cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-independent clause : Constructional mismatch in syntax and semantics

Abstract Culicover and Jackendoff (1997) examine the pseudo-coordinate conditional (e.g., you drink another can of beer, and I am leaving ) and conclude that (1) syntax and semantics are autonomous levels of grammar, and (2) binding and quantificational effects should be treated in semantics. This paper examines an idiosyncratic construction in Japanese that appears to have mixed properties of simple independent clauses and subordinate (restrictive relative) clauses. A close examination of this Japanese construction reveals that Culicover and Jackendoff’s analysis on coordination-subordination mismatches can be extended to include mismatches between independent and subordinate clauses.
THE DECLINE OF SUBSTATE REGIONALISM

Multi-purpose substate regional councils are retrenching. The once-lauded coordinative innovations of the mid-1960s are entering a period of decline as evidenced most dramatically by the erosion of their financial base. From this nationwide survey of executive directors of these organizations, it is clear that the likely survivors will be established councils which concentrate on non-social service programs using nonfederal sources of revenue. Critical to this survival is a redirection of organizational mission, i.e., the establishment of increased congruence between member government demands and regional council services.
Mariner IV Measurements near Mars: Initial Results

Mariner IV encounter sequence during approach and occultation of Mars on July 14 and 15, 1965
Alerting Physicians during Electronic Order Entry Effectively Reduces Unnecessary Repeat PCR Testing for Clostridium difficile

Hospital information systems (HIS) alerts restricting repeat Clostridium difficile PCR ordering by physicians in patients with a prior result within 7 days eliminated 91% of repeat tests, from 14.5% (282/1,949) repeats preintervention to 1.3% (135/10,285) postintervention. HIS alerting is an effective, targeted, patient-specific tool for improving the quality and utilization of C. difficile results.
Empirical specification of field-aligned plasma density profiles for plasmasphere refilling

[1] Sounding measurements from the radio plasma imager (RPI) on the IMAGE satellite are used to derive electron density distributions along magnetic field lines in the nightside plasmasphere and plasmatrough for three midlatitude passes. These passes occurred during (1) a magnetic storm, (2) a prolonged quiet time, and (3) a sudden commencement of a storm, respectively. It is found that the density profiles of filled (in the inner plasmasphere) and depleted (in the plasmatrough or outer plasmasphere) flux tubes have different field line dependence. A multivariant least squares fit with a simple analytical function is used to model the density profiles. The fitting parameters in the function define the field line dependence of a density profile, i.e., the steepness of the density profile at high latitudes and the flatness at low latitudes. In each pass the density profiles along the filled and depleted flux tubes can be well modeled with the selected functional form, with two different sets of fitting parameter values for filled and depleted flux tubes. For the three passes examined, the fitting parameter values are not sensitive to the geomagnetic activity for the inner plasmasphere density profiles but vary slightly for the plasmatrough or outer plasmasphere density profiles from case to case. The equatorial densities extrapolated from the measured density profiles approximately have a power law relation with L values. The results suggest that the selected function has potential of being able to construct realistic global empirical plasmasphere/plasmatrough models. Furthermore, it is now feasible to empirically determine the density profiles along the depleted flux tubes for plasmasphere refilling studies.
" A Narrow Thinking System" : Nonnative-English-Speaking Students in Group Projects Across the Curriculum

In examining the contexts of learning for L2 English bilinguals, educators and researchers may have ignored an important feature of that context, the social/academic relationships the learners develop with native-English-speaking peers. Long considered a means of promoting learning and independence among students, group work is one domain where such social/academic interactions occur in university-level courses across the curriculum in English-dominant countries. The research reported here details the experiences of two nonnative-English-speaking (NNES) students in course-sponsored group projects. The findings suggest that the particular social/academic relationships that develop within work groups may undermine the ability of NNES students to make meaningful contributions to the group projects. Furthermore, even group projects that appear to work well may conceal particular burdens for NNES students of which faculty who assign group projects may remain unaware.
Evaluation of Cross-Linking Methods for Electrospun Gelatin on Cell Growth and Viability

The creation of a tissue engineering scaffold via electrospinning that has minimal toxicity and uses a solvent system composed of solvents with low toxicity and different cross-linking agents was investigated. First, a solvent system of acetic acid/ethyl acetate/water (50:30:20) with gelatin as a solute was evaluated. The optimum system for electrospinning a scaffold with the desired properties resulted from a gelatin concentration of 10 wt %. Several different methods were used to cross-link the electrospun gelatin fibers, including vapor-phase glutaraldehyde, aqueous phase genipin, and glyceraldehyde, as well as reactive oxygen species from a plasma cleaner. Because glutaraldehyde at high concentrations has been shown to be toxic, we explored other cross-linking methods. Using reactive oxygen species from a plasma cleaner is an easy alternative; however, the degradation reaction dominated the cross-linking reaction and the scaffolds degraded after only a few hours in aqueous medium at 37 °C. Glyceraldehyde and genipin were established as good options for cross-linking agents because of the low toxicity of these cross-linkers and the resistance to dissolution of the cross-linked fibers in cell culture medium at 37 °C. MG63 osteoblastic cells were grown on each of the cross-linked scaffolds. A proliferation assay showed that the cells proliferated as well or better on the cross-linked scaffolds than on traditional two-dimensional polystyrene culture plates.
T-cell markers in breast cancer patients at diagnosis.

