cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economies of scope in artists’ incubator projects

Although economies of scale are relatively well studied in the arts, economies of scope have received less attention. Yet recent trends toward freelancing and technological connectivity make scope economies especially timely in addressing structural challenges to artist-led incubators. This paper offers a conceptual framework for cooperative strategies that employ economies of scope both in the economic sense of joint production and in the financial sense of risk pooling. This framework distinguishes franchise, federation, and resource-sharing organizational structures as developed through case studies of two US-based organizations: ArtBuilt and REC (Resources for Every Creator), placed in a larger context of cooperative organizational strategy in the USA and Europe. The proposed strategies of cooperative networks (quasi-franchises, federations, or resource-sharing networks) also draw on a literature of spatial agglomeration in creative industries. The framework leads to more speculative ideas of “balance-sheet philanthropy” through credit backstopping by foundations, and of novel investment trusts that can be piloted across a range organizations including foundations, grant-makers, artist residency programs, and even for-profit companies engaged in reinsurance. The paper contributes managerial tools and strategies for the creative engagement of capacity building in arts organizations.
Homogenizing nationalists, budding fascists, and truculent exceptionalists: the end of world order in the Indo-Pacific

Building on Ernest Gellner’s theory of the nation-state and drawing on insights from John Lukacs and George Kennan, this article contends that the major powers of the contemporary Indo-Pacific are characterized by conflicting nationalisms. Homogenizing nationalism seeks to form China—a former multiethnic empire—into a unitary nation-state. Budding fascism endeavors to transform India—founded as a secular state—into a Hindu nation in which there is little place for the ‘other.’ And in the USA, truculent exceptionalism readily acknowledges that coexistence with China is no longer possible in the long run. All three powers have an alternative that they might embrace: toleration. But civility, in both domestic and international politics, is increasingly rare. The future of world order in the Indo-Pacific does not look bright.
Animal Models of tES: Methods, Techniques, and Safety

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), are customized to experimental and clinical applications based on their presumed mechanism of action, which derive largely from insights in animal models. At the same time, human testing has in some ways outpaced research on the basic mechanisms. In this and the subsequent chapter, we review the relevance of animal models to decipher the mechanisms of transcranial electric stimulation (tES) and optimize its delivery. This chapter focuses especially on methodological issues which underpin the interpretation and translational relevance of animal neuromodulation research. We outline how efforts to increase the effectiveness of tES should be guided by ongoing and recent animal research. The overall motivation for animal research of tDCS and tACS is similar to other translational medical research efforts: to allow the rapid and safer application of stimulation protocols in research and clinical settings.
Near Semi-rings and Lambda Calculus

A connection between lambda calculus and the algebra of near semi-rings is discussed. Among the results is the following completeness theorem.
Analysis of Collar, Yoke and Skin Interaction for the Mechanical Support of Superconducting Coils

The transition from warm iron to cold iron superconducting magnets has made the iron and skin assembly an important structural component of the coil support system. The effect of the yoke configuration on the apparent stiffness for the 40mm SSC collider dipole has been reported extensively elsewhere1. In this analysis a finite element model has been constructed to investigate the effect of the collar, yoke, and skin interactions for a geometry similar to that proposed for the High Energy Booster dipole. The model allows the evaluation of changes in materials and geometry on the stiffness of the coil support structure. Preliminary results, showing the effects of horizontally and vertically split yokes, skin thickness and prestress, and stainless steel and aluminum skins are reported.
Optical design of communication simulator for orbital angular momentum based free-space link with an adaptive optics receiver

Optical angular momentum (OAM) based communication requires multiple OAM modes. Spiral phase plates for OAM generation are lithographically fabricated. Phase profile of the phase plate is evaluated by surface profiler as well as optically by using Mach Zehnder interferometer.
Electronic Surveying: Accuracy of Tellurometer Over Short Distances

Experience has shown that the relative accuracy of microwave distance measuring instruments drops rapidly when measurements are made over short lines. This is caused by the presence of an instrument error and an instrument constant independent of the distance. Ground and side reflections affect the accuracy in that they are also independent of distance, but are highly dependent on the excess length between the direct and reflected ray paths. An excess length of 7.5 m causes the maximum distortion in the phase angle. A baseline 432 m long was used to test a Model MRA-1 Tellurometer. In connection with the instrument constant determination, correlation between the measuring error and the existing absolute humidity was found. Absolute humidity primarily affected the reverse fine readings. VHP-3 microwave absorbents were used for experimental purposes to reduce the ground and side reflections. Results were promising.
Interaction of Finger Representations in the Cortex of Individuals with Autism: A Functional Window into Cortical Inhibition

