cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical modification of the catalytic, regulatory, and physical properties of glutamate dehydrogenase by trinitrobenzene sulfonate.

Abstract Modification of glutamate dehydrogenase from bovine liver with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid under conditions which yield stable preparations resulted in alterations of the catalytic, regulatory, and physical properties of the enzyme. Enzyme modified to the extent of one trinitrobenzenesulfonate molecule per chain of 53,500 molecular weight lost only 20% of its catalytic activity with no change in the K m values for the substrates. After modification, GTP was less effective as an inhibitor while ADP stimulation remained approximately the same. Ultracentrifugation studies showed a disaggregation of the modified enzyme and ADP did not cause reaggregation. The treated enzyme also was found to be more heat, stable even in its disaggregated state than the native enzyme.
Enhancing Spatial Knowledge With Discrete Euclidean Virtual 3D Display Interfaces: Design Options

Getting lost within Internet applications has been addressed with limited success by treating hypertext navigation as analogous to spatial navigation. One alternative for shopping-specific interfaces is to create discrete virtual three-dimensional (3D) Euclidian spaces for web navigation. Equivalent configural spatial knowledge acquisition was obtained from searches in discrete HTML Euclidian environments and comparable desktop 3D virtual environments (Couture, Colle, & Reid, 2005, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction). However, between-store spatial knowledge was not optimal for both discrete HTML and continuous desktop virtual environments. Also, walking longer distances between stores is undesirable. These issues are addressed with two design options. In Experiment 1, better between-store spatial knowledge was acquired in linear and clustered arrangements of adjacent stores than with hallway travel between stores. In Experiment 2, map menu teleportation, selecting a store teleportation d...
Mapping Energy: Cartographies of Energy Into The Twenty‐First Century

“Energy” presents a number of complex and interrelated challenges regarding the environment, economy, and politics. In this paper, we argue that cartography should help clarify our understanding of...
Evaluation of proposed FDA criteria for the evaluation of radiolabeled red cell recovery trials

BACKGROUND: FDA requirements for recovery of radiolabeled red blood cells (RBCs) 24 hours after autologous reinfusion in normal subjects have evolved over time. This study defined the ability of currently available RBC systems to satisfy the most recently proposed criteria. STUDY DESIGN METHODS: RBC recoveries were collected from US laboratories participating in clinical trials for RBC systems that have received FDA approval. Data were stratified for analysis into liquid-stored, gamma-irradiated, and frozen components. With statistical software, 24 individual samples were randomly selected with replacement from each stratum, repeating this for 5000 sample groups per stratum, to simulate experimental outcomes for each population. The percentage of sample groups that passed each and all of the proposed FDA criteria was determined. This procedure was repeated for recovery success thresholds of 75, 70, and 67 percent. RESULTS: A total of 941 RBC recoveries were obtained from 11 laboratories and 34 studies performed between 1990 and 2006 for 12 sponsors. While the criterion for the mean was almost always satisfied, the standard deviation (SD) criterion was more problematic. Causing most failures was the success threshold definition. Changing the success threshold from 75 to 70 percent or 67 percent increased the likelihood of meeting the requirement for all RBC types. CONCLUSION: The probability of passing the FDA-proposed criteria for currently FDA-approved products was poor. Changing the success threshold for an individual RBC recovery from 75 to 67 percent resulted in improved ability to meet this criterion for all three RBC types. This change had no affect on the pass rates based on the mean and SD criteria.
Congestion Game Models for Capacity and Bandwidth Relation in Dynamic Spectrum Access

Dynamic spectrum access is a technique to utilize the spectrum resources efficiently in a cognitive radio environment. To use spectrum efficiently various models were designed by researchers. Game theoretical models are few of the efficient techniques recently introduced in wireless communications. Game models are very useful for opportunistic selection of spectrum and help to utilize available spectrum efficiently. We introduced the spectrum underlay model and discussed the current state of allocation algorithms. We then introduced the congestion game model for opportunistic spectrum access with minimum interference. The theoretical results conclude that the congestion game model helps to use the underlay spectrum efficiently with minimum interference.
Mapping of reactive sulfhydryls in avian liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase.

Avian liver mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase contains seven sulfhydryls per 53 kDa subunit. Peptides that harbor these sulfhydryls can be mapped by reverse-phase HPLC separation of tryptic digests of denatured 14C-carboxymethylated enzyme. Native enzyme is inactivated by a variety of reagents that target cysteine residues. Of particular interest is the enzyme's sensitivity to reagents (e.g., CdCl2, copper phenanthroline) that target vicinal thiols. The identity of the cysteines which are modified by these reagents can be determined by peptide mapping after denaturation. 14C-carboxymethylation and trypsin digestion of the sample. While the extent of reaction of any particular cysteinyl sulfhydryl depends on the identity of the reagent employed, three of the protein's seven cysteinyl sulfhydryls are frequently modified upon inactivation of the enzyme. The peptides which contain these reactive sulfhydryls have been isolated and their sequences have been determined by Edman degradation techniques. Comparison of these sequences with the deduced primary structure of the rodent cytosolic enzyme (Gil et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 3710) indicates strong homologies. These homologies allow assignment of the reactive residues as Cys-129, Cys-224 and Cys-268. The sensitivity of these residues to reagents that target vicinal thiols, coupled with the fact that cys-129 is the residue involved in formation of the acyl-S-enzyme intermediate (Vollmer et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 4288), suggests that these three residues may be closely juxtaposed within the enzyme's catalytic domain.
Online help systems: a conspectus

