cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverbial stance types in English

The present paper identifies various speech styles of English as marked by stance adver‐bials. By stance we mean the overt expression of an author's or speaker's attitudes, feelings, judgments, or commitment concerning the message. Adverbials are one of the primary lexical markers of stance in English, and we limit ourselves in this paper to adverbial marking of stance (the attitudinal and style disjuncts presented in Quirk, Green‐baum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985). All occurrences of stance adverbials are identified in the LOB and London‐Lund corpora (410 texts of written and spoken British English), and each is analyzed in its sentential context to distinguish true markers of stance from adverbials that serve other functions (e.g., as manner adverbs). The adverbials marking stance are divided into six semantic categories, and the frequency of occurrence for each category in each text is computed. The six categories are labeled (1) honestly adverbials, (2) generally adverbials, (3) surely adverbials, (4) act...
Genetic interactions between POB3 and the acetylation of newly synthesized histones

Pob3p is an essential component of the S. cerevisiae FACT complex (yFACT). Several lines of evidence indicate that the yFACT complex plays an important role in chromatin assembly including the observation that the pob3 Q308K allele is synthetically lethal with an allele of histone H4 that prevents the diacetylation of newly synthesized molecules. We have analyzed the genetic interactions between the Q308K allele of POB3 and mutations in all of the sites of acetylation that have been identified on newly synthesized histones. Genetic interactions were observed between POB3 and sites of acetylation on the NH2-terminal tails of H3 and H4. For histone H3, lysine residues 14 and 23 were particularly important when POB3 activity is compromised. Surprisingly, synthetic defects observed when the pob3 Q308K allele was combined with mutations of H4 lysines 5 and 12, were not phenocopied by deletion of HAT1, which encodes the enzyme that is thought to generate this pattern of acetylation on H4. Genetic interactions were also observed between POB3 and sites of acetylation found in the core domain of newly synthesized histones H3 and H4. These include synthetic lethality with an allele of H4 lysine 91 that mimics constitutive acetylation. While the mutations that alter H4 lysines 5, 12 and 91 do not affect binding to Pob3p, mutation of histone H3 lysine 56 decreases the association of histones with Pob3p. These results support the model that the yFACT complex plays a central role in chromatin assembly pathways regulated by acetylation of newly synthesized histones.
Intergenerational Wealth Transfers and the Educational Decisions of Male Youth

I. A simple schooling model, 605. — II. Estimation, 606. — III. An interpretation of actual and optimal schooling behavior, 615.
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Then and Now

Dramatic changes in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have occurred in the past decade. While previous management strategies were primarily supportive, current strategies focus on achieving and maintaining patency of the infarct-related artery restoring blood flow to jeopardized myocytes, preserving left ventricular function, and preventing recurrences and complications in addition to promoting healing. Restoration of blood flow can be achieved pharmacologically with thrombolytic agents or mechanically with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Early use of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants helps maintain patency of the infarct-related arteries and prevents thromboembolic complications. Administration of beta-blockers and angiotensin enzyme inhibitors are more specific means of conserving myocardium and preserving ventricular function. Additionally, several strategies for preventing arrhythmias such as prophylactic lidocaine use and routine long-term suppression of premature ventricular contractions with antiarrhythmic drugs are no longer routinely advocated. Basically, in the era prior to the eighth decade of this century, the primary direction of the therapeutic strategy for AMI was to reduce the oxygen demands in the infarcted myocardium; whereas in the subsequent years, the emphasis shifts to improvement in oxygen delivery, via thrombolysis, PTCA, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These interventional changes, when added to greater sophistication in the use of drugs to reduce oxygen demands, resulted in significant lowering of myocardial mortality.
Serum IgG antibody to herpes viruses in schizophrenia

Immunoglobulin measurements have provided indirect evidence to suggest that viruses may play an etiologic role in schizophrenia. The authors review the conflicting studies and report their own measurements of serum antibody absorbance to five viral antigens using an ELISA technique in 38 schizophrenic patients and 22 matched controls. For herpes simplex virus, 12 subjects (32%) had antibody levels more than 2 SD above the control mean.
Outcome and complications of intraocular lenses in children with cataract

Abstract Purpose: To assess prospectively the complications and changes in refraction, axial length, and keratometry after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children with congenital, developmental, and traumatic cataracts. Setting: The Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Methods: The study comprised 24 eyes of 20 patients, aged 4 weeks to 12 years, who had extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber IOL implantation. Mean follow-up was 103 weeks (range 34 to 270 weeks). Results: Six eyes with congenital cataracts operated on between 4 and 28 weeks of age had central, steady, maintained fixation postoperatively. In the developmental cataract group, 64% achieved a visual acuity of 6/24 or better and 43%, 6/12 or better. In the three traumatic cases, visual acuities were 6/6, 6/9, and 6/24. Posterior capsule opacification occurred in 95.8% of eyes and was treated with a neodymium:YAG or Zeigler knife posterior capsulotomy as a secondary procedure. Other postoperative complications (membranous uveitis, iris capture, posterior synechias, iris prolapse) occurred in 29.2% of eyes. Conclusion: With careful management and patient selection, the use of IOLs in children can produce good visual results with a minimum of complications. Further follow-up is needed to assess the long-term visual outcome, complications, and changes in refraction.
Framework for Analyzing Marketing Ethics

