cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ACETYLATION OF TYROSINE IN PEPSIN

Crystalline 60 per cent active acetyl pepsin has 7 acetyl groups per mol of pepsin, 3 of which are readily hydrolyzed in acid at pH 0.0 or in weak alkali at pH 10.0. The tyrosine-tryptophane content of this acetylated pepsin, measured colorimetrically, is less than pepsin by three tyrosine equivalents. Hydrolysis at pH 0.0 or pH 10.0 of the 3 acetyl groups results in a concomitant increase in the number of tyrosine equivalents. In the pH 0.0 hydrolysis experiment there is also a simultaneous increase in specific activity. The phenol group of glycyl tyrosine is acetylated by ketene under the conditions used in the acetylation of pepsin and the effect of pH on the rate of acetylation is similar in the two cases. It is concluded that the acetyl groups in the 60 per cent active acetyl pepsin, which are responsible for the decrease in specific enzymatic activity, are 3 in number and are attached to 3 tyrosine phenol groups of the pepsin molecule.
THE REPEATABILITY OF HIGH DEFINITION DESIGN STRUCTURE MATRIX (HDDSM) MODELS FOR REPRESENTING PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE

Product architecture has implications for product success that go beyond meeting basic customer needs or performance requirements. The mapping of functions to components and the interactions between them impacts the potential for using all or part of the product to build a family of products, the ease with which the product can be redesigned to meet previously unanticipated customer needs, and the way in which engineering design changes propagate during the design process. For practical applications of design theory, it would be beneficial to have a comprehensive and robust model that captures product architecture and can be used for multiple purposes. Some fields of design research have used variations of a Design Structure Matrix (DSM) to record the interactions between elements of a system. The High Definition Design Structure Matrix (HDDSM) has been proposed as a model that limits the subjectivity required from designers by capturing the existence of very specific types of interactions between product components. This work evaluates the repeatability of HDDSM models created by different examiners for a set of electromechanical products. The inter-rater agreement between HDDSM models created by pairs of examiners is determined by calculating the kappa agreement index for each type of component interaction. The results of this initial study demonstrate very encouraging levels of repeatabili ty across examiners for different types of products. Based on these results, recommendations are provided for creating objective models of product architecture and using such models for a number of exploratory research tasks, such as automated analysis of design guidelines.
The colonization of British North America as an episode in the history of christianity

The proposition that, to paraphrase Carl Degler, Christianity came to British North America in the first ships, has long enjoyed popular and scholarly currency. The popular account, sometimes found today in evangelical Christian circles, holds that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries colonists erected a mighty kingdom of God whose gates the humanist barbarians have unfortunately breached. The scholarly variation derives from Perry Miller's eloquent melodrama about Puritanism's rise and fall. Miller anatomized Puritanism as a carapace of Ramist logic, covenant theology, and faculty psychology surrounding the visceral vitality of Augustinian piety, an intellectual body that grew in health and cogency in Tudor-Stuart England and then suppurated on the American strand, corrupted by internal contradictions, creeping secularism, and periwigs. Miller understood that he was describing one single Christian tradition—Reformed Protestantism of a particularly perfervid variety—but such was his narrative's majesty that his tale of New England Puritanism ramified into the story of Christianity in the colonies; in the beginning, all the world was New England, and, at the end, the extent to which the colonists had created a common Christian identity owed mightily to Puritan conceptions of the national covenant. Miller was too good a scholar to miss the pettiness of Puritan religious politics and the myriad ways in which even the founding generation of Saints failed to live up to their own best values, but his chronicle of Puritan decline parallels the popular vision that the colonial period represented the “Golden Age” of Christianity in America: the faith began on a fortissimo chord but has decrescendoed ever since. The logic of this declension scheme spotlights some historical issues while ignoring others. The central problem for declension theory is to explain how and why Christianity's vigor ebbed, whereas the creation of a Christian culture in the colonies—the erection of churches, the elaboration of governing apparatuses, the routinization of personal devotion and moral order—is made unproblematic: it just spilled out of the Mayflower and the Arbella onto Plymouth Rock and Shawmut.
Monovalent Ion Specificity of the Electrogenic Sodium Pump in Vascular Smooth Muscle

AbstractExperiments were performed to determine the monovalent ion specificity of the electrogenic sodium pump in vascular smooth muscle. Helical strips of rat tail artery relaxed in response to potassium after contraction induced by norepinephrine in potassium-free solution. This relaxation is due to the electrogenic pumping of sodium and potassium which produces membrane hyperpolarization. The magnitude of the relaxation was decreased when the strips were incubated in solutions containing low concentrations of potassium (0.01-5.0 mM) instead of zero potassium. Potassium-induced relaxation was inhibited by ouabain. Helical strips also relaxed in response to rubidium, cesium, and ammonium when these were added instead of potassium to a potassium-free solution. The effectiveness of the monovalent ions in producing relaxation was in the following order: rubidium ≥ potassium > ammonium > cesium. Ouabain inhibited the relaxation responses induced by these latter ions. The results suggest: (i) small changes of...
The Sensing of Oxygen Tension in the Pulmonary Circulation

