cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid dynamics and diffusion calculations for laminar liquid jets

In connection with a study of the mechanism of gas absorption the problem arose of predicting absorption rates into laminar liquid jets. A solution to the problem is presented in this paper, which provides an example of the application of fluid dynamics to the analysis of mass transfer in a complex flow system. The water jets considered here issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm diameter, flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of solute gas at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. Equations describing the liquid flow near the jet surface are deduced from measurements of jet diameter and analogy to related flow situations. When one uses these equations, absorption rates are predicted from unsteady state diffusion theory with the assumption of interfacial equilibrium. The predicted rates for carbon dioxide at 25°C are in close agreement with experimental determinations over the observed range of contact time of the liquid with gas, namely 0.003 to 0.04 sec.
Independent and combined effects of prolonged inhaled nitric oxide and oxygen on lung inflammation in newborn piglets.

Clinical use of nitric oxide (NO) is usually in conjunction with high oxygen concentrations, the effects of which may include lung neutrophil accumulation, apoptosis and upregulation of antioxidant en
Recurrences are common after endoscopic ampullectomy for adenoma in the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome

Endoscopic ampullectomy is increasingly performed in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)-associated ampullary adenomas. We sought to define the procedure-associated morbidities and long-term outcomes. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with FAP who underwent endoscopic ampullectomy at two tertiary institutions between 1999 and 2010. The severity of duodenal polyposis was classified according to Spigelman’s classification. Of 26 FAP patients who underwent endoscopic ampullectomy, 21 arose in the setting of Spigelman’s stage II duodenal polyposis. Adverse events associated with endoscopic ampullectomy included acute pancreatitis (19.2 %), abdominal pain (7.6 %), and bleeding (3.8 %). The mean resected adenoma size was 0.99 ± 0.34 cm. Three adenomas (12.0 %) contained foci of high-grade dysplasia. Follow-up data were available for 24 patients. The mean follow-up duration was 84.5 ± 36.2 months. Adenoma recurrence was observed in 14 patients (58.3 %; 14/24) at a mean of 38.3 months after initial ampullectomy. Adenomas ≥10 mm recurred more frequently than smaller adenomas (76.9 vs. 36.4 %; p = 0.002). Positive margins were not associated with higher recurrence rates. No cancers were observed during long-term follow-up. Three patients underwent a Whipple procedure, but none was performed for a recurrent ampullary adenoma. Endoscopic ampullectomy in FAP can be performed safely. Because ampullary adenomas frequently recur after endoscopic ampullectomy, close surveillance is essential. Smaller tumors are less likely to recur, suggesting a benefit for early recognition of these lesions.
Phosphotidylserine modulates the phenotype of mouse dentritic cells

Abstract Introduction: Dentritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen presenters and are required to initiate adaptive immunity. Immature DCs (iDC) capture antigen efficiently, but express low levels of MHC II and costimulatory molecules. DCs mature in response to "danger" signals, migrate into secondary lymphoid organs and activate T cells. Maturation is characterized by increase in MHC II and costimulatory molecule expression. Apoptotic cells inhibit DCs maturation. Phosphotidylserine (PS) is an anionic phospholipid that is limited to the inner leaflet of plasma membranes in live cells and externalized upon apoptosis. We examined the effects of PS on DCs maturation. Methods: Bone marrow derived mouse DCs were generated in the presence of granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF), exposed to PS or phosphotidylcholine (PC) containing liposomes on day 5, and treated with lipopolisaccharide (LPS) on day 6. On day 7, DCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: DCs exposed to media or PC and treated with LPS to induce maturation expressed significantly high levels of MHCII, CD80, CD86 and CD40 compared to iDCs. DCs exposed to PS expressed significantly less CD40 in response to LPS than control DCs. ∗MHC IICD80CD86CD40iDC17 (± 5.33)43 (± 24.3)14 (± 4.8)8 (± 7.4)mDC54 (± 28.2)100 (± 44.1)70 (± 28.6)∗57 (± 16.5)∗PC-DC55 (± 27.0)105 (± 46.2)73 (± 24.4)63 (± 17.5)∗PS-DC49 (± 29.5)102.6 (± 49.3)56 (± 8.6) † 41 (± 14.2)∗∗Statistically significant (p Conclusions: We demonstrated that PS modulates mouse DC maturation, specifically reducing CD40 expression. Diminished CD40 signaling is likely to lead to reduced IL-12 production and inhibition of Th1 responses. These findings suggest that PS, externalized by apoptotic cells and some tumor cells, could prevent autoimmunity and contribute to immune evasion by tumor.
Building a successful partnership in higher education institutions

Educational partnership becomes a common practice in higher education. This study clarifies the practices of educational partnership in higher education institutions. A model of educational partnership has been built to identify its successful factors. The five determinants to the partnership's success are the following: commitment to partnerships, curriculum and learning, quality and risk management, geographic and economic settings, and change management. This study can be guidance for those higher education institutions seeking and building successful partnership such as study abroad programme.
Enzymatic interesterification of lard and high‐oleic sunflower oil with Candida antarctica lipase to produce plastic fats

