cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral effects of N-methylamphetamine and N,N-dimethylamphetamine in rats and squirrel monkeys

The N-methylated derivative of N-methamphetamine (MA), N,N-dimethylamphetamine (NNDMA), has recently been synthesized for illicit use. The present study compared the psychomotor stimulant, discriminative stimulus, reinforcing and lethal effects of these analogs in rats and squirrel monkeys. NNDMA was 6 to 12 times less potent than MA in decreasing rates of responding in rats or monkeys under fixed interval or fixed ratio schedules of food presentation. Both MA and NNDMA produced dose-dependent increases in the percentage of cocaine-lever responses in rats trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg of cocaine from saline, with NNDMA 12 times less potent than MA. Response-produced i.v. infusions of MA or NNDMA maintained rates of responding that were higher than those maintained by saline infusions in squirrel monkeys trained to self-administer cocaine; NNDMA was 10 times less potent than MA in producing these reinforcing effects. Both drugs increased fixed interval responding in squirrel monkeys; MA was more efficacious than NNDMA. MA also increased rates of responding in rats during time-out periods in which responses had no scheduled consequences, whereas NNDMA did not. Onset and time course data suggested that conversion of NNDMA to MA was probably not necessary for the behavioral effects of NNDMA. In contrast to the relative potencies in behavioral tests, NNDMA was only 3 times less potent than MA in its lethal effects in rats. However, lethality of both drugs was prevented by haloperidol. In general, MA displayed a wider separation in the doses required to produce behavioral vs. lethal effects than did NNDMA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Standards for QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence 2.0 : revised publication guidelines from a detailed consensus process

Since the publication of Standards for QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE 1.0) guidelines in 2008, the science of the field has advanced considerably. In this article, we describe the development of SQUIRE 2.0 and its key components. We undertook the revision between 2012 and 2015 using (1) semistructured interviews and focus groups to evaluate SQUIRE 1.0 plus feedback from an international steering group, (2) two face-to-face consensus meetings to develop interim drafts, and (3) pilot testing with authors and a public comment period. SQUIRE 2.0 emphasizes the reporting of three key components of systematic efforts to improve the quality, value, and safety of health care: the use of formal and informal theory in planning, implementing, and evaluating improvement work; the context in which the work is done; and the study of the intervention(s). SQUIRE 2.0 is intended for reporting the range of methods used to improve health care, recognizing that they can be complex and multidimensional. It provides common ground to share these discoveries in the scholarly literature (www.squire-statement.org).
Machine learning in building a collection of computer science course syllabi

Syllabi are rich educational resources. However, finding Computer Science syllabi on a generic search engine does not work well. Towards our goal of building a syllabus collection we have trained various Decision Tree, Naive-Bayes, Support Vector Machine and Feed-Forward Neural Network classifiers to recognize Computer Science syllabi from other web pages. We have also trained our classifiers to distinguish between Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering syllabi. Our best classifiers are 95% accurate at both the tasks. We present an analysis of the various feature selection methods and classifiers we used hoping to help others developing their own collections.
Thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans Analyzed by Measuring Responses to Defined Thermal Stimuli

In a spatial thermal gradient, Caenorhabditis elegans migrates toward and then isothermally tracks near its cultivation temperature. A current model for thermotactic behavior involves a thermophilic drive (involving the neurons AFD and AIY) and cryophilic drive (involving the neuron AIZ) that balance at the cultivation temperature. Here, we analyze the movements of individual worms responding to defined thermal gradients. We found evidence for a mechanism for migration down thermal gradients that is active at temperatures above the cultivation temperature, and a mechanism for isothermal tracking that is active near the cultivation temperature. However, we found no evidence for a mechanism for migration up thermal gradients at temperatures below the cultivation temperature that might have supported the model of opposing drives. The mechanisms for migration down gradients and isothermal tracking control the worm's movements in different manners. Migration down gradients works by shortening (lengthening) the duration of forward movement in response to positive (negative) temperature changes. Isothermal tracking works by orienting persistent forward movement to offset temperature changes. We believe preference for the cultivation temperature is not at the balance between two drives. Instead, the worm activates the mechanism for isothermal tracking near the cultivation temperature and inactivates the mechanism for migration down gradients near or below the cultivation temperature. Inactivation of the mechanism for migration down gradients near or below the cultivation temperature requires the neurons AFD and AIY.
Maternal smoking among blacks and whites

