cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for heterogeneity of LW antigen revealed in a family study.

An inbred family (Wald.) with three apparently LW negative members in two generations is described in this report. Studies of the red blood cells of these LW negative family members with a variety of anti-LW reagents establishes that the VW-Wald. category is a weak LW variant. Wald. red blood cells react weakly with the anti-LW of Bige., but are negative with that of VW. An analogy may be made between the LW, ABO, and P systems. LW negative (lwlw) of the Bige. type corresponds to group O or pp. Weak LW positive or VW-Wald. type corresponds to A2 and P2. Normal LW positive corresponds to A1 and P1. The antibody made by lwlw individuals may be comparable to the anti A + A1 of group O and anti P + P1 of pp. The antibody made by weak LW positive or VW type may be comparable to the anti A1 of A2 and anti P1 of P2 individuals. It is suggested that donors and patients now classified as LW negative be characterized as Bige. or VW types until more precise nomenclature is defined.
The aqueous humor of rabbit contains high concentrations of pyrroline-5-carboxylate.

Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that the interconversion of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) transfers oxidizing or reducing potential within or between cells. We report here that rabbit aqueous humor contains P5C at a concentration at least 20 times that found in rabbit plasma or in biologic fluids from other animals, and, in isolated lens, P5C stimulates the activity of the pentose phosphate shunt. However, aqueous humor in other species contains P5C in the same range of concentrations as their respective plasma. The high P5C concentration in rabbit aqueous humor may be due to comparatively low levels of P5C reductase activity in ocular tissues, especially the cornes. The levels in lens epithelium, though lower in the rabbit, nevertheless could mediate the transfer of oxidizing potential from P5C and stimulate the pentose-phosphate shunt. These results suggest that the eye may serve as a convenient model for the study of proline and P5C-related transfer of reducing or oxidizing potential between tissues.
Influence of Whey and Probiotic-Supplemented Withdrawal Feed on the Retention of Salmonella Intubated into Market Age Broilers

Broilers (6 wk of age) were crop-intubated with a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium and given four withdrawal feeds: 1) control feed (corn and soybean meal base, 18% CP and 3,200 kcal ME/kg); 2) control plus 5% whey (61% lactose); 3) control plus probiotic (6.8 x 10(6) cfu of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium thermophilium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus); and 4) control plus 5% whey plus probiotic. In Experiment 1, male broilers received 9.8 x 10(7) cfu of S. typhimurium per bird midway through a 20-h fast. The withdrawal feeds were continuously offered through a subsequent period of 6 to 7 days. Live performance of broilers during this time was similar among treatments. Ceca from birds consuming whey were significantly (P less than .05) increased in weight and distended with gas. Recovery of S. typhimurium from the ceca was low with all treatments, and the effects of whey or probiotic at reducing the organism could not be determined. In Experiment 2, female broilers received the same four experimental feeds for 48 h. Salmonella typhimurium was intubated 24 h after feed access (1.2 x 10(7) cfu per bird). Again, no differences (P greater than .05) in performance occurred, but the inclusion of whey led to increased cecal weight and size (P less than .05). Large numbers of S. typhimurium were recovered from the ceca 24 h after intubation, but the levels were similar among treatments. Whey and probiotic in the withdrawal feed did not appear to affect the Salmonella level in ceca when the organism was consumed prior to marketing.
Electronic logistics service quality (e-LSQ): Its impact on the customer's purchase satisfaction and retention

The Internet retailing industry continues to grow rapidly. Several Internet retailers are, however, struggling to retain customers due to the high level of competition among incumbents. We propose that customer satisfaction with the order fulfillment process is an important determinant of overall customer satisfaction with the retailer, as well as with the extent of customer retention enjoyed by the retailer. This paper offers a new concept for electronic logistics service quality and investigates the relationship between the quality of online fulfillment and the ensuing retention of customers, using archival data on 260 online retailers. The structural equation model results indicate that satisfaction with the physical distribution quality and cost are positively related with customer’s purchase satisfaction and customer retention. Additionally, the results indicate that while purchase satisfaction is a strong indicator of customer retention, underlying drivers of purchase satisfaction do not have nearly the same impact on customer retention directly as they have on purchase satisfaction.
Alcohol exposure during late adolescence increases drinking in adult Wistar rats, an effect that is not reduced by finasteride.

