cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Fundraising Efficiency Through Evaluation: Applying Communication Theory to the Nonprofit Organization— Donor Relationship

Light has documented a decline in the public confidence expressed in charitable organizations. Given the importance of individual donors to the sector, it is vital to understand how these organizations cultivate relationships with donors to survive sectorwide controversies. The organization—public relationship (OPR) framework allows the current study to assess the well-being of the nonprofit organization—donor relationship.Through 1,706 surveys administered to randomly sampled donors at three western United States nonprofit hospitals, the results indicate that the nonprofit— donor relationship is healthy in terms of the relationship evaluation; however, the impact of cultivation strategies suggested by communication theory varies significantly for major gift and annual giving donors. Structural equation modeling provides insights for fundraisers on how they can streamline their fundraising programs to maximize the impact of their cultivation efforts.
10 Carbenes: reactivity and catalysis

Since the first report of a stable carbene by Arduengo in 1991, the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) in organic synthesis has increased dramatically. This is principally due to their unique properties. NHC are known to form strong bonds to late transition metals since they are excellent σ-donors and possess (in general) minimal π-back donation capabilities. In view of this, NHCs have rapidly been used as a new class of ligand, capable of mimicking the well-known phosphines without the classical problems associated with phosphine use. The recent use of NHC is not restricted to catalysis using late transition metals, but they are also used as organic catalysts or as reactants in multi-component reactions, as is described in later sections of this report. Studies have shown that nucleophilic N-heterocyclic carbenes represent a very versatile class of ligands due to their interesting steric and electronic properties. These ligands have several advantages over the commonly utilized phosphines: (i) stabilizing effect, (ii) high thermal stability, (iii) resistance to dissociation from the metal center. Therefore an excess of the ligand is not required in order to prevent aggregation of the catalyst to yield bulk metal. As a consequence, an increasing number of catalytic reactions make use of nucleophilic carbenes as catalyst modifiers. Specific examples include the use of metal–carbene complexes in hydrosilylation, Ru-catalysed furan synthesis and olefin metathesis. In this report, attention will be focused on the latest highlights in the field of use of carbenes. Undoubtedly, NHC ligands are currently important in a wide range of reactions and the reader will find here a summary of current applications.
A multimodal platform for cloud-based collaborative research

The need for sharing and analyzing large-scale data sets in scientific research has increased significantly over the last decade. Despite multiple efforts, there is currently no single platform that is widely used to search for, share, and perform custom data analysis over large numbers of TB-scale datasets using cloud technologies. We present a cloud-based portal and data integration/access platform to fulfill this need. The IEEG-Portal is being developed as a means to share and collaborate on projects containing large EEG datasets. It currently contains over 75 de-identified intracranial EEG datasets as well as imaging and associated meta-information, and a variety of datasets from animals. The IEEG-Portal is modular by design, which results in a highly extensible platform for neural data analysis on the cloud. In this paper, we highlight the current state of the portal infrastructure; its capabilities for fostering collaborative research and data-validation, and the challenges that are inherent to sharing and analyzing datasets using a global collaborative cloud-based platform.
The Containment Set Approach to Upsets in Digital Systems

Fault analysis of digital systems is highly dependent upon the fault model employed. Much previous work utilizes fault models known to contain inaccuracies in order to permit mathematically tractable analysis. In this correspondence a new approach is taken which combines faults, hardware, and software together into one overall model. This new model is shown to be useful for the consideration of intermittent/transient faults. It supports a new method, based on the novel concept of a containment set, for realizing transient fault tolerance without massive redundancy. It also allows for a new approach to system fault tolerance evaluation and validation which uses a transition matrix which is defined in terms of the containment set.
Using a single-subject research design to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment

Single-subject designs allow therapists to evaluate the effects of treatment on individual students, the effects of individualized occupational therapy services across a group of students, and the effects of a specific treatment procedure on a group of students. The purpose of this article is to provide information to enable therapists to use single-subject designs effectively in public school occupational therapy programs.
Designing multi-leader-based Allgather algorithms for multi-core clusters

The increasing demand for computational cycles is being met by the use of multi-core processors. Having large number of cores per node necessitates multi-core aware designs to extract the best performance. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is the dominant parallel programming model on modern high performance computing clusters. The MPI collective operations take a significant portion of the communication time for an application. The existing optimizations for collectives exploit shared memory for intra-node communication to improve performance. However, it still would not scale well as the number of cores per node increase. In this work, we propose a novel and scalable multi-leader-based hierarchical Allgather design. This design allows better cache sharing for Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) machines and makes better use of the network speed available with high performance interconnects such as InfiniBand. The new multi-leader-based scheme achieves a performance improvement of up to 58% for small messages and 70% for medium sized messages.
Work-Related Trauma Effects in Child Protection Social Workers

