cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wormholes: introducing effects to FRP

Functional reactive programming (FRP) is a useful model for programming real-time and reactive systems in which one defines a signal function to process a stream of input values into a stream of output values. However, performing side effects (e.g. memory mutation or input/output) in this model is tricky and typically unsafe. In previous work, Winograd-Cort et al. [2012] introduced resource types and wormholes to address this problem.This paper better motivates, expands upon, and formalizes the notion of a wormhole to fully unlock its potential. We show, for example, that wormholes can be used to define the concept of causality. This in turn allows us to provide behaviors such as looping, a core component of most languages, without building it directly into the language. We also improve upon our previous design by making wormholes less verbose and easier to use.To formalize the notion of a wormhole, we define an extension to the simply typed lambda calculus, complete with typing rules and operational semantics. In addition, we present a new form of semantic transition that we call a temporal transition to specify how an FRP program behaves over time and to allow us to better reason about causality. As our model is designed for a Haskell implementation, the semantics are lazy. Finally, with the language defined, we prove that our wormholes indeed allow side effects to be performed safely in an FRP framework.
Topical versus intravenous tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of intravenous versus topical application of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. All patients who underwent primary knee arthroplasty at our total joint center over a 12-month period were included in the study. One surgeon utilized 1g of IV TXA at time of incision in all patients ( n =373) except those with a documented history of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Two surgeons utilized a topical application of TXA for all patients without exception ( n =198) in which the joint was injected after capsular closure with 3g TXA/100mL saline. The transfusion rate was 0% in the topical group vs. 2.4% in the IV group and this was statistically significant ( P
Effects of sectioning the posterolateral structures on knee kinematics and in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sectioning the posterolateral structures (PLS) on knee kinematics and in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in response to external and simulated muscle loads. Ten human cadaveric knees were tested using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system. The knees were subjected to three loading conditions: (a) 134-N posterior tibial load, (b) 5-Nm external tibial torque, and (c) isolated hamstring load (40 N biceps/40 N semimembranosus). The knee kinematics and in situ forces in the PCL for the intact and PLS-deficient knee conditions were determined at full extension, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of knee flexion. Under posterior tibial loading posterior tibial translation with PLS deficiency increased significantly at all flexion angles by 5.5 ± 1.5 mm to 0.8 ± 1.2 mm at full extension and 90°, respectively. The corresponding in situ forces in the PCL increased by 17–¶19 N at full extension and 30° of knee flexion. Under the external tibial torque, external tibial rotation increased significantly with PLS deficiency by 15.1 ± 1.6° at 30° of flexion to 7.7 ± 3.5° at 90°, with the in situ forces in the PCL increasing by 15–90 N. The largest increase occurred at 60° to 120° of knee flexion, representing forces two to six times of those in the intact knee. Under the simulated hamstring load, posterior tibial translation and external tibial and varus rotations also increased significantly at all knee flexion angles with PLS deficiency, but this was not so for the in situ forces in the PCL. Our data suggest that injuries to the PLS put the PCL and other soft tissue structures at increased risk of injury due to increased knee motion and the elevated in situ forces in the PCL.
Error-free operation of an all-Silicon waveguide photodiode at 1.9 μm

Error-free detection at 1 Gb/s is demonstrated with a Si ion-implanted waveguide photodiode operating at 1.9 μm. The measured 0.14-A/W responsivity corresponds to a 5 dB decrease in photocurrent compared to operation at 1.55 μm.
LDI-glycerol polyurethane implants exhibit controlled release of DB-67 and anti-tumor activity in vitro against malignant gliomas.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a biodegradable and biocompatible polyurethane drug delivery system based on lysine diisocyanate (LDI) and glycerol for the controlled release of 7-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (DB-67). DB-67 has yet to be implemented in any clinical therapies due to the inability to delivered it in sufficient quantities to impact tumor growth and disease progression. To remedy this, DB-67 was covalently incorporated into our delivery system by way of an organometallic urethane catalyst and was found to be dispersed evenly throughout the LDI–glycerol polyurethane discs. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that the LDI–glycerol discs are uniform and possess a pore distribution typical of the non-solvent casting technique used to prepare them. The release rates of DB-67 from the LDI–glycerol discs were found to vary with both time and temperature and were shown capable of delivering therapeutic concentrations of DB-67 in vitro. Cellular proliferation assays demonstrate that empty LDI–glycerol discs alone do not significantly alter the growth of malignant human glioma cell lines (U87, T98G, LN229 and SG388). DB-67-loaded LDI–glycerol polyurethane discs were found to inhibit cellular proliferation by 50% on average in all the malignant glioma cell lines tested. These results clearly demonstrate the long-term, slow release of DB-67 from LDI–glycerol polyurethane discs and their potential for postoperative intracranial chemotherapy of cancers.
NUCLEOTIDE CATABOLISM AND CHANGES IN TEXTURE INDICES DURING ICE STORAGE OF CULTURED STURGEON, ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS

ATP depletion and other biochemical changes were related to texture indices of cooked sturgeon meat from struggled and anesthetized fish. The rates of ATP depletion, pH decline and time of rigor onset were slow in both sturgeon groups compared to other finfish. ATP depletion and accumulation of inosine and hypoxanthine were significantly faster in sturgeon allowed to struggle before death than in anesthetized fish. Penetrometer tests revealed that cooked sturgeon meat was firmer prior to ATP depletion and the onset of rigor than in the postrigor state. Fish allowed to struggle prior to death had a softer cooked meat than anesthetized fish during the first few days of iced storage. Compression tests showed that texture of cooked meat was firmest when the muscle was in rigor and also showed that meat from struggled fish was softer than that from anesthetized fish. These findings suggested that the tough texture problem, sometimes observed in farmed sturgeon, may be minimized by allowing the sturgeon meat to go through rigor prior to cooking.
Investigation of independent components based EEG metrics for mental fatigue in simulated ATC task

Changes in the cortical brain activity due to mental fatigue have to be assessed in task demanding operating environments for the purpose of safety. In this investigation, ten subjects performed a computer-simulated air traffic control (ATC) task, while electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected. EEG data were decomposed into brain activity related independent components (ICs) using a group-level independent component analysis (gICA). Development of mental fatigue was examined at two different time windows by examining spectral powers from identified ICs and was evaluated against behavioral data. The present results suggest that, as the time on the task increases, significant changes in EEG spectral powers can be observed in identified ICs, which indicates the evolution of mental fatigue. Potential applications of such research include assessment of mental effectiveness of ATC operators who are involved in prolonged and demanding task assignments.
Oxygen Isotopic Abundances in Calcium- Aluminum-Rich Inclusions from Ordinary Chondrites: Implications for Nebular Heterogeneity

The oxygen isotopic compositions of two calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) from the unequilibrated ordinary chondrite meteorites Quinyambie and Semarkona are enriched in 16O by an amount similar to that in CAIs from carbonaceous chondrites. This may indicate that most CAIs formed in a restricted region of the solar nebula and were then unevenly distributed throughout the various chondrite accretion regions. The Semarkona CAI is isotopically homogeneous and contains highly 16O-enriched melilite, supporting the hypothesis that all CAI minerals were originally 16O-rich, but that in most carbonaceous chondrite inclusions some minerals exchanged oxygen isotopes with an external reservoir following crystallization.
A phase-plane approach to relay sampled-data feedback systems

The phase plane is used to solve second-order sampled-data feedback systems which contain a relay and zero order hold circuit. The relay quantizes the signal applied to the linear part of the system and each quantization level gives rise to a corresponding set of trajectories in the phase plane. Between sampling instants the output moves along one of these trajectories; however, the error signal which is applied to the relay depends only on the output and input at the end of the sampling interval, i.e., at the sampling instants. The output at the sampling instants is determined in the phase plane with the aid of two difference equations which are obtained from the time solution of the linear part of the system. This method of solution is not restricted to the study of such systems for step function inputs but may be used equally well to study the effects of sine wave inputs on the system as is illustrated in the examples of the paper.
The worker safety advisor: a performance support system

SUMMARY A performance support system (PSS) improves workplace performance by providing on-demand access to the integrated information needed to complete the task or solve the problem at hand. To test the feasibility of a human services PSS, the authors developed the Worker Safety Advisor (WSA), which presents several computer screens on which workers specify the situation they face. The WSA then searches a knowledge base and presents relevant worker safety information in an easy-to-read format. This article describes the development of the WSA, Including its background, rationale, objectives, resources required, and lessons learned. The PSS concepts and experiences presented can help others develop similar applications.
Transient and Frequency Response of Air Quality Monitors

Results of dynamic or transient tests and steady state calibration of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide continuous air quality monitors are reported. Standard gases and permeation tubes were used to establish low level concentrations bpth for the steady-state calibration and the dynamic testing. The steady-state calibration was in excellent agreement with results obtained from grab samples of the calibration gas stream taken with standard gas bubblers and analyzed by the West and Gaeke procedure. Such tests have been carried out by other investigators with similar results. The important contribution of this paper lies in the application of dynamic testing techniques developed by the senior author and co-workers to determine the transient and frequency response characteristics of these air quality monitors.
The crystal and molecular structures of dioxo mo(VI) complexes of tripodal, tetradentate N,S-donor ligands

Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of the complexes MoO2((SCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2SCH3), I and MoO2((SCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2), II, have been determined from X-ray intensity data collected by counter methods. Compound I crystallizes in two forms, Ia and Ib. In form Ia the space group is P21/n with cell parameters a = 7.235(2), b = 7.717(2), c = 24.527(6) A, β = 119.86(2)°, V = 1188(1) A3, Z = 4. In form Ib the space group is P21/c with cell parameters a = 14.945(5), b = 11.925(5), c = 14.878(4) A, β = 114.51(2)°, V = 2413(3) A3, Z = 8. The molecules of I in Ia and Ib are very similar having an octahedral structure with cis oxo groups, trans thiolates (cis to both oxo groups) and N and thioether sulfur atoms trans to oxo groups. Average ditances are MoO = 1.70, MoS (thiolate) = 2.40, MoN = 2.40 and MoS (thioether) = 2.79 A. Molecule II crystallizes in space group P212121 with a = 7.188(1), b = 22.708(8), c = 7.746(2) A, V = 1246(1) A3 and Z = 4. The coordination about Mo is octahedral with cis oxo groups, trans thiolates and N atoms trans to oxo. Distances in the first coordination sphere are MoO = 1.705(2), 1.699(2), MoS = 2.420(1), 2.409(1) and MoN = 2.372(2), 2.510(2) A. The conformational features of the complexes are discussed. Complex I displays MoO and MoS distances which are very similar to those found by EXAFS in sulfite oxidase. This similarity is discussed.
Income Risk in 30 Countries

We present a measure of income risk that decomposes income dynamics into long-run inequality, volatility (inter-temporal variability around individual-specific growth rates), and mobility risk (variation in individual-specific growth rates). We measure these income risk components in panel data from 30 rich democracies. We use this comprehensive collection of panel data to analyze long-terms trends in income dynamics for four countries (Canada, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States), and cross-national patterns of income dynamics for an additional 26 countries. We find that tax and transfer systems lower income risk, but less so in the United States than in other comparable countries. We find that higher incomes tend to grow faster and to be more volatile than lower incomes. We find that the United States is exceptional in its level of, and increase in, each type of income risk. Various other measures of mobility are positively correlated with mobility risk.
Sex differences in cytochromes oxidase and P-45011β in the rat adrenal cortex

Abstract A comparative study of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and expression as well as cytochrome P -450 11β expression has been carried out on the adrenal cortex of male and female rats. COX has also been examined in rat liver. In addition, the effect of testosterone replacement in orchiectomized male rats on adrenal COX has also been investigated. Adult male rats had higher COX activity in adrenal (255%) and liver (144%) mitochondria compared to adult female rats. Male rat adrenals and liver also had increased levels of COX II, a mitochondria-encoded COX subunit, and of COX IV, a nucleus-encoded COX subunit, as measured by Western analysis. In contrast, cytochrome P -450 11β levels were lower (48%) in adrenal mitochondria from male rats than those of female rats. There was no significant sex difference in the level COX II and COX IV mRNAs in adrenal or liver, whereas the cytochrome P -450 11β mRNA was 4-fold higher in female adrenals than in males. In male rats, orchiectomy caused a 23% decrease and testosterone replacement a 66% increase in adrenal COX activity. There were no corresponding changes in the levels of mRNAs encoding for COX subunits, suggesting post-transcriptional effects of testosterone on COX. These results are consistent with a regulatory role of testosterone on the expression of components of the respiratory and steroidogenic electron transport chains.
Brain size and encephalization in early to Mid-Pleistocene Homo.

Important changes in the brain have occurred during the course of human evolution. Both absolute and relative size increases can be documented for species of Homo, culminating in the appearance of modern humans. One species that is particularly well-represented by fossil crania is Homo erectus. The mean capacity for 30 individuals is 973 cm3. Within this group there is substantial variation, but brain size increases slightly in specimens from later time periods. Other Middle Pleistocene crania differ from those of Homo erectus. Characters of the facial skeleton, vault, and cranial base suggest that fossils from sites such as Arago Cave in France, the Sima de los Huesos in Spain, Bodo in Ethiopia, Broken Hill in Zambia, and perhaps Dali in China belong to the taxon Homo heidelbergensis. Ten of these mid-Quaternary hominins have brains averaging 1,206 cm3 in volume, and many fall beyond the limits of size predicted for Homo erectus of equivalent age. When orbit height is used to construct an index of relative brain size, it is apparent that the (significant) increase in volume documented for the Middle Pleistocene individuals is not simply a consequence of larger body mass. Encephalization quotient values confirm this finding. These changes in absolute and relative brain size can be taken as further corroborative evidence for a speciation event, in which Homo erectus produced a daughter lineage. It is probable that Homo heidelbergensis originated in Africa or western Eurasia and then ranged widely across the Old World. Archaeological traces indicate that these populations differed in their technology and behavior from earlier hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The P2Y2 nucleotide receptor mediates tissue factor expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells

The discovery of the role of P2Y12 receptor in platelet aggregation leads to a new anti-thrombotic drug Plavix; however, little is known about non-platelet P2Y receptors in thrombosis. This study tested the hypothesis that endothelial P2Y receptor(s) mediates up-regulation of tissue factor (TF), the initiator of coagulation cascade. Stimulation of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) by UTP/ATP increased the mRNA level of TF but not of its counterpart-tissue factor pathway inhibitor, which was accompanied by up-regulation of TF protein and cell surface activity. RT-PCR revealed a selective expression of P2Y2 and P2Y11 receptors in HCAEC. Consistent with this, TF up-regulation was inhibited by suramin or by siRNA silencing of P2Y2 receptor, but not by NF-157, a P2Y11-selective antagonist, suggesting a role for the P2Y2 receptor. In addition, P2Y2 receptor activated ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways without affecting the positive NF-κB and negative AKT regulatory pathways of TF expression. Furthermore, TF up-regulation was abolished or partially suppressed by inhibition of p38 or JNK but not ERK1/2. Interestingly, blockade of the PLC/Ca2+ pathway did not affect P2Y2 receptor activation of p38, JNK, and TF induction. However, blockade of Src kinase reduced phosphorylation of p38 but not JNK, eliminating TF induction. In contrast, inhibition of Rho kinase reduced phosphorylation of JNK but not p38, decreasing TF expression. These findings demonstrate that P2Y2 receptor mediates TF expression in HCAEC through new mechanisms involving Src/p38 and Rho/JNK pathways, possibly contributing to a pro-thrombotic status after vascular injury.
The double scroll

This paper describes the geometric structure of a strange attractor observed from the simplest known chaotic electronic circuit which the author conceived and proposed to Professor Matsumoto from Waseda University in 1983. Computer simulation of this circuit by Professor Matsumoto in October 1983 confirmed its rich chaotic dynamics [1]. Subsquent laboratory experiments using an operational amplifier circuit further confirmed the robust nature of the chaotic attractor [2], and its rich bifurcation phenomena [3]. The strange attractor is now widely known as the double scroll [4] because it resembles, from a distance, a pair of Saturn plants attached to the opposite ends of a tube formed by rolling two long strips of paper together into a scroll whose cross section consists of two tightly wound spirals.
On Meaningfulness and Truth

We show how to construct certain “LM, T-type” interpreted languages, with each such language containing meaningfulness and truth predicates which apply to itself. These languages are comparable in expressive power to the LT-type, truth-theoretic languages first considered by Kripke, yet each of our LM, T-type languages possesses the additional advantage that, within it, the meaninglessness of any given meaningless expression can itself be meaningfully expressed. One therefore has, for example, the object level truth (and meaningfulness) of the claim that the strengthened Liar is meaningless.
Crystallization and Drying in Thin Sucrose Films During Panning

Sucrose crystallization in thin films (50–55 μm) was studied, using a videomicroscopy technique, at conditions encountered during hard panning processes. No nucleation occurred in unseeded films, while a linear increase in seeded crystals occurred during drying. Crystal growth rate increased with temperature (25–30°C) and with air velocity (2.4–12.5 m/sec), but did not change with varying sucrose concentrations (70–76% w/w) and relative humidities (0–66% at 30°C). FD & C Yellow No. 5 food coloring in the dye form (0.05–0.5 g/100 mL) showed no effects while similar concentrations in the lake form inhibited crystal growth rate.
Facial attractiveness and juvenile delinquency among black and white offenders

Facial pictures of black and white delinquents were significantly less attractive than pictures of corresponding groups of high school students, as judged by same-race raters. Significant differences were found among the white delinquents, but not among the black, for Quay's four behavioral dimensions of delinquency. Black delinquents were significantly darker in skin color than the black high school students, and lightness of skin color was positively correlated with physical attractiveness ratings made by both black and white raters, indicating that neither race has yet assimilated the saying “black is beautiful.” This and other evidence suggest that facial attractiveness may be causal in delinquency.
Flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown Vidalia onions.

Vidalia onion varieties Nirvana, DPS 1032, Yellow 2025, King-Midas, and SBO 133 grown at Vidalia, Georgia, were analyzed for flavonoid content. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was used for quantification. Compounds were analyzed as aglycons after acid hydrolysis with 1.2 M HCl. Identification of each compound was based on comparison of its retention time and UV spectra with those of pure commercial standards. Three major flavonoids, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin, were identified and quantified. Quercetin was the major flavonoid (7.70−46.32 mg/100 g fresh weight, FW) present in all varieties, followed by myricetin (2.77−4.13 mg/100 g FW). Minor quantities of kaempferol (1.10−1.98 mg/100 g FW) were also detected. The total polyphenols and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) ranged from 73.33 to 180.84 mg/100 g FW and 0.92−1.56 μM TEAC/g FW, respectively. A positive but weaker correlation was obtained for total polyphenols versus antiox...
BONE-GRAFT AUGMENTATION FOR ACETABULAR DEFICIENCIES IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY : RESULTS OF LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION

Abstract The results of 102 consecutive primary and revision total hip arthroplasties performed with bone-grafting for acetabular bone deficiencies were reviewed at an average of 10.2 years (range, 4–18.6) after surgery. Ninety-one percent had structural bone defects and 57% had underlying developmental dysplasia of the hip. Overall acetabular revision rates for aseptic loosening were 8% at 5 years and 26% at 10 years. In addition, in the patients with developmental dysplasia who had primary hip arthroplasties, acetabular revision rates for aseptic loosening were 3 and 18% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Ninety-six percent of all uninfected grafts incorporated. Bulk grafts fared better than particulate grafts. No difference in failure rate was noted between primary and revision hip arthroplasty, type of deficiency, or amount of graft coverage. Although early results are encouraging, acetabular failure increased significantly with longer follow-up evaluation; however, graft incorporation was successful and facilitated subsequent revision surgery.
Novel method of predicting lot polish time for high-volume oxide chemical mechanical polishing

Determining the required polish time in oxide chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is more challenging than in metal CMP, where the metal is polished until a polish stop is reached. In oxide CMP, the objective is to remove topography caused by depositing an oxide layer over metal lines, stopping at a target thickness. It is important that this target thickness be maintained for subsequent process steps. Because of the device and layer dependence of oxide CMP and the drift in the flat film polish rate with time it is helpful to use a pilot polish time calculation algorithm which considers these effects. An algorithm of this type and its use with computer integrated manufacturing has been described. The implementation of this algorithm has produced a substantial decrease in the frequency of touch polishing pilot wafers and has essentially eliminated the need for second pilot wafers, and may eventually eliminate the need for flat film rate qualification. This system has proven beneficial in reducing manufacturing errors and has improved tool availability.
Does means-testing welfare discourage saving? evidence from a change in AFDC policy in the United States

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of a welfare program's asset test on the saving behavior of its target population. The approach exploits a policy `experiment'; the essential federalization of the AFDC program's asset-testing policy in 1981. Data on female-headed households from the National Longitudinal Survey—Young Women are used to test the hypothesis that likely AFDC users adjusted their asset stocks in response to this change. The findings indicate additional saving between 1978 and 1983 of about 25 cents for each additional $1 increase in the limit in most states.
New Approaches to Anti-Infective and Anti-Cancer Therapeutics Targeting Metalloproteins

I will give an account of recent progress in the development of novel anti-infectives targeting isoprenoid biosynthesis. Topics to be covered include: carotenoid biosynthesis as a target in staph and malaria; novel inhibitors of bacterial farnesyl and undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase; and the mechanism of action of the Fe4S4 cluster-containing proteins, GcpE (IspG) and LytB (IspH). We have investigated the mechanism of action and inhibition of Aquifex aeolicus LytB using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis (KM, Vmax), EPR and 1H, 2H, 13C, 31P and 57Fe-ENDOR. The EPR and ENDOR results support formation of an initial pi/sigma “metallacycle” complex similar to that observed previously with allyl alcohol bound to a nitrogenase FeMo cofactor. The complex is poised to interact with the E126 CO2H group, resulting in loss of H2O and formation of eta1 and/or eta3-allyl complexes. The IPP and DMAPP products are then formed in a second H+/e- reduction step. We also report that alkyne diphosphates are inhibitors of IspH and likewise form pi or pi/sigma metallacycle complexes, as evidenced by 1H, 2H, and 13C ENDOR. I will also give an update on the mechanism of action of GcpE, and the discovery of potent, mechanism-based, inhibitors of this enzyme.
Effects of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide on Serum Cholesterol and Erythrocyte Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels of Rabbits.

SummaryThe influence of NA and NAM administration on erythrocyte NAD and serum cholesterol of cholesterol fed rabbits was investigated. NAM was more effective than NA in both elevation of erythrocyte NAD concentrations and lowering of serum cholesterol. The results were discussed in support of the hypothesis of Altschul that a significant relationship exists between the effects of NA and NAM on serum cholesterol and erythrocyte NAD levels.
Crystal orientation effect on dislocation nucleation and multiplication in FCC single crystal under uniaxial loading

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations are applied to study the effects of orientation and the presence of structural defects on the compression/tension (C/T) asymmetry of copper single crystals. In addition to the perfect crystal, crystals with stacking fault tetrahedra, as a representative internal defect, are considered to investigate both homogeneous and heterogeneous deformation mechanisms. Both the normal stresses to the slip plane and the relative values of Schmid factor in compression and tension impact the C/T asymmetry. The presence of an SFT lowers the applied stress required for plastic deformation, but this effect is highly dependent on the crystal orientation and loading direction. The reduction in yield stress is larger in compression than in tension for almost all orientations. Results show that in general a structural defect would decrease the C/T asymmetry in copper, corresponding closely to previous experiments. The reduction in yield stress in tension is less sensitive to defects than that in compression, suggesting that compression test is a more reliable experimental tool for future size dependence studies, since structural defects are the main reason behind the observed size effects in materials. On the other hand, since the reduction in yield stress is almost constant in tension for all orientations, testing in this geometry is more efficient to determine the orientation dependence of the yield stress.
Gene Cloning in Bacilli Related to Enhanced Penicillin Acylase Production

