cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fission and the dynamics of genets and ramets in clonal cnidarian populations

The dynamics of clonal populations involve a range of biological processes controlling ‘birth’ and ‘death’ rates of genets (i.e., clones) and ramets (i.e., the modular subunits of clones). These two levels of organization were examined for open, fissiparous, resource-limited populations using a modified Leslie matrix. Population projections were used to illustrate the method of predicting equilibrium population sizes and clonal structure for hypothetical populations with a range of recruitment, mortality, and fission rates; and to predict these parameters for natural populations of two common, coral reef zoanthids Zoanthus sociatus and Z. solanderi. Fission had the largest impact on population structure when recruitment rates were low and survivorship high. High recruitment rates resulted in the inhibition of densitydependent fission. Low survivorship precluded fission by restricting the number of ramets reaching a size large enough for fission to occur. In projections for zoanthid populations, undisturbed populations reached equilibrium sizes in 2–3 decades, but genet numbers within these populations continued to change over much longer time periods. This result indicates that the clonal structure of natural populations may not be at or near equilibrium and that realistic predictions about this structure will require extensive knowledge of past history.
Hydrogenation of alkenes on gold

Abstract Gas-phase hydrogenation of 1-butene and cyclohexene was carried out at 383 °K on a gold surface. Since molecular hydrogen for the hydrogenation reaction does not adsorb on gold at this temperature, it was supplied to the gold surface by diffusing it through a palladium-silver alloy membrane on which a gold layer was electroplated. The hydrogenation rates of the alkenes were measured individually and in admixture. The hydrogenation rates were found to be first order in alkene pressure, and second order in chemisorbed hydrogen. For the gas mixture of alkenes, the total rate of hydrogenation was found to be the sum of the individual rates.
Rectal luminal Pr(CO2), measured by automated air tonometry, does not reflect gastric luminal Pr(CO2) in children.

Rectal luminal regional PCO2 (PrCO2) was compared with gastric luminal PrCO2 measured by automated air tonometry at intervals of 10 min in 20 children aged 6–16 years scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. In 5 patients, measurement of rectal PrCO2 failed because of catheter-related problems. In the remaining 15 children, aged 10.6 ± 2.5 years, 19 ± 7 paired rectal and gastric PrCO2 values (n total, 241) were measured. Bias and precision for gastric compared to rectal PrCO2 was −1.79 kPa and 2.89 kPa. In patients with obvious feces in the rectum, bias (precision) for gastric compared to rectal PrCO2 was −2.7 kPa (2.6 kPa) and in those with empty rectum, −0.75 kPa (1.42 kPa; t-test; P < 0.001). Based on our in vivo data, rectal luminal PrCO2, measured by automated air tonometry, does not reflect gastric luminal PrCO2 in children. Enteral luminal gas production within feces in the rectum seems to be a major source of this disagreement.
The Role of Electrostatics in Sequence Dependent Nucleosome Stability Analysis

Nucleosome stability is strongly sequence dependent; yet the conformation of the DNA in the nucleosome is sequence independent. The nucleosome conformation is determined only by the histone octamer, and there is an energy penalty for deforming free DNA into this conformation. By comparing all atom molecular models and coarse grained elastic rod based models to experimentally determined free energies, we demonstrate that the contributions to the free energy of nucleosome formation arise from two sources: electrostatics and the local material properties of DNA.The primary contribution to electrostatic energy in the nucleosome comes from the highly charged yet conserved phosphate backbone of DNA. Since all DNA sequences assume the same conformation in the nucleosome the electrostatic energy associated with the nucleosome conformation of DNA is largely sequence invariant. Thus the electrostatic energy contribution to nucleosome stability is defined not by the conformation of DNA in the nucleosome but by the conformation of free DNA. The free conformation rather than the bound conformation determines the binding free energy.The material properties of DNA (elastic and van der Waals energies) behave quite differently. These energies are strongly dependent upon the sequence and conformation of the DNA. The conformation of free DNA tends to minimize these energies. When DNA binds the histone octamer and assumes the nucleosomal DNA conformation, the elastic and van der Waals energies associated with such deformation are also strongly sequence dependent. If the DNA sequence possesses intrinsic conformational properties that match those of the nucleosome or if the sequence is suitably flexible then the energy penalty is lower than for sequences which do not possess such characteristics. Both the free and bound states contribute to binding free energy.
Methods used to observe a dynamical quantum nonlocality effect in a twin Mach–Zehnder interferometer

