cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Trade Restrictions during the War of 1812

For more than six years, from 1806 to 1812, trade restrictions were at the heart of American foreign policy. Although the Jeffersonian Republicans always defended the restrictive system as an alternative to war-as a peaceful means of upholding the nation's rights in the face of European encroachments-they refused to abolish the system even after war had been declared against England in 1812. On the contrary, the record shows that they steadily expanded the system as the nation's military fortunes waned. Indeed, most Republicans regarded trade restrictions not as an alternative to war, but as an indispensable means of prosecuting the war. The restrictive system, in other words, played a central role in Republican strategy for winning the war. The restrictive system had its origins in the era of the American Revolution. In the 1760s and 1770s, the American colonies had employed nonimportation and nonexportation against the mother country in an effort to force the British to change their tax and trade policies. Although these measures had little impact on British colonial policy, Republican leaders like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison interpreted history otherwise. Convinced that American trade was crucial to British prosperity, they tried to secure congressional approval for economic sanctions in the 1790s. At first their aim was to extract a favorable commercial treaty from Britain, but, after the outbreak of the wars of the French Revolution, they also sought greater respect for American rights. Although Federalists blocked these measures, Republican leaders achieved national power in 1801 and thereafter were in a position to put their views on economic coercion to a full test, not only against England but against France as well. The restrictive system was launched in Jefferson's second administration in response to Britain's stepped-up war on neutral trade and her impressment of American seamen.' The first measure to become law was the partial non-
Vendor-neutral network representations for transport SDN

We describe a model-based approach for building a transport SDN platform that uses operator-defined data models to build common APIs for managing multi-vendor optical networks consisting of terminal devices and line systems.
The structure of internal job mobility and organizational wage inequality

Abstract The movement of people among jobs within an organization reflects a process of relational position-taking—a contest among individuals for valued resources. The structure of this mobility offers clues regarding the relational dynamics associated with position-taking and how these processes might vary across low and high inequality organizations. We explore these issues using data on intra-organizational mobility networks from 7347 workers in 428 positions in 11 distribution centers from a national grocery store chain. Exponential random graph models are used to identify the local network features that characterize each organization’s pattern of job mobility. This approach is then supplemented with meta-regression that examines the extent to which those network features are associated with organizational inequality (the wage gap between supervisors and non-supervisors). Organizational inequality is unrelated to the presence of purely structural mobility features (density, reciprocity, or transitivity), but instead is characterized by the confluence of mobility structure and positional hierarchy. The findings demonstrate that workers have fewer mobility pathways into high wage jobs in high inequality organizations than in low inequality organizations.
A Method for Die Thickness Reduction to sub-35 μm

Significant system performance improvements can be realized by stacking die layers. This approach, known as 3-D integration, can reduce RC delay as well as the system form factor. Die are typically thinned in wafer form prior to integration into the modules allowing even greater functional density. However, certain applications require the thinning of individual die. A detailed technique including die lamination, lapping, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), and release has been developed to thin die to 35 μm thickness. During lamination, the die are temporarily adhered with their active side down to a glass substrate using an adhesive. Mechanical lapping is performed to remove the majority of silicon from the back side. The final thickness of approximately 35 μm is achieved using CMP. The CMP step is critical for the removal of sub-surface damage and prevention of device failure. After thinning, the adhesive is dissolved and the die are handled using porous end effectors. The process can effectively produce die thinned to 35 μm with ± 1.5 μm total thickness variation (TTV).
The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the breast.

Chemotherapy is of significant benefit to patients with advanced breast cancer, as measured by tumor regression and increased survival. Yet these tumor regressions are short-lived, and the patient survival benefit is measured in terms of months. This relative refractoriness is due either to drug resistance or to what is called “kinetic” resistance. Kinetic resistance implies large numbers of cells and long doubling times. Experimentally, surgery combined with chemotherapy offers the best chance of cure of several solid tumors in animals. Several clinical trials in combined surgery and chemotherapy indicating a markedly favorable effect of this approach are in progress. This suggests that, as in the animal systems, kinetic resistance can be overcome by the combined-modality approach. The response to endocrine manipulation can be predicted by estrogen receptors. Clinical trials to combine chemotherapy, surgery and hormonal treatment are under way.
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE

1 . Twenty patients with fibrous dysplasia, confirmed histologically, are reported and discussed in regard to classification, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. The various fibrous or fibrocystic lesions of bone are characterised briefly for purpose of contrast, and the position of fibrous dysplasia in this heterogeneous collection is suggested. 2. The classification of fibrous dysplasia based on the degree of skeletal involvement is used, and the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications of this classification emphasised. The authors endorse the opinion that fibrous dysplasia is a developmental defect. Clinical, histological and radiographic evidence is presented to point to the distinct evolution of the monostotic lesions, to which a positive and aggressive approach is recommended.
Use of Daphnia magna for the microbioassay of pesticides. II. Comparison of microbioassay with gas chromatography for analysis of pesticide residues in plant extracts.

