cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Waveguide Methods for Educing Liner Impedance in Grazing Flow

Acoustic measurements taken with several liners in a flow impedance tube are used to assess two waveguide methods, the single mode method (SMM) and the finite element method (FEM), for impedance eduction in the presence of uniform grazing flow. Both methods use complex acoustic pressure data acquired over the liner length to educe the liner impedance. The SMM is based on the assumption that the sound pressure level and phase decay rates of a single progressive mode can be extracted from the measured complex acoustic pressures. No a priori assumptions are made in the FEM regarding the measured data. For no-flow conditions, the accuracy of each method is demonstrated by the excellent agreement between no-flow impedances educed in a grazing incidence tube and those acquired in a normal incidence tube. For grazing flow conditions (Mach numbers up to 0.5), the relative accuracy of the two waveguide methods is demonstrated by comparing the impedances educed with the FEM to the corresponding results for the SMM. Significant discrepancies occur for both methods for tests conducted at 0.5 kHz. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are explored with, as yet, no clear answer. Above 0.5 kHz, the results indicate the SMM can be used when the acoustic pressure profile is dominated by a single progressive mode, whereas the FEM can be used for all cases.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment in the older cancer patient: coming of age in clinical cancer care.

Cancer care at the extremes of life, in the young and the old, is characterized by unique issues associated with pediatrics and geriatric medicine, accentuated by the special vulnerabilities of these groups. In response to these needs, the field of pediatric oncology has been well honed to deal with the special problems associated with juvenile cancer patients. While most adult oncologists consider themselves well prepared to deal with older cancer patients, the current expansion of the geriatric population – their variable levels of fitness, frailty and vulnerability, the fact that cancer is primarily a disease of older adults, the significant expansion of agents and approaches to treat cancer, as well as their resultant toxicities and complications – has led to the development of specialized geriatric oncologists. Moreover, the special characteristics and needs of these patients have led to the evolution of new guidelines for evaluation, management and the conduct of research in older patients with cancer.
A short proof of the levy continuity theorem in Hilbert space

A short proof of the Levy continuity theorem in Hilbert space. In the theory of the normal distribution on a real Hilbert spaceH, certain functionsφ have been shown by L. Gross to give rise to random variablesφ∼ in a natural way; in particular, this is the case for functions which are “uniformly τ-continuous near zero”. Among such functions are the characteristic functionsφ of probability distributionsm onH, given byφ(y)=∫e i(y,x)dm(x). The following analogue of the Levy continuity theorem has been proved by Gross: Letφ j be the characteristic function of the probability measurem j onH, Then necessary and sufficient that ∫f dm j → ∫f dm for some probability measurem and all bounded continuousf, is that there exists a functionφ, uniformly τ-continuous near zero, withφ j∼ →φ∼ in probability.φ turns out, of course, to be the characteristic function ofm. In the present paper we give a short proof of this theorem.
A Potent Novel Anti-HIV Protein from the Cultured Cyanobacterium Scytonema varium†

A new anti-HIV protein, scytovirin, was isolated from aqueous extracts of the cultured cyanobacterium Scytonema varium. The protein displayed potent anticytopathic activity against laboratory strains and primary isolates of HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 22 nM. Scytovirin binds to viral coat proteins gp120, gp160, and gp41 but not to cellular receptor CD4 or other tested proteins. This unique protein consists of a single 95-amino acid chain with significant internal sequence duplication and 10 cysteines forming five intrachain disulfide bonds.
Duality theory for discrete-time linear systems

Abstract Previous duality theories for discrete-time linear systems over a field K have been restricted to cases in which the input, state, and output spaces are finite dimensional. Direct attempts to extend such a theory to infinite-dimensional systems fail, because the category K-LS of linear spaces over the field K is not self-dual and hence does not, by itself, provide an adequate framework for a general duality theory of discrete linear systems. Instead, it is necessary to consider categories of linearly topologized spaces over K, and to use topological rather than algebraic duals. With this approach, the dimensionality of the system is of no consequence, and so finite- and infinite-dimensional systems are handled with equal ease. A general categorical duality of discrete-time linear systems is first developed within the framework of the self-dual category K-DP of dual pairs over K, so that the essential character of the theory is algebraic rather than topological. K-DP is equivalent to sK-LTS, the category of weak linearly topologized spaces, and also to kK-LTS, the category of Mackey linearly topologized spaces. This provides a linearlytopologized-space framework for discrete-time linear systems, with topological dualization the underlying duality functor. An alternative theory of duality in which the system is modeled directly in K-LS is also presented. Using the duality of maximal and minimal dual pairs, the category cK-LTS of linearly compact, linearly topologized spaces, and not K-LS, is seen to be the proper framework for studying the duals of machines in K-LS. Again, topological dualization is the underlying duality functor.
Survival after metformin-associated lactic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis-dependent renal failure

