cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of apo and holo retinoic acid-binding protein levels in retinoid-responsive transformed cells by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography.

Abstract A method to measure the endogenous levels of apo and holo cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins was developed using calf testis cytosol as the source of retinoic acid-binding protein. [ 3 H]Retinoic acid-retinoic acid-binding protein complexes were assayed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Preincubation of cytosol with 10 m m p -hydroxymercuribenzoate at 4 °C resulted in complete inhibition of retinoic acid binding to apo retinoic acid-binding protein. In addition, total dissociation of preformed holo retinoic acid-binding protein complexes was noted within 20 min after mercurial addition. Thus, p -hydroxymercuribenzoate converted the total pool of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (apo plus holo) to mercurial-protein complexes unable to bind retinoic acid in vitro . Mercurial inhibition of retinoic acid-retinoic acid-binding protein complex formation was totally reversed upon the addition of 50 m m dithiothreitol. Total cytosolic retinoic acid-binding protein was determined from specific retinoic acid binding after treatment with p -hydroxymercuribenzoate and dithiothreitol. Apo cellular retinoic acid-binding protein concentration was measured by determining specific radioligand binding prior to p -hydroxymercuribenzoate treatment, and correcting for exchange of endogenously bound retinoid with exogenous tritiated retinoic acid. Holo cellular retinoic acid-binding protein concentration was derived from the difference between total and apo retinoic acid-binding protein concentrations. Using this method, we have demonstrated that retinoid-responsive EJ and T24 human bladder carcinoma cell lines and AT 3 A and AT 3 B rat pancreatic acinar carcinoma cell lines lack detectable levels of either apo or holo cellular retinoic acid-binding protein. These results established that retinoid inhibition of transformed bladder and acinar cell proliferation in culture was mediated by a cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-independent mechanism.
Biosynthesis of rice phytoalexins: identification of putative diterpene hydrocarbon precursors.

Abstract A procedure for the preparation of a cell-free enzyme solution from rice leaves capable of catalyzing the biosynthesis of diterpene hydrocarbons from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or copalyl pyrophosphate as added substrates has been developed. The rates of synthesis of a group of “pimaradiene-like” diterpene hydrocarbons are about 75-fold higher with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate as substrate and about 8-fold higher with copalyl pyrophosphate as substrate in comparison with extracts from untreated control leaves. The maximum rate of diterpene hydrocarbon biosynthesis is seen in extracts prepared at 40 h after uv irradiation. Five diterpene hydrocarbons (compounds A-E) were present in the hydrocarbon fraction biosynthesized from [3H]geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate in large-scale incubation mixtures prepared from uv-treated rice leaves. Three of these diterpenes were identified as ent-kaur-16-ene (B), ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene (D), and 9βH-pimara7,15-diene (E) from GC retention times and GC-MS spectral characteristics in comparison with those of authentic reference compounds. Compound C has spectral characteristics analogous to those of a pimaradiene, but a specific structural assignment from the data available was not possible. Similar incubations with [3H]copalyl pyrophosphate as the substrate and enzyme prepared from uv-treated rice leaves produced ent-kaurene (B), ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene (D), and compound C, but not 9βH-pimara-7,15-diene (E). These results are consistent with a proposed biosynthetic scheme in which 9βH-pimara-7,15-diene serves as a precursor of the momilactone family, and ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene serves as a precursor of the oryzalexin family of rice phytoalexins. ent-Kaurene was the only diterpene detected in incubation mixtures containing enzyme extract from untreated rice leaves and [3H]copalyI pyrophosphate as the substrate. It is suggested that kaurene biosynthesis in rice leaves is probably associated with gibberellin biosynthesis and the regulation of vegetative growth rather than stress metabolism. The diterpene cyclization enzymes in extracts of uv-treated rice leaves show only a relatively modest inhibition by the plant growth retardants AMO-1618 and Phosfon D. No evidence was obtained for the subcellular localization of these cyclization enzymes in organellar preparations; it is tentatively concluded that the enzymes are present predominantly in the extraorganellar cytoplasm of rice leaves.
An axonal spike in an identified fast crab motor neuron has sodium and calcium components.

Abstract 1. 1. High intensity intracellular stimulation of the FBE axon produced a spike discharge. The spikes divided into two components, each with a different frequency. 2. 2. Ion replacement and blocking specific ion channels revealed that the FBE spike has calcium and sodium components. 3. 3. The pronounced depolarizing wave that follows the FBE spike is not produced by changes in calcium conductance.
Review of the SPARCL trial and its subanalyses

The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study is a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that was designed to determine whether 80 mg/d of atorvastatin reduced the risk of fatal or nonfatal stroke in patients who had previously experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack. It is unique in that it is the only trial to study this cohort of patients with no known coronary heart disease. The review recaps the results of the primary SPARCL data and discusses the findings of subsequent analyses that extend the conclusions from the study. Atorvastatin reduced the risk of stroke to a clinically persuasive degree. This benefit was present despite a small increase in risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Factors were identified in SPARCL that might reduce this risk if implemented. Further subanalyses addressed other questions relative to stroke profile of benefit and potential mechanisms of statin action. SPARCL has established that statins have an important role in secondary stroke prevention.
Cavopulmonary assist for the univentricular Fontan circulation: von Kármán viscous impeller pump.

