cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection and intake of sugars by desalivated rats

The selection and ingestion of sucrose, glucose, and fructose solutions was measured in normal and desalivated rats. Several surgical methods of producing desalivation were evaluated. In experiments which employed ligation of the major salivary ducts or the sectioning of the auriculotemporal nerve and ligation of the submaxillary and sublingual ducts, there was no significant difference in intake of sugar solutions between normal and desalivated animals. The discrimination and selection of sucrose in a semisolid medium was also similar for normal and desalivated rats. A procedure is described to assess the effectiveness of techniques used to produce desalivation.
Indirect estimation of energy disposition by non-thermal electrons in solar flares

The broad-band EUV and microwave fluxes correlate strongly with hard X-ray fluxes in the impulsive phase of a solar flare. This note presents numerical aids for the estimation of the non-thermal electron fluxes from these correlations, using the SFD (sudden frequency deviation) ionospheric data to measure the EUV flux.
The effect of blood on the antiviral activity of sodium hypochlorite, a phenolic, and a quaternary ammonium compound.

Objective:To assess the virucidal activity of three disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, a phenolic, and a quaternary ammonium compound) in the presence and absence of blood.Methods:Disinfectants at varying concentrations (hypochlorite: 5,000, 500, or 50 ppm; phenolic: 1:10 or 1:128 dilution; quaternary ammonium compound: 1:10 or 1:128 dilution) were added to either saline or whole blood (final concentration, 80% or 20% blood) and mixed. Test organisms included an attenuated vaccine strain of poliovirus type 1 (prototype for relatively resistant hydrophilic viruses) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (prototype for relatively susceptible lipophilic viruses). Virus was added to create a viral-blood suspension. Viral survival was tested at room temperature at the following times: 0, 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes. A neutralizer stopped the reaction, and virus was assayed using a plaque technique.Results:In the absence of blood, complete inactivation of HSV was achieved within 30 seconds with 5,000 (1:10 dilution of bleach) and 500 (1:100 dilution of bleach) ppm chlorine, 1:10 and 1:128 diluted phenolic (use dilution), and 1:10 and 1:128 diluted quaternary ammonium compound (use dilution). In the presence of 80% blood, only 5,000 ppm hypochlorite, 1:10 phenolic, and 1:10 or 1:128 quaternary ammonium compound were effective. In the absence of blood, complete inactivation of polio was achieved within 30 seconds by 5,000 and 500 ppm chlorine and 1:10 quaternary ammonium compound. In the presence of 80% blood, no solution tested was capable of completely inactivating poliovirus within 10 minutes.Conclusions:Our data suggest that, in the absence of visible blood, environmental surfaces may be disinfected with a diluted hypochlorite solution (1:10 or 1:100), a phenolic, or a quaternary ammonium compound. Based on our studies using HSV, which has similar susceptibilities to disinfectants as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), phenolics at their use dilution and 1:100 diluted hypochlorite are unlikely to inactivate HIV or hepatitis B virus reliably in the presence of blood. Hypochlorite at a final concentration of 5,000 ppm (1:10 dilution) should be used to decontaminate blood spills, but, even after decontamination, care should be used to avoid sharps injuries.
A centenary celebration for Will Burtin: A pioneer of scientific visualization

