cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mersalyl Is a Novel Inducer of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Expression and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Activity

In response to hypoxia, mammalian cells express multiple gene products [including erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] that serve to increase O2 delivery, as well as glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes (such as enolase 1) that allow metabolic adaptation to decreased O2 availability. Increased transcription of the genes encoding these proteins in hypoxic cells is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Expression of HIF-1 and downstream genes can also be induced by exposure of cells to divalent metals (such as CoCl2) or iron chelators [such as desferrioxamine (DFO)]. We report here that the organomercurial compound mersalyl induced expression of VEGF and enolase 1 mRNA, as well as HIF-1 activity, in cultured cells. Expression of reporter genes containing hypoxia response elements from the EPO and VEGF genes was also induced by mersalyl treatment. However, mersalyl inhibited endogenous EPO mRNA expression induced by hypoxia, CoCl2, or DFO. In cells lacking expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, mersalyl did not induce HIF-1 activity or VEGF mRNA expression, whereas induction by hypoxia, CoCl2, or DFO was unaffected. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD098059 markedly reduced induction of HIF-1 by mersalyl but not by hypoxia. These results indicate that mersalyl induces expression of HIF-1 and a subset of hypoxia-inducible genes by a mechanism, involving the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, that is distinct from mechanisms of induction by hypoxia, CoCl2, or DFO.
Software-Enabled Receding Horizon Control for Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Guidance

This paper describes autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) guidance technologies developed and demonstrated in a flight test sponsored by the DARPA Software Enabled Control program. The flight experiment took place in June 2004 using a Boeing UAV testbed and demonstrated important autonomy capabilities enabled by a receding horizon guidance controller and fault detection filter. The receding horizon controller (RHC) design process is presented in detail as well as demonstration scenarios which were designed to exercise and evaluate the primary functionalities of the control system. Simulation results of the key capabilities are shown and compared with recorded flight data for evaluation purposes. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations and other high-fidelity test run results illustrate secondary capabilities such as controller reconfiguration due to actuator fault and maneuvering limit enforcement using output constraints in the receding horizon approach.
A new bivariate generalized Poisson distribution

In this paper, a new bivariate generalized Poisson distribution (GPD) that allows any type of correlation is defined and studied. The marginal distributions of the bivariate model are the univariate GPDs. The parameters of the bivariate distribution are estimated by using the moment and maximum likelihood methods. Some test statistics are discussed and one numerical data set is used to illustrate the applications of the bivariate model.
Application timing and efficacy of alternatives for the insecticidal control of Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae), a new invasive pest of turf in the northeastern United States.

BACKGROUND: Two invasive crane flies, Tipula paludosa Meigen and Tipula oleracea L. (Diptera: Tipulidae), were detected in New York State for the first time in 2004. Both are damaging pests of turfgrass and other horticultural systems in North America where establishment has already been documented. To develop management recommendations for the Northeast and define opportunities for preventive (autumn) and curative (spring) control, four insecticide trials targeting T. paludosa larvae were conducted over a 2year period. RESULTS: The most efficacious (≥70% control in both trials) products against early instars in autumn were bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin and trichlorfon. Results varied for azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana, cyfluthrin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidacloprid + bifenthrin and indoxacarb. Clothianidin and dinotefuran were most efficacious against fourth instars in spring; results varied for imidacloprid, indoxacarb and trichlorfon. CONCLUSION: Several insecticides offer alternatives for preventive and curative control of T. paludosa ,b ut, because there is little overlap with application windows for scarab larvae pests, management may entail an entirely new insecticide treatment window, implying new economic and environmental burdens to the turfgrass industry. Moreover, curtailing the impact and spread of these invasives may be severely hampered because the best performing alternatives (clothianidin, dinotefuran) are not registered in New York.  2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Oscillatory Behavior of Ventilation in Resting Man

Section I discusses the results of analyses conducted on time records of ventilation, for periods up to five hours, for young adult male subjects in a conscious minimal power state. The results imply the following: 1) Temporal patterns of ventilation are characterized by the superposition of a denumerable set of almost periodic sustained oscillations with time dependent and stochastic variations. 2) Different subjects exhibit the same number of deterministic components within similar ranges of frequency. 3) A typical pattern contains cycles with nominal periods on the order of one minute, four, nine, twenty, forty minutes, and two and one-half hours with deviations in period and amplitude due to inherent non-stationarity and random fluctuations, especially at higher frequencies. 4) Resting state ventilation oscillates about the mean with an amplitude on the order of half the mean.
Developmental Regulation and Tissue-Specific Expression of Hamster Dolichol-P-Dependent N-Acetylglucosamine-1-P Transferase (GPT)