Objective In a univentricular Fontan circulation, modest augmentation of existing cavopulmonary pressure head (2–5 mm Hg) would reduce systemic venous pressure, increase ventricular filling, and thus substantially improve circulatory status. An ideal means of providing mechanical cavopulmonary support does not exist. We hypothesized that a viscous impeller pump, based on the von Karman viscous pump principle, is optimal for this role. Methods A 3-dimensional computational model of the total cavopulmonary connection was created. The impeller was represented as a smooth 2-sided conical actuator disk with rotation in the vena caval axis. Flow was modeled under 3 conditions: (1) passive flow with no disc; (2) passive flow with a nonrotating disk, and (3) induced flow with disc rotation (0–5K rpm). Flow patterns and hydraulic performance were examined for each case. Hydraulic performance for a vaned impeller was assessed by measuring pressure increase and induced flow over 0 to 7K rpm in a laboratory mock loop. Results A nonrotating actuator disc stabilized cavopulmonary flow, reducing power loss by 88%. Disk rotation (from baseline dynamic flow of 4.4 L/min) resulted in a pressure increase of 0.03 mm Hg. A further increase in pressure of 5 to 20 mm Hg and 0 to 5 L/min flow was obtained with a vaned impeller at 0 to 7K rpm in a laboratory mock loop. Conclusions A single viscous impeller pump stabilizes and augments cavopulmonary flow in 4 directions, in the desired pressure range, without venous pathway obstruction. A viscous impeller pump applies to the existing staged protocol as a temporary bridge-to-recovery or -transplant in established univentricular Fontan circulations and may enable compressed palliation of single ventricle without the need for intermediary surgical staging or use of a systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt.
Long wavelength VCSELs with AlGaAsSb DBRs

We review the design, fabrication and characterization of 1.55micrometers , lattice-matched vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with AlAsSb/AlGaAsSb mirrors. The Sb-based mirrors provide both high reflectivity and an InP-lattice-matched structure. They lead to electrically pumped, pulsed operation of the lasers, but poor thermal conductivities of these ternary and quaternary materials and large voltage drop across them prevent the lasers from operating continuous-wave. A double-intracavity contacted structure along with thick, n-type InP cladding layers circumvents these drawbacks and finally leads to an excellent performance. For one embodiment, the threshold current is 800 (mu) A, the differential quantum efficiency is 23%, and the maximum output power is more than 1 mW at 20 degree(s)C and 110 (mu) W at 80 degree(s)C.
Design of centralized ambulance diversion policies using simulation-optimization

Ambulance Diversion (AD) has been an issue of concern for the medical community because of the potential harmful effects of long transportation; however, AD can be used to reduce the waiting time in Emergency Departments (EDs) by redirecting patients to less crowded facilities. This paper proposes a Simulation-Optimization approach to find the appropriate parameters of diversion policies for all the facilities in a geographical area to minimize the expected time that patients spend in non-value added activities, such as transporting, waiting and boarding. In addition, two destination policies are tested in combination with the AD policies. The use of diversion and destination policies can be seen as ambulance flow control within an emergency care system. The results of this research show significant improvement in the flow of emergency patients in the system as a result of the optimization of destination-diversion policies compared to not using AD at all.
Enhancing interaction through exaggerated motion synthesis

Other than eye gaze and referential gestures (e.g. pointing), the relationship between robot motion and observer attention is not well understood. We explore this relationship to achieve social goals, such as influencing human partner behavior or directing attention. We present an algorithm that creates exaggerated variants of a motion in real-time. Through two experiments we confirm that exaggerated motion is perceptibly different than the input motion, provided that the motion is sufficiently exaggerated. We found that different levels of exaggeration correlate to human expectations of robot-like, human-like, and cartoon-like motion. We present empirical evidence that use of exaggerated motion in experiments enhances the interaction through the benefits of increased engagement and perceived entertainment value. Finally, we provide statistical evidence that exaggerated motion causes predictable human partner gaze direction and better retention of interaction details.
The New Economics of Capital Controls Imposed for Prudential Reasons

This paper provides an introduction to the new economics of prudential capital controls in emerging economies. This literature is based on the notion that there are externalities associated with financial crises because individual market participants do not internalize their contribution to aggregate financial instability when they make their finacing decisions. As a result they impose externalities in the form of greater financial instability on each other, and the private financing decisions of individuals are distorted towards excessive risk-taking. We discuss how prudential capital controls can induce private agents to internalize these externalities and thereby increase macroeconomic stability and enhance welfare.
Web personalization using neuro-fuzzy clustering algorithms

