cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional fecal and urinary outcomes after sacrococcygeal mass resection in pediatric patients.

Abstract Background Sacrococcygeal masses (SCM) are uncommon in children. The purpose of this study is to review the functional fecal and urinary outcomes following resection of SCM and to determine the impact of a multidisciplinary clinic (MDC) on these outcomes. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent SCM resection between 1979 and 2019. Baylor Social Continence Scale (BCS), Vancouver Symptom Score (VSS) and Cleveland constipation score (CSS) surveys were used to assess fecal and urinary continence at time of most recent follow up. Age, tumor characteristics, histopathology, and type of anorectal malformations (ARM), if present, were also recorded. Results 75 patients were included. 51 (69%) patients were females and 23 (31%) had an associated ARM. The median age at resection was 8.5 months (IQR 0–26.8). 41 (56%) patients were followed in the MDC. 27 (82%) of patients seen in the MDC were clean for stool and 26 (87%) were dry for urine, while only 17 (59%) of patients not seen in the MDC were clean for stool and dry for urine (p Conclusions A multidisciplinary approach to the care of patients following SCM resection may improve bowel and bladder outcomes.
Inhibition of Small-Conductance, Ca2+-Activated K+ Current by Ondansetron.

Background: Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) have been proposed as antiarrhythmic targets for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. We previously demonstrated that the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron inhibits heterologously expressed, human SK2 (hSK2) currents as well as native cardiac SK currents in a physiological extra-/intracellular [K+] gradient at therapeutic (i.e., sub-micromolar) concentrations. A recent study, using symmetrical [K+] conditions, challenged this result. The goal of the present study was to revisit the inhibitory effect of ondansetron on hSK2-mediated currents in symmetrical [K+] conditions. Experimental Approach: The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to investigate the effects of ondansetron and apamin on hSK2-mediated currents expressed in HEK 293 cells. Currents were measured in symmetrical [K+] conditions in the presence of 100 nM [Ca2+]o. Results: Expression of hSK2 produced inwardly rectifying whole-cell currents in the presence of 400 nM free cytosolic Ca2+. Ondansetron inhibited whole-cell hSK2 currents with IC 50 values of 154 and 113 nM at −80 and 40 mV, respectively. Macroscopic current inhibited by ondansetron and current inhibited by apamin exhibited inwardly rectifying current-voltage relationships with similar reversal potentials (apamin, ∼5 mV and ondansetron, ∼2 mV). Ondansetron (1 μM) in the continuing presence of apamin (100 nM) had no effect on hSK2-mediated whole-cell currents. Wild-type HEK 293 cells did not express ondansetron- or apamin-sensitive currents. Conclusion: Ondansetron in sub-micromolar concentrations inhibits hSK2 currents even under altered ionic conditions.
The Interplay of CEO Ability and Governance Robustness on the Performance Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility

This study investigates how the association between corporate social responsibility and firm performance, documented in prior research, is affected by the joint effects of managerial ability and attributes of the firm’s governance structure. We find that higher levels of managerial ability enable firms to benefit more/less from their CSR investments depending on the presence/absence of appropriate governance devices. While CEO ability may be seen as an indicator of how well the CEO might serve the firm in the market-domain strategies, the results suggest that this may not be the case in the non-market domain in the absence of appropriate governance mechanisms. We discuss several theoretical and practical implications of our findings and suggest some directions for future studies that focus on the CEO ability. We also suggest that the market-based measures of CEO ability may need to incorporate other non-economic terms for the measure to be more reliable and comprehensive.
Benefits of the lateral resistor in a FED

A protective resistor in series with a microtip is known to homogenize field emission. It is not widely recognized, however, that this protective resistor must be fail-safe as well, since the microtips are exposed to rare but potentially destructive events during life. This paper addresses two proposed protective resistor concepts: (a) a vertical resistor located locally underneath each microtip, and (b) a lateral resistor radially distributed from the center of each microtip. It is shown by electrical and thermal analysis that the lateral resistor is significantly more fail-safe than the vertical resistor by factors of about 10/spl times/ and 100/spl times/, respectively.
Please Make More Films, on The Cinema of Terrence Malick: Poetic Visions of America, edited by Hannah Patterso

_The Cinema of Terrence Malick: Poetic Visions of America_ Edited by Hannah Patterson London: Wallflower Press, 2003 ISBN 1-903364-75-2 195 pp.
Multimedia Signal Processors: An Architectural Platform with Algorithmic Compilation

