cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional capability of and substrate suitability for Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causal agent of bat white-nose syndrome.

Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causal agent of bat white-nose syndrome, has caused nearly six million deaths in North American bats since its introduction into the United States in 2006. Current research has shown that caves can harbor P. destructans even after the infected bats are removed and bats no longer visit or inhabit previously infected caves. Our research focuses on elucidating reservoir requirements by investigating the nutritional capabilities of and substrate suitability requirements for six different P. destructans isolates from various localities including Illinois, Indiana, New York (Type specimen), and Pennsylvania. Enzyme assays implicate that both urease and b-glucosidase appear to be constitutive, lipase and esterase activity were more rapid than proteinase activity on 6% gelatin, gelatin degradation was accompanied by medium alkalinization, the reduction of thiosulfate generated hydrogen sulfide gas, chitinase and manganese dependent peroxidase activity were not visually demonstrated within eight weeks, and keratinase activity was not evident at pH 8 within eight weeks. We demonstrate that all P. destructans isolates are capable of growth and sporulation on dead fish, insect, and mushroom tissues. Sole nitrogen source assays demonstrated that all P. destructans isolates exhibit Class 2 nitrogen utilization and that growth-dependent interactions occur among different pH and nitrogen sources. Substrate suitability assays demonstrated that all isolates could grow and sporulate on media ranging from pH 5–11 and tolerated media supplemented with 2000 mg/L of calcium and 700 mg/L of three separated sulfur compounds: thiosulfate L-cysteine, and sulfite. All isolates were intolerant to PEG-induced matric potential with delayed germination and growth at −2.5 MPa with no visible germination at −5 MPa. Interestingly, decreasing the surface tension with Tween 80 permitted germination and growth of P. destructans in −5 MPa PEG medium within 14 days suggesting a link between substrate suitability and aqueous surface tension altering substances.
Adjusting step count recommendations for anthropometric variations in leg length.

Abstract Recent public health recommendations for step frequency over a given timeframe (steps min−1) associated with moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) have been developed. The recommendation suggests 100 steps min−1. This estimate overlooks the impact of anthropometric differences between individuals, notably leg length, which is related to step frequency. Therefore this study examined the impact of leg length on steps min−1 associated with MPA. Twenty adults age 20–40 years (age 26.4 ± 4.6 years, 9 males) walked over-ground at five walking speeds (0.5 m s−1, 0.75 m s−1, 1.0 m s−1, 1.25 m s−1, and 1.5 m s−1), lasting 6 min each, while wearing a portable gas analyser. Participants’ step frequency (steps min−1) for each walking speed was determined using a hand-tally counter. Random effects models were used to predict steps min−1 from METs and participant anthropometric measures (body mass index and leg length [cm]). Model estimates were used to predict steps min−1 corresponding to heights ranging from 5 ft. to 6 ft. 6 in. (6 in increments). Overall, 100 steps min−1 corresponded to expending 3 METs (SEE 3.49 steps min−1, R2 = 0.68). As leg length increased estimated steps min−1 decreased by −1.15 steps min−1 (95CI −2.19 to −0.10 steps min−1). Based on leg length for individuals 5 ft to 6 ft 6 in., steps min−1 ranged from 111 to 85, respectively. Established steps min−1 cutpoints associated with MPA are general public health guidelines and anthropometric differences in leg length should be accounted for when developing step frequency recommendations for physical activity or weight loss studies that include individuals of varying height.
A nonlinear image reconstruction technique for ECT using a combined neural network approach

A combined multilayer feed-forward neural network (MLFF-NN) and analogue Hopfield network is developed for nonlinear image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). The (nonlinear) forward problem in ECT is solved using the MLFF-NN trained with a set of capacitance data from measurements based on a back-propagation training algorithm with regularization. The inverse problem is solved using an analogue Hopfield network based on a neural-network multi-criteria optimization image reconstruction technique (HN-MOIRT). The nonlinear image reconstruction based on this combined MLFF-NN + HN-MOIRT approach is tested on measured capacitance data not used in training to reconstruct the permittivity distribution. The performance of the technique is compared against commonly used linear Landweber and semi-linear image reconstruction techniques, showing superiority in terms of both stability and quality of reconstructed images.
Effects of Phase Cancellation and Receiver Aperture Size on Broadband Ultrasonic Attenuation for Trabecular Bone In Vitro

