cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High total histone deoxyribonucleic acid ratios for rat liver nuclei.

The ratios of total histone to DNA for rat liver nuclei isolated by four methods as well as for calf liver nuclei isolated by one method were determined by obtaining the ratios of the total areas of the electrophoretic histone peaks for the liver nuclei to the corresponding total area given by a known amount of standard calf thymus histone. Ratios of total histone to DNA of approx. 2 for rat liver nuclei isolated at pH3.8 or 5.8 and for calf liver nuclei isolated at pH3.8 were confirmed twice by the above procedure and also by direct measurement, by the method of Lowry et al. (1951), of histone extracted in 0.2m-H2SO4. The histones of calf thymus, calf liver and rat liver were characterized by their amino acid compositions and by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.
Problems of autonomous agents following informal, open-textured rules

Abstract Autonomous artificial agents—especially those who interact with other intelligent agents—must make use of informal open-textured rules (IORs), which may express ethical guidelines for behavior, national or international law, or broad moral principles. The design, deployment, and interpretation of IORs, however, are far from a trivial task. Here, we argue that the problems of IORs are unavoidable and should be taken seriously. Drawing from examples in law and statutory interpretation, we describe how the meaning of IORs is constructed through highly context-dependent “interpretive arguments.” Lastly, we summarize the future work that deals with the problems of IORs and briefly summarize aspects of our current work in this area.
Strategic Exploration: Preemption and Prioritization

This paper provides a model of strategic exploration in which two competing players simultaneously explore a set of alternatives over time to study search dynamics, payoff divisions, and distributions of discovery time. The strategic tension is between preemption, i.e., the incentive to covertly explore alternatives that the opponent will explore in future, and prioritization, i.e., the incentive to explore alternatives with the highest success probabilities. We show that players randomize over the same set of alternatives that expands over time, duplicating each other’s explorations from start to finish. When players are symmetric in their speed of exploration, equilibrium strategies are greedy. In the asymmetric case, the weak player’s strategy is greedy, but the strong player randomizes over alternatives with different posteriors and captures a share of payoff disproportionately larger than his share of exploration capacity. The weak player conducts extensive instead of intensive exploration, i.e., he covers as many alternatives as the strong player does but never explores any alternative with cumulative probability one. The overall discovery time decreases in asymmetry in the first-order stochastic dominance sense.
A comparative study evaluating improvements in nutritional status and zinc deficiency by oral and enteral versus parenteral nutrition in elderly inpatients discharged from the internal medicine department of an emergency hospital

Aim The controlling nutrition status (CONUT) score assesses the nutritional status of subjects by considering the serum albumin level, total lymphocyte count, and total cholesterol level. We estimated the efficacy of total parenteral nutrition for improving the nutritional status and zinc deficiency. Methods In total, 493 elderly inpatients who were admitted to the internal medicine department of an emergency hospital over 7 years were divided into 2 groups: patients who were discharged (320 patients) and those who died in the hospital (173 patients). The discharged patients were further divided to four groups according time of discharge from the hospital; oral nutrition, enteral nutrition, peripheral parenteral nutrition, and total parenteral nutrition. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), we compared the albumin and zinc levels and the CONUT score within 10 days post-admission and before discharge from the hospital. Results Japanese society is rapidly aging. In patients who were leaving the hospital, the CONUT score improved with oral and enteral nutrition. The zinc level improved with oral, enteral, peripheral parenteral, and total parenteral nutrition. While the nutritional status of patients at the time of discharge improved with oral and enteral nutrition, total parenteral nutrition without oral or enteral nutrition did not improve the status. Conclusion To discharge patients alive, efforts must be made to continue oral and enteral nutrition for as long as possible.
Investigating new CT contrast agents: a phantom study exploring quantification and differentiation methods for high-Z elements using dual-energy CT.

