cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The feature-positive effect in allocations of responsibility for collaborative tasks ☆

Abstract People commonly believe they have contributed more to collaborative tasks than others give them credit for. We distinguish between two types of contributions – additions (such as adding words to a co-authored paper) and deletions (such as removing extraneous words) – and show that individuals are especially prone to receive less credit from others than they believe they deserve when their contributions consist of taking something away rather than adding something. Participants who shortened some writing believed they improved it just as much as did participants who lengthened some, but were seen by others as having contributed less. Although one can hardly fail to notice one's own deletions, these contributions – like any contributions that, by their very nature, leave little trace of themselves – are easy for others to overlook.
A procedure for the accurate measurement of infrared dichroism of oriented film

A method is described for measuring directly the infrared dichroism spectrum of a film by use of a single-beam spectrometer. The method involves modulating the beam passing through the sample with a rotating polarizer rather than with a chopper. The a.c. response of a detector is then proportional to the difference between the principal absorbencies of the sample.
Atmospheric diffusion and chemical reaction of the chlorofluoromethanes CHFCl2 and CHF2Cl

Abstract The behavior of the chlorofluoromethanes CHFCl2 and CHF2Cl in the atmosphere is investigated. The rates of removal by rainout and hydrolysis are estimated to be negligible. Hydrogen abstraction by hydroxyl radicals appears to be an important mechanism for the removal of these compounds. Their photolysis can occur in the stratosphere only, where reactions with singlet oxygen atoms are also of interest. Calculations of reaction and diffusion in the atmosphere, up to 60km, are done, using two different sets of chemical and atmospheric data, as well as two different calculational procedures. The model calculations predict fluorocarbon fluxes at the tropopause ranging from 1 to 3% of the ground level input flux for CHFCl2, and from 4 to 12% of the ground level input flux for CHF2Cl.
Comparison of the mechanisms of hydrogenation by RF plasma and SiNx

In low temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) TFT's, the electrical characteristics are controlled by the inter- and intra-grain defects in the poly-silicon films. Hydrogen passivation is an effective way to reduce the density of these defects and can improve TFT's characteristics. In this study we investigated the characteristics of TFT's as a function of the hydrogenation time for two different hydrogenation techniques: H 2 /Ar plasma and PECVD silicon nitride film deposition. It was found that the characteristics of TFTs could be greatly improved after a very short period of time by both hydrogenation processes. In the H 2 /Ar RF plasma hydrogenation process, the characteristic parameters would be apparently improved within 30 min., and with only limited improvement after that. In the nitride hydrogenation process, the electrical characteristics of TFTs would be optimized within 5 min. of annealing, but started to degrade with longer annealing time. From these result, we concluded that the hydrogenation mechanism of these two techniques are very much different from each other.
Vascular Control During Pregnancy Extending Experimental Findings to Humans

It has been known for more than 50 years that estrogen increases blood flow to uterine tissue.1 2 Indeed, perhaps one of the most dramatic effects of hormones on modulation of a circulatory system is change in uterine blood flow during pregnancy. Much has been learned about mechanisms contributing to these changes in blood flow from studies performed in experimental animals. For example, observations of nonneuronal vasodilatory effects of acetylcholine in uterine arteries and the time course for modulation of this response by pregnancy and estrogen preceded discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factors.3 4 5 These original observations provided some of the first hints as to both an immediate, nongenomic and longer-term modulation of vascular responses by sex steroid hormones. Subsequently, nitric oxide was identified as one of the endothelium-derived factors modulated by estrogen in systemic blood vessels as well as blood vessels of the reproductive system.6 7 8 9 10 11 In this issue of Circulation Research , Nelson et al12 extend these observations by investigating expression of isoforms of nitric oxide synthase …
Separation distress in infant rhesus monkeys: effects of diazepam and Ro 15-1788.

Abstract Disruption of the primate mother-infant attachment bond is a naturally occuring stressor that results in marked behavioral, physiological, and endocrine activation. We studied the effect that altering benzodiazepine systems has on the behavioral and endocrine response of infant rhesus monkeys (1–27 weeks of age) to brief separation from their mothers. In the first experiment, the benzodiazepine agonist diazepam (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly increased locomotion and social behavior and decreased inactivity and distress vocalizations in infant monkeys undergoing separation. In the second experiment, the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 (5 and 10 mg/kg) had no significant effects on the infants' separation response. In the third experiment, administration of diazepam 1.0 mg/kg was followed by administration of Ro 15-1788 10 mg/kg in infants undergoing separation. Ro 15-1788 blocked the decreases both in inactivity and in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations caused by diazepam, suggesting that these effects are mediated through benzodiazepine receptors. These data support the hypothesis that in primates, endogenous benzodiazepine systems modulate the behavioral and endocrine response to the naturally occuring stress of separation.
Hybridization between 4f and conduction electrons and saturation of mixed valence in cerium-based systems

The increase in 4f--conduction-electron hybridization, as determined from deep-core photoemission studies, is compared with the increase in the mixed valence across the archetypal, continuously valence-variable system Ce(${\mathrm{Pd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${)}_{3}$, where T=Ag or Rh. No anomaly is observed in the hybridization near ${x}_{\mathrm{Rh}=0.2}$, where the mixed valence rather abruptly saturates. Instead, a linear relationship is found between the f-d hybridization and the volume of the unit cell. This finding is consistent with a recent model which explains the valence saturation in terms of thermodynamics.
Hemodynamic changes during endotracheal suctioning are mediated by increased autonomic activity.

