cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Model for Brillouin Scattering Near the Critical Point of a Fluid.

A dynamical model for density fluctuations in a one-component fluid near the critical point is proposed and compared with existing measurements in carbon dioxide. The model is described by a set of linearized hydrodynamic equations modified to include a nonlocal pressure density relationship and to include relaxation in the volume viscosity. Parameters for the model are found which are consistent with bulk measurements. With these parameters the model reproduces, within experimental uncertainty, the observed Brillouin spectrum of critical opalescence in CO2. The low frequency volume viscosity is found to diverge as the - 1/3 power of T - T c . An additional modification of the hydrodynamic equations, a frequency dependent thermal conductivity, is considered, but no definite conclusions can be reached as the Brillouin line-width data lack sufficient precision.
Importance of sequence specific hydrophobicity in synthetic protein transduction domain mimics.

A new series of synthetic protein transduction domain mimics (PTDMs) was designed to analyze the importance of guanidine and phenyl group segregation along the backbone on their membrane interaction and cellular internalization abilities. ROMP was utilized to synthesize three polymers: nonsegregated homopolymers, intermediately segregated gradient copolymers, and strongly segregated block copolymers. In order to understand the role of functional group segregation on activity, it was important to design monomers that enabled these three different polymer topologies, or constitutional macromolecular isomers, to be prepared with identical chemical compositions. The structure–activity relationships were evaluated by both a biophysical assay, using dye-loaded vesicles, and by in vitro cellular uptake studies of fluorescently labeled chains. The results showed that functional group segregation impacts activity. In general, the nonsegregated homopolymer was the most active in both assays but also showed larger, ...
Roundtable Discussion: Techniques for Successful Teaching as a Black Political Science Professor in Majority Non-Black Environments

Attendees will learn about techniques developed by successful political science professors over years of service. The panel of professors will discuss issues they faced as Black professors in environments where the majority of their students and colleagues are not Black. They will go into detail on each type teaching pedagogy that has worked the best for them in a variety of circumstances. There will be ample time allotted for questions and further discussion. This panel will be of use to people at all stages of their academic careers if they have any interest in teaching. That is especially the case for individuals who are or will be in majority non-Black environments.
Reflections on Implementing the Important Thought of the "Three Represents" by CYL

The important thought of the "Three Represents" is a guiding ideology to be followed for a long time to come by the Communist Youth League (CYL),as well as by our Party . To carry out the important thought of the "Three Represents", the CYL must direct large numbers of young people to participate in the great practice of building a well-off society in an all-round way,mould youg people with advanced culture, and persevere in serving young people's growth and accomplishment,and serving their employment and pioneering work.
Large Deformation Wave Codes

In this section, we discuss the role of numerical simulations in studying the response of materials and structures to large deformation or shock loading. The methods we consider here are based on solving discrete approximations to the continuum equations of mass, momentum, and energy balance. Such computational techniques have found widespread use for research and engineering applications in government, industry, and academia.
Psychiatric history, post-discharge distress, and personality characteristics among incident female cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case-control study

Abstract Background The role of psychological factors in the onset of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is still controversial. Associations with previous psychiatric conditions are registry-based; associations with personality characteristics and psychological sequelae of TC have been largely unexplored. This case–control study sought to study pre-admission psychiatric morbidity, personality traits, and post-discharge distress in incident cases of TC. Methods TC cases (Mayo clinic criteria) and acute myocardial infarction (MI) controls were recruited among women admitted to two Emergency Departments in New England. Healthy controls (HC) were recruited from a volunteers' registry. Preadmission psychiatric history (DSM-IV-TR) was abstracted from the medical record. PTSD symptoms (Impact of Events Scale); distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); perceived stress (PS scale) and personality traits (optimism; hostility, type D personality) were collected via phone interview one month after discharge. Results From March 2013 through October 2015, 107 participants (45 TC, 32 MI and 30 HC) were enrolled. The prevalence of preadmission anxiety disorders was 24.4% in TC, 9.4% in MI, and 0 in HC (p = 0.007) while that of mood disorders was similar across groups. TC had higher psychological distress, perceived stress, and PTSD symptoms post-discharge vs. MI and HC. In adjusted models, PTSD symptoms remained higher in TC vs. MI (b = 0.55, p Conclusions Preadmission anxiety, but not depression, was associated with the occurrence of TC. High distress and PTSD symptoms post-discharge indicate that TC women may be at risk for poor psychological adjustment.
Inverse synthetic aperture LADAR image construction: an inverse model-based approach