This article discusses three ethical frameworks drawn from moral philosophy which can bring ethical insight to marketing decision-making. The frameworks will not provide"the" ethical answer, but rather can help marketing managers better systematize their thinking when dealing with marketing problems having ethical implications. Some of the factors necessary in building a are also presented.
Industrial natural gas consumption in the United States: An empirical model for evaluating future trends

Abstract This study develops a statistical model of industrial US natural gas consumption based upon historical data for the 1958–2003 period. The model specifically addresses interfuel substitution possibilities and changes in the industrial economic base. Using a relatively simple approach, the framework can be simulated repeatedly with little effort over a range of different conditions. It may also provide a valuable input into larger modeling exercises where an organization wants to determine long-run natural gas prices based upon supply and demand conditions. Projections based upon this demand framework indicate that industrial natural gas consumption may grow more slowly over the next 20 yr than being projected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). This conclusion is based upon the assumption that natural gas prices will follow oil prices, as they have done over recent decades. If natural gas prices should lag well below oil prices, as envisioned by the latest EIA outlook, industrial natural gas consumption should rapidly expand well beyond the levels being projected by EIA.
Surface effects of GaAs0·6P0·4 light emitting diodes

Abstract Gallium arsenide phosphide light emitting diodes have shown a considerable perimeter to area effect, having decreased brightness for a fixed current at a large perimeter to area ratio. In this work the cause of this effect is investigated using electroluminescent data, d.c. electrical characteristics, junction capacitance data, scanning electron microscope measurements, and pulsed MOS capacitance measurements. Investigation of the current voltage characteristics as a function of temperature ruled out tunneling as a probable mechanism. Experiments using various dielectrics in which the diode was measured with the dielectric, then remeasured after the dielectric was removed, indicated that the effect was persistent and not modified by these treatments. Scanning electron microscope measurements in the specimen current mode and pulse MOS capacitance measurements showed that the surface recombination velocity was of the order of 10 6 cm/sec. This value was consistent with the observed perimeter to area effect on the current-voltage and brightness characteristics, indicating that these perimeter effects are dominated by the high surface recombination velocity. Increasing doping of the n -type material resulted in a decrease in the minority carrier lifetime but did not affect the surface recombination velocity.
An aperiodic set of 13 Wang tiles

Abstract A new aperiodic tile set containing only 13 tiles over 5 colors is presented. Its construction is based on a recent technique developed by Kari. The tilings simulate the behavior of sequential machines that multiply real numbers in balanced representations by real constants.
In situ observation and measurement of the SAW thin-film acoustoelectric effect

The thin-film acoustoelectric effect in SAW devices describes the interaction of electrical energy between a SAW in a piezoelectric medium and a thin film in the wave's propagation path. The real-time observation of the thin-film acoustoelectric interaction is useful in the design and characterization of SAW sensors (i.e., temperature, humidity, viscosity, voltage, current, Hall effects, etc.). An in situ test fixture was designed to be mechanically, thermally, and electrically stable. Data acquisition software and an electron beam evaporation system were configured for real-time thin-film characterization during film growth. Data have been observed for more than 20 SAW devices and over a wide range of frequencies (i.e., 62 MHz to 1 GHz). The results suggest that the use of the in situ procedure yielded good agreement between theoretical predictions and the measured data, which demonstrates a method for the characterization of a SAW H2-gas sensor in real-time.
Muscarinic receptor antagonist effects in parotid acini and M1-CHO cells: evidence of G protein involvement.

Abstract We have examined the effects of the muscarinic antogonist atropine, on non-receptor-mediated activation of intracellular calcium ( Ca 2+ i ) mobilization events. In dispersed rat parotid acini, atropine significantly lowered basal inositol trisphosphate levels and delayed AlF 4 − -stimulated Ca 2+ i elevation in a dose-dependent manner. In a cell line transfected with the m1 muscarinic receptor (M1-CHO), atropine significantly lowered (≈60%) AlF 4 − stimulated Ca 2+ i elevation. These aggregate findings suggest that atropine, acting via the muscarinic receptor, decreases the efficacy of G protein-mediated activation of phospholipase C.
Use of echocardiography for detecting aortic valve leaflet avulsion and predicting repair potential after balloon valvuloplasty.