Users of computer systems are now accustomed to the convenience of online help systems and generally demand these amenities in the computers they buy. However, recent studies as to the efficacy of certain types of assistance for certain classes of users raise important questions for designers.
Preparation of Starch Phosphates by Extrusion

Physicochemical properties were compared on starch phosphates of cassava and corn, prepared by an extrusion process and by the conventional method, as well as their native starches. Results indicated that for preparing starch phosphates with similar degrees of substitution, the extrusion process required less reagent than the conventional method. The starch phosphates showed similar responses to heat treatment and pH changes. However, the starch phosphates made by extrusion had lower gelatinization temperatures, lower enthalpies and lower paste viscosities than those prepared by the conventional method. This result could be attributed to the high degree of damaged starch in the extruded products.
Histone Crosstalk between H2B Monoubiquitination and H3 Methylation Mediated by COMPASS

Summary COMPASS, the yeast homolog of the mammalian MLL complex, is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylase consisting of Set1 (KMT2) and seven other polypeptides, including Cps35, the only essential subunit. Histone H2B monoubiquitination by Rad6/Bre1 is required for both H3K4 methylation by COMPASS, and H3K79 methylation by Dot1. However, the molecular mechanism for such histone crosstalk is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that histone H2B monoubiquitination controls the binding of Cps35 with COMPASS complex. Cps 35 is required for COMPASS' catalytic activity in vivo, and the addition of exogenous purified Cps35 to COMPASS purified from a Δrad6 background results in the generation of a methylation competent COMPASS. Cps35 associates with the chromatin of COMPASS-regulated genes in a H2BK123 monoubiquitination-dependent but Set1-independent manner. Cps35 is also required for proper H3K79 trimethylation. These findings offer insight into the molecular role of Cps35 in translating the H2B monoubiquitination signal into H3 methylation.
The effect of induced social interaction on positive and negative affect

The effects of two induced social interactions (Getting Acquainted and Lunching Together) on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) were investigated with the use of the 20-item positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). In two experiments, undergraduate subjects completed two cycles of 9 PANASs. Each cycle contained three sets of three PANASs, which were completed during successive class periods: One set each was completed during the class period preceding, including, and following the social interaction. Within each set of three PANASs, one was completed at the beginning of a 2-h class, a second was completed 1 h into the class (before the social interaction), and a third was completed at the end of class (after the social interaction). One of the two 9-assessment cycles involved getting acquainted with a previously unknown classmate for 20 min; the other involved having lunch with this classmate 2 weeks later. The resulting PA and NA scores were compared separately for each social interaction by using within-subjects analyses of variance and subsequent multiple-comparison tests. These analyses revealed that PA increased significantly after social interaction and returned to normal by the beginning of the next class period and that NA was not changed by social interaction. The implications of these results are discussed.
The calcium-activated potassium conductance in guinea-pig myenteric neurones

1. Intracellular recordings were made from guinea-pig myenteric neurones in vitro. 2. From one to sixty action potentials were followed by an afterhyperpolarization, the amplitude and duration of which increased with the number of preceding action potentials. 3. The afterhyperpolarization reversed its polarity at a membrane potential of -91 mV. This value changed by 58 mV when the potassium concentration of the perfusing solution was changed ten-fold. 4. The afterhyperpolarization was abolished in calcium-free solutions. It was shortened in low calcium (1·2 mM) solutions and prolonged in solutions which contained high (5·0 mM) calcium concentrations, TEA (1 mM) or caffeine (1 μM). 5. The conductance increase during the afterhyperpolarization (gK, Ca) was calculated from the amplitude of electrotonic potentials, taking advantage of the lack of membrane rectification in the range -60 to -90 mV. Peak gK, Ca increased as the number of action potentials was increased, but was relatively independent of membrane potential in this range. 6. gK, Ca declined with a time course which was single exponential (time constant 1·5-5 s) following one to six action potentials, and double exponential (time constants about 3 and 12 s) following fifteen to sixty action potentials. 7. It is concluded that the calcium which enters the neurone during the action potential elevates the membrane potassium conductance. The time course of this conductance increase probably reflects the free intracellular calcium concentration, and therefore describes the calcium sequestration or extrusion process.
The influence of milk diet, grain diet, and method of dosing on lead toxicity in young calves

