cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of Mytilus edulis L. in a waste recycling aquaculture system

Abstract The mussel, Mytilus edulis , was grown in a waste recycling aquaculture system at 14°C on a diet of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum cultured in a 15% sewage—seawater mixture. Mussels exhibited a 116% increase in mean live weight (5.5 to 11.9 g), a 718% increase in mean dry meat weight (0.11 to 0.90 g), and 4% mortality over a 28-week period.
The paired associate learning task: Is it an externally valid instrument for assessing methylphenidate response in children with attention deficit disorder?

The Paired Associate Learning Task (PAL-T) is a laboratory-based instrument commonly used for assessing psychostimulant response (and specifically cognitive nonresponse or toxicity) in children with Attention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity (ADDH). The present study examined the PAL-T's sensitivity in detecting overall and between-dose methylphenidate (MPH) effects, its operating characteristics, and its relationship with academic performance in 36 children with ADDH who underwent a placebo controlled trial of MPH at four dose levels. Children's PAL-T performance under active medication resembled but was uncorrelated with direct observations of their academic performance in the classroom. Negative predictive power (NPP) rates indicated that cognitive nonresponse to MPH did not portend a poor response in children's academic efficiency under identical dose conditions in the classroom. Clinical implications are discussed.
Scanning model observers to predict human performance in LROC studies of SPECT reconstruction using anatomical priors

We investigate the use of linear model observers to predict human performance in a localization ROC (LROC) study. The task is to locate gallium-avid tumors in simulated SPECT images of a digital phantom. Our study is intended to find the optimal strength of smoothing priors incorporating various degrees of anatomical knowledge. Although humans reading the images must perform a search task, our models ignore search by assuming the lesion location is known. We use area under the model ROC curve to predict human area under the LROC curve. We used three models, the non-prewhitening matched filter (NPWMF), the channelized nonprewhitening (CNPW), and the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO). All models have access to noise-free reconstructions, which are used to compute the signal template. The NPWMF model does a poor job of predicting human performance. The CNPW and CHO model do a somewhat better job, but still do not qualitatively capture the human results. None of the models accurately predicts the smoothing strength which maximizes human performance.
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the murine homologue of the human 20K T3/T-cell receptor glycoprotein.

The antigen receptor on the surface of human T lymphocytes, which consists of a heterodimer of relative molecular mass (Mr) 90,000 (90K) (α- and β-chains), is associated with the T3 antigen (γ = 25K, δ = 20K and e = 20K)1–7. A working model for the mode of action of the T3/T-cell receptor complex is that the clonotypic α- and β-chains are involved in the recognition and binding of antigen in the context of polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products on the surface of target cells. Antigen binding by the clonotypic receptor probably results in conformational changes in this structure which are recognized by and subsequently trigger the associated T3 complex to transmit signals into the cell, resulting in a proliferative response8–10. The similarity in structure between murine and human clonotypic antigen receptors11–15 suggests that such a mechanism of recognition and activation also exists in mouse T lymphocytes, but so far there has been no evidence for the existence of a murine T3 complex. Here we demonstrate the existence of a T3δ-chain mRNA in murine T lymphocytes. Our sequence data strongly suggest that this mouse mRNA codes for a complete T3δ polypeptide chain and reveal some interesting properties of the protein.
A Bonneville Power Administration Delphi0 Project for Power System Operation and Control

An in-house Delphi unassembled conference was used by the Bonneville Power Administration to derive a prioritized list of problems in system operation and control, and to evaluate the usefulness of the Delphi method. The questionnaires evolved through several stages, which are described. Some information for judging the validity of this Delphi exercise is supplied. An ordered list of issues, many of which are applicable to any large electric utility, forms the major result of this effort.
Nilpotent orbits in classical Lie algebras over F2n and the Springer correspondence

We give the number of nilpotent orbits in the Lie algebras of orthogonal groups under the adjoint action of the groups over F2n. Let G be an adjoint algebraic group of type B, C, or D defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. We construct the Springer correspondence for the nilpotent variety in the Lie algebra of G.
Lessons from BRCA: The Tubal Fimbria Emerges as an Origin for Pelvic Serous Cancer

