cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why does the intermolecular dynamics of liquid biphenyl so closely resemble that of liquid benzene? Molecular dynamics simulation of the optical-Kerr-effect spectra.

The combination of optical-Kerr-effect (OKE) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations has provided us with a newfound ability to delve into the librational dynamics of liquids, revealing, in the process, some surprising commonalities among aromatic liquids. Benzene and biphenyl, for example, have remarkably similar OKE spectra despite marked differences in their shapes, sizes, and moments of inertiaand even more chemically distinct aromatics tend to have noticeable similarities in their spectra. We explore this universality by using a molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the librational dynamics of molten biphenyl and to predict its OKE spectrum, comparing the results with our previous calculations for liquid benzene. We suggest that the impressive level of quantitative agreement between these two liquids is largely a reflection of the fact that librations in these and other aromatic liquids act as torsional oscillations with oscillator frequencies selected from the liquid's librational ban...
Crop/weed gene flow: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and C. berlandieri Moq.

Introduction of the Andean grain chenopod (Chenopodium quinoa) into North America placed this crop within the distributional range of a related wild species,C. berlandieri. This wild species, native to the North American flora, is cross-compatible withC. Quinoa. Isozyme analysis of progeny fromC. berlandieri plants growing within and at the periphery of theC. Quinoa fields, combined with fertility assessment and phenetic comparison among putative hybrids and parental types, indicates that over 30% of progeny from wild plants growing as weeds withC. quinoa in 1987 were crop/weed hybrids. This high incidence of interspecific gene flow from crop to weed appears to be the result of asymmetric pollen flow to free-living plants from high-density cultivated populations. The observed level of crop/weed hybridization, combined with heterosis and partial fertility of F1 crop/weed hybrids, suggests that repeated annual cycles ofC. quinoa cultivation within the North American range ofC. berlandieri could produce introgressive change among sympatric wild populations. In terms of risk assessment for biotechnology, these results suggest that the breeding system may not provide an accurate indication of the potential for genetic interaction among predominately self-pollinating grain crops and their free-living relatives.
Unified boundary integral equation for the scattering of elastic and acoustic waves: solution by the method of moments

A unified boundary integral equation (BIE) is developed for the scattering of elastic and acoustic waves. Traditionally, the elastic and acoustic wave problems are solved separately with different BIEs. The elastic wave case is represented in a vector BIE with the traction and displacement vectors as unknowns whereas the acoustic wave case is governed by a scalar BIE with velocity potential or pressure as unknowns. Although these two waves can be unified in the form of a partial differential equation, the unified form in its BIE counterpart has not been reported. In this work, we derive the unified BIE for these two waves and then show that the acoustic wave case can be derived from this BIE by introducing a shielding loss for small shear modulus approximation; hence only one code needs to be maintained for both elastic and acoustic wave scattering. We also derive the asymptotic Green's tensor for zero shear modulus and solve the corresponding vector equation. We employ the method of moments, which has be...
Oxygen isotope ratios in N 2 O from nitrification at a wastewater treatment facility

Atmospheric N2O plays an important part in the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere1 and influences the troposphere heat budget2. Although the emission of N2O formed by nitrification3,4 and denitrification5 from soil and aquatic environments has been considered and rates of production and destruction estimated6, the strengths of different sources and sinks of NO2 for a global budget have yet to be successfully assessed. This is mainly because the number of measurements and the areal coverage have been limited. We proposed previously7 a comparison of the 18O/16O ratio of N2O from different sources with that of the atmosphere for the evaluation of source strengths. We report here that the δ18O in N2O predominantly produced by nitrification in a wastewater treatment facility was significantly lower than that of atmospheric N2O. This suggests that the δ18O of atmospheric N2O cannot be explained by formation and release from nitrification alone. There must be other important sources or mechanisms that cause higher values of δ18O in atmospheric N2O.
Field Tests in Mexico with New Insecticides and Arsenic for the Control of Boophilus Ticks on Cattle

Mortality of adults, reproduction of surviving females, and prevention of nymphal molting of Boophilus annulatus (Say) and B. annulatus microplus (Canestrini) collected from cattle at 4 posttreatment intervals were the criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of 11 insecticides as sprays and 4 as dips on 9 ranches in Mexico. Of the compounds tested as single sprays, 1% carbaryl, 0.25% General Chemical 4072 [2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate], 0.5% toxaphene, and 1% trichlorfon were highly effective in controlling Boophilus ticks; 0.05% carbophenothion, 0.15% dioxathhion, 0.25% fenthion, and 0.1% General Chemical 3582 [1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,2-dichlorovinyl diethyl phosphate] were less effective; and least effective were 0.05% diazinon, 0.05% lindane, and 0.5% Ruelene® (4- tert- butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate). Of the four compounds tested as single dips, 0.12% and 0.25% coumaphos, and 0.15% and 0.2% dioxathion wee highly effective in controlling both varieties, and 0.06% coumaphos and 0.1% dioxathiion were somewhat less so. Ronnel at 0.5% was only partially effective, and 0.25% and 0.125% runnel were proportionately less effective. Under the conditions of these limited tests, arsenic at 0.2% As2O3 was inferior to coumaphos and dioxathion against B. annulatus. Arsenic at either 0.2% or 0.22% As2O3 was the least effective of the 4 insecticides against B. a. microplus , and no difference between the 2 concentrations could be detected.
Clostridium difficile 027/BI/NAP1 Encodes a Hypertoxic and Antigenically Variable Form of TcdB