Different users have different needs from the same web page and hence it is necessary to develop a system which understands the needs and demands of the users. Web server logs have abundant information about the nature of users accessing it. In this paper we discussed how to mine these web server logs for a given period of time using unsupervised and competitive learning algorithm like Kohonen's self organizing maps (SOM) and interpreting those results using Unified distance Matrix (U-matrix). These algorithms help us in efficiently clustering users based on similar web access patterns and each cluster having users with similar browsing patterns. These clusters are useful in web personalization so that it communicates better with its users and also in web traffic analysis for predicting web traffic at a given period of time.
Epidemiology of Acute Otitis Media Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Before and After Licensure of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Protein Conjugate Vaccine

We studied, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing and penicillin-binding protein 2b amplicon-restriction profiles, pneumococcal isolates recovered from children with acute otitis media during 1 January-31 December 1999 and 2001. The proportion of nonvaccine serogroups increased from 14.8% (13/88) to 36.5% (23/63) from 1999 to 2001 (P<.01). Among children who received at least 2 doses of the pneumococcal 7-valent protein conjugate (PNC7) vaccine, 46.7% (7/15) of the isolates had nonvaccine serogroups, compared with 20.8% (26/125) of the isolates from children who did not receive the PNC7 vaccine (P=.05). Overall, the serogroups involved in capsular switching were 6-19-NT, 6-14-35, 15-19, and the 19-Spanish 23F clone. In 1999 and 2001, 30.8% (4/13) and 26.1% (6/23) of the nonvaccine serogroups were implicated in capsular switching, respectively. Continued surveillance will be of great importance as the distribution of the PNC7 vaccine increases.
Testing the lamella hypothesis: the next steps on the agenda.

In the accompanying Speckle Microscopy Update ([Vallotton and Small, 2009][1]), the authors present a critique of the `lamella hypothesis' – the proposal that the lamella extends to the leading edge of motile cells and overlaps with the lamellipodium ([Ponti et al., 2004][2]). In the 2004 paper,
Calculation of Detonation Velocities from Hugoniot Data

A very different method for calculating detonation velocities of chemical explosives is presented which is based on the shock velocities of the constituent elements. This method is indicative of a fundamentally different concept of the detonation process, which involves atomic vibrational velocities and reaction dynamics.
Identification of a Pax6-dependent epidermal growth factor family signaling source at the lateral edge of the embryonic cerebral cortex.

In an emerging model, area patterning of the mammalian cerebral cortex is regulated in part by embryonic signaling centers. Two have been identified: an anterior telencephalic source of fibroblast growth factors and the cortical hem, a medial structure expressing winglessint (WNT) and bone morphogenetic proteins. We describe a third signaling source, positioned as a mirror image of the cortical hem, along the lateral margin of the cortical primordium. The cortical antihem is identified by gene expression for three epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members, Tgfα, Neuregulin 1, and Neuregulin 3, as well as two other signaling molecules, Fgf7 and the secreted WNT antagonist Sfrp2. We find that the antihem is lost in mice homozygous for the Small eye ( Pax6 ) mutation and suggest the loss of EGF signaling at least partially explains defects in cortical patterning and cell migration in Small eye mice.
Frequency Parameters of the Myoelectric Signal as a Measure of Muscle Conduction Velocity

Dunrng a sustained muscle contraction, the spectrum of the myoelectric signal is known to undergo compression as a function of time. Previous investigators have shown that the frequency compression is related to the decreasing conduction velocity of the muscle fibers. It is proposed that the frequency compression may be tracked by obtaining a continuous estimate of a characteristic frequency of the spectrum, such as the mean and median, or the ratio of low-frequency components to high-frequency components of the spectrum. A theoretical analysis was performed to investigate the restrictions in estimating the three parameters, as well as their sensitivity to the conduction velocity. The ratio parameter was found to be most sensitive to conduction velocity, but was the least reliable of the three. The median frequency was the least sensitive to noise. Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, the median frequency is the preferred parameter. A technique is described which determines an unbiased consistent estimate of the median frequency. The technique may be readily implemented in analog hardware.
Emergency department management of musculoskeletal injuries in children with inherited bleeding disorders

Practitioners of pediatric emerǵency medicine often encounter children with inherited bleeding disorders who have sustained musculoskeletal trauma. After addressing the clinically relevant features of the most common deficiencies, including the occurrence of factor inhibitors, this paper reviews management and diagnostic approaches for specific injuries. We emphasize prompt replacement of appropriate clotting factors in the emergency department to control both acute hemorrhage and prevent long-term morbidity and complications. In all cases, a collaborative approach with the patient's hemophilia center is strongly encouraged. Through this review, the reader will gain familiarity with the most commonly encountered coagulation disorders. Risks and complications of significant bleeding into joints, muscles and soft tissues will be discussed. Early recognition, diagnostic modalities, treatments and other special considerations will be emphasized.
Migration and ethnic nationalism: Anglophone exit and the ‘decolonisation’ of Québec