To develop a dual-energy CT method for differentiating and quantifying high-Z contrast elements and to evaluate the limitations based on element concentration and atomic number by using an anthropomorphic phantom study. Mass spectrometry standards for iodine, barium, gadolinium, ytterbium, tantalum, gold, and bismuth were diluted from 10.0 to 0.3 mg/mL, placed inside 7-mL vials, and scanned with dual-energy CT using an abdominal phantom and cylindrical water-filled insert. This procedure was repeated with all seven high-Z elements at six isoattenuating values from 250 to 8 HU. Quantification accuracy was measured using a linear regression model and residual error analysis with 90% limits of agreement. The limit of detection for each element was evaluated using the limit of blank of water. Pairwise differentiation of isoattenuating vials was evaluated using AUC values and the difference in fit angles between the two elements. Each high-Z element had a unique concentration vector in a two-dimensional plot of Compton scattering versus photoelectric effect attenuations. Mean quantification values were within ± 0.1 mg/mL of the true values for each element with no proportional bias. Limits of detection ranged from 0.35 to 0.56 mg/mL. Pairwise differentiations were proportional to the isoattenuating HU and the angle between the linear fits with mean AUC values increasing from 0.61 to 0.98 at 8 to 250 HU, respectively. Dual-energy CT can differentiate and quantify isoattenuating high-Z elements. The high-attenuation characteristics and unique concentration vectors of ytterbium, tantalum, gold, and bismuth are well suited for new dual-energy CT contrast agents especially when simultaneously imaged with iodine, barium, or gadolinium. • Dual-energy CT can accurately quantify high-Z contrast elements and readily differentiate iodine, barium, and gadolinium from ytterbium, tantalum, gold, and bismuth. • The differentiation and quantification capabilities for high-Z contrast elements are largely unaffected by phantom size and transaxial location within the phantom. • Potential benefits of new CT contrast agents based on these high-Z elements include alternatives for patients with iodine sensitivity, high conspicuity at both 120 and 140 kVp, simultaneous imaging of two contrast agents, and reduced injection volume.
Nontender Rash on the Soles of the Feet in a Febrile Adult.

A patient with multiple medical conditions presented with nonpurulent cellulitis and MRSA bacteremia.
Cross-Sectional Study of Bowel Symptoms in Adults With Cerebral Palsy: Prevalence and Impact on Quality of Life

Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence and type of bowel symptoms, and their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting Urban, outpatient rehabilitation facility. Participants Adults with CP (N=91; 46 men, 45 women; mean age, 36y; age range, 18–79y). Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participants were interviewed using standardized instruments to assess the frequency and types of bowel dysfunction. The International Consultation of Incontinence Questionnaire–Bowel was used to assess bowel incontinence and impact on quality of life, and constipation presence was determined using the Rome III criteria for constipation. Constipation symptoms were rated by the Patient Assessment of Constipation–Symptom Scale. Participants' mobility status was classified using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Interactions between mobility measures, anthropometric measures, and bowel symptoms were assessed. Results Of the 91 participants enrolled, 62.6% were GMFCS IV or V. Twenty-eight participants (30.8%) reported severe difficulty with control of liquid stool (rating never or rarely); these participants were more likely to have a greater GMFCS level ( P =.0004). Twenty-six participants (28.6%) reported that bowel function caused embarrassment some/most/all of the time. Fifty-nine participants (64.8%) met criteria for chronic constipation, which did not differ by GMFCS levels. Overall, 57.1% of participants reported that bowel symptoms interfered with life; 40.7% reported moderate to severe interference. Conclusions Bowel symptoms were frequent, a source of embarrassment, and impacted HRQOL in these adults with CP. Addressing bowel-related symptoms has the potential to improve HRQOL in these adults.
Aligned carbon nanotube membranes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses carbon nanotube membrane, which relies on three critical components: chemical selectivity at the entrance to the pore to attract ions of interest and exclude others, molecular interactions along the length of the pore to induce hydrogen bond ordering of the solvent, and signaling from within the cell to control the conformation of the protein at the exit of the pore. The efforts to form the basis of an artificial ion channel using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and containing the four critical components are also described in the chapter. Membrane-based separation processes have many applications ranging from the separation of gases for fuel cells, and pollution control to pharmaceuticals for medical treatments. The aligned CNT membrane is a promising platform to mimic the complexity of nature's protein chemical channels.
Probing Cs+ cation accessibility with O2 and MAS NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Dehydrated Cs-Y and Cs-X zeolites have been studied by variable temperature 133 Cs MAS NMR spectroscopy from −150 to 150 °C, in nitrogen, dry air and oxygen atmospheres. Large 133 Cs shifts were observed at low temperatures due to O2–Cs interactions for 133 Cs resonances from cations in the supercages, but not from cations in the sodalite cages of the faujasite structure. The shifts result from O2–Cs+ interactions due to short-lived O2–Cs+ complexes. Assignments were made based on the accessibility of the different sites to O2 and their populations and are consistent with previous 133 Cs MAS NMR and X-ray diffraction studies. The 133 Cs shifts for Cs+ in the supercages vs. the inverse absolute temperature (1/T), for two Cs-Y samples with different oxygen loading levels, could be fit with straight lines whose slopes were proportional to the O2 loading level. A noticeable discontinuity in the slopes was observed, for both samples, at around 70 °C, which was ascribed to the onset of Cs+ cation mobility and exchange between different cation sites in the supercages at temperatures above 70 °C.
Graphic Design History: A Critical Guide by Johanna Drucker and Emily McVarish

(2010). Graphic Design History: A Critical Guide by Johanna Drucker and Emily McVarish. Design and Culture: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 117-119.
Informative motifs in protein family alignments

