cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Review: The importance of callous‐unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior

The current paper reviews research suggesting that the presence of a callous and unemotional interpersonal style designates an important subgroup of antisocial and aggressive youth. Specifically, callous-unemotional (CU) traits (e.g., lack of guilt, absence of empathy, callous use of others) seem to be relatively stable across childhood and adolescence and they designate a group of youth with a particularly severe, aggressive, and stable pattern of antisocial behavior. Further, antisocial youth with CU traits show a number of distinct emotional, cognitive, and personality characteristics compared to other antisocial youth. These characteristics of youth with CU traits have important implications for causal models of antisocial and aggressive behavior, for methods used to study antisocial youth, and for assessing and treating antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents.
Assessing the Performance of Macromolecular Sequence Classifiers

Machine learning approaches offer some of the most cost-effective approaches to building predictive models (e.g., classifiers) in a broad range of applications in computational biology. Comparing the effectiveness of different algorithms requires reliable procedures for accurately assessing the performance (e.g., accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity) of the resulting predictive classifiers. The difficulty of this task is compounded by the use of different data selection and evaluation procedures and in some cases, even different definitions for the same performance measures. We explore the problem of assessing the performance of predictive classifiers trained on macromolecular sequence data, with an emphasis on cross-validation and data selection methods. Specifically, we compare sequence-based and window-based cross-validation procedures on three sequence-based prediction tasks: identification of glycosylation sites, RNA-Protein interface residues, and Protein-Protein interface residues from amino acid sequence. Our experiments with two representative classifiers (Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine) show that sequence-based and windows-based cross-validation procedures and data selection methods can yield different estimates of commonly used performance measures such as accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. We argue that the performance estimates obtained using sequence-based cross-validation provide more realistic estimates of performance than those obtained using window-based cross-validation.
Measuring Theodicy: Individual Differences in the Perception of Divine Intervention

The attribution of control to God may have particularly interesting psychological properties. Theodicy refers to the perception of God controlling history—even the minutiae of daily events. The current study examines the psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Theodicy Scale. Results support the reliability of the brief scale when administered to college students, and some evidence is provided suggesting construct validation. Theodicy appears to represent a unitary construct and scores vary independent of social desirability bias. The absence of a relationship between Theodicy scores and simulated medical advice raises questions to be addressed in future research.
Note-An Objective Function Perturbation with Economic Interpretations

For an ordinary linear program it is well known that, if the resources are evaluated at marginal prices determined by an optimal dual solution, then this imputed value is identical with the value of the primal objective function. For a convex program with a nonlinear objective function and linear constraints this identity in general does not hold. The resulting difference is due to a returns to scale associated with the objective function, as earlier pointed out by Balinski and Baumol Balinski, M. L., W. J. Baumol. 1968. The dual in nonlinear programming and its economic interpretation. Rev. Econom. Studies35 237-256.. In this paper we consider a certain perturbation of the objective function that characterizes the difference between the objective function value and imputed marginal cost This perturbation, when applied to a certain class of profit maximizing monopolies, explains the difference between the monopoly price and the marginal production cost.
A general theory of some positive dependence notions

Abstract A general theory of concepts of positive dependence, which are weaker than association but stronger than orthant dependence, is developed. A random vector X is associated if and only if P( X ∈ A ⌢ B) ≥ P( X ∈ A) P( X ∈ B) for all open upper sets A and B. By requiring the above inequality to hold only for some open upper sets A and B various notions of positive dependence which are weaker than association are obtained. First a general theory is given and then the results are specialized to some concepts of a particular interest. Various properties and interrelationships are derived and some applications are discussed.
Saposins (Sphingolipid Activator Proteins) in the Twitcher Mutant Mouse

The twitcher mutant mouse, the animal model of Krabbe disease (human globoid cell leukodystrophy), is characterized by apparent deficiency of galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity. Saposin A and C, the heat-stable small sphingolipid activator glycoproteins, stimulate the activity of galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase as well as glucosylceramide beta-glucoside. The role of these saposins in the twitcher mutation was investigated. Boiled supernatant fractions, which contained saposins, were prepared from homogenates of twitcher brain, liver, kidney, and spleen. These preparations showed an almost identical effect on the activity of purified glucosylceramide beta-glucosidase (measured by hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucoside) with similar preparations from control tissues. The effect on the activity of galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase as well as 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucoside beta-glucosidase in the twitcher brain and liver homogenates by authentic saposin A and C was similar to that in control tissues. These results suggest that the twitcher mutation does not affect the concentrations of saposin A or C or their interaction with galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase.
Lowering the formation temperature of the C54-TiSi2 phase using a metallic interfacial layer