Specimens of Daphnia magna Straus, which were killed by extremely small quantities of pesticides, were killed also by small amounts of extracts of common plants, such as lettuce, radishes, and beets. Even following rigorous cleanup, these plant extracts were toxic enough to the test organism to mask any mortality caused by pesticide residues. Using purified extracts of carrot tops, which had low toxicity to daphnids, the microbioassay procedure for measuring DDT, ethion, and lindane residues was compared with gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). GLC was found to give much more consistent and accurate results than microbioassay with D. magna .
Study on the pH change during the fermentation of yellow rice wine

The pH degree changes during the fermentation of some yellow rice wines,such as traditional dry yellow rice wine and mechanical fermented dry yellow rice wine,semi-dry yellow rice wine,sweet yellow rice wine and semi-sweet yellow rice wine,are studied in order to conduct rice wine production.The final results are indicated as the following:the pH degree in the fermentation of dry rice wine and semi-dry rice wine vary from 3.0 to 4.0;the pH degree of semi-sweet rice wine is around 3.8~4.4;the pH degree of sweet rice wine is around 4.0~4.5.Yellow rice wine yeast is characteristic of low pH value-resistant,therefore,the control over the pH degree of raw materials is vital for the production.
Cultural competence in HIV prevention and care: different histories, shared future.

Abstract The importance of cultural competence in social work practice is becoming increasingly more evident as the dividing lines between countries and cultures continue to fade away. Successful practice in today's global environment hinges on the ability to accept differences and to work towards a shared future. The necessity of cultural competence is painfully obvious when considering HIV prevention and care. From the start, HIV has been a global epidemic that has devastated many regions of world. The current paper examines the issue of HIV care and prevention from the perspective of Indonesia and the United States. Juxtaposition of these two countries reveals that they have approached HIV care and prevention differently because of their different histories. However, it is advanced that the two countries are likely to have a shared future given the highest infection rates are locating in similar populations, i.e., sex trade workers, intravenous drug users, street children—generally the poor, the oppres...
Considerations for Cardiac Imaging with Indium-111-labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

Indium-111-labeled radiopharmaceuticals are now being used clinically for cardiac imaging. Their use means that some of the imaging strategies employed for 201Tl and 99mTc must be reassessed to determine if there are alternatives that may provide improved image quality. The need for this reassessment results from the higher energy photons emitted by 111In. The theoretical implications of this difference in energies from 201Tl and 99mTc in terms of attenuation in the tissues of the patient’s body, the camera collimator, the side shielding of the camera, and the thickness of the crystal are presented as well as the results of an experimental investigation using four different collimators and four different energy windows. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding collimator and energy window selection.
Galanin Activates G Protein Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and Suppresses Kisspeptin-10 Activation of GnRH Neurons

GnRH neurons are regulated by hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons. Recently, galanin was identified in a subpopulation of kisspeptin neurons. Although the literature thoroughly describes kisspeptin activation of GnRH neurons, little is known about the effects of galanin on GnRH neurons. This study investigated whether galanin could alter kisspeptin signaling to GnRH neurons. GnRH cells maintained in explants, known to display spontaneous calcium oscillations, and a long-lasting calcium response to kisspeptin-10 (kp-10), were used. First, transcripts for galanin receptors (GalRs) were examined. Only GalR1 was found in GnRH neurons. A series of experiments was then performed to determine the action of galanin on kp-10 activated GnRH neurons. Applied after kp-10 activation, galanin 1-16 (Gal1-16) rapidly suppressed kp-10 activation. Applied with kp-10, Gal1-16 prevented kp-10 activation until its removal. To determine the mechanism by which galanin inhibited kp-10 activation of GnRH neurons, Gal1-16 and galanin were applied to spontaneously active GnRH neurons. Both inhibited GnRH neuronal activity, independent of GnRH neuronal inputs. This inhibition was mimicked by a GalR1 agonist but not by GalR2 or GalR2/3 agonists. Although Gal1-16 inhibition relied on Gi/o signaling, it was independent of cAMP levels but sensitive to blockers of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. A newly developed bioassay for GnRH detection showed Gal1-16 decreased the kp-10-evoked GnRH secretion below detection threshold. Together, this study shows that galanin is a potent regulator of GnRH neurons, possibly acting as a physiological break to kisspeptin excitation.
The Basic Idea and Other Preliminaries

