cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an automated acoustic calibration system for fisheries acoustic surveys

Current at-sea calibrations of ship mounted echosounders are based on the method of standard target calibration, which involves deploying one or more standard targets, or calibration spheres, to depths that are in the farfield of the transducers. The spheres are tethered with three lines fed through three downriggers which are mounted on the Port and Starboard sides of the vessel bracketing the centerboard, and controlled manually by an operator. The efficiency of the calibration depends heavily on the experience of the operator, especially when calibration of a hull-mounted multi-beam sonar is involved. To more effectively conduct the acoustic system calibration at sea, an automated calibration system has been built which includes three highly modified commercially available fishing downriggers, with each downrigger containing an integrated mechanical, electrical, and electronics control system. The mechanical component includes the commercial downrigger gear motor, line spool, and custom sensing head (line length in centimeters and line tension in fractions of kilograms). The electrical component consists of forward and reverse power relays, high power pulse width modulation motor speed control, and protection circuitry. The electronics control system consists of a microcontroller based panel with display, manual control buttons, RS-232 interface, and custom software. The microcontroller software allows the remote laptop computer to control the downrigger line movement at variable speeds in both the forward and reverse directions, keeps track of line length in centimeters, and observes line tension. The control software is written in MATLAB, with an easy-to-use Graphic User Interface (GUI). The control and response commands are sent and received from the laptop to the micro-controller via a USB to serial link RS232 port expander. The software can control each of the three downriggers independently to within one centimeter of accuracy. The locations of the spheres can be determined by the software so that the calibration spheres can be moved to any desired locations in three dimensions within the acoustically insonified volume. The MATLAB control software calculates the desired line movement for each of the downriggers to control the sphere movement horizontally while maintaining proper depth under the transducers of the ship. Line tension is constantly monitored to prevent line fouling, excessive strain on the components, and to detect possible line snagging on the ship's hull. Such an automated system can: 1) improve the efficiency of the calibration, especially for mapping the beampattern of transducers mounted on the ship's centerboard; 2) be operated by an inexperienced staff; and 3) control the positions of standard calibration spheres more precisely and with much less fluctuation compared with the conventional manually operated at-sea calibration. This allows for more repeatable measurements and maintains the sphere positions to approximately the same ranges.
Vasculoprotective Effects of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Treatment in Aging

Vascular aging is associated with dysregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression. TNF-α is a master regulator of vascular proatherogenic phenotypic changes, and it has been linked to endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis. To test the hypothesis that anti-TNF-α treatment exerts vasculoprotective effects in aging, aged (29 months old) F344 rats were treated with etanercept (1 mg/kg/week for 4 weeks), which binds and inactivates TNF-α. In aged carotid arteries, relaxations to acetylcholine were decreased, and endothelial O production was increased (as shown by dihydroethidine fluorescence measurements). Etanercept treatment significantly improved responses to acetylcholine and decreased vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activity and expression. In aged carotid and coronary arteries, there were increases in DNA fragmentation rate and caspase 3/7 activity (indicating an increased rate of apoptotic cell death), which were attenuated by etanercept treatment. In aged vessels, there was an up-regulation of inflammatory markers, including inducible nitric-oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which was decreased by etanercept treatment. In carotid arteries of young animals, recombinant TNF-α elicited endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and increased apoptosis and proinflammatory gene expression, mimicking many of the symptoms of vascular aging. Thus, we propose that anti-TNF-α treatment exerts anti-aging vasculoprotective effects.
Clinical Supervision in Nursing

Abstract Clinical supervision in nursing has been largely defined by practicing nurses in the U.K., Australia, and New Zealand. In this context, it generally refers to a reflective practice on the part of a novice or new nurse (the supervisee) and the expert nurse or supervisor. It is considered a mandatory and obligatory process both in the execution and development of the clinical supervisory relationship. Clinical supervision in the U.S., however, has been defined as the relationship between faculty or preceptor and student in a clinical nursing practice setting. Reflective practice through the use of inquiry is only one tool used in the evaluation process of the student. Clinical supervision also is known in the clinical setting as the relationship between the nursing staff and an administrative clinical staff member. This relationship is primarily supportive and evaluative in function and does not meet the criteria for clinical supervision as defined in the U.K. This manuscript describes the definiti...
Successful vs. Effective Real Managers