Standard Synthetic Aperture LADAR (SAL) image processing techniques use fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) to render images. This leads to noise amplification and estimates of the complex-valued reflection coefficient, thus resulting in high variation known as speckle. In this paper we propose a model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) approach using a Bayesian framework to form SAL images. The resulting images are the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of object's real-valued surface reflectance. To overcome the complexity of the MAP cost function, we use the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to derive a surrogate function which is then optimized. The proposed algorithm is tested on simulated data and compared against the Fourier-based approach.
Central Nervous System Adaptation After Ligamentous Injury: a Summary of Theories, Evidence, and Clinical Interpretation

The array of dysfunction occurring after ligamentous injury is tied to long-term clinical impairments in functional performance, joint stability, and health-related quality of life. To appropriately treat individuals, and in an attempt to avoid sequelae such as post-traumatic osteoarthritis, investigators have sought to better establish the etiology of the persistent dysfunction present in patients who have sustained joint ligament injuries to the lower extremities. Recent evidence has suggested that changes within the brain and central nervous system may underlie these functional deficits, with support arising from direct neurophysiologic measures of somatosensory dysfunction, motor system excitability, and plasticity of neural networks. As research begins to utilize these findings to develop targeted interventions to enhance patient outcomes, it is crucial for sports medicine professionals to understand the current body of evidence related to neuroplasticity after ligamentous injury. Therefore, this review provides (1) a comprehensive and succinct overview of the neurophysiologic techniques utilized in assessing central nervous system function after ligamentous injury, (2) a summary of the findings of previous investigations utilizing these techniques, and (3) direction for further application of these techniques in the prevention and rehabilitation of joint injury.
Distribution-Free Distribution Regression

‘Distribution regression’ refers to the situation where a response Y depends on a covariate P where P is a probability distribution. The model is Y = f(P ) + where f is an unknown regression function and is a random error. Typically, we do not observe P directly, but rather, we observe a sample from P . In this paper we develop theory and methods for distribution-free versions of distribution regression. This means that we do not make strong distributional assumptions about the error term and covariate P . We prove that when the eective dimension is small enough (as measured by the doubling dimension), then the excess prediction risk converges to zero with a polynomial rate.
Extracellular vesicles isolation and their biomarker potential: are we ready for testing?

In a recently published paper (Sci Rep 2016;6:33935), a group of Japanese investigators reported on a novel affinity-based method for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from supernatants of cell lines or cells isolated from murine tissues (1). The paper calls attention to the growing interest of scientific and medical communities in EVs, their molecular and genetic characterization, their biomarker status and the role they play in human health and disease.
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of bevacizumab (Bev) in first- and second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

6502 Background: The addition of Bev to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is the standard of care for previously untreated mCRC. A recent randomized trial demonstrated a 1.4 month increase i...
Evaluating a Multi Agency Cyber Security Training Program Using Pre-post Event Assessment and Longitudinal Analysis

This study presents the context and measured results of cyber security joint cyber defense training exercises. Building on previously published work by the authors that introduced AGILE methodologies, this study analyzes the outcomes of that professional development and laboratory-supported environment. Analysis focuses on the development of specific individual skill levels and generally describes desired multi-agency collaborative capabilities. While all training events do not have sufficient pre-post data to isolate the particular causes of a rise in capabilities, competence in progressively harder levels of capabilities is observed over time in relation to the training components. A comprehensive Personalized Education Learning Environment (PELE) aggregate data of individuals is not presented here, indicators suggest that this would enhance outcomes.
Psychiatric symptoms after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a 5-year longitudinal study.

We aimed to characterize anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over 5-year follow-up after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and determine risk factors for prolonged psychiatric morbidity. This prospective cohort study enrolled patients from 13 medical and surgical intensive care units in four hospitals, with follow-up at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months post-ARDS. Trained research staff administered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (scores ≥ 8 on anxiety and depression subscales indicating substantial symptoms) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R, scores ≥ 1.6 indicating substantial PTSD symptoms) at each follow-up visit. Of 196 consenting survivors, 186 (95%) completed HADS and IES-R assessments; 96 (52%) had any continuous or recurring (prolonged) symptoms, and 71 (38%), 59 (32%), and 43 (23%) had prolonged anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms, respectively (median total durations 33–39 months, 71–100% of observed follow-up time). Prolonged psychiatric symptoms tended to co-occur across domains; the most common morbidity pattern involved substantial symptoms in all three domains. Worse pre-ARDS mental health, including prior depression and psychological distress in the period immediately preceding ARDS, was strongly associated with prolonged post-ARDS psychiatric morbidity across symptom domains. Clinically significant and long-lasting symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD are common in the first 5 years after ARDS. In-hospital screening of psychiatric history, including recent anxiety and depression symptoms, may be useful for long-term mental health treatment planning after ARDS.
Association Between Early Postoperative Acetaminophen Exposure and Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