Abstract The number of circulating lymphocytes, the percentage and number of active (TEa) and total (TEt) rosette-forming cells, and the percentage of rosettes formed between patients' T cells and cells of the B-lymphoblastoid cell line PGLC-33H (PGLC-R) were determined 2–4 weeks after diagnosis in 68 patients with breast cancer. Significant lymphopenia was found in stages III and IV. The percentage of TEt was decreased in stage IV only. The percentage of TEa, in contrast, was at least 1 SD above the mean control value in 66% of stage I patients, and the percentages of patients with absolute numbers of TEa in the peripheral blood 1 SD or more below the normal range (688 ± 159/mm 3 ) were 25% in stage I, 47% in stage II, 73% in stage III, and 84% in stage IV. These data show a suggestive parallel with previously reported rates of relapses for stages I–IV and indicate that high levels of TEa may be associated with a better prognosis. PGLC-R were also decreased in stages I–IV compared with controls, with greater decreases corresponding to more advanced stages of the disease. Incubation of patients' serum with normal lymphocytes induced a small decrease in TEt but did not affect TEa or PGLC-R. The prognostic significance of TEa levels and the value of T-cell markers studies for the optimal use of immunotherapy are discussed.
Effect of (des-tyr)-gamma-endorphin in schizophrenia

Des-tyrosine-gamma-endorphin (DT gamma E), a derivative of gamma-endorphin, which has been reported to have some neuroleptic-like properties in man, was administered to eight hospitalized schizophrenic patients (six chronic, one subacute, one acute) in an open study. Following an initial drug-free period, patients were given DT gamma E for 12 days in doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/day. Two of the patients were markedly improved after receiving DT gamma E. The improvement was sustained for 2 months in one subjects, while the other deteriorated to pretreatment status within 48 hours of the discontinuation of DT gamma E. Of the other six patients, one showed moderate improvement, three showed minimal improvement, and two showed no change. Improvement was mainly in the area of social functioning; change in positive psychotic symptoms was less noticeable. The positive results obtained in this study in some subjects could have been nonspecific effects, rather than pharmacological action, since social functioning, the main area of improvement, may be especially sensitive to expectancy effects in open trials. Nevertheless, further study of DT gamma E in acute schizophrenics for longer periods appears indicated.
Self-Similarity in Two-Phase Curvature Flow

In this work, we present a family of exact self-similar solutions for the distribution of enclosed areas under mean curvature flow on the union of disjoint closed curves in the plane. To our knowledge, this is the first example of closed-form exact self-similar solutions for the mean curvature flow. We perform numerical simulations for large sets of initial data obtained as the zero level set of Gaussian random fields and observe numerical convergence to one particular member of this family.
Decoupling through Synchrony in Neuronal Circuits with Propagation Delays

The level of synchronization in distributed systems is often controlled by the strength of the interactions between individual elements. In brain circuits the connection strengths between neurons are modified under the influence of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) rules. Here we show that when recurrent networks with conduction delays exhibit population bursts, STDP rules exert a strong decoupling force that desynchronizes activity. Conversely, when activity in the network is random, the same rules can have a coupling and synchronizing influence. The presence of these opposing forces promotes the self-organization of spontaneously active neuronal networks to a state at the border between randomness and synchrony. The decoupling force of STDP may be engaged by the synchronous bursts occurring in the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep, leading to the selective erasure of information from hippocampal circuits as memories are established in neocortical areas.
Molecular regulation of lung endothelial glutamine synthetase expression