W hat do successful managers those who have been promoted relatively quickly have in common with effective managers those who have satisfied, committed subordinates and high performing units? Surprisingly, the answer seems to be that they have little in common. Successful managers in what we define as "real organizations" large and small mainstream organizations, mostly in the mushrooming service industry in middle America are not engaged in the same day-to-day activities as effective managers in these organizations. This is probably the most important, and certainly the most intriguing, finding of a comprehensive four-year observational study of managerial work that is reported in a recent book by myself and two colleagues, titled Real Managers.1 The startling finding that there is a difference between successful and effective managers may merely confirm for many cynics and "passed over" managers something they have suspected for years. They believe that although managers who are successful (that is, rapidly promoted) may be astute politicians, they are not necessarily effective. Indeed, the so-called successful managers may be the ones who do not in fact take care of people and get high performance from their units. Could this finding explain some of the performance problems facing American organizations today? Could it be that the successful managers, the politically savvy ones who are being rapidly promoted into responsible positions, may not be the effective managers, the ones with satisfied, committed subordinates turning out quantity and quality performance in their units? This article explores the heretofore assumed equivalence of "successful managers" and "effective managers." Instead of looking for sophisticated technical or governmental approaches to the performance problems facing today's organizations, the solution may be as simple as promoting effective managers and learning how they carry out their jobs. Maybe it is time to turn to the real managers themselves for some answers. And who are these managers? They are found at all levels and in all types of organizations with titles such as department head, general manager, store manager, marketing manager, office manager, agency chief, or district manager. In other words, maybe the answers to the performance problems facing organizations today can be found in their own backyards, in the managers themselves in their day-today activities. The Current View of Managerial Work
Dynamical Equilibrium of Interacting Ant Societies

The sustainable biodiversity associated with a specific ecological niche as a function of land area is analysed computationally by considering the interaction of ant societies over a collection of islands. A power law relationship between sustainable species and land area is observed. We will further consider the effect a perturbative inflow of ants has upon the model.
Mitochondrial DNA haplotype distribution patterns in Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae): Range-wide evolutionary history and implications for conservation

 Premise of the study: Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) exhibits complicated patterns of morphological and genetic variation across its range in western North America. This study aims to clarify P. ponderosa evolutionary history and phylogeography using a highly polymorphic mitochondrial DNA marker, with results offering insights into how geographical and climatological processes drove the modern evolutionary structure of tree species in the region.  Methods: We amplifi ed the mtDNA nad1 second intron minisatellite region for 3,100 trees representing 104 populations, and sequenced all length variants. We estimated population-level haplotypic diversity and determined diversity partitioning among varieties, races and populations. After aligning sequences of minisatellite repeat motifs, we evaluated evolutionary relationships among haplotypes.  Key results: The geographical structuring of the 10 haplotypes corresponded with division between Pacifi c and Rocky Mountain varieties. Pacifi c haplotypes clustered with high bootstrap support, and appear to have descended from Rocky Mountain haplotypes. A greater proportion of diversity was partitioned between Rocky Mountain races than between Pacifi c races. Areas of highest haplotypic diversity were the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, northwestern California, and southern Nevada.  Conclusions: Pinus ponderosa haplotype distribution patterns suggest a complex phylogeographic history not revealed by other genetic and morphological data, or by the sparse paleoecological record. The results appear consistent with long-term divergence between the Pacifi c and Rocky Mountain varieties, along with more recent divergences not well-associated with race. Pleistocene refugia may have existed in areas of high haplotypic diversity, as well as the Great Basin, Southwestern United States/northern Mexico, and the High Plains.
Endometrial thickness predicts intrauterine pregnancy in patients with pregnancy of unknown location

Objective To determine whether endometrial thickness and other parameters are useful predictors of normal intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) in the setting of vaginal bleeding and sonographic diagnosis of pregnancy of unknown location (PUL). Methods We reviewed the clinical and sonographic records of all 591 patients with vaginal bleeding and a sonographic diagnosis of PUL between 1 July 2005 and 30 June 2006. Data on maternal age, gravidity, parity, estimated gestational age by last menstrual period (EGA by LMP), endometrial thickness and serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) were collected. Complete data were available for 517 patients, 40 (7.7%) of whom ultimately had normal IUPs. A logistic regression model was constructed using a stepwise procedure to identify variables significantly associated with the outcome of normal IUP. The validity of the model was assessed by receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve and Hosmer–Lemeshow Chi-square analysis. Results Four variables (maternal age, EGA by LMP, endometrial thickness and serum β-hCG) were significant in the prediction of normal IUP (area under the ROC curve = 0.86). As maternal age, EGA by LMP and β-hCG increased, the likelihood of a normal IUP decreased, while as the endometrial thickness increased, the likelihood of a normal IUP increased. For each millimeter increase in endometrial thickness, the odds increased by 27% that the patient would have a normal IUP. No normal IUP had an endometrial thickness < 8 mm. Conclusion Increased endometrial thickness predicts normal IUP in patients who present with vaginal bleeding and PUL. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy set theory to rate and rank the disability