This article explains the effects of ethnic nationalism on Anglophone and Francophone migration. The rise of Quebec ethnic nationalism in the 1960s dismantled the cultural division of labour, which created new opportunities for Fran- cophones but threatened Anglophones' traditional dominance over the Quebec economy. This had negative consequences for Anglophones but positive outcomes for Francophones, which in turn accounts for differences in migration patterns. Drawing from the internal colony model as well as migration and exit-voice theories, and using ecological census data, micro-census data and election panel data, I find that the key variables that increase the likelihood of Anglophone out-migration either do not explain Francophone out-migration or have opposite effects. This is because ethnona- tionalist policies decreased the economic return particularly for well-educated, higher- earning, professional Anglophones in Quebec, while increasing the economic position of Francophones and in particular well-educated professionals.
Risk of Fractures with Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors or Tricyclic Antidepressants

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the literature associating the risk of fracture during antidepressant therapy.DATA SOURCESLiterature was identified via MEDLINE (1970–August 2008) using the search terms selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, antidepressants, and fracture. Reference citations from publications identified were also reviewed. All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated.DATA SYNTHESISSelective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally prescribed over other classes of antidepressants because they are considered to be relatively safer. Recent evidence, however, suggests that SSRIs may be associated with an increased risk of fractures. Thirteen clinical studies were identified in the literature search (7 case controls, 5 prospective cohorts, 1 cross-sectional). Most studies compared SSRIs with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found similar or greater risk of fracture associated with use of an SSRI. This risk appeared to be highest at the...
Speculative Memory State Transfer for Active-Active Fault Tolerance

Virtualization provides the possibility of whole machine migration and thus enables a new form of fault tolerance that is completely transparent to applications and operating systems. The most seamless virtualization-based fault tolerance configuration is an active/active master-slave configuration, in which the memory states of the master and slave virtual machine are periodically synchronized and the slave can immediately take over when the master dies without losing any on-going connections. The frequency of memory state synchronization has a direct impact on the performance overhead, the application response time, and the fail-over delay. This paper describes a speculative memory state synchronization technique that could effectively reduce the synchronization frequency without increasing the performance overhead, and presents a comprehensive performance study of these techniques under three realistic workloads, the TPC-E benchmark, the SPECsfs 2008 CIFS benchmark, and a Microsoft Exchange workload. We show that the proposed technique can effectively cut down the amount of memory state synchronization traffic by more than an order of magnitude.
Information transfer during cricket frog contests

We investigated information transfer during vocal interactions between cricket frogs, Acris crepitans, with a specific focus on information about size and intention. In response to opponents, cricket frogs alter both temporal and spectral (frequency) aspects of their calls. Previous work suggests that males use dominant frequency, which is correlated with size, to provide information about fighting ability, and use temporal call characters, which are independent of size, to provide information about aggressive intent. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the relationship between call characters and contest behaviour. We presented a focal male with a simulated opponent, and categorized his behavioural response as attack, abandon or tolerate. We found that information about opponent size does not appear to influence a male’s decision to fight, flee or tolerate an intruder. Whether or not males use the size information that is encoded in call frequency remains unclear. In contrast, changes in call frequency, which are not correlated with size, predicted the outcome of simulated contests, suggesting that male cricket frogs signal information about agonistic intent. Temporal call characters indicated whether or not a resident tolerated an opponent, but they did not predict contest outcome (attack versus abandon). Furthermore, the difference between the temporal call characters of a focal male and the simulated opponent predicted whether the resident tolerated the opponent. We suggest, therefore, that temporal call changes may be a cooperative signal designed to facilitate assessment of size through physical contact in wrestling bouts.
« Experts, embryons et "économie d'innovation" : la recherche sur les cellules souches dans le discours politique au Canada »

Les decisions relatives aux programmes de recherche sur les nouvelles technologies de reproduction et leur application ont ete principalement prises en dehors de la societe civile et des arenes politiques officielles. Parmi plusieurs cadres theoriques qui soulignent le role du discours dans l’etablissement du cadre des questions politiques, la presente etude examine le role dominant que jouent les experts medico-scientifiques, tant au niveau des deliberations sur la recherche embryologique que sur les structures institutionnelles qui assurent leur independance dans ce domaine. L’etude explore ensuite les differents discours qui ont vu le jour lors de la Commission sur les nouvelles techniques de reproduction et explique comment les limites « moralement acceptables » sur la recherche embryologique ont ete negociees et legitimees. Finalement, l’etude examine comment le discours medico-scientifique et l’autorite cognitive des experts scientifiques ont influence la ligne de conduite du gouvernement federal canadien sur la recherche embryologique. Ce faisant, ce texte souligne le « lien discursif » entre la rhetorique du progres scientifique, avance par la communaute scientifique, et la Strategie d’innovation du Parti liberal, laquelle vise a accroitre la competitivite economique du Canada en renforcant sa capacite dans les domaines de la recherche et de la science.
In situ studies of passive film chemistry using x-ray absorption spectroscopy

