cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanically Recovered Neck Bone Lean and Ascorbic Acid Improve Color Stability of Ground Beef Patties

Ground beef patties at two ascorbic acid (Asc) levels (0 and 1,000 ppm) and three mechanically recovered neck bone lean (MRNL) levels (0, 15 and 30%) were analyzed for percentage surface metmyoglobin (metMb) and HunterLab L* and a* values over 6 days of retail display. Data were collected for two replications. Patties made with Asc had less (P < 0.01) surface metMb than patties made without Asc on days 1-4 of retail display. Ascorbic acid and MRNL acted synergistically to improve surface color. Patties made with Asc showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in surface metMb as MRNL level increased from 0 to 30%. Patties made without Asc showed no change in surface metMb as MRNL level increased.
Prescribed fire, soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics, and plant responses in a semiarid grassland

In arid and semiarid ecosystems, fire can potentially affect ecosystem dynamics through changes in soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen cycling, as well as through direct effects on plant meristem mortality. We examined effects of annual and triennial prescribed fires conducted in early spring on soil moisture, temperature, and N, plant growth, and plant N content in semiarid shortgrass steppe. Annual burning increased soil inorganic N availability throughout the growing season, which was associated with increased soil temperature and a reduction in aboveground N in C3 plants. Furthermore, the increase in soil inorganic N pools with annual burning was modest and did not facilitate success of ruderal species. Negative fire effects on C3 plant production could be due to increased soil temperature, reduced soil moisture, or direct negative effects on C3 plant meristems, although fuel loads and fire temperatures were low relative to other grasslands. Triennial burning had intermediate effects on N availability and C3 plant production compared to annual burning and unburned controls. Results show that prescribed burns can be used in the management of this semiarid grassland without facilitating annual plant invasion, but excessively frequent burning can reduce production of C3 plants.
Stature reduction as an adaptive response to food production in mesoamerica

Abstract Mesoamerican body size, reflected by stature estimations of skeletal series, is examined for evidence of body size reduction as an adaptive response to intensive food production. Smaller mean stature is seen in the data for central and southern Mesoamerica than in that of northern Mexico where the reliance on food production was less intense in prehistoric times. Malnutrition, undernutrition and concomitant disease levels, a result of the adoption of a settled and Neolithic way of life in Mesoamerica, are seen as primary causes of this differential stature.
P2-S9.10 HIV testing behaviours among undocumented Central American immigrant women in Houston, Texas, 2010

Introduction Undocumented Central American immigrants in the US are at increased vulnerability to HIV. Almost half of infections are attributed to high-risk heterosexual contact and HIV detection is often delayed. Although HIV testing is a cornerstone of HIV prevention and treatment, we are unaware of any studies that describe HIV testing in this population. The purpose of this paper is to describe HIV testing behaviours among undocumented Central American immigrant women in Houston, Texas. Methods We recruited 230 Guatemalan, Honduran, and El Salvadoran women, ages 18–50 years, living in Houston without a US visa or residency papers for an HIV behavioural survey using respondent driven sampling. Present analyses are limited to sexually active participants who provided information on HIV testing (N=182). Ever testing for HIV was defined as receiving an HIV test at least once during one9s lifetime. Prevalence estimates are RDS-adjusted. Results Sixty seven per cent of women reported ever testing for HIV infection. Among testers, 49% tested at a public health clinic and 30% tested at other healthcare facilities; 50% tested within the past 2 years. The most common reason for getting tested was pregnancy (50%) and to get rid of doubt” regarding their partner9s infidelity (29%). Testers were significantly more likely than non-testers to be from Honduras and to have resided in the US for over 5 years. Testers were also older, more educated, and wealthier than non-testers. Testers were more likely than non-testers to have a regular healthcare provider, to have visited a healthcare provider in the past 12 months, and to have healthcare coverage or insurance. Healthcare coverage was predominantly through the indigent healthcare program see Abstract P2-S9.10 Table 1. Discussion The prevalence of ever testing for HIV among undocumented Central American immigrant women in Houston was high. This seems to be due to their access to public health services through the county hospital district, which provides healthcare to all indigent residents regardless of immigration status. The association between HIV testing and regular healthcare indicates that access to public health services in this population increases the prevalence of HIV testing. Given that HIV detection among Central American immigrants is often delayed (leading to negative consequences for morbidity, mortality, and transmission), access to HIV screening is integral to HIV prevention in this population.
Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was developed for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. All cases of EEE diagnosed at the Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated. The diagnosis was based on histopathologic examination of the brain and confirmatory virus, isolation. Sections of cerebrum from 26 equids and 5 birds were assessed by IHC. Histologically normal brain tissues from 2 horses and 1 pheasant and brain tissues from 2 cases of equine neurologic disease with diagnoses other than EEE served as negative controls. The IHC assay was based on standard streptavidin-biotin technology, using a commercially available kit and a monospecific polyclonal primary antibody preparation derived from murine ascitic fluid. Nineteen of 20 equids and all 5 birds positive by histopathology and virus isolation were positive for EEE virus antigen by IHC. Three equids with histologic lesions compatible with a diagnosis of EEE but negative by virus isolation also were negative for virus antigen by IHC. In 3 other equids, histopathology and IHC were positive for EEE, but virus isolation was not attempted because of contamination of the brain specimen. The IHC assay of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues for EEE virus antigen is a rapid, effective test for confirming a histopathologic diagnosis of EEE, and assay results correlate well with virus isolation results.
E-cadherin phosphorylation occurs during its biosynthesis to promote its cell surface stability and adhesion.

