cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Premenopausal Hysterectomy and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in African-American Women.

Although the inverse association between hysterectomy and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) was considered well established, investigators in recent studies including women diagnosed after 2000 have observed modest increases in risk. Most studies have been conducted in white women with little representation of African-American women. We examined the relationship between premenopausal hysterectomy and EOC in African-American women and explored whether hormone therapy (HT) modified this association in 614 cases and 743 controls enrolled in the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (2010-2015). Premenopausal hysterectomy was inversely associated with the odds of EOC (odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56, 1.01). Qualitative interaction by estrogen-only HT was present; among never users of estrogen-only HT, premenopausal hysterectomy was associated with a significantly decreased odds of EOC (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.92), whereas among users of estrogen-only HT, a positive association was observed (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 0.76, 3.84). In a population of African-American women diagnosed after 2000, our overall results are consistent with the inverse association observed in the era before 2000, yet the effect modification by HT suggests that HT use among women who have had hysterectomies may negate the protective effects of hysterectomy on EOC, creating the appearance of a null or slightly increased risk.
Open set recognition of aircraft in aerial imagery using synthetic template models

Fast, accurate and robust automatic target recognition (ATR) in optical aerial imagery can provide game-changing advantages to military commanders and personnel. ATR algorithms must reject non-targets with a high degree of confidence in a world with an infinite number of possible input images. Furthermore, they must learn to recognize new targets without requiring massive data collections. Whereas most machine learning algorithms classify data in a closed set manner by mapping inputs to a fixed set of training classes, open set recognizers incorporate constraints that allow for inputs to be labelled as unknown. We have adapted two template-based open set recognizers to use computer generated synthetic images of military aircraft as training data, to provide a baseline for military-grade ATR: (1) a frequentist approach based on probabilistic fusion of extracted image features, and (2) an open set extension to the one-class support vector machine (SVM). These algorithms both use histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) as features as well as artificial augmentation of both real and synthetic image chips to take advantage of minimal training data. Our results show that open set recognizers trained with synthetic data and tested with real data can successfully discriminate real target inputs from non-targets. However, there is still a requirement for some knowledge of the real target in order to calibrate the relationship between synthetic template and target score distributions. We conclude by proposing algorithm modifications that may improve the ability of synthetic data to represent real data.
Moving from millifluidic to truly microfluidic sub-100-μm cross-section 3D printed devices

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has generated considerable excitement in recent years regarding the extensive possibilities of this enabling technology. One area in which 3D printing has potential, not only for positive impact but also for substantial improvement, is microfluidics. To date many researchers have used 3D printers to make fluidic channels directed at point-of-care or lab-on-a-chip applications. Here, we look critically at the cross-sectional sizes of these 3D printed fluidic structures, classifying them as millifluidic (larger than 1 mm), sub-millifluidic (0.5–1.0 mm), large microfluidic (100–500 μm), or truly microfluidic (smaller than 100 μm). Additionally, we provide our prognosis for making 10–100-μm cross-section microfluidic features with custom-formulated resins and stereolithographic printers. Such 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalysis will accelerate research through designs that can be easily created and modified, allowing improved assays to be developed.
"Black Night Is Falling": The "Airy Poetics" of Some Performance

Respiration is a choral practice; the interplay between oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide complexly threads the reproductive fates of oceans, trees, flesh, and cells together. We might say breat...
CO2 charged brines changed rock strength and stiffness at Crystal Geyser, Utah: Implications for leaking subsurface CO2 storage reservoirs

Abstract CO2 geological storage in saline aquifers results in acidification of resident brine. Chemical reactions between acidified brine and rock minerals lead to dissolution and precipitation of minerals at various time scales. Mineral dissolution and precipitation are often neglected in assessing the mechanical integrity of target storage formations, yet, changes in rock strength and deformational behavior can impact trapping mechanisms. This study shows the impact of exposure to CO2-charged brine on shear strength and stiffness of various outcrop rocks evaluated through triaxial testing. The tested rocks were exposed to CO2-charged brine over geological time at a naturally occurring near-surface seepage along the Little Grand Wash Fault and Salt Wash Grabens, which include the Crystal Geyser site near the town of Green River, Utah. Prior work suggests that this site provides a near-surface structural analog for possible fault-controlled CO2 leakage over time scales that exceed expected injection time scales (10–100 years). Results show mechanical alteration in various aspects: (1) CO2-charged brine alteration at near-surface conditions results in mineral dissolution/precipitation and reduction of shear strength and brittleness of Entrada sandstone and Summerville siltstone samples, and (2) carbonate precipitation in fractured Mancos shale leads to matrix stiffening and fracture mineralization resulting in overall stiffer and likely tighter shale. Additional discrete element simulations coupled with a bonded-particle-model confirm the role of cement bond size alteration as one of the main controls for rock chemo-mechanical alteration in sandstones. The chemo-mechanical alteration path that mimics cement dissolution (under stressed subsurface conditions) results in vertical compaction and lateral stress relaxation. Overall, results show that rock exposure to CO2-charged brine can impart distinct petrophysical and geomechanical changes according to rock lithology and location with respect to major CO2 conduits. While mineral dissolution in the storage rock may result in undesired reservoir strains and changes of stresses, mineral precipitation downstream from a leakage path can help seal potentially induced fractures.
Western Arctic Small Tool