In this chapter the basic idea of the book is presented in an intuitive way, using the metaphor of a world-model that experience “moves through.” This metaphor illuminates an explanatory dimension of phenomenology, whereby what we actually experience is informed by what expect to be the case in a given part of the world. Qualifications and simplifying assumptions are stated, and the project is related to existing efforts to formalize phenomenological structures.
Religion and Politics in a Northeastern Cathedral Town: The Case of Durham

In the English and Welsh boroughs, the election for the first reformed House of Commons was held on 11–12 December 1832. In many constituencies, however, interest in the contest was so intense that electioneering and related activities had been underway since the previous spring. The reform bill had survived its third reading in the House of Lords on 4 June and received royal assent on the 7th, but in Durham, one contender had already announced his candidacy as early as April, and all the candidates were in the field by the second week of May.
Laboratory primates: Their lives in and after research

We write this commentary as 2 animal lovers who run a nonhuman primate (NHP) laboratory. Steve Helms Tillery is a principal investigator (PI), and Rachele McAndrew is the Laboratory Coordinator for...
Indian Country Poverty: Place‐Based Poverty on American Indian Territories, 2006–10

This article examines place-based poverty in Indian Country, emphasizing that reservation characteristics are influenced by the system of federal Indian policy that affects American Indian self-determination and antipoverty strategies within reservation boundaries. Using data from the American Community Survey five-year file, 2006–10, I model poverty rates using multivariate, nested regression along key dimensions associated with American Indian antipoverty strategies and place-based poverty. The results indicate that rates of female-headed households and opportunity structures, such as lack of work, contribute to higher rates of reservation poverty while gaming acts as a slight buffer against poverty. Surprisingly, natural-resource-related occupations, thought to be associated with expropriation of tribal resources, was not associated with higher poverty, while self-governance compacts, acting as a proxy for tribal autonomy, had no significant impact on poverty rates. As tribal governments seek to address poverty through strategies enabled by self-determination policies, there is a critical need for more comprehensive and reliable data to understand how and whether tribal governments can effectively adapt federal policies to specific reservation conditions.
Challenges Facing Today's Lizard Ecologists1

Abstract Wild animals and natural habitats are rapidly being lost because of overpopulation and global climate change. Here I recount some of my own charmed life, including adventures and experiences, and I present some preliminary new data on gender differences in 80 lizard species from 14 different families. In most of these species of desert lizards, females are larger than males but males have relatively larger heads than females. Today's lizard ecologists face impediments and a difficult future in which species and habitats are in short supply. I plan to provide access to my own data as a legacy for frustrated future lizard ecologists. These data are described here and online at A Desert Lizard Data Book for the 21st Century (http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/pianka/Proposal.html).
Photoionization measurements in air; oxygen, and nitrogen

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the photoionization produced by a gaseous discharge. The primary objective is obtaining photoionization data that may be applied to breakdown calculations in air. Photoionization in commercial grade nitrogen and oxygen was also investigated.
A Small Covalent Allosteric Inhibitor of Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Polymerase Subunit Interactions.

Human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase comprises a catalytic subunit, UL54, and an accessory subunit, UL44, the interaction of which may serve as a target for the development of new antiviral drugs. Using a high-throughput screen, we identified a small molecule, (5-((dimethylamino)methylene-3-(methylthio)-6,7-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophen-4(5H)-one), that selectively inhibits the interaction of UL44 with a UL54-derived peptide in a time-dependent manner, full-length UL54, and UL44-dependent long-chain DNA synthesis. A crystal structure of the compound bound to UL44 revealed a covalent reaction with lysine residue 60 and additional noncovalent interactions that cause steric conflicts that would prevent the UL44 connector loop from interacting with UL54. Analyses of the reaction of the compound with model substrates supported a resonance-stabilized conjugation mechanism, and substitution of the lysine reduced the ability of the compound to inhibit UL44-UL54 peptide interactions. This novel covalent inhibitor of pol...
A Qualitative Application of Diffusion of Innovations to Adolescents' Perceptions of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception's Attributes.

Abstract Study Objective Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods are the most effective forms of reversible contraception but adolescents often opt for other, less effective methods. In this study we explored how adolescents viewed LARC as an innovation to be adopted or rejected, and how their assessment of innovation attributes affected their decisions about LARC. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures Sexually active adolescents between 15 and 22 years old (n = 22) participated in semistructured qualitative interviews. The data underwent a content analysis informed by constructs of the diffusion of innovations and emergent interview themes. Results Data analysis indicated 3 subgroups of participants on the basis of their inclination to use LARC and the mutability of that position: positive/persuaded (n = 7), negative/low knowledge (n = 10), and negative/adamant (n = 5). Participants' perceptions of the relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability of LARC cohered around subgroup membership. Perceived complexity entailed in obtaining LARC and fears about LARC were observed across all participants. All participants believed that one has to try LARC to know how it will work for her, personally. This led the positive/persuaded group to be undeterred by others’ negative experiences with LARC and the negative/low knowledge and negative/adamant groups to decide LARC was too risky to try. Conclusion Adolescents engage in nuanced evaluations of LARC, weighing competing information about LARC while receiving anecdotal and empirical information about LARC from various valid sources. To reduce the uncertainty about LARC that prohibits trying these methods, adolescents require straightforward information about LARC that directly addresses the advantages of LARC over other methods coupled with candid acknowledgement of the potential disadvantages of LARC.
Persistent Low-Level Replication of SIVΔnef Drives Maturation of Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses to Induce Protective Immunity against Vaginal SIV Infection