Consensus and sequence pattern analysis on family alignments are extensively used to identify new family members and to determine functionally and structurally important identities. Since these common approaches emphasize dominant characteristics of the family and assume residue identities are independent at each position, there is no way to describe residue preferences outside of the family consensus. In this study, we propose a novel approach to detect motifs outside the consensus of a protein family alignment via an information theoretic approach. We implemented an algorithm that discovers frequent residue motifs that are high in information content and outside of the family consensus, called informative motifs, inspired by the classic Apriori algorithm. We observed that these informative motifs are mostly spatially localized and present distinctive features of various members of the family.
General Theory of Characteristic Classes

Using vector bundles over a space X, we are able to associate with X various sets which reflect some of the topological properties of X, for example, Vect F (X), the semigroup of isomorphism classes of F-vector bundles; Vect F n (X), the set of isomorphism classes of n-dimensional vector bundles over X; and K F (X), the group completion of Vect F (X). We view a characteristic class as a morphism defined on one of the cofunctors Vect F , Vect F n , or K F with values in a cohomology cofunctor. In several important cases, we are able to give a complete description of all characteristic classes. We conclude with a discussion of properties of the Chern character.
Use of formal modeling to automatically generate correct fault detection and response methods

This paper describes an approach to fault tolerant design and implementation that uses a formal model to automatically generate fault detection and response methods. The approach is designed for resource-constrained embedded systems with high reliability requirements such as manned or critical space assets. The formal model-based approach offers several advantages over a conventional approach based on manual failure mode analysis (FMA). The primary benefits are increased confidence in the fault tolerance of the design and in the corresponding implementation. Increased confidence in the design is achieved because both the system architecture and reliability requirements are precisely described in a single formal model written in Answer Set Prolog (ASP). The readability of ASP facilitates precise communication between system engineers and stakeholders, thus increasing the likelihood that design errors are corrected early in the development cycle. Increased confidence in the implementation is achieved because it is automatically generated using the model and is guaranteed to satisfy the specified reliability requirements. Importantly, the control flow of the resulting implementation is straightforward and readable. Besides increased confidence, our approach is resilient to architecture and requirements changes. In our experience, once the model is updated it takes less than 10 minutes to re-generate the implementation and download to the target.
Physical Processes and Parameters in the Magnetosphere of NP 0532

The Crab Nebula pulsar conforms to the model of a rotating magnetised neutron star in the rate of energy generation and the exponent of the rotation law.
5. Chemical Crystallography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chemical crystallography. The chapter begins with a discussion of the reasons for using neutron diffraction for certain problems and a description of the data-collection equipment and procedures at steady-state reactor and pulsed spallation neutron sources. This is followed by an outline of the steps required for determining a crystal structure. Single-crystal neutron diffraction provides unique insight into the structure and bonding of molecules, which is often directly relevant to the chemistry of the molecules. A description of the steps required in collecting data, reducing the data to structure factor amplitudes, obtaining a starting model for the structure, and refining the model was presented. In addition, several areas in which neutron diffraction results have had a significant impact have been discussed. At the present time, data collection and analysis procedures at steady-state reactor sources are fairly routine and these facilities are being used by a growing number of chemical crystallographers. New pulsed spallation and steady-state neutron sources offer the potential of higher overall data rates and the use of smaller crystals approaching the size used for conventional x-ray studies.
Spontaneous mutation rate of modifiers of metabolism in Drosophila

A rigorous test of our understanding of evolutionary quantitative genetics would be to predict accurately the equilibrium distribution of a character from empirical estimates of the relevant parameters in a mutation-selection-drift balance model. An aspect of this problem that is amenable to experimental analysis is the distribution of the effects of new mutations. This study quantifies the divergence among 200 lines of Drosophila melanogaster as they accumulated mutations on the second chromosome and estimates the rate of increase of variation and covariation in metabolic characters. Amounts of stored triacylglycerol and glycogen and the activities of a series of 12 metabolic enzymes were assayed in a subset of lines at generations 0, 11, 22, 33 and 44. Analyses of the rate of increase in the among-line variance in each trait allowed estimation of Vm/Ve, the ratio of among-line variance added per generation to the environmental variance. Values of Vm/Ve for the second chromosome ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0289 per generation. Six of the 16 characters showed significant departure from a normal distribution, and several lines exhibited large changes in more than one character. The covariance of pairs of traits also was partitioned into a within-line component (environmental covariance, Cov(e)) and an among-line component (mutational covariance, Covm). Both variances and covariance among lines increased over time, as assessed by linear regression, whereas environmental covariance showed no such trend. Results indicate that the quantitative genetic parameters describing the variation in metabolic traits are similar to those of other continuous characters.
Stereoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Hydroboration of 1,3‐Dienes

