cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte-neuron crosstalk through Hedgehog signaling mediates cortical circuit assembly

SUMMARY Neuron-glia relationships play a critical role in the regulation of synapse formation and neuronal specification. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons and astrocytes communicate and coordinate are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the canonical Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is active in cortical astrocytes, where it acts to coordinate layer-specific synaptic connectivity and functional circuit development. We show that Ptch1 is a Shh receptor that is expressed by cortical astrocytes during development and that Shh signaling is necessary and sufficient to promote the expression of layer-specific astrocyte genes involved in regulating synapse formation and function. Loss of Shh in layer V neurons reduces astrocyte complexity and coverage by astrocytic processes in tripartite synapses, moreover, cell-autonomous activation of Shh signaling in astrocytes promotes cortical excitatory synapse formation. Together, these results suggest that Shh secreted from deep layer cortical neurons acts to specialize the molecular and functional features of astrocytes during development to shape circuit assembly and function.
Basic Principles of Cardiac Electrophysiology

Cardiac tissue is an electrical syncytium, the coordinated stimulation of which allows for the contraction of the tissue, for the effective pumping action of the heart. Each individual cardiomyocyte is an electrically excitable cell and its electrical properties and proteins that contribute to its function differ depending on the type of cardiomyocyte and its location in the heart. This chapter discusses the major ion channels that contribute to the electrical activity of cardiomyocytes, action potential and its heterogeneity, intercellular electrical coupling, and conduction of the action potentials.
An elbow exoskeleton for haptic feedback made with a direct drive hobby motor

Abstract A direct drive motor is one of the simplest mechanisms that can be used to move a mechanical joint. In particular, a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor with no gearing produces a low parasitic torque due to its backdrivability and low inertia, which is ideal for some applications such as wearable systems. While capable of operating with a higher power density than brushed motors, BLDC motors require accurate position feedback to be controlled via vector control at slow speeds. The MotorWare ™ library from Texas Instruments (TI), which is designed to run with a C2000 microcontroller, is written to run BLDCs. However, the code was written to run the motor continuously with an incremental encoder and requires further engineering to be used at low speeds such as in an exoskeleton. In this paper, we present the design of an elbow exoskeleton that can be used for haptic feedback. We provide instructions to build the exoskeleton hardware, custom code to modify software provided by TI so that a motor can provide a controlled torque at low speeds, code to enable the microcontroller to communicate with a computer for high-level commands and data storage, and also provide an overview of how alternate motors could be used with this software setup.
When Dream Bear Sings: Native Literatures of the Southern Plains: Edited by Gus Palmer, Jr. 358 pp. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 2018. US $75.00 (hardcover). ISBN: 9780803284005

When Dream Bear Sings edited by Gus Palmer, Jr. is an ambitious volume that brings together the tribal stories, myths, folktales, and personal sketches and poems from multiple scholars and artists....
Un Puente a la Mesa: The Role of Cultural Translators in the Production of Disney/Pixar’s Coco

Controversy soon followed news of Disney/Pixar’s production of an animated film based on Dia de los Muertos (DDLM). Disney sought to trademark the phrase DDLM in 2013. Chicanxs and Latinxs mobilized to pressure the multinational media giant to withdraw the trademark paperwork. The film was renamed Coco in 2015, the trademark was withdrawn after three days, and prominent Chicanxs and Latinxs were hired as cultural consultants. This chapter draws on trade publications to highlight the role of cultural translators (CTs), many of whom are first- and second-generation Latinx Americans, in the production of Coco. The lived experiences of CTs, including the histories that their bodies carry, inform what they bring to the table, stories that hold special connection to their ancestry.
Polls, clickbait, and commemorative $2 bills: problematic political advertising on news and media websites around the 2020 U.S. elections

Online advertising can be used to mislead, deceive, and manipulate Internet users, and political advertising is no exception. In this paper, we present a measurement study of online advertising around the 2020 United States elections, with a focus on identifying dark patterns and other potentially problematic content in political advertising. We scraped ad content on 745 news and media websites from six geographic locations in the U.S. from September 2020 to January 2021, collecting 1.4 million ads. We perform a systematic qualitative analysis of political content in these ads, as well as a quantitative analysis of the distribution of political ads on different types of websites. Our findings reveal the widespread use of problematic tactics in political ads, such as bait-and-switch ads formatted as opinion polls to entice users to click, the use of political controversy by content farms for clickbait, and the more frequent occurrence of political ads on highly partisan news websites. We make policy recommendations for online political advertising, including greater scrutiny of non-official political ads and comprehensive standards across advertising platforms.
Predicting the Reliability of Ceramic Turbine Components

