cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caveolin-associated Accumulation of Globotriaosylceramide in the Vascular Endothelium of α-Galactosidase A Null Mice

Cardiovascular complications, including stroke and myocardial infarction, result in premature mortality in patients with Fabry disease, an X-linked deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). The enzymatic defect results in the deposition of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in the vascular endothelium. To better understand the underlying pathogenesis of Fabry disease, the caveolar lipid content of primary cultured mouse aortic endothelial cells isolated from alpha-Gal A null mice was measured. Lipid mass analysis revealed that the excessive Gb3 in cultured alpha-Gal A-deficient mouse aortic endothelial cells accumulated in endothelial plasma membrane caveolar fractions. The levels of glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide increased in parallel with Gb3 levels in an age-dependent manner, whereas globotetraosylceramide (Gb4) levels reached maximal levels by 6 months of age and then rapidly decreased at older ages. The levels of cholesterol enriched in caveolar membranes declined in parallel with the progressive deposition of Gb3. Depleting Gb3 with recombinant human alpha-Gal A protein or d-threo-ethylenedioxyphenyl-P4, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, restored cholesterol in cultured alpha-Gal A-deficient mouse aortic endothelial cell caveolae. By contrast, recombinant human alpha-Gal A was less effective in normalizing the cholesterol content. These results demonstrate the caveolar accumulation of glycosphingolipids in an in vitro model of a lysosomal storage disease and raise the possibility that dynamic changes in the composition of plasma membrane lipid microdomains may mediate the endothelial dysfunction seen in Fabry disease.
The line spread function and modulation transfer function of a computed tomographic scanner

A simple method to measure the line spread function of computed tomographic scanners has been developed. The line spread function of the EMI-Scanner was measured and the MTF of the scanner was calculated. The reproducibility of the method indicated this technique could be utilized to compare the spatial resolution of various computed tomographic scanners.
Leadership giftedness: Models revisited

Following a reviews of adult models of leadership and of leadership programs for young people that are derived from adult theories of leadership, we report results from a decade-long study in under...
WATER QUALITY ALLOCATED COST FOR MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS

ABSTRACT: Low flow augmentation from multipurpose reservoirs may yield significant water quality benefits. Cost allocation assigns a portion of reservoir expense to water quality consumers, waste water dischargers who benefit from increased receiving flow. Whereas such allocation currently is not authorized for Federal projects, the procedure is increasingly appropriate for efficient multiobjective management. Waste water treatment costs, multipurpose reservoir costs, and water quality are modeled for Oregon's Willamette River. Water quality is expressed as a function of treatment and augmentation levels. Treatment cost necessary to achieve a given water quality without augmentation less treatment cost with augmentation is an alternative cost of water quality maintenance. With a cost allocation procedure, this alternative cost is used to determine water quality's share of reservoir cost. Under current conditions, water quality beneficiaries could be charged approximately seven percent of annualized reservoir expense. This charge is one-fourth the expense of additional treatment facilities required were augmentation not provided.
Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma presenting with gastrointestinal tract lesions the stanford experience

The medical records of all patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) presenting for treatment at the Stanford University Medical Center between 1970-1978 were reviewed. From this group of 284 patients, 48 were identified with gastrointestinal tract lesions at initial evaluation. Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom. Anorexia, weight loss, malaise, and weakness were also common complaints. Twenty percent of these patients noted abdominal masses and 15% experienced gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastric involvement was found in 56% of patients, small intestine in 25%, large intestine in 10%, and pancreas 8%. Following treatment, 83% of Stage IE patients, 43% of Stage IIE patients, and 27% of patients with Stage III and IV DHL achieved durable complete remissions. Considering all stages, a 54% complete remission rate was observed. Of the 26 patients achieving a complete remission, seven have relapsed and the remaining continue free of disease from 6+ to 82+ months. The median survival for patients obtaining a CR was greater than 36 months. Gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation probably as a consequence of therapy was noted 25% of patients. The implications of these findings for improved therapeutic programs and investigations are discussed.
Taking Root in the Sunshine State: The Emergence of the Media Reform Movement in the State of Florida

This paper explores the emergence of the media reform movement in the state of Florida in 2008. Focusing on the development of a statewide coalition, the paper details the tensions between local and national policy agendas, the barriers faced by local activists as they attempt to build support for the concept of media reform in their communities, and the diversity of interests represented under the banner of media reform. This case study also reveals an ideological bias toward the left among the movement activists currently working in Florida, signaling a need to harness the broad-based dissatisfaction that exists across the political spectrum.
A Single Institution Experience with Weekly Intramuscular Methotrexate for Nonmetastatic Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

