cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal disequilibrium during melt-transport: Implications for the evolution of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary

This study explores how thermal disequilibrium during melt-infiltration and melt-rock interaction may modify the continental lithosphere from beneath. Using an idealized 1D model of thermal disequilibrium between melt-rich channels and the surrounding melt-poor material, I estimate heat exchange across channel walls during channelized melt transport at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). For geologically-reasonable values of the volume fraction of channels ($\phi$), relative velocity across channel walls ($v$), channel spacing ($d$), and the timescale of episodic melt-infiltration ($\tau$), model results suggest disequilibrium heating may contribute $>$ $10^{-3}$ W/m$^3$ to the LAB heat budget. During episodic melt-infiltration, a thermal reworking zone (TRZ) associated with spatio-temporally varying disequilibrium heat exchange forms at the LAB. The TRZ grows by the transient migration of a disequilibrium-heating front at material-dependent velocity, reaching a maximum steady-state width $\delta\sim$ $\left[\phi vd^{-2}\tau^{2} \right]$. The spatio-temporal scales associated with establishment of the TRZ are comparable with those inferred for the migration of the LAB based on geologic observations within continental intra-plate settings, such as the western US.
Corruption, Șmecherie, and Siliconization: Retrospective and Speculative Technoculture in Postsocialist Romania

This article explores socialist and postsocialist technoculture in postsocialist Romania, focusing upon both retrospective and speculative accounts of what did, and what could have, transpired beyond the purview of the state and of capitalism. Upon a backdrop of postsocialist Siliconization and Western anticorruption politics, it looks to queer, corrupt, and deviant technological practices that pervert normative and Western accounts of socialism and its transition. In particular, this article sifts through speculative and retrospective accounts of hackers, computer cloners, and political artists and organizers, many of whom narrate technocultural practices of șmecherie—a Romanian word with Romani roots inferring cunningness and cleverness. These narrations, imaginations, and speculations, I suggest, corrupt postsocialist Siliconization and anticorruption politics through practices of cloning, play, excess, and kinship.
Validation of a Simple Empirical Model for Calculating the Vibration of Flat Plates Excited by Incompressible Homogeneous Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow

The vibration responses of three flat rectangular plates excited by turbulent boundary layer flow are calculated and compared to measured data. The measurements were made in three different facilities by Wilby at ISVR [1] (high speeds typical of aircraft), Han at Purdue University [2] (moderate speeds typical of automobiles), and Robin at University of Sherbrooke [3] (lowest speeds), spanning 50 years of time. The plates are different sizes, made from different materials, and have different boundary conditions. The boundary layers have different heights and flow speeds. The ratios of plate flexural and convective wavenumbers kb/kc over the three cases range from about 0.1 to 2. Plate vibrations are normalized by wall pressure fluctuation autospectra measured by the previous investigators. This wide range of structural and flow conditions and the use of plate vibration spectra normalized by wall pressure autospectra allows for an objective assessment of various TBL wall pressure fluctuation cross-spectral empirical models. Two cross-spectral models are considered: the widely used Corcos model [4] and the less well-known elliptical extension by Mellen [5]. Smolyakov’s empirical models for convection velocity and streamwise and spanwise surface pressure length scales [6] supplement the Corcos and Mellen models. Calculations using the Corcos cross-spectral model overestimate the vibrations by about an order of magnitude at lower speed (and lower kb/kc) conditions. Including Smolyakov’s convection velocity and length scale formulations improves accuracy at low frequencies. The Mellen cross-spectral pressure model, supplemented with Smolyakov’s empirical models for convective wave speed and streamwise and spanwise surface pressure length scales, is therefore well suited for calculating plate vibrations due to TBL flows with flow speed/flexural wave speed ratios ranging from 0.1 to 2.
Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects

Probably because of their interpretability and transparent nature, synthetic controls have become widely applied in empirical research in economics and the social sciences. This article aims to provide practical guidance to researchers employing synthetic control methods. The article starts with an overview and an introduction to synthetic control estimation. The main sections discuss the advantages of the synthetic control framework as a research design, and describe the settings where synthetic controls provide reliable estimates and those where they may fail. The article closes with a discussion of recent extensions, related methods, and avenues for future research.
Adaptive Nonlinear Droop Control with Dynamic State-of-Charge Balancing Capability for Batteries in DC Microgrids

Droop control is one of the generally accepted methods for interfacing various voltage sources in a dc microgrid that could deal with challenges such as load-sharing accuracy and dc voltage regulation among the sources. This paper proposes a novel adaptive nonlinear droop control method based on dynamic state-of-charge (SOC) balancing of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and the converters' output current in a dc microgrid. In this decentralized communication-less method, the BESS with higher SOC delivers more power with the minimum trade-off between the voltage regulation and current-sharing accuracy. The simulation and Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed results verify the stability and load-sharing, and voltage regulation capability of the proposed controller technique compared to other nonlinear and adaptive droop methods.
Time perception as a measure of pain intensity and pain type

