cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the response-reinforcer relation in delay-of-reinforcement effects.

The role of the response-reinforcer relation in maintaining operant behavior under conditions of delayed reinforcement was investigated by using a two-operandum (i.e., two-key) procedure with pigeons. Responding on one key was reinforced under a tandem variable-interval differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior (tandem VI DRO) schedule. The schedule defined a resetting unsignaled delay-of-reinforcement procedure in that a response was required when the interfood interval of the VI schedule lapsed, but further responding during the DRO component on either key reset the time interval. This ensured a fixed delay duration between any response and reinforcement. Responding on another key, physically identical to the first one except for spatial location, otherwise was without consequence. The location of the key correlated with the delay-of-reinforcement procedure varied between sessions according to a semirandom sequence. Differences in response rates between the two keys were greater, with proportionally higher rates on the key correlated with the delay-of-reinforcement procedure, the longer the delay-of-reinforcement procedure remained correlated with the same key. Differences in responding on the two keys also increased within individual sessions. These results suggest that the response-reinforcer relation is the primary determinant of responding when responding is acquired and maintained with delayed reinforcement.
The SLAM family of receptors: new players in platelet aggregation

Comment on Nanda et al, page [3028][1] Nanda and colleagues identify members of the SLAM family of homotypic receptors as important in platelet-platelet cohesion and downstream signaling events during platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation involves a complex series of steps that begins with
Regularized Intergovernmentalism: France–Germany and Beyond (1963–2009)

Regularized intergovernmentalism refers to a distinct kind of foreign policy practice that connects and intertwines foreign policy processes in particular ways. This paper puts forth a concept to properly capture and expose such distinctive foreign policy realities characterizing certain periods and places. With this concept, the article systematically scrutinizes the intergovernmental fabric of bilateral Franco–German relations from 1963 to 2009. The characteristic features of Franco–German regularized intergovernmentalism represent a crucial foreign policy connection, foundational for European affairs of the past half century and a defining feature of Europe’s post-war order and regional governance. Exploring key aspects of what it is that links France and Germany in particular ways, this paper offers a historically deeply grounded constitutive analysis. Based on its constitutive inquiries, the papers points at new possibilities of causal theorizing and explores some of regularized intergovernmentalism’s hypothesized effects and limitations. Franco–German intergovernmental affairs may be the most developed instance of this practice. But regularized bilateral intergovernmentalism is not a Franco–German idiosyncrasy. Rather, it is an important and apparently growing approach to structuring foreign policy conduct, and seems an increasingly prominent aspect of how the world is organized. Regularized intergovernmentalism refers to a distinct set of foreign policy practices that differ from others such as crisis diplomacy, various unilateral activities, strategic bargaining (bilateral or otherwise), or participation in multilateral international organizations. Regularized intergovernmental processes are patterns of public interaction and communication by individuals in public or official functions who act as representatives of their states or state entities. These practices connect and intertwine the foreign policy conduct between states in particular ways. They have their own distinct reality, implying characteristic effects as well as limitations. Such processes need not necessarily be harmonious or always constructive. They may be cooperative or strained, but they are regularized and recur over time. The pattern of Franco–German relations, instituted and decisively shaped by
Multi-agent cooperation, dynamic workflow and XML for e-commerce automation

E-Commerce is a distributed computing environment with dynamic relationships among a large number of autonomous service requesters, brokers and providers. Agents with predefined functions but without the ability to modify behavior dynamically may be too limited for mediating E-Commerce applications properly, since they cannot switch roles or adjust their behavior to participate in dynamically formed partnerships. We have developed a Java based dynamic agent infrastructure for E-Commerce automation, which supports dynamic behavior modification of agents, a significant difference from other agent platforms. Supported by dynamic agents, mechanisms have been developed for plugging in workflow and multi-agent cooperation, and for supporting dynamic workflow service provisioning that allows workflow services to be constructed on the fly. XML is chosen as our agent communication message format. Since different problem domains have different ontology, we allow agents to communicate with domain specific performatives and act using corresponding interpreters. Dynamic agents can carry, switch and exchange interpreters. Our approach enables document-driven agent cooperation and DTD based program generation, and further, allows agents to exchange and share ontology for multiple or even dynamic domains. In this way, the cooperation of dynamic agents supports plug-and-play commerce, mediating businesses that are built on one another’s services. A prototype has been developed at HP Labs.
H2S–CO2 reaction with hydrated Class H well cement: Acid-gas injection and CO2 Co-sequestration

