cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An applied fingerprinting system for cultivated potato using simple sequence repeats

The ability to quickly and accurately identify potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clones is important to potato-breeding programs, seed and commercial potato growers, and marketing and utilization of potato cultivars. Since 1990, the Michigan State University Potato Breeding and Genetics Program has used an isozyme-based fingerprinting system to identify potato cultivars. Isozyme analysis is an economical and effective means of discriminating potato clones; however, isozyme analysis requires fresh, healthy tuber or leaf tissue. DNA-based fingerprinting using simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites) has been shown to discriminate between potato clones. The objective of this study was to identify the most useful SSR primer pairs that accurately and efficiently distinguish clones for an applied fingerprinting system of cultivated potato. SSR primer pairs with high polymorphism were selected from previous tetraploid potato studies. DNA isolated from 17 potato clones representing round-white, russet, and red market classes were visualized on both polyacrylamide (PAGE) and agarose gel systems. Polymorphism was observed in all 18 primer combinations on PAGE and 14 using agarose gel electrophoresis. All 17 cultivars were discriminated on PAGE with various combinations of two primer pairs: STIIKA using STACCAS3, STIN-HWI, or STM0031; and STACCAS3 using STGBSS1, POTM1-2, STM1104, or STM0031. The combination of STM0019, STM0031, STGBSS1, and POTM1-2 was able to differentiate all 17 clones using agarose gel electrophoresis. PAGE was determined to be the preferred system for variety identification, but agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to differentiate lines when specific varietal comparisons are needed. In addition, five different DNA source tissue types were evaluated (fresh foliar, freeze-dried foliar, fresh tuber, freeze-dried tuber epidermis, and freeze-dried tuber tissue). Amplification products were similar for all five tissue sources used for DNA isolation. This ability to isolate DNA from freeze-dried tissue will allow cultivar identification when fresh tissue is not available. The SSR primer pairs presented here can be used as a practical fingerprinting system for cultivated potato identification.
Role of probiotic therapy in IBD

There is mounting evidence that probiotic therapy may alter disease expression in both animal models of IBD and in patients with IBD. The effects appear to be modest at best and may reflect the choice of probiotic organism, the variability in concentrations of organisms administered, and the variability of the diseases being treated. This review examines the data of all fully published articles currently available for the role of probiotics in the treatment of IBD.
Gastrointestinal perforation due to bevacizumab in colorectal cancer

Bevacizumab is the first U.S. Food and Drug Association-approved vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted agent that greatly increases progression-free and overall survival in combination with standard chemotherapy regimens in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Although bevacizumab is generally well tolerated, some serious adverse events have occurred in some patients in clinical trials, including arterial thromboembolism and gastrointestinal (GI) perforation. GI perforation was first observed in the pivotal phase 3 trial, in which six events occurred in bevacizumab group (1.5%), compared with no events in the control group. Since then, similar rates of GI perforation have been observed in other large trials. Typical presentation was abdominal pain associated with constipation and vomiting. Such events occurred throughout treatment and were not correlated with duration of exposure. No difference in rate of GI perforations was found in patients who did and did not have a baseline history of peptic ulcer disease, diverticulosis, and history of chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the incidence of GI perforation seemed to be higher in patients with primary tumor intact, recent history of sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, or previous adjuvant radiotherapy, but it is necessary to confirm these preliminary findings by multivariate analyses. The mechanism responsible for causing GI perforation is not known and may be multifactorial. Bevacizumab should be permanently discontinued in patients who develop GI perforation. This article reviews the incidence, presentation, pathogenesis, risk factors, and management of GI perforation in patients with colorectal cancer who are treated with bevacizumab.
Engineered Soluble Monomeric IgG1 CH3 Domain GENERATION, MECHANISMS OF FUNCTION, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS

Most of the therapeutic antibodies approved for clinical use are full-size IgG1 molecules. The interaction of the IgG1 Fc with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays a critical role in maintaining their long half-life. We have hypothesized that isolated Fc domains could be engineered to functionally mimic full-size IgG1 (nanoantibodies) but with decreased (10-fold) size. Here, we report for the first time the successful generation of a soluble, monomeric CH3 domain (mCH3). In contrast to the wild-type dimeric CH3, the mCH3 exhibited pH-dependent binding to FcRn similar to that of Fc. The binding free energy of mCH3 to FcRn was higher than that of isolated CH2 but lower than that of Fc. Therefore, CH3 may contribute a larger portion of the free energy of binding to FcRn than CH2. A fusion protein of mCH3 with an engineered antibody domain (m36.4) also bound to FcRn in a pH-dependent fashion and exhibited significantly higher neutralizing activity against HIV-1 than m36.4-Fc fusion proteins. The m36.4-mCH3 fusion protein was monomeric, stable, soluble, and expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli. We also found that engineering an additional disulfide bond in mCH3 remarkably increased its thermal stability, whereas the FcRn binding was not affected. These data suggest that mCH3 could not only help in the exploration of the dual mechanisms of the CH3 contribution to Fc functions (dimerization and FcRn interactions) but could also be used for the development of candidate therapeutics with optimized half-life, enhanced tissue penetration, access to sterically restricted binding sites, and increased therapeutic efficacy.
A new property of partitions with applications to the Rogers-Ramanujan identities

