cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homelessness and the implementation of deinstitutionalization.

The implementation of deinstitutionalizartion reflects deeply held negative attitudes about chronically mentally ill persons and has contributed to the large numbers of psychiatrically disabled indiutduals on our city streets.
Vitamin E, LDL, and endothelium. Brief oral vitamin supplementation prevents oxidized LDL-mediated vascular injury in vitro.

In previously reported in vitro studies, we found that heme, a physiologically widespread hydrophobic iron compound, can rapidly generate oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which then becomes cytotoxic to cultured vascular endothelial cells; both LDL oxidation and endothelial cytotoxicity were inhibited by incubation with exogenous alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Seeking relevance to in vivo conditions, we performed a study in which 10 human volunteers were given daily antioxidant supplements of 800 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate alone or in combination with 1000 mg of ascorbic acid for 2 weeks. LDL resistance to heme oxidation ex vivo, as measured by the lag time for conjugated-diene formation, increased by as much as threefold from a mean +/- SD of 58 +/- 11 to 104 +/- 18 minutes (P < .001); LDL alpha-tocopherol increased from 11 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 6 molecules per LDL particle (P < .001); and most impressively, cytotoxicity to porcine aortic endothelial cells incubated with LDL conditioned with heme plus H2O2 or with copper was completely prevented (cytotoxicity before supplementation was 42 +/- 12%, decreasing after supplementation to 3 +/- 2%, P < .001). These measurements reverted to their presupplement levels within 2 weeks after participants stopped taking antioxidant supplements and were reproduced in 4 subjects taking 800 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate supplements alone but not in the same subjects taking 1000 mg ascorbic acid supplements alone. In conclusion, oral vitamin E supplementation increases LDL alpha-tocopherol content, increases LDL resistance to oxidation, and decreases the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL to cultured vascular endothelial cells.
CYTOGENETIC EVALUATION OF FOUR CANINE MAST CELL TUMORS

We evaluated four canine cutaneous mast cell tumors cytogenetically. All four tumors contained both hypodiploid and hyperdiploid cells, an increase in the number of metacentric chromosomes, exchange configurations, and cells showing loss of an X chromosome. All tumors contained metaphases with chromosome gaps and breaks at frequencies greater than observed spontaneous chromosome breaks in normal cultured canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Three of the four tumors had a normal modal chromosome number of 78. The fourth tumor had a modal chromosome number of 93, which represented 15% of the cells evaluated from this tumor.
Dental implants and chemotherapy complications

The cancer patient receiving chemotherapy often suffers severe oral complications related to the administration of antineoplastic drugs. Cancer patients who also have transmucosal or endosseous dental implants pose special problems for medical oncologists and dentists, both when planning for chemotherapy and when providing supportive care during the course of treatment. The relationship between dental implants and cancer chemotherapy is described and complications experienced by implant patients treated with chemotherapy at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center are reviewed. Recommendations on various aspects of management involving implant evaluation and the removal or retention of dental implants are discussed.
Immobility accompanies the antinociception mediated by the rostral ventromedial medulla of the rat.

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is part of a descending pain modulatory system that runs from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the spinal cord. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the antinociception mediated by the RVM is associated with locomotor changes as has been reported for the PAG [42]. Kainate (4, 20, or 40 pmol), morphine (1, 5, or 10 μg), or saline (0.2 or 0.5 μl) was injected into the RVM and locomotion and nociception assessed. Microinjections of kainate and morphine that produced antinociception almost invariably inhibited locomotor activity. In some rats this immobility consisted of no movements when placed in the center of the open field chamber. These data are consistent with the immobility and antinociception produced by activation of the ventrolateral PAG and indicate that the descending ventrolateral PAG/RVM system integrates a behavioral response of which antinociception is only one component.
THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF UNTREATED HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

This report is concerned with the capacity of the gastrocnemius muscle of hypophysectomized rats to sustain work output when subjected to faradic stimulation. At varying periods of time subsequent to operation, the capacity for work was determined for: a), totally hypophysectomized animals; b),animals of which the anterior lobe of the hypophysis had been removed and the posterior lobe left intact; and c), animals of which half of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis had been removed and the posterior lobe left intact.
Identifying rational distributed lag models using a joint test applied to the corner table

Often a distributed lag response pattern can be usefully represented in rational polynomial form. When the impulse response function decays, the corner table may be useful for model identification if appropriate statistical tests may be done. One or more joint tests are called for since use of the corner table involves studying groups of its elements. We consider an asymptotic x2 statistic that permits joint tests. We report simulation results showing that the distribution of this statistic follows the x 2 distribution, for certain sample sizes and degrees of freedom, well enough to be useful in practice. With two data sets we illustrate how this statistic can be a useful aid when using the corner table.
The coagulation mechanism in patients with thalassemia major.

