cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic profiling of tissue environments critical for post-embryonic patterning and morphogenesis of zebrafish skin

Regulation of neural crest derived pigment cells and dermal cells that form skin appendages is broadly similar across vertebrate taxa. In zebrafish, organized pigment stripes and an array of calcified scales form simultaneously in the skin during post-embryonic development. Understanding mechanisms that regulate stripe patterning and dermal morphogenesis may lead to discovery of fundamental mechanisms that govern development of animal form. To learn about cell types and potential signaling interactions that govern skin patterning and morphogenesis we generated and analyzed single cell transcriptomes of skin with genetic or induced defects in pigmentation and squamation. These data reveal a previously undescribed population of ameloblast-like epidermal cells, suggest hormonal control of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling, clarify the signaling network that governs scale papillae development, and identify the hypodermis as a crucial pigment cell support environment. These analyses provide new insights into the development of skin and pigmentation and highlight the utility of zebrafish for uncovering essential features of post-embryonic development in vertebrates.
Knowledge and perceptions of human trafficking among community-based and faith-based organization members in South Los Angeles.

The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the knowledge and perceptions of human trafficking (HT) among leaders and staff from 11 community-based organizations (CBOs) and faith-based organiza...
Association between Cognitive Function and Depression with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 Seropositivity and Serointensity in UK Adults

Several viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases have been associated with cognitive function and neuropsychiatric outcomes in humans, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). In this study, we sought to further generalize previously reported associations of cognitive function and depression with HTLV-1 seropositivity and serointensity using a community-based sample of adults aged approximately 40 to 70 years (mean = 55.3 years) from the United Kingdom. In this sample, the results of adjusted linear regression models showed no associations of HTLV-1 seropositivity or serointensity with reasoning, pairs-matching, or reaction-time cognitive tasks or with depression. In addition, neither age, sex, educational attainment, nor income moderated associations of HTLV-1 seropositivity or serointensity with cognitive function or depression. In this middle-aged to older middle-aged adult community sample, HTLV-1 seropositivity and serointensity do not appear to be associated with reasoning, pairs-matching, and reaction-time tasks or with depression.
Treatment Systems for Population Management of Substance Use Disorders: Requirements and Priorities from a Public Health Perspective

This chapter describes the requirements and priorities of service systems designed to treat persons with substance use disorders. Research and theory are reviewed to inform policymakers, program administrators, and treatment providers about the best ways to organize or to expand treatment services using a public health systems approach, which is concerned primarily with how services contribute to the health and welfare of a population. The requirements of a service system include sound policies (especially stable financing); appropriate structural features, such as facilities and trained personnel; and services that are effective, accessible, affordable, and integrated. The priorities for establishing such a system will depend on the assessment of population needs, as well as needs-based planning and the support of mutual help organizations. It is concluded that a public health approach to the development of treatment systems provides a useful way of responding to the changing needs of the population in relation to substance use disorders.
Numerical Enhancement of Nonlinear Model Tracking for Health Monitoring

Crack formation in a vibrating cantilever beam has been identified with the in situ nondestructive health monitoring Nonlinear Model Tracking (NMT) technique. The nonlinear cubic stiffness parameter has been chosen as the system’s dominant nonlinearity and has been tracked until catastrophic failure using a Continuous Time based system identification. The use of a nonlinear model allows for a range of healthy but complex system dynamics, such as changing natural frequency, which indicates a change in system health in traditional linear system health monitoring. Previous research has shown that significant change in the nonlinear parameter indicates a transition from a healthy to unhealthy system. The purpose of this study is to improve the robustness of the NMT method by investigating new data processing techniques. Numerical integration, regression fit with linear FRF, and strain gage sensors were introduced. The results of these new techniques were then compared with results from previous techniques to highlight effectiveness in determining change in a system’s health.
The steric effect in lysogenization by bacteriophage lambda: II. Chromosomal attachment of the b2 mutant

Abstract A strain of Escherichia coli K12 partially diploid for the prophage attachment site of bacteriophage lambda was mixedly infected with lambda and lambda b 2 . In the double lysogens formed, the two prophages were always located at the same site. In double lysogens from mixed infection with two b 2 + strains, the two prophages were generally at different sites. It is concluded that the ability of b 2 + to allow lysogenization by b 2 is due to structural interactions rather than (or conceivably in addition to) physiological ones.
Distributed Port Scan Detection