Phase cancellation in ultrasound due to large receiver size has been proposed as a contributing factor to the inaccuracy of estimating broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), which is used to characterize bone quality. Transducers with aperture size ranging from 2 to 5 mm have been used in previous attempts to study the effect of phase cancellation. However, these receivers themselves are susceptible to phase cancellation because aperture size is close to one center wavelength (about 3 mm at 500 KHz in water). This study uses an ultra small receiver (aperture size: 0.2 mm) in conjunction with a newly developed two-dimensional (2-D) synthetic array system to investigate the effects of phase cancellation and receiver aperture size on BUA estimations of bone tissue. In vitro ultrasound measurements were conducted on 54 trabecular bone samples (harvested from sheep femurs) in a confocal configuration with a focused transmitter and synthesized focused receivers of different aperture sizes. Phase sensitive (PS) and phase insensitive (PI) detections were performed. The results show that phase cancellation does have a significant effect on BUA. The normalized BUA (nBUA) with PS is 8.1% higher than PI nBUA while PI BUA is well correlated with PS BUA. Receiver aperture size also influences the BUA reading for both PI and PS detection and smaller receiver aperture tends to result in higher BUA readings. The results also indicate that the receiver aperture size used in the confocal configuration with PI detection should at least equal the aperture of the transmitter to capture most of the energy redistributed by the interference and diffraction from the trabecular bone.
Robert Westman on Galileo and Related Matters

Robert Westman's massive book— The Copernican Question. Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. xviii + 681 pp. (double columns), 85 b&w illustrations, 7 tables, index—presents a novel thesis and a wealth of material. It is certain to raise questions that go beyond the Copernican. Therefore the Editors are pleased to be able to offer reviews by two people familiar with the documents to which the book refers. The first of these, by Noel Swerdlow, examines the evidence for the book's central thesis: concern for the defense and improvement of astrology caused Copernicus to build his system. The other review, by John Heilbron, considers the workmanship behind the book and related matters, particularly as manifested in its extensive treatment of Galileo.—The editors.
New Age Hinduism, New Age Orientalism, and the Second-Generation South Asian

L'A. analyse les affirmations et les theses de S. N. Balagangadhara sur la capacite des occidentaux d'etudier l'hindouisme, en s'appuyant sur son propre role dans la recherche comme americaine. L'avenir des etudes sur l'Asie du sud aux Etats-Unis est ensuite analyse, ainsi que la voix des americains d'origine asiatique de la seconde generation aux Etats-Unis, sur le new age et le feminisme.
Relationships between 700 hPa height anomalies and 1 April snowpack accumulations in the western USA

Relationships between atmospheric circulation and the temporal and spatial distributions of snowpack accumulations in the western USA are examined. Winter mean 700 hPa height anomalies, representing the average atmospheric circulation during the snow season, are compared with snowpack measurements made on or about 1 April at 31 1 snowcourse stations in the western USA during the winters of 1947-1948 through 19861987. Correlation and anomaly pattern analysis are used to identify relations between atmospheric circulation and the temporal and spatial distributions of snowpack accumulations, and to quantify the degree to which the temporal and spatial variability in snowpack accumulations can be attributed to variations in atmospheric circulation. Results indicate that winter mean 700 hPa height anomalies account for a statistically significant portion of both the temporal and spatial variability in the snowpack accumulations. In general, above-average snowpack accumulations are associated with negative 700 hPa height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the western USA. These anomalies are indicative of anomalous cyclonic circulation, which produces an anomalous westerly flow of moist air from the eastern North Pacific Ocean into the western USA and increases winter precipitation and snowpack accumulations. Below-average snowpack accumulations at most of the snowcourse stations are associated with positive 700 hPa height anomalies over the western USA. These positive anomalies indicate anomalous anticyclonic circulation which prevents the intrusion of moist air from the eastern North Pacific Ocean into the western USA, increases subsidence, and decreases winter precipitation. Five winter mean 700 hPa height anomaly patterns also were identified that explain the spatial variability in snowpack accumulations.
The Balance Between Providing Support, Prolonging Suffering, and Promoting Death: Ethical Issues Surrounding Psychological Treatment of a Terminally Ill Client

A psychologist with a client who is terminally ill and wishes to discuss end-of-life options, specifically the option of hastening death, is faced with an ethical dilemma as to how to proceed with treatment. Specifically, he or she is bound by the American Psychological Association's (2002) potentially conflicting Principles A and E, which advise a psychologist to “do no harm” as well as “respect … self-determination.” In addition, Standard 4 (Privacy and Confidentiality) mandates that a client's personal information is to remain private, unless that client could be in danger of harming himself or herself or others. This article discusses such a nuanced case and provides considerations as well as guidelines for psychologists to effectively navigate through this sensitive and important dilemma.
Reflections on Patterns of Leadership in Soviet and Post-Soviet [Russian] History

(2010). Reflections on Patterns of Leadership in Soviet and Post-Soviet [Russian] History. Post-Soviet Affairs: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 263-274.
Fibronectin-coated beads are endocytosed by cells and align with microfilament bundles☆

Carboxylated latex beads coated with fibronectin bind to the surfaces of NIL8 hamster cells. Similar beads coated with bovine serum albumin, gelatin or normal rabbit immunoglobulin do not bind to the cells, whereas beads coated with polylysine or rabbit anti-hamster immunoglobulin bind, as do fibronectin-coated beads. Surface-bound beads are endocytosed by the cells. This endocytosis is inhibited by N-ethyl maleimide or low temperatures. The endocytosed beads form arrays aligned with the microfilament bundles inside the cells and after extended incubations (18–24 h) become concentrated in the perinuclear region. These results suggest that, after phagocytosis of large particles, the endocytic vesicles align with microfilament bundles, as previously reported for coated pits involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. The system described here offers possibilities for the analysis of membrane and transmembrane interactions involved in cell-substratum binding and phagocytosis.
The biosynthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate by monophosphoglycerate mutase from muscle and erythrocytes