A study of the coagulation mechanism in patients with thalassemia major revealed no evidence of a severe bleeding diathesis. Seven patients demonstrated 1 or 2 minimal coagulation defects; 19, mild-to-moderate first phase defects; 1, thrombocytopenia; and 14, mild-to-moderate prothrombin complex defects. Mild degrees of impairment appeared between 7 to 10 years of age and progressed with age to the moderate degree found in older patients. No correlation was found between epistaxis and the abnormalities of the clotting mechanism. A general correlation was found between the coagulation status and hepatic function as assessed by other measurements.
Theoretical Analysis of Soil and Plant Traits Influencing Daily Plant Water Flux on Drying Soils

Experimental evidence has been accumulating for a number of years that daily transpiration rates respond to the progressive drying of soil in a similar manner across a wide range of conditions when expressed as a function of available volumetric soil water content. There is little decrease in gas exchange until only about one-third of the available soil water remains in the soil, and then gas exchange decreases in a nearly linear manner until the available soil water is exhausted. There exists no theoretical derivation that explicitly provides a basis for explaining the consistency in this response observed over a wide range of conditions. A relatively simple derivation is presented by defining plant water flux on drying soil relative to a plant on well-watered soil and by examining the response in the relevant range of soil volumetric water content. This derivation resulted in a relatively simple expression that predicted daily transpiration rate response to drying soil that was consistent with experimental observations. Further, the results of this analysis showed the response was essentially independent of root length density, transpiration rate, and soil depth. Also, large decreases in soil hydraulic conductivity as the soil dries had only modest influences on the daily transpiration rate response. Expression of relative transpiration as a function of volumetric soil water content available to support transpiration also minimized the influence of soil texture on the overall response of water flux to drying soil. The derivation offers a theoretical basis to explain the stability in daily transpiration response to drying soil that has been observed over a wide range of conditions.
A statistical method for estimating the proportion of differentially expressed genes

Microarrays have been widely used to identify differentially expressed genes. One related problem is to estimate the proportion of differentially expressed genes. For some complex diseases, the amount of differentially expressed genes may be relatively small and these genes may only have subtly differential expressions. For these microarray data, it is generally difficult to efficiently estimate the proportion of differentially expressed genes. In this study, I propose a likelihood-based method coupled with an expectation-maximization (E-M) algorithm for estimating the proportion of differentially expressed genes. The proposed method has favorable performances if either (i) the P values of differentially expressed genes are homogeneously distributed or (ii) the proportion of differentially expressed genes is relatively small. In both of these situations, I showed through simulations that the proposed method gave satisfactory performances when it was compared to other existing methods. As applications, these methods were applied to two microarray gene expression data sets generated from different platforms.
The Program Sustainability Assessment Tool: A New Instrument for Public Health Programs

Introduction Public health programs can deliver benefits only if they are able to sustain programs, policies, and activities over time. Although numerous sustainability frameworks and models have been developed, there are almost no assessment tools that have demonstrated reliability or validity or have been widely disseminated. We present the Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT), a new and reliable instrument for assessing the capacity for program sustainability of various public health and other programs.
Resilience to Probe-Positioning Errors in Planar Phaseless Near-Field Measurements

The phaseless techniques have been discussed in the antenna measurements community and the theories behind these techniques are well explained in literature. The issue of the noise and the presence of measurement errors are not investigated in details to provide strong impetus to the importance of phaseless measurements. In this paper the near-fields of a number of different types of antennas with high, medium and low side lobes are simulated to create some realistic cases. The probe positioning error effects are investigated by implementing random errors in the position of the simulated probe samples along different axes. A novel method is also adopted to incorporate the probe-height positioning error in an actual near-field measurement of an array antenna. It is also illustrated how the positioning errors can distort the phase distributions. Through detailed characterizations of the constructed far-field patterns, robustness of the Iterative Fourier technique even at the presence of very high probe positioning errors is demonstrated. It is shown how the utilization of a phaseless technique can significantly reduce the effects of probe positioning errors. The results are compared with the results extracted from the commonly used amplitude and phase near-field measurement techniques and the clear improvements are illustrated.
Multimodal representations: a fifth-grade teacher influences students' design and production