2008 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of Will Burtin (1908–1972), one of the foremost graphic designers of the 20th century. During his career, he had an enormous influence on the character of modern design, and more specifically to the point of this column, he was an early developer of what has come to be called scientific visualization. Burtin was born in Ehrenfeld, a suburb of Cologne, the only son of August and Gertrude Burtin. He successfully began his career in Germany, despite the dismal economic conditions of Germany after World War I and the Great Depression. In the summer of 1938, he fled Germany with his Jewish wife, Hilde Munk (1910–1960) after the rise of the Nazis. One event that must have weighed heavily in the timing of his decision to leave was Josef Goebbels’ 1937 request that he become the design director of the Propaganda Ministry. This request led his wife to ask her American cousin, Max Munk, to sponsor their immigration to the United States. His sponsorship led to permission that arrived just in time, because in 1938, Adolf Hitler repeated Goebbels’ request and Burtin could stall no longer. His departure from Germany was also a departure from most things German; Burtin adamantly refused to speak German. In 1946, he visited Albert Einstein as part of his research for a Fortune article, “The Physics of the Bomb.” Einstein was then actively trying to convince the world of the dangers of nuclear weapons that were not under international control. He would not speak English with Burtin, and Burtin would not speak German with him, so the interview was conducted bilingually. Despite his limited English, Burtin was an almost instantaneous success. Within months of his arrival, he won a contract to design the Federal Works Agency Exhibition for the U.S. Pavilion at the New York World’s Fair. By 1939, he had designed the cover for the World’s Fair issue of The Architectural Forum magazine, which won the Art Directors’ Club medal for cover design. Thus began a rich career, which included a long relationship with Upjohn Pharmaceuticals. During this time, he was responsible for the design of much of the content of Upjohn’s magazine, Scope, which was focused on communicating technical material to physicians. A Centenary Celebration for Will Burtin: A Pioneer of Scientific Visualization
Choline transport specificity in animal cells and tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. Beta carbolines inhibit choline transport in rat brain. 2. 2. The aziridinium ring on the nitrogen of mustard analogs of choline causes irreversible binding to the carrier in rat brain. 3. 3. The uptake system in rat brain is stereoselective, requires a quaternary nitrogen, and prefers analogs with a nitrogen-oxygen distance of about 3.26 A. 4. 4. In mouse brain troxonium derivatives inhibit choline transport. 5. 5. In cuttlefish optic lobes and torpedo electric organ pyrene derivatives potently inhibit choline transport. 6. 6. In guinea pig placenta, the affinity of the choline carrier remains high even when this molecule lacks one or two methyl groups.
A New Method of Negative Expiratory Pressure Test Analysis Detecting Upper Airway Flow Limitation To Reveal Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) by negative expiratory pressure (NEP) testing, quantified as the expiratory flow-limited part of the flow-volume curve, may be influenced by airway obstruction of intrathoracic and extrathoracic origins. NEP application during tidal expiration immediately determines a rise in expiratory flow ( V ˙ ) followed by a short-lasting V ˙ drop (Δ V ˙ ), reflecting upper airway collapsibility. Purpose This study investigated if a new NEP test analysis on the transient expiratory Δ V ˙ after NEP application for detection of upper airway V ˙ limitation is able to identify obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) subjects and its severity. Methods Thirty-seven male subjects (mean ± SD age, 46 ± 11years; mean body mass index [BMI], 34 ± 7 kg/m 2 ) with suspected OSA and with normal spirometric values underwent nocturnal polysomnography and diurnal NEP testing at – 5 cm H 2 O and – 10 cm H 2 O in sitting and supine positions. Results Δ V ˙ (percentage of the peak V ˙ [% V ˙ peak]) was better correlated to apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) than the EFL measured as V ˙ , during NEP application, equal or inferior to the corresponding V ˙ during control (EFL), and expressed as percentage of control tidal volume (%Vt). AHI values were always high (> 44 events/h) in subjects with BMI > 35 kg/m 2 , while they were very scattered (range, 0.5 to 103.5 events/h) in subjects with BMI 2 . In these subjects, AHI still correlated to Δ V ˙ (% V ˙ peak) in both sitting and supine positions at both NEP pressures. Conclusions OSA severity is better related to Δ V ˙ (% V ˙ peak) than EFL (%Vt) in subjects referred to sleep centers. Δ V ˙ (% V ˙ peak) can be a marker of OSA, and it is particularly useful in nonseverely obese subjects.
Imported Versus U.S.-Produced Ladies' Sportswear: Retail Buyers' Attitudes and Practices:

Ladies' sportswear buyers for retail establishments were surveyed regarding attitudes and buying practices. Hypotheses were tested concerning buyers' 1) perceptions of quality of imports, 2) awareness of the impact of imported apparel on the domestic industry, and 3) opinions and practices by type of store—department, discount, specialty—for which they worked. Most buyers reported purchasing imports and only 8% indicated they made less profit on them. Buyers were almost equally divided on whether or not imports hurt the domestic industry.Results of chi-square tests indicated that 1) buyers' perception of quality differed relative to profit made on imports and by range of high price points purchased; 2) buyers' awareness of impact of imported apparel on the domestic industry differed relative to percentage of imports purchased, reason given for that opinion, profit made on imports, and whether imports were obtained from Korea; 3) buyers for department, discount, and specialty stores differed relative to pe...
Dual polarisation of microstrip reflectarray antenna

Dual polarisation of a microstrip reflectarray was demonstrated for the first time. A 16 element array of square microstrip patch antennas operating in the X-band was used to reflect the main beam 20" off broadside in both the E-plane and H-plane.
Emx1 and Emx2 cooperate to regulate cortical size, lamination, neuronal differentiation, development of cortical efferents, and thalamocortical pathfinding

The homeobox transcription factors Emx1 and Emx2 are expressed in overlapping patterns that include cortical progenitors in the dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium. We have addressed cooperation of Emx1 and Emx2 in cortical development by comparing phenotypes in Emx1; Emx2 double mutant mice with wild-type and Emx1 and Emx2 single mutants. Emx double mutant cortex is greatly reduced compared with wild types and Emx single mutants; the hippocampus and dentate gyrus are absent, and growth and lamination of the olfactory bulbs are defective. Cell proliferation and death are relatively normal early in cortical neurogenesis, suggesting that hypoplasia of the double mutant cortex is primarily due to earlier patterning defects. Expression of cortical markers persists in the reduced double mutant neocortex, but the laminar patterns exhibited are less sharp than normal, consistent with deficient cytoarchitecture, probably due in part to reduced numbers of preplate and Reelin-positive Cajal-Retzius neurons. Subplate neurons also exhibit abnormal differentiation in double mutants. Cortical efferent axons fail to exit the double mutant cortex, and TCAs pass through the striatum and approach the cortex but do not enter it. This TCA pathfinding defect appears to be non-cell autonomous and supports the hypothesis that cortical efferents are required scaffolds to guide TCAs into cortex. In double mutants, some TCAs fail to turn into ventral telencephalon and take an aberrant ventral trajectory; this pathfinding defect correlates with an Emx2 expression domain in ventral telencephalon. The more severe phenotypes in Emx double mutants suggest that Emx1 and Emx2 cooperate to regulate multiple features of cortical development. J. Comp. Neurol. 457:345–360, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simulation of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of tetrahydropyrans using regression analysis and neural networks