Abstract The order of a partition π (relative to N ) is defined as the largest i for which the number of summands in the closed interval [ i , i + N − 1] is at least i . By studying the generating function for partitions into distinct parts not exceeding 2 N with given order, we are able to derive an identity of importance in the theory of partitions.
The acqusition and extinction of instrumentally conditioned approach behavior in the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum)

Instrumental appetitive conditioning was studied in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Ss were trained to snap at a manipulandum in order to obtain food reward. The results showed that the Ss were capable of learning the task and that extinction returned the instrumentally conditioned response to the operant level.
Image-potential states of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The existence of low angular momentum image-potential states is predicted both for single- and multiwalled nanotubes. The states are confined between the self-induced potential on the vacuum side and the surface barrier, created by the central ascent in the transverse nanotube potential. Effective interactions near the surface of the nanotube are modeled with a cylindrical jelliumlike surface barrier, parameterized to ensure the correct transition into the long-range image potential. Binding energies and wave functions are calculated for (12,0), (10,10), (9,0) single-walled and $(d=9.48\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ multiwalled nanotubes for different values of electron angular momenta. In addition, the expected relative lifetimes were calculated for the case of zero--angular momentum states of a (10,10) SWNT. The possible formation of image-potential states in nanotube bundles is briefly discussed.
Using simulation to improve the use of evidence-based practice Guidelines

Nurses in health care today need to practice from an evidence base. There are many models to guide nurses in using the evidence in their practice; however, often nurses rely on their own mental processes to deliver care and do not rely on protocols or guidelines. The challenge often is not to teach the correct evidence-based practice guideline but to support the nurse to incorporate the guidelines into daily practice. Simulation is a method that can be used in an overall strategy to diffuse evidence-based practice guidelines at the point of care delivery.
PCTA: A New Player in TGF-β Signaling

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) regulates a wide variety of biological activities by binding to cell surface serine/threonine kinase receptors. Canonical TGF-β signaling is mediated by Smad proteins, which transduce the TGF-β signal from the cell surface into the nucleus to regulate transcription. Upon TGF-β binding and receptor activation, the TGF-β receptor phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3. SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation) and cPML (cytoplasmic promyelocytic leukemia protein) recruit Smad2 and Smad3 for phosphorylation by the TGF-β receptor. cPML is sequestered in the nucleus by the homeodomain protein TGIF (TG-interacting factor), a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. Recently, PCTA (PML competitor for TGIF association) has been shown to compete with cPML for binding to TGIF, resulting in the accumulation of cPML in the cytoplasm, where it mediates the interaction between Smad2/3 and SARA and coordinates the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 by the TGF-β receptor. Accordingly, PCTA promotes TGF-β–mediated transcriptional regulation and growth inhibition. Thus, PCTA defines a new regulator in TGF-β signaling.
Electron microscopic observations on the yolk sac of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias.

Yolk sacs from pregnant spiny dogfish, which were collected throughout one summer, were categorized according to functional stage. Those in the middle of the first summer of pregnancy were observed to function both in nutritive and in respiratory transport. Yolk sacs from late first-summer pregnancies appeared to be engaged in nutritive transport alone. In the second summer of pregnancy, the membranes apparently performed neither nutritive nor respiratory transport. Fine structural changes in both respiratory and nutritive “barriers” as the transport function of each was lost were noted and are described. Digestion of yolk has been observed to begin within a syncytial cytoplasm which closely invests, and is continuous with, the yolk mass. This cytoplasm has been termed “vitelloplasm.” Both the digestion of yolk within the vitelloplasm and the transport of the digested product across the various layers of the “yolk—blood barrier” appeared to be mediated by Golgi membranes.
Nuclear magnetic and nuclear quadrupolar relaxation rate of liquid gallium-69

Abstract The temperature dependence of the nuclear magnetic relaxation rate W m and the nuclear quadrupolar relaxation rate W q have been calculated for liquid 69 Ga by our pseudopotential perturbation theory to first order and the Sholl formalism, respectively. The significance and importance of these results are that the magnitude of W 1m is about the same order as that of W 1q near the melting temperature; while W 1m increases with temperature, W q decreases with temperature. The origin of W 1q may be attributed to the translational, diffusive motion rather than the vibrational motion of the ions as suggested by Titman and Jolly. An alternative explanation has been proposed to support the present results.
Atrial Arrhythmias in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia and Ventricular Tachycardia

