cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Traditional vs. iPad-Enhanced Aerobic Exercise on Wayfinding Efficacy and Cognition: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of an iPad-enhanced aerobic exercise intervention designed to enhance wayfinding efficacy and performance and relevant cognitive functioning among middle-aged adults at risk for cognitive impairment. Twenty-seven low active adults (21 females) aged 45 to 62 years (51.22 ± 5.20) participated in a ten-week randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to an iPad-enhanced aerobic exercise group (experimental group) or an aerobic exercise-only group (control group) following baseline assessment. Both groups exercised at 50% to 75% of age-predicted heart rate maximum for 30 to 50 min/d, 2 d/wk for 10 weeks. During aerobic exercise, the experimental group engaged in virtual tours delivered via iPad. Baseline and post-intervention assessments of wayfinding self-efficacy, wayfinding task performance, cognitive functioning, electroencephalogram (EEG), and psychosocial questionnaires were administered. The results suggest that ten weeks of iPad-enhanced, moderately intense aerobic exercise had specific effects on wayfinding self-efficacy; however, no statistical differences were found between groups on the behavioral wayfinding task or spatial memory performance at follow-up. Performance scores on an inhibitory attentional-control cognitive assessment revealed significant differences between groups, favoring the experimental group (p < 0.05). Virtual reality-enhanced aerobic exercise may prove to be an effective method for improving cognitive function and increasing confidence to navigate real-world scenarios among individuals at risk of cognitive impairment.
Characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with severe hyperammonemia

Abstract Purpose To determine the etiology and outcomes of critically ill patients with severe hyperammonemia. Materials and methods Retrospective observational study of adults (18 years or older) admitted to a MICU from 2007 to 2016 who had a serum ammonia level >180 μmol/L (3 times the upper limit of normal). Results The 78 patients (45 male, 32 female) had a median age of 52 (interquartile range [IQR] 46–58) years. Hyperammonemia occurred most often with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) (49 %) or decompensated cirrhosis (27 %) and less often as a consequence of prior gastric bypass (9%), acute hepatic failure (6%), or valproic acid (3%). Median serum ammonia level was 201 μmol/L (IQR 126–265, range 18–736) on admission, with peak value of 245 μmol/L (IQR 205–336, range 185–842). Fifty (64%) patients died during the hospitalization. Cerebral edema was documented in 8 (10%) patients, only one of whom survived. Six of the 8 patients with cerebral edema had hyperammonemia related to ACLF, giving an incidence of 14% in this subset of patients. Neither mortality nor cerebral edema was associated with peak ammonia level. Conclusions Critically ill patients with severe hyperammonemia have a high mortality rate and are at risk of developing cerebral edema.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the U. S. Nuclear Industry

In the United States, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) into use in the nuclear power field is being carried out by a wide spectrum of organizations (i.e., nuclear equipment vendors, architect-engineer firms, universities, national laboratories, federal agencies, the electric utility industry, and small entrepreneurial groups). The most coherent of these efforts is an Electric Power Research Institute program to demonstrate the usefulness of AI in nuclear power plants (including augmenting plant automation) and an agreement with NASA to transfer the technology of their multi-year AI “Core Technology in Systems Autonomy” to the nuclear power industry. A few vendors are offering commercial AI products that reduce the burden on reactor operators during both normal and abnormal operation. Several AI programs at universities and national laboratories have automation as their primary focus, and individual AI projects have been initiated under the Small Business Innovative Research Program. The fundamental and synergistic relationship between training and expert systems supports the use of AI in the training of nuclear personnel. In the long run, the most significant contribution of AI may well be the introduction of AI programming techniques. With multi-million line computer codes contemplated for use in automated nuclear plants, the ability to readily modify programs and to utilize verified and validated “building blocks” of code would offer extraordinary advantages.
Oxygen saturation histograms predict nasal continuous positive airway pressure-weaning success in preterm infants.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is widely used in preterm infants. Identification of readiness for weaning from CPAP can balance benefits with risks of CPAP exposure. We tested the hypothesis that preterm infants that successfully transition off CPAP have higher oxygen saturations prior to weaning compared with infants who fail weaning from CPAP. This was a single-center-matched case–control study in infants ≤30 weeks’ gestation receiving ≤30% FiO2 weaned off CPAP during the first postnatal week. Cases were infants placed back on CPAP within 7 days of being taken off CPAP, whereas control infants remained off CPAP for 7 consecutive days following CPAP discontinuation. Infants were matched on gestational age at birth (±10 days). Prospectively collected histograms detailing the distribution of oxygen saturations prior to CPAP discontinuation were compared between cases and controls. Over a 12-month monitoring period, 36 infants met inclusion criteria. Baseline characteristics, morbidities, and clinical variables did not differ between cases and controls. Controls achieved oxygen saturations of 95–97 and 97–100% for longer duration compared to cases (p < 0.05). In preterm infants with RDS receiving CPAP and ≤30% FiO2, infants with higher oxygen saturations had greater success in transitioning off CPAP.
The relationship between stock returns and financial ratios in Borsa Istanbul analysed by the classification tree method