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to investigate the relationship between time perception and pain intensity while controlling for the effects of anxiety, depression, and perceived control over pain; and (2) to investigate the differences in time perception among the sufferers of somatic, neuropathic, and combined pain. The study utilized the following measures of independent and dependent variables: a 3-minute retrospective time estimation task, a Numerically Anchored Pain Intensity Scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hospital Anxiety Scale, and the Numerically Anchored Perceived Control Over Pain Scale. The results revealed two things: (1) greater pain intensity is associated with overestimation of time and the majority of pain patients report a perceived slowing down of time while in pain; and (2) there were no differences in time perception as a function of pain type. The results of this study present several potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses for pain patients.
Getting started: Practical preliminary questions

Lack of business experience can be remedied fairly quickly with adequate planning, in-depth discussions with more experienced colleagues, and by gaining familiarity with the concerned city and state's legal requirements. A more important question one must confront when planning to practice independently is the level of clinical competence and experience in neuropsychology. Even for experienced practitioners, quality of practice is likely to be improved by consultation. One of the major challenges in beginning a solo private practice is that while a business is being built, one may not have a significant income. Lack of initial cash flow may require the practitioner to do all of their scheduling, phone calling, typing, copying, mailing, errand running for supplies and postage, billing, collections, banking, and tax preparation. Even some well-established solo practitioners continue to perform many of these basic functions as a way to keep the overheads low. For all of these reasons, some private practitioners prefer to start within the security of an established group practice, in which many of the above necessities are provided as a full member of the group.
Inequities in Districting for Congress: Baker v. Carr and Colegrove v. Green

THE opinion announcing the judgment in Colegrove v. Green 1 has sometimes been treated with a deference insufficiently shaded by recognition that the circumstances under which it was uttered deprived it of authority. This would not matter much if the opinion satisfactorily dealt with the narrower and wider issues in Colegrove. With respect, it is submitted that it did not.2 The three Justices 3 who joined it found the petitioners' claim for correction of congressional districting inequities "political," and hence "not meet for judicial determination."4 The first reason given was that the "basis for the suit is not a private wrong, but a wrong suffered by Illinois as a polity."5 In fact, the complaint in Colegrove (whether with or without merit, whether tendering or not tendering a "justiciable" issue) was of dilution of the plaintiffs' votes, of their own under-representation in Congress, as compared with the inhabitants of less populous districts. The contrast set up in the quoted statement was unreal; the basis for the suit was a wrong suffered by individuals (numerous, to be sure, but what of that?) in consequence of certain public arrangements in Illinois. The rest of the opinion (insofar as it touches "justiciability") consists in suggestions of improprieties and dire effects. "It is hostile to a democratic system to involve the judiciary in the politics of the people"6-yet, as de Toqueville first classically observed, in a saying too often quoted to quote again, such involvement is a settled and regular weight in our governmental balance; the qualification of voting rights as "political," and hence as unprotectible by courts, is (in a voice equally classic) "little more than a play upon words."7 "[D]ue regard for the effective working of our Government"8 and "for the Constitution as a viable system"9 are said to preclude judicial action. The words "effective" and "viable" predict untoward consequences if the Court were to intervene; but what basis was there for the forecast that our Government would work
Stimulation of lysine decarboxylase production in Escherichia coli by amino acids and peptides.

A commercial hydrolysate of casein stimulated production of lysine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.18) by Escherichia coli B. Cellulose and gel chromatography of this hydrolysate yielded peptides which were variably effective in this stimulation. Replacement of individual, stimulatory peptides by equivalent amino acids duplicated the enzyme levels attained with those peptides. There was no indication of specific stimulation by any peptide. The peptides were probably taken up by the oligopeptide transport system of E. coli and hydrolyzed intracellularly by peptidases to their constituent amino acids for use in enzyme synthesis. Single omission of amino acids from mixtures was used to screen them for their relative lysine decarboxylase stimulating abilities. Over 100 different mixtures were evaluated in establishing the total amino acid requirements for maximal synthesis of lysine decarboxylase by E. coli B. A mixture containing all of the common amino acids except glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine increased lysine decarboxylase threefold over an equivalent weight of casein hydrolysate. The nine most stimulatory amino acids were methionine, arginine, cystine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine, threonine, tyrosine, and asparagine. Methionine and arginine quantitatively were the most important. A mixture of these nine was 87% as effective as the complete mixture. Several amino acids were inhibitory at moderate concentrations, and alanine (2.53 mM) was the most effective. Added pyridoxine increased lysine decarboxylase activity 30%, whereas other B vitamins and cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate had no effect.
Deterministic and stochastic features of fMRI data: implications for data averaging

