cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of hnRNA and mRNA Sequences in Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the sequence elements, such as oligo (A), oligo (U), double-stranded RNA and methylated nucleotides, to RNP subcomplexes that is purified and partially characterized in the laboratory. It reports the presence of a highly abundant class of RNA sequences associated with a purified nuclear RNA complex. It also discusses that a parallel examination of the proteins of these complexes, and their interaction with specific RNA sequence classes, provides the missing links in the understanding of the processing of nuclear RNA with the concomitant selection and transport of mRNA molecules. The chapter reviews certain important nucleotide structures that are not tightly associated with the proteins of these subcomplexes. The 5' capping group containing methylated nucleotides appears to be an important example of a structure not contained in the 15 S and 30 S particles. Messenger RNA sequences are present in 30 S RNP, and so is at least a fraction of the oligo (A) of hnRNA, the latter being linked to a highly abundant RNA sequence in the nuclear RNP. The significance of this sequence remains to be determined, but its homology to a fraction of the cytoplasmic mRNA population is suggestive. It is necessary to extend the analysis to intact hnRNP complexes to determine the complete range of specific protein-nucleotide interactions, and finally, the native form in which mature mRNA is transported from nucleus to cytoplasm remains to be identified and characterized.
A Perfectly Matched Layer Method for the Navier-Stokes equations

The Perfectly Matched Layer Method (PML) has found widespread application as a high-accuracy, non-reflecting boundary treatment in many wave propagation simulations. However, in the area of computational fluid dynamics, its application has been mostly limited to the linearized Euler equations. Attempts to apply PML to the nonlinear Euler equations have found a tendency for the method to go unstable. Even so, in light of the method’s computational efficiency and high accuracy, finding a robust and stable implementation is highly desirable. Here, the method is extended to the Navier-Stokes equations, and is implemented with a high-order discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DGFEM). The weaknesses and strengths of the method are investigated, and its performance is assessed when applied to complex flows; in particular, a viscous cavity flow is investigated. Stabilizing adjustments to the method are made, and future work is indicated for increased utility and flexibility of the method.
Neuroradiologic Findings in Fucosidosis, a Rare Lysosomal Storage Disease

Fucosidosis is a rare lysosomal storage disorder with the clinical features of mental retardation, cardiomegaly, dysostosis multiplex, progressive neurologic deterioration, and early death. The neuroradiologic findings in two patients are reported, and include abnormalities within the globus pallidus (both patients) and periventricular white matter (one patient).
Focus on Middle School: Inquiry and Intellectualism: Professional Development for Inclusive Education

The systems, structures, and purpose of schooling in the United States are built on notions of social efficiency and assimilation (Kliebard, 1987), which can be highly problematic. Overtly determin...
Obesity and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Abdominal obesity increases the estrogen-to-androgen ratio and may increase sympathetic nervous activity, both hypothesized to influence the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the severity of urinary obstructive symptoms. In 1986 and 1987, men aged 40-75 years who were participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and who were without prior diagnosis of cancer or prostatectomy provided data on weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences. The men were followed for incidence of prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia up to January 1992. In addition, the frequency and severity of symptoms of urinary obstruction were assessed among respondents to a questionnaire in 1992. Among 25,892 men who provided complete information for both surgery and symptoms, 837 men had surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 2,581 of those without surgery reported frequent urinary symptoms. After adjustment for age, smoking, and body mass index, abdominal obesity was related to prostatectomy (odds ratio (OR) = 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-3.99, for those with a waist circumference > or = 43 inches (109 cm) relative to those with a waist circumference < 35 inches (89 cm); p trend < 0.0001) and with frequent urinary symptoms among those without prostatectomy (OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.47-2.72; p < 0.0001). Body mass index, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio were not associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia independently of waist circumference. These results suggest that abdominal obesity in men may increase the frequency and severity of urinary obstructive symptoms and may increase the likelihood that such obese men will undergo a prostatectomy.
Histopathologic features and clinical outcomes in 71 cases of bladder diverticula.

