cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paediatric necrotizing fasciitis complicating third molar extraction: report of a case

Necrotizing fasciitis is an uncommon but well-described entity. In the paediatric population compromising risk factors are frequently absent. We describe the successful treatment of a case of cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis in a healthy 14-year-old male following routine extraction of an uninfected wisdom tooth for orthodontic purposes.
Pathologic stage III endometrial carcinoma: Significance of extrauterine sites

Little information is available concerning the influence of specific extrauterine sites in patients with stage III endometrial carcinoma. To define better the prognostic factors and patterns of failure, we reviewed 105 patients with pathologic stage III disease (1988 FIGO system) who were treated between 1970 and 1990. Following hysterectomy, all patients received postoperative external beam irradiation to the pelvis alone (88 patients) or to the pelvis and paraaortic regions (17 patients) for pathologically positive paraaortic nodes. Actuarial techniques were used to analyze survival and recurrences. Range of follow-up was 7–251 months (median 83 months). Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) for all patients was 64%. Multivariate analysis revealed clear cell/papillary serous histology and histologic grade to be significant predictors of DFS. Based on our analysis, four prognostic groups are described for the purpose of predicting outcome and patterns of disease recurrence. Patients who have a single extrauterine site of involvement and histologic grade 1 tumors have an excellent prognosis. Patients with a single extrauterine site of involvement and grade 2 or 3 tumors have a lower DFS rate, as do patients with two or more sites of extrauterine involvement. However, patterns of disease recurrence for these groups are different, and these are discussed. Radiat Oncol Invest 1996;4:122–128. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collaboration, Public-Private Intermediary Organizations, and the Transformation of Advocacy in the Field of Homeless Services

Participation in collaborative advocacy organizations is one of the most common advocacy tactics pursued by nonprofit organizations. However, field-level dynamics and norms around collaboration may...
Meningeal-cutaneous relationships in anencephaly: Evidence for a primary mesenchymal abnormality

The pathogenesis of cranial and spinal dysraphia has been controversial. Studies of spinal dysraphia have shown that the relationships of the pia and dura to the cutaneous layers were best understood as the result of a primary abnormality of mesenchymal structures, with the nervous system lesions occurring as a result of exposure of the bare spinal cord on the body surface. This study was undertaken to determine if the relationship of the cutaneous layers in anencephaly were similar to those found in spinal dysraphia. We reviewed serial histologic sections of the cranial structures of 10 anencephalic fetuses autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. We found the dura to be continuous with the deep dermis and the pia continuous with the superficial dermis and epidermis, the same arrangement observed in myelomeningocele. The development of eyes and cranial nerves, the absence of a bony calvarium, and the meningeal-cutaneous relationships found in this study support the idea that anencephaly can originate as an abnormality of mesenchymal structures and that the brain is secondarily lost to injury in utero because of its exposed position.
Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation: A Mechanism for Fine-TuningTGF-β Signaling

Effects of the cytokine TGF-β can be dampened by E3 ubiquitin ligases that target specific Smads, the TGF-β signal transducers, for proteolytic destruction. Two papers in this issue of Cell highlight the importance of this mechanism in regulating the in vivo effects of TGF-β. The first paper identifies and characterizes a novel Smad4 ubiquitin ligase, and the second paper redefines the role of a previously identified Smad1 ubiquitin ligase, Smurf-1 (Dupont et al., 2005; Yamashita et al., 2005).
Ultrashort optical pulse propagation in a dispersive medium

Propagation of an optical pulse of several femtoseconds’ duration through a dispersive medium is studied. The analysis is carried out using Laplace transform methods, and the inversion is effected numerically by the Dubner–Abate algorithm. Representative calculations are discussed for a four-cycle pulse of 6.6-fsec duration. A qualitative discussion of the semi-infinite wave-train case (Sommerfeld-Brillouin problem) is also given, in terms of a signaling problem for which there are two wave speeds present.
White Matter Hyperintensities Predict Low Frequency Hearing in Older Adults

Vascular disease has been proposed as a contributing factor for presbyacusis (age-related hearing loss). While this hypothesis is supported by pathological evidence of vascular decline in post-mortem human and animal studies, evidence in human subjects has been mixed with associations typically reported between a measure of vascular health and low frequency hearing in older women. Given the difficulty of characterizing the in vivo health of the cochlear artery in humans, an estimate of cerebral small vessel disease was used to test the prediction that age-related change in low frequency hearing and not high frequency hearing is related to a global decline in vascular health. We examined the extent to which these associations were specific to women and influenced by a history of high blood pressure in 72 older adults (mean age 67.12 years, SD = 8.79). Probability estimates of periventricular white matter hyperintensities (WMH) from T1- and fluid attenuated T2-weighted magnetic resonance images were significantly associated with a low frequency hearing metric across the sample, which were independent of age, but driven by women and people with a history of high blood pressure. These results support the premise that vascular declines are one mechanism underlying age-related changes in low frequency hearing.
Tauberian Conditions for Geometric Maximal Operators