Ovarian epithelial cancer is diagnosed in approximately 25,000 women yearly in the United States, accounting for approximately 12,500 deaths. Of these tumors, serous cancer is the most lethal, due to its capacity to spread beyond the reproductive tract and involve the peritoneal surfaces or distant organs. Conventional classification systems designate tumor origins principally on the location of the largest tumor. However, despite the fact that the largest tumors typically involve the ovaries, demonstrations of a precise starting point for these tumors, including precursor lesions, have been inconsistent. In recent years, a major effort to prevent serous cancer in genetically susceptible women with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 has spawned the practice of prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy. This practice has surprisingly revealed that many early cancers in these women arise in the fallopian tube, and further studies have pinpointed the distal (fimbrial) portion as the most common site of origin. Emerging studies that carefully examine the fallopian tubes suggest a high frequency of early cancer in the fimbria in unselected women with ovarian and peritoneal serous carcinoma, raising the distinct possibility that a significant proportion of these tumors have a fimbrial origin. The evidence for these discoveries and their relevance to serous cancer classification, early detection and prevention are addressed in this review. A model for pelvic serous cancer is proposed that takes into account five distinct variables which ultimately impact on origin and tumor distribution: (1) location of target epithelium, (2) genotoxic stress, (3) type of epithelium, (4) mitigating genetic factors, and (5) tumor spread pattern. Ultimately, this model illustrates the importance of identifying cancer precursors, inasmuch as these entities are useful as both surrogate endpoints for their respective malignancies in epidemiologic studies and natural targets for cancer prevention.
Thermodynamic factors that influence the lattice matching of InGaAs to InP

Abstract The change in the fraction of the HCl flowing over the gallium boat necessary to maintain the lattice matched composition of InGaAs to InP under equilibrium conditions is computed for different source and deposition temperatures, HCl flow rates over the indium, amounts of unreacted HCl, and AsH3 flow rates. These results are compared with the experimentally determined trends found in the literature. With the exception of the decreasing HCl(Ga) fraction with increasing AsH3 flow rates, the experimental results can be explained thermodynamically when the effects of the unreacted HCl are taken into account. Increasing the amount of unreacted HCl substantially decreases the HCl(Ga) fraction necessary for lattice matching. This relatively strong effect can, in part, explain why the lattice matching HCl(Ga) fraction for different systems can be very different for seemingly similar growth conditions. The large differences in the computed values using different thermodynamic data and the effects of ignoring the HCl in equilibrium with the liquid metals, the As2, AsH3, InCl2, InCl3, and GaCl3 species are briefly discussed.
A syntactic characterization of perfect recall in extensive games

Abstract We provide a syntactic characterization of the property of perfect recall in extensive games. The language we use is basic temporal logic with the addition of a knowledge operator for every player.
Pattern separation deficits associated with increased hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus activity in nondemented older adults

There is widespread evidence that memory deteriorates with aging, however the exact mechanisms that underlie these changes are not well understood. Given the growing size of the aging population, there is an imperative to study age-related neurocognitive changes in order to better parse healthy from pathological aging. Using a behavioral paradigm that taxes pattern separation (the ability to differentiate novel yet similar information from previously learned information and thus avoid interference), we investigated age-related neural changes in the human hippocampus using high-resolution (1.5 mm isotropic) BOLD fMRI. Recent evidence from animal studies suggests that hyperactivity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus may underlie behavioral deficits in pattern separation in aged rats. Here, we report evidence that is consistent with findings from the animal studies. We found a behavioral impairment in pattern separation in a sample of healthy older adults compared to young controls. We also found a related increase in CA3/dentate gyrus activity levels during an fMRI contrast that stresses pattern separation abilities. In a detailed analysis of behavior, we also found that the pattern of impairment was consistent with the predictions of the animal model, where larger changes in the input (greater dissimilarity) were required in order for elderly adults to successfully encode new information as distinct from previously learned information. These findings are also consistent with recent fMRI and behavioral reports in healthy aging, and further suggest that a specific functional deficit in the CA3/dentate network contributes to memory difficulties with aging.
Extracellular-Regulated Kinase 2 Is Activated by the Enhancement of Hinge Flexibility

Protein motions underlie conformational and entropic contributions to enzyme catalysis; however, relatively little is known about the ways in which this occurs. Studies of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 (extracellular-regulated protein kinase 2) by hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry suggest that activation enhances backbone flexibility at the linker between N- and C-terminal domains while altering nucleotide binding mode. Here, we address the hypothesis that enhanced backbone flexibility within the hinge region facilitates kinase activation. We show that hinge mutations enhancing flexibility promote changes in the nucleotide binding mode consistent with domain movement, without requiring phosphorylation. They also lead to the activation of monophosphorylated ERK2, a form that is normally inactive. The hinge mutations bypass the need for pTyr but not pThr, suggesting that Tyr phosphorylation controls hinge motions. In agreement, monophosphorylation of pTyr enhances both hinge flexibility and nucleotide binding mode, measured by hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry. Our findings demonstrate that regulated protein motions underlie kinase activation. Our working model is that constraints to domain movement in ERK2 are overcome by phosphorylation at pTyr, which increases hinge dynamics to promote the active conformation of the catalytic site.
Equations for the age structure of growing populations