Abstract Context.—Bladder diverticula often come to clinical attention when complications or malignancy occur, although limited information is available regarding histopathologic features and clini...
Department of Defense Instruction 8500.2 “Information Assurance (IA) Implementation:” A retrospective

From the time of its publication on February 6, 2003, the Department of Defense Instruction 8500.2 “Information Assurance (IA) Implementation” (DoDI 8500.2) has provided the definitions and controls that form the basis for IA across the DoD. This is the document to which compliance has been mandatory. For over 9 years, as the world of computer security has swirled through revision after revision and upgrade after upgrade, moving, for example, from DITSCAP to DIACAP, this instruction has remained unrevised, in its original form. As this venerable instruction now nears end of life it is appropriate that we step back and consider what we have learned from it and what its place is in context. In this paper we first review the peculiar structure of DoDI 8500.2, including its attachments, its “Subject Areas,” its “baseline IA levels,” its implicit use of type, signatures (full, half, left, and right), and signature patterns, along with span, and class. To provide context and contrast we briefly present three other control sets, namely (1) the DITSCAP checklists that preceded DoDI 8500.2, (2) the up and coming NIST 800-53 that it appears will follow DoDI 8500.2, and (3) Cobit from the commercial world. We then compare the scope of DoDI 8500.2 with those three control sets. The paper concludes with observations concerning DoDI 8500.2 and control sets in general.
Retrospective 3D registration of trabecular bone MR images for longitudinal studies.

Purpose To evaluate an automatic 3D registration algorithm for serial high-resolution images of trabecular bone (TB) in studies designed to evaluate the response of the trabecular architecture to intervention or disease progression. Materials and Methods An efficient algorithm for registering high-resolution 3D images of TB is presented. The procedure identifies the six parameters of rigid displacement between two scans performed at different timepoints. By assuming a relatively small through-plane rotation, considerable time is saved by combining the results of a collection of regional 2D registrations throughout the TB region of interest (ROI). The algorithm was applied to 26 pairs of MR images acquired 6 months apart. Reproducibility of local TB structural parameters (plate, rod, and junction density) computed in manually selected regions were compared between baseline and registered follow-up images. Results All 26 registrations were completed successfully in less than 30 seconds per image pair. The resampled follow-up images agreed with baseline to around one pixel throughout the volume at 137 × 137 × 410 μm3 image resolution. Structural parameters in each region correlated well from baseline to follow-up with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging between 85%–97% for TB plate density. Interregional variations in the parameters were large as compared with intraregion reproducibility. Conclusion The proposed algorithm was successful in automatically registering baseline and follow-up TB images in a translational study, and may be useful in regional analyses in longitudinal MR studies of TB architecture. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:118–126. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Hypothesis-driven, Molecular Phylogenetics Exercise for College Biology Students

This hypothesis-driven laboratory exercise teaches how DNA evidence can be used to investigate an organism's evolutionary history while providing practical modeling of the fundamental processes of gene transcription and translation. We used an inquiry-based approach to construct a laboratory around a nontrivial, open-ended evolutionary question about the relationship of five species of Drosophila. In the course of answering this question, students at the early college biology level learn how the information in DNA can be extracted and used by both the cell and scientists. This dual proximate-ultimate approach introduces students to the techniques of PCR, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic sequence analysis while simultaneously providing a concrete pen-and-paper model of the cellular processes of transcription and translation. The laboratory has been successfully employed over 3 years with first-year college students and has proven its versatility by being easily adapted to a dry lab form with advanced high school students.
Sorting with fixed-length reversals

Abstract A popular puzzle TOP-SPIN consists of a permutation of 20 numbered disks on an oval track, with a turnstile capable of reversing a string of 4 consecutive disks. The goal is to sort the disks into identity permutation using reversals. We consider the more general case of sorting n element permutations with a turnstile of size k . The problem of computing the reversal distances is of considerable importance in reconstructing the evolutionary history of the genome. The minimum reversal sequence sorting the one genome to another corresponds to the most likely evolutionary path between them. We give a complete solution for all n and k , of the number of equivalence classes of n -permutations under k -reversal, for both permutations and circular permutations. We also prove the upper and lower bounds on the reversal distances between two permutations.
The subthermocline phosphate distribution and circulation in the far eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract Measurements of nutrient salts were made in two periods, November to December 1981 and February to March 1982, along nearly the same tracks in the far eastern Pacific between the Galapagos Islands and the coast of South America. The subthermocline circulation was deduced principally from the distribution of phosphate. The major flow patterns were found to be basically the same for the two periods. Along the 85°W meridian, the major observed zonal currents were the Equatorial Undercurrent within 2° of the equator, the westward return flows on both sides of the Undercurrent, the subsurface South Equatorial Countercurrent centered at about 6°S, and additional eastward flows at about 4° and 8°S. East of 85°W, the subsurface South Equatorial Countercurrent veered southeastward and crossed the 10.5°S parallel in the vicinity of 81°W. Significant decreases in the nutrient concentrations occurred in the domain of the Equatorial Undercurrent from November to December 1981 to February to March 1982. These decreases can be explained by an increase in the eastward speed of the Undercurrent during February to March 1982.
Effect of surface texture and geometry on spoof surface plasmon dispersion

