cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complete mapping of the anisotropic free energy of the crystal-melt interface in Al

We have calculated the complete anisotropic crystal-melt interfacial free energy of aluminum, using molecular dynamics simulations of the interfaces in equilibrium. The interfacial free energy, $\ensuremath{\gamma}(\mathbf{n}^),$ can be expressed in terms of two anisotropic parameters, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=1.2$% and $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{-}1.2%,$ as well as an average free energy of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}=149{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ in reasonable agreement with current experimental results. The expansion of the free energy in terms of these parameters is consistent with six different orientations, including the (111) interfacial plane, which is found to be rough despite its large stiffness.
Organization of the extraocular and preganglionic motoneurons supplying the orbit in the lesser galago

The retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase was used to establish the organization of the extraocular muscle motoneuron pools in a prosimian, Galago senegalensis, for comparison with the organization in monkeys and non-primates. Medial rectus motoneurons were distributed in three subgroups in the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus, a pattern similar to that of the monkey. Furthermore, the other component of the near response system, the preganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons, were confined within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, as in the monkey. In contrast, the distribution of the levator palpebrae and superior rectus motoneurons was similar to that of the cat. Specifically, the majority of levator palpebrae motoneurons were located contralaterally, in the caudal central subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus, and the superior rectus motoneurons had a dorsocaudal location in the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. The distributions of motoneurons supplying the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles were similar to those of other mammals. Unlike previously studied species, the galago was found to have two accessory muscles, that lie beneath the medial and lateral rectus muscles. Motoneurons supplying the accessory rectus muscles were found ventrolateral to the main abducens nucleus, in a position similar to that occupied by the cat accessory abducens nucleus; although others may be present in the main nuclei. Taken together, these results suggest that the organization of extraocular and preganglionic motoneurons in the galago exhibits both monkey and non-primate features. These observations are consistent with the notion that the galago is a primate species whose oculomotor organization is more similar to the general mammalian scheme. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Weak and strong vibronic coupling limits in molecules and their correlation

Abstract An exactly solvable vibronic coupling model is used to improve existing definitions of strong and weak vibronic coupling limits in molecules and to derive a unique correlation between the corresponding energy levels.
LCST phase separation in biodegradable polymer blends : poly(D, L-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone)

A lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition is reported for blends of the biodegradable polymers poly(D,L-lactide (PDLA) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). From light scattering measurements the cloud point curve is determined to have a critical temperature of 86°C and a critical concentration of mass fraction 36 wt.-% PCL. Optical microscopy of phase-separated films indicates a spinodal morphology at the critical concentration, and droplet phases at off-critical concentrations. After quenching phase separated blends below the melting temperature of PCL (60°C), the crystallization of PCL is used to positively identify PCL-rich and PDLA-rich phases. When cystallization of PCL follows LCST phase separation, the separation, the size, shape, and distribution of crystalline regions can be adjusted by the degree of PCL/PDLA phase seperation. Thus, the LCST phase separation offers a novel method to control microphase structure in biodegradable materials. Applications to control of mechanical and physical properties in tissue engineering scaffolds are discussed in light of the results.
Fractionation and partial characterization of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) proteins

Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) proteins were fractionated sequentially according to solubility in sodium phosphate buffer (SPB), sodium chloride (salt), ethanol, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions, and characterized. The SPB protein fraction was significantly (P < 0.05) the highest (83.2% of the recovered protein) followed by salt protein fraction (13.7%), 2-ME (1.5%), ethanol (0.8%), and SDS (0.8%) protein fractions. The amino acid compositions of SPB, salt, ethanol, and 2-ME protein fractions were not significantly different. Methionine and cysteine concentrations were low in all fractions. The ethanol protein fraction had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher cysteine content (1.5%) than 2-ME (0.95%), salt (0.2%) or SPB (trace) protein fractions. SDS-PAGE of SPB and salt protein fractions contained 37 and 27 polypeptides, respectively, with major bands at 29, 45, and 49 kDa. Ethanol and SDS protein fractions had only a limited number of small polypeptides.
Reframing metaphors in business and education teams

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conduct an action‐research study of metaphors and metaphoric fragments composed by graduate students in 17 teams in two business (MBA) and three educational administration courses taught by the same instructor and action‐researcher.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the paper was action‐research conducted directly by the instructor and indirectly by the business and education graduate students who participated in the study. Participants (74) were aspiring leaders in business and educational leadership programs at a private university in New York. The instructor and action‐researcher utilized participants' metaphors or metaphoric fragments (i.e. glimpses of a metaphor) as an instructional technique to compare and further understand the team process in both disciplines.Findings – The findings in the paper indicated that an analysis of metaphors or metaphoric fragments enabled the instructor to develop a multiple perspective of various team stages and r...
Deliberative Democratic Theory for Building Global Civil Society: Designing a Virtual Community of Activists

