cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capillary Driven Flow along Interior Corners Formed by Planar Walls of Varying Wettability

Closed-form analytic solutions useful for the design of capillary flows in a variety of containers possessing interior corners were recently collected and reviewed. Low-g drop tower and aircraft experiments performed at NASA to date show excellent agreement between theory and experiment for perfectly wetting fluids. The analytical expressions are general in terms of contact angle, but do not account for variations in contact angle between the various surfaces within the system. Such conditions may be desirable for capillary containment or to compute the behavior of capillary corner flows in containers consisting of different materials with widely varying wetting characteristics. A simple coordinate rotation is employed to recast the governing system of equations for flows in containers with interior corners with differing contact angles on the faces of the corner. The result is that a large number of capillary driven corner flows may be predicted with only slightly modified geometric functions dependent on corner angle and the two (or more) contact angles of the system. A numerical solution is employed to verify the new problem formulation. The benchmarked computations support the use of the existing theoretical approach to geometries with variable wettability. Simple experiments may be performed to confirm the theoretical findings. Favorable agreement between such experiments and the present theory may argue well for the extension of the analytic results to predict fluid performance in future large length scale capillary fluid systems for spacecraft as well as for small scale capillary systems on Earth.
Tubuliform silk protein: A protein with unique molecular characteristics and mechanical properties in the spider silk fibroin family

Orb–web weavers can produce up to six different types of silk and a glue for various functions. Tubuliform silk is unique among them due to its distinct amino acid composition, specific time of production, and atypical mechanical properties. To study the protein composing this silk, tubuliform gland cDNA libraries were constructed from three orb–weaving spiders Argiope aurantia, Araneus gemmoides, and Nephila clavipes. Amino acid composition comparison between the predicted tubuliform silk protein sequence (TuSp1) and the corresponding gland protein confirms that TuSp1 is the major component in tubuliform gland in three spiders. Sequence analysis suggests that TuSp1 shares no significant similarity with its paralogues, while it has conserved sequence motifs with the most primitive spider, Euagrus chisoseus silk protein. The presence of large side-chain amino acids in TuSp1 sequence is consistent with the frustrated β-sheet crystalline structure of tubuliform silk observed in transmission electron microscopy. Repeat unit comparison within species as well as among three spiders exhibits high sequence conservation. Parsimony analysis based on carboxy terminal sequence shows that Argiope and Araneus are more closely related than either is to Nephila which is consistent with phylogenetic analysis based on morphological evidence.
The National Conference of Professors of Educational Administration: A Stimulator and Forum for Professors

The National Conference of Professors of Educational Administration (NCPEA) first met in 1947. It has met each August since then on various campuses throughout the United States. The organization is a non‐membership association of Educational Administration Professors and the meetings are devoted to the in‐service education of the participants. Of the 1,200 persons on its current mailing list, some 140 gather each year to exchange ideas and study new developments and problems as they affect education and schools. Attendance rosters include professors of administration from any institution which prepares school administrators. NCPEA has produced or sponsored several publications and It has provided leadership in educational change. The efforts of its officers and participants arc almost solely directed toward planning and participating in its one‐week conferences. Its twentieth annual meeting is scheduled for August 21–26, 1966 at Bloomington, Indiana, on the campus of the University of Indiana.
The Meanings of Narratives Told During Psychotherapy: The Fruits of a New Observational Unit

It is the new definition of relationship narratives in psychotherapy that has led to the 14 observations about them in our review and to recognition of their meaning for the process of psychotherapy. Among the most significant externally descriptive observations about relationship narratives were, their identifiability by trained judges, their frequency in almost all sessions and their focus on recent events in intimate relationships. Internal observations came from the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) method applied to the narratives, including: a high frequency of wishes for closeness as well as for independence, a high frequency of negative expectations of responses from others and self, a high pervasiveness of wishes both early and late in therapy, and an increase in positive responses from others and of self as patients improved in psychotherapy.
From the Ends of the West: My Jewish Demographic Narrative

Having grown up on the West Coast in a largely unobservant family, I have been interested in some of the more marginal Jewish populations, including Jews in the West. My outlook on Jewish sociology was heavily influenced by my teacher Marshall Sklare but continues to unfold in new directions, including historical demography and qualitative research.
STEAMWORK: An Effective Approach to Team Building.

Abstract Changes in leadership of organizations will affect many people. This article suggests an approach that can effect positive transitions through team building. An application of the model is presented.
A factorial study of ondansetron, metoclopramide, and dexamethasone for emesis prophylaxis after adenotonsillectomy in children.

