cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case 54: A Patient in a Halo

A 73-year-old (89Kg 5′8″) female is admitted, following an MVA, for surgical stabilization of an unstable cervical neck. You find her in the preoperative holding area where she is wearing a halo (PMT model 1233, DePuy Spine, The Bremner, Jacksonville, Florida, USA) (Fig. 54.1). The halo is a vest that covers her upper body and shoulders. The halo is attached to the head on both sides of the skull with adjustable headlocks. These can be adjusted in three ways, A/P positioning, flexion/extension, and traction/distraction. You manage to examine her chest with your stethoscope, although this is not easy due to the vest that is covering her back and front of the chest. You are comforted that the chest x-ray taken 1 h ago is normal. She has no other health problems. She tells you that she underwent an elective cholecystectomy 6 months previously under general anesthesia without any problems. She can open her mouth and you can clearly see her uvula. She is very nervous and does not want a fiber-optic endotracheal intubation. You say you will put her to sleep and secure the airway after she is asleep. She is very grateful. You induce anesthesia in a routine manner and find that you can easily place a #7 endotracheal tube (ETT) in the trachea with a Macintosh #3 blade. You have a grade 1 view. The operation concludes satisfactorily within 2 h and the patient wakes up still in the halo. As she follows commands and is breathing adequately, you remove the ETT from the trachea. You take her to the recovery room, where initially her vital signs are within normal limits. You are next door in the preoperative holding area talking to the next patient, when a nurse tells you to come quickly to the recovery room as your halo case is not breathing and her oxygen saturation is 87% and falling. You run to see the patient. A nurse is attempting to mask ventilate the patient with an adequate size Guedel airway, with no success. You ask for and get a Macintosh #3 blade and insert the blade into the mouth of the now semi-unconscious woman, but to your dismay you see nothing. You ascertain that this is indeed a Macintosh #3 blade and try again, but again you see nothing. You secure the airway by blindly passing a bougie into the trachea. You are at a loss to understand why, within 2.5 h, with no evidence of airway edema, you now can see nothing during laryngoscopy while previously you had a grade 1 view.
Should We Be Concerned About Data-opolies?

With the rise of a progressive antitrust movement, the power of Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon is now topical. This article explores some of the potential harms from data-opolies. Data-opolies, in contrast to the earlier monopolies, are unlikely to exercise their power by charging higher prices to consumers. But this does not mean they are harmless. Data-opolies can raise other significant concerns, including less privacy, degraded quality, a transfer of wealth from consumers to data-opolies, less innovation and dynamic disruption in markets in which they dominate, and political and social concerns. Data-opolies can also be more durable than some earlier monopolies. Moreover, data-opolies at times can more easily avoid antitrust scrutiny when they engage in anticompetitive tactics to attain or maintain their dominance. The United States Department of Justice has brought only one monopolization case under Section 2 of the Sherman Act in the past decade. This abdication is not justifiable going forward, given the risks posed by these data-opolies, whose abuses can affect not only our wallets, but also our privacy, autonomy, democracy, and well-being.
Mutagenesis of an Active-Site Loop in Tryptophan Hydroxylase Dramatically Slows the Formation of an Early Intermediate in Catalysis

Solution studies of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases are consistent with the FeIVO intermediate not forming until both the amino acid and tetrahydropterin substrates have bound. Structural studies have shown that the positions of active-site loops differs significantly between the free enzyme and the enzyme-amino acid-tetrahydropterin complex. In tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpH) these mobile loops contain residues 124–134 and 365–371, with a key interaction involving Ile366. The I366N mutation in TrpH results in decreases of 1–2 orders of magnitude in the kcat and kcat/Km values. Single turnover analyses establish that the limiting rate constant for turnover is product release for the wild-type enzyme but is formation of the first detectable intermediate I in catalysis in the mutant enzyme. The mutation does not alter the kinetics of NO binding to the ternary complex nor does it uncouple FeIVO formation from amino acid hydroxylation. The effects on the kcat value of wild-type TrpH of changing viscosity a...
Transient right bundle branch block. An electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study.

