cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation is Independently Associated with Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Background Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation (EOV) is a crucial marker for disease severity and prognosis in chronic heart failure (HF) patients. Although the presence of EOV in chronic HF patients has been demonstrated the association with worse left ventricular (LV) function, the evidence regarding with right ventricular (RV) function is still lacking. This study aim was to determine the association of EOV and RV systolic function in chronic heart failure patients. Method We retrospectively analyzed a cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing (CPET) database in 709 chronic HF patients at Cleveland Clinic, between April 2018 and June 2019. RV systolic dysfunction was determined by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) Results The prevalence of EOV in chronic HF patients with RV systolic dysfunction was significantly higher than those without RV systolic dysfunction (75.7% vs. 24.3%, p Conclusion In the large contemporary cohort, exercise oscillatory ventilation was independently associated with RV systolic dysfunction in chronic heart failure patients.
Solvation Methods and Applications

Including solvation is very important for systems with polar solvents. This motivated development of a number of methods for describing solvent implicitly. Our more recent methods do this at constant potential.
Co-released norepinephrine and galanin act on different timescales to promote stress-induced anxiety-like behavior.

Both the noradrenergic and galaninergic systems have been implicated in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, and these two neuromodulators are co-released from the stress-responsive locus coeruleus (LC); however, the individual contributions of LC-derived norepinephrine (NE) and galanin to behavioral stress responses are unclear. Here we aimed to disentangle the functional roles of co-released NE and galanin in stress-induced behavior. We used foot shock, optogenetics, and behavioral pharmacology in wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking either NE (Dbh-/-) or galanin (GalcKO-Dbh) specifically in noradrenergic neurons to isolate the roles of these co-transmitters in regulating anxiety-like behavior in the elevated zero maze (EZM) either immediately or 24 h following stress. Foot shock and optogenetic LC stimulation produced immediate anxiety-like behavior in WT mice, and the effects of foot shock persisted for 24 h. NE-deficient mice were resistant to the anxiogenic effects of acute stress and optogenetic LC stimulation, while mice lacking noradrenergic-derived galanin displayed typical increases in anxiety-like behavior. However, when tested 24 h after foot shock, both Dbh-/- and GalcKO-Dbh mice lacked normal expression of anxiety-like behavior. Pharmacological rescue of NE, but not galanin, in knockout mice during EZM testing was anxiogenic. In contrast, restoring galanin, but not NE, signaling during foot shock normalized stress-induced anxiety-like behavior 24 h later. These results indicate that NE and noradrenergic-derived galanin play complementary, but distinguishable roles in behavioral responses to stress. NE is required for the expression of acute stress-induced anxiety, while noradrenergic-derived galanin mediates the development of more persistent responses following a stressor.
Monitoring of random microvessel network formation by in-line sensing of flow rates: A numerical and in vitro investigation

Abstract The directed or de novo formation of microvasculature in engineered tissue constructs is essential for accurately replicating physiological function. A limiting factor of a system relying on spontaneous microvessel formation is the inability to precisely quantify the development of the microvascular network and control fluid moving through formed vessels. Herein, we report a strategy to monitor the dynamic formation of microscale fluid networks, which can be translated to the monitoring of microvasculature development in engineered tissue constructs. The non-invasive, non-destructive monitoring and characterization of the fluid network is achieved via in-line sensing of fluid flow rate and correlating this measurement to the hydrodynamic resistance of the fluid network to model the progression of microvessel formation and connectivity. Computational fluid dynamics, equivalent circuit, and experimental models were compared, which simulated multi-generational branching or splitting microvessel networks. The networks simulated vessels with varying cross-sectional area, up to 16 branching vessels, and microvessel network volume ranging from ˜20−30 mm3. In all models, the increasing degree of network complexity and volume corresponded to a decrease in jumper flow-rate measured; however, vessel cross-section also impacted the measured jumper flow rate, i.e. at low vessel height ( 200 μm) the response was dominated by resistance of narrow channels. An approximately 2% error was exhibited between the models, which was attributed to variation in the geometry of the fabricated models and illustrates the potential to precisely and non-destructively monitor microvessel network development and volumetric changes.
Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid polypeptide secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid. Effects on bone include inhibition of osteoclasts, thus preventing bone resorption, as well as increased renal calcium excretion. Salmon calcitonin is often used therapeutically because it is more potent and has a longer duration of action compared with human calcitonin. Calcitonin also possesses analgesic properties. The mechanism of its analgesic effect is unknown but is thought to involve inhibition of prostaglandins and stimulation of β-endorphins.
Robust dominant color region detection and color-based applications for sports video