Conventional network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) have heavyweight processing and memory requirements as they maintain per flow state using data structures such as linked lists or trees. This is required for some specialized jobs such as stateful packet inspection (SPI) where the network communications between entities are recreated in their entirety to inspect application-level data. The downside to this approach is that the NIDS must be in a position to view all inbound and outbound traffic of the protected network. The NIDS can be overwhelmed by a distributed denial of service attack since most such attacks try and exhaust the available state of network entities. For some applications, such as port scan detection, we do not need to reconstruct the complete network traffic. We propose integrating a detector into all routers so that a more distributed detection approach can be achieved. Since routers are devices with limited memory and processing capabilities, conventional NIDS approaches do not workwhile integrating a detector in them. We describe a method to detect port scans using aggregation. A data structure called a partial completion filter (PCF) or a counting Bloom filter is used to reduce the per flow state.
Mental Illness, Medicalization of

Medicalization refers to a process whereby previously non-medical aspects of life become medical. As social behaviors or conditions are redefined as medical conditions, they come under the domain of the medical profession to define, diagnose, and treat. More specifically, the process of medicalization has been conceptualized as “defining a problem in medical terms, using a medical language to describe a problem, adopting a medical framework to understand a problem, or using a medical intervention to ‘treat’ it.” Keywords: health care; medicalization; mental health
"The twentieth century way": female impersonation and sexual practice in turn-of-the century America.

WHEN FEMALE impersonator Julian Eltinge appeared on stage before early twentieth-century vaudeville audiences, his artistry amazed them. To listen to contemporary critics, one might suspect that no one had ever effected so successful an artifice as Eltinge's remarkable portrayal of the female form. Swirling in a cascade of color and movement, Eltinge showcased his femininity while singing and dancing in a variety of "international" presentations. A flushed 1909 Variety critic noted that in Eltinge's "Incense Dance" with the "splendid setting, yellow predominating as the color," the impersonator "executes a dance while in feminine Oriental dress. His 'girl' is an artistic study, from the slippers to the coiffure." Eltinge's popularity was legendary. After one performance the crowd went wild, refusing to leave for intermission until he had returned to the stage and spoken to them directly. It was Eltinge's artistry-the perfection of his mimicry-that signaled his audience that their most basic understanding of gender could be deceptive. While Eltinge became increasingly celebrated, other men who dressed as women discovered a more sinister fame. Hounded by hired detectives, trapped in beachside comfort stations, members of the "queer" community in Long Beach, California, were forced into public view in 1914.
Lipopolysacchride exposure in newborn rats increases mast cell infiltration in the carotid body and attenuates hypoxic chemosensitivity (873.9)

Inflammation adversely modifies carotid body (CB) structure and chemosensitivity in adult animals[1] . Since newborn infants are vulnerable to infections and have unstable breathing, we determined ...
Effect of chronic alcohol consumption and moderate fat diet on vitamin A status in rats fed either vitamin A or β-carotene

The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on vitamin A metabolism was investigated in male rats. Liquid diets containing five times the NRC requirement for vitamin A and varied levels of ethanol were fed. The vitamin A content of the liver was decreased in rats receiving alcohol. Liver lipids were only slightly elevated in alcohol-fed rats. Hepatic vitamin A storage was also decreased in rats fed 30% calories as alcohol and beta-carotene or vitamin A at the NRC requirement level, but not in rats fed one-sixth the NRC requirement as vitamin A. The activities of alcohol dehydrogenase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and retinol dehydrogenase were not altered in hepatic or testicular tissue by the vitamin A or alcohol content of the diet. When an intragastric dose of [3H]retinyl acetate or [14C]beta-carotene was administered, fecal excretion of radioactivity was lower than controls in rats receiving 30% ethanol in the diet for a total of 4 weeks, for 1 week following 7 weeks of control diet consumption, and after an acute dose of ethanol. Recovery of the 3H label was greater in the testes of rats chronically consuming ethanol. When a solution containing [3H]retinyl acetate or [3H]beta-carotene with or without ethanol was injected into intestinal segments, no alterations in absorption of retinyl acetate or beta-carotene due to ethanol occurred. It is concluded that alcohol consumption results in decreased hepatic vitamin A storage, which is not due to the malabsorption of either retinyl acetate or beta-carotene, or to altered activities of several enzymes involved in ethanol and vitamin A metabolism.
The planetesimal bow shock model for chondrule formation: A more quantitative assessment of the standard (fixed Jupiter) case