Abstract Regardless of surgical outcome, 2-dimensional echocardiographic imaging provides accurate information about the site of fusion between aortic valve leaflets and the location of leaflet avulsions. We recommend echocardiographic inspection of the aortic valve for leaflet avulsions after BAV, and consideration of early surgical repair if an avulsion is identified.
An extremal modulus problem for univalent functions

Over the class S of normalized univalent functions in the unit disk, a variational method is used to find the maximum of |f(ζ|/R f for fixed ζ in the unit disk and where R f is the logarithmic capacity of the range of f. The solution is given explicitly in terms of standard elliptic integrals and implications for other work are described.
La régente de carthage: Main basse sur la Tunisie

La regente de carthage: Main basse sur la Tunisie, by Nicolas Beau and Catherine Graciet, Paris, La Decouverte, 2009, 178 pp., 14 Euros (paperback), ISBN 978-2-7071-5262-6 Regimes may be judged by ...
SU(2) flux distributions on finite lattices

We studied SU(2) flux distributions on four-dimensional Euclidean lattices with one dimension very large. By choosing the time direction appropriately we can study physics in two cases: one is finite volume in the zero-temperature limit, another is finite temperature in the intermediate to large volume limit. We found that for cases of $\ensuremath{\beta}g{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{c}$ there is no intrinsic string formation. Our lattices with $\ensuremath{\beta}g{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{c}$ belong to the intermediate volume region, and the string tension in this region is due to finite volume effects. In large volumes we found evidence for intrinsic string formation.
Microcin MccPDI reduces the prevalence of susceptible Escherichia coli in neonatal calves

Aims Microcin MccPDI-producing Escherichia coli have a fitness advantage in dairy calves. For this project, we determined whether MccPDI is responsible for the in vivo fitness advantage, which is a necessary condition before MccPDI strains can be considered viable candidates for inhibiting pathogenic serovars of E. coli. Methods and Results Neonatal calves were coinoculated with either MccPDI-producing E. coli or MccPDI-knockout mutants in conjunction with a susceptible strain. After 6 days, the MccPDI-producing E. coli-25 strain clearly dominated the E. coli-186 susceptible strain in the inoculated calves (P = 0·003). MccPDI-producing E. coli composed a higher log percentage of the total population of lactose-fermenting bacteria in the faeces (5·51 log CFU per 8·03 log CFU) compared with the knockout strain (2·6 log CFU per 8·23 log CFU) (P = 0·01), and it was more consistently recovered from the lower gastrointestinal tract at the time of necropsy (P = 0·01). Conclusion Our findings support the hypothesis that MccPDI is functional in vivo and it is most likely responsible for a fitness advantage in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study MccPDI-producing E. coli strongly inhibit pathogenic E. coli strains in vitro. We show herein that MccPDI functions in vivo, and thus, these strains may be candidate probiotics against pathogenic strains of E. coli.
Change in canal pressure with cervical cerclage

KATHLEEN HUHN, WILLIAM WATSON, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rochester, Minnesota OBJECTIVE: To determine the pressure and temporal changes associated with cerclage placement. STUDY DESIGN: Models of a cervix were made using smooth and skeletal muscle tissue to a uniform width and central canal diameter. Different types of suture (0-Prolene and 5 mm Mersilene) and cerclage types (McDonald and Shirodkar) were loosely placed in each ‘‘cervix’’ model. A LuMax fiber optic pressure transducer catheter was placed in the canal at the level of the cerclage stitch and tightened with the initial pressure recorded. The catheter was than advanced past the cerclage site and serial measurements were taken at 0.5 cm intervals along the length of the model. Readings were reported at one minute intervals for a total of ten minutes for each cerclage. The percent change in pressure for each sample was recorded. RESULTS: The average initial canal pressures after securing the cerclage stitch was 174.6 cm H20 (SD 23.5). The average canal pressure at the 10 minute mark was significantly reduced (P ! .001) to 69.9 cm H20 (SD 25.4) resulting in a mean decrease in canal pressure of 62.3%. The average total zone of pressure recorded around the level of the cerlage stitch was 1.69 cm (SD 0.59). At the ten minute mark, this 1.56 cm (SD 0.56) zone of pressure had not signicantly decreased (P = .17). Two models were re-evaluated 24-hours after stitch placement and had canal pressures of 35-40 cm H20 and a zone of pressure which decreased from 2.5 cm to 1.0 cm. CONCLUSION: While the pressure within the canal decreased signficantly within the first ten minutes after cerclage placement, the zone of pressure generated by the cerclage placement remained constant. The initial canal and zone of pressure decreased to relatively low levels by the following day. SMFM Abstracts S155
335 DEHYDRATION STUDIES AND RESPONSES TO CLOFIBRATE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Some children with central diabetes insipidus (DI) may lelease ADH under certain conditions. We have studied 10 patients with central DI ranging in age from 3 to 18 years. Their evaluation included a dehydration test and a trial of clofibrate therapy. During the dehydration test, hourly plasma and urine osmolalities (Posm & Uosm) were measured. When there was a plateau in Uosm, the patients received aq. Pitressin. Greater than a 9% rise in Uosm one hour later confirmed the diagnosis of DI. Four patients had a Uosm higher than their Posm revealing releasable ADH. This occurred with marked thirst associated with an elevatec Posm. When the Posm exceeded 290 mOsm/1, the relationship of Uosm to Posm was always subnormal in our patients when compared to values obtained in 127 normal subjects. By comparing simultaneous Uosm and Posm values, the diagnosis of DI can be strongly suspected; and, the diagnosis will not be missed even in patients with DI who can release ADH when moderately dehydrated. The 10 patients received clofibrate (500 mg q6h) for 3 to 7 days. Eight patients concentrated their urine 50 to 400% higher than previous levels during random hydration periods. These increases in Uosm were associated with decreases in daily urine volumes. Because Posm measurements during the trial of clofibrate were the same or even lower than during random conditions, we attributed this finding also to the presence of releasable ADH in most pediatric patients with central DI.
Effects of beta-aminopropionitrile after posterior penetrating injury in the rabbit