The questions of this article are: what can we learn from deliberative democratic theory, its critics, the practices of local deliberative communities, the needs of potential participants, and the experiences of virtual communities that would be useful in designing a technology-facilitated institution for global civil society that is deliberative and democratic in its values? And what is the appropriate design of such an online institution so that it will be attentive to the undemocratic forces enabled by power inequalities that can emerge in discursive communities? I answer these questions with an institutional innovation that meets a need of global civil society and that is responsive to critics of deliberative democratic theory and attentive to the particular agents engaged in women's human rights activism.
The utrophin actin-binding domain binds F-actin in two different modes implications for the spectrin superfamily of proteins

Utrophin, like its homologue dystrophin, forms a link between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. We have used a new method of image analysis to reconstruct actin filaments decorated with the actin-binding domain of utrophin, which contains two calponin homology domains. We find two different modes of binding, with either one or two calponin-homology (CH) domains bound per actin subunit, and these modes are also distinguishable by their very different effects on F-actin rigidity. Both modes involve an extended conformation of the CH domains, as predicted by a previous crystal structure. The separation of these two modes has been largely dependent upon the use of our new approach to reconstruction of helical filaments. When existing information about tropomyosin, myosin, actin-depolymerizing factor, and nebulin is considered, these results suggest that many actin-binding proteins may have multiple binding sites on F-actin. The cell may use the modular CH domains found in the spectrin superfamily of actin-binding proteins to bind actin in manifold ways, allowing for complexity to arise from the interactions of a relatively few simple modules with actin.
Miniaturization of the thermal emission spectrometer (TES) electronics for the Mars 2001 Lander

This paper will describe the miniaturization of the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) electronic system for use in the Miniature-TES (Mini-TES) being built for Arizona State University. Mini-TES will be used to measure thermal emission for mapping of surface minerals on Mars. Mini-TES is a single pixel, Fourier Transform Spectrometer, covering 5 - 28 micrometer at 10 cm -1 resolution. The Mini-TES electronics incorporate modern Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology, surface mount designs, and simplified command, control and data protocol allowing for a 4 fold reduction in the electronics subsystem. Use of the Lander computer for shared signal processing further help to reduce the Mini-TES complexity. Details of the specific flight hardware design, actual hardware fabrication and initial test results will be discussed.
A survey of public perception and response to heat warnings across four North American cities: an evaluation of municipal effectiveness

To examine the efficacy of municipal heat watch warning systems, a thorough evaluation of the heat mitigation plans of four North American cities - Dayton (Ohio, USA), Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, USA), Phoenix (Arizona, USA), and Toronto (Ontario, Canada) - was undertaken. In concert with this evaluation was a survey of residents in the metropolitan areas of these cities that gauged their perception of their own vulnerability to the heat, as well as their knowledge of heat warnings and the activities recommended to be undertaken to help mitigate the effects of the heat. In total, 908 respondents participated in the telephone survey. Some of the key results indicate that knowledge of the heat warning was nearly universal (90%), and likely due to pervasive media coverage more than any other means. Though knowledge of the event was widespread, knowledge of what to do was less common. Only around half of all respondents mentioned that they changed their behavior, and despite the diversity of information available on mitigating heat vulnerability, most respondents stated that they merely “avoided the outdoors” at all costs. Though air conditioning was nearly ubiquitous among respondents, over a third mentioned that economic factors of energy costs were considered in terms of how long or whether the air conditioner was turned on.
Selenium-Tolerant Diamondback Moth Disarms Hyperaccumulator Plant Defense

Summary Background: Some plants hyperaccumulate the toxic element selenium (Se) to extreme levels, up to 1% of dry weight. The function of this intriguing phenomenon is obscure. Results: Here, we show that the Se in the hyperaccumulator prince’s plume (Stanleya pinnata) protects it from caterpillar herbivory because of deterrence and toxicity. In its natural habitat, however, a newly discovered variety of the invasive diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) has disarmed this elemental defense. It thrives on plants containing highly toxic Se levels and shows no oviposition or feeding deterrence, in contrast to related varieties. Interestingly, a Se-tolerant wasp (Diadegma insulare) was found to parasitize the tolerant moth. The insect’s Se tolerance mechanism was revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and liquid chromatography— mass spectroscopy, which showed that the Se-tolerant moth and its parasite both accumulate methylselenocysteine, the same form found in the hyperaccumulator plant, whereas related sensitive moths accumulate selenocysteine. The latter is toxic because of its nonspecific incorporation into proteins. Indeed, the Se-tolerant diamondback moth incorporated less Se into protein. Additionally, the tolerant variety sequestered Se in distinct abdominal areas, potentially involved in detoxification and larval defense to predators. Conclusions: Although Se hyperaccumulation protects plants from herbivory by some invertebrates, it can give rise to the evolution of unique Se-tolerant herbivores and thus provide a portal for Se into the local ecosystem. In a broader context, this study provides insight into the possible ecological implications of using Se-enriched crops as a source of anti-carcinogenic selenocompounds and for the remediation of Se-polluted environments.
Relationship Between Complexity and Liking as a Function of Expertise

