cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION OF CLONED EUKARYOTIC tRNA GENES

ABSTRACT Extracts from Xenopus germinal vesicles have been used to transcribe faithfully cloned Drosophila or yeast tRNA genes to precursor tRNAs. If the tRNA genes contain an intervening DNA sequence it is found in the tRNA precursors as the corresponding RNA sequence. The Xenopus nuclear extracts have the ability to process these precursor tRNAs into mature tRNA. Sequence analysis of the primary transcripts, which contain 5′-terminal pppA or pppG residues, should aid studies aimed at defining regulatory DNA regions responsible for gene transcription by RNA polymerase III. In addition, these tRNA precursors have proven to be ideal substrates for the many enzymes involved in eukaryotic tRNA biosynthesis.
Imaging with ultra-lightweight flat lenses: visible near-IR to long-wave IR (Conference Presentation)

In this presentation, we will describe the design, fabrication and characterization of flat lenses that operate in any desired spectral regime. Specifically, we will describe flat lenses in the visible band, in the visible and near-IR band, and also in the LWIR band. We have shown that multi-level diffractive optics, when designed properly can enable high efficiency broadband imaging [1]. Here, we will extend the performance to the IR and show experimental results. We further compare our optics with metalenses, and emphasize that metalenses offer no additional advantage [2]. In fact, metalenses are far more challenging to fabricate. Please refer to papers below for details. [1] M. Meem, A. Majumder and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Exp. 26(21) 26866-26871 (2018). [2] S. Banerji, M. Meem, B. Sensale-Rodriguez and R. Menon, “Imaging with flat optics: metalenses or diffractive lenses?,” arXiv:1901.05042 [physics.optics]
A GALEX far-ultraviolet study of quasi-coeval samples of red giants

Samples of red giant branch (RGB) stars have been compiled from the literature for seven moving groups, and searches made for both GALEX FUV and Johnson $\mathit{BV}$ photometry. It has been possible to derive a colour index $(\mathit{FUV}-B)$ for many giants, which has been combined with $B-V$ to give a two-colour diagram for each kinematic group. In addition, analogous data have been gleaned for a small number of red giants in the open cluster NGC 752. Optical photometry has been combined with parallax and proper motion data from the Gaia DR2 data release to document the colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) positions and space motion velocities among the proposed group giants. Comparisons with isochrones confirm a range in age among the groups considered. However, none of the group samples evince RGB sequences as tight in the CMD as those typical of open clusters. Considering also the velocity dispersions found within each set of group candidates, it is concluded that the fraction of non-members included may be significant. The RGB stars ascribed to different moving groups are largely located within overlapping regions of the FUV two-colour diagram, without any obvious systematic offsets between groups of different age. All of the RGB sequences attain a maximum $(\mathit{FUV}-B)$ colour of $\approx 14.2$ –14.5 mag within the optical colour range of $1.0 < B-V < 1.25$ . Many of the stars in this range are in the core-helium-burning (CHB) phase of evolution. On the red side of the CHB region in the two-colour diagram, i.e., at $B-V > 1.25$ , the RGB stars from different groups largely map out a common locus. Among CHB and other giants blueward of $B-V = 1.25$ there are a number of stars with FUV-excesses ranging from 2-4 mag as judged by the $(\mathit{FUV}-B)$ colour. There is found evidence for a range in chromospheric activity among CHB stars. By analogy with known properties of Hyades cluster giants a range in activity among the CHB stars within a moving group may be a consequence of different degrees of spindown corresponding to different amounts of time spent in the core-helium-burning phase.
Two-photon uncaging of bioactive thiols in live cells at wavelengths above 800 nm

Photoactivatable protecting groups (PPGs) are useful for a broad range of applications ranging from biology to materials science. In chemical biology, induction of biological processes via photoactivation is a powerful strategy for achieving spatiotemporal control. The importance of cysteine, glutathione, and other bioactive thiols in regulating protein structure/activity and cell redox homeostasis makes modulation of thiol activity particularly useful. One major objective for enhancing the utility of photoactivatable protecting groups (PPGs) in living systems is creating PPGs with longer wavelength absorption maxima and efficient two-photon (TP) absorption. Toward these objectives, we developed a carboxyl- and dimethylamine-functionalized nitrodibenzofuran PPG scaffold (cDMA-NDBF) for thiol photoactivation, which has a bathochromic shift in the one-photon absorption maximum from λmax = 315 nm with the unfunctionalized NDBF scaffold to λmax = 445 nm. While cDMA-NDBF-protected thiols are stable in the presence of UV irradiation, they undergo efficient broad-spectrum TP photolysis at wavelengths as long as 900 nm. To demonstrate the wavelength orthogonality of cDMA-NDBF and NDBF photolysis in a biological setting, caged farnesyltransferase enzyme inhibitors (FTI) were prepared and selectively photoactivated in live cells using 850-900 nm TP light for cDMA-NDBF-FTI and 300 nm UV light for NDBF-FTI. These experiments represent the first demonstration of thiol photoactivation at wavelengths above 800 nm. Consequently, cDMA-NDBF-caged thiols should have broad applicability in a wide range of experiments in chemical biology and materials science.
Hypercalcemic Crisis Caused by a Parathyroid Mass Requiring Thoracoscopic Resection.

