cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain of first-trimester abortion: its quantification and relations with other variables.

Abstract Among 2,299 patients on whom first-trimester abortions were performed after administration of local anesthesia, 97 per cent reported experiencing some degree of pain. Independent ratings of the pain severity were obtained from the patients and also from the doctors and counselors who observed them. Although the rating procedures used by patients differed from those used by doctors and counselors, the three sources agreed significantly in evaluating pain levels of individual patients. Data from all three sources indicated that pain produced during the abortion procedure tended to be minor in severity. The ranking of relative painfulness of the eight stages of the abortion procedure based on average ratings obtained from doctors was nearly identical to that based on average ratings obtained from counselors. (Patients did not rate the separate stages.) On average, the patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache. The youngest patients experienced the most pain, and the oldest experienced the least. Both gestational age and cervical dilatation were related to pain in a curvilinear fashion, i.e., for both variables, patients in extreme categories experienced more pain than those in intermediate categories. Preprocedure fearfulness was positively related to intraoperative pain. No support was found for the expectation that oral administration of 5 mg. of diazepam reduces pain during this procedure.
Design and fabrication of the MesoMill : a five-axis milling machine for meso-scaled parts

Introduction With the increased prevalence of meso-scaled products, new tools are being developed to bridge the gap between fabrication processes tailored for micrometer and millimeter sized features [ 1] [ 2]. Compared to its traditional counterpart [ 3], a small machine tool designed for meso-scale could potentially have a smaller overall footprint, shorter structural loop and lower cost than a conventional machine; in addition, a small machine presents opportunities for improved machine metrology, and easier environmental control. This paper describes the design of the MesoMill: a test machine designed to evaluate the use of components new to the design of machining centers including wire capstan drives, ballscrew splines, and an air bearing spindle with an integral Z-axis. The MesoMill machine concept is shown in Figure 1 where two ballscrew splines at right angles to each other would provide four degrees of freedom. The air bearing spindle with Z-axis would provide a 5 axis. Ballscrew splines are used in robotic systems for pick and place operations, and at this time, the manufacturer was not aware of a machining application. However, by oversizing the units, their stiffness seemed appropriate. The next challenge is to drive the nuts, which can be done with direct drive at relatively high cost; thus it was decided to investigate the use of a wire capstan drive in order to obtain a backlash-free high stiffness transmission ratio. Figure 2 shows a test stand for one of the ballscrew splines whose nuts are driven by wire capstan drives. The intent was to measure the performance of a single axis, and then if the performance was desirable an entire machine could be created by assembling two such axes.
Neuropeptide Y: An Adrenergic Cotransmitter, Vasoconstrictor, and a Nerve-Derived Vascular Growth Factor

Publisher Summary NPY is, in fact, the most abundant peptide in the central and the sympathoadrenomedullary nervous systems, and its presence and structure are highly conserved throughout the evolution; for example, human and shark NPY differ only by three amino acids. Together with peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide, they form a family of peptides that subserve pleiotropic functions of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones, and paracrine regulators. This chapter describes the functions of NPY as a sympathetic cotransmitter and a neuromodulator in the cardiovascular system have been extensively discussed and reviewed. The chapter briefly summarizes the studies of vascular actions of NPY. NPY exerts multiple actions in blood vessels. Acutely, it causes vasoconstriction by activation of its specific Y1 receptors and potentiates the actions of other sympathetic and nonsympathetic vasoconstrictors. However, not all blood vessels are sensitive to NPY. What determines increased vascular responsiveness to NPY during stress is not yet clear. It may simply be the result of greater NPY release and/or decreased peptide inactivation. While the former is true for many stress conditions, particularly when prolonged and exhaustive, the latter is not. In rats stressed by immobilization, NPY clearance appears to be increased in parallel to the increased release. Two ectopeptidases—Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and aminopeptidase P (APP)—have been implicated in the process of NPY degradation.
Choctaws at the Crossroads: The Political Economy of Class and Culture in the Oklahoma Timber Region

Choctaws at the Crossroads: The Political Economy of Class and Culture in the Oklahoma Timber Region. Sandra Faiman-Silva. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.274 pp.
Updating Side Friction Factors for Design of Unpaved Roads

Traction coefficients are used in the calculations required for safe geometric road design, including stopping sight distance and horizontal curve alignment. Friction factors are based on traction coefficients for low-volume roads provided in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (FS) Road Preconstruction Handbook and are also referenced by the AASHTO Guidelines for Geometric Design of Very Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT ≤ 400). These traction values are based on measurements from the 1950s to the 1970s. However, tire design, construction, and even test methods have changed considerably since then. To evaluate the validity of the design coefficients, and to determine replacement values or ranges, a literature search, data mining, and a limited test program were conducted by the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and FS. This paper presents existing FS handbook values and design guidelines, updated values collected from the literature, and new measurements taken on gravel a...
Opening the FDA black box.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is sometimes described as the most powerful regulatory agency in the world, its decisions affecting billions of both lives and dollars. The agency has this distinction not just because of its legislative mandate or governmental role but in part because of its reputation.1 This reputation has been shaped by how it makes its decisions, by its “conceptual power” in the language and methodologic standards it uses for drug and device approval, and by its ability to gain legitimacy among multiple audiences via a combination of scientific rigor and flexibility.1
Embolisation et chimioembolisation des métastases hépatiques de tumeurs endocrines