Data from a random sample of mothers and children participating in a study on the sequelae of low birth weight were used to examine potential risk factors of maternal smoking. It was hypothesized that maternal smoking will vary by race, age, education, psychiatric status, employment status, single mother status and indicators of the burden of child care. Low education, young age, current psychiatric disorder and having a child with a psychiatric disorder or a physical illness predicted maternal smoking. The association of maternal smoking with other factors, specifically maternal employment and indicators of the burden of child care, varied between blacks and whites. Single mother status and having pre-school children in the home was associated with a higher odds ratio for smoking in whites, but not in blacks. On the other hand, maternal employment was associated with a lower odds ratio for smoking in blacks only. This study identified common and race-specific predictors of smoking in white and black mothers. It emphasizes the need for a greater understanding of the social context of maternal smoking in different ethnic populations, and highlights the importance of the burden of child care as a factor in maternal smoking.
Mutant-associated antagonisms in yNeurospora crassa

Abstract If the required amino acid is provided to each of two nutritional mutants of Neurospora crassa , one requiring tyrosine, the other requiring phenylalanine, any one of 14 other amino acids can completely antagonize utilization of the required amino acid for growth. The inhibition is competitive and is completely relieved by the keto analog of the required amino acid. Similarly, any one of three keto acids can inhibit competitively keto acid utilization in these mutants. This inhibition is completely relieved by the required amino acid. None of the above mentioned inhibitions are observed in wild-type strains.
Dynamic Simulation of a Wind Farm With Variable Speed Wind Turbines

Wind power generation has increased very rapidly in the past few years. The total U.S. wind power capacity by the end of 2001 was 4,260 megawatts. As wind power capacity increases, it becomes increasingly important to study the impact of wind farm output on the surrounding power networks. In this paper, we attempt to simulate a wind farm by including the properties of the wind turbine, the wind speed time series, the characteristics of surrounding power network, and reactive power compensation. Mechanical stress and fatigue load of the wind turbine components are beyond the scope this paper. The paper emphasizes the impact of the wind farms on the electrical side of the power network. A typical wind farm with variable speed wind turbines connected to an existing power grid is investigated. Different control strategies for feeding wind energy into the power network are investigated, and the advantages and disadvantages are presented.
Electron impact processes in nitrogen rich atmospheres of the outer solar system

Electron collisions with N2 are predominant components of the interaction between outer solar-system atmospheres and solar photons, solar wind, and magnetospheric electrons. Our collaboration between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the California State University, Fullerton (CSUF), has devoted a significant effort over the last few years to improving the knowledge base of electron-N2 excitation phenomena. Here, we highlight the lack of Franck-Condon behaviour in excitation of the Rydberg-valence states, using excitation of the C 3Πu state as a case in point. Further, we briefly introduce ongoing work measuring vibrationally-resolved emission cross sections for the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band system of the a 1Πg (v') → X 1Σ+g (v'') transitions. Specifically, we present preliminary results for the relative (3,0) emission cross section, which calls the currently accepted LBH shape function of Ajello and Shemansky (1985 J. Geophys. Res.-Space 90 9845) into question.
Thirty-Five Years After Stonewall: An Exploratory Study of Satisfaction with Police Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Persons at the 34th Annual Atlanta Pride Festival

The gay rights movement began in the summer of 1969 when gay men rioted against police for raiding a bar known as the Stonewall Inn. In the succeeding 35 years, very little research has explored the relationship between police organizations and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) communities. The purpose of this study is to describe the attitudes that GLBT persons currently hold toward police. Subjects were sampled from the 34th Annual Atlanta Pride Festival and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Of the 179 GLBT participants, the vast majority reported high satisfaction with community policing practices at this event. Moreover, age, household income, victimization, security presence, and identification with gay-themed media significantly predicted attitudes toward police.
Vigilance in African Mammals: Differences Among Mothers, Other Females, and Males

The time devoted to eating, vigilance (or scanning), walking and aggression was studied in one-minute focal animal samples as a function of sex, age, and motherhood for several African animals including African elephant, Burchell's zebra, Cape buffalo, Defassa waterbuck, impala, and Uganda kob. Between 24 and 45 percent of the variation in vigilance behavior was accounted for by location (center or edge of herd), sex, age and whether a female had young. Time of day entered the linear multiple regression models for two species, and surprisingly group size did not enter any of the linear multiple regression models in 1993. In general, females with young were more vigilant than their young or females without young. There were few gender differences in vigilance among animals without young, except that male zebra, wildebeest and waterbuck were more vigilant than females. Animals on the edge of herds devoted more time to vigilance than intermediate or central animals (regardless of sex or age class). Although there was no relationship between group size and vigilance in 1993 when all herds were considered, there was a decrease in vigilance with increasing herd size for impala and kob for herds less than 50. Moveover, herd size and vigilance were negatively correlated in our 1984-1985 study, due partly to differences in group sizes. In 1984-1985 animals were not migrating, and were in relatively small, discrete groups, whereas in 1993 some species were migrating in large herds that stretched for several km. We suggest that in 1993 herd size was above a threshold where increases in group size can lead to further decreases in vigilance. Under these circumstances, location in the herd becomes paramount: Outside animals can be directly exposed to attack. Consequently animals on the edge devote more time to vigilance than central animals.
Differential gene expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, and toll-like receptors 3 and 5 during embryogenesis in hybrid (channel×blue) and channel catfish