Defining the correlates of immune protection conferred by SIVΔnef, the most effective vaccine against SIV challenge, could enable the design of a protective vaccine against HIV infection. Here we provide a comprehensive assessment of immune responses that protect against SIV infection through detailed analyses of cellular and humoral immune responses in the blood and tissues of rhesus macaques vaccinated with SIVΔnef and then vaginally challenged with wild-type SIV. Despite the presence of robust cellular immune responses, animals at 5 weeks after vaccination displayed only transient viral suppression of challenge virus, whereas all macaques challenged at weeks 20 and 40 post-SIVΔnef vaccination were protected, as defined by either apparent sterile protection or significant suppression of viremia in infected animals. Multiple parameters of CD8 T cell function temporally correlated with maturation of protection, including polyfunctionality, phenotypic differentiation, and redistribution to gut and lymphoid tissues. Importantly, we also demonstrate the induction of a tissue-resident memory population of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in the vaginal mucosa, which was dependent on ongoing low-level antigenic stimulation. Moreover, we show that vaginal and serum antibody titers inversely correlated with post-challenge peak viral load, and we correlate the accumulation and affinity maturation of the antibody response to the duration of the vaccination period as well as to the SIVΔnef antigenic load. In conclusion, maturation of SIVΔnef-induced CD8 T cell and antibody responses, both propelled by viral persistence in the gut mucosa and secondary lymphoid tissues, results in protective immune responses that are able to interrupt viral transmission at mucosal portals of entry as well as potential sites of viral dissemination.
Below-Background Ionizing Radiation as an Environmental Cue for Bacteria

All organisms on earth grow under the influence of a natural and relatively constant dose of ionizing radiation referred to as background radiation, and so cells have different mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of damage caused by its different components. However, current knowledge of the deleterious effects of radiation on cells is based on the exposure to acute and high or to chronic, above background doses of radiation and therefore is not appropriate to explain the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that cells employ to sense and respond to chronic below-background levels. Studies at below-background radiation doses can provide insight into the biological role of radiation, as suggested by several examples of what appears to be a stress response in cells grown at doses that range from 10 to 70 times lower than background. Here we discuss some of the technical constraints to shield cells from radiation to below-background levels, as well as different approaches used to detect and measure responses to such unusual environmental conditions. Then we present data from Shewanella oneidensis and Deinococcus radiodurans experiments that show how two taxonomically distant bacterial species sense and respond to unnaturally low levels of radiation. In brief, we grew S. oneidensis and D. radiodurans in liquid culture at dose rates of 62.75 (control) and 0.89 (treatment) nGy hr-1 (including radon) for up to 72 hours and measured cell density and the expression of stress-related genes. Our results suggest that a stress response is triggered in the absence of normal levels of radiation.
Integrated subwavelength grating micro lens and metasurfaces

Integrated subwavelength micro lens and metasurfaces have found a variety of applications in concentrating photovoltaics, imaging, display and biomedical field. In this talk, we will discuss our latest progress in this emerging field.
Welcome to our place – welcome to our tourism places

This is the first of what is likely to become an annual special issue of papers devoted to providing critical and deeper insights into the tourism experience of particular places and types of touri...
Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis associated with anti-MDA5 antibody.

Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) is a rare entity that presents with cutaneous manifestations of classic dermatomyositis but without muscle weakness or abnormal muscle enzymes. It is more common in young white and Asian females. A subset of patients with CADM has a specific antibody known as anti-MDA5. These patients have a more aggressive course with distinct cutaneous features, pulmonary involvement and early death. Here, we present the case of a 64-year-old Caucasian male with no significant medical history who was admitted with marked weight loss and a painful rash for 6 months. Patient had no muscle weakness and his rash was characteristic of classic dermatomyositis. Skin biopsy was suggestive of dermatomyositis but muscle enzymes were normal. His serum was positive for anti-MDA5 antibody. Extensive workup failed to detect any malignancy but he did show non-specific interstitial pneumonia. He was treated with prednisone and mycophenolate with good clinical response.
Scar acceptance after pediatric urologic surgery.