Let B be a collection of measurable sets in R". The associated geometric maximal operator M B is defined on L 1 (R n ) by M B f(x) = sup x∈R∈B 1 |R| ∫ R |f|. If a > 0, MB is said to satisfy a Tauberian condition with respect to α if there exists a finite constant C such that for all measurable sets E C R" the inequality |{x: M BΧE (x) > α} ≤ C|E| holds. It is shown that if B is a homothecy invariant collection of convex sets in R" and the associated maximal operator M B satisfies a Tauberian condition with respect to some 0 0 and moreover M B is bounded on L p (R n ) for sufficiently large p. As a corollary of these results it is shown that any density basis that is a homothecy invariant collection of convex sets in R" must differentiate L p (R n ) for sufficiently large p.
Ion irradiation induced structural modifications in diamond nanoparticles

Structural modification of nanosized diamonds (ND) irradiated with 100 keV 15N ions for various doses was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Raman active modes showing a long-range order of diamond were observed for samples dosed with 1015 cm−2. However, the formation of a graphitic phase was observed, from TEM images, for ion doses as low as 1014 cm−2. The threshold dose for complete transformation of ND (sp3 to sp2) due to this implant is found to be greater than 1015cm−2. The technique could prove valuable to tailor carbon nanostructures with controlled fractions of sp3–sp2 bonding.
Invariant texture perception is harder with synthetic textures: Implications for models of texture processing.

Abstract Texture synthesis models have become a popular tool for studying the representations supporting texture processing in human vision. In particular, the summary statistics implemented in the Portilla–Simoncelli (P–S) model support high-quality synthesis of natural textures, account for performance in crowding and search tasks, and may account for the response properties of V2 neurons. We chose to investigate whether or not these summary statistics are also sufficient to support texture discrimination in a task that required illumination invariance. Our observers performed a match-to-sample task using natural textures photographed with either diffuse overhead lighting or lighting from the side. Following a briefly presented sample texture, participants identified which of two test images depicted the same texture. In the illumination change condition, illumination differed between the sample and the matching test image. In the no change condition, sample textures and matching test images were identical. Critically, we generated synthetic versions of these images using the P–S model and also tested participants with these. If the statistics in the P–S model are sufficient for invariant texture perception, performance with synthetic images should not differ from performance in the original task. Instead, we found a significant cost of applying texture synthesis in both lighting conditions. We also observed this effect when power-spectra were matched across images (Experiment 2) and when sample and test images were drawn from unique locations in the parent textures to minimize the contribution of image-based processing (Experiment 3). Invariant texture processing thus depends upon measurements not implemented in the P–S algorithm.
Portraits of the Artist as a Young Woman: Painting and the Novel in France and Britain, 1800–1860

Portraits of the Artist as a Young Woman: Painting and the Novel in France and Britain, 1800–1860 ALEXANDRA K. WETTLAUFER Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 2011 312 pp., ISBN 978 0 81421 145 8...
Genetic variation during persistent reovirus infection: Isolation of cold-sensitive and temperature-sensitive mutants from persistently infected L cells

Abstract We have examined the evolution of reovirus in two independently established persistently infected (p.i.) cell lines. We found that reovirus undergoes extensive mutation during persistent infection in L cells. However, there was no consistent pattern of virus evolution; in one p.i. cell line temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were selected, whereas cold-sensitive (cs) mutants were isolated from the second p.i. culture. Neither the cs nor the ts mutants isolated from the carrier cultures expressed their defect at 37°, the temperature at which the p.i. cells were maintained, indicating that the cs and ts phenotypes were nonselected markers. These results emphasize the point that emergence of the ts or cs mutants during persistent infection only signifies that the virus has changed; it does not necessarily imply that the particular mutant is essential for the maintenance of the persistent infection. Given the high mutation rate of viruses, and the wide spectrum of viral mutants present in carrier cultures, it is essential to distinguish the relevant changes from those which may simply represent an epiphenomenon. In the accompanying paper (R. S. Kauffman, R. Ahmed, and B. N. Fields Virology , 130 , 79–87, 1983), we show that by using a genetic approach, it is possible to identify the viral gene(s) which are critical for the maintenance of persistent reovirus infection.
Polarization-Division Interferometry: Time-Resolved Infrared Vibrational Dichroism Spectroscopy