We demonstrate that the formation temperature of the C54 TiSi2 phase from the bilayer reaction of Ti on Si is lowered by approximately 100 °C by placing an interfacial layer of Mo or W between Ti and Si. Upon annealing above 500 °C, the C49 TiSi2 phase forms first, as in the reaction of Ti directly on Si. However, the temperature range over which the C49 phase is stable is decreased by approximately 100 °C, allowing C54 TiSi2 formation below 700 °C. Patterned submicron lines (0.25−1.0 μm wide) fabricated without the Mo layer contain only the C49 TiSi2 phase after annealing to 700 °C for 30 s. With a Mo layer less than 3 nm thick between Ti and Si, however, a mixture of C49 and C54 TiSi2 was formed, resulting in a lower resistivity. The enhanced formation of the C54 TiSi2 is attributed to an increased density of nucleation sites for the C49-C54 phase transformation, arising from a finer grained precursor C49 phase.
Contributions of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in arsenite-stimulated hemeoxygenase-1 production

Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an oxidative stress responsive gene upregulated by various physiological and exogenous stimuli. HO-1 has cytoprotective activities and arsenite is a potent inducer of HO-1 in many cell types and tissues, including epidermal keratinocytes. We investigated the potential contributions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation to arsenite-dependent regulation of HO-1 in HaCaT cells, an immortalized human keratinocyte line. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and arsenite stimulated ROS production was detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and fluorescence microscopy. Arsenite induced HO-1 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, while HO-1 expression in response to EGF was modest and evident at extended time points (48-72 h). Inhibition of EGF receptor, MEK I/II or Src decreased arsenite-stimulated HO-1 expression by 20-30%. In contrast, addition of a superoxide scavenger or inhibition of p38 activity decreased the arsenite-dependent response by 80-90% suggesting that ROS and p38 are required for HO-1 induction. However, ROS generation alone was insufficient for the observed arsenite-dependent response as use of a xanthine/xanthine oxidase system to generate ROS did not produce an equivalent upregulation of HO-1. Cooperation between ERK signaling and ROS generation was demonstrated by synergistic induction of HO-1 in cells co-treated with EGF and xanthine/xanthine oxidase resulting in a response nearly equivalent to that observed with arsenite. These findings suggest that the ERK/MAPK activation is necessary but not sufficient for optimal arsenite-stimulated HO-1 induction. The robust and persistent upregulation of HO-1 may have a role in cellular adaptation to chronic arsenic exposure.
Quasi-Judicial Decision Making and Exclusionary Zoning:

The author examines how quasi-judicial zoning requirements affect exclusionary zoning (i.e., land-use controls that exclude the poor and/or minorities from particular jurisdictions). Using a large ...
Endoscopic stent exchange using a guide wire and mini-snare.

Endoscopic placement of polyethylene stents is a well-established therapy for treatment of a variety of benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. Stent clogging by bacteria, bacterial biofilm, and biliary sludge is a major late complication affecting all kinds of plastic endoprostheses.1, 2 Efforts to prevent stent clogging utilizing long-term oral antibiotics, gallstone dissolution agents, choleretics, mucolytics, silver or antibiotic impregnation of stents and modification of stent size, shape, and number of sideholes have met with little success.3-6 The expandable metal stents have recently been evaluated because of problems with plastic stent occlusion. However, their inability to be removed nonsurgically, relative high cost, and the potential for occlusion by tumor ingrowth may limit application of the currently available expandable stents.7,8 Until modifications to prevent plastic stent occlusion are developed, such stents will need to be exchanged periodically. Standard practice has been to remove the old stent by grasping the intraduodenal portion with a snare, basket, or forceps and withdrawing the scope, depositing the stent in the stomach for later removal or pulling the stent through the biopsy channel. The bile duct is then recannulated and a fresh stent inserted. This approach risks loss of access to the obstructed segment, which is of particular concern in hilar tumors. A wire-guided metal spiral retrieval device9 and a hydrostatic balloon1o have been utilized to circumvent this problem. However, both add additional cost to the procedure and require perfect alignment of the retrieval device and stent for successful stent removal. We report a new simple stent retrieval technique that allows for maintenance of position in
The molecular kinetics of the urea-urease system. VI. The activation of urease by amino acids.

Abstract The activating effects of glycine, dl -alanine and l -tyrosine on the urea-urease system have been investigated over a range of substrate concentrations and in two buffer systems: phosphate and trishydroxy-methylaminomethane-H2SO4. It is found that at a substrate concentration lower than that which corresponds to the maximum rate (in the absence of activator) the effect is independent of substrate concentration. At higher substrate concentrations, where substrate inhibition is important, an additional activation is observed. The results are explained in terms of the hypothesis that two separate effects are involved: (a) a general noncompetitive activation, which would give rise to the same degree of activation at all substrate concentrations, and (b) a reduction of substrate inhibition, which would predominate at high substrate concentrations.
Microarray analysis of in vitro pericyte differentiation reveals an angiogenic program of gene expression.