General Motors' Detroit Diesel Allison is developing ceramic hot flow path components for application to small vehicular industrial gas turbine engines. A key program element is the development of an appropriate methodology for predicting component reliability. Fast fracture design analysis procedures applicable to brittle material structures have been devised to predict the average performance of a blade attachment coupon (test sample). Coupon failure originates from a localized region of predicted peak stress and defects initiating failure in coupons control the strength of qualification MOR test specimens. The average failure speed of spin coupons is shown to be within 1.6% of the predicted value. Experimental results clearly establish the validity of design procedures. Methods used to obtain and analyze material strength characteristics, finite element modeling, blade coupon reliability computations, blade coupon spin test results, and failure testing are summarized.
Domestic Legitimacy and Foreign Policy Responses: A Time Series Analysis of India-Pakistan Enduring Rivalry

Why do states engaged in enduring rivalries sometimes live at peace, while at other times get involved in conflicts? Why are there periods of detente and active conflicts in extremely conflictual dyads? To address these questions, a focus on an enduring rivalry situated in the developing world provides a unique opportunity to deal with the factors that contribute to the interstate interactions, both conflictual as well as cooperative. In an attempt to connect domestic and international factors, I propose that domestic legitimacy is the major factor in explaining the evolution of enduring rivalries between states.
The Qur'an and the Constitution

The Quran and the Constitution are mutually supportive supreme texts; one does not negate the other. Numerous forms of government, cultural traditions, and economic systems are compatible with both supreme texts. Muslim nations are free to promulgate specific constitutions that reflect their social, political, and economic preferences rooted in history and culture. The specific constitution must reflect the conscience of the nation, for constitutions that fail to do so are vulnerable to amendment, even revolutionary replacement. Because the human condition is constantly evolving, the Quran, though a permanent divine text immune to alteration or amendment, is amenable to the evolutionary calls of believers. Each generation of Muslims is free to understand the Quran for meeting its needs. Interpreters as believers, however, summon the luminosity of faith while analyzing the Word of God and refrain from deforming the meaning of the divine text. They should not project personal agendas into the meaning of the Quran as do some interpreters of the Constitution.
Message Derogation and Self‐Distancing Denial: Situational and Dispositional Influences on the Use of Denial to Protect Against a Threatening Message1

Five types of denial to protect against the implications of a personal health threat message (cardiovascular disease or CVD) were examined. Undergraduates (N = 150) were randomly assigned to levels of threat and difficulty, read the message, and completed measures of objective risk for CVD, optimistic denial threat orientation, measures of 1 type of message-oriented denial (message derogation) and 4 types of self-oriented denial, and intentions to engage in protective action. High threat and difficulty both provoked message derogation, but low threat led to more self-oriented denial. Individual differences were evident: Those higher in optimistic denial used more self-oriented denial and had lower intention to engage in protective actions. Self-oriented denial mediated the relationship between optimistic denial and behavioral intentions.
Searching For Lost Decades

This paper estimates the probability of a ``lost decade'' where equity investments lose value over a ten year period. The findings are a reminder that equity investments are risky even over longer time periods, and investors should take this into consideration when making portfolio choices. It also introduces a simple method to allow the reader to combine beliefs about long run stock returns along with computer simulated return distributions. Finally, it is shown that mistaken perceptions of using arithmetic means could account for some common misconceptions about the chance of losses over a decade.
An eigenvector spatial filtering contribution to short range regional population forecasting

Statistical space-time forecasting requires sufficiently large time series data to ensure high quality predictions. The dominance of temporal dependence in empirical space-time data emphasizes the importance of a lengthy time sequence. However, regional space-time data often have a relative small temporal sample size, increasing chances that regional forecasts might result in unreliable predictions. This paper proposes a method to improve regional forecasts by incorporating spatial autocorrelation in a generalized linear mixed model framework coupled with eigenvector spatial filtering. This methodology is illustrated with an application of regional population forecasts for South Korea.
Assessing the Cost of Regulatory Protection: Evidence on the Decision to Sell Securities Outside the United States

This paper examines the factors that affect the decision of U.S. companies to issue securities off-shore compared with inside the United States. Utilizing a data set of 1,444 domestic private placements and offshore offerings from 1993 to 1997, the paper reports that firms that experienced a private securities fraud lawsuit in the past resort to foreign sources of capital more frequently. Similarly, companies in standard industrial classification groups that are targeted more often with private securities fraud litigation are also more likely to issue securities offshore than to conduct domestic private placements. Not all issuers, however, choose to exit the U.S. regime. The paper employs past experience with a SEC investigation as a proxy for the amount of risk that the issuer may pose to investors. Issuers with private securities fraud litigation experience that also encountered a past SEC investigation are more likely to raise capital through a domestic offering, consistent with the hypothesis that some issuers choose to raise capital in the United States when the bonding and signaling value of the U.S. legal liability regime outweighs the costs associated with antifraud liability.
Relativistic modifications of covalent bonding in heavy elements: Calculations for T1H