Beta-aminopropionitrile, an inhibitor of collagen cross-linking, effectively limited the degree of posttraumatic vitreous proliferation in rabbits three weeks after double perforating injury. Light microscopic examination of the sites of perforating injury after five weeks showed minimal intravitreal fibrous proliferation in treated animals. Electron micrographs of the cicatricial vitreous collagen showed fragmentation of collagen into smaller fibrils and disintegration into amorphous areas. Inhibition of collagen cross-linking may undermine the strength of the vitreous scaffold by making vitreous and cicatricial collagen more sensitive to tissue collagenases produced during inflammation. The failure of fibrovascular membranes to grow into the vitreous may be a secondary effect of weakened vitreous support.
Dipole selection rules for optical transitions in the fcc and bcc lattices

We present the compilation of dipole selection rules for all high-symmetry points and lines of the fcc and bcc lattices, which can be used for the interpretation of absorption or photoemission data in the one-electron direct-transition picture.
The distribution of medical services in Uganda.

Abstract The provision of medical and educational facilities serve a dual purpose. They improve the quality of the life of the individuals who can take advantage of these services by making them healthier and more knowledgeable and they enhance their productivity. Healthier, more knowledgeable and more productive individuals, in turn, can make a greater contribution to the economic and social development of the nation. The government of Uganda has declared its dedication to the enhancement of the quality of life of all its citizens. This reflects its concern to build a socialist state [1]. In more precise terms, what this involves is the development of educational, medical and other facilities as well as economic opportunities which will be available to the mass of the population rather than to any particular group, defined geographically, ethically, tribally, or economically. Given the existing economic resources of Uganda, this suggests with regard to the establishment of schools and health services, that monies be allocated so that all of the people may shortly be able to have access to some such service. In the field of health it follows that preference be given to the construction of medical centers and dispensaries rather than fully equipped hospitals since a multiple of centers and dispensaries can be built and staffed for the cost of a hospital. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Government of Uganda's current medical program to determine its consistancy with the objective of making medical service available to the greatest number of people in the shortest amount of time. Since Uganda is currently engaged in writing its third 5-year development plan, this exercise may prove to be instructive. The analysis may also be relevant to the planning of health services in other less economically developed countries where, as in the case of Uganda, poverty acts as the major determinant of the extent and pattern of medical care. To provide this analysis this paper presents in Part I what might be termed a macro-analysis of Uganda's health services, discussing the distribution and adequacy of these services over the nation at large. Part II analyses in more detail the medical services which are utilized in a particular district. This analysis is largely based on materials developed in a field survey in that area. In this analysis our concern will not be the allocation of monies between major sectors of the economy. The prevailing sectoral allocation, determined largely by political as well as other realities, will be taken as given. What is the subject matter of this essay then is how are the resources which have been allocated to the health sector being used and howmight their use and distribution be improved in order to make health services available to the greatest number of people in the shortest amount of time.
Predictive modeling in food process design/Modelos de predicción para el diseño de tratamientos de alimentos

Predictive modeling is a powerful tool in designing and evaluating food processing systems. This technique relies primarily on the fundamental mechanisms governing a process, where the observed mechanisms are expressed with mathematical equations. The mathematical models are converted to a numerical scheme for solution using a computer. The results from predictive modeling are useful in examining the influence of changing operating conditions on the performance of a process. As an illustration, the predictive modeling approach was used in determining rates of heat transfer in foods undergoing frying. The frying process was considered to involve a moving interface inside a food material, between the crust layer and the core region of a food. Conduction heat transfer was considered in the crust layer, and an enthalpy formulation was used for the core region. The predicted values were in good agreement with the experimentally obtained temperature profiles. The model was used to examine the influence of a var...
The logseries distribution and Mountford's similarity index as a basis for the study of stream benthic community structure

