cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Error and erasure rates for two-dimensional magnetic recording systems

In this paper, we apply a method to view two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) system as a binary error and erasure channel to experimentally determine some bounds on capacity for the TDMR channel. We analyze two different TDMR read-channel models, Voronoi-grain model and random-grain model, to determine the effects of write-errors on the capacity bounds.
Prevalence and Severity of Neurologic Dysfunction in Critically III Patients: Influence on Need for Continued Mechanical Ventilation

Objective The relative importance of neurologic dysfunction in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients has not been well studied. This study investigates the prevalence of neurologic dysfunction in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients and its influence on preventing the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and patient outcome. Design Prospective study. Setting University-based, tertiary care center. Patients All eligible adult patients mechanically ventilated for more than 48 h were included. A total of 66 patients were evaluated. Interventions None . Main outcome measures Two independent questionnaires, one completed by the critical care attending physician documenting the major clinical factors necessitating continued mechanical ventilation, and a second questionnaire, completed by a critical-care trained neurologist documenting neurologic status and objective cardiopulmonary status formed the basis for outcome measurements. Respiratory and physiologic data, the patient's clinical conditions, and outcome (mortality) were also included in the database. Results Pulmonary factors were the major reason for prolonged ventilation in only 51 percent of the patient evaluations. Neurologic status was the major factor necessitating continued mechanical ventilation in 32 percent of the patient evaluations and a significant contributing factor in an additional 41 percent. Of the neurologic factors, diminished level of consciousness was the major cause of continued ventilatory support. This was usually due to a systemic illness, rather than a primary central nervous system disorder. Mortality was significantly lower in patients who continued to require mechanical ventilation after 48 h because of neurologic factors as opposed to pulmonary factors (15 percent vs 72 percent, p = 0.002). Conclusions There is a high prevalence of neurologic dysfunction in critically ill patients and this problem plays a significant role in preventing the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Altered mental status is a major factor necessitating continued mechanical ventilation in combined medical-surgical intensive care units.
The Children of Athena: Chicago Professionals and the Creation of a Credentialed Society, 1870-1920

" The rise of the professions is a ubiquitous feature of all modern industrial societies, nowhere more so than in the United States. But the historical investigation of the creation of a credentialed society still leaves much to be desired, particularly with regard to the social history of the professions. The book analyzes the background, experiences, and strategies of lawyers, physicians, and engineers in Chicago between 1870 and 1920. Combining the extensive analysis of data on thousands of professionals with the examination of personal papers and professional journals, the study reconstructs the contours of professional lives in the bustling Midwestern metropolis. As the professions struggled to cope with the integration of a diverse membership and the effects of professional specialization, they constructed occupational communities marked by highly salient boundary lines. In creating a fundamentally new type of occupation, backed by vocational titles, expert knowledge, and state licensing, the American professions played a central role in the evolution of white-collar work in modern America. "
Analysing the suspension system of variable-geometry oval-trajectory (VGOT) Darrieus wind turbines

A new computational model for the analysis of the suspension system of an innovative concept in vertical-axis wind turbines is introduced. We used this model to study a new concept in extra-large wind-power plants: the VGOT (variable-geometry oval-trajectory) Darrieus wind turbine. In a traditional Darrieus turbine, the blades rotate around a central vertical axis. In the VGOT concept each blade slides over rails, mounted on a wagon formed by a reticulated structure supported by standard train bogies. The blade-wagon is subject to fluctuating aerodynamic loads in the direction perpendicular to the rails. Thus, its suspension system should absorb not only the vertical oscillating loads due to the weight and the irregularities of the rails, but also the cross-rail oscillations induced by the fluctuating aerodynamics. We gave our dynamical model the capacity of dealing with these particular features of the VGOT design. Here, we show the numerical results of a test conducted on a typical VGOT configuration.
Earth Science Ph.D.'s up 13%

While the total number of research doctorates awarded in the United States in 1982 was down slightly from 1981, the number of such doctorates awarded in the earth, environmental, and marine sciences (EEMS) rose nearly 13% according to a recent document from the National Research Council. The 31,048 research doctorates awarded by U.S. universities in 1982 is down from the 31,342 awarded in 1981. The number of EEMS doctorates awarded in 1982 was 657, up from 582 in 1981 (Eos, August 16, 1983, p. 506).
An assay for δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase based on a specific, semiautomatic determination of picomole quantitites of δ-[14C]aminolevulinate