Abstract To determine whether the “orthogonal triplet bond” proposed by Pyper is an important factor in the bonding of hydrogen to a very heavy element with a single p 1 2 valence election, we computed dissociation curves for T1H using fully relativistic quantum methods. Our results and literature information indicate that the orthogonal triplet interaction makes no significant contribution to bonding.
A Corpus for Research on Deliberation and Debate

Deliberative, argumentative discourse is an important component of opinion formation, belief revision, and knowledge discovery; it is a cornerstone of modern civil society. Argumentation is productively studied in branches ranging from theoretical artificial intelligence to political rhetoric, but empirical analysis has suffered from a lack of freely available, unscripted argumentative dialogs. This paper presents the Internet Argument Corpus (IAC), a set of 390,704 posts in 11,800 discussions extracted from the online debate site 4forums.com. A 2866 thread/130,206 post extract of the corpus has been manually sided for topic of discussion, and subsets of this topic-labeled extract have been annotated for several dialogic and argumentative markers: degrees of agreement with a previous post, cordiality, audience-direction, combativeness, assertiveness, emotionality of argumentation, and sarcasm. As an application of this resource, the paper closes with a discussion of the relationship between discourse marker pragmatics, agreement, emotionality, and sarcasm in the IAC corpus.
Intrinsic Bias and Lineage Restriction in the Phenotype Determination of Dopamine and Neuropeptide Y Amacrine Cells

Blastomere lineages are differentially biased to produce different neurotransmitter subtypes of amacrine cells ([Huang and Moody, 1995][1],[1997][2]). To elucidate when this bias is acquired, we examined amacrine lineages at different early developmental times. Our experiments demonstrate that the bias to express dopamine and neuropeptide Y amacrine fates involves several steps before the formation of the definitive optic cup. At cleavage stages, a retinal progenitor that contributes large numbers of cells is already biased to produce its normal repertoire of dopamine amacrine cells, as revealed by transplantation to a new location, whereas the amacrine fate of a progenitor that contributes fewer cells is modified by its new position. At neural plate stages, not all retinal progenitors are multipotent. Nearly one-half populate only the inner nuclear layer and are enriched in amacrine cells. During early optic vesicle stages, an appropriate mitotic tree is required for dopamine and neuropeptide Y, but not serotonin, amacrine cell clusters to form. Thus, the acquisition of amacrine fate bias involves intrinsic maternal factors at cleavage, fate restriction in the neural plate, and specified mitotic patterns in the optic vesicle. At each of these steps only a subset of the embryonic retinal progenitors contributing to amacrine subtypes is biased; the remaining progenitors maintain multipotency. Thus, from the earliest embryonic stages, progenitors of the retina are a dynamic mosaic. This is the first experimental demonstration of amacrine fate decisions that occur during early embryonic periods in advance of the events described in the later, committed retina. [1]: #ref-19 [2]: #ref-20
Comparison Between Proteinases of Human Seminal Plasma and of Sperm Origin

A comparison of the alkaline proteinase activity of human seminal plasma, the seminal non-gamete cellular material and spermatozoa was made by gelatin-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin-SDS-PAGE) zymography. Several major (molecular weights = greater than 56,000) and minor (35,000 to 44,000) bands of proteinase activity were seen in the seminal plasma samples from nonvasectomized and vasectomized, healthy donors. Similar activity profiles were observed in the nongamete cellular material of vasectomized donor ejaculates. The major proteinase activity in sperm extracts was in the 47,000 to 55,000 (proacrosin-acrosin) and 34,000 to 37,000 (sperminogen-spermin) molecular weight ranges. These results suggest that the proacrosin-acrosin and sperminogen-spermin systems are of sperm origin and that there are considerable amounts of larger molecular weight trypsin-like enzymes in the soluble and nongamete cellular material of human seminal plasma.
Neurotensin-induced hypothermia: Evidence for an interaction with dopaminergic systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroids axis

