cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of urban tree species using hyperspectral imagery

Urban areas serve as humanity's principal habitat. Because of this, it is important to understand the biophysical components of the urban environment – including the urban forest. The goal of this study was to determine the potential to classify individual urban trees as a function of spectral features derived from airborne hyperspectral data. To determine this, 500 urban trees were identified (through fieldwork) in the built-up zone of Provo-Orem, Utah, USA. Visible and near infrared airborne hyperspectral imagery was collected over the same area. The 500 trees were identified on the images, and spectral features of each tree were extracted. Principal components, vegetation indices, band means, and band ratios were all used as features to discriminate between different tree species. The tree classification was 82% accurate when just the six principal components were used. Classification accuracy increased to 91.4% after combining vegetation indices, band mean values and band ratios.
Inspection of I-Joists in Residential Construction

AbstractI-joists may be used as floor joist and roof-rafter members in residential construction but require different installation practices compared with solid-sawn lumber because of I-joist geometry and design. The building codes in this paper contain clear specifications for the installation of sawn-lumber products. Because I-joists are proprietary and installation requirements vary by brand, manufacturer literature is incorporated by reference into the building codes discussed herein. The engineered and proprietary nature of I-joists may be unfamiliar to carpenters and other trade professionals, resulting in installation errors. I-joist installations that do not comply with manufacturer specifications are considered code violations. Through use of the Delphi method, an expert-validated inspection methodology was developed by interviewing code officials, home inspectors, and engineered-wood-product manufacturers. This paper summarizes the results, including best practices for inspection methods and I-j...
Photoelectronic properties of low temperature GaAs grown on silicon and GaAs substrates by MBE

The characteristics of GaAs layers grown by MBE at growth temperatures from 200 °C to 400 °C have been evaluated by photoconductivity experiments in order to understand the photoelectronic properties of this material. Low temperature (LT) growth of GaAs on both silicon and GaAs substrates has been investigated in an attempt to better understand the nature of defects which are created in epitaxial layers grown under these conditions. Results from experiments on both annealed and unannealed LT samples indicate that the electronic transport properties of the epilayers can be controlled by selecting the appropriate growth conditions.
Finding heavy distinct hitters in data streams

A simple indicator for an anomaly in a network is a rapid increase in the total number of distinct network connections. While it is fairly easy to maintain an accurate estimate of the current total number of distinct connections using streaming algorithms that exhibit both a low space and computational complexity, identifying the network entities that are involved in the largest number of distinct connections efficiently is considerably harder.In this paper, we study the problem of finding all entities whose number of distinct (outgoing or incoming) network connections is at least a specific fraction of the total number of distinct connections. These entities are referred to as heavy distinct hitters. Since this problem is hard in general, we focus on randomized approximation techniques and propose a sampling-based and a sketch-based streaming algorithm. Both algorithms output a list of the potential heavy distinct hitters including the estimated counts of the corresponding number of distinct connections. We prove that, depending on the required level of accuracy of the output list, the space complexities of the presented algorithms are asymptotically optimal up to small logarithmic factors. Additionally, the algorithms are evaluated and compared using real network data in order to determine their usefulness in practice.
The Importance of Study Design in the Spine Literature

Careful study design is essential to carry out high quality research that yields valid results. Planning an effective study involves defining the target population, specifying an intervention, selecting appropriate outcome measures, and choosing the appropriate design. Randomized controlled trials, observational cohort studies, and case-control studies all have advantages and disadvantages. When planning or evaluating a study, threats to its validity, including chance, bias, and confounding must be considered. Although the randomized controlled trial may be considered the most valid design, well-designed observational studies often yield similar results. This article reviews these concepts, using examples from the spine literature.
Lactic acidosis in paediatrics: clinical and laboratory evaluation.

In humans who are well perfused and oxygenated, the steady state concentration of lactate is between 1-2 mmol/L and does not change appreciably with fasting, feeding or minor medical Illness.' This concentration represents a dynamic equilibrium between lactate production and utilization. In most tissues of the body, ingested carbohydrate is metabolized to pyruvate which then enters the mitochondria where further oxidation via the Krebs cycle takes place (Fig. 1). This process, which is similar for products of
SOME POINTS OF CONTACT BETWEEN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND GYNECOLOGY

Many gynecological patients present, as incidental points of interest, endocrine disturbances of one form or another. In some, however, the endocrinopathy dominates the picture, both etiologically and symptomatically. This is particularly true of certain types of menstrual disorder which are mere manifestations of internal secretory disturbances. It is with this group of cases, in which gynecology and endocrinology seem to come into closest contact, that we shall deal in this paper. The two great functions of the female generative organs, reproduction and menstruation, are both profoundly influenced by disorders of the ductless glands. This is especially true of the menstrual function. It is now definitely known that the cause of menstruation is an internal secretion of the ovary, and that the element of the ovary which is concerned in the process is almost certainly the corpus luteum. The menstrual function is thus brought into the most direct relationship with the ductless gland apparatus. Although the ...
Application of System Identification to Aircraft at NASA Langley Research Center