This paper proposes a novel automatic dominant color region detection algorithm that is robust to temporal variations in the dominant color due to field, weather, and lighting conditions throughout a sports video. The algorithm automatically learns the dominant color statistics of the field independent of the sports type, and updates color statistics throughout a sporting event by using two color spaces, a control space and a primary space. The robustness of the algorithm results from adaptation of the statistics of the dominant color in the primary space with drift protection using the control space, and fusion of the information from two spaces. We also propose novel and generic color-based algorithms for referee, player-of-interest, and play-break event detection in sports video. The efficiency of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated over a dataset of various sports video, including basketball, football, golf, and soccer video.
Investigating correlations between snowmelt and forest fires in a high latitude snowmelt dominated drainage basin

High latitude drainage basins are experiencing increases in temperature higher than the global average, with snowmelt dominated basins most sensitive to effects in winter because of the snowpack's integration of these changes over the season. This may influence the timing of snowmelt onset, the melt-refreeze period and snowpack accumulation resulting in changes in spring runoff, associated flooding and drought conditions later in the year, possibly enhancing forest fire potential. Large burned areas cleared of vegetation change discharge dynamics and may affect snowmelt characteristics and discharge in subsequent seasons. Correlations are tested by comparing forest fire occurrence with spring melt onset, the end of the melt-refreeze period (after which snow rapidly depletes) and early snowmelt events. Snow characteristics are derived from brightness temperature (Tb) data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) for 2003–2010. Dates of melt onset, end of melt-refreeze and early melt events are defined with Tb and diurnal amplitude variation thresholds. Areas and intensities of forest fires are from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal anomaly data (MOD14), and all data are mapped to an Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid to assess spatial correlations. Earlier melt onset and end of melt-refreeze are found in years and areas of high forest fire occurrence by comparing high (2004–2005) and low (2006–2007) fire years in the Porcupine sub-basin of the Yukon River in northeastern Alaska and the Yukon Territory. The burned areas also correlate with relatively later melt onset and later end of melt-refreeze in subsequent low fire years. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
"Braking" the Cycle of Resistance in Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer

Endocrine resistance leads to recurrence and death from breast cancer. Animal models of endocrine resistance enable preclinical identification of efficacious therapeutic combinations and further our understanding of resistance. This strategy provides new insights into optimally targeting interactions between estrogen receptor (ESR-1) activity and the cell cycle by CDK4/6 inhibitors.
Role of macrophages in delayed hypersensitivity. I. Induction with macrophage-bound antigen.

Abstract Macrophage-bound antigen inoculated into footpads of rats induced a state of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) equivalent to that induced by free antigen but less than that induced by antigen incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant. Antigen bound to macrophages was more immunogenic than free antigen and elicited antibody responses in all injected rats. Macrophages injected intradermally into rats immunized with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant excited an acute inflammatory reaction consisting of numerous polymorphonuclear leucocytes and abscesses. In the same animals free antigen produced typical DH lesions, and antigen bound to macrophages produced a mixture of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cell infiltrates. Intradermal deposit of macrophages or macrophages with antigen increased the number of basophils in areas of inflammation. Basophils did not vary in number or distribution in DH lesions elicited by free antigen at 14 or 28 days after inoculation.
The frequency and causes of premature birth

Abstract 1. 1. Of 2876 consecutive labors in two teaching hospitals, 238, or more than 8 per cent, were premature in onset, as measured by infant birth weight. 2. 2. Approximately 80 per cent of the 238 premature births were spontaneous in onset, the remaining 20 per cent being induced by either medical or surgical means. 3. 3. Of all spontaneous premature labors, the cause of 58 per cent could be determined. Disease or abnormality of the uterus, its contents or appendages was responsible for 73 per cent of known causes. 4. 4. No cause for prematurity could be found in approximately 42 per cent of spontaneous births. 5. 5. Spontaneous premature births of unknown cause were equally frequent in colored and white women. 6. 6. Women under nineteen years of age give birth more frequently to premature infants, than do those in later years. 7. 7. The incidence of premature births appears to be greater in women who have been previously delivered prematurely, than in the population at large.
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: A Literature Review

Objective To review the current and relevant literature pertaining to the origin, imaging, and treatment for the sacrococcygeal teratoma in order to obtain information beneficial for radiologic technologists. Methods Both peer-reviewed articles and contemporary imaging textbooks were used in the research for this review. The material was analyzed further for practical and instructive components for imaging professionals. Results The inquiry regarding the origin, imaging, and treatment of the sacrococcygeal teratoma yielded important facts and clinically useful information that radiologic technologists can use. Conclusion Because the sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common congenital tumor found in newborns, all imaging professionals who may be asked to actively or indirectly care for a patient diagnosed with the condition should have a fundamental knowledge of the origin, imaging, and treatment of this potentially fatal tumor.
Bidder's Gain: Evidence from Termination Returns

In most cases, bidder's stock returns around merger announcement convey more information than the synergy created from the acquisition. To overcome the interpretation problem, I study the bidder's return from the perspective of deal termination. Using a hand-collected dataset on terminated merger proposals, I investigate termination returns in deals canceled for reasons unrelated to the bidder's stand-alone valuation. I find that bidder's gain varies significantly with the type of target acquired. Further evidence suggests that the liquidity need of private target significantly contributes to the positive gain to the bidder.
Electronic structure and ionization potential of several aromatic derivatives

Abstract The iterative extended Huckel method has been applied to benzene and to a series of its fluoro derivatives, and to pyridine. For the latter compound, the charge distribution compares reasonably well with the results of an ab initio treatment, particularly as regards the distribution of the electrons of the orbital associated with the nitrogen lone pair. For the fluorobenzenes, the trend observed experimentally for the variation of the first ionization potential as one moves along the series is rather well accounted for by the calculations.
Fluoride in sea water: intercalibration study based on electrometric and spectrophotometric methods.