Insulin-like growth factors-I and-II (IGF-I and IGF-II) play important roles in growth and development of mammals. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition molecules that orchestrate the induction of early innate immune response by recognition of specific sequences. Evidence is growing that suggests a relationship between growth and immune function. The objective of the study was to examine changes in gene expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, TLR3, and TLR5 during embryogenesis and early larval development in hybrid (channel catfishxblue catfish) and channel catfish. Egg samples were taken pre- and post-fertilization; embryos were collected at two stages of embryogenesis, at hatch, and at swim-up. All genes were detected in unfertilized catfish eggs. Expression levels of TLR5 and IGF-I mRNA in channel catfish and expression levels of TLR3, IGF-I, and IGF-II mRNA in hybrids increased over time (P<0.01). Effect of time was not significant for expression of IGF-II or TLR3 mRNA in channel catfish and for TLR5 mRNA in hybrid catfish. Results of this study suggest growth (IGF-I and IGF-II) and immune (TLR3 and TLR5) associated genes could be functional and play important roles during embryogenesis and early development of hybrid and channel catfish.
Resources for Lesbian Ethnographic Research in the Lavender Archives

The problematics of undertaking lesbian ethnography and cultural history are related in part to the dearth of printed records lesbians kept or preserved for posterity. Technological, financial, and security considerations typically made it necessary for them to operate more informally and inconspicuously, hand-to-hand and by word-of-mouth. Lavender archives, nonetheless, are the repositories of lesbian cultural history. This paper preoccupies itself with the pragmatic issues of developing and maintaining accessible research venues from which to cultivate the study of multiracial and multiethnic lesbian lives. I provide a survey of available resources for doing lesbian scholarship, addressing some of the ethical issues involved with lesbian ethnographic research.
Reply II to ``Comment on `Some implications of the quantum nature of laser fields for quantum computations' ''

I show that there is no contradiction between the results in my original paper [Phys. Rev. A 65, 022308 (2002)] and Itano's claims in the previous Comment. The error probabilities I calculated from quantum field fluctuations can equivalently be obtained by considering the probability of spontaneous emission by the atom into the field modes that make up the laser pulse.
A retrospective review of metronidazole and vancomycin in the management of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with hematologic malignancies

BackgroundThe incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection has significantly increased over the past decade. Although the epidemiology and treatment of C. difficile infection is well elucidated in the non-oncology population, it is poorly understood among cancer patients. This illustrates great concern as the majority of these patients are immunosuppressed, which puts them at higher risk for developing severe disease. Furthermore, suboptimal treatment of C. difficile infection can compromise care of underlying malignancy. Due to limited amount of data, we conducted this study to better ascertain the epidemiology and treatment outcomes of C. difficile infection in a subset of oncology patients at our institution.ObjectivesThe primary objective was to assess the incidence and severity of C. difficile infection in patients with hematologic malignancies, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant for a hematologic condition. The secondary objectives were to assess: (a) the outc...
Building a Shared Vision—The Principal's Leadership Challenge

For schools to be effective, they need effective leaders who express their values. These individual values must become shared goals so that the entire school community shares a vision.
Information sharing of value-adding retailer in a mixed channel hi-tech supply chain

Abstract The mixed channel model is becoming increasingly popular in the hi-tech industry where a firm, in addition to selling through the traditional supply chain of wholesaler and retailer, opens a direct channel to the customer through Internet sales. While the dual channel has its advantages, it gives rise to channel conflict. One way of alleviating the possibility of channel conflict is proposed in this paper where the retailer is allowed to add value to the product at a cost. A per unit value-adding cost is considered and any fixed upfront cost is not included. We model this mixed channel where the manufacturer, who is assumed to have more power than the retailer, makes decision on the price of the direct product and the wholesale price it charges the retailer. The retailer makes decision about the amount of the value added and the price of the augmented product. We also take into account the fact that the manufacturer may have only incomplete information about the retailer's cost of adding value. We present this model as a game between the two parties where the manufacturer acts as the leader. We obtain managerial insights into the dual-channel supply chain based on the analytical solutions. We compare the cases of complete and incomplete information and quantify the value of information to the manufacturer. In addition, we find that the retailer would be willing to share information with the manufacturer if her cost of adding value is lower than a threshold value. We report results of numerically obtained sensitivity analysis.
ETIOLOGY OF LOSS AMONG PARENTS FALSELY ACCUSED OF ABUSE OR NEGLECT

This study examines the experiences of loss among parents whose children were in child protective custody that resulted from false accusations of abuse or neglect. In practice, child protective service assessments more times than not clear parents of charges of wrongdoing, however the impact of these investigations on parents has not yet been documented. Field data produced over 500 pages of text that incorporated the stories of 63 parents. The data was collected through literature searches of legal testimonies, on-line postings, and direct interviews with 5 family participants. The themes of loss included: (1) physical separation; (2) the loss of fantasy of their faith in the system; (3) the loss of the fantasy that they could protect their child; and (4) the loss of the sense that their parenting experience had been normal. Some recommendations for improving assessments, parent education, and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
Antihemophilic factor. A new method for purification