The past, present, and future of system identification applied to aircraft at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia, are discussed. Significant research advances generated at NASA LaRC in the past are summarized, including some perspective on the role these developments played in the practice of system identification applied to aircraft. Selected recent research efforts are described, to give an idea of the type of activities currently being pursued at NASA LaRC. These efforts include real-time parameter estimation, identifying flying qualities models, advanced experiment design and modeling techniques for static wind-tunnel database development, and indicial function identification for unsteady aerodynamic modeling. Projected future developments in the area are outlined
Post‐Cesarean Pain Management of Patients Maintained on Methadone or Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine has high affinity, slow dissociation, and lower intrinsic activity than a full agonist at the mu opioid receptor.1 The slow dissociation and enhanced safety profile of buprenorphine a...
Neuropsychiatric genetics: misclassification in linkage studies of phenotype-genotype research.

Research on neuropsychiatric disorders has produced a number of very important findings in the last few decades. However, several problems continue to hinder research in this area. One problem area has been the appropriate classification of disease status for probands and extended family members in linkage studies. In this article, we examine rates of misclassification in a 12-year follow-up study of children previously diagnosed with Tourette syndrome. At the 12-year follow-up, we found a 5 to 12% rate of misclassification of previously diagnosed cases. We present a model of a linkage study with three classification steps. The model demonstrates that an error rate of 5% would result in misclassification of 20% of true cases by step three. Adding additional steps to improve diagnostic accuracy may increase rather than decrease classification error. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:499-504).
Development of instrumentation to allow the detection of microorganisms using light scattering in combination with surface plasmon resonance.

Abstract This paper describes work carried out to develop a biosensor which allows two separate detection principles to operate simultaneously at the same surface. A prototype device was constructed that provided Kretschmann-configuration surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement of refractive index (RI) changes using an 820 nm LED light source, whilst a 635 nm diode laser was used to produce light scattering signals from bacterial spores. Both effects occurred at a gold-coated surface. The RI changes were measured conventionally from the side of the gold layer nearer to the light sources. The scattered light was imaged from the opposite face which was in contact with the aqueous sample. Specific detection of bacterial spores through the light scattering mode using antibody capture was investigated. The flow dynamics and interactions with the surface of individual spores were observed. A comparison with SPR for detection using the same antibody/antigen pair was made. Spore suspensions that were readily detectable by light scattering at 10 7 ml −1 did not provide significant responses by SPR. The potential for future developments is discussed.
The kinedit system: affective messages using dynamic texts

Kinetic (dynamic) typography has demonstrated the ability to add significant emotive content and appeal to expressive text, allowing some of the qualities normally found in film and the spoken word to be added to static text. Kinetic typography has been widely and successfully used in film title sequences as well as television and computer-based advertising. However, its communicative abilities have not been widely studied, and its potential has rarely been exploited outside these areas. This is partly due to the difficulty in creating kinetic typography with current tools, often requiring hours of work to animate a single sentence.In this paper, we present the Kinedit system, a basic authoring tool that takes initial steps toward remedying this situation and hence promoting exploration of the communicative potential of kinetic typography for personal communication. Kinedit is informed by systematic study and characterization of a corpus of examples, and iterative involvement and validation by designers throughout the development process. We describe the tool and its underlying technology, usage experiences, lessons learned, and next steps.
Ambulatory perineural local anesthetic infusion: Portable pump and dosing regimen selection

Abstract Postoperative analgesia is generally limited to 12–16 hours or less following single-injection regional nerve blocks. Postoperative analgesia may be provided with a local anesthetic infusion via a perineural catheter following initial regional block resolution. This technique may now be used in the ambulatory setting with the relatively recent introduction of small, portable infusion pumps. This article reviews both infusion pump and dosing regimen selection specifically related to ambulatory perineural local anesthetic infusion.
A Model of Early Syntactic Development

AMBER is a model of first language acquistion that improves its performance through a process of error recovery. The model is implemented as in adaptive production system that introduces new condition-action rules on the basis of experience. AMBER starts with the ability to say only one word at a time, but adds rules for ordering goals and producing grammatical morphemes, based on comparisons between predicted and observed sentences. The morpheme rules may be overly general and lead to errors of commission; such errors evoke a discrimination process, producing more conservative rules with additional conditions. The system's performance improves gradually, since rules must be relearned many times before they are used. AMBER's learning mechanisms account for some of the major developments observed in children's early speech.
Alaska's subsistence management regimes

