cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormal sensitivity to intravesical potassium in interstitial cystitis and radiation cystitis

The urgency-frequency syndrome (UFS) (non-bacterial cystitis, interstitial cystitis) may well represent a heterogenous group with several etiologies. This study was based on the hypothesis that one subset of UFS patients has a leaky (to solutes) epithelium and cations such as potassium could thereby diffuse subepithelially and provoke symptoms. It was also hypothesized that normal impermeable transitional epithelium would not allow cations to diffuse across the cells during the K+ provocation test and no symptoms would be experienced. If the epithelium was permeable ("leaky"), diffusion would occur and provoke symptoms. Water or 0.4 M KCl was placed intravesically into normal volunteers and interstitial cystitis (IC) patients. Water did not provoke symptoms in either group but KCl provoked 4.5% of normals and 70% of IC patients. Differences were significant (P < 0.0001). This test provides a valuable diagnostic tool for UFS and a valuable research tool to separate epithelial permeability problems from other subsets of patients. A third group, consisting of 11 IC patients in remission on heparinoid therapy, was also tested and only 18% were provoked by KCl. Four patients with radiation cystitis were also examined and all four (100%) were provoked by the potassium.
Effect of physical activity on superoxide dismutase, catalase, inorganic peroxides and glutathione in the adult male housefly, Musca domestica

Average and maximum life spans of the adult male housefly are considerably prolonged by the elimination of flying activity. The objective of this study was to elucidate further the biochemical basis of this phenomenon. Activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and the concentrations of inorganic peroxides and glutathione were compared between houseflies kept under conditions of relatively high and low levels of physical activity at different ages. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were not appreciably affected by the level of physical activity whereas the concentrations of inorganic peroxides and glutathione were higher in flies undergoing relatively high level of physical activity. These results are interpreted to support the concept that by-products of oxygen metabolism may play a causal role in the aging process.
2-(8-quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole — a sensitive extraction spectrophotometric reagent for mercury

Abstract Mercury(II) reacts with 2-(8-quinolylazo)-4,5-diphenylimidazole in aqueous solution; the complex can be extracted with chloroform or 1,2-dichloroethane at pH 4.5–9.5 to give a stable reddish-purple solution. The system conforms to Beer's law; the optimal range in chloroform is 0.05–2 ppm mercury (1-cm cells). Of 25 metal ions investigated, only copper and vanadium interfere seriously. The proposed method is exceptionally sensitive; the molar absorptivity in the chloroform extract is 7.3 × 104 l mol−1 cm−1 at 580 nm; the Sandell sensitivity is 0.0027μg Hg cm−2.
The Effect of Gender and Respirator Brand on the Association of Respirator Fit with Facial Dimensions

This study examined the association of facial dimensions with respirator fit considering the effect of gender and respirator brand. Forty-one subjects (20 white females and 21 white males) participated in the study. Each subject was measured for 12 facial dimensions using anthropometric sliding and spreading calipers and a steel measuring tape. Three quantitative fit tests were conducted with the same subject wearing one size of three different brands of half-mask respirators resulting in a total of nine fit tests. Linear mixed model analysis was used to model respirator fit as a function of gender and respirator brand while controlling for facial dimensions. Results indicated that the gender by respirator brand interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.794), and there was no significant difference in respirator fit between males and females (p = 0.356). There was a significant difference in respirator fit among respirator brands (p < 0.001). Because correlations between facial dimensions and r...
Detection and characterization of radioactive particles

Abstract Recent advances in instrumentation provide the capability to measure size, count rate, type of radiation, and the chemical composition of radioactive particles. We present a demonstration of these capabilities, using a laser-scanned phosphor imaging system and a charge injection device system for digital autoradiography, light and electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and conventional radionuclide spectrometry. Response characteristics of the phosphor system that support these efforts are presented.
An accuracy assessment of forest disturbance mapping in the western Great Lakes

The increasing availability of satellite imagery has spurred the production of thematic land cover maps based on satellite data. These maps are more valuable to the scientific community and land managers when the accuracy of their classifications has been assessed. Here, we assessed the accuracy of a map of forest disturbance in the watersheds of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan based on an improved version of the Vegetation Change Tracker algorithm (VCTw). We constructed a probability-based sampling design using two stages of sampling with stratification at each stage. Results are presented for the portion of the map within the U.S. as well as separately for the U.S. portion of Lake Superior's watershed and for Lake Michigan's watershed. We also present estimates and standard errors of the percent cover for each land cover class that incorporate both the map's data and our sample data. The overall accuracy for the U.S. portion of the map is estimated to be 91% with a standard error of 0.8%. We discuss the relative strengths of the VCTw algorithm as well as the dependence of such an algorithm's success on the characteristics of the landscape being mapped.
Microstructures and precipitation development in cumulus and small cumulonimbus clouds over the warm pool of the tropical Pacific Ocean