Abstract δ-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase activities in the range of 0.1 to 100 U/ml of enzyme are routinely assayed using a modified Beckman Model 121 amino acid analyzer. THis method reproducibly and specifically quantitates [14C]aminolevulinate from a mixture of [14C]succinate metabolites known to interfere in other methods. Mitochondrial ALA synthetase activity in livers of normal adult guinea pigs is determined to be approximately 3 U/g of liver. This activity is only 1 100 th the activity in guinea pigs treated with the porphyrinogenic drug 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine.
We Are What We Study

Elizabeth Dreyer and her Fairfield University class were recently taken hostage by a young man claiming to carry a bomb. Elizabeth reflected on her extraordinary experiences in an essay for The Chronicle of Higher Education. In this essay for The Journal of College and Character, John Bennett and Elizabeth Dreyer further examine questions related to the hostage experience and the personal resources and support provided by intellectual and spiritual reflection. Jon Dalton, Editor
Identification of a trans-acting regulatory factor involved in the control of the pyrimidine pathway in E. coli.

A pyrimidine auxotroph of Escherichia coli was isolated which contained a defect in its ability to synthesize both orotate phosphoribosyl transferase, the product of the gene pyrE, and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase, product of the gene pyrE. A single location on the E. coli linkage map was found to be responsible for the loss of both enzyme activities. This gene was located near cysE at 80.55 min by a combination of Hfr crosses and P1 transductions. The pyrimidine requirement was also corrected by episome F′140 which was found not to carry any pyrimidine structural genes. These data confirm the existence of a new gene, pyrS, unlinked to any previously mapped pyrimidine structural gene, responsible for partial control of pyrimidine biosynthesis.
371. Optimization of Feline Immunodeficiency Viral Vectors for RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) refers to post-transcriptional reduction of cellular gene expression mediated by sequence specific, 21 nucleotide double-stranded RNA molecules. RNAi occurs naturally in mammals (microRNAs), and appears to be particularly involved in controlling development of the nervous system. In addition, RNAi can be induced through exogenous expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) using viral vectors. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)- based lentiviral vectors are useful tools for neuronal gene delivery because they can stably infect difficult-to-transduce cells, are easy to produce, and, unlike the more broadly utilized HIV-based vectors, are non-human pathogens that pose a lower risk of generating replication-competent viruses in humans. Despite these advantages, compared to HIV vectors, less is known about the biology and construction of FIV and FIV-based vectors. Here, we describe thedevelopment of a second-generation FIV-based vector system that expresses U6 promoter-transcribed shRNAs (shLacZ) and a GFP reporter gene from the same vector. We found that the position of the U6 expression cassette with respect to the GFP reporter and viral rev-responsive element (RRE) was critical for reporter gene and shRNA expression. In particular, placement of the U6 promoter alone or an U6.shLacZ cassette near the 3' end of the vector genome between the GFP reporter cassette and the viral RRE caused 31 and 131-fold reductions, respectively, in transducing unit titer compared to an FIV vector expressing GFP alone. Reduced titer was also observed when a similarly-organized RNA pol III promoter (H1) was cloned into the same site. In contrast, TU titer was slightly increased (2.8-fold) when a similarly-sized, non-coding fragment of firefly luciferase was cloned into the same site downstream of GFP. Movement of U6.shLacZ to a site upstream of GFP resulted in complete TU titer restoration. Taken together, these data demonstrate that GFP expression is inhibited when a pol III-based promoter is located downstream of the reporter, suggesting that this inhibition may depend on recruitment of pol III transcription machinery.
Thermal conductivity of granular coals, coal-water mixtures and multi-solid/liquid suspensions

Abstract The thermal conductivities of suspensions of particulate coals in water, in fuel oil and in other liquids, and of mixtures of different particulate solids in liquids were measured. The binary suspension data were used to determine the solid thermal conductivities of the particulate inclusions by various extrapolations, and to test the different extrapolation schemes. A general, second-order, effective conductivity formula for binary mixtures, valid for small differences between the conductivities of dispersed and continuous phases, was derived. For suspensions containing a mixture of N different solids, of solid to liquid conductivity ratios β t = k i k 0 and volume fractions φ i , the formulae ( k ∗ k 0 ) = β 1 φ1 β 2 φ2 … β N φN and ( k ∗ k 0 ) = [1 + ∑(β i 1 3 − 1)φ i ] 3 were derived for the suspension thermal conductivity k ∗ . The former was found to do a good job of prediction for binary and multi-solid suspensions. As the volume fraction weighted geometric mean of the constituent conductivities, this formula is known to lie between the harmonic and arithmetic means as lower and upper bounds, respectively. Furthermore, over the range of conductivity ratios β i where it works well, it either lies between tighter bounds based on variational principles, or when it falls outside it differs indistinguishably from these bounds, which in this case turn out to be quite close.
Head-mounted common aperture LWIR and SWIR optics

