cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design considerations for a miniaturized TIM tester with extremely high measurement resolution

This work describes relevant design considerations for the fabrication of a miniaturized thermal interface material characterization instrument that is capable of resolving interfacial thermal resistances (Rt) below 1 mm2.K/W. Leveraging previous work (Warzoha et al., 2017, Smith et al. 2016), the authors propose a reduction in the length scale of the primary heat meter bars to below 4 mm in order to sufficiently increase the temperature difference across the interface, thereby reducing the measurement uncertainty of Rt across high-performance materials. The analytical uncertainty analysis takes advantage of an increase in the number of temperature measurements that can be made across the length of each bar via infrared microscopy. In a preliminary numerical analysis, we find that extreme care must be taken to apply and remove heat uniformly from the end points of each bar, particularly as the length of the bar is reduced below 4 mm. To do this, longitudinal fins are directly integrated into the bottom heat meter bar assembly and are immersed in a heat transfer fluid that is advected within a custom cold plate assembly. We conduct a parametric study to determine the linearity of the thermal gradient along the length of each heat meter bar, which in turn provides us with an upper limit for the number of temperature measurements that can be made via infrared microscopy and therefore the minimum achievable measurement of Rt. Finally, we use this information to design a more suitable lower heat meter bar cooling technique for measuring the thermal resistance across a sintered silver-copper interface with an expected value of Rt = 0.1 mm2.K/W. To do this, we find it necessary to transition from a heat sink cooling mechanism to the use of jet impingement for heat dissipation at the bottom of the lower heat meter bar.
NOTES ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOR OF THE GRAY‐MANTLED WREN (ODONTORCHILUS BRANICKII)

Abstract ∙ The Gray‐mantled Wren ( Odontorchilus branickii ) is a poorly‐known inhabitant of the canopy of mid‐elevation Andean forest, and is a difficult species to study because it occurs at low densities. Almost no natural history information is known for the species, including its nest. In September and October 2016, I observed a pair of wrens actively building a nest in the sub‐canopy of upper montane rain forest in the Cordillera Azul of northeastern Peru at an elevation of 1230 m a.s.l.. The nest of O. branickii consisted of a cavity‐like structure formed by a dried and curled palm frond, into which the wrens were carrying nest material. I also compare the nest of O. branickii to that of the Tooth‐billed Wren ( O. cinereus ) and to other genera of cavity‐nesting wrens. The nests of O. branickii and O. cinereus are similar, and share characteristics with the nests of Salpinctes , Catherpes , Hylorchilus , and Microcerculus , providing taxonomic support for a relationship between these genera. Resumen ∙ Notas sobre el comportamiento de reproduccion del Soterrey Dorsigris ( Odontorchilus branickii ) El Soterrey Dorsigris ( Odontorchilus branickii ) es un ave poco conocida del dosel de bosque andino de altura media que es dificil de estudiar porque se encuentra en bajas densidades. Por lo tanto, casi no existe informacion sobre la historia natural de esta especie, incluyendo el nido. En septiembre y octubre de 2016 observe una pareja de O. branickii construyendo un nido en el sub‐dosel de selva alto‐montana en la Cordillera Azul del noreste de Peru a una altura de 1230 m s.n.m.. El nido de O. branickii consistia de una cavidad formada por una hoja de palmera enrollada, dentro de la cual los individuos depositaban material para la construccion del nido. Tambien comparo el nido de O. branickii con el nido del Soterrey Dientepico ( O. cinereus ), y con otros generos de soterreyes que anidan en cavidades. Los nidos de O. branickii y O. cinereus son similares y comparten caracteristicas con los nidos de especies de los generos Salpinctes , Catherpes , Hylorchilus y Microcerculus , lo que sugiere que estan relacionados taxonomicamente.
Small Roman Site in Croatia

A small Roman building is used as a test case for the merging of ground-penetrating radar and magnetic gradiometry images to help understand what each method is displaying in both profiles and maps. At this site the foundations of the building, composed of weathered limestone, readily appear in magnetic maps as negative magnetic features, and the building’s general architecture can be discerned. The GPR amplitude maps only show a few linear features that are highly reflective, and the wall foundations are effectively invisible as they include few stones or vertical walls that reflect radar waves. When each of the individual GPR reflection profiles are viewed in two-dimensions the floors and some wall foundations are visible, and the magnetic readings associated with them show that the horizontal surfaces are composed of materials that are lower in magnetic susceptibility than the surrounding ground (likely clay or lime plaster material). There were holes dug through the floors after the structure was abandoned, filled with slightly magnetic material, which is likely sediment higher in organic matter than the surrounding units. An analysis of the GPR profiles shows that it is the edges of the holes cut through the floors that created the high amplitude reflections seen in the GPR amplitude maps, not the walls or wall foundations. Attached to his building is less substantial architecture interpreted as a courtyard enclosure and possible cooking area where fires were used, as the ground and artifacts found there are higher in magnetism.
Integrated Health Management and Control of Complex Dynamical Systems

