cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lifestyle intervention for older schizophrenia patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Purpose We tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a lifestyle intervention for middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and type-2 diabetes mellitus, using a randomized pre-test, post-test control group design. Method Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder over the age of 40 were randomly assigned to 24-week Diabetes Awareness and Rehabilitation Training (DART; n = 32) groups or Usual Care plus Information (UCI; n = 32) comparison groups. Participants were recruited from board-and-care facilities and day treatment programs. Fifty-seven patients completed baseline and 6-month assessments consisting of an interview, measures of body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood chemistry, and accelerometry. A mixed-model analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results A significant group × time interaction was found for body weight, with patients in the DART group losing a mean of 5 lb and those in the UCI gaining a mean 6 lb. Significant group × time interactions were also found for triglycerides, diabetes knowledge, diabetes self-efficacy, and self-reported physical activity, but not for fasting plasma glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin. Conclusions Group-based lifestyle interventions are feasible and produce positive health changes in middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and diabetes mellitus.
A lesson from robotics: Modeling infants as autonomous agents

While computational models are playing an increasingly important role in developmental psychology, at least one lesson from robotics is still being learned: modeling epigenetic processes often requires simulating an embodied, autonomous organism. This paper first contrasts prevailing models of infant cognition with an agent-based approach. A series of infant studies by Baillargeon (1986; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991) is described, and an eye-movement model is then used to simulate infants' visual activity in this study. I conclude by describing three behavioral predictions of the eyemovement model, and discussing the implications of this work for infant cognition research.
Why Are Some Male Pygmy Swordtails Large

Abstract Swordtails in the genus Xiphophorus exhibit substantial variation in male body size influenced by genetic variation at the pituitary (P) locus on the Y-chromosome. However, males of Xiphophorus pygmaeus have historically been classified as uniformly small; they were thought to possess one of two P-alleles, both for small size. In 1988, large male X. pygmaeus were discovered at two sites in the Rio Huichihuayan, Mexico. Surprisingly, females from these sites have lost the ancestral preference for large males although females from adjacent sites have not. This study investigates the heritability of large body size in male X. pygmaeus to understand its role in the evolution of male mating strategies and female preference in this species. We conducted breeding experiments with X. pygmaeus from two populations to determine whether large size is influenced by the same P-allele system found in other swordtails. Small fathers had a significant effect on the size at maturity of their sons but large father...
Sustainable Production of Bioenergy Feedstock from the Industrial Forest: Potential and Challenges of Operational Scale Implementation

There is increasing interest in energy from woody biomass as fossil fuel replacement, yet environmental and economic limitations have reduced feedstock available for bioenergy. Supply could likely be substantially increased with intensive forest management for productivity and utilization as well as forest-based dedicated energy crops. This paper discusses the role of industrial forests in sustainable bioenergy feedstock production and the lessons learned in an operational scale project. Catchlight Energy, LLC, a Chevron|Weyerhaeuser joint venture, evaluated intercropping switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in loblolly pine plantations for liquid transportation fuel, with the goal of full-scale production. Within Weyerhaeuser, sustainability and operational research were conducted simultaneously. While the environmental research is non-proprietary and being published as it is completed, operational trials were internal. To understand lessons learned, staff responsible for management, planning, logistics, and field operations were interviewed, and perceived and actual barriers to production described. Ongoing environmental research is showing that carefully planned field operations can be conducted sustainably, but energy crop production fell below levels needed for economic feasibility.
Simulation and prediction of functional block in the presence of structural and ionic heterogeneity.

Inhomogeneities in myocardial structure and action potential duration (APD) lead to dispersion of APD throughout the heart. APD gradients in the range of 20–125 ms/cm have been reported to produce functional block. In this study, a multicellular fiber model was used to examine the effect of structural and ionic inhomogeneities on the likelihood of premature stimuli to produce functional block. With the use of both the Fenton-Karma and Luo-Rudy phase II membrane models, functional block is found to occur in tissue with a maximum gradient <45 ms/cm and depends on the spatial extent. In general, the narrower the extent the larger the magnitude needed for block. A simple relationship for predicting block is presented that only requires information about the conduction velocity (CV) restitution properties of the tissue and the APD gradients. Analysis reveals that the effects of a steep CV restitution slope may be beneficial in overcoming intrinsic cellular heterogeneity for a single premature beat.
Optical Studies of the Flow Start-up in Convergent-Divergent Nozzles