Abstract Any discrimination against qualified disabled people in all employment practices is violating the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and it must be prohibited. Assigning qualified disabled people to a proper job or making reasonable accommodations for disabled employees is not only ethical but also necessary for reducing the social-economic burden. Therefore, in order to place qualified disabled people in appropriate job positions, a multidimensional assessment method should be developed for measuring and interpreting the disabled people's residual capabilities with respect to their strengths, weaknesses, and their compatibility to job requirements and work environments. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to discuss how to structure a hierarchy related to the problem of deriving an Overall Disability Index (ODI) for measuring the individual's disability. The analytic hierarchy process, along with the entropy theory and fuzzy set theory, is applied for eliciting the weights among the attributes and aggregating the multiple attributes into a single measurement. We believe that the resultant ODI is meaningful and useful for both the evaluator, who supervises a rehabilitation program, and the human resource director, who engages in a hiring process.
Authority, Academic Discourse and Ideology in the ESL Writing Class: An ESL teacher’s experience

This paper describes an ESL teachers’ perspective on teaching ESL writing to advanced second language learners reflecting on her experience as an ESL teachers drawing on the students’ responses to survey questions. It shows that writing in English as a Second language has political, cultural, and historical aspects since the “nature and functions of discourse, audience, and persuasive appeals often differ across linguistic, cultural, and educational contexts” In addition, acquiring the discourse proprieties is challenging because they represent culturally bound, conventionalized, and abstract characteristics of academic prose that are frequently absent in written discourse in rhetorical traditions other than the English dominant educational environments. ESL teachers should get the awareness of the needs and challenges that the face and understand the linguistic, cultural, and educational background they are coming from in order to help them overcome these challenges which also should dictate the instructional pedagogies, curriculum and assessment. Keywords: academic discourse, ESL writing, teacher’s perspective, ideology
Adherence to clinical preventive services guidelines: Population-based online randomized trial.

Abstract The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) addresses use of clinical preventive services relative to evidence-based guidelines by mandating that most health insurance plans provide coverage without cost-sharing for services that receive an A or B rating. However, knowledge about and positive attitudes towards guidelines are extremely low. This study was a population-based randomized experiment to examine beliefs about and intentions to adhere to screening guidelines for the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Pap tests. The study had two objectives: (1) test reactions to and understanding of guidelines, and (2) experimentally compare receptivity to messages to promote PSA and Pap test recommendations. We first surveyed a population-based sample of (1) US adults age 18 and over, (2) subsample of women aged 65 or younger, (3) subsample of men aged 40 or older. A sample of 2923 completed an initial questionnaire. Next a subset of participants meeting eligibility criteria were recruited from the population-based sample into a message testing experiment: (1) women aged 65 or younger, (2) and men aged 40 or older. Participants meeting these eligibility requirements were randomized to gain, loss, or balanced PSA (men) or Pap test (women) message stimulus conditions and followed for 8 weeks. Data were collected through the GfK Custom Research panel. A total of 2401 were eligible, 2321 completed the baseline, and 1730 completed follow up. Mixed effect regression models revealed that higher receptivity to messages was associated with greater intentions to seek cancer information and to speak to a Doctor about PSA and Pap tests. The loss frame was associated with higher intentions to speak to friends and family about PSA and Pap tests. Finally, perceived importance and personal understanding of guidelines predicted intentions to seek more information about them. This study contributes to evidence on how best to inform and engage consumers regarding preventive services.
High Pressure Multiple Injection Spray Characteristics

In previous work, high injection pressures and multiple injections per engine stroke were shown to be effective at reducing the NOx and particulate emissions of DI Diesel engine combustion. A series of experiments were performed to study the effects of injection pressure, back pressure, and injection strategy on the spray characteristics for multiple injections. An injection system which was capable of multiple injections was used to introduce diesel fuel into a constant volume cold spray chamber. Parallel engine experiments were conducted using the same injectors as in this work. In these engine tests, emissions (NOx and particulate) were measured. The engine experiments were used to develop the injector and chamber operating conditions for this work. The injection pressure was varied up to 90 MPa. The back pressure in the spray chamber was set with compressed argon gas, to make the density of the gas equal to the cylinder density at the start of injection of the combustion emission tests. Double and triple injections along with different dwells under the same injection pressure (90 MPa), ambient density (27 kg/m{sup 3}) and similar fuel delivery (168 mg/inj) were analyzed to reveal the effect of multiple injections on spray tip penetration length, spraymore » cone angle, and droplet size.« less
Delegating Resource Allocation: Multidimensional Information vs. Decisions