In situ airborne measurements obtained in convective clouds in the vicinity of the Marshall Islands on 15 days in July and August 1999 are used to determine the microphysical structures and precipitation-producing mechanisms in these clouds. The liquid water contents of the clouds were generally well below adiabatic values, even in newly risen turrets. This is attributed to the entrainment of ambient air and to the very efficient removal of cloud water by the collision and coalescence of drops. The formation of raindrops began when the concentration of droplets with radii <15 µm exceeded ∼3 cm−3 or, equivalently, when the effective cloud drop radius reached ∼ 13 µm. Clouds rained when their depth exceeded ∼1.5 km. Due to rainout, the effective radius of cloud droplets began decreasing ∼2–4 km above cloud base. Extremely high concentrations of ice particles (often >500 litre−1) formed very rapidly at temperatures between −4 and −10 °C. High-resolution imagery of these particles, which were primarily sheaths, needles, frozen drops and irregular ice fragments, indicates that the high concentrations of ice were initiated by the freezing of individual drops, some of which fragmented upon freezing, accompanied by ice splinter production during riming. However, for ice particles < 100 µm in maximum dimension, frozen drops and ice fragments were much more numerous than columnar ice crystals, the latter being indicative of ice splinter production. Narrow (10–50 m wide) streamers of precipitation containing large (<3 mm diameter) solid and liquid particles were often encountered in growing clouds. It is proposed that the particles in these streamers grew rapidly by riming in water-rich zones and, under appropriate conditions, the ice particles produced by both drop fragmentation and riming resulted in exceptionally high localized concentrations of ice. Convective clouds consisting entirely of liquid water produced rain rates that were similar to those from deep convective clouds containing ice. Since the concentration of drizzle and raindrops within a few kilometres of cloud base was highly correlated with cloud depth, and therefore cloud top temperature, the concentration of raindrops in cumulus and cumulo-nimbus clouds over the warm pool of the tropical Pacific Ocean can be inferred from satellite measurements of cloud top temperatures. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Dynamics of Ca2+-Calmodulin–dependent Inhibition of Rod Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels Measured by Patch-clamp Fluorometry

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels mediate cellular responses to sensory stimuli. In vertebrate photoreceptors, CNG channels respond to the light-induced decrease in cGMP by closing an ion-conducting pore that is permeable to cations, including Ca2+ ions. Rod CNG channels are directly inhibited by Ca2+-calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM), but the physiological role of this modulation is unknown. Native rod CNG channels comprise three CNGA1 subunits and one CNGB1 subunit. The single CNGB1 subunit confers several key properties on heteromeric channels, including Ca2+/CaM-dependent modulation. The molecular basis for Ca2+/CaM inhibition of rod CNG channels has been proposed to involve the binding of Ca2+/CaM to a site in the NH2-terminal region of the CNGB1 subunit, which disrupts an interaction between the NH2-terminal region of CNGB1 and the COOH-terminal region of CNGA1. Here, we test this mechanism for Ca2+/CaM-dependent inhibition of CNGA1/CNGB1 channels by simultaneously monitoring protein interactions with fluorescence spectroscopy and channel function with patch-clamp recording. Our results show that Ca2+/CaM binds directly to CNG channels, and that binding is the rate-limiting step for channel inhibition. Further, we show that the NH2- and COOH-terminal regions of CNGB1 and CNGA1 subunits, respectively, are in close proximity, and that Ca2+/CaM binding causes a relative rearrangement or separation of these regions. This motion occurs with the same time course as channel inhibition, consistent with the notion that rearrangement of the NH2- and COOH-terminal regions underlies Ca2+/CaM-dependent inhibition.
Accounting classic: More debits than credits: the gap in GAAP

Over the past several years, Abraham Briloff's writings have caused considerable ripples in the financial community with his insistent articles in various financial journals, especially Barron's. Among the subjects of his critical commentaries have been US Financial, ITT, lOS (under Cornfeld and Vesco), Kaufman and Broad, Telex, Penn Central, Leasco (now the Reliance Group), and McDonald's. The industries coming under his scrutiny include stock life insurers, land developers, homebuilders, computer lessons and conglomerates of all shapes and sizes.
Identification and Quantitation of Volatile Compounds in Two Heated Model Compounds, Trilinolein and Linoleic Acid Esterified Propoxylated Glycerol

Static headspace (HS) and capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (GC/IR-MS) were used to collect, separate, identify, and quantitate the oxidative and thermal decomposition products in two heated model compounds, linoleic acid esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG-08 linoleate) and trilinoleylglycerol, both without added antioxidants. Approximately 4 L of EPG-08 linoleate or trilinoleylglycerol was heated in a deep-fat fryer at 192 +/- 8 degrees C for 12 h each day until the oil sample contained > or =20% polymeric material, which occurred after 24 h of heating. The major volatile compounds both in heated EPG-08 linoleate and in heated trilinoleylglycerol were pentane, hexanal, 2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, 2-octenal, and 2, 4-decadienal. The identified volatile compounds from heated EPG-08 linoleate are those generally expected from the oxidative and thermal decomposition of fats and oils containing linoleic acid, except acetoxyacetone (1-acetoxy-2-propanone). Acetoxyacetone was found at 2.1, 3, and 2.4 ppm in the unheated, 12 h heated, and 24 h heated samples, respectively.
A Convergence Theorem for the Riemann Integral