Novel algorithmic features of multimedia applications and advances in VLSI technologies are driving forces behind the new multimedia signal processors. We propose an architecture platform which could provide high performance and flexibility, and would require less external I/O and memory access. It is comprised of array processors to be used as the hardware accelerator and RISC cores to be used as the basis of the programmable processor. It is a hierarchical and scalable architecture style which facilitates the hardware-software codesign of multimedia signal processing circuits and systems. While some control-intensive functions can be implemented using programmable CPUs, other computation-intensive functions can rely on hardware accelerators. To compile multimedia algorithms, we also present an operation placement and scheduling scheme suitable for the proposed architectural platform. Our scheme addresses data reusability and exploits local communication in order to avoid the memory/communication bandwidth bottleneck, which leads to faster program execution. Our method shows a promising performance: a linear speed-up of 16 times can be achieved for the block-matching motion estimation algorithm and the true motion tracking algorithm, which have formed many multimedia applications (e.g., MPEG-2 and MPEG-4).
In NLRB Recess Appointments Case, Roberts Court Can Now Show It Knows How to Exercise Judicial Restraint

If the Senate confirms a full complement of members for the National Labor Relations Board, the Obama administration should ask the Supreme Court in Noel Canning v. NLRB to remand the case, without decision, to be re-heard by the NLRB. The court should grant the request, showing a judicial restraint for which the Roberts bench is not known — and returning the recess appointments controversy to the elected branches of government, where it belongs. If the SG does not pursue this course, the Court should use the political question doctrine to avoid unnecessary judicial interference with the dynamics of the President's and Senate's shared appointments power.
Chemical mediators of pain due to tissue damage and ischemia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses transduction of two painful stimuli: tissue damage and cardiac ischemia. The chapter suggests that the initial sensation of tissue damage is mediated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acting on an ATP-gated ion channel called the P2X receptor. The ischemic heart pain—chronic angina and the pain of heart attack—are triggered when protons open an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC). Both hypotheses are considered debatable at this point. The hypotheses rely on evidence of high expression of P2X and ASIC receptors in cells specialized to detect tissue damage and cardiac ischemia respectively. However, increasing evidence from whole animal studies lends support to these ideas. To describe the mechanisms of pain caused by tissue injury one must first identify active compounds that are released near peripheral sensory endings.
The posteriorly based platysma flap in oral and facial reconstruction: A case series.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and use of the posteriorly based platysma flap for oral and facial reconstruction. Patients and Methods: This case series consists of 7 patients who were reconstructed with a posteriorly based platysma flap for various tumor resection defects of the oral and facial region. The flaps were monitored for complications, including skin loss and ischemia in the postoperative period. Results: Three of the patients (43%) in this study had no complications. Three patients (43%) had some skin sloughing, but the underlying muscle remained viable and mucosalized normally. One patient (14%) had 40% flap loss of the distal end, possibly due to vascular compromise that occurred during a concomitant neck dissection. Conclusion: The posteriorly based platysma flap is a reliable reconstruction option for defects in the facial and oral region. If skin sloughing occurs, it is usually inconsequential for intraoral reconstruction as the underlying muscle remains viable and undergoes epithelialization. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:1147-1150, 2002
A Novel Heme and Peroxide-Dependent Tryptophan-Tyrosine Cross-Link in a Mutant of Cytochrome c Peroxidase

The crystal structure of a cytochrome c peroxidase mutant where the distal catalytic His52 is converted to Tyr reveals that the tyrosine side-chain forms a covalent bond with the indole ring nitrogen atom of Trp51. We hypothesize that this novel bond results from peroxide activation by the heme iron followed by oxidation of Trp51 and Tyr52. This hypothesis has been tested by incorporation of a redox-inactive Zn-protoporphyrin into the protein, and the resulting crystal structure shows the absence of a Trp51-Tyr52 cross-link. Instead, the Tyr52 side-chain orients away from the heme active-site pocket, which requires a substantial rearrangement of residues 72-80 and 134-144. Additional experiments where heme-containing crystals of the mutant were treated with peroxide support our hypothesis that this novel Trp-Tyr cross-link is a peroxide-dependent process mediated by the heme iron.
Ultrastructure of Calcified Cartilage in the Endoskeletal Tesserae of Sharks