This paper studies the problem of how to delegate the allocation of finite resources across multiple categories to an agent who has better information on their benefits. It focuses on a tractable, natural class of delegation policies that impose a floor or cap on the allocation to each category, a generalization of Holmstrom’s (1977) “interval controls” to multidimensional settings. The paper characterizes the optimal policies and shows that they can impose distorting limits on categories which cause no conflict of interest with the agent, so as to curb how the conflict in other categories affects his overall allocation. Such limits are more likely to be optimal when the conflict is weaker and the agent also has specific information on categories causing no conflict. These solutions to the trade-off between rules and discretion differ substantively from those in settings with unidimensional decisions or information. The paper discusses applications to delegation within firms, the design of fiscal constitutions and policies, and individual commitment problems.
Soft-impacting micromechanical resoswitch zero-quiescent power AM receiver

A micromechanical resonant switch-based envelope detector employing a soft-impact cantilever output electrode to affect a linear input amplitude-to-output level gain has successfully received, filtered, amplified, and demodulated an input AM signal over a 63-kHz carrier, effectively demonstrating a zero-quiescent power AM receiver to complement a previous such FSK receiver [1]. The RF front-end achieves a power gain of 30dB and demodulates without needing a power hungry local oscillator. Key to operation as an AM receiver is the linear analog amplification (as opposed to binary amplification of [1]) enabled by the flexible soft-impact output electrode. The higher Q of 1200 of the polysilicon device with Ru-silicide contact further increases the receiver sensitivity to −68dBm, which is 8dB better than that of [1]. The ability of this device to AM demodulate while consuming zero power during standby periods makes it ideal for use in ultra-low power long-distance receiver applications, such as the clocks that wire-lessly receive atomic clock time over thousands of miles via AM over a 60-kHz carrier [2].
“But he didn’t mean to do it”: Preschoolers correct punishments imposed on accidental transgressors

Abstract Preschoolers have a sophisticated understanding of reward and punishment. Here we investigated whether children spontaneously correct unfair punishments. Across two experiments, 3- and 4-year-olds engaged in a block-tower building task with a puppet in order to receive a reward (four stickers to be shared between the puppet and the child). The puppet then either accidentally or intentionally knocked over the tower. In both cases, an adult, who did not observe the intentionality of the outcome, punished the puppet by giving all the stickers to the child. After hearing the puppet protest, children were more likely to correct the adult’s punishment (i.e., share stickers with the puppet) when puppet’s actions were accidental rather than intentional. Our results suggest that rather than passively accepting rewards and punishments imposed by authority figures, young children spontaneously correct situations they potentially believe are unfair.
125I versus 75se labeling of fibrinogen for measuring turnover of canine fibrinogen.

SummaryApparent turnover of fibrinogen in normal mongrel dogs was observed to be consistently greater when 125I-labeled fibrinogen (canine) was used than with the Brodsky technique ([75Se] methionine): 4.79 vs 1.96 mg/dl plasma per hour, respectively. When the labeled amino acid was given intravenously to three dogs and their blood was transfused into three other dogs 1-5 days later, only slight differences in fibrinogen turnover were observed between blood donors and recipients, suggesting negligible reutilization of [75Se] methionine. It would seem that the 125I-labeled fibrinogen was degraded rapidly in vivo because of some intrinsic alteration in the labeled material.
Selective Growth of Heteroepitaxial GexSi1−x/Si Lateral Wells Using Pulsed Laser Induced Epitaxy

Patterned GexSi1−x/Si wells are fabricated for the first time by pulsed laser induced epitaxy technique, employing two different semiconductor processing steps to grow these structures selectively. Two different dimensions of Gt0.12 Si0.55 /Si wells are sucessfully formed, in which one is 3.5 μm wide and 1700A deep while another is 6 μm wide and 1300A deep. Transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray imaging reveals that the 2-D Ge redistribution profiles are well defined and no significant line or surface defects observed. The 2-D Ge well redistribution behavior, governed by heat and mass transport during laser processing, are also discussed.
Synthesis and skin gene analysis of 4'-acetoxy-resveratrol (4AR), therapeutic potential for dermal applications.