relative time period: Follows the Northern Archaic tradition, with terminal portions of which it coexisted; precedes the Norton tradition, a modified descendant with portions of which remnant Western Arctic Small Tool assemblages coexisted. Some researchers in North Alaska expand the Western Arctic Small Tool tradition to also include the Norton tradition
Basic Content and Experience

Basic content is concrete content rooted in experience. This suggests a form of empiricism. But it is a severely chastened form. This account deploys an enriched conception of experience, and the expansive list of content generation operations surveyed in the last chapter. Still, there are important similarities between my view and traditional empiricism. Traditional empiricism held that experience plays a crucial role in generating thought contents, but nevertheless that we can think of more concrete things than those we in fact experience. Likewise, I believe that while all content is rooted in experience, even basic content is not exhausted by it. Basic contents consist solely of the sorts of elements we can experience, but not merely of those we do experience.
Education Levels and Stress

Education reduces stress throughout life. Education leads to higher status, with fewer undesirable and uncontrollable events, fewer chronic strains, and more resources. Education also trains individuals for effective action. It teaches how to find and use information and how to communicate and negotiate with others. It encourages self-direction and productive self-expression. These make individuals better at identifying and avoiding stressful situations and make them more self-assured.
Der maximale Wert der Information

Der Wert der Information ΦWI(S,P) gibt die maximal vertretbaren Informationskosten an fur das Informationssystem P in der Schadenssituation S(IRθ ⊃S = Menge der realisierbaren Schadensvektoren) bei Benutzung der Entscheidungsregel Φ (hier in erster Linie die Bayes- oder Minimax-Regel). Es wird die Grose max ΦWI (a,P):= max {ΦWI (S,P) |∆ϑ S ≤ a (ϑ), ϑ Єθ} betrachtet (a(ϑ) ≥O, ∆ϑ S= Schadensspannweite ϑ Єθ), sie last sich ahnlich wie der Wert der vollstandigen Information interpretieren. Es zeigt sich, das man den max ΦWI(a,P) als Losung eines konvexen Minimierungsproblems erhalten kann. Hiermit ergibt sich fur Spezialfalle eine Reihe von Ergebnissen.
Role of Hydroxyl Groups on the Stability and Catalytic Activity of Au Clusters on a Rutile Surface

Hydroxyls are present as surface terminations of transition metal oxides under ambient conditions and may modify the properties of supported catalysts. We perform first-principles density functional theory calculations to investigate the role of hydroxyls on the catalytic activity of supported gold clusters on TiO{sub 2} (rutile). We find that they have a long-range effect increasing the adhesion of gold clusters on rutile. While hydroxyls make one gold atom more electronegative, a more complex charge-transfer scenario is observed on larger clusters which are important for catalytic applications. This enhances the molecular adsorption and coadsorption energies of CO and O{sub 2}, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of gold clusters for CO oxidation, consistent with reported experiments. Hydroxyls at the interface between gold and rutile surface are most important to this process, even when not directly bound to gold. As such, accurate models of catalytic processes on gold and other catalysts should include the effect of surface hydroxyls.
Modeling of fibrous filter media for ultrafine particle filtration

Abstract Fibrous filter media are widely applied to remove aerosol particles. The modeling and prediction of filtration performance of fibrous media is of importance to design filter media targeted for specific applications. In this work, we successfully developed a 2-D numerical modeling for fibrous filter media. In our modeling, the flow field and fates of particles were calculated in model filter media having the fiber size distribution, average solidity, and thickness the same as those of real media. An excellent agreement was obtained between the numerical and experimental particle collection efficiencies of two commercially available fibrous filter media for particles in the sizes ranging from 3 to 500 nm. We also investigated the effect of fiber size polydispersity (both in the unimodal and bimodal fiber size distributions) on the particle collection efficiency of fibrous media. It was found that the particle capture in fibrous media is noticeably influenced by the polydispersity of fibers in a unimodal distribution, especially for particles in the sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm, and further effected by the peak size and volume fraction in each mode of a bimodal fiber size distribution.
Selling Paris: Property and Commercial Culture in the Fin-de-siècle Capital. By Alexia M. Yates. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. vii, 368. $49.95.)

