cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Reflectance Overview

The second chapter provides a brief review of existing work on the acquisition and modeling of opaque surfaces. First, various approaches are discussed on acquisition of a material’s surface reflectance, including methods based on direct measurement and techniques that take advantage of angular or spatial coherence in the data. This is followed by a description of interactive techniques for material modeling and editing.
Advances in Terahertz Quantum-Cascade Lasers Using Metal-Metal Waveguides

We report the progress of terahertz quantum cascade lasers that use resonant-phonon depopulation, including the fabrication of metal-metal waveguides using Cu-Cu thermocompression wafer bonding to extend cw operation up to a temperature of 97 K.
Computer animation

A comprehensive 3-D real-time computer animation system is based upon a broad range of research activities in the field of computer graphics. In many ways the requirements for such a system are more challenging and complex than for other graphics systems. This is particularly true if one builds a language and a system which is truly user oriented and which has viable production capabilities for researchers and film makers. Too often systems which are the result of a research experiment in hardware or software design do not go beyond a beautiful demonstration of potentialities. Such experimentation is essential to advance the state of knowledge but if computer animation is to become a new research and production instrument we must, in addition, provide more examples of useable systems.Although each of the following topics are aspects of a real-time animation environment deserving a detailed explanation, they will be dealt with in a way to introduce to the reader basic requirements and problems. The topics are:I. STATE OF THE ART SYSTEMS, AND LANGUAGES• Used as references and as a basis of comparison.II. AN ANIMATION ENVIRONMENT• Several systems and languages are being implemented to run under RSX-11/D on our PDP-11/45 computer.A. VISIBLE SURFACE SYSTEM• Allan Myers' algorithm• VILAN (VIsual LANguage)B. GRAPHICS SUPPORT SYSTEM• Manfred Knemeyer's system for handling hardware devices, data structures, management of transformations and time, and memory management for the graphics buffer.C. ANIMA• A new graphics programming language has been designed and is being implemented.D. DATA GENERATION SYSTEM• Some approaches to problems are briefly discussed.III. DISPLAY HARDWARE AND GRAPHICS ALGORITHMS• The problems presented by the order of transformations in an algorithm are briefly described.IV. HIGH PERFORMANCE GRAPHICS• some speculations
THE "AVERAGE OF NORMALS" METHOD OF QUALITY CONTROL.

A new method of laboratory quality control is described in this paper which is simple, sensitive, and requires only a little clerical work for its use. It is based on the use of certain patients' specimens, but it is practical for small laboratories because few tests are needed. It also has the desir­ able feature of providing information that is useful in other ways than for quality control. The routine work required for use of the method is so simple that it can be described in the following 2 sentences: 1. At the end of each day, average the patient's test values that fall within the normal range. 2. Plot this "average of normals" on a control chart. This is all there is to the procedure, and as will be demonstrated, it provides useful information. The basis of the method is described with 2 examples from clinical laboratories.
Diabetes: Brain, mind, insulin—what is normal and do we need to know?

Diabetes mellitus has been linked to brain abnormalities and cognitive decline. A report from the Framingham Offspring Study now demonstrates that, in middle-aged and older adults, the core metabolic indicators of diabetes mellitus correlate with continuously distributed properties of brain and cognition, within a clinically normal range.
When Religious Expression Creates a Hostile Work Environment: The Challenge of Balancing Competing Fundamental Rights

This article addresses the legal issues that stem from religious expression in the workplace, and focuses primarily on the conflict between an employee’s right to religious expression in the workplace and the countervailing right of other employees to be free from a hostile or harassing work environment. This conflict arises, in large part, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Section 701(j) of Title VII requires an employer to reasonably accommodate an employee’s religious needs, including the need for religious expression in the workplace However, Title VII also prohibits the creation of a hostile work environment based upon any of the protected categories and therefore prohibits religious expression which is sufficiently harassing. This article also addresses an employer’s right to religious expression in the workplace when employees complain that the religious expression is harassing. Cases involving an employer’s religious speech differ in two important ways. First, an employer’s right to religious expression is directly protected by the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses of the United States Constitution and not by Title VII. Second, because of the power differential between employers and employees, courts tend to view an employer’s religious expression as inherently more coercive than the religious expression of employees. This article argues that to some extent the courts and the EEOC have failed to adequately address and recognize the inherent conflict between one employee’s right to religious expression in the workplace and the countervailing right of other employees to work in an environment free of religious harassment. However, to the extent that the legal system has recognized the conflict, it has been more concerned with prohibiting hostile work environment harassment than with accommodating religious expression in the workplace and has not adequately recognized that religion is entitled to unique statutory and constitutional protection.
Left and Right Supratemporal Auditory Cortices are Differentially Modulated by Linguistic-Attentional Task Demands

