cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Removal of technetium-99 from contaminated groundwater with sorbents and reductive materials

Abstract Pertechnetate oxyanion (TcO4−), which is highly soluble in water and readily mobile in the environment, can be immobilized through an ion exchange /adsorption process and chemical reduction followed by adsorption and/or precipitation. Previous studies have focused on the separation and removal of 99TcO4− from high-level waste streams; however, little information is available for 99TcO4− removal from only slightly contaminated groundwater. This paper describes treatment of 99TcO4−-contaminated groundwater with both batch and column flowthrough experiments. Synthetic resins and sponges, and zero-valence iron filings were used to evaluate their capacities and the rates of 99TcO4− removal. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was applied to evaluate the leachability of 99Tc adsorbed or co-precipitated on iron. Results suggest that both iron and synthetic resins remove 99TcO4− from groundwater and that at a high flow rate (with residence time of less than 1 min), 99TcO4− removal capacity is greater for iron filings than for the synthetic resins on a volume basis. Additionally, the rate of 99TcO4− sorption on the sponge is slow (approximately 3 days), and the capacity is relatively low. No appreciable amount of 99Tc can be leached out from the spent iron filings by the TCLP test. Overall, zero-valence iron filings provide fast reaction and high removal capacity for 99TcO4− in groundwater. The high removal efficiency, low cost, and the small waste production of zero-valence iron are attractive for remediation of 99TcO4−-contaminated groundwater.
THE EFFECT OF VOLUNTARY CORPORATE LIQUIDATION ON SHAREHOLDER WEALTH

This paper presents an analysis of the shareholder wealth effect of voluntary corporate liquidation, the extreme form of corporate divestiture classified as a “selloff.” For a sample of 37 firms that liquidated during the 1970–1982 period, the liquidation announcement is associated with statistically and economically significant stock price increases.
Environmentally friendly corrosion preventive compounds for ground support structures

The need to use environmentally friendly technologies throughout future space-related launch programs prompted a study aimed at replacing current petroleum and solvent-based corrosion preventive compounds (CPCs) with environmentally friendly alternatives. The work in this paper focused on the identification and evaluation of environmentally friendly CPCs for use in protecting flight hardware and ground support equipment from atmospheric corrosion. CPCs are used as temporary protective coatings and must survive in the aggressive coastal marine environment that exists throughout the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The different protection behaviors of fifteen different oily film CPCs, both common petroleum-based and newer environmentally friendly types, were evaluated on various steel and aluminum substrates. CPC and substrate systems were subjected to atmospheric testing at the Kennedy Space Center's Beachside Atmospheric Corrosion Test Site, as well as cyclic accelerated corrosion testing. Each CPC also underwent physical characterization and launch-related compatibility testing. The results for the fifteen CPC systems are presented in this paper.
Phosphinidene complexes of scandium: powerful PAr group-transfer vehicles to organic and inorganic substrates.

The first phosphinidene complexes of scandium are reported in this contribution. When complex (PNP)Sc(CH3)Br (1) is treated with 1 equiv of LiPH[Trip] (Trip = 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2), the dinuclear scandium phosphinidene complex [(PNP)Sc(μ2-P[Trip])]2 (2) is obtained. However, treating 1 with a bulkier primary phosphide produces the mononuclear scandium ate complex [(PNP)Sc(μ2-P[DMP])(μ2-Br)Li] (3) (DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3). The Li cation in 3 can be partially encapsulated with DME to furnish a phosphinidene salt derivative, (PNP)Sc(μ2-P[DMP])(μ2-Br)Li(DME)] (4). We also demonstrate that complex 3 can readily deliver the phosphinidene ligand to organic substrates such as OCPh2 and Cl2PMes* as well as inorganic fragments such as Cp2ZrCl2, Cp*2TiCl2, and Cp2TiCl2 in the presence of P(CH3)3. Complexes 2−4 have been fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction and DFT studies.
Type I collagen glomerulopathy: postnatal collagen deposition follows glomerular maturation

In chronic renal disease, the progressive accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins in the mesangium results in fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, and eventual renal failure. Mice deficient in pro α 2(I) collagen are not only a model of osteogenesis imperfecta but also accumulate fibrillar homotrimeric type I collagen in the mesangium. This accumulation spreads to the subendothelial space in the peripheral capillary loops. Picosirius red staining of kidney sections demonstrates that in comparison to wild-type mice, Col1a2-deficient homozygous and heterozygous mice exhibit abnormal glomerular collagen deposition in a gene dosage-dependent manner. The glomerulopathy initiates during the first postnatal week, appears progressive following the pattern of glomerular maturation and results in albuminuria in severely affected animals. In situ hybridization revealed no gross differences in steady-state pro α 1(I) and pro α 2(I) collagen mRNA levels among the three genotypes. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, however, using whole kidney sections showed a twofold increase in steady-state pro α 1(I) collagen mRNA in 1-month homozygous Col1a2-deficient animals compared with wild-type and heterozygous animals. We suggest that glomerular collagen deposition seen in the osteogenesis imperfecta model mice is, in part, owing to pretranslational mechanisms and may represent an over compensation of wound healing.
The potentially adaptive features of peculiar beliefs

