cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second Language Learners' Listener Impressions of Foreigner-Directed Speech.

Background According to sociolinguistic frameworks such as Communication Accommodation Theory, English native speakers modify their speech to meet the communicative needs of non-native speakers (Be...
Substrate-Assisted Hydroxylation and O-Demethylation in the Peroxidase-like Cytochrome P450 Enzyme CYP121

CYP121 is a P450 enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that catalyzes a C-C coupling reaction between the two aromatic rings on its native substrate cyclo(l-Tyr-l-Tyr) (cYY) to form mycocyclosin, a necessary product for cell survival. Unlike the typical P450 enzymes for hydroxylation, CYP121 is believed to behave like a peroxidase and conduct radical-mediated C-C bond formation. Here, we probe whether the phenolic hydrogen of the substrate is the site of the postulated hydrogen atom abstraction for radical formation. We synthesized a singly O-methylated substrate analogue, cYF-4-OMe, and characterized its interaction with CYP121 by ultraviolet-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. We found that cYF-4-OMe can function as a substrate of CYP121 using the established assay via the peroxide shunt. Analysis of the enzymatic reaction revealed an O-demethylation of cYF-4-OMe instead of cyclization, yielding cYY and formaldehyde. A hydroxylated substrate, cYF-4-OMeOH, is expected to be the intermediate product, which was trapped and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. We further determined that the deformylation reaction of cYF-4-OMeOH proceeds via an alkyl-oxygen rather than aryl-oxygen bond cleavage by the 18O-labeling studies. Finally, the pH dependence catalytic study on the native substrate and the methoxy analogue further supports the mechanistic understanding that the hydrogen atom abstraction is the critical first oxidation step exerted by a heme-based oxidant during the cyclization reaction of cYY. The switch in catalytic activity reveals the power of CYP121 as a P450 enzyme and provides insight into the peroxidase-like catalytic mechanism.
Identifying Stochastic Frequency Response Functions Using Real-Time Hybrid Substructuring, Principal Component Analysis, and Kriging Metamodeling

Real-time hybrid substructuring (RTHS) has previously been shown to be an effective tool to quantify the effect of parametric uncertainties on the response of a structural system. Proposed and implemented in this paper is a method that combines RTHS, Principal Component Analysis, and Kriging to metamodel the frequency response functions of a structure. The proposed method can be used to account for parametric variation in both the numerical and physical substructures. This approach is demonstrated using a series of bench-scale RTHS tests of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper used to control a 2 degree-of-freedom mass-spring system. The numerical system spring stiffnesses and the physical current supplied to the MR damper are each treated as uniformly distributed random variables. The RTHS test data is used to train computationally fast metamodels, which can then be used to conduct Monte Carlo simulations to determine distributions of the system response. The proposed methodology is shown to be both efficient and accurate.
Burden and trajectory of multimorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: a matched cohort study from 2006 to 2015.

Objectives To compare the onset and trajectory of multimorbidity between individuals with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods A matched, retrospective cohort study was completed in a large, US commercial insurance database (MarketScan) from 2006 to 2015. Using validated algorithms, patients with RA (overall and incident) were age-matched and sex-matched to patients without RA. Diagnostic codes for 44 preidentified chronic conditions were selected to determine the presence (≥2 conditions) and burden (count) of multimorbidity. Cross-sectional comparisons were completed using the overall RA cohort and conditional logistic and negative binomial regression models. Trajectories of multimorbidity were assessed within the incident RA subcohort using generalised estimating equations. Results The overall cohort (n=277 782) and incident subcohort (n=61 124) were female predominant (76.5%, 74.1%) with a mean age of 55.6 years and 54.5 years, respectively. The cross-sectional prevalence (OR 2.29, 95% CI 2.25 to 2.34) and burden (ratio of conditions 1.68, 95% CI 1.66 to 1.70) of multimorbidity were significantly higher in RA than non-RA in the overall cohort. Within the incident RA cohort, patients with RA had more chronic conditions than non-RA (β 1.13, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.17), and the rate of accruing chronic conditions was significantly higher in RA compared with non-RA (RA × follow-up year, β 0.21, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.21, p Conclusions Multimorbidity is highly prevalent in RA and progresses more rapidly in patients with RA than in patients without RA during and immediately following RA onset. Therefore, multimorbidity should be aggressively identified and targeted early in the RA disease course.
Machine learning application identifies novel gene signatures from transcriptomic data of spontaneous canine hemangiosarcoma.