E-cadherin is highly phosphorylated within its β-catenin–binding region, and this phosphorylation increases its affinity for β-catenin in vitro. However, the identification of key serines responsible for most cadherin phosphorylation and the adhesive consequences of modification at such serines have remained unknown. In this study, we show that as few as three serines in the β-catenin–binding domain of E-cadherin are responsible for most radioactive phosphate incorporation. These serines are required for binding to β-catenin and the mutual stability of both E-cadherin and β-catenin. Cells expressing a phosphodeficient (3S>A) E-cadherin exhibit minimal cell–cell adhesion due to enhanced endocytosis and degradation through a lysosomal compartment. Conversely, negative charge substitution at these serines (3S>D) antagonizes cadherin endocytosis and restores wild-type levels of adhesion. The cadherin kinase is membrane proximal and modifies the cadherin before it reaches the cell surface. Together these data suggest that E-cadherin phosphorylation is largely constitutive and integral to cadherin–catenin complex formation, surface stability, and function.
DISCUSSION PAPER: REFLECTIONS ON TECHNOLOGY IN LEXICOGRAPHY

“Properties of the instruments,” I. A. Richards reminds us, “enter into the account of the investigation.” We should not, I believe, take a narrow definition of technology in the title of our section or of instruments to mean only those devices mentioned by Professor Venezky in his contribution. Whatever instruments we use are in part conditioned by our previous experiences and by the way we conceive our research. It is no accident that one of the three great nineteenth-century North British lexicographers-Joseph Wright-began life in a mill sorting grades of wool. And if those lexicographers present don’t recognize themselves in that apprenticeship, perhaps we might remind ourselves that as his first act as editor of the New English Dictionary J. A. H. Murray built at the bottom of his garden at Mill Hill School an iron house with over a thousand pigeonholes built into it. Doubtless we should not take that iron house in the garden too metaphorically, but it is nevertheless correct, as Richards says, that the outcome of our research will be conditioned by the devices we use in its execution. Pigeonholes impose structure, and dictionary editors continue to see themselves as imposing structure on vagrant word usages that blend into each other imperceptibly. Another metaphor from the general explanation that prefaces the OED reveals this conception (and reminds us, by the way, of those ‘‘fuzzy features” that Professors Bolinger, Lakoff and Pike have spoken about earlier in the conference): “That vast aggregate of words and phrases which constitutes the Vocabulary of English-speaking men presents, to the mind that endeavours to grasp it as a definite whole, the aspect of one of those nebulous masses familiar to the astronomer, in which a clear and unmistakable nucleus shades off on all sides through zones of decreasing brightness, to a dim marginal film that seems to end no where but to lose itself imperceptibly in the surrounding darkness.” * The writer here speaks, of course, of the whole aggregate of English vocabulary as a light that illumines the darkness, but, as we see in almost every entry in the dictionary, the same image informs the conception of word senses blending themselves imperceptibly into one another. And yet the job of the editor is to sort citations into discrete pigeon holes, to enlarge his ’ sorting board if need be until he satisfies himself that the “breaks” between the meanings are revealed. Such a conception, derived from the technology of pigeonholes, is brought to our attention in Leo Spitzer’s memoir of his studies in Romance Philology under Meyer-Liibke, whose conception of linguistic history was akin to that of the founders of English historical lexicography. “We were always looking over our shoulder,” Spitzer recalls, “but where was reflected in this teaching my
Atomistic processes controlling flow stress scaling during compression of nanoscale face-centered-cubic crystals