Abstract Monophosphoglycerate mutase from rabbit muscle catalyzes the biosynthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate. Net synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate occurs out of proportion to what would be expected from the operation of the overall monophosphoglycerate mutase reaction. 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate also stimulates the overall monophosphoglycerate mutase reaction, which provides additional proof that it interacts with this enzyme. When muscle monophosphoglycerate mutase is treated at 55 °C in mild acid, mutase action and the ability to generate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate are lost to about the same extent. It is proposed that 1,3-diphosphoglycerate displaces 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from monophosphoglycerate mutase and regenerates enzyme in the phospho- form. In order to assess whether this reaction contributes to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate production in red cells, monophosphoglycerate mutase was partially purified from human erythrocytes. The ammonium sulfate fraction richest in monophosphoglycerate mutase shows many of the properties of the muscle enzyme, and in the presence of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate readily generates 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. However, the ability of this fraction to generate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is largely retained upon heating, despite severe loss of overall mutase activity. This contrasts with the behavior of the muscle enzyme and raises the possibility that either monophosphoglycerate mutase does not contribute substantially to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate production in erythrocytes or that the enzyme can indeed produce 2,3-diphosphoglycerate but that the abilities to catalyze the overall reaction and to produce 2,3-diphosphoglycerate can be selectively dissociated by heat treatment.
EFFECTIVE LAGRANGIANS AND FIELD ALGEBRAS WITH CHIRAL SYMMETRY.

This paper reviews recent developments of effective Lagrangians and field algebras as means of treating chiral symmetry and partially conserved axial current (PCAC) for the study of elementary particle physics. The techniques employed are developed in considerable detail. As examples, we concentrate primarily on spin 0 and 1, linear and nonlinear realizations of $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2)$ and $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ and some of the significant predictions of the theory are derived. The paper contains an extensive discussion of an effective Lagrangian with nonets of real scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector mesons that illustrate the problems of broken $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$.
Acute Hemorrhage and Blood Transfusions in Horses

Treatment of acute hemorrhage in the horse involves targeted medical management and also may involve surgical stabilization. This article provides an approach to the initial stabilization and information on available topical hemostats. The practice of blood collection and transfusion is also described, with attention to new information on viability of transfused equine blood, potential negative effects of blood transfusion, and methods of cell salvage.
Effect of Clozapine Treatment on Serotonin-2—Receptor Binding in the Blood Platelets of Schizophrenic Patients

The effect of clozapine and typical neuroleptic drug treatment on platelet serotonin2 (5-HT2) binding kinetic constants (Kd, Bmax) was studied in schizophrenic patients. Both treatments increased Bmax by a comparable amount, indicating increased numbers of 5-HT2 sites, although not all typical neuroleptic drugs were effective in this regard. Clozapine, but not typical neuroleptic drugs, increased Kd, indicating a lower affinity of the 5-HT2 sites for 5-HT. In a multiple regression model, low Bmax at baseline predicted poor outcome on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale measures in the clozapine-treated patients but not the neuroleptic-treated patients.
Reactions of the (CF3)2NO radical with strong oxidizers

Abstract The reactions of (CF 3 ) 2 NO with PtF 6 , MoF 6 , ReF 6 , O + 2 SbF − 6 and O + 2 AsF − 6 have been studied. The reaction of (CF 3 ) 2 NO with O + 2 SbF − 6 presents a new method of producing CF 3 radicals chemically at low temperature. This was demonstrated by a new and high yield synthesis of (CF 3 ) 2 NOCF 3 . In addition, the novel compound [(CF 3 ) 2 NO] 2 CF 2 has been isolated as a by-product from this reaction and was characterized.
Preliminary observations on topiramate in pediatric epilepsies

Preliminary results of studies of topiramate (TPM) in children are now available. In a pharmacokinetic study among 18 male and female children, target daily dosages of up to 9 mg/kg/day were evaluated. TPM pharmacokinetics in children were linear. Mean TPM oral clearance (CL/F) was 44-54% higher in children [depending on concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)] compared with historical data from adults, and steady-state plasma TPM concentrations for the same mg/kg dose were 33% lower in children compared with historical adult data. In a long-term, open-label pilot study of adjunctive TPM therapy in 18 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, six of the eight patients (75%) still receiving TPM report a greater than 50% reduction in total seizures, with the best results observed in tonic-atonic, atypical absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Subsequent large double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of adjunctive TPM therapy in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and refractory partial-onset pediatric epilepsy are ongoing, with high percentages of enrolled patients in both studies completing double-blind treatment and entering long-term TPM open extension trials. A small TPM monotherapy substitution trial in children with well controlled partial onset seizures showed that TPM monotherapeutic substitution can be achieved successfully with an acceptable amount of adverse experiences with a weekly increase of 1 mg/kg/day to a maximal dose of 3 mg/kg/day. These preliminary results suggest that TPM may be a useful new AED in pediatric patients with a variety of seizure disorders.
Reversible melphalan-induced lung damage