The political, economic, social, and cultural history of the dramatic changes and rapid growth of nineteenth‐century Paris has generated decades of work on the subject. Alexia M. Yates's superb stu...
Optimizing the Volume-Value Relationship in Laminectomy: An Evidence-Based Analysis of Outcomes and Economies of Scale.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to establish evidence-based volume thresholds for surgeons and hospitals predictive of enhanced value in the setting of laminectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies have attempted to characterize the relationship between volume and value; however, none to the authors' knowledge has employed an evidence-based approach to identify thresholds yielding enhanced value. METHODS In total, 67,758 patients from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database undergoing laminectomy in the period 2009 to 2015 were included. We used stratum-specific likelihood ratio analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves to establish volume thresholds predictive of increased length of stay (LOS) and cost for surgeons and hospitals. RESULTS Analysis of LOS by surgeon volume produced strata at: 71 (very high). Analysis of cost by surgeon volume produced strata at: 86 (very high). Analysis of LOS by hospital volume produced strata at: 172 (very high). Analysis of cost by hospital volume produced strata at: 169 (very high). LOS and cost decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in progressively higher volume categories for both surgeons and hospitals. For LOS, medium-volume surgeons handle the largest proportion of laminectomies (36%), whereas very high-volume hospitals handle the largest proportion (48%). CONCLUSION This study supports a direct volume-value relationship for surgeons and hospitals in the setting of laminectomy. These findings provide target-estimated thresholds for which hospitals and surgeons may receive meaningful return on investment in our increasingly value-based system. Further value-based optimization is possible in the finding that while the highest volume hospitals handle the largest proportion of laminectomies, the highest volume surgeons do not. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
2018: A Milestone Year in Review

The IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (Transactions) had another tremendous year thanks to the significant contributions of the authors, reviewers, Editorial Board and IEEE staff. In 2018, the Transactions achieved many milestones. Achieving these milestones demonstrates the importance and relevance of electromagnetics to the advancement of science and technology today.
Psychosocial Depression Interventions for Dialysis Patients, With Attention to Latinos: A Scoping Review

Purpose:Depression is a common and debilitating condition that often goes undetected and untreated among people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We conducted a scoping review to identify psycho...
Metabolic response to fasting predicts weight gain during low-protein overfeeding in lean men: further evidence for spendthrift and thrifty metabolic phenotypes.

BACKGROUND Greater increase in 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) during overfeeding and smaller decrease in 24EE during fasting ("spendthrift" metabolic phenotype) are associated with more weight loss during sustained caloric restriction in overweight subjects. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether these acute metabolic responses can also predict weight gain during sustained overfeeding in lean individuals. METHODS Seven lean men participated in this study. Prior to overfeeding, 24EE responses to fasting and 200% normal-protein overfeeding were measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Volunteers underwent 6 wk of 150% low-protein (2%) overfeeding followed by another wk of weight-maintaining diet, during which 24EE was revaluated. Body composition, 24EE, and various hormone concentrations, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), were assessed at baseline, at wk 1, 3, and 6 of the overfeeding period, and 1 wk following overfeeding through the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, indirect calorimetry, and ELISA. Cumulative energy surplus was calculated from 24EE, daily physical activity, and direct measurements of calories of nutrient intake, feces, and urine by bomb calorimetry. RESULTS The average weight gain during 6 wk of low-protein overfeeding was 3.8 kg (6.1%, min: +2.5%, max: +8.0%). During 24-h fasting at baseline, 24EE decreased on average (mean ± SD) by 158 ± 81 kcal/d (P = 0.007). Subjects with less 24EE decrease during fasting (more metabolically spendthrift individuals) gained less weight (r = -0.84, P = 0.03), less fat mass (r = -0.81, P = 0.049), and stored less calories (r = -0.91, P = 0.03) during overfeeding. Following overfeeding, increased 24EE above requirements for achieved body size was associated with less weight and fat mass gain (r = -0.78, P = 0.04) and with the increase in 24EE during 200% normal-protein overfeeding measured at baseline (r = 0.91, P = 0.005). Serum FGF21 concentrations increased up to 44-fold during overfeeding (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Low-protein overfeeding may be an important tool to identify metabolic phenotypes (spendthrift compared with thrifty) that characterize susceptibility to weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00687115.
Performance and Fairness Improvement on CMPs Considering Bandwidth and Cache Utilization

Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) have become dominant both in server and embedded domain as they accommodate an increasing amount of cores in order to satisfy the workload demands. However, when applications run concurrently, they compete for shared resources, such as Last Level Cache (LLC) and main memory bandwidth. Applications are affected in various ways by contention, and uneven degradation makes the system unreliable and the overall performance unpredictable. The goal of this work is to improve performance by sophisticated grouping that balances bandwidth and LLC requirements, while at the same time providing a fair execution environment by prioritizing applications that experience the least accumulated progress. The proposed scheduler achieves an average performance gain of 16 percent over the Linux scheduler and 6.3 percent over another performance-oriented scheduler. Additionally, it keeps unfairness very close to two fairness-oriented schedulers.
Medical Comorbidities of Dementia: Links to Caregivers' Emotional Difficulties and Gains