Lard and high-oleic sunflower oil (Trisun® Extra) were interesterified at 55°C for 24 h with SP435 lipase from Candida antarctica to produce plastic fats. As the amount of trisun increased, percentage free fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid value, oxidizability, and the amount of 18:1 found at the sn-2 position of triglyceride products increased. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the low-melting components in the product contained more 18:1 than the high-melting components. A 60:40 (w/w) ratio of lard to trisun had the widest plastic range (3–26°C). The scaled-up reaction to produce this blend resulted in a product that had 60.1% 18:1 at the sn-2 position compared to 44.9% for the physical blend. The solid fat content of the 60:40 interesterified mixture resembled soft-type margarine oil.
Characteristics of a lead-scintillator calorimeter used to detect electron neutrinos

Abstract The response of a lead-liquid-scintillator calorimeter to electromagnetic and hadronic showers is reported. Operational characteristics, calibration, and the calculation of event energies are discussed. The hadronic resolution is measured to be 0.53 E ( GeV ) ; the electromagnetic resolution 0.27 E ( GeV ) . The charged current interactions of ν e have been identified by exploiting the difference in energy deposition along the beam direction for electron and hadron showers. The efficiency and effectivenes of the technique are discussed.
Structural and Theoretical Investigation of 3,4,5-Triamino-1,2,4-Triazolium Salts

Abstract : Reactions using the high nitrogen heterocycle 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole (guanazine) with strong acids (HN03, HCl04, and "HN(N02)2") resulted in a family of highly stable salts. All of the salts were characterized using spectroscopic as well as single crystal x-ray diffraction studies. The x-ray structures are compared to that obtained from theoretical calculations (MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level). Initial safety testing (impact, friction) was carried out on all of the new materials.
Synthesis and characterization of LiZnP and LiZnAs semiconductor material

Research for a reliable solid-state semiconductor neutron detector continues because such a device has not been developed, and would have greater efficiency, than present-day gas-filled 3 He and 10 BF3 neutron detectors. Further, a semiconductor neutron detector would be more compact and rugged than most gas-filled or scintillator neutron detectors. The 6 Li(n,t) 4 He reaction yields a total Q value of 4.78 MeV, a larger yield than the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li, and is easily identified above background radiation interactions. Hence, devices composed of either natural Li (naturally 7.5% 6 Li) or enriched 6 Li (approximately 95% 6 Li) may provide a semiconductor material for compact high-efficiency neutron detectors. A sub-branch of the III-V semiconductors, the filled tetrahedral compounds, known as Nowotny-Juza compounds (A I B II C V ), are desirable for their cubic crystal structure and semiconducting electrical properties. These compounds were originally studied for photonic applications. In the present work, Equimolar portions of Li, Zn, and P or As were sealed under vacuum (10 � 6 Torr) in quartz
434 SEPARATION AND RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T 3 ) IN HUMAN BREAST MILK

The purpose of this study was to identify and quantitate T3 in human breast milk (HBM), and to elucidate the relationship of this radioimmunoassayable material with organified 125I in Na125 I-injected rats. The presence of thyroid hormone, and particularly T3, in HBM has been poorly documented, and inconsistency in sample preparation and methods of quantitation have resulted in ambivalent data. Since thyroid hormones are routinely administered per-orally as corrective therapy for hypothyroidism, the presence of T3 in milk has obvious implications for thyroid regulation in the suckling newborn, as the infant will consume ∼ 800 ml/day by 4-6 wks. of age if exclusively breast-fed. Aliquots of either HBM or rat breast milk (RBM) were extracted with acidic ethanol (H+EtOH) after overnight digestion with pancreatin. Samples were eluted from an LH-20 column (Pharmacia) using an ethyl-acetate based solvent mixture. Iodotyrosine and-thyronine standards were run, both in their native form, and after extraction. While the bulk of absorbance (HBM)and organified 125 I (RBM) appears in the monoiodotyrosine (MIT) region of elution profiles, an absorbance peak in HBM in the region of the H+EtOH-extracted T3 standard was observed which corresponds to a radiolabelled peak in RBM. T3-RIA of this region revealed 625 ng/dl in HBM, equivalent to a dose of 5.0 μg/day (800 ml. day consumption in a 1 mo. old infant). We conclude from these data that HBM contains sufficient T3 to be of therapeutic value in amelioration of hypothyroidism in infants.
Alzheimer Presenilins in the Nuclear Membrane, Interphase Kinetochores, and Centrosomes Suggest a Role in Chromosome Segregation