Abstract– One transient heating mechanism that can potentially explain the formation of most meteoritic chondrules 1–3 Myr after CAIs is shock waves produced by planetary embryos perturbed into eccentric orbits via resonances with Jupiter following its formation. The mechanism includes both bow shocks upstream of resonant bodies and impact vapor plume shocks produced by high-velocity collisions of the embryos with small nonresonant planetesimals. Here, we investigate the efficiency of both shock processes using an improved planetesimal accretion and orbital evolution code together with previous simulations of vapor plume expansion in the nebula. Only the standard version of the model (with Jupiter assumed to have its present semimajor axis and eccentricity) is considered. After several hundred thousand years of integration time, about 4–5% of remaining embryos have eccentricities greater than about 0.33 and shock velocities at 3 AU exceeding 6 km s−1, currently considered to be a minimum for melting submillimeter-sized silicate precursors in bow shocks. Most embryos perturbed into highly eccentric orbits are relatively large—half as large as the Moon or larger. Bodies of this size could yield chondrule-cooling rates during bow shock passage compatible with furnace experiment results. The cumulative area of the midplane that would be traversed by highly eccentric embryos and their associated bow shocks over a period of 1–2 Myr is <1% of the total area. However, future simulations that consider a radially migrating Jupiter and alternate initial distributions of the planetesimal swarm may yield higher efficiencies.
Benzene(cyclopentadienyl)iron Hexafluorophosphate

[12176-31-7] C11H11F6FeP (MW 344.02) InChI = 1S/C6H6.C5H5.F6P.Fe/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2-4-5-3-1;1-7(2,3,4,5)6;/h1-6H;1-5H;;/q;;-1;+1 InChIKey = ZFDATMJBJWNTMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (BF4− salt) [1277-51-6] C11H11BF4Fe (MW 285.86) InChI = 1S/C6H6.C5H5.BF4.Fe/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2-4-5-3-1;2-1(3,4)5;/h1-6H;1-5H;;/q;;-1;+1 InChIKey = MGTJRPSGWIVMBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (free cation) [51364-24-0] InChI = 1S/C6H6.C5H5.Fe/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;1-2-4-5-3-1;/h1-6H;1-5H;/q;;+1 InChIKey = PMJZNWLRJJJEIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilically activated arene complex, undergoes nucleophilic addition,1, 2 nucleophilic substitution of aryl halides,1, 3, 4 oxidations and substitutions at benzylic protons,1, 5, 6 and photochemical or thermal arene removal3, 7) Physical Data: mp 200 °C (dec). Solubility: insol H2O, Et2O, THF; sol acetone, MeCN; mod sol CH2Cl2. Form Supplied in: yellow solid; not commercially available. Preparative information is available.2, 8 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: [(C6H6)FeCp]PF6 is air stable. No special storage requirements are indicated. Its toxicity is unreported, but is probably low to moderate.
Translational biomarkers of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used analgesic drug that can cause liver injury, liver necrosis and liver failure. APAP-induced liver injury is associated with glutathione depletion, the formation of APAP protein adducts, the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and mitochondrial injury. The systems biology omics technologies (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) have been used to discover potential translational biomarkers of liver injury. The following review provides a summary of the systems biology discovery process, analytical validation of biomarkers and translation of omics biomarkers from the nonclinical to clinical setting in APAP-induced liver injury.
Predicting Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Ammocoete Habitat Using Geographic Information Systems

ABSTRACT The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an invasive, parasitic species with a long history of decimating fisheries in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The sea lamprey life cycle consists of stream larval ammocoete, open water parasitic, and adult spawning phases. Population control of sea lamprey is achieved mainly through the application of chemical lampricides that target the sedentary larval stage. The physical characteristics of preferred ammocoete habitat are well defined at the sub-reach scale (< 50 m). We tested whether the spatial distribution of beds of preferred ammocoete habitat depends upon a specific set of geomorphic variables (field-measured slope, and geographic information system (GIS)-derived curvature, radius of curvature, presence of a confluence, and valley wall type). We tested for this relationship at several spatial scales of stream length ranging from 50 m to 300 m, on the East Branch of the Chagrin River, Ohio, USA, a tributary stream to Lake Erie. Of the five geomorphic vari...
Generation of Internal State Assignments for Large Asynchronous Sequential Machines

Several algorithms have been proposed for generating satisfactory state assignments for normal fundamental mode asynchronous sequential circuits. Programmed versions of minimal and near-minimal techniques have been incorporated in automated synthesis systems, but are known to require computational efforts which increase exponentially with flow table size. Other methods, requiring much less effort, produce assignments with far more state variables than minimal assigments.
The Physiological Effect of Pituitary Extract (Posterior Lobe) on the Lactating Mammary Gland

Summary 1.The maximum physiological effect indicated by a discharge of "residual" milk was obtained by approximately one-half cubic centimeter of pituitrin per 100 pounds live weight of the cow. 2.A temporary inhibition of milk secretion which varied in intensity with the amount of pituitrin injected was indicated by the yield of milk obtained at the next regular milking. 3.The inhibitory effect of 10 cc. of pituitrin lasted approximately ten hours. 4.The time required for the pituitrin to become effective varied with the size of the injection. The greatest yield of milk was obtained at the end of ten minutes when 12 cc. were injected whereas twenty minutes were required when only 6 cc. were used. 5.The data confirm the work of previous investigators in indicating that probably fat alone of the constituents of milk is influenced by this extract.
Undergraduate Education and the Next Generation of Conservation Biologists