Hemodynamic Changes during Endotracheal Suctioning Are Mediated by Increased Autonomic Activity
Late Hospitality: Kant, Radcliffe, and the Assassin at the Gate

In order to exemplify the terms that govern his interdiction against lying, Immanuel Kant has recourse to a familiar scenario from the history of moral philosophy: the assassin at the gate. Can one lie in order to redirect a murderer who pursues one's guest? This essay considers how Kant's commitment to truth-telling supersedes his commitment to hospitable practices, and suggests how the peculiarly inhospitable worlds of the gothic novel might depend upon a similar ethical exigency.But great crimes are paroxysms, the sight of which makes one whose soul is healthy shudder. (Immanuel Kant, Metaphysics of Morals 1797)
Gender determines ACTH recovery from hypercortisolemia in healthy older humans.

Objective Available clinical data raise the possibility that stress-adaptive mechanisms differ by gender. However, this notion has not been rigorously tested in relation to cortisol-mediated negative feedback.
Microwaves: the risks of risk research

After 40 years of work, the literature on the biological effects of exposure to low-level microwave energy remains shot through with ambiguity. Guidelines need to be established for halting risk research.
The Consequences of Welfare Reform for Women's Health: Issues of Concern for Community Health Nursing

Community health nurses confront the health effects of public policies on a daily basis, particularly with respect to low-income populations. Despite this, the effects of public policies are often attributed to problems that are more proximal in the environment than the broad-ranging scope of "public policy." This article1 argues the need for a broader perspective of environment that encompasses public policies, and provides an example of how specific aspects (time limits and the Medicaid eligibility process) of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 may have harmful consequences for the health of low-income women. Finally, implications for community health nursing practice and the need for further nursing research are reviewed.
An experimental study of the behavioral basis of sexual isolation between two sympatric plethodontid salamanders, Desmognathus imitator and D. ochrophaeus

Sexual isolation between two species of North American plethodontid salamanders (Desmognathus imitator and D. ochrophaeus) from a locality where they are sympatric was investigated by staging a series of 40 intraspecific and 40 interspecific sexual encounters. Only 5% of interspecific encounters resulted in insemination of the female, indicating a high degree of sexual isolation between these species (Stalker's index of sexual isolation = + 0.88). Behavioral observation revealed that, in 80% of interspecific sexual encounters, males apparently ignored heterospecific females and failed to initiate even the preliminary stage of courtship, during which the male actively pursues the female. Evidence of a role for chemical stimuli in maintaining sexual isolation was obtained in experiments in which males were exposed to different types of odors in a Y-maze olfactometer. Males of both D. imitator and D. ochrophaeus preferred conspecific over heterospecific female odor. This result supports the hypothesis that interspecific courtships fail because heterospecific females produce inappropriate chemical cues.
Expression of α-subunits of G proteins in failing human heart : a reappraisal utilizing quantitative polymerase chain reaction

Abstract A decrease in the density of the β 1 -adrenergic receptor and an increase in the functional activity of the G inhibitory protein G i accompany human heart failure; [ 1, 8 ] however, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for these changes are unclear. We previously reported that the steady-state levels of the mRNAs encoding both αG i -3 and αG s were significantly increased in failing human heart [ 4 ]. However, these results are not consistent with recent studies demonstrating that immunodetectable levels of αG proteins are not different in failing human hearts when compared with non-failing controls [ 6 ]. In addition, analysis of the 5′ flanking regions of αG i [ 10 ] and αG s [ 13 ] suggests that these two genes are unlikely to be co-regulated as their regulatory domains are quite different. Therefore, we hypothesized that the disparity between the measurements of αG protein gene expression and assessment of the actual levels of αG proteins might be due to technical limitations of the Northern blot technique utilized in previous studies for assessment of the mRNA levels; (i) cytoskeletal β-actin mRNA was used as a standard for normalization; and (ii) only relative levels of αG mRNAs were measured. The recent application of the polymerase chain reaction to quantification of mRNA levels in small quantities of human heart provided the tool with which to test this hypothesis [ 7 ]. When expressed in molecules of mRNA per microgram of total RNA, there were no differences in the levels of αG i and αG s mRNAs in failing human heart when compared with non-failing controls. Although steady-state levels of β 2 -adrenergic receptor and α-myosin heavy chain mRNAs were also unaltered in heart failure, there was a 60% reduction in cytoskeletal β-actin mRNA.
Facilities for using the FEL as a research tool

Abstract In this decade the FEL will be used as a tool for serious scientific research. Facilities which will exploit the unique capabilities of FELs are beginning to appear. Among the many issues which these facilities must address regarding the optical beam delivered to users are: stability (position, power, wavelength), quality (transverse mode, spectral purity), flexibility of micropulse and macropulse structure, ease of user control of operating parameters, and complementary experimental facilities. These issues will be explored in the context of some operating and some planned FEL facilities.
Hepatic uterus-like mass misdiagnosed as hepatic abscess.