The tesserate pattern of endoskeletal calcification has been investigated in jaws, gill arches, vertebral arches and fins of the sharks Carcharhinus menisorrah, Triaenodon obesus and Negaprion brevirostris by techniques of light and electron microscopy. Individual tesserae develop peripherally at the boundary between cartilage and perichondrium. An inner zone, the body, is composed of calcified cartilage containing viable chondrocytes separated by basophilic contour lines which have been called Liesegang waves or rings. The outer zone of tesserae, the cap, is composed of calcified tissue which appears to be produced by perichondrial fibroblasts more directly, i.e., without first differentiating as chondroblasts. Furthermore, the cap zone is penetrated by acidophilic Sharpey fibers of collagen. It is suggested that scleroblasts of the cap zone could be classified as osteoblasts. If so, the cap could be considered a thin veneer of bone atop the calcified cartilage of the body of a tessera. By scanning electron microscopy it was observed that outer and inner surfaces of tesserae differ in appearance. Calcospherites and hydroxyapatite crystals similar to those commonly seen on the surface of bone are present on the outer surface of the tessera adjacent to the perichondrium. On the inner surface adjoining hyaline cartilage, however, calcospherites of variable size are the predominant surface feature. Transmission electron microscopy shows calcification in close association with coarse collagen fibrils on the outer side of a tessera, but such fibrils are absent from the cartilaginous matrix along the under side of tesserae. Calcified cartilage as a tissue type in the endoskeleton of sharks is a primitive vertebrate characteristic. Calcification in the tesserate pattern occurring in modern Chondrichthyes may be derived from an ancestral pattern of a continuous bed of calcified cartilage underlying a layer of perichondral bone, as theorized by Orvig (1951); or the tesserate pattern in these fish may itself be primitive.
Electron microscopy of monkey kidney cells infected with both SV40 and measles virus.

THE ultrastructure of cells infected with SV40 alone has been described previously by several investigators1–4. The morphology of the internal component of measles virus in infected cells has also been described5–7. Single cells infected with these two viruses have not been reported, however. In a previous study, a mixed infection with both SV40 and measles virus was obtained in a lot of cell cultures prepared from the kidney of a sick green monkey8. Mixed infection with these two viruses was later experimentally induced in tissue culture, and doubly infected cells were noted on examination by light microscopy9. The present communication describes the electron microscopy of cells in cultures doubly infected with SV40 and measles virus, and observation of the fine structure of both viruses in the same nucleus.
Structural properties of protein-stabilized starch-based supercritical fluid extrudates

Abstract Supercritical fluid extrusion, a low temperature and low shear process, was used to produce pre-gelatinized corn and potato starch-based extrudates, containing 4–10% thermosetting egg white (EW) or whey protein concentrate (WPC-34), and dried at 22–100°C. Addition of proteins reduced shrinkage of high-moisture extrudates, as indicated by increases in expansion ratio by up to 140 and 341% when the drying temperatures were 22 and 100°C, respectively. Products containing 7% EW or WPC-34 and dried at 85°C expanded best while maintaining an intact structure, with expansion ratio (∼12) and bulk density (∼0.10 g/cm3) comparable to steam extrudates. The products had a unique composite and uniform microcellular structure, with average cell sizes in the range of 50-250 μm and cell density of the order of 106 cells/cm3. The classical nucleation theory and a qualitative model for cell growth and shrinkage based on glass transition temperature were used to explain the microcellular structure.
Influence of mixing medium on sintering and coupling coefficient of PZT ceramics

Abstract Mixtures of PZT, PbO and a water solution of PVA were prepared with distilled water and isopropyl alcohol. Better cold pressing behavior and more uniform microstructures free of large pores were obtained with use of the alcohol. Nature of grain boundaries was essentially unaffected as indicated by K p measurements.
INTEGRATED EXPLORATION FOR LOW‐TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE HONEY LAKE BASIN, CALIFORNIA1

An integrated exploration study is presented to locate low-temperature geothermal reservoirs in the Honey Lake area of northern California. Regional studies to locate the geothermal resources included gravity, infrared, water-temperature, and water-quality analyses. Five anomalies were mapped from resistivity surveys. Additional study of three anomalies by temperature-gradient and seismic methods was undertaken to define structure and potential of the geothermal resource. The gravity data show a graben structure in the area. Seismic reflection data, indicate faults associated with surface-resistivity and temperature-gradient data. The data support the interpretation that the shallow reservoirs are replenished along the fault zones by deeply circulating heated meteoric waters.
Therapeutic Gaming in Context: Observing Game Use for Brain Injury Rehabilitation

Video games are often used in brain injury (BI) therapy sessions to help motivate patients to engage in rehabilitation activities. However, very little is known about contexts of game use in real-world rehabilitation settings. In this paper, we explore contexts of commercial game use in BI therapy through observation of inpatient therapy sessions. Based on a systematic analysis of the observation recordings, we found that (1) only 30% of session time was used for gameplay; (2) therapists needed to provide various kinds of cognitive and physical patient support during the play sessions; and (3) therapists adopted multiple strategies to reinforce the therapeutic values of the games. This study is helping us create decision and information sharing tools to support the use and creation of games for BI rehabilitation.
COGNITIVE ANALYSIS, COMPUTER MODELS, AND THE WAIS