Importance Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication for pediatric cardiac surgery patients associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. Current strategies focus on risk reduction and early identification because there are no known preventive or therapeutic agents. Cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass lyse erythrocytes, releasing free hemoglobin and contributing to oxidative injury. Acetaminophen may prevent AKI by reducing the oxidation state of free hemoglobin. Objective To test the hypothesis that early postoperative acetaminophen exposure is associated with reduced risk of AKI in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective cohort study, the setting was 2 tertiary referral children’s hospitals. The primary and validation cohorts included children older than 28 days admitted for cardiac surgery between July 1, 2008, and June 1, 2016. Exclusion criteria were postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and inadequate serum creatinine measurements to determine AKI status. Exposures Acetaminophen exposure in the first 48 postoperative hours. Main Outcomes and Measures Acute kidney injury based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine criteria (increase by ≥0.3 mg/dL from baseline or at least 1.5-fold more than the baseline [to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4]) in the first postoperative week. Results The primary cohort (n = 666) had a median age of 6.5 (interquartile range [IQR], 3.9-44.7) months, and 341 (51.2%) had AKI. In unadjusted analyses, those with AKI had lower median acetaminophen doses than those without AKI (47 [IQR, 16-88] vs 78 [IQR, 43-104] mg/kg, P P = .03), with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.99) for each additional 10 mg/kg. Conclusions and Relevance These results indicate that early postoperative acetaminophen exposure may be associated with a lower rate of AKI in pediatric patients who undergo cardiac surgery. Further analysis to validate these findings, potentially through a prospective, randomized trial, may establish acetaminophen as a preventive agent for AKI.
cT1a Renal Masses Less Than 2 versus 2 cm or Greater Managed by Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: A Propensity Score Matched Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes

Purpose:We performed a single center evaluation to compare perioperative, pathological and functional outcomes of robotic partial nephrectomy of T1a renal masses less than vs greater than 2 cm.Materials and Methods:Propensity score 1:1 matching of queried patients was performed using the institutional robotic partial nephrectomy database from January 2007 to January 2017. Matching was done by patient age, gender, race, body mass index, the Charlson comorbidity index, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ASA® (American Society of Anesthesiologists®) score, estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease stage and R.E.N.A.L. (radius, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness of tumor to collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior, location relative to polar line and abutting main renal artery or vein) score. We analyzed the records of 524 patients, including 262 with a renal mass less than 2 cm vs 262 with a renal mass 2 cm or greater. Perioperative, pathological and funct...
Cloud interference pattern analysis (IPA) in thoracic paraspinal muscles in motor neuron disease.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that a major challenge for electromyographers is deciphering motor unit potential (MUP) morphology and firing patterns that represent subtle departures from the limits of a normal population of MUPs. While most electromyographers are adept at using qualitative techniques to examine patients with very mild or questionable disease, and can make an accurate diagnosis, there is merit to using quantitative techniques. The chapter reviews and compares efforts to analyze the interference pattern fall into four broad categories: measurement of amplitude, analysis of frequency and power spectrum, spike counting, and most recently decomposition of the motor unit firing rates. Individual MUPs can be isolated from the decomposed firing rates and analyzed for duration, amplitude, morphology, rise time, firing pattern, and other attributes. Efforts to assess MUPs across the spectrum of muscle contractions focus on analyzing aggregate MUP activity rather than on individual MUPs. It is termed as interference pattern analysis (IPA). These techniques rely on computer-based algorithms to work in a semiautomated manner and are available on many commercial electromyography (EMG) systems.
Malignant Melanoma of the Scrotum: Report of 2 Cases

Primary melanoma of the scrotum is a rare entity, with only 4 cases reported previously. Of about 2,000 patients with malignant melanoma treated in the last 15 years at our hospital only 2 had primary melanoma of the scrotum. The treatment and outcome of these patients are presented.
Stochastic Observability and Uncertainty Characterization in Simultaneous Receiver and Transmitter Localization

The stochastic observability of simultaneous receiver and transmitter localization is studied. A mobile vehicle-mounted receiver is assumed to draw pseudorange measurements from multiple unknown radio frequency transmitters and to fuse these measurements through an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to simultaneously localize the receiver and transmitters together with estimating the receiver's and transmitters’ clock errors. The receiver is assumed to have perfect a priori knowledge of its initial states, while the transmitters’ states are unknown. It is shown that the receiver's and transmitters’ clock biases are stochastically unobservable and that their estimation error variances will diverge. A lower bound on the divergence rate of the estimation error variances of the receiver's and transmitters’ clock biases is derived and demonstrated numerically. Simulation and experimental results are presented for an unmanned aerial vehicle navigating without GPS signals, using pseudoranges made on unknown terrestrial transmitters. It is demonstrated that despite the receiver's and transmitters’ clock biases being stochastically unobservable, the EKF produces bounded localization errors.
Abstract SY40-01: In vivo genetic screens for genes that modulate tumor immunity

