cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Service Practice Approach

In the practice of designing and engineering business systems, work is often defined and represented by a series of activities comprised of discrete tasks performed in a prescribed sequence, within a particular timeframe and set in the context of a particular technology. These elements are often reduced to a set of controlled system inputs and outputs, ignoring the complex interactions that need to be supported in highly collaborative work systems endemic of service systems . It is our position that designing and engineering service -based systems requires a new approach to understanding the interactions between the people, information technology and activities needed to enable services. We have approached service system design from the perspective of investigating and understanding work practices as the basis for system innovation . As such, our focus is on understanding what people actually do in practice, including their use of information, tools, methods and the relationships amongst these elements. This paper describes a practice-based approach for investigating work in service organizations. We argue for a need to understand work from the practice perspective, describe our practice-based approach, present a new way to represent work using practice diagrams, provide a case study as an example of our approach and make recommendations for future research.
Interactions with industry under the Sunshine Act: an example from gynecologic oncology.

The Problem Clinicians may be unaware that industry payments to physicians are now publicly searchable under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act. Furthermore, the extent of industry's financial involvement in subspecialty practice has not been previously accessible. As an example, 6948 direct, research-unrelated payments totaling $1,957,004 were made to 765 gynecologic oncologists in 2014, the first full year of data available. A total of 153 companies reported at least 1 payment; however, the 10 manufacturers reporting the highest total payment amount accounted for 82% of all payments to physicians. In all, 48 gynecologic oncologists received >$10,000 from manufacturers, accounting for $1,202,228, or 61%, of total payments. A Solution Obstetrician-gynecologists, including gynecologic oncologists, should be aware of their publicly reported payments from industry and ensure reports' accuracy. Professional organizations, including the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO), should strongly consider proactively developing guidelines regarding interactions with industry for their general memberships.
Fluorine Atom Production Mechanisms From COF2 and NF3 in Uv Laser Etching of Poly-Silicon and Molybdenum

Ultraviolet laser-induced, radical-etching processes developed by us can provide practical etch rates and selectivities for most of the important film layer combinations used in silicon microelectronic devices. These processes have been demonstrated in simple proximity and projection exposure experiments to produce etch features on surfaces with dimensions of a few tenths of a micrometer. Mechanistic studies suggest that, in our etching processes for polysilicon and molybdenum, fluorine atoms responsible for etching are primarily produced from the precursors COF 2 and NF 3 on the surface rather than in the gas phase. The predominant production process appears to be photodecomposition of surface adsorbed precursor. Contributions due to precursor pyrolysis or precursor reaction with photogenerated charge carriers are found to be unimportant.
Molecular Simulation of Gases in Porous Silicates

In this work we generate computer models of zeolites, imogolite, and microporous silica and evaluate the pore structure of each. Our purpose is to contrast the diffusional aspects of gases in these different materials with respect to their application as gas separating membranes. The concepts of Knudsen, surface and micropore diffusion will be evaluated for each model. The advantage of modeling these materials and processes with available molecular techniques is clearly demonstrated by testing assumptions of highly regarded theories.
Ca2MnRuO6: Magnetic Order Arising from Chemical Chaos

We predict the existence of half metallicity and thus highly spin-polarized conduction in the completely disordered double-perovskite Ca2MnRuO6, based on first principles calculations. For ordered structures we find the predominantly Ru t2g electrons to be itinerant whereas the Mn eg spins are nearly localized, thus favoring a ferrimagnetic alignment of the Ru and Mn spins. For disordered structures, we find the Mn ions to favor ferromagnetic coupling to other Mn ions in both Mn and Ru sublattices. This explains the overall ferrimagnetic alignment of Mn and Ru ions, irrespective of chemical disorder, that has been found experimentally. The existence of ferrimagnetism and half metallicity in the presence of high levels of chemical disorder is an unexpected combination not seen in other double perovskites.
Holding on and Giving Up