Objectives To evaluate how eight major medical comorbidities of dementia (arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, lung disease, osteoporosis, and stroke) are associated with caregivers' perceptions of emotional caregiving difficulties and caregiving gains (ie, benefits or rewards from the care role). Design Nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of community-dwelling persons living with dementia (PLWDs) and their co-resident family caregivers in the United States. Setting The 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. Participants Total of 356 co-resident family caregivers of community-dwelling PLWDs. Measurements Caregivers' sociodemographic and health characteristics, caregiving stressors, emotional caregiving difficulties, caregiving gains, and chronic health conditions of PLWDs. Results Caregivers most commonly cared for a PLWD with arthritis (65.5%), followed by hypertension (64.9%), diabetes (30.1%), stroke (28.8%), osteoporosis (27.1%), heart disease (23.3%), cancer (21.5%), and lung disease (17.2%). Logistic regressions revealed that caregivers were 2.63 and 2.32 times more likely to report higher than median emotional caregiving difficulties when PLWDs had diagnoses of diabetes and osteoporosis, respectively, controlling for caregiver sex, relationship to the PLWD (spouse vs non-spouse), educational attainment, self-rated health, and assistance with activities of daily living and medical care activities. Caregivers were also 2.10 times more likely to report lower than median caregiving gains when PLWDs had a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Conclusion Comorbid health conditions among PLWDs have distinct implications for caregiving outcomes. Clinical care and interventions to improve the well-being of both care dyad members should support caregivers in managing medical comorbidities of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:609-613, 2020.
Analysis of grooved ceramic vessels from the early Chinese Bronze Age site of Yanshi Shangcheng: Preliminary evidence of food preparation methods through starch analysis

Abstract A non-destructive method is used to recover starch from kecaopen grooved vessel sherds from the early Bronze Age site of Yanshi Shangcheng (“Shang city at Yan­shi”), located in the Yellow River valley of northern China (Shang Dynsaty/Erligang period). A taxonomic method using morphological and morphometric characteristics identifies extracted starch as millets, Job's tears, snakegourd root, and Triticeae grasses, such as wheat and barley. A few starch grains identified as acorn and tuber (such as lily or yam) were also identified. Damaged starch grains from the ancient starch assemblage share similarities with ground modern reference samples. This suggests that grooved vessels were used to mill plant elements and grind foodstuffs, perhaps to dehusk seeds and make flour from dried roots and acorns in the same way that grinding-stones were used in preceding periods. This hypothesis is supported by the form of the kecaopen vessel, the texture of its inner surface, and modern-use analogy. Plant taxa identified from kecaopen scrapings at Yanshi Shangcheng are similar to economically important taxa identified from scrapings of grinding-stones from preceding periods. This suggests a long continuity in plant processing methods and a long tradition of food preparation based on grinding plant elements, such as seeds, roots, tubers, and acorns.
Mining Instruction From Student Mistakes: Conducting an Error Analysis for Mathematical Problem Solving:

The mathematics performance of students identified with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) is poor. Students identified with EBD require individualized instruction aligned with their unique a...
Corticomotor Excitability of Gluteus Maximus Is Associated with Hip Biomechanics During a Single-Leg Drop-Jump.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between corticomotor excitability (CME) of gluteus maximus (GM) and hip biomechanics during a single-leg drop-jump task. Thirty-two health...
The Dream Sense, Emergent Clinical Process, and the Question of Symmetry: Reply to Brown and Colombo

In recent years I have become interested in Bion and neo-Bionian field theory, but the origin of my interest in dreaming does not lie in scholarly or clinical sources. The source of the idea of the...
Evaluating the Feasibility of Continuing Medical Education for Disseminating Emerging Science on the Breast Cancer and Environment Connection

Developing continuing medical education (CME) training programs is a strategy for communicating emerging science to health practitioners. This research tests the feasibility of using CME modules for translating and disseminating research findings from the Breast Cancer and Environment Research Program. Recent findings have identified certain windows of susceptibility, like during puberty, in which exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can increase breast cancer risk later in life. In order to reach pediatric patients and their caregivers, using a Diffusion of Innovations framework, pediatric health-care providers were identified as opinion leaders. Two CME modules informed by theory and formative research were tested with a sample of pediatricians and pediatric nurse practitioners. Participants completed knowledge, attitude, intention, and behavior items immediately before and after exposure to a randomly assigned module, and then again 3 weeks later. Quantitative and qualitative results indicate knowledge gain and strong links between practitioners' intentions to enact and implemented behavior learned from training recommendations with parents and caregivers in their practices. Results indicate that CMEs can be an effective strategy for translational activities targeted to health providers in order to change behavior within practice.
Assessment of Regional Development in Light of Rural and Agricultural Indicators Within the Královéhradecký Region (NUTS4, the Czech Republic)