Abstract A new method for fractionation of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) 1 from plasma is described which makes use of the tendency for phase separation to occur in solutions containing dissimilar macromolecules. As plasma protein concentration is increased by dialysis in buffered polyethylene glycol solution, a phase is separated which is enriched in antihemophilic factor. Quantitative separation of antihemophilic factor occurs in 30 min at 0° after threefold concentration of canine plasma or twofold concentration of human plasma. The highly soluble product is thirty or more times purified compared to the initial plasmas. The preparation is purified further by agarose gel chromatography. Antihemophilic factor is eluted as a single peak in the void volume with essentially quantitative yield. This antihemophilic factor preparation is up to 5000 times purified, contains no detectable fibrinogen, plasminogen, plasminogen activator, or factor IX, and is neutralized by a highly purified antibody preparation.
Boron-isotope systematics of Halmahera arc (Indonesia) lavas: Evidence for involvement of the subducted slab

Dehydration of sediments and oceanic crust within the subducting slab at convergent plate margins is probably a ubiquitous feature. This leads to fractionation of elements between fluids and solids so that the slab-derived component of island-arc lavas is modified from the originally subducted material. Sediments and altered oceanic crust are enriched in boron and cesium relative to uncontaminated mantle products, and these elements are highly mobile during fluid-rock interaction. The combination of B-isotope systematics and Cs concentrations in lavas from the Halmahera arc (Indonesia) suggests that they have been influenced by fluids derived from dehydration and/or melting of the subducted slab.
Building a literate environment : Using oral-based reading materials to facilitate literacy

Des recherches sur la nature complexe des societes traditionnelles ont redefini la maitrise de la lecture comme ancree dans la societe et les pratiques et croyances locales, en suggerant des possibilites de relations dynamiques et interactives. L'article extrapole a partir de ces recherches et explore des possibilites de materiels pour la lecture confortant et validant les pratiques cultuelles des communautes individuelles, pouvant aider les etudiants a elaborer un apprentissage de la lecture a partir de la culture locale, faciliter la transition entre la culture orale et ecrite, et assurer la promotion de la lecture.
The active site of bacteriorhodopsin. Two‐photon spectroscopic evidence for a positively charged chromophore binding site mediated by calcium

The nature of the chromophore binding site of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin is analyzed by using all-valence electron MNDO and MNDO-PSDCI molecular orbital theory to interpret previously reported linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopic measurements. A total of 45 binding site models are investigated. The binding site is simulated by including the chromophore, the lysine residue (LYS216), the following nearby amino acids (ARG82, ASP85, ASP115, ASP212, THR90, TRP86, TRP138, TRP182, TYR57, TYR83, and TYR185) and zero, one, or two divalent cations. We conclude that the unique two-photon properties of the chromophore are due in part to the electrostatic field associated with a Ca2+ ion near to the chromophore. Four amino acids and three water molecules contribute significantly to the assigned chromophore adjacent calcium binding site (ASP85, ASP212, TYR57 and TYR185), and two conformational minima are predicted. The higher energy conformation has the calcium ion stabilized primarily by ASP85 and the chromophore imine proton by ASP212. The lower energy conformation has the calcium ion stabilized primarily by ASP212 and the imine proton by ASP85. The latter configuration is more stable due to strong hydrogen bonding between TYR185 and ASP212 coupled with electrostatic stabilization of the divalent cation by TYR57. Although both tyrosine residues are predicted to exhibit some “unprotonated” character, models involving full deprotonation of either TYR57 or TYR185 do not fit the spectroscopic data. We conclude that the cation binding site identified in this study is the second high affinity binding site for calcium, and that the chromophore binding site is, to a first approximation, positively charged. The chromophore “1B” and “1A” states, despite extensive mixing, exhibit significantly different configurational character. The lowest-lying “1B” state is dominated by single excitations (> 80% for all models studied) whereas the second-excited “1A” state is dominated by double excitations (> 70% for all models studied with extensive participation by spin-coupled triplet-triplet excitations). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stiffening the stingray skeleton - an investigation of durophagy in myliobatid stingrays (Chondrichthyes, batoidea, myliobatidae).