The purpose of this interpretive case study is to explore – through a close analysis of one fifth-grade class project – teacher's scaffolding and students' use of visual and linguistic modes when composing multimodally. Using Kress and van Leeuwen's multimodal theory of communication as a framework, this case study examines why teachers, whose social and cultural lives have been surrounded by a print-based perspective, need to develop depth of content knowledge when teaching students about multimodal representation. Two research questions guided this study: (a) in what ways did one teacher's discourse and pedagogical practices mediate students' communication with visual and linguistic modes within a fifth-grade classroom? and (b) using visual and linguistic modes of communication, in what ways did the students design and produce multimodal texts? Findings revealed the importance of teachers developing content knowledge of the affordances and limitations of different modes of communication, as well as unde...
Ocular injuries in battered women.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to examine the occurrence of battered women seen by ophthalmologists in an eye emergency department, and to make ophthalmologists aware that these women are not a rarity but often go unrecognized. Methods: This retrospective study reviews a large urban eye center's emergency room charts over a 6-month time period for documentation of injuries to women as a result of domestic violence. Seventy-nine charts were selected as part of this study. In 18 of these charts, battered women definitely were identified, and in 61 charts abuse was suspected but the abuser was not specifically identified. Results: The patients ranged in age from 15 to 90 years. The abuser was most commonly a boyfriend using a fist as the means of inflicting the injury. Injuries ranged from lacerations and contusions to more serious injuries, including three hyphemas and three ruptured globes. Six patients were hospitalized because of their injuries. Substance abuse was documented in 5 of 79 patients. Conclusions: Many of these female victims of intentional violence in their homes go unrecognized or uncharted by physicians. Ophthalmologists see many of these women because of the high frequency of head and neck injuries in these cases, and should therefore maintain a high index of suspicion and be prepared to act appropriately with recognition and documentation of the injury and provision of social service referrals.
Three-dimensional physics-based cellular automata model for granular shear flow

Abstract Granular flows continue to be a complex problem in nature and industry where solid particles exhibit solid, liquid, and gaseous behavior in a manner which is often difficult to predict both locally and globally. In solids processing applications such as pharmaceutical production, food processing, and coal processing, the ability to accurately predict particle flows can improve process efficiency and product effectiveness. The “gold standard” for the modeling and prediction of granular flows is the discrete element method (DEM), which provides a rigorous physical treatment of particle interactions. One possible supplement to DEM-based analysis is lattice-based cellular automata (CA). CA provides a platform for obtaining fast predictions by pairing rule-based mathematics with high-fidelity physics to rapidly model physical processes, such as granular flows. The present work develops a novel three-dimensional (3D) physics-based CA framework for modeling granular shear flows. This 3D CA model extends the framework's modeling capabilities beyond the granular kinetic regime, includes treatments for force chains, and provides reasonably high accuracy in terms of predicting fundamental granular flow experiments. The predictive capabilities and quantitative accuracy of this CA model have been tested and validated against experimental shear flow results from an annular shear cell. Results from this validation work suggest that the model accurately predicts local flow properties. A parametric study varying the particle–particle coefficient of restitution demonstrated the ability of the 3D CA model to capture nonlinear trends in the local solid fraction profiles. A time study was also performed to highlight the computational efficiency of the 3D CA framework developed in this work. Results of this study showed that even at relatively low particle counts (104), the 3D CA model provides for considerable computational savings, with run times of two orders of magnitude less than a 2D DEM model.
Trace Metal Analysis of Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Alternative Fuels by Atomic Fluorescence/Emission Spectrometry

While atomic fluorescence is attractive as a sensitive multi-element technique, lack of a commercial instrument and the need for a dedicated computer system have discouraged its use. A system is described which incorporates atomic emission and fluorescence while using only commercially available instrumentation. A programable calculator operates the system and performs all data manipulation and reduction. The result is an instrument capable of doing routine multi-element analyses without the need for a highly trained operator.
The voluntary approach to externality problems: An experimental test

Abstract An experiment to test the two Coasian propositions, conducted at the University of Arizona, using students as subjects is reported. Experimental conditions included incomplete information and economic liability rules. The experimental results statistically support the efficiency proposition. Support for the neutrality proposition arises in the case of long-time negotiations. Behavioral findings such as altruism and other interesting results are discussed together with their practical implications.
Science Signaling Podcast: 5 July 2011

This Podcast features a conversation with an author of a Research Article published in the 5 July 2011 issue of Science Signaling . Yuanzheng He discusses his group’s finding that the anti-inflammatory drug chloroquine synergizes with glucocorticoids in treating symptoms of inflammatory arthritis in a mouse model. Chloroquine inhibited the lysosome, which enhanced glucocorticoid signaling by increasing the stability or abundance of the glucocorticoid receptor and other members of the nuclear receptor family. These results suggest that lysosomes are a potential target for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as disorders caused by aberrant nuclear receptor signaling.
Comparison of perceived and actual rates of survival and freedom from handicap in premature infants.