(2000). A Convergence Theorem for the Riemann Integral. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 141-147.
Dehydrated Silage for Poultry I. The Effect of Dehydrated Corn Silage Meal on Growth and Feed Conversion of the Chick

Abstract BROOD sows fed a ration containing corn silage during gestation were observed by Conrad and Beeson (1954) to produce 1.4 to 2.0 more pigs per litter than a basal ration containing alfalfa meal. Johnson (1956) fed corn silage and a balanced 20 percent protein supplement to pregnant sows and reported a very smooth, glossy hair coat and large, uniform litters of pigs. The 186 sows fed corn silage during the years 1955–1956 farrowed 2.22 more living pigs per litter than the 231 sows from the same herd which were self-fed a 16 percent protein ration in 1954. Very little work has been reported in which silage was fed to chickens. Allen et al. (1939) fed red clover-alfalfa silage to cockerels seven weeks old and reported a 214 percent gain in weight in the subsequent eight weeks for the silage-fed birds. Comparable lots fed buttermilk ad libitum gained 215 percent …
The mAKAP signalosome and cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.

Cardiac hypertrophy is regulated by a large intracellular signal transduction network. Each of the many signaling pathways in this network contributes uniquely to the control of cell growth. In the last few years, it has become apparent that multimolecular signaling complexes or 'signalosomes' are important for mediating crosstalk between different signaling pathways. These complexes integrate upstream signals and control downstream effectors. In the cardiac myocyte, the protein mAKAPβ serves as a scaffold for a large signalosome that is responsive to upstream cAMP, Ca2+, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The mAKAPβ signalosome is important for the control of NFATc transcription factor activity and for the overall induction of myocyte hypertrophy. IUBMB Life, 59: 163-169, 2007
Composition of the Precambrian Llano Uplift, central Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract The Llano uplift exposes rocks of approximately 1000 m.y. age. The weighted average composition of the exposed crust is: 70.7% SiO 2 ; 0.35% TiO 2 ; 13.6% A1 2 O 3 ; 3.4% total Fe as Fe 2 O 3 ; 1.1% MgO; 2.6% CaO; 3.3% Na 2 O; and 4.4% K 2 O. This composition is similar to, but more potassic, than equivalent estimates for the Canadian shield.
Aldehyde-Selective Wacker Oxidation in a Thiyl-Mediated Vinyl Group Transfer Route to Daunosamine

Asymmetric dihydroxylation, thiyl radical mediated transfer of a silicon-tethered vinyl group to a hydrazone and an unconventional aldehyde-selective Wacker oxidation are sequenced for an efficient synthesis of methyl N-trifluoroacetyl-l-daunosaminide in 32% overall yield from crotonaldehyde.
Spread and Characterization of Chemical Resistance of Biotype D Greenbugs in Texas

Biotype D greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were shown to have developed cross resistance within the organophosphate insecticides. Resistance levels to disulfoton ranged from 10.6- to 37-fold over the susceptible Stillwater, OK, strain which had an LC50 of 0.22 ppm at 48 h. Highest resistance levels (17.1- and 37.0-fold) were found in colonies of greenbugs taken from locations of higher insecticide usages north of the Edmonson area where resistance was first reported. Resistance levels were lower (10.6- and 14.4-fold) in colonies from areas east of Edmonson. The more disulfoton-resistant Hereford strain was found to have the highest parathion resistance (2.98-fold). In leaf-dip screening studies on the resistant Hereford strain, chlorpyrifos, oxydemetonmethyl, and carbofuran were more toxic than parathion with LC50’s of 1.12, 1.98, 2.11, and 2.50 ppm, respectively. FMC 35023 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl \[(N-benzyl) (N-methyl) aminosulfenyl\] \[methyl\] carbamate), FMC 31768 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl (methyl) (morpholinosulfenyl)-carbamate), FMC 40963 (FMC 33297 plus 2-methylpropyl 2-propynyl phenylphosphonate), permethrin (FMC 33297), thiofanox, A 47171 (1,1-dimethyl 2,2 bis (p-ethoxyphenyl) ethane), and A 47170 (1-chloro 1-methyl 2,2 bis (p-ethoxyphenyl) ethane) were much less toxic with LC50’s which ranged from 3.88 to >80 ppm.
Preionization Techniques For Discharge Lasers