Angiosarcomas are soft-tissue sarcomas that form malignant vascular tissues. Angiosarcomas are very rare, and due to their aggressive behavior and high metastatic propensity, they have poor clinical outcomes. Hemangiosarcomas commonly occur in domestic dogs, and share pathological and clinical features with human angiosarcomas. Typical pathognomonic features of this tumor are irregular vascular channels that are filled with blood and are lined by a mixture of malignant and nonmalignant endothelial cells. The current gold standard is the histological diagnosis of angiosarcoma; however, microscopic evaluation may be complicated, particularly when tumor cells are undetectable due to the presence of excessive amounts of nontumor cells or when tissue specimens have insufficient tumor content. In this study, we implemented machine learning applications from next-generation transcriptomic data of canine hemangiosarcoma tumor samples (n = 76) and nonmalignant tissues (n = 10) to evaluate their training performance for diagnostic utility. The 10-fold cross-validation test and multiple feature selection methods were applied. We found that extra trees and random forest learning models were the best classifiers for hemangiosarcoma in our testing datasets. We also identified novel gene signatures using the mutual information and Monte Carlo feature selection method. The extra trees model revealed high classification accuracy for hemangiosarcoma in validation sets. We demonstrate that high-throughput sequencing data of canine hemangiosarcoma are trainable for machine learning applications. Furthermore, our approach enables us to identify novel gene signatures as reliable determinants of hemangiosarcoma, providing significant insights into the development of potential applications for this vascular malignancy.
Polymerus americanus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae): Distribution, First Host Records, and Seasonality

Polymerus americanus (Reuter) is a mirine plant bug that has been seldom collected since its original description from Texas in 1876. Additional localities in Texas are recorded, and collection data are given for three previous records from Mexico (Coahuila, Hidalgo, and Nuevo Leon). Records from the eastern United States, and most western records other than West Texas, are considered probable misidentifications of other mainly dark species of the genus; the record from New Mexico requires verification. Nymphs and adults were observed in ornamental plantings of autumn sage (Salvia greggii Gray; Lamiaceae) at seven locales in Trans-Pecos Texas (Brewster, Jeff Davis, Pecos, and Presidio counties). Second through fifth instars and adults of a first generation were present in mid-April; late instars of another generation were found in late September and mid-October. The discovery of autumn sage as a host of P. americanus was facilitated by the plant's extensive use as an ornamental in the arid Southwest. The previous lack of bionomic information on the mirid is attributed mainly to the difficulty of finding native populations of autumn sage, a plant that grows in remote canyons and on mountain slopes in limited areas of West Texas and northern Mexico. Botanical information on autumn sage, including the history of its propagation, is provided.
Detection and Purification of Lewy Pathology from Formalin Fixed Primary Human Tissue Using Biotinylation by Antigen Recognition

The intracellular misfolding and accumulation of alpha-synuclein into structures collectively called Lewy pathology is a central phenomenon for the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and Multiple System Atrophy. Understanding the molecular architecture of Lewy pathology is crucial for understanding disease origins and progression. Here we developed a method to label, extract, and purify molecules from Lewy pathology of formalin fixed PD and DLB brain for blotting and mass spectrometry analysis. Using the biotinylation antibody recognition (BAR) technique, we labeled phosphoserine 129 alpha-synuclein positive pathology and associated molecules with biotin. Formalin crosslinks were then reversed, protein extracted, and pathology associated molecules isolated with streptavidin beads. Results showed superior immunohistochemical staining of Lewy pathology following the BAR protocol when compared to standard avidin biotin complex (ABC) based detection. The enhanced staining was particularly apparent for fibers of the medial forebrain bundle and punctate pathology within the striatum and cortex, which otherwise were weakly labeled or not detected. Subsequent immunoblotting BAR-labeled Lewy pathology extracts revealed the presence of high molecular weight alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin protein conjugates, and phosphoserine 129 alpha-synuclein. Mass spectrometry analysis of BAR-labeled Lewy pathology extracts from PD and DLB patients identified 815 proteins with significant enrichment for many pathways. Notably the most significant KEGG pathway was Parkinsons disease (FDR = 2.48 X 10-26) and GO Cellular compartment was extracellular exosomes (GO Cellular Compartment; FDR = 2.66x 10-34). We used enrichment data to create a functional map of Lewy Pathology from primary disease tissues, which implicated Vesicle Trafficking as the primary disease associated pathway in DLB and PD. In summary, this protocol can be used to enrich for Lewy pathology from formalin fixed human primary tissues, which allows the determination of molecular signatures of Lewy pathology. This technique has broad potential to help understand the phenomenon of Lewy pathology in primary human tissue and animal models.
External adjustment

Gross stocks of foreign assets have increased rapidly relative to national outputs since 1990, and the short-run capital gains and losses on those assets can amount to significant fractions of GDP. These fluctuations in asset values render the national income and product account measure of the current account balance increasingly inadequate as a summary of the change in a country's net foreign assets. Nonetheless, unusually large current account imbalances, especially deficits, should remain high on policymakers' list of concerns, even, for the richer and less credit-constrained countries. Extreme imbalances signal the need for large and perhaps abrupt real exchange rate changes in the future, changes that might have undesired political and financial consequences given the incompleteness of domestic and international asset markets. Furthermore, of the two sources of the change in net foreign assets—the current account and the capital gain on the net foreign asset position—the former is better understood and more amenable to policy influence. Systematic government attempts to manipulate international asset values in order to change the net foreign asset position could have a destabilizing effect on market expectations. JEL no. F21, F32, F36, F41
Elevated Plasma Fibrinogen Is Associated With Excessive Inflammation and Disease Severity in COVID-19 Patients.