Abstract Twenty 2- to 3-week-old calves were fed a milk diet or a mixture of grain and hay. After acclimatization, all calves were dosed po with lead acetate for 7 days, either in solution via a nursing bottle or in a gelatin capsule. At the end of the treatment period, 6 of 10 calves fed milk were either dead or showed multiple signs of Pb poisoning. All calves fed grain and hay appeared normal. Tissue Pb was significantly higher in calves on a milk diet ( p
The impact of false alarm mitigation on surface landmine detection in MWIR imagery

Surface landmine and minefield detection from airborne imagery is a difficult problem. As part of the minefield detection process, anomaly detection is performed to identify potential landmines in individual airborne images. Post-processing is performed on the initial landmines identified to reduce the number of false alarms, referred to as false alarm mitigation. In this research, a circular harmonics transform image processing approach (the CHT method) and a constant false alarm rate technique (the RX approach) are investigated for surface landmine detection and false alarm mitigation in medium wave infrared (MWIR) image data. The false alarm mitigation approach integrates the CHT and RX methods to identify candidate landmine locations with one technique at a given false alarm rate and applies the other technique to confirm landmine locations and eliminate potential false alarms. Individual detector and false alarm mitigation experimental results are presented for 31 daytime and 43 nighttime MWIR images containing 76 and 142 landmines, respectively. At a 0.9 desired probability of landmine detection, experimental results show that false alarm mitigation reduces the false alarm rate by as much as 84.3% and 13.7% for daytime and nighttime images, respectively, maintaining the probability of detection at 0.85 and 0.90, respectively.
Current status of the professional education of teachers

A year or so ago, one of our national magazines published an article entitled, "Gone Are the Days." In brief the article described the teacher of yesterday as a "sourpuss," and welcoming the changes in teacher personnel to the point that gone are the days of the "sourpuss." This article was merely the forerunner of a series of articles, all emphasizing the importance of teaching and the change in the type of teachers entering the profession. Some years previous to the publication of these articles, the teaching profession had reached a low not only in salaries but in prestige and social importance. The statement, "Those who can, do; those who can't, teach" was used by many to describe our profession. This disparaging statement did not represent all of the teachers in the profession but there were enough persons trying to teach to lend some validity to the accusation, and then, because of general conditions there came this refreshing and telling series of articles which has aroused public opinion to the point where there is an accepted belief that something must be done or we are likely to return to the days of the mediocre and the "sourpuss." As a result, there is a growing feeling on the part of the public that schools are tremendously important and that teachers are significant professional persons and that the youth of our country must have the best in the way of teaching. The politicians are becoming aware of the needs and demands of education. Within recent weeks, one of the announced candidates for the presidency of the United States has placed as one item in his national platform, better salaries for teachers. It is quite significant, it seems to me, when a candidate for the highest office in our land announces that something must be done to improve the economic status of teachers. Not only do we find candidates for national offices becoming interested in the needs of education, but a survey of the activities of the state legislatures also indicates that a greater financial support on the state level is coming. All of this points to the need for the proper professional training of teachers. Since public opinion is aroused and a greater financial support is being given for the purpose of improving public education, school teachers, and those responsible for the education of teachers
FGF21 Promotes Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis through a Dynamin-2 and Rab5 Dependent Pathway

Binding of angiogenic molecules with cognate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) is required for angiogenesis however the precise link between RTK binding, endocytosis, and signaling requires further investigation. Here, we use FGFR1 as a model to test the effects of the large GTPase and endocytosis regulatory molecule dynamin-2 on angiogenic signaling in context of distinct FGF ligands. In vitro, overexpression of dominant negative dynamin-2 (DynK44A) attenuates FGFR1 activation of Erk and tubulogenesis by FGF2. Furthermore, we identify FGF21, a non-classical, FGF ligand implicated in diverse human pathologies as an angiogenic molecule acting through FGFR1 and β-Klotho coreceptor. Disruption of FGFR1 activation of ERK by FGF21 is achieved by perturbation of the function of both dynamin-2 and Rab5 GTPase. In vivo, mice harboring endothelial selective overexpression of DynK44A, show impaired angiogenesis in response to FGF21. In conclusion, dynamin dependent endocytosis of FGFR1 is required for in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis in response to FGF2 and the non-classical FGF ligand, FGF21. These studies extend our understanding of the relationships between RTK binding, internalization, endosomal targeting, and angiogenic signaling.
Phosphite stabilization effects on two-step melt-spun fibers of polylactide