A comprehensive control and health management strategy for human-engineered complex dynamical systems is formulated for achieving high performance and reliability over a wide range of operation. Results from diverse research areas such as Probabilistic Robust Control (PRC), Damage Mitigating/Life Extending Control (DMC), Discrete Event Supervisory (DES) Control, Symbolic Time Series Analysis (STSA) and Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) have been employed to achieve this goal. Continuous-domain control modules at the lower level are synthesized by PRC and DMC theories, whereas the upper-level supervision is based on DES control theory. In the PRC approach, by allowing different levels of risk under different flight conditions, the control system can achieve the desired trade off between stability robustness and nominal performance. In the DMC approach, component damage is incorporated in the control law to reduce the damage rate for enhanced structural durability. The DES controller monitors the system performance and, based on the mission requirements (e.g., performance metrics and level of damage mitigation), switches among various lower-level controllers. The core idea is to design a framework where the DES controller at the upper-level, mimics human intelligence and makes appropriate decisions to satisfy mission requirements, enhance system performance and structural durability. Recently developed tools in STSA have been used for anomaly detection and failure prognosis. The DMC deals with the usage monitoring or operational control part of health management, where as the issue of health monitoring is addressed by the anomaly detection tools. The proposed decision and control architecture has been validated on two test-beds, simulating the operations of rotorcraft dynamics and aircraft propulsion.
A broadband and deep-TX self-interference cancellation technique for full-duplex and frequency-domain-duplex transceiver applications

Full-Duplex (FD) radios, capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving on the same frequency, have evolved as one method to address future demand for higher data-rates. Although recent highly integrated full-duplex radios [1-4] show promise towards improving spectral efficiency by >1.9x [5], mitigating transmitter (TX) self-interference (SI) for broad-bandwidth signals remains a major challenge, particularly for longer range transceivers requiring a high-output-power PA. This paper describes a CMOS transceiver with a deep TX SI cancellation performance over a very wideband (65dBc/80MHz and 70dBc/40MHz).
Air Pollution and Global Warming: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

The two major global-scale environmental threats of international concern since the 1970s have been global stratospheric ozone layer loss and global warming. As discussed in Chapter 11, the global ozone layer is expected to recover by the mid–twenty-first century because national and international regulations have required the chemical industry to use alternatives to chloro- and bromocarbons, which are the chemicals primarily responsible for stratospheric ozone loss. Regulations are similarly responsible for improvements in air quality and acid deposition problems in many parts of the world since the 1970s (e.g., the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 motivated U.S. automobile manufacturers to develop the catalytic converter in 1975, which led to improvements in urban air quality; regulations through the 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution led to the amelioration of some acid deposition problems in the 1980s and 1990s). However, progress toward solving the second major issue of international concern, global warming, has been slow. In this chapter, global warming is described and distinguished from the natural greenhouse effect. In addition, historical and recent temperature trends, both in the lower and upper atmosphere, are addressed, and climate responses to increased pollution are examined. The chapter also discusses potential effects of global warming and international and national efforts to curtail it. Temperature on Earth in the Absence of a Greenhouse Effect The natural greenhouse effect is the warming of the Earth's troposphere due to an increase in natural greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are gases that are largely transparent to the sun’s visible radiation but absorb and reemit the Earth's thermal-IR radiation at selective wavelengths. They cause a net warming of the Earth's atmosphere similar to the way in which a glass house causes a net warming of its interior. Because most incoming solar radiation can penetrate a glass house but a portion of outgoing thermal-IR radiation cannot, air inside a glass house warms during the day as long as mass (e.g., plant mass) is present within the house to absorb the solar radiation, to heat up the air, and to reemit thermal-IR radiation. The surface of the Earth, like plants, absorbs solar radiation and reemits thermal-IR radiation. Greenhouse gases, like glass, are transparent to most solar radiation but absorb a portion of the Earth's thermal-IR radiation at selective wavelengths.
An introduction to Lisp.

This article, the first of two tutorials on programming in Lisp, introduces the language and shows you how to program in it. In a future issue we examine a miniature “expert system” called Minimycin. Expert systems are computer applications programs that use artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to perform a task normally done by human experts. We designed Minimycin to show how Lisp can be used to create a rule-based expert system.
Evaluating Scholarly Communication at the Subdisciplinary Level: Citation Patterns in Economics

While traditional citation studies offer insight into the literature usage patterns of specific disciplines, they fail to capture the diversity of information needs at the subdisciplinary level. Understanding scholarly communication within subfields can help academic librarians tailor their collections to better meet the requirements of the faculty they serve. Analyzing the citations in three specialized economics journals demonstrates that practitioners of different subfields draw upon different types of resources in conducting their research, which has implications for collection development policies.
Compensatory and Serial Processing Models for Relating Electrophysiology, Speech Understanding, and Cognition

