cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Guidance: Enhancing Self-Regulation, Knowledge, and Performance in Technology-Based Training

Considerable research has examined the effects of giving trainees control over their learning (Steinberg, 1977, 1989; Williams, 1993). The most consistent finding of this research has been that trainees do not make good instructional use of the control they are given. Yet, today's technologically based training systems often provide individuals with significant control over their learning (Brown, 2001). This creates a dilemma that must be addressed if technology is going to be used to create more effective training systems. The current study extended past research that has examined the effects of providing trainees with some form of advisement or guidance in addition to learner control and examined the impact of an instructional strategy, adaptive guidance, on learning and performance in a complex training environment. Overall, it was found that adaptive guidance had a substantial effect on the nature of trainees' study and practice, self-regulation, knowledge acquired, and performance.
State Mandates for Program Carriage Dispute Resolution: Welcome to the Wide World of Regulation

The current dispute between the NFL Network and cable operators over carriage arrangements is a sign the market is working rather than failing. Proposed state legislation mandating arbitration for these disputes negates the programming distributor's ability to negotiate price, terms and conditions, and is excessive considering suppliers of video programming already share a good deal of market power to balance that held by the programming distributor. The requirement to carry the programming in dispute at a rate determined by a third party would be a "must-carry" obligation. The problems that arise with the five arguments offered by the NFL Network to justify proposed state legislation are as follows: - Programmer carriage choices may not reflect consumer preferences. Simple substitution of cable operator carriage choices with programmer choices is less likely than current framework of market negotiations to protect consumers. - Mandatory arbitration is government intervention. Despite claims that it is a "process remedy" for failed negotiations, mandatory arbitration where one party alone determines carriage terms and condition is government intervention. - Current federal remedies are effective to address competitive harms. Program carriage rules administered by the Federal Communications Commission are sufficient to address allegations of discrimination and competitive harm. The recent complaint to the FCC filed by the NFL Network claiming discrimination by a cable operator illustrates there is no need for state intervention. - Behavior addressed by the proposed state legislation would be preempted by federal regulation. Section 616 of the Communications Act, giving the FCC jurisdiction over program carriage disputes, was enacted to address fears of anticompetitive discrimination by vertically-integrated cable operators. - "Arbitrate and carry" rules would violate the First Amendment rights of cable operators. The proposed state legislation would impose carriage obligations which are not sufficiently well tailored to serve an important government interest.
Negotiating Masculinity across Borders: A Transnational Examination of Korean American Masculinities

Recent studies of ethnic return migration have explained why (economic, political, and affective) and where (Asia and Europe) this phenomenon has primarily occurred. Of the research available, however, few have examined the manner in which framings and practices of gender impact the experiences of those who participate in these transnational sojourns. This study fills this void by examining how Korean American male ethnic return migrants understand and negotiate their masculine identities, as they “return” to their ancestral homeland of South Korea. Utilizing data from in-depth qualitative interviews, this study finds that respondents initially configure South Korea as a site where they may redeem their marginalized masculine identities by taking advantage of the surplus human capital afforded to them by their American status. Over time, however, “returnees” come to realize the fluidity of masculinity and its ideals, exposing the tenuousness of their claims to hegemonic masculinity even in South Korea.
Interfacial Strain-Field in Thin-Film Microstructures

We present x-ray diffraction analysis of interfacial strain fields in crystalline semiconductor microstructures. In particular we report the observations of diffuse interference fringes, asymmetric grating diffraction patterns, and asymmetric crystal-truncation-rod profiles due to the straw-varying regions in a microstructure. From these diffraction features, both the longitudinal and the transverse strain gradients are determined, in addition to the average stram. These experimental results can be used to interpret other physical properties in microstructures such as band-gap energies and surface morphologies.
Sexual Behavior of Mosquitoes. 4. Field Observations on Mating and Insemination of Marked Broods of Aedes taeniorhynchus

Two separate synchronous broods of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Culicidae) were reared to adults, marked with aniline dye, and released in the field at sunset when 10±2 and 14±4 hours old. Mating activity was observed on the evening of release and marked females recaptured by different trapping methods each day thereafter were examined for sperm. Most insemination took place soon after sunset and most females were 30-40 hours old at sunset before they were inseminated. These results confirm the age dependence of insemination previously found in colonized A. taeniorhynchus in the laboratory. On the night of the 2nd release, many marked females (14±4 hours old) were observed copulating as they flew from the holding cages during twilight. As only 1% of the marked females recaptured that night or the following morning contained sperm, it appeared that in the field, as in the laboratory, young females may “mate” without becoming inseminated.
The Zapatista challenge: Politics after catastrophe:

In this article, I examine the prescient political/theoretical contributions of the Zapatista movement in the context of the emergence and decline of Latin America’s “progressive governments.” Mexico’s ongoing and devastating social decomposition, and the structural crisis of contemporary capitalism. In doing so, I place the Zapatistas’ theorizations on the nature of “neoliberal globalization” in extended conversation with the work of Ernesto Laclau and Antonio Negri—both of whom have served as key referents for Latin America’s left. I argue that Zapatismo deserves to be taken seriously as an endeavor that both parallels and exceeds these more well-known theorists and thus allows for rather unique insights into what the recuperation of an anti-capitalist political horizon might require today.
Effect and structure-activity study of nine kinds of anthraquinone derivatives on recombinant human protein kinase CK2 holoenzyme

Aim To observed the effects of nine kinds of anthraquinone derivatives on recombinant human protein kinase CK2 holoenzyme activity and investigated their structure-activity relationships. Methods Recombinant human protein kinase CK2α′ and β subunits were mixed at equal molar ratio to reconstitute CK2 holoenzyme. The CK2 activity was assayed by detecting incorporation of 32P of [γ-32P] ATP into the substrate for the inhibitory effect by anthraquinone derivatives. Calculation of IC50 values was performed according to the law of semi-effect-probit. Results Mitoxantrone, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid,1,2-diaminoanthraquinone,1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone and quinizarin were shown to inhibit obviously recombinant CK2 holoenzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 0.66、0.81、8.81、28.76 and 61.26 μmol·L-1, respectively; among that mitoxantrone, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid and 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone were more effective than DRB and A3, which were known as CK2 inhibitors in vitro. However, 1-aminoanthraquinone and 1-chloroanthraquinone undergo a drop in inhibitory efficiency, with IC50 values of 143.38, 221.18 μmol·L-1, respectively. While anthraquinone and 2-ethylanthraquinone did not change the CK2 activity fundamentally. Structure-activity study indicated that the major structural requirements for the potent inhibition of CK2 by anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid,1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone and 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone were carboxy group at position 2, hydroxyl group at position 8 and amino group at position 2, respectively. Differ from these requirements, as 2-ethylanthraquinone absence of a ethyl group at position 2 and 1-chloroanthraquinone absence of a chlorine group at position 1 did not modify their inhibitory potency. Conclusion Mitoxantrone, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid and 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone were three stronger inhibitors of recombinant human protein kinase CK2 in vitro.
Chapter 2 – Number Systems, Binary Arithmetic, and Codes

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights that number systems provide the basis for conveying and quantifying information. Number systems evolved presumably because early humans were equipped with a crude type of calculator, which was their 10 fingers. However, a number system that is appropriate for humans may be intractable for use by a machine such as a computer. Likewise, a number system that is appropriate for a machine, may not be suitable for human use. The chapter reviews the characteristics that are desirable in any number system. It lists four important characteristics in all: distinguishability of symbols, arithmetic operations capability, error control capability, and tractability and speed. To one degree or another, the decimal system of numbers satisfies these characteristics for the hard-copy transfer of information between humans.
Darwin, Nature and Man

The acceptance of change and the recognition and worship of a God who ‘fulfils himself in many ways constitute Tennyson’s recognition of Darwinism and its concomitant problems, problems that Carlyle chose to ignore. In his own bewildered wrestlings with religious questions—both personal and wider—Tennyson felt it necessary to account for Darwin’s theory; the relation between the natural and the supernatural was as crucial to him as it was to Carlyle, for it ultimately encompassed the relationship of man to God. Carlyle’s response was largely, like Frederick’s, an individualistic one, with an emphasis on stoicism and doing one’s duty; Tennyson chose a more ‘public’ way, and placed his confidence in the ‘larger hope’. He opposed the Darwinian threat with more institutional responses, emphasising the eventual working out of God’s purpose, particularly through church and family.
Determinants of fuel consumption in mining trucks