Alaskans disagree sharply over the issue of a subsistence priority for hunting and fishing by rural residents, including most Alaskan Eskimos, Aleuts, and Indians. The issue highlights competing visions of Alaska's future; one based upon Euroamerican values and the other on indigenous rights and customary law. Recent political and legal developments, particularly the Alaska Supreme Court's 1989 McDowell decision invalidating the state of Alaska's rural priority, have undermined significantly subsistence protections. Failure of the state to restore this priority led the US federal government to take over subsistence management under provisions of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (PL 96–487). For Alaska's indigenous peoples, these events make clear the limitations of relying solely on state and federal governments for protecting subsistence. Efforts are underway to strengthen tribal governments and assert limited jurisdiction over hunting and fishing. A major goal is to achieve standing for negotiations with state and federal authorities over future co-management of subsistence resources.
Increasing Story Quality through Planning and Revising: Effects on Young Writers with Learning Disabilities

In this study, supplemental writing instruction in planning and revising was used to improve the stories written by young writers with learning disabilities (LD) and poor writing skills. Six second...
Mechanisms for Eliciting Cooperation in Counterterrorism Policing: Evidence from the United Kingdom

This study examines the effects of counterterrorism policing tactics on public cooperation among Muslim communities in London, U.K. The study reports results of a random-sample survey of 300 closed and fixed response telephone interviews conducted in Greater London's Muslim community in February and March 2010. It tests predictors of cooperation with police acting against terrorism. Specifically, the study provides a quantitative analysis of how perceptions of police efficacy, greater terrorism threat, and the perceived fairness of policing tactics (“procedural justice”) predict the willingness to cooperate voluntarily in law enforcement efforts against terrorism. Cooperation is defined to have two elements: a willingness to work with the police in anti-terror efforts, and the willingness to alert police upon becoming aware of a terror-related risk in a community. We find that among British Muslims, both measures of cooperation are better predicted by procedural justice concerns than by perceptions of police efficacy or judgments about the severity of the terrorism threat. Unlike previous studies of policing in the United States, however, we find no correlation between cooperation and judgments about the legitimacy of police; rather, procedural justice judgments influence cooperation directly.
Nano-Mechanical Investigation of the Byssal Cuticle, a Protective Coating of a Bio-Elastomer

The mechanical properties of the mussel byssal thread have been investigated via nano-indentation, with the emphasis on the differences between the cuticle and the fibrous interior. The cuticle hardness was found to be 30–40% higher than that of the underlying fibrous interior. In contrast, the Young's moduli in the two regions were virtually identical to one another. Elemental analysis via energy dispersive spectroscopy indicated surprisingly high levels of Al and Br in the cuticle considering the low amounts found in seawater. A potential role of Al in byssal thread mechanics is discussed in light of the unique capability of the cuticle to accommodate strains of 70% by the underlying fibrils in the core without delamination.
Disposal of Excess Inventory

This paper deals with the problem of disposal of slow-moving or obsolete inventory. For many reasons, companies will find themselves in an overstock situation where the potential sales value of excess stock, less the expected storage costs, does not match the salvage value. We present relationships for the optimum number of items to keep under conditions of stochastic demand and perishing.
Comparing the SF-12 and SF-36 Health Status Questionnaires in Patients With and Without Obesity

Objective To assess how well the SF-36, a well-validated generic quality of life (QOL) instrument, compares with its shorter adaptation, the SF-12, in capturing differences in QOL among patients with and without obesity.
Cardiac Defects Associated with the Absence of the Platelet-derived Growth Factor [alpha] Receptor in the PATCH Mouse

In this report, we describe the distribution of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) by immunolocalization in the embryonic day 10.5 mouse heart and defects in heart development associated with the absence of this receptor in the Patch mouse. The Patch mouse is a naturally occurring mutant that has been accepted as a model for determining the role of the PDGFRalpha in early cardiac development. Even though other genetic defects exist in this naturally occurring mutant, most defects associated with cardiac development are believed to be a result of the absence of this receptor. Gross morphological defects including improper septation of the outflow tract, dysmorphic shape of the heart, and lack of trabecular development are similar to those that have been previously described. Many of these defects have been attributed to the failure of a subset of non-neuronal neural crest cells to properly migrate into the region of the developing outflow tract. In these studies, we have also used confocal scanning laser and transmission electron microscopy to describe and compare the organization and differentiation of the cytoskeletal proteins actin and myosin in littermate control and Patch mouse hearts. Cytoskeletal organization of the cardiac myocytes in Patch mouse hearts has not previously been described. In most cardiac myocytes of Patch mice, actin was found only on the periphery of the cells, and the organization of actin, myosin, and precursor Z-band material into distinct myofibrils was greatly reduced.
Cardiovascular and Perceptual Responses to an Ultraendurance Channel Swim: A Case Study☆