The effects of molecular weight stabilization on mechanical properties of polylactide (PLA) fibers are investigated. The textilegrade PLA contains a 98:02 ratio of L:D stereocenters and fibers are produced by the two step method, involving a primary quench and cold drawing. Molecular weight loss, which is approximately 30% for unstabilized PLA, can be eliminated by the addition of small amounts of tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite prior to processing. The thermal and mechanical properties of fibers produced with two different concentrations of TNPP are compared to those of unstabilized PLA. Faster crystallization rates are obtainable with addition of the stabilizer, but final crystallinities are unaffected. Mechanical properties of the TNPP-enriched fibers are greatly improved over their unstabilized counterparts. Tensile strengths can be improved by 10–30% at a given draw ratio, while modulus may be improved by 10–25%. Excessive amounts of TNPP or insufficient mixingresult in inhomog eneities that are deleterious to mechanical properties. Based on the available information, chain extension is believed to be the most likely mechanism for the molecular weight stabilization. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thyroid hormone action: determination of hormone-receptor interaction using structural analogs and molecular modeling

The overall effects of the thyroid hormones are well known. Major progress has been made in identifying the fundamental reactions that initiate these hormonal activities. Ellen Ngoi -y in Cheung describes how analogs of the thyroid hormones have served to define the structural requirements for thyromimetic effect and have greatly helped to evaluate the validity of proposed mechanisms of hormone action.
Adolescent victimization and income deficits in adulthood: rethinking the costs of criminal violence from a life‐course perspective

Estimating the financial costs of criminal violence to victims is important for assessing both the impact of crime on individuals and evaluating the feasibility and utility of various crime prevention, crime control, and criminal justice policies. Traditionally, such estimates focus on short-term costs: costs connected to the victimization event itself and costs incurred during the immediate aftermath. Although the possibility of more long-term costs is acknowledged, research has yet to articulate how and to what extent criminal violence impacts socioeconomic fortunes. In this article, I propose a life-course model for estimating the long-term costs of violent victimization. Using prospective, longitudinal data from a national sample of American adolescents, and retrospective data from a national sample of Canadians, I use this conceptual model to estimate income losses over the life cycle associated with violent victimization. Three significant results are reported. First, income losses from violent victimization are age-graded, with the greatest costs occurring for victimization experienced in adolescence. Second, criminal violence experienced in adolescence appears to influence later earnings by disrupting processes of educational and occupational attainment. Third, the total costs of criminal violence over the life course for adolescents are considerable in comparison to estimates provided in previous research. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Immunological Characterization of (Tight Skin/NZB)F1 Hybrid Mice with Connective Tissue and Autoimmune Features Resembling Human Systemic Sclerosis

Abstract A new murine model of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) has been developed by breeding the Tsk+/+ pa tight skin mouse (TSK) and the autoimmune disease-prone NZB strain to produce an F1 hybrid displaying the connective tissue abnormalities of the TSK parent and the autoimmune abnormalities of the NZB parent. The interscapular skin thickness in the (TSK/NZB)F1 was significantly greater than in the (+pa/NZB)F1 litter mates. Protein biosynthesis in skin punch biopsies was over 3.5 times higher in the (TSK/NZB)F1 mice than in controls. Hydroxyproline analyses confirmed that the increase in protein synthesis was primarily in collagen. These (TSK/NZB)F1 mice were tested for a number of cellular and humoral autoimmune manifestations. Autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-DNA, were present in their sera, and the proliferative response to autologous lymphocyte stimulation (AMLR) was decreased as is commonly observed in murine and human autoimmune disorders. These results indicate that the (TSK/NZB)F1 mice display connective tissue and immunologic abnormalities resembling those present in human SSc and, therefore, these mice may be a valuable model for the study of the disease.
Different Views of Love: Deductive and Inductive Lines of Inquiry:

apy, S. Reiss and R. Bootzin, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1985). 7. See I.H. Gotlib and C.L. Hammen, Psycho logical Aspects of Depression: Toward a Cognitive Interpersonal Integration (Wiley, Ch?ehester, En gland, 1992); C.R. Brewin, B. Andrews, and I.H. Gotlib, Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports, Psychological Bulletin (in press). 8. L. Feldman and I.H. Gotlib, Social with drawal, in Symptoms of Depression, CG. Costello, Ed. (Wiley, New York, in press). 9. See I.H. Gotlib and J.M. Hooley, Depression and marital distress: Current status and future direc tions, in Handbook of Personal Relationships, S. Duck, Ed. (Wiley, Chichester, England, 1988). 10. C. Hammen, D. B?rge, and K. Stansbury, Relationship of mother and child variables to child outcomes in a high risk sample: A causal modeling analysis, Developmental Psychology, 26, 24-30 (1991).
CdSe-MoS2: A Quantum Size-Confined Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water under Visible Light

Under visible light irradiation, CdSe-nanoribbons photocatalyze H2 evolution from aqueous sodium sulfite/sulfide solution with a quantum efficiency of 9.2% at 440 nm, whereas bulk CdSe is not active for the reaction. Photoelectrochemical measurements show that the activity of nano-CdSe is caused by a raised flatband potential (−0.55 V, NHE) which follows from the increased bandgap (2.7 eV) of this quantum confined material. In the presence of a sulfide ion, the flatband potential is fixed to −0.43 V (NHE), slightly below the sulfide redox potential (−0.48 V, NHE). When the nanoribbons are chemically linked to MoS2 nanoplates that were obtained by exfoliation and ultrasonication of bulk MoS2, the activity increases almost four times, depending on the mass percentage of MoS2. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the enhancement from the MoS2 nanoplates is due to a reduction of the H2 evolution overpotential. In contrast, chemical linkage of Pt nanoparticles to the nanoribbons does not affect the photocatalytic a...
Hypotonic exposure enhances synaptic transmission and triggers spreading depression in rat hippocampal tissue slices.

