cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
B-Flow Technology in the Evaluation of Residual Common Carotid Artery Flap after Carotid Endarterectomy:

We report a case study of a patient with a residual intimal flap after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with highly disturbed flow observed with B-flow technology (GE Ultrasound, Milwaukee, WI) resulti...
A Review of the Combined Threats of Road Salts and Heavy Metals to Freshwater Systems

Road salts are altering and mobilizing heavy metals away from roadside soils, potentially into freshwater systems. Despite numerous studies investigating the mobilization of heavy metals by road salts, few studies have investigated (a) the movement rate and fate of heavy metals mobilized by road salts, (b) how road salts alter the bioavailable fraction of heavy metals, and (c) how road salts and heavy metals interact to affect freshwater organisms or human health. In this article, we discuss the consequences of increased concentrations of heavy metals and road salts, examine the mechanisms of heavy-metal mobilization, and highlight areas for future research. Future studies should investigate how metals and road salts alter ecosystem function and ecosystem services in freshwater habitats. Finally, increased research efforts will help assess whether the fate of heavy metals mobilized by road salts increases risks to human health by contaminating drinking water and water used for agriculture.
General Conclusion and Possible Further Directions

Alice and Bob, our two heroes, realized that there may be more backdoors than they expected. And when designing a secure system, they certainly cannot ignore them. Principally, our purpose was not to propose new physical leakages of embedded systems, but rather we intended to provide a thorough survey of two of them, namely the power and the electromagnetic emanations. In this respect, we investigated.
Heart Failure: Epidemiology and Demographics

Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome. It is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in patients 65 years or older, and this population also has the highest incidence and prevalence of heart failure. Heart failure is also likely to increase due to a number of demographic changes that include an aging population, improved survival after myocardial infarction, and improvement in the therapeutic armamentarium such as the use of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, implantable defibrillators, etc. However, despite these advances, heart failure prognosis remains poor, with survival rate low and mortality rate elevated.
Process Themes in Frederick Ferré’s Philosophy of Technology

One of the distinctive features of Frederick Ferre’s recent book, Philosophy of Technology (PT), 1 is its affinity with process thought and its use of some specific concepts from Whitehead’s philosophy. In the following discussion I shall focus on an explication and critical examination of this aspect of Ferre’s book.
Cyclic Groups, Cutting Planes, Shortest Paths

Publisher Summary To define C(T), the convex closure of T, as the solution set of a system of linear inequalities, a class of functions II(f0) on the unit interval is defined. In this, f0 is any real number satisfying 0 < f0 < 1. This chapter presents a theorem that describes C(T) as an intersection of half-planes. In the algorithm, fixed breakpoints become convex and increasing breakpoints become concave breakpoints. The chapter discusses cyclic groups and cutting plane through alogorithms and presents some cyclic group and cutting plane problems and their solutions. The group problem, even when the group is not cyclic but more generally a direct product of cyclic groups, can be formulated as a shortest path problem. The chapter presents an algorithm that is a method of solving the shortest path problem and can be compared to other methods.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis in children versus adults: lessons for the clinic.

Introduction: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic disorder that presents with multifocal biliary strictures. PSC has a variable course but often leads to progressive liver di...
Exploring Women's Experiences in Accessing, Understanding, Appraising, and Applying Health Information During Pregnancy.

Introduction This study explored pregnant women's experiences in accessing, understanding, evaluating, communicating, and using health information and services during pregnancy. Methods Pregnant participants (aged 18-45 years) were recruited from an obstetrics and gynecology department of a large urban training hospital. Focus groups were facilitated by a moderator's guide developed from health literacy domains (access, understand, evaluate, and communicate and use), audio recorded, transcribed, and uploaded into ATLAS.ti. Constant comparative and thematic analysis were employed. Results Participants (N = 17) were predominantly Hispanic (53%), married (67%), college educated (87%), employed (80%), insured (100%), and nulliparous (59%). Health care providers and online and digital sources were preferred sources of information. Participants' understanding was facilitated by plain language, pictures and other visuals, numbers and statistics, and tailored information. Participants evaluated information credibility by source (health care provider, advertisement, multiple sources) and personal circumstances (eg, health history, gestational age). In addition, these women used the information to communicate with health care providers, family, and partners and to change health-related behaviors. Discussion Participants described rich, contextual health literacy experiences. Future interventions that maximize access to health care providers and online and digital sources, while ensuring materials are easy to understand, convenient, and patient centered, could facilitate informed decision making during this critical period. Future prenatal education and counseling interventions could be developed and evaluated using established health literacy principles to ensure that information is accessible, understandable, and actionable.
Cladonia leporina (Cladoniaceae), a new macrolichen for New York State and northern range extension found in Brooklyn, New York City1