caused by immune complex formation, by paraproteins, with subsequent complement activation.” This mechanism is not likely in our patient because of the absence of cryoglobulins, the negative Clq binding assay, and the absence of immune complexes in the biopsy. Antibody activity against neuronal tissue, like MAG antibodies, as a possible mechanism of neuropathy7 has also been excluded in our patient. We conclude that the vasculitis in this patient is not related to the multiple myeloma but to the PAN. The presence of cANCA and antibodies against PR3 further support this diagnosis.” The role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of vasculitis, however, remains unknown. M etformin (MET), a dimethylbiguanide antihyperglycemic agent, has shown promise for its efficacy in improving glycemic control while causing adipose tissue and weight loss in obese non-insulindependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients.‘-” Unlike its predecessor, phenformin, which was removed from the US market in the 197Os, MET has less propensity for causing lactic acidosis, although in certain subgroups of patients, including those with renal insufficiency in whom MET elimination is decreased, the risk of lactic acidosis remains a serious concern.“,” Well-documented cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) in patients with chronic renal failure are few,i,8 and to our knowledge, no case of MALA has been reported in a patient already on peritoneal dialysis (PD).“,‘” We describe MALA in a renal failure patient on PD who was inadvertantly given MET and survived this life-threatening complication.
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for reliable, sensitive and simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in citrus trees

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay was developed to detect six RNA and one DNA citrus virus: Citrus leaf rugose virus (CLRV), Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), Citrus variegation virus (CVV), Citrus yellow mosaic virus (CYMV), and Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) from citrus plants. These seven viruses are classified in six different virus genera. Degenerate primers were designed based on the respective virus isolate sequence data available from the GenBank and were used for reliable detection of the different viruses by simplex- and mPCR. The sensitive and simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA viruses using the mPCR decreases the risk of contamination, saves time and reduces the cost as compared to other conventional methods for citrus virus detection. Seven different fragments (245-942 bp) specific to the viruses were simultaneously amplified using mPCR and were identified on the basis of their molecular sizes. The consistent results of the mPCR were compared with simplex PCR for detection of each virus pathogen. The mPCR results were confirmed with sequencing analysis. The mPCR provides a useful rapid method for detecting multiple viruses in citrus plants that will aid in the production of virus-free citrus plants for certification programs.
Detection and rapid differentiation of glucosamine, galactosamine, glucosamine uronic acid, and galactosamine uronic acid.

Abstract A method is presented for the rapid differentiation, on a micro scale, of glucosamine, galactosamine, glucosamine uronic acid, and galactosamine uronic acid by paper electrophoresis of their deamination products in borate buffer. A new spray reagent for the specific detection of the 2-amino-2-deoxy sugars is also described; this is based on the color given by their deamination products with indole.
Oxygen-rich GaN ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) surfaces: First-principles total energy calculations

First-principles total energy calculations are employed to identify stable oxygen induced reconstructions of the $\mathrm{GaN}(10\overline{1}0)$ surface. The calculations show that the surface energy is lowered by O segregation to N-sites at the surface. Under O-rich conditions, it is favorable for O to replace the N in the top two layers. In the resulting structure, designated $2({\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{N}})$, the surface Ga atoms act as acceptors, i.e., the Ga dangling-bond orbitals are occupied by two electrons. This is a new stabilization mechanism for $\mathrm{GaN}$ surfaces. The possibility that this reconstruction plays a role in the formation of nanopipes in O-rich $\mathrm{GaN}$ is discussed.
Salivary gland determination in Drosophila: a salivary-specific, fork head enhancer integrates spatial pattern and allows fork head autoregulation.

In the early Drosophila embryo, a system of coordinates is laid down by segmentation genes and dorsoventral patterning genes. Subsequently, these coordinates must be interpreted to define particular tissues and organs. To begin understanding this process for a single organ, we have studied how one of the first salivary gland genes, fork head (fkh), is turned on in the primordium of this organ, the salivary placode. A placode-specific fkh enhancer was identified 10 kb from the coding sequence. Dissection of this enhancer showed that the apparently homogeneous placode is actually composed of at least four overlapping domains. These domains appear to be developmentally important because they predict the order of salivary invagination, are evolutionarily conserved, and are regulated by patterning genes that are important for salivary development. Three dorsoventral domains are defined by EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling, while stripes located at the anterior and posterior edges of the placode depend on wingless signaling. Further analysis identified sites in the enhancer that respond either positively to the primary activator of salivary gland genes, SEX COMBS REDUCED (SCR), or negatively to EGFR signaling. These results show that fkh integrates spatial pattern directly, without reference to other early salivary gland genes. In addition, we identified a binding site for FKH protein that appears to act in fkh autoregulation, keeping the gene active after SCR has disappeared from the placode. This autoregulation may explain how the salivary gland maintains its identity after the organ is established. Although the fkh enhancer integrates information needed to define the salivary placode, and although fkh mutants have the most extreme effects on salivary gland development thus far described, we argue that fkh is not a selector gene for salivary gland development and that there is no master, salivary gland selector gene. Instead, several genes independently sense spatial information and cooperate to define the salivary placode.
A semi-analytical method of factorial rotation to simple structure