Optical design is one of the major limiting factors for making any sensor and display feasible in a head-mounted application. This is especially the case for multispectral (dual-color) sensing systems because they may employ two sensors instead of one. Various approaches can be made to incorporate a multispectral imaging system in a head mounted application. One of these is to use an entrance aperture that is common to two separate sensors. This type of design is attractive in that it provides co-aligned sensors in a relatively compact package. However, multispectral, head-mounted optics pose unique challenges that must be overcome by both the designer and fabricator of such a system. This paper will examine these challenges and pose conceivable optical solutions.
Age-Specific Reproductive Rates of River Otters in Southern Missouri

Abstract Sustained reproduction is critical for successful restoration of extirpated populations. Evaluating success of restoration efforts requires an understanding of reproductive capacity in such populations. We examined age-specific reproductive capacity of a Lontra canadensis (River Otter) population in southern Missouri that was the focus of intense restoration efforts in the 1980s and early 1990s. We collected carcasses of 387 legally harvested female Otters from 1996–1999. Otters ranged in age from 1–11 years, with juveniles ( 1 yr) Otters. Our results indicate that the southern Missouri River Otter population has one of the greatest recorded potential reproductive capacities for that species.
Higher Order Corrections to the Molecular-Field Theory of the Magnetic State

A generalized Weiss molecular-field calculation is presented for the solution to the Heisenberg Hamiltonian. Thermodynamic perturbation theory is used to define a series of approximations for the magnetic state. In particular, the equations for the ferromagnetic state are expanded near the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$, in order to examine the temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\chi}$. Numerical results suggest that 6th-order perturbation theory gives the susceptibility accurately in the temperature range above $1.5{T}_{c}$.
Regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 and its receptor by cyclosporine in human T lymphocytes

Scarring, fibrosis, and immunosuppression occurs with chronic cyclosporine (CsA) administration. We postulated that CsA may induce transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 secretion from human T lymphocytes, a cytokine with immunoregulatory effects that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of wound healing and scarring. TGF-beta 1 was measured in serum-free supernatants harvested from T lymphocytes stimulated in the presence of CsA by a specific sandwich ELISA. CsA (10-1000 ng/ml) enhanced TGF-beta 1 secretion by approximately 40-80% in a dose-dependent manner. Increased TGF-beta 1 secretion in the presence of CsA was accompanied by a 2- to 4-fold increase in TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels due to both enhancement of its nuclear transcription as well as prolongation of TGF-beta 1 mRNA half-life. To determine whether the increase in TGF-beta 1 secretion was also accompanied by a concomitant change in its receptor, TGF-beta 1 receptor expression was analyzed by cross-linking of radioiodinated TGF-beta 1. Unactivated T lymphocytes expressed both a 105-kDa and a 65-kDa TGF-beta receptor. Upon stimulation, a transient increase in receptor density was seen at 12 hr, followed by a decline at later time points. Cells treated with CsA exhibited at least 2-fold higher levels of TGF-beta receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, CsA enhances the production of TGF-beta 1 protein as well as the expression of its receptor in activated T lymphocytes. Enhanced TGF-beta 1 production and binding may contribute to the immunosuppressive and fibrosis-promoting effects of CsA therapy.
Physical interactions between charged particles and optoelectronic devices and the effects on fiber-based data links

Current developments in high performance satellite data links rely on fiber optic systems to take advantage of light weight, electromagnetic isolation, low power, and high bandwidth. Indications are that fiber data links operate with little degradation or interference in the earth's trapped radiation belts. To quantify this, we report analyses of experimental investigations in which operating fiber bus components are subjected to proton bombardment at varying proton energy, proton flux, angle of incidence, data rate, and signal levels. Parameterization of bit error rate (BER) effects in terms of these variables offers insights into the physical mechanisms involved and suggests both circuit modification and device selection criteria to maximize link performance. We outline a method to predict BER in orbit and offer this as a basis for evaluating proposed hardening solutions. The method combines predicted trapped particle orbital environmental data, including spacecraft shielding effects, with the measured system response.
The relationship between gender and aspirations to senior management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of gender, work factors, and non‐work factors with aspirations to positions in senior management. A process model of senior management aspirations was developed and tested.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected via an online survey that resulted in a sample of 368 working professionals. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to analyze results.Findings – Women were less likely than men to desire promotion into a senior management position. Moreover, women's lower desired aspirations for promotion to senior management were due in part to the smaller degree of congruence that women perceive between personal characteristics and senior management positions and in part to the less favorable prospects for career advancement that women perceive relative to men.Research limitations/implications – The cross‐sectional, correlational research design does not permit strong inferences regarding the causal direction of observed re...
Benefit/cost analysis and returns to catfish hybrid research