Background We conducted a factorial study of emesis prophylaxis with ondansetron (OND), metoclopramide (MET), and dexamethasone (DEX). Methods After informed parental consent, 240 children having adenotonsillectomy were randomized to one of 15 combinations of OND (0-60 microg.kg(-1)), MET (0-400 microg.kg(-1)), and/or DEX (0-500 microg.kg(-1)). Using multivariable logistic regression, models were generated for the probability of emesis before discharge, after discharge and overall for 24 h. Results Odds of emesis increased by a factor of three to four for children older than 7 years. Before discharge, odds of emesis decreased by factors of 0.29 for each 15 microg.kg(-1) of OND and 0.37 for each 100 microg.kg(-1) of MET. After discharge, odds of emesis decreased by a factor of 0.67 for each 125 microg.kg(-1) of DEX and increased by a factor of 3.5 for emesis before discharge. Over 24 h, odds of emesis decreased with OND, MET, and DEX (ORs as above). A negative interaction between OND and MET was seen before discharge and over 24 h, reducing the efficacy of their combination. Conclusions We present novel study design and methods of analysis which are uniquely suited to studies of multiple interventions. Factorial design was a powerful tool, allowing simultaneous determination of dose-response relationships for three drugs and identifying a previously unreported negative interaction between OND and MET.
Kelvin wave and Rossby wave interaction in the extratropical‐tropical Pacific

The adjustment of the equatorial Pacific thermocline to an initial extratropical thermocline anomaly is studied using analytical and high-resolution (1/16°) primitive equation numerical models. It is found that the fast adjustment due to the coastal Kelvin wave and equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves, and the slow adjustment due to the eastern boundary planetary wave play important roles in the redistribution of the initial anomalous mass, thereby determining the phase and magnitude of the equatorial thermocline transition induced by the initial extratropical thermocline transition. For a given extratropical anomaly, both analytical and numerical models show that the equatorial thermocline transition occurs about 2–5 years later, and the magnitude is about 5–10% of the initial anomaly. The mean circulation in the North Pacific intensifies the transition of the equatorial thermocline and reduces the phase-lag of extratropical-tropical thermocline transition.
Experimental Study of the Impact Disruption of a Porous, Inhomogeneous Target

Abstract Measurements of the densities of interplanetary dust particles and unweathered stone meteorites indicate that both have significant porosity on the microscopic scale. In addition, the chondritic stone meteorites are generally inhomogeneous, typically consisting of strong, millimeter-size, olivine chondrules embedded in a weaker, fine-grained matrix. Since target porosity is known to influence energy partitioning in cratering and disruption, we have begun a series of experiments to study the impact disruption of inhomogeneous assemblages of two materials of different strengths and which exhibit significant porosity. Experiments were performed on three ∼300-g targets of porphyritic olivine basalt, consisting of millimeter-size olivine phenocrysts in a fine-grained vesicular matrix (simulating a stone meteorite). Using the NASA Ames Vertical Gun, each target was impacted by a 1/4-in. diameter aluminum sphere at a speed of ∼5 km s−1. To avoid measuring the secondary effects of fragmentation caused by material impacting on the walls of the gun chamber, we monitored primary debris using passive detectors. We measured the size-frequency distribution of the small fragments using thin foils. Most foils showed only small depressions, sometimes containing fragments of debris, indicating relatively low velocity debris. One foil showed ∼300 puncture holes from high-speed particles, presumably a localized jet or cone of target or projectile ejecta. The size-frequency distribution was quite steep down to the ∼10- to 20-μm limit where particle size was comparable to foil thickness. Aerogel cells were employed to capture dust-size primary debris. Using an in situ chemical analysis technique, we distinguished matrix from olivine and determined that fragments 200 μm in size) were olivine. We also collected the debris from the floor of the gun chamber. The largest fragments (significantly bigger than individual olivine phenocrysts) were representative of bulk target material. In the millimeter-size range we found a large number of isolated olivine crystals, indicating the target experienced preferential failure along the phenocryst-matrix boundaries. All three shots showed distinct changes in the slopes of the mass-frequency distribution near 0.4 g, the size of typical olivine phenocrysts. This suggests that the mechanical failure of the material was affected by the presence of the phenocrysts. If our results are directly applicable to chondritic meteorites, then impact cratering and disruption of chondritic asteroids may overproduce olivine-rich material from chondrules in the millimeter-size range and olivine might be underrepresented at smaller sizes in the primary debris.
Suppression of interferon-gamma induction of MHC class II and ICAM-1 by a 26-base oligonucleotide composed of deoxyguanosine and deoxythymidine