The success of discharge-pumped lasers depends upon achieving some degree of control over the discharge stability. A very large effort has been expended toward this goal by researchers since the early discharge CO2 lasers were developed. With the extensive development of the rare gas halide lasers much more effort has been expended because of the inherent instability in pumping electronegative gases. This paper reviews the major approaches of preionization, the critical issues and the limitations of each.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The dosimetric impact of daily setup error on target volumes and surrounding normal tissue in the treatment of prostate cancer with intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of daily setup error and interfraction organ motion on the overall dosimetric radiation treatment plans. Twelve patients undergoing definitive intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments for prostate cancer were evaluated in this institutional review board-approved study. Each patient had fiducial markers placed into the prostate gland before treatment planning computed tomography scan. IMRT plans were generated using the Eclipse treatment planning system. Each patient was treated to a dose of 8100 cGy given in 45 fractions. In this study, we retrospectively created a plan for each treatment day that had a shift available. To calculate the dose, the patient would have received under this plan, we mathematically "negated" the shift by moving the isocenter in the exact opposite direction of the shift. The individualized daily plans were combined to generate an overall plan sum. The dose distributions from these plans were compared with the treatment plans that were used to treat the patients. Three-hundred ninety daily shifts were negated and their corresponding plans evaluated. The mean isocenter shift based on the location of the fiducial markers was 3.3 ± 6.5 mm to the right, 1.6 ± 5.1 mm posteriorly, and 1.0 ± 5.0 mm along the caudal direction. The mean D95 doses for the prostate gland when setup error was corrected and uncorrected were 8228 and 7844 cGy (p 1200 cGy and for the PTV8100 could approach almost 2000 cGy when comparing corrected against uncorrected plans. There was no statistically significant difference in the D35 parameter for the surrounding normal tissue except for the dose received by the penile bulb and the right hip. Our dosimetric evaluation suggests significant underdosing with inaccurate target localization and emphasizes the importance of accurate patient setup and target localization. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of intrafraction organ motion, rotation, and deformation on doses delivered to target volumes.
Early recovery of aggressive cytotoxic cells and improved immune resurgence with post-transplant immunotherapy for multiple myeloma.

A phase I/II trial evaluated early administration and dose escalation of interleukin (IL)-2 with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) post-transplant. Following melphalan (200 mg/m2) and an autologous transplant, IL-2 was initiated (day 0) and continued for 4 weeks. GM-CSF (250 mcg/m2/day) began on day 5. Fifteen of 19 patients completed therapy. No treatment-related deaths occurred. IL-2 (1 × 106 IU/m2/day) was not tolerated in two of six patients due to ⩾grade 3 fatigue/diarrhea (n=1) or supraventricular tachycardia (n=1). The maximum tolerated dose of IL-2 was 6 × 105 IU/m2/day; this dose was well tolerated by 11 of 13 patients. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred on day 13 (median; range 10–17 days) and day 13 (median; range 0–74 days), respectively. When compared to control patients, there was a marked increase in the number of CD3+ T cells (P=0.005), CD4+ T cells (P=0.01), CD8+ T cells (P=0.001) and CD4+CD25+Treg cells (P=0.015) post-transplant. Cytotoxicity directed against myeloma cells was markedly increased when compared to control patients (P=0.017). This unique trial design using early administration of IL-2 with GM-CSF during the period of lymphodepletion, demonstrated a marked increase in the number and function of early cytotoxic effector T cells, without suppression of engraftment.
Basal cell carcinoma in young patients after irradiation for childhood malignancy.

Three patients underwent cranial irradiation as part of treatment for childhood malignancy. Two of these patients had acute lymphocytic leukemia and one had an astro-cytoma. All had longlasting remissions from their childhood malignancy but 8–15 years later developed a basal cell carcinoma of the scalp within previous radiation portals. The basal cell carcinomas were all treated successfully using Mohs micrographic surgery. Follow-up of patients receiving irradiation for childhood malignancy should include periodic cutaneous examinations of previously irradiated sites.
Rotational modulation of Ca K flux ratio and sunspot number

The results of daily monitoring of the Ca K flux variations of integrated sunlight during the period 1 July 1979–18 February 1980 are presented, and the data analyzed by both power spectrum and autocorrelation methods. The latter method is found to be superior; in it the autocorrelation function is fit to a model having three parameters, viz. the maximum long-term autocorrelation c1, the rotational period τ0 and an effective lifetime τ1. Values of c1 = 0.26, τ0 = 25.9 days, and τ1 = 500 days are obtained for the Ca K flux ratio; somewhat different values of c1 = 0.77, τ0 = 28.0 days, and τ1 = 89 days are obtained for the sunspot number for the same period. Rotational modulation is clearly evident for the relatively weak chromosphere of the Sun and should be even more easily observed for more active stars.
Enabling executable architecture by improving the foundations of DoD architecting