Abstract The 13C NMR spectra of tetrahydropyrans are simulated directly from their molecular structures. A set of 29 tetrahydropyrans is used as a training set to generate regression equations and to train neural networks, and three additional compounds are used as a cross-validation set. The results of simulations done by regression analysis are found to be extremely sensitive to molecular geometries. To account for this, two different methods of descriptor manipulation, an averaging method and a Boltzmann-weighted averaging method, are introduced, and the models generated from the descriptor sets are compared. The results for the Boltzmann-weighted averaging method are found to be better than those based on descriptors derived from only the lowest energy conformation.
Src Inhibits Midline Axon Crossing Independent of Frazzled/Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC) Receptor Tyrosine Phosphorylation

The phylogenetically conserved Netrin family of chemoattractants signal outgrowth and attractive turning of commissural axons through the Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC) family of receptors. Src family kinases are thought to be major signaling effectors of Netrin/DCC. In vertebrates, Src and the closely related Fyn kinases phosphorylate DCC and form a receptor-bound signaling complex leading to activation of downstream effectors. Here we show that, in the Drosophila embryonic CNS, Src kinases are dispensable for midline attraction of commissural axons. Consistent with this observation, tyrosine phosphorylation of the Netrin receptor DCC or its Drosophila ortholog, Frazzled, is not necessary for attraction to Netrin. Moreover, we uncover an unexpected function of Src kinases: inhibition of midline axon crossing through a novel mechanism. We propose that distinct signaling outputs must exist for midline axon crossing independent of Src kinases in commissural neurons.
Life history of the sandy-beach amphipod Neohaustorius schmitzi (Crustacea: Haustoriidae)

Neohaustorius schmitzi Bousfield, the dominant macroscopic invertebrate on sandy beaches in North Carolina, USA, is strictly intertidal, and distributed from mean low tide to high tide, with an average density of 790/m2. Location of greatest densities within the intertidal zone is dependent upon season and sex. An aggregated distribution is shown. N. schmitzi has 2 generations/year: a winter generation which lives about 8 months, and a summer generation which lives about 4 months. The reproductive season extends from February through October, with spring and summer peaks. Each female appears to produce only 1 brood of young. The number of young ranges from 2 to 14, depending upon the length and generation of the female.
Influence of climate, soil moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles

The interactions between the biotic processes of reproduction, growth, and death and the abiotic processes which regulate temperature and water availability, and the interplay between the biotic and abiotic processes regulating N and light availabilities are important in the dynamics of forest ecosystems. We have developed a computer simulation that assembles a model ecosystem which links these biotic and abiotic interactions through equations that predict decomposition processes, actual evapo-transpiration, soil water balance, nutrient uptake, growth of trees, and light penetration through the canopy. The equations and parameters are derived directly from field studies and observations of forests in eastern North America, resulting in a model that can make accurate quantitative predictions of biomass accumulation, N availability, soil humus development and net primary production.
Modeling and computational simulation of dilution and biochemical materials balance equations for partially emptied batch reactors

Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) including aerobic SBRs and anaerobic SBRs (ASBRs) are partially emptied batch reactors that are widely used as bioprocesses in pollution control. We present dilution and biochemical materials balance modeling equations and simulation results for the partially emptied batch reactors, especially for ASBR treatment of low-strength wastewater. The simulated substrate and microbial concentrations for both dilution and materials balance equations follow the same pattern during both feeding and reaction times. However, the results of the materials balance equations show microbial activities during feeding as well as during reaction times and were found to be more appropriate for the biologic system in which substrate removal is associated with microbial growth. Furthermore, the simulation results point to the need to foster high microbial accumulation in the system during startup to optimize the process performance and the need to operate the system at a short reaction time, especially for low substrate concentrations. The results were found to be in agreement with the results of prior laboratory studies.
Should the STAIR Criteria Be Modified for Preconditioning Studies

Diverse preconditioning (PC) stimuli protect against a wide variety of neuronal insults in animal models, engendering enthusiasm that PC could be used to protect the brain clinically. Candidate clinical applications include cardiac and vascular surgery, after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and prior to conditions in which acute neuronal injury is anticipated. However, disappointments in clinical validation of multiple neuroprotectants suggest potential problems translating animal data into successful human therapies. Thus, despite strong promise of preclinical PC studies, caution should be maintained in translating these findings into clinical applications. The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) working group and the National institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) proposed working guidelines to improve the utility of preclinical studies that form the foundation of therapies for neurological disease. Here, we review the applicability of these consensus criteria to preconditioning studies and discuss additional considerations for PC studies. We propose that special attention should be paid to several areas, including 1) safety and dosage of PC treatments; 2) meticulously matching preclinical modeling to the human condition to be tested; and 3) timing of both the initiation and discontinuation of the PC stimulus relative to injury ictus.
On the challenges of modeling the net radiative forcing of wetlands: reconsidering Mitsch et al. 2013