Abstract Analysis of fuel consumption in a large surface mine, during more than 5000 cycles of material transportation, revealed considerable variability in the data. Truck fuel estimation based on the mining truck manufacturers' manuals/estimates is not capable of capturing this variability in the fuel consumption data. Partial least squares regression and autoregressive integrated moving average methods were employed to examine the effect of cyclic activities on fuel consumption, and to recommend relevant remedies for consumption reduction. Proper modifications of the operation can result in improved cycle times. Consequently, minimizing some cyclic activities would enhance energy efficiency. The truck “empty idle time” was a major contributor to unnecessary fuel consumption. Since the truck queues at shovels are a major component of the “empty idle time”, decisions should be reviewed to reduce the truck queues at loading points. Improved dispatching strategies, optimal muck pile shape and size distribution, and improved shovel/loader operator skills are effective preventive measures to minimize truck flow bottlenecks at loading points, and thus to improve energy efficiency at mines.
Internet-Based HIV Prevention With At-Home Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing for Young Men Having Sex With Men: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Keep It Up! 2.0.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are increasing among young men who have sex with men (YMSM), yet few HIV prevention programs have studied this population. Keep It Up! (KIU!), an online HIV prevention program tailored to diverse YMSM, was developed to fill this gap. The KIU! 2.0 randomized controlled trial (RCT) was launched to establish intervention efficacy. Objective: The objective of the KIU! study is to advance scientific knowledge of technology-based behavioral HIV prevention, as well as improve public health by establishing the efficacy of an innovative electronic health (eHealth) prevention program for ethnically and racially diverse YMSM. The intervention is initiated upon receipt of a negative HIV test result, based on the theory that testing negative is a teachable moment for future prevention behaviors. Methods: This is a two-group, active-control RCT of the online KIU! intervention. The intervention condition includes modules that use videos, animation, games, and interactive exercises to address HIV knowledge, motivation for safer behaviors, self-efficacy, and behavioral skills. The control condition reflects HIV information that is readily available on many websites, with the aim to understand how the KIU! intervention improves upon information that is currently available online. Follow-up assessments are administered at 3, 6, and 12 months for each arm. Testing for urethral and rectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is completed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up for all participants, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups for participants who test positive at baseline. The primary behavioral outcome is unprotected anal sex at all follow-up points, and the primary biomedical outcome is incident STIs at 12-month follow-up. Results: Consistent with study aims, the KIU! technology has been successfully integrated into a widely-used health technology platform. Baseline enrollment for the RCT was completed on December 30, 2015 (N=901), and assessment of intervention outcomes is ongoing at 3-, 6-, and 12-month time points. Upon collection of all data, and after the efficacy of the intervention has been evaluated, we will explore whether the KIU! intervention has differential efficacy across subgroups of YMSM based on ethnicity/race and relationship status. Conclusions: Our approach is innovative in linking an eHealth solution to HIV and STI home testing, as well as serving as a model for integrating scalable behavioral prevention into other biomedical prevention strategies. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01836445; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01836445 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6myMFlxnC) [JMIR Res Protoc 2017;6(1):e1]
Corrections to “Crosstalk-Canceling Multimode Interconnect Using Transmitter Encoding”

The authors of [1] would like to note the following corrections in reference numbering. It is difficult to find correct references in the currently published paper due to the reference discords.
Course (Re)Design Academy: Case study of flipping a classroom to create a studio course

During the Course (Re)Design academy, I re-structured my course Reading the Arts.AÂ AÂ This course has traditionally been taught in a lecture or seminar format. My re-design achieved two objectives. First, I flipped the classroom to allow for significantly increased time in the classroom.AÂ AÂ This made the second objective attainable:AÂ AÂ to create time for a studio classroom experience. In the process of this redesign, I learned that three points are of particular significance in flipping a course of this kind: 1. scaffolding assignments to make sure students are prepared for in class studio time 2. low stakes assignments and testing to reinforce that preparedness 3. directly and continuously communicating connections between learning outcomes and assignments to students so they can see where they are, where they are going, and why they are doing what they are doing to get there.For more information about the Course ReDesign Academy:AÂ https://stearnscenter.gmu.edu/professional-development/course-redesign-academy
An enhanced-strain error estimator for Galerkin meshfree methods based on stabilized conforming nodal integration

Gradient averaging-type a posteriori error estimators applied to the finite element method enjoy great popularity in the engineering community. This is mainly because they are easy in their construction and computer implementation and usually provide constant-free and sharp error estimates on the expense of losing the bounding property. However, it proves difficult to transfer this error estimation procedure to Galerkin meshfree methods. One reason is that the meshfree gradient approximation is generally rather accurate per se and difficult to improve. Moreover, in many Galerkin meshfree methods the shape functions are no interpolants, as required in the original idea of constructing the recovered and thus smooth gradient field. In this paper, a novel error estimation procedure is presented that is based on the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method and applied to the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) as a representative of Galerkin meshfree methods. The error estimator is naturally tailored to Galerkin meshfree methods if stabilized conforming nodal integration (SCNI) is employed, which provides two gradient fields: a globally smooth one (the compatible strain) and a cellwise constant one (the enhanced assumed strain). It is shown that the difference (the enhanced strain) can be used to derive an error estimator that follows the notion of gradient averaging-type error estimators and resolves its issues when applied to Galerkin meshfree methods. In addition, the enhanced-strain error estimator is even easier to implement and computationally less expensive than gradient averaging-type error estimators. Numerical examples of engineering interest illustrate the performance of the enhanced-strain error estimator presented in this paper.
Digital ischaemia after intra-arterial drug injection.

