cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A TRANSFERENCE THEOREM FOR ERGODIC H1

The final version of this paper appears in: "Quarterly Journal of Mathematics" 48 (1997) 417-430. Print.
On Performance Evaluation Metrics for Lane Estimation

Accurate and efficient lane estimation is a critical component of active safety systems in automobiles such as lane departure warning systems. A substantial number of lane estimation methods have been proposed and evaluated in literature. However, a common set of evaluation metrics that assess different components of lane estimation process has not been addressed. This paper proposes a set of performance evaluation metrics for lane estimation process, that can be deployed to evaluate different kinds of lane estimation algorithms. Evaluation by applying the proposed metrics is demonstrated using a recent lane estimation method.
The subnuclear distribution of substance P, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, leu‐enkephalin, dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase, and serotonin in the rat interpeduncular nucleus

The distribution of immunofluorescent somata and processes within the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) containing substance P (SP), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SST), leu-enkephalin (L-ENK), dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), and serotonin (5HT) was examined in male rats treated with colchicine 48 hours prior to perfusion. Serial sections were examined for immunofluorescence and variations in the density of fluorescence rated 1 + (sparse) to 4 + (dense). The rostral subnucleus contained SP, SST, and L-ENK-positive somata and processes. Substance P and VIP processes were present throughout the rostral subnucleus but were concentrated in two ovoid areas located dorsally in the caudal region of this subnucleus. Cholecystokinin and L-ENK processes surrounded these ovoid areas. The entire width of the central subnucleus was crossed by SP and L-ENK processes oriented horizontally in narrow bands. Substance P processes were also aligned into vertical columns adjacent to the lateral margins of the central subnucleus. Leu-enkephalin and 5HT processes were distributed throughout this subnucleus, while VIP processes were present only caudally. Dopamine beta hydroxylase processes were evenly distributed but were restricted from the vertical columns laterally. The intermediate subnuclei contained a sparse density of SP and 5HT processes that were present in proximity to the major blood vessels penetrating this subnucleus. Only DBH processes were evenly distributed. The lateral subnuclei contained a dense concentration of SP processes. The medial edges of this subnucleus were distinguished by VIP, CCK, L-ENK, and 5HT processes. The dorsal subnucleus contained 5HT, L-ENK, and SST-positive somata and processes. Substance P, VIP, CCK, and DBH processes were also present. Dorsal-lateral subnuclei contained SP, SST, L-ENK, and DBH processes. Interstitial subnuclei contained SP, CCK, L-ENK, 5HT, and DBH processes. This study demonstrates that perikarya and processes containing peptides and monoamines are distributed within subnuclei of IPN in a topographic and heterogeneous pattern. New features of IPN organization are revealed.
The Changing Mortality of Myocardial Revascularization: Coronary Artery Bypass and Angioplasty

The risk factors and outcome for the first 150 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 1985 (CABG '85) were compared with those of the first 150 patients undergoing CABG in 1975 (CABG '75) and those of the first 150 patients to have percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1985 (PTCA '85). The CABG '85 patients had a significantly higher (p less than 0.05) incidence of known operative risk factors including advanced age, female sex, severity of angina, history of recent infarction, triple-vessel disease, left ventricular dysfunction, and emergency operation than the CABG '75 cohort. The clinical profile of the PTCA '85 patients closely resembled the low-risk profile found in the CABG '75 patients. Overall mortality following CABG more than doubled during the decade studied (3% versus 7%, p = 0.07). This study suggests that the increased mortality associated with CABG in 1985 is due in part to the inclusion of more high-risk patients in the surgical population. In addition, the application of PTCA removes low-risk patients from the surgical candidate pool and adds more patients requiring emergency operations, thereby further contributing to the overall decline in the clinical status of patients referred for operation.
Bats use a neuronally implemented computational acoustic model to form sonar images

This paper reexamines neurophysiological results from echolocating big brown bats to propose a new perspective on FM biosonar processing in the auditory system. Individual auditory neurons are frequency-tuned and respond to brief, 2–10 ms FM sweeps with an average of one spike per sound to register their tuned frequencies, to detect echo arrival, or to register a local null in the echo spectrum. When initiated by the broadcast, these responses comprise a cascade of single spikes distributed across time in neurons tuned to different frequencies that persists for 30–50 ms, long after the sound has ended. Their progress mirrors the broadcast's propagation away from the bat and the return of echoes for distances out to 5–8 m. Each returning echo evokes a similar pattern of single spikes that coincide with ongoing responses to the broadcast to register the target's distance and shape. The hypothesis advanced here is that this flow of responses over time acts as an internal model of sonar acoustics that the bat executes using neuronal computations distributed across many neurons to accumulate a dynamic image of the bat's surroundings.
B and CD4+ T-cell expression of TLR2 is critical for optimal induction of a T-cell-dependent humoral immune response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae.