We report the first direct measurements of time-resolved Fourier transform infrared vibrational dichroism (TR/FT-IR/VD). The central component for these measurements is a polarization-division interferometer (PDI). This interferometer uses an in-house-designed beamsplitter constructed in-house from a BaF2 polarizer and a matching substrate. In conjunction with a linear polarizer in front of the source and two roof-top mirrors, one in each arm of the interferometer, the PDI divides the input beam into two orthogonal linear polarization components, recombines them for interference at the beamsplitter, and directs the output beam at 90° to the direction of input beam. The signals measured as a function of the moving mirror position in the PDI represent the linear/circular dichroism interferograms, whose cosine/sine Fourier transforms yield linear/circular dichroism spectra. Time-resolved dichroism interferograms were measured with the use of this PDI with the asynchronous external perturbation method. Microsecond time-resolved linear dichroism spectra of a nematic liquid crystal, under the influence of bipolar electric field oscillating at 2 kHz, were measured and presented as the first examples.
Management of an extruded footplate of an anterior chamber lens with the Nd:YAG laser

A footplate of an anterior chamber lens that extruded through clear cornea was treated by severing the protruding haptic with the Nd:YAG laser and removing it surgically. During the procedure, the remainder of the implant was repositioned and vitreous traction was relieved by pars plana vitrectomy. This technique appeared less injurious to the eye than attempting to cut all four fibrosed haptics and remove the entire implant.
Plans and decisions

Counterexamples are constructed for classical decision theory, turning on the fact that actions must often be chosen in groups rather than individually, i.e., the objects of rational choice are plans. It is argued that there is no way to define optimality for plans that makes the finding of optimal plans the desideratum of rational decision-making. An alternative called “locally global planning” is proposed as a replacement for classical decision theory. Decision-making becomes a non-terminating process without a precise target rather than a terminating search for an optimal solution.
Anti-s and anti-U cold-reacting antibodies.

. The thermal and immunochemical properties of seven examples of anti-s and one example of anti-U have been studied. It is shown by the antiglobulin, as well as the automated Polybrene technique, that these antibodies are cold-reacting and share this property with antibodies of the rest of the MNS system. It is furthermore demonstrated that the antibodies studied are IgG immunoglobulins. These data are in conformity with the hypothesis that the thermal properties of various antigen-antibody reactions are primarily determined by the antigen and not by the antibody.
Pediatric home health care in King County, Washington

Background Pediatric home health care is one of the fastest growing segments of our health care system. However, our knowledge of the extent and quality of the services provided in this field is generally limited. Despite this shortcoming, pediatric health care providers are increasingly expected to participate in the home health care of their patients. Objective To describe the agencies and services that constitute pediatric home health care in a large metropolitan setting. Methods During the summer of 1995, home health care agencies in King County, WA, were surveyed if they had provided any pediatric services within the preceding 6 months. The agencies were queried about their characteristics and services provided, as well as referral and reimbursement sources. Survey data were supplemented by interviews with agency and state health personnel. Results Fourteen (88%) of the 16 agencies providing pediatric home health care services completed the survey. Agencies were predominantly for-profit, free-standing, and in business fewer than 10 years. Although there were uniform licensing requirements for agencies, no pediatric-specific regulations existed. In addition, many agencies lacked internal methods to ensure the provision of quality pediatric care. Eighty percent of all pediatric home health care services were provided by only 5 agencies. For intermittent (acute) services, agencies served approximately 450 children per month. The average number of visits per child was two, with 40% receiving only one visit. Services included skilled nursing (60%), infusion (27%), and respiratory therapy (9%). Maintenance (chronic) home health care services, for 156 chronically ill children, were provided almost exclusively by skilled nursing for an average of 9 hours per patient per day. The majority of referrals to agencies (75%) originated from health care providers, although a small number came from insurance companies or individual families. Reimbursement for intermittent care services was divided among commercial insurance (35%), captitated contracts (35%), and Medicaid (20%). In contrast, 90% of reimbursement for the chronically ill was from Medicaid. Conclusions In King County, WA, pediatric home health care is predominantly an unregulated, for-profit industry, with most agencies having little actual experience in pediatric home health care. In addition, the unique features of pediatric home health care necessitate both a greater understanding of this field and the consideration of more specific guidelines.
The aftermath of nonsubstantiated child abuse allegations in child care centers

With increasing numbers of children in child care, allegations of abuse in those facilities have also increased. Unsubstantiated findings of sexual abuse in child care centers comprise approximately 79% of all allegations. This study surveyed 28 centers in California that experienced an unproven child abuse charge within the last three years. Six administrators also agreed to be interviewed. Significant differences between unfounded and inconclusive findings were discovered when observing the time of investigation, staff attrition rates, type of allegation, investigatory agency rating, and staff support. Qualitative themes included staff helplessness and vulnerability, ethical paradoxes, and policy concerns. Parent and staff relations were also examined. Implications for investigations, policy, and staff training are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF JAGZIEKTE : II. ORIGIN OF THE EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATIONS, AND THE SUBSEQUENT CHANGES.