This study explored how individuals perceive their peculiar beliefs and how various features of peculiar beliefs are associated with psychological distress. Seventy-five women, all of whom held at least one peculiar belief (e.g., ESP, aliens, miracles), were interviewed to assess various features of their peculiar beliefs. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory to assess psychological distress, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale to assess clarity of and attention to emotions. The results indicated that: (a) individuals typically considered their peculiar beliefs to be important, to have a positive impact on their lives, and to clarify their understanding of themselves and their world; (b) the latter two features of peculiar beliefs were associated with psychological distress; and (c) individual differences in emotional processing (i.e., clarity of and attention to emotions) moderated the relation between all three of these aspects of beliefs and psychological distress. These results are consistent with previous research examining the association between anomalous experiences and well being and suggest that certain aspects of peculiar beliefs are perceived as beneficial for some people in some contexts.
Effect of crossflow testing conditions, including feed pH and continuous feed filtration, on commercial reverse osmosis membrane performance

Crossflow filtration experiments were performed to characterize the water flux and NaCl rejection of three commercial polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (LE and XLE from DOW Water Solutions and AG from GE Water and Process Technologies). Thorough cleaning of the crossflow system, combined with following the manufacturer's recommended pretreatment and test conditions (i.e., feed pressure, flowrate, temperature, feed pH, and feed filtration) resulted in measured performance values consistent with manufacturer benchmarks. Correction for the effect of concentration polarization also proved important. The influence of feed pH and continuous feed filtration on water flux and salt rejection was characterized. While rejection was strongly affected by feed pH, water flux was essentially unaffected. Continuous filtration of the feed led to higher water flux and lower salt rejection than that observed in experiments with unfiltered feed, suggesting fouling of the membrane surfaces by unfiltered feed. The flux and rejection of these three membranes obeyed a general tradeoff relation: membranes that exhibited higher flux had lower rejection and vice versa.
Thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium—II Effect of volume, entropy, and enthalpy

Abstract General thermodynamic expressions are presented for the derivatives of the chemical reaction parameter with respect to temperature, volume, entropy and enthalpy under various conditions of restraint. Some of these derivatives are evaluated for simple equations of state. The results are used to derive expressions for the isochoric heat capacity, for the ratio of heat capacities, for the isentropic expansion coefficient and for the Joule-Thomson coefficient, all for a reacting system in chemical equilibrium.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Beta-blockers, and Mortality in Systolic Heart Failure

We read with interest the study by Johnson et al.[(1)][1]. We believe that one of the key findings of this study was the relatively low rates of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and beta-blocker (BB) use in heart failure (HF) patients discharged from
A demographic analysis of the origin of papers published in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Abstract Objective To ascertain temporal trends in the number and share of papers originating from work sites in the ten districts of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and to identify demographic predictors of variance among the districts. Methods The work sites of the first authors of papers published in Obstetrics & Gynecology were determined for selected years since 1985 and sorted by ACOG district. Three related journals (Fertility and Sterility, Gynecologic Oncology, and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology) were similarly analyzed for the year 2000. Demographic variables, including numbers of ACOG Fellows, residencies, subspecialty fellowships, and medical schools, were analyzed with multivariable regression for the most predictive variables for number of papers among ACOG districts. Results The number and share of papers published in Obstetrics & Gynecology written by authors working in ACOG districts have been declining steadily since 1985, in contrast to the number of papers arising from locations outside of ACOG districts. Analysis of demographic factors for number of papers from four specialty journals in the year 2000 revealed that the number of medical schools in the district (R2 = 0.79) was the most predictive (P Conclusion Efforts to identify and correct factors associated with a decline in the number of published papers should focus on conditions in medical schools.
Stark effect on confined impurities in semiconductor multi-quantum-well structures

Abstract We report the first observation of electric field effects on the electronic states of shallow impurities confined in semiconductor quantum wells. Low temperature, far infrared magnetospectroscopy of the ground state to first excited state transitions of hydrogenic donors in fields up to 9T has been carried out on a p-“i”-n diode with the “i” region consisting of 20 wide (500A) well-center-doped GaAs quantum wells separated by 200A Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As barriers. The transition energy decreases dramatically with increasing electric field strength; a shift of ∼ 28 cm −1 in an electric field of 2.3 × 10 4 V/cm is observed, corresponding to a tunability of 75% of the zero magnetic field transition energy. Results are in good agreement with a variational calculation.
Computer-assisted instruction versus traditional lecture for medical student teaching of dermatology morphology: A randomized control trial