It now seems settled that acute hypoxia elicits pulmonary vasoconstriction and that the predominant site of constriction is the small muscular pulmonary artery1–3. What remains to be resolved is how this vasoconstriction comes about4.
Tempest and typhoon: user-level shared memory

Future parallel computers must efficiently execute not only hand-coded applications but also programs written in high-level, parallel programming languages. Today's machines limit these programs to a single communication paradigm, either message-passing or shared-memory, which results in uneven performance. This paper addresses this problem by defining an interface, Tempest, that exposes low-level communication and memory-system mechanisms so programmers and compilers can customize policies for a given application. Typhoon is a proposed hardware platform that implements these mechanisms with a fully-programmable, user-level processor in the network interface. We demonstrate the utility of Tempest with two examples. First, the Stache protocol uses Tempest's finegrain access control mechanisms to manage part of a processor's local memory as a large, fully-associative cache for remote data. We simulated Typhoon on the Wisconsin Wind Tunnel and found that Stache running on Typhoon performs comparably (±30%) to an all-hardware DirNNB cache-coherence protocol for five shared-memory programs. Second, we illustrate how programmers or compilers can use Tempest's flexibility to exploit an application's sharing patterns with a custom protocol. For the EM3D application, the custom protocol improves performance up to 35% over the all-hardware protocol.
Controlling Upland Invasive Exotic Plants on Public Conservation Land: a Strategic Plan

Abstract The Upland Invasive Exotic Plant Management Program is responsible for the control of terrestrial invasive plant species infesting public conservation land in Florida. To assist in achieving this long-term goal, the program drafted a Strategic Plan based upon the structural principles of: (1) leadership from the state level; (2) partnership amongst all levels of government agencies and other affected parties; (3) dedicated funding and implementation procedures for a statewide program; (4) a system of inventory and monitoring of invasive species; and (5) adoption of adaptive management strategies on public conservation land. Although the plan is written specifically for Florida, the core principles and implementation strategies are applicable to any state seeking to initiate a statewide invasive species control program.
Implementing Mail Survey Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: An increasingly greater number of pharmacists in managerial positions are required to gather data to facilitate the decision-making process. Mail survey questionnaires are powerful tools when utilized properly. After completing this continuing education program, participants will be able to: 1) Identify situations for which surveys may be utilized to collect data 2) Identify important research design and sampling considerations in survey research 3) Design an appropriate cover letter to accompany a mail survey that maximizes its rate of return 4) Select an appropriate scaling procedure 5) Describe methods used to assess the validity and reliability of a summated ratings scale 6) Describe procedures used to determine the potential for non-response bias in mail surveys
Mindfulness, Eating Disorders, and Food Intake Regulation

Eating encompasses multiple self-regulatory processes, including physiological, behavioral, emotional, and social. This chapter reviews the application of self-regulation theory to mindfulness approaches to treating eating problems and obesity, with a particular focus on Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT). Eating behavior and the psychobiology of food intake lend themselves to being understood from a self-regulation perspective, and the development of MB-EAT as a program was substantively informed by self-regulation models, along with principles compatible with mindfulness theory and Buddhist psychology. The chapter provides an overview of key conceptual issues and therapeutic components from a self-regulation perspective. MB-EAT involves training in mindfulness meditation and guided mindfulness practices designed to address the core issues of dysregulated eating: developing awareness and appropriate use of hunger and satiety cues; recognizing key triggers for overeating, including emotional, social, and cognitive patterns; making more conscious food choices; and cultivating self-acceptance and wisdom. Evidence to date supports the value of MB-EAT in decreasing binge episodes, improving one’s sense of self-control with regard to eating, contributing to weight loss and diabetes management, and diminishing depressive symptoms.
Anthropometric equations for studying body fat in pregnant women

