cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning-Based Power Usage Forecast Modeling and Evaluation

Abstract The growing Internet of Things (IoT) provides significant resources to be integrated with critical infrastructures to enable cyber-physical systems. More specifically, the deployment of smart meters for electricity usage monitoring in the smart grid can provide granular and detailed information from which power load forecasting can be carried out. However, the accurate prediction of long-term power usage remains a challenging issue. In light of many recent advances, deep learning has the potential to significantly improve the ability to assess data and make predictions, and is already rapidly changing the world we live in. As such, in this paper, we consider the use of deep learning, via Recursive Neural Network (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory layers, for the long-term prediction of localized power consumption. In particular, we consider the optimization of both data feature sets and neural network models, developing three model-feature combinations to maximize prediction accuracy and minimize error. Through detailed experimental evaluation, our results demonstrate the ability to achieve highly accurate predictions over periods as large as 21 days through the integration of correlated features.
Crime Generators in Context: Examining ‘Place in Neighborhood’ Propositions

The present study tests hypotheses regarding the moderating influence of neighborhood-level criminal opportunity on the relationship between crime generators and block-level crime. We first estimated multilevel negative binomial regression models for violent, property, and drug crimes to identify crime-type specific crime generators on each block. We then estimated a series of crime-type specific models to examine whether the effects of violent, property, and drug crime generators are moderated by three census block group-level indicators of neighborhood criminal opportunity—concentrated disadvantage, vehicular traffic activity, and civic engagement. The positive relationship between crime generators and crime on blocks was exacerbated in census block groups with high levels of concentrated disadvantage and high levels of traffic activity for all three crime types. The effects of crime generators on block-level crime were significantly tempered in census block groups with high levels of civic engagement. Particular place types do not generate crime similarly across varying neighborhood contexts. Rather, the criminogenic effects of micro-places appear to be exacerbated in neighborhoods with extensive criminal opportunity and tempered in neighborhoods with less criminal opportunity.
Ethical Questions in Name Authority Control . Jane Sandberg, ed. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2019. 418p. Paper, $35.00 (ISBN 978-1-63400-054-3).

Name authority control represents a central activity of catalog professionals and is essential for the maintenance of library catalogs. It allows users to identify information resources and ensures the collocation of relevant search results. The process of determining the authorized form of a person’s name in a catalog has ethical implications and requires careful evaluation. Further, in recent years, the library community has been reframing authority work within a more comprehensive approach coined identity management. This move toward identities has led to a proliferation of pieces of personal information in authority records raising additional ethical concerns.
Optimal Brake Allocation in Electric Vehicles for Maximizing Energy Harvesting During Braking

This article proposes a novel approach to efficiently distribute braking force of an electric vehicle (EV) between friction and regenerative braking with an ultimate goal of maximizing harvested energy during braking. The regenerative braking performance of an EV depends on various factors influenced by the driver behavior and driving conditions, which are challenging to measure or predict in real-time. In the proposed method, the performance map of the traction motor (TM) and its controller is used to define a boundary in which blending of regenerative and friction braking is performed with the goal of maximizing recaptured energy through the regenerative braking process. The performance, effectiveness, and robustness of the proposed strategy are validated through a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental testbed for a predetermined drive cycle of Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). It is shown that using the proposed method, the amount of recaptured energy through the regenerative braking process can significantly increase compared to constant or variable boundary methods using a weight factor for brake distribution.
Optoacoustic Imaging of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor with a Near-Infrared Exendin-4 Analog.

Limitations in current imaging tools have long challenged the imaging of small pancreatic islets in animal models. Here, we report the first development and in vivo validation testing of a broad-spectrum and high-absorbance near-infrared optoacoustic contrast agent, E4x12-Cy7. Our near-infrared tracer is based on the amino acid sequence of exendin-4 and targets the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Cell assays confirmed that E4x12-Cy7 has a high-binding affinity (dissociation constant, Kd, 4.6 ± 0.8 nM). Using the multispectral optoacoustic tomography, we imaged E4x12-Cy7 and optoacoustically visualized β-cell insulinoma xenografts in vivo for the first time. In the future, similar optoacoustic tracers that are specific for β-cells and combines optoacoustic and fluorescence imaging modalities could prove to be important tools for monitoring the pancreas for the progression of diabetes.
Recommended for "frequent perusal" and "improving the science of medicine": Benjamin Rush's American editions and the circulation of medical knowledge in the early Republic.