Abstract Laboratory experiments were performed in order to determine the alteration in cement exposed to acid gas (H 2 S–CO 2 ) and pure CO 2 under simulated reservoir conditions. Cement samples were exposed for a period of 28 days at a temperature of 50 °C and a pressure of 15 MPa using pure CO 2 and H 2 S–CO 2 (21 mol% H 2 S) to simulate acid gas. The cement samples were partially submerged in aqueous solutions to include both saturated aqueous and supercritical CO 2 phases. The cement exposed to pure CO 2 was identical in alteration to those previously tested and described in that they exhibited the typical carbonation rims which result from the CO 2 /cement interaction. The H 2 S–CO 2 exposed cement exhibited a carbonated zone similar to the CO 2 -only samples and underwent an additional sequence of oxidation–reduction and sulfidation reactions. Ettringite was observed in the interior region of the cement, and pyrite in the carbonated rim of the cement exposed to H 2 S–CO 2 . The mineralogical changes and alteration front are believed to be controlled by local porewater pH buffering. Although the process of secondary ettringite formation subsequent to the hardening of cement can lead to strength loss and degradation, ettringite induced mechanical damage was not observed in the samples.
Effeects of hypophysectomy and beef growth hormone replacement therapy, over time and at various dosages, on body weight and total RNA-DNA levels in the black bullhead (Ictalurus melas)

Abstract Experiments were conducted on the bullhead ( Ictalurus melas ) at 24°: first, to define the effects of hypophysectomy and beef growth hormone (bGH) replacement therapy, over time , on body weight and the concentrations and ratios of RNA and DNA in skeletal muscle and liver; second, to evaluate tissue RNA concentrations and RNA-DNA ratios as biochemical indicators of growth; and third, to assess the effect of various bTH doses on the hypophysectomized bullhead. Hypophysectomy arrested growth in weight by the 12th day of a 26-day experiment. At the same time, the concentration of RNA and the RNA DNA ratio in muscle were reduced relative to the levels seen in sham-operated controls. In the latter, muscle RNA concentration, after an initial increase, remained constant throughout the experiment, whereas muscle RNA DNA rose progressively, due to a decline in the concentration of DNA. The livers of hypophysectomized bullheads had lower RNA and RNA DNA levels than the livers of controls by the fourth day after surgery. In animals that had been hypophysectomized for 2 weeks, bGH (at 40 mIU/fish, every second day) stimulated significant increases in body weight and hepatic RNA concentration within 4 days, after only two injections. Muscle RNA and RNA DNA levels were also elevated by bGH injection, but the effects were not statistically meaningful until the sixth day of treatment. After 8 days, linear relationships were demonstrated for percentage gain in body weight and muscle RNA concentration, each plotted against the logarithm of bGH dose (range tested, 5.7 to 320 mIU/fish, every second day). Collectively, the data indicate that GH has a controlling influence over nucleic acid metabolism in the bullhead; that hypophysectomy and GH replacement therapy can exert their effects rather quickly in fish; and that biochemical as well as morphometric responses can probably be used in assaying for teleost GHs.
Lessons Learned: Findings from MIT Initiatives in Educational Technology (2000-2005).

Since 1999, MIT has undertaken an extensive effort in creating and implementing educational technology. Broadly speaking, there have been two kinds of efforts: developing web-based services for higher education and creating educational technology applications for use in the classroom. This article reviews a group of projects that produced educational technology applications for use in the classroom or for classroom-based activities and were assessed by educational researchers in the Teaching and Learning Laboratory (TLL). From those in depth studies, as well as less extensive involvement with a half dozen more initiatives, we draw three major findings on the role and impact of educational technologies as they were developed and used at MIT over 6 years: (1) the most successful educational technologies meet a specific instructional need that has been unmet or poorly met by traditional media; (2) too much technology or technology that does not work well can be detrimental; and (3) there are important relationships between the technologies and the learning environments in which they operate.
Translating the Body: Towards an Erotics of Translation

By seeking the impossible goal of full understanding, the translator as a maximally engaged reader seeks the plenitude of another's words as a surrogate of the elusive Other. Translation as at once a physical, mental, and emotional attempt fully to understand another's utterances thus constitutes a process of complete engagement characterized by the desire for knowledge. Such desire can be deemed erotic inasmuch as it hopes to dissolve the customary separation of minds and attain oneness of understanding. A particular moment in the English translation of Umberto Eco's Il nome della rosa involving the translation of a description of an erotic body part introduces the erotics of translation more broadly. Evidence from the translation journals of Eco's translator William Weaver, as well as Eco's own remarks on translation, are brought to bear. Thereafter discussion moves into more theoretical material, including George Steiner's key observations on translational erotics, and finally addressing three further ...
Hairline reconstruction utilizing modified winged V-plastic hair-bearing flaps and focal anastomotic line excisions.