A cry of alarm has recently been raised from several quarters that the future supply of scientists and engineers in the United States is in jeopardy. Such groups as the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Science Foundation point with concern at the decrease in the number of students in graduate programs in almost all science and engineering disciplines over the past several years. Their concern has primarily focused on the danger this deficit poses for our nation's ability to achieve our scientific and technological goals: without a healthy supply of professionals in each of these fields, who will make the discoveries and solve the problems that form the foundations of our disciplines? Concern over the next generation of professionals ought to be particularly acute for conservation biologists. Ours is a discipline that involves issues that have a real and pressing element of time. We are not merely involved in the patient accumulation of knowledge, the value of which is independent of global conditions. We are in a race against time, where every scrap of information has a greater value yesterday than it does today-where we would have the greatest chance of success if we had all our information now. Species are going extinct, ecosystems are being degraded, and genetic diversity is being lost at rapid and accelerating rates. Extrapolation of these rates into the future shows that our mission of protecting the biotic integrity of the planet will only become harder as time elapses. Unlike most other fields, therefore, a decrease in the work force for conservation biology will limit our ability ever to deal with the challenge.
A field study of Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi) in Panama

A 3-month field study was conducted in Panama to determine presence and relative abundance of Saguinus geoffroyi, the Geoffroy's tamarin, and status of its habitat (see Acknowledgments for taxonomic note). This primate has a wide geographical distribution in eastern Panama; however, local distribution is highly variable. Tropical forest habitat is rapidly being converted for agriculture and timber. Areas where human access was strictly limited showed tamarin densities significantly greater than in less protected areas. Disturbance has a distinct impact on population densities. There may also be a relationship between tamarin abundance and specific types of vegetation. Future actions regarding the conservation of S. geoffroyi and its habitat are recommended.
Ready for Her Close-Up: An Interview with Elaine Strass

When I invited Elaine Strass for an interview, I had no idea she was planning to retire in the coming year. Elaine has been the hidden force behind both the Genetics Society of America (GSA) and the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) for almost 20 years, by serving as Executive Director for both organizations. Fresh, articulate, and cheerful, Elaine (see Image 1) has a lightning wit, great people skills, and zest for her work. She is our societies' strongest champion, yet many of you may be unfamiliar with her.​her.
The variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behaviour in infant eastern coyotes, Canis latrans var

Abstract The duration and stereotypy (in terms of duration) of three actions, stand-overs (SO), general-bites (GB), and scruff-bites (SB), were measured during social play and agonistic interactions in infant eastern coyotes ( Canis latrans ). The rate of biting was also calculated. We found: (1) SO's and GB's lasted a significantly shorter time during play; (2) when performed during playful interactions, all three acts showed more stereotypy; (3) there was no significant difference between the rates of occurrence of biting during the two situations. A discussion of the ‘exaggerated’ nature of play behaviour is presented, particularly concerning the form of the motor actions that are used during this activity.
Symptom distress, current concerns and mood disturbance after diagnosis of life-threatening disease.

Abstract This study describes the level of symptom distress, current concerns and mood disturbance in persons with a diagnosis of one of two life-threatening diseases at two occasions. The sample included 56 lung cancer patients and 65 heart attack patients who completed interviews at 1 and 2 months post diagnosis. Data were obtained using a modified version of the McCorkle and Young Symptom Distress Scale, the Weisman and Worden Inventory of Current Concerns and the Profile of Mood States. One conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the plight of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients appears to be bleaker than that of heart attack patients. Cancer patients experienced more symptom distress of all kinds than heart attack patients. They also reported more health and existential concerns and they suffered more mood disturbances, on the average, than heart attack patients did. The most striking finding of the mean differences analysis was that, although symptom distress remained the same between occasions for both groups, both kinds of patients reported fewer concerns and better mood at the second interview. Although the plight of neither type of patient improved, patients reported being in better spirits and less worried at the second measurement occasion. This reduction in concerns and mood disturbance between interviews suggests that patients assimilate that their situation is not as immediately life-threatening as they had feared.
How Do You Know Your Consult Service is Doing a Good Job? Generating Performance Measures for C-L Service Effectiveness