Ultraendurance open water swimming presents unique physiological challenges. This case study aimed to describe cardiovascular and perceptual responses during a successful solo channel swim. Investigators followed a female swimmer's Catalina Channel (32.2 km) crossing, monitoring water temperature (T water ) and air temperature (T air ), distance remaining (DR), average velocity, and heart rate (HR swim ) at regular intervals. Every 24 minutes, the swimmer reported perceived pain (on a scale of 0–10), rating of perceived exertion (RPE [scale of 6–20]), perceived thermal sensation (scale 0–8), and thirst (scale 1–9). Data are presented as mean ± SD where applicable. The participant finished in 9 hours, 2 minutes, and 48 seconds; T water averaged 19.1 ± 0.4oC, and T air averaged 18.6 ± 0.9oC. Her HR swim ranged from 148 to 155 beats/min, and thermal sensation ranged from 3 to 4. Pain inconsistently varied from 0 to 5 during the swim. The RPE remained between 12 and 14 for the first 8 hours, but increased dramatically near the end (reaching 18). Thirst sensation steadily increased throughout the swim, again reaching maximal values on completion. Physiologically and statistically significant correlations existed between thirst and DR ( r = −0.905), RPE and HR swim ( r = 0.741), RPE and DR ( r = −0.694), and pain and DR ( r = −0.671). The primary findings were that, despite fluctuations in perceptual stressors, the swimmer maintained a consistent exercise intensity as indicated by HR swim ; and during ultraendurance swimming, pain, RPE, and thirst positively correlated with distance swum. We hope these findings aid in the preparation and performance of future athletes by providing information on what swimmers may expect during an ultraendurance attempt and by increasing the understanding of physiological and perceptual responses during open water swimming.
Lattice-ordered Fields Determined by d -elements

Most results on the structure of lattice-ordered fields require that the field have a positive multiplicative identity. We construct a functor from the category of lattice-ordered fields with a vector space basis of d-elements to the full subcategory of such fields with positive multiplicative identities. This functor is a left adjoint to the forgetful functor and, in many cases, allows us to write all compatible lattice orders in terms of orders with positive multiplicative identities. We also use these results to characterize algebraically those extensions of totally ordered fields that have vl-bases of d-elements.
Global Monitoring and Forecasting of Biomass-Burning Smoke: Description of and Lessons From the Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) Program

Recently, global biomass-burning research has grown from what was primarily a climate field to include a vibrant air quality observation and forecasting community. While new fire monitoring systems are based on fundamental Earth Systems Science (ESS) research, adaptation to the forecasting problem requires special procedures and simplifications. In a reciprocal manner, results from the air quality research community have contributed scientifically to basic ESS. To help exploit research and data products in climate, ESS, meteorology and air quality biomass burning communities, the joint Navy, NASA, NOAA, and University Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) program was formed in 1999. Based upon the operational NOAA/NESDIS Wild-Fire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) and the near real time University of Maryland/NASA MODIS fire products coupled to the operational Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) transport model, FLAMBE is a combined ESS and operational system to study the nature of smoke particle emissions and transport at the synoptic to continental scales. In this paper, we give an overview of the FLAMBE system and present fundamental metrics on emission and transport patterns of smoke. We also provide examples on regional smoke transport mechanisms and demonstrate that MODIS optical depth data assimilation provides significant variance reduction against observations. Using FLAMBE as a context, throughout the paper we discuss observability issues surrounding the biomass burning system and the subsequent propagation of error. Current indications are that regional particle emissions estimates still have integer factors of uncertainty.
Temporally invariant uniform spatial resolution in dynamic PET

We investigate methods for obtaining uniform spatial resolution over the entire scan duration for penalized ML dynamic PET image reconstructions. We approximate the true continuous time log-likelihood function by a bin-mode log-likelihood, which is obtained by dividing the scan duration into multiple constant-width bins and expressing the likelihood of the total number of counts in each spatiotemporal bin. We then exploit the space-time separability of the bin-mode imaging equation using Kronecker products and derive approximate expressions for two types of local impulse response (LIRs). The first type of LIR is defined as the derivative of the mean reconstructed dynamic PET image to a perturbation to the coefficients of the temporal basis functions. The second LIR definition involves the derivative of the mean reconstructed image to a spatiotemporal impulse which falls outside the temporal model. Temporally invariant uniform spatial resolution can be achieved under the first LIR definition by scaling both spatial and temporal hyperparameters by the diagonal entries of the dynamic Fisher information matrix (FIM). Under the second definition this scaling ameliorates the non-uniform resolution, however further modifications are necessary. We conclude with simulation results.
THE NEARACTIC SAWFLIES OF THE DINEURA COMPLEX (HYMEN.: TENTHREDINIDAE)