Abstract The first enzyme in the dolichol pathway of protein N-glycosylation, dolichol-P-dependent N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase, GPT, has been implicated in the development of a wide variety of eukaryotes. GPT is encoded by ALG7, an early growth response gene, whose expression has been shown to affect the extent of N-glycosylation and secretion of proteins. To initiate the molecular characterization of ALG7 involvement in mammalian growth and differentiation, we have used the postnatally developing hamster submandibular gland (SMG) as an experimental paradigm. In this study we report that the ALG7 gene was differentially expressed during postnatal development and in terminally differentiated adult tissues. Throughout development, GPT activity paralleled ALG7 mRNA levels, suggesting that the amount of functional enzyme was determined by modulation of transcript abundance.
Molecular epidemiology and genomics of group A Streptococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) is a strict human pathogen with a very high prevalence worldwide. This review highlights the genetic organization of the species and the important ecological considerations that impact its evolution. Recent advances are presented on the topics of molecular epidemiology, population biology, molecular basis for genetic change, genome structure and genetic flux, phylogenomics and closely related streptococcal species, and the long- and short-term evolution of GAS. The application of whole genome sequence data to addressing key biological questions is discussed.
Depression as a Predictor of Compliance and Morbidities After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

s S337 the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) tool (r= .76, p< .05). Further, the scale takes only 10-15 to administer. Conclusion: Our results show that the inductive methodologies outlined in this paper can be effectively applied across settings and other clinical treatment areas to create valid and robust measures of knowledge that are responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values, and help to ensure that patient values guide clinical decision-making.
Dependence of resonant positron-molecule annihilation on molecular temperature

Measurements of positron-on-molecule annihilation as a function of positron energy have established that positrons can bind to hydrocarbon molecules via vibrational Feshbach resonances. The magnitudes of these resonances, which grow rapidly with increasing molecular size, are still not well understood. In this paper, the role of molecular temperature is investigated using a specially designed temperature-regulated annihilation cell. Only relatively small changes in annihilation rate are observed when the molecular temperature is varied by a factor of two, from 300 K down to approximately half that value for the alkane molecules pentane and heptane. These results place important constraints on theories of the annihilation rates and positron-molecule binding energies.
Patient and spouse illness beliefs and quality of life in prostate cancer patients

Objective: Among married prostate cancer (PC) patients, the spouse is often the primary provider of emotional support and personal care. However, few studies have investigated spouses’ illness beliefs (i.e. about disease duration and treatment control) and their impact on patients’ quality of life (QOL). Spouses’ beliefs about disease duration (timeline) were hypothesised to mediate relationships between spouses’ treatment control beliefs and patients’ QOL six months later. Methods: Fifty-three patients who underwent localised treatment for PC, and their spouses, completed an illness beliefs measure (the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire). Patients completed a QOL measure (the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General) six months later. Results: Spouse timeline beliefs mediated the association between spouse treatment control beliefs and patient QOL six months later (total indirect effect = −0.71, 95% CI 0.02–2.03). That is, spouse beliefs that the treatment would control their loved one's ...
Potassium-argon dating of volcanic rocks

The potassium-argon method of geochronometry may be applied quantitatively to biotite, hornblende and sanidine if these minerals have been kept at low temperature since their formation. Fine-grained whole rocks, particularly of mafic varieties, may also have 100 % retentivity under suitable conditions. Other whole-rock samples may give 75 – 85 % of the true age. Young volcanic glasses may also be used for dating if they have not been devitrified but probably give somewhat low ages even in the best cases.
Gyromagnetic Ratio of Cobalt

Magnetomechanical measurements were made on two cobalt rods in an attempt to find changes in the ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ factor at low magnetic intensities. No such effect was found, ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ being independent of the induced magnetic intensity down to the lowest values which could be measured.The results also indicate that cobalt samples of high purity would be required in order to obtain an accurate value of ${g}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ for this metal.
A contribution to the study of cooling a vertical-rotary spray chamber in inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A Wu–Hieftje vertical-rotary spray chamber was modified for cooling and characterized for its ability to reduce oxide species in inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The temperature of the modified spray chamber could be reproducibly and effectively controlled by wrapping tygon tubing, through which chilled water flows, around the main body. Cooling the spray chamber from 20 °C to 5 °C yielded a 20% reduction in the interfering oxide level of 140Ce16O+ on 156Gd+ without compromising detection limits. A corresponding decrease in the background-equivalent concentrations of the interfering species was also observed. Additionally, 1/f noise present in plasma-derived signals was less when the temperature of the spray chamber was lowered.
Harnessing gene repression to inhibit leukemia.