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide Potassium tert-butoxide (E)-Deca-1,3-diene (Z)-Dec-2-en-1-ol Hydrogen peroxide trans-2-Nonenal Ni(cod)2Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) Tricyclohexylphosphine 4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane Keywords: allyboronates; (Z)-crotylboronate esters; Ni-catalyzed 1,4-hydroboration; 1,3-dienes; pinacolborane
Mathematical methods for the simultaneous measurement of arterial influx of esterified and free cholesterol from two lipoprotein fractions and in vivo hydrolysis of arterial cholesterol ester

Abstract The calculation of cholesterol flux from plasma into artery can be made by compartmental analysis or by the so-called sink method. The assumptions for the latter are discussed and a set of equations are derived that correct the crude influx rates of free and esterified cholesterol for cholesterol esterification and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in the artery. A modified method can also determine the simultaneous influx of free and esterified cholesterol from two plasma lipoprotein fractions. Its application requires a certain distribution of 3 H and l4 C in the various cholesterol fractions in plasma. This distribution can be obtained in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by the use of in vivo labelled homologous plasma lipoproteins injected into recipient animals. The method allows the simultaneous measurement under in vivo conditions of 4 rate constants pertaining to the interaction of plasma cholesterol with the artery.
Effects of preparation-H on wound healing in the rectum of man

The wound-healing property of Preparation-H, a widely used over-the-counter hemorrhoidal product was investigated in a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Artificial ulcers were created in the rectum of 12 healthy male volunteers and the size of these ulcers followed until complete healing by visual examination on days 4, 8, 15, and 22. There were two groups of patients, one using placebo suppositories (placebo group) and another using Preparation-H (Preparation-H group). On day 8, biopsies were obtained from the edge of the ulcer in both groups to assess histological healing. On day 15, all the five subjects in the Preparation-H group had achieved complete healing of their rectal lesion, whereas only three of six subjects in the placebo group had done so. Although the difference in healing does not achieve statistical significance, it may be that with larger numbers of patients, Preparation-H could be shown to increase the rate of wound healing in artificially created rectal ulcers in man.
Protein Subunit Structures in the Herpes Simplex Virus A-capsid Determined from 400 kV Spot-scan Electron Cryomicroscopy

The three-dimensional structure of the A-capsid of herpes simplex virus type-1 has been determined to a resolution of approximately 26 A by using 400 kV spot-scan electron cryomicroscopy and computer image reconstruction techniques. The density map of the capsid has revealed several new structural details in the protein subunits of pentons, hexons, and triplexes. Our structural analysis has provided further evidence for the assignment of the four major capsid proteins to these various subunits. VP5, a 150 kDa major capsid protein that makes up both the penton and the bulk of the hexon subunits, has three domains: an upper diamond-shaped domain, a middle stem-like domain, and a lower anchoring domain. Structural differences are noticeable between the VP5 subunits in various quasi-equivalent environments. A horn-shaped mass density present at the distal end of each hexon subunit but missing from the penton subunit has been assigned to VP26, a minor 12 kDa protein. The six types of triplexes have similar, but not identical, features that include two legs and an upper domain that has a tail, which are interpreted to be formed from two copies of VP23 (36 kDa) and one copy of VP19c (57 kDa), respectively. Each triplex has two arms that interact with the adjacent VP5 subunits, and the modes of interaction vary among the quasi-equivalent triplexes. The 25 A-thick floor of the capsid is formed by the close association of the lower domains of subunits from the hexons, pentons, and triplexes. The interior of the capsid is accessible through the trans-capsomeric channels and the holes at the base of each triplex. These openings may play a role in the transport of genomic DNA and scaffolding proteins during capsid morphogenesis.
Exact solution of the general dynamic equation for aerosol growth by condensation

Abstract Exact solution of the general dynamic equation for aerosol growth by condensation is obtained in dimensionless form for particle growth occurring by gas phase diffusion-, surface reaction-, and volume reaction-controlled processes. Analytic expressions for the size distribution of an aerosol undergoing growth by gas-to-particle conversion and influenced by homogeneous source and removal processes are presented over the complete range of particle Knudsen number, Kn. Numerical results are presented to show the effect of the different growth mechanisms on size distribution dynamics.
Zirconia-coated carbonyl-iron-particle-based magnetorheological fluid for polishing optical glasses and ceramics