A 62-year-old man presented with recurrent episodes of left-sided digital ischaemia (figure 1). His history was significant for chronic back pain and prescription opiate use. One year previously, he had an episode of ischaemia involving the left hand, requiring amputation of the left thumb and index finger. One month prior, he developed ischaemic digits of the left foot. Extensive serological evaluation of causes of vasculitis and thrombosis was negative. Left upper extremity arteriography demonstrated obstruction of the …
Study protocol for the dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, warfarin comparative effectiveness research study.

Since 2010, four oral anticoagulants have been approved for marketing in addition to warfarin for treatment of thromboembolic disease. Limited head-to-head data exist comparing these treatments, leaving patients and clinicians with little guidance for selecting a strategy that balances recurrence reduction with bleeding risk. In the dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxban, edoxaban and warfarin comparative effectiveness research study, we compare all five currently available oral anticoagulant agents for the extended treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, as well as no extended treatment, and evaluate whether results differ in specific sub-populations. As our population includes Medicare novel anticoagulant users and large numbers of commercially insured and Medicaid patients, our results will likely be transportable to the majority of US patients experiencing a DVT or pulmonary embolism. Clinical trials registration NCT03271450.
Fear of Missing Out, Mobile Phone Dependency and Entrapment in Undergraduate Students

The objective of this study is to observe the relationship between fear of missing out, mobile phone dependency and entrapment in undergraduate students from government and private colleges in Hyderabad, India. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 300 undergraduate students. The present study used the Fear of Missing Out Scale (Przybylski et al. in Comput Hum Behav 29(4):1841–1848, 2013), the Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire (Toda et al. in NipponEiseigakuZasshi (Jpn J Hyg) 59(4):383–386, 2004) and the Entrapment Scale (Hall and Baym in New Media Soc 14(2):316–331, 2012). Correlational analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between fear of missing out, mobile phone dependency and entrapment amongst undergraduate students from government and private colleges. The results of ANOVA found significant differences in fear of missing out, mobile phone dependency and entrapment amongst undergraduate students from government and private colleges. The limitations and implications are discussed.
From Dirac's de Sitter Equation to a Generalization of Gravitational Theory

Dirac's de Sitter covariant spinor wave equation, expressed on the group manifold of G = SO(3, 2) in terms of invariant vectors, gives rise to a modified Kaluza—Klein (KK) formalism with the Lorentz subgroup H = SO(3, 1) as typical fiber and the anti-de Sitter (AdS) space as base of the principal fiber bundle on G. The resulting gauge theory of gravitation gives an incomplete description of spinning particles because spin, considered as a generalized charge, has space-time properties. It is shown how the geometrical structure has to be altered to further modify the gauge formalism to a consistent theory of spin and gravitation. The resulting gravitational field equations on the bundle include torsion, and their projection on space-time is of higher nonlinearity in the curvature.
Animal Models of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation

Most kidney stones consist of crystals of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and/or calcium phosphate (CaP), and develop on nidi present on renal papillary surfaces. Stone formation is the last stage in a long process starting with development of supersaturation followed by nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention of crystals within the kidneys. A number of animal models utilizing mice, pigs, rabbits and rats, (the most common model), have been developed to understand stone pathogeneses. Animals produce crystalline deposits in the kidneys rather than typical stones attached to the papillary surface. Still, there are many common features between human and rat CaOx nephrolithiasis. Both kidney stones in humans and crystal deposits in the rats have an organic matrix comprised of lipids, carbohydrate and proteins. The crystallization in both human and rat kidneys is modulated by molecules such as osteopontin, Tamm–Horsfall Proteins, inter-alpha-inhibitor, and prothrombin fragment-1 and is associated with enzymuria of proximal tubular origin. Hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, hypomagnesuria and hypocitraturia are implicated in both humans and rats. CaOx stones/renal deposits are common in males of both species while females of both species produce CaP stones/renal deposits.
Production and Application of 123I-Labeled M-Iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG)

131I-Labeled m-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) was first synthesized by Wieland and co-workers1 and soon became widely used for diagnosis of neural crest tumors, such as pheochromocytoma2 and neuroblastoma.3 Because of I-123’s superior physical properties for scintigraphic imaging compared to I-131,4 123I-mIBG has become the preferred agent for diagnosis, staging, and clinical follow-up of patients with these tumors. In addition, 123I-mIBG has shown potential for cardiac applications, such as determination of regional myocardial adrenergic activity following myocardial infarctions5 and prioritization of candidates for heart transplantation.6
Gun Carrying and Gun Victimization Among American Adolescents: A Fresh Look at a Nationally Representative Sample