Abstract Mutations in two related genes, presenilin 1 and 2 , account for most early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Although structural features indicate that the presenilins are membrane proteins, their function(s) is unknown. We have localized the presenilins to the nuclear membrane, its associated interphase kinetochores, and the centrosomes—all subcellular structures involved in cell cycle regulation and mitosis. The colocalization of the presenilins with kinetochores on the nucleoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane, together with other results, suggests that they may play a role in chromosome organization and segregation, perhaps as kinetochore binding proteins/ receptors. We discuss a pathogenic pathway for familial Alzheimer's disease in which defective presenilin function causes chromosome missegregation during mitosis, resulting in apoptosis and/or trisomy 21 mosaicism.
The pronator quadratus in motions and in stabilization of the radius and ulna at the distal radioulnar joint

Based upon the findings of dissections of 15 forearms and clinical observations in patients with disturbed architecture of the distal radioulnar joint, the pronator quadratus was found to be composed of two heads. A superficial head originated from the ulna and passed transversely to its insertion into the radius. It averaged 5.1 cm. in length, 4.5 cm. in width, 0.2 cm. in thickness, with a cross-sectional area of 0.95 cm. 2 and a contractile volume of 2.6 cm. 3 . The deep head ran obliquely from a more proximal origin on the ulna to a distal insertion on the radius, with an average length of 4.0 cm., average width of 3.2 cm., and a thickness of 0.4 cm. Its average cross-sectional area was 1.64 cm. 2 and its contractile volume 2.5 cm. 3 . A group of fibers occasionally was noted deep to both heads, running at right angles to them and paralleling the direction of the fibers of the interosseous membrane. The superficial head initiates pronation while the deep head coapts the joint surfaces and stabilizes the joint.
Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy for Simultaneous Imaging of Structure and Ionic Current Through Nanopores

Ionic currents through nanopores in both biological and synthetic materials play an important role in the function of the material. For biological systems, these pores are critical for normal physiological function and abnormalities lead to various disease states. The ability to measure the current through nanopores, while simultaneously relating their molecular and atomic structure, is currently limited in resolution. In order to perform structure-function measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM), conducting cantilevered tips capable of measuring ionic currents in fluid were designed and fabricated using various techniques. Insulated tungsten wires with conducting tips were fixed to steel supports to create cantilevers for AFM imaging. Gold films in fluid were imaged with simultaneous electrical current measurements by the conducting cantilevers to reveal the topography of the film. These simultaneous recording of the current and the 3D structure demonstrate the conducting capabilities of the cantilever. Ionic currents through membrane filters were successfully measured through 20 nm pores in the membrane. The results from this technology show promise for future structure-function imaging of macromolecules, such as ion-channels in health and disease as well as for the synthetic nanopores for energy and environmental applications.
Progressive familial leukodystrophy of late onset

We report a family in which three siblings developed dementia between the ages of 40 and 70 years.Two of the siblings developed symptoms of depression, abnormal behavior, and an inability to function, progressing to severe dementia. The third sibling had a severe dementia, the clinical details of which are not available. In the two deceased siblings, neuropathologic examinations demonstrated severe demyelination, axon loss, and gliosis in cerebral white matter. Cerebellar and brainstem white matter were unaffected. Cerebral gray matter was negligibly affected. The disorder, histopathologically classified as a pigmented orthochromatic leukodystrophy, is extremely rare. Its etiology is unknown, but the pathology and familial occurrence imply that it represents a genetic defect in a function localized in the cerebral white matter. NEUROLOGY 1996;46: 429-434
Low&#8211;voltage CMOS charge&#8211;pump PLL architecture for low jitter operation

This paper presents circuit level techniques that reduce both intrinsic and supply or substrate injected noise of charge-pump PLLs operating in the noisy environment of mixed analog-digital ICs. Using a ripple-pole-less sample-reset loop filter provides a staircase shaped oscillator control current that reduces the reference spur, and a nearly 90° phase margin that leads to a negligible jitter peaking and locking overshoot. A fully differential loop filter having low-VT devices and accumulation MOS capacitors in the signal path was used to minimize the substrate and supply injected noise. Oscillator's PSRR is improved using differential inverters and clamping its amplitude to supply independent voltage levels. The proposed methods are validated through measurements on two PLLs: a reference one using a feed-forward architecture and a low jitter one using a sample-reset architecture.
The Coral Reef at Funafuti

THE report on the coral reef at Funafuti that was read to the Royal Society on February 11, will doubtless be of very great interest to all who have studied the very difficult problems concerning the origin of reefs and atolls.
The Neglected War: The Memory of World War I in Slovenia 1

This article examines the remembrance of World War I in Slovenia during three distinct periods of the nation's history: 1918–1941, 1941–1991 and 1991 to the present. The work argues that the memory and remembrance of World War I has been categorically underrepresented in the official histories of the last ninety years for a number of political and ideological reasons. Having been tailored to fit a narrative of national liberation and the excising of Habsburg influence during the period of interwar Yugoslavia, World War I was then eclipsed by World War II and most recently independent Slovenia's search for new historical heroes. The effects of this selective remembrance are particularly visible in the changing historiography and the construction or destruction of physical memorials to the Great War in Slovenia. The article argues that the comparatively unknown history of World War I is not unique to Slovenes but is also characteristic of the other successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The offici...
Preservation of hemodialysis access with central obstruction