The factors affecting the stock returns have been reported in several studies that provided different results depending on the country. The previous studies that were conducted about Borsa Istanbul (BIST), which is the stock exchange in Turkey are mostly based on regression analysis, and mainly covers the BIST 100 Index. This study included all of the businesses in BIST, and the expected returns were calculated using the capital asset pricing model. Using the classification tree method, the differentiation in the financial ratios and stock returns lower or higher than expected has been identified. This study indicates that the realised returns which are different from expected stock returns can be obtained using ROE, earnings per share for five years, equity ratio, and short-term liabilities/net sales. These financial ratios can be useful to determine to estimate stock return and make a profit.
Effect of emergency critical care nurses and emergency department boarding time on in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients.

Abstract Study hypothesis We hypothesized that establishing a program of specialized emergency critical care (ECC) nurses in the ED would improve mortality of ICU patients boarding in the ED. Methods This was a retrospective before-after cohort study using electronic health record data at an academic medical center. We compared in-hospital mortality between the pre- and post-intervention periods and between non-prolonged (≤6 h) boarding time and prolonged (>6 h) boarding time. In-hospital mortality was stratified by illness severity (eccSOFA category) and adjusted using logistic regression. Results Severity-adjusted in-hospital mortality decreased from 12.8% pre-intervention to 12.3% post-intervention (−0.5% (95% CI, −3.1% to 2.1%), which was not statistically significant. This was despite a concurrent increase in ED and hospital crowding. The proportion of ECC patients downgraded to a lower level of care while still in the ED increased from 6.4% in the pre-intervention period to 17.0% in the post-intervention period. (+10.6%, 8.2% to 13.0%, p Conclusions During the post-intervention period, there was a significant increase in illness severity, hospital congestion, ED boarding time, and downgrades in the ED, but no significant change in mortality. These findings suggest that ECC nurses may improve the safety of boarding ICU patients in the ED. Longer ED boarding times were not associated with higher mortality in either the pre- or post-intervention periods.
A portable droplet generation system for ultra-wide dynamic range digital PCR based on a vibrating sharp-tip capillary.

Abstract Monodisperse droplet has been widely used as a versatile tool in different disciplines including biosensing. Existing methods still struggle to balance the droplet generation performance with system simplicity. Here we introduce a novel droplet generation scheme based on the acoustic streaming generated from a vibrating sharp-tip capillary. The unique fluid pattern enables efficient droplet generation without any external pressure sources. This method achieved real-time modulation of droplet size over an ultra-wide range (6.77–661 μm), high throughput (up to 5000 droplets/s), and good monodispersity (
Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations

The article reviews the book “Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations,” Second Edition, by Geert Hofstede.
Saving the Unitary Executive Theory from Those Who Would Distort and Abuse it: A Review of the Unitary Executive, by Steven G. Calabresi and Christopher Yoo

Calabresi and Yoo make three important contributions to the literature on separation of powers in their new book. First, they seek to rescue the unitary executive theory from the Bush Administration lawyers who have discredited the theory in the eyes of many by relying on it to support outlandish claims of presidential power that are unrelated to the unitary executive theory. Second, they make a persuasive case for the unitary executive theory by explaining why a president must have the power to remove executive branch officers and to control policy making in the executive branch. Third, they document the ways in which all forty-three of our presidents have demonstrated their beliefs in the theory by consistently acting in accordance with the theory.In this review, I agree with most of the arguments that Calabresi and Yoo make, but I disagree with them on two points. First, I do not believe that the president has the power to "veto" the decision of an executive branch officer. I believe that his only recourse is to remove an officer with whom he disagrees. Second, I do not believe that the for cause limits on the president's removal powers that the Supreme Court has upheld interfere with the president's ability to control policy making in the executive branch.I also make two other points. First, political limits on the removal power are often formidable and are socially beneficial as a means of rendering the president accountable to the electorate. Second, to the extent that the president's ability to control policy making by "independent agencies" is unduly impaired, the root of that problem lies in unconstitutional statutory limits on the president's appointment power rather than in the innocuous statutory limits on his removal power.
Was All Irish Politics Local? The Portarlington Election of 1832 and the Structure of Politics in 19th‐Century Ireland