Neurotensin (NT), an endogenous tridecapeptide, produces significant hypothermia after intracisternal (i.c.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration in microgram quantities in a variety of laboratory animals. The present study sought to clarify the mechanism of the hypothermic action by utilizing pharmacological treatments which alter the function of brain neurotransmitter systems. Pretreatment of rats with anti-muscarinic (atropine), anti-noradrenergic (propranolol, a beta-blocker; phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-blocker) or anti-opiate (naloxone) agents did not significantly alter NT-induced hypothermia. Similarly depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) with parachlorophenylalanine did not affect NT-induced hypothermia. However, depletion of brain catecholamine content with 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in a significant potentiation of NT-induced hypothermia as did pretreatment with haloperidol, a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist. Furthermore, in rats with selective depletions of brain DA, but not norepinephrine (NE), NT-induced hypothermia was significantly augmented. Thus an interaction between brain DA systems and NT appears likely. These data indicate that NT-induced hypothermia is not dependent on intact functional activity of NE, 5-HT, muscarinic ACh or endogenous opiate systems but suggests interactions between brain DA circuits and NT. In other experiments, NT-induced hypothermia was found to be antagonized significantly by i.c. injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), but not by pretreatment with L-triiodothyronine. Another endogenous tripeptide (Pro--Leu--Gly--NH2, MIF-I) had no effect. Thyroidectomy (THX) significantly potentiated NT-induced hypothermia; NT administered i.c. significantly reduced the high serum TSH levels of THX rats. Thus, NT and TRH, two endogenous peptides, appear to be antagonists in certain systems.
417 HISTOLOGIC CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF ACQUIRED MONOSACCHARIDE INTOLERANCE (AMI) AND GLUTEN SENSITIVE ENTEROPATHY (GSE)

AMI is a condition of infants under a year of age characterized by chronic acidic diarrhea, severe failure to thrive, total carbohydrate intolerance (including glucose) and no correlation with gluten content of the diet. Histological changes observed on small bowel biopsy range from moderate to severe villous atrophy. GSE, a condition seen in children in the similar age group, has some similar clinical features and villous atrophy. In order to define histologic criteria to differentiate the clinical conditions, mucosal biopsies were studied from 9 AMI, 6 GSE and 14 age matching controls ranging from 2 to 30 months. No quantitative differences were found by light microscopy in the thickness of the mucosa, villous height, crypt depth & villi/crypt ratio between AMI and GSE. Quantitative differences were observed in mitotic index (MI) (# of mitotic figures/100 crypt cells): 3.7 ± 1 in AMI vs 7.5 ± 4 (GSE), p < 0.01. Maximum mitotic migration (MMM) along the crypt walls (expressed as the fractional migration of the most distant mitotic figure from the base of the crypt along the crypt column) was 0.5 ± 0.1 (AMI) vs 0.8 ± 0.1 (GSE), p < 0.01. The interepithelial lymphocyte court (ILC) was 12 ± 2 (AMI) vs 45 ± 26 (GSE), p < 0.001. The diagnosis of AMI and GSE can be made by light microscopy using: MI, MMM and ILC. Support: Venezuelan Nat. Acad. of Sciences, NIH.
A statistical‐hydrodynamical approach to problems of climate and its evolution

As an alternative to computing many long numerical integrations of a set of model equations, we explore here a statistical-hydrodynamical method of calculating the equilibrium statistics of an ensemble of atmospheric states, with fixed but arbitrarily prescribed external conditions. The purely mathematical problems are solved or solvable, and the remaining numerical calculations are within the capacity of existing computing machines. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00265.x
Interpreting current physical activity guidelines and incorporating them into practice for health promotion and disease prevention.

Physical activity is movement of the body’s skeletal muscles and includes a wide variety of activities. Structured or planned physical activity is considered exercise.[1][1],[2][2] The rate of inactivity is high in the United States. Approximately 15% of men and 17% of women are completely
Computer simulation of the diffusivity of cement-based materials

A digital image-based model of the microstructure of cement paste, coupled with exact transport algorithms, is used to study the diffusivity of Portland cement paste. The principal variables considered are water∶cement ratio, degree of cement hydration and capillary porosity. Computational methods are described and diffusivity results are presented, which are found to agree with the available experimental measurements within experimental error. Model cement pastes prepared with different water∶cement ratios, and having different degrees of hydration, are found to have diffusivities that lie on a single master curve when plotted as a function of capillary porosity. Concepts from percolation theory are used to explain quantitatively the dependence of diffusivity on capillary porosity. The effect of silica fume addition on diffusivity is also examined.
HOUSING ALLOWANCES AND DEMAND ORIENTED HOUSING SUBSIDIES

It is estimated that the Federal government will spend more than $170 million on the Experimental Housing Allowance Program (EHAP). So far more then $50 million has been spent on EHAP research alone. This paper indicates some of the analytical issues in evaluation and suggests that housing allowance policies have ample historical precedent.
ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE LIQUID ALKALI METALS.