The purpose of this study is to report our experience with weekly intramuscular methotrexate for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Treatment was begun at a dose of 40 mg/m2 and escalated weekly by 5-10 mg/m2, depending upon response and tolerance, to a maximum dose of 60 mg/m2. Remission was induced with weekly intramuscular methotrexate alone in 12 (60%) of 20 patients in 2-12 (median 8) weeks. The remaining 7 patients had a complete response to alternate chemotherapy. There were no major toxicities. Although the results of the present study are less favorable in terms of response, the overall published results using weekly intramuscular methotrexate for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease indicate that it is comparable in efficacy to other first-line treatments while having the advantages of convenience, low cost, and low toxicity.
Knowledge-based analysis of satellite oceanographic images

A knowledge-based program to assist humans interpret satellite infrared images of a region of the Atlantic Ocean is described. the organization of the system and the nature of its knowledge base are discussed. the operation of the system in tracking mesoscale events in a registered sequence of IR images is illustrated. © 1989 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acoustic tweezing cytometry for live-cell subcellular modulation of intracellular cytoskeleton contractility

Mechanical forces are critical to modulate cell spreading, contractility, gene expression, and even stem cell differentiation. Yet, existing tools that can apply controllable subcellular forces to a large number of single cells simultaneously are still limited. Here we report a novel ultrasound tweezing cytometry utilizing ultrasound pulses to actuate functionalized lipid microbubbles covalently attached to single live cells to exert mechanical forces in the pN - nN range. Ultrasonic excitation of microbubbles could elicit a rapid and sustained reactive intracellular cytoskeleton contractile force increase in different adherent mechanosensitive cells. Further, ultrasound-mediated intracellular cytoskeleton contractility enhancement was dose-dependent and required an intact actin cytoskeleton as well as RhoA/ROCK signaling. Our results demonstrated the great potential of ultrasound tweezing cytometry technique using functionalized microbubbles as an actuatable, biocompatible, and multifunctional agent for biomechanical stimulations of cells.
Background aerosol light scattering characteristics: nephelometric observations at Mauna Loa Observatory compared with results at other remote locations

Background aerosol may be defined as that which exists in remote locations, well away from local variable sources. The total contribution to the optical aerosol extinction coefficient due to scattering and that contribution due to the scattering into the backward hemisphere (hemispheric backscatter) are important due to their role in determining atmospheric extinction and albedo respectively. Specially adapted instruments are described for measuring these parameters in remote sites at various altitudes in the troposphere. Preliminary field measurements are described and data compared for several sites and altitudes. The Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, is of particular interest since it has been used for studies of CO 2 increases. The measured light scattering coefficient due to aerosol at 500 nm wavelength is ˜ 10% of the Rayleigh scattering of the gas molecules and provides a base line to which future changes may be referred. The results for the hemispheric backscatter (or albedo) indicate a value occasionally above that coefficient predicted by the Mie formulae and assumed size distribution of spherical particles. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01612.x
The advantage of explicitly incorporating predation mortality into age-structured stock assessment models: an application for Atlantic mackerel

Moustahfid, H., Link, J. S., Overholtz, W. J., and Tyrrell, M. C. 2009. The advantage of explicitly incorporating predation mortality into age-structured stock assessment models: an application for Atlantic mackerel. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 445-454.An age-structured assessment programme (ASAP) that explicitly incorporates predation mortality was applied to Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Northwest Atlantic. Predatory removals were modelled in the same manner as fishing mortality, with a comparable set of time-series, to produce estimates of predation mortality at age and for each year. Results from the analysis showed that incorporating predation into a mackerel stock assessment model notably altered model outputs. When excluding explicitly modelled rates of predation, the model underestimated the magnitude and uncertainty in spawning-stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment. Further, the rates of predation mortality varied across time and were higher for younger fish. Predation mortality was higher than fishing mortality for fish aged 1 year, approximately equal for 2-year-olds, and lower for older fish (3 years and older). Biological reference points for Atlantic mackerel differed considerably when predation mortality was included. For example, SSB MSY was more than twice as high in the model where predation was incorporated than in the fisheries-only model. Although there are several caveats to the predation model outputs, chief of which is that the estimates are conservative because some mackerel predators were excluded, the results demonstrate the feasibility of executing such an approach with an extant tool. The approach presented here ultimately has the advantage of detecting, and upon detection parsing out, the impact of predators relative to fisheries and has the potential to provide useful information to those interested in small pelagic fish and their associated fisheries.
Influence of Surface Doping on Sintering and Microstructure of a Superconducting Oxide

Abstract The influence of surface halogen doping on the sintering and microstructure of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) has been investigated. It is seen that exposing the starting YBCO powder to Br gas prior to sintering results in secondary recrystallization and formation of long columnar grains. The chemical composition and structure of the overall material is unchanged indicating that it is only the microstructure that is effected by the bromine. Since large domain sizes and preferred orientations are key to electrical and levitation properties of these materials, this effect of increased grain growth may prove to be very useful in controlling the texture of these materials. Even in randomly mixed composites of Ag and YBCO, Br is seen to increase the grain size and porosity of the YBCO regions, indicating that grain growth outpaces pore elimination. It is likely that Br, as a surface additive, enhances liquid phase formation and/or increased diffusion at the interfaces that lead to these effects. The atomistic mechanism of the process and the quantitative optimization of the doping concentration need to be investigated.
Temperature dependence of the inhibitory effects of orthovanadate on shortening velocity in fast skeletal muscle