Background The effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction is unproven. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of an online computerized dermatology module compared to traditional lecture–based teaching to medical students. Methods Medical students were randomized to two groups. Group 1 of 37 students had access to a computer-based dermatology tutorial. Group 2 of 36 students attended a lecture on skin morphology, identical to the tutorial, given by a dermatology faculty member. The main outcome was the total number of correct answers on a multiple-choice morphologic terminology final examination. The mean number of questions answered correctly was 16.14 and 14.89 for group 1 and group 2, respectively. Results Unpaired statistical t tests showed the difference in mean scores between the two groups to be 1.25 (95% confidence interval: −0.70 to 3.20, p value=.20). Limitations The study was small, with a small amount of material, and was brief in duration. Conclusions Within the limits of our study, computer-assisted instruction is at least as effective as traditional lecture teaching of dermatology morphology to medical students.
A modified orcinol test for the specific determination of RNA

The standard orcinol test for estimating RNA is modified and developed as a specific method for the determination of RNA in the presence of DNA and proteins. The main differences in the procedure of the modified test when compared to that of the standard test are preincubation of the samples with H2SO4 before addition of the orcinol reagent, decreased concentration of orcinol, no addition of FeCl3.6H2O, and quantitation of RNA at its maximum absorbance under these conditions at 500 nm where interferences from DNA and proteins were minimal.
Speech understanding in noise provided by a simulated cochlear implant processor based on matching pursuit

Speech reception is poor for cochlear implant recipients in listening environments with interfering noise. This study investigates the speech understanding provided in interfering noise by a coding strategy based on the sparse approximation algorithm matching pursuit (MP) and additionally proposes two modifications to the strategy. The levels of spectral information provided by the MP strategy and the modified MP strategy are compared to that of continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) and a strategy based on the ideal binary mask (IBM) using vocoded speech and the normalized covariance metric (NCM). We demonstrate objective intelligibility improvements in quiet, and total and partial objective intelligibility restoration in steady-state and fluctuating noise, respectively.
Implantation of the Freehand System during initial rehabilitation using minimally invasive techniques.

Study design: Series of four single subjects with and without intervention design. Objectives: To describe a minimally invasive surgical technique used to implant the Freehand System® during initial spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation and to report rehabilitation outcomes of four recently injured adolescents using the Freehand System®. Setting: Nonprofit children's hospital specializing in orthopedic and SCI care. Methods: Four subjects with C5 tetraplegia between 13 and 16 years of age and between 9 and 16 weeks following traumatic SCI underwent implantation of the Freehand System® using minimally invasive surgical techniques. Outcomes on muscle strength, pinch force, hand function, performance of activities of daily living and satisfaction with and without the Freehand System® were collected. Results: Each subject was successfully implanted with the Freehand System® without perioperative complications and employed the Freehand System® during therapy services and ad lib on the rehabilitation floor. At the last follow-up, every subject remained a motor candidate for the Freehand System®. With the Freehand System®, average lateral and palmar pinch force was 1.8 and 1.6 kg respectively; average pinch force without functional electrical stimulation (FES) was 0.29 kg. With the Freehand System®, three subjects improved their rate of performance on The Upper Extremity Capabilities Questionnaire. All subjects increased their level of independence on The Quadriplegia Index of Function. On the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) with the Freehand System®, average performance and satisfaction scores improved for every patient. Three of the four subjects continued to use the system at home. Conclusion: This case series demonstrates that the Freehand System® can vastly improve hand function and performance of rehabilitation activities within days after a minimally invasive implant procedure during initial SCI rehabilitation. Satisfaction with the Freehand System® beyond initial rehabilitation is evidenced by continued use at home. Sponsorship: Shriners Hospitals for Children.
Structure-HDS Reactivity Relationship of Dibenzothiophenes Based on Density Functional Theory

Perpendicular adsorption of alkyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes on a Mo10S18cluster was studied using density functional theory. The Mayer bond order between the sulfur atom of dibenzothiophene and the molybdenum atom of the Mo10S18cluster was calculated from the optimized adsorption complex. Depending on the position of the alkyl substitution in dibenzothiophene, the values of the Mayer bond order were classified into three groups, and compared with the experimental hydrodesulfurization (HDS) rate constants measured at 320 °C, 70 atm, and 1. 6 h-1over a NiMo/Al2O3catalyst using a light cycle oil.
Misplaced marketing “It hurts. Fix It.” The patients’ lament and unhealthy medical care marketing