Background The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is characterized with intense inflammatory response, cardiac involvement, and coagulopathy. Fibrinogen, as a biomarker for inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and coagulation, has not been fully investigated yet. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical application of fibrinogen in COVID-19 patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the demographic and laboratory characteristics of 119 COVID-19 patients in the University of Alabama of Birmingham Medical Center. Correlations of fibrinogen on admission with intensive care unit (ICU) admission, disease severity, and laboratory parameters were analyzed. Results Among the 119 COVID-19 patients, 77.3% (92/119) had severe disease, and 59.5% (71/119) patients were admitted to the ICU. Elevated fibrinogen was detected in 67.2% (80/119) of the patients. Fibrinogen levels were significantly associated with inflammatory markers and disease severity, but not with cardiac injury biomarker high sensitivity troponin I. Patients with severe disease had increased fibrinogen levels upon admission compared to patients with non-severe disease (P = 0.001). Fibrinogen level at 528.0 mg/dl was the optimal cutoff to predict disease severity, with a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% and 70.3% (area undty -60er the curve [AUC] 0.72, P = 0.0006). Conclusions Fibrinogen is commonly elevated in COVID-19 patients, especially in those with severe disease. Elevated fibrinogen correlates with excessive inflammation, disease severity, and ICU admission in COVID-19 patients.
Cultures of critical spirituality to advance the inclusion of immigrant students and families in Catholic schools

Xenophobic, racist, and linguistically hegemonic discourses undermine the common good in our pluralistic communities. This article focuses on how these discourses adversely affect one subset of the...
Inter-American Legal Developments

Law 21.778 sets forth the powers, procedures, and rights of state companies with respect to risk on contracts for the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. State companies can execute contracts concerning this subject matter. A contracting company must assume all the risks inherent in hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation although ownership rights and mining rights are not acquired by the company.
Online Control Techniques for Management of Shared Bandwidth in Multimedia Networks

In this paper, we provide an online monitor and control approach for adaptive bandwidth allocations in a QoS-aware multimedia network system. Accurate management of bandwidth allocations with a goal of maximizing the revenues is quite complex, due to the interactions among various data flows that dynamically share the network bandwidth. So, we adopt a heuristics-aided control that iteratively adjusts the bandwidth allocation based on the observed packet loss rate and delays. In terms of 'control theory', the bandwidth allocation and the packet loss rate constitute the system input and output respectively, with the heuristics-based bandwidth adjustment strategies incorporated in a controller along the feedback loop. A 'control-theoretic' treatment of the QoS adaptation problem allows studying the stability and convergence properties of the QoS delivered to the applications, while maximizing the connectivity service provider's revenues.
Adverse effects of cow's milk in infants.

The feeding of cow’s milk has adverse effects on iron nutrition in infants and young children. Several different mechanisms have been identified that may act synergistically. Probably most important
Expulsion and scheduling control for multiclass queues with heterogeneous servers

We consider an M/M/2 system with nonidentical servers and multiple classes of customers. Each customer class has its own reward rate and holding cost. We may assign priorities so that high priority customers may preempt lower priority customers on the servers. We give two models for which the optimal admission and scheduling policy for maximizing expected discounted profit is determined by a threshold structure on the number of customers of each type in the system. Surprisingly, the optimal thresholds do not depend on the specific numerical values of the reward rates and holding costs, making them relatively easy to determine in practice. Our results also hold when there is a finite buffer and when customers have independent random deadlines for service completion.
RESONANCE RAMAN AND ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF NEUTROPHIL CYTOCHROME B558

The resonance Raman spectra of neutrophil cytochrome b558 obtained upon Soret excitation indicate that the heme is low spin six-coordinate in both ferric and ferrous oxidation states; comparison with the spectra of bis-imidazole hemin suggests imidazole or imidazolate axial ligation. Minor bands attributable to vibrational motions of ring-conjugated vinyl substituents were also observed, consistent with a heme assignment of protoporphyrin IX. The spectra of deoxycholate-solubilized cytochrome b558 were indistinguishable from neutrophil plasma membranes or specific granules, as were spectra from unstimulated and phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated cells, indicating that the hemes are structurally identical in various subcellular environments and cellular physiological states. However, structural complexity was suggested by biphasic ferric-ferrous photoreduction under 413-nm illumination and the absence of an EPR spectrum for the ferric heme under conditions where simple bis-imidazole heme-containing cytochromes are expected to give detectable signals. Midpoint reduction potentials and resonance Raman spectra of the soluble cytochrome b558 from an individual with cytochrome b558 positive (type IA.2) chronic granulomatous disease were nearly identical to normal oxidase, with the exception that the deficient oxidase did not undergo heme photoreduction. Possible structural models are discussed in relation to other physical properties (ligand binding, thermodynamic potentials) exhibited by the cytochrome.
An Overview of Predictive Learning and Function Approximation