Historians have often characterised 19th-century Irish elections as insular, inward-looking affairs. This article, however, offers a reconsideration of the role played by national and imperial events in Irish elections through a close analysis of the Portarlington contest of 1832. While acknowledging the importance of local concerns in the campaign, it argues that the Portarlington election cannot be understood in exclusively parochial terms. Candidates, voters, and opinion-makers all situated the contest in national and imperial, as well as provincial, contexts, and they behaved as if larger political issues might affect the ultimate outcome of the campaign. An examination of the election suggests that the dichotomy between the local and the national, while analytically useful, can also be misleading: the Portarlington contest exhibited a complex interplay between local, national, and imperial affairs. This article concludes, consequently, that national and imperial issues were integrated into the structure of Irish politics after the Reform Act of 1832.
On mapping parallel algorithms into parallel architectures

Abstract The mapping problem arises when the communication structure of a parallel algorithm differs from the interconnection architecture of the intended parallel machine (topological variation). This problem is compounded when the number of processes required by the algorithm exceeds the number of processors available in the architecture (cardinality variation). In this paper, we present a solution to the mapping problem when there are topological and cardinality variations for a commonly used class of parallel interconnection structures. This class includes, for example, shuffle-exchange networks, hypercubes, square meshes, linear systolic arrays, cube-connected cycles, and complete binary trees. We illustrate this solution by presenting and evaluating mappings from two-dimensional and linear systolic arrays into tree architectures, and from tree algorithms into shuffle-exchange networks.
Direct Observation of the Lorentzian Line Shape as Limited by Quantum Phase Noise in a Laser above Threshold

The quantum-phase-noise-limited Lorentzian power spectral densities of ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.88}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.12}$Te diode lasers were directly measured. Linewidths as narrow as 54 kHz were observed and quantitatively analyzed. The predicted inverse dependence of linewidth on laser power was also demonstrated. These results were obtained from the beat-note spectra produced by heterodyning the diode laser, operating cw at 10.6 \ensuremath{\mu}m, with a stable, single-frequency C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ gas laser.
Identification and Characterization of the Glycan Binding Site of Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin

Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by the Vibrio cholera O1 El Tor strain. VCC is hypothesized to perform an important function by lysing immune cells and thereby protecting the bacteria from host defenses. VCC consists of multiple domains including two possible carbohydrate-binding lectin domains (β-prism and β-trefoil). Recently it has been found that the β-prism domain binds to both mono and oligosaccharides, but interacts with highest affinity to glycans found on eukaryotic cell membranes. Crystal structures exist for VCC in water-soluble and membrane assembled forms, but the precise molecular mechanism by which VCC recognizes carbohydrates is still not well understood. Here we show that the Asp 617 residue in the β-prism domain plays an important role in both monosaccharide and cell surface glycan binding. Site directed mutagenesis of the Asp 617 to alanine resulted in a ∼80-fold decrease in monosaccharide binding activity and a ∼280-fold decrease in cell-surface glycan binding activity. Furthermore, the Asp 617 mutant displayed a decline in hemolytic activity compared to wild type VCC when incubated with rabbit red blood cells. We also show that both monosaccharides and purified cell surface glycans can compete with VCC and cause a dose dependent lag in the half-life of rabbit blood hemolysis. These results indicate that the VCC interacts with glycans on target cell membranes and Asp 617 is involved in this binding process. Having more insight into the molecular mechanism and residues involved in sugar recognition may enable the development of sugar-based therapies against VCC and other pore-forming toxins.
Copolymerization with depropagation. IV. Computer simulation of copolymerization with reversibility

The results of Monte Carlo computer simulations of vinyl copolymerizations with complete reversibility are described for a variety of hypothetical systems using values of thermodynamic quantities typically found. Composition of copolymer, sequence distributions, relative chain lengths and equilibrium behavior have all been investigated. The existence of thermodynamic control of copolymerization behavior becomes more obvious as temperature is increased in some systems but may be masked by kinetic factors in others.
Interpretation of tectonic versus magmatic processes for resetting apatite fission track ages in the Niğde Massif, Turkey

Abstract Apatite fission track (AFT) ages may record the timing of exhumation-related cooling of formerly deeper rocks or the timing or simple cooling of rocks already at or near the Earth's surface. The interpretation of AFT ages is therefore challenging in regions that experienced coeval or sequential bedrock exhumation and magmatism. The Nigde Massif, central Turkey, is an example of a metamorphic complex for which the tectonic significance of the AFT ages has been questioned owing to the location of the massif in a volcanic province. The metamorphic rocks of the Nigde Massif have Miocene AFT ages of 17–9 Ma, ∼ 30–50 million years younger than the timing of initial unroofing of the rocks to the Earth's surface at ∼ 60–45 Ma. According to one model, fission tracks in apatite may have been completely reset when the massif was partly to entirely reburied in the Tertiary. However, the massif is located in a region of major Neogene volcanism during which ignimbrite was deposited on exhumed metamorphic basement, and there is disagreement as to whether the Miocene AFT ages represent cooling related to final exhumation via denudation or cooling following heating by volcanism or other magmatic activity. To evaluate different cooling scenarios, we examine AFT age and track length characteristics in the context of model temperature–time paths. Integrated thermal modeling, modeling of apatite fission track age and track length data, and geological observations suggest that the AFT ages represent final exhumation and cooling in the Miocene and few to no thermal effects from volcanic deposits or other Neogene magmatic activity.
Eye movements enhance memory for individuals who are strongly right-handed and harm it for individuals who are not.