Focuses on the dilemma for health care professionals of providing customer satisfaction without being significantly influenced by the advertising claims of pharmaceutical manufacturers and other commercial concerns. Notes that marketing could be a tool for encouraging patients to be more involved in their own health care, resulting in a possible doctor‐patient therapeutic alliance of joint decision making toward a goal of long‐term improved health. Also notes that there are limits to the benefits of seeing medicine as a business in the strictest sense of the word. Warns that, in health care, the customer does not always know best.
A dominant metastable decomposition of a non-isomerized ion by a higher-energy pathway

Abstract The metastable 3-pentanone ion loses ethane at least one hundred times more often than it loses ethyl, while the metastable 2-butanone ion loses methyl twenty times more often that it loses methane. Comparison of the heats of formation of the neutral products of these reactions indicates that one of the dominant metastable decompositions has a higher activation energy than the associated, much weaker process.
A comparison of P2P approaches in handling multiple video perspective streams by mobile devices to support a more inclusive learning environment

We propose a novel approach of capturing and distributing multiple video perspective streams from multiple camera-equipped wireless mobile devices such as smart phones or netbooks via a peer-to-peer network. We show this approach supports a more inclusive learning environment. We compare current peer-to-peer approaches to determine which approach best supports multiple video perspective streams. We show this approach is less expensive, more scalable, flexible and easier to deploy compared with the traditional solution that requires a traditional camera operator capturing a single high bandwidth video perspective stream. In addition, this approach supports additional perspective transformations such as audio captioning of the speaker and optical character recognition of overheads and whiteboards, which increases participation inclusiveness and indexing capability.
Editorial: Cultural models and HIV/AIDS: New anthropological views

(1999). Editorial: Cultural models and HIV/AIDS: New anthropological views. Anthropology & Medicine: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5-12.
Retailers' responses to consumerism

In the last decade, consumerism has become a significant force in the socio-political-economic environment of business. Retailing, especially, has been confronted by vocal consumers and consumer advocates, government, and mass media, collectively seeking greater consumer protection; education, representation, and a bet ter quality life. Retailers are no longer seriously considered the representatives of consumers, and their profit-seeking goals are regarded with misunderstanding and suspicion by many, and considered incompatible with consumer satisfaction. Yet, because of their position in distribution channels, retailers seem well qualified to be protectors of consumers, both as catalytic agents to resolve consumer-manufacturer differences, and as surrogate advocates, to use their purchasing power to influence suppliers. Many observers believe retailers have generally resisted the consumerism trend. This has been attr ibuted to their unwillingness to listen to what "outsiders" are prescribing, and especially holds for retail trade associations, which may block legislation prohibiting practices that are seldom followed by its members, anyway. It is characteristic that retailers initially oppose consumerism measures on the grounds of excessive cost, administrative complexity, and minimal consumer value. Then, when enacted, the proposals are much less negative for retailers than had been imagined, but also less beneficial for consumers than the advocates had supposed.
Cross‐shelf thermal variability in southern Lake Michigan during the stratified periods

[1] Results from a field experiment in southern Lake Michigan are used to quantify the cross-shelf nearshore variability in Great Lakes temperatures during the stratified season. The experiment was conducted along the Indiana coast of southern Lake Michigan, with temperature and velocity moorings arranged in a cross-shelf transect that extended to approximately 20 km from shore (40 m depth). The field site is noteworthy because of its location at the end of a major axis of an elliptical Great Lake, the relatively mild bathymetric slope, and local shoreline orientation that is perpendicular relative to the dominant summer winds. Measurements demonstrate that the location of the thermocline-bottom intersection is highly variable, causing a wide zone of extreme thermal variability in the nearshore region with time scales of variability ranging from hours to months. Near-inertial internal Poincare waves are shown to cause large thermocline excursions but primarily only during periods of elevated activity. Several full upwelling events were observed, but in general, they were brief, lasting only 1–2 days, and had very limited spatial extent (2.5 km or less). Nonetheless, the offshore extent of the upwelling front was shown to be reasonably estimated with a simple estimate of the cross-shelf transport caused by alongshore wind events. A persistent feature that determined the zone of elevated thermal variability (the thermocline-shelf intersection point) was the strongly tilted thermocline, which resulted in the thermocline being located very close to shore. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that internal Kelvin waves affect thermal variability at the study location.
Are We Assuming Too Much?: Exploring Students' Perceptions Of Their Computer Competence

The reported experience, comfort level, and perceived skill of 233 students in a medium-size midwestern university were measured to determine how best to approach the use of information technology within departmental curricula. Results show that students view their computer competence differently depending on whether they are using the technology for personal or course-related tasks. Additionally, while the expressed levels of experience and comfort are high for some forms of technology, exposure and confidence with more advanced applications are lacking. Such findings suggest that faculty members may make false assumptions about student preparedness and, in turn, may jeopardize student success. Differences by gender and race/ethnicity also were observed, suggesting that departments need to be aware of the varied experiences of their students.
Existence of moments and an asymptotic result based on a mixture of exponential distributions

