cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The presynaptic release apparatus is functional in the absence of dendritic contact and highly mobile within isolated axons.

Abstract Whether contact of an axon with a dendrite is a necessary inductive signal for the assembly of functional presynaptic machinery is controversial. Combining FM1-43 imaging with retrospective immunocytochemistry, we observe many functional synaptic vesicle (SV) release sites lacking postsynaptic specializations in cultured hippocampal neurons. These "orphan" release sites share the same exocytic machinery and mechanisms of endocytic recycling as mature synaptic sites. Moreover, quantitative analysis of FM1-43 destaining at these orphan release sites reveals similar kinetics with slightly lower release probabilities. Time-lapse imaging of FM1-43 reveals that orphans are generated by complete or partial mobilization of synaptic release sites that retain their functionality in transit. Orphan clusters fuse with existing synaptic release sites or form novel release sites onto dendrites. Mobilization and stabilization of orphan boutons to new sites of dendritic contact may represent a necessary presynaptic counterpart to postsynaptic changes observed during development and plasticity in the CNS.
A model-based observer for state and stress estimation in structural and mechanical systems: Experimental validation

Abstract In this paper we present the results from a validation study of a recently proposed model-based state observer for structural and mechanical systems. The observer uses a finite element model of the structure and noise contaminated measurements to estimate the state and stress time histories at arbitrary locations in the structure of interest. The initial conditions and unknown excitations are described by random vectors and random processes with known covariance and power spectral density. A laboratory model consisting of an aluminum cantilever beam was used to perform the experiment. Two types of loading conditions were tested: an impact hammer test and a band limited excitation delivered through a shaker. The results obtained with the proposed observer are compared to the measured stress at the locations of interest, and to estimates obtained using well-established estimation methods such as Luenberger observers and the Kalman filter. The main finding is that for all experiments conducted the proposed model-based observer yielded estimates with higher or comparable accuracy to all other methods considered, with the advantage of requiring significantly less computational effort and with a more direct and transparent implementation.
Comparison of toad bladder aldosterone-induced proteins and proteins synthesized in vitro using aldosterone-induced messenger RNA as template.

Using double-labeled isotope techniques, it can be shown that aldosterone induces the synthesis of several proteins in the mitochondria-rich (MR) cells of the toad's urinary bladder. Induced proteins have been identified both in the plasma membrane (mol wt=170,000, 85,000 and 12,000) and the cytosol (mol wt=36,000, 12,000 and 6,000) fractions of these mucosal cells. We have also shown that aldosterone (Aldo) induces the synthesis of a class of RNA having the properties of messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA isolated from Aldo-treated mucosal cells was used as template in a cell-free protein-synthesis system prepared from rabbit reticulocytes. Preparations charged with mRNA from Aldotreated cells synthesized two proteins that were not labeled when mRNA from control tissues was used as template. The electrophoretic mobility of one of these proteins was similar to an Aldo-induced membrane protein (mol wt=70,000) found in the intact tissue.
A 2200-yr record of hydrologic variability from Foy Lake, Montana, USA, inferred from diatom and geochemical data

Abstract A 2200-yr long, high-resolution (∼5 yr) record of drought variability in northwest Montana is inferred from diatoms and δ18O values of bio-induced carbonate preserved in a varved lacustrine core from Foy Lake. A previously developed model of the diatom response to lake-level fluctuations is used to constrain estimates of paleolake levels derived from the diatom data. High-frequency (decadal) fluctuations in the de-trended δ18O record mirror variations in wet/dry cycles inferred from Banff tree-rings, demonstrating the sensitivity of the oxygen-isotope values to changes in regional moisture balance. Low frequency (multi-centennial) isotopic changes may be associated with shifts in the seasonal distribution of precipitation. From 200 B.C. to A.D. 800, both diatom and isotope records indicate that climate was dry and lake level low, with poor diatom preservation and high organic carbon: nitrogen ratios. Subsequently, lake level rose slightly, although the climate was drier and more stable than modern conditions. At A.D. 1200, lake level increased to approximately 6 m below present elevation, after which the lake fluctuated between this elevation and full stage, with particularly cool and/or wetter conditions after 1700. The hydrologic balance of the lake shifted abruptly at 1894 because of the establishment of a lumber mill at the lake's outlet. Spectral analysis of the δ18O data indicates that severe droughts occurred with multi-decadal (50 to 70 yr) frequency.
Asymptotic spacings theory with applications to the two-sample problem

The asymptotic distribution theory of test statistics which are functions of spacings is studied here. Distribution theory under appropriate close alternatives is also derived and used to find the locally most powerful spacing tests. For the two-sample problem, which is to test if two independent samples are from the same population, test statistics which are based on “spacing-frequencies” (i.e., the numbers of observations of one sample which fall in between the spacings made by the other sample) are utilized. The general asymptotic distribution theory of such statistics is studied both under the null hypothesis and under a sequence of close alternatives.
Soft-x-ray emission and the local p-type partial density of electronic states in Y2O3: Experiment and theory.

