cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Meat‐Like Process Flavoring from Soybean‐Based Enzyme‐Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (E‐HVP)

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop a meat-like process flavoring agent from enzyme-hydrolyzed vegetable protein (E-HVP). Five factors were evaluated: pH (3.6 to 8.4), temperature (51 to 99 °C), heating period (0.3 to 2.7 h), amount of ribose (0 to 1 × 10 -3 mol) and amount of cysteine (0 to 1 × 10 -3 mol). Sensory analysis limited to aroma in terms of overall liking and intensity of specific aroma attributes was investigated. The aroma attributes measured included bean-like, potato-like, Brussels sprouts-like, molasses-like, chicken-like, beef-like, egg-like, roasted and apple sauce-like). Based on the fitted surfaces and consumer test data (overall liking), the optimum reaction conditions for production of a meat-like flavoring were pH 6,99 °C reaction temperature, 1,5 h heating time, 5 × 10 -4 mol of ribose and 5 × 10 -4 mol of cysteine.
Initiation of cardiac differentiation occurs in the absence of anterior endoderm

Anterior endoderm has been proposed to be a specific inducer of cardiac differentiation in vertebrates (reviewed in Jacobson and Sater, Development 104, 341-359, 1988). The ability of cardiogenic mesoderm to differentiate in a minimal culture system was examined using cardiac-specific gene expression as an assay. Anterior lateral plate mesoderm was explanted from chick embryos with and without associated endoderm at developmental stages from just after gastrulation (stage 4; Hamburger and Hamilton, J. Morph. 88, 49-67, 1951) to just prior to contraction (stage 9). At all stages examined, cardiogenic mesoderm expressed a profile of cardiac-specific mRNAs after two days in minimal medium independent of the presence of endoderm. Our studies indicate that endoderm is necessary for the generation of stable sarcomeric protein expression, organized myofibrils and beating tissue from stage 4-6. Subsequent to this stage, an interaction with anterior endoderm is no longer required. Examination of cardia bifida embryos from which anterior endoderm had been unilaterally removed also showed a stage-dependent effect of endoderm on beating, while cardiac gene expression and heart morphogenesis were unaffected. These results demonstrate that anterior endoderm does not induce or maintain cardiac gene expression, nor is it required for terminal differentiation. Endoderm does appear to be necessary for a short period of time between initiation of cardiac gene expression and the onset of contraction.
Prebiotic materials from on and off the early Earth

One of the greatest puzzles of all time is how did life arise? It has been universally presumed that life arose in a soup rich in carbon compounds, but from where did these organic molecules come? In this article, I will review proposed terrestrial sources of prebiotic organic molecules, such as Miller–Urey synthesis (including how they would depend on the oxidation state of the atmosphere) and hydrothermal vents and also input from space. While the former is perhaps better known and more commonly taught in school, we now know that comet and asteroid dust deliver tons of organics to the Earth every day, therefore this flux of reduced carbon from space probably also played a role in making the Earth habitable. We will compare and contrast the types and abundances of organics from on and off the Earth given standard assumptions. Perhaps each process provided specific compounds (amino acids, sugars, amphiphiles) that were directly related to the origin or early evolution of life. In any case, whether planetary, nebular or interstellar, we will consider how one might attempt to distinguish between abiotic organic molecules from actual signs of life as part of a robotic search for life in the Solar System.
Causes of Iron and Zinc Deficiencies and Their Effects on Brain

Low consumption of foods rich in bioavailable iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) such as meat, particularly red meat, and high consumption of foods rich in inhibitors of Fe and Zn absorption, such as phytate, certain dietary fibers and calcium, cause Fe and Zn deficiencies. Neuropsychologic impairment is one of several potential outcomes of these deficiencies.
Substance P Modulates Colitis-Asscociated Fibrosis

Substance P (SP) and the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) are involved in the development of colitis and mucosal healing after colonic inflammation. We studied whether SP modulates colonic fibrosis by using a chronic model of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in wild-type (WT) and NK-1R-deficient (NK-1R KD) mice. We found increased mRNA expression levels of collagen, vimentin, and the fibrogenic factors transforming growth factor β1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 in the chronically inflamed colons of WT mice treated with repeated intracolonic TNBS administrations. Fibrosis in TNBS-treated mice was also evident immunohistochemically by collagen deposition in the colon. Treatment of TNBS-exposed WT mice with the NK-1R antagonist CJ-12255 reduced colonic inflammation, colonic fibrosis, fibroblast accumulation, and expression levels of the fibrogenic factors. NK-1R knockout mice chronically exposed to TNBS had similar colonic inflammation compared with WT, but reduced colonic fibrosis, fibroblast accumulation, and expression levels of fibrogenic factors. Immunohistochemical staining also showed co-localization of NK-1R with fibroblasts in inflamed colons of mice and in colonic mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease. Exposure of human colonic CCD-18Co fibroblasts to SP (10 nmol/L) increased cell migration. SP stimulated collagen synthesis in CCD-18Co fibroblasts in the presence of transforming growth factor β1 and insulin-like growth factor 1, and this effect was reduced by Akt inhibition. Thus, SP, via NK-1R, promotes intestinal fibrogenesis after chronic colitis by stimulating fibrotic responses in fibroblasts.
Poly(chloropropylmethyl‐dimethylsiloxane)–polyurethane elastomers: Synthesis and properties of segmented copolymers and related zwitterionomers

A series of polyurethane block copolymers based on hydroxybutyl terminated poly(chloropropylmethyl-dimethylsiloxane) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segments of molecular weights 2100 and 2000, respectively, were synthesized. The hard segments consisted of 4,4′-methylenediphenylene diisocyanate (MDI) that was chain extended with either 1,4-butanediol (BD) or N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). The materials chain extended with MDEA were ionized using 1,3-propane sultone. The weight fraction of the hard segments was in the range 0.30–0.45. The effect of mixed soft segments, chain extenders, and zwitterionization on the extent of phase separation and physical properties was studied by utilizing differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical, stress-strain, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy experiments. All of these short segment block copolymers showed nearly complete phase separation. The zwitterionomer materials exhibited ionic aggregation within the hard domains. Although hard segment crystallinity or ionic aggregation did not affect the morphology, hard domain cohesion was important in determining the tensile and viscoelastic properties of these elastomers.
Magnetic field effect on triplet formation as a probe of intersystem crossing mechanisms in benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide derivative-guanosine complexes and covalent adducts

Abstract The effects of magnetic fields on triplet formation have been examined in covalent benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-N2-2′-deoxyguanosine (BPDE-dG) adducts, and noncovalently interacting tetraol (BPT)/dG hydrolysis products in aqueous and N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions. A magnetic field effect (⩽ 8%) of opposite sign and saturated at 10 mT on the yield of 3BPT triplets and radical anions BPT− is observed in the BPT/dG system in DMF and is attributed to a hyperfine coupling mechanism. Neither formation of BPT− nor magnetic field effects on 3BPT yields are observed in either the covalent or noncovalent interacting systems in water.
Implantable MEMS drug delivery pumps for small animal research

Advanced devices capable of selective delivery of compounds to targeted tissues are lacking, especially in small animal research. Biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) are uniquely suited to this application through the combination of scalability and precise control of fluid handling. Polymer-based drug delivery components and pumps for acute and chronic delivery in small animals are discussed.
On detecting service violations and bandwidth theft in QoS network domains

We design and evaluate a simple and scalable system to verify quality of service (QoS) in a differentiated services domain. The system uses a distributed edge-to-edge monitoring approach with measurement agents collecting information about delays, losses and throughput, and reporting to a service level agreement monitor (SLAM). The SLAM detects potential service violations, bandwidth theft, denial of service attacks, and flags the need to re-dimension the network domain or limit its users. Measurements may be performed entirely edge-to-edge, or the core routers may participate in logging packet drop information. We compare the core-assisted and edge-to-edge schemes, and we extend network tomography-based loss inference mechanisms to cope with different drop precedences in a QoS network. We also develop a load-based service monitoring scheme which probes the appropriate edge routers for loss and throughput on demand. Simulation results indicate that the system detects attacks with reasonable accuracy, and is useful for damage control in both QoS-enabled and best effort network domains.
Notes from the Library in Volume 14:2

"A Baseball Novel" by Clarence E. Turner (The Bride and the Pennan By Frank L. Chance "Freneau and Bion" by Philip Marsh.
Adventures with MicroMARC: A Report on Idaho's Centennial Database

The Idaho State Historical Records Advisory Board obtained funding from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission to provide statewide bibliographic access to manuscripts and archives. This paper describes the innovative features of that project, carried out by the University of Idaho library as subcontractor, including the integration of several off-the-shelf software programs into one process. The paper is slightly revised from a presentation to the Joint Conference of the Northwest Archivists and the Archives Association of British Columbia held at Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, 2 May 1992. The author's attendance at that conference was made possible by a grant from the Hon. John Calhoun Smith Memorial Fund of the University of Idaho.
Cents and the Central Limit Theorem

Many of the variables that you have studied so far in your statistics class have had a normal distribution. You may have used a table of the normal distribution to answer questions about a randomly selected individual or a random sample taken from a normal distribution. Many distributions, however, are not normal or any other standard shape.
Prediction of climate change effects on fish communities in the Mackinaw River watershed, Illinois, USA

As part of an integrated assessment of multiple sector impacts produced by predicted changes in climate we have integrated a set of models, which provide predictions of fish populations under changing flow and temperature regimes. The core of the approach is the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Physical Habitat Simulation Model (PHABSIM). PHABSIM estimates habitat conditions based on flow, which are life stage specific. The output from PHABSIM is used to model fish populations, considering both flow and a temperature threshold, which affects spawning date. Water temperatures were modelled based on air temperature. The resulting assessment tool provides the means to evaluate the effect of multiple stressors produced by climate change scenarios. The model has been used to estimate smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieui ) populations for representative reaches of the Mackinaw River, Illinois. The model has been used to illuminate population effects of changing flow and temperature under historical climate/weather conditions, as well as under climate change scenarios. The integrated models in the assessment tool have provided a useful addition to watershed management, improving our capacity to evaluate natural resources impact at temporal scales typical of climate change, and management response systems.
Transport, Phosphorylation, and Toxicity of a Tricyclic Nucleoside in Cultured Novikoff Rat Hepatoma Cells and Other Cell Lines and Release of Its Monophosphate by the Cells

1,4,5,6,8-Pentaazaacenaphthylene-3-amino-1,5-dihydro-5-methyl-(5-14C)-1-beta-D-ribofuranysly (NSC-154020), a tricyclic 7-deazapurine nucleoside (TCN), was rapidly incorporated into the acid-soluble pool by cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells, mouse L-cells, HeLa cells, and HEp-2 cells, but little incorporation into nucleic acids occurred. More than 90% of the intracellular radioactivity was associated with the monophosphate (MP) of the substrate concentration followed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Comparison of the kinetic constants for the uptake of adenosine and the TCN and of the inhibition of their uptake by each other suggests that both were transported by the same system (Michaelis constant approximately 6-10 muM) and with about the same efficiency. The TCN was also phosphorylated in a cellfree extract containing adenosine kinase activity at about the same rate as was adenosine, but not further phosphorylation of the analogue MP occurred. No significant deamination or degradation of the adenosine analogue to its base and ribose-1-phosphate was observed. TCN inhibited the replication of all four types of cells propagated in suspension culture; however, Novikoff cells were several times more sensitive than were the other three cell types, despite the finding that the TCN-MP, probably the main toxic principle, accumulated to about the same concentration in cells of all four lines. Complete inhibition of replication of Novikoff cells were several times more sensitive than were the other three cell types, despite the finding that the TCN-MP, probably the main toxic principle, accumulated to about the same concentration in cells of all four lines. Complete inhibition of replication of Novikoff cells and cell death occurred at concentration as low as 15 muM TCN. At these concentrations, TCN, within 2 hours of its addition, completely inhibited the incorporation of [14C]formate int0 nucleotides and nucleic acids of Novikoff cells. An inhibition of the denovo synthesis of purine and pyrimidines, however, was not the only toxic effect of the TCN since high concentrations of uridine, adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine, either alone or combined, failed to prevent the inhibition of cell replication by TCN. Also, between 1 and 3 hours of treatment, 70-80% of the Novikoff cells fragmented into four to eight vesicles per cell. These fragments were impermeable to trypan blue, still exhibited some metabolic activity such as the phosphorylation of AMP and TCN, but failed to replicate when the drug was removed. No similar fragmentation was observed with the other cell lines. Novikoff and L-cells rapidly released TCN-MP into the culture fluid. After 4 hours of incubation, 70-100% of the total radioactivity in the medium was associated with the MP. Only a little TCN-MP was released from HeLa and HEp-2 cells. A TCN-resistant mutant of Novikoff cells failed to phosphorylate the analogue and was deficient in adenosine kinase.
Learning how to learn: Meta-learning strategies for the challenges of learning pharmacology

Abstract Background Nursing students have difficulty with pharmacology courses because of the complicated nomenclature and the difficulty of applying drug information to actual patient care. Objectives As part of a new pharmacology course being created, meta-learning strategies designed to diminish the difficulties of learning this difficult content were part of the course pedagogy. Design Strategies were demonstrated, reviewed in class, and implemented through homework assignments. Setting The setting was an Academic Health Center's School of Nursing in the southern United States. Participants Participants were third-year nursing students in an undergraduate nursing program. Methods Surveys of students' opinions of learning gains were conducted at the end of the course over several semesters. In addition, pharmacology scores on a standardized exit exam were compared prior to implementing the course and after. Results Students reported learning dry material more easily, having greater confidence, and finding substantial value in the learning strategies. Students indicated the most helpful strategies, in descending order, as follows: making charts to compare and contrast drugs and drug classes, writing out drug flash cards, making or reviewing creative projects, prioritizing information, making or using visual study aids, and using time and repetition to space learning. Implementation of the new course improved pharmacology scores on a standardized exit exam from 67.0% to 74.3%. Conclusions Overall response to learning strategies was positive, and the increase in the pharmacology standardized exit exam scores demonstrated the effectiveness of this instructional approach.
Kinetic Analysis of Chalcone Epoxidation in a Biphasic System

The kinetics of chalcone epoxidation in a biphasic water/heptane medium system consisting of chalcone as the substrate, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, sodium hydroxide as the base, and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) as the surfactant was investigated. The empirical rate law was established to be described as follows: rate = k[chalcone] 0.74 [DTAB] 0.50 [NaOH] 0.87 [H 2 O 2 ] 1.53 . As a preliminary study, the apparent activation energy of the reaction was determined to be 25.9 kJ/mol.
Practical Matters and Ultimate Concerns, “Doing,” and “Being”: A Diary Study of the Chaplain's Role in the Care of the Seriously Ill in an Urban Acute Care Hospital

Systematic observational studies of the chaplain's role and function in the secular health-care setting are few. With an episode-based diary recorded on handheld digital tablets, palliative care chaplains at a large urban hospital with a diverse patient population recorded details of patient visits in near-real time. Cluster analysis revealed groups of activities we called "doing" and "being," and conversation topics of "practical matters" and "ultimate concerns”; chaplains were most satisfied with visits that involved all of these. Chaplains offer patients and families a space to express significant concerns; however, visits with spiritual or religious activities or topics were relatively rare. Broad quality of life concerns are central to the evolving professional role of chaplains in the secular setting of the modern hospital.
Design and implementation of pipeline topic-specific search engine based on improved PageRank algorithm

In view of the fact that pipeline professionals make massive specialized information retrieval,based on systematic analysis and study on implementation technology of topic-specific search engine,adopting multi-thread programming technology,we have designed and developed Pipeline Topic-Specific Search Engine System based on improved PageRank algorithm.This paper designs system structure according to pipeline information work flow and the key technology involved such as hyperlink analysis,searching strategy and page rank sort technology is discussed in detail.This system has been developed using VC++6.0 and the prototype system displays good applicability in practical application.
IRRADIATION OF NONLYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES IN 16 CATS

Sixteen cats with malignant tumors (10 carcinomas, 6 sarcomas) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were treated with curative intent by radiotherapy. Clinical stating was based on radiographic findings, using the tumor, node, metastasis classification system of the World Health Organization. Irradiation was done with a telecobalt-60 unit (13 cats) and an orthovoltage unit (3 cats). Fourteen cats were treated with irradiation alone, and 2 cats had incomplete surgical resections prior to radiotherapy. Treatment dose was 48 Gy (minimum tumor dose), administered by use of 4 Gy per fraction on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday basis over 4 weeks. Survival times after treatment ranged from 1 to 36 months. The 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 44.3 and 16.6%, respectively. Histologic type and clinical stage did not have prognostic value. Most acute radiation reactions were mild and self-limiting. Chronic ocular complications were seen in 3 cats. These treatment responses compared favorably with those previously described in dogs and cats with intranasal neoplasms treated with teletherapy and provided a perspective for comparison of new treatment methods.
Reconstruction Algorithms for Directional Neutron Detection Using a Time Projection Chamber

Directional detection of fast neutrons emitted by special nuclear materials can be performed with a time projection chamber. This device permits particle identification and full three-dimensional r...
Classification of Movement Disorders

Movement disorders are neurological syndromes that involve impaired performance of voluntary movements, dysfunction of posture, the presence of abnormal involuntary movements, or the performance of normal-appearing movements at inappropriate or unintended times. The abnormalities of movement are not due to weakness or abnormal muscle tone, but may be accompanied by weakness or abnormal tone. By convention, movement disorders are divided into two major categories. The first category is hyperkinetic movement disorders, sometimes referred to as dyskinesias. This term refers to abnormal, repetitive involuntary movements and includes most of the childhood movement disorders including tics, stereotypies, chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor. The second category is hypokinetic movement disorders, sometimes referred to as akinetic/rigid disorders. The primary movement disorder in this category is Parkinsonism, that manifests primarily in adulthood as Parkinson disease or one of the many forms of secondary Parkinsonism. Hypokinetic disorders are relatively uncommon in children. Although weakness and spasticity are characterized by motor dysfunction, by common convention these entities are not included among “movement disorders.”
La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 as hydrogen electrode for solid oxide electrolysis cells

Abstract La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 (LSCM) has been applied as hydrogen electrode (cathode) material in solid oxide electrolysis cells operating with different steam concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80 vol.% absolute humidity (AH)) using 40 sccm H2 carrier gas at 800, 850 and 900 °C, respectively. Impedance spectra and voltage–current curves were measured as a function of cell electrolysis current density and steam concentration to characterize the cell performance. The cell resistance decreased with the increase in electrolysis current density while increased with the increase in steam concentration under the same electrolysis current density. At 1.6 V applied electrolysis voltage, the maximum consumed current density increased from 431 mA cm−2 for 20 vol.% AH to 593 mA cm−2 for 80 vol.% AH at 850 °C. Polarization and impedance spectra experiments revealed that LSCM–YSZ hydrogen electrode played a major role in the electrolysis reaction.
European Trade Agreements

Most European trade agreements are with the two blocks, the EU and EFTA, although there are some independent countries with individual bilateral agreements including Albania, Boznia-Herzegovina, Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of) and Turkey.1 Both the EU and EFTA are themselves trade agreements, although the European Union is much more than a trade block, since it involves a considerable degree of political integration, with a parliament and environmental legislation and policies. The concern here, however, is with the FTAs that the two blocks have signed with other countries or groups and with other European countries’ trade agreements. While the EU encompasses extensive environmental activities, these were not part of the original trade agreement but developed more recently with the more complete integration of member state activities (see, e.g., Steinberg 1997). Several of these are covered in the previous two chapters dealing with FTAs in the Americas and their provisions will not be repeated in this chapter.
A Qualitative Study of Difficult Nurse-Patient Encounters in Home Health Care

The purpose of this study was to explore nurse-patient encounters from the perspective of the home health care registered nurse. A qualitative descriptive design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 20 nurses from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island currently or previously employed as a home health care nurse. Four themes and 1 interconnecting theme emerged from the data: objective language; navigating the unknown; mitigating risk; looking for reciprocality in the encounter; and the interconnecting theme of acknowledging not all nurse-patient encounters go well. Three types of encounters-constructive, nonconstructive, and destructive-were defined.
Spatial-temporal variation of seismicity and spectrum of the 1980 earthquake swarm near the Izu Peninsula, Japan

Abstract The spatial-temporal variation of seismicity of the 1980 earthquake swarm off the east coast of the Izu Peninsula, Japan, was investigated. Hypocentral distribution, focal mechanism, wave forms, and spectra of seismic waves were studied. The hypocenters were relocated by using the master event method. The forerunning earthquakes which started about one week before the largest shock (main shock), the 1980 Izu-Hanto-Toho-Oki earthquake ( M = 6.7), occurred within the quiescent area of the earthquake activity for the preceding one year. The swarm area migrated toward the south with time and triggered the main shock in June 1980. The fault dimension and geometry were estimated from the aftershock area: the fault length and width are 14 km and 8 km; the strike and dip angles of the fault are N15°W and 65° to N75°E. Locations of the events in an earlier earthquake swarm (1978) were also examined by using difference in the S-P time at five selected stations distributed around the epicentral area. The 1978 swarm events were found to have clustered within a very small area of 8 × 1 km 2 located about 2 km to the west of the 1980 swarm area. The earthquakes which occurred after the main shock of the 1980 swarm were classified into two groups, aftershocks and swarm events, according to the location of epicenters, wave forms, and spectra of S waves. The peak frequencies of spectra were distributed around 5 to 8 Hz for the aftershocks and around 10 to 15 Hz for the swarm events. Most of the aftershocks, characterized by low-frequency content, occurred to the south of the main shock within 2 weeks after the main shock. The number of aftershocks decayed following the modified Omori9s formula with p = 1.5 ± 0.3. The swarm activity, on the other hand, continued intermittently for about 1 month after the main shock. The 1980 seismic activity is interpreted as a complex of a foreshock-main shock-aftershock sequence and swarm activity. The direction of the longer axis of the swarm area coincided with the direction of the maximum pressure axis of the main shock. The trend of the aftershock zone coincided with the strike of the fault planes of the main shock and aftershocks. This feature strongly suggests that tension cracks trending in the maximum stress direction opened prior to the occurrence of the main shock. The opening of cracks may be accounted for by increasing of interstitial pore pressure associated with increase in regional stress.
LncRNA as a Therapeutic Target for Angiogenesis.

Abstract: Background: Out of 3 billion base pairs in human genome only ~2% code for proteins; and out of 180,000 transcripts in human cells, about 20,000 code for protein, remaining 160,000 are non-coding transcripts. Most of these transcripts are more than 200 base pairs and constitute a group of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Many of the lncRNA have its own promoter, and are well conserved in mammals. Accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNAs act as molecular switches in cellular differentiation, movement, apoptosis, and in the reprogramming of cell states by altering gene expression patterns. However, the role of this important group of molecules in angiogenesis is not well understood. Angiogenesis is a complex process and depends on precise regulation of gene expression. Conclusion: Dysregulation of transcription during this process may lead to several diseases including various cancers. As angiogenesis is an important process in cancer pathogenesis and treatment, lncRNA may be playing an important role in angiogenesis. In support of this, lncRNA microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (MVIH) has been shown to activate angiogenesis. Furthermore, lncRNA-Meg3-knockout mouse showed increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor pathway genes and increased cortical microvessel density. Overall, there is strong evidence that lncRNA is an important class of regulatory molecule, and a number of studies have demonstrated that these can be targeted to change cellular physiology and functions. In this review, we have attempted to summarize these studies and elucidate the potential of this novel regulatory molecule as a therapeutic target.
Performance evaluation of hybrid thin-film versus conventional photovoltaic arrays

This paper evaluates the performance of two solar arrays located in Palm City, Florida. The main goal of this study is to compare the annual performance of a solar array with hybrid Smart-Silicon Thin-Film panels and a conventional solar array. The system was designed and installed for two photovoltaic arrays with the same number of panels that started operation in December 2014. First, an overview of the entire system is presented followed by the description of system architecture design. A statistical comparison is done for system daily and monthly power production. Also, the annual energy output of hybrid and conventional units is extracted and analyzed. At the end, annual power production of each array and the amount of system CO 2 emission reduction are calculated. It is concluded from final results that the hybrid solar system has better efficiency in wintertime and performs marginally better than the one with regular solar panels. In order to improve the system efficiency, more precise researches are required in terms of positioning and temperature sensitivity.
Optimizing antibody expression: The nuts and bolts

Abstract Antibodies are extensively utilized entities in biomedical research, and in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. Many of these applications require high amounts of antibodies. However, meeting this ever-increasing demand of antibodies in the global market is one of the outstanding challenges. The need to maintain a balance between demand and supply of antibodies has led the researchers to discover better means and methods for optimizing their expression. These strategies aim to increase the volumetric productivity of the antibodies along with the reduction of associated manufacturing costs. Recent years have witnessed major advances in recombinant protein technology, owing to the introduction of novel cloning strategies, gene manipulation techniques, and an array of cell and vector engineering techniques, together with the progress in fermentation technologies. These innovations were also highly beneficial for antibody expression. Antibody expression depends upon the complex interplay of multiple factors that may require fine tuning at diverse levels to achieve maximum yields. However, each antibody is unique and requires individual consideration and customization for optimizing the associated expression parameters. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several state-of-the-art approaches, such as host selection, strain engineering, codon optimization, gene optimization, vector modification and process optimization that are deemed suitable for enhancing antibody expression.
Strategies for handling missing clinical data for automated surgical site infection detection from the electronic health record

Display Omitted For each patients many data elements in the EHR are missing (e.g. test not necessary).We compared commonly used imputation methods for the problem of SSI detection.Imputation offered superior performance over complete-case analysis.Some very simple techniques offered excellent performance. Proper handling of missing data is important for many secondary uses of electronic health record (EHR) data. Data imputation methods can be used to handle missing data, but their use for analyzing EHR data is limited and specific efficacy for postoperative complication detection is unclear. Several data imputation methods were used to develop data models for automated detection of three types (i.e., superficial, deep, and organ space) of surgical site infection (SSI) and overall SSI using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) Registry 30-day SSI occurrence data as a reference standard. Overall, models with missing data imputation almost always outperformed reference models without imputation that included only cases with complete data for detection of SSI overall achieving very good average area under the curve values. Missing data imputation appears to be an effective means for improving postoperative SSI detection using EHR clinical data.
Investigation of a novel irreversible pan-HER inhibitor combined with chemotherapy in bladder cancer models.

4545 Background: Human Epidermal Receptors (HER) play an important role in bladder cancer (BCa) progression and may mediate chemotherapy resistance. Dacomitinib (Dac) is a novel, potent, irreversib...
Review: African Identity in Post-Apartheid Public Architecture: White Skin, Black Masks by Jonathan Alfred Noble, At Home with Apartheid: The Hidden Landscapes of Domestic Service in Johannesburg by Rebecca Ginsburg

Jonathan Alfred Noble African Identity in Post-Apartheid Public Architecture: White Skin, Black Masks Farnham, UK, and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2011, 314 pp., 135 b/w illus. Cloth, $124.95, ISBN 9780754677659 Rebecca Ginsburg At Home with Apartheid: The Hidden Landscapes of Domestic Service in Johannesburg Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011, 248 pp., 37 b/w illus. Cloth, $35.00, ISBN 9780813928883 It can be argued that nowhere during the twentieth century were the spatial dimensions of politics more nakedly visible than in South Africa. Even before the official adoption in 1948 of apartheid and its detailed laws governing racial classification and segregation, the South African state enforced policies of forcible resettlement and restricted movement aimed at ensuring strict separation of its population. The built environment played a key role in establishing racial identities and maintaining segregated spheres, and the legacy of this social rupture remains clearly visible in the architecture, cities, and landscapes of South Africa. Two important new books by Jonathan Alfred Noble and Rebecca Ginsburg add significantly to our understanding of the design disciplines’ relationships to apartheid. Noble and Ginsburg explore the spatial dimensions of South African politics from very different perspectives. The former analyzes specific examples of state-sponsored architecture designed to represent a fully integrated, post-apartheid society, while the latter examines domestic spaces in middle-class Johannesburg during the 1960s and 1970s in order to study closely apartheid’s concerns with gender, labor, movement, and visibility. Both books are rooted in the extensive research of their authors’ doctoral dissertations and make significant contributions to the growing body of literature on the built environment in modern South Africa. Noble examines five projects built since the end of apartheid in great depth in African Identity in Post-Apartheid Public Architecture . The diversity of architectural expression he discusses reflects the broad range of concerns driving South African architecture and landscape architecture. Most important among these is the question of how to represent a pluralistic, post-apartheid democracy and its multitude of regional cultures, geographies, and climates. Noble highlights the importance of design competitions in South Africa, which he portrays as a democratization of the design process analogous to the country’s political reforms. The author, …
A Dirty Dozen: Twelve Common Metric Interpretation Pitfalls in Online Controlled Experiments

Online controlled experiments (e.g., A/B tests) are now regularly used to guide product development and accelerate innovation in software. Product ideas are evaluated as scientific hypotheses, and tested in web sites, mobile applications, desktop applications, services, and operating systems. One of the key challenges for organizations that run controlled experiments is to come up with the right set of metrics [1] [2] [3]. Having good metrics, however, is not enough. In our experience of running thousands of experiments with many teams across Microsoft, we observed again and again how incorrect interpretations of metric movements may lead to wrong conclusions about the experiment's outcome, which if deployed could hurt the business by millions of dollars. Inspired by Steven Goodman's twelve p-value misconceptions [4], in this paper, we share twelve common metric interpretation pitfalls which we observed repeatedly in our experiments. We illustrate each pitfall with a puzzling example from a real experiment, and describe processes, metric design principles, and guidelines that can be used to detect and avoid the pitfall. With this paper, we aim to increase the experimenters' awareness of metric interpretation issues, leading to improved quality and trustworthiness of experiment results and better data-driven decisions.
Interpenetration: Business-Government Co-partnership

This chapter compares the US government machine to Weber’s rational-legal theory of bureaucracy, and emphasizes fascism as interpenetration, signifying the collapse of the public and private spheres of structure, polity, and society into one. It examines the policies of President Theodore Roosevelt and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and their influences on capitalism and the State.
A Classification of Clifford Algebras as Images of Group Algebras of Salingaros Vee Groups

The main objective of this work is to prove that every Clifford algebra $$C \ell _{p,q}$$ is $$\mathbb {R}$$ -isomorphic to a quotient of a group algebra $$\mathbb {R}[G_{p,q}]$$ modulo an ideal $$\mathcal {J}=(1+\tau )$$ where $$\tau $$ is a central element of order 2. Here, $$G_{p,q}$$ is a 2-group of order $$2^{p+q+1}$$ belonging to one of Salingaros isomorphism classes $$N_{2k-1},$$ $$N_{2k},$$ $$\Omega _{2k-1},$$ $$\Omega _{2k}$$ or $$S_k$$ . Thus, Clifford algebras $$C \ell _{p,q}$$ can be classified by Salingaros classes. Since the group algebras $$\mathbb {R}[G_{p,q}]$$ are $$\mathbb {Z}_2$$ -graded and the ideal $$\mathcal {J}$$ is homogeneous, the quotient algebras $$\mathbb {R}[G]/\mathcal {J}$$ are $$\mathbb {Z}_2$$ -graded. In some instances, the isomorphism $$\mathbb {R}[G]/\mathcal {J}\cong C \ell _{p,q}$$ is also $$\mathbb {Z}_2$$ -graded. By Salingaros’ Theorem, the groups $$G_{p,q}$$ in the class $$N_{2k-1}$$ are iterative central products of k copies of the dihedral group $$D_8$$ while the groups in the class $$N_{2k}$$ are iterative central products of $$k-1$$ copies of the dihedral group $$D_8$$ and one copy of the quaternion group $$Q_8$$ , and so they are extra-special. The groups $$G_{p,q}$$ in the classes $$\Omega _{2k-1}$$ and $$\Omega _{2k}$$ are central products of $$N_{2k-1}$$ and $$N_{2k}$$ with $$C_2 \times C_2$$ , respectively, while the groups in the class $$S_k$$ are central products of $$N_{2k-1}$$ or $$N_{2k}$$ with $$C_4$$ . Two algorithms to factor any $$G_{p,q}$$ into an internal central product, depending on the class, are given. A complete table of central factorizations for groups of order up to 1, 024 is presented.
Informed Consent for Living Organ Donation

Informed consent plays an indispensable role in health care and human subject research because it is the primary mechanism to ensure that a person remains in control of what happens to his or her body. Informed consent is equally important for living donation, though it has distinctive features in this context. The motivations of living donor candidates differ from the motivations of patients and research subjects, as do the barriers to voluntary and informed decisions. This chapter explains the historical and theoretical background of informed consent, and discusses how informed consent should be adapted to best serve living donors. It presents criteria for informed consent and discusses current regulatory requirements. It ends with cases that illustrate two ethical issues associated with informed consent for living donation: (1) a donor candidate who wishes to accept added risk in order to donate and (2) donor candidates whose motivations are not purely altruistic.
Occupational Sitting and Physical Activity Among University Employees

The prevalence of overweight and obese in the U.S. has been thoroughly documented. With the advent of inactivity physiology research and the subsequent interest in sedentary behavior, the work environment has come under closer scrutiny as a potential opportunity to reverse inactivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the sitting and physical activity (PA) habits among different classifications of university employees. University employees (n=625) completed an online survey based on the Occupational Sitting and Physical Activity Questionnaire (OSPAQ). Participants were instructed to describe time spent sitting, standing, walking, and in heavy physical labor during the last seven days, along with the number of breaks from sitting taken per hour. To establish habitual patterns of PA outside of work, employees recalled their participation in structured PA in the past seven days. Prior to data analysis, employees were categorized as Administration, Faculty, Staff, or Facilities Management. Statistically significant differences were found among employee classifications for min sit/d, p<.001; min stand/d, p<.001; min walk/d, p<.001; and min heavy labor/d, p<.001. No significant differences were found for breaks/h from sitting, p=.259 or participation in structured PA, p=. 33. With the exception of facilities management workers, university employees spent 75% of their workday seated. In conjunction with low levels of leisure time PA, university employees appear to be prime candidates for workplace interventions to reduce physical inactivity.
MANAGING HERBICIDE RESISTANCE THROUGH FITNESS AND GENE FLOW

Understanding the dynamics of herbicide resistance must involve and link the processes in three basic plant science disciplines: physiology, genetics and ecology. Models serve to organise and focus research at the process level, and to provide a tool for evaluating resistance management tactics. Sensitivity and elasticity analysis of a model by Maxwell et al. (1990) identified two sets of life-history processes important for understanding and managing herbicide resistance. These are processes that influence fitness of resistant biotypes relative to susceptible biotypes, and processes that contribute to gene flow through space and time. Survivorship and fecundity, both influenced by plant competition, are important determinants of relative fitness. Herbicides influence survivorship, and, thus, result in an overwhelming increase in the relative fitness of the resistant type. However, when herbicide selection pressure is removed, population dynamics are determined by differences in all processes that contribute to fitness. The relative fitness of R and S biotypes has important consequences for the management of herbicide resistance. Reduced fitness in R-types infers that resistant plants will be replaced by susceptible individuals over time after herbicide use is abandoned. Alternatively, if fitness of the R-type is not less than the susceptible, resistance should decline slowly, if at all. Competition components of fitness will also be influenced by the presence of other species in the system. These premises have not been examined experimentally, although the alternatives lead to very different management tactics for managing resistance. Gene flow influences two important management scenarios: spread of resistance and use of S-genotype sources to slow development of resistance. Current attempts to manage resistance are dominated by tactics that only employ other herbicides to remove R-plants from populations that have developed resistance. Manipulation of S-type gene flow could be an equally valuable alternative, and be more cost effective than control measures that reduce both R- and S-type plants.
Hydromechanical Adaptations in Alcyonium Sidereum (Octocorallia)

The relation between colony size and shape vs. flow regime was investigated in a boreal species of octocoral, Alcyonium sidereum with particular regard to two hydrodynamic problems faced by these organisms: (1) maximizing the area of feeding surfaces presented to flow while (2) limiting potentially damaging drag forces induced by water movement.
Abstract 90: Long-Term Impact of Mechanical Thrombectomy Randomized Trials in a Comprehensive Stroke Center: Individual Ethical Dilemmas versus Societal Benefits

Introduction: Despite being the best sources of evidence for clinical interventions, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may raise individual ethical concerns as often times control groups are left...
Neurocognitive Patterning and the Creation of Fantasy: Neil Gaiman’s Use of Kipling and Calvino in The Ocean at the End of the Lane

ABSTRACTMost neurocognitive theory applied to literature attempts to explain how literature affects readers and influences their brains. Only a few critics have started to explore what traces of neurocognitive patterning are exhibited in the literature. This study started with Neil Gaiman’s Ocean at the End of the Lane and looked at its use of several Kipling and Calvino texts, but it found that those sources also exhibited neurocognitive patterns—very different patterns despite similar situations. Hence, I triangulate among the texts and theory, trying to see what bicameral values can illuminate in literature and, more specifically, the creation of fantasy.
Death Spirals and Virtuous Cycles

While the productivity and quality of manufactured products steadily improve, service sector productivity lags and quality has fallen. Many service organizations fall into “death spirals” in which pressure to boost throughput and control costs leads to worker burnout and corner cutting, lowering service quality , raising costs while revenue falls, forcing still greater cuts in capacity and even lower quality. We present a formal model to explore the dynamics of service delivery and quality, focusing on the service quality death spiral and how it can be overcome. We use the system dynamics modeling method as it is well suited to dynamic environments in which human behavior interacts with the physics of an operation, and in which there are multiple feedbacks connecting servers, managers, customers, and other actors. Through simulations we demonstrate that major recurring problems in the service industry—erosion of service quality, high turnover, and low profitability—can be explained by the organization’s internal responses to work pressure . Although the reinforcing feedbacks can operate as virtuous as well as vicious cycles, the system is biased toward quality erosion by basic asymmetries and nonlinearities. We show how, with the right mix of policies, these same feedbacks can become virtuous cycles that lead to higher employee, customer satisfaction and additional resources to invest in still greater service quality improvement.