cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of pea stem tissues with different phytochrome contents to red light dosage.

Partially de-etiolated Pisum stem segment tissues with a 4-fold difference in spectrophotometrically measurable phytochrome react in the same way to the same percentage conversion of phytochrome to the PFR form (1). These results are consistent with the theory that the amount of physiologically active phytochrome is so low that it is spectrophotometrically unmeasurable, while the bulk of the phytochrome is physiologically inactive and quantitatively variable. If this theory is correct, it is nevertheless possible that the bulk form functions as an accessory pigment by absorbing light and transferring the energy to the active centers which are then aible to cause a physiological response, However, the results cited above were not done in a manner that would detect such an effect if it were present. There are 2 methods of establishing various percentages of PFR: in the photostationary state technique, sources of mixed red and far-red light are given to saturation, and the final pigment ratio is dependent on the quality of the light mixture. The alternative (red dosage) method employs very short exposures to pure red or far-red light so that the amount of pigment converted is limited by the incident energy. The latter method is generally much less convenient, and it has been shown that with etiolated Pisum and Avena tissues,
Development of a system for acquiring, reconstructing, and visualizing three-dimensional ultrasonic angiograms

We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) imaging system using power Doppler (PD) ultrasound (US). This system can be used for visualizing and analyzing the vascular anatomy of parenchymal organs. To create the 3D PD images, we acquired a series of two-dimensional PD images from a commercial US scanner and recorded the position and orientation of each image using a 3D magnetic position sensor. Three-dimensional volumes were reconstructed using specially designed software and then volume rendered for display. We assessed the feasibility and geometric accuracy of our system with various flow phantoms. The system was then tested on a volunteer by scanning a transplanted kidney. The reconstructed volumes of the flow phantom contained less than 1 mm of geometric distortion and the 3D images of the transplanted kidney depicted the segmental, arcuate, and interlobar vessels.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Counseling would‐be entrepreneurs

The aim of this article is to provide counselors, academic advisers, and career coaches with a basic understanding of entrepreneurial careers. After presenting a brief history of entrepreneurship, the authors discuss various psychological, social, and economic factors associated with selecting, preparing for, and remaining successful in an entrepreneurial career. They also discuss various ways counselors can help aspiring entrepreneurs achieve their goals. An extensive annotated bibliography of online entrepreneurship resources is included.
Solution of an oxygen diffusion-absorption problem.

Abstract The problem of oxygen diffusion into absorbing tissue is complex, and any attempt to model this process involves simplifications of the actual biological processes. Herein is presented a mathematical model of this problem, using cylindrically-shaped sections of tissue. Experimental data has been found for this problem in the literature, and good agreement is obtained for two cases using this model. It is shown that the truncation method is a useful and accurate method for solving oxygen diffusion-absorption problems. Furthermore, if enough experimental data is available, then some conclusions may be made concerning the boundary shapes and the absorption functions obtained by modeling this data. These may possibly be used as predictive guidelines for other studies.
Frequency-temperature compensation of piezoelectric resonators by electric DC bias field

Electromechanical resonators have been widely used in signal processing and frequency control applications. It has been found that the resonant frequency of most resonator devices is highly temperature dependent, as temperature variation leads to materials properties change as well as resonator dimension change, which result in the undesirable shift of the resonance frequency. In this paper, we present a new frequency tuning method in which direct current (DC) bias field is used to control the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric resonator that is subjected to ambient temperature variations. It has been found that, depending on the polarity, the application of a DC bias field can reduce or increase the resonance frequency of the resonator. The experimental results demonstrate that the DC bias field tuning can achieve fairly good temperature compensation within a certain temperature range, and that the mechanical Q factor of the resonator is quite stable under different DC bias fields.
The dialectic method in debate

(1939). The dialectic method in debate. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 243-248.
Assessment of Progression and Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis by Intravascular Ultrasound. A New Paradigm Shift

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has emerged as a powerful imaging modality for the assessment of the arterial wall and it’s response to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque. The ability to image the coronary arteries on a serial basis provides a unique opportunity for IVUS to monitor the impact that potential anti-atherosclerotic strategies exert on plaque burden. As a result, studies incorporating serial IVUS imaging as the primary endpoint have demonstrated that therapeutic strategies that modify LDL, HDL, and blood pressure in patients with established coronary artery disease can have a profound impact on the progression of atherosclerotic plaque. This heralds a paradigm shift that emphasizes plaque regression as a potential target in the development of preventive strategies.
Heterogeneity in MT1-MMP activity with ischemia-reperfusion and previous myocardial infarction: relation to regional myocardial function