Abstract Objective To describe the presentation, work up, and treatment of a giant parathyroid adenoma presenting as hypercalcemic crisis that ultimately weighed 57 g and extended into the mediastinum, requiring hand-assisted thoracoscopic resection. Methods The patient is a 68-year-old man with a prior history of parathyroidectomy, who initially presented with a severe hypercalcemia of 16.3 mg/dL and a parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of 2692 pg/mL on routine labs. Results Diagnostic and staging work up revealed a 7.2-cm mass extending from just superior to the sternal notch into the right posterior mediastinum to the carina, causing esophageal displacement. No evidence of local invasion or distant metastasis was observed on further imaging, and cytology demonstrated hypercellular parathyroid tissue. The PTH level of the aspirate was >5000 pg/mL. The patient subsequently underwent a right hand-assisted video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of the intrathoracic mass. Final pathology identified a 7.0-cm, 57-g parathyroid adenoma, without any pathologic findings suspicious for malignancy. However, the endocrine surgery team plans for annual laboratory assessment to ensure no recurrence. Conclusion Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by a single adenoma. However, in the setting of severe hypercalcemia and elevated PTH, one must have a high suspicion for malignancy, and care should be taken to remove the mass en bloc. For extremely large adenomas extending into the mediastinum, a minimally invasive, hand-assisted, thoracoscopic approach is a safe and effective method of resection.
NONLINEAR ARDL APPROACH AND PPP: EVIDENCE FROM 82 COUNTRIES

Since the introduction of asymmetric cointegration and error-correction modeling, old theories have been getting a renewed attention, and purchasing power parity theory (PPP) is no exception. In th...
Utilizing a Multidimensional Health Literacy Framework to Assess Cervical Cancer Screening Nonadherence.

Health literacy is an amenable factor that can improve screening uptake. However, associations between the multidimensional health literacy domains and cervical cancer screening nonadherence are no...
Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Undergraduate Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Use of Mental Health Services

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has brought significant changes to college students, but there is a lack of empirical studies regarding how the pandemic has affected student mental health among college students in the U.S. To fill the gap in the literature, this study describes stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms for students in a public research university in Kentucky during an early phase of COVID-19 and their usage of mental health services. Results show that about 88% of students experienced moderate to severe stress, with 44% of students showing moderate to severe anxiety and 36% of students having moderate to severe depression. In particular, female, rural, low-income, and academically underperforming students were more vulnerable to these mental health issues. However, a majority of students with moderate or severe mental health symptoms never used mental health services. Our results call for proactively reaching out to students, identifying students at risk of mental health issues, and providing accessible care.
Umbilical teratoma in a newborn

Abstract Congenital tumors of the umbilical cord are rare, and teratomas of the umbilical cord are exceedingly rare. Umbilical cord masses are often detected on routine prenatal ultrasound; however, umbilical teratomas are difficult to diagnose by imaging studies alone, and often require histopathologic examination for definitive diagnosis. Given the polymorphic presentation of umbilical cord teratomas and associated congenital anomalies, amniocentesis for genetic screening and fetal karyotyping should be offered. Here we report a case of a prenatally suspected umbilical cord angiomyxoma in an otherwise normal fetus who was found to be a mature teratoma on surgical pathology.
Component Change List Prediction for BIM-Based Clash Resolution from a Graph Perspective

AbstractInformation technologies, such as building information modeling (BIM), significantly improve the clash detection process, but the clash resolution process is still time consuming. Although ...
Tunable quantum-cascade VECSEL operating at 1.9 THz

We report a terahertz quantum-cascade vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (QC-VECSEL) emitting around 1.9 THz with up to 10% continuous fractional frequency tuning of a single laser mode. The device shows lasing operation in pulsed mode up to 102 K in a high-quality beam, with the maximum output power of 37 mW and slope efficiency of 295 mW/A at 77 K. Challenges for up-scaling the operating wavelength in QC metasurface VECSELs are identified.
Computer Simulation of Short-Term Memory: A Component-Decay Model

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the computer simulation of short-term memory. The first of these systems is the sensory storage or very-short-term memory, viewed as a peripheral or perceptual storage. There is general agreement that information stored in this type of memory decays with time and is lost in a matter of a few seconds or less. Another type of memory, short-term memory (STM), is the focus of these various models. Despite general agreement that information is lost from STM, there are two views as to the nature of this loss. One view is that information is lost as a result of decay; an alternative is that STM has a limited capacity so that items are lost by being replaced by new items entering the system. The model represents the human at an information-processing level of description. At this level, the human is viewed as having available a variety of processing mechanisms which can be employed to operate upon information.
Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of bupropion in methamphetamine‐dependent participants with less than daily methamphetamine use