In Western culture “holding on” is usually thought of as showing strength. It has been said that “all of the art of living lies in the mingling of letting go and holding on.” Some people think that it’s “holding on” that makes one strong, but sometimes it’s “letting go.” Letting go doesn’t mean that you are giving up but rather accepting that there are things we cannot change. “Giving up” on the other hand, means the suspension of the will to live or there is no longer an attempt made to deal with life’s challenges or to look ahead. Not all deaths have equal importance to the family system, but all families need to grieve to cope with loss.
SU-F-T-395: Evaluation of Best Dosimetry Achievable with VMAT and IMRT Treatment Techniques Targeting Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose: To determine from retrospective study the most appropriate technique for targeting small borderline operable pancreatic cancer surrounding blood vessels by evaluating the dosimetry and normal tissue sparing achievable using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). Methods: Treatment plans from ten patients who have undergone treatment with a prescribed dose of 4950 cGy, at 275 cGy per fraction, were analyzed. All plans were replanned using Eclipse TPS (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with complementary VMAT or IMRT techniques to obtain paired data sets for comparison. The coverage to at least 95% of the planned target volume (PTV) was normalized to receive 100% of the prescription dose. The normal tissue constraints followed the quantitative analysis of normal tissue effects in the clinic (QUANTEC) guidelines and the organs at risks (OARs) were liver, kidneys, spinal cord and bowel. The plan evaluation was based on conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), uniformity index (UI), DVH parameters, and student's-t statistics (2 tails). Results: The VMAT technique delivered less maximum dose to the right kidney, left kidney, total kidney, liver, spinal cord, and bowel by 9.3%, 5.9%, 6.7%, 3.9%, 15.1%, 3.9%, and 4.3%, respectively. The averaged V15 for the total kidney was 10.21% for IMRT and 7.29% for VMAT. The averaged V20 for the bowel was 19.89% for IMRT and 14.06% for VMAT. On average, the CI for IMRT was 1.20 and 1.16 for VMAT (p = 0.20). The HI was 0.08 for both techniques (p = 0.91) and UI was 1.05 and 1.06 for IMRT and VMAT respectively (p = 0.59). Conclusion: Both techniques achieve adequate PTV coverage. Although VMAT techniques show better normal tissue sparing from excessive dose, no significant differences were observed. Slight discrepancies may rise from different versions of calculation algorithms.
Unraveling the Complement System and its Mechanism of Action

Abstract It was observed in the late 1800s that microorganisms are rapidly destroyed by cell-free serum. Injection of Cholera vibrios into the peritoneum of immunized guinea pigs led to identification of heat-stable, specific antibody and heat labile, non-specific activity, present in all normal sera, that was lytic in the presence of the antibody. Ehrlich and Morgenroth presented their now famous side chain theory as an explanation for these findings. Specific receptors (side chains) were formed on cell membranes and were shed from the cells to circulate in the blood. These circulating receptors bound to antigen and activated the non-specific serum factor alexin or complement. Complement was found to be made up of multiple proteins. By the 1990s, three pathways of complement activation were identified, the proteins characterized and their function defined. Complement-related proinflammatory factors and regulatory proteins were identified, and abnormalities in complement regulation were found to be responsible for many diseases. The age of understanding of complement function is just beginning.
The elastic stiffness of langasite at high temperatures and its temperature compensated orientations

The langasite crystal has the capability of no phase change at temperatures exceeding 600°C for high temperature applications. Since the material properties of langasite were measured usually at 25 0C as the reference temperature they are no longer accurate at high temperature environments. We employ a Lagrangian formulation to investigate the temperature behavior of thickness vibrations of langasite in a wide temperature range from 25°C to 600°C. The analysis only requires the elastic constants and their effective temperature derivatives of elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients to predict the material constants at any given temperature. Based on the new values of the elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients, the zero-valued temperature coefficients of frequency are investigated. The presently identified temperature compensated crystal cuts of the thickness-shear modes of langasite at different temperatures were compared with those at reference temperature and also with some cuts found in the literature.
Direct gas-phase formation of complex core–shell and three-layer Mn–Bi nanoparticles

We report the formation of complex core–shell and three-layer Mn–Bi nanoparticles in a single step inert-gas condensation process. These structures have been achieved by controlling the thermal environment of the nanoparticles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy mode, and elemental mapping by energy dispersive spectroscopy have been used to determine the crystal structure and chemical composition of the nanoparticles. These particles exist in two forms: (1) a crystalline Bi core with an amorphous Mn-rich shell, and (2) a crystalline Bi annular shell between two amorphous layers with high Mn concentration. These particles show significant magnetic hysteresis possibly arising from the change in bond length between Mn atoms introduced by Bi atoms in the bonding environment of the Mn atoms.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION : I. CORRELATION BETWEEN CHANGES IN BACTERIAL SURFACE PROPERTIES AND IN PHAGOCYTOSIS CAUSED BY SERA OF ANIMALS UNDER IMMUNIZATION.

Methods are described for investigating the relation between phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and certain physical-chemical properties of the bacterial surface. Serum sensitization causes the following changes in the properties of acid-fast bacteria: (a) increased cohesiveness, (b) decrease in surface electric potential difference, (c) decrease in wettability of the bacteria by oil, and (d) increased phagocytosis. Tests have been conducted periodically with the sera of 4 rabbits under active immunization with as many strains of acid-fast bacteria; the parallelism between the alteration in bacterial surface properties and the promotion of phagocytosis by these sera has been, within the experimental error, complete. The percentage of phagocytosis of a given bacterial suspension has been found to depend both upon the sensitizing serum component or components deposited upon the bacterium and upon the intrinsic properties of the unsensitized bacterial surface.
Topology abstraction schemes in multi-domain full wavelength conversion DWDM networks