Anthropometric data from 200 pregnant women were used to estimate body fat at gestation weeks 14 and 37 and changes in body fat from week 14 to week 37 with four formulas from the literature. The resulting estimates were evaluated against the estimation of fat by a four-compartment model that determined fat from weight, total body water, bone mineral mass, and body density. The estimates of fat by existing anthropometric models were statistically different from those by the four-compartment model in both early and late pregnancy. Most importantly, the change in body fat estimated by the anthropometric models (all > 4 kg) was considerably higher than that estimated by the four-compartment model (3.3 kg). Two new anthropometric equations were developed, both of which used the four-compartment model as the reference method. The equation for predicting change in fat mass from week 14 to 37 of pregnancy was as follows: 0.77 (change in weight, kg)+ 0.07 (change in thigh skinfold thickness, mm)-6.13 (r2 = 0.73). The equation for determining fat (kg) at term was as follows: 0.40 (weight at week 37, kg)+ 0.16 (biceps skinfold thickness at week 37, mm) + 0.15 (thigh skinfold thickness at week 37, mm)-0.09 (wrist circumference at week 37. mm)+ 0.10 (prepregnancy weight.kg)-6.56 (r2 = 0.89). Both equations were derived on a randomly selected half of the total sample and validated on the remaining half. Both equations were found to be valid for use in studying pregnant women with different prepregnancy body mass indexes, different gestational weight gains, different ethnicities, and different socioeconomic status.
‘I want to be better than you:’ lived experiences of intergenerational child maltreatment prevention among teenage mothers in and beyond foster care

The growing body of research on teenage motherhood in foster care has largely focused on the risks involved for both mother and child, yet these mothers depict a much more complex picture of their own experience of becoming and being mothers. The current study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore 18 in-depth, qualitative interviews from six participants on the meaning and experience of motherhood among teenage mothers in foster care and in the years immediately after ageing out. This study focused on a particular dimension of motherhood: participants' efforts to break the cycle of child abuse and neglect with their own children. Two themes emerged as characteristic of these experiences: (i) treating children well/parenting differently and avoiding the system; and (ii) reducing isolation and enhancing support. Given the increased likelihood of the children of teen mothers - particularly those who have been maltreated - becoming involved with the child welfare system, study findings suggest possible strategies for disrupting cycles of intergenerational child welfare involvement generated by young mothers themselves. Practice implications for addressing possible substance abuse, mental health and relational and parenting needs are discussed. Language: en
Novel Molecular Mechanisms in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in adults and children worldwide. NAFLD has become a severe health issue and it can progress towards a more severe form of the disease, the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A combination of environmental factors, host genetics, and gut microbiota leads to excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver (steatosis), which may result in lipotoxicity and trigger hepatocyte cell death, liver inflammation, fibrosis, and pathological angiogenesis. NASH can further progress towards liver cirrhosis and cancer. Over the last few years, cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as effective cell-to-cell messengers that transfer several bioactive molecules in target cells, modulating the pathogenesis and progression of NASH. In this review, we focused on recently highlighted aspects of molecular pathogenesis of NASH, mediated by EVs via their bioactive components. The studies included in this review summarize the state of art regarding the role of EVs during the progression of NASH and bring novel insight about the potential use of EVs for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for patients with this disease.
Selecting the Best and Brightest: A Structured Approach to Orthopedic Resident Selection.

Background Resident selection is integral to the graduate medical educational process and the future of our profession. There is no consensus among residency directors as to how to systematically and consistently screen and select applicants who would perform well as residents. The purpose of this study was to introduce and assess a high volume application screening tool and semistructured interview process. Methods This study took place in an academic orthopedic surgery department over 2 years (2013-2014). Overall, 1382 applications were screened in 7 categories, with a maximum score of 100. A total of 14 faculty reviewed applications; 218 interviews were offered; 165 applicants accepted the interview. Overall, 4 interview domains (cognitive, affective, activities, and theme), and an impression score were ranked from 1 (Exceptional) to 6 (Concern). Each room had an assigned “theme” (ethics, affective, cognitive, research, and “fit”) with standardized questions. A summary score was generated of all scores to determine the preliminary rank list; the final rank list was determined after group discussion. Correlation between preliminary rank, final rank, and screening scores were assessed. Results The average screening score was 62.5 (range: 0-100, median = 64). The average interview score was 69.5 (range: 32.24-95.0). Final rank lists correlated most highly with initial rank (0.912, p Conclusions A systematic approach was used to screen and evaluate a large number of orthopedic surgery applicants. Our system demonstrated excellent feasibility, reliability, and predictability for the final rank list.
Preoperative Prediction of Continence After Enterocystoplasty or Undiversion in Children with Neurogenic Bladder

Fifteen children and young adults with neurogenic bladder undergoing enterocystoplasty were evaluated preoperatively to determine subsequent urinary continence and to establish the need for bladder neck reconstruction. The proximal sphincter mechanism was studied with an erect cystogram under fluoroscopic monitoring and the distal sphincter mechanism was studied with direct electromyography. In 8 patients the distal and proximal sphincters were incompetent, and all underwent a Young-Dees bladder neck reconstruction. In 7 patients 1 or both sphincters were competent and none underwent bladder neck reconstruction during enterocystoplasty. Of the 14 patients followed 13 are continent on intermittent catheterization.
High Intensity Polarized Electron Gun