The epithelial proliferations, which are so typical of jagziekte, are chiefly of alveolar origin. They appear in areas of infiltration and exudation identical histologically with those occurring in sheep which are to all appearances normal but which are derived from flocks in which the disease is endemic. They become very extensive and quite atypical in structure, but they never give rise to metastases, even to the adjacent lymph glands. The primary infiltration of the interalveolar tissue continues and may lead to fibrosis and extensive consolidation, or leucocytes may accumulate in large numbers, penetrate into the alveoli, and form areas of acute pneumonia. In fairly advanced cases of jagziekte it is common to find many stages of the reaction in one and the same lung. While it is possible that the disease may be due to a single and specific virus, and the epithelial lesions are certainly of a very special character, the pathological complex as a whole is such as might be caused by a variety of predisposing and exciting factors operating over a considerable period of time.
Carbohydrate intake is correlated with biomarkers for coronary heart disease in a population of overweight premenopausal women.

Abstract The associations between macronutrient intake and plasma parameters associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) were evaluated in 80 overweight premenopausal women. We hypothesized that higher carbohydrate intake would be associated with a more detrimental plasma lipid profile. Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined from two fasting blood samples. In addition, selected apolipoproteins (apo) and LDL peak size were measured. Values for TC, TG and HDL were not in the range of risk classification; however, the mean values of LDL-C, 2.7±0.7 mmol/L, were higher than the current recommendations. Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with TG and apo C-III ( P P P P
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis of Milk Serum Proteins

Summary Milk serum proteins were electrophoreticalfy fractionated, using cellulose acetate membrane as a stabilizing medium in a veronal buffer (pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.05), at 200 v for 2 hr at 25 C. The strips were stained with Ponceau S dye and analyzed in a Spinco Analytrol or eluted and read in a Coleman Jr. Spectrophotometer. Choice of buffer, effect of ionic strength and pH of buffer, position of serum application, effect of voltage, effect of temperature, and concentration of serum solution were studied for optimum resolution of the serum proteins. Five distinct fractions were identified as blood serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, pseudo-, and euglobulin in their decreasing rates of migration. Standard deviations and coefficients of variation for these five fractions indicated that the procedure was reliable. The dye-binding capacities of the five proteins were approximately the same and a linear relationship was established between dye uptake and protein concentration. Use of the method seems to offer significant advantages for investigating milk serum proteins.
Wound-induced migration of rat hepatic stellate cells is modulated by endothelin-1 through rho-kinase-mediated alterations in the acto-myosin cytoskeleton

Although migration of stellate cells during hepatic injury is essential for wound-healing and fibrosis of the liver, the extracellular and intracellular signals that regulate stellate cell migration are incompletely understood. In this study we tested the hypothesis that wound-induced migration of stellate cells is modulated by endothelin-1 (ET-1) through rho-kinase-mediated alterations in the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. To address this hypothesis, a method was established for direct visualization of wound-induced migration of culture-activated stellate cells with subcellular resolution. Migration in response to wounding was characterized by (1) plasma membrane ruffling and protrusion into the wound, (2) lamellipodia formation at the leading edge, (3) focal adhesion and stress fiber assembly, and (4) myosin reorganization. Exogenous ET-1 accelerated wound-induced migration of stellate cells, but did not alter wound-induced proliferation. Experiments using ET-1 antagonists in the absence of exogenous ET-1 showed that wound-induced migration was also stimulated by endogenous ET-1. Selective inhibition of rho-associated kinase decelerated migration in response to wounding. Moreover, inhibition of rho-associated kinase was distinguished by abrogation of focal adhesion formation, stress fiber assembly, and myosin reorganization. This study shows that rho-kinase-dependent alterations in the acto-myosin cytoskeleton contribute to wound-induced stellate cell migration, which is accelerated by both exogenous and endogenous ET-1. Consequently, these results provide important new evidence suggesting that, migration of stellate cells is modulated by paracrine and autocrine ET-1 stimulation via the action of rho-kinase on the acto-myosin cytoskeleton.
Holy trinities, rivalry termination, and conflict

In this article we attempt to correct a number of gaps in the current literature on strategic rivalry. First, we argue that liberal and realist theories of conflict and cooperation have been generally ignored by scholars engaged in rivalry research. Secondly, we argue that current rivalry research fails to disentangle termination processes from conflict within rivalries, mainly due to problems with common operationalizations of rivalry. To bridge these gaps, we test the effects of liberal variables-manifested in the Kantian tripod (democracy, interdependence, and IGO membership)-and what we more loosely term the realist tripod (bipolarity, shared threat, and capability balance) on both rivalry termination and the probability that rivals will engage in a militarized conflict. We conduct this test utilizing a new data set of strategic rivalries compiled by Thompson (1999, 2001) which corrects the tautological operationalization of rivalry commonly used in rivalry research when conflict is the dependent vari...
Locality in software systems

This paper proposes a technique for what we call localization of power in computer systems, which can be viewed as a generalization of such linguistic disciplines as scope rules, strong typing and data-abstraction. Although the proposed technique is conceptually based on the theory of protection, it is presented as a rather simple extension of the package construct of the Ada language. This technique is expected to be beneficial for software engineering in several ways. In particular:• It facilitates reasoning about large scale systems, by allowing one to ignore most of the details of the system when reasoning about specific aspects of it.• It provides us with a generalization of the conventional concept of data-abstraction, by allowing the formation of several different abstractions for the same type of objects, and by supporting "interactions" between the abstractions of different types.• It allows us to provide parts of a system with a certain ability to control the activity of the rest of it.• It supports a broad spectrum of policies for the design and management of large scale, evolving systems.
Stopped-flow kinetic investigations of conformational changes of pig kidney Na+,K+-ATPase.