A scant literature has identified gun carrying as a potential risk factor for victimization at the individual level. To date, however, research has generally focused on high-risk individuals rather...
Quadcopter Drones — Beyond the Hobby

This Research to Practice Full Paper presents a teaching approach that preserves depth of knowledge in an environment that seems to fit present learners’ technological inspirations and mode of acquiring information. The computer era and the rapid advances in information and communication technologies are imposing significant changes in both teaching and learning styles. Teaching methodologies that are textbook based with long-span intensive analytical hand-manipulations are shifting to electronic sources of information with short-span traditional manipulations. This shift presents a challenge in reaching the balance needed to match teaching to learning styles, without compromising the necessary depth in knowledge.The adopted teaching technique is demonstrated via a systematic approach to mathematical modeling and simulation of quadcopter drones. This presents an example of the shift in the teaching/learning style paradigm. Teaching concepts are put into practical use through a methodical utilization of Matlab/Simulink engineering software tools.
An integer programming approach to fisheries observer deployment

Abstract Fisheries observers - independent workers assigned to commercial fishing vessels – provide critical data on fishing activity and the state of fisheries. However, the logistics of deployment of observers can be challenging, often involving vessels docking at far-flung ports, high transportation costs, and potential for compromised observer impartiality. We develop an optimization-based approach for efficiently assigning observers to vessels, while meeting complex logistical and regulatory constraints. We test our model on commercial fishing schedule data, and demonstrate that this approach can reduce costs of observer transportation and risks of compromised observer impartiality, and quantitatively evaluate tradeoffs in large-scale deployment scenarios.
Collective Variables for Free Energy Surface Tailoring -- Understanding and Modifying Functionality in Systems Dominated by Rare Events

We introduce a method for elucidating and modifying the functionality of systems dominated by rare events that relies on the automated tuning of their underlying free energy surface. The proposed approach seeks to construct collective variables (CVs) that encode the essential information regarding the rare events of the system of interest. The appropriate CVs are identified using Harmonic Linear Discriminant Analysis (HLDA), a machine-learning based method that is trained solely on data collected from short ordinary simulations in the relevant metastable states of the system. Utilizing the interpretable form of the resulting CVs, the critical interaction potentials that determine the system's rare transitions are identified and purposely modified to tailor the free energy surface in manner that alters functionality as desired. The applicability of the method is illustrated in the context of three different systems, thereby demonstrating that thermodynamic and kinetic properties can be tractably modified with little to no prior knowledge or intuition.
Predicting Solvation Thermodynamics in Water and Ionic Liquids using the Multi-Scale Solvation Layer Interface Condition (SLIC)

We highlight the most recent developments of the solvation-layer interface condition (SLIC) continuum dielectric model in predicting solvation thermodynamics of neutral small molecules in water and multiple ionic liquids. We demonstrate that a simple temperature-dependent solvent-accessible-surface-area (SASA) correlation and a cavity-dispersion-combinatorial (CDC) theory, combined with the SLIC electrostatics model, provide highly accurate predictions of Gibbs solvation energies, solvation entropies, and solvation heat capacities. The SLIC/SASA model parameters are temperature dependent, whereas the SLIC/CDC parameters are constant. To address the lack of experimental data pertaining to the accuracy of the models, we conducted an extensive literature search and data compilation to obtain credible experimental solvation data. This yielded 159 and 123 data points for hydration entropies and heat capacities of neutral small molecules, respectively. Compared to experimental data, the SLIC/SASA and SLIC/CDC models, respectively, achieve an RMS error 1.39 (1.24) and 1.15 (1.76) kcal/mol for hydration free energy (hydration entropy) predictions. Solvation heat capacities are predicted with RMS errors 24.42 and 46.17 cal/mol/K. Most remarkably, the SLIC/CDC predictions of solvation entropies and heat capacities are made without apriori knowledge of experimental solvation entropies. In addition, the SLIC/SASA predictions of Gibbs solvation energies (solvation entropies) of 12 amino acid side-chain analogs in seven (three) ionic liquids are compared to the available explicit-solvent simulation data from Paluch et al.~\cite{Paluch12} and Latif~\cite{Latif14} et al.
Graph network based deep learning of bandgaps.