Despite the dramatic clinical success of cancer immunotherapy with PD-1 checkpoint blockade, most patients do not experience sustained clinical benefit from treatment, suggesting that additional therapeutic strategies are needed. To discover new immunotherapy targets, we developed a pooled, loss-of-function in vivo genetic screening approach using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in mouse transplantable tumors treated with vaccination and PD-1 checkpoint blockade. We tested 2,400 genes expressed by melanoma cells for those that synergize with or cause resistance to checkpoint blockade, and recovered the known immune evasion molecules, PD-L1 and CD47. Loss of function of genes required to sense interferon-γ caused resistance to immunotherapy. Deletion of Ptpn2, a pleotropic protein tyrosine phosphatase, improved response to immunotherapy. Cellular, biochemical, transcriptional, and genetic epistasis experiments demonstrated that loss of function of Ptpn2 sensitizes tumors to immunotherapy by enhancing interferon-γ-mediated effects on antigen presentation and growth suppression. Thus, strategies that increase interferon-γ sensing by tumor cells could improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. More generally, in vivo genetic screens in tumor models can identify new immunotherapy targets, model resistance mechanisms, and may accelerate the rational selection of combination immunotherapy. Citation Format: W Nicholas Haining. In vivo genetic screens for genes that modulate tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr SY40-01.
Context and culture: Reasons young adults drink and drive in rural America.

Abstract Montana, a large and rural U.S. state, has a motor vehicle fatality rate almost double the national average. For young adults, the alcohol-related motor vehicle fatality rate in the state is almost three times the national average. Yet little research has explored the underlying reasons that young people in rural areas drink and drive. Drawing from the theory of triadic influence (TTI) and a series of qualitative focus group discussions, the current study examined how aspects of the landscape and culture of rural America promote and hinder drinking and driving among young people. In 2015 and 2016, 72 young adults (36 females) aged 18–25 years old (mean age = 20.2) participated in 11 semi-structured focus groups in 8 rural counties in Montana. Discussions were transcribed, and two reviewers independently coded text segments. Themes were identified and an inductive explanatory model was created. The results demonstrated that aspects of the social context (e.g., peer pressure and parental modeling), rural cultural values (e.g., independence, stoicism, and social cohesion), and the legal and physical environment (e.g., minimal police presence, sparse population, and no alternative transportation) promoted drinking and driving. The results also identified salient protective factors in each of these domains. Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining underlying distal determinants of drinking and driving. Furthermore, they suggest that future research and interventions should consider the complex ways in which cultural values and environmental factors intersect to shape the risky health behaviors of rural populations.
The Impact of First Impressions on Human- Robot Trust During Problem-Solving Scenarios

With recent advances in robotics, it is expected that robots will become increasingly common in human environments, such as in the home and workplaces. Robots will assist and collaborate with humans on a variety of tasks. During these collaborations, it is inevitable that disagreements in decisions would occur between humans and robots. Among factors that lead to which decision a human should ultimately follow, theirs or the robot, trust is a critical factor to consider. This study aims to investigate individuals' behaviors and aspects of trust in a problem-solving situation in which a decision must be made in a bounded amount of time. A between-subject experiment was conducted with 100 participants. With the assistance of a humanoid robot, participants were requested to tackle a cognitive-based task within a given time frame. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of the following initial conditions: 1) a working robot in which the robot provided a correct answer or 2) a faulty robot in which the robot provided an incorrect answer. Impacts of the faulty robot behavior on participant's decision to follow the robot's suggested answer were analyzed. Survey responses about trust were collected after interacting with the robot. Results indicated that the first impression has a significant impact on participant's behavior of trusting a robot's advice during a disagreement. In addition, this study discovered evidence supporting that individuals still have trust in a malfunctioning robot even after they have observed a robot's faulty behavior.
Distal Humerus Morphological Variation and Sex Estimation in Modern Thai Individuals.