Pulmonary toxicity occurs after the administration of several different chemotherapeutic agents. Pulmonary toxicity due to melphalan alone has not been documented. In the patient we describe respiratory symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates developed twice within two weeks of the second course of a monthly melphalan and prednisone regimen. Open lung biopsy revealed interstitial pneumonitis. The infiltrates cleared on both occasions when melphalan was withheld. Special studies performed seven weeks after the last dose of melphalan had been given revealed that the patient's alveolar macrophages suppressed phytohemagglutinin induced blastogenesis of his peripheral lymphocytes. Melphalan itself did not stimulate the blastogenesis of the peripheral lymphocytes. Melphalan should be added to the list of therapeutic agents that induce pulmonary disease. However, the pathogenesis of the disease remains to be elucidated.
Tips for NIH.

There are two useful things the NIH could do to disseminate science information. First, NIH could ensure that every NIH-funded study had to produce some public report. This would provide an outlet for results that had not been published through conventional channels within a reasonable time. Second
Design and results of the 2nd annual satisfiability modulo theories competition (SMT-COMP 2006)

The Satisfiability Modulo Theories Competition (SMT-COMP) arose from the SMT-LIB initiative to spur adoption of common, community-designed formats, and to spark further advances in satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). The first SMT-COMP was held in 2005 as a satellite event of CAV 2005. SMT-COMP 2006 was held August 17---19, 2006, as a satellite event of CAV 2006. This paper describes the rules and competition format for SMT-COMP 2006, the benchmarks used, the participants, and the results.
Underwater Daylight and Moonlight Measurements in the Eastern North Atlantic1

SOND Cruise 1965 aboard the R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ afforded the opportunity for short-term estimation of the penetration of daylight at midday into three regions of the eastern North Atlantic, evaluation of the fluctuations in the character of noonday light at depth in a restricted area over a 2-month period, and a determination of the penetration of moonlight in this area at the full of the moon.
Rigid-Fluid Transition in Specific-Size Argon Clusters

Larger argon atomic clusters undergo a size-specific transition from rigid to fluid forms as the cluster temperature is varied. The observed nature of this phase change, detected by measurement of the spectral line shape of a benzene dopant molecule, favors the phase-coexistence model of the cluster melting transition.
Nonparametric estimation of regression parameters from censored data with a discrete covariate

A noniterative method of estimation is presented in a simple linear regression model where the independent variable (covariate) assumes only a finite number of values and the dependent variable (response) is randomly right censored. The censoring distribution may depend on the covariate values. The efficiency of our estimator is compared with another noniterative estimator in the literature using simulations. The asymptotic normality of the estimators of the regression parameters are established. In addition, the distribution of estimator of the asymptotic variance is obtained.
The hollow denture: An alternative treatment for atrophic maxillae

This technique is an adaptation of the double-flask technique that is well-known for the fabrication of the hollow bulb portion of a maxillary obturator. It can be used only for patients with both an atrophic maxillary alveolar ridge and a greater than usual interocclusal distance. Anything less will not permit fabrication of a hollow denture.
EXCLUSIVE BOOKS FOR INCLUSIVE READERS

Through reviews of 14 outstanding children's books and 8 professional publications, the authors of this article invite readers to examine their attitudes about children and families who live daily with physical and mental differences that are often characterized as disabilities. They are convinced that when educators listen to the voices and visions of these individuals through their personal stories, they are more likely to understand their challenges and victories.
Towards rehabilitation: building trust in Afghanistan

Based on the experience of five years of work in the midst of the ongoing civil war in Afghanistan, outlines a number of ideas about involving communities in measures to provide emergency relief or support rehabilitation, in order to encourage and assist an indigenous process of social and physical recovery.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of recurrent granulosa cell tumor: case report with differential diagnosis and immunocytochemistry.

We report a case of an adult-type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary which was diagnosed in a 20-yr-old woman. After a 21-yr disease-free interval, she developed a pelvic recurrence, followed by a splenic metastasis and, more recently, omental masses. This report is concerned with the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of the granulosa cell tumor in the latter site and corroboration of the interpretation by immunocytochemistry. Only one previous case is similar to the present one documenting the role of immunocytochemistry in the evaluation of suspected metastatic granulosa cell tumor. The cytopathologic features of metastatic granular cell tumor have been described in a limited number of previous reports.
Performance of an eyetracker for office use

The design, construction and performance of an eyetracker is discussed. The device provides real-time signals giving the direction of a user's gaze, with a precision of 0.3 degrees of arc and an update time of 17 ms. It is usable by a wide range of subjects in normal office-type conditions.
Optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy of BaF: The E2Σ+ and F2Π states

