cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actions Speak Louder than Words: How Pilots use Nonverbal Information for Crew Communications

How does the design of an aircraft cockpit affect crew communication? The research described hereunder aimed at identifying aspects of design that play a critical role in task coordination, yet have heretofore been ignored. It is proposed that crewmembers coordinate the performance of tasks using visual, nonverbal, information that emerges from the interactions between individual pilots and the aircraft's systems. 24 airline pilots participated in a high-fidelity simulator experiment which compared the impact of three different types of interface on crew communication and coordination. Measurement included detailed video recording, and quantitative and expert performance evaluations. The data suggest that pilots visually monitor each other's performance of tasks, that visual monitoring is affected by the design of the interface, and that pilots rely on such nonverbal information for communication and coordination. The discussion looks at implications of these data to the design of workstations and cockpits.
Computer simulation to evaluate thermal processing of food in cylindrical plastic cans.

Abstract A computerized mathematical model was developed to evaluate the thermal processing of low acid foods in cylindrical plastic cans with various values of thermal diffusivity for the can wall. The model was based upon the solution of heat conduction equations by the modified alternating direction implicit technique, the Douglas algorithm. This method was used successfully in estimating the time-temperature profile at various locations in the can wall and the food. The program was capable of running on a high speed personal computer. The sterilizing values were found to be more affected by wall thickness than the thermal diffusivity of the wall.
Replication of bacteriophage f1: a complex containing gene II protein in gene V mutant-infected bacteria.

Abstract A dense complex has been isolated from bacteria infected with gene V amber mutant f 1 bacteriophage. The major protein in this complex is the f 1 bacteriophage-specific gene II protein. Other proteins in the complex include the f 1 bacteriophage coat protein and proteins which migrate on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the f1 bacteriophage-specific gene III, gene IV and X protein. A protein of approximately 20,000 Mr is also present in the complex. Examination of bacteria infected with gene V mutant f1 bacteriophage revealed the complex as a densely staining amorphous body which appears to be associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. Bacteria infected with f1 bacteriophage that contain amber mutations in genes other than gene V do not contain this complex.
Statistical approaches in wind sector analyses for assessing local source impacts

Abstract Nonparametric statistical methods were used as part of a wind sector analysis assessment for the purpose of investigating local source impacts. Linear-angular rank correlations were employed to test for the presence of association between pollutant tracer concentrations and wind direction for a local area dominated by a single emission source (a biomedical waste combustor). Testing for the presence of these associations in ambient data from a local area likely to include multiple pollutant sources (including a resource recovery facility) was accomplished using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Modified pollutant wind rose plots were used to qualitatively investigate the nature of the associations detected using these statistical tests, focusing on the sources of interest known to emit the pollutant tracers-of-opportunity. The statistical methods presented provide a quantitative basis for the assessment of source impacts based on observed associations between wind direction and pollutant concentrations.
Myeloperoxidase activity as a lung injury marker in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Purpose: The antioxidant system is the primary intracellular defense system of the lung against oxygen toxicity (neutrophil sequestration). The CDH lamb model antioxidant system is deficient. It is hypothesized that pulmonary neutrophil sequestration may play a part in the acute lung injury of CDH patients. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major constituent of neutrophil cytoplasmic granules and its activity therefore is a direct measure of neutrophil presence and an indirect indicator of lung injury. Methods: Eight lambs had left-sided diaphragmatic hernias surgically created at 80 days' gestation and were delivered by cesarean section at 140 to 145 days. Eight littermate lambs served as controls. Lambs were either killed before ventilation or were ventilated conventionally for 4 hours with 100% O 2 and then killed. The lungs were dissected en bloc and snap frozen. The samples were homogenized, sonicated, freeze-thawed, and separated by density centrifugation. Supernatants were analyzed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity by spectrophotometry with o -dianisidine dihydrochloride and hydrogen peroxide at 460 nm. The MPO activity was normalized to the protein content of the supernatant and expressed as units of MPO activity per milligram of protein. Results: There was significantly more MPO activity in the CDH-ventilated lungs than controls similarly ventilated (3,203 ± 665 versus 1,220 ± 194, P =.001). There was no difference in MPO activity between the CDH and control lungs (318 ± 57 v 348 ± 61; P =.5). There was no difference between right and left lungs in any group. Conclusion: Ventilation and hyperoxia leads to neutrophil accumulation in lung tissue, which is most pronounced in the CDH lung tissue. This is a further clue to the pathophysiology of iatrogenic lung injury in CDH. The myeloperoxidase assay may now be used to evaluate antenatal or postnatal antioxidant therapies for iatrogenic lung injury in CDH. J Pediatr Surg 36:334-337. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Comment on "Development of Equations of State for Compressible Liquids"