The goal of the project was to investigate the possibility of building a very high intensity polarized electron gun for the Electron-Ion Collider. This development is crucial for the eRHIC project. The gun implements a large area cathode, ring-shaped laser beam and active cathode cooling. A polarized electron gun chamber with a large area cathode and active cathode cooling has been built and tested. A preparation chamber for cathode activation has been built and initial tests have been performed. Major parts for a load-lock chamber, where cathodes are loaded into the vacuum system, have been manufactured.
Understanding ‘energy insecurity’ and why it matters to health

Energy insecurity is a multi-dimensional construct that describes the interplay between physical conditions of housing, household energy expenditures and energy-related coping strategies. The present study uses an adapted grounded theory approach based on in-depth interviews with 72 low-income families to advance the concept of energy insecurity. Study results illustrate the layered components of energy insecurity by providing rich and nuanced narratives of the lived experiences of affected households. Defined as an inability to adequately meet basic household energy needs, this paper outlines the key dimensions of energy insecurity-economic, physical and behavioral- and related adverse environmental, health and social consequences. By thoroughly examining this understudied phenomenon, this article serves to raise awareness of an increasingly relevant issue that merits more attention in research and policy.
Development of DBR-free semiconductor disk lasers

DBR-free optically-pumped semiconductor disk lasers are demonstrated by direct bonding of the gain chip to various thermal substrates. This allows broad tunability, potential for compact monolithic cavities, and high power scaling.
Understanding Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening in Women With Access to Care, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014

Cervical cancer screening can save lives when abnormal cervical lesions and early cancers are detected and treated; however, many women are not screened as recommended. We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey to examine nonfinancial barriers to cervical cancer screening among women who reported having insurance and a personal doctor or health care provider. Among these women, a higher proportion who were never or rarely screened reported having multiple chronic conditions. The results of this study underscore the importance of incorporating preventive clinical services into the management of one or more chronic conditions.
Acute Compartment Syndrome

Acute compartment syndrome is a pathological process where increased intra-compartmental pressures result in decreased tissue perfusion, leading to cellular anoxia and death if cellular perfusion is not restored. Compartment syndrome can occur in any location of the upper or lower extremities but is most commonly diagnosed in the leg and forearm. Diagnostic methods remain imperfect, with serial physical examinations as the mainstay of diagnosis. Direct pressure measurements with commercial devices or an arterial line setup can be made. A difference ≤30 mmHg between the diastolic blood pressure and intra-compartmental pressure (∆P) is a recommended threshold for fasciotomy. However, direct pressure measurements have been shown to be inaccurate with significant inter-observer variability and high false positive rates. Pressure measurements are best used in obtunded patients or those where physical examination is clouded due to other factors. Once diagnosed, treatment is simple with decompressive fasciotomies, which merely require a scalpel and anatomic knowledge.
Alternative Interpretations of Economic Theory and its Limits

Three recent books offer a sample of what is at stake in the current soul-searching and debates on economics and its future. The books illustrate three major possible positions on the nature and function of economic theorizing: the regressive, the status-quo and the reconstructive. At the same time they offer broader insights regarding the nature and limits of social sciences in general.
Gendered Organizations, Care Ethics, and Active Representation

A number of public agencies have a hand in providing protection and assistance to victims through provisions of domestic violence programs. This qualitative study examines regulatory and redistributive agencies in three states to determine if active representation, through the provision of domestic violence services, can be achieved in public agencies that are gendered. Using the theoretical framework of representative bureaucracy, this case study examines the importance of gender representation and the effect of gender dynamics in organizations on achieving active representation. This study links passive representation to active representation using care ethics in redistributive agencies due to the organizational mission, feminine culture, the predominance of female clientele, and the need for feminine traits, such as care and emotions, to be exhibited by public administrators.
Real-time dyebath monitoring of reactive dyeing on cationized cotton for levelness control: part 2—effects of leveling agents and dye dosing

Cationization of cotton brings advantages in the reactive dyeing process, such as eliminating the use of electrolytes and increasing color yield. However, high dye strike rates caused by the electronic attractions between anionic dyes and cationized cotton may result in poor levelness of dyeing, especially for light shades. For some monochloritriazine–monochloritriazine homobifunctional reactive dyes, lowering dyeing temperature and controlling the addition of electrolytes can effectively control the dye strike rate and improve the levelness of dyed cationized cotton. However, for other reactive dyes, the use of effective leveling agents is necessary. In this study, a variety of anionic, cationic, and amphoteric leveling agents were applied to control the dye exhaustion process of three monochloritriazine–vinylsulphone heterobifunctional reactive dyes on the cotton fabric cationized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride. The leveling effect of adding dyes in portions was also evaluated and it was used in combination with leveling agents to further improve the levelness of dyeing.
FAST UPDATING MULTIPOLE COULOMBIC POTENTIAL CALCULATION.