Resume Objectif Les metastases hepatiques des tumeurs endocrines responsables d’un syndrome carcinoide representent une indication potentielle d’embolisation ou chimioembolisation intra-arterielle. Le but de notre etude etait d’evaluer les resultats techniques, cliniques, morphologiques immediats et a distance de ces traitements de 1995 a 2004 dans notre centre. Patients et methode Quatorze patients (huit hommes, six femmes, d’âge moyen 60 ans – de 32 a 80 ans) affectes de metastases hepatiques de tumeurs neuroendocrines et carcinoides symptomatiques, non resecables et ne repondant pas au traitement medical ont ete inclus. Des anthracyclines en emulsion lipiodolee ont ete utilisees 12 fois et une embolisation simple a visee ischemiante par coils et gelatine dans deux cas. Huit patients ont beneficie d’une seule cure, cinq patients de deux cures et un patient de trois cures espacees de un mois chacune. Les criteres d’evaluation morphologiques et cliniques de l’OMS etaient utilises. Resultats Techniquement, l’embolisation a ete realisable dans tous les cas. A cote de symptomes transitoires et de complications mineures (quatre patients), un deces est a deplorer par insuffisance renale aigue. A un mois, l’evaluation du syndrome carcinoide montrait : six reponses cliniques completes, deux ameliorations, trois situations stables et trois evolutions ; morphologiquement : une reponse partielle, sept stabilites et quatre evolutions. Au terme du suivi, cliniquement, huit patients sont decedes en moyenne huit mois apres la premiere cure et six patients ont survecu en moyenne 21 mois apres la premiere cure. Morphologiquement, la progression tumorale etait constante chez tous les patients. Conclusion Conformement aux donnees de la litterature, embolisation et chimioembolisation hepatiques nous paraissent efficaces pour faire face, au moins temporairement, au syndrome carcinoide, compliquant les metastases hepatiques non resecables des TNE, influant qualitativement sur la survie. Nos resultats morphologiques sont en retrait par rapport a ceux publies.
Synthesis and characterization of core/shell ionomeric latexes. II. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

It is generally accepted that conductometric titration is a time-dependent technique in the case of highly carboxylated latexes because of the changes in the structure of the particle surface resulting from the neutralization and the alkali swellability imparted by the carboxyl groups when titrated with an alkali. At high levels of neutralization, the diffusion of the hydroxyl groups into the shell will be much faster than at the lower levels of neutralization. Due to this changing rate of the diffusion of the hydroxyl groups into the highly alkaliswellable copolymer shell, the assignment of the carboxyl groups to the different sublevels inside the particle shell can, at best, be arbitrary. To overcome this handicap, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) was used to obtain the depth profile of methacrylic acid near the surface of the particles. It is expected that by accurately characterizing the surface loading of the carboxyl groups, it will be possible to control the microphase separation process of the system. Considering the high concentration of the carboxyl groups on the surface of the core/shell latexes prepared in this study, XPS experiments were conducted to obtain the depth profile of the carboxyl groups. Angle-dependent XPS studies were performed on films derived from the core/shell latexes with different amounts of methacrylic acid in the shell layer in order to determine the compositional heterogeneities between the surface and subsurface layers. In addition, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the changes in the surface composition of solvent-cast core/shell latex films prepared in this study upon treatment with alkali solution. It was discovered that a large-scale migration of the carboxyl groups could occur as a result of coulombic interactions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemotherapy and interferon‐α treatment of Erdheim–chester disease

Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis of an unknown origin. The prognosis of ECD is variable, and it mainly depends on the involved anatomic sites. The treatment modalities have not been standardized. Interferon-α (IFN) has been reported to be effective in the management of ECD. We report here on an uncommon case with ECD in a 17-year-old female who had multiple lesions in the whole body and she was treated with chemotherapy and IFN. She has remained disease-free for 2 years after the completion of treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:745–747. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exercise and diet determinants of overweight women participating in an exercise and diet program: a prospective examination of the theory of planned behavior.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the ability of direct and belief-based measures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs to predict exercise and diet intention and behavior of overweight women. Participants were 117 overweight, community-dwelling women and university students enrolled in a 4-week exercise and diet program. Participants completed baseline measures of demographic characteristics and the TPB constructs. Their exercise and diet adherence were also recorded. We found that: (1) the direct measure of perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted exercise intention, (2) the direct measures of instrumental attitude, subjective norm, and PBC predicted diet intention, and (3) none of the direct or belief-based measures of the TPB constructs predicted 4-week exercise or diet behavior. Furthermore, several beliefs were associated with the direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and intention. Implications of these results for designing exercise and d...
Task-based color scale design