Abstract A corresponding-states correlation, based on the radial distribution function, is established which describes the temperature dependence of the isothermal compressibilities of liquid sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. It is shown that if the liquid alkali metals follow the same form of a two-parameter intermolecular potential energy function, then a simple relationship should exist between reduced compressibility and reduced temperature. Independently determined parameters are used to define the reduced quantities and to establish the relationship. The correlation can be used to predict the compressibility of lithium (for which no data are presently available) and to extend the data for rubidium and cesium to temperatures above the experimental range.
Dissolution in Ceramic Systems: 11, Dissolution of Aluminu, Mullite, Anorthite, and Silica in a Calcium‐Aluminum‐Silicate Slag

Experimental measurements have been made on the rate of dissolution of sapphire, dense poly-crystalline alumina, mullite, fused silica, and anorthite in a 20A12O3-4OCaO-40SiO2 slag at 1350° to 1500° C under conditions of free and forced convection. Dissolution rates and their temperature dependence were found to be controlled by transport within the liquid boundary layer. At low temperatures alumina is by far the most corrosion resistant; at higher temperatures differences between the refractories tested are less pronounced.
An Improved Reissner-Mindlin Plate Theory for Composite Laminates

An improved Reissner-Mindlin theory for composite laminates without invoking ad hoc kinematic assumptions is constructed using the variational-asymptotic method. Instead of assuming a priori the distribution of three-dimensional displacements in terms of two-dimensional plate displacements as what is usually done in typical plate theories, an exact intrinsic formulation has been achieved by introducing unknown three-dimensional warping functions. Then the variational-asymptotic method is applied to systematically decouple the original three-dimensional problem into a one-dimensional through-the-thickness analysis and a two-dimensional plate analysis. The resulting theory is an equivalent single-layer Reissner-Mindlin theory with an excellent accuracy comparable to that of higher-order, layerwise theories. The present work is extended from the previous theory developed by the writer and his co-workers with two sizable contributions: (a) six more constants (33 in total) are introduced to allow maximum freedom to transform the asymptotically correct energy into a Reissner-Mindlin model; and (b) the semi-definite programming technique is used to seek the optimum Reissner-Mindlin model. Furthermore, it is proved the first time that the recovered three-dimensional quantities exactly satisfy the continuity conditions on the interface between different layers and traction boundary conditions on the bottom and top surfaces. It is also shown that that two of the equilibrium equations of three-dimensional elasticity can be satisfied asymptotically, and the third one can be satisfied approximately so that the difference between the Reissner-Mindlin model and the second order asymptotical energy can be minimized. Numerical examples are presented to compare with the exact solution as well as the classical lamination theory and first-order shear-deformation, demonstrating that the present theory has an excellent agreement with the exact solution.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Miracles : metaphysics, physics, and physicalism

Debates about the metaphysical compatibility between miracles and natural laws often appear to prejudge the issue by either adopting or rejecting a strong physicalist thesis (the idea that the physical is all that exists). The operative component of physicalism is a causal closure principle: that every caused event is a physically caused event. If physicalism and this strong causal closure principle are accepted, then supernatural interventions are ruled out tout court, while rejecting physicalism gives miracles metaphysical carte blanche. This paper argues for a more moderate version of physicalism that respects important physicalist intuitions about causal closure while allowing for miracles' logical possibility. A recent proposal for a specific mechanism for the production of miracles (Larmer (1996d)) is criticized and rejected. In its place, two separate mechanisms (suitable for deterministic and indeterministic worlds, respectively) are proposed that do conform to a more moderate physicalism, and their potential and limitations are explored.
High-efficiency terahertz emitters based on three-dimensional metallic nanostructures

We present a photoconductive terahertz emitter that incorporates three-dimensional metallic nanostructures inside the device active area to offer record high optical-to-terahertz power conversion efficiencies. By use of three-dimensional metallic nanostructures the majority of photocarriers are generated within nanoscale distances from the photoconductor contact electrodes and drifted to the terahertz radiating antenna in a sub-picosecond time scale to efficiently contribute to terahertz radiation. We experimentally demonstrate 105 μW of broadband terahertz radiation in the 0.1-2 THz frequency range in response to a 1.4 mW optical pump, exhibiting a record high optical-to-terahertz power conversion efficiency of 7.5%.
Review—Transition in Nonreversing Oscillating Boundary Layers

Literature on transition in oscillating boundary layers is relatively recent and confusing. The paper first reviews the current thinking on transition in steady boundary layers and on the role of stability theory. The reader is then provided with a background on oscillating boundary layers. The various reports of transition in such boundary layers are analyzed and clarified. The concept of excited wave packets, moving downstream through the “pulsating” boundary layer and cumulatively growing or decaying, largely in response to the transient vorticity distribution, appears to unify much of the data. Recent experiments, designed to test the ingredients of the concept, are reported. Other forms of transition are discussed and their probable occurrence in the domains of interest to practical engineers is mapped out.
Pepsin detection in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux before and after fundoplication.