An established neural biomarker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has the potential to provide novel biological and pharmacological targets for treatment. Lower level of inhibition in brain circuits is a leading biomarker candidate. A physiological investigation of the functional levels of inhibition in the cortex of individuals with autism can provide a strong test of the hypothesis. The amplitude of cortical response to the stimulation of adjacent fingers is controlled by the level of cortical inhibition and provides just such a test. Using magnetoencephalography, we recorded the response of the somatosensory cortex to the passive tactile stimulation of the thumb (D1), and index finger (D2), and to the simultaneous stimulation of both fingers combined (D1, D2) of the dominant (right) hand of young subjects with and without autism. For each participant, we measured the response to the stimulation of both fingers combined (D1, D2) relative to the post hoc sum of the responses to the stimulation of each finger alone (D1+D2) in multiple different ways and linearly regressed the ASD and neurotypical (NT) groups’ responses. The resulting slopes were then compared: Smaller slope values imply attenuated response to paired finger stimulation, and enhanced levels of inhibition. The short-latency M40 and mid-latency M80 response slopes of the group with autism obtained in different ways were either significantly smaller, or statistically indistinguishable from NT. The result does not support reduced inhibition in the somatosensory cortex of individuals with autism, contrary to the seminal hypothesis of reduced inhibition. Implications are discussed including refinements of current theory.
Improving the Security of Exponential Key Exchange

Presented in this paper is a recursive public key distribution mechanism which utilizes a fixed size public key generator to build systems with arbitrarily large cryptocomplexity when block encryption is performed by some key driven device such as DES. The technique provides both an encryption and authentication mechanism and is ideally suited to link encryption applications where there exist only fixed length public key generators.
A genetic algorithms approach to learning communication and coordination in simulated robots

The goal of this project was to develop a genetic algorithms approach for robotic agents to learn to communicate and coordinate with each other, so that the group can learn to be more effective at mapping unfamiliar terrain and locating items within that terrain.
Retinal Flip in Rhodopsin Activation

Rhodopsin is a well-characterized structural model of a G protein-coupled receptor. Photoisomerization of the covalently bound retinal triggers activation. Surprisingly, the x-ray crystal structure of the active Meta-II state has a 180° rotation about the long-axis of the retinal polyene chain. Unbiased microsecond-timescale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations show that the retinal cofactor can flip back to the orientation observed in the inactive state of rhodopsin under conditions favoring the Meta-I state. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence from molecular dynamics simulations showing how rotation of the retinal ligand within its binding pocket can occur in the activation mechanism of rhodopsin.
Bankruptcy and the Unresolved DOMA Questions

Even if the Supreme Court declares DOMA section 3 unconstitutional, bankruptcy courts will still need to grapple with a number of complex questions. This brief article explores 2 of those questions and provides an answer to both. First, how should bankruptcy courts legally recognized same-sex unions other than marriage? Second, how should bankruptcy sitting in states that prohibit marriage treat the rights and obligations arising from marriage?
Ethnic Identity and Psychosocial Functioning in Navajo Adolescents.

The current study assessed associations among theoretically driven measures of ethnic identity and psychosocial adjustment among 137 Navajo adolescents. For both sexes, measures of students' sense of affirmation and belonging to their ethnic heritage emerged as a strong predictor of positive psychosocial functioning. Less-consistent patterns of association emerged between other measures of ethnic identity and psychosocial adjustment. Students with achieved ethnic identity status, characterized by high levels of exploration of their ethnic heritage and high levels of affirmation or commitment to their Navajo culture, reported the most positive functioning on several measures. Interesting interactions with biological sex suggested that ethnic identity may function differently for male and female Navajo adolescents. Implications of results for educators, parents, and policy makers are discussed.
The Relationship of Identity Boundaries to Identity Statuses and Styles: An Empirical Examination of the Structural Model of Identity Formation

This study examined the relationships among key constructs of the structural model of identity formation. Respondents completed measures assessing identity boundaries, statuses, and styles. The anticipated sequence of mean boundary scores for the identity statuses was observed, with the moratorium and identity diffusion statuses displaying thinner (diffuse) boundaries, followed by identity achievement in the intermediate range, and then identity foreclosure with thicker (rigid) boundaries. The moratorium status had the thinnest boundaries of all the statuses. Regarding identity style, the anticipated sequence of mean boundary scores was also observed, with the diffuse-avoidant style exhibiting thinner boundaries than the informational style, which in turn had thinner boundaries than the normative style. Identity commitment was also associated with thicker boundaries as expected. These findings offer provisional support for the structural model, principally regarding its association with the identity style...
Quasielastic scattering of Be 1 2 , 1 4 on C 12