Aims: We tested whether an exposure to alcohol in late adolescence, an age of rapid increase in neuroactive steroid precursors, would increase voluntary alcohol consumption in adult rats and whether this effect would be modulated by finasteride, an inhibitor of neuroactive steroid synthesis. Methods: In Experiment 1, we exposed male Wistar rats to 8% alcohol during the dark cycle for 1 week during late adolescence [postnatal days (PNDs) 51–58], and then measured voluntary alcohol consumption 1 month later in adulthood (PNDs 91–104). In Experiment 2, finasteride was administered during the forced alcohol exposure in late adolescence and, in Experiment 3, during voluntary alcohol consumption in adulthood. Plasma was collected at the end of each finasteride treatment to confirm the reduction of plasma neuroactive steroid levels. Results: We found that a daily 12-h exposure to alcohol for 7 days in late adolescence significantly increased voluntary alcohol consumption (4-fold) a month later during adulthood. Finasteride administration in late adolescence increased group alcohol intake in late adolescence but did not block the effect of adolescent alcohol exposure on increasing alcohol preference in adulthood. There was no effect of finasteride treatment in adulthood on alcohol preference. Conclusions: A daily 12-h exposure to alcohol for 7 days in late adolescence was sufficient to induce chronically increased alcohol preference in adulthood, indicating that this age may be sensitive to the effects of alcohol.
Carl Rogers and the CIA

Carl Rogers was a pioneer and leader in the humanistic psychology movement. Although his many professional activities and accomplishments are well known, the story of his association with the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology—a front organization for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—is barely known and has never been explored in any depth. This article attempts to tell that story in the context of America during the 1950s, Rogers's academic career, and the mission of the CIA.
Reducing test cost through the use of digital testers for analog tests

The addition of extensive analog blocks to traditionally pure digital ASIC designs is driving the need to verify these analog functions. There are several possible solutions for verifying these analog blocks. These include design for test (DFT), mixed signal automated test equipment (ATE), and the use of custom measurement circuitry on a purely digital tester. This paper focuses entirely on the use of custom measurement circuitry on an otherwise purely digital tester
Temperature and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass influence transfusion requirements

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the influence of temperature and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on blood loss and transfusion requirements. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Tertiary care, academic medical institution. Measurements and Main Results: The charts of 378 patients who had undergone primary elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were studied. Systemic perfusion of CPB had been conducted between 20°C and 37°C in all patients. Patient demographic, temperature during CPB, duration of CPB, blood loss, and transfusion requirements were all recorded. Hypothermic CPB patients had minor increases in requirements for transfusion of red blood cells (RBC; p = 0.01), fresh frozen plasma (FFP; p = 0.01), platelets (PLT; p = 0.003), and total (allogeneic and autologous) blood products ( p p Conclusions: The institution of warm CPB has many ramifications for clinical practice. The hypothermic induced platelet dysfunction and increased duration associated with cold CPB may contribute to the minor increases in transfusion requirements. However, temperature appears to be a weak factor, neither supporting nor refuting the use of warm or cold CPB.
Numerical Study of Particle Migration in Tube and Plane Poiseuille Flows

The lateral migration of a single spherical particle in tube Poiseuille flow is simulated by ALE scheme, along with the study of the movement of a circular particle in plane Poiseuille flow with consistent dimensionless parameters. These particles are rigid and neutrally buoyant. A lift law L = CU s(Ωs−Ωse) analogous to L=ρUΓ is validated in both two dimensions and three dimensions here; U s and Ωs are slip velocity and angular slip velocity, Ωse is the angular slip velocity at equilibrium. A method of constrained simulation is used to generate data which is processed for correlation formulas for the lift force, slip velocity, and equilibrium position. Our formulas predict the change of sign of the lift force which is necessary in the Segre—Silberberg effect. Correlation formulas are compared between tube and plane Poiseuille flows by fixing the dimensionless size of particle and the Reynolds number. Our work provides a valuable reference for a better understanding of the migration of particle in Poiseuille flows and the Segre—Silberberg effect.
Soft-tissue sarcomas of the head and neck in children☆

Thirty-two children aged three months to 17 years (median six years) were diagnosed with soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck and treated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1981. Thirty-one received chemotherapy and all received radiation therapy (RT). Twenty-five patients had pre-treatment computed tomography (CT) scans, which were used for staging and treatment planning. Doses of radiation therapy ranged from 3000 to 7300 rad to the primary tumor (median 5000 rad). The overall five-year survival of the entire group of 32 patients was 75%. Ten of the 32 patients had invasive cranial parameningeal disease as demonstrated by bony erosion at the skull base, seen on CT in eight and plain radiographs in two patients. Eight of these 10 patients have developed recurrent sarcoma: four in the meninges, two locally, one regionally and one distantly. Five of these 10 children with invasive cranial parameningeal sarcoma received 3000 rad of prophylactic cranial irradiation, begun within the first 12 days of chemotherapy, and none developed meningeal disease. In contrast, only one of the 22 patients without invasive cranial parameningeal disease has relapsed (local recurrence). The data suggest that soft-tissue sarcomas of the head and neck in children without invasion into the base of the skull (invasive cranial parameningeal disease) are usually cured. CT scans are essential for staging. Patients with invasion of the base of the skull may be protected from meningeal relapse by early cranial irradiation, although they still are at high risk for relapse in other sites.
Algebraic Description of Motion.