background A large, recurrent basal cell carcinoma involving the left forehead and suprajacent hair-bearing scalp was excised, following which an esthetically acceptable reconstruction of the scalp and hairline margin was accomplished. objective A method of utilizing two hair-bearing flaps to cover a large defect at the hair-bearing scalp margin will be photographically demonstrated, and the maneuvers to precisely reconstruct the scalp's anastomotic margin with the forehead will be shown and discussed. methods Dual hair-bearing “winged” V-plastic flaps were evolved anteriorly, the two flaps joined, an M-plasty (Webster) was then incorporated to spare hair-bearing scalp posteriorly, and the entire conjoined scalp flap then advanced anteriorly to the forehead. The precise curvatures of the anastomotic line were reestablished by exact excisions of forehead skin underlying the hair-bearing scalp flaps, or amputations of overlying hair-bearing scalp in excess of forehead needs. results An esthetically pleasing and reasonably exact reconstruction of the hair-bearing scalp and forehead anastomotic line urns accomplished. conclusion A precise reconstruction of the forehead/scalp margin can be accomplished utilizing a combination of techniques, including hair-bearing “winged” V-plastic flaps, an M-plasty, and the serial removal of segments of both glabrous and nonglabrous skin to reestablish the frontal hairline margin.
Resonant third-order nonlinearities of tetrakis(2,2 ' -dipyridyl)diruthenium complexes

Abstract Tetrakis(2,2 ′ -dipyridyl)diruthenium complexes that exhibit multiple metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) as well as intervalence transfer between the two metal centers when they posses different oxidation states are interesting nonlinear optical materials. We report in this paper our degenerate four wave mixing and nonlinear absorption studies of five binuclear ruthenium complexes with different π-delocalized bridging ligands and mixed-valence metal centers at 532 nm. The resonant molecular second-order hyperpolarizabilities of all complexes are of the order of 10 −31 –10 −29 esu in picosecond regime, which originate from both the ground state and the excited state electronic processes. The dynamics of the third-order nonlinear process is composed of a fast and a slow component, which is probably associated with the higher singlet excited state and other excited state population gratings. Nonlinear absorption is found to be the dominant contributor to the third-order nonlinearities of the complexes. However, nonlinear absorption of picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses exhibit different characteristics due to the relative contributions from singlet–singlet excited state and triplet–triplet excited state absorptions. The large resonant third-order nonlinearity, fast time response and strong saturable absorption of picosecond laser pulses suggest that these complexes might be good candidates for laser mode-locking applications.
Some new ideas in circuit breaker design

IN THE LIGHT of the present trends that are influencing the design, application, and operation of circuit breakers in electric power systems it seems reasonable to expect that the satisfactory circuit breaker of the future must have the ability to interrupt, in a few cycles and with minimum arcing, a circuit carrying a large load, and do this effectively without the use of oil. In the course of electrical engineering work at the University of Colorado, the authors developed 2 circuit breaker designs which show possibilities of incorporating the several desirable features requisite in a satisfactory circuit breaker. One design is an air-stream circuit breaker operating with compressed air, the other a vapor-blast circuit breaker operating with the use of ordinary water.
Surmounting an Impasse of FcRn Structure

FcRn, resembling a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule with a closed peptide cleft, is an intracellular molecule that binds endocytosed albumin and IgG by a pH-dependent mechanism, diverting them from degradative fates and moving them out of the cell. The turnover of both of these important plasma proteins is thus regulated, as discussed by Schmidt and colleagues in this issue of Structure.
Phonon anharmonicity of monoclinic zirconia and yttrium-stabilized zirconia

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements on monoclinic zirconia (ZrO_2) and 8 mol% yttrium-stabilized zirconia were performed at temperatures from 300 to 1373wK. Temperature-dependent phonon densities of states (DOS) are reported, as are Raman spectra obtained at elevated temperatures. First-principles lattice dynamics calculations with density functional theory gave total and partial phonon DOS curves and mode Gruneisen parameters. These mode Gruneisen parameters were used to predict the experimental temperature dependence of the phonon DOS with partial success. However, substantial anharmonicity was found at elevated temperatures, especially for phonon modes dominated by the motions of oxygen atoms. Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was somewhat more anharmonic and had a broader phonon spectrum at low temperatures, owing in part to defects in its structure. YSZ also has a larger vibrational entropy than monoclinic zirconia.
Bat Activity at Woodland/Farmland Interfaces in Central Delaware

Abstract Bats vary their activity with different features of habitat, resource availability, predation risk, and other factors. Agricultural fields may provide an abundance of insect prey, but are also risky habitats due to their exposure. How bats use mixed landscapes is important information for biologists, as increasing development affects the amount of suitable habitat and impacts bat populations in the region. Using acoustic recording, we monitored relative bat activity in open areas and edges of the woodland/farmland interface of agricultural fields in Kent County, DE. We examined bat activity among different sites, in openings versus edges, among crop types, relative to nearby forest fragment size and shape, and under different weather conditions. Bat activity was significantly higher along edges than in the open in the agricultural fields for passes/night, but we found no differences among crop types or sites and no interaction effects. We also found no effect of size or amount of edge of a fragme...
Some grand challenges in environmental chemistry.