Averaging of data, using time windows time-locked to repetitive stimuli, is a method that has long been used in Event-Related Potential (ERP) research. As event-related designs are becoming increasingly common in fMRI experiments, selective averaging is a natural approach to the analysis of these data sets. However, as the biophysical origin (and presumably the statistical properties) of the fMRI BOLD and ERP Signals fundamentally differ, there is a need to assess the implications of averaging raw fMRI data. We recorded a fMRI data series from a single subject performing a simple event-related task, consisting of 95 presentations of checkerboard visual stimuli. The data set was first dimension-reduced with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and separated into 100 spatially independent components with Independent Component Analysis (ICA), an iterative technique whose weight matrix is normally initialized to the identity matrix. To determine components which were reproducible, and by inference represented deterministic features in the data, the ICA processing step was repeated, but this time initialized with the inverse of the weight matrix computed from the first analysis, a method supported by simulations. The mutual information between best-matching pairs of components each ICA analysis was plotted. Visual inspection suggested that 55 components were reproducible, accounting for 84% of the variance in the dimension-reduced data. The reproducible components exhibited much less trial-to-trial variability than the raw data from even the most activated voxels. Of the 55 reproducible components in the first series, the average responses of 28 independent components were significantly affected by stimulus presentation (p < 0.001). The most significant stimulus correlated component was strongly time-locked to stimulus presentation and was directly stimulus correlated, corresponding to occipital brain regions. Other stimulus correlated components included stimulus-correlated motion artifact, overlapping occipital activation with a different time course from the strongly time-locked component, and frontal and temporal activations. Our results suggest that a significant proportion of the variance in fMRI data is in fact deterministic. Double ICA training with different initial weight matrices is a simple and practical method to determine which components are reproducible. Averaging the time courses of robust spatially-independent components time-locked to stimulus presentation, as opposed to the raw data, may prevent possible biases in the estimates of the spatial and temporal extent of stimulus correlated activation and of trial-to-trial variability.
Seasonal forecasting of East Asian summer monsoon based on oceanic heat sources

We use the upper-level divergence zone at 150 hPa to define the areas of study for the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and to show the advances and retreats of the EASM. We find that the EASM can be subdivided into a northern and southern component with distinctly different driving mechanisms. The northern EASM (NEASM) is affected by heat sources in the tropical oceans related to El Nino events while the southern EASM (SEASM) is affected by the subtropical oceans related to a North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) dipole mode. A stronger NEASM is related to above-normal western North Pacific (WNP) anticyclonic anomalies, while a stronger SEASM is related to below-normal WNP anticyclonic anomalies. These WNP anticyclonic anomalies are connected to SST anomalies in the tropical and subtropical Pacific during the pre-monsoon season (December∼May). We also find that NEASM precipitation can be predicted from regional oceanic heat sources, i.e. SST and ocean heat content, in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans during the pre-monsoon season using a linear regression model. SEASM precipitation can be predicted from pre-monsoon SST in the eastern North Pacific. The NEASM forecast model is more skillful than that for the SEASM. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Reactivation of an inactive human X chromosome: evidence for X inactivation by DNA methylation

A mouse-human somatic cell hybrid clone, deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and containing a structurally normal inactive human X chromosome, was isolated. The hybrid cells were treated with 5-azacytidine and tested for the reactivation and expression of human X-linked genes. The frequency of HPRT-positives clones after 5-azacytidine treatment was 1000-fold greater than that observed in untreated hybrid cells. Fourteen independent HPRT-positive clones were isolated and analyzed for the expression of human X markers. Isoelectric focusing showed that the HPRT expressed in these clones is human. One of the 14 clones expressed human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and another expressed human phosphoglycerate kinase. Since 5-azacytidine treatment results in hypomethylation of DNA, DNA methylation may be a mechanism of human X chromosome inactivation.
Teaching Critical Thinking Skills for the 21st Century: An Advertising Principles Case Study

Abstract Business educators are being asked to prepare students for a rapidly changing world in which much business content becomes obsolete every few years. How can they prepare students to be lifelong learners capable of facing challenges as yet unspecified? The answer does not lie in a continually changing curriculum, but in one that prepares business graduates to change and to learn the things they need throughout life. An exciting approach to creating such a business graduate focuses on critical thinking skills. This article describes how a critical-thinking-skills approach can be used to teach any business course and illustrates this point with a case study of an advertising principles course.
Ordering in quasi-two-dimensional planar ferromagnets: A neutron scattering study of graphite intercalation compounds