The quasielastic scattering of the exotic neutron-drip-line nucleus $^{14}\mathrm{Be}$ on a $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target has been studied at an incident energy of 796 MeV, and compared with that of the $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$ ``core'' at the same energy per nucleon. Evidence is presented that the phenomenological optical-model potential for the former system requires an attractive real surface term, as well as the ``expected'' surface imaginary term, in order to reproduce the experimental angular distribution.
A review of computer controlled systems safety and quality assurance concerns for acquisition managers

The author reviews the basics of software engineering, applicable safety and quality assurance standards, and how to use these standards. Included is a discussion of structured programming, verification and validation of completed program code, and testing. The software life cycle phases are highlighted with a description of how each commercial and government standard relates to a particular phase. The difference between software safety and quality assurance is a major focus. The US Department of Defense safety standard is described, and the tasks within the standard which relate to software safety are detailed. Specific recommendations for changes in Department of the Navy requirements for the use of software standards are outlined. >
The Effects of the Explicit Inquiry Routine on the Performance of Students with Learning Disabilities on One-Variable Equations

This study determined the effects of the Explicit Inquiry Routine (EIR), a teaching routine, on the math performance of 14 middle-school students with math learning disabilities. The routine integr...
Simulation integrierter Schaltungen durch universelle Rechnerprogramme

Programme zur Simulation integrieter Schaltungen sind in zunehmendem Mase zu Standarwerkzeugen des Schaltungsentwicklers geworden.
Spontaneous Recovery of Reflex Voiding Following Spinal Cord Injury Mediated by Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Factors.

Objective To investigate the time-dependent changes in expression of cytokines that characterizes the spontaneous recovery of reflex voiding after spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI is known to reorganize the neural circuitry of micturition reflex after injury. Methods Under isoflurane anesthesia, spinal cord of 18 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats was completely transected at the Th9-10 level. Awake cystometry was performed at each time point on controls and 6 SCI animals, and bladder was then harvested for analysis of 29 proteins Millipore kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prophylactic dose of ampicillin 100 mg/kg was administered periodically to all SCI animals. Results Spontaneous recovery of voiding after SCI at 12 weeks was evident from increased intercontractile interval and voiding efficiency during cystometry. Expression of proinflammatory interleukins ([IL] IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) and CXC chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10), CX3CL1, and CCL2 showed significant elevation at 4 and at 8 weeks with slight decrease at 12 weeks. In contrast, expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and neuroprotective factors, CXCL-5, and leptin, was elevated at 8 and at 12 weeks (P < .05). In contrast, expression of CCL3, CCL5, and growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) did not show any significant temporal change after SCI. Conclusion Spontaneous recovery of reflex voiding at 12 weeks was marked by increased endogenous expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and neuroprotective factors, CXCL-5, and leptin, which suggests that pharmacological suppression of inflammation, can hasten the emergence of reflex voiding after SCI.
Assessment Of Factors Associated With PPV23 Vaccine Uptake Among Young Adults With Asthma In Olmsted County, MN

T U E S D A Y 877 Assessment Of Factors Associated With PPV23 Vaccine Uptake Among Young Adults With Asthma In Olmsted County, MN Maria J. Bachman, Medical Student, Joshua Gauger, Medical Student, Dr. Chriss Derauf, MD, Dr. Slavica Katusic, MD, Jen Rand-Weaver, YuBin Choi, Elizabeth Krusemark, Dr. Young J. Juhn, MD, MPH; Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN, Mayo Medical School, Dept of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. RATIONALE: Since Oct 2008, the United States’ Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended a single dose of 23Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) to asthmatics ages 19-64 years. Currently, neither PPV23 vaccine uptake rate in asthmatics nor factors associatedwith uptake have been assessed under the 2008ACIP guidelines. Objective: To determine PPV-23 vaccine uptake rate among young adults with asthma and factors associated. METHODS: The study was designed as a cross sectional study. We determined the PPV23 uptake rate during the study period (between November 1 and October 31, 2012) among asthmatics of the 1988-1989 Olmsted County Birth Cohort after the ACIP recommendations were released. Asthma status was ascertained by ICD-9 code (493). By using retrospective chart review, we obtained PPV23 vaccination history and other pertinent variables. RESULTS: Therewere 371 asthmatics in the birth cohort at the time of the new PPV23 recommendation. Of the 371 subjects, 291 eligible subjects (78.4%)were enrolled. The PPV23 uptake ratewas only 22.7% (66/291). A lower educational level of subjects (p50.007), subjects’ employment status (p50.021), the greater number of general medical examinations during the study period (p<0.001), the greater number of asthma-related visits during the study period(p<0.001), and poor asthma controls were associated with a higher PPV23 vaccine uptake rate. CONCLUSIONS: The low PPV23 uptake rate among young adults with asthma is concerning, given the increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease among asthmatics. General medical examinations and asthmarelated outpatient visits might be an important opportunity to vaccinate young adults with asthma.
Periodic Solutions and Their Regions of Attraction for Flexible Structures Under Relay Feedback Control With Nonlinear Control Law

