cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison between Aspirin Combined with Dipyridamole versus Aspirin Alone after Acute Ischemic Stroke Event for Prevention of Erebrovascular Ischemic Event

Objectives: To compare the effect of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole versus aspirin alone in acute intervention treatment after acute ischemic stoke. Methods: 60 ischemic stroke patients within 48 hours were randomized to aspirin (50mg/d twice a day) or combination (aspirin 50mg/d+ extended-release dipyridamole 100 mg/d twice a day) and followed up for 6 months. Incidence of ischemic cerebrovascular events and reduction of NIHSS score lower value were compared, and side effects were recorded. Results There were 25 patients in the aspirin group and 26 patients in the combination group after 6 months follow-up. Incidence of erebrovascular ischemic event in the combination group within 6 months was significantly lower than that of aspirin alone group (11.5% vs. 20.0%, P 0.05). Moreover, NIHSS score in the combination group reduce even more obviously than that in aspirin alone group (4.52 ± 1.8 vs 3.62 ±3.3, P0.05). Conclusions: This study showed more efficacy of combination group than aspirin alone in acute intervention treatment for prevention of erebrovascular ischemic event within 6 months.
Opsins have evolved under the permanent heterozygote model: insights from phylotranscriptomics of Odonata.

Gene duplication plays a central role in adaptation to novel environments by providing new genetic material for functional divergence and evolution of biological complexity. Several evolutionary models have been proposed for gene duplication to explain how new gene copies are preserved by natural selection but these models have rarely been tested using empirical data. Opsin proteins, when combined with a chromophore, form a photopigment that is responsible for the absorption of light, the first step in the phototransduction cascade. Adaptive gene duplications have occurred many times within the animal opsins gene family, leading to novel wavelength sensitivities. Consequently, opsins are an attractive choice for the study of gene duplication evolutionary models. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) have the largest opsin repertoire of any insect currently known. Additionally, there is tremendous variation in opsin copy number between species, particularly in the long wavelength sensitive (LWS) class. Using comprehensive phylotranscriptomic and statistical approaches we tested various evolutionary models of gene duplication. Our results suggest that both the blue sensitive (BS) and LWS opsin classes were subjected to strong positive selection that greatly weakens after multiple duplication events, a pattern that is consistent with the permanent heterozygote model. Due to the immense interspecific variation and duplicability potential of opsin genes among odonates, they represent a unique model system to test hypotheses regarding opsin gene duplication and diversification at the molecular level. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Slag Management Toolset for Determining Optimal Coal Gasification Temperatures

Embodiments relate to methods, systems and an apparatus for determining an optimal temperature for gasification of a feedstock. The method includes predicting a chemistry of impurities in the feedstock that form a slag; predicting viscosity curves of the impurities in the feedstock that form the slag; predicting a need for one or more additives; and predicting an impact of chemistry changes of the slag based at least partly on temperature vs viscosity behavior during gasification. The method further includes controlling a gasification temperature to achieve a desired viscosity of the slag using at least one of the predicted chemistry changes and the additives.
A DNA test for routine prediction in breeding of peach blush, Ppe-Rf-SSR

Blush, the proportion of red overcolor on the skin surface of fruit, is highly variable in peach breeding germplasm and is important in the marketing of peach fruit. The fresh market peach industry demands a high level of blush to entice consumers, while the processing peach industry requires minimal blush. Therefore, blush is a major selection criterion in breeding programs. The use of DNA-based information could improve breeding efficiency and accuracy for fruit blush coverage, but a predictive DNA test is required. The objective of this study was to develop a DNA test for the prediction of blush coverage by targeting the major locus, R f , associated with blush variation. Initially, haplotypes were developed based on five SNP markers associated with variation in blush coverage. To convert the 5-SNP haplotype test into a single, simple PCR-based assay, 11 simple sequence repeat markers were designed and used to screen individuals representing all SNP haplotypes. The most informative assay, named Ppe-Rf-SSR, was chosen to screen 200 individuals of the RosBREED peach reference germplasm set that incorporated germplasm from four breeding programs. Ppe-Rf-SSR accurately differentiated individuals with high-, medium-, and low-blush coverage in most lineages. Outcomes highlighted that DNA tests can be quite predictive for some breeding programs or specific germplasm sets, while for others the predictiveness can falter. Therefore, the confirmation of genotype effects for any DNA test is recommended in new germplasm before routine use. The prediction accuracy and breeding utility of Ppe-Rf-SSR in the University of Arkansas breeding program were subsequently confirmed by screening 443 seedlings, independent of the initial DNA test development process, derived from 18 cross-combinations of 28 parents. Ppe-Rf-SSR can be used to efficiently and accurately predict fruit blush coverage, especially in fresh market germplasm, and has been deployed for routine use in the University of Arkansas peach breeding program.
Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of Present and Future Therapies