Aims Two previous randomized trials found an effect for bupropion in reducing methamphetamine use in the subgroup with lower frequency of methamphetamine use at baseline. This study aimed to replicate these results by comparing bupropion versus placebo in methamphetamine dependent participants with less than daily methamphetamine use at baseline.
IVA and ICA: Use of diversity in independent decompositions

Starting with a simple linear generative model and the assumption of statistical independence of the underlying components, independent component analysis (ICA) decomposes a given set of observations by making use of the diversity in the data. Most of the ICA algorithms introduced to date have made use of one of the two types of diversity, non-Gaussianity or sample dependence. We first discuss the main results for ICA in terms of identifiability and performance with these two types of diversity, and then introduce independent vector analysis (IVA), generalization of ICA for decomposition of multiple datasets at a time. We show that the role of diversity in this case parallels that in ICA, and discuss identifiability conditions and performance bounds in a maximum likelihood framework.
DIFFRACTION OF WAVES BY A WEDGE

The problem of wave propagation past a vertical wedge has been examined with the intent of generalizing previous solutions and finding useful asymptotic results. Reflection, diffraction, and the subsequent refraction of the incident, reflected, and diffracted waves have been included in the analysis and convenient asymptotic solutions were obtained. Significant effects due to reflection and diffraction were demonstrated and shown to be strongly dependent on wedge angle. The solutions obtained can be readily incorporated into present computer refraction programs so as to describe the propagation of waves past a wedge more generally than is presently possible. The geometrical theory of diffraction used here can also be applied to bodies of any shape so as to describe combined diffraction-refraction effects.
Salud Digna: Successfully Competing with For-Profit Organizations

Hugo Moreno, CEO of Salud Digna, was considering his growth options for the next three years. Would becoming a for-profit with access to greater capital be the best strategy or would this cause the organization to lose its social mission? Salud Digna provided diagnostic medical tests to the poor, had experienced rapid growth and was financially self-sufficient. Moreno was determined that the organization be as well managed as any company in Mexico.Learning Objective: The challenges of scaling an effective nonprofit organization. Used for MBA and Executive Education.
The use of mobile phones to support children's literacy learning

The goal of this study was to develop a mobile-phone based intervention that would encourage parents to engage their children in daily literacy-learning activities. The intervention content included text messages for parents, audio messages for parents and children, and Sesame Street letter videos for children. Messaging to parents suggested real-world activities that they could use to engage their children in learning letters. Pre- and post-interviews indicated a significant increase in the frequency with which parents reported engaging their children in literacy activities after participating in this study. In addition, 75% of lower-income participants and 50% of middle-income participants reported that they believed watching the Sesame Street letter videos helped their children learn letters. More than 75% of participants reported believing that a mobile phone used in this way can be an effective learning tool, since mobile-phone delivery made it extremely easy to incorporate literacy activities into their daily routines.
On effective equidistribution of expanding translates of certain orbits in the space of lattices

We prove an effective version of a result obtained earlier by Kleinbock and Weiss [KW] on equidistribution of expanding translates of orbits of horospherical subgroups in the space of lattices.
Clinician perceptions of operating room to intensive care unit handoffs and implications for patient safety: a qualitative study

Background Operating room (OR) to the intensive care unit (ICU) handoffs are known sources of medical error, yet little is known about the relationship between process failures and patient harm.
Creep behavior in Virginia Beach sand

Triaxial compression tests were performed on dense specimens of Virginia Beach sand at low and high confining pressures to study time effects that relate to grain crushing due to static fatigue or delayed fracture. Experiments to study effects of loading strain rate on subsequent creep showed negligible time effects and no grain crushing at low confining pressures, while tests at high confining pressures indicated increasing amounts of creep with increasing initial loading strain rates and with increasing deviator stress at creep. Investigation of effects of grain-size distribution indicated stiffer initial response and smaller amounts of creep for more uniformly graded soils at high confining pressures. The experimental results showed that structuration effects were not present in the dense Virginia Beach sand. A long-term creep test at high confining pressure indicated continuous creep with no indication of its termination. Sieve analyses following each triaxial test showed that grain crushing, as quant...
Temporal stability of an ERS-1/JERS-1 SAR classifier