A method for calculating all periodic solutions and their domains of attraction for flexible systems under nonlinear feedback control is presented. The systems considered consist of mechanical systems with many flexible modes and a relay type controller coupled with a nonlinear control law operating in a feedback configuration. The proposed approach includes three steps. First, limit cycle frequencies and periodic fixed points are computed exactly, using a block diagonal state-space modal representation of the plant dynamics. Then the relay switching surface is chosen as the Poincare mapping surface and is discretized using the cell mapping method. Finally, the region of attraction for each limit cycle is computed using the cell mapping algorithm and employing an error based convergence criterion. An example consisting of a system with two modes, a relay with dead-zone and hysteresis, and a nonlinear control law with a signed velocity squared term is used to demonstrate the proposed approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Giant electrical control of magnetic anisotropy in magnetoelectric heterostructures using (011) PMN-PT single crystal

We report giant electrical control of magnetic anisotropy in a magnetoelectric polycrystalline Ni thin film and (011)-oriented [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3](1-x)-[PbTiO3]x (PMN-PT) heterostructure. The (011) PMN-PT ferroelectric substrate exhibits both linear anisotropic piezoelectric response and unique giant hysteretic response. These important features can significantly tune the magnetization states via strain coupling. Reversible and permanent magnetization reorientation demonstrates an approach for developing magnetoelectric memory devices.
The lack of NK cytotoxicity associated with fresh HUCB may be due to the presence of soluble HLA in the serum.

Abstract Human bone marrow transplantation is becoming more common in the treatment of certain forms of cancer despite the scarcity of HLA matched donors. Because human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) has been used as a source for stem cells in bone marrow transplantation, and because NK cells appear to be important in graft versus leukemia response, we investigated the lytic activity of freshly isolated HUCB NK cells (HUCB-NK) against tumor targets and their ability to differentiate into LAK cells following stimulation with various cytokines. Although cytotoxicity mediated by fresh HUCB-NK was low compared to that of adult peripheral blood lymphocyte-derived NK cells (PBL-NK), the ability of HUCB-NK to bind to K562 target cells (TC) was similar to PBL-NK. In addition, the PBL-NK cytotoxicity of postpartum mothers was also low compared to that of normal adult PBL-NK. When we incubated HUCB for 18 hr in either IL-2 or IL-12, we boosted the level of HUCB-NK cytotoxicity to approximately the level observed in PBL-NK and increased the level of perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B mRNA expression. In addition, when we incubated HUCB in IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, or TGF-β for 5 days, we observed that HUCB was capable of generating LAK cells only when incubated with either IL-2 or IL-12. In contrast, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ all generated LAK cells from adult PBL. When we added to the medium low-dose IL-2 and irradiated K562 as feeder cells (mini-LAK), we were unable to generate LAK activity from HUCB-NK, whereas we could generate it with PBL-NK cells under the same conditions. Addition of serum derived from HUCB in a 4-hr51Cr release assay with PBL-NK as the effector cells (EC) and K562 as the TC resulted in a 42% decrease in PBL-NK-mediated cytotoxicity. Although we detected no TGF-β in HUCB serum, we did detect high concentrations of soluble class 1 MHC (sHLA). To our knowledge, sHLA has not previously been shown to inhibit NK cytotoxicity, although the expression of class 1 HLA on the surface of TC has been shown to inhibit NK cytotoxicity. To study further the effect of sHLA on cell-mediated cytotoxicity, we added various concentrations of sHLA to EC mediating NK, ADCC, and CTL activities. All were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that (i) although fresh HUCB-NK are functionally immature in that they fail to lyse TC, they acquire lytic potential only with IL-2 and IL-12; (ii) the increase in lytic potential is accompanied by an increase in the level of three lytic moieties known to mediate cytotoxicity, perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B; (iii) the presence of sHLA class 1 in the serum of HUCB may be partially responsible for the lack of NK lytic activity.
Biobehavioral mechanisms of chronic low back pain

Although not a life-threatening illness, chronic low back pain represents a major health problem affecting up to 18% of the general population. The disorder is associated with significant levels of pain and disability. The social, economic, and psychological consequences of this persistent disabling pain have also been well documented. Pathophysiological processes do not adequately explain the pain and disability associated with this disorder. Environmental, psychological, and psychobiological factors have been proposed to help account for the apparent discrepancy among pathology, report of pain, and functional ability. This paper reviews the research on biobehavioral factors in chronic low back pain. Research on personality, environmental Stressors, cognitive and perceptual processes, behavioral and social learning processes, peripheral physiological correlates, and central nervous system correlates of pain is reviewed. The final section presents a model for organizing these various factors, thereby providing a framework for future research on biobehavioral mechanisms.
Implantable Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Heart Transplant Recipients: Results of a National Survey