The Clostridium difficile exotoxin, TcdB, which is a major virulence factor, varies between strains of this pathogen. Herein, we show that TcdB from the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain of C. difficile is more lethal, causes more extensive brain hemorrhage, and is antigenically variable from TcdB produced by previously studied strains of this pathogen (TcdB003). In mouse intoxication assays, TcdB from a ribotype 027 strain (TcdB027) was at least four fold more lethal than TcdB003. TcdB027 caused a previously undescribed brain hemorrhage in mice and this correlated with a heightened sensitivity of brain microvascular endothelial cells to the toxin. TcdB003 and TcdB027 also differed in their antigenic profiles and did not share cross-neutralizing epitopes in a major immunogenic region of the protein. Solid phase humoral mapping of epitopes in the carboxy-terminal domains (CTD) of TcdB027 and TcdB003 identified 11 reactive epitopes that varied between the two forms of TcdB, and 13 epitopes that were shared or overlapping. Despite the epitope differences and absence of neutralizing epitopes in the CTD of TcdB027, a toxoid form of this toxin primed a strong protective response. These findings indicate TcdB027 is a more potent toxin than TcdB003 as measured by lethality assays and pathology, moreover the sequence differences between the two forms of TcdB alter antigenic epitopes and reduce cross-neutralization by antibodies targeting the CTD.
Letter by Kaplan Regarding Article, “Bacteremia Associated With Toothbrushing and Dental Extraction”

To the Editor: The recent paper entitled “Bacteremia Associated with Toothbrushing and Dental Extraction”1 addresses a topic of considerable clinical importance and, in ways, relates to the 2007 American Heart Association revised recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of bacterial endocarditis.2 The authors should be commended for undertaking this study, which must have been difficult to carry out; however, before these data can be put into appropriate perspective, several questions require thought.
Quasigroups, Loops, and Associative Laws

Abstract We investigate the question of which weakenings of the associative law imply that a quasigroup is a loop. In particular, we completely settle the question for all laws of “Bol–Moufang type” (those written with four variables, three of which are distinct).
Elastic anisotropy and the grain size dependence of ceramic fracture energies

A literature review of fracture energy (γ)-grain size (G) trends of cubic ceramics, and an analysis based on adaptation of a model for thermal expansion anisotropy effects are made to evaluate effects of elastic anisotropy (EA) on γ. Although the model does not give the specific, typically limited, γ—G dependences suggested by experimental data, it does predict the level of the γ maxima indicated at intermediateG in some materials, and the lower γ values at large against smallG. Further, both of these deviations from constant γ are shown to be dependent on crack size and hence consistent with their being more frequently and extensively seen with notch beam (NB) as against most other measuring methods.
Characterization of the X̃2A1 and ã4A2 electronic states of CH2

Abstract The X 2 A 1 and a 4 A 2 electronic states of the methylene cation, CH 2 + , were investigated using the coupled cluster method with singles, doubles, and perturbatively applied triples [CCSD(T)] with Dunning's correlation consistent polarized valence basis set series (cc-pVXZ, where X=T, Q, and 5), core-valence basis sets (cc-pCVXZ, where X=T and Q), and augmented basis sets (aug-cc-pVXZ, where X=Q and 5). Explicit computation of the full set of triples (CCSDT) was also performed with the cc-pVTZ basis set. The most reliable equilibrium structures of r e =1.094 A and θ e =140.4° ( X 2 A 1 ) and r e =1.190 A and θ e =77.1° ( a 4 A 2 ) were obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV5Z level. The X 2 A 1 – a 4 A 2 classical energy separation is predicted to be 86.9 kcal/mol ( 30 400 cm −1 , 3.77 eV) at the CCSD(T)/cc-pCVQZ level of theory, and the zero-point vibrational energy corrected value is 84.5 kcal/mol ( 29 500 cm −1 , 3.66 eV).
Occlusion of Bridging or Avulsed Retinal Vessels by Repeated Photocoagulation

A technique is described for occlusion of bridging vessels associated with retinal breaks, and recurring vitreous hemorrhage. Argon laser photocoagulation, applied around and to the vessel in repeated sessions, produces scarring and progressive thinning of the retina until laser energy absorbed in the deep pigmented layers can reach the vessel and occlude it. Seventeen patients presenting with vitreous hemorrhage from bridging vessels were treated. Vitreous hemorrhage recurred in only two patients, one of whom had not returned for completion of treatment. The authors conclude that repeated argon laser photocoagulation is a safe, simple, and effective method for preventing recurrent vitreous hemorrhage from bridging vessels.
H4K20 methylation regulates quiescence and chromatin compaction