Objective: Our goal was to learn whether physicians delivering obstetric care accurately estimated rates of survival and freedom from handicap in premature infants. Study Design: We surveyed by mail 409 obstetricians and general and family physicians reported to perform deliveries in Alabama to identify their perceptions regarding survival and handicap-free rates of infants born at gestational ages between 23 and 36 weeks, inclusive. Responses were compared with published national rates of survival and freedom from handicap by means of unpaired t tests. Results: A total of 224 physicians responded (55%), and 183 were still practicing obstetrics. They significantly underestimated survival rates from 23 through 34 weeks' gestation ( p p Conclusion: We conclude that physicians delivering obstetric care significantly underestimate survival and freedom from handicap in preterm infants. Perinatal care may be adversely affected by these misperceptions.
Electric Vehicle Operating Characteristics Analysis Based on Structural Equation Model

Through research of user activity characteristics of the user's social attributes of electric vehicles, electric vehicles, electric vehicles performance and electric vehicles running environment, this paper puts forward electric vehicle running characteristics model, specificly select factors affecting variables, uses structural equation modeling on operating characteristics of the electric vehicle, uses AMOS6.0 software for solve and data fitting adoping least square method, finally gives credible analysis results.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations on High-Performance Reconfigurable Computing Systems

The acceleration of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using high-performance reconfigurable computing (HPRC) has been much studied. Given the intense competition from multicore and GPUs, there is now a question whether MD on HPRC can be competitive. We concentrate here on the MD kernel computation: determining the short-range force between particle pairs. In one part of the study, we systematically explore the design space of the force pipeline with respect to arithmetic algorithm, arithmetic mode, precision, and various other optimizations. We examine simplifications and find that some have little effect on simulation quality. In the other part, we present the first FPGA study of the filtering of particle pairs with nearly zero mutual force, a standard optimization in MD codes. There are several innovations, including a novel partitioning of the particle space, and new methods for filtering and mapping work onto the pipelines. As a consequence, highly efficient filtering can be implemented with only a small fraction of the FPGA’s resources. Overall, we find that, for an Altera Stratix-III EP3ES260, 8 force pipelines running at nearly 200 MHz can fit on the FPGA, and that they can perform at 95p efficiency. This results in an 80-fold per core speed-up for the short-range force, which is likely to make FPGAs highly competitive for MD.
Catheter Tip Granuloma Associated with Sacral Region Intrathecal Drug Administration

Spinal cord compression from catheter tip granulomatous masses following intrathecal drug administration may produce devastating permanent neurologic deficits. Some authors have advocated intrathecal catheter placement below the conus medullaris to avoid the possibility of spinal cord involvement. Multiple cases of catheter tip granulomas in the thoracolumbar region have been reported. We present a unique case of a sacral region catheter tip inflammatory mass producing permanent neurologic deficits. A 71-year-old white male with a diagnosis of failed back surgery syndrome was referred to the senior author for evaluation. After more extensive conservative therapy, including spinal cord stimulation, failed to yield adequate pain relief, he was offered implantation of an intrathecal pump for opioid administration. Excellent pain relief was achieved in the postoperative period; however, three years after implantation, he presented with progressive saddle anesthesia and bowel/bladder incontinence. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a space occupying lesion associated with the catheter tip. The patient underwent emergent second level complete sacral laminectomy with partial resection of an intradural extra-axial mass and removal of intrathecal catheter. At discharge, the patient had no restoration of neurologic function. Histologic examination of the mass confirmed a sterile inflammatory mass. It has been suggested that intrathecal catheters be placed below the conus medullaris to avoid the possibility of spinal cord involvement. We present an unusual case documenting devastating permanent neurologic deficits from a catheter tip granuloma in the sacral region.
Competitive coexistence of two predators utilizing the same prey under constant environmental conditions.

Abstract A model for an ecosystem consisting of two predator species and a single prey species was developed. Computer calculations showed that there is a range of parameters that results in permanent coexistence of all three species. This is in apparent contradiction to the competitive exclusion principle and to a theorem of Volterra that no odd membered ecosystem can persist. This remains an exception to the usual formulations of the former principle, but not to the latter statement which excludes even dynamic stability to three membered ecosystems. The model chosen here made allowance for self-competition of the prey species, whereas self-competition is frequently neglected.
Antineoplastic agents. 398. Isolation and structure elucidation of cephalostatins 18 and 19.