An important goal in the study of the neural basis of speech perception is to understand the physiological basis of speech processing as a sensory input process and relate it to the well-known anatomical asymmetry for language representation. One advantage gained by focusing on speech perception as a subroutine of language comprehension is that one can use stimuli the acoustic properties of which are explicitly defined and easy to manipulate parametrically.
On the uniqueness of the -eigenvector of transition probability tensors

Transition probability tensors of order 3 in dimension 3 and of order 4 in dimension 2 are studied. In both cases, we prove that an irreducible symmetric transition probability tensor has a unique positive -eigenvector.
Incidence and Predictors of Complications During Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency PVI for atrial fibrillation (AF). Data are lacking to define the rates and predictors of complications, particularly phrenic nerve injury (PNI). Methods and Results We evaluated a single‐center prospective registry of 450 consecutive patients undergoing cryoballoon PVI between 2011 and 2015. Patients were 59±10 years old, 26% were women, 58% had hypertension, their mean CHA2DS2VASc score was 1.7±1.3, 30% had persistent atrial fibrillation, and 92% received a second‐generation 28‐mm balloon. Predefined major complications were persistent PNI, pericardial effusion, deep vein thrombosis, arteriovenous fistula, atrioesophageal fistula, bleeding requiring transfusion, stroke, and death. PNI was categorized as persistent if it persisted after discharge from the laboratory. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of complications and specifically PNI. We identified a major complication in 10 (2.2%) patients. In 49 (10.8%) patients, at least transient PNI was observed; only 5 persisted beyond the procedure (1.1%). All cases of PNI resolved eventually, with the longest time to resolution being 48 days. We also describe 2 cases of PNI manifesting after the index hospitalization. Regression analysis identified 23‐mm balloon use (16.3% versus 5.2%, odds ratio 2.94, P =0.011) and increased age (62.8±7.7 versus 58.7±0.12 years, odds ratio 1.058, P =0.014) as independent significant predictors of PNI. There were no significant predictors of major complications. Conclusions In a large contemporary cohort, cryoballoon PVI is associated with low procedural risk, including lower rates of PNI than previously reported. Older age and 23‐mm balloon use were associated with PNI. Our low rate of PNI may reflect more sensitive detection methods, including compound motor action potential monitoring and forced double‐deflation.
The Phenomenology of Nature and the Ēthos (ηθoζ) of Earthly Dwelling in Jardine and Bonnett: Ecopedagogy, Transcendence, and the Post-Humanist Integrated Curriculum-of-life (Curriculum Vitae)

In this final chapter I move in a different, but related, direction to further the contemporary discussion concerning the fate of the earth as it is bound inextricably with the future of curriculum and education by analyzing the phenomenological ontology of curriculum theorist David Jardine and philosopher of education Michael Bonnett. Both thinkers have contributed monumentally to the philosophy of what I cautiously term the phenomenological-ontology of deep ecology, or, as Thomson (2009) refers to it, “eco-phenomenology” (445). I am concerned with understanding and drawing out for the reader the intimate, primordial relationship between the human being and nature/Earth, which is already a deep pedagogical phenomenon wherein learning and teaching arise and transpire by means of the ever-evolving “conversation” that humans have and have always had with nature as “self-arising” phenomenon.
Fashion and Beauty: Transgression, Utopia, and Containment

We have come to think of advertising pages and editorial material as distinct entities. With the increasing commercialization of magazines, however, these divisions have become blurred. Today in most women’s magazines, advertising and editorial content form a continuum; many of the patterns at work in advertising appear as well in the editorial pages.
Modal analysis of the eddy current problem using null-space-free Jacobi-Davidson