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a major public health epidemic. Pharmacologic therapies for this condition are scarce, but multiple agents with novel mechanisms of action are in development. Here we review the pathophysiology and natural history of NALFD, diagnostic testing and data for currently available treatment strategies. We then turn our attention to promising developmental drugs and their respective trials. As the prevalence of fatty liver disease increases, clinicians will have more tools at hand for management of this condition. We conclude the horizon is bright for patients and doctors who deal with NAFLD.
Abstract 148: Age Disparities in Acute Stroke Treatment: An Analysis of Six Years of US Hospital Discharges

Introduction: For each decade beyond age 55, the risk of ischemic stroke more than doubles; however, studies suggest that the elderly may receive acute treatments less frequently. Recently, several...
Synthesis and Characterization of an Isomorphous Lanthanide-Thiophenemonocarboxylate Series (Ln = La–Lu, except Pm) Amenable to Color Tuning

A series of 14 lanthanide compounds bearing 2-thiophenecarboxylate (TC) have been prepared under aqueous conditions and structurally characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal a full isomorphous series across the 4f block of the general formula [(Ln(TC)3(H2O)2)·(HPy·TC)]n, (Ln = La (La-1) – Lu (Lu-1), excluding Pm), with observable contraction of the cell volume and average metal–oxygen bond distances occurring when moving from lanthanum to lutetium. The 8-coordinate Ln metal centers are bound to two water molecules as well as six oxygen atoms from one bidentate and four bridging TC units that link LnO8 structural units into 1D chains. One lattice stabilizing pyridinium and one outer coordination sphere TC anion are present per formula unit. Reaction optimization provided moderate to high yields of the title products; a lanthanum byproduct [La(TC)3(HTC)2]n (La-2) was formed by performing the reaction at reduced temperature, or alternatively, successive grinding of La-1 in ethanol resul...
Multiple Sequence Alignment

Introduction Phylogeny estimation generally begins by estimating a multiple sequence alignment on the set of sequences. Once the multiple sequence alignment is computed, a tree can then be computed on the alignment (Figure 9.1). Not surprisingly, errors in multiple sequence alignment estimation tend to produce errors in estimated trees (Ogden and Rosenberg, 2006; Nelesen et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009a; Wang et al., 2012) and other downstream analyses. Hence, multiple sequence alignment is an important part of phylogeny estimation. As we have seen, there are many methods for estimating trees from gap-free data. However, because multiple sequence alignments almost always contain gaps, represented as dashes, phylogeny estimation methods must be modified to be able to analyze alignments with dashes. Typically this is performed by treating the dashes as missing data (i.e., missing data means there is an actual nucleotide or amino acid, but it is not known). Alternatively, the dashes are sometimes treated as an additional state in the sequence evolution model, thus producing five states for nucleotide alignments or 21 states for amino acid alignments. Finally, sometimes sites (i.e., columns in the multiple sequence alignment) containing dashes are eliminated from the alignment before a tree is computed. The different treatments of sequence alignments can result in quite different theoretical and empirical performance. Multiple sequence alignments are computed for different purposes, including phylogeny estimation and protein structure prediction, and the definition of what constitutes a correct alignment depends, at least in part, on the purpose for the alignment. For some biological datasets, curated alignments, typically based on experimentally confirmed structural features of the molecules (e.g., secondary structures or tertiary structures of RNAs and proteins), are used as benchmarks for evaluating alignment methods. Examples of such benchmarks for evaluating large amino acid alignments include HomFam (Sievers et al., 2011), BAliBASE (Thompson et al., 1999), and the 10AA collection (Nguyen et al., 2015b), while the Comparative Ribosomal Website (CRW) provides benchmarks for RNA alignment (Cannone et al., 2002). Evolutionary alignments, on the other hand, are defined by the evolutionary history relating the sequences.
And the “Hall Was Burned to the Ground”: Mothers and Theological Body Knowledge

Do mothers know anything distinctive through bodily practices of acute care for another, particularly as it relates to theology? In this chapter, I explore how theology is shaped by human habitation of temporal physical bodies, arguing that mothers have a greater role in constructing theology than history has accorded them. I develop this claim through an examination of the life of Antoinette Brown Blackwell—known as the first ordained woman but seldom recognized as a scholar and mother—and then through an exploration of the occlusion and reclamation of maternal knowledge in theology. In both instances, I hope to spark imagination about what we have missed by constructing theology in static, disembodied terms as an elite exercise whose presumed subject is the unchanging adult.
On the Utilization and Interpretation of Drifter Data

Abstract This paper discusses a parametric model for the analysis and interpretation of drifter data. The model equations are obtained from a hydrodynamic variational principle for geophysical fluid dynamics (Sasaki, 1955). The functional form of the solution to the model is crucially dependent upon the sign of the velocity gradient invariant. Some results on the application of the model to drifter data from a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico and a cold core ring in the North Equatorial Current are presented. Some extensions of the model likely to be required for application to experiments in the Japan Sea are discussed briefly.
Crowd space: a predictive crowd analysis technique

Over the last two decades there has been a proliferation of methods for simulating crowds of humans. As the number of different methods and their complexity increases, it becomes increasingly unrealistic to expect researchers and users to keep up with all the possible options and trade-offs. We therefore see the need for tools that can facilitate both domain experts and non-expert users of crowd simulation in making high-level decisions about the best simulation methods to use in different scenarios. In this paper, we leverage trajectory data from human crowds and machine learning techniques to learn a manifold which captures representative local navigation scenarios that humans encounter in real life. We show the applicability of this manifold in crowd research, including analyzing trends in simulation accuracy, and creating automated systems to assist in choosing an appropriate simulation method for a given scenario.
The Role of Emotionality and Regulation in Empathy-Related Responding.