Generalized equations are developed for the age structure of growing cell populations when other parameters besides chronological age are taken into account. These are summarized in a parameter which we call “chronological age”. The theory is Markovian in spirit and leads to an integro-differential equation for population density which generalizes several equations now appearing in the literature. Approximations to the fundamental equation are suggested.
Localized orbitofrontal and subcortical metabolic changes and predictors of response to paroxetine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have found elevated glucose metabolic rates in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and caudate nuclei that normalize with response to treatment. Furthermore, OCD symptom provocation differentially activates specific subregions of the OFC, which have distinct patterns of connectivity and serve different functions. Therefore, we sought to determine the role of specific subregions of the OFC and associated subcortical structures in mediating OCD symptoms, by determining how glucose metabolism in these structures changed with paroxetine treatment of OCD patients. We also sought to determine whether pretreatment OFC metabolism would predict response to paroxetine, as it has for other OCD treatments. Twenty subjects with OCD received [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET scans before and after 8 to 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine, 40 mg/day. In patients who responded to paroxetine, glucose metabolism decreased significantly in right anterolateral OFC and right caudate nucleus. Lower pretreatment metabolism in both left and right OFC predicted greater improvement in OCD severity with treatment. These results add to evidence indicating that orbitofrontal–subcortical circuit function mediates the symptomatic expression of OCD. Specific subregions of the OFC may be differentially involved in the pathophysiology of OCD and/or its response to pharmacotherapy.
Energy Requirements in Manufacturing: Lifecycle and Tribology Considerations

Energy sources, in the form of coal, oil, natural gas, solar or nuclear power, are global commodities, and as demand is projected to rise in the coming decades, so will costs. As such, an understanding of the energy needs of manufacturing processes and the ability to reduce the energy and carbon footprints are essential for sustainability reasons. This paper examines the global sources of energy, since the source used has a large effect on the cost and environmental impact of energy. Energy source effects are quantified in a number of measures. The theoretical approaches used to obtain a carbon footprint are explained and their shortcomining identified. Models of energy needs by manufacturing process are then examined, along with models incorporating the use of ancillary equipment such as pumps, filters, blowers, lighting, etc. Finally, the successful application of tribological principles to influence energy consumption is discussed.
Prenatal growth of long bones in rhesus and squirrel monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Saimiri sciureus).

Fetal long bone growth was studied from 59 radiographs representing 35 macaques and 79 radiographs representing 16 squirrel monkeys. From lateral abdominal radiographs of pregnant females total lengths of long bone shadows were measured to the nearest millimeter with a sliding caliper. A linear regression line was fitted to the data for each species. The high correlation coefficients (min. = 0.92) indicated not only that over 80% of the variance in longbone length was associated with the regression but also that linear regression was an acceptable model. It was determined that the macaque long bones grew more rapidly prenatally than the squirrel monkey long bones. Saimiri long bones grew at a faster rate during the second half of gestation than would be expected considering that the macaque long bones were approximately twice the length of Saimiri long bones at birth and that the duration of their gestation was about the same. Thus squirrel monkeys must achieve a greater percentage of their birth size during the second half of gestation.
Divergent Reactivity of TEMPO with MBr3 (M = B, Al)

Addition of TEMPO (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) to a toluene slurry of AlBr3 results in rapid formation of AlBr3(η1-TEMPO) (1), which can be isolated in 65 % yield. In contrast, addition of TEMPO to a hexanes solution of BBr3 results in formation of [TEMPO][BBr4] (2) and (TEMPO)2BBr (3), the products of TEMPO disproportionation. Complexes 1–3 have been fully characterized, including analysis by X-ray crystallography. The divergent reactivity is likely dictated by the Lewis acidity of the group 13 halide, and in the case of the stronger Lewis acid BBr3, coordination of TEMPO to the boron center generates an adduct that is capable of oxidizing free TEMPO.
Increased androgen binding capacity in sebaceous glands in scalp of male-pattern baldness

Sebaceous glands were isolated by manual dissection under a microscope from surgical specimens of scalp skin with male pattern baldness and skin specimens of hairy and bald scalp obtained at autopsy. The 800 X g pellet (nuclear fraction) and the 164,000 X g supernatant fraction (cytosol) of homogenates of the sebaceous glands were used for measurements of androgen binding characteristics, using dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient methods. Scatchard plots showed high affinity binding for [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881). Nuclei prepared from bald scalp contained greater total androgen binding capacity than nuclei of hairy scalp, although Kd values of type I binding were similar (0.68 vs 0.56 nM, respectively). On sucrose gradient, the binding protein from cytosol was found in the 7 to 8S density range. Androgen binding by cytosol of sebaceous glands of hairy scalp had Kd of 1.89 +/- .79 and 2.05 +/- .56 nM for DHT and R1881, respectively, and Bmax of 18.7 +/- 4.4 and 20.0 +/- 4.6 fmol/mg protein for DHT and R1881, respectively. Cytosol from sebaceous glands of bald scalp had Kd values approximately half those of hairy scalp, and Bmax values 50%-100% higher. The bound 3H labeled DHT and R1881 could be partially displaced by testosterone (40-50%), moxestrol (28-32%), promegestone (19-26%), and delta 4-androstenedione (6-12%), but not by dehydroepiandrosterone. These data demonstrate the presence of specific androgen binding protein in sebaceous glands, and that sebaceous glands of bald scalp have greater binding affinity and capacity for androgens than those in hairy scalp. This difference may explain the greater androgenic response in androgenic alopecia.
Inhibition of mouse embryo cleavage by a factor present in the human preovulatory follicular fluid

