cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instructional video for teaching venepuncture.

Summary Background Safe venepuncture technique is a critical skill for health care professionals, to avoid accidental occupational injury. This study investigates whether watching an instructional video improves medical students’ ability to perform venepuncture safely. Methods This was a randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded trial that evaluated the utility of an instructional video, with the primary outcome of the ability to perform venepuncture safely. Forty-two second-year medical students were recruited and randomised to receive either video instruction (group A, n = 20) or no intervention (group B, n = 22). Prior to the study, all students attended an instructor-led workshop on venepuncture. During the study, students were paired and instructed to perform venepuncture on a partner. Performance was assessed using a points-based checklist. Pre- and post-study surveys were conducted to assess confidence with technique. Results The mean total checklist score was higher in group A than in group B, with values of 14.15 and 9.18, respectively (p < 0.0001, maximum 18 points). Mean scores were also higher in group A than in group B among students who performed first (p = 0.008) and students who performed second (p = 0.005) within the pair. From the post-procedure survey, only group A rated increased confidence in performing venepuncture after the study (p = 0.008). Discussion Students who watched an instructional video performed venepuncture more effectively and reported greater confidence with the technique. Medical students can benefit from having access to an instructional video on venepuncture as an adjunct to the standard curriculum. Safe venepuncture technique is a critical skill for health care professionals
Inversion solutions of the elliptic cone model for disk frontside full halo coronal mass ejections

[1] A new algorithm is developed for inverting six unknown elliptic cone model parameters from five observed CME halo parameters. It is shown that the halo parameter α includes the information on the coronal mass ejection (CME) propagation direction denoted by two model parameters. On the basis of the given halo parameter α, two approaches are presented to find out the CME propagation direction. The two-point approach uses two values of α observed simultaneously by COR1 and COR2 on board STEREO A and B. The one-point approach combines the value of α with such simultaneous observation as the location of CME-associated flare, which includes the information associated with CME propagation direction. Model validation experiments show that the CME propagation direction can be accurately determined using the two-point approach, and the other four model parameters can also be well inverted, especially when the projection angle is greater than 60°. The propagation direction and other four model parameters obtained using the one-point approach for six disk frontside full halo CMEs appear to be acceptable, though the final conclusion on its validation should be made after STEREO data are available.
Voting and priorities in health care decision making, portrayed through a group decision support system, using analytic hierarchy process

Within the health care industry many decision making approaches and tools are used. This paper explores a new tool, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which permits both subjective and objective information to be considered in a decision. AHP has tremendous potential to solve both traditional and non-traditional health care problems. Its strength as a decision-making tool is its ability to combine both subjective and objective data. Application of AHP is discussed within the context of a Group Decision Support System (GDSS) model developed by Hatcher.30 The model is reviewed in limited detail, and readers are referred to the original article that defined and discussed the uniqueness and level of sophistication of GDSS applications in the health care industry. Health and medical delivery problems are discussed to highlight AHP requirements and the complexity of AHP applications. Health care applications are unique in that they lend themselves ideally to the use of computer data, image, voice, text, and multimedia concepts.
Thin-Film Selective Emitter

Direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy using a photovoltaic cell is called thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. One way to make this an efficient process is to have the thermal energy source be an efficient selective emitter of radiation. The emission must be near the band-gap energy of the photovoltaic cell. One possible method to achieve an efficient selective emitter is the use of a thin film of rare-earth oxides. The determination of the efficiency of such an emitter requires analysis of the spectral emittance of the thin film including scattering and reflectance at the vacuum-film and film-substrate interfaces. Emitter efficiencies (power emitted in emission band/total emitted power) in the range 0.35-0.7 are predicted. There is an optimum optical depth to obtain maximum efficiency. High emitter efficiencies are attained only for low (less than 0.05) substrate emittance values, both with and without scattering. The low substrate emittance required for high efficiency limits the choice of substrate materials to highly reflective metals or high-transmission materials such as sapphire.
Electrophysiological and horseradish peroxidase studies of precerebellar afferents to the nucleus interpositus anterior. I. Climbing fiber system.