Predictive learning has been traditionally studied in applied mathematics (function approximation), statistics (nonparametric regression), and engineering (pattern recognition). Recently the fields of artificial intelligence (machine learning) and connectionism (neural networks) have emerged, increasing interest in this problem, both in terms of wider application and methodological advances. This paper reviews the underlying principles of many of the practical approaches developed in these fields, with the goal of placing them in a common perspective and providing a unifying overview.
1,4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES AS CALCIUM CHANNEL LIGANDS AND PRIVILEGED STRUCTURES

1. The 1,4-dihydropyridine nucleus serves as the scaffold for important cardiovascular drugs—calcium antagonists—including nifedipine, nitrendipine, amlodipine, and nisoldipine, which exert their antihypertensive and antianginal actions through actions at voltage-gated calcium channels of the CaV1 (L-type) class.
Infant Mental Health: An Expanding Field for Social Work

tionship among infants, children, and their parents (Pawl, 1984). Knowledge contributed from diverse fields such as pediatrics, child and developmental psychology, child psychiatry, psycho analysis, social work, special educa tion, and nursing has come together in the multidisciplinary specialty of in fant mental health (Lieberman, 1985). The goals of this field are to under stand the factors that affect the psy chological well-being of infants and to develop methods for prevention, as sessment, and treatment of mental health problems in infancy. Infant mental health practitioners are concerned with the well-being of all infants but are specifically concerned with interventions that will reach at
Method of treating tumor growth and metastasis by using trifunctional antibodies to reduce the risk for graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic antitumor cell therapy

The patent claims that trifunctional (TrFAb) and trispecific antibodies (TrSAb) will redirect immune effectors to tumor associated antigens (TAAs) while downregulating allo-activation of donor T cells, leading to reduced graft- versus-host disease (GvHD). A TrFAb is a bispecific antibody (BiAb) that binds to immune effector cells and targets a TAA, whilst binding of the Fc-portion of the TrFAb to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on immune effector cells leads to downregulation of allo-activation of donor T cells responsible for mediating GvHD. Furthermore, a TrSAb consists of a proposed construct that binds to immune effectors and to two separate TAAs while the Fc-portion of the TrSAb constructs interacts to downregulate allo-activation as proposed in the TrFAb construct. The patent claims that infusion of TrFAb or TrSAb would markedly improve antitumor activity whilst maintaining potent anti-GvHD activity when used after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
Evaluation of diagnosability of failure knowledge in manufacturing systems

The authors focus on the diagnostic step of the error recovery process in manufacturing systems and develop theories for evaluating the diagnosability of failure knowledge in manufacturing systems. The theories are based on the action-error-feature data set, described previously by the authors (1989). The definition of one-error diagnosability and the necessary and sufficient conditions for multiple-error diagnosability are given. A simple matrix operation, called covering analysis, for testing the conditions is also presented. The methodology provides a qualitative measure for the embedded diagnostic knowledge in terms of the ability to diagnose the number of multiple simultaneous errors in the system. This provides the diagnosability of the model and the feasibility of the computation, because the covering analysis is simple and at most two analyses are required to determine multiple-fault diagnosability. A discussion of the results obtained and simple examples to illustrate those results are presented. >
Endoscopic methods for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

Diagnosing chronic pancreatitis (CP) is challenging, particularly in patients with chronic abdominal pain but no obvious pancreatic insufficiency or calcifications. A variety of methods are available to diagnose and stage CP, but no gold standard currently exists, and diagnostic criteria are reliable only in severe CP. This review will focus on endoscopic methods for diagnosing early CP including endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and endoscopic pancreatic function testing (ePFT). These methods are often used in combination to diagnose or exclude CP. Although there are a variety of methods available, diagnosing mild and moderate CP remains a challenge, and further refinements of diagnostic criteria are needed to advance the field of endoscopic diagnosis of CP.
Myelin-like configurations in Ochromonas malhamensis.