Abstract Sub-Doppler optical-optical double-resonance excitation spectra of BaF were recorded using two single-mode cw dye lasers. In the 30 000-cm −1 region, the electronic states observed were E 2 Σ + and F 2 Π. The latter had been previously assigned as the “ F 2 Σ + ” state by Fowler [ Phys. Rev. 59 , 645–652 (1941)]. The (3, 0) and (4, 0) bands of the E 2 Σ + - B 2 Σ + transition and the (1, 0) and (2, 0) bands of the F 2 Π- B 2 Σ + transition were rotationally analyzed. The molecular constants suggest inferences about the dominant atomic orbital character of the Rydberg molecular orbitals responsible for the E 2 Σ + and F 2 Π electronic states. A new electronic state, the E′ 2 Π , is predicted. The molecular parameters obtained (in cm −1 , 1σ uncertainty in parentheses) are v′ E E 2 Σ + v′ F F 2 Π T v′0 3 29 767.32(1) 1 29 997.29(1) Δ G v′ + 1 2 3 522.841(27) 1 522.553(2) B e 0.22990(22) 0.22931(8) α e 0.00113(14) 0.00108(2) A v′ 1 56.9840(12) p v′ 1 −0.02426(6) γ v′ 3 −0.17367(46)
Revision of the genus Australimyza Harrison (Diptera : Australimyzidae)

The species of Australimyza Harrison are revised and the saprophagous larvae are described for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis revealed two species groups and one ungrouped species. One species group is distributed in New Zealand and associated subantarctic islands; all other species occur in Australia. Four new species, A. glandulifera, A. kaikoura, A. mcalpinei and A. victoria, are described, A. anisotomae is synonymized with A. australensis and a neotype is designated for the latter species. A lectotype is designated for A. macquariensis.
Flexomagnetic effect in frustrated triangular magnetic structures

We report appearance of the net magnetization in Mn-based antiperovskite compounds as a result of the external strain gradient (flexomagnetic effect). In particular, we describe the mechanism of the magnetization induction in the ${\text{Mn}}_{3}\text{GaN}$ at the atomic level in terms of the behavior of the local magnetic moments of the Mn atoms. We show that the flexomagnetic effect is linear and results from the nonuniformity of the strain, i.e., it is absent not only in the ground state but also when the applied external strain is uniform. We estimate the flexomagnetic coefficient to be $\ensuremath{\sim}2\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. We show that at the moderate values of the strain gradient $(\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\mathrm{%})$ the flexomagnetic contribution to the net induced magnetization is comparable with the nonlinear contribution. Finally, we apply a classical Heisenberg model to study the correlation between spin-exchange interaction and flexomagnetism, using time quantified Monte Carlo simulation. This confirms the linear nature of the flexomagnetic effect and helps understanding phenomenological aspects behind it.
On the Relationship of W-R Star Numbers and Subclass Distribution to OB Star Numbers and Metallicity in Galaxies

The population of W-R stars in local group galaxies are compared on the basis of quantities expected to be little affectrd by incompleteness of the surveys. The ratio of the number of strong line W-R stars to the number of OB stars with M(V) less than -4.5 is found to range from less than 1/1000 to more than 1/10 and correlates with metallicity. The low-metallicity galaxies have lower numbers of W-R stars, and all of these may be binaries. The ratio between number of stars in the two sequences WC/WNE (single) also correlates with metallicity. The presence of later subclasses of WC stars is strongly correlated with metallicity; WC 7-9 stars occur only in the inner part of M33 and in the metal-rich galaxies MWG and M31. 81 references.
Bayesian immunological model development from the literature: Example investigation of recent thymic emigrants

Abstract Bayesian estimation techniques offer a systematic and quantitative approach for synthesizing data drawn from the literature to model immunological systems. As detailed here, the practitioner begins with a theoretical model and then sequentially draws information from source data sets and/or published findings to inform estimation of model parameters. Options are available to weigh these various sources of information differentially per objective measures of their corresponding scientific strengths. This approach is illustrated in depth through a carefully worked example for a model of decline in T-cell receptor excision circle content of peripheral T cells during development and aging. Estimates from this model indicate that 21 years of age is plausible for the developmental timing of mean age of onset of decline in T-cell receptor excision circle content of peripheral T cells.
A note on an extra constraint found in some multidimensional extensions of integrable equations

Abstract In an earlier paper, Johnson generalized the (integrable) Boussinesq equation to 2 (space) +1 (time) dimensions, and found that the generalized equation admits a 3-soliton solution only if an auxiliary condition is satisfied [R.S. Johnson, “A two-dimensional Boussinesq equation for water waves and some of its solutions”, J. Fluid Mech., to appear.]. We show that the condition has a simple meaning: it guarantees that the solution is time-independent in a moving coordinate system. Further, it implies a change of variables that reduces the generalized equation by at least one dimension, usually to an integrable equation in 1 + 1 dimensions. Finally, we give some other related examples where equivalent conditions have been found by other authors in other multidimensional generalizations of integrable equations.
Detection and Distribution of Intestinal Calcium-Binding Protein in the Young Adult Male Guinea Pig