We present a numerical method to efficiently and accurately recompute the Coulomb potential of a large ensemble of charged particles after a subset of the particles undergoes a change of position. Errors are bounded even after a large number of such shifts, making it practical for use in Monte Carlo Markov chain methods in molecular dynamics, computational astrophysics, computational chemistry, and other applications. The method uses truncated multipole expansions of the potential energy functional and a tree decomposition of the computational domain to reduce the computational complexity. Computational costs scale logarithmically in the size of the problem. Scaling, accuracy, and efficiency are confirmed with numerical experiments. The new method outperforms a direct calculation for moderate problem sizes.
Influence of potassium and magnesium fertilizer application on the yield and nutrient accumulation of maize genotypes under field conditions

The use of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes that are able to utilize nutrients efficiently is an important strategy in the management of plant nutritional status; it is of particular importance with r...
Russian Hajj: Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca

Eileen Kane's Russian Hajj tells the story of how the Russian Empire, a nineteenth-century European colonial power and an Orthodox Christian state, became a facilitator of Muslim pilgrimage and a p...
Naloxone Distribution and Training for Patients with High-Risk Opioid Use in a Veterans Affairs Community-Based Primary Care Clinic.

Context Naloxone distribution has historically been implemented in a community-based, expanded public health model; however, there is now a need to further explore primary care clinic-based naloxone delivery to effectively address the nationwide opioid epidemic. Objective To create a general medicine infrastructure to identify patients with high-risk opioid use and provide 25% of this population with naloxone autoinjector prescription and training within a 6-month period. Design The quality improvement study was conducted at an outpatient clinic serving 1238 marginally housed veterans with high rates of comorbid substance use and mental health disorders. Patients at high risk of opioid-related adverse events were identified using the Stratification Tool for Opioid Risk Management and were contacted to participate in a one-on-one, 15-minute, hands-on naloxone training led by nursing staff. Main outcome measures The number of patients identified at high risk and rates of naloxone training/distribution. Results There were 67 patients identified as having high-risk opioid use. None of these patients had been prescribed naloxone at baseline. At the end of the intervention, 61 patients (91%) had been trained in the use of naloxone. Naloxone was primarily distributed by licensed vocational nurses (42/61, 69%). Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of high-risk patient identification and of a primary care-based and nursing-championed naloxone distribution model. This delivery model has the potential to provide access to naloxone to a population of patients with opioid use who may not be engaged in mental health or specialty care.
Carotid Artery Mycotic Aneurysm Identified by Duplex Imaging

Although there have been mycotic aneurysms of the carotid arteries reported in the literature, they are unusual and we wanted to describe our findings of mycotic aneurysm using ultrasound.
Privacy-Preserving Multi Keyword Search in Cloud Computing

The current study is intended to present an in-depth analysis of literature relative to privacy preserving multi-keyword search over encrypted cloud data. The multi-keyword ranked search that the study proposes has the capacity to post the exact matching documents only. This paper essentially seeks to fill the perceived research gaps from previous studies in multi-keyword search in cloud computing. To be precise, the current paper considers three peer-reviewed research articles concerning multi-keyword search in cloud computing. As such, it analyses the methods, approaches and techniques that have been proposed in each of the three studies while presenting viewing these aspects in a critical limelight. The central problem focused by each of the three selected articles is keyword privacy. This draws from the fact that despite the capacity of perceived approaches to generate cryptic trapdoors which conceals keywords, there is a possibility that cloud service providers through statistical analysis can estimate the keywords. The second concern that has been discussed in these research articles is trapdoor un-linkability. This arises mostly from deterministic trapdoor generation functions which gives the cloud service provider an easy avenue of accumulating keyword frequency. Lastly, surveyed studies also reveal concerns relating to access patterns whereby although a many of encryption techniques can be deployed to conceal the access pattern, there remains efficiency concerns with such encryption.
Self-Renewal and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Sustain Exhausted Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells during Chronic Viral Infection