Shock tube tests were carried out to investigate the influence of the divergent half angle of three planar convergent-divergent nozzles on the incident-shock formation, the flow startup period, and on the pressure signature downstream from the nozzle. A diaphragm was mounted in the throat of these nozzles and located at the upstream edge of the test section window of high-quality optical glass through which shadowgraphs and Schlieren pictures could be taken. The objectives of this investigation were to obtain optical records of the flow start-up processes in these divergent nozzles immediately after rupturing the diaphragm, and to facilitate comparisons with hydrocode computations. The test set-up and the results of these experiments are presented and compared with the results of one-dimensional hydrocode computations.
On nonlinear transient state of modal package convection in a mushy layer

Finite-amplitude transient convective flow with a continuous finite bandwidth of modes in a horizontal mushy layer during the solidification of binary alloys is investigated. Under a near-eutectic approximation and in the limit of large far-field temperature, we analyse the nonlinear transient convection for values of the Rayleigh number close to its critical value by using multiple scales and perturbation techniques. Applying the combined temporal and spatial evolution approach, we determine a set of coupled time-dependent partial differential equations for the amplitude functions of the convective modes. In the transient regime, we find a wide class of solutions to these equations in the form of transient rolls and transient hexagons with down-flow or up-flow at the cells’ centres that eventually either reach their steady-state form or decay to zero. We also apply a criterion of stability to examine the stability of these time-dependent solutions. Among the detected solutions, there are inclined large-scale transient rolls and large-scale transient hexagons that are realizable at higher values of their amplitude. Our main results agree with the available experimental observations.
Being out: a general model

It is argued that being out to heterosexuals is a result of structural and individual conditions permitting one to be out, rather than a late stage in a process of coming out. The concept of coming out is largely applicable to the transition to adulthood while having little applicability to adult homosexuals. Data on 1,556 gay men are presented showing the relationships of being out to heterosexuals with income, type of occupation, area of residence, sexual orientation of friends, and individual non-conformity. These data show that much variation in being out can be explained by these factors rather than a stage of the coming out process.
Application of OVERFLOW-MLP to the Analysis of the 1303 UCAV

During the two years of a joint CFD validation effort through The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), OVERFLOW-MLP has been applied on the NASA Columbia Altix supercomputer for the computational analysis of the Boeing/US AFRL 1303 UCAV. A baseline leading edge span-wise variant profile and sharp leading edge profile were examined. The use of large a computational resource (36-1.5 Gigahertz Itanium2 processors per case) along with a code that applies multi-level parallelism allows for parametric studies using ultra-fine CFD grids consisting of 13 million points each. Various angles of attack ranging from -5 to 25 degrees were investigated. Results were compared to experimental data gathered at the QinetiQ low-speed 5 meter wind tunnel in Farnborough, U.K. These comparisons were made between body integrated lift, drag, and moment values, as well as between data at pressure tap locations on the model surface. The two-equation Menter-SST turbulence model was applied for this study to simulate a fully turbulent flow field. The effect of grid refinement is shown using coefficients of pressure comparisons at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% span-wise stations. Grid refinement was seen to have an influence upon the solution at a wide range of angles-of-attack, especially at incidences where flow separates off the upper surface of the wing.
Using Embedded Visual Coding to Support Contextualization of Historical Texts

This mixed-method study examines the think-aloud protocols of 48 randomly assigned undergraduate students to understand what effect embedding a visual coding system, based on reliable visual cues for establishing historical time period, would have on novice history students’ ability to contextualize historic documents. Results indicate that using multiple embedded images per time period significantly improves students’ ability to source and contextualize historical sources.
A new dynamic model to assess aircraft agility

We present a new mathematical model for describing rapid aircraft motion. The primary requirements for this model were : i) to be more detailed than the Point Mass Model and thus to be able to account for the fact that the body attitude cannot be changed instantly; ii) to be less complex than the Rigid Body Model. These two requirements led to the idea of describing the motion of the aircraft by considering the evolution in time of the maneuver plane. The orientation of the maneuver plane is given by a set of two angles which are among the states of the model. The force rates were chosen as controls for the new model. The new dynamic model is a purely kinematic one (no forces appear in the model equations) with nonlinear but simple differential equations. The complexity of modeling the aircraft behavior has been "translated" from the differential equations describing the motion of the aircraft into calculating the bounds for the controls. Finally the new model was used to formulate and solve a minimum-time flight problem that displays aircraft agility.
A Study of Feeding Giant Pandas on Different Bamboo Shoots from the Emei Mountain Area

Although the bamboo resources are widely distributed in the Emei Mountain area,various kinds of bamboos have different growth time of bamboo shoots. To find suitable edible bamboos for giant pandas,feeding studies were made of eight bamboo shoots in the Emei Mountain area. The results showed that there were five kinds of bamboo shoots suitable for feeding giant pandas from April to October in each year,thus providing an important food source for the ex-situ conservation of giant pandas.
Synthesis and Characterization of Empty Silicon Clathrates for Anode Applications in Li-ion Batteries