Objectives The objective of this study was to develop a framework for investigating the roles of neural coding and cognition in speech perception. Design N1 and P3 auditory evoked potentials, QuickSIN speech understanding scores, and the Digit Symbol Coding cognitive test results were used to test the accuracy of either a compensatory processing model or serial processing model. Results The current dataset demonstrated that neither the compensatory nor the serial processing model were well supported. An additive processing model may best represent the relationships in these data. Conclusions With the outcome measures used in this study, it is apparent that an additive processing model, where exogenous neural coding and higher order cognition contribute independently, best describes the effects of neural coding and cognition on speech perception. Further testing with additional outcome measures and a larger number of subjects is needed to confirm and further clarify the relationships between these processing domains.
Long-term field evaluation of the Plantower PMS low-cost particulate matter sensors

Abstract The low-cost and compact size of light-scattering-based particulate matter (PM) sensors provide an opportunity for improved spatiotemporally resolved PM measurements. However, these inexpensive sensors have limitations and need to be characterized under realistic conditions. This study evaluated two Plantower PMS (particulate matter sensor) 1003s and two PMS 5003s outdoors in Salt Lake City, Utah over 320 days (1/2016–2/2016 and 12/2016–10/2017) through multiple seasons and a variety of elevated PM2.5 events including wintertime cold-air pools (CAPs), fireworks, and wildfires. The PMS 1003/5003 sensors generally tracked PM2.5 concentrations compared to co-located reference air monitors (one tapered element oscillating microbalance, TEOM, and one gravimetric federal reference method, FRM). The different PMS sensor models and sets of the same sensor model exhibited some intra-sensor variability. During winter 2017, the two PMS 1003s consistently overestimated PM2.5 by a factor of 1.89 (TEOM PM2.5 0.87) and 24-h FRM measurements (R2 > 0.88) while in spring (March–June) and wildfire season (June–October) 2017, the correlations were poorer (R2 of 0.18–0.32 and 0.48–0.72, respectively). The PMS 1003s maintained high intra-sensor agreement after one year of deployment during the winter seasons, however, one PMS 1003 sensor exhibited a significant drift beginning in March 2017 and continued to deteriorate through the end of the study. Overall, this study demonstrated good correlations between the PMS sensors and reference monitors in the winter season, seasonal differences in sensor performance, some intra-sensor variability, and drift in one sensor. These types of factors should be considered when using measurements from a network of low-cost PM sensors.
RMTS: A Novel Approach to Transmission Scheduling in Ad Hoc Networks by Salvaging Unused Slot Transmission Assignments

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) there is no centralized supervision over the network operations. In such networks, it is imperative to have protocols that are implemented locally in a distributed manner. To achieve high network performance utilizing only the wireless channels a distributed transmission-scheduling medium-access control (MAC) protocol is desirable. This type of protocol can guarantee a certain level of quality of service (QOS) and works well in congested networks. However, the transmission schedules are often decided in advance and if a node does not have a packet to transmit in its assigned slot then the slot is unused. We propose a protocol called recovering minislots transmission scheduling (RMTS) that salvages these unused transmission slots that would have otherwise been wasted. We show that the proposed protocol produces significant improvements in network performance over traditional transmission-scheduling approaches.
中文社交问答网络社区中的情境学习 (Situated learning in a Chinese question-and-answer online community): 以“知乎”为例 (The case of Zhihu)

摘要 “知乎”是使用频率最高 (7.6%) 的中文社交问答网络社区 (CNNIC, 2017)。本文从中级汉语媒体课中运用“知乎”开展教学活动的案例入手，以“情境学习”理论 (Lave & Wenger, 1991) 的视角，揭示了学生在目的语社会中的网络平台上参与集体知识构建取得的收获及遇到的挑战，并以此为契机，介绍一种将社交问答网络平台运用于中高级对外汉语教学的思路。本文共有三个部分：首先，在充分参考前人研究的基础上，本文通过介绍三种围绕“知乎”展开的教学活动，提出了一个将网络社交问答社区运用于对外汉语教学的模型。其次，通过一项针对十名在中文课内、外使用“知乎”的学生的前导型调查，以及分析学生在“知乎”平台上创作的文本，本文进一步检测了该教学模型在实际应用中的收效与阻碍。最后，基于对现有案例的分析结果，本文总结了将网络社交问答社区引入对外汉语课堂的五个优势，并为未来的教学实践提出了两点建议。
Hardware Translation Coherence for Virtualized Systems

To improve system performance, modern operating systems (OSes) often undertake activities that require modification of virtual-to-physical page translation mappings. For example, the OS may migrate data between physical frames to defragment memory and enable superpages. The OS may migrate pages of data between heterogeneous memory devices. We refer to all such activities as page remappings. Unfortunately, page remappings are expensive. We show that translation coherence is a major culprit and that systems employing virtualization are especially badly affected by their overheads. In response, we propose hardware translation invalidation and coherence or HATRIC, a readily implementable hardware mechanism to piggyback translation coherence atop existing cache coherence protocols. We perform detailed studies using KVM-based virtualization, showing that HATRIC achieves up to 30% performance and 10% energy benefits, for per-CPU area overheads of 2%. We also quantify HATRIC's benefits on systems running Xen and find up to 33% performance improvements.
Social Networks as Structural and Relational Antecedents of Identification and Citizenship