Abstract Between 1809 and 1813 leading American physician Benjamin Rush (1745–1813) devoted a significant portion of his time to the production of “American Editions” of four British and colonial medical texts by Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689), Sir John Pringle (1707–1782), William Hillary (1697–1763), and George Cleghorn (1716–1789). This occurred during a period where Rush might have written a textbook detailing his preferred medical system for students outright. Instead, he opted for a different form of knowledge production and proliferation that focused on creating fictive conversations and encouraging critical reading rather than rote memorization. He dedicated these heavily annotated documents to the medical students of the United States of America and set them up as a pedagogical tool. Analysis of these texts helps uncover the reading practices of Rush and the manner in which he expected Americans to mediate their usage of foreign texts and theories after the American Revolution.
Efficacy of a Novel Penile Traction Device in Improving Penile Length and Erectile Function Post Prostatectomy: Results from a Single-Center Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Purpose:RestoreX is a novel penile traction therapy device, with randomized, controlled data demonstrating improvements in penile length and erectile function after 30 to 90 minutes of daily use in...
Learning microvascular anastomosis: Analysis of practice patterns

Abstract Background Performing a successful microsurgical vascular anastomosis (MVA) is challenging and requires lots of practice. However, the most efficient practice protocol is yet to be found. We aimed to compare and analyze two major practice patterns for fine motor tasks as applied to learning MVA: distributed and mass practice protocols. Ten neurosurgeons with comparable experience in microsurgery (but no experience in vascular anastomosis) were randomized to practice MVA either using a distributed (1 session/day) or a mass practice (6 sessions/day) protocol. A total of 24 sessions of practice and 2 recall test sessions were given. Anastomosis score, time to complete a single stitch and the total time to complete an anastomosis were recorded. Mass practice protocol caused a clear fatigue effect observed toward the end of each mass practice trial block. Statistical comparison using one-way analysis of variance showed significantly higher anastomosis scores and shorter times to place a single stitch as well as to complete the anastomosis in distributed practice group for the last 3 acquisition practice trials, and the 2 recall tests (p
The Politics of Income Inequality in the United States: Measuring Income Inequality over Time

The analysis focuses on three concepts related to the two stages of the distributional process – pre-redistribution inequality, post-government inequality, and explicit government redistribution. Measuring the concepts is a relatively straightforward undertaking in the static context of the year 2000. Data from the U.S. Census Bureau provides a wealth of information about income at the household level. In the 2000 data, for example, we can learn with a reasonable degree of precision how much income each household received from a wide variety of sources, such as wages, Social Security, dividends, Medicare benefits, and unemployment. There are also reasonable estimates of taxes that were paid within a household. Based on these data, the pre-redistribution income of each household can be computed by excluding income from all government sources. Post-government income can be computed for each household by including income from government sources and accounting for the amount of federal taxes paid. With household level data on pre-redistribution income and post-government income, a measure of inequality can be calculated for each income concept, and the redistributional impact of government can be calculated by finding the difference between pre-redistribution inequality and post-government inequality. Government redistribution could then be reported in absolute or proportional terms. This procedure works quite well going back in time to the late 1970s. Prior to 1979, however, less detailed income data were collected. The further one goes back in time, the less detailed the income data become.
Sudden Death in Association with the Ballooning Posterior Mitral Leaflet Syndrome

The ballooning posterior mitral leaflet syndrome was unrecognized as an anatomic or clinical entity until Barlow's initial description in 1963 [1]. Associated sudden death and familial occurrence have been clearly demonstrated [2–4], but despite this the significance of the syndrome as a cause of sudden death has not been sufficiently disseminated or appreciated.
Post-Eviction Motions to Restore - Part I

This article discusses whether and when a tenant who has been evicted may be restored to possession.
Toward a National Sustainable Development Strategy

The United States should develop and implement a strategy for achieving sustainable development. Within the executive branch, there should be a coordinating entity or mechanism for this strategy as well as for the integration of sustainable development concepts into its day-to-day activities. A parallel mechanism or entity should exist within Congress.
Ectopic correction of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in sparse fur mice

The sparse fur (spf) mutant mouse is a model for human X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. Human OTC cDNA placed under transcriptional control of the mouse OTC promoter was microinjected into fertilized oocytes of spf mice. Two founder lines of transgenic mice were phenotypically and biochemically corrected for OTC deficiency by the expression of the human gene at high levels in the small intestine with little or no expression occurring in the liver. The tissue pattern of expression of transgenic mice bearing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene placed under the control of the mouse OTC promoter parallels these results. These experiments demonstrate that human OTC cDNA is selectively expressed in small bowel by a truncated OTC promoter, and such ectopic expression corrects the spf phenotypic and metabolic features of this inborn error. These data suggest that somatic gene therapy of OTC deficiency can be achieved by intestine-targeted gene transfer.
Regulatory and essential light-chain interactions in scallop myosin: I. Protection of essential light-chain thiol groups by regulatory light-chains☆