Several processing methods were developed and evaluated for synthesizing empty silicon clathrates. A solution synthesis method based on the Hofmann-elimination oxidation reaction was successfully utilized to produce 20 mg of empty Si46. Half-cells using the Si46 electrodes were successfully cycled for 1000 cycles at rate of 5.3C. The capacity of the Si46 electrode in long-term tests was 675 mAh/g at the 4th cycle, but increased to 809 mAh/g at 50 cycles. The corresponding Coulombic efficiency was better than 99%. The capacity dropped from 809 to 553 mAh/g after 1000 cycles while maintaining a 99% Coulombic efficiency. In comparison, a Ba8Al8Si38 electrode could be cycled for about 200 cycles with a lower capacity and Coulombic efficiency. Potential applications of empty silicon clathrates as anode materials in Li-ion batteries are discussed.
Up- and Down-regulation of Noradrenergic Receptor Systems in Brain: Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Significance

ABSTRACT The data reviewed in this paper demonstrate that the norepinephrine (NE) receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain displays all the characteristics of a functional receptor system including recognition function and action function, with β-adrenergic receptors representing a subpopulation of NE receptors. Though up- and down-regulation of the system appear to be inversely related to the availability of the agonist NE at the receptor site, the NE signal input per se is not the only prerequisite to elicit changes in sensitivity to NE and in the density of β-adrenergic receptors. Subsensitivity to NE is not invariably linked to a decrease in the Bmax value of β-adrenergic receptors suggesting that a two step phenomenon is also operating in brain, one being the modification of the coupling between receptor and adenylate cyclase and the other the actual loss of β-adrenergic receptors. The molecular basis of both phenomena has yet to be elucidated in the central nervous system. Steroid hormones (adrenal corticoids, sex steroids) are also involved in the regulation of central noradrenergic sensitivity. Since the cascade of cyclic AMP mediated events functions as a highly effective kinetic amplificational mechanism, small changes in the membrane transfer of the NE input signal will be amplified and make the NE receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain an integral part in the processing of the NE signal and perhaps of other receptor mediated signals.
Amphipathic β-Sheet Domains in Chloroplast Transit Peptides

The amino acid sequences of many hundreds of signal sequences are known from animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses. The development of general concepts for the mechanism of interaction of signal sequences with the membrane and for the targeting of the mature protein has been complicated by the variability of the primary sequences. Therefore, correlations has been sought in predicted secondary structures (1–4). A role for amphipathic α-helical structures have been emphasized in the literature for transit peptides of imported mitochondrial proteins (1,2). It is shown in the present work that amphipathic β-sheets are more prominent than such α-helices in predicted secondary structures for chloroplast transit peptides. There is a tendency for such structures to appear near the cleavage site for stromal-targeted proteins (5) and often also in the region upstream that would be expected to lead the translocation across the chloroplast envelope membranes.
Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Disinfection and Microbial Control: Merits and Limitations

Several natural and engineered nanomaterials, such as silver (nAg), titanium oxide (TiO,), and carbon nanotubes (CNT), are known to have antibacterial properties and are under consideration as disinfecting agents for water treatment systems. Their antimicrobial mechanisms are diverse, including photocatalytic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inactivate viruses and cleave DNA, disruption of the structural integrity of the bacterial cell envelope resulting in leakage of intracellular components, arid interruption of energy transduction. In order for a material to be used for water disinfection, it must exhibit potent antimicrobial activity while remaining harmless to humans at relevant doses. However, other factors can also hinder its viability as a disinfectant. For suspended nanoparticles, these factors include the presence of salts that promote coagulation and precipitation, natural organic matter that coats or sorbs on nanoparticles and reduces their bioavailability, and competing species that consume ROS. Similarly, the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings can be compromised by the deposition of debris (e.g., soluble microbial products, inorganic precipitates, or dead cells) that occlude antimicrobial surface sites and facilitate biofilm formation. Another potential limitation is the need to retain and recycle the nanoparticles to reduce cost and avoid potential health and environmental impacts. Despite these limitations, antimicrobial nanoparticles could overcome critical challenges associated with traditional chemical disinfectants (e.g., free chlorine and ozone) such as harmful disinfection by-products and short-lived reactivity, and they could enhance existing technologies such as ultraviolet inactivation of viruses, solar disinfection of bacteria, and biofouling prone membrane filtration. Furthermore, a potential growth in demand for decentralized or point-of use water treatment and reuse systems will likely stimulate further research and commercialization of nanoparticles to enhance water disinfection applications.
Modeling the past: digital technologies and excavations in polis, cyprus