Abstract We evaluated the returns to catfish hybrid (CB hybrid) research using an ex‐ante approach and results from enterprise budgets and a linear programming (LP) model for an average size farm. Benefit cost (B/C) analysis and internal rates of return (IRRs) are estimated based on periods of 30 and 25 years. Lag lengths of five and eight years for research and development are considered. IRRs ranged from 10.4 to 32.6% and B/Cs from 1 to 76. All IRRs are greater than the required rates of return (RRR) and B/Cs are larger than 1. The IRRs and the B/Cs obtained from projected incremental net benefits from the LP models are larger than those obtained using the incremental benefits from the enterprise budgets. The ERRs and the B/Cs suggest that investment in CB hybrid research is worthwhile. Lag lengths for research and development affected the sizes of the IRRs and the B/Cs. The length of the adoption process has only a small effect on the IRRs and the B/Cs. Effects of the hypothesized shape of the adoption...
Mid-term outcomes of self-expanding covered stent grafts for repair of popliteal artery aneurysms

Background Enthusiasm for endovascular therapies has led to the use of stent graft repairs for popliteal artery aneurysms. In this report, we review our experience with this technique. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all endovascular popliteal artery aneurysm repairs (EVPARs) performed by the vascular surgery group at a tertiary care medical center. Patient demographic data, operative details, and outcomes were examined. Results We performed 33 EVPARs in 28 patients. All patients were male with a mean age of 76 years (range, 60–91). Mean aneurysm diameter was 3.2 cm (range, 1.5–6.3). All repairs were performed using a self-expanding covered stent graft. Among the patients, 18% were symptomatic at the time of repair. The median number of stents used was 2 (range, 1–4). Median duration of stay was 1 day (range, 0–12). The 1-year and 2-year patency were 87% and 81%, respectively, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. Loss of patency was associated with both poor distal runoff ( P = .007) and increasing number of stents used ( P = .03). Early complications were seen in 4 patients including: stent oversizing leading to in-folding, perforation of a tibial artery, access site hematoma, and access vessel dissection. Conclusion As experience with EVPAR continues to grow, caution must be applied in its use. Careful patient selection, proper operative technique, and correct vessel sizing are required for good outcomes. Poor distal runoff and use of numerous stents leads to diminished patency rates.
Methodology of economic history as an approach to assessing monetary policy

Abstract Contribution to the panel session at the Hoover Institution conference on “Frameworks for Monetary Policy for the Next Century,” May 30, 2014.
Spherical stellarator with plasma current

Recently proposed novel concept of a spherical stellarator (P. E. Moroz, ‘‘Spherical stellarator configuration,’’ to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett) is enhanced by adding the plasma current to the otherwise pure stellarator system. The coil configuration of this ultra low aspect ratio system differs from that of a spherical tokamak by inclination of external parts of the toroidal field coils. It is shown that the configuration considered possesses many attractive properties, including: wide flexibility of operating regimes, compact design and coil simplicity, good access to the plasma, closed vacuum flux surfaces with large enclosed volume, significant external rotational transform, strong magnetic well, and a high plasma β [β(0) in excess of 30%] equilibrium. It is shown that the bootstrap effect in a spherical stellarator, in principle, can supply the full plasma current required for the high‐β equilibrium.
Magnetostratigraphic evidence from the Cold Creek bar for onset of ice-age cataclysmic floods in eastern Washington during the early pleistocene

This study provides a detailed magnetostratigraphy of sediments composing the Cold Creek cataclysmic flood bar in the Pasco Basin, Washington. Our interpretation suggests onset of Missoula floods or similar events prior to 1.1 myr, later than previously suggested by Bjornstad et al. [Bjornstad, B.N., Fecht, K.R., Pluhar, C.J., 2001. Long history of pre-Wisconsin, Ice Age cataclysmic floods: evidence from southeastern Washington State. Journal of Geology 109 (6), 695–713]. Nonetheless these data suggest that Channeled Scabland features formed over a much longer timespan than commonly cited, that continental ice sheets of the early Pleistocene reached as far south as those of the late Pleistocene, and that similar physiography existed in eastern Washington and perhaps Montana to both generate and route Missoula-flood-like events. This study adds paleomagnetic polarity results from 213 new samples of silts and sands derived from nine new drill cores penetrating the Cold Creek cataclysmic flood bar to our previous database of 53 samples from four boreholes, resulting in a much more robust and detailed magnetostratigraphy. Rock magnetic studies on these sediments show pure magnetite to be the predominant remanence-carrying magnetic mineral, ruling out widespread remagnetization by secondary mineralization. The magnetostratigraphy at eastern Cold Creek bar is characterized by a normal polarity interval bracketed by reversed polarities. Equating the normal zone with the Jaramillo subchron (0.99–1.07 myr) affords the simplest correlation to the magnetic polarity timescale. Western Cold Creek bar was likely deposited during the Brunhes chron (0–0.78 myr) since it exhibits mainly normal polarities with only two thin reversed-polarity horizons that we interpret as magnetic excursions during the Brunhes.
Ion‐beam induced metastable Pt2Si3 phase. I. Formation, structure, and properties