An algebraic definition of time differentiation is presented and used to relate independent-measurements of position and velocity. With this, students can grasp certain essential physical, geometric, and algebraic properties of motion and differentiation before undertaking the study of limits.
Nine Steps to Move Forward from Error

Following celebrated failures stakeholders begin to ask questions about how to improve the systems and processes they operate, manage or depend on. In this process it is easy to become stuck on the label ‘human error’ as if it were an explanation for what happened and as if such a diagnosis specified steps to improve. To guide stakeholders when celebrated failure or other developments create windows of opportunity for change and investment, this paper draws on generalizations from the research base about how complex systems fail and about how people contribute to safety and risk to provide a set of Nine Steps forward for constructive responses. The Nine Steps forward are described and explained in the form of series of maxims and corollaries that summarize general patterns about error and expertise, complexity and learning.
Combining data sets with different phylogenetic histories

The possibility that two data sets may have different underlying phylogenetic histories (such as gene trees that deviate from species trees) has become an important argument against combining data in phylogenetic analysis. However, two data sets sampled for a large number of taxamay differ in only partof theirhistories. This isa realisticscenarioand onein which therelative advantages of combined, separate, and consensus analysis become much less clear. I propose a simple methodology for dealing with this situation that involves (1) partitioning the available data to maximize detection of different histories, (2) performing separate analyses of the data sets, and (3) combining the data but considering questionable or unresolved those parts of the combined tree that are strongly contested in the separate analyses (and which therefore may have different histories) until a majority of unlinked data sets support one resolution over another. In support of this methodology, computer simulations suggest that (1) the accuracy of combined analysis for recovering thetruespeciesphylogenymayexceedthatofeitheroftwoseparately analyzeddata sets undersomeconditions,particularlywhenthemismatchbetweenphylogenetichistoriesissmalland theestimatesoftheunderlying historiesareimperfect(fewcharacters,highhomoplasy,orboth)and (2) combined analysis provides a poor estimate of the species tree in areas of the phylogenies with differenthistories butgivesanimproved estimatein regionsthatsharethesamehistory.Thus, when there is a localized mismatch between the histories of two data sets, the separate, consensus, and combined analyses may all give unsatisfactory results in certain parts of the phylogeny. Similarly, approaches that allow data combination only after a global test of heterogeneity will suffer from the potential failings of either separate or combined analysis, depending on the outcome of the test. Excision of cone icting taxa is also problematic, in that doing so may obfuscate the position of cone icting taxa within a larger tree, even when their placement is congruent between data sets. Application of the proposed methodology to molecular and morphological data sets for Sceloporus lizards is discussed. (Combined analysis; computer simulation; consensus analysis; phylogenetic accuracy; Sceloporus; separate analysis.)
Neurogenesis and Exercise

A sedentary lifestyle is accompanied by increased risk for heart disease and cancer. Contracting these conditions can be reduced by exercise. In addition to benefits for the body, exercise has shown to be conducive for optimal brain function. The literature provides evidence that exercise enhances cognition and delays age-related memory decline. The mechanisms underlying these effects on the brain are the subject of intense research. Interestingly, the hippocampus, a brain area important for cognition, shows an increase in new neurons associated with exercise. The beneficial effects of exercise for brain function may be mediated in part by increased hippocampal neurogenesis.
Understanding user migration patterns in social media

The incredible growth of the social web over the last decade has ushered in a flurry of new social media sites. On one hand, users have an inordinate number of choices; on the other hand, users are constrained by limited time and resources and have to choose sites in order to remain social and active. Hence, dynamic social media entails user migration, a well studied phenomenon in fields such as sociology and psychology. Users are valuable assets for social media sites as they help contribute to the growth of a site and generate revenue by increased traffic. We are intrigued to know if social media user migration can be studied, and what migration patterns are. In particular, we investigate whether people migrate, and if they do, how they migrate. We formalize site and attention migration to help identify the migration between popular social media sites and determine clear patterns of migration between sites. This work suggests a feasible way to study migration patterns in social media. The discovered patterns can help understand social media sites and gauge their popularity to improve business intelligence and revenue generation through the retention of users.
DIC strain analysis of FRP/concrete bond after sustained loading

Externally bonded glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are increasingly being used to upgrade, repair, and rehabilitate steel reinforced concrete structures such as beams and slabs. The effectiveness of the bonded composites depends on the integrity of the composite/concrete bond over years of exposure to sustained loads and various weather conditions. The present investigation was conceived with the aim of characterizing bond behavior over a long period of time in realistic indoor and outdoor environments, with sustained loading. Plain concrete beams were externally reinforced with wet-layup glass and carbon composites and subjected to sustained flexural loads for 6 years. Then, the beams were loaded to failure while strains on the composite were recorded using resistance strain gages and full-field digital image correlation. The results indicate that ultimate bond strength is strongly correlated with changes in the concrete strength. This finding is consistent with bond failures being mainly controlled by the concrete rather than the composite material. Glass composite specimens generally had less debonding prior to failure, along with higher strength concrete. Furthermore, it appears that the sustained loading itself had little effect on the ultimate bond strength.
ENHANCED ANTIBODY FORMATION IN EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER INJURY PRODUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE OR ALLYL ALCOHOL.