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important cytokine released by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells which is able to induce expression of class II MHC and ICAM-1, crucial factors in cellular immune response. HeLa S3, HS 27, and NF-71-1 are cell lines which can be induced to express HLA-DR and HLA-DP by exposure to IFN-gamma. When T2 (5'GGGGTTGGTTGTGTTGGGTGTTGTGTRNH(2)3') oligonucleotide was added at 5-20 microM every other day, cell surface induction of HLA-DR and HLA-DP by IFN-gamma was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner in HeLa S3. T2 suppressive effect on HLA class II was also observed in four different nontransformed human cell lines, HS 27 at passage 18, NF-71-1 at passage 5, human corneal endothelial cell at passage 5, and human retinal pigmented epithelial cell at passage 3. Control oligonucleotides had no suppressive effect. Northern hybridization showed that HLA-DR A mRNA induction by IFN-gamma was blocked by T2 in HeLa S3 and fibroblast 143B. The suppressive effect of T2 was also reversible as continued culture of the treated cells without further addition of the oligonucleotide allowed full re-expression of HLA-DR. Further experiments showed that T2 oligonucleotide was also able to inhibit IFN-gamma enhancement of ICAM-1 (CD54) on human corneal endothelial cell and human retinal pigmented epithelial cell. We conclude that T2 oligonucleotide is effective at suppressing HLA-DR, HLA-DP and ICAM-1 induction by IFN-gamma in transformed and nontransformed cells in vitro.
Systems genetics analysis of body weight and energy metabolism traits in Drosophila melanogaster

Obesity and phenotypic traits associated with this condition exhibit significant heritability in natural populations of most organisms. While a number of genes and genetic pathways have been implicated to play a role in obesity associated traits, the genetic architecture that underlies the natural variation in these traits is largely unknown. Here, we used 40 wild-derived inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster to quantify genetic variation in body weight, the content of three major metabolites (glycogen, triacylglycerol, and glycerol) associated with obesity, and metabolic rate in young flies. We chose these lines because they were previously screened for variation in whole-genome transcript abundance and in several adult life-history traits, including longevity, resistance to starvation stress, chill-coma recovery, mating behavior, and competitive fitness. This enabled us not only to identify candidate genes and transcriptional networks that might explain variation for energy metabolism traits, but also to investigate the genetic interrelationships among energy metabolism, behavioral, and life-history traits that have evolved in natural populations. We found significant genetically based variation in all traits. Using a genome-wide association screen for single feature polymorphisms and quantitative trait transcripts, we identified 337, 211, 237, 553, and 152 novel candidate genes associated with body weight, glycogen content, triacylglycerol storage, glycerol levels, and metabolic rate, respectively. Weighted gene co-expression analyses grouped transcripts associated with each trait in significant modules of co-expressed genes and we interpreted these modules in terms of their gene enrichment based on Gene Ontology analysis. Comparison of gene co-expression modules for traits in this study with previously determined modules for life-history traits identified significant modular pleiotropy between glycogen content, body weight, competitive fitness, and starvation resistance. Combining a large phenotypic dataset with information on variation in genome wide transcriptional profiles has provided insight into the complex genetic architecture underlying natural variation in traits that have been associated with obesity. Our findings suggest that understanding the maintenance of genetic variation in metabolic traits in natural populations may require that we understand more fully the degree to which these traits are genetically correlated with other traits, especially those directly affecting fitness.
Polarization effects in self-organized InGaN/GaN quantum dots grown by RF-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Polarization effects in self-organized In0.25Ga0.75N/GaN quantum dots grown by RF-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy have been studied experimentally. The quantum dots show fairly small dot size and high dot density. The excitation power-dependent photoluminescence characteristics of these dots have been carefully investigated. Strong photoluminescence (PL) was observed between 472 and 500 nm, depending on the excitation power density. Blueshift of the PL peak position indicates the presence of built-in electric fields in the quantum dot heterostructures. Analysis of the measured data leads to a built-in electrical field of 1.7 MV/cm without excitation, which is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
The photolysis of N2O at 2139 Å and 1849 Å

The method of chemical difference was utilized to accurately determine the relative importance of all the reaction steps in the direct photolysis of N2O at 2139 A (25° and 250°C) and 1849 A (25° C), as well as in the Hg6(1P1)-sensitized photolysis of N2O at 1849 A (25°C). In all cases, the primary process is predominantly, if not exclusively, Experiments with trace amounts of C3H6 added showed a slight, but not significant, difference in product ratios (N2 and O2). From these experiments the quantum yield of O(3P) from all possible sources was estimated as 0.02 ± 0.02. Experiments with excess N2 at 1849 A indicated that O(1S) was not produced in the direct photolysis. The O(1S) yield is probably zero, and certainly <0.05. The O(1D) atom can react with N2O via The ratio k2/k3 was found to be 0.69 ± 0.05 in all cases. When combined with other data from our laboratory, the average value is 0.65 ± 0.07. This represents the value for translationally energetic O(1D) atoms. When excess He was added to remove the excess translational energy, k2/k3 rose to 0.83 ± 0.06, which is in reasonable agreement with the value of 1.01 ± 0.06 found in another laboratory. We conclude that for O(1D) atoms with no excess thermal energy, k2/k3 = 0.90 ± 0.10.
Mononuclear phagocytes as targets for cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Abstract Mouse peritoneal macrophages and human blood monocytes are excellent targets for the assay of cytolytic T lymphocytes that develop in the murine and human mixed leukocyte reactions, respectively. 51 Cr release in a standard 4 h assay is equivalent to the best release that is obtained with conA-induced T lymphoblasts. Spontaneous release is consistently less than 20% of the total cell label, and syngeneic macrophages are not lysed. Unlike lymphoblasts, mononuclear phagocytes can be used either as freshly isolated cells or after prolonged periods (1–7 days) in culture.
Tooling constraints and shop floor scheduling: A simulation study☆