Although characterization of T cell exhaustion has unlocked powerful immunotherapies, the mechanisms sustaining adaptations of short-lived innate cells to chronic inflammatory settings remain unknown. During murine chronic viral infection, we found that concerted events in bone marrow and spleen mediated by type I interferon (IFN-I) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) maintained a pool of functionally exhausted plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In the bone marrow, IFN-I compromised the number and the developmental capacity of pDC progenitors, which generated dysfunctional pDCs. Concurrently, exhausted pDCs in the periphery were maintained by self-renewal via IFN-I- and TLR7-induced proliferation of CD4- subsets. On the other hand, pDC functional loss was mediated by TLR7, leading to compromised IFN-I production and resistance to secondary infection. These findings unveil the mechanisms sustaining a self-perpetuating pool of functionally exhausted pDCs and provide a framework for deciphering long-term exhaustion of other short-lived innate cells during chronic inflammation.
The correction of rheumatoid ulnar drift by silicone prostheses with tendon transfer

Fifty hands with rheumatoid ulnar drift treated by resection of the metacarpal heads and replacement with silicone prostheses were studied. The procedure is outlined which consists of an arthroplasty using a silicone prosthesis with tendon transfer. The complications are also studied and the results evaluated. Of the cases studied 20% were excellent, 40% were good, and 40% fair.
Excessive nail growth in the European ferret induced by Aroclor 1242.

European ferrets fed a diet that contained 20 ppm Aroclor 1242 for several months developed elongated, thickened, and deformed toenails. The excessive nail growth was more conspicuous in the males than in the females and was especially pronounced in the hind feet. Histopathologic examination of the affected ferret toes revealed a hyperkeratosis at the junction of the skin and eponychium, and dysplasia at the root of the nail and matrix. Accumulations of keratinized debris, as well as nuclear and cytoplasmic degeneration of many cells were noted and acanthosis and parakeratosis were present. It is speculated that the abnormal toenail development may be attributed to certain contaminants in Aroclor 1242.
The art and science of mindfulness : integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions

Intention is fundamental to any project, endeavor, or journey. Related to intention is the concept of mindfulness - the awareness that arises through intentionally attending to oneself and others in an open, caring, and nonjudgmental way. Drawing from Buddhist teachings and psychological theory, authors Shapiro and Carlson explore why mindful awareness is integral to the therapeutic healing process and show clinicians how to connect with this deeper awareness. This book integrates the art and science of mindfulness to engender greater well-being in both clinicians and their patients. Seen through the lens of mindfulness as a universal human capacity, this intention helps bridge the gap between therapist and patient, reminding us that we are all human beings wanting health, happiness, and freedom from suffering. This book is suitable for clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, counselors, and social workers. It is intended for health care practitioners such as nurses, physicians, and physical therapists. It is also suitable for graduate students in all of the above areas.
Typologies of adversity in childhood & adulthood as determinants of mental health & substance use disorders of adults incarcerated in US prisons.

Abstract Background Incarcerated people have disproportionately high rates of adverse experiences, mental health and substance use disorders. Objective This study identifies typologies of adversity among adults incarcerated in US prisons. Typologies are used to predict mental health and substance use disorders. Disparities by gender, race and ethnicity are also examined. Participants and Setting Data come from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (SI-SFCF), a cross sectional survey of incarcerated adults (n = 18,185). Methods Bivariate statistics compared rates of adverse experiences, mental health and substance use disorders by gender, race and ethnicity. Latent class analysis was conducted using adverse experiences as indicators of latent classes of adversity. Using multinomial regression, latent class membership was predicted by gender, race and ethnicity. Finally, logistic regression predicted mental health and substance use disorders by latent classes. Results Incarcerated people identifying as either women or white experienced higher rates of nearly all types of adverse experiences, as compared to either men or non-white people. Women also had higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders, except for alcohol use disorder. Four typologies of adverse experiences were found: Class-1) low exposure, Class-2) moderate deprivation, high violence exposure, Class-3) high deprivation, low violence exposure, and Class-4) high exposure. As compared to the low exposure group, all other typologies predicted mental health and substance use disorders. Conclusions Given that incarcerated people experience high rates of adverse experiences, mental health and substance use disorders, findings can inform how to tailor services to typologies of adversity.
Transforming mobility justice: Gendered harassment and violence on transit

Abstract Mobility justice scholarship has shown that socially disadvantaged people experience uneven access to movement through various spaces and even ‘immobility’ based on their differential hold on resources and power. Scholarship on gendered mobilities demonstrates that public spaces, such as public transit, are structured in ways that serve to reproduce gender hierarchies. While much important work on gendered mobilities has focused on the unique limitations to mobility women experience in spaces such as public transport, there is little work that considers how other gender minorities experience mobility in these spaces. Drawing from 25 qualitative interviews with transgender and gender nonconforming public transit users in Portland, Oregon, this paper demonstrates that gender minorities experience significant challenges to their routine mobility on public transit. The consistency with which participants in this study experienced harassment, discrimination, and violence while attempting to use public transit suggests that scholarship on gendered mobilities must begin to theorize from a more expansive understanding of gender. Transport justice studies broadly, and the scholarship on gendered mobilities specifically, must move toward a more comprehensive understanding of the spectrum of gendered experiences that impact mobility and accessibility. The paper concludes with specific policy recommendations that could make direct impacts on the safety and comfort of transgender riders. While larger cultural and societal change is necessary to fully address these inequities, these smaller efforts would likely increase transgender people's use of public transportation.
Elucidating intra-seasonal characteristics of Indian summer monsoon. Part-I: Viewed from remote sensing observations, reanalysis and model datasets