Due to differential preservation, it is necessary to develop sex estimation methods on varied anatomical regions, including the distal humerus. Sexually dimorphic differences of the medial epicondyle angle, olecranon fossa shape, trochlear extension, and trochlear constriction have been documented in several non-Asian groups. This study examines distal humerus morphological variation in 616 modern Thai individuals (f = 198; m = 418) 18-96 years old and tests the methods on a hold-out sample of 152 individuals (f = 91; m = 61). The results indicate that population-specific binary probit regression performs the best (74.1-100%), followed by composite scoring (77.0-90.1%), binary logistic regression (63.3-92.2%), and univariate sectioning points (37.7-90.1%). Age minimally effects the expression of the medial epicondyle angle in males, and trait scoring is susceptible to high intra- and interobserver error. While demonstrating relatively high sex biases, distal humerus morphology can be used to estimate the sex of Thai individuals when more sexually dimorphic regions are absent.
Rituximab-induced late-onset neutropenia.

A 33-year-old woman presented to emergency for the complaints of malaise, fatigue and fever of a 3-days duration. The patient had a medical history of multiple sclerosis for which she was on maintenance rituximab therapy every 6 months, last infusion being received 3 months ago. At presentation,
Rapid, Paralog-Sensitive CNV Analysis of 2457 Human Genomes Using QuicK-mer2

Gene duplication is a major mechanism for the evolution of gene novelty, and copy-number variation makes a major contribution to inter-individual genetic diversity. However, most approaches for studying copy-number variation rely upon uniquely mapping reads to a genome reference and are unable to distinguish among duplicated sequences. Specialized approaches to interrogate specific paralogs are comparatively slow and have a high degree of computational complexity, limiting their effective application to emerging population-scale data sets. We present QuicK-mer2, a self-contained, mapping-free approach that enables the rapid construction of paralog-specific copy-number maps from short-read sequence data. This approach is based on the tabulation of unique k-mer sequences from short-read data sets, and is able to analyze a 20X coverage human genome in approximately 20 min. We applied our approach to newly released sequence data from the 1000 Genomes Project, constructed paralog-specific copy-number maps from 2457 unrelated individuals, and uncovered copy-number variation of paralogous genes. We identify nine genes where none of the analyzed samples have a copy number of two, 92 genes where the majority of samples have a copy number other than two, and describe rare copy number variation effecting multiple genes at the APOBEC3 locus.
Collective Currents: Exploring Sustainability through a Collaborative and Interactive Installation

Water issues are especially meaningful in the Western United States, with a long history of struggle, controversy, and politics. Achieving desirable outcomes in terms of water quality and water rig...
Models for Integrated-Circuit Devices

In the analysis, design and simulation of integrated circuits, models are used to represent the electrical behavior of the devices in the circuit. Consequently, the accuracy to which the actual circuit performance is predicted depends directly on the suitability and accuracy of the models used to represent the devices. It is important that the circuit designer understand the limitations and range of applicability of the device models and the approximations used in their derivation.
Emotional Experiences and Expressions of Individuals in the Sri Lankan Context: The Roles of Gender, Culture and Religion

The present study focused on exploring the emotional experiences and expressions of individuals, the variation in emotional expressions in different social relationships, and their perceptions about the cultural and religious appropriateness of expressing certain emotions. The sample consisted of 54 Sri Lankans who were selected using convenience sampling and the participants were aged between 17 to 64 years. A questionnaire was used to examine how often individuals experience basic emotions and some secondary emotions, to what extent they think that they can express these emotions, the appropriateness of expressing basic emotions to individuals in various relationships, and the appropriateness of feeling and expressing basic emotions according to their cultural and religious backgrounds. Results suggested significant gender differences in experiencing and expressing emotions. There were significant relationships between feeling and expressing some emotions. There were variations in emotional expressions in different social relationships. Findings also suggested that individuals accepted the experience and expression of some emotions according to their cultural and religious backgrounds.
The Data Science Mentoring Fire Next Time: Innovative Strategies for Mentoring in Data Science

As data mining research and applications continue to expand in to a variety of fields such as medicine, finance, security, etc., the need for talented and diverse individuals is clearly felt. This is particularly the case as Big Data initiatives have taken off in the federal, private and academic sectors, providing a wealth of opportunities, nationally and internationally. The Broadening Participation in Data Mining (BPDM) workshop was created more than 7 years ago with the goal of fostering mentorship, guidance, and connections for minority and underrepresented groups in the data science and machine learning community, while also enriching technical aptitude and exposure for a group of talented students. To date it has impacted the lives of more than 330 underrepresented trainees in data science. We provide a venue to connect talented students with innovative researchers in industry, academia, professional societies, and government. Our mission is to facilitate meaningful, lasting relationships between BPDM participants to ultimately increase diversity in data mining. This most recent workshop took place at Howard University in Washington, DC in February 2019. Here we report on the mentoring strategies that we undertook at the 2019 BPDM and how those were received.
High Throughput Ultrasonic Multi-implant Readout Using a Machine-Learning Assisted CDMA Receiver

