cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shot noise of a tunnel junction displacement detector

We study quantum-mechanically the frequency-dependent current noise of a tunnel-junction coupled to a nanomechanical oscillator. The cases of both dc and ac voltage bias are considered, as are the effects of intrinsic oscillator damping. The dynamics of the oscillator can lead to large signatures in the shot noise, even if the oscillator-tunnel junction coupling is too weak to yield an appreciable signature in the average current. Moreover, the modification of the shot noise by the oscillator cannot be fully explained by a simple classical picture of a fluctuating conductance.
The novel interaction between Phytophthora ramorum and wildfire elicits elevated ambrosia beetle landing rates on tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus

The 2008 wildfires in the Big Sur region of California’s central coast—the first to occur in forests impacted by Phytophthora ramorum, the non-native, invasive pathogen that causes sudden oak death—provided the rare opportunity to study the response of scolytid and other subcortical beetles to this novel disturbance interaction. We used sticky card traps attached to the main stem of tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus, the tree species most susceptible to P. ramorum, to determine which subcortical beetle species may be using tanoak as a host and to compare insect landing rates on these trees in forest plots impacted by neither disturbance, either wildfire or P. ramorum disturbance alone, or both disturbances combined. Xyleborinus saxesenii and Gnathotrichus pilosus, two species of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), composed the majority (48% and 40%, respectively) of subcortical beetles landing on tanoaks during both years of the study. Adults of two species of a small, branch-feeding flatheaded borer (Anthaxia sp.; Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were also captured in relative abundance landing on tanoaks in the combined disturbance plots during the second year of the study. All but two of the 2779 scolytid beetles collected in this study were trapped on tanoaks in forest plots disturbed by P. ramorum and/or fire, and 75% of these scolytids were trapped during the fall 2009 season. The majority of scolytids were trapped on tanoaks in plots containing both disturbances (81% in 2009 and 79% in 2010), and, of the two disturbances, more scolytids were trapped on tanoaks in burned plots than in P. ramorum-infested plots (92% more in 2009 and 476% more in 2010). Semiochemicals emanating from the tanoaks upon which the sticky cards were attached—either in the form of host volatile compounds or scolytid aggregation pheromones—presumably affected ambrosia beetle landing rates, and greater quantities of moribund and recently-killed trees in the plots disturbed both by P. ramorum and fire may have led to greater population densities of ambrosia beetles in these areas. Our findings of elevated ambrosia beetle landing rates in Big Sur forests with mixed disturbances suggest a heightened threat to tanoak in these areas, but additional research is needed to determine the actual frequency of ambrosia beetle gallery initiation in living tanoaks and whether colonization hastens or leads to tree mortality.
Differential complementation of adenovirus type 5 temperature-sensitive early mutants by adenovirus types 3 and 12

Abstract We have assayed the ability of human adenoviruses from heterologous subgroups to complement early temperature-sensitive mutants of the C group virus Ad5 by analyzing coinfections at the restrictive temperature for serotype-specific DNA and late protein synthesis. Our results indicate that the B group virus AM, does not complement either ts125 or the N complementation group of Ad5 (ts36, ts69, and ts149). In contrast, studies with Ad12, an A group virus, and these mutants, indicate a differential complementation in that Ad12 complements all of the mutants in the Ad5 N complementation group but does not complement ts125. Failure to complement the ts125 defect in coinfected cells has been shown to be due to the inability of the heterologous wt gene product to substitute for the ts125 gene product directly at the level of DNA replication and not at some earlier event in the virus growth cycle.
Untangling the Networking Phenomenon A Dynamic Psychological Perspective on How and Why People Network

Compared to the extensive research that has investigated the structures of social relationships (i.e., social networks), relatively little research attention has been geared towards understanding how and why individuals initiate, build, and maintain social networks (i.e., networking) from a psychological perspective. The objective of this review is to shed light on the dynamic, psychological processes at the center of individuals’ discretionary, professional relationship development. The diffuse networking literature in the field of management is reviewed and organized into four primary research streams. On the basis of insights from this review, we propose a dynamic, psychological model of how and why individuals strategically network, which marries social exchange and expectancy theories with the concept of relational schema to explain the networking phenomenon across dyadic and intraindividual levels. This conceptual model posits that a networking interaction, construed as an exchange of resources within a given network relationship at a certain stage of relationship maturity, affects the relational schemas of those involved in the interaction and that each networking partner’s relational schema influences each partner’s perceptions of his or her network relationship and guides individual decisions to network with a specific network contact. The aim of this review is to lay a theoretical foundation for investigating strategic networking from a dynamic, psychological perspective.
Further evidence for an intrinsic neuraminidase in CNS myelin.