Abstract The electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic features of 8 patients who had transient right bundle branch block were studied. The initial 0.04 sec. of the QRS complex in the scalar electrocardiogram and of the QRSsE loop in the vectorcardiogram were unaltered by the development of right bundle branch block. Even without right ventricular hypertrophy the amplitude of R or R ′ in V 1 may increase markedly following the development of right bundle branch block. Thus, the amplitude of R or R′ cannot be considered a reliable criterion for the diagnosis of coexisting right ventricular hypertrophy and right bundle branch block. After the development of right bundle branch block, deep S waves in V 1 may disappear or diminish greatly. However, the tall R waves in the left precordial leads may persist. Therefore, coexisting left ventricular hypertrophy can be suspected when there are tall R waves in the left precordial leads. The QRS axis in the limb leads may also be helpful in detecting coexisting ventricular hypertrophy. Various types of vectorcardiographic changes were described following the development of right bundle branch block. Reversal of the direction of the inscription of the QRSsE loop from counterclockwise to clockwise in the horizontal plane, and from clockwise to counterclockwise in the sagittal plane may occur when right bundle branch block develops. In such a case, coexisting right ventricular hypertrophy may be erroneously diagnosed. In right bundle branch block when the major portion of the QRSsE loop is normally inscribed, it is reasonably correct to state that no coexisting ventricular hypertrophy exists. The evidence of myocardial infarction was not masked by right bundle branch block in either the electrocardiogram or vectorcardiogram.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Indications and Uses

The BMPs are a group of growth factors that have varied roles in the development and maintenance of many organ systems. Several of the BMPs have osteogenic potential, and exert their effects via complex and highly regulated pathways. At present, only rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 are available for clinical use, but only rhBMP-2 is readily available, and from a practical standpoint is considered the only commercially available BMP. Only a few studies exist on BMP use in foot and ankle surgery, but these have shown promising results with low complication rates. BMP is an adjuvant to bone healing,and does not substitute for structural bone needs. In addition, rhBMP-2 outside spinal fusions is considered to be US Food and Drug Administration off-label, and should be used only in patients who are at high risk for bone healing problems.
Overview of Neonatal Surgery

Neonatal surgery emerged as a fledgling in the 1930s and 1940s in restricted regional centers of the world where the pioneer pediatric surgeons were located. It galvanized into a bona fide pediatric surgical subspecialty during the 1950s, lead by those children's hospitals that developed neonatal surgical units and training centers. These institutions produced increasing numbers of highly trained young pediatric surgeons who fanned out to bring their expertise to other academic surgical centers. The 1960s saw both neonatologists and pediatric surgeons enriching the care of newborns in community and private hospitals in developed countries. Pediatric anesthesiologists, pediatric radiologists, and perinatologists joined ranks in the 1970s, extending care to the fetus as well as the newborn. Technologic developments such as ultrasound, computer tomography (CT), sophisticated ventilators, and advances in parenteral nutrition revolutionized both diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging, ECMO, cine CT, and sophisticated improvements in other areas have increased the scope and expanded the horizons of neonatal care in the 1980s, improving treatment yield and reducing morbidity and mortality of newborns who suffer from major medical and surgical diseases. Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan recently have built neonatal surgical centers where high-quality care and training is offered. Almost every developing country now has surgeons who are partially or completely trained in pediatric surgery and who are on the faculty of their major medical teaching centers. There is every reason to believe that the next pediatric surgical issue of Clinics in Perinatology will describe further revolutionary advances in the care of the newborn patient, in areas now sacrosanct to perinatologists, neonatologists, and pediatric surgeons of this generation.
HLA-DRB1-factor VIII binding is a risk factor for inhibitor development in nonsevere hemophilia: a case-control study.

Development of anti-factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) is the most significant treatment complication of hemophilia A. Characteristics of the interaction between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and FVIII peptides may influence FVIII antigen presentation to T cells and subsequent inhibitor development. We analyzed predicted HLA-DRB1, a subset of MHC class II, and FVIII peptide binding and its association with inhibitor development among subjects with nonsevere hemophilia A, including 20 cases (inhibitor titer ≥ 1.0 BU/mL on 2 occasions or on 1 occasion with subsequent immune tolerance induction) and 37 controls (who had received FVIII infusions and did not develop inhibitor). Using the MHC-II Binding Predictions Tool (https://www.iedb.org), the binding affinity and core binding were determined for endogenous FVIII (eFVIII) and treatment FVIII (tFVIII). A tFVIII peptide was considered novel if it was predicted to bind and present a surface to the T-cell receptor that was unique from that presented by eFVIII. Having >10 novel HLA-DRB1 allele–tFVIII peptide combinations was associated with inhibitor development (adjusted odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-15.0). Cases and controls with p.Arg612Cys and p.Arg2169His demonstrated a high level of novel HLA-DRB1–tFVIII peptide combinations. Assessing the likelihood that tFVIII is presented to T cells in a novel fashion may be useful for understanding and ultimately reducing the risk for inhibitor development among patients with nonsevere hemophilia, particularly those with F8 mutations other than p.Arg612Cys and p.Arg2169His.
Return migration and violence