Photon-excited yttrium ${M}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{V},\mathrm{V}}$, and electron-excited oxygen $K$ x-ray emission spectra for yttrium oxide are presented. It is shown that, as in the case of yttrium metal, the decay of ${M}_{\mathrm{IV}}$ vacancies does not contribute substantially to the oxide ${M}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{V},\mathrm{V}}$ emission. The valence emission is interpreted in a one-electron picture as a measure of the local $p$-type partial density of states. The yttrium and oxygen valence emission bands are very similar and strongly resemble published photoelectron spectra. Using local-density approximation electronic structure calculations, we show that the broadening of the Y-$4p$ signal in yttrium oxide relative to Y metal are due to two inequivalent yttrium sites in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Features present in the oxide, but not the metal spectrum, are the result of overlap (hybridization) between the Y-$4p$ wave function and states in the oxygen $2s$ subband.
Application of Urine Nicotine and Cotinine Excretion Rates to Assessment of Nicotine Replacement in Light, Moderate, and Heavy Smokers Undergoing Transdermal Therapy

As part of a clinical trial investigating the level of nicotine replacement with different doses of transdermal therapy for smoking cessation, urine excretion rates of nicotine and cotinine were measured in 70 subjects while they were actively smoking (baseline) and for 6 consecutive inpatient days while they were receiving transdermal nicotine therapy. Subjects were stratified according to baseline smoking rate as light (10-15 cigarettes per day), moderate (16-30 cigarettes per day), or heavy (>30 cigarettes per day) smokers and randomly assigned to a daily 24-hour patch delivering a transdermal nicotine dose of 0, 11, 22, or 44 mg. Steady-state excretion rates of nicotine and cotinine were attained in 2 and 3 days, respectively, at all doses and were independent of smoking rate. Percentage replacement of nicotine was calculated by dividing steady-state nicotine or cotinine excretion rates by their respective baseline excretion rates. Significant underreplacement occurred with the 11-mg/day dose, particularly in moderate and heavy smokers (<50%). At a dose of 22 mg/day, nicotine replacement was still <100% in the majority of subjects. Only at a dose of 44 mg/day did mean replacement exceed 100% regardless of baseline smoking rate.
Accuracies and inaccuracies in autobiographical memories

Records of everyday autobiographical events were gathered from a small group of adults during a 4-month period. This was followed by five memory tests extending over 2% years. Recognition memory, temporal ordering, and dating accuracy declined as the events tested became more remote. Recognition accuracy on original items was high over the entire study; whereas the false recognition of nonevent, foil items increased after a I- to 3-month delay. Confidence ratings of recognition accuracy remained consistently high over all tests, even though recognition accuracy deteriorated. Additional analyses of foil items indicated that false recognitions of nonevents as one’s own memories were related positively to the semantic similarity between foils and the original records from which they were constructed. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that the same autobiographical schemata account for the correct recognition of actual events, the false recognition of certain nonevents as one’s own memories, the correct rejection of other nonevents, and an overconfidence in the “facts” of one’s life.
Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil

Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil. Livio Sansone, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003. 248 pp.
Magnetic Resonance and Structural Investigations of (Monooxooctaethylchlorinato)iron(III) Chloride and Its Bis(imidazole) Complex

(Monooxooctaethylchlorinato)iron(III) chloride, (oxo-OEC)FeCl, 1, has been investigated by X-ray crystallography and by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Its bis(imidazole-d4) complex has been studied by multidimensional 1H NMR and EPR spectroscopies, and the results are compared to those for the bis(Im-d4) complex of (octaethylchlorinato)iron(III) chloride, (OEC)FeCl, 2. EPR and NMR results show that both [(oxo-OEC)Fe(Im-d4)2]Cl and [(OEC)Fe(Im-d4)2]Cl are low-spin Fe(III) complexes with (dxy)2(dxz,dyz)3 electronic ground states, both at 4.2 K (EPR spectra) and at ambient temperatures utilized for solution NMR studies. The pattern of chemical shifts of the pyrrole-CH2 and meso protons are similar, with the 8,17-carbons having the largest and the 12,13-carbons having the smallest spin densities in each case, except that [(OEC)Fe(Im-d4)2]Cl has a slightly wider range of pyrrole-CH2 chemical shifts and more resonances are observed for [(oxo-OEC)Fe(Im-d4)2]Cl due to its lower symmetry. Full proton resonance assignments f...
Rapid recovery of sensory function in blind cave fish treated with anemone repair proteins.