Color is commonly used in data visualization in order to convey a wide variety of types of information: metric values, pattern, extrema, emphasis, and others. A distressingly large percentage of these visualizations appear to use the default color scale for the visualization package used to create them. While sometimes this is an appropriate choice, careful consideration of the implications of color scale selection can often result in a more effective visualization. Factors which should be considered include the characteristics of the data, the questions of interest about the data, and the expected viewers of the representation.
Freezing points of aqueous alcohols. Free energy of interaction of the CHOH, CH2, CONH and CC functional groups in dilute aqueous solutions

The freezing temperatures of dilute aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, butanol, t-butanol, cyclohexanol and ethylene glycol were measured over the concentration range 0.1 to 1 mol kg–1. Osmotic coefficients at 0°C were calculated. The limiting pairwise interaction coefficients of the alcohols, plus a variety of polyhydroxy compounds and carbohydrates, were calculated at 25°C from the available data and then correlated using the additivity principle of Savage and Wood. This correlation approximates effective free energies of CH2 and CHOH group interactions with themselves and with each other. Literature data were used to estimate interactions between CONH and CC groups. The CONH—CONH interaction appears to be large, consistent with a strong stabilizing effect of these on native protein structures. The CH2…CH2 interaction also indicates attractive forces between these groups. The present model for the hydrophobic interaction is most appropriate for small molecular interactions whereas previous treatments are best for situations involving site binding.The CHOH…CHOH and CH2…CONH interactions are small, while the CHOH…CH2 free energy of interaction is positive, due either to volume exclusion or net repulsive forces.The entropy change associated with the CH2…CH2 interaction is large and positive as expected and is not completely compensated by a corresponding enthalpy change. The entropy change associated with the CONH…CONH interaction indicates that few degrees of freedom are involved, which is consistent with the formation of a strong hydrogen bond.The correlation can be used to estimate thermodynamic properties of dilute non-electrolyte solutions and can also predict the effect of solutes on the solubility of solids and gases.
Limited authority adaptive flight control for reusable launch vehicles

In the application of adaptive e ight control, signie cant issues arise due to limitations in the plant inputs, such as actuator displacement limits, actuator rate limits, linear input dynamics, and time delay. A method is introduced that allows an adaptive law to be designed for the system without theseinput characteristicsand then to be applied to the system with these characteristics, without affecting adaptation. This includes allowing correct adaptation while the plant input is saturated and allows the adaptation law to function when not actually in control of the plant. To apply the method, estimates of actuator positions must be found. However, the adaptation law can correct for errors in these estimates. Proof of boundedness of system signals is provided for a single hidden-layer perceptron neural network adaptive law. Simulation results utilizing the methods introduced for neural network adaptive control of a reusable launch vehicle are presented for nominal e ight and under failure cases that require considerable adaptation.
Dephosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase by a histone H1-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatase.

A histone H1-stimulated protein phosphatase isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle dephosphorylated [32P]phosphorylase kinase. The rate of dephosphorylation was markedly increased by 5–50 μg histone H1/ml. Only the α and α' subunits were dephosphorylated in the absence or presence of histone H1. This is consistent with previous results suggesting that the H1-stimulated phosphatase is a type-2 protein phosphatase. The present studies suggest that the histone H1-stimulation is the result of direct interaction of the histone with the phosphatase.
Altercation of Generations: Genetic Conflicts of Pregnancy

Pregnancy is traditionally viewed as a harmonious collaboration between mother and fetus. From this perspective, viviparity poses a series of problems that maternal and fetal genes work together to solve and the many complications of pregnancy are interpreted as evidence of the malfunctioning of an evolved system or of the failure of natural selection to achieve an adaptive goal. This view fails to recognize aspects of genetic conflict that lie at the heart of gestation. At least three interrelated sources of conflict can be identified: (i) conflict between genes expressed in the mother and genes expressed in the fetus/placenta (parent-offspring conflict); (ii) conflict between maternally-derived and paternally-derived genes within the fetal genome (genomic imprinting); and (iii) conflict between maternal genes that recognize themselves in offspring and the rest of the maternal genome (gestational drive).
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Symmetric Bifurcation

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) originates from the discrete kinetic theory and has been applied for simulation of various kinds of fluid flows under different conditions. In this paper, a passive-scalar-based thermal lattice Boltzmann model is employed to simulate the steady flow in a symmetric bifurcation channel under constant wall heat flux boundary conditions. The bifurcation effects on the heat transfer and fluid flow are thoroughly investigated under different Reynolds numbers, wall heat fluxes and bifurcation angles. The results are compared with the commercial software output. A useful discussion about how to transfer from lattice units to actual physical units is also presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Gerry Neugebauer: Pioneer of infrared astronomy