SummaryTwo injections of CC14 produce enhancement of agglutinins in mice receiving various amounts of heterologous red cells after the first injection of CC14. Prolonged administration of CC14 or a...
Volunteer peer support, diabetes, and depressive symptoms: Results from the ENCOURAGE trial.

Abstract Aims Depression in diabetes mellitus (DM) is common and is associated with poor health outcomes. Peer support DM interventions include encouraging interactions that could improve depressive symptoms. We examined intervention effects for those with and without depressive symptoms in a peer support trial. Methods The 1-year ENCOURAGE trial included 424 persons with DM living in rural Alabama. Intervention participants worked with community volunteers who encouraged participants to engage in daily self-management; control arm participants received usual care. Outcomes included HbA1c, body mass index (BMI) and quality of life (QoL) with EuroQuol-5D (range 0.0–1.0). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8, range 0–24). Generalized Additive Models (GAM) examined control–intervention differences in changes in HbA1c, BMI, and QoL for those with PHQ-8 ≥ 5 and PHQ-8 Results Of the 424 participants enrolled at baseline, 355 completed follow-up and had data were that could be included into the study; they were aged 60.2 ± 12.1 years, 87% African American, 75% female, and 39% insulin-treated. In an overall GAM adjusting for imbalance across trial arms and time-related covariates, depressive symptoms improved for all, but after 15 months of follow-up intervention, participants experienced greater reduction in PHQ-8 score than control participants (p = 0.01). In stratified analyses, those with PHQ-8 ≥ 5 had unchanged HbA1c, lost weight (p = 0.03) and improved QoL (p = 0.04). Those with PHQ-8 Conclusions Peer support improved depressive symptoms for all, but resulted in greater weight loss and gains in QoL for those with baseline depressive symptoms compared to those without.
The Organizational Mechanism of Professional Sports Competitive Performance Industry in China

The organizational governance mechanism of professional sports competitive performance industry is a complete system of institution and method,guiding,supervising and controlling the operation of organization of professional sports competitive performance industry.This paper studied the present situation of organization structure of competitive performance industry in China.Then it analyzed existing problems of organization structure.Finally we gave some relative advices from the angle of internal governance and external governance.So rationality of organizational mechanism of professional sports competitive performance industry could be improved.
Evidence-Based Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and highly prevalent psychological disorder, for which the appropriate assessment relies on a multi-modal, multi-informant approach consisting of symptom rating scales, structured clinical interviews, and rule out of other conditions. This chapter overviews evidence-based psychosocial interventions, reviewing the underlying principles and the current state of the literature regarding their efficacy. In addition to pharmacotherapy, behaviorally focused psychosocial interventions remain significant for treating childhood and adolescent ADHD. The authors describe the Behavior Management Interventions and Training Interventions including parent-focused, classroom-focused, peer-focused, and combined interventions. Only these treatment approaches, and their combination, can be considered evidence-based treatments for ADHD. Effective treatments include pharmacotherapy, largely (but not exclusively) stimulant medication (e.g., methylphenidate), and psychosocial interventions emphasizing behavior management principles. These interventions and multi-component interventions demonstrate moderate to large effect sizes for reducing ADHD symptoms and improving common areas of functional impairment. The development of more specific and customized intervention packages will help address some barriers to treatment engagement and response (e.g., parental depression, access to care). No available treatments are currently able to completely “normalize” functioning or to produce treatment effects that maintain well beyond the discontinuation of active treatment.
Experience with a Computer-Coupled X-Ray Spectrometer

There are many ways of utilizing a small computer coupled to an x-ray spectrometer. A number of different applications are presented. These include storage of equations and constants for describing analytical systems where interelement effects are present. Two examples are discussed, one of which is analyzed by both theoretical and empirical approaches. In addition, use of mathematical functions to eliminate line interferences and the need for pulse-height selection is discussed.
CR-Submanifolds and $$\delta $$-Invariants

Curvature invariants are the \(N^o\,1\) Riemannian invariants and the most natural ones. Curvatures invariants play key roles in physics as well. Classically, among the Riemannian curvature invariants, people have been studying scalar and Ricci curvatures in great detail. On the other hand, the author introduced in the early 1990s, a new type of curvature invariants on Riemannian manifolds, called \(\delta \)-invariants. The \(\delta \)-curvatures are very different in nature from the “classical” scalar and Ricci curvatures. \(\delta \)-invariants are known to play some important roles in several areas in mathematics. In this article, we survey recent results on CR-submanifolds in complex space forms which are related to \(\delta \)-invariants and Riemannian submersions.
Complications of Diabetes in Children: When Does the Clock Start Running?