Regions in the Czech Republic, the same as in most European countries, show in their rural areas a considerable difference rate from points of view demographic, social and economic as well as from point of view of infrastructure. The paper deals with an assessment of NUTS 4 in Kralovehradecký region in light of rural development and agriculture indicators. The methodological approach is based on multivariate statistical analysis using composite indicators. Identification and a subsequent analysis of these differences and a determination of a certain sequence of regions and their categorization can be beneficial for definition of trouble shooting regions and better support aiming. In the paper is also evaluated current regional policy applied in observed NUTS 4 in relation with disparity analysis results and categorization.
Automated Vehicle Identification in Mixed Traffic

Identifying autonomous vehicles (AVs) (e.g., those with adaptive cruise control) from traffic stream benefits enhancing traffic safety, elevating roadway capacity, and assisting autonomous vehicle management. This study tests the feasibility of identifying AVs using externally observed vehicle trajectory information. Two learning-based models are utilized to conduct the identification with car-following trajectory information in a short time window as the input. Four car-following trajectory datasets involving AVs makes from different manufacturers are mixed to build a comprehensive identification model. Results show that AVs and human-driven vehicles (HVs) can be successfully identified with a very high accuracy, i.e., the long short-term memory network can correctly identify 98.17% of AVs and 94.14% of HVs. This verifies the feasibility of using existing infrastructure and economic technologies to identify AVs from HVs, which opens unprecedented data-driven opportunities to study and manage near-future mixed traffic.
Probe-Based Confocal Endomicroscopy in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Not All Inflammatory Strictures Are the Same

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) frequently causes inflammatory strictures (IS). The Paris Classification (PC) for probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) identifies four descriptive criteria of IS. We aim to compare the pCLE findings of IS in PSC and non-PSC patients. This is a single-center, retrospective review of all histologically proven IS evaluated with pCLE with at least 6 months of follow-up. All pCLE images were reviewed for each criteria of the PC: (1) vascular congestion, (2) dark granular pattern, (3) increased inter-glandular space, and (4) thickened reticular structures (TRS). The clinical status (PSC vs. non-PSC) was blinded to the reviewer. Univariate, multivariate, and stepwise logistic regression analyses were conducted. The primary outcome was the number of PC criteria present in PSC versus non-PSC. A total of 35 patients (13 PSC, 22 non-PSC) were included (mean age 59.1 years, 25.7 % male). Each of the PC criteria was present more frequently in non-PSC patients. The presence of TRS was significantly different (95 vs. 62 %, p = 0.01). All patients had at least two criteria present, but non-PSC patients had a significantly higher frequency of three criteria (95 vs. 38 %, p < 0.001) and four criteria (55 vs. 23 %, respectively, one-tailed p = 0.03) present. In patients with IS, the individual and combined components of the PC are present in higher frequency in non-PSC patients. The presence of TRS is 13 times more likely to predict non-PSC etiologies. Refined pCLE criteria may be required to evaluate IS in patients with PSC. NCT02166086.
Using Working Set Reorganization to Manage Storage Systems with Hard and Solid State Disks

Scientific applications from many problem domains produce and/or access large volumes of data. To support these applications, designers of high-end computing (HEC) systems have greatly increased the capacity of storage systems in recent years. However, because hard disk drives (HDDs) are still the dominant storage device used in HEC storage systems, and because HDD performance has not improved as quickly as the capacity, it can be challenging to deploy a storage system that provides both extreme capacity and extreme performance at a reasonable cost. Solid State Drives (SSDs) are a promising high- bandwidth and low-latency alternative to HDDs for HEC storage systems, but they too have deficiencies: small capacity, limited write cycles, and high cost when compared to HDDs. Because of their complementary characteristics, storage system designers are beginning to consider heterogeneous storage system designs that include both HDDs and SSDs. However, managing the workload so as to take advantage of the strengths of each type of storage device while controlling overhead is a major challenge. In this study, we propose a novel approach for managing a heterogeneous storage system called the Working Set-based Reorganization Scheme (WS-ROS). With WS-ROS, applications write to both HDDs and SSDs using all the available storage system bandwidth. Later, a background process reorganizes the data so as to place the data most likely to be read on SSDs while relegating the data most likely to be written and the data not likely to be accessed onto the slower but higher-capacity HDDs. For our evaluation workloads, the WS-ROS approach provided a 3× to 10× performance improvement compared to a heterogeneous storage system without a working set-based data reorganization scheme, suggesting the value of lazy reorganization of data based on data access working sets.
Learning to Find Context Based Spelling Errors