After a myocardial infarction (MI), an episode of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) can result in a greater impairment of left ventricular (LV) regional function (LVRF) than that caused by an initial I/R episode in the absence of MI. Membrane type-I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) proteolytically processes the myocardial matrix and is upregulated in LV failure. This study tested the central hypothesis that a differential induction of MT1-MMP occurs and is related to LVRF after I/R in the context of a previous MI. Pigs with a previous MI [3 wk postligation of the left circumflex artery (LCx)] or no MI were randomized to undergo I/R [60-min/120-min left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion] or no I/R as follows: no MI and no I/R (n = 6), no MI and I/R (n = 8), MI and no I/R (n = 8), and MI and I/R (n = 8). Baseline LVRF (regional stroke work, sonomicrometry) was lower in the LAD region in the MI group compared with no MI (103 ± 12 vs. 188 ± 26 mmHg·mm, P < 0.05) and remained lower with peak ischemia (35 ± 8 vs. 88 ± 17 mmHg·mm, P < 0.05). Using a novel interstitial microdialysis method, MT1-MMP was directly measured and was over threefold higher in the LCx region and over twofold higher in the LAD region in the MI group compared with the no MI group at baseline. MT1-MMP fluorogenic activity was persistently elevated in the LCx region in the MI and I/R group but remained unchanged in the LAD region. In contrast, no changes in MT1-MMP occurred in the LCx region in the no MI and I/R group but increased in the LAD region. MT1-MMP mRNA was increased by over threefold in the MI region in the MI and I/R group. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that a heterogeneous response in MT1-MMP activity likely contributes to regional dysfunction with I/R and that a subsequent episode of I/R activates a proteolytic cascade within the MI region that may contribute to a continued adverse remodeling process.
Caveolin-3 suppresses late sodium current by inhibiting nNOS-dependent S-nitrosylation of SCN5A

Aims: Mutations in CAV3-encoding caveolin-3 (Cav3) have been implicated in type 9 long QT syndrome (LQT9) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). When co-expressed with SCN5A-encoded cardiac sodium channels these mutations increased late sodium current (INa) but the mechanism was unclear. The present study was designed to address the mechanism by which the LQT9-causing mutant Cav3-F97C affects the function of caveolar SCN5A. Methods and results: HEK-293 cells expressing SCN5A and LQT9 mutation Cav3-F97C resulted in a 2-fold increase in late INa compared to Cav3-WT. This increase was reversed by the neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor L-NMMA. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that an nNOS complex mediated the effect of Cav3 on SCN5A. A SCN5A macromolecular complex was established in HEK-293 cells by transiently expressing SCN5A, α1-syntrophin (SNTA1), nNOS, and Cav3. Compared with Cav3-WT, Cav3-F97C produced significantly larger peak INa amplitudes, and showed 3.3-fold increase in the late INa associated with increased S-nitrosylation of SCN5A. L-NMMA reversed both the Cav3-F97C induced increase in late and peak INa and decreased S-nitrosylation of SCN5A. Overexpression of Cav3-F97C in adult rat cardiomyocytes caused a significant increase in late INa compared to Cav3-WT, and prolonged the action potential duration (APD90) in a nNOS-dependent manner. Conclusions: Cav3 is identified as an important negative regulator for cardiac late INa via nNOS dependent direct S-nitrosylation of SCN5A. This provides a molecular mechanism for how Cav3 mutations increase late INa to cause LQT9. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Na+ Regulation in Cardiac Myocytes”.
Superhyperfine structure of YB3+-noble metal associates in CdTe

Abstract The g-factors and observation of ligand superhyperfine structure in the electron paramagnetic resonance of new Yb3+ centers in CdTe are reported. It is concluded that the Yb3+ ion is interstitial and is associated with three of four noble metals ions.
Treatment of uranium-contaminated waters using organic-based permeable reactive barriers

A literature review and screening study suggest the feasibility of using low-cost organic materials within a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to treat ura-nium-contaminated water. Natural peat deposits remove and sequester ura-nium from ground water under certain geochemical conditions while several species of bacteria, including Desulfovibrio desulfuricans precipitate soluble uranium from solution. Cation exchange capacities were measured for saw-dust and peat, materials to be used in construction of a small-scale PRB. Re-sults of a literature review and the cation exchange capacity measurements suggest that organic materials, such as peat, can be used to remove soluble uranium from contaminated water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mössbauer spectrum curve fitting with a personal computer

Abstract A method to perform Mossbauer spectrum curve fitting with a personal computer is presented. A modified Gauss-Newton algorithm for the least squares determination of nonlinear parameters is used in order to write computer codes that perform satisfactorily within the small memory sizes of personal computers. Mossbauer spectrum curve fitting with an IBM AT personal computer takes about 20 minutes of computing time to fit a pure Fe sextet spectrum and about 2 hours to fit a relatively complicated spectrum. The quality of the curve fitting with the personal computer is identical to that fitted with a mainframe computer.
Eucalyptus: Support for Effective Use of Persistent Memory