Organizational identification (OI) – an individual’s sense of “oneness” with or belongingness to a group or organization – is important because it is the basis for attitudes and behaviors that bene...
BMP10-mediated ALK1 signaling is continuously required for vascular development and maintenance

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal-dominant vascular disorder characterized by development of high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that can lead to stroke or high-output heart failure. HHT2 is caused by heterozygous mutations in ACVRL1, which encodes an endothelial cell bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor, ALK1. BMP9 and BMP10 are established ALK1 ligands. However, the unique and overlapping roles of these ligands remain poorly understood. To define the physiologically relevant ALK1 ligand(s) required for vascular development and maintenance, we generated zebrafish harboring mutations in bmp9 and duplicate BMP10 paralogs, bmp10 and bmp10-like. bmp9 mutants survive to adulthood with no overt phenotype. In contrast, combined loss of bmp10 and bmp10-like results in embryonic lethal cranial AVMs indistinguishable from acvrl1 mutants. However, despite embryonic functional redundancy of bmp10 and bmp10-like, bmp10 encodes the only required Alk1 ligand in the juvenile-to-adult period. bmp10 mutants exhibit blood vessel abnormalities in anterior skin and liver, heart dysmorphology, and premature death, and vascular defects correlate with increased cardiac output. Together, our findings support a unique role for Bmp10 as a non-redundant Alk1 ligand required to maintain the post-embryonic vasculature and establish zebrafish bmp10 mutants as a model for AVM-associated high-output heart failure, which is an increasingly recognized complication of severe liver involvement in HHT2.
100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Current Challenges and Future Opportunities

Sustainable polymers from lignocellulosic biomass have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of commercial plastics while also offering significant performance and cost benefits relative...
Middle Level Students’ Perceptions of Their Social and Emotional Learning:An Exploratory Study

As teachers and administrators focus increasing attention on the mental health needs of students, researchers are exploring ways that addressing social-emotional needs is essential to academic grow...
Restructuration d'un service des urgences en milieu rural en preparation a la pandemie de COVID-19

POINTS CLES Pour faire face a la pandemie en cours, l’Organisation mondiale de la sante et les autorites sanitaires regionales et canadiennes ont publie des guides pour aider les etablissements de sante a proceder au triage et au traitement des patients chez lesquels on soupconne une
The Eight Cayley–Dickson Doubling Products

The purpose of this paper is to identify all eight of the basic Cayley–Dickson doubling products. A Cayley–Dickson algebra \({\mathbb{A}_{N+1}}\) of dimension \({2^{N+1}}\) consists of all ordered pairs of elements of a Cayley–Dickson algebra \({\mathbb{A}_{N}}\) of dimension \({2^N}\) where the product \({(a, b)(c, d)}\) of elements of \({\mathbb{A}_{N+1}}\) is defined in terms of a pair of second degree binomials \({(f(a, b, c, d), g(a, b, c,d))}\) satisfying certain properties. The polynomial pair\({(f, g)}\) is called a ‘doubling product.’ While \({\mathbb{A}_{0}}\) may denote any ring, here it is taken to be the set \({\mathbb{R}}\) of real numbers. The binomials \({f}\) and \({g}\) should be devised such that \({\mathbb{A}_{1} = \mathbb{C}}\) the complex numbers, \({\mathbb{A}_{2} = \mathbb{H}}\) the quaternions, and \({\mathbb{A}_{3} = \mathbb{O}}\) the octonions. Historically, various researchers have used different yet equivalent doubling products.
Moral hazard, adverse selection, and health expenditures: A semiparametric analysis

Theoretical models predict asymmetric information in health insurance markets may generate inefficient outcomes due to adverse selection and moral hazard. However, previous empirical research has found it difficult to disentangle adverse selection from moral hazard in health care consumption. We propose a two-step semiparametric estimation strategy to identify and estimate a canonical model of asymmetric information in health care markets. With this method, we can estimate a structural model of demand for health care. We illustrate this method using a claims-level data set with confidential information from a large self-insured employer. We find significant evidence of moral hazard and adverse selection.
Definitive radiotherapy for vaginal recurrence of early-stage endometrial cancer: survival outcomes and effect of mismatch repair status

Objective To evaluate clinical outcomes, prognostic factors, and toxicity in patients with vaginal recurrence of early-stage endometrial cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy. Methods Retrospective review identified 62 patients with stage I–II endometrial cancer and vaginal recurrence treated with external beam radiotherapy and image-guided brachytherapy with definitive intent from November 2004 to July 2017. All patients had prior hysterectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy and >3 months follow-up. Mismatch repair (MMR) status was determined by immunohistochemical staining of the four mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6) when available in the pathology record. Rates of vaginal control, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival were calculated by Kaplan–Meier. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by Cox proportional hazards. Results Most patients had endometrioid histology (55, 89%), grade 1 or 2 tumor (53, 85%), and vaginal-only recurrence (55, 89%). With a median follow-up of 39 months (range, 3–167), 3- and 5-year rates of vaginal control, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival were 86% and 82%, 69% and 55%, and 80% and 61%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, non-endometrioid histology (HR 12.5, P Conclusion Definitive radiotherapy with image-guided brachytherapy resulted in 5-year local control rates exceeding 80% and late severe toxicity rates were under 3%. Distant recurrence was common and highest for those with grade 3 or non-endometrioid tumors and MMR deficient grade 1–2 disease.
Revealing redox isomerism in trichromium imides by anomalous diffraction