This paper investigates the important area of lightpath provisioning in multi-domain full wavelength conversion DWDM networks. Although inter-domain provisioning has been well-studied for packet/cell-switching networks, the wavelength dimension (along with wavelength conversion) poses many challenges. To address these concerns, a detailed GMPLS-based hierarchical OSPF-TE routing framework is developed to facilitate inter-domain lightpath provisioning. Namely inter-domain OSPF-TE routing is used to adapt topology abstraction to hide internal domain state so as to resolve routing scalability and security issues. Specifically a novel full-mesh topology abstraction scheme is developed for full wavelength conversion domains, i.e., to disseminate additional wavelength converter state. Related inter-domain lightpath RWA and signaling schemes are also tabled. Performance analysis results are then presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms.
Content Strategy Service-Learning Partnerships with Nonprofit Organizations: A Guiding Heuristic and Overview of Deliverables

In this experience report, we describe a three-step heuristic to guide educators as they design content-strategy focused service-learning partnerships with nonprofit organizations. The heuristic moves students along an arc from conducting research to making recommendations. Each of the three heuristic steps also suggests an array of deliverables---many of them described in this report---that might be produced in the course of a partnership.
IMPLEMENTATION PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS IN LIGHTING SYSTEM OF A SHIP

The possibility of using other sources of electricity than conventional one, on board vessels, is a highly actual subject. In this respect, this paper presents a simulation on the development of a proper photovoltaic panels configuration used for the lighting system of the ship, with 42kW installed average power.
Small Arms and Munitions from a Texas Coastal Shipwreck

In February 1998, the National Underwater Maritime Agency discovered a shipwreck in the Gulf of Mexico, located in the historic pass to Matagorda Bay, Texas. It was initially believed the wreck might be the French supply vessel L’Aimable that sank in 1685 and was part of LaSalle’s expedition to the Texas coast. Subsequent investigation of the site by the Texas Historical Commission discovered the vessel likely dated to the late 18th or early 19th centuries. The small collection of artifacts recovered were comprised of British and Spanish military arms, copper sheathing, rigging elements, assorted munitions, and other materials. Artifact analysis and research indicates the shipwreck dates to the early 19th century and may be associated with privateering and/or naval activities that played a part in the territorial and political changes around the Gulf of Mexico during this time.
Zinc Deficiency is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND Zinc plays a pivotal role in wound repair, tissue regeneration, and the immune response. Although zinc deficiency is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the impact of low serum zinc levels on disease course is not known. METHODS Patients enrolled in a prospectively collected IBD registry with at least 2 serum zinc measurements were included in the analysis. Using a logistic regression model, rates of IBD-related surgeries, IBD-related hospitalizations, and IBD-related complications were evaluated after a diagnosis of zinc deficiency (serum concentration <0.66 μg/mL) compared with those with normal zinc concentrations. In patients who were zinc deficient, outcomes were also analyzed between those who had normalization of zinc levels within 12 months and those who remained deficient. RESULTS A total of 773 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 223 with ulcerative colitis (UC) were included in the analysis. After adjusting for covariates, zinc deficiency was associated with an increased risk of subsequent hospitalizations, surgeries, and disease-related complications in patients with CD and UC (CD: hospitalizations, odds ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval [1.02-2.04]; surgeries, 2.05 [1.38-3.05]; complications, 1.50 [1.04-2.15]; UC: hospitalizations, 2.14 [1.07-4.29]; surgeries, 1.64 [0.59-4.52]; complications, 1.97 [0.94-4.11]). Normalization of zinc was associated with improvement in these outcomes in patients with both CD and UC. CONCLUSIONS Patients with IBD with serum zinc deficiency are more likely to have adverse disease-specific outcomes. As these outcomes improve with normalization of zinc, the results from this study support the role for close monitoring and replacement of zinc in patients with IBD.
Reestablishment of Glucose Inhibition of Glucagon Secretion in Small Pseudoislets

Misregulated hormone secretion from the islet of Langerhans is central to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Although insulin plays a key role in glucose regulation, the importance of glucagon is increasingly acknowledged. However, the mechanisms that regulate glucagon secretion from α-cells are still unclear. We used pseudoislets reconstituted from dispersed islet cells to study α-cells with and without various indirect effects from other islet cells. Dispersed islet cells secrete aberrant levels of glucagon and insulin at basal and elevated glucose levels. When cultured, murine islet cells reassociate to form pseudoislets, which recover normal glucose-regulated hormone secretion, and human islet cells follow a similar pattern. We created small (∼40-µm) pseudoislets using all of the islet cells or only some of the cell types, which allowed us to characterize novel aspects of regulated hormone secretion. The recovery of regulated glucagon secretion from α-cells in small pseudoislets depends upon the combined action of paracrine factors, such as insulin and somatostatin, and juxtacrine signals between EphA4/7 on α-cells and ephrins on β-cells. Although these signals modulate different pathways, both appear to be required for proper inhibition of glucagon secretion in response to glucose. This improved understanding of the modulation of glucagon secretion can provide novel therapeutic routes for the treatment of some individuals with diabetes.
Computationally efficient modeling strategy for evaporator performance under frost conditions