Abstract There is reason to suspect that return migrants can reduce social violence in migrant-prone regions of the world. Taking into account that recent research shows positive effects of return migration, we consider that returners may reduce violence by contributing to social renewal and economic growth in their home communities. We estimate the direct effects of return migration in the context of Mexico, a traditionally migrant country that has suffered record levels of violence in the past decade. Using data on homicide rates from 2456 municipalities for the 2011–2013 period and an instrumental variable bivariate Tobit maximum likelihood approach, we find that higher rates of return migration lead to a decline in local homicide rates. We also show, with a censored quantile instrumental variable (CQIV) model, that municipalities in the bottom quartile of the homicide rate distribution benefit the most from return migration. Our work has important implications for crime reduction policies in developing countries, and specifically in Mexico, where social violence has wreaked havoc on society in recent years.
Writing a Constitution to Protect Minorities: The Canadian Experience

It is commonplace to say that equality is the predominant value in modern political discourse, whether for good or ill. One of the central attractions of this notion is its usefulness in the fight against discriminatory treatment of discrete and historically-oppressed minorities. And it is only natural that constitutional arrangements should be seen as the crucial instrument through which a minority can be guaranteed protection against unfair treatment at the hands of the majority.
Physician Work-Life Integration: Challenges and Strategies for Improvement

Increasing evidence shows that physician well-being is linked to patient outcomes, patient and physician satisfaction, and workforce retention. Physician well-being is a broad construct that includes various dimensions of distress (stress, anxiety, fatigue, burnout) and professional fulfillment (meaning in work, engagement). Work-life integration (WLI) is one important component of physician well-being. We will review the current state of WLI among physicians as well as some strategies to improve this aspect of physician well-being. We address this topic through the lens of obstetrics and gynecology, including a discussion of specialty-specific characteristics that present unique challenges and opportunities to improve WLI.
For Whom are We Building the American Dream

Leaders from across the political spectrum articulate the virtues of homeownership. As expressed in the above quotations, both Republican and Democratic presidents emphasize that homeownership is part of the American dream. Besides the direct benefits accruing to a family owning its own house, proponents stress that higher rates of homeownership boost civic activity, reduce crime, and create communities more conducive to the cognitive and non-cognitive development of children.Unsurprisingly, bipartisan consensus has produced public policies with the express purpose of increasing homeownership. But are these policies subsidizing the building of the American dream for more people, or are they bankrolling bigger dream houses for a few?
Effectiveness of daily rinsing of alfalfa sprouts with aqueous chlorine dioxide and ozonated water on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes during sprouting

Alfalfa sprouts have been implicated in multiple foodborne disease outbreaks. This study evaluated the growth of Listeria monocytogenes during sprouting of alfalfa seeds and the effectiveness of daily chlorine dioxide & ozone rinsing in controlling the growth. Alfalfa seeds inoculated with L. monocytogenes were sprouted for 5 days (25°C) with a daily aqueous ClO2 (3 ppm, 10 min) or ozone water (2 ppm, 5 min) rinse. Neither treatment significantly reduced the growth of L. monocytogenes on sprouting alfalfa seeds. The initial level of L. monocytogenes was 3·44 ± 0·27, which increased to c. 7·0 log CFU per g following 3 days of sprouting. There was no significant difference in the bacterial population between the treatment schemes. Bacterial distribution in roots (7·63 ± 0·511 log CFU per g), stems (7·51 ± 0·511 log CFU per g) and leaves (7·41 ± 0·511 log CFU per g) were similar after 5 days. Spent sanitizers had significantly lower levels of bacterial populations compared to the spent distilled water control. The results indicated that sprouting process provides a favourable condition for the growth of L. monocytogenes and the sanitizer treatment alone may not be able to reduce food safety risks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Sprouts are high-risk foods. Consumption of raw sprouts is frequently associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Optimum sprouting procedure involves soaking seeds in water followed by daily water rinsing to maintain a moist environment that is also favourable for the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms. The present study emphasized the potential food safety risks during sprouting and the effect of applying daily sanitizer rinsing in the place of water rinsing to reduce those risks. The finding of this study may be useful in the development of pre-harvest and post-harvest risk management strategies.
Sex and fiber type independently influence AMPK, TBC1D1, and TBC1D4 at rest and during recovery from high-intensity exercise in humans

This investigation is the first to compare muscle fiber type (FT)-specific analysis of proteins between the sexes, providing comprehensive data on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA ca...
These aren’t the kids I signed up for: the lived experience of general education, early childhood preservice teachers in classrooms for children with special needs

Effective inclusive teaching practices continue to be an area of uncertainty for preservice and practicing teachers. This qualitative study examined the lived experiences of three, general educatio...
9 – Well Tubing

Publisher Summary Most oil wells produce reservoir fluids through tubing strings. This is mainly because tubing strings provide good sealing performance and allow the use of gas expansion to lift oil. Gas wells produce gas through tubing strings to reduce liquid loading problems. Tubing strings are designed considering tension, collapse, and burst loads under various well operating conditions to prevent loss of tubing string integrity including mechanical failure and deformation due to excessive stresses and buckling. This chapter presents strength of American Petroleum Institute tubing that can be used for designing tubing strings for oil and gas wells. Tubing design should consider operating conditions in individual wells. Special care should be taken for tubing strings before a well undergoes a treatment or stimulation.
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors among privately insured cancer patients: Utilization pattern and out-of-pocket cost.

e19252Background: Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is a form of immunotherapy that “releases the brakes” on the immune cells to restore antitumor immunity and promote tumor cell death to treat ca...
Membrane thinning and lateral gating are consistent features of BamA across multiple species.