This research and educational project aimed to create virtual 3-D walkthroughs of four principal buildings from the Princeton University excavations at Polis Chrysochous, Cyprus. The structures date from the Cypro-Archaic period beginning in the 7th century bce to the Late Antique period of the 7th century ce. The project was conceived together with a special exhibition, a long-term exhibition in Cyprus, and a presentation on the web. In a joint Computer Science and Art and Archaeology seminar in the spring of 2012, students created reconstructions and populated them with 3-D scanned objects. The challenge was to find appropriate visual metaphors for conveying uncertainty and change in these 3-D visualizations as well as to create a computer-animated movie focused on the buildings, their spatial relationships, and possible reconstructions consistent with the excavations.
The Safe Yield and Climatic Variability: Implications for Groundwater Management

Methods for calculating the safe yield are evaluated in this paper using a high-quality and long historical data set of groundwater recharge, discharge, extraction, and precipitation in a karst aquifer. Consideration is given to the role that climatic variability has on the determination of a climatically representative period with which to evaluate the safe yield. The methods employed to estimate the safe yield are consistent with its definition as a long-term average extraction rate that avoids adverse impacts on groundwater. The safe yield is a useful baseline for groundwater planning; yet, it is herein shown that it is not an operational rule that works well under all climatic conditions. This paper shows that due to the nature of dynamic groundwater processes it may be most appropriate to use an adaptive groundwater management strategy that links groundwater extraction rates to groundwater discharge rates, thus achieving a safe yield that represents an estimated long-term sustainable yield. An example of the calculation of the safe yield of the Edwards Aquifer (Texas) demonstrates that it is about one-half of the average annual recharge.
Common variant rs356182 near SNCA defines a Parkinson's disease endophenotype

Author(s): Cooper, Christine A; Jain, Nimansha; Gallagher, Michael D; Weintraub, Daniel; Xie, Sharon X; Berlyand, Yosef; Espay, Alberto J; Quinn, Joseph; Edwards, Karen L; Montine, Thomas; Van Deerlin, Vivianna M; Trojanowski, John; Zabetian, Cyrus P; Chen-Plotkin, Alice S | Abstract: ObjectiveParkinson's disease (PD) presents clinically with several motor subtypes that exhibit variable treatment response and prognosis. Here, we investigated genetic variants for their potential association with PD motor phenotype and progression.MethodsWe screened 10 SNPs, previously associated with PD risk, for association with tremor-dominant (TD) versus postural-instability gait disorder (PIGD) motor subtypes. SNPs that correlated with the TD/PIGD ratio in a discovery cohort of 251 PD patients were then evaluated in a multi-site replication cohort of 559 PD patients. SNPs associated with motor phenotype in both cross-sectional cohorts were next evaluated for association with (1) rates of motor progression in a longitudinal subgroup of 230 PD patients and (2) brain alpha-synuclein (SNCA) expression in the GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression project) consortium database.ResultsGenotype at rs356182, near SNCA, correlated with the TD/PIGD ratio in both the discovery (Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.04) and replication cohorts (P = 0.02). The rs356182 GG genotype was associated with a more tremor-predominant phenotype and predicted a slower rate of motor progression (1-point difference in annual rate of UPDRS-III motor score change, P = 0.01). The rs356182 genotype was associated with SNCA expression in the cerebellum (P = 0.005).InterpretationOur study demonstrates that the GG genotype at rs356182 provides molecular definition for a clinically important endophenotype associated with (1) more tremor-predominant motor phenomenology, (2) slower rates of motor progression, and (3) decreased brain expression of SNCA. Such molecularly defined endophenotyping in PD may benefit both clinical trial design and tailoring of clinical care as we enter the era of precision medicine.
New Strategic Role for HR: Leading the Employer-Branding Process

Increasingly, organizations are focusing on the implications of their employer brands and the processes that will differentiate them from competitors in order to offer a more attractive place for t...
Decimal Fractions and Federal Money in School Mathematics in the United States of America 1787–1810

In the preface to his 1788 textbook, A New and Complete System of Arithmetic, Composed for the Use of the Citizens of the United States, Nicolas Pike wrote that “as the United States are now an independent nation, it was judged that a system [of arithmetic] might be calculated more suitable to our meridian than those heretofore published” (p. vii). A glance at the contents of Pike’s book reveals that it did have features not usually found in previous school arithmetics—for example, it included sections on logarithms, plain geometry, plain trigonometry, algebra and conic sections, and the sections on vulgar and decimal fractions appeared early in the book. But, Pike’s book was rejected by many teachers as too difficult for most school children, and despite repeated calls for authors to write arithmetic textbooks which were specially designed for North American students, the most popular of the published arithmetics continued to emphasize the abbaco, commercially-oriented, arithmetic curriculum inherited from Europe. This chapter pays attention to immediate effects, during the period 1787–1810, that the introduction of a Federal, decimalized currency had on the author-intended arithmetic curriculum.
Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Adolescent Females in the United States, 2002 Through 2014.