A metastable silicide phase with a composition of Pt2Si3 has been obtained by using ion‐beam mixing techniques. To form the phase, a thin PtSi film on a Si substrate was first converted into a Si‐rich amorphous Pt‐Si alloy by implantation with energetic ions through the PtSi‐Si interface. The amorphous alloy then transformed into the metastable crystalline phase upon post annealing at 350–500 °C. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the Pt2Si3 phase has a hexagonal crystal structure with lattice parameters a=3.841 A and c=11.924 A and there are ten atoms per unit cell. The phase was unstable at temperatures above 550 °C and transformed back to PtSi and Si. The metastable Pt2Si3 phase was found to exhibit a superconducting transition onset at about 4.2 °K and becomes completely superconductive below 3.6 °K.
"An Argument that Goes Back to the Womb": The Demedicalization of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 1973-1992

This article provides a cultural history of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) from its naming in 1973 until the 1990s, when it began to be cited in appeals from death-row inmates. It argues that FAS was demedicalized as physicians gradually lost the cultural authority to frame its public meaning. Under the leadership of government officials and legal professionals, and in response to growing public mistrust of the medicalization of deviance, FAS came to be understood not as a cluster of precisely delineated symptoms, but as a social deformity that expressed the moral failings of mothers and marked their children as politically marginal and potentially dangerous. Critical to this reframing of FAS was its identification with a racial minority--Native Americans--its interpretation as an expression of maternal/fetal conflict, and its economic and social costs. In charting the demedicalization of FAS popular portrayals of the syndrome as well as professional literatures are examined.
A new technique of adrenal transplantation by vascular anastomosis.

Abstract A reliable technique for adrenal allografting by vascular anastomosis in dogs has been described. Bilaterally adrenalectomized recipient dogs survived up to 26 days after grafting without exogenous hormonal treatment. The grafts functioned until they were rejected, and the pattern and timing of rejection were similar to that seen in renal allografts. No immunosuppression was used.
Three-Dimensional Imaging-Based Radiobiological Dosimetry

Targeted radionuclide therapy holds promise as a new treatment for cancer. Advances in imaging are making it possible for researchers to evaluate the spatial distribution of radioactivity in tumors and normal organs over time. Matched anatomical imaging, such as combined single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography, has also made it possible to obtain tissue density information in conjunction with the radioactivity distribution. Coupled with sophisticated iterative reconstruction algorithms, these advances have made it possible to perform highly patient-specific dosimetry that also incorporates radiobiological modeling. Such sophisticated dosimetry techniques are still in the research investigation phase. Given the attendant logistical and financial costs, a demonstrated improvement in patient care will be a prerequisite for the adoption of such highly-patient specific internal dosimetry methods.
Driving force and nucleophilicity in SN2 displacements

Abstract The free energies of activation for reaction of six anionic nucleophiles with methyl iodide in dimethylformamide correlate linearly with the overall heats of reaction in the gas phase. The result indicates that nucleophilicity in this SN2 displacement reaction is dominated by electron affinity and bond-strength effects.
Influence of biomechanical factors on substructure of pointing movements

Irregularities in the velocity profile near the end of pointing movements have been interpreted as corrective submovements whose purpose is to provide accuracy of pointing to the target. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether two additional factors related to biomechanical properties of the arm also cause submovements. First, motion termination and stabilization of the limb in the final position required by a discrete pointing task may contribute to submovements. Second, inaccurate regulation of interactive torque at the joints may also cause submovements. To investigate the contributions of these two biomechanical factors and the traditionally considered factor of pointing accuracy, the incidence of submovements was analyzed during three types of experimental manipulations. In addition to target size manipulations (small and large targets), conditions for motion termination were manipulated by examining discrete movements (which terminated at the target) and reciprocal movements (which reversed direction without dwelling on the target). Interaction torques were varied by using targets that require different shoulder-elbow coordination patterns. Submovements were detected in 41% of all analyzed movements. Data supported influences from the accuracy and motion termination factors but not from the interactive torque regulation factor on submovement incidence. Gross submovements were associated with motion termination; fine submovements primarily with accuracy demands. These findings and the analysis of temporal movement characteristics suggest that motion termination is an extra movement component that makes control of discrete movements different to control of reciprocal movements. Implications of the findings to a noise-related interpretation of Fitts' law are discussed. The study emphasizes the influence of arm biomechanics on endpoint kinematics.
Influence of sulfinpyrazone and naproxen on infarct size in the dog.