The possibility of light manipulation at the nanoscale relies on the efficient coupling of the electromagnetic waves to surface excitations such as surface plasmon polaritons SPPs. We expand on the work by Pendry, who put forward the idea of spoof surface plasmons in conduct- ing films as a way to engineer SPP dispersion curves. We find that the surface texture and geometry can play an important role in determining the dispersion. We then compare the specific cases of circular versus rectangular textured surfaces and observe that the plasmon modes are less tightly bound in the former case. This dependence on geometry can also be used as a means for defect engineering or fine-tuning the regular plasmon dispersion. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Practical suggestions for increasing the reliability of classroom observational research

Abstract The increasing use of classroom observation systems for studying reading instruction requires examination of the observation process. Unreliable observation measures severely limit the utility of such research. This paper examines ways to increase reliability using a framework developed by Cronbach. Temporality and generality form a two‐by‐two matrix for sources of variation affecting reliability. Specific examples in each element are addressed.
Surgery for the failing Fontan

Abstract The Fontan operation has offered many children with single ventricle congenital heart disease survival. As technology, operative technique, critical care medicine have improved, more of these children are surviving into adulthood. Unfortunately, as the number of survivors increases, so does the recognition of the long-term consequences of Fontan anatomy and physiology. Hopefully, novel techniques will emerge to treat or prevent these complications, and provide for prolonged survival in this challenging patient population.
Spectrometrie de masse, problemes de structure et de stereochimie—CCVII Fragmentations des Ethers Insatures

En liaison avec I'accumulation de donnees pour I'interpretation automatique des spectres de masse des composes organiques le comportement des ethers insatures est examine. Trois groupes ont ete etudies: allylique, allylique substitue et ethers possedant 2 ou 3 groupes methylenes entre la double liaison et I'atome d'oxygene. Un total de 36 composes dont 11 derives deuteries ont ete prepares et leurs principales voies de degradation rationalisees. I1 est montre que les ethers allyliques s'isomerisent apres l'ionisation en ethers vinyliques, alors qu'aucune migration de la double liaison soit avant soit apres l'impact electronique n'est observee entre les ethers allyliques, homoallyliques et ceux ayant 3 groupes methylenes entre la double liaison et I'atome d'oxygene. Quand la chaine saturee a au moins sept atomes de carbone les ethers allyliques expulsent une molecule d'alcool sature [R' + C3H6OH] faisant intervenir un quadruple transfert d'hydrogene avant la fragmentation. In connection with work on computerized mass spectral interpretation of organic com-pounds, the behavior of three groups of unsaturated ethers was examined: allylic, substituted allylic and unsaturated ethers with 2 or 3 methylene groups between the oxygen atom and the double bond. A total of 36 compounds (11 labelled) were prepared and mechanistic rationalizations presented. The allylic ethers isomerized to vinylic ethers after ionization. No double bond migration was observed, however, before or after electron-impact of allylic and homoallylic ethers or ethers with 3 methylene groups between the oxygen atom and the double bond. The allylic ethers with seven carbon atoms in the saturated chain lost a saturated alcohol molecule [R' + C3H6OH] by a uni-directional quadruple hydrogen transfer prior to fragmentation.
Herpetofauna of the Rincon Mountains, Arizona

We estimated species richness, distribution, and relative abundance of herpetofauna across a 1,800-m elevation gradient in the Rincon Mountains and compared patterns of occurrence of species with other mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona. We detected 2,378 individuals of 40 species during 596 h of visual-encounter surveys, and 1,793 individuals including six additional species incidentally during 2001 and 2002. Based on probabilistic methods, we estimate that as many as 57 species likely are present in the Rincon Mountains; past observations and expert opinion also suggest as many as 57 species likely are present. Species richness declined with increasing elevation. Relative abundance declined with increasing elevation for seven species, increased with elevation for three species, and was greatest at middle elevations for three species. The Rincon Mountains lack some species that occur in nearby mountain ranges of similar size and elevation, possibly due to climatic or historical factors. Our study was the first detailed inventory of herpetofauna in the Rincon Mountains at a time when these communities may be undergoing significant change.
Conformation and the anomeric effect in 2-oxy-substituted tetrahydropyrans

Abstract Conformational effects, especially the anomeric effect, were examined in 2-methoxy-−iosbutoxy, -acetoxy and −hydroxy-4-methyltetrahydropyrans as well as the correspnding derivatives of 6-methyl- and 6-oxymethyltetrahydropyran. Results are related to anomeric equilibria of xylose and glucose derivatives.
Precise time synchronization of two milstar communications satellites without ground intervention