SPECIFIC AIMSIn the vasculature, pericytes and endothelial cells are closely apposed to each other. Communication between these two cell types is essential for normal blood vessel development. In t...
Models for the semantic classification of noun phrases

This paper presents an approach for detecting semantic relations in noun phrases. A learning algorithm, called semantic scattering, is used to automatically label complex nominals, genitives and adjectival noun phrases with the corresponding semantic relation.
Successful Ventricular Defibrillation by the Selective Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform-1 Inhibitor Cariporide

Background— Sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) activation worsens functional myocardial abnormalities associated with ischemia and reperfusion. We hypothesize that these abnormalities may limit cardiac resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation (VF) and investigated whether NHE-1 inhibition with the benzoylguanidine derivative cariporide could improve resuscitability, postresuscitation myocardial function, and short-term survival in isolated heart and intact rat models of VF. Methods and Results— In the isolated rat heart, VF was induced for 25 minutes. Perfusion was interrupted for the initial 10 minutes and restarted at 10% of baseline flow for the remaining 15 minutes (simulating chest compression). Cariporide ameliorated ischemic contracture, prevented postresuscitation diastolic dysfunction, and favored earlier return of contractile function. In the intact rat, cariporide, injected into the right atrium before chest compression was started (after 6 minutes of untreated VF), prompted spontan...
Simultaneous measurements of sunspot umbral oscillations in the photosphere, chromosphere, and transition region

Measurements of umbral oscillations in a sunspot were made simultaneously from space (with the SMM/UVSP instrument) in the C IV transition-region line and from the ground (with the tower telescope at NSO/sunspot) in spectral lines formed in the photosphere and chromosphere. The power spectra of velocity and intensity variations show multiple peaks in the 3 min band (4.5-10 mHz). A strong oscillation at 5.5 mHz is coherent between the chromosphere and transition region. Another strong oscillation mode at 7.5 mHz is coherent between the photosphere and transition region and appears to have a node in the chromosphere. The rms velocity in the 3 min band is a little over 12 km/sec in both the chromosphere and transition region, but the kinetic energy density is lower in the transition region (by a factor of 10 or more) due to the lower mass density there. These measurements of amplitude and phase of the waves at different heights provided a new, independent method of testing or fitting models of the vertical temperature distribution in the umbral chromosphere and transition regions.
The exchange of planning ideas from Europe to the USA after the Second World War: introductory thoughts and a call for further research

The transnational exchange of planning ideas after the Second World War was multi-directional. As this special issue demonstrates, while American concepts spread globally there was also a steady transfer of European ideas to the USA. European emigres in the USA and American professionals explored the reconstruction of European downtowns, particularly in Northern Europe. This special issue builds on a growing interest in transnational planning history, including a desire to develop research and writing methods. The current issue contains an overview of secondary literature (Wakeman), a careful investigation of post-war professional transatlantic dialogue (Joch), research on the International Federation for Housing and Planning conference held in The Hague in 1958 (Wagner), and an examination of the term and concept of urban design throughout the Anglophone world (Orillard). The introduction also proposes further directions for research that consciously engages with changing global contexts, and studies the...
Breaking Ground: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York 1980–2012

“I wanted an anthology that would document the efforts of so many Puerto Rican women writers, surviving, educating themselves and flourishing in the demanding and exciting environment of the City,”...
A 6-month study of low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin alone and in combination with androgens for the treatment of anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients

Two previous short-term studies (12 weeks and up to 16 weeks) that used androgens to supplement recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) for the treatment of the anemia associated with end-stage renal disease showed divergent results. Both studies were limited by their brief duration, since the hematopoietic effect of androgens does not peak until 5 months. Therefore, we conducted a 6-month, prospective, randomized trial comparing low-dose rHuEPO alone and in combination with androgens for the treatment of the anemia of end-stage renal failure. Nineteen anemic chronic hemodialysis patients were randomized into two groups. Group A (n = 10) received 1,500 U rHuEPO intravenously three times a week for 26 weeks. Group B (n = 9) received the same dose of rHuEPO plus nandrolone decanoate 100 mg intramuscularly weekly. Baseline transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, intact serum parathyroid hormone, plasma aluminum, and hematocrit levels were not significantly different between the groups. At study completion, both groups showed a significant increase in mean hematocrit compared with baseline (group A: 24.8% +/- 1.4% to 28.3% +/- 2.8%, P = 0.003; group B: 25.1% +/- 1.5% to 33.2% +/- 4.5%, P = 0.001). The increase in hematocrit in the rHuEPO plus androgen-treated group was statistically greater than in the rHuEPO-alone group (8.2% +/- 4.4% v 3.5% +/- 2.8%; P = 0.012). With the exception of mild discomfort at the injection site, there were no significant side effects from nandrolone. We conclude that the combination of low-dose rHuEPO and nandrolone decanoate is effective treatment for the anemia of end-stage renal failure.
The selective non-peptidic delta opioid agonist SNC80 does not facilitate intracranial self-stimulation in rats