Child welfare workers are exposed to a variety of workplace events that could overwhelm them. This study examined whether negative workplace events were associated with workplace trauma effects amongst child welfare workers, and considered whether job support or job satisfaction moderated the influence of events on effects. Vicarious events were more highly associated with trauma effects (r = 0.54, p < 0.000) than were direct events (r = 0.28, p < 0.000), and neither job support nor job satisfaction moderated the relationship. Workplace trauma events accounted for substantial variability in workplace trauma effects (R2 = 0.344) in the final regression model tested. The discussion addresses opportunities for increasing worker safety, methods for supporting workers in managing negative effects and implications for future research.
Inferior parietal lobule projections to the presubiculum and neighboring ventromedial temporal cortical areas

The entorhinal and perirhinal cortices have long been accorded a special role in the communications between neocortical areas and the hippocampal formation. Less attention has been paid to the presubiculum, which, however, is also a component of the parahippocampal gyrus, receives dense inputs from several cortical areas, and itself is a major source of connections to the entorhinal cortex (EC). In part of a closer investigation of corticohippocampal systems, the authors applied single-axon analysis to the connections from the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) to the presubiculum. One major result from this approach was the finding that many of these axons (at least 10 of 14) branch beyond the presubiculum. For 4 axons, branches were followed to area TF and to the border between the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, raising the suggestion that these areas, which sometimes are viewed as serial stages, are tightly interconnected. In addition, the current data identify several features of presubicular organization that may be relevant to its functional role in visuospatial or memory processes: 1) Terminations from the IPL, as previously reported for prefrontal connections (Goldman-Rakic et al. [1984] Neuroscience 12:719 ‐743), form two to four patches in the superficial layers. These align in stripes, but only for short distances (’1.5 mm). This pattern suggests a strong compartmentalization in layers I and II that is also indicated by cytochrome oxidase and other markers. 2) Connections tend to be bistratified, terminating in layers I‐II and deeper in layer III. 3) Single axons terminate in layer I alone or in different combinations of layers. This may imply some heterogeneity of subtypes. 4) Individual axons, both ipsilateral projecting (n 5 14 axons) and contralateral projecting (n 5 6 axons), tend to have large arbors (0.3‐ 0.8 mm across). Finally, the authors observe that projections from the IPL, except for its anteriormost portion, converge at the perirhinal-entorhinal border around the posterior tip of the rhinal sulcus. These projections partially overlap with projections from ventromedial areas TE and TF, and this convergence may contribute to the severe deficits in visual recognition memory resulting from ablations of rhinal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 425: 510 ‐530, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new algorithm for detecting the collision of moving objects

Iterative algorithms for detecting the collision of convex objects whose motion is characterized by a path in configuration space are described. They use as an essential substep the computation of the distance between the two objects. When the objects are polytopes in either two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, an algorithm is given which terminates in a finite number of iterations. It either determines that no collision occurs or locates the first collision point on the path. For practical problems it appears that the computational time is short and grows only linearly in the total number of vertices of the two polytopes. Numerical examples are presented. >
Head circumference in black and white and Indian (New Delhi) children.

The excellent studies by Wingerd, Shoen, and Solomon1 on "Growth Standards in the First Two Years of Life Based on Measurements of White and Black Children in a Prepaid Health Care Program," and by Ghosh, et al.2 on "Intra-Uterine Growth of North Indian Babies," bear out my finding that ethnic background plays little if any role in head circumference growth,3 and further validate the clinical usefulness of the Composite International and Interracial Head Circumference Graphs.4
Components of the smooth pursuit function in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia.

The diagnosis of schizophrenia likely encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders, complicating the search for its causes. Studies of deficit schizophrenia represent an attempt to reduce this heterogeneity by identifying biologically distinct subgroups. Supplementing clinical phenotypes with biological markers of risk (e.g., eye-tracking and sensory-gating deficits) have also been used to reduce disease heterogeneity. In this study, we examined smooth pursuit eye movements in healthy controls (n = 37), and deficit (n = 18) and nondeficit (n = 32) patients with schizophrenia to determine what aspects of abnormal smooth pursuit are associated with the two patient groups, and which, if any, specifically mark the deficit phenotype. A small sample of relatives of deficit (n = 12) and nondeficit (n = 35) patients was also examined. Positive symptoms were equally present in deficit and nondeficit patients. Subtle, psychotic-like positive traits were also equally present in the relatives of both deficit and nondeficit probands, whereas negative symptoms were significantly more prevalent among the relatives of deficit probands. Deficits in predictive pursuit were present in both patient groups and both groups of relatives. Deficit patients showed significantly lower initiation acceleration. A similar pattern of results was seen in our pilot sample of relatives of deficit patients. These findings suggest that predictive smooth pursuit abnormality is associated with positive symptoms in schizophrenia, and that initiation abnormalities may be associated with the deficit syndrome.
Storytelling alice motivates middle school girls to learn computer programming