Continued investigation of murine leukemia (P-388) active fractions from the African marine worm Cephalodiscus gilchristi has resulted in the discovery of cephalostatins 18 (1b) and 19 (1c). The structures were determined by interpretation of their highfield (500 MHz) 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR and HRMS. Both of these new methoxy steroidal alkaloids exhibited strong activity against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line (ED50 ca. 10-3 μg/mL), a mini panel of human cancer cell lines (GI50 <10-3 μg/mL), and the U.S. National Cancer Institute's 60 human cancer cell line panel (mean panel GI50 ca. 10-9 M).
Asymptotics of the reduced logarithmic capacity of a narrow cylinder

We consider the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace operator in the exterior of a narrow infinite cylinder with periodically varying directrix. The solution is sought in the class of functions logarithmically increasing as the distance from the cylinder is increased. The reduced logarithmic capacity is defined as a generalization of the logarithmic capacity (of the outer conformal radius).We construct and justify the asymptotics of the solution of the problem as the ratio of the diameter of the cross-section of the cylinder to its period tends to zero.
Three-dimensional computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test

We describe a novel method for testing a visual field that employs a computer monitor with displays of varying contrast that permits unprecedented resolution and characterization of the structure of scotomas in three dimensions. Patients are placed in front of a touch-sensitive computer screen at a fixed distance. With one eye covered, they focus on a central fixation marker and trace with their finger the areas on an Amsler grid that are missing from their field of vision. Increasing degrees of contrast of the Amsler grid are simulated by repeating the test at different gray-scale levels. The results are recorded and then displayed as topographical contour rings by the computer test program. The results can also be rendered as an immediate 3-D depiction of the central hill-of-vision. Several clinical pilot studies have been conducted at the Doheny Eye Institute and more than 200 patients have been examined with this system so far. Conditions such as optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and ocular hypertension have been successfully assessed by this test. Each condition provides unique patterns that are most evident in 3-D. The 3-D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test is an innovative and noninvasive visual field test. It provides several advantages over state-of-the-art standard automated perimetry, including: (1) additional information through 3-D depiction of scotomas, such as location, extent, slope, depth, and shape; (2) high angular resolution (1 deg compared with typically 6 deg); (3) a simple test setup (merely a touch-sensitive computer monitor and the test software); (4) excellent patient compliance (spending 4 to 5 min per eye). In light of its promising initial tests, the 3-D visual field test appears to have the potential for the early detection and monitoring of various diseases over time.
Velvet bentgrass ( Agrostis canina L.) is the likely ancestral diploid maternal parent of allotetraploid creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.)

Understanding genetic relationships among the three most important Agrostis species will be important in breeding and genomic studies aimed at cultivar improvement. Creeping, colonial, and velvet bentgrasses (Agrostis stolonifera L., A. capillaris L., and A. canina L., respectively) are commercially important turfgrass species often used on golf courses. Velvet bentgrass is a diploid and creeping and colonial bentgrasses are both allotetraploids. A model for the genomic relationships among these species was previously developed from cytological evidence. The genome designations were A1A1 for velvet bentgrass, A1A1A2A2 for colonial bentgrass, and A2A2A3A3 for creeping bentgrass. Here we used phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and protein coding genes and the plastid trnK intron and matK gene to reexamine these relationships. In contrast to the previous model, the DNA sequence analysis suggested that velvet bentgrass was closely related to creeping bentgrass and it is likely the maternal parent of creeping bentgrass. Phylogenetic analysis of some conserved nuclear genes revealed a close relationship of the velvet bentgrass sequences with the A2 subgenome sequences of creeping bentgrass. We therefore propose that velvet bentgrass be designated as having the A2 genome, rather than the A1 genome as in the previous model.
Distinct regulatory regions from the prolactin-like protein C variant promoter direct trophoblast giant cell versus spongiotrophoblast cell-specific expression.

PRL-like protein C variant (PLP-Cv) is a newly identified member of the PRL family. PLP-Cv is specifically expressed in the chorioallantoic placenta by two distinct cell populations: trophoblast giant cells and spongiotrophoblast cells. To gain some insight regarding the control of PLP-Cv gene expression and the regulatory factors controlling trophoblast giant cell and spongiotrophoblast cell lineages, we have initiated a structural and functional analysis of the PLP-Cv promoter. The activities of a series of PLP-Cv promoter constructs, ranging in size from 4.5 kb to 50 bp, ligated to a luciferase reporter have been assessed in the Rcho-1 trophoblast cell line (restricted to trophoblast giant cell differentiation) and in a primary spongiotrophoblast cell culture system after transient transfection. PLP-Cv promoter constructs containing 4.5 kb to 149 bp of 5′-flanking DNA possessed full activity in the trophoblast giant cell model. A region located between −149 and− 124 bp upstream of the PLP-Cv transcript...
Geometric modulation : A more effective method of steerable ELF/VLF wave generation with continuous HF heating of the lower ionosphere

[1] ELF/VLF radio waves (300 Hz–30 kHz) are difficult to generate with practical antennae, because of their extraordinarily long (10–1000 km) wavelengths, and the lossy nature of the Earth's surface at these frequencies. ELF/VLF waves have been successfully generated via amplitude modulated (AM) HF (2–10 MHz) heating of the lower ionosphere. Through the temperature-dependent conductivity of the lower ionospheric plasma, a patch of the ionospheric current becomes a large radiating ‘antenna’. We implement a new method of ELF/VLF wave generation, herein named ‘geometric modulation’, involving scanning the HF heating beam in a geometric pattern without modulating its power. Utilizing results from the upgraded 3.6 MW radiated HAARP HF antenna array, we show that geometric modulation can enhance ELF/VLF wave generation by up to ∼11 dB over the conventional AM method. Geometric modulation also allows directional launching of the signal into the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, forming an unprecedented steerable large-element ELF/VLF ionospheric phased array.
The STICH trial: what does it tell us and where do we go from here?