This study explores sex disparities among 13- to 17-year-olds who undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Students as threats: schooling inside a youth prison

This ethnography explores incarcerated students’ experiences and dynamics of identity formation inside a youth prison school. Across two years, 100 students and 50 adults were engaged. The structure, discourse, and adult–student interactions revealed a fixation on framing students as threats with a racialized undertone while also exposing the conditionality of the discourse. This study pulls attention into the youth prison school, aligning with educational research on the pipeline to prison, race talk, and identity formation.
Do Thai Women Earn Less than Men in Thailand

Using the Labor Force Surveys, this paper examines trends and heterogeneity in hourly earnings on gender pay gaps among wage workers in Thailand, as well as decomposition for gender wage gap. The decomposition explains impacts on the declined gender wage gap from heterogeneity in characteristics of wage workers and from unequal wage structures. It also examines counterfactual decompositions to investigate the impact of factors including gender characteristic on the distributional changes in wage. The analytical results provide a number of policy implications. Good access to quality education and job-related trainings along with effective reforms of the institutional framework are important to eliminate gender discrimination in wages.
Test suite for evaluating performance of MPI implementations that support MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE

MPI implementations that support the highest level of thread safety for user programs, MPI THREAD MULTIPLE, are becoming widely available. Users often expect that different threads can execute independently and that the MPI implementation can provide the necessary level of thread safety with only a small overhead. The MPI Standard, however, requires only that no MPI call in one thread block MPI calls in other threads; it makes no performance guarantees. Therefore, some way of measuring an implementation's performance is needed. In this paper, we propose a number of performance tests that are motivated by typical application scenarios. These tests cover the overhead of providing the MPI THREAD MULTIPLE level of thread safety for user programs, the amount of concurrency in different threads making MPI calls, the ability to overlap communication with computation, and other features. We present performance results with this test suite on several platforms (Linux cluster, Sun and IBM SMPs) and MPI implementations (MPICH2, Open MPI, IBM, and Sun).
Management of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor by multiple surgical interventions including pancreatoduodenectomy, liver resection and two liver transplants: worth the effort?

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a rare malignant disease which originates from the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal tract and in the case of metastatic spread usually has a poor prognosis. METHODS: We report a case of a woman who underwent multiple surgical procedures including a pancreatic resection and two liver transplants and in addition received Gleevec, somatostatin and the new experimental compound Sunitinib. RESULTS: With this intensive approach she survived more than 12 years after being first diagnosed with GIST. CONCLUSIONS: In selected cases patients with metastatic GIST may benefit from such an aggressive approach.
Yeast histone H4 and H3 N-termini have different effects on the chromatin structure of the GAL1 promoter.

Abstract Deletion of the histone H4 N-terminal residues 4-23 decreases activation of the GAL1 promoter as much as 20-fold, while deletion of histone H3 N-terminal residues 4-15 hyperactivates GAL1 approximately 3-fold. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms by which these two different events take place, we have examined the effects of the H4 and H3 lesions on GAL1 chromatin structure. The bacterial dam methylase, which methylates adenine residues of GATC sequences, was used as an in vivo probe for chromatin structure and both indirect end-labeling and ligation mediated PCR (LMPCR) analysis of micrococcal nuclease digestions were used to analyze chromatin in isolated nuclei. We show that while deletions of the H4 and H3 N-termini have similar effects on dam methylase access in the GAL1 coding region, the H4 N-terminal deletion uniquely alters dam access at a region near the TATA element. This change is independent of the transcriptional state of GAL1. In addition, LMPCR analysis of micrococcal nuclease digests of yeast nuclei demonstrate that H4 N-terminal deletion has unique effects on nuclease accessibility in the nucleosomal region upstream of the TATA element. Our results are consistent with the H4 N-terminus mediating activation of GAL1 through its effect on the proximal promoter region near the TATA box. These data also suggest that the H3 N-terminus affects GAL1 hyperactivation through a different promoter element than that affected by H4.
Intervention Analysis in Multivariate Time Series via the Kalman Filter

The Kalman filter has been found useful in fitting ARIMA models. This paper uses the multivariate extension of the state-space approach to fit multivariate time series which include covariates and periodic interventions. An example will be presented in which these techniques are applied to the study of the pink cotton boll worm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Moth counts were taken at various locations in a large cotton field over time. A special type of multivariate time series will be used, namely a spatial time series. The amount of irrigation water at each location will be included in the model as a covariate and periodic applications of insecticide will be included as interventions. Previously developed techniques for handling missing data, aggregate data, and nonlinear data transformation are also incorporated. Maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters are obtained by imbedding the filter in a quasi-Newton optimization routine.
IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL, H-2-LIKE GENE BY ANALYSIS OF cDNA CLONES