Abstract Resveratrol (RV) 1 , a plant polyphenol, has proven effective in commercial products yet drawbacks include low bioavailability due to rapid metabolism. Structural modifications have led to a 4′-acetoxy analog 2 (4AR) now produced using a selective one-step esterification reaction. The one-step synthesis is shown together with expression of skin genes using human dermal models to establish 4AR 2 benefits to skin health. 4AR 2 at 1% in qPCR experiments using a human skin model significantly increased gene expression of the anti-aging factor, SIRT 1 by over 3.3-fold, extracellular matrix proteins collagen III, IV, elastin and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP 1, 2), anti-oxidants CAT, LOX, superoxide dismutase (SOD 1, 2), metallothioneins (MT1H, MT1H), skin aging biomarkers fibrillin (FBN1), laminin (LAMB1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), skin growth factors (HBEGF, IGF1, NGF and TGF). 4AR 2 also decreased gene expression of inflammatory and skin-aging molecules (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, TNGRSF) and S100 calcium binding proteins A8, A9. These findings suggest that 4AR 2 has potential for topically treatment and prevention of skin aging.
Prolactin Receptors in the Ovary

The binding of prolactin (PRL) to the plasma membranes of bovine and human ovaries was investigated using both homologous and heterologous 125 I-prolactin. Saturation and Scatchard analysis demonstrated that human prolactin binds to human ovarian membranes with a K d of 2×10 −10 M; to bovine ovarian membranes with a K d of 1.9×10 −10 M; and to bovine corpora lutea membranes with a K d of 1.9×10 −10 M. The concentrations of binding sites in bovine and human ovaries were 2.9×10 −15 moles/mg of protein and 2.0×10 −15 moles/mg of protein, respectively. The number of bindings sites in the bovine corpora lutea was 1.5×15 −15 moles/mg of protein. Specificity studies with bovine PRL, ovine PRL, human luteinizing hormone, human follicle-stimulating hormone, and bovine growth hormone showed this binding to be specific. Comparison of binding of PRL to membranes of other target and nontarget tissues suggests that the ovary is one of the primary target tissues. These data suggest that prolactin plays a role in the ovarian cycle.
Attention and Executive Functioning Profiles in Children Following Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke

ABSTRACTPerinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is a form of childhood stroke; the majority of those affected experience neurologic sequelae, including motor, language and neurocognitive impairments. This study examines the attention and executive functioning (EF) profiles of children following PAIS, as well as the impact of age and sex. In this single-center cross-sectional study, 40 children aged 3 to 16 years (median age 7.2 years; 58% male) who have suffered a PAIS underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to assess attention and EF. Parents completed behavioral questionnaires regarding real-world functioning. Composite scores were calculated for seven attention and EF domains (Attention, Working Memory, Verbal Retrieval, Inhibitory Control, Flexibility/Shifting, Planning/Organization, and Processing Speed). The results for all measured domains of attention and EF are significantly lower in the participants compared to the normative samples (p < .001), with the exception of Working Memory...
Emendation of the subfamilies Caiguiriinae and Pygidiopsinae (Digenea) with a redescription of Caiguiria anterouteria (Digenea: Heterophyidae) and reassignment of Pygydiopsis crassus to Caiguiria

During a study of members of the genus Pygidiopsis from wading birds from the Texas gulf coast, specimens of Caiguiria anterouteria from the United States National Parasite Collection and from the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt and specimens of Pygidiopsis macrostomum from the Natural History Museum, London were examined. These specimens demonstrated ranges of characteristics that called in to question their assignment to either Pygidiopsis or Caiguiria. Species of Pygidiopsis are divided into 4 distinct morphological groups based on the presence or absence of spines on the oral sucker, the distribution of the vitellaria and the anterior extent of the uterus. The subfamily Caiguiriinae is emended to include those species with an unarmed oral sucker and vitelline follicles that reach the level of the acetabulum anteriorly, and C. anterouteria is redescribed based on existing museum specimens consistent with the holotype specimen. The genus Caiguiria is emended to include species where the vitelline follicles reach the level of the acetabulum anteriorly but do not extensively invade the postesticular space. Pygidiopsis crassus is assigned to Caiguiria as Caiguiria crassa n. comb., and the subfamily Pygidiopsinae is emended to include those species where the vitelline follicles extend from the level of the acetabulum posteriorly in to the posttesticular space and where the uterus is confined to the hindbody. The validity of Pygidiopsis pelecani and Pygidiopsis piclaumoreli is discussed.
Immunomodulation and Mobilization of Progenitor Cells by Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds for Volumetric Muscle Loss Treatment