The magnetic ordering of stage-2 ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$- and ${\mathrm{NiCl}}_{2}$-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) has been investigated by neutron diffraction. Both of these compounds are observed to undergo a two-step ordering process. For temperatures within the range ${T}_{l}$${T}_{u}$ purely two-dimensional (2D) spin correlations are observed, while at temperatures below ${T}_{l}$ ferromagnetically aligned planes couple weakly with an average antiferromagnetic interplanar correlation. No three-dimensional long-range magnetic order is observed even at the lowest temperatures attained. The absence of fine structure in scans along (h,k,l) with fixed h and k indicates that successive intercalate layers are translationally uncorrelated from each other. The in-plane peaks of ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$-GIC appear to have a shape characteristic of long-range spin order below ${T}_{l}$. However, the structure factor expected for a finite-sized bound vortex phase cannot at present be discounted for ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$-GIC. A similar scan at ${T}_{l}$${T}_{u}$ is likewise inconclusive concerning the existence of the bound vortex phase of coplanar spins in the intermediate temperature regime.
Skepticism, Stroud and the contextuality of knowledge

Abstract This paper responds to Stroud's important The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism. The author defends a view in which statements in a natural language have truth‐evaluable content only in concrete contexts. It is argued that just what counts as a concrete possibility that must be defeated before one can say that one knows something is a highly context‐sensitive matter, and that Stroud's alternative to this context‐sensitive account of the way the verb “know” functions seems to be either a semantics in which knowledge claims (about the “external world") are trivially logically false or no intelligible semantics at all.
Directed Growth of Pure Phosphatidylcholine Nanotubes in Microfluidic Channels

The morphology of self-assembled phospholipid membranes (e.g., micelles, vesicles, rods, tubes, etc.) depends on the method of formation, secondary manipulation, temperature, and storage conditions. In this contribution, microfluidic systems are used to create pure phosphatidylcholine (PC) micro- and nanotubes with unprecedented lengths. Tubes up to several centimeters in length and aligned with the long axis of the microchannel were created from spots of dry films of 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). These high aspect ratio structures, which, to our knowledge, represent the first examples of extended tubes formed from pure PC lipids, were examined by fluorescence microscopy, electron and optical microscopy, and optical manipulation tools (i.e., a laser trap and laser scalpel) to characterize structure and stability. In particular, the tubular structure was confirmed by observation o...
Marx, Time and the Deontological Project

This paper criticizes the ideology of deontological liberalism from the perspective of Marxist thought and employs the idea of temporality as an example of this critique. Deontological liberals like John Rawls argue that the liberal political order should be indifferent to ultimate ends. Consequently, Rawls constructs an "abstract" self that is defined apart from the concrete totality of a real human life. This paper argues, through Marx's essay "On the Jewish Question" that the liberal, bourgeois self is not "abstract" but exists in an instrumentalized society in which individuals treat themselves and others as means, not ends. Following this line of thought, the paper shows that the purportedly "abstract" or "empty" linear temporality of modern thought is actually commodified or instrumentalized time. The paper concludes with suggestions how "leisure" understood as non-instrumental or self-sufficient time could be an alternative to the commodified temporality of bourgeois culture.
Noncontingent partial reinforcement reduces spontaneous alternation

Two groups of 12 rats were tested for spontaneous alternation in a T maze. Ss rewarded with food after each trial alternated goal arms significantly more often (p=.011) than Ss for which reward was withheld randomly on one-half of the trials regardless of the animal’s response. A possible relation between the effects of partial reinforcement and of brain damage in the limbic system or frontal cortex was discussed.
The Enemy Within the Insider: Detecting the Insider Threat Through Addiction Theory

“Insiders” remain a significant threat to organizations—evidenced by recent cases involving Robert Hansen, Bradley Manning, and Edward Snowden—even in light of significant movement toward neutralizing the threat through detection and prevention. Insiders pose detection challenges for security professionals because they often have legitimate access and intimate organizational knowledge. Nonetheless, past insider threat detection research has predominantly focused on signature-based detection of digital indicators of insider activity and behavioral profiling. This article develops a novel relationship between addiction theory and the insider threat from an information systems perspective. This discussion introduces seven propositions concerning this relationship, addiction antecedents, and the factors moderating the relationship between addiction and the insider threat. This model has significant implications for the insider threat detection challenge, as it provides new signals that may be useful for detec...
Preventive education and birth order as co-determinants of IQ in disadvantaged 5-year-olds*

Summary The effects of preventive education and birth order on IQ scores of 95 economically disadvantaged children at risk for retarded intellectual development were studied. Experimental first- and later-born children participated from birth in a 5-year programme of systematic educational intervention. An equal number of children served as controls and received no systematic intervention. First-borns prevailed as the brighter children in both the educational treatment group and the control group when Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) full scale and verbal IQ scores were compared. Furthermore, mothers of first-borns (70% of whom were only-born at age 5) achieved significantly higher WAIS scores than did mothers of later-born children. Results suggest that later-born disadvantaged children are at greatest risk for developmental retardation.
Probing hydrogen bonding in a DNA triple helix using protium-deuterium fractionation factors.