Abstract Low extracellular osmotic pressure (πo) is known to enhance CNS resposiveneess and the chance of seizures, but the mechanism of the hyperexcitability is not clear. We recorded evoked potentials in st. radiatum and st. pyramidale of CA1. Tissue electrical resistance (Ro) was determined from the voltage drop (VRo) evoked by constant current pulses. Lowering of πo by reducing [NaCl] caused a concentration-dependent increase of amplitude and duration of extracellular excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs). fEPSPs increased much more than didVRo, but antiddromic population spikes increased in proportion toVRo. fEPSP increased also in isosmotic low NaCl (fructose or mannitol substituted) olutions, but not as much as in low πo. In moderately hypotonic solutions orthodromic population spikes increased as expected from the augmented fEPSP, but in strong hypotonia input-output curves shifted to the left and single stimuli evoked multiple population spikes, indicating lowering of threshold of postsynaptic neurons. Blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors did not diminish the enhancement of fEPSP amplitude. Spreading depression (SD) erupted in most slices in very low πo, but not in isosmotic low [NaCl] solutions. We conclude that the hypotonic enhancement of EPSPs depends, in part, on the lowering of [Na+]o and/or of [Cl−]o, and it may be augmented by dendritic swelling favoring electrotonic spread of EPSPs from dendrites to somata, and buildup of transmitter concentration due to swelling of perisynaptic glia. SD can be initiated by cell swelling, but the depolarization associated with SD is probably not caused by the opening of stretch-gated ion channels.
MAGGY, a retrotransposon in the genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea.

Full-length copies of a previously described repetitive DNA sequence (CH2-8) were isolated from the genome of theMagnaporthe grisea strain 2539. One copy of the complete element was sequenced and found to resemble agypsy-like LTR retrotransposon. We named this element MAGGY (MAGnaporthe GYpsy-like element). MAGGY contains two internal ORFs putatively encoding Gag, Pol and Env-like proteins which are similar to peptides encoded by retroelements identified in other filamentous fungi. MAGGY was found to be widely distributed amongM. grisea isolates from geographically dispersed locations and different hosts. It was present in high copy number in the genomes of all nine rice-pathogenic isolates examined. By contrast,M. grisea strains isolated from other Gramineae were found to possess varying copy numbers of MAGGY and in some cases the element was completely absent. The wide distribution of MAGGY suggests that this element invaded the genome ofM. grisea prior to the evolution of rice-specific form(s). It may since have been horizontally transmitted to other sub-specific groups. One copy of MAGGY, corresponding to the element we sequenced, was located at identical locations in the genomes of geographically dispersed strains, suggesting that this copy of the element is a relatively ancient insertion.
Lateral spatial interaction in humans with abnormal visual experience.

Abstract Foveal increment sensitivity has been determined using a small flashing test spot on a background with and without the presence of a steadily presented satellite light patch. The satellite was arranged at different distances from the test spot along vertical, horizontal, and oblique meridians. Normal subjects and those whose visual development was probably abnormal due to severe astigmatism (meridional amblyopes) were tested. Increment sensitivity for the test spot alone is considerably lower for the amblyopes than for normal subjects. The presence of the satellite patch depresses sensitivity for small separations and is alternately threshold-lowering and threshold-raising for larger separations. The influence of the satellite differs along the three meridians tested both in the normal and abnormal subjects.
Positive and negative transfer with bilinguals

The present study investigated the influence of the learning of a paired-associate list in one language upon the learning of a paired-associate list in a second language. Twenty bilinguals learned a Spanish list and then an English list, and 20 other bilinguals learned an English list and then a Spanish list. Within each group two transfer subgroups were employed. In the Equivalent group the second list was a direct translation of the first with the arrangement of the items in each pair being held constant from the first to the second lists (A-B, A'-B'). In the Repaired group the second list consisted of items which were translated from the first but which had the responses repaired with other stimuli (A-B, A'-B'r). It was found that positive transfer occurred for the Equivalent groups both from English to Spanish and from Spanish to English. For the Repaired groups negative transfer occurred from Spanish to English but no transfer occurred from English to Spanish.
Structural characteristics of native and enzymically formed dextran of S. sanguis ATCC 10553