To salvage the arteriovenous grafts in limbs with brachio-axillary-subclavian vein stenosis/occlusion and to avoid the need of subclavian/jugular catheter for temporary dialysis, the following management and preventive measures were adopted. Thirty-eight patients (17 M, 21 F), mean age of 59 years, underwent successful brachio-jugular and jugular-jugular bypasses for brachio-axillary-subclavian and brachiocephalic stenosis/thrombosis not amendable with balloon angioplasty. After a mean follow-up of 42 months, the venous bypass and arteriovenous graft (AVG) remain functional without arm swelling in 32/38 (84.2%) of the patients. A prospective randomized comparison of early AVG cannulation ( 10 days) following AVG placement showed no statistical difference in 36 patients (17 M, 19 F) equally divided into two groups (n=18). The determinant parameters used for assessment of AVG were compression time for bleeding control, venous back pressure of AVG, hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, infection, and thrombosis of AVG. Venous bypass that circumvents venous outflow occlusion of limb with AVG is durable and effective in AVG preservation and reduction of the limb swelling. Early cannulation of AVG is plausible and without added risks. Subclavian and jugular catheter for temporary dialysis can be avoided.
Comparing cortisol, stress, and sensory sensitivity in children with autism

Previously we reported that children with autism show significant variability in cortisol. The current investigation was designed to extend these findings by exploring plausible relationships between cortisol and psychological measures of stress and sensory functioning. Salivary cortisol values for diurnal rhythms and response to stress in children with and without autism were compared to parent-report measures of child stress, the Stress Survey Schedule (SSS), sensory functioning, Short Sensory Profile (SSP), and Parenting Stress Index. In autism, a negative relationship between morning cortisol and the SSS revealed that higher observed symptoms of stress were related to lower cortisol. Lower cortisol is seen in conditions of chronic stress and in social situations characterized by unstable social relationships. Sensory sensitivity painted a more complicated picture, in that some aspects of SSP were associated with higher while others were associated with lower cortisol. We propose that increased sensory sensitivity may enhance the autistic child's susceptibility to the influence of zeitgeibers reflected in variable cortisol secretion. Evening cortisol was positively associated with SSS such that the higher the level of evening cortisol, the higher the child's parent-reported daily stress, especially to changes, such as in daily routine. Regarding the response to stress, the psychological and parent variables did not differentiate the groups; rather, discrete subgroups of cortisol responders and nonresponders were revealed in both the autism and neurotypical children. The results support a complex interplay between physiological and behavioral stress and sensory sensitivity in autism and plausible developmental factors influencing stress reactivity across the groups.
Adaptive Telescope Design Using Computer Tools

Large-aperture lightweight space optics must be designed from first principles so as to compensate for a multitude of disturbing influences if they are to perform to approximate theoretical perfection during a long period of life. Active control of structures and active optical components such as deformable mirrors are vital when dynamic performance is an issue. This overview deals with a hypothetical (but not unreal) nominal system, handling disturbances, and adaptive optics. The 2.4-meter Hubble Space Telescope primary mirror is held up as an example of an active deformable mirror designed with the latest mathematical tools.
The role of atmospheric deposition in the latitudinal variation of Fraser fir mortality caused by the Balsam Woolly Adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Hemipt., Adelgidae): A hypothesis1

A hypothesis is presented that atmospheric deposition is predisposing Fraser fir to balsam woolly adelgid (BWA)-caused mortality and that the amount of mortality in six Fraser fir zones is a reflection of the amount of atmospheric deposits in each zone. We argue that Fraser fir is a highly sensitive species to atmospheric pollutants, that BWA increases that sensitivity, and that the Fraser fir ecosystem is a primary depository of such pollutants. Alternative hypotheses are also discussed. It is likely that a number of factors, including patterns of atmospheric deposits, contribute to Fraser fir mortality patterns in the southern Appalachians. Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der Ablagerungen von Luftschadstoffen fur die Tannenmortalitat, verursacht durch die Wollaus Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Hemipt., Adelgidae): Eine Hypothese Es wird eine Hypothese vorgestellt, die in der Ablagerung von Luftschadstoffen einen wesentlichen, auf die Mortalitat von Fraser-Tannen, verursacht durch Adelges piceae einwirkenden Faktor sieht. Der Umfang der Mortalitat in sechs Tannenzonen entsprach dem Umfang der jeweiligen Schadstoffbelastung. Es wird argumentiert, das die Fraser-Tanne hochempfindlich gegenuber Immissionen sei, das die Wollaus diese Empfindlichkeit noch erhohe, und das das Tannen-Okosystem einen primaren Ablagerungsort fur diese Schadstoffe darstelle. Alternativen hierzu werden erortert. Es ist wahrscheinlich, das eine Anzahl von Faktoren, einschlieslich der Luftschadstoffe zur Tannensterblichkeit im sudlichen Appalachengebirge beitragt.
Is the 1.5-ms pulsar a young neutron star?