Acellular bioscaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been effectively used to promote functional tissue remodeling in both preclinical and clinical studies of volumetric muscle loss, but the mechanisms that contribute to such outcomes are not fully understood. Thirty-two C57bl/6 mice were divided into eight groups of four animals each. A critical-sized defect was created in the quadriceps muscle and was repaired with a small intestinal submucosa ECM bioscaffold or left untreated. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, or 56 days after surgery. The spatiotemporal cellular response in both treated and untreated groups was characterized by immunolabeling methods. Early time points showed a robust M2-like macrophage phenotype following ECM treatment in contrast to the predominant M1-like macrophage phenotype present in the untreated group. ECM implantation promoted perivascular stem cell mobilization, increased presence of neurogenic progenitor cells, and was associated with myotube formation. These cell types were present not only at the periphery of the defect near uninjured muscle, but also in the center of the ECM-filled defect. ECM bioscaffolds modify the default response to skeletal muscle injury, and provide a microenvironment conducive to a constructive healing response.
Diverse types of dermatologic toxicities from immune checkpoint blockade therapy

Immunomodulatory drugs that leverages host immune mechanisms to destroy tumor cells have been met with great promise in the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy, targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand (PD-L1) have shown tremendous improvements in the survival of patients with advanced solid tumors. However, the development of dermatologic toxicity (DT) is a consequence to immunotherapy. Review of published reports of the DT to immunotherapy revealed patients receiving anti-CTCLA-4 antibody or anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody often develop a DT of any type and grade. In this article, of the 3825 patients who were treated with anti-PD-1 and of 556 patients receiving anti-PD-L1, DT of any type and grade were reported in 1474 (∼39%) and 95 (∼17%) of patients, respectively. The emergence of specific types of DT to immunotherapy is beginning to be recognized can be categorized into four groups: (a) inflammatory, (b) immunobullous, (c) alteration of keratinocytes and (d) alteration of melanocytes. Lichenoid dermatitis and bullous pemphigoid appear to be DT more associated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody. The DT profile in patients receiving immunotherapy is diverse, and early recognition of specific types of DT that clinicians may encounter is critical for optimal patient care
Silences and Mentions in History Making

Until historical archaeologists accept the historicities of societies lying partially or wholly outside the orbit of Western influences, they will not confront the anthropological conundrum of silencing others’ pasts. History making—framing archaeological practice with questions that count and critically analyzing the conflicts and congruencies among sources—transcends disciplinary boundaries and accounts for any moment in which historical representation unfolds. Several scholars have recently suggested different perspectives on archaeology applied to historical questions in Africa, including representations about the methods and theoretical views of historical practice in Africa. Given the more than a century of historical archaeology in Africa, it is compelling to evaluate key statements for both shortcomings as well as productive insights. Disjunctive and supplemental practice as well as critical interrogation of local historiographies and materialities have a long application in Africa and best realize the ultimate goal of history and anthropology, making new pasts and exposing the potentialities of a truly historical archaeology.
2004 Behavioral Syndromes—Personality in Animals

A behavioral syndrome is a predictable pattern of responses, such as being shy or bold, that an animal displays through its lifetime.
Identification of methionine Nalpha-acetyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

N alpha-Acetylation is the most frequently occurring chemical modification of the alpha-NH2 group of eukaryotic proteins and was believed until now to be catalyzed by a single N alpha-acetyltransferase. The transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to the alpha-amino group of five NH2-terminal residues (serine, alanine, methionine, glycine, and threonine) in proteins accounts for approximately 95% of acetylated residues. We have found that a crude lysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (aaa1) deficient in N alpha-acetyltransferase activity can effectively transfer an acetyl group to peptides containing NH2-terminal methionine but not to serine or alanine. This methionine N alpha-acetyltransferase has been extensively purified, and this purified enzyme can selectively transfer an acetyl group to various model peptides containing an NH2-terminal methionine residue and a penultimate aspartyl, asparaginyl, or glutamyl residue. Such specificity of N alpha-acetylation of methionine has been previously observed based on the analysis of eukaryotic protein sequences (Persson, B., Flinta, C., Heijne, G., and Jornvall, H. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 152, 523-527; Arfin, S.M., and Bradshaw, R. A. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 7979-7984). The indentification of this methionine N alpha-acetyltransferase provides an explanation as to why two distinct classes of N alpha-acetylated proteins exist in nature: (i) those whose initiator methionine is acetylated and (ii) those whose penultimate residue is acetylated after cleavage of the initiator methionine.
Models for nearly every occasion: Part III – One box decreasing emission models