A factorial rotational method is presented which represents a compromise between the use of subjective judgment characteristic of graphical methods and the routine application of analytical methods. At present the analytical methods seem to be inadequate for the discovery of a simple structure, while graphical methods require more subjective judgment. The method herein presented locates the axes for subgroups of tests by an analytical method. The judgments used in the selection of subgroups are based on graphic data concerning interrelation of the factors.
Indicators of soil fertility and opportunities for precontact agriculture in Kona, Hawai'i

The distribution, mode, and intensity of agriculture both influence and are influenced by the natural environment. Soil fertility indicators that correlate with the intensification of dryland agriculture in pre-contact Hawai'i have been mapped across the Hawaiian archipelago. We investigated these soil fertility indicators and agricultural development in the unique environment of Kona, Hawai'i, the largest, culturally most significant, and geologically youngest of the dryland field systems in Hawai'i. Agriculture was intensified systematically on substrates ≥4,000 years old with appropriate climate and fertility in Kona, in keeping with archipelago-wide analyses. In comparison with other dryland agricultural systems in Hawaii, we found that soil fertility indicators used to predict pre-European agricultural intensification are shifted towards lower rainfall on the younger geological substrates of Kona. For example, base saturation reached low levels (<30%) at ∼1200 mm/yr rainfall on 1,200 year old substrate and at ∼1400 mm/yr on 7,500 year old substrate in Kona, versus ∼1800 mm/yr on 150,000 year old substrate on Kohala Volcano. We suggest that this difference reflects a kinetic, rather than an irreversible, limitation to soil fertility in Kona, and we discuss how this difference could have influenced opportunities for agricultural intensification and the distribution of agroecological zones.
Inviscid melt spinning (IMS); as spun amorphous alumina fibers

Abstract Inviscid melt spinning (IMS) was developed nearly two decades ago to spin metal (primarily, stainless steel) fibers from low viscosity melts in a chemically reactive environment (O 2 , H 2 S, NH 3 ). This paper evaluates 17 IMS alumina-calcia fibers (50–80% Al 2 O 3 ) which were melt spun into propane gas. They were X-ray amorphous, had tensile strengths of 21–151 kpsi, diameters of 141–450 μm, and melt and crystallization temperatures ranging from 1341 to 1842°C and from 969 to 1021°C, respectively. The chemical reaction produced a carbonaceous fiber skin or sheath with a thickness of up to 6000 A.
Automatic moving object detection using motion and color features and bi-modal Gaussian approximation

Automatic moving object detection is essential for various computer vision applications like video surveillance systems. Many previous detection methods work for usually low-res video sequences under certain constraints and are based on background learning and/or pixel-level motion analysis or they focus on detecting particular objects. We introduce a hybrid moving object detection scheme with motion-color features, followed by a statistical optimization step to increase the accuracy of the boundaries of the detected objects in hi-resolution video sequences taken in the presence of camera motions such as camera vibrations. Motion analysis involves both the motion vector information extracted from a reference H.264 decoder and a moving-edge map in order to produce an overestimate of the moving object blobs. Pyramid color segmentation connecting multiple components that might be under different motions is performed to extract the solid bodies of moving object blobs with accurate boundaries. Results from motion and color analysis are fused and a region-growing technique based on the blobs' Gaussian distribution of its RGB information is performed to further refine moving blobs. Results are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of our method.
The effects of social dominance between two subspecies of dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis

Abstract Experiments with captive dark-eyed juncos showed consistent patterns of social dominance between the sexes and between two subspecies. Carolina juncos, Junco hyemalis carolinensis , are altitudinal migrants of the southern Appalachians and dominate latitudinally migrating northern juncos, J. h. hyemalis , that are sympatric in winter. In matched-pair competition trials, Carolinas clearly dominated northerns when sex and size were controlled. Carolinas also dominated northerns in all-male flocks. Two series of observations on flocks containing both sexes of both subspecies showed that males dominated females within subspecies and Carolinas dominated northerns regardless of sex. Dominants had greater access to spatially limited food and longer feeding times than subordinates. Compared to controls that had more food and less competitive interference, subordinates in flocks appeared less able to store fat, especially in harsh weather. Considering these results and parallel field studies, it is suggested that social dominance is an important component in explaining patterns of altitudinal distribution found in these subspecies in winter.
PROTEIN CONTENT AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF TISSUE COMPONENTS IN DEVELOPING BARLEY