Sometime near the end of 2018, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This “mega” space infrared observatory builds on decades of extremely successful space infrared astronomy missions and infrared instruments for ground-based telescopes that have provided new insights into an otherwise hidden universe. None of this would have been possible if not for the groundbreaking efforts of the handful of physicists who created the field of infrared astronomy and convinced the astronomical community of its promise. Standing as the leader of this pioneering group was Gerry Neugebauer (1932–2014).
The effects of modulating eNOS activity and coupling in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

The in vivo role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling mediating oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has not been well established. In vitro, eNOS coupling refers to the reduction of molecular oxygen to l-arginine oxidation and generation of l-citrulline and nitric oxide NO synthesis in the presence of an essential cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Whereas uncoupled eNOS refers to that the electron transfer becomes uncoupled to l-arginine oxidation and superoxide is generated when the dihydrobiopterin (BH2) to BH4 ratio is increased. Superoxide is subsequently converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We tested the hypothesis that promoting eNOS coupling or attenuating uncoupling after I/R would decrease H2O2/increase NO release in blood and restore postreperfused cardiac function. We combined BH4 or BH2 with eNOS activity enhancer, protein kinase C epsilon (PKC e) activator, or eNOS activity reducer, PKC e inhibitor, in isolated rat hearts (ex vivo) and femoral arteries/veins (in vivo) subjected to I(20 min)/R(45 min). When given during reperfusion, PKC e activator combined with BH4, not BH2, significantly restored postreperfused cardiac function and decreased leukocyte infiltration (p < 0.01) while increasing NO (p < 0.05) and reducing H2O2 (p < 0.01) release in femoral I/R veins. These results provide indirect evidence suggesting that PKC e activator combined with BH4 enhances coupled eNOS activity, whereas it enhanced uncoupled eNOS activity when combined with BH2. By contrast, the cardioprotective and anti-oxidative effects of the PKC e inhibitor were unaffected by BH4 or BH2 suggesting that inhibition of eNOS uncoupling during reperfusion following sustained ischemia may be an important mechanism.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Rare Threat to Young Women

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection not associated with underlying coronary artery disease is rare. When the dissection does occur, it most often is manifested as an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in young women. Although the condition can occur in men, most often it involves women who are in their third trimester of pregnancy or the early postpartum period or are engaging in vigorous exercise. Because little is known about spontaneous coronary artery dissection in this population of women, recommendations for treatment are the same as for treatment of acute myocardial infarction associated with atherosclerotic coronary disease.
Complex network-enabled robust wireless network-on-chip architectures

The Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm has emerged as a scalable interconnection infrastructure for modern multicore chips. However, with growing levels of integration, the traditional NoCs suffer from high latency and energy dissipation in on-chip data transfer due to conventional multihop metal/dielectric-based interconnects. Three-dimensional integration, on-chip photonics, RF, and wireless links have been proposed as radical low-power and low-latency alternatives to the conventional planar wire-based designs. Wireless NoCs with Carbon NanoTube (CNT) antennas are shown to outperform traditional wire-based NoCs significantly in achievable data rate and energy dissipation. However, such emerging and transformative technologies will be prone to high levels of failures due to various issues related to manufacturing challenges and integration. On the other hand, several naturally occurring complex networks such as colonies of microbes and the World Wide Web are known to be inherently robust against high rates of failures and harsh environments. This article advocates adoption of such complex network-based architectures to minimize the effect of wireless link failures on the performance of the NoC. Through cycle-accurate simulations it is shown that the wireless NoC architectures inspired by natural complex networks perform better than their conventional wired counterparts even in the presence of high degrees of link failures. We demonstrate the robustness of the proposed wireless NoC architecture by incorporating both uniform and application-specific traffic patterns.
A steady state model for buoyant surface plume hydrodynamics in coastal waters