We have isolated bacillus strains highly productive for penicillin acylase using conventional mutagenesis and screening techniques. This report describes the isolation of a 2.7 kb chromosomal DNA fragment from Bacillus megaterium which, when inserted in a multi–copy vector and transferred into one of these highly productive strains, results in a further increase in productivity. This fragment did not direct the synthesis of active enzyme when transformed into Bacillus subtilis, which does not naturally produce penicillin acylase. This report also describes the cloning of a 6.2 kb B. megaterium DNA fragment containing at least five of the structural genes of the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. All of these genes are expressed at a functional level in B. subtilis.
Early Earthquake Detection and Warning Alarm System in Iran by a Telegraph Operator: A 116‐Year‐Old Disaster Prevention Attempt

According to an article printed in 1909 in a local Iranian newspaper, the New Iran ( Irān‐e Nau ; Fig. 1), a telegraph operator at the remote desert town of Kermān in southeast Iran, using coils of a single wire with return circuit through the ground of his telegraph instrument, picked up the Earth’s movement as an unusual electromagnetic signal on the magnetic needle, which gave a few seconds warning of an earthquake. Apparently, the operator was using a Wheatstone/Cooke‐type needle magneto‐electric telegraph built in the late nineteenth century. Figure 1. Yusef the telegraph operator’s 1909 account of his observations of unusual electromagnetic signals detected just before earthquakes in 1897 and 1909. He first noticed this anomaly on his telegraph instrument during an earthquake in 1897. Two medium‐magnitude earthquakes during that year were strongly felt and documented in Kermān. These were (1) the 22 May 1897 MMI∼VII+ M S∼5.5, Kuhbanān earthquake with its epicenter about 145 km northwest of Kermān; and (2) the 27 May 1897, MMI∼VIII M S∼>5.5 Chatrud earthquake located about 25 km north‐northwest of Kermān (see fig. 3 in Berberian, 2005). The telegraph operator observed that the first earthquake took place during the evening, suggesting that he was referring to the 27 May 1897 event. His second observation of a seismically induced disturbance was during the 27 October 1909, ∼ M S>5.5, MMI>VII+, Jowshān earthquake, with its damage zone located about 58 km to the east‐southeast of Kermān (fig. 5 in Berberian, 2005). The article, translated below from Persian into English, is signed by “Yusef Telegerāfchi va Tahvildār‐e Telegerāf‐khāneh‐ye Kermān” (“Yusef /Joseph, the telegraph operator and cashier of the Kermān Telegraph Office”). The article was printed nine months after the occurrence of the …
Religion and American Public Life: A Discussion of Robert Putnam and David Campbell's Saving Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us

In his 2000 best seller Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Civic Community, Robert Putnam analyzed the links between social capital and civic engagement. Lamenting the decline of “civic America,” he called for a Tocquevillean renewal of voluntary association in the United States. In American Grace, Putnam and coauthor David Campbell—who also helped with the preparation of Bowling Alone—return to the analysis of American civil society, focusing their attention on America's changing religious landscape and its implications for democracy. Their basic argument is that while the United States is religiously diverse and pluralistic to a profound degree, and while in recent years it has witnessed growing religious polarization, it has also succeeded in muting religious tensions and hostilities. As they conclude: “How has America solved the puzzle of religious pluralism—the coexistence of religious diversity and devotion? And how has it done so in the wake of growing religious polarization? By creating a web of interlocking personal relationships among people of many different faiths. This is America's grace” (p. 550).Given the importance of religion in American life and the influence of Putnam's broad agenda on much current social science research on social capital and civic engagement, we have decided to organize a symposium around the book, centered on three questions: 1) How is American Grace related to Putnam's earlier work, particularly Bowling Alone, and what are the implications of the continuities and/or discontinuities between these works? 2) What kind of a work of political science is American Grace, and how does it compare to other important recent work dealing with religion and politics in the United States? 3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of Putnam and Campbell's account of “how religion divides and unites us,” and what is the best way of thinking about the contemporary significance of religion and politics in the United States and about the ways that the religious landscape challenges U.S. politics and U.S. political science?
Entrepreneurship in the medical academy: possibilities and challenges in commercialization of research discoveries.