Wetlands play a role in regulating global climate by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and sequestering it as soil carbon, and by emitting methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. In a recent article in this journal (Mitsch et al. Landscape Ecol 28:583–597, 2013), CO2 sequestration and CH4 emissions were modeled for several freshwater wetlands that vary in vegetation type, climate, and hydrology. The authors of that study made significant errors that caused them to underestimate the importance of wetland CH4 emissions on climate dynamics. Here, I reanalyze the Mitsch et al. dataset and show that all of their wetlands had an initial warming effect but eventually caused negative net radiative forcing within ~60–14,000 years, depending on the ratio of CO2 sequestration to CH4 emissions. The addition of a N2O component to the model suggested that typical wetland N2O emission rates would contribute only a minor burden to wetland radiative forcing, although specific application of this three-gas model is limited by the paucity of sites where CO2 sequestration, CH4 emission, and N2O exchange rates have all been measured. Across the landscape, many natural wetlands may already cause negative net radiative forcing when integrated over their lifetime. However, caution should be applied when using carbon sequestration as a rationale for designing wetland construction and restoration projects since freshwater wetlands may have a net positive (warming) effect on climate for decades to centuries or longer.
Bilateral epidural hematomas

Sixty-four cases of bilateral epidural hematomas were reviewed. The factors of patient age, direction of injuring forces, location of hematomas, presence of associated skull fracture, and time interval between injury and onset of signs and symptoms were analyzed. The results of this analysis show that bilateral epidural hematomas may develop slowly indicate that they occur with traumatic forces predominantly oriented in the anteroposterior direction, have fewer overlying fractures associated with them than unilateral epidural hematomas, and commonly contain venous blood. the differences between unilateral and bilateral epidural hematomas in direction of injuring forces, frequency of overlying skull fracture, and type of hemorrhage suggests that varying mechanisms may be responsible for production of these hematomas. Serial angiograms and CT scans have shown delayed accumulation of blood in bilateral epidural hematomas. This finding challenges the theory that epidural hematomas develop within minutes following injury.
THE OREGON TRAIL AND UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD: A CONTRAST IN PURPOSE1

(1961). THE OREGON TRAIL AND UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD: A CONTRAST IN PURPOSE. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 357-379.
Synthesis, reactivity, and crystal structures of ferrocene-substituted amidinate derivatives

Abstract Reaction of FcLi (Fc=ferrocenyl) with DCC (DCC=l,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), followed by the addition of water, yields the ferrocene-containing amidine Fc(NCy)NHCy in 50% yield. The amidine is readily deprotonated by LiN(SiMe3)2 or NaN(SiMe3)2 to yield alkali metal amidinates, [FcC(NCy)2]Li and [FcC(NCy)2]Na, in high yields. These serve as convenient sources of [FcC(NCy)2]− for a wide range of salt-metathesis reactions with transition metal halides. Reactions of [FcC(NCy)2]Li with 0.5 equivalents MX2 (M=Fe, Co; X=Cl, Br) form the paramagnetic 4-coordinate derivatives [FcC(NCy)2]2M. Reaction of [FcC(NCy)2]Na with CpFe(CO)2I affords the carbamoyl derivative CpFe(CO)[FcC(NCy)N(Cy)C(O)]. Although not thermally labile, a CO ligand is readily lost upon UV irradiation to give the amidinate derivative CpFe(CO)[FcC(NCy)2]. The addition of 13CO (50 psig) to a solution of CpFe(CO)[FcC(NCy)2] results in the rapid exchange of CO at 25 °C. Heating this solution to 80 °C results in the partial formation of the carbamoyl species by a formal CO insertion into an FeN bond. Reaction of [FcC(NCy)2]Li with 0.5 equivalents [Rh(CO)2(μ-Cl)]2 forms orange [FcC(NCy)2]Rh(CO)2 in good yield. Cyclic voltammetry measurements in THF reveal a quasi-reversible oxidation at E1/2=+0.46 V followed by an irreversible oxidation at +1.49 V (vs. Cp2Fe). Chemical oxidation of [FcC(NCy)2]Rh(CO)2 with AgBF4 generates the amidine-containing product {[FcC(NCy)NHCy]Rh(CO)2}[BF4].
Effects of pregnant human, nonpregnant human, and fetal bovine sera on human chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol, and progesterone release by cultured human trophoblast cells