Little is known about the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization devices in heart transplant recipients. A survey of 59 medical directors of heart transplant programs (response rate, 55.7%) found no clear consensus about indications for implantation of cardiac devices. A device was implanted in 44 recipients (38 with defibrillator alone), and 6 had an appropriate discharge during follow-up. There was an interest in establishing a registry to enable further study and analysis.
Non-Bloch nature of alloy states in a conventional semiconductor alloy: GaxIn1-xP as an example.

Contrary to the conventional wisdom, electronic states in a 'well behaved' semiconductor alloy such as Ga{sub x}In{sub 1-x}P may drastically deviate from a Bloch state, which can be true even for band edge states if they are derived from degenerate critical points. For Ga{sub x}In{sub 1-x}P in the entire composition range, k-space spectral analyses are performed for the important critical points, revealing the significance of the (near) resonant inter-and intra-valley scatterings of the fluctuation potential in the alloy. The non-trivial implications of such scatterings on the transport and strain effect are discussed.
Child welfare recommendations to improve mental health services for children who have experienced abuse and neglect: a national perspective.

This study uses a key informant approach to understand the nature, extent, and quality of outpatient mental health services for children in the child welfare system (CWS) in the United States. We interviewed 89 county child welfare administrators to determine the status of outpatient mental health services and provide recommendations for enhancing care and service delivery. Developed for this study (Caring for Children in Child Welfare), the interview was incorporated in the second formal data collection wave (i.e., 18 months after study baseline assessment) of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. The results highlighted general variability in the degree to which these agencies used evidence-based interventions within outpatient services, demonstrated clinical expertise with this population, and met the needs of their families. Community agency use of evidence-based interventions was found to predict their effectiveness in improving clients’ mental health problems. Proposed suggestions for service improvement varied across domains and reflected the need for more communication/coordination, service access, options and resources, and practice refinements to accommodate families’ needs. We discuss the implications of these recommendations from CWS stakeholders for enhancing the service delivery system.
Hemodynamic and metabolic changes prior to speech performance

Cardiovascular and metabolic responses were recorded from 12 subjects immediately prior to an oral presentation and during a control period when others were giving this presentation. Cardiac output, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and other hemodynamic and metabolic responses were measured in order to determine whether the cardiovascular responses during anxiety were in exaggeration of the metabolic demands of the situation. Although there were wide individual differences among subjects, definite relationships emerged. A significant negative correlation between change in cardiac output and change in arterial-venous difference during anxiety demonstrated that a cardiovascular-metabolic dissociation had taken place as a function of anxiety. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation between change in cardiac output and change in total peripheral resistance during anxiety suggested that increased epinephrine was probably mediating the cardiovascular change. There was no one representative hemodynamic pattern due to the preperformance anxiety, indicating the necessity of assessing overall hemodynamic response patterning in subjects when attempting to characterize cardiovascular-metabolic responses to psychological stress.
Two electrical potential–dependent steps are required for transport by the Escherichia coli Tat machinery

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway in Escherichia coli transports fully folded and assembled proteins across the energy-transducing periplasmic membrane. In chloroplasts, Tat transport requires energy input only from the proton motive force. To elucidate the mechanism and energetics of bacterial Tat protein transport, we developed an efficient in vitro transport assay using TatABC-enriched inverted membrane vesicles and the physiological precursor pre-SufI. We report transport efficiencies of 60-80% for nanomolar pre-SufI concentrations. Dissipation of the pH gradient does not reduce pre-SufI transport efficiency. Instead, pre-SufI transport requires at least two electrical potential (Deltapsi)-dependent steps that differ in both the duration and minimum magnitude of the required Deltapsi. The data are consistent with a model in which a substantial Deltapsi of short duration is required for an early transport step, and in which a small Deltapsi of long duration is necessary to drive a later transport step.
Young inner-city children visiting the emergency room (ER) for asthma: risk factors and chronic care behaviors

Inner-city children visiting emergency rooms (ER) for asthma often rely on the ER as their primary source of care. To evaluate chronic asthma control, structured interviews were conducted with the adult accompanying a sample of 46 children, 2-6 years old, presenting to an inner-city pediatric ER for asthma. Fifty-one percent had 10 or more prior ER visits and 46% had 2 or more previous hospitalizations. Seventy-two percent had functional severity scores in the moderate to severe range. Only 11% used daily inhaled anti-inflammatory medication. Not one patient had a written self-management plan. Most young children visiting an inner-city ER for asthma have poorly controlled and poorly managed chronic asthma.
The effects of online product presentation on consumer responses: A mental imagery perspective