In polynuclear biological active sites, multiple electrons are needed for turnover, and the distribution of these electrons among the metal sites is affected by the structure of the active site. However, the study of the interplay between structure and redox distribution is difficult not only in biological systems but also in synthetic polynuclear clusters since most redox changes produce only one thermodynamically stable product. Here, the unusual chemistry of a sterically hindered trichromium complex allowed us to probe the relationship between structural and redox isomerism. Two structurally isomeric trichromium imides were isolated: asymmetric terminal imide (tbsL)Cr3(NDipp) and symmetric, μ3-bridging imide (tbsL)Cr3(μ3–NBn) ((tbsL)6− = (1,3,5-C6H9(NC6H4-o-NSitBuMe2)3)6−). Along with the homovalent isocyanide adduct (tbsL)Cr3(CNBn) and the bisimide (tbsL)Cr3(μ3–NPh)(NPh), both imide isomers were examined by multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) to determine the redox load distribution by the free refinement of atomic scattering factors. Despite their compositional similarities, the bridging imide shows uniform oxidation of all three Cr sites while the terminal imide shows oxidation at only two Cr sites. Further oxidation from the bridging imide to the bisimide is only borne at the Cr site bound to the second, terminal imido fragment. Thus, depending on the structural motifs present in each [Cr3] complex, MAD revealed complete localization of oxidation, partial localization, and complete delocalization, all supported by the same hexadentate ligand scaffold.
Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Nucleic Acids

This chapter elucidates the extracellular and intracellular barriers that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encounter after systemic administration. Understanding the challenges in the delivery will lead to a rational design of novel lipid molecules or nanometric devices that could address these challenges. A bottom-up strategy is also provided in this chapter to identify the latest progression in lipid component development in the LNPs, andvarious formulations that were exploited to encapsulate nucleic acid for successful in vivo delivery are compared. The nucleic acids in this review include pDNA, siRNA, and antisense oligonucleotide (ODN), which serveeither for gain of function or for loss of function to treat various diseases. Keywords: nucleic acid; pDNA; siRNA; antisense oligonucleotide (ODN); lipid nanoparticle, (LNP); systemic gene delivery
FROM FUR TO FISH: RECONSIDERING THE EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY

One of the most enduring questions about private property is why it develops. Strongly influenced by a short article by economist Harold Demsetz, property scholars recently have analyzed the evolution of private property in economic and social terms, as a response to factors such as changes in relative prices, measurement costs, and the size and heterogeneity of user groups. This Article argues that Demsetzian-inspired accounts of the evolution of private property tend to neglect the role of the state in property rights formation. Building on the extensive scholarship about the evolution of property rights, the Article emphasizes the need to take seriously the implications of the political process by which private property often is formed. To underscore its theoretical argument about the evolution of private property, the Article also offers a case study of contemporary property rights formation. For over six decades an international movement has been underway to enclose the oceans, including marine fisheries. Drawing on original research, the Article examines why individual transferable quotas and similar instruments have been slow to develop in U.S. coastal fisheries in federal waters since national jurisdiction over fisheries was extended to 200 miles from the shore in 1976. In closing, the Article underscores the richness of Demsetz's pioneering account of private property and the scholarship that it has spawned. But the Article also suggests that there remains a large gap between how private property actually evolves and many of the prevailing theoretical understandings of the development of property rights. The Article argues in turn that filling this gap requires developing a more robust positive theory of the evolution of private property that takes into account the political process through which private property often is formed, and more systematic empirical research into the development of property rights.
Effect of bacterial extracellular polymers on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of sand columns

Columns were packed with clean quartz sand, sterilized, and inoculated with different strains of bacteria, which multiplied within the sand at the expense of a continuous supply of fresh nutrient medium. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (HCsat) of the sand was monitored over time. Among the four bacterial strains tested, one formed a capsule, one produced slime layers, and two did not produce any detectable exopolymers. The last two strains were nonmucoid variants of the first two. Only one strain, the slime producer, had a large impact on the HCsat. The production of exopolymers had no effect on either cell multiplication within or movement through the sand columns. Therefore, the HCsat reduction observed with the slime producer was tentatively attributed to the obstruction of flow channels with slime. Compared with the results with Arthrobacter sp. strain AK19 used in a previous study, there was a 100-fold increase in detachment from the solid substratum and movement through the sand of the strains used in this study. All strains induced severe clogging when they colonized the inlet chamber of the columns. Under these conditions, the inlet end was covered by a confluent mat with an extremely low HCsat.
Endogenous sex hormones and cardiovascular disease incidence in men.