Abstract Blind cave fish employ superficial neuromasts to detect currents [Baker, C.F. and J.C. Montgomery, J. Comp. Physiol. A 184 (1999) 519–527]. Briefly exposing fish to calcium-free water significantly reduces the ability of the fish to perform rheotaxis (i.e., to orient properly in currents). Spontaneous recovery to control levels of rheotaxis requires 9 days. However, if the fish are treated with fraction β immediately after exposure to calcium-free water, recovery to control levels of rheotaxis occurs within 1.3 h, the first time point tested. Fraction β is a chromatographic fraction of ‘repair proteins’ isolated from sea anemones. The benefits of fraction β on restoring rheotaxis exhibit dose dependency with the minimum effective dose estimated at 1 ng/ml. Exogenously supplied ATP augments the efficacy of fraction β. Such augmentation is abolished by PPADS, an inhibitor of purinoceptors. Immunocytochemistry confirms the presence of purinoceptors in superficial neuromasts. The present results suggest that ‘repair proteins’ obtained from anemones significantly augment intrinsic repair mechanisms in fish. Furthermore, the data obtained in the fish system strongly parallel our previously published findings on sea anemones, raising the possibility that mechanisms of hair bundle repair may be evolutionarily conserved.
Digital Transcription of the Archimedes Palimpsest [Applications Corner]

This paper deals with the application of multispectral imaging techniques and character recognition methods based on a of identified characters to digitized data from the Archimedes palimpsest in a unified image analysis and classification framework. The process presented in this article assisted scholars in their transcription of the palimpsest, which is one of the most important documents in the history of science. Among them, Reviel Netz, the principal scholar in translating the Archimedes text, has commented very positively on the value of the character recognition tool. In addition, the digital transcription workflow has been applied to a tenth century Hebrew colophon and even outside the digital transcription of documents.
An efficient GMM estimator of spatial autoregressive models

In this paper, we consider GMM estimation of the regression and MRSAR models with SAR disturbances. We derive the best GMM estimator within the class of GMM estimators based on linear and quadratic moment conditions. The best GMM estimator has the merit of computational simplicity and asymptotic efficiency. It is asymptotically as efficient as the ML estimator under normality and asymptotically more efficient than the Gaussian QML estimator otherwise. Monte Carlo studies show that, with moderate-sized samples, the best GMM estimator has its biggest advantage when the disturbances are asymmetrically distributed. When the diagonal elements of the spatial weights matrix have enough variation, incorporating kurtosis of the disturbances in the moment functions will also be helpful.
Conventional Semantic Meaning in Signalling Games with Conflicting Interests

Abstract Lewis signalling games are often used to explain how it is possible for simple agents to develop systems of conventional semantic meaning. In these games, all players obtain identical payo...
The Effect of Thermal Prestress on the Free Vibration Characteristics of Clamped Rectangular Plates: Theory and Experiment

In a combined theoretical and experimental approach, the free vibration characteristics ofa uniformly heated, fully clamped (out-of-plane), rectangular plate are considered. Specifically, this work focuses on the behavior of the small amplitude natural frequencies as the temperature is increased from the ambient. The effects of initial geometric imperfections, modal coupling, imperfect clamping (in-plane) and post-buckling are addressed. Comparisons between theory and experiment show excellent agreement.
Zodiacal emission. II - Dust near ecliptic

The location and brightness of the peak zodiacal emission are derived from IRAS observations of the diffuse infrared background radiation. A uniform ellipsoid geometrical model is fitted to the latitudes of peak brightness, from which the orientation of the surface of maximum dust density near the earth's orbit is derived. Deviations from the uniform ellipsoid indicate that this surface bends toward the invariable plane of the solar system beyond 2.5 AU from the sun. The variations of the peak zodiacal emission brightness with solar elongation and observation date allow two independent determinations of the gradient of the volume emissivity of interplanetary dust. Combined with theoretical calculations of the infrared emission from silicate and graphite grains heated by the sun, the gradient of the dust density is found to be n proportional to r exp (-1.1 + or - 0.2). Systematic brightness variations with ecliptic longitude reveal two potential asymmetries in the dust complex: excess emission following the earth in its orbit, and excess emission along lines of sight with ecliptic longitude lambda = 190 + or - 20 deg and solar lambda about 100 deg.
Contact angle of lead stearate-covered water on mica during the deposition of Langmuir-Blodgett assemblies

Abstract We have measured the dynamic and static contact angles between the monolayer-covered water surface and a mica substrate during the deposition of successive monolayers of lead stearate. The substrate was suspended from a Cahn RG Electrobalance in order to measure the contact angle-dependent force during deposition of the film; both dynamic and static angles were calculated from the output of the balance. The difference between the dynamic contact angles of the film- covered subphase on clean mica and during polar deposition on a lead stearate multilayer is approximately 18°. The static contact angle on the upstroke (polar deposition, StPb/PbSt) averages 6° greater than the dynamic angle. On the other hand, there is very little difference on the downstroke (PbSt/StPb deposition) between the static and the dynamic angles. The contact angles appear to be independent of surface pressure in the range 15–24 dyn cm-1.
Variations of surface air temperature and sea-ice extent in the western Antarctic Peninsula region