A calcium-binding factor was detected in guinea pig intestinal mucosa. It was negatively charged and moved in an electrical field. Pronase quickly destroyed almost completely the calcium-binding activity although trypsin had practically no effect. The major calcium-binding peak was well defined. It was concluded that the factor is probably a protein. Calcium-binding protein was found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with the calcium-binding activity decreasing with increasing distance from the stomach.
STUDIES ON THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTIC PYROGEN

Release of the protein molecule, leukocytic pyrogen, is one of the many reactions exhibited by leukocytes after phagocytosis. After the ingestion of heat-killed S. albus, a 3-4 hr latent period exists, during which human peripheral leukocytes release no pyrogen, yet cellular metabolism is altered in such a way that pyrogen output may subsequently occur in the absence of further phagocytosis. Transcription of messenger RNA and translation of new protein are initial events in the. activation process, since addition of the inhibitors, actinomycin D, and cycloheximide or puromycin, during this period markedly depressed or abolished subsequent pyrogen release. These effects were noted to be dependent upon the time of addition of the inhibitors. None of the inhibitor drugs interfered with cell viability as measured by phagocytosis and hexose monophosphate shunt activity, nor did they alter the pyrogenicity of preformed leukocytic pyrogen. Vincristine did not inhibit pyrogen formation, consistent with its reported failure to alter RNA synthesis in mature human granulocytes. The glycolytic inhibitor, sodium fluoride, blocked pyrogen release both when added prior to particle ingestion or 1 hr after the initiation of phagocytosis. Whereas inhibition of phagocytosis would explain the sodium fluoride effect prior to 1 hr, this was not observed in leukocyte preparations incubated for 1 hr with S. albus before adding sodium fluoride. When sodium fluoride was added to preparations 2 hr after the start of incubation, the LP production was unimpaired. Potassium cyanide had no effect on cell activation or pyrogen release. These findings suggest that the primary energy supply for the activation process is derived from high energy phosphate bonds provided by anaerobic glycolysis. Since the major amount of cell activation appears to occur in the 1st hr after phagocytosis, this energy might be involved in the induction of a genome leading to the transcription of m-RNA and its translation into new protein or is required for polysome integrity during protein synthesis. It is suggested that this new protein may be leukocytic pyrogen itself, or an enzyme responsible for cleaving it from an inactive precursor.
Birth Weight and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in US Children and Adolescents: 10 Year Results from NHANES

Previous studies have shown that birth weight and other birth characteristics may be associated with risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life; however, results using large US national survey data are limited. Our goal was to determine the aforementioned associations using nationally representative data. We studied children and adolescents 6–15 years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2001–2010. Survey and examination data included demographic and early childhood characteristics, current health status, physical activity information, anthropometric measurements, dietary data (total energy, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar intakes), biomarkers related to selected risk factors of CVD [systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles], and type 2 diabetes [fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)]. Birth weight (proxy-reported) was inversely associated with SBP among girls; SBP levels increased 1.4 mmHg for each 1,000 g decrease in birth weight (p = 0.003) after controlling for potential confounders. Birth weight was not associated with levels of CRP or lipid profiles across the three racial groups. In addition, birth weight was inversely related to levels of fasting insulin and HOMA among non-Hispanic Whites; for each 1,000 g decrease in birth weight, fasting insulin levels increased 9.1 % (p = 0.007) and HOMA scores increased 9.8 % (p = 0.007). Birth weight was inversely associated with the levels of SBP, fasting insulin, and HOMA. These results support a role for birth weight, independent of the strong effects of current body weight status, in increasing risk for CVD and type 2 diabetes.
Outcome after temporal lobectomy in bilateral temporal lobe epilepsy