: An intrinsic neuraminidase activity in rat brain CNS myelin has been demonstrated and compared with the neuraminidase activity in rat brain microsomes. With use of ganglioside GM3 as a substrate, the myelin-associ-ated neuraminidase exhibited a shallow pH curve with an optimum at pH 4.8 whereas the microsomal activity had a marked optimum at pH 4-4.3. Neuraminidase activity in both fractions was optimized in 0.3% Triton CF-54 but activation was much greater in the microsomes. When the neuraminidase activities were examined at 60°C, the myelin neuraminidase activity was more than sevenfold of that observed at 37°C and was linear for at least 2 h; the microsomal activity increased only fivefold initially and exhibited a continual loss in activity. Addition of excess microsomes to the total homogenate prior to myelin isolation resulted in no change in myelin neuraminidase activity. When the two membrane fractions were examined at equivalent protein concentrations in the presence of additional cations or EDTA (1 mM), similar but not identical effects on neuraminidase activity were seen. The microsomal neuraminidase was considerably more susceptible to inhibition by divalent copper ion. Activity in both fractions was markedly inhibited by Hg2+ and Ag+ whereas EDTA had no effect on either activity. The myelin-associated neuraminidase activity was the highest in cerebral hemispheres, followed by brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord and was extremely low in sciatic nerve. In fact, the myelin neuraminidase activity was higher than the microsomal enzyme activity in the cerebral hemispheres. Developmentally, the myelin-associated neuraminidase activity in the cerebral hemispheres was also the highest at 20–30 days of age and declined to adult levels soon after. The combined evidence strongly indicates the presence of an intrinsic neuraminidase for gangliosides in CNS myelin and this neuraminidase may play an important role in determining the unique ganglioside pattern in the myelin sheath.
Molecular crosstalk between p70S6k and MAPK cell signaling pathways

We report here for the first time that the specific MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD-98059, completely knocked out granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-stimulated MAPK activity but also partially inactivated the ribosomal kinase p70S6K. Since a connection between the two major signaling pathways, Ras/MEK/MAPK and PI3-K/p70S6K was suspected, experiments were designed to prove a molecular crosstalk between those. First, p70S6K protein could be co-immunoprecipitated with anti-MAPK antibodies, MAPK protein was similarly present in anti-p70S6K immunoprecipitates, indicating close spatial proximity of both signaling molecules. Second, p70S6K enzymatic activity was found in anti-MAPK immunoprecipitates and MAPK in anti-p70S6K immunoprecipitates, being the latter activity higher in samples derived from GM-CSF-treated cells. Since an upstream activator of p70S6K, phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase, has been associated to cell movement in phagocytic cells, we studied a possible participation of p70S6K in chemotaxis and whether MAPK had an input. Our data show that functional chemotaxis was inhibited by rapamycin, a specific p70S6K inhibitor, as well as by PD-98059. Thus, a connection between these two kinases extends from the molecular level to cell migration, a key functionality in non-proliferative, mature phagocytes such as neutrophils.
Connections of the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex in the rat

Although the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex (Rdg) is situated both physically and connectionally between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex, few studies have focused on the connections of Rdg. The present study employs retrograde and anterograde anatomical tracing methods to delineate the connections of Rdg. Each projection to Rdg terminates in distinct layers of the cortex. The thalamic projections to Rdg originate in the anterior (primarily the anteromedial), lateral (primarily the laterodorsal), and reuniens nuclei. Those from the anteromedial nucleus terminate predominantely in layers I and IV-VI, whereas the axons arising from the laterodorsal nucleus have a dense terminal plexus in layers I and III-IV. The cortical projections to Rdg originate primarily in the infraradiata, retrosplenial, postsubicular, and areas 17 and 18b cortices. The projections arising from visual areas 18b and 17 predominantly terminate in layer I of Rdg, axons from contralateral Rdg form a dense terminal plexus in layers I-IV, with a smaller number of terminals in layers V and VI, afferents from postsubiculum terminate in layers I and III-V, and the projection from infraradiata cortex terminates in layers I and V-VI. The efferent projections from Rdg are widespread. The major cortical projections from Rdg are to infraradiata, retrosplenial granular, area 18b, and postsubicular cortices. Subcortical projections from Rdg terminate primarily in the ipsilateral caudate and lateral thalamic nuclei and bilaterally in the anterior thalamic nuclei. The efferent projections from Rdg are topographically organized. Rostral Rdg projects to the dorsal infraradiata cortex and the rostral postsubiculum, while caudal Rdg axons terminate predominantely in the ventral infraradiata and the caudal postsubicular cortices. Caudal but not rostral Rdg projects to areas 17 and 18b of the cortex. The Rdg projections to the lateral and anterior nuclei also are organized along the rostral-caudal axis. Together, these data suggest that Rdg integrates thalamic, hippocampal, and neocortical information.
Fine structure of prenatal and early postnatal dystrophic mouse muscle.