Abstract Research into the problems of job shop scheduling has dealt with two of three major categories of shop floor resources: machine capacity and labor. Generally ignored has been the impact of tooling constraints, the third form of shop floor resource, on the scheduling process. The impact of tooling is the focus of this study. Using a simple simulation model of a shop operating under varying levels of tooling availability, it is shown that the level of tooling availability has a significant impact on shop floor performance as measured in terms of mean flow time, mean tardiness, number jobs tardy and number of tool changes. Four different tooling assignment rules are evaluated and their effect on system performance is described. The results indicate that tooling assignment rules should consider both job priorities and tooling availability in order to achieve good shop performance. The paper concludes with general recommendations for the management of shop orders facing limited tooling availability.
Focused laser beam interactions with methanol droplets: effects of relative beam diameter.

The effect of the local diameter of a focused CO2 laser beam on calculated internal source function distributions and experimentally observed explosive characteristics is examined for 165-μm spherical methanol droplets. Experimental results show that the location and the characteristics of the explosive process change as the droplet is moved out of the laser focal point along the axis of propagation. Theoretical calculations indicate that, when the beam diameter is of the same order of magnitude as the droplet diameter, a modification of Mie theory, accounting for the finite beam size of the laser, is necessary to provide results which are consistent with experimental observations.
Pattern recognition problems in bubble chamber physics

Abstract The data extraction process for bubble chamber film is described from a pattern recognition viewpoint. Major problem areas and semi-automatic measuring devices are discussed.
Characteristics of patients selected for treatment on a schizophrenia research unit

The patients admitted to the mesearch unit are representative of young adult chronic patients who ave schizophrenia but have not had episodes ofsevere violence. Onset of late adolescence, and their symptomatobogy is persistent. Despite repeated hospitalizations, the patients primarily reside in the community. The careful screening process enables the research ward to function by providing a patient population that is likely to cooperate with the treatment protocol and with whom a research and therapeutic alliance can be forged. The selection process eliminates both assaultive and higher-functioning However, since most research units have similar selection criteria, the study are likely to be similar to those of patients who participate in research programs based in other inpatient settings.
Zinc-Mediated Transactivation of TrkB Potentiates the Hippocampal Mossy Fiber-CA3 Pyramid Synapse

The receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkB, is critical to diverse functions of the mammalian nervous system in health and disease. Evidence of TrkB activation during epileptogenesis in vivo despite genetic deletion of its prototypic neurotrophin ligands led us to hypothesize that a non-neurotrophin, the divalent cation zinc, can transactivate TrkB. We found that zinc activates TrkB through increasing Src family kinase activity by an activity-regulated mechanism independent of neurotrophins. One subcellular locale at which zinc activates TrkB is the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses. Exogenous zinc potentiates the efficacy of the hippocampal mossy fiber (mf)-CA3 pyramid synapse by a TrkB-requiring mechanism. Long-term potentiation of this synapse is impaired by deletion of TrkB, inhibition of TrkB kinase activity, and by CaEDTA, a selective chelator of zinc. The activity-dependent activation of synaptic TrkB in a neurotrophin-independent manner provides a mechanism by which this receptor can regulate synaptic plasticity.
A biometric comparison of face shape with denture tooth form

Dentist and patient preferences are often used to select replacement teeth in prosthodontics. Face shape compared with inverted tooth form classifications based on Leon William's work are currently used. Shapes of teeth and faces have been referred to as square, ovoid or tapered, or some combination of these. Six patients, three male and three female, were selected as being classically square, tapered or ovoid in facial form. Three sets of dentures had been made for each patient with tapering, ovoid and square denture teeth. Using a standardized photographic technique, full face views with profiles and close-ups of the teeth were taken. Then from standardized enlarged tracings, key anatomic and derived points were marked, digitized and computer analysed. The face shapes and inverted tooth forms were digitized in the same manner. A comparison of tooth moulds versus the actual denture teeth shows a highly significant difference (P less than 0.001) between set and unset denture teeth. There is also a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between facial form and denture teeth using temporal zygomatic and gonial widths for faces, compared with incisal, contact, and cervical widths for the teeth.
A linear digital VCO for Clock Data Recovery (CDR) applications

