cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-D finite element process simulation of micro-end milling Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy: Experimental validations on chip flow and tool wear

Abstract Finite element (FE) simulation of machining can be used as a replacement or a supplementary to the physical experiment allowing an analysis to be performed at a lower cost. Besides, FE simulation can offer predictions of process variables which are difficult to obtain by experiment. This paper provides investigations on 3-D FE modeling and simulation of micro-end milling process for Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. 3-D FE models proposed for full-immersion, half immersion up and down milling are utilized to study the influence of increasing tool edge radius due to wear on the process performance of micro-end milling. Predicted 3-D chip flow and shapes are compared against the experiments which provided reasonably good agreements. Tool wear along the micro-end milling tool is predicted and validated with experiments. The results of this study indicated that tool wear has a significant impact to the cutting force, cutting temperature, tool wear rate, chip flow and burr formation. In addition, a comparison of 3-D and 2-D FE simulations is provided giving a better understanding of utilizing their predictions.
Total Ionizing Dose Effects in Piezoelectric MEMS Relays

This paper investigates total ionizing dose (TID) effects on the piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The capacitance and contact voltage of thin-film, PZT-based relays were measured following incremental 60Co TID irradiations. The devices were held in several different bias conditions, during exposure. The direction of the biasing electric field during exposure, along with the polarization prior to exposure, has a measurable impact on post-irradiation operating voltage of the relay. In all cases, the switching voltage, as obtained via the peak values in a capacitance versus voltage sweep, shifted in a direction that would minimize the switching electric field in the direction of pre-exposure polarization. These effects were observed to be both significantly greater than the shifts experienced by a set of control samples, as well as reversible via aging at room temperature. The devices display remarkable robustness, operating during active TID exposure [dose rate = 855.6 rad(Si)/s], failing at a TID greater than 15 Mrad(Si).
Sociotechnical simulation and evolutionary algorithm optimization for routing siren vehicles in a water distribution contamination event

Water distribution contamination incidents occur when a poisonous chemical or pathogen is introduced intentionally or accidentally to the pipe network that delivers potable water to the residents of a municipality. These events pose a challenge to decision makers, who should quickly identify a threat and the most effective response actions for protection of public health. In these events, the dynamic interactions among consumers, utility managers, public health officials, and the water distribution pipe network affect the emergent exposure of consumers. An Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) approach is used to simulate the interactions among agents and flow conditions in the water distribution system to provide an understanding of effects of dynamic and adaptive behaviors on public health. While utility operators can protect consumers using a wide range of protective and mitigative responses, routing of siren vehicles can be effective as consumers are warned about a contaminant in the water system and respond by stopping different water activities, such as drinking water. Development of crisis management routing strategies, which are a set of routes to best warn and protect consumers from exposure, is enabled through a new simulation-optimization framework. A genetic algorithm and the ABM are coupled to find routes for siren vehicles that minimize the number of consumers who are exposed to contaminated tap water. The framework is demonstrated for an illustrative case study, a mid-sized virtual city, to identify efficient routes for protecting public health.
An Unsteady Dual Porosity Representation of Tritium Leaching from Buried Concrete Rubble

Decontamination and decommissioning at the Savannah River Site near Aiken, SC, have produced on-site disposals of low-level solid radioactive waste in the form of concrete rubble. In the case of a former tritium extraction facility, building demolition produced a significant volume of rubble containing tritium. The contaminated debris comprises a heterogeneous mixture of coarse aggregate sizes, shapes, and internal tritium distributions. The rubble was disposed in unlined earthen trenches that were subsequently backfilled and exposed to normal infiltration. To forecast tritium flux to the water table, an unsteady dual-porosity model was developed to describe vadose zone leaching and transport. Tritium release was assumed to be controlled by diffusion within concrete, while advective and diffusive transport occur in the surrounding backfill. Rubble size and shape variations were characterized through a combination of physical measurement and photographic image analysis. For simplicity, the characterization data were reduced to an approximately equivalent distribution of one-dimensional slab thicknesses for representation in the dual-porosity formulation. Tritium flux to the water table from concrete rubble was predicted to be roughly 40% of that from uniformly contaminated soil. The lower flux is a result of slow release to soil pore water and a reduced effective trench conductivity from the presence of impervious concrete. At early times, tritium release from concrete in the lower trench is depressed by downward migration of tritium from overlying material. The pattern reverses at later times, when tritium is largely exhausted in the upper trench but higher residuals occupy the lower trench.
Is the Perry preschool better than head start? Yes and no