The western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region has experienced a statistically significant warming trend during the past half-century. In addition, a statistically significant anticorrelation between air temperatures and sea-ice extent, as determined from satellite passive-microwave data during the past two decades, has been observed for this region. Consistent with this strong coupling, sea-ice extent in the WAP area has trended down during this period of satellite observations. Further, much of the variability in both air temperature and sea ice in the WAP region has been shown to be influenced by contrasting maritime (warm, moist) and continental (cold, dry) climate regimes. As part of the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research program, the ecological influence of these trends and variability is being studied, and effects have already been demonstrated at all trophic levels. Here we extend earlier observations to include the past decade and focus on the annual cycles of air temperature and sea-ice extent for the past few years, with the aim of placing these recent observations within the context of changes seen in the longer-term records. The more recent years have seen an increasing maritime influence in the WAP region, with corresponding effects on the marine ecosystem.
African American cocaine users' preferred treatment site: variations by rural/urban residence, stigma, and treatment effectiveness

To encourage access, policy makers and providers need information about variations in drug users' treatment preferences. This study examined how rural/urban residence, stigma surrounding drug use, and perceived treatment availability and effectiveness are associated with African American cocaine users' preferences for the site of treatment (local, or in one's home town; nearby, or in a town nearby; and distant, or in a town farther away). Two hundred rural and 200 urban cocaine users were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and completed in-person interviews. Multinomial logit regression analyses were conducted to estimate the relative odds of preferring local vs. nearby and local vs. distant treatment. Rural cocaine users preferred distant (58%), and urban users preferred local (57%) treatment. Rural residence and a lifetime history of treatment were associated with higher odds of preferring nearby vs. local treatment; older age and greater perceived local treatment effectiveness were associated with lower odds of preferring nearby vs. local treatment. Rural residence, access to an automobile, higher rejection/discrimination stigma scores, and higher Brief Symptom Inventory-Global Severity Index scores were associated with higher odds of preferring distant vs. local treatment; older age, lower educational attainment, and greater perceived discrimination after treatment were associated with lower odds of preferring distant vs. local treatment. The findings from this study suggest that a regional approach to organizing drug use treatment services could better satisfy the preferences of rural African American cocaine users, whereas local treatment services should be expanded to meet the needs of urban cocaine users.
Facilitative Glucose Transporter 9 Expression Affects Glucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells

Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) including GLUT9, accelerate the facilitative diffusion of glucose across the plasma membrane. Studies in GLUT2-deficient mice suggested the existence of another GLUT in the mammalian β-cell responsible for glucose sensing. The objective of this study was to determine the expression and function of GLUT9 in murine and human β-cells. mRNA and protein expression levels were determined for both isoforms of GLUT9 in murine and human isolated islets as well as insulinoma cell lines (MIN6). Immunohistochemistry and subcellular localization were performed to localize the protein within the cell. Small interfering RNA knockdown of GLUT9 was used to determine the effect of this transporter, in the presence of GLUT2, on cell metabolism and insulin secretion in MIN6 and INS cells. In this report we demonstrate that GLUT9a and GLUT9b are expressed in pancreatic islets and that this expression localizes to insulin-containing β-cells. Subcellular localization studies indicate that mGLUT9b is found associated with the plasma membrane as well as in the high-density microsome fraction and low-density microsome fraction, whereas mGLUT9a appears to be located only in the high-density microsome and low-density microsome under basal conditions. Functionally GLUT9 appears to participate in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in addition to GLUT2. small interfering RNA knockdown of GLUT9 results in reduced cellular ATP levels that correlate with reductions in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 and INS cells. These studies confirm the expression of GLUT9a and GLUT9b in murine and human β-cells and suggest that GLUT9 may participate in glucose-sensing in β-cells.
Civil war medicine from the perspective of S. Weir Mitchell's "The case of George Dedlow".

In 1866, a year following the close of the American Civil War, an anonymous article arousing much public interest appeared in the popular magazine, The Atlantic Monthly. The real author, Silas Weir Mitchell, who became one of America's most distinguished neurologists, wrote this short story early in his career while serving as a contract army surgeon and conducting his important clinical researches in nerve injuries. This article was the first literary effort in his long and prolific career as a physician/writer. Historians citing this article have focused almost exclusively on the early descriptions of causalgia and phantom limb syndrome, appearing as it did in a popular magazine. The present author proposes to show, for the first time, that Mitchell actually intended to describe many important medical consequences of the American Civil War, which was later shown to have so profoundly affected him throughout his medical and literary career. He cleverly accomplished this through the narration of Assistant...
Age as a Factor Influencing the Level of Parthenogenesis in Eggs of Turkeys