A sizable population of the jester lichen, Cladonia leporina Fr., is here reported from dune habitat in Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, NY. Marking a new record for New York, and the northernmost known record of this species, this study is a reminder that the Atlantic Coast likely still holds hidden diversity in its urban lichen communities.
The right ventricular fibroblast secretome drives cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation

Rationale In virtually all models of heart failure, prognosis is determined by right ventricular (RV) function; thus, understanding the cellular mechanisms contributing to RV dysfunction is critical. Whole organ remodeling is associated with cell-specific changes, including cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and activation of cardiac fibroblasts (Cfib) which in turn is linked to disorganization of cytoskeletal proteins and loss of sarcomeric structures. However, how these cellular changes contribute to RV function remains unknown. We’ve previously shown significant organ-level RV dysfunction in a large animal model of pulmonary hypertension (PH) which was not mirrored by reduced function of isolated cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that factors produced by the endogenous Cfib contribute to global RV dysfunction by generating a heterogeneous cellular environment populated by dedifferentiated cells. Objective To determine the effect of Cfib conditioned media (CM) from the PH calf (PH-CM) on adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM) in culture. Methods and results Brief exposure (<2 days) to PH-CM results in rapid, marked dedifferentiation of ARVM to a neonatal-like phenotype exhibiting spontaneous contractile behavior. Dedifferentiated cells maintain viability for over 30 days with continued expression of cardiomyocyte proteins including TnI and α-actinin yet exhibit myofibroblast characteristics including expression of α-smooth muscle actin. Using a bioinformatics approach to identify factor(s) that contribute to dedifferentiation, we found activation of the PH Cfib results in a unique transcriptome correlating with factors both in the secretome and with activated pathways in the dedifferentiated myocyte. Further, we identified upregulation of periostin in the Cfib and CM, and demonstrate that periostin is sufficient to drive cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation. Conclusions These data suggest that paracrine factor(s) released by Cfib from the PH calf signal a phenotypic transformation in a population of cardiomyocytes that likely contributes to RV dysfunction. Therapies targeting this process, such as inhibition of periostin, have the potential to prevent RV dysfunction.
Interferon-induced thrombotic microangiopathy.

Although drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is commonly reported, evidence for a causal association is uncommonly documented. In this issue of Blood, Kavanagh et al use multiple methods to clearly establish a causal association of type I interferon with TMA.1
A Neonate With Precordial Pulsations.

Video 1. Click here to view the video. What findings are seen on this video? Suprasternal pulsations are pulsations that occur in the midline region above the suprasternal notch; in Video 2, these pulsations are observed below the infant’s neck. They can be found in a neonate with hyperdynamic circulation or a dilated aortic arch. Both of these findings are seen in an infant with a patent ductus arteriosus with a large left-to-right shunt causing volume overload of the …
Harnessing spectral phase in broadband time-energy entangled photons for precision delay sensing

A scheme to measure temporal delay between two optical paths using a high-dimensional biphoton frequency comb is proposed. Interference of frequency bins via electro-optic phase modulation provides picosecond-scale sensitivity to delay detuning.
Atypical imaging findings of presumed stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy syndrome in the brainstem

The authors present an atypical case of presumed stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy (SMART) syndrome in the brainstem. A 29-year-old male, who had been treated with resection and subsequent craniospinal radiation for posterior fossa medulloblastoma 21 years before, presented with subacute progressive left hemiparesis evolving over 4 days. Hematological findings, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and electroencephalogram (EEG) were unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a round area of hyperintense FLAIR signal centered within the pons associated with central restricted diffusion, peripheral enhancement, and small paramagnetic low susceptibility signal foci consistent with petechial hemorrhage. Positron emission tomography (PET), perfusion MRI, and MR spectroscopy revealed no evidence of tumor recurrence. The diagnosis of SMART syndrome is presumed from the conventional and advanced imaging findings, clinical history, and clinical course.
Harm Reduction in Male Patients Actively Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs): a Review

Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) and performance-enhancing drug (PED) use is a prevalent medical issue, especially among men, with an estimated 2.9-4 million Americans using AAS in their lifetime. Prior studies of AAS use reveal an association with polycythemia, dyslipidemia, infertility, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and multiple behavioral disorders. AAS withdrawal syndrome, a state of depression, anhedonia, and sexual dysfunction after discontinuing AAS use, is a common barrier to successful cessation. Clinical resources for these patients and training of physicians on management of the patient using AAS are limited. Many men are hesitant to seek traditional medical care due to fear of judgment and lack of confidence in physician knowledge base regarding AAS. While proposed approaches to weaning patients off AAS are published, guidance on harm reduction for actively using patients remains sparse. Medical education regarding the management of AAS use disorder is paramount to improving care of this currently underserved patient population. Management of these patients must be non-judgmental and focus on patient education, harm reduction, and support for cessation. The approach to harm reduction should be guided by the specific AAS/PEDs used.
Rebuilding a US Federal Data Strategy After the End of the "Community Health Status Indicators".