Architecture is an intrinsic quality or property of a system. It consists of the arrangement and inter-relationships, both static and dynamic, among the components of the system as well as their externally visible properties. We commonly think of this property as the structure or form of the system. Through the practice of architecting, we seek to make apparent the architecture of a system through the creation of architecture descriptions. Architecture descriptions are representations or conceptualizations of the form of a system. In architecting, our goal is to understand, affect, predict, or manage this architecture property in order to achieve other system properties that are dependent upon it. In creating such descriptions, we often employ an architecture framework as a way of conceptualizing the form of the system. A framework consists of a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality. Applying an architecture framework results in creation of a representation of the system that is at least two steps removed from the reality of the system: first, through our interpretation of that reality, and second, through the application of a framework to shape our interpretation. Most of the architecture descriptions produced by DoD architects are static. They portray system properties at a single point in time. However, system properties may in fact change over time due to the interaction of components of the system's architecture via their established relationships. Successfully achieving the goal of creating executable system models at various phases of a system's life cycle is principally dependent upon expressing such models at a sufficient level of formality and characterization.
From stem cells to germ cells and back again.

Producing germ cells in vitro would open important new avenues for regenerative medicine, and obtaining alternative sources of pluripotent stem cells is desirable. In this regard, Geijsen et al. have shown that it is possible to differentiate stem cells into cells similar to male gametes, whereas Guan et al. reported the ability to turn undifferentiated germ cells into pluripotent stem cells.
Influence of red alder on soil nitrogen transformations in two conifer forests of contrasting productivity

Abstract We conducted laboratory studies to determine the effects of red alder ( Alnus rubra Bong.) on soil N transformations and N availability indices at two conifer forest sites of contrasting productivity. The inclusion of red alder in conifer forests significantly increased gross rates of N mineralization, N immobilization, nitrification and NO 3 − immobilization, and the effects of alder were generally similar for soils from low- and high-productivity sites. However, the addition of alder to the conifer stand at the high productivity site increased gross N mineralization and immobilization processes more than at the low productivity site. At both sites, gross N and NO 3 − production were enhanced by alder more than gross N immobilization processes, leading to higher rates of net N mineralization and nitrification. At the fertile site, most microbial N assimilation occurred from the NO 3 − pool, compared with less than half at the infertile site (none as NO 3 − in the less productive pure conifer stand). Heterotrophic nitrification (as indicated by a lack of C 2 H 2 inhibition) accounted for 65–72% of the gross nitrification in all stands that exhibited nitrification (no nitrification was detected in the pure conifer stand at the infertile site). The inclusion of red alder had no effect on the proportion of total nitrification that was heterotrophic, despite the lower soil pH in mixed alder-conifer stands compared to conifer stands. Gross rates of N mineralization correlated well with both autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification across all soils. Gross N mineralization may be a good index of NH 4 + availability to autotrophic nitrifiers, as well as the quality of organic N as a substrate for heterotrophic nitrification. Most estimates of microbial biomass and activity, N availability and N transformation rates were significantly correlated with each other. In general, gross N transformations were better correlated with other indices of N availability and microbial activity than estimates of net N transformations. Similar N cycling rates and microbial biomass N pool sizes in pure alder and adjacent alder-conifer stands at the fertile site suggest that continued inputs of N via symbiotic N-fixation by red alder in coniferous forest stands can lead to the elimination of N-limitation to forest ecosystem production.
Elasticity effects in electronic structure calculations with periodic boundary conditions

We investigate the effects of elastic interactions between defects in electronic structure calculations with periodic boundary conditions. Our approach, building on the work of Toshio Mura [Proc. Roy. Soc. 280 (1964) 1383], is based on the distortion tensor and the topology of the defects and does not involve evaluating sums of long-range functions. We construct solutions in a straight-forward way that makes them easily applied to electronic structure calculations. The results explain how to interpret volume changes in systems with periodic boundary conditions. We also show that the periodicity may be chosen in such a way as to minimize the elastic effects of the boundary condition.
A family of normalized LMS algorithms

A derivation of the normalized LMS algorithm is generalized, resulting in a family of projection-like algorithms based on an L/sub p/-minimized filter coefficient change. The resulting algorithms include the simplified NLMS algorithm of Nagumo and Noda (1967) and an even simpler single-coefficient update algorithm based on the maximum absolute value datum of the input data vector. A complete derivation of the algorithm family is given, and simulations are performed to show the convergence behaviors of the algorithms. >
High-Dose Isotretinoin Treatment and the Rate of Retrial, Relapse, and Adverse Effects in Patients With Acne Vulgaris