Electromagnetic induction sensors excel at detecting and classifying buried metallic objects. With the help of precomputed electromagnetic models, detection algorithms are able to pinpoint a target's location and orientation with high accuracy. A target's discrete spectrum of relaxation frequencies, is particularly useful for detection purposes. The discrete spectrum of relaxation frequencies is a simple pole expansion of the target's reaction to magnetic excitations. Its pole expansion coefficients can be computed by formulating differential Maxwell's equations as a generalized eigenvalue problem. When modeling arbitrary three-dimensional objects, this approach is complicated by the size of the system matrices and by a large null space that is near the eigenvalues of interest. A modified Jacobi-Davidson iteration will be described in this paper, that is capable of extracting the eigenvalues of interest without interference from the null space.
Pitch-Induced Bandgap Tuning in Self-Catalyzed Growth of Patterned GaAsSb Axial and GaAs/GaAsSb Core-Shell Nanowires Using Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We report on the pitch-induced bandgap tuning in GaAsSb (axial) and GaAs/GaAsSb (core–shell) patterned vertical nanowire (NW) arrays grown by Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111). Red shifts in the range of 40–50 meV in the 4 K micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) spectral peaks have been observed, for NW arrays with pitch length variation from 200 to 1200 nm, in the axial and core–shell configurations. The variation in the PL peak intensity closely follows the optical absorption dependency on the pitch length of the NW array computed using finite dimension time domain simulation. A semiempirical mass conservation of the growth-species-based-model has been proposed encompassing different material pathways. The secondary fluxes re-emitted from the side facets of the neighboring NWs contribute substantially toward the growth for smaller pitch lengths, while those from the oxide surface dominate at larger pitch lengths for high V/III beam equivalent pressure ratios. Excellent agreement between the experim...
Characterizing cardiomyocytes motion with quantitative phase imaging

Characterizing cardiomyocytes' activity is important for drug development, but traditional patch clamping analysis is destructive and slow. A label-free method for extracting timing and motion characteristics of cardiomyocytes using quantitative phase imaging is presented.
The Complex Dynamics of Improvisation

This essay provides some general observations about the field of improvisation studies and surveys important theoretical and empirical work on the subject. It makes a distinction between referent-based and referent-free musical improvisation, placing particular emphasis on the specific issues that surround the latter, and highlighting recent research that has arisen to address them. Whether referent-based or referent-free, improvisation appears to involve a continual tension between stabilization through communication and past experience and instability through fluctuations and surprise. While many issues persist about how to frame and explore musical improvisation, there is broad agreement that improvisation involves novel output (for the individual, but only optionally for society) created in nondeterministic, real-time situations by individuals and collectives involving certain affordances and constraints. The critical questions involve how we chose to frame these improvisatory dynamics: either as information processing struggling to keep pace with the cognitive demands of the moment, or as an ecologically sensitive engagement with one's sonic and social world.
INTERPRETING THE “COLLAPSING” BEHAVIOR OF UNSATURATED SOIL BY EFFECTIVE STRESS PRINCIPLE

This paper examines the applicability of suction stress-based effective stress in describing the “collapsing” behavior of soil in oedometer testing under inundation conditions. The experimental data, originally used to invalidate Bishop’s effective stress in the earlier sixties, are used to illustrate that the suction stress-based effective stress can well reconcile the phenomenon of soil sample “collapsing” during inundation process. It is shown that during inundation, suction stress increases drastically, leading to drastic reduction in effective stress and the failure of soil sample in oedometer without any changes in total stress.
Day Nurseries, Nursery Schools, and Their Impact on Society

This chapter highlights the establishment of day nurseries, and their place and purpose within the African American community. Their progression to laboratory schools on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU’s) is also discussed. Specifically, the laboratory school on Spelman College’s campus and its importance are highlighted.
Effect of the brown midrib-three gene on corn grain utilization by growing rats.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of the brown midrib-three (bm3) gene for low lignin in corn plants on grain utilization by growing rats. No differences in total body weight gain were observed between rats fed bm3, normal and iso-N bm3 (isonitrogenous to normal) grain diets with or without supplemental dietary protein. Body weight gains for rats fed bm3, normal and iso-N bm3 grain diets were 39.6, 35.2 and 31.6 g, respectively, when no supplemental protein was fed, and 134.6, 142.1 and 132.2 g when supplemental protein as soy protein was fed to increase crude protein to 11 to 12%. No differences in feed conversion were observed between rats fed bm3, normal and iso-N bm3 grain diets at either level of dietary protein. Feed to gain ratios were 8.7, 9.4 and 10.7 when no supplemental protein was fed and 3.2, 3.2 and 3.4 when supplemental protein was fed. According to this study, this bm3 gene has no effect on grain utilization by the growing rat.
The relationship of diagenesis with a complex microbial ecosystem in the phosphatic interval of the Miocene Monterey Formation: evidence from stable isotopes and mineralogy