A new digital Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with the capability of fine tuning as well as coarse tuning controls is presented in this paper. Unlike conventional inverter-chain-based VCOs, the new design has more linear dependency of output frequency to input control voltage. The new VCO is a good candidate for modern Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) circuits because of this dual control. As a proof of concept, the functionality of the new VCO is verified in a CDR circuit used in a monolithic Serializer and Deserializer (SerDes) test chip fabricated in 0.5um ON Semiconductor process. The SerDes test chip was successfully tested at an operating frequency of 90MHz with a lock range of about 4.6 MHz due to the fine-tuning of the VCO. It is expected that using a more advanced process technology, a higher operating frequency can be easily achieved.
Laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer

Background: Over the past decade, laparoscopy has emerged as a popular method of detecting extrapancreatic metastatic disease in patients presumed to have localized pancreatic cancer. Methods and results: The English language literature on laparoscopic staging of pancreatic cancer was reviewed. Interpretation of this literature on staging laparoscopy is difficult because (1) there has been inconsistent use of high-quality computed tomography (CT) in prospective studies, (2) many studies have included patients with locally advanced disease, and (3) the R0/R1/R2 resection rates among patients staged by laparoscopy have not been reported, making it impossible to correlate laparoscopic findings with the R0 resection rate. Laparoscopy may prevent unnecessary laparotomy in a proportion of CT-staged patients presumed to have resectable pancreatic cancer. However, routine laparoscopy is performed on patients judged to have resectable disease by high-quality CT, this fraction of patients is between 4 and 13 per cent. Conclusion: When state-of-the-art CT is available, the routine use of staging laparoscopy may not be easily justified from the data in the recent literature. Selective use of laparoscopy may be more appropriate and will probably be a more cost-effective staging approach. Criteria are presented for the selective use of laparoscopy in the staging of patients with localized pancreatic cancer. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
2D and 3D Neural-Network Based Visualization of High-Dimensional Biomedical Data

In this paper we integrate self-organizing map algorithm (SOM) with scatter plot and Radviz, extending these visualizations into the third dimension and reducing overlap. Classic visualizations are used as the two- dimensional base, combined with a self-organizing map that extends them into the third dimension, with an adjusted neighborhood function. This approach solves the problem of overlap where more than one point plots to the same space and uncovers additional information about relationships inherent in high-dimensional data sets, including distribution of points, outliers and associations. Case studies are presented on a microarray and miRNA data sets.
FLUCTUATIONS OF ELASTIC WAVES DUE TO RANDOM SCATTERING FROM INCLUSIONS

Exact solutions for elastic compressional and shear waves scattered from a homogeneous sphere are used to obtain formulas for fluctuations of velocity and attenuation of plane waves propagating through a layer of randomly distributed inclusions over a broad range of frequencies. The size and contrast of the inclusions are arbitrary, but interactions between scatterers are not considered and the concentration of scatterers is assumed to be small. The analytical solutions are also compared with numerical simulations and it is demonstrated that they satisfactorily explain the effects of scattering on both the mean and variance of the phase and the mean and variance of the attenuation. The need for spatial averaging of observational data and methods of interpreting such averaged data in terms of the material properties of the scattering medium are discussed.
Characterizing the functional significance of the neonatal rat vibrissae prior to the onset of whisking.

The present series of experiments assessed how information from the whiskers controls and modulates infant rat behavior during early learning and attachment. Passive vibrissal stimulation can elicit behavioral activity in pups throughout the first two postnatal weeks, although orienting to the source of stimulation is evident only after ontogenetic emergence of whisking. In addition, while pups were capable of demonstrating learning in a classical conditioning paradigm pairing vibrissa stimulation with electric shock, no corresponding changes were detected in the anatomy of the barrel cortex as determined by cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. Finally, the role of whiskers in a more naturalistic setting was determined in postnatal day (PN)3–5 and PN11–12 pups. Our results showed that both nipple attachment and huddling were disrupted in whisker-clipped PN3–5 pups but only marginally altered in PN11–12 pups. Together, these results suggest that the neonatal whisker system is behaviorally functional and relevant for normal mother–infant interactions, though it lacks the sophistication of a mature whisker system that evokes very specific and directed responses.
Emittance and damping of electrons in the neighborhood of resonance fixed points

The stable fixed points generated by nonlinear field harmonics in a cyclic lattice define a multiturn stable orbit. The position of the orbit for each turn in each magnet of the lattice determines the betatron tunes and lattice dispersion functions describing the linear motion of charged particles with respect to the stable orbit. Since the position of the fixed points is dependent in part on the central orbit tune, it turns out that the multiturn orbit dispersion function depends to a large extent on the central orbit chromaticity. In particular, the horizontal partition number can be made to vary from values less than zero (horizontal antidamping for electrons) to values greater than three (longitudinal antidamping). The central orbit chromaticity therefore plays a major role in determining the characteristic emittance of an electron beam with respect to the multiturn orbit. >
Subset prediction in multiple-response probability learning

