cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Main Objective in the Study of Foreign Languages

Author's Summary— The main objective in modern foreign language study today should be to become intelligent about language. What was once the by-product should become the main object of pursuit. While the student is becoming intelligent about language, he can be learning some German, French, or Spanish, and other things.)
Hydrogen Bonded Assembly of Poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(l-valine) in Dilute Solutions

The self-assembly of four hybrid poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(l-valine) (PAA-b-PLVAL) block copolymers (i.e., PAA40−PLVAL100, PAA80−PLVAL100, PAA80−PLVAL80, and PAA80−PLVAL60) was investigated. Formation of core−shell spherical micelles was observed, and it correlated with the extent of β-sheet ordering in PLVAL hydrophobic domains. PAA80−PLVAL60, having the lowest β-sheet content (12%), existed only as random aggregates at pH < 5 and in an unaggregated state at high pH. The β-sheet formation also produced an unusual pH dependence of the micelles, where the swelling of micelles occurred only within a narrow degree of deprotonation (α) range of between 0.15 to 0.2 and 0.4 to 0.5 for PAA80−PLVAL80 and PAA80−PLVAL100, respectively. An additional role of the length of the PAA segment was identified as providing sufficient shielding to the hydrophobic core, which prevents further association into large compound micelles, as was observed for PAA40−PLVAL100.
Stress-induced domain reorientation in urea inclusion compounds

FOR over 50 years urea inclusion compounds (UICs)-in which molecules are entrapped within the cavities of a hydrogen-bonded urea network—have intrigued chemists, crystallographers and spectroscopists1. Most previous work on these and other inclusion compounds has focused on intrachannel interactions and dynamics. We have now found that UICs can serve as useful models to probe long-range interactions and cooperative phenomena in crystals. Here we report the structure of 2,10-undecanedione/urea (1:9) (1/ urea), in which an extended hydrogen-bonded array connecting hosts and guests serves to distort the urea channel away from the hexagonal symmetry normally observed for UIC crystals. The distortion is large enough, and exhibits enough cooperativity, to generate macroscopic domains, but is small enough to allow facile domain reorientation under small compressive stresses. By incorporating a specific impurity (2-undecanone) into 1/urea, we can modify the domain size and optical properties, and make the domain reorientation spontaneously reversible when the uniaxial stress is released. All of these phenomena can be understood in terms of cooperative interactions between different channels of the hydrogen-bonded network formed by urea and its guest.
The synthesis of pentaprismane

Abstract The first synthesis of pentaprismane, hexacyclo[4.4.0.0 2,5 .0 3,9 .0 4,8 .0 7,10 ]decane, is presented with full experimental details. A new and practical synthesis for homopentaprismanone is developed as is methodology for the functionalization of a bridgehead position α to the carbonyl group of this cage compound. The latter uses a mixed acyloin reductive coupling. Favorakii contraction of the bridgehead functionalized homopentaprismanone is employed to enter the pentaprismane ring system. A brief discussion is given of the geometry of pentaprismane, of its behavior relative to cubane, and of the future of prismane chemistry.
A 24,700-yr paleolimnological history from the Peruvian Andes

A new paleolimnological dataset from Lake Pacucha (13 °S, 3095 m elevation) in the Peruvian Andes provides evidence of changes in lake level over the past 24,700 yr. A late-glacial highstand in lake level gave way to an early-Holocene lowstand. This transition appears to have paralleled precessional changes that would have reduced insolation during the wet-season. The occurrence of benthic/salt-tolerant diatoms and CaCO3 deposition suggest that the lake had lost much of its volume by c. 10,000 cal yr BP. Pronounced Holocene oscillations in lake level included a second phase of low lake level and heightened volatility lasting from c. 8300 to 5000 cal yr BP. While a polymictic lake formed at c. 5000 cal yr BP. These relatively wet conditions were interrupted by a series of drier events, the most pronounced of which occurred at c. 750 cal yr BP. Paleolimnological changes in the Holocene were more rapid than those of either the last glacial maximum or the deglacial period.
On optimal design of vibrating structures

Optimal design problems of linearly elastic vibrating structural members have been formulated in two ways. One is to minimize the total mass holding the frequency fixed; the other is to maximize the fundamental frequency holding the total mass fixed. Generally, these two formulations are equivalent and lead to the same solution. It is shown in this work that the equivalence is lost when the design variable (the specific stiffness) appears linearly in Rayleigh's quotient and when there is no nonstructural mass. The maximum-frequency formulation then is a normal Lagrange problem, whereas the minimum-mass problem is abnormal. The lack of recognition of this can lead to incorrect conclusions, particularly concerning existence of solutions. It is shown that existence depends directly on the boundary conditions and, when a sandwich beam has a free end, a solution to the maximum-frequency problem does not exist.
When botany became no work for a lady

Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England 1760 to 1860. By Ann B. Shteir. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1996. Pp. 301. $29.95, £22.50.
Curves of prenatal growth and autocatalysis

1) In the literature on prenatal growth the occurrence of a periodicity and a progressive retardation from birth to maturity in the rate of growth, are abundantly established. These characteristics are confirmed in part at least by the accompanying curves which are based on 2500 selected cases of mature and premature births. 2) Heavy births — i. e. those weighing over 4 kg. — were found to be far more frequent among these 2500 cases selected from a total of about 4300 from the obstetrical service of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, than among the available statistics from the German clinics. 3) The inadequacy of the customary curves of growth and the striking contrast between the latter and curves of autocatalysis are emphasized and demonstrated.
Development of an NIH consortium for preclinicAl AssESsment of CARdioprotective therapies (CAESAR): a paradigm shift in studies of infarct size limitation.

An estimated 935 000 Americans suffer a myocardial infarction every year; because their prognosis is determined by the size of the infarct, reducing infarct size is of paramount importance to alleviate morbidity and mortality. For 40 years, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has invested enormous resources (at least several hundred million dollars) in preclinical studies aimed at developing infarct-sparing therapies, and several hundred (if not thousands) therapies have been claimed to limit infarct size in preclinical models. Unfortunately, due largely to methodological problems, this enormous investment has not produced any notable clinical application, and no cardioprotective therapy is currently available for clinical use.Clearly, after 40 years of futile efforts, a new approach is needed to overcome the problems that have impeded the translation of cardioprotective therapies. The time has come to apply to preclinical research on cardioprotection, the same standards of scientific ri...
Combined Chemoreduction and Adjuvant Treatment for Intraocular Retinoblastoma

Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate chemoreduction and adjuvant treatment (AT) for retinoblastoma and its effect on complete retinal tumor control, vitreous seed control, and subretinal seed control. Design: The study design was a prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Participants: There were 130 intraocular retinoblastomas in 52 eyes of 32 consecutive patients observed for at least 1 year after initiation of treatment. Intervention: Treatment with chemoreduction using vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin (VEC) and adjuvant treatment (+ AT) (cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, thermotherapy, chemothermotherapy, plaque radiation therapy, or external beam radiation therapy) were assessed. Main Outcome Measures: The effect of chemoreduction for 6 cycles (VEC × 6) versus fewer than 6 cycles (VEC × Results: Retinal tumors showed favorable initial regression with chemoreduction. Adjuvant treatment was applied to 93% of the retinal tumors after chemoreduction and only 2% recurred over the mean follow-up of 17 months (range 13–27 months). Vitreous seeds and subretinal seeds showed initial regression and often complete disappearance with chemoreduction. In those eyes with seeds before treatment, the addition of AT to VEC for 6 cycles decreased the vitreous seed recurrence from 75% to 0% (P = 0.04) and also decreased the subretinal seed recurrence from 67% to 0% (P = 0.003). More important, when considering that enucleation or external beam radiation therapy was the only other treatment option for these 52 eyes, the authors were successful in avoiding these methods in 42% of cases. Of the 36 eyes classified as Reese-Ellsworth group 5, there was 78% ocular salvage, and external beam radiation therapy was avoided in 25% of these eyes. There was a 100% ocular salvage in the group 5 eyes that received VEC for 6 cycles + AT to retinal tumors and seeds. Conclusions: Chemoreduction and AT to intraocular retinoblastoma and its seeds provides good retinal tumor control, even in eyes with advanced disease. Chemoreduction alone generally is not adequate to achieve complete tumor seed control. Cautious follow-up of affected patients is recommended because the risk for recurrent vitreous and subretinal seeds is substantial and proper treatment is critical for salvaging the eye.
First Records of Marine Benthic Algae from Swains Island, American Samoa

Abstract Fifty-nine species of marine benthic algae are reported for the first time from the coral reefs of isolated Swains Island, American Samoa, based on collections made during February 2002, 2004, 2006, and March 2008 under the auspices of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The collections include 4 species of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), 38 species of red algae, 3 species of brown algae and 14 species of green algae. Based on their frequency of occurrence at different stations during the 4 cruises, Rhipilia geppiorum and Microdictyon umbilicatum were considered the most widely distributed species during the months of February and March. Twenty-eight species represent new records for the Samoan Archipelago (American Samoa and Samoa).
Matrix GLA protein modulates branching morphogenesis in fetal rat lung.