Satellite navigation and communication systems often require precise synchronization among spacecraft clocks. In the traditional method for achieving synchronization, a ground station makes time-offset measurements to the various spacecraft clocks, and then updates the time and frequency of each satellite as needed. Though straightforward in its implementation, disadvantages to the traditional approach include the large workload placed on the ground station, the need for multiple ground stations to view satellites in different geosynchronous positions, and unaccounted-for delays in atmospheric propagation. In early 1996 Milstar became the first satellite system to employ crosslinks for precise satellite time synchronization. At that time, the crystal oscillator clock onboard FLT-1, the first Milstar satellite, had its time and frequency tied (i.e., slaved) to the rubidium (Rb) atomic clock carried onboard FLT-2, the second Milstar satellite. The FLT-2 Rb atomic clock was controlled by the ground, while the slaving of FLT-1 to FLT-2 was accomplished without ground intervention: all timing information required by the slaving algorithm was obtained through the FLT-1 to FLT-2 satellite crosslink. In this paper we will first show the timekeeping capabilities of the two satellite clocks when operating independently, which indicate that both clocks are performing well. Then, we will present ground station measurements of FLT-1 and FLT-2 timekeeping that demonstrate satellite synchronization to better than 150 nsec without ground intervention. As satellites are added to the Milstar constellation, crosslink slaving will minimize ground station timekeeping activities, thereby lowering system operating costs. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arc lengths of rational Pythagorean–hodograph curves☆

Abstract In a recent paper ( Lee et al., 2014 ) a family of rational Pythagorean–hodograph (PH) curves is introduced, characterized by constraints on the coefficients of a truncated Laurent series, and used to solve the first-order Hermite interpolation problem. Contrary to a claim made in this paper, it is shown that these rational PH curves have rational arc length functions only in degenerate cases, where the center of the Laurent series is a real value.
A fixed-point theorem for inverse limits of simple n-ods

Abstract In 1969, R.H. Bing asked in his paper “The elusive fixed-point property” [2], if each tree-like continuum has the fixed-point property. David Bellamy [1] answered Bing's question in the negative in 1979. He gave an example of a tree-like continuum which admits a fixed point free mapping. We prove in this paper that certain inverse limits of simple n -ods, have the fixed point property. Our theorem generalizes, in the case of simple n -ods, the fixed point theorem in [4].
Metabolism studies on age disposition to ketosis in human beings

Summary Thirty-six subjects of varying age (from two months to thirty-five years) were placed for three consecutive days on a ketogenic diet having a ratio of 2.5:1. Development of ketosis was tested daily by quantitative determination of acetone excreted in the urine. It was found that up to the age of seven to eight months ketonuria remains minimal. From then on, the ability to develop ketonuria increases during the first four years of life, reaches a broad peak at four to eight years and decreases during prepuberty, where it equals values obtained in adults, values which are still much higher than those found in infants. When acetone or sodium acetoacetate was fed to healthy infants and children under normal nutritional conditions, no quantitative difference in ketonuria was found in these age groups. It consequently can be concluded that the age disposition to ketosis has to be explained by a difference in the ability to produce aceton bodies, rather than by a difference in ability to utilize, destroy, or excretc acetone bodies. These results would seem to substantiate an assumption made in previous studies, according to which the liver of healthy infants retains glycogen more tenaciously than does the liver of healthy children. Deviations from this physiologic equilibrium might explain the occurrence of glycogen storage disease and steatosis of the liver in infancy and childhood. Age disposition to ketosis can also possibly be explained by the assumptionthat the pituitary gland of infants produces the ketogenic principle to a lesser extent than does the pituitary gland of children.
An alternative structure for C576

Abstract Carbon nanotubes with rollup vector indices equal, i. e., (n, n) nanotubes, are calculated to be metallic electrical conductors. Several years ago, a toroidal fullerene structure, C576, was proposed and suggested to possess a small bandgap on the basis of its having approximately half of its atoms arranged as in a (4, 4) nanotube. a more recent calculation determined that this structure has a very large anisotropic ring-current diamagnetic susceptibility and is therefore likely to be a good electrical conductor. the present work proposes an alternative structure for C576 which is constructed entirely from six copies of a C96 fragment of a (4, 4) nanotube.
Three new species of Cordia (Boraginaceae) from the Guianas

Three new species of Cordia (Boraginaceae) are described from the Guianas. Cordia cremersii and C. marioniae belong in section Varronia, and C. fanchoniae in section Myxa. Cordia marionicle is known from the Rupununi savanna in the south of Guyana; the two other species have been collected in French Guiana.
Residue number system arithmetic assisted coded frequency-hopped OFDMA