Shallow, surface plumes of buoyant water are frequently discharged into coastal waters by rivers, bays, power plants, and other sources. The most readily observed portion of these plumes is the near field where the initial expansion of plume water occurs, and where there is large contrast between plume and ambient water. In contrast to existing turbulent jet models of such plumes, the present model divides the plume near field into two domains, a frontal domain where turbulent exchange between plume and ambient water is intense, and the remainder of the flow where the dynamics of inviscid, nonlinear gravitational spreading of a shallow buoyant layer dominates. Using this approach, the steady state flow produced by the supercritical outflow of buoyant water from a channel at a coast into ambient water with a uniform alongshore current is modelled. Earth rotation is neglected. Frontal jump conditions developed in an earlier paper are applied to match the flow at the frontal boundary with the remainder of the plume. Numerical solutions for the entire flow are found by the method of characteristics, but much of the flow can be determined by simpler analytic computation. The computed flow fields show that a frontal boundary forms on the upstream or offshore side of the plume where the oncoming ambient current contains the gravitational spreading of the buoyant water. No front forms on the corresponding downstream, inshore side. In the body of the plume the flow simultaneously expands and turns downstream toward alignment with the ambient current. Relatively little change in plume water speed occurs, but the pressure field required for turning the flow downstream results in deepening of the plume interface offshore near the front. This, in turn, concentrates plume volume flux along its offshore side near the front. The maximum angle through which the flow may be turned initially is less than 66°. Outlet channel angles greater than this produce plumes which are separated from the shoreline by ambient water. The model results explain many of the observed features of the Connecticut River plume in Long Island Sound. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01818.x
Clinical Correlates of Dispositional Forgiveness

The present study examined relationships between the variables of depression, shame, guilt, psychological maltreatment, and dispositional forgiveness. The methodology included the completion of questionnaires by 280 university and community college participants. Results indicated that all factors of dispositional forgiveness were negatively related to depression, to shame, and to all factors of psychological maltreatment. Partial correlations further revealed positive associations between guilt and dispositional forgiveness. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated the unique contribution of psychological maltreatment to dispositional forgiveness beyond that of depression, shame, and guilt. Implications of results for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Motivated perception of probabilistic information

Desirability bias is the tendency to judge that, all else being equal, positive outcomes are more likely to occur than negative outcomes. The provision of probabilistic information about the likelihood that events will occur is typically viewed as a way to influence judgments by grounding them in objective information. Yet probabilistic information may be perceived differently when people are motivated to arrive at a particular conclusion, enabling the desirability bias. The present investigation explored how probabilistic information is used and perceived when people are motivated. In a game of chance, desirability bias was present for judgments about the likelihood of outcomes occurring to the self but not an unaffiliated other despite equal probabilities (Study 1). Probabilities were perceived as having more variance, both subjectively and in terms of probability spread (Studies 2, 3a, and 5), when participants were motivated to arrive at a particular conclusion (for the self or another person on the same team). Further, desirability bias was greater when probabilities were perceived as having more variance, either due to wide versus narrow probability ranges or subjective uncertainty (Studies 3b and 4). Together, these findings demonstrate that people perceive probabilistic information as having more variance when they are motivated to arrive at a conclusion and that this greater perceived variability contributes to bias in judgment.
Breast Tissue Mie Scattering Parameter Estimation through Angle-Resolved Scattering Measurements

The Mie-type scattering parameter (average particle size) can be estimated from the angular-scattering measurements taken in a goniometer system. Breast tissue samples were characterized in this manner, to estimate average particle size.
Retaining Residual Ovarian Tissue following Ovarian Failure Has Limited Influence on Bone Loss in Aged Mice.

Previous work showed that retaining residual ovarian tissue protects young mice from accelerated bone loss following ovarian failure. The present study was designed to determine whether this protection is also present in aged animals. Aged (9&#x2013;12 months) C57BL/6Hsd female mice were divided into: CON (vehicle), VCD (160&#x2009;mg/kg; 15d), or OVX (ovariectomized). Lumbar BMD was monitored by DXA and CT used to assess vertebral microarchitecture. BMD was not different between VCD and CON at any time point but was lower () than baseline, starting 1 month after ovarian failure in VCD and OVX mice. Following CT analysis there were no differences between CON and VCD, but OVX mice had lower bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and a trend for decreased connectivity density. These findings provide evidence that retention of residual ovarian tissue may protect aged follicle-depleted mice from accelerated bone loss to a lesser extent than that observed in young mice.
Laparoscopic robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy: a case-matched comparison with open resection.

Minimally invasive procedures have expanded recently to include pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), but the efficacy of a laparoscopic robotic-assisted approach has not been demonstrated. A case-matched comparison was undertaken to study outcomes between laparoscopic robotic approach (LRPD) and the conventional open counterpart (OPD). From March 2009 through December 2010, 30 LRPD were performed by two pancreaticobiliary surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic. Thirty OPD patients operated by four pancreaticobiliary surgeons during this same period were matched by demographics, and postoperative outcomes were compared from review of a prospectively collected database. Mean age was 62 years for LRPD versus 61 years for OPD (p = 0.43). Mean body mass index was 24.8 versus 25.6 kg/m2 (p = 0.49). Surgical indications included adenocarcinoma in 14 patients from each group (46%), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in 4 (14%), and other in 12 (40%). There was one preoperative death in the LRPD group and none following OPD. Morbidity occurred in nine patients (30%) following LRPD versus 13 (44%) in the OPD group (p = 0.14). Intraoperative factors assessed included blood loss (485.8 vs 775 ml, p = 0.13) and operative time (476.2 vs 366.4 min, p = 0.0005). Conversion from LRPD to open occurred in three patients (12%) due to bleeding. Reoperation was performed in two patients (6%) following LRPD versus seven (24%) following OPD (p = 0.17). Length of hospital stay was 9.79 days for LRPD versus 13.26 days in the OPD group (p = 0.043). This is the first comparison of a novel laparoscopic robotic-assisted PD with the open PD in a case-matched fashion. Our data demonstrate a significant increase in operative time but decreased length of stay for LRPD. The favorable morbidity following LRPD makes it a reasonable surgical approach for selected patients requiring PD.
The ACR Guideline on Communication: To Be or Not to Be, That Is the Question