Untethered, wireless peripheral nerve recording for prosthetic control requires multi-implant communications at high data rates. This work presents a multiple-access ultrasonic uplink data communication channel comprised of 4 free-floating implants and a single-element external transducer. Using code-division multiple access (CDMA), overall channel data rates of up to 784 kbps were measured, and a machine-learning assisted decoder improved BER by >100x. Compared with prior art, this work incorporates the largest number of implants at the highest data rate and spectral efficiency reported.
Autonomous Ground Vehicle Path Planning in Urban Environments Using GNSS and Cellular Signals Reliability Maps: Simulation and Experimental Results

A framework for autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) path planning using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals and cellular long-term evolution (LTE) signals is evaluated through several simulations and experiments. The objective of path planning is to prescribe the optimal path for the AGV to follow to reach a desired target point. Optimality is defined as the shortest distance, while minimizing the AGV's position estimation error and guaranteeing that the uncertainty about its position is below a desired threshold. Path planning is prescribed via signal reliability maps, which provide information about regions where large errors due to cellular signal multipath or obstructed GNSS line-of-sight are expected. Simulation results are presented demonstrating that utilizing ambient cellular LTE signals together with GNSS signals 1) reduces the uncertainty about the AGV's position, 2) increases the number of feasible paths to choose from, which could be useful if other considerations arise (e.g., traffic jams and road blockages due to construction), and 3) yields significantly shorter feasible paths, which would otherwise be infeasible with GNSS signals alone. Experimental results on a ground vehicle navigating in downtown Riverside, CA, USA, are presented demonstrating a close match between the simulated and experimental results.
Wofür sind Höhlenschrecken eigentlich gut

Als meine Kollegen, Labormitarbeiter und ich anfingen, wissenschaftliche Arbeiten uber Hohlenschrecken und andere Gliederfuserarten in Hausern zu veroffentlichen, hatten wir grose Erwartungen. Wir hatten so viele Arten gefunden, dass die neuen Entdeckungen Hunderte Studenten uber Jahrzehnte beschaftigen wurden – so stellten wir es uns vor. In unserem Enthusiasmus erwarteten wir, dass unsere wissenschaftlichen Artikel ein breites Echo in der Offentlichkeit auslosen und Tausende von achtjahrigen Madchen und Jungen sich aufmachen wurden, um bisher unerforschte Lebewesen in ihren Hausern zu untersuchen.
Immigrants Learn English: Immigrant's Language Acquisition Rates by Country of Origin and Demographics since 1900

The ability to speak English is an important part of immigrant assimilation in the United States. In contemporary politics there is a concern that although earlier waves of immigrants learned English, newer cohorts are doing so at lower rates. This brief uses U.S. Census data to answer this concern and show that English language acquisition rates have increased over the past 100 years. About 91 percent of immigrants in the United States between 1980 and 2010 reportedly spoke English compared with 86 percent who lived here from 1900 to 1930. While immigrants with different backgrounds are more or less likely to learn English than others, our analysis unambiguously shows that today’s immigrants are more likely to learn English than immigrants in the beginning of the last century.
Methods to improve imitation in young children with autism: a review

Abstract We provide an overview of studies in the last decade that have treated motor imitation in young children with autism. Ten studies were found. Two studies used Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), four used Reciprocal Imitation Training (RIT), three used Video Modeling (VM), and one used a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Approach (NDBA). Interventions were therapist, parent, or sibling delivered, in-person, via VM, or telehealth. There was one randomized controlled design (RCT) and one quasi-experimental pre–post design; the majority were single-subject experimental designs. Studies ranged in density with respect to amount and duration of intervention. The majority of studies reported positive effects on object and gesture imitation. This was particularly notable for the RCT, which used RIT and the NDBA quasi-experimental study. Overall, while the results were promising, further rigorous research with larger samples is needed. Future studies should examine developmental readiness in relation to outcome and collateral effects of treatment.
A Novel 3D-Printed Head Holder for Guinea Pig Ear Surgery.

Background Otologic surgery in guinea pig requires head immobilization for microscopic manipulation. Existing commercially available stereotaxic frames are expensive and impede access to the ear as they rely on ear bars or mouthpieces to secure the head. Method Prototype head holders were designed using the Solidworks 2019 software and 3D-printed using Formlabs Form 2 Printers with photopolymer resin. The head holder consists of a C-shaped brace with adjustable radial inserts of 1/4-20 UNC standard screws with cone point tips providing head fixation for animals of various sizes. The C-shaped brace is attached to a rod that can be secured to a commercially available micromanipulator. The head holder design was tested during in vivo guinea pig experiments where their head motion with (n = 22) and without the head holder (n = 2) was evaluated visually through a stereotaxic microscope at 24× magnification during surgery. Results The head holder design was easy to use and allowed for both nose cone administration of anesthesia and access to the ear for intraoperative auditory testing and manipulation. Functionally, the head holder successfully minimized head movement. Furthermore, harvested round window membranes evaluated at 72 hours following surgery showed precise perforations with the use of head holder. Conclusion The novel 3D-printed head holder enables simultaneous access for nose cone administration of anesthesia and surgical manipulation of the ear and brain. Moreover, it provides a modular, intuitive, and economical alternative to commercial stereotaxic devices for minimizing head motion during small animal surgery.
A Quick Review on the Multisystem Effects of Prone Position in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Including COVID-19