Straightforward novel methods for stabilizing, tuning, and controlling a twin Mach–Zehnder interferometer for the purpose of observing a subtle dynamical quantum nonlocality effect in a recent optical experiment are presented and discussed. Weak measurements were required for observing a subtle quantum dynamical nonlocality effect that reveals itself in a change of a weak value. Consequently, emphasis is placed upon describing the approaches to apparatus stabilization and interaction strength control between photons and the apparatus. The details discussed in this paper should be of general interest to experimentalists engaging in weak measurement and weak value research.
Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, an Epidemic Out of Control: Personal Reflections

As we approach the end of the second decade of the AIDS epidemic, a repetitive epidemiologic pattern is emerging, one that ties the epidemic to disruption of social order, poverty, and war, which inescapably leads to prostitution, drug abuse, and destruction of public health infrastructure of a society [1]. This is certainly not unique to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, since throughout history, epidemics of infectious diseases such as plague, typhus, cholera, syphilis, and tuberculosis have followed similar disruptions in social stability. At the end of 1997, the United Nations estimates that 30.6 million persons are currently living with HIV infection and 11.7 million have already died. Sixteen thousand persons are infected per day, of whom 1600 are children ^5 years of age. About 7000 people die per day worldwide (New York Times, 26 November 1997). As the AIDS epidemic now appears to enter into a fourth wave of rapid spread, it is reasonable to pause and examine what we have learned about this devastating infection.
HLA disparity determines disease activity through pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease.

HLA Disparity Determines Disease Activity through Pregnancy in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Warnings on Consumer Products: Objective Criteria for their use

Consumer product warnings, often placards, buzzers, etc., are information displays that attempt to influence user behavior through the information presented. A review and background of warnings is presented. Assumptions underlying their employment and the lack of scientific validation of their effectiveness are discussed. Quantitative criteria are proposed for the use of warnings based on risk analysis. Examples of such analysis are presented. The limited information processing capability of man dictates that warnings be reserved for significant risks in the context of the products use, environment, and risks from other products. Contraindications for use of warnings are discussed. Language: en
Response of Pulmonary Vein Potentials to Premature Stimulation

Pulmonary Vein Potentials.Introduction: Pulmonary vein potentials reflect depolarization of muscle fascicles within the myocardial sleeves that surround the pulmonary veins. The response of pulmonary vein potentials to premature stimulation has not been described. Methods and Results: In 31 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation referred for segmental isolation of the pulmonary veins, programmed stimulation with a single atrial extrastimulus was performed from the coronary sinus. Bipolar and unipolar electrograms were recorded with a decapolar Lasso catheter positioned sequentially within the left superior, left inferior, and right superior pulmonary veins, near the ostium. Premature stimulation often resulted in greater separation of the atrial and pulmonary vein potentials recorded within the pulmonary veins, fractionation of the pulmonary vein potentials, a change in the circumferential activation sequence of the pulmonary vein potentials, and dropout of pulmonary vein potentials. Conclusion: In response to premature stimulation, the muscle fascicles within the myocardial sleeves that surround the pulmonary veins display a greater degree of decremental conduction than do the myocardial fibers in the adjacent left atrium, and they display heterogeneity in conduction properties and refractoriness. Discrimination of pulmonary vein potentials from atrial electrograms is facilitated by premature stimulation.
Where do we go from here? A palliative care perspective

Key principles of palliative care shed light on future opportunities and challenges for improving patient care and family support within critical care. Interdisciplinary team approaches to patient comfort and family support, coordination and continuity of care, communication as an ethical and therapeutic modality, assistance with emotional, social and spiritual experience, including issues of life completion, bereavement support to families and attention to staff well-being are all foci for future clinical and programmatic development and research. By collaborating to care well for the critically ill or injured patients and extend support for their families, the disciplines of critical care and palliative care can complete one another.
Noninvasive blood cell measurements by imaging of the microcirculation.

A novel approach to noninvasive clinical laboratory testing 1 has formed the basis for an intense current developmental effort aimed at routine hematology. 2 It uses in vivo image capture plus reflectance spectroscopy to quantify certain parameters of the conventional CBC count: viz, WBCs, RBCs, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC), and capillary and central venous hematocrit measurements. Images of many different vessels of the microcirculation are fed into a computerized image analysis system capable of identifying numerous individual cells simultaneously and analyzing them in real time. An instrument capable of producing these components of the CBC without extracting blood from the body could have substantial usefulness in current medical practice, including immediate availability of information, avoidance of phlebotomy and blood loss, accessibility of data from patients with compromised vascular status, and cost avoidance and cost containment owing to improved patient outcomes in critical care settings. This article introduces a new development based on noninvasive visualization of the microcirculation that produces useful clinical information, which currently requires phlebotomy and conventional laboratory testing. Blood flowing in small vessels and capillaries has been visualized in humans and other animals by numerous experimental techniques, many of which require invasive procedures and cumbersome instrumentation. Ophthalmologists, using slit lamps, have long observed widely separated but essentially featureless individual RBCs in the uveal vein, which drains the aqueous humor. But with advanced electrooptical systems, superior images of circulating cells and measurements of them can be made from this or other visually accessible vessels. In vivo morphometry and reflectance spectroscopy of these images can directly quantify parameters of the conventional CBC, viz, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and hematocrit. From these values, using the familiar equations for the computation of RBC indices, the other conventional measures that describe the RBC population of the individual can be computed. WBCs and platelets can be identified by reflectance spectroscopy in the UV portion of the spectrum combined with classification based on their dimensions.
Double filtration plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis ‐ analysis of clinical efficacy and prognostic parameters