The ACR has published more than 160 guidelines to assist radiologists in quality practice. One of the most controversial guidelines is on communication, first adopted more than a decade ago. This guideline is coming up for reconsideration and perhaps revision by the ACR Council at the ACR AMCLC in Washington, DC, in May 2010. In preparation for that reconsideration, the authors reviewed the guideline and its impact since last modified 5 years ago. The review shows that communication is still an important issue in radiology and that the guideline has played an overall beneficial role.
Healing thyself: a Korean shaman's afflictions.

Abstract Accounts of shamans' lives have typically emphasized the shaman's experience of a divine ‘calling’ and subsequent initiation as the key incidents around which other biographical, psychological, and cultural information may be organized and appreciated. Scholars have thus emphasized those aspects of the shaman's experience which set the shaman apart from other members of her or his society and at the same time, render the shaman comparable to other shamans in other places far removed in time and space. This paper takes a different approach, describing a series of ordinary misfortunes that befell a Korean mansin several years after her initiation, the interpretations she and her colleagues placed upon these events, the advice she received, and the healing strategies she subsequently followed. This discussion reveals those aspects of the shaman's experience that render her more, rather than less, like those she treats and suggests a process whereby the shared reality of shaman and client is realized in lived experiences, rituals, and conversations.
NOTE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN COBALT AND NICKEL-OXIDE CONTENT AND REBOILING OF SHEET-STEEL GROUND COATS*

To a selected enamel varying amounts of cobalt and nickel oxides were added and the duration and persistence of reboiling were determined. These oxides were found to have a definite influence on reboiling.
A polyclonal antibody based immunoassay detects seven subtypes of Shiga toxin 2 produced by Escherichia coli in human and environmental samples.

Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are frequent causes of severe human diseases ranging from diarrhea to hemolytic uremic syndrome. The existing strategy for detection of STEC relies on the unique sorbitol-negative fermentation property of the O157 strains, the most commonly identified serotype has been E. coli O157. It is becoming increasingly evident, however, that numerous non-O157 STEC serotypes also cause outbreaks and severe illnesses. It is necessary to have new methods that are capable of detecting all STEC strains. Methods and Findings Here we describe the development of a sandwich ELISA assay for detecting both O157 and non-O157 STECs by incorporating a novel polyclonal antibody (pAb) against Stx2. The newly established immunoassay was capable of detecting Stx2a spiked in environmental samples with a limit of detection between 10 and 100 pg/mL in soil and between 100 and 500 pg/mL in feces. When applied to 36 bacterial strains isolated from human and environmental samples, this assay detected Stx2 in all strains that were confirmed to be stx2-positive by real-time PCR, demonstrating a 100% sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions The sandwich ELISA developed in this study will enable any competent laboratory to identify and characterize Stx2-producing O157 and non-O157 strains in human and environmental samples, resulting in rapid diagnosis and patient care. The results of epitope mapping from this study will be useful for further development of a peptide-based antibody and vaccine.
Which came first, the project or the fundraising?

One of the harder endeavors faced in a library is maintaining a balance between necessary projects and providing the funds to finance them. Ideally, discussions of funding and projects should go hand‐in‐hand, as each discussion is relevant to the other. However, this is not always the case. Donors may have preconceived notions about how they would like their generosity used. Similarly, a library's desire to raise capital may tempt it to accept gifts for projects that may not be part of their overall development plan. By including fund‐raising at the beginning of a project, a library increases its chances of creating a successful action plan and balancing its financial and project priorities.
Runout rejection in end milling through two-dimensional repetitive force control

Abstract Cutter runout presents an impediment to the attainable productivity and part quality in machining processes. This study establishes a mechatronic approach to compensate for cutter runout effect during multi-flute machining in real-time. It is accomplished through measuring the runout-related cutting force component, formulating repetitive controlling commands, and manipulating the workpiece position to counteract the variation of chip load during the course of machining. In an end milling configuration, the approach has been realized with a two-axis test bed attached to the machining table. The test bed operates independently to the computer numerical control (CNC) servo loops of the machine tool, and it provides a fine range and high frequency motion of the workpiece. In this paper the development of the test bed is discussed in terms of the hardware component design and the software controller formulation. Numerical simulation of the cutting force in response to repetitive learning control at the presence of runout disturbance is examined. To evaluate the feed-back system performance, experimental study based on the implementation of both single- and two-dimensional controls is presented in the context of cutting force regulation and part surface finish improvement.
Nicotinamide: A natural inhibitor of tRNA methylase