The stingray family Myliobatidae contains five durophagous (hard prey specialist) genera and two planktivorous genera. A suite of morphological features makes it possible for the hard prey specialists to crush mollusks and crustaceans in their cartilaginous jaws. These include: 1) flat, pavement-like tooth plates set in an elastic dental ligament; 2) multiple layers of calcified car- tilage on the surface of the jaws; 3) calcified struts running through the jaws; and 4) a lever system that amplifies the force of the jaw adductors. Examination of a range of taxa reveals that the presence of multiple layers of calcified cartilage, previously described from just a few species, is a plesiomorphy of Chondrichthyes. Calcified struts within the jaw, called "trabecular cartilage," are found only in the myliobatid genera, including the planktivorous Manta birostris. In the durophagous taxa, the struts are concen- trated under the area where prey is crushed, thereby preventing local buckling of the jaws. Trabecular cartilage develops early in ontogeny, and does not appear to develop as a direct result of the stresses associated with feeding on hard prey. A "nutcracker" model of jaw function is pro- posed. In this model, the restricted gape, fused mandibu- lar and palatoquadrate symphyses, and asynchronous contraction of the jaw adductors function to amplify the closing force by 2- 4 times. J. Morphol. 243:113-126, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A developmental study of the Prelinguistic Auditory Store (PAS)

Abstract Lists of digits 5 and 7 items in length were presented to second graders, sixth graders, and low-IQ sixth graders in either the visual or auditory modality. Half the auditory lists were followed by the redundant nonrecalled, auditorily presented word “recall” which served as a list suffix. The second graders had the most errors in the ordered recall task followed by the low-IQ sixth- and normal sixth-graders in that order. The size of the modality and suffix effects for the various groups seemed to indicate that, for the younger subjects, a larger proportion of the recall after auditory presentation comes from the Prelinguistic Auditory Store than for the older subjects.
The internal model principle for periodic disturbances with rapidly time‐varying frequencies

In this paper, we study the limitations of scheduling an internal model to reject disturbances with a time-varying frequency. Hence, any adaptive method that uses scheduling and frequency estimation is also limited in the same manner. The limitations of scheduling are to investigate by posing and solving the problem of rejecting periodic disturbances from a multichannel system when the frequencies of the periodic disturbances are changing rapidly in time by designing an scheduled controller that satisfies the internal model principle. The periodic disturbances are modeled by a sum of sinusoids and the frequencies of the disturbances are used for scheduling the controller. It is shown that a controller that regulates input additive disturbances may not regulate the same disturbances added to the output of the system. This is in contrast to the classical case where the frequency of the disturbances is constant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of splayed pins on vortex creep and critical currents

We study the effects of splayed columnar pins on the vortex motion using realistic London-Langevin simulations. At low currents vortex creep is strongly suppressed, whereas the critical current ${j}_{c}$ is enhanced only moderately. Splaying the pins generates an increasing energy barrier against vortex hopping, and leads to the forced entanglement of vortices, both of which suppress creep efficiently. On the other hand splaying enhances kink nucleation and introduces intersecting pins, which cut off the energy barriers. Thus the ${j}_{c}$ enhancement is strongly parameter sensitive. We also characterize the angle dependence of ${j}_{c}$ and the effect of different splaying geometries.
Comparative Glycomics Using a Tetraplex Stable-Isotope Coded Tag

This study illustrates the utility of tetraplex stable isotope coded tags in mass spectrometric glycomics using three carbohydrate classes. The teteraplex tags allow for the direct comparison of glycan compositions within four samples using capillary scale hydrophilic interaction chromatography with online mass spectrometry. In addition, the ability to discern glycan structural isomers is shown based on the tandem mass spectra of each composition using nanospray ionization. Results are shown for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, low molecular weight heparins, full length heparins, and N-glycans from α-1-acid glycoproteins from four mammalian species. The data demonstrate the value of the tetraplex stable isotope tagging approach for producing high-quality glycomics compositional profiling and fine structural analysis.
Evaluation of food selection patterns and preferences

Recently, studies related to food preferences and selection patterns are gaining more importance because of their multidimensional scope and application. Data from these studies are widely applicable in areas ranging from consumption, forecasting and menu planning in hospitals, restaurants, schools, etc. to nutrition evaluation. Also, they are immensely useful in studies related to various diseases and disorders, particularly cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Evidently, there is considerable lack of information available on this subject, especially on the applicable methodology. This article, is therefore, designed to present in a nutshell an up-to-date review on research, methodology and applications of food patterns and preferences, with emphasis on their nutritional impact.
Downward continuation of the free-air gravity anomalies to the ellipsoid using the gradient solution and terrain correction—An attempt of global numerical computations

The formulas for the determination of the coefficients of the spherical harmonic expansion of the disturbing potential of the earth are defined for data given on a sphere. In order to determine the spherical harmonic coefficients, the gravity anomalies have to be analytically downward continued from the earth's surface to a sphere-at least to the ellipsoid. The goal is to continue the gravity anomalies from the earth's surface downward to the ellipsoid using recent elevation models. The basic method for the downward continuation is the gradient solution (the g sub 1 term). The terrain correction was also computed because of the role it can play as a correction term when calculating harmonic coefficients from surface gravity data. The fast Fourier transformation was applied to the computations.
The chemistry of alkyl dihalides in zeolite NaX at room temperature