Abstract A combination of evidence from mineralogy, sulfur and oxygen stable isotope ratios from early diagenetic carbonate associated sulfate (CAS) and structurally substituted sulfate in phosphate (both termed CAS here), and carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios from carbonate, describe a complex redox system and complex microbial ecosystem within the phosphate-rich interval of the Monterey Formation. δ34S and δ18O of CAS are lower than Miocene seawater sulfate, as reconstructed from marine evaporite and barite minerals. Combined with mineralogical speciation modeling and mineralogical observations, isotopically low CAS isotope values suggest mixing from three isotopically characterized sulfate pools: two isotopically higher sulfate pools, one with the composition of Miocene seawater sulfate and a second isotopically evolved porewater modified by sulfate reducing microbes (SRM), and a third isotopically lower porewater sulfate pool resulting from the oxidation of H2S (produced by SRM) by sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB). High carbonate δ13C and diagenetic dolomite validates prior claims of methanogenesis. Differences in mineralogy are consistent with differences in isotope ratios (e.g. higher δ13C in dolomites), suggesting products from a vertical distribution of oxic to anoxic redox environments and associated ecosystems are preserved. These mineralogical and isotopic fluctuations repeat in various facies changes, suggesting that redox environments fluctuated over time. This interpretation is supported by prior sedimentologic analysis which interpreted that deposition of the phosphatic interval of the Monterey Formation was influenced by gravity-deposition processes promoted by tectonic activity. Gravity-deposition would serve to transport more oxygenated waters to the deep-water depositional environment and support microbially-mediated sulfide oxidation at depth, whereby H2S generated by SRM in the absence of sufficient iron could diffuse upward to a more oxygenated zone. Near the suboxic-oxic boundary, H2S oxidation would decrease porewater pH slightly and inhibit the preservation of carbonate minerals and promote precipitation of phosphate. Increasing depth in sediments generates successively more reducing conditions, promoting sulfate reduction, which may have been coupled with the anaerobic oxidation of methane and carbonate mineral precipitation. The most reducing conditions would support methanogenesis and dolomite production after consumption of the majority of sulfate.
Abstract 1464: Inhibition of p38 MAPK in dendritic cells enhances their antigen presentation and induces Th17 T cell differentiation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells which bridges innate and adaptive immunity, but how DC-derived signals regulate and induce T cell lineage choices remains unclear. The p38 MAPK pathway plays an essential role in regulating cellular processes such as cell differentiation, growth, and death. In this study, SB203580 was employed to selectively inhibit p38 pathway in bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) to investigate the effects of this pathway on the characteristic phenotype and function of DCs, especially the induction on T helper cell differentiation. We found that inhibition of p38 increased the proliferation of BMDCs, but did not alter their phagocytic ability. Also, inhibition of p38 enhanced the activation of BMDCs, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of DCs-related surface markers including CD80, CD86 and MHCII. However, the secretion levels of IL-12 and IL-10 in BMDCs were reduced significantly, whereas the level of IL-6 was not influenced by the p38 inhibitor. In addition, we immunized the mice with BMDCs vaccines and studied the production of antigen-specific Th17 T cell in spleen. Our data demonstrated that p38-inhibited DCs vaccine could induce more antigen-specific Th17 T cells than regular DCs vaccine in vivo. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the p38 pathway plays a critical role in the immunologic activation of DCs. Our findings suggest that inhibition p38 pathway in DCs may be a new strategy for generating potent DC vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: Yan Luo, Shreeder Barath, Deborah A. Bahr, Navnita Dutta, Geraldine Raja, Martin J. Cannon, Keith L. Knutson. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in dendritic cells enhances their antigen presentation and induces Th17 T cell differentiation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1464.
HUMAN TRANSFER FACTOR: TRIALS WITH AN ASSAY IN GUINEA PIGS

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the trials with an assay in guinea pigs. Transfer factor (TF) was prepared from antigen reactive donors and pooled according to antigen specificity. Groups of test and control strain 13 guinea pigs were treated as shown in the general protocol given. The skin tests were read for erythema and induration at 6, 24 and 48 h by two experienced investigators. In some animals peripheral blood was drawn at 14, 49 and 98 days by cardiac puncture and diluted and cultured with PHA, PPD, SK/SD or without addition. The cultures were harvested and counted after the addition of %-thymidine. In one experiment, three dilutions of a subfraction of PPD TF were tested instead of the whole TF. Histological sections taken from selected animals in both the PPD and SK/SD experiments indicated the presence of a focal mononuclear cell infiltrate in positive skin tests whereas some negative skin tests showed diffuse scattering of a few mononuclear cells.
Feasibility of delamination detection with embedded optical fibers