Background There is no consensus in the literature on measures for evaluating the performance of general hospital Consultation-Liaison psychiatry services. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate what indicators might be used to this end. Methods We surveyed United States Psychosomatic Medicine fellowship directors ( n = 53) about the use of performance measures for their psychiatric consultation services. Results of this survey led to the construction of a second survey, which was distributed to the representatives of services calling for psychiatric consultations at our hospital ( n = 21); this survey sought to determine the importance of various performance parameters to overall consultee satisfaction. Results Sixty-three percent of responding psychiatric consult services do not use any of the parameters identified in the literature as performance measures. Consultee satisfaction was endorsed as a valuable performance indicator by 67.7% of them, but no satisfaction rating instrument was identified. The internal survey of consultees identified 11 of 16 candidate parameters as important or very important to consultee satisfaction, of which "consultant understands the core situation and the core question being asked" received the highest rating. Conclusions Consultee satisfaction is perceived as a useful global measure of the effectiveness of a psychiatric consult service. We elicited parameters that can be used to create a measurement tool for consultee satisfaction with Consultation-Liaison services. The use of such a tool merits testing in a larger multicenter study.
Melt processing of calcium aluminate fibers with sapphirelike infrared transmission

X-ray amorphous, calcium aluminate glass fibers can be made by one of three melt processing methods. This review compares products and processes, and points to a potentially promising future. Selected amorphous fibers with 23-47% A1203 have high melt viscosities (>100 Pa-s) and can either be drawn from supercooled melts or spun above the liquidus through an orifice. The vast majority of fibers, especially those with 50-100% A1203 have low viscosities (<1 Pa-s) and can only be made by inviscid melt spinning, a process whereby the molten low viscosity jet is ejected through an orifice above the liquidus, and chemically stabilized in a reactive environment. As-spun fibers with 50-81% A1203 were x-ray amorphous and strong, but polycrystalline and weak with 82-100% A1203. Fibers by either process were aimed at structural uses (fiber reinforced composites). Recent work shows that x-ray amorphous fibers have sapphire-like infrared transmission spectra and have greater potential in optical than in structural applications. Thus new non-silica optical fibers can now be explored by any of the three processes; all promise to afford lower cost fibers at higher production rates than possible with slow processes (e.g., single crystal fiber growth) yielding costly specialty non-silica optical fibers (e.g., sapphire).
Preparation of pyritized plant petrifactions: “a plea for pyrite”

Abstract The opacity and difficulty in preparation and microscopical examination of pyrite and marcasite petrifactions tend to discourage many workers. In recent years, however, techniques have been developed to help the paleobotanist prepare and study these petrifactions. The techniques include preparation of polished surfaces, etched surfaces, split surfaces, and peels. An attempt has been made to compile, for the first time, a set of proven techniques for working with iron sulfide petrifactions. Paleobotanists are encouraged to study iron sulfide petrifactions when they find them in a flora.
Accountability: the future application of cardiothoracic surgical data in a changing health care environment.

There will be some very interesting and informative discussions this morning, which I think you will enjoy. Fred Grover is going to moderate the panel, but I wanted to make a few comments because I think data bases are a very important aspect of our future. I have had a personal interest in multiinstitutional data bases for more than 25 years. This was stimulated chiefly by my involvement in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). Ward Kennedy made a presentation before the American Association for Thoracic Surgery 18 years ago [1], in which he showed variability in institutional operative mortality (Fig 1). The CASS Oversight Committee—now called the Safety and Data Monitoring Committee—visited the institutions with higher operative mortalities, examined their techniques and procedures, and made suggestions to improve the mortality statistics. The CASS study was a forerunner of the technique that has been used so successfully by the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. To my knowledge, it was the first time that the concept of observed-to-expected results was proposed publicly. I would like to offer this quote as an introduction to today’s discussion. “The practice of medicine will always be partly an art. But now, with information technology, with more research, and with professionals who combine clinical skills, it is possible to ground medical practice more in science as well as in art” [2].
Natural History of Trachoma in Taiwan School Children

At the onset of our first field trials of tra­ choma vaccine in Taiwan in 1959, some prevalence data were available on trachoma infection in entering primary school chil­ dren. Later the World Health Organization performed an island-wide prevalence sur­ vey. We undertook to obtain incidence data in order to assist us in the understand­ ing of the natural history of trachoma on Taiwan and in the evaluation of trachoma vaccine and drug treatment studies.
Beyond Collective Supervision: Informal Social Control, Prosocial Investment, and Juvenile Offending in Urban Neighborhoods

This article examines prosocial investment and supervision of youth as separate indicators of informal social control. Data from 599 survey respondents in 90 Indianapolis, IN, block groups indicate that, at the neighborhood level, the relationship between these two variables and delinquency during early and middle adolescence varies by severity of offense. Specifically, negative binomial models reveal an inverse relationship between supervision and both status offenses and misdemeanors, but the relationship with misdemeanors is stronger in areas with higher levels of prosocial investment. In contrast, prosocial investment has an inverse association with felony charges. Overall, these results call for future quantitative scholarship that contextualizes neighborhood-level supervision and that is attentive to neighborhood support and empowerment assets in models of urban adolescent delinquency.
Pore size distributions in AM50 Mg alloy die castings