The nematine genus Dineura has had assigned to it at various times several species of nearctic sawflies. A close study of these species indicates that Dineura itself is not represented in our fauna, but instead three genera which resemble it in wing venation. This complex was considered by MacGillivray as the sub-family Dineurinae, but as pointed out by Rohwer it is in reality part of the Nematinae. The three genera involved may be separated from the other Nematinae by having the front wings with the base of vein 2A and 3A absent and the second radial cross-vein (2r) present. The extreme differences between the genera suggest strongly that the segregate is purely an artificial one based only on accidental similarity in venation.
First Person Account: Growing Up With a Schizophrenic Mother

In this essay, I have tried to present the way in which I grew up and matured in an environment where there was little or no nurturing due to the disease process of paranoid schizophrenia in my mother. I have attempted to describe my own particular method of dealing with my feelings in my attempt to survive my early home life and somehow emerge intact. As an adult, I had to halt in the path I had chosen and seek professional help in the form of psychotherapy to begin to unlearn my early survival tactics. Although they had been effective during my childhood, once I was no longer living with an active schizophrenic patient, these tactics no longer served me well. Indeed, they could have been my undoing.
Security Requirements Analysis, Specification, Prioritization and Policy Development in Cyber-Physical Systems

In recent past, the security of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) has been the subject of major concern. One of the reasons is that, CPSs are often applied to mission-critical processes. Also, the automation CPSs bring in managing physical processes, and the detail of information available to them for carrying out their tasks, make securing them a prime importance. Securing CPSs is a difficult task as systems are interconnected. In order to achieve a continuous secured CPS environment, there is the need for an integrated methodology to analyze, specify and prioritize security requirements and also to develop policies to meet them. First, CPS assets are represented using high-order object models. Second, swim lane diagrams are extended to include malactivities and prevention or mitigation options to decompose use cases. We analyze security threats pertaining to the hardware components, software components and the hardware-software interaction. Security requirements are then specified, and an analytical prioritization approach, based on relative priority analysis is employed to prioritize them. Finally, security policies are then developed to meet the requirements. To demonstrate its effectiveness and evaluate its application, the proposed methodology is applied in a structured approach to a test bed -- Ayushman, a Pervasive Health Monitoring System (PHMS).
The Composition and Apparent Digestibility of the Flat Pea (Lathyrus Silvestrus Wagneri)

Summary Digestion experiments with three wether lambs were conducted to determine the apparent digestibility of Flat Pea ( Lathyrus silvestrus Wagneri ) hay. The crude protein which constituted 25.3 per cent of the dry matter of the Flat Pea hay had an average digestibility coefficient of 78.3 per cent. The apparent digestibility of the crude fiber was 41.8 per cent; ether extract, 45.8 per cent; nitrogen-free extract, 65.2 per cent; and ash, 51.6 per cent. On the basis of the composition and apparent digestibility as determined in this experiment, 100 pounds of dry matter would contain 19.7 pounds of digestible crude protein and 58.4 pounds of total digestible nutrients. The results indicate that the Flat Pea forage is palatable and highly nutritious.
Perceived lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (from the Dallas Heart Study).

Lifetime risk estimation for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been proposed as a useful strategy to improve risk communication in the primary prevention setting. However, the perception of lifetime risk for CVD is unknown. We included 2,998 subjects from the Dallas Heart Study. Lifetime risk for developing CVD was classified as high (≥39%) versus low (
Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Induces Acute Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice via the Toll-Like Receptor 4- and MyD88-Dependent Pathway

Heat shock protein 60 derived from Chlamydia pneumoniae (cHSP60) activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling through the MyD88 pathway in vitro, but it is not known how cHSP60 contributes to C. pneumoniae-induced lung inflammation. We treated wild-type (WT), TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), or MyD88(-/-) mice intratracheally (i.t.) with recombinant cHSP60 (50 microg), UV-killed C. pneumoniae (UVCP; 5 x 10(6) inclusion-forming units/mouse), lipopolysaccharide (2 microg), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and sacrificed mice 24 h later. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was obtained to measure cell counts and cytokine levels, lungs were analyzed for histopathology, and lung homogenate chemokine concentrations were determined. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDDCs) were generated and stimulated with live C. pneumoniae (multiplicity of infection [MOI], 5), UVCP (MOI, 5), or cHSP60 for 24 h, and the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) was measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. cHSP60 induced acute lung inflammation with the same intensity as that of UVCP-induced inflammation in WT mice but not in TLR4(-/-) or MyD88(-/-) mice. cHSP60- and UVCP-induced lung inflammation was associated with increased numbers of cells in BAL, increased neutrophil recruitment, and elevated BAL interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Both cHSP60 and UVCP induced IL-6 release and CD80 and CD86 expression in WT cells but not in MyD88(-/-) BMDDCs. cHSP60 stimulated DC activation in a TLR4- and MyD88-dependent manner with an intensity similar to that induced by UVCP. These data suggest that cHSP60 promotes lung inflammation and DC activation via TLR4 and MyD88 and therefore may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of C. pneumoniae-induced chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
EEG Correlates of Enhanced Spatial Performance following Exposure to Music