Summary Introduction Patients undergo pediatric urologic surgery as infants and young children. Objective The purpose of the study was to evaluate the evolution of surgical scars over several years in order to inform parents and surgeons on the true cosmetic impact of pediatric surgery and evaluate patient scar satisfaction. Study design This was a cross-sectional study where patients who have undergone urologic surgery at a young age are evaluated years later for scar satisfaction via an abbreviated validated questionnaire. Scar length currently was measured and compared with immediate postoperative scar length to assess for growth. Results Eighty-two children were evaluated with a median age (interquartile range) at the time of surgery and at the time of the study of 1 year (0.6–3 years) and 7 years (3–11 years), respectively. Pyeloplasty (48.8%), ureteral reimplantation/ureterocele reconstruction (41.5%) and other (9.8%) surgical techniques were included. No bother was reported in 84.0% of families. Surgical approach (robotic/laparoscopic vs. open) did not influence whether families reported very pleased/pleased versus neutral/somewhat bothered attitudes (p = 0.094). At time of surgery median scar length for all open surgical approaches (N = 65) was 4 cm (IQR 4–4.5 cm) and at time of the study scars were 6 cm (IQR 5–8 cm). For laparoscopic incisions, median length at time of surgery was 0.8 cm (IQR 0.8–1.1 cm) and at a mean follow up time of 2.3 years median scar length was 1.1 cm (IQR 1–1.5 cm). By race, Asian experienced the lowest percent change in scar length 0.3%, then Caucasian 0.8%, Latino 1.4% and self-described other ethnicity 2.0%. Discussion As predicted, scars grow in length over time in either open or minimally surgical approaches. Depending on patient race, scar growth varied. Regardless, survey results did not vary based on surgical approach, type of surgery or race of survey taker Summary figure. Conclusions The majority of families are pleased with overall scar appearance after undergoing major pediatric urologic surgery. Scars tend to grow in length overtime with less growth noted in Asian children and flank incisions. Download : Download high-res image (130KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Overlapping graph of flank, Pfannenstiel and laparoscopic/robotic incisions by age at the time of study representing growth of scars over time.
Practice Strategies for Engaging Chronic Multiproblem Families

Working with families that have chronic, severe problems can be overwhelming for practitioners. Many such families have long histories of resistance to change. The authors describe a treatment appr...
Differences in Surface Water Quality Draining Four Road Surface Types in the Southern Appalachians

Improved and unimproved roads can be the primary source of stream sediment in forested watersheds. We assessed differences in production of total suspended solids (TSS; ppm) from four road surface conditions in a Southern Appalachian watershed: (1) a 2-yr-oldpaved surface (P), (2) an improved gravel surface with controlled drainage and routine maintenance (RG), (3) an improved gravel surface with erosion and sediment control structures installed and routine maintenance (IG), and (4) an unimproved poorly maintained gravel surface (UG). Variation was high among and within road surface types. The P surface generated the least amount of TSS, which was comparable to control sites, while the UG surface generated the most. The P surface produced significantly less TSS than the UGsurface, but not less than the IG and RG surfaces. Variation among road surface types was related to TSS travel distance below the road, precipitation amount, time of year, and the existence of functioning erosion and sediment control structures. TSS decreased with travel distance (P = -81 % over 38.5 m, IG = -30% over 30.5 m, RG=-89% over 39.4 m, and UG=-22% over 28.1 m). Also in this study we assessed the delivery of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH; ppm) from the P surface and found concentrations of< 0.5 ppm, which are well below published USEPA andNCDENR TPH standards for sediment. Paving is an attractive option for reducing maintenance costs and sediment production and transport; however, levels of TPH from freshly applied asphalt are unknown. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2): 100-106.
Introduction: How Does Migration Take Place?

Migration, identity, and space are entangled and mutually influential. The question “How does migration take place” not only demands an examination of the causes, consequences, and depictions of migration in different parts of the world and different moments in history, it also calls attention to the crucial role that space and place have in such an examination. The approaches and methodologies in this collection differ with regard to the questions these ask and the evidence they use to substantiate their claims. Yet in spite of these differences, a number of shared themes emerge. While differentiating voluntary migration from forced migration is important, what makes these very diverse experiences comparable is the undeniable relationship with the physical and imaginary space that they traverse and eventually occupy.
Sentiment and politeness analysis tools on developer discussions are unreliable, but so are people

Many software engineering researchers use sentiment and politeness analysis tools to study the emotional environment within collaborative software development. However, papers that use these tools rarely establish their reliability. In this paper, we evaluate popular existing tools for sentiment and politeness detection over a dataset of 589 manually rated GitHub comments that represent developer discussions. We also develop a coding scheme on how to quantify politeness for conversational texts found on collaborative platforms. We find that not only do the tools have a low agreement with human ratings on sentiment and politeness, human raters also have a low agreement among themselves.
Predictive and on-treatment monitoring biomarkers in advanced melanoma: Moving toward personalized medicine.