We propose an RNS arithmetic-based FH pattern design approach that is well suited and easy to implement for practical OFDMA systems. The proposed FH scheme guarantees orthogonality among intracell users while randomizing the intercell interferences and providing frequency diversity gains. We present detailed construction procedures and performance analysis for both independent and cluster hopping scenarios. Using simulation results, we demonstrate the gains due to frequency diversity and intercell interference diversity on the system bit error rate (BER) performance. Furthermore, the BER performance gain is consistent across all cells unlike other FH pattern design schemes such as the Latin squares (LSs-)-based FH pattern design where wide performance variations are observed across cells.
Hypersensitivity to beetles (coleoptera)

Abstract 1.1. A case of hypersensitivity to beetle emanations is reported. References to entomologic data of Coleoptera are given. 2.2. The question of wheter this source of antigen could be of importance in some cases of environmental allergies is raised.
Variability in wintertime position and strength of the North Pacific jet stream as represented by re-analysis data

The popular National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) re-analysis database was used to create a mean winter seasonal jet stream database for the northern Pacific Ocean region for the period 1948–1949 through 2004–2005. Grids of mean seasonal 300 hPa scalar wind were used to determine the latitudinal position of the primary mid-latitude jet on a longitudinal resolution of 2.5° from eastern Asia to western North America. The position and strength of the jet stream across this region are key determinants of winter precipitation variability downstream across the predominantly arid western region of North America. Results show that the latitudinal position of the jet exhibits greater variance over the eastern half of the northern Pacific Ocean, while the greatest variance in the speed of the seasonal jet occurs across the central northern Pacific Ocean. A statistically significant increase in the speed of the mean seasonal jet occurred over the central area of the northern Pacific Ocean during the last half of the 20th century. A spatially consistent but statistically insignificant trend toward a more southerly position of the jet occurred during the study period. The results do not confirm current theories of a general pole-ward shift in mid-latitude jet streams in association with recent and future climate change, suggesting that such an observed or theoretical hemispheric shift may not necessarily be evident within a particular region or that any shift over the last 50 years has been less than the 2.5° resolution of the NCEP/NCAR dataset. The jet stream data support the connection between the jet and the Pacific-North American atmospheric teleconnection pattern and between the jet and the oscillation of sea surface temperature anomalies in the northern Pacific Ocean known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Latency of the blink reflex and stimulus intensity J

The latency of the eyeblink reflex is inversely related to the intensity of the auditory or visual stimuli used to evoke it. This is true for both mechanical and muscle action potential methods for recording the response.
The acoustic wave from a shock-vortex interaction: comparison between theory and computation

Experimental, theoretical, and computational research has shown that the interaction of a shock with a vortex produces a quadrupolar acoustic wave. Although the theoretical basis for this has been accepted for some time, there has not been a detailed comparison of the predictions for the pressure variation around and through the acoustic wave to the pressure fields obtained from numerical simulations. In this paper, Ribner's theory is used to predict the acoustic pressure field evolving from a shock interacting with either a Rankine (or infinite) vortex or with a composite (or finite) vortex. A comparison of these theoretical results indicates the importance of vortex geometry on the acoustic wave. Then the theoretical results are compared to the results of detailed computations. The computational results were obtained by solving the two-dimensional conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for a compressible, inviscid fluid using the Flux-Corrected Transport algorithm. These results show that there is good qualitative agreement between the theory and the computation.
Anorthosite belts, continental drift, and the anorthosite event.

Most anorthosites lie in two principal belts when plotted on a predrift continental reconstruction. Anorthosite ages in the belts cluster around 1300 ± 200 million years and range from 1100 to 1700 million years. This suggests that anorthosites are the product of a unique cataclysmic event or a thermal event that was normal only during the earth9s early history.
Blood-Feeding and Gonotrophic Dissociation in Anopheles Punctipennis (Diptera: Culicidae) Prior to Hibernation in Connecticut

Fifty-six blood-fed and 131 unengorged Anopheles punctipennis females were collected from the basement of a human dwelling in southern Connecticut during late summer and fall 1977. Precipitin tests, conducted on 32 females, disclosed that females had fed on mammals during September and October; host sources included muroid rodent, sciurid rodent, and rabbit. In a separate experiment, 24 of the 56 blood-fed females were confined in plastic cages and maintained on 10% sucrose solution for 2 weeks and, following this period, ovaries were examined to determine stage of follicular development. Since follicles in these females lacked yolk and remained undeveloped, results indicated that gonotrophic dissociation occurred. Examination of spermathecae and ovaries also revealed that each female contained sperm but had not yet oviposited. Anthrone tests, performed on 95 unengorged specimens, revealed that some females acquired nectar in early September. The occurrence of gonotrophic dissociation in this mosquito further increases its vector potential.
Nursing, Pharmacy, and Prescriber Knowledge and Perceptions of High-Alert Medications in a Large, Academic Medical Hospital.