Abstract To assess the potential role of platelet inhibitory agents in the treatment of myocardial infarction, the effect on infarct size of two platelet inhibitors, sulfinpyrazone and naproxen, was evaluated. In addition to platelet inhibition, sulfinpyrazone increases epicardial collateral flow and naproxen has lysosomal-stabilizing activity. Thirty-eight open chest dogs were given intravenously sulfinpyrazone (30 mg/kg, n = 11), naproxen (30 mg/kg, n = 14) or saline solution (n = 13) 10 minutes before and 3 and 6 hours after ligation of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery. Drug doses were sufficient to inhibit adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. The dogs were killed 72 hours after occlusion. Myocardium at risk of infarction—that is, the area supplied by the occluded artery (anatomic risk area)—was identified by simultaneous perfusion of the aortic root with Evans blue and of the coronary artery distal to the occlusion with clear saline solution. Hearts were sliced horizontally and stained with triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride. The infarcted area and anatomic risk area were measured with videoplanimetry. The percent of left ventricle infarcted was not significantly different among the control, sulfinpyrazone and naproxen groups (28 ± 2, 30 ± 1, 28 ± 2 percent, respectively) nor was percent of anatomic risk area infarcted significantly different (75 ± 3, 79 ± 3, 75 ± 3 percent, respectively). Thus, neither sulfinpyrazone nor naproxen in platelet inhibitory doses altered infarct size. These results indicate that neither inhibitory effects on platelet function and prostaglandin synthesis nor associated lysosomal-stabilizing properties identify agents with consistent infarct-sparing action.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Embryogenesis in a Mouse Model

When two small doses of ethanol were administered to pregnant mice during the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis, the embryos developed craniofacial malformations closely resembling those seen in the human fetal alcohol syndrome. Striking histological changes appeared in the developing brain (neuroectoderm) within 24 hours of exposure. Decreased development of the neural plate and its derivatives apparently accounts for the craniofacial malformations. The critical exposure period is equivalent to the third week in human pregnancy.
Equation of Motion in Five Space

THERE exist many models for the description of the gravitational and electromagnetic field. Perhaps the most successful formalism developed is still that of Kaluza1, with notable improvements by Bergmann2 since it reproduces exactly the classic equations of the electromagnetic field with gravity. However, there still remained the well-known difficulties associated with the classic treatment of Nature so that generalizations which lead to substantially different equations were made in the hope that there could be included within the new frameworks an adequate theory encompassing quantum-phenomena as well. These hopes have not been realized; but nevertheless it is most difficult to relinquish a theory which by and large has been subject to confirmation—quite strikingly in recent times using techniques based on the Mossbauer effect3. In addition to numerous verifications of the original version of the theory, Einstein, Infeld and Hoffmann4 have shown that there exists a most aesthetic feature, namely, that the field equations themselves determine the classic equations of motion of ‘singularities’ or ‘particles’ in the field. Thus it is not necessary to supplement the field equations with ponderomotive equations.
Examining Retail Image Before and After a Repositioning Strategy

This research examines changes in management's and consumers' perceptions of retail image during implementation of a major repositioning strategy. A prominent retail chain abandoned an older store in a strip shopping center of a southern SMSA, and built a larger one in a new regional shopping mall. Consumers and store management personnel provided image data for the old and new stores three months before and after the changeover. It was found that while consumers' and management's images significantly changed during the repositioning strategy, the magnitude of management's image change was significantly greater than consumers'. Management perceived greater changes than did consumers in parking, store classification, merchandise quality, style and assortment, return policy, and store layout and decor. Conversely, consumers experiented a greater image change on pricing and credit policy. The major implication for retailers is that problems can arise if management and consumers do not experience commensurate image shifts during repositioning. Fine tuning in advertising, personal selling, product strategy, and the physical environment (e.g., decor, parking) may be necessary to compensate for differential image shifts following a major repositioning strategy. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A00BV035 00002
Lifetime measurements and deformed states in 41 Ca