Let {Ft: 0 <st < t0 </ ∞} be a family of distribution associated with positive random variables {Yt}. The limiting distribution of Ytt, as t → 0+, and the finiteness and form of E(Ytk), for any real k < 1, are obtained. The technique used to obtain these results is based on a mixture of exponential distributions, with Ft being the mixing distribution. Several illustrative examples are provided with an emphasis on distributions related to symmetric random walks and compound Poisson and extreme stable distributions.
Brief Cognitive and Behavioral Screening in Children With New-Onset Epilepsy: A Pilot Feasibility Trial

Abstract Background Minimal work has used psychometrically robust measures in a systematic fashion to identify and monitor children at risk for cognitive and behavioral comorbidities in current epilepsy care. We piloted a computerized cognitive battery and behavioral questionnaire for children with newly diagnosed epilepsy to determine clinical feasibility and acceptability to parents and patients. Methods We recruited medication-naive children (ages 8-17 years) with recent-onset seizures and typical developmental history from an outpatient child neurology clinic. Children completed the CNS Vital Signs computerized battery, whereas parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Post-test interviews with parents and patients were completed regarding the acceptability of the assessment procedures. Results Forty-four families were eligible, and 39 agreed to participate (89%). All assessments were completed in less than 45 minutes. Parents rated testing in clinic as convenient and important, expressing strong interest in the cognitive and behavioral impact of epilepsy and medication. Children also rated the testing procedure as acceptable and agreed that they would recommend it to peers. Conclusions Our brief battery was tolerated and well received by children and their parents. Computerized testing of children along with a parent questionnaire is a psychometrically viable approach that is acceptable to families. Our protocol is time efficient for clinical use with the potential to detect early cognitive and behavioral difficulties related to epilepsy. Ongoing longitudinal study will provide further information regarding the success of our screening methods in monitoring for disease- or treatment-related changes.
The future of HR is RH: Respect for humanity at work

Abstract Using Ecological Systems Theory, we propose a four-part approach to HRM: short vs. long-term relationships, life-course changes, multiple contexts and success criteria, and permeable and reciprocal influence. Infusing HRM with a psychological concern for human dignity results in respect for humanity at work, as well as advocacy for employees and their communities.
Characterization of 1800 Hamamatsu R7600-M4 PMTs for CMS HF Calorimeter upgrade

The Hadronic Forward calorimeters of the CMS experiment are Cherenkov calorimeters that use quartz fibers and 1728 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for readout. The CMS detector upgrade project requires the current Hamamatsu R7525 PMTs to be replaced with 4-anode, high quantum efficiency R7600-M4 PMTs. The new PMTs will improve the detector resolution, as well as the capability of removing fake events due to signal created in the glass window of the PMT. Here, we report the dark current, anode gain, transit time, transit time spread, pulse width, rise time, and linearity measurements performed on 1800 Hamamatsu R7600-200-M4 PMTs.
Effect of phenological development on radiophosphorus translocation from leaves in crested wheatgrass

The effect of phenological development on the pattern of photosynthate translocation was studied in crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] plants grown in a nursery under semi-natural environmental conditions at Logan, Utah. Radiophosphorus was used to trace the photosynthate translocation from April 13, 1968, through December 2, 1968.In early spring photosynthates were translocated about equally to the roots and younger leaves. Translocation was chiefly upward during the flower stage but was reversed with raturation of the inflorescence. In late summer the plants appeared quiescent but substantial 32P was transported to the underground portions of the plant. After quiescence was broken in the fall, shoot and root growth were resumed simultaneously with peak 32P movement to the crown and roots.The concentration of total available carbohydrates in the roots and crowns reached a maximum level just prior to quiescence and decreased during shoot production in the fall. Presumably, the carbohydrates were used in growth and the accumulation of carbohydrates for the winter is apparently not critical in crested wheatgrass. Since the plants have many basal leaves throughout the winter, they may have the capacity to carry out photosynthesis on warm, sunny winter days and are capable of immediately initiating growth in the spring.
Elucidating trends in revision reverse total shoulder arthroplasty procedures: a retrieval study evaluating clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes data.