In Gram-negative bacteria, the folding and insertion of β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) to the outer membrane are mediated by the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. Two leading models of this process have been put forth: the hybrid barrel model, which claims that a lateral gate in BamA’s β-barrel can serve as a template for incoming OMPs, and the passive model, which claims that a thinned membrane near the lateral gate of BamA accelerates spontaneous OMP insertion. To examine the key elements of these two models, we have carried out 45.5 μs of equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of BamA with and without POTRA domains from Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Haemophilus ducreyi and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, together with BamA’s homolog, TamA from E. coli, in their native, species-specific outer membranes. In these equilibrium simulations, we consistently observe membrane thinning near the lateral gate for all proteins. We also see occasional spontaneous lateral gate opening and sliding of the β-strands at the gate interface for N. gonorrhoeae, indicating that the gate is dynamic. An additional 14 μs of free-energy calculations shows that the energy necessary to open the lateral gate in BamA/TamA varies by species, but is always lower than the Omp85 homolog, FhaC. Our combined results suggest OMP insertion utilizes aspects of both the hybrid barrel and passive models.
Undergraduate student perceptions of industry guest speakers in the fashion classroom

Research on the practice of inviting industry practitioners to speak in the classroom is frequently anecdotal. Moreover, there is no academic research that specifically considers the impact of a fashion professional speaking during one session of a college apparel course. The purpose of this study was to explore undergraduate student views on the value of guest speakers in the fashion classroom. Students surveyed typically saw the inclusion of industry guests as useful, especially when a speaker's personal experiences and career choices could be applied to a student's own desired future career. Survey participants also described characteristics of the ideal speaker and presentation. Beyond hearing from a knowledgeable professional currently working in the industry, students hoped for a very personalized experience. They wanted individualized career advice and time to ask questions of the speaker. Students also appreciated speakers who were well-organized, persuasive, and included visuals, such as slides or sample garments.
Metabolomic analysis of diverse mice reveals hepatic arginase-1 as source of plasma arginase in Plasmodium chabaudi infection

Infections disrupt host metabolism, but the factors that dictate the nature and magnitude of metabolic change are incompletely characterized. To determine how host metabolism changes in relation to disease severity in murine malaria, we performed plasma metabolomics on eight Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mouse strains with diverse disease phenotypes. We identified plasma metabolic biomarkers for both the nature and severity of different malarial pathologies. A subset of metabolic changes, including plasma arginine depletion, match the plasma metabolomes of human malaria patients, suggesting new connections between pathology and metabolism in human malaria. In our malarial mice, liver damage, which releases hepatic arginase-1 (Arg1) into circulation, correlated with plasma arginine depletion. We confirmed that hepatic Arg1 was the primary source of increased plasma arginase activity in our model, which motivates further investigation of liver damage in human malaria patients. More broadly, our approach shows how leveraging phenotypic diversity can identify and validate relationships between metabolism and the pathophysiology of infectious disease. ImportanceMalaria is a severe and sometimes fatal infectious disease endemic to tropical and subtropical regions. Effective vaccines against malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites remain elusive, and malaria treatments often fail to prevent severe disease. Small molecules that target host metabolism have recently emerged as candidates for therapeutics in malaria and other diseases. However, our limited understanding of how metabolites affect pathophysiology limits our ability to develop new metabolite therapies. By providing a rich dataset of metabolite-pathology correlations, and by validating one of those correlations, our work is an important step toward harnessing metabolism to mitigate disease. Specifically, we showed that liver damage in P. chabaudi-infected mice releases hepatic arginase-1 into circulation, where it may deplete plasma arginine, a candidate malaria therapeutic that mitigates vascular stress. Our data suggest that liver damage may confound efforts to increase levels of arginine in human malaria patients.
Treatment With Exogenous Lung Surfactant