Background: Data suggest that endogenous sex hormones (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA-S], and estradiol) influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and vascular functio ...
Bringing people of different beliefs together to do UC

Known constructions of UC secure protocols are based on the premise that different parties collectively agree on some trusted setup. In this paper, we consider the following two intriguing questions: Is it possible to achieve UC if the parties do not want to put all their trust in one entity (or more generally, in one setup)? What if the parties have a difference of opinion about what they are willing to trust? The first question has been studied in only a limited way, while the second has never been considered before. In this paper, we initiate a systematic study to answer the above questions. We consider a scenario with multiple setup instances where each party in the system has some individual belief (setup assumption in terms of the given setups). The belief of a party corresponds to what it is willing to trust and its security is guaranteed given that its belief "holds." The question considered is: "Given some setups and the (possibly) different beliefs of all the parties, when can UC security be achieved?" We present a general condition on the setups and the beliefs of all the parties under which UC security is possible. Surprisingly, we show that when parties have different beliefs, UC security can be achieved with a more limited "trust" than what is necessary in the traditional setting (where all parties have a common belief).
Subscription propagation and content-based routing with delivery guarantees

Subscription propagation enables efficient content-based routing in publish/subscribe systems and is a challenging problem when it is required to support reliable delivery in networks with redundant routes. We have designed a generic model and a highly-asynchronous algorithm accomplishing these goals. Existing algorithms can be interpreted as different encodings and optimizations of the generic algorithm and hence their correctness can be derived from the generic algorithm.
Intramedullary hemorrhage in spinal cord hemangioblastoma: Report of two cases

The authors describe two cases of intramedullary hemorrhage caused by thoracic hemangioblastoma. Both patients presented with acute paraplegia. The lesion in the first case was diagnosed by myelography and in the second by magnetic resonance imaging. Emergency surgical evacuation of the intramedullary hematoma and tumor was performed in these patients. Hemangioblastoma was confirmed by histopathological examination in both cases. Both patients remain paraplegic after 7 and 1 years, respectively. Intramedullary hemorrhage is a rare and devastating effect of spinal hemangioblastoma.
Noninvolvement of acyl carrier protein with citrate synthase and malate synthase.

Acyl carrier protein (ACP coli) was isolated from commercially grown Escherichia coli B and was acetylated by chemical methods. Biological activity of the synthesized acetyl-ACP coli was checked in an in vitro fatty acid-synthesizing system isolated from E. coli B. Since acetyl-ACP is preferred over acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) as a substrate in these reactions, the possibility that it may substitute for acetyl-CoA in biosynthetically and oxidatively important cellular pathways (glyoxylate and Krebs cycles, respectively) was examined. Acetyl-ACP was tested for substrate activity with the enzyme of each cycle which has been found to utilize acetyl-CoA. Crystalline citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) of porcine origin (Calbiochem) was found to be inactive with acetyl-ACP coli, which acted neither as a substrate nor as an inhibitor in the presence of acetyl-CoA. Malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2) of the acetate type was isolated from acetate-grown cells of a mutant of E. coli K-12 (VGD3H5) and was also found to be inactive with acetyl-ACP coli. The significance of these results and of the recent discovery of another phospho-pantetheine-containing protein are discussed.
Computation of a Two Dimensional Transonic Bump Flow Using a Pointwise k-k 2/∈ Turbulence Model

A recently introduced k — k 2/∈ turbulence model is used to compute the Delery transonic internal flow in a two dimensional channel including a bump on one surface. This case involves a λ—shock interacting with the boundary layer, producing a large separated flow region, and is considered a challenging test for turbulence models. The model, in its present form, predicts well the λ—shock and the pressure distributions on both walls, performs fairly well in predicting detailed flow profiles but overpredicts the extent of the separated flow region on the lower wall.
Digital Processing of Signal Phase Angle

The loss of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived when the magnitude of weak signals in noise is discarded and the phase angle is quantized for digital processing. It is shown that very coarse quantization results in only a small loss.
Inhibition of thymocyte mitogenic responses by coculture with thymic epithelial cells

We have previously reported the isolation and culture of two morphologically distinct types of murine thymic epithelial cells (TECL and TECs) and have studied their capacity to produce soluble factors as well as to bind thymocytes in vitro. In the present study, we examined whether direct interactions of thymic epithelial cells with thymocytes regulate thymocyte function by studying the effect of these thymic epithelial cell lines on thymocyte responses to mitogen. We found that direct contact between thymocytes and epithelial cells markedly suppresses both thymocyte and splenocyte responses to mitogen. This effect is irreversible after a 24-hr incubation on thymic epithelial cells, is not H-2 restricted, and appears to be epithelial cell specific. The inhibitory effect is mediated by a molecule or molecules present constitutively on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. One mechanism of inhibition involves the generation of suppressor cells on contact of thymocytes with thymic epithelial cells or cell membranes. However, it is also possible that molecules with direct immunosuppressive activity may be present on these cell membranes.
Energetics of oxygenation-linked subunit interactions in human hemoglobin.