The size dependence of strength observed in submicrometer face-centered-cubic (fcc) metallic crystals under uniform deformation depends on the interaction of pre-existing dislocations with surfaces. To date, however, the dislocation processes controlling flow stress scaling in fcc crystals less than 100 nm in size have remained an open question due to limited knowledge on microstructural evolution during deformation in such small volumes. Here, molecular dynamics computer simulations employing a technique of high-temperature annealing and quenching on porous crystals were used to generate complex dislocation microstructures in sub-75 nm Cu pillars with high initial dislocation densities of 10 16 m � 2 , which made it possible to quantitatively examine their evolution during compression as a function of pillar diameter. These simulations reveal a transition from a state of dislocation exhaustion, where mobile dislocations are lost at the free surface and the dislocation density steadily decreases, to a regime of intermittent plastic flow between elastic loading and sourcelimited activation inside the pillars. It is shown that plastic flow stresses predicted during dislocation exhaustion regime exhibit little to no size dependence, while pronounced size effects are found during source-limited activation. Remarkably, the relationship between flow stress predicted at 5% strain and diameter is found to follow closely the power-law dependence reported in past experiments with larger Cu crystals and smaller densities. A deformation mechanism map, expressed in terms of diameter, is developed and used to elucidate the origin of size-dependent plasticity in nanoscale fcc crystals.
In Search for the Many Faces of Community Resilience Among LGBT Individuals

Many countries (e.g., Egypt, Russia, and Uganda) have very draconian laws against LGBT individuals. Despite facing such adversity or hostility many LGBT individuals do strive and maintain their sense of self-worth. How do they do it? The collection of papers in this special issue attempts to provide some answers to this question. I will attempt to analyze two overlapping issues in these papers, and how they might inform LGBT research using a resilience lens.
Predicting Protein Post-translational Modifications Using Meta-analysis of Proteome Scale Data Sets

Protein post-translational modifications are an important biological regulatory mechanism, and the rate of their discovery using high throughput techniques is rapidly increasingly. To make use of this wealth of sequence data, we introduce a new general strategy designed to predict a variety of post-translational modifications in several organisms. We used the motif-x program to determine phosphorylation motifs in yeast, fly, mouse, and man and lysine acetylation motifs in man. These motifs were then scanned against proteomic sequence data using a newly developed tool called scan-x to globally predict other potential modification sites within these organisms. 10-fold cross-validation was used to determine the sensitivity and minimum specificity for each set of predictions, all of which showed improvement over other available tools for phosphoprediction. New motif discovery is a byproduct of this approach, and the phosphorylation motif analyses provide strong evidence of evolutionary conservation of both known and novel kinase motifs.
Tracking eye fixations with electroocular and electroencephalographic recordings.

We describe a method, based on recordings of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye movement potentials (electrooculogram), to track where on a screen (x, y coordinates) an individual is fixating. The method makes use of an empirically derived beam-forming filter (derived from a sequence of calibrated eye movements) to isolate eye motion from other electrophysiological and ambient electrical signals. Electrophysiological researchers may find this method a simple and inexpensive means of tracking eye movements and a useful complement to scalp recordings in studies of cognitive phenomena. The resolution is comparable to that of many commercial systems; the method can be implemented with as few as four electrodes around the eyes to complement the EEG electrodes already in use. This method may also find some specialized applications such as studying eye movements during sleep and in human–machine interfaces that make use of gaze information.
A festival of cell-cycle controls

The second biennial Salk Cell Cycle meeting convened on 22 June 2001 in San Diego, California. Organized by Tony Hunter and Susan Forsburg of the Salk Institute, the five-day conference was highlighted by enlightening science and plenty of San Diego sunshine. Presentations covered a broad range of contemporary cell-cycle topics, ranging from regulation of DNA replication and mitosis to DNA damage recognition and checkpoint control.
Ingestive behaviour and physiology of the medicinal leech

Ingestion lasts 25 min in Hirudo medicinalis and is characterized by pharyngeal peristalsis which fills the crop. This peristalsis has an initial rate of 2.4 Hz which decays smoothly to 1.2 Hz at termination of ingestion. During ingestion, the leech body wall undergoes peristalsis which appears to aid in filling the crop diverticula. Body peristalsis begins at a rate of 10 min^(-1) and decreases linearly to 2 min^(-1) at termination. The body also undergoes dorsoventral flexions when blood flow is occluded. Blood meal size increases slightly with leech size: 8.4 g for 1-g leeches and 9.7 g for 2-g leeches. However, relative meal size decreases markedly with increasing animal size; from 8.15 times body mass for 1-g to 4.80 times for 2-g leeches. When intact leeches were exposed to micromolar concentrations of serotonin, there was an increase in the rate of pharyngeal peristalsis and the size of the blood meals. Leeches excrete the plasma from their ingested blood meals. Excretion is activated during ingestion, which increases feeding efficiency by increasing the proportion of blood cells in the ingestate. Excretion continues for 4–6 days following ingestion, removing all the remaining plasma from the ingestate. Leech ingestion comprises stereotyped muscular movements, secretion of saliva and excretion of plasma. A strikingly similar feeding physiology is seen in the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius, and we suggest that efficient sanguivory may require the convergent evolution of similar ingestive mechanisms.
(18)F-labeled rhodamines as potential myocardial perfusion agents: comparison of pharmacokinetic properties of several rhodamines.