The inverted-U hypothesis has much empirical support in the field of experimental aesthetics. This hypothesis predicts that moderately complex art objects should be preferred over very simple or very complex art objects. Although it is tacitly believed that this hypothesis applies to experts, the literature does not contain any convincing studies that demonstrate this as fact. The present study addresses this issue. Professional jazz and bluegrass musicians rated the complexity of and their liking for short, but complete, jazz and bluegrass improvisations. Complexity and liking were operationalized by subjects� judgments on seven-point Likert-like scales. Regressing liking onto complexity did not reveal any evidence for an inverted-U relation for experts. Moreover, no relationship between liking and complexity was found for the jazz musicians; a negative relation was found for the bluegrass musicians, but only when listening to the bluegrass improvisations. Furthermore, by comparing the expert data with a reanalysis of nonexpert data collected in a previous, but identical study, we propose as a first approximation that musical expertise dissolves the relationship between liking and complexity.
18O/16O Evidence for Contrasting Hydrothermal Regimes Involving Magmatic and Meteoric-Hydrothermal Waters at the Valhalla Metamorphic Core Complex, British Columbia

Modeling of published oxygen isotope analyses of 115 whole-rock, quartz, and feldspar samples from the Valhalla metamorphic core complex provides evidence for three distinct stages of hydrothermal activity affecting the detachment faults and upper plate. (1) Lithostatically pressured aqueous fluids having δ18O ~10 per mil were expelled from the lower plate and moved upward into the upper plate through an oblique-sinistral transfer zone between the southern terminus of the Columbia River detachment fault and the northern terminus of the Slocan Lake detachment fault. These fluids ascended through fractures and exchanged with Slocan Group shales and graywackes to produce the marked zonation of vein siderite δ18O (11.4–18.4‰) observed in previous studies of the Sandon group of Ag-Pb-Zn lode deposits. (2) Later, as brittle deformation along the Slocan Lake detachment fault became the dominant tectonic process, these magmatic and/or metamorphic fluids intermittently mixed with even larger quantities of downward circulating, hydrostatically pressured meteoric-hydrothermal fluids. In the upper plate Nelson granodiorite adjacent to the Slocan Lake detachment fault, δ18O values of quartz (8.9–11.9‰) and feldspar (−5.0 to +9.6‰) define a steep array in δ-δ space (slope = 25), suggesting that synextensional meteoric-hydrothermal activity along the Slocan Lake detachment fault (initial δ18Owater ~−15‰ and T ~300°C) was relatively short-lived (~106 yr), but very intense, with W/Ropen-system = ≤1.05 and fluid flux = 0.1 to 3 m/yr. The δ18O values of quartz (10.8–12.4‰) and feldspar (6.4–10.1‰) from lower plate greenschist mylonites indicate that small quantities of the low 18O meteoric-hydrothermal fluids penetrated into the lower plate. The systematic decrease in feldspar δ18O toward the Slocan Lake detachment fault in both the upper and lower plates shows that these low 18O waters were channeled along the detachment fault. (3) Meteoric-hydrothermal activity along the Valkyr shear zone postdates ductile deformation and was associated with the emplacement of the Coryell plutons in the upper plate. The δ18O values of quartz (7.6–11.0‰) and feldspar (0.0–8.6‰) from the Valkyr shear zone define a much shallower array in δ-δ space (slope = 2.3) than those at the Slocan Lake detachment fault, indicating a higher temperature and/or longer lived episode of hydrothermal activity. The geographic distribution of pronounced disequilibrium δ18O effects in Coryell quartz (5.8–8.2‰) and feldspar (−4.4 to +7.4‰) indicates that meteoric-hydrothermal activity was most intense along inferred coeval extensional fracture zones that lie beneath Arrow Lake. This modeling suggests that transfer zones that accommodate deformation between detachment faults may be a very attractive exploration setting for lode-type mineral deposits.
Be Careful what You wish for The House Price Impact of Investments in Transportation Infrastructure

Although it is commonly held that accessibility plays a role in house price determination, there is less explicit recognition that it is transportation infrastructure that is primarily delivering that accessibility. Large additions to the transportation infrastructure tend to be well studied, but there is a dearth of empirical research that investigates the house price impacts when local transportation infrastructure is incrementally invested in. If these smaller investments also impact accessibility, then there should be a measurable impact in the housing market. Although results show that this is in fact the case for Cuyahoga County, Ohio, over the years 1995-2000, the price impact is not universally positive. The nature of the price impact depends on the location of the investment, relative to the house and regional accessibility points, and on how long ago the investment was completed.
Nonrandom gene loss from the Drosophila miranda neo-Y chromosome.