Background. Hepatic endometriosis/uterus-like mass is rare and may be overlooked during hepatic cyst workups. We report a case of uterus-like mass, misdiagnosed as hepatic abscess. Case Report: A 4...
Intrinsic motivation, perceived competence and classroom engagement as longitudinal predictors of adolescent reading achievement

This study investigated the effects of intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, classroom engagement and extrinsic motivation on reading development among youth. Using a nationally representative sample of students in the US, the researchers followed students longitudinally from fifth to eighth grade. Reading achievement was measured using composite tests of vocabulary, reading comprehension and sight-word identification. Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the effect of students’ perceived intrinsic motivation and competence, as well as teacher rated classroom engagement in the 5th grade, on reading achievement in the 8th grade. Important control variables were utilised such as gender, family SES, race/ethnicity and prior reading achievement. The results showed that intrinsic motivation to read, perceived competence and engagement in 5th grade significantly predict reading achievement in 8th grade. The importance students placed upon grades also predicted reading development. Implicatio...
THE COGITO AND THE METAPHYSICS OF MIND

Descartes used the cogito to make two points the epistemological point that introspection affords us absolute certainty of our existence, and the metaphysical point that subjects are thinking things logically distinct from bodies. Most philosophers accept Descartes’s epistemological claim but reject his metaphysical claim. I argue that we cannot do this if the cogito works, then subjects are non-physical. Although I refrain from endorsing an argument for dualism based on this conditional, I discuss how such an argument would differ from the conceivability arguments pursued by Descartes in the Sixth Meditation and by contemporary philosophers. Unlike those arguments, this argument would not be refuted by the discovery of a posteriori identities between physical and phenomenological properties. In other words, it is possible to argue for substance dualism even if phenomenal properties are physical properties.
Christ and business: A typology for Christian business ethics

H. Richard Niebuhr's typology of the relation between Christ and culture can function as a heuristic device to identify different approaches to Christian business ethics. Five types are outlined: Christ Against Business, The Christ of Business, Christ Above Business, Christ and Business in Paradox, and Christ the Transformer of Business. This typology may facilitate discussion on the relative adequacy of various theological assumptions about ethical change in business.
Primary omphalomesenteric adrenocarcinoma with metastases to the brian

The fifth case of primary adenocarcinoma of the omphalomesenteric (vitellointestinal) duct is presented with long survival after initial resection and subsequent metastases to the brain. This is the first reported case of brain metastases from this rare tumor.
Descriptive morphology of developing fetal neostriatal allografts in the rhesus monkey: a correlated light and electron microscopic Golgi study.

Abstract Primate fetal striatal neurons were transplanted into the ibotenic acid lesioned rhesus monkey striatum. Ten weeks after transplantation the monkeys were transcardially perfused and graft tissue was histologically stained, Golgi impregnated, and processed for electron microscopy. The monkeys received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans before lesioning, after lesioning, and ten weeks after transplantation to noninvasively study the striatal grafts. The study demonstrated that fetal striatal grafts, measuring up to 0.4 × 0.8 cm, can survive for extended periods of time in the non-human primate. Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections of the transplant demonstrated that neuronal, glial, vascular, and lymphocytic cells were present in the graft. The majority of the neurons had somatic diameters between 8 and 20 μm and were characterized by nuclei containing multiple nucleoli. A few neurons within the graft had somatic diameters up to 40 μm. These larger neurons exhibited more mature cytoplasm containing a moderate amount of Nissl substance. Some of the blood vessels within the graft were surrounded by a large number of plasma cells, but there was no evidence of hemorrhage or necrosis. Bielschowsky staining and Golgi impregnation of the transplanted tissue demonstrated that there were neurons at various degrees of differentiation. Some of the neurons had varicose dendrites, growth cones, and filopodia, which are all characteristics of immature neurons, while others had a much more mature appearance, including a moderate number of dendritic spines. Some of these neurons had an appearancetypical of differentiating “medium spiny” neurons of the normal striatum. Electron microscopic analysis of the transplanted tissue and individual Golgi-impregnated neurons within the transplant confirmed that there were developing neurons within the graft. These neurons had an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and had nuclei containing multiple nucleoli. The neuropil surrounding these neurons was loosely organized and contained large areas of extracellular space. The neuropil exhibited developing dendrites, numerous growth cones, and mature synapses. In summary, the study demonstrated that fetal striatal allografts can survive for up to three months in the rhesus monkey and undergo normal differentiation as assessed by Golgi impregnation and electron microscopy.
Perirhinal cortex supports acquired fear of auditory objects