We determined how noninvasive presurgical data relate to prognosis after temporal lobectomy in patients with independent bilateral temporal lobe (IBTL) complex partial seizures on the intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG). Between 1986 and 1994, 28 patients had IBTL seizures on intracranial EEG. Fifteen of these 28 patients underwent temporal lobectomy and 13 were not offered surgery. Of the 15 patients who had surgery, 10 patients became seizure-free. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Wada test were the only variables associated with a seizure-free outcome. Seven of 10 seizure-free patients had a lateralized Wada result or the presence of unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, whereas none of the patients with persistent seizures had either of these findings. Variables not found to be predictive of a seizure-free outcome included location of scalp interictal spikes, degree of seizure-onset laterality, presence of early epilepsy risk factor, duration of epilepsy, and full-scale intelligence quotient. We conclude that MRI and the Wada test provide information of prognostic value in patients with bilateral temporal seizures independent of intracranial EEG data.
Myogenin regulates exercise capacity but is dispensable for skeletal muscle regeneration in adult mdx mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent inherited childhood muscle disorder in humans. mdx mice exhibit a similar pathophysiology to the human disorder allowing for an in-depth investigation of DMD. Myogenin, a myogenic regulatory factor, is best known for its role in embryonic myogenesis, but its role in adult muscle maintenance and regeneration is still poorly understood. Here, we generated an mdx:Myogflox/flox mouse harboring a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase transgene, which was used to conditionally delete Myog during adult life. After tamoxifen treatment, three groups of mice were created to study the effects of Myog deletion: mdx:Myogflox/flox mice (mdx), Myogflox/flox mice (wild-type), and mdx:MyogfloxΔ/floxΔ:Cre-ER mice (mdx:Myog-deleted). mdx:Myog-deleted mice exhibited no adverse phenotype and behaved normally. When run to exhaustion, mdx:Myog-deleted mice demonstrated an enhanced capacity for exercise compared to mdx mice, running nearly as far as wild-type mice. Moreover, these mice showed the same signature characteristics of muscle regeneration as mdx mice. Unexpectedly, we found that myogenin was dispensable for muscle regeneration. Factors associated with muscle fatigue, metabolism, and proteolysis were significantly altered in mdx:Myog-deleted mice, and this might contribute to their increased exercise capacity. Our results reveal novel functions for myogenin in adult muscle and suggest that reducing Myog expression in other muscle disease models may partially restore muscle function.
Dynamic capabilities of the wrist joint in industrial workers

Abstract The objective of this study was to measure the maximal static and dynamic capability of the wrist joint in industrial workers. Estimates of the wrist's dynamic capability could aid ergonomists in assessing whether an industrial job can be physically executed by a worker and also in evaluating the risk of cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) from highly repetitive, hand-intensive jobs. Range of motion and peak velocity and acceleration were measured in the radial/ulnar, flexion/extension, and pronation/ Flexion/extension peak velocity and acceleration were approximately twice that of radial /ulnar (approximately 1000 deg/sec and 16,000 deg/sec2). Pronation/supination peak velocity and acceleration were greater than twice that of flexion/extension (2200 deg/sec and 45,000 deg/sec2). The differences in dynamic capabilities between planes are probably due to biomechanical components of musculature (size and moment arm) and mximal range of motion. Dynamic capabilities did depend on the direction of movement within a plane. Maximal flexion movements were faster than extension, and supination motions were swifter than pronation. Overall, there were no significant differences in dynamic capabilities between the dominant and nondominant wrists. Generally, anthropometric dimensions of the hand and forearm correlated poorly with static and dynamic measures.
Awards for Meritorious Contributions to Neuropathology

Dr. E. Tessa Hedley-Whyte is Director of Neuropathology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Tessa, as she is known to one and all, was born in London England, and obtained her Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degree from the University of Durham, in Northern England. Soon after, she migrated to the United States and began her training in pathology, becoming a citizen of this country a few years later. Tessa did her Pathology residency at the various Harvard hospitals in Boston (Children's, New England Deaconess, Boston Lying-In, and Peter Bent Brigham), and she followed this by training in Neuropathology at Children's Hospital with Drs. Floyd Gilles and Betty Uzman. Although it is not widely known, Tessa later received an MD …
Missing data approaches for probability regression models with missing outcomes with applications

In this paper, we investigate several well known approaches for missing data and their relationships for the parametric probability regression model P β (Y|X) when outcome of interest Y is subject to missingness. We explore the relationships between the mean score method, the inverse probability weighting (IPW) method and the augmented inverse probability weighted (AIPW) method with some interesting findings. The asymptotic distributions of the IPW and AIPW estimators are derived and their efficiencies are compared. Our analysis details how efficiency may be gained from the AIPW estimator over the IPW estimator through estimation of validation probability and augmentation. We show that the AIPW estimator that is based on augmentation using the full set of observed variables is more efficient than the AIPW estimator that is based on augmentation using a subset of observed variables. The developed approaches are applied to Poisson regression model with missing outcomes based on auxiliary outcomes and a validated sample for true outcomes. We show that, by stratifying based on a set of discrete variables, the proposed statistical procedure can be formulated to analyze automated records that only contain summarized information at categorical levels. The proposed methods are applied to analyze influenza vaccine efficacy for an influenza vaccine study conducted in Temple-Belton, Texas during the 2000-2001 influenza season. Mathematics Subject Classification Primary 62J02; Secondary 62F12
Interpolation problems of Pick-Nevanlinna and Loewner types for meromorphic matrix functions: Parametrization of the set of all solutions

We consider a general matrix version of a Pick-Loewner interpolation problem on the closed unit disk. Solutions are allowed to have a finite numberl of free poles in the open disk. We show that the smallestl for which a solution to the problem exists is the number of negative eigenvalues of an appropriately defined “Pick matrix,” and for this value ofl we obtain a linear fractional map parametrization of the class of all solutions. The idea is to adapt the Grassmannian approach involving Krein space geometry and invariant subspace representations of the authors; this was successful previously for the case where all interpolating points are inside the disk. Also an appendix includes an errata to earlier work together with simplified proofs.
Risk, Uncertainty, and the Perceived Threat of Terrorist Attacks: Evidence of Flight-to-Quality