Abstract Growth of a frost layer on an evaporator surface due to low evaporator temperature as well as moisture contained in surrounding air deteriorates performance of a refrigeration system significantly and requires significant energy for defrost. Many studies have been performed to model the heat and mass transfer phenomena in an attempt to have insight and accurate prediction. However, many models form nonlinear algebraic differential equations which require iterative numerical solvers. Computationally efficient but accurate models are needed in order to evaluate overall system performance. The objective of this paper is to introduce a modeling approach to overcome the problem. A solution strategy based on an enthalpy-based reformulation and linearization method will be presented. Comparisons of the proposed and detailed model results for both flat plate and finned tube heat exchangers are provided. The proposed modeling approach is around 10 times faster than reference models while maintaining comparable accuracy.
Adequacy criteria for thyroid FNA evaluated by ThinPrep slides only

Background Adequacy criteria for thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) recommended by The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBS) were developed with smears, but they are commonly applied to ThinPreps (TPs). This study evaluated adequacy in TPs at different diagnostic thresholds. Methods All FNA procedures performed between 2010 and 2015 with matched surgical specimens were analyzed. Cell counts and cytological features were evaluated in all initially nondiagnostic (ND) cases. ND cases were reclassified into TBS categories by 2 pathologists, and the results were compared with surgical outcomes. Results One hundred forty-six of the 151 cases initially classified as ND were available for review, and they had a mean cell count of 60.5 (standard deviation, 71.4). Interobserver agreement on the reclassification of ND cases was moderate (k = 0.57), and consensus yielded 48 ND cases (33%), 72 benign cases (49%), 24 cases of atypia of undetermined significance (16%), and 2 cases suspicious for malignancy (1%). Lowering the diagnostic threshold to any follicular cells yielded a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 60%, a positive predictive value of 59%, a negative predictive value of 92%, and a false-negative rate of 7.7%, whereas the values for the initially diagnostic cases were 93%, 58%, 59%, 93%, and 7.7%, respectively. Including cases with >60 cells but lacking 6 groups containing at least 10 cells did not affect test performance. Nuclear enlargement, pallor, grooves, and the presence of histiocytoid cells in initially ND FNA correlated with malignancy. Conclusions In thyroid FNA examined with TP only, lowering the adequacy threshold and eliminating the requirement of 6 groups of at least 10 cells did not significantly affect test performance if cytological features associated with malignancy were absent. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:534-43. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
2017 Postscript to Digital Copyright

In this postscript, written to accompany the 2017 re-release of my book Digital Copyright under a CC-BY-ND Creative Commons License, I review what has become of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the past decade. I conclude that the worst threats that the law appeared to pose to access to knowledge and freedom of expression have not (yet) materialized. The tools that legacy copyright owners secured to protect their ways of doing business proved less useful to them than they had hoped. Efforts to use technological protection to prevent unauthorized uses of copyrighted works have so far failed to live up to their promise. Entertainment and software industry efforts to prevent the emergence of new digital competitors by filing infringement lawsuits against any and all upstarts decimated many promising businesses, but ended up clearing the field for Apple, Amazon, and Google to become dominant distributors of copyrighted works, much to legacy copyright owners' chagrin. The online service provider safe harbors had been designed for a world in which the Internet would be dominated by commercially produced content, and files posted by individual consumers would be easy to find and to block. The explosive popularity of content posted by users took copyright owners by surprise. In the face of thousands and then millions of alleged infringements, both copyright owners and service providers have resorted to automated solutions that are both expensive and overinclusive. In the past several years, copyright owners have insisted that the safe harbors assign to them unreasonable copyright enforcement burden. Efforts to persuade Congress to revisit the question, though, have not so far succeeded. Congress, the Copyright Office, and copyright lobbyists are now gearing up for another effort at comprehensive copyright revision. I expect it to take a long time, to motivate many and large campaign contributions, and to eventually produce pretty much the same sort of law that negotiated copyright revision has generated in the past. We seem to be incapable of learning from our past mistakes. Book is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1468400.
Ambiguity in the Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae Optochin, Bile Solubility, Quellung, and the AccuProbe DNA Probe Tests