Abstract This study investigates the effects of online product presentation on consumer responses from a mental imagery perspective and the moderating effect of style of processing (SOP). College women (N = 550) participated in an online experiment using a 2 (picture: concrete consumption background vs. solid background) × 2 (text: concrete descriptions vs. no descriptions) between-subjects factorial design. The findings suggest that product presentation with a relevant consumption background is more effective in evoking mental imagery than one with a solid white background. Mental imagery increases consumers' behavioral intentions by eliciting a positive emotional response to product presentations. The findings further show that descriptions of background in text interact with a picture of consumption background to stimulate mental imagery, depending on SOP (visualize vs. verbalizer). The results have practical implications for effective product presentations in online retailing.
A comparison of fault-tolerant state machine architectures for space-borne electronics

Very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits used in the space and nuclear industry are continuously subjected to ion radiation. As the limits of VLSI technology are pushed towards sub-micron levels in order to achieve higher levels of integration, devices become more vulnerable to radiation induced errors. These radiation induced errors can lead to system failure, particularly if they affect the memory portion of vital subsystems, such as state machine controllers. This paper explores the use of classical fault-tolerant state machine architectures based on hardware and information redundancy to design radiation-immune controllers. Those architectures particularly suitable for VLSI-implementation using ordinary low power CMOS technology are identified, with the primary objective of correcting single flip-flop errors. Each architecture was implemented on a set of benchmark sequential circuits and evaluated in terms of circuit-size and maximum path-delay. The best overall architectures, 'SEU-I TMR' and 'Modified Explicit EC', used a nonredundant excitation circuit and redundant flip-flops, followed by error correction circuitry to tolerate single flip-flop errors.
Defining terrorism, racial profiling and the demonisation of Arabs and Muslims in the USA

This article examines definitions of terrorism, racial profiling and the demonisation of Arabs and Muslims in the United States (US). Additionally, it explores the impact of the US Patriot Act 2001 in the war against terrorism.
Activation energies of selenoxide elimination from Se-substituted selenocysteine

Transition states for selenoxide elimination have been determined for a series of Se-substituted selenocysteine (RSeCys) derivatives that have potential use in the prevention and treatment of cancer, either directly or in conjunction with cisplatin (to reduce its nephrotoxic effects). Reduced activation barriers vs R=Me and R=Ph are found when the alkyl chain length is increased or when activating groups are para to the selenide. Ortho substitution of Lewis bases stabilizes the transition state by directly donating electron density to the selenoxide. The results suggest that RSeCys derivatives incorporating the properties of glutathione peroxidase mimics will, upon oxidation, rapidly eliminate selenenic acid, a precursor to chemopreventative selenols.
An Infrared Anti-Ship Seeker Simulator

Quantitative evaluation of anti-ship seeker design parameters can best be accomplished with a generic hardware seeker with variable parameters that can be operated in a real world target environment. This paper describes an infrared seeker system that can be modified to incorporate different platform, detector, optics and signal processing characteristics. This guidance simulation equipment is operated in a captive mode on a fixed wing aircraft and is used to evaluate the simulated seeker acquisition, track and guidance performance as a function of the target range and signature characteristics. Real time operator monitoring of the performance is accomplished through seeker video images which are recorded for subsequent laboratory analysis. Modifications to the guidance unit target detection and track algorithms can be accomplished between data runs by software changes to a dedicated image processing computer. Descriptions of the sensor, platform and image processor are presented. The range of parameters that can be simulated are discussed and typical data from operational tests are presented.
SIMULTANEOUS VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS OF BOTH COMPONENTS OF A TWO-PHASE FLOW USING PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY

Abstract The study undertaken is an examination of a two-phase dispersed air bubble mixing flow within a rectangular vessel. The technique of particle image velocimetry (PIV) is utilized in order to obtain non-invasive velocity measurements of the resulting bubbly flow field and its induced effects upon a surrounding liquid medium. The method provides not only a visualization of the various patterns and structures of a given flow field, but also yields quantitative full-field instantaneous velocity data from both phases of a two-phase system in a concurrent manner. PIV is a rapidly advancing flow visualization technique in which the instantaneous velocity profile of a given flow field is determined by photographically recording tracer particle and/or bubble images within the flow at discrete instances in time, and then conducting computational analysis of the digitized data. The use of developed analysis algorithms, which perform a point-by-point matching of particle and bubble images from one digital image frame to the next, subsequently allows reconstruction of the respective instantaneous velocity profiles. The ability to simultaneously measure the velocity fields of both components of a two-phase flow is an important contribution toward the goal of developing improved correlations for flow regime determination as well as improved model for key two-phase flow parameters such as the interfacial drag. In this work, results were obtained which indicate that the described PIV method is an effective tool in the study of the specific interactions which occur between components in a wide variety of multiphase systems.
Identity of “subulacine N-oxide” with 1β,2β-epoxy-1α-hydroxymethyl-8α-pyrrolizidine