Received Aug. 16, 1997; accepted for publication May 25, 1998. Copyright © 1998 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. *Professor, School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering. Associate Fellow AIAA. thermal expansion coefficient and for the isothermal compressibility, or its inverse, a bulk modulus. The same assumptions, with an equivalent theoretical analysis, can be found in the textbook by Kestin. Still more sophisticated approaches to the modeling of the equation of state of a compressible liquid may be found in Refs. 3 and 4.
Everyone Must Get a Turn: From Omnipotence to Respect for Otherness: Reply to Commentary

In my response to Altman's commentary concerning the ubiquitous messiness of conflict, I suggest that since human meaning-making and fulfillment are rooted in experiences of suffering, loss, and limitation, change itself may be suffused with inherent conflict. I further explicate how the dialectic between continuity and change in growth often degenerates into the mutually exclusive categories of self-sameness and “otherness”. The omnipotent tendency of imperialistic self-extension may then also conflict with the subjectivity of others to “take their own turn.” Finally, I elaborate on the importance of the patient working through the trade-offs inherent in what Altman refers to as the “suffering of confusion.”
SYNTHESES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF PIPERAZINONE RINGS. A REVIEW

(2002). SYNTHESES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF PIPERAZINONE RINGS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 367-404.
Edge reconstruction in the fractional quantum Hall regime

The interplay of electron-electron interaction and confining potential can lead to the reconstruction of fractional quantum Hall edges. We have performed exact diagonalization studies on microscopic models of fractional quantum Hall liquids, in finite-size systems with disk geometry, and found numerical evidence of edge reconstruction under rather general conditions. In the present work we have taken into account effects such as layer thickness and Landau-level mixing, which are found to be of quantitative importance in edge physics. Due to edge reconstruction, additional nonchiral edge modes arise for both incompressible and compressible states. These additional modes couple to electromagnetic fields and thus can be detected in microwave conductivity measurements. They are also expected to affect the exponent of electron Green's function, which has been measured in tunneling experiments. We have studied in this work the electric dipole spectral function that is directly related to the microwave conductivity measurement. Our results are consistent with the enhanced microwave conductivity observed in experiments performed on samples with an array of antidots at low temperatures, and its suppression at higher temperatures. We also discuss the effects of the edge reconstruction on the single-electron spectral function at the edge.
Nitrate-Induced Photolysis in Natural Waters: Controls on Concentrations of Hydroxyl Radical Photo-Intermediates by Natural Scavenging Agents

The importance of the principal natural scavenging agents for hydroxyl radicals (•OH) was evaluated, and a general framework was developed to predict the significance of nitrate-induced, •OH-mediated degradation of aquatic contaminants. Rate constants for •OH scavenging by dissolved organic matter (DOM) from five surface water sources were in a narrow range (2.3 ± 0.77 × 104 (mg of C/L)-1 s-1), which is similar to previously reported values and suggests that the importance of DOM as a •OH sink can be estimated simply from the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a water. Scavenging of •OH by carbonate and bicarbonate is generally less important, but these ions can be the major cause of •OH scavenging in low DOC, high alkalinity waters. Use of the framework is illustrated by predicting levels of •OH and half-lives of the corn herbicide acetochlor in waters ranging from pristine to highly influenced by agricultural activities.
Nonprofit Advocacy Organizations: Assessing the Definitions, Classifications, and Data:

This article reviews how research on nonprofit organizations has traditionally defined advocacy and its function in the public policy process as rights-based expression and association and suggests the usefulness of an expanded definition. Nonprofits participate in a variety of public decisions at different points in the policy cycle. The authors argue that building social capital, facilitating civic participation, and providing public voice are activities central to an analysis of the interaction of nonprofits and public policy in democratic civil society. The article also analyzes the IRS data sets and National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) classification system available to researchers from the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) to assess their strengths and weaknesses for measuring advocacy activities. By evaluating the problems in accurately describing, analyzing, and collecting data on nonprofit organizations that facilitate a public role in decision making, this article develops ...
Breast cancer in women with HIV/AIDS: report of five cases with a review of the literature.