Abstract Delta opioid receptor agonists are under development for a variety of clinical applications, and some findings in rats raise the possibility that agents with this mechanism have abuse liability. The present study assessed the effects of the non-peptidic delta opioid agonist SNC80 in an assay of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. ICSS was examined at multiple stimulation frequencies to permit generation of frequency-response rate curves and evaluation of curve shifts produced by experimental manipulations. Drug-induced leftward shifts in ICSS frequency-rate curves are often interpreted as evidence of abuse liability. However, SNC80 (1.0–10 mg/kg s.c.; 10–56 mg/kg i.p.) failed to alter ICSS frequency-rate curves at doses up to those that produced convulsions in the present study or other effects (e.g. antidepressant effects) in previous studies. For comparison, the monoamine releaser d -amphetamine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and the kappa agonist U69,593 (0.1–0.56 mg/kg, i.p.) produced dose-dependent leftward and rightward shifts, respectively, in ICSS frequency-rate curves, confirming the sensitivity of the procedure to drug effects. ICSS frequency-rate curves were also shifted by two non-pharmacological manipulations (reductions in stimulus intensity and increases in response requirement). Thus, SNC80 failed to facilitate or attenuate ICSS-maintained responding under conditions in which other pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations were effective. These results suggest that non-peptidic delta opioid receptor agonists have negligible abuse-related effects in rats.
Microexplosion of fuel droplets under high pressure

Abstract The influence of pressure on the occurrence of microexplosion has been experimentally investigated for freely falling miscible multicomponent and water/oil emulsion droplets in hot, oxidizing, high pressure environments up to 5 atm. Results conclusively demonstrate that increasing pressure not only enhances the possibility of microexplosion of an otherwise nonexplosive mixture, but also advances the instant of its occurrence during the droplet lifetime. For the range of pressures tested, it is further shown that droplets of alkane and alcohol mixtures do (do not) microexplode when the volatile component is alcohol (alkane), that droplets of water/alkane emulsions do not microexplode for alkanes lighter than dodecane, and that while microexplosion is generally enhanced with increasing water emulsification up to 30% in the low pressure range, the influence may be reversed in the high pressure range. Quantitative results are also presented for ethanol/diesel solutions and water/diesel emulsions.
1200V SiC MOSFETS for high voltage power conversion

Recently, development and progress in information and telecommunications industry and service have gradually made significant increase in power consumption of Information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. To provide an energy-saving, floor space saving system solution for the data center or telecommunications, there exhibits a new trend moving towards high voltage power conversion. This paper presents a high voltage DC distribution power conversion using SiC MOSFET aiming at improving conversion efficiency. The characterization of SiC MOSFET is tested with double pulse and phase leg tests. A 5kW 380V DC rectifier is built and experimentally tested to compare the efficiency against the same prototype with Si device to demonstrate efficiency benefits.
Public Perception of Agricultural Pollution and Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia

Abstract Hypoxia is a prevalent problem is the Gulf of Mexico, and non-point-source pollution is believed to be the primary cause. Because agriculture is believed to be the leading single contributor to non-point source pollution, mitigating agricultural pollution is important. This study analyzes public perceptions about Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and addresses public willingness to pay to implement agricultural technology to decrease agricultural pollution to reduce the severity of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Results suggest that public awareness of the problem is low, but the public does express some willingness to pay to mitigate pollution.
Evaluation of the power and type I error of recently proposed family-based tests of association for rare variants

Until very recently, few methods existed to analyze rare-variant association with binary phenotypes in complex pedigrees. We consider a set of recently proposed methods applied to the simulated and real hypertension phenotype as part of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18. Minimal power of the methods is observed for genes containing variants with weak effects on the phenotype. Application of the methods to the real hypertension phenotype yielded no genes meeting a strict Bonferroni cutoff of significance. Some prior literature connects 3 of the 5 most associated genes (p <1 × 10−4) to hypertension or related phenotypes. Further methodological development is needed to extend these methods to handle covariates, and to explore more powerful test alternatives.
The empirical identification of fifty-one core general systems theory vocabulary components

This paper identifies 51 key general systems theory (GST) vocabulary components based on a sample of 400 GST articles. The sources of the articles studied were 2183 published works which make up the core of the GST literature. In addition, the paper presents both a descriptive and a factor-analytic grouping of the words. It is hoped that this work will serve as a core document for generating a dictionary of GST terms, the final goal being improved communication among GST researchers through the standardization of terminology. As such, the paper addresses James Grier Miller's call for the development of a general systems vocabulary and the paper applies to all system levels. Hence, it is of value in the development of cross-level hypotheses.
Seismic imaging of transition zone discontinuities suggests hot mantle west of Hawaii.