Persistent memory modules with performance similar to that of standard DRAM are becoming commercially available. In addition to the potential decrease in cost and/or capacity, the nonvolatility of data stored in them is opening new doors to improved performance and new capabilities in a wide range of applications. In this paper we address issues involved in providing the software support for effective use of such memory systems. In particular, we discuss the API to be used for accessing persistent memory and propose a novel scheme to provide atomic and in order memory access. Insuring that memory access are performed in order and if need be atomically has turned out to be a significant challenge in the presence of one or more levels of volatile caches. The solutions offered to this date either require disabling caching, significant changes in the hardware, or frequent use of cache flushes and memory fences. All these requirements have a significant impact on the system performance. In contrast, Eucalyptus presented in paper is a software only solution which relaxes these requirements by separating consistency and persistency of data. Preliminary results obtained from our prototype are presented as well.
There May Be More to Myocardial Viability Than Meets the Eye

According to the Oxford English Dictionary , “viable” means “capable of living.”1 Incorrectly, the terms viable and capable of contracting in the presence of adequate blood flow have been used interchangeably for the myocardium. Consequently, it has been suggested that viable myocardium is only that which demonstrates improved thickening after restoration of blood flow.2 This definition of viability is inaccurate because it ignores a fundamental physiological principle: that at rest, most left ventricular wall thickening occurs as a result of endocardial thickening; the middle layer of the myocardium contributes only modestly to thickening; and the contribution of the epicardium is negligible (Fig 1⇓).3 4 Thus, if the endocardium is necrosed, wall thickening will be significantly diminished at rest even if blood flow is restored to the middle and outer thirds of the ventricular wall.5 When infarction involves <20% of the wall thickness, hypokinesia is noted. When it involves ≥20% of the wall thickness, akinesia or dyskinesia is seen.6 Defining viability as recovery in regional function after revascularization also presupposes that revascularization successfully restores resting nutrient blood flow to normal levels. It ignores the all too frequent occurrence of inadequate revascularization for technical reasons, poor distal runoff, or the presence of abnormal microvasculature within the revascularized bed.7 Thus, defining viability as recovery of regional function after a revascularization procedure is inaccurate, albeit expedient. Ideally, the definition of viability should be as simple as that in the Oxford English Dictionary . It should also be independent of the result of an intervention, be it percutaneous or surgical. The ideal imaging method for assessing viability should be able to delineate infarcted from noninfarcted tissue with the same resolution as shown in Fig 2⇓, in which infarction represents nonviable tissue and the rest of …
Acedia: The etiology of work-engendered depression

Abstract There has been a general failure among mental health theorists and social psychologists to understand the etiology of work-engendered depression. Yet the condition is increasingly prevalent in highly industrialized societies, where an exclusionary focus upon work, money, and the things that money can buy has displaced values that traditionally exerted a liberating and humanizing influence. Social critics have called the result an impoverishment of the spirit, a state of cultural bankruptcy, and an incapacity for genuine leisure. From a clinical perspective, the condition has been diagnosed as widespread narcissism and obsessive work. Acedia , a concept developed by the Scholastics, throws clarifying light on the origin of this form of depression. I consider reality to be the thing one need concern oneself about least of all, for it is, tediously enough, always at hand while more beautiful and necessary things demand our attention and care.
A global optimization algorithm for nonconvex generalized disjunctive programming and applications to process systems

Abstract A global optimization algorithm for nonconvex Generalized Disjunctive Programming (GDP) problems is proposed in this paper. By making use of convex underestimating functions for bilinear, linear fractional and concave separable functions in the continuous variables, the convex hull of each nonlinear disjunction is constructed. The relaxed convex GDP problem is then solved in the first level of a two-level branch and bound algorithm, in which a discrete branch and bound search is performed on the disjunctions to predict lower bounds. In the second level, a spatial branch and bound method is used to solve nonconvex NLP problems for updating the upper bound. The proposed algorithm exploits the convex hull relaxation for the discrete search, and the fact that the spatial branch and bound is restricted to fixed discrete variables in order to predict tight lower bounds. Application of the proposed algorithm to several example problems is shown, as well as a comparison with other algorithms.
Alkylation and carbamoylation intermediates from the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl -1-nitrosourea (CCNU)

