cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case 15-2004

A 31-year-old man noted fluctuating, painless testicular enlargement over a period of two months. There was no evidence of feminization, and the levels of the β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein were normal. The discussants review the differential diagnosis of testicular enlargement in a young adult, the diagnostic testing needed to establish a diagnosis, and the treatment of the unusual lesion that was ultimately diagnosed.
Placental metabolism of vitamin C; normal placental content.

Abstract The evidence directly relating vitamin C with the process of reproduction is constantly accumulating. The recent papers of Lardy, Casida and Phillips,1 as well as of Korenchevsky and Hall2 summarize much of this work. With respect to the fetal-maternal relationship, McDevitt and co-workers3 and Lund and Kimble4 have postulated a selective retention of vitamin C by the placenta. The extensive study of Lund and Kimble4 bears consideration. They confirmed the observation that in a fasting or near-fasting state the fetal ascorbic acid level is always greater than the maternal. Subsequent to the administration of vitamin C, both the fetal and maternal plasma levels rise, followed in a few hours by a drop in the maternal level, while the fetal plasma ascorbic acid remains higher. Their tentative hypothesis, that the placenta permits free maternal-fetal passage of ascorbic acid, while limiting fetal-maternal passage, must be examined closely in view of Needham's observation that electrolytes of low molecular weight pass freely and equally in both directions across the placental barrier.5 These significant observations led us to undertake a study of the placental metabolism of vitamin C. The present report has the purpose of (a) extending the observations of the maternal-fetal plasma ascorbic acid relationship to whole blood, (b) correlating these levels with placental assays of vitamin C, (c) ruling out the possibility of ascorbic acid synthesis by the placenta, and (d) determining whether or not such selective retention is a nonspecific nutritional function of the placenta which applies to all vitamins.
FAM161A and TTC8 are Differentially Expressed in Non-Allelelic Early Onset Retinal Degeneration

Ciliary genes FAM161A and TTC8 have been implicated in retinal degeneration (RD) in humans and in dogs. The identification of FAM161A and TTC8 mutations in canine RD is exciting as there is the potential to develop novel large animal models for RD. However, the disease phenotypes in the dog and the roles of abnormal genes in disease pathology have yet to be fully characterized. The present study evaluated the expression patterns of FAM161A and TTC8 during normal retinal development in dogs, and in three non-allelic, early onset canine RD models at critical time points of the disease: RCD1, XLPRA2 and ERD. Both genes were differentially expressed in RCD1 and ERD, but not in XLPRA2. These results add evidence to the hypothesis that (a) mutations in many retinal genes have a cascade effect on the expression of multiple, possibly unrelated genes and (b) a large number and wide range of genes probably contribute to RD in general.
Treatment of acute myocardial infarction. 3. Bradyarrhythmias.

Atropine and then isoproterenol, if necessary, are the drugs recommended for the treatment of sinus bradycardia or the Wenchebach type of second-degree atrioventricular block in patients who have had myocardial infarction. A transvenous pacing catheter is always inserted if third-degree atrioventricular block or certain types of bundle-branch block are present.
Death predicictive factor in terminal cancer patients

18627 Background: One of the most important role of a end-of-life care is to control physical symptoms of patients and help them to face comfortable end. In terminally ill cancer patients, accurate...
Analysis of trace amounts of adulterants found in powders/supplements utilizing Raman spectroscopy coupled to direct analyte-probed nanoextraction-nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry

In the United States, all food products have to be regulated to inform the consumers of the ingredients contained within. Some ingredients are not included on the label and yet are still found in the products. Presented is a Raman imaging technique for rapid, nondestructive, and spatially relevant localization of adulterants in powders. Raman spectroscopy followed by direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry allows rapid determination of the presence of each adulterant, leading to positive identifications such as melamine. The location and identification of these trace particles can then be extracted using a nanomanipulator. The nanomanipulation technique uses a solvent filled capillary tip which can be positioned on the particle of interest. Direct mass spectrometric analysis via nanospray of the particulate of interest eliminates time consuming chromatographic techniques prior to mass spectrometry analysis. This coupled technique combines rapid Raman spectroscopy techniques with direct mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of an adulterant. This technique was applied to an FDA supplied test sample, in which sibutramine, phenolphthalein, and melamine were confirmed to be present.
A novel multivalent tuberculosis vaccine confers protection in a mouse model of tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population. Due to variable efficacy of the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, development of novel TB vaccines remains a priority. Here, we demonstrate the protective efficacy of a novel multivalent DNA vaccine, which contains 15 synthetic antigens targeting the Mtb ESX secretion system.
Smoking, depression, & stress: predictors of fibromyalgia health status.