Objectives - The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFP) in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and to analyze the possible prognostic factors related to responsiveness to DFP. Materials and methods - We treated 45 MG patients, 26 women and 19 men aged 21-72 years, with DFP for 5 consecutive sessions. All were affected by severe generalized or respiratory weakness with an Osserman's classification of group 2 or 3 and had not responded to previous treatments. Results - Thirty-eight out of 45 patients (84%) achieved significant improvements after DFP. The baseline MG score and removal rate for immunoglobulin G (IgG) were significantly higher in the patients with good response than in the other response groups. Poor responders were more likely to have thymoma and a longer interval among sessions of DFP. Better response in patients with age at onset of less than 40 years was associated with higher MG score. Serum concentration of all proteins tested fell as follows (mean ± SD): IgM, 88 ± 7%; IgA, 71 ± 11%; IgG, 59 ± 14%; globulin, 52 ± 11%; AchRAb, 47 ± 14%; and albumin, 27 ± 10%. All the patients tolerated plasmapheresis well except for 2.2% who experienced hypotension. Conclusion - In this study, DFP was effective and safe in the treatment of patients with severe generalized MG. The factors correlating with the better clinical response were high MG score, a thymic pathology of non-thymoma, daily apheresis, young age at onset, and high removal rate for IgG.
Design of thermal interfaces with embedded microchannels to control bond line formation

Integrating microchannels at the thermal interfaces of heat sinks, spreaders, and microprocessor chips can reduce bond line thickness, assembly pressure, and overall thermal resistance. The channels help control the flow of particle-filled thermal interface materials (TIM) during the assembly squeeze but the relationship between channel geometry, material properties, and interfacial area is not fully understood. In the absence of meaningful analytical models, we develop a computational fluid dynamics approach to the non-Newtonian squeeze flow applied to rectangular 3D geometries. Experiments confirm the applicability of the models and illustrate the effect of viscoplasticity in highly loaded TIMs. Based on a first-principles thermal-fluidic model, the optimal width for a corner-to-corner channel is 608 mum for an 18times18 mm2 chip with 35 mum thick TIM bondline, or channel-to-chip size ratio of 0.068. Ongoing work will extend the technique to a general squeeze cell and multiple channel hierarchy levels for bond line optimization of high-performance thermal interface materials.
Process-Invariant Current Source Design: Methodology and Examples

In this paper, we present a design methodology and resulting circuits that compensate for process variations without the need for post-fabrication efforts. We demonstrate how, using this methodology, current sources have been designed with more than a factor of two reduction in normalized standard deviation over equivalent uncompensated current sources. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first measured results showing effective circuit design techniques that reduce the impact of process variations by such magnitude. Such circuits can be an effective way to improve circuit yield as process variations increase.
The Roles of Perceived Teacher Support, Motivational Climate, and Psychological Need Satisfaction in Students’ Physical Education Motivation

Research illustrates the positive roles of perceived competence, autonomy, and mastery climate and the negative role of performance climate in student motivation in physical education. Less research has examined perceptions of relationships within this setting (i.e., perceived teacher support and relatedness) and their role in student motivation. The purpose of this study was to test the mediating roles of perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness in the relationship between social contextual factors and motivation in physical education students (N = 508). Results from structural equation modeling showed that perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness partially mediated the relationship between perceived teacher support and self-determined motivation and that mastery climate related directly to self-determined motivation. The results highlight the importance of perceived teacher support, mastery climate, and relatedness to motivation in physical education.
Monitoring target-specific oral anticoagulants

Target-specific oral anticoagulants are approved for use for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis without the need for laboratory monitoring. However, there are clinical settings in which laboratory measurement of anticoagulant effect is needed. These may include patients with life-threatening bleeding or those requiring emergency surgery, in the setting of renal or hepatic failure, or patients with thrombosis on therapy. This chapter reviews the use of laboratory testing to assess the anticoagulant effect of these drugs. In addition, because these drugs can interfere with other laboratory testing, available data on these interactions are presented.
Factors that distinguish serious versus less severe strain and sprain injuries: an analysis of electric utility workers.