Abstract Introduction We recently reported the development of the [ 18 F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester of rhodamine B as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This compound was developed by optimizing the ester moiety on the rhodamine B core, and its pharmacokinetic properties were found to be superior to those of the prototype ethyl ester. The goal of the present study was to optimize the rhodamine core while retaining the fluorodiethyleneglycol ester prosthetic group. Methods A series of different rhodamine cores (rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine) were labeled with 18 F using the corresponding rhodamine lactones as the precursors and [ 18 F]fluorodiethylene glycol ester as the prosthetic group. The compounds were purified by semipreparative HPLC, and their biodistribution was measured in rats. Additionally, the uptake of the compounds was evaluated in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Results As was the case with the different prosthetic groups, we found that the rhodamine core has a significant effect on the in vitro and in vivo properties of this series of compounds. Of the rhodamines evaluated to date, the pharmacologic properties of the 18 F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G are superior to those of the 18 F-labeled diethylene glycol esters of rhodamine B, rhodamine 101, and tetramethylrhodamine. As with 18 F-labeled rhodamine B, [ 18 F]rhodamine 6G was observed to localize in the mitochondria of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Conclusions Based on these results, the 18 F-labeled diethylene glycol ester of rhodamine 6G is the most promising potential PET MPI radiopharmaceutical of those that have evaluated to date, and we are now preparing to carry out first-in-human clinical studies with this compound.
Simplified technique for antegrade continence enemas for fecal retention and incontinence.

Fecal incontinence and chronic constipation occur with annoying frequency after reconstructive colorectal operations for Hirschsprung’s disease and imperforate anus in childhood. Chronic constipation is a frequent occurrence that complicates the care of children with spina bifida and of neurologically impaired patients of all ages. Fecal incontinence is devastating to the self-esteem of a child, depriving him or her from socializing with peers and limiting participation in most vigorous sports activities. A bowel-management program with use of a daily enema, manipulation of the diet, and use of some medications has been helpful in reducing incontinence in several children after repair of imperforate anus. Chronic use of rectal enemas, suppositories, laxatives, or lubricants, however, is often uncomfortable, poorly accepted, and intolerable to the patient, and cumbersome and disruptive to other members of the family who are responsible for the child’s care. Since its first description by Malone and associates in 1990, the antegrade continence enema (ACE) has been used with increasing frequency by surgeons for the management of children with fecal incontinence or retention. The technique entails construction of a permanent, nonrefluxing appendiceal stoma in the abdominal wall through which a catheter can be inserted to deliver enema solutions in an antegrade manner on a daily basis, as desired. This operative procedure is somewhat extensive for the patient who requires only the instillation of enema solutions into the proximal colon and has caused skin irritation, granulation tissue with stenosis, and occasional fecal leakage in five of the children in whom it was used in our hospital. Griffiths and Malone reported that 80% of their patients had some type of complication, either minor or major, and that 5 of 21 patients required a colostomy. Other investigators have noted several late complications after the Malone procedure. To reduce these complications, several modifications of the continent appendicostomy have been reported by other groups. To simplify the operation, Webb and associates recommended laparoscopic construction of a cutaneous appendicostomy for antegrade enemas. Chait and associates have performed percutaneous insertion of a low-profile cecostomy catheter or “button” under local anesthesia as a two-stage procedure for antegrade colonic cleansing in several children, with good success. The present study summarizes our clinical experience at the University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center in the management of 24 children with fecal incontinence or constipation using a simplified surgical technique. In this procedure, a Broviac silicone elastomer intravenous (IV) catheter was placed in the cecum for ACE infusions.
Clinical loyalties and the social purposes of medicine.

Physicians increasingly face conflicts between the ethic of undivided loyalty to patients and pressure to use clinical methods and judgment for social purposes and on behalf of third parties. The principal legal and ethical paradigms by which these conflicts are managed are inadequate, because they either deny or unsuccessfully finesse the reality of contradiction between fidelity to patients and society's other expectations of medicine. This reality needs to be more squarely acknowledged. The challenge for ethics and law is not to resolve this tension—an impossible task—but to mediate it in myriad clinical circumstances in a way that preserves the primacy of keeping faith with patients while conceding the legitimacy of society's other expectations of medicine.
Hypnotic Responsiveness: Expectancy, Attitudes, Fantasy Proneness, Absorption, and Gender

This study examines the effect of providing information linking participants' attitudes toward hypnosis with later hypnotic performance. Using total scale scores from McConkey's Opinions About Hypnosis scale, as well as subscale scores, the authors found a weak association between attitudes and performance among 460 student participants; however, the correlation was unaffected by prehypnotic information specifically connecting attitudes and performance. A brief, 3-item measure of hypnotic expectancies generated the strongest correlation with hypnotic responsiveness. The authors also found that the association between fantasy proneness and hypnotizability was unaffected by the order of scale administration. Finally, the study highlighted gender differences across measures of fantasy proneness, absorption, expectancy, and hypnotizability.
Impact-modified nylon 6/polypropylene blends: 3. Deformation mechanisms