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of smoking, stress, and depression on fibromyalgia health status. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition that negatively affects health status. Health status is not only affected by the constellation of physical symptoms, but also by mood symptoms, stress levels, and patient behaviors (e.g. smoking). Participants were 491 individuals with a physician’s diagnosis of FMS. They completed self-report measures of their current levels of depression, stress, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and health status. A linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether these measures predicted FMS health status. All three measures predicted worse health status, predicting 51.5% of the variance in health status. However, it is important to evaluate and treat more than just the physical symptoms of FMS. Attention should also be paid to mental health status and to engagement in unhealthy behaviors in orde...
Creating communities of culturally relevant critical teacher care

ABSTRACTThis article draws on the literature on effective African American teachers of African American students to investigate the enactments of culturally relevant critical teacher care (CRCTC) in two fifth-grade teachers’ (one White and one Black) classrooms in a large, urban school district. Using interview and observation data, the findings illustrate the teachers’ knowledge of potential constraints upon their students’ futures. This knowledge catalyzed their enactment of a particular kind of care designed to prepare their students with the dispositions, knowledge, and skills to construct what Carl Grant has called “flourishing lives.” The teachers’ practices illustrate classroom spaces ripe for high quality teaching, learning, and liberation of students of color. The study reveals the transformative potential of culturally relevant critical teacher care, a form of care that is explicitly linked to a larger social justice agenda.
A comparison of different approaches to integrate flamelet tables with presumed-shape PDF in flamelet models for turbulent flames

Flamelet models for turbulent combustion modelling make use of presumed-shape probability density functions (PDFs) for integrating laminar flamelet solutions to obtain an integrated flamelet table that can readily be used for turbulent flame calculations. The existence of non-unique approaches for such an integration has rarely been investigated before. For the first time, this work studies systematically the non-uniqueness of the flamelet table integration approaches. A flamelet model called the flamelet/progress variable model is used in the study, although the issue exists generally in many other flamelet models. Two classes of table integration approaches are investigated, one preserving the laminar flamelet structures during integration and the other not. Three different table integration approaches are examined and compared in detail to provide a thorough understanding of the different approaches. A partially stirred reactor is used as a test case for examining the different approaches. A method bas...
Regulation of ATP production: dependence on calcium concentration and respiratory state

Nanomolar free calcium enhances oxidative phosphorylation. However, the effects over a broad concentration range, at different respiratory states, or on specific energy substrates are less clear. W...
A Stepwise Approach to Management of Open Radiocarpal Fracture-Dislocations: A Case Report

Radiocarpal dislocations are uncommon and occur after significant trauma. We describe a unique case of open radiocarpal fracture-dislocation presenting with progressive neurovascular compromise. Staged management was necessary. As a first stage, emergent provisional bedside reduction in the emergency room with manual pressure through the open wounds was performed. The second stage then involved formal open reduction and internal fixation as soon as operating room staff and resources became available.
Correlations between community size and student perceptions of value.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine if medical students' feeling of being valued was correlated to community size. The study, conducted in several communities in South Dakota, examined students' feeling of value relating to attending physicians, healthcare teams and patients. METHODS Student value items were added to student satisfaction surveys sent out to students at the end of their primary clinical year and data collected from two graduating classes of students (n=114). Student responses were grouped by clinical campus and mean responses by community size were calculated. Additionally, student encounter logs were reviewed for study participants to gauge participation levels during clinical encounters. RESULTS The degree to which students felt valued by their physician attending, the healthcare team and the patients decreased consistently as community size increased. Differences were statistically significant between students in the smallest and largest communities. Additionally, students in the community of 15 000 felt significantly more valued than students in the community of 170 000. Furthermore, there also appears to be a relationship between the percentage of participation in patient care by students and community size. Students in the smaller, rural communities participated at a higher percentage rather than observing. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a relationship between community size and the extent to which students feel value. The degree to which students felt valued decreased consistently as community size increased. Differences were statistically significant between students in the smallest communities and the two largest communities. Students in the smaller, rural communities participated at a higher percentage. Additional studies are needed to address whether students participate more as a result of feeling valued, or whether participation leads to an enhanced perception of value by students.
Changes in gray and white matter in subgroups within the tinnitus population.