Four hulled barleys were harvested at five stages of development. Freezedried kernels were separated into the husk tissues (lemma and palea), germ and germ-free caryopsis. During maturation kernel weight increased about 21/2-fold mainly due to the increase in the caryopsis. The husks of the immature kernel contained over 12% of the barley N but only 2% of the mature. Germ size and N contents increased so that germ N of the mature kernel was double that of the immature. The main changes in the proteins of the husks were increases in serine and glycine, and decreases in glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine. In the caryopsis there were decreases in lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, tlueonine, glycirie, alanine and methionine; and increases in glutamic acid and proline. Husk proteins are characterized by relatively high concentrations of lysine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, alanine and valine; the germ proteins are rich in arginine; and the caryopsis proteins contain the highest (among the barley components) concentrations of glutamic acid, proline, sulfur-containing amino acids and phenylalanine.
A double-blind controlled study of methylphenidate treatment in closed head injury

Closed head injuries (CHI) may produce permanent, disabling changes in cognitive functions and social behaviour. Recent clinical case reports have suggested that stimulant medications may improve neurobehavioural functioning in CHI patients. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of methylphenidate (0-3 mg/kg b.i.d.) in 12 chronic CHI patients (14 to 108 months post-injury) using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design. Outcome measures consisted of cognitive tests of attention, learning and cognitive processing speed. In addition, a rating scale was completed by a close friend or relative to assess social behaviour. No significant differences were found between drug and placebo conditions on any of the neurobehavioural measures. These data do not support the clinical use of methylphenidate in the treatment of CHI patients.
THE SEU CALCULUS: EFFECTS OF RESPONSE MODE, SEX, AND SEX ROLE ON UNCERTAIN DECISIONS *

Subjects were instructed on how to use simple subjective probability and utility scales, and they were asked to actively role-play a decision maker in seven risk-dilemma situations. Each scenario provided subjects with specific subjective expected utility (SEU) information for both a certain and uncertain decision alternative, but left out one critical SEU component. Subjects supplied either the lowest probability or the lowest utility for success that they found necessary before they would select the uncertain over the certain alternative in each dilemma. Three experiments examined: (a) the degree to which Ss' estimations deviated from a pattern predicted by SEU models; (b) differences in choice patterns induced by response format variations (e.g., probability vs. utility estimation); (c) the effects of sex of S; and (d) the effects of the sex-role framing of the decision problems. Ss generally chose in accord with SEU maximization principles and did so with decreasing deviations from theoretical values as practice over situations increased (Experiments I, II and III). Decisions were initially more conservative on items requesting probability estimates (Experiment I), but this effect washed out over situations. Sex differences were revealed (Experiments I and III), but in limited fashion. Rather, a replicable (Experiments I, II and III) sex-by-sex role appropriateness by response format interaction was found, in which females responded “rationally” under both probability and utility estimation conditions and under both role sets (male and female). Males, however, responded extremely conservatively under female-framed, probability estimate conditions. Ss' choices were stable over a three-week interval (Experiment III).
The efficacy of behavioral interventions in reducing HIV risk behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual African Americans.

Objective To conduct a meta-analytic review of HIV interventions for heterosexual African Americans to determine the overall efficacy in reducing HIV-risk sex behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases and identify intervention characteristics associated with efficacy. Methods Comprehensive searches included electronic databases from 1988 to 2005, handsearches of journals, reference lists of articles, and contacts with researchers. Thirty-eight randomized controlled trials met the selection criteria. Random-effects models were used to aggregate data. Results Interventions significantly reduced unprotected sex (odds ratio = 0.75; 95% confidence interval = 0.67, 0.84; 35 trials; N = 14 682) and marginally significantly decreased incident sexually transmitted diseases (odds ratio = 0.88; 95% confidence interval = 0.72, 1.07; 10 trials; N = 10 944). Intervention characteristics associated with efficacy include cultural tailoring, aiming to influence social norms in promoting safe sex behavior, utilizing peer education, providing skills training on correct use of condoms and communication skills needed for negotiating safer sex, and multiple sessions and opportunities to practice learned skills. Conclusion Interventions targeting heterosexual African Americans are efficacious in reducing HIV-risk sex behaviors. Efficacious intervention components identified in this study should be incorporated into the development of future interventions and further evaluated for effectiveness.
Estimation of link interference in static multi-hop wireless networks