Explant and cell culture methodologies are frequently employed in the investigation of the mechanisms that mediate placental hormone production. Recent reports suggest the presence of unknown regulatory factors in maternal serum that may impact significantly on the regulation of these biosynthetic pathways. The present study, therefore, determined the effects of sera obtained from pregnant women in the second to third trimester (PWS), nonpregnant women (NPWS), and men (MS) as well as commercially prepared FBS on hCG, estradiol, and progesterone release into medium by cultured human trophoblast cells. Placental villous tissue was enzymatically dispersed, and cytotrophoblast cells were purified via density gradient centrifugation and cultured (37 C; 90% air-10% CO2) in DMEM with 10% PWS, NPWS, MS, or FBS. All cytotrophoblast cultures aggregated and progressed to syncytial forms, although cells cultured with PWS exhibited notably larger multinucleated syncytial elements by 48 h in culture than cells cultured with FBS. Significant increases (P < 0.05) occurred in hCG, estradiol, and progesterone release due to the progression of cytotrophoblasts into the syncytiotrophoblast phase in all cultures. The quantity of hCG release was unaffected by serum origin. Cells cultured with human serum released greater (P < 0.05) amounts of estradiol than cells cultured with FBS. Cells cultured with MS released more (P < 0.01) estradiol than cells cultured with either PWS or NPWS, in a ratio to the concentration of endogenous androgen precursor available. Progesterone release was greater (P < 0.01) for PWS-cultured cells than for FBS-cultured cells. Progesterone release by NPWS- and MS-cultured cells was intermediate. Syncytiotrophoblasts cultured with PWS released approximately 3-fold more (P < 0.01) progesterone than syncytiotrophoblasts cultured with FBS and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, although the concentrations of available cholesterol substrate were similar. Culture of cells in steroid-depleted or lipoprotein-depleted PWS or FBS resulted in similar decreases (P < 0.01) in estradiol and progesterone release, respectively. In summary, increased estradiol release by placental cells cultured in intact human serum was attributed to aromatizable androgens, whereas enhanced progesterone release by cells cultured in human serum could be only partially attributed to higher concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol substrate in human serum. Evidence of increased syncytial maturity and progesterone release by PWS-cultured cells may indicate the presence of undefined serum-borne regulators, which is enhanced during pregnancy.
Mental Health Policy and Mental Hospitalization

Mental health policy is a rich field for study, and psychologists have much to offer it. Mental hospitaliza tion is the central, albeit uninten tional, feature of mental health pol icy. In this article, I present some recent analyses of national data bases regarding mental hospitaliza tion and relate them to issues in mental health policy. The most pervasive theme in U.S. mental health policy is a strong ten dency not to see the whole array of problems at once.1 Discussions of policy issues become very tilted as a function of what one emphasizes and what one leaves out. For the ed ucated public, mental health policy suggests state mental hospitals and private psychiatric hospitals, on the one hand, and issues of homeless ness and nursing homes, on the other. For psychologists, discussions of mental health policy tend to re flect their concern with the effective
Kinetic study of ligand exchange reaction between 99mTc-glucoheptonate and N-benzyl-N-methyl-piperazinyl-bis-(aminoethanethiol) (BPA-BAT)

Abstract In order to explore the exchange reaction between the 99m Tc-GH (glucoheptonate) and N 2 S 2 (BAT) ligands, as a common method for the preparation of 99m Tc complexes, detailed kinetic studies were evaluated. This paper presents our preliminary results on kinetic studies of the exchange reaction at different ligand concentrations, as well as the determination of the overall formation rate constants and the fractional rate constants for each stereoisomer. The ligand exchange reaction between 99m Tc-GH and a stronger N 2 S 2 ligand, BPA-BAT—( N ′-benzyl- N -methyl-piperazinyl derivative of bis-(aminoethanethiol), racemic mixture) is a second order reaction. The average rate constant (formation constant, k ) of this ligand exchange reaction was determined: k = 3.71 × 10 3 M −1 min −1 . Based on the ratio of 99m Tc syn- vs the anti-isomer at equilibrium (1.229 ± 0.026), the same rate constant for the formation of individual isomers was calculated: k syn = 2.045 × 10 3 M −1 min −1 ; k anti = 1.664 × 10 3 M −1 min −1 .
Therapeutic antibiotic monitoring: surveillance using a computerized expert system

Abstract study objective: To develop and evaluate a computerized system to monitor therapeutic antibiotics in a hospital setting. material and methods: From November 1986 through October 1987, we prospectively monitored 1,632 hospitalized patients who had 2,157 microbiology specimens sent for culture and sensitivity testing. During the study period, computer algorithms were used to identify patients whose antibiotic therapy was inappropriate in relation to microbiology culture and sensitivity data. When inconsistencies occurred between antibiotic therapy and in vitro sensitivity data, computer algorithms generated therapeutic antibiotic monitor (TAM) alerts. A clinical pharmacist then notified the attending physician of the alert. results: Antibiotic therapy was identified by the computer as inappropriate in 696 instances (32%). After we eliminated false-positive alerts, 420 evaluable TAM alerts remained. Physicians responded to the TAM alerts by either changing or starting antimicrobial therapy in 125 cases (30%). Moreover, physicians were previously unaware of the relevant susceptibility test results in 49% of the alerts. conclusion: Computer-assisted monitoring is an efficient and promising method to identify and correct errors in antimicrobial prescribing and to assure the appropriate use of therapeutic antibiotics.
Gerodontic nutrition and dietary counseling for prosthodontic patients

The older dental patient can be at risk of poor nutrition for a variety of reasons including physiologic, oral, psychosocial, functional, and medical factors. Any decline in the ability to eat increases the risk of malnutrition. Oral impairments can affect diet and nutrition because of chances in the ability and desire to taste, bite, chew, and swallow foods. The dental team must be aware of these potential detrimental effects of dental treatment and provide counteractive dietary guidance. Problems vary with the patient and the dental condition, so suggestions must be tailored to meet the patient's specific needs. Caregivers should: Screen patients to determine whether there are risk factors that could compromise nutrition. Provide diet guidance to prepare patients for any changes in eating ability. Promote diet adequacy by suggesting appropriate choices from each food group in the Food Guide Pyramid. Consult with and refer clients to a registered dietitian whenever possible.
DNA methylation regulates the expression of Y chromosome specific genes in prostate cancer.