For nearly 2 decades, the Community Health Status Indicators tool reliably supplied communities with standardized, local health data and the capacity for peer-community comparisons. At the same tim...
Standardization of a Badminton Knowledge Test for College Women

(1946). Standardization of a Badminton Knowledge Test for College Women. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 48-63.
A Model Reference Approach for Interarea Modal Damping in Large Power Systems

In this chapter, we present a set of results on the design of dynamic controllers for electromechanical oscillation damping in large power systems using Synchronized Phasor Measurements. Our approach consists of three steps, namely – (1) Model Reduction, where phasor data are used to identify second-order models of the oscillation clusters of the system, (2) Aggregate Control, where state-feedback controllers are designed to achieve a desired closed-loop transient response between every pair of clusters, and finally (3) Control Inversion, where the aggregate control design is distributed and tuned to actual realistic controllers at the generator terminals until the interarea responses of the full-order power system matches the respective inter-machine responses of the reduced-order system. Although a general optimization framework is needed to formulate these three steps for any n-area power system, we specifically show that model reference control (MRC) can be an excellent choice to solve this damping problem when the power system consists of two dominant areas, or equivalently one dominant interarea mode. Application of MRC to such two-area systems is demonstrated through topological examples inspired by realistic transfer paths in the US grid.
A steep-slope transistor based on abrupt electronic phase transition

Collective interactions in functional materials can enable novel macroscopic properties like insulator-to-metal transitions. While implementing such materials into field-effect-transistor technology can potentially augment current state-of-the-art devices by providing unique routes to overcome their conventional limits, attempts to harness the insulator-to-metal transition for high-performance transistors have experienced little success. Here, we demonstrate a pathway for harnessing the abrupt resistivity transformation across the insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide (VO2), to design a hybrid-phase-transition field-effect transistor that exhibits gate controlled steep ('sub-kT/q') and reversible switching at room temperature. The transistor design, wherein VO2 is implemented in series with the field-effect transistor's source rather than into the channel, exploits negative differential resistance induced across the VO2 to create an internal amplifier that facilitates enhanced performance over a conventional field-effect transistor. Our approach enables low-voltage complementary n-type and p-type transistor operation as demonstrated here, and is applicable to other insulator-to-metal transition materials, offering tantalizing possibilities for energy-efficient logic and memory applications.
Selection of AraB and AraC Mutants of Escherichia coli B/r by Resistance to Ribitol

The growth of strain araC c 67 , which produces the enzymes of the ara operon constitutively, is inhibited by the addition of ribitol. Isolation of strains resistant to ribitol yields mutants of either the araB or araC genes. A model to account for the inhibition by ribitol is discussed.
Poly(a) sequences in Naegleria messenger RNA before and after initiation of differentiation. Absence of oligo(A).

Abstract The ameboid stage of the amebo-flagellate Naegleria gruberi was found to synthesize two size classes of polynucleotides resistant to digestion with a mixture of ribonuclease A and T1. These two size classes were present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Cells differentiating into flagellates were found to lose a variable amount of the smaller, nuclease-resistant fragment while synthesizing only the larger nuclease-resistant class. The adenosine to AMP ratio of the larger nuclease-resistant fragment was compatible with a 3′-terminal poly(A) sequence of 87 nucleotides average length. The smaller nuclease-resistant fragment was found to be rich in AMP (44–49%) but contained a substantial amount of other nucleotides. The smaller fragment was heterogeneous in size with an average length of 10–12 nucleotides as estimated by its elution from a DEAE column. Fractionation of RNA on oligo(dT) cellulose demonstrated that the large and small nuclease-resistant fragments were on different RNA molecules. Only the large poly(A) sequence was present in either cytoplasmic or nuclear RNA which bound to oligo(dT) cellulose. On the other hand, only the small nuclease resistant fragment was found in the unbound RNA from either nuclei or cytoplasm.
Parallel Programming Support in ParaScope

The first vector supercomputers appeared on the market in the early to mid seventies. Yet, because of the lag in developing supporting software, it is only recently that vectorizing compilers powerful enough to effectively utilize vector hardware have been developed.
Associations among violence exposure, mental disorder, SUD and HIV.

Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, researchers have studied the paths of transmission of HIV. An emergent path highlighted by Brief et al. (2004) follows a conceptual model of HIV infection which operates as follows: Individuals exposed to trauma develop depression and/or anxiety or other related mental disorder(s); they use alcohol and/or drugs to self-medicate or cope with unpleasant thoughts or feelings related to the trauma, which in turn impairs their judgment, thus increasing their engagement in HIV risk behaviors, and increasing their risk of contracting HIV. While studies have established trauma exposure, mental disorder and SUD as independently associated with HIV infection, there is a paucity of research examining the impact of trauma exposure and co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (COD). Galvan, Burnam and Bing (2003) concluded that population-based estimates of COD among HIV-positive people are not available in the literature. Klinkenberg and Sacks (2004) concurred, “We still know relatively little about PLWH/A [people living with HIV and/or AIDS] with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders. Additional epidemiological study is needed in order to more fully describe their health and substance-using characteristics,” (p. S33). Persons suffering from the effects of trauma exposure who develop COD may be in jeopardy of acquiring HIV.
Trajectory to a first episode of psychosis: a qualitative research study with families

Aim: The trajectory in psychotic disorders which leads from a relatively normal premorbid state in young people to a first episode of psychosis is only partly understood. Qualitative research methods can be used to begin to elucidate the temporal unfolding of symptoms leading to a first episode of psychosis, and its impact on families. Methods: We conducted open-ended interviews with family members of 13 patients with recent onset non-affective psychotic disorders, which focused on changes observed, effects on the family, explanatory models, help-seeking patterns and future expectations. Standard data analytic methods employed for qualitative research were used. Results: Narratives by family members were remarkably similar. First, social withdrawal and mood symptoms developed in previously normal children; these changes were typically ascribed to drugs or stress, or to the ‘storminess’ of adolescence. Coping strategies by family members included prayer and reasoning/persuasion with the young person, and family initially sought help from friends and religious leaders. Entry into the mental health system was then catalysed by the emergence of overt symptoms, such as ‘hearing voices’, or violent or bizarre behaviour. Family members perceived inpatient hospitalization as traumatic or difficult, and had diminished expectations for the future. Conclusions: Understanding families' explanatory models for symptoms and behavioural changes, and their related patterns of help-seeking, may be useful for understanding evolution of psychosis and for the design of early intervention programmes. Dissatisfaction with hospitalization supports the mandate to improve systems of care for recent-onset psychosis patients, including destigmatization and a focus on recovery.
Myocardial stunning analyzed by a single muscle fiber model

Mechanisms underlying myocardial stunning are yet to be clarified. We investigated this with a computer model in conjunction with experimental data obtained from canine subjects. A modified Hill's 3-element muscle model was subjected to parametric changes similar to regional ventricular measurements and perturbed by reductions in contractility and rates of activation and deactivation. Results show that many of the myocardial stunning features can be reproduced even in a single muscle fiber model.
Seeing the Brain So We Can Save It. The Evolution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Clinical Tool

Publisher Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a clinical tool that has an impact on neurology. This chapter illustrates this transformation through three classical neurological diseases, namely, acute ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors. The advent of new MRI techniques such as diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging (DWI and PWI) has added another dimension to diagnostic imaging in stroke. Furthermore, MRI has changed not only clinical management because of a higher diagnostic yield but also daily neurological and neurosurgical practice. Not all tumors are candidates for surgical resection; however, confirmation of the pathology is critical for treatment decisions or enrollment in a clinical trial. Imaging and the development of intraoperative MRI suites have played an increasing role in assisting with biopsy guidance as part of frameless navigation systems. It is exciting to observe that, with an increasing number of clinical therapeutic trials being designed; MRI may not only function as a diagnostic tool but may also have prognostic strength and thus serve as a surrogate endpoint for the development of new therapies.
Bi4Sr3Ca3Cu4O16 galss and superconducting glass ceramics.

Bi/sub 4/Sr/sub 3/Ca/sub 3/Cu/sub 4/O/sub 16/ glass has been successfully fabricated by the melting process. Glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, and liquid temperature of the glass are 434, 478, and 833 /sup 0/C, respectively. After the glass is heat treated at 800 /sup 0/C, a glass ceramic is formed. A comparison of the x-ray-diffraction pattern of the superconducting Bi/sub 4/Sr/sub 3/Ca/sub 3/Cu/sub 4/O/sub 16+//sub x/ ceramic to the Bi/sub 4/Sr/sub 3/Ca/sub 3/Cu/sub 4/O/sub 16/ glass ceramic revealed preferred orientation in the glass ceramic crystals. The superconducting transition temperatures T/sub c//sub (onset)/ and T/sub c//sub (zero)/ of the glass ceramics are 100 and 45 K, respectively.
Use of Polyurethane Material Models for Simulating Leg-Form Impact in Different Explicit Finite Element Codes