The Doppler-shift attenuation method has been applied to measure the mean lives of levels in $^{41}\mathrm{Ca}$. States were populated using the $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(d, p)^{41}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction at ${E}_{d}=3$ MeV and protons emerging from the reaction were detected near 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the beam. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were detected in coincidence with the protons using a 65 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ Ge(Li) detector placed successively at angles of 53\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Values or limits were obtained for the lifetimes of 39 levels in $^{41}\mathrm{Ca}$. There is a serious disagreement between some of the lifetime values measured in the present experiment and those reported in a previous work. Accurate excitation energies and the decay scheme were also determined. Information from the lifetimes and decay scheme has been used to make spin assignments or restrictions to a number of levels in $^{41}\mathrm{Ca}$. The electromagnetic transition strengths determined from the present lifetime measurements and a previous measurement of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular correlations have been compared to the predictions of two models of the negative parity spectrum of $^{41}\mathrm{Ca}$. In addition, an interpretation of part of the positive parity spectrum has been developed using the strong-coupling model. This calculation includes the effects of the Coriolis term in the Hamiltonian which mixes rotational bands, and the calculated excitation energies, transition rates, and pickup spectroscopic factors have been compared with experiment.
Quantifying fear potentiated startle using absolute versus proportional increase scoring methods: implications for the neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety.

Abstract Rationale. The fear-potentiated startle paradigm [increased startle in the presence of a conditioned fear stimulus (CS)] has become increasingly popular as a tool for evaluating the potential efficacy of putative anxiolytic compounds. However, when the tested compounds also influence baseline startle, it is unclear how comparisons with control groups can best be made. Objective. To evaluate the validity of absolute difference (startle amplitude on CS minus non-CS test trials) vs. proportional increase (the absolute difference score divided by startle amplitude on non-CS test trials) scoring methods. Methods. The effect on proportional increase and absolute difference scores of baseline shifts that occur with or without concomitant increases in fear was evaluated in rats. A reliable measure should yield similar scores across shifting baselines, provided that fear levels remain constant. Results. Preexisting baseline differences, and those brought about by different startle-eliciting noise burst intensities, by strychnine injections, or by CRH infusions, each increased absolute difference scores without markedly influencing proportional change scores. These baseline differences were not associated with different fear levels. Increases in baseline startle brought about by unsignaled footshocks or by a second CS – increases which are associated with increased fear – partially occluded additional CS-induced increases using either measure. Conclusions. Across different baselines, CS-elicited fear is most accurately reflected in proportional change scores. Under certain conditions saturation effects may interfere with an accurate assessment using either measure. However, these same saturation effects may provide opportunities to explore the neural circuitry of fear and anxiety in novel ways.
Some factors that affect the resistance of abrasive grits to wear

Abstract A comparison has been made of the wear resistance and cutting performance of various abrasive grits. It was found that the wear of abrasive grits could be described as occurring by attritious wear or by fragmentation. Attritious wear uniformly enlarges a wear surface, whereas fragmentation tends to change the general shape of the grit. The wear of aluminum oxide grits on mild steel appears to occur by both mechanisms, whereas silicon carbide wears mostly by attrition under the specific test conditions used. The property of aluminum oxide that results in fragmentation during sliding or cutting may be desirable for coated abrasive performance. Other hard and tough abrasives such as some borides and carbides wear very rapidly by attritious wear on mild steels. On other workpieces, or with certain lubricants, their rate of wear is greatly decreased. The best composition for an abrasive grit therefore depends on both the workpiece and the lubricant used in the cutting operation.
Preventative and therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer.

"High-risk" genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly HPV genotype 16, are the primary etiologic agents of cervical cancer. Indeed HPV DNA is detected in 99% of cervical carcinomas. Thus, cervical cancer and other HPV-associated malignancies might be prevented or treated by the induction of the appropriate viral-antigen-specific immune responses. Transmission of papillomavirus may be prevented by the generation of antibodies to capsid proteins L1 and L2 that neutralize viral infection. HPV L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) show great promise as prophylactic HPV vaccines in ongoing clinical trials but L2-based preventative vaccines have yet to be tested in patients. Since the capsid proteins are not expressed at detectable levels by infected basal keratinocytes or in HPV-transformed cells, therapeutic vaccines generally target the nonstructural early viral antigens. Two HPV oncogenic proteins, E6 and E7, are critical to the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation and are co-expressed in the majority of HPV-containing carcinomas. Although other early viral antigens show promise for vaccination against papillomas, therapeutic vaccines targeting E6 and E7 may provide the best opportunity to control HPV-associated malignancies. Various candidate therapeutic HPV vaccines are currently being tested whereby E6 and/or E7 are administered in live vectors, as peptides or proteins, in nucleic acid form, as components of chimeric VLPs, or in cell-based vaccines. Encouraging results from experimental vaccination systems in animal models have led to several prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine clinical trials. Should this new generation of HPV preventative and therapeutic vaccines function in patients as demonstrated in animal models, oncogenic HPV infection and its associated malignancies could be controlled by vaccination. Importantly, recent advances in HPV detection and continued improvements in screening further enhance our opportunities to systematically eradicate HPV-associated malignancy.
Opportunities and Obstacles: Technology’s Potential for Expanding Access to Higher Education