Background The association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with breast carcinoma is unclear. With improved survival of HIV-infected patients due to better understanding and treatment of the disease, there is likely to be an increase in incidence of breast cancer in women with HIV infection. Methods The medical records of 305 patients with breast cancer seen between January 1995 and December 2000 at Harlem Hospital Center, New York, where approximately 1,000 HIV-infected patients are treated yearly, were reviewed with attention to age, breast cancer stage at presentation, and patient survival. Results Breast cancer in the five HIV-infected patients has same median age distribution, disease stage, and pathologic characteristics as in the 300 HIV-indeterminate patients. Four of the five (80%) HIV-infected women compared to 79% in the HIV-indeterminate patients presented with early breast cancer (Stages I and II). Five-year survival in the HIV-infected patients is 80%, which is similar to the observed 70% 5-year crude survival rate in the indeterminate group. Conclusions Our results do not support the recent reports suggesting that HIV infection is associated with poorly differentiated, aggressive disease with poor survival outcome. It remains unclear if breast carcinoma is directly linked to HIV infection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:23–27. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perturbation of frames and Riesz bases in Hilbert C∗-modules

Abstract We extend the Casazza–Christensen general perturbation theorem for Hilbert space frames to modular frames in Hilbert C ∗ -modules. In the Hilbert space setting, under the same perturbation condition, the perturbation of any Riesz basis remains to be a Riesz basis. However, this result is no longer true for Riesz bases in Hilbert C ∗ -modules. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition under which the perturbation (under Casazza–Christensen’s perturbation condition) of Riesz bases of Hilbert C ∗ -modules remains to be Riesz bases.
Manufacture of urea-formaldehyde concentrates using a gas-liquid technology

The performance of a laboratory packed-column for the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde (UF) concentrates is analyzed. Gaseous formaldehyde was generated by the thermal decomposition of paraformaldehyde in a carrier nitrogen stream. The UF solution was continuously recirculated through a glass column filled with Raschig rings. No pH control was necessary when the operation was started using a solution with a F/U molar ratio higher than 3.5 to 4. Otherwise, insoluble resins appeared during the operation. The formaldehyde absorption rate was controlled by the gas phase resistance. The vapor composition in equilibrium with a typical UF concentrate is provided as a function of temperature.
Portable Parallel Programs with Python and OpenCL

Two Python modules are presented: pyOpenCL, a library that enables programmers to write Open Common Language (OpenCL) code within Python programs; and ocl, a Python-to-C converter that lets developers write OpenCL kernels using the Python syntax. Like CUDA, OpenCL is designed to run on multicore GPUs. OpenCL code can also run on other architectures, including ordinary CPUs and mobile devices, always taking advantage of their multicore capabilities. Combining Python, numerical Python (numPy), pyOpenCL, and ocl creates a powerful framework for developing efficient parallel programs that work on modern heterogeneous architectures. Open Common Language (OpenCL) runs on multicore GPUs, as well as other architectures including ordinary CPUs and mobile devices. Combining OpenCL with numerical Python (numPy) and a new module - ocl, a Python-to-C converter that lets developers use Python to write OpenCL kernels - creates a powerful framework for developing efficient parallel programs for modern heterogeneous architectures.
Extra large particle images at 12 km in a hurricane eyewall: Evidence of high‐altitude supercooled water?