SUMMARY. 1. Of the various approaches to studying species-abundance patterns in aquatic ecosystems (particularly streams) the logseries distribution is the most appropriate. The distribution parameter, α, is readily estimated and goodness-of-fit of the model to the data can be estimated. 2. A method exists which uses a to calculate an index of similarity from which cluster dendrograms can be constructed and the clusters tested for significant differences. Assumptions and calculations are presented. 3. Procedures are illustrated, with examples from Idaho streams, and approaches to interpreting the results are included. 4. Studies of stream macro invertebrates can fulfill the assumptions of the logseries distribution but cannot meet those of commonly used diversity indices.
Gum Arabic is a Kind of Arabinogalactan–Protein

(1984). Gum Arabic is a Kind of Arabinogalactan–Protein. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 235-237.
Supercritical fluid extraction of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde from raisins.

An extraction method based on supercritical CO2 has been developed for the analysis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in raisins. To optimize extraction variables, a fractional factorial experimental design was applied. Six extraction variables were optimized. The organic modifier used for increasing the extraction fluid solvating power was the most important factor. Methanol as organic modifier produced 10-fold higher recoveries of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde than ethyl acetate. The efficiency of the organic modifier in the static extraction phase was compared with using it in the dynamic extraction phase. Repeatability of the analysis method was evaluated, which resulted in an RSD of <5%. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde was quantified in raisins, and the concentration was found to be 0.128 mg/g of raisin. Keywords: Extraction; 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde; raisins; organic modifier
Electrochemical behavior of small biological molecules at organic donor―acceptor electrodes in aqueous media

The electrochemical behavior of NADH, xanthine, uric acid, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioxanthine, dopamine and ascorbic acid was investigated at the organic metal-like polymer paste electrodes, tetrathiafulvalene- and N-methylphenazene-tetracyanoquinodimethane. The reactivity of small biological molecules at polymer paste electrodes is generally lower than at most active graphite electrodes. Typical detection limits of about 10−5 M and the typical upper limit of linearity of 10−3 M are observed for the compounds studied.
Individual Differences in Intelligence: A Reappraisal of the Confluence Model.

Abstract The confluence model posits that an individual's intellectual development is a function of the intellectual environment he or she is exposed to in the home. Families with many children spaced close together are presumed to have intellectual environments inferior to those of families with few children spaced far apart. To date, the major support for the confluence model has come from analyses of the family size-birth order means of large aggregate data sets. Analyses of the individual scores of some of those same aggregate data sets, however, do not substantiate the confluence model. Explained variance for the aggregate (90%+) reduce to less than 3% in the individual analyses. A recommendation is made to shift the focus of the confluence model from family configuration variables to family interaction varibles utilizing longitudinal data from individuals.
Proportional isoparametric transformations for quadratic Lagrangian finite elements

Abstract A modification to the method of isoparametric co-ordinate transformations in finite element analysis greatly improves the accuracy of the method. It is shown that allowing the side and interior nodes of a quadratic Lagrangian element to remain at the same relative positions with respect to the corner nodes in local and global space provides significant computational advantages compared to the standard isoparametric transformation which centers these nodes in local space. The method for positioning these nodes in local space is developed and tested for cases using two-dimensional, quadrilateral elements, but is also applicable to other shapes and higher dimension elements. The computational tests presented demonstrate that use of the new transformation generally gives a solution of better accuracy than the classical transformation. The new technique also adds to the overall stability of the isoparametric transformation by enabling solutions to be computed when nodes are positioned almost anywhere in the element space.
Epinephrine‐induced Pigment Aggregation in Goldfish Melanophoroma Cells: Apparent Involvement of an Unknown Second Messenger

Using a goldfish-derived melanized cell line, we attempted to determine the identity of the signal transduction system/second messenger for epinephrine-induced aggregation of melanosomes in a goldfish cell line. The results show that the second messenger is unknown. It is not 1) influx of extracellular calcium, 2) release of intracellular stored calcium via the phosphoinositide pathway, 3) cGMP, or 4) decrease of cAMP. These results suggest that there is an unknown second messenger for this activity of epinephrine.
Propagating uncertainty in fluid replacement modeling: a tool for time lapse seismic survey planning and amplitude variation with angle (ava) analysis.