The nuclear region of Ochromonas malhamensis is an active site for lipid organization and production of myelin-like bodies. These bodies resemble myelin forms reported in other microorganisms and mammalian tissue. Such lipid bodies may have important implications for understanding membrane biogenesis and mechanisms whereby cells synthesize complex lipid systems. We have therefore examined naturally occurring myelinics in Ochromonas and produced synthetic myelinics in our laboratory to obtain information about the structure and composition of these lipid bodies. We have found that myelin bodies in Ochromonas malhamensis resemble myelinics produced by dispersion of egg lecithin in water. Fixation with glutaraldehyde prior to osmium tetroxide treatment protects both natural myelinics in Ochromonas malhamensis and synthetic egg lecithin myelinics; both are degraded when fixed with osmium tetroxide alone.
Preparing bone sections for radioautography.

The method eliminates all contact of bone with aqueous solutions. One hundred to 200µ sections are first cut with a guided circular saw. These sections are simultaneously embedded and mounted on glass slides by means of a clear thermoplastic cement, Gelva. The mounted bone sections are then ground to 5–25µ on fine silicon carbide paper. The sections are finally polished with levigated alumina on a cloth pad. A procedure for preparing contact radioautograms of ground bone sections is given and the results obtained are illustrated.
The water molecules orientation around the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine head group: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract We have performed 3 ns MD simulation of phospholipid bilayer–water system in liquid crystalline state, consisting of 128 saturated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 3655 water molecules, thus constituting ≈ 40 % by weight, which corresponds to a fully hydrated lipid bilayer. It is shown that at average the hydrogen atoms of water are oriented towards the phosphorus atoms and the negatively charged oxygen atoms towards the nitrogen atoms. The electric potential and the charge density of water molecules along the bilayer normal are determined. It is stated that in DPPC bilayers both lipid protrusions and water ordering take place.
Receptors for B-cell stimulatory factor-1 expressed on cells of haematopoietic lineage

B-cell stimulatory factor-1 (BSF-1) is a T-cell product of relative molecular mass 20,000 (Mr 20K) initially described as a cofactor required for DNA synthesis by resting mouse B cells stimulated with low concentrations of anti-IgM antibodies1. It acts on resting B cells to enhance the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules2,3, to prepare these cells to respond more promptly to subsequent stimuli, such as anti-IgM antibodies4,5, and causes the secretion of IgG1 and IgE by B cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)6–9. BSF-1 has been shown to stimulate T cell lines10, resting T cells11 and some mast cell lines10. Recently, the designation interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been suggested for BSF-1. We report here the existence of high-affinity cell-surface receptors specific for BSF-1 on both B and T lymphocytes, and on cells of several other haematopoietic lineages, including mast cell, macrophage and undifferentiated haematopoietic cell lines. Resting B and T lymphocytes express receptors, which increase in number upon activation of B cells with LPS or anti-IgM, and of T cells with concanavalin A. Cross-linking of 125I-labelled-BSF-l to its receptors creates a complex of Mr∼80,000.
Pancreatic Polypeptide Administration Reduces Insulin Requirements of Artificial Pancreas in Pancreatectomized Dogs

An artificial endocrine pancreas is a mechanical device that frequently measures blood glucose and adjusts the rate of insulin infusion to maintain normoglycemia. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) on insulin requirements after total pancreatectomy. However, other endocrine hormones are needed not only to facilitate the effect of insulin, but also to regulate insulin functions in vivo. In this study, the effect of PP infusion on insulin requirements after total pancreatectomy in dogs is examined. After total pancreatectomy, five dogs were supported by artificial endocrine pancreas model STG-22 for 72 h. In a second group of five dogs, both insulin and PP were infused. Mean blood glucose levels and insulin requirements were compared between the two groups. There was no difference in mean plasma glucose levels between the two groups. In all 10 dogs, the mean blood glucose level for 72 h was 110 +/- 4 mg/dL and was tightly controlled between 65 and 190 mg/dL. However, the insulin requirement for the first and second postoperative days in the group treated with PP was significantly less than that of the control group (90.0 +/- 20.8 mU/kg vs. 445.0 +/- 151.9 mU/kg; P < 0.05, and 562.7 +/- 126.5 mU/kg vs. 1007.7 +/- 144.9 mU/kg; P < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that infusion of PP reduces the insulin requirement for the initial 48 h in pancreatectomized dogs treated with an artificial endocrine pancreas.
Evaluation of the second order elastic moduli

Abstract The expressions of the apparent linear elastic moduli and their first and second derivatives, with respect to hydrostatic pressure, are obtained according to the second order elasticity theory. As a particular case when the material is hyperelastic, formulae of the first derivatives of the linear elastic moduli reduce to those obtained by Seeger and Buck. The general formulae for determining the four second order elastic moduli are derived and expressed in terms of four measurable quantities. The numerical values of these moduli for steel and copper are calculated according to Poynting's experimental data. They are compared with Seeger and Buck's results with good agreement when the material is assumed to be hyperelastic.
Wave propagation in a piezoelectric, continuously twisted, structurally chiral medium along the axis of spirality

Abstract The stress tensor in a piezoelectric, continuously twisted, structurally chiral medium (PCTSCM) is symmetric, while the stiffness, the permittivity and the piezoelectric stress matrices vary helicoidally about the axis of spirality. Exact analytic solutions are found for wave propagation along the axis of spirality in a PCTSCM. Because the eigenmodes are elliptically polarized with the vibration ellipse varying along the propagation direction, application of PCTSCMs for transducers with special polarization properties is envisaged.
The concentration and temporal relationships of acetaminophen-induced changes in intracellular and extracellular total glutathione in freshly isolated hepatocytes from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats.