Human follicular fluids (hFF) inhibited the in vitro cleavage of mouse embryo and fertilized oocytes. This inhibitory effect occurred at all stages of embryonal development and was reversible at low concentrations of FF. Gel chromatography of FF revealed inhibitory activity in two fractions, corresponding to mol wt of 20,000 and 50,000 daltons. This factor(s) might contain peptide components, since it was activated by heat treatment and trypsin digestion. In spontaneous cycles, late follicular phase hFF had significantly higher inhibitory activity than early follicular phase hFF. There was no significant differ difference in inhibitory activity of hFF aspirated from patients treated with clomiphene citrate alone, a combination of clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins, or gonadotropins alone. There was a positive correlation between hFF inhibitory activity and hFF estradiol and a negative correlation with progesterone in individual FF samples. These findings suggest that the hFF inhibitory activity of mouse...
Revolution in Iran: The Roots of Turmoil

1. Causes of the Revolution 2. The Pahlavi State 3. Opposition to the Regime 4. Social Change 5. Revolutionary Mass Mobilisation.
A case for special programs to expand the ranks of rural physicians.

Medical schools, along with state and federal governments, have an obligation to rectify the shortage of physicians in rural areas.
Risk score modeling of multiple gene to gene interactions using aggregated-multifactor dimensionality reduction

Background: Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) has been widely applied to detect gene-gene (GxG) interactions associated with complex diseases. Existing MDR methods summarize disease risk by a dichotomous predisposing model (high-risk/low-risk) from one optimal GxG interaction, which does not take the accumulated effects from multiple GxG interactions into account. Results: We propose an Aggregated-Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (A-MDR) method that exhaustively searches for and detects significant GxG interactions to generate an epistasis enriched gene network. An aggregated epistasis enriched risk score, which takes into account multiple GxG interactions simultaneously, replaces the dichotomous predisposing risk variable and provides higher resolution in the quantification of disease susceptibility. We evaluate this new A-MDR approach in a broad range of simulations. Also, we present the results of an application of the A-MDR method to a data set derived from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis patients treated with methotrexate (MTX) that revealed several GxG interactions in the folate pathway that were associated with treatment response. The epistasis enriched risk score that pooled information from 82 significant GxG interactions distinguished MTX responders from non-responders with 82% accuracy. Conclusions: The proposed A-MDR is innovative in the MDR framework to investigate aggregated effects among GxG interactions. New measures (pOR, pRR and pChi) are proposed to detect multiple GxG interactions.
Orbital effects on Mercury’s escaping sodium exosphere

We present results from coronagraphic imaging of Mercury's sodium tail over a 7 deg field of view. Several sets of observations made at the McDonald Observatory since May 2007 show a tail of neutral sodium atoms stretching more than 1000 Mercury radii (R(sub m)) in length, or a full degree of sky. However, no tail was observed extending beyond 120 R(sub m) during the January 2008 MESSENGER Fly-by period, or during a similar orbital phase of Mercury in July 2008. Large changes in Mercury's heliocentric radial velocity cause Doppler shifts about the Fraunhofer absorption features; the resultant change in solar flux and radiation pressure is the primary cause of the observed variation in tail brightness. Smaller fluctuations in brightness may exist due to changing source rates at the surface, but we have no explicit evidence for such changes in this data set. The effects of radiation pressure on Mercury's escaping atmosphere are investigated using seven observations spanning different orbital phases. Total escape rates of atmospheric sodium are estimated to be between 5 and 13 x 10(exp 23) atoms/s and show a correlation to radiation pressure. Candidate sources of Mercury's sodium exosphere include desorption by UV sunlight, thermal desorption, solar wind channeled along Mercury's magnetic field lines, and micro-meteor impacts. Wide-angle observations of the full extent of Mercury's sodium tail offer opportunities to enhance our understanding of the time histories of these source rates.
The Effect of Surfactant Monolayers on the Heat Transfer Through Air/Water and Oil/Water Interfaces Using IR Imaging Technique