The detection of delamination damage is important in ensuring the safety of composite structures. In this paper, a novel approach for delamination detection is described. The new approach involves (1) the application of a moving load on the composite member, and (2) measurement of total extension in embedded optical fiber(s). A theoretical study indicates that with the new approach, a single loading test can provide sufficient information to deduce the delamination location (in both the length and thickness directions) as well as the delamination size. Multiple delaminations can also be easily detected if there is no significant interaction between them. While further analysis and experimental work are necessary, the feasibility and potential of the proposed delamination detection technique has been established.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Association of KRAS and BRAF mutations with progression-free survival (PFS) with second-line FOLFIRI +/- regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

196Background: LCCC1029 was a 2:1 randomized phase II trial of 2nd-line FOLFIRI plus either regorafenib or placebo in mCRC. The addition of regorafenib improved PFS (median PFS 6.1 vs 5.3 mo, HR 0....
Positive Psychology and Hope as Lifestyle Medicine Modalities in the Therapeutic Encounter: A Narrative Review:

The majority of deaths in the United States are attributable to lifestyle-associated chronic diseases. Therapeutic encounters must now routinely address lifestyle-related behavior changes and promote patients' active involvement in self-care and chronic disease management. Positive psychology has been recognized in the realm of lifestyle medicine for its potential applications in effecting patient behavior change. One notable framework within positive psychology that is well suited for facilitating specific behavior changes is hope theory, which can be used to elicit change talk and build agency among patients with chronic diseases. This review explores key literature in positive psychology and hope theory and its practical applications to direct patient care, which includes an illustrative case study. There are still many unexplored intersections of health-related variables and hope. The cognitive framework of hope theory lends itself well to a broad range of situations, including brief ambulatory encounters. Clinicians will be instrumental in increasing our understanding of how hope theory can be applied to the therapeutic encounter. There are simple and efficient ways to innovate in this area. Having information about a patient's hope has the potential to make empathic connections easier and create opportunities to ask specific questions to help patients overcome barriers.
Laparoscopic Left Adrenalectomy for Potential Neuroblastic Tumor

Introduction: Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is an extremely rare autoimmune neurologic condition with an incidence of ~0.18 cases per 1 million.1 About 50% of pediatric patients with OMS have...
Two case studies on structural variation in multilingual settings

In this article, I report on two analyses of variation in Transylvanian Saxon (TrSax), an endangered Germanic language in contact with German and Romanian, used in settings predictive of structural influences among languages. My goals are to document the structural properties of the target variables and to evaluate if processes of language contact have an effect on synchronic variation in TrSax. I identified two areas of TrSax that display variation at the morphosyntactic level, and in each case one of the variants has a corresponding structure in German, while the other variant has a corresponding structure in Romanian. To tease apart contact-induced variation from internally motivated variation, I compare data from multilingual speakers with different linguistic profiles and assess the effect of sociolinguistic factors on variation through mixed effects analyses. Variation that patterns similarly across these two groups can provide a clearer account of the structure of TrSax, while differences between the groups can shed light on trajectories of change in TrSax. Furthermore, results of this study have implications for borrowing hierarchies in language contact.
Dynamic measurement: A theoretical–psychometric paradigm for modern educational psychology

Scholars have lamented that current methods of assessing student performance do not align with contemporary views of learning as situated within students, contexts, and time. Here, we introduce and...
Case Report: Overwhelming Babesia Parasitemia Successfully Treated Promptly With RBC Apheresis and Triple Therapy With Clindamycin, Azithromycin, and Atovaquone.

Babesiosis with high-grade parasitemia is life-threatening, especially in asplenic hosts. We report an asplenic patient with parasitemia >50% who was successfully treated with prompt red blood cell apheresis and triple therapy with clindamycin + azithromycin + atovaquone. This regimen may be an alternative to poorly tolerated clindamycin + quinine in severe cases.
The Bridge Connecting Pontius Pilate's Sentencing of Jesus to the New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission's Concerns Over Executing the Innocent: When Human Beings with Inherently Human Flaws Determine Guilt or Innocence and Life or Death

The goal of this discussion is to use Pontius Pilate's sentencing of Jesus as a metaphor for our imperfect criminal justice system as it relates to capital punishment. There are few injustices that are more unacceptable than when an innocent defendant is convicted of a crime he did not commit. Such injustices are especially egregious when the defendant is wrongfully convicted of capital murder and faces execution. Such wrongful convictions can be attributed to a variety of reasons with one single denominator; we as humans are imperfect and the way we administer criminal justice is imperfect, Pilate, the Roman Governor of Judea sentenced an innocent Jesus to execution on the cross. The arrest, trial and sentencing of Jesus is instructive for 21st Century capital punishment jurisprudence. First, Jesus was innocent. Second, Jesus represented himself pro se with no legal representation. The trial of Jesus was less a trial and more a murder motivated by greed, ambition and dishonesty. Characteristics that are so inherently human. New Jersey's cutting edge decision to abolish capital punishment was a result of a report filed by the New Jersey Death Penalty study Commission. The Commission was very concerned with the very real possibility of executing an innocent capital defendant, in part because of the fact that simply, we as humans are as imperfect as our criminal justice system.
Non-local reparametrization action in coupled Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models