TLR2(-/-) mice immunized with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) elicit normal IgM, but defective CD4(+) T-cell-dependent type 1 IgG isotype production, associated with a largely intact innate immune response. We studied the T-cell-dependent phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific IgG3 versus the T-cell-independent IgM response to Pn to determine whether TLR2 signals directly via the adaptive immune system. Pn-activated TLR2(-/-) BMDC have only a modest defect in cytokine secretion, undergo normal maturation, and when transferred into naive WT mice elicit a normal IgM and IgG3 anti-PC response, relative to WT BMDC. Pn synergizes with BCR and TCR signaling for DNA synthesis in purified WT B and CD4(+)T cells, respectively, but is defective in cells lacking TLR2. Pn primes TLR2(-/-) mice for a normal CD4(+) T-cell IFN-gamma recall response. Notably, TLR2(-/-) B cells transferred into RAG-2(-/-) mice with WT CD4(+)T cells, or TLR2(-/-) CD4(+)T cells transferred into athymic nude mice, each elicit a defective IgG3, in contrast to normal IgM, anti-PC response relative to WT cells. These data are the first to demonstrate a major role for B-cell and CD4(+) T-cell expression of TLR2 for eliciting an anti-bacterial humoral immune response.
Sex-Role Stereotyping on Prime-Time Television

Abstract Female and male characters who were central to each of 14 prime-time television programs were monitored to determine the frequencies with which they exhibited sex-role stereotypic behaviors. Results indicated few sex differences on most of the behaviors included for study. However, males were portrayed more often than females in occupation-related situations, while females were shown more often than males in the home and were shown exhibiting more emotional distress than males. In addition, males were more often shown at work than other places, whereas females were portrayed with equal frequency in the home, at work, and in other activities. Analysis of problem-solving abilities revealed that males were most likely to solve their own problems on television. Females were more likely to deal with the problems of others or required assistance from others to deal with their own problems. Results are discussed in terms of possible shifts in current television programming and in light of the possible i...
Executive insights into HR practices and education

Over 1,100 Human Resource executives responded to a survey concerning their perceptions of the HR issues their companies are facing; the role of HR in their organization; the skills HR employees should possess; and the substantive HR knowledge that graduates of HR programs should be able to demonstrate. Results suggest the most important issue facing HR executives today is managing change. Executives felt it was extremely important for HR professionals to be able to create a recruitment program in today's labor market. The results of this research provide several implications for the design and the delivery of HR educational programs.
BARS, BLOCKS, AND CRIMES REVISITED: LINKING THE THEORY OF ROUTINE ACTIVITIES TO THE EMPIRICISM OF “HOT SPOTS”*

Anticipating recent developments in routine activities theory, Roncek and Bell (1981) found that bars and taverns had detrimental effects on crime on residential city blocks in Cleveland for 1970. We replicate and extend their work by examining the effects of recreational liquor establishments (i.e., taverns and cocktail lounges) on crime from 1979 to 1981 on Cleveland's residential city blocks. The number of such businesses on residential city blocks has positive and statistically significant effects on the amount of crime. The effects on crime are compounded when the businesses are located in areas with physical characteristics that are associated with more anonymity and lower guardianship. Our results reaffirm the value of new developments in routine activities theory that now stress the importance of facilities. They also extend recent work attempting to identify and analyze “hot spots” of crime.
Thermal recovery processes in deformed aluminum

Abstract The effects of recovery on both microstructure and subsequent stress vs strain behavior were studied in pure aluminum single crystals prestrained at room temperature in 〈111〉 compression; they are presumed to be representative of polycrystal behavior, avoiding changes in grain structure. Transmission electron microscopy showed that two distinct dislocation processes occur: 1. (1) a rapid tightening of tangles and loose cell walls, eventually into subgrain boundaries, without a noticeable change in the scale of the structure, and 2. (2) subsequent coarsening of the subgrain structure. These two processes of microstructural change were correlated respectively with two distinct types (I and II) of stress vs strain behavior during postanneal straining. After ‘Type I recovery’, the relation between the strain-hardening rate, θ = dσ/dϵ (σ: true stress, ϵ: true strain), and the true stress is identical to that of an unrecovered specimen, after a transient of a few percent of post-anneal straining. Type I recovery encompasses all of ‘metarecovery’ and part of ‘orthorecovery’, and bears resemblance to ‘dynamic recovery’ processes during stage III strain-hardening. Type II recovery, which succeeds Type I recovery, shows long-lasting effects on the mechanical behavior which are characterized in particular by unusually low θ values compared to unrecovered specimens deformed to the same stress. It may correspond to some transition stage between recovery and recrystallization.
MediaGuard: a model-based framework for building streaming media services