It is proposed that PSR1937 + 214 is a young neutron star spun up by accretion from a high-mass companion in a close binary system. The supercritical mass transfer rates expected in such a binary system should allow the neutron star to be spun up in the comparatively short time of about 10,000 yr. The accretion process will also power thermomagnetic effects that could remove the strong magnetic field of a young pulsar from the crust of the star in a similarly short timescale. Such a high-mass binary system is expected to disrupt when the companion explodes in a supernova. Thus a spin-up model in a high-mass system can explain the lack of a companion, low magnetic field, and high spin rate of PSR1937 + 214.
Achieving analog accuracy in nanometer CMOS

This paper reviews causes of and trends in MOS transistor mismatch, and assesses the implications for analog circuit design in the nanometer regime. The current understanding of MOS transistor mismatch is reviewed. In most cases, transistor mismatch is dominated by threshold voltage mismatch. Although, there is strong evidence that VT matching is improving as CMOS technology evolves, these improvements are countered by reductions in power supply that also accompany process scaling. In fact, the power consumption of analog circuits based on current design styles will increase with scaling to finer processes. It has long been known that thermal noise causes the power consumption of analog circuits to increase with scaling. However, unlike the case with thermal noise, new circuit techniques can break the accuracy-power constraints related to mismatch. These techniques are based on analog circuit redundancy, and take advantage of the tremendous transistor density offered by nanometer CMOS. This paper is primarily concerned with comparators, and in particular, with the use of comparators in flash ADCs; however, the analysis is also applicable to other circuits and applications.
Magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer: clinical indications and breast MRI reporting system.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well suited to the investigation of breast cancer by virtue of its noninvasive nature and its multiplanar imaging abilities. MRI investigations showed high sensitivity but modest specificity for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Most early studies tested the ability of MRI to evaluate and diagnose findings in the breast discovered by other imaging tests or by breast physical examination (1-4). When it was discovered that MRI identified small breast cancers undetected by mammography or breast ultrasound, MRI was used to estimate breast cancer extent in known cancer cases for surgical planning (5,6). These investigations led to the use of MRI in a multitude of breast imaging applications, raising further questions about the use of MRI in everyday practice: What are the indications for breast MRI in general practice? What is its role in light of other imaging tests? What are its benefits and limitations in each setting? How do I report these studies? The purpose of this article is to review the clinical background regarding indications for the use of MRI and relevant cases in which MRI can impact patient management in breast disease, and to describe new developments in reporting breast MRI studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:975-983.
Deployment of balloon expandable stents during open repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: a new strategy for managing renal and mesenteric artery lesions

Objective: Patients undergoing graft repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) often require concomitant correction of ostial stenoses or dissection involving visceral branches. The purpose of this report is to describe our initial experience with a new strategy for addressing these lesions during open TAAA repair—direct deployment of balloon expandable stents into the renal and mesenteric arteries. Methods: Over a two-year period, 367 patients have undergone TAAA surgery. Balloon expandable stents were used to manage visceral branch lesions during open TAAA repair in 93 (25.3%) of these patients. Fifteen patients (16%) had preoperative renal insufficiency. After opening the aneurysm and exposing the branch artery ostia, premounted balloon expandable stents were deployed in the affected vessels under direct vision. Stents were deployed after an endarterectomy in 40 patients (43%). Eighty patients (86%) had stents placed in one or both renal arteries and 36 (39%) had stents placed in the celiac axis and/or superior mesenteric artery. Postoperative renal function was monitored with daily serum creatinine levels. Results: There were nine early operative deaths (10%). Two patients (2%) had bleeding complications related to stenting, one of which died after developing multiple organ failure. Twelve patients (13%) developed renal failure, eight of which required dialysis. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of treating ostial lesions of the visceral branches with balloon expandable stents during open TAAA repair. Despite a high prevalence of preoperative renal insufficiency, the incidence of postoperative renal failure was acceptable. This new strategy may be a valuable adjunct to TAAA repair and warrants further investigation. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Energy efficient sensor data logging with amnesic flash storage

We present FlashLogger, an energy-efficient sensor data logging system that uses lazy amnesic compression in a flash-efficient manner. FlashLogger incorporates a suite of compression algorithms suitable for progressively compressing time series scalar, audio, and image data. It uses a novel data structure for efficiently organizing and querying compressed data on flash memory. All our methods are designed for the limited memory and processing capabilities typical of low power sensor nodes, and are prototyped on Tmote Sky platform running TinyOS. Evaluation of FlashLogger with several real world data sets shows orders of magnitude energy savings for both logging data and retrieving data within a time range.
Threshold bounds in SVD and a new iterative algorithm for order selection in AR models