SummaryUnfertilized Beltsville Small White turkey eggs produced by the same hens during their first and second laying year were incubated for 9-10 days and subsequently examined for parthenogenesis. Involved were 163 hens and more than 13,000 unfertilized eggs. On the average, partheno-genetic development encountered in eggs of younger birds yielded a higher percentage of embryos. It was likewise found that, on the average, embryos in eggs of younger birds survived longer within the shell than did those of older birds.
Investigation of the mechanism of intracluster proton transfer from sinapinic acid to biomolecular analytes

Experiments have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of proton transfer in ternary clusters containing the matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization (MALDI) matrix sinapinic acid, nonchromophoric analytes (proline, methionine, and prolylmethionine), and argon. To investigate the mechanism of intracluster proton transfer, ionizing laser power studies were performed at 266 and 355 nm. Baseline studies show that two photons are required at both wavelengths for the formation of sinapinic acid radical cations from sinapinic acid/argon clusters. Studies of the ternary sinapinic acid/biomolecule/argon clusters show that, in all cases, the photon dependence for protonation of the biomolecule is the same as that for formation of the sinapinic acid radical cation. Furthermore, the slopes of the power plots are generally between 1.5 and 2.0, consistent with a two photon ionization process. No evidence of negative ion formation is detected in the negative ion mass spectra. The combined results are consistent with a mechanism of biomolecular intracluster protonation via proton transfer from the photoionized sinapinic acid radical cation. Wavelength dependent trends in matrix and analyte fragment ion formation in conventional MALDI mass spectra and the cluster proton transfer mass spectra were noted. The possible contribution of cluster proton transfer to the analyte protonation mechanism in conventional MALDI is discussed.
Protein Turnover in Mycobacterial Proteomics

Understanding the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the primary challenges in current tuberculosis research. Investigation of mycobacterial biology using the systems biology approach has deciphered much information with regard to the bacilli and tuberculosis pathogenesis. The modulation of its environment and the ability to enter a dormant phase are the hallmarks of M. tuberculosis. Until now, proteome studies have been able to understand much about the role of various proteins, mostly in growing M. tuberculosis cells. It has been difficult to study dormant M. tuberculosis by conventional proteomic techniques with very few proteins being found to be differentially expressed. Discrepancy between proteome and transcriptome studies lead to the conclusion that a certain aspect of the mycobacterial proteome is not being explored. Analysis of protein turnover may be the answer to this dilemma. This review, while giving a gist of the proteome response of mycobacteria to various stresses, analyzes the data obtained from abundance studies versus data from protein turnover studies in M. tuberculosis. This review brings forth the point that protein turnover analysis is capable of discerning more subtle changes in protein synthesis, degradation, and secretion activities. Thus, turnover studies could be incorporated to provide a more in-depth view into the proteome, especially in dormant or persistent cells. Turnover analysis might prove helpful in drug discovery and a better understanding of the dynamic nature of the proteome of mycobacteria.
A merit function for lattice trapping of cracks on Si(111) - AB-INITIO total energy calculations

As dislocation motion is resisted by the Peierls barrier, cracks in brittle crystals can be lattice-trapped. The discrete lattice structure of a crystal under loading reflects this behavior of the defect's motion. By determining the energy barrier to crack motion at loads within the range of lattice trapping, the authors are able to obtain a merit function, which characterizes the phenomena of lattice trapping for silicon (111). Silicon is chosen as a model system for brittle materials, because many experimental measurements, which can be used for comparison, have been reported on its mechanical properties.
Application of adjoint operators to neural learning

A new methodology for neural learning of nonlinear mappings is presented. It exploits the concept of adjoint operators to enable a fast global computation of the network's response to perturbations in all system parameters.
Evaluation of a homogenous enzyme immunoassay for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids in urine

Abstract Introduction The recent emergence and widespread availability of many new synthetic cannabinoids support the need for an accurate and high-throughput urine screen for these new designer drugs. We evaluated performance of the immunalysis homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) to sensitively, selectively, and rapidly identify urinary synthetic cannabinoids. Methods 2443 authentic urine samples were analyzed with the HEIA that targets JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, and a validated LC–MS/MS method for 29 synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites. Semi-quantitative HEIA results were obtained, permitting performance evaluation at and around three cutoffs (5, 10 and 20 μg/L), and diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and efficiency determination. Performance challenges at ±25 and ±50% of each cutoff level, cross-reactivity and interferences also were evaluated. Results Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the immunalysis HEIA K2 Spice kit with the manufacturer’s recommended 10 μg/L cutoff were 75.6%, 99.6% and 96.8%, respectively, as compared to the reference LC–MS/MS method with limits of detection of 0.1–10 μg/L. Performance at 5 μg/L was 92.2%, 98.1% and 97.4%, and for the 20 μg/L cutoff were 62.9%, 99.7% and 95.4%. Semi-quantitative results for in-house prepared standards were obtained from 2.5–30 μg/L, and documented acceptable linearity from 5–25 μg/L, with inter-day imprecision Conclusion The Immunalysis HEIA K2 Spice kit required no sample preparation, had a high-throughput, and acceptable sensitivity, specificity and efficiency, offering a viable method for screening synthetic cannabinoids in urine that cross-react with JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid antibodies.
Subjective evaluations of employer attributes by administration students