Two groups of Ss, varying in reinforcement probabilities, were run in a four-response probability-learning task. After 320 trials, they were required to respond with less than the four responses. The constant ratio, additive and equal probability rules were tested as possible ways of describing how Ss redistribute the response probabilities of prohibited responses. The additive rule was best overall but still a very poor fit.
Implementation issues in identifying the failure-tolerant workspace boundaries of a kinematically redundant manipulator

In addition to possessing a number of other important properties, kinematically redundant manipulators are inherently more tolerant to locked-joint failures than non- redundant manipulators. However, a joint failure can still render a kinematically redundant manipulator useless if the manipulator is poorly designed or controlled. This paper focuses on the implementation issues involved in identifying a region of the workspace for which task completion is guaranteed in the event of a locked-joint failure for a general class of planar 3R manipulators. The existence of such a region, called a failure-tolerant workspace, will be guaranteed by imposing a suitable set of artificial joint limits prior to a failure. The authors have developed a graphical user interface (GUI) that computes all workspace boundaries of interest for the planar 3R manipulators. This GUI allows the user to explore different robot geometries, and adjust the artificial joint limits, in an attempt to gain further understanding of a manipulator's failure-tolerant workspace.
The Elastic and Thermo-elastic Properties of Composite Media

In a continuation of a previous paper, it is shown here how the gross bulk and shear moduli of a composite material consisting of a suspension of grains or a compact of grains may be deduced. The grains are assumed to be perfectly bonded to the suspending medium or to each other, and are taken to be spheres in the mean. By using an averaging procedure due to Bruggeman, and analysing the effect of a uniform hydrostatic compression and of a uniform tension on an average grain, a pair of de-coupled equations for the gross moduli is found for suspensions. When the suspending medium vanishes and the grains are packed, these equations become coupled and there is exhibited a discontinuity in the gross moduli. The bulk coefficients of linear expansion of the two kinds of composites are found from an analysis of the dilatation and bulk stress for average spherical grains when the composite as a whole is subjected to some small temperature change. All results are free of any limitation on the number of components.
Low-Temperature Characteristics of HfO x -Based Resistive Random Access Memory

This letter investigates the low-temperature switching characteristics and conduction mechanism of the Pt/HfO x /TiN resistive random access memory devices. For the first time, Pt/HfO x /TiN devices were demonstrated to be well functional at ultralow temperature (4 K). The switching voltages slightly increase at lower temperature. The failure state in a breakdown sample shows a metallic behavior, while the normal low-resistance states and high-resistance states show a semiconducting behavior. The slope change in the 1/kT plot below 77 K indicates a transition from the nearest-neighboring hopping to the variable range hopping. Different slopes or activation energies are observed at the same resistance level in the same device but after different programming cycles, indicating a cycle-dependent variation of the filament configuration.
Thermodynamic bookkeeping: a reinvestigation of proton and dicarboxylic acid binding to aspartate aminotransferase

A reinvestigation of the effects of pH and salt concentration on the proton and dicarboxylic acid dissociation constants of pig heart aspartate aminotransferase shows that both anions and cations were involved concomitantly, both as stoichiometric reactants and bioenergetically. Equations are presented which can be used experimentally, to determine the numbers of salt ions (their thermodynamic stoichiometries) involved in biochemical equilibria such as proton and ligand dissociations from macromolecules. These equations were used to reinvestigate the effects of salts on the chromophoric pKa of the enzyme prosthetic group, the interaction of the enzyme with dicarboxylic acids, and the overall equilibrium for the transamination half-reaction.
Peridoxylon Petersii on Oak in Minnesota

Stromata of Peridoxylon petersii (Berk. & Curt.) Shear were found on a partially decayed oak (Quercus sp.) log near St. Paul, Minnesota, during the late summer of 1965. This is the northern-most report of P. petersii in North America. Stromata were found again on this same log in 1966. The log was located in a mixed stand of hardwoods on a southwesterly facing slope. The primary species were Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, Q. rubra L., and Q. macrocarpa Michx. Numerous other decaying oak logs in the same area were examined between 1966 and 1970 and P. petersii was found on three of them. Peridoxylon petersii has previously been reported only from Alabama (1), Ohio and Kentucky (2), Indiana and Virginia (4), Cuba, (2), and Korea (3). Previous descriptions of this species (1, 2, 3, 4) agree with our observations of the collection in Minnesota. Illustrations of
The temperature dependent photoswitching of a classic diarylethene monitored by in situ X-ray diffraction.