The constructs of emotionality and regulation are central to many current conceptualizations of temperament. In this article, the role of individual differences in emotionality and regulation in em...
Fail Small, Fail Often: An Outsider’s View of Physiologic Complexity

We examine the hypothesis that the robustness of physiological time series results from allowing the underlying process to fail in small ways, and on a fairly regular basis. The notion of controlling such complex time series by suppressing their natural variability is argued to increase the likelihood of failure being catastrophic when it does occur. We also examine the hypothesis that the statistics of heart rate variability (HRV) are given by a tempered Levy probability density function. Herein, we use the fractional probability calculus to frame our arguments as a new way to understand complex physiological dynamics. A self-induced nonlinear control is shown to induce a tempered Levy process and is consistent with the hypothesis of disease being the loss of physiologic complexity made over 25 years ago.
Cyclopentadiene Dimerization Kinetics in the Presenceof C 5 Alkenes and Alkadienes

This work describes an experimental kinetic study and the development of a kinetic model for the dimerization of cyclopentadiene (CPD) to dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) in multicomponent reaction mixture...
A Patient with Severe Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension Delivers Her Fourth Child

A 30-year-old woman, G5P3013, with known severe pulmonary hypertension is admitted to Labor & Delivery at 38 + 4/7 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) because of the onset of uterine contractions. The patient is well known to the Obstetrics, Pulmonary Medicine, Anesthesia, and Nursing services (L-1). She has three living children and her first two deliveries at ages 20 and 22 were uncomplicated. She delivered her third child at age 26 and by that time carried the diagnosis of severe idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (L-2). She had a vacuum-assisted delivery at that time to minimize her need for exertion, but further details of that delivery are unavailable (L-3).
Chapter 4 – Research Methodology

Publisher Summary The research into the effects of alcohol on speech has been highly eclectic, drawing from many disciplines, methodologies that can often vary widely. Results are therefore not always comparable. This does not even take into account the fact that individuals vary widely in their physiological reaction to alcohol. No two studies have approached the question in exactly the same way and with the same experimental methodology. This chapter is devoted to a discussion of the different research methodologies employed in previous studies investigating the effects of alcohol on speech. Of concern here is how these various methodologies differ, how they have developed, and how their employment may affect results in specific studies. Examples of differing methodological procedures include the use of clinical versus experimental evidence; and the differential use of human subjects. Finally, the chapter concludes that intense study of the effects of alcohol on speech itself developed in parallel with developments in speech science, especially in the employment of new instrumentation. The development of breath–alcohol analysis devices provided an accurate, fast, noninvasive method of determining the amount of alcohol in the body. These have greatly facilitated research into the relationship between alcohol and speech.
Optimization of resources and modifications in acute ischemic stroke care in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to healthcare organizations worldwide. A steadily rising number of patients requiring intensive care, a large proportion from racial and ethnic minorities, demands creative solutions to provide high-quality care while ensuring healthcare worker safety in the face of limited resources. Boston Medical Center has been particularly affected due to the underserved patient population we care for and the increased risk of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection. Methods We present protocol modifications developed to manage patients with acute ischemic stroke in a safe and effective manner while prioritizing judicious use of personal protective equipment and intensive care unit resources. Conclusion We feel this information will benefit other organizations facing similar obstacles in caring for the most vulnerable patient populations during this ongoing public health crisis.
Trends in Food Insecurity in the United States from 2011-2017: Disparities by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Income.

The number of individuals in the United States who report food insecurity doubled between 2005 and 2012, with little research investigating possible disparities across time in food-insecure populat...
Strategies to minimize SARS-CoV-2 transmission in classroom settings: Combined impacts of ventilation and mask effective filtration efficiency