Some patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) suffer from laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). There is no reliable diagnostic test for LPR as there is for GERD. We hypothesized that detection of pepsin (a molecule only made in the stomach) in laryngeal epithelium or sputum should provide evidence for reflux of gastric contents to the larynx, and be diagnostic of LPR. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective study in patients with LPR symptoms undergoing antireflux surgery (ARS). Nine patients undergoing ARS for LPR symptoms were studied pre- and postoperatively using a clinical symptom questionnaire, laryngoscopy, 24-h pH monitoring, biopsy of posterior laryngeal mucosa, and sputum collection for pepsin Western blot assay. The primary presenting LPR symptom was hoarseness in six, cough in two, and globus sensation in one patient. Pepsin was detected in the laryngeal mucosa in eight of nine patients preoperatively. There was correlation between biopsy and sputum (+/+ or −/−) in four of five patients, both analyzed preoperatively. Postoperatively, pH monitoring improved in all but one patient and normalized in five of eight patients. Eight of nine patients reported improvement in their primary LPR symptom (six good, two mild). Only one patient (who had negative preoperative pepsin) reported no response to treatment of the primary LPR symptom. Postoperatively, pepsin was detected in only one patient. Pepsin is often found on laryngeal epithelial biopsy and in sputum of patients with pH-test-proven GERD and symptoms of LPR. ARS improves symptoms and clears pepsin from the upper airway. Detection of pepsin improves diagnostic accuracy in patients with LPR.
Multielectron bound states in the field of an intense linearly polarized laser

Previous calculations of the bound state of H in an intense linearly polarized laser field in the high-intensity limit are used to investigate similar bound states of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, He, and Li. The first two are bound in states that are simple generalizations of the one-electron results. Li is also bound, but in a different configuration.
Evaluation of the Adsorption of Mono- and Polytungstates onto Different Types of Clay Minerals and Pahokee Peat

Detailed knowledge about the fate and transport of tungsten in soils is critical to understanding and effectively addressing tungsten behavior in the environment. Recent studies have shown that tungsten anions may polymerize (depending upon concentration, pH, and aquatic geochemistry) in aquatic and soil systems. However, to date, of all soluble tungstate species only monotungstates have been scrutinized to a fair extent in adsorption studies. There is a lack of information evaluating adsorption mechanisms of mono- and polytungstates onto clay minerals. The objective of this work is to investigate the adsorption behavior of monotungstates (sodium tungstate, Na2WO4) and polytungstates (sodium metatungstate, 3Na2WO4·9WO3) onto different types of clay minerals (montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite) and an organic adsorbent (Pahokee peat). Batch equilibrium experiments as a function of concentration (adsorption isotherms) and pH (adsorption envelopes) were performed to provide information about mono- and polytu...
Unstructured text: Test analysis techniques applied to non-test problems

One of the most apparent trends in test research and application in recent years has been the increasing application of statistical methods and machine learning. The trend has been driven by factors such as increases in data volume, need to detect subtle defects and need to extend beyond test's traditional sort function to a feedback-providing, yield-learning role. These factors, in turn, reflect needs for efficient data handling, ability to extract small signals from noise, and practically-useful model-building. Similar needs exist in other fields of emerging interest including unstructured text analysis, which in turn supports myriad applications. This paper surveys analysis techniques that have been used in the test domain, draws parallels in unstructured text analysis and suggests insights similar to those used to meet recent test challenges can find application in diverse and emerging fields as well.
Virtual Screening and QSAR Formulations for Crystal Chemistry

In this paper, we demonstrate how partial least squares multivariate analysis can be used to develop a Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (QSAR). The analysis is applied to the prediction of bulk modulus based on a combinatorial analysis of crystalchemistry descriptors used in ab-initio calculations. The value of developing these QSAR formulations based on theoretical calculations is discussed in the context of its value as a screening tool for “virtual” compounds and chemistry.
Social status modulates neural activity in the mentalizing network.

a r t i c l e i n f o The current research explored the neural mechanisms linking social status to perceptions of the social world. Two fMRI studies provide converging evidence that individuals lower in social status are more likely to en- gage neural circuitry often involved in 'mentalizing' or thinking about others' thoughts and feelings. Study 1 found that college students' perception of their social status in the university community was related to neural activity in the mentalizing network (e.g., DMPFC, MPFC, precuneus/PCC) while encoding social infor- mation, with lower social status predicting greater neural activity in this network. Study 2 demonstrated that socioeconomic status, an objective indicator of global standing, predicted adolescents' neural activity during the processing of threatening faces, with individuals lower in social status displaying greater activity in the DMPFC, previously associated with mentalizing, and the amygdala, previously associated with emotion/salience processing. These studies demonstrate that social status is fundamentally and neurocognitively linked to how people process and navigate their social worlds.
Plant density, distribution, and fertilizer effects on yield and quality of irrigated corn silage