A lack of recombination leads to the degeneration of an evolving Y chromosome. However, it is not known whether gene loss is largely a random process and primarily driven by the order in which mutations occur or whether certain categories of genes are lost less quickly than others; the latter would imply that selection counteracts the degeneration of Y chromosomes to some extent. In this study, we investigate the relationship between putative ancestral expression levels of neo-Y–linked genes in Drosophila miranda and their rates of degeneration. We use RNA-Seq data from its close relative Drosophila pseudoobscura to show that genes that have become nonfunctional on the D. miranda neo-Y had, on average, lower ancestral transcript levels and were expressed in fewer tissues compared with genes with intact reading frames. We also show that genes with male-biased expression are retained for longer on the neo-Y compared with female-biased genes. Our results imply that gene loss on the neo-Y is not a purely random, mutation-driven process. Instead, selection is—at least to some extent—preserving the function of genes that are more costly to lose, despite the strongly reduced efficacy of selection on the neo-Y chromosome.
Evaluating Child Sexual Abuse Observations Regarding Ano-genital Injury

The records of 944 children who had been examined by one pediatrician for alleged sexual abuse were analyzed. Sixty-four percent of the females and 34 percent of the males had positive findings suggestive of ano-genital injury. The data indicated that in girls with no evidence of injury, the hymenal opening diameter varied directly with age, but in those with evidence of injury, the opening size could not be correlated with age.
A group randomized trial of a complexity-based organizational intervention to improve risk factors for diabetes complications in primary care settings: study protocol

Background Most patients with type 2 diabetes have suboptimal control of their glucose, blood pressure (BP), and lipids – three risk factors for diabetes complications. Although the chronic care model (CCM) provides a roadmap for improving these outcomes, developing theoretically sound implementation strategies that will work across diverse primary care settings has been challenging. One explanation for this difficulty may be that most strategies do not account for the complex adaptive system (CAS) characteristics of the primary care setting. A CAS is comprised of individuals who can learn, interconnect, self-organize, and interact with their environment in a way that demonstrates non-linear dynamic behavior. One implementation strategy that may be used to leverage these properties is practice facilitation (PF). PF creates time for learning and reflection by members of the team in each clinic, improves their communication, and promotes an individualized approach to implement a strategy to improve patient outcomes.
Be Selling You: The Prisoner As Cult and Commodity

Known for its sophistication, enigmatic narrative, and small but voracious fan base, the British series The Prisoner is an enduring example of cult television. However, its import to American television beginning in 1968 and its reimagining as an AMC miniseries in 2009 demonstrates that the program’s endurance has as much to do with its viability as a commodity as its value as a canonic cult text. By tracing the industrial and press discourses around various incarnations of The Prisoner on American television, this article argues that show’s cult status has been perpetuated, in large part, by the industrial logic, marketing, and branding that has structured the rebroadcast and reimagining of the series. As such, this article builds on studies of cult television by examining how such discourses may be co-opted by the industry, repackaged as a commodity, and sold to advertisers and audiences.
Communicating Risks Clearly: Absolute Risk and Number Needed to Treat

Postmenopausal hormones were once hailed as the proverbial “Fountain of Youth” for women. However, this perception changed in 2002 when the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) trial [2] was abruptly halted because it had become clear that hormones were doing more harm than good. In this large, randomized, double-blind study, hormones significantly increased the risks of breast cancer and heart disease compared with placebo. The latter finding was particularly surprising because most researchers had previously believed that hormones decreased heart disease risk. When the results of the WHI were released, 14 million women in the United States who were postmenopausal, including one-third of all women 50-74 years old, were on hormone therapy; 6 million were taking oral estrogen and progestin (the specific therapy tested in the trial) [3,4]. Thus, the impact of the trial results would be widespread. Those researchers who released the results had to think carefully about how to drop their “bombshell” on the public. In a praiseworthy example of the judicious use of statistics, the researchers used absolute risks and whole numbers to convey risk to the medical community, media, and public.
Dissolved organic carbon production and consumption in anoxic marine sediments: A pulsed‐tracer experiment

The degradation of phytoplankton and seagrass organic carbon (OC) in sulfate-reducing (SR) and methaneproducing (MP) sediments was tracked by measuring concentrations of particulate OC (POC), hydrolysis products (HP), fermentation products (FP), and inorganic end products (EP). This experiment used the novel approach of amending sediment with organic substrates having d 13 C values unique from that of the OC pool originally present in the sediment. As a result, we could monitor changes in the dynamic dissolved OC pool and gain insight into processes that control the fate of OC. Rates of hydrolysis, fermentation, and terminal metabolism were greater in the phytoplankton-amended treatments than in the seagrass-amended treatments during the period of active decomposition. At the end of the incubation, concentrations of HP and FP in amended treatments were not significantly different from those in the controls. An analysis of the d 13 C values of HP from the amended treatments indicated that the addition of fresh organic matter stimulated the decomposition of carbon present in the sediment at the time of collection. Hydrolysis of this carbon accounted for $50% of the total carbon hydrolyzed in the sediment amended with seagrass.
Gravity observations at sea in USS Diablo