Summary Monte Carlo simulation provides a means for propagating uncertainty in reservoir and fluid conditions through the Biot-Gassmann model and the Zoeppritz equations to gain insight into the range of expected reflectivities. The range of reflectivities can be used in evaluating the possibility of success of a time lapse seismic survey that would be collected to monitor fluid movement in an enhanced recovery project or to determine the likelihood of being able to distinguish oil-bearing and water-saturated strata on the basis of reflection amplitude as a function of offset (or angle). Results of propagating the error can be displayed as amplitude versus angle graphs or on crossplots of amplitudes for near and far traces.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of unresolved complex mixture in PM2.5 of Bakersfield, CA

Abstract The 2010 CalNex (California Nexus) field experiment offered an opportunity for detailed characterization of atmospheric particulate carbon composition and sources in Bakersfield, CA. In the current study, the authors describe and employ a new protocol for reporting unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in over 30 daily samples. The Bakersfield, CA site has significant contribution from UCM, 2.9 ± 2.2% of the daily OC, which makes it an ideal first application. The new protocol reports two UCM peaks for Bakersfield with unique mean vapor pressure, retention time, mass spectra and daily ambient concentration trends. The first UCM peak, UCM-A, was comprised of semi-volatile compounds including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, with a mean vapor pressure of 2E-04 Torr and medium to heavy-duty diesel exhaust as a likely source. The second UCM peak, UCM-B, was comprised of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes, with a mean vapor pressure of 1E-08 Torr. UCM-B had strong similarities to UCM in the NIST Standard Reference Material 1649b (urban dust) and to previously reported, detailed UCM for a representative Bakersfield sample, with possible sources including: motor vehicle exhaust, agricultural activities, and construction activities.
The development of oncology treatment guidelines: an analysis of the National Guidelines Clearinghouse.

Abstract Purpose In the last 2 decades, guidelines have been developed to improve quality of patient care. A recent editorial of guideline development procedures suggested the process has significant limitations that affect their scientific validity. 1 This prompted us to review oncology treatment guidelines to determine if such limitations are widespread. Methods and Materials We performed a review of oncology treatment guidelines registered at the National Guidelines Clearinghouse (www.guideline.gov). Each guideline was independently reviewed by 2 authors and the following criteria were assessed: coordinating organization, guideline panel composition, reporting conflict of interest, peer review, dissent, expiration date, PubMed citation, and evidence-based scoring and grading of recommendations. Disagreements were resolved by consensus in subsequent discussions. Results Sixty-four guidelines were reviewed (39 [61%] were developed by a medical specialty society and 25 [39%] were developed by government agencies). Fifty (78%) guideline panels were multidisciplinary and 44 (69%) included individuals with epidemiologic and health services research expertise. Potential conflicts of interest were disclosed in 43 (67%) guidelines. Sixty (94%) guidelines underwent peer review, with external review in 31 (48%). Seventeen (27%) guidelines are indexed by PubMed. Fifty-one (80%) guidelines included evidence-based methodologies and 46 (72%) used evidence-based scoring of recommendations. Significant differences were observed according to coordinating organization (eg, disclosure of conflict of interest in 46% of guidelines developed by medical specialty societies versus 100% authored by government agencies [ P Conclusions The majority of oncology-related treatment guidelines registered at the National Guidelines Clearinghouse satisfy most of the criteria for sound guideline development. Significant differences in these criteria were observed according to the coordinating organization that developed the guideline.
Familial patterns in hypertension and coronary heart disease.

The family histories of Johns Hopkins medical students were studied in detail and independent evaluations were made of the prevalences of hypertension and of Coronary heart disease among the students' parents and grandparents. The hereditary factors in hypertension and coronary heart disease were studied and some interesting patterns of differences in sex inheritance became apparent that need further investigation.
Reduced striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in incidental Lewy body disease

Incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) is the term used when Lewy bodies are found in the nervous system of subjects without clinically documented parkinsonism or dementia. The prevalence of ILBD in the elderly population has been estimated at between 3.8 and 30%, depending on subject age and anatomical site of sampling. It has been speculated that ILBD represents the preclinical stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and/or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Studies of ILBD could potentially identify early diagnostic signs of these disorders. At present, however, it is impossible to know whether ILBD is a precursor to PD or DLB or is just a benign finding of normal aging. We hypothesized that, if ILBD represents an early stage of PD or DLB, it should be associated with depletion of striatal dopaminergic markers. Eleven subjects with ILBD and 27 control subjects were studied. The ILBD subjects ranged in age from 74 to 96 years (mean 86.5) while the control subjects’ age ranged from 75 to 102 years (mean 86.7). Controls and subjects did not differ in terms of age, postmortem interval, gender distribution, medical history conditions, brain weight, neuritic plaque density or Braak neurofibrillary stage. Quantitative ELISA measurement of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the principal enzyme for dopamine synthesis, showed a 49.8% (P = 0.01) reduction in ILBD cases, as compared with control cases. The finding suggests that ILBD is not a benign condition but is likely a precursor to PD and/or DLB.
Recurrent biliary cystadenoma: MR imaging appearance