Abstract A dialyzable tRNA methylase inhibitor has been isolated from rat liver. By chromatographic and electrophoretic data as well as ultraviolet and mass spectral data, the inhibitor is identified as nicotinamide. Kinetic evidence indicates that nicotinamide is an inhibitor of tRNA methylase.
Cyclicity and paleoenvironmental dynamics, Rocknest platform, northwest Canada

The superbly exposed Rocknest Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada, contains 140 to 160 shallowing-upward cycles (1 to 15 m thick) that contain distinctive marker beds and can be correlated for >200 km parallel to strike and >120 km perpendicular to strike. Cycles are grouped according to cycle base lithology, which reflects paleogeographic position on the platform. Shale-based cycles of the distal inner shelf pass westward into dolosiltite-based cycles, then into tufa-based cycles of the shoal complex, and then into grainstone-based cycles of the outer shelf. Cycles are bounded by erosional surfaces that become less pronounced away from the shoal complex. Cycles formed in response to small, asymmetric (rapid rise/slow fall) eustatic oscillations in sea level (∼10 m). During sea-level rise, rapid transgression and submergence of tidal flats occurred along the eastern margin of the shoal complex, followed by eastward expansion of the shoal complex and slow progradation of tidal flats over lagoonal facies during sea-level fall. A glacio-eustatic model for cyclicity accounts for the data, favoring asymmetric, eustatic sea-level oscillations; subaerial exposure and vadose diagenesis of platform during sea-level falls; arrested progradation and incomplete shoaling of many cycles; and cycle periods of 20,000 to 100,000 yr (18,000 to 30,000 yr for Rocknest). Inner-shelf slopes ranged from 8 cm/km (average) at high sea-level stand to 2 cm/km (average) at low sea-level stand. Tidal-flat progradation rates were ∼7 to 9 km/1,000 yr. Interaction of inner-shelf slope, sea-level fall rate, and sedimentation rate generates “complete,” “condensed,” or “expanded” cycle profiles. One-dimensional computer modeling reveals that sedimentation rates of shoal-complex facies were ∼250 cm/1,000 yr, that lag times in sedimentation following transgression may have ranged from zero on the shoal complex to 2,000 yr on the distal inner shelf, and that subtidal sedimentation rates may have ranged from 80 cm/1,000 yr for the proximal inner shelf to 20 cm/1,000 yr for the distal inner shelf.
Emergency Department Length of Stay: Accuracy of Patient Estimates

Introduction: Managing a patient’s expectations in the emergency department (ED) environment is challenging. Previous studies have identified several factors associated with ED patient satisfaction. Lengthy wait times have shown to be associated with dissatisfaction with ED care. Understanding that patients are inaccurate at their estimation of wait time, which could lead to lower satisfaction, provides administrators possible points of intervention to help improve accuracy of estimation and possibly satisfaction with the ED. This study was undertaken to examine the accuracy of patient estimates of time periods in an ED and identify factors associated with accuracy.Method: In this prospective convenience sample survey at UTMC ED, we collected data between March and July 2012. Outcome measures included duration of each phase of ED care and patient estimates of these time periods.Results: Among 309 participants, the majority underestimated the total length of stay (LOS) in the ED (median difference -7 minutes (IQR -29-12)). There was significant variability in ED LOS (median 155 minutes (IQR 75-240)). No significant associations were identified between accuracy of time estimates and gender, age, race, or insurance status. Participants with longer ED LOS demonstrated lower patient satisfaction scores (p<0.001).Conclusion: Patients demonstrated inaccurate time estimates of ED treatment times, including total LOS. Patients with longer ED LOS had lower patient satisfaction scores. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(2):170-175.]
Mamma Lied: I Discovered Death, Became an Anthropologist, and Found You

Can a catastrophic experience in early life contribute to the qualitative inquiry of what we humans are about? It may do so if the narrating of that experience clarifies that authentically the “we” is never a “they,” nor even a “Self-Other,” but an “I-you.” Such authentication of the “we” suggests that I am only in your presence; consequently, if you die, am I not dead also?
WORLD WAR II'S MOBILIZATION OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD ACCEPTABILITY: HOW RATION PALATABILITY BECAME A MILITARY RESEARCH PRIORITY

This article focues on the U. S. Army's solicitation of the science of food acceptability in its development of the World War II combat ration. The story of the Army's eventual inclusion of the science of food acceptability in its combat ration reseach program records the growth of food science generally, and palatable rations specifically, into critical components of the nation's security and subtenance.
15N tracer techniques for the differential diagnosis of dwarfism and prediction of growth hormone action in children.