Organic photochromic molecules including diarylethenes are of particular interest for their numerous potential applications including high-density optical data storage and light-activated switches. In this report, we examined the temperature dependence of the light-drive photocyclization reaction in a classic diarylethene. The steady-state populations were monitored spectroscopically and by temperature dependent in situ photocrystallography, the latter being the first reported example of this technique. The observed decrease in the steady-state population with decreasing temperature suggests this classic diarylethene possesses an excited-state potential energy surface topology similar to previously reported “inverted” diarylethenes.
Intracellular oxidant production and cytokine responses in lung macrophages: evaluation of fluorescent probes.

The fluorescent probes dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), dihydrorhodamine (DHR), and hydroethidine (HE) allow convenient assay of alveolar macrophage (AM) oxidant responses to enviromental particulates and pathogens. We sought to more precisely define the relationship of these measures of oxidant stress to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Normal AMs were challenged in vitro with a panel of soluble or particulate stimuli in the presence of DCFH, HE, or DHR. Flow cytometry measured cell-associated fluorescence and relative particle uptake. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 expression were quantitated in the same experiments. We observed variable and complex correlations between intracellular oxidant production as reported by these probes and subsequent cytokine response, including examples of striking discordance (e.g., lipopolysaccharide induced large cytokine responses with minimal probe oxidation, whereas fly ash particles caused marked oxidation of DCFH but trivial TNF release; TiO2 caused oxidation of DHR and HE, but not DCFH, and also did not increase cytokine production). Although fluorescent probes offer many advantages in analysis of intracellular oxidant responses, the data indicate that they cannot be used reliably as quantitative predictors of AM cytokine responses to environmental particulates or other stimuli.
334 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV: WHO IS AT GREATEST RISK?

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem of unknown magnitude. Several studies have been performed to examine the prevalence of IPV in the context of persons living with HIV (PLWH) and have found socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender implications. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of IPV among PLWH in different risk factor subgroups, eg, men who have sex with men (MSM) and PLWH related to high-risk heterosexual behavior (HRH). Methods Patients presenting at the University of Kentucky HIV Clinic were asked to complete a voluntary, IRB-approved questionnaire regarding their physical and mental health. Specifically, participants were asked whether or not theye had experienced IPV in the past year. Affirmative responses were analyzed with respect to HIV risk category by simple means, standard deviations, and multiple regression approaches solving for gender, income, and education. Results Of the 123 surveys delivered, 102 (82.9%) were returned. Sixty-four respondents (67%) recorded MSM as their risk, 13 (14%) indicated HRH, and 19 (18.6%) were nonsexual risk factors or did not know. Only one person in the latter group (5.5%) reported IPV. Of those in the MSM subgroup, 11.1 6 32% reported experiencing IPV in the last year vs 36.4 6 50% in the HRH subgroup (p = .04). Gender, income, and education were not signficant predictors in several regression models. Conclusions These data suggest that IPV among PLWH is significantly more common in the HRH subgroup than the MSM subgroup. Previous studies have found the risk of violence in a woman9s lifetime to be 20-30% and violence prevalence in MSM relationships of about 40%. This study is limited by the relatively low proportion of HRH in the sample population as well as being conducted at a single institution. Nevertheless, when compared to national data, PLWH exposed through HRH have a very high rate of IPV even when controlling for gender, income, and education. Further research should be conducted on this subgroup to determine other aspects of this vulnerable population that may be neglected or overlooked.
Validation of the anatomic severity score developed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma in small bowel obstruction.

Abstract Background The anatomic severity schema for small bowel obstruction (SBO) has been described by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). Although acknowledging the importance of physiological and comorbid parameters, these factors were not included in the developed system. Thus, we sought to validate the AAST-SBO scoring system and evaluate the effect of adding patient's physiology and comorbidity on the prediction for the proposed system. Methods Patients aged ≥18 y who were treated for SBO at our institution between 2009 and 2012 were identified. The physiology and comorbidity as well as the AAST anatomic scores were determined, squared, and added to calculate the score that we termed Acute General Emergency Surgical Severity-Small Bowel Obstruction (AGESS-SBO). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve analyses were performed for the AAST anatomic score and compared with the AGESS-SBO score as a predictor for inhospital mortality, extended hospital stay, and inhospital complications. Results A total of 351 patients with mean age of 66 ± 17 years were identified, of whom 145 (41%) underwent operation to treat bowel obstruction. Extended hospital stay (>9 d) occurred in 86 patients (25%), inhospital complications in 73 (21%), and inhospital mortality in eight patients (2%). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) AAST anatomic score was 1 point (IQR: 1-2), physiology score was 0 point (IQR: 0-1), and comorbidity score was 1 point (IQR: 1-3); for overall median AGESS-SBO score of 5 points (IQR: 3-13). The AUROC curve analyses demonstrated that the AGESS-SBO system with measures of presenting physiology, comorbidities in addition to AAST anatomic criteria could be beneficial in predicting key outcomes including inhospital mortality (AUROC curve: 0.80 versus 0.54, P = 0.03). Conclusions The AAST anatomic score is a reliable system, which assists care providers to categorize SBO. Adding physiology and comorbidity parameters to the described anatomic criteria can be helpful in predicting the outcomes including mortality. Further studies evaluating its usefulness in research and quality improvement purposes across institutions are still required.
Gene Mapping of lfl on Floral Organ Development in Rice(Oryza saliva L.)