Abstract The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be significant and global. As the global community learns more about the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, there is strong evidence that a significant modality of transmission is via the long-range airborne route, referred to here as aerosol transmission. In this paper, we evaluate the efficacy of ventilation, mask effective filtration efficiency, and the combined effect of the two on the reduction of aerosol infection probability for COVID-19 in a classroom setting. The Wells-Riley equation is used to predict the conditional probability of infection for three distinct airborne exposure scenarios: (1) an infectious instructor exposing susceptible students; (2) an infectious student exposing other susceptible students; and (3) an infectious student exposing a susceptible instructor. Field measurements were performed in a classroom using a polydisperse neutralized salt (NaCl) aerosol, generated in a size range consistent with human-generated SARS-CoV-2 containing bioaerosols, as a safe surrogate. Measurements included time-resolved and size-resolved NaCl aerosol concentration distributions and size-resolved effective filtration efficiency of different masks with and without mask fitters. The measurements were used to validate assumptions and inputs for the Wells-Riley model. Aerosol dynamics and distribution measurements confirmed that the majority of the classroom space is uniform in aerosol concentration within a factor of 2 or better for distances > 2 m from the aerosol source. Mask effective filtration efficiency measurements show that most masks fit poorly with estimated leakage rates typically > 50%, resulting in significantly reduced effective filtration efficiency. However, effective filtration efficiencies approaching the mask material filtration efficiency were achievable using simple mask fitters. Wells-Riley model results for the different scenarios suggest that ventilation of the classroom alone is not able to achieve infection probabilities less than 0.01 (1%) for air exchanges rates up to 10 h−1 and an event duration of one hour. The use of moderate to high effective filtration efficiency masks by all individuals present, on the other hand, was able to significantly reduce infection probability and could achieve reductions in infection probability by 5x, 10x, or even >100x dependent on the mask used and use of a mask fitter. This enables conditional infection probabilities
Atlas-based segmentation of cochlear microstructures in cone beam CT

To develop an automated segmentation approach for cochlear microstructures [scala tympani (ST), scala vestibuli (SV), modiolus (Mod), mid-modiolus (Mid-Mod), and round window membrane (RW)] in clinical cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the temporal bone for use in surgical simulation software and for preoperative surgical evaluation. This approach was developed using the publicly available OpenEar (OE) Library that includes temporal bone specimens with spatially registered CBCT and 3D micro-slicing images. Five of these datasets were spatially aligned to our internal OSU atlas. An atlas of cochlear microstructures was created from one of the OE datasets. An affine registration of this atlas to the remaining OE CBCT images was used for automatically segmenting the cochlear microstructures. Quantitative metrics and visual review were used for validating the automatic segmentations. The average DICE metrics were 0.77 and 0.74 for the ST and SV, respectively. The average Hausdorff distance (AVG HD) was 0.11 mm and 0.12 mm for both scalae. The mean distance between the centroids for the round window was 0.32 mm, and the mean AVG HD was 0.09 mm. The mean distance and angular rotation between the mid-modiolar axes were 0.11 mm and 9.8 degrees, respectively. Visually, the segmented structures were accurate and similar to that manually traced by an expert observer. An atlas-based approach using 3D micro-slicing data and affine spatial registration in the cochlear region was successful in segmenting cochlear microstructures of temporal bone anatomy for use in simulation software and potentially for pre-surgical planning and rehearsal.
Better rules for judging joules: Exploring how experts make decisions about household energy use

Abstract Public understanding of home energy use is rife with biases and misunderstandings that can stymie the adoption of efficient technologies and conservation practices. Studying how energy experts make energy-related judgments can help design decision support tools to correct misperceptions held by novices. Here we conduct interviews with electrical engineers (n = 10), physicists (n = 10), and energy analysts (n = 10) to document expert judgments about energy use and to identify their cognitive shortcuts (heuristics) for household energy decision making. Performance on an energy estimation task confirmed that energy experts have more accurate estimates of home energy use than novices. We document 24 unique expert heuristics related to device functions, components, and observable cues used by experts while making energy-use judgments. A follow-up survey with the experts indicated that these expert heuristics are generally more accurate than novice heuristics. The library of heuristics created in this study can be useful additions to education programs designed to improve public energy literacy and decision making.
WaveSleepNet: An interpretable deep convolutional neural network for the continuous classification of mouse sleep and wake.

Abstract Background Recent advancement in deep learning provides a pivotal opportunity to potentially supplement or supplant the limiting step of manual sleep scoring. New method In this paper, we characterize the WaveSleepNet (WSN), a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses wavelet transformed images of mouse EEG/EMG signals to autoscore sleep and wake. Results WSN achieves an epoch by epoch mean accuracy of 0.86 and mean F1 score of 0.82 compared to manual scoring by a human expert. In mice experiencing mechanically induced sleep fragmentation, an overall epoch by epoch mean accuracy of 0.80 is achieved by WSN and classification of non-REM (NREM) sleep is not compromised, but the high level of sleep fragmentation results in WSN having greater difficulty differentiating REM from NREM sleep. We also find that WSN achieves similar levels of accuracy on an independent dataset of externally acquired EEG/EMG recordings with an overall epoch by epoch accuracy of 0.91. We also compared conventional summary sleep metrics in mice sleeping ad libitum. WSN systematically biases sleep fragmentation metrics of bout number and bout length leading to an overestimated degree of sleep fragmentation. Comparison with existing methods In a cross-validation, WSN has a greater macro and stage-specific accuracy compared to a conventional random forest classifier. Examining the WSN, we find that it automatically learns spectral features consistent with manual scoring criteria that are used to define each class. Conclusion These results suggest to us that WSN is capable of learning visually agreeable features and may be useful as a supplement to human manual scoring.
Genocide as Intentional Social Destruction: Gendered, Empirical Proof of Genocidal Rape, Killing, and Displacement in Darfur