Fulkerson and Cartwright (1984) have an interesting approach to how the human brain analyzes Similarity-type tasks. Like other computer models, theirs makes certain assumptions about how the brain works, assumptions which are rarely clearly articulated. One of these assumptions is the idea that che brain processes information in a linear, orderly, and incremental manner. In fact, evidence is growing that the brain processing of higher cognitive material involves multiple simultaneous, often non-linear processes (which may influence one another) as well as linear and overlearned automatic strategies which may or may not be applicable to the problem at hand (from the computer's point of view). Such processes reflect a complex interaction between brain organization and development with life experience. From this perspective, computer models as generally proposed by psychologisrs oversimplify brain processes and miss essential aspects of brain processing. Until such models acknowledge and analyze these processes, they are unlikely to be very useful in predicting a substantial pan of the variance in even simple human behavior. Fulkerson and Cartwright attempted to study their model experimentally. Although the study can be criticized on a number of general methodological issues (e.g., the population). the study still illustrates the limits of the advocated theoretical approach. The authors need, for example, to combine actual and potential overlaps although the role of potential overlaps in the model is quite questionable. While total overlap correlates with the Similarities-score rota], such correlates are modest, accounting for some 16% of the total variance in three items and none in the fourth. Abstraction is a poor predictor for two items, and number of attributes accounrs over-all for less than 10% of the vadance. Indeed, in nearly all the pairs the lack of consistent findings is striking. In addition to supporting the introductory comments, such results also emphasize one of the major assumptions by Luria (1773) that seemingly similar or identical tasks may be processed by widely differing brain strategies. As a result, attempting to find a method for all "similariries" in general may be impossible as there is no such single method. It is to the authors' credit that they recognize some of the limitations of the model. From the perspective presented here, it can be suggested that this is not just the absence of some additional linear factors but is due to a fundamental error in the "computer" model. This is not to say that computer models of brain function are impossible bur rather chat such models need to reflect a more complex set of linear and non-linear and experiential factors which capitalize on higher mathematical theory and relationships. Only when such a modification is made in our approach will this research begin to approach the actual operation of the human mind.
Habitat choice byDrosophila pseudoobscura: The roles of genotype and of experience

Microhabitat preferences ofDrosophila pseudoobscura strains were examined in a Waddington maze, with an emphasis on learning how early environment affected adult habitat choice. The genotypes were roughly those expected in a natural population; the environmental variables included light, temperature, and food. It was found that (1) the different genotypes chose habitats differently; (2) early experience affected subsequent habitat choice; and (3) the effect of early experience was complex, as preference for one niche dimension (temperature) was reinforced by experience with the generally preferred value, preference for another niche dimension (light) was weakened by experience with the generally preferred value, and preference for other niche dimensions (food) was generally unaffected by experience. In this study the contribution to the total chi square was about equal from genotype and from environment. The significance of these findings for studies of dispersal and population structure of natural populations is discussed.
The Effect of Cooking on Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol Levels in Chlorpyrifos-Fortified Produce for Use in Refining Dietary Exposure

Various types of produce were fortified with chlorpyrifos and then boiled, baked, canned, or concentrated as appropriate for the type of produce. Both uncooked and cooked samples were analyzed for chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, and then, chlorpyrifos cooking factors were calculated by comparing the postcooked concentration to the uncooked concentration. The cooking factors were dependent upon the commodity and cooking procedure: 0.320-1.19 for boiled samples, 0.022-1.18 for baked pulp, and 0.119-0.661 for canned samples. Concentrating chlorpyrifos-fortified orange juice 4-fold resulted in a concentration factor of only 2.6, indicating a loss of chlorpyrifos. Green bean and green pepper plants treated in the greenhouse yielded higher chlorpyrifos concentrations but similar cooking factors to lab-fortified samples. The cooking factors can be used with food consumption databases and modeling tools to refine the dietary exposure according to current product label uses.
CORRECTION FACTORS IN CALCULATING ABSORBED LIGHT INTENSITIES

— A semi-rigorous treatment for errors involved in correcting absorbed light intensities based on measurement of transmitted intensities is given. Several common systems are discussed: vapour system with a vapour actinometer, vapour system with a liquid actinometer, and liquid system with a liquid actinometer. In each case, correction factors have been calculated, which can be conveniently applied to the majority of quantitative photochemical systems. In addition, a treatment is given for the case where a separate cell containing the actinometer is used in place of a photodiode.
Taylor dispersion measurements of monolayer protected clusters : A physicochemical determination of nanoparticle size

We describe the use of the Taylor dispersion method to determine the diffusion coefficients of monolayer protected clusters (MPCs). The MPCs have nanometer Au cores (∼1−5 nm diameter) coated with a passivating, self-assembled monolayer of thiolate ligands (∼40−600). The results are found to agree with electrochemically measured diffusion coefficients, validating both approaches for measuring nanoparticle diffusivities. Taylor diffusion coefficients are used to calculate MPC hydrodynamic diameters under the sticking and the slip boundary conditions of the Stokes−Einstein equation, which are compared to the overall MPC diameterestimated as the core diameter (measured by TEM) plus the length (2L) of two fully extended ligands. Better agreement between calculated and experimental hydrodynamic diameters of alkanethiolate-coated MPCs in organic solvents are obtained using slip boundary conditions, implying free draining of solvent through the outer portion of the extended chains. The hard-sphere (sticking) vers...
Hydrogen Etching Effects During Plasma Doping Processes and Impact on Shallow Junction Formation