The presented literature review examines the structure of the endogenous pulmonary surfactant, as well as the use of exogenous surfactant (Curosurf®) in various pathological conditions of the respiratory system. The endogenous lung surfactant is a lipoprotein complex that is synthesized by type II alveolar cells. It supports the breathing process and is a major component of the lung's immune defenses. In clinical practice, about 80% of premature infants develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This condition requires intrabronchial administration of poractant alfa (Curosurf®), which results in reduced respiratory stress and increased survival. Apart from RDS, lung surfactants are also used in the treatment of asthma. Various mechanisms have been identified by which the surfactant is important for the pathophysiological course of the disease. Synthetic and natural surfactants that suppress the immune response can be used to treat asthma. For example, Alveofact®, Survanta® and Exosurf® lead to concentration-dependent suppression of lymphocyte function and proliferation, and Curosurf® also inhibits neutrophil activation. It also reduces the production of superoxide anions and the release of proinflammatory mediators from monocytes. Curosurf® is also relevant for Covid 19 associated pneumonia. It is believed that its intrabronchial administration will lead to improved blood oxygenation levels. Also, administration of surfactant would reduce pulmonary edema and improve the excessive inflammatory response found in autopsies of patients with COVID-19.
The Need for a New Metaphysics

Errol E. Harris (1908–2009) devoted his life to grappling with the big questions concerning the relationships between nature, mind, and knowledge. His 70-plus year career was distinguished, his texts on the history of philosophy, philosophy of science, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, and consciousness were widely published, and yet his metaphysics has until now been unrecognized within mainstream discussions. The aim of this chapter is to introduce and briefly situate Harris’s metaphysics within the history of philosophical ideas and motivate the arguments to follow. By way of introduction, Sect. 1.2 outlines the major historical developments in process philosophy and phenomenology that have given rise to Harris’s system. Section 1.3 introduces the scientific theories developed independently in recent decades, which both are supportive of Harris’s methods and may serve to unite traditions of process ontology and phenomenology moving forward. Section 1.4 distils the central arguments to be discussed in the chapters to follow.
Introduction: Politicizing the Everyday

Revealing the political nature of "everyday life" has been a central task of critical theory,2 and food production and consump tion have not escaped this theoretical lens.3 Now, the critique of the reification of and alienation from food production and its linkage to global questions of social welfare and ecology are gain ing a prominent position in both the public discourse and in politi cal action.4 The essays in this cluster examine political struggles that center around the interconnected relationship between food and another category of everyday life, namely socio-political space.5 These inquiries not only reveal the hidden politics in these everyday experiences, but also serve to unmask the way in which food consumption and production are inextricably linked to inter national and transnational questions of social justice. Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez's article, LA's Taco Truck War:
Model transport studies utilizing lecithin spherules : I. Critical evaluations of several physical models in the determination of the permeability coefficient for glucose

Abstract 1. 1. For the purpose of quantifying the transport of drugs across phospholipid membranes in complex aqueous liposome dispersions, solute release experiments were conducted with different initial boundary conditions so that sensitive tests of appropriate physical models could be made. 2. 2. Simple physical models which assume monosize or multisize single membrane controlled solute transport failed to provide a reasonable agreement between the experimental data and the theory. 3. 3. A systematic evaluation of all the parameters which could introduce uncertainties then revealed that the monosize-multiconcentric models are generally in satisfactory agreement with the experimental transport data. These findings suggest that these models may be used in the reliable determinations of effective bulk permeability coefficients. Calculations using the multisize-multiconcentric models and comparisons between the monosize and multisize-multiconcentric models showed that the assumption in which the particle size distribution is neglected is a good one.
Glucuronic acid conjugation by patients with familial nonhemolytic jaundice and their relatives.

Observations have been made on the capability of two patients with familial nonhemolytic jaundice and the relatives of these and other such patients to make glucuronic acid conjugates of several substances. Studies of the physiologic disposition of 4-C14-cortisol and of tetrahydrocortisone in one patient demonstrated a partial deficiency in the conjugation of the reduced steroids with glucuronic acid. One patient showed a like deficiency when treated with trichloroethanol. One parent of this patient showed a milder deficiency in conjugation of the same substance; the value for the other parent was below the range for controls. Tests using sodium salicylate were carried out with both patients, their parents, three shared grandparents, and four sibs, as well as with both parents of a third patient, and both parents and several sibs of three other patients. Again, the patients showed marked impairment in glucuronide conjugation, while all but one parent, two of the grandparents, and several of the sibs showed an impairment intermediate between that of the patients and the normal values given by the controls. Both patients and many of the relatives showed a better capability to make acyl glucuronide than the phenolic type. The gene responsible for this disease is recessive with respect to jaundice, but shows incomplete dominance with respect to glucuronide conjugation of the test substances.
Parenting and Early Intervention