Developing therapeutics for cancers targeting driver mutations in epigenetic regulators is a challenging frontier in cancer therapy. A new study identifies a pathway that, when activated, inhibits the actions of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L in MLL fusion leukemia.
Correction Method for Ion Yield Transients in the Near Surface Region of Sims Depth Profiles

As solid state device features continue to decrease in size, it has become more important to characterize dopant concentrations within the first several hundred angstroms of the surface. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is the technique of choice for dopant depth profiling due to its high sensitivity and good depth resolution. In order to increase the sensitivity of SIMS, electropositive elements (e.g. oxygen) or electronegative elements (e.g. cesium) are used as primary ion species to enhance positive or negative secondary ion yields, respectively. This has the disadvantage, however, of causing secondary ion yields to vary by up to several orders of magnitude over the first few hundred angstroms of a depth profile as the implanted primary ion concentration increases [1,2]. Secondary ion yields stabilize once the primary ion reaches a steady state concentration, which occurs at a depth proportional to the range of the primary ions in the solid. This ion yield transient artifact hinders quantification of dopant concentrations until the primary ion concentration reaches steady state.
Gas phase biosensors

Preliminary studies utilizing biological substrates, such as enzymes and antibodies, as coatings for a piezoelectric crystal detector have proven successful. Immobilization of parathion and organophosphorus antibodies allows for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides at the ppb level with the coatings exhibiting a specific response to the pesticides. Cocaine antibodies have shown a very specific and ultrasensitive reaction with cocaine. Excellent reproducibilities, coating lifetimes, response times and selectivities are observed. This research is the first use of proteins as coatings for the direct assay of gaseous compounds, thus making this method an attractive alternative to some conventional techniques currently in use.
Perturbation theory for frequency doubling and tripling of electric field amplitude and phase ripples

A perturbation theory has been developed to calculate the transfer of electric field amplitude and phase ripples from the first harmonic to either the second harmonic or the third harmonic. The theory is restricted to steady-state conversion processes. In the case of small phase gradients, the real and imaginary parts of the output harmonic ripple are related to the real and imaginary parts of the input perturbation by a 2 {times} 2 matrix. To confirm the validity of the perturbation theory, we have performed an initial set of experiments on the Optical Sciences Laser to investigate the transfer of a weak ripple from the first harmonic to the second harmonic.
An explanation for the light requirement of AgNO3 to inhibit ethylene-induced abscission

The loss of the antiethylene activity of Ag+ on leaf abscission by incubation in the dark was investigated. When primary leaves were removed from cuttings of Vigna radiata previously sprayed with AgNO3, dark-induced abscission of the petioles was inhibited, compared to untreated leafless controls, in the presence or absence of ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound. Malformin did not negate inhibition of petiole abscission induced by Ag+. Although leaf removal restored the antiethylene activity of Ag+ in the dark, macerates of leaves from dark-aged cuttings did not negate the ability of Ag+ to inhibit petiole abscission in the dark. Abscisic acid completely abolished the ability of Ag+ to counteract ethephon-induced leaf abscission in the light, and almost completely abolished the Ag+-induced inhibition of petiole abscission from explants in the dark. It is proposed that the phytochrome requirement for the antiethylene activity of Ag+ on ethephon-induced leaf abscission involves prevention of the formation, accumulation, or transport of a substance in leaves in the dark which negates Ag+ activity. This substance may be abscisic acid or another substance with similar biological activity.
Microelectromechanical systems using piezoelectric thin films

Ferroelectric thin films have been integrated with silicon-based microelectromechanical systems, commonly called MEMS. Several thin films of the PZT family have been used in the formation of both microsensors and microactuators in processes compatible with silicon nitride, surface-micromachined, membranes and analog CMOS technology. Back-end micromachining of MEMS structures based on PZT-type electroceramic thin films is described. Several ferroelectric MEMS examples are described including (1) cantilever beam micro- accelerometer, (2) acoustic pressure sensor, (3) uncooled pyroelectric infrared imaging array, (4) integrated acoustic sensor, (5) micro- positioner, and (6) simple cantilever flap actuators. Major issues of merging technologies with ferroelectric thin films with microelectromechanical structures and on-chip electronics are described.
Iridium‐dispersed carbon paste enzyme electrodes

An highly selective first-generation glucose biosensor, based on an iridium-dispersed carbon-paste transducer, is described. The iridium-on-carbon particles provide excellent electrocatalysis for both the reduction and oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. Such unique catalytic action offers convenient biosensing of glucose at very low operating potentials, where interfering reactions are negligible. Factors influencing the electrocatalytic and biocatalytic actions are elucidated, along with the analytical performance. Implications to other oxidase-based amperometric electrodes are discussed.
A Second Life for organizations?: managing in the new, virtual world