OVERVIEW Environmental chemistry is a very broad topic (Jardim, 1998; Ventura et al., 2009; Kubicki and Mueller, 2010; Steinbach and Hoffmann, 2010; Subramaniam, 2010; Caumul, 2011; Gao et al., 2011; Humphris, 2011; Wirth et al., 2011). This subject spans aspects of all states of matter and various phenomena including pollution, (Ashmore and Nathanail, 2008; Busca, 2009; Carls and Meador, 2009; Feldmann et al., 2009; Steinbach and Hoffmann, 2010; Gao et al., 2011; Humphris, 2011; Wirth et al., 2011) the generation of new materials, health, medicine, and energy. With ever increasing population constraints on resources demand interest in sustainable technologies and these must be green in nature. In terms of energy, there are environmental chemistry concerns regarding solar, geothermal, nuclear, fossil fuel, and other forms of energy. In the area of materials, nano-size systems are currently of tremendous interest and such systems pose environmental and health threats that are just beginning to be formulated (Ashmore and Nathanail, 2008; Gao et al., 2011; Humphris, 2011; Wirth et al., 2011). Feedstocks of all types are subject to contamination from a variety of sources. Analyzing such feedstocks and determining exact concentrations can be a challenge. Computational modeling studies are often useful in understanding such complex systems (Ventura et al., 2009; Kubicki and Mueller, 2010). Continual new regulations and protocols based on new data influence our world every day. The characterization of materials is an area that continues to improve. The chemical and physical properties of systems and their environmental effects are often challenging especially with real world samples that are not pristine and may have a multitude of components. These days composite materials or multi-component systems are being developed to solve complex problems. The synergetic effects of such composites are often not well known and the potential environmental problems associated with such composites are also not well known (He et al., 2008; Carls and Meador, 2009). The development of novel methods of analysis to study such complex systems and concomitant environmental chemistry problems is a major area of research. In situ monitoring and miniaturization of such instrumentation are some of the goals of this area. There is a continual need for basic studies of air, water, soil, and artificial/manmade materials. How all of these systems interact with various life forms is of considerable interest. Interactions of bacteria, viruses, and cells in these different environments continue to be developed. The political, legal, and social aspects of results of these studies are constantly being explored.
The Conserved Proteins CHE-12 and DYF-11 Are Required for Sensory Cilium Function in Caenorhabditis elegans

Sensory neuron cilia are evolutionarily conserved dendritic appendages that convert environmental stimuli into neuronal activity. Although several cilia components are known, the functions of many remain uncharacterized. Furthermore, the basis of morphological and functional differences between cilia remains largely unexplored. To understand the molecular basis of cilia morphogenesis and function, we studied the Caenorhabditis elegans mutants che-12 and dyf-11. These mutants fail to concentrate lipophilic dyes from their surroundings in sensory neurons and are chemotaxis defective. In che-12 mutants, sensory neuron cilia lack distal segments, while in dyf-11 animals, medial and distal segments are absent. CHE-12 and DYF-11 are conserved ciliary proteins that function cell-autonomously and are continuously required for maintenance of cilium morphology and function. CHE-12, composed primarily of HEAT repeats, may not be part of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex and is not required for the localization of some IFT components. DYF-11 undergoes IFT-like movement and may function at an early stage of IFT-B particle assembly. Intriguingly, while DYF-11 is expressed in all C. elegans ciliated neurons, CHE-12 expression is restricted to some amphid sensory neurons, suggesting a specific role in these neurons. Our results provide insight into general and neuron-specific aspects of cilium development and function.
Products, genetic linkage and limb patterning activity of a murine hedgehog gene

The hedgehog (hh) segmentation gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a secreted signaling protein that functions in the patterning of larval and adult structures. Using low stringency hybridization and degenerate PCR primers, we have isolated complete or partial hh-like sequences from a range of invertebrate species including other insects, leech and sea urchin. We have also isolated three mouse and two human DNA fragments encoding distinct hh-like sequences. Our studies have focused upon Hhg-1, a mouse gene encoding a protein with 46% amino acid identity to hh. The Hhg-1 gene, which corresponds to the previously described vhh-1 or sonic class, is expressed in the notochord, ventral neural tube, lung bud, hindgut and posterior margin of the limb bud in developing mouse embryos. By segregation analysis the Hhg-1 gene has been localized to a region in proximal chromosome 5, where two mutations affecting mouse limb development previously have been mapped. In Drosophila embryos, ubiquitous expression of the Hhg-1 gene yields effects upon gene expression and cuticle pattern similar to those observed for the Drosophila hh gene. We also find that cultured quail cells transfected with a Hhg-1 expression construct can induce digit duplications when grafted to anterior or mid-distal but not posterior borders within the developing chick limb; more proximal limb element duplications are induced exclusively by mid-distal grafts. Both in transgenic Drosophila embryos and in transfected quail cells, the Hhg-1 protein product is cleaved to yield two stable fragments from a single larger precursor. The significance of Hhg-1 genetic linkage, patterning activity and proteolytic processing in Drosophila and chick embryos is discussed.
Silicon electro-optic 4×4 non-blocking switch array for on-chip photonic networks