In this communication we report protium−deuterium fractionation factors for the intramolecular triple helix formed by the DNA oligonucleotide 5‘-d(AGAGAGAACCCCTTCTCTCTTTTTCTCTCTT)-3‘. The fractionation factors of individual Watson−Crick and Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in the structure are measured by NMR spectroscopy. The results show that, in contrast to proteins, the fractionation factors are all equal or lower than unity. On the average, the values of the fractionation factors are centered between 0.6 and 0.8, and no significant differences are observed between Hoogsteen and Watson−Crick hydrogen bonds. Deviations from the average are observed for the 5‘-end region of the molecule where a base triad is absent and the structure is strained by the intramolecular folding of the DNA strand.
Expert witness testimony in urology malpractice litigation.

Objective To evaluate the credentials of urologists choosing to testify as expert witnesses. As health care reform has become an increasingly important topic in national debate, medical malpractice and related issues have come to the forefront of topics for discussion by the medical community. Physicians are often recruited to testify as expert witnesses in malpractice cases. Defining what constitutes an expert in this setting has been an area of controversy. Methods The Westlaw legal database was searched for medical malpractice litigation. Data regarding number of years of experience and practice setting were obtained for urologists using private practice and hospital listings, academic faculty profiles, and state medical licensing databases. Scholarly impact, as measured by the h-index , was calculated by the Scopus database. Results Plaintiff expert witnesses were found to have slightly more years of experience vs defendant expert witnesses (35.7 vs 32.2 years, P = .01), but had a lower h-index (6.8 vs 10.2, P = .03), were less likely to practice in the academic setting (39% vs 60%, P = .001), and were more likely to testify multiple times. Conclusion Urologists testifying for plaintiffs and defendants both had over 30 years of experience on average, with those in the latter having slightly less experience. Defendant witnesses, however, had greater scholarly impact and were more likely to practice in an academic setting. Organizations such as the American Urological Association may wish to re-evaluate guidelines on expert witness testimony, particularly regarding those who testify frequently.
Dynamics of a quantized circle homeomorphism with quasiperiodic perturbation

We introduce the notion of a quantized circle homeomorphism that is a discontinuous mapping of an interval shift, which is widely used in modern digital radio electronics. For a two-dimensional dynamical system given by a triangular mapping, which is a quantized circle homeomorphism with quasiperiodic perturbation, we prove, under some assumptions, that there exist an invariant absorbing belt and a repulsive contour, study properties of these structures, and get estimates for their sizes. To make the exposition complete, we, first, study the corresponding problems for three less complicated systems, namely, a proper circle homeomorphism, a proper circle homeomorphism with quasiperiodic perturbation, and a quantized circle homeomorphism without perturbation.
Mutational analysis of the catalytic subunit of muscle protein phosphatase-1.

A mutational analysis of rabbit skeletal muscle protein phosphatase-1 was performed by site-directed mutagenesis of the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli. The selection of the sites...
Minimizing the problem of logic testing by the interaction of a design group with user-oriented facilities

Early design decisions concerning logic packages often make subsequent testing difficult. To minimize such problems, logic designers must maintain close communication with those responsible for testing the finished product. This paper explores a user-oriented system which enables the designer to recognize and correct testing problems in the early stages of design.
Report of the Constitution and Bylaws Committee

Over the last several months, AP-S has been updating its Bylaws to address changes accumulated since the last update in 2008, under the motivation of this year's Society review by the IEEE. As indicated in the April issue of the Magazine, we have updated our list of committees; added descriptions for the Editors of the Magazine, AWPL, and our Web site; added awards that have been in place and recently approved; and changed our method of selecting a ballot for AP-S elections. We recently submitted our changes to the IEEE TAB and they made some minor modifications. The IEEE has preferred language describing remotely held AdCom meetings (i.e., via teleconference, video conference, e-mail, or other means of non-real-time participation: see Section 4.11). We incorporated their suggested changes. The final IEEE-approved version is published here, and will be available on the AP-S Web site. In this process, we also updated the table of contents in response to the changes, as can be seen in the full version on the Web site.
Threshold error penalty for fault-tolerant quantum computation with nearest neighbor communication

The error threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computation with concatenated encoding of qubits is penalized by internal communication overhead. Many quantum computation proposals rely on nearest neighbor communication, which requires excess gate operations. For a qubit stripe with a width of L+1 physical qubits implementing L levels of concatenation, we find that the error threshold of 2.1/spl times/10/sup -5/ without any communication burden is reduced to 1.2/spl times/10/sup -7/ when gate errors are the dominant source of error. This /spl sim/175/spl times/ penalty in error threshold translates to an /spl sim/13/spl times/ penalty in the amplitude and timing of gate operation control pulses.
Research Note: Anatomical Location of Application influences the Tenderizing Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulation of Broiler Carcasses