The kinetics of Na+-dependent partial reactions of the Na+,K+-ATPase were investigated via the stopped-flow technique using the fluorescent labels RH421 and BIPM. After the enzyme is mixed with MgATP, both labels give almost identical kinetic responses. Under the chosen experimental conditions two exponential time functions are necessary to fit the data. The dominant fast phase, 1/τ1 ≈ 180 s-1 (saturating [ATP] and [Na+], pH 7.4 and 24 °C), is attributed to phosphorylation of the enzyme and a subsequent conformational change (E1ATP(Na+)3 → E2P(Na+)3 + ADP). The rate of the phosphorylation reaction measured by the acid quenched-flow technique was 190 s-1 at 100 μM ATP, suggesting that phosphorylation controls the kinetics of the RH421 signal and that the conformational change is very fast (≥600 s-1). The rate of the RH421 signal was optimal at pH 7.5. The Na+ concentration dependence of 1/τ1 showed half-saturation at a Na+ concentration of 8−10 mM with positive cooperativity involved in the occupation of t...
Low temperature brittle debond damage under normal compression of sandwich plates: Analytical modeling and experimental validation

Abstract Experimental study and analytical modeling of brittle debond damage formation in polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam sandwich plates under slow normal compression are reported in this paper. The major cause of damage formation under quasi static compression is found to be low temperature brittle cracking effects taking place below some critical temperature levels within the range from −20 °C to −30 °C. The magnitude of critical temperature is increasing as the displacement controlled loading speed increases. The maximal strain achieved during the compression phase is found to be less influential, however it still significantly affects the shape and size of damage. The phenomenon is described in terms of the theory of thin elastic plates (beams) on a piece-wise linear foundation of Kelvin–Voight type. In particular, exact analytical solutions are derived to describe the damage formation. The dependence of the corresponding load on effective strain reveals a jump of slope at yielding point, which is in perfect match with experimental observations.
Increased renal α-ENaC and NCC abundance and elevated blood pressure are independent of hyperaldosteronism in vasopressin escape

Previously, we demonstrated that rats undergoing vasopressin escape had increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma and urine aldosterone, and increased renal protein abundance of the α-su...
Reliability of sound attenuation in Florida scrub habitat and behavioral implications.

Attenuation over distance in natural habitat is often difficult to predict when measured without respect to sound frequency. The physical-acoustic structure of Florida scrub habitat is described and both attenuation and reliability of attenuation are measured as a function of sound frequency, over several distances, speaker elevations, and microphone elevations. The spatial context of sound propagation in Florida scrub habitat is discussed and a model designed to describe contributions to overall attenuation from individual factors is presented. Sound frequencies below ∼3.5 kHz attenuate more reliably than higher sound frequencies, suggesting that animals should pay greatest attention to relatively low sound frequencies when they assess attenuation or estimate sound-pressure level.
Cervical and mediastinal emphysema secondary to third molar extraction

Background. A dramatic case of infected emphysema involving multiple deep cervical and mediastinal fascial planes following surgical extraction of a lower third molar in an otherwise healthy man is presented. Methods. The differential diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed, specifically contrasting it to necrotizing fasciitis. Results. The direct cause of this complication was the use of an air turbine handpiece and air syringe for the tooth extraction. Conclusions. It is advised that air turbine handpieces and air syringes not be used during minor oral surgical procedures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Goals, Family, and Community: What Drives Tribal College Transfer Student Success.

AbstractThis article examines success factors for American Indian tribal college students who transfer to 4-year predominantly White institutions. The study examined the experiences of 8 tribal college transfer students to Midwest universities. Using an indigenous methodology, 3 themes were found to help American Indian tribal college transfer students succeed, which were personal goals and dreams, family matters, and being a member of an American Indian community.
Measures of Robustness for Uncertain Time-Delay Linear Systems

Several delay-dependent criteria to test the stability of time-delay systems that were proposed require solving the Lyapunov matrix equation. This can be a troublesome task and often non-trivial. In this note, a delay-dependent sufficient condition that guarantees the robust stability of linear uncertain time-delay systems is presented. The stability test criterion derived in this paper is based on induced norms and matrix measures. The salient feature of the result obtained is its simplicity and ease in testing the robust stability of uncertain time-delay linear systems.
The Pacific’s Response to Surface Heating in 130 Yr of SST: La Niña–like or El Niño–like?