A number of technology and workload trends motivate us to consider the appropriate resource allocation mechanisms and policies for streaming media services in shared cluster environments. We present MediaGuard -- a model-based infrastructure for building streaming media services -- that can efficiently determine the fraction of server resources required to support a particular client request over its expected lifetime. The proposed solution is based on a unified cost function that uses a single value to reflect overall resource requirements such as the CPU, disk, memory, and bandwidth necessary to support a particular media stream based on its bit rate and whether it is likely to be served from memory or disk. We design a novel, segment-based memory model of a media server to efficiently determine in liner time whether a request will incur memory or disk access when given the history of previous accesses and the behavior of the server's main memory file buffer cache. Using the MediaGuard framework, we design a novel, more accurate admission control policy for streaming media servers that accounts for the impact of the server's main memory file buffer cache. Our evaluation shows that, relative to a pessimistic admission control policy that assumes that all content must be served from disk, MediaGuard delivers a factor of two improvement in server throughput.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Disparity remapping for handheld 3D video communications

With the advent of glasses-free autostereoscopic handheld displays, a number of applications may be enhanced by 3D perception, particularly mobile video communications. On handheld devices, front-facing stereo cameras can capture the two views necessary for 3D display. However, the short distance between the user and cameras introduces large disparities and other stereoscopic challenges that have traditionally plagued close-up stereo photography. Maintaining both viewer comfort and 3D fusion under varying conditions is therefore a technological priority. In this paper, we discuss the main stereoscopic concerns of handheld 3D video communications and outline a new post-processing technique to remap on-screen disparities for viewer comfort.
Influence of cadmium exposure on selected hematological parameters in freshwater teleost, Notemigonus crysoleucas

The use of hematological parameters for assessing the acute toxicity of heavy metals to mammals has shown considerable promise. These parameters include the measurement of blood glucose, hematocrit, and a variety of enzymes. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the use of selected hematological parameters in aquatic organisms. Exposure of Notemigonus crysoleucas to cadmium resulted in a 96-hr LC50 value of 3.15 mg Cd/liter. The influence of cadmium on selected hematological parameters was examined following 96 hr of exposure to 0, 1.35, and 2.40 mg Cd/liter. Cadmium exposure produced significant alterations (P < 0.05) in the levels of glucose, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase. Hematocrit was not altered by exposure to cadmium. These results indicate that glucose and transaminases may be useful as diagnostic tests for cadmium exposure in aquatic organisms.
Nutrition Screening in the Frail Elderly

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To appraise the use of anthropometric measurements and standards in determining body composition as part of nutritional screening in frail elderly. Anthropometric assessment is an important tool in identifying elderly at risk, but may be problematic in frail elderly in the clinical setting. Reference standards may not be appropriate for older elderly. This study was done in frail elderly in chronic care to appraise practicality of anthropometric measurements and compare nutritional risk as identified by different reference standards. Forty-six white men (n=12) and women (n=34), 70 to 101 years, were screened using standard procedures. Body height and weight could not be obtained by measurement and were obtained from medical charts and knee-heights. Standard procedures were followed for anthropometric measurements and prediction equations by Frisancho. Percentage body fat was calculated from body mass index (BMI) by Deurenberg's equations and bioelectric impedance (BIA). The number of indicators of poor nutritional status were compared using 3 standards: Nutritional Screening Initiative Level II (NSI), Frisancho NHANES I & II (NHANES) and Falciglia's age-adjusted (AGE). Mean age was 85.5±5.0 (men) and 86.6±7.1 (women) years, with mean weights 71.9±16.3kg (men) and 64.0±11kg(women). Body fat was significantly higher from BMI (42.4kg/m 2 ) than BIA (35.6kg/m 2 ), suggesting overestimation of body fatness with increasing age. Only upper-arm anthropometry was possible in this population and most patient cooperation was received with BIA. Knee-height more accurately reflected actual height. NSI identified 7% of subjects with 5 indicators of poor nutritional status, 13% with 4, 7% with 3, and 48% with 2. Total indicators identified were 59 (NSI), 60 (NHANES), and 25 (AGE). Anthropometric measurements can effectively be used in nutritional screening. However, practicality of measurements and selection of reference standards will effect outcome and is crucially important in the clinical setting.
Characterization of the geothermal system beneath the northwest Geysers Steam Field, California, from seismicity and velocity patterns

A high-resolution seismic network at the Coldwater Creek Steam Field (CCSF) in the Northwest Geysers region has provided data with which to estimate three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity models and to relocate hypocenters. The seismicity distribution and resulting seismic velocity structure, coupled with the known geology, are used to characterize the geothermal reservoir. The velocity structure is estimated using the progressive inversion technique of Thurber [J. geophys. Res. 88, 8226–8236 (1983)]. Hypocenters within the CCSF lie between depths of 1.5 and 2.5 km and appear to be associated with the steam production zone. A deeper cluster of events is located beneath an injection well. High-velocity near-surface anomalies correspond to mapped sections of Franciscan metagraywacke and greenstone. Low-velocity anomalies at depth appear to represent sections of Franciscan melange. High Vp/Vs anomalies at depth suggest a recharge region or a condensation zone. The steam producing zone is marked by low Vp/Vs values, suggesting partial liquid saturation of the reservoir rocks.
Estimating geometric dislocation densities in polycrystalline materials from orientation imaging microscopy