We present a measurement-based study of interference among links in a static, IEEE 802.11, multi-hop wireless network. Interference is a key cause of performance degradation in such networks. To improve, or to even estimate the performance of these networks, one must have some knowledge of which links in the network interfere with one another, and to what extent. However, the problem of estimating the interference among links of a multi-hop wireless network is a challenging one. Accurate modeling of radio signal propagation is difficult since many environment and hardware-specific factors must be considered. Empirically testing every group of links is not practical: a network with n nodes can have O(n2) links, and even if we consider only pairwise interference, we may have to potentially test O(n4) pairs. Given these difficulties, much of the previous work on wireless networks has assumed that information about interference in the network is either known, or that it can be approximated using simple heuristics. We test these heuristics in our testbed and find them to be inaccurate. We then propose a simple, empirical estimation methodology that can predict pairwise interference using only O(n2) measurements. Our methodology is applicable to any wireless network that uses omni-directional antennas. The predictions made by our methodology match well with the observed pairwise interference among links in our 22 node, 802.11-based testbed.
Refractive index of glass and its dispersion for visible light

The classification of optical glass and empirical relations between the refractive index and its dispersion are discussed in terms of moments of the glass's IR and UV absorption spectra. The observed linear dependence of index on dispersion within glass families is shown to arise primarily from the approximately linear superposition of the electronic absorptions of glass former and glass modifiers. The binary classification into crown and flint glasses is also based primarily on electronic spectra: Crown glasses are "wide-gap" materials with excitation energies greater than ~12.4 eV, while flint glasses are their "narrow-gap" counterpart.
TEN YEARS OF PEDIATRIC RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

We wish to report a 10 year experience with renal transplantation in children, aged 1-19 years, comparing consecutive 5 year intervals. Seventy six patients received 98 allografts during the period 1970-1980 with little substantive change in medical management. Thirty eight children received grafts from living related donors (LRD); and 60 cadaveric transplants(C) were done. Life table analyses were applied for statistical evaluation. During the period 1970-1974,5 year graft survival in the LRD group (n=21) was 43% and improved to 65% (n=17) during the subsequent 5 year period. From 1970-1974, 5 year survival in the C group (n=21) was 33% and increased to 47% (n=39) between 1975 and 1979. Ten year graft survival in the LRD group (n=38) is 53% compared with 43% graft survival in the C group (n=60). Most grafts that were lost ceased functioning early. Twenty nine percent (11/38) of LRD grafts and 35% (21/60) of C grafts were lost in the initial 3 months post-transplant. No LRD grafts were lost after 2 years except in one patient who had recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 3.5 years post-transplant. Only one C graft was lost after 3 years. Patient survival was 95% (72/76). Results of our 10 year experience confirm that renal transplantation is a viable therapeutic modality in children. Our experience suggests if improvement in graft survival is to occur, factors in the perioperative period such as tissue typing, immunosupression, and the role of blood transfusions need further evaluation.
Identifying the substance abuse treatment needs of caregivers involved with child welfare

Parental substance use significantly increases risk of child maltreatment, but is often under-identified by child protective services. This study examined how agency use of standardized substance use assessments and child welfare investigative caseworker education, experience, and caseload affected caseworkers' identification of parental substance abuse treatment needs. Data are from a national probability sample of permanent, primary caregivers involved with child protective services whose children initially remained at home and whose confidential responses on two validated instruments indicated harmful substance use or dependence. Investigative caseworkers reported use of a formal assessment in over two thirds of cases in which substance use was accurately identified. However, weighted logistic regression indicated that agency provision of standardized assessment instruments was not associated with caseworker identification of caregiver needs. Caseworkers were also less likely to identify substance abuse when their caseloads were high and when caregivers were fathers. Implications for agency practice are discussed.
Constraints on the Structure of Combinatorial “Chick-a-dee” Calls

“Chick-a-dee” calls of the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) constitute a combinatorial system of animal communication, apparently the only such system yet described. Four note-types, which may be omitted or repeated a variable number of times, occur in a fixed sequence (A–B–C–D) to constitute calls. Quantitative analyses determining the nature of departures from first-order transitional probabilities between successive notes revealed a variety of results that point consistently to two underlying features of calls. (1) Some constraint operates to limit the length of calls, as manifest in shortening of repetition-strings and omitting of note-types expected to follow. (2) There is an opposing tendency to include at least one or two D-notes at the end of a call, regardless of the overall length. The second feature suggests important semantic properties of D-notes, especially the ratio of D s to other note-types and the flock-specific acoustical structure of D-notes. The constraint on length of call does not appear intimately related to semantic causes, but may instead be determined by the maximum duration of continuous phonation, in parallel with the fundamental breath-group of human speech. In this respect, a “chick-a-dee” call resembles an entire “natural sentence” of spoken human language.
GaAsSbN/GaAsSb/InP type-II Quantum Wells for Mid-IR Emission