Abstract Using a modified method of multiple linear regression on instrumented sea surface temperature (SST) in the two longest historical datasets [the Extended Reconstructed SST dataset (ERSST) and the Met Office Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST dataset (HadISST)], it is found that the response to increased greenhouse forcing is a warm SST in the mid- to eastern Pacific Ocean in the equatorial region in the annual or seasonal mean. The warming is robustly statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Consistent with this, the smaller radiative heating from solar forcing produces a weak warming also in this region, and the spatial pattern of the response is neither La Nina–like nor El Nino–like. It is noted that previous reports of a cold-tongue (La Nina–like) response to increased greenhouse or to solar-cycle heating were likely caused by contaminations due to the dominant mode of natural response in the equatorial Pacific. The present result has implications on whether the Walker circulation is w...
Human γ-Lipotropin Radioimmunoassay: Identification of Immunoreactive γ-Lipotropin in Human Plasma and Tissue

Disagreement exists concerning the relative contributionsto total plasma immunoreactive human lipotropin(hLPH) made by hβLPH and its amino-terminal fragment,hγLPH [hβLPH-(l-58)]. Using an antiserum (R1547) whichrequires the free COOH-terminal Asp58 residue of hγLPH for fullaffinity and reacts only 1% as well with hβLPH and antisera (R3and G106) that react with both LPHs, we examined gel chromatographyeluate fractions of plasma extracts from one normalsubject under basal conditions and another after metyraponeadministration, of plasma or plasma extracts from patients withACTH/LPH hypersecretion of various causes, of an extract twonormal pituitary glands, and an extract of an ectopic ACTH/LPH-secreting tumor. Immunoreactive hγLPH was always amajor, frequently the predominant, and sometimes the onlyimmunoreactive LPH observed. We also observed in plasma ortissue of two patients with ectopic ACTH/LPH syndrome apeptide whose immunoreactivity and apparent molecular sizewere consistent with those of octadecapept...
Novel 1-D Coordination Polymers Containing μ-[N(CN)2]- Bridging Ligands. Structure and Magnetic Properties of Mn[N(CN)2]2L (L = 2,2′-Bipyridine, 4,4′-Bipyridine)

Abstract One-dimensional coordination polymers consisting of {Mn[N(CN)2]2}∞ structural units have been characterized. Incorporation of 2,2′-bipyridine and 4,4′-bipyridine affords zigzag and cylindrical chain structures, respectively; weak antiferromagnetic coupling is also observed. 4,4′-bipyridine unexpectedly binds as a monodentate ligand.
EVALUATION OF FOLIAR PRODUCTS FOR CONTROLLING INSECT PESTS OF SNAP BEAN, 1999

EVALUATION OF FOLIAR PRODUCTS FOR CONTROLLING INSECT PESTS OF SNAP BEAN, 1999: Snap beans were planted on 7 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 20-ft long rows spaced 3 ft apart. Plots were flanked by two untreated rows. The experiment had 7 treatments and an untreated check arranged in a RCBD replicated six times. The standard treatment included an initial application of Orthene 75S followed by weekly applications of Capture 2EC. Insecticide applications were made on 13, 20, 27 Sep and 4 Oct using a propane-pressurized backpack sprayer that had a boom equipped with a 3 hollow cone nozzles calibrated to deliver 30 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi. One nozzle was oriented over the top of the row and two were on drops pointing to the sides of the row. The first foliar application was timed to correspond with the initiation of the bloom stage and detection of 5 or more ECB moths per night using a black light trap. On 8 Oct, 100 mature pods were randomly sampled from each plot and inspected for worm (CEW + ECB) and BLB injury. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance procedure PROC GLM of SAS and treatment means were compared among each other using LSD at P < 0.05. Means were transformed by a log10 (x + 1) function before analysis; however, untransformed means are presented.
Managing Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient

Increasingly aggressive practices for treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies create challenges for successful management of infectious complications in immunocompromised patients. Infectious diseases practitioners face changing patterns of causative pathogens in their patients with febrile neutropenia, as well as evolving standards for empirical use of antimicrobial agents. The articles in this supplement issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases review these issues and their implications for current clinical practice.
Size Effects and Thickness Constraints in Composite Joints

Mechanical fasteners are commonly used in assembling composite structures. This study investigated the strengths of double-lap-single-pin joints made of glass/epoxy composite laminates. Three-dimensional size effects were of primary interest. Experimental results revealed that the joint strength decreased as the joint size increased. Weibull's theory seemed to be able to describe the strength reduction up to some extent. As the joint size increased, the damage modes of composite joints also shifted from initial bearing damage followed by final net-section failure to directly catastrophic net-section failure. It was also found from experiments that the constraints in the thickness direction played a key role in damage process. Three factors defined the constraints in the thickness direction: composite thickness, bonding strength through laminate thickness and clamping force from bolting. Composite joints with low thickness constraints tended to have fiber buckling and delamination that resulted in initial ...
X-ray structure of Escherichia coli pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase complexed with FMN at 1.8 A resolution.