The regulation of matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein (MGP) expression during the process of lung branching morphogenesis and development was investigated. MGP mRNA expression was determined over...
Competitive Inhibition of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Binding by N‐2‐Hydroxyethylpiperazine‐N′‐2‐ Ethanesulfonic Acid and Related Buffers

Several Good buffers (MOPS, ACES, BES, HEPES, ADA, and PIPES) competitively inhibited both high-affinity and low-affinity [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor binding to rat brain synaptic membranes. The most potent inhibitor was MOPS, which had Ki values of 180 nM and 79 nM for the high- and low-affinity binding sites, respectively. HEPES had Ki values of 2.25 mM and 115 microM. The buffers had no appreciable effect on sodium-dependent GABA binding or on gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity. Surprisingly, the buffers were extremely ineffectual as inhibitors of either high- or low-affinity [3H]muscimol binding. Indeed, they were of the order of 10(5) times less effective in this case than against [3H]GABA binding. These results clearly show (a) that the use of such buffers as MOPS or HEPES should be avoided in studying the interaction of GABA with its receptor, and (b) the binding sites of [3H]GABA and [3H]muscimol are not identical.
Relaxations of Weakly Coupled Stochastic Dynamic Programs

We consider a broad class of stochastic dynamic programming problems that are amenable to relaxation via decomposition. These problems comprise multiple subproblems that are independent of each other except for a collection of coupling constraints on the action space. We fit an additively separable value function approximation using two techniques, namely, Lagrangian relaxation and the linear programming (LP) approach to approximate dynamic programming. We prove various results comparing the relaxations to each other and to the optimal problem value. We also provide a column generation algorithm for solving the LP-based relaxation to any desired optimality tolerance, and we report on numerical experiments on bandit-like problems. Our results provide insight into the complexity versus quality trade-off when choosing which of these relaxations to implement.
Fifty Years of Interferon Research: Aiming at a Moving Target

Nearly half a century has passed since the first published description of interferons (IFNs). This commentary introduces the four accompanying review articles on type I IFN research and attempts to relate how the field of IFN research has been changing during its history.
Therapeutic Targeting for the Long Term

Although widely used as therapeutic agents for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as post–organ transplant management, glucocorticoids (GCs)—catabolic steroids that raise blood glucose—are far from perfect drugs. When taken in large amounts for prolonged periods of time, GCs can
The Fast Track to Multidrug Resistance

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Kohanski et al. (2010) demonstrate that even subinhibitory concentrations of bactericidal antibiotics result in the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to an increase in mutation rate and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
Reproductive functions of the progesterone receptor isoforms: lessons from knock-out mice

Progesterone plays a central coordinate role in diverse reproductive events associated with establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. In humans and other vertebrates, the biological activities of progesterone are mediated by two proteins, A (PR-A) and B (PR-B) that arise from the same gene and function as progesterone activated transcription factors that exhibit different transcription regulatory activities in vitro. Mice lacking both PR isoforms (PRKO mice) exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. To address the physiological role of the individual isoforms, we have selectively ablated PR-A expression in mice (PRAKO). We have demonstrated that PR-B mediates a subset of the reproductive functions of P. Ablation of PR-A does not affect responses of the mammary gland or thymus to P but results in severe abnormalities in ovarian and uterine function. Analysis of urine function of PRAKP mice reveals an unexpected P-dependent proliferative activity of PR-B in the epithelium and provides evidence that the tissue-specific reproductive effects of this isoform are due to specificity of target gene transactivation rather than differences in tissue-specific expression relative to PR-A. Taken together, our data indicate that PR-A and PR-B act in vivo as two functionally distinct transcription factors.
Evaluating the Role of Time in Investigative Analysis of Document Collections

Time is a universal and essential aspect of data in any investigative analysis. It helps analysts establish causality, build storylines from evidence, and reject infeasible hypotheses. For this reason, many investigative analysis tools provide visual representations designed for making sense of temporal data. However, the field of visual analytics still needs more evidence explaining how temporal visualization actually aids the analysis process, as well as design recommendations for how to build these visualizations. To fill this gap, we conducted an insight-based qualitative study to investigate the influence of temporal visualization on investigative analysis. We found that visualizing temporal information helped participants externalize chains of events. Another contribution of our work is the lightweight evaluation approach used to collect, visualize, and analyze insight.
Adaptive trimmed mean filter for computed tomographic imaging

The image quality of a computed tomography (CT) scan is frequently degraded by severe streaking artifacts resulting from excessive x-ray quantum noise. When this occurs, a patient has to be re-scanned at a higher x-ray technique to obtain an acceptable image for diagnosis. This approach results in not only unnecessary dosage to the patient, but also a delayed patient diagnosis and a reduced patient throughput. In this paper, we propose an adaptive trimmed mean filter (ATMF) in Radon space to combat this problem. The ATMF is an extension to the existing (alpha) -inner mean filter in that both sample size M and the trimming parameter (alpha) are selected based on the local statistics. In addition, the 2D ATMF is unsymmetrical to adapt to the sampling pattern in Radon pace. Phantom studies and clinical evaluations have shown that this type of filter is very effective in reducing or eliminating quantum noise induced artifacts. At the same time, the impact on the image spatial resolution has been kept to a minimum.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chain-RNA: A Comparative ncRNA Search Tool Based on the Two-Dimensional Chain Algorithm

Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) identification is highly important to modern biology. The state-of-the-art method for ncRNA identification is based on comparative genomics, in which evolutionary conservations of sequences and secondary structures provide important evidence for ncRNA search. For ncRNAs with low sequence conservation but high structural similarity, conventional local alignment tools such as BLAST yield low sensitivity. Thus, there is a need for ncRNA search methods that can incorporate both sequence and structural similarities. We introduce chain-RNA, a pairwise structural alignment tool that can effectively locate cross-species conserved RNA elements with low sequence similarity. In chain-RNA, stem-loop structures are extracted from dot plots generated by an efficient local-folding algorithm. Then, we formulate stem alignment as an extended 2D chain problem and employ existing chain algorithms. Chain-RNA is tested on a data set containing annotated ncRNA homologs and is applied to novel ncRNA search in a transcriptomic data set. The experimental results show that chain-RNA has better tradeoff between sensitivity and false positive rate in ncRNA prediction than conventional sequence similarity search tools and is more time efficient than structural alignment tools. The source codes of chain-RNA can be downloaded at http://sourceforge.net/projects/chain-rna/ or at http://www.cse.msu.edu/~leijikai/chain-rna/.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for analysis of chemically etched polytetrafluoroethylene.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to analyze chemically etched polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The elements O, F, H, and Na are determined qualitatively in the depth dimension. It is shown that O, H, and Na signals are greatest at the surface and decrease as the laser burrows through the etched layer into the bulk. In contrast, the fluorine signal is a minimum at the surface and increases with depth. The average ablation rate for PTFE under the experimental conditions is found to be 1.9 μm per pulse. Using this value, the depth of the etched layer is determined to be 8 μm. A calibration curve produced by analysis of different polymers gives mole fractions of O, F, and H at the surface of the etched PTFE of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.1, respectively.
KETOROLAC PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM IN CHILDREN. • 433

Pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolism of ketorolac (KT) were studied in 50 children ages 3-18 yrs (median 11.6 yrs) following a single IV 0.6 mg/kg infusion of KT over 10 min for postoperative pain. Serial plasma samples were collected at 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 480, and 720 minutes and urine was collected for 24 hours following KT infusion. Urine was kept at 3 degrees C during collection and stored frozen to minimize spontaneous hydrolysis of KT-glucuronide. Racemic KT was measured in plasma; KT, KT-OH, and KT-glucuronide were measured in urine. Mean ± SEM PK values were: Cmax=4.698±232 ng/ml; dist t1/2=29±3 min; elim t1/2=243±19 min; Vd=0.35±0.03 L/kg; Cl=1.1±0.07 ml/min/kg. Plasma kinetics of KT were best described in most patients by a model incorporating zero order infusion and biexponential decay. There was no correlation between age and Vd, elim t1/2, or Cl. A median of 40.6% (range 14.5-92.8%) of the dose was recovered in the urine: 22.8% (7.3-44%) as parent drug; 9.3% (0.8-54.6%) as KT-OH; and 8.7% (1.8-33.2%) as KT-glucuronide. A comparison of our data with KT kinetics reported in adults is shown in thetable.
Mining non-derivable hypercliques

A hyperclique (Xiong et al. in Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on data mining, pp 387---394, 2003) is an itemset containing items that are strongly correlated with each other, based on a user-specified threshold. Hypercliques (HCs) have been successfully used in a number of applications, for example, clustering (Xiong et al. in Proceedings of the 4th SIAM international conference on data mining, pp 279---290, 2004) and noise removal (Xiong et al. in IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 18(3):304---319, 2006). Even though HC has been shown to respond well to datasets with skewed support distribution and low support threshold, it may still grow very large for dense datasets and lower h-confidence threshold. In this paper, we propose a new pruning method based on combining HCs and non-derivable itemsets (NDIs) (Calders and Goethals in Proceedings of the PKDD international conference on principles of data mining and knowledge discovery, pp 74---85, 2002) in order to substantially reduce the amount of generated HCs. Specifically, we propose a new collection of HCs, called non-derivable hypercliques (NDHCs). The NDHC collection is a lossless representation of HCs, that is, given the itemsets in NDHCs, we can generate the complete HC collection and their support, without additional scanning of the dataset. We present an efficient algorithm to mine all NDHC sets, NDHCMiner, and an algorithm to derive all HC sets and their support from NDHCs, NDHCDeriveAll. We experimentally compare our collection, NDHC with HC, with respect to runtime performance as well as total number of generated sets, using real and artificial data. We also show comparisons with another condensed representation of HCs, maximal hyperclique patterns (MHPs). Our experiments show that the NDHC collection offers substantial advantages over HCs, and even MHPs, especially for dense datasets and lower h-confidence values.
Extracellular Matrix Proteoglycans Control the Fate of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Extracellular matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans bind a variety of growth factors and cytokines thereby regulating matrix assembly as well as bone formation. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which extracellular matrix molecules modulate osteogenic stem cells and bone formation. Using mice deficient in two members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, we uncovered a role for these two extracellular matrix proteoglycans in modulating bone formation from bone marrow stromal cells. Our studies showed that the absence of the critical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, prevents TGF-beta from proper sequestration within the extracellular matrix. The excess TGF-beta directly binds to its receptors on bone marrow stromal cells and overactivates its signaling transduction pathway. Overall, the predominant effect of the increased TGF-beta signaling in bgn/dcn-deficient bone marrow stromal cells is a "switch in fate" from growth to apoptosis, leading to decreased numbers of osteoprogenitor cells and subsequently reduced bone formation. Thus, biglycan and decorin appear to be essential for maintaining an appropriate number of mature osteoblasts by modulating the proliferation and survival of bone marrow stromal cells. These findings underscore the importance of the micro-environment in controlling the fate of adult stem cells and reveal a novel cellular and molecular basis for the physiological and pathological control of bone mass.
Effect of resolution on the speed and accuracy of particle image velocimetry interrogation