In this study, we examine the transitions in the monsoon phases (onset, active, break and the withdrawal) during an entire monsoon season. This makes use of a host of observational tools that come from GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellites for precipitation estimates, the vertical structure of rain, hydrometeors and cloud types from TRMM and CloudSat datasets. During onset, the mean moisture convergence, especially over west and south-west coast of India is 2 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1; however, it carries much higher value of >4 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1 during the active phase over central eastern India. Much lesser moisture convergence (<1 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1) is noted over Western Ghats area during the break phase. However, there are northeasterly moisture fluxes present over southern part of India during withdrawal phase. The tall cumulonimbus clouds that extend out to 16 km are illustrate during onset, the active phase is dominated by alto stratus and nimbostratus type clouds that are somewhat shallower. In general, we noted an absence of such clouds during the break and the withdrawal phases. Those structures were consistent in a number of derived fields such as the moisture convergence, moisture fluxes, the energy conversions between the rotational and the divergent kinetic energy and the corresponding phases of the intra-seasonal oscillations.
Dashing Decades of Defeat: Long Anticipated Advances in the First-line Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an exceptionally lethal subtype of lung cancer. For patients with extensive-stage (ES) disease, which is the majority of patients, platinum-doublet chemotherapy has been the standard of care for decades. Dozens of phase III trials have failed to improve survival over standard platinum plus etoposide. Recent results, however, have met with long-overdue success. This manuscript reviews the new standards of care for ES-SCLC. Two recent phase III trials have shown an improvement in overall survival with concurrent immunotherapy and chemotherapy. In IMpower 133, the addition of the anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab to carboplatin plus etoposide significantly improved both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). This was the first trial in over 30 years to improve survival. In CASPIAN, concurrent durvalumab, another anti-PD-L1 antibody, also led to an improvement in survival. While there is clearly a need to further improve outcomes, the improvement in survival with the addition of atezolizumab or durvalumab to platinum-doublet chemotherapy is a major advance. We now have new standards of care and the potential of a more meaningful benefit for patients with advanced SCLC.
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: A Public Service Approach for Reaching the Urban Sanitation SDGs

This policy brief sets out key concepts, principles and practical implications for the Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) approach. Rapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, and climate change are exacerbating a sanitation crisis. The focus of most urban sanitation interventions remains incremental expansion of centralized sewer infrastructure; little attention is paid to reaching the poor, long-term service provision, financial viability, or the public system functions required to achieve those outcomes. Meeting SDG targets requires a radical rethink of the urban sanitation sub-sector. Citywide Inclusive Sanitation offers this. This paper presents a public services framework, set out by the Gates Foundation, for pursuing equitable, safe and sustained service outcomes, at city scale. It reviews the genesis and evolution of the CWIS Framework and shares key principles and policy implications.
The Obese Disparager

Overeating is a compulsion. There is even a twelve-step program set up to deal with this malady: Overeaters Anonymous. It is akin to Alcoholics Anonymous and utilizes much the same literature. There is a low rung in hell ready for those who go out of their way to denigrate, make fun of, otherwise humiliate, the obese.
AIDS-Associated Malignancies

Although currently diagnosed in about 40% of HIV-infected individuals at some point in their clinical course, AIDS-associated malignancies may increase in frequency as survival is prolonged and, particularly, as greater numbers of HIV infections occur in women. Although this review has been devoted to AIDS-defining cancers, there are suggestions from epidemiological studies that some of the more common cancers in the general population are beginning to be diagnosed at increased rates in HIV-infected people [141]. In addition, as children born with HIV infection show longer survival, increased cancer rates may be seen in this group as well. While recent advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated malignancies, particularly KS, and modest therapeutic advances have been made, optimal therapy has yet to be defined for any of these neoplasms.
Supernovae, Young Remnants, and Nucleosynthesis