With the launches of the European ERS-1 and Japanese JERS-1 satellites worldwide SAR data is now routinely available from a spaceborne sensor. The combination of these two sensors promises even more discrimination ability than either alone. Consequently, it is important to devise a classification algorithm that is robust to variability in seasonal variations, weather, and local vegetation species. This paper presents a first step toward that goal. Several scenes acquired during August, and one during December using ERS-1 were combined with two scenes from August and October from JERS-1, but from different years. Each same-season pair is then combined and classified using a hierarchical Bayesian approach. The August ERS-1 scenes were chosen based on local moisture conditions: some having relatively dry soil and another scene was acquired just after a significant rain storm. The October/December pair is used to assess the ability to classify in the fall/winter. Despite the variability in conditions, a single classifier is to be developed that can classify five or six structural classes (bare surfaces, short vegetation, and a few different kinds of trees) with high accuracy. This has been achieved with a single ERS/JERS image with accuracies higher than 90%. Once all the different scenes have been classified the differences between the rules in each of the classifiers is to be related to changes in physical parameters due to rain and the change of season. For example, since the deciduous trees do not have leaves during the winter, the C-band (ERS-1) radar response is quite different in the summer than in the winter. Basic knowledge such as this can be used to adapt the classifier to seasonal changes.
The bvgAS locus negatively controls motility and synthesis of flagella in Bordetella bronchiseptica.

The products of the bvgAS locus coordinately regulate the expression of Bordetella virulence factors in response to environmental conditions. We have identified a phenotype in Bordetella bronchiseptica that is negatively controlled by bvg. Environmental signals which decrease (modulate) the expression of bvg-activated genes lead to flagellum production and motility in B. bronchiseptica. Wild-type (Bvg+) strains are motile and produce peritrichous flagella only in the presence of modulating signals, whereas Bvg- (delta bvgAS or delta bvgS) strains are motile in the absence of modulators. The bvgS-C3 mutation, which confers signal insensitivity and constitutive activation of positively controlled loci, eliminates the induction of motility and production of flagellar organelles. The response to environmental signals is conserved in a diverse set of clinical isolates of both B. bronchiseptica and B. avium, another motile Bordetella species; however, nicotinic acid induced motility only in B. bronchiseptica. Purification of flagellar filaments from B. bronchiseptica strains by differential centrifugation followed by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation revealed two classes of flagellins of Mr 35,000 and 40,000. A survey of clinical isolates identified only these two flagellin isotypes, and coexpression of the two forms was not detected in any strain. All B. avium strains tested expressed a 42,000-Mr flagellin. Amino acid sequence analysis of the two B. bronchiseptica flagellins revealed 100% identity in the N-terminal region and 80% identity with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin. Monoclonal antibody 15D8, which recognizes a conserved epitope in flagellins in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, cross-reacted with flagellins from B. bronchiseptica and B. avium. Our results highlight the biphasic nature of the B. bronchiseptica bvg regulon and provide a preliminary characterization of the Bvg-regulated motility phenotype. Images
Steroidogenic enzymes in skin

The gonadal synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol involves four enzymes, namely, cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P-450 17a-hydroxylase/lyase, 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. A significant part of the plasma-borne testosterone is converted in androgen target tissues, such as the skin, to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone by the steroid 5a-reductase type 1 and type 2 isoenzymes. Dihydrotestosterone, which binds to the nuclear androgen receptor with much greater affinity than testosterone, is the androgen responsible for a process leading to androgenetic alopecia. Consequently, the 5a-reductase inhibitor finasteride was developed and has proven efficacious in promoting hair growth as a consequence of lowering scalp and plasma dihydrotestosterone levels. In contrast to the direct synthesis of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone, biologically inactive C19-steroids produced by glandular and peripheral tissues may also feed into the scalp skin production of dihydrotestosterone by the local expression of reductive 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, oxidative 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. Aberrant expression of one or more of these enzymes, could conceivably result in increased scalp dihydrotestosterone levels, and possibly, acceleration of the balding process in genetically predisposed men and women.
Autoxidation of Fats and Oils at Elevated Temperatures

The autoxidation of fats at temperatures below 80°C has been the subject of extensive investigations. For details on this topic the reader is referred to the other articles in this publication as well as the numerous reviews available in the literature. Of particular importance, however, is the oxidative behaviour of unsaturated fatty acids at relatively high temperatures such as those employed in frying, baking, broiling and other food processing operations. The reactions which take place and the chemical compounds produced under these conditions, have obvious implications regarding flavors and off-flavors, nutritional quality and food safety.
The Development of Proof Construction in Middle Childhood.

Abstract In attempting to solve a problem in the fewest possible moves, one must determine moves that are individually necessary and jointly sufficient. This amounts to constructing a demonstration or proof of the solution. The development of proof construction was explored through two problems—a hidden figure task and a variant of the game “Mastermind” (J. Piaget (1987).Possibility and necessity: Vol. 2. The role of necessity in cognitive development.Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press). In Experiment 1, children 11 to 12 years of age distinguished necessary from nonnecessary moves and recognized when sufficient evidence had been established to determine a solution to a greater extent than children 7 to 8 years of age. In a second experiment, the original hidden-figure task was modified with the aim of reducing its information-processing demands. The performance of 8- to 9-year-olds on the modified problems was comparable to, and in certain respects surpassed, the performance of the oldest children on the original problem in Experiment 1. Seven-year-olds did not perform well on the modified problems even with training. Results are discussed in terms of theory and research on children's understanding of necessity and sufficiency.
On the importance of knowing your partner's views: attitude familiarity is associated with better interpersonal functioning and lower ambulatory blood pressure in daily life.