Abstract Evidence is presented which shows that 1-(2-chloroethyl) -3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) upon degradation provides a 2-chloroethyl alkylating intermediate, possibly 2-chloroethyl carbonium ion, and 2-chloroethanol. Thiol alkylation occurs in vivo and a major urinary metabolite of CCNU is thiodiacetic acid. A rapid microsomal hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring occurs which yields varying ratios of at least five metabolites: cis or trans 2-hydroxy, trans- 3-hydroxy, cis-3-hydroxy, cis-4-hydroxy and trans-4- hydroxy-CCNU. In vivo carbamoylation appears to not be due to cyclohexylisocyanate but to the various hydroxy-cyclohexylisocyanates which are formed from hydroxy CCNU metabolites.
Computational Study of the Air/Fuel Mixture in a Small Spark Ignition Engine

In an effort to understand the fluid dynamics in the droplet formation process, during the fuel delivery portion of operation of a small spark ignition engine, a computational study of the process was undertaken. A combination of high-speed photography and Computational Fluid Dynamics was used to investigate the droplet formation process. Droplets of liquid are stripped from a column of liquid and entrained in a high velocity, cross-flow air stream. This process is known as aerodynamic stripping. This aerodynamic stripping is the process by which fuel is metered and delivered to a spark ignition engine. The condition of the fuel and air mixtures has an impact on the combustion event in the engine. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the fuel delivery process is desirable. This paper details a comprehensive CFD model that was created to explore the possibility of modeling the droplet breakup process. The mesh density required for this analysis was investigated. The accuracy of the predictions was verified by comparing the CFD results with high-speed film taken of the process. The results show that the process can be modeled accurately, provided the correct size mesh is used, and that the predicted droplets compare well with those seen in the film.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An Exploration of Hmong Women's Perspectives on Cancer

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of Hmong women on cancer, using focus groups as the research method. Methods Two focus group interviews were conducted and the narrative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results Themes that emerged from the focus group discussions included “fatalistic and ‘black and white’ thinking”, “valuing rumors rather than scientific information”, “strong adherence to traditional medicine”, “male leaders controlling health care decisions”, “embarrassment discussing women’s bodies”, and “preferred strategies in addressing cancer”. Conclusion Many Hmong people in the United States believe that both traditional and Western health care practices are effective, but when health professionals do not address differences in language, communication, and beliefs about health, trust between the provider and client may erode. The findings of this study provide new insight into the importance of cultural accommodation to improve early cancer detection in the Hmong community. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(2):82–91]
Free Vibration of Helical Springs

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the coupled extensional-torsional vibration of helical springs. The shapes of the individual waves are simple, but the oscillation of the spring is complex due to the interaction and superposition of the component waves
Evidence and Education

Given the illustrious list of prior awardees, I feel deeply honored to have been the James B. Herrick Lecturer for 2010.1 In planning my Herrick lecture, I thought it would be instructive to use the legacy of Dr Herrick as a lens to assess the evolution of how we acquire evidence and organize our educational mission. This article is based on the 2010 Herrick Lecture but also includes some additional material derived from my own experience in clinical research and writing guidelines documents. Ninety-eight years ago, Dr Herrick published his classic article on the sudden obstruction of a coronary artery, emphasizing that this event was not uniformly fatal.2 He hypothesized that when a coronary was occluded, left ventricular function could be preserved by enhancing collateral flow.2 Herrick was clearly a master clinician, a keen observer of his patients, and, I would argue, a nascent clinical investigator. However, unlike today's clinical investigators, Herrick was not able to test hypotheses, such as the one about improving collateral flow, because conspicuously absent from his black bag were modern day methods for acquiring the evidence to make an informed therapeutic decision. Our evidence toolbox grew with a watershed event in 1948 when Doll, D'Arcy Hart, and Avery Jones working in the United Kingdom introduced the concept of randomization of individual subjects.3 These early randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not in cardiology but involved pertussis vaccine and streptomycin for tuberculosis. Major research concepts that influence our contemporary research strategies including informed consent, the ethics of RCTs, and blinding grew out of this early experience. Another major advance in clinical trial methodology came 10 years later in 1958. A mathematician working at Bell Labs …
Oncolytic Measles Virus Expressing the Sodium Iodide Symporter to Treat Drug-Resistant Ovarian Cancer

Edmonston vaccine strains of measles virus (MV) have significant antitumor activity in mouse xenograft models of ovarian cancer. MV engineered to express the sodium iodide symporter gene (MV-NIS) facilitates localization of viral gene expression and offers a tool for tumor radiovirotherapy. Here, we report results from a clinical evaluation of MV-NIS in patients with taxol- and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. MV-NIS was given intraperitoneally every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles. Treatment was well tolerated and associated with promising median overall survival in these patients with heavily pretreated ovarian cancer; no dose-limiting toxicity was observed in 16 patients treated at high-dose levels (10(8)-10(9) TCID50), and their median overall survival of 26.5 months compared favorably with other contemporary series. MV receptor CD46 and nectin-4 expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in patient tumors. Sodium iodide symporter expression in patient tumors after treatment was confirmed in three patients by (123)I uptake on SPECT/CTs and was associated with long progression-free survival. Immune monitoring posttreatment showed an increase in effector T cells recognizing the tumor antigens IGFBP2 and FRα, indicating that MV-NIS treatment triggered cellular immunity against the patients' tumor and suggesting that an immune mechanism mediating the observed antitumor effect. Our findings support further clinical evaluation of MV-NIS as an effective immunovirotherapy.
An improved procedure for the isolation of dhurrin