Abstract The structure of the native dextran produced by Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10558 was analyzed by g.l.c.-m.s. of the methylated alditol acetates derived from the polymer. The results indicate that the polymer contains d -glucosyl residues substituted at C-6 or C-3, or both, as well as unsubstituted d -glucosyl residues. These data are correlated with the proportion of C-6 and non-C-6 substitution as measured by p.m.r. Similar data are reported for the analysis performed on a dextran produced by action of a partially purified dextransucrase on sucrose. The proportion of d -glucosyl residues substituted at C-3 is diminished in this case. It is concluded that several enzymes are involved in the dextran synthesis.
Keeping Your Head in the Game: Sport-Specific Imagery and Anxiety Among Injured Athletes

Abstract Context: The use of sport-specific imagery during rehabilitation is sparse. Athletes who used imagery (either facilitative or debilitative) during injury rehabilitation were compared with injured athletes who did not use imagery. Return-to-practice anxiety in the groups was investigated also. Objective: To (1) explore debilitative images used during rehabilitation, (2) examine athlete and injury characteristics in relation to variations in imagery content and return-to-practice anxiety, (3) compare the frequency of imagery use early in injury rehabilitation with that just before return to practice, and (4) examine the relationship between image use and return-to-practice anxiety. Design: Observational design. Setting: Athletic training facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-six injured National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes sustaining at least an 8-day practice suspension due to injury. Main Outcome Measure(s): Sport Imagery Questionnaire, Sport Anxiet...
Managing Diversity In The Workplace

Diversity, according to the Webster College Dictionary, is defined as: [a] quality, state, fact, of instance of being diverse; different.
The perception of stereoscopic transparency

The research in the present article was designed to investigate the phenomenon of stereoscopic transparency, in which overlapping surfaces are perceived simultaneously at different depths in the same visual direction. Four experiments are reported that examined observers’ abilities to achieve this phenomenon over a wide range of stimulus conditions. The results indicate that (1) the perceptual segregation of overlapping transparent surfaces is significantly more difficult than are comparable judgments for opaque surfaces; (2) the perception of transparency is impaired by increased depth differences between the overlapping surfaces or by increased element density; and (3) the effect is facilitated when the overlapping depth planes are distinguished by color, but not when they are distinguished by element orientation. The theoretical significance of these results is considered within the context of current competitive/cooperative models of stereo matching.
A software-defined radar platform for waveform design

In this work, a transportable, dual-polarization X-band radar was developed at the Atmospheric Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (OU). The system has been completed and used to produce some preliminary results using two in-housed developed solid-state amplifiers. The system uses a 1.2-m parabolic reflector dish, which provides a 1.8° beamwdith. Major components are housed on an azimuth-over-elevation pedestal. Long transmit pulse length is utilized to compensate for the relatively low-peak power output of the transmitter while pulse compression techniques is used to recover range resolution and sensitivity.
Recent progress in quantum well infrared photodetector research and development at Jet Propulsion Lab.

One of the simplest device realizations of the classic particle-in-the-box problem of basic quantum mechanics is the quantum well IR photodetector (QWIP). In this paper we discuss the optimization of the detector design, material growth and processing that has culminated in realization of 15 micron cutoff 128 X 128 QWIP focal plane array camera, hand-held and palmsize 256 X 256 long wavelength QWIP cameras and 648 X 480 long-wavelength cameras, holding forth great promise for myriad applications in 6-25 micron wavelength range in science, medicine, defense and industry. In addition, we present the recent developments in broadband QWIPs and mid-wave long-wave dualband QWIPs at Jet Propulsion Lab for various NASA and DOD applications.
Stress and the Brain: A Fresh Perspective

Stress, the Brain and Depression, by Herman M. van Praag, Ron de Kloet, and Jim van Os. (2004). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 293 pp., $110.00, £65.00.This book addresses one of the fundamental questions in the etiology of depression: Does stress cause depression? Although intuitively one may answer yes to this question, the book presents detailed psychological and neurobiological evidence to show the complexity of the issue. The book focuses on three major themes: (1) pathophysiology of stress in depression; (2) stress-inducible subtypes of depression; and (3) diagnosing depression to understand biological underpinnings of the condition. Although each of the three authors wrote individual chapters (with van Praag writing most chapters), the book is well organized and flows smoothly. The book is well written in an entertaining style, especially the chapters written by van Praag. For example, when discussing the problems with the current DSM-IV diagnostic system, van Praag states, “psychiatric diagnosing is locked up in a nosological straightjacket, and thus immobilized” (p. 8). It is this type of commentary, sprinkled throughout the book, that holds the reader's interest. In addition, the authors provide a fresh perspective on diagnostic issues in depression, stress/negative life events, and the neurobiology of depression. I expect the volume will stimulate research ideas. To get the most out of the book, it should be read in its entirety. Exceptions are the chapters reviewing the psychobiology of stress and depression, which provide very comprehensive summaries of the research literature, and may serve as a good reference. The initial chapters build the theoretical foundation for the presentation of the biological data, and the final chapters integrate the biological data with the initial hypotheses. The authors take issue with diagnostic trends in psychiatry, definitions of stress and life events, and to a lesser extent, neurobiological approaches to psychiatric research. The authors do not rehash old findings, but include the most recent literature. For example, when discussing corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors, they present new findings supporting a possible parallel parasympathetic-related system in addition to the traditional sympathetic response. When the data presentation becomes complex, information is summarized in easy-to-read tables.
Quisqualate- and NMDA-Sensitive (3H)Glutamate Binding in Primate Brain