Pediatricians are frequently accused of not being properly concerned about the complications of diabetes in children. This statement is commonly made by physicians who inherit the care of the young adults who have complications secondary to diabetes with onset during childhood. Since these complications rarely become manifest during childhood or adolescence, it is alleged that pediatricians fail to understand the importance of good diabetic control for their prevention. The “complications” considered in this context are diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macrovascular disease leading to coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular insufficiency which results in lower limb amputations. These problems tend to become clinically evident a number of years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Bacteriophage application on red meats and poultry: Effects on Salmonella population in final ground products

This research was conducted to study the effects of bacteriophage application during tumbling on Salmonella populations in ground meat and poultry. Red meat trim and poultry were inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail to result in a contamination level of 7logCFU/g in ground products. A commercial preparation containing bacteriophages S16 and Felix-O1a (FO1a) was applied during tumbling at 107 and 108PFU/ml. Samples were held at 4°C for 6h and 18h (red meat) and 30min and 6h (poultry). Overall, bacteriophage application on trim reduced 1 and 0.8logCFU/g of Salmonella in ground beef and ground pork, respectively. For ground chicken and ground turkey, Salmonella was reduced by 1.1 and 0.9logCFU/g, respectively. This study shows that bacteriophage application during tumbling of red meat trim and poultry can provide additional Salmonella control in ground products.
The Long-Term Effects of Functional Communication Training Conducted in Young Children's Home Settings.

This article describes the results of a series of studies that involved functional communication training (FCT) conducted in children’s homes by their parents. The 103 children who participated were six years old or younger, had developmental delays, and engaged in destructive behaviors such as self-injury. The core procedures used in each study were functional analyses (FA) and FCT conducted by parents with coaching by the investigators. The overall results of the projects showed that the FA plus FCT intervention package produced substantial reductions in destructive behavior ( M = 90 %), which were often maintained following treatment. In terms of behavioral momentum theory, these results suggest that analyses of behavioral persistence provide an explicit technology of maintenance.
Label-Free Quantification of Intracellular Mitochondrial Dynamics Using Dielectrophoresis.

Mitochondrial dynamics play an important role within several pathological conditions, including cancer and neurological diseases. For the purpose of identifying therapies that target aberrant regulation of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery and characterizing the regulating signaling pathways, there is a need for label-free means to detect the dynamic alterations in mitochondrial morphology. We present the use of dielectrophoresis for label-free quantification of intracellular mitochondrial modifications that alter cytoplasmic conductivity, and these changes are benchmarked against label-based image analysis of the mitochondrial network. This is validated by quantifying the mitochondrial alterations that are carried out by entirely independent means on two different cell lines: human embryonic kidney cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In both cell lines, the inhibition of mitochondrial fission that leads to a mitochondrial structure of higher connectivity is shown to substantially enhance conductivi...
A Tale of Two Genes: Reelin and BDNF

BDNF is a survival factor for the Cajal-Retzius cells in the marginal zone, which are an important source of Reelin in the neocortex. BDNF is also a negative regulator of Reelin expression in both Cajal-Retzius cells and GABAergic cells in the cortical plate. BDNF and Reelin act in parallel to regulate many processes during neural development and maintenance, including cell migration and neural plasticity. Frequently, BDNF and Reelin have opposite influences on the processes they regulate, suggesting that BDNF-induced downregulation of Reelin is involved. Reelin is an important regulator of neural migration during neocortex formation. BDNF seems to influence this process both directly and indirectly via regulation of Reelin expression. Moreover, epileptic seizures increase BDNF levels while decreasing Reelin levels, and BDNF and Reelin seem to have opposite roles in mediating the effects of the seizures. Mental disorders, in particular schizophrenia, involve alterations in BDNF and Reelin expression. Again, the changes are mainly opposite, and a
Midlife Work and Psychological Well-Being: A Test of the Psychology of Working Theory

In the present study, we examined the centrality of work in midlife adults and how it relates to their psychological well-being. Using the psychology of working theory (PWT), we tested a portion of...
The good, the bad, and the unexpected: Violating audience expectations in Clint Eastwood’s speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention

ABSTRACTCourses: Communication Theory, Nonverbal Communication, Public SpeakingObjective: At the end of this activity, students should be able to define key components of expectancy violations theory and apply the theory to analyze violations that occurred in Clint Eastwood’s speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention.
Complex Structures and Quantization

The Schrodinger representation \(\Gamma _S\) of \(H_{2d+1}\) uses a specific choice of extra structure on classical phase space: a decomposition of its coordinates into positions \(q_j\) and momenta \(p_j\). For the unitarily equivalent Bargmann–Fock representation, a different sort of extra structure is needed, a decomposition of coordinates on phase space into complex coordinates \(z_j\) and their complex conjugates \(\overline{z}_j\). Such a decomposition is called a “complex structure" J and will correspond after quantization to a choice that distinguishes annihilation and creation operators.
Synthesis and evaluation of dual crosslinked alginate microbeads.