Abstract Dhurrin was first isolated in pure crystalline form by Mao et al. who reported on its physical properties. A continuing interest in dhurrin biosynthesis along with a need for several grams of dhurrin prompted a development of its isolation on a larger scale. Because phenolic compounds have been isolated using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for chromatography, this adsorbent was investigated for purifying dhurrin from salts and glucose present in extracts of sorghum.
Micronutrients and Innate Immunity

Micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, β-carotene, vitamins A, C, and E, and folic acid can influence several components of innate immunity. Select micronutrients play an important role in alteration of oxidant-mediated tissue injury, and phagocytic cells produce reactive oxidants as part of the defense against infectious agents. Thus, adequate micronutrients are required to prevent damage of cells participating in innate immunity. Deficiencies in zinc and vitamins A and D may reduce natural killer cell function, whereas supplemental zinc or vitamin C may enhance their activity. The specific effects of micronutrients on neutrophil functions are not clear. Select micronutrients may play a role in innate immunity associated with some disease processes. Future studies should focus on issues such as age-related micronutrient status and innate immunity, alterations of micronutrients in disease states and their effect on innate immunity, and the mechanisms by which micronutrients alter innate immunity.
Schooling, Language, and Ethnic Identity in the Basque Autonomous Community

Basque-versus Spanish-schooled students in San Sebastian, Spain, understand ethnic identity differently. The former are more likely to speak Basque and to consider the Basque language key to Basque identity. The latter are more likely to claim “biethnic” identities based on territory. The Basque case suggests that an understanding of educational efforts to reverse language shift require an examination of the language ideologies reigning in popular culture, the public sphere, and the home and school domains.
Implementation of Flow Tripping Capability in the USM3D Unstructured Flow Solver

A flow tripping capability is added to an established NASA tetrahedral unstructured parallel Navier-Stokes flow solver, USM3D. The capability is based on prescribing an appropriate profile of turbulence model variables to energize the boundary layer in a plane normal to a specified trip region on the body surface. We demonstrate this approach using the k-epsilon two-equation turbulence model of USM3D. Modification to the solution procedure primarily consists of developing a data structure to identify all unstructured tetrahedral grid cells located in the plane normal to a specified surface trip region and computing a function based on the mean flow solution to specify the modified profile of the turbulence model variables. We leverage this data structure and also show an adjunct approach that is based on enforcing a laminar flow condition on the otherwise fully turbulent flow solution in user-specified region. The latter approach is applied for the solutions obtained using other one-and two-equation turbulence models of USM3D. A key ingredient of the present capability is the use of a graphical user-interface tool PREDISC to define a trip region on the body surface in an existing grid. Verification of the present modifications is demonstrated on three cases, namely, a flat plate, the RAE2822 airfoil, and the DLR F6 wing-fuselage configuration.
Dissociation of Transcription from Translation of Human IL-1β: Induction of Steady State mRNA by Adherence or Recombinant C5a in the Absence of Translation

Abstractinterleukin (IL) 1 is an important mediator of local and systemic disease. Blocking IL-1 using the IL-1 receptor antagonist has reduced the severity of disease in animal models of septic shock, diabetes, graft-vs-host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and the spontaneous proliferation of leukemia cells. Blocking IL-1 and reduction in the synthesis of IL-1 are important strategies for reducing the progression of inflammatory disease and autoimmune diseases. Nature, however, maintains control over the synthesis of IL-1 by dissociating transcription for translation. In this paper, the basis for the dissociation of IL-1β synthesis of mRNA from synthesis of the IL-1β protein is reviewed.
The influence of air quality model resolution on health impact assessment for fine particulate matter and its components