Abstract An experimental investigation on the effect of surfactant monolayers on the heat transfer through air/water and oil/water interfaces was carried out by observing the changes of surface temperature with IR Imaging Radiometer (Model 760). The heat transfer resistance of various single component and mixed monolayers at air/water and oil/water systems was studied. The results show that the surfactant monolayers introduce a noticeable heat transfer resistance to the heat transfer process across the interface. The solid monolayers exhibit lower resistance to heat transfer than the liquid monolayers at the oil/water interface. At air/water interface, the presence of monolayer decreases the evaporative cooling process and therefore increases the surface temperature rapidly. However, the presence of a monolayer at oil/water interface increases the heat transfer resistance across the oil/water interface. Heat transfer resistance increases as the chain length of fatty acid increases at the oil/water interface. The effects of phase-transition from a two-dimensional solid to the liquid state in cholesterol-arachidyl mixed monolayers was observed from the change in heat transfer resistance of the monolayers at the oil/water interface. The optimum molecular packing at the 1:3 molecular ratio in mixed surfactant monolayers of oleic acid–cholesterol and stearic acid–stearyl alcohol at the oil/water interface was also observed by this technique.
A pressure–velocity coupling approach for high void fraction free surface bubbly flows in overset curvilinear grids

Summary A methodology for improved robustness in the simulation of high void fraction free surface polydisperse bubbly flows in curvilinear overset grids is presented. The method is fully two-way coupled in the sense that the bubbly field affects the continuous fluid and vice versa. A hybrid projection approach is used in which staggered contravariant velocities at cell faces are computed for transport and pressure–velocity coupling while the momentum equation is solved on a collocated grid arrangement. Conservation of mass is formulated such that a strong coupling between void fraction, pressure, and velocity is achieved within a partitioned approach, solving each field separately. A pressure–velocity projection solver is iterated together with a predictor stage for the void fraction to achieve a robust coupling. The implementation is described for general curvilinear grids detailing particulars in the neighborhood to overset interfaces or a free surface. A balanced forced method to avoid the generation of spurious currents is extended for curvilinear grids. The overall methodology allows simulation of high void fraction flows and is stable even when strong packing forces accounting for bubble collisions are included. Convergence and stability in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) configurations is evaluated. Finally, a full-scale simulation of the bubbly flow around a flat-bottom boat is performed demonstrating the applicability of the methodology to complex problems of engineering interest. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First-principles study of adsorption of methanethiol on Co ( 0001 )

Investigation of the resident site and the adsorption phase structure of thiolates is of fundamental importance for understanding the formation of self-assembled organic monolayers on metal substrate surfaces. In the present study, we have investigated adsorption of methanethiol, CH3SH, on the ferromagnetic Cos0001d surface using density functional theory calculations. We find that the dissociative adsorption of CH3SH forming an adsorbed methylthiolate sCH3Sd and an adsorbed H atom is energetically favorable, and that the CH3S molecule adsorbed at the threefold fcc and hcp hollow sites is most stable. The adsorption energy at the bridge site is only ,0.2 eV smaller than that at the threefold hollow site, and the adsorption of CH 3S at the atop site is unstable. For the s˛3 3˛3dR30°, s2 3 2d and s2 3 3d adsorptions, we find that the S - C bond tends to be normal to the surface, whereas for the s2 3 1d adsorption it tilts away from the surface normal direction by ,40°. The s2 3 1d adsorption phase is much less stable. The reduction of the adsorption energy with the increasing coverage is attributed to the repulsive interaction between the adsorbates. Our calculations show that the s˛3 3˛3dR30° structure may form in the process of methylthiolate adsorption on Cos0001d due to its adsorption energy being only 0.1 eV lower than that for the s2 3 2d and s2 3 3d structures. We find that there is a charge transfer from the substrate surface atoms to the S atoms, and that the S - Co bond is strongly polar. The surface Co atoms bound to S have a magnetic moment of ,1.66mB, while the surface Co atoms unbound to S have a larger magnetic moment of ,1.85mB. The S atom in the adsorbed CH3S acquires a magnetic moment of ,0.08mB.
Does Age (Really) Matter? A Response to Manning, Carroll, and Carp*

For some months now, we have been at work on a project called ‘‘Grouping Data.’’ In it, we address several specific questions (e.g., Under what circumstances should we group data? If the appropriate circumstances exist, how ought we proceed?). But our overarching message is a simple one: the decisions we make over how to group data may crucially affect the inferences we reach. This certainly holds for ‘‘Does Age Matter?’’ In it, Manning, Carroll, and Carp group a continuous variable, age, into three categories or cohorts: 15 under the age of 46; 25 46–64; and 35 651. When they enter this (now ordinal-level, treated as if it were interval-level) variable into a logistic regression model designed to explain judicial decisions in age discrimination cases (coded 0 if the judge ruled against the plaintiff alleging age discrimination and 1 if in favor of the plaintiff ), it produces a positive and statistically significant coefficient; when they enter this same cohort-age variable into a model designed to explain outcomes in litigation alleging discrimination based on race or gender, it yields an insignificant coefficient. Taken together, these results lead the authors to conclude that age ‘‘matters’’ in precisely those cases in which they expect it to matter—age discrimination suits—and that it does not matter in those cases in which they expect it not to matter—race and gender discrimination suits. As it turns out, though, this conclusion—and, more important, the inference that Manning and his colleagues reach based on their sample of data—rests entirely on their grouping decision. Specifically, if we respecify the models in precisely the same way as the authors but vary the cutoff
Accessing long-term memory representations during visual change detection