The transition between proliferation and quiescence is frequently associated with changes in gene expression, extent of chromatin compaction, and histone modifications, but whether changes in chromatin state actually regulate cell cycle exit with quiescence is unclear. We find that primary human fibroblasts induced into quiescence exhibit tighter chromatin compaction. Mass spectrometry analysis of histone modifications reveals that H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 increase in quiescence and other histone modifications are present at similar levels in proliferating and quiescent cells. Analysis of cells in S, G2/M, and G1 phases shows that H4K20me1 increases after S phase and is converted to H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 in quiescence. Knockdown of the enzyme that creates H4K20me3 results in an increased fraction of cells in S phase, a defect in exiting the cell cycle, and decreased chromatin compaction. Overexpression of Suv4-20h1, the enzyme that creates H4K20me2 from H4K20me1, results in G2 arrest, consistent with a role for H4K20me1 in mitosis. The results suggest that the same lysine on H4K20 may, in its different methylation states, facilitate mitotic functions in M phase and promote chromatin compaction and cell cycle exit in quiescent cells.
Comparison of the bronchodilator effects of aerosol fenoterol and isoproterenol.

Aerosolized fenoterol in a dosage of 400 µ g was compared to isoproterenol 150 µg in 31 asthmatic subjects during the course of a doable-blind parallel 90-day study. Bronchodilator activities of the two drugs were evaluated for up to 6 hours on days 1, 45 and 90. Analysis of the data revealed that fenoterol consistently produced a significantly greater increase in FEV 1 , FEF25-75% and Gaw/VL. Specific airway conductance increased on each test day 25 percent or more above baseline for over three hours after use of fenoterol and for only one hour after use of isoproterenol. Fenoterol had less effect upon the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, but produced a greater incidence of shaking compared to isoproterenol. Patients used fenoterol less frequently than isoproterenol which can be attributed to the former having a greater peak effect and time course of bronchodilation. The therapeutic efficacy of fenoterol was sustained throughout this three-month study, and suggests that this relatively selective beta 2 adrenergic drug will provide a well tolerated, alternative aerosol for chronic use in asthma.
Assessment of spectral indices for crop residue cover estimation

The quantification of surficial crop residue (nonphotosynthetic vegetation) cover is important for assessing agricultural tillage practices, rangeland health, and brush fire hazards. The Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI) and the Shortwave Infrared Normalized Difference Residue Index (SINDRI) are two spectral indices that have shown promise for remote estimation of crop residue cover. CAI and SINDRI utilize three and two spectral bands, respectively, rendering the latter less expensive to implement in future satellite sensors. This study shows that while CAI always contrasts well among soils, crop residues, and live vegetation, this is not always the case for SINDRI. A small number of surficial soil samples had positive SINDRI values that have reduced contrasts among crop residues. Some of these soils were biased by SINDRI-positive component minerals. As such, SINDRI is less applicable for remote crop residue cover estimation, even with reduced implementation costs.
Silicon oxide/silicon nitride dual-layer films: a stacked gate dielectric for the 21st century

Incorporation of nitrogen atoms into ultra thin (<0.3 nm) gate dielectrics (i) reduces defect generation at the Si-SiO 2 interface, (ii) allows use of physically thicker dielectrics when incorporated into oxide-nitride stacked gate dielectrics, and (iii) prevents boron atom transport out of heavily doped p + polycrystalline silicon gate electrodes when nitrided layers are incorporated at the polycrystalline Si-dielectric interface. I demonstrate that nitrogen atoms can be selectively and independently incorporated into different parts of the gate dielectric structure by low-temperature (∼300°C) remote plasma assisted processing followed by low-thermal budget rapid thermal annealing (RTA) yielding state of the art field effect transistors with oxide equivalent thicknesses less than 2 nm.
Managing a palliative oncology program: The role of a business plan

Today's health-care environment demands that palliative-care programs operate in a businesslike manner. This report summarizes the business plan and the process followed to develop the Palliative Care Program at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF). The benefits generated from this effort and the lessons learned that may be helpful to other program managers are described. By disciplining itself to focus on financial, marketing, and operational issues, the Palliative Care Program is in a better position to advance its clinical services within the organization and in its market area, and can thereby serve its patients more effectively.
The Dynamic Energy Release Rate for a Steadily Propagating Mode I Crack in an Infinite, Linearly Viscoelastic Body

The material is assumed to have a constant Poisson's ratio, but the shear modulus is only assumed to be decreasing and convex. An expression for the Stress Intensity Factor is derived for very general tractions on the crack faces and the Energy Release Rate is constructed assuming that a fully developed Barenblatt type failure zone with nonsingular stresses exists at the crack tip and the loadings have a simple exponential form
Processing of a new high strength high toughness steel with duplex microstructure (Ferrite + Austenite)