Gravity observations at sea were made in 1953 with the Vening meinesz pendulum apparatus at 46 positions near Puerto Rico during a cruise of USS Diablo (SS 479). Geological interpretations of free-air gravity anomalies for these observations have been presented byWorzel, andEwing13. The principal facts, including free-air and simple Bouguer anomalies, are presented in this paper. Isostatic corrections are being computed by the Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory, Ohio State University, under the direction ofProfW. A. Heiskanen.
Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer

An epidemiological case-control study was conducted in New York State, with 1617 primary breast cancer patients and an equal number of controls, to examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and breast cancer. Results showed no overall association between ever smokers versus never smokers and breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-1.19), nor was there any dose response trend observed with increased levels of smoking. In addition, no association was found with risk and age started smoking, age stopped smoking, amount smoked or total years smoked. Controlling for previously identified risk factors for breast cancer in the analysis did not significantly alter these relationships. Previous studies have found a difference in menopausal age among smokers compared to nonsmokers. The mean menopausal age was only slightly lower in smokers than in never smokers for both cases and controls. Breast cancer risk was observed to be close to unity for premenopausal women (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.74-1.34) and postmenopausal women (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91-1.26). A recent study suggested breast cancer risk was more strongly related to starting smoking at a young age among women who smoked at least 25 or more cigarettes per day in the most recent year of smoking. This hypothesis was not supported by these data.
Localization and regulation of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor expression in the rat olfactory system during development and regeneration

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a classic neurotropic factor, promotes neuronal survival, maintenance, regeneration and differentiation in the peripheral nervous system and parts of the central nervous system. NGF activity is mediated by cell surface bound receptors including the low affinity NGF receptor (LNGFr) which is expressed by some peripheral and central neurons and is present on peripheral nerve Schwann cells during development and regeneration. The olfactory system is a useful model for the study of the role of LNGFr in neuronal development and regeneration. The growth of olfactory axons into the brain begins in the embryo and continue through the first few postnatal weeks. In mature animals there is persistent turnover and generation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and continuous growth of new axons into the oflfactory bulb. These new axons grow along the preexisting olfactory pathway. In the mature olfactory system, LNGFr has been observed in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, the target of ORNs. However, neither the cellular localization nor the development expression of LNGFr has been characterized. Her, we tested the hypothesis that LNGFr expression is developmentally regulated in the olfactory nerve and is reinduced following injury to the mature olfactory nerve. LNGFr-immunoreactivity (IR) was first observed in the olfactory mucosa at embryonic day (E)13 and in the olfactory nerve at E14. LNGFr-IR increased in the nerve during embryonic development, began to decrease at around postnatal day (P)5 and was scarcely detectable in normal adults. The staining patterns suggests that LNGFr is located on the olfactory nerve Schwann cells. Streaks of LNGFr-IR were present in the adult olfactory nerve. We reasoned that these streaks might represent transient reexpression of LNGFr associated with normal olfactory neurons turnover and replacement. Consistent with this hypothesis, LNGFr was robustly reexpressed in the adult olfactory nerve following lesion of the olfactory epithelium. Starting late in development (E21) and in the adult, LNGFr-IR was also observed on fibres in deep layers of the olfactory bulb. LNGFr-IR was also observed in neurons of the nucleus of the diagonal band (NDB) in the basal forebrain. NDB is the sole source of cholingeric afferents of the olfactory bulb. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that LNGFr in the deep layers of the olfactory bulb is located on NDB axons by making lesions of NDB. Following the lesion, LNGFr-IR disappeared in the deep layers of the olfactory bulb but remained in the glomerular layer. We conclude that LNGFr-IR is associated with several distinct populations of cells in the olfactory system. This suggests that LNGFr-IR plays several distinct functional roles in the olfactory system, including support of olfactory axon growth and regeneration and maintenance of cholinergic innervation of the olfactory bulb. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantitative oximetry of breast tumors: a near-infrared method that identifies two optimal wavelengths for each tumor

We present a noninvasive optical method to measure the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in breast lesions. This method introduces the novel concept that the best choice of near-infrared wavelengths for noninvasive tumor oximetry consists of a wavelength pair (lambda1, lambda2) within the range 680-880 nm, where the specific values of lambda1 and lambda2 depend on the optical properties of the specific tumor under examination. Our method involves two steps: (1) identify the optimal wavelength pair for each tumor and (2) measure the tumor oxygenation using the optical data at the two selected wavelengths. We have tested our method by acquiring experimental optical data from turbid media containing cylindrical or irregularly shaped inhomogeneities and by computing theoretical data for the case of spherical lesions embedded in a highly scattering medium. We have found that our optical method can provide accurate and quantitative measurements of the oxygenation of embedded lesions without requiring knowledge of their size, shape, and depth.
Total and water-soluble phosphorus in broiler litter over three flocks with alum litter treatment and dietary inclusion of high available phosphorus corn and phytase supplementation