Background The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between damage modes in explanted reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) components, patient and radiographic risk factors, and functional data to elucidate trends in RTSA failure. Methods Fifty RTSA systems, retrieved from 44 patients, with 50 polyethylene (PE) liners, 30 glenospheres, 21 glenoid baseplates, 13 modular humeral metaphases, and 17 humeral stems, were examined for damage modes, including abrasion, burnishing, dishing, embedding, scratching, and pitting. PE liners were also analyzed for delamination and edge deformation. Charts were reviewed for patient, surgical, and functional data. Pre-revision radiographs were analyzed for scapular notching and loosening. Results Average term of implantation was 20 months (range, 0-81 months). Metallic components exhibited abrasion, burnishing, dishing, pitting, and scratching. PE liners displayed all damage modes. Damage was exhibited on 93% of glenospheres and 100% of PE liners. Of 29 aseptic shoulders, 13 showed evidence of scapular notching and 5 of humeral loosening. There was a moderate correlation between radiographically observed implant failure or dissociation and PE embedding ( r = 0.496; P r = 0.496; P = .006), embedding ( r = 0.468; P = .010), and delamination ( r = 0.384; P = .040). Conclusions To date, this is the largest series of retrieved RTSA components and the first to relate damage modes to radiographic and clinical data. Most damage was observed on the PE liners, on both the articular surface and rim, and glenosphere components. Correlation of retrieval findings with radiographic and clinical data may help establish predictors of prostheses at risk for failure.
Properties of the mantle-like magnetotail boundary layer: GEOTAIL data compared with a mantle model

Near the tail boundary beyond about 100 R(sub e), GEOTAIL often encounters a plasma mantle-like boundary layer in which the plasma flowing tailward transitions smoothly from magnetosheath values of speed and density to much smaller values, more characteristic of the tail lobe. This boundary layer had earlier been recognized on the basis of International Sun Earth Explorer 3 (ISEE 3) measurements. GEOTAIL confirms the existence of this layer and extends the documentation on its behavior. Boundary oscillations sweep the boundary layer over the spacecraft enabling GEOTAIL to 'sound' the layer's profile of plasma parameters. The density-versus-speed correlogram of the mantle-like part -- a useful diagnostic for comparisons -- is reasonably well simulated by a 1-D, MHD slow-mode expansion fan model of the plasma mantle. Flow directions are consistent with an open plasma mantle on the northern, duskside flank of the tail, as expected for the standard magnetic merging model of mantle formation.
Hydrostatic pressure effects on the magnetic susceptibility of ruthenium oxide Sr3Ru2O7: evidence for pressure-enhanced antiferromagnetic instability

Abstract Hydrostatic pressure effects on the temperature- and magnetic field dependencies of the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization of the bi-layered perovskite Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 have been studied by SQUID magnetometer measurements under a hydrostatic helium-gas pressure. The anomalously enhanced low-temperature value of the paramagnetic susceptibility has been found to systematically decrease with increasing pressure. The effect is accompanied by an increase of the temperature T max of a pronounced peak of susceptibility. Thus, magnetization measurements under hydrostatic pressure reveal that the lattice contraction in the structure of Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 promotes antiferromagnetism and not ferromagnetism. The effects can be explained by the enhancement of the inter-bi-layer antiferromagnetic spin coupling, driven by the shortening of the superexchange path, and suppression, due to the band-broadening effect, of competing itinerant ferromagnetic correlations.
Characterization of logic circuit techniques and optimization for high-leakage CMOS technologies

Channel subthreshold and gate leakage currents are predicted by many to become much more significant in advanced CMOS technologies and are expected to have a substantial impact on logic circuit design strategies. To reduce static power, techniques such as the use of monotonic logic and management of various evaluation and idle modes within logic stages may become important options in circuit optimization. In this paper, we present a general, multilevel model for logic blocks consisting of logic gates that include a wide range of options for static power reduction, in both the domains of topology and timing. Existing circuit techniques are classified within this framework and experiments are presented showing how aspects of performance might vary across this range in a hypothetical technology. The framework also allows exploration of optimal mixing of techniques.
Big City Labor Markets and Immigrant Economic Performance

Franklin J. James spent much of his career working to understand and improve our metropolitan communities. His interests were varied, ranging from impacts of fiscal and economic distress on urban areas to understanding socioeconomic forces reviving our central cities. During the last several years, Professor James had turned his attention to examining the positive economic impacts immigrants and ethnic communities have for reinvigorating our central cities-and beginning to investigate how non-native American's will impact America's suburbs in metropolitan settings This preliminary exploration examines destination choices of immigrants, the characteristics of immigrant labor markets, and the determinants of immigrant earnings. The article begins to explore indirect evidence on the economic efficiency with which immigrants and native workers distribute themselves within and among labor markets as well as the assimilation process facing new immigrants. Evidence is presented to explain how the earnings of recent immigrants are affected by their human capital characteristics, their race, and ethnicity, and other factors. We reject the hypothesis that immigrants participate in a tertiary sector of urban labor markets and conclude that the determinants of immigrant earnings are similar enough to those of U.S. natives that it makes sense to assume that they work in the same primary labor market in which most native White Americans work. We find that urban labor markets for immigrants are surprisingly efficient, thus enabling immigrants to take advantage of economic opportunities. A major exception concerns what appears to be a powerful effect of discrimination on the economic progress of Black immigrants.
Determinants of club membership: An economic approach