Abstract In this investigation a new third generation advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has been developed. This steel was synthesized by austempering of a low carbon and low alloy steel with high silicon content. The influence of austempering temperature on the microstructure and the mechanical properties including the fracture toughness of this steel was also examined. Compact tension and cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from a low carbon low alloy steel and were initially austenitized at 927 °C for 2 h and then austempered in the temperature range between 371 °C and 399 °C to produce different microstructures. The microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical metallography. Test results show that the austempering heat treatment has resulted in a microstructure consisting of very fine scale bainitic ferrite and austenite. A combination of very high tensile strength of 1388 MPa and fracture toughness of 105 MPa √m was obtained after austempering at 371 °C.
Abstract ES1-1: Molecular Profiling for In Situ Carcinoma of the Breast

The management of in situ carcinoma of the breast represents a clinical dilemma. Such a non-invasive lesion places the patient at risk for subsequent development of an invasive lesion, and various treatments have been shown to reduce this risk. However, most patients are asymptomatic at initial presentation, and standard treatments are associated with the risk of side effects. It can be difficult for the individual patient to find the most appropriate balance between the risks and benefits of adding treatment. Although many patients elect for all treatments to minimize risk of progression regardless of potential side effects, other patients elect against treatment, often because of the potential risk of associated side effects. Standard approaches to managing the patient with in situ disease have employed various clinical and pathologic characteristics to assess and stratify risk. Models for determining risk have used a number of clinical and pathologic characteristics, including patient age, lesion size, and grade. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) have different risk profiles. For example, LCIS is well known to have subsequent risk that is more frequently bilateral than DCIS. Prospective randomized clinical trials for DCIS have demonstrated a substantial reduction in the risk of recurrence associated with adding radiation treatment and tamoxifen after lumpectomy. Five randomized DCIS trials have shown that adding radiation treatment after lumpectomy lowers the risk of local recurrence and invasive local recurrence in the ipsilateral breast by approximately 50%. Two randomized DCIS trials have demonstrated that adding tamoxifen reduces the risk of all breast cancer events (combined ipsilateral plus contralateral) by approximately 30–40%. No survival benefit has been shown for adding either radiation or tamoxifen. For LCIS, hormonal treatment has been shown to reduce subsequent risk. More recent efforts have focused on the value of molecular markers to individualize and tailor risk profiling for the individual patient. Using such molecular risk profiling, adding treatment can be selected for higher risk patients, and omitting treatment can be chosen for lower risk patients. To be clinically useful, molecular profiling should demonstrate value beyond that seen using standard clinical and pathologic factors. While current efforts have focused on using molecular profiling as a prognostic factor, future efforts will evaluate molecular profiling as a predictive factor. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES1-1.
A selective annotated bibliography for clinical audiology (1988-2008): reference works.

Purpose This is the 1st in a series of 3 planned companion articles that present a selected, annotated, and indexed bibliography of clinical audiology publications from 1988 to 2008. Method Researc...
“More Ridiculous Than Sad”: Editing the Matrimonials in the London Journal

P.W.C.—Seek for a wife among your relatives or acquaintances. It is sad, but still more ridiculous than sad, to know that a young man of good connections and unimpeachable character, with £250 a-ye...
Structure-activity relationships in human toll-like receptor 7-active imidazoquinoline analogues

Engagement of toll-like receptors serve to link innate immune responses with adaptive immunity and can be exploited as powerful vaccine adjuvants for eliciting both primary and anamnestic immune responses. TLR7 agonists are highly immunostimulatory without inducing dominant proinflammatory cytokine responses. A structure−activity study was conducted on the TLR7-agonistic imidazoquinolines, starting with 1-(4-amino-2-((ethylamino)methyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol as a lead. Modifications of the secondary amine of the C2 ethylaminomethylene side chain are poorly tolerated. The 4-amino group must be retained for activity. Replacement of the imidazole ring of the scaffold with triazole or cyclic urea led to complete loss of activity. A systematic exploration of N1-benzyl-C2-alkyl substituents showed a very distinct relationship between alkyl length and TLR7-agonistic potency with the optimal compound bearing a C2-n-butyl group. Transposition of the N1 and C2 substituents led to the i...
Genotype × environment interactions in populations possessing Ga1-s and ga1 alleles for cross incompatibility in maize

Use of cross incompatibility in corn (Zea mays L.) by the Ga1-s allele may reduce cross-fertilization in specialty and conventional organic corn with pollen from genetically-modified (GM) corn. For effective use, information about environment, and genotype × environment effects on cross-fertilization by ga1 as well as heritability of cross incompatibility in maize is necessary. Our objective was to obtain this information. Four population pairs differing in their genotype at ga1 were evaluated for cross incompatibility with ga1 pollen in different environments. Populations were derived by crossing the recurrent parents B116, PHG35, ARZM16035:S19, and (CHZM05015:Mo17)Mo17 to Ga1-s donor parent Mo508W/Mo506W. Two replicates of each treatment were grown in the center of 952 m2 fields planted with purple corn as an adventitious source of ga1/ga1 pollen. Open pollination was allowed and the amount of cross-fertilization estimated by averaging the percentage of purple seeds. Environment and genotype × environment effects were not significant. Contrasts to evaluate differences in cross-fertilization between Ga1-s and ga1 populations revealed that mean percentages of cross-fertilization in Ga1-s populations of B116, ARZM16035:S19, and (CHZM05015:Mo17)Mo17 were significantly lower than in ga1 populations. The estimated broad-sense heritability on an entry-mean basis for cross incompatibility was 0.81. Results suggest differences in genotype at ga1 played a major role in cross-fertilization of populations differing in their genotype at the ga1 locus. Incompatibility may be selected effectively over different environments and the Ga1-s system may be of value to reduce cross-fertilization with GM corn pollen.
Dynamic gamma knife radiosurgery