Silicon 4x4 switch array based on carrier-injection for switching of multiple 40Gbps WDM channels is reported. Operation in all 9 unique switch states and 12 possible I/O routings is verified with crosstalk less than 10dB.
The role of exercise stress testing in pediatric patients with heart disease

Abstract Exercise testing is a valuable tool in the management of pediatric patients with heart disease. It can be used to help determine the need for medical or surgical interventions and can be used to determine the efficacy of these interventions. Common settings in which exercise testing may be helpful include evaluation of exercise tolerance in repaired or unrepaired congenital heart disease, assessment of heart failure symptoms, diagnosis and management of dysrhythmias, determination of cardiac, as opposed to respiratory causes of chest pain and prescription of exercise rehabilitation programs. This manuscript will review the indications, techniques, and uses of exercise stress testing in the pediatric population with an emphasis on the development of the exercise physiology lab as a source of high-quality data that can be used to improve patient outcomes.
Modeling Online Browsing and Path Analysis Using Clickstream Data

Clickstream data provide information about the sequence of pages or the path viewed by users as they navigate a website. We show how path information can be categorized and modeled using a dynamic multinomial probit model of Web browsing. We estimate this model using data from a major online bookseller. Our results show that the memory component of the model is crucial in accurately predicting a path. In comparison, traditional multinomial probit and first-order Markov models predict paths poorly. These results suggest that paths may reflect a user's goals, which could be helpful in predicting future movements at a website. One potential application of our model is to predict purchase conversion. We find that after only six viewings purchasers can be predicted with more than 40% accuracy, which is much better than the benchmark 7% purchase conversion prediction rate made without path information. This technique could be used to personalize Web designs and product offerings based upon a user's path.
Planning by rewriting: efficiently generating high-quality plans

Domain-independent planning is a hard combinatorial problem. Taking into account plan quality makes the task even more difficult. We introduce a new paradigm for efficient high-quality planning that exploits plan rewriting rules and efficient local search techniques to transform an easy-to-generate, but possibly sub-optimal, initial plan into a low-cost plan. In addition to addressing the issues of efficiency and quality, this framework yields a new anytime planning algorithm. We have implemented this planner and applied it to several existing domains. The results show that this approach provides significant savings in planning effort while generating high-quality plans.
Holistic health stress management program. Nursing student and client health outcomes.

This descriptive study examines the application of stress management techniques by nursing students to their clients (i.e., patients, family members, friends) within a model holistic stress management nursing course. Out of 90 students, 88 completed a Client Teaching Relaxation Questionnaire during the course. Responses indicated a decrease in clients' perceived levels of discomfort following a stress reduction intervention (paired t = 18.7, df = 84, p < .0001). The students further reported that stress management skills were applicable to clients with a wide range of diagnoses in hospitals, homes, and other community settings. Imagery (52%) was documented as the predominant strategy taught to clients. Study results suggest that with teaching time allowed for self-mastery during the course, students can successfully apply these simple to complex stress management skills to many different clients, enhancing the caring aspect for both client and student. The course presented in this study provided students with essential foundational skills necessary to deal with client stress.
Xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts of the D group lack an apurinic DNA endonuclease species with a low apparent Km

Abstract Apurinic DNA endonuclease activity from cultured human fibroblasts was resolved into two species by phosphocellulose chromatography. The species had sedimentation coefficients of 3.3 S and 2.8 S and apparent Km's for apurinic sites of 5 and 44 nM, respectively. The low Km species was absent from extracts of cell lines XP5BE, XP6BE and XP7BE of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D.
Traumatic iliofemoral arterial injury: an association with high anterior acetabular fractures.

Abstract Two patients with documented anteroposterior compression injuries to the pelvis sustained concomitant injury to the iliofemoral artery and fracture of the acetabulum involving the high anterior column (the portion of the ilium forming the anterior component of the acetabulum). In a series of 800 major pelvic fractures similar arterial injuries have not occurred in association with other documented mechanisms. A high index of suspicion for iliofemoral artery injuries should be held by the clinician treating patients with acetabular fractures of the high anterior column sustained from anteroposterior compressive forces. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:198–201.)
A multistage algorithm for spotting new words in speech

In this paper, we present a fast, vocabulary independent, algorithm for spotting words in speech. The algorithm consists of a phone-ngram representation (indexing) stage and a coarse-to-detailed search stage for spotting a word/phone sequence in speech. The phone-ngram representation stage provides a phoneme-level representation of the speech that can be searched efficiently. We present a novel method for phoneme-recognition using a vocabulary prefix tree to guide the creation of the phone-ngram index. The coarse search, consisting of phone-ngram matching, identifies regions of speech as putative word hits. The detailed acoustic match is then conducted only at the putative hits identified in the coarse match. This gives us vocabulary independence and the desired accuracy and speed in wordspotting. Current lattice-based phoneme-matching algorithms are similar to the coarse-match step of our algorithm. We show that our combined algorithm gives a factor of two improvement over the coarse match. The algorithm has wide-ranging use in distributed and pervasive speech recognition applications such as audio-indexing, spoken message retrieval and video-browsing.
Assembly of Prototype Foamy Virus Strand Transfer Complexes on Product DNA Bypassing Catalysis of Integration.