The authors report the case of a 37-year-old woman with a biliary cystadenoma that mimicked a liver cyst. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of this rare lesion were correlated with the pathologic findings, showing the potential of MR imaging for depicting and aiding in the diagnosis of biliary cystadenoma and its recurrence.
Momentum and heat flux in a swirl-stabilized combustor

The use of a fine-wire compensated thermocouple probe and two-color laser anemometry to measure both heat and momentum fluxes in the axial and azimuthal directions is assessed for a complex flow, swirl-stabilized laboratory combustor. Thermocouple probe perturbation and time constant variation are evaluated and the former is found to be significant in the central region of the recirculation zone. To minimize the effect of perturbation, the configuration of the probe is varied. In the recirculating region, the mean temperature is uniform with peak, instantaneous temperatures approximating the maximum adiabatic flame temperature. The maximum rms temperature approaches 250°C and occurs off-axis, just downstream of the recirculation zone. The heat flux on the centerline is negative and becomes more negative with downstream distance. Correspondingly, the temperature time series and the probability density function of the fluctuating temperature indicate that neither is cool dilution air present near the centerline nor are hot fluid particles present near the wall. This is attributed to the preferential transport of hot, low velocity fluid particles towards the centerline and cool dense gas, towards the wall by the swirl.
Temporal changes in protein synthesis by mouse blastocysts transferred to ovariectomized recipients.

Protein synthesis in mouse blastocysts, as inferred from the incorporation of 35S methionine in vivo, begins on day 5 of pregnancy (day 1 = the day of vaginal plug formation). The activation of protein synthesis is hormone dependent and does not occur in the absence of either estrogen or progesterone. However, previously stimulated eggs are capable of incorporating 35S methionine immediately after being transferred to ovariectomized recipients. The hormones may affect the blastocysts in two possible ways: (1) they may be responsible for the initial activation and thereafter have little or no effect; or (2) they may be necessary to both activate the blastocysts and to maintain them in an active state. To determine which of these possibilities is correct active blastocysts were recovered from intact donors on day 5 of pregnancy and transferred to the uteri of ovariectomized females. 35S methionine was given at progressively longer intervals thereafter and the blastocysts were recovered and prepared for radioautography. It was found that 35S methionine incorporation by the blastocysts decreased and finally stopped after prolonged exposure to the uteri of ovariectomized recipients. The depression was not caused by damage to the embryos; rather they simply became dormant.
Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation.

Early nutrition affects adult metabolism in humans and other mammals, potentially via persistent alterations in DNA methylation. With viable yellow agouti (Avy) mice, which harbor a transposable element in the agouti gene, we tested the hypothesis that the metastable methylation status of specific transposable element insertion sites renders them epigenetically labile to early methyl donor nutrition. Our results show that dietary methyl supplementation of a/a dams with extra folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, and betaine alter the phenotype of their Avy/a offspring via increased CpG methylation at the Avy locus and that the epigenetic metastability which confers this lability is due to the Avy transposable element. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation, long presumed to be purely beneficial, may have unintended deleterious influences on the establishment of epigenetic gene regulation in humans.
Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction

Grand political accomplishment and artistic productivity were the hallmarks of Augustus Caesar's reign (31 B.C. to A.D. 14), which has served as a powerful model of achievement for societies throughout Western history. Although much research has been done on individual facets of Augustan culture, Karl Galinsky's book is the first in decades to present a unified overview, one that brings together political and social history, art, literature, architecture, and religion. Weaving analysis and narrative throughout a richly illustrated text, Galinsky provides not only an enjoyable account of the major ideas of the age, but also an interpretation of the creative tensions and contradictions that made for its vitality and influence. Galinsky draws on source material ranging from coins and inscriptions to the major works of poetry and art, and challenges the schematic concepts and dichotomies that have commonly been applied to Augustan culture. He demonstrates that this culture was neither monolithic nor the mere result of one man's will. Instead it was a nuanced process of evolution and experimentation. Augustan culture had many contributors, as Galinsky demonstrates, and their dynamic interactions resulted in a high point of creativity and complexity that explains the transcendence of the Augustan age. Far from being static, its sophisticated literary and artistic monuments call for the active response and involvement of the reader and viewer even today.
Gestational Age, Infant Birth Weight, and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Mothers: Nurses’ Health Study II