Subjects who make repetitive saccadic eye movements before a memory test subsequently exhibit superior retrieval in comparison with subjects who do not move their eyes. It has been proposed that eye movements enhance retrieval by increasing interaction of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. To test this, we compared the effect of eye movements on subsequent recall (Experiment 1) and recognition (Experiment 2) in two groups thought to differ in baseline degree of hemispheric interaction—individuals who are strongly right-handed (SR) and individuals who are not (nSR). For SR subjects, who naturally may experience less hemispheric interaction than nSR subjects, eye movements enhanced retrieval. In contrast, depending on the measure, eye movements were either inconsequential or even detrimental for nSR subjects. These results partially support the hemispheric interaction account, but demand an amendment to explain the harmful effects of eye movements for nSR individuals.
Twins in cryomilled and spark plasma sintered Cu–Zn–Al

Nanostructured Cu–30 wt.% Zn–0.8 wt.% Al alloy (commercial designation brass 260) was fabricated by cryomilling of brass powders and subsequent spark plasma sintering (SPS). Cryomilling resulted in a high density of deformation twins with an average thickness as small as 4 nm. Following SPS, the bulk samples exhibited 10 vol.% of twins with an average twin thickness of 30 nm and unusual twin morphology, which are rationalized on the basis of grain boundary migration, twin boundary migration, recrystallization and detwinning during SPS.
Rough set theory applied to (fuzzy) ideal theory

We use covers of the universal set to define approximation operators on the power set of the given set. In Section 1, we determine basic properties of the upper approximation operator and show how it can be used to give algebraic structural properties of certain subsets. We define a particular cover on the set of ideals of a commutative ring with identity in such a way that both the concepts of the (fuzzy) prime spectrum of a ring and rough set theory can simultaneously be brought to bear on the study of (fuzzy) ideals of a ring.
NSAIDs downregulate Bcl-X(L) and dissociate BAX and Bcl-X(L) to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in preventing colorectal cancer. Apoptosis induction by NSAIDs plays a critical role in NSAID-mediated chemoprevention. Our previous study demonstrated that NSAIDs require the proapoptotic B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family member Bcl-2-associated x protein (BAX) to induce apoptosis and inhibit the expression of antiapoptotic basal cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) in colon cancer cells. In this study, we further investigated how BAX and Bcl-XL mediate NSAID-induced apoptosis. We found that Bcl-XL is downregulated by NSAIDs in part through proteasome-mediated protein degradation. NSAIDs promote the dissociation of BAX and Bcl-XL and translocation of BAX to the mitochondria. Furthermore, we found that only wild-type BAX, but not a mutant BAX deficient in either protein-protein interaction or mitochondrial localization, was able to restore NSAID-induced apoptosis in the BAX-knockout colon cancer cells. These results suggest that NSAIDs i...
Tough Questions of Morality, Free will, and Maladaptivity

A brief commentary on the series of papers in this special section concerning philosophical issues of personality disorders is provided. The comments are organized with respect to two concerns, which I consider to be fundamental components of any mental disorder: dyscontrol and maladaptivity. The papers in this special section concerning fundamental philosophical issues of personality disorders provide a stimulating and enjoyable read. My very limited comments address two concerns, which I consider to be two of the fundamental components of any mental disorder: dyscontrol and maladaptivity (Widiger & Sankis, 2000).
The Development of a Hybrid EnKF-3DVAR Algorithm for Storm-Scale Data Assimilation

A hybrid 3DVAR-EnKF data assimilation algorithm is developed based on 3DVAR and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) programs within the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS). The hybrid algorithm uses the extended alpha control variable approach to combine the static and ensemble-derived flow-dependent forecast error covariances. The hybrid variational analysis is performed using an equal weighting of static and flow-dependent error covariance as derived from ensemble forecasts. The method is first applied to the assimilation of simulated radar data for a supercell storm. Results obtained using 3DVAR (with static covariance entirely), hybrid 3DVAR-EnKF, and the EnKF are compared. When data from a single radar are used, the EnKF method provides the best results for the model dynamic variables, while the hybrid method provides the best results for hydrometeor related variables in term of rms errors. Although storm structures can be established reasonably well using 3DVAR, the rms errors are generally worse than seen from the other two methods. With two radars, the results from 3DVAR are closer to those from EnKF. Our tests indicate that the hybrid scheme can reduce the storm spin-up time because it fits the observations, especially the reflectivity observations, better than the EnKF and the 3DVAR at the beginning of the assimilation cycles.
Tissue Doppler echocardiography in children with acquired or congenital heart disease