Abstract The reactivity of the thiol groups of the essential light-chains of scallop myosin is greatly reduced by the presence of regulatory light-chains on myosin. The thiol groups of the essential light-chains react with iodoacetate only if the regulatory light-chains have been removed by treatment with EDTA. No alkylation of the essential light-chains could be detected in myosins containing regulatory light-chains (untreated or reconstituted myosins) after an overnight incubation with excess iodoacetate at 4 °C. In contrast, similar treatment alkylated two to three thiol groups of essential light-chains in desensitized myosins from which the regulatory light-chains had been removed. In addition, up to seven of the 20 heavy-chain thiols were also alkylated; however, the reactivity of the heavy-chain thiols did not depend on the presence of the regulatory light-chains. ATPase activities were not inhibited by alkylation with iodoacetate. Regulatory light-chains also protected essential light-chain thiols against reaction with N-iodoacetyl-N′-(l-sulfo-5-naphthyl) ethylenediamine and against dansylation at pH 6.7, although treatment with these reagents caused a considerable loss of ATPase activities. Rebinding of the regulatory light-chains was impaired by alkylation. The results indicate an extensive interaction between the regulatory and the essential light-chains in scallop myosin.
T2r+ Bacteriophage-induced Enzymes I. THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF DEOXYCYTIDYLATE DEAMINASE

Abstract T2r+ bacteriophage-induced deoxycytidylate deaminase was purified over 3000-fold to homogeneity as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and sedimentation velocity measurements. In the latter case, a value of s20,w = 6.05 ± 0.05 was obtained. Antibody to the T2r+ bacteriophage-induced enzyme cross-reacted with T4r+ bacteriophage-induced deoxycytidylate deaminase, but not with the chick embryo deaminase. Amino acid analyses revealed the enzyme to have a high sulfhydryl content (approximately 50 —SH per mole) and a relatively low methionine content (approximately 10 to 13 per mole). Although active at pH 6.0 in the absence of deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, the pH optimum of the deaminase was shifted from 5.3 to 8.3 in the presence of this nucleotide. The quantity of deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate required to activate the reaction by 50% increased with the pH as did the sigmoidal nature of the activation. A similar response was obtained with 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, but in this case the effects were even more striking. The ratio of deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate to 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, necessary to achieve a 50% inhibition, was independent of pH, but the ratio decreased sharply as the pH was raised when deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate was substituted for the hydroxymethyl derivative. The degree of inhibition effected by deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate appears to be a function of the positive effector response to pH. When compared with deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate is more susceptible to inhibition by deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate. This effect is not unreasonable in view of the fact that 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate is a more immediate precursor of T-even bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid than is deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate.
Stimulation of 32Pi Incorporation into Phosphatidylinositol and Phosphatidylglycerol by Catecholamines and β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents in Rat Pineal Organ Cultures

Abstract The effect of norepinephrine, other catecholamines, phenylethylamines, and β-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs on the incorporation of 32Pi into phospholipids of intact rat pineal glands was studied in organ culture. Individual pineal phospholipids were assayed for radioactivity after separation by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Improved chromatographic separations were obtained (Getz, G. S., Jakovcic, S., Heywood, J., Frank, J., and Rabinowitz, M. (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 218, 441–452), if thin layer plates were washed with acetone instead of ether after development in the first solvent system. Addition of l-norepinephrine (0.3 mm) significantly stimulated the incorporation of isotope into phosphatidylinositol within 5 min and into phosphatidylglycerol after 15 min. After 3 hours' incubation, l-norepinephrine and other phenylethylamine derivatives, including d-norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, and octopamine stimulated incorporation into phosphatidylglycerol (100 to 500%) and phosphatidylinositol (100 to 200%). Incorporated radioactivity continued to increase for up to 16 hours, but norepinephrine-induced stimulation steadily declined. The stimulating effects of l-norepinephrine were essentially linear from 0.3 mm to 3 µm. No stimulation was observed in the presence of N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate at a concentration as high as 10 mm. Several substances with widely differing potencies as β-adrenergic receptor blocking agents, including dl,-propranolol, d-propranolol, dichloroisoproterenol, and alprenolol, but not sotalol, increased 32Pi incorporation into pineal acidic phospholipids. However these agents gave a labeling pattern different from that produced by norepinephrine: labeling of phosphatidylglycerol was elevated 1000 to 1500%, of phosphatidylinositol up to 100%, and of phosphatidic acid, 50 to 150%. Neither sotalol nor propranolol prevented the stimulation of phospholipid metabolism caused by norepinephrine. These findings indicate that the increase in phospholipid radioactivity is not related to the formation of melatonin which in the cultured pineal is stimulated by either norepinephrine or N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that propranolol fails to block enhanced phospholipid labeling whereas it blocks enhanced melatonin formation. The data further indicate that the stimulation of phospholipid metabolism caused by drugs with β-adrenergic receptor blocking activity is not brought about through interaction with β-adrenergic receptors.
The Coherent-Path Approach to Forward Scattering of Recoil-Free Resonant Gamma Radiation