Hydrogen etching effects in plasma ion implantation (PII) doping processes alter device structure and implant dopant profile and reduce the retained implant dose. This has particular relevance to the shallow junction devices of ultra large scale integrated circuits (ULSI). Hydrogen etching of semiconductor materials including Si, poly-Si, SiO 2 , Al, and photoresist films have been investigated. The effects of varying different PII process parameters are presented. The experimental data show that the spontaneous etching by hydrogen radicals enhanced by ion bombardment is responsible for the etching phenomena. A computer simulation is used to predict the as-implanted impurity profile and the retained implant dose for a shallow junction doping when the etching effect is considered.
Effectivity of solvents—A new approach in non-aqueous acid—base titrimetry

A new approach for selection of a suitable solvent system as a medium for non-aqueous acid-base titration is proposed. The essence of the approach is the development of a new criterion called "effectivity". The latter is based on consequences of the Bronsted and Izmailov acid-base theories and represents a quantitative measure for improving or worsening the titration conditions of acids and bases in non-aqueous solvents as compared with water. The "effectivity" E is given by the relation E = DeltapK(s) - DeltapK(s) where DeltapK(s) is the difference between the logarithmic values of the autoprotolysis constants of water and the solvent in question, and DeltapK is the so-called medium effect. The latter is a constant value which shows that acids and bases with the same charge alter their strength to the same extent when transferred from water into a non-aqueous solvent. The medium effect is calculated by statistical treatment of a great number of acid-base constants determined experimentally both in water and the non-aqueous solvent in question. The effectivity of the solvents most often used in non-aqueous acid-base titrimetry, determined by this approach, shows that in many cases these solvents offer significant advantages over water, but drawbacks are also observed. Some limitations of the approach are discussed. Special attention is paid to dimethylsulphoxide and its mixtures with water, which prove to be highly effective media for the acid-base titration of many substances.
Risk Management for the Emergency Physician: Competency and Decision-Making Capacity, Informed Consent, and Refusal of Care Against Medical Advice

This article focuses on those times that the emergency physician (EP) and patient do not agree on a treatment option. Attention is placed on the risk management issues relevant to the patient's unexpected choice. Emphasis is placed on determining a patient's competency or capability of making clinical decisions, with particular focus on the EP deciding that patient competency requires a formal evaluation. The EP should have a strategy for assessing clinical decision-making capability and an understanding of what circumstances should act as a trigger for considering such an assessment. Attention to documentation issues around informed consent, common barriers to consent, refusal of care, and ED discharge against medical advice are examined.
High-dose oral multivitamins and minerals after MI did not reduce CV events

Source Citation Lamas GA, Boineau R, Goertz C, et al. Oral high-dose multivitamins and minerals after myocardial infarction: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:797-805. 24490264
Theoretical study of the positive ions of the dimers and trimers of the group IB metals (Cu, Ag, and Au)

Abstract The molecular structure of the positive ions of the diatomic and triatomic systems containing the metals Cu, Ag, and Au are determined from ab initio calculations. The bond lengths of the positive diatomic ions are similar to those of the corresponding anions, because they all have a bond order of one half. The ionization potentials (IPs) of the homonuclear trimers are considerably smaller than those for either the atoms or diatomics, since the highest occupied molecular orbital is only weakly bonding. The neutral and positively charged trimers have comparable structures resulting in similar vertical and adiabatic IPs. The trends in the dimer and trimer IPs and atomization energies are explained by the fact that the IP of Au is larger than either Ag or Cu.
Mathematical Modeling and Control of a Multiboiler Steam Generation System

This paper explores the development of a dynamic mathematical model of a three-boiler steam generation process, experimental verification of the model, and the development of an effective control s...
Design of Mesostructured Materials Under Uncertainty

Uncertainties in material properties, geometry, manufacturing processes, and operational environments are clearly critical at all scales (nano-, micro-, meso-, and macro-scale). Specifically, reliabilty analysis in mesostructured materials can be driven by these uncertainties. The concept of mesostructured materials is motivated by the desire to put material only where it is needed for a specific application. This research develops a reliability-based synthesis method to design mesostructures under uncertainty, which have superior structural compliant performance per weight than parts with bulk material or foams. The efficiency of the proposed framework is achieved with the combination of topology optimization and stochastic approximation which utilizes stochastic local regression and Latin Hypercube Sampling. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was demonstrated using a ground structure topology optimization approach.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cu2O island shape transition during Cu-Au alloy oxidation.