Abstract Alkyl dihalides adsorbed in NaX zeolite undergo room temperature, substitutional dehalogenation, single dehydrohalogenation, combined dehalogenation–dehydrohalogenation, or two consecutive dehydrohalogenations. The preference for a particular reaction depends on the nature and relative positions of the halogens, and on alkyl chain length. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and mass spectrometric assignments to the reagents and products indicate the particular reactions taking place. All of the alkyl dihalides containing the iodo group (diiodoalkanes) studied (αα, αβ, α,γ) undergo only substitutional dehalogenation to form zeolite bound iodoalkoxy. The same chemistry was observed with both short and long chain diiodoalkanes. The dichloroalkane and dibromoalkane chemistry is dependent on the relative halogen positions and the alkyl chain length. The α, α dichloroalkanes and dibromoalkanes examined by us undergo single dehydrohalogenation, with the exception of 2,2-dichloropropane, which forms a mixture of dehydrohalogenation and substitutional dehalogenation products. The chemistry of α, β alkyl dihalides (Cl, Br) in NaX is dependent on the carbon chain length. The dihaloethanes (Cl, Br) undergo both substitutional dehalogenation and dehydrohalogenation. As the chain length increases to three carbon atoms or more, only dehydrohalogenation reactions take place. No alkyne products were observed with α, β dichloroalkanes and dibromoalkanes, an indication that NaX is too weak a base to initiate sequential dehydrohalogenations. The chemistry of α, γ dichloroalkanes and dibromoalkanes were also dependent on the chain length. The α, γ dihalopropanes (Cl, Br) in NaX form a propene-framework bound product, associated with dehydrohalogenation and subsequent substitutional dehalogenation. The α, γ dihalobutanes (Cl, Br) undergo two consecutive dehydrohalogenations to form dienes.
Single-Milking Yields versus 24-Hour Yields for Estimating Lactation Milk Production by the Test Interval Method

Abstract A total of 214,400 different estimates of lactation milk yield was obtained by the Test Interval Method from 536 actual lactations of Holstein cows by simulating five sampling plans, five test intervals, and 16 time spans from calving to first test per lactation. The five sampling plans were Official Dairy Herd Improvement, alternate am-pm, alternate pm-am, all-am, and all-pm. The test intervals were 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days. Time spans from calving to first test varied from three to 83 days. Daily milking intervals in this herd were 11 hours (am to pm) and 13 hours (pm to am). Important differences in bias and random variation in deviations of estimated lactation milk yield from true yield (obtained from summing individual milking weights) were caused by sampling plan, test interval, time span from calving to first test, and daily milking interval. It is apparent that milk yields estimated from alternate am-pm sampling plans will contain bias and random error greater than that found in the Official Dairy Herd Improvement plan, unless appropriate controls and adjustments can be incorporated into the alternate sampling plans to decrease errors. Further investigation into the causes of these increased biases and random errors and development of suitable controls and adjustments are needed.
Diaphragmatic performance during recovery from acute ventilatory failure in Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis

Diaphragmatic muscle performance during acute ventilatory failure due to Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis was assessed to evaluate (1) diaphragmatic function during weaning from ventilatory support and (2) diaphragmatic tension-time integral (TTdi) during ventilatory failure. We used a multilumen nasogastric tube and a pneumotachograph to measure transdiaphragmatic pressure per breath (Pdi), maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi max ), tidal volume (VT), and inspiratory time fraction during 74 spontaneous breathing trials in nine patients. Diaphragmatic performance was poor in all patients. The Pdi, Pdi max , and VT improved significantly, but values for Pdi and Pdi max remained low even after weaning. Improvement in Pdi max was the best predictor of recovery (r = 0.48; p max (r=0.48; p
Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase in rabbit mesenteric artery and vas deferens by catechol oestrogens

1. In the present study we have investigated the effects of oestrogens, catechol oestrogens, and catecholamines on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity derived from rabbit mesenteric artery and vas deferens. 2. Both catechol oestrogens, 2-hydroxyoestradiol (2OHE2) and 2-hydroxyoesterone (2OHE1), inhibited TH activity in mesenteric artery and vas deferens in a concentration-dependent manner with potencies that were higher than those for noradrenaline but lower than that for dopamine. 3. When added to the reaction medium along with increasing concentrations of a pterin cofactor (200 to 1,500 μmol/l DMPH4), the catechol oestrogens (200 μmol/l) increased the apparent K m for DMPH4 without altering the maximum velocity (V max) of the reaction. Similar results were obtained with the addition of noradrenaline (200 μmol/l) and dopamine (120 μ/mol). Apparent K i values obtained for the catecholamines and catechol oestrogens were within the same order of magnitude and varied from 30 μmol/l for dopamine and 2OHE2 to 183 μmol/l for 2OHE1. 4. Oestradiol (E2) and 2-methoxyoestradiol (2MeOE2), i.e., oestrogens that do not possess a catechol moiety, exhibited only weak inhibitory effects on TH activity. At the highest concentration tested (1 mmol/l), they did not reduce enzyme activity below 58% of control values. Kinetic analysis revealed that these two oestrogens did not consistently affect either the V max of hydroxylation or the K m for DMPH4. 5. It is concluded that catechol oestrogens inhibit TH activity with a potency comparable to noradrenaline and dopamine. This inhibition is by competition with the pterin cofactor. Oestrogens that to not possess a catechol moiety are not effective inhibitors of TH. It is suggested that this property of the catechol oestrogens is most likely to be physiologically relevant only in tissues that either can synthesize them in situ from precursor oestrogens or can accumulate sufficient amounts of circulating catechol oestrogens such as may occur during pregnancy.
New Transparent Flexible UV-Cured Films from Polyisobutylene-Polyisoprene Block Polymers