This work was performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH0OO16.
Skeletal Muscle in Healthy Subjects versus Those with GNE-Related Myopathy: Evaluation with Shear-Wave US—A Pilot Study

Shear-wave velocity parametric imaging may provide a useful adjunct in assessing disease activity in patients with GNE-related myopathy.
Public Attitudes and Beliefs About Genetics

The existing research base on public attitudes about genetics shows that people's attitudes vary according to the specific technologies and purposes to which genetic knowledge is applied. Genetic testing is viewed highly favorably, genetically modified food is viewed with ambivalence, and cloning is viewed negatively. Attitudes are favorable for uses that maintain a perceived natural order and unfavorable for uses that are perceived to change it. Public concerns about control of genetic information and eugenics are evident, but their strength and relevance to policy preference are unclear. The pattern of attitudes can be explained by theories of attitude formation, and the existing base of information can be deepened and given more explanatory and predictive power by integrating future research into the various traditions that theorize attitude formation.
Elderly interest in home equity conversion

Abstract Few elderly homeowners liquidate their home equity to fund consumption. This article examines whether attitudes about housing, independence, and finances affect a homeowner's interest in home equity conversion. The results of a nationwide survey of elderly homeowners were analyzed by logistic regression to ascertain the relationship between interest in home equity conversion and economic, demographic, and attitudinal characteristics. The results indicate that elderly homeowners most interested in home equity conversion own houses valued at $50,000 or less, are concerned about maintaining independence but not homeownership, and are not very concerned about future medical expenses. Thus, societal norms for maintaining single‐family homeownership and medical assistance programs that exempt home equity from requirements that participants spend all their assets to be eligible may be inhibiting the growth of home equity conversion programs.
A sample-to-disk system for psychomusical research

A hardware-and-software system is described that permits musical-bandwidth signal quantization, monophonic or stereophonic, direct to/from hard disk. The system, which uses an IBM AT or compatible, is cost effective and device independent. Software functions allow for automated aural and graphical signal analyses. Perceptual experiments that use contextual, natural-instrument stimuli, and that take advantage of the immediate and random access provided by this system, are described.
Articulation, antagonism, and intercalation in Western military imaginaries

This article provides a discursive grounding for understanding the construction of military imaginaries by adding the concepts of ‘antagonism’ and ‘intercalation’ to articulation theory. By examining the cases of industrial-mechanized warfare theory and network-centric warfare theory through the lens of this expanded articulation theory, it is argued that military imaginaries often serve to define and link conceptions of science, technology, society, economy, war, and military organization, thought, and practice into a unified image of the larger security environment – that is, the military imaginary. Military imaginaries often share a common narrative structure that privileges co-periodized change among the elements of the articulation, resulting in the phenomenon of ‘antagonism’ serving as a generic threat used to justify military modernization and even the use of force.
THE JET SCHEME OF A MONOMIAL SCHEME

We explicitly compute the equations and components of the jet schemes of a monomial subscheme of affine space from an algebraic perspective.
Control of Neutrophil Inflammation at Mucosal Surfaces by Secreted Epithelial Products

The human intestine is a large and delicately balanced organ, responsible for efficiently absorbing nutrients and selectively eliminating disease-causing pathogens. The gut architecture consists of a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a barrier against the food antigens and resident microbiota within the lumen. This barrier is augmented by a thick layer of mucus on the luminal side and an underlying lamina propria containing a resident population of immune cells. Attempted breaches of the intestinal barrier by pathogenic bacteria result in the rapid induction of a coordinated innate immune response that includes release of antimicrobial peptides, activation of pattern recognition receptors, and recruitment of various immune cells. In recent years, the role of epithelial cells in initiating this immune response has been increasingly appreciated. In particular, epithelial cells are responsible for the release of a variety of factors that attract neutrophils, the body’s trained bacterial killers. In this review we will highlight recent research that details a new understanding of how epithelial cells directionally secrete specific compounds at distinct stages of the inflammatory response in order to coordinate the immune response to intestinal microbes. In addition to their importance during the response to infection, evidence suggests that dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to pathologic inflammation during inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, a continued understanding of the mechanisms by which epithelial cells control neutrophil migration into the intestine will have tremendous benefits in both the understanding of biological processes and the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
The will: from metaphysical freedom to normative functionalism.