Importance Isotretinoin is the most effective treatment for acne. The ideal dosing regimen is unknown. Objective To determine the rates of relapse of acne vulgaris and retrial of isotretinoin after high cumulative-dose treatment and the changes to the adverse effect profile. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective, observational, intervention study was conducted from August 1, 2008, to August 31, 2010, in a single academic tertiary care center with multiple providers. A total of 180 patients with acne resistant to other treatments were enrolled. Of these, 116 participated in the 12-month follow-up survey, for a response rate of 64.4%. Exposure Patients received isotretinoin, with dosing based on the providers’ judgment. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of cumulative dosing ( Main Outcomes and Measures Relapse (treatment with a prescription topical or oral acne medication after a course of isotretinoin) or retrial (retreatment with isotretinoin) at 12-month follow-up and adverse effects experienced during and after 12 months of treatment. Results The mean age of the participants was 19.3 years, 51.9% were female, and 74.1% were white. At 12 months’ follow-up, 97.4% of the patients reported that their acne was improved. Overall, acne in 32.7% of patients in the study relapsed at 12 months, and 1.72% of the patients required a retrial. In the lower-dose treatment group ( P = .03). Almost 100% of the patients in both treatment groups developed cheilitis and xerosis during treatment. Retinoid dermatitis was significantly more common in the high-dose treatment group (53.8% vs 31.6%; P = .02). None of the other adverse effects was significantly different between the 2 groups. Conclusions and Relevance The dosing regimen used in the present study is considerably higher than that used in previous studies of isotretinoin. At 1 year after completion of isotretinoin treatment, we found that patients receiving 220 mg/kg or more had a significantly decreased risk of relapse. Rash was the only adverse effect that was significantly more common in the high-dose group during treatment. This study suggests that significantly higher doses of isotretinoin are effective for treating acne and decreasing relapse rates without increasing adverse effects.
Virtual platforms and timing analysis: status, challenges and future directions

This paper outlines a methodology based on virtual platforms and timing analysis to perform the exploration and selection of automotive architecture solutions. The analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of architecture options with respect to para-functional metrics. The satisfaction of deadline constraints and the optimization with respect to latency on end-to-end computations is considered. In addition, we discuss to what degree existing standards, including OSEK and AUTOSAR and model-based development practices can support the development of time predictable software and what is required to move toward the desirable goal of timing isolation when integrating multiple applications into the same execution platform. Finally, the paper provides a quick glance at recent results in the the optimization of the software architecture for complex distributed systems with respect to worst case timing behavior.
A design methodology and computer aids for digital VLSI systems

The current status of a research program at Carnegie-Mellon University aimed at the formulation of a hierarchical design methodology for digital VLSI circuits is described. In addition, this paper describes a set of computer aids which supports this methodology. One of the goals of this work is to provide a design environment which allows for a significant reduction in time between the initial concept of a complex digital system and the generation of masks. Another goal is to allow the designer to efficiently explore a number of design alternatives.
Computational Mechanics Routes to Explore the Origin of Mechanical Properties in a Biological Nanocomposite: Nacre

Nacre, the inner layer of seashells, is a laminated nanocomposite consisting of micron sized pseudo hexagonal aragonitic calcium carbonate platelets with about 20 nanometer thick organic layer sandwiched between the platelets. This nanocomposite has been studied extensively as a model system for the design of new biomimetic nanocomposites. The nano and micro architecture of nacre has many features and nuances, which have been attributed as possible reasons for the exceptional mechanical properties. In our work, we have used computational mechanics routes to model and simulate observed macro response, to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of various components of the nano and micro architecture of nacre to the mechanical properties. We also describe our discovery of platelet interlocks and their impact on the mechanical response of nacre. Our experiments on tensile failure and scanning electron microscopy of nacre specimens, and simulations using finite element modeling, indicate that the interlocks function as a physical restraint against free relative movement of platelets. Hence, these interlocking features need to yield/break before the complete transfer of load can occur to an intervening organic. The observed interlocks play a critical role in the mechanical response of nacre. During failure the features observed in the microstructure of nacre, such as relative rotation between platelet layers, platelet penetration, and other geometrical abnormalities such as an elongated side etc., appear not to be accidents of nature; they seem to exist for a purpose. These abnormalities lead to high toughness and strength, which is necessary for protecting the organism within the seashell.
An Investigation Into the Etiology of Irritable Hip

A prospective review has been made of 111 children who presented with acute hip pain to determine it's etiology and assess the need for multiple investigations at presentation. There was no clinical hematological, serological or bacteriological evidence to identify positively patients with an irritable hip, neither was there good correlation with a history of infection. An effusion was diagnosed by ultrasound in 71% but there were no factors, either clinically or by investigation, to differentiate between patients with or without an effusion. We conclude that multiple investigations to find a source of infection in patients with irritable hip are not warranted as they are rarely positive, seldom affect management and are of no help in investigating the etiology of irritable hip.
Integrating physical and genetic maps: from genomes to interaction networks

Physical and genetic mapping data have become as important to network biology as they once were to the Human Genome Project. Integrating physical and genetic networks currently faces several challenges: increasing the coverage of each type of network; establishing methods to assemble individual interaction measurements into contiguous pathway models; and annotating these pathways with detailed functional information. A particular challenge involves reconciling the wide variety of interaction types that are currently available. For this purpose, recent studies have sought to classify genetic and physical interactions along several complementary dimensions, such as ordered versus unordered, alleviating versus aggravating, and first versus second degree.
Least sensitive (most robust) fuzzy “exclusive or” operations