Abstract Grain deficits frequently occur in the Southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain because erratic rainfall patterns and soil properties often limit corn (Zea mays L.) yields, however, harvesting corn for silage may enable farmers to produce a second grain crop during the same calendar year. Effects of row spacing, plant population, and fertilizer program on yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of corn silage grown with irrigation on Typic Paleudult soils were therefore investigated. Two plant population treatments which averaged 7.0 and 10.1 plants m‐2 were evaluated with two fertilizer programs that differed in N, N and K, and N, P, and K in 1980, 1981, and 1982, respectively. Each plant density by fertilizer combination was evaluated in single rows spaced 96 cm apart and in twin rows which approximately doubled the intrarow plant spacing. Plot size for the 2×2×2 factorial experiment ranged from 30 to 44 m2. Yield, quality, and mineral concentrations of corn silage grown in single rows spaced 96 ...
Adrenergic regulation of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in dental pulp

Alpha adrenergic agonists (e.g. vasoconstrictors) represent one of the most commonly used drug classes in dentistry. Although adrenergic agonists have potent vascular effects, recent studies suggest that capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors may express adrenoceptors, suggesting that these drugs may directly modulate the function of an important class of pain-signaling neurons in peripheral tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that adrenergic agonists inhibit activation of peripheral terminals of capsaicin-sensitive fibers innervating dental pulp. Pretreatment with epinephrine or clonidine significantly inhibited capsaicin-evoked release of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide from superfused bovine dental pulp. These studies suggest that adrenergic agonists may reduce postoperative pain in part via a direct inhibition of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors. This finding may lead to the development of selective, peripherally acting, adrenergic analgesics. Moreover, because neuropeptide release alters blood flow, it is possible that the vascular effects of these drugs are caused by both vasoconstriction and inhibition of peripheral neuropeptide release.
Inviscid drag at transonic speeds

A systematic asymptotic expansion procedure is introduced into the Euler equations to obtain the transonic, small-disturbance potential equation and corresponding relation for the drag. The relation consists of an integral around any contour enclosing the body and an integral along all shocks contained within the contour. Interpretations are given for the origin of the pressure drag due to shock waves, lift, and wind-tunnel boundaries. Numerical procedures are discussed for evaluating these quantities from finite-difference relaxation calculations. Computed results are included for various contours, and results are compared with some experimental data.
Capillary penetration between dissimilar solids

Abstract The major purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a mathematical model for the capillary penetration of a liquid between two dissimilar plates. Attempts have been made in the past to apply the Young-Laplace equation to this situation, but without success because of the complex curvature of the meniscus. Instead, free energy considerations were used to derive the proposed equation. The equation obtained for the capillary rise h for a liquid of surface tension γLV into a space b between two plates whose contact angles with the liquid are θ1 and θ2 was found to be: h= γLV(cos θ 1 + cos θ 2 ) b dg , where d is the liquid density and g is the gravitational constant. Experimental values of capillary penetration between combinations of three liquids and several solids were obtained with the use of the hyperbola method. A factorial design was employed. These data were compared with those predicted by means of the proposed equation. Regression, correlation, and analysis of variance were used to test for the degree and significance of the association between the predicted and observed values. These results and a dimensional analysis indicate that the proposed equation is satisfactory.
Perceptual significance of colorimetric data for colors of plumes and haze

Abstract Colorimetric reduction of spectroradiometric and spectral absorption and scattering data, by use of C.I.E. (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) data is appropriate for assessment of the color appearances of plumes and haze and of vistas seen through haze. Chromatic adaptation needs to be taken into account, however, because a wide variety of chromaticities (e.g., color temperatures from 4000 K to at least 7000 K) can be perceived as white under various circumstances. The perceptions of all other colors shift correspondingly. Natural clouds or snow appear white: they have the chromaticity relative to which the perceived hues of all other objects in the same scene (including plumes and haze layers) are perceived. Those hues can be determined by drawing the straight line from that white point through the point representing the plume or haze. The wavelength at which that line intersects the spectrum locus is the dominant wavelength of the plume or haze, or other feature in the vista, for the state of chromatic adaptation of the observer. The dominant wavelength identifies the hue. The percentage of the distance from that white point to the spectrum locus is the purity of the plume, haze, or haze-veiled color. The perceived amount of coloration (saturation) can be evaluated as a multiple of the just-noticeable difference from the adaptation white.
Heart failure in 2001: a prophecy.