Abstract Pore size data in AM50 Mg alloy die castings reported by Lee et al. [Mater. Sci. Eng. A, v. A427, pp. 99–111, 2006] were reanalyzed by using the lognormal distribution. Best fits were obtained with the three-parameter lognormal distribution. The threshold pore diameter for all cases was 15 μm which indicates that the die castings produced within the experimental region will always produce pores of at least 15 μm in diameter. The effects of process parameters on the number density as well as the statistical distribution of pore size are discussed in the paper. It is proposed that number and probability densities be analyzed separately when the effects of process parameters on pore size distributions are characterized.
A Study of Transport and Mixing in Natural Waters Using ICP-MS: Water-Particle Interactions

Water-particle interactions often may result in non-conservative chemical behavior when waters from different sources mix with one another. The results presented in this paper address the role of these interactions in freshwater and estuarine mixing and support a larger study to develop a method to help resolve flow distribution and water quality questions in surface waters using a source water “fingerprinting” technique. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used to “fingerprint” each water source based upon the concentrations and relative proportions of elements in that source. Estimates can then be made of the fractions of various “fingerprinted” waters in water samples that contain a mixture of source waters. Such estimates depend upon the selection of tracers that behave conservatively during mixing; in this paper, results to establish the maximum particle exchange capacity and conservative mixing behavior are presented for samples collected from the Sacramento River-San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. Elements likely to behave conservatively include boron, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, strontium, and molybdenum.
Fire and vegetation type effects on soil hydrophobicity and infiltration in the sagebrush-steppe: II. Hyperspectral analysis

Hyperspectral remote sensing methods were developed to identify and differentiate post-fire characteristics in burned sagebrush-steppe. This shrub-steppe environment is typical of the Intermountain West, where wildfire intervals are frequent. After a 78,000 ha wildfire in 2005 in southern Idaho, soil water repellency and fire severity were evaluated with field and airborne spectroscopy measurements. A hyperspectral analysis correctly identified bare ground, low and high fire severity grass areas and low fire severity shrub areas, with accuracies between 74 and 92%. The differentiation of moderate and high fire severity areas was ambiguous, resulting in accuracies between 39 and 54%. The hyperspectral analysis of soil water repellency resulted in a representative map of its distribution with an accuracy of 65%. The analysis techniques conducted in this project signify spectroscopy to be beneficial for differentiating soil characteristics and fire severity classes in burned shrub-steppe areas, where the mostly bare, spectrally homogenous soils exhibit subtle but significant changes in reflectance. The spatial representation of post-fire soil and vegetation conditions may provide a better understanding of post-fire vegetation and surficial processes (water and wind erosion) in shrub-steppe.
Evidence for a cooperative role of gelatinase A and membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase during Xenopus laevis development.

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of extracellular or membrane-bound proteases. Their ability to cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has implicated a role in ECM remodeling to affect cell fate and behavior during development and in pathogenesis. We have shown previously that membrane-type 1 (MT-1)-MMP is coexpressed temporally and spatially with the MMP gelatinase A (GelA) in all cell types of the intestine and tail where GelA is expressed during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis, suggesting a cooperative role of these MMPs in development. Here, we show that Xenopus GelA and MT1-MMP interact with each other in vivo and that overexpression of MT1-MMP and GelA together in Xenopus embryos leads to the activation of pro-GelA. We further show that both MMPs are expressed during Xenopus embryogenesis, although MT1-MMP gene is expressed earlier than the GelA gene. To investigate whether the embryonic MMPs play a role in development, we have studied whether precocious expression of these MMPs alters development. Our results show that overexpression of both MMPs causes developmental abnormalities and embryonic death by a mechanism that requires the catalytic activity of the MMPs. More importantly, we show that coexpression of wild type MT1-MMP and GelA leads to a cooperative effect on embryonic development and that this cooperative effect is abolished when the catalytic activity of either MMP is eliminated through a point mutation in the catalytic domain. Thus, our studies support a cooperative role of these MMPs in embryonic development, likely through the activation of pro-GelA by MT1-MMP.
Effect of electron mediators on current generation and fermentation in a microbial fuel cell