The processes that occur during the deformation of nylon 6/polypropylene blends modified with maleated rubbers were identified by dilatometric measurements and electron microscopy. These toughening mechanisms were found to depend on the type of rubber used as modifier (ethylene-propylene random copolymer, EPR-g-maleic anhydride (MA), or styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene triblock copolymer, SEBS-g-MA), and on the relative ratio of nylon 6 to polypropylene (PP) in the blend. Blends based on EPR-g-MA showed significant volume dilation during deformation in a low strain rate tensile test. Electron microscopy techniques revealed that the main dilational mechanism in these blends is cavitation of the rubber dispersed as particles in the nylon 6 phase and at the nylon 6/PP interface. Similar results were obtained for specimens deformed in a high speed impact test. Except for one composition, nylon 6/PP blends modified with SEBS-g-MA showed negligible changes in volume during slow tensile deformation, and no indication of dilational processes (as determined by electron microscopy) was found in broken specimens deformed under notched Izod impact conditions. However, cavitation of the rubber particles was observed in 80/20 nylon 6/SEBS-g-MA blends deformed in the high speed impact test. This indicates that under appropriate stress and strain conditions, cavitation of SEBS-g-MA particles can occur. The structure and properties of the rubber and its particle size are factors that contribute to the differences in the extent of cavitation of nylon 6/PP blends modified with SEBS-g-MA or EPR-g-MA.
Recent Technologies Usher in New Era of Coastal Geomorphology Research

Research in the field of coastal geomorphology has been energized by the development of two new complementary high-spatial-resolution technologies: swath bathymetry sonar systems (SBSSs), and process-based numerical models (PBNMs) of hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphodynamics. The combination and integration of the two should lead to rapid expansion of scientific understanding of the genesis and evolution of morphology in coastal regions, the accretion and erosion of coastlines, and the effects of climate change on fluvial systems, estuaries, and coasts. For example, dredging shipping channels and harbors, protecting coastal property from erosion, evaluating risks due to coastal flooding, and other chronic and enduring societal problems can now be approached with new optimism due to the high spatial resolution of SBSSs and PBNMs.
Overview of High-Fidelity Modeling Activities in the Numerical Propulsion System Simulations (NPSS) Project

A high-fidelity simulation of a commercial turbofan engine has been created as part of the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation Project. The high-fidelity computer simulation utilizes computer models that were developed at NASA Glenn Research Center in cooperation with turbofan engine manufacturers. The average-passage (APNASA) Navier-Stokes based viscous flow computer code is used to simulate the 3D flow in the compressors and turbines of the advanced commercial turbofan engine. The 3D National Combustion Code (NCC) is used to simulate the flow and chemistry in the advanced aircraft combustor. The APNASA turbomachinery code and the NCC combustor code exchange boundary conditions at the interface planes at the combustor inlet and exit. This computer simulation technique can evaluate engine performance at steady operating conditions. The 3D flow models provide detailed knowledge of the airflow within the fan and compressor, the high and low pressure turbines, and the flow and chemistry within the combustor. The models simulate the performance of the engine at operating conditions that include sea level takeoff and the altitude cruise condition.
Fatigue Behavior and Predictive Modeling of Short Fiber Thermoplastic Composites

Abstract Cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior of two short fiber thermoplastic composites (SFTCs) under a number of loading and environmental conditions are investigates. The considered environmental effects include those of low and elevated temperatures as well as moisture (or water absorption). Fatigue behavior is also explored under the action of non-zero mean stress (or R ratio) in addition to fully-reversed ( R = -1), as well as various cyclic loading frequencies. Material anisotropy and geometrical discontinuity effects (i.e. stress concentration) are other aspects considered in this study. Based on experimental observations and analysis, a number of analytical and empirical models are developed for predicting fatigue behavior under different conditions. Empirical equations are presented to characterize self-heating under cyclic loading. Tsai-Hill criterion is applied to account for the effect of fiber orientation on fatigue life. Mean stress effect is corrected with several mean stress parameters and a shift factor of Arrhenius type is defined to characterize the effect of temperature on fatigue life. Two methodologies are presented to estimate fatigue properties based on tensile properties. Estimation of notched fatigue behavior based on smooth fatigue behavior is also presented.
Exon screening of the genes encoding the beta- and gamma-subunits of cone transducin in patients with inherited retinal disease.