Summary The intersubunit contact energy changes associated with successive oxygenation of human hemoglobin have been determined by measurements on the linkage between oxygenation and dissociation of tetramers into dimeric species. Experimental conditions were: 0.1M Tris HCl, 0.1M NaCl, 1mM Na 2 EDTA, pH 7.4, 21.5°C. The results establish that (1) there are at least three major energetic states assumed by the tetramer upon oxygenation, (2) dimers bind oxygen noncooperatively under these conditions and have the same affinity as isolated chains, and (3) successive changes in ligand binding energy are compensated by equal and opposite changes in the intersubunit contact energy during the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle.
Carcinogenicity of Glycidol in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice

Glycidol, a simple aliphatic epoxide, was administered by gavage in water to groups of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F 1 mice. Rats received 0, 37.5 or 75 mg kg -1 and mice received 0, 25 or 50 mg kg -1 daily, 5 days per week for 2 years. Exposure to glycidol was associated with dose-related increases in the incidences of neoplasms in numerous tissues in both rats and mice. Survival of rats that received glycidol was markedly reduced compared to the control because of the early induction of neoplastic disease. In male rats, mesothelioma arising in the tunica vaginalis and frequently metastasizing to the peritoneum were considered the major cause of early death. Early deaths in female rats were associated with mammary gland neoplasms. Survival of female mice that received 50 mg kg -1 was lower than the control after week 101 due primarily to euthanasia of moribund animals with mammary gland neoplasms. Survival of male mice and female mice that received 25 mg kg -1 was comparable to the control. In mice, exposure to glycidol was associated with increased incidences of neoplasms of the harderian gland in males and females, the forestomach in males and the mammary gland in females.
Standard molar enthalpies of formation of Irme (me = Ti, Zr, or Hf) and of OsTi by high-temperature mixing calorimetry

Abstract The standard molar enthalpies of formation Δ f H m o of the intermetallic compounds IrTi, IrZr, IrHf, and OsTi have been determined by high-temperature mixing calorimetry at (1473 ± 2) K. The following values of Δ f H m o /(kJ·mol −1 ) are reported: IrTi, −(168.6±7.5); IrZr, −(171.3 ± 7.7); IrHf, −(193.3 ± 9.6); OsTi, −(136.9 ± 7.2). There are no calorimetric values for these compounds in the literature. The new results are compared with recently published predicted values. Comparisons are made also with our own experimental values for the 1-1 compounds of Ti, Zr, and Hf with Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru, and with reported results for the compounds of Ti with Ni, Co, and Fe, and of Zr with Ni and Co. With few exceptions these comparisons show increasing negative enthalpies of formation from the 3d to the 4d to the 5d late transition metals, and also from Ti to Zr to Hf. A more detailed analysis shows certain similarities in observed trends between the compounds of (Fe, Co, Ni) and (Os, Ir, Pt) which are not shared by the corresponding compounds of (Ru, Rh, Pd).
Corticotropin-releasing factor CRF1, but not CRF2, receptors mediate anxiogenic-like behavior

The recent identification and differential localization in brain of three binding sites for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like peptides (CRF1 and CRF2 receptors as well as CRF-binding protein) suggest the existence of functionally distinct neurobiological systems which mediate CRF activation. For instance, evidence from receptor knockdown and pharmacological studies suggest involvement of the CRF1 receptor in anxiogenic-like behavior and the CRF-binding protein in learning and memory processes. The present studies examined the potential functional significance of the CRF2 receptor in relation to the CRF1 receptor using two animal models of anxiety and endocrine reactivity to a stressor. CRF1 and CRF2 receptor knockdown was achieved and confirmed autoradiographically within brain regions relevant to behavioral reactivity to stressors by chronic, central administration of antisense oligonucleotides. CRF1 but not CRF2, know down produced a significant anxiolytic-like effect in the Defensive Withdrawal relative to vehicle-treated and two missense oligonucleotide negative control groups. In contrast, neither antisense treatment altered endocrine or behavioral reactivity to a swim stressor. Thus, the present data support the reported role of CRF1 receptors in the mediation of anxiogenic-like behavior and suggest a functionally distinct for role for CRF2 receptors in brain.
The Relative Rewards and Costs of Parenthood and Employment for Employed Women

The perceived satisfactions and costs of parenthood and employment were examined and categorized for 123 professional and nonprofessional married women aged 28 to 39 who were employed full-time. High perceived role conflict between parenting and employment was associated with both lower parity and professional status. Women with large families more highly valued the companionship aspects of children and liked children more than did other women. Nonprofessionals were more concerned about extrinsic characteristics of the job (e.g., money), while professionals were more concerned about intrinsic factors (e.g., mental stimulation) and were more likely to see children as interfering with employment.
The rectal pouch: a safer alternative to rectal tubes.