Abstract Novel polyisobutylene-polyisoprene (PIB-PIP) multiblock polymers have been synthesized and used for the preparation of UV-cured transparent flexible coatings. The block polymers were tailor-made by bidirectional living carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene (IB) followed by sequential isoprene (IP) addition. PIB-PIP multiblocks containing highly cyclized tr-1,4-PIP sequences were mixed with a bisazide and photocrosslinked. Epoxidized PIB-PIP blocks were blended with a cationic photoinitiator and UV-cured. Blocks having 23 mol% total PIP content and PIB segments of M n = 16,600 and 18,800, respectively, gave transparent flexible coatings with 45 kg/cm2 tensile strength and 450% elongation. The coatings exhibited good adhesion to aluminum and are expected to have excellent barrier properties due to the presence of PIB sequences.
Income distribution and firm formation

Abstract This paper investigates equilibria associated with alternative income-distribution schemes in economies where firm formation is endogenous. The income realizable by a firm depends upon the membership of the firm. An entrepreneurial equilibrium, where agents form and/or join firms so as to maximize their individual incomes, has firm structures that maximize aggregate income but does not have good existence properties. Two alternative equilibrium concepts that have better existence properties than the entrepreneurial equilibrium but weaker optimality properties are considered. The results are applied to the debate on the optimality of average-income-per-worker maximization within a market-socialist firm.
Diet-induced obesity attenuates cytokine production following an immune challenge.

Abstract Obesity increases susceptibility for numerous diseases and neurological disorders including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and dementia. One factor that may contribute to the increased risk for these conditions is the development of chronic inflammation. The current study evaluated whether diet-induced obesity (DIO) affects cognitive performance by increasing neuroinflammation and prolonging the behavioral and inflammatory response to an immune challenge. Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat (60% fat) or control diet (10% fat) for 2 or 5 months. After consuming their respective diets for two months, sickness associated behaviors were assessed 4 and 24 h after a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline injection. In a separate experiment, DIO and control mice were tested for spatial learning in the water maze and challenged with LPS one month later. Peripheral cytokine production was assessed in adipose and spleen samples and the neuroinflammatory response was assessed in hippocampal, cortical, and brain samples. DIO impaired acquisition of a spatial learning task relative to control mice. However, these deficits are unlikely to be related to inflammation as DIO showed no changes in basal cytokine levels within the periphery or brain. Further, in response to LPS DIO mice showed comparable or attenuated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 relative to control mice. DIO also reduced hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the pre-synaptic marker synaptophysin. Presently, the data indicate that DIO suppresses aspects of the immune response and that cognitive deficits associated with DIO may be related to reduced neurotrophic support rather than inflammation.
A signal model for GPS

As the development of GPS continues, there will be an increasing need for a software-centered signal model. This model must accurately generate the observed pseudorange that would typically be encountered. The observed pseudorange varies from the true geometric range because of range measurement errors, which stem from a variety of hardware and environmental factors. In this paper, these errors are classified as either deterministic or random, and, where appropriate, their models are summarized. Of particular interest is the model for Selective Availability, which was derived from actual GPS data. The procedure for determination of this model, known as system identification theory, is briefly outlined. The synthesis of these error sources into the final signal model is given, along with simulation results.
Validation study of a modern treatment algorithm for nipple discharge