Gamma knife has been the treatment of choice for various brain tumors and functional disorders. Current gamma knife radiosurgery is planned in a 'ball-packing' approach and delivered in a 'step-and-shoot' manner, i.e. it aims to 'pack' the different sized spherical high-dose volumes (called 'shots') into a tumor volume. We have developed a dynamic scheme for gamma knife radiosurgery based on the concept of 'dose-painting' to take advantage of the new robotic patient positioning system on the latest Gamma Knife C™ and Perfexion™ units. In our scheme, the spherical high dose volume created by the gamma knife unit will be viewed as a 3D spherical 'paintbrush', and treatment planning reduces to finding the best route of this 'paintbrush' to 'paint' a 3D tumor volume. Under our dose-painting concept, gamma knife radiosurgery becomes dynamic, where the patient moves continuously under the robotic positioning system. We have implemented a fully automatic dynamic gamma knife radiosurgery treatment planning system, where the inverse planning problem is solved as a traveling salesman problem combined with constrained least-square optimizations. We have also carried out experimental studies of dynamic gamma knife radiosurgery and showed the following. (1) Dynamic gamma knife radiosurgery is ideally suited for fully automatic inverse planning, where high quality radiosurgery plans can be obtained in minutes of computation. (2) Dynamic radiosurgery plans are more conformal than step-and-shoot plans and can maintain a steep dose gradient (around 13% per mm) between the target tumor volume and the surrounding critical structures. (3) It is possible to prescribe multiple isodose lines with dynamic gamma knife radiosurgery, so that the treatment can cover the periphery of the target volume while escalating the dose for high tumor burden regions. (4) With dynamic gamma knife radiosurgery, one can obtain a family of plans representing a tradeoff between the delivery time and the dose distributions, thus giving the clinician one more dimension of flexibility of choosing a plan based on the clinical situations.
Regeneration of Coronilla varia L. (crownvetch) plants from callus culture

Coronilla varia L. (crownvetch) plants were regenerated from callus cultures through somatic embryogenesis. Callus cultures were initiated using hypocotyls excised from sterile seedlings. Cultures were then transferred from a modified Gamborg's B5 medium containing 2,4-D to a medium containing no plant growth regulators (basal B5). Formation of embryos was evident in 12 of 32 callus lines after transfer of callus to BOi2Y (modified Blaydeś medium supplemented with 100 mg inositol and 2 g yeast extract/L). Basal B5 supplemented with 10 mM asparagine or 20 mM NH4Cl could be substituted for BOi2Y. Embryos subsequently transferred to basal B5 developed roots and shoots. Plants thus formed were first transferred to vermiculite and then to soil.
Heteronymous reflex responses in a hand muscle when maintaining constant finger force or position at different contraction intensities.

Abstract Objective This study compared heteronymous reflex responses evoked in the first dorsal interosseous muscle by electrical and mechanical stimuli during force and position tasks performed at different target torques. Methods Twenty-two healthy human participants contracted the first dorsal interosseus muscle either to produce a constant force against a rigid restraint (force task) or to maintain a constant position of the index finger (position task) against a constant load of 20, 40, and 60% of maximum. Results The amplitude of the short-latency reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the median nerve was significantly greater when maintaining finger position, whereas no difference was present for the long-latency responses. In contrast, the reflex responses (short- and long-latency) did not differ between tasks when elicited by tendon-taps. Conclusions Task difference in reflex responsiveness depended more on the type of stimulus applied than the reflex pathway and was consistent across three voluntary contraction forces. Significance The results suggest that afferent input from homonymous and heteronymous pathways is modulated similarly at the spinal level during such tasks, and implies the significance of presynaptic inhibition during motor performance.
Replenishment Schedule for Deteriorating Items with Time-Proportional Demand

In this paper a heuristic model is presented for determining the ordering schedule when an inventoried item is subject to deterioration and demand changes linearly over time. While the optimizing model developed by researchers fixes the ordering interval and varies the ordering size, the heuristic permits variation in both replenishment-cycle length and the size of the order. As a result, the heuristic produces a better solution than optimizing models in the study presented here.
Synaptic Adjustment after Deafferentation of the Superior Colliculus of the Rat

Eyes were removed from rats shortly after birth, when there are few formed synapses in the colliculus. It was found that synaptogenesis continues to give a near-normal ratio of terminals containing either spheroidal or flattened vesicles. After eye removal in adult rats, however, reinvasion of synaptic sites vacated by degenerate optic terminals occurs, with an incomplete return toward a normal proportion of synaptic types.
Distributed Control of Spacecraft Formations via Cyclic Pursuit: Theory and Experiments