Three pen trials were conducted to determine the main effect of alum addition to litter on form of poultry litter P using a 2 x 2 factorial structure of the subunit treatments: diets including high available phosphorus/low phytate corn (HAPC) and phytase (PHYT). Male broilers (1,760 per flock) were grown to 42 d having starter diets with 0.45% available P and grower diets with 0.35% available P. In the first trial, total litter P (tP) was greatest for the yellow dent corn (YDC) diet (12 g/kg) and least for the HAPC and PHYT combination (H&P) diet (6.9 g/kg) with the individual PHYT and HAPC diets falling in between at 9.1 g/kg and 9.4 g/kg tP. Also in the first trial, the litter water-soluble P (wP) was highest for PHYT (2.8 g/kg), least for the HAPC and H&P diets (1.5 g/kg) with the YDC diet falling between (2.2 g/kg). Alum was added to the litter after the first experiment. In the second and third experiments, alum inclusion significantly reduced the wP when compared with the treatments with no alum. In the third trial, the least wP was present in the alum-HAPC treatment. Phytase, YDC, and HAPC diets with no alum litter treatment generated the most wP. Since these diets appear to have little or no difference with respect to quantity of wP, this work suggests that form of litter P generated by alternative diets should be considered as criteria when attempting to reduce P in broiler litter applied to land.
Properties of molecular beam epitaxially grown ScAs:InGaAs and ErAs:InGaAs nanocomposites for thermoelectricapplications

A1. Doping A1. Nanostructures A1. Nucleation A3. Molecular Beam Epitaxy B1. Rare earth compounds B2. Semiconducting III-V materials abstract We report the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and the comparative systematic study of the electrical and thermoelectric characterizations of ScAs:In0.53Ga0.47As and ErAs:In0.53Ga0.47As nanocom- posites. The peak room-temperature power factor of ScAs:InGaAs is 38% comparing to that of ErAs:InGaAs. The carrier concentration change of the nanocomposites versus the ScAs and ErAs incorporation levels below 2.2% is explained as due to the formation of nanoparticles with different sizes and densities. The carrier concentration difference between the two types of nanocomposites at the same incorporation level of ScAs and ErAs is explained by the size difference between the ScAs and ErAs nanoparticles.
Dynamic coefficient evaluation for an algebraic subgrid stress model

SUMMARY Static model coefficients for an algebraic subgrid stress (SGS) model are determined using a dynamic approach, based on results from simulations of isotropic decaying turbulence. The study was motivated by the discrepancies in energy transfer predictions using the previously documented coefficients (Bhushan and Warsi, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2005; 49: 489–519). The discrepancies are identified to be due to inconsistent filter functions used in the analytic estimates and the simulations. The study emphasizes that SGS model development should use filter functions compatible with those inherent in CFD application solvers. The dynamic approach predicts consistent model and transfer coefficients for different grid resolutions and is judged to be a reliable basis for model coefficient adjustments. The predicted Leonard's stress coefficient and associated energy transfer coefficients agree very well with the analytic estimates using a Gaussian/cutoff combination filter. This suggests that the modeling of Leonard's stress term using a truncated Taylor series expansion is robust and may not benefit significantly from dynamic modeling. Validation simulations were performed for turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 180 and 590. The dynamic approach was found to be reliable only for the lower log-layer of the Reτ = 590 case, where the scale invariance condition was satisfied. Nonetheless, in this narrow range, the model and transfer coefficients compare well with the isotropic case. The static coefficient algebraic model with new adjusted coefficients shows improved predictions compared with the previous coefficients, for both isotropic decaying turbulence and channel flow cases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrating RF MEMS for next generation wireless applications

Micromechanical RF filters and reference oscillators based on recently demonstrated vibrating on-chip micromechanical resonators with Qs>10,000 at 1.5 GHz, are described as an attractive solution to the increasing count of RF components (e.g., filters) expected to be needed by future multi-band wireless devices. With Qs this high in on-chip abundance, such devices might also enable a paradigm-shift in transceiver design where the advantages of high-Q are emphasized, rather than suppressed, resulting in enhanced robustness and power savings. An overview of the latest in vibrating RF MEMS technology is presented with an addendum on remaining issues to be addressed for insertion into tomorrow's handsets.
Relative targeting architectures for captive-carry HIL missile simulator experiments