Publisher Summary The classical H-2 transplantation antigens of the mouse are encoded by a family of genes that has been mapped to chromosome 17. As membrane-associated proteins, they are responsible for rapid allograft rejection and are involved in the associative recognition of foreign antigens by cytotoxic τ cells. These H-2 antigens are composed of extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains. A series of H-2 cDNA clones has been isolated by screening a mouse liver library with a human HLA-B cDNA probe. Restriction enzyme mapping, cross-hybridization, and partial DNA sequence analysis have shown extensive similarities among the various clones and a high degree of homology with the available protein sequences. However, extensive differences have been detected in the 3' non-coding region of different clones. These differences have been used to define three distinct classes of cDNA clones and to detect three subclasses of H-2 mRNA in mouse liver. The sequence analysis of one class of H-2 cDNA clones has revealed unusual features within the coding sequence for the transmembrane region of the protein. The nucleotide sequence predicts several charged or polar amino acids in this region that would destroy its hydrophobicity. In addition, a small frameshift deletion results in a termination codon toward the cyptolasmic side of the transmembrane region.
SUBUNIT VIRAL VACCINES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses subunit vaccines for influenza. As subunit vaccines successfully prevent influenza, and possibly adenovirus infections, the principle of purified viral antigens for immunization has been tested and utilization should be applicable to many other viral diseases. Indeed, potentially this concept could be employed for all viral infections except those in which cellular immunity plays a major role in prophylaxis. There is no demand to discard vaccines purported to be effective, although there are few data on the long-term consequences of their use. Indeed, at present there is general satisfaction with present vaccines and, therefore, there is not any thrust to develop new modes for immunization. Moreover, the use of temperature-sensitive mutants in live viral vaccines should be preceded by studies in animals to preclude a possible induction of chronic diseases. If complications develop from use of present vaccines, the use of purified viral antigens as immunogens waits in the wings as a possible safe and effective substitute.
The Zebrafish As an Integrative Physiology Model

The complexity of nervous system structure and function presents considerable challenges for understanding the output of the nervous system (behavior) in terms of the molecular and cellular properties of component parts (neurons). For integrated studies of nervous system physiology, a model system needs to meet several requirements. First, the model system should have a well-defined anatomy that ideally is simple and minimally complex. Furthermore, the ability to identify neurons of interest for physiological analysis and perturbation of known cellular processes augments the power of the system. Finally, the system should allow elimination of the unique functional contribution of specific neurons either by targeted ablation methods or genetic and molecular perturbations.
Development of Conidia and Fruiting Bodies in Ascomycetes

The Ascomycetes are a large and diverse group of fungi. Many reproduce and disperse through spores produced both asexually and sexually. The group is characterized by their ability to produce sexual, or meiotic, spores within an ascus. The strategies used by Ascomycetes in controlling formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures are extremely varied and well beyond the scope of this chapter. We have limited ourselves to a summary of the current understanding of the mechanisms controlling conidial and fruiting body morphogenesis during colony development in two well-studied Ascomycetes that have somewhat different approaches to the problem, Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crass a. Other species of Ascomycetes have also been studied but are excluded from this review because of the sarcity of molecular data (see Chap. 17).
Parametric modelling of knock intensity data using a dual log-normal model:

The Pearson test is used to confirm that knock intensity data closely approximate a cyclically independent random process which is therefore fully characterized by its probability density function ...
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Hemoglobinopathies: A Multicenter Retrospective Database Study