Abstract Subulacine N-oxide, a purportedly novel pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Heliotropium subulatum , was shown to have nmr and mass spectral properties identical with 1β,2β-epoxy-1α-hydroxymethyl-8α-pyrrolizidine, previously known from Crotalaria trifoliastrum .
Reactive Multicomponent Powder Mixtures Prepared by Microencapsulation: Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Synthesis

Microencapsulation of ceramic powders using metalloorganic stearate soaps was investigated as an economical means to increase solid-state reactivity of multicomponent mixtures. The specific system investigated was lead magnesium niobate (PMN); however, the process may be applicable to a wide range of other compositions. The physical and chemical characteristics of the unfired powder mixtures and reactivity during subsequent calcination were studied as a function of batch composition and mixing method. Batch composition was varied by molar substitution of magnesium stearate for magnesium carbonate. Mixing method was investigated by comparing a dry-mixing technique developed for particle coating (mechanofusion) with conventional wet ball milling. Both mixing processes resulted in surface coating of the ceramic particles by the stearate soap. In addition, the mechanofusion process produced densely packed spherical granules of coated particles (multicored microcapsules) in the 50- to 200-μm range. Solid-state reactivity was measured in terms of perovskite phase yield, increased yields being indicative of a more reactive mixture. The highest perovskite yields (95 to 98 vol%) were achieved at 100 mol% substitution of magnesium stearate for magnesium carbonate, independent of mixing method. However, when magnesium stearate was only partially substituted for magnesium carbonate, the mechanofusion process produced consistently higher perovskite yields than did ball milling. Compared to conventional mixed-oxide processing, the increased reactivity of the microencapsulated mixtures can be attributed to higher chemical activity of the metallo-organic precursor, finer scale of mixing achieved by particle coating, and a further reduction in segregation scale due to the dense intragranule packing of multicore microcapsules.
A case of Down's syndrome with diffuse Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease

Almost all Down's syndrome (DS) patients over the age of 35 to 40 years have histologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the presence of extrapyramidal features in up to 36% of these patients has no satisfactory pathologic explanation. We report an older patient with DS, dementia, and parkinsonian signs who showed pathologic changes of Parkinson's disease and cortical Lewy bodies in addition to AD. These parkinsonian changes may be related to chromosome 21 abnormalities.
Mechanics and Assembly of the Silicon Vertex Detector for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC

Abstract The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider explores the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter through collisions of beam of heavy nuclei. A second physics program addresses the spin structure of the nucleon through collisions of beams of polarized protons. The PHENIX apparatus has been particularly designed for lepton-pair measurements and comprises detectors for charged-particle tracking, particle identification, calorimetry and collision centrality monitors. Los mass detector systems and high-rate capability have been central to its concept. Recently a silicon vertex detector has been added to the experiment. It will extend the capabilities of PHENIX towards more refined studies involving heavy flavor physics with direct detection of decays. The presented article addresses technical aspects of the vertex detector's mechanical construction and the assembly of its components. It contains various detailed information and may be of interest to a larger scientific and engineering community in the fields of high –energy and heavy-ion physics.
Auxiliary-directed peroxidation of 1,4-dienes

Abstract The addition of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) to the proximal alkene of auxiliary-tethered 1,4-dienes and the addition of triplet oxygen ( 3 O 2 ) to the proximal position of the corresponding pentadienyl radicals both produce conjugated diene hydroperoxides in moderate to high diastereomeric excess. Negligible stereoselection is observed for additions of 1 O 2 to the distal alkene of Z , Z -heptadienes due to the lack of control of alkene conformation. Despite evidence for the intermediacy of highly constrained pentadienyl radicals, poor diastereoselection is also observed for distal addition of 3 O 2 . The extent of olefin isomerization observed during radical oxygenations can be correlated with steric constraints on the intermediate pentadienyl and peroxyl radicals and may be relevant to literature reports of olefin isomerization during enzymatic oxygenations of unnatural fatty acids.
Phytoplankton distribution and abundance as related to a frontal system north of Elephant Island, Antarctica