A coherent-path approach is developed to describe nuclear-resonant gamma-ray transmission through nuclear-resonant matter. The solution is based on mathematical techniques, developed by Heitler and Harris, using time-dependent perturbation theory in the frequency domain. The nuclear-resonant absorber is modeled as a one-dimensional chain of N “effective” nuclei. A closed-form solution is obtained for the forward scattering of recoil-free radiation. The solution is given as a finite sum over N + 1 indistinguishable coherent paths the radiation takes going from the radioactive source through the absorber to the detector. The solution agrees numerically with the well-established theories although it has a completely different form. The major features of the time-differential Mossbauer spectroscopic result, namely the “speed-up” and “dynamical beat” effects, are easily explained in terms of the interference between the different contributing amplitudes. The model is so physically transparent that extension to other situations, e.g. synchrotron radiation, the “gamma-echo” effect, and incoherent processes, is not difficult.
The general theory of transformational growth: Conceptual truths and empirical observations

Introduction Many contemporary economists appear to have drunk deeply from a concoction best described as a pragmatist approach to methodology, although in its “rhetorical” form it borders on the postmodern. It seems to have been considered satisfying because it apparently supports and explains conventional practices, and, as well, helps to defend at least some aspects of neo-Classical theory against competing theories and critics. But the recipe for the pragmatist brew retains important residues from earlier empiricist distillations, and may not be as digestible as it seems at first. A more satisfactory philosophical blend, while mixing in aspects of pragmatism, raises important issues for theories of market behavior. The most convenient potion mixes Popperian falsification with Lakatos's sociological account of knowledge. This brew leads to a defense of conventional theory on the ground that it works, that is, it guides policy, and seems to be empirically satisfactory in a broad way, so that the “hard core” deserves to be protected. On the other hand, competing theories are required to meet the falsification test, since not being established, they cannot claim exemption for their “hard cores.” This they tend to fail. (The approach, however, leaves general equilibrium theory unprotected – it has no empirical content and generates no falsifiable propositions.) A variant of this approach, likewise pragmatist, but operating with a weaker criterion of falsification, and rejecting Lakatos's sociology, holds, with John Stuart Mill, that economics is a “separate and inexact science” (Hausman, 1992).
Impact of Research Trails on Seedling Dynamics in a Tropical Forest

We evaluated the impact of research access trails on adjacent seedling density, survival, and recruitment in a permanent tropical forest plot in Panama. Significant differences were detected up to 20 m from trails, indicating that data collected close to trails may be biased. However, observed effects were not substantial enough to affect plot-wide estimates of seedling dynamics, suggesting that research trail impacts are negligible when affected areas constitute only a small fraction of the total area sampled.
Learning to teach: When should the socialization begin?

Socialization is a process where one learns about the roles and patterns of a group. Socialization to the role of a nurse educator is a complicated and diverse issue. Higher education is undergoing major changes, which include increased external scrutiny related to teaching and learning. Historically the process of learning to teach adapts or changes related to economics, demands for educators or other societal reasons. Currently the requirement to teach is met by anyone holding a graduate or terminal degree regardless of his or her respective curriculum. This paper supports the notion graduate education in nursing would be most effective if subject matter related to the student’s nursing specialty as well as content on pedagogy and educational philosophies were integrated.
Theory and implementation of a semi-implicit finite element method for viscous incompressible flow

Abstract A numerical procedure for solving the time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is derived based on the operator-splitting technique. This operator split allows separate operations on each of the variable fields to enable pressure-velocity coupling. Discretizations of the equations are formed on a nonstaggered finite element mesh and the solutions are obtained in a time-marching fashion. Several benchmark problems, including a standing vortex problem, a lid-driven cavity and a flow around a rectangular cylinder, are studied to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the present algorithm.
ClC-5 Chloride Channel Alters Expression of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC)

ClC-5 chloride channels and epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are present in many cell types including airway and retinal epithelia. Since ENaC activity is known to be affected by chloride transport, we co-injected Xenopus oocytes with cRNAs encoding ENaC and ClC-5 to investigate whether channel currents are impacted by heterologous co-expression of these proteins. ClC-5 currents were not detectably affected by co-expression with ENaC, whereas amiloride-sensitive ENaC currents were significantly lower compared to control oocytes expressing ENaC alone. Co-expression of ENaC with cRNA sequences encoding non-conducting fragments of ClC-5 revealed that the amino acid sequence region between positions 347 and 647 was sufficient for inhibition of ENaC currents. Co-expression of ENaC and another transport protein, the sodium dicarboxylate co-transporter (NaDC-1), did not affect ENaC currents. To test whether the inhibitory effects of ClC-5 were specific for ENaC, ClC-5 was also co-expressed with CFTR. CFTR currents were also inhibited by co-expression with ClC-5, whereas ClC-5 currents were unaffected. Western blot analysis of biotinylated oocyte surface membranes revealed that the co-expression of ClC-5 with ENaC, CFTR, or NaDC-1 decreased the abundance of these proteins at the surface membrane. We conclude that overexpression of ClC-5, specifically amino acids 347–647, can alter the normal translation or trafficking of ENaC and other ion transport proteins by a mechanism that is independent of the chloride conductance of ClC-5.
Diabetic retinopathy: mitochondrial dysfunction and retinal capillary cell death.