Abstract The treatment armamentarium for patients with metastatic melanoma has increased substantially over the past decade with the regulatory approval of targeted BRAF + MEK inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have vastly improved long-term outcomes. Recently, these advances have been rapidly translated to the high-risk adjuvant setting. Primary and acquired resistance to both immune and molecularly targeted agents, however, remains a challenge. Therefore, biomarkers predictive of response to therapy that can be assessed prior to initiation of treatment and early during the course of therapy are critical. Equally important is on-treatment biomarker monitoring that may predict the likelihood of treatment failure and disease relapse. This review will summarize recent advances in the understanding of biomarkers for patients with advanced melanoma, emphasizing emerging baseline predictive factors and on-treatment monitoring of biomarkers that aim to establish truly personalized treatment.
Tangram: Colocating HPC Applications with Oversubscription

In a cluster that is shared by many users, jobs often need to wait in the queue for a significant amount of time. Much research has been done to reduce this time with scheduling, including aggressive back-filling strategies and sharing nodes among different jobs. Although most resources are shared to some extent in HPC clusters, it is somewhat surprising that a well-known technique used on commercial clouds, i.e., oversubscribing nodes so that CPU cores are shared among jobs, is rather rare. This is partially due to concerns about interference. This paper presents Tangram, a framework for colocating applications in HPC clusters. Tangram uses prior knowledge of applications, such as whether they are I/O or CPU intensive, to predict whether potential colocations improve overall performance. To predict with sufficient accuracy, Tangram uses a combination of performance counter measurements, knowledge of past colocation performance, and machine learning. We show that Tangram can choose colocations to reduce makespan by 19% on average and by 55% in the best case, while limiting the performance degradation caused by colocation from 1598% to 26% in the worst case.
Basic optical law in the interpretation of moiré patterns applied to the analysis of strains—Part 2

The object of Part 2 of this paper is to show applications of the displacement-light-intensity law derived in Part 1. A photoreading device is described, which combined with the new theory, yields an accuracy beyond the limits so far obtained by the usual method of handling moire data. Three tests are presented: one test is used as an illustration of the applied procedures, the other two for comparison with theoretical results. These tests show that the theory is useful and that strains can be obtained with an accuracy impossible to achieve by the discrete point method of analysis. Relatively coarse grids of 300 lines/in. are used for these tests.
Peginterferon beta-1a every 2 weeks demonstrated better clinical outcomes than glatiramer acetate once-daily in patients with RRMS: Propensity score matching of phase 3 data from ADVANCE and CONFIRM

Introduction Peginterferon beta-1a and glatiramer acetate (GA) have been studied in different clinical studies, and head-to head efficacy comparisons are lacking. Objectives Compare peginterferon beta-1a vs. GA on clinical efficacy endpoints at 2 years in patients from ADVANCE and CONFIRM using PSM. Patients and methods PSM (1:1) based on key baseline characteristics was performed on 512 peginterferon beta-1a patients and 350 GA patients. Outcomes included annualised relapse rate (ARR), which was assessed using negative binomial regression, and 12-week and 24-week confirmed disability worsening (CDW), which were evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results After matching, 336 patients were included. At 2 years, patients treated with peginterferon beta-1a had a significantly lower ARR (0.204 vs. 0.282; rate ratio 0.724; P = 0.0453), a significantly lower probability of 12week CDW (10,0 % vs. 14.6 %; hazard ratio (HR) 0.625; P = 0,0476), and a numerically lower probability of 24-week CDW (7.7 % vs. 10.6 %; HR 0.684; P = 0.171) compared with patients treated with GA. Discussion NA. Conclusion Peginterferon beta-1a showed significantly better clinical outcomes in terms of relapses and 12 week disability worsening compared to GA over 2 years.
A note on resolvability

A topological space is said to be resolvable if it has two disjoint dense subsets. If $${\aleph}$$ is a cardinal number(finite or infinite), a topological space is said to be $${\aleph}$$ -resolvable if it has a paiwise disjoint family of $${\aleph}$$ many dense subsets. Illanes [3] showed that a topological space which is $${\kappa}$$ -resolvable for every finite integer $${\kappa}$$ is necessarily $${\aleph_{0}}$$ -resolvable. We generalize this result to infinite cardinals. We show that if a topological space X is $${\kappa}$$ -resolvable for every $${\kappa}$$ < $${\aleph}$$ and if cofinality of $${\aleph}$$ is $${\aleph_{0}}$$ , then, X is $${\aleph}$$ -resolvable.
Determinants and Impact of Online Reviews on Product Satisfaction

As an increasing number of consumers prefer online shopping, online customer reviews play an important role in a customer’s pre-purchase decisions. Both reviews and product information are seen as ...
MAPKAP kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation of HspA1L protects male germ cells from heat stress-induced apoptosis.