We describe Storytelling Alice, a programming environment that introduces middle school girls to computer programming as a means to the end of creating 3D animated stories. Storytelling Alice supports story creation by providing 1) a set of high-level animations, that support the use of social characters who can interact with one another, 2) a collection of 3D characters and scenery designed to spark story ideas, and 3) a tutorial that introduces users to writing Alice programs using story-based examples. In a study comparing girls' experiences learning to program using Storytelling Alice and a version of Alice without storytelling support (Generic Alice), we found that users of Storytelling Alice and Generic Alice were equally successful at learning basic programming constructs. Participants found Storytelling Alice and Generic Alice equally easy to use and entertaining. Users of Storytelling Alice were more motivated to program; they spent 42% more time programming, were more than 3 times as likely to sneak extra time to work on their programs, and expressed stronger interest in future use of Alice than users of Generic Alice.
Upper-troposphere and lower-stratosphere water vapor retrievals from the 1400 and 1900 nm water vapor bands

Abstract. Measuring water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is difficult due to the low mixing ratios found there, typically only a few parts per million. Here we examine near-infrared spectra acquired with the Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) during the first science phase of the NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX). From the 1400 and 1900 nm absorption bands we infer water vapor amounts in the tropical tropopause layer and adjacent regions between altitudes of 14 and 18 km. We compare these measurements to solar transmittance spectra produced with the MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) radiative transfer model, using in situ water vapor, temperature, and pressure profiles acquired concurrently with the SSFR spectra. Measured and modeled transmittance values agree within 0.002, with some larger differences in the 1900 nm band (up to 0.004). Integrated water vapor amounts along the absorption path lengths of 3 to 6 km varied from 1.26 × 10−4 to 4.59 × 10−4 g cm−2. A 0.002 difference in absorptance at 1367 nm results in a 3.35 × 10−5 g cm−2 change of integrated water vapor amounts; 0.004 absorptance change at 1870 nm results in 5.50 × 10−5 g cm−2 of water vapor. These are 27% (1367 nm) and 44% (1870 nm) differences at the lowest measured value of water vapor (1.26 × 10−4 g cm−2) and 7% (1367 nm) and 12% (1870 nm) differences at the highest measured value of water vapor (4.59 × 10−4 g cm−2). A potential method for extending this type of measurement from aircraft flight altitude to the top of the atmosphere is discussed.
Menthol: putting the pieces together

Objective To integrate information on cigarette companies9 understanding and use of menthol as summarised in published research based on previously internal tobacco industry documents with results from large population-based surveys of tobacco use and other independent sources. Data sources Papers published in this supplement of Tobacco Control , together with papers identified using PubMed searches. Results Tobacco companies shaped consumer perceptions of menthol cigarettes. Menthol is not just a flavouring agent. Cigarette companies use menthol9s ability to mask irritation and provide sensory effects to make menthol cigarettes appeal to youth and health-concerned smokers, in part because menthol makes low-tar cigarettes more palatable. Consistent with targeted marketing, youths, women and African Americans disproportionately smoke menthols. There appear to be complex interactions with addictive effects of nicotine. The ubiquitous addition of menthol by tobacco companies to over 90% of all tobacco products, whether labelled ‘menthol’ or not, demonstrates that menthol is not simply a flavour or brand. Menthol imparts sensory characteristics to cigarettes and has a complex interaction with nicotine that affects smoking behaviour whether it is perceived or not, or whether cigarettes containing menthol are marketed as ‘menthol’ or not. Adding menthol increases fine particles in cigarette smoke, which have immediate adverse effects on the risk of heart attack. Conclusion Information from industry documents, confirmed by independent scientific literature, consistently demonstrates that menthol increases population harm from smoking by increasing initiation and reducing cessation in some groups. Menthol facilitates and increases smoking, which causes disease and death.
Second intracranial neoplasms following treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

We report a boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treated with chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation to a dose of 24 Gy. Six years after diagnosis he developed a glioma and died. Prior to 1979, four cases of second malignant neoplasm (SMN) of the brain had been reported in children treated for ALL. These SMNs occurred within 2 years of the original diagnosis (median 1.3 years) and at least two of four patients had not received prior radiotherapy. Since 1979. 28 cases of SMN of the brain have been reported including nine of 468 (1.9%) long-term survivors in one study. All occurred more than 3.7 years from diagnosis (median 6.5 years; range 4-13 years) and all received cranial irradiation (median 24 Gy; range 20-48 Gy). These data indicate a change in the pattern of SMNs which is most likely due to the introduction of cranial irradiation. As well, the frequency of SMNs in children treated for ALL appears to have increased, although it is still no greater than the risk of SMNs developing following the treatment of any other primary childhood neoplasm.
In vivo reduction of hepatitis B virus antigenemia and viremia by antisense oligonucleotides.