Abstract Herein we consider polycrystalline materials which can be taken as statistically homogeneous and whose grains carry no or negligible elastic strains. Our objective is to obtain, from orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), estimates of ensemble averages of geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) densities for specific texture components of the polycrystal in question. Let G ¯ be the GND tensor in the current configuration and G ¯ be its Euclidean norm. Let ρ α denote the density of geometrically necessary dislocations of type α, and ρ α ( m ) the lower-bound estimate of ρ α as obtained from L 2 minimization. We present algorithms by which the ensemble averages G ¯ 2 , ρ α ( m ) 2 , and two upper bounds of ρ α ( m ) over specific texture components can be evaluated from OIM scans of three mutually-orthogonal planar cross-sections of the polycrystalline material. Within the present context, the algorithms for recovery of the aforementioned quantities from OIM scans are general: they are formulated for arbitrary lattice orientations in grains of any crystal symmetry; there is no a priori restriction that the gradient of lattice orientation in the direction perpendicular to an OIM scan plane be zero or be otherwise ascertained by another method. The algorithms including their mathematical basis, which accounts for the non-Euclidean nature of the space of crystal orientations, are described in detail. OIM measurements were conducted on samples of a continuous-cast AA5754 aluminum hot band to generate data for trying out the algorithms. The results of the computations are presented.
BLOOD CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN, REGAN ISOENZYME, AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN A MAN WITH PRIMARY MEDIASTINAL CHORIOCARCINOMA

Abstract A man with a primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma is described. Abnormal levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, Regan isoenzyme, and human chorionic gonadotrophin were present in his blood. The levels of all three tumour-associated antigens, followed throughout the patient's course, accurately reflected disease activity as influenced by chemotherapy. Tumour-associated antigens, such as the ones measured in this patient, may provide useful blood indicators of disease activity in certain patients with cancer.
Volumetric imaging of the intraocular propagation medium using differential OTF wavefront sensing

Differential OTF (dOTF) is is a new image-based non-iterative technique for measuring the complex pupil field. When used with a collection of point sources that exhibit position-dependent PSFs, dOTF allows the 3-D tomographic reconstruction of transmission and aberrating structures between the source and the camera. We explore the potential of using dOTF with a pattern of laser spots projected onto the retina to map the 3-D complex transmission between the cornea to some distance into the vitreous. We present the concept, systems-level analysis, simulations, and initial laboratory experiments to validate this approach.
Implications of a dynamical effective mass on the nuclear shell model

Abstract Phenomenological improvements on the static shell-model potential are proposed by introducing a local effective mass of quasiparticles in the nucleus. The parametrization of m ∗ (r)/m includes nonlocal as well as retardation effects in the single-particle self-energy. The model allows for a simultaneous description of average single-particle dynamics close to the Fermi surface as well as features observed far away. We especially emphasize the role of retardation or frequency dependence of the self-energy to enhance high-momentum components in the ground-state wave function of nuclei.
Using Motion Planning to Determine the Existence of an Accessible Route in a CAD Environment

We describe an algorithm based on motion-planning techniques to determine the existence of an accessible route through a facility for a wheeled mobility device. The algorithm is based on LaValle's work on rapidly exploring random trees and is enhanced to take into consideration the particularities of the accessible route domain. Specifically, the algorithm is designed to allow performance-based analysis and evaluation of a facility. Furthermore, the parameters of a wheeled mobility device can be varied without recompilation, thus allowing standards writers, facility designers, and wheeled mobility device manufacturers to vary them accordingly. The algorithm has been implemented in a computer tool that works within a computer-aided design and drafting environment.
A Dynamic Model of Landlord Reinvestment Behavior

Abstract In this paper we develop a dynamic model of a landlord′s decision to invest in the maintenance and rehabilitation of housing. The model incorporates the intertemporal nature of the problem, uncertainty, the role of future expectations, the extreme durability of housing, and the notion of adjustment costs. This model is an application of T. J. Sargent′s ("Macroeconomic Theory." Academic Press, Orlando, 1987) infinite horizon model of investment under uncertainty to housing reinvestment. Intertemporality and convex adjustment costs in the model lead to the result of a reinvestment path being optimal rather than a single-time reinvestment effort, even if depreciation did not occur periodically. Two versions of the model are developed: (1) under perfect competition and (2) under non-perfect competition. Both models are solved analytically and yield explicit solutions. The solutions show the relationship between the optimal path of reinvestment and current and expected future rental prices, expenditures of the landlord related to the level of housing services (such as property taxes), cost of maintenance, and the adjustment cost factor. The model suggests that the objective of good quality housing is better served by a smooth path of reinvestment rather than aby a sporadic path that involves bulky adjustments. This paper discusses situations, in the context of the model, in which deterioration, upgrading, maintaining at a constant quality, demolition, and abandonment of housing may be optimal. The contributions of this paper are the incorporation of intertemporality, adjustment costs, endogeneity of the life of a dwelling, extreme durability of housing, and uncertainty in a model of landlord reinvestment behavior that yields explicit solutions to the optimal path of maintenance.
Communication complexity as a lower bound for learning in games