Inputs to the nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) of the cat from precerebellar nuclei which are thought to give rise to mossy fibers were studied using electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. Stimulation of one of these precerebellar nuclei, the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in NIA neurons. These EPSPs were followed by polysynaptic IPSPs and late depolarization mediated by the response of the cerebellar cortex. Similar responses were occasionally seen following stimulation of the brachium pontis (BP). When horseradish peroxidase was injected into the NIA, labeled cells were found in the magnocellular and parvicellular LRN, the external cuneate nucleus (ECN), the pontine nuclei and the perihypoglossal nuclei. There was no evidence for a direct projection of the nucleus reticularis pontis to the NIA. It was suggested that most of the tonic excitation of NIA neurons is provided by the LRN and ECN.
Structural Equivalence of a Measure of Cross-Cultural Adjustment

This study investigated the structural equivalence of a measure of cross-cultural adjustment in culturally dissimilar samples using confirmatory factor analysis. The two samples consisted of 155 international students studying at a midwestern American university and 153 American expatriate managers on assignment in either Taiwan or Belgium. Results indicated that the hypothesized factor structure was invariant and had a relatively good fit in both samples. The implication of these results is that adjustment may have similar dimensions across cultures. If substantiated through future studies, these results would enable researchers to have more confidence in cross-cultural comparisons of mean levels of adjustment or correlations of adjustment with external variables.
Optical properties of alternating phase-shifting masks

The 2005 edition of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors specifies that phase errors of alternating phase-shifting masks (APSM) should approach ± 1 degree by 2008. This specification is reasonably motivated by the desire to keep imaging effects of mask errors below those of aberrations of projection optics, but it implies a questionable assumption that the phase of a feature is a well-defined quantity. Variations of both phase and amplitude across apertures are significant. In addition to the variables that we expect mask manufacturers to control, such as trench depth, wall slope, and bottom-surface flatness, phase also depends on polarization, illumination angle, widths of apertures, and proximity of other features. Dependence of phase on variables in addition to trench depth will increase as we shrink to pitches available with immersion lithography, perhaps restricting layouts that can be printed with APSM technology. Mask manufacturers must develop methods to set and measure phase to necessary tolerance.
The classical ring of quotients of $C_c(X)$

We construct the classical ring of quotients of the algebra of continuous real-valued functions with countable range. Our construction is a slight modification of the construction given in [M. Ghadermazi, O.A.S. Karamzadeh, and M. Namdari, On the functionally countable subalgebra of C(X) , Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Padova, to appear]. Dowker's example shows that the two constructions can be different.
Histologic anatomy of the triangular fibrocartilage.

The collagen arrangement of the triangular fibrocartilage complex was studied in 20 fresh cadaver wrists by means of standard and polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The collagen fibers in the articular disk are arranged in undulating sheets oriented at oblique angles to each other. The fibers of the radioulnar ligaments are oriented longitudinally from the radial origin to the ulnar insertion. The origin of the articular disk from the radius is characterized by thick fibers 1 to 2 mm in length radiating from the radius into the articular disk. Five specimens were also injected with india ink. The radioulnar ligaments and the peripheral 15% to 20% of the articular disk are well vascularized, whereas the central 80% of the articular disk is avascular.
An animal model of photodynamic-therapy-induced esophageal stricture: preliminary report

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using Photofrin has been recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of esophageal cancer and Barrett's esophagus. A major limitation of PDT for Barrett's esophagus is the development of esophageal stricture in up to 53% of patients. Mechanisms of PDT stricture formation have not been elucidated. The major difficulty is the lack of an animal model for PDT-induced stricture. We have used a pig model in which the esophagus is very similar to that of the human esophagus. Two (Scrofa) domestic pigs were injected with Photofrin at dosage of 2 mg/kg 48 hours prior to photoactivation with 630 nm light. Following anesthesia, a laser probe (2.5 cm in length) was passed through the oral cavity to approximately the mid-point of the esophagus via an endoscope. Light energy (400 Joules (J)/cm) was delivered as a single dose in one pig or repeated at 72 hours in the second pig. In this pig model, upper endoscopy, Barium swallow and pathological studies confirmed stricture formation following esophageal PDT exposure of 400 J as one or two fractions. We believe that this is the first animal model created to study esophageal strictures resulting from PDT.
Stochastic Theory of Line Shape: Generalization of the Kubo-Anderson Model