The Hawaiian hotspot is often attributed to hot material rising from depth in the mantle, but efforts to detect a thermal plume seismically have been inconclusive. To investigate pertinent thermal anomalies, we imaged with inverse scattering of SS waves the depths to seismic discontinuities below the Central Pacific, which we explain with olivine and garnet transitions in a pyrolitic mantle. The presence of an 800- to 2000-kilometer-wide thermal anomaly (ΔTmax ~300 to 400 kelvin) deep in the transition zone west of Hawaii suggests that hot material does not rise from the lower mantle through a narrow vertical plume but accumulates near the base of the transition zone before being entrained in flow toward Hawaii and, perhaps, other islands. This implies that geochemical trends in Hawaiian lavas cannot constrain lower mantle domains directly.
Intravaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for Stage IB (FIGO Grade 1, 2) endometrial cancer

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of patients with Stage IB Grades 1 and 2 endometrial cancer treated with adjuvant high-dose-rate intravaginal brachytherapy. Methods and Materials: Between November 1987 and October 1999, 233 patients with Stage IB FIGO Grades 1 and 2 were treated with postoperative adjuvant high-dose-rate intravaginal brachytherapy. The median dose was 21 Gy in 7 Gy/fraction given at 2-week intervals. The mean age was 60 years. All patients underwent simple hysterectomy. Comprehensive surgical staging, defined as pelvic washing and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes sampling, was done in 9% of patients. Patients with FIGO Grade 3, papillary serous cancer, or clear-cell cancer were excluded from this analysis. Complications were assessed in terms of late Radiation Therapy Oncology Group toxicity (Grade ≥3) of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and vagina. Results: With a median follow-up of 57 months, the 5-year vaginal/pelvic control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rate was 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] 94–99%), 94% (95% CI 91–98%), and 94% (95% CI 91–98%), respectively. The influence on outcome of age, grade (1 vs. 2), depth of invasion (one-third or less or greater than one-third), capillary space-like invasion, lower uterine segment involvement, and comprehensive surgical staging was evaluated. None of these factors significantly affected the rate of vaginal/pelvic control. Only age ≥60 years influenced the outcome for disease-free and overall survival. The 5-year rate for both disease-free and overall survival was 90% (95% CI 84–97%) for patients ≥60 years old compared with 99% (95% CI 96–100%) for those p = 0.03 and 0.005, respectively). Of 233 patients, 3 (1%) developed Grade 3 or greater complications, with a 5-year actuarial rate of 2% (95% CI 0–5%). Two patients developed Grade 3 genitourinary toxicity, and 1 Grade 4 vaginal toxicity. Conclusion: On the basis of this retrospective study, adjuvant postoperative high-dose-rate intravaginal brachytherapy provides excellent outcomes and acceptable morbidity. These results compare very favorably with those reported in the literature using surgery alone or with pelvic radiation.
2003 Teaching Award Winners

The Society for the Teaching of Psychology (Division 2) celebrated the 24th year of the its annual Teaching Awards Program at the August convention of the American Psychological Association (APA) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 2003 winners received a plaque and a check for $750. Recognition for outstanding teaching was given in each of the following categories: (a) Robert S. Daniel Award (4-year college or university professor), (b) Moffett Memorial Award (high school teacher), and (c) McKeachie Early Career Award (graduate student). No 2-year College Award was given this year.
Evaluation of an inflatable antenna concept for microwave sensing of soil moisture and ocean salinity

A spaceborne inflatable antenna concept is evaluated for passive microwave sensing of soil moisture and ocean salinity. The concept makes use of a large-diameter, offset-fed, parabolic-torus antenna with multiple feeds in a conical pushbroom configuration. An inflatable structure provides the means for deploying the large-aperture, low-mass, and low-cost antenna system in space, suitable for operation in the 1-3-GHz frequency range needed for soil moisture and salinity sensing. The concept is designed to provide multichannel, constant-incidence-angle, wide-swath, and high-radiometric-precision observations of the Earth's surface. These capabilities facilitate estimation of soil moisture and salinity, with global coverage every two to three days. Simulations show that a 25-m diameter, 1.41- and 2.69-GHz, dual-polarized system should be capable of providing surface soil moisture estimates with an accuracy of /spl sim/0.04 g-cm/sup -3/ (where vegetation water content is less than /spl sim/5 kg-m/sup -2/) at a spatial resolution of /spl sim/30 km. Although inflatable systems represent a new and untested technology for remote-sensing applications, the advantages of low packaged volume, low manufacturing cost, and low mass provide an incentive for their study. This paper evaluates one possible concept for incorporating the capabilities of inflatable systems into a scientific mission and for demonstrating these capabilities for remote-sensing applications.
Terminology representation guidelines for biomedical ontologies in the semantic web notations