BackgroundHigh-alert medications pose a greater risk of causing significant harm to patients if used in error. The Joint Commission requires that hospitals define institution-specific high-alert me...
Homogenized finite elastoplasticity and damage: theory and computations

Abstract Explicit volume averaging procedures are employed to construct a multi-scale framework describing finite elastoplasticity and damage processes in a polycrystalline aggregate. A hybrid additive–multiplicative decomposition for the macroscopic deformation gradient captures precisely the kinematics of anisotropic damage and offers insight into mesoscopic distributions of residual elastic lattice strain attributed to heterogeneity of local deformation occurring at both intergranular and intragranular scales. The proposed multi-scale framework also provides a convenient setting from which to evaluate new continuum-type failure criteria in terms of homogenized variables constructed from mesoscopic (i.e., locally varying) incompatibility fields. The new failure parameters supplement traditional criteria such as porosity or crack density, offering additional information regarding accommodation of deformation and related length scale effects. Finite element calculations performed on aggregates of multiple grains, with each grain discretized into several hundred elements, are conducted to evaluate the model's capabilities. Crystal plasticity theory describes the elastoplastic behavior of the grains at the mesoscale. Cohesive zone finite elements are included to model intergranular fracture, with a formulation tailored to represent the failure of polycrystalline copper with trace antimony segregated at grain boundaries. The computational results illustrate that the build-up of elastic strain energy density due to incompatibility, and subsequent crack initiation and growth, depend heavily upon the initial grain boundary misorientation distribution and grain morphology.
Evaluation and Compensation of Digital Switching Circuits in Transient Radiation Environments

A method for determining the degree of vulnerability of a general digital switching circuit to intense bursts of radiation is presented. Emphasis is placed upon the ability of the circuit to maintain a desired state, rather than on the switching process itself. The advantages and disadvantages of added compensation are discussed. Application is made of the preceding theory to contemporary circuits, and reproductions of actual test results are presented to support this theory. The final section is a discussion of some additional considerations that are introduced when radiation bursts of short duration are concerned.
Rating-scale methodology for environmental designers

There are many methods and techniques available to environmental designers to obtain and use information on spatial behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions, and so on. Among them are rating-scale techniques. This paper discusses these from a particular theoretical orientation and covers the utility, concept, and an evaluation of rating scales. Three case studies are described to illustrate the application and usefulness of the graphic rating-scale technique to environmental designers.
Dual-channel in-line digital holographic double random phase encryption

We present a robust encryption method for the encoding of 2D/3D objects using digital holography and virtual optics. Using our recently developed dual-plane in-line digital holography technique, two in-line digital holograms are recorded at two different planes and are encrypted using two different double random phase encryption configurations, independently. The process of using two mutually exclusive encryption channels makes the system more robust against attacks since both the channels should be decrypted accurately in order to get a recognizable reconstruction. Results show that the reconstructed object is unrecognizable even when the portion of the correct phase keys used during decryption is close to 75%. The system is verified against blind decryptions by evaluating the SNR and MSE. Validation of the proposed method and sensitivities of the associated parameters are quantitatively analyzed and illustrated.
Peace and Economic Interdependence in the Middle East

Can economic interdependence pacify the Middle East? While Middle Eastern countries have, for the most part, avoided the global trend of regionalism, this study provides empirical evidence that Middle Eastern countries with significant trade ties to other countries in the region do cooperate more and fight less. In addition to confirming the liberal notion of peace through trade, this study shows that several conditions outlined by the selectorate theory of political survival must be fulfilled if economic interdependence in the Middle East is to be achieved. A case study outlining Israeli and Turkish economic cooperation is used to show the selectorate model's regional compatibility. The regional applicability of the selectorate theory leads us to conclude that politically liberal countries are more likely to maintain economic relations with one another than with autocratic ones. Since liberal countries will be more economically interdependent with one another they will also be more peaceful towards one another. Ultimately, then, this study concludes that political liberalisation is one way of enhancing regional economic interdependence and consequently the prospects for a more peaceful Middle East.
Emission Characteristics of a Combustor Burning Simulated Partial-Oxidation Product Gas

A TWO-STAGE gas turbine combustor concept based upon a very fuel-rich partial-oxidation stage is being explored for broadening the combustion margin between ultralow emissions and the lean stability limit. Combustion and emission results are presented for a series of experiments where a simulated partial-oxidation product gas was used in a premix combustor operated with inlet air state conditions typical of cruise power for high-performance aviation engines (1.2 MPa and 728 K). Ultralow NOX, CO, and HC emissions and an extended lean burning limit (relative to single-stage baseline operation) were achieved simultaneously.
Bovine alveolar macrophage neurokinin-1 and response to substance P