Incorporation of nitrogen into GaAsSb/InP quantum wells leads to bandgap narrowing and allows for GaAsSbN/GaAsSb/InP type-II "W" QW structures with potential of achieving emission in the 2-3 ?m wavelength region.
Surface forced internal waves and vortices in uniformly stratified and rotating fluids

The motion of an initially quiescent, incompressible, stratified and/or rotating fluid of semi-infinite extent due to surface forcing is considered. The stratification parameter N and the Coriolis parameter f are constant but arbitrary and all possible combinations are considered, including N = 0 (rotating homogeneous fluid), f = 0 (non-rotating stratified fluid) and the special case N = f. The forcing is suction or pumping at an upper rigid surface and the response consists of geostrophic flows and inertial-internal waves. The response to impulsive point forcings (Green's functions) is contrasted with the response to finite-sized circularly symmetric impulsive forcings. Early-time and large-time behaviour are studied in detail. At early times transient internal waves change the vortices that are created by pumping/suction at the surface. The asymptotically remaining vortices are determined, a simple expression for what fraction of the initial energy is converted into internal waves is derived, as well as wave energy fluxes and the dependence of the flux direction on the value of N/f. The internal wave field is to leading order in time a distinct pulse, and rules for the arrival time of the pulse, its amplitude, its motion along a ray of constant frequency and decay with time, are given for the far field. A simple formula for the total wave energy distribution as a function of frequency is derived for when all waves have propagated away from the forcing.
Phenotyping and Genotyping Neuropathic Pain

Despite ongoing efforts, neither effective treatments nor mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of human neuropathic pain exists. Genetic association studies may point to the novel molecules that mediate neuropathic pain, facilitating its understanding and management. Several studies used a candidate gene approach to elucidate genetic contribution to neuropathic pain phenotypes; however, the data is limited and inconsistent. Possible reasons include: sample heterogeneity, underpowered study design, population admixture, poor phenotyping, genotyping errors, and statistical analytical mistakes. This article summarizes and discusses current strategies to optimize population-based association studies of human neuropathic pain focusing on principles of measuring neuropathic pain phenotypes and genotyping techniques. We also consider advantages and challenges of study designs and statistical analyses.
Frequency-swept HSQC sequences for high-throughput NMR analysis.

This article describes new versions of the DEPT phase-edited heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) pulse sequence with sensitivity enhancement. The sequences incorporate frequency-swept carbon and proton pulses. The new experiments are inherently robust, well-suited for a high-throughput setting in which sample-to-sample variations may be ignored. The observed signal has the obvious benefit of sensitivity enhancement resulting from the preservation of two magnetization transfer pathways. The two pathways are maintained even in the version of the sequence in which all pulses are frequency-swept. There is an additional signal gain of roughly 10% that derives from the use of both proton and carbon frequency-swept pulses. Furthermore, the sequences use J compensation to provide optimal signal over a range of heteronuclear coupling constants. We demonstrate that the new sequences offer good sensitivity and perform well even when the NMR probe is deliberately mistuned. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REAL EXCHANGE RATE, MERCANTILISM AND THE LEARNING BY DOING EXTERNALITY: exchange rate and learning by doing

This paper examines the degree to which the learning by doing (LBD) externality calls for an undervalued exchange rate. We obtain mixed results. For an economy where the LBD externality operates in the traded sector, real exchange rate undervaluation may be used to internalize this externality, if the LBD calls for subsidizing employment in the traded sector. If the LBD externality is embodied in aggregate investment, the optimal policy calls for subsidizing the cost of capital in the traded sector, and there is no room for undervalued exchange rate policy.
Effects of sunlight exposure and log size on pine engraver (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reproduction in ponderosa pine slash in Northern Arizona, U.S.A.

1 Abiotic conditions within logs can affect pine engraver Ips pini (Say) reproductive success, and slash management techniques have been developed that exploit these relationships to reduce brood production. In the present study, we investigated the affect of sunlight exposure on phloem temperature and moisture in logs of two diameters and the subsequent effects on pine engraver reproduction. 2 Logs, 30 cm in length, with diameters of 10 and 15 cm, were cut, left in the field for natural colonization by I pini, and then placed in an open meadow and under shade cloth, providing 27% and 66% shade, until offspring beetles had left the logs. Phloem temperature and moisture were recorded over the duration of the experiment and, at the end of the field experiment, logs were dissected and galleries were measured to gauge beetle reproductive success. 3 As sunlight exposure increased, phloem temperatures increased and potentially lethal temperatures were often reached in the high-sunlight exposure but seldom in the low-sunlight. Smaller diameter logs had drier phloem than larger diameter logs. All logs dried with time but sunlight level did not affect desiccation rates. Ips pini preferred attacking larger logs and the bottom side of logs. Sunlight exposure had a significant effect on net reproductive success in smaller diameter logs, with very little net reproductive success in high-sunlight exposed logs, and the highest reproductive success was found in small diameter logs in the low-sunlight treatments. 4 Management implications of these results are discussed.
Tuberculosis Drug Resistance: A Global Threat