A context-based spelling error is a spelling or typing error that turns an intended word into another word of the language. For example, the intended word “sight” might become the word “site.” A spell checker cannot identify such an error. In the English language—the case of interest here—a syntax checker may also fail to catch such an error since, among other reasons, the parts-of-speech of an erroneous word may permit an acceptable parsing. This chapter presents an effective method called Ltest for identifying the majority of context-based spelling errors. Ltest learns from prior, correct text how context-based spelling errors may manifest themselves, by purposely introducing such errors and analyzing the resulting text using a data mining algorithm. The output of this learning step consists of a collection of logic formulas that in some sense represent knowledge about possible context-based spelling errors. When, subsequently, testing text is examined for context-based spelling errors, the logic formulas and a portion of the prior text are used to analyze the case at hand and to pinpoint likely errors. Tests conducted on different text samples indicate that the method is effective for the recognition of the majority of context-based spelling errors; Ltest found 68% of context-based spelling errors in large texts and 87% of such errors in small texts. These detection rates are relative to words for which training was possible using the prior text.
Three essays on economic valuation of consumer preferences on genetically modified foods

This study conducts a multi-country survey on consumer acceptance of genetically modified (GM) foods in the United States and Taiwan and an experimental auction in Japan to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay a premium for non-GM foods and/or their willingness to accept a discount on GM foods. The first essay reports results from a U.S. national telephone survey. The survey questionnaire involves stated preference (SP) questions of vegetable oil, cornflakes, and salmon. American consumers are generally accepting of GM foods. Among the determinants of choice, subjective variables such as perception of benefits and risks and level of knowledge are important. The estimated mean non-GM premiums are, respectively, 44.5%, 35.7%, 38.1%, and 56.9% of the base price to avoid GM vegetable oil, GM cornflakes, GM-fed salmon, and GM salmon. The SP question takes account of indifferent respondents. The second essay is based on the Taiwanese telephone survey. Taiwanese consumers indicate positive attitudes toward GM foods as compared to American consumers. The mean non-GM premium and the mean GM discount are estimated, and the equality between the two mean values is tested. We find no evidence against the equality, which indicates that Taiwanese consumers consider non-GM and GM foods to be substitutable. We also examine the effect of initial non-GM/GM choice on the propensity to switch alternatives given the price increase or discount. We find that the willingness to switch is different between the non-GM and GM choosers because the two groups have different choice criteria.
Communication Network Evolution in Organizational Communities

Organizational communities are typically defined as populations of organizations that are tied together by networks of communication and other relations in overlapping resource niches. Traditionally, evolutionary theorists and researchers have examined organizational populations that comprise organizational communities by focusing on their properties rather than on the networks that link them. However, a full understanding of the evolution of organizational communities requires insight into both organizations and their networks. Consequently, this article presents a variety of conceptual tools for applying evolutionary theory to organizations, organizational communities, and their networks, including the notions of relational carrying capacity and linkage fitness. It illustrates evolutionary principles, such as variation, selection, and retention, that lead to the formation, growth, maintenance, and eventual demise of communication and other network linkages. This perspective allows us to understand the ways in which community survival and success are as dependent on their communication linkages as they are on the organizations they connect. The article concludes with suggestions for potential applications of evolutionary theory to other areas of human communication.
Cosmogenic 14C in carbonate rocks

Abstract The rate of in situ production of cosmogenic 14 CO in limestone is 18±3 atom/g-CaCO3/year corrected to high latitude and sea level, based on measurements of 14 CO in limestone associated with the Bonneville–Provo shoreline complex in Utah. In situ cosmogenic 14 CO was separated cryogenically from CO2 using 14 C−`dead' CO as a carrier for in situ cosmogenic 14 CO . This rate of production was used to estimate an age of 4360±1220 cal. year B.P. for the last movement on the South Oquirrh Mountain Fault Zone in northern Utah, and an age of at least 10,600±900 years for the penultimate event of the Pleasant Valley fault in northern Nevada.
Are Specific Emotion Regulation Strategies Differentially Associated with Posttraumatic Growth Versus Stress

Extremely few studies have examined emotion regulation strategies as predictors of posttraumatic growth (PTG). This study aimed to examine several specific emotion regulation strategies, along with meaning making, as predictors of PTG, as opposed to posttraumatic distress. Participants were 107 adult women who had experienced a very stressful or traumatic event within the past 3 years and completed questionnaires measuring emotion regulation, meaning making, distress, and PTG. Emotion suppression positively predicted distress, but not PTG. Meaning making positively predicted PTG and negatively predicted distress. Bootstrapped mediation models showed that emotional processing has a significant indirect effect on PTG and distress through its effect on meaning making. Results indicate that researchers should pay closer attention to emotional processes involved in etiological models of PTG. It might also be helpful to examine specific emotion regulation strategies, as these can point to ways to help people na...
Pilot study: agent-based exploration of complex data in a hospital environment

We present the results of a pilot study created to explore a subset of complex data, utilizing an agent-based model simulation tool. These results center on data taken from hospital admission records, tracking patient attributes and how they relate to patient outcomes. The focus of this work is to highlight three design principles: 1) using an iterative process between the modeling of a system and the grounding of that simulation with real-world data; 2) a focus on agent primitives, emphasizing bottom-up emergence of effects, rather than top-down control; and 3) integration of various "theories" of patient care and hospital effectiveness as a method for experimentation with Complex Adaptive System-based data mining.
p53 Mutation in Adenocarcinoma Arising in Retrorectal Cyst Hamartoma (Tailgut Cyst)