In visual change detection tasks, providing a cue to the change location concurrent with the test image (post-cue) can improve performance, suggesting that, without a cue, not all encoded representations are automatically accessed. Our studies examined the possibility that post-cues can encourage the retrieval of representations stored in long-term memory (LTM). Participants detected changes in images composed of familiar objects. Performance was better when the cue directed attention to the post-change object. Supporting the role of LTM in the cue effect, the effect was similar regardless of whether the cue was presented during the inter-stimulus interval, concurrent with the onset of the test image, or after the onset of the test image. Furthermore, the post-cue effect and LTM performance were similarly influenced by encoding time. These findings demonstrate that monitoring the visual world for changes does not automatically engage LTM retrieval.
New viral vaccines for dermatologic disease.

Two new viral vaccines have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is intended to reduce infection with the most common HPV types that cause anogenital disease, including cervical cancer and genital warts. Herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine is intended to prevent shingles and its complications. The use of these two vaccines will immediately begin to impact dermatologic practice throughout the world and will reduce the healthcare burden associated with the diseases caused by the two viruses. The following review summarizes the relevant pathophysiology and epidemiology of genital warts, cervical neoplasia, and herpes zoster and describes the recent trials that have demonstrated efficacy and safety of the HPV and HZ vaccines. Learning objectives Following the completion of this learning activity, the participant will be able to describe the mechanisms of HPV and varicella zoster virus infection as well as pathogenesis, identify key aspects of the immune system involved in clearing the infection, and prescribe HPV and HZ vaccines for prevention of disease.
Elephant Seals: Genetic Variation and Near Extinction

Blood samples from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), representing five breeding colonies in California and Mexico, were surveyed electrophoretically for protein variation reflecting underlying genetic differences. No polymorphisms were found among 21 proteins encoded by 24 loci. This uniform homozygosity may be a consequence of fixation of alleles brought about by the decimation of this species by sealers in the last century.
Packet erasure protection for multicasting

Priority encoding transmission is an efficient forward error correction system for the robust transmission of scalable image and video data over packet erasure networks. For a memoryless packet erasure channel we first study the sensitivity of an optimal protection solution to a change in the packet erasure rate and in the number of packets. We then propose a practical error protection algorithm for multicasting and broadcasting applications. Instead of computing an optimal solution for each client independently, we show that comparable results can be obtained much faster by refining protections already computed for other clients. We also consider the situation where clients share a bottleneck link and develop layered multiple description codes that provide a better quality trade-off among all clients than previous solutions.
The history of Devonian-Carboniferous reef communities: Extinctions, effects, recovery

Analysis of the taxonomic composition, diversity and guild structure of five “typical” reef and mud mound communities ranging in age from Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous indicates that each of these aspects of community organization changed dramatically in relation to three extinction events. These events include a major or mass extinction at the end of the Frasnian; reef communities were also effected by less drastic end-Givetian and mid-late Famennian extinctions of reef-building higher taxa.
A Dominant-negative Mutant of Androgen Receptor Coregulator ARA54 Inhibits Androgen Receptor-mediated Prostate Cancer Growth

The ligand-bound androgen receptor (AR) regulates target genes via a mechanism involving coregulators such as androgen receptor-associated 54 (ARA54). We investigated whether the interruption of the AR coregulator function could lead to down-regulation of AR activity. Using in vitro mutagenesis and a yeast two-hybrid screening assay, we have isolated a mutant ARA54 (mt-ARA54) carrying a point mutation at amino acid 472 changing a glutamic acid to lysine, which acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of AR transactivation. In transient transfection assays of prostate cancer cell lines, the mt-ARA54 suppressed endogenous mutated AR-mediated and exogenous wild-type AR-mediated transactivation in LNCaP and PC-3 cells, respectively. In DU145 cells, the mt-ARA54 suppressed exogenous ARA54 but not other coregulators, such as ARA55-enhanced or SRC-1-enhanced AR transactivation. In the LNCaP cells stably transfected with the plasmids encoding the mt-ARA54 under the doxycycline inducible system, the overexpression of the mt-ARA54 inhibited cell growth and endogenous expression of prostate-specific antigen. Mammalian two-hybrid assays further demonstrated that the mt-ARA54 can disrupt the interaction between wild-type ARA54 molecules, suggesting that ARA54 dimerization or oligomerization may play an essential role in the enhancement of AR transactivation. Together, our results demonstrate that a dominant-negative AR coregulator can suppress AR transactivation and cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Further studies may provide a new therapeutic approach for blocking AR-mediated prostate cancer growth.
Iron Deposition From SC-1 on Silicon Wafer Surfaces