Information on atrial arrhythmia associated with right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is limited. In 36 patients with task force criteria for ARVC/D and history of ventricular tachycardia (VT), we confirmed the incidence and type of atrial arrhythmia, onset related to referral for VT ablation, fastest documented ventricular rate, management, and clinical and hemodynamic factors associated with their development. Thirty-six patients (28 men) had a mean age of 47 years (range 17 to 80) and mean follow-up of 56 +/- 44 months. Thirty-five patients (97%) had implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) devices, 15 with atrial leads. Fifteen of 36 patients (42%) had documented atrial arrhythmias, with atrial flutter (aFL) in 11, atrial fibrillation (AF) in 11 patients, and aFL and AF in 7 patients. Maximum heart rate noted with atrial arrhythmia was 62 to 150 beats/min. In 9 patients, initial atrial arrhythmia preceded or was concurrent with presentation for VT ablation. In the remaining 6 patients, atrial arrhythmia (symptomatic in 4 patients) followed VT presentation. Three of these patients received ICD shock therapy for atrial arrhythmias. Seven of 11 patients with recurrent aFL required aFL ablation, 1 patient underwent His-bundle ablation for AF with rapid rate, and 8 patients required long-term drug therapy for AF control. Atrial arrhythmias were more common in patients with RV enlargement and moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation. In conclusion, in patients with ARVC/D and VT, atrial arrhythmias are common, frequently necessitate ablative or pharmacologic treatment, and are more common in patients with moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation and markedly enlarged right ventricle.
Performance Improvement in Unfalsified Control Using Neural Networks

Abstract In this paper, a novel combination of unfalsified control and intelligent control is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of an uncertain system. A PID controller, whose parameters are adaptively tuned by switching among members of a given candidate set using observed plant data, is presented and compared with multi-model adaptive control. Two different cost functions are compared for their capability in selecting the “best” controller. The principle of Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN) is used to update the parameters of the selected PID controller to further improve the performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control switching strategy compares favorably to the alternatives.
NEW PHOTO-CONVERTIBLE REACTIONS OF BLUE-FLUORESCENT CALF α-CRYSTALLIN

— Both native blue fluorescent α-crystallin from calf lenses and UV (300 nm)-irradiated blue-fluorescent α-crystallin, when further irradiated with 365 nm-UV light, produce photo-products capable of emitting a new fluorescence at 455 nm. Illumination of the photo-products with 420 nm visible light regenerates the original fluorescence at 420–425 nm. In addition, another fluorescence at 400 nm has also been found in UV (300 nm)-irradiated blue-fluorescent α-crystallin, when exposed to 365 nm-UV light.
Genome-wide two-locus epistasis scans in prostate cancer using two European populations

Approximately 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk have been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, these GWAS-identified PCa risk-associated SNPs can explain only a small proportion of heritability (~13%) of PCa risk. Gene-gene interaction is speculated to be one of the major factors contributing to the so-called missing heritability. To evaluate the gene-gene interaction and PCa risk, we performed a two-stage genome-wide gene-gene interaction scan using a novel statistical approach named "Boolean Operation-based Screening and Testing". In the first stage, we exhaustively evaluated all pairs of SNP-SNP interactions for ~500,000 SNPs in 1,176 PCa cases and 1,101 control subjects from the National Cancer Institute Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) study. No SNP-SNP interaction reached a genome-wide significant level of 4.4E-13. The second stage of the study involved evaluation of the top 1,325 pairs of SNP-SNP interactions (P(interaction) <1.0E-08) implicated in CGEMS in another GWAS population of 1,964 PCa cases from the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) and 3,172 control subjects from the Illumina iControl database. Sixteen pairs of SNP-SNP interactions were significant in the JHH population at a P(interaction) cutoff of 0.01. However, none of the 16 pairs of SNP-SNP interactions were significant after adjusting for multiple tests. The current study represents one of the first attempts to explore the high-dimensional etiology of PCa on a genome-wide scale. Our results suggested a list of SNP-SNP interactions that can be followed in other replication studies.
Fungi in the Lebanon sewage treatment plants and in Turtle Creek, Warren Co., Ohio.

Using a variety of isolation techniques in agar and liquid media culture, 101 species of filamentous fungi and yeasts were isolated from samples of materials from Turtle Creek, Warren Co., Ohio, and 100 species of fungi were isolated from materials from secondary and tertiary treatment processes in the Lebanon, Warren Co., Ohio, sewage treatment plant. The combined list of fungi from the two types of materials numbered 142 species. Based on such habitat factors as content of total organic carbon, and organic nitrogen, the distribution of these fungi was discussed especially in relation to seven sampling points in the secondary-type treatment system, eight in the tertiary-type treatment systems, and five sampling points along Turtle Creek, two above the outfall from the Lebanon sewage treatment plant, one at the outfall, and two below that outfall. It is concluded that, as in the cases of Lytle Creek, Clinton Co., Ohio.; the Bear River in the Cache Valley, Utah and Idaho; and the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado, a group of fungi made up of many of the same species is adaptable to the conditions resulting from organic enrichment of streams resulting from sewage or industrial waste additives to the streams. These organisms contribute to the removal of this polluting organic matter. At least monthly sampling from any group of stations is needed to describe the populations more accurately and more meaningfully.
Awareness of deficits in financial abilities in patients with mild cognitive impairment: going beyond self-informant discrepancy.