We report on magnetorheological finishing (MRF) spotting experiments performed on glasses and ceramics using a zirconia-coated carbonyl-iron (CI)-particle-based magnetorheological (MR) fluid. The zirconia-coated magnetic CI particles were prepared via sol-gel synthesis in kilogram quantities. The coating layer was ~50-100 nm thick, faceted in surface structure, and well adhered. Coated particles showed long-term stability against aqueous corrosion. “Free” nanocrystalline zirconia polishing abrasives were cogenerated in the coating process, resulting in an abrasive-charged powder for MRF. A viable MR fluid was prepared simply by adding water. Spot polishing tests were performed on a variety of optical glasses and ceramics over a period of nearly three weeks with no signs of MR fluid degradation or corrosion. Stable material removal rates and smooth surfaces inside spots were obtained.
Further study of the outward displacement of retinal ganglion cells during optic nerve regeneration, with a note on the normal cells of Dogiel in the adult frog

In a previous study we observed massive retinal ganglion cell death in adult Rana pipiens after periods of optic nerve regeneration, and reported that large numbers of the surviving cells had become displaced bodily into the inner plexiform layer of the affected eye (Scalia et al.: Brain Research 344:267-280, 1985). The outwardly displaced cells could be identified as retinal ganglion cells because they could be back-filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the regenerated optic nerve. Quantitative observations on the abnormal outward displacement of ganglion cells are reported here. Parallel observations on normally displaced ganglion cells (cells of Dogiel) are also reported to clarify the distinctions between these two classes of cells. For the present work, injections of HRP of varying size were placed in the optic tectum bilaterally in 3 normal frogs and 9 frogs sustaining unilateral optic nerve regeneration. Most injections were centered at loci mapping the middle region of the nasal retina. The retinas were examined as flat-mounts and in-section. In 8 other frogs sustaining optic nerve regeneration, the HRP was administered bilaterally directly to the optic nerves in the orbit. Ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde transport of the HRP in the retinal ganglion cell layer in both the normal and affected eyes in areas topographically isomorphic with the tectal areas subtended by the injections. In the normal eyes, the orthotopic ganglion cells formed a strict monolayer, and virtually no cells existed in the inner plexiform layer. In the retinas sustaining optic nerve regeneration, the retinal ganglion cells abnormally displaced into the inner plexiform layer were also labeled topographically in correspondence with the injection sites. The abnormally displaced cells comprised 5.5% of the total population of surviving neurons in the retinal ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. The mean outward dislocation of the displaced cells, as measured in one frog surviving optic nerve crush for 8 weeks, was 69.9 +/- 2.4% of the distance across the inner plexiform layer, which itself was uniformly 14.3 +/- 0.39 microns thick. Cells of Dogiel, which were embedded within the inner nuclear layer, were also labeled when the injections of HRP spread to include the area of representation of the optic disc. The labeled cells were restricted to a dorsal, peripapillary locus capping the optic disc. Therefore, some cells of Dogiel project to the tectum normally, but only from the central retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Drawing Their Way Into Writing: Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students Finding Voice Through Mini-Novelas

Writing can be a difficult task for many students in today's classrooms; however, for students who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD), writing can be especially difficult. These students often are in the process of developing their facility with the English language, and they possess cultural backgrounds that differ from those of many of their peers and teachers. In addition to these challenges, they face the typical difficulties of selecting ideas to write about for their stories. One way to tap into the cultural backgrounds of Spanish-speaking CLD students is through the use of a strategy called the mini-novela. A mini-novela allows students to initially draw their stories and then write an accompanying narrative. It also allows students to use their cultural knowledge and the process of visualization as bridges to images and words that transform writing into a personally relevant, meaningful experience.
Observations on Cooper-limit-like behavior in strong coupling: Normal-superconducting bilayers at critical fields

Tunneling measurements of clean Mg/Nb and Al/Nb (normal-superconducting, $\mathrm{NS}$) bilayers, with $N$-metal thicknesses \ensuremath{\lesssim}100 \AA{}, reveal a superconducting order parameter at the $N$ surface proportional in magnitude to that in $S$, even in fields closely approaching the critical values for bulk $S$ (Nb). The parallel decay of $N$ and $S$ phonon features with field, as first observed here, implies an order parameter nearly constant over the $\mathrm{NS}$ structure even under strong local depairing conditions.
Spontaneous Mutations at Fingerprint Loci in Clonal Lineages of the Rice Blast Fungus

Wu, B.C., and Magill, C. W. 1995. Spontaneous mutations at fingerprint loci in clonal lineages of the rice blast fungus. Experimental Mycology 19, 86-90. When successive asexual generations of monospore-derived cultures from the Tm5 strain of Magnaporthe grisea were subjected to DNA fingerprint analysis with an anonymous genomic DNA probe, gain or loss of hybridizing fragments was common. Three of 24 isolates examined in the first asexual generation gained a BamHl fragment. In the next generation six cultures derived from two of these isolates all gained or lost up to three fragments. By comparison, only 1 of 28 isolates from a different culture showed a fingerprint band change, which was the loss of one fragment in the second generation. Where tested, changes in one isolate were also present in its progeny, and since 28 fragments could be scored in the original cultures, the overall patterns remained distinct. However, at the rate of change seen in the Tm5 isolates, fingerprint patterns have the potential to diverge rapidly.
Functional synergy of actin filament cross-linking proteins.