In this paper, distributed control policies for spacecraft formations that draw inspiration from the simple idea of cyclic pursuit are studied. First studied are cyclic-pursuit control laws for both single- and double-integrator models in three dimensions. In particular, control laws are developed that only require relative measurements of position and velocity with respect to the two leading neighbors in the ring topology of cyclic pursuit and that allow convergence to a variety of symmetric formations, including evenly spaced circular and elliptic formations and evenly spaced Archimedes spirals. Second, potential applications are discussed, including spacecraft formation for interferometric imaging. Finally, experimental results obtained by implementing the aforementioned control laws on the Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellite testbed onboard the International Space Station are presented and discussed.
Advanced Screencasting With Embedded Assessments in Pathophysiology and Therapeutics Course Modules

Objective. To implement and assess the effectiveness of a hybrid learning model using advanced screencasting with embedded assessments in pathophysiology and therapeutics modules. Design. Two pathophysiology and therapeutics course modules on viral hepatitis and the clinical pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides were chosen for study. The preclass portion of the hybrid model involved student completion of interactive e-lectures that were created with the use of advanced screencasting and included embedded assessments. Students viewed the e-lectures and completed the assessment questions prior to in-class lecture. Assessment. Preimplementation and postimplementation test scores were compared and student survey data were analyzed. Test scores improved significantly and students’ perceptions of the learning method were favorable. Test scores improved most significantly on higher-level Bloom’s taxonomy questions. Conclusion. A hybrid model that used advanced screencasting with embedded assessments offered a novel method to afford students active-learning opportunities to progress to higher cognitive domains of learning.
Perturbations to the Cl2+A2Πu-X2Πg band system: Observation of a new electronic state

Abstract Fifteen emission bands of 35Cl2+ in the region between 415 and 490 nm have been recorded at high resolution in a supersonically cooled source and rotationally analyzed. All of these bands have Ω = 3 2 in both the upper and lower states. Among these, 10 bands are assigned to the principal A 2 Π u 3 2 -X 2 Π g 3 2 electronic band system first assigned rotationally by Huberman; these measurements substantially improve the accuracy with which vibrational intervals and rotational constants are known for this system. The remaining five bands are assigned to perturbation-induced transitions of a new band system whose most plausible assignment is B 2 Δ u 3 2 -X 2 Π g 3 2 . In addition, nine bands of 35Cl37Cl+, including one band belonging to the new B 2 Δ u 3 2 -X 2 Π g 3 2 system, have also been analyzed. These are the first reported rotational analyses of any bands of the minor isotope.
High risk for venous thromboembolism in diabetics with hyperosmolar state: comparison with other acute medical illnesses

Summary. Background: Diabetes mellitus is generally not recognized as an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, clinical observations and case reports have suggested that patients with diabetes and hyperosmolarity may be at increased risk for VTE. Objectives: To determine the risk of VTE in patients hospitalized for diabetes with hyperosmolar state compared to patients with other acute medical illnesses. Patients/methods: The California Patient Discharge Data Set was used to determine the incidence of first-time VTE in all patients admitted between 1995 and 2000 for diabetes with hyperosmolarity and 11 other acute medical conditions. Proportional hazard modeling was used to adjust for age, race, gender, and prior hospitalization within 3 months. Results: Among 2859 patients with diabetes and hyperosmolarity, 34 (1.2%) developed VTE during the hospitalization and 14 (0.5%) developed VTE within 91 days after discharge. In an adjusted multivariate model comparing the risk of VTE to cases with depression, patients with hyperosmolarity had a significantly higher risk of VTE [hazard ratio (HR) = 16.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 10–25] comparable to the risk associated with sepsis (HR = 19.3; 95% CI: 13–29) or acute connective tissue disease (HR = 21; 95% CI: 15–31). Compared to uncomplicated diabetes, patients with hyperosmolarity had a significantly higher risk of VTE (HR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.1–4.5) whereas patients with ketoacidosis were not at higher risk (HR = 1.2; 95% CI: 0.8–1.7). Conclusions: Patients hospitalized for diabetes with hyperosmolarity are at increased risk for developing VTE both during their inpatient stay and in the 3 months after discharge. Thromboprophylaxis in these patients appears warranted, and extended prophylaxis for after hospital discharge should be studied.
Twenty-four-hour emergency department coverage by attending radiologists

It has been 5 years since we implemented extended attending radiology coverage at the Ohio State Medical Center. This change in our practice has raised several issues including which cases we should report, the effect on resident education, the impact on our circadian rhythm, and scheduling complexity. As a result of this initiative, the quality of care we provide has improved because of a dramatic decrease in report turn-around time and better consultation with our referring physicians.
A perturbation method for solving linear semi-infinite programming problems