Abstract Alginate hydrogels have been investigated for a broad variety of medical applications. The ability to assemble hydrogels at neutral pH and mild temperatures makes alginate a popular choice for the encapsulation and delivery of cells and proteins. Alginate has been studied extensively for the delivery of islets as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, poor stability of the encapsulation systems after implantation remains a challenge. In this paper, alginate was modified with 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA) to introduce groups that can be photoactivated to generate covalent bonds. This enabled formation of dual crosslinked structure upon exposure to ultraviolet light following initial ionic crosslinking into bead structures. The degree of methacrylation was varied and in vitro stability, long term swelling, and cell viability examined. At low levels of the methacrylation, the beads could be formed by first ionic crosslinks followed by exposure to ultraviolet light to generate covalent bonds. The methacrylated alginate resulted in more stable beads and cells were viable following encapsulation. Alginate microbeads, ionic (unmodified) and dual crosslinked, were implanted into a rat omentum pouch model. Implantation was performed with a local injection of 100 µl of 50 µg/ml of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate a robust inflammatory challenge in vivo. Implants were retrieved at 1 and 3 weeks for analysis. The unmodified alginate microbeads had all failed by week 1, whereas the dual-crosslinked alginate microbeads remained stable up through 3 weeks. The modified alginate microbeads may provide a more stable alternative to current alginate-based systems for cell encapsulation. Statement of Significance Alginate, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has been used for cell encapsulation to prevent graft rejection of cell transplants for people with type I diabetes. Although some success has been observed in clinical trials, the lack of reproducibility and failure to reach insulin dependence for longer periods of time indicates the need for improvements in the procedure. A major requirement for the long-term function of alginate encapsulated cells is the mechanical stability of microcapsules. Insufficient mechanical integrity of the capsules can lead to immunological reactions in the recipients. In this work, alginate was modified to allow photoactivatable groups in order to allow formation of covalent crosslinks in addition to ionic crosslinking. The dual crosslinking design prevents capsule breakdown following implantation in vivo.
Does long-term success from endoscopic DCR correlate with early post-operative reduction in tearing?

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine the association between early post-operative improvement in tearing and the long-term success rate of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR). Methods A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent eDCR and were followed up for at least 6 months at our institution from January 2010 to December 2017 was performed. Results 47 cases(39 patients) of eDCR met the inclusion and exclusion criteria during this time period. Mean follow up after the surgery was 12.5 ± 8 months. In 45 out of 47 (96%) cases post-operative improvement in epiphora within 2 weeks of surgery, or lack thereof, correlated with long-term success or failure of the procedure. There were only 2 cases in which the patients felt improvement in tearing at the initial post-operative visit and the tearing recurred in the late post-operative period (>6 months). Conclusions There is a strong association between the early initial post-operative assessment of tearing resolution and the long-term result of eDCR.
Subjective Executive Function Weaknesses Are Linked to Elevated Internalizing Symptoms Among Community Adolescents.

Adolescence is a period of high risk for the emergence of problems with anxiety and depression. Theory and research suggest that executive function deficits accompany internalizing and externalizin...
Does firm growth increase corruption? Evidence from an instrumental variable approach

Prior literature on the role that firm heterogeneity plays in corruption finds that larger firms pay smaller bribes and are less likely to pay bribes than smaller firms. These studies, however, often overlook the plausible reverse causality between firm growth or firm size and corruption. Utilizing an innovative identification strategy that accounts for this source of endogeneity, this study finds that increased firm size actually causes greater corruption and bureaucratic burdens on a typical firm and provides evidence against the argument for a uniform corruption burden regardless of size. It was determined that a one standard deviation increase in sales leads to 0.33 standard deviation increase in bribes, and to 0.36 standard deviation increase in management time spent dealing with public officials. Moreover, although corruption burden increases with increasing firm size, we find that this relationship is non-linear and diminishes in magnitude as firm size approaches to medium and large. We conclude with implications and policy considerations.
Karl Marx’s Communism and Critique of Capital