Resistance to antituberculosis drugs has been a problem since the era of chemotherapy began. After dramatic outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in the early 1990s, resistance became recognized as a global problem. MDR-TB now threatens the inhabitants of countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. An understanding of the molecular basis of drug resistance may contribute to the development of new drugs. Management of MDR-TB relies on prompt recognition and treatment with at least 3 drugs to which an isolate is susceptible.
Intellectual Property Protection for Embedded Sensor Nodes

Embedded Sensor Networks are deeply immersed in their environment, and are difficult to protect from abuse or theft. Yet the software contained within these remote sensors often represents years of development, and requires adequate protection. We present a software based solution for the Texas Instruments C5509A DSP processor which uses object-code encryption and public-key key exchange with a server. The scheme is tightly integrated into the tool flow of the DSP processor and compatible with existing embedded processor design flows. We present performance and overhead metrics of the encryption algorithms and the security protocols. We also describe the limitations of the solution that originate from its software-only, backwards-compatible nature.
Modeling the role of lateral membrane diffusion in AMPA receptor trafficking along a spiny dendrite

AMPA receptor trafficking in dendritic spines is emerging as a major postsynaptic mechanism for the expression of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. AMPA receptors within a spine are in a continuous state of flux, being exchanged with local intracellular pools via exo/endocytosis and with the surrounding dendrite via lateral membrane diffusion. This suggests that one cannot treat a single spine in isolation. Here we present a model of AMPA receptor trafficking between multiple dendritic spines distributed along the surface of a dendrite. Receptors undergo lateral diffusion within the dendritic membrane, with each spine acting as a spatially localized trap where receptors can bind to scaffolding proteins or be internalized through endocytosis. Exocytosis of receptors occurs either at the soma or at sites local to dendritic spines via constitutive recycling from intracellular pools. We derive a reaction–diffusion equation for receptor trafficking that takes into account these various processes. Solutions of this equation allow us to calculate the distribution of synaptic receptor numbers across the population of spines, and hence determine how lateral diffusion contributes to the strength of a synapse. A number of specific results follow from our modeling and analysis. (1) Lateral membrane diffusion alone is insufficient as a mechanism for delivering AMPA receptors from the soma to distal dendrites. (2) A source of surface receptors at the soma tends to generate an exponential-like distribution of receptors along the dendrite, which has implications for synaptic democracy. (3) Diffusion mediates a heterosynaptic interaction between spines so that local changes in the constitutive recycling of AMPA receptors induce nonlocal changes in synaptic strength. On the other hand, structural changes in a spine following long term potentiation or depression have a purely local effect on synaptic strength. (4) A global change in the rates of AMPA receptor exo/endocytosis is unlikely to be the sole mechanism for homeostatic synaptic scaling. (5) The dynamics of AMPA receptor trafficking occurs on multiple timescales and varies according to spatial location along the dendrite. Understanding such dynamics is important when interpreting data from inactivation experiments that are used to infer the rate of relaxation to steady-state.
SATE--Service Boundary and Abstraction Threshold Estimation for Efficient Services Design

The key to successful adoption of SOA is not only reusability but also the ease with which services can be developed, deployed and maintained in a service providing environment. One key guiding principles of SOA is implementation abstraction, that fosters complete encapsulation of implementations, exposing only the primitives as interaction points with the service. Granularity of service abstractions defines the different level of primitives exposed to prospective service consumers. The primitives being the only external representation for a service, their design is extremely important as the granularity not only determines the ease with which the services are identified, but also the ease with which services realization can be achieved. So far there has been no systematic approach to apply design principles such that right level of abstractions can be defined. We present a tool called Service Abstraction Threshold Estimator (SATE). Given the available implementation artifacts, SATE allows varying levels of primitives to be defined, elicits the complexity associated with different levels of primitives and provides a threshold estimation engine that displays the optimal level of abstraction that can be achieved in a given service development environment. We demonstrate SATE on a real-world example, and also evaluate SATE against design decisions taken by software architects. The results of our evaluation show that SATE can provide more accurate threshold estimations, and also helps in reducing the time and effort taken to maintain already developed services.
Handwritten document retrieval