We prospectively evaluated 639 sequential clinical isolates of alpha-hemolytic gram-positive cocci as possible Streptococcus pneumoniae. On the basis of results of tests for optochin susceptibility, tube bile solubility, and the quellung reaction, 74 strains (11.6%) were categorized as unequivocal pneumococci (optochin positive, tube bile solubility positive, quellung reaction positive). Among 450 optochin- and tube bile solubility-negative organisms, a subset of 56 strains was tested for quellung reaction (all negative); these isolates were categorized as unequivocal nonpneumococci. A final 115 organisms with an inconsistent or discordant combination of susceptibility to optochin, tube bile solubility, and quellung reaction were categorized as equivocal strains. With the unequivocal isolates, a commercial molecular probe for S pneumoniae (AccuProbe; Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif) showed 100% sensitivity (74/74) and 100% specificity (56/56). Among the 115 equivocal strains, however, 33 (28.7%) reacted with the AccuProbe, whereas only 3 (2.6%) showed a capsule that reacted in the quellung test. A subset of the equivocal strains identified in this group of primarily respiratory isolates may have been S pneumoniae that only partially expressed their classic phenotype of optochin susceptibility and bile solubility and only rarely expressed capsular antigens. A practical, cost-sparing algorithm is proposed to facilitate the routine clinical identification of S pneumoniae.
Controlling Pu behavior on Titania: Implications for LEU Fission-Based Mo-99 Production

Molybdenum-99 is the parent isotope of the most widely used isotope, technetium-99m, in all diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. Due to proliferation concerns associated with the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU), the preferred method of fission-based Mo-99 production uses low enriched uranium (LEU) targets. Using LEU versus HEU for Mo-99 production produces ∼30 times more Pu-239, due to neutron capture on U-238 to produce Np-239, which ultimately decays to Pu-239 (t1/2 = 24,110 yr). Argonne National Laboratory is supporting a potential US Mo-99 producer in their efforts to produce Mo-99 from an LEU solution. In order to mitigate the generation of large volumes of greater-than-class-C (GTCC) low level waste (Pu-239 concentrations greater than 1 nCi/g), we have focused our efforts on the separation chemistry of Pu and Mo with a titania sorbent in sulfate media. Results from batch and column experiments show that temperature and acid wash concentration can be used to control Pu behavior on titania.
Fast and accurate object analysis at the edge for mobile augmented reality: demo

Augmented reality (AR) augments a real-world environment by computer-generated sensory information such as text, sound, and graphics. With advanced AR technologies, the information about a person's surrounding physical environment can be brought out of the digital world and overlaid with the person's perceived real world. Pokemon Go is an example of location-based AR applications [1]. According to Digi-Capital, mobile AR could become the primary driver of a $108 billion VR/AR market by 2021 [2].
Long-Term Risks and Possible Benefits Associated with Late Adolescent Romantic Relationship Quality

Adolescent romantic relationships have the potential to affect psychological functioning well into adulthood. This study assessed adolescent romantic relationship qualities as long-term predictors of psychological functioning utilizing a longitudinal multi-method, multi-informant study of 80 participants (59% female; 54% Caucasian, 35% African American, 11% mixed or other race) assessed at age 17 along with their romantic partners and at ages 25–27. Controlling for gender, family income, and baseline mental health, partner-reported hostile conflict at age 17 predicted relative increases in internalizing behaviors from age 17 to 27. In contrast, observed teen support with their partner during a help-seeking task at age 17 predicted relative decreases in externalizing behaviors over time. The results are interpreted as suggesting qualities that may help determine whether adolescent romances have positive vs. negative long-term psychological health implications.
Dietitian as Navigator A Winning Combination

In cancer care, the use of patient navigators has grown substantially over the past decade. In 2012, the American College of Surgeons' Commission on Cancer added Standard 3.1 requiring that accredi...
Substrate Controlled Regioselective Bromination of Acylated Pyrroles Using Tetrabutylammonium Tribromide (TBABr3)

Electrophilic bromination of pyrroles bearing carbonyl substituents at C-2 typically results in a mixture of the 4- and 5-brominated species, generally favoring the 4-position. Herein, we describe a substrate-controlled regioselective bromination in which tetra-butyl ammonium tribromide (TBABr3) reacts with pyrrole-2-carboxamide substrates to yield the 5-brominated species as the predominant (up to >10:1) product.
Constructing Bezier conic segments with monotone curvature

Techniques for assisting the construction of Bezier conic segments are given a mathematical foundation. Two situations are resolved. When the endpoints of disjoint curves must be connected, a symmetric and complete characterization of allowable weights and locations of the second control point is given. The second case, where only one tangent is fixed, yields a corresponding nonsymmetric treatment. In both cases, if the angle opposite the base of the Bezier triangle is obtuse, then there exist values of the weight that guarantee monotone curvature of the conic segment. In both cases the location of the control point determines whether parabolic, elliptic of hyperbolic segments can be constructed.
Cancer and Viruses

Cancer morbidity decreased in the last few years of the twentieth century, in large part due to early detection as well as the campaign against tobacco. The relationship between viruses and cancer, and the elaboration of the oncogene theory—from the early work on phage lambda and lysogeny—to oncogenes is presented. The majority of cancers result from somatic mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, which may cause proto-oncogene activation. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes also end in tumor formation. The function of these different genes is discussed, as are hereditary cancers. Viruses—such as papilloma, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human herpes 8, Epstein-Barr virus and HTLV-1—induce cancers by varied mechanisms.
Protein—Tyrosine Kinases and Their Substrates