Abstract The Perry Preschool was a small experiment that delivered high-quality preschool education to 58 at-risk children and involved their parents in the educational process. Head Start is a national intervention program that provides comprehensive services to children and families in poverty. A comparison of the programs' like and unlike features shows that both have relative strengths and weaknesses. The Perry Preschool is closed, but Head Start continues to evolve and can implement the knowledge that has accrued in the field of early childhood intervention.
Chemoenzymatic glycoengineering of intact IgG antibodies for gain of functions

The fine structures of Fc N-glycans can modulate the effector functions of IgG antibodies. It has been demonstrated that lack of the core fucose on the Fc N-glycans leads to drastic enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), while terminal α2,6-sialylation of Fc glycan plays a critical role for the anti-inflammatory activity of human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We describe in this paper a highly efficient chemoenzymatic method for site-selective Fc glycoengineering of intact monoclonal antibody and IVIG. Two new glycosynthase mutants (EndoS-D233A and D233Q) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis of EndoS (an endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes) and were found to be capable of efficiently transferring predefined N-glycans from corresponding glycan oxazolines to the Fc-deglycosylated intact IgGs without product hydrolysis. As a model study, rituximab (a therapeutic monoclonal antibody) was successfully transformed from mixtures of G0F, G1F, and G2F glycoforms to well...
Collaborative dialogue patterns in naturalistic one-to-one tutoring

Naturalistic one-to-one tutoring is more effective than traditional classroom teaching methods, but there have been few attempts to examine the features of normal tutoring that might explain its advantage. This project explored dialogue patterns in two samples of naturalistic tutoring with normal unskilled tutors (as opposed to expert tutors): graduate students tutoring undergraduates in research methods and high school students tutoring 7th graders in algebra. We analysed the extent to which those tutoring protocols manifested components that have been emphasized in contemporary pedagogical theories and intelligent tutoring systems: active student learning, sophisticated pedagogical strategies, specific examples and cases, collaborative problem solving and question answering, deep explanatory reasoning, convergance toward shared meanings, feedback, error diagnosis and remediation, and affect. The most prominent components consisted of collaborative problem solving, question answering, and explanation in the context of specific examples. We identify frequent dialogue patterns that characterize these collaborative processes.
A completeness problem for pattern generation in tessellation automata

This report deals with the question of whether or not, for a given tessellationautomaton, there exists a finite pattern that cannot evolve from a given primitive pattern no matter what sequence of environmental input transformations are applied. This is closely related to Moore's Garden-of-Eden problem. We begin dealing with this question for the simplest nontrivial tessellation automata, namely, one-dimensional binary scope-n tessellation automata. We show that any finite pattern can evolve from the primitive pattern if the neighborhood scope is four or more. We show that there are finite patterns that cannot evolve from the primitive pattern for the scope-two case. Although some partial results are presented, the question is still open for the scope-three case. Some results for more general tessellation automata are also discussed.
Achievable rates and resource allocation strategies for imperfectly known fading relay channels