Integrase is the key enzyme that mediates integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA which is essential for viral replication. Inhibitors of HIV-1 that target integrase recognize the nucleoprotein complexes formed by integrase and viral DNA substrate (intasomes) rather than the free enzyme. Atomic resolution structures of HIV-1 intasomes are therefore required to understand the mechanisms of inhibition and drug resistance. To date, prototype foamy virus (PFV) is the only retrovirus for which such structures have been determined. We show that PFV strand transfer complexes (STC) can be assembled on product DNA without going through the normal forward reaction pathway. The finding that a retroviral STC can be assembled in this way may provide a powerful tool to alleviate the obstacles that impede structural studies of nucleoprotein intermediates in HIV-1 DNA integration.
Utility planning perspectives: a review

Today's mixed market (simultaneously regulated and competitive) for electric services has resulted in a proliferation of planning paradigms and optimization criteria, all of which attempt to provide the best planning approach. The author describes these planning approaches, the market environments to which they best apply, and the degree to which they apply to the current electric utility marketplace. He concludes that the newer approaches more directly address the real issues of today's electric marketplace, but still need to develop a commensurate level of accuracy and acceptance in the methods and data upon which they rely. Nevertheless, the key to utility planning lies in solving the right problem (the appropriate business environment), not in applying ready solutions to any problem that comes along. >
The symphony: Organizational discourse and the symbolic tensions between artistic and business ideologies

Abstract This study represents an ethnographic account of the organizational discourse that constituted, at least in part, the cultural world of a regional symphony. Within the Symphony, organizational members embraced a particular ideology that was grounded in the symbolic expression of either an artistic code or a business code, each code competing with one another for organizational prominence. The enactment of these codes revealed the fractured nature of Symphony life where musicians and their expressions of the artistic code were pitted against management and the board of directors who primarily advanced a corporate vision of decision making. Based on the routine speech of organizational members, it was argued that a business orientation prevailed much of the time and, consequently, served to diminish artistic concerns about how the Symphony should function.
The changing Chinese interpersonal world: Popular themes in interpersonal communication books in modern Taiwan

This study investigates changing patterns of interpersonal relationship and communication in contemporary Taiwanese society through analysis of popular books on interpersonal skills, translated from American and Japanese sources. Thematic analysis of selected popular books from nineteen series reveal three themes: (1) Taiwan's modernization poses challenges to interpersonal relating; (2) modern people need to promote and protect themselves; and (3) interpersonal skills can be learned through short‐term training. These books underscore an emphasis on self and attempts to equalize various relationships, as revealed in the modern cultural constructs of “self,” “relationship,” and “communication.” Implications of the transformation of patterns of relationship to Chinese cultural life and its future directions are discussed.
Dominant Party Regimes and the Commitment Problem: The Case of United Russia

This article analyzes the formation of a stable dominant party in an authoritarian regime as a commitment problem between two sides: the ruler and other elites. After defining a dominant party regi...
Amphinemura palmeni is a valid Holarctic stonefly species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae)

The taxonomic status of Amphinemura palmeni, a rare stonefly from northern Fennoscandia, was re-evaluated in a morphological study combined with analyses of mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S sequences. Taxon sampling included A. standfussi, with which A. palmeni has been confused, the Nearctic A. linda and seven other Amphinemura species. Amphinemura palmeni is confirmed as a valid species, and A. norvegica and A. linda identified as junior synonyms. The species is illustrated with line drawings, photographs and SEM micrographs. Its COI haplotype diversity is compared with the intraspecific diversity in other stonefly species.
Symptom Monitoring With Patient-Reported Outcomes During Routine Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose There is growing interest to enhance symptom monitoring during routine cancer care using patientreported outcomes, but evidence of impact on clinical outcomes is limited. Methods We randomly assigned patients receiving routine outpatient chemotherapy for advanced solid tumors at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to report 12 common symptoms via tablet computers or to receive usual care consisting of symptom monitoring at the discretion of clinicians. Those with home computers received weekly e-mail prompts to report between visits. Treating physicians received symptom printouts at visits, and nurses received e-mail alerts when participants reported severe or worsening symptoms. The primary outcome was change in health-related quality of life (HRQL) at 6 months compared with baseline, measured by the EuroQol EQ-5D Index. Secondary endpoints included emergency room (ER) visits, hospitalizations, and survival. Results Among 766 patients allocated, HRQL improved among more participants in the intervention group than usual care (34% v 18%) and worsened among fewer (38% v 53%; P , .001). Overall, mean HRQL declined by less in the intervention group than usual care (1.4- v 7.1-point drop; P , .001). Patients receiving intervention were less frequently admitted to the ER (34% v 41%; P = .02) or hospitalized (45% v 49%; P = .08) and remained on chemotherapy longer (mean, 8.2 v 6.3 months; P = .002). Although 75% of the intervention group was alive at 1 year, 69% with usual care survived the year (P = .05), with differences also seen in quality-adjusted survival (mean of 8.7 v. 8.0 months; P = .004). Benefits were greater for participants lacking prior computer experience. Most patients receiving intervention (63%) reported severe symptoms during the study. Nurses frequently initiated clinical actions in response to e-mail alerts. Conclusion Clinical benefits were associated with symptom self-reporting during cancer care. J Clin Oncol 34:557-565. © 2015 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Where to Put It? The Direction of Time Between Axioms and Supplementary Conditions