A general solution is presented for the line shape of radiation emitted by a system whose Hamiltonian jumps at random as a function of time between a finite number of possible forms ${V}_{1}, {V}_{2}, \ensuremath{\cdots}, {V}_{n}$. The solution is valid even if these forms do not commute with one another ($[{V}_{i}, {V}_{j}]\ensuremath{\ne}0$), so that the Hamiltonian need not commute with itself at different times: $[\mathcal{H}(t), \mathcal{H}({t}^{\ensuremath{'}})]\ensuremath{\ne}0$. This is a generalization of the Kubo-Anderson model in which it is assumed that the Hamiltonian does commute at different times. The treatment given here thus extends this adiabatic or random-frequency-modulation theory to include the nonadiabatic effects of transitions induced by the fluctuating Hamiltonian. The solution involves the inversion of a matrix and is similar to Sack's solution of the Kubo-Anderson model. The matrix found in the present case is labeled by quantum-mechanical as well as stochastic indices, and it reduces to the form found by Sack when the possible forms of the Hamiltonian commute with one another. Numerical evaluation of line shapes can be accomplished easily with a computer, and in the simplest cases analytical expressions can be found. The applicability of the theory to NMR and M\"ossbauer line shapes and to perturbed angular correlations is discussed. A specific example of the NMR line shape of a spin-\textonehalf{} nucleus in a fixed magnetic field and a fluctuating field perpendicular to it is considered in detail as an illustration of the utility of the derived expressions. The solution uses the Liouville-operator notation and this is discussed in an Appendix.
Adjunctive imipramine for dysphoric schizophrenic patients with past histories op cannabis abuse

Abstract Siris Samuel G., Paul C. Bermanzohn, Susan E. Mason, Arthur Rifkin, and Jose M.J. Alvir: Adjunctive Imipramine for Dysphoric Schizophrenic Patients with Past Histories of Cannabis Abuse. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1992, 16(4) :539–547. 1. 1. Twenty-one schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients with histories of cannabis abuse and operationally-defined syndromes of post-psychotic depression completed a double-blind trial of adjunctive imipramine added to their on-going medication regimen of fluphenazine decanoate and benztropine. 2. 2. The imipramine-treated patients had superior global outcome. 3. 3. Subscales suggested that specific improvement occurred in imipramine-treated patients in the domain of depression-like features. 4. 4. Psychotic symptomatology was not found to be exacerbated by the imipramine.
An interactive video delivery and caching system using video summarization

Abstract With the advance of high-speed network technologies, the availability and popularity of streaming media content over the Internet has grown rapidly in recent years. The delivery and caching of streaming media must be handled in a different fashion than that of traditional non-streaming objects such as HTML or image files, because of its distinct characteristics and user viewing patterns. We propose a novel scheme that provides users with the video summary (a number of key-frame images) before they download the file, and options for them to select the starting playback position. We introduce the content analysis service to achieve these functionalities. The video content analysis performs shot boundary detection, key-frame selection, and face detection and tracking. The results of the processing are a segmented video sequence and an XML-based meta-data describing the video content. We also design a caching system that utilizes our video abstraction and summarization technique. Our integrated video delivery and caching system combines content-aware segmentation, prefix caching, prefetching, and cooperative caching. We describe how our scheme can be applied in three proposed caching architectures.
An approach to quantifying resilience in mobile ad hoc networks

Resilience is the ability of a network to provide acceptable service in the presence of challenges to normal operations. With increasing significance of resilience in modern communications infrastructure and services, there is a need for rigorous quantitative evaluation of resilience. In this paper, we present a framework to quantify resilience between any two layers in the network stack. Resilience is quantified as a function of state transitions wherein states are defined as aggregation of points in the two orthogonal dimensions of operational and service state. This approach is applied to the case of mobile ad hoc networks in order to determine the resilience of various levels to the perturbations in the normal operations of the network. Simulation results show that this framework provides a tractable approach and abstraction to quantify multilevel resilience.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with multicentric/multifocal breast cancer: low false-negative rate and lack of axillary recurrence

Abstract Background Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and rate of axillary recurrence in multicentric/multifocal (MC/MF) breast cancer are reported. Methods From 1999 to 2006, 93 patients with MC/MF breast cancer underwent SLNB; 41 underwent axillary lymph node dissection regardless of SLN pathology (group 1), and 52 underwent axillary lymph node dissection only if an SLN was positive (group 2). Patient demographics, SLN techniques, and pathology were recorded. Results There were no differences between the 2 groups with respect to patient age; tumor size, grade, stage, and histology; or method of SLN detection. The incidence of axillary metastasis was greater in group 1 patients (68%) compared with group 2 patients (12%) (P Conclusions The accuracy of SLNB in MC/MF breast cancer is comparable with that observed in unifocal breast cancer. Despite a lower rate of SLN positivity in patients undergoing SLNB only, axillary recurrence was not observed.
Magnetic circular dichroism of non-heme iron proteins.