Genocide is not merely mass murder—legally or empirically. This uncritical, ungendered misconception drives considerable confusion over contested genocides, including Darfur’s. Immediate killing, or “extermination,” is merely the most masculine crime that most selectively targets men. Genocide is a dynamic, gendered process that destroys entire social entities through both extermination and “elimination,” physical and social conditions designed to further such destruction. To understand Darfur’s genocide, we therefore approach collective violence as multiple, intersecting forms of victimization, targeted and experienced through social identities, and translated throughout communities. Through mixed-method analyses of Darfuri refugees’ testimonies, we show (a) gendered causes and collective effects of selective killing, rape, and anti-livelihood crimes, (b) how they cause displacement, (c) that they can be genocidal and empirically distinct from non-genocidal forms, (d) how the process of genocidal social destruction can work, and (e) how it does work in Darfur. Darfuris are victimized based on gender roles, yielding a meaning-making process that communicates socially destructive messages through crimes that selectively target the other gender. The collective result is displacement and destruction of Darfuris’ ways of life: genocide.
A primer on quality in the analytical laboratory

Introduction to Quality Quality Standards and Regulations Principles and Terminology of Quality Assurance Elementary Statistics Introduction Definitions Distribution of Measurements Students "t" Rejection of Data Final Comments on Statistics The Practice of Quality Assurance Introduction Standard Operating Procedures Calibration and Standardization Reference Materials Statistical Control and Control Charts Method Selection and Development Proficiency Testing The Sample Definitions and Examples Statistics of Sampling Sampling Handling Good Laboratory Practices General Provisions Organizations and Personnel Facilities Equipment Testing Facility Operations Tests, Control, and Reference Substances Protocols for and Conduct of a Study Records and Reports Audits Quality Assurance Audit EPA/FDA Audit Accreditation and Certification
The influence of gluten: weaning recommendations for healthy children and children at risk for celiac disease.

In most developed countries, gluten is currently most commonly introduced between 4 and 6 months of age, in spite of little evidence to support this practice. As for infants at risk of developing fo
Stability Robustness of P-Step Matrix Integrators with Uncertainty in the System Model

This note gives stability robustness measures for p-step matrix integrators. These measures provide bounds on structured perturbations of continuous-time systems to guarantee the stability of their discrete versions obtained using p-step matrix integrators. An example is given to illustrate the effect of the sampling time T on these measures.
Effect of dietary α-lipoic acid on growth, body composition, muscle pH, and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in mice

The effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on the growth, body composition, postmortem AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and 24-h muscle pH were investigated. Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were fed diets containing 0, 0.5, or 1.0% ALA (DM basis). At the end of the 3-wk feeding trial, carcass weights decreased (P < 0.05) 14 and 30% for mice fed 0.5 and 1.0% ALA, respectively, compared with the 0% group, with decreases in BW as the levels of dietary ALA increased. This change in carcass weight occurred because carcass fat content for mice receiving 0.5 and 1.0% ALA was 7.32 and 8.09% lower (P < 0.05), respectively, than for the 0% ALA treatment, and because gonadal fat decreased (P < 0.05) 85% in mice fed 1.0% ALA compared with those fed 0% ALA. Dietary ALA caused a slight increase (P < 0.05) in carcass moisture content, with no (P = 0.07) effect on protein and ash content. Furthermore, ALA supplement decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI (DM basis) from 4.3 g/d for 0% ALA-fed mice to 3.4 g/d for 1.0% ALA-fed mice. At 20 min postmortem, pH was greater (P < 0.05) in muscle of mice fed 1.0% ALA than in muscle of mice fed 0% ALA. Ultimate (24-h) pH values differed (P < 0.05) among treatments, and mean values were 5.83, 6.08, and 6.29 for 0, 0.5, and 1.0% ALA, respectively. Phosphorylation of AMPK alpha subunit at Thr172, an indicator of AMPK activation, was decreased (P < 0.05) in muscle of ALA-treated mice at 20 min postmortem. Because AMPK has a crucial role in the control of glycolysis, the reduction in AMPK activation decreases glycolysis, and thereby increases the ultimate pH of postmortem muscle. In summary, dietary ALA supplement can decrease fat accumulation in mice, and because ALA increased muscle pH at 20 min and 24 h postmortem, these results suggest that dietary ALA supplementation might decrease carcass fatness and prevent the development of PSE pork and poultry. However, further research is required to test the effects of ALA in swine and poultry.
High-performance spectral element algorithms and implementations.

We describe the development and implementation of a spectral element code for multimillion gridpoint simulations of incompressible flows in general two- and three-dimensional domains. Parallel performance is present on up to 2048 nodes of the Intel ASCI-Red machine at Sandia.
The Use and Misuse of Factor Scores in Multiple Regression Analysis.