Abstract In each of two trials, 45 male broilers were slaughtered by conventional methods. Fifteen carcasses per trial received high voltage electrical stimulation (820 V, 340 mA; 2 s on and 1 s off for five pulses) applied to the cervical region of the neck. Fifteen carcasses received this same stimulation applied to the clavicular region of the breast, and 15 carcasses were unstimulated controls. Breast fillets (Pectoralis superficialis) were harvested at 1.25 h post mortem, aged for 23 h, cooked, and evaluated for Allo-Kramer shear value. Anatomical location of electrical stimulation application significantly improved the effectiveness of the treatment in improving the tenderness of early-harvested fillets. Application of the stimulation at the neck resulted in meat with a mean shear value (8.6 kg/g of meat) similar to that of controls (8.3 kg/g of meat), whereas stimulation to the breast resulted in meat with a significantly decreased shear value (6.3 kg/g of meat). When compared with the control and the neck application treatments, stimulation to the breast yielded more carcasses having meat with shear values below the toughness threshold of 8 kg/g of meat.
Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans.

Abstract Cetaceans are remarkable among mammals for their numerous adaptations to an entirely aquatic existence, yet many aspects of their phylogeny remain unresolved. Here we merged 37 new sequences from the nuclear genes RAG1 and PRM1 with most published molecular data for the group (45 nuclear loci, transposons, mitochondrial genomes), and generated a supermatrix consisting of 42,335 characters. The great majority of these data have never been combined. Model-based analyses of the supermatrix produced a solid, consistent phylogenetic hypothesis for 87 cetacean species. Bayesian analyses corroborated odontocete (toothed whale) monophyly, stabilized basal odontocete relationships, and completely resolved branching events within Mysticeti (baleen whales) as well as the problematic speciose clade Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins). Only limited conflicts relative to maximum likelihood results were recorded, and discrepancies found in parsimony trees were very weakly supported. We utilized the Bayesian supermatrix tree to estimate divergence dates among lineages using relaxed-clock methods. Divergence estimates revealed rapid branching of basal odontocete lineages near the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, the antiquity of river dolphin lineages, a Late Miocene radiation of balaenopteroid mysticetes, and a recent rapid radiation of Delphinidae beginning ∼10 million years ago. Our comprehensive, time-calibrated tree provides a powerful evolutionary tool for broad-scale comparative studies of Cetacea.
Surface, catalytic and magnetic properties of small iron particles: I. Preparation and characterization of samples

Abstract Very small and stable metallic iron particles supported on magnesium oxide have been obtained in an average size d from 1.5 to 30 nm. The hydrogen reduced particles consist of metallic iron, magnesium oxide, and Fe 2+ clusters in magnesium oxide. Values of d determined by electron microscopy, magnetic susceptibility, X-ray line-broadening and Mossbauer spectra agreed with those determined by selective chemisorption of carbon monoxide with a stoichiometry of two iron atoms per adsorbed molecule. As the iron loading was changed from 1 to 40 wt %, the fraction of the iron in the metallic state on the different reduced samples varied from 0.4 to 0.7, and the Fe 2+ concentration in the Fe 2+ clusters in magnesium oxide varied only little. These results, coupled with a study of the sample preparation, suggest that magnesium oxide is not merely an inert carrier for metallic iron, but instead interacts with the iron in a manner essential for the ultimate production and stabilization of small metallic particles.
The material flow concept for materials

Mineral supply and demand data were used to track the flow of a material from its source through stages of production, processing, and fabrication into the consumption and postconsumption phases. In each stage prior to consumption, the quantity of material lost to the environment or recovered for reuse was determined. In the postconsumption stage, the quantity of material discarded was analyzed to determine how much was disposed to landfills, lost through incineration, or dispersed to the environment. Where the consumption stage involved releases to the environment, as in the use of fertilizer, this was noted also. The material flow studies also strived to determine the amount of recycling that was done in the preconsumption and postconsumption phases. Cumulative historical supply data were used to estimate the total inventory of the materials that have been put into service within the United States, and aggregated consumption data based on end use provided a basis for assessing the cumulative effect of those materials on the environment.
Some properties of autocatalytic reactions

Abstract A chain of autocatalytic reactions, first proposed by Lotka in 1910, exhibit some unusual behaviors. Under proper conditions the concentrations of various species oscillate about steady state values. Conditions that lead to such oscillations are discussed. When these oscillating concentrations are plotted against each other, a closed ring or limit cycle is obtained. When autocatalytic reactions take place in flow reactors, a number of anomalous behaviors are observed, and they are described and discussed.
Epstein–Barr virus genome in infectious mononucleosis