Protein phosphorylation, through its ability to increase or decrease the activity of proteins, plays a central role in cellular regulation. Most proteins known to be regulated by phosphorylation are substrates for both a protein kinase and a protein phosphatase. Indeed, the ready reversibility of protein phosphorylation makes it ideally suited for rapid responses. Protein phosphorylation is used extensively in the internal cellular response pathways to external stimuli. Receptor-mediated recognition of hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters is commonly transduced across the plasma membrane through the activation of intracellular protein kinases. Many of the surface receptors for peptide mitogens are themselves membrane-spanning protein kinases consisting of an external ligand-binding domain and a cytoplasmic protein kinase domain (for review, see Yarden and Ullrich, 1988). The EGF, PDGF, and CSF-1 receptors are examples of this type. In these cases signal transduction is a direct result of activation of the receptor protein kinase upon binding of the growth factor.
Framing second generation gender bias: Implications for women's entrepreneurship

The effect of second generation gender bias or ‘implicit bias’ on women’s careers is receiving greater attention. Recent research has linked second generation gender bias to the entrepreneurial pro...
Finding a Mentor

We struggle through our careers much as the struggle of the classic hero/heroine in mythology. We fall from grace, face insurmountable odds and multiple challenges, meet several friends along our journey, and, in the end, we find our true selves. In that classic progression, one of the most important roles is that of the wise guardian and guide who helps put the protagonist on the right path, with the tools they need to reach their goal. In much the same way, a surgeon must always find a mentor, or several, to guide them in their postgraduate lives.
New human chromosomal safe harbor sites for genome engineering with CRISPR/Cas9, TAL effector and homing endonucleases

Safe Harbor Sites (SHS) are genomic locations where new genes or genetic elements can be introduced without disrupting the expression or regulation of adjacent genes. We have identified 35 potential new human SHS in order to substantially expand SHS options beyond the three widely used canonical human SHS, AAVS1, CCR5 and hROSA26. All 35 potential new human SHS and the three canonical sites were assessed for SHS potential using 9 different criteria weighted to emphasize safety that were broader and more genomics-based than previous efforts to assess SHS potential. We then systematically compared and rank-ordered our 35 new sites and the widely used human AAVS1, hROSA26 and CCR5 sites, then experimentally validated a subset of the highly ranked new SHS together versus the canonical AAVS1 site. These characterizations included in vitro and in vivo cleavage-sensitivity tests; the assessment of population-level sequence variants that might confound SHS targeting or use for genome engineering; homology-dependent and -independent, SHS-targeted transgene integration in different human cell lines; and comparative transgene integration efficiencies at two new SHS versus the canonical AAVS1 site. Stable expression and function of new SHS-integrated transgenes were demonstrated for transgene-encoded fluorescent proteins, selection cassettes and Cas9 variants including a transcription transactivator protein that were shown to drive large deletions in a PAX3/FOXO1 fusion oncogene and induce expression of the MYF5 gene that is normally silent in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We also developed a SHS genome engineering "toolkit" to enable facile use of the most extensively characterized of our new human SHS located on chromosome 4p. We anticipate our newly identified human SHS, located on 16 chromosomes including both arms of the human X chromosome, will be useful in enabling a wide range of basic and more clinically-oriented human gene editing and engineering.
Consensus statement: octreotide dose titration in secretory diarrhea. Diarrhea Management Consensus Development Panel

Octreotide is an effective therapeutic option in controlling secretory diarrhea of varied etiology. However, marked patient-to-patient differences in the antidiarrheal effects necessitate titration of octreotide dose in individual patients to achieve optimal symptom control. A consensus development panel established guidelines for octreotide dose titration in patients with secretory diarrhea. Overall, the panel recommended an aggressive approach in selecting the initial octreotide dose and in making subsequent dose escalations in patients with secretory diarrhea due to gastrointestinal tumors (eg, carcinoids, VIPomas), AIDS, dumping syndrome, short bowel syndrome, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. To avoid hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus-associated secretory diarrhea, the panel recommended a low initial octreotide dose and a conservative titration regimen with close monitoring of blood glucose levels. The end point of therapy should focus on a reduction in diarrhea (frequency of bowel movements or stool volume) rather than normalization of hormonal profile. Overall, octreotide is well tolerated; principal side effects are transient injection site pain and gastrointestinal discomfort. For many patients with secretory diarrhea, octreotide therapy is expected to improve the overall health and quality of life and in the long run will lessen health care costs.
Orbiting astronomical observatory-Copernicus

