cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Three Reflections

‘Conventional theology assumes that the different religions must necessarily oppose each other … But on reaching full maturity the human spirit aspires to rise above every manner of conflict and opposition, and a person then recognises all expressions of the spiritual life as an organic whole … There will remain a decided difference in the qualities of the different faiths and in the values of one as compared with another. From the entire ensemble there will automatically become manifest the central essence which is at the heart of all faiths.’
Acute Encephalopathy of Obscure Origin

Six previously healthy children who developed an acute encephalopathy several days after a prodromal illness are reported from the Hopital Bicetre, and Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
Redressing Science Learning Through Supporting Language: The Biology Credit Recovery Course:

Annually, thousands of U.S. students fail high school introductory biology. The language demands of biology are large, and science teachers are often unprepared to support students’ language needs....
Contesting the Gig Economy: #SchedulesThatWork

The old norms of the 9-to-5, 40-h workweek developed in the twentieth century have eroded. They have been replaced with unpredictable schedules where the number and timing of work hours can vary day-to-day. #SchedulesThatWork is a rallying cry for workers responding to this new flexibility. The chapter considers a new crusade for the nation’s retail labor force, fueled by labor-worker–community coalitions such as the Retail Action Project. Led by New York State, several state attorneys general have sought to apply labor laws to curtail these employment practices. In a victory for their largely part-time workforce, some major retailers such as Starbucks, The Gap, Macys, and Zara have ended their “on-call” shifts and are posting schedules with more advance notice.
Abstract CT105: Validation of a tobacco smoke exposure gene expression signature and exploration of intraoral metabolite profiles following administration of a strawberry functional confection in smokers and nonsmokers

Dietary administration of whole strawberries has demonstrated great potential as a strategy for oral and esophageal cancer prevention in preclinical trials. We hypothesize that following consumption of a novel confection containing strawberries (i) gene expression profiles in oral mucosa will be modulated in a manner that favor anti-cancer activities, and (ii) unique intraoral metabolites will segregate smokers and nonsmokers. A 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase I crossover trial using functional confections delivering 24g/day of freeze-dried whole ripe strawberries was examined in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. Objectives Validate an annotated targeted oral epithelial gene expression profile in smokers and nonsmokers. Establish a strawberry-associated oral epithelial gene expression profile in smokers and nonsmokers following localized delivery of a novel strawberry functional confection. Define an intraoral metabolic profile of strawberry compounds in saliva for smokers and nonsmokers. Methods: Total RNA was isolated from tongue oral epithelium brush biopsies and gene expression was measured using RT-qPCR analyses with 44 pre-validated TaqMan gene expression assays corresponding to known tobacco-smoke associated oral transcriptome biomarkers. Anthocyanin and ellagitannins as well as other strawberry metabolites in saliva were quantified using HPLC with photodiode-array and UPLC with tandem mass spectroscopy. Salivary amylase and beta-glucosidase activity was measured colorimetrically using p-nitrophenol endpoints. Results: A 7-gene over-expression signature (ALOX12B, CD207, HTR3A, KRT10, LOR, PNLIPRP3, TRNP1) was validated that segregated smokers and nonsmokers (adjusted p-value Conclusions: Significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers were observed in gene expression, salivary enzyme activity and in intraoral strawberry metabolites following administration of a strawberry functional confection. While this pilot study interrogated an existing tobacco smoke driven transcriptional profile, the global strawberry bioactive driven transcriptome remains uncharacterized. Moreover, complementary changes in oral epithelial gene expression and intraoral metabolites between smokers and nonsmokers warrant the need for long-term cancer prevention studies using strawberries. Citation Format: Jennifer H. Ahn-Jarvis, Thomas J. Knobloch, Steve Oghumu, Ken M. Reidl, Guy Brock, Steven K. Clinton, Yael Vodovotz, Steven J. Schwartz, Christopher M. Weghorst. Validation of a tobacco smoke exposure gene expression signature and exploration of intraoral metabolite profiles following administration of a strawberry functional confection in smokers and nonsmokers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT105. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-CT105
Risk factors for cefepime nonsusceptible Gram-negative infections in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

PurposeAllogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients undergo myelosuppressive chemotherapy to allow engraftment of stem cells and are at particularly high risk for bacterial infections and ad...
Safety and Feasibility of Early Physical Therapy for Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator: University of Maryland Medical Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES To examine the feasibility and safety of mobilizing patients while on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Medical and Surgical ICUs in a large tertiary care hospital in the United States. PATIENTS Adults supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation from January 2014 to December 2015. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We reviewed the medical records from physical therapy, perfusion, and intensivists to obtain the number and type of physical therapy interventions and discharge status; extracorporeal membranous oxygenation type and description of support, cannulation sites; and risk management details of adverse effects, if any. Of 254 patients supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation, 167 patients (66.7%) received a total of 607 physical therapy sessions while on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support. In this cohort, 134 patients (80.2%) had at least one femoral cannula during physical therapy intervention. Sixty-six of the 167 patients (39.5%) were supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation with bifemoral cannulas, and 44 (26.3%) were on veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation. A dual lumen catheter was only used in five cases. Twenty-five patients (15%) (13 bifemoral cases) participated in standing or ambulation activities. Seventy-five patients (68.8%) who were successfully weaned from extracorporeal membranous oxygenation were discharged to a rehabilitation facility; 26 patients (23.8%) went home. Three minor events (< 0.5%) involving two episodes of arrhythmias and a hypotension event interrupted the therapy sessions, but mobility activities and exercises resumed that day. No major events were reported. CONCLUSIONS With a highly trained multidisciplinary team and a focus on restoring function, it is feasible and safe to deliver early rehabilitation including standing and ambulation to patients on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support even those with femoral cannulation sites with veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and veno-venous extracorporeal membranous oxygenation.
Motivation and challenge: Working for international nongovernmental organizations in Cambodia

Abstract The factors that motivate Cambodians working for International Nonprofit Organizations (INGOs) were explored and compared to perceived challenges to their ability to be effective. It was based on interviews conducted with individuals working for INGOs in the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh and the regional city of Battambang. For most, the primary motivations were not pragmatic, but about learning, having an impact, and making a difference. The external environment, rather than personal or organizational issues, brought the primary challenges. The balance between motivation and challenge among these “idealistic” individuals may be important in shaping their future commitments and impact on society.
OLE Automation Objects

In this chapter, we discuss the remarkable world of OLE automation. The idea behind OLE automation is actually quite simple, and yet the technique has incredible power. Briefly put, OLE automation allows the programmer to make his or her classes (and hence their objects) available to other applications. In fact, the Enterprise Edition of Visual Basic allows classes to be made available across networks, which essentially means that objects can be made available to anyone in the world!
Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Since its discovery in 1955, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has consistently been noted to be the single most important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants 4–6 months of age, pregnant women, and the elderly. A link between infection in the young infant and later reactive airway disease and mortality in developing countries is needed. Each target population has different vaccine safety and efficacy concerns and may warrant a different type of vaccine.
Mobile app development in CS0 using corona SDK

Corona SDK allows people to easily create apps for Android and iOS mobile devices. Corona provides sprite animation and a physics engine. This makes it especially good for creating animated apps including games. Corona uses the Lua programming language. Lua is an easy to learn functional programming language.
Plasma levels and cardiovascular effects of nitroglycerin in pregnant sheep

The cardiovascular effects and blood levels of intravenous nitroglycerin in mother and foetus were studied in normotensive and hypertensive ewes. Although nitroglycerin produced a reduction in uterine blood flow following a decrease in blood pressure, there was little if any incidence of adverse effects in the foetus. Nitroglycerin was detected in all but two samples of foetal arterial blood but the foetal/maternal artery ratio was only 0.04. Nitroglycerin merits further evaluation for the treatment of acute hypertensive episodes in the preeclamptic patient.
Tunable mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy

Abstract: This chapter discusses state-of-the-art, mid-infrared spectroscopic techniques used for the detection and monitoring of various specific molecular species, such as NH 3 , NO and NO 2 , based on laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS), cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CES), conventional and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CPAS and QEPAS) as well as Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS). A critical component for each technique is to use an optimum laser source and a detector matched to the detection technique with the option to apply wavelength, frequency and amplitude modulation to the laser source. A significant improvement to trace gas detection systems using spectroscopic techniques has been achieved with the development of high performance mid-infrared semiconductor lasers, in particular quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), since 1994. This has led to increased spectral resolution and high detection sensitivity of molecular trace gas species in the mid-infrared range. Spectroscopic sensors based on QCLs are capable of real time, ultra-sensitive detection of trace gas molecular species that vary in concentration from the per cent level down to parts per trillion (ppt). Such sensors can be used in a wide range of applications that include environmental monitoring, medical and biomedical diagnostics, public health issues, industrial process control and analysis as well as in national defense and security.
Review: The Arabidopsis β-amylase (BAM) gene family: Diversity of form and function

Multi-gene families present a rich research area to study how related proteins evolve to acquire new structures and functions. The β-amylase (BAM) gene family is named for catalytic members' ability to hydrolyze starch into maltose units. However, the family also contains proteins that are catalytically inactive, have additional domains, or are not localized with a starch substrate. Here we review the current knowledge of each of the nine Arabidopsis BAMs, including information on their localization, structural features, expression patterns, regulation and potential functions. We also discuss unique characteristics of studying multi-gene families, such as the consideration of different kinetic parameters when performing assays on leaf extracts, and suggest approaches that may be fruitful in learning more about their unique functions.
Mathematics for biological sciences undergraduates: a needs assessment

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the mathematical needs of biological sciences undergraduate students. Student needs were measured through a needs assessment methodology scheme ...
Protein structure prediction beyond AlphaFold

DeepMind’s AlphaFold recently demonstrated the potential of deep learning for protein structure prediction. DeepFragLib, a new protein-specific fragment library built using deep neural networks, may have advanced the field to the next stage.
Proteasome Inhibitor Drugs

Proteasomes are large, multicatalytic protein complexes that cleave cellular proteins into peptides. There are many distinct forms of proteasomes that differ in catalytically active subunits, regulatory subunits, and associated proteins. Proteasome inhibitors are an important class of drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, and they are being investigated for other diseases. Bortezomib (Velcade) was the first proteasome inhibitor to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) and ixazomib (Ninlaro) have recently been approved, and more drugs are in development. While the primary mechanism of action is inhibition of the proteasome, the downstream events that lead to selective cell death are not entirely clear. Proteasome inhibitors have been found to affect protein turnover but at concentrations that are much higher than those achieved clinically, raising the possibility that some of the effects of proteasome inhibitors are mediated by other mechanisms.
Associations between Vitamin D and Liver Function and Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Biliary Atresia

Objectives To detail the effects of vitamin D (VD) deficiency and assess the relationships between VD deficiency and liver function and liver fibrosis in patients with biliary atresia (BA). Methods In this study, BA patients confirmed by intraoperative cholangiography were enrolled between January 2017 and February 2019. Preoperative serum 25-(OH)D level, liver function, serum biomarker levels of liver fibrosis, and histopathologic features were recorded. Deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency of VD were defined as serum 25-(OH)D concentrations of 20 ng/ml, respectively. Associations between serum 25-(OH)D level and liver function and liver fibrosis were analyzed. Results A total of 161 BA infants were included. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) serum 25-(OH)D level in all patients was 7.56 (IQR: 4.48-11.40) ng/ml. The rates of 25-(OH)D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency were 67.1% (108/161), 29.2% (47/161), and 3.7% (6/161), respectively. Serum 25-(OH)D level was negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (r = -0.232, P = 0.003). After adjusting for age, a decrease in serum 25-(OH)D level was correlated with the increase of the Batts-Ludwig stage score (odds ratio (OR): 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-0.99; P = 0.028). Serum 25-(OH)D level was also correlated with the N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) (r = -0.246, P = 0.002). Additionally, PIIINP (P = 0.038) and ALP (P = 0.031) were independently associated with serum 25-(OH)D level. Conclusions VD deficiency was common and inversely correlated with liver fibrosis in BA patients. Furthermore, VD was not correlated with liver function except alkaline phosphatase.
Awareness, Knowledge, and Utility of RCT Data vs RWE: Results From a Survey of US Cardiologists: Real-world Evidence in Clinical Decision Making:

Real-world evidence (RWE) provides a potential rich source of additional information to the body of data available from randomized clinical trials (RCTs), but there is a need to understand the strengths and limitations of RWE before it can be applied to clinical practice. To gain insight into current thinking in clinical decision making and utility of different data sources, a representative sampling of US cardiologists selected from the current, active Fellows of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) were surveyed to evaluate their perceptions of findings from RCTs and RWE studies and their application in clinical practice. The survey was conducted online via the ACC web portal between 12 July and 11 August 2017. Of the 548 active ACC Fellows invited as panel members, 173 completed the survey (32% response), most of whom were board certified in general cardiology (n = 119, 69%) or interventional cardiology (n = 40, 23%). The survey results indicated a wide range of familiarity with and utilization of RWE amongst cardiologists. Most cardiologists were familiar with RWE and considered RWE in clinical practice at least some of the time. However, a significant minority of survey respondents had rarely or never applied RWE learnings in their clinical practice, and many did not feel confident in the results of RWE other than registry data. These survey findings suggest that additional education on how to assess and interpret RWE could help physicians to integrate data and learnings from RCTs and RWE to best guide clinical decision making.
Multicultural Educators as Cultural Brokers and Language Mediators.

With the lack of ethnolinguistic-specific resources for U.S. teachers, this essay is written for teachers working with ethnolinguistic students at schools and in the communities. In what follows, I...
Poultry manureshed management: Opportunities and challenges for a vertically integrated industry

Manureshed management seeks to address systemic imbalances in nutrient distributions at scales beyond the farmgate and potentially across county and state boundaries. The U.S. poultry industry, which includes broilers, layers, pullets, and turkeys, has many characteristics that are compatible with achieving a vision of manureshed management, including a history of engaging in local and regional programs to better distribute manure resources. Despite widespread vertical integration that supports large-scale strategic decision making and dry manures that favor off-farm transport, there are still many challenges to poultry manureshed management that require engaging stakeholders other than just the poultry industry. Analysis of county-level nutrient budgets highlights the industry's "mega-manureshed," extending from the Mid-Atlantic, across the southeast, and into northwest Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The analysis also identifies areas with legacy nutrient build-up that are still present today. Implementing manureshed management in the U.S. poultry industry requires comprehensive consideration of manure treatment technologies, alternative uses such as bioenergy production, market development for treated manure products, transport of manure nutrients from source to sink areas, and manure brokering programs that promote manure nutrient distribution. Fortunately, past and present evolution and innovation within the industry places it as a likely leader of the manureshed vision. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Heartbeat: improved quality of life and reduced healthcare utilisation after catheter ablation in patients with drug-resistant paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

The role of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in management of patients with paroxysmal AF is controversial. In this issue of Heart , Gupta and colleagues1 report data from a multicentre study of 329 consecutive patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal AF treated with AF ablation by pulmonary vein isolation guided by a standardised CLOSE (contiguous optimised lesions) protocol. Patient reported quality of life (QOL) measures showed significant improvement across all domains at 12 months. In addition, QOL improvement was associated with a lower AF burden, measured by ambulatory monitoring. Overall, cardiovascular hospitalisations decreased by 42% after AF ablation. Patients with the lowest QOL measures at baseline had the most improvement after AF ablation (figure 1). Figure 1 Atrial fibrillation effect on quality of life survey (AFEQT) change versus baseline score. In the accompanying editorial, Elvan2 comments: ‘Significant reduction of the impact of AF on healthcare utilisation and improvement of QOL metrics should be regarded as important and patient-relevant healthcare values gained by catheter ablation of paroxysmal AF. Moreover, Gupta and colleagues1 report an inverse association between the extent of QOL improvement and residual AF burden post-ablation. These results emphasise the importance of incorporating AF-specific QOL …
Impact of Vocal Effort on Respiratory and Articulatory Kinematics

Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine the effects of increases in vocal effort, without changing speech intensity, on respiratory and articulatory kinematics in young adults with typical v...
Challenges of Change: Technological Ease or Technological Upset?

New knowledge learning that involves errorless task performance has become a key objective for healthcare organizations [Rushmer & Davies, 2004]. As knowledge changes to incorporate the use of computer systems, service delivery using the Electronic Health Record (EHR) has created unforeseen challenges for service providers and the organizations they serve. This challenge appears mainly to involve a change in actions, behaviors and mental models by providers using the EHR [Senge, 2006]. This is necessary for healthcare organizations if they want to remain competitive, improve the quality of care, and reduce costs. The challenge is to develop and implement this new knowledge from individual current competencies [Becker, 2004]. One group that is critical in meeting these challenges is the physicians. Work practice documentation has changed to include a technological focus. As physicians interact with EHR technology, it is important they have the ability to unlearn needed knowledge while maintaining intellectual capital for organizations [McDonald, 1997].
Prediction of Rayleigh fading channels based on hidden Markov modeling of sequential channel decoding complexity

In fading channels that exhibit memory, errors tend to occur in blocks. Knowledge of the channel condition of the previous block can be used to predict the future channel quality and improve the performance of the channel decoding system. Sequential decoding algorithms are known to have the advantage of allowing for variable decoding complexity with changing channel conditions. On the other hand, the changing complexity is also an indicator of channel conditions. We employ the complexity of Fano (1963) sequential decoders to model the Rayleigh fading channels. Based on hidden Markov models, We propose a fast sliding window prediction approach. We empirically determine the relations between the prediction performance and the number of distinctive symbols in the model.
Web Marketing for the Music Business

Foreword Chapter 1 Development of music marketing on the Internet Chapter 2 State of the Market Chapter 3 Overall Music Marketing Strategy Chapter 4 Domains and Hosts: Nuts and Bolts Chapter 5 Creating the Web Site Chapter 6 HTML and Scripts Chapter 7 Optimizing and Monitoring Your Web Site to Increase Traffic Chapter 8 Audio and Video for Your Web Site Chapter 9 E-commerce and Financial Transactions Chapter 10 Finding Your Market Chapter 11 Successful Promotion on the Web Chapter 12 Social Networking Sites Chapter 13 Professional, Legal and Ethical Issues Chapter 14 Mobile Media Chapter 15 Mobile Music Marketing
Uptake and degradation of atrazine utilizing phytoremediation technology with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in agriculture. Non-point source (NPS) contamination of groundwater and drinking water may pose a significant threat to humans, wildlife, and the environment. Phytoremediation may provide a cost-effective strategy for reducing NPS contamination from agricultural runoff. Previous laboratory and greenhouse studies have shown that switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and other prairie grasses can enhance atrazine degradation in contaminated soils. Phytoremediation is partially a result of microbial processes in the rhizosphere. Degradation may also occur within the plant biomass; however the extent to which this occurs remains unknown for phytoremeidation of contaminated soils. We hypothesize that switchgrass plants have the capacity for degrading atrazine. The goal of this study was to: 1) characterize the ability of switchgrass plants to accumulate atrazine from soils; 2) quantify the amount of degradation occurring in the plant; and 3) quantify the amount of degradation occurring in the rhizosphere. Switchgrass seedlings were transplanted in autoclaved and non-autoclaved sand containing 10 μg of atrazine per gram of sand. Treatments were sacrificed on Days 0, 15, and 30. Sand and plant tissue were extracted via mechanical shaking and tissue grinding, respectively. The extracts were analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermionic specific detector to determine the concentration of atrazine and metabolites in sand and plant tissues.
Galactose Stimulation of β-Galactosidase Induction in Galactokinaseless Mutants of Escherichia coli THE INDUCTION OF A THIOMETHYLGALACTOSIDE PERMEASE

Abstract Galactose stimulates the induction of β-galactosidase by thiomethylgalactoside in two galactokinaseless strains of Escherichia coli, one of which also lacks the galactoside permease of the lac operon. The stimulatory action of galactose results from the induction of a separate galactoside permease, probably identical with that induced by galactinol. Lactose, d-fucose, thiomethylgalactoside, and isopropylthiogalactoside do not act as inducers. In a galactose-fermenting strain, galactose inhibits rather than stimulates induction of β-galactosidase by thiomethylgalactoside.
Crashworthiness Simulation of Lower Control Arm Impact Tests

Finite element models of cast aluminum and stamped steel lower control arms (LCAs) were created to simulate subsystem tests of LCA with bushings and brackets. Several modeling methods were used to simulate the dynamic responses of cast aluminum LCAs, and the advantages and disadvantages. of each method are discussed. Factors that are essential for modeling stamped steel components found in previous studies [1, 2] including strain rate, forming, and welding effects are incorporated in the stamped steel LCA models. Difficulties in modeling LCAs subsystem, possible remedies, and further improvements are also discussed in this paper.
Analysis of Minimal Functions of Simian Virus 40 III. Evidence for “Host Cell Repair” of Oncogenicity and Infectivity of UV-Irradiated Simian Virus 40

Abstract The in vitro transforming capacity of simian virus 40 (SV40) for Syrian hamster cells is highly resistant to inactivation by UV light in comparison to infectivity. In the same cell system, we demonstrated a “host cell repair mechanism” sensitive to caffeine which is, to a large extent, responsible for the high resistance to UV inactivation of the transforming capacity of SV40. The survival of infectivity of UV-irradiated SV40 in CV-1 cells was also sensitive to caffeine, again indicating host cell repair. On the other hand, depression of normal cell DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea during the first 24 h postinfection only modestly reduced, and to a similar extent, the transforming capacity of UV-irradiated and nonirradiated SV40.
beta-Amyloid peptide and a 3-kDa fragment are derived by distinct cellular mechanisms

We have analyzed the cellular processing pathways which produce the 4-kDa amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) and a 3-kDa derivative (p3) of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) found in conditioned media of tissue culture cells and in cerebrospinal fluid. Pulse-chase experiments reveal that both peptides are secreted in parallel with soluble beta APP (APPs); no precursor-product relation between A beta and p3 was found. The protease inhibitor leupeptin did not influence the production of either peptide. In contrast, the weak base ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of A beta production with less decrease in p3. A similar effect was observed using the monovalent ionophore monensin. Brefeldin A completely inhibited the generation of both peptides, indicating that proteases located in the endoplasmic reticulum or early Golgi are not sufficient for the production of the small peptides. Deletion of the beta APP cytoplasmic domain, which removes a consensus sequence that probably mediates reinternalization, caused an increase in secretion of both APPs and p3 and did not abolish A beta production. These observations suggest that completely mature beta APP within the late Golgi and/or at the cell surface is a prerequisite for A beta production but processing within the lysosome might not be directly required. p3 appears to derive from the 10-kDa C-terminal stub of beta APP following secretion of APPs.
Skill utilization of overseas interns

Abstract Overseas internship programs are intended to provide substantive learning and skill development opportunities for interns. At the same time, internships are intended to provide employers with bright students who can help meet staffing needs and opportunities to recruit superior candidates for future job openings. However, overseas internships can be successful for interns and organizations alike only if interns are effectively utilized by their host organizations and have the opportunity to acquire new skills and knowledge. This research examines the factors that enhance the skill utilization and development of overseas interns as well as the consequences of poor skill utilization or skill misutilization. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 125 interns working in overseas internships in 23 countries. The results suggest that ineffective assignment procedures, poorly articulated duties, inadequate mentoring, and lack of corporate experience with internship programs all contribute to the underutilization or misutilization of interns' skills. In addition, poor skill utilization was strongly associated with negative attitudes about the internship and decreased work effort even after controlling for such variables as age, gender, previous overseas work experience, and cultural distance. The article concludes with directions for improving the design of overseas internships.
Cost Containment, DRGs, and The Ethics of Health Care

This series of articles by Charles Dougherty, Robert Berenson, and Kathleen Powderly and Elaine Smith, as well as “Cost Containment: Challenging Fidelity and Justice” by E. Haavi Morreim (Hastings Center Report, December 1988), result from a Hastings Center project, “Ethics and Prospective Payment Systems: DRGs.” The two-year project was jointly funded by The General Electric Foundation and the American Medical Association Education and Research Foundation. The project tried to gauge the systematic effects of the introduction of cost containment strategies, prospective payment by Diagnostic Related Groups in particular, on the provision of health care and the ethical practice of medicine. Cost containment strategies, no matter how necessary in curbing spiraling medical costs, leave no sector or participants in the health care system untouched—hospitals and other health care institutions; doctors, nurses, social workers and other health care professionals; patients, their families, and the thirty-six to forty million medically indigent. The articles discuss the several and interrelated ethical issues raised by the DRG prospective payment system (Dougherty); its particular affect on the doctor-patient relationship and how it is transforming the ethical practice of medicine (Berenson and Morreim); and its specific impact on the professions and professional ethics of nursing and social work (Powderly and Smith). The overall message of the articles is that the health professions, their provision of care, and the ethics of their practices—as driven by economic considerations and realities—are in the midst of a more or less radical sea change.
Equivalent circuit models for canonical chiral elements

An external load can be connected to a chiral clement in two ways; a parallel connection or a series connection. The parallel connection places the external load across the dipole-loop gap, putting the loop terminals, the dipole terminals and the load terminals in parallel. The other configuration breaks the connection between the dipole and loop sections at the center gap, reconnecting the loop, the load and the dipole in a series configuration. The terminal impedance and backscatter behavior of the chiral clement is different for each connection method. The objective of this paper is to develop useful equivalent circuit models for both series connected and parallel connected versions of canonical chiral elements.
Temperature and Pressure Drop Model for Gaseous Helium Cooled Superconducting DC Cables

The need to transfer large amounts of power in applications where cabling weight and space are a major issue has increased the interest in superconducting cables. Gaseous helium and neon are being considered as possible coolants due to their suitability for the expected operating temperature ranges. Gaseous helium is preferred due to its higher thermal conductivity and relatively lower cost than neon. This paper enhances a previously presented mathematical model of a superconducting cable contained in a flexible cryostat by including flow pressure drops. In this way, the model is capable of properly sizing and minimizing fan power, and allows the prediction of system response to localized heating events (e.g., quenching). A volume element model approach was used to develop a physics model, based on fundamental correlations, and principles of classical thermodynamics, mass and heat transfer, which resulted in a system of ordinary differential equations with time as the independent variable. The spatial dependence of the model is accounted for through the three-dimensional distribution of the volume elements in the computational domain. The model numerically obtains the temperature distribution under different environmental conditions. Pressure drop calculations are based on realistic correlations that account for the wavy nature of the coolant channels. Converged solutions were obtained within the imposed numerical accuracy even with coarse meshes.
Lateral isotopic discontinuity in the lower crust - An example from Antarctica

The lower continental crust is one of the least known variables in the crust-mantle evolutionary equation. In order to study the nature and compositional heterogeneity of the lower crust, more than 20 inclusions of lower crustal granulites in volcanic rocks from the McMurdo Sound region of Antarctica were analyzed for strontium and oxygen isotopes. These inclusions were erupted from volcanic centers covering an area of 12,000 square kilometers. Along with results from analyses of major and trace elements, the isotopic data reveal a profound discontinuity in the composition and probably the age of the lower crust that coincides with the boundary between the Transantarctic Mountains and the Ross Embayment. Although this topographic boundary between East and West Antarctica is largely a Cenozoic development, which apparently reflects a simple subvertical faulting relationship due to crustal rifting, the isotopic differences in the lower crust across the boundary suggest that the current faulting and rifting may coincide with an older crustal suture, the age of which is uncertain.
Oblique Reconnaissance With Infrared Line Scanners

Infrared Oblique reconnaissance from an aircraft can be achieved either by use of FLIR (Forward Looking Infrared) sensors or by using IRLS (infrared line scanners) when such sensors are pointed in an oblique direction. Each sensor has certain problems associated with its use. The FLIRs offer good resolution and sensitivity but have a narrow field of view while the IRLS sensors have wide coverage but suffer from sampling overlap and underlap mismatch in each scan. These problems are discussed. Some solutions are mentioned which tend to maximize resolution and sensitivity so that oblique imaging at long slant ranges near the horizon can be accomplished on a low altitude reconnaissance mission. Current development activity at Honeywell toward these goals is briefly noted.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mini workshop — Electronic inking without the tablet: Instructional applications and findings on use of the Livescribe smartpen

In Fall 2008, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) at the University of Virginia (UVa) began an efficacy study with Livescribe, Inc. on their smartpen technology. In particular, SEAS wanted to investigate whether the device could serve as a technological support for distributed learning as well as a more cost-effective alternative to other electronic inking solutions (e.g. tablet PCs or Wacom tablets). The smartpen technology works differently from other digital pens in that it records both the written word on the page and audio simultaneously, which can then be played back by tapping the handwritten marks on the page or saved as recordings that can be transferred to the computer as a viewable movie and played back. The pen also offers additional affordances that allow it to be adapted to educational settings. As part of the efficacy study, UVa has mapped out processes for using this technology for those additional affordances such as grading, creating interactive documents, electronic homework submission, and use of the device as an alternative to tablet PCs. In this special session, participants will have the chance to use the smartpen and learn more about the processes for using this technology for advanced application.
GABAA receptors on calbindin-immunoreactive myenteric neurons of guinea pig intestine

Abstract These studies were carried out to characterize the properties of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptors on guinea pig intestinal myenteric neurons maintained in primary culture. In addition, the type of neuron expressing GABA A receptors was identified using immunohistochemical methods. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of currents elicited by GABA and acetylcholine (ACh) were obtained using pipettes containing Neurobiotin®. After electrophysiological studies, neurons were processed for localization of calbindin-D28K-immunoreactivity (calbindin-ir). GABA (1 mM) and ACh (3 mM) caused inward currents in most cells tested. GABA currents were mimicked by muscimol (1–300 μM) and were blocked by bicuculline (10 μM) indicating that GABA was acting at GABA A receptors. GABA currents were associated with a conductance increase and a linear current/voltage relationship with a reversal potential of 1±1 mV ( n =5). Pentobarbital (PB, 3–1000 μM) and diazepam (DZP, 0.01–10 μM) potentiated GABA-induced currents. A maximum concentration of DZP (1 μM) increased GABA-induced currents 3.1±0.3 times while PB (1000 μM) increased GABA currents by 11±2 times. In outside-out patches, the amplitude of GABA-activated single-channel currents was linearly related to membrane potential with a single-channel conductance of 28.5±0.5 pS ( n =10). PB and DZP increased the open probability of GABA-induced single-channel currents. Neurons containing calbindin-ir were large, were isolated from other neurons and had GABA current amplitudes of −3.4±0.3 nA ( n =48). Neurons with weak or absent calbindin-ir were smaller, were localized in clusters of cells and had GABA-induced current amplitudes of −0.6±0.1 nA ( n =20). ACh-induced currents were smaller in calbindin-ir neurons (−0.7±0.1 nA) compared to weakly calbindin-ir neurons (−1.4±0.1 nA). These results indicate that myenteric calbindin-ir neurons express a high density of GABA A receptors. Cell size and location allow visual identification of neurons likely to contain calbindin-ir permitting targeted studies of the properties of these neurons.
Pioneer transcription factors target partial DNA motifs on nucleosomes to initiate reprogramming

Pioneer transcription factors (TFs) access silent chromatin and initiate cell-fate changes, using diverse types of DNA binding domains (DBDs). FoxA, the paradigm pioneer TF, has a winged helix DBD that resembles linker histone and thereby binds its target sites on nucleosomes and in compacted chromatin. Herein, we compare the nucleosome and chromatin targeting activities of Oct4 (POU DBD), Sox2 (HMG box DBD), Klf4 (zinc finger DBD), and c-Myc (bHLH DBD), which together reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency. Purified Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 proteins can bind nucleosomes in vitro, and in vivo they preferentially target silent sites enriched for nucleosomes. Pioneer activity relates simply to the ability of a given DBD to target partial motifs displayed on the nucleosome surface. Such partial motif recognition can occur by coordinate binding between factors. Our findings provide insight into how pioneer factors can target naive chromatin sites.
Endocrine aspects of female-female pairing in the Western gull (Larus occidentalis wymani)

Abstract Investigations of the colonies of western gulls on Santa Barbara Island, California, have revealed a surplus of females and the occurrence of female-female pairs that produce clutches with as many as six eggs. Females are able to establish and defend breeding territories, behaviours generally thought to be under the control of androgens. There are very few significant differences in circulating levels of the luteinizing hormone and androgens among breeding males, breeding females in heterosexual pairs, and breeding females in homosexual pairs. In contrast, however, only females sampled in 1877, in both homo- and heterosexual pairs, have elevated plasma levels of oestrogens, in spring, coincident with the period in which they show courtship behaviours such as food begging and solicitation of copulation. Given a sex ratio skewed in favour of females, as is apparently the case with the colonies of this species on Santa Barbara Island, and the essentially equal plasma levels of androgens in males and females, it is not difficult to rationalize the formation of female-female pairs. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that female-female pairing involves hormonal masculinization of one member of the pair.
Copolymers of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl 2-methylacrylate and 4-[5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]phenyl 2-methylacrylate: correlating hole drift mobility and electronic structure calculations with electroluminescence.

Methacrylate monomers functionalized with pendant carbazole and oxadiazole moieties were copolymerized into random copolymers with varying carbazole/oxadiazole ratios. Specifically, the monomers of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl 2-methylacrylate (CE) and 4-[5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]phenyl 2-methylacrylate (tBPOP) were copolymerized in various ratios, and the inherent hole drift mobilities were assessed through time-of-flight techniques. At a field strength of 345 kV/cm, the homopolymer PCE exhibited a hole mobility of 5.9 × 10−7 cm2/V·s, which was approximately twice the value of the technologically important poly(9-vinylcarbazole), which exhibited a value of 2.8 × 10−7 cm2/V·s. The range of hole mobilities in the copolymers varied from 2.4 × 10−8 cm2/V·s for copolymers containing 50 mol % of the carbazole-containing monomer residue to 3.0 × 10−7 cm2/V·s for copolymers that incorporated 88 mol % of the residue. Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-21G*) and optical absorption derived highest o...
The influence of bilateral labyrinthectomy on horizontal and vertical optokinetic reflexes in the rabbit.

Vestibular, visual and proprioceptive information converge onto the vestibular nuclei 11-13 and these nuclei participate in the control of reflexive eye movements evoked by each of these sensory inputs. Damage to the labyrinth or to the vestibular nerve not only impairs vestibulo-ocular reflexes, but also reduces the gain of optokinetic reflexes and the duration of optokinetic afternystagmus in cats 5, monkeys 6, humans a4 and rabbits 2,a. Destruction of the vestibular nuclei abolishes optokinetic nystagmus in guinea pigs 1. Previously, we have demonstrated that the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex has a lower gain (eye velocity/head velocity) than the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex at low frequencies of sinusoidal stimulation, 0.005-0.050 Hz 3. This difference in low frequency gain can be ascribed to an otolithic contribution to the vertical vestibuloocular reflex. Conversely, the horizontal optokinetic reflex and the horizontal cervicoocular reflex have higher gains than the vertical optokinetic reflex and the vertical cervico-ocular reflex4, ~0. It appears that the higher gains of the horizontal optokinetic and cervico-ocular reflexes, both of which are maximal at lower stimulus frequencies, compensate in part for the absence of a low frequency otolithic contribution to the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. Since the horizontal and vertical optokinetic reflexes have different gains, it seemed possible that the functional role of the vestibular nuclei in these orthogonal reflexes would also be different. If so, then these reflexes would be affected differentially by bilateral labyrinthectomies. Therefore, we have compared the open-loop gains of the monocularly evoked horizontal and vertical optokinetic reflexes before and after bilateral labyrinthectomies in rabbits. The horizontal and vertical optokinetic reflexes evoked by monocular open-loop stimulation were measured in 5 albino rabbits. During optokinetic reflex testing, the head of the rabbit was fixed with previously implanted bolts to a restraint rod at the
Trace metals in humic substances of coastal sediments of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Abstract The contents of major elements and trace metals have been determined in sediments and associated humic acids from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The principal trace element components of the humic acids that passed through a cation-exchange column were phosphorus (1700–2700 μg g −1 ) and copper (700–1300 μg g −1 ). Elements enriched in the humic acids compared with the sediments included P, Cu, Fe, Al, Zn, Mo and Ni, whereas the concentrations of Ti, Mn, Ba, Co, Cr, B, V and Pb were much lower in the humic acids. Enrichment factors for P, Cu, Ni and Zn became larger as the overlying water depth became deeper. The coastal humic acids contained 0.16–0.30% P and 2.21–2.85% S, with C/P atomic ratios of 495–952 (average, 770) and C/S atomic ratios of 54.5–71.8 (average, 61.2). Diagenesis of sedimentary humic acids produces humic acids with C/P atomic ratios of 1000 by preferential loss of phosphorus, as well as of organic carbon and nitrogen.