PURPOSE: To screen the exons of the genes encoding the beta3-subunit (GNB3) and gammac-subunit (GNGT2) of cone transducin for mutations in a large number of unrelated patients with various forms of inherited retinal disease including cone dystrophy, cone-rod dystrophy and macular dystrophy. METHODS: Exons of the two genes were screened for mutations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and/or single strand conformation polymorphism electrophoresis (SSCP); any variants were sequenced directly. RESULTS: Although many sequence variants were found in both genes, none could be associated with disease. Additionally, the gene structure and sequence of the coding exons of GNB3 were determined and compared with those of the dog homolog. Both human and canine GNB3 have nine coding exons and their two predicted amino acid sequences have 97% identity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that GNB3 and GNGT2 are unlikely sites of mutations responsible for inherited retinal degenerations that predominantly effect cone-mediated function (cone and cone-rod dystrophies) or have a predilection for disease in the macula (macular dystrophies).
Isolation and characterization of chromatin subunits.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses methods used for isolation and characterization of chromatin subunits. Most reported physical studies of chromatin subunits have used more or less refined preparations of core particles. The particles are easily prepared in quantity because of their nuclease resistance and can be resolved to a fairly high degree of homogeneity. Studies of the entire repeating unit containing 200 base pairs of DNA have been inhibited by the fact that these structures are observed as intact entities only in the initial stages of digestion, and even then exhibit a rather broad heterogeneity in DNA size. This heterogeneity presumably results from the possibility that the first cleavage within spacer regions can occur at random over a range of sites and may be compounded by heterogeneity of spacer lengths. The techniques described in the chapter are employed for the isolation of core particles. If digestion conditions are carefully controlled, they can also be used for the preparation of small quantities of repeating units. Nuclease digestion of nuclei or chromatin with staphylococcal nuclease is discussed and isolation of core particle subunits and other nucleoprotein fragments is illustrated in the chapter.
Consumer sorting and hedonic valuation of wine attributes: exploiting data from a field experiment

This article uses a novel experimental approach to measure consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for wine attributes. We invited customers of a local supermarket who had selected a bottle of wine to purchase to participate in a valuation experiment. Integrating their original wine choice into the experiment, each participant evaluated six alternative wines, generating a rich set of data on willingness to pay and consumer characteristics. The data from the experiment allow us to compare standard shelf price-based wine attribute valuation estimates with estimates using WTP data and an increasing amount of information about individual consumers. The full model employs individual fixed effects to estimate WTP parameters without bias from consumer sorting or supply side influences. Our WTP estimates for wine attributes differ markedly from previous attribute value estimates. Consumers in our sample display clear and stable preferences for wine varieties, but less clear preferences for appellations. Our results suggest caution is needed in using market prices to estimate parameters of the consumer valuation function for product attributes.
A Study of the Presence of Gunshot Residue in Pittsburgh Police Stations using SEM/EDS and LC-MS/MS

Due to possible secondary transfer of gunshot residue (GSR) onto a suspect in police custody prior to sampling, a baseline must be created for the amount of GSR present. With an increase of “lead free” ammunition, testing for both gunpowder and primer GSR is relevant. Seventy samples were collected using carbon-coated adhesive stubs from four Pittsburgh Police Stations and vehicles to investigate these locations as sources of secondary GSR contamination. These seventy samples were analyzed for primer GSR using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. One primer GSR particle was detected; no sample was classified as positive for primer GSR. These same samples were then analyzed for gunpowder GSR using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to test for akardite II, ethylcentralite, diphenylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine. Ethylcentralite was quantifiable in two test samples. These results suggest there is a negligible potential for secondary transfer of primer and gunpowder GSR.
Isolation of Viruses from Single Throat Swabs Processed for Diagnosis of Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci by Fluorescent Antibody Technic

From May 1971 through February 1972, single throat swabs were processed for both the detection of group A β -hemolytic streptococci by the fluorescent antibody method and the isolation of viruses. The supernatant fraction, after the swabs were extracted in Todd-Hewitt broth with subsequent incubation and centrifugation of the suspension, was used to inoculate cell cultures for virus isolation. From a total of 2,317 specimens, 348 group A streptococci (15.0%) were detected and 289 viruses (12.5%) were isolated. In only 14 instances were group A streptococci present when a virus was isolated from the same throat swab (43 expected under independence, P < 0.01). The virus isolation rate was 14% in the 1,969 group A streptococci-negative specimens and significantly smaller (4%) in the 348 group A streptococci-positive specimens. The method has the advantage of utilizing a single swab for rapid identification of group A streptococci and recovery of a wide variety of viruses.
Speciation in the Desert Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus Woodhouse)