Oxidative stress is increased in the retina in diabetes; the levels of oxidatively modified DNA and nitrosylated proteins are elevated, and antioxidant defense enzymes are impaired. The levels of superoxides are elevated in the retina, and the mitochondria become dysfunctional with proapoptotic protein, Bax, translocating from the cytosol into the mitochondria, and cytochrome c leaking out from the mitochondria. This is accompanied by increased retinal capillary cell apoptosis, and the formation of acellular capillaries and pericyte ghosts, the early signs of retinopathy in animal models of diabetic retinopathy. Inhibition of superoxides inhibits glucoseinduced mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of caspase-3, and cell death in retinal capillary cells. In animal models, long-term administration of lipoic acid or other antioxidants inhibits the development of diabetic retinopathy via inhibition of accumulation of oxidatively modified DNA and nitrotyrosine and capillary cell apoptosis in the retina. Under...
CT of posterior ocular staphyloma in axial myopia.

We present two cases of posterior ocular staphylomas in axial myopia. CT findings of an enlarged globe with focal posterior bulging and scleraluveal rim thinning appear to be specific for this diagnosis.
Urinary tract diseases and bladder cancer risk: A case-control study

Objective The role of urinary tract diseases in bladder cancer (BC) etiology is not well established. To gain more insight on the role of urinary tract diseases in bladder cancer risk, we analyzed data from a large case–control study of bladder cancer.
INTERACTIVE RELIABILITY-BASED OPTIMUM CAD OF FRAMED STRUCTURES

In the field of probabilistic optimal design CAD system becomes central as a tool for searching and evaluating alternatives to obtain the best design among given choices. Along these lines, this paper presents a new interactive reliability-based CAD optimization procedure for plastic framed structures. Both loads and strengths are assumed to be random variables. Load correlations and resistance correlations are also considered. The procedure to obtain the best design is based on the optimization of the total expected weight for a specified probability of failure of the structure.
Current tuning and the concept of avalanche resonance in IMPATT diodes under large signal operating conditions

Abstract The concept of current tuning, i.e. the increase of optimum frequency with current density, is well-known in IMPATT diodes. An explanation of the phenomenon by postulating an avalanche resonance frequency was derived by Gilden and Hines from small-signal theory. Difficulties arise however when the small-signal theory is extrapolated to large signal operation. This paper provides a coherent explanation of the zero conductance and susceptance frequencies (which can be related to the avalanche resonance concept in an idealised diode model) and current tuning by utilizing a modified approach to Gilden and Hines theory which can then be extrapolated to large signal behaviour. Large signal computer simulation of diodes is used to verify the conclusions on the zero conductance and susceptance frequencies and current tuning under large signal conditions with varying frequency, drive level and current density. By examining the waveforms of the simulated diodes the cause of the zero conductance frequency (avalanche resonance at small signal levels) and current tuning can be shown to be due to the perturbation of the avalanche region electric field by the space charge of the drifting charge bunch.
Posttranslational processing of proadrenocorticotropin/endorphin-derived peptides during postnatal development in the rat pituitary.

The anterior pituitary content of pro-ACTH/endorphin-related peptides increased 5-fold from birth to 4 weeks and increased another 3-fold by adulthood. In contrast, the neurointermediate lobe content of pro-ACTH/endorphinrelated peptides increased 15-fold from birth to 4 weeks and another 10-fold by adulthood. Despite the dramatic increase in content, posttranslational processing of pro-ACTH/endorphin in the neurointermediate lobe of the neonate closely resembled intermediate lobe processing in the adult; αMSH- and β-endorphin-sized molecules (rather than ACTH and β-lipotropin) accounted for more than 90% of the immunoreactivity in both neonates and adults. In the neurointermediate pituitary of both the neonate and the adult, the αMSH-sized material was largely diacetylated, and the β-endorphin was both α-N-acetylated and C-terminally shortened. However, the extent of C-terminal shortening of β-endorphin in the neurointermediate lobe of the neonate was not as great as that observed by postnatal day 21 or ...
Decoupled Thermal and Fluidic Effects on Hotspot Cooling in a Boiling Flow Microchannel Heat Sink