Background Relationships have been linked to significant physical health outcomes. However, little is known about the more specific processes that might be responsible for such links.
In Vivo Exposure to Ozone Depletes Vitamins C and E and Induces Lipid Peroxidation in Epidermal Layers of Murine Skin

To evaluate skin susceptibility to ozone (O3) and to localize possible oxidative damage within the skin layers, hairless mice were exposed to 10 ppm O3 or air (0 ppm O3) for 2 h. The mice were euthanized, the skin removed and frozen. Three skin layers (upper epidermis, lower epidermis/papillary dermis, and dermis) were separated, antioxidant concentrations (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) measured. In the upper epidermis, O3 significantly depleted alpha-tocopherol (22%; p < .05) and ascorbic acid (55%; p < .01). These antioxidants were unchanged by O3 in the lower skin layers. More remarkably, MDA increased ten-fold in the upper epidermis (p < .001) and two-fold in the lower epidermis/papillary epidermis (p < .05); it was unchanged in the dermis. Thus, exposure to O3 in vivo depletes ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol and strongly induces lipid peroxidation in skin. High MDA concentrations measured in the upper epidermis suggest that O3 reacts directly with fatty acids on the skin surface layers. These results further suggest that chronic exposure to lower O3 concentrations found in urban smog could potentially have implications for skin health.
Modeling high-resolution hydration patterns in correlation with DNA sequence and conformation

Hydration around the DNA fragment d(C5T5).(A5G5) is presented from two molecular dynamics simulations of 10 and 12 ns total simulation time. The DNA has been simulated as a flexible molecule with both the CHARMM and AMBER force fields in explicit solvent including counterions and 0.8 M additional NaCl salt. From the previous analysis of the DNA structure B-DNA conformations were found with the AMBER force-field and A-DNA conformations with CHARMM parameters. High-resolution hydration patterns are compared between the two conformations and between C.G and T.A base-pairs from the homopolymeric parts of the simulated sequence. Crystallographic results from a statistical analysis of hydration sites around DNA crystal structures compare very well with the simulation results. Differences between the crystal sites and our data are explained by variations in conformation, sequence, and limitations in the resolution of water sites by crystal diffraction. Hydration layers are defined from radial distribution functions and compared with experimental results. Excellent agreement is found when the measured experimental quantities are compared with the equivalent distribution of water molecules in the first hydration shell. The number of water molecules bound to DNA was found smaller around T.A base-pairs and around A-DNA as compared to B-DNA. This is partially offset by a larger number of water molecules in hydrophobic contact with DNA around T.A base-pairs and around A-DNA. The numbers of water molecules in minor and major grooves have been correlated with helical roll, twist, and inclination angles. The data more fully explain the observed B-->A transition at low humidity.
The geochemical nature and agricultural importance of commercial humic matter

Abstract The use of commercial humates in agriculture has been received with mixed reactions. Differences in origin between commercial humates and soil humic acids together with a lack of scientific data on the former are perhaps contributing to the controversy. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to determine the geochemical characteristics and effect on plant growth of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) isolated from selected commercial humates derived from lignite and non-lignite deposits. Analysis were performed for C, H, N, carbohydrate, aromatic and carboxyl group contents. Spectral characteristics were determined by 13 C-NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, whereas effect on plant growth was studied in the greenhouse with corn ( Zea mays L.) plants growing in the presence of commercial humates. The commercial humates were composed mostly of HA, and only very small amounts of FA were extracted. The HA fractions from the commercial humates were similar in C and H contents, but HA from lignite humate was higher in N content than HA isolated from non-lignite humate. Lignite-HA was also characterized by a higher carbohydrate content that non-lignite HA. The latter was more aromatic in nature. The IR spectra supported the presence of higher aromatic contents in HA from non-lignite than that from lignite deposits. Commercial humates were comparable with soil HA in their effect on increasing the growth of corn plants. It can be concluded, that the data suggested that HA from lignite deposits resembled HA in Mollisols, whereas HA from the non-lignite deposits was more related to HA from the Bh horizon of Spodosols.
The fate of a glucose infusion in fasting and fed guinea pigs: glucose oxidation rates and the distribution of glucose in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