Supernovae and supernova remnants may be intimately linked to cosmic ray problems as the site of nucleosynthesis, the site of particle acceleration, or both. Although direct evidence for the origin of cosmic rays in supernovae remains elusive, observations of supernovae and their remnants by optical telescopes now provides good evidence that nuclear processing has taken place in these stars. The energetics and spectra of extragalactic supernovae immediately after the explosion indicate that Type I supernovae produce large amounts of iron peak elements. In a complementary way, spectroscopy of the 300 year old galactic remnant Cassiopeia A demonstrates that nuclear processing through oxygen burning took place in that object, which may have been a 15 to 25 solar mass star. The recent discovery of a handful of remnants with abundances like those in Cas A leads to the hope that a detailed correspondence between abundance patterns in these remnants and models forstellar interiors will provide new insight into the last stage of stellar evolution.
Electrochemistry of Nitrogen‐containing Compounds

The sections in this article are Introduction Oxidation of Amines Amine Radical Cations as Electrochemical Mediators Functionalization Reactions N-centered Radicals and Cycloadditions Kolbe Oxidations and the Formation of N-Acyliminium Ions The Anodic Oxidation of Amides General Reaction Adding Functionality to Synthetic Starting Materials Mediated Reactions and the use of Electroauxiliaries The Application of Amide Oxidations to the Synthesis of Natural Products The Synthesis of Azathymine Derivatives Octahydroisoquinolines ACE Inhibitors A58365A and A58365B (3R, 5R, 8aR)-3-n-Butylindolizidine Bulgecin C (±)-Anatoxin A The Synthesis of Constrained Peptidomimetics Introduction The Synthesis of Constrained TRH Analogs Sequential Amide Oxidation—Olefin Metathesis Strategies Substance P Analogs and an Approach to Piperazinone Rings Amide Oxidations and the Construction of Combinatorial Libraries Conclusions Acknowledgment
Studies on rat liver ribonucleases. IV. Liver ribonucleases in developing, 2-acetylamino-fluorene fed and partially hepatectomized rats.

Abstract A relationship was found between the activity of three ribonucleases and liver growth. All three liver ribonucleases showed high activity in fetuses 3 days before birth, in new-borns and in suckling rats; these enzyme activities decreased gradually and attained the adult level between 30 to 40 days of age. Acid phosphatase was relatively constant during the developing stage of the rat. Acid ribonuclease (i.e., ribonuclease I) increased soon after feeding 2-acetyl-aminofluorene while acid phosphatase decreased. Ribonuclease II and ribonuclease III increased during the first 5–6 weeks and decreased subsequently for approx. 10 weeks before returning to the control level. In regenerating liver, all three ribonucleases were increased soon after partial hepatectomy with a maximal increase at about 4 h after the operation. Ribonuclease II activity was significantly decrease from 8 h to 24. Ribonuclease I and ribonuclease III remained increased up to 72 h after partial hepatectomy. The possible implications of the relationship between ribonuclease activities and phenomena of liver growth is discussed.
Calculation of the Auger lifetime in degenerate n-type (Hg,Cd)Te

The lifetime, TAl due to the,two-band, Auger 1 recombination mechanism is calculated for degenerate n-type (Hg,Cd)Te as a function of equilibrium carrier concentration, no under low modulation. For no sufficiently large so that the Fermi energy, EF is at least a kBT above the conduction band minimum, τAl ∝ 1/no/γ where γ < 1. For x = 0.2 and 50K ≤ T ≤ 200K, 0.7 ≤ γ ≤ 0.8. For EF(no) at least 3 kBT below the conduction band minimum, τAl ∝ 1/no/2.It is also found that in the degenerate region, τAl decreases with T for fixed no.
Event driven private counters

We define and instantiate a cryptographic scheme called “private counters”, which can be used in applications such as preferential voting to express and update preferences (or any secret) privately and non-interactively. A private counter consists of an encrypted value together with rules for updating that value if certain events occur. Updates are private: the rules do not reveal how the value of the counter is updated, nor even whether it is updated for a certain event. Updates are non-interactive: a counter can be updated without communicating with its creator. A private counter also contains an encrypted bit indicating if the current value in the counter is within a pre-specified range. We also define a privacy model for private counters and prove that our construction satisfies this notion of privacy. As an application of private counters, we present an efficient protocol for preferential voting that hides the order in which voters rank candidates, and thus offers greater privacy guarantees than any other preferential voting scheme.
Physiological and Therapeutic Aspects of Shamanistic Healing

This paper addresses the psychophysiological and therapeutic bases of some universal aspects of shamanistic healing practices. Shamanistic healing is universal because of the interrelated physiological, experiential and therapeutic bases in the use of altered states of consciousness (ASC) Case studies of cross-cultural therapeutic use of ASC illustrate rultural effectiveness. The scientific bases for therapeutic effectiveness are addressed through an examination of the pychophysiology of ASC. Clinical and physiological evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of ASC in general and hallucinogens in particular is reviewed. Possession and the temporal lobe syndrome are briefly examined in the conteXt of the psychophysiology of ASC.