Prenatal hind limb muscle from mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy (dydy) was studied with the aid of both light and electron microscopes from days 18 to 21 in 129/Re mice, 129/B6 hybrid mice, and in progeny of mice with transplanted dydy ovaries. These muscles were also studied in postnatal dystrophic mice. One hundred percent dystrophic progeny were obtained by ovarian transplantation and artificial insemination. No abnormalities were observed in genetically dystrophic muscle until day-19. These lesions were very infrequent and appeared only in myofibers; myotubes were unaffected. A wide spectrum of pathology was observed, ranging from fibers with only swollen sarcoplasmic reticulum to those with myofibrils out of register and finally to fibers with retraction clots, severe contraction bands and coagulation necrosis. The pathology became more predominant and prevalent with age, but was absent in all normal muscle examined and in all early myoblasts and myotubes of both normal and dystrophic tissue. The results of this study indicate that the earliest morphological signs of this disorder are found in the swollen sarcoplasmic reticulum and suggests that the process of early muscle development is unaffected by dystrophy.
ATMOSPHERIC WAVES IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Abstract I. The flow of air in vertical planes across the Rocky Mountains is studied through the potential-temperature distribution. Sinusoidal configurations of the isentropes are observed which seem to correspond to theoretical patterns, i.e., wide separation of isentropic surfaces (low stability) and ascent overlying descent in the lee with a nodal surface at 17,000-20,000 ft. This configuration is consistent with known distributions of chinook-arch clouds and hail. Another pattern with a very low nodal surface and a second node at 30,000 ft is found. The occurrence of this second pattern may be a function of high stability. The theoretical interpretation of these phenomena is discussed. II. A theoretically likely relationship between the development of lee troughs and migratory pressure waves is pointed out. The mechanism of cyclogenesis is demonstrated by mean maps giving the life history of lee-side development. This deepening depends upon the twofold effect of a Pacific low entering the west coast....
Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to immune dysfunction in a murine model of trauma

Abstract Background. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), the inducible form of Cox, is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and other eicosanoids possess immunosuppressive properties. Previously, traumatic injury was found to stimulate the synthesis of PGs and cause immune dysfunction. In this study a murine model was used to determine the effect of trauma on the expression of Cox-2 in macrophages and to elucidate the role of Cox-2 in trauma-induced immune dysfunction. Methods. Mice were randomized to control or trauma (femur fracture plus 40% blood volume hemorrhage) groups. One, 4, and 7 days after injury, splenic macrophages were isolated and assayed for expression of Cox-2 and production of PGE2. In addition, the effect of pharmacologically inhibiting Cox-2 or knocking out the Cox-2 gene on trauma-induced suppression of splenocyte mitogenesis was determined. Results. Trauma led to increased expression of Cox-2, enhanced synthesis of PGE2, and suppressed splenocyte mitogenesis. Both pharmacologic inhibition and genetic deletion of Cox-2 abrogated trauma-mediated suppression of splenocyte mitogenesis. Conclusions. These experiments link trauma-induced increases in Cox-2 expression and PGE2 production to reduced immune function. Cox-2 represents a potential pharmacologic target to prevent or reverse trauma-induced immunosuppression. (Surgery 2001;130:826-33.)
Frequency estimation error in Pisarenko harmonic decomposition method

The dependency of the variance of the Pisarenko harmonic decomposition method frequency estimation on the record length, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the difference of underlying frequencies is shown. Extensive simulations were performed and consistent results were observed. >
Effects of FGF-2/-9 in calvarial bone cell cultures: differentiation stage-dependent mitogenic effect, inverse regulation of BMP-2 and noggin, and enhancement of osteogenic potential.

Systemically administered fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) show anabolic effects on bone formation in animals, whereas in vitro cell culture studies have demonstrated that FGFs block mineralized bone nodule formation. These apparently contradictory outcomes indicate that the nature of FGF action is complex and that the biological effect of FGFs may depend on the differentiation stage of osteoblasts, interaction with other cytokines, or the length and mode of exposure to factors. Thus, we have utilized primary calvarial bone cell populations at different maturation phases to determine their responses to 2, FGF-9, and BMP-2, the factors expressed in bone. FGF-2 and FGF-9 stimulated proliferation of the cell populations consisting of more mature osteoblasts, but not those with undifferentiated precursor cells. Continuous treatment with FGF-2/-9 inhibited expression of several osteoblast marker genes and mineralization. However, brief pretreatment with FGF-2/-9 or sequential treatment with FGF-2/-9 followed by BMP-2 led to marked stimulation of mineralization, suggesting that FGFs enhance the intrinsic osteogenic potential. Furthermore, FGF-2 and FGF-9 increased expression of other osteogenic factors BMP-2 and TGFβ-1. Meanwhile, blocking endogenous FGF signaling, using a virally transduced dominant-negative FGF receptor (FgfR), resulted in drastically reduced expression of the BMP-2 gene, demonstrating for the first time that endogenous FGF/FgfR signaling is a positive upstream regulator of the BMP-2 gene in calvarial osteoblasts. In contrast, expression of a BMP antagonist noggin was inhibited by FGF-2 and FGF-9. Thus, collective data from this study suggest that FGF/FgfR signaling enhances the intrinsic osteogenic potential by selectively expanding committed osteogenic cell populations as well as inversely regulating BMP-2 and noggin gene expression.
Assay of thrombopoietin utilizing human sera and urine fractions.