Background & Aims Current treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB) includes interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which generally do not reduce HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) production, a constellation that is associated with poor prognosis of CHB. Here we evaluated the efficacy of an antisense approach using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology already in clinical use for liver targeted therapy to specifically inhibit HBsAg production and viremia in a preclinical setting. Methods A lead ASO was identified and characterized in vitro and subsequently tested for efficacy in vivo and in vitro using HBV transgenic and hydrodynamic transfection mouse and a cell culture HBV infection model, respectively. Results ASO treatment decreased serum HBsAg levels ⩾2logs in a dose and time-dependent manner; HBsAg decreased 2 logs in a week and returned to baseline 4weeks after a single ASO injection. ASO treatment effectively reduced HBsAg in combination with entecavir, while the nucleoside analogue alone did not. ASO treatment has pan-genotypic antiviral activity in the hydrodynamic transfection system. Finally, cccDNA-driven HBV gene expression is ASO sensitive in HBV infected cells in vitro . Conclusion Our results demonstrate in a preclinical setting the efficacy of an antisense approach against HBV by efficiently reducing serum HBsAg (as well as viremia) across different genotypes alone or in combination with standard nucleoside therapy. Since the applied antisense technology is already in clinical use, a lead compound can be rapidly validated in a clinical setting and thus, constitutes a novel therapeutic approach targeting chronic HBV infection.
Thermal Stable Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis (P5.233)

Background A characteristic feature of the central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response in multiple sclerosis (MS) is the increased intrathecal synthesis of IgG, and the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the brain and CSF. MS patients with the most malignant courses had raised CSF IgG levels more frequently than that of patients with a benign course, indicating that the intrathecal IgG may play critical role in disease pathogenesis. Recent study showed that B cells in peripheral blood of patients with MS participate in OCB production, suggesting that the activation of disease-associated B cells and their secreted antibodies operate both in the periphery and in the CNS. Objective Our objective is to identify the unique features of IgG antibodies in MS. Method We investigated the thermal stability of IgG antibodies in 11 patients with MS and 7 patients with other neurological disorders (OND). Sera and CSF samples were heated at 95°C for 10 minutes, and a serial 5-fold dilutions (starting with 200 ng/spot) were loaded onto nitrocellulose membranes, alone with the unheated sera as control. The membranes were probed with a 1:2000 dilution of anti-human IgG antibody (heavy and light chain) conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, followed by color detection with NBT/BCIP. Results Heat-resistant IgG antibodies were found in 100[percnt] (5/5) CSF and 42[percnt] (5/12) sera of MS patients. Patients with OND contained heat-resistant IgG (100[percnt], 3/3) in the CSF, but no OND sera were positive for heat-resistant IgG (n=7). Conclusions Our data demonstrate the presence of thermal stable IgG antibodies in patients with MS, and such antibodies are significantly enriched in the CSF. Disclosure: Dr. Stewart has nothing to disclose. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Graner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yu has nothing to disclose.
Private Tutoring in Vietnam: An Investigation of Its Causes and Impacts with Policy Implications

Private tutoring is a widespread phenomenon in many developing countries, including Vietnam. Using data mainly from the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys 1997-1998 and 1992-1993, from Vietnam’s Ministry of Education and Training, and from local journals and newspapers for analysis, this book reviews the private tutoring situation in Vietnam. This book finds evidence that private tutoring in Vietnam is a necessity in the household budget for lower secondary students, and the trend to attend private tutoring is stronger at higher education levels. There is no evidence of gender discrimination in expenditure on private tutoring. Ethnic minority students and students living in rural areas spend less on private tutoring at the primary level but not at the lower secondary level. However, spending on private tutoring would fall significantly if the qualifications of primary school teachers are increased. Private tutoring is found to have significant impact on a student’s academic performance, but the influence is larger for lower secondary students. This book contributes to the available estimation techniques by extending the simultaneous Tobit model of Amemiya (1974) to a joint Tobit-ordered probit econometric model to address the possible endogeneity of household spending on private tutoring.
Basic Single Antibody Identification: How Hard Can It Be?