Abstract We have undertaken two studies in which normal guinea pigs (24 hr fasting or fed ad libitum ) have been infused with exogenous glucose (55 μmole/kg·min) together with a primed constant infusion of [U- 14 C]glucose. In the first study ( n = 10), the animals were sacrificed after a 2-hr glucose infusion. The carcasses were immediately homogenized and the distribution of the isotope determined. We found that 14.8 ± 2.5% of infused label appeared as 14 CO 2 in the fasted animals. The remaining isotopic label (84.8 ± 2.3%) was recovered in the protein-free filtrate fraction of the carcass homogenate. In protein, glycogen, and fat, 6.6 ± 1.8, 1.2 ± 0.2 and 5.6 ± 0.7% were recovered respectively. In the fed animals, 25.0 ± 1.8% of infused label appeared as 14 CO 2 . Of the remaining isotopic label 77.9 ± 1.7% was recovered in the protein-free filtrate fraction of the carcass homogenate. In protein, glycogen, and fat, 10.9 ± 0.6, 1.1 ± 0.1, and 5.7 ± 0.5% were recovered respectively. In the second study ( n = 18), both glucose kinetics and the fate of the infused glucose with respect to end product (glycogen, fat, or protein) in liver, muscle, and epididymal fat pads was determined during a 5-hr glucose infusion. Infused glucose (32.6 and 31.6%) was oxidized directly for energy in the fasted and fed animals, respectively. The fate of the remaining glucose that was not oxidized depended upon the nutritional state of the animal. In the depleted animals, glucose was directed predominantly toward hepatic glycogen, whereas in the fed animals the labeled glucose was recovered primarily in the peripheral fat.
Revenue Mobilisation in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Challenges from Globalisation II – Corporate Taxation

This second article evaluates and discusses the challenges to government revenue in sub-Saharan Africa posed by developments in corporate taxation. Using the dataset described in the first article, it shows that, in broad terms, corporate tax revenues in the region have held up, despite a reduction in rates and evidence of substantial base-narrowing (mainly through the provision of tax holidays in Investment Codes and Free Zones). This is something of a puzzle. Options for dealing with the continuation and intensification of the challenges to these revenues, including through regional co-operation, are discussed.
Lake Michigan 1994–1996 Surficial Sediment Mercury

Abstract Between 1994 and 1996, sediment samples were collected from 118 stations in Lake Michigan. Samples were collected using both a box corer and a PONAR grab sampler. Samples were collected for the purpose of describing the current spatial variation of mercury in surficial sediment and for comparing current concentrations and fluxes to historic data. This work includes the first description of the spatial variation of mercury fluxes to the lake's sediment. It also provides a more recent description of the spatial distribution of mercury concentrations within the lake's sediments. For the 118 sites sampled and analyzed, the surficial sediment mercury concentration averaged 78 ng/g and ranged between 2 and 260 ng/g. Concentrations were highest in depositional basins and exhibited a distribution that conformed to the lake's bathymetry. The spatial distribution of mercury fluxes did not conform to the bathymetry. Instead maximum fluxes were shifted toward the southeastern shore. Fluxes to and concentrations in surficial sediment of each depositional basin were not significantly different from one another. Fluxes averaged 7.2 ng/cm 2 /y and ranged between 0.85 and 32 ng/cm 2 /y. Regional atmospheric fluxes account for roughly 50 percent of the total mercury flux to surficial sediments.
Measuring Residential Segregation In Nineteenth-Century American Cities

The most common measures of segregation can only be used when block-level (or tract-level) statistics are available. The nineteenth-century manuscript census listings contain ordered listings of households, but (usually) no block informa tion. This article presents a method whereby the degree of residential segregation b y race can be measured from these listings, using the degree of departure from random ordering within the listings as the index. This index is based on the number of racially alike runs of adjacent households in the listings as a proportion of the number which would be expected, given random mterspersal of the two racial groups. The index is applied to datafor the city of Jacksonville, Florida, in 1870 and 1885.
SECUND: A protocol for SECUre neighborhooD creation in wireless ad hoc networks

The ability to correctly determine their neighborhood is a fundamental requirement for nodes in ad hoc and sensor networks. Many applications, protocols, and system functionality rely on neighborhood discovery. Malicious nodes that taint neighborhood information using wormholes can significantly disrupt the operation of ad hoc networks. Protocols that depend only on cryptographic techniques (e.g, authentication and encryption) may not be able to detect or prevent such attacks. In this paper we propose SECUND, a protocol for creating a SECUre NeighborhooD, that makes use of discrepancies in routing hop count information to detect ?true? neighbors and remove those links to nodes that appear to be neighbors, but are really not neighbors. SECUND is simple, localized and needs no special hardware, localization, or synchronization. We present approaches to improve the efficiency of the process. We evaluate SECUND using simulations and we demonstrate its effectiveness in the presence of multiple and multi-ended wormholes.
The low-lying level structure of87Rb

The low-lying states of87Rb are studied in the framework of a quasiparticle-core coupling model. The agreement between the calculated and experimental level spectra, stripping strength, ground state static electromagnetic moments and theE2 transition rate of the first excited state is good. Electromagnetic moments and transition rates for other excited states are predicted.
The chromatin landscape and transcription factors in T cell programming

T cell development from multipotent progenitors to specialized effector subsets of mature T cells is guided by the iterative action of transcription factors. At each stage, transcription factors interact not only with an existing landscape of histone modifications and nucleosome packing, but also with other bound factors, while they modify the landscape for later-arriving factors in ways that fundamentally affect the control of gene expression. This review covers insights from genome-wide analyses of transcription factor binding and resulting chromatin conformation changes that reveal roles of cytokine signaling in effector T cell programming, the ways in which one factor can completely transform the impacts of previously bound factors, and the ways in which the baseline chromatin landscape is established during early T cell lineage commitment.
Phonon transport in strong-scattering media.