The problem of order determination of AR (autoregressive) models using singular value decomposition (SVD) is reexamined from a statistical point of view. Thresholds for distinguishing between significant and nonsignificant singular values are derived, and a novel iterative algorithm for order selection in AR models is presented. Simulation results show the technique to be very effective when a small number of samples is available. >
Punctured convolutional codes for the 1-D partial-response channel

A coded (1-D) system containing a punctured convolutional encoder is analyzed. In general, a punctured encoder with 2/sup v/ states results in a decoder trellis with 2/sup v+1/ states and a periodically time-varying branch structure. A class C of punctured convolutional encoders for which the decoder trellis has a fixed branch structure with 2/sup v/ states is described. An encoder in this class can be combined with a precoder to form a new punctured convolutional encoder that generates the output from the precoder. The author determines the set of good variable-rate trellis codes for selectable rate encoding and Viterbi decoding. A set of variable-rate trellis codes is generated by a variable-rate punctured convolutional encoder in C. The author also determines punctured convolutional encoders in C that generate a single good high-rate trellis code. >
Paleocene cyclic sedimentation in the western North Atlantic, ODP Site 1051, Blake Nose

Upper Paleocene (zone CP8b) cyclic sediment from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1051 on Blake Nose, western North Atlantic, alternates from white carbonate-rich to green carbonate-poor in response to precessional forcing. Compositional differences between the two bed types are minor: mineral and nannofossil composition of the beds vary subtly, but grain size of the terrigenous component and biogenic silica content remain constant. Iron content determined by sediment magnetic susceptibility and iron intensity determined by a core-scanning XRF correlates negatively with carbonate content and are higher in green beds. Kaolinite content of green beds is slightly higher as well. Green beds exhibit lower evenness values than white beds for nannofossil assemblages and are more dominated by the species Coccolithus. Dominance by Coccolithus indicates more mesotrophic conditions over Blake Nose during deposition of the green beds, which correlates with slightly higher iron and kaolinite contents. The absence of change in terrigenous grain size and the absence of any indication of planktonic blooms indicate that there was a minor, most likely eolian, input of iron and kaolinite during deposition of the green beds. The source area was most likely northwest Africa, which supplied iron and kaolinite when source areas deflated under drier conditions. With this scenario, kaolinite is an indi cator of drier climate and source area erosion, rather than the warmer and/or wetter conditions under which it forms in soils. During precessional minima or perihelion summer (the opposite of our current configuration), there was an increased range of seasonal temperatures and an increase in the intensity of summer and winter monsoon circulation. As a consequence, there was more rainfall in northern Africa and drier conditions in the continental interiors at mid-latitudes. Green bed deposition occurred during precessional maxima when the North Atlantic was cooler, northwest Africa drier, and the eolian flux to the western North Atlantic slightly increased.
Securing the Right to Learn: Policy and Practice for Powerful Teaching and Learning

America’s schools are among the most unequal in the industrialized world in terms of both inputs and outcomes. Inequalities in spending, class sizes, textbooks, computers, facilities, curriculum offerings, and access to qualified teachers contribute to disparate achievement by race and class, which increasingly feeds the “school-to-prison pipeline”—a function of many young people’s lack of adequate skills for joining the labor market. This creates an enormous drain on national resources, which, in turn, reduces the capacity to invest in education, social services, and employment. To reverse this situation, the nation must create a coherent system that can provide well-trained teachers in all communities so that all children can be skillfully taught and ultimately successful in a knowledge-based economy. This article describes the kind of preparation and policy system needed to achieve this goal.
Pannenberg's Doctrine of God

With the appearance in English of some of his most recent essays, it has become apparent that Wolfhart Pannenberg is now focusing his efforts to develop a theological program on the doctrine of God. Pannenberg has attracted considerable attention in recent years by his willingness to depart at several points from the mainstream of modern Protestant theology—especially his separation of the person and work of Jesus Christ, his argument for the historicity of Jesus' resurrection, and his overriding concern with future rather than present eschatology. Whether it is possible for Pannenberg to make these departures and still put together a coherent and viable theological program is very much an open question at this point, I believe. But the importance of a satisfactory doctrine of God in his program should be obvious enough: Can Pannenberg give us an account of a God who raised Jesus from the dead and who will bring in his Kingdom without violating the concerns which have weighed so heavily upon theology since the Enlightenment—that God must not act in ways incompatible with what man has discovered about the natural world and with what he believes about his own freedom and responsibility?
Calculation of Ship Sinkage and Trim Using a Finite Element Method and Unstructured Grids