We have investigated the effects of the orthophosphate (P(i)) analog orthovanadate (Vi) on maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) in activated, chemically skinned, vertebrate skeletal muscle fibers. Using new "temperature-jump" protocols, reproducible data can be obtained from activated fibers at high temperatures, and we have examined the effect of increased [Vi] on Vmax for temperatures in the range 5–30 degrees C. We find that for temperatures or = 25 degrees C, increasing [Vi] does not inhibit Vmax. Attached cross-bridges bound to Vi are thought to be an analog of the weakly bound actin-myosin.ADP-P(i) state. The data suggest that the weakly bound Vi state can inhibit velocity at low temperature, but not at high temperature, with the transition occurring over a narrow temperature range of
Elementary geometry of deformation processes

Abstract All rock transformations can be seen as essentially structural transformations. Particles of some size move, and a change in the arrangement or intensity of structural elements occurs. The structural elements themselves are mostly linear or planar regions, of various absolute sizes, at or around which there is some interruption in geometrical or compositional regularity. A fundamental problem, in structural geology and petrology alike, is to understand the geometry of the processes of structural change. A geometrical classification of deformation processes is presented, based on whether there is a velocity difference across a typical structural element, and on whether the local rates of strain and of structural and material migration are zero. In this classification, deformation mechanisms are a subclass of deformation processes. The classification may promote thinking about several general questions: What kinds of deformation processes lead to features with memory of movement history? Do distinct deformation processes necessarily have distinct structural signatures? Can processes with different strain rates be simultaneously active at a given point in a volume of deforming material?
Investigation of Ag-based low temperature NOx adsorbers

Future emission standards are becoming increasingly stringent as California will phase in LEV III regulations starting in 2015 and EPA will implement Tier 3 regulations starting in 2017. Current vehicles emit greater than 50% of targeted tailpipe emissions during the first minute or two following “cold-start” mainly due to the ineffectiveness of existing catalytic converters at low temperatures (<180 °C). Thus, developing low temperature emission control technologies has become a top priority of automobile manufacturers and their suppliers. In this article, Ag-based catalysts (Ag/Al2O3) were evaluated as a low temperature NOx adsorber using a laboratory fixed-bed flow reactor system. For the first time superior low temperature NO to NO2 conversion efficiencies and NOx storage capacity in the presence of hydrogen were demonstrated. Sulfation and desulfation experiments were conducted to examine the impact of sulfur on the low temperature NOx storage. Several supplier catalysts, including two diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and a passive NOx adsorber (PNA), were also tested to provide comparisons to the Ag-based catalysts.
Effects of capacitative calcium entry on agonist-induced calcium transients in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of capacitative calcium influx to intracellular calcium levels during agonist-induced stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells.Methods: Aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5) were loaded with Indo-1 and intracellular calcium transients were measured. Cells were challenged with either arginine vasopressin (0.5 µM) or thapsigargin (1 µM). Lanthanum (1 mM) was used to block capacitative calcium influx through store-operated channels. Calcium traces were analyzed for basal, peak and plateau responses. Recordings were derivatized and integrated to gain additional information. Nonlinear regression provided a time constant that describes restoration of ionic equilibrium involving both sequestration and extrusion pathways.Results: Stimulation of cells with thapsigargin produced a non-L-type calcium influx that was attenuated by lanthanum. Cells excited with vasopressin exhibited a rapid calcium increase followed by a gradual decrease to a plateau level. Lanthanum pretreatment prior to stimulation caused no significant change in baseline, peak or plateau calcium levels as compared to control. Lanthanum caused no significant change in maximal calcium release rate, calcium integrals or time constant as compared to control.Conclusions: Capacitative calcium entry can occur in vascular smooth muscle cells, but does not appear to contribute significantly to the vasopressin response.
Role of juvenile hormone and allatotropin on nutrient allocation, ovarian development and survivorship in mosquitoes