An entrepreneur in the broadest economic and social sense is a self-employed individual who has autonomy, controls his affairs, and is willing to take risks. Based on this definition, sociologists such as C. Wright Mills have argued that medicine is the apotheosis of an entrepreneurial profession in the United States.1 Both ideologically and economically, self-sufficiency remains a hallmark of the medical profession, notwithstanding an ever-increasing reliance on technology and the ever-expanding influence of regulation on medical practice. Charismatic authority, according to Weber,2 is another essential attribute of the professional persona: possession of a complex body of knowledge that can directly affect the health and survival of an individual accounts for the physician’s historically unquestioned leadership, especially under conditions of physical and emotional stress. The legitimacy of the profession grants this charismatic authority; yet this authority can be compromised if it is not frequently validated by physician behavior. Risk-taking self-interest can present a major challenge for charismatic (as well as traditional legal) authority, and requires careful oversight by every profession, but especially by the medical profession. A unique aspect of medicine is that it optimally balances the dynamic between charisma and entrepreneurship.3 In contrast to the clergy, who are much more charismatic than entrepreneurial, and attorneys, who, in the extreme, are more entrepreneurial than charismatic, physicians have historically struck a balance between these two important characteristics that has given us a unique position in society: we, in general, achieve financial independence and stability throughout our professional lives, while at the same time we engender the trust of our patients and guard the public health.1,3 These are noble sentiments, to be sure, but I believe they are highly relevant to this discussion. Over the past 20 years, there can be no doubt that entrepreneurship has expanded from a …
Parasitism of photosynthetic dinoflagellates by three strains of Amoebophrya (Dinophyta): parasite survival, infectivity, generation time, and host specificity

Amoebophrya ceratii (Koeppen) Cachon is an obligate parasite of dinoflagellates and may represent a species complex. However, little is known about the biology and host range of different strains of Amoebophrya Cachon. Here, we determined parasite generation time and dinospore infectivity, survival, and ability to infect nonprimary hosts for strains of Amoebophrya from Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) G. Hansen et Moestrup, Gymnodinium instriatum (Freudenthal et Lee) Coats comb. nov., and Karlodinium micrum (Lead-beater et Dodge) J. Larsen. Akashiwo sanguinea was readily infected, with parasite prevalence reaching 100% in dinospore:host inoculations above a 10:1 ratio. Parasitism also approached 100% in G. instriatum, but only when inoculations exceeded a 40:1 ratio. Karlodinium micrum appeared partially resistant to infection, as parasite prevalence saturated at 92%. Parasite generation time differed markedly among Amoebophrya strains. Survival and infectivity of dinospores decreased over time, with strains from G. instriatum and A. sanguinea unable to initiate infections after 2 and 5 days, respectively. By contrast, dinospores from Amoebophrya parasitizing K. micrum remained infective for up to 11 days. Akashiwo sanguinea and G. instriatum were not infected when exposed to dinospores from nonprimary Amoebophrya strains. Karlodinium micrum, however, was attacked by dinospores of Amoebophrya from the other two host species, but infections failed to reach maturity. Observed differences in host-parasite biology support the hypothesis that Amoebophrya ceratii represents a complex of host-specific species. Results also suggest that Amoebophrya strains have evolved somewhat divergent survival strategies that may encompass sexuality, heterotrophy during the "free-living" dinospore stage, and dormancy.
Application of multiattribute decision analysis to quality function deployment for target setting

In the product design and development process, quality function deployment (QFD) provides a comprehensive, systematic approach to support the design of new products intended to meet or exceed customer expectations. The authors use multiattribute value theory to support new product design and hence to augment a design team's experience and judgment. We introduce the concept of a target set, the set of all value score vectors that are at least as preferred as the value score vectors of any of the given design alternatives. Assuming mutually preferential independence, we characterize the target set and indicate how it can be used to support selecting targets: 1) for the level of customer satisfaction to be attained by the new product, for each customer requirement and 2) for design requirements, presumably based in part on information from engineering competitive assessments. We then use the target set concept to augment the product planning phase of QFD. The concepts are illustrated and evaluated through the retrospective application of the methodology to an actual surgical product (universal converter). Although the analysis was performed retrospectively, without knowledge of the market success of the product and its competitors, the results were consistent with product acceptance and provided valuable insights to the lead engineer.
A model of multi-walled carbon nanotube interconnects

In this paper, we propose a circuit model of the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based on our one-dimensional fluid model, which describes the electron transport in single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). The performances of MWCNT and SWCNT in high frequency (RF/microwave) applications are then simulated using these models and compared with Cu interconnect. Simulations show that MWCNT interconnects can potentially have higher transmission efficiency and lower reflection losses than that of SWCNTs and Cu interconnects.
A new tracer method for determination of liquid‐solid contacting efficiency in trickle‐bed reactors