Particle image velocimetry incorporates a process by which an image of a flow field, bearing double images of seeding particles, is analyzed in small regions called “interrogation spots.” Each spot is imaged onto a photodetector array whose digitized output is evaluated computationally using the auto-correlation technique. This paper examines the effects of resolving the spot using arrays of various resolutions, motivated primarily by a gain in speed. For this purpose, two specially created test photographs representing (i) uniform flow and (ii) solid body rotation, were interrogated using array sizes ranging from 32 × 32 to 256 × 256. Each reduction in resolution by a factor of two gains a factor of four in interrogation speed, but this benefit is counteracted by a loss in accuracy. The particle image diameter strongly influences accuracy through two distinct error mechanisms. When the particle image is small compared to the pixel size, mean bias error becomes significant due to finite numerical resolution of the correlation function. Conversely, when the particle image is large, random error due to irregularities in the electronic images predominates. The optimum image size, therefore, lies not at either extreme but at an intermediate value such that the particle image is small in an absolute sense, and yet large relative to the pixel size.
Spin torques estimation and magnetization dynamics in dual barrier resonant tunneling penta-layer magnetic tunnel junctions

We investigate electronic transport and magnetization dynamics associated with current induced spin-torque effects in dual barrier magnetic tunnel junctions using Non-Equilibrium Green's Function formalism and Landau-Lifshitz- Gilbert (LLG) equation self-consistently. In a dual barrier penta-layer MTJ, a set of geometry and band-structure parameters including the free-layer thickness, oxide barrier height, width of the tunneling barrier and applied voltage jointly determines the position of resonant peaks and valleys within the energy range of interest. The combined effect of these design parameters to enhance the in-plane and out-of-plane spin-torque efficiencies in both aligned and anti-aligned penta-layer MTJs [Fig. 1] has been studied comprehensively. We quantify the impact of non-monotonic quantum well states for majority and minority spin electrons inside the thin free layer on the spin-torque effects in penta-layer MTJs. We essentially explore the design space for both the aligned and anti-aligned penta-layer MTJs optimized for read/write stabilities, improved TMR and low power. The crucial role of anti-aligned penta-layer MTJs in reducing the Energy-Delay-Product (EDP) during write over tri-layer MTJs has also been reported quantitatively.
Biophysical and structural considerations for protein sequence evolution

Protein sequence evolution is constrained by the biophysics of folding and function, causing interdependence between interacting sites in the sequence. However, current site-independent models of sequence evolutions do not take this into account. Recent attempts to integrate the influence of structure and biophysics into phylogenetic models via statistical/informational approaches have not resulted in expected improvements in model performance. This suggests that further innovations are needed for progress in this field. Here we develop a coarse-grained physics-based model of protein folding and binding function, and compare it to a popular informational model. We find that both models violate the assumption of the native sequence being close to a thermodynamic optimum, causing directional selection away from the native state. Sampling and simulation show that the physics-based model is more specific for fold-defining interactions that vary less among residue type. The informational model diffuses further in sequence space with fewer barriers and tends to provide less support for an invariant sites model, although amino acid substitutions are generally conservative. Both approaches produce sequences with natural features like dN/dS < 1 and gamma-distributed rates across sites. Simple coarse-grained models of protein folding can describe some natural features of evolving proteins but are currently not accurate enough to use in evolutionary inference. This is partly due to improper packing of the hydrophobic core. We suggest possible improvements on the representation of structure, folding energy, and binding function, as regards both native and non-native conformations, and describe a large number of possible applications for such a model.
Making Moonshine: Thick Histories in a U.S. Historically Black Community