An unstructured grid-based, parallel free-surface flow solver has been extended to account for sinkage and trim effects in the calculation of steady ship waves. The overall scheme of the solver combines a finite-element, equal-order, projection-type three-dimensional incompressible flow solver with a finite element, two-dimensional advection equation solver for the free surface equation. The sinkage and trim, wave profiles, and wave drag computed using the present approach are in good agreement with experimental measurements for two hull forms at a wide range of Froude numbers. Numerical predictions indicate significant differences between the wave drag for a ship fixed in at-rest position and free to sink and trim, in agreement with experimental observations.
The complex etiology of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease which is presumed to be a consequence of infiltrating lymphocytes autoreactive to myelin proteins. This is substantiated by several lines of clinical evidence and supported by correlative studies in preclinical models. The development of new therapeutics for MS has been guided by this perspective; however, the pathogenesis of MS has proven to be quite complex as observations exist which question the role of autoreactive lymphocytes in the etiology of MS. In addition the current immunomodulatory therapeutics do not prevent most patients from progressing into more serious forms of the disease. The development of truly transformational therapeutics for MS will likely require a broad assault that expands beyond the concept of MS being an autoimmune disease.
Karyological Leaf Squashes in Grasses, Aided by Pectinase Digestion at 45 C

Longitudinal sections of rapidly growing leaf shoots were soaked for 2–4 hr in 0.002 M 8-hydroxyquinoline at 25 C, blotted, and fixed in 3:4:1 ethanol, chloroform, acetic acid. A 30 min maceration at 45 C in a pectinase solution (Pectinal 59–L; Rohm and Haas) softened the material for staining and squashing. Excess pectinase was removed and 1% aceto-carmine stain was applied. After locating and gently tapping the cover clip to disperse the cells, heavy pressure was applied with a No. 9 rubber stopper and the heel of the hand. By the use of this procedure, karyotypes could be constructed in several genera of forage grasses. The karyotype of Paspalum notatum Flugge is illustrated.
Synthetic fluid inclusions XVIII: Experimental determination of the PVTX properties of H2O–CH4 to 500 °C, 3 kbar and XCH4 ⩽4 mol.%

Abstract The pressure–volume–temperature–composition (PVTX) properties of H2O–CH4 were determined from the bubble point curve to 500 °C and 3 kbar for compositions ⩽4 mol.% CH4 using the synthetic fluid inclusion technique. H2O–CH4 inclusions were produced by loading known amounts of Al3C4 and H2O into platinum capsules along with pre-fractured and inclusion-free quartz cores. During heating the Al3C4 and H2O react to produce CH4, and the H2O–CH4 homogeneous mixture was trapped as inclusions during fracture healing at elevated temperature and pressure. The composition of the fluid in the inclusion was confirmed using the weight loss technique after the experiment and by Raman spectroscopic analysis of the inclusions. Homogenization temperatures of the inclusions were determined and the results were used to construct iso-Th lines, defined as a line connecting the formation temperature and pressure with the homogenization temperature and pressure. The pressure in the inclusion at the homogenization temperature was calculated from the Duan equation of state (EOS). The slope (ΔP/ΔT) of each iso-Th line was calculated and the results fitted to a polynomial equation using step-wise multiple regression analysis to estimate the slope of the iso-Th line as a function of the homogenization temperature and composition according to: ( Δ P / Δ T ) = a + b · m + c · m 4 + d · ( T h ) 2 + e · m · T h + f · m · ( T h ) 4 , where ΔP/ΔT is the slope of the iso-Th line in bars/°C, m is the CH4 molality, Th is the homogenization temperature in degrees Celsius, and a, b, c, d, e, f are the fitting parameters. The equation is valid from the bubble point curve to 500 °C and 3 kbar for compositions ⩽4 mol.% CH4.
Neonatal immune responses to TLR2 stimulation: Influence of maternal atopy on Foxp3 and IL-10 expression

Maternal atopic background and stimulation of the adaptive immune system with allergen interact in the development of allergic disease. Stimulation of the innate immune system through microbial exposure, such as activation of the innate Toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2), may reduce the development of allergy in childhood. However, little is known about the immunological effects of microbial stimulation on early immune responses and in association with maternal atopy. We analyzed immune responses of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) from 50 healthy neonates (31 non-atopic and 19 atopic mothers). Cells were stimulated with the TLR2 agonist peptidoglycan (Ppg) or the allergen house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Derf1), and results compared to unstimulated cells. We analyzed lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion of CBMC. In addition, we assessed gene expression associated with T regulatory cells including the transcription factor Foxp3, the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), and the cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4). Lymphocyte proliferation was measured by 3H-Thymidine uptake, cytokine concentrations determined by ELISA, mRNA expression of T cell markers by real-time RT-PCR. Ppg stimulation induced primarily IL-10 cytokine production, in addition to IFN-γ, IL-13 and TNF-α secretion. GITR was increased following Ppg stimulation (p = 0.07). Ppg-induced IL-10 production and induction of Foxp3 were higher in CBMC without, than with maternal atopy (p = 0.04, p = 0.049). IL-10 production was highly correlated with increased expression of Foxp3 (r = 0.53, p = 0.001), GITR (r = 0.47, p = 0.004) and CTLA4 (r = 0.49, p = 0.003), independent of maternal atopy. TLR2 stimulation with Ppg induces IL-10 and genes associated with T regulatory cells, influenced by maternal atopy. Increased IL-10 and Foxp3 induction in CBMC of non-atopic compared to atopic mothers, may indicate an increased capacity to respond to microbial stimuli.
Effect of Antioxidant Therapy on Blood Pressure and NO Synthase Expression in Hypertensive Rats