A new tracer technique is reported for the determination of liquid-solid contacting efficiency and liquid holdup in trickle beds packed with small alumina particles. Holdup was a function of liquid mass velocity for both porous and nonporous packing. Contacting efficiency remained uniform at a level of 65%.
Monitoring the monitor: an approach towards trustworthiness in service oriented architecture

The key notion in service-oriented architecture is decoupling clients and providers of a service based on an abstract service description, which is used by the service broker to point clients to a suitable service implementation. A client then sends service requests directly to the service implementation. A problem with the current architecture is that it does not provide trustworthy means for clients to specify, service brokers to verify, and service implementations to prove that certain desired non-functional properties are satisfied during service request processing. An example of such non-functional property is access and persistence restrictions on the data received as part of the service requests. In this work, we propose an extension of the service-oriented architecture that provides these facilities. We also discuss a prototype implementation of this architecture and report preliminary results that demonstrate the potential practical value of the proposed architecture in real-world software applications.
Fair and Efficient Scheduling of Variable Rate Links via a Spectrum Server

We consider a centralized Spectrum Server that coordinates the transmissions of a group of links sharing a common spectrum. Links employ on-off modulation with fixed transmit power when active. In the on state, a link obtains a data rate determined by the signal-to-interference ratio on the link. With knowledge of the link gains in the network, the spectrum server schedules the on/off periods of the links so as to satisfy constraints on link fairness and efficiency. We express fairness constraints as lower bounds on the average minimum rate for each link. Efficiency constraints are expressed as lower bounds on the ratio of the average rate to the average transmit power for each link. Subject to fairness and efficiency constraints, the spectrum server finds a schedule that maximizes the average sum rate. Using a graph theoretic model for the network and a linear programming formulation, the resulting schedules are a collection of time shared transmission modes (sets of active links). In the special case when there is no minimum rate constraint, varying the efficiency constraint can cause the optimal policy to vary from a fixed dominant mode with highest sum rate being operated all the time to time sharing among singleton modes in which just one link is active. We also address the case of maximum common rate scheduling under efficiency constraints. Simulation results are presented to substantiate our findings.
Apparent movement in vibrotactile displays.

Ss were required to judge the direction of apparent movement when vibrators were applied to the skin and sequentially energized. Small skin contactors and intervibrator distances were used. Errors in judgment were significantly less frequent when 4 vibrators were used than with 2 vibrators. Directionality judgments made from stimulation of the skin of the abdomen resulted in significantly fewer errors than from stimulation of the palmar surface of the hand. Intra-stimulator intervals shorter than 48 msec. bring significantly more erroneous reports than do the longer intervals.
Effective Soil Density for Propagation of Small Strain Shear Waves in Saturated Soil

This technical note defines an “effective soil density” that controls the velocity of small strain shear waves in saturated soil. Biot theory indicates that the ratio of effective density to saturated density will generally range from 0.75 to 1.0 and is a function of specific gravity of solids, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and shear wave frequency. For many geotechnical applications, effective density will be equal to saturated density for low hydraulic conductivity soils (clays and silts) and may be less than saturated density for high hydraulic conductivity soils (clean sands and gravels). The findings are relevant to applications involving the propagation of small strain shear waves through saturated soil, and in particular for laboratory and field tests in which shear modulus is back-calculated from measured shear-wave velocity.
A Comparison of the Recent Performance of Publicly Traded Real Property Portfolios and Common Stock

In this study we compare the returns earned by investments in publicly traded limited partnerships (PTLPs), finite life equity REITs, and traditional equity REITs with those resulting from investing in common stocks (proxied by closed-end mutual funds). Performance comparisons are made using generalized stochastic dominance (GSD). This tool avoids the joint hypothesis problem that arises when an asset pricing model is used as a performance benchmark. The results of the analysis indicate that the performance of the closed-end mutual funds was preferred to that of the individual equity REITs (both traditional and finite life) and PTLP securities by a wide array of risk-averse investors. This result was most pronounced following the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 which severely restricted the tax deductibility of real estate losses. When the equity REITs were combined into portfolios, their performance dominated the mutual funds during the 1980–85 period. Further, the PTLP portfolio returns were preferred to several of the mutual funds even in the post-1985 period. These findings reflect the fact that the securitized real property portfolios studied are not as well diversified as mutual funds. However, the mutual funds remained the dominant investment alternative in the post-1986 period.
Giant J wave on 12-lead electrocardiogram in hypothermia.

Findings on standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in patients with hypothermia include sinus bradycardia, prolonged QT and PR interval, wide QRS complex, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia, and the most striking electrocardiographic abnormality, the J wave. Although characteristic of hypothermia, J wave also occurs in other conditions. The electro-physiologic basis of J wave in hypothermia has been recently elucidated. We present a case of giant J wave due to accidental hypothermia and in addition discuss the features, mechanism, and significance of J wave in hypothermia. A.N.E. 2003; 8(3):262-265