Abstract The paper is an application of the conjoint measurement methodology. An exploratory study was conducted of the trade-off relationships among four organizational attributes—dynamism, societal concern, functional/administrative emphasis, and relative size—as they relate to the selection of an employer by students of administration. Preference ranks of 36 employer concepts obtained from 86 graduate students of business, public, and hospital administration were analyzed according to the additive conjoint measurement model yielding implicit rank-ordering of the four organizational attributes as choice criteria. Irrespective of the program of study, dynamism and societal concern emerged as the most important determinants in employer selection, but differences existed among programs, year of study, and explicitly vs implicitly elicited weights.
Identification of cholesteryl nitrate as a product of the reaction between NO2 and cholesterol monomolecular films

Abstract The effects of exposure of monomolecular films of cholesterol, dihydrocholesterol, 5-cholesten-3-one, 7-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol to air and NO2 were studied. Whereas exposure to air resulted in expansion of the films in all cases, exposure to NO2 resulted in condensation of all of the films with the exception of 5-cholesten-3-one. The expansion effects were determined to be the result of the formation of various autoxidation products of cholesterol. The condensation effects were caused by the formation and subsequent desorption of cholesteryl nitrate. Identification of the products was based on surface pressure-surface area and thin layer chromatographic evidence.
C-Reactive protein in spinal fluid of children with meningitis

We have evaluated a commercially available latex agglutination system for the detection of C-reactive protein in CSF by a prospective study of 56 patients with CSF pleocytosis. On initial lumbar puncture, C-RP was detected in 100% (24/24) of patients with culture-proven bacterial meningitis, compared to 6% (2/32) of patients in the nonbacterial group (χ 2 c =44.8, P =
Phonetic inventories, 15-24 months: a longitudinal study

Longitudinal samples of meaningful speech of 34 normally developing children were analyzed to determine the range and types of consonantal phones produced at 15, 18, 21, and 24 months. Separate inv...
Application of an integrated rate equation to the inactivation of catalase

A feature of catalase that has received scant attention in recent years and that may have physiological significance is the peroxide-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. In this article we show how to obtain the second-order rate constant for the inactivation reaction by fitting the reaction progress curve to an integrated rate equation. This method will simplify quantitation of the inactivation and reactivation of catalase. These measurements in tissues with altered metabolic states may reveal new information about the role of catalase in nutrition, aging, and pathology.
An asymptotic theory of sandwich plates

Elastic plates can be described by a two-dimensional theory, if the characteristic length of the stress state along the plate, l, is much larger than the plate thickness, h. If all elastic moduli of a laminated plate are of the same order, no matter how many lamina the plate has, then the normal to the mid-surface of the plane remains normal in the course of deformation, and the deformation of the plate can be described by the classical plate theory. The situation changes, when the elastic moduli are of different orders of magnitude. This occurs, in particular, for the hard-skin plates, i.e. the sandwich plates the faces of which are very hard. Due to the low deformability of the skin, normal fibers cannot remain normal to the mid-surface in the course of deformation. The deviations are characterized by transverse shear. The difference from the theory of transverse shear, introduced by Timoshenko and Reissner, is that the transverse shear effects are not the corrections to classical plate theory; they are the effects of the leading order. That is caused by the presence of an additional small parameter, the ratio of elastic moduli of the core and the skin. The additional small parameter changes the character of the asymptotics. In this paper, the governing two-dimensional equations for sandwich plates are derived by an asymptotic analysis of linear three-dimensional elasticity. We show that the classical plate theory works only within a certain range of parameters. Beyond that range the asymptotic theory differs from the classical one. We focus especially on the hard-skin plates, but obtain also the universal relations, which can be applied for any values of elastic moduli and the relative thickness of the skin and the core. As an example four-point bending problem is discussed.
Efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection: A study of 101 cases

Abstract Background: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is an alternative to surgery for removal of superficial neoplastic lesions of the GI tract. The aim of this study was to assess the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of EMR. Methods: Data from consecutive EMR procedures performed by using suction cap-assisted and/or saline solution-assisted snare resection techniques over a 45-month period were reviewed retrospectively. EUS was performed before EMR in the majority of cases. Immediate and delayed complications were recorded. Survival was assessed in patients with carcinoma or high-grade dysplasia on final histopathology in whom EMR achieved complete resection. Results: One hundred one lesions were removed by EMR in 92 patients. Indications were adenoma (67%), high-grade dysplasia (13%), intramucosal carcinoma (11%), and lesions of uncertain histopathology (10%). Locations were esophagus 19%, stomach 14%, duodenum 27%, rectum 12%, and colon 29%. Suction cap-assisted technique was used in 26% and saline solution-assisted polypectomy in 74% of cases. Complete resection was achieved in 89%. For complete resection, 17% required more than 1 session. Post-EMR histopathology was adenoma 47%, high-grade dysplasia 13%, carcinoma 16%, carcinoid 3%, benign 19%, and low-grade dysplasia 3%. EMR resulted in upgrading of histopathologic staging to carcinoma or high-grade dysplasia in 44%. Bleeding was the only complication (early 16, delayed 6). The median cancer-free survival in patients with adenocarcinoma who underwent complete resection by EMR was 27 months (interquartile range: 17-28 months). Conclusion: EMR achieves complete resection in a majority of patients but is associated with a higher risk of bleeding compared with standard polypectomy. EMR changes pathologic stage in a significant number of patients. Survival data are encouraging, but long-term follow-up studies are needed. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:390-6.)
Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Macrophages: Inhibition by Fructose-1,6-diphosphate