Objective:The purpose of this review is to highlight the multisystem effects of prone position in ARDS patients with a focus on current findings regarding its use in COVID-19 patients.Methods:Two r...
Macroion Interactions Involving Components of the Cytochrome System V. REDUCTION OF CYTOCHROME c BY SYNTHETIC POLYSACCHARIDES

Abstract The slow reduction of cytochrome c by certain synthetic polycations, which we reported previously, has been further investigated in an attempt to clarify the role of the charged groups in the reaction. We were unable, however, to eliminate the possibility that trace quantities of reducing structure may be present in the synthetic polyglucose derivatives employed. For this reason, we now favor this simpler interpretation. The effects of alcohols, urea, guanidine, and elevated temperature on the reduction have also been investigated during the course of these studies.
Modification of Sialyl Residues of Sialoglycoprotein(s) of the Human Erythrocyte Surface

Abstract Modification of erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoprotein(s) in isolated form, or when in membrane, is described using sequential sodium periodate oxidation and tritiated sodium borohydride reduction, essentially as suggested by Van Lenten and Ashwell ((1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 1889). Conditions of modification were investigated; under the optimal but nondestructive conditions selected, the modification appears specific for sialyl residues and leads to incorporation of tritium into the modified product, 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-l-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid, identified by its susceptibility to neuraminidase and mild acid hydrolysis, and by its identity with the authentic compound in chromatographic behavior, several colorimetric assays, and extent of tritium incorporation. The selectivity of the modification for the sialoglycoprotein(s) is further demonstrated by carrying out the modification on solubilized membrane proteins; only the sialoglycoprotein(s) incorporates the label. In the modification of the intact membranes some lipid components also become radioactive. The modification of intact erythrocytes, the membranes, or the isolated sialoglycoprotein(s) results in loss of the M blood group activity, but the A and B blood group activities and the phytohemagglutinin binding sites are not affected. The modification offers a handle for isolation of membrane sialoglycoprotein(s) and study of their disposition, and possibly, for evaluation of the physiological role of the terminal polyhydroxy side chains of their sialyl residues.
Polarization reversal in the tail of comet Ikeya-Seki (1965 VIII).

Multicolor observations of brightness and polarization in the continuum throughout the tail of Comet 1965 VIII reveal the presence of positive and negative polarization (polarization reversal) characteristic of slightly absorbing particles. The phase angle of the neutral point is found to vary with color and with time, the latter indicating short-term changes in the properties of the particles after perihelion.
Emergence of the Third Age: toward a productive aging society.

(2000). Emergence of the Third Age. Journal of Aging & Social Policy: Vol. 11, No. 2-3, pp. 7-17.
Changes in optical parameters of myeloma proteins with phosphorylcholine binding.

Abstract The effects of binding phosphorylcholine to the myeloma proteins TEPC 15 and McPC 603 and their monovalent fragments, Fab', have been evaluated by fluorescence, polarization of fluorescence, difference absorption, and circular dichroism. Changes in all of these parameters are observed with TEPC 15 Fab' and in several with McPC 603 Fab'. These parameters measure various properties of the aromatic chromophores belonging to the amino acid residues tryptophan and tyrosine. Since these residues can also be located in the antibody binding site, perturbation experiments have been made. In addition, a decrease in relaxation time of TEPC 15 Fab' has been observed with ligand binding. Fluorescent data also suggest that changes in energy transfer between aromatic residues occur with phosphorylcholine binding. Taken together, the data indicate that a small structural change is produced in the monovalent antibody molecules.
Wild Pansies, Trojan Horses, and Others: International Teaching and Learning as Bricolage

Educational change, predictable or unanticipated, occurs when student populations are altered. When an American college started an international program in Prague, it was anticipated that educational practice would change. To understand the implications for teaching, learning, and practice mentors explored the new educational landscape. The concept of bricolage informed much of that exploration and this paper considers bricolage, summarizes research outcomes, and reflects on the opportunity and ethics of engagement with Other.
Gamma Rays from Solar Flares