: Fischer rats are more sensitive to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity than Sprague-Dawley rats, however, the mechanisms for this enhanced sensitivity remain unclear. The susceptability to hepatotoxicity is determined largely by the balance between acetaminophen toxification and detoxification. Since glutathione plays a critical role in the detoxification process, it would be of interest to compare the effects of acetaminophen on hepatic glutathione homeostasis in the Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rat, and relate these effects to cytotoxicity. To this end, we measured the sequential changes of intracellular and extracellular total glutathione in freshly isolated hepatocytes from untreated and 3-methylchol-anthrene pretreated Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats, both in the absence (basal) and presence of acetaminophen. In the basal state, the intracellular total glutathione content was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in hepatocytes from untreated Fischer rats. Nevertheless, the sequential release of total glutathione into the medium and the sequential depletion of intracellular total glutathione were quantitatively similar in hepatocytes from untreated Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats. Following exposure to acetaminophen, there was a striking dose and time associated depletion of intracellular total glutathione in untreated hepatocytes from both rat strains, and quantitatively the depletion was similar in untreated hepatocytes from both rat strains. This degree of depletion of intracellular total glutathione was not associated with acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley hepatocytes, whereas significant (P < 0.05) cytotoxicity was demonstrated in Fischer hepatocytes. In hepatocytes from 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated rats, there was an even more marked dose and time associated depletion of intracellular total glutathione as compared with untreated hepatocytes from both rat strains. Although the magnitude of this depletion was also similar in hepatocytes from both rat strains, the acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity was significantly (P < 0.01) more prominent in hepatocytes from the Fischer rat. Our observations establish that basal hepatocellular glutathione concentrations are higher in Fischer than Sprague-Dawley rats, however sequential changes in basal intracellular and extracellular glutathione are similar in hepatocytes of both strains. Moreover, the effect of acetaminophen on these glutathione measures was also similar in hepatocytes from both rat strains. Finally, our observations reveal a discordance between acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity and cellular glutathione content in the two rat strains, implying that the Fischer rats'enhanced susceptibility to hepatocellular injury may be related to a defective inherent cellular defense mechanism against attack by the reactive metabolite of acetaminophen.
The computer science and engineering research study (COSERS)

The Computer Science and Engineering Research Study (COSERS) is briefly described. The motivation, organization, and schedule for this NSF supported study are given. For possible further reference, the subject area panel chairmen and the members of the Steering Committee are identified.
78 INHIBITION OF SODIUM-CALCIUM EXCHANGE BY AMILORIDE: EFFECTS ON THE FORCE-FREQUENCY RESPONSE IN IMMATURE AND ADULT MYOCARDIUM

The mechanisms which account for the normal positive staircase response to increasing contraction frequency remain unclear. It has been postulated previously that transarcolemmal sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchange may be important for the generation of a normal force-frequency response (FFR). To test this hypothesis, we performed FFR before (Pre) and 60 minutes after (Post) inhibition of Na-Ca exchange by amiloride (1.0 mM) using isometrically contracting right ventricular papillary muscles from immature (I; 14-21 days of age) and adult (A) rabbits. Results for maximal rate of tension development (dT/dt; gm/sec) obtained during the Pre and Post FFR are tabulated below (mean±SE): Thus, under these conditions, the positive staircase response to increasing contraction frequency was preserved in the presence of amiloride in both age groups. These results suggest that Na-Ca exchange is not critical for the generation of the normal FFR in I or A rabbit myocardium.
On the constants in hp-finite element trace inverse inequalities

We derive inverse trace inequalities for hp-finite elements. Utilizing orthogonal polynomials, we show how to derive explicit expressions for the constants when considering triangular and tetrahedral elements. We also discuss how to generalize this technique to the general d-simplex.
Uptake of magnesium into the brain of the rat.