Abstract In this study, we investigated gray and white matter changes in subgroups within the larger tinnitus population related to differences in severity or duration of tinnitus symptoms. Tinnitus is the illusory perception of sound in the absence of an external source, most often experienced as a chronic condition. The psychological reaction to the sound constitutes the severity, or degree of discomfort experienced, and the duration refers to the time since onset of chronic tinnitus. We used voxel- and surface-based morphometry to investigate gray matter changes and diffusion tensor imaging (using fractional anisotropy, or FA, metrics) to assess changes in orientation of white matter tracts, using both whole brain and region of interest analyses. Whole brain analyses revealed decreased cortical thickness in the left parahippocampal gyrus in those with more severe tinnitus compared to a group with a milder reaction, and reduced gray matter volume in left anterior cingulate in those with mild tinnitus compared to a normal hearing control group without tinnitus. In the analysis based on FA, no significant differences were revealed between the subgroups or with respect to control groups in either whole brain or region of interest analyses. Our results suggest that these subgroups within the tinnitus population likely exhibit different anatomical alterations related to the disorder, which may explain the variable findings in the literature, particularly in terms of gray matter.
Predictors of improvement in bone mineral density after celiac disease diagnosis

Low bone density is frequently found in patients newly diagnosed with celiac disease (CD), and improvement is variable. This study was performed to assess changes in bone mineral density (BMD) by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine, hip, and distal one-third radius as well as clinical predictors of BMD changes after the diagnosis and treatment of CD. Adult CD patients who had serial DXA at the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center were included (N = 103). We assessed within-person changes in BMD with paired t-tests. Multiple regression was utilized to assess baseline clinical and laboratory predictors of BMD improvement after diagnosis and treatment. The mean age of our sample was 45.6 years (±SD 15.1) and 60% were female. After a median follow-up of 21 months, lumbar spine BMD increased by 1.7 ± 5.5% (p = 0.006) after CD diagnosis. There was a similar trend at the total hip (1.6 ± 6.3%, p = 0.06), but no change at the femoral neck or distal one-third radius. Lower baseline serum calcium predicted a greater increase in lumber spine BMD (s = −0.0470 g/cm2, p = 0.002). At the hip, higher baseline creatinine clearance (s = 0.005, p = 0.02) was associated with greater gains in BMD. BMD increases at the lumbar spine after the diagnosis of CD and greater BMD improvement is associated with lower baseline serum calcium. This suggests that those with the lowest calcium, which is likely a surrogate for the greatest malabsorption, may have the greatest potential for improvement in skeletal health after treatment of CD.
American archives and climate change: Risks and adaptation

Abstract Climate change directly affects the future security of cultural resources. Cultural heritage and in particular, archives, are increasingly at risk of degradation due to climate change threats and triggers. This study evaluated present and future consequences of water-related climate change impacts using a mapping methodology to assess exposure of American archives to incompatible weather extremes. Susceptibility to climate change threats like sea level rise, storm surge, surface water flooding, and humidity, all influenced by a combination of temperature rise and increased precipitation, at a worst-case scenario were assessed for 1232 archival repositories. Results indicate that approximately 98.8% of archives are likely to be affected by at least one climate risk factor, though on average, most archives are at low risk of exposure (90%) when risk factors are combined. Future storm surge plus sea level rise was likely to impact 17.7% of archival repositories with 22.1% affected by only storm surge and 4.3% affected by only sea level rise (1.8-m scenario). Fewer archives were likely to be susceptible to surface water flooding (2.4%). More than 90% of archives were estimated to have a temperature change greater than ±1 °C, with 7.5% of sites likely to change by ±10 °C, and 69.5% of archives were likely to receive at least 152 mm more rainfall by 2100 over current annual averages. In terms of sustainability, developing appropriate socio-economic planning schemes that integrate cumulative exposure of archives to future climate patterns is critically important for safeguarding society and its heritage. The outcomes from the risk assessment in this study aid in the decision-making process by promoting strategic adaptation protocols and providing administrators a way to prioritize archival management goals based on the expected severity of future climate change impacts.
Meet L3-37, an elite self-modifying robot in Solo: A Star Wars Movie

L3-37, the so-called mutt of a robot in Solo: A Stars Wars Movie, may lead the way to more efficient, economical, and robust systems.
Interaction of a Cumulus Cloud Ensemble with the Large-Scale Environment. Part II

The closure assumption of the Arakawa-Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization is examined with attention to the kinetic energy budget of a cumulus subensemble. It is concluded that dissipation should depend primarily on cloud type, and that cloud-work functions calculated under different synoptic conditions should consequently be quasi-constant for each cloud type. Observational evidence for the cloud-work function quasi-equilibrium is presented. Cloud-work functions are calculated from a variety of data sets in the tropics and subtropics. The results demonstrate that the cloud-work functions fall into a well-defined narrow range for each subensemble, although the thermodynamical vertical structures for each data set are quite different.
Herpes simplex virus stromal keratitis is not titer-dependent and does not correlate with neurovirulence.