[15N]Glycine in a single oral dose was used to study nitrogen turnover in 18 short children, aged 3–14 yr. On the basis of their serum GH responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, the patients were divided into 3 groups: complete GH deficiency (GHD; n = 5); partial GH deficiency (pGHD; n = 6), and children with constitutional growth delay and familial short stature (CGD/FSS; n = 7). The mean 48-h renal excretion of 15N by patients with GHD was 66.09 ± 14.12% (±sd) of the tracer dose. This decreased to 27.64 ± 5.33% after two injections of 10 IU/m2 GH (P < 0.001). 15N excretion by patients with pGHD was 47.19 ± 13.42%, and it decreased after GH injection to 22.69 ± 4.58% (P < 0.005). Patients with CGD/FSS had 15N excretion of 37.27 ± 5.68%, and it did not change in response to GH. The mean protein synthesis rate in GHD patients was extremely low, and it increased after GH injection from 0.99 ± 0.46 to 3.53 ± 0.43 g/kg·day. In pGHD patients the protein synthesis rate increased from 2.62 ± 0.84 to 4.50 ± 1....
Are object shape primitives learnable

Abstract Despite extensive efforts focusing on the recovery of shape primitives (or “geons”) in the vision community and despite the large body of psychophysical studies strongly suggesting the importance of such representation for the visual system, no model has yet addressed the development of such representations. We propose a developmental architecture, based on the existing experimental evidence on human visual development, and present an algorithm which illustrates how geons (such as cylinder, cone, cube etc.) may be learned. The algorithm learns 2D projections of geons as partial matches between several images. The learning algorithm is based on topographic matching and cross-correlation methods, and uses no a priori knowledge about the structure of geons or any non-local feature.
FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-BASED THIN FILM PREPARED BY PULSED LASER DEPOSITION

We have developed a uniform and dense epitaxial thin film of 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 - 0.004 × (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 - 0.02BaTiO3 on a SrRuO3 coated SrTiO3 substrate by pulsed laser deposition method. The remnant polarization, coercive field and dielectric constant of the film with thickness of 315 nm, were measured to be 16.6 μC ⋅ cm−2, 147.5 kV ⋅ cm-1 and 640 (at 1 kHz), respectively. The film exhibited a high breakdown voltage and low leakage current of 1.1 × 10-5 A ⋅ cm-2 at 310 kV ⋅ cm-1. This (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based thin film with a target composition in the rhombohedral side of the morphotropic phase boundary can be considered a potential candidate for relatively high power applications.
Fourier-transform electrospray instrumentation for tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry of large molecules

Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA Mass spectrometry instrumentation providing unit resolution and lo-ppm mass accuracy for molecules larger than 10 kDa was first reported in 1991. This instrumentation has now been improved with a 6.2-T magnet replacing that of 2.8 T, a more efficient vacuum system, ion injection with controlled ion kinetic energies, accumulated ion trapping with an open-cylindrical ion cell, acquisition of 2M data points, and updated electrospray apparatus. The resulting capabilities include resolving power of 5 × 105 for a 29-kDa protein, less than l-ppm mass measuring error, and dissociation of protein molecular ions to produce dozens of fragment ions whose exact masses can be identified from their mass-to-charge ratio values and isotopic peak spacing.
Effect of soot shape on soot radiation

Abstract It is increasingly recognized that soot particles play an important role in the radiative heat transfer from flames and smoke. After their formation, these minute particles usually conglomerate into different forms, with the limiting shapes being the spheres and long chains which can be modeled as infinite cylinders. The present work analyzes the effect of soot shape on soot radiation. The spectral extinction coefficient of spheres, being lower than that of the cylindrical particles, falls off rapidly in the near i.r. The shape effect on soot radiation is found to be more pronounced at low temperatures than at high temperatures. In flame radiation calculations the radiative contribution of the various conglomerated soot shapes can be properly accounted for by assuming spherical and polydisperse soot particles. Based on the extinction characteristics of the particles, an experimental method for determining the amount of spherical and cylindrical particles in a soot cloud is suggested.
Communications: Tolerance of Rainbow Trout to Dissolved Oxygen Supplementation and a Yersinia ruckeri Challenge

Abstract Dissolved oxygen accounted for a significant proportion of the variation in mortality rate of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss acclimated for 10 weeks to a range of dissolved oxygen levels and challenged with Yersinia ruckeri. Moderate levels of oxygen supersaturation (150%) resulted in greater cumulative mortality (17.9%) among fish exposed to a 0.5-h static bath challenge with Y. ruckeri (1 × 107 colony-forming units/mL). In contrast, hypoxic (70%) and normoxic (100%) levels of dissolved oxygen resulted in 12.8% and 10% cumulative mortality. Higher oxygen levels provided no additional “protection” against infection by Y. ruckeri in this study.