SUMMARY In 1999 Union, Virginia, was officially recognized as a “historically black community” by the National Register of Historic Places. A short history was written in connection with official recognition—a narrative that is “accurate” as far as the facts are concerned but which reflects very little of the histories that Union's African-American residents narrate themselves or, indeed, how history is shared among them in the first place. This article focuses on one historical narrative—the Moonshine Story—that did not make it into the official history but which was shared with some frequency among Union residents. Ethnographic research demonstrates that the social space in which people share knowledge determines not only what information is exchanged but how. In formal interview settings Union residents offered narratives that echo the structure and form of Union's official history. In informal settings, however, residents produced “thick” histories—three-dimensional and dynamic narratives that are continually produced, that are patently conscious of their relationship to the present, and that affirm a shared sense of community among the speakers.
The spin sequence of the first and second excited levels of Ne19

Abstract A magnetic-lens type beta-ray spectrometer has been used to measure the relative intensities of internal conversion electrons and also of photoelectrically converted gamma-rays for ground state transitions of the first- and second-excited levels of Ne19. These levels of Ne19 were excited by the reaction F19(p, n)Ne19∗. The relative intensities of the internal conversion electrons and the photoelectrons show that the internal conversion coefficient for the first-excited to ground state transition is about an order of magnitude larger than the internal conversion coefficient for the second-excited to ground state transition. Therefore, the first-excited level of Ne19 must have a larger total angular momentum than the second-excited level. This result confirms the interpretation given to the mean life measurements of these transitions; consequently, the reversed spin sequence of the first- and second-excited levels in the mirror nuclei Ne19 and F19 appears now to be well established. The level energies inferred from the photoelectron and internal conversion electron spectra are 241±4 and 271±4 keV for the first- and second-excited levels of Ne19.
The role of C. albicans in denture stomatitis

Denture stomatitis is an erythematous disorder of the denture-bearing tissues, especially the maxillary hard palate. Frequently it mimics many oral lesions. Early diagnosis of the lesion is essential to assure rational therapy. A diagnostic procedure based upon the enumeration of Candida albicans appeared to be feasible. A control group of twenty fully dentate subjects with no clinical evidence of stomatitis was sampled to establish normal concentrations of C. albicans in the oral flora. Samples were taken from a triangular area of the hard palate, serially diluted in broth, and all dilutions were incubated aerobically. In the control population, C. albicans never exceeded 100 organisms per square centimeter per subject sample. A population of edentulous patients with denture stomatitis, prior to any therapy, was similarly sampled. In many of these patients the concentration of C. albicans always exceeded 10,000 organisms per square centimeter per patient. The patients received denture replacements and antimycotic antibiotic therapy. Follow-up cultures were taken 4 to 6 weeks after completion of therapy. All patients were found to be free of denture stomatitis.
Depositional and diagenetic signatures of Late Eocene–Oligocene sediments, South Carolina

Abstract Surficial and near-surface soils of the South Carolina Coastal Plain reflect a variety of lithologies and depositional environments that are difficult to differentiate because of intense leaching and abrupt or laterally inconsistent facies changes. Binocular microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopic/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) observations, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate that onshore Late Eocene to Late Oligocene Barnwell Group sediments are transitional facies ranging from high-energy fluvial deposits to offshore siliciclastic shelf sands. Interfingering of the units results in alternation of mineralogic signatures within a low-gradient fluvial/transitional/marine depositional system. Late Eocene and Early Oligocene offshore sediments were deposited in a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic, middle- to outer-shelf environment that was subjected to periods of erosion or non-deposition during transgressive events. Detrital and diagenetic characteristics of the onshore kaolinite-enriched, Late Oligocene Upland Unit sediments reflect deposition in a high- to low-energy fluvial system. Differentiation between these uppermost sediments and the underlying low-energy fluvial deposits of the Late Eocene Tobacco Road Sand is based on distinctive hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) signatures. Intervals of HIV-enrichment are coincident with accumulations of carbonaceous material and identified as paleosols; these “soils” are used to infer offshore transgressive periods. Onshore sediments of the Late Eocene Dry Branch Formation contain high concentrations of smectite and flocculated, relatively poorly crystallized kaolinite flakes reflective of marine depositional conditions. At the base of this unit, authigenic Ca-minerals (Ca-zeolites and calcite) and quartz lepispheres (opal-CT) form coatings on and between sand grains. Late Eocene siliceous microfossils that contribute to opal-CT formation are identified in southwestern North Atlantic continental margin shelf, slope and rise deposits and are a valuable correlation tool for onshore sediments.
Social indicators in policy planning: Applying the public marketing model in Yuba city, California

This article is a follow up to a paper appearing in the Spring Issue (4) 1977 of this Journal by the same authors entitled ‘Public Marketing: A Suggested Policy Paradigm for Community Development in the City’. In the earlier article a public marketing model was advanced as a device to order socioeconomic needs for planning and policy making in city government. This article provides an empirical application of the model in an actual city. The results indicate that the model is a workable and useful tool for social indicator construction and policy formulation.
Crystallization of Organic Glasses: Effects of Polymer Additives on Bulk and Surface Crystal Growth in Amorphous Nifedipine