Objective Self and informant reports of functional abilities are weighted heavily in diagnostic decision making regarding mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, it is unclear whether patients with MCI are fully aware and provide reliable estimates of their functional status. In this study, the authors used three different approaches to examine accuracy of self-report of financial abilities among patients with MCI. Design Cross-sectional, case-comparison group study. Setting University medical center. Participants Seventy-four patients with MCI and their informants, and 73 cognitively healthy older adults and their informants. Measurements The authors compared MCI patients' report of their financial abilities with their performance on an objective measure of financial capacity. The authors also compared informant reports of patients' abilities with patients' objective test performance, and informant reports with patients' self-report. Results The authors found that the discrepancy between self-report and objective performance was higher among MCI patients compared with the cognitively healthy older adults on the financial domains of Checkbook Management, Bank Statement Management, and Bill Payment, and on overall financial capacity. The authors also found that MCI patients with poorer global cognition overestimated their financial abilities whereas those with higher depressive symptoms underestimated their financial abilities. Overall, MCI patients were better at estimating their financial abilities than their informants. Conclusions Patients with MCI are not fully aware of deficits in their financial abilities. Both cognitive impairment and depression impact MCI patients' self-reported functioning. In addition, MCI informants misestimate patients' financial abilities. This raises concerns about the widespread use of informant report as the gold standard against which to evaluate patient self-report of functioning.
Mortality manifesto: a meta-analysis of aprotinin and tranexamic acid mortality.

Later and colleagues presented the results from a non-sponsored, double-blind, randomised trial comparing the clinical outcomes for tranexamic acid and aprotinin [1]. They report that aprotinin significantly reduced bleeding in comparison with tranexamic acid, but there was no difference in the number of packed red blood cells. With regard to outcomes, they report no significant differences, but negate the twofold difference in mortality. This issue of comparative mortality with anti-fibrinolytic agents has been unresolved as yet. For this reason, we updated our head-to-head meta-analysis to determine the safety of aprotinin over tranexamic acid with regard to mortality.
Novel and elegant spiral for a simple laser profilometer

Mechanically based profilometers typically employ a scanning slit, either on a reciprocating mechanism or rotating drum. With the subject beam conveniently fixed in space, the slit is made to slice through the desired transverse plane of interest.
Two-Year Trends in the Use of Seclusion and Restraint Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Youths

OBJECTIVES: This study examined characteristics associated with the use of seclusion and restraint among 442 psychiatrically hospitalized youths and sought to quantify changing trends in the rates of these modalities of treatment over time after the 1999 implementation of federal regulations and an institutional performance improvement program. METHODS: Demographic and clinical data related to all 5,929 incidents of seclusion and restraint that occurred during 2000 and 2001 at a child and adolescent state psychiatric hospital were analyzed. RESULTS: The two-year prevalence of use of seclusion was 61 percent and of restraint was 49 percent. Children and adolescents who were admitted on an emergency basis and those belonging to ethnic minority groups were more likely to undergo seclusion or restraint. Children aged 11 years and younger were more likely to undergo seclusion. The total number of episodes decreased by 26 percent and their cumulative duration decreased by 38 percent between the first quarter of...
Programming for Successful Retention of Graduate Students

Graduate students represent nearly one out of every four students attending universities or comprehensive institutions. It is an extremely heterogeneous group and provides unique challenges to higher education. This article summarizes current programming efforts to enhance graduate student experiences. Included is a focus on programs for the entering student as well as programs that support student persistence. Ideas for programming that facilitate a successful entry into careers have also been included. These programming efforts can facilitate graduate student retention through degree completion.
Nesiritide Does Not Improve Renal Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Worsening Serum Creatinine

Background— Nesiritide (synthetic human brain natriuretic peptide) is approved for the treatment of symptomatic heart failure. However, studies of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure have come to conflicting conclusions about effects on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow, natriuresis, and diuresis. Methods and Results— To identify a population at high risk of renal dysfunction with conventional treatment, we selected patients with a creatinine level increased from baseline (within 6 months). We examined the effects of nesiritide on GFR (measured by iothalamate clearance), renal plasma flow (measured by para-amino hippurate clearance), urinary sodium excretion, and urine output in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Patients received nesiritide (2 μg/kg IV bolus followed by an infusion of 0.01 μg/kg per minute) or placebo for 24 hours on consecutive days. Nesiritide and placebo data were compared by repeated-measures analysis and Student t te...
Photoluminescence from sharp gold tips

The properties of photoluminescence from gold nanostructures is studied with one and two-photon excitation. By using a tip, the signal is studied spectroscopically under well-defined conditions.
Quantitative Analysis of Ethyltin Compounds in Mammalian Tissue Using HPLC/FAAS