Excitatory amino acids (EAA) such as glutamate and aspartate are probably the neurotransmitters of a majority of mammalian neurons. Only a few previous studies have been concerned with the distribution of the subtypes of EAA receptor binding in the primate brain. We examined NMDA- and quisqualate-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding using quantitative autoradiography in monkey brain (Macaca fascicularis). The two types of binding were differentially distributed. NMDA-sensitive binding was most dense in dentate gyrus of hippocampus, stratum pyramidale of hippocampus, and outer layers of cerebral cortex. Quisqualate-sensitive binding was most dense in dentate gyrus of hippocampus, inner and outer layers of cerebral cortex, and molecular layer of cerebellum. In caudate nucleus and putamen, quisqualate- and NMDA-sensitive binding sites were nearly equal in density. However, in globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus, quisqualate-sensitive binding was several-fold greater than NMDA-sensitive binding. In thalamus, r3H]glutamate binding was generally low for both subtypes of binding except for the anterior ventral, lateral dorsal, and pulvinar nuclei. In the brainstem, low levels of binding were found, and strikingly the red nucleus and pons, which are thought to receive glutamatergic projections, had approximately 1/20 the binding observed in cerebral cortex. These results demonstrate that NMDA- and quisqualate-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding are observed in all regions of primate brain, but that in some regions one subtype predominates over the other. In addition, certain areas thought to receive glutamatergic projections have low levels of both types of binding.
Equilibrium Potential of Free Charge Carriers in a Bent Piezoelectric Semiconductive Nanowire

We have investigated the behavior of free charge carriers in a bent piezoelectric semiconductive nanowire under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. For a laterally bent n-type ZnO nanowire, with the stretched side exhibiting positive piezoelectric potential and the compressed side negative piezoelectric potential, the conduction band electrons tend to accumulate at the positive side. The positive side is thus partially screened by free charge carriers while the negative side of the piezoelectric potential preserves as long as the donor concentration is not too high. For a typical ZnO nanowire with diameter 50 nm, length 600 nm, donor concentration N(D) = 1 x 10(17) cm(-3) under a bending force of 80 nN, the potential in the positive side is <0.05 V and is approximately -0.3 V at the negative side. The theoretical results support the mechanism proposed for a piezoelectric nanogenerator. Degeneracy in the positive side of the nanowire is significant, but the temperature dependence of the potential profile is weak for the temperature range of 100-400 K.
Promoting Reflective Teaching Through Simulation in a Study in México Program

Preparing teachers to meet the educational needs of bilingual Latino students in U.S. schools has been termed a demographic imperative. This study explored 57 U.S. teachers’ reactions and reflections to participation in a simulation experience held during a teaching/learning experience in Mexico as part of their master’s program in bilingual/ESL education. Findings illustrate great promise in such experiences for teachers, as they encourage critical reflection about the challenges of learning and teaching a second language.
TaP: table-based prefetching for storage caches

TaP is a storage cache sequential prefetching and caching technique to improve the read-ahead cache hit rate and system response time. A unique feature of TaP is the use of a table to detect sequential access patterns in the I/O workload and to dynamically determine the optimum prefetch cache size. When compared to some popular prefetching techniques, TaP gives a better hit rate and response time while using a read cache that is often an order of magnitude smaller than that needed by other techniques. TaP is especially efficient when the I/O workload consists of interleaved requests from various applications, where only some of the applications are accessing their data sequentially. For example, TaP achieves the same hit rate as the other techniques with a cache length that is 100 times smaller than the cache needed by other techniques when the interleaved workload consists of 10% sequential application data and 90% random application data.
Effect of sintering on thermally sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite

Reconsolidation of thermally spray formed (plasma and high velocity oxyfuel spraying) hypereutectic Al–Si nanocomposites with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcement was carried out by inert atmosphere sintering for prolonged time periods. The sintering treatment resulted in the removal of porosity and residual stress, and increase in size and volume fraction of primary Si particles in the Al–Si matrix. The morphology of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in sintered nanocomposites remained unchanged after sintering. The interfacial ultrathin product layer of silicon carbide between MWCNT reinforcement and Al–Si matrix was unaltered. Microhardness and elastic modulus of the sintered nanocomposites were influenced by combined effect of multiple factors, i.e. reduction in porosity, residual stress removal and MWCNT distribution. Overall improvement of microhardness and elastic modulus of the sintered nanocomposites was observed. The experimentally measured elastic modulus values were compared with theoretically estimated values using micromechanics models. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
XMAPS8: A FREE PROGRAM FOR THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL GIS