Background Occupational sprain and strain injuries are one of the most common types of nonfatal occupational injuries and a significant source of lost workdays. This study examines factors associated with severe work-related sprain/strain injuries to the back, shoulder, and knees. Methods A synthetic case–control study was performed (controls were selected from the same pool of utility workers as cases). Cases included all electric utility workers who had experienced a severe work-related sprain/strain injury to the back, knee, or shoulder. Primary controls were selected from all workers who had sustained a minor injury. Secondary controls were selected from employees with a minor sprain/strain injury to the back, knee, or shoulder. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Workers 41 years and older were more likely to have experienced severe shoulder sprain/strain injuries [Age 41–50: OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.71–7.65; age 51 and older: OR = 4.49, 95% CI: 1.89–10.67] and severe back sprain/strain injuries [Age 41–50: OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.06–2.33; age 51 and older: OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.90–2.52]. Line workers and maintenance workers had an increased risk of serious sprain/strain injuries. Gender and day of week were not significantly associated with sprain/strain injuries. Discussion Though this study is limited by available data, future studies may benefit from this preliminary examination of occupational and demographic characteristics associated with serious sprain/strain injuries among electric utility workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:210–220, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monitoring variability of autocorrelated processes using standardized time series variance estimators

We consider the problem of monitoring variability of autocorrelated processes. This paper combines variance estimation techniques from the simulation literature with a statistical process control chart from statistical process control (SPC) literature. The proposed SPC method does not require any assumptions on the distribution of the underlying process and uses a variance estimate from each batch as a basic observation. The control limits of the chart are determined analytically. The proposed chart is tested using stationary processes with both normal and non-normal marginals.
Probing the Active Site of Trypsin with Rose Bengal: Insights into the Photodynamic Inactivation of the Enzyme¶

In this work the active site of trypsin has been probed with the dye rose bengal. The dye binds competitively to the enzyme, and it can be used as a probe of the active site of the enzyme. On the basis of the emission wavelength, the binding site of trypsin is relatively polar and is similar to that of acetone in its polarity. The triplet state of rose bengal is quenched by trypsin. This quenching may be caused by the tryptophan and tyrosine residues that are in the near vicinity of the trypsin active site. This quenching can compete with the formation of singlet oxygen from the excited triplet state of rose bengal. We demonstrate that the singlet oxygen involved in the photoinactivation of trypsin is produced by the free rose bengal in solution and the bound dye is incapable of producing singlet oxygen. This explains the lack of correlation between photoinactivation efficiency and sensitizer binding capability previously reported by Wade and Spikes.
The determination of lead and nickel by atomic-absorption spectrometry with a flameless wire loop atomizer

Abstract In an extension of studies of flameless atomizers for atomic-absorption spectrometry, an electrically heated tungsten-rhenium alloy wire loop was examined. Reduction of metallic salts to ground-state metal atoms was accomplished with the high temperature produced by the loop. Lead and nickel were investigated. Experimental parameters such as wavelength, slit width, atomization temperature and sheathing gas flow rate were optimized. Absolute detection limits of 6.6·10 −10 and 1.2·10 −10 , and absolute sensitivities of 7·10 −10 and 8·10 −11 g of lead, were established for unenclosed and enclosed cells, respectively. The interferences of twenty cations and sixteen anions were studied; foreign cations generally enhanced the lead absorption by retarding its vaporization, allowing the slow detection system to respond more efficiently. Nickel was investigated as a representative less volatile metal; an absolute detection limit of 1.6·10 −9 and an absolute sensitivity of 9·10 −10 g of nickel were established.
SEX FACTORS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

A LTHOUGH the adrenal gland was the first of the glands of internal secretion to yield a crystalline hormone, with the isolation of adrenalin in 1901 by Takamine and Aldrich, information concerning the various functions of the gland and isolation of the numerous hormones which it undoubtedly contains is still far from complete. It has been known since 1856, a year after Addison described the syndrome now known by his name, through the investigations of Brown-Sequard, that the adrenals are essential to life. However, 71 years elapsed before Rogoff and Stewart (1,2) and Hartman (3) were successful in preparing an aqueous extract from the glands which was capable of prolonging life in adrenalectomized animals. Later Swingle and Pfiffner (4) prepared a more potent extract by the use of lipoid solvents.
Improving the radiation performance of the Sierpinski microstrip fractal patch antenna through novel feed methods

This article investigates the effect of introducing novel feed methods such as the three-port and a single-port corporate feed in the Sierpinski microstrip fractal patch antenna for achieving enhanced radiation performance. It will be shown that by exciting the antenna with these feed methods generates more uniform current distributions across the frequency band (8–18 GHz) than the same antenna fed-in using the single port, conventional feed mechanism. This leads to enhanced radiation pattern performance including the realized gain. A prototype antenna was fabricated and experimentally verified for both impedance matching and radiation patterns. The simulation and measured results are in reasonable agreement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26195
MYOCARDIAL TRIGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION IS A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND CORONARY MICROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION: A PILOT STUDY