THE seroepidemiological evidence1 linking the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) causatively with infectious mononucleosis is compelling, but there are many questions concerning the precise nature of the relationship between virus and disease2 and the immunological responses that limit the disease3,4. For example, until recently it remained unproven that the transforming agent excreted from the throat during acute and convalescent infectious mononucleosis is EBV specific. Lymphocytes from the umbilical cord can be transformed into continuous cell lines by exposure to the virus excreted from the throat. New evidence presented here and data published recently show that such transformed lymphocytes contain EBV genetic material as well as a virus-specific nuclear protein5 even though such cells, unlike those isolated from the peripheral blood, do not shed virus. Another question, persistent and crucial, has been whether the EBV originally derived from Burkitt's lymphoma in Uganda and the EBV associated with infectious mononucleosis are identical. We show here that the viral DNA in human lymphocytic lines derived from infectious mononucleosis partially lacks homology to EBV DNA. Such differences imply that an extensively deleted, defective EBV genome is retained in lymphocyte lines established from infectious mononucleosis or that the cell lines harbour different strains of EBV with up to 35 % heterologous DNA sequences.
Autoregulation of DNA Binding and Protein Stability of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF50 Protein

A transcriptional activator encoded in open reading frame 50 (ORF50) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) initiates the viral lytic cycle. ORF50 protein activates downstream KSHV target genes by at least two mechanisms: direct recognition of response elements in promoter DNA and interaction with cellular proteins bound to promoter DNA. We have identified a multifunctional regulatory region, present in amino acids (aa) 520 to 535 of ORF50 protein, that controls DNA binding and protein stability. Deletion of aa 521 to 534 or mutation of a basic motif (KKRK) in this regulatory region dramatically enhances DNA binding by ORF50 protein, as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift, DNA affinity chromatography, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Deletion of the regulatory region and mutations in the KKRK motif also lead to abundant expression of an electrophoretic mobility variant, ORF50B, which appears to be a form of ORF50 protein that is decreased in posttranslational modification. Enhanced DNA binding and enhanced expression of ORF50B are independent phenomena. The regulatory region likely inhibits DNA binding through interactions with the DNA binding domain in aa 1 to 390 and destabilizes ORF50B through interactions with a domain located in aa 590 to 650. Mutants in the KKRK motif that are enhanced in DNA binding are nonetheless impaired in activating direct targets, such as polyadenylated nuclear RNA, and indirect targets, such as ORF50 itself. The identification of an autoregulatory region emphasizes that the many functions of ORF50 protein must be subject to exquisite control to achieve optimal KSHV lytic-cycle gene expression.
Analysis of silicon solar cells with stripe geometry junctions

Abstract Silicon solar cells with stripe geometry junctions are analyzed. The base region collection efficiency is found to be insensitive to the transmissivity of the electrode and/or the diffused layer but quite sensitive to the width and separation of the stripe junctions. The additional losses of carriers are mainly due to the increased bulk recombination rather than the surface recombination. In one case analyzed the collection efficiency decreases by 22% when the junctions are separated by about one sixth of the diffusion length with the surface recombination velocity at 300 cm/sec. Possible uses of the stripe-junction design in p-n junction cells and Schottky barrier cells are re-examined in the light of the new calculation and found to be less attractive than previously suggested.
Differences in Reperfusion Length Following 30 Minutes of Ischemia in the Rabbit Influence Infarct Size, as Measured by Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Staining

Assessment of myocardial infarct size in acute experimental models is usually done by triphenyltetrazolium-chloride (TTC) staining. A certain period of reperfusion is mandatory for discrimination of the infarct zone, especially after relatively short ischemic periods. However, it is unclear what the optimal reperfusion time is for full delineation of the infarct following 30 min of myocardial ischemia in the rabbit. This study compares infarct size, assessed by TTC, in anesthetized open-chest rabbits subjected to 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by either 2 (n = 14) v 4 (n = 14) (protocol 1), or 3 (n = 8) v 6 (n = 7) h of reperfusion (protocol 2). Area at risk was assessed by blue dye and necrotic zone by TTC staining. Protocol 1: heart rate and mean blood pressure were comparable in both groups throughout the protocol. Regional myocardial blood flows in both the ischemic and non-ischemic zones during ischemia and after 2 h of reperfusion were comparable between the groups. Regional myocardial blood flow in the post-ischemic zone deteriorated between 2 and 4 h (1.11 +/- 0.15 v 0.58 +/- 0.09 ml/min/g, respectively, P = 0.0004) of reperfusion. The size of the area at risk was comparable (0.31 +/- 0.03 v 0.33 +/- 0.03 of the LV weight in the 2 and 4 h reperfusion groups). However, the ratio of the necrotic zone to the ischemic zone at risk was 63% larger in the 4 compared to the 2 h of reperfusion group (0.31 +/- 0.04 v 0.19 +/- 0.05, respectively, P = 0.02). Analysis of covariance performed on the weight of tissue that developed necrosis and the weight of ischemic zone at risk revealed a significant effect of the reperfusion time (P = 0.014). Protocol 2: there was no difference in infarct size between rabbits subjected to three (0.38 +/- 0.05 of the area at risk) v 6 h (0.41 +/- 0.07) of reperfusion (P = 0.72). Analysis of covariance performed on the weight of tissue that developed necrosis and the weight of ischemic zone at risk did not reveal a significant effect of the reperfusion time. Infarct size as assessed by TTC following 30 min of myocardial ischemia, is smaller when measured 2 h after reperfusion than after 4 h of reperfusion. At least 3 h of reperfusion is needed to delineate infarct size by tetrazolium staining following 30 min of ischemia.
Synergistic enhancement in the capacitance of nickel and cobalt based mixed oxide supercapacitor prepared by electrodeposition