We continue the investigation of coupled Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev(SYK) models without Schwartzian action dominance. Like the original SYK, at large N and low energies these models have an approximate reparametrization symmetry. However, the dominant action for reparametrizations is non-local due to the presence of irrelevant local operator with small conformal dimension. We semi-analytically study different thermodynamic properties and the 4-point function and demonstrate that they significantly differ from the Schwartzian prediction. However, the residual entropy and maximal chaos exponent are the same as in Majorana SYK. We also discuss chain models and finite N corrections.
Beliefs about social norms and racial inequalities predict variation in the early development of racial bias

Racism remains a pervasive force around the world with widespread and well documented harmful consequences for members of marginalized racial groups. The psychological biases that maintain structural and interpersonal racism begin to emerge in early childhood, but with considerable individual variation-some children develop more racial bias than others. The present study (N = 116; 4-year-old children) provides novel insights into the developmental mechanisms underlying the emergence of racial bias by longitudinally documenting how two psychological processes-normative beliefs about interracial friendships and explanatory beliefs about racial inequalities-developmentally predict the emergence of pro-White/anti-Black racial bias during early childhood. In a 6-month, three-wave, longitudinal study, we found that 4-year-old children's beliefs that their parents and peers do not value interracial friendships predicted increased racial bias in and across time and that children's endorsement of essentialist over extrinsic explanations for racial inequalities predicted the developmental trajectory of racial bias over time. These findings suggest that children's foundational beliefs about the social world developmentally predict the emergence of racial bias in early childhood and speak to the importance of early and persistent intervention efforts targeting children's normative beliefs about interracial friendships and explanatory beliefs about racial inequalities.
Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature: A Philosophical Study of Summa Theologiae, 1a 75-89

This is a major new study of Thomas Aquinas, the most influential philosopher of the Middle Ages. The book offers a clear and accessible guide to the central project of Aquinas' philosophy: the understanding of human nature. Robert Pasnau sets the philosophy in the context of ancient and modern thought, and argues for some groundbreaking proposals for understanding some of the most difficult areas of Aquinas' thought: the relationship of soul to body, the workings of sense and intellect, the will and the passions, and personal identity. Structured around a close reading of the treatise on human nature from the Summa theologiae and deeply informed by a wide knowledge of the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophy, this study will offer specialists a series of novel and provocative interpretations, while providing students with a reference commentary on one of Aquinas' core texts.
Reconciling Feminist and Socio-political Grounds of Classroom Authority

“Masculinist” and feminist, forceful and nurturing, hierarchical, and relational “grounds” of classroom authority are portrayed as mutually exclusive, and the latter are now widely defended. Yet, the polarization along these axes arises in no small measure from a failure to distinguish three questions whose answers are indeterminately related: What gives a teacher a right to govern her classroom? What ethical constraints apply to the manner in which teachers exercise their authority? What enables successful teachers to govern their classrooms or enlist the cooperation of their students? The “ground” of a teacher’s authority might refer to what enables her to enlist her students’ cooperation — what accounts for her “having authority” with them — or it might refer to the foundation of her right to govern her classroom; and these may have little to do with each other. Similarly, the basis of her right may have little to do with the ethical constraints on the manner in which she governs her classroom, and it is her manner, not the recognition of her right, that matters more to how well she is able to govern it. Unfortunately, it is often assumed that the justification for a non-authoritarian manner of classroom governance is inseparable from the theory that only the consent of the governed can give rise to the right to govern. This assumption is fraught with error. More unfortunate still is the theory that teachers have a right to impose on students only what the students specifically consent to in honest negotiations. One problem with this is that it seems to rule out imposing things on students altogether, even when there is good reason to. Feminists, myself included, are not all ready to completely eschew reliance on the authority of educators to impose things on students, even to threaten or use force. Sometimes, in the face of preventable harm, such authority must be exercised, and an adequate account of classroom authority will acknowledge and accommodate this fact, within the context of a broader reconciliation of feminist and so-called socio-political accounts. In what follows, I will attempt to outline such an account, and I will begin by recounting a pair of incidents that illustrate the need to reconcile feminist, non-authoritarian models of classroom authority with a limited right and responsibility to use force.
Acute Kidney Injury

Renal complications including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill HSCT patients is associated with a poor prognosis. Mortality for patients receiving myeloablative allogeneic HSCTs who require dialysis exceeds 80%.
Active and Passive Perceptual Learning in the Visually Impaired.