Compressible plastic foams are used throughout the inte­ rior and bumper systems of modern automobiles for safety enhancement and damage prevention. Conse­ quently, modeling of foams has become very important for automobile engineers. To date, most work has focused on predicting foam performance up to approxi­ mately 80% compression. However, in certain cases, it is important to predict the foam under maximum com­ pression, or 'bottoming-out.' This paper uses one such case-a thin low-density bumper foam impacted by a pedestrian leg-form at 11.1 m/s-to investigate the 'bot­ toming-out' phenomenon. Multiple material models in three different explicit Finite Element Method (FEM) packages (RADIOSS, FCRASH, and LS-DYNA) were used to predict the performance. The finite element mod­ els consisted of a foam covered leg-form impacting a fixed bumper beam with a foam energy absorber. The predicted leg-form acceleration over time was then com­ pared to the leg-form acceleration observed during a physical test. Within the finite element models solid elements using material types such as honeycomb, advanced foam cur­ vilinear recoverable, strain rate foam recoverable, and low density foam were evaluated as to their accuracy in simulating ConforTM foam on the pedestrian leg-form and polyurethane energy-absorbing foam on a bumper beam under extreme compression or deformation conditions. Extreme deformation which occurs after 80% compres­ sion can cause excessive hourglassing of certain types of elements. During this extreme event many solid ele­ ment material types will not exhibit the correct foam behavior, consequently the results lead to an incorrect prediction. This study attempts to determine the best material type to use during this type of large deformation impact. Joe Hassan, Peter Schuster and G. Frederick Ford Motor Company
Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone

Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. Ann Simons. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. + 246 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Energy transfer pathways in the collisional activation of peptides

Abstract Classical trajectory simulations were carried out to study details of the energy transfer mechanism for activation of polyglycine (gly) n and polyalanine (ala) n peptide ions via collisions with Ar atoms. The Amber valence force field was used to represent the peptide intramolecular potential and the argon–peptide interaction was modeled using parameters previously determined from high level ab initio calculations. Energy transfer was studied versus collision impact parameter b , the collision energy, and peptide temperature and structure. Energy transfer to rotation becomes important for extended peptides at large b , but with averaging over impact parameter is smaller than transfer to vibration. Specific pathways for vibrational energy transfer were distinguished by determining the efficiency of energy transfer with various combinations of low and high frequency modes constrained. With all stretching and bending modes constrained the efficiency of energy transfer is more than 80% of that without constraints, which illustrates the efficient excitation of the torsional modes. Varying the peptide structure has a significant effect on the energy transfer efficiency, with larger energy transfer for the folded structures. The efficiency of energy transfer increases with increase in collisional energy.
Why do group members provide information to digital knowledge repositories? a multilevel application of transactive memory theory

The proliferation of digital knowledge repositories (DKRs) used for distributed and collocated work raises important questions about how to manage these technologies. This study investigates why individuals contribute information to DKRs by applying and extending transactive memory theory. Data from knowledge workers (N = 208) nested in work groups (J = 17) located in Europe and the United States revealed, consistent with transactive memory theory, that perceptions of experts' retrieval of information were positively related to the likelihood of information provision to DKRs. The relationship between experts' perceptions of retrieval and information provision varied from group to group, and cross-level interactions indicated that trust in how the information would be used and the interdependence of tasks within groups could explain that variation. Furthermore, information provision to DKRs was related to communication networks in ways consistent with theorizing regarding the formation of transactive memory systems. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, emphasizing the utility of multilevel approaches for conceptualizing and modeling why individuals provide information to DKRs.
Determination of the partition coefficient of 133xenon between oral tissues and blood in the dog.

Abstract Ostwald solubility coefficients for 133 Xe in plasma ( S p ), red blood cells ( S c ), and selected oral tissue homogenates ( S t ) obtained from the dog were determined at 4, 20, 27 and 37 °C by counting the 133 Xe activity of the air phase and the sample (liquid, red cells or tissue) in the same tube following equilibration. The partition coefficient for xenon (λ, in ml/g) between red cells and plasma ( λ cp ) and that between tissues and plasma ( λ tp ) were calculated from the measured S p , S c and S t . The tissue-blood partition coefficients ( λ tb ) of oral tissues for 133 Xe were then calculated using λ cp , λ tp and the haematocri value. The calculated values of λ tb at 37 °C and 50 per cent haematocrit were 0.650 for the pulp, 0.674 for the tongue, 0.828 for the submandibular gland and 0.881 for the gingiva of the dog. λ cp increased and λ tp decreased as the temperature was reduced from 37 to 4 °C.
Gastric adenomas: Intestinal-type and gastric-type adenomas differ in the risk of adenocarcinoma and presence of background mucosal pathology