Effects of select electron mediators [9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt (AQDS), safranine O, resazurin, methylene blue, and humic acids] on metabolic end-products and current production from cellulose digestion by Clostridium cellulolyticum in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were studied using capillary electrophoresis and traditional electrochemical techniques. Addition of the mediator resazurin greatly enhanced current production but did not appear to alter the examined fermentation end-products compared to MFCs with no mediator. Assays for lactate, acetate, and ethanol indicate that the presence of safranine O, methylene blue, and humic acids alters metabolite production in the MFC: safranine O decreased the examined metabolites, methylene blue increased lactate formation, and humic acids increased the examined metabolites. Mediator standard redox potentials (E 0) reported in the literature do not coincide with redox potentials in MFCs due presumably to the electrolytic complexity of media that supports bacterial survival and growth. Current production in MFCs: (1) can be effected by the mediator redox potential while in the media, which may be significantly shifted from E 0, and (2) depended on the ability of the mediator to access the bacterial electron source, which may be cytoplasmic. In addition, some electron mediators had significant effects on metabolic end-products and therefore the metabolism of the organism itself.
Ultrafast vibrationally-induced dephasing of electronic excitations in PbSe quantum dots.

Vibrationally induced pure-dephasing of electronic states in PbSe quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature is investigated using two independent theoretical approaches based on the optical response function and semiclassical formalisms. Both approaches predict dephasing times of around 10 fs and reproduce the recently measured homogeneous linewidths of optical absorption well. Because dephasing slows down with increasing cluster size, the dephasing times calculated for the small clusters correspond to the lower end of the experimental data. The dephasing is almost independent of the electronic excitation energy and occurs faster for biexcitons than single excitons. The dephasing time is roughly proportional to the square root of the mass of the lighter atom (Se), suggesting that dephasing should be faster in PbS and slower in PbTe relative to PbSe. Core atoms produce stronger dephasing than surface atoms. In the collective description, pure-dephasing occurs via low-frequency acoustic modes, in support of th...
Production innovation and economies of scope: Beyond the “technological fix”

Abstract As the economy of the world becomes increasingly interconnected, business faces a radically changed strategic arena from that of the past. Competition is increasingly global. At the same time, manufacturing is being revolutionized by advances in materials, materials handling, and a vastly increased science base — which can often be duplicated by foreign technicians. The result is intensified competition, emphasizing quality and innovation, as well as low cost. Programmable automation is at the heart of the new technologies, making possible (and necessary) a shift from economies of scale to economies of scope. However, success cannot be achieved by technology alone. Indeed, the very notion of “technological fix” assumes that everything else beyond the technology is unchanged. Instead, the discontinuous changes imposed by computer-aided, computer-integrated manufacturing demand wholesale rethinking of old practices and assumptions. Without such rethinking, we can expect that “advanced manufacturing technology” will “advance” very slowly. To attain the truly revolutionary benefits of the new technologies, changes are required in marketing, strategy, organization, and management thinking, no less than in manufacturing. This paper will outline how the new manufacturing technology differs from the old; how its differences pervade the organization, reaching well beyond manufacturing; and how the new technology's demands point the way to new methods for organizing.
THE COLUMBIAN TIMBER BEETLE, CORTHYLUS COLUMBIANUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IV. INTRASTAND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Corthylus columbianus Hopkins became permanently established in. the study area in southern Indiana during 1940–62. Three epicenters were present in 1945. Two of these shifted, expanded, and merged the following year. The two remaining epicenters merged during the first outbreak. As the population declined after the first outbreak and began retreating toward the center of the stand, two epicenters were again definable. One of these alternately expanded and contracted for several years demonstrating, qualitatively, that epicenters are definable and dynamic in time and space. That is, any particular locus undergoes some degree of areal shift each year and varies in size through time. Quantitatively, attack and egg cradle densities within the epicenters follow the same pattern. Densities were generally lowest in the newly invaded areas. Except during epiphytotics, highest density areas were usually aggregated near the center of the stand, but shifted from year to year. For example, only one tree contained a high density in 1954; by 1956 the high density area had shifted spatially and encompassed 10% of the study trees. An “indigenous population” of C . columbianus is an areal concept. The insect withdrew to certain areas , not certain trees, during times of low population numbers. The “brood” tree concept–a single tree containing all or a majority of the population during times of low population numbers–is rejected in the case of the Columbian timber beetle for the study area in southern Indiana.
STRUCTURE OF IONS AND WATER AROUND A POLYELECTROLYTE IN A POLARIZABLE NANOPORE

We study the distribution of ions and water within a pore in a polarizable membrane, in the presence of a stiff polyelectrolyte threaded through the pore. In this system, which represents a typical situation during the translocation of DNA, the distribution of both the ions and the water molecules is affected by the induced charges on the surface of the polarizable nanopore. Specifically, the concentration of counterions is enhanced near the surface of the pore, due to the attractive interaction with the induced charges. Conversely, the water within the pore is depleted, as a result of the disruption of hydrogen bonds by the induced charges.
SIGNATURE AND SIGNAL GENERATION ASPECTS OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION USING TERAHERTZ TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY

In the last few years, a number of researchers including our collaboration have assembled databases of terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) absorption spectra from bulk explosives. While this was a necessary and important step in demonstrating the feasibility of THz TDS for explosives detection, the goal of our research is to demonstrate selectivity of THz spectra from the clutter of background spectra coming from the substrate such as soil or sand. We have investigated THz TDS reflection spectra from sand with different grain sizes as well as from metallic powders in order to distinguish between the signals reflected from the rough surfaces compared to distributed reflections at finite depths in the granular material. With marker materials such as tartaric acid, which have absorption features in the 1-2 THz range, we have investigated the reflection spectra of granular substrates with marker chemicals, and compared this to reflection and transmission spectra of solid materials prepared in polyethylene sample pellets. In principle, the same experiments can then be performed using TNT, RDX, HMX and PETN, which all have characteristic features in the 0.5-8 THz frequency range. Absolute molecular absorption coefficients can be measured as well, and we include here preliminary values for RDX. A full analysis will be reported elsewhere.
Synthesis of CORONA 5 (Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-1.5Cr)

The synthesis of CORONA 5 (Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-1.5Cr) is described from the viewpoints of alloy chemistry and microstructure. Lenticular alpha is shown to maximize fracture resistance parameters, while a globular alpha optimizes hightemperature flow characteristics. The processing and application of CORONA 5 as forging, plate, sheet and powder metallurgy products are presented. The weldability of the alloy is described and potential use of the alloy for engine applications discussed. The improved mechanical property behavior over the “workhorse” Ti-6Al-4V alloy combined with cost-effective production should result in use of CORONA 5 in many applications. Future developments for CORONA 5 are suggested both in terms of further mechanical property optimization and in light of the economics of producing the alloy.
Use of the BioMedicus Centrifugal Pump in Traumatic Tears of the Thoracic Aorta

Traumatic blunt thoracic aortic injury is a clinical entity of increasing incidence. After the diagnosis of traumatic tear of the aorta is made, there is some controversy over whether the aorta should be repaired using cardiopulmonary bypass, a heparinized shunt, or cross-clamping and graft interposition without a shunt or bypass. At Allegheny General Hospital, 19 patients were treated for traumatic tears of the thoracic aorta between July 1, 1977, and June 30, 1983. They can be divided into two groups: Group 1 (July 1, 1977, through October 31, 1981), in which no shunt or bypass or only a heparinized shunt was used, and Group 2 (November 1, 1981, through June 30, 1983), in which left atrium-femoral artery bypass was performed using a BioMedicus heparinless pump and tubing. Among the 10 patients in Group 1, 4 died and 2 had paraplegia postoperatively. Among the 9 patients in Group 2, 1 died and none experienced paraplegia following operation. We believe that the BioMedicus centrifugal pump is a simple, safe means of perfusing the lower body, kidneys, and spinal column without necessitating heparinization in a patient with multiple injuries or the placement of a cumbersome heparinized shunt. Because of the simplicity and the reliability demonstrated, this pump should be considered for use in all patients with traumatic tears of the thoracic aorta.
Islet histophysiology: evolutionary correlations.

Abstract Islet cytology, islet innervation, and islet—exocrine pancreas relationships were studied in representatives of all major groups of vertebrates, particularly in phylogenetic “Main Line Forms,” and the results are integrated with previous observations in order to clarify trends in islet evolution. In anadromous Petromyzon m. marinus , the islets contain B-cells and four types of acidophils of unknown function. The Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Latimeria , Urodela, and Anura have one or more granular islet cells besides A-, B-, and D-cells. The islet organ of Necutrus is poorly developed and resembles that of the likewise neotenous Cryptobranchidae. Protopterus , The Apoda and adult amniotes have at least three regular types of granular islet cells. Islet innervation appears to be an original feature of the gnathostomes. However, it seems to be absent in turtles, crocodilians, and birds, while it is especially strong in some actinopterygians. The transmitter substance of the majority of the islet nerves of the teleosts remains to be identified. Five morphological types of relations between the islet organ and the exocrine pancreas can be distinguished: (1) a cyclostome type; (2) a primitive gnathostome type (Chondrichthyes and Latimeria ); (3) a Protopterus type; (4) a tetrapode type; (5) an actinopterygian type. Differences between these systems in higher gnathostomes may be related to variations of developmental rather than functional factors. It seems to be a phylogenetic rule that major morphological variations of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system are paralleled by major variations of the islet-pancreas system. Taxionomic implications of this rule are discussed.