Abstract Damage to rat perirhinal cortex (PR) profoundly impairs fear conditioning to 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), but has no effect on fear conditioning to continuous tones. The most obvious difference between these two sounds is that continuous tones have no internal temporal structure, whereas USVs consist of strings of discrete calls separated by temporal discontinuities. PR was hypothesized to support the fusion or integration of discontinuous auditory segments into unitary representations or “auditory objects”. This transform was suggested to be necessary for normal fear conditioning to occur. These ideas naturally assume that the effect of PR damage on auditory fear conditioning is not peculiar to 22 kHz USVs. The present study directly tested these ideas by using a different set of continuous and discontinuous auditory cues. Control and PR-damaged rats were fear conditioned to a 53 kHz USV, a 53 kHz continuous tone, or a 53 kHz discontinuous tone. The continuous and discontinuous tones matched the 53 kHz USV in terms of duration, loudness, and principle frequency. The on/off pattern of the discontinuous tone matched the pattern of the individual calls of the 53 kHz USV. The on/off pattern of the 50 kHz USV was very different from the patterns in the 22 kHz USVs that have been comparably examined. Rats with PR damage were profoundly impaired in fear conditioning to both discontinuous cues, but they were unimpaired in conditioning to the continuous cue. The implications of this temporal discontinuity effect are explored in terms of contemporary ideas about PR function.
Genetics and genomics of Sjögren's syndrome: research provides clues to pathogenesis and novel therapies.

Purpose Although the key inciting events that drive the progression from autoantibodies to clinical disease remain to be clarified, new light has been shed on the factors contributing to disease susceptibility and the role of genetic factors in determining Sjogren's syndrome (SS) disease phenotypes. The purpose of this article is to provide an update on the role of genetic markers in the susceptibility to and pathogenesis of SS. This article also discusses how genomic and proteomic technology can help in the design of specific therapeutics. Key findings Recent evidence suggests that inflammatory genes associated with interferon pathways, and specific regulatory genes that control the maturation and proliferation of B cells, contribute to the pathogenesis of SS. Both gene expression profiling technology and gene association studies have been used to identify these key biological pathways. Molecularly, defined subsets of pSS patients are also being revealed by these studies. Previously, identified gene loci that predispose to multiple autoimmune disorders have been confirmed supporting the paradigm of “general” autoimmune disease genes. Association of SS with many additional susceptibility loci are likely to be established through ongoing genome-wide association scans (GWAS). Clues from genetic studies suggest that targeting B cells will prove to be an effective way of reducing the systemic manifestations of pSS and are supported by early clinical trials. Summary Genome-wide technologies are likely to identify new genes and molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of SS that will be useful not only to identify patients at risk for SS, but also to identify subsets of patients at risk for variable levels of disease severity. In the future, these studies could identify novel biomarkers that will lead to significant advances in management by providing the means to tailor therapeutic strategies to individual patients.
Measurements of energy distributions and yields of neutral Cu2 and Cu3 species sputtered from Cu by low energy Ar+ ions

Abstract Polycrystalline copper was bombarded by normally incident, very low energy argon ions (E0 = 100–1000 eV). The translational kinetic energy distributions and relative yields of neutral Cu2 and Cu3 species sputtered normally from the copper surface were measured using a secondary neutral mass spectrometer. The energy distribution of a given species (Cu2 or Cu3) was found to be approximately constant in shape for 600 E ) were in the order: E (Cu 1 ) > E (Cu 2 ) > E (Cu 3 ) . E (Cu 2 ) increased with increasing bombarding ion energy. The relat depend on the total sputtering yield of copper squared and the relative yield of Cu3 on the total yield cubed. The measured polyatomic energy distributions and relative yields indicate that a multiple-collision process is responsible for sputtered neutral metallic cluster formation in this system.
H-2 antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells induced by concanavalin A: estimation of their relative frequency.