Fluoride was shown to be a conservative constituent of sea water. Samples from the eastern tropical North Pacific, the Caribbean, the Labrador Basin, and the Reykjanes Ridge region indicated that the most probable FCl ratio in sea water is 6.71·10-5 with an overall uncertainty of ±0.07·10-5 based on 99% confidence limits of ±0.02·10-5 and an allowance of ±0.05· 10-5 for systematic error. Double-blind measurements from laboratories using electrometric and spectrophotometric methods agreed closely. Mean FCl ratios found were all within 0.7% of the most probable value.
FETAL EFFECTS OF CONGENITAL CYTOHEGALOVIRUS INFECTION (C-CMV)

Ninety-seven newborns with C-CMV observed in our unit over the past 10 years were examined for evidence of fetal maldevelopment. Birth dates were evenly distributed with respect to season. Seventy-nine were asymptomatic at birth of whom 54 were diagnosed because of elevated levels of IgM in cord blood and the remainder identified in a prospective study. Eighteen manifested disease at birth and 6 of this group expired in the neonatal period. Males predominated in the symptomatic group (13/18) whereas an equal sex ratio (43/39) was noted in those with subclinical infection (SI). Mean birth weight (3076 grams) as well as rates of gestational prematurity (GP) (4.1%) and intrauterine growth retardation (12.1%) for those with SI were almost identical to the control population. Similarly, the mean weight/length3 and length/head circumference ratios were not different from expected values. In contrast, among the ill neonates the mean birth weight was 2081 grams and only 2 of 18 were full term and normally grown. Of the remainder, 12 were term infants with intrauterine growth retardation and 4 manifested GP of whom 3 were normally grown and 1 was growth retarded. The patterns of growth failure varied with a tendency toward equal decrements in weight, length and head circumference for symptomatic patients. Structural anomalies occurred in the brain, genitalia, integument and limbs of 5, 7, 1 and 3 patients, respectively, for a total of 15 infants so afflicted.
Determination of rank by augmentation (DRAUG)

Determining the rank of a chemical matrix is the first step in many multivariate, chemometric studies. Rank is defined as the minimum number of linearly independent factors after deletion of factors that contribute to random, nonlinear, uncorrelated errors. Adding a matrix of rank 1 to a data matrix not only increases the rank by one unit but also perturbs the primary factor axes, having little effect on the secondary axes associated with the random errors in the measurements. The primary rank of a data matrix can be determined by comparing the residual variances obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) of the original data matrix to those obtained from an augmented matrix. The ratio of the residual variances between adjacent factor levels represents a Fisher ratio that can be used to distinguish the primary factors (chemical as well as instrumental factors) from the secondary factors (experimental errors). The results gleaned from model studies as well as those from experimental studies are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The method is independent of the nature of the error distribution. Limitations and precautions are discussed. An algorithm, written in MATLAB format, is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface-Based Specification and Verification of Concurrency Controllers

Abstract We present a modular approach to specification and verification of concurrency controllers by decoupling their behavior and interface specifications. The behavior specification of a concurrency controller defines how its shared variables change their values whereas the interface specification defines the order in which a client thread should call its methods. We show that the concurrency controllers can be designed modularly by composing their interfaces. We separate the verification of the concurrency controllers from the verification of the threads that use them. For the verification of the concurrency controllers we use infinite state verification techniques which enable us to verify controllers with parameterized constants and arbitrary number of user threads. We automatically generate Java monitors from the concurrency controller specifications which preserve the verified properties. For the thread verification we use finite state program verification tools which enable us to verify Java threads without any restrictions. We show that the user threads can be verified using stubs generated from the concurrency controller interfaces which improves the efficiency of the thread verification significantly.
Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Polyethylene−Chlorella Composite

A composite of polyethylene (PE) and chlorella, a kind of microalga produced from biological CO2 fixation, was prepared by chemical modification of polyethylene with maleic anhydride. This novel bi...
Efficacy of constructed wetlands to mitigate non-point source pollution from irrigation tailwaters in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA

The efficacy of using constructed wetlands (CWs) to sequester organic carbon and nutrients from irrigation tailwaters was studied in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Two CWs were monitored during the 2004 irrigation season, a new CW (W-1) and 10-year-old CW (W-2). Input/output waters from CW were collected weekly and analyzed for a variety of water quality contaminants. Organic carbon, nutrient and sediment retention efficiencies were evaluated from input/output concentrations. Characteristics of sediment were examined spatially at W-2. Results indicate that W-2 was more efficient at contaminant removal. Average particulate organic carbon retention, was 70±13% (mean±standard deviation) in W-2 and 48±32% in W-1. Chlorophyll-a, a measure of algal biomass, was higher at W-1, especially in input waters. Initially, output concentration of chlorophyll-a increased 15-fold in W-2, however over time, as emergent vegetation established, chlorophyll-a decreased to 35% of input levels. Average total N removal efficiency was 45±18% for W-2 compared to 22±32% in W-1. Total P removal efficiency was 72±14% at W-2 compared to 18±26% at W-1. CWs were most effective at removing total suspended solids, 84±15% and 97±2% for W-1 and W-2, respectively. Results demonstrate that CWs are effective at capturing POC, sediment and nutrients from irrigation tailwaters.
Boolean Features of Sign-Flipping and Signed-Carry Logic in Base -2

A direct self-contained proof of sign-flipping logic for base -2 binary numbers is derived and the same approach is extended to the derivation of a particular adder logic. Sign-flipping equations are contrasted with the logic for assimilated complement in classical binary. Logic equations for signed-carry addition and subtraction are then derived for various codes of interstage carry. Reduction of these operations to ordinary addition and subtraction logic, as well as reduction of base -2 subtraction to base -2 addition and use of Boolean complements is analyzed. Lastly, addition logic equations are derived for sign flipping as a special case of base -2 addition logic.
Involvement of δ-opioid receptors in physical dependence on butorphanol

Abstract Butorphanol, a synthetic agonist/antagonist, has been shown to act on μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors. However, the relative involvement of opioid receptor subtypes in mediating butorphanol dependence is not known. In the present study, naltrindole, a δ-selective non-peptide antagonist, was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to mask supraspinal δ-opioid receptors before and during the induction of butorphanol dependence. Treatment with naltrindole (0.1, 1, or 10 nmol/5 μl per rat) significantly blocked naloxone-, a nonspecific antagonist, precipitated butorphanol withdrawal behaviors (escape behavior, teeth-chattering, wet shakes, forepaw tremors, ptosis, diarrhea, body weight loss, and hypothermia) at all doses tested, and decreased ejaculation at 0.1 nmol in butorphanol-infused rats. In contrast, naltrindole treatment had no effect on yawning, nor urination. These results indicate that central δ-opioid receptors are involved in mediating butorphanol dependence in rats.
The Cyclical Relationship Between Research and Standards: The Case of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics

The link between standards and research may not be clearcut. However, in this article the authors argue that there is a notable relationship between standards and research, one that is cyclical in nature. Using the standards for school mathematics developed by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) as a case in point, the authors examine how NCTM's standards have influenced the agenda for mathematics education research and stimulated research on the impact of those standards. In turn, this and other research played a significant role in the development of NCTM's new Principles and Standards for School Mathematics. The authors conclude with a discussion of ways in which the Principles and Standards may continue this cyclical relationship in coming years, potentially promoting investigation of new research areas and systematic research on the impact of standards.
Blended novolac resins with improved lithographic performance

Statistically designed experiments were performed to optimize novolac blending techniques which would yield superior photoresists. The best lithographic performance was obtained when two novolacs to be blended had dissimilar relative molecular weights (RMW) while also having matched dissolution rates (DR), (lithographic performance equals (RMWA - RMWB)/(DRA - DRB). A calculated plot of (RMWA - RMWB)/(DRA - DRB) matched the experimental plot of lithographic performance well.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SEASON-LONG INSECTICIDE EFFICACY FOR HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID, ADELGES TSUGAE (HEMIPTERA: ADELGIDAE), MANAGEMENT IN NURSERIES

ABSTRACT Nursery growers and extension personnel have to rely on efficacy data from forest and landscape systems to manage hemlock woolly adelgid in nurseries. Considerable differences in tree size and culture and application logistics could make such data unsuitable. We evaluated 12 different insecticide formulations for short and long-term control of hemlock woolly adelgid in container grown Eastern hemlocks, Tsuga canadensis. All products provided control of first generation hemlock woolly adelgids, though efficacy of foliar applications of neonicotinoids dinotefuran, imidacloprid (Marathon® II), and acetamiprid and foliar or drench applications of spirotetramat acted the most quickly. Foliar and soil applications of neonicotinoids and spirotetramat also prevented reinfestation of second generation crawlers. In contrast, second generation hemlock woolly adelgids successfully colonized trees treated with the contact insecticides, horticultural oil and bifenthrin. Systemic insecticides provided season-lo...
In-vivo intravascular ultrasound in human ileo-femoral vessels