Abstract Retrorectal cyst hamartoma (RCH) is a rare benign cystic lesion located in the retrorectal space. Malignancy arising in such lesions is very uncommon. In this study, 2 cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma arising in RCH are presented. In one case, dysplastic epithelium lined the cyst wall, surrounding the area of carcinoma and suggesting a dysplasia-carcinoma progression in RCH. Adenocarcinoma and the dysplastic epithelium were strongly positive for p53 and Ki-67 and showed negative staining for p21 by immunohistochemistry. These findings are suggestive of a mutation in the p53 gene in the adenocarcinoma and in dysplastic epithelium lining the cysts, similar to the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence described for the development of colonic adenocarcinoma.
Treatment Issues with High-Functioning Adolescents and Adults with Autism

Following its identification by Leo Kanner in 1943, autism was viewed as an emotional handicap caused by inadequate mothering. Few questioned this assumption for several decades. This conception of autism led to many inappropriate interventions based on psychoanalytic principles. Among the most inappropriate and destructive of these were the group and individual therapeutic interventions directed toward these children and their families (Schopler & Mesibov, 1984). Many of the families that participated in these programs vividly remember them and their associated feelings of guilt and ineptitude.
Deep-sea evidence for distribution of tephra from the mixed magma eruption of the Soufrière on St. Vincent, 1902: Ash turbidites and air fall

The 7 May 1902 eruption of the Soufriere on St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles island arc was a mixed magma eruption that produced both andesitic (65%) and dacitic magma (35%) of narrow compositional range. Evidence from land and deep-sea coring indicates that the eruption produced three types of mixed deposits that have been correlated by means of electron microprobe analyses of glass shards: air-fall ash in the Tobago Trough east of St. Vincent, pyroclastic flow deposits on flanks of the volcano, and an ash turbidite in the Grenada Trough west of St. Vincent, which formed during pyroclastic flow discharge into the sea off the west coast of the volcano and subsequent slumping of the coastline. The main dispersal axis and fallout pattern of ash as deduced from contemporary ships' logs and coring data, indicate that air-fall distribution was controlled by antitrade winds, with transport velocities of approximately 60 km/hr.
Nashe’s Poem for Ferdinando Stanley, Lord Strange

Of “The Choise of Valentines,” editor R. B. McKerrow says, “There can, I fear, be little doubt that this poem is the work of Thomas Nashe” (V, 141). From the 1590s through the seventeenth century, ...
Effective radiation dose in computed tomographic angiography of the chest and diagnostic cardiac catheterization in pediatric patients.

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and cardiac catheterization are useful adjuncts to echocardiography for delineating cardiovascular anatomy in pediatric patients. These studies require ionizing radiation, and it is paramount to understand the amount of radiation pediatric patients receive when these tests are performed. Modern dosimetry methods facilitate the conversion of radiation doses of varying units into an effective radiation dose. To compare the effective radiation dose between nongated CTA of the chest and diagnostic cardiac catheterization in pediatric patients. This is a retrospective cohort study of patients of patients who underwent either nongated CTA of the chest or diagnostic cardiac catheterization between July 2009 and April 2010. Fifty patients were included in each group as consecutive samples at a single tertiary care center. An effective radiation dose (mSv) was formulated using conversion factors for each group. The median effective dose (ED) for the CTA group was 0.74 mSv compared with 10.8 mSv for the catheterization group (p < 0.0001). The median ED for children <1 year of age in the CTA group was 0.76 mSv compared with 13.4 mSv for the catheterization group (p < 0.0001). Nongated CTA of the chest exposes children to 15 times less radiation than diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Unless hemodynamic data are necessary, CTA of the chest should be considered in lieu of diagnostic cardiac catheterization in patients with known or presumed cardiac disease who need additional imaging beyond echocardiography
DURIAN: a demo for near-duplicate detection

Recently, the move from paper to electronic public comments makes it much easier for individuals to customize form letters while harder for agencies to identify substantive information since there are many near-duplicate comments that express the same viewpoint in slightly different language. The identification of exact- and near-duplicate texts, and recognition of unique text within near-duplicate documents, is an important component of data cleaning and integration processes for eRulemaking.This brief paper describes a demonstration of a near-duplicate detection system, DURIAN (DUplicate Removal In lArge collectioN), that identifies and organizes the near-duplicates for eRulemaking applications.
Sewall Wright's place in twentieth-century biology.