Background. The lungs play a crucial role in maintaining amino acid homeostasis by exporting glutamine. Lung glutamine release is increased markedly in patients with sepsis, and in rat models injection of endotoxin causes up-regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS), the principal enzyme of glutamine synthesis. To investigate the molecular regulation of this response in the lung microvasculature we studied the effects of several hormones and cytokines that mediate the septic response on the expression of GS in rat microvascular pulmonary endothelial cells (MPECs). Methods. MPECs were grown to confluence and incubated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, prostaglandins, cytokines, or activated complement C5a. Cellular lysates were prepared and total cellular RNA was extracted, hybridized with a GS complementary DNA derived probe, and normalized to reduced glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase. GS protein content was determined by Western blotting with a GS antibody. Results. Of the compounds tested, only dexamethasone caused a marked increase (tenfold or greater) of GS messenger RNA and protein levels in MPECs. Dexamethasone-induced accumulation of GS messenger RNA was rapid, dose-dependent, and maximal after 4 hours of exposure. GS protein levels were maximal after 8 hours and remained elevated for at least 48 hours. The dose of dexamethasone sufficient to induce 50% of maximal GS messenger RNA and protein level increase was approximately 10 nmol/L. The dexamethasone-induced increase of GS messenger RNA level was completely blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 and by the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D but was not inhibited by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide. Conclusions. Glucocorticoids augment GS expression in rat lung microvascular endothelial cells in a manner consistent with a direct transcriptional response via glucocorticoid receptors. Other septic response mediators had minimal effect on GS expression. Induction of GS expression by adrenocorticoids is likely to contribute to the marked ability of the lungs to augment glutamine production during septic states. (SURGERY 1995 ;118 :325-35.)
Vaccine safety in special populations.

Studies evaluating the safety of vaccines routinely administered to a population of healthy infants and children may not provide adequate reassurance for members of special populations such as premature infants and children with chronic conditions. However, evaluating the safety of vaccines administered to special populations presents a host of challenges, including limited numbers of subjects, lack of appropriate comparisons groups and substantial complexity in both collecting and evaluating the data. Improving the available immunization safety data for those in special populations will provide substantial benefit to the clinicians caring for these vulnerable patients.
Extensive cross‐linking of calf brain plain synaptic vesicle proteins

Calf brain plain synaptic vesicle proteins have been cross-linked with bis[2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl] sulfone, a homobifunctional, cleavable reagent, as well as with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-azidobenzoate, a photosensitive, heterobifunctional reagent. These results demonstrate the generality of a recent report that synaptic vesicle proteins can be cross-linked, in contrast to a prior report that no cross-linking could be observed. The reagents gave some differences in the proteins that were preferentially cross-linked. A protein at Mr= 173000, which comigrates with clathrin, is present in the plain synaptic vesicle fraction and appears to be involved in cross-linking. A high degree of association and structural organization of synaptic vesicle proteins is suspected, since extensive cross-linking of most synaptic vesicle proteins with high-molecular-mass proteins, which are probably structural in nature, is observed. A protein with an Mr of 249000 is specifically cross-linked to a protein of Mr 42000, probably actin, suggesting that the 249000-Mr protein may be a spectrin-like molecule. The present results suggest that synaptic vesicles may be organized by a spectrin-like matrix similar to that observed in erythrocytes and other cells.
Unusual Foreign Body Resulting in Upper Urinary Tract Calculus Formation

While the presence of foreign bodies in the urinary tract is a known cause of calculus formation, foreign body-induced lithiasis of the upper urinary tract is quite unusual. We present a case of renal lithiasis associated with a human body hair in a patient with neurogenic bladder. Additionally, we discuss the management course selected for this rare clinical situation and postulate mechanisms for upper tract foreign body presence in our patient.
An extension of the Erdös-Ginzburg-Ziv theorem to hypergraphs

An n-set partition of a sequence S is a collection of n nonempty subsequences of S, pairwise disjoint as sequences, such that every term of S belongs to exactly one of the subsequences, and the terms in each subsequence are all distinct with the result that they can be considered as sets. For a sequence S, subsequence S', and set T, |T ∩ S| denotes the number of terms x of S with x ∈ T, and |S| denotes the length of S, and S \ S' denotes the subsequence of S obtained by deleting all terms in S'. We first prove the following two additive number theory results.(1) Let S be a finite sequence of elements from an abelian group G. If S has an n-set partition, A = A1, ..., An, such that |Σi=1n Ai| ≥ Σi=1n |Ai| - n + 1, then there exists a subsequence S' of S, with length |S'| ≤ max{|S - n + 1, 2n}, and with an n-set partition, A' = A'1, ..., A'n, such that |Σi=1n A'i| ≥ Σi=1n |Ai| - n + 1. Furthermore, if ||Ai| - |Aj|| ≤ 1 for all i and j, or if |Ai| ≥ 3 for all i, then A'i ⊆ Ai.(2) Let S be a sequence of elements from a finite abelian group G of order m, and suppose there exist a, b ∈ G such that |(G \ {a, b}) ∩ S| ≤ ⌊m/2⌋. If |S| ≥ 2m - 1, then there exists an m-term zero-sum subsequence S' of S with |{a} ∩ S'| ≥ ⌊ m/2 ⌋ or |{b} ∩ S'| ≥ ⌊ m/2 ⌋.Let H be a connected, finite m-uniform hypergraph, and let f(H) (let fzs(H)) be the least integer n such that for every 2-coloring (coloring with the elements of the cyclic group Zm) of the vertices of the complete m-uniform hypergraph Knm, there exists a subhypergraph K isomorphic to H such that every edge in K is monochromatic (such that for every edge e in K the sum of the colors on e is zero). As a corollary to the above theorems, we show that if every subhypergraph H' of H contains an edge with at least half of its vertices monovalent in H', or if H consists of two intersecting edges, then fzs(H) = f(H). This extends the Erdos-Ginzburg-Ziv Theorem, which is the case when H is a single edge.
Partial Characterization of Glutathione S-Transferases from Wheat (Triticum spp.) and Purification of a Safener-Induced Glutathione S-Transferase from Triticum tauschii

Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has very low constitutive glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity when assayed with the chloroacetamide herbicide dimethenamid as a substrate, which may account for its low tolerance to dimethenamid in the field. Treatment of seeds with the herbicide safener fluxofenim increased the total GST activity extracted from T. aestivum shoots 9-fold when assayed with dimethenamid as a substrate, but had no effect on glutathione levels. Total GST activity in crude protein extracts from T. aestivum, Triticum durum, and Triticum tauschii was separated into several component GST activities by anion-exchange fast-protein liquid chromatography. These activities (isozymes) differed with respect to their activities toward dimethenamid or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrates and in their levels of induction by safener treatment. A safener-induced GST isozyme was subsequently purified by anion-exchange and affinity chromatography from etiolated shoots of the diploid wheat species T. tauschii (a progenitor of hexaploid wheat) treated with the herbicide safener cloquintocet-mexyl. The isozyme bound to a dimethenamid-affinity column and had a subunit molecular mass of 26 kD based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme (designated GST TSI-1) was recognized by an antiserum raised against a mixture of maize (Zea mays) GSTs. Amino acid sequences obtained from protease-digested GST TSI-1 had significant homology with the safener-inducible maize GST V and two auxin-regulated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) GST isozymes.
Sonography of placental abnormalities: a pictorial review

Often overlooked during routine ultrasound evaluation of a normal pregnancy, the placenta forms the biologic interface between the mother and fetus and is critical to fetal growth and development. Malformations in development, positioning, and vascularity can have profound implications for both maternal and fetal well-being. As such, a judicious inspection of the placenta is warranted as an integral part of every screening or emergent prenatal ultrasound. Herein, we present a pictorial review of a variety of placental pathologic conditions including abnormalities in positioning, adherence, vascularity, and hemorrhage as well as potential peri-placental masses and gestational trophoblastic disease, all of which are readily encountered in a busy emergency radiology practice.
IATROGENIC COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

Reported complications of umbilical artery catheterization include thrombosis, infection, vessel perforation, extremity blanching, and visceral necrosis. Catheter placement in an artery produces a partial acute mechanical obstruction equivalent to coarctation of the aorta. The immediate consequences of such obstruction have not been reported. To investigate this, experiments were performed in 10 New Zealand rabbits (1.6-3.5 kg). Common iliac artery blood flow (BF), gracilis muscle oxygen availability (O2a) and subcutaneous temperature (SQT) in the foot were measured on the right side of the animal. The left side was used for catheter insertion and measurement of arterial blood pressure (BP). French (F) 3.5 and 5 catheters were inserted through the femoral artery, advanced 15 cm, and left in place for 10 min. The 3.5F had no effect on the BF, BP, O2a and SQT in 10 of 16 determinations. In 3 of 6 remaining animals, O2a decreased slightly, while in 3 others weighing <2 kg, O2a decreased 100%. In 11 determinations, 5F catheters produced BP increase, SQT decrease from 31.6±2.1°C to 30.2±1.7°C, and decrease in O2a and BF to 23±31% and 35±38% of normal respectively. Reduction in BF,O2a and SQT by catheters is related to relative dimensions of vessel and catheter and to distance of catheter insertion. These variables should be considered during clinical application of arterial catheters. Undesirable changes could be detected by continuous differential monitoring of core and extremity SQT or extremity O2a.
Large Recession of the Horizontal Recti for Treatment of Nystagmus

Ten patients had large recession of four horizontal recti at one procedure for treatment of nystagmus. Six patients had congenital motor nystagmus, two had oculocutaneous albinism, and two had optic nerve hypoplasia. Anomalous head posture with null point was also present in five patients. The rectus muscles were placed at or behind the equator in all but one case. Three patients with both esotropia and nystagmus had the medial recti placed 1 mm behind the equator and the lateral recti or at 1 mm anterior to the equator. Visual acuity improved an average of 1 line at distance and/or near in 8 patients who cooperated for testing. Although nystagmus was not eliminated in any patient, its its amplitude decreased in eight of ten patients, and anomalous head posture improved in three of five patients. In all patients, near vision was better than distance vision both preoperatively and postoperatively. Ductions were diminished minimally after the large recession and there were no other complications from surgery.
A phase controlled self-oscillating mixer