This study evaluates the ability of intravascular ultrasound (IUS) to image normal and mildly diseased human ileo-femoral vessels during angioplasty or vascular bypass procedures. Five Fr. and 8Fr. rotating A scan IUS catheters were used to obtain 43 images in 4 superficial femoral arteries, and 5 iliac arteries in 8 vascular surgery patients. Luminal cross sectional (LCS) areas measured by IUS were compared to LCS areas calculated by uniplanar angiography (ANGIO) at the same location in the vessel. The correlation between the areas (IUS vs ANGIO) for all images was significant (n = 43, r = 0.90, P<0.05). Mean LCS area calculated from ANGIO (33.7 +/- 21 mm2) was greater than LCS area measured by IUS (30.6 +/- 19.5 mm2) with n = 43; P = 0.02. In addition to providing accurate luminal determinations, IUS images displayed transmural morphology, the location of the atherosclerotic lesions and the thickness of the vessel wall. We conclude that IUS imaging provides accurate, novel information regarding human vessel wall anatomy and luminal dimensions. This technology may play a significant role in future diagnostic and interventional therapies.
Log hölder continuity of the integrated density of states for stochastic Jacobi matrices

We consider the integrated density of states,k(E), of a general operator on l2(ℤv) of the formh=h0+v, where\((h_0 u)(n) = \sum\limits_{\left| i \right| = 1} {u(n + i)} \) and (vu)(n)=v(n)u(n), wherev is a general bounded ergodic stationary process on ℤv. We show that |k(E)−k(E′)|≦C[−log(|E−E′|]−1 when |E−E′|≦1/2, The key is a “Thouless formula for the strip.”
Large-Scale Circulation Variability over the Tropical Western North Pacific. Part I: Spatial Patterns and Tropical Cyclone Characteristics

Abstract The basic structure of the variability of the large-scale circulations over the tropical western Pacific is investigated with respect to its influence on tropical cyclone characteristics. A vector empirical orthogonal function analysis and fuzzy cluster algorithm are applied to a 9-yr dataset to define six recurrent 700-mb circulation patterns that represent large-scale variabilities associated with the monsoon trough and subtropical ridge. Five of the cluster patterns, which contain 48% of the sample, define combinations of active (inactive) monsoon trough and strong (weak) subtropical ridge circulations. The sixth cluster, which contains 26% of the data sample, depicts small deviations from the long-term climatology. After the cluster centers are defined, the fuzzy cluster coefficients are used to identify a seventh cluster, which contains the remaining 26% of the circulation patterns that could not be classified within any of the original six clusters. The 700-mb circulation patterns are physi...
Resolution of three fluorescence components in the spectra of all-trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene under isopolarizability conditions.

all-trans-1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence in solution consists of emissions from the S1 (21Ag) and S2 (11Bu) states of the s-trans,s-trans conformer (s-t-DPH) and emission from the S1 state of the s-cis,s-trans conformer (s-c-DPH). The contribution of s-c-DPH fluorescence increases upon excitation at longer wavelengths, and both minor emissions, s-c-DPH and 11Bu s-t-DPH fluorescence, contribute more at higher temperatures (Ts). Resolution of a spectrothermal matrix of DPH fluorescence spectra by principal component analysis with self-modeling (PCA-SM) is hampered by T-dependent changes in the spectra of the individual components. We avoided differential polarizability-dependent spectral shifts by measuring the spectra in n-alkanes (Cn, C8 to C16 with n even) at T values selected to keep the index of refraction constant, hence under isopolarizability conditions. Compensation of the spectra for T-induced broadening allowed resolution of the spectral matrix into its three components. The opt...
Examples Illustrating the Use of Renormalization Techniques for Singularly Perturbed Differential Equations

With nine examples, we seek to illustrate the utility of the Renormalization Group approach as a unification of other asymptotic and perturbation methods.
SU‐FF‐T‐368: Evaluation of Physical Characteristics of a Prototype Portable Dosimeter System in CT: Comparison Between Portable and Mobile MOSFET Dosimeter Systems

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of a prototype portable MOSFET dosimeter system (TN‐RD‐91, Best Medical Canada, Ottawa, Canada) and compare its performance with the mobile MOSFET dosimeter system (TN‐RD‐70‐W) at clinical diagnostic settings. Method and Materials: Two dosimeters (TN‐1002RD) of each system were placed side by side accompanied by an ion chamber(model 10×5–6) and Radiation Monitor (model 9015, Radcal, Monrovia, CA) on top of a tissue equivalent phantom 150mm×150mm×200mm (CIRS, Norfolk, Virginia). They were exposed to a beam quality of HVL 7.24 mm Al for the GECT scanners (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Results: We evaluated and compared the portable and mobile MOSFET dosimeter system (with high sensitivity reader bias) for sensitivity, linearity, and reproducibility at two CT beam energies: 120 kVp and 80 kVp. The average sensitivity at 120 kVp was 28.8±1.01 mV/cGy for portable dosimeter and 31.61±0.84 mV/cGy for mobile MOSFET, and 32.3±1.3 mV/cGy and 31.62±0.25 accordingly at 80 kVp. The linearity of dosimeters was tested from 0.3 mGy to 14.0 mGy; the goodness of fit at 120 kVp for the portable dosimeter was 0.9982 and for the mobile MOSFET: 0.9973. The goodness of fit at 80 kVp was 0.9992 and 0.9997 accordingly. The reproducibility for both dosimeters was evaluated at 120 kVp and 80 kVp from 1 mGy to 17 mG and showed comparable results at each of dose points. Conclusion: We conclude that the portable dosimeter and mobile MOSFET performance characteristics are basically equivalent and the portable dosimeter offers an alternative to regular mobile MOSFET system. Conflict of Interest: Best Medical Canada provided the prototype portable dosimeter system for the study
Studies of BL Lacertae objects with the Einstein X-ray observatory - The absolute volume density