Of the three observatories planned in NASA's OAO program, one, OAO-3, is still in orbit and producing scientifically useful data. The prime experiment is the Princeton telescope spectrometer. Following a brief history of the OAO program, a description is given of the Princeton telescope with its 80-cm primary mirror, and of the spectrometer, which yields a resolution of up to 0.05 A. The spacecraft guidance system is also described. This system initially points the observatory to within a few arc minutes of the target, places the 0.3-arc sec slit on the star in less than 3 minutes, and holds on the star for up to 50 minutes with errors less than 0.05 arc sec. The main scientific results are described under the following categories: (1) the widespread presence of molecular hydrogen; (2) the search for other molecules, including detection of CO; (3) the nature of the interstellar medium as inferred from the detection of various atomic lines; (4) the study of chromospheres in late type stars; and (5) the study of mass loss in binaries and single stars.
Effective Time Management Strategies for Conducting Laboratory Research

Time is a precious commodity for those conducting basic science research. For surgeon-scientists, effective time management is an important skill to master. This includes detailed, advanced planning of experiments for the day, week, month, and beyond. Efficient collection of data will not only provide preliminary data for grant proposals, but will allow for timely publication of results, proper utilization of personnel and funds, fulfillment of commitments, and the establishment of balance—to the extent possible—between work and life outside the laboratory. Ineffective time management can delay your academic advancement, increase personal stress, and decrease personal satisfaction. Instead of trying to create more time in a day, or more days in a week, effective time management allows us to use our time wisely.
Strengthening spatial reasoning: elucidating the attentional and neural mechanisms associated with mental rotation skill development

Spatial reasoning is a critical skill in many everyday tasks and in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. The current study examined how training on mental rotation (a spatial reasoning task) impacts the completeness of an encoded representation and the ability to rotate the representation. We used a multisession, multimethod design with an active control group to determine how mental rotation ability impacts performance for a trained stimulus category and an untrained stimulus category. Participants in the experimental group (n = 18) showed greater improvement than the active control group (n = 18) on the mental rotation tasks. The number of saccades between objects decreased and saccade amplitude increased after training, suggesting that participants in the experimental group encoded more of the object and possibly had more complete mental representations after training. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data revealed distinct neural activation associated with mental rotation, notably in the right motor cortex and right lateral occipital cortex. These brain areas are often associated with rotation and encoding complete representations, respectively. Furthermore, logistic regression revealed that activation in these brain regions during the post-training scan significantly predicted training group assignment. Overall, the current study suggests that effective mental rotation training protocols should aim to improve the encoding and manipulation of mental representations.
Mode Switching in a Metallic Photonic Crystal Slab

We demonstrate selective mode switching between substrate and superstate Fano resonances in a metallic photonic crystal slab. A maximum experimental modulation depth of ∼45% was achieved for the (−1 0) superstate mode at 755 nm.
Regulatory Elements Inserted into AAVs Confer Preferential Activity in Cortical Interneurons.

Cortical interneuron (CIN) dysfunction is thought to play a major role in neuropsychiatric conditions like epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism. It is therefore essential to understand how the development, physiology and functions of CINs influence cortical circuit activity and behavior in model organisms such as mice and primates. While transgenic driver lines are powerful tools for studying CINs in mice, this technology is limited in other species. An alternative approach is to use viral vectors such as AAV, which can be used in multiple species including primates and also have potential for therapeutic use in humans. Thus, we sought to discover gene regulatory enhancer elements (REs) that can be used in viral vectors to drive expression in specific cell types. The present study describes the systematic genome-wide identification of putative REs (pREs) that are preferentially active in immature CINs by histone modification ChIP-seq. We evaluated two novel pREs in AAV vectors, alongside the well-established Dlx I12b enhancer, and found that they drove CIN-specific reporter expression in adult mice. We also showed that the identified Arl4d pRE could drive sufficient expression of channelrhodopsin for optogenetic rescue of behavioral deficits in the Dlx5/6+/- mouse model of fast-spiking CIN dysfunction. Significance Statement Uncovering the contribution of cortical interneuron (CIN) dysfunction to neuropsychiatric conditions is pivotal to generating therapies for these debilitating disorders. To this end, it is important to study the development, physiology and function of CINs in model organisms. While transgenic driver lines are powerful tools to study CINs in mice, this technology is limited in other species. As an alternative, gene regulatory enhancer elements (REs) can be used in viral vectors to drive expression in multiple species including primates. The present study describes the genome-wide identification of REs preferentially active in CINs and the use of these RE AAVs for CIN-specific targeting in adult mice. The methodology and novel REs described here provide new tools for studying and targeting CINs.
Role and Novel Trends of Production Network Simulation