In situ transmission electron microscopy observations of the oxidation of (001) Cu-Au alloys indicate that the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ islands that form undergo a remarkable transformation from an initially compact morphology to a dendritic structure as growth proceeds. Correspondingly, the surface composition becomes nonuniform and the fractal dimension associated with the islands evolves from 2.0 to a stable value of 1.87, indicating a transition in the rate-limiting mechanism of oxidation from oxygen surface diffusion to diffusion of copper through the increasingly gold-rich regions adjacent to the islands.
Brain superoxide anion generation during asphyxia and reventilation in newborn pigs.

ABSTRACT: Superoxide anion generation during severe asphyxia and reventilation was assessed in newborn pigs. Using closed cranial windows over the parietal cortices, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was determined during asphyxia/ reventilation. Asphyxia was induced by turning off the respirator and occluding the endotracheal tube. In each animal, 2.4 mM NBT dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid was placed under one window and under the opposite window, NBT (2.4 mM) plus SOD (60 U/mL) dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid was used. A significant increase in SOD-inhibitable NBT reduction was observed in asphyxiated piglets (14.67 ± 4.5 pmol/mm2 · 20 min) when compared with control piglets (2.82 ± 1.1 pmol/mm2 · 20 min). In another group in which the animals were treated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) before asphyxia/reventilation, there was minimal SOD-inhibitable NBT reduction. Our results indicate that superoxide anion is generated on the cerebral cortex during asphyxia/reventilation via the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase pathway.
Design of Resistance Welder Transformers

Due to increased production demands, the speed at which resitance welders operate has been stepped up as much as four to five times during the last few years. This has been made possible in a large degree, by the development of new switching mechanisms that will allow a current dwell of a fraction of a cycle on a 60-cycle circuit. This increased speed of welding has made it necessary to study very carefully the design of the transformer and the shape and spacing of the secondary circuits, especially the cooling and protection of these parts. It has been necessary also to pay more attention to multi-transformer welders, where several transformers are used either for the purpose of distributing the secondary current to better advantage, or for the purpose of balancing the welder load on multi-phase circuits.
Development and Evaluation of an Advanced Intelligent Speed Adaptation System

AbstractIntelligent speed adaptation (ISA) systems are in-vehicle systems that have the capability of either warning drivers of adverse speeding behaviours or limiting them from exceeding a prevail...
New cyclic voltammetry method for examining phase transitions: Simulated results

We propose a new experimental technique for cyclic voltammetry, based on the first-order reversal curve (FORC) method for analysis of systems undergoing hysteresis. The advantages of this electrochemical FORC (EC-FORC) technique are demonstrated by applying it to dynamical models of electrochemical adsorption. The method can not only differentiate between discontinuous and continuous phase transitions, but can also quite accurately recover equilibrium behavior from dynamic analysis of systems with a continuous phase transition. Experimental data for EC-FORC analysis could easily be obtained by simple reprogramming of a potentiostat designed for conventional cyclic-voltammetry experiments.
Alkyl Iodide-Iodine Exchange and the Szilard-Chalmers Effect

The rate of isotopic exchange between liquid ethyl iodide and dissolved iodine is of zero order with respect to iodine concentration. Apparent isotopic exchange is thus very rapid at low concentrations of iodine, and previously reported values of organic "retention," obtained in studies of (n, γ) recoil in alkyl iodide, are placed in doubt.
The effect of bank capital requirements on bank off-balance sheet financial innovations

Abstract A popular explanation for the explosive growth in banks' off-balance sheet (OBS) activities is the avoidance of capital adequacy requirements. Several studies have examined this and other motivations behind bank OBS activities with mixed results. We shed further light on the issue of OBS growth by modelling OBS products as financial innovations subject to a logistic diffusion adoption pattern. Our data also allows us to investigate the impact of important changes in capital adequacy regulations on OBS diffusion rates. We find that changes in capital requirements have had no consistent impact on the speed of diffusion across OBS activities.
Depression and learned helplessness in mentally retarded and nonmentally retarded adolescents: an initial investigation.

Abstract Depression and learned helplessness were examined in a sample of 26 educably mentally retarded (EMR) adolescents and a matched (on age, sex, and race) group of 26 nonmentally retarded adolescents. Depression and learned helplessness were assessed using the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS) and Mastery Orientation Inventory (MOI), respectively. Results indicated that EMR adolescents manifested significantly (p
Global ideals, local realities: the development project and missionary management in Russia

Since the break‐up of the Soviet Union, the Western media and Western academics have used the benign rhetorical frames of “democratization”, “privatization”, “transition to a market economy” and “the management revolution” to explain events in post‐Soviet Russia. Reframes the rhetoric from these global ideals to the local reality of the “development project” in Russia, interpreting events as a continuing pattern of Western violence in which Americans are implicated as “missionary managers”.
Memory testing. characterisation timing and patterns