[1] The conventional wisdom about hurricanes suggests that updrafts are weak and supercooled water is scarce in the eyewall, and almost non-existent at temperatures colder than about −5°C [Black and Hallett, 1986]. However, there is evidence that some hurricanes are different. Questions about the existence of high-altitude supercooled cloud water cannot be answered with only the instruments aboard the typical propeller-driven aircraft. During the summer of 1998, the NASA DC-8 aircraft made penetrations of the intensifying eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie at 12 km MSL, collecting the first truly high-altitude 2-D particle imagery in a hurricane. The similarity of the splash images in Hurricane Bonnie to those from raindrops obtained at higher temperatures in other hurricanes suggests that the large images obtained by the DC-8 were soft, low density graupel, rather than hard, high-density graupel particles or frozen raindrops. This implies that these particles grew to several millimeters in diameter at altitude, rather than simply advecting from lower, warmer altitudes. This growth in turn requires the presence of deeply supercooled cloud droplets. Thermal emission from supercooled water aloft increases the microwave brightness temperatures, giving a misleading impression that there is much less ice aloft than actually exists. The extra attenuation from the occasional presence of large graupel at these altitudes reduces the ability of microwave sensors to see precipitation at lower altitudes. Both of these effects impede efforts to accurately quantify condensate mass remotely from radiometric data such as that provided by the TRMM satellite.
Neurosarcoidosis: evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Two patients with unusual central nervous system sarcoid were investigated using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as other x-ray studies. A patient with intramedullary involvement of the spinal cord as well as nerve root involvement was examined. Follow-up examination after treatment with steroids showed a return to normal. The second patient had optic nerve involvement as well as two intracranial parenchymal lesions and granulomatous arachnoiditis. In this patient magnetic resonance imaging offered no advantages over computed tomography in the orbit but was significantly more accurate intracranially.
Non-hydrolytic release of iron from ferrienterobactin analogs by extracts of bacillus subtilis

Summary The ferric chelates of the microbial siderophore enterobactin and of two synthetic analogs of enterobactin were sources of iron for growth of Bacillus subtilis WB2802. The ferrisiderophore reductase system in cell-free extracts of this organism catalyzed reductive removal of iron from the three ferric chelates. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was the reductant and flavin mononucleotide plus magnesium were required for maximum rates of reaction. Both of the enterobactin analogs lack the ester bonds found in enterobactin and one of the analogs should be insensitive to peptidases. Therefore, hydrolysis of ferrienterobactin may not be required for metabolic assimilation of iron from ferrienterobactin.
Cross-cultural consumer and business studies: introduction to a special issue

Abstract This special issue consists of two articles selected from the Sixth Symposium on Cross-Cultural Consumer and Business Studies held in Honolulu in December 1997 and eight articles from the Seventh Symposium held in Cancun, Mexico in December 1999. Both symposia were cosponsored by the Association for Consumer Research and the Society for Consumer Psychology. Participants from different disciplines representing 14 countries attended the Seventh Symposium and presented their latest research on a wide variety of consumer and business problems where culture was a major variable of interest. The papers chosen for this special issue were chosen after a double-blind review and revision process.
Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary oxygenation studies of benzyl- and ethyl-substituted pyridine ligands of carboxylate-rich diiron(II) complexes.

In this study benzyl and ethyl groups were appended to pyridine and aniline ancillary ligands in diiron(II) complexes of the type [Fe2(μ-O2CArR)2(O2CArR)2(L)2], where -O2CArR is a sterically hindered terphenyl carboxylate, 2,6-di(p-tolyl)- or 2,6-di(p-fluorophenyl)benzoate (R = Tol or 4-FPh, respectively). These crystallographically characterized compounds were prepared as analogues of the diiron(II) center in the hydroxylase component of soluble methane monooxygenase (MMOH). The use of 2-benzylpyridine (2-Bnpy) yielded doubly bridged [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(2-Bnpy)2] (1) and [Fe2(μ-O2CAr4-FPh)2(O2CAr4-FPh)2(2-Bnpy)2] (4), whereas tetra-bridged [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)4(4-Bnpy)2] (3) resulted when 4-benzylpyridine (4-Bnpy) was employed. Similarly, 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine (2-(4-ClBn)py) and 2-benzylaniline (2-Bnan) were employed as N-donor ligands to prepare [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(2-(4-ClBn)py)2] (2) and [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(2-Bnan)2] (5). The placement of the substituent on the pyridine ring...
Chorioallantoic Membranes Indicate Avian Exposure and Biomarker Responses to Environmental Contaminants: A Laboratory Study with White Leghorn Chickens (Gallus domesticus)

PCB and endosulfan concentrations in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) were evaluated as indicators of hepatic cytochrome P450 isozyme activity in hen...
A Study of the Short Duration, High Intensity, Electric Arc as a Source of Visible Light

A study has been made of the dependence of the peak intensity and the duration of the visible light, from arcs of a few microseconds duration in xenon, krypton, and argon, on the input energy, the circuit characteristics, the gas, and the pressure. With input energies up to about 6 joules per discharge, peak currents ranging from a few hundred up to nearly 5000 amperes have been recorded and the relation between the current and the intensity and duration of the light is specified. The dependence of both the current and the arc resistance upon several variables is discussed.
The virial theorem for a system of interacting particles under external forces and constraints

A general virial theorem applicable to a system of interacting particles under external forces and constraints is derived. It is then shown that a number of virial theorems for various special systems are particular cases of this theorem.
Cholecystokinin antagonizes morphine induced hypoactivity and hyperactivity in hamsters.