Production networks are complex systems consisting of distributed entities that cooperate in manufacturing scenarios in a long term/stable collaboration time horizon. In order to govern the network complexity, manage the risks and dynamically predict the impacts of decisions before their implementation, simulation can be applied. The paper presents an overview on the state of the art of production network simulation, including also supply networks, and outlines evolution trends and challenges for further developments in this field. Trends and proposed challenges mainly deal with interdisciplinary research approaches, inclusion of sustainable development dimensions in the application scopes of simulation, and enabling simulation technologies and architectures.
Sevelamer crystals—an unusual cause of large bowel obstruction

Sevelamer is a common phosphate binder used to manage hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease. The medication has a well-documented gastrointestinal side-effect profile including nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. There are few case reports of Sevelamer crystal deposition causing gastrointestinal mucosal injury, pseudotumor or obstruction. Here, we discuss a patient on Sevelamer who required operative management of a sigmoid obstruction. Surgical pathology showed pericolonic abscess with Sevelamer crystals.
214 Pediatric diabetes care and insurance choice

Evaluating the delivery of pediatrics diabetes medical care cannot be done promptly without the analysis of the role of insurance companies since they have a major role in covering the cost of care starting from contracting with health care systems, providing insulin, medication, and diabetes supplies and allowing prompt referrals to other ancillary health care providers. The objective of the study is to get feedback evaluation from families about their insurance companies regarding diabetes care. We surveyed 100 families with children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in our practice, seeking their opinions about the delivery of diabetes care. In a confidential questionnaire, we asked about family experiences related to satisfaction with their insurance companies in providing diabetes supplies, medications and health provider coverage. 75% of families had commercial insurance while 25% had government supported one. 90% of families felt that they had a choice in finding the right physician to seek diabetes care. 50% of families were not satisfied with their insurance providers’ coverage, 48% were satisfied and 2% were neutral Diabetes management is one of the main global public health concerns. Diabetes-related health expenditures for pediatrics diabetes has been increasing worldwide due to the increased incidence of type 1 diabetes and obesity-related type 2 diabetes in children. The economic burden is considered very complex due to the chronic nature of this diagnosis. Outcomes and adherence to diabetes treatment depend on insurance status. Patients with insurance were most likely to get (HbA1c) testing, foot and eye exams, diabetes education, and influenza immunization. The fear of out-of-pocket costs could lead to poor access to health care and poor utilization of diabetes care.
The posterior superior iliac rim screw as an adjunct to pelvic fixation in complex spinopelvic stabilization

ABSTRACT Background Fixation to the ilium is a commonly used alternative or supplement to sacral fixation in complex spinopelvic reconstructions. This can be achieved with traditional posterior superior iliac spine or S2 alar-iliac screws. Posterior superior iliac rim screws may be considered to achieve or enhance pelvic fixation. The objective of this case series was to describe the use of and indications for posterior superior iliac rim screws. Methods A retrospective review was performed of the medical records and radiographic data for three patients who underwent complex lumbosacral reconstructions involving the use of posterior superior iliac rim screws to enhance pelvic fixation. The cases included a 35-year-old with bilateral sacral fractures, a 43-year-old with extensive metastatic sarcoma to the sacrum, and a 48-year-old with multiple lumbar and pelvic fractures. An overview of the key surgical techniques is provided. Results All three patients tolerated the procedure, without any unexpected post-operative complications or deficits. Radiographs at last follow-up showed stable fixation and no hardware issues. Conclusions The use of posterior superior iliac rim screws as an adjunct method of fixation in complex spinopelvic reconstructions is a feasible option that can be considered in the fixation armamentarium.
4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan Isolated from the Midrib of Nicotiana tabacum

An acidic xylan from the midrib of Nicotiana tabacum was isolated by alkaline extraction and fractionation on a DEAE-cellulose column. Based on the results of methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis and Smith degradation, the acidic xylan was concluded to be composed of a linear backbone of β-(1→4)-linked D-xylopyranosyl residues with approximately every ninth residue carrying a terminal 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid residue linked as a single side chain by (1→2) linkage.
The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance: Evidence from 1993-2013

Non- and Deferred Prosecution Agreements (N/DPAs) are controversial because prosecutors, not judges or the legislature, are changing the governance of leading public corporations and entire industries. To analyze N/DPAs’ corporate governance implications and provide policy makers with guidance, the authors code all publicly available N/DPAs (N=271) from 1993 to 2013, identifying 215 governance categories and subcategories. The authors find evidence that the execution of N/DPAs is associated with significant corporate governance changes. The study categorizes mandated corporate governance changes for entities that executed an N/DPA as follows: (1) Business Changes, (2) Board Changes, (3) Senior Management, (4) Monitoring, (5) Cooperation, (6) Compliance Program, and (7) Waiver of Rights. The authors supplement the analysis of governance changes in these categories with a more in depth evaluation of the respective subcategories of governance changes. The authors also code and analyze preemptive remedial measures, designed by corporations to preempt the execution of an N/DPA or corporate criminal indictment. The paper evaluates the implications of the empirical evidence for boards, management, and legal practitioners.