Semiconductor memory testing is of growing importance to manufacturers of electronic equipment. Memories are being designed into a surprising number of different types of electronic equipment, and so the memory content of end products continues to expand. Also memory complexity, and the complexity of the printed-circuit boards to which they are attached, is increasing. All these factors emphasise the need for memory testing
Interspecies Transformation of Streptomycin Resistance in Oral Streptococci

Abstract Donor deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from streptomycin-resistant (StrR) mutant derivatives of a variety of strains of Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis was used to transform streptomycin resistance into competent S. sanguis strain Challis. Transfer of genetic markers for sorbitol and mannitol fermentation and for extracellular polysaccharide as demonstrated by colonial morphology was not detected in this study. Reciprocal transformation between strain Challis and other oral streptococci could not be demonstrated. Transformation frequencies for StrR were relatively efficient among S. sanguis strains, with lower but significant frequencies demonstrated with strain Challis and donor deoxyribonucleic acid derived from other oral streptococci.
A Postage Stamp History of Optics

Optics is a venerable and important branch of science. Because nearly all the readers of this journal use it in their professional work, and because everyone uses applied optics in daily life, a short history of the subject may be of interest. It will be illustrated by postage stamps; they provide a colorful and fairly complete coverage of the subject. This article follows the format of two similar papers that have appeared in this journal: a postage stamp history of spectroscopy and a postage stamp history of chemistry. The discussion here is chronological except for the placement of physiological optics near the end. Very little will be said about the nature of light, and spectroscopy and electron optics will be omitted entirely. All the stamps are identified in Table I.
Transducing the Signals: A G Protein Takes a New Identity

The prevailing dogma is that heterotrimeric G proteins exclusively transduce signals from the seven-transmembrane motif–containing cell surface receptors, also known as G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). New evidence indicates that Gα13, the α subunit of the G protein G13, breaks away from this traditional exclusive signaling alliance with GPCRs to transmit signals from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Gα13 is involved in cell migration in response to GPCRs activated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or thrombin. A new report indicates that Gα13 is also required for cell migration induced by the growth factors, such as PDGF, EGF, or VEGF. GPCR coupling is not required for such RTK-to-Gα13 signaling. This new identity for Gα13 as a signal transducer for both GPCRs and RTKs may be a forerunner for similar findings involving other Gα subunits. This expanding role of G proteins in both GPCR signaling and RTK signaling is likely to have a great impact not only on our understanding of cell signaling in general, but also more specifically where the dysregulation of signaling by GPCRs, RTKs, and G proteins cause pathophysiological changes such as in the case of tumorigenesis, tumor progression and/or metastasis.
Monitoring Changes to Federal Health IT Privacy Policy: A Case Study in Punctuated Equilibrium

Applying the communication theory called punctuated equilibrium to an activity system in the federal department that oversees health-information privacy reveals that the theory fails to align well with a government activity system rooted in a stable democratic tradition. This activity system is structured to accommodate a wide variety of stakeholders and significant organizational change. This case study prompts a reexamination of punctuated equilibrium as an approach to understanding the role of documents in certain types of activity systems.
Relative Accuracy of Three-Phase Metering Combinations

This paper grades several three-phase combinations of instrument transformers and watthour meters under various conditions according to their approach to the best standard practice. The combinations are described and sources of uncertainty or of error are discussed. Diagrams are included to show the schematic connections of the component transformers and meters, both separately and in combination and of the power systems to be metered.
Superior Long-Term Outcome of Patients With Early Transformation of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Undergoing Stem Cell Transplantation

In this study, we discuss the results of patients with transformed lymphoma (TL) undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT). Because of the paucity of literature on the treatment of TL, deciding on the optimal evidence-based treatment is a challenge. Herein, our results indicate that patients with early transformation may benefit the most from SCT. Background Transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising from follicular lymphoma (TL) carries a poor prognosis with a median survival time after transformation reported to be approximately 1 year. Patients and methods Fifty-one consecutive patients with TL received SCT between January 2000 and December 2010 (autologous SCT, n = 44, allogeneic SCT, n = 7). Results Thirty-six (70.5%) patients had an early transformation, defined as histologic evidence of transformation at the time of initial diagnosis or transformation within 1 year of follicular lymphoma. Fifteen patients had early stage disease (29%) and 36 (71%) had advanced stage disease on presentation. At the time of analysis, 37 patients were alive with an estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) of 61.8% and 45%, respectively. OS and EFS were not significantly different between types of transplant procedure. The major cause of transplant failure was disease recurrence, with estimated 2-year relapse rate of 37.4%. Importantly, early transformation was independently associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR] 3.29; P = .028) and EFS (HR 2.49; P = .029). Conclusion Our results indicate that an aggressive transplant approach should be considered first in patients with TL and emphasize the need to incorporate novel strategies (eg, immunomodulation) early post-SCT to prevent relapses as disease recurrence remains the major cause of failure in heavily pretreated patients.
Exploring Complex-Base Logarithms