We review recent results obtained from the analysis of the solar flare gamma ray line emission: (a) The gamma ray derived ambient elemental abundances show that the First Ionization Potential (FIP) effect already sets in at relatively low altitudes in the solar atmosphere. (b) The composition of the flare accelerated particles that produce the gamma rays exhibit heavy element and 3He abundance enhancements that are typical for impulsive flares. Unlike the solar energetic particle (SEP) observations in interplanetary space, the gamma ray method allows us to trace the time development of these enhancements. (c) Solar flare gamma ray spectroscopy provides the most direct measure of the abundances of the two very high FIP elements, He and Ne, in subcoronal regions leading to somewhat higher abundances than the generally accepted values. (d) The high intensities of the act lines observed from a number of flares imply a high (≳ 0.1) ambient He/H and/or accelerated α/p. (e) There are indications for the isotopic fractionation of He from the photosphere to corona that has important implications on the mechanism of solar wind acceleration, the protosolar deuterium abundance and Galactic chemical evolution.
Panel: RFID security and privacy

The panel on RFID security and privacy included Ross Anderson, Jon Callas, Yvo Desmedt, and Kevin Fu. Topics for discussion included the "chip and PIN" EMV payment systems, e-Passports, "mafia" attacks, and RFID-enabled credit cards. Position papers by the panelists appear in the following pages, and the RFID-enabled credit card work appears separately in these proceedings.
User Guide for the Discrete Dipole Approximation Code DDSCAT 7.2

DDSCAT 7.2 is a freely available open-source Fortran-90 software package applying the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to calculate scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves by targets with arbitrary geometries and complex refractive index. The targets may be isolated entities (e.g., dust particles), but may also be 1-d or 2-d periodic arrays of "target unit cells", which can be used to study absorption, scattering, and electric fields around arrays of nanostructures. The DDA approximates the target by an array of polarizable points. The theory of the DDA and its implementation in DDSCAT is presented in Draine (1988) and Draine & Flatau (1994), and its extension to periodic structures in Draine & Flatau (2008). Efficient near-field calculations are enabled following Flatau & Draine (2012). DDSCAT 7.2 allows accurate calculations of electromagnetic scattering from targets with size parameters 2*pi*aeff/lambda < 25 provided the refractive index m is not large compared to unity (|m-1| < 2). DDSCAT 7.2 includes support for MPI, OpenMP, and the Intel Math Kernel Library (MKL). DDSCAT 7.2 supports calculations for a variety of target geometries (e.g., ellipsoids, regular tetrahedra, rectangular solids, finite cylinders, hexagonal prisms, etc.). Target materials may be both inhomogeneous and anisotropic. It is straightforward for the user to import new target geometries into the code. DDSCAT 7.2 calculates total cross sections for absorption and scattering and selected elements of the Mueller scattering intensity matrix for specified orientation of the target relative to the incident wave, and for specified scattering directions. DDSCAT 7.2 calculates E throughout a user-specified rectangular volume containing the target. A Fortran-90 code READNF to read E and P from files created by DDSCAT 7.2 is included in the distribution.
Mass transfer enhancement in supercritical fluid extraction by acoustic waves

Abstract A computational fluid dynamics model of extraction of a solute (caffeine) from a porous solid matrix (coffee beans) using a supercritical solvent (carbon dioxide) is developed. Supercritical fluid extraction of a solute from a solid matrix is a slow process even when solute free solvent is circulated. The use of acoustic waves represents a potential efficient way of enhancing mass transfer processes. The effect of acoustically excited flows on supercritical fluid extraction from a porous solid matrix is investigated. The mathematical model considers diffusion-controlled regime in the porous solid matrix and convective-diffusive transport in the bulk fluid. Henry's law is used to describe the equilibrium states of the solid and the fluid phases. Accurate representation of the thermo-physical properties of supercritical solvent is considered by using the NIST Standard Reference Database 12. The conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species are numerically solved using implicit finite volume method. The effect of process parameters, such as initial state (pressure and temperature) of solvent and acoustic waves on the yield of solute extraction is also investigated numerically.
Mediating the Effects of Cognitive Therapy for Depression

Cognitive theory holds that inaccurate beliefs and maladaptive information processing play a role in the cause and maintenance of depression, and a cognitive theory of change posits that correcting those errors in thinking will ameliorate existing distress and reduce subsequent risk. Cognitive therapy has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of depression and prevention of subsequent relapse, but evidence for mediation has been difficult to detect. The authors review efforts to test for mediation in cognitive therapy and describe the epistemological issues that complicate the process. Cognitive mediation of acute response likely will be hard to detect, whereas there already is good evidence that cognitive processes play a role in the mediation of enduring effects.