Introduction It is unknown if improvements in supportive care have altered the risk of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) mediated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in patients with hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia major. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to determine prevalence of PRES and associated risk factors in a contemporary cohort of patients with hemoglobinopathies transplanted at US children's hospitals. Methods The Pediatric Health Information Systems database, an administrative database containing information from 49 pediatric hospitals, was used to extract data on eligible patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) from 2003 to 2017. Outcomes were compared between SCD and β-thalassemia cohorts and analyzed using non-parametric methods. Results 788 patients (586 SCD, 202 β-thalassemia) were included (Table 1). PRES was seen in 8.1% (n=64) of the cohort with greater prevalence in SCD than β-thalassemia patients (9.7% vs 3.4%; p=0.005). All patients received CNI therapy post-HCT. Hypertension (HTN) pre-HCT, iron overload, use of unrelated donors, fludarabine-based regimen and corticosteroid therapy post-HCT were significant risk factors in SCD cohort only. In both cohorts, increasing age and graft versus host disease (GvHD) were significant risk factors but not neurological deficits pre-HCT, sex, and graft source. One-year-mortality was increased in PRES affected SCD vs unaffected patients (19% vs 5% p=0.0002) but not in β-thalassemia patients with PRES vs without (29% vs 9% p=0.133) Conclusion In our study, prevalence of PRES was higher in SCD than β-thalassemia patients. Studies evaluating CNI- free regimens are needed to abrogate the risk of PRES in this high-risk population.
Combined financial incentives and behavioral weight management to enhance adherence with gestational weight gain guidelines: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Excessive gestational weight gain, particularly among overweight and obese women, is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Current interventions to limit gestational weight gain have achieved only modest success. Objective We sought to improve adherence to gestational weight gain guidelines with a dual intervention of financial incentives and antenatal behavioral weight management. Study Design This was a prospective randomized controlled trial at a single academic medical center in which women were assigned randomly to the intervention group or standard care. The primary outcome was adherence to gestational weight gain guidelines. Secondary outcomes included total gestational weight gain, mode of delivery, birthweight, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and development of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Results A total of 136 women were assigned randomly, with data available for analysis of 124 women. Gestational weight gain within the Institutes of Medicine guidelines was similar (30% vs 29%) in the intervention and standard care groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in total gestational weight gain or perinatal outcomes. There was a nonstatistically significant decrease in macrosomia in the intervention compared with standard care condition. Conclusion A combined financial incentive and behavioral weight management intervention did not improve adherence to gestational weight gain guidelines. Modifications to the intervention may achieve improved results.
The Efficacy of Chest Compressions in the Bell 407

Abstract Objective The Air Medical industry is fraught with obstacles to patient care and providers can recognize that several sub-groups of patients can provide very challenging scenarios while in flight. However, the patient experiencing cardiac arrest in flight is, by its very nature, one that poses the most severe risk to the patient and provider. This study seeks to explore the capability of a highly trained emergency medical provider to provide adequate chest compressions while in a Bell 407 helicopter. Methods 59 participants were evaluated in two separate scenarios. Scenario A consisted of 2 rounds of of 200 chest compressions performed on a flat, uncrowded surface. Scenario B consisted of 200 chest compressions performed in the cabin of a Bell 407. Participants performed 2 rounds of 200 chest compressions. The results were then compared to each other and to the AHA 2010 CPR guidelines. Results The findings of the study show that compressions performed in the aircraft do not meet AHA guidelines for chest compressions in regard to depth and duration of compressions. The deviation from guideline in regard to rate was found to be not statistically significant. Conclusion Chest compressions performed in a Bell 407 helicopter do not meet AHA guidelines.
Contemporary epistemologies of militarization in the Global South: Palimpsests and accumulative processes in Lampedusa and Lebanon:

We propose that contemporary militarization be understood as part of the continued legacy and consequence of colonial practices and (neo-)imperial logics. We reveal how, in spaces characterized by ...
Large-Scale Discrete-Element Modeling for Engineering Analysis: Case Study for the Mobility Cone Penetrometer

AbstractThis study aims to examine the use of the discrete-element method (DEM) for prototype-scale analyses of large discontinuous deformations. As an example, this paper presents the results of l...
Assessing effects of model complexity and structure on predictions of hydrological responses using serial and parallel model design

By utilizing functional relationships based on observations at plot or field scales, water quality models first compute surface runoff and then use it as the primary governing variable to estimate sediment and nutrient transport. When these models are applied at watershed scales, this serial model structure, coupling a surface runoff sub‐model with a water quality sub‐model, may be inappropriate because dominant hydrological processes differ among scales. A parallel modeling approach is proposed to evaluate how best to combine dominant hydrological processes for predicting water quality at watershed scales. In the parallel scheme, dominant variables of water quality models are identified based entirely on their statistical significance using time series analysis. Four surface runoff models of different model complexity were assessed using both the serial and parallel approaches to quantify the uncertainty on forcing variables used to predict water quality. The eight alternative model structures were tested against a 25‐year high‐resolution data set of streamflow, suspended sediment discharge, and phosphorous discharge at weekly time steps. Models using the parallel approach consistently performed better than serial‐based models, by having less error in predictions of watershed scale streamflow, sediment and phosphorus, which suggests model structures of water quantity and quality models at watershed scales should be reformulated by incorporating the dominant variables. The implication is that hydrological models should be constructed in a way that avoids stacking one sub‐model with one set of scale assumptions onto the front end of another sub‐model with a different set of scale assumptions.
Smaller Class Room Engagement using Appropriate Seating Arrangements