The determinants of membership in private voluntary organizations have received intermittent attention in the sociological literature but have attracted little interest among economists. Sociologists have explored the socio-demographic correlates of membership, with some theoretical explanations cast in terms of role definitions and life cycle behavior [Knoke and Thompson, 1977; Cutler, 1976; Wright and Hyman, 1958]. Knoke and Thompson subdivide the types of clubs into six categories (work-related, recreational, fraternal-service, civic, youth, and other) and look for differences in the determinants of memberships by type of club. McPherson and Smith-Lovin [1987] look at status similarity and homogeneity as determining factors in the type of group selected. From an economic perspective, an individual would be expected to join a private voluntary organization as long as the value of the perceived benefits exceeded the opportunity costs. Measures of opportunity cost may include direct monetary outlay, e.g., membership dues, but the most significant cost is likely to be the opportunity cost of the member's time. The costs of participating in private clubs would tend to rise with one's own income; opportunity cost, therefore, should be higher for higher earning individuals. Benefits of membership in such groups are usually of a consumption nature, and will be higher, ceteris paribus, when the clubs complement other uses of non-market time (e.g., child-raising). An exception to consumption benefits would be work-related clubs, which may complement work rather than non-market (leisure and home produc-
Expression of Interleukin-10 in Human Gestational Tissues

To determine production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cultured decidual, chorion, and amnion cells and whether IL-10 is produced in gestational tissues under the setting of infection-associated preterm labor. Decidual, chorion, and amnion cells were isolated from term placentas and grown in primary culture. The cells were incubated with various concentrations of IL-1β and then culture supernatants were assayed for IL-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In subsequent studies, gestational membranes were isolated from a normal-term pregnancy and a preterm pregnancy complicated by chorioamnionitis. Tissues were evaluated for IL-10 expression by immunohistology and in situ hybridization. Human gestational tissues were collected from 38 women experiencing: 1) term cesarean delivery without labor; 2) normal-term vaginal delivery; 3) preterm cesarean delivery without labor; 4) preterm vaginal delivery without chorioamnionitis; and 5) preterm vaginal delivery with concomitant chorioamnionitis. Amnion, chorion, and decidua were isolated, total RNA from each tissue was extracted, and the presence of IL-10 mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Decidual cells in culture produced IL-10 in response to IL-1β, but chorion and amnion cells produced no IL-10 protein. In vivo protein expression by immunohistology showed that most protein was detected within decidua while cells within amnion and chorion rarely had detectable IL-10 protein. In vivo RT-PCR samples demonstrated the strongest IL-10 mRNA signal from decidua samples, although IL-10 mRNA was also noted in chorion and amnion of placentas obtained after preterm labor. Maternal decidual cells can potentially produce IL-10, but fetal membranes (amnion and chorion) appear to have limited capabilities to produce IL-10. The relative inability of fetal tissues to produce IL-10 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of infection-associated preterm labor.
Stereochemistry and Pseudosymmetries in Main Chain Polymeric Free Radicals

Main chain free radicals produced from 248 nm photolysis of poly(alkyl acrylate)s and poly(alkyl methacrylate)s have been unambiguously characterized for the first time by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy. Side chain cleavage via the Norrish I process dominates, leading to an oxo-acyl radical from the ester side chain and a main chain polymeric radical, the existence of which has been previously postulated but never confirmed by direct spectroscopic observation. There is a strong stereochemical influence on the methacrylate spectra, which manifests itself through changes in the TREPR spectra as a function of polymer tacticity and temperature. There is also a strong solvent dependence. Computer simulation provides unambiguous assignment of the signal carriers for the acrylate polymers at room temperature and above, and for PMMA main chain radicals at high temperature, where the fast motion limit for the β-methylene hyperfine coupling constants is achieved. The methacrylate...
A comprehensive program for preventing cyclohexane oxidation process piping failures

In 1971, the Cyclohexane Oxidation Unit at the Monsanto Plant at Pensacola, Florida, suffered a pipe rupture that resulted in the formation of a cyclohexane vapor cloud of major proportions and disastrous potential. Catastrophe was averted because there was no ignition of the cloud. The incident, plus past and present piping system remediation programs undertaken to prevent future occurrences as described in this article. The current program involves a comprehensive survey of critical piping systems utilizing flexibility analysis, acoustic emission testing, radiographic and ultrasonic inspection, HazOp safety studies, and distributed process controls to properly maintain and operate the critical piping systems.
A method for determining the effects of electromagnetic pulse on cardiac pacemakers