In natural language, “or” sometimes means “inclusive or” and sometimes means “exclusive or”. To adequately describe commonsense and expert knowledge, it is therefore important to have not only t-conorms describing fuzzy “inclusive or” operations, but also fuzzy “inclusive or” operations f ⌖ (a, b). Since the degrees of certainty are only approximately defined, it is reasonable to require that the corresponding operation be the least sensitive to small changes in the inputs. In this paper, we show that the least sensitive fuzzy “exclusive or” operation has the form f ⌖ (a, b) = min(max(a, b), max(1 −a, 1 −b)).
A WH/GSMT-based full-wave analysis for planar transmission lines embedded in multilayered dielectric substrates

A new full-wave analysis method, referred to as the WH/GSMT, is developed to solve multilayered planar transmission line problems. First, the scattering of an obliquely incident parallel plate mode (PPM) by a PEC half plane embedded in a multilayered isotropic dielectric substrate within a PEC parallel plate region is analyzed via the Wiener-Hopf (WH) technique. The solution is then incorporated into the generalized scattering matrix technique (GSMT) to find the (complex) propagation constant and characteristic impedance of the planar transmission lines. The lateral power leakage is taken into account rigorously in the WH/GSMT. Numerical results including the microstrip line, conductor-backed slotline, coupled microstrip lines, and antipodal finlines are presented along with a discussion of the advantages/disadvantages of this method. >
A general constructive approach to fault-tolerant design using redundancy

The use of redundancy to attain a fault-tolerant system design is described. Specifically, a general theory of redundancy is proposed that allows the design of fault-tolerant structures at the system-level, gate-level, or both. The theory accounts for classic approaches to redundant design such as TMR, NMR, and quadded and interwoven logics. It is shown that, by using mathematical block theory, it is possible to describe complex interconnections of redundant elements in a simple, straightforward fashion. Comparisons are made with other approaches to redundant design. >
Excess circulating angiopoietin-2 may contribute to pulmonary vascular leak in sepsis in humans.

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating complication of numerous underlying conditions, most notably sepsis. Although pathologic vascular leak has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ARDS and sepsis-associated lung injury, the mechanisms promoting leak are incompletely understood. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), a known antagonist of the endothelial Tie-2 receptor, was originally described as a naturally occurring disruptor of normal embryonic vascular development otherwise mediated by the Tie-2 agonist angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). We hypothesized that Ang-2 contributes to endothelial barrier disruption in sepsis-associated lung injury, a condition involving the mature vasculature. Methods and Findings We describe complementary human, murine, and in vitro investigations that implicate Ang-2 as a mediator of this process. We show that circulating Ang-2 is significantly elevated in humans with sepsis who have impaired oxygenation. We then show that serum from these patients disrupts endothelial architecture. This effect of sepsis serum from humans correlates with measured Ang-2, abates with clinical improvement, and is reversed by Ang-1. Next, we found that endothelial barrier disruption can be provoked by Ang-2 alone. This signal is transduced through myosin light chain phosphorylation. Last, we show that excess systemic Ang-2 provokes pulmonary leak and congestion in otherwise healthy adult mice. Conclusions Our results identify a critical role for Ang-2 in disrupting normal pulmonary endothelial function.
Detection and Treatment of Depressive Syndromes in a Rural Island Clinic

Background: Major depression is a serious and often persistent problem for 5 to 10 percent of patients in primary care. The detection and treatment of depression can be a particular challenge in rural settings. This study describes patterns of care for depression at a rural primary care clinic on an island off the coast of Washington State. Methods: For a period of 2 months, 226 primary care patients were evaluated for depression using a two­ stage screening method. Structured chart abstraction was conducted for patients meeting criteria for major depression or dysthymia. Results: Ten percent of the study sample met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders, fourth edition, criteria for major depression, 4 percent met criteria for dysthymia, and 8 percent met criteria for major depression and dysthymia. Of the patients who had a diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia by the PRIME-MD, approximately 50 percent had their condition detected by their primary care provider, and approximately 50 percent received guideline level antidepressant treatment. Less than 40 percent of patients whose depression was treated with antidepressants made more than two visits during the 8 weeks af­ ter the initial prescription. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with those from other primary care settings and suggest that there are many opportunities for improving the quality of care for depressed patients in rural primary care settings. (J Am Board Fam Pract 1999;12:120-7.) Major depression is a serious and often persistent problem for 5 to 10 percent of patients who seek care from primary care providers. I Dysthymia, a more chronic form of depression, occurs in an ad­ ditional 5 percent. Depression can cause intense feelings of sadness, guilt, self-doubt, and hopeless­ ness. Patients with major depression or dysthymia have been found to be more impaired in social and vocational functioning than patients with major chronic medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. 2 Researchers have also found that depression causes amplification of so­ matic symptoms and additive functional impair­ ment in patients who have comorbid affective dis
Microstructure evolution and weathering reactions of Synroc samples crystallized from CaZrTi 2 O 7 melts: TEM/AEM investigation and geochemical modeling