Gastric adenomas are neoplastic growths characterized by localized, polypoid proliferations of dysplastic epithelium. They frequently arise in stomachs with a background of mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, and a higher risk of adenocarcinoma elsewhere in the stomach has been reported in patients with gastric adenomas. Additionally, some gastric adenomas themselves demonstrate neoplastic progression to infiltrating adenocarcinoma. However, previous studies have not comprehensively evaluated the background gastric mucosa and risk of adenocarcinoma, particularly in relation to the histologic classification of adenomas as either intestinal-type or gastric-type. We studied 61 gastric adenomas from 51 patients between 1985 and 2001. The adenomas were classified as intestinal-type (containing at least focal goblet cells and/or Paneth cells), gastric-type (lined entirely by gastric mucin cells on PAS/alcian blue stain), or indeterminate. We evaluated the histologic features of both the adenomas (location, multiplicity, degree of dysplasia, presence of adenocarcinoma within the polyp) and the surrounding gastric mucosa (presence of gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma). Gastric adenomas were distributed equally throughout the stomach, were most frequently solitary (82%), and contained adenocarcinoma in nine cases (14.8%). There were 34 intestinal-type adenomas (56%) in 31 patients, 25 gastric-type adenomas (41%) in 18 patients (including 10 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis), and 2 of indeterminate type (3%). Intestinal-type adenomas were significantly more likely than gastric-type adenomas to show high-grade dysplasia (p <0.0001), adenocarcinoma within the polyp (p = 0.016), intestinal metaplasia in the surrounding stomach (p <0.000001), and gastritis (p = 0.002). Patients with intestinal-type adenomas were also more likely to have separate adenocarcinomas (five cases vs 0 cases), although this did not reach statistical significance. Gastric adenomas are rarely truly "sporadic" lesions. In any individual patient complete removal of the adenoma should be performed, and thorough biopsy of the surrounding gastric mucosa is essential to understand the clinicopathologic context of the adenoma.
Double-tilt electron tomography

Abstract Fidelity of tomographic reconstructions is improved and reconstruction artifacts are reduced, without increasing the number of projections, by combining tilt series taken around two orthogonal axes. Test reconstructions were made from high-voltage EM of rat liver mitochondria in a 0.6 μm thick plastic section. A number of schemes for selecting tilt angles for the projections are compared. A new method for aligning fiducial markers is described. It uses an iterative algorithm to determine the shift, scale, in-plane rotation and tilt angle for each tilt image, enforcing agreement of the expected locations of the fiducial markers in 3D space. These 3D locations are used to find the orientation between two tilt series and to merge both sets of projections.
Redefining pT3 renal cell carcinoma in the modern era: A proposal for a revision of the current TNM primary tumor classification system

BACKGROUND. The 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) does not take into account concomitant venous invasion and extrarenal tumor extension (ERE). In the current study, the authors evaluated the prognostic significance of venous tumor thrombus (VTT) and its extent, the presence and location of ERE, and a combination of both features on survival after the surgical management of patients with pathologic T3 (pT3) RCC. METHODS. With Institutional Review Board approval, the institutional nephrectomy database of 3470 patients treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1990 to 2006 was searched for pT3 RCC patients who were treated with partial or radical nephrectomy. Patients with nonmetastatic, lymph node-negative RCC and a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included in the analysis. RESULTS. A total of 419 patients with pT3N0/NxM0 RCC and a mean follow-up of 40.8 months met the study inclusion criteria. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, the 2002 AJCC primary tumor classification was not found to be an independent predictor of cancer-specific mortality. A total of 211 patients with ERE only (50.4%) and 72 patients with VTT only (17.2%) were found to have a similar risk of death from RCC (hazards ratio [HR] of 1.018; P = .957), whereas 136 patients harboring both features (32.5%) were found to be significantly more likely to die from RCC (HR of 2.660; P < .001). The authors proposed a new primary tumor classification in which they grouped patients with both ERE and VTT (which was found to be an independent predictor of cancer-specific survival) into a separate staging category, and demonstrated improved prognostic ability when compared with the 2002 AJCC classification (c indexes of 0.625 vs 0.580, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. The prognostic accuracy of the 2002 AJCC pT3 tumor classification can be improved by subclassifying patients with ERE only and those with VTT only into a prognostic category that is separate from patients with both ERE and VTT. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Static and Dynamic Models in Social Disorganization Theory

Static and Dynamic Approaches. The static approach to social organization is a structural view of society that emphasizes order, continuity, symmetry, and timeless consensus. Its ideal representation is the inert, tradition-bound, technologically simple, culturally homogeneous, informally-controlled, isolated, and kinshipcentered society. (11, 12, 33) In this society the members, as individuals, presumably are also organized, because they uncritically accept a consistent and uniform value-system and have slight inclination to deviate because of the scarcity of alternate and particularly contradictory schemes of behavior. But this version of social
Comment on "Ancient Asteroids Enriched in Refractory Inclusions"

Sunshine et al. (Reports, 25 April 2008, p. 514) reported that certain asteroids contain 30 +/- 10 volume percent calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). We contend that the amount of CAIs in CV chondrites is two to three times as low as the 10 volume percent assumed by the authors; thus, we question whether the CAI-rich bodies they studied are indeed older than known asteroids or formed before the injection of (26)Al into the solar nebula.
Adaptation in auditory-nerve fibers: A revised model