Free will is regarded by some as the most and by others as the least relevant concept for criminal responsibility. Contributions from religious and philosophical thinkers over the classical and medieval Christian eras demonstrate that, despite the passionate and historically consequential debates over the meaning of “freedom,” the unifying theme that joined the will with the intellect remained persistent and pervasive. Leading historical jurists in England eventually dropped the descriptor “free,” but retained the central importance of the will to criminal responsibility and emphasized its dependence on the intellect to function properly. Modern rationalist philosophers denied the will9s metaphysical freedom, but not its existence. Today the neurosciences reveal more and more about how the will functions, even as lawyers and psychiatrists hesitate to utter the word. In properly avoiding metaphysical freedom within forensic inquiry and discourse, it is a grave conceptual mistake to overlook the will itself. Once greater conceptual clarity on the empirical nature of the will is achieved and accepted, the law itself could rediscover the core mental faculty behind human agency, the will.
Vaporization of Chemicals

Vaporization from soil, plant, and water surfaces and atmospheric transport are important in the dissipation and movement of many chemicals. For some time, it has been recognized that highly volatile pesticides are lost from treated surfaces mainly by vaporization. However, only recently has it been established that appreciable quantities of even the so-called nonvolative pesticides, such as the organochlorine insecticides, move into the atmosphere by vaporization. Regardless of inherent volatility, the same physical and chemical principles govern rates of vaporization and movement of chemicals from treated surfaces.
Generator Technology for Cloud Seeding

Experiences in development and calibration of solution burning- and string-type silveriodide generators for use on Project Skyfire lightning-suppression studies.
Reply to Amit Goyal’s Comment, 'No Size Anomalies in U.S. Bank Stock Returns'

Amit Goyal wrote a comment on our paper (Gandhi and Lustig (2014)) which misrepresents our study of the size effects in bank stock returns. This note shows that the size anomalies in bank stock returns documented by Gandhi and Lustig are robust to experimental design and are mostly driven by the largest banks (not the smallest ones) in the top three percentiles of the size distribution.
Mass Trapping of Male Lesser Peachtree Borer Moths with Virgin-Female Traps on Washington Island, Wisconsin, 19702

A mass-trapping program, consisting of up to 1000 traps baited with virgin females of Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson) to catch male moths, was initiated in 1970 on Washington Island, Wis. The traps caught 7900 native male moths during the season. A larval survey made by examining the native and cultivated cherry trees in May 1970 showed a population of 24,529 borers. From this larval survey and allowing for some natural mortality, it was estimated that about 8200 male moths emerged in 1970. Five releases of sterile-male moths made throughout the island showed that recovery percentages ranged from 38 to 87%. The high recovery percentages indicated that native male moths were captured soon after they emerged.
Investigation on Tabnidae at the southern foot of Qinling in LiuBa area

Objective To investigate the composition of population and day action rhythm to Tabnidae at the southern foot of Qinling Mountain LiuBa area in Shanxi province.Methods Using animal snare and insect net to collect insect of Tabnidae from the southern foot of Qinling Mountain in LiuBa area in Shanxi province.Results 52 species of 5 genus of Tabnidae were found,6 species of Genus Chrysops Meigen,9 species of Genus Haematopota Meigen,4 species of Genus Atylotus Osten-Sacken,23 species of Genus Tabanus Linnaeus and 10 species of Genus Hybomitr Enderlein.Composition of species,A.miser(Szilady) and T.jigongshanensis Xu took the first place,hold 24.254% and 21.790% of the total catching.The next were T.nipponicu Murdoch et Takahasi,T.qinlingensis Wang and T.shangtungensis Ouchi which hold 9.468%,8.431% and 8.042%.The third place were T.subcordiger Wang,T.parabactrianus Liu,C.chaharicus Chen et Quo and H.kansuensis Krober which hold 5.318%,4.021%,3.502% and 3.243%.The density of other 19 species was the lowest which just hold 2.464% of the total.Day action rhythm of Tabnidae,Biting active could be found from 8:30 in the morning to 21:30 at night.There was an obvious increasing between 12:30 to 17:30,16:30 was the highest.Conclusion The composition of population and day action rhythm to Tabnidae at the southern foot of Qinling Mountain in LiuBa area in Shanxi province had been learned on the whole,which provided evidence for controlling Tabnidae.
Surgical Treatment of Erectile Impotence with Inflatable Penile Prosthesis

AbstractThirty-nine men with erectile impotence were treated with surgical implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis.* The patients were followed for 6 months to 2 years. Thirty-five patients (90 per cent) have expressed long-term satisfaction with the appearance and performance of the prosthesis. Major complications developed in 9 patients (23 per cent), requiring 12 subsequent operative procedures.
Amphetamines Activate G-Protein Coupled Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1): Implications for Understanding and Treating Psychostimulant Abuse