Women with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), diagnosed by invasive coronary reactivity testing, are at increased risk for developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Myocardial fat accumulation has been associated with diastolic dysfunction in other disease states. We propose
A comparative analysis of research methods in criminology and criminal justice journals

The scientific standing of criminal justice and criminology has been an issue of sometimes heated debate among academics with varying research orientations. In an effort to help delineate the methodological development of the two fields, this study compares seven dimensions of research methods employed in the 966 articles published in Criminology, Journal of Criminal Justice, and Justice Quarterly during the period from 1976 through 1988. The findings show that Criminology papers tend to focus on crime causation, social control, and delinquency. This journal also places a strong emphasis on inductive empiricism; such research typically uses correlational research designs, cross-sectional data, and multivariate statistics. Studies in the criminal justice journals use similar methods but emphasize law enforcement (Journal of Criminal Justice), courts (Justice Quarterly), and corrections. An analysis over time shows a general increase in empirical works that examine relationships among variables and use mult...
Providing bibliographic access to uncataloged publications

Abstract A Web-accessible database made bibliographic information about Nevada state and local government publications available to users. The database also includes hyperlinks to associated government departments, agencies, and several full-text online publications. Planning for the database, its structure, output, and related applications are discussed.
Pulsatile urea excretion in gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta): evidence for activation of a specific facilitated diffusion transport system.

When toadfish are made ureotelic by a crowding/confinement protocol, they excrete approximately 90 % of their urea nitrogen (urea-N) production in large, irregular pulses (1-2 pulses per day) from the gill region. We investigated three hypotheses as to the mechanism of pulsatile excretion: (i) the presence of an active reabsorptive 9back-transport9 mechanism that is periodically inhibited to allow urea-N excretion to occur; (ii) the periodic occurrence of a generalized, non-specific increase in gill permeability; and (iii) the presence of a specific facilitated diffusion transport system that is periodically activated. Exposure of toadfish during non-pulse periods to treatments designed to block a 9back-transport9 mechanism (Na+-free sea water or the urea analogues 30 mmol l-1 thiourea or 30 mmol l-1 acetamide in the external water) did not stimulate a leakage of urea-N, thereby opposing the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis was opposed by several results. Neither injection of the potent branchial vasodilator L-isoprenaline (10(-5) mol l-1) nor infusion of NH4Cl, the latter at levels known to stimulate urea-N efflux in perfused gills, had any effect on urea-N excretion. Furthermore, during natural pulse events, when the normally very low gill permeability to urea (3x10(-7) cm s-1) increased at least 35-fold, there was no accompanying increase in permeability to either 3H2O (1.5x10(-5) cm s-1) or the paracellular marker [14C]PEG-4000 (10(-8) cm s-1). However [14C]thiourea permeability (1.5x10(-7) cm s-1) increased approximately fivefold, in support of the third hypothesis. Furthermore, when 30 mmol l-1 urea was placed in the external water, a concentration (60 000 micromol-N l-1) approximately three times that of blood (20 000 micromol-N l-1), each efflux pulse event (measured with [14C]urea) was accompanied by a net uptake, such that blood urea-N levels rose rather than fell. A proportional 1:1 relationship between influx per unit external concentration and efflux per unit internal (i.e. plasma) concentration indicated a fully bidirectional transport system. The simultaneous presence of 60 mmol l-1 thiourea in the external water inhibited the influx component by 73 %, further supporting this conclusion. These data, together with recent molecular, morphological and endocrinological evidence, strongly suggest that pulsatile urea-N excretion is caused by the periodic activation of a facilitated urea transporter in the gills, similar to the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter in the mammalian kidney.
An Empirical Test of the Chemical Theory of Ozone Depletion

The overall structure of changes in total column ozone levels over a 50-year sample period from 1966 to 2015 and across a range of latitudes from -90° to 71° shows that the data from Antarctica prior to 1995 represent a peculiar outlier condition specific to that time and place and not an enduring global pattern. The finding is inconsistent with the Rowland-Molina theory of chemical ozone depletion.
Data-Driven Dynamic Pricing and Inventory Control with Censored Demand and Limited Price Changes