We study phonon transport in random 3D lattices when the mean free path l becomes comparable to the lattice spacing a. Through numerical simulation, it is shown that in contrast to the electronic case, here the Ioffe-Regel criterion is inaccurate in the prediction of phonon localization. By using the Thouless criterion to pinpoint the mobility edge ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, a broad frequency regime is found below ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ where kl\ensuremath{\le}1 but the phonon transport is still diffusive. The diffusion constant in this regime is given quantitatively by ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{E}}$a/3, where ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{E}}$ is an energy transport velocity derived from a continuity relation.
Kidney function in very low birth weight infants with furosemide-related renal calcifications at ages 1 to 2 years.

To determine whether long-term renal sequelae follow the use of furosemide in preterm infants, we evaluated renal function in 27 former very low birth weight infants ( 2 ) was significantly lower than clearance in groups 1 and 2 (103.2±6.5 and 109.1±5.1, respectively; p p p =0.02). We conclude that furosemide-related renal calcifications in very low birth weight infants may lead to glomerular and tubular dysfunction; further long-term follow-up of this population is recommended.
AC magnetic susceptibility of CuCl2 · DMSO: a quasi 1D ferromagnet

Abstract The ac susceptibility of CuCl 2 ·DMSO, a previously studied quasi one-dimensional ( J / k = 45 K, J' / k = −1.6 K) ferromagnet has been measured in the temperature region of 4.2 ≤ T ≤ 25 K to look for expected bound magnon effects. Our preliminary analysis on CuCl 2 ·DMSO shows that, due to the strong interchain exchange, significant deviation from a 1D system occurs below 13 K ( T N = 5 K) so that the bound magnon effect cannot be clearly identified. Nevertheless, the zero field data above the temperature 13 K are found to fit a low temperature expansion for the S = ½, isotropic Heisenberg ferromagnets with a mean field correction. In addition, isothermal measurements were made below T c as a function of magnetic field.
Underwater acoustic activities of the national marine fisheries service

Report identifies areas for underwater acoustics to assist fisheries research, assessment and management. Present NMFS operational capability in fisheries acoustics and development work since 1967 is reviewed. Future research and development direction is discussed.
2-4 micron spectrophotometric observations of compact H II regions

Spectrophotometric observations from 2 to 4 microns of the compact H II regions W51-IRS 2, K3-50, and NGC 7538 are reported. Spectral features observed include hydrogen recombination lines and an absorption attributed to interstellar ice. Extinctions to the various sources are derived based on the observed hydrogen lines and radio fluxes. Thermal dust emission is found to dominate free-free and bound-free emission for wavelengths not less than 2 microns. The ice absorption is analyzed and compared with the extinction and 10 microns silicate absorption. A 3.3 micron emission feature (potentially due to the same material as in NGC 7027) was observed.
Process control applications of an extended Kalman filter algorithm

Abstract An efficient new algorithm is described and illustrated on process examples for solution of the extended Kalman filter equations for a continuous dynamic system with discrete measurements. Implicit simultaneous methods, which are powerful in terms of accuracy and efficiency, are utilized for numerical integration. At the internal integration step level, the new algorithm exploits the decoupled nature of the state estimate and error covarience equations along with the symmetry of the error covariance matrix. The error control strategy includes both the state estimates and error covariances.
Dosimetric comparison of partial and whole breast external beam irradiation in the treatment of early stage breast cancer.

A dosimetric comparison was performed on external-beam three-dimensional conformal partial breast irradiation (PBI) and whole breast irradiation (WBI) plans for patients enrolled in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-39/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0413 protocol at our institution. Twenty-four consecutive patients were treated with either PBI (12 patients) or WBI (12 patients). In the PBI arm, the lumpectomy cavity was treated to a total dose of 38.5 Gy at 3.85 Gy per fraction twice daily using a four-field noncoplanar beam setup. A minimum 6 h interval was required between fractions. In the WBI arm, the whole breast including the entirety of the lumpectomy cavity was treated to a total dose of 50.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction daily using opposed tangential beams. The lumpectomy cavity volume, planning target volume for evaluation (PTV_EVAL), and critical structure volumes were contoured for both the PBI and WBI patients. Dosimetric parameters, dose volume histograms (DVHs), and generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) for target and critical structures were compared. Dosimetric results show the PBI plans, compared to the WBI plans, have smaller hot spots in the PTV_EVAL (maximum dose: 104.2 % versus 110.9 % ) and reduced dose to the ipsilateral breast ( V 50 : 48.6 % versus 92.1 % and V 100 : 10.2 % versus 50.5 % ), contralateral breast ( V 3 : 0.16 % versus 2.04 % ), ipsilateral lung ( V 30 : 5.8 % versus 12.7 % ), and thyroid (maximum dose: 0.5 % versus 2.0 % ) with p values ≤ 0.01 . However, similar dose coverage of the PTV_EVAL ( 98 % for PBI and 99 % for WBI, on average) was observed and the dose difference for other critical structures was clinically insignificant in both arms. The gEUD data analysis showed the reduction of dose to the ipsilateral breast and lung, contralateral breast and thyroid. In addition, preliminary dermatologic adverse event assessment data suggested reduced skin toxicity for patients treated with the PBI technique.
Western Boundary of the North American Continental Plate in Asia

The mid-Atlantic Ridge and its northern extension across the Arctic, the Gakkel Ridge, form the eastern boundary of the North American continental plate. The position of the western boundary separating North America from Asia is less certain and has been sought in the Bering Sea region and in Yakutia, Northeast USSR. Geologic similarities between Alaska and easternmost USSR indicate that these two continental areas have been connected since the Paleozoic and probably since the Precambrian, and that the western plate boundary does not pass through the Bering Strait. The trend of earthquake epicenters aligned along the Gakkel Ridge continues inland along the Cherskiy system of mountain ranges and depressions. High-angle faulting and volcanism in the Moma-Zyryansk Basin along the east side of the Cherskiy region seem to be a landward extension of the seafloor-spreading tectonics on the Gakkel Ridge. Modern seismic activity, faulting, and volcanism in Yakutia may represent incipient rifting of the Eurasian continent, a situation similar to that in the Gulf of California. In Yakutia earlier compressional features of late Paleozoic and especially Mesozoic age on trend with the Arctic Ocean opening contrast strongly with the modern tensional movements. Mesozoic rocks of the Verkhoyansk geosyncline on the west are faulted against a Paleozoic geosyncline in the Cherskiy Mountains that passes eastward into platform deposits of the Kolymski massif. Most of the faults are large thrusts that not only bring Paleozoic rocks against Mesozoic rocks, including synorogenic granite masses, but also displace sedimentary facies in the Paleozoic rocks. High-pressure metamorphic minerals are developed along these faults in wide zones of breccia and mylonite. The geologic history of Yakutia indicates that it was the site of a major seaway that separated the Siberian platform from the Kolymski massif during the early Paleozoic and then again in the early Mesozoic. Deposits of geosynclinal proportions developed along the margins of these subcontinents and were deformed into foldbelts as the seaways closed between the leading edges of the Eurasian and North American continental plates. The boundary between the Cherskiy and Verkhoyansk foldbelts marks the suture of the collision of these plates in Early Cretaceous time.
Associations Between Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder, Externalizing Disorders, and Suicide-Related Behaviors

Borderline personality disorder and externalizing disorders are associated with suicide-related behaviors. The present study examined whether symptoms of borderline personality disorder mediate the relationship between externalizing disorders and suicide-related behaviors. Diagnostic interviews were administered to 344 participants (n = 233 women). Results indicated that symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders each were significantly associated with suicide threats and self-injurious behavior in women and symptoms of antisocial personality disorder were associated with suicide attempts in women. With the exception of the association between symptoms of alcohol dependence and self-injurious behaviors, borderline personality disorder symptoms mediated or partially mediated all associations between externalizing disorders and suicide-related behaviors in women. These results highlight the importance of assessment and treatment of borderline personality disorder symptoms in individuals with externalizing disorders, particularly in the presence of suicide-related behaviors.
“FeS”-Assisted Scission of Strong Bonds in Phenoxydiphenylmethanes. Competition between Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Free Radical Rearrangement Pathways

Model compound studies comparing rates of decomposition and product distributions from ortho- and para-phenoxydiphenylmethanes [(PhO)PhCH2Ph] suggest that hydrogen atom abstraction from the model compounds, to yield a benzylic radical intermediate, competes with hydrogen atom transfer to the aryl rings from the reduced “FeS” catalyst. A free-radical rearrangement pathway involving o-phenoxydiphenylmethane, facilitated by the presence of the “FeS” catalyst, generated in situ from ferric oxyhydroxysulfate (OHS) and sulfur, leads to apparent Ar−OAr bond scission at temperatures significantly lower than expected for homolytic scission pathways. Thermolysis of the ortho isomer proceeds predominately through a pathway involving an intramolecular addition of the benzylic radical to the 1-position of the appended diphenyl ether, Ar1-5 participation, forming a spirodienyl radical intermediate. Scission of the C−O bond, followed by hydrogen atom abstraction, yields thermally labile o-(hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane (o...