Active and passive perceptual training methods were tested with 30 macular degeneration patients to improve their residual vision. Four different measures assessed improvement: a reading test, the ...
Altruism and Spite in a Selfish Gene Model of Endogenous Preferences

Economists and biologists have long grappled with the apparent contradiction of altruism in a naturally-selected world. Standard economic models are built upon an assumption of material self-interest where agents maximize individual outcomes without regard for the effects on others. This paper begins with a brief discussion of the evidence that human behavior deviates from the economic assumption. With the goal of more accurately describing human nature, the interpersonal components of preferences are derived in a genetic model. This model predicts a variety of behaviors that are considered paradoxical within the standard economic framework. The optimal attitude towards others is parameterized by the genetic relationship between individuals and by the population size. For interactions between ‘average’ individuals, the standard economic assumption is the limiting case of the genetic model as the population becomes arbitrarily large.
Ligand-induced desensitization of 125I-epidermal growth factor internalization.

Abstract The internalization of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) by A431 cells was investigated. Control cells were able to internalize over 80% of receptor-bound 125I-EGF. By contrast, cells treated with EGF before incubation with 125I-EGF internalized only 50% of the surface-bound radioligand. The ligand-induced decrease in 125I-EGF internalization showed a dose response to EGF with half-maximal effect occurring at 3 nM. The alteration in the extent of 125I-EGF internalization did not require extended treatment with high concentrations of the hormone. When the internalization of picomolar versus nanomolar concentrations of EGF were compared, the lower concentrations of 125I-EGF were more completely internalized than the higher concentrations of radioligand. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that occupation of the EGF receptor by hormone rapidly leads to the activation of cellular processes which effectively desensitize the system to further ligand-induced internalization. The decrease in the extent of ligand internalization occurred in cells in which the protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme) activity had been down-regulated by prolonged treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate implying that the desensitization process is independent of protein kinase C. However, the effects of EGF on the extent of hormone internalization could be mimicked by the addition of A23187 and could be prevented by pretreatment of the cells with calmodulin antagonists suggesting the possibility that Ca2+-calmodulin is involved in the regulation of EGF receptor internalization in A431 cells.
Organic Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries

This chapter will review the recent advances on the development of organic electrode materials for their applications in three main areas, including rechargeable lithium batteries, sodium batteries and redox flow batteries. Four kinds of organic cathode materials, including conjugated carbonyl compounds, conducting polymers, organosulfides and free radical polymers, will be discussed in terms of their electrochemical performances in these three battery systems. Fundamental issues related to the synthesis-structure-activity correlations of these organic cathodes, as well as the working principles in these energy storage systems and their capacity fading mechanisms will also be discussed.
New matter couplings in N = 2 supergravity

Abstract We explicitly construct a whole new class of nonlinear matter couplings in N = 2 supergravity theory in four dimensions. These are the first examples of couplings described by nonsymmetric and nonhomogeneous σ-model manifolds that include the recently found Pedersen self-dual metric with constant negative scalar curvature. We give 4n-dimensional and multicenter generalizations of this σ-model coupling and discuss their relation to the hyper-Kahler geometry of Taub-NUT and multi-Taub-NUT metrics.
A fine-grained co-simulation methodology for IR-drop noise in silicon interposer and TSV-based 3D IC

In this paper, we propose a methodology which can co-simulate IR-drop noise for 3D IC, silicon interposer, and PCB simultaneously, and demonstrate how severe the IR-drop is in the silicon interposer. This methodology uses not only PCB and package (silicon interposer) stacking information, but also full transistor-level 3D IC switching information for a precise IR-drop calculation. By utilizing these information, we show the IR-drop noise map of the PDN (Power Distribution Network) in the interposer and the 3D IC mounted on it. Based on our results, we found that (1) the IR-drop noise caused by silicon interposer is very severe to few tens of mV, and (2) our co-analysis method fixes the overestimation of IR-drop caused by the traditional method.
Performance evaluation of communication protocols for distributed processing