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) at 45 kgauss has been determined for a group of non-heme iron proteins. Both transferrin and conalbumin exhibit a single, positive ellipticity band at 330 nm ([θ]M = 560). Oxy- and methemerythrin, spinach and clostridial ferredoxins and rubredoxin all display distinctive multibanded spectra which may reflect such factors as coordination of the metal, its ligands, metal bridging by other atoms, and varying degrees of metalmetal coupling. The MCD spectra of both ferredoxins and rubredoxin undergo dramatic change upon oxidoreduction providing a potential means for relating the electronic structure of the iron to protein function. In contrast to the plant ferredoxins, the magnetic field does not significantly affect the CD spectra of adrenodoxin and putidaredoxin.
Exercise Interventions in Children with Cancer: A Review

The purpose of this review is to summarize literature that describes the impact of exercise on health and physical function among children during and after treatment for cancer. Relevant studies were identified by entering the following search terms into Pubmed: aerobic training; resistance training; stretching; pediatric; children; AND cancer. Reference lists in retrieved manuscripts were also reviewed to identify additional trials. We include fifteen intervention trials published between 1993 and 2011 that included children younger than age 21 years with cancer diagnoses. Nine included children with an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosis, and six children with mixed cancer diagnoses. Generally, interventions tested were either in-hospital supervised exercise training or home based programs designed to promote physical activity. Early evidence from small studies indicates that the effects of exercise include increased cardiopulmonary fitness, improved muscle strength and flexibility, reduced fatigue and improved physical function. Generalizations to the entire childhood cancer and childhood cancer survivor populations are difficult as most of the work has been done in children during treatment for and among survivors of ALL. Additional randomized studies are needed to confirm these benefits in larger populations of children with ALL, and in populations with cancer diagnoses other than ALL.
The impact of Aspergillus fumigatus viability and sensitization to its allergens on the murine allergic asthma phenotype.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitously present respiratory pathogen. The outcome of a pulmonary disease may vary significantly with fungal viability and host immune status. Our objective in this study was (1) to assess the ability of inhaled irradiation-killed or live A. fumigatus spores to induce allergic pulmonary disease and (2) to assess the extent to which inhaled dead or live A. fumigatus spores influence pulmonary symptoms in a previously established allergic state. Our newly developed fungal delivery apparatus allowed us to recapitulate human exposure through repeated inhalation of dry fungal spores in an animal model. We found that live A. fumigatus spore inhalation led to a significantly increased humoral response, pulmonary inflammation, and airway remodeling in naive mice and is more likely to induce allergic asthma symptoms than the dead spores. In contrast, in allergic mice, inhalation of dead and live conidia recruited neutrophils and induced goblet cell metaplasia. This data suggests that asthma symptoms might be exacerbated by the inhalation of live or dead spores in individuals with established allergy to fungal antigens, although the extent of symptoms was less with dead spores. These results are likely to be important while considering fungal exposure assessment methods and for making informed therapeutic decisions for mold-associated diseases.
Objective‐Prism Spectral Classifications of 26 Northern Stars

Classifications are given for 26 northern stars noted in an inspection of 33 Burrell Schmidt objective‐prism plates. Most are believed to possess peculiar spectra that have not previously been noted; none are contained in the Henry Draper Catalogue.
The Collisionless Nature of High-Temperature Plasmas

An important property that distinguishes high temperature plasmas from normal fluids, even from conducting fluids such as liquid metals, is that the plasmas are to a first approximation collisionless. In a laboratory plasma, the mean-free-path between collisions can be much larger than the dimensions of the plasma. In space and astrophysical plasmas, the mean free path can easily exceed the dimensions of the structures of interest. The collisionless nature necessitates a kinetic treatment and introduces a variety of subtle new phenomena. For example, Landau damping (or growth) results from the resonant interaction of a wave with free streaming particles, a resonance that would be spoiled by collisions in a normal fluid. Also, the collisionless nature challenges us to find new descriptions for familiar phenomena. For example, what is the nature of a shock wave in a collisionless plasma?
Probable Cause at Three Levels of Decision-Making

ABSTRACT Do police, sheriff's deputies, grand jurors, and judges reach the same conclusions on common legal issues? There has been both concern and speculation that decision-making at the same and different levels of law enforcement often varies to the point where justice is denied. To answer this and related questions, an instrument was devised based on the issue of probable cause in criminal court cases. Analysis of the data, gathered from local enforcement personnel, reveals enough variation to call for programs and procedures to produce more uniformity.
B\"uchi Complementation and Size-Change Termination

We compare tools for complementing nondeterministic B\"uchi automata with a recent termination-analysis algorithm. Complementation of B\"uchi automata is a key step in program verification. Early constructions using a Ramsey-based argument have been supplanted by rank-based constructions with exponentially better bounds. In 2001 Lee et al. presented the size-change termination (SCT) problem, along with both a reduction to B\"uchi automata and a Ramsey-based algorithm. The Ramsey-based algorithm was presented as a more practical alternative to the automata-theoretic approach, but strongly resembles the initial complementation constructions for B\"uchi automata. We prove that the SCT algorithm is a specialized realization of the Ramsey-based complementation construction. To do so, we extend the Ramsey-based complementation construction to provide a containment-testing algorithm. Surprisingly, empirical analysis suggests that despite the massive gap in worst-case complexity, Ramsey-based approaches are superior over the domain of SCT problems. Upon further analysis we discover an interesting property of the problem space that both explains this result and provides a chance to improve rank-based tools. With these improvements, we show that theoretical gains in efficiency of the rank-based approach are mirrored in empirical performance.
Politics, property and law in the Philippine uplands