Abstract The introduction of tissue Doppler imaging into the echocardiographic evaluation of children with acquired or congenital heart disease has been received with much enthusiasm. Because of the unusual ventricular geometries often present in patients with congenital heart disease, quantitative non-invasive imaging strategies to evaluate ventricular performance, either global or regional, have been lacking. Tissue Doppler echocardiography affords the echocardiographer a non-geometric quantitative measure of both systolic and diastolic ventricular function that is easily obtained, reproducible and clinically valid. This paper reviews the development of tissue Doppler echocardiography and its clinical applications in children with acquired or congenital heart disease.
Diversified expansion by large established firms

Abstract This paper examines the argument that growth and diversification in large established firms result from a process of matching a firm's lumpy and ever-changing resources with dynamic market opportunities. The analysis shows that rapidly growing firms with broad resource bases are the most likely to pursue diversified expansion. In doing so, these firms tend to enter markets where the (often high) resource requirements are similar to their own resource capabilities. These results are consistent with some of Penrose's observations on the growth of fims, but challenge some precepts of traditional entry barrier theory.
The Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Manipulates the Activity of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is expressed in all KSHV-associated malignancies. LANA is essential for replication and maintenance of the viral episomes during latent infection. However, LANA also has a transcriptional regulatory role and can affect gene expression both positively and negatively. A previously performed yeast two-hybrid screen identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) as a LANA-interacting protein. Interaction with both GSK-3α and GSK-3β was confirmed in transfected cells with coprecipitation assays. GSK-3β also interacted with the herpesvirus saimiri homolog ORF73. GSK-3β is an intermediate in the Wnt signaling pathway and a negative regulator of β-catenin. In transfected cells, LANA was shown to overcome GSK-3β-mediated degradation of β-catenin. Examination of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells found increased levels of β-catenin relative to KSHV-negative B cells, and this translated into increased activity of a β-catenin-responsive reporter containing Tcf/Lef binding sites. In tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-treated PEL cells, loss of LANA expression correlated temporally with loss of detectable β-catenin. LANA was found to alter the intracellular distribution of GSK-3β so that nuclear GSK-3β was more readily detectable in the presence of LANA. Mapping experiments with coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that both N-terminal and C-terminal LANA sequences were required for efficient GSK-3β interaction. LANA mutants that were defective for GSK-3β interaction were unable to mediate GSK-3β relocalization or activate a β-catenin-responsive Tcf-luciferase reporter. This study identified manipulation of GSK-3β activity as a mechanism by which LANA may modify transcriptional activity and contribute to the phenotype of primary effusion lymphoma.
Diflubenzuron-based management of the pear pest complex in commercial orchards of the Hood River Valley in Oregon

In the Hood River Valley of Oregon, a pear pest management program based on the insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, was compared with conventional programs based on broad-spectrum pesticides during 1987-1989. Diflubenzuron-based programs allowed for the immigration and development of natural enemies of the pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Forster. In 13 of 14 comparisons, natural enemies were more abundant in diflubenzuron-based plots than in conventional plots, but additional psyllacides were almost always required to prevent unacceptable fruit damage. Psylla densities were determined by both pesticide applications and seasonal predator-prey interactions. Psylla densities were lower in plots where a light oil was added to the first 2 diflubenzuron applications. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were suppressed effectively in both diflubenzuron-based and conventional plots. Miticides were frequently required in all plots, conventional or otherwise, but mites were suppressed best in plots where diflubenzuron with oil was applied. Densities of predatory mites were low at all sites during all years.
Tobacco use and nicotine dependence among HIV-infected and uninfected injection drug users.

Abstract Introduction Urban U.S. populations are burdened by intersecting epidemics of HIV infection, injection drug use, and cigarette smoking. Given the substantial morbidity attributable to tobacco in these populations, we characterized smoking behaviors, nicotine addiction, and tobacco exposure among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users (IDUs) in Baltimore, Maryland. Methods Smoking behaviors among participants in the ALIVE Study were assessed using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Smoking history and nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Index scores) were compared by HIV and drug injecting status. Serum cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) was measured for a sample of participants by enzyme immunoassay. Results Among 1052 participants (29.7% HIV-infected, 39.8% active injectors), 85.2% were current smokers and 9.3% were former smokers. Smoking prevalence, age at smoking initiation, and cumulative tobacco exposure were similar by HIV status. Median Fagerstrom scores of 4 for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected smokers indicated moderate nicotine dependence. Daily cigarette consumption was identical by HIV status (median 10 cigarettes), although HIV-infected participants were less likely to smoke 1+ pack daily compared to HIV-uninfected participants (18.0% vs. 26.9%, p = 0.001). Compared to former injectors, active injectors had higher smoking prevalence (90.5% vs. 81.7%, p = 0.0001), greater daily cigarette consumption (30.7% vs. 19.6% smoked 1+ pack daily, p = 0.0001), and slightly higher Fagerstrom scores (median 5 vs. 4). Cotinine levels paralleled self-reported cigarette consumption. Discussion Tobacco use is extremely common among inner-city IDUs. Smoking behavior and nicotine dependence did not materially differ by HIV status but were associated with active drug injection. Cessation efforts should target the dual dependence of cigarettes and drugs experienced among this population.
Nutrition and the integument