Caring for a patient who is incontinent of stool consume enormous amounts of nursing time and energy. And, despite frequent linen changes and meticulous skin care, progressive irritation and breakdown may still result. A common approach to the problem is inserting a large Foley catheter into the patient's rectum and inflating the balloon to keep it in place-a practice that can damage the rectal sphincter and the mucous membranes. A safer alterna-
A fast global shutter image sensor based on the VOD mechanism

This paper presents a method to realize a fast and uniform global shutter for time resolved imaging in standard, commercially available image sensors. Fast toggling of the substrate voltage is used in image sensors with a Vertical Overflow Drain (VOD) shutter mechanism, a common building block of IT-CCDs. Special measurements and analysis techniques were developed in order to characterize the shutter performance. Results show very good performance, with various potential applications such as Time-of-Flight imaging, transient imaging, and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Using off-the-shelf devices we were able to produce shutter rise and fall times of 1.5ns, and shutter contrast ratio of 1∶50 or better. The global shutter temporal behavior is very uniform, with less than 200ps delay between the periphery and the center measured across 1/4″ and 1/3″ sensors. Moreover, neighboring pixels exhibit less than 50ps timing variation. The physical principles that allow this fast operation are discussed in detail and explained through measurement results supported by device simulations.
Adolescent Mothers Leaving Multigenerational Households

This study examined how the developmental processes of autonomy and relatedness are related to changes in the residential status of 181 first-time, adolescent, urban, low-income, African American mothers over the first 24 months postpartum. Although adolescent mothers were eager to live independently, few made a clear transition out of the multigenerational household; 56% lived in the household of origin continuously (IN), 21% left and never returned (OUT), and 23% had multiple moves in and out of the household (IN/OUT). Older adolescent maternal age, less supportive adolescent mother-grandmother relations, and high household density were associated with leaving the household of origin. The IN/OUT group had difficulty adopting the roles of adult and parent. Helping adolescent mothers and grandmothers negotiate roles to reduce conflict may promote autonomy and relatedness, allowing mothers to learn parenting skills, qualify for public assistance, and continue their education.
In vitro utilization of exogenous procollagen by embryonic tooth germs

Embryonic mouse tooth germs treated with L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid cease their development, undergo a regression of the enamel organ, and do not maintain the histological characteristics of the explanted dental organ. On the other hand if procollagen is added exogenously to explants continously treated with L-azetidine, the effects of the inhibitor are not seen and the tissue is maintained. Thus, exogenously supplied procollagen supports morphogenesis in tooth rudiments that are unable to synthesize procollagen.
Nutritional Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2, are the only large-scale, long-term, randomized controlled trials to demonstrate a role of nutritional supplements in reducing risk of progression to advanced forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review summarizes the study design, main results, and implications of these trials in the clinical care of nonexudative AMD patients. In addition, it discusses other recent prospective studies focusing on efficacy of nutritional supplementation for prevention or slowing progression of AMD as well as briefly discusses possible effect of genotypes on response to AREDS supplementation.
Low velocity impact damage characteristics of Z-fiber reinforced sandwich panels — an experimental study

Experimental results related to the initiation of damage in Z-fiber truss-reinforced sandwich panels are presented. Two different orientations of pin angles are considered. A pendulum-type impactor is used to impart very low levels of impact energy. Threshold energy levels at which the observable damage initiation occurs are determined. Nondestructive evaluation studies conducted prior to the impact are compared with the post-impact status of the panels for assessing the type and magnitude of the damage. These studies include ultrasonic inspection, microscopic inspection and acoustic emission tests. Damage is also evaluated by carrying out vibration tests before and after impact. Static indentation tests are carried out to compare with low velocity impact tests. Effects specific to the impact phenomena are studied by comparing the load displacement characteristics. Compression after impact characteristics are also evaluated.
Effect of the brachypod mutation on early stages of chondrogenesis in mouse embryonic hind limbs: An ultrastructural analysis

This paper is an ultrastructural investigation of the early chondrogenic events which occur in the tibia and fibula blastemata of normal and brachypod embryos during 12-; and 13-days of development. Transverse sections taken within the central core of the 12-day normal fibular blastema revealed a characteristic morphology consisting of elongated cells with long cytoplasmic filopodia separated by matrix which contained granules and fibers. In 12-day brachypod embryos the cells within the fibular blastema portrayed an atypical morphology. The cells were more closely associated, exhibited small spiky microvilli rather than long cytoplasmic filopodia, had more extensive intercellular contacts and were deficient in matrix. The brachypod tibial blastema in embryos of the same age displayed a quasi normal appearance. More matrix was present, filopodia were apparent but shorter than normal and numerous sections of filopodial processes were observed in the intercellular spaces. Fibular regions of 13-day normal limbs exhibited spacing and morphology similar to 12-day limbs, but had more matrix material. Cells in the fibular region of 13-day brachypod limbs presented a normal morphology and arrangement, but matrix granules were still scarce and aggregation of collagen was abnormal. An explanation of how these differences may contribute to the expression of the brachypod phenotype is offered.