Kukuk and Baty (1979) have been critical of the use of factor scores as predictors in multiple regression analysis. The present paper, while in disagreement with certain of Kukuk and Baty's conclusions, also finds the perfunctory use of factor scores in conjunction with regression analysis to be inappropriate for many, or even most, purposes. It is suggested that factoring methods are most suitable for independent variable sets when some consideration has been given to the nature of the domain which is implied by the predictors.
Mixed-Sequence Recognition of Double-Stranded DNA Using Enzymatically Stable Phosphorothioate Invader Probes

Development of probes that allow for sequence-unrestricted recognition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) continues to attract much attention due to the prospect for molecular tools that enable detection, regulation, and manipulation of genes. We have recently introduced so-called Invader probes as alternatives to more established approaches such as triplex-forming oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids and polyamides. These short DNA duplexes are activated for dsDNA recognition by installment of +1 interstrand zippers of intercalator-functionalized nucleotides such as 2'-N-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-2'-N-methyl-2'-aminouridine and 2'-O-(pyren-1-yl)methyluridine, which results in violation of the nearest neighbor exclusion principle and duplex destabilization. The individual probes strands have high affinity toward complementary DNA strands, which generates the driving force for recognition of mixed-sequence dsDNA regions. In the present article, we characterize Invader probes that are based on phosphorothioate backbones (PS-DNA Invaders). The change from the regular phosphodiester backbone furnishes Invader probes that are much more stable to nucleolytic degradation, while displaying acceptable dsDNA-recognition efficiency. PS-DNA Invader probes therefore present themselves as interesting probes for dsDNA-targeting applications in cellular environments and living organisms.
Opportunities for Pharmacists to Aid in the Management of Acid-Peptic Disorders

There is increasing evidence that pharmacists practicing in a myriad of clinical settings, including outpatient clinics and community pharmacies, can play a key role in efforts to manage many chronic diseases. This is especially true for conditions that are prevalent, costly, and where patients frequently self-medicate using over-the-counter drugs. The acid-peptic disorders (e.g. peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and reflux esophagitis) meet these criteria and present pharmacists with an ideal opportunity to improve patient outcomes, acting independently or as part of a more comprehensive disease management initiative. The opportunity exists for pharmacists to enhance the care of patients with acid-peptic disorders by identifying patients who have one of these conditions, assessing their risk for serious diagnoses (e.g. cancer) or complications (e.g. bleeding), educating patients on self management, and optimizing medical regimens through collaboration with physicians. The major barrier for integrating pharmacists into disease management programs is reimbursement; however, some patients may be willing to pay for these services, and innovative payors may begin to provide compensation to pharmacists, Pharmacists should play a key role in new disease management models designed for conditions, such as acid-peptic disorders, that meet the criteria discussed in this article.
Technical progress, factor substitutability and models of production: II

This paper is the concluding installment of a series which surveys a number of fundamental production tenets. This examines and hence compares the properties of several production models which result from alternative pairings of the progress and substitutability assumptions discussed in part 1. Part I appeared in a recent issue ofDe Economist.
CO2 and R410A flow boiling heat transfer, pressure drop, and flow pattern at low temperatures in a horizontal smooth tube

Abstract Flow boiling heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and flow pattern are investigated in the horizontal smooth tube of 6.1 mm inner diameter for CO 2 , R410A, and R22. Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients are measured at the constant wall temperature conditions, while pressure drop measurement and flow visualization are carried out at adiabatic conditions. This research is performed at evaporation temperatures of −15 and −30 °C, mass flux from 100 to 400 kg m −2 s −1 , and heat flux from 5 to 15 kW m −2 for vapor qualities ranging from 0.1 to 0.8. The measured R410A heat transfer coefficients are compared to other published data. The comparison of heat transfer coefficients for CO 2 , R410A, and R22 is presented at various heat fluxes, mass fluxes, and evaporation temperatures. The difference of coefficients for each refrigerant is explained with the Gungor and Winterton [K.E. Gungor, R.H.S. Winterton, A general correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 29 (1986) 351–358] correlation based on the thermophysical properties of refrigerants. The Wattelet et al. [J.P. Wattelet, J.C. Chato, B.R. Christoffersen, J.A. Gaibel, M. Ponchner, P.J. Kenny, R.L. Shimon, T.C. Villaneuva, N.L. Rhines, K.A. Sweeney, D.G. Allen, T.T. Heshberger, Heat Transfer Flow Regimes of Refrigerants in a Horizontal-tube Evaporator, ACRC TR-55, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994], and Gungor and Winterton [K.E. Gungor, R.H.S. Winterton, A general correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 29 (1986) 351–358] correlations give the best agreement with the measured heat transfer coefficients for CO 2 and R410A. Pressure drop for CO 2 , R410A, and R22 at various mass fluxes, evaporation temperatures and qualities is presented in this paper. The Muller-Steinhagen and Heck [H. Muller-Steinhagen, K. Heck, A simple friction pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes, Chem. Eng. Process. 20 (1986) 297–308], and Friedel [L. Friedel, Improved friction pressure correlations for horizontal and vertical two-phase pipe flow, in: The European Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting, Ispra, Italy, 1979 (paper E2)] correlation can predict most of the measured pressure drop within the range of ±30%. The relation between pressure drop and properties for each refrigerant is described by applying the Muller-Steinhagen and Heck correlation. The observed two-phase flow patterns for CO 2 and R410A are presented and compared with flow pattern maps. Most of the flow patterns can be determined by the Weisman et al. [J. Weisman, D. Duncan, J. Gibson, T. Crawford, Effect of fluid properties and pipe diameter on two-phase flow patterns in horizontal lines, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 5 (1979) 437–462] flow pattern map.
Ironies of Organization: Landowners, Land Registration, and Papua New Guinea's Mining and Petroleum Industry