Terminologies and ontologies are increasingly prevalent in healthcare and biomedicine. However they suffer from inconsistent renderings, distribution formats, and syntax that make applications through common terminologies services challenging. To address the problem, one could posit a shared representation syntax, associated schema, and tags. We identified a set of commonly-used elements in biomedical ontologies and terminologies based on our experience with the Common Terminology Services 2 (CTS2) Specification as well as the Lexical Grid (LexGrid) project. We propose guidelines for precisely such a shared terminology model, and recommend tags assembled from SKOS, OWL, Dublin Core, RDF Schema, and DCMI meta-terms. We divide these guidelines into lexical information (e.g. synonyms, and definitions) and semantic information (e.g. hierarchies). The latter we distinguish for use by informal terminologies vs. formal ontologies. We then evaluate the guidelines with a spectrum of widely used terminologies and ontologies to examine how the lexical guidelines are implemented, and whether our proposed guidelines would enhance interoperability.
Indicator and stratification methods for missing explanatory variables in multiple linear regression

Abstract The statistical literature and folklore contain many methods for handling missing explanatory variable data in multiple linear regression. One such approach is to incorporate into the regression model an indicator variable for whether an explanatory variable is observed. Another approach is to stratify the model based on the range of values for an explanatory variable, with a separate stratum for those individuals in which the explanatory variable is missing. For a least squares regression analysis using either of these two missing-data approaches, the exact biases of the estimators for the regression coefficients and the residual variance are derived and reported. The complete-case analysis, in which individuals with any missing data are omitted, is also investigated theoretically and is found to be free of bias in many situations, though often wasteful of information. A numerical evaluation of the bias of two missing-indicator methods and the complete-case analysis is reported. The missing-indi...
Unresponsiveness to a self-peptide of mouse lysozyme owing to hindrance of T cell receptor-major histocompatibility complex/peptide interaction caused by flanking epitopic residues.

A self-peptide containing amino acid residues 46-61 (NRGDQSTDYGIFQINSR) of mouse lysozyme (ML) (p46-61, which binds strongly to the A(k) molecule but does not bind to the E(k) molecule), can induce a strong proliferative T cell response in CBA/J mice (A[k], E[k]) but no response at all in B10.A(4R) and CBA/J mice. The critical residues within p46-59 are immunogenic in both B10.A(4R) and CBA/J mice. The critical residues within p46-61 reside between amino acid positions 51 and 59. T cells of B10.A(4R) mice primed with the truncated peptides in vivo cannot be restimulated by p46-61 in vitro. This suggests that T cell receptor (TCR) contact (epitopic) residue(s) flanking the minimal 51-59 determinant within p46-61 hinder the interaction of the p46-61/A(k) complex with the appropriate TCR(S), thereby causing a lack of proliferative T cell response in this mouse strain. Unlike B10.A(4R) mice, [B10.A(4R) x CBA/J]F1 mice responded vigorously to p46-61, suggesting that thymic APC of B10.A(4R) mice do not present a self ligand to T cells resulting in a p46-61-specific hole in the T cell repertoire in B10.A(4R) or the F1 mice. Moreover, APC from B10.A(4R) mice are capable of efficiently presenting p46-61 to peptide-specific T cell lines from CBA/J mice. The proliferative unresponsiveness of B10.A(4R) mice to p46-61 is not due to non-major histocompatibility complex genes because B10.A mice (A[k], E[k]) respond well to p46-61. Interestingly, B10.A(4R) mice can raise a good proliferative response to p46-61 (R61A) (in which the arginine residue at position 61 (R61L/F/N/K), indicating that R61 was indeed responsible for hindering the interaction of p46-61 with the appropriate TCR. Finally, chimeric mice [B10.A(4R)-->B10.A] responded vigorously to p46-61, suggesting that thymic antigen presentation environment of the B10.A mouse was critical for development of a p46-61-reactive T cell repertoire. Thus, we provide experimental demonstration of a novel mechanism for unresponsiveness to a self peptide, p46-61, in the B10.A(4R) mouse owing to hindrance: in this system it is the interaction between the available TCR and the A(k)/p46-61 complex, which is hindered by epitopic residue(s) within p46-61. We argue that besides possessing T cells that are hindered by R61 of p46-61, CBA/J and B10.A mice have developed an additional subset of T cells bearing TCRs which are not hinderable by R61, presumably through positive selection with peptides derived from class II E(k), or class I D(k)/D(d) molecules. These results have important implications in self tolerance, shaping of the T cell repertoire, and in defining susceptibility to autoimmunity.
Corrigendum to “Intact motivated attention in schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related potentials” [Schizophrenia Research 135 (2012) 95–99]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to “Intact motivated attention in schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related potentials” [Schizophrenia Research 135 (2012) 95–99] William P. Horan⁎, Dan Foti , Greg Hajcak, Jonathan K. Wynn, Michael F. Green a VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles CA, United States b University of California, Los Angeles CA, United States c Stony Brook University, United States
Distribution of the Brief Male Sexual Inventory in community men