Teneral reserves are utilized to initiate previtellogenic ovarian development in mosquitoes. Females having emerged with low teneral reserves have reduced juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis and previtellogenic development. We investigated what role JH, allatotropin (AT) and other head-factors play in the regulation of previtellogenic ovarian development and adult survivorship. Factors from the head are essential for corpora allata (CA) activation and reproductive maturation. We have shown that decapitation of females within 9–12 h after adult ecdysis prevented normal development of the previtellogenic follicles; however maximum previtellogenic ovarian development could be induced in decapitated females by topically applying a JH analog. When females were decapitated 12 or more hours after emergence nutritional resources had been committed to ovarian development and survivorship was significantly reduced. To study if allatotropin levels correlated with teneral reserves, we measured AT titers in the heads of two adult phenotypes (large and small females) generated by raising larvae under different nutritional diets. In large mosquitoes AT levels increased to a maximum of 45 fmol in day 4; in contrast, the levels of allatotropin in the heads of small mosquitoes remained below 9 fmol during the 7 days evaluated. These results suggest that only when nutrients are appropriate, factors released from the brain induce the CA to synthesize enough JH to activate reproductive maturation.
Novel building units in the construction of materials of the oxomolybdate–organodiphosphonate/copper(II)–dipodal-organonitrogen ligand system: Structural influences of dipodal ligand tether length and flexibility

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of copper(II) acetate, MoO3, 1,4-butylenediphosphonic acid and a ligand of the N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)alkyl-α,ω-diamine (Ln, where n is the number of methylene groups) in the presence of HF provided crystals of [{Cu2(L7)(H2O)2}Mo5O15{O3P(CH2)4PO3}]·2H2O (1·2H2O) and [{Cu2(L5)}Mo6O18(H2O){O3P(CH2)4PO3}]·14H2O (2·14H2O). Compound 1 contains the common pentanuclear cluster building block {Mo5O15(O3PR)2}4−, extending into one-dimensional chains through the alkyl tethers of the diphosphonate ligand. Each pentanuclear subunit bonds to four copper(II) sites of the {Cu2(L7)(H2O2)}4+ subunits that serve to link each chain to five adjacent chains to propagate the structure in three dimensions. The Cu/Mo/P/O inorganic substructure which arises from this juxtaposition of building motifs is a one-dimensional {Cu2Mo5O15(O3P−)2} unit consisting of clusters linked through Cu(II) sites. The alkyl arms of the diphosphonate and nitrogen ligands radiate outward to link to adjacent chains and propagate the structure in three-dimensions. In contrast, compound 2 exhibits a hexanuclear building unit {Mo6O18(H2O)(O3P−)2}4−, which again extends into a chain through the tethering diphosphonate ligands. Each cluster bonds to four Cu(II) centers to generate one-dimensional inorganic substructures of the type {Cu2Mo6O18(H2O)(O3P−)2}n. In contrast to 1, the {Cu2(L5)}4+ subunits of 2 associate with a single chain, rather than radiating outward to link to adjacent chains. Consequently, the three-dimensional expansion is effected through the diphosphonate tethers.
Eigenvalue comparison for fractional boundary value problems with the Caputo derivative

We apply the theory for u0-positive operators to obtain eigenvalue comparison results for a fractional boundary value problem with the Caputo derivative.
Genres, rules, and collective rhetorics: Applying the requirements‐problems‐strategies approach

Designed initially as a way of understanding the often anomalous rhetoric of those who lead social movements, Simons' “Requirements‐Problems‐Strategies” approach has been applied in recent years to other collective rhetorics and other leadership roles. Presented here is an extension and elaboration of RPS framework and a review of illustrative scholarship.
Variational formulation of fluid infiltrated porous material in thermal and mechanical equilibrium

The mechanics of fluid infiltrated porous bodies is investigated using variational principles. The energy statement is constructed using macroscopic state parameters obtained from microscopic averaging. This approach is general and can be used to model linear and nonlinear material behaviors, reversible and irreversible processes, and the interaction with external fields, such as magnetic and electrical fields. As a first step, we restrict the investigation to static, reversible processes without external field, with the goal of understanding micromechanical material constants and constructing constructive laws. An important result of the present theory is the demonstration a porosity equilibrium equation, which is different from previous ones. Using a quadratic energy form, which implies linear behavior of phase materials, the deformation of porous medium is shown to be still nonlinear due to geometric nonlinearity in porosity deformation. A quasi-nonlinear theory that demonstrates material strain hardening effect due to porosity compaction is presented. The theory can be fully linearized, which is then found to be consistent with the well-known Biot model.
Heritability and threshold determinations of the optomotor response in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The optomotor response to an illuminated, moving striped plate was measured in 104 flies from a wild type population of Drosophila melanogaster. Each fly was given ten opportunities to respond and optomotor scores ranged from zero (no response) to ten. Selective breeding procedures based on low, middle and high scores were instituted to investigate the heritability of these individual differences in optomotor responding. Three strains differing with respect to optomotor behaviour were successfully bred and maintained for thirty generations. The extent to which controlling individual differences with regard to a single value of stripe width and luminance would affect optomotor threshold functions was also studied. Minimum light intensities required to elicit the response for five different stripe widths were determined for the three strains using a method of limits. The resulting curves were identical in shape but displaced along the abscissa, the degree of displacement representing systematic differences between the strains.
Studies of lipoprotein lipase during the adipose conversion of 3T3 cells