Recent machine learning models for bandgap prediction that explicitly encode the structure information to the model feature set significantly improve the model accuracy compared to both traditional machine learning and non-graph-based deep learning methods. The ongoing rapid growth of open-access bandgap databases can benefit such model construction not only by expanding their domain of applicability but also by requiring constant updating of the model. Here, we build a new state-of-the-art multi-fidelity graph network model for bandgap prediction of crystalline compounds from a large bandgap database of experimental and density functional theory (DFT) computed bandgaps with over 806 600 entries (1500 experimental, 775 700 low-fidelity DFT, and 29 400 high-fidelity DFT). The model predicts bandgaps with a 0.23 eV mean absolute error in cross validation for high-fidelity data, and including the mixed data from all different fidelities improves the prediction of the high-fidelity data. The prediction error is smaller for high-symmetry crystals than for low symmetry crystals. Our data are published through a new cloud-based computing environment, called the “Foundry,” which supports easy creation and revision of standardized data structures and will enable cloud accessible containerized models, allowing for continuous model development and data accumulation in the future.
An accurate, non-empirical method for incorporating decoherence into Ehrenfest dynamics

In mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic molecular dynamics methods, the anchoring of the electronic wave function to a single nuclear geometry results in both quantitative and qualitative errors in the dynamics. In the context of both Ehrenfest and trajectory surface hopping methods, methods for incorporating decoherence are widely used to eliminate these errors. However, the accuracy of these methods often depends strongly on the parameterization of the decoherence time and/or other related quantities. Here we present a refinement of the recently introduced collapse to a block (TAB) scheme for incorporating decoherence into Ehrenfest dynamics. The proposed approach incorporates an approximation to the history of the population dynamics and treats the coherence decay as Gaussian, rather than exponential. This method uses parameters that can be obtained from first principles, rather than empirical fitting. Application to one-dimensional models indicates excellent agreement with numerically exact simulations. We also introduce a second refinement to the TAB method: a robust linear least-squares algorithm for determining collapse probabilities.
Designing Media for Visually-Impaired Users of Refreshable Touch Displays: Possibilities and Pitfalls

This paper discusses issues of importance to designers of media for visually impaired users. The paper considers the influence of human factors on the effectiveness of presentation as well as the strengths and weaknesses of tactile, vibrotactile, haptic, and multimodal methods of rendering maps, graphs, and models. The authors, all of whom are visually impaired researchers in this domain, present findings from their own work and work of many others who have contributed to the current understanding of how to prepare and render images for both hard-copy and technology-mediated presentation of Braille and tangible graphics.
Removing the Judicial Gag Rule: A Proposal for Changing Judicial Speech Regulations to Encourage Public Discussion of Active Cases

The judiciary may be the oft-forgotten third-branch of government, but judges still face ample criticism from the media and the public just like their colleagues in the legislative and executive branches. Unlike their colleagues however, judges cannot respond with glossy public relations campaigns because of judicial rules that severely restrict what judges can say about active cases. Hamstrung by the rules and unable to defend themselves in the media, judges have increasingly turned to a more familiar arena filing defamation suits against their critics. Although courtrooms should be open to everyone, when judges move from the bench to the plaintiff's table it creates the appearance of bias and opens the door to further criticism of the judiciary. This Note proposes that judges take a more active role in public affairs, especially public discussions about the judiciary and the cases over which it presides. To implement the change, rules governing judicial speech should be reworked with an eye toward encouraging all judicial speech that does not directly impact the fairness of court proceedings. Judges are uniquely situated to explain legal procedures and the reasoning behind legal decisions. This note calls for judicial rules to be amended so that they are able to do so, not just in formal opinions, but also in less formal ways like in letters to the editor and community meetings.
Estimation of the intensity of a poisson process

We propose a parametric estimator of the Poisson intensity, based on a set of successive interarrival times. The estimator is asymptotically unbiased and consistent. We use recursive least squares to estimate the parameters. We modify the estimator using the instrumental variable method when the system residual is autocorrelated.
A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals. Phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Increasing emissions of heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and arsenic into the environment pose an acute problem for all organisms. Considerations of the biochemical basis of heavy metal detoxification in animals have focused exclusively on two classes of peptides, the thiol tripeptide, glutathione (GSH, γ-Glu-Cys-Gly), and a diverse family of cysteine-rich low molecular weight proteins, the metallothioneins. Plants and some fungi, however, not only deploy GSH and metallothioneins for metal detoxification but also synthesize another class of heavy metal binding peptides termed phytochelatins (PCs) from GSH. Here we show that PC-mediated heavy metal detoxification is not restricted to plants and some fungi but extends to animals by demonstrating that thece-pcs-1 gene of the nematode wormCaenorhabditis elegans encodes a functional PC synthase whose activity is critical for heavy metal tolerance in the intact organism.
Multiple gating modes and the effect of modulating factors on the μI sodium channel