Specific and nonspecific lysis of DBA/2 (H-2d) mastocytoma cells, P815, by concanavalin A (Con A)-induced cytotoxic T cells was studied. In the assay for nonspecific lysis, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was present to glue the target and killer cells together. We have presented evidence previously to show that PHA reveals only, and all, cytotoxic T cells. In the assay for specific lysis the only glue present was specific receptors on a fraction of the killer cells and surface antigens of P815. We show that when PHA was present, Con A-induced cells which were syngeneic, semi-syngeneic, or allogeneic, lysed P8 15 very efficiently in a 4-h51Cr release assay. However, only Con A-induced T cells which were allogeneic and did not carry H-2d lysed P815 when the assay was carried out in the absence of PHA. In an experiment with two target cells, Con A-induced B10 (H-2b) T cells lysed B 10.D2 (H-2d) targets specifically but did not lyse B10 targets, while Con A- induced B10.D2 T cells lysed B10 targets specifically but not B10.D2 targets. Furthermore, Con A-induced B6 (H-2b) T cells from normal mice lysed P815 specifically but Con A-induced B6 T cells from irradiated F1(B6 × BALB/c) (H-2b/d) mice reconstituted with B6 bone marrow did not lyse P815 specifically. A fraction of Con A-induced T cells therefore appear to bear specific surface receptors for nonself H-2 coded structures. We describe conditions of assay and a new method of plotting the results such that nonspecific (PHA-revealed) and specific (PHA-independent) cytotoxicity can be quantitatively compared. We conclude that 1–4 % of the total Con A-induced cytotoxic effector T cells are directed against any particular foreign H-2 haplotype. This is the first estimate of the relative frequency of antigen-reactive cytotoxic T cells.
Leadership and Corporate Audit Committee Effectiveness

Audit committees are standing committees of corporate boards of directors with responsibility for overseeing the company's annual audit and coordinating the efforts of external auditors, senior man...
GLOBAL POVERTY: ACADEMICS AND PRACTITIONERS RESPOND

Abstract Concern about global poverty has recently been increasing in public and private circles and in the church. However, we must recognize that poverty is complex and multidimensional, and solutions will be also. Our solutions need to embody good stewardship by understanding the needs, interests, and incentives of poor communities. Thenacademics and practitioners can partner together, combining their knowledge and experience to research, design, and evaluate effective poverty reduction programs. Supporting efforts that embrace research and evaluation as tools for good stewardship will help generosity translate into real help for poor people.
An operational framework for value-passing processes

This paper develops a semantic framework for concurrent languages with value passing. An operation analogous to substitution in the l-calculus is given, and a semantics is given for a value-passing version of Milner's Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS). An operational equivalence is then defined and shown to coincide with Milner's (early) bisimulation equivalence. We also show how semantics maybe given for languages with asynchronous communication primitives. In contrast with existing approaches to value passing, this semantics does not reduce data exchange to pure synchronization over (potentially infinite) families of ports indexed by data, and it avoids variable renamings that are not local to processes engaged in communication.
Global engineering: Cyber security, BRICs, and culture

This paper discusses our approach to a global engineering course at Bucknell University in the Spring semester of 2010–2011. The format or course-plan for the course is presented, along with suggested improvements for an expanded version covering two semesters. The course takes a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on the resources of several academic departments at Bucknell University, and presents its content in a series of stand-alone sessions or modules. These sessions were not necessarily connected to each other regarding content; instead, they were meant to provide knowledge outside of engineering which the global engineer of the 21st century needs to be aware of, but would not normally encounter in the usual course of the engineering curriculum.
Finite size effects in nucleation processes

Abstract We have used Monte Carlo simulations to study the scaling relations describing submonolayer nucleation N ∝ F y D x θ z as a function of system size L (where N is the nucleated island density, D the diffusion coefficient, F the flux rate, θ the coverage). For island size distributions that obey scaling, the island density N can be easily related to the step density, S D . A simple model of critical size cluster i c = 1 is used. For a given system size L there is a minimum ( D F ) min ratio where scaling breaks down with x = y = 0. These considerations are relevant to systems with low terrace diffusion barrier or small substrate terraces.
Physical activity as a substitute for sedentary behavior in youth

Background: Youth may choose to be sedentary rather than physically active.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use behavioral economics methods to investigate how experimental changes in the amount of sedentary behaviors influenced physical activity.Methods: Fifty-eight 8-to 16-year-old youth were studied in a within-subject crossover design with three 3-week phases: baseline, increasing, and decreasing targeted sedentary behaviors by 25% to 50%.Results: At baseline, boys were more active than girls (518.9 vs. 401.2 accelerometer counts/min, p = .02), and obese youth more sedentary than nonobese youth (240.5 vs. 174.4 min/day, p = .003). During the increase sedentary behavior phase, targeted sedentary behaviors increased by 52.1%, with girls increasing sedentary behaviors more than boys (114.7 vs. 79.8 min/day, p = .04). Physical activity decreased (−48.3 counts/min, p < .01) when sedentary behaviors increased, with obese youth decreasing total and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) more than nonobese youth (−110.4 vs. 8.9 counts/min, p < .001; −3.3 vs. −.03%MVPA, p = .013). During the decrease sedentary behavior phase, targeted sedentary behaviors decreased by 55.6% from baseline as nonobese youth increased physical activity, whereas obese youth decreased physical activity (55.8 vs. −48.0 counts/min, p = .042; 1.1 vs. −2.1 % MVPA, p = .021). Youth who substituted physical activity when sedentary behaviors were increased had greater standardized body mass index (z-body mass index = 1.4 vs. 0.4, p = .018), whereas youth who substituted physical activity when sedentary behaviors were decreased were less active at baseline (396.1 vs. 513.7 counts/min, p = .035).Conclusions: Behavioral economics provides a methodology to understand changes in physical activity when sedentary behaviors are modified and to identify factors associated with substitution of physically active for sedentary behaviors.
Path restoration with QoS and label constraints in MPLS networks