Although nutritional deficiencies, imbalances and toxicities may be specific, they all tend to produce general, non-specific skin changes. Tests to determine nutrient levels in tissues or serum are expensive and rarely diagnostic. Careful evaluation of genetic factors and the dietary history may give clues to the diagnosis; and test feedings or trial medications may produce clinical response. Except for food hypersensitivities, which may be common in certain individuals, pets fed complete, balanced commercial diets rarely have skin disorders caused by nutritional factors.
Differences in response to the aversive properties and activity effects of low dose ethanol in LAS and HAS selectively bred rats.

Rats selectively bred for high alcohol sleep times (HAS) and those that are less affected (LAS) by hypnotic doses (3.0–3.6 g/kg) of ethanol were tested for differential responses to the aversive effects of 1.0 g/kg ethanol in a conditioned place preference task. Likewise, the effects of 0.3–1.0 g/kg ethanol on spontaneous locomotor activity over a 30-min period, as well as the loss of righting reflex with a higher ethanol dose (3.0 g/kg), were determined in these animals. The LAS rats reacted more aversively to 1.0 g/kg during conditioned place aversion testing than the HAS animals and also had a shorter mean sleeping time following 3.0 g/kg ethanol. Furthermore, dose-related depression of spontaneous motor activity was seen in the HAS animals and not in the LAS animals over a 30-min period using doses of 0.3, 0.6, or 1.0 g/kg (10% w/v) ethanol. Taken together, the results indicate that the intoxicating sequelae of high ethanol doses, such as ataxia and sedation, may not be correlated with the aversive effects of low ethanol doses.
Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

A strategy used to design high capacity (>200 mAh g−1), Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is discussed. The advantages of the Li2MnO3 component and its influence on the structural stability and electrochemical properties of these layered xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 electrodes are highlighted. Structural, chemical, electrochemical and thermal properties of xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 electrodes are considered in the context of other commercially exploited electrode systems, such as LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, Li1+xMn2−xO4 and LiFePO4.
Fixed-ratio responding with human subjects

Retarded adult humans were observed when allowed to press a button for candy on various fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. The results demonstrated that the size of the required fixed ratio was directly related to the length of the postreinforcement pause. However, fixed-ratio size had no effect on response rate when responding resumed following the postreinforcement pause.
Biomimetic subwavelength antireflective gratings on GaAs.

We have developed a simple and scalable bottom-up approach for fabricating moth-eye antireflective coatings on GaAs substrates. Monolayer, non-close-packed silica colloidal crystals are created on crystalline GaAs wafers by a spin-coating-based single-layer reduction technique. These colloidal monolayers can be used as etching masks during a BCl3 dry-etch process to generate subwavelength-structured antireflective gratings directly on GaAs substrates. The gratings exhibit excellent broadband antireflective properties, and the specular reflection matches with the theoretical prediction using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis model. These bioinspired antireflection coatings have important technological applications ranging from efficient solar cells to IR detectors. © 2008 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 050.2770, 220.4241, 310.1210, 310.6628. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a technologically important semiconductor that has been widely used in optoelectronics, such as vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [1], near-IR photodetectors [2], and highly efficient concentrator solar cells [3‐5]. However, owing to the high refractive index (RI) of GaAs (nGaAs3.6 for visible wavelengths), more than 30% of incident light is reflected back from the substrate surface. This greatly reduces the efficiency of GaAs-based optoelectronic devices. To suppress the unwanted reflective losses, vacuum-deposited multilayer dielectric (e.g., MgF2/ZnS antireflection coatings (ARCs) have been developed [6,7]. Unfortunately, these multilayer ARCs are expensive to fabricate owing to the stringent requirement of high vacuum, material selection, and layer thickness control. Additionally, thermal-mismatch-induced lamination and material diffusion of the multilayer ARCs limit the device performance at high power densities [3]. Inspired by the broadband antireflection of microstructured corneas of moths, which consist of nonclose-packed arrays of sub-300 nm nipples [8], subwavelength antireflective structures have been extensively exploited [9‐17]. These structures can reduce reflection over a wider range of wavelengths and exhibit much improved thermal stability than conventional multilayer ARCs. However, scalable production of subwavelength ARCs is not a trivial task for the current top-down nanolithography technologies (e.g., electron-beam lithography and interference lithography) [11,13]. Bottom-up colloidal lithography, which uses self-assembled colloidal crystals as deposition or etching masks to pattern periodic nanostructures [18,19], provides a much simpler and inexpensive alternative to nanolithography in creating subwavelength gratings [16,20]. Unfortunately, traditional colloidal assemblies suffer from low throughput, small areas, incompatibility with standard microfabrication, and limited close-packed crystal structures.
Group living decisions as youths transition to adulthood