Purpose: We hypothesized that DNA methylation regulates the differential expression of Y chromosome specific genes in prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis we analyzed the expression of Y chromosome specific genes in 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-azaC) treated and untreated prostate cancer cell lines.Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis Y chromosome specific genes were analyzed in prostate cancer cells treated with the demethylation agent 5-azaC. Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed, and polymerase chain reaction was performed using gene specific primers. These primers were designed based on the sequence available in the public genome data bank. The 10 Y chromosome specific genes DAZ, CDY, SRY, RBMY1A, RBMY1H, RBMII, BPY1, BPY2, PRY and TSPY were analyzed in the PC3, ND1, DU145, LNCaP, TSUPr1 and DUPro prostate cancer cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Normal testis RNA was used as a positive control.Results: Of the 10 Y chromosome specific genes DAZ gene ex...
Patient feedback as a tool to influence physician counseling

Abstract Patient surveys were used to augment information given to physicians concerning their performance in treating hypertensive patients as part of a continuing medical education program committed to the concept that individualized feedback may motivate physicians to change their approach to treatment. The survey obtained data on medication compliance, use of dietary salt, alcohol consumption, exercise, and relaxation practice. Patient attitudes were measured concerning their perception of the importance of these targeted behaviors to blood pressure control. They were asked how difficult it was to carry out these behaviors and whether they needed further information on them. One hundred eleven physicians participated and survey data was obtained from 2,044 of their patients. The data from each participant's patients were compared to data from the patients of the other physicians in the study. The collective data were then used as a needs assessment mechanism to enhance the physicians' educational program.
Neck and Back Pain: Musculoskeletal Disorders

In this article, non-neurologic causes of neck and back pain are reviewed. Musculoskeletal pain generators include muscle, tendon, ligament, intervertebral disc, articular cartilage, and bone. Disorders that can produce neck and back pain include muscle strain, ligament sprain, myofascial pain, fibromyalgia, facet joint pain, internal disc disruption, somatic dysfunction, spinal fracture, vertebral osteomyelitis, and polymyalgia rheumatica. Atlantoaxial instability and atlanto-occipital joint pain are additional causes of neck pain. Back pain resulting from vertebral compression fracture, Scheuermann's disease, spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, pregnancy, Baastrup's disease, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, and sacral stress fracture is discussed.
Health-related quality of life in intersexuality.

Meyer-Bahlburg HFL. Health-related quality of life in intersexuality. Acta Paediatr 1999; Suppl 428: 114–15. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5326 Standardized methods for the assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with intersexuality are yet to be developed. This paper makes recommendations as to the kind of measures that should be included. □Gender role/identity, health-related quality of life, intersexuality, sexuality
Conditional higher order moments in metal asset returns

This study examines the role of higher order moments in the returns of four important metals, aluminium, copper, gold and silver, using the asymmetric GARCH (AGARCH) model with a conditional skewed generalized-t (SGT) distribution. Implications of higher order moments in metal returns are evaluated by comparing the performances of conditional value-at-risk measures obtained from the AGARCH models with SGT distributions to those obtained from the AGARCH models with normal and student-t distributions. With the exception of gold, the AGARCH model with the SGT distribution appears to have the best fit for all metals examined.
La mentira histórica de un pirata caribeño: el descubrimiento del trasfondo histórico de los Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez (1690)

The present work focuses on offering incontrovertible documentary proof, contextualized historically, that the text produced by the collaboration of Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora and Alonso Ramirez in 1690, was not fictional but rather an account based on the real experiences of a Puerto Rican mariner. The evidence comes from the correspondence between the Count of Galve, Viceroy of New Spain, and his brother, the Duke of Infantado, both opposed to the court party led by the Cardenal-Archbishop Portocarrero, which would only come to power with the Bourbon accession of 1700. Consequently, we must re-evaluate the creation of the Infortunios as a step in the political and imperial strategies.
The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin

IN the mid-thirteenth century, the Dominican scholastic Vincent of Beauvais compiled a staggering compendium or summa known as the Speculum Maius.' This large encyclopedia mirrors the culture of thirteenth century society as it records a general overview of the knowledge available to medieval man. The influence and popularity of the Speculum Maius can be determined from the numerous extant manuscripts, excerpts, epitomes, reworkings, borrowings, and from the fact that the whole or parts of it were translated into French, Catalan, Spanish, Dutch, and German. Its popularity continued into the Renaissance as the entire encyclopedia was printed at least three times in the fifteenth century, once in the sixteenth, and once in the seventeenth.2 Unfortunately, the Speculum Maius has not been published since the latter date. The need for a new critical edition of Vincent's encyclopedia has been recognized for sometime; to date no one has responded to the late B. L. Ullnan's plea forty-one years ago for a new edition.3 Professor Ullman, considered one of the most eminent American palaeographers of the last generation, had himself spent much time and research on the Speculum Maius. After a series of articles on medieval anthologies which pointed out the importance of Vincent's Speculum Maius in studying the culture of the late Middle Ages, Ullman was invited by an international organization to prepare an edition of Vincent's huge work even though it was doubtful that money to finance its execution could be secured.4 Apparently the funds were not forthcoming until Ullman was advanced in years. After delineating the scope and complexity of preparing a critical edition of Vincent's Speculum Maius, Ulhman bequeathed his interest in the -project to the
Progressive Ureteral Dilation for Subsequent Ureterocystoplasty

AbstractPurpose: The complications associated with bladder augmentation using the gastrointestinal tract are well known. A bladder based ureteral flap is a viable alternative for augmentation. However, its use is limited to cases in which a dilated ureter is already present due to associated pathological conditions, such as reflux. We designed a system for performing progressive dilation in a normal ureter, which can subsequently be used for augmentation.Materials and Methods: Ten rabbits underwent unilateral ureteral ligation at the ureterovesical junction and ipsilateral nephrectomy. A silicone catheter was threaded into the proximal ipsilateral ureter and connected to an injection port, which was secured subcutaneously. Ten days to 2 weeks after surgery a saline-antibiotic solution was injected subcutaneously daily into the injection port. Cystography and cystometrography were performed with an accurate measurement of bladder capacity. Ureterography was done initially and then weekly by injecting contr...
Enriching or Depleting? The Dynamics of Engagement in Work and Family Roles:

This study develops a model of engagement in the multiple roles of work and family. I examine two competing arguments about the effects of engaging in multiple roles, depletion and enrichment, and integrate them by identifying the type of emotional response to a role, negative or positive, as a critical contrasting assumption held by these two perspectives. Moreover, I represent depletion and enrichment as complex multistep processes that include multiple constructs, such as engagement and emotion. This study jointly examines both the depleting and enriching processes that link engagement in one role to engagement in another, using structural equation modeling. Findings from a survey of 790 employees reveal evidence for both depletion and enrichment as well as gender differences. Specifically, depletion existed only for women and only in the work-to-family direction. Men experienced enrichment from work to family, while women experienced enrichment from family to work. Overall, more linkages were found be...
Role of the Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Heart Failure Management

Assessing the response to treatment remains a difficult challenge when caring for patients with heart failure. Targets of therapy are usually the resolution of subjective complaints, such as orthopnea and dyspnea on exertion, in combination with observed signs such as jugular venous distension, rales, and edema, which are all fraught with measurement variability. Searching for an adequate surrogate for the pulmonary wedge pressure has …
Associations Among Breeding Birds and Gambel Oak in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests

Abstract Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests with Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) are associated with higher bird abundance and diversity than are ponderosa pine forests lacking Gambel oak. Little is known, however, about specific structural characteristics of Gambel oak trees, clumps, and stands that may be important to birds in ponderosa pine–Gambel oak (hereafter pine–oak) forests. We examined associations among breeding birds and structural characteristics of Gambel oak at a scale similar in size to individual bird territories in pine–oak forests in northern Arizona and western New Mexico, USA. Avian species richness and occurrence of some bird species were associated with specific growth forms of Gambel oak. Estimated probability of Virginia's warblers (Vermivora virginiae), black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus), and red-faced warblers (Cardellina rubrifrons) occurring at points increased with increasing density of pole-sized Gambel oak 7–15 cm in diameter at breast height. We also fo...
Recent progress at LBNL on characterization of laser wakefield accelerated electron bunches using coherent transition radiation

At LBNL, laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) can now produce ultra-short electron bunches with energies up to 1 GeV [1]. As femtosecond electron bunches exit the plasma they radiate an intense burst in the terahertz range [2,3] via coherent transition radiation (CTR). Measuring the CTR properties allows non-invasive bunch- length diagnostics [4], a key to continuing rapid advance in LWFA technology. Experimental bunch length characterization for two different energy regimes through bolometric analysis and electro-optic (EO) sampling are presented. Measurements demonstrate both shot-to-shot stability of bunch parameters, and femtosecond synchronization between the bunch, the THz pulse, and the laser beam. In addition, this method of CTR generation provides THz pulses of very high peak power suitable for applications. Recent results reveal LWFA to be a promising intense ultra- fast THz source.
Galactic cosmic ray transport methods: Past, present, and future

The developement of the theory of high charge and energy (HZE) ion transport is reviewed. The basic solution behavior and approximation techniques will be described. An overview of the HZE transport codes currently available at the Langley Research Center will be given. The near term goal of the Langely program is to produce a complete set of one-dimensional transport codes. The ultimate goal is to produce a set of complete three-dimensional codes which have been validated in the laboratory and can be applied in the engineering design enviroment. Recent progress toward completing these goals is discussed.
Phylogenetic Relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A Cladistic Analysis of rbcL Sequences and Morphology