Contemporary policy work in Papua New Guinea portrays the country either in terms of an inflexible tradition to be remedied by liberalization, or a weak state whose disintegrating social institutions must be strengthened by regional neighbors. As an analysis of land registration issues surrounding resource developments shows, rural Papua New Guineans demonstrate a willingness to innovate on past practice that is strikingly modern in its outlook, and the politics of land registration cannot be explained by liberalization or disintegration approaches. At the same time, the fluidity of land tenure makes it difficult to study land in Papua New Guinea as if it were common property, as is done in new institutional economics.
Tranexamic Acid reduces blood loss and blood product use during pediatric cranial vault remodeling

RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were identified, 47 were treated with TXA. No difference in preoperative characteristics between groups was identified; average age at time of surgery was 9 months. Estimated blood loss was significantly reduced in the TXA group (33.4 vs 40.6 ml/kg p<0.01), as was red cell transfusion volume (38.8 vs 46.1 ml/kg p<0.01). In the TXA group the need for plasma/cryoprecipitate transfusion was reduced (4% vs 35% p<0.01). No significant difference in vasopressor use was found (6% vs 6% p1⁄40.97). TXA treated patients exhibited higher postoperative hematocrits (33.0 vs 30.9 p<0.01), and decreased drain output (173 vs 344 ml p<0.01). No differences in mortality, length of stay, or post-operative complications were seen between groups.
Treatment of Angina Pectoris with Cinchona Alkaloids

Reports indicating the value of quinidine sulfate in angina pectoris led to (1) a search for related drugs which were equally effective but less toxic, and (2) a study of the mode of action of these drugs. It was found that quinidine, quinine, cinchonadine, and cinchamidine decrease the frequency of attacks in daily life and increase the exercise tolerance as measured by a standardized test. Quinine sulfate (0.3 to 0.4 Gm. every eight hours) appears to be the drug of choice from the standpoint of availability and low toxicity as well as effectiveness. The value of these drugs is apparently due to a vasodilating action which in turn is dependent on the presence of the quinoline ring.
Artificial intelligence and robotics

Robotics is that field concerned with the connection of perception to action. Artificial Intelligence must have a central role in Robotics if the connection is to be intelligent. Artificial Intelligence addresses the crucial questions of: what knowledge is required in any aspect of thinking; how that knowledge should be represented; and how that knowledge should be used Robotics challenges AI by forcing it to deal with real objects in the real world. Techniques and representations developed for purely cognitive problems, often in toy domains, do not necessarily extend to meet the challenge.
Fusarium Head Blight in Hard Red Spring Wheat: Cultivar Responses to Natural Epidemics

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is an important but sporadic disease throughout major spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production areas in Canada and the USA. Our objectives were to (i) examine the effects of years, planting dates, cultivars, and their interactions on FHB measures and agronomic traits and (ii) characterize cultivar responses across a range of environments. Eight planting dates and 16 hard red spring wheat cultivars were studied in field trials during 1993 and 1994 at Crookston, MN. Normal and above-normal rain during June and July provided moist conditions during anthesis of most cultivars across several planting dates each year. Incidence and severity of FHB varied markedly with planting date, anthesis date, year, and cultivar. Cultivars that achieved higher than average grain yield and test weight over all environments did so because they performed well in environments that favored FHB. Cultivar mean grain yield (r = -0.75, P = 0.01) and test weight (r = -0.93, P = 0.01) were inversely correlated with cultivar mean FHB incidence. 'Butte-86', 'Grandin', 'Marshall', and 'Nordic' generally had lower mean FHB incidence and severity and were less responsive to environments favorable for disease than other cultivars. These cultivars also had higher grain yield and test weight than most other cultivars. 'Norm' 'Minnpro', 'Sonja', and 'Bergen' were representative of more susceptible cultivars. They had higher levels of disease, were more responsive to environments favorable for disease, and had lower grain yield and test weight. Attempts to avoid FHB by varying planting date were not successful. Careful cultivar selection for tolerance to FHB should provide moderate increases in grain yield (10-20%) and test weight (5-10%) for spring wheat producers in northwest Minnesota.
Active transport of potassium by mitochondria II. Effect of substrates and inhibitors