Purpose To study the influence of polymer additives on bulk and surface crystal growth in organic glasses (amorphous solids), which are being investigated for delivering poorly soluble drugs and in this role must resist crystallization. Recent studies have discovered new modes of crystal growth that emerge as organic liquids are cooled to form glasses: one existing in the bulk (GC growth) and another at the surface, both leading to crystal growth much faster than predicted by standard theories.
Transporters and receptors in the posterior segment of the eye

Abstract: The eye requires nutrients, ions and vitamins for its survival but the diffusion of polar molecules across the lipid bilayer is very limited. As a consequence, essential carrier proteins (transporters) are evolved for permeation of anions, cations, vitamins, sugars, nucleosides, amino acids, peptides, etc. To protect the eye from xenobiotics and metabolites, efflux transporters are developed to reduce their intracellular accumulation. Ocular tissues possess many transporter/receptors that are required for their appropriate functioning. Various specialized cell membrane transporter and receptor proteins regulate the exchange of solutes into and out of intraocular chambers. These proteins aid in maintaining the visual function, regulate intraocular pressure, supply nutrients and protect ocular tissues from xenobiotics. Moreover, these transporters and receptors play a role in drug absorption, distribution and elimination as well as in drug-drug interactions. In this chapter we describe the various transporters and receptors identified on anterior ocular tissues (cornea, conjunctiva, iris-ciliary body and lens) and their role in drug adsorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Also, this chapter describes the various ions and solute transport processes in the eye. We have tried to update readers with the current strategies of using these transporters and receptors to deliver drugs into the cell. This strategy helps to target and to deliver drugs at therapeutic level into the cells thereby avoiding/minimizing drug-induced toxic effects. The discussion also includes recently identified different multidrug resistance proteins or drug efflux pumps such as permeability glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein and breast cancer resistance protein in anterior ocular tissues. The active participation of efflux pumps in reducing intracellular xenobiotic levels is described.
Relevance Judgments for Image Retrieval Evaluation

In this chapter, we review our experiences with the relevance judging process at ImageCLEF, using the medical retrieval task as a primary example. We begin with a historic perspective of the precursor to most modern retrieval evaluation campaigns, the Cranfield paradigm, as most modern system–based evaluation campaigns including ImageCLEF are modeled after it. We then briefly describe the stages in an evaluation campaign and provide details of the different aspects of the relevance judgment process. We summarize the recruitment process and describe the various systems used for judgment at ImageCLEF. We discuss the advantages and limitations of creating pools that are then judged by human experts. Finally, we discuss our experiences with the subjectivity of the relevance process and the relative robustness of the performance measures to variability in relevance judging.
Underwater breathing: the mechanics of plastron respiration

The rough, hairy surfaces of many insects and spiders serve to render them water-repellent; consequently, when submerged, many are able to survive by virtue of a thin air layer trapped along their exteriors. The diffusion of dissolved oxygen from the ambient water may allow this layer to function as a respiratory bubble or 'plastron', and so enable certain species to remain underwater indefinitely. Maintenance of the plastron requires that the curvature pressure balance the pressure difference between the plastron and ambient. Moreover, viable plastrons must be of sufficient area to accommodate the interfacial exchange of O 2 and CO 2 necessary to meet metabolic demands. By coupling the bubble mechanics, surface and gas-phase chemistry, we enumerate criteria for plastron viability and thereby deduce the range of environmental conditions and dive depths over which plastron breathers can survive. The influence of an external flow on plastron breathing is also examined. Dynamic pressure may become significant for respiration in fast-flowing, shallow and well-aerated streams. Moreover, flow effects are generally significant because they sharpen chemical gradients and so enhance mass transfer across the plastron interface. Modelling this process provides a rationale for the ventilation movements documented in the biology literature, whereby arthropods enhance plastron respiration by flapping their limbs or antennae. Biomimetic implications of our results are discussed.
Early autologous fresh whole blood transfusion leads to less allogeneic transfusions and is safe.

BACKGROUNDThe practice of transfusing ones’ own shed whole blood has obvious benefits such as reducing the need for allogeneic transfusions and decreasing the need for other fluids that are typically used for resuscitation in trauma. It is not widely adopted in the trauma setting because of the conc
Mice lacking the homologue of the human 22q11.2 gene CRKL phenocopy neurocristopathies of DiGeorge syndrome

Heterozygous deletions within human chromosome 22q11 are the genetic basis of DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome (DGS/VCFS), the most common deletion syndrome (1 in 4,000 live births) in humans1. CRKL maps within the common deletion region for DGS/VCFS (ref. 2) and encodes an SH2-SH3-SH3 adapter protein closely related to the Crk gene products3. Here we report that mice homozygous for a targeted null mutation at the CrkL locus (gene symbol Crkol for mice) exhibit defects in multiple cranial and cardiac neural crest derivatives including the cranial ganglia, aortic arch arteries, cardiac outflow tract, thymus, parathyroid glands and craniofacial structures. We show that the migration and early expansion of neural crest cells is unaffected in Crkol−/− embryos. These results therefore indicate an essential stage- and tissue-specific role for Crkol in the function, differentiation, and/or survival of neural crest cells during development. The similarity between the Crkol−/− phenotype and the clinical manifestations of DGS/VCFS implicate defects in CRKL-mediated signaling pathways as part of the molecular mechanism underlying this syndrome.
Video tapestries with continuous temporal zoom

We present a novel approach for summarizing video in the form of a multiscale image that is continuous in both the spatial domain and across the scale dimension: There are no hard borders between discrete moments in time, and a user can zoom smoothly into the image to reveal additional temporal details. We call these artifacts tapestries because their continuous nature is akin to medieval tapestries and other narrative depictions predating the advent of motion pictures. We propose a set of criteria for such a summarization, and a series of optimizations motivated by these criteria. These can be performed as an entirely offline computation to produce high quality renderings, or by adjusting some optimization parameters the later stages can be solved in real time, enabling an interactive interface for video navigation. Our video tapestries combine the best aspects of two common visualizations, providing the visual clarity of DVD chapter menus with the information density and multiple scales of a video editing timeline representation. In addition, they provide continuous transitions between zoom levels. In a user study, participants preferred both the aesthetics and efficiency of tapestries over other interfaces for visual browsing.
Proteomic changes associated with expression of a gene (ipt) controlling cytokinin synthesis for improving heat tolerance in a perennial grass species.

Cytokinins (CKs) are known to regulate leaf senescence and affect heat tolerance, but mechanisms underlying CK regulation of heat tolerance are not well understood. A comprehensive proteomic study was conducted to identify proteins altered by the expression of the adenine isopentenyl transferase (ipt) gene controlling CK synthesis and associated with heat tolerance in transgenic plants for a C3 perennial grass species, Agrostis stolonifera. Transgenic plants with two different inducible promoters (SAG12 and HSP18) and a null transformant (NT) containing the vector without ipt were exposed to 20 � C (control) or 35 � C (heat stress) in growth chambers. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis were performed to identify protein changes in leaves and roots in response to ipt expression under heat stress. Transformation with ipt resulted in protein changes in leaves and roots involved in multiple functions, particularly in energy metabolism, protein destination and storage, and stress defence. The abundance levels of six leaf proteins (enolase, oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2, putative oxygenevolving complex, Rubisco small subunit, Hsp90, and glycolate oxidase) and nine root proteins (Fd-GOGAT, nucleotide-sugar dehydratase, NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, ferredoxin-NADP reductase precursor, putative heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2, ascorbate peroxidase, dDTP-glucose 4–6-dehydratases-like protein, and two unknown proteins) were maintained or increased in at least one ipt transgenic line under heat stress. The diversity of proteins altered in transgenic plants in response to heat stress suggests a regulatory role for CKs in various metabolic pathways associated with heat tolerance in C3 perennial grass species.
MODELING THE ECOLOGICAL TRAP HYPOTHESIS: A HABITAT AND DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FOR MIGRANT SONGBIRDS

Most species occupy both high- and low-quality habitats throughout their ranges. As habitats become modified through anthropogenic change, low-quality habitat may become a more dominant component of the landscape for some species. To conserve species, information on how to assess habitat quality and guidelines for maintaining or eliminating low-quality habitats are needed. We developed a source-sink population model that depicted the annual cycle of a generalized migratory songbird to address these questions. We determined how demographic factors, landscape composition (the percentage of highand low-quality habitat), and habitat selection interacted to promote population persistence or extirpation. Demographic parameters, including adult and juvenile survival, nesting success (probability of a nest successfully fledging one or more young), number of nesting attempts, and number of young fledged per nest, interacted to affect population growth. In general, population growth was more sensitive to adult and juvenile survival than to fecundity. Nevertheless, within typically observed survival values, nest success was important in determining whether the population increased, decreased, or was stable. Moreover, the number of nest attempts by females and the number of young fledged per nesting attempt influenced population stability. This highlights the need to obtain more complete demographic data on species than simple nest success to assess habitat quality. When individuals selected high- and low-quality habitats in proportion to habitat availability, populations persisted as long as low-quality habitat did not make up >40% of the landscapes. However, when individuals preferred low-quality habitats over high-quality habitats, populations were extirpated in landscapes with >30% low-quality habitat because low-quality habitat functioned as an ecological trap, displacing individuals from high-quality to low-quality habitat. For long-term conservation, we emphasize the need for basic information on habitat selection and life-history characteristics of species throughout their range.