Abstract Lipoprotein lipase activity is negligible in exponentially growing 3T3-L1 cells and 3T3-F442A cells, but develops in both lines when they reach a confluent state and undergo adipose conversion. 3T3-C2 cells, which undergo adipose conversion with extremely low frequency, do not develop the enzyme. The lipase activity of 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A is greatly enhanced by insulin and increases 80–180 fold during the adipose conversion. The lipase has the following characteristics in common with lipoprotein lipase from adipose and other tissues: it is dependent upon serum, is inhibited by 0.5–1.0 M sodium chloride, is recovered from acetone powders, has an alkaline pH optimum and is released from the cells by heparin. Like the lipoprotein lipase of tissue adipose cells, the enzyme of 3T3-L1 decays in the presence of cycloheximide with a half-time of about 25 min at 37°C. The ability of 3T3-F442A and 3T3-L1 to take up triglyceride from the medium depends almost completely upon lipoprotein lipase. They incorporate the fatty acids of a large fraction of a triglyceride emulsion added to the medium, and this utilization is stimulated by heparin. Very little of the glycerol portion of the triglyceride is incorporated. 3T3-C2, which lacks lipoprotein lipase, utilizes very little of either the fatty acid or the glycerol portion of triglyceride. The relevance of external lipid or lipoprotein to both the adipose conversion and the appearance of lipoprotein lipase was tested using confluent cultures in medium depleted of these components. In the presence of serum whose lipoproteins have been removed by flotation, lines 3T3-F442A and 3T3-L1 undergo adipose conversion as completely as in the presence of untreated serum, and lipoprotein lipase activity appears at essentially the same rate. In medium whose serum supplement has been extracted with acetone:ethanol, 3T3-F442A cells undergo adipose conversion to nearly the same extent as in untreated serum, and develop nearly the same increase in lipoprotein lipase activity. Unless even very low concentrations of lipids or lipoprotein are saturating it can be concluded that the adipose conversion does not depend upon external lipids or lipoproteins for its induction; rather the differentiation program is built into the cell type and comes into operation when growth is arrested even in their absence. The source of fatty acids utilized for triglyceride synthesis, however, may be affected by the amount of lipid provided to the cells.
Vulvar Encapsulated Solid Papillary Carcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation: A Case Report

A 40-year-old woman underwent excision of a painless left vulvar mass. The specimen showed a well-circumscribed mass measuring 3.5 × 2.7 × 2.5 cm. Microscopic examination exhibited an encapsulated neoplasm with a solid and papillary growth pattern. The tumor cells were oval to columnar and showed moderate nuclear atypia. No capsular invasion was identified. Immunonegativity for calponin and p63 confirmed the absence of myoepithelial cells either within or at the periphery of the tumor. The tumor was immunopositive for gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. The histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics were consistent with an encapsulated solid papillary carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. The patient has been free of disease for 4 years after surgery. This is the first report of a vulvar encapsulated solid papillary carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Correct diagnosis is imperative because of the distinct biologic behavior of the tumor.
Healthy Subjects Experience Bowel Changes on Enteral Diets Addition of a Fiber Blend Attenuates Stool Weight and Gut Bacteria Decreases Without Changes in Gas

Background: Tube-fed patients frequently suffer from abnormal bowel function that affects intestinal bacteria and quality of life. Dietary fiber affects laxation and can be fermented by gut bacteria to metabolites that influence gut health and fecal moisture. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a fiber-blend fortified enteral formula (FB, 15 g/L), a fiber-free formula (FF), and habitual diet on bowel function, fecal bacteria, and quality of life. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 20 healthy subjects consumed both FF and FB for 14 days with a 4-week washout. A 5-day fecal collection was used to assess stool output, whole-gut transit time (WGTT), total bacteria, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, clostridia, and bacteroides. Subject gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI) and side effects were also measured. Results: On formula diets, 5-day fecal output decreased by >55% from habitual diet, but was 38% higher on FB than FF (P = .0321). WGTT was approxi...
The feeding mechanism of sharks of the family Carcharhinidae

The morphology of thefeedingapparatus in several genera of carcharhinid sharks (Carcharhinus, Rhizoprionodon, Hypoprion, Prionace, Galeocerdo and Negaprion) was studied in both fresh and preserved states. The actions of the cranial musculature were determined through electrical stimulation. The feeding behaviours of representatives of the genera Carcharhinus, Negaprion and Galeocerdo were studied under controlled conditions by direct observation as well as photographically. The cranial anatomy of carcharhinid sharks is characterized by a relatively reduced chondrocranium and a greatly hypertrophied musculature. The hyostylic jaw suspension serves to allow substantial cranial kinesis, particularly with respect to the upper jaw. Protraction of this skeletal element is accomplished in at least two ways, depending on the external and internal forces applied to the palatoquadrate cartilage. Under one set of conditions upper jaw protraction serves to allow precision when feeding on benthic organisms. Under quite different conditions upper jaw protraction allows the jaw to cut deeply through food items too large to be swallowed whole. The feeding mechanism found in these sharks, therefore, seems to be well adapted to deal with a wide variety of food types.
Effect of attention control on sustained attention during induced anxiety