The Ibaloi village of Kabayan Poblacion combines a subsistence agricultural economy with a market economy that has grown up as a result of subsequent waves of colonization. The Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, following the trail of gold and slave-bearing Chinese trade junks, and were followed in 1898 by the Americans. The Ibaloi, who were gold miners and traders, cattle barons and vegetable producers, have since then come to be known as an Hispanicized uplands people, acculturated to Western ways and struggling to come to grips with new economic realities. This book examines the Ibaloi property system and demonstrates that the changes which have taken place since the Spanish arrival were complex and had numerous directions and relationships, many of them steered by the nature of Ibaloi society itself, others by the Spanish, and still others by the resources of Benguet Province. What began as a study of the Ibaloi property system rapidly became an exercise in understanding developments over time in social stratification, ritual and law. Wiber s research has led her to challenge the dependency theory of legal pluralism, whereby peripheral zones are forced into economic dependency by having to exist within two legal structures, their own and another imposed by a central power zone, in favour of the social science view of legal pluralism. Thus all heterogeneous societies experience legal pluralism, but in different and individual ways, as people have a tendency to manipulate the law to their own advantage. She also takes issue with the narrowness of current anthropological terms relating to property systems and whether they are applicable to non-Western societies and argues for a reorientation of anthropology to end the tendency to generate simplistic models of property, kinship and law. "
Symptom differences in children with absence seizures versus inattention

Objective. Differentiation between the diagnoses of absence seizures and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Predominantly Inattentive Type, is frequently confounded by similarities in symptom presentation. The purpose of the present study was to determine symptoms that would distinguish between the disorders.Methods. Prior to diagnosis, parents of children with absence seizures (n=17) or ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type (n=26), were administered the Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale-Home Version (ADDES-HV). A statistical model was developed based on age, gender, race, and items from the Inattentive Scale of the ADDES-HV.Results. Two items, "does not complete homework" and "does not remain on task," correctly classified 40 of 43 children. Children with absence seizures were rated by their parents as having a low rate of occurrence of these behaviors.Conclusion. Lack of sustained attention distinguished between the groups and was much more prevalent in children with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type.
Electronic Structure in Pyridinium-Based Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited States by Step-Scan FTIR Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

Step-scan FTIR time-resolved spectroscopy (S2FTIR TRS) has been applied to a series of ReI and OsII polypyridyl complexes that contain N-methyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium (MQ+) cation as an electron accepto...
Exploring concordance and discordance for return of incidental findings from clinical sequencing

Exploring concordance and discordance for return of incidental findings from clinical sequencing
Crystallization and Seeding Effect in BaAl2Si2O8 Gels

Two sol-gel routes have been used to prepare celsian (BaAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}) precursors. The crystallization behaviors of unseeded gels and the gels seeded with 5 wt% feldspar, rutile, LiAlSi{sub 3}O{sub 8}, and ZrO{sub 2} crystals as well as SrAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} gel have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TGA and DTA). It was found that metastable hexacelsian, rather than the preferred monoclinic celsian, was the major crystallization product in the two unseeded gels. Seeding largely enhanced the crystallization of monoclinic celsian, but the mechanisms involved were different for seeding with different crystals. SrAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} gel and ZrO{sub 2} crystals acted as normal heterogeneous centers and had little catalytic effect on monoclinic celsian crystallization. Feldspar and rutile crystals worked as epitaxial substrates for monoclinic celsian and produced pure monoclinic celsian in some temperature regions. LiAlSi{sub 3}O{sub 8} seeds lowered the glass transition temperature of the immediately adjacent gel matrix and led to the crystallization of pure monoclinic celsian.
Modeling, Analysis, and Experiments of Interfiber Compaction Effects in FMC Actuators for Bio-Inspired Applications