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the fast‐growing virtual world, focusing on the appeal of these environments for the “digital native” generation and the growth of Second Life.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the latest research on virtual worlds and Second Life, examining the corporate presence “in‐world,” as well as the economic, technical, legal, ethical, and security issues involved for companies doing business in the virtual world.Findings – The paper shows that Second Life and virtual worlds hold great opportunities, along with significant downsides, for companies.Research limitations/implications – The research is limited by the very fact that this is a fast‐developing, fast‐changing area, constantly generating both new opportunities and new issues/challenges.Practical implications – With projections that 80 percent of all internet users will be involved in virtual worlds by 2011, it is important that executives and academicians be knowledgeable about...
Application of Stream Function Wave Theory to Offshore Design Problems

Presents several examples illustrating application of the system function wave theory tabulations to problems of preliminary offshore design. As an illustration of the application of the tabulations, examples are presented including: Water surface displacement, velocity and acceleration components and dynamic pressure components, Wave forces and moments on various vertical members of an offshore platform for normal wave incidence, Total wave forces and moments on an multi-legged platform for oblique wave incidence, and Wave forces on a horizontal cylinder for normal wave incidence. Other applications of the tables are discussed.
Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis to bone

Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, where it takes a significant toll on quality of life. Models of bone metastasis are needed in order to better understand the process of bone metastasis and to develop better treatments. Here, we discuss the available mouse models for breast cancer bone metastasis and critical techniques for imaging bone metastasis in these models.
The potential curve of the He-α-quartz surface interaction

One of the fundamental problems for gas-surface interaction physics is to relate the pairwise gas atom-surface atom interaction characteristics to that of the aggregate collision complex. One method of studying the problem on a microscopic scale is to model the surface lattice structure and calculate the interaction characteristics using the Monte Carlo technique. We describe the calculation of the He-α-quartz (SiO2) interaction potential applying this method assuming pairwise He-surface atom Lennard-Jones (12, 6) potentials. The results show that the interaction potential follows a (13.5, 3.8) shape function in the gas-surface interaction range below 8 A, and an asymptotic dependence with 3.8 < m < 6 for the region beyond 8 A. This potential well shape function differs substantially from the (9, 3) function suggested by earlier work. The calculated potential curve shows a weak dependence on surface and gas temperature. The potential well depth of the gas-surface interaction shows a strong nonlinear relationship to the equilibrium internuclear distance of the HeSi pair potential applied to the calculation. We find that the empirically determined parameters for the HeSi pair potential provide resultant gas-surface potentials with well depth remarkably close to those required by the measured heat of adsorption.
An inverted strain rate dependence of the acoustic emission generated during the deformation of high purity α-Ti

Abstract The acoustic emission generated during the tensile testing of high purity α-Ti has been found to decrease in the number, amplitude and energy of events as the testing strain rate increased. A decrease in the test temperature was found to produce the same changes in the measured acoustic emission as did an increase in the strain rate. The unique strain rate dependence of the acoustic emission is a result of the temperature dependence of the critical stress necessary to activate deformation twinning.
Recovery patterns of three chaparral shrub species after wildfire

In a mature, even aged stand of mixed chaparral, Rhus laurina (facultative resprouter) had consistently higher water potentials and deeper roots than Ceanothus spinosus (facultative resprouter) and Ceanothus megacarpus (obligate seeder). For two years following a wildfire, the same stand of chaparral had resprouts with higher survivorships, predawn water potentials, stomatal conductances, photosynthetic rates and shoot elongation rates than seedlings. Supplemental irrigation of seedlings during summer months removed differences between resprouts and seedlings suggesting that the cause of such differences was limited water availability to the shoot tissues of seedlings. After two years of postfire regrowth, mean seedling survivorship for the obligate seeder (C. megacarpus) was 42%, whereas seedling survivorship for facultative resprouters was only 18% (C. spinosus) and 0.01% (R. laurina). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that lack of resprouting ability among obligate seeders is offset by an enhanced ability to establish seedlings after wildfire, allowing obligate seeders to maintain themselves in mixed populations through many fire cycles.
Explicit Action of Hecke Operators on Siegel Modular Forms

We develop an algorithm for determining an explicit set of coset representatives (indexed by lattices) for the action of the Hecke operators T(p), Tj(p2) on Siegel modular forms of fixed degree and weight. This algorithm associates each coset representative with a particular lattice Ω, pΛ⊆Ω⊆1p Λ where Λ is a fixed reference lattice. We then evaluate the action of the Hecke operators on Fourier series. Since this evaluation yields incomplete character sums for Tj(p2), we complete these sums by replacing this operator with a linear combination of Tl(p2), 0⩽l⩽j. In all cases, this yields a clean and simple description of the action on Fourier coefficients.
Absolute sensitivity to white noise under auxiliary visual stimulation1

Absolute sensitivity to white noise was measured with the O in the dark, in constant illumination, and in the dark but with sound-synchronized flashes of light at three different intensities. A confidence rating procedure was used, and the results were analyzed in terms of the theory of signal detectability. There appeared to be no consistent effect of auxiliary visual stimulation on absolute auditory sensitivity for the four Os examined.
Biosynthesis and subcellular localization of a lepidopteran insect alpha 1,2-mannosidase.