A firm sells a product over T periods. Demand in each period is random and price sensitive, and unsatisfied demands are lost and unobservable. The firm has limited prior knowledge about the demand process and needs to learn it through historical sales data. We consider the scenario where the firm is faced with the business constraint that prevents it from conducting extensive price experimentation. We develop data-driven algorithms for pricing and inventory decisions and evaluate their effectiveness using regret, which is the profit loss compared to a clairvoyant who has complete information about the demand process. We study three distinct scenarios and design algorithms that achieve the lowest possible regret rates: First, in a quite general case, when the number of price changes is bounded by a given number, the regret is O(T1/2). Second, in a special so-called well-separated case, when the number of price changes is limited to m, the regret is O(T1/m 1). Third, in the well-separated case allowing more frequent price changes that is limited to O(logT), the regret is O(logT). Numerical results show that these algorithms empirically perform very well.
Screening Out Controversy: Human Genetics, Emerging Techniques of Diagnosis, and the Origins of the Social Issues Committee of the American Society of Human Genetics, 1964–1973

In the years following World War II, and increasingly during the 1960s and 1970s, professional scientific societies developed internal sub-committees to address the social implications of their scientific expertise (Moore, Disrupting Science: Social Movements, American Scientists, and the Politics of the Military, 1945-1975. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008). This article explores the early years of one such committee, the American Society of Human Genetics' "Social Issues Committee," founded in 1967. Although the committee's name might suggest it was founded to increase the ASHG's public and policy engagement, exploration of the committee's early years reveals a more complicated reality. Affronted by legislators' recent unwillingness to seek the expert advice of human geneticists before adopting widespread neonatal screening programs for phenylketonuria (PKU), and feeling pressed to establish their relevance in an increasingly resource-scarce funding environment, committee members sought to increase the discipline's expert authority. Painfully aware of controversy over abortion rights and haunted by the taint of the discipline's eugenic past, however, the committee proceeded with great caution. Seeking to harness interest in and assert professional control over emerging techniques of genetic diagnosis, the committee strove to protect the society's image by relegating ethical and policy questions about their use to the individual consciences of member scientists. It was not until 1973, after the committee's modest success in organizing support for a retrospective public health study of PKU screening and following the legalization of abortion on demand, that the committee decided to take a more publicly engaged stance.
Revenue and Lifecycle Management for Digital Media Networks

Lifecycle management of digital media objects such as online videos is a challenging problem. While media objects are strong sources of revenue to content providers they also have limited shelf-life, influence each other in terms of customer choices, are data-intensive and require large bandwidth for delivery. As the revenue priorities often change rapidly, tiered solutions emerge as necessary and viable tools for lifecycle management. We model digital media objects as a network capturing the inter-object impacts and utilize this network structure to optimally partition media objects into tiers. Addressing the context of large content providers like Amazon VOD that employ infrastructure platforms like Limelight for content storage and delivery, we develop a bilevel programming model to maximize the profits of a price-setting platform and a tiered allocation-setting content provider. We predict and observe two fundamental effects with digital media: direct access differential revenue effect of tiered services and traffic generating effect of media objects. Using a detailed longitudinal empirical study we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed pricing and provisioning strategy and illustrate the existence and impact of these effects in media markets.
Integrated electrical machines and drives: An overview

Over the past 2–3 decades there is has been several attempts to bring power electronics/drives closer and more tightly integrated with electrical machines. Such activities intensified over the past several years. The drivers for this are technology breakthroughs in power electronic devices, new materials as well as the increasingly system requirements for a wide range of applications. This paper will provide a thorough survey of both commercial products as well as what is available in literature in terms of integrated electrical machines and drives. The paper will cover a wide range of applications highlighting the advantages and challenges of achieving such integration. The paper will also highlight the current research trends.
Transcriptome profiling in oral cavity and esophagus tissues from (S)-N'-nitrosonornicotine-treated rats reveals candidate genes involved in human oral cavity and esophageal carcinogenesis.

Recently, we have shown that (S)-N'-Nitrosonornicotine [(S)-NNN], the major form of NNN in tobacco products, is a potent oral cavity and esophageal carcinogen in rats. To determine the early molecular alterations induced by (S)-NNN in the oral and esophageal mucosa, we administered the carcinogen to rats in the drinking water for 10 wk and global gene expression alterations were analyzed by RNA sequencing. At a false discovery rate P-value < 0.05 and fold-change ≥2, we found alterations in the level of 39 genes in the oral cavity and 69 genes in the esophagus. Validation of RNA sequencing results by qRT-PCR assays revealed a high cross-platform concordance. The most significant impact of exposure to (S)-NNN was alteration of genes involved in immune regulation (Aire, Ctla4, and CD80), inflammation (Ephx2 and Inpp5d) and cancer (Cdkn2a, Dhh, Fetub B, Inpp5d, Ly6E, Nr1d1, and Wnt6). Consistent with the findings in rat tissues, most of the genes were deregulated, albeit to different degrees, in immortalized oral keratinocytes treated with (S)-NNN and in non-treated premalignant oral cells and malignant oral and head and neck squamous cells. Furthermore, interrogation of TCGA data sets showed that genes deregulated by (S)-NNN in rat tissues (Fetub, Ly6e, Nr1d1, Cacna1c, Cd80, and Dgkg) are also altered in esophageal and head and neck tumors. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into early molecular changes induced by (S)-NNN and, therefore, could contribute to the development of biomarkers for the early detection and prevention of (S)-NNN-associated oral and esophageal cancers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of whole blood osmolality.