We developed a murine model of ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease which is particularly suited for testing stromal keratitis because most animals show some evidence of infection. Using this model, we characterized the ocular disease patterns caused by ten recent low-passage clinical isolates of HSV-1, as well as those caused by the established laboratory strains HSV-1 KOS and HSV-2 333. Viral strains were evaluated for their ability to cause stromal keratitis, blepharitis, vascularization of the cornea, and mortality. The model was not useful for scoring epithelial keratitis. The ocular disease caused by the recent isolates ranged from very mild disease to severe stromal keratitis. Some of the recent isolates caused disease as severe as the two laboratory strains. A comparison of the virulence characteristics expressed by various HSV strains indicated that the ability to cause stromal disease was correlated with vascularization of the cornea (correlation coefficient = 0.797, P 0.05). The severity of stromal keratitis was not dependent on the amount of inoculum over the range tested and a strain causing severe stromal keratitis caused severe ocular disease even when mixed with a nonstromal strain at ratios of 10:1, 100:1, and 1000:1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:2474-2480,1989
Uniformitarianism. An Inquiry into Principle, Theory, and Method in Geohistory and Biohistory

Many geologists have been selfconsciously perturbed by the fact that their science is extensively descriptive, and by the possibility that it may have little theoretical structure of its own. It has been supposed that its nondescriptive content may be largely, or even wholly, the application of the principles of other sciences to the special objects and events that geologists only describe. (For example, see Bradley, 1963; Kitts, 1963a.)
CONDITIONALIZATION, A NEW ARGUMENT FOR

Probabilism in epistemology does not have to be of the Bayesian variety. The probabilist represents a person's opinion as a probability function; the Bayesian adds that rational change of opinion must take the form of conditionalizing on new evidence. I will argue that this is the correct procedure under certain special conditions. Those special conditions are important, and instantiated for example in scientific experimentation, but hardly universal. My argument will be related to the much maligned Reflection Principle (van Fraassen, 1984, 1995), and partly inspired by the work of Brian Skyrms (1987).
Recycled polypropylene blends as novel 3D printing materials

Abstract Consumer-grade plastics can be considered a low-cost and sustainable feedstock for fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing processes. Such materials are excellent candidates for distributed manufacturing, in which parts are printed from local materials at the point of need. Most plastic waste streams contain a mixture of polymers, such as water bottles and caps comprised of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP), and complete separation is rarely implemented. In this work, blends of waste PET, PP and polystyrene (PS) were processed into filaments for 3D printing. The effect of blend composition and styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) compatibilizer on the resulting mechanical and thermal properties were probed. Recycled PET had the highest tensile strength at 35 ± 8 MPa. Blends of PP/PET compatibilized with SEBS and maleic anhydride functionalized SEBS had tensile strengths of 23 ± 1 MPa and 24 ± 1 MPa, respectively. The non-compatibilized PP/PS blend had a tensile strength of 22 ± 1 MPa. PP/PS blends exhibited reduced tensile strength to ca. 19 ± 1–3 MPa with the addition of SEBS. Elongation to failure was generally improved for the blended materials compared to neat recycled PET and PS. The glass transition was shifted to higher temperatures for all of the blends except the 50–50 wt. % PP/PET blend. Crystallinity was decreased for the blends, but was highest in the 75–25 wt. % PP/PS and the 50-50 wt. % PP/PET blend with SEBS-maleic anhydride. Solvent extraction of the dispersed phase revealed polypropylene was the matrix phase in both the 50–50 wt. % PP/PET and PP/PS blends.
Exploring the Factors Teachers Consider in Determining Students' Grades.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific factors teachers consider when assigning students’ report card grades. Data were gathered from 943 K-12 teachers from five school districts...
The Experience of Education in Anglo-Saxon Literature

Irina Dumitrescu has written a learned, eloquent, and seminal book that exposes widespread pedagogical metaphors in pre-Conquest writings. In Bede's Historia ecclesiastica (Latin chronicle history)...
The Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity in Control and Growth of Tumors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of cell-mediated immunity in control and growth of tumors. The development of in vitro assays, by which various aspects of cell-mediated immune reactions to tumors can be detected and quantitated, has made possible some understanding of the role of such reactions to tumors in animals and in man. In most experimental systems investigated, lymphocytes from tumor-bearing animals have been found to be cytotoxic to cultivated cells from the respective tumors. In some cases the degree of cytotoxicity has been found to be approximately equal to that seen in animals whose tumors have been removed, while in other systems it is less in the tumor bearers. There are a few exceptions in which no cytotoxicity has been seen with lymphocytes from animals with tumors. It has also been shown that peritoneal cells from mice with sarcomas and mammary carcinomas have no clear cytotoxic effect in vitro , except when the growing tumors are very small. It is not known whether the lack of reactivity in these systems is because of the deletion of the lymphocyte clones that would have been able to react, or to suppression of their activity.
136 Role of preoperative mri in guiding the surgical treatment decision in patients with invasive breast cancer