The chloroplast-encoded gene rbcL was sequenced in 30 genera of Commelinaceae to evaluate intergeneric relationships within the family. The Australian Cartonema was consistently placed as sister to the rest of the family. The Commelineae is monophyletic, while the monophyly of Tradescantieae is in question, due to the position of Palisota as sister to all other Tradescantieae plus Commelineae. The phylogeny supports the most recent classification of the family with monophyletic tribes Tradescantieae (minus Palisota) and Commelineae, but is highly incongruent with a morphology-based phylogeny. This incongruence is attributed to convergent evolution of morphological characters associated with pollination strategies, especially those of the androecium and inflorescence. Analysis of the combined data sets produced a phylogeny similar to the rbcL phylogeny. The combined analysis differed from the molecular one, however, in supporting the monophyly of Dichorisandrinae. The family appears to have arisen in the Old World, with one or possibly two movements to the New World in the Tradescantieae, and two (or possibly one) subsequent movements back to the Old World; the latter are required to account for the Old World distribution of Coleotrypinae and Cyanotinae, which are nested within a New World clade.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hst4 functions in DNA damage response by regulating histone H3 K56 acetylation.

The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin is likely to be crucial for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Histone acetylation and deacetylation, which alter chromatin accessibility, have been implicated in DNA damage tolerance. Here we show that Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hst4, a homolog of histone deacetylase Sir2, participates in S-phase-specific DNA damage tolerance. Hst4 was essential for the survival of cells exposed to the genotoxic agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as well as for cells lacking components of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. It was required for the deacetylation of histone H3 core domain residue lysine 56, since a strain with a point mutation of its catalytic domain was unable to deacetylate this residue in vivo. Hst4 regulated the acetylation of H3 K56 and was itself cell cycle regulated. We also show that MMS treatment resulted in increased acetylation of histone H3 lysine 56 in wild-type cells and hst4 mutants had constitutively elevated levels of histone H3 K56 acetylation. Interestingly, the level of expression of Hst4 decreased upon MMS treatment, suggesting that the cell regulates access to the site of DNA damage by changing the level of this protein. Furthermore, we find that the phenotypes of both K56Q and K56R mutants of histone H3 were similar to those of hst4 mutants, suggesting that proper regulation of histone acetylation is important for DNA integrity. We propose that Hst4 is a deacetylase involved in the restoration of chromatin structure following the S phase of cell cycle and DNA damage response.
Dynamical Tides in Compact White Dwarf Binaries: Helium Core White Dwarfs, Tidal Heating, and Observational Signatures

Tidal dissipation in compact white dwarf (WD) binary systems signicantly inuences the physical conditions (such as surface temperature and rotation rate) of the WDs prior to mass transfer or merger. In these systems, the dominant tidal eects involve the excitation of gravity waves and their dissipation in the outer envelope of the star. We calculate the amplitude of tidally excited gravity waves in low-mass (0:3M ) helium-core (He) WDs as a function of the tidal forcing frequency !. Like carbonoxygen (CO) WDs studied in our previous paper, we nd that the dimensionless tidal torque F (!) (inversely proportional to the eective tidal quality factor) depends on ! in an erratic way. On average, F (!) scales approximately as ! 6 , and is several orders of magnitude smaller for He WDs than for CO WDs. We nd that tidal torques can begin to synchronize the WD rotation when the orbital period is less than about a hour, although a nearly constant asynchronization is maintained even at small periods. We examine where the tidally excited gravity waves experience non-linear breaking or resonant absorption at a critical layer, allowing us to estimate the location and magnitude of tidal heating in the WD envelope. We then incorporate tidal heating in the MESA stellar evolution code, calculating the physical conditions of the WD as a function of orbital period for dierent
Detrital zircon record of thrust belt unroofing in Lower Cretaceous synorogenic conglomerates, central Utah

U-Pb detrital zircon (DZ) ages (n = 807) from Lower Cretaceous and lowermost Upper Cretaceous synorogenic conglomerate and interbedded sandstone deposited in and near the foredeep of the Cordilleran foreland basin in central Utah indicate stratigraphic compositional variation among the deposits. Eight DZ age populations, ranging from Archean through Mesozoic, are present in the synorogenic foredeep deposits in varying proportions and permit definition of three compositional suites, termed here chronofacies. Chronofacies A, present in uppermost Neocomian–lowermost Aptian foredeep deposits, contains Archean through early Paleozoic DZ grains derived from Jurassic–Pennsylvanian strata of the thrust belt. Chronofacies B, in Aptian–Albian foredeep deposits, contains Archean and Paleoproterozoic grains with an age peak near 1850 Ma, a population distribution similar to that of lower Paleozoic quartzites of the thrust belt. Chronofacies C, in Albian–lower Cenomanian foredeep deposits, contains a trimodal population distribution of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic grains similar to that of Cambrian–Neoproterozoic quartzite strata of the thrust belt. The chronofacies of the foredeep deposits thus record systematic erosional unroofing of the thrust belt during Early Cretaceous time.