It is estimated that the local volume density of BL Lac objects which emit greater than 10 to the 44th ergs/s in the 0.5-4.5 keV band is about 10 to the -7th/cu Mpc. This is based on identifications of bright X-ray sources, and the fact that Einstein X-ray observations detect BL Lac objects over a wide, continuous range of flux up to the thresholds of the all-sky X-ray surveys. Since this density is of the same order of magnitude as the local density of Seyfert galaxies, or local density of optically selected quasars, emitting X-rays at the same luminosity, we argue that the difference between these particular astronomical classifications is not solely due to the orientation of a relativistic beam.
Minicolumnar width: Comparison between supragranular and infragranular layers

The minicolumn derives from the radial migration of neurons along glial scaffoldings during gestation. Investigators have presumed the minicolumn to be a single-cell wide structure based on their rectilinear migratory origin. The present study measures the width of minicolumnar cores in both supra- and infra-granular layers. Postmortem tissue was obtained from 9 brain areas in 7 normative individuals. Examined tissues were celloidin embedded and Nissl stained. Digital images were denoised and then analyzed with a step-wise algorithm involving region growing and recursive line tracing. Significant differences were noted between the minicolumnar core widths of supra- and infra-granular layers. A review of the literature on corticogenesis provides some ideas as to how these laminar differences in minicolumnar core width are engendered.
Electrochemical potential oscillations of the two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures in high magnetic fields

Abstract We have extended our previous direct measurement of the electrochemical potential of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures relative to a reference material as a function of magnetic field using a “floating gate” technique. the analysis of the jumps in the electrochemical potential of the 2DEG indicates that there is a strongly temperature depenpendent non-zero density of states between the Landau levels. We have also observed the effect of eddy currents, induced in the 2DEG by changing magnetic field which form persistent currents in the quantum Hall regime.
Evaluating Geospatial Geometry and Proximity Queries Using Distributed Hash Tables

This article explores the challenges associated with supporting geospatial retrievals constrained by arbitrary geometric bounds, geographic proximity, and relevance rankings. The authors' proposed solution involves the use of a lightweight, distributed spatial indexing structure, the geoavailability grid. The index can also be used in nondistributed settings, and performs competitively with other spatial indexing technologies.
State-space estimates of international business cycles

Abstract This paper uses GNP data, spanning 1973.I–1987.I, for Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S., and presents evidence that business cycles in these countries can be accounted for by an unobservable components model with one serially correlated international component, and serially uncorrelated domestic components.
Transport and tunneling studies on single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract Using a flux technique we have grown crystals of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 which are superconducting above 90 K as-grown. In 10% of these crystals large orthorhombic single domains exceeding 100×100 μm 2 are observed using polarised light. The conductivity anisotropy (≈100 at 290 K to ≈300 near T c ) indicates a strikingly two-dimensional electronic state. Anisotropy in the thermopower is also reported. Tunneling into these crystals provides direct evidence that the electronic spectrum is different from the BCS spectrum. A (possibly) novel spin-dependent gap which scales linearly with field is described. Finally, paraconductivity studies on crystals with transition widths δT ≈ 0.2 K are summarised.
Combustion-Driven Thermal Transpiration Based Minature SOFC Power Generation Device

A miniature pump was designed in this study, based on a catalytic combustion-driven thermal transpiration. The designed pump was further used to build a miniature power generator that has self-pumping and power generation integrated into one device, has no moving parts and operates only on thermal and electrochemical energy supplied by hydrocarbon fuels. A solid oxide fuel cell tested with this power generator obtained a power density of 40 mW.cm−2 .Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Performances and negotiations: A case study of a wrestling referee

The experience of a wrestling referee is examined in terms of the performances and negotiations that take place. The author concludes that the role of referee sheds considerable light on the process of normative negotiations. The referee is responsible for maintaining social order in tenuous social situations. The audience's vision of the “idealized” sporting contest can never be realized. It is the referee's job to personally take on the inconsistencies and ambiguities of reality and to ritualistically transform the actual contest into the ordered contest they all desire.
Lessons learned from the design experience.