Previous research has shown that exposure to classical music can influence performance on a spatial task. The present study investigated EEG correlates of this enhanced performance effect, 4 female and 4 male undergraduates completed two equivalent spatial tests, one following a control procedure and one following the presentation of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major. EEG was recorded during a baseline and two task-performance periods. Test performance and EEG recordings were analyzed, and correlations were generated between task performance and EEG variables (average spectral power and peak frequency within 5 frequency ranges). Performance improved significantly following the presentation of the music. EEG analysis indicated 6 reliable correlations out of 40 calculated between differential EEG variables and changes in performance. Ten reliable correlations out of 120 were also found between changes in performance and nondifferential EEG variables across baseline, control, and experimental conditions.
The effects of the underwater environment on perception, cognition and memory

Physiological changes in humans due to underwater environments have been well studied, but much less is known about the psychological effects of diving. The possible psychological effects include social, emotional, and cognitive alterations. This paper focuses on cognitive changes, especially changes in perception and memory, and reviews studies of the effects of the underwater environment that have emerged over the past twenty-five years. The impact of the underwater environment on sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory are described as well as the significance of context-dependent memory for diving. The varying effects of diving are important to understand because insights from the underwater environment can guide forays into other hostile environments, for example, space, interplanetary travel, and extremes of temperature and atmospheric conditions. This review serves as an important reminder of past research that is still very relevant. The cognitive changes discussed here affect a whole host of functions that are crucially related to adapting successfully to the challenges of the global environment.
Go Figure? Body-Shape Motives are Associated with Decreased Physical Activity Participation Among Midlife Women

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between midlife women’s physical activity motives and their participation in physical activity. Cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 59 midlife women, most of whom were well-educated European-Americans (mean age = 45.6 years). Body-shape physical activity motives (i.e., motives related to toning, shaping, and weight loss) were compared with all other types of physical activity motives combined. Participants with body-shape motives were significantly less physically active than those with non-body-shape motives (p <. 01). Negative affect toward physical activity was negatively associated with participation, but did not mediate the effect of physical activity motives on participation. Body Mass Index (BMI) was not related to physical activity motives or participation. Results suggest that body-shape motives might be associated with less physical activity participation than non-body-shape motives among midlife women.
Administration of norethandrolone and testosterone as a contraceptive agent for men.

Abstract Oral tablets of 20 mg norethandrolone (17-alpha-ethyl-17-hydroxy-19nor-4-androsten-3-one) were administered daily to four normal men for three months in an attempt to produce azospermia. Simultaneously with the start of this therapy, polysiloxane cylinders containing testosterone were inserted subdermally to maintain normal serum testosterone levels. This treatment regimen failed to cause adequate suppression of the sperm count although there was a reduction in circulating testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Therefore, the dose of norethandrolone utilized in this study was not sufficient to be utilized as a male contraceptive pill. Testosterone administered by subdermal implants failed to maintain the pretreatment androgen levels.
The two RNA polymerases encoded by the nuclear and the plastid compartments transcribe distinct groups of genes in tobacco plastids

The plastid genome in photosynthetic higher plants encodes subunits of an Escherichia coli-like RNA polymerase (PEP) which initiates transcription from E.coli sigma70-type promoters. We have previously established the existence of a second nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP) in photosynthetic higher plants. We report here that many plastid genes and operons have at least one promoter each for PEP and NEP (Class II transcription unit). However, a subset of plastid genes, including photosystem I and II genes, are transcribed from PEP promoters only (Class I genes), while in some instances (e.g. accD) genes are transcribed exclusively by NEP (Class III genes). Sequence alignment identified a 10 nucleotide NEP promoter consensus around the transcription initiation site. Distinct NEP and PEP promoters reported here provide a general mechanism for group-specific gene expression through recognition by the two RNA polymerases.
Late Cenozoic Basin and Range structure in western Mexico adjacent to the Gulf of California