Achievable rates and resource allocation strategies for imperfectly known fading relay channels are studied. It is assumed that communication starts with the network training phase in which the receivers estimate the fading coefficients. Achievable rate expressions for amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relaying schemes with different degrees of cooperation are obtained. We identify efficient strategies in three resource allocation problems: (1) power allocation between data and training symbols, (2) time/bandwidth allocation to the relay, and (3) power allocation between the source and relay in the presence of total power constraints. It is noted that unless the source-relay channel quality is high, cooperation is not beneficial and noncooperative direct transmission should be preferred at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values when amplify-and-forward or decode-and-forward with repetition coding is employed as the cooperation strategy. On the other hand, relaying is shown to generally improve the performance at low SNRs. Additionally, transmission schemes in which the relay and source transmit in nonoverlapping intervals are seen to perform better in the low-SNR regime. Finally, it is noted that care should be exercised when operating at very low SNR levels, as energy efficiency significantly degrades below a certain SNR threshold value.
Systematic review: efficacy and safety of pancreatic enzyme supplements for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Summary Background Pancreatic enzyme supplements are standard therapy for fat malabsorption in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The FDA determined that published data are insufficient to support the efficacy and safety of these agents. Aim To determine if pancreatic enzyme supplements are: (i) superior to placebo for treating fat malabsorption and (ii) superior to other supplements based on randomized cross-over trials. Methods A computer-assisted search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed to identify relevant studies. Data extraction on study design, improvement in coefficient of fat absorption, diarrhoea and adverse events using prespecified forms. Results A total of 12 manuscripts met inclusion criteria. Most studies (10/12) compared pancreatic enzyme supplements that used different delivery systems, while using similar quantities of enzymes. These studies found no consistent difference in fat malabsorption or gastrointestinal symptoms between different active treatments. Two small placebo-controlled trials (n = 65 patients) demonstrate that pancreatic enzyme supplements are superior to placebo for fat absorption. Data are inadequate to determine if pancreatic enzyme supplements lead to weight gain or improvement in diarrhoea. Conclusions Based on data from randomized cross-over trials, pancreatic enzyme supplements appear to improve fat malabsorption. No specific branded product or specific delivery system is superior for treatment of fat malabsorption in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
Hemiballismus and brain metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Background. Brain metastases from cervical carcinoma are rare. Accompanying symptoms depend on the location of the metastatic lesions. Hemiballismus refers to a rare movement disorder characterized by involuntary, large amplitude movements of the limbs of one side of the body. The area of the brain controlling the limb movement is in the subthalamic nucleus of the contralateral side. In contrast, the usual location of brain metastases from cervical cancer is in the frontal and parietal parenchyma. There have been reported cases of hemiballismus secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the breast, lung, and gall bladder. This is the first reported case of putative cervical cancer metastases associated with hemiballismus. Case. A 38-year-old Caucasian female was diagnosed with FIGO stage II-B poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Para-aortic lymph nodes were positive for metastatic disease. The patient was treated by radiation with hydroxyurea chemosensitization. Four months after the initial diagnosis she presented with acute onset of hemiballismus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a solitary lesion in the left cerebral peduncle extending into the inferior aspect of the left basal ganglia complex. The lesion was inaccessible to biopsy or excision. Palliative radiation therapy to the brain was unsuccessful and the patient expired 1 year following primary presentation. Conclusion. Treatment of hemiballismus is directed to its underlying causes. Some brain metastases from cervical cancer may be palliated or even cured by surgical resection and radiation therapy. Although not conclusive, it appears that hemiballismus in a setting of metastatic cervical cancer has a poor prognosis and little benefit from irradiation.
An Overview of Primary Care Family Psychology

This paper describes the application of family psychology to the primary care setting—in service, education and training, and scholarship. Primary care family psychology integrates family systems with biopsychosocial theory, yielding an approach that is uniquely suited to the generalist demands of primary care. This approach attends especially to the effects of relationships on health and healthcare, using the family as a potential resource to the patient just as the healthcare team is a resource to the clinician. Training opportunities in primary care family psychology are growing. The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry fellowship is described as an example, with core primary care family psychology training in four different clinical sites: Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics/Gynecology.
Gender differences in the structure and support characteristics of black adolescents' social networks

This study explores gender differences in the social network characteristics of 390 Black American adolescents with a mean age of 14.8 Each adolescent completed the Social Network Record (SNR), which yields scores representing the organizational/demographic structure and the quality of emotional support in the network. It was hypothesized that males and females would construct different network profiles. Gender differences in both structural and support characteristics were found. Females indicated that they had more frequent contact with network members, that their network was on average slightly older, and that they tended to see network members in more private settings. Females also estimated that they know more people than males, although there were no differences between males and females in the actual number of network members listed and described. Males were much more likely to report having larger groups of intimate friends than did females. While females tended to nominate family members as role models and were more likely to indicate feeling close to both male and female peers, males indicated overwhelmingly that they felt close to male peers. The differences indicate that male and female adolescents experience very differently structured forms of social support. These results are discussed as they relate to gender differences found in achievement and other indices of competence during adolescence.
A Modified M‐Plasty

Abstract. A modified M-plasty, which shortens the length of the excision by the length of the triangular flaps present in the traditional M-plasty, is described.
Son preference and educational opportunities of children in China— “I wish you were a boy!”

Gender bias in family formation, such as sex selected-abortion, imbalance of the sex ratio, child abandonment, and sibling size/order in relation to fertility is well documented in China. Much less is known about continued gender bias after birth in relation to children's status inside the family. In particular, there is a relative scarcity of research on the impact of the parental son preference in determining differential educational opportunities of male and female children. Continued and fast economic growth in China is not accompanied by the dramatic change in traditional value, and many peasants still hold son preference value. Using 1990 China census data and drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Beijing and its suburbs, I examine children's educational opportunities, and investigate the relationship between parents who hold the son preference value and their unequal treatment when rearing children. The results demonstrated that the continued son preference value, based on traditional views as well as on perceived financial returns to families, leads to a lower level of educational attainment among daughters in rural areas of China. The lower educational attainment and higher labor force participation rates of rural female adolescents reflect unequal opportunities provided by their parents in addition to social inequality in China. Children who live in urban areas with educated parents received better educational opportunities and experience less gender bias.
The Flight of the Phoenix Interpersonal Aspects of Project Management

Although many classroom exercises use movies to focus on management and organizational behavior issues, none of those do so in the context of project management. This article presents such an exercise using The Flight of the Phoenix, an incredibly rich story for any management class, which provides clear examples of organizational behavior issues such as forming teams and the inevitable interpersonal issues (conflict, group process, power) that arise. The movie also highlights the importance of technical issues in projects such as the controlling of budgets and understanding the trade-offs in the project management triangle, and the impact interpersonal issues have on them. Detailed examples from the movie are provided to illustrate key concepts.
Action of fluconazole (UK-49, 858) in relation to other systemic antifungal azoles

Viability studies showed that fluconazole (UK-49,858) was strictly fungistatic in its activity against three strains of Candida species, whether tested against yeasts in stationary or early logarithmic phase. In this regard, fluconazole appears to offer no advantage over three other oral azole-containing agents, including ketoconazole, vibunazole (Bay n 7133), and ICI 153,066.
Prosthetic principles in the management of fractures

Abstract A new type of ischial weight bearing brace is described. The brace can be used immediately without custom fabrication and permits immediate non-weight bearing ambulation for patients with hip fractures or other pathology of the lower extremities such as amputation. The adaptation of prosthetic principles is discussed as well as a further development of a patella tendon weight bearing brace. Pressure studies of the ischial weight bearing brace socket are discussed and early results given. Several cases are used to illustrate the advantages of the ischial weight bearing brace.
A Two-Amino Acid Change in the Hemagglutinin of the 1918 Influenza Virus Abolishes Transmission

The 1918 influenza pandemic was a catastrophic series of virus outbreaks that spread across the globe. Here, we show that only a modest change in the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin receptor binding site alters the transmissibility of this pandemic virus. Two amino acid mutations that cause a switch in receptor binding preference from the human α-2,6 to the avian α-2,3 sialic acid resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets but that maintained its lethality and replication efficiency in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, poor transmission of a 1918 virus with dual α-2,6 and α-2,3 specificity suggests that a predominant human α-2,6 sialic acid binding preference is essential for optimal transmission of this pandemic virus. These findings confirm an essential role of hemagglutinin receptor specificity for the transmission of influenza viruses among mammals.
Preventing Obesity in America: Is It Achievable?:

The prevalence of obesity has increased significantly in the past 40 years. Although difficult to treat, physicians must continue contributing to the solution by not only advocating for dietary int...
Skeletal muscle satellite cell activation following cutaneous burn in rats

Abstract Background Cutaneous burn distant from skeletal muscles induces atrophy; however, its effect on muscle stem cells resident in skeletal muscle (satellite cells) distal to burn is not known. Methods Satellite cell activation was measured in predominantly fast-twitch [tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), plantaris, and gastrocnemius] and slow-twitch (soleus) muscles of rats that received either 40% total body surface area full-thickness scald burn or sham burn to the trunk area by determining bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, MyoD, and Pax7 immunohistochemistry in vivo ≤48 h after burn. To determine the effects of circulating factors on satellite cell activation, satellite cell cultures were treated with serum from sham or burn rats. Results In vivo activation of satellite cells was increased in fast muscles isolated from burn as compared to sham animals, whereas a significant response was not seen in slow muscles. Serum taken from animals in the burn group increased the activation of satellite cells isolated from both sham and burn animals in vitro, suggesting that circulating factors have the potential to increase satellite cell activation following burn. Conclusions Increases in satellite cell activation in muscles distal to burn are fiber-type-dependent, and circulating factors may play a role in the activation of satellite cells following burn. A better understanding of the impact of burn on satellite cell functionality will allow us to identify the cellular mechanisms of long-term muscle atrophy.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Prebiotics GroBiotic®-A, Inulin, Mannanoligosaccharide, and Galactooligosaccharide on the Digestive Microbiota and Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)

Two separate experiments were conducted with hybrid striped bass to evaluate four potential prebiotics: GroBiotic®-A (partially autolyzed brewer’s yeast, dairy ingredient components, and fermentation products), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and inulin. In the in vitro experiment, intestinal contents were incubated with the individual prebiotics (0.5% by weight) at 25°C for 24 and 48 h. Analysis of volatile fatty acids in the supernatant showed that GroBiotic®-A, MOS, and GOS tended to produce lower acetate levels but higher butyrate levels at 48 h compared to diet alone. However, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis failed to detect any differences in the composition of the microbial community among treatments. DNA sequencing of a common band for all inoculated samples revealed close similarity to the anaerobic Fusobacteria bacterium. An 8-week feeding trial also was conducted to evaluate the four prebiotics looking at growth performance; weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, whole-body ash, moisture, and lipid did not vary among fish fed the various diets. However, DGGE analysis revealed that all prebiotics produced a different type of microbial community in the intestinal tract of hybrid striped bass compared to fish fed the basal diet. Thus, GroBiotic®-A, FOS, GOS, and MOS exhibited prebiotic effects in hybrid striped bass.
Revisiting geochemical controls on patterns of carbonate deposition through the lens of multiple pathways to mineralization

The carbonate sedimentary record contains diverse compositions and textures that reflect the evolution of oceans and atmospheres through geological time. Efforts to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions from these deposits continue to be hindered by the need for process-based models that can explain observed shifts in carbonate chemistry and form. Traditional interpretations assume minerals precipitate and grow by classical ion-by-ion addition processes but are unable to reconcile a number of unusual features contained in Proterozoic carbonates. The realization that diverse organisms produce high Mg carbonate skeletal structures by non-classical pathways involving amorphous intermediates raises the question of whether similar processes are also active in sedimentary environments. This study examines the hypothesis that non-classical pathways to mineralization are the physical basis for some of the carbonate morphologies and compositions observed in natural and laboratory settings. We designed experiments with a series of different solution Mg : Ca ratios and saturation environments to investigate the effects on carbonate phase, Mg content, and morphology. Our observations of diverse carbonate mineral compositions and textures suggest geochemical conditions bias the mineralization pathway by a systematic relationship to Mg : Ca ratio and the abundance of carbonate ions. Environments with low Mg levels produce calcite crystallites with 0–12 mol% MgCO3. In contrast, the combination of high initial Mg : Ca and rapidly increasing saturation opens a non-classical pathway that begins with extensive precipitation of an amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). This phase slowly transforms to aggregates of very high Mg calcite nanoparticles whose structures and compositions are similar to natural disordered dolomites. The non-classical pathways are favored when the local environment contains sufficient Mg to inhibit calcite growth through increased solubility—a thermodynamic factor, and achieves saturation with respect to ACC on a timescale that is shorter than the rate of aragonite nucleation—a kinetic factor. Aragonite is produced when Mg levels are high but saturation is insufficient for ACC precipitation. The findings provide a physical basis for anecdotal claims that the interplay of kinetic and thermodynamic factors underlies patterns of carbonate precipitation and suggest the need to expand traditional interpretations of geological carbonate formation to include non-classical pathways to mineralization.
A diagnosis-friendly LBIST architecture with property checking

LBIST is a popular technique for on-chip at-speed testing of digital circuits. In LBIST, output compression techniques are used to reduce hardware overhead of storing test responses but such compression makes diagnosis extremely challenging as the failing vector and the output to which the fault effect propagated are unknown. We propose a new property checking based LBIST architecture which monitors certain properties in the output responses. If any property is violated, the failing vector and property number are stored for diagnosis. The proposed architecture improves diagnosability considerably with minimal hardware overhead. Experimental results show that the diagnostic resolution achieved by our architecture is comparable to the diagnostic resolution achieved in a non-BIST setup for many circuits.
A quick embedding method for light and electron microscopy of textile fibers.

A quick embedding method employing UV polymerization reactions has been devised for embedding fibers in acrylic and meth-acrylate media. The resultant thin, flat embed-dings are suitable for both light and electron microscopy.
Improvements in DP-QPSK polarization synchronization in fiber optics communication systems

A method to synchronize the output data in fiber optic links is proposed where the alignments for I and Q symbols are incorporated into a Kalman filter producing a received output that is corrected for polarity and phase rotations of the data symbols without any further pipelined delays post-Kalman filter.
Corrective Control Computations for Large Power Systems

This paper presents a novel methodology for optimal corrective and/or emergency controls computations. It is based on a model reduction procedure, and linearization leading to a linear program which is solved via a dual simplex algorithm with upper bounds developed specifically for this problem. The methodology computes optimal adjustments of generation schedules, VAR source allocations, transformer tap settings and if necessary load shedding. In case of problem infeasibility, it computes the best possible adjustments which will move the operating state of the system closer to a secure state. In addition an analysis of the impact of each individual control action on the emergency conditions of the system is generated. Capacitors and reactors are switched in/out in discrete steps. Such discrete controls are handled with an efficient suboptimal procedure based on a partial enumeration of linear programming relaxations. A computer program has been developed. The software are sparsity coded. Efficiency evaluation of the various components of the program is given. The methodology is illustrated with sample results from two test systems: (a) the IEEE 30 bus system, and (b) the Georgia Power Company's 500 kV/230 kV/115 kV system, which is a 981 bus system. The second test system demonstrates the applicability of the method to practical large scale systems.
Water content of ground squirrel and laboratory rat tissues

Abstract 1. 1. Water contents of several tissues from control and water-deprived laboratory rats (nonhibernator), Citellus tridecemlineatus and C. lateralis (hibernators) were analyzed. 2. 2. In water-deprived laboratory rats all tissues analyzed were dehydrated. Dehydration was consistent among tissues. 3. 3. In water-deprived C. tridecemlineatus and C. lateralis only blood was consistently dehydrated, liver had an increased water content, and all other tissues analyzed did not vary from respective tissues of control animals. 4. 4. In ground squirrels the decrease in water contents of blood appears to be a water-conserving mechanism. The increase in water content of the liver may be unique to mammalian hibernators.
Spray combustion phenomena

Aspects of interphase transport and multiphase flow relevant to spray combustion are reviewed, considering the structure of the near-injector (dense-spray) region, drop breakup, drop/turbulence interactions and interphase drop transport. Existing measurements of dense-spray structure shown that the dispersedflow flow region is surprisingly dilute, that effects of separated flow are important, that atomization involves primary breakup at the liquid surface followed by secondary breakup, and that effects of drop collisions are small (except when sprays impinge on surfaces or on other sprays). Available information about primary breakup is difficult to interpret because of problems controlling effects of disturbances in injector passages and secondary breakup; therefore, although some understanding of turbulent primary breakup has been achieved, more information about aerodynamic primary breakup is needed to address practical spray combustion processes. Studies of secondary breakup have resolved aspects of breakup regimes and outcomes, including the temporal properties of secondary breakup in some instances, for shock-wave disturbances at small gas/liquid density ratios and liquid viscosities; thus, more information is needed about general drop disturbances and the large gas/liquid density ratio and liquid viscosity condition relevant to spray combustion at high pressures. Several ways to treat the turbulent dispersion of drops within dilute sprays are available. Consequently, the main uncertainties about estimating turbulent dispersion of drops involvelong-standing problems of accurately estimating continuous-phase turbulence properties in sprays. Phenomena that complicate estimates of turbulence properties in sprays include turbulence generation and modulation by drops, with turbulence generation being a dominant but retely studied reature of dense sprays. Understanding of drop evaporation and combustion has increased based on results from numerical simulations allowing for variable properties, multicomponent transport, and detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms; these methods offer promising new ways to study drop ignition, extinction, transport, and behavior near the thermodynamic critical point, among others.
High Hole Mobility and Thickness‐Dependent Crystal Structure in α,ω‐Dihexylsexithiophene Single‐Monolayer Field‐Effect Transistors

Monolayer-thickness two-dimensional layers of α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene (α,ω-DH6T) exhibit field-effect hole mobility of up to 0.032 cm2 V−1 s−1, higher than previously reported for monolayers of other small-molecule organic semiconductors. In situ measurements during deposition show that the source-drain current saturates rapidly after the percolation of monolayer-high islands, indicating that the electrical properties of α,ω-DH6T transistors are largely determined by the first molecular monolayer. The α,ω-DH6T monolayer consists of crystalline islands in which the long axes of molecules are oriented approximately perpendicular to the plane of the substrate surface. In-plane lattice constants measured using synchrotron grazing-incidence diffraction are larger in monolayer-thickness films than the in-plane lattice constants of several-monolayer films and of previously reported thick-film structures. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) reveals that the larger in-plane lattice constant of single-monolayer films arises from a larger tilt of the molecular axis away from the surface normal. NEXAFS spectra at the C 1s and S 2p edges are consistent with a high degree of molecular alignment and with the local symmetry imposed by the thiophene ring. The high mobility of holes in α,ω-DH6T monolayers can be attributed to the reduction of hole scattering associated with the isolation of the thiophene core from the interface by terminal hexyl chains.
Otorhinolaryngologic complications of rheumatic diseases

T HE EAR, nose, and throat can be affected by a wide spectrum of rheumatologic diseases, encompassing a range of pathologic processes including synovitis, vasculitis, mass lesions (nodules), and local mucosal damage leading to scarring and secondary infection. Most reports of these complications concern single disease processes or anatomic locations. Few provide an overview of involvement in rheumatic diseases.’ The purpose of this contribution is to review the spectrum of ear, nose, and throat complications as well as to comment on management.
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men.

Intravenous infusions of the synthetic hexapeptide GH-releasing peptide (His-DTrp-Ala-Trp-DPhe-Lys-NH2; GHRP) specifically stimulate GH release in man. To determine whether orally administered GHRP stimulates GH secretion, 10 normal men received oral doses of placebo, 30, 100, and 300 micrograms/kg GHRP, and an iv injection of 1.0 micrograms/kg GHRP at weekly intervals in a single blind, randomized design. Serum GH concentrations were measured in blood samples obtained at 5-min intervals for 1 h (0700-0800 h) before and 4 h (0800-1200 h) after each dose. Mean (+/- SE) peak GH concentrations were 4.0 +/- 1.5, 5.2 +/- 1.6, 9.2 +/- 3.3, 18 +/- 3.7, and 26 +/- 5.6 micrograms/L for placebo; 30, 100, and 300 micrograms/kg oral GHRP; and 1 micrograms/kg iv GHRP, respectively; mean 4-h (0800-1200 h) integrated GH concentrations were 312 +/- 109, 406 +/- 159, 698 +/- 284, 1264 +/- 303, and 1443 +/- 298 min.micrograms/L, respectively. To analyze changes in the pulsatile pattern and amount of GH secretion after the administration of GHRP, a waveform-independent deconvolution method was used to estimate GH secretion rates. Variable increases in GH secretion after placebo and GHRP treatments were observed. Despite this variability, weighted least squares linear regression revealed that increasing doses of oral GHRP progressively stimulated GH secretion (P less than 0.005); similar relationships were observed for the peak GH concentration and 4-h integrated GH concentrations. The GH responses to oral GHRP (300 micrograms/kg) and iv GHRP (1 microgram/kg) were significantly greater than that to placebo (P less than 0.05) and were comparable in magnitude. Pairwise comparisons revealed that increases in GH concentrations and secretion rates after the 30 and 100 micrograms/kg oral doses of GHRP were not significantly different from those after placebo. The increase in GH secretion after GHRP treatment was accounted for entirely by an increase in the amplitude of GH secretory events, as no significant increase in the number of GH secretory pulses was observed. The onset and duration of action of GHRP were analyzed by a proportional hazards general linear regression model. Intravenous GHRP had a more rapid onset of action than all doses of oral GHRP (P less than 0.02). Increasing doses of oral GHRP resulted in earlier GH responses (P = 0.006). However, the duration of the GH response was similar for iv GHRP and all doses of oral GHRP, averaging 120-150 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The battle for Iraq: Islamic insurgencies in comparative perspective

Abstract This article constructs a model of three types, or clusters, of Muslim insurgency over the past two centuries. It analyses how each cluster shares a common ideological formulation, impetus, leadership type, propensity for violence, organisational structure and level of durability. Examples from each of the three clusters are briefly examined and compared on these criteria. The article then examines Iraq's insurgency (more correctly, insurgencies) from mid-2003 to the present in light of the models to suggest how the insurgency ‘fits in’ with other insurgencies in the Muslim world. Understanding its characteristics in light of the models sheds light on how durable the insurgency may be. The most durable insurgencies have been ones in which the mantles of nation and Islam are successfully fused.
Modeling resistive strips with finite elements for TE polarization

A formulation for modeling RF scattering from infinitely thin resistive strips is developed for TE/sub z/ polarization (H-polarisation). finite-element frequency-domain approach using the Galerkin weak form and special gap elements is employed. The resistive strips can be tapered, and immersed in an arbitrary inhomogeneous dielectric/magnetic medium. This formulation has been integrated into an existing finite-element code, and results are given. These results compare well to moment-method solutions. >
Minicomputer controller for a behavioral primate laboratory

To keep pace with the increased animal carrying load and research productivity of our facilities by perpetual modification of and additions to rigid hardwired equipment would have been a costly and time-consuming enterprise. Thus, a computer controller for the laboratory was an inevitable choice to replace our highly individualized analog and digital units. Our system is based on a minimally configured PDP-8/e, devoid of peripherals except for a Teletype, in which the first phase was guided by the intent to replace separate component instrumentation with a unified digital computer system. The interface design was confined to five different printed circuit boards which in combination could handle computer I/O, switch contact inputs, analog threshold inputs, and medium current output control. Our software package can be divided functionally into three parts: the program interrupt handler, the background control programs, and the resident subroutines.
Variable timing control for ARCP voltage source inverters operating at low DC voltage

The Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole (ARCP) inverter has been of interest in motor drive applications that can benefit from any combination of increased conversion efficiency, reduced EMI radiation, or higher PWM switching frequency. The ARCP inverter achieves high efficiency by turning the main switches on or off only under zero-voltage conditions. This reduces switching losses in the main circuit, and potentially increases overall conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the reduced loss in the main switch offers opportunity for higher switching frequencies, which is of benefit for ironless low-inductance motors that are widely being used in small to medium power vehicle propulsion applications. The soft-switching ARCP generates an output with significantly reduced dv/dt and di/dt as compared to hard-switched inverters, which tends to reduce EMI emissions. All of these attributes of the soft-switching ARCP are potentially beneficial in electric propulsion or electric vehicle auxiliary applications. In the ARCP inverter, the control signal timing for main and auxiliary switches is critical to maintain the most favorable operating conditions. Many ARCP implementations utilize a variable timing control, where load current polarity and magnitude are used to determine the control signal timing - usually without additional sensors. In this paper, the timing of main and auxiliary switching is examined for low dc bus voltage operation. A variable timing methodology for ARCP switching will be developed specifically to address issues associated with low-voltage ARCP operation. The operation principles are described, and simulation and experimental results are included to demonstrate the approach.
Multisensor tracking of a maneuvering target in clutter using IMMPDA fixed-lag smoothing

We present a suboptimal fixed-lag smoothing algorithm for tracking a highly maneuvering target in a cluttered environment using multiple sensors. The fixed-lag smoothing algorithm is developed by applying the basic interacting multiple model (IMM) approach and the probabilistic data association (PDA) technique to a state-augmented system. In the past this approach had been restricted to Markovian switching systems with no uncertainty regarding the origin of the measurements (i.e., no clutter). The algorithm is illustrated via a highly maneuvering target tracking simulation example where two sensors, a radar and an infrared sensor, are used and are assumed to operate in a cluttered environment. Compared with an existing IMMPDA filtering algorithm, the proposed smoothing algorithm achieves significant improvement in the accuracy of track estimation by introducing a small time lag between the instants of estimation and latest measurements whereas the computational load increases linearly with lag. However, the tracking delay may lead to undesired effects on control loops in certain applications.
Thermally perturbed rhodanese can be protected from inactivation by self-association

A fluorescence-detected structural transition occurs in the enzyme rhodanese between 30–40°C that leads to inactivation and aggregation, which anomalously decrease with increasing protein concentration. Rhodanese at 8 µg/ml is inactivated at 40°C after 50 min of incubation, but it is protected as its concentration is raised, such that above 200 µg/ml, there is only slight inactivation for at least 70 min. Inactivation is increased by lauryl maltoside, or by low concentrations of 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme is protected by high concentrations of 2-mercaptoethanol or by the substrate, thiosulfate. The fluorescence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate reports the appearance of hydrophobic sites between 30–40°C. Light scattering kinetics at 40°C shows three phases: an initial lag, a relatively rapid increase, and then a more gradual increase. The light scattering decreases under several conditions: at increased protein concentration; at high concentrations of 2-mercaptoethanol; with lauryl maltoside; or with thiosulfate. Aggregated enzyme is inactive, although enzyme can inactivate without significant aggregation. Gluteraldehyde cross-linking shows that rhodanese can form dimers, and that higher molecular weight species are formed at 40°C but not at 23°;C. Precipitates formed at 40°C contain monomers with disulfide bonds, dimers, and multimers. We propose that thermally perturbed rhodanese has increased hydrophobic exposure, and it can either: (a) aggregate after a rate-limiting inactivation; or (b) reversibly dimerize and protect itself from inactivation and the formation of large aggregates.
Transparent Film Dressing vs Pressure Dressing After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angiography

Background Pressure dressings have been used as the standard following sheath removal after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in many institutions. Patients complain about discomfort while the dressing is in place, pain when the dressing is removed after discharge, and skin complications afterward. Many patients have experienced skin irritation where tape has been applied. Nurses have also described difficulty assessing the sheath insertion site in the groin when a pressure dressing is in place. Objectives To compare 3 different dressings with respect to effect on bleeding, discomfort voiced by patients, and ease of groin assessment in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography. Methods A total of 100 patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: pressure dressing, transparent film dressing, or adhesive bandage. Outcome variables were bleeding, patient discomfort, and nurse-reported ease of observation of the groin site. Results No bleeding occurred in patients with transparent film dressings or adhesive bandages. Patients rated these dressings significantly higher than they rated the pressure dressing. Because two-thirds of the sample had previously undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography, they could compare their experience with the new dressing with previous experiences with pressure dressings. Nurses rated the ease of assessing the groin significantly higher for the transparent film and adhesive bandage dressings than for pressure dressings. Conclusions As a result of this study, a practice change was made hospital-wide: rather than a standard opaque pressure dressing, a transparent film dressing is used for all patients after removal of a femoral sheath.