Recently, flexible matrix composite (FMC) actuators were demonstrated in a robotic fish for swimming. When actuated at a specific frequency in the experiments, the sinusoidal component of the thrust was eliminated, leaving only a constant thrust. This elimination of the sinusoidal component of the thrust is due to the hydroelastic tailoring of the tail stiffness with the actuation frequency. The FMC actuators are pressure-driven muscle-like actuators capable of large displacements as well as large blocking forces. The FMC actuators can also exhibit a large change in stiffness through simple valve control when the working fluid has a high bulk modulus. Several analytical models have been developed that capture the geometrical and material nonlinearities, the compliance of the inner liner, and entrapped air in the fluid. This paper focuses on the inter fiber compaction in the composite laminate, which is shown to reduce the effective closed-valve stiffness. In this paper, a new analytical model considering the inter fiber compaction effect as well as the material and geometric nonlinearities is developed. Analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the new compaction model can improve the prediction of the response behavior of the actuator.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
On the performance of a stochastic gradient-based decorrelation algorithm for multiuser multicarrier CDMA

A stochastic gradient-based decorrelation is suggested for separation of an unknown linear mixture of signals. It is shown that while the decorrelation algorithm is similar in cost to the LMS algorithm, its rate of convergence is significantly faster making it more attractive for signal separation. Analysis of the decorrelator algorithm shows that the faster speed of convergence is a consequence of the eigenvalues spread associated with the decorrelation problem, which is smaller than the spread associated with the corresponding mean square problem. Operation of the algorithm is illustrated as an adaptive multiuser detector in a multiple carrier CDMA system.
Inactivation of gilGT, encoding a C-glycosyltransferase, and gilOIII, encoding a P450 enzyme, allows the details of the late biosynthetic pathway to gilvocarcin V to be delineated.

Resequencing of the gilGT gene, which encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (GT) that is 495 amino acids (aa) long, from the Streptomyces griseoflavus Go3592 gilvocarcin V (GV) gene cluster, revealed that the previously reported gilGT indeed contains two genes. These are the larger gilGT, which encodes the C-glycosyltransferase GilGT (379 aa), and the smaller gilV gene, which encodes an enzyme of unknown function (116 aa). The gene gilV is located immediately upstream of gilGT in the GV gene cluster. In-frame deletion of gilGT created a mutant that accumulated defucogilvocarcin E (defuco-GE). The result proves the function of GilGT as a C-glycosyltransferase. Deletion of gilOIII, which is located immediately downstream of gilGT, led to a mutant that accumulated gilvocarcin E (GE). This confirms that the corresponding P450 enzyme, GilOIII, is involved in the vinyl-group formation of GV. Cross-feeding experiments in which GE, defuco-GE, and defucogilvocarcin V (defuco-GV) were fed to an early blocked mutant of the GV biosynthetic pathway, showed that neither GE nor any of the defuco- compounds was an intermediate of the pathway.
Spiroplasma bacteria enhance survival of Drosophila hydei attacked by the parasitic wasp Leptopilina heterotoma.

Background Maternally-transmitted associations between endosymbiotic bacteria and insects are ubiquitous. While many of these associations are obligate and mutually beneficial, many are facultative, and the mechanism(s) by which these microbes persist in their host lineages remain elusive. Inherited microbes with imperfect transmission are expected to be lost from their host lineages if no other mechanisms increase their persistence (i.e., host reproductive manipulation and/or fitness benefits to host). Indeed numerous facultative heritable endosymbionts are reproductive manipulators. Nevertheless, many do not manipulate reproduction, so they are expected to confer fitness benefits to their hosts, as has been shown in several studies that report defense against natural enemies, tolerance to environmental stress, and increased fecundity. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined whether larval to adult survival of Drosophila hydei against attack by a common parasitoid wasp (Leptopilina heterotoma), differed between uninfected flies and flies that were artificially infected with Spiroplasma, a heritable endosymbiont of Drosophila hydei that does not appear to manipulate host reproduction. Survival was significantly greater for Spiroplasma-infected flies, and the effect of Spiroplasma infection was most evident during the host's pupal stage. We examined whether or not increased survival of Spiroplasma-infected flies was due to reduced oviposition by the wasp (i.e., pre-oviposition mechanism). The number of wasp eggs per fly larva did not differ significantly between Spiroplasma-free and Spiroplasma-infected fly larvae, suggesting that differential fly survival is due to a post-oviposition mechanism. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that Spiroplasma confers protection to D. hydei against wasp parasitism. This is to our knowledge the first report of a potential defensive mutualism in the genus Spiroplasma. Whether it explains the persistence and high abundance of this strain in natural populations of D. hydei, as well as the widespread distribution of heritable Spiroplasma in Drosophila and other arthropods, remains to be investigated.
Abstract 3768: Comparison of breast density measured by dual energy x-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) with mammographic density among adult women