Parenting is a powerful determinant of human development, and social-emotional development in early childhood cannot be understood fully without consideration for how a child is, and has been, parented. However, what constitutes optimal parenting to support social and emotional skill acquisition in children is a matter of considerable public debate. In this chapter, we use a dynamic skill perspective to highlight current knowledge on children's construction of progressively complex and interrelated skills in three domains—emotion regulation, emotion understanding, and attachment. Bearing in mind that children's capacity to form healthy attachments, to regulate emotions, and to understand a wide range of emotional experiences is shaped in part by their developmental contexts, we explore the role of parents in developing these fundamental skills. In addition, we consider the influence of early childhood interventions on social-emotional development in young children. The chapter concludes with implications of scientific knowledge for policy and practice aimed at promoting children's socioemotional wellbeing.
Control of expression and cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various factors responsible for both the activation and the down-regulation of HIV-1 expression and the mechanism of action of these factors. In addition, factors responsible for target cell tropism are also discussed, as these can influence virus expression. Infection of cells by HIV-1 in vivo is facilitated by the presence of the CD4 molecule on the surface of the target cell. The predominant cell types infected by the virus in vivo are the CD4-positive T lymphocyte and the CD4-positive macrophage. These two cell types are both integral members of the human immune system; however, they exhibit vastly different functions and have different mechanisms of activation of these functions. Therefore, factors affecting the cellular control of HIV-1 expression in these cells differ and are discussed separately. HIV-1 is able to encode four virion core proteins, a protease, reverse transcriptase, integrase, two envelope proteins, two trans-activators, and at least four other proteins. HIV-1 is faced with the complex problem of expressing all of these proteins from a single precursor RNA. The virus must control the expression of each of these RNAs both temporally and quantitatively to ensure the appropriate levels of each protein in a variety of infected cell types. This has been accomplished through a complex pattern of RNA splicing and overlapping translational reading frames involving cis-acting regulatory elements as well as trans-acting viral proteins and response elements. The chapter deciphers and discusses several facets of this regulation. Factors affecting HIV target cell tropism are also discussed.
Migratory compression: coarse-grained data reordering to improve compressibility

We propose Migratory Compression (MC), a coarse-grained data transformation, to improve the effectiveness of traditional compressors in modern storage systems. In MC, similar data chunks are re-located together, to improve compression factors. After decompression, migrated chunks return to their previous locations. We evaluate the compression effectiveness and overhead of MC, explore reorganization approaches on a variety of datasets, and present a prototype implementation of MC in a commercial deduplicating file system. We also compare MC to the more established technique of delta compression, which is significantly more complex to implement within file systems.We find that Migratory Compression improves compression effectiveness compared to traditional compressors, by 11% to 105%, with relatively low impact on run-time performance. Frequently, adding MC to a relatively fast compressor like gzip results in compression that is more effective in both space and runtime than slower alternatives. In archival migration, MC improves gzip compression by 44-157%. Most importantly, MC can be implemented in broadly used, modern file systems.
Reproductive Efficiency of Captive Chinese‐ and Indian‐Origin Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Females

Reproductive and survival records (n = 2,913) from 313 Chinese-origin and 365 Indian-derived rhesus macaques at the Tulane National Primate Research Center spanning 3 generations were studied. Least-squares analysis of variance procedures were used to compare reproductive and infant survival traits while proportional hazards regression procedures were used to study female age at death, number of infants born per female and time from last birth to death. Chinese females were older at first parturition than Indian-females because they were older when placed with males, but the two subspecies had similar first and lifetime post-partum birth intervals. Females that gave birth to stillborn infants had shorter first post-partum birth intervals than females giving birth to live infants. Post-partum birth intervals decreased in females from 3 to 12 years of age but then increased again with advancing age. Chinese infants had a greater survival rate than Indian infants at 30 d, 6 mo and 1yr of age. Five hundred and forty-three females (80.01 %) had uncensored, or true records for age at death, number of infants born per female, and time from the birth until death whereas 135 females (19.91 %) had censored records for these traits. Low and high uncensored observations for age at death were 3 and 26 years of age for Chinese and 3 and 23 years of age for Indian females. Uncensored number of infants born per female ranged from 1 to 15 for Chinese females and 1 to 18 for Indian females. Each of these traits was significantly influenced by the origin × generation interaction in the proportional hazards regression analyses, indicating that probabilities associated with age at death, number of infants born per female and time from last birth to death for Chinese and Indian females did not rank the same across generations.
Temporal variations in night-time hydroxyl rotational temperature.

Airborne and groundbased OH measurements showing short-term temporal variations in OH rotational temperature are presented. These variations are interpreted in terms of a dynamic model of the OH emitting layer in which the intensity variations result from the changes in temperature the OH layer undergoes as it moves during the night.
Sindbis virus-induced cytopathic effect in clones of Aedes albopictus (Singh) cells.