Abstract A simple and versatile electrodeposition method was adopted to prepare nickel oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (Co 2 O 3 ) based mixed oxide supercapacitor material. The mixed electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition of Co 2 O 3 on to NiO substrate at various potentials of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The NiO substrate was prepared by simple air oxidation of Ni foil at two temperatures of 500 and 700 °C for 2 and 6 h. Ni-foil/Co 2 O 3 electrode materials were also synthesized by electrodeposition of Co 2 O 3 on to Ni foil under similar deposition conditions for comparative study. The morphology, phase and oxidation states of the composite electrodes were studied using SEM, EDAX and XPS methods. The overall emphasis of this work is to demonstrate the effect of mixed transition oxides in their bulk forms on the supercapacitance behavior of the electrode material. It was indeed observed that NiO/Co 2 O 3 composite electrode showed significant improvement in supercapacitance behavior in their mixed oxide architecture. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) studies revealed that the NiO/Co 2 O 3 composite electrode could attain a very high level of specific capacitance (>400 F g −1 ) at a scan rate of 20 mV s −1 , together with excellent rate capabilities. More than 50% retention in capacitance was also observed after 200 continuous CV cycles demonstrating promising stability of the electrode material. On the other hand, specific capacitance observed in the case of Ni-foil/Co 2 O 3 electrodes was drastically reduced compared to the NiO/Co 2 O 3 electrodes. It has been emphasized that the synergistic effect, due to the presence of multiple transition oxides, enhanced the overall capacitance behavior of the electrode material. Further, it was also observed that higher the oxidation temperature of the Ni substrates, lower was the specific capacitance for the NiO/Co 2 O 3 electrode. The oxidation time, however, did not alter the capacitance significantly for the electrode material.
Temperature dependence of DNA affinity chromatography of transcription factors.

Abstract Oligonucleotides bound by the CAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), the lactose repressor, and Gal4 were chemically coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose and the temperature dependence of transcription factor chromatography was characterized. Each transcription factor was applied to the appropriate column and eluted using a salt gradient at several temperatures. Each transcription factor showed a unique behavior. As temperature was increases, less salt was required to elute C/EBP, more salt was required to elute lac repressor, while Gal4 showed a biphasic dependency with the amount of salt first decreasing between 4 and 19°C and then increasing above 19°C. This temperature dependence is not due to protein or DNA unfolding but rather is a property of complex formation. By loading a column, washing it at a permissive temperature, and then rapidly changing the column temperature, highly selective elution can be obtained. The thermodynamics of this temperature effect are different for the binding of specific and nonspecific DNA sequences, making chromatography at different temperatures a potentially important way of purifying transcription factors.
Production of thin film optical coatings with predetermined stress levels

In this investigation a technique was developed for depositing high reflectors of alternating layers of TiO2 and SiO2 with varying levels of stress. The TiO2 layers were deposited by ion assisted electron beam evaporation, and the SiO2 layers by modulated reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The TiO2 layers were in tensile stress, and the stress depended on the ion beam current density. The SiO2 layers were in compressive stress. The total stress in the high reflector coating was controlled by the ion beam current density applied during deposition of the TiO2 films. The coatings were deposited at a substrate temperature of approximately 50 degrees Celsius. Coating stress levels were unaffected by changes in relative humidity. The stability of the coating over time depended on the density of the TiO2 layers.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
So you are going to be an online writing instructor: issues in designing, developing, and delivering an online course

Abstract Online education is increasing exponentially in colleges and universities. In this article, writing instructors are introduced to theories of instructional design that form the foundation to support effective student learning. We present a series of guidelines, derived from these theories and our research and teaching, that writing instructors may use to design, develop and deliver their online courses. We present considerations for instructors such as the need for the course, an analysis of the learners, appropriateness of the course for online delivery, pedagogical concerns, and resources. We then discuss how best to support students in online environments. We conclude with suggestions for faculty support and training for online course delivery.