Captive-carry electronic warfare (EW) tests evaluate the response of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) missile seekers to an actual environment (test-range) including the presence of electronic attack. This paper describes a relative targeting architecture that displays the test-range results in geodetic coordinates using only the sensors available on board the captive-carry platform (GPS, INS, seekers). To derive the target position in geodetic coordinates, a lever-arm correction process is described that determines the position of each seeker and the corresponding pitch and yaw of the simulator. Combining the positional parameters of the seeker with its targeting variables, the seeker track point is displayed in geodetic coordinates, A track tagging algorithm is presented to identify the true target from the EW disruption using the drift angle from the inertial navigation system (INS), To eliminate the scintillation noise present in the track image, a Kalman filter in sensor coordinates is applied to the targeting variables allowing optimization of the track tagging. Experimental results from a recent EW field test using antiship cruise missile simulators are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for determining EW effectiveness in near real-time. Targeting accuracy is also quantified by comparing the derived target position with the true Global Positioning System (GPS) test-range position of the ship in the absence of electronic attack.
Molecular cloning and tissue expression of chicken AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 complementary deoxyribonucleic acids

AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 belong to a novel class of transmembrane receptors that mediate the effects of adiponectin. We have cloned the chicken AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 complementary deoxyribonucleic acids (cDNA) and determined their expression in various tissues. We also investigated the effect of feed deprivation on the expression of AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 mRNA in the chicken diencephalon, liver, anterior pituitary gland, and adipose tissue. The chicken AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 cDNA sequences were 76–83% identical to the respective mammalian sequences. A hydrophobicity analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of chicken AdipoR1/AdipoR2 revealed seven distinct hydrophobic regions representing seven transmembrane domains. By RT-PCR, we detected AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNA in adipose tissue, liver, anterior pituitary gland, diencephalon, skeletal muscle, kidney, spleen, ovary, and blood. AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 mRNA expression in various tissues was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR, and AdipoR1 mRNA expression was the highest in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and diencephalon, followed by kidney, ovary, liver, anterior pituitary gland, and spleen. AdipoR2 mRNA expression was the highest in adipose tissue followed by skeletal muscle, liver, ovary, diencephalon, anterior pituitary gland, kidney, and spleen. We also found that a 48 h feed deprivation significantly decreased AdipoR1 mRNA quantity in the chicken pituitary gland, while AdipoR2 mRNA quantity was significantly increased in adipose tissue (P < 0.05). We conclude that the AdiThe chicken AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 cDNA sequences have been submitted to GenBank Database under
Plasma Concentrations of Corticosterone and Thyroid Hormones in Broilers Provided Various Lighting Schedules

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure plasma corticosterone and thyroid hormone concentrations in broilers exposed to various photoschedules. Day-old male broilers were placed on litter floors in light-controlled chambers. Four chambers were randomly assigned to each of four light treatments: 1) 23 h light (L):1 h dark (D) from 1 to 56 d of age (designated extended, E); 2) 1L:3D from 1 to 56 d (intermittent, I); 3) 6L:18D from 1 to 14 d and 1L:3D from 15 to 56 d (brief-I, BI); and 4) 6L:18D from 1 to 14 d and 23L:1D from 15 to 56 d (brief-E, BE). Blood samples were collected 0, 4, and 20 h after lights-on (1200 h) at 13, 41, and 55 d of age. Corticosterone concentration did not differ among light treatments or collection times and was decreased at 41 d compared with 13 d (.65 vs 2.11 ng/mL). Triiodothyronine (T3) increased and thyroxine (T4) decreased with age. At 13 d, there were light treatment by sampling time interactions for T3 and T4. Plasma T3 was elevated in Treatments BI (3.11 ng/mL) and BE (3.40 ng/mL) compared with Treatments E (2.39 ng/mL) and I (2.30 ng/mL) at 0 h; the former two treatments showed decreased T3 concentrations at 4 and 20 h compared with 0 h. Plasma T4 showed reciprocal changes to T3. There were no differences in T3 or T4 for light treatments or sampling times at 41 and 55 d. The light treatments did not cause severe stress, and elevated T3 concentrations in Treatments BI and BE at 13 d were most likely associated with feeding during the dark period.
U14 function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be provided by large deletion variants of yeast U14 and hybrid mouse-yeast U14 RNAs.

Abstract The functional equivalency of yeast and mouse U14 RNAs was examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The test RNAs included mouse U14 and several yeast-mouse bi- and tri-partite hybrid RNAs, all transcribed from yeast U14 gene signals. The ability of the heterologous RNAs to provide essential U14 function was assessed in a test strain containing a single glucose-repressible wild-type U14 gene. Mouse U14 was not functional in yeast. However, wild-type growth was supported by hybrid RNAs that included universal sequence elements from either source, two yeast-specific segments and a 5',3' terminal stem domain. The universal sequences include box C, box D and a sequence complementary to 18S rRNA, all shown previously to be required for function of yeast U14. Deletion and substitution mapping defined the yeast-specific elements and showed that a major portion of neighboring non-conserved RNA is dispensible. The results are discussed with a view to defining a minimal consensus U14 molecule.
Stress and Coping at the Boundary of Work and Family