Measurement of total tin and ethyln tin forms in mammalian tissue is described, using ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in tandem with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for tin-specific detection. All tin forms in whole blood and tissue homogenates were liberated from biological (in vivo) binding by treatment with 6M hydrochloric acid for a period of 4 hr. Ethyln tin species, as the chlorides, were partitioned into chloroform:ethyl acetate (1:1) and analyzed via HPLC using a strong cation exchange column, with fraction collection by a programmable collector and fraction tin measurement by FAAS. Triethyl- and diethyltin were separated and quantitated using 0.167M ammonium citrate in 70:30 methanol:water, while monoethyltin required the use of 0.50M citrate salt in 70:30 water:methanol as mobile phase to effect elution. The difference between total and speciated tin content provides an estimate of remaining tin species, including the inorganic element.
Rangeland Monitoring and Invasive Weeds

One of the serious biological obstacles that must be addressed in any comprehensive revision of rangeland ecological condition assessment is what to do with sites dominated by exotic self-invasive species. In certain cases such species have truncated succession so that with a bare minimum of disturbance, the sites will never return to dominance by native perennial species. Are such sites destined to remain always in what is defined as "poor" ecological condition. Many communities dominated by exotic annuals are closed to the recruitment of seedlings of native perennial species. At the same time the communities are open to invasion by other introduced species. Should susceptibility to future invasions be a criteria in assessing the ecological condition of rangeland communities. The sustainability of communities dominated by exotic invasive species is assessing the ecological condition of such communities. Deviation from the plant community concepts of range condition and trend judgement involves setting ne...
Capillary tone: cyclooxygenase, shear stress, luminal glycocalyx, and hydraulic conductivity (Lp)

Control of capillary hydraulic conductivity (Lp) is the physiological mechanism that underpins systemic hydration. Capillaries form the largest surface of endothelial cells in any species with a cardiovascular system and all capillaries are exposed to the flow-induced force, shear stress (τ). Vasoactive molecules such as prostacyclin (cyclooxygenase product, COX) are released from endothelial cells in response to τ. Little is known about how COX activity impacts capillary Lp. The purpose here was to assess Lp in situ following an acute Δτ stimulus and during COX1/COX2 inhibition. Mesenteric true capillaries (TC) of Rana pipiens (pithed) were cannulated for Lp assessment using the modified Landis technique. Rana were randomized into Control and Test groups. Two capillaries per animal were used (perfusate, 10 mg·mL−1 BSA/frog Ringer's; superfusate, frog Ringer's or indomethacin (10−5 mol·L−1) mixed in frog Ringer's solution). Three distinct responses of Lp to indomethacin (TC2) were demonstrated (TC1 and TC2 medians: Test Subgroup 1, 3.0 vs. 1.8; Test Subgroup 2, 18.2 vs. 2.2; Test Subgroup 3, 4.2 vs. 10.2 × 10−7 cm·sec−1·cm H2O−1). Multiple regression analysis revealed a relationship between capillary Lp and systemic red blood cell concentration or hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, and Δτ (Test Subgroup 1, R2 = 0.59, P < 0.0001; Test Subgroup 2, R2 = 0.96, P = 0.002), but only during COX inhibition. Maintaining red blood cell and plasma protein levels within a normal range may control barrier function in a healthy state. Recovering barrier function may be an unrecognized benefit of transfusions during blood loss or edema formation.
Tropical enteritis: nutritional consequences and connections with the riddle of cholera.

One of the important consequences of the infection–nutrition interaction is mediated by malabsorption associated with chronic inflammation in the intestine enteritis. Studies made possible after development of the peroral intestinal biopsy technique in the 1950s indicated the wide prevalence of enteropathy particularly in tropical developing countries with poor levels of sanitation. Some consider this so-called subclinical tropical malabsorption to be the base of an iceberg whose tip is tropical sprue a severe form of malabsorption leading to nutritional deficiency that had been reported in colonial expatriates in tropical countries for 200 y. Some of the first demonstrations of the prevalence of tropical enteritis in Asia were made in quest of the pathologic lesion of cholera and further examination of the water and electrolyte as well as nutrient malabsorption in cholera led serendipitously to the discovery of the oral rehydration solution for the treatment of diarrheal disease. (authors)
A hybrid topology architecture for P2P systems

A core area of P2P systems research is the topology of the overlay network. It has ranged from random unstructured networks like Gnutella to Super-Peer architectures to the recent trend of structured overlays based on distributed hash tables (DHTs) (I. Stoica et al., 2001), (A. Rowstron et al., 2001), (S. Ratnasamy et al., 2001). While the unstructured networks have excessive lookup costs and un-guaranteed lookups, the structured systems offer no anonymity and delegate control over data items to unrelated peers. In this paper, we present an in-the-middle hybrid architecture which uses a mix of both topologies to create a decentralized P2P infrastructure. The system provides scalable and guaranteed lookups in addition to mutual anonymity and also allows hosting content with the content-owner. We validate our architecture through a thorough analytical and performance analysis of the system
The U14 snoRNA is required for 2′-O-methylation of the pre-18S rRNA in Xenopus oocytes