In this study bovine alveolar macrophage neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and the in vitro response to substance P (SP) exposure were investigated. Bovine alveolar macrophage membrane extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotted using anti-NK-1 antiserum demonstrated the presence of an approximately 60 kDa band. Phagocytosis of fluorescent bioparticles by SP-exposed macrophages was 39% greater than that of non-exposed macrophages (P = 0.0089). Likewise, there was 28% greater TNF production by macrophages following SP exposure compared to non-exposed controls (P = 0.116). These results suggest that bovine alveolar macrophages respond to SP at least in part by enhancing phagocytosis and TNF production.
High-speed optical digital transmitter/receiver module operating at 1.3 μm wavelength

Abstract Taking benefit of optical fibers' wide bandwidth and low attenuation, research and development were conducted in order to apply fiber optics to public telecommunications' networks mainly for long-distance and large-capacity transmissions. However, application of fiber has rapidly spread toward cornrnunication networks having relatively short transmission distances (within several kilometers) such as local area networks (LAN) and computer networks. Thus, requirements for the fiber optic transmitters and receivers used as electro-optic transducers, such as small-size, low-price, high-reliability and low-supply voltage operations, become stricter than those of the public telecommunication network.
The aberrant retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog. III. Effects of crushing both nerves

Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that a substantial number of optic axons are misrouted after optic nerve regeneration in the adult frog, Rana pipiens. Regenerating axons from a crushed optic nerve are distributed throughout the opposite nerve. In this study, we report the effect of crushing both optic nerves (double crush) on the pattern and degree of axonal misrouting. In 28 frogs both optic nerves were crushed at the same time (simultaneous double crush) and animals survived for varying periods before the right eye was injected with 3H-proline and the brain processed for autoradiography 24 hours later. In every frog with postoperative survivals longer than 2 weeks, labeled axons from the right eye were found in the left optic nerve. However, when compared to the amount of label seen in frogs in which only the right optic nerve was crushed (single crush) there was substantially less label within the left nerve of frogs after crushing both nerves. Label was also found only at the edge of the left nerve in material from double crush frogs, unlike that found after single crush. In four of six frogs where the left nerve was crushed 1 week after the right nerve (delayed double crush), the proximal end of the left nerve was completely filled with label, but more distally, label was found only along the edge of this nerve. Although fewer optic axons were labeled in the opposite optic nerve of double crush frogs, label did extend to the optic disc of that eye. However, label was not apparent in the ganglion cell fiber layer of the opposite eye. Instead, it was confined to the edge of the optic disc in a space apparently associated with papilledema resulting from crushing the optic nerve of that eye. In six frogs the retina of the left eye was removed at the same time the right optic nerve was crushed. Labeled axons of the right eye filled the left optic nerve to the retina-less shell of the left eye. Thus, these data show that the amount and distribution of axonal misrouting into the opposite optic nerve during optic nerve regeneration is affected by intact or regenerating optic axons from the other eye.
The need for new concepts in reef biology

Abstract The results of the Indonesian-Dutch Snellius-II Expedition showed that several common concepts in reef biology need revision. From the scientific, conservational and economic point of view a more balanced development of tropical marine benthology is needed. There is considerable confusion over nomenclature in reef research. Even the term coral reef is not well defined. It should be used only in a geomorphological sense because it has no biological meaning. A reef, and particularly a complicated one like an atoll, may harbour a variety of benthic, demersal and even terrestrial communities. Highly diverse coral-dominated communities occur not only on reefs but also on primary substrata. Several reefs show little or no coral growth. Instead alcyonarians, sponges or algae may be the dominant life forms. Many reefs with a high coral cover show a very low diversity. Between-habitat diversity is high in Indonesian waters. Some reef communities are stable, others are short-lived. Disturbance or even complete destruction may belong to natural chains of events and should not automatically be blamed on human interference. Commonly held conceptions about nutrient-cycling properties and harvest potential of reef environments are not always applicable. Reef fisheries may become economically more important because fishing for pelagic stocks is a large component.
Europe against Islam : Islam in Europe

L'A. met en question un certain nombre d'idees du discours liberal occidental sur l'islam et les musulmans residant dans la zone europeenne. Il interroge en particulier la conception partagee par les classes moyennes qui veut que la religion constitue une menace majeure pour la modernite ainsi que pour les principes de tolerance et de democratie. L'A. plaide pour la construction de modernites multiples qui pourraient faire de la religion une base de l'identite. Est-il possible de se degager d'une conception fondamentaliste selon laquelle il n'y a qu'une seule modernite viable (l'europeenne)?
Underwater Sensor Field Design using Game Theory