Like lower and higher eucaryotes, insects have α 1,2-mannosidases which function in the processing of N-glycans. We previously cloned and characterized an insect α 1,2-mannosidase cDNA and demonstrated that it encodes a member of a family of N-glycan processing α 1,2-mannosidases (Kawar, Z., Herscovics, A., Jarvis, D.L., 1997. Isolation and characterisation of an alpha 1,2-mannosidase cDNA from the lepidopteran insect cell line Sf9. Glycobiology 7, 433–443). These enzymes have similar protein sequences, require calcium for their activities, and are sensitive to 1-deoxymannojirimycin, but can have different substrate specificities and intracellular distributions. We recently determined the substrate specificity of the insect α 1,2-mannosidase, SfManI (Kawar, Z., Romero, P., Herscovics, A., Jarvis, D.L., 2000. N-glycan processing by a lepidopteran insect and 1,2-mannosidase. Glycobiology 10, 347–355). Now, we have examined the biosynthesis and subcellular localization of SfManI. We found that SfManI is partially N-glycosylated and that N-glycosylation is dramatically enhanced if the wild type sequon is changed to one that is highly utilized in a mammalian system. We also found that an SfManI-GFP fusion protein had a punctate cytoplasmic distribution in insect cells. Colocalization studies indicated that this fusion protein is localized in the Golgi apparatus, not in the endoplasmic reticulum or lysosomes. Finally, N-glycosylation had no influence over the substrate specificity or subcellular localization of SfManI.
Effects of cellular differentiation, chromosomal integration and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment on human papillomavirus-16 DNA methylation in cultured cell lines.

Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) genomes in cell culture and in situ are affected by polymorphic methylation patterns, which can repress the viral transcription. In order to understand some of the underlying mechanisms, we investigated changes of the methylation of HPV-16 DNA in cell cultures in response to cellular differentiation, to recombination with cellular DNA, and to an inhibitor of methylation. Undifferentiated W12E cells, derived from a precancerous lesion, contained extrachromosomal HPV-16 DNA with a sporadically methylated enhancer-promoter segment. Upon W12E cell differentiation, the viral DNA was demethylated, suggesting a link between differentiation and the epigenetic state of HPV-16 DNA. The viral genomes present in two W12I clones, in which individual copies of the HPV-16 genome have integrated into cellular DNA (type 1 integrants), were unmethylated, akin to that seen in the cervical carcinoma cell line SiHa (also a type 1 integrant). This finding is consistent with hypomethylation being necessary for continued viral gene expression. In contrast, two of three type 2 integrant W12I clones, containing concatemers of HPV-16 genomes integrated into the cellular DNA contained hypermethylated viral DNA, as observed in the cervical carcinoma cell line CaSki (also a type 2 integrant). A third, type 2, W12I clone, interestingly with fewer copies of the viral genome, contained unmethylated HPV-16 genomes. Epithelial differentiation of W12I clones did not lead to demethylation of chromosomally integrated viral genomes as was seen for extrachromosmal HPV- 16 DNA in W12E clones. Hypomethylation of CaSki cells in the presence of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine reduced the cellular viability, possibly as a consequence of toxic effects of an excess of HPV-16 gene products. Our data support a model wherein (i) the DNA methylation state of extrachromosomal HPV16 replicons and epithelial differentiation are inversely coupled during the viral life cycle, (ii) integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome events leads to an alteration in methylation patterns on the viral genome that is dependent upon the type of integration event and possibly copy number, and (iii) integration universally results in the viral DNA becoming refractory to changes in methylation state upon cellular differentiation that are observed with extrachromosomal HPV-16 genomes.
Predictive Risk Factors for 30-day Readmissions Following Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty and Modification of Patient Management

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid have begun to publically publish statistics on readmissions following primary total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Our study retrospectively assesses 30-day readmissions rates following THA and TKA, performed by a single surgeon at a tertiary care medical center between 2007 and 2012. Results of a univariate analysis and logistic regression model indicated female gender, high ASA class, and increased operative time to be significantly associated with higher rates of readmission (OR 4.646, OR 1.257, and OR 5.323, respectively). Readmissions most often occurred within the first week of patient discharge. Surgical complications and gastrointestinal discomfort were the most common causes for readmission. Using readmission risk we can stratify patients into tiered critical care pathways to reduce readmissions.
Lactation in a Barren Heifer

Summary A case is reported of a barren heifer which, in response to sucking and milking, started to produce milk and continued to do so for 630 days. During the first six months of lactation there was a steady increase in the daily yield of milk, followed by a subsequent decline. The maximum daily yield was 18.7 pounds, and the total lactation yield was 5011.9 pounds. According to chemical analyses made the milk was normal in every respect. The probable causes of the initiation and increase in milk secretion are briefly discussed.
One-color sequential pumping of the 4f5d bands in Pr-doped yttrium aluminum garnet

Abstract We report on a method for populating the 4f5d bands in Pr-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Pr 3+ :YAG) through a one-color twp-photon absorption process. Broad ultraviolet emission (between 300 and 400 nm) is obtained by pumping the crystal with a source between 470 and 490 nm. The dynamics of the two-photon process is studied by monitoring the transient rise and decay of the fluorescing populations under chopped CW excitation. The transient data show that the two photons are absorbed sequentially with either the 3 P 1 or 3 P 0 level acting as a metastable intermediate state. An excitation spectrum for the 314 nm emission from the lowest 4f5d band is compared to the excitation spectrum for the 615 nm emission from the 3 P 1 and 3 P 0 levels. Strong enhancement in UV emission occurs when the laser is resonant with transitions to the 3 P 1 or 3 P 0 levels. A model for the dynamics of the sequential two-photon pumping process is proposed. The model predicts that the population of UV fluorescing ions is indirectly controlled by energy transfer processes involving ions in the 1 D 2 state.
Peak Search and Analysis of Gamma-Ray Spectra with Very Low Statistics

A study has been made of the efficiency of various techniques for use in the analysis of peaks in gamma spectra with very poor statistics. A comparison was made of the efficacy of variously shaped transforms used for smoothing and of four different zero-area transforms when used to search for very weak peaks. Results are given for computer generated data consisting of a peak on a flat background with added "random" noise. A related problem is the accurate analysis for area and position of peaks with only a few counts per channel. The standard least squares method failed to give a satisfactory fit. A simple technique is given for correcting this difficulty.
Regulation of Avian Osteoclastic H+-ATPase and Bone Resorption by Tamoxifen and Calmodulin Antagonists EFFECTS INDEPENDENT OF STEROID RECEPTORS

We used highly purified avian osteoclasts and isolated membranes from osteoclasts to study effects of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, calmodulin antagonists, estrogen, diethylstilbestrol, and the anti-estrogen ICI 182780 on cellular degradation of 3H-labeled bone in vitro and on membrane HCl transport. Bone resorption was reversibly inhibited by tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and trifluoperazine with IC50 values of approximately 1 microM. Diethylstilbestrol and 17-beta-stradiol had no effects on bone resorption at receptor-saturating concentrations, while ICI 182780 inhibited bone resorption at concentrations greater than 1 microM. At these concentrations ICI 182780, like tamoxifen, inhibits calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. Membrane HCl transport, assessed by ATP-dependent acridine orange uptake, was unaffected by 17-beta-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol at concentrations up to 10 microM, while ICI greater than 1 microM. In contrast HCl transport was inhibited by tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and the calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine and the calmidazolium, with IC50 values of 0.25-1.5 microM. These results suggested the presence of a membrane-associated non-steroid receptor for tamoxifen in osteoclasts. Tamoxifen binding studies demonstrated saturable binding in the osteoclast particulate fraction, but not in the nuclear or cytosolic fractions. Membranes enriched in ruffled border by differential centrifugation following nitrogen cavitation showed binding consistent with one site, Kd approximately microM. Our findings indicate that tamoxifen inhibits osteoclastic HCl transport by binding membrane-associated target(s), probably similar or related to calmodulin antagonist targets. Further, effects of estrogens or highly specific anti-estrogens on bone turnover do not support the hypothesis of a direct effect on osteoclasts by these compounds in this species.
Effects of hemolysate concentration, ionic strength and cytochrome b5 concentration on the rate of methemoglobin reduction in hemolysates of human erythrocytes

An assay for determining the rate of methemoglobin reduction in hemolysates of human erythrocytes has been developed. The rates obtained by this assay, when corrected for dilution, are comparable to those obtained with intact cells. Increased ionic strength inhibits the reaction, whereas EDTA increases the rate of reduction. The rate with NADPH as electron donor is 65-70% of the rate with NADH. Added cytochrome b5 stimulates the reaction. The assay has been used to examine erythrocytes from two methemoglobinemic sisters and their asymptomatic mother. Hemolysates of the two patients have both decreased dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity and decreased ability to reduce methemoglobin. Hemolysates from the heterozygous mother have intermediate dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity and intermediate methemoglobin reduction ability. The data presented in this paper indicate that the concentrations of cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase determine the rate of methemoglobin reduction in hemolysates.
Spinal Epidural Hematoma and High Thromboembolic Risk: Between Scylla and Charybdis

Objective To determine the optimal time for reinstitution of anticoagulant therapy after evacuation of spinal epidural hematoma in patients who have a high risk for cardiogenic embolization. Material and Methods The clinical histories of all patients with a spinal epidural hematoma encountered at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1975 and 1996 were reviewed. We present three cases of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma and the management of anticoagulation in each case. Results Of the 17 patients identified, 3 received anticoagulant therapy at the onset of the hematoma and were at high risk for cardiogenic embolization. In two patients with a metallic heart valve and one patient with long-standing atrial fibrillation, anticoagulant therapy was discontinued for 5, 13, and 18 days, respectively, after decompressive laminectomy. Systemic embolization occurred in one patient with a previous history of embolization to the femoral artery. No systemic embolization occurred in the two patients with a metallic valve. Conclusion Early resumption of warfarin therapy is indicated after a spinal surgical procedure; however, discontinuation of anticoagulation for several days seems safe while postoperative hemostasis is monitored.
Catalyst deactivation in CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with multistep chemical reactions was applied to predict the yield of multiwalled carbon nanotubes produced from our xylene-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Two-step xylene decomposition in the gas phase and catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons to nanotubes on the growth surfaces were adopted based on exhaust-gas composition measurements. Using the experimentally obtained exhaust-gas concentrations, we conducted inverse calculations to determine apparent rate constants of the catalytic surface reactions. During the CVD process, catalyst deactivation was observed probably due to carbon formation on the catalyst surface. Its effect on the apparent rate constant was empirically correlated with a simple exponential equation. Applying the CFD model, we predicted the local yielding rate of nanotubes along the axis of the reactor. The total yield was then computed by integrating the local yielding rate over the growth surfaces and compared favorably (∼95%) with the experimental results. The proposed model is expected to help researchers optimize the process parameters to achieve the maximum nanotube yield.
A mechanistic study of nitromethane decomposition on nickel

The decomposition of nitromethane on Ni(111) was studied by AES, TPD and IR spectroscopy. Nitromethane decomposed by scission of the NO bonds forming primarily HCN, H2 and absorbed oxygen. The kinetics were described by first order kinetics with attractive interactions between adsorbed intermediates. The attractive interactions resulted in enhanced infrared absorption of the adsorbed nitromethane molecules. Alignment of molecular dipoles causing an enhanced local field is discussed as a possible explanation of this phenomena. Infrared spectra of CO on Ni(111) are also reported that show the line widths for CO in bridged and on-top sides are different.
Personality in Perspective: Judgmental Consistency across Orientations of the Face:

Though the psychological literature is replete with information about the perception of faces presented at a full-frontal view, we know very little about how faces are perceived-and impressions formed-when viewed from other angles. We tested impressions of faces at full-frontal, three-quarter, and profile views. Judgments of personality (aggressiveness, competence, dominance, likeability, and trustworthiness) and physiognomy (attractiveness and facial maturity) were significantly correlated across full-frontal, three-quarter, and profile views of male faces. When under time pressure, with only a 50 ms exposure to each face, the correlations for profile with full-frontal and three-quarter view judgments of personality (but not physiognomy) dropped considerably. However, judgments of the full-frontal and three-quarter faces were significantly correlated across the self-paced and 50 ms viewing durations. These findings therefore show that perceptions of full faces lead to relatively similar interferences across both viewing angle and time.
Successful implementation of inquiry-based physiology laboratories in undergraduate major and nonmajor courses

Recent evidence has demonstrated that inquiry-based physiology laboratories improve students' critical- and analytical-thinking skills. We implemented inquiry-based learning into three physiology courses: Comparative Vertebrate Physiology (majors), Human Physiology (majors), and Human Anatomy and Physiology (nonmajors). The aims of our curricular modifications were to improve the teaching of physiological concepts, teach students the scientific approach, and promote creative and critical thinking. We assessed our modifications using formative (laboratory exams, oral presentations, and laboratory reports) and summative evaluations (surveys, laboratory notebook, and an end of semester project). Students appreciated the freedom offered by the new curriculum and the opportunity to engage in the inquiry process. Results from both forms of evaluation showed a marked improvement due to the curricular revisions. Our analyses indicate an increased confidence in students' ability to formulate questions and hypotheses, design experiments, collect and analyze data, and make conclusions. Thus, we have successfully incorporated inquiry-based laboratories in both major and nonmajor courses.
Steel moment frames: resolution of recent seismic detailing and material shape issues

Abstract An area of heightened interest after the 1994 Northridge earthquake was the seismic ductility of steel moment frame connections. Work by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Seismic Analysis Code (SAC), American Institute of Steel Construction Inc. (AISC) and many others over the last few years has expanded knowledge in a number of areas and provided a set of new and modified connection details for improved seismic performance. Some of the more popular connection types, such as the new reduced beam section (RBS) detail, will be described more fully later. Questions about the performance characteristics of the k-area region of wide-flange steel shapes were also addressed by AISC. Such regions contain variations in mechanical properties due to cold forming during the mill straightening process. Localized material properties in this region, such as strain hardening, yield and ultimate strengths, ductility and toughness are known to become altered. An extensive research effort sponsored by AISC was initiated to study the effects and performance of the k-area region is nearing completion. Such studies, conducted at four different universities, evaluated the cyclic inelastic strain behavior of rolled steel shapes, the performance characteristics of rotary and gag-straightened rolled column sections, assessed beam-to-column joint assemblies and updated the standard shape material properties database for improved design and reliability. This paper gives an overview of new seismic connection details for moment frames and summarizes the results of the k-area research effort.
Participation of community hospitals in clinical trials: analysis of five years of experience in the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

Abstract The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) initiated a program in 1976 to involve community hospitals in multi-institutional clinical trials. The community hospitals can be characterized as generally having no tradition of participating in clinical trials of cancer therapy, whereas the ECOG member institutions are university hospitals or major treatment centers. More than 100 community hospitals participated in 97 randomized trials involving 4506 patients from November 1976 through February 1981. Comparisons between the community hospitals and the ECOG member institutions indicate that the quality of participation was similar, as measured by rates of ineligibility, compliance with the protocol, and submission of data. Objective measures of outcome, such as survival, response, and toxicity, were also comparable. We conclude that under the mechanism adopted by the ECOG, it is possible to include community hospitals in clinical trials of cancer therapy without reducing the quality of the data or ...
Structure and Expression of Murine Fourth Complement Component (C4) and Sex‐Limited Protein (Sip)

During the past 4 years we have used recombinant DNA technology to build upon previous genetic and biochemical studies of the C4 and Slp genes and their products. We have isolated DNA probes specific for C4 and Slp, determined the complete sequences of C4 and Slp molecules, established the role of liver mRNA levels in determining serum C4 and Slp levels identified the C4 and Slp genes in Balb/c mice, and begun to probe the structures of the C4 and Slp genes in a variety of inbred mouse strains. This work has provided the tools and a framework for future studies aimed at understanding the multiple functions of the C4 protein and the regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression of the C4 and Slp genes.
Dendritic and spine alterations in areas 9 and 17 in schizophrenia and Huntington chorea and the role of neuroleptic exposure

Recent morphological studies in schizophrenia suggest atrophic changes in the neuropil of the prefrontal cortex. Most recently, we showed a schizophrenia-associated decrease in MAP2 in schizophrenia, which we believed is not due to neuroleptic exposure. MAP2 is a very important protein in the assembly of micro-tubule in neurons; therefore, it plays a major role in neuronal processes like dendrites, spines and synapses. Additionally, recent studies from our lab showed decreases in dendrites in area 32 and area 9. In this study we examined the dendrites and spines in area 9 and 17 to determine if neuroleptic drugs play a role. Huntington’s patients take neuroleptics similar to schizophrenics; therefore, by comparing the two groups to controls we can determine if neuroleptics play a role in the deficits reported in schizophrenia. Our results showed a significant decrease in both basal dendrites and spines for both layers III and V in area 9 in schizophrenia compared to controls. The Huntington’s brains, on the other hand, showed no significant difference compared to controls. In area 17, there was also no significant difference when comparing the three groups. The data suggest that neuroleptic drugs may not be responsible for the changes observed in schizophrenia.
FORECASTING INTERSECTION TRAFFIC VOLUMES

Three growth factor models of the type developed in early transportation planning theory were applied to the estimation of the individual 1‐way traffic movement volumes at 4‐leg intersections. The models use as input the traffic volume on each leg of the intersection and produce a balanced solution to the problem which models in common use do not produce. Historical data were used to test the models for use in making seasonal intersection volume adjustments and for estimating future intersection volumes due to areawide traffic growth. Results for the data studied were found to be superior to two commonly used models. The models are applicable for use in computerized suburban annual traffic counting and operational analysis systems. The basic structure of such a system is described. Such a system would produce information useful as an element in the priority programming of intersection and roadway capacity projects. A new type of traffic counter is described that would be beneficial for data collection.