A 52-year-old male with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and three-vessel coronary artery disease is admitted to the hospital for a coronary artery bypass graft surgery. An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant sample is submitted to the blood bank for type and crossmatch of four red blood cell (RBC) units. No transfusion history is given.
Spatial Precision in Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Radiation Therapy: The Role of Geometric Distortion

Because magnetic resonance imaging–guided radiation therapy (MRIgRT) offers exquisite soft tissue contrast and the ability to image tissues in arbitrary planes, the interest in this technology has increased dramatically in recent years. However, intrinsic geometric distortion stemming from both the system hardware and the magnetic properties of the patient affects MR images and compromises the spatial integrity of MRI-based radiation treatment planning, given that for real-time MRIgRT, precision within 2 mm is desired. In this article, we discuss the causes of geometric distortion, describe some well-known distortion correction algorithms, and review geometric distortion measurements from 12 studies, while taking into account relevant imaging parameters. Eleven of the studies reported phantom measurements quantifying system-dependent geometric distortion, while 2 studies reported simulation data quantifying magnetic susceptibility–induced geometric distortion. Of the 11 studies investigating system-dependent geometric distortion, 5 reported maximum measurements less than 2 mm. The simulation studies demonstrated that magnetic susceptibility–induced distortion is typically smaller than system-dependent distortion but still nonnegligible, with maximum distortion ranging from 2.1 to 2.6 mm at a field strength of 1.5 T. As expected, anatomic landmarks containing interfaces between air and soft tissue had the largest distortions. The evidence indicates that geometric distortion reduces the spatial integrity of MRI-based radiation treatment planning and likely diminishes the efficacy of MRIgRT. Better phantom measurement techniques and more effective distortion correction algorithms are needed to achieve the desired spatial precision.
A Symmetry Criterion for Conjugacy in Finite Groups

(1996). A Symmetry Criterion for Conjugacy in Finite Groups. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 373-375.
Glycogen Formation in Rats. IV. Diet Containing 87.5 Per Cent of Total Caloric Value in Maltose.

Fifteen healthy young male rats, varying from 145 to 226 gm. in weight, were given us by Dr. Palmer of the University Farm. They had been on a normal diet, and had not been subjected to experimental procedure. We placed 5 of them on McCollum's Stock Diet I, for controls. The remaining 10 were placed on a diet containing 87.5 gm. of maltose, 14.7 gm. casein (85% casein), and 4 gm. of salt mixture 185. This diet had a caloric value of 3.77 per gm., of which 87.5% was derived from maltose and 12.5% from casein, not considering digestibility. The analysis and caloric value of the stock diet was given in a previous publication.1 The Maltose diet was supplemented by vitamin feeding daily.2 The experiment was in progress for 16 days.Both the control and the experimental rats gained in weight. The former averaged 3.4 gm. per day, the latter 3.2 gm. The average daily intake of food was 14.13 gm. on the stock, and 14.19 gm. on the maltose diet. The daily water intake averaged 20.76 cc. on the stock, and 15.91 cc. o...
Control Effect of Occupational Hazards in A Construction Project of Gas Field

Objective To identify and analyze the potential occupational hazards of a gas field construction project,and evaluate the effect of protective measures for occupational diseases.Methods The relevant data and information were collected by field investigation,detection,occupational health surveillance,and the project was evaluated with checklists,qualitative and quantitative analysis.Results Major occupational hazards were benzene homologues and noise.The results showed that the short term exposure to benzene homologues at the oil tank and the cooling tower were exceeding occupational exposure limits,and the test results of other operating points met the national occupational health standards.Conclusion The occupational hazard control measures of this project were feasible and effective,but the occupational hazard control measures of benzene homologues need to be strengthened.
Great expectations: racial differences in outcome expectations for a weight lifting intervention among black and white breast cancer survivors with or without lymphedema.

BACKGROUND Black breast cancer survivors are less likely to engage in physical activity than are White survivors. This is unfortunate because physical activity may be especially beneficial given Black breast cancer survivors' higher rates of obesity and adverse treatment effects related to obesity, such as breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). The analysis explored outcome expectations for a weight lifting intervention by sedentary Black or White female breast cancer survivors and assessed the role of BCRL on outcome expectations for exercise. METHODS Chi-squared tests compared mean outcome expectation values for Black and White breast cancer survivors who completed baseline surveys for the Physical Activity and Lymphedema trial (n = 281). With race as the independent variable, multivariable analysis compared results for women without BCRL with those with BCRL, separately. RESULTS Across the entire sample, Black survivors (n = 90) had significantly higher (p < 0.05) outcome expectations than White survivors (n = 191) for improvements in sleep, appearance, mental health, affect, energy, and eating habits, with small to moderate effect sizes. When stratified by BCRL status, differences by race were robust only among those with BCRL. CONCLUSIONS Black cancer survivors had greater expectations than White cancer survivors for how a weight lifting intervention would improve their physical and mental states; these differences were most apparent among women with BCRL. Improving outcomes in Black breast cancer survivors rests on the development of interventions that are appropriately tailored to address the expectations of this population and account for differences in persistent adverse effects of cancer such as BCRL. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximal femoral resection or total hip replacement in severely disabled cerebral-spastic patients.