The organization of filamentous actin (F-actin) in resilient networks is coordinated by various F-actin cross-linking proteins. The relative tolerance of cells to null mutations of genes that code for a single actin cross-linking protein suggests that the functions of those proteins are highly redundant. This apparent functional redundancy may, however, reflect the limited resolution of available assays in assessing the mechanical role of F-actin cross-linking/bundling proteins. Using reconstituted F-actin networks and rheological methods, we demonstrate how α-actinin and fascin, two F-actin cross-linking/bundling proteins that co-localize along stress fibers and in lamellipodia, could synergistically enhance the resilience of F-actin networks in vitro. These two proteins can generate microfilament arrays that "yield" at a strain amplitude that is much larger than each one of the proteins separately. F-actin/α-actinin/fascin networks display strain-induced hardening, whereby the network "stiffens" under shear deformations, a phenomenon that is non-existent in F-actin/fascin networks and much weaker in F-actin/α-actinin networks. Strain-hardening is further enhanced at high rates of deformation and high concentrations of actin cross-linking proteins. A simplified model suggests that the optimum results of the competition between the increased stiffness of bundles and their decreased density of cross-links. Our studies support a re-evaluation of the notion of functional redundancy among cytoskeletal regulatory proteins.
The effect of cold exposure on diffusing capacity in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.

Pulmonary hypertension is common in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), and the presence of "pulmonary Raynaud's phenomenon" has been postulated from a variety of evidence. In this study, the effect of cold-induced Raynaud's phenomenon on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (Dco), an indicator of pulmonary capillary blood volume, was determined in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon with and without PSS. Cold exposure caused an increase in Dco in patients without PSS, but no change in patients with PSS. We concluded that patients with systemic sclerosis have an altered pulmonary vascular response to cold exposure compared with other Raynaud's patients, which may be due to either structural or functional abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular bed.
GPS-DENIED SOURCE SEEKING FOR A NONHOLONOMIC UNICYCLE VIA HEADING CONTROL

Abstract We consider the problem of seeking the source of a scalar signal using an autonomous vehicle modeled as the nonholonomic unicycle. This vehicle does not have the capability of sensing its position or the position of the source, it is only capable of sensing the scalar signal at the position of the vehicle sensor, which is offset from the vehicle center. We assume that the signal field is the strongest at the position of the source and decays away from this position. The vehicle does not know the functional form of this field, only that there is a maximum at the source location. We employ extremum seeking to estimate the gradient in real time and steer the vehicle to the point where the gradient is zero (the maximum, i.e. the location of the source). We have developed two control strategies – one which keeps the angular velocity at a constant nonzero value and tunes the forward velocity, and the other which keeps the forward velocity at a constant positive value and tunes the angular velocity. In this paper we present the results for the more practical scheme, tuning the angular velocy. This is more suitable for most autonomous vehicles, including aerial ones. In addition to the local stability proof of the scheme via averaging, we present simulation results for both static and moving sources.
The future of inpatient anticoagulation management

Anticoagulation therapy management has evolved dramatically in both the outpatient and inpatient arenas over the last 30 years in the interest of optimizing patient safety and outcomes. With the advent of target specific oral anticoagulants and next generation antiplatelet agents, a new world of “antithrombosis management” is quickly becoming evident. Additionally, significant changes to the healthcare system in the United States are anticipated with the implementation of the Healthcare Affordability Act. Collectively, these changes constitute the next major evolution in the management of patients on antithrombotic therapy. This article is intended to serve as a call to action for inpatient anticoagulation management services and specialists to familiarize themselves with potential changes, consider the impact they may have and proactively optimize their structure and services to be better able to embrace and capitalize on change.
The Significance of Antiphonal Vocalisation By the Spring Peeper, Pseudacris Crucifer (Amphibia, Anura)

1. Male spring peepers respond to acoustic interference from an encroaching conspecific with a graded behavioral sequence: they increase their call repetition rate, they emit one or more encounter calls, they entrain their calls to those of the intruder. 2. Once entrained, males continue to call synchronously for extended periods. 3. The time interval between the end of the leader's call and the beginning of the follower's call (the intraduet interval) is consistent, and is maintained despite changes in the duration or repetition rate of the leader's call. 4. Our data corroborate earlier investigators who concluded that the follower is stimulated by the onset of the leader's call, but is inhibited from calling until a fixed time interval after the leader has ceased calling. 5. Controlled discrimination tests reveal no differential mating success by the leader or the follower within a simulated duet. 6. Females exhibited a significant preference for a duet over a soloing male. 7. Although test females were able distinguish between the simultaneous broadcast of two phase-locked call sequences differing only in frequency, they did so in the absence of alternative, uncovered calls. 8. We conclude that antiphonal vocalisation functions primarily to reduce the potential for broadcast interference during the initial phase of female phonotaxis.
A method to estimate the spatial extent of activation in thalamic deep brain stimulation.