ABSTRACTNew one box “well-mixed room” decreasing emission (DE) models are introduced that allow for local exhaust or local exhaust with filtered return, as well the recirculation of a filtered (or cleaned) portion of the general room ventilation. For each control device scenario, a steady state and transient model is presented.The transient equations predict the concentration at any time t after the application of a known mass of a volatile substance to a surface, and can be used to predict the task exposure profile, the average task exposure, as well as peak and short-term exposures. The steady state equations can be used to predict the “average concentration per application” that is reached whenever the substance is repeatedly applied. Whenever the beginning and end concentrations are expected to be zero (or near zero) the steady state equations can also be used to predict the average concentration for a single task with multiple applications during the task, or even a series of such tasks. The transien...
The Art of Reaching Out

This paper examines the intersubjective processes encountered in a 10-week creative arts studio class. The objective was to explore how transference and countertransference, along with metaphor and symbolism, fostered meaning, which in turn could contribute to an understanding of the therapeutic process. While several themes emerged through the data analysis, the main theme extracted was the phenomenon of reaching out. Two vignettes were highlighted to indicate a connection between this theme and transference, countertransference, metaphor, and symbolism. An arts based method using improvisational movement illuminates and adds to the understanding of what it means to reach out. The paper closes with applications and suggestions for the field of dance/movement therapy based on the findings and personal clinical experiences.
An orphan kinesin controls trypanosome morphology transitions by targeting FLAM3 to the flagellum

Trypanosoma brucei undergoes life cycle form transitions from trypomastigotes to epimastigotes in the insect vector by re-positioning the mitochondrial genome and re-locating the flagellum and flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structures. The mechanism underlying these dramatic morphology transitions remains poorly understood. Here we report the regulatory role of the orphan kinesin KIN-E in controlling trypanosome morphology transitions. KIN-E localizes to the flagellum and is enriched at the flagellar tip, and this localization depends on the C-terminal m-calpain domain III-like domains. Depletion of KIN-E in the trypomastigote form of T. brucei causes major morphology changes and a gradual increase in the level of EP procyclin, generating epimastigote-like cells. Mechanistically, through its C-terminal importin α-like domain, KIN-E targets FLAM3, a flagellar protein involved in morphology transitions, to the flagellum to promote elongation of the flagellum attachment zone and positioning of the flagellum and flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structure, thereby maintaining trypomastigote cell morphology. Our findings suggest that morphology transitions in trypanosomes require KIN-E-mediated transport of FLAM3 to the flagellum.
Epilogue: From Competence to Efficiency and Beyond

Twelve chapters ago we embarked on a journey through what has proven to be interesting intellectual territory. Here, we review where we have been and consider some of the research directions made possible by the methods and results reported. A number of these directions have already attracted significant activity, and some are just starting to draw a crowd, but all are put on firmer ground by the results of this volume. In particular we consider (1) the spread of the competence revolution to other forms of genetic and evolutionary computation, (2) the development and use of efficiency-enhancement techniques, (3) closer investigation of GAs as models of innovation, and (4) the prospect for going beyond computational innovation to the computationally creative. Each of these is briefly discussed following a brief summary of the volume.
Cardinal interpolation with translates of shifted bivariate box-splines

Abstract We study cardinal interpolation by integer translates of shifted bivariate box-splines on the 3-directional mesh. For splines of low degree we obtain a complete characterization of all admissible shift parameters such that cardinal interpolation is correct.
Complexity Science in the Future of Behavioral Medicine

Complexity science offers a new, broader paradigm emerging from the traditional biomedical model of medicine. This new paradigm will inform research and intervention, particularly for the most complex medical conditions such as type-II diabetes (DT2), heart disease, pain, and anxiety-depression spectrum (ADS) disorders. Traditional medical interventions, including those from behavioral medicine, utilize the framework ofdiseaseto understand etiology and treatment. The disease framework is based on the idea that some exogenous agent, such as a germ, intrudes upon an otherwise healthy body and causes illness. Etiological concerns for health care providers are then logically aimed at identifying these disease agents as simple material causes, and treatment is aimed at protecting against their intrusion, mitigating their harmful effects, or removing them from bodily systems where they may cause harm.
Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age.

Objective To compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit. Design Premature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12–15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18–22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Of 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs −0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity. Conclusions SGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.
Principles and Ethics of Collecting and Managing Health Data

Thomas and McNabb explore ethical issues associated with collecting and using data for public health. Distinguishing between ethics for medical research and for public health action, they identify unique challenges associated with maintaining health information systems. The authors emphasise the importance of ensuring data confidentiality, establishing principles for sharing data, determining availability and ownership of data, maintaining transparency, and using routine data to monitor health equity. They warn that, while data facilitate health action, speed of technological advances and escalation of data availability threaten society’s ability to maintain ethical principles, procedures, skills, and systems. Thomas and McNabb conclude that monitoring data ethics and training individuals to implement policies and procedures to guard them are urgent ethical imperatives.
In-situ springback compensation in incremental sheet forming