Section Editors: Marc Fisher MD Antoni Davalos MD Until the present, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been the stroke subtype that has defied attempts to find a scientifically proven effective therapy. Possible treatments of acute ICH include: (1) slowing or stopping of the bleeding during the first several hours after onset or (2) removal of the accumulated hematoma to prevent the mechanical complications of mass effect as well as the toxic effects of blood on the surrounding brain parenchyma. Critical care management of the complications of ICH is clearly important. The evolution of lesions and the pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage, like that of ischemic stroke, are time-dependent,1,2⇓ but only the recently published trials of Novo VII have tried to intervene during the first hours after onset of ICH.3,4⇓ The recent publication of the Novo VII phase II trial also provides hope that an effective treatment for acute ICH is within reach. The STICH Trial represents an important milestone in the role of surgical treatment for ICH.5 The relative paucity of data from randomized trials has severely limited progress in the surgical treatment of ICH and has led to substantial variability in the management of ICH throughout the world. Dr Mendelow, collaborators, and the Medical Research Council (MRC) are to be congratulated for completing the largest ever randomized treatment trial of ICH. This trial adds substantially to what we know about surgical management of ICH and will have an impact on current treatment as well as design of future trials. The goal of the STICH Trial was to investigate the effectiveness of early surgery (within …
Off-peak lepton asymmetries from new Z ’s

Neutral heavy gauge bosons have characteristic vector and axial-vector couplings to quarks and leptons. The hadronic process pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\mathrm{*}}$,${Z}^{0\mathrm{*}}$,. . .)+...\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{l}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathrm{l}}^{+}$+..., where l=e,\ensuremath{\mu},\ensuremath{\tau}, exhibits characteristic forward-backward asymmetries whenever the lepton pair is not at rest in the pp center of mass. These asymmetries can be used to probe the couplings of a new boson. Attention is paid to such asymmetries for dilepton masses in the interference region between the new boson and the ${Z}^{0}$.
Static Indicators and the Ranking of Strategic Forces

Static (or preattack) indicators of the strategic balance attempt to summarize, via a single number or index, the capability of a nation's strategic nuclear arsenal prior to any conflict. This article illustrates the extent to which selection of an index allows one to determine the evaluation of alternative strategic arsenals.
Key characteristics of MODIS data products

Forty science products totaling 600 GB of storage volume per day will be produced from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Eighty-five percent of this data volume is in products that are in the instrument's scan geometry (processing Levels 1 and 2) that are not Earth located. Before ordering MODIS data products, users should consider processing level, data formats, product size, and the unique characteristics of MODIS products. Given the data volumes associated with the MODIS Levels 1 and 2 products, the resources required to process them and the issues associated with the scanning geometry of the instrument, users are encouraged to order data products that are Earth located. These include Level 3 products, which are produced on fixed global grids and Level 2G products, in which observations and their Earth location have been stored in bins of the MODIS global grids.
Efficient Management of Multi-Linked Negotiation Based on a Formalized Model

A Multi-linked negotiation problem occurs when an agent needs to negotiate with multiple other agents about different subjects (tasks, conflicts, or resource requirements), and the negotiation over one subject has influence on negotiations over other subjects. The solution of the multi-linked negotiations problem will become increasingly important for the next generation of advanced multi-agent systems. However, most current negotiation research looks only at a single negotiation and thus does not present techniques to manage and reason about multi-linked negotiations. In this paper, we first present a technique based on the use of a partial-order schedule and a measure of the schedule, called flexibility, which enables an agent to reason explicitly about the interactions among multiple negotiations. Next, we introduce a formalized model of the multi-linked negotiation problem. Based on this model, a heuristic search algorithm is developed for finding a near-optimal ordering of negotiation issues and their parameters. Using this algorithm, an agent can evaluate and compare different negotiation approaches and choose the best one. We show how an agent uses this technology to effectively manage interacting negotiation issues. Experimental work is presented which shows the efficiency of this approach.
Dietary controls on extinction versus survival among avian megafauna in the late Pleistocene