Intravenous fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) is reported to reverse shock and improves survival in animals given systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), although the mechanism is incompletely understood. Since endotoxin-related shock is associated with increased nitric oxide (NO) production, LPS-stimulated macrophages were treated with FDP, and the NO metabolite, nitrite, was measured 24 h later. Treatment of LPS-stimulated macrophages with 1, 5, or 10 mM FDP caused a dose-dependent reduction in mRNA expression for inducible NO synthase by Northern analysis and decreased the micromolar concentrations of nitrite produced by 17, 42, and 68%, respectively. Neither fructose nor sodium phosphate had these effects in LPS-exposed macrophages. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that FDP did not inhibit LPS-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Viability analysis showed that the FDP effect was not caused by cytotoxicity. Overall, these results suggest that fructose-1,6-diphosphate, a glycolytic intermediate with potential clinical use, may mitigate the adverse effects of LPS by regulating the generation of NO.
Amino acid sequence of the α-chain of bovine fetal hemoglobin

Abstract The 141 residues of the α-chain of bovine fetal hemoglobin have been placed in sequence by conventional methods. There is serious disagreement between these data and an earlier report of Satake and Sasakawa [J. Biochem. (Tokyo)53, 201 (1963)]. Several possible causes of the differing results have been considered and eliminated. Further investigation of bovine hemoglobin F itself has been made in an attempt to substantiate Muta's report [Acta Med. Nagasaki9, 172 (1964)] that two major fetal hemoglobins are present in the new-born calf. The evidence points to a single major component. A comparison of the sequences of α-chains from several species as well as of human and bovine hemoglobins F is made.
Detection of recombination centers in solar cells from junction capacitance transients

The relations between the parameters which characterize electron-hole generation-recombination-trapping (GRT) centers and the electrical characteristics and efficiency of solar cells are discussed. The physics and the procedures of using the transient capacitance techniques to measure these GRT parameters in p-n junction, Schottky and MOS solar cells are presented with many experimental examples.
BBe systematics in subduction-related metamorphic rocks: Characterization of the subducted component

The mobility of B and Be in H2O-rich fluids and felsic silicate liquids produced during metamorphism of subducted oceanic slab and sediments has been investigated through analysis of subduction-zone metamorphic rocks of the Catalina Schist, California. In metasedimentary rocks, B/Be and the range in B/Be decrease with increasing metamorphic grade (mean = 72, std. dev. = 41 for lowest-grade lawsonite-albite fades rocks; mean = 21, std. dev. = 11 for higher-grade greenschist and epidote-amphibolite facies equivalents). This decrease to more uniformly low B/Be may be attributed to the preferential removal of B in H2O-rich fluids produced by devolatilization reactions over the approximate temperature interval of 350–600°C. Metamafic rocks do not show pronounced decrease in B/Be with increasing metamorphic grade; however, all metamafic samples have B/Be< 30, lower than values for many altered seafloor basalts. In amphibolite-grade exposures, felsic leucosomes and pegmatites reflecting partial melting have low B/Be similar to their metasedimentary and metamafic hosts, which presumably experienced prior reduction in B/Be during lower temperature devolatilization. This evidence for B and Be mobility during high-P/T metamorphism complements studies of B-Be systematics in arc volcanic rocks in further characterizing mechanisms by which slab-derived elements can be added to the source regions of arc lavas. Before subducted mafic and sedimentary rocks reach Wadati-Benioff zone depths beneath arcs ( 80–150 km), the B/ Be of these rocks is likely to have decreased to <30. Thus, highly fractionated, slab-derived hydrous fluids may be necessary to generate the high-B/ Be signatures observed in many arcs (B/Be of up to ~200). The B-Be data, together with previously presented stable isotope data for the Catalina Schist, demonstrate that subduction-zone metamorphic processes are capable of homogenizing presubduction variability in the concentrations of particularly “fluid-mobile” elements in rocks and may, through mixing, produce fluids which trend toward uniform trace element and isotopic compositions. These homogeneous fluids could infiltrate parts of the mantle wedge and contribute to the characteristic trace element and isotopic signatures of arc-magma source regions. In hotter subduction zones ( e.g., involving subduction of young, hot oceanic lithosphere ), silicate melts derived from previously devolatilized sedimentary and mafic rocks may contribute relatively low-B/Be signatures to arc source regions. Thus, significant variations, among arcs, in the ranges of B/Be observed in front-rank volcanoes (e.g., for the Bismarck arc, B/Be = 20–190; for the Cascades arc, B/ Be < 5) may be related in part to varying thermal structure, which could govern both the B/Be of hydrous fluids and the relative proportions of hydrous fluid and silicate melt derived from the subducted slab and sediments.
Minimization of composition sensitivity with a strontium 90/curium 244 (x-ray) thickness gauge in the measuring range 0–2 mm