This paper investigates the use of both typed and handwritten queries to retrieve handwritten documents. The recognition-based approach reported here is novel in that it expands documents in a fashion analogous to query expansion: Individual documents are expanded using N-best lists which embody additional statistical information from a hidden Markov model (HMM) based handwriting recognizer used to transcribe each of the handwritten documents. This additional information enables the retrieval methods to be robust to machine transcription errors, retrieving documents which otherwise would be unretrievable. Cross-writer experiments on a database of 10985 words in 108 documents from 108 writers, and within-writer experiments in a probabilistic framework, on a database of 537724 words in 3342 documents from 43 writers, indicate that significant improvements in retrieval performance can be achieved. The second database is the largest database of on-line handwritten documents known to its.
Doxorubicin‐Loaded Polymeric Micelle Overcomes Multidrug Resistance of Cancer by Double‐Targeting Folate Receptor and Early Endosomal pH

An optimized, pH-sensitive mixed-micelle system conjugated with folic acid is prepared in order to challenge multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancers. The micelles are composed of poly(histidine (His)-co-phenylalanine (Phe))-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)-b-PEG-folate. Core-forming, pH-sensitive hydrophobic blocks of poly(His-co-Phe) of varying composition are synthesized. The pH sensitivity of the micelles is controlled by the copolymer composition and is fine tuned to early endosomal pH by blending PLLA(3K)-b-PEG(2K)-folate in the presence of a basic anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). In vitro tests are conducted against both wild-type (A2780) and DOX-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines. A mixed-micelle system composed of poly(His-co-Phe (16 mole%))-b-PEG (80 wt%) and PLLA-b-PEG-folate (20 wt%) is selected to target early endosomal pH. DOX-loaded micelles effectively kill both wild-type sensitive (A2780) and DOX-resistant ovarian MDR cancer-cell lines (A2780/DOX(R)) through an instantaneous high dose of DOX in the cytosol, which results from active internalization, accelerated DOX release triggered by endosomal pH, and an endosomal membrance disruption.
Poster 203: Cervical C1-2 and C2-3 Facet Joints and Dorsal Rami Injections for the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tools for Cervicogenic Headache

Cervical C1-2 and C2-3 Facet Joints and Dorsal Rami Injections for the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tools for Cervicogenic Headache. Linqiu Zhou, MD, MS (Jefferson Pain Ctr, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA); Avi Ashkenazi, MD. Disclosure: L. Zhou, None; A. Ashkenazi, None. Setting: Tertiary care university teaching hospital. Patients: 13 patients with cervicogenic headache (5 men, 8 women; mean age, 41y; range, 18 62y). All patients had failed multiple pharmacologic and other treatments prior to the study. Average disease duration was 10.5 years (range, 1.5 27y). 6 patients had a unilateral headache and 7 had bilateral headache. All patients underwent a cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 7, MRI demonstrated degenerative disk disease or herniated disk, most commonly at C5-6. Case Descriptions: All patients underwent fluoroscopic guided C1-2 and C2-3 facet joints injections and C2-3 dorsal rami injections. Assessment/Results: 12 (92%) of 13 patients experienced greater than 50% headache relief, with an average duration of 4.5 weeks (range, 2 6wk) from the first injection. C1-2 and C2-3 injections provided a long duration of pain relief. The response to C1-2 and C2-3 injections also supports the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache. Discussion: The diagnosis and treatment of cervicogenic headache are challenging. C1-2 and C2-3 facet joints and C2-3 dorsal rami injections are performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with cervicogenic headache. However, few data are available about their efficacy for this indication. C1-2 and C2-3 facet joints and dorsal rami blocks provided a significant and prolonged pain relief in the majority of patients in this study. The procedure also had a diagnostic value for these patients with cervicogenic headache. Further studies are needed to compare the efficacy of blocking the facet joint versus the dorsal rami in the treatment of these patients. Conclusions: C1-2 and C2-3 facet joints and C2-3 dorsal rami injections provide diagnostic and therapeutic values for cervicogenic headache.
Estrategias de regulación emocional como procesos transdiagnósticos: Una visión más detenida sobre la invarianza de su forma y función

Recent investigations suggest that emotion regulation can be conceptualized as a transdiagnosticprocess (Kring & Sloan, 2010). Specifically, the habitual use of putatively maladaptiveemotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination, suppression), and the infrequent use of putativelyadaptive strategies (e.g., acceptance, reappraisal) have been shown to predict various symptoms ofpsychopathology (Aldao et al., 2010). However, little is known about the extent to which the differentfacets that constitute the process of implementing such strategies can be conceptualized astransdiagnostic. I propose the adoption of a functional behavioral approach to delineate which aspectsof such implementation (i.e., form, function) are variant and which are invariant across disorders.This approach has the potential to further our understanding of the transdiagnostic and disorderspecificmechanisms by which emotion regulation is associated with the development, maintenance,and treatment of mental disorders.