Anxiety has wide-reaching and complex effects on cognitive performance. Although it can intrude on cognition and interfere with performance, it can also facilitate information processing and behavioural responses. In a previous study, we showed that anxiety induced by threat of shock facilitates performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task, a vigilance test, which probes response inhibition to infrequent nogo stimuli. The present study sought to identify factors that may have contributed to such improved performance, including on- and off-task thinking (assessed with thought probes) and individual differences in attention control, as measured with the Attention Control Scale. Replicating our prior finding, we showed that shock threat significantly reduced errors of commission on the nogo trials. However, we extended this finding in demonstrating that this effect was driven by subjects with low attention control. We therefore confirm that anxiety increases inhibitory control of prepotent responses--a mechanism which is adaptive under threat--and show that this effect is greater in those who rely more upon such prepotent responding, i.e., those with low attentional control.
Altered hematologic profiles following donor right hepatectomy and implications for perioperative analgesic management

Living liver donors for adult liver transplant recipients undergo extensive liver resection. Partial donor hepatectomies may alter postoperative drug metabolism and hemostasis; thus, the risks and the benefits of pain management for this unique patient population may need to be reassessed. The safety and efficacy of combined epidural analgesia and field infiltration in our initial living liver donor group are presented. A thoracic epidural catheter was placed before general anesthesia in 2 female and 6 male donors (44.2 +/- 11.3 years old, mean +/- standard deviation [SD], range 26-56). At the end of surgery, incisions were infiltrated (bupivacaine 0.25%), and an epidural infusion was used (bupivacaine 0.1% + hydromorphone hydrochloride 0.02%). Clinical outcomes were followed for 5 days. The time sequence of pain intensity on a 0-10 visual analog scale clustered into 3 phases, the intensity of which differed significantly from each other (2.2 +/- 0.6, 0.69 +/- 0.2, and 2.37 +/- 0.3 respectively, P = 0.028). Right shoulder pain was observed in 75% of the donors. Sedation, pruritus, and nausea were minimal. Consistently maximal international normalized ratio elevation occurred at 17.6 +/- 7 hours postoperatively, then slowly declined. Platelet counts were lowest on day 3. No neurologic injury or local anesthetic toxicity was observed. This 2-site approach provided effective, safe, postoperative analgesia for our donors. Universally, coagulopathy ensued, indicating a potentially increased risk for epidural hemorrhage at epidural catheter removal and mandating close postoperative neurologic and laboratory monitoring. Research is needed to advance the understanding of postoperative coagulopathy and hepatic dysfunction in these donors to further optimize their perioperative management, including that of analgesia.
Identification of cubically nonlinear systems using undersampled data

A practical technique for identification of cubically nonlinear systems using higher order spectra of the discrete data samples of the system input and output is proposed. This technique differs from the conventional one in that it only requires the sampling frequency for the system output to be equal to twice the bandwidth of the system input, instead of six times the bandwidth of the system input. This means the demand for high speed processing and a large amount of data in the conventional approach can be greatly relieved. Two methods are developed: one is suitable for systems with a Gaussian random input, the other is suitable for systems with a non-Gaussian random input. The advantages of the two methods over their conventional counterparts are demonstrated via computer simulation.
Stability scale and atomic solvation parameters extracted from 1023 mutation experiments.

The stability scale of 20 amino acid residues is derived from a database of 1023 mutation experiments on 35 proteins. The resulting scale of hydrophobic residues has an excellent correlation with the octanol-to-water transfer free energy corrected with an additional Flory–Huggins molar-volume term (correlation coefficient r = 0.95, slope = 1.05, and a near zero intercept). Thus, hydrophobic contribution to folding stability is characterized remarkably well by transfer experiments. However, no corresponding correlation is found for hydrophilic residues. Both the hydrophilic portion and the entire scale, however, correlate strongly with average burial accessible surface (r = 0.76 and 0.97, respectively). Such a strong correlation leads to a near uniform value of the atomic solvation parameters for atoms C, S, O/N, O−0.5, and N+0.5,1. All are in the range of 12–28 cal mol−1 A−2, close to the original estimate of hydrophobic contribution of 25–30 cal mol−1 A−2 to folding stability. Without any adjustable parameters, the new stability scale and new atomic solvation parameters yielded an accurate prediction of protein–protein binding free energy for a separate database of 21 protein–protein complexes (r = 0.80 and slope = 1.06, and r = 0.83 and slope = 0.93, respectively). Proteins 2002;49:483–492. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phytophagous insects associated with the reproductive structures of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in Argentina and their potential as biocontrol agents in South Africa