Abstract—Earlier studies have demonstrated evidence for increased reactive oxygen species, enhanced NO synthase (NOS) expression, and elevated NO production in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)...
Enlargement of taurocholate micelles by added cholesterol and monoolein: self-diffusion measurements

The effect of solubilized cholesterol and 1-monoolein on the size of micellar aggregates of sodium taurocholate (3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5-cholanoyl taurine) has been determined in vitro. Measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient of sodium taurocholate (0.15 m in Na(+)) at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 led to the conclusion that at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (6.7 mm) the solutions contain, besides monomeric ions, a single micellar species containing five taurocholate ions. In the presence of cholesterol, much larger micelles are formed, apparently containing one molecule of cholesterol and 25 of taurocholate. These mixed micelles coexist with small micelles of pure taurocholate as well as the taurocholate monomers. The addition of 1-monoolein increases the solubility of cholesterol in the taurocholate solution, but not by reducing the size of the micelle into which the cholesterol will fit: three-component micelles (monoolein-taurocholate-cholesterol) are, if their diffusion coefficients are any guide, still larger than taurocholate-cholesterol micelles. The molar ratio of cholesterol to taurocholate is higher in these solutions than in the absence of monoolein. Comparison with work by other authors on taurodeoxy-cholate-cholesterol micelles suggests that more than 25 molecules of either dihydroxy or trihydroxy bile salts are needed to transport each molecule of cholesterol through an aqueous solution in the absence of other amphipathic molecules.
Mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization for a lipophilic calcium antagonist amlodipine

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the result of atherosclerosis, a vascular disorder characterized by abnormalities in vasoconstriction and endothelial function, ultimately leading to partial or complete vessel occlusion. Because the atherosclerotic plaque is marked by changes in calcium regulation, there has been interest in a potential antiatherosclerotic role for calcium antagonists. In support of this hypothesis, a recent clinical study demonstrated in patients with CAD that treatment with the lipophilic dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist amlodipine resulted in significantly fewer cardiovascular procedures and events. The Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) evaluated the effects of amlodipine on the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary and carotid arteries in 825 patients with documented CAD. The results of PREVENT showed that patients receiving amlodipine had marked reductions in hospitalization for revascularization and unstable angina compared with placebo in a population consisting of either normotensive or controlled hypertensive patients. Ultrasound approaches determined that amlodipine therapy was also associated with significant slowing in carotid atherosclerosis-an important surrogate marker for CAD-over the 3-year period. This vascular-wall benefit associated with amlodipine treatment was not related to changes in blood pressure. The findings from PREVENT were consistent with a second reported study known as the Coronary Angioplasty Amlodipine Restenosis Study (CAPARES). These clinical results have led to an interest in potential plaque-stabilization properties of this lipophilic calcium antagonist. In this article, cellular and molecular mechanisms of action that may contribute to a beneficial role for a calcium antagonist in the treatment of atherosclerosis will be reviewed.
Transnational Body Projects: Media Representations of Cosmetic Surgery Tourism in Argentina and the United States

Cosmetic surgery tourism (CST) is part of the growing trend known as medical tourism. As people in the global North travel to less affluent countries to modify their bodies through cosmetic surgery, their transnational body projects are influenced by both economic “materialities” and traveling cultural “imaginaries.” This article presents a content analysis of media representations of cosmetic surgery tourism in a major country sending patient-tourists (the United States) and a popular receiving country (Argentina). The power relations of globalization appear to be played out in the media. U.S. sources assert U.S. hegemony through a discourse emphasizing the risks of CST in the global South, in contrast with medical excellence in the U.S. Argentine sources portray Argentina as a country struggling to gain a foothold in the global economy, but staking a claim on modernity through cultural and professional resources. The analyzed articles also offer a glimpse of how patient-tourists fuel sectors of the global economy by placing their bodies at the forefront, seeking to merge medical procedures and touristic pleasures. There is a gender dimension to these portrayals, as women are especially likely to engage in CST. Their transnational body projects are tainted by negative media portrayals, which represent them as ignorant, uninformed, and driven mainly by the low price of surgery overseas. Our comparative approach sheds light on converging and diverging perspectives on both ends of the cosmetic surgery tourism chain, showing that patterns in CST portrayals differ according to the position of a country in the world-system.
Complex modeling: a strategy and software program for combining multiple information sources to solve ill posed structure and nanostructure inverse problems

A strategy is described for regularizing ill posed structure and nanostructure scattering inverse problems (i.e. structure solution) from complex material structures. This paper describes both the philosophy and strategy of the approach, and a software implementation, DiffPy Complex Modeling Infrastructure (DiffPy-CMI).