The objectives of the study were to characterize male sexual functioning as related to age in community-dwelling older men. In 1989, a random sample of men aged 40-79 y (n=2115) without prior prostate surgery, prostate cancer, or other conditions known to affect voiding function (except benign prostatic hyperplasia) was invited (55% agreed) to participate in the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status Among Men. In 1996, a previously validated male sexual function questionnaire was administered to the cohort. The questionnaire has 11 questions measuring sexual drive (two questions); erectile function (three) and ejaculatory function (two), as well as assessing problems with sex drive, erections, or ejaculation (three); and overall satisfaction with sex life (one). Each question is scored on a scale of 0-4, with higher scores indicating better functioning. Cross-sectional age-specific means (+/-s.d.) for drive, erections, ejaculation, problems, and overall satisfaction declined from 5.2 (+/-1.5), 9.8 (+/-2.5), 7.4 (+/-1.4), 10.7 (+/-2.2), and 2.6 (+/-1.0), respectively, for men in their 40s to 2.4 (+/-1.6), 3.3 (+/-3.4), 3.6 (+/-3.2), 7.7 (+/-3.8), and 2.1 (+/-1.2) for men 70 y and older (all P<0.001). The cross-sectional decline in function with age was not constant, with age-related patterns differing by domain. The percentage of men reporting erections firm enough to have intercourse in the past 30 days declined from 97% (454/468) among those in their 40s to 51% (180/354) among those in their 80s (P&<0.001). In age-adjusted analyses, men reporting regular sexual partners had statistically significantly higher levels of sex drive, erectile function, ejaculatory function, and overall satisfaction than those who did not report regular sexual partners. Sexual drive, erectile functioning, ejaculatory functioning, and overall sexual satisfaction in men show somewhat differing cross-sectional patterns of decline with advancing age. Active sexual functioning is maintained well into the 80s in a substantial minority of community-dwelling men.
Quasinormal ringing of Kerr black holes: The excitation factors

Distorted black holes radiate gravitational waves. In the so-called ringdown phase radiation is emitted as a discrete set of complex quasinormal frequencies, whose values depend only on the black hole's mass and angular momentum. Ringdown radiation could be detectable with large signal-to-noise ratio by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). If more than one mode is detected, tests of the black hole nature of the source become possible. The detectability of different modes depends on their relative excitation, which in turn depends on the cause of the perturbation (i.e. on the initial data). A universal, initial data-independent measure of the relative mode excitation is encoded in the poles of the Green's function that propagates small perturbations of the geometry (``excitation factors''). We compute the excitation factors for general-spin perturbations of Kerr black holes. We find that for corotating modes with $l=m$ the excitation factors tend to zero in the extremal limit, and that the contribution of the overtones should be more significant when the black hole is fast rotating. We also present the first analytical calculation of the large-damping asymptotics of the excitation factors for static black holes, including the Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstr\"om metrics. This is an important step to determine the convergence properties of the quasinormal mode expansion.
Industrial Segmentation and Labor Market Discrimination.

The economic segmentation literature suggests two mechanisms by which the inferior position of minority within the socioeconomic structure of industrial capitalism is perpetuated. The first is the differential allocation of minority labor to different segments of the industrial economy, and the second is the differential evaluation of minority credentials within different industrial segments. Using data from the 1976 Current Population Survey we evaluate each of these two mechanisms. We find that while there are significant earnings costs due to the differential allocation of minority labor into the labor-intensive sector of the economy, the dollar costs of the differential evaluation of minority credentials are far greater. This is especially apparent in the capital-intensive sector where the penalties paid by minorities are substantial, especially for white females but also for nonwhites of either sex.
English in the Barrio: The Quality of Contact among Immigrant Children

Findings from a two-year, sociolinguistic study of the use of English among five school-age immigrant children are reported. Data collection included participant observation of natural language use in the everyday lives of the children. The five children in the study are recent Mexican and Central American immigrants living in a Northern California barrio, a community populated primarily by other Spanish-speaking immigrants. Thefindings regarding the children's use of English discussed in this article allow a contrast between examples of what is called substantial or minimal contact with English. These selected findings illustrate how each of the five children's use of their second language could be facilitated or hindered, and how contact with English depended principally upon the children's English abilities. Implications for educational practice that concern Spanish-speaking immigrants who live in a relatively segregated community of a barrio are drawn from these findings.
Parent-child interactions in alcoholic and nonalcoholic families

A community-recruited sample of alcoholic and nonalcoholic families was videotaped in a standardized play task involving parents and their preschool-aged sons. Microanalyses revealed that alcoholic families had lower dyadic synchrony, that parents were viewed as less able to engage their children, and that the coders liked the control parents and children more. Variations in the parent-child interactions are discussed.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: evaluation with MR imaging.