The late Pleistocene extinction decimated terrestrial megafaunal communities in North America, but did not affect marine mammal populations. In coastal regions, marine megafauna may have provided a buffer that allowed some large predators or scavengers, such as California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), to survive into the Holocene. To track the influence of marine resources on avifaunas we analyzed the carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen isotope composition of collagen from late Pleistocene vultures and raptors, including species that survived the extinction (condor, bald eagle, golden eagle) and extinct species (teratorn, black vulture). At the Rancho La Brea and McKittrick tar pits of southern California, isotope values for extinct teratorns (Teratornis merriami ,n 10) and black vultures (Coragyps occidentalis ,n 8) show that they fed entirely in a terrestrial C3 ecosystem. In contrast, La Brea condors cluster into two groups, one with a terrestrial diet (n 4), and the other with a strong marine influence (n 5). At localities in the American southwest, Texas, and Florida, where condors became extinct, they have isotope values indicating entirely terrestrial diets (n 10). Our results suggest that dependence upon terrestrial megafaunal carrion as a food source led to the extinction of inland California condor populations and coastal populations of teratorns and black vultures at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, whereas use of marine foods allowed coastal condor populations to survive.
Endothelial α5 and αv integrins cooperate in remodeling of the vasculature during development

Integrin cell adhesion receptors and fibronectin, one of their extracellular matrix ligands, have been demonstrated to be important for angiogenesis using functional perturbation studies and complete knockout mouse models. Here, we report on the roles of the α5 and αv integrins, which are the major endothelial fibronectin receptors, in developmental angiogenesis. We generated an integrin α5-floxed mouse line and ablated α5 integrin in endothelial cells. Unexpectedly, endothelial-specific knockout of integrin α5 has no obvious effect on developmental angiogenesis. We provide evidence for genetic interaction between mutations in integrin α5 and αv and for overlapping functions and compensation between these integrins and perhaps others. Nonetheless, in embryos lacking both α5 and αv integrins in their endothelial cells, initial vasculogenesis and angiogenesis proceed normally, at least up to E11.5, including the formation of apparently normal embryonic vasculature and development of the branchial arches. However, in the absence of endothelial α5 and αv integrins, but not of either alone, there are extensive defects in remodeling of the great vessels and heart resulting in death at ~E14.5. We also found that fibronectin assembly is somewhat affected in integrin α5 knockout endothelial cells and markedly reduced in integrin α5/αv double-knockout endothelial cell lines. Therefore, neither α5 nor αv integrins are required in endothelial cells for initial vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, although they are required for remodeling of the heart and great vessels. These integrins on other cells, and/or other integrins on endothelial cells, might contribute to fibronectin assembly and vascular development.
Marker rescue from bleomycin-treated Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

A new method has been developed for gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. Chlamydomonas reinhardi, a unicellular eukaryotic alga, was treated with a lethal dose of bleomycin, an agent that induces chromosome breakage. Bleomycin-treated cells were mated with untreated cells, and the mixture was plated onto selective agar medium. The progeny that arose contained the genetic markers from the untreated parent plus a subset of the genetic markers from the bleomycin-treated parent. Those markers derived from the untreated parent were stable, whereas those recovered from the bleomycin-treated parent were often unstable. Markers closely linked in the bleomycin-treated parent were usually rescued or lost together, whereas distantly linked or unlinked markers were rescued or lost independently. These results suggest that bleomycin treatment of C. reinhardi leads to the formation of chromosome fragments, and fusion of bleomycin-treated cells to untreated cells results in the rescue of some of these fragments. This procedure provides a new means of gene transfer that may be useful for genetic mapping, genetic engineering and for the study of genetic organization. HE transfer of genetic material from one cell to another has been a powerful T method of genetic analysis (GOODENOUGH 1978). In the present study, I introduce a new strategy for gene transfer based on marker rescue. Cells are treated with bleomycin, an agent that induces chromosome breakage (OHAMA and KADOTANI 1970; PAIKA and KRISHAN 1973; VIG and LEWIS 1978), and markers are rescued by fusion of the bleomycin-treated cells to untreated cells. In the work described here, cell fusion was attained through the sexual process of a unicellular eukaryote, but, in principle, it ought to be possible to apply a similar strategy to somatic cells, using induced cell fusion (KAO and MICHAYLUK 1974). Chlamydomonas reinhardi, the organism chosen for this work, is a unicellular eukaryotic green alga whose simple life cycle (SAGER 1955; Goodenough et al. 1980) renders it amenable to genetic analysis (LEVINE and EBERSOLD 1960). In its vegetative state, C. reinhardi is a rapidly growing haploid biflagellate with 16 linkage groups (HARRIS 1982). When deprived of a nitrogen source, it undergoes gametogenesis. Mature gametes of opposite mating type bind together by their flagella and fuse; the resultant zygotes undergo meiosis, and four haploid products emerge and begin mitotic growth. Occasionally, a zygote forgoes meiosis, begins mitotic growth and initiates a stable diploid line (EBERSOLD 1967).
Activation patterns of embryonic chick hind limb muscles recorded in ovo and in an isolated spinal cord preparation.