Abstract This paper discusses a class of linear semi-infinite programming problems with finite number of variables and infinitely many constraints over a compact metric space. The “adding constraint method” for solving linear semi-infinite programming problems is introduced in Section 2. The “perturbation method” for solving regular linear programming problems is introduced in Section 3. Based on these two methods, the “perturbation method” for solving linear semi-infinite programming problems is proposed with a proof for the convergence of the “perturbation algorithm”.
The measurement of job characteristics: A content and contextual analytic look at scale validity

This investigation provides an examination of the validity of the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) and the Job Characteristics Inventory (JCI). The verbal content of the two measure is examined, as are the contrasts between the verbal content of these scales and the verbal content of three popular measures of job satisfaction. The Minnesota Contextual Content Analysis program is used to examine the ideas emphasized by these research scales. Both measures of job characteristics were found to discriminate from certain measures of job satisfaction, to emphasize an instrumental and not an affective context, and to possess some internal dimensionality problems.
Shock dynamics of hypervelocity impact of metals

Abstract Hypervelocity impact of metals poses a problem which has not yet received an analytic treatment. This paper presents as such a shock-dynamic analysis of the problem. Equations are developed in explicit form, to facilitate the determination of the shock waves produced during the impact process. Interaction, propagation, and stability of the shock waves are also discussed. The accuracy of the theory is finally tested by a comparative study of numerical examples and known experimental data.
Expression of the putative tumour suppressor gene, p73, in neuroblastoma and other childhood tumours.

Background The recently characterised p53 homologue, p73, has been mapped to chromosome 1p36, a region often found deleted in neuroblastoma. Although p73 has been implicated as a candidate tumour suppressor for neuroblastoma, mutations in the gene appear to be rare, thus suggesting other mechanisms for its aberrant behaviour. Procedure We analysed p73 gene expression in a panel of primary neuroblastoma tumours and cell lines, as well as other tumours of childhood, using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results Although low-level p73 expression was detected in 44/45 primary neuroblastoma tumours, no association with prognostic markers could be discerned. In no case was the level of p73 expression in the primary tumours as high as that observed in p73-expressing neuroblastoma cell lines. Expression of the p73 gene was also detected in 24/34 other childhood tumours. Conclusion Collectively, the data raise doubts over the role of this gene as a tumour suppressor in neuroblastoma. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:48–51, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of Cleavage of Paraoxon and Parathion by Cetyltrimethylammonium Iodosobenzoate

Micellar cetyltrimethylammonium iodosobenzoate, (CTA)IBA, is highly reactive toward paraoxon (1) and parathion (2). In aqueous solution at pH 9, excess (CTA)IBA mediates their hydrolyses with kobs(max) = 0.014 and 0.0030 s-1, respectively, corresponding to half-lives of 50 s and 3.8 min. Comparisons with other phosphorolytic reagents suggest that (CTA)IBA merits serious consideration for the remediation of paraoxon or parathion contamination.
Changes in pathology instruction and student performance on the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1, 1995-2000: a nationwide 6-year longitudinal study.

Abstract A multi-institutional collaborative longitudinal study was conducted to assess the effect of curricular change (overall curricular format and detailed pathology instruction) and school policy regarding the Step 1 requirement on the United States Medical Licensure Examination (USMLE) Step 1 Total and Step 1 Pathology scores over a period of 6 years (1995 to 2000). Detailed descriptions of instruction (overall curricular format and the format and number of hours of instruction in various areas of pathology) and the school policy of USMLE Step 1 requirement for classes entering in 1993 to 1998 were matched with Step 1 Total scores and Step 1 Pathology scores for 48,166 students from 73 schools who took the corresponding June 1995 to 2000 examination. Hierarchical linear modeling was used for analysis while controlling for students' MCAT-bpv (Medical College Admission Test, composite of biological and physical sciences and verbal reasoning) scores and undergraduate grade point average (GPA). Results indicated that the GPA and MCAT-bpv scores of students significantly impacted their Step 1 Total score and Step 1 Pathology score for each year. The mean MCAT-bpv scores of entering classes showed a steady increase from 1993 to 1998. About this same time, Step 1 Total scores were on the rise (especially for classes entering 1994 to 1996, after which they stabilized). During the same time period (1993 to 1998), there was a substantial move toward integrated instruction of Pathology. The mean Step 1 scores of schools with integrated instruction were slightly higher than those of schools with nonintegrated instruction, but the difference was not significant. Analyses of variance were run to examine the effect of change of curriculum on Step 1 Total and Step 1 Pathology scores. Our analysis does not appear to show a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in curriculum toward integrated instruction and the increasing Step 1 scores during the study period. The MCAT-bpv scores showed an upward pattern during the study period, and given that they are strong predictors of Step 1 scores, it appears that the rising MCAT-bpv scores are a major contributory factor to the upward trend in the scores during the study period. The only clearly significant result at the school level is that a requirement to pass Step 1 before moving on to clinical rotations is positively related to Step 1 Total and Step 1 Pathology scores.
Induced spin texture in semiconductor/topological insulator heterostructures