Objective The goal of this study was to develop, evaluate, and apply a method to quantify the unknown spatial extent of activation in deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermedius nucleus (Vim) of the thalamus.
Adjoint-Based Error Estimation and Mesh Adaptation for the Active Flux Method

In this paper we extend output-based error estimation to recently-developed active-ux schemes. We use the active ux method for its ability to eciently incorporate third-order accuracy for convection-dominated problems. The error estimation requires a discrete unsteady adjoint solution, for which we provide implementation details and verication demonstrations. We also introduce a localization strategy in which the adjoint-weighted residual inner product is split into contributions from various elements and nodes to create an adaptive indicator. We demonstrate the ability of these adaptative indicators to drive mesh renement in two-dimensional advection, and we show favorable comparisons to uniform mesh renement.
Reconstruction of surfaces from optical sections

We are working on several projects which have in common the reconstruction of smooth surfaces based on data gathered using optical sections. Data collection is done using a great many techniques -- most of which require manual tracing or labelling by a human trained observer. These include: camera lucida drawings or EM photomicrographs traced on a digitizing tablet, and contours traced directly on a frame-grabbed image. Optical sections are acquired using both confocal microscopy and Nomarski optics. Objects of interest range from individual cells (photoreceptors, ganglion cells), through small collections of cells, to extended regions. Some of the objects are fairly simple (e.g., individual cones in human retina, blob- or sheet-like regions of interest); the information is contained in precise measurements of the geometry. Other objects (e.g., dendritic trees) are more complicated, with most of the information contained in the shape of a branching structure. All of these types of data are processed into common representation which produces as its final product a smooth 3-D surface, with arbitrary branching structure. Common tasks such as filtering hand drawn features, automatic alignment of multiple 2-D sections to create a 3-D volume, surface reconstruction, display and analysis are supported.
Regulation of connexin43 protein complexes by intracellular acidification.

Ischemia-induced acidification of astrocytes or cardiac myocytes reduces intercellular communication by closing gap junction channels and subsequently internalizing gap junction proteins. To determine whether such coupling changes might be attributable to altered interactions between connexin43 (Cx43) and other proteins, we applied the nigericin/high K + method to vary intracellular pH (pHi) in cultured cortical astrocytes. Intracellular acidification was accompanied by internalization of Cx43 with retention of Cx43 scaffolding protein Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) at cell surfaces, suggesting that ZO-1 and Cx43 dissociate at low pHi. Coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed decreased binding of ZO-1 and increased binding of c-Src to Cx43 at low pHi. Resonant mirror spectroscopy was used to quantify binding of the SH3 domain of c-Src and the PDZ domains of ZO-1 to the carboxyl terminal domain of Cx43 (Cx43CT). Data indicate that the c-Src/Cx43CT interaction is highly pH dependent whereas the ZO-1/Cx43CT interaction is not. Moreover, binding of c-Src to Cx43CT prevented and reversed ZO-1/Cx43CT binding. We hypothesize that increased affinity of c-Src for Cx43 at low pHi aids in separation of Cx43 from ZO-1 and that this may facilitate internalization of Cx43. These data suggest that protracted acidification may remodel protein-protein interactions involving Cx43 and thus provide an important protective mechanism to limit lesion spread after ischemic injury.
Mechanics of a Fiber Network Within a Non-Fibrillar Matrix: Model and Comparison with Collagen-Agarose Co-gels

While collagen is recognized as the predominant mechanical component of soft connective tissues, the role of the non-fibrillar matrix (NFM) is less well understood. Even model systems, such as the collagen-agarose co-gel, can exhibit complex behavior, making it difficult to identify relative contributions of specific tissue constituents. In the present study, we developed a two-component microscale model of collagen-agarose tissue analogs and used it to elucidate the interaction between collagen and NFM in uniaxial tension. Collagen fibers were represented with Voronoi networks, and the NFM was modeled as a neo-Hookean solid. Model predictions of total normal stress and Poisson’s ratio matched experimental observations well (including high Poisson’s values of ~3), and the addition of NFM led to composition-dependent decreases in volume change and increases in fiber stretch. Because the NFM was more resistant to volume change than the fiber network, extension of the composite led to pressurization of the NFM. Within a specific range of parameter values (low shear modulus and moderate Poisson’s ratio), the magnitude of the reaction force decreased relative to this pressurization component resulting in a negative (compressive) NFM stress in the loading direction, even though the composite tissue was in tension.
Exact displacement analysis of XCCC spatial mechanisms by the direction cosine matrix method