A subharmonic synchronized and phase controlled self-oscillating mixer has been developed and tested. This new circuit has a number of advantages, such as, large locking range, low FM noise, and high frequency conversion gain. Experimental results demonstrate that this injection locked and phase locked self-oscillating mixer has efficient phase control capability at K/sub u/-band. Unlike the conventional subharmonic phase locking approach which needs either a frequency multiplier or divider for phase comparison, this circuit takes advantage of its inherent mixing gain to accomplish phase control. This phase locking approach can be extended to phase lock a millimeter-wave frequency oscillator, where efficient frequency multiplier and divider are hardly achieved. >
Transfer after Serial Feature Positive Discrimination Training

Abstract Three experiments with rat subjects examined the transfer of stimulus control in Pavlovian appetitive serial feature-positive discriminations of the form X→A + , A −. In those discriminations, X acquired the ability to modulate or set the occasion for conditioned responses (CRs) that were evoked by A, such that A evoked CRs only when it was preceded by X. The occasion-setting power of X was specific to A: X did not modulate CRs evoked by other excitatory conditioned stimuli (CSs) that had been trained in various manners with the same unconditioned stimulus as was used in the X→A+, A− discrimination. These data are consistent with earlier claims that, in this conditioning preparation, serial feature-positive discrimination training endows X with the ability to signal the occurrence of an upcoming relation between a specific CS and the US.
The morphosyntax of WH-extraction in Irish

It has been widely assumed that the preverbal particles of Irish are complementizers. Given the distribution of the particle aL, this assumption provides support for two central claims about WH-movement – that its application is successive-cyclic, and that it is driven by a morphosyntactic feature of the complementizer. However, the claim that aL is a complementizer also has been widely challenged. This paper aims to (re)confirm the original analysis. It argues that the sceptical literature (i) underestimates the morphosyntactic heterogeneity of Irish complementizers, and (ii) restricts attention to an overly narrow subset of constructions in which aL appears.
Correlations among traits associated with herbivore resistance and pollination: implications for pollination and nectar robbing in a distylous plant

Plants interact simultaneously with a diversity of visitors, including herbivores and pollinators. Correlations among traits associated with herbivory and pollination may constrain the degree to which plants can evolve in response to any one interactor. Using the distylous plant, Gelsemium sempervirens , we tested the hypothesis that traits typically associated with pollination (distyly) and herbivore resistance (secondary compounds) were phenotypically correlated and examined how these traits influenced plant interactions with floral visitors. The flowers of G. sempervirens are visited by pollinators and a nectar robber, and the leaves and flowers express gelsemine, an alkaloid that is deterrent and sometimes toxic to visitors. Using an observational approach across five populations, we found the thrum floral morph (short-styled) expressed more leaf gelsemine than the pin morph (long-styled). Leaf gelsemine concentrations were positively correlated with flower gelsemine; however, there were no correlations between gelsemine and other floral morphological traits. Trait expression influenced pollination more so than robbing. Thrums received two times less pollen than pins. Moreover, across both morphs, pollen receipt was lower in plants that expressed higher levels of leaf gelsemine in two sites. These results imply that traits associated with pollination and herbivore resistance may not be independent.
Incorporation of synthesized and dietary hydrocarbons into the cuticle and hepatopancreas of the scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis

Measurable amounts of cuticular and hepatopancreas lipids were synthesized by the scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis from [14C]-labeled acetate, propionate, mevalonate, and leucine when animals were acclimated to 35°C and incubated for at least 72 hours. Labeled hydrocarbons comprised less than 1.5% of the activity in lipids, with most of the labeled hydrocarbons associated with the hepatopancreas. The hepatopancreas was also the site of most lipid synthesis in scorpions injected with [3H]H0. Incorporation of the latter into hydrocarbons relative to other lipid classes increased from 0.9% in 72 hours to 8.4% by day 10 in fed animals, with slightly higher values in starved scorpions. After 3 months, activity in cuticular hydrocarbons increased coincident with a decrease in hepatopancreas activity. Scorpions maintained on crickets (Acheta domesticus) which contain few n-alkanes showed a marked decrease in cuticular n-alkanes after 10 weeks, while scorpions maintained on grasshoppers (Trimerotropis pallidipennis) which are n-alkane-rich showed a corresponding increase in their cuticular n-alkanes. Scorpions fed crickets injected with labeled n-alkanes (C25, C27, C29) incorporated these unchanged into their cuticular hydrocarbons. These results are evidence that lipid synthesis is consistent with the low metabolic rate of the scorpion and that the synthesized hydrocarbons which slowly accumulated in the cuticle were supplemented by diet-specific branched and n-alkanes.
Statistics In Sociology, 1950–2000: A Selective Review