In this volume we bring together a series of chapters that focus on the nature and management of stress that crosses work and family roles. For some time, researchers and practicioners have recognized the fluid boundaries between work and family life, an idea more recently expressed in the concept of spillover. This concept has been most frequently used to characterize the domestic strains of workers in high stress occupations (e.g., police work) that result from an inability to dissipate the tensions that accumulate over the workday. Alternatively, stress may flow from the family to the work setting, as in the inability of working mothers to keep family responsibilities from impinging upon their workday. A critical and less often researched problem of role boundaries concerns the spread of stress across several members of the family, an observation often made in clinical studies, but less compatible with most large-scale and individualistic research strategies. The spillover concept therefore includes stress and coping processes flowing across individuals as well as social roles. The chapters in this volume reflect this dual concern.
Mathematical Problems in Relation to the History of Economics and Commerce

(1917). Mathematical Problems in Relation to the History of Economics and Commerce. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 221-223.
Structural Design Considerations for Tubular Power Tower Receivers Operating at 650°C

Research of advanced power cycles has shown supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles may have thermal efficiency benefits relative to steam cycles at temperatures around 500–700°C. To realize these benefits for CSP, it is necessary to increase the maximum outlet temperature of current tower designs. Research at NREL is investigating a concept that uses high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide as the heat transfer fluid to achieve a 650°C receiver outlet temperature. At these operating conditions, creep becomes an important factor in the design of a tubular receiver and contemporary design assumptions for both solar and traditional boiler applications must be revisited and revised. This paper discusses lessons learned for high-pressure, high-temperature tubular receiver design. An analysis of a simplified receiver tube is discussed, and the results show the limiting stress mechanisms in the tube and the impact on the maximum allowable flux as design parameters vary. Results of this preliminary analysis indicate an underlying trade-off between tube thickness and the maximum allowable flux on the tube. Future work will expand the scope of design variables considered and attempt to optimize the design based on cost and performance metrics.© 2014 ASME
Studies of the synthesis of providencin: construction and assembly of two major subunits.

The “northern” sector of the cembranoid diterpene providencin containing a tetrasubstituted cyclobutane was synthesized from the bis(acetonide) of d-glucose using dicyclopentadienylzirconium(0)-med...
Progress in Molecular Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease:

Recent intensive work has highlighted the genetic basis of several forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21 can cause either an early-onset autosomal dominant AD or hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis. On chromosome 14, a second gene associated with 70 to 90% early-onset familial AD (FAD) was identified by positional cloning in 1995. Still other kindreds show no linkage to either chromosome 21 or chromosome 14; the third locus (on chromosome 1) was recently identified in affected descendants of a group of families known as the Volga Germans. In late-onset (age >65 years) AD, the apolipoprotein E gene allele ∊e4 on chromosome 19 has clearly been shown to be a risk factor for the development of AD and appears to modify the age of onset of the disease. The emerging picture is that AD is a genetically complex, heterogeneous disorder. Precisely how these genetic factors interact with each other and with other yet-to-be-identified genetic an...
SU‐F‐T‐61: Treatment Planning Observations for the CivaSheet Directional Brachytherapy Device Using VariSeed 9.0

Purpose: The VariSeed 9.0 brachytherapy TPS is recently available and has new features such as ability to rotate a brachytherapy source away from normal to the imaging plane. Consequently, a dosimetric analysis was performed for a directional brachytherapy source (CivaSheet) with tests of this functionality and experiences from clinical treatment planning were documented. These observations contribute to safe, practical, and accurate use of such new software features. Methods: Several tests were established to evaluate the new rotational feature, specific to the CivaSheet for the first patients treated using this new brachytherapy device. These included suitability of imaging slice-thickness and in-plane resolution, window/level adjustments for brachytherapy source visualization, commissioning the source physical length for performing rotations, and using different planar and 3D window views to identify source orientation. Additional CivaSheet-specific tests were performed to determine the dosimetric influence on target coverage: changing the source tilt angle, source positioning in the treatment plan based on the CivaSheet rectangular array of CivaDots, and influence of prescription depth on the necessary treatment margin for adequate target coverage. Results: Higher imaging-resolution produced better accuracy for source orientation and positioning, with sub-millimeter CT slice-thickness and in-plane resolution preferred. Source rotation was possible only in sagittal or coronal views. The process for validating source orientation required iteratively altering rotations then checking them in the 3D view, which was cumbersome given the absence of quantitative plan documentation to indicate orientation. Given the small Pd-103 source size, influence of source tilt within 30° was negligible for <1.0 cm. Influence of source position was important when the source was positioned in/out of the adjacent source plane, causing changes of 15%, 7%, and 3% at depths of 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 cm. Conclusion: The new TPS rotational feature worked well, but several issues were identified to improve the treatment planning process. Research supported in part by CivaTech Oncology, Inc. for Dr. Rivard.