Conclusions and Summary 1. Our understanding of the mechanism and origin of pain in degenerative arthritis of the hip is incomplete at this time, whether we are dealing with a neurologically intact individual or a person who has spasticity of cerebral origin. 2. Predicting whether or not a particular hip in a nonambulatory patient whose spasticity is of cerebral origin at an early age will eventually become painful at some future date is extremely difficult. Once the patient attains adolescence or adulthood, the hip may become painful whether it is located, subluxated, or dislocated. 3. In the skeletally immature patient with cerebral palsy we may be justified in operating to correct clinically relevant soft tissue and bony deformities about the hip. In the skeletally mature patient, we should operate for pain and disability, not solely for deformity. 4. We do not yet have salvage or reconstructive hip procedures that yield consistently satisfactory long-term results in severely disabled cerebral-spastic patients.
Management and Prevention of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic syndrome caused by a deficiency in functional C1 inhibitor that results in recurrent episodes of nonpruritic swelling of the hands, feet, arms, legs, trunk, face, genitalia, bowels, and larynx beginning in childhood or adolescence and continuing throughout the patient's lifetime. Treatment for acute HAE attacks in the United States has been transformed by new therapies that inhibit the underlying mechanisms of angioedema- notably ecallantide, a potent and specific inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, and icatibant, a selective bradykinin receptor antagonist. These treatments, combined with safer formulations of plasma-derived C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate for HAE prophylaxis and acute treatment, have greatly improved the quality of life for people with HAE, many of whom can now lead fairly normal lives. This article reviews the current therapeutic landscape for HAE, including treatment for acute angioedema attacks, short- and long-term HAE prophylaxis, and home-based therapy.
Experiences with 16 cases of pararenal pseudocyst.

AbstractPararenal pseudocysts developed after an operation, after blunt and penetrating trauma or after contiguous disease processes in 16 patients. Nephrectomy was necessary in 8 cases. Although the duration of the pseudocyst and the extent of conduit injury did to an extent determine the fate of the kidney, the location of the encapsulated extravasate and its propensity for curtailment of urine formation appeared to be more significant factors. The cases were reviewed in light of the individualization in management required for the complex problems they present.
WE-FG-BRA-08: Potential Role of the Glycolytic Oscillator in Acute Hypoxia in Tumors.

Purpose: Oscillatory dynamics in acute hypoxia have been observed, but poorly understood. They have mostly been attributed to vascular perturbations, but no link has yet been made to metabolic causes. We set out to determine the fundamental frequencies and test for coherence in tumor oxygen dynamics and spatial properties. Methods: Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were inoculated onto bilateral flanks with human derived head and neck carcinoma (UW-SCC22) cell line xenografts. Oxygen dynamics were monitored in the tumor every minute for an hour using three modalities: blood oxygen level dependent - magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI), hemoglobin oxygen saturation photoacoustic, and locally manufactured optical probes for spectral fitting. A statistical test was used to separate fluctuating from non-fluctuating voxels and pixels in BOLD-MRI and photoacoustic data respectively. The power spectrum density (PSD) and the autocorrelation functions were calculated for the time series of each voxel, pixel and region, of the BOLD-MRI, photoacoustic or fiber optic data respectively. Results: Using all three techniques, intermittent oxygen dynamics with both coherent and incoherent signatures was observed in the tumors. Upon averaging the PSDs of fluctuating voxels and pixels, it was found that these oscillations occurred with periods of minutes to tens of minutes from all three approaches. Observations from the BOLD-MRI and photoacoustic data showed that clusters of voxels oscillated in a synchronized manner. Conclusion: We were able to use three different modalities to show that fluctuation in tumor oxygen is both coherent and incoherent, with periods of minutes to tens of minutes. These periods are very similar to those from the well-established metabolic, non-linear biomechanical phenomenon called the glycolytic oscillator. This may provide an additional explanation to the cause of cyclic hypoxia. Such dynamics could have profound implications in hypofractionated radiotherapy regiments and could help guide treatment and make it more patient specific. The authors would like to thank the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC) for the funds to complete this project. This work is also supported in part by NIH/NCI P30 CA014520- UW Comprehensive Cancer Center Support”.
Using innovation as a catalyst for integrating business and engineering education

This paper describes a theoretical foundation and a successfully implemented curriculum that satisfies traditional disciplinary requirements, as well as interdisciplinary and innovation focused learning experiences via a thematic approach. Our work contributes an example of successful integration of business and engineering curriculum using foundational themes transcending disciplinary boundaries. The themes that connect the topics are model thinking augmented by data science and design thinking augmented by agile development and lean business and product development processes. Our approach leverages these themes to develop innovators using the disciplines of computer science, software engineering, and management. We offer as an example a successful implementation of this approach, the Jeffrey S. Raikes School, at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Working memory strategies during rational number magnitude processing.