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Mammographic density, the distribution of fat, connective, and epithelial tissues in the female breast, is strongly associated with breast cancer and has been used as a biomarker for breast cancer risk among adult women. While use of mammography is limited due to concerns about radiation exposure, Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), commonly available in medical care settings, has very low radiation. In this analysis, we compared breast density measured by DXA with mammographic density among adult women. We recruited 101 participants aged 30 years and older with a normal mammogram (defined as BIRADS categories 1 through 3) through Kaiser Permanente Hawaii. After completing a questionnaire asking for demographic, reproductive, anthropometric, and medical information, all women received DXA scans of both breasts, as well as of the whole body, using a GE Lunar Prodigy Bone Densitometer. On the DXA scans, the breast image was manually outlined and the following measures were computed: percent fibroglandular volume density (% FGV), absolute fibroglandular volume, total breast area, and volume. After digitizing the most recent craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral (ML) mammograms, total breast area, dense area, and percent density were estimated using a computer-assisted method (Cumulus). For the overall population, mean % FGV was 38.8±14.3%, and mean percent density was 31.9±18.2% for CC views and 28.3±16.2% for ML views. Both DXA and mammographic measures showed high correlations between left and right breasts ranging from 0.85 to 0.98 (p <0.0001). When comparing DXA and mammographic measures, the correlation coefficients between % FGV and percent density were 0.76 for both CC and ML views (p <0.0001). Associations with common risk factors showed similar patterns for DXA and mammographic densities; in particular, the inverse associations with BMI and age at menarche were evident for both methods. Multilinear regression with stepwise selection indicated an explained variance of 0.57 for % FGV alone and 0.58 for % FGV plus parity. The current comparison suggests that DXA has the potential to provide a low-radiation option to evaluate breast density for women who do not undergo mammography. This may allow improved individualized risk assessment to identify women for targeted prevention strategies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3768.
Visible, Symbolic, and Concealed Leaders in a Kentucky County: A Replication and Comparisons With Other Communities*

The main leaders of a large rural county were identified and classed into visible, symbolic, and concealed leader-types by Bonjean's technique. The composition of each type was summarized. The leadership pattern in this county was found to be distinctly different from the leadership pattern of places previously studied. Leaders were more visible and had stronger anchorage to public offices. Little variation existed in the locations of the leader-types in the generalized social structure of the community. The typology was, nonetheless, useful. It served as a good index for the factional and clique memberships of the leaders, which were recognized as crucial in the decision-making structure of the county.
A Community-Based Parenting Program with Low-Income Mothers of Young Children

Research has established a significant relationship between certain parental characteristics, such as income or parenting practices, and the development of child behavior problems. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a parenting program for low-income parents of children one to five years old which was offered through community-based family resource centers. Seventy-one mothers completed the program and showed significant decreases in their use of verbal and corporal punishment and significant increases in nurturing behaviors; their children's behavior also improved significantly. Forty-five percent of parents also met Jacobson and Truax's (1991) criteria for clinically significant change. Implications for practitioners working with this challenging population are discussed.
The laryngeal and esophageal manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is the syndrome caused by the backflow of gastric contents into the upper aerodigestive tract. Acid and pepsin in the pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, and trachea have been associated with dysphonia, chronic cough, reactive airway disease, middle ear effusion, throat pain, excessive throat mucus, postnasal drip, dental caries, and laryngeal cancer. The symptoms of LPR frequently occur in the absence of heartburn and esophagitis, and, thus, the diagnosis may be elusive. Individuals with Sjogren's syndrome are predisposed to reflux, and a high index of suspicion for LPR must be maintained in all individuals with the disease. This manuscript describes the laryngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal manifestations of reflux in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and reviews state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Scouting out the neighborhood in AIDS-related lymphoma.

In this issue of Blood , Liapis et al investigate the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment as well as the role of viral components in AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (AR-DLBCL) and compare these findings with sporadic cases of DLBCL.[1][1] ![Figure][2] The
Ganglion cell neurogenesis, migration and early differentiation in the chick retina

