cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Stability and Fairness of Submodular Allocations

We focus on the allocation of goods (or resources) among competitive agents under submodular utility functions. We introduce two quantities, namely stability and fairness, to characterize an allocation. Our definition of stability is motivated by the famous stable marriage problem and measures the incentive that the agents have to deviate from the allocation. Furthermore, we quantify the fairness using the maximin fairness ratio which stems from the maximin fair shares. These shares represent an ideal scenario wherein each agent is given the option to maximize her worst possible outcome. Following that, we design an efficient greedy round-robin algorithm for the submodular allocations problem. We prove that our algorithm gives a stable allocation and we extract a curvature-dependant maximin fairness ratio. To demonstrate the empirical performance of our algorithm, we conduct experimental studies and observe that the empirical fairness ratio is higher than 95% of the solution given by a brute-force approach, which outperforms the theoretical guarantee.
A Framework & Lesson to Engage Biology Students in Communicating Science with Nonexperts

Communicating science with nonexperts (SciComm) is an important scientific practice. SciComm can inform decision making and public policies. Recently, seminal reports have indicated that SciComm is a practice in which students should engage. Unfortunately, students have few opportunities to engage in SciComm, partially due to the absence of a framework that can help instructors facilitate such activities. We present a framework of the essential elements of effective SciComm that synthesizes previous work to describe the who, why, what, and how of effectively communicating science with nonexperts. We applied the framework to a lesson for undergraduate biology students and assessed student outcomes. The lesson uses an introduction, assignment sheet, and worksheet to guide students through planning, producing, and describing their SciComm assignment. We assessed the outcomes of the lesson by quizzing students on their knowledge of SciComm and asking about their perceptions of SciComm and the lesson. Students performed well but focused some of their responses on what they were assigned in the lesson instead of what was best for effective SciComm. Moreover, students perceived the lesson positively. This work can be used by practitioners and researchers to understand how to engage students in the important scientific practice of SciComm.
Ulna Fractures After Elbow Arthrodesis: A Report of 3 Cases.

Case Two surgeons performed 3 elbow arthrodesis at 90° elbow flexion secured with a plate and screws. All 3 patients experienced fracture at the most distal aspect of the posterior plate, consistent with a stress riser in this location. Conclusion The risk of fracture is likely related to vulnerability of the arm with no elbow flexion and may not be ameliorated by changes in operative technique or bone quality. Ulna fracture can be anticipated after elbow arthrodesis and might further limit enthusiasm for elbow arthrodesis.
COVID’S Counterpunch: State Legislative Assaults on Public Health Emergency Powers (preprint)

Amid the most impactful health crisis in over a century, COVID’s “counterpunch” entails aggressive efforts by numerous state legislatures to diminish state and local public health emergency powers. It is an incredulous movement facially supported by a need to appropriately balance economic interests and rights with communal health objectives. At its political core, however, is a “power grab” by legislatures to free their constituents from extensive emergency powers (e.g., social distancing, assembly limits, and business closures). Never mind the fact that these interventions, when used effectively and constitutionally, save lives and reduce morbidity. Public health agents and activists are understandably concerned about diminutions of their express and discretionary emergency powers. Yet affirmative and strategic uses of existing legal remedies examined in this brief commentary may blunt the impact of these legislative proposals.
Developing Factors for Socio-Ecohydrological Resilience

All life relies on water. The abundance, scarcity, and capacity of hydrological systems impact resilience and vulnerability of social and ecological systems everywhere. Socio-ecohydrological systems encompass this convergence. Resilience theory provides a structured way of defining these systems, developing factors, and identifying points of strength and vulnerability. Defining these systems and the influential factors driving them is necessary in order to understand system behavioral response to stresses. This fundamental knowledge of a system can then be used to inform any potential disaster risk reduction. Comprehensive methods of evaluating resilience help support decision-making and water resources management. Two approaches are presented. One approach presented is an internal assessment in which the system is defined using a resilience lens, and another is an external assessment in which the resilience of the system is evaluated after the system framework has been developed. These contrasting approaches to ecohydrological resilience are then implemented in two case studies, Nepal and New Mexico, USA, where diverse conditions exemplify the use of these methods for a range of system conditions and stresses.
“Don’t Go, Don’t Buy”: Understanding the Motivations of the Anti-Japan Boycott Movement in South Korea During an International Conflict

Using the case ofthe 2019 boycott of Japanese products in South Korea, this study aims to investigatehow consumers are motivated to participate in a national boycott movementduring an international conﬂict via a theoretical model. Drawing insights fromconﬂict management, consumer behavior, and public relations literature, thisstudy identiﬁed key predictors of consumer animosity, which motivated Koreanpublics to engage in negative peer communication and boycott Japanese productsand services. The results of an online survey revealed that Korean consumers’patriotism, susceptibility to normative inﬂuence, and perceived quality ofrelationship with the foreign (Japanese) government signiﬁcantly increasedtheir animosity toward the country, Japan. Consumer animosity played animportant role in publics’ conﬂict management strategies, including activenessin negative communication with their peers about Japan and Japanese productsand intentions to participate in the national boycott movement. Theoretical andpractical implications are discussed.
Attending to the Teacher in the Teaching: Prioritizing Faculty Well-Being

Purpose The purpose of this review article is to examine the well-being of faculty in higher education. Success in academia depends on productivity in research, teaching, and service to the univers...
Endovascular repair of the aortic arch: State of the art.

Background Open total arch replacement remains the gold standard treatment for aneurysms and dissections involving the aortic arch. However, high-risk surgical candidates may benefit from endovascular techniques to reduce the risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity, especially neurologic complications. Numerous endografts are available for investigational use in the aortic arch as part of investigational device exemption (IDE) programs. Some devices are fenestrated or scalloped, while others are branched, ranging from single branch to triple branch stent-grafts. Furthermore, chimney techniques and in situ fenestration may be utilized in bailout or emergent situations. Results Initial results describing outcomes of complete endovascular repair of the aortic arch are encouraging, with current data estimating that technical success ranges from 84.2% to 100%. Moreover, operative mortality may be as high as 13.2%, while neurologic complications also remain common, with stroke rates being as high as 20% and spinal cord ischemia being as high as 3.1%. However, more data are necessary to determine the comparative treatment effect of endovascular stent-grafting of the aortic arch, compared with conventional open and hybrid repairs. Longitudinal follow-up is also lacking, which will determine the long-term durability of endografts in the aortic arch. Nevertheless, endovascular repair represents an important opportunity for improving outcomes in patients with complex and potentially devastating pathologies of the aortic arch.
Polynomial spline surfaces with rational linear transitions

We explore a class of polynomial tensor-product spline surfaces on 3-6 polyhedra, whose vertices have valence n=3 or n=6. This restriction makes it possible to exclusively use rational linear transition maps between the pieces: transitions between the bi-cubic tensor-product spline pieces are either C1 or they are G1 (tangent continuous) based on one single rational linear reparameterization. The simplicity of the transition functions yields simple formulas for a hierarchy of splines on subdivided 3-6 polyhedra. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsWe explore a class of polynomial tensor-product spline surfaces on 3-6 polyhedra.A 3-6 polyhedron has quadrilateral facets with vertices of valence either 3 or 6.This restriction allows exclusively rational linear transition maps between splines.Bi-cubic tensor-product splines are joined either C1 or G1.The simple transition supports a hierarchy of splines.
OFDM in Relay Channels

This chapter presents two scenarios of relay networks in underwater acoustic channels, where orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) is used as the underlying modulation. The first scenario considers a dynamic coded cooperation (DCC) scheme in a three‐node network, where the half‐duplex relay listens until it can decode the message correctly and then switches to the transmission mode. The second scenario considers a dynamic block cycling (DBC) protocol in a line network with multiple relays. The chapter describes the OFDM modulated dynamic coded cooperation. It provides one DCC design example based on rate‐compatible coding, while providing another example based on the layered erasure‐correction and error‐correction coding. The DBC protocol in a line network is described.
Measurement of Cysteine Dioxygenase Activity and Protein Abundance

Cysteine dioxygenase is an iron (Fe(2+))-dependent thiol dioxygenase that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize the sulfhydryl group of cysteine to generate 3-sulfinoalanine (commonly called cysteinesulfinic acid). Cysteine dioxygenase activity is routinely assayed by measuring cysteinesulfinate formation from substrate L-cysteine at pH 6.1 in the presence of ferrous ions to saturate the enzyme with metal cofactor, a copper chelator to diminish substrate oxidation, and hydroxylamine to inhibit pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent degradation of product. The amount of cysteine dioxygenase may be measured by immunoblotting. Upon SDS-PAGE, cysteine dioxygenase can be separated into two major bands, with the upper band representing the 23-kDa protein and the lower band representing the mature enzyme that has undergone formation of an internal thioether cross link in the active site. Formation of this cross link is dependent upon the catalytic turnover of substrate and produces an enzyme with a higher catalytic efficiency and catalytic half-life.
Oxidative Activation of Bacillus cereus Spores

A study was made of the activation of Bacillus cereus strain T spores by using the oxidizing agent sodium perborate. The degree of activation was measured with constant germination conditions by using L-alanine, inosine, adenosine, and L-alanine plus adenosine as germination stimulants. The germinal response following the various treatments was compared with the responses obtained with heat activation. It was concluded that the optimal time for activation with 30 mM sodium perborate at room temperature was about 4 hr. If the exposure time was greatly extended, the spores would germinate spontaneously. When the perborate treatment followed heat activation, the germinal response to L-alanine was stimulated, to inosine retarded and without apparent effect for adenosine or L-alanine plus adenosine. Results of experiments designed to demonstrate deactivation by slow oxidation showed that spores activated with sodium perborate were not deactivated by slow oxidation, whereas those activated by heat were. A deactivation study using mercaptoethanol as the deactivation agent showed that both methods of activation could be deactivated after a 24-hr exposure, but this deactivation was reversible by extending the exposure to mercaptoethanol. The results of heat-sensitivity studies revealed that about 70% of the sodium perborate-activated spores were heat sensitive after 60 min in a germination menstruum of L-alanine plus adenosine, whereas similarly treated heat-activated and nonactivated spores were about 99.99% heat sensitive, respectively.
Synthesis and diphosphine ligand fluxionality in Os3(CO)10(bmi): Kinetic evidence for nondissociative diphosphine isomerization and X-ray crystal structure of 1,1-Os3(CO)10(bmi)

Abstract The triosmium cluster 1,2-Os3(CO)10(MeCN)2 reacts rapidly with the diphosphine ligand 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-N-p-tolylmaleimide (bmi) at room temperature to give bmi-bridged cluster 1,2-Os3(CO)10(bmi) (2b) as the major product, along with the chelating isomer 1,1-Os3(CO)10(bmi) (2c) and the hydride-bridged cluster HOs3(CO)9[μ-(PPh2)C C{PPh(C6H4)}C(O)N(tolyl-p)C(O)] (3) as minor by-products. All three cluster compounds have been isolated and fully characterized in solution by IR and NMR spectroscopies (1H and 31P), and X-ray crystallography in the case of 2c. Cluster 2b is unstable and readily isomerizes to 2c in quantitative yield on mild heating. The kinetics for the conversion of 2b → 2c have been measured over the temperature range of 318–348 K in toluene solution, and based on the observed activation parameters a nondissociative isomerization process that proceeds via a transient μ2-bridged phosphine moiety is presented. Near-UV photolysis of cluster 2c at room temperature affords HOs3(CO)9[μ-(PPh2)C C{PPh(C6H4)}C(O)N(tolyl-p)C(O)] (3) with a quantum yield of 0.017. The reactivity of clusters 2b, 2c, and 3 is discussed with respect to related diphosphine-substituted Os3(CO)10(P–P) clusters prepared by our groups.
The ultrasound-guided retrolaminar block

Purpose Paravertebral blocks have gained in popularity and offer the possible benefit of reduced adverse effects when compared with epidural analgesia. Nevertheless, pulmonary complications in the form of inadvertent pleural puncture are still a recognized risk. Also, the traditional paravertebral blocks are often technically difficult even with ultrasound guidance and constitute deep non-compressible area injections. We present our experience with the first three patients receiving ultrasound-guided retrolaminar blocks for managing the pain associated with multiple rib fractures.
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AND RTI AMONG EVER-MARRIED WOMEN IN RURAL SLUM

Background:Considering huge burden of RTI across community based study settings- either iatrogenic or endogenous and not necessarily sexually transmitted, menstrual hygiene practices by reproductive age group women have documented evidence of being a key determinant/ predictor of RTI and bear causal association with key Socio-demographic attributes. This is more so in view of vulnerability to health risk, access to treatment and reduced economical choice for a marginal & disadvantaged population like the ‘in-migrants/itinerants. Objectives: 1. To study menstrual hygiene practices of ever-married ‘in-migrant’ women from Dehradun as a key determinant of reproductive health needs. 2. To establish causal association between menstrual hygiene practices and (i) key socio-demographic attributes & (ii) RTI. Methodology: An observational (cross-sectional) study was designed with a probability sample from 5033 ever-married women from 06 ‘make-shift settlements’/slums along immediate precincts i.e 50 meters into the mainland from the banks of rivers ‘Chandrabhaga’, ‘Ganga’, ‘Song’ and ‘Rispana’- all in the district of Dehradun. Result& Conclusion: The present study findings revealed that as key determinant of reproductive health needs, menstrual hygiene practices of the study population bore significant statistical association with their (i) literacy status or education (ii) religion (iii) key reproductive tract infection symptoms and (iv) socio-economic status. The findings reinforced the felt need to address knowledge, attitude and practices of the disadvantaged study population by appropriate behaviour change communication, build community & provider capacity and strategies to deliver services at such resource - poor setting keeping in view the four A’s of primary health care.
Differences in the flow and absorption cytometric DNA distributions of mouse hepatocytes and tumor cells

We have determined the DNA content, the ploidy levels, and the percentages of different cell types present in small and large mouse mammary tumors as well as in young and old mouse livers by using absorption and flow cytometry. Absorption cytometry data indicated a significant increase in the proportion of transformed G0/G1 cells in the tumors as compared to that of the stromal G0/G1 cells with progressive tumor growth. This increase was not detected by flow cytometry. In both young and old mouse livers, a small number of cells of higher ploidy (8C and 16C) were detected by absorption cytometry but were not apparent in histograms obatined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, changes in the proportions of liver cells of different ploidy with age were apparent in absorption cytometry data but not in flow cytometry data. In one mouse liver experiment, a 6C cell peak appeared in the flow cytometry histogram, but a direct measurement of DNA content by absorption cytometry failed to detect cells with such a peak. We therefore believe that some caution may be warranted in the use of flow cytometry alone for evaluation of DNA distributions and of the proportions of different types of cells in complex solid tissues.
The effects of laboratory environment, holding time and simulated intertidal conditions on dopamine and serotonin levels in ciliated and nervous tissues of the marine bivalve Mytilus califonianus

Abstract 1. 1. Dopamine (DA) levels in the labial palp, gill, and visceral ganglia of Mytilus californianus showed little change over the 72 day holding period regardless of whether the animals were held in raw seawater (SW) or SW exposed to u.v. light and doubly filtered through sand (SW—u.v./filtered). The only statistically significant differences occurred at the day 72 sampling where levels were lower than those seen on day 3 in animals held in raw SW. 2. 2. Serotonin (5-HT) levels in these same tissues displayed similar stabilities, although there was a trend toward increases going from day 3 to day 24 in those animals held in raw SW. 3. 3. There were no dramatic or consistent treatment effects on DA and 5-HT levels in any of the tissues studied related to water quality during the 72 holding period. 4. 4. Simulated intertidal conditions (6 hr air exposure at 25°C) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in DA concentration in the labial palps. 5. 5. Measurement of 5-HT levels in male animals was hindered by the presence of a masking peak of unknown identity. The presence and magnitude of this peak is highly correlated to sex and appears to be a seasonal phenomenon.
Hiding from ABT-737 in lymph nodes.

CLL cells almost universally express high amounts of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2 and appear to be addicted to this expression; therefore, CLL has become a testing ground for BCL-2 antagonists. In this issue of Blood, Vogler and colleagues show that response of CLL to the BCL-2 antagonist ABT-737 critically depends on the microenvironment. They demonstrate that the explanation lies in increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins with implications for response to many kinds of CLL therapy.
Post-meiotic transcription of phosphoglycerate-kinase 2 in mouse testes

We have used a human phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK-1) cDNA clone to study expression of PGK-2 during mouse spermatogenesis. Hybrid selection, in vitro translation with product identification by 2-D gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the PGK-1 cDNA clone hybridized to PGK-2 mRNA in mouse testes. Northern analyses of RNA purified from separated spermatogenic cells demonstrated a large increase in abundance of PGK-2 mRNA in post-meiotic cells. Thus, post-meiotic transcription of PGK-2 mRNA is demonstrable with cloned DNA probes.
And the ringleaders were banned: an examination of protest in virtual worlds

Protest has made the jump between the offline and the online spaces and is frequently used in most virtual worlds available today. Despite the frequency of these protest actions in virtual worlds, and their similarities to offline protest actions, further research is needed to see how the adaptation to a virtual environment changes the protest. This research uses case studies to examine several major protest actions that have occurred in several different virtual worlds over the last 10 years. The author finds that the use of the technology in virtual world enables very different methods of protest. She makes the argument that these differences are large enough that they require a deeper exploration and grounding in theoretical models for the field to grow into its potential.
Modulatory effects of heat-labile serum components on the inhibition of phagocytosis by dexamethasone in peritoneal macrophage cultures.

Abstract This investigation examined the effects of heat-labile serum substances on the suppression of yeast phagocytosis in dexamethasone-treated cultures of murine resident peritoneal macrophages. When 4–6 day old untreated control cultures were supplemented with either heat-inactivated (56°C, 30 min) or intact (non-heat-inactivated) fetal bovine serum, more than 90% of the macrophage population ingested at least 1 yeast particle during 15 min phagocytosis assays. In cultures treated with 10 −6 M dexamethasone, approximately 30% of the macrophages were phagocytic. In contrast, approximately 70% of the steroid-treated population consisted of phagocytes in cultures supplemented with intact serum. Medium shift experiments demonstrated that the type of serum present during the 15 min yeast phagocytosis assays, but not the 4–6 day incubation periods, determined the size of the phagocytic subpopulations in the treated cultures. Whereas the majority of control phagocytes ingested more than 8 yeast particles, most dexamethasone-treated phagocytes ingested far fewer than 8 particles regardless of the size of the phagocytic subpopulations. In contrast to yeast, the ingestion of latex particles was inhibited to the same extent in dexamethasone-treated cultures that contained either heat-inactivated or intact serum. Thus, dexamethasone action impairs the ability of macrophages to accumulate yeast particles even though the phagocytic subpopulation is larger in treated cultures containing intact serum. This larger subpopulation may result from the activation of the alternative complement pathway by yeast during phagocytosis.
Poverty among Working Families: New Insights from an Improved Poverty Measure

Objective. This article examines poverty among working families with children using a refined experimental poverty measure based on recommendations by the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance. Methods. Using data from the 1998 Current Population Survey, this research constructs an experimental poverty measure that takes into account noncash government benefits as well as job-related expenses, elements not included in the current official measure of family income. Results. We find that current statistics based on the official poverty line understate the extent of economic hardship, particularly among full-time working families with children, because expenses, such as child care costs, tend to outweigh noncash benefits, such as food stamps, that these families may receive. Furthermore, without the recent expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, poverty among full-time working families would be even higher. Conclusions. These findings highlight challenges faced by many families, especially those with adults moving off welfare and into the labor market.
The effect of graphical adjustment on forecast accuracy

Abstract An experiment measured the effect on accuracy of graphical adjustment of statistical forecasts. Adjustment produced no systematic gains in accuracy, though some series saw large changes. Accuracy improvement from adjustment correlated with “excess error”, defined as the difference in mean absolute percentage error of unadjusted automatic and naive forecasts. Studies of judgmental forecasting should control for excess error.
Outcome of Newborn Hearing Screening by ABR Compared With Four Different DPOAE Pass Criteria

The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness and utility of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and auditory brain stem response (ABR) testing as screening methodologies su...
Cash Flows: Leadership PACs in the U. S. Congress from 1992 - 2008

The Republican leadership in the U.S. Congress pursued aggressive strategies of partisan discipline from 1994-2006, during which they held the majority of seats in the House of Representatives. Anecdotally, the Republican leadership built tight donor networks, demanding and rewarding partisan loyalty from rank and file elected officials. This paper uses Social Network Analysis to explore the structure of those relationships over time and compare them to the Democrats. Specifically, I examine campaign donations from and between leadership political action committees in the U.S. Congress from 1992-2008.
Critical Realism and the Austrian Paradox

Austrian economics provokes mixed reactions among critical realists. It preaches methodological individualism, marginalism, and rational choice while embracing emergence, open processes, and error. The Austrian school stands paradoxically with one foot each in the mainstream marginalist tradition and heterodox social theory. I argue that this paradox can be disentangled by appeal to the fundamental distinction between the logic of choice and the logic of action. I then extend the analysis of the logic of action to the critical realist account of the basic ontology of social structures, arguing that successful retroduction of social structures depends on marginalist insights.
Civic Discipline: Geography in America, 1860–1890

Civic Discipline: Geography in America, 1860-1890, by Karen M. Morin, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011. xi+245 pp., US$73.29 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-4094-0143-8 Karen M. Morin's Civic Discipline provides a glimpse into the machinations of late nineteenth century geography through the prism of Charles P. Daly's work as president of the American Geographical Society from 1864-1899. Her discussion of Daly's geography informs our understanding of both Daly himself, and also of geography's multiple enterprises during the late nineteenth century. Civic Discipline, while attending to the concerns of geography as an intellectual, imperial and commercial enterprise, also forces a consideration of the extent to which a geographical approach, and in particular Daly's approach to social and political issues of the time, circumscribed or otherwise disciplined knowledge of society and space. Morin introduces her research by first situating it within an existing literature in the history of geographical thought. She demonstrates keen awareness of David Livingstone's The Geographical Tradition: Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise, Matt Hannah's Governmentality and the Mastery of Nineteenth-Century America, and Nell Smith's American Empire." Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization. Her work supports this vein of research by examining an important figure in American geography whose influence demonstrates the ways in which geography may function to create subjects, thus leading to a "contested enterprise". After situating her intellectual endeavors within the context of these existing works Morin supports her narrative with a short, but informative, biography of Charles P. Daly. In addition, she provides a robust and informative discussion of her work and why he is a suitable subject vis-a-visa larger discussion of the role and importance of the early American Geographical Society (AGS). Her central argument is that Charles P. Daly and the AGS focused on many seemingly different and distinct aspects of capitalism, colonialism, and power during this period and, as such, engaged in a civic enterprise. She introduces this early and effectively by situating Daly and his role within the AGS as the site of the production and consumption of geographical knowledge (6). This knowledge was particularly ensconced in civic and commercial interests of the time. Morin's contributions are both historical and theoretical. She conducted laborious and insightful archival work, as well as clearly mastered the secondary literature on a vast array of subjects important to her work. …
The Prognostic Significance of Myelonecrosis After Induction Therapy in Acute Leukemia

Myelonecrosis is a rare antemortem finding in acute leukemia and its clinical significance is uncertain. The clinical events in nine patients with acute leukemia whose bone marrow biopsies after induction therapy revealed myelonecrosis were reviewed. No patient gained a complete remission and four patients achieved a partial remission. The median duration of survival was 2 months (range, <1 month to 8.5 months) from the start of therapy. Myelonecrosis after induction therapy in acute leukemia indicates a very poor prognosis. Cancer 60:2363-2365, 1987. ONE MARROW INFARCTION occurs in acute leukeB mia, causing bone pain and the histologic finding of myelonecrosis (necrotic marrow and necrotic bone spicules) on bone marrow biopsy. Although bone marrow biopsies are frequently performed to monitor the effects of therapy in acute leukemia, myelonecrosis is rarely seen. Most reports of myelonecrosis in patients with acute leukemia have been obtained from postmortem analyses’-4 or from antemortem studies, lacking specific analysis of clinical correlation^.^-' In recent years, we noted several instances of myelonecrosis after intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia. Because the prognostic significance of myelonecrosis is uncertain, we reviewed the clinical histories of patients with acute leukemia at our institution whose bone marrow biopsies revealed myelonecrosis.
The Relationship Between Offshore Sourcing and Innovativeness of U.S. Multinational Firms: An Empirical Investigation

In increasingly complex global competition, U.S. multinational firms have stepped up imports under items 806.30 and 807.00 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States as a part of offshore sourcing of components and finished products to serve the U.S. market.
Homologous elements hs3a and hs3b in the 3′ regulatory region of the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus are both dispensable for class-switch recombination.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes are formed, tested, and modified to yield diverse, specific, and high affinity antibody responses to antigen. The processes involved must be regulated, however, to avoid unintended damage to chromosomes. The 3′ regulatory region of the Igh locus plays a major role in regulating class-switch recombination (CSR), the process by which antibody effector functions are modified during an immune response. Loss of all known enhancer-like elements in this region dramatically impairs CSR, but individual element deletions have no effect on this process. In the present study, we explored the hypothesis that an underlying functional redundancy in the homologous elements hs3a and hs3b was masking the importance of either element to CSR. Several transgenic mouse lines were generated, each carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene that mimicked Igh locus structure but in which hs3a was missing and hs3b was flanked by loxP sites. Matings to Cyclization Recombination Enzyme-expressing mice established “pairs” of lines that differed only in the presence or absence of hs3b. Remarkably, CSR remained robust in the absence of both hs3a and hs3b, suggesting that the remaining two elements of the 3′ regulatory region, hs1.2 and hs4, although individually dispensable for CSR, are, together, sufficient to support CSR.
Determining the effect of UV-C, high intensity ultrasound and nonthermal atmospheric plasma treatments on reducing the allergenicity of α-casein and whey proteins

Abstract Casein, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin are major milk protein allergens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity ultrasound, nonthermal atmospheric plasma and UV-C light treatments in reducing the allergenicity of isolated major milk proteins. SDS-PAGE results for ultrasound and plasma treatments showed no noticeable change in gel band intensities for α-casein, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, indicating no change in protein concentration. Ci-ELISA analysis showed that there was no significant difference ( p > 0.05) in IgE binding values for control and treated samples in ultrasound and plasma treatment conditions tested in this study. UV-C treatment for 15 min resulted in reduced intensities of all three protein bands in SDS-PAGE gel. Ci-ELISA of UV-C treated samples showed, significant reduction ( p in vivo clinical trials need to be conducted to confirm this result.
Burst error performance of 3DWT-RVLC with low-density parity-check codes for ultraspectral sounder data compression

Previous study shows 3D Wavelet Transform with Reversible Variable-Length Coding (3DWT-RVLC) has much better error resilience than JPEG2000 Part 2 on 1-bit random error remaining after channel decoding. Errors in satellite channels might have burst characteristics. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are known to have excellent error correction capability near the Shannon limit performance. In this study, we investigate the burst error correction performance of LDPC codes via the new Digital Video Broadcasting - Second Generation (DVB-S2) standard for ultraspectral sounder data compressed by 3DWT-RVLC. We also study the error contamination after 3DWT-RVLC source decoding. Statistics show that 3DWT-RVLC produces significantly fewer erroneous pixels than JPEG2000 Part 2 for ultraspectral sounder data compression.
Simultaneous dual-isotope technetium-99m/thallium-201 cardiac SPET imaging using a projection-dependent spilldown correction factor.

A spilldown correction method is proposed for the thallium-201 window image in simultaneous dual-isotope technetium-99m/thallium-201 single-photon emission tomographic (SPET) imaging based on a single acquisition into three energy windows. In this method, images are simultaneously acquired in two standard energy windows over the99mTc and201Tl photopeak regions and a third spilldown window adjacent to the201Tl window. Using a Monte Carlo simulation of SPET, the fractional amount of99mTc and201Tl spilldown in the201Tl window with respect to the total counts from the spilldown window, k12, was calculated for simulated images of point sources at varying depths within a water-filled elliptical tub phantom. When applied to experimental acquisitions, k12, multiplied by the total counts from the spilldown window, is then subtracted from the201Tl window image to produce the corrected image. However, for successful applications in SPET, k12 must be determined on a projection-by-projection basis since k12 is depth dependent. Thus, a regression relation was obtained between k12 and the total count ratio of the spilldown to99mTc windows, k23. The spilldown correction method was applied to201T1 photopeak images of an extended source distribution in uniform and nonuniform attenuating media with dual-isotope99mTc/201Tl and single-isotope201Tl. A marked improvement in image contrast was observed between the corrected and uncorrected201Tl window images. The average count ratio of uncorrected dual-isotope201Tl/single-isotope201Tl was 3.08 for uniform and 2.99 for non-uniform attenuating media. When corrected, this value approached unity (0.97 and 1.08) and the corrected dual-isotope images were visually similar The presented method in which spilldown correction for the201Tl photopeak window is performed in a single acquisition on a projection-by-projection basis in simultaneous dual-isotope SPET imaging could form the basis for a rapid and accurate clinical dual-isotope protocol independent of radiotracer administration.
Detection of nanocrystallinity by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in thin film transition metal/rare-earth atom, elemental and complex oxides

Abstract Nanocrystallinity has been detected in the X-ray absorption spectra of transition metal and rare-earth oxides by (i) removal of d-state degeneracies in the (a) Ti and Sc L 3 spectra of TiO 2 and LaScO 3 , respectively, and (b) O K 1 spectra of Zr(Hf)O 2 , Y 2 O 3 , LaScO 3 and LaAlO 3 , and by the (ii) detection of the O-atom vacancy in the O K 1 edge ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 alloys. Spectroscopic detection is more sensitive than X-ray diffraction with a limit of ∼2 nm as compared to >5 mm. Other example includes detection of ZrO 2 nanocrystallinity in phase-separated Zr(Hf) silicate alloys.
Rejection in liver transplantation

One hundred four liver transplant recipients were retrospectively reviewed for the incidence of liver allograft rejection, the response to antirejection therapy and the impact of rejection on graft and patient survival. Liver biopsies were performed weekly during episodes of graft dysfunction and to follow response to treatment. Baseline immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine and low-dose prednisolone. Rejection was treated with steroids and with OKT3 as rescue. Azathioprine was given to patients with preoperative or perioperative renal insufficiency and was added to patients' treatment after the first sign of rejection. Seven complications were observed in approximately 1,100 liver biopsies, only one necessitating surgery. We found that 39.4% of the patients never experienced acute rejection, and 60.6% had at least one episode of acute rejection. Overall, 42.3% of the patients had only one episode of acute rejection, 13.5% had two, 3.8% had three and 1% had five episodes of acute rejection. Sixty of 63 first acute rejection episodes occurred within 21 days of transplant. Primary disease, sex or patient age had no significant influence on the incidence of rejection. There was a lower incidence of rejection (p < 0.005) in patients transplanted after October, 1986, despite lower mean cyclosporine levels. Mean cyclosporine level during the first postoperative month was 679 ng per ml vs. a mean level of 910 ng per ml prior to October, 1986, when the immunosuppressive protocol was altered. Antirejection therapy was very effective in that only two of the 63 patients had graft failure due to acute rejection. Both of these patients were subsequently retransplanted. One patient died directly as a result of the acute rejection. In six patients (4.8%), chronic rejection was diagnosed, 29 to 545 days after transplantation. Two of these patients never had previous acute rejection but had suffered severe viral infections. Four of the six chronic rejection patients had primary sclerosing cholangitis as their primary disease. One patient underwent a suspected hyperacute rejection and was successfully retransplanted. We conclude that rejection is a major cause for morbidity after liver transplantation but is presently only a minor cause for mortality. The importance of the primary disease and viral infections in the development of chronic rejection needs further study.
Clinical linkages: IAIMS at the University of Utah

The IAIMS project at the University of Utah has focused on clinical linkages to facilitate the research, teaching, and service mission of the Medical Center. The planning phase focused on the relationship among ther users and providers of the system and developed a scenario describing the professor and clinical clerk making rounds in the bedside setting. The prototype Health Evaluation through Logical Processes (HELP) system brings together three sources necessary to solve a medical problem: the patient database, the medical literature, and an expert in the subject. Microcomputers provide access to the HELP system and a complementary literature knowledge database.
Liquid-vapor critical point of 4He in aerogel.

Thermodynamic studies of the liquid-vapor transition of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ confined in silica aerogel with a porosity of 95% is reported. In spite of the random nature of the pores, sharp heat-capacity signatures are seen. The positions of the sharp peaks are used to map out the liquid-vapor coexistence boundary, which is describable by a power law with an exponent \ensuremath{\beta}=0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05.
Determination of enzyme variants of glucose phosphate isomerase in Plasmodium falciparum by isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide electrophoresis.

Abstract Numerous Plasmodium falciparum isolates from different areas of the world were examined for glucose phosphate isomerase variants by isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that both methods are required for a comprehensive description and sufficient understanding of glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism, and isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide electrophoresis are superior to previously reported electrophoretic techniques for enzymatic analysis of malarial isolates. Conventional acrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved five electrophoretic variants consisting of two phenotypes. Polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing showed three- and six-band electrophoretic patterns. A mixture of three ranges of ampholytes gave optimum resolution. The glucose phosphate isomerase banding patterns showed intraregional variation since both phenotypes were found in the same region. Similar enzyme patterns were found in isolates from different parts of the world.
Modified, pulse field gradient‐enhanced inverse‐detected HOESY pulse sequence for reduction of t1 spectral artifacts

A modified pulse field gradient (PFG)-enhanced inverse (1H)-detected 2D heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (HOESY) pulse sequence is demonstrated for the acquisition of 1H–7Li heteronuclear correlations. In practice, t1 noise artifacts were observed using the original PFG-enhanced inverse-detected HOESY pulse sequence, which degraded the ability to detect accurately weak heteronuclear Overhauser signals. Experimentally it is shown that a simple modification of the PFG-enhanced inverse-detected HOESY pulse sequence greatly reduces the t1 noise that may result from variations in magnetic susceptibility, and allows improved detection of weak 1H–7Li correlations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflective communicator roles in preservice teacher team email discussions

The objective was to model a type of effective team participant, reflective communicators, and their communications roles during four, eight-person preservice teacher team email discussions of their classroom observations. An aggregate statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between the quality of reflective observations provided, and the number and quality of responsive messages received from other team members. Conversely, high responsive message senders were associated with low quality messages. Reflective communicators were theorized to occupy a distinctive niche in the team, both as a source of high quality reflective observations and who engaged in high frequency, bi-directional responsive communications. Based on these criteria an individual analysis of the data revealed 13 reflective communicators among the 32 participants. Reflective communicators tended to communicate with other reflective communicators in groups containing multiple reflective communicators and increased these communications over time. Issues were raised concerning the rights of teams to assure them access to reflective communicator leaders.
RELATION OF BODY-WEIGHT TO HEPATIC GLUTAMIC PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY.

KLEIBER1,2 first reported in 1932 the concept that a linear relation exists between the logarithms of metabolic rate and, body-weight. The basal rate of oxygen consumption per gram of body-weight was found to be proportional to an exponential function of the body-weight (oxygen consumption × weight−3/4 = constant)3. More recent observations have suggested that this correlation of body-weight and metabolic rate can be extended to the concentration of specific oxidative enzymes. Total body content and contents in various mammalian organs of cytochrome oxidase4, homogentisic oxidaso and p-hydroxy-phenyl-pyruvate oxidase5 have been observed to be related to the body-weight by this same mathematical expression1. Since the logarithm of the total body enzyme activity (E)/g body-weight is linearly related to the logarithm of the body-weight, a weight parity expression has been used for comparing enzyme activities in animals with different weights by Lin et al.5, where c and k are determined from the intercept and slope: (E × Wk = c). Investigators of small laboratory animals weighing up to 4 kg have revealed that certain transaminases (tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate and phenylalanine-pyruvate) are related to different power functions of the body-weight than those observed with the oxidative enzymes.
The Salmonella selC locus contains a pathogenicity island mediating intramacrophage survival

Pathogenicity islands are chromosomal clusters of horizontally acquired virulence genes that are often found at tRNA loci. The selC tRNA locus of Escherichia coli has served as the site of integration of two distinct pathogenicity islands which are responsible for converting benign strains into uro- and enteropathogens. Because virulence genes are targeted to the selC locus of E.coli, we investigated the homologous region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome for the presence of horizontally acquired sequences. At this site, we identified a 17 kb DNA segment that is both unique to Salmonella and necessary for virulence. This segment harbors a gene, mgtC, that is required for intramacrophage survival and growth in low Mg2+ media. The mgtC locus is regulated by the PhoP/PhoQ two-component system, a major regulator of virulence functions present in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial species. Cumulatively, our experiments indicate that the ability to replicate in low Mg2+ environments is necessary for Salmonella virulence, and suggest that a similar mechanism is responsible for the dissemination and acquisition of pathogenicity islands in enteric bacteria.