Introduction Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM); however, little is known about the association between other common pregnancy complications (eg, preterm birth, macrosomia) and T2DM risk. We examined the associations between first-pregnancy preterm, postterm birth, low birth weight, and macrosomia with subsequent risk of T2DM. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) participants; 51,728 women in the study had a single live birth and complete pregnancy history. NHSII confirmed incident diabetes mellitus through supplemental questionnaires. Participants were followed from year of first birth until 2005. We defined gestational age as very preterm (20 to ≤32 weeks), moderate preterm (33 to ≤37 weeks), term (38 to ≤42 weeks), and postterm (≥43 weeks). We defined low birth weight as an infant born at term weighing less than 5.5 pounds, and we defined macrosomia as an infant born at term weighing 10 pounds or more. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Women with a very preterm birth (2%) had an increased T2DM risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.71). This increased risk emerged in the decade following pregnancy. Macrosomia (1.5%) was associated with a 1.61 increased T2DM risk, after adjusting for risk factors, including GDM (95% CI, 1.24-2.08). This association was apparent within the first 5 years after pregnancy. Moderate preterm and term low birth weight did not significantly increase the risk of T2DM over the 35-year follow-up time. Conclusion Women who experienced a very preterm birth or had an infant that weighed 10 pounds or more may benefit from lifestyle intervention to reduce T2DM risk. If replicated, these findings could lead to a reduced risk of T2DM through improved primary care for women experiencing a preterm birth or an infant of nonnormal birth weight.
A self-consistent theory of steady-state lamellar solidification in binary eutectic systems

Abstract The potential theoretic methods developed recently at NRL for solving the diffusion equation are applied to the free-boundary problem which describes lamellar solidification in binary eutectic systems. By using these techniques, the original free-boundary problem is reduced to a set of coupled nonlinear integro-differential equations which when solved yield the shape of the solid/liquid interface and the solute concentration on the interface. A simplified version of the general integro-differential equations is derived by assuming that (1) the solute diffusion length is large compared with the lamellar spacing, and (2) the solid/liquid interface is approximately isothermal. Numerical solutions to the approximate equations are obtained and are utilized to assess the effect of interface curvature on the interfacial solute concentrations, and to check the new theory for consistency with experiment.
Mechanism of sensitivity of cultured pancreatic carcinoma to asparaginase

The effects of E. coli L-asparaginase on cultured human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) have been studied. The enzyme (1 U/ml) inhibited growth and protein synthesis in both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, another pancreatic carcinoma cell line, but had little or no effect on human breast carcinoma or melanoma cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis by E. coli L-asparaginase was largely reversed by L-glutamine but not by L-asparagine. The growth of both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 showed absolute dependence on L-glutamine. These results indicate that the effect of E. coli L-asparaginase on cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells is exerted at least in part through its L-glutaminase activity. Although the addition of L-glutamine to the culture appeared to prevent cell death caused by L-asparaginase, it did not restore the ability of the cells to proliferate. Asparaginase derived from vibrio succinogenes, which is virtually free of L-glutaminase activity, was equally inhibitory to MIA PaCa-2 cell growth but did not affect protein synthesis. It is concluded that the inhibition of growth of cultured pancreatic carcinoma cells by E. coli asparaginase is a combined function of both its L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activity.
GUIDe: gaze-enhanced UI design

The GUIDe (Gaze-enhanced User Interface Design) project in the HCI Group at Stanford University explores how gaze information can be effectively used as an augmented input in addition to keyboard and mouse. We present three practical applications of gaze as an augmented input for pointing and selection, application switching, and scrolling. Our gaze-based interaction techniques do not overload the visual channel and present a natural, universally-accessible and general purpose use of gaze information to facilitate interaction with everyday computing devices.
Flattop operation of the ILC accelerating cryomodule

A 500 GeV center-of-mass International Linear Collider (ILC), currently under R&D development, is foreseen as the next-generation high-energy physics (HEP) instrument [1]. The achievement of a 31.5 MV/m average operational accelerating gradient in a single cryomodule is a proof of principle for the ILC project. However, individual cavity performance may have a large spread in operating gradients, up to 20% of the nominal value [2, 3]. In case of cavities performing below the average, the design parameters could be achieved by tweaking the RF distribution accordingly. We present a simple theoretical analysis of the ILC cryomodule operation with a gradient spread. The difference in the gradients breaks the synchronism of a transient processes in each cavity and causes nonuniform acceleration along the bunch train. A proper solution was found to maintain flattop operation of the accelerating module. Finally, we perform numerical efficiency estimations for the proposed RF distribution scheme based on real data of the gradient spread of actual cavities.
Detection of Important Atmospheric and Surface Features by Employing Principal Component Image Transformation of GOES Imagery

Abstract The detection of dust, fire hot spots, and smoke from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) is made easier by employing the principal component image (PCI) technique. PCIs are created by an eigenvector transformation of spectral band images from the five-band GOES Imager. The transformation is a powerful tool that provides a new set of images that are linear combinations of the original spectral band images. This facilitates viewing the explained variance or signal in the available imagery, allowing both gross and more subtle features in the imagery to be seen. Whereas this multispectral technique is normally applied to high-spatial-resolution land remote sensing imagery, the application is herein made to lower-spatial-resolution weather satellite imagery for the purpose of feature detection and enhancement. Features used as examples include atmospheric dust as well as forest and range fire hot spots and their resulting smoke plumes. The applications of PCIs to GOES utilize...