Clones of Aedes albopictus cells have been isolated which, in contrast to the uncloned parental cell populations from which they were derived, show extensive cytopathic effect (CPE) after infection with Sindbis virus (SV). One such clone, Aedes albopictus LT C-7, was also shown to manifest CPE upon infection with eastern equine encephalitis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Yields of Sindbis virus from clone LT C-7 and from clone AIS C-3, a CPE-resistant clone, were not singificantly different. Viral RNA synthesis however, was consistently greater in the LT C-7 cells than in the AIS C-3 cells. Furthermore, in the LT C-7 cells both virus-induced CPE and viral RNA synthesis were enhanced at 34° relative to 28°; in the AIS C-3 cells there was no CPE at 28 or 34° and viral RNA synthesis was not enhanced at the higher temperature. Viral infection led to a mild inhibition of host RNA synthesis in the AIS C-3 cells but to a marked inhibition in the LT C-7 cells.
Unpacking the Relationship Between Gender and Fear of Crime: Explaining Why There Are Similarities and Differences

Erskine (1974) and Clemente and Kleimen (1977) were among the first researchers who were interested in understanding the distribution and determinants of fear of crime. The Reactions to Crime project researchers (Baumer, 1978; Baumer & DuBow, 1977; Gordon & Riger, 1989; Skogan & Maxfield, 1981) investigated the impact of crime and fear on urban dwellers. Skogan and Maxfield explored sources of fear of crime, and the relationship between fear and individual and neighborhood reactions to crime. Their work was among the first to address the paradoxical relationship between women’s and older person’s low victimization rate and heightened fear of crime.
Confluent lymphoreticular aggregates in the bronchi of children--'mural bronchitis'.

Abstract A study of a random series of 503 lungs from children of all ages and comprising a cross-section of almost all deaths in children in Sheffield shows that ‘mural bronchitis’ is not seen at birth but increases progessively with post-natal age. These lesions bear no relationship to unexpected death in infancy. They are probably a normal component of children's lungs, and an indication of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue. There is a positive correlation between the presence of prominent lesions and long-standing history of respiratory symptoms.
Impact spallation experiments: Fracture patterns and spall velocities

Spall velocities were measured for nine experimental impacts into San Marcos gabbro targets. Impact velocities ranged from 1 to 6.5 km/sec. Projectiles were iron, aluminum, lead, and basalt of varying sizes. The projectile masses ranged from a 4-g lead bullet to a 0.04-g aluminum sphere. The velocities of fragments were measured from high-speed films taken of the events. The maximum spall velocity observed was 30 m/sec, or 0.56 percent of the 5.4 km/sec impact velocity. The measured velocities were compared to the spall velocities predicted by the spallation model of Melosh (1984). The compatibility between the spallation model for large planetary impacts and the results of these small-scale experiments is considered in detail. The targets were also bisected to observe the pattern of internal fractures. The series of fractures was observed, whose location coincided with the boundary between rock subjected to the peak shock compression and a theoretical “near-surface zone” predicted by the spallation model. According to the model, between this boundary and the free surface, the target material is expected to have received reduced levels of compressive stress as compared to the more highly shocked region below.
Outcomes of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in mature adults: posterolateral non-instrument-assisted lumbar decompression and fusion.

Abstract Background Bone morphogenic protein products enable lumber spine fusion. Few outcome studies have been performed to evaluate function and pain relief after posterior lumber decompression for degenerative disease, and few studies have provided detailed results of posterior lumbar fusion in elderly patients. This retrospective analysis presents a comprehensive examination of spinal fusion, functional outcomes, and pain relief in a growing elderly population in which a BMP was used. Methods Fifty-five patients, 25 men and 30 women (moderately disabled to bedridden), with both mean and median ages of 68 years, underwent surgery for symptoms of lumbar degenerative disease between August 2003 and June 2004. Surgery involved multilevel lumbar total laminectomies with medial facetectomies and posterior lateral fusion, which was performed using INFUSE Bone Graft (Medtronic Sofamor Dane K. Inc, Minneapolis, MN) with recombinant human BMP-2 as the active ingredient. Forty-seven patients (22 men and 25 women) were available for follow-up and participated in this study. Of these 47 patients, the average number of levels decompressed and fused was 2. Thirteen patients had 1 level, 18 patients with 2 levels, 15 patients with 3 levels, and 1 patient with 4 levels. An analysis of fusion was performed using computed tomography beginning at an average of 6 months (range, 3-36 months) postsurgery. At an average of 34 months (range, 29-36 months) of follow-up, 2 questionnaires––the Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the SF-12 Health Survey––were completed by the patient. Results Long-term follow-up indicates that more than 85% of patients exhibited high functioning ability and had improved index scores and pain relief. Patients with improved pain and function scores also had better than average health status. In addition, grading the patients' fusion rates with the Lenke fusion scale [ J Spinal Disord 5(4) (1992) 433-442] showed an 80% fusion (Lenke Grades A and B) rate. Conclusions The use of rhBMP-2 to augment fusion leads to satisfactory outcomes, specifically improved pain relief, function, and bone formation, in elderly patients without the use of instrumentation.
Multiple conductances are modulated by 5-HT receptor subtypes in rat subthalamic nucleus neurons