Mesquites (Prosopis spp.) are thorny leguminous shrubs or trees native to Southwest Asia, Africa, and predominantly North and South America. Introduced as beneficial plants to India, Pakistan, South Africa, Egypt, Kuwait, Australia, U.S.A. (Hawaii), and Brazil, some Prosopis species have become invasive in some of these countries. Mechanical and chemical control methods implemented in the U.S.A., Australia and South Africa have been only marginally effective. In an attempt to preserve the beneficial attributes of mesquite while arresting its spread, biocontrol efforts in South Africa have only focused on seed-feeding agents. Between 1987 and 1993, three species of bruchids were introduced from the U.S.A., but their impact has been limited as ripe pods are eaten by livestock before the agents have had a chance to eat the seeds. In this paper we present a list of insects that attack the reproductive structures of Prosopis species in Argentina, focusing on those that feed on green, unripe pods and flower buds. We provide information on the biology, distribution and host range of nine beetles, four moths and one gall midge species. Their potential as biological control agents against mesquite in South Africa is discussed with special reference to that of a new weevil species, Coelocephalapion gandolfoi Kissinger which was selected for further studies. The adults feed and oviposit on green pods, while the larvae feed on the immature seeds, apparently without causing a substantial reduction in the value of pods as fodder.
Biodegradable Porous Silicon Barcode Nanowires with Defined Geometry

were reported.pNWs couple the nanowire 1-D structure to the unique character-istics of porous silicon, showing promise for the realization ofﬂexible, biodegradable electronic and photonic biomedical deviceswith high sensitivity to the surrounding environment.In this study, we show the synthesis of pNWs regardless ofsiliconresistivity.Weemploymetal-assisted electrolessetchingtosynthesizeporoussiliconbarcodenanowires(nanobarcodes)withgeometry deﬁned by lithography. The different porosity of eachnanobarcode segment determines its speciﬁc reﬂection andemission spectra, and yields multicolor nanobarcodes. Weenhance the segment-speciﬁc ﬂuorescence of nanobarcodes bydifferential loading of two sizes of quantum-dots (Q-dots). Wepresent phase diagrams that describe the effects of the metalcatalyst, composition of the etching solution, Si doping type andresistivityontheresultingsiliconnanostructures:solidnanowires,porous nanowires, porous nanowires on porous silicon ﬁlm,porous silicon ﬁlms and polished surfaces. Furthermore, wedemonstrate that porous silicon nanowires dissolve in simulatedphysiological conditions and that the dissolution rate can becontrolled by surface functionalization.
Decomposed Approach of Market Orientation and Marketing Mix Capability: Research on Their Relationships with Firm Performance in the Korean Context

The notion that market orientation provides firms a source of competitive advantage seems to be widely accepted since the effects of market orientation on business performance have been extensively researched and many studies have confirmed their affirmative relationships. However, aggregated approach of market orientation as one single construct has left the detailed investigations yet unexplored despite its tremendous contribution in marketing strategy arena. Thus, decomposed properties of market orientation and their relationships with various components of firm success were explored to precisely examine the paths in this study. Furthermore, to resolve conflicting arguments on whether market orientation has a direct influence on firm level consequences, marketing mix capability was suggested as a critical mediator to complete a resource deployment system rather than a resource possession approach, which is equivalent to resource-based view. From an analysis of a survey data of 285 Korean organizations, three dimensions of market orientation, namely customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination, and four sub-constructs of marketing mix capability, such as product, communication, channel and pricing capability, along with their impacts on business performance were investigated in detail. This study revealed that customer orientation and interfunctional coordination had a direct impact on only customer satisfaction while all three dimensions of market orientation failed to directly link to other firm performance variables like market effectiveness, adaptability, and profitability. To bridge these relationships product and communication capabilities were proven to be a necessary condition while channel capability and pricing capability showed interesting relationships. Findings and implications were discussed and limitations and further research directions were also suggested.
A fast implementation of the FETI‐DP method: FETI‐DP‐RBS‐LNA and applications on large scale problems with localized non‐linearities

As parallel and distributed computing gradually becomes the computing standard for large scale problems, the domain decomposition method (DD) has received growing attention since it provides a natural basis for splitting a large problem into many small problems, which can be submitted to individual computing nodes and processed in a parallel fashion. This approach not only provides a method to solve large scale problems that are not solvable on a single computer by using direct sparse solvers but also gives a flexible solution to deal with large scale problems with localized non-linearities. When some parts of the structure are modified, only the corresponding subdomains and the interface equation that connects all the subdomains need to be recomputed. In this paper, the dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting method (FETI-DP) is carefully investigated, and a reduced back-substitution (RBS) algorithm is proposed to accelerate the time-consuming preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) iterations involved in the interface problems. Linear-non-linear analysis (LNA) is also adopted for large scale problems with localized non-linearities based on subdomain linear-non-linear identification criteria. This combined approach is named as the FETI-DP-RBS-LNA algorithm and demonstrated on the mechanical analyses of a welding problem. Serial CPU costs of this algorithm are measured at each solution stage and compared with that from the IBM Watson direct sparse solver and the FETI-DP method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed computational approach for simulating welding problems, which is representative of a large class of three-dimensional large scale problems with localized non-linearities.
Mast Cells Recruited to Mesenteric Lymph Nodes during Helminth Infection Remain Hypogranular and Produce IL-4 and IL-6