Abstract A method of automatically correcting errors caused by variations in the composition of aluminium strip, thickness range 0–2 mm, passing through a rolling mill is described in this paper.
A quasi ad-libitum electronic feeding system for gestating sows in loose housing

A patented gestating sow feeding system for loose housing was developed at the Iowa State University Rhodes Research Farm, Rhodes, IA. The system combined electronic identification of sows and animal weighing with computerized analysis of collected data. Comparison of calculated average daily weight gains with a target average daily gain determined the sows access to one of two possible feed formulations. A computer monitored and controlled the traffic through the system. The system allowed self-feeding of a small group of sows at the same time.
Organizational development and strategic planning for the millennium: A blueprint toward effective school discipline, safety, and crisis prevention

As we approach the millennium, there are numerous opportunities to expand the role of the school psychologist toward more desired consultation and prevention activities. To do this, however, school psychologists need to embrace an organizational development and strategic planning perspective, to see themselves as part of the school systemand as systems change agents,and to position themselves to be seen by othersas experts who understand both the change process and the school situations needing change. Two major issues continue to confront our nation's schools: the ever-increasing numbers of special education students and the need to directly address issues of discipline, behavior management, and safety. This article presents a blueprint from Project ACHIEVE toward effective school discipline, safety, and crisis prevention both (a) to provide an example of how school psychologists can expand their role using organizational and strategic planning principles and activities and (b) to alert school psychologists as to a field-tested process that addresses the behavioral needs of all students and the safety and security needs of all schools. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative breath-hold monitoring of myocardial gadolinium enhancement using inversion recovery TrueFISP.

The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate the accuracy of a breath-hold IR-TrueFISP acquisition capable of monitoring gadolinium (Gd) concentrations through T1 measurements in the left ventricular blood pool and segments of the myocardium over an extended duration. Measurements using a phantom were performed to assess the accuracy of the technique. Accurate T1 measurements in the expected range after contrast agent administration were obtained with several theoretical formulations. Accurate T1 values before the administration of the contrast agent were obtained only when the incomplete recovery of magnetization during the delay time (TD) between imaging segments was incorporated into the observed signal intensity calculations. T1 measurements over a 1-hr time period were performed in four subjects with known myocardial infarctions. In this small study, Gd differences between recent and old myocardial infarctions were observed. Magn Reson Med 53:367–371, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“Adults talk too much”: Intergenerational dialogue and power in the Peruvian movement of working children:

Recent work on children’s participatory rights has suggested the need to pay attention to adult–child relationships and foster intergenerational dialogue. Drawing on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with the Peruvian movement of working children, this article explores the ambiguous and complex status of adult voice in organizations that have taken up children’s participation. The ideal of egalitarian intergenerational collaboration is incredibly difficult to implement given the broader social context of age-based inequality. Despite good intentions and a deep commitment to children’s agency and authority, adults and children in this movement continue to replicate deeply structured patterns of behavior that give adults greater power.
Heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones: Implications for adaptive responses in the skin

Recent advances in the biology of heat-shock proteins (hsps) are reviewed. These abundant and evolutionarily highly conserved proteins (also called stress proteins) act as molecular escorts. Hsps bind to other cellular proteins, help them to fold into their correct secondary structures, and prevent misfolding and aggregation during stress, Cytoplasmic hsp70 and hsp60 participate in complicated protein-folding pathways during the synthesis of new polypeptides. Close relatives of hsp70 and hsp60 assist in the transport and assembly of proteins inside intracellular organelles. Hsp90 may have a unique role, binding to the glucocorticoid receptor in a manner essential for proper steroid hormone action. Hsps may also be essential for thermotolerance and for prevention and repair of damage caused by ultraviolet B light. A unique class of T lymphocytes, the γδ T cells, exhibits a restricted specificity against hsps. These T cells may constitute a general, nonspecific immune mechanism directed against tile lisps within invading organisms or against very similar hsps expressed by infected (stressed) keratinocytes. Immunologic cross-reactivity between hsps of foreign organisms and of the host may play a role in seine autoimmune diseases. Although hsps are expressed in the skin, many questions remain about their role during injury, infection, and other types of cutaneous pathophysiology.