Abstract Macroscopic current from the μI skeletal muscle sodium channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes shows inactivation with two exponential components. The major, slower component's amplitude decreases with rapid pulsing. When μI cRNA is coinjected with rat skeletal muscle or brain mRNA the faster component becomes predominant. Individual μI channels switch between two principal gating modes, opening either only once per depolarization, or repeatedly in long bursts. These two modes differ in both activation and inactivation kinetics. There is also evidence for additional gating modes. It appears that the equilibrium among gating modes is influenced by a modulating factor encoded in rat rat skeletal muscle and brain mRNA. The modal gating is similar to that observed in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.
Operator algebra and the stationary states of stellar magnetic fields

A vector-operator algebra technique for solving magnetic field problems in a toroidal/poloidal representation is illustrated with physical examples. Among the illustrative examples are calculations of necessary and/or sufficient conditions for the existence of stationary magnetic fields in stellar interiors.
The Role of Library and Information Science Education in the Development of Community Health Information Services for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Perspectives of Directors and Managers of Public Libraries

This article identifies the role of library and information science (LIS) education in the development of community health information services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Preliminary findings are presented from semi- structured qualitative interviews that were conducted with eleven directors and managers of local branches in the Knox County Public Library (KCPL) System that is located in the East Tennessee region in the United States. Select feedback reported by research participants is summarized in the article about strategies in LIS education that can help local public librarians and others in their efforts to become more responsive information providers to PLWHA. Research findings help better understand the issues and concerns regarding the development of digital and non-digital health information services for PLWHA in local public library institutions.
Analysis of the forced expiratory maneuver.

�In asthma, acetylcysteine is tremendously irritating. Mr. Silvers: I think saline washout may work just as well. Dr. Nadel: What did these patients die of and what were their physiologic abnormalities in life? Could the agonal changes in these patients have affected the results? How much of this information can we
Microtubule distribution in dv, a maize meiotic mutant defective in the prophase to metaphase transition

Microsporogenesis in Zea mays, the meiotic reduction of diploid sporocytes to haploid microspores, proceeds through a well-defined developmental sequence. The ability to generate mutants that affect the process makes this an ideal system for elucidating the role of the cytoskeleton during plant development. We have used immunofluorescence microscopy to compare microtubule distribution in wild-type and mutant microsporocytes. During normal meiosis the distribution of microtubules follows a specific temporal and spatial pattern that reflects the polar nature of microspore formation. Perinuclear microtubule staining increases and the nucleus elongates in the future spindle axis during late prophase I. Metaphase I spindles with highly focused poles align along the long axis of the anther locule. Cytokinesis occurs perpendicular to the spindle axis. The second division axis shifts 90 degrees with respect to the first division plane, thereby yielding an isobilateral tetrad of microspores. Microtubule distribution patterns during meiosis suggest that a nuclear envelope-associated microtubule organizing center (MTOC) controls the organization of cytoplasmic microtubules and contributes to spindle formation. The meiotic mutant dv is defective in the transition from a prophase microtubule array to a metaphase spindle. Instead of converging to form focused poles, the metaphase spindle poles remain diffuse as in prometaphase. This defect correlates with several abnormalities in subsequent developmental events including the formation of multinucleate daughter cells, multiple microspindles during meiosis II, multiple phragmoplasts, polyads of microspores, and cytoplasmic microtubule foci. These results suggest that dv is a mutation that affects MTOC organization.
Adaptive toolpath deposition method for laser net shape manufacturing and repair of turbine compressor airfoils

The aim of this research is to develop a geometry-based adaptive toolpath laser powder deposition method for the manufacturing and repair of advanced turbine engine compressor or blisk airfoils. To realize that, the design of experiments (DoE) method was used to study the deposition geometric responses of a single-pass multilayer Inconel 718 laser powder deposition process. In the first step, the processing feasibility domain was quickly explored with a set of screening DoE. The dominating factors, which have significant effects on the deposition bead width and maximum stable layer height, were identified among the various deposition parameters. Based on this result, a more accurate quadratic regression transfer function was developed to predict the deposition bead width as a function of the dominating processing parameters identified in the first step. With the transfer function, deposition toolpath for net shape airfoil fabrication or repair was designed with predetermined bead width, stable layer height, and bead overlap ratios. Adaptive deposition bead widths were obtained by varying the laser power according to the transfer function, so that a constant bead width overlap ratio was maintained. Finally, compressor and blisk airfoils repaired by the geometry-based adaptive toolpath deposition method are demonstrated.
Protein folding coupled to DNA binding in the catalytic domain of bacteriophage λ integrase detected by mass spectrometry