Objectives To illustrate the importance of preoperative MRI in the surgical treatment decision in patients with invasive breast cancer. Methods We reviewed retrospectively the preoperative MRI (3 Tesla) of 169 patients operated at Hotel-Dieu de France for invasive breast cancer. The sequences of 85 patients who underwent a radical treatment (mastectomy) were compared to those of 84 patients who benefited from conservative surgery. We estimated the tumor volume (TV) and breast volume (BV) on enhanced MRI and then we compared the tumor volume to breast volume ratio (TV/BV) in both groups. Results We reviewed retrospectively the preoperative MRI (3 Tesla) of 169 patients operated at Hotel-Dieu de France for invasive breast cancer. The sequences of 85 patients who underwent a radicaltreatment (mastectomy) were compared to those of 84 patients who benefited from conservative surgery.We estimated the tumor volume (TV) and breast volume (BV) on enhanced MRI and then we comparedthe tumor volume to breast volume ratio (TV/BV) in both groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that preoperative MRI can aid the surgical treatment decision in patients with invasive breast cancer by assessing the tumor to breast volume ratio as well as by providing a full mapping of multifocal and multicentric lesions in the breast tissue.
Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk among Women Is Not Fully Explained by Partner Numbers.

OBJECTIVES Increased sexual partner numbers may contribute to sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk for some but not all women. This study compared women reporting having four or more partners during the preceding year (multiple partnership group) with those reporting having one partner (single partnership group) with regard to sexually risky behaviors and other modifiable predictors of STI risk. We also compared the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus among groups. METHODS Eligible female patients 16 years and older presenting to an urban STI clinic completed a questionnaire followed by a pelvic examination with testing for bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. Serum was collected for human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 serological testing. RESULTS Between May 2011 and October 2013, 213 participants were enrolled in the study: 107 in the multiple partnership group and 106 in the single partnership group. Women with multiple partners were more likely to be younger, prefer to have sex with men and women, report drug use, engage in sex for money/drugs, have sex with homosexual/bisexual men, have sex with a partner who has been incarcerated, have sex while drinking alcohol, and have a new partner as the most recent partner. Women in the single partnership group were more likely to report a regular partner and no condom use at their last sexual encounter. STI prevalence rates were high in both groups and not significantly different except for Chlamydia trachomatis, which was more common in women with multiple sex partners (18% vs 6%, P = 0.01). In logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, education, partner number group, and condom use at last sexual encounter, only age 25 years and younger was associated with chlamydia (odds ratio 7.82, confidence interval 2.23-27.46). CONCLUSIONS The lack of condom use with regular sex partners in the single partnership group may have mitigated the risks associated with participation in sexually risky behaviors among the multiple partnership group, resulting in high STI rates among both groups. Women should be counseled regarding the risk of STI transmission from their regular partner or partners in addition to a casual partner or partners.
Adolescent forced swim stress increases social anxiety-like behaviors and alters kappa opioid receptor function in the basolateral amygdala of male rats

Abstract Adolescence is a developmental period marked by robust neural alterations and heightened vulnerability to stress, a factor that is highly associated with increased risk for emotional processing deficits, such as anxiety. Stress-induced upregulation of the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (DYN/KOP) system is thought to, in part, underlie the negative affect associated with stress. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a key structure involved in anxiety, and neuromodulatory systems, such as the DYN/KOP system, can 1) regulate BLA neural activity in an age-dependent manner in stress-naive animals and 2) underlie stress-induced anxiety in adults. However, the role of the DYN/KOP system in modulating stress-induced anxiety in adolescents is unknown. To test this, we examined the impact of an acute, 2-day forced swim stress (FSS – 10 min each day) on adolescent (~postnatal day (P) 35) and adult Sprague-Dawley rats (~P70), followed by behavioral, molecular and electrophysiological assessment 24 h following FSS. Adolescent males, but not adult males or females of either age, demonstrated social anxiety-like behavioral alterations indexed via significantly reduced social investigation and preference when tested 24 h following FSS. Conversely, adult males exhibited increased social preference. While there were no FSS-induced changes in expression of genes related to the DYN/KOP system in the BLA, these behavioral alterations were associated with alterations in BLA KOP function. Specifically, while GABA transmission in BLA pyramidal neurons from non-stressed adolescent males responded variably (potentiated, suppressed, or was unchanged) to the KOP agonist, U69593, U69593 significantly inhibited BLA GABA transmission in the majority of neurons from stressed adolescent males, consistent with the observed anxiogenic phenotype in stressed adolescent males. This is the first study to demonstrate stress-induced alterations in BLA KOP function that may contribute to stress-induced social anxiety in adolescent males. Importantly, these findings provide evidence for potential KOP-dependent mechanisms that may contribute to pathophysiological interactions with subsequent stress challenges.
Basic Analysis I: Functions of a Real Variable