Abstract A method of exact displacement analysis of four-link spatial mechanisms has been developed and successfully applied for four-link spatial mechanisms of RGGR, RGCR, RRGG, and RRGC. The results using this method were exact solutions without requiring numerical or iterative schemes and was called as the direction cosine matrix method. In this paper this method of displacement analysis is extended to the XCCC group of four-link mechanisms. The cylindrical joint has two degrees of freedom, translating as well as rotating. Therefore the analysis is focused on the calculation of the rotating angle as well as the length change. In the development, direction cosine matrices are used by introducing two types of coordinates, the global and the local. The direction cosine matrix has a unique property that each element in the matrix is equal to its own cofactor. Since most mechanisms of this group are bent mechanisms, the analysis of the bent link is also included.
Worker Allocation, Hierarchies and the Wage Distribution

Economists have traditionally viewed the allocation of workers among jobs through the concept of comparative advantage. This paper investigates hierarchical production models which display an absence of comparative advantage, in order to demonstrate that for hierarchical production there is a second allocating factor which plays an important role. Two results are found. First, the allocation of workers among jobs tends to match high ability workers with positions which value ability highly. Second, despite the fact that the models display an absence of comparative advantage, i.e. the standard theoretical explanation for why wage distributions might be skewed, the models' wage distributions are skewed to the right relative to the underlying ability distributions.
Dynamic Hydrodistention of the Ureteral Orifice: A Novel Grading System With High Interobserver Concordance and Correlation With Vesicoureteral Reflux Grade

Purpose: We evaluated the usefulness and interobserver concordance of a novel grading system for dynamic ureteral hydrodistention.Materials and Methods: Between May 1, 2002 and July 1, 2008 the hydrodistention grade in 697 ureters was prospectively assigned and recorded, including H0—no hydrodistention, H1—ureteral orifice open but tunnel not evident, H2—tunnel seen only and H3—extravesical ureter visualized. Specifically 489 refluxing ureters (vesicoureteral reflux group) were compared to 100 normal control ureters (normal control group). Additionally, the posttreatment hydrodistention grade in 56 ureters in which surgery for reflux failed was compared to that in 52 ureters with successful surgery. Hydrodistention grades assigned to an additional 77 ureters by 3 blinded observers were compared to assess the interobserver concordance of this system.Results: Vesicoureteral reflux and hydrodistention grades correlated significantly (p <0.001). Ureters with a higher reflux grade also showed a higher hydrodis...
Fast response glucose microprobe.

Electrode enzymatique miniaturisee (diametre de 3 μm a l'extremite) permettant de mesurer les concentrations locales en glucose dans des microenvironnements (application a la mesure du glucose dans un film microbien)
Reference uses of campus computer Networks: A bibliographic guide

As information technologies continue to evolve, reference librarians need to stay abreast of the growing number of state, regional, national, and international information networks currently available.
THY-1 Receptor Expression Differentiates Cardiosphere-Derived Cells with Divergent Cardiogenic Differentiation Potential

Despite over a decade of intense research, the identity and differentiation potential of human adult cardiac progenitor cells (aCPC) remains controversial. Cardiospheres have been proposed as a means to expand aCPCs in vitro, but the identity of the progenitor cell within these 3D structures is unknown. We show that clones derived from cardiospheres could be subdivided based on expression of thymocyte differentiation antigen 1 (THY-1/CD90) into two distinct populations that exhibit divergent cardiac differentiation potential. One population, which is CD90+, expressed markers consistent with a mesenchymal/myofibroblast cell. The second clone type was CD90− and could form mature, functional myocytes with sarcomeres albeit at a very low rate. These two populations of cardiogenic clones displayed distinct cell surface markers and unique transcriptomes. Our study suggests that a rare aCPC exists in cardiospheres along with a mesenchymal/myofibroblast cell, which demonstrates incomplete cardiac myocyte differentiation.
A microcomputer-controlled response measurement and analysis system for insect olfactory receptor neurons.

A microcomputer system has been built to stimulate, record, and analyze responses from peripheral insect olfactory receptor neurons. Software has been developed to sort action potentials (spikes) in extracellular records obtained from multi-innervated antennal sensilla, and perform frequency, interspike interval, distributional, and regression analyses on responses in groups of records. The olfactory stimuli can be presented in different patterns, and plots or histograms of analyses, spike records, and individual spikes can be displayed in different formats and hard-copied during a recording session. This report describes the main features of the system and discusses the methods used for sorting spikes, performing analyses, and managing records and analyses in a database. Examples are given of renewal density analyses for 4 classes of peripheral receptor neuron in records from 2 types of olfactory sensillum on the antenna of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner).