cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repair of midline vertical lower lip deficiency after mandible reconstruction

Background When lower lip incisions are combined with anterior oromandibular resection and composite flap reconstruction, increased potential exists for abnormal healing of the lower lip. The aim of this study is to describe these deformities and operative techniques for their correction. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing oromandibular reconstruction with osteocutaneous free tissue transfer at Indiana University Medical Center and Affiliated Hospitals during the 5-year period between January 1991 and 1996 was performed. Patients requiring secondary lower lip revision or repair were identified. Patient characteristics, lip deformities, and operative correction techniques were detailed. Results Sixty patients underwent 62 free tissue transfers for oromandibular reconstructions. Five patients (7.1%) required reoperation for lower lip deformities related to abnormal wound healing. All affected patients had lower lip split incisions for access to the oropharynx and composite anterior floor of mouth and mandibular resection and reconstruction. Each patient had successful repair of the lower lip deformity and correction of related functional deficits using lower lip tissue. Conclusion Lower lip deformities occur in a subset of patients undergoing anterior mandibular reconstruction. Horizontally redundant lower lip tissue can be mobilized to repair the secondary aesthetic and functional deficits.
Networked virtual environments and rehabilitation

Virtual environments (VE) have been shown to be a powerful tool for various forms of rehabilitation. Currently, VE has been used in psychological training, motor recovery, visual relearning, and pain reduction during physical therapy. VE's use is also being explored in stroke rehabilitation coupled to robots, posture control in labyrinthine deficit patients, tele-rehabilitation and in other areas. Expanding VE's influence is its coupling with high-speed networking [tele-immersion]. Current experimental networks have speeds approaching 100 Gb/sec. At these speeds the network bandwidth rivals that of the internal connections of a PC (i.e., bus speed). Accordingly, these new networks will permit various peripherals attached to computers on this network to be connected together and act as fast as if connected to a local PC. This innovation may soon allow the development of previously unheard of networked rehabilitation systems. This presentation will discuss various forms of VE that are currently available for rehabilitation. Furthermore, we will explain the characteristic of these new networks. Finally, we will examine how such networks might be used for extending the rehabilitation clinic to remote areas.
Software project control: an experimental investigation of judgment with fallible information

Software project management is becoming an increasingly critical task in many organizations. While the macro-level aspects of project planning and control have been addressed extensively, there is a serious lack of research on the micro-empirical analysis of individual decision making behavior. The heuristics deployed to cope with the problems of poor estimation and poor visibility that hamper software project planning and control are investigated, and the implications for software project management are examined. A laboratory experiment in which subjects managed a simulated software development project is reviewed. The subjects were given project status information at different stages of the lifecycle and had to assess software productivity in order to dynamically readjust project plans. A conservative anchoring and adjustment heuristic is shown to explain the subjects' decisions quite well. Implications for software project planning and control are presented. >
Confirmation of the Dominant Defect Mechanism in Amorphous In–Zn–O Through the Application of In Situ Brouwer Analysis

The dominant point defect mechanism of amorphous (a-) indium zinc oxide (IZO) was probed through in situ electrical characterization of sputtered a-IZO thin films in response to changes in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) at 300∘C. The results yielded a power law dependence of conductivity (σ) versus pO2 of ∼−1/6. This experimental method, known as Brouwer analysis, confirms doubly-charged oxygen vacancies as the dominant defect species in a-IZO. The success of this study suggests that Brouwer analysis is a viable method for studying the defect mechanisms of amorphous oxides.
Seasonal changes in annual bluegrass (Poa annua) germinability and emergence

Abstract The seasonal emergence characteristics and seedbank ecology of annual bluegrass were evaluated in a vegetable field in the central coast of California. The emergence and germinability of annual bluegrass were monitored continuously for over 3 yr to detect seasonal variation in weed emergence. Weed emergence and seedbank densities were measured every 45 d for 41 mo. Weed emergence was monitored simultaneously in the field and in a growth chamber that was adjusted seasonally for day length and temperature. Samples were incubated in the growth chamber for 45 d and then elutriated to measure remaining viable ungerminated caryopses and relative germination potential. Seedbank densities ranged from 2,000 to 20,000 caryopses m−2 during the study period. Weed emergence and germinability were highest from October to November and lowest from March to July. Emergence from soils collected in the spring and fall and incubated under both spring and fall conditions in the growth chamber indicated that seed dorm...
A partnership of philosophers and practice (book review).

Plaisance, P. L. (2009). Media ethics: Key principles for responsible practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications Ltd. 255 pp., $44.95 (Pbk). In a verdant field of media ethics textbooks, with a w...
Modeling and simulation of control system response to temperature disturbances in a coupled heat exchangers-AHTR system

Abstract An effective control strategy is essential for maintaining optimum operational efficiency of the Advanced High Temperature Reactor (AHTR)-intermediate heat exchanger (IHX)-secondary heat exchanger (SHX) system for power conversion or process heat applications. A control system design is presented in this paper for the control of the coupled intermediate and secondary heat exchangers. The cold side outlet temperature of the SHX (Tco) and the hot side outlet temperature of the IHX (Tho2) were identified as the controlled variables that were maintained at their set points by manipulating the flow rates of heat exchange media. Transfer functions describing the relationships between the controlled variables and the manipulated and load variables were developed and the system response to various temperature disturbances was simulated using a custom-developed MATLAB program. It was found that a step disturbance of ±10 °C in the process loop changed the thermal duty by ±650 kW, equal to 6.5% of the initial duty. Similar disturbances in the primary loop had a higher impact on the system. The control system design included a provision for the switching of manipulated variables to limit the adjustment in the magnitudes of the primary manipulated variables. Simulation results indicate that the controlled variables are maintained successfully at their desired points by the control system.
Magnetic Manipulation of Colloidal Particles

We review some recent advances in the field of magnetic manipulation techniques, with particular emphasis on the manipulation of mixed suspensions of magnetic and nonmagnetic colloidal particles. We will first discuss the theoretical framework for describing magnetic forces exerted on particles within fluid suspensions. We will then make a distinction between particle systems that are highly dependent upon Brownian influence and those that are deterministic. In both cases, we will discuss the type of structures which are observed in colloidal suspensions as a function of the size and type of particles in the fluid. We will discuss the theoretical issues that apply to modeling the behavior of these systems, and we will show that the recently developed theoretical models correlate strongly with the presented experimental work. This chapter will conclude with an overview of the potential applications of these magnetic manipulation techniques.
Chemokine expression in trinitrochlorobenzene-mediated contact hypersensitivity

The expression of the murine IP-lO and MCP-1 genes has been examined in the skin of mice dur- ing contact hypersensitivity reactions to the hapten tn- nitrochlorobenezene (TNCB). In both naive and passive- ly sensitized animals, challenge with TNCB resulted in elevated expression of both genes as eanly as 4 h as de- tected by Northern hybridization analysis Twenty-four hours after challenge, expression was markedly reduced in naive animals but remained elevated in sensitized animals. This prolonged expression of chemokine gene products correlates with the tissue swelling response generally used as a measure of delayed-type hypersensi- tivity (DTH) in this model and suggests that the con- tinued expression of these genes results from the stimula- tion of hapten-specific T helper cells. Examination of cell type expression patterns by in situ hybridization using 3H-radiolabeled riboprobes confirmed the results of Northern hybridization experiments. Both genes were cx- pressed predominantly in cells exhibiting the morphol- ogy of connective tissue fibroblasts, although the distnibu- tion of cells positive for IP-lO mRNA expression differed from that of cells expressing MCP-1 mRNA. IP-lO expres- sion was localized almost exclusively to a population of connective tissue cells surrounding the fur follicle. MCP-1 expression was rarely found associated with fur follicles but instead was disnibuted throughout the dermis in cells embedded in the collagenous extracellulan matrix. Surprisingly, neither endothelial cells lining the small vessels located deep within the dermis nor epiden- mal keratinocytes were positive under any of the condi- tions utilized in the present study. Expression of both IP-lo and MCP-1 has been previously reported in a van- ety of distinct cell types in vitro. The present results mdi- cate that only a subset of the cell types with such potential are stimulated to express these chemokinc genes in vivo during hapten-mediated DTH responses, implying the presence of subtle cell type- and tissue-specific control mechanisms.J. Leukoc. Biol. 33: 452-460; 1994.
Crack Chemistry Control of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Sensitized Al-Mg

Fracture mechanics experiments and occluded crack chemistry modeling validate the mechanism for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of sensitized Al-Mg alloys: dissolution of discontinuous grain boundary β (Al3Mg2) precipitates activates Al-Mg (α) solid solution dissolution to acidify the crack solution for crack tip hydrogen embrittlement. Slow-rising displacement experiments with precracked specimens establish the strong effect of applied potential on IGSCC kinetics for sensitized AA5083-H131 (S-L orientation, 22 mg/cm2) in neutral NaCl solution. Anodic polarization increases growth rates through enhanced α dissolution for crack acidification and H uptake, whereas cathodic polarization below the pH-sensitive α breakdown potential reduces growth rates by limiting Al dissolution, and thus crack acidification and the overpotential for H production (ηH). Polarization below the β breakdown potential eliminates IGSCC by precluding β dissolution and crack acidification. Cathodic polarization could ...
Unusual Rapidity of Electron Beam Transient Tempering

Electron beam rapid solidification of molybdenum-base high speed steels results in quenched-in metastable phases containing a high concentration of alloying elements. Thermal reprocessing of such material by momentary interaction with the electron beam results in decomposition of martensite at a rate ≈ 100 times faster than that occurring during conventional thermal treatment. It is postulated that this arises from a high concentration of ’defect cluster nucleation sites’ during the rapid up-quenching. The product of short thermal treatment is a dispersion of 2–5 nm very fine precipitates identified using transmission electron microscopy as MC type carbides.
Electrochemical Mechanical Removal of Ta Films in Dihydroxybenzene Sulfonic Acid Solutions Containing Potassium Iodate

Removal of Ta films has been investigated in solutions containing 2,5 dihydroxy benzene sulfonic acid and potassium iodate (KIO3) under conditions that exist during electrochemical mechanical polishing. Specifically, the films were abraded at low pressures ( 0.5 psi) on a polyurethane pad under galvanostatic conditions. Variables such as pH, KIO3 concentration, and current density have been investigated to develop an optimized formulation. The nature of the oxide film formed on tantalum during the electrochemical abrasion process was investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nanoindentation techniques. VC 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3535269] All rights reserved.
Imaging and Quantifying the Morphology and Nanoelectrical Properties of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles Interacting with DNA

Rapid detection and imaging the interactions between quantum dots (QDs) and DNA are of interest for research on applications as well as for determining their potential cytotoxicity. This paper introduces Kelvin force microscopy (KFM), an electric mode of atomic force microscopy, as a technique to examine the binding of QDs with DNA in vitro and in vivo. KFM provides information about the nanoelectrical properties of QDs and DNA that is complementary to the topography and phase images that conventional AFM provides. With this unique function, KFM demonstrated its ability in determining the morphological and electrical changes in DNA after exposure to QDs as well as to distinguishing individual QDs from DNA matrices. Our results indicated that the nonspecific binding with QDs led to transformation of polymeric DNA into pearl-like spheres. In vivo experiments showed that QDs could permeate into E. coli cells and bind with genomic DNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration o...
Immunological abnormalities in glomerulonephritides

Immune complex deposition in glomeruli is believed to cause many forms of human glomerulonephritis (gn). One as yet unproven hypothesis suggests that relative immune deficiency prevents antigen elimination, thereby predisposing to immune complex formation and deposition. We sought in the present study to identify in such patients defective immune function. Forty-four sequential patients were studied who satisfied the following criteria: (1) serum creatinine levels ≤ 0.2 mM/L, (2) renal biopsy which allowed unequivocal histological classification and in which immune deposits were demonstrated by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy. (3) not receiving corticosteroids or immunosuppressives. We were able to demonstrate in patients with gn, compared with age and sex-matched normal controls, an increased incidence of immunological changes which included: 1. Elevated serum levels of several immunoglobulin classes in various forms of gn: a novel finding was of raised IgM in 4 of 9 patients with focal sclerosing gn and glomerular IgM deposition. 2. Patients with all forms of glomerulonephritis showed significant reduction in antibody response to tetanus toxoid compared with controls in their mean rise in litre (P (P 0.01). 3. Increase in total haemolytic complement (CH 50 ), and C-reactive protein, suggesting an acute phase inflammatory response. Isolated defects in functional C 2 were detected in 4/37 patients, but their disease was in no way unique. 4. No impairment in T cell function as measured by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests or DNCB sensitization. However, 8 patients (20%) had a reduced response to PHA stimulation, of whom only one (a patient with tuberculosis) had an inhibitory serum factor. Since uraemia and debility cannot be invoked to explain these findings, we suggest that they indicate immunological activity which may be important in genesis of the glomerular damage.
Finite Difference Solution of the Falkner—Skan Wedge Flow Equation

A simple numerical method for the solution of the Falkner–Skan boundary layer flow is presented. A third-order ordinary differential equation is recast into two ordinary differential equations, one first order and the other second order. Finite difference approximations of both equations are sequentially solved iteratively with any arbitrary initial conditions. Numerical solutions were found to be in good agreement with published data over a wide range of wedge flows.
Research on screening methods for high-risk osteoporosis populations in middle and elderly community residents

Objective To study screening methods for high-risk osteoporosis populations in middle and elderly community residents.Methods Multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select permanent residents aged 40~69as survey subjects.High-risk populations of osteoporosis were surveyed by One-minute Osteoporosis Risk Assessment questionnaire of International Osteoporosis Foundation(IOF)and screened by ultrasonic distal radius bone density.Results A total of 5 537residents were surveyed effectively,resulting effective survey rate of 98.8%.Detection rate of osteoporosis was 44.0% and 42.4%in high risk osteoporosis populations using One-minute Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Questionnaire and ultrasonic bone mineral density examination,respectively,with significant difference(χ2=17.53,P0.001).Consistency of 2methods was poor;Kappa coefficient was 0.048and 95%confidence limit was 0.022~0.074.Detection rate increased with age,while significant difference was observed among regions(P0.05).Conclusion One-minute Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Questionnaire and distal radius ultrasonic bone density examination can both be used in community population-based screening for middle and elderly residents,while the consistency of the 2methods was poor.Combined uses of 2methods were suggested in routine work to achieve complement and mutual validation.
Spatio-temporal analysis of Gaussian WSS processes via complex correlation and partial correlation screening

We propose a framework for spatio-temporal correlation analysis of jointly Gaussian Wide Sense Stationary (WSS) multivariate time series. The goal is to identify the hub time series, i.e., the ones that are highly correlated with a number of other time series. When the dimension of the multivariate time series and the number of time samples are relatively large, direct correlation analysis in the time domain could be computationally intractable. As an alternative, we apply the Discrete Fourier Transform to the time series and perform correlation analysis in the frequency domain. We extend the previous theory of hub screening to the complex domain to accommodate complex-valued Fourier transforms. The theory allows p-values to be assigned to time series for being a hub under the null hypothesis that the time series are independent of each other. It also specifies thresholds for which thresholded sample (partial) correlation matrices can be used to identify hubs. We then use an independence property of Gaussian WSS time series in the frequency domain to perform multiple inference for detecting hub time series. Experimental results on both synthetic data and real financial data illustrate the accuracy of our theoretical results and the usefulness of the proposed framework.
Circadian Rhythm of Output from Neurones in the Eye of Aplysia: III. Effects of Light on Clock and Receptor Output Measured in the Optic Nerve

1.The circadian rhythm of CAP frequency recorded from the optic nerve of isolated eyes at 15 °C was damped out by constant illumination (1100 lux) after several cycles of the rhythm. During illumination (LL) the rhythm was skewed with a rapid rising phase and slow falling phase, and the period was decreased by about 1 h. It is postulated that the circadian clock was stopped by LL at its lowest phase point, and that following cessation of LL, the rhythm was reinitiated from this phase point after a latency of 6-8 h. 2.For light pulses of 80 lux and 1100 lux, the photoresponse of the dark-adapted eye to 20 min light pulses applied beginning at 2 h intervals was not influenced by the circadian clock. At 5 lux there was a periodicity in the magnitude of the photoresponse, in phase with the circadian rhythm of spontaneous CAP production. 3.Small CAPs of non-circadian frequency were recorded together with normal CAPs in about 10% of records of output from isolated eyes. The cells producing the small CAPs had a different temperature sensitivity from those producing normal CAPs. The response of these cells to short light pulses consisted of a phasic burst of activity at light onset, followed by silence during the remainder of the short light pulse, and for 1 or 2 min following cessation of illumination. These small CAPs may be the activity either of H-type receptors or of secondary cells desynchronized from the major population. Note: Laboratory of Sensory Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
Eta- and partial eta-squared in L2 research: A cautionary review and guide to more appropriate usage:

Eta-squared (η2) and partial eta-squared (ηp2) are effect sizes that express the amount of variance accounted for by one or more independent variables. These indices are generally used in conjuncti...
THE NONINVARIANCE OF DETERMINISTIC CAUSAL MODELS

in its title and also the supporting argument for the thesis. Back of this informal and conceptually transparent argument is a substantial technical set of ideas that are explained in some detail but still not at a fully technical level in the remaining sections. The reader who is interested in under standing the general idea of the noninvariance claim I am making about deterministic causal models should be able to get the gist of the argument entirely from what is said in this introductory section. The first point is that the results come out of ergodic theory. What ergodic theory is is explained in more detail in Sections 2 and 3, but it is easy to give a simple and familiar example of an ergodic process. Consider coin flipping. For simplicity's sake, let the coin be a fair one. Then that process is ergodic. It is ergodic for two reasons. First, it is asymptotic ally stationary, which means that the probability distribution of what is happening is, in the long run, unchanged over time and, secondly, it has a unique asymptotic distribution that is independent of the initial starting distribution. For example, we might have agreed always to start with a head, or always to start with a tail, but this does not affect the asymptotic distribution. A slightly more complicated example of an ergodic process is a first-order Markov process, that is, a process in which what happens on trial n + 1 depends on what happened on trial n, where the dependence is a probabilistic one. The same two conditions obtain, namely, asymptotic stationarity and unique asymptotic distribution of states, independent of the initial distribution. (For general processes it is standard to require, for ergodicity, not just asymptotic stationarity but stationarity for all time. This slightly stronger condition will be used in the general definition given later.) The second concept is that of two ergodic processes being measure theoretic isomorphic. This means that their structure of uncertainty is the
Student Voice in Textbook Evaluation: Comparing Open and Restricted Textbooks

Advocates for student voice in higher education believe students should have the right and power to engage in much of the decision-making traditionally dominated by instructors or administrators. This qualitative study examines the role of student voice in the evaluation of textbook quality. Evaluators included two graduate students enrolled in a project management course at a university in the western U.S. and their instructor. Evaluators used their own student-created metric to analyze the comparative quality of eight graduate-level project management textbooks, two of which were open and six copyright-restricted. The purposes of this study were to assess the comparative quality of low-cost open textbooks and traditional copyright-restricted textbooks and to identify key student-generated criteria wherein all textbooks may be improved to better serve student needs. The analysis revealed that textbooks can be rigorously and meaningfully evaluated by students, that open textbooks can compete with restricted textbooks in terms of quality, and that polyphonic approaches to textbook evaluation can be valuable for learning. We discuss the implications of open textbooks as viable, high-quality classroom options, and the importance of valuing both student voice and instructor perspectives to ensure the highest quality textbook selection for courses in higher education.
Primary Cilia in Brain Development and Diseases

The primary cilium, a sensory appendage that is present in most mammalian cells, plays critical roles in signaling pathways and cell cycle progression. Mutations that affect the structure or function of primary cilia result in ciliopathies, a group of developmental and degenerative diseases that affect almost all organs and tissues. Our understanding of the constituents, development, and function of primary cilia has advanced considerably in recent years, revealing pathogenic mechanisms that potentially underlie ciliopathies. In the brain, the primary cilia are crucial for early patterning, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and survival, and tumorigenesis, mostly through regulating cell cycle progression, Hedgehog signaling, and WNT signaling. We review these advances in our knowledge of primary cilia, focusing on brain development, and discuss the mechanisms that may underlie brain abnormalities in ciliopathies.
Prevalence of Spondylolysis in Symptomatic Adolescent Athletes: An Assessment of Sport Risk in Nonelite Athletes.

Objective:To assess the risk of spondylolysis by sport in nonelite adolescent athletes with low back pain (LBP).Design:Retrospective case series.Setting:Hospital-based sports medicine clinic.Patients:The medical charts of 1025 adolescent athletes with LBP (age 15 ± 1.8 years) were examined; 308 (30%
Tailoring nutrition therapy to illness and recovery

Without doubt, in medicine as in life, one size does not fit all. We do not administer the same drug or dose to every patient at all times, so why then would we live under the illusion that we should give the same nutrition at all times in the continuum of critical illness? We have long lived under the assumption that critical illness and trauma lead to a consistent early increase in metabolic/caloric need, the so-called “hypermetabolism” of critical illness. What if this is incorrect? Recent data indicate that early underfeeding of calories (trophic feeding) may have benefits and may require consideration in well-nourished patients. However, we must confront the reality that currently ICU nutrition delivery worldwide is actually leading to “starvation” of our patients and is likely a major contributor to poor long-term quality of life outcomes. To begin to ascertain the actual calorie and protein delivery required for optimal ICU recovery, an understanding of “starvation” and recovery from starvation and lean body mass (LBM) loss is needed. To begin to answer this question, we must look to the landmark Minnesota Starvation Study from 1945. This trial defines much of the world’s knowledge about starvation, and most importantly what is required for recovery from starvation and massive LBM loss as occurs in the ICU. Recent and historic data indicate that critical illness is characterized by early massive catabolism, LBM loss, and escalating hypermetabolism that can persist for months or years. Early enteral nutrition during the acute phase should attempt to correct micronutrient/vitamin deficiencies, deliver adequate protein, and moderate nonprotein calories in well-nourished patients, as in the acute phase they are capable of generating significant endogenous energy. Post resuscitation, increasing protein (1.5–2.0 g/kg/day) and calories are needed to attenuate LBM loss and promote recovery. Malnutrition screening is essential and parenteral nutrition can be safely added following resuscitation when enteral nutrition is failing based on pre-illness malnutrition and LBM status. Following the ICU stay, significant protein/calorie delivery for months or years is required to facilitate functional and LBM recovery, with high-protein oral supplements being essential to achieve adequate nutrition.
Recent Advances in Dynamics of Composite Structures

This chapter comprises a survey on the dynamics of composite structures, with emphasis on research completed since 1980. After a brief introduction to applications in which the subject is of importance, the following specific topics are addressed: (1) characterization of the dynamic stiffness and damping in composites reinforced with either continuous or short fibers, (2) vibratory response of composite beams, plates, and shells, (3) low-velocity transverse impact of composite plates, (4) dynamic instabilities including aeroelastic phenomena, and (5) nonlinear effects. Experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations are included and the chapter is concluded by some suggestions for future research directions.
Targets for pituitary tumor therapy

Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis will allow identification of novel targets for therapy for these common but often incurable tumors. Pituitary tumor initiation and progression are associated with multiple and acquired disorders. The pituitary gland responds to central and peripheral signals by undergoing reversible hormonal secretory changes and plastic cell growth changes. Underlying pituitary hyperplasia, with or without excess hormone production, or, in contrast, involution or hyposecretion in pituitary cells correlates with pituitary tumor development. Transgenic mouse models of tumor suppressor gene inactivation lead largely to the development of intermediate lobe tumors whereas pituitary-directed growth factor activation predisposes to anterior pituitary tumor development. Results of pituitary-directed pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) inactivation or over-expression support the notion that the trophic environment is permissive for pituitary tumor formation. Understanding the mechanisms underlying pituitary plasticity and their relationship to tumor development will provide subcellular targets for treating both the development and growth of these tumors.
Exploring the Role of Nanoparticles in Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Hydrogel Nanocomposites.

Over the past few decades, research studies have established that the mechanical properties of hydrogels can be largely impacted by the addition of nanoparticles. However, the exact mechanisms behind such enhancements are not yet fully understood. To further explore the role of nanoparticles on the enhanced mechanical properties of hydrogel nanocomposites, we used chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels incorporating silica nanoparticles as the model system. Rheological measurements indicate that nanoparticle-mediated increases in hydrogel elastic modulus can exceed the maximum modulus that can be obtained through purely chemical crosslinking. Moreover, the data reveal that nanoparticle, monomer, and chemical crosslinker concentrations can all play an important role on the nanoparticle mediated-enhancements in mechanical properties. These results also demonstrate a strong role for pseudo crosslinking facilitated by polymer–particle interactions on the observed enhancements in elastic moduli. Taken together, our work delves into the role of nanoparticles on enhancing hydrogel properties, which is vital to the development of hydrogel nanocomposites with a wide range of specific mechanical properties.
Treatment Resistance in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and widely researched disorders of childhood. US prevalence estimates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in youth ages 4–17 range from 5% to 11%, with the childhood male to female ratio estimated to be 3–4:1 in epidemiological samples. The economic and psychosocial costs of ADHD are significant for patients, their families, and the society, and ADHD is associated with a higher risk for substance use disorders and other comorbid psychiatric disorders, increased mortality due to accidents, unwanted pregnancies, lower academic achievement and occupational performance, adult antisocial behavior, and poor social functioning, including higher divorce rates. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder with a variety of core symptom presentations, degree of severity, and psychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, treatment involves a stepwise, systematic approach targeting the predominant clinical symptoms with the goal of minimizing the negative impact on social and academic functioning. Pharmacological treatment for ADHD, although highly effective, is associated with marked variabilities in clinical response, optimal dosage needed, and tolerability. In this chapter, the authors discuss both established and novel pharmacological treatment and neuromodulation in treatment-resistant ADHD.
March 2019 Land Transportation News [Transportation Systems]

Stadler, in a consortium with Ansaldo STS, publicly revealed the first of 17 new vehicles for Glasgow, the smallest-diameter public transit subway in the world (Figure 1). Dating back to 1896, Glasgow Subway is the third-oldest underground metropolitan network in the world, after London and Budapest. It operates solely within its original tunnels, with a 4-ft track gauge and tunnel gauge of just over 11 ft in diameter. The tunnels comprise twin running circles, each 6.5 mi in length. The 15 stations on the network are arranged in two single loops, with a clockwise and a counterclockwise loop.
Effect of a bottom gap on the mean flow and turbulence structure past vertical solid and porous plates situated in the vicinity of a horizontal channel bed

A study of the wake past a porous barrier situated some distance above the ground shows that the presence of the bottom surface modifies the wake structure and breaks the antisymmetry of the von Karman billows. The bleeding flow increases the distance at which the wake billows form.
Arginine Metabolism in Supragingival Oral Biofilms as a Potential Predictor of Caries Risk.

Introduction:Ammonia production via the arginine deiminase system (ADS) of oral bacteria can function to reduce the cariogenicity of oral biofilms by neutralizing glycolytic acids that cause tooth ...
End-User Robot Programming Using Mixed Reality

Mixed Reality (MR) is a promising interface for robot programming because it can project an immersive 3D visualization of a robot’s intended movement onto the real world. MR can also support hand gestures, which provide an intuitive way for users to construct and modify robot motions. We present a Mixed Reality Head-Mounted Display (MRHMD) interface that enables end-users to easily create and edit robot motions using waypoints. We describe a user study where 20 participants were asked to program a robot arm using 2D and MR interfaces to perform two pick-and-place tasks. In the primitive task, participants created typical pickand-place programs. In the adapted task, participants adapted their primitive programs to address a more complex pickand-place scenario, which included obstacles and conditional reasoning. Compared to the 2D interface, a higher number of users were able to complete both tasks in significantly less time, and reported experiencing lower cognitive workload, higher usability, and higher naturalness with the MR-HMD interface.
Climatology of Flood-Producing Storms and Their Associated Rainfall Characteristics in the United States

AbstractFloods are one of the deadliest weather-related natural disasters in the continental United States (CONUS). Given that rainfall intensity and the amount of CONUS population exposed to flood...
Point Placement for Observation of the Heat Equation on the Sphere

In [14] Wallace and I studied discrete observability for invariant evolution equations on compact homogeneous spaces, e.g. for the heat equation on the sphere. The observations there were given by simultaneous measurements, corresponding to function evaluations. The initial data was observed as a limit of truncations deduced from a finite number of measurements. That procedure naturally involves two types of errors. Observations in the form of evaluation functionals are restricted to a finite part of the Fourier Peter Weyl expansion; that restriction implicitly involves a convolution. This discretization error occurs in the head of the approximation. The other error is the truncation error; that is the error in the tail of the approximation. In a later paper [15], we showed that the head (discretization) error depends linearly on the tail (truncation) error, and we investigated the consequences of various spectral growth conditions on the rate of vanishing of the tail error. Here I return to the rate of dependence of the head error on the tail error. This is a matter of placing the observation points, and the results to date are just the outcome of numerical experiments.
Forgotten equity: The promise and subsequent dismantling of education finance reform in New York State

This study examines the impact of court-ordered finance reform in New York State resulting from Campaign for Fiscal Equity v. State of New York on equity of inputs using synthetic controls. The findings herein indicate court mandated education finance reform in New York had little to no impact on equity of educational inputs despite an overhauled education finance system intending to distribute more state funding based on student need. In the period during and following the Great Recession, the State of New York chose to cut districts’ foundation aid, a form of aid designed to be distributed progressively, halting any improvement in equity. Had funding been distributed to districts according to the foundation formula that was specified by the education finance reform legislation passed in 2007, high poverty districts would have received more funding and disparities in funding across districts with similar characteristics would have been reduced. I also show that other forms of aid, which are regressively distributed, could have been cut instead of foundation aid, allowing for more funding to flow to high poverty districts in a time of fiscal constraint.
Sluggish cognitive tempo: An examination of clinical correlates for adults with autism:

Adults with autism spectrum disorder often experience co-occurring mental health problems such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder, as well as impairments in executive function. Sluggish co...
Musculoskeletal Healing Process

Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries are ubiquitous and vary in location, type, and degree of severity. While many injuries require unique management approaches, almost all MSK injuries follow variants of a basic physiologic healing pathway. Being familiar with this pathway enables a clinician to make inferences about the healing time and resulting performance of the repaired tissue. Further, understanding the mechanisms behind MSK repair informs recommendations that promote healing. While the old adage of “rest, ice, compression, and elevation” is still relevant today, much more can be done to support tissue repair. Nutrition counseling is an often overlooked but critical component of caring for the injured athlete. Additionally, educating patients on detrimental behavioral habits and treatments (e.g., NSAIDs) can avoid delays in healing. Providing appropriately timed and graded exercises/physical therapy is also critical to maximizing the integrity of the repaired tissue. When creating a treatment plan, especially in cases of delayed healing, the clinician must also consider comorbid conditions that may compromise healing. Novel interventions for disruptions in the healing process, specifically in the case of fracture, have shown promising results; however, further study is warranted prior to making definitive recommendations.
Patient-reported outcome score utilisation in arthroscopic hip preservation: we are all doing it differently, if at all

Objectives To determine which outcome scores physicians are using in hip preservation surgery, as well as when they are administered, who administers them and on what platform. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine which patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores are being used by hip preservation surgeons, including hip joint–specific, lower extremity limb–specific, disease-specific, general health, quality of life, pain, activity, spine and psychiatric wellness scores. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Results Fifty-six surgeons responded (mean 169 arthroscopic, 65 open hip preservation surgeries per year; mean 13 years experience). 13% of surgeons did not collect any patient outcome scores. A total of 25 different PROs were reported. Of 13 possible hip joint–specific outcome scores, the modified Harris Hip Score was most frequently collected (46%), followed by International Hip Outcome Tool−12 (41%) and Hip Outcome Score (38%). There was considerable heterogeneity in hip joint–specific PROs (I2 86%). The Short Form−12 was the most common general health score (30%). Tegner and UCLA Activity scores were collected by 11% of participants. Fifty-nine per cent collected outcomes preoperatively, 45% at 3 months, 54% at 6 months, 61% at 1 year and 32% annually. Paper collection was the most common collection platform (46%), and a dedicated research assistant was most frequently the source of data collection (34%). Conclusion This international survey demonstrates that although most hip preservation surgeons collect hip outcome scores, there is a large amount of heterogeneity in outcome scores used and method of collection. As hip preservation evidence continues to evolve, these results should emphasise the need for an initiative to standardise outcome score collection. Level of evidence Level V.
Thoracoscopic lobectomy for a 4-day-old neonate with a large congenital pulmonary airway malformation: a case report

Background: Congenital pulmonary airway malformation is a rare congenital lung lesion. Infants with large Congenital pulmonary airway malformation can present with a series of serious symptoms. Surgery is still the main treatment. Thoracoscopic lobectomy for neonates is rarely reported. The authors report a case of a congenital pulmonary airway malformation located in the left lower lung of a 4-day-old female infant. Prenatally, the cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio was 2.99 according to ultrasound scan. After birth, thoracoscopic lobectomy was performed to alleviate respiratory failure and mediastinal hernia. The patient’s clinical symptoms and the X-ray re-examination showed good postoperative recovery. The purpose of this study is to indicate that a safe and effective minimally invasive surgery for the giant congenital pulmonary airway malformation is feasible, even for infants only 4 days old.
Epistemic Violence in Research on Eldercare

Decolonial perspectives challenge the notion that standard knowledge in hegemonic psychology is productive of progress and enlightenment. They instead emphasise its association with the colonial vi...
Online prenatal trial in mindfulness sleep management (OPTIMISM): protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial

Sleep deficiency affects a majority of pregnant women with significant impact on daily function, mood, and pregnancy and birth outcomes. This ongoing study combines two evidence-based strategies for improving sleep and mood, mindfulness meditation and cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), in a unique online format to address the particular needs of pregnant women. The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility and estimate the efficacy of this novel 6-week online mindfulness meditation intervention to help pregnant women in remission from depression self-manage insomnia. This is a two-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial. A total of 50 pregnant women between 12 and 28 weeks gestation will be recruited from the community and randomly assigned to a mindfulness or education-only control group in a 1:1 ratio. During the study, all participants will complete six weekly online modules, daily sleep diaries, and optional participation in a treatment-specific online discussion forum. Feasibility outcome measures will include study recruitment, retention, intervention adherence (number of online modules completed, number of meditation days per week), and intervention acceptability (8-item questionnaire). The primary clinical outcome measure will be sleep quality measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Secondary outcome measures will include sleep measured with actigraphy and diaries (sleep efficiency, total sleep time, total wake time), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures (fatigue, sleep-related impairment, sleep disturbance); mood (depression, anxiety, positive affect, quality of life); and self-management and behavior change (potential self-efficacy, self-regulation, sleep problem acceptance, and trait mindfulness). Assessments will occur at baseline and post-intervention; an additional acceptability survey will be completed 4 weeks postpartum. Analyses will examine within-group differences in outcome change scores from baseline to post-intervention. Open-ended feedback will be analyzed using qualitative content analysis. This research is innovative in addressing sleep in pregnancy using a self-management research design and methods that can be accessible and cost-effective for large numbers of pregnant women. The results from this study will inform intervention refinement and efficacy testing of the intervention in a larger randomized controlled trial. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04016428 . Registered on 11 July 2019. Updated version registered on 26 July 2019.
Management of Pain in Neuromuscular Disorders

Pain is a commonly recognized feature of many patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). Although the rates, severity, and location of pain can vary across the many different types of neuromuscular disorders, at some point during their life-time all NMD patients experience some type of pain. This pain is often misunderstood by both patients and their healthcare providers because, for many the relationship between tissue damage and pain is often oversimplified. Failure to recognize the complexity of pain generation may result in a failure to capture the true implications of the pain experience these patients have contributing to the features of reduced physical functioning, poor social functioning, and reduced quality of life.