(1995). Exploring Complex-Base Logarithms. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 65-67.
Transient neurologic deficits associated with congestive heart failure and hypovolemia

This report describes a patient in whom symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency were associated with the extremes of hydration—congestive heart failure and hypovolemia. In each instance, reversal of neurologic deficits was correlated with correction of the underlying problem.
Hypocretin/Orexin Selectively Increases Dopamine Efflux within the Prefrontal Cortex: Involvement of the Ventral Tegmental Area

Hypocretins (HCRTs) modulate a variety of behavioral and physiological processes, in part via interactions with multiple ascending modulatory systems. Further, HCRT efferents from the lateral hypothalamus innervate midbrain dopamine (DA) nuclei, and DA cell bodies express HCRT receptors. Combined, these observations suggest that HCRT may influence behavioral state and/or state-dependent processes via modulation of DA neurotransmission. The current studies used in vivo microdialysis in the unanesthetized rat to first characterize the effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of HCRT-1 (0.07, 0.7 nmol) on extracellular levels of DA within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (Acc). Electroencephalographic/electromyographic measures of sleep-wake state were collected along with select behavioral measures (eg locomotor activity, grooming). HCRT-1 dose-dependently increased PFC dialysate DA levels, and these increases were closely correlated with increases in time spent awake. In contrast, Acc DA levels were unaffected. Additional studies examined whether HCRT-1 acts directly within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to selectively increase PFC DA efflux and modulate behavioral state. Unilateral infusion of HCRT-1 (0.1, 1.0 nmol) within the VTA increased PFC, but not Acc, DA levels. Importantly, intra-VTA infusion of HCRT-1 increased the time spent awake and grooming. Moreover, HCRT-induced increases in both time spent awake and time spent grooming were significantly correlated with post-infusion PFC DA levels. The current observations predict a prominent modulatory influence of HCRT on PFC-dependent cognitive and affective processes that results, in part, from actions within the VTA. Additionally, these observations suggest that the activation of VTA DA neurons contributes to the behavioral state-modulatory actions of HCRT.
Elevated Anxiety Sensitivity Index scores in patients with major depression: Correlates and changes with antidepressant treatment.

Abstract Anxiety sensitivity has proven to be a valuable concept for understanding panic-related disorders. Norms now exist for the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) for patients with anxiety disorders and control samples, but anxiety sensitivity has not been well studied in depressed patients. We examined ASI scores in two samples of depressed patients and found elevations in the mid 20s (25.2), similar to scores for individuals with nonpanic anxiety disorders, including social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Among depressive symptoms, ASI scores were most strongly linked with dysfunctional attitudes and the severity of somatic symptoms. ASI scores decreased following treatment with antidepressant medication (fluoxetine) to levels comparable to control norms. Clinical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Efficacy of a Hot Washing Process for Pretreated Yellow Poplar to Enhance Bioethanol Production

Cost reductions for pretreatment and bioconversion processes are key objectives necessary to the successful deployment of a bioethanol industry. These unit operations have long been recognized for their impact on the production cost of ethanol. One strategy to achieve this objective is to improve the pretreatment process to produce a pretreated substrate resulting in reduced bioconversion time, lower cellulase enzyme usage, and/or higher ethanol yields. Previous research produced a highly digestible pretreated yellow poplar substrate using a multistage, continuously flowing, very dilute sulfuric acid (0.07% (w/v)) pretreatment. This process reduced the time required for the bioconversion of pretreated yellow poplar sawdust to ethanol. This resulted in a substantially improved yield of ethanol from cellulose. However, the liquid volume requirements, steam demand, and complexity of the flow-through reactor configuration were determined to be serious barriers to commercialization of that process. A reconfigured process to achieve similar performance has been developed using a single-stage batch pretreatment followed by a separation of solids and liquids and washing of the solids at a temperatures between 130 and 150 degrees C. Separation and washing at the elevated temperature is believed to prevent a large fraction of the solubilized lignin and xylan from reprecipitating and/or reassociating with the pretreated solids. This washing of the solids at elevated temperature resulted in both higher recovered yields of soluble xylose sugars and a more digestible pretreated substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. Key operating variables and process performance indicators included acid concentration, temperature, wash volume, wash temperature, soluble xylose recovery, and performance of the washed, pretreated solids in bioconversion via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Initial results indicated over a 50% increase in ethanol yield at 72 h for the hot washed material as compared to the control (no washing, no separation) and a 43% reduction of in the bioconversion time required for a high ethanol yield from cellulose