Abstract Thrombopoietin was detected in fractions of human urine from thrombocytopenic donors and patients exhibiting thrombocytosis by use of a bioassay system. TSF-rich urinary fractions and a plasma fraction containing TSF from a thrombocytopenic patient were used to ummunize rabbits. The immune sera were used for the detection of TSF in human sera by use of hemagglutination-inhibition techniques. The results of these preliminary experiments indicate that TSF can be detected by both a bioassay and an immunoassay in sera of patients with various platelet production disorders.
Ventricular preexcitation sensitive to flecainide in late stage chick embryo ECGs: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin impairs inotropic but not chronotropic or dromotropic responses to isoproterenol and confers resistance to flecainide.

Abstract ECGs free of movement artefacts were obtained without anesthesia in 16- to 18-day-old chick embryos close to hatching and used to study the effect of the environmental toxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on cardiac rhythm and conduction. The ECGs of normal late stage chick embryos exhibited short PR intervals, frequent nonisoelectric PR segments, delta waves, and inverted T waves. Those ECG characteristics are found in patients with the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) in which they reflect ventricular preexcitation associated with the use of accessory conduction pathways and arrhythmias. Isoproterenol (30 μg/egg) did not alter the ECG preexcitation characteristics. Flecainide, a sodium channel blocker used clinically to suppress WPW accessory pathway activity, at 0.5 to 5 mg per egg diminished the preexcitation and caused atrioventricular (AV) block, supporting the use of accessory pathways together with AV-nodal conduction in normal late stage chick embryos. The findings challenge the dogma that accessory pathways are entirely replaced by AV conduction pathways in late fetal development. TCDD, at 1–2 nmol per egg for 48 h, did not affect heart rate, the increase in heart rate by isoproterenol, or the ECG characteristics, suggesting that short-term TCDD treatment did not affect sinus node function or cardiac conduction. The latter results taken together with prior findings indicate that TCDD differentially impairs the inotropic and lusitropic effects but not the chronotropic or dromotropic effects of isoproterenol. In TCDD-treated embryos, flecainide, tested at 5 mg per egg, caused much less inhibition of preexcitation or production of AV block than in the untreated or solvent-treated controls. The resistance to flecainide represents a new TCDD effect consistent with the reported increase of cardiac myocyte [Ca2+]i by TCDD treatment.
Estimation of snow properties using multiparameter SAR

Seasonal snow cover is an important component in investigations of land-surface climate and hydrology. This study summarizes the recent progresses of using multi-parameter SAR in estimating snow properties. These progresses include (1) mapping snow cover, (2) estimating snow wetness, (3) estimating snow density, and (4) estimating snow depth and grain size. We demonstrate these progresses using SIR-C/X-SAR image data that was taken in 1994 in Mammoth Mtn., California, U.S.A.
Social dominance and individual aggressiveness

Male rats exhibiting high, moderate, or low levels of offensive aggressive behavior in interactions with intruders in their home cage were grouped in mixed-sex colonies with 1 male of each aggression-level group in each colony. Agonistic interactions measured 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 22 days after colony formation indicated that highly aggressive males on pretests continued to be more aggressive, becoming the dominant colony male in five of seven colonies and attacking intruders more often than less aggressive males. In the two remaining colonies the moderately aggressive male became dominant. This relationship, which was consistent over a number of indices, including offensive and defensive behaviors, and wound counts and wound sites, was seen even when a substantial weight differential favored the less aggressive animal. Dominance relationships were rapidly established and within-group fighting declined significantly over the 21-day test period. Pretest offensive levels also influenced the behavior of subordinates, with high or moderately aggressive subordinates showing more defense in interactions with dominants and receiving more wounds than did low-aggression subordinates. Dominant males also showed more defense in interacting with those subordinates which had been more aggressive during pretests. This pattern of results suggests that aggression level of the subordinate as well as the dominant may be an important factor determining the intensity of agonistic interactions in male rats.
PI3K activates negative and positive signals to regulate TRB3 expression in hepatic cells.