A fast-growing body of research in the AI and machine learning communities addresses learning in games, where there are multiple learners with different interests. This research adds to more established research on learning in games conducted in economics. In part because of a clash of fields, there are widely varying requirements on learning algorithms in this domain. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how communication complexity can be used as a lower bound on the required learning time or cost. Because this lower bound does not assume any requirements on the learning algorithm, it is universal, applying under any set of requirements on the learning algorithm.We characterize exactly the communication complexity of various solution concepts from game theory, namely Nash equilibrium, iterated dominant strategies (both strict and weak), and backwards induction. This gives the tighest lower bounds on learning in games that can be obtained with this method.
Huddle for Improved Staff Productivity

A rapid improvement event (RIE) targeted to improve turnover times in the operating rooms directly impacted the practice of PACU nurses. The RIE showed inefficiencies and redundancies among team members and throughout the surgical process. Patients were connected and disconnected to blood pressure cuffs three different times during the perioperative experience. Multiple reports were given to PACU nurses from the OR nurse and anesthesia. Theobjectivesof theprojectwere todecreaseOR turnover times, find and maximize efficiencies throughout the surgical patient’s journey and eliminate redundancies in process and improve staff satisfaction. Several experimentswere implemented after reviewing the process and identifying areas to improve. Vital sign equipment was standardized and adaptors acquired so the blood pressure cuff could be placed once and remain in place for entire perioperative experience. Standardworkwas developed for team members that defined roles and reduced redundancies increasing efficiencies during patient hand offs. The handoff between the OR and PACU nurse was eliminated and anesthesia reported all pertinent information in their hand off. This enabled the PACU nurse to expedite pain management and assessment of post surgical needs 5-7 minutes sooner. Having the blood pressure cuff already in place saved 1-2 minutes leading to faster assessment of vital signs and increased quality of patient care management and increased staff satisfaction.
An Empirical Model of Optimal Capital Structure1

The authors provide a reasonably user-friendly and intuitive model for arriving at a company's optimal, or value-maximizing, leverage ratio that is based on the estimation of company-specific cost and benefit functions for debt financing. The benefit functions are downward-sloping, reflecting the drop in the incremental value of debt with increases in the amount used. The cost functions are upward-sloping, reflecting the increase in costs associated with increases in leverage. The cost functions vary among companies in ways that reflect differences in corporate characteristics such as size, profitability, dividend policy, book-to-market ratio, and asset collateral and redeployability. The authors use these cost and benefit functions to produce an estimate of a company's optimal amount of debt. Just as equilibrium in economics textbooks occurs where supply equals demand, optimal capital structure occurs at the point where the marginal benefit of debt equals the marginal cost. The article illustrates optimal debt choices for companies such as Barnes & Noble, Coca-Cola, Six Flags, and Performance Food Group. The authors also estimate the net benefit of debt usage (in terms of the increase in firm or enterprise value) for companies that are optimally levered, as well as the net cost of being underleveraged for companies with too little debt, and the cost of overleveraging for companies with too much. One critical insight of the model is that the costs associated with overleveraging appear to be significantly higher, at least for some companies, than the costs of being underleveraged.
Truncal Sarcomas and Abdominal Desmoids

This article gives a brief overview of the common histologic subtypes seen in truncal sarcomas and discusses fundamental diagnostic and treatment principles. It also provides a general review of abdominal desmoids. For both truncal sarcomas and desmoids, recurrence rates are high, and definitive recommendations regarding optimal treating are lacking. A multidisciplinary approach to these entities therefore is critical to select appropriate therapeutic strategies for individual patients.
Evaluating and managing urinary incontinence after prostatectomy: beyond pads and diapers

Men who become persistently incontinent after undergoing prostatectomy have a variety of options for regaining control, ranging from behavioral changes to surgery. To determine the best therapy, one should define the problem with a thorough urologic evaluation.
Permanent I-125 brain stem implants in children