Health impact assessments for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) often rely on simulated concentrations generated from air quality models. However, at the global level, these models often run at coarse resolutions, resulting in underestimates of peak concentrations in populated areas. This study aims to quantitatively examine the influence of model resolution on the estimates of mortality attributable to PM2.5 and its species in the USA. We use GEOS-Chem, a global 3-D model of atmospheric composition, to simulate the 2008 annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and its six species over North America. The model was run at a fine resolution of 0.5 × 0.66° and a coarse resolution of 2 × 2.5°, and mortality was calculated using output at the two resolutions. Using the fine-modeled concentrations, we estimate that 142,000 PM2.5-related deaths occurred in the USA in 2008, and the coarse resolution produces a national mortality estimate that is 8 % lower than the fine-model estimate. Our spatial analysis of mortality shows that coarse resolutions tend to substantially underestimate mortality in large urban centers. We also re-grid the fine-modeled concentrations to several coarser resolutions and repeat mortality calculation at these resolutions. We found that model resolution tends to have the greatest influence on mortality estimates associated with primary species and the least impact on dust-related mortality. Our findings provide evidence of possible biases in quantitative PM2.5 health impact assessments in applications of global atmospheric models at coarse spatial resolutions.
The Society's Lecture 1987 The Use of Models in Human-Computer Interface Design

A user-centred approach to human-computer interface design requires that the designer has appropriate tools to aid in the design process and employs iterative design procedures which incorporate user evaluations. The concept of using models of the user as an interface design tool is discussed, and several approaches to user modelling are described. These approaches are divided into the broad categories of conceptual and quantitative models. Conceptual models deal primarily with representations of users1 cognitive processes, structures and strategies. Quantitative models include performance, ergonomic, computer simulation and statistical models. Examples of both a conceptual and a quantitative model are provided to illustrate human-computer interface design implications. Some unresolved issues pertaining to both categories of models are discussed, and recommendations are made to improve modelling as an interface design tool.
Descriptions of superparasitism by optimal foraging theory, evolutionarily stable strategies and quantitative genetics

Many parasitoids superparasitize, in which an insect attacks a previously parasitized host, laying an egg in the host even though only one offspring will emerge from the host. In this paper superparasitism is considered from the perspectives of optimal foraging theory, evolutionarily stable strategies, and quantitative genetics. The focal question is: at what point in its life should an individual parasitoid begin attacking previously parasitized hosts? Each of the three theoretical methods can be used to answer the question and by doing so, we see how the three methods are connected. Qualitative, empirical predictions based on the theories are described.
Development of the Groupthink Assessment Inventory

This paper reports the development of the Groupthink Assessment Inventory (GAI)—a paper-and-pencil instrument that assesses the critical variables of Janis's groupthink hypothesis. The major tenets...
β-Lapachone ameliorization of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

β-Lapachone is a naturally occurring quinine, originally isolated from the bark of the lapacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae) which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. In addition, recent investigations suggest its potential application for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by CNS inflammation and demyelination. Reactive T cells including IL-17 and IFN-γ-secreting T cells are believed to initiate MS and the associated animal model system experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). IL-12 family cytokines secreted by peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) and CNS microglia are capable of modulating T-cell phenotypes. The present studies demonstrated that β-lapachone selectively inhibited the expression of IL-12 family cytokines including IL-12 and IL-23 by DCs and microglia, and reduced IL-17 production by CD4(+) T-cells indirectly through suppressing IL-23 expression by microglia. Importantly, our studies also demonstrated that β-lapachone ameliorated the development on EAE. β-Lapachone suppression of EAE was associated with decreased expression of mRNAs encoding IL-12 family cytokines, IL-23R and IL-17RA, and molecules important in Toll-like receptor signaling. Collectively, these studies suggest mechanisms by which β-lapachone suppresses EAE and suggest that β-lapachone may be effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as MS.
Sediment reveals early Holocene climate change in China

A major question regarding paleorecords is whether the easy-to-acquire oceanic record can be validated by continental proxy records that are available only from the Arctic and Antarctic ice cores. The ice core records may not provide a complete record of the changes that have occurred in the temperate and tropical regions of the continents. Thick (100–300 m) deposits of wind-borne dust in China are providing new insight into paleoclimate. These deposits vie with the ice cores in providing a record of continuous accumulation over the last 2.6 m.y., but they are poorer in temporal resolution than the ice cores.
WHICH ROLE FOR ANTIPLATELET AND ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS IN UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS

Two large placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of aspirin therapy in preventing myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of 1266 men hospitalized with unstable angina showed that 324 mg of aspirin daily for 12 weeks reduced the incidence of myocardial infarction by 51% (p=0.001), and the data suggested a similar reduction in mortality. The Canadian McMaster University multicenter trial of 555 patients showed that treatment with 1300 mg of aspirin per day for a mean of 18 months reduced the incidence of cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction together by 51% (p=0.008). The reduction in death alone was 71% (p=0.004). In the Canadian study there was no observed benefit of sulfinpyrazone.
Effect of management practices and cropping systems on earthworm abundance and microbial activity in Sanborn Field: a 115-year-old agricultural field