Bacteriophage λ integrase (λ-Int) is the prototypical member of a large family of enzymes that catalyze site-specific DNA recombination via single-strand cleavage and the formation of a Holliday junction intermediate. Crystallographic and biochemical evidence indicate that substantial conformational change (i.e., folding) in the catalytic domain of the protein is required for substrate recognition and catalysis. We have examined the solution conformation of the catalytic domain (C170) in the absence and presence of a cognate "half-site" DNA oligonucleotide by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The distribution of ions in the positive ion electrospray mass spectrum of the free protein reveals the presence of three distinct species in solution, one corresponding to the folded protein, one to the unfolded protein, and one to a dimer. In the presence of DNA, ions are observed only for the protein–DNA complex and the folded form of the free protein. We therefore conclude that DNA binding stabilizes the global fold of the protein in a manner that is consistent with folding-coupled target recognition as a mechanism to control site-specific recombination. Furthermore, we find that inspection of the charge state distribution of ions in electrospray mass spectra provides a quick and effective means to identify conformational heterogeneity of proteins in solution and to investigate dynamic protein–nucleic acid interactions.
The distribution of chance congruence coefficients from simulated data

All attempts to study the stability of factors depend on having some useful statistic that measures the degree of similarity between factors. This study attempts to provide some normative data about the distribution of one measure of similarity, the congruence coefficient, through a Monte Carlo technique. The matching of “chance” factor patterns was done by the method of Tucker. Statistical tests of the results, based on similarities of the method to canonical and multiple correlation, seemed satisfactory. The tabled results can be used as guides to the significance of congruence coefficients for some cases. The consistencies of the data indicate that a functional resolution may be possible, but none was found.
Cartilage differentiation in ependymoma: histogenetic considerations on a new case

The presence of cartilage in gliomas is a very unusual finding and has been mainly reported in ependymomas and in astrocytomas. A derivation of cartilage from neuroepithelial cells through a neuroepithelial-mesenchymal transition or directly from blood vessel-associated multipotent stromal elements has been proposed. We herein describe a further case of ependymoma with the presence of cartilage in a child affected by a tumor in the posterior fossa. In this case, only the last recurrence, characterized by focal areas of anaplasia, contained a nodule of cartilage. The immunohistochemical expression of fibronectin, tenascin-C, and CD44 was investigated, and the possible role of these molecules in the process of cartilage formation is discussed. Moreover, the literature on the subject is reviewed.
Language and nation‐building in Israel: Hebrew and its rivals*

Abstract. The problem of language preceded the founding of Israel. In the nineteenth century, the emergence of political Zionism was accompanied by a revival of Hebrew. In the early years of Jewish resettlement in Palestine, Hebrew slowly emerged as the popular language, a compromise between the Yiddish spoken by Eastern European immigrants and the Arabic or Ladino current among many Middle Eastern Jews. After World War I, as educational institutions proliferated, the challenge of French and German as languages of instruction was blocked by teachers' strikes. With the establishment of the state and the massive influx of Jewish displaced persons, mostly speakers of Yiddish, that language, regarded as a potential threat to the primacy of Hebrew, was systematically fought by the country's political and cultural elite. Today, the position of Hebrew as the national language of Israel is secure. English, however, has been asserting its influence in an increasingly postindustrial and globalised society.
Planning for primary health care in Nicaragua: A study in revolutionary process

Recent changes in the political economy of Nicaragua have resulted in significant advances in public health. The improvements are due to changes in the health system which include comprehensive health planning, regionalization of health services and popular participation in health education and mass drug administration programs. Traditional structural approaches to the study of national health systems can benefit from an analysis of the process of change. The research reported herein focuses upon struggles between instructional actors who would professionalize primary health care and those who promote popular participation in the planning and execution of primary care programs. An analysis of decision-making within the Sistema Nacional Unico de Salud illustrates the process whereby a health system undergoes structural change from within. The Nicaraguan case suggests that the changing configuration of health systems is a dynamic process and the result of negotiation among several constituencies amid changing conditions in the world system. The role of a government seeking to democratize health delivery within a socialist political economy is to create and promote constituencies for the popular model and thereby institutionalize the debate.
The Fabrication of Semiconductor Nanostructure Arrays on a Silicon Substrate Using an Anodized Aluminum Template

We have developed a nanogrowth technology for the fabrication of periodic arrays of semiconductor nanostructures on silicon that is currently being investigated for silicon based x-ray detectors. The semiconductor nanostructures are formed by chemical synthesis in pores of a template created by the anodization of aluminum on a silicon substrate. The use of the silicon substrate allows greater control over the aluminum thin film properties, better in situ monitoring of the pore formation process, and the direct integration of nanostructure arrays with conventional silicon technology.