During January-March, 1991, the distribution and floristic composition of the phytoplankton around Elephant Island, Clarence Island and the northern end of King George Island were determined in relation to physical oceanographic conditions and to proximity of the shelf-break and continental slope. The study area included 180 stations, and c. 5400 km of transects providing continuous measurements of salinity, temperature, beam attenuation, and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations in surface waters. The richest phytoplankton areas (2-4 pg chl a 1.l) were generally found associated witha strong salinity front, extending north of King George Island to north of Elephant and Clarence Islands. Data on the phytoplanktoncommunity suggest that shelf waters were characterized by low biomass and a nanoplankton population, while in and just north of the front the biomass increased and there was a shift to a diatom-dominated microplankton population. This is thought to be related to increased stability of the water column just north of the front. The salinity front ran more or less parallel to the continental shelf-break, but its exact position varied during the period of study. It was generally associated with transition water (Type 11) or with Weddell-Scotia Confluence water (Type 111).
Investigation of scratch resistance of thin carbon overcoat media using micro scratch testing

This paper investigates the scratch resistance of thin carbon overcoat media using a novel micro scratch testing method. Ramp loading was applied to a carbide blade, scratching along a rotating hard disk surface and the load corresponding to the penetration of the carbon overcoat, referred to as the critical load, was used as the measure of scratch resistance. The contact electric resistance (CER) at the cutting point of the blade/media interface was monitored through the scratch process and the critical load was determined when the CER dropped to zero. It has been found that CER monitoring is a very accurate and reliable way of determining the critical load. Scratches were characterized using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and it has been found that at the critical point the carbon overcoat was delaminated, peeled off, or plowed away. The micro scratch testing has shown to have the sensitivity to differentiate the effect of carbon thickness, carbon type, lubricant, and substrate type on media scratch resistance.
Incidence of Asymptomatic Pulmonary Embolism in Moderately to Severely Injured Trauma Patients

Background: Chest computed tomographic (CT) scanning is used frequently to evaluate symptomatic patients for pulmonary embolus (PE). The incidence of PE diagnosed by helical CT scanning in asymptomatic patients is unknown. Methods: Asymptomatic trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score ≥ 9 were studied with contrast-enhanced helical CT images of the chest, pelvis, and lower extremities. Clot burden was assessed using an anatomic scoring system. Patients not receiving anticoagulation were followed. Results: Twenty-two of 90 patients had a PE. Four had major clot burden, including one patient with a saddle embolus. Risk factors for asymptomatic PE include age (odds ratio [OR], 1.04), head injury (OR, 6.78), chest injury (OR, 4.51), lower extremity injury (OR, 5.03), and transfusion (OR, 3.42). Thirty percent of patients receiving pharmacologic prophylaxis had a PE. Conclusion: Asymptomatic PE occur in 24% of moderately to severely injured patients. Age, head, chest, and lower extremity injury are associated with an increased risk. Standard thromboembolic prophylaxis is not reliably protective.
Laparoscopic cryoablation for clinical stage T1 renal masses: long-term oncologic outcomes at the Medical College of Wisconsin.

Objective To report the long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic cryoablation for clinical stage T1 renal masses at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review was performed evaluating patients who underwent laparoscopic cryoablation for renal masses at the Medical College of Wisconsin between February 2000 and October 2009. Results A total of 171 renal masses in 144 patients were treated by laparoscopic cryoablation during the study period. After excluding patients with clinical stage I disease, 112 renal masses treated in 92 patients remained for analysis. Mean patient age was 59.6 years (standard deviation [SD], 12.5 years). Mean lesion size was 2.3 cm (SD, 0.94 cm). Mean age adjusted Charlson comorbidity index was 4.55 (SD, 1.69). Mean follow-up was 97.9 months (SD, 24.8 months). Overall survival among all patients was 80.9%. Lesions were biopsy proven to be malignant in 70 patients (76.3%). Of those with biopsy-proven malignancy, there were 6 recurrences, 14 non–cancer-related deaths, and 1 cancer-related death, leading to an overall survival of 77.6%, progression-free survival of 91.0%, and cancer-specific survival of 98.5%. Conclusion We report the largest published series of laparoscopic renal cryoablation with the longest follow-up. Our series indicates that laparoscopic cryoablation is both an efficacious treatment for clinical stage T1 renal masses and provides excellent long-term oncologic outcomes.
Multineuron response to wind stimuli in the American cockroach

Abstract This work describes an experimental system aimed at addressing the problem of how multiple cells code features of sensory information. These experiments on the escape response of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, enable a quantitative approach to the problem of collective coding due to good control of the stimulus and simultaneous recordings from a large fraction of the coding cells. The following results are presented: (a) some cells code for features of the wind that are not simply directional in nature, (b) compound events, defined as simultaneous firing of two cells, represent features of the stimulus that are different than each of the individual cells.