Abstract Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) shares significant nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with dopamine, adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Heterologously expressed in vitro, TAAR1 couples to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production via Gαs when exposed to molecules containing a phenylethylamine moiety. This pharmacophore is present in the endogenous noncatecholic biogenic “trace amines” β-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine, 3-iodothyronamine, the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, and the synthetic amines amphetamine, methamphetamine, parahydroxyamphetamine, and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy). TAAR1 is expressed in glutamatergic neurons of the prefrontal cortex, dopamine-producing neurons of the ventral tegmental area, insulin-producing β-cells, discrete sections of the gastrointestinal tract, and immune cells. Due to its pharmacologic and anatomic profiles, TAAR1 is a target of commercial drug development with several TAAR1-selective compounds already reported. Behavioral studies involving TAAR1-selective ligands confirm modulating TAAR1-mediated signaling favorably alters rodent responses to amphetamines and cocaine. Consequently, TAAR1 must be considered an essential element of any comprehensive model of psychostimulant action.
Corrections to “Least Cost Influence Maximization Across Multiple Social Networks” [Apr 16 929-939]

In the above paper [1], one author was inadvertently left out of the byline of the paper. The byline should have read as follows: Huiyuan Zhang, Dung T. Nguyen, Soham Das, Huiling Zhang, and My T. Thai, Member, IEEE
Glucocorticoid Regulation of Body Composition and Metabolism

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical in maintaining energy homeostasis. Chronic excessive GC exposure, as seen in Cushing’s syndrome (CS), profoundly impacts body composition and metabolism by causing whole-body insulin resistance and abdominal adiposity. Peripheral insulin resistance occurs due to impaired insulin signaling and glucose uptake. Excess GCs lead to muscle atrophy which is associated with elevated plasma fatty acids and triglycerides, altered hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and impaired pancreatic β-cell function. GCs also reduce bone density by increasing bone resorption while inhibiting bone formation, in part by decreasing osteoblast number and function. Lastly, a variety of skin manifestations result from GC excess. The current review explores GC regulation of body composition and metabolism. While physiological exposure to GCs and a dynamic HPA axis that is responsive to metabolic and environmental cues are essential for the survival of any organism, chronic exposure to even subtle GC excess causes the development of excess abdominal and ectopic adipose tissue, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and ultimately decreased survival.
Invasive exotic shrub modifies a classic animal-habitat relationship and alters patterns of vertebrate seed predation.

Recent evidence suggests that invasive exotic plants can provide novel habitats that alter animal behavior. However, it remains unclear whether classic animal-habitat associations that influence the spatial distribution of plant-animal interactions, such as small mammal use of downed woody debris, persist in invaded habitats. We removed an invasive exotic shrub (buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica) from 7 of 15 plots in Wisconsin. In each plot, we deployed 200 tagged Quercus rubra seeds in November 2014. After five months, tags were recovered to track spatial patterns of small mammal seed predation. Most recovered tags were associated with consumed seeds (95%); live-trapping, ancillary camera-trapping, and previous behavioral studies suggest that white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were responsible for most seed predation. In habitats without R. cathartica, most seed predation occurred near woody debris. In habitats with R. cathartica, small mammals rarely consumed seeds near woody debris, and seed predation occurred farther from the plot center and was less spatially clustered. Our results illustrate that invasive exotic shrubs can disrupt an otherwise common animal-habitat relationship. Failing to account for changes in habitat use may diminish our ability to predict animal distributions and outcomes of species interactions in novel habitats created by invasive exotic plants.
Compiler optimization of dynamic data distributions for distributed-memory multicomputers

For distributed-memory multicomputers, the quality of the data partitioning for a given application is crucial to obtaining high performance. This task has traditionally been the user's responsibility, but in recent years much effort has been directed to automating the selection of data partitioning schemes. Several researchers have proposed systems that are able to produce data distributions that remain in effect for the entire execution of an application. For complex programs, however, such static data distributions may be insufficient to obtain acceptable performance. The selection of distributions that dynamically change over the course of a program's execution adds another dimension to the data partitioning problem. In this chapter we present an approach for selecting dynamic data distributions as well as a technique for analyzing the resulting data redistribution in order to generate efficient code.
Aquatic Adaptations and the Adoption of Arctic Pottery Technology: Results of Residue Analysis

The late adoption of pottery technology in the North American Arctic between 2,500 and 2,800 years ago coincides with the development of a specialized maritime economy. Arctic pottery technologies present an excellent case study for examining possible correlations between hunter-gatherer pottery and aquatic resource use. Review of the timing and distribution of early pottery in Alaska shows that early pottery is rare and dates at the earliest to 2,500 years ago; the earliest pottery is found in small numbers and primarily in coastal areas. Despite expectations that pottery use would be strongly linked to marine lipids, biomarkers and compound-specific δ13C values of 20 sherds from the Cape Krusenstern site complex, dating from 2700 to 200 cal B.P. years ago, are most consistent with freshwater aquatic resources; mixtures of freshwater aquatic, marine aquatic, and terrestrial resources are also possible. While additional analysis of a larger sample and zooarchaeological reference specimens is necessary, our study suggests that the development of pottery production by Arctic peoples is more complex than previously appreciated. This research is the first synthesis in over 30 years of early pottery in Alaska and is the first to include residue analysis of a small sample of pre-1500 B.P. pottery.
Salt Stress and CTD PHOSPHATASE-LIKE4 Mediate the Switch between Production of Small Nuclear RNAs and mRNAs.

Phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) regulates transcription of protein-coding mRNAs and noncoding RNAs. CTD function in transcription of protein-coding RNAs has been studied extensively, but its role in plant noncoding RNA transcription remains obscure. Here, using Arabidopsis thaliana CTD PHOSPHATASE-LIKE4 knockdown lines (CPL4RNAi), we showed that CPL4 functions in genome-wide, conditional production of 3′-extensions of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and biogenesis of novel transcripts from protein-coding genes downstream of the snRNAs (snRNA-downstream protein-coding genes [snR-DPGs]). Production of snR-DPGs required the Pol II snRNA promoter (PIIsnR), and CPL4RNAi plants showed increased read-through of the snRNA 3′-end processing signal, leading to continuation of transcription downstream of the snRNA gene. We also discovered an unstable, intermediate-length RNA from the SMALL SCP1-LIKE PHOSPHATASE14 locus (imRNASSP14), whose expression originated from the 5′ region of a protein-coding gene. Expression of the imRNASSP14 was driven by a PIIsnR and was conditionally 3′-extended to produce an mRNA. In the wild type, salt stress induced the snRNA-to-snR-DPG switch, which was associated with alterations of Pol II-CTD phosphorylation at the target loci. The snR-DPG transcripts occur widely in plants, suggesting that the transcriptional snRNA-to-snR-DPG switch may be a ubiquitous mechanism to regulate plant gene expression in response to environmental stresses.
Prostate cancer reporting and staging: needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens

Prostatic adenocarcinoma remains the most common cancer affecting men. A substantial majority of patients have the diagnosis made on thin needle biopsies, most often in the absence of a palpable abnormality. Treatment choices ranging from surveillance to radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy are largely driven by the pathologic findings in the biopsy specimen. The first part of this review focuses on important morphologic parameters in needle biopsy specimens that are not covered in the accompanying articles. This includes tumor quantification as well as other parameters such a extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, perineural invasion, and lymphovascular invasion. For those men who undergo radical prostatectomy, pathologic stage and other parameters are critical in prognostication and in determining the appropriateness of adjuvant therapy. Staging parameters, including extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node status are discussed here. Surgical margin status is also an important parameter and definitions and reporting of this feature are detailed. Throughout the article the current reporting guidelines published by the College of American Pathologists and the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting are highlighted.
Interactive Voice Modifiable 3D Dynamic Object Based Movies over the Internet.

In this paper, we describe an XML based 3D-Voice Enabled Single Transmission Multiple Display Multimedia Language (3D-VE STMDML) model and its implementation. We describe 3D-scenes, mesh based 3D objects, integration of 2D and 3D objects, object animations with collision avoidance, and voice based animation control. This model has been used to download object based movies over the Internet, dynamically modify the existing movies using voice interaction in real time, and retransmit the modified movies to others over the Internet. The performance analysis shows that voice-based modification to objects in a scene is done in real time.
Of All the Joints, She Walks Into This One: Career Motivations of Women Corrections Executives:

While the number of female corrections executives is small, there is evidence that those moving up the ranks in this highly male-dominated field continue to grow. The present study, conducted with ...
Modeling and experimental testing of periodic flow regenerators for sCO2 cycles

Abstract Supercritical CO2 cycles have the ability to reach high efficiency because of their high turbine inlet temperatures. However, high effectiveness recuperators (>90%) are needed to achieve high efficiencies. Periodic flow regenerators have been proposed as an alternative to conventional heat exchanger designs such as Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) or micro-tube heat exchangers. Regenerators use a packed bed of spheres to alternatively store and release heat. Since the hot and cold fluid streams are not in direct contact, the design of the regenerator is much simpler and less expensive than a recuperator. A model of the regenerator has been created that can predict the effectiveness, pressure drop, and carryover when given the regenerator size and operating conditions. To verify this model, an experimental test facility has been constructed that is capable of testing regenerators at temperatures up to 550 °C and pressures up to 2400 psi at a heat transfer rate of approximately 10 kW. Experimental data was collected and compared to the model predictions. The model was able to predict effectiveness to within approximately 2% and pressure drop to within approximately 20%; both results are acceptable. However, it was necessary to develop a correction for carryover to account for the differences between the model predictions and experimental data. The final result of this work is a verified model of the regenerator that can be used to quickly and accurately design and optimize a regenerator for a sCO2 Brayton cycle.