Classroom engagement is a challenging task in a college environment. Moreover, a key factor for student success in college is how the students are engaged in the classroom. A professor's attention towards the students also varies depending on the class size. This paper investigates the students' attention and engagement level in smaller classroom sizes, and correlates this with different student seating arrangements, types of student activities, and various attributes of the instructor's delivery. These observations show correlates of class size in determining the student's attention in the class. Several attributes are used as a measuring tool, using computer vision techniques for measurement and evaluation purpose. The results show interesting correlations between student engagement, classroom size and arrangement, and attributes of the instructor's delivery.
Large-Scale Metasurfaces Based on Grayscale Nanosphere Lithography

Metasurfaces, based on subwavelength structuring, provide a versatile platform for wavefront manipulation in an ultrathin form factor. The manufacturing of metasurfaces, however, generally requires...
Do you hear the people sign?: A critical discourse analysis of comments on a 2015 online petition opposing North Carolina’s ag-gag law

This study analyzes the discourse of consumer-citizens who oppose ag-gag legislation, specifically North Carolina’s House Bill 405 (HB405), and considers how cyber activism (e.g. signing an online ...
On Galois Connexions

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the concept of Galois connexions. The researches in algebraic linguistics have been performed in the frame of a particular Galois connexion, in which the objects are the words of a vocabulary, V, and the set of the properties is the set of the contexts that accept these words. Vocabulary V is, however, formed by a finite of words. The chapter highlights that if A is a generating kernel for the closed set φ ( X ), then the set formed by taking one element of every family contained in A is also a generator for φ ( X ). Such a generator is called the minimal generator of the set φ( X ) with respect to the kernel A . The chapter also discusses the properties of the operators G , ω , and φ .
Work in progress - testing & learning the fundamentals of DC circuit analysis

A database platform accessible on the Internet is used to provide the engineering community testing and learning opportunities in DC nodal and mesh analyses. The testing modules are complete problems asking learners to calculate node voltages and mesh currents for a variety of circuits. The learning portion is provided through a series of interactive help topics, some of which are specific to the module at hand, others are expository in nature, covering broader circuit concepts. While students can test their knowledge and skill levels in DC circuit analysis at http://gaia.ecs.csus.edu/-jpforms/NSF/, instructors can monitor (with administrative privileges) their students' performances, as well as compare those to performances from students enrolled at other universities. Assessment results will be provided from a small pilot group of students enrolled during the fall 2003 semester. These will include performance data, as well as contextual examples aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of this work.
The Representation of Virtual Reality in Education

Students' opinions about the opportunities and the implications of VR in instruction were investigated by administering a questionnaire to humanities and engineering undergraduates. The questionnaire invited participants to rate a series of statements concerning motivation and emotion, skills, cognitive styles, benefits and learning outcomes associated with the use of VR in education. The representation which emerged was internally consistent and articulated into specific dimensions. It was not affected by gender, by the previous use of VR software, or by the knowledge of the main topics concerning the introduction of IT in instruction. Also the direct participation in a training session based on an immersive VR experience did not influence such a representation, which was partially modulated by the kind of course attended by students.
The Schwarzschild Metric Violates the Weak Principle of Equivalence

It is shown that for subluminal observers rotating with constant angular velocity under the Schwarzschild metric at the radius in which light orbits about the gravitating mass located at the origin, the locally‐measured tangential speed of (orbital) light depends on direction and angular velocity of the observer. Further, it can be shown that all such observers experience the same acceleration regardless of the angular velocity. Thus by transitivity of the weak principle of equivalence (WEP), all of the observers should measure the local speed of light as the same, which is a contradiction. Hence the WEP or the Schwarzschild metric is at fault.
A set theory for soft computing: a unified view of fuzzy sets via neighborboods

The notion of fuzzy is context dependent, so for each context very often there is a fuzzy theory. Present papers use the notion of neighborhood systems to unify them. A neighborhood system is an association that assigns to each datum a list of data (a neighborhood). Rough sets and topological spaces are special cases. A "real world" fuzzy set should allow small amount of perturbation, so it should have an elastic membership function. Mathematically, such an elastic membership function can be expressed by a highly structured subset of membership function space. Structured sets can be singletons, equivalence classes, neighborhoods, or their fuzzified versions. This paper proposed that fuzzy sets should be abstractly defined by such structures and are termed soft sets (sofsets). Based on such structures, W-sofset, F-sofset, P-sofset, B-sofset, C-sofset, N-sofset, FP-sofset, and FF-sofsets have been identified. In this sequence, a predecessor is always a special case of a successor. Each type represents some implicit form of classical fuzzy theory. It is hoped that such a unified view will provide a useful set theory for soft computing.