Variation in mitochondrial DNA was studied across the range of Chaetodipus penicillatus . Sequence data from the COIII gene and restriction-enzyme analysis of a 2,150 base pair fragment indicated a significant genetic demarcation between samples assigned to C. p. pricei and those assigned to C. p. eremicus . Sequence and restriction data also show that populations assigned to C. p. eremicus share a common history not shared by populations assigned to C. p. pricei . These data are concordant with independent evidence from nuclear data of divergence among populations of C. penicillatus at protein and chromosomal levels. Furthermore, the overall pattern of phylogeographic population structure in C. penicillatus is consistent with an hypothesis of long-term isolation and divergence of Chihuahuan and Sonoran desertscrub biotas. We recommend that C. p. eremicus be recognized as a distinct species. The appropriate binomial for populations thus far examined from the Chihuahuan Desert is Chaetodipus eremicus .
Observations on the embryonic development of the cyclophyllidean cestode. Diplophallus polymorphus with emphasis on the histochemistry of the egg membranes

The formation and histochemistry of the egg membranes is followed. Evidence from electron micrographs is presented. A unique kind of hatching is recorded for this species. An attempt was made to quantitate the reduction in size associated with the growth and maturation of the oncosphere. Many questions remain to be answered concerning the development of tapeworms. We need more precise information on the constituent parts (what is the nature of the “vitelline” material in the oocyte?). The function of the various capsules and envelopes should be elucidated (How permeable are they? Do they have any function in active transport or ionic balance?). A good foundation is being laid in this area of research and it seems very likely that the impetus will carry on to a much better understanding through the use of advanced techniques.
Sodium Chloride Diffusion in Low-Acid Foods during Thermal Processing and Storage

This study aimed at modeling sodium chloride (NaCl) diffusion in foods during thermal processing using analytical and numerical solutions and at investigating the changes in NaCl concentrations during storage after processing. Potato, radish, and salmon samples in 1% or 3% NaCl solutions were heated at 90, 105, or 121 °C for 5 to 240 min to simulate pasteurization and sterilization. Selected samples were stored at 4 or 22 °C for up to 28 d. Radish had the largest equilibrium NaCl concentrations and equilibrium distribution coefficients, but smallest effective diffusion coefficients, indicating that a greater amount of NaCl diffused into the radish at a slower rate. Effective diffusion coefficients determined using the analytical solution ranged from 0.2 × 10(-8) to 2.6 × 10(-8) m²/s. Numerical and analytical solutions showed good agreement with experimental data, with average coefficients of determination for samples in 1% NaCl at 121 °C of 0.98 and 0.95, respectively. During storage, food samples equilibrated to a similar NaCl concentration regardless of the thermal processing severity. The results suggest that sensory evaluation of multiphase (solid and liquid) products should occur at least 14 d after processing to allow enough time for the salt to equilibrate within the product.
Introduction to the Green River Formation

The Green River Formation of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah contains an important record of the paleogeography, climate and lakes in the Rocky Mountains region during the Early Eocene epoch. Its have been a source of inspiration for paleolimnologists since before the term paleolimnology came to exist. Its strata contain fossil faunas and flora, extensive resources of trona and kerogenous shale, and one of the most complete records of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Emerging geochronology has permitted correlations of the Green River Formation between the structural basins that contain it, and is beginning to bring to tempo and origins of the pronounced cyclity exhibited by the Green River Formation into focus. Each of the 11 subsequent chapters of this book presents a suite of detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic investigations of the Green River Formation within the Green River Formation basins.
Differential Cooperative Compressed Spectrum Estimation for Cognitive Radio

In distributed cognitive radio network(CRN) scenario,this paper proposes a differential cooperative compressed spectrum estimation(DCCSE) algorithm for wide-band sensing,which can address the problems like slow convergence rate and high complexity encountered by traditional schemes effectively.Since the wide-band signals sensed by different cognitive users share the common spectrum support set,DCCSE can estimate the wide-band spectrum iteratively based on the difference of the compressed sensing(CS) measurements,with the help of the priori sensing information provided by neighboring users.Simulation results validate the marked improvements of the presented algorithm in spectrum estimation precision,detection performance and computational complexity.
Comments On The Teaching Management Of The Credit System

The credit system is the rey point in recent college teaching management reform, which bears many advantages comparing with the traditional school-year system. Owing to the teaching resources,the quality and quantity of teachers and social correspondent environment ect., the developing levels of the credit system in different colleges are uneven. We've got a lot to do for the further reform and improvement of the credit system.
Consumption status of main trans fatty acid-containing food for residents in Guangzhou City