We show that a semiconductor thin film can acquire a nontrivial spin texture due to the proximity effect induced by a topological insulator. The effect stems from coupling to the topological surface states and is present even when the insulator is doped. We propose a semiconductor/topological insulator heterostructure as a device that allows measuring interface properties and probing surface states in uncompensated samples. We also find that the topological insulator surface modes can be significantly broadened and shifted by the presence of metallic contacts.
An Empiric Approach to the Interpretation of the Low Frequency Critically Damped Ballistocardiogram

For the first time, the range of variation in amplitude and temporal relationships of the first four waves of the critically damped ballistocardiogram are presented for two groups of normal subjects. Characteristic deviations from this range are described in patients with vertical hearts, essential hypertension, coarctation of the aorta and aortic insufficiency. The relationship of the cardiac position to the first two patterns is reported. Explanation is found for these observations in current ballistocardiographic theory.
Phonon Instability in a Magnetic Field

The problem of phonon instability of an electron-phonon system is studied. When the electrons have a net drift velocity relative to the lattice in the presence of a static, uniform magnetic field, it is found that the phonons may become unstable when certain threshold values for the drift velocity and the magnetic field are exceeded. This is more or less expected. However, even after the thresholds are exceeded, it is predicted here that there exist alternate bands of the magnetic field in which the phonons are unstable in one band, stable in the next band, unstable again in the following band, etc. These alternate bands have their origin in the discreteness of the Landau levels of the electron.
Local dielectric environment of B-DNA in solution : Results from a 14 ns molecular dynamics trajectory

The dielectric behavior of solvent water around DNA is elicited in terms of Kirkwood−Grunwald theory from a 14 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of B-DNA developed in a medium of explicit waters and sodium counterions with particle mesh Ewald for long-range electrostatics. The computed dielectric profile near DNA increases rather rapidly with distance and displays bulk behavior beyond 5 A. A proximity analysis of the dielectric function reveals that the relative permittivities in the first shell of DNA obey the following trend in the simulations: phosphate backbone > major groove > minor groove. Estimates of the local dielectric constants in the major groove are consistent with interpretations based on fluorescence measurements, indicating that MD models of solvent around DNA are providing a reasonably accurate account of the local solution environment of a complicated polyelectrolyte. The calculated dielectric profile is fit to a sigmoidal function, which can be used in estimating the strength of charge−...
Evaluation of a Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Total Fecal Lipid

A spectrophotometric method is evaluated for determination of total fecal lipid. Duplicate samples of fecal homogenate, an appropriate standard, and a blank, each in acidic, aqueous alcohol, are extracted with petroleum ether. The extracts are analyzed by the spectrophotometric, acid-dichromate oxidation method. The procedure is much briefer and simpler than current gravimetric and titrimetric methods for fecal fat, and a comparative study suggests that the values obtained are of equal diagnostic value to those obtained by the popular Van de Kamer [ J. Biol. Chem. 177, 347 (1949)] method for total fatty acids. Fecal samples from patients with various degrees of steatorrhea gave results having a linear relationship between total lipid and total fatty acid excretion (coefficient of correlation, 0.995; regression formula, total lipid = 1.09 (total fatty acid) + 3.4). The slope of near unity indicates that the increased lipid excretion in steatorrhea is almost wholly accounted for by increased triglyceride and fatty acid excretion and that the unsaponifiable fraction remains relatively constant.
Dysfluency in a Service Member With Comorbid Diagnoses: A Case Study

ABSTRACT Purpose: Because of the noted increase in dysfluency among service members returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, this article describes differentiation between the various types of fluency as well as an evaluation and treatment course of a service member returning from war with the comorbid diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, mild traumatic brain injury, and resulting stuttering. Method: The subject of this case study signed a consent on his admission to National Intrepid Center of Excellence (NICoE) for use of any clinical information for research purposes. The patient-centered method of his evaluation and treatment is one standard for NICoE's 4-week treatment program. Fluency data were collected from the patient using observational and standardized assessment (Stuttering Severity Instrument-4). The patient underwent a course of treatment using fluency strategy education and practice to lead to generalization of skills across all communication environments. Conclusion: This service membe...
Coping With Mental Illness: A Family's Struggle for Peace

Problem Families struggle with the day-to-day worrying about behaviors of acting out at school and work, and the loss of normalcy that they used to have in their everyday lives. Families with a loved one with mental illness live in an almost constant state of uncertainty due to the unpredictability of the illness. Conclusions This article addresses the challenges inherent to the acute psychiatric admission process of a patient and family.
Positional uncertainty in long-term memory.

Long-term memory for position was examined from the perspective of an immediate memory framework, the perturbation model of Estes (Estes, 1972; Lee & Estes, 1977, 1981). First, a simple version of the perturbation model is shown to provide a reasonable fit of previously reported long-term data (Nairne, 1990b), eventhough the perturbation idea was developed to explain the phenomena of immediate retention. Second, new results are reported that extend the application to multiple dimensions. Long-term memories for list and within-list position appear to mimic the classic patterns of immediate retention, in that both show bow-shaped serial position curves and error generalization gradients that are roughly symmetrical around the true serial position.