Foreword In previous columns under this heading I have covered some fundamental attributes of the Internet and how to use it for obtaining information of interest to seismologists. In this issue we leave the Internet for a while to take a look at a new computer program I have found quite exciting. Jonathan Lees of Yale University has been developing a GIS type of interactive display program for geological and geophysical data, which seems to fall into a niche between conventional 2-D commercial GIS programs and expensive, general purpose, 3-D display and rendering systems. This program, called “Xmap8,” is designed with a seismologist's needs in mind. Similar to the mapping program GMT or the waveform display program SAC, Xmap8 is being actively distributed to the seismological community and feedback from users has been incorporated into it. While it is far from a commercial “shrink-wrapped” product and still has some rough...
Decomposition and Partitioning Methods for Multistage Stochastic Linear Programs

Multistage stochastic linear programs model problems in financial planning, dynamic traffic assignment, economic policy analysis, and many other applications. Equivalent representations of such problems as deterministic linear programs are, however, excessively large. This paper develops decomposition and partitioning methods for solving these problems and reports on computational results on a set of practical test problems.
Role of Vitamin A in the Absorption, Retention and Distribution of Iron in the Rat

The effects of vitamin A deficiency on the absorption, retention and distribution of 5DFewere studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. By means of whole-body counting, organ counting (liver and spleen) and measurement of fecal radioactivity, data were collected daily for periods of 6 or more days following 90 days of vitamin A depletion. No significant difference in 59Feabsorption was observed between group 1, control ( 6,500 IU vitamin A/kg diet), and group 2, vitamin A-deficient rats fed ad libitum. Group 3, pair-fed control rats, whose food intake was restricted to that of the deficient group, absorbed and retained less 59Fe than either group 1 or group 2. In a second experiment, iron turnover and red cell incorporation of 59Fewere investigated in young adult rats following 125 days of vitamin A depletion or supplementation. Changes in plasma and blood volumes and tissue distribution of the isotope were determined. The values were ob tained after intravenous administration of 10 /*Ciof 59Fe/100 g body weight. At the end of the experiment the animals were killed and the isotope con centration in different tissues was determined. There were no differences between the vitamin A supplemented and deficient rats with respect to the initial estimates for iron turnover and rate of 5DFeclearance from plasma. Red cell incorporation of 59Fe, however, was significantly reduced in the deficient animals (40 to 50^ of control values). There also was a signifi cant reduction in plasma and blood volumes of vitamin A-deficient rats. Moreover, there was a significantly greater isotope accumulation in the liver and spleen of the vitamin A-deficient rats. J. Nutr. 109: 129-137, 1979.
Mgm101p Is a Novel Component of the Mitochondrial Nucleoid That Binds DNA and Is Required for the Repair of Oxidatively Damaged Mitochondrial DNA

Maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) during cell division is required for progeny to be respiratory competent. Maintenance involves the replication, repair, assembly, segregation, and partitioning of the mitochondrial nucleoid. MGM101 has been identified as a gene essential for mtDNA maintenance in S. cerevisiae, but its role is unknown. Using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified Mgm101p as a component of highly enriched nucleoids, suggesting that it plays a nucleoid-specific role in maintenance. Subcellular fractionation, indirect immunofluorescence and GFP tagging show that Mgm101p is exclusively associated with the mitochondrial nucleoid structure in cells. Furthermore, DNA affinity chromatography of nucleoid extracts indicates that Mgm101p binds to DNA, suggesting that its nucleoid localization is in part due to this activity. Phenotypic analysis of cells containing a temperature sensitive mgm101 allele suggests that Mgm101p is not involved in mtDNA packaging, segregation, partitioning or required for ongoing mtDNA replication. We examined Mgm101p's role in mtDNA repair. As compared with wild-type cells, mgm101 cells were more sensitive to mtDNA damage induced by UV irradiation and were hypersensitive to mtDNA damage induced by gamma rays and H2O2 treatment. Thus, we propose that Mgm101p performs an essential function in the repair of oxidatively damaged mtDNA that is required for the maintenance of the mitochondrial genome.
Performance Measure Initiative at the Texas Department of Transportation

Since 1993 the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has initiated several activities to provide better government. One of the initiatives has been the use of measurement as a tool to guide behavior and evaluate performance. TxDOT implemented the performance measurement initiative at two levels. The first application was at the statewide level using TxDOT's Strategic Plan; the second application was at the district and division levels through the creation of operational-level strategic plans. In the larger context of better government, measurement supports performance management by aligning strategic action, planning, and consequences with performance.