Between 1988 and 1997, 28 children have had iodine-125 implants for CNS tumors performed in our institution. Ten had stereotactic implantation in the brain stem region, and nine had the diagnosis of brain stem glioma (8 diffuse pontine, 1 midbrain tumor). Their ages ranged from 1.8 to 12 years. All patients had histological confirmation of malignancy (7 high-grade glioma, 2 low-grade glioma, 1 PNET). Diffuse pontine glioma patients received external beam radiation (50 Gy) followed by a fractionated stereotactic boost of 3 Gy×4 fractions. After 4–6 weeks, patients were reevaluated for stereotactic interstitial I-125 therapy. The planned implant dose was 82.9 Gy to the enhancing tumor (4 cGy per h). Preliminary results indicated that no surgical complications were associated with the catheter placement. Four patients have died (7–9 months from diagnosis) and four patients remain alive (5–38 months from diagnosis, median 10 months). Two autopsies confirmed the presence of progressive glioblastoma multiforme and intralesional necrosis. In one patient who received an implant alone for midbrain LGA, necrosis without tumor was found on biopsy after 36 months. He was successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The implementation of permanent I-125 implants appears to have a role in the management of pediatric CNS malignancy. This study confirms the results of previous reports regarding the safety of stereotactic interstitial brachytherapy in the brain stem. Tumor control for patients with high-grade brain stem glioma remains poor even with high focal radiation doses.
A New Liquid Crystal for Field-Effect Viewing of 5V Vcc CMOS Logic Families

A novel liquid crystal for CMOS device diagnostics is discussed. The liquid crystal composition yields a threshold voltage of 1-2 Vrms and permits field-effect viewing of 5 volt logic families. Dark field illumination of cholesteric liquid crystals to provide wider temperature ranges for mapping hot spots is also discussed.
Metamorphic petrology of the northeast Front Range, Colorado: The Pingree Park area

The Pingree Park area in the northeast Front Range, Colorado, is underlain by Precambrian pelitic and semipelitic gneiss and schist that were metamorphosed about 1.75 b.y. ago, forming a distinct zonal pattern of minerals indicating an increase in grade of metamorphism to the west and north. Three isograds have been identified. The andalusite-sillimanite isograd is defined by the first occurrence of sillimanite in the prograde direction and is interpreted to mark the reaction of andalusite to sillimanite. A band as much as ∼1 km across contains both andalusite and sillimanite and represents a divariant band or reaction overstepping of 20 °C or less. The K-feldspar–sillimanite isograd separates microcline + sillimanite from prograde muscovite + quartz assemblages and is interpreted to represent the reaction (K, Na) muscovite + quartz = (K, Na) microcline + sillimanite + H 2 O. Despite the presence of significant amounts of sodium in both muscovite and microcline, the reaction shows no perceptible divariant band. There has been extensive reaction of microcline + sillimanite to retrograde muscovite + quartz. The migmatite-in isograd is defined by the first occurrence of migmatitic rocks in the prograde direction and is interpreted to represent the inception of partial melting. The isograds form an eastward-plunging set of synformal surface the south limb of which has a gentle dip and the north limb of which apparently has a much steeper dip. Based on the chemical composition of the minerals and comparison with experimentally calibrated equilibria, the conditions of metamorphism at the K-feldspar–sillimanite isograd are estimated to have been P H 2 O ≅ P total = 3 to 4 kbar, T = 650 ± 30 °C, f O 2 ≅ 10 −12 to 10 −15 bars, and f HF ≅ 1/4 to 1 bar. The geothermal gradient at the peak of metamorphism was ∼60 °C/km.
Shelter, housing and recovery: a comparison of u.s. Disasters.

In this paper we examine the issues associated with the temporary sheltering and housing of victims after natural disasters in the United States. Specific topics addressed include differential access to shelter and housing aid according to social class, ethnicity and related demographic factors; the relationship between post-disaster shelter and housing and long-term recovery; the role of social support networks in the sheltering of victims; and the implications of the research for the provision of shelter and housing aid after disasters.
TOWARD THE UNDERSTANDING OF AN UNFORTUNATE LEGACY

SUMMARY The paper starts from Schumpeter's interpretation of Adam Smith's concept of the contemporary embryonic industrialist whose main function was considered to be the accumulation of capital. The author traces the development of this concept in the nineteenth century and tries to explain its origin. He shows that medieval reality, i.e. the relationship between stans and transactor in the societas maris is at the root of Smith's concept. It remained justifiable as late as 1776 on the basis of the cooperation of capitalist and entrepreneur-manager in the early mechanized cotton industry, as it is presented in Robert Owen's autobiography. But just this self-testimony shows also the rapid change of this relationship after the appearance of the Wealth of Nations, which neither the classical economists nor Marx under-stood in their implications. From this came an unfortunate economic legacy, the misunderstanding of certain aspects of entrepreneurship, which only Schumpeter discarded on principle in his Theory of EconomicDevelopment.
Thrombolysis by a fibrin-specific antibody fab′-urokinase conjugate