In this paper we investigate traffic engineering for fault restoration techniques in multiprotocol label switching networks carrying QoS and best effort traffic. We consider off-line computation of the working and backup paths for the QoS traffic as well as the paths for the best effort traffic. Two cases of 1+1 and 1:1 path protection are considered. Our algorithms allow for control on the size of the label space for each node in the network. In addition, explicit routes can be accommodated supporting both node and link affinity.
Haplo-cord Transplantation: Overcoming the Limitations of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Transplantation (UCBT)

The low cell dose in umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation (UCBT) can be a limiting factor for engraftment, and is associated with a higher incidence of infection. The infusion of UCB cells with CD34-selected donor stem cells from an adult typically results in rapid hematopoietic recovery from adult donor cells that are over time replaced by definitive hemato- and lymphopoiesis from the cord blood graft. Initially pioneered by Fernandez and colleagues in Spain, this technology is now being implemented in several centers. Clinical trial data from Europe and the USA will be presented in this chapter. Combination UCB and haploidentical transplants are an exciting new strategy to improve transplant outcomes.
A supramolecular approach to zwitterionic alkaline metal silanides and formation of heterobimetallic silanides.

Incorporating pendant polydonor groups is key to the synthesis and isolation of a series of novel and truly zwitterionic alkaline metal silanides of formula {Si[SiMe2O(CH2)nOMe]3}M (n = 2, 3; M = Li, Na, K) that can easily be converted into heterobimetallic silanides.
The Affordable Care Act's dependent coverage provision and young adults with psychiatric disorders.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) includes a number of provisions aimed at expanding health insurance coverage in the United States. Most attention has focused on the Medicaid eligibility expansions and the creation of state-based health insurance exchanges with subsidies to help individuals with lower incomes purchase policies. However, the ACA’ sr equirement that insurers allow young adults ages 19–25 to remain enrolled as dependents on their parents’ insurance policies is a key component of the law’s efforts to expand coverage and has the potential to be a particularly important means of improving access to mental health services. Effective September 23, 2010, the dependent coverage provision offered away forthe federal government toextend coverage toan estimated 3 millionyoung adults as of 2011 (1), 3 years before the other coverage provisions were implemented and at no cost to the federal government. Advocates hoped that the dependent coverage provision would expand access to health care, including mental health services, to a population with the highest rate of uninsurance of any age
Detection of cadmium-binding proteins in fish chronically exposed to heavy metals

Studies were undertaken to determine the presence of cadmium-binding proteins in fish from a metal-contaminated flyash disposal pond and relatively uncontaminated hatchery ponds. Fractionation of gill cytosolic proteins by gel filtration indicated three classes of cadmium-binding proteins. While no cadmium was detected in the metallothionein (MT)-like fraction of the hatchery fish, 1% of the cytosolic cadmium was detected in this fraction for ash pond fish. Cadmium concentrations in the flyash pond were previously reported as ranging from 0.30 to 0.98 μg/L. This level of exposure may be insufficient to induce significant biosynthesis of MT-like proteins.
Optimal coding rate selection for 3D video using RCPC codes

Summary form only given. We study the problem of error-resilient transmission of video data at very low bit rates, using unequal error protection (UEP). In particular, we consider a theoretical framework for the selection of parameters for optimal allocation of redundancy when of the protection method is based on rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes, over an AWGN channel. The theoretical results were found to be similar with optimal rate allocation and quantization in traditional lossy data compression, where transmission problems are not considered.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is an adhesion.

Abstract Exoenzyme S from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied as an adhesion for glycosphingolipids and buccal cells. Binding of exoenzyme S to gangliotriosylceramide (GalNAc beta 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), gangliotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-3 GalNAcT beta 1-4 Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), and lactosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer) separated on thin-layer chromatograms was observed. Binding curves for exoenzyme S with dilutions of gangliotetraosylceramide immobilized on plastic plates were similar to previously reported results for the intact bacteria. Binding of exoenzyme S to sialylated counterparts of these glycosphingolipids was not seen, indicating that the addition of a sialic acid residue interferes with binding. Exoenzyme S and monoclonal antibody to exoenzyme S inhibit the binding of P. aeruginosa to buccal cells. The presence of exoenzyme S on the surface of P. aeruginosa was detected by immunogold labeling of bacteria with antibodies to exoenzyme S. Results of these studies led us to conclude that exoenzyme S is an important adhesion of P. aeruginosa.
On a Radial Wall Jet Formed by a Normally-Impinging Round Synthetic Jet