As part of a larger effort to investigate the effects of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP) simulators on medical electronics, a test method was developed to determine the effects of EMP on cardiac pacemakers (CPMs) without subjecting the CPMs to radiated EMP. The method uses experimental and computational techniques to determine the EMP stress applied to a CPM, and subsequently the strength (response) of a CPM under stress. These experimental results were compared to the results of an independent analytical study, and found to be in good agreement. Although the method developed was specific in its application, the method may be applied to electromagnetic interference studies of CPMs and other medical electronics in general.
Effect of dissolved organic carbon quality on microbial decomposition and nitrification rates in stream sediments

SUMMARY 1. Microbial decomposition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contributes to overall stream metabolism and can influence many processes in the nitrogen cycle, including nitrification. Little is known, however, about the relative decomposition rates of different DOC sources and their subsequent effect on nitrification. 2. In this study, labile fraction and overall microbial decomposition of DOC were measured for leaf leachates from 18 temperate forest tree species. Between 61 and 82% (mean, 75%) of the DOC was metabolized in 24 days. Significant differences among leachates were found for labile fraction rates (P < 0.0001) but not for overall rates (Pa 0.088). 3. Nitrification rates in stream sediments were determined after addition of 10 mg C L ‐1 of each leachate. Nitrification rates ranged from below detection to 0.49 l gNm L sediment ‐1 day ‐1 and were significantly correlated with two independent measures of leachate DOC quality, overall microbial decomposition rate (ra ‐0.594, Pa 0.0093) and specific ultraviolet absorbance (ra 0.469, Pa 0.0497). Both correlations suggest that nitrification rates were lower in the presence of higher quality carbon. 4. Nitrification rates in sediments also were measured after additions of four leachates and glucose at three carbon concentrations (10, 30, and 50 mg C L ‐1 ). For all carbon sources,
Risk Communication, Space, and Findability in the Public Sphere: A Case Study of a Physical and Online Information Center

This article uses theories of space and findability to analyze a public information center as an example of multi-modal risk communication. The Yucca Mountain Information Center is an informational space created by the Department of Energy to inform the public about the proposed nuclear waste repository planned for Yucca Mountain, Nevada. As a public space, the Center uses fact sheets, posters, and three-dimensional displays to make arguments about the storage of nuclear waste; we argue that the physical space, text, displays, and online space are all elements of risk communication. We offer a new way to read these elements of risk communication and suggest potential opportunities for public agency.
The biological function of Pavlovian conditioning: Learned inhibition of aggressive behavior in territorial fish

Abstract Following Pavlovian discrimination training, stimuli predicting the appearance of a territory intruder (an excitatory conditional stimulus, CS+) or the absence of that event (an inhibitory conditional stimulus, CS−) were presented to pairs of territorial male fish immediately before their first aggressive interaction. Pairmates that both received excitatory stimuli prior to the confrontation were significantly more aggressive than a control group which received the same training but which received neither a CS+ nor a CS− in the test. Pairmates in which both received a CS− were significantly less aggressive than the control group. In these three groups, no differences in aggression were observed between the individual members of a single pair. Two additional groups were composed of pairs whose members received different stimuli prior to the test. Although no differences were found between pairmates in the group in which one member received a pretest CS− while the other member received no stimulus presentation, large differences in aggressive behavior were obtained when one fish received a CS+ and its pairmate received a CS−. We discuss the behavioral ecology of terriorial behavior in fish and attempt to show the potential importance of these results in this naturalistic context. In addition, we discuss the implications of an ecological approach for causal analyses of inhibitory learning.
Conformational Switches: Controlling the Carbamate C-N Rotamer Equilibrium

The syn / anti rotamer ratio for tert -butyl N -(2-thiazyl)carbamate 3 was measured by solution-state NMR in the presence and absence of a donor-acceptor-donor hydrogen bonding template. The template is able to switch the conformation of carbamate 3 from >95% anti to >70% syn making it the most effective carbamate conformational switch yet reported. B3LYP calculations provide insight into the factors that produce this result.
EU police and judicial cooperation before the Treaty of Lisbon: strengthening of the weakest link?

Abstract Three key questions arise from the encroachment of the European Union (EU) on national prerogatives in the administration of justice: What factors contribute to the weakest link collective action problem attending police and judicial cooperation within the EU? What were the substantive and institutional goals of the EU in this policy domain? What accounts for the rising level of police and judicial cooperation despite the persistence of barriers to cooperation and incentives to defect? This article first establishes the fundamental incentives and obstacles to cooperation in matters of transnational security threats in post-Westphalian Europe. It then proceeds to explore the evolution of police and judicial cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs between 1999 and 2009, to assess national contributions to police and judicial cooperation, and to consider the potential impact that the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, Stockholm Programme and European Investigation Order. A final question is co...