Designing and building a new healthcare facility provide insights into design features and project management processes that should be replicated or avoided. This bimonthly department expands nurse leaders' knowledge and competencies in health facility design and enables them to lead in design efforts. In this article, nurse leaders share the insights and experiences gained from leading design and construction projects and provide helpful advice.
Molecular Grafting to Silicon Surfaces in Air Using Organic Triazenes as Stable Diazonium Sources and HF as a Constant Hydride-Passivation Source

Aryl molecules were covalently grafted to hydride-passivated Si(100) surfaces (Si−H) by the in situ conversion of aryldiethyltriazenes into aryldiazonium salts using 2% HF, followed by spontaneous surface grafting of the aryl species to the silicon surface. Major advances are as follows: first, reactive diazonium species need not be isolated, and second, by using aqueous HF as the triazene-to-diazonium conversion promoter, the entire process can be carried out in air since any Si-oxide is continuously converted to the Si−H species. Molecular layers from a monolayer to 200 nm thick could be formed depending on the reaction conditions used. In one case where the molecule bore an α-triazene and ω-aniline (6), after grafting of the molecular layer onto Si−H via the triazene, the remaining aniline moiety was converted into a diazonium salt in situ with NOBF4 and then permitted to react with functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), thereby covalently attaching nanotubes to the silicon surface usi...
The nature of multiple solutions for surface wind speed over the oceans from scatterometer measurements

The satellite SEASAT-A will carry a radar scatterometer in order to measure microwave backscatter from the sea surface. From pairs of radar measurements at angles separated by 90 deg in azimuth the surface wind speed and direction may be inferred, though not uniquely. In this paper the character of the solutions for wind speed and direction is displayed, as well as the nature of the ambiguities of these solutions. An economical procedure for handling such data is described, plus a criterion for the need for conventional (surface) data in order to resolve the ambiguities of solutions.
Reciprocal causal influences among malnutrition, growth retardation, and diarrhea in preschool children.

Structural regression models are applied to longitudinal data to study reciprocal causal influences between malnutrition and infection in preschool children. Two models of three waves (time periods) are applied: a two-variable model, the variables being acute malnutrition and diarrhea; and a three-variable model, which includes chronic malnutrition as a third variable. Malnutrition is measured by standardized weight for age and standardized height for age, and enteric infection is measured by diarrhea. The latter is expressed as the number of days with diarrhea or fever divided by the number of days at risk in the trimester preceding anthropometric assessment. The data used in the analysis were gathered as part of a longitudinal study to estimate the effects of nutrition on mental and physical growth, conducted by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) in rural Guatemala. The sample comprises 508 children with complete data from families residing in four rural villages. Results provide evidence of significant causal influence of both diarrhea on acute malnutrition and of acute malnutrition on diarrhea. A cumulative effect of acute malnutrition on chronic malnutrition that leads to growth retardation is identified. Accordingly, interventions aimed at decreasing the causal effect of infection on malnutrition, as well as interventions aimed at improving the nutritional condition of children, are required.
Boundary Control approach to the spectral estimation problem: the case of multiple poles

There exist many methods for solving the spectral estimation problem. This paper proposes a new approach to this problem based on the Boundary Control method. We show that the problem of decomposition of a signal modeled by a sum of exponentials with polynomial coefficients can be reduced to an identification problem for a discrete time linear dynamical system. It follows that values of exponentials can be found solving a generalized eigenvalue problem as in the Matrix Pencil method. We also give exact formulas for the polynomial amplitudes.
Toxicity Reference Values for the Toxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Aquatic Mammals

Threshold tissue residue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were derived from the published results of semi-field (i.e., field collected food items were used as a medium of exposure to PCBs in laboratory reared animals) or field toxicity studies conducted with seals, European otters and mink. Based on biomagnification factors (BMFs) and concentrations of PCBs or TEQs measured in fish fed in the diet of experimental aquatic mammals, dietary threshold concentrations were estimated. Hepatic vitamin A, thyroid hormone concentration, suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity and proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens were the toxicity endpoints measured in aquatic mammals. Threshold concentrations for PCBs or TEQs in livers of aquatic mammals to elicit the physiological effects ranged from 6.6 to 11 µg PCBs/g (geometric mean: 8.7 µ/g) and 160 to 1400 pg TEQs/g (geometric mean: 520 pg/g), lipid weight, respectively. The...
Quantitative determination of fenoterol and fenoterol derivatives in rat plasma using on-line immunoextraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Abstract An on-line immunoextraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of R , R ′-fenoterol, R , R ′-methoxyfenoterol and R , S ′-naphthylfenoterol in rat plasma. Sample preparation involved immunoextraction of analytes using an antibody raised against R , R ′- and R , S ′-aminofenoterol that was immobilized onto chromatographic support. LC was performed on a Waters hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) column (150 mm × 2.1 mm), using an isocratic mobile phase of methanol:ammonium acetate (10 mM, pH 6.8) (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The MS was operated in the single ion monitoring mode ( m / z 304.2 for R , R ′-fenoterol, m / z 318.1 for R , R ′-methoxyfenoterol, and m / z 339.2 for R , S ′-naphthylfenoterol). Optimization of analytes desorption process from the immunoextraction column was performed by factorial analysis and the sample calibration curves were made with spiked rat plasma samples containing 0.5–100 ng/ml of drugs. The cross-selectivity studies of the antibody were determined and the results suggested high selectivities toward R , R ′-fenoterol, R , R ′-methoxyfenoterol and R , S ′-naphthylfenoterol. The accuracy of assay was more than 96% while intra- and inter-day precision of assay were less than 12.4%. Stability studies (2 h benchtop, freeze/thaw, and autosampler stability) were conducted and the analytes were stable through out studies. The validated method was used to determine the plasma concentration–time profiles of drugs after oral administration to rats of R , R ′-fenoterol, R , R ′-methoxyfenoterol and R , S ′-naphthylfenoterol.
Ion microprobe measurement of strontium isotopes in calcium carbonate with application to salmon otoliths