Mast cells (MC) and basophils share expression of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FceRI) but can be distinguished by their divergent expression of KIT and CD49b. In BALB/c mice, MC lineage cells expressing high levels of FceRI by flow cytometry were seen only in bone marrow whereas those expressing intermediate levels of FceRI were present in bone marrow and spleen of naive mice and in mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) of Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. These FceRI(+)KIT(+)CD49b(-) cells had a membrane phenotype similar to i.p. connective tissue-type MC, but were smaller and hypogranular by flow cytometry forward and side scatter profiles, respectively. Consistent with this, they lacked the prominent secretory granules identified by histochemistry and immunodetection for the MC-specific granule proteases that are readily seen in mature jejunal mucosal MC that also are induced by the infection and present at the same time. The concentration of these MC lineage cells in mLN determined by flow cytometry was comparable to that of MC progenitors (MCp) measured by limiting dilution and clonal expansion with maturation. We observed upregulation of IL-4 transcription by MCp in mLN and spleens of helminth-infected 4get mice, and we demonstrated by intracellular cytokine staining production of IL-4 and IL-6 by the mLN MCp in helminth-infected mice. Furthermore, treatment of helminth-infected mice with anti-FceRI mAb, a protocol known to deplete basophils, also depleted mLN MCp. Thus, this study identifies a hypogranular subset of MCp recruited to mLN by helminth infection that may be an important unrecognized source of cytokines.
EMI/ESD solutions for the CAN network

Controller area network (CAN) system designers are being challenged to meet stringent electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) standards while increasing reliability and reducing the size and cost of their products. This document provides guidelines to select a CAN bus protection circuit to prevent conducted and radiated EMI and ESD noise problems.
Three‑dimensional inspiratory flow in the upper and central human airways

The steady inspiratory flow through an anatomically accurate model of the human airways was studied experimentally at a regime relevant to deep inspiration for aerosol drug delivery. Magnetic resonance velocimetry was used to obtain the three-component, mean velocity field. A strong, single-sided streamwise swirl was found in the trachea and persists up to the first bifurcation. There, the swirl and the asymmetric anatomy impact both the streamwise momentum distribution and the secondary flows in the main bronchi, with large differences compared to what is found in idealized branching tubes. In further generations, the streamwise velocity never recovers a symmetric profile and the relative intensity of the secondary flows remains strong. Overall, the results suggest that, in real human airways, both streamwise dispersion (due to streamwise gradients) and lateral dispersion (due to secondary flows) are very effective transport mechanisms. Neglecting the extrathoracic airways and idealizing the bronchial tree may lead to qualitatively different conclusions.
Reproducibility of the cold-induced vasodilation response in the human finger

Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is a cyclic oscillation in blood flow that occurs in the extremities on cold exposure and that is likely associated with reduced risk of cold injury (e.g., frostbit...
Maternal Genetic Mutations as Gestational and Early Life Influences in Producing Psychiatric Disease-Like Phenotypes in Mice

Risk factors for psychiatric disorders have traditionally been classified as genetic or environmental. Risk (candidate) genes, although typically possessing small effects, represent a clear starting point to elucidate downstream cellular/molecular pathways of disease. Environmental effects, especially during development, can also lead to altered behavior and increased risk for disease. An important environmental factor is the mother, demonstrated by the negative effects elicited by maternal gestational stress and altered maternal care. These maternal effects can also have a genetic basis (e.g. maternal genetic variability and mutations). The focus of this review is “maternal genotype effects” that influence the emotional development of the offspring resulting in life-long psychiatric disease-like phenotypes. We have recently found that genetic inactivation of the serotonin1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and the fmr-1 gene (encoding the fragile X mental retardation protein) in mouse dams results in psychiatric disease-like phenotypes in their genetically unaffected offspring. 5-HT1AR deficiency in dams results in anxiety and increased stress responsiveness in their offspring. Mice with 5-HT1AR deficient dams display altered development of the hippocampus, which could be linked to their anxiety-like phenotype. Maternal inactivation of fmr-1, like its inactivation in the offspring, results in a hyperactivity-like condition and is associated with receptor alterations in the striatum. These data indicate a high sensitivity of the offspring to maternal mutations and suggest that maternal genotype effects can increase the impact of genetic risk factors in a population by increasing the risk of the genetically normal offspring as well as by enhancing the effects of offspring mutations.