Abstract Background Nipple discharge occurs in 2% to 5% of women. We evaluated the effectiveness of a previously proposed treatment algorithm for these patients. Methods Patients with pathologic nipple discharge and a negative mammogram and subareolar ultrasound were offered follow-up from 2005 to 2011 according to the algorithm. Results A total of 192 patients, mean age 56 years, were studied. Risk of carcinoma among the entire cohort was 5%. Breast surgeon was consulted for 142 (74%) patients: 48 (34%) underwent initial subareolar excision and 94 (66%) were clinically followed. The rate of carcinoma was 17% (8/48) after initial subareolar excision, 0% (0/13) for those without imaging abnormalities, 23% (8/35) with imaging abnormalities, and 1% (1/94) with clinical follow-up. Of patients who underwent follow-up, 21% ( n = 20) underwent subareolar excision because of imaging abnormality ( n = 1, 1%) or persistent discharge ( n = 19, 20%). Most patients had ductal carcinoma in situ ( n = 5, 56%). Conclusions Patients with nipple discharge can be prospectively identified based on radiographic findings and clinical examination for safe clinical follow-up. Most will have resolution avoiding a surgical procedure.
A Salmonella locus that controls resistance to microbicidal proteins from phagocytic cells

Facultative intracellular pathogens pose an important health problem because they circumvent a primary defense mechanism of the host: killing and degradation by professional phagocytic cells. A gene of the intracellular pathogen Salmonella typhimurium that is required for virulence and intracellular survival was identified and shown to have a role in resistance to defensins and possibly to other microbicidal mechanisms of the phagocyte. This gene may prove to be a regulatory element in the expression of virulence functions.
Optimal bundling strategy for digital information goods: network delivery of articles and subscriptions

Abstract The digitization and networking of information goods necessitate a rethinking of their production and distribution economics. An N-good bundling model with multi-dimensional consumer preferences is developed to study the key factors that determine the optimal bundling strategy. Using analytical and empirical methods, mixed bundling is established as the dominant (i.e. profit maximizing) strategy. Pure unbundling is also shown to outperform pure bundling, even in the presence of some degree of economies of scale, if consumers positively value only a subset of the bundle components, which is the predominant case in the academic journal context. These results provide strong incentives for academic journal publishers to engage in mixed bundling, i.e. offer both individual articles and journal subscriptions, when selling and delivering over the Internet.
Estimation of parameters in Belkin-Blumstein-Glass Models of the criminal justice system

Several mathematical models of the criminal justice system have been described by Belkin, Blumstein and Glass and by others. We show that such models can be fitted to data by use of the computational tool, quasilinearization. Initial estimates of recidivism parameters can be refined, and better predictions can be generated. The method extends to the estimation of virgin arrest rates on the basis of data on total arrests, as well as to more general feedback models and other differential- and integral-equation models.
Neutrino masses and mixing from hierarchy and symmetry

Abstract We construct a model that allows us to determine the three neutrino masses and the mass matrix directly from the experimental mass squared differences Δ atm and Δ sol , anticipating rational hierarchy ( μ m 1 / m 2 = m 2 / m 3 ) , μ ≈ 1 , and S3–S2 symmetry for the mixing matrix. We find that both the mass ratios and mixing angles are dominated by a parameter Λ. For the mixing angles, Λ = 1 / 6 ≈ 0.41 , is a Clebsch–Gordan coefficient. For the masses, the mass ratios depend on the experimental Δ atm and Δ sol and with most recent data, remarkably, we also obtain m 1 / m 2 = m 2 / m 3 = 0.41 = Λ . This possibly coincidental equality gives a simple mass matrix in the sin ( θ 13 ) = 0 limit. We find that with Δ sol = 8.2 × 10 −5 eV 2 , m 1 = 1.5 × 10 −3 eV , m 2 = 9.2 × 10 −3 eV and m 3 = 5.3 ( 5.5 ) × 10 −2 eV for Δ atm = 2.73 ( 2.95 ) × 10 −3 eV 2 . We obtain the mass matrix M and evaluate it's elements numerically for the presently ‘best fit’ solution in the allowed range for sin ( θ 13 ) . We find that all matrix elements are smaller than 0.03 eV. The only candidates for double texture zeroes are M e e and M e τ or M e μ (with θ 13 → − θ 13 ). The maximum effective mass for neutrinoless ββ decay is | m β β | max ≈ 8 × 10 −3 eV .
Geometric scaling effects in electrical field flow fractionation. 2. Experimental results.

Geometric scaling of microelectrical field flow fractionation (μ-EFFF) systems is investigated experimentally and compared to theory and to macroscale EFFF systems. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the miniaturized system operates according to the scaling theory associated with the system. Demonstrated improvements in the channels include increased retention and resolution and decreased peak broadening, electrical time constants, relaxation time, power consumption, and sample size. Additionally, scaling effects related to the compression of separation zones in the miniaturized EFFF systems are discussed.
Suppression of hepatic ribonuclease during phenobarbital stimulation of drug metabolism

Abstract Hepatic microsomal oxidative demethylase activity of phenobarbital-treated animals 1 or 3 days following 6 daily administrations of phenobarbital (100 mg/kg) was significantly (p 0.05) different from controls. Phenobarbital (2.3 mg/ml) did not inhibit ribonuclease activity following in , vitro additions to the assay system. These data suggest the possibility that induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by phenobarbital may be mediated in part through suppression of enzymes capable of degrading RNA.