The unidirectional crosslinking agent N -succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) was used to covalently couple fibrin-specific antibody Fab′ to low-molecular-weight urokinase by means of the sulfhydryl groups of the inter-heavy-chain disulfide bonds. At enzymatic activities equal with respect to the substrate pyroglutamylglycyl-arginyl-p-nitroanilide-hydrochloride the Fab′-urokinase conjugate lysed fibrin monomer linked to sepharose with a potency 95 times that of urokinase (which is essentially identical to the potency previously reported for an intact antibody-urokinase conjugate). The Fab′-urokinase conjugate also lysed human thrombi in fresh citrated plasma with a maximal potency 4.4 times that of uncoupled urokinase. These findings indicate that univalent antibody binding is sufficient to enhance fibrinolysis and that the increased potency of antifibrinurokinase conjugates can also be demonstrated when cross-linked thrombi are used as substrate in the presence of plasma.
Materials and device issues in the formation of sub-100-nm junctions

Abstract This paper compares the materials and device issues associated with two alternative techniques for the formation of ultrashallow junctions: 1) the use of preamorphization and low energy dopant implantation, combined with rapid, low-temperature annealing; and 2) the use of metal suicides as a diffusion source (SADS) where dopants are implanted into CoSi 2 and subsequently diffused into silicon. For conventionally-formed, ultrashallow junctions, preamorphization with either silicon or germanium does not result in shallower junctions. The enhanced diffusion associated with the preamorphization implant damage compensates for the reduction in channeling. Preamorphization does, however, give low sheet resistance junctions and high dopant activation after recrystallization at 550°C. Considerable dopant motion (∼ 50 nm) is observed in the tail region, near the junction, after 10 s of annealing at a relatively low temperature (800°C). The SADS process is seen to produce low leakage n + and p + diodes with less than 10 nm of dopant diffusion beyond the silicide/silicon interface, using a very low thermal budget process. By confining the implantation to within the suicide, no crystal defects are created in the underlying silicon. With the SADS process, the limitation on scaling the junction depth lies in producing thin, stable suicide films. Agglomeration of the silicide and pullback along feature edges restrict the maximum thermal cycle and the minimum allowable film thickness.
Performance evaluation of CCI on the reverse CDMA channel

This paper focuses on the performance of cochannel interference (CCI) which is the primary factor to limit the capacity of wireless communication systems. Several cellular network architectures have been proposed in the literature to reduce the cochannel interference, but none of them appears to effectively tackle this problem. Microzoning is the technique, where the cells are further divided into smaller zones. The advantage of this technique is that the cochannel interference in the cellular system is reduced because the cell maintains a particular coverage radius. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of cochannel interference on the reverse channels of the proposed microzone based CDMA cellular systems operating with perfect power control in an effort to reduce the cochannel interference. Simulation results showed that the proposed technique can effectively minimize cochannel interference and the proposed architecture can be used for practical applications.
Pervasive Computing and an Aging Populace: Methodological Challenges for Understanding Privacy Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the methodological challenges of investigating privacy and ubiquitous computing in the home, particularly among the healthy elderly.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on focus groups with 60 senior citizens either living independently or in an assisted living facility. Prototypes of home‐based ubiquitous computing devices were created and deployed in a home‐like living lab setting; elders were brought to the lab to interact with the prototypes, then brought together in focus groups to discuss their insights and concerns.Findings – Initial analyses suggest that extant metaphors of privacy may be inadequate for understanding pervasive computing in the home. Concepts of data, affective concerns, and the creation of appropriate prototypes for eliciting privacy are considered. Considerations for future studies of the elderly and privacy are made.Research limitations/implications – The homogeneity of the study population in terms of socioe...
The effect of long-term aspirin intake on the outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers: a double-blind, randomized pilot study.

Objective The objective of this parallel, double-blind, randomized pilot study was to determine the effect of a daily dose of 325 mg of aspirin (ASA) on the clinical outcomes of scaling and root planing in a selected group of adult smokers. Background The response to periodontal therapy is inferior among smokers compared to non-smokers. Long-term intake of ASA has been shown to exert a positive impact on reducing both the prevalence and severity of periodontitis, among high-risk groups of subjects such as heavy smokers and diabetics. It is reasonable to assume that systemic administration of ASA in conjunction with reduction of the bacterial load by scaling and root planing may improve and prolong the benefits of periodontal therapy. To date, only few prospective interventional clinical studies have specifically addressed the periodontal needs of smokers. Methods The study includes 24 smokers. The following clinical parameters were measured preoperatively and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo postoperatively: (i) gingival index; (ii) plaque index; (iii) probing depth; (iii) probing attachment level; (iv) gingival recession; and (v) bleeding scores. Study subjects received scaling and root planing over several visits and were randomly assigned into two equal groups; a control group (C), which received a placebo and a test group (T), which took a daily dose of 325 mg ASA. No additional therapy was provided over the 1 year observation period. Results There were more statistically significant differences (p < 0.05; one- tailed) between pretest and posttest scores in the T group than in the C group. Mean percent increase in sites with probing depth 1–3 mm (T: 8.78; C: 7.21); mean percent reduction in sites with probing depth 4–6 mm (T: −7.25; C: −5.09 not statistically significant, NS); mean percent reduction in sites with probing depth ≥ 7 mm (T: −1.42; C: −02.09); mean percent reduction in sites with probing attachment level 3–4 mm (T: −3.63; C: 0.48 NS); mean percent reduction in sites with bleeding on probing (T: −12.37; C: −2.59 NS) (p < 0.05, NS). Conclusions Daily intake of 325 mg of ASA following scaling and root planing improved treatment outcomes in smokers, without an increase in gingival bleeding tendency. ASA promoted a higher incidence of shallow pockets and more gain in attachment level.
Effects of labile carbon addition on a headwater stream food web