The ion microprobe has the capability to generate high resolution, high precision isotopic measurements, but analysis of the isotopic composition of strontium, as measured by the 87Sr/86Sr ratio, has been hindered by isobaric interferences. Here we report the first high precision measurements of 87Sr/86Sr by ion microprobe in calcium carbonate samples with moderate Sr concentrations. We use the high mass resolving power (7000 to 9000 M.R.P.) of the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe in combination with its high transmission to reduce the number of interfering species while maintaining sufficiently high count rates for precise isotopic measurements. The isobaric interferences are characterized by peak modeling and repeated analyses of standards. We demonstrate that by sample-standard bracketing, 87Sr/86Sr ratios can be measured in inorganic and biogenic carbonates with Sr concentrations between 400 and 1500 ppm with ∼2‰ external precision (2σ) for a single analysis, and subpermil external precision with repeated analyses. Explicit correction for isobaric interferences (peak-stripping) is found to be less accurate and precise than sample-standard bracketing. Spatial resolution is ∼25 μm laterally and 2 μm deep for a single analysis, consuming on the order of 2 ng of material. The method is tested on otoliths from salmon to demonstrate its accuracy and utility. In these growth-banded aragonitic structures, one-week temporal resolution can be achieved. The analytical method should be applicable to other calcium carbonate samples with similar Sr concentrations.
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax targets the human mitotic checkpoint protein MAD1

In searching for cellular targets of the HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax, we identified TXBP181, which we characterized as the human homolog of yeast mitotic checkpoint MAD1 protein. Evidence supporting TXBP181 as HsMAD1 includes sequence conservation with yeast MAD1, hyperphosphorylation during S/G2/M phases and upon treatment of cells with nocodazole, and binding to HsMAD2. HsMAD1 functions as a homodimer. It localizes to the centrosome during metaphase and to the spindle midzone and the midbody during anaphase and telophase. Expression of either Tax or a transdominant-negative TXBP181 results in multinucleated cells, a phenotype consistent with a loss of HsMAD1 function. We propose a model of viral transformation in which Tax targets TXBP181, thereby abrogating a mitotic checkpoint.
Der seltsame Fall des Botulinum-Neurotoxins: chemische und biologische Modulierung des tödlichsten aller Gifte

In seiner klassischen Erzahlung “Der Seltsame Fall des Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hide” beschreibt Robert Louis Stevenson einen gespaltenen Menschen zwischen Gut und Bose. Botulinum-Neurotoxin (BoNT), der wirksamste bekannte Giftstoff, ist von ahnlich zwiespaltiger Natur: BoNT zeigt einerseits eine ausgepragte Morbiditat und Mortalitat, kommt andererseits aber – wenn auch in viel geringeren Dosen – in einem breiten Spektrum klinischer Szenarien zum Einsatz. In jungerer Zeit sind enorme Fortschritte beim Verstandnis der Struktur und Funktion von BoNT erzielt worden, die eine intensive Erforschung von biomakromolekularen und niedermolekularen Modulatoren der BoNT-Aktivitat nach sich zogen. Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Projekte lag auf der Identifizierung von Inhibitoren, die einer BoNT-Exposition, z. B. im Falle eines bioterroristischen Anschlags, entgegenwirken konnen. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die aktuellen Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung von Therapeutika zur Pravention und Behandlung von Botulismus zusammen, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Impfstoffen sowie peptidischen und niedermolekularen Inhibitoren.
Cohomology of the Steenrod algebra mod nilpotents

Abstract Palmieri [Ann. of Math. 149 (1999) 421] gave a complete general description of the cohomology of the Steenrod algebra modulo nilpotent elements. He described several families of explicit elements. We prove that the only elements in filtrations 2 and 3 are those in Palmieri's explicit families. We give conjectures about filtrations 4, 5, 6, and 7.