Abstract The retention of magnesium in the brain after a single circulatory pass through the telencephalic-diencephalic microcirculation was studied in normal 100- and 300-g rats and in magnesium-deficient rats using the method of Oldendorf. Neither age of the rats nor magnesium deficiency had any effect on the uptake of radioiodinated human serum albumin. A blood-brain barrier was demonstrated for magnesium. This barrier did not change throughout the age range tested, did not possess any evident transport system for facilitating the influx of magnesium in addition to that presumably entering slowly by diffusion at the physiologic and pharmacologic concentrations of magnesium studied, and was not affected by hypomagnesemia or depletion of the labile cellular stores of magnesium in the brain.
Approaching psychological science with Kuhn's eyes.

the world: The Aufbau and the emergence of logical empiricism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Richardson, A. (2003). Narrating the history of reason itself: Friedman, Kuhn, and a constitutive a priori for the twenty-first century. Perspectives on Science, 10, 253–274. Smith, L. D. (1986). Behaviorism and logical positivism: A reassessment of the alliance. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Taylor, C. (1971). Interpretation and the sciences of man. Review of Metaphysics, 25, 3–51.
Modified reperfusion in clinical lung transplantation: the results of 100 consecutive cases.

Objective Severe primary graft dysfunction occurs in 10% to 20% of lung transplant recipients and is the leading cause of early death after lung transplantation. We hypothesized that altering the content of the initial reperfusate and maintaining a low reperfusion pressure after surgical implantation would lead to a low incidence of primary graft dysfunction. Methods We analyzed the records of all patients who underwent lung transplantation at our institution from March 1, 2000, to August 30, 2004. The modified reperfusion technique involved the insertion of a catheter into the main or individual pulmonary artery after implantation. The recipient blood was depleted of leukocytes; supplemented with nitroglycerin; adjusted for pH and calcium level; enriched with aspartate, glutamate, and dextrose; and then administered into the pulmonary arteries of the newly transplanted lung(s) for the first 10 minutes of reperfusion. Severe primary graft dysfunction was defined as a Pao 2 /inspired oxygen fraction of less than 150 with diffuse infiltrate on the radiograph in absence of other causes. Results During this interval, 100 patients underwent lung transplantation with the modified reperfusion technique. Forty-two patients underwent single-lung transplantation, of which 5 patients required cardiopulmonary bypass for the procedure. Fifty-eight patients underwent double-lung transplantation; all double-lung transplantation procedures were performed with patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no technical complications associated with the modified reperfusion. The mean Pao 2 /inspired oxygen fraction at 6 hours in this cohort was 252 ± 123 mm Hg. The median number of days on the ventilator was 2. More importantly, the incidence of severe primary graft dysfunction in this cohort was 2.0%. The early survival (30-day or in-hospital mortality) of this group of patients was 97%. Conclusions The technique of modified reperfusion in human lung transplantation is associated with a low incidence of severe primary graft dysfunction and favorable short-term outcomes.
Toward an Optimal Redundancy Strategy for Distributed Computations

Volunteer distributed computations utilize spare processor cycles of personal computers that are connected to the Internet. The related computation integrity concerns are commonly addressed by assigning tasks redundantly. Aside from the additional computational costs, a significant disadvantage of redundancy is its vulnerability to colluding adversaries. This paper presents a tunable redundancy-based task distribution strategy that increases resistance to collusion while significantly decreasing the associated computational costs. Specifically, our strategy guarantees a desired cheating detection probability regardless of the number of copies of a specific task controlled by the adversary. Though not the first distribution scheme with these properties, the proposed method improves upon existing strategies in that it requires fewer computational resources. More importantly, the strategy provides a practical lower bound for the number of redundantly assigned tasks required to achieve a given detection probability
Exploration: Past and Future Contributions of the Vertical Lift Community and the Flight Vehicle Research and Technology Division

Fulfillment of the exploration vision will require new cross-mission directorate and multi-technical discipline synergies in order to achieve the necessary long-term sustainability. In part, lessons from the Apollo-era, as well as more recent research efforts, suggest that the aeronautics and specifically the vertical lift research community can and will make significant contributions to the exploration effort. A number of notional concepts and associated technologies for such contributions are outlined.
Mechanistic studies on the addition of dihydrogen to tantalocene complexes.

The mechanism of dihydrogen addition to Cp*2Ta(CH2)(H) was examined using parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP), 13C labeling, and comparison to the related complex Cp*2Ta(CH2)(CH3). The reaction of para-enriched hydrogen with Cp*2Ta(CH2)(H) leads to polarized resonances for both Cp*2Ta(CH3)(H)2 and Cp*2TaH3, even at the earliest reaction times. Use of the labeled compound Cp*2Ta(13CH2)(H) shows that the polarized resonances of Cp*2Ta(CH3)(H)2 correspond to the two hydride ligands. The results thus support a mechanistic pathway of H2 addition to an unsaturated Ta(III) intermediate, [Cp*2Ta(CH3)], rather than addition directly across the TaC bond. In a same sample comparison, the rates of initial H2 addition and subsequent C−H reductive elimination for both Cp*2Ta(CH2)(H) and Cp*2Ta(C6H4)(H) were examined. The methylene complex exhibits greater reactivity than the benzyne complex, with the major difference due to the C−H coupling step, in which formation of methane is more facile than that of benzene. T...
RADIOSENSITIVE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SINGLE-STRANDED VIRUS NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Samples of X174 virus, X174-DNA, R17 virus, and R17RNA in tryptone broth were exposed to x and gamma radiation under carefully controlled conditions. Inactivation data were used to determine the molecular weights and target sizes of the viruses. The effects of reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, sodium phosphate buffer, and pH on results were measured. Results are compared with results from previous studies on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and TMV-RNA. It is concluded that valid radiatron target molecular weights for small viruses and their free nucleic acids can be obtained by taking due cognizance of radiation modifying effects of added agents.
NSF nanomanufacturing program and its implications for measurement and control