Information provided by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security regarding potential terrorist attacks significantly affects U.S. Treasury securities markets. When the government announces heightened terror alert levels, investors’ perceptions of risk increase and investors purchase 1-month and 1-year Treasury bills and 3-year, 5-year, 7-year, and 10-year U.S. Treasuries in a “flight-to-quality” episode. Partial anticipation of increased threat level announcements is stronger than the anticipation of announcements regarding the federal funds rate during the 10 days prior to an announcement.
Dunking pancreaticojejunostomy versus duct-to-mucosa anastomosis

Following the resectional aspect of pancreaticoduodenectomy, three anastomoses are used to reestablish gastrointestinal continuity. The pancreatic–enteric anastomosis is by far the most problematic, and has been considered by many the Achilles heel of the pancreaticoduodenal resection. Multiple clinical trials have been published focusing on improving outcomes of the pancreatic–enteric anastomosis, including elements such as the use of prophylactic octreotide, the use of sealants, stenting of the pancreatic duct, and surgical technique. There are two widely used methods to accomplish an end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) after pancreaticoduodenectomy: either invagination PJ or duct-to-mucosa PJ. Two prospective randomized trials have evaluated these techniques, the first a trial by Bassi and co-authors, and the second a trial by Berger et al. In this article we will focus on our current technique for both invagination pancreaticojejunostomy and duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy, recognizing that careful surgical technique, surgeon experience, and surgical volume are factors that are important in yielding the best outcomes.
PERSPECTIVE: The Myth of Firm Performance

Firm performance is one of the most prominent concepts in organizational research. Despite its importance, and despite the many developmental critiques that have appeared over the years, performance continues to be a difficult concept to apply in a scientifically rigorous way. After surfacing three potentially viable approaches for conceptualizing performance, we find that most studies are internally inconsistent in their use of these approaches, a situation that creates substantial difficulty in effectively interpreting research. The primary source of inconsistency lies in the use of a generalized abstract conceptualization of performance in theory building the latent multidimensional approach coupled with the adoption of one or two narrow aspects of performance in the empirical work the separate constructs approach. Follow-up analyses designed to determine the best path for resolving these mismatches indicate that our field’s heavy use of abstract performance in theorizing is not scientifically grounded and should be replaced with more specific aspects of performance to match existing practices in empirical work. Although this change would profoundly affect the field and would be resisted by many, it offers a concrete path away from indefensible practices. We offer several explanations for current practices but emphasize forces related to institutional theory. From an institutional perspective, it appears that firm performance is treated in a general fashion in many areas of our academic lives because it has been embraced as an instrument of legitimacy rather than as a scientific tool that facilitates dialogue and the accumulation of knowledge. We recommend and begin a conversation designed to highlight the long-run dangers of focusing our attention on an abstract concept of performance and suggest a set of specific steps that could help to move all of us in a new direction as we attempt to enhance the scientific rigor of our field.
Visual acuity and its measurement

Despite its critical importance to our daily life, the most common measurement of visual function, visual acuity, is a relatively crude and narrow one testing only a small portion of the broad range of visual functions. Visual acuity is the measurement of the ability to discriminate two stimuli separated in space at high contrast relative to the background. Clinically, this is measured by asking the subject to discriminate letters of known visual angle. The visual acuity is represented as the reciprocal of the minimal angle of resolution (the smallest letters resolved) at a given distance and at high contrast. Other measurements of visual acuity also exist, including Vernier acuity. Newer charts, such as the ETDRS chart, use letters of equal recognition difficulty and use the log of the minimal angle of resolution; these charts have significant advantages over the old Snellen-type charts. This article reviews visual measurements in children and in patients with low vision, and it reviews factors affecting visual acuity, such as pupil size, refractive error, media opacities, and pharmacologic agents.
Functional characterization of neostatins, the MMP-derived, enzymatic cleavage products of type XVIII collagen.

Several anti-angiogenic factors are derived from proteolytic processing of large molecules including endostatin from type XVIII collagen and angiostatin from plasminogen. In previous studies we showed that neostatin-7, the C-terminal 28 kDa endostatin-spanning proteolytic fragment, is generated from the proteolytic action of matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin (MMP)-7 on type XVIII collagen. Now, we report a second member of the neostatin family of proteins, neostatin-14. Given the small quantities of neostatin-7 and -14 generated by the breakdown of naturally occurring collagen XVIII (using MMP-7 and -14, respectively), we used two other approaches to characterize the anti-angiogenic properties of these molecules: murine recombinant neostatin in vitro, and gene therapy. We demonstrate that murine recombinant neostatin-7 inhibits calf pulmonary artery endothelial cell proliferation and that microinjection of neostatin-7 and neostatin-14 naked DNA into the corneal stroma of mice results in significant reduction of basic fibroblast growth factor-induced corneal neovascularization. These results provide supportive evidence of the possible anti-angiogenic effect of neostatins.