This study follows teens through young adulthood as they transition to independent living. We focus on a little studied issue: why some youths live in groups rather than alone or with parents. This choice is important because the size of the group has a substantial impact on the demand for dwelling units; the more youths per dwelling the lower is aggregate demand and the greater is population density. Our study also adds to the knowledge of which factors influence youths' choice of destination as they leave the parental home. The empirical testing uses a discrete hazard model within a multinomial logit framework to allow for more than one possible state transition. We find that economic variables have little impact on the decision of whether to exit to a large versus a small group, while socio-demographic variables matter. We also test a new push-pull hypothesis and find that the pull of economic variables on the probability of exiting the parental home increases as youths reach their mid to late twenties.
PERCEPTIONS OF BUSH, CLINTON, AND PEROT IN RELATION TO FREQUENCY OF PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE VIEWING

Two groups of university students reported their frequency of watching the presidential debates of 1992 (245 vs 173) while one group was shown the opening and closing statements made by each candidate in each debate. The 1992 Leathers Personal Credibility Scale was used to measure respondents' perceptions of the three candidates. Analysis of variance using frequency of viewing the debates yielded no significant change in perceptions of the candidates among or between groups.
Radiochemical separation of indium by amalgam-exchange

Abstract The radiochemical separation of indium by an amalgam-exchange technique has been critically evaluated for the aqueous hydrogen bromide system. The efficiency and contamination of the separation has been studied using tracers of 19 different representative elements. Yields of contaminating elements are reduced in most cases to less than 0.1 %, and indium yields are usually above 95 %. The procedure requires no special equipment, and takes about 11 min overall. A number of factors affecting the separation have been studied and improved.
Stimulated exoelectron emission from the surface of insulating solids

Abstract The term “exoelectrons” cannot be found in any encyclopedia, dictionary, textbook, or handbook of physics, solid state science or surface phenomena. Yet, the effect of structure dependent emission of low energy electrons that occurs from surfaces of many insulating solids at temperatures well below those at which thermionic emission occurs has been the subject of more than 300 publications and several international conferences, most recently in Sverdlovsk, 1969′ and Braunschweig, 1970. So far, only one recent review of a particular application of this effect, namely in radiation dosimetry, is available in Englih. It is the purpose of this review to provide an introduction to the field in general and its many applications for the increasing number of scientists who have become interested in exoelectron emission.
Does π−σ−π Through-Bond Coupling Significantly Increase C−C Bond Lengths?

Orbital effects ascribed to π−σ−π through-bond coupling are the result primarily of destabilizing filled−filled interactions; little to no mixing occurs between the antisymmetric π combination and σ*. The magnitude of through-bond coupling does not correlate with bond lengthening. Previous conclusions that through-bond coupling induces long bonds relied in some cases on poor X-ray data and/or inappropriate molecular orbital theories to deduce geometries. Comparison of semiempirical and empirical force field data as a test for through-bond coupling is unwarranted. Standard force fields underestimate the steric bulk of the benzene face, but addition of so-called “through-bond coupling” terms does not provide a physically significant measure of through-bond coupling.
A volumetric spin-off EGI for registration of volume datasets

A spin-off of the Extended Gaussian Image [1] (EGI) registration technique to volumetric datasets is presented. This spin-off technique directly allows recovery of the rotation (and indirectly may allow recovery of the translation) transformations that aligns one volumetric dataset to another. An extension of the basic EGI's orientation histogram to volumetric datasets is also described. Using this histogram, a volume gradient orientation histogram, enables the registration (i.e., aligning) of two instances of one subject. The spin-off technique can be useful for fully automated registration without extraction of higher level features or markers. Results on multiple types of datasets are also reported.
The chemical composition of intercepted cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada

The chemical composition of cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada is dominated by NO_3^−, SO_4^(2−), and NH_4^+. Cloudwater pH is determined largely by the balance between the concentrations of these three species, although inputs of formic and acetic acid also are believed to be important, particularly when anthropogenic inputs are small. Cloudwater samples collected in Sequoia National Park (SNP) exhibited pH values ranging from 3.9 to 6.5; Yosemite National Park (YNP) cloudwater samples had pH values ranging from 3.8 to 5.2. Samples collected at YNP were more acidic than those collected at SNP. The difference in pH between the two regions appears to be due to relatively small differences in inputs of NO_3^−, SO_4^(2−), and NH_4^+. In the absence of inputs of NH_3, cloudwater pH values in the Sierra may fall below 3. Over 250 h of cloud interception were observed during a 12 month period at a cloud monitoring site at 1856 m elevation in SNP. Estimates of cloudwater deposition of NO_3^−, SO^4^(2−), and NH^4^+ indicate that cloud interception contributes significantly to regional acid deposition for closed forest canopies. Cloud interception may be the dominant deposition mechanism for isolated conifers and ridgetop canopies, where wind speeds are higher and cloudy air parcels can impact directly on foliar surfaces.
Uncommon endocytic and trafficking pathway of the natural killer cell CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptor.

The CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptor, expressed by natural killer and T cells, is constantly exposed to its HLA-E ligand expressed by surrounding cells. Ligand exposure often induces receptor downregulation. For CD94/NKG2A, this could potentiate activation receptor(s) induced responses to normal bystander cells. We investigated CD94/NKG2A endocytosis and found that it occurs by an amiloride-sensitive, Rac1-dependent macropinocytic-like process; however, it does not require clathrin, dynamin, ADP ribosylation factor-6, phosphoinositide-3 kinase or the actin cytoskeleton. Once endocytosed, CD94/NKG2A traffics to early endosomal antigen 1+, Rab5+ early endosomes. It does appear in Rab4+ early/sorting endosome, but, in the time period examined, fails to reach Rab11+ recycling or Rab7+ late endosomes or lysosome-associated membrane protein-1+ lysosomes. These results indicate that CD94/NKG2A utilizes a previously undescribed endocytic mechanism coupled with an abbreviated trafficking pattern, perhaps to insure surface expression.
Pun, Quibble, Carwitchet, Clench

In the written record of eighteenth-century England, the word pun often occurs in the company of a number of now outmoded words or word uses that reference wordplay and which include quibble, carwi...
Snow Particle Morphology in the Seasonal Snow Cover

Abstract Snow precipitation degenerates rapidly once it reaches the ground. A wide variety of particle types develop in seasonal snow covers. thus leading to a wide range of snow properties. The most common varieties of particles are shown here. The physical processes responsible for the growth and development of these particles are described in general terms, although these processes are not understood as well as the processes of crystal growth in the atmosphere. The heat and mass flows associated with the development of these crystals in the snow cover are complicated because of snow's complex geometry.
The fate of wide binaries in the solar neighborhood: Encounters with stars and molecular clouds

Abstract The time evolution of wide binaries by stochastic encounters with field stars and molecular clouds in the solar neigborhood is computed with a hybrid Monte Carlo scheme. Specifically, a Fokker-Planck analysis is used for distant encounters and the effects of close encounters are treated encounter by encounter. This approach has a considerable advantage in speed over direct integration methods, enabling the evolution to be computed for a wide range of initial semimajor axes, a0, and environmental parameters. We present the probability that a binary has achieved a new semimajor axis, P [a; a0, τ], for several values of a0 and for several characteristic times such as τ = 2.5 × 108, 3.0 × 109, and 4.5 × 109 years. We also present the probability of survival as a function of time for a0 between 0.01 and 1 pc. The former indicates how an initial distribution of binaries may be expected to evolve and the latter provides a semimajor axis cutoff which may be compared with observations. In order to use the observations together with the Monte Carlo results as a diagnostic probe, we investigate the sensitivity of these simulations to assumptions about the solar neighborhood. As an example, we consider the lifetime and stability of the proposed solar companion. Approximate analytic scaling of all key quantities with assumed environmental parameters is derived and compared with the simulations. The hybrid simulations reveal two physical effects not taken into account by the scaling relations.
Kinetics of doubletime kinase-dependent degradation of the Drosophila period protein

Robust circadian oscillations of the proteins PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) are hallmarks of a functional clock in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Early morning phosphorylation of PER by the kinase Doubletime (DBT) and subsequent PER turnover is an essential step in the functioning of the Drosophila circadian clock. Here using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy we study PER stability in the presence of DBT and its short, long, arrhythmic, and inactive mutants in S2 cells. We observe robust PER degradation in a DBT allele-specific manner. With the exception of doubletime-short (DBTS), all mutants produce differential PER degradation profiles that show direct correspondence with their respective Drosophila behavioral phenotypes. The kinetics of PER degradation with DBTS in cell culture resembles that with wild-type DBT and posits that, in flies DBTS likely does not modulate the clock by simply affecting PER degradation kinetics. For all the other tested DBT alleles, the study provides a simple model in which the changes in Drosophila behavioral rhythms can be explained solely by changes in the rate of PER degradation.