When designing a field of passive underwater sensors, a series of assumptions are typically made, with one of the more glaring being range independence throughout an operational area. It is unlikely that a large water space will have uniform acoustic characteristics, meaning that the performance of a sensor will vary based on its physical location. Considering that a threat may also have knowledge of the acoustics of an area, a field designer could divide the area into sectors based on changes in acoustics and predict how often a threat submarine will visit each sector of the area to increase the field's submarine detection capabilities. In this work, an operational area is split up into four quadrants with varying acoustic characteristics and the probability of visitation to each quadrant by a threat submarine is determined using game theory. A new Game Theory Field Design (GTFD) model is proposed that properly allocates sensors to each quadrant according to the visitation probabilities. When compared with a random field design model that does not consider these probabilities, GTFD is shown to offer a significant improvement in terms of detection capability.
Crystal Structure of 4-Amino-5-Hydroxymethyl-2- Methylpyrimidine Phosphate Kinase from Salmonella typhimurium at 2.3 Å Resolution

Abstract The crystal structures of Salmonella typhimurium 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate kinase (HMPP kinase) and its complex with substrate HMP have been determined. HMPP kinase catalyzes two separate ATP-dependent phosphorylation reactions and is an essential enzyme in the thiamin biosynthetic pathway. HMPP kinase is a homodimer with one active site per monomer and is structurally homologous to members of the ribokinase family. A comparison of the structure of HMPP kinase with other members of the ribokinase family suggests an evolutionary progression. Modeling studies suggest that HMPP kinase catalyzes both of its phosphorylation reactions using inline displacement mechanisms. We propose that the active site accommodates the two separate reactions by providing two different binding modes for the phosphate group of HMP phosphate.
Transients of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Tank

This paper seeks to develop 3D dynamic models for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) and hydrogen tanks, respectively. The dynamic model of PEFCs consists of multiple layers of a single PEFC and couples the various dynamic mechanisms in fuel cells, such as electrochemical double-layer discharging/charging, species transport, heat transfer, and membrane water uptake. The one of hydrogen tanks includes a 3D description of the hydride kinetics coupled with mass/heat transport in the hydrogen tank. Transient of fuel cell during step change in current is simulated. Dynamic responses of the cell voltage and heat generation rate are discussed. Hydrogen absorption process in the tank is considered. Temperature, reaction rate and heat rejection in the fuel tank are presented. Efforts are also made to discuss the coupling of these two systems in practice and associated issues.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Developing a Certifying Examination for Health Care Ethics Consultants: Bioethicists Need Help

Many times over the past several years I have had spirited, important discussions with bioethics colleagues about professionalizing our field. Most of these conversations occurred during formal mee...
Nuclear cross sections for charged-particle-induced reactions C

Abstract Nuclear cross sections for charged-particle-induced reactions of isotopes of N and O are presented in tabular and graphical form. This compilation includes experimental cross-section data available in the literature before January 1, 1965, for nuclear reactions of the type A(a,b)B at all energies, where Ma ≥ one nucleon mass. Nuclear reactions involving mesons in the exit channel are not included. This collection supplements a previous compilation, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LA-2014 (see following page for bibliographic information). A large amount of the cross-section data is not presented either in tabular or graphical form in order to limit the size of the present compilation to a manageable one. A number of annotated bibliographies are included in the appendixes to provide a brief summary of these data.
The role of laparoscopic staging in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer

Background The role of staging laparoscopy (SL) in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC) is ill defined. This study evaluates the utility of SL with the aim of identifying variables associated with disseminated disease (DD).
Slow wave sleep and computed tomographic measures of brain morphology in schizophrenia

To test the hypothesis that slow wave sleep in schizophrenia is inversely correlated with ventricular system volume, polysomnography and computed tomographic (CT) brain imaging were carried out in 14 psychiatric patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia (h = 11) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 3). Three measures of ventricular system volume were analyzed: (1) raw ventricular volume expressed in cm3; (2) ventricle-to-brain ratio; and (3) ventricular volume corrected for normal variation in age and head size expressed as a standardized (z) score. All three quantifications of ventricular volume were significantly and inversely correlated with visually scored measures of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. This finding suggests that the etiology of slow wave sleep deficits in schizophrenia is related either directly or indirectly to underlying brain dysmorphology.
Free Riding in Group Projects and the Effects of Timing, Frequency, and Specificity of Criteria in Peer Assessments

Abstract The free-rider problem, also known as social loafing, occurs when one or more members of a group do not do their fair share of the work on a group project. In this article, the authors present a group evaluation instrument characterized by early implementation, multiple evaluation points, and the use of specific evaluative criteria. They tested their assessment method on a sample of 330 undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory, crossdisciplinary business course. The results suggest that the use of this instrument can mitigate free-rider problems and improve students' perceptions about groups and group projects.