In this study,the lfl mutant was used for classifying the lfl mutant phenotype based on the result of previous phenotype analysis,and the F2 population derived from the cross II-32A with lfl was used for gene mapping.The result showed that LFL was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers RM17349 and RM17411 on chromosome 4,and the genetic distances were 0.19 and 1.27cM,respectively.According to the results of phenotype and mapping analysis,it was conclude that lfl was a novel mutant involved in flower development in rice,and it was important to further understand the regulation model of rice floral organs development.
Average daily gain, blood metabolites, and body composition at first conception in Hereford, Senepol, and reciprocal crossbred heifers on two levels of winter nutrition and two summer grazing treatments.

Hereford (n = 48), Senepol (n = 42), and reciprocal crossbred (n = 34) heifers from two consecutive calf crops were stratified by breed, age, and BW to receive bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay offered free choice and 150 mg monensin x heifer(-1) x d(-1) in addition to either 2.27 kg x heifer(-1) x d(-1) of a 75% cracked corn and 25% soybean meal mixture (CS) or .91 kg x heifer(-1) x d(-1) of soybean meal (SBM). Heifers in each treatment were divided into two winter pasture replicates and exposed to fertile bulls. In spring of each year, one-half of the heifers from each winter treatment were allotted to either a continuous (CONT) or rotational (ROTA) grazing system on bahiagrass pastures for the summer phase of the study. Heifers supplemented with CS had higher ADG from the beginning of the study to first conception than heifers fed SBM (.39 vs .31 +/- .02 kg/d; P .10). During the 2-yr study, a subset of Hereford (n = 12), Senepol (n = 15), and reciprocal crossbred (n = 14) heifers were subjected to urea space measurements to determine body composition at first conception. Change in body composition over time was analyzed by regression and body composition at first conception was predicted from these regressions. At first conception, percentage of empty body fat was not affected by treatment or year; however, percentage of empty body fat tended to be higher in crossbred than in Hereford and Senepol heifers (16.6 vs 14.3 and 14.4 +/- .94%; P < .10). Stepwise regression of BW, body condition score (BCS), fat thickness (determined by ultrasound), and body composition at first conception on age at first conception revealed that BCS and BW accounted for 55% of the variation in age at first conception (P < .01).
Discriminatory experiences associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among transgender adults

Discrimination has been shown to disproportionately burden transgender people; however, there has been a lack of clinical attention to the mental health sequelae of discrimination, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Additionally, few studies contextualize discrimination alongside other traumatic stressors in predicting PTSD symptomatology. The current study sought to fill these gaps. A community-based sample of 412 transgender adults (mean age 33, SD = 13; 63% female-to-male spectrum; 19% people of color; 88% sampled online) completed a cross-sectional self-report survey of everyday discrimination experiences and PTSD symptoms. Multivariable linear regression models examined the association between self-reported everyday discrimination experiences, number of attributed domains of discrimination, and PTSD symptoms, adjusting for prior trauma, sociodemographics, and psychosocial comorbidity. The mean number of discrimination attributions endorsed was 4.8 (SD = 2.4) and the 5 most frequently reported reasons for discrimination were: gender identity and/or expression (83%), masculine and feminine appearance (79%), sexual orientation (68%), sex (57%), and age (44%). Higher everyday discrimination scores (β = 0.25; 95% CL [0.21, 0.30]) and greater number of attributed reasons for discrimination experiences (β = 0.05; 95% CL [0.01, 0.10]) were independently associated with PTSD symptoms, even after adjusting for prior trauma experiences. Everyday discrimination experiences from multiple sources necessitate clinical consideration in treatment for PTSD symptoms in transgender people. (PsycINFO Database Record
Primary realignment of prostatomembranous urethral disruptions

Management of prostatomembranous urethral disruptions remains controversial. Advocates of delayed urethral reconstruction suggest that immediate repair provides inferior outcomes in terms of impotence and incontinence. However, review of the literature, provides strong evidence that the injury itself is the most important factor in determining outcome because impotence appears to be the result of injury to the corpora cavernosa. Moreover, techniques for immediate urethral realignment provide outcomes that are equivalent to delayed-repair approaches while eliminating the need for long-term suprapubic catheter drainage and multiple surgical procedures for reconstruction. Techniques for immediate urethral realignment, along with outcomes at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN) are presented. Potency and continence rates of 83% and 100% were achieved, with early realignment of complete prostatomembranous urethral disruptions. These results are comparable to or exceed those of delayed-repair approaches.