Karl Marx (born May 5, 1818; died March 14, 1883) left an indelible mark on the study of globalization. While he initially intended to examine the “world market” (Marx 1987 [1859]: 261), he was unable to complete his study. This has not prevented future researchers from incorporating his analysis to study the world economy and global issues, see (Aguirre-Beltran 1979; Amin 1976; Baran 1957; Cardoso 1972, 1973; Cox 1959; Dos Santos 1970; Du Bois 2007 [1939]; Emmanuel 1972; Frank 1969; Furtado 1964; Galeano 1997; Lenin 1975; Luxemburg 1964; Magdoff 1978; Mariategui 2011; Portes 1973; Rodney 1973; Wallerstein 1974).
FOR-PROFIT HIGHER EDUCATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF COSTS AND BENEFITS

This paper provides a summary and analysis of the economics of the two-year, for-profi t higher education sector. I highlight studies that have contributed to our understanding of this sector and assess its social costs and benefi ts. I generate a rough estimate of the annual per student cost to taxpayers of federal and state grant aid, appropriations, and contracts fl owing to these institutions, as well as the cost of defaults on federally-subsidized student loans. I also estimate the outof-pocket educational expenses and foregone earnings of for-profi t students. I fi nd that for-profi t, two-year colleges cost taxpayers roughly $7,600 per year for a full-time equivalent student. Students bear most of the cost of their education, in the form of foregone earnings, tuition, and loan interest amounting to $51,600 per year. I contrast these costs with similar estimates for public community colleges, including the direct subsidization of the sector by state and local taxpayers. I fi nd that community colleges cost taxpayers more than for-profi ts — about $11,400 per year — but students incur costs of only about $32,200 per year of attendance. Considering both public and private costs, community colleges are thus roughly $15,600 less expensive. For-profi t college attendance would result in net benefi ts for students if earnings gains exceed 8.5 percent per year of education, while students in community colleges require minimum earnings gains of 5.3 percent per year of education to reap positive net benefi ts.
Computing semiparametric efficiency bounds in discrete choice models with strategic-interactions and rational expectations

Abstract This paper computes semiparametric efficiency bounds for finite-dimensional parameters in discrete choice models with nonparametric regressors in the form of conditional expectations. These can include expectations about exogenous events as well as expectations about the choices of other agents. Thus, the models studied here include incomplete-information games, social-interactions models as well as single-agent discrete choice models with uncertainty as special cases. Our bounds rely on the assumption of rational expectations and on regularity conditions of equilibrium beliefs. The paper focuses on binary-choice models but the derivation of the bounds illustrates how our approach can be extended to multinomial choice cases. Explicit efficiency bound expressions for the models examined here had not been derived before. Furthermore, since we also characterize the efficient influence functions, our results can also potentially be used to construct semiparametrically efficient estimators for these models.
An Integrative Review of Patients’ Experience in the Medical Tourism:

Medical tourism has emerged as an industry due to the constantly improved information technology and decreasing cost for transportation. Evidence on how medical tourists develop their medical trave...
Ecology and the Biodeterioration Environment

This chapter aims to provide the reader with fundamental concepts of ecology and build the necessary background knowledge for comprehending the environment of wood biodeterioration.
Radial confinement of deeply trapped particles in a non-symmetric magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium

Quasisymmetry and omnigeneity of an equilibrium magnetic field are two distinct properties proposed to ensure radial localization of collisionless trapped particles in any stellarator. These constraints are incompletely explored, but have stringent restrictions on a magnetic geometry. This work employs an analytical approach to understand the implications of the constraints. The particles move in an intrinsically three dimensional equilibrium whose representation is given by the earlier work of Weitzner and its extension here. For deeply trapped particles, a local equilibrium expansion around a minimum of the magnetic field strength along a magnetic line suffices. This analytical non-symmetric equilibrium solution enables explicit representation of the constraints. The results show that it is far easier to satisfy the omnigeneity condition than the quasisymmetry requirement. Correspondingly, there exists a large class of equilibrium close to quasisymmetry that remains omnigeneous while allowing inclusion ...
Correction: Plasma electrolysis of cellulose in polar aprotic solvents for production of levoglucosenone

Correction for ‘Plasma electrolysis of cellulose in polar aprotic solvents for production of levoglucosenone’ by Lusi A et al., Green Chem., 2020, 22, 7871–7883. DOI: 10.1039/D0GC02813D.
A Valid Warning or Clinical Lore: An Evaluation of Safety Outcomes of Remdesivir in Patients with Impaired Renal Function from a Multicenter Matched Cohort.