This paper discusses the problem of implementing the unidirectionality of time into physical theory. I understand a physical theory as an axiom system instantiating some basic laws or equations that contains various models or solutions, among which the physical models form a subset. The theory expressed on these three levels must be supplemented with a set of application rules. There are, I argue, four possible ways to implement time into a theory thus conceived. They are distinguished by the systematic status of the specifically temporal concepts, that is, whether they are part of the laws, the models, or the application rules. (1) One may consider the direction of time so fundamental as to require its being expressed in the basic axioms or basic laws of nature. Given the fact that our present basic theories are time-reversal invariant, we have to search for new or modified basic laws. (2) According to reductionist explanations, the manifest arrow of time arises from a more fundamental theory, in which time does not play a role at all. (3) The direction of time is expressed in lower level laws or supplementary conditions that single out those models that correspond to the macroscopically observable direction of time. (4) The unidirectionality of time expresses some peculiar non-lawlike fact about initial conditions, perhaps of our whole Universe or the space-time region we inhabit. I will illustrate these four classes at two historical confrontations that concern Boltzmann’s legacy statistical mechanics and causality-violating solutions of the general theory of relativity.
Correlated rattling-ion origins of dielectric properties in reentrant dipole glasses BaTiO3-BiScO3

The local structure of the pseudo-cubic solid solution 0.6BaTiO3-0.4BiScO3, which exhibits reentrant dipole-glass behavior, has been determined using the Reverse Monte Carlo method to simultaneously fit (1) neutron and X-ray total scattering data (including the corresponding real-space pair-distribution functions), (2) Bi and Sc extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and (3) patterns of diffuse scattering in electron diffraction. These structural refinements revealed the multi-site probability density distributions for both Bi (14-sites) and Ti (8 sites), whereas Ba and Sc featured normal unimodal distributions. Bi atoms are displaced along both the 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 directions, while Ti atoms are shifted along 〈111〉. Correlated dynamic hopping of Bi and Ti over their corresponding split sites combined with chemical disorder is proposed as the origin of the strong frequency dispersion observed in dielectric measurements. The existence of split sites also explains the reentrant dipole-glass behavior reported for this system.
Psychophysiology of Mental Health

Psychophysiology is the study of the relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to mental processes and disorders. These biological signals may be generated by activity of organs in the body or by muscle activity. In addition, a wide variety of methods can detect neural activity generated within the brain. Brain recordings or imaging include measurement of electrical signals generated by neurons, changes in cerebral blood flow or alterations in brain metabolism. This article provides an overview of psychophysiological methods and how these can be used to understand healthy and disturbed psychological function, to assess mental or neurological illness, to investigate neurobiological mechanisms associated with mental disorders and to develop therapies for human illnesses.
Big Data and Audit Evidence

ABSTRACT: This editorial aims to create a dialogue regarding research to advance audit thinking in light of the new evolving data environment. A “Special Topic” issue is being planned for JETA in 2017.
Embryonic atrazine exposure alters zebrafish and human miRNAs associated with angiogenesis, cancer, and neurodevelopment.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded RNA that regulate post-transcriptional control of mRNA translation. Knowledge on the role of these critical regulators in toxicological responses in increasing, but is still limited. Atrazine is a herbicide used throughout the Midwestern US that is reported to frequently contaminate potable water supplies above the maximum contaminant level of 3 parts per billion. Atrazine is a suspected endocrine disrupting chemical and studies have begun to investigate the genetic mechanisms of toxicity; however, studies investigating epigenetic mechanisms are limited. In this study both zebrafish and human miRNAs were significantly altered in response to an embryonic atrazine exposure of 0.3, 3, or 30 ppb in zebrafish. Altered miRNAs are known to play a role in angiogenesis, cancer, or neuronal development, differentiation, and maturation. Targeted analysis of altered human miRNAs with genes previously identified to be altered by atrazine exposure revealed several targets linked to cell cycle and cell signaling. Further analysis of hsa-miRNA-126-3p, which had altered expression in all three atrazine treatments at 72 hpf, revealed alterations also occurred at 60 hpf in the 30 ppb treatment group. Results from this study indicate miRNA deregulation in zebrafish and human miRNAs following an embryonic atrazine exposure in zebrafish.
Mini supraorbital approach to inferior frontal lobe cavernous malformations: case series.