Abstract Limited geometric accuracy in incremental sheet forming is a major obstacle for its wide adoption in industry. This paper develops a generic methodology, suitable for arbitrary part geometries and various ISF processes, for addressing one of the main causes of geometric inaccuracy, i.e., in-process springback. The methodology consists of three main elements: determination of key control points to treat geometric complexity, simplified simulation models to predict springback offline, and in-situ toolpath modification during forming. It is shown experimentally that the method provides an efficient and robust solution for various geometries with negligible setup cost.
Tumor targeting vitamin B12 derivatives for X-ray induced treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Background X-Ray induced phototherapy is highly sought after as it provides a deep tissue, synergistic method of treating cancers via standard-of-care radiotherapy. When this is combined with releasable chemotherapy agents, it can provide high target selectivity, with reduced off-target organ effects that limit current systemic therapies. We have recently developed a unique light-activated drug delivery system whereby the drug is conjugated to an alkylcobalamin scaffold. Alkylcobalamins are actively transported into cells by transcobalamin receptors (TCblR), which are overexpressed in a variety of cancer types. We hope to utilize this cobalamin scaffold technology for drug delivery in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cancer. Methods The ability of the cobalamin scaffold to selectively target PDAC was investigated by treating mice that had MIA PaCa-2 xenografts with an alkylcobalamin labeled with the fluorophore Bodipy650 (Bodipy650-cobalamin). The mice were imaged alive and organs as well as tumors were subsequently imaged ex vivo. In addition, we examined the potential of the cobalamin scaffold to deliver drugs to orthotopic pancreas MIA PaCa-2 tumors with Bodipy650-cobalamin. We determined the light dose required for release of cargo from the cobalamin scaffold by examining the fluorescence increase of Bodipy650-cobalamin in response to red light (650 nm). Finally, we probed the ability of the cobalamin scaffold to release cargo with increasing X-ray doses from a clinical linear accelerator. Results We have found that Bodipy650-cobalamin was shown to localize in MIA PaCa-2 tumors, both in flank and orthotopic models. We quantified a light dose for red light release from the cobalamin scaffold that is within normal clinical doses required for photodynamic therapy. This derivative was also activated with clinical X-ray doses from a linear accelerator. Conclusions Tumor selectivity combined with fluorescence detection demonstrates the effectiveness of the vitamin B12 scaffold as a theranostic targeting agent. The activation of this scaffold with radiation from a linear accelerator shows potential for action as radiation-induced chemotherapy.
Education-based Solutions to the Global Burden of Neurosurgical Disease

Objective Low- and middle-income countries continue to suffer from a lack of access to basic neurosurgical care. The 2015 Lancet Commission on Global Surgery estimated essential surgical care was lacking to 5 billion people and that 143 million essential surgeries were not performed annually. A significant part of this need is neurosurgical care. Countries lacking basic neurosurgical services cannot have a true trauma system, or complete care for tumor, stroke, pain, and congenital defects in children. Episodic service missions from developed countries cannot fill these large gaps. To maximize the impact of global neurosurgery, the framework through which humanitarian neurosurgeons respond to international need should incorporate sustainable practices that empower the recipient population. Methods A historical and anecdotal review of global neurosurgery. Results The success of sustainable, locally championed neurosurgery educational programs will be dependent on the simultaneous, parallel development of anesthesia, critical care, nursing, and biomedical services. Each of these disciplines will reciprocally benefit from these neurosurgical programs. These programs cannot exist in a vacuum. They will require the thoughtful collaboration of all major neurosurgical societies with a humanitarian emphasis while championing the local surgeons in the area of need who must assume leadership to achieve a self-sustaining program. Conclusions To meet the global need for neurosurgical care, self-sustaining neurosurgical programs must be locally developed in the countries of need. International support must be built on “Service through Education” rather the service alone.
Experimental Characterization of a Piezoelectric Leaf-Cell Sensor for Simultaneous Fluid Density and Sound Speed Measurement

Measurement of a fluid mixture's bulk compressibility (i.e., simultaneous measurement of the fluid's sound speed and density) allows access to more underlying chemometric information about the mixture's multiphase composition than can currently be retrieved with single-mode sensor measurements, that is, those providing only one of either fluid density or fluid sound speed. Here, we summarize recent research to develop a sensor which provides simultaneous and congruent measurement of fluid density and sound speed, thus giving access to downhole borehole parameters such as oil/water volume fraction, gas-oil-ratio (GOR), live-oil density and compressibility, and dead-oil API.