Heat sinks for next generation microprocessors must remove increasing levels of power with non-uniform spatial distribution (hotspots). Two-phase convection promises strongly reduced pump size but is challenging because of boiling flow instabilities. This work studies parallel microchannel boiling stability using a series of dual channel devices which are fabricated with varying lateral thermal resistance and integrated heaters and thermometers. The data are consistent with a demand curve analysis predicting flow distribution and wall temperatures in thermally isolated parallel channels with strictly fluidic interaction. Increasing the thermal resistance between two parallel channels is shown to strongly influence the onset of instabilities and adversely increase the peak temperature. These dual-channel experiments capture the key physics of multichannel instabilities and provide the foundation for improved design of two-phase microfluidic heat sinks.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A New Method to Concentrate Electromagnetic Field Within ROI Using a High Dielectric Material in 3T Body MRI

We present numerical simulation results showing that high dielectric materials (HDMs) when placed between the human body model and the body coil significantly alter the electromagnetic field inside the body. The numerical simulation results show that the electromagnetic field (E, B, and SAR) within a region of interest (ROI) is concentrated (increased). In addition, the average electromagnetic fields decreased significantly outside the region of interest. The calculation results using a human body model and HDM of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) show that the mean local SAR was decreased by about 56% (i.e., 18.7 vs. 8.2 W/kg) within the body model.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Chlamydia pneumoniae promotes dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells.

The human pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases including type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate pancreatic beta cells and mast cells during chlamydial infection. Our study revealed that C. pneumoniae infected mast cells significantly (p < 0.005) decreased beta cell ATP and insulin production, in contrast to uninfected mast cells co-cultured with beta cells. Infected mast cells exhibited pyknotic nuclei and active caspase-3 and caspase-1 expression. Additionally, ex vivo analyses of tissues collected from C. pneumoniae infected mice showed increased interleukin-1b production in splenocytes and pancreatic tissues as was observed with in vitro mast cell-beta cell co-cultures during C. pneumoniae infection. Notably, infected mast cells promoted beta cell destruction. Our findings reveal the negative effect of C. pneumoniae on mast cells, and the consequential impact on pancreatic beta cell function and viability.
Activity-based protein profiling for biochemical pathway discovery in cancer

Large-scale profiling methods have uncovered numerous gene and protein expression changes that correlate with tumorigenesis. However, determining the relevance of these expression changes and which biochemical pathways they affect has been hindered by our incomplete understanding of the proteome and its myriad functions and modes of regulation. Activity-based profiling platforms enable both the discovery of cancer-relevant enzymes and selective pharmacological probes to perturb and characterize these proteins in tumour cells. When integrated with other large-scale profiling methods, activity-based proteomics can provide insight into the metabolic and signalling pathways that support cancer pathogenesis and illuminate new strategies for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Targeting the Wolbachia cell division protein FtsZ as a new approach for antifilarial therapy

The use of antibiotics targeting the obligate bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia of filarial parasites has been validated as an approach for controlling filarial infection in animals and humans. Availability of genomic sequences for the Wolbachia (wBm) present in the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi has enabled genome-wide searching for new potential drug targets. In the present study, we investigated the cell division machinery of wBm and determined that it possesses the essential cell division gene ftsZ which was expressed in all developmental stages of B. malayi examined. FtsZ is a GTPase thereby making the protein an attractive Wolbachia drug target. We described the molecular characterization and catalytic properties of Wolbachia FtsZ. We also demonstrated that the GTPase activity was inhibited by the natural product, berberine, and small molecule inhibitors identified from a high-throughput screen. Furthermore, berberine was also effective in reducing motility and reproduction in B. malayi parasites in vitro. Our results should facilitate the discovery of selective inhibitors of FtsZ as a novel anti-symbiotic approach for controlling filarial infection.
Atorvastatin Increases Myocardial Indices of Oxidative Stress in a Porcine Model of Hypercholesterolemia and Chronic Ischemia

End-stage coronary artery disease (CAD) not amenable to percutaneous or surgical revascularization poses a formidable challenge to clinicians. Attempts to induce angiogenesis in the ischemic myocardium utilizing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) provided a novel therapeutic strategy and promising results in large animal models.1-4 Despite the success in these models, randomized placebo controlled clinical trials failed to demonstrate a similar degree of success.5-9 Multiple reasons may exist for the disparate results seen between animal models and patients, including the presence of comorbidities such as hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, and medication usage, which may alter the milieu of signaling molecules involved in the angiogenic cascade.10 A key signaling molecule in the angiogenic cascade, nitric oxide (NO), acts as a mediator of the angiogenic response11,12 and diminished availability of NO has been implicated in reduced angiogenic responses in animal models.13,14 In the presence of oxidative stressors, NO is converted to peroxynitrite, thereby possibly limiting its bioavailability to participate in the angiogenic response. Based on these findings, and recent work from our lab, which demonstrated a reduced endogenous angiogenic response to chronic ischemia in swine treated with atorvastatin,15 we hypothesized atorvastatin may increase oxidative stress in the myocardium, providing a possible mechanism for the reduced endogenous angiogenic seen in earlier studies as described above. We attempt in this study to evaluate the effects of the commonly prescribed 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, on oxidative stress in the myocardium itself utilizing a porcine model of diet induced hypercholesterolemia in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia.
Unusual Facial Granulomas Occurring in a Child: Report of a Case