TRB3 is a pseudokinase whose expression is regulated during stress response and changing of nutrient status. TRB3 negatively regulates Akt activation and noticeably, TRB3 expression is induced by insulin. Here, we sought to determine the dynamic relationship between TRB3 expression and Akt activation. We find that insulin induces TRB3 expression in cell type dependent manner such that in hepatic cells and adipocytes but not Beta cells and muscle cells. In Fao hepatoma cells, induction of TRB3 expression by insulin restrains Akt activation and renders Akt refractory to further activation. In addition, we have also analyzed the roles of PI3K and its downstream kinases Akt and atypical PKC in TRB3 expression. Induction of TRB3 expression by insulin requires PI3K. However, inactivation of Akt enhances TRB3 expression whereas inhibition of PKCζ expression impairs TRB3 expression induced by insulin. Our data demonstrated that PI3K conveys both negative and positive signals to TRB3 expression. We suggest that insulin-induced TRB3 expression functions as an indicator how multiple insulin-induced signal transduction pathways are balanced.
Fibroproliferation in LPS-induced airway remodeling and bleomycin-induced fibrosis share common patterns of gene expression

Chronic LPS inhalation causes submucosal thickening and airway narrowing. To address the hypothesis that environmental airway disease is, in part, a fibroproliferative lung disease, we exposed C57BL/6 mice daily to LPS by inhalation for up to 2 months followed by 1 month of recovery. C57BL/6 mice exposed to daily inhaled LPS had significantly enhanced mRNA expression of TGF-β1, TIMP-1, fibronectin-1, and pro-collagen types I, III, and IV and show prominent submucosal expression of the myofibroblast markers desmin and α-smooth muscle actin. To further characterize global gene expression in airway fibroproliferation, we performed microarray analysis on total lung RNA from mice exposed to LPS both acutely and chronically. This analysis revealed a subset of genes typically associated with lung injury and repair, and ECM homeostasis. To further identify candidate genes specifically involved in generic fibroproliferation, we interrogated this analysis with genes induced in C57BL/6 mouse lung by bleomycin. This analysis yielded a list of 212 genes in common suggesting that there is a common subset of genes that regulate fibroproliferation in the lung independent of etiologic agent and site of injury.
Compact divided-pupil line-scanning confocal microscope for investigation of human tissues

Divided-pupil line-scanning confocal microscopy (DPLSCM) can provide a simple and low-cost approach for imaging of human tissues with pathology-like nuclear and cellular detail. Using results from a multidimensional numerical model of DPLSCM, we found optimal pupil configurations for improved axial sectioning, as well as control of speckle noise in the case of reflectance imaging. The modeling results guided the design and construction of a simple (10 component) microscope, packaged within the footprint of an iPhone, and capable of cellular resolution. We present the optical design with experimental video-images of in-vivo human tissues.
SU-E-T-418: Evaluation of Peripheral Dose for SRS Treatment Radiations with the VIS CyberKnife: A Phantom Study

Purpose: : Stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) procedures are known to deliver a very high dose per fraction and thus, the increased risk of secondary types of cancer due to increased peripheral dose could be a limiting factor for the long term survival of the patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the peripheral dose (PD) received at preselected anatomical sites in an anthropomorphic phantom for treatments of intracranial lesions with the CyberRnife. Methods: Eight patients treated using the CyberRnife were selected for this study. Organs at risk and target were delineated on volumetric CT data and treatment planning (Multiplan v.4.5.0) was optimized accordingly, in order to achieve the required prescribed target dose and critical structures sparing for each patient. The final treatment plan was delivered with a CyberRnife VIS (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) operating with a dose rate of 1000 MU/min at a flattening filter free mode and upgraded shielding. We performed our measurements using a male anthropomorphic RANDO phantom (Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., Stamford, CT). Groups of three TLD 100 were placed anteriorly inside RANDO at a depth of 5 cm at locations corresponding to the thyroid, breast or lung, uterus and inferior abdomen for each treatment plan. Results: The average percentage dose normalized to the prescribed dose for the thyroid gland was 0.92+0.23 % with a max of 1.95%. The maximum reduction of the PD (expressed as percentage of the prescribed dose) was 80% between the thyroid gland and the lower pelvic area. Similarly the PD normalized to the number of MU showed an average of 0.84×10−3 (cGy/MU), with a max of 0.0025 (cGy/MU) for the thyroid gland region. Conclusions: It is evident that the PD is proportional to the number of MU as well as to the prescribed dose. These correlations can be utilized to estimate the PD during intracranial treatments.
Promoting Cultural Competencies for Teachers of Students with Significant Disabilities

Providing comprehensive services to students with significant support needs is a complex and challenging endeavor because of the uniqueness of a wide range of conditions and variables that impact o...
Gallium distribution in coal of late permian coal fields, southwestern China, and its geochemical characteristics in the oxidized zone of coal seams

Abstract This is a preliminary study of the distribution of gallium in coal of Late Permian coal fields, southwestern China, an area of over 100,000 km2. Approximately 4000 chemical analyses of gallium have been completed and are cited in the paper. In addition, over 2400 pairs of determinations were made of gallium-aluminum contents. 1. (1) Both gallium content and KGA ratio (Ga·104/Al) vary considerably, suggesting that geochemical environments in certain parts of the original peat swamp caused thorough separation of gallium and aluminum. This separation of gallium and aluminum in peat swamps is a function of their respective geochemical properties, as well as their varying responses to changes in the pH of swamp waters. It also appears that KGA values of coal are useful in reconstructing certain geochemical aspects of the parent peat swamp environment. 2. (2) Three genetic types of gallium distribution are distinguished according to the gallium content in coal ash, the habitus (e.g. an organic or inorganic affinity) of gallium occurrence in coal, and the KGA ratio, which indicates the extent of gallium-aluminum separation. These are: (1) residuum type; (2) synsedimentary gallium-rich type; and (3) synsedimentary gallium-poor type. There are close genetic associations among these types; they are distributed spatially in conformity with specific laws. Recognition and application of these laws are of great significance in both gallium reconnaissance studies as well as in exploration for gallium-rich zones within large coal fields. 3. (3) The geochemical behavior of gallium varies remarkably in the oxidized zone of coal seams. In the case of a low-sulfur coal seam, gallium associates closely with aluminum and the KGA ratio shows little variation between the oxidized and nonoxidized portions of a coal bed. In the case of a high-sulfur coal seam, the formation of sulfuric acid results in highly acidic interstitial waters. In this case, gallium in the upper portion of oxidized zones undergoes acid-leaching and hydrolysis. Precipitation of dissolved gallium sulfate (Ga2(SO4)3·nH2O) takes place in lower parts of the oxidized zones as pH increases, giving rise to a secondary gallium enrichment. For a coal inherently rich in gallium, such secondary enrichment may be of economic importance.
Host bone-marrow cells are a source of donor intimal smooth- muscle-like cells in murine aortic transplant arteriopathy.

Long-term solid-organ allografts typically develop diffuse arterial intimal lesions (graft arterial disease; GAD), consisting of smooth-muscle cells (SMC), extracellular matrix and admixed mononuclear leukocytes. GAD eventually culminates in vascular stenosis and ischemic graft failure. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, chronic low-level alloresponses likely induce inflammatory cells and/or dysfunctional vascular wall cells to secrete growth factors that promote SMC intimal recruitment, proliferation and matrix synthesis1,2,3. Although prior work demonstrated that the endothelium and medial SMCs lining GAD lesions in cardiac allografts are donor-derived, the intimal SMC origin could not be determined4. They are generally presumed to originate from the donor media5, leading to interventions that target donor medial SMC proliferation, with limited efficacy6,7. However, other reports indicate that allograft vessels may contain host-derived endothelium and SMCs (refs. 8,9). Moreover, subpopulations of bone-marrow and circulating cells can differentiate into endothelium10,11, and implanted synthetic vascular grafts are seeded by host SMCs and endothelium12,13. Here we used murine aortic transplants to formally identify the source of SMCs in GAD lesions. Allografts in β-galactosidase transgenic recipients showed that intimal SMCs derived almost exclusively from host cells. Bone-marrow transplantation of β-galactosidase–expressing cells into aortic allograft recipients demonstrated that intimal cells included those of marrow origin. Thus, smooth-muscle–like cells in GAD lesions can originate from circulating bone-marrow–derived precursors.
The mode of composition of a text

(1976). The mode of composition of a text. Journal of Applied Statistics: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 39-48.
Older Youth Leaving the Foster Care System: Who, What, When, Where, and Why?

Abstract Little research has systematically examined the transition process out of the foster care system for older youth, especially in states where youth can stay past age 18. This study uses mixed-methods data from 404 youth from Missouri, interviewed nine times between ages 17 and 19 to explore five questions. Who exits before age 19 and who stays? When do they exit? Where do they go? What are the circumstances of their exits? Do they want to exit and if so, why? Youth, especially those with externalizing behavior problems, left before they were required, often abruptly and dissatisfied with the foster care system. A large number of youth returned to their biological homes and those that remained in the system often lived in their own apartments. Efforts are needed to make remaining in care tolerable to youth who want to stay and transitioning out of care for those who want to leave a positive, thoughtful experience.
Seasonal Kinetic Energy Variability of Near-Inertial Motions

Seasonal variability of near-inertial horizontal kinetic energy is examined using observations from a series of McLane Moored Profiler moorings located at 398N, 698W in the western North Atlantic Ocean in combination with a one-dimensional, depth-integrated kinetic energy model. The time-mean kinetic energy and shear vertical wavenumber spectra of the high-frequency motions at the mooring site are in reasonable agreement with the Garrett‐Munk internal wave description. Time series of depth-dependent and depthintegrated near-inertial kinetic energy are calculated from available mooring data after filtering to isolate near-inertial-frequency motions. These data document a pronounced seasonal cycle featuring a wintertime maximum in the depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy deriving chiefly from the variability in the upper 500 m of the water column.The seasonal signal in the near-inertial kinetic energy is most prominentfor motions with vertical wavelengths greater than 100 m but observable wintertime enhancement is seen down to wavelengths of the order of 10 m. Rotary vertical wavenumber spectra exhibit a dominance of clockwisewith-depth energy, indicative of downward energy propagation and implying a surface energy source. A simple depth-integrated near-inertial kinetic energy model consisting of a wind forcing term and a dissipation term captures the order of magnitude of the observed near-inertial kinetic energy as well as its seasonal cycle.
Working memory and memory loss in neurodegenerative disease.

translational researchCognitive impairment is a troubling co-morbid consequence of many neurode-generative diseases that often negatively impacts day-to-day activities, results in unemployment and leads to reductions in quality of life. Long-term memory (LTM) is one commonly impaired system; how-ever, there is significant variability across patients. Some individuals experience LTM loss while others with similar cer-ebral insults may not. The heterogeneity across patients has been accounted for, in part, by the theory of Cognitive Reserve (CR), which suggests that the behaviors that people engage in over the course of their lifetime may protect them from the negative cognitive consequences of neu-rodegeneration
Mode conversion effects in multi-Gbps telecommunications blade system

Prediction of radiation from multilayer circuit boards is an important problem which is of interest to the design of digital system such as servers. In particular, signal mode conversion as the result of undesired imbalances in the board interconnects plays a significant role in the generation of noise emission. In this paper, we investigate methods for modeling common/differential mode conversion from relatively complex interconnection structures in a multi-Gbps system using a systematic approach. The strong correlation of good signal integrity practices to electromagnetic emission is discussed with emphasis on key structure contributors. The electrical modeling of key contributors (such as vias, connectors, traces, manufacturing techniques, etc.) to undesired mode conversion effects is also presented in a telecommunication blade environment.
Sodium/hydrogen-exchanger inhibition during cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass: an experimental study.

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine whether pretreatment with a sodium/hydrogen-exchange inhibitor (EMD 96 785) improves myocardial performance and reduces myocardial edema after cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Anesthetized dogs (n = 13) were instrumented with vascular catheters, myocardial ultrasonic crystals, and left ventricular micromanometers to measure preload recruitable stroke work, maximum rate of pressure rise (positive and negative), and left ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure. Cardiac output was measured by means of thermodilution. Myocardial tissue water content was determined from sequential biopsy. After baseline measurements, hypothermic (28°C) cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated. Cardioplegic arrest (4°C Bretschneider crystalloid cardioplegic solution) was maintained for 2 hours, followed by reperfusion-rewarming and separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. Preload recruitable stroke work and myocardial tissue water content were measured at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after bypass. EMD 96 785 (3 mg/kg) was given 15 minutes before bypass, and 2 μmol was given in the cardioplegic solution. Control animals received the same volume of saline vehicle. Arterial-coronary sinus lactate difference was similar in both animals receiving EMD 96 785 and control animals, suggesting equivalent myocardial ischemia in each group. Results: Myocardial tissue water content increased from baseline in both animals receiving EMD 96 785 and control animals with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest but was statistically lower in animals receiving EMD 96 785 compared with control animals (range, 1.0%-1.5% lower in animals receiving EMD 96 785). Preload recruitable stroke work decreased from baseline (97 ± 2 mm Hg) at 30 (59 ± 6 mm Hg) and 60 (72 ± 9 mm Hg) minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest in control animals; preload recruitable stroke work did not decrease from baseline (98 ± 2 mm Hg) in animals receiving EMD 96 785 and was statistically greater at 30 (88 ± 5 mm Hg) and 60 (99 ± 4 mm Hg) minutes after bypass and arrest compared with control animals. Conclusions: Sodium/hydrogen-exchanger inhibition decreases myocardial edema immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest and improves preload recruitable stroke work. Sodium/hydrogen-exchange inhibition during cardiac procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest may be a useful adjunct to improve myocardial performance in the immediate postbypass or arrest period. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:959-66
Adaptive photodetection using wavemixing and real-time holography with application to laser-based ultrasound, remote sensing, and laser communication

Summary form only given. A fundamental requirement of coherent detection systems for optimal performance is the necessity for wavefront-matching of a received signal to that of a local oscillator. In light of the potential applications of lasers to remote sensing for manufacturing process control using laser-based ultrasound and the renewed interest in free-space optical communication networks, the optics community has been motivated to examine how one can improve the performance of coherent receivers in the face of highly aberrated signal beams. In general, the antenna theorem states that a huge penalty in signal-to-noise is experienced (upwards of 30 dB) when dealing with signals that contain many spatial modes. It is therefore incumbent that one consider real-time methods to provide for beam clean-up or wavefront-matching of dynamically varying phase-fronts to a local oscillator. In this tutorial, we discuss and compare a variety of nonlinear optical techniques to achieve these goals. Examples include phase-conjugate mirrors, double-pumped phase-conjugate mirrors, two-wave mixers, and nonsteady-state photo-induced EMF sensors. The latter has the novel property of combining real-time holographic wavefront-matching with photoconductive detection, all in a single nonlinear optical element. The elegance of all these devices is that they proceed via "all-optical" techniques and do not require computationally intensive processing.
Overcoming Barriers to Ecologically Sensitive Land Management: Conservation Subdivisions, Green Developments, and the Development of a Land Ethic

Recently, a number of “green” developments have been built. Green developments will reach their potential only if residents understand the design, support the goals, and act as responsible land managers. However, studies by psychologists, anthropologists, environmental educators, and economists show that even knowledgeable, well-intentioned people frequently fail to adopt proenvironmental behaviors. This article identifies three categories of potential barriers to better individual land management: barriers to recognizing environmental problems, internal barriers to action, and external barriers to action. Two case studies show that unless barriers are addressed through education or design, individuals probably will not adopt more ecologically sensitive practices. Both cases are in the tallgrass prairie ecoregion.
Civic Community Approaches to Rural Development in the South: Discussion

It has been my good fortune to know Torn Lyson and Ken Robinson when they were very early in their careers. Tom was a colleague at Clemson University for a few years before departing for the icy hills of Ithaca. Ken earned his undergraduate degree in community and rural development at Clemson University before moving on to the LBJ School of Public Policy at the University of Texas where he, no doubt, was energized for his later doctoral studies at Cornell by the intellect and charisma of Barbara Jordan. Although I do not have a personal connection with Ralph Christy, suffice it to say that he was on the faculty at Louisiana State Univer4ity for a \ubstantial period before hi\ move to Cornell, and his economic development work is widely known and highly regarded. My main reason for reflecting on thew connections is to emphasize that the authors have significant grass roots experience with development problems in the rural South. Fur from being simply academic theorists from "the outside," these authors are well equipped to addre\s the nuts-and-bolts iswes of how a civic community model (CCM) can be developed to address persistent problems of development in the r ~ ~ r a l South. The goal of their paper is to explore the potential for civic community theory as all alternative to the neoclassical model of rural development. My rnain conclusion is that there
Teaching Activities Exchange: A Regional Report

A teaching activities exchange at a regional psychology convention is described. The exchange included 12 poster presentations of teaching innovations at the undergraduate level. We describe this activity as a model for continuing education programs appropriate for academic psychologists and suggest that similar programs should be held at other regional psychology conventions. We also include some information about those who attended our session, as well as suggestions about how to organize similar exchanges.
Economic Policy in the Face of Severe Tail Events

From time to time, something occurs which is outside the range of normal expectations. We will call these “tail events” in the sense that they are way out of the tail of a probability distribution. I consider the question of the implications of tail events for economic policy and climate-change economics. This issue has been analyzed by Martin Weitzman who proposed a Dismal Theorem. The general idea is that, under limited conditions concerning the structure of uncertainty and risk aversion, society has an indefinitely large expected loss from high-consequence, low-probability events. Under such conditions, standard economic tools such as cost-benefit analysis cannot be applied. The present study is intended to put the Dismal Theorem in context and examine the range of its relevance, with an application to catastrophic climate change. I conclude that tail events are sometimes of extreme importance, and we must be extremely careful to include them in situations of deep uncertainty. However, we conclude that no loaded gun of strong tail dominance has been uncovered to date.
Measurement of multiplicity and momentum spectra in the current and target regions of the Breit frame in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA

Charged particle production in neutral current deep inelastic scattering (DIS) has been studied using the ZEUS detector. The evolution of the mean multiplicities, scaled momenta and transverse momenta in $Q^2$ and x for $ 10 < Q^2 < 5120 {\rm GeV^2}$ and $x > 6\times 10^{-4}$ has been investigated in the current and target fragmentation regions of the Breit frame. Distributions in the target region, using HERA data for the first time, are compared to distributions in the current region. Predictions based on MLLA and LPHD are inconsistent with the data.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF TWO CATEGORIES OF ASSESSMENT CENTER DIMENSION RATINGS

The construct validity of assessment center final dimension ratings was examined within a nomologicai network of cognitive and personality measures. Four hundred forty-one employees of a large mid-western petroleum company were assessed on 11 dimensions in two broad categories and completed four tests. Results showed that several cognitive ability measures related more strongly to performance-s tyle dimension ratings than to interpersonal -style dimension ratings, providing evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Correlation analysis and factor analysis support the two a priori interpersonal- and performance-style categories. The results suggest that final dimension ratings possess construct validity and that assessors can differentiate between two broad categories of assessment dimensions.
The Role Faculty Scholarship Plays In Producing Economics Ph.D.S From Liberal Arts Colleges

This paper investigates how faculty scholarship by economics professors at elite liberal arts colleges in the United States is related to the rate at which college graduates eventually earn a Ph.D. in economics. On the surface it appears that faculty scholarship is strongly and positively correlated with producing Ph.D. students. Using a multi-variable regression model that includes several college characteristics, however, what really drives the production of Ph.D. students is enrolling high ability students.