The ow eld of a radial wall jet created by the impingement of a round synthetic jet, normal to a at surface is studied in this paper. The ensuing radial wall jet is characterized using hot-wire anemometry. The wall jet is observed to exhibit self-similar behavior as distinguished by the collapse of the outer mean velocity proles, when the radial velocity, and axial coordinate are scaled by the maximum velocity (um), and outer layer half width (z1=2) respectively. While recognizing the lack of a single velocity and length scale across both the inner and outer layers, it is proposed that radial wall jets due to synthetic jet impingement, may be modeled using similarity analysis, just as radial wall jets caused by continuous jet impingement are. The dierence being, the adjustment of a single empirically determined parameter, that is reective of the enhanced momentum transfer capacity of a synthetic jet. The growth rate of the outer layer is observed to be linear, with the maximum velocity decaying as x 1 . An increase in driving amplitude (Vd) which translates into a simultaneous increase in both the stroke ratio (L=d), and Reynolds number (ReUo) associated with the synthetic jet actuator, results in an increase in the spreading rate, and decrease in the velocity decay rate of the wall jet.
The Role of Intracarotid Cold Saline Infusion on a Theoretical Brain Model Incorporating the Circle of Willis and Cerebral Venous Return

This study describes a theoretical model of brain cooling by intracarotid cold saline infusion which takes into account redistribution of cold perfusate through the circle of Willis (CoW) and cold venous return (VR) from the head. This model is developed in spherical coordinates on a four tissue layer hemispherical geometrical configuration. Temperature evolution is modeled according to the Pennes bioheat transfer equation. Simulations were run over a 1 hour period and 30 ml/min of freezing cold saline with the baseline model (no VR, no CoW), VR model (without CoW), and CoW model (with VR). The VR model demonstrates continuing temperature drop in the treatment region of the brain not observed in the baseline model and its final mean ipsilateral anterior temperature was approximately 31 degC. The temperature effect in the CoW model was present but less robust in the ipsilateral anterior region, as final temperature was 32 degC. However, cooling was also achieved in contralateral and posterior brain regions. This model continues to demonstrate the feasibility of intracarotid cold saline infusion for ischemic stroke therapy.
140 Million Forgotten Consumers—The Life Insurance Policyholders of America

The life insurance disclosure movement has focused almost entirely on point-of-sale disclosure, to the virtual exclusion of post-sale disclosure. Life insurance companies are therefore under pressure to provide attractive point-of-sale information. Some of the methods used to achieve this objective adversely affect long-time policyholders. Emphasis should be placed on the need for post-sale disclosure, and policyholders should be educated on how to perform their own evaluations. Publicity should be given to companies whose actions improve the position of long-time policyholders, and to companies whose actions adversely affect long-time policyholders.
Classification of layered tissue phantoms for detection of changes in epithelial tissue below the surface using a stochastic decomposition model for scattered signal

This paper answers the question of whether it is possible to detect changes inside epithelium layered structures using a Stochastic Decomposition Method (SDM) [1, 2] that models the scattered light reflected from the layered structure over an area ( 2-D scan) illuminated by an optical sensor (fiber) emitting light at either one wavelength or with white light. Our technique correlates the differential changes in the reflected tissue texture with the morphological and physical changes that occur in the tissue occurring below the surface of the structure. This work has great potential in detecting changes in mucosal structures and may lead to enhanced endoscopy when the disease is developing to the below the surface and hence becoming hidden during colonoscopy or endoscopic examination. Tests are performed on layered tissue phantoms and the results obtained show great effectiveness of the model and method in picking up changes in the morphology of the layered tissue phantoms occurring below the surface (greater than 0.6mm deep).
Balloon angioplasty as a treatment of failing infrainguinal autologous vein bypass grafts.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of balloon angioplasty in the treatment of failing infrainguinal vein bypass (IVB) grafts. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing revision of a failing IVB graft by vascular surgeons at a tertiary care center from 1990 to 2001was performed. Failing bypass grafts were identified by routine duplex scan surveillance and physical examination. The criteria for endovascular intervention varied on the basis of surgeon preferences and time period; factors considered when choosing balloon angioplasty included significant comorbidities that precluded operative intervention, the lack of adequate conduit for surgical revision, or poor accessibility of the stenotic lesion. Data recorded included demographic patient data, type of IVB graft, patency status, further procedures performed, and all complications and mortalities. Cumulative primary and assisted patency rates were calculated by using Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis. Results A total of 45 balloon angioplasties were performed in 36 patients. There were 36 angioplasties of vein bypass grafts, and additional balloon angioplasties were performed on nine of these patients. Locations of IVB grafts included femoropopliteal (13 patients), femorodistal (13), and popliteal to distal (10). Initial success was achieved in 33 of 36 vein bypass grafts (91.7%). In these bypass grafts, the stenotic lesions were identified and treated at the proximal anastomosis (3 patients), mid-bypass graft (6 patients), and distal anastomosis (27 patients). Autogenous vein was used for all bypass grafts. Cumulative vein bypass graft (life-table analysis) primary patency rates (those free of occlusion or bypass graft threatening stenosis) were 74.2% at 6 months, 62.7% at 12 months, and 58.2% at 24 months. Repeat interventions included surgical thrombectomy with vein patch angioplasty or bypass graft revision, as well as repeat balloon angioplasty with or without thrombolysis. Cumulative assisted vein bypass graft patency rates (those free of occlusion or bypass graft threatening stenosis) were 87.0%, 83.2%, and 78.9% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Two patients (4%) developed thigh hematomas; no other procedure-related complications were noted, and there were no deaths in the perioperative period. Conclusion Balloon angioplasty of failing infrainguinal vein bypass grafts can be successfully performed with a low rate of complications. Acceptable short-term patency can be achieved. This procedure should be considered as an initial option in failing IVB grafts.
Would the Dream of Political Equality Turn out to Be a Nightmare