This report describes the occurrence of distinctly unusual skin lesions in a young patient. Although the histopathologic appearance resembled tuberculosis and other granulomatous entities, the manifestations could not be ascribed to any of the known diagnostic possibilities. The disparity between the benign, limited clinical course and the serious systemic implications of the pathological findings was of considerable interest. Report of a Case The patient, a white female born in August, 1957, was seen first in August, 1959, because of 3 pigmented facial lesions of 4 months' duration. In April, 1959, at the angle of the left jaw, a soft nontender swelling was noted. This was thought to be mumps, was not treated, and abated within 2 weeks, spontaneously. However, at this time 3 slightly raised, 2 cm. flesh-colored lesions developed in the same area and during the next few months became more deeply pigmented. The size of the lesions remained
The Art and Practice of Economics Research: Lessons from Leading Minds

For The Art and Practice of Economics Research Simon Bowmaker interviewed 25 leading economists about their research interests, work habits, and professional strategies. His book contains their responses to 35–40 qualitative questions and includes a brief history of each figure.
Insulator, metal, or superconductor: The criteria.

The appropriate infinite-wavelength ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathit{i}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 and zero-frequency \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limits of the paramagnetic current-current correlation function provide criteria for determining whether a system is insulating, metallic, or superconducting. Here we discuss these criteria for lattice models and present Monte Carlo data for the two-dimensional positive- and negative-U Hubbard models that imply that the ground state of the half-filled positive-U Hubbard model is an insulator, the doped state is a metal, and the negative-U Hubbard model is a superconductor.
THE ALKALINE TRANSITION OF BIS(N-ACETYLATED) HEME UNDECAPEPTIDE

Alkaline forms of the ferric bis(N-acetylated) heme undecapeptide of cytochrome c (N-ac-HUP) and some of its derivatives have been studied by electronic absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. Surprisingly, even at pH >12, no evidence could be found for the formation of a hydroxyl ion adduct, in direct contrast to a previous report concerning ferric heme peptides encapsulated in detergent micelles (Mazumdar et al. Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 700−705). A spectroscopically determined pKa of ∼9 is assigned to the deprotonation of the constituent histidine ligand of heme iron in N-ac-HUP. The present findings are not entirely in keeping with those of an earlier study concerning the properties of N-acetylated heme octapeptide (Wang et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 35, 15310−15318), the differences observed being attributed to the buffering media employed in the two investigations. The implications of the current results in relation to a better understanding of the alkaline transitions observed in ...
Complex time dependence of the EPR signal of irradiated L-α-alanine

Abstract Measurements of the EPR signal amplitude of γ-irradiated L-α-alanine with use of an adjacent reference sample have revealed variations in the signal intensity within hours and days after irradiation. The character of the time dependence of the amplitude varies with dose and the amplitude changes reach 1–1.5%. This observation favors the hypothesis that irradiated alanine contains several paramagnetic centers. Usefulness of adjacent reference samples in alanine dosimetry is also demonstrated.
Are our universities producing too many PhDs

As we enter the 21st century, we face a world that will be increasingly dominated by science and technology. More and more jobs will require many of the analytical and thinking skills of a scientist. Citizens everywhere must also become better able to evaluate and understand the judgements of scientific and technical experts when making personal and community decisions. To spread the values and knowledge of science much more widely throughout our societies, we must also spread scientists. Therefore, advanced training in science and the acquisition of important skills through an extensive exposure to research are valuable tools for a wide variety of occupations.
Remote sensing of hydrocarbons using a portable fluorimeter

The availability of lasers has stimulated research in the field of fiber optics (Davis, 1985; Choe, 1985). In fiber optic technology has progressed to the point that losses in fibers have been reduced to as little as 0.16 (Hecht, 1987). This development has opened major fields for applications of fiber optics including areas such as medicine, controlled industrial processes, analysis of nuclear waste, monitoring of ground water contaminants, analysis of hazard chemicals, and oil and soil applications. Fiber optics based sensor systems have an advantage over sensor systems based on other concepts in that acquisition of spectroscopic data is possible. This distinct advantage allows for more analytical information to be gathered. The sensors can be made very small so that they can easily be placed in situ including in vivo. Fiber optics can couple with a very common form of sample analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy instrumentation. For a review of fiber optic methods and applications see for example, Patterson and Yurek Chudyk et al. Katzir Murray et al. and Alvager et al. (1988). Flourescence spectroscopy is discussed in Wibry (1982).
Phenoxyl, (Methylthio)phenoxyl, and (Methylthio)cresyl Radical Models for the Structures, Vibrations, and Spin Properties of the Cysteine-Linked Tyrosyl Radical in Galactose Oxidase