This work examines the extent of the deposition of iron on the wafer from (iron) contaminated SC-1 solutions on silicon wafer surfaces, models this effect, and also predicts the chemical state of the iron thus deposited on the wafer surface. The deposition of iron from SC-1 on three different wafer surface terminations was studied. The surfaces were characterized by: (i) the presence of ∼10 A of native oxide, (ii) by relatively little native oxide and (iii) by a thick thermal oxide. Experiments were performed at room temperature using a 1:1:5 SC-1 (NH4 OH-H2O2-H2O) solution, and also at 80°C with a more dilute composition (0.25:0.5:5). We found that irrespective of the initial surface termination, the amount of iron deposited on the silicon surface from SC-1 exhibited remarkably little deviation over a wide range of spiking levels, leading to the conclusion that in all cases an initial rapid oxidation of the silicon took place, followed by the preferential oxidation of the iron and its inclusion as the oxide into the oxide film. Finally, the model developed predicts that lower temperatures and more concentrated chemistries are more effective in keeping the iron in solution.
Efficient design and effective marketing of a reverse supply chain: a fuzzy logic approach

A two-phase mathematical programming approach to efficiently design a reverse supply chain is proposed, as follows: in phase I, a fuzzy cost-benefit function is formulated to perform a multi-criteria economic analysis for selecting the most economical product to re-process, from a set of candidate used products; in phase II, an integer goal programming model that not only identifies potential recovery facilities but also leads to transportation of the right mix and quantities of products (used as well as re-processed) across the supply chain, is formulated. Since the success of a reverse supply chain depends on its marketing strategy as well as on its design, it is important that the planned marketing strategy be evaluated with respect to drivers of public participation in the supply chain (more participation of the public implies more effectiveness of the marketing strategy), before actually implementing the strategy. To this end, we identify all the important drivers of public participation, and propose a fuzzy TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) approach to evaluate the marketing strategy of a reverse supply chain with respect to those drivers.
Negative resistance and rectification in Brownian transport.

We discuss under what conditions Brownian transport processes can display negative resistance. We prove it cannot occur on 1D spaces like the circle or the line. We construct an entropic ratchet: an explicit two-dimensional model, and its collapse onto a branched 1D backbone, showing negative resistance and rectification as a consequence of a geometric symmetry breaking. We derive an accurate numerical method for solving our 2D model. Finally, we discuss analogies and relevance to biological ion channels, in particular, for channel inactivation and blocking.
Role of Bioactivation in Idiosyncratic Drug Toxicity: Structure–Toxicity Relationships

I have always been interested in chemistry and biology. My undergraduate, graduate,and postdoctoral trainings in pharmacy, medicinal chemistry and pharmacology,respectively, have strengthened this interest and led me to realize that significantadvances in medicine have frequently been realized because of research at the chemis-try–biology interface. I am hoping that this comprehensive volume on recent advancesin bioactivation research will stimulate pharmacologists, medicinal chemists, pharma-ceutical scientists, and graduate students in these fields and related areas to consider anduse bioactivation research when they explore and chart new frontiers in drug design anddrug development and when they consider ways to reduce the side effects of existingdrugs by making prodrugs. As for the toxicologists and environmental health scientists, Ihope this volume will help them generate the knowledge needed to understand bettermechanisms of toxicity to improve human risk assessments and intervention methodsafter occupational or environmental exposure to various hazardous chemicals.Adnan A. Elfarra, Ph.D.vii
Immigration and Conflict in Europe: Economic Integration, Political Exclusion, and Immigrant Conflict in Germany

In the early 1980s, when Great Britain had witnessed violent confrontations between ethnic minorities and the police and a host of cities had seen their share of anti-immigrant mobilization, policy makers and academics in Germany grew concerned about the future integration of the country's immigrant population. By 1980, the country was home to 4.5 million non-Germans, mostly guest workers and their dependents, and it had now become apparent that the majority of these economic migrants would remain in Germany. As rising numbers of immigrants coincided with rising numbers of unemployed, the topic of immigration and immigrant integration began to gain national salience. Nevertheless, contemporary observers who compared developments in the two countries noted that the settlement of immigrants had proceeded much more peacefully in Germany. In comparison to Britain, one author points out, there had been no violent or nonviolent “open conflict on a larger scale” between immigrants and natives in Germany (Koch-Arzberger 1985, 3). A government-commissioned report on youth violence also concluded that “immigrant youth in Germany, in contrast to Great Britain, have not participated in…violent confrontations” with the police. Local anti-immigrant parties did not garner German voters' support either. Indeed, especially when placed in comparative perspective, the first decades of guest-worker settlement in Germany appear relatively peaceful; organized responses at the local level against the significant immigrant presence largely failed to gain momentum.
Layered reflective shadow maps for voxel-based indirect illumination