Firing patterns of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons influence normal and abnormal movements. The STN expresses multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes that may regulate neuronal excitability. We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to characterize 5-HT receptor-mediated effects on membrane currents in STN neurons in rat brain slices. In 80 STN neurons under voltage-clamp (-70 mV), 5-HT (30 microM) evoked inward currents in 64%, outward currents in 17%, and biphasic currents in 19%. 5-HT-induced outward current was caused by an increased K(+) conductance (1.4+/-0.2 nS) and was blocked by the 5-HT(1A) antagonist WAY 100135. The 5-HT-evoked inward current, which was blocked by antagonists at 5-HT(2C) and/or 5-HT(4) receptors, had two types of current-voltage (I-V) relations. Currents associated with the type 1 I-V relation showed negative slope conductance at potentials <-110 mV and were occluded by Ba(2+). In contrast, the type 2 I-V relation appeared linear and had positive slope conductance (0.64+/-0.11 nS). Type 2 inward currents were Ba(2+)-insensitive, and the reversal potential of -19 mV suggests a mixed cation conductance. In STN neurons in which 5-HT evoked inward currents, 5-HT potentiated burst firing induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). But in neurons in which 5-HT evoked outward current, 5-HT slowed NMDA-dependent burst firing. We conclude that 5-HT receptor subtypes can differentially regulate firing pattern by modulating multiple conductances in STN neurons.
Neurotrophic Factor Protection against Excitotoxic Neuronal Death

Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides capable of promoting neuronal survival in both the developing and the adult brain. In addition to the neurotrophins, NGF, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and NT-3 to -6, other neurotrophic factors include ciliary neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, members of the epidermal growth factor family, and other cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and interleukins-6 and -11. One condition under which these factors promote survival is the challenge of neurons with analogs of excitatory amino acid transmitters. Such analogs, including quinolinic acid, kainic acid, and ibotenic acid, are frequently employed as models of neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, cerebellar degenerations, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Excitotoxicity also plays a role in neu ronal death caused by focal ischemia, ...
Psychosocial and economic factors associated with infant feeding intentions of adolescent mothers

Abstract The infant feeding intentions of 64 primiparous, adolescent females, ages 14–18 years, were studied to assess factors which differentiated those who chose breastfeeding from those who did not. The study population consisted of 43 Hispanic, 9 black, 7 non-Hispanic white, and 5 Filipino or Southeast Asian subjects interviewed after delivery. Among the Hispanics, 31 primarily spoke Spanish, and 12 primarily spoke English. A total of 72% intended to breastfeed, and 22% planned to exclusively formula feed. Those teens who intended to breastfeed were significantly older, more often married, more likely to be Hispanic and Spanish speaking, and less likely to have been in school during the pregnancy. In addition, teens were more likely to choose breastfeeding if they had been breastfed themselves or exposed to other women who breastfed. These data suggest that the younger, non-Hispanic, single teen who is enrolled in school and lacking exposure to breastfeeding is the most in need of breastfeeding-promotion programs.
Small Molecule Inhibitors as Probes for Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Action

Because activated estrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptors stimulate cell proliferation in breast and prostate cancer, inhibiting their actions represents a major therapeutic goal. Most efforts to modulate ER and AR activity have focused on inhibiting the synthesis of estrogens or androgens or on the identification of small molecules that act by competing with agonist hormones for binding in the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor. An alternative approach is to implement screens for small molecule inhibitors that target other sites in the pathway of steroid receptor action. Many of these second-site inhibitors directly target ER or AR; others have still unknown sites of action. Small molecule inhibitors that target second sites represent new leads with clinical potential; they serve as novel modulators of receptor action; and they can reveal new and as yet unidentified interactions and pathways that modulate ER and AR action.
Experimental investigation of thermally induced interacting cracks in brittle solids

Abstract The results of an experimental investigation of thermally induced parallel edge cracks in a half-plane consisting of brittle material are reported. A free edge of a glass plate heated to a uniform temperature, was brought in contact with a liquid bath cooled by dry ice. The thermal contraction of the boundary layer produced interacting tension cracks. When no initial cracks existed, a large amount of potential energy was released in the formation of a few cracks which extended in a dynamic manner beyond the thermal layer. To prevent this type of cracking, initial cracks were formed before thermally inducing crack growth. This resulted in stable crack growth which qualitatively agreed well with the previously developed theory. The quantitative comparison was also reasonably good.
Literature review: Picture Archiving and Communication Systems.

Editor's Note: The referenees that appear below constitute the second half of the manuscript by Drs Sehmiedl and Rowberg published in the August, 1990 issue. The references eited in the first half appear in the list below. Many additional references also are given. Readers are invited to send additional eitations to me. They will be eompiled and published in the May, 1990 issue.