Muscle activation patterns of embryonic chick hind limb muscles were determined from electromyographic (e.m.g.) recordings in an isolated spinal cord/hind limb preparation of stage 34-36 embryos, and were compared with in ovo e.m.g. activity from similarly staged embryos. Muscle activity in ovo consisted of periodically recurring sequences of bursts during which antagonistic muscles often alternated and synergistic muscles were co-active, as compatible with their mature function. However, more variable behaviour was also observed. Burst sequences in ovo were often initiated by a short-duration, high-amplitude discharge that occurred synchronously in all muscles studied, and which was followed by a period of electrical silence that was longest in the flexor muscles. This type of activity has not been described previously in mature animals. In ovo movement sequences were generally initiated by extensor activity which progressively declined in duration and intensity throughout the sequence, while flexor activity progressively intensified. The onset of activity in extensor muscles was accompanied by an abrupt decrease in flexor activity, whereas the converse was not observed. Spontaneous movement sequences also occurred when the spinal cord and hind limb were isolated and maintained in oxygenated Tyrode solution for several hours. Deafferentation experiments indicated that the motor pattern in this preparation was generated centrally by circuits within the spinal cord. Activity from the isolated cord was less variable than that occurring in ovo, consisting of sequences of highly regular recurring bursts. Each burst began with a brief high-amplitude discharge that occurred synchronously in all muscles and which was similar to that observed in ovo. This was followed by a silent period, which was longest in the flexors, and then by a more prolonged burst. Although its behaviour differs from that in ovo in some respects, it is concluded that the isolated cord maintained in vitro produces a spontaneous and patterned motor output.
Observer based control for elastic joint robots

In this paper we present an approach to control elastic modes of the robot joints using only measurements of the variables on the rotor side of the transmission. First, a simple and robust observer is proposed to estimate link positions and velocities. The state estimates are used in a fast inner loop to damp oscillations in the joints. Simulations have shown good performance of the observer and the closed loop system in the presence of measurement noise and parameter uncertainties. >
Validation of sea ice motion from QuikSCAT with those from SSM/I and buoy

Arctic sea ice motion for the period from October 1999 to March 2000 derived from QuikSCAT and ocean buoy observations.Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data using the wavelet analysis method agrees well with ocean buoy observations. Results from QuikSCAT and SSM/I are compatible when compared with buoy observations and complement each other. Sea ice drift merged from daily results from QuikSCAT, SSM/I, and buoy data gives more complete coverage of sea ice motion. Based on observations of six months of sea ice motion maps, the sea ice motion maps in the Arctic derived from QuikSCAT data appear to have smoother (less noisy) patterns than those from NSCAT, especially in boundary areas, possibly due to constant radar scanning incidence angle. For late summer, QuikSCAT data can provide good sea ice motion information in the Arctic as early as the beginning of September. For early summer, QuikSCAT can provide at least partial sea ice motion information until mid-June. In the Antarctic, a case study shows that sea ice motion derived from QuikSCAT data is consistent with pressure field contours.
R3M Case Studies: Detecting Reservoir Resistivity In Complex Settings

Relatively simple interpretation procedures can be used to detect reservoir resistivity in shallow, large, and otherwise geologically favorable targets, using marine controlledsource electromagnetics (MCSEM). We have accelerated research and development of interpretation technologies by applying MCSEM over more realistic and challenging targets, including subtle targets, and those in complex resistivity settings such as salt basins and mixed lithologic environments. We use 3D acquisition, modeling, and simulation techniques not necessarily required for simpler targets to analyze MCSEM data from challenging targets. Examples include successful pre-drill reservoir prediction in a salt mini-basin offshore West Africa, and successful pre-drill prediction of a small target located in a complex resistivity setting, that is, above, below, and adjacent to salt, also offshore West Africa.
Usability Testing of Screen Design: Beyond Standards, Principles, and Guidelines

Developers are encouraged to adhere to standards and follow principles and guidelines when designing screens. Each has its place and its limitations in designing screens. Because of the limited research behind current standards and because each product involves many considerations, just applying today's standards, principles, and guidelines does not guarantee good screen design. Designers should also test screen design with users in a usability test laboratory.This paper discusses the importance of conducting laboratory usability testing. It focuses on the role of usability testing in the process of refining screen design. The paper also presents some of the major advantages that usability testing offers over other methods of improving screen design.