Abstract The overhead introduced by communications software significantly impacts the performance of most distributed applications. To derive the optimum performance from a distributed application and to determine areas for improvement in new communication protocols, it is essential to identify the factors that affect communication delay. This paper examines two factors that affect the performance of communication protocols: the granularity of communication and traffic at a host's network interface. Three transport mechanisms, the Transmission Control Protocol, the User Data Protocol, and DECnet, utilizing an Ethernet local area network are considered. Results are reported for an experimental study using a dedicated network monitor. The results demonstrate the influence of these two factors on communication protocols. Based on results for UDP and DECnet, models for estimating delay are presented. Suggestions are also made for the improvement of future transport protocols and for methods to reduce communication delay in distributed applications.
Effects of annealing on the local structure of Fe and Co in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB tunnel junctions: An extended x-ray-absorption fine structure study

Extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was used to study the evolution of the local structure of Fe and Co as a function of annealing time in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions. EXAFS indicates B depletion and crystallization of the CoFeB layers within a few seconds of the post growth high temperature anneal. The decrease in first-shell Debye–Waller factor and hence the increase in structural order during annealing explains the increase in tunnel magnetoresistance observed as a result of post deposition annealing.
Maternal Bodies in Militant Protest: Leymah Gbowee and the Rhetorical Agency of African Motherhood

This essay analyzes how Leymah Gbowee and other Liberia Mass Action for Peace (LMAP) activists drew on the cultural power of African motherhood to engage in militant protest. Framing the movement as one motivated by a concern for their children, these women employed three specific rhetorical tactics to demand an end to the fourteen-year civil war: (1) repositioning women and children as the war's real victims; (2) threatening to bare their bodies in deliberate public nakedness; and (3) constituting the political agency of ordinary women both in Liberia and around the world. These militant maternal protests positioned the LMAP activists as coherent political agents empowered by their literal and symbolic participation in Liberian performances of African motherhood. Their actions suggest the rhetorical potential of militant maternal protests in countries that exclude women from political involvement.
Practical software for big genomics data

Second-generation DNA sequencers provide an inexpensive and high-resolution window on diverse aspects of biology, genetics, and human disease. In recent years, improvements in per-instrument sequencing throughput have far outpaced improvements in computer speed. This necessitates a computer-science counterattack on two fronts: (1) faster algorithms that make better use of a fixed amount of compute power, and (2) scalable algorithms that make the best possible use of large collections of computers. Here I will discuss past work on both these fronts, concentrating on the cloud-enabled, scalable software pipelines Crossbow and Myrna. Crossbow is a cloud-enabled tool for aligning short second-generation sequence reads and calling SNP variants. Myrna is a cloud-enabled tool for aligning second-generation sequence reads from two groups (e.g. cancer and normal) and detecting which genes are differentially expressed between the groups. Myrna is an example of how scalable software tools can be used to derive new scientific results (in this case, about the usefulness of certain statistical models for differential expression) from large, already-published datasets. This is further exemplified by ReCount, a database of pre-processed RNA sequencing datasets from 18 different published studies comprising 475 samples and over 8 billion reads.
Intravenous Morphine Infusion for Chronic Pain

Excerpt To the editor: Effective relief of pain may be achieved by one or more of the following methods: modification of the pathologic process; elevation of the pain threshold; interruption of pai...
Design of a molecular bistable system with RNA-mediated regulation

We design a new biomolecular circuit with the potential for bistable behavior. We study this candidate toggle switch and find sufficient conditions on key parameters that guarantee bistability. The circuit structure is based on a positive feedback loop created by the mutual repression of two synthetic genes. Repression is generated not by direct inactivation of the promoter region, but by inactivation of the enzymes performing transcription. Inactivation is experimentally possible by designing the RNA outputs of the two genes to be inhibitory aptamers for the enzymes.
Use of d-glucosaminic acid as an internal standard in single-column accelerated amino acid analysis of physiological fluids

Abstract d -Glucosaminic acid (DGA) was investigated as an early-eluting internal standard under single-column cation-exchange chromatography conditions because it elutes early in the analysis between urea and aspartic acid and obeys Beer's law. The precision and accuracy of data obtained with this internal standard were indistinguishable from those obtained with the conventionally used, late-eluting internal standard S-β(4-pyridylethyl)- l -cysteine (4-pec). DGA was stable when stored over 6 months at −20 or −70°C but was not stable to acid hydrolysis. The use of d -glucosaminic acid as an internal standard provides considerable flexibility in the development of analytic methodologies for rapidly analyzing selected amino acids in physiological fluids.
Strong instability of solitary-wave solutions to a Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in three dimensions

Abstract This paper is concerned with strong instability of solitary-wave solutions of a generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in the three-dimensional case (u t +u xxx +u p u x ) x =u yy +u zz (x, y, z)∈R 3 , t⩾0, with p⩾1. It is shown that the solution, when it is initially close to an unstable solitary wave, blows up in finite time for the power of nonlinearity p