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) studies have been conducted on samples crystallized from a melt with a composition of zirconolite {(Ca0.9Gd0.1)Zr(Ti1.9Al0.1)2, O7}. The formationof a whole suite of Synroc minerals (zirconia, ZrTiO4, zirconolite, perovskite, and rutile) has been observed. The formation of these minerals follows the crystallization sequence of Ti-bearing zirconia → ZrTiO4 phase → Zr-rich zirconolite → Zr-poor zirconolite → rutile/perovskite. This sequence is induced by a fractional crystallization process, in which Zr-rich mineral phases tend to crystallize first, resulting in continuous depletion of Zr in melt. Consistent with this melt compositional evolution, Zr content in the zirconolite decreases from the area next to ZrTiO4 phase to the area next to rutile or perovskite. High-resolution TEM images show that there are no glassy phases at the grain boundary between zirconolite and perovskite. The fractional crystallization-induced textural heterogeneity may have a significant impact on the incorporation of radionuclides into crystalline phases and the resistance of radioniclides to leaching processes. Exsolution lamellae and multiple twinning result from the phase transition from tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia may decrease durability of the Synroc. Fast cooling of melt may produce more zirconolite phase and relatively uniform texture. In general, however, a Synroc prepared by a through-melt method is less uniform in texture than that prepared by a through-sol-gel method. The reaction path calculation for the alteration of U-bearing zirconolite in an oxidizing fluid shows that zirconolite is first altered into a perovskite-like phase (CaZrO3), followed by rutile (TiO2), and U6+-bearing phases of soddyite [(UO2)2SiO42H20] and haiweeite [Ca(UO2)2Si6O15·5H2O].
A Real-Time Wide-Area Control Framework for Mitigating Small-Signal Instability in Large Electric Power Systems

This paper proposes a framework for a real-time centralized controller for addressing small-signal instability related events in large electric power systems. The proposed system is meant to be a safety net type control strategy that will detect and mitigate small-signal stability phenomena as they emerge in the system. Specifically, it will use wide-area monitoring schemes to identify the emergence of growing or undamped oscillations related to interarea and/or local modes. The damping levels of the associated interarea and local oscillatory modes will be estimated by analyzing predefined sets of signals using algorithms such as the Multi-Prony method. When the Central Control Unit detects an oscillatory mode with low or negative damping ratio, say less than 1 percent, the controller will initiate strategically located thyristor devices into an aggressive damping enhancement mode for correcting the damping level of the problematic mode. The paper proposes the framework of the controller with preliminary discussions on the various components of the controller, including a) the detection of undamped oscillations, and b) the design of corrective control actions.
What happens to patients with COPD with long-term oxygen treatment who receive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbation? A 1-year retrospective follow-up study

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) on long-term oxygen treatment (LTOT) who received invasive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbation. Of the 4791 patients, 23% died in the hospital, and 45% died in the subsequent 12 months. 67% of patients were readmitted at least once in the subsequent 12 months, and 26.8% were discharged to a nursing home or skilled nursing facility within 30 days. We conclude that these patients have high mortality rates, both in-hospital and in the 12 months postdischarge. If patients survive, many will be readmitted to the hospital and discharged to nursing home. These potential outcomes may support informed critical care decision making and more preference congruent care.
Radiation from dielectric-loaded arrays of parallel-plate waveguides

The problem of calculating the reflected and transmitted fields as a function of scan angle in an infinite phased array of parallel-plate waveguides is studied on an analytical basis. Two infinite sets of simultaneous linear equations are derived for the scattered fields internal and external to the waveguides. These sets of equations are attacked by a newly developed modified residue calculus method. Application of the results to the problem of designing rectangular waveguide arrays with improved impedance performance over a wide range of H -plane scan angles is discussed. It is indicated that the present analysis may serve as a first step toward investigating the more general problem of phased arrays scanning at an arbitrary angle.
Univariate Bayesian nonparametric binary regression with application in environmental management

In environmental management, we often have to deal with binary response variables whose outcome dictates the course of action. This paper introduces a nonparametric Bayesian binary regression model with a single predictor variable that is more flexible than the commonly used logistic or probit models. Due to the Bayesian feature, the model can be easily used to combine observed data with our knowledge of the subject to produce site-specific results. By using three examples, this paper shows the potential application of the model in the environmental management, and its advantages in terms of flexibility in model specification, robustness to outliers, and realistic interpretation of data.
Dictionary of Constraints

This book advocates modeling with metaconstraints, which represent structured groups of more elementary constraints. As explained in Chapter 1, this allows modelers to write succinct formulations and to communicate the structure of the problem to the solver. Ideally, modelers would have at hand a menu of constraints, organized by problem domain, or in other ways that guide them to the right choice of constraints. This chapter provides a sampling of some metaconstraints that might appear on that menu.