We have studied the role of the U14 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) in pre-rRNA methylation and processing in Xenopus oocytes. Depletion of U14 in Xenopus oocytes was achieved by co-injecting two nonoverlapping antisense oligonucleotides. Focusing on the earliest precursor, depletion experiments revealed that the U14 snoRNA is essential for 2'-O-ribose methylation at nt 427 of the 18S rRNA. Injection of U14-depleted oocytes with specific U14 mutant snoRNAs indicated that conserved domain B, but not domain A, of U14 is required for the methylation reaction. When the effect of U14 on pre-rRNA processing is assayed, we find only modest effects on 18S rRNA levels, and no effect on the type or accumulation of 18S precursors, suggesting a role for U14 in a step in ribosome biogenesis other than cleavage of the pre-rRNA. Xenopus U14 is, therefore, a Box C/D fibrillarin-associated snoRNA that is required for site-specific 2'-O-ribose methylation of pre-rRNA.
Control of yellow and purple nutsedge in elevated CO2 environments with glyphosate and halosulfuron.

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) have significantly increased over the past century and are expected to continue rising in the future. While elevated levels of CO2 will likely result in higher crop yields, weed growth is also highly likely to increase, which could increase the incidence of herbicide resistant biotypes. An experiment was conducted in 2012 to determine the effects of an elevated CO2 environment on glyphosate and halosulfuron efficacy for postemergence control of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L. and C. esculentus L.). Both species of nutsedge where grown in 3.0-L containers under either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 µmol mol-1) CO2 in open-top field chambers and treated with either 0.5×, 1.0×, or 1.5× of the manufacturer’s labeled rate of halosulfuron, glyphosate, or a tank mix of the two herbicides. The growth of both nutsedge species responded positively to elevated CO2, purple nutsedge had increased shoot and root dry weights and yellow nutsedge had increased shoot, root, and tuber dry weights and counts. Few treatment differences were observed among the herbicides at any of the rates tested. At three weeks following herbicide application, both purple and yellow nutsedge were adequately controlled by both herbicides and combinations at all rates tested, regardless of CO2 concentration. Based on this study, it is likely that predicted future CO2 levels will have little impact on the efficacy of single applications of halosulfuron or glyphosate for control of purple and yellow nutsedge at the growth stages described here, although scenarios demanding more persistent control efforts remain a question.
Effects of Pullet-Stocking Density on Performance of Laying Hens

Abstract Effects of cage-stocking density during the rearing period on three commercial strains housed in open and closed rearing and laying houses were examined in two experiments. Stocking densities in Experiment 1 were 311, 259, and 239 cm2 per bird and in Experiment 2 were 311, 259, and 222 cm2 per bird. In the rearing period, greater stocking densities significantly reduced feed intake and 18-wk body weight and increased age at 50% production. In the second experiment, mortality to 20 wk was higher among birds reared at 222 cm2 per bird compared to the less dense treatments. In the laying phase of the experiments, there were no differences among the treatments in number of eggs per bird housed, layer mortality or kilograms of feed consumed per kilograms of egg produced. Final (499 days) body weight of hens reared at 222 cm2 per bird was significantly less than that of those in the other treatment groups. Egg weight of birds reared at 22 cm2 per bird was significantly greater than that of birds reared at 311 cm per bird in Experiment 2. Calculated incomes over feed and chick costs were not different among the treatments in either experiment. A less rapid decline in egg production was noted among birds reared at the highest stocking density over the time of the experiment.
Navigating persistent audio

This paper gives an overview of RadioActive, a large-scale asynchronous audio messaging platform for mobile devices. It supports persistent chat spaces that allow users to engage in discussion on demand. Our goal is to allow users to easily navigate and participate in large audio-based discussions with minimal cognitive overhead. RadioActive attempts to eliminate problems that habitually plague audio-only designs by using a novel combined visual and audio interface.
Chemical modification of ribonuclease A with 4-arsono-2-nitrofluorobenzene

4-Arsono-2-nitrofluorobenzene reacts selectively at the anion binding site of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. The major derivative is the inactive 41-(4-arsono-2-nitrophenyl) ribonuclease A (45% yield). Additional products are 1-alpha-(4-arsono-2-nitrophenyl) ribonuclease A (11% yield) which is enzymatically active and the disubstituted, inactive 1,41-bis-(4-arsono-2-nitrophenyl) ribonuclease A (25% yield). 2' (3')-O-Bromoacetyluridine reacts with 41-(4-arsono-2-nitrophenyl) ribonuclease A exclusively at the histidine-12 residue at a rate which is approximately one-fourth the rate observed with the unmodified enzyme. Saturation kinetics are observed and the dissociation constant for the protein-inhibitor complex is 0.096 +/- 0.023 M. The first-order unimolecular decomposition constant for complex breakdown is 8.9 +/- 2.9 X 10(-4) s-1. 2'-Bromoacetamido-2'-deoxyuridine reacts with 41-(4-arsono-2-nitrophenyl) ribonuclease A 25 times more slowly than 2'(3')-O-bromoacetyluridine. Bromoacetate reacts with 41-(4-arsono-2-nitrophenyl) ribonuclease A predominantly at the histidine-119 residue at a rate 45 times less than that found for the unmodified enzyme. The results of the alkylation studies imply that the dianionic arsonate does not occupy the phosphate binding site in the enzyme but is sufficiently proximate to account for a decrease in bromoacetate binding as well as a reduction in the nucleophilic reactivity of histidine-12 and -119. All these effects may be accounted for in terms of a local electrostatic perturbation of the active site region by the arsononitrophenyl group.
Orientalism for a New Millennium: Cable News and the Specter of the “Ground Zero Mosque”:

This study uses discourse analysis to examine the arc of cable news media coverage of the so-called “Ground Zero Mosque”, a proposed Islamic community center in lower Manhattan that sparked widespread controversy. This article analyzes both the nature and duration of mainstream cable news coverage of the controversy and the major arguments put forth by those both supporting and opposing the center in the politically charged post-September 11 media environment. Google Trends data were employed to examine the duration of the controversy both in terms of broader media coverage and search volume for the term “Ground Zero Mosque” online. This study found several consistent trends in terms of the sources present in cable coverage opposing the center, as well as a very narrow set of talking points that underline the presence of what other researchers have identified as an Islamophobic network of individuals and organizations present in American mass media discourse.
The Impact of the Welfare State and Social Policy on the Working Population: The Recent British Experience

This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure, (interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies. In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.”
Activation mechanism of the multifunctional transcription factor repressor-activator protein 1 (Rap1p)

Transcriptional activation in eukaryotic organisms normally requires combinatorial interactions of multiple transcription factors. In most cases, the precise role played by each transcription factor is not known. The upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements of glycolytic enzyme genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are excellent model systems for the study of combinatorial interactions. The yeast protein known as Rap1p acts as both a transcriptional repressor and an activator, depending on sequence context. Rap1p-binding sites are found adjacent to Gcr1p-binding sites in the UAS elements of glycolytic enzyme genes. These UAS elements constitute some of the strongest activating sequences known in S. cerevisiae. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between Rap1p- and Gcr1p-binding sites and the proteins that bind them. In vivo DNA-binding studies with rap1ts mutant strains demonstrated that the inability of Rap1p to bind at its site resulted in the inability of Gcr1p to bind at adjacent binding sites. Synthetic oligonucleotides, modeled on the UAS element of PYK1, in which the relative positions of the Rap1p- and Gcr1p-binding sites were varied prepared and tested for their ability to function as UAS elements. The ability of the oligonucleotides to function as UAS elements was dependent not only on the presence of both binding sites but also on the relative distance between the binding sites. In vivo DNA-binding studies showed that the ability of Rap1p bind its site was independent of Gcr1p but that the ability of Gcr1p to bind its site was dependent on the presence of an appropriately spaced and bound Rap1p-binding site. In vitro binding studies showed Rap1p-enhanced binding of Gcr1p on oligonucleotides modeled after the native PYK1 UAS element but not when the Rap1p- and Gcr1p-binding sites were displaced by 5 nucleotides. This work demonstrates that the role of the Rap1p in the activation of glycolytic enzyme genes is to bind in their UAS elements and to facilitate the binding of Gcr1p at adjacent binding sites.
5,6‐Dihydro‐2,4,4,6‐tetramethyl‐1,3(4H)‐oxazine

[26939-18-4] C8H15NO (MW 141.21) InChI = 1S/C8H15NO/c1-6-5-8(3,4)9-7(2)10-6/h6H,5H2,1-4H3 InChIKey = LZSGJOXDYPFFQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (α-carbanion serves as acetate or acetaldehyde enolate equivalent for synthesis of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, aliphatic aldehydes, α-amino ketones, unsymmetrical ketones, and substituted carboxylic acids) Physical Data: bp 47–49 °C/17 mmHg. Preparative Method: prepared by the acid-catalyzed condensation of Acetonitrile and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol in 65% yield (eq 1).2 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special precautions required; this reagent can be stored for months at rt under an inert atmosphere.
Direct effects of estradiol-17 beta on the number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the ovine pituitary.