Abstract Sanborn Field, an agricultural demonstration field at the University of Missouri-Columbia, has over 100 years of cropping histories and management practices implemented at this site. We examined the effect of these cropping systems and management practices on earthworm populations and microbial activity. A field experiment was conducted to characterize and quantify earthworms and to determine the microbial activity in the same selected plots. We sampled 14 plots at the site, six of which were the original plots established in 1888 with the same cropping histories and management, and eight of which had been modified over the years to accommodate changing farmer needs and scientific questions. Earthworms and soil samples were collected in the spring and fall of 1999. Aporrectodea trapezoides , Aporrectodea caliginosa , and Lumbricus terrestris were the dominant species found in this field. Lumbricus terrestris was commonly associated with the no-tillage plot at Sanborn Field. Due partly to soil moisture conditions, most of the species were found and identified during the spring. Microbial activity, as expected, was greatest during the spring. Manure, no-tillage and crop rotations that include legumes had the greatest earthworm abundance and microbial activity. In general, where no fertility treatments were added to soil or where food sources were lacking, earthworm abundance decreased significantly. The abundance of earthworms found in this field reflected the cropping history and management practices used recently and within the last 100 years. In most cases, microbial activity showed similar trends as earthworm density. However, some dynamic microbial transformations, like nitrification, do not always follow the same trend as potential soil quality biotic indicators. Earthworms, along with microbial activity, may serve as useful soil quality indicators in sustained and short-term field trials.
Spontaneous cytosolic calcium pulsing detected in Xenopus melanotrophs: modulation by secreto-inhibitory and stimulant ligands.

The purpose of the experiments was to examine the behavior of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in individual pituitary melanotrophs and how that is affected by physiological ligands that inhibit or stimulate melanotroph secretion. Melanotrophs were dispersed from neurointermediate lobes of Xenopus laevis adapted to a black background, and [Ca2+]i was measured with fura-2. In basal (unstimulated) conditions, repetitive transient elevations in [Ca2+]i, not hitherto observed in any melanotrophs, were detected in 73% of the cells. These cytosolic Ca pulses occurred at fairly regular intervals (1-10 min) and lasted from a half to several minutes, during which [Ca2+]i rose several-fold. Pulsing was promptly and reversibly arrested by the secreto-inhibitory transmitters, dopamine, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and also by quinpirole, muscimol, and baclofen. Pertussis toxin eliminated the responses to dopamine, NPY, and GABAB receptor activation, but spared responses to GABAA receptor activati...
Earthquakes on the expanding Earth

The inadequacy of physical science limits the attainment of ultimate truth because of (1) probable error of observation preventing accuracy of experimental verification and (2) the transition of quantity into quality on the basis of dialectical materialism. The author's object is to present the result of his research for the past few years in the line of seismic prognosis on the basis of geodetic, astronomical, and seismo-statistical observations, and to develop the ideas given in his preliminary exposition in the Transactions of 1943.
Validity of the Mellits and Cheek method for body-fat estimation in relation to menstrual cycle status in athletes and non-athletes below 22 per cent fat

SummaryThe present experiment tested the hypothesis that 22% body fat based on the Mellits and Cheek (1970) regression equation is a minimum or ‘trigger’ level of fatness required to maintain regularity of menstrual cycles. The validity of the regression equation was cross-validated against densitometric estimates of body fat in 30 athletes (track, gymnastic, crew) and 30 non-athletes who were below 22% fat. For the total sample, the validity correlation was r = 0·47 between body fat (density) and body fat (regression equation); it was r = 0·75 for athletes and r = 0·47 for non-athletes. For all subjects, 60% had regular menses, 27% were oligomenorrheic and 13% were amenorrheic. The lowest body fat (density) was 12·8% for an athlete with a regular cycle and 12·2% for an oligomenorrheic athlete. The results show that: (1) the Mellits and Cheek (1970) height-weight based regression equation to determine fatness is not valid for women below 22% fat, and (2) 13% body fat (not 22%), should be considered an upp...
Vector Space Model for Adaptation in Statistical Machine Translation

This paper proposes a new approach to domain adaptation in statistical machine translation (SMT) based on a vector space model (VSM). The general idea is first to create a vector profile for the in-domain development (“dev”) set. This profile might, for instance, be a vector with a dimensionality equal to the number of training subcorpora; each entry in the vector reflects the contribution of a particular subcorpus to all the phrase pairs that can be extracted from the dev set. Then, for each phrase pair extracted from the training data, we create a vector with features defined in the same way, and calculate its similarity score with the vector representing the dev set. Thus, we obtain a decoding feature whose value represents the phrase pair’s closeness to the dev. This is a simple, computationally cheap form of instance weighting for phrase pairs. Experiments on large scale NIST evaluation data show improvements over strong baselines: +1.8 BLEU on Arabic to English and +1.4 BLEU on Chinese to English over a non-adapted baseline, and significant improvements in most circumstances over baselines with linear mixture model adaptation. An informal analysis suggests that VSM adaptation may help in making a good choice among words with the same meaning, on the basis of style and genre.
A phase 1/2 trial of high-dose yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan in combination with high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with poor-risk or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma

We conducted a phase 1/2 trial of high-dose 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in combination with high-dose etoposide (VP-16) 40 to 60 mg/kg (day -4) and cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg (day -2) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in 31 patients with CD20+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Patients underwent dosimetry (day -21) with 5 mCi (185 MBq) 111In-ibritumomab tiuxetan following 250 mg/m2 rituximab, followed a week later by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan to deliver a target dose of 1000 cGy to highest normal organ. Bone marrow biopsy was done on day -7 to estimate radiation dose and stem cells were reinfused when the radiation dose was estimated to be less than 5 cGy. The median 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan dose was 71.6 mCi (2649.2 MBq; range, 36.6-105 mCi; range, 1354.2-3885 MBq). Histology included follicular lymphoma (n = 12), diffuse large B-cell (n = 14), and mantle cell (n = 5). The median number of prior chemo-therapy treatments was 2. The treatment was well tolerated. The median times to reach an absolute neutrophil count greater than 500/μL and platelet count more than 20 000/μL were 10 days and 12 days, respectively. There were 2 deaths and 5 relapses. At a median follow-up of 22 months, the 2-year estimated overall survival and relapse-free survival rates are 92% and 78%, respectively. We conclude that high-dose 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan can be combined safely with high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide without an increase in transplant-related toxicity or delayed engraftment. (Blood. 2005;106:2896-2902)
Recent results on sequences with low autocorrelation

Prior to 1997, the most recent construction of binary sequences of period 2/sup n/-1 with ideal autocorrelation function came from the 1962 construction by Gordon, Mills and Welch. It is surprising therefore that the past three years have witnessed two parallel developments which have given rise to new families of sequences having ideal autocorrelation. The first development was the discovery by Maschietti (see Designs, Codes and Cryptography, vol.14, p.89-98, 1998) that certain well-studied combinatorial objects known as monomial hyperovals give rise to ideal sequences. The second relates to certain remarkable conjectures of No, Golomb, Gong, Lee, Gaal (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.44, p.814-17, 1998) and of No, Chung and Yun (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.44, p.1278-82, 1998). These conjectures were subsequently unified and enlarged by Dobbertin (see Proc. of the NATO ASI Workshop, Bad Windsheim, 1998). Also, Dobbertin and Dillon have succeeded in proving most of these conjectures, thereby identifying new families of previously unknown ideal sequences. This article provides an overview of these developments.
Late-instar European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) tunneling and survival in transgenic corn hybrids.

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine injury by and survival of late-instar European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), on genetically altered Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner corn, Zea mays L. Cry1Ab events 176, Bt11, MON810, and MON802; Cry1Ac event DBT418; and Cry9C event CBH351 were evaluated. Plants of each corn hybrid were manually infested with two third-, fourth-, or fifth-instar O. nubilalis. Larvae were held in proximity to the internode of the plant above the ear with a mesh sleeve. Larvae were put on the plants during corn developmental stages V8, V16, R1, R3, R4, R5, and R6. This study shows that not all B. thuringiensis hybrids provide the same protection against O. nubilalis injury. Hybrids with B. thuringiensis events Bt11, MON810, MON802, and CHB351 effectively protected the corn against tunneling by late-instar O. nubilalis. Event 176 was effective in controlling late-instar O. nubilalis during V12 and V16 corn developmental stages; however, significant tunneling occurred by fourth instars during R3 and R5. Event DBT418 was not effective in controlling late-instar O. nubilalis during corn vegetative or reproductive stages of development. Whether the B. thuringiensis hybrids satisfied high- and ultrahigh-dose requirements is discussed.
Using sensitivity analysis to create simplified economic models for regression testing

Software engineering methodologies are subject to complex cost-benefit tradeoffs. Economic models can help practitioners and researchers assess methodologies relative to these tradeoffs. Effective economic models, however, can be established only through an iterative process of refinement involving analytical and empirical methods. Sensitivity analysis provides one such method. By identifying the factors that are most important to models, sensitivity analysis can help simplify those models; it can also identify factors that must be measured with care, leading to guidelines for better test strategy definition and application. In prior work we presented the first comprehensive economic model for the regression testing process, that captures both cost and benefit factors relevant to that process while supporting evaluation of these processes across entire system lifetimes. In this work we use sensitivity analysis to examine our model analytically and assess the factors that are most important to the model. Based on the results of that analysis, we propose two new models of increasing simplicity. We assess these models empirically on data obtained by using regression testing techniques on several non-trivial software systems. Our results show that one of the simplified models assesses the relationships between techniques in the same way as the full model.