Sewall Wright died on March 3, 1988, at the age of ninety-eight.2 He had lived through the whole history of Mendelian genetics. He had outlived by more than twenty years the other members, R. A. Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane, of the great triumvirate who ruled theoretical population genetics for decades. Failing eyesight diminished his productivity in the last years of his life, but not his deep interest in evolutionary problems and in his shifting balance theory. His last article was on this subject and appeared in the January 1988 issue of The American Naturalist 3
Specific-heat contribution from magnetic solitons in the linear antiferromagnet TMMC(CH/sub 34/NMnCl/sub 3/)

Low-temperature specific-heat data in external magnetic fields of up to 10 tesla are reported for single-crystal (CH/sub 2/)/sub 4/NMnCl/sub 3/ (TMMC) which show, for the first time, a contribution due to nonlinear magnetic excitations (solitons).
Primary photochemistry of the reaction center of photosystem I.

The earliest primary photochemical reaction of green plant photosynthesis has, thus far, remained unexplored as reaction center chlorophyll a (Chl a) complexes have not yet been isolated [l] . In contrast, primary photochemical steps have been successfully studied, with picosecond (ps) absorption spectroscopy [2,3] in isolated bacteriochlorophyll (B Chl)-reaction center complexes from photosynthetic bacteria. Here, the primary charge separation occurs within 10 ps followed by electron transfer, within 200 ps, to a relatively stable (>l ms) acceptor (Q-Fe, a quinoneiron complex):
Rural Roads and Local Market Development in Vietnam

Abstract We assess impacts of rural road rehabilitation on market development at the commune level in rural Vietnam and examine the geographic, community, and household covariates of impact. Double difference and matching methods are used to address sources of selection bias in identifying impacts. The results point to significant average impacts on the development of local markets. There is also evidence of considerable impact heterogeneity, with a tendency for poorer communes to have higher impacts due to lower levels of initial market development. Yet, some poor areas are also saddled with other attributes that reduce those impacts.
Distinct presenilin-dependent and presenilin-independent γ-secretases are responsible for total cellular Aβ production

gamma-Secretase is the second of two proteolytic enzymes involved in the liberation of the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). gamma-Secretase cleavage occurs at several intracellular sites, including the Golgi network and the endoplasmic reticulum/intermediate compartment (ER/IC) to produce multiple forms of the Abeta peptide that can be either secreted from the cell or remain intracellular. To date, most evidence has suggested that members of the presenilin protein family are required for gamma-secretase activity. Although it seems that presenilins are indeed necessary for the production of most secreted and intracellular Abeta particularly that generated in downstream organelles, it was shown recently that a presenilin-independent gamma-secretase is active in the ER/IC and is responsible for the production of a portion of intracellular Abeta42. We discuss the implications of this finding for the understanding of presenilin biology and speculate on the putative identity of the presenilin-independent cleavage activity.
Nasotracheal intubation in traumatic craniofacial dislocation: Use of the lighted stylet

The coexistence of facial trauma and suspected cervical spine injury represents a difficult problem in airway management. The successful use of guided nasotracheal intubation using a flexible lighted stylet is described, and its application to the critically injured patient is emphasized.
Bronchial cholinergic tone and sensitivity in normal and asthmatic subjects

In nine patients with asthma and 11 normal subjects, by means of specific airway conductance (Gaw/VL) and flow volume loops, we measured: resting airway caliber, bronchodilation after 0.75 and 1.50 mg of quantitatively inhaled atropine (A0.75 and A1.50), provocation dose-40 of acetylcholine (ACH) (PD40-ACH), dose ratio of ACH (DR-ACH) after saline solution, A0.75 and A1.50, and the slope of log-dose response curves to ACH (SLDRC-ACH). Normal and asthmatic subjects showed different PD40-ACH (1.26 +/- 1.37 mg and 0.34 +/- 0.32 mg) but similar resting Gaw/VL, delta Gaw/VL after A0.75 or A1.50, DR-ACH after A0.75, and SLDRC-ACH. There was no correlation between atropine-induced bronchodilatation PD40-ACH or any of the above-mentioned tests. We conclude that in normal subjects and in those with asthma, extramuscarinic or postmuscarinic receptor mechanisms may account for the presence of comparable atropine-induced bronchodilatation and resting Gaw/VL in spite of widely different PD40-ACH. The regulatory site responsible for PD40-ACH, the only test separating asthmatics from normal subjects, seemingly is located downstream from the regulatory site of other nondiscriminative tests.
Lethality of Radio‐Frequency Energy upon Microorganisms in Liquid, Buffered, and Alcoholic Food Systems

SUMMARY This work was done to determine if 60 mc/sec R-F energy has a selective killing effect on microorganisms other than that attributable to heat. The organisms studied were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis, An aqueous buffer medium was used to suspend the microorganisms for the irradiation treatments. No killing effect of the R-F energy per se on the organisms was observed at any of the various buffer pH values, nor was there an obsevable synergistic killing effect of R-F energy and heat on the microorganisms in any of the buffer. However, a synergistic killing effect of ethanol and heat at 48.8°C was demonstrated on S. cerevisiae. Irradiating S. cerevisiae and E. coli in several liquid foods also failed to show a selective killing effect of R-F energy.