Concentrations of pituitary receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are affected by GnRH and gonadal steroids. To test the hypothesis that estradiol-17 beta (E2) directly affects the number of GnRH receptors in the pituitary, independent of GnRH secretion, ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamic-pituitary disconnections (HPD) were given 25 micrograms (i.m.) of E2 (HPD + E2, n = 5) or oil (HPD + OIL, n = 5). Ovariectomized control ewes, with intact hypothalamic-pituitary axes (INT), also received either E2 or oil (INT + E2, n = 6; INT + OIL, n = 6). Blood samples were taken hourly for analysis of serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) from 4 h prior to until 16 h after treatment. Pituitaries were collected 16 h after treatment for analysis of GnRH receptors. Treatment with E2 increased concentrations of LH in serum beginning 12.7 +/- 0.6 h after injection in INT ewes but not in HPD ewes. Compared to INT + OIL ewes, E2 treatment increased (p less than 0.001) the number of GnRH receptors by 2.5-fold in INT ewes and by 2.0-fold in HPD ewes. These results suggest that although GnRH is necessary for secretion of gonadotropins, E2 alone can directly increase the number of GnRH receptors in the pituitary.
Language and behavioral outcomes in children with developmental disabilities using cochlear implants.

Objective—Over the past decade, the number of deaf children with developmental disabilities receiving cochlear implants has increased dramatically. However, little is known about the developmental outcomes of these children post-implantation. The current study evaluated oral language and behavioral outcomes over three years post-implantation in a sample of typically developing deaf children and children with developmental disabilities. Study Design—A three year longitudinal study of the effects of cochlear implantation on language and behavioral outcomes in children with and without additional disabilities. Setting—Six cochlear implant centers in the United States. Patients—The study cohort consisted of 188 deaf children. Eighty-five percent of the sample (n=157) had a single diagnosis of severe to profound hearing loss and 15% (n=31) had an additional disability. Main Outcome Measures—Oral language was assessed using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales and behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Results—Results using multilevel modeling indicated that deaf children with and without additional disabilities improved significantly in oral language skills post-implantation. However, children with developmental disabilities made slower progress. In terms of specific diagnoses, children with developmental disorders, such as autism, made the slowest progress over time. In addition, behavior problems increased significantly in this group, whereas behavior problems decreased over three years in the typically developing deaf sample.
OPTIMAL TRADE-OFF IN INVERSION-BASED OUTPUT TRACKING: CTOL AIRCRAFT EXAMPLE*

System-Inversion-Based technique can be used to achieve high-accuracy output tracking. However, exact-inversion can lead to unacceptably-large inputs for poorly chosen output trajectory. In this paper, we propose an optimal-inversion technique for the nonlinear system to significantly reduce the amplitude of the inputs, by slightly redesigning the desired output trajectory. The optimalinverse input-state trajectories is found by using its linearized model and the linearization error is removed by an iteration process. A CTOL example is used to illustrate our method throughout the paper.
Etiology and Classification of Lymphatic Disorders

Beyond lymphedema, in its diverse manifestations, there is a spectrum of human disease that directly or indirectly alters lymphatic structure and function. Not surprisingly, the symptomatic and objective presentation of these patients is quite heterogeneous. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis pose distinct challenges. In this overview, the various categories of lymphatic disease are enumerated and viewed through the prism of lymphatic embryological development (Chap. 4).
The Value of a First-Year Seminar: International Students' Insights in Retrospect

Higher education institutions in the United States commonly offer first-year seminars to assist students with their transition to college. Seminars are one of several types of first-year interventi...
MORPHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIPPOS AND WHALES

Recent discoveries of the ankles of fossil whales, reported by Gingerich et al. (2001) and Thewissen et al. (2001b), corroborated the molecular hypothesis that Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are closely related to artiodactyls (evenhoofed mammals including hippopotami, pigs, deer, and camels); however, major points of disagreement remain. A morphology-based study incorporating some of these new data (Thewissen et al., 2001b) supported the exclusion of Cetacea from the clade of living artiodactyls. In contrast, a vast amount of molecular data support placement of Cetacea within Artiodactyla, as close relatives to Hippopotamidae (Gatesy et al., 1996, 1999; Montgelard et al., 1997; Shimamura et al., 1997, 1999; Nikaido et al., 2001). Here we report that morphological data from extinct and extant taxa support placement of Cetacea within Artiodactyla as the closest relatives of Hippopotamidae (Fig. 1B) and indicate that molecular and morphological evidence for the phylogeny of these taxa are now much more congruent than previously thought.
A Conversation with Chol Soo Lee and K.W. Lee

(2005). A Conversation with Chol Soo Lee and K.W. Lee. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 31, Deporting Our Souls and Defending Our Immigrants, pp. 75-108.
Critical Evaluation of Selected Physical Education Films

(1953). Critical Evaluation of Selected Physical Education Films. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 335-344.
Frederik Claeyé, Managing Nongovernmental Organizations: Culture, Power and Resistance

Globalization, and more recently its cousin term glocalization, is now firmly established as a master trope in cross-cultural research, with notions of hybridity (Bhabha, 1994; Kraidy, 2005), adding further theoretical complexity. Studies in organizational communication have likewise responded with examinations of the unique challenges and forms of management culture and practice in a global context (e.g., Gamble, 2010; Hofstede, 2011; Jackson, 2013). To this growing body of literature, Frederik Claeye adds Managing Nongovernmental Organizations: Culture, Power and Resistance, a valuable critical consideration of global–local dynamics in the third sector.