Studies of citizen participation often assume that widespread and equal participation is beneficial for democracy. This article examines the arguments for and against equal citizen participation: although it may lead to lower-quality participation-less informed, less supportive of democracy-it also leads to a distortion of the needs and preferences of citizens as they are communicated into the political process.
Immunohistochemical expression of endometrial L-selectin ligand is higher in donor egg recipients with embryonic implantation

Objective To correlate L-selectin ligand (LSL) expression in human endometrium with embryonic implantation. Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting University-based fertility center. Patient(s) Donor egg recipients (DERs) who underwent programmed hormonal replacement for ET with prior mock cycle luteal phase endometrial biopsy. Intervention(s) Immunohistochemical expression of LSL using MECA-79 antibody was examined. Slides were scored with a new scoring system, the IHC-Level (range 0–4) as follows: strength of staining—absent (0), weak (1), or strong (2); plus distribution of staining—absent (0), 50% (2). Cellular apex and cytoplasm were scored independently in both the endometrial glandular and surface epithelium. Main Outcome Measure(s) Endometrial LSL expression in pregnant versus nonpregnant patients. Result(s) MECA-79 IHC-Level of the apex of surface epithelium was significantly higher for pregnant versus nonpregnant DERs (3.8 vs. 3.4). When controlling for embryo morphology, there continues to be a significant difference in apex score on surface epithelium (3.8 vs. 3.3, respectively). The new scoring system results correlated with an established scoring system, the HSCORE. Conclusion(s) We demonstrate significantly higher expression of LSL at the apex of human endometrial surface epithelium obtained from DERs with embryonic implantation. Furthermore, we present the IHC-Level, a method of evaluating immunohistochemistry that may be applied to other markers of endometrial receptivity.
Improving Oral Hygiene with Videotape Modeling

Two experiments designed to evaluate a videotape modeling procedure for improving toothbrushing performance in Head Start youngsters are presented. The effects of toothbrushing were measured by the...
A systems-theoretic model of a biological circuit for molecular communication in nanonetworks

Abstract Recent advances in synthetic biology, in particular towards the engineering of DNA-based circuits, are providing tools to program man-designed functions within biological cells, thus paving the way for the realization of biological nanoscale devices, known as nanomachines. By stemming from the way biological cells communicate in the nature, Molecular Communication (MC), i.e., the exchange of information through the emission, propagation, and reception of molecules, has been identified as the key paradigm to interconnect these biological nanomachines into nanoscale networks, or nanonetwork. The design of MC nanonetworks built upon biological circuits is particularly interesting since cells possess many of the elements required to realize this type of communication, thus enabling the design of cooperative functions in the biological environment. In this paper, a systems-theoretic modeling is realized by analyzing a minimal subset of biological circuit elements necessary to be included in an MC nanonetwork design where the message-bearing molecules are propagated via free diffusion between two cells. The obtained system-theoretic models stem from the biochemical processes underlying cell-to-cell MC, and are analytically characterized by their transfer functions, attenuation and delay experienced by an information signal exchanged by the communicating cells. Numerical results are presented to evaluate the obtained analytical expressions as functions of realistic biological parameters.
Crafting precise multivalent architectures

Multivalency is a powerful strategy in molecular pharmacology that can establish high-affinity binding between multiple conjoined ligands and corresponding biomolecular targets. Recent advances in chemical synthesis techniques have enabled the development of elaborate two-dimensional multivalent displays appended on natural or synthetic molecular scaffolds. These constructs have the potential to address disease targets that otherwise may be classified as ‘undruggable.’ In this review, synthetic strategies to generate and functionalize different classes of scaffolds are evaluated. Particular focus is placed on crafting multivalent assemblies that occupy a ‘middle space’ of molecular weight, along with a consideration of their potential applications in pharmacology.