When plasma osmolality exceeds 350 milliosmoles per kilogram of plasma water during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a disproportionate increase in mortality is observed; The increase of plasma osmolality is in part related to the administration of sodium bicarbonate. If iatrogenic risks of alkali therapy are to be minimized, repetitive measurements of plasma osmolality are advised. Therefore, the authors investigated a rapid method for determining osmolality, in which whole blood rather than plasma was utilized, thereby obviating the time required for erythrocyte separation; This study demonstrated that the difference between osmolality measured on whole blood and that measured on plasma were comparable to duplicate measurements of osmolality on plasma. The authors conclude that osmolality measured on whole blood serves as a reliable and accurate estimate of plasma osmolality.
Yeast Pif1 accelerates annealing of complementary DNA strands.

Pif1 is a helicase involved in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in eukaryotes. Here we report a new activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1, annealing of complementary DNA strands. We identified preferred substrates for annealing as those that generate a duplex product with a single-stranded overhang relative to a blunt end duplex. Importantly, we show that Pif1 can anneal DNA in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Pif1-mediated annealing also occurs in the presence of single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Additionally, we show that partial duplex substrates with 3′-single-stranded overhangs such as those generated during double-strand break repair can be annealed by Pif1.
Occurrence and Responses of a Partial Second Generation of the European Corn Borer in the Lake States

Early in the investigations of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.), in the Lake States, according to Caffrey & Worthley (1927), it was evident that the insect in this part of the infested territory was producing only a single generation annually, although later a very small partial second generation was noticeable in certain seasons. In more recent years, however, and particularly in 1936 and 1937, it became apparent that midsummer pupation of the corn borer in sections of Ohio, Michigan and Indiana had increased in frequency and, in some localities, had reached measurable proportions. Interest was immediately aroused as to the possible extent of this phenomenon, its underlying causes and the character of the second generation material in an environment hitherto considered adapted to the development of only a single generation of the pest annually.
James Moffett’s Mistake: Ignoring the Rational Capacities of the Other

Using Alasdair MacIntyre’s theory of tradition-bound rationalities, this essay analyses James Moffett’s depiction of the censors who opposed his Interactions textbook series in the Kanawha County, West Virginia, schools. Many reviewers have found Moffett’s analysis of the censors in Storm in the Mountains even-handed and respectful. Such lauding of Moffett’s work obscures the ways in which his understanding of the censors and their motivations inadequately considers the cultural history of the Appalachian region, its relationship to literacy, and the rationality underlying the censors’ stance. A critical look at Moffett’s representation of the censors permits a reconsideration of his theory of literacy, and moves us closer to understanding how to realize pluralistic education in resistant locales.
Respiratory Response of Fifth-Instar Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to Rapidly Changing Temperatures

Fifth-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae were exposed to 10 simulated heat treatments of apples and pears and CO. levels were monitored as a measure of respiration. Marked increases in respiration rates (µl CO2/mg/min) were noted during these treatments. Respiration peaked between 3.5 and 4.8 µl CO2/ mg/ min; the amount of time to peak respiration depended on the heating rate and was correlated to the LT95 No differences were observed between male and female larvae in the timing of the peaks of CO2 production. In treatments where mortality occurred, CO2 levels dropped to zero, but only after a considerable time after death. Respiratory recovery rates, the time it took for CO2 levels to return to normal, were recorded after treatments at time points where CO2 production reached % and maximum peak. Respiration rates at constant temperatures were recorded within the range of 10-30°C.Q10 over this range was 1.49, whereas Q10 was the greatest, 2.54, between 10 and 15°C.
Mobility,Positionality,and Relationality: A View of Examining the Interactional History Between Guizhou Highland Ethnic Groups and State

The world of humanism is a field of dynamic and mutual relations,which constitutes an interconnected process to posit the interspace between the individual and its environment. All concepts like" civilization", " state","society",and "culture"have been understood as bundles of relationships. In light of the view of mobility,positionality,relationality, this essay, respectively, from the multi-dimension of civilization and barbarism, states and non-states,highlands and valleys, mountains and marginality, places Guizhou into a interactional spatial field, examining how do Guizhou ethnic groups intermixed in the mountainous areas dynamically have taken various strategies to interact with tribes and states in the history;how do these ethnic groups have adopted flexible others image to construct their own cultural identity; how do they, with a humanistic landscape of multiple facets and hybridization, interpret the understanding of civilization,non-states,mountainous society,and marginality.
Early changes in ventricular geometry and ventricular septal defect size following Rastelli operation or intraventricular baffle repair for conotruncal anomaly: A cause for development of subaortic stenosis