Objective To investigate intake levels of trans fatty acid( TFA)-containing food. Methods Districts of Yuexiu,Liwan,Huangpu,Baiyun,Panyu,Huadu,and Nansha in Guangzhou were chosen by multi-stage random sampling method and considering differences in the level of regional development. Six resident committees were systematically sampled in each district. Forty households were randomly chosen in each committee. All family members aged 3 years and over were investigated. The self-designed questionnaire covered the basic situation of households,basic personal situation and the consumption frequency of TFA-containing food in the past three months. The basic situation of households included family income,number of household members,ethnic,etc. The basic personal situation included age,gender, occupation,and so on. The data were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiologic method. Results A total of 5 244 residents aged 3 years and over were investigated,of whom 2 565 were male and 2 679 were female,and the ratio of male to female was 1∶ 0. 96. The number( percentage) in the groups aged 3 to 6,7 to 12,13 to 17,18 to 49,and≥50 years were 931( 17. 8%),1 064( 20. 3%),1 063( 20. 3%), 1 797( 34. 2%),and 389( 7. 4%),respectively. Their education level was mainly middle school or higher,accounting for 60. 1%( 3 152 /5 244) of the total population. Percentages of average monthly household income in 2011 at 3 000,3 000-,5 000and ≥8 000 Yuan were 22. 5%( 1 178 /5 244), 22. 0%( 1 148 /5 244),19. 9%( 1 043 /5 244),and 32. 5%( 1 704 /5 244),respectively. Foods containing much more TFA were milk,hydrogenated vegetable oil,bread,pastries,frozen drinks,fresh meat and products,and fried food,and the consumed contents were 141. 18,25. 55,25. 34,19. 43,19. 33, 19. 09,and 17. 18 g / d,respectively. The average intake levels of milk,bread,pastries,puffed food, fried food,quick-frozen food,frozen drinks,solid beverage,and chocolate candies between different aged groups were significantly different( all P 0. 05 or P 0. 01),of which average intake levels in groups aged 712 and 1317 years were higher than other age groups. Average intake levels of milk,bread, pastries,fried food,quick-frozen food,frozen drinks,solid beverage,chocolate,and candies between different family income groups were significantly different( all P 0. 05 or P 0. 01),of which the average intake levels in ≥8 000 Yuan group were higher than other groups. Conclusion School-age children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years in Guangzhou had higher intake levels of TFA-containing food. It is necessary to carry out further research in this population,to lay a foundation for the following risk assessment.
Effects of insulin, methoxamine, and calcium on glycogen synthase in rat adipocytes

Inactivation of glycogen synthase by methoxamine was not associated with changes in cyclic AMP and was abolished by the alpha adrenergic antagonists phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, and dihydroergotamine. The effect of methoxamine was not reversed by atropine or the beta adrenergic antagonists propranolol or practolol. Methoxamine decreased the percentage of glycogen synthase I activity that had been increased by incubating cells with 100 microunits/ml insulin; however, an effect of insulin was observed at the highest concentration of methoxamine tested (100 µM). The effect of 10 µM methoxamine was not overcome by 25 milliunits/ml of insulin. The inactivation of glycogen synthase by methoxamine was abolished by incubating cells in calcium-free medium containing 1 mM EGTA, and the effect of methoxamine was restored by adding calcium. Incubation of cells with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 decreased the percentage of glycogen synthase I activity in the presence of, but not the absence of calcium. When A23187 and methoxamine were added together, no further decrease in the percentage of glycogen synthase I activity was observed below that produced by either agent alone. The activation of glycogen synthase by insulin was not diminished by incubating cells in calcium-free medium plus 1 mM EGTA. An effect of insulin on glycogen synthase was observed even in the presence of A23187. The results indicate that the increase in the percentage of glycogen synthase I activity due to insulin is independent of extracellular calcium. Alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation may lead to a decrease in the percentage of glycogen synthase I activity by increasing the concentration of cytosolic calcium. If the activation of glycogen synthase involves calcium, presumably insulin would act by decreasing cytosolic calcium since the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase are opposite to those of methoxamine and A23187.
The Nation: Ideological Radicalisation of the Elect

When reflecting on the ideological placement of the anti-nation in genocidal ideology, one can be forgiven for agreeing with Hitler when he averred that the nationalisation of the masses ‘can never be achieved by half-measures, by weakly emphasising a so-called objective standpoint, but only by a ruthless and fanatically one-sided orientation towards the goal to be achieved’ (1969 [1925]: 306). Though certain scholars of civic and civil nationalist movements would heartily disagree that such extremes are necessary to form national identity, even they would admit that the understanding of a national self is at the core of any nationalist movement. This chapter seeks to address whether or not there are shifts in the ideological perception of the nation in cases of radicalising ideology and, if ideology does change in this regard, whether or not there are any similarities of themes or patterns across cases.
Evolutionary Insights from Reptilian Sexual Differentiation

A major objective of any scientific endeavor is the discovery of generalizations around which various observations may be organized. In the many physiological disciplines of biology, generalizations have often been sought in the form of a model system, i. e. a physiology determined from studies of one or a few species that is projected as a possible model for other taxa. Two such major generalities are the genetic code and Krebs cycle of respiration. Model systems are of immense value in providing a focus for studies from a diversity of species. However, whenever a model system is based on results from a group of closely related taxa and a new group is then studied, one must be prepared to accept alternative models. Principles are limited by the exceptions to them.