We introduce a novel voxel-based algorithm that interactively simulates both diffuse and glossy single-bounce indirect illumination. Our algorithm generates high quality images similar to the reference solution while using only a fraction of the memory of previous methods. The key idea in our work is to decouple occlusion data, stored in voxels, from lighting and geometric data, encoded in a new per-light data structure called layered reflective shadow maps (LRSMs). We use voxel cone tracing for visibility determination and integrate outgoing radiance by performing lookups in a pre-filtered LRSM. Finally we demonstrate that our simple data structures are easy to implement and can be rebuilt every frame to support both dynamic lights and scenes.
Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity.

Applications such as sensors, batteries, and fuel cells have been improved through the use of highly porous aerogels when functional compounds are encapsulated within the aerogels. However, few reports on encapsulating proteins within sol–gels that are processed to form aerogels exist. A procedure for encapsulating cytochrome c (cyt. c) in silica (SiO2) sol-gels that are supercritically processed to form bioaerogels with gas-phase activity for nitric oxide (NO) is presented. Cyt. c is added to a mixed silica sol under controlled protein concentration and buffer strength conditions. The sol mixture is then gelled and the liquid filling the gel pores is replaced through a series of solvent exchanges with liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is brought to its critical point and vented off to form dry aerogels with cyt. c encapsulated inside. These bioaerogels are characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy and can be used to detect the presence of gas-phase nitric oxide. The success of this procedure depends on regulating the cyt. c concentration and the buffer concentration and does not require other components such as metal nanoparticles. It may be possible to encapsulate other proteins using a similar approach making this procedure important for potential future bioanalytical device development.
Sex Differences in Quality of White-Tailed Deer Diets

This study tested the hypothesis that female white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) select a higher quality diet than males, as suggested by McCullough's (1979) evidence for resource partitioning between the sexes. Fecal samples from 136 adult female and 95 adult male deer were collected during 1982–83 on the E. S. George Reserve, Michigan. These fecal samples, and rumen and fecal samples from deer shot in winter 1980–81, were analyzed for winter diet composition by forage class, and for year-long diet quality as indexed by fecal nitrogen (FN). Year-round, females had significantly higher FN levels than males. In winter, females consumed significantly more grass and less browse than males. Thus, females consumed diets of higher quality than did males.
Statin modulation of monocyte phenotype and function: implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders

HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a persistent problem despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), largely a result of continued inflammation in the periphery and the brain and neurotoxin release from activated myeloid cells in the CNS. CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, expanded in HIV infection, play a central role in the pathogenesis of HAND and have parallels with monocyte-dependent inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Statins, through their HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor activity, have pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties that contribute to their benefit in atherosclerosis beyond lipid lowering. Here, we investigated whether statins would modulate the monocyte phenotype and function associated with HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. Treatment ex vivo with simvastatin and atorvastatin reduced the proportion of CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as in purified monocytes, especially CD14++CD16+ "intermediate" monocytes most closely associated with neurocognitive disease. Statin treatment also markedly reduced expression of CD163, which is also linked to HAND pathogenesis. Finally, simvastatin inhibited production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and other inflammatory cytokines following LPS stimulation and reduced monocyte chemotaxis in response to MCP-1, a major driver of myeloid cell accumulation in the CNS in HAND. Together, these findings suggest that statin drugs may be useful to prevent or reduce HAND in HIV-1-infected subjects on ART with persistent monocyte activation and inflammation.
Ovipositional and morphological comparisons of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from different geographic areas

Ovipositional biology and selected morphological characteristics of five field-collected populations (Edinburg, Tex.; Roma, Tex.; Zapata, Tex.; Guerrero, Mexico; and Utaudo, Puerto Rico) and one laboratory-adapted group of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ticks are compared. The female weight, egg mass weight, and preoviposition period of laboratory-adapted ticks were significantly different than those of all other groups. The Puerto Rican group produced females which were significantly lighter, produced significantly lighter egg masses, and had significantly lower hatchability of eggs than other groups. Four of the groups collected from the northern Mexico-southern Texas area showed great similarities in the female weight, preoviposition period, egg mass weight, and hatchability of eggs. A procedure for comparison of male size using the criteria of dorsal body surface area and surface area of the caudal process is presented. The laboratory-adapted males were significantly larger in whole-body surface and surface area of the caudal process than other groups. The Puerto Rican group had the smallest whole-body surface and caudal process of all groups. The four groups collected from northern Mexico-southern Texas produced intermediate whole-body and caudal-process surface area values with few differences between them.