Rational number understanding is a critical building block for success in more advanced mathematics; however, how rational number magnitudes are conceptualized is not fully understood. In the current study, we used a dual-task working memory (WM) interference paradigm to investigate the dominant type of strategy (i.e., requiring verbal WM resources vs. requiring primarily visuospatial WM resources) used by adults when processing rational number magnitudes presented in both decimal and fraction notation. Analyses revealed no significant differences in involvement of verbal and visuospatial WM, regardless of notation (fractions vs. decimals), indicating that adults rely upon a mix of strategies and WM resources when processing rational number magnitudes. However, this pattern interacted with algebra ability such that those performing better on the algebra assessment relied upon both verbal and visuospatial WM when engaging in rational number comparisons, whereas rational number performance by adults with low algebra fluency was affected only by a simultaneous verbal WM task. Together, results support previous work implicating the involvement of WM resources in rational number processing and is the first study to indicate that the involvement of both verbal and visuospatial WM, as opposed to relying primarily on verbal WM, when processing rational number magnitudes may be indicative of higher mathematical proficiency in the domain of algebra. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
3D eight-order elastic finite-difference modeling of refraction and strong-motion data from the Coyote Lake region, California

Abstract 3D elastic modeling of (vertical component, explosive source) refraction data is performed to constrain the shallow part of a velocity model, followed by 3D modeling of three-component strong-motion data from a (spatially and temporally extended) earthquake source in that model. Modeling is by eighth-order finite differencing on a staggered grid, which automatically generates all body and surface waves, including multiples and conversions. Application is to the 1981 USGS refraction survey and the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake event in central California. 3D modeling was able to reproduce the main observed features in both the refraction and earthquake data. For the refraction data, the synthetics explain local variations in first-arrival travel times, reverberations in the near-surface sediments, and surface waves. For the strong-motion data, the initial arrival times and amplitudes are determined by the position and orientation of the initial rupture; the shapes of the trailing edges of the pulses are modified by the actual source distribution. Changes of source position of 1 to 2 km are easily resolvable through changes in the position of nodal planes. Discontinuities in material properties (e.g., layering) produce a coda of multiples and converted waves. Lateral variations in velocities, especially in the upper few kilometers, change the energy distribution among the trace components, by 3D refraction, and so shift the apparent source directivity and position, as well as contributing to the coda. Remaining differences between the observed and synthetic data are attributed to local seismometer coupling effects, very local site structures, and phenomena such as anelasticity and anisotropy, which are not explicitly modeled.
Lymphotoxin β receptor signaling promotes influenza-induced lung damage (VIR5P.1151)

Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) has been shown to play a critical role in protection against mucosal bacterial pathogens in the gut. Surprisingly, we found that genetic or biochemical inhibition of LTβR signaling confers protection against highly pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus infection. Consistent with amelioration of disease severity, LTβR-deficient mice displayed reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced inflammatory dendritic cells, and drastically reduced numbers of antigen specific CD8 + T cells in the lung. Further, LTβR-deficient mice showed attenuated viral loads during the peak of viral replication. Previous studies by our group have highlighted a potential role of LT signaling in the regulation of mucin expression in the gut. Further, increased mucin secretion in the lung is known to correlate with attenuation of influenza virus replication. Immunohistochemical and gene expression analysis revealed a marked increase in goblet cell hyperplasia and MUC5AC secretion in the lungs of influenza infected LTβR-deficient mice relative to wild type mice. Additionally, treatment of infected wild type mice with an agonistic anti-LTβR antibody resulted in almost complete inhibition of MUC5AC mRNA expression in the lung. Taken together, our data suggest that LT signaling negatively regulates mucin production in response to respiratory viral infection leading to increased viral burden, lung pathology, and death.
Future of developmental toxicity testing

Abstract Protection of developing offspring from the potential adverse effects of in utero exposures is an important aspect of the safety profile for medicines, chemicals and physical agents. The standard safety test design for this type of endpoint was developed in the mid-1960's and has changed little in the ensuing half-century. While embryo-fetal development studies have done a good job of protecting pregnant women and their babies, the tests are labor intensive, time consuming and use a large number of test animals. The advent and exploitation of the technology revolution has changed much of what we know about biology and has the potential to streamline the decision process concerning the identification of substances that may be teratogenic hazards. These welcome changes will save animals and expenses in addition to shortening the time to some decisions about whether or not to develop a new medicine or how to protect workers form potential occupational exposures. Data from informatics and computational approaches will inform hypothesis-driven studies to incisively address safety issues. Despite the impressive advances in the world of virtual biology, the anatomic, physiologic, and pharmacologic complexities of the entwined maternal-placental-fetal unit as well as the varied potential mechanisms for compensation in reaction to challenges are not yet able to be sufficiently well-modeled to enable a conclusion of safety. For at least the next few decades, the pregnant mammal will remain the final linchpin in teratology testing.
Prevalence of Tibial Artery and Pedal Arch Patency by Angiography in Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia and Noncompressible Ankle Brachial Index.