Fifty magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examinations were performed in 37 patients after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with patellar bone-tendon-tibial bone autografts. T1-weighted sagittal and axial images were obtained. In 34 patients with clinically stable ACL autografts, 43 of 47 MR examinations demonstrated a well-defined, intact ACL autograft. All three patients with ACL laxity failed to demonstrate a well-defined autograft, for an overall correlation between MR imaging and clinical examination results of 92%. Of the 12 patients who underwent second-look arthroscopy, 100% correlation was present between MR imaging and arthroscopic results. As in the nonreconstructed knee, buckling of the posterior cruciate ligament was suggestive of ACL laxity. MR imaging also documented optimum placement of bone tunnels in the femur and tibia. MR imaging has proved to be an excellent noninvasive imaging modality for evaluating ACL reconstruction, while also providing ancillary informati...
Analysis of unstable modes distinguishes mathematical models of flagellar motion.

The mechanisms underlying the coordinated beating of cilia and flagella remain incompletely understood despite the fundamental importance of these organelles. The axoneme (the cytoskeletal structure of cilia and flagella) consists of microtubule doublets connected by passive and active elements. The motor protein dynein is known to drive active bending, but dynein activity must be regulated to generate oscillatory, propulsive waveforms. Mathematical models of flagellar motion generate quantitative predictions that can be analysed to test hypotheses concerning dynein regulation. One approach has been to seek periodic solutions to the linearized equations of motion. However, models may simultaneously exhibit both periodic and unstable modes. Here, we investigate the emergence and coexistence of unstable and periodic modes in three mathematical models of flagellar motion, each based on a different dynein regulation hypothesis: (i) sliding control; (ii) curvature control and (iii) control by interdoublet separation (the ‘geometric clutch’ (GC)). The unstable modes predicted by each model are used to critically evaluate the underlying hypothesis. In particular, models of flagella with ‘sliding-controlled’ dynein activity admit unstable modes with non-propulsive, retrograde (tip-to-base) propagation, sometimes at the same parameter values that lead to periodic, propulsive modes. In the presence of these retrograde unstable modes, stable or periodic modes have little influence. In contrast, unstable modes of the GC model exhibit switching at the base and propulsive base-to-tip propagation.
Outcome-Based Regulatory Strategies for Promoting Greater Patient Safety

The patient safety movement seeks to reduce the number of avoidable injuries and diseases that patients suffer while in hospital. Two regulatory strategies in support of that movement are explored here. “Required disclosure” would rely on market responses to an increase in publicly available information about hospital errors. “Performance-based regulation” would require hospitals to reduce their error rate or suffer substantial financial penalties. Both approaches are designed to give medical service providers incentives to promote safety without resorting to “command and control” regulation under which government experts tell hospitals how to act.
REEXAMINATION OF BARBET MONOPHYLY USING MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCE DATA

ABSTRACr.-An 888-base-pair segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene was sequenced for New World barbets, Old World barbets, toucans, and several outgroup taxa. Toucans were consistently identified as the sister taxon of the New World barbets by a variety of analyses. These data are fundamentally different from earlier morphological analyses and the DNA-DNA hybridization study of these same taxa. Our results provide an independent confirmation of relationships proposed in both the morphological and molecular studiesthat New World barbets and toucans are sister taxa with respect to Old World barbets. Received 19 June 1992, accepted 25 November 1992. TRADITIONAL MORPHOLOGICAL analyses have disagreed on the phylogenetic relationships among the barbets (Capitonidae), a pantropical assemblage of frugivorous birds, traditionally placed in the Piciformes with woodpeckers,
Patterns of muscle activity for digital coarticulation

Although piano playing is a highly skilled task, basic features of motor pattern generation may be shared across tasks involving fine movements, such as handling coins, fingering food, or using a touch screen. The scripted and sequential nature of piano playing offered the opportunity to quantify the neuromuscular basis of coarticulation, i.e., the manner in which the muscle activation for one sequential element is altered to facilitate production of the preceding and subsequent elements. Ten pianists were asked to play selected pieces with the right hand at a uniform tempo. Key-press times were recorded along with the electromyographic (EMG) activity from seven channels: thumb flexor and abductor muscles, a flexor for each finger, and the four-finger extensor muscle. For the thumb and index finger, principal components of EMG waveforms revealed highly consistent variations in the shape of the flexor bursts, depending on the type of sequence in which a particular central key press was embedded. For all digits, the duration of the central EMG burst scaled, along with slight variations across subjects in the duration of the interkeystroke intervals. Even within a narrow time frame (about 100 ms) centered on the central EMG burst, the exact balance of EMG amplitudes across multiple muscles depended on the nature of the preceding and subsequent key presses. This fails to support the idea of fixed burst patterns executed in sequential phases and instead provides evidence for neuromuscular coarticulation throughout the time course of a hand movement sequence.