Developing male germ cells are extremely sensitive to heat stress; consequently, anatomic and physiologic adaptations have evolved to maintain proper thermoregulation during mammalian spermatogenesis. At the cellular level, increased expression and activity of HSP70 family members occur in response to heat stress in order to refold partially denatured proteins and restore function. In addition, several kinase-mediated signaling pathways are activated in the testis upon hyperthermia. The p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in mitigating heat stress, and recent findings have implicated the downstream p38 substrate, MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2), in this process. However, the precise function that this kinase plays in spermatogenesis is not completely understood. Using a proteomics-based screen, we identified and subsequently validated that the testis-enriched HSP70 family member, HspA1L, is a novel substrate of MK2. We demonstrate that MK2 phosphorylates HspA1L solely on Ser241, a residue within the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of the enzyme. This phosphorylation event enhances the chaperone activity of HspA1L in vitro and renders male germ cells more resistant to heat stress–induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings illustrate a novel stress-induced signaling cascade that promotes the chaperone activity of HspA1L with implications for understanding male reproductive biology.
Nonnegative decomposition of functional count data.

We present a novel decomposition of nonnegative functional count data that draws on concepts from nonnegative matrix factorization. Our decomposition, which we refer to as NARFD (nonnegative and regularized function decomposition), enables the study of patterns in variation across subjects in a highly interpretable manner. Prototypic modes of variation are estimated directly on the observed scale of the data, are local, and are transparently added together to reconstruct observed functions. This contrasts with generalized functional principal component analysis, an alternative approach that estimates functional principal components on a transformed scale, produces components that typically vary across the entire functional domain, and reconstructs observations using complex patterns of cancellation and multiplication of functional principal components. NARFD is implemented using an alternating minimization algorithm, and we evaluate our approach in simulations. We apply NARFD to an accelerometer dataset comprising observations of physical activity for healthy older Americans.
Period Foundation Garments and the Changing Standard Form: Using 3D Body Scanning and Standardized Size Charts to Examine the Malleability of the Female Figure

Foundation garments have long been used to transform women’s bodies into the fashionable ideal of a period. This study explores some of the effects of shapewear; specifically, historic foundation garments and the relationship of these foundation garments to body proportion. This was an exploratory study to evaluate the transformation of a female body with different types of historical foundation garments; one female body was scanned in a variety of period shapewear and size charts from period publications were compared. Measurement and visual comparison of the scans revealed differences in the form of the bust, waist, and hips, including the position and form of the breasts, the overall shape of the torso, and the curves of the hips/buttocks. Comparing the measurements from the early 1900s to current sizing documents, waist circumference has increased relative to bust circumference over time. Changes are compatible with the measurement ratios from the body scans, indicating that some of the increases in women’s waist measurements may be attributable to the decreased use of shapewear.
A pilot randomized trial of CBT4CBT for women in residential treatment for substance use disorders.

Abstract Introduction Despite the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for treatment of substance use disorder, dissemination to clinical practice is limited due to a range of barriers (e.g., time, cost). Computer-based training for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT) offers a feasible and cost-effective opportunity to improve the quality and reach of SUD treatment. Research to date has supported the effectiveness of CBT4CBT in outpatient settings; however, research has not yet tested it in residential treatment. Methods The current study evaluated the feasibility of CBT4CBT as an adjunct to residential treatment in a sample of women with SUDs using a two-arm pilot RCT comparing women randomized to either standard residential treatment plus access to the CBT4CBT program (N = 34) or residential treatment alone (TAU; N = 29). Assessments occurred at baseline, discharge from residential care, and at 4- and 12-weeks post-discharge. The study compared the two groups over the 12-week follow-up period on relapse to any substance (Y/N), relapse to primary substance (Y/N), and days of use using chi-square for categorical and t-tests for continuous measures. The study team also performed a Kaplan-Meier analysis to compare the two groups on time to relapse. Results Demographically, the sample was predominantly African American (79.4%), with a mean age of 41.2 years (SD = 12.1). Although the current study was not powered for statistical significance, findings were in the predicted direction, with women in the CBT4CBT group reporting lower likelihood of relapse, longer time to relapse, and fewer days of substance use in the follow-up period compared to women in TAU. Conclusions This study expands the current literature supporting the use of CBT4CBT in outpatient settings. While a fully powered trial should confirm our findings, the current study provides benchmark data on the use of CBT4CBT in residential treatment for women with SUDs.
How partisanship and sexism influence voters’ reactions to political #MeToo scandals:

Influential theories of motivated reasoning, as well as real-world anecdotal examples, would suggest that voters do not always penalize legislators from their own party for alleged immoral behavior...
Training the next generation of aging and cognitive health researchers.