We added dextrose for two 8-week periods (summer and autumn) to a highly heterotrophic headwater stream in North Carolina, U.S.A., to examine the responses of its benthic food web to increased labile carbon. We hypothesized that addition of labile carbon would elevate microbial abundance and activity, resulting in greater resource availability and higher macroinvertebrate production and that the effect of dextrose addition would be less marked during the autumn due to lower ambient stream temperatures and large seasonal inputs of leaf litter. Bacterial densities were significantly higher in the treatment reach during both additions. Thick microbial mats of sheathed bacteria and the aquatic hyphomycete Lemonniera pseudofloscula developed on bedrock outcrops. Increased microbial growth led to higher respiration rates on leaf disks and a threefold increase in instantaneous growth rates of chironomid larvae. The abundance and biomass of invertebrate collector‐gatherers and predators increased significantly on bedrock during the summer addition but not in the autumn; however, shredder biomass increased significantly in the autumn. On mixed substrates, shredder abundance and scraper biomass increased significantly during the autumn addition. During both additions, all functional feeding groups, including predators, assimilated isotopically distinct dextrose, despite high standing stocks of coarse particulate matter during the autumn addition. Consumers of epilithon and fine particles showed the greatest response. Assimilation of dextrose and increases in invertebrate abundance and biomass suggest that the added carbon stimulated biological activity even in a stream with abundant organic carbon.
Effects of topical application of misoprostol on cervical relaxation in mares.

Contents Mares who have not delivered a foal early in life may experience limitations in cervical relaxation, primarily during oestrus. A closed cervix prevents intrauterine deposition of semen during natural breeding, may delay uterine clearance after insemination leading to intrauterine fluid accumulation in, and subsequent infertility. Therefore, a reliable pharmacological method of dilating the equine cervix would have practical application in veterinary medicine. The goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of topically applied, synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue (PGE1) for stimulating dilation of the equine cervix. Ten mares in dioestrus were randomly assigned to one of two treatments in a single-blind crossover study: (treatment) PGE1 gel (1000 mcg compounded misoprostol cream) applied topically to the external cervical os (n = 5), and (control) a vehicle cream applied topically to the external cervical os (n = 5). Transrectal palpation and ultrasonographic measurements of the cervix were performed prior to, six and 24 h post-treatment. Digital measurements were taken, per vagina, at six and 24 h post-treatment. Mares were monitored through the subsequent oestrous cycle for ovulation. Mares were assigned to the opposite treatment group such that each mare served as her own control (crossover). Data were analysed using parametric (split-plot ANOVA), as well as nonparametric (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test) methods. At six and 24 h there were no significant differences for tone, length, height, degree of relaxation or echotexture between control and PGE1 treated groups at the measured time points (p > 0.05). Topical cervical application of PGE1 did not induce a measurable degree of cervical relaxation under the conditions of this experiment.
Elaborately ornamented males avoid costly parental care in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus): a proximate perspective

Selection should favor flexibility in reproductive tactics when the combination of sexual traits and reproductive behaviors that achieve the highest fitness differs between males within a population. Understanding the functional significance of variation in male reproductive tactics can provide insight into their evolution. Male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in a Montana population display continuous variation in parental tactics: males with more elaborated (redder) plumage color provide little or no parental care compared to less elaborated (dull) males. Here, we first determined whether elevation of prolactin (a pituitary hormone) was related to variation in male parental tactics and, second, we used the relationship between prolactin levels and parental behavior to investigate why redder males avoid a high investment in parental care. We found that prolactin elevation was closely associated with paternal care. In addition, males with redder plumage color had low prolactin levels, whereas dull males, which provision twice as frequently, had high levels of prolactin. We also found that male condition was unrelated to plumage color but negatively related to prolactin levels. These results suggest that the low provisioning of redder males was not due to physiological constraints, but instead reflected a tactic to avoid the costs associated with parental care. The condition benefits accrued by redder males may explain their higher post-breeding survival compared to dull males. Moreover, dull males were previously shown to have higher pairing success than redder males, suggesting that the relationship between male plumage color and parental care may reflect individually optimized parental tactics.