Are Uninterested in NoSQL” http://cacm.acm.org/ blogs/blog-cacm/99512 Sept. 30, 2010 According to a recent ReadWriteWeb blog post by Audrey Watters, 44% of enterprise users questioned had never heard of NoSQL and an additional 17% had no interest. So why are 61% of enterprise users either ignorant about or uninterested in NoSQL? This post contains my two cents’ worth on the topic. At a recent trade show I attended that highlighted NoSQL engines, there were many Web developers, mostly from startups. However, I was struck by the absence of enterprise users. Hence, my (totally unscientific) experience confirms the basic point of the above blog post. Moreover, in my experience, most information among enterprise users occurs by word of mouth. Hence, if they don’t hear about something, it is because their professional network does not pass the word along. In other words, an interested enterprise professional generates additional interest. Nonhis world, ACID is the gold standard for updates to shared datasets. Any system that does not support real transactions is considered a nonstarter in his OLTP environment. Even if a dataset can get by with single-record transactions now (a common feature of NoSQL DBMSs), he is unwilling to guarantee that it will never need multi-record transactions in the future. Put differently, his company assumes that ACID may be required in the future for any OLTP dataset, and nixes nonACID systems.