The area that surrounds the Gulf of California was intensely faulted during the late Cenozoic prior to opening of the gulf. In a representative 10,000-km 2 area of southern Sinaloa, the faults consist of a predominant north-northwest-striking set having normal displacement and a subsidiary east-northeast set having largely strike-slip displacement. Two domains are recognized: one in which both fault trends are abundant and one in which east-northeast faults are minor. In the former, north-northwest faults form a series of mostly southwest-tilted half-grabens filled with upper Tertiary sediments. Displacement on individual faults is commonly as much as several kilometers. East-northeast faults probably represent accommodation zones between areas of differential extension. In the second domain, north-northwest faults form an extensive graben system. Major faults, dipping 40° to 70° into the graben and having several kilometers of cumulative displacement, are spaced every 5 to 10 km. Bedding attitudes indicate that fault blocks are rotated as much as 65°. Dependent upon assumptions about subsurface geometry of the faults, total extension may range from 20% to 50%. Fault geometry and stress orientations calculated from fault-slip data indicate that the least principal stress was east-northeast. K-Ar ages of three north-northwest-striking dikes indicate that east-northeast extension began as early as 32 Ma. Ages of tilted volcanic rocks, however, indicate that measurable tilting, and therefore most faulting, began after about 17 Ma. Faulting having similar timing, style, and orientation occurred throughout the area surrounding the Gulf of California, as far south as Nayarit on the Mexican mainland and as far north as areas in Sonora that are unequivocally within the Basin and Range province. This continuity and similarity in characteristics of faulting around the gulf to those of early Basin and Range faulting in the United States indicate that the area around the gulf is part of the Basin and Range province. This Basin and Range faulting probably created the widely recognized but debated proto-Gulf of California. The present Gulf of California opened by ocean-floor spreading and transform faulting in a zone already weakened by Basin and Range extension. The lack of correspondence between areas of extension and likely areas of crustal thickening related either to Laramide contraction or magmatism argues against a model of Basin and Range extension related solely to spreading of overthickened crust.
Circuit/channel co-design methodology for multimode signaling

As higher density of interconnects and packages are demanded, crosstalk noise is becoming more important in input/output (I/O) design. The multimode signaling scheme offers effective crosstalk cancellation in high density links. This paper presents a new circuit/channel co-design methodology for high density links with multimode signaling. A detailed design approach is introduced and a detailed channel design optimization example is provided to validate this method. The optimized channel shows over 60% root mean square (RMS) jitter reduction compared with single-ended signaling. The printed circuit board (PCB) and package routing density of the optimized channel are 300% and 97% higher compared with a practical benchmark channel, respectively, and still shows 31% jitter reduction.
Telomere maintenance genes SIRT1 and XRCC6 impact age-related decline in telomere length but only SIRT1 is associated with human longevity

Leukocyte telomere length is widely considered a biomarker of human age and in many studies indicative of health or disease. We have obtained quantitative estimates of telomere length from blood leukocytes in a population sample, confirming results of previous studies that telomere length significantly decreases with age. Telomere length was also positively associated with several measures of healthy aging, but this relationship was dependent on age. We screened two genes known to be involved in telomere maintenance for association with the age-related decline in telomere length observed in our population to identify candidate longevity-associated genes. A single-nucleotide polymorphism located in the SIRT1 gene and another in the 3′ flanking region of XRCC6 had significant effects on telomere length. At each bi-allelic locus, the minor variant was associated with longer telomeres, though the mode of inheritance fitting best differed between the two genes. No statistical interaction was detected for telomere length between the SIRT1 and XRCC6 variants or between these polymorphisms and age. The SIRT1 locus was significantly associated with longevity (P < 0.003). The frequency of the minor allele was higher in long-lived cases than in young controls, which coincides with the protective role of the minor variant for telomere length. In contrast, the XRCC6 variant was not associated with longevity. Furthermore, it did not affect the association of SIRT1 with exceptional survival. The association of the same variant of SIRT1 with longevity was near significant (P < 0.07) in a second population. These results suggest a potential role of SIRT1 in linking telomere length and longevity. Given the differences between this gene and XRCC6, they point to the distinct impact that alternate pathways of telomere maintenance may have on aging and exceptional survival.
Effects of palladium addition on emission of mercury vapor from dental amalgam.