Adaptation of firing rates in auditory-nerve fibers appears to reflect two distinct processes. Rapid adaptation occupies the first few milliseconds of response and is superimposed upon short-term adaptation which has a time constant of about 40 ms. The properties of the two processes are reviewed and compared, and a phenomenological model is developed that successfully accounts for them. The model consists of several stages which have been tentatively associated with underlying physiological processes. In the first stage stimulus intensity is transformed by a static nonlinearity, followed by a low-pass filter. The filtered output may correspond to the hair-cell receptor potential. It modulates the release of a substance that possibly represents synaptic transmitter. Adaptation is produced by the depletion of transmitter which is located in three stores in cascade. A global store with fixed concentration controls the steady-state response and replenishes a local store which is responsible for short-term adaptation. The local store seplenishes a rapidly depleted immediate store. Flow between stores is proportional to concentration gradients with the following exceptions. The immediate store is subdivided into independent volumes or sites and there is no flow among sites or back to the local store. A given site becomes activated only when the receptor potential exceeds its particular activation value and the number of activated sites is proportional to the receptor potential. The flow of transmitter from the immediate store is assumed to be proportional to neural firing rate, with some minor modifications described in the text. The properties of the model are determined from the underlying equations and from a computer simulation. The model produces realistic response properties including PST histograms, onset and steady-state rate-intensity functions, incremental and decremental responses, response modulation for amplitude modulated stimuli, and period histograms for low-frequency tones.
Bethanechol chloride in neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Representative case summaries of patients with different types of neurogenic bladder diagnosed by combined cystometric-perineal electromyography and treated with bethanechol (Urecholine) are presented. Determination of the activity of the periurethral striated muscle in relation to bladder dysfunction is extremely important in the selection of patients for bethanechol therapy. In the absence of structural obstruction, bethanechol can be used in patients with (1) the early phase of coordinated reflex neurogenic bladder and sphincter when there is incomplete bladder emptying due to feeble or unsustained detrusor contractions, (2) recovery phase of spinal shock when the periurethral striated muscle has recovered and is under voluntary control, (3) incomplete motor paralytic bladder with coordinated sphincter, and (4) sensory paralytic bladder with decompensation. The bethanechol regimen will vary in accordance with the type of bladder being treated.
Chemical synthesis and characterization of the sweet protein mabinlin II

The sweet protein mabinlin II isolated from the seeds of Capparis masaikai consists of the A chain with 33 amino acid residues and the B chain composed of 72 residues. The B chain contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds and is connected to the A chain through two intermolecular disulfide bridges. The A chain was synthesized by the stepwise fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase method in a yield of 5.9%, while the B chain was synthesized by a combination of the stepwise Fmoc solid-phase method and fragment condensation in a yield of 6.0%. Disulfide formation and combination of the A and B chains followed by purification by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gave mabinlin II in a yield of 47.4%. The characterization of the synthetic mabinlin II by HPLC, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis, and disulfide bond determination fully supported the expected structure. A 0.1% solution of the synthetic mabinlin II had an astringent-sweet taste. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 46: 215–223, 1998
Student teachers report on the influence of cultural values on classroom practice and community involvement: Perspectives from the Navajo reservation and from abroad

Abstract Student teachers in schools on the Navajo Reservation and seven foreign nations reported on the influence of host culture values, beliefs, and traditions on their classroom practice and community involvement. Among the values they identified were traditional lifestyle, clan/family, sharing/reciprocity, superstitions/taboos, sports/competition, and education. Furthermore, the student teachers described their application of these values in a range of professional, social, and personal ways. The combined data demonstrate that cultural study and learning can and should be an integral part of teacher education programs, including the field‐based components. Requiring student teachers to examine the values operating in their placement communities and to seek ways in which they can incorporate these values into their own actions prepares them to become culturally responsive educators who will embrace the diversity in schools and communities.
Extreme brachial loop.

A 47-year-old man with prior right ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction presented with angina and was referred for cardiac catheterization. Right radial artery angiogram was normal ([Fig. 1][1]A, [Online Video 1][2]). A J-tip guidewire met resistance just above the elbow. A subsequent brachial
cDNA microarray analysis of invasive and tumorigenic phenotypes in a breast cancer model