Abstract 1. 1. The effect on mitochondrial phosphate metabolism of glutamate and P i , which energise K + uptake, was compared with that of succinate and P i , which do not. Glutamate induced a 3-fold increase in the turnover of ATP, as compared with succinate. The effect on phosphoprotein was even greater. 2. 2. K + -depleted mitochondria carried out oxidative phosphorylation at normal rates in the presence or absence of external K + . 3. 3. 2,4-Dinitrophenol caused K + efflux from freshly prepared mitochondria. There was an equivalent H + influx. This was due to an increase in permeability of the mitochondria to cations. Nupercaine decreased the change in permeability. 4. 4. 2,4-Dinitrophenol failed to induce H + influx in mitochondria previously depleted of K + . H + influx could also be decreased by balancing intramitochondrial K + with equivalent concentrations of external K + , Na + or NH 4 + were less effective than K + . 5. 5. Oligomycin and amytal had no effect on mitochondrial permeability to cations. Azide had a lesser effect than 2,4-dinitrophenol. 6. 6. Oligomycin had no effect upon the K + uptake energised by β-hydroxybutyrate, but blocked that energised by ATP.
A genetic variant of immunoglobulin γ2 is strongly associated with immunity to mucin 1 in patients with breast cancer

High levels of antibodies to mucin 1 (MUC1), a membrane-bound glycoprotein that is overexpressed in adenocarcinomas, are associated with good prognosis in patients with breast cancer. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether GM and KM allotypes—genetic markers of IgG heavy chains and κ-type light chains, respectively—contribute to the magnitude of natural antibody responsiveness to MUC1 in patients with breast cancer. A total of 153 Caucasian subjects with breast cancer were allotyped for several GM and KM markers. These subjects were also characterized for IgG and IgM antibodies to MUC1. Anti-MUC1 IgG antibody levels in subjects who were carriers of the immunoglobulin γ2 allele GM 23 were significantly higher than in those who were noncarriers (P = 0.003). These results could potentially divide the population into high or low responders to MUC1, which has important implications for MUC1-based immunotherapeutic interventions in breast cancer.
Term newborns who are at risk for sepsis: Are Lumbar punctures necessary?

Objectives. To determine: (1) whether a lumbar puncture (LP) is indicated in asymptomatic full-term newborns delivered by mothers at risk of intrapartum sepsis; and (2) whether gentamicin improves bacterial coverage for such newborns when used with ampicillin. Design. A retrospective chart review from 1987 through 1993 of all newborns with positive blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid cultures in the first 7 days of life. Methods. Pregnant women were screened in the second trimester for group B streptococci and given ampicillin during labor if two or more risk factors were present: group B streptococci colonization, maternal fever or leukocytosis, rupture of membranes at more than 18 hours, foul-smelling amniotic fluid, and fetal tachycardia. After sepsis evaluation (LP, blood culture, white blood cell count, and differential), asymptomatic infants received ampicillin and gentamicin for 48 to 72 hours unless cultures grew pathogens. Results. Of approximately 24 452 full-term births in 7 years, 7% (1712) had evaluations for symptoms of sepsis, and 14% (3423) were asymptomatic but had evaluations for maternal risk factors. There were 11 cases of meningitis, all involving symptomatic newborns; 10 of these 11 had positive blood cultures for the same organism. In asymptomatic infants, none of the 3423 had meningitis (95% confidence interval, 0 to 0.0008), although 35 grew contaminants. Of 73 pathogens isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, 7 (9.5%) were resistant to ampicillin. Addition of gentamicin provided coverage for only 2 of these 7 pathogens. Of 5135 infants who received ampicillin and gentamicin, only 2 required gentamicin for improved coverage. Conclusions. (1) LP is unnecessary in asymptomatic full-term newborns. (2) Empiric coverage for asymptomatic newborns with maternal risk factors need not include gentamicin at all hospitals, because it only improved the coverage of ampicillin alone from 90% to 93% of pathogens, but it exposed more than 5000 infants to the side effects of gentamicin. (3) The presence of leukopenia ( 3 ) is highly predictive of bacteremia. newborn, lumbar puncture, meningitis.
Cobalt-free layered perovskite GdBaFe2O5+x as a novel cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

A cobalt-free layered perovskite oxide, GdBaFe2O5+x (GBF), was investigated as a novel cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). Area-specific resistance (ASR) of GBF was measured by impedance spectroscopy in a symmetrical cell. The observed ASR was as low as 0.15 � cm 2 at 700 ◦ C and 0.39 � cm 2 at 650 ◦ C, respectively. A laboratory sized Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC)-based tri-layer cell of NiOSDC/SDC/GBF was tested under intermediate temperature conditions of 550–700 ◦ C with humidified H2 (∼3% H2O) as a fuel and the static ambient air as an oxidant. A maximal power density of 861 mW cm −2 was achieved at 700 ◦C. The electrode polarization resistance was as low as 0.57, 0.22, 0.13 and 0.08 � cm2 at 550, 600, 650 and 700 ◦ C, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the layered perovskite GBF is a promising cathode candidate for IT-SOFCs.
Mercury: Infrared Evidence for Nonsynchronous Rotation

An infrared observation of the dark side of Mercury made by Pettit and Nicholson in 1923 led them to suggest that the planet rotates nonsynchronously. Their early measurements, if taken at face value, would imply a brightness temperature of about 180°K for the dark side. The asymmetry of the infrared phase curve is further interpreted as suggesting direct rotation.