Abstract Understanding of heart failure has developed through 3 paradigms involving organ, cell, and gene. The first views heart failure as an abnormality of organ (pump) function leading to satt and water retention and vasoconstriction. Therapy to correct these circulatory abnormalities is well accepted and effective. The second considers heart failure as a disordered cellular function, mainly impaired contraction and relaxation. Efforts to correct the biochemical and biophysical abnormalities responsible for these disorders of myocardial performance have, however, been less successful. Recent emphasis on efforts to improve prognosis as well as symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure demonstrates that it is a lethal disease with problems of survival similar to those in malignancies. The third paradigm of abnormal gene expression, which in the failing heart represents a cardiomyopathy of overload, appears to be a major cause of poor prognosis in these patients. Evidence that the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have important effects on cell growth, as well as on vascular tone, suggests that their ability to prolong survival in patients with heart failure may be due largely to the inhibition of detrimental effects of angiotensin II on cardiac gene expression. Thus, it seems likely that work focused on the third paradigm will uncover specific abnormalities of gene expression that are responsible for poor survival of patients with heart failure. By 2001, I predict that heart failure will be viewed as an abnormality of cell growth and this will lead to the development of therapies to retard, if not reverse, the clinical deterioration. Using the tools of molecular biology, cardiologists will not only prolong survival in heart failure but, at the same time, will be able to improve symptoms and so increase the well-being of these patients.
A Critical Race Analysis of the Achievement Gap in the United States: Politics, Reality, and Hope

Federal educational legislation in the United States has focused increased attention on the racial achievement gap between minority and majority students. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation has forced high-stakes accountability in public schools, with the assumption that these policies will create performance pressures on schools to improve achievement. Yet, there is considerable evidence that performance pressures alone are unlikely to reverse long-standing racialized policies and practices that remain neither well understood nor easily reversed. This article analyzes the racial achievement gap and NCLB utilizing a form of oppositional scholarship called Critical Race Theory (CRT) to uncover inequity and social injustice in U.S. schools.
Acculturation in Hispanics and childhood poisoning: Are medicines and household cleaners stored properly?

BACKGROUND: Unintentional poisonings are a major public health issue in the United States (US). With the increasing number of Hispanics in the US, childhood poisoning is a salient public health issue to address within this population. There is a paucity of research examining the relationship between acculturation in Hispanics and the safe storage of medicines and cleaners. The purpose of the study was to determine if demographic variables, such as acculturation in Hispanics, age, gender and education, were predictive of incorrectly storing medicines and household cleaners. METHODS: We conducted a study among parents/guardians of small children at two pediatric primary care clinics in the Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) Metropolitan area. We enrolled 201 parents to identify where they stored medicines and household cleaners, and measured acculturation with the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics. RESULTS: Of Hispanic participants, 49% were categorized as less acculturated (n=99) while 21% were more acculturated (n=42). Less acculturated participants were over 4 times more likely to store medicines incorrectly, and participants with a high school education or less were over 3 times more likely to improperly store cleaners. With each additional child in the household, the risk for improper storage of cleaners increased by 44%. CONCLUSION: The fact that children of less acculturated families are at greater risk for poisoning and have lower levels of education demonstrates the need for readable educational materials on this salient topic. Because social networks are integral in Hispanic culture, especially among new immigrants, poison prevention messages should be disseminated by interpersonal communications. Language: en
Contextual barriers to successful reentry of recovering drug offenders

Recidivism among recovering ex-offenders is usually conceptualized as an outcome of the interplay between personal traits and treatment interventions. This focus on the individual, to the exclusion of the sociolegal context in which recovery and reintegration take place, has limited extant policy initiatives. Recidivism data from 440 drug-abusing felons who had successfully completed long-term residential treatment were examined. All else being equal, recovering offenders who began their reentry during times of high unemployment, low risk of incarceration for new offenses, or both, were found to be more likely to recidivate during their first year in the community. These findings highlight the promise of blending effective drug abuse treatment with credible sanctions against drug offenses as well as the need for job training, placement, and advocacy services.
Models for blood component and fluid administration

Summary Current mathematical descriptions of fluid and blood component kinetics are limited. Many apply only to steady-state conditions or to limited parts of physiology. The blood conservation models assume normovolemia in the face of operative blood loss. Although limited, current models appear to provide acceptable guidelines for blood conservation practices. The end points and procedures for conserving blood will certainly evolve over time. More will be learned about the physiology of fluid and blood administration and loss. Mathematical models can provide quantitative guidance to safely performing conservation procedures and reaching end points. Although an understanding and application of kinetic principles to blood and fluid replacement therapy should lead to more efficient restoration or maintenance of normal concentrations and volumes, these are only partial goals. In the case of drugs, while achieving therapeutic drug level is an important goal, the possibility of variability in pharmacodynamics cannot be ignored. Likewise, stored and re-infused RBCs and platelets may not have normal “concentration-effect” curves. If this turns out to be true, than achieving normal concentrations and volumes may not be the right end point.
Formulation and Implementation of Criticality Control

BS>A program to control the behavior of personnel during a criticality accident was put into effect at Savannah River Laboratory. The objectives are to minimize exposure to radiation and its effects by prompt evacuation aad by speedy identification of those individuals who recerved the highest doses. The many consideratrons that had to be taken into account in the formulation of the basic philosophy, the specifications of the necessary alarm and dosimetry systems, and the implementation of the program are described in detail. (auth)