The fms oncogene encodes the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, which is abnormally expressed in breast cancer. Transfection of wild-type CSF1R into HC11 mammary epithelial cells (HC11-CSF1R) renders the transfectants capable of in vitro local invasion and in vivo tumorigenesis. Transfection with CSF1R mutated to express phe at the tyr-721 autophosphorylation site (HC11-CSF1R-721) creates a phenotype that lacks metastastic competence but maintains local invasiveness. Conversely, HC11 cells transfected with CSF1R mutated at tyr-807 (HC11-CSF1R-807) retain their metastatic competence, but are not locally invasive. Our aims were to determine which genes were differentially expressed with transfection of HC11 with wild-type CSF1R, and to determine the effect of mutation at the autophosphorylation sites on gene expression, using 4.6 K cDNA microarrays. Complementary DNA from HC11, HC11-CSF1R-721 and HC11-CSF1R-807 were each hybridized together with HC11-CSF1R on individual arrays. A principal component spectral method combined with prenormalization procedures was used for sample clustering. Differentially expressed genes were identified by the analysis of variance. Confirmation by Northern blotting was performed for MAP kinase phosphatase-1, WDNM1 (extracellular proteinase inhibitor), Trop 2 (tumor-associated calcium signal transducer-2), procollagen type IV alpha, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, prenylated snare protein Ykt6, ceruloplasmin and chaperonin 10. Many of these genes have not previously been associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. We have successfully identified genes that can be linked to the invasive phenotypes or to tumorigenesis. These genes provide a basis for further studies of metastatic progression and local invasiveness, and can be evaluated as therapeutic targets.
EXPRESSION AND SECRETION OF ACTIVE MOUSE TIMP-1 USING A BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION VECTOR

Mouse TIMP-1, one of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases important in regulating turnover of extracellular matrix in both normal and pathological tissues, was previously expressed inE. coli in an inactive, nonglycosylated state that required refolding to become functional. Due to the difficulty of renaturation, an alternative to the prokaryotic expression system was sought. Since we are interested in studying the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of TIMP locally administered by controlled delivery to mice with experimentally induced arthritis, we also needed an efficient way of producing active TIMP in large quantities. Using the pBlueBacII transfer vector, we generated a recombinant baculovirus that in Sf9 cells could express glycosylated mouse TIMP-1 to about 3 mg of active protein/liter conditioned medium.
Cloning, heterologous expression, and distinct substrate specificity of protein farnesyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract Protein prenylation occurs in the protozoan that causes African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei), and the protein farnesyltransferase appears to be a good target for developing drugs. We have cloned the α- and β-subunits of T. brucei protein farnesyltransferase (TB-PFT) using nucleic acid probes designed from partial amino acid sequences obtained from the enzyme purified from insect stage parasites. TB-PFT is expressed in both bloodstream and insect stage parasites. Enzymatically active TB-PFT was produced by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Compared with mammalian protein farnesyltransferases, TB-PFT contains a number of inserts of >25 residues in both subunits that reside on the surface of the enzyme in turns linking adjacent α-helices. Substrate specificity studies with a series of 20 peptides SSCALX (where X indicates a naturally occurring amino acid) show that the recombinant enzyme behaves identically to the native enzyme and displays distinct specificity compared with mammalian protein farnesyltransferase. TB-PFT prefers Gln and Met at theX position but not Ser, Thr, or Cys, which are good substrates for mammalian protein farnesyltransferase. A structural homology model of the active site of TB-PFT provides a basis for understanding structure-activity relations among substrates and CAAX mimetic inhibitors.
Do pyrimidine dimer yields correlate with erythema induction in human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light (275-365 nm)?

— Ultraviolet radiation produces erythema in human skin, and damages the DNA of living cells in skin. Previous work showed that broad-band UV-B (290–320 nm) radiation produced higher levels of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in DNA of individuals with high UV-B sensitivity (low minimal erythema dose) than in subjects of low UV-B sensitivity [Freeman et al. (1986) J. Invest. Dermatol., 86, 34–36]. We examined the relationship between erythema induction and dimer yields in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with narrow band radiation spanning the wavelength range 275–365 nm. We find that, in general, higher dimer yields are produced per incident photon in volunteers with higher susceptibility to erythema induced by radiation of the same wavelength.
Epidemiological-environmental study of diesel bus garage workers: Acute effects of NO2 and respirable particulate on the respiratory system

Personal samples of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and respirable particulate (RP) were collected over the shift on 232 workers in four diesel bus garages. Response was assessed by an acute respiratory questionnaire and before and after shift spirometry. Measures of exposure to NO2 and RP were associated with work-related symptoms of cough; itching, burning, or watering eyes; difficult or labored breathing; chest tightness; and wheeze. The prevalence of burning eyes, headaches, difficult or labored breathing, nausea, and wheeze experienced at work were higher in the diesel bus garage workers than in a comparison population of battery workers, while the prevalence of headaches was reduced. Mean reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), peak flow, and flows at 50 and 75% of FVC were not obviously different from zero. There was no detectable association of exposure to NO2 or respirable particulate and acute reductions in pulmonary function. Workers who often had respiratory work-related symptoms generally had a slightly greater mean acute reduction in FEV1 and FEF50 than did those who did not have these symptoms, but these differences were not statistically significant.