A cysteine-linked tyrosyl radical is implicated as a redox-active subunit in the stereospecific oxidation of d-alcohols to aldehydes by galactose oxidase. This contribution reports hybrid Hartree−Fock/density functional B3LYP/6-31G(d) quantum chemical calculations to compare the structures and properties of phenoxyl, (methylthio)phenoxyl, and (methylthio)cresyl radicalsincreasingly accurate structural models for the biological radical. Calculated isotropic hyperfine coupling constants (hfcc's) for (methylthio)cresyl radical most closely resemble hfcc's measured for the apoenzyme (with Cu2+ removed), although the odd-alternant spin density pattern of phenoxyl radical is preserved in all three models. All three radicals are similarly accurate models for the vibrations of the enzyme's radical, although the calculated frequency for Wilson mode 19a, considered diagnostic for the cysteine-linked tyrosyl radical in galactose oxidase, appears closest to experimental results for the (methylthio)cresyl radical. Sim...
Pre-lytic Release of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cytoplasmic Blebs

Summary The pre-lytic release mechanism of foot-and-mouth disease virus was investigated by immunofluorescence, acridine orange staining, and electron microscopy in infected bovine and porcine kidney coverslip cultures. Cells with cytoplasmic fluorescence and which were positive for single stranded RNA with acridine orange staining were observed at 2 h after infection. Scanning electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic blebs in all cultures examined 2 h after infection. Rounded cells with virus inclusions began to appear 3 h after infection. Rounded cells and cytoplasmic blebs were shown to have single stranded RNA by acridine orange staining. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy with immunoferritin tagging demonstrated foot-and-mouth disease virus in cytoplasmic blebs. This study presents evidence for a pre-lytic release of foot-and-mouth disease virus through virus-containing cytoplasmic blebs emerging from infected cells.
Dynamic Contributions to the Surface Energy of Simple Metals

The contributions of the collective modes to the surface energy of simple metals are calculated. This energy is found to give a relatively good fit to the experimental data indicating that collective contributions must be included in any first-principles calculation.
The effect of a joint communication campaign on multiple sex partners in Mozambique: the role of psychosocial/ideational factors.

AbstractMozambique is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa most affected by the HIV epidemic. Multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships (MSP/CP) have been recognized as one of the key drivers in the rapid spread of HIV in the region. Though HIV prevention programs have been successful in increasing condom use and HIV testing, reducing the practice of MSP/CP has been more difficult. Grounding their interventions in social and behavior change theory, four organizations in Mozambique joined efforts to implement a year-long, multimedia national campaign for HIV prevention with emphasis on the reduction of MSP/CP. Evaluating its impact and identifying the factors that hinder or contribute to its success are critical to building effective programs in the future. With data from a 2011 population-based survey of 1427 sexually active women and men, multivariate causal attribution (MCA) analysis was used to estimate the impact of the campaign in the four regions of Mozambique with the highest levels of HIV ...
Effect of Deuteration of N—CH3 Group on Potency and Enzymatic N-Demethylation of Morphine

Substitution of deuterium for the N-methyl hydrogens of morphine produced a significant reduction in the potency and lethality of morphine in mice regardless of the route of administration. There was no effect on the time of onset, maximal effect, or duration of action. N-demethylation by rat liver microsomal enzymes was characterized by a smaller reaction rate constant, a higher energy of activation, and a larger Michaelis constant with respect to the deuterated morphine. These findings indicated that deuteration of the N-methyl group of morphine not only caused reduction in potency, but also a reduction in the rate of oxidative N-demethylation, and a distinct weakening of the binding to the enzyme active centers.
Oocyte maturation in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: some mechanisms and applications

The ovaries of four pre-spawning white sturgeon females were sampled and their oocytes incubated in the presence of eight gonadotropin preparations, 21 steroids, a prostaglandin and a catacholamine. Among the gonadotropin preparations, acetone dried pituitary gland powder from white sturgeon, common carp and chum salmon (in decreasing order of potency) were capable of inducing oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown — GVBD), while human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, equine luteinizing hormone, bullfrog gonadotropin, and a stellate sturgeon pituitary chromatographic fraction capable of inducing testosterone production in white sturgeon testicular tissue failed to elicit any oocyte maturation response. The progesterone derivatives were the most potent steroid inducers of GVBD, followed closely by several corticosteroids. In vitro incubation of white sturgeon oocytes, in the presence of a suitable steroid (progesterone), can be used as a diagnostic tool in screening out unresponsive females for induced spawning work. The two remaining compounds, prostaglandin F2a and epinephrine, failed to cause ovulation in progesterone-matured white sturgeon oocytes.