Abstract Background: Escherichia coli pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPOx) catalyzes the terminal step in the biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), a cofactor used by many enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. The enzyme oxidizes either the 4′-hydroxyl group of pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP) or the 4′-primary amine of pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP) to an aldehyde. PNPOx is a homodimeric enzyme with one flavin mononucleotide (FMN) molecule non-covalently bound to each subunit. A high degree of sequence homology among the 15 known members of the PNPOx family suggests that all members of this group have similar three-dimensional folds. Results: The crystal structure of PNPOx from E. coli has been determined to 1.8 A resolution. The monomeric subunit folds into an eight-stranded β sheet surrounded by five α-helical structures. Two monomers related by a twofold axis interact extensively along one-half of each monomer to form the dimer. There are two clefts at the dimer interface that are symmetry-related and extend from the top to the bottom of the dimer. An FMN cofactor that makes interactions with both subunits is located in each of these two clefts. Conclusions: The structure is quite similar to the recently deposited 2.7 A structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PNPOx and also, remarkably, shares a common structural fold with the FMN-binding protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris and a domain of chymotrypsin. This high-resolution E. coli PNPOx structure permits predictions to be made about residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis. These predictions provide testable hypotheses, which can be answered by making site-directed mutants.
Prosthetic urinary bladder implantation to facilitate bladder regeneration

A temporary artificial bladder was implanted in 15 female dogs undergoing total or subtotal cystectomy. One or two months after implantation, the prosthesis was removed. In three dogs sacrificed 6 months after prosthesis implantation, a new urinary reservoir was identified. Two dogs failed to develop a urinary reservoir, and both ureters anastomosed directly to the top of a dilated urethra. Seven dogs died from complications (infection, urine leakage, etc). Three additional dogs are alive and well 2.5 months after implantation, and in these animals a new urinary reservoir has been demonstrated by cystography. Histologic examination of the new urinary reservoir revealed a thin lining of transitional cell-like epithelium and an underlying attenuated muscle layer. The ability of the canine species to generate a functioning urinary reservoir after total or subtotal cystectomy may hold promise for eventual clinical application in humans.
Combined pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification to restore visual acuity in patients with chronic uveitis

Purpose To report the outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) to restore visual acuity in patients with cataract and posterior segment involvement secondary to chronic uveitis. Setting Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Methods This study comprised 34 patients (20 women, 14 men; 36 eyes) with posterior segment involvement secondary to chronic uveitis who had combined phacoemulsification and PPV from 1998 to 2002. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and cystoid macular edema. Results The mean patient age was 45 years ± 16.09 (SD). The mean duration of uveitis before surgery was 56 ± 44.17 months. In 24 eyes (66.7%), an intraocular lens (IOL) was implanted during surgery; 12 eyes (33.3%) were left aphakic. Five eyes (13.8%) received an intraocular steroid injection intraoperatively. Visual acuity improved in 26 eyes (72.2%), deteriorated in 5 (13.9%), and was unchanged in 5 (13.9%). The main reason for decreased visual acuity was refractory macular edema. During the follow-up, 2 IOLs were explanted secondary to lens intolerance. One IOL was repositioned because of iris capture by the haptics, and 1 dislocated inferiorly, causing monocular diplopia. The mean follow-up was 23.4 ± 16.7 months. Conclusions Results indicate that combined phacoemulsification and PPV is a feasible technique for the removal of cataract and pathologic vitreous in eyes with chronic uveitis. Although the exact role of vitrectomy in patients with uveitis remains to be determined, the combined surgery successfully restored useful vision in most cases.
Clinical predictors of defibrillation thresholds with an active pectoral pulse generator lead system.

HODGSON, D.M., et al.: Clinical Predictors of Defibrillation Thresholds with an Active Pectoral Pulse Generator Lead System. Active pectoral pulse generators are used routinely for initial ICD placement because they reduce DFTs and simplify the implantation procedure. Despite the common use of these systems, little is known regarding the clinical predictors of defibrillation efficacy with active pulse generator lead configurations. Such predictors would be helpful to identify patients likely to require higher output devices or more complicated implantations. This was a prospective evaluation of DFT using a uniform testing protocol in 102 consecutive patients with an active pectoral can and dual coil transvenous lead. For each patient, the DFT was measured with a step-down protocol. In addition, 34 parameters were assessed including standard clinical echocardiographic and radiographic measures. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of the DFT. The mean DFT was 9.3 ± 4.6 J and 93% (95/102) of patients had a DFT ≤ 15 J. The QRS duration, interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular mass, and mass index were significant but weak (R 90% of patients with this dual coil and active pectoral can lead system. Clinical factors are of limited use for predicting DFTs and identifying those patients who will have high thresholds.
Expressive driver-vehicle interface design

In this paper, we introduce a new design approach for interactions between drivers, cars, and pedestrians. The new approach to the vehicle interface design provides users with all the assistive information and expressive communication channels. It aims to support driver-to-car, driver-to-pedestrian, and driver-to-other-driver interactions. If automobile companies apply the driver-driven interaction approach that we suggest, they can improve their vehicle interfaces, not only for increasing safety in and around the vehicle, but also for unobtrusively capturing and presenting user intentions.
Activity–Composition Relations in the Systems CaO–MnO and MgO–MnO at at 1500° and 1600°C

Activity–composition relations in CaO–MnO and MgO–MnO solid solutions were determined by equilibrating oxide solid solutions with platinum–manganese alloys under controlled oxygen partial pressures at 1500° and 1600°C. Both systems show considerable positive deviation from ideality.
Reducing hazardous chemicals in consumer products: proactive company strategies

Abstract Laws governing chemical manufacture and use have historically been weak. Consequently, many argue that humans and the environment are not adequately protected from chemicals that could pose a risk to their health. In this environment of regulatory deficits, some proactive consumer product companies are voluntarily going beyond regulatory requirements to minimize use of currently unregulated, but potentially hazardous, chemicals in their products. These companies generally do not advertise their chemicals management efforts. Interviews with environmental managers from 20 multinational consumer product companies revealed ten common elements of proactive chemicals management strategies that were relevant and used across sectors. For instance, companies developed restricted substance lists of regulated and unregulated chemicals that were banned from their products; worked to find safer substitutes for chemicals of concern, sometimes through green chemistry initiatives; created tools to enhance communication through their supply chains; and required suppliers to provide full materials disclosure so that they understood the chemical content of their products. These findings document the best practices for chemicals management among proactive consumer product companies in the absence of effective chemicals regulations, and the 20 companies' chemicals management strategies revealed insights about the gaps in chemicals regulations and what consumer product companies across sectors need to fill those gaps. This information may be useful to business and industry representatives who are interested in minimizing product risks and to policy makers who may be unfamiliar with companies' challenges in making safer consumer products or how laws could be strengthened to support their efforts. The results could also help inform the design of modernized laws that promote chemicals management in all supply chains to better protect human and environmental health from hazardous chemicals.
Potential impact of infant feeding recommendations on mortality and HIV-infection in children born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a simulation.

Although breast-feeding accounts for 15–20% of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, it is not prohibited in some developing countries because of the higher mortality associated with not breast-feeding. We assessed the potential impact, on HIV infection and infant mortality, of a recommendation for shorter durations of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) and poor compliance to these recommendations. We developed a deterministic mathematical model using primarily parameters from published studies conducted in Uganda or Kenya and took into account non-compliance resulting in mixed-feeding practices. Outcomes included the number of children HIV-infected and/or dead (cumulative mortality) at 2 years following each of 6 scenarios of infant-feeding recommendations in children born to HIV-infected women: Exclusive replacement-feeding (ERF) with 100% compliance, EBF for 6 months with 100% compliance, EBF for 4 months with 100% compliance, ERF with 70% compliance, EBF for 6 months with 85% compliance, EBF for 4 months with 85% compliance In the base model, reducing the duration of EBF from 6 to 4 months reduced HIV infection by 11.8% while increasing mortality by 0.4%. Mixed-feeding in 15% of the infants increased HIV infection and mortality respectively by 2.1% and 0.5% when EBF for 6 months was recommended; and by 1.7% and 0.3% when EBF for 4 months was recommended. In sensitivity analysis, recommending EBF resulted in the least cumulative mortality when the a) mortality in replacement-fed infants was greater than 50 per 1000 person-years, b) rate of infection in exclusively breast-fed infants was less than 2 per 1000 breast-fed infants per week, c) rate of progression from HIV to AIDS was less than 15 per 1000 infected infants per week, or d) mortality due to HIV/AIDS was less than 200 per 1000 infants with HIV/AIDS per year. Recommending shorter durations of breast-feeding in infants born to HIV-infected women in these settings may substantially reduce infant HIV infection but not mortality. When EBF for shorter durations is recommended, lower mortality could be achieved by a simultaneous reduction in the rate of progression from HIV to AIDS and or HIV/AIDS mortality, achievable by the use of HAART in infants.
Cutaneous lupus in infancy and childhood

Cutaneous lupus may occur in infancy as transient lesions associated with and probably caused by maternal autoantibodies, or later in childhood, associated with the endogenous development of autoimmunity. In this review, clinical findings, diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis of neonatal lupus are discussed, and the management of cutaneous lupus in children is detailed.