Background—Approximately 20% of patients undergoing ankle brachial index testing for critical limb ischemia have noncompressible vessels because of tibial artery calcification. This represents a cl...
Shipboard System Diagnostics and Reconfiguration Using Model-Based Autonomous Cooperative Agents

Abstract The ability to reconfigure a ship's engineering plant in response to changing mission or equipment conditions can dramatically increase a ship's capability and survivability. We present a distributed control architecture for integrating multiple ship systems and providing resource- and diagnostic-driven reconfiguration at multiple system levels, such as mission-level, process-level and component-level. This architecture is being developed under a cooperative program between Rockwell and the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The architecture is based on the use of software agents distributed among networked automation controllers, which together autonomously cooperate to control and reconfigure the ship's systems. System- and sub-system models are embedded in the software agents to provide diagnostics and assist in system reconfiguration when problems are detected. We also discuss the application of this architecture to a chilled water system being used as the demonstration test bed.
Terrorism Before and After 9/11: A More Dangerous World?

Was 9/11 the opening salvo in a new age of terrorism? Some argue that this act ushered in a more chaotic world. Others contend an increased focus on terrorism in the past 15 years is the result of conflating terrorist activity with insurgency. We shed light on these claims by analyzing data on domestic and transnational terrorist incidence from 1989 to 2014. The evidence suggests that the years since 9/11 have been different from those preceding them. Once the prevalence of conflicts is accounted for, the post-9/11 era is a significantly less terror prone period than the years before it. A country not suffering civil conflict was upwards of 60 percent more likely to experience terrorism prior to or during the year 2001 than since. However, the opposite trend holds for those countries with a higher proportion of Muslims. Prior to 2001, countries with higher Muslim populations experienced less domestic terrorism. Since 9/11, these countries have experienced significantly more terrorism – both domestic and i...
Measuring RNA–Ligand Interactions with Microscale Thermophoresis

In recent years, there has been dramatic growth in the study of RNA. RNA has gone from being known as an intermediate in the central dogma of molecular biology to a molecule with a large diversity of structure and function that is involved in all aspects of biology. As new functions are rapidly discovered, it has become clear that there is a need for RNA-targeting small molecule probes to investigate RNA biology and clarify the potential for therapeutics based on RNA–small molecule interactions. While a host of techniques exist to measure RNA–small molecule interactions, many of these have drawbacks that make them intractable for routine use and are often not broadly applicable. A newer technology called microscale thermophoresis (MST), which measures the directed migration of a molecule and/or molecule–ligand complex along a temperature gradient, can be used to measure binding affinities using very small amounts of sample. The high sensitivity of this technique enables measurement of affinity constants i...
Orchestration of cooperative cruise control for networked self-adaptive cars

Networked embedded software systems incorporate varying degrees of adaptation behavior to sustain their operations with acceptable quality of service (QoS), in the face of hostile external events — such as resource outages in a cloud service, road slipperiness in a car driving, etc. For instance, a highly agile cruise control system of a car may dynamically adjust its controller parameters to generate a higher-than-normal increase in torque when encountering a higher road elevation (relative to a statically configured controller). With the high complexity of such dynamic adaptive systems, their QoS capability depends on how well they respond to hostile external events. The paper formulates model-based assessment techniques to reason about how capable is a networked system S in meeting its QoS specs. We benchmark the QoS capability of S by stress-testing S with artificially injected failures. As a case study, we describe the QoS assessment of a multi-vehicle adaptive cruise control system.
Higher-dimensional Wave Equation

In this chapter, we study the control problem of the linear wave equation $$\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \nabla^2 u.$$ This equation can serve as a mathematical model for many physical problems, such as the vibration of a membrane. In the membrane problem, u = u(x, y, t) represents the vertical displacement of the membrane from its equilibrium and the positive constant c (m/s) is a wave speed. In this chapter, we use the following notation. Let Ω be a bounded open set in ℝ n and x 0 ∈ ℝ n . Set (see Figure 6.1) $$\Gamma = \partial\Omega,$$ (6.1) $$\mathbf{m}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}^0 = (x_1 - x_{1}^{0}, \ldots, x_{n} - x_{n}^{0}),$$ (6.2) $$\Gamma (\mathbf{x}^{0}) = \{\mathbf{x} \in \Gamma : \mathbf{m}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathbf{n}(\mathbf{x}) > 0\},$$ (6.3) $$\Gamma_{\ast}(\mathbf{x}^0) = \Gamma - \Gamma (\mathbf{x}^0) = \{\mathbf{x} \in \Gamma : \mathbf{m}(\mathbf{x}) \cdot \mathbf{n}(\mathbf{x}) \leq 0\},$$ (6.4) where n denotes the unit normal pointing towards the outside of Ω.