The NSF Nanomanufacturing Program supports fundamental research in novel methods and techniques for batch and continuous processes, and top-down and bottom-up processes leading to the formation of complex nanostructures, nanodevices and nanosystems. The program leverages advances in the understanding of nano-scale phenomena and processes, nanomaterials discovery, novel nanostructure architectures, innovative nanodevice and nanosystem design. It seeks to address issues such as quality, efficiency, scalability, reliability, safety and affordability. The program encourages research in the development of new nano-scale processes and production systems based on computation, modeling and simulation and use of process sensing, monitoring, and control. Research in instrumentation and metrology is an integral part of the program. Additionally, the program supports education of the next generation of researchers, and encourages building a workforce trained in nanotechnology and nanomanufacturing systems. It is also interested in understanding long-term societal implications of large-scale production and use of nano-scale materials. For this, it encourages the development of standards. This paper will describe the program philosophy.
Why advanced computing? The key to space-based operations

The 'what is the requirement?' aspect of advanced computing and how it relates to and supports Air Force space-based operations is a key issue. In support of the Air Force Space Command's five major mission areas (space control, force enhancement, force applications, space support and mission support), two-fifths of the requirements have associated stringent computing/size implications. The Air Force Research Laboratory's 'migration to space' concept will eventually shift Science and Technology (S&T) dollars from predominantly airborne systems to airborne-and-space related S&T areas. One challenging 'space' area is in the development of sophisticated on-board computing processes for the next generation smaller, cheaper satellite systems. These new space systems (called microsats or nanosats) could be as small as a softball, yet perform functions that are currently being done by large, vulnerable ground-based assets. The Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) concept will be used to manage the overall process of space applications coupled with advancements in computing. The JBI can be defined as a globally interoperable information 'space' which aggregates, integrates, fuses, and intelligently disseminates all relevant battlespace knowledge to support effective decision-making at all echelons of a Joint Task Force (JTF). This paper explores a single theme -- on-board processing is the best avenue to take advantage of advancements in high-performance computing, high-density memories, communications, and re-programmable architecture technologies. The goal is to break away from 'no changes after launch' design to a more flexible design environment that can take advantage of changing space requirements and needs while the space vehicle is 'on orbit.'© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elements of Successful School Reentry after Psychiatric Hospitalization.

Psychiatric hospitalization is an intensive intervention designed to stabilize adolescents who are experiencing an acute mental health crisis. Reintegrating to school after discharge from psychiatric hospitalization can be overwhelming for many adolescents (E. V. Clemens, L. E. Welfare, & A. M. Williams, 2010). The authors used a consensual qualitative research approach (C. E. Hill et al., 2005; C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997) to explore 14 mental health professionals’ perceptions regarding assets and barriers to adolescents’ successful school reintegration after psychiatric hospitalization. The authors describe the implications for educators and parents derived from participant interviews.
Structure of the H-saturated Si(100) surface

A scanning-tunneling-microscopy study of the structures produced by the adsorption of atomic H on the Si(100) surface is presented. Moderate exposures at room temperature (RT) produced the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 monohydride phase. Saturation exposures at 370 K produced the mixed 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 phase which, following an additional RT exposure, slowly reverted to the bulklike 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 dihydride phase. Saturation exposures at RT produced the 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 dihydride phase indicating that the 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 phase is a H-induced reconstruction which exists only under special conditions. The etching of the Si(100) surface by H atoms was also observed and its implication for saturation coverage and the species present on the surface are discussed.
Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma vitamin E and vitamin A using amperometric and ultraviolet detection.

Abstract A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using amperometric detection has been developed for measuring α-tocopherol in plasma. Other minor components of vitamin E (β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols) can also be detected by this method. All- trans -retinol is simultaneously monitored by UV detection at 313 nm. This assay requires only 50 μl of plasma for quantification of both vitamin E and A. The minimum detectable quantities for both α-tocopherol and retinol are 1.0 ng with corresponding signal-to-noise ratios of 4.0 and 3.5. The total chromatographic analysis time for each sample is less than 15 min. This assay has been used to determine the concentrations of vitamin A and E in plasma obtained from patients with liver disease, liver transplant patients and normal healthy volunteers.