Dementia is a growing public health concern, and African Americans and Latinos are disproportionately affected compared to White Americans. Improving cognitive health outcomes and reducing disparit...
How Limited is 'Limited Agency'?

More than a decade since the United States Supreme Court issued its landmark opinion in the “maritime case about a train wreck” that was Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. James N. Kirby, Pty Ltd., the decision remains provocative. The Kirby Court clarified that “through” bills of lading covering intercontinental voyages over both sea and land are “essentially maritime” in nature and, consequently, provisions in those bills of lading permissible under federal maritime law can be invoked by domestic rail carriers during the inland leg, despite contrary state law. The Court then resolved a circuit split regarding the language specificity required for a downstream entity to invoke protections as a beneficiary under a Himalaya clause contained in a bill of lading issued by an upstream carrier. The Kirby Court also articulated a “limited agency” doctrine under which shipping intermediaries, such as non-vessel-operating common carriers (NVOCCs), may be presumed to be the cargo owner’s agent when negotiating certain contractual terms with actual carriers downstream, irrespective of traditional agency factors. The commercial implications surrounding these Kirby holdings are reflected in the substantial commentary they generated from maritime practitioners and observers. Much of this scholarship has focused on the consequences of the contentious ruling that federal maritime law governs the inland legs of intercontinental shipments, as long as the voyage involves substantial carriage of goods by sea. Other contributions have focused on the repercussions of the Kirby Court’s framework for interpreting the beneficiaries of Himalaya clauses.Yet comparatively little has been written concerning the Court’s curious application of its limited agency principle. Significantly, however, lower courts have recently struggled to interpret limited agency within the guidelines articulated by the Kirby Court. Resisting the urge to comment on the first two significant holdings adopted in Kirby, this Article seeks to illuminate the legal difficulties surrounding the application of the limited agency doctrine within the perceived boundaries of the Supreme Court’s framework. First, this article discusses the unique commercial relationships among entities involved in intercontinental transportation that have contributed to the formation of the doctrine. It then analyzes the narrow limited agency guidelines espoused in Kirby and the precedential and policy bases on which it relied. After exploring the emerging trend in the lower courts to apply the doctrine more expansively, it highlights and evaluates the arguments available to litigants seeking application of such broad interpretations and finally offers suggestions for the resolution of the current uncertainty.
Advancements in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Cover System: A Review

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill cover systems have evolved from being merely a soil cap to a multicomponent, nearly impermeable systems providing better control over infiltration and landfill gas (LFG) emissions. Recently, there has been a widespread development of alternative cover systems which addresses the shortcomings of conventional cover systems such as high construction and maintenance costs, susceptibility to damage due to desiccation cracking and freezing, and ineffective control of LFG emissions. Landfills are regarded as the third largest source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions in the United States. Apart from CH4, landfills are a significant source of various other gasses such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and several other odorous and non-methanogenic organic compounds. The modern engineered landfills typically install gas collection systems in addition to the conventional soil cover to mitigate LFG emissions. However, these systems are not always 100% efficient in capturing all the emissions. Moreover, at the older landfills where installing gas collection systems is not economical and practically feasible, the fugitive LFG emissions is a persistent problem. In this regard, alternative cover systems with wide range of cover materials have been explored to address the fugitive LFG emissions. This paper summarizes the advancements in the MSW landfill cover systems over the years, along with the core mechanisms underlying their function. Then, advancements in the alternative cover systems, including their advantages, are discussed. Finally, the research challenges/opportunities in the field of exploring alternate landfill cover systems are presented.
VistoSeg: a MATLAB pipeline to process, analyze and visualize high-resolution histology images for Visium spatial transcriptomics data

Abstract Motivation Recent advances in spatially-resolved transcriptomics technologies such as 10x Genomics Visium platform have enabled the generation of transcriptome-wide spatial expression maps within intact tissue. However, steps for processing the high-resolution histology images, extracting relevant features from the images, and integrating them with the gene expression data remain unresolved. Results We describe VistoSeg, a MATLAB pipeline to process, analyze, and interactively visualize the high-resolution images from the 10x Genomics Visium platform. The output from VistoSeg can then be integrated with the spatial-molecular information in downstream analyses using any programming language, such as R or Python. Availability VistoSeg is available at https://github.com/LieberInstitute/VistoSeg (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5156783) with a tutorial at http://research.libd.org/VistoSeg Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.