Background Anterior surgical approaches to the inferior frontal lobe require large craniotomies with long incisions and some risk of cosmetic defects and surgical morbidity. A mini supraorbital keyhole approach is an alternative to these larger craniotomies. Inferior frontal lobe cavernous malformations are an excellent target for this minimally invasive approach, and we present our experience with two patients. Methods Two patients with inferior frontal lobe cavernous malformations underwent elective resection of their cavernous malformations through a mini supraorbital craniotomy. The subfrontal exposure opened widely after draining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the carotid cistern to relax the brain. Hemosiderin staining helped identify the underlying cavernous malformations. Results Both lesions were completely resected. No intraoperative complications, CSF leaks, or neurological deficits were observed. Conclusion The mini supraorbital keyhole craniotomy with microsurgical technique and neuronavigation is an effective approach for treating cavernous malformations in the inferior frontal lobe. This minimally invasive approach reduces incision size, craniotomy size, and associated complications while enhancing cosmetic outcomes.
Bicarbonate reabsorption along renal tubules.

SummaryUsing the stop flow technic in NaHCO3 loaded dogs under osmotic diuresis we find that bicarbonate and chloride are reabsorbed avidly in a far distal area coincident with sodium. Compared to values in free tlowing osmotic diuretic urine, concentration of bicarbonate developed in proximal tubules during stop flow remains low at the same point where chloride is relatively elevated. Reabsorption of proximal HCO3 alone does not account for Cl elevation. Cl secretion into and removal of other anions from the proximal fluid is considered.
Arthrography of the ankle joint. Experience in one hundred seven studies.

Seventy-one patients with symptomatic ankles and seventeen with asymptomatic ankles had 107 arthrograms made using the technique described. On the basis of these studies the following conclusions seem warranted. Arthrography of the ankle is a simple, safe, and effective method of studying certain aspects of the normal and pathological anatomy of the ankle joint. In cases where are diagnosis appears obscure, the method has frequently proved of benefit in establishing the proper diagnosis. For the following uses arthrography is accurate and gives reproducible results: 1. To determine the site and extent of soft-tissue injury. It is particularly valuable in determining tears of the distal anterior tibiofibular ligaments. 2. To demonstrate the presence and location of collateral ligamentous tears when stress studies are difficult to perform. 3. To help ascertain if a lesion is old or recent. 4. To study the normal variation in anatomy and function of the ankle joint.
Fenestration of bone flap during interval autologous cranioplasty.

Background Symptomatic extra-axial fluid may complicate cranioplasty and require urgent evacuation. Fenestration (F) of the bone flap may encourage extra-axial fluid absorption; however, literature has not explored this technique. Methods Thirty-two consecutive patients who underwent interval autologous cranioplasty were divided into two groups: Fenestration, n = 24, and no fenestration (NF), n = 8. Fenestration involves placement of twist-drill holes 1-2 cm apart throughout the bone flap. Clinical data (age, sex, underlying pathology for cranioplasty, history of antiplatelet/anticoagulation [A/A], presence of drains, and length of Intensive Care Unit [ICU] stay) were collected. Postoperative volume and midline shift (MLS) were measured. Univariate analysis was performed for continuous variables; Fisher's exact test was performed for categorical variables. Results For postoperative volume, NF group exhibited 33.745 ± 48.701 cm(3); F group exhibited 20.832 ± 26.103 cm(3) (P = 0.351). For MLS, NF group exhibited 3.055 ± 0.472 mm; F group exhibited 0.75 ± 0.677 mm (P = 0.009). MLS for the NF group subset with drains was 1.235 ± 0.566 mm, (P = 0.587 when compared to F group). For ICU length of stay, NF group exhibited 1.958 ± 1.732 days; F group exhibited 2.290 ± 0.835 days (P = 0.720). In NF group, for patients with no A/A, no drain exhibited MLS 4.00 ± 0.677 mm while a drain exhibited 1.845 ± 0.605 mm (P = 0.025); with A/A, no drain exhibited 5.75 ± 1.353 mm while a drain exhibited 0.625 ± 0.957 (P = 0.005). Four NF patients required reoperation compared to zero F patients (P = 0.550). Conclusion Presumably, fenestrations augment surface area for extra-axial fluid absorption through the bone flap. Our results, regarding MLS and postoperative volume, provide support for this concept. Accordingly, bone flap fenestration has the potential to reduce extra-axial fluid accumulation.