Neurogenesis, migration and maturation of ganglion cells in the posterior pole of chick retina have been studied using embryonic incorporation of [3H]thymidine, immunocytochemistry and retrograde labeling. Unlike previous studies, we have examined the neurogenesis of independently identified ganglion cells that have survived the period of naturally occurring cell death (embryonic days 11-16). Embryos were labeled with [3H]thymidine at different embryonic ages (embryonic days 3, 5 and 7). After the chicks hatched, ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled with rhodamine microspheres and the retinas were processed for autoradiography and fluorescent microscopy. The results indicate that 40% of the ganglion cells in the posterior pole undergo a final mitosis by embryonic day 3 and that more than 25% of the ganglion cells are born on or after embryonic day 7. These results also suggest that naturally occurring cell death does not preferentially affect ganglion cells born on specific embryonic days. Using immunocytochemistry with an antibody against neuron-specific beta-tubulin and retrograde labeling with the carbocyanine dye DiI we show that ganglion cells begin to differentiate before the completion of their migration to the presumptive ganglion cell layer. These results suggest the following developmental sequence. (1) Ganglion cells of the posterior pole undergo their final mitosis near the ventricular margin between embryonic days 2 and 8. (2) They maintain contacts with both retinal surfaces and their nuclei move toward the ganglion cell layer. At this time they start to differentiate, expressing a form of neuron-specific tubulin and growing axons that can reach the optic chiasm. (3) Once migration is completed dendritic development commences.
ACTIVATION OF A TEMPORALLY REGULATED CAULOBACTER PROMOTER BY UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM SEQUENCE ELEMENTS

The flagellar genes of Caulobacter crescentus are expressed under cell-cycle control. Expression is regulated by both flagellar assembly cues and cell-cycle events. In this paper we define the sequences required for the expression of the flgF operon, a new class of sigma 54 flagellar promoter. This promoter type is expressed in the middle portion of the cell cycle and regulates the expression of basal-body genes. DNase I footprinting and mutagenesis demonstrates that an integration host factor (IHF)-binding site is required for maximal levels of transcription of the flgF promoter. In addition to containing a conventional upstream enhancer element (RE-1), this promoter is unusual in that it also requires sequences (element RE-2) immediately downstream of the transcriptional start site for maximal levels of gene expression. Cell-cycle experiments indicate that RE-1 and RE-2 contribute equally to the regulation of temporal transcription. The presence of two intact elements in the promoter results in a fourfold increase in promoter activity compared with a promoter containing only one intact element, suggesting that these two elements may function synergistically to activate transcription.
Primary care and HIV disease

Nearly one million Americans are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). With the advent of increasingly effective therapy, including intervention early in the course of infection, there will be a growing need for physicians technically and attitudinally prepared to provide primary care for HIV-infected individuals. For any disease, however, determination of which physicians provide the bulk of care depends on several factors, including the prevalence and chronicity of the disease, the complexity, rate of change, and toxicity of therapy, and the socioeconomic characteristics of patients with the disease. General internists will clearly constitute a large part of the pool of practitioners caring for HIV-infected patients, especially in the earlier stages of infection. It seems reasonable to expectevery general internist to be competent in four aspects of HIV care: counseling about transmission and prevention; the proper administration and interpretation of diagnostic tests; monitoring and care of patients in early stages of infection; and recognition of complications of advanced infection for proper management or referral. Academically based generalists will have a major role in research, teaching, and patient care in the AIDS epidemic. The organization and delivery of primary and specialty care for HIV-infected people in future years will continue to evolve with changes in therapy and in the demography of the epidemic.
Exploiting Multichannel Diversity in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radios hold tremendous promise for increasing spectral efficiency in wireless systems. In cognitive radio networks, secondary users equipped with frequency-agile cognitive radios communicate with one another via spectrum that is not being used by the primary, licensed users of the spectrum. We consider a multichannel cognitive radio network scenario in which a secondary transmitter can switch to different channels for opportunistic communications. Multichannel diversity can be achieved by dynamically switching to different channels during transmission. Our numerical results show that even a simple randomized channel switching scheme can significantly reduce the average symbol error probability. We also propose a scheduling algorithm based on maximizing signal-to-noise ratio to further improve the performance of cognitive transmission.
A six-degree-of-freedom hardware-in-the-loop simulator for small spacecraft

Abstract This paper presents a novel six degree of freedom, ground-based experimental testbed, designed for testing new guidance, navigation, and control algorithms for the relative motion of nano-satellites. The development of innovative guidance, navigation and control methodologies is a necessary step in the advance of autonomous spacecraft. The testbed allows for testing these algorithms in a one-g laboratory environment. The system stands out among the existing experimental platforms because all degrees of freedom of motion are controlled via real thrusters, as it would occur on orbit, with no use of simulated dynamics and servo actuators. The hardware and software components of the testbed are detailed in the paper, as is the motion tracking system used to perform its navigation. A Lyapunov-based strategy for closed loop control is used in hardware-in-the loop experiments to successfully demonstrate the full six-degree-of-freedom system׳s capabilities. In particular, the test case shows a two-phase regulation experiment, commanding both position and attitude to reach specified final state vectors.
A combined in vitro/bioinformatic investigation of redox regulatory mechanisms governing cell cycle progression

The intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) environment influences cell cycle progression; however, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To examine potential mechanisms, the intracellular...