Basic Analysis I: Functions of a Real Variable is designed for students who have completed the usual calculus and ordinary differential equation sequence and a basic course in linear algebra. This is a critical course in the use of abstraction, but is just first volume in a sequence of courses which prepare students to become practicing scientists. This book is written with the aim of balancing the theory and abstraction with clear explanations and arguments, so that students who are from a variety of different areas can follow this text and use it profitably for self-study. It can also be used as a supplementary text for anyone whose work requires that they begin to assimilate more abstract mathematical concepts as part of their professional growth. Features Can be used as a traditional textbook as well as for self-study Suitable for undergraduate mathematics students, or for those in other disciplines requiring a solid grounding in abstraction Emphasises learning how to understand the consequences of assumptions using a variety of tools to provide the proofs of propositions
Pharmacist Interventions in Improving Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among the Underrepresented Population: A Collaborative Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Practice (CAPP) Approach.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pharmacist's interventions through a collaborative ambulatory care pharmacy practice (CAPP) model in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the underrepresented population. Methods: Eligible patients were 18 years and older with a diagnosis of T2DM with or without comorbid cardiovascular disease risk factors. Patients were enrolled through routine primary care provider referrals. During a one-on-one, face-to-face scheduled clinic visit, the pharmacist provided a comprehensive medication management by reviewing vital signs and laboratory values, provided medication reconciliation and management, followed by medication counseling through a CAPP approach in a primary care setting. The pharmacist worked in close collaboration with the primary care provider to intervene on medication therapy through recommendations to initiate, adjust, modify, or discontinue drug therapy and order laboratory tests and drug concentration levels as appropriate. Each visit was documented as a “PharmD Progress Note” in the patient's electronic medical record. Follow-up visits were scheduled until patients' targeted treatment goals were achieved. Primary and secondary outcome data were collected and then analyzed. Findings: A pharmacist saw 47 patients over 12 months. Sixty-four percent of the participating patients were able to achieve targeted treatment goals. A statistically significant decrease in the mean change in hemoglobin A1c, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels was observed from the baseline which was −2.3%, −7.75 mmHg, −76.1 mg/dL, and −55.5 mg/dL, respectively. No significant changes in other clinical outcomes were observed. Conclusion: The CAPP model demonstrated a significant reduction in clinical endpoints in patients with T2DM among the high-risk underrepresented population.
Chapter Six – Libel

While democratic societies protect free speech, they also protect individuals from damaging falsehoods. Defamation is a (usually) intentionally false communication that results in harm to a person. Libel is defamation in writing, and online content falls under this term. Defamatory comments are made as a statement of fact, not opinion. Online rating sites, blogs, and other online forums provide multiple opportunities for patients to discuss their health-care professionals. While much of this commentary is opinion, some may be stated as fact and warrant legal action. Health-care professionals should perform regular online surveys of themselves, change any factually incorrect items, and generate positive content about themselves online. If necessary, professional online reputation-defending services are available. Some efforts are underway to increase accountability by preventing anonymous online postings.
Changes in Stereotypical Behavior Following Chlorpromazine Termination: Polypharmcy Effects on Response Class Membership.

A paucity of information exists relating to the possible biological and environmental interactions influencing the occurrence of stereotypical behavior. In particular, there is limited research on the effects of psychotropic medication use on stereotypy presentation in individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. We studied the stereotypy of a man diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability across 2 years. The topographies of stereotypical behavior included walking in circles, head tapping, arm flinging, and object stereotypy. These behaviors were observed weekly while the participant received daily dosages of 25 mg of chlorpromazine, 1.5 mg of lorazepam, and 2500 mg of divalproex. At week 75, chlorpromazine was discontinued, while the other drugs and dosages were maintained. We observed a statistically significant decrease in walking in circles, but no changes in the other topographies of stereotypy. The results suggest that gross motor activity was differentially affected by the chlorpromazine discontinuation and also suggests that alterations in dopamine receptor binding may have selectively influenced changes in stereotypical responding.
Haselberger (Ed.): Encounters in Planning Thought: 16 Autobiographical Essays From Key Thinkers in Spatial Planning

This book is an edited volume of 16 essays from spatial planners who participated in a workshop designed by the editor, Beatrix Haselberger, to create an oral history based on the scholars’ autobio...
Plasmon-Enhanced Graphene Photothermoelectric Detector