Objective: Per prescribing guidance, remdesivir is not recommended for SARS-CoV-2 in patients with renal disease given the absence of safety data in this patient population.Methods: This study was a multi-center, retrospective chart review of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 who received remdesivir. Safety outcomes were compared between patients with an estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) < 30 mL/min and an eCrCl ≥ 30 mL/min. The primary endpoint was acute kidney injury (AKI) at the end of treatment (EOT).Results: Of 359 patients who received remdesivir, 347 met inclusion criteria. Patients with an eCrCl < 30 mL/min were older [median, 80 years (IQR, 63.8-89) versus 62 (IQR, 54-74); P<0.001], were more likely to be on vasopressors on the day of remdesivir administration (30% versus 12.7%; P=0.003), and were more likely to be mechanically ventilated during remdesivir therapy (27.5% versus 12.4%; P=0.01) compared to those with an eCrCl ≥ 30 mL/min. Despite these confounders, there was no significant difference in the frequency of EOT AKI (5% versus 2.3%; P=0.283) or early discontinuation due to abnormal LFTs (0% versus 3.9%; P=0.374). Of the 5% of patients who developed EOT AKI on remdesivir with an eCrCl <30mL/min, no cases were attributable to remdesivir administration per the treating physician. Comparable safety outcomes were observed when 1:1 nearest neighbor matching was applied to account for baseline confounders.Conclusion: Remdesivir administration was not significantly associated with increased EOT AKI in patients with an eCrCl < 30mL/min compared to patients with an eCrCl ≥ 30mL/min.
Nonprotein nitrogen and protein-derived peptides in human milk

Abstract Beyond proteins, milk contains an array of smaller nitrogen (N)-containing components generally referred to as nonprotein nitrogen (NPN). These include milk protein–derived peptides, peptide hormones, amino acids (AAs), N-containing oligosaccharides, N-containing monosaccharides, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), free nucleotides, and small molecules, including urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatine, creatinine, carnitine, and polyamines. Human milk (HM) is unique in that NPN comprises up to 25% of the total N, compared to 5% in cow milk. Many of these milk components have functions in infants; for example, urea N can be used to synthesize nonessential AAs or converted by the gut microbiota as an N source. In addition, some milk protein–derived peptides have antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and other activities. This chapter reviews components of the NPN fraction of HM, their physiological relevance, typical amounts in milk, factors that affect their concentrations, the analytical techniques used to determine their concentrations, and areas for future research.
Complication rates in emergent endoscopy for foreign bodies under different sedation modalities: A large single-center retrospective review.

BACKGROUND Foreign object ingestion (FOI) and food bolus impaction (FBI) are common causes of emergent endoscopic intervention. The choice of sedation used is often dictated by physician experience. Many endoscopists frequently prefer to use monitored anesthesia care (MAC) and general anesthesia (GA) as opposed to conscious sedation (CS) due to the concern for inadequate airway protection. However, there is insufficient data examining the safety of different sedation modalities in emergent endoscopic management of FOI and FBI. AIM To investigate the complication rates of emergent endoscopic extraction performed under different sedation modalities. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients presenting with acute FBI and FOI between 2010 and 2018 in two hospitals. A standardized questionnaire was utilized to collect data on demographics, endoscopic details, sedation practices, hospital stay and adverse events. Complications recognized during and within 24 h of the procedure were considered early, whereas patients presenting with a procedure-related adverse event within two weeks of the index event were considered delayed complications. Complication rates of patients who underwent emergent endoscopic retrieval were compared based on sedation types, namely CS, MAC and GA. Chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to compare complication rate based on sedation type. RESULTS Among the 929 procedures analyzed, 353 procedures (38.0%) were performed under CS, 278 procedures (29.9%) under MAC and the rest (32.1%) under GA. The median age of the subjects was 52 years old, with 57.4% being male. The majority of the procedures (64.3%) were FBI with the rest being FOI (35.7%). A total of 132 subjects (14.2%) had chronic comorbidities while 29.0% had psychiatric disorders. The most commonly observed early complications were mucosal laceration (3.8%) and bleeding (2.6%). The most common delayed complication was aspiration pneumonia (1.8%). A total of 20 patients (5.6%) could not adequately be sedated with CS and had to be converted to MAC or GA. Patient sedated with MAC and GA were more likely to require hospitalization, P < 0.0001. Analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the complication rate between patients sedated under CS (14.7%), MAC (14.7%) and GA (19.5%), P = 0.19. CONCLUSION For patients who present with FOI or FBI and undergo emergent endoscopic treatment, there is no significant difference in adverse event rates between CS, MAC and GA.
Matrix Exponential Methods for Parallel Computing of Isotopic Depletion and Species Transport for Molten Salt Reactor Analysis

Matrix exponential methods have long been utilized for isotopic depletion in nuclear fuel calculations. In this paper we discuss the development of such methods in addition to species transport for liquid fueled molten salt reactors (MSRs). Conventional nuclear reactors work with fixed fuel assemblies in which fission products and fissile material do not transport throughout the core. Liquid fueled molten salt reactors work in a much different way, allowing for material to transport throughout the primary reactor loop. Because of this, fission product transport must be taken into account. The set of partial differential equations that apply are discretized into systems of first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The exact solution to the set of ODEs is herein being estimated using the matrix exponential method known as the Chebychev Rational Approximation Method (CRAM).