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that palladium causes a reduction in mercury emission when added to dental amalgam during condensation. Methods: Mercury vapor release was measured in a closed bottle system and an Intraoral Flow device(IOF). Conventional amalgam restorations were modified by addition of various palladium pellets. 1.57 mm diameter palladium pellets with different porosities were fabricated. These pellets were then placed in amalgam restorations using typical condensation and carving procedures. The samples were stored in a closed bottle and mercury measurements were taken from the bottles at 30 min, 1, 3, 5, 24 and 48 h and 7 days after trituration using a Jerome 411 Mercury Vapor Analyzer (Arizona Instrument Corp., Jerome, AZ). The palladium pellets identified as the most effective in mercury vapor reduction were further tested in an IOF device. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD pairwise analysis for significant findings (α=0.05). Results: The palladium containing amalgams when tested in the closed bottle system yielded significantly lower (p Significance: Mercury vapor emission from dental amalgam was greatly reduced by adding palladium pellets to amalgam during condensation. These techniques require only slight modifications of the standard operative procedures.
CORONA-POLED NONLINEAR POLYMERIC FILMS: IN SITU ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND ULTRASHORT-PULSE APPLICATIONS

Electric poling at field intensities approaching the dielectric strength of the film is possible with corona poling. Polymeric thin films with large second-order nonlinearities can be created with this poling technique. In this paper, the corona poling of nonlinear polymeric films at elevated temperatures, processing, characterization and possible ultrashort-pulse applications are reviewed. An experimental technique is presented to measure the electric field during poling of the nonlinear polymeric film. The characterization of orientational order in corona-poled nonlinear polymeric films and the effects associated with the large electric field during poling are discussed. Poled polymeric thin films are uniquely suited for second-order nonlinear optical applications of ultrashort pulses (< 50 fsec) since minimal pulse spreading occurs. The sum-frequency ultrashort-pulse application of nonlinear polymeric thin films and limitations of the thin polymeric films are discussed. Experimental results are presented of a side-chain nonlinear polymer that is ideally suited for ultrashort-pulse applications.
Semiparametric efficient estimation in the generalized odds-rate class of regression models for right-censored time-to-event data.

The generalized odds-rate class of regression models for time to event data is indexed by a non-negative constant ρ and assumes that
Analysis of functional domains in the epidermal growth factor receptor using site-directed mutagenesis.

Protein tyrosine kinase activity is a central feature of one class of retroviral onc genes and of several growth factor receptors including those for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF) (Ushiro and Cohen, 1980; Hunter and Cooper, 1985), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (Yarden et al., 1986), insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) (Ebina et al., 1985; Ullrich et al., 1985), colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) (Sherr et al., 1985), and other ligands (neu) (Bargmann et al., 1986a; Yamamoto et al., 1986). The EGF receptor is the proto-oncogene for the retroviral oncogene erb B (Yamamoto et al., 1983; Downward et al., 1984a; Lin et al., 1984; Ullrich et al., 1984; Xu et al., 1984); the CSF1 receptor for v-fms (Sherr et al., 1985; Coussens et al., 1986); and the neu receptor for the transforming gene neu (Bargmann et al., 1986b). The sis oncogene of the simian sarcoma virus is homologous to the B chain of PDGF and presumably exerts its transforming effects through interaction with the normal PDGF receptor (Doolittle et al., 1983; Waterfield et al., 1983; Huang et al., 1984). Constitutive expression of TGF-α and of EGF, both of which bind to the EGF receptor, also results in cell transformation, presumably via activation of normal EGF receptors (Rosenthal et al., 1986; Stern et al., 1987). Constitutive activation of ligands may be analogous to gene amplification and quantitative over-expression of receptor protein as occurs in some human tumors (Thompson and Gill, 1985) because the initial ligand receptor interaction in a bimolecular event dependent on the concentration of both ligand and receptor (Gill et al., 1985).
Safety evaluation of continuous green T intersections: A propensity scores-genetic matching-potential outcomes approach

The continuous green T intersection is characterized by a channelized left-turn movement from the minor street approach onto the major street, along with a continuous through movement on the major street. The continuous flow through movement is not controlled by the three-phase traffic signal that is used to separate all other movements at the intersection. Rather, the continuous through movement typically has a green through arrow indicator to inform drivers that they do not have to stop. Past research has consistently shown that there are operational and environmental benefits to implementing this intersection form at three-leg locations, when compared to a conventional signalized intersection. These benefits include reduced delay, fuel consumption, and emissions. The safety effects of the conventional green T intersection are less clear. Past research has been limited to small sample sizes, or utilized only statistical comparisons reported crashes to evaluate the safety performance relative to similar intersection types. The present study overcomes past safety research evaluations by using a propensity scores-potential outcomes framework, with genetic matching, to compare the safety performance of the continuous green T to conventional signalized intersections, using treatment and comparison site data from Florida and South Carolina. The results show that the expected total, fatal and injury, and target crash (rear-end, angle, and sideswipe) frequencies are lower at the continuous green T intersection relative to the conventional signalized intersection (CMFs of 0.958 [95% CI=0.772-1.189], 0.846 [95% CI=0.651-1.099], and 0.920 [95% CI=0.714-1.185], respectively).