We enhance the graphene photothermoelectric effect by overlaying an electrically-controlled graphene p-n junction with a gap-plasmon structure, and demonstrate a responsivity 25 times greater than that obtained without plasmonic and junction enhancements.
Millennial Consumer’s on Instagram: Implications for Luxury Brands vs. Celebrity Influencers: An Abstract

Brands and retailers have solidified their presence online and their interaction efforts with consumers on social media. Studies have looked at the interaction of brands with consumers and their ability to advertise (Ashley and Tuten 2015; Hudson et al. 2016). However, utilizing social media platforms in marketing brings a challenge to brands due to its openness as well as fast changing nature (Colliander and Marder 2018). The luxury market will be worth nearly 375 billion by 2020, and millennials (Generation Y and Z Cohort) are expected to account for 45% of the global personal luxury goods market (Luxury Goods Market 2014; Solomon 2017). The millennial generation is extremely technology savvy and more likely to use the internet wirelessly, thus expecting to be engaged and communicated via online seamlessly (Chu and Kamal 2011). Parasocial Interaction Theory (PSI) is defined as “an illusionary experience, such that consumers interact with personas (i.e. mediated representations of presenters, celebrities, or characters) as if they are present and engage in a reciprocal relationship” (Labrecque 2014, p. 135). This study adopts Instagram, a visual-oriented social media platform, as the study context. As one of the popular social media platforms, Instagram is recognized as the most effective platform for luxury fashion brands (WWD Staff 2017). college students from a large Midwestern university were recruited (n = 385). The survey was consisted of 35 series of questions that assess brand relationship to a celebrity influencer and the brand on Instagram. The survey questionnaire included consumers’ perceived interactivity (McMillan and Hwang 2002; Labrecque 2014), similarity/likeability (Reysen 2005), parasocial interaction (Rubin et al. 1985; Labrecque 2014); willingness to share information (Schoenbachler and Gordon 2002; Labrecque 2014). A total of 121 usable responses were retained, and the data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Since this study is an exploratory nature, simple statistical analyses such as descriptive statistics, reliability tests, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), independent t-test, and regression analysis were conducted. This study concludes that people who follow both (brand and celebrity influencer) feel more interacted with the brand. Overall the millennial consumer prefers interactions with both brand and celebrity influencer, which would create a feeling of PSI. The results present that if a brand is using a celebrity influencer, influencer needs to be interacting with the followers on Instagram more often whereas a brand needs to be transparent on Instagram in order to gain trust of millennials through open conversations (e.g. what they offer, sustainability, communication, etc.).
Centering human milk composition as normal human biological variation

Objectives Human biological variation in the phenotype is the cornerstone of modern human biology, evolutionary anthropology, and related studies of human evolution. Minimal dialogue, however, has considered human milk to be part of this phenotypic variation. This may reflect researcher bias-mental models oriented around commercial infant formula and homogenized cow's milk, both of which present milk composition as static. A general lack of research outside primarily Western, well-nourished populations has also contributed to this underestimation of biological variation. Methods This review analyzes published research on breast milk composition, developmental metabolic programming, and maternal body composition to articulate the ways in which population-based studies of human milk outside the United Sates are necessary to better understanding biological variation in human milk phenotypes. Results This review discusses some of the common issues in current research on the biological variation in human milk composition and argues that anthropological inquiries that frame milk as part of an adaptive phenotype are necessary to better understand the biological significance of human milk composition in the production of human biological variation. Conclusions Biological anthropology is uniquely positioned to investigate biological variation in human milk, using evolutionary theory, cutting edge biology, and anthropologically informed perspectives that challenge the biomedical framing of lactation and often act to privilege well nourished, primarily western populations and formula feeding as normatives for infant feeding research.
Does Public Healthcare Affect Firm Outcomes? Plant-level Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Firms

Using confidential establishment-level data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this paper studies the effects of ACA Medicaid expansion on corporate behavior in the U.S. manufacturing sector. We find that Medicaid expansion leads to a significant decrease in capital investment and productivity at the plant level. However, the effect of Medicaid expansion on plant-level employment or labor compensation is economically small. We find that there are no differential pre-treatment trends in the outcomes across plants in states that expanded and did not expand Medicaid.
Government as Provider of Education Services

A proper basic education is critical to individual success in life ranging from wages and income to happiness in life. Education also improves socialization skills, encourages children to get along and better understand each other, and increases a sense of belonging and an appreciation of differences. Those who are more highly educated are generally healthier and happier. These reasons justify government involvement and intervention to assure students and families have access to high-performing schools. For this reason, public schools and the guarantee of publicly funded education have been a cornerstone of American life for over 100 years. In the United States, government participation in schooling has traditionally involved guaranteeing public access, public funding, and public governance to achieve accountability, representativeness, and equality. The focus of this chapter is an introduction to the purpose and role of government in education. The common assumption is that government should be the sole provider and monopolistic producer of education. This does not have to be true. Looking at education not as a public good but as a worthy good challenges this assumption and opens up opportunities for a multitude of producers that allow parents a variety of choices for education.
Analytical Aircraft State and IMU Signal Generator from Smoothed Reference Trajectory.