BACKGROUND Obstruction to left ventricular outflow can be seen after surgical repair of congenital heart disease in which a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is closed by means of a baffle to the systemic great artery arising from the right ventricle (Rastelli operation, intraventricular repair, for conotruncal anomaly). We investigated the hypothesis that obligatory volumetric changes that occur after this operation lead to acute alterations in ventricular geometry and VSD size, resulting in subsequent subaortic stenosis in patients who were thought before operation to have a large, nonrestrictive VSD orifice. METHODS AND RESULTS Preoperative and postoperative echocardiograms and medical records of 24 patients with conotruncal anomaly who underwent conventional Rastelli operation or intraventricular repair in which the VSD was used as part of a new left ventricular outflow were reviewed. Eleven patients had transposition of the great arteries with pulmonic stenosis, 7 had double-outlet right ventricle, and 6 had subaortic atresia or stenosis with a normal-size left ventricle and underwent Norwood's palliation in infancy. All had large, nonrestrictive VSDs at preoperative cardiac catheterization. The mean age at the time of surgery was 32 +/- 24 months. The following measurements were made from two-dimensional echocardiographic images obtained before and 5 +/- 4 days after surgery from the subcostal views at end diastole: (1) VSD diameter; (2) short-axis left ventricular internal diameter (LVID); (3) left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW); and (4) systemic great artery diameter (arising from the right ventricle). VSD diameter diminished significantly after surgery (11.6 +/- 3.6 versus 10.1 +/- 3.7 mm, P < .0001), as did LVID (34.9 +/- 5.0 versus 31.7 +/- 5.1 mm, P < .001). LVPW thickness increased significantly (5.7 +/- 1.0 versus 6.7 +/- 1.1 mm, P < .0001), while great artery diameter was unchanged (16.2 +/- 4.0 versus 16.7 +/- 3.8 mm, P = NS). Percent change in VSD dimension correlated with percent change in LVPW/LVIDD ratio (degree of ventricular "contraction"). Nine patients subsequently developed subaortic obstruction at the VSD orifice level and had a greater degree of early diminution in VSD size (21 +/- 8% versus 10 +/- 8%, P < .002) as well as postoperative change in LVPW/LVID ratio (0.24 +/- 0.04 versus 0.20 +/- 0.02, P < .002) than those who did not develop subsequent subaortic obstruction. CONCLUSIONS The left ventricle undergoes geometric change after Rastelli operation or intraventricular repair, surgeries in which the VSD is used as the new left ventricular outflow. These changes are manifested as increased wall thickness, decreased cavity dimensions, and a decrease in VSD size. Patients who subsequently develop left ventricular outflow obstruction have the greatest degree of ventricular contraction and VSD diminution early after surgery.
Significance of Impaired Penile Tumescence and Associated Polysomnographic Abnormalities in the Impotent Patient

AbstractOf 15 consecutive patients with secondary impotence 7 (46 per cent) had varied degrees of abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence and 1 or more of the following sleep-associated events: frequent apnea and hypoventilation, myoclonus and a slow but remarkably stable heart rate even during episodes of respiratory impairment. All nocturnal penile tumescence measurements, except circumference change at the glans, were significantly lower than in patients with psychogenic impotence or normal subjects. These findings, not described previously, suggest probable central nervous system etiology of organic impotence in some patients. Skilled nocturnal penile tumescence assessment in conjunction with a comprehensive polysomnography study is an essential diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of the impotent patient.
Contesting the capital of culture in Antonio Muñoz Molina's Los misterios de Madrid

ABSTRACTThis essay examines Antonio Munoz Molina´s use of the Gothic mode and the misterio genre to destabilize Madrid's image as a politicized symbol of cultural modernity in his 1992 novel Los misterios de Madrid. The novel was a return to the form and function of the nineteenth-century urban mystery novel. The year 1992 was one of celebrations throughout Spain, and Madrid was designated the 1992 European Capital of Culture (ECOC). The ECOC title was meant to signal Spain's graduation to democratic modernity and its new identity as a European capital. Madrid of Munoz Molina contests this politicization of Madrid´s identity by gothicizing the capital. This Madrid is enigmatic and threatening, and it is the home of the conspiracies that undermine the capital's new image. In a year that celebrated Madrid's entree into European modernity, Munoz Molina uses nineteenth-century literary modes to question Madrid's success story.