Statistical methods have had a successful half-century in sociology, contributing to a greatly improved standard of scientific rigor in the discipline. I identify three overlapping postwar generations of statistical methods in sociology, based on the kinds of data they address. The first generation, which started in the late 1940s, deals with cross-tabulations and focuses on measures of association and log-linear models, perhaps the area of statistics to which sociology has contributed the most. The second generation, which began in the 1960s, deals with unit-level survey data and focuses on LISREL-type causal models and event-history analysis. The third generation, starting to emerge in the late 1980s, deals with data that do not fall easily into either of these categories, either because they have a different form, such as texts or narratives, or because dependence is a crucial aspect, as with spatial or social network data. There are many new challenges, and the area is ripe for statistical research; several major institutions have recently launched new initiatives in statistics and the social sciences.
Sample diversity and premise typicality in inductive reasoning: Evidence for developmental change

Evaluating whether a limited sample of evidence provides a good basis for induction is a critical cognitive task. We hypothesized that whereas adults evaluate the inductive strength of samples containing multiple pieces of evidence by attending to the relations among the exemplars (e.g., sample diversity), six-year-olds would attend to the degree to which each individual exemplar in a sample independently appears informative (e.g., premise typicality). To test these hypotheses, participants were asked to select between diverse and non-diverse samples to help them learn about basic-level animal categories. Across various between-subject conditions (N = 133), we varied the typicality present in the diverse and non-diverse samples. We found that adults reliably selected to examine diverse over non-diverse samples, regardless of exemplar typicality, six-year-olds preferred to examine samples containing typical exemplars, regardless of sample diversity, and nine-year-olds were somewhat in the midst of this developmental transition.
Resistance of cancer cells to immune recognition and killing

It is well recognized that, in order for a wound to heal, the fibrin clot must be eliminated by fibrinolytic enzymes. In certain instances, however, fibrin is ineffectively degraded or even not degraded. For example, in pregnancy, the placenta contains a layer of fibrin (Nitabuck's layer) which presents as 'self' to the immune system. Similar situations have been observed in many solid tumors. A hypothesis is presented according to which tumor cells can escape detection and attack by the immune system in most cancer patients. The tumor dons a 'coat' of the host's own protein on its cell surface. The coat is composed of fibrin and of a polymeric form of human serum albumin (HSA) which, by contrast to pure fibrin, is resistant to fibrinolytic degradation. Such a coated tumor appears as 'self' to the immune system, and thus is not detected as a tumor by the immune system (i.e. natural killer cells). When tumors are prepared for in vitro assays against drugs, they are routinely treated with proteolytic enzymes (e.g. pepsin, or chymotrypsin, etc.) which dissolve the protein coat, exposing the tumor cell surface to the drug. Thus, the in vivo existence of a coat on the tumor surface may explain why some drugs have little or no effect in vivo, while the same drugs are active in vitro.
Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma comprises a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by clonal expansions of mature, post-thymic T cells that infiltrate the skin. This article discusses the staging, prognosis, and treatment of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.
A scanning defect-mapping system for large-area silicon substrates

An optical scanning system has been developed that can produce maps of the spatial distributions of defects in polycrystalline silicon substrates. This instrument can operate in either the dislocation mapping mode or the grain boundary (GB) mode. In the "dislocation mode," the optical scattering from the etch pits is used to statistically count dislocations in large-area substrates. In the "grain boundary mode," the system recognizes local scattering from the GBs to generate grain boundary maps. The information generated by this instrument is valuable for material QA, identifying mechanisms of defect generation, the nature of thermal stresses during the crystal growth, and the solar cell process design. >
Adolescent SBIRT implementation in pediatric primary care: results from a randomized trial in an integrated health-care delivery system

During the study period there were 8981 well visits; 73 percent of these received initial screening. Initial screening rates were significantly higher in both intervention arms, compared to the UC arm (p < .05). A higher percentage of patients endorsed mood symptoms in the PCP arm (16.4%, BHC = 12.6%, UC = 13.7%; p < .001); endorsement of AOD symptoms did not significantly differ across arms. Approximately 30 percent of teens in each arm were candidates for further assessment, having endorsed at least one of the five AOD or mood risk behavior questions (ns). The percentage of patients endorsing any mood symptoms, who were further assessed per the established SBIRT protocol, was significantly higher in the BHC arm compared to the PCP arm (p < .001); further assessment per the protocol among those with any AOD symptoms was significantly higher in the PCP arm (p < .001). Among those eligible, 25.8 percent in the BHC arm, 16.5 percent in the PCP arm, and 1.8 percent in the UC arm received a BI (p < .001). The percentage of BIs containing any AOD content was significantly higher in the PCP arm compared to the BHC arm (92.6% vs. 59.1%), and the BHC arm delivered more BIs with any MH content (81.8% vs. 10.3%), both p < .001.
The relationships between active extensibility, and passive and active stiffness of the knee flexors

Abstract Insufficient active knee flexor stiffness may predispose the anterior cruciate ligament to injury. Insufficient passive stiffness may result in insufficient active stiffness. Similarly, higher levels of musculotendinous extensibility may inhibit active and passive muscle stiffness, potentially contributing to an increased risk of injury. The literature is both limited and inconsistent concerning relationships between extensibility, passive stiffness, and active stiffness. Extensibility was measured as the maximal active knee extension angle from a supine position with the hip flexed to 90°. Passive stiffness was calculated as the slope of the moment–angle curve resulting from passive knee extension. Active stiffness was assessed via acceleration associated with damped oscillatory motion about the knee. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that passive stiffness accounted for 25% of active muscle stiffness variance. The linear combination of extensibility and passive stiffness explained only 2% more variance compared to passive stiffness alone. Musculotendinous extensibility was moderately related to passive muscle stiffness, and weakly related to active muscle stiffness. The moderate relationship observed between active and passive stiffness emphasizes the dependence of active muscle stiffness on cross-bridge formation, and the relatively smaller contribution from parallel elastic tissues. Additionally, heightened extensibility does not appear to be a predisposing factor for reduced muscle stiffness.
Bowlic and Polar Liquid Crystal Polymers

Abstract Bowlic liquid crystals are made up of polar molecules. Both main-chain and side-chain bowlic polymers are possible. Exactly solvable discrete models describing the phases and conformations of these bowlic and other polar liquid crystal polymers are presented. For the ideal one-dimensional case the model is equivalent to the 1D Ising model. Susceptibility and other properties are calculated. Wave propagation and solitons in these polar polymers are discussed. Possible highly conducting and high Tc superconducting liquid crystal polymers are proposed.
Escalation of Oncologic Services at the End of Life Among Patients With Gynecologic Cancer at an Urban, Public Hospital

Marked changes in interventions in a patient's final 2 months of life highlight the need for cost-effective, evidence-based metrics for delivering cancer care.
On the complexity of reliable communication on the erasure channel

We discuss the complexity of achieving channel capacity on the binary erasure channel (BEC) in view of recent advances. We also extrapolate to conjecture complexity bounds on more general channels.
PICTION: a system that uses captions to label human faces in newspaper photographs

It is often the case that linguistic and pictorial information are jointly provided to communicate information. In situations where the text describes salient aspects of the picture, it is possible to use the text to direct the interpretation (i.e., labelling objects) in the accompanying picture. This paper focuses on the implementation of a multi-stage system PICTION that uses captions to identify humans in an accompanying photograph. This provides a computationally less expensive alternative to traditional methods of face recognition. It does not require a pre-stored database of face models for all people to be identified. A key component of the system is the utilisation of spatial constraints (derived from the caption)in order to reduce the number of possible labels that could be associated with face candidates (generated by a face locator). A rule-based system is used to further reduce this number and arrive at a unique labelling. The rules employ spatial heuristics as well as distinguishing characteristics of faces (e.g., male versus female). The system is noteworthy since a broad range of AI techniques are brought to bear (ranging from natural-language parsing to constraint satisfaction and computer vision).
Do Inflammatory Responses to Eccentric Exercise Suggest a Fatigue Failure Process

Recent evidence strongly suggests that force and repetition interact in a consistent manner to affect musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risk, likely due to an underlying fatigue failure process in affected tissues. This pilot study evaluated whether a force-repetition interaction was present with respect to inflammatory responses of elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise. 24 subjects performed eccentric contractions with 6 assigned to each of 4 force and repetition combinations. Dependent measures included MRI data on edema in the muscle (day 2 versus day 0), relaxed elbow flexion angle, and isometric strength (both obtained days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 post-exercise). Significant force-repetition interactions were found for relaxed elbow angle at days 2 and 4 post-exercise (p < 0.05), and for days 2 and 4 for isometric strength (p < 0.05).
The solution to difference equations can be as easy as 1-2-3

A discussion is presented of the development of a macro program which solves difference equations, and graphs the time-domain response, using the standard spreadsheet software package Lotus 1-2-3. The object is to enable an electrical engineering student learning about difference equations to see the numerical solution, as well as the steady state response. Other applications of spreadsheet software are discussed. >
Spemann's organizer and the self-regulation of embryonic fields.

Embryos and developing organs have the remarkable ability of self-regenerating after experimental manipulations. In the Xenopus blastula half-embryos can regenerate the missing part, producing identical twins. Studies on the molecular nature of Spemann’s organizer have revealed that self-regulation results from the battle between two signaling centers under reciprocal transcriptional control. Long-range communication between the dorsal and ventral sides is mediated by the action of growth factor antagonists ‐ such as the BMP antagonist Chordin ‐ that regulate the flow of BMPs within the embryonic morphogenetic field. BMPs secreted by the dorsal Spemann organizer tissue are released by metalloproteinases of the Tolloid family, which cleave Chordin at a distance of where they were produced. The dorsal center secretes Chordin, Noggin, BMP2 and ADMP. The ventral center of the embryo secretes BMP4, BMP7, Sizzled, Crossveinless-2 and Tolloid-related. Crossveinless-2 binds Chordin/BMP complexes, facilitating their flow towards the ventral side, where BMPs are released by Tolloid allowing peak BMP signaling. Self-regulation occurs because transcription of ventral genes is induced by BMP while transcription of dorsal genes is repressed by BMP signals. This assures that for each action of Spemann’s organizer there is a reaction in the ventral side of the embryo. Because both dorsal and ventral centers express proteins of similar biochemical activities, they can compensate for each other. A novel biochemical pathway of extracellular growth factor signaling regulation has emerged from these studies in Xenopus. This remarkable dorsal‐ventral positional information network has been conserved in evolution and is ancestral to all bilateral animals.
MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING VACCINE IMMUNOGENICITY

This article highlights factors involved with maintaining and enhancing antigen delivery or immunogenicity. The article is meant as an overview of the field and, limited by size constraints, cannot do justice to any one of the areas discussed. The technological understanding, however, that underlies these advances, no doubt, is about to revolutionize vaccinology, in the near future.
Fungal eye disease at a tertiary care center: the utility of routine inpatient consultation.

Purpose Hematogenous dissemination of fungus of the eyes can manifest as chorioretinitis or endophthalmitis. Early reports of this condition describe the prevalence to range from 10% to 40%; however, more recent studies have suggested a declining prevalence, presumably because of widespread use of prophylactic antifungal therapy and earlier diagnosis and treatment of systemic illness before ocular symptoms become apparent. This study estimates the current prevalence and microbial profile of fungal chorioretinitis and endophthalmitis among patients with positive fungal cultures at a tertiary care medical center. Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 211 adult and pediatric inpatients with fungemia. Methods All inpatient consultations at our institution to evaluate for ocular involvement by fungal organisms from June 3, 2006, to September 3, 2009, were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures The presence or absence of ocular lesions consistent with disseminated fungus. Results A total of 211 patients (83 pediatric, 128 adult) had consult requests indicating concern for ocular fungal infection. More than 97% of these patients had at least 1 positive fungal culture. In decreasing order of frequency, the organisms identified were Candida albicans , C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis , and others. More than 98% of all patients were receiving systemic antifungal therapy (average duration 6.5 days) at the time of examination. No pediatric patients and only 2 adult patients had positive findings (i.e., chorioretinitis or endophthalmitis); 1 of these 2 patients was able to verbalize symptoms and reported floaters and blurring, whereas the other patient was unable to verbalize. Visual symptoms were rare (3.5%) among patients with negative findings who could verbalize visual symptoms. Three adults had nonspecific fundus lesions that were considered inconsistent with chorioretinitis. Conclusions Disseminated ocular fungal infection is rare in the current era of widespread prophylactic antifungal therapy. Less than 1% of patients in our study had ocular involvement from fungus, and no patients who were asymptomatic had involvement. We suggest that routine ophthalmic consultation on fungemic inpatients is not an efficient use of clinical resources; however, validation of these findings via a prospective study is desired. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Ovariectomy‐induced bone loss occurs independently of B cells

Estrogen withdrawal is associated with a significant expansion in B cell precursor and mature B cell populations. However, despite significant circumstantial evidence the role of B lineage cells in ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo is unclear. In vitro studies have demonstrated that mature B cells have the potential to both positively and negatively impact osteoclastogenesis by virtue of their capacity to secrete pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines including receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL), as well as anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines such as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Although several studies have suggested that expansion of the B lineage following ovariectomy may play a key role in the etiology of ovariectomy-induced bone loss, in vivo studies to directly test this notion have yet to be conducted. In this study, we performed ovariectomy on µMT(−/−) mice which are specifically deficient in mature B cells. Analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and micro-computed tomography (CT) demonstrate that mature B cell-deficient mice undergo an identical loss of bone mass relative to wild-type (WT) control mice. Our data demonstrate that mature B cells are not central mediators of ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1370–1375, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing Habitat Use by Breeding Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) on the Upper Mississippi River, USA

Abstract Approximately 7,610 to 3,175 pairs of Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) nested along 420 river km of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) from 1993 to 2003. Numbers declined precipitously in the mid-1990s stabilizing somewhat in the early 2000s. The average number of nests in colonies was 349 (SD = 283). Annual colony turn over rate for the eleven year period was 0.15 and ranged from 0.06 to 0.29 each year. The number of years that a colony was active was positively correlated with the average number of nests present while the colony was active. Of the eight colonies active in 1993 that averaged more than 349 nests, four were abandoned by 2003. Only one colony grew to greater than 349 nests during the study period. Custer et al. (2004) suggested that herons on the UMR may be limited by forage resources or foraging habitat and social factors, as evidenced by the even spacing of colonies that reflects the maximum feeding range of herons on the river. To rule out nesting and foraging habitat limitatio...