Innovative technologies have forever impacted the field of education by connecting any topic in any discipline to any learner in any place. This new reality provides vastly expanded possibilities for international collaboration, knowledge building, sharing of best practices, and new ways to teach, both within the classroom and without. Nevertheless, even as new modes of providing education proliferate, the digital divide also grows, making technology solutions for expanding access a continuing issue of debate. This article looks at trends and challenges for expanding access to higher education via technology. Specifically it will address how the role of infrastructure, fiscal restraints, and culture relate to differences in accessibility and the application of technology in higher education. Through an overview of current use of technologies in differing educational contexts, the article analyzes some examples that either support or oppose the idea of promoting technology as an effective tool for facilitating equality of access.
Practical Attack Graph Generation for Network Defense

Attack graphs are a valuable tool to network defenders, illustrating paths an attacker can use to gain access to a targeted network. Defenders can then focus their efforts on patching the vulnerabilities and configuration errors that allow the attackers the greatest amount of access. We have created a new type of attack graph, the multiple-prerequisite graph, that scales nearly linearly as the size of a typical network increases. We have built a prototype system using this graph type. The prototype uses readily available source data to automatically compute network reachability, classify vulnerabilities, build the graph, and recommend actions to improve network security. We have tested the prototype on an operational network with over 250 hosts, where it helped to discover a previously unknown configuration error. It has processed complex simulated networks with over 50,000 hosts in under four minutes.
Normal mode solutions for absorbing boundary conditions

Wave propagation problems with radiation boundary conditions are non-hermitian and therefore typically cannot be solved by expanding in terms of eigenfunctions that correspond to real eigenvalues. We present a method for solving such problems entirely in terms of a superposition of normal modes, using the "shifted eigenvalue" method outlined by Lanczos. In effect, the desired system with an outgoing radiation boundary condition is coupled to a system which is identical, but has an incoming radiation boundary condition. The combined system is hermitian, and thus has real eigenvalues. We present numerical computations for a one-dimensional, semi-infinite, homogeneous continuum.
A case of pyoderma gangrenosum with ulcerative colitis treated with combined approach: Infliximab and surgery

Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an ulcerating noninfectious disease of the skin seen in 1–2% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pathogenesis of PG has yet to be determined, but may be related to abnormal T cell responses and the production of TNF-α, a pathway also involved in IBD pathogenesis. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-α, is used to treat moderate to severe IBD and several case reports and studies suggest the efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of PG. The surgical approach to PG is reserved to a few selected cases. We report here the case of a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) and PG localized on the left breast, treated with a simultaneous combined medical and surgical approach.
Dysregulation of Growth and Development in HIV-Infected Children

Growth dysregulation is quite common in HIV-infected children and growth failure is one of the most sensitive indicators of disease progression. Beginning at birth, HIV-infected infants often have smaller size and lower birthweight than noninfected children born to HIV-infected women. The causes of growth dysregulation are varied, and can be due to alterations in gastrointestinal function, chronic or repetitive infections, and alterations in metabolic and endocrine function. The metabolic and endocrine effects may be the consequence of the primary infection or secondary to the use of any of the medications required to treat HIV infection and its complications. Correlational studies have identified an inverse relationship between viral burden and linear growth and body mass index, i.e., the use of antiviral medications that reduce viral burden is associated with improvements in anthropometric indices of growth. Alterations in cytokine profiles, possibly related to reported abnormalities in thyroid indices, fat metabolism, and the somatomedin axis, may be indicative of dysregulation on a cellular level. Pubertal delay, especially among boys, is common, and may contribute to the overall growth failure associated with HIV infection. If the basis for growth failure resides in metabolic and regulatory abnormalities, then interventions beyond increasing caloric intake will be necessary to increase linear growth rate and reverse growth failure in HIV-infected children.
The status of the crab spider genus Tmarus in Kansas

The first record of the crab spider genus Tmarus Simon 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in Kansas was the discovery of an immature female Tmarus angulatus (Walckenaer 1837) in Manhattan, Riley County (Scheffer 1904). Other studies have reported the presence of this species in scattered locations in the eastern third of the state (Fitch 1963, Guarisco et al. 2003). Recent field work has uncovered the presence of Tmarus rubromaculatus Keyserling 1880 in the vicinity of Pittsburg, Crawford County, within the Cherokee Lowlands Physiographic Province of southeastern Kansas.