This work presents a method for generating position, attitude, and velocity states for an aircraft following a smoothed reference trajectory. The method also generates accelerometer and gyro measurements consistent with the aircraft states. This work describes three corner smoothing algorithms for generating a smoothed reference trajectory from a series waypoints that accounts for limitations in the physical system. The smoothed reference trajectory, and curvilinear motion theory are used to generate the lower-order states. A coordinated turn maneuver is then applied to generate accelerometer and gyro measurement estimates.
Directed evolution of Zymomonas mobilis sugar facilitator Glf to overcome glucose inhibition.

Cellular import of D-xylose, the second most abundant sugar in typical lignocellulosic biomass, has been evidenced to be an energy-depriving process in bacterial biocatalysts. The sugar facilitator of Zymomonas mobilis, Glf, is capable of importing xylose at high rates without extra energy input, but is inhibited by D-glucose (the primary biomass sugar), potentially limiting the utility of this transporter for fermentation of sugar mixtures derived from lignocellulose. In this work we developed an E. coli platform strain deficient in glucose and xylose transport to facilitate directed evolution of Glf to overcome glucose inhibition. Using this platform, we isolated nine Glf variants created by both random and site-saturation mutagenesis with increased xylose utilization rates ranging from 4.8-fold to 13-fold relative to wild-type Glf when fermenting 100 g l-1 glucose-xylose mixtures. Diverse point mutations such as A165M and L445I were discovered leading to released glucose inhibition. Most of these mutations likely alter sugar coordinating pocket for the 6-hydroxymethyl group of D-glucose. These discovered glucose-resistant Glf variants can be potentially used as energy-conservative alternatives to the native sugar transport systems of bacterial biocatalysts for fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars.
A critical review of constraint compensation techniques for nonlinear process control

A variety of controller design techniques for nonlinear systems are available. Many methods completely neglect one of the most important types of nonlinearity encountered in process control applications: constraints. We provide a critical review of constraint compensation techniques for nonlinear control systems with an emphasis on methods which have been successfully applied to process control problems. Available methods are classi ed as: (i) anti-windup techniques; (ii) nonlinear model predictive control techniques; and (iii) hybrid feedback linearization/model predictive control techniques. For each approach, the basic design procedure is outlined and advantages/disadvantages are discussed. Directions for future research are summarized.
Large-scale spatial join query processing in Cloud

The rapidly increasing amount of location data available in many applications has made it desirable to process their large-scale spatial queries in Cloud for performance and scalability. We report our designs and implementations of two prototype systems that are ready for Cloud deployments: SpatialSpark based on Apache Spark and ISP-MC based on Cloudera Impala. Both systems support indexed spatial joins based on point-in-polygon test and point-to-polyline distance computation. Experiments on the pickup locations of ∼170 million taxi trips in New York City and ∼10 million global species occurrences records have demonstrated both efficiency and scalability using Amazon EC2 clusters.
The voluntary provision of a pure public good with diminishing marginal returns

In experiments investigating the voluntary provision of a pure public good, participants consistently allocate resources to this good when the Nash prediction is to allocate nothing. This paper explores the robustness of this result when the Nash prediction calls for a division of resources between the private and public goods. We consider how a change in individual resource endowments and supplemental earnings information affect allocations to the public good. Results indicate that, under both the high and low endowment conditions, groups continue to allocate more resources than the Nash prediction. However, providing participants with detailed instructions that describe the declining marginal benefit to the public good leads to a significant decrease in allocations to the public good.
From Gray Panther to National Nanny: The Kidvid Crusade and the Eclipse of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, 1977–1980

This article chronicles the FTC's proposal to significantly limit children's advertising in 1977, a controversial episode for advertisers and corporate America alike that has come to be known as the “kidvid crusade.” As a comprehensive political economic analysis, this article relies on dozens of trade press articles, archival sources, government documents, and oral histories. In 1978, the U.S. Congress launched a retaliatory attack on the FTC; failing to renew the FTC's funding, it shut down the agency for the first and only time in U.S. history. The kidvid crusade is a lens through which to understand the broader political and economic shift toward neoliberalism in the coming years and, indeed, portended the rise of deregulation and new forms of corporate public relations in the political sphere.