Abstract Three experimental replications were used to test the effects of three doses (25, 50 or 75 μg/kg) of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on morphine induced changes in activity. For each dose of CCK-8, running wheel activity of golden Syrian hamsters was monitored for three hours following a series of two injections. The first injection consisted of either saline or CCK-8, the second of either saline or morphine sulfate (15 mg/kg). Thus, in each replication four groups were created: Group SAL/SAL ( n =8) received two saline injections, Group CCK/SAL ( n =8) an injection of CCK-8 followed by an injection of saline, Group SAL/MS ( n =8) an injection of saline followed by an injection of morphine and Group CCK/MS ( n =8) an injection of CCK-8 followed by an injection of morphine. Results indicated that a 25 μg/kg dose of CCK-8 blocked the hypoactivity elicited by morphine 40–60 min after opiate injection, whereas a 75 μg/kg dose of CCK-8 blocked the hyperactivity elicited by morphine 80–100 min after opiate injection. These findings are consistent with previous reports that CCK-8 antagonizes the effects of opiate agonists on a variety of behaviors and is supportive of the hypothesis that endogenous CCK-8 may antagonize endogenous opioid peptides in the control of behavior.
Trajectory models and reference frames for crustal motion geodesy

We sketch the evolution of station trajectory models used in crustal motion geodesy over the last several decades, and describe some recent generalizations of these models that allow geodesists and geophysicists to parameterize accelerating patterns of displacement in general, and postseismic transient deformation in particular. Modern trajectory models are composed of three sub-models that represent secular trends, annual oscillations, and instantaneous jumps in coordinate time series. Traditionally the trend model invoked constant station velocity. This can be generalized by assuming that position is a polynomial function of time. The trajectory model can also be augmented as needed, by including one or more logarithmic transients in order to account for typical multi-year patterns of postseismic transient motion. Many geodetic and geophysical research groups are using general classes of trajectory model to characterize their crustal displacement time series, but few if any of them are using these trajectory models to define and realize the terrestrial reference frames (RFs) in which their time series are expressed. We describe a global GPS reanalysis program in which we use two general classes of trajectory model, tuned on a station by station basis. We define the network trajectory model as the set of station trajectory models encompassing every station in the network. We use the network trajectory model from the each global analysis to assign prior position estimates for the next round of GPS data processing. We allow our daily orbital solutions to relax so as to maintain their consistency with the network polyhedron. After several iterations we produce GPS time series expressed in a RF similar to, but not identical with ITRF2008. We find that each iteration produces an improvement in the daily repeatability of our global time series and in the predictive power of our trajectory models.
Confidentiality in Direct Social-Work Practice: Inevitable Challenges and Ethical Dilemmas:

Social workers have long concerned themselves with confidentiality and its importance to practice. In 1922, social workers created their Code of Ethics, a major precept of which is the protection of confidentiality, defined as the regulation, both legal and ethical, that protects the client's rights of privacy. Social workers are confronting many ethical issues related to confidentiality, such as increasing demands for accountability, mandated duty-to-protect or -warn provisions, expanding court involvement in professional decision making, and widening access to information in records through the expanded use of computer technology. The objective of this study was to learn more about practitioners' ethical dilemmas in maintaining client confidentiality. A mailed, anonymous survey of experienced social-work practitioners was conducted to gain an understanding of how practitioners address confidentiality issues in their work with clients and to identify specific areas in which practitioners experience ethic...
Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement: I—methods and calibration

Abstract Testing re-entrained aerosol kinetic emissions from roads (TRAKER) is a vehicle-based method for measuring road dust emissions. Particulate matter is sampled in front and behind a vehicle's tire and the difference in PM concentration is related to emissions. This paper describes the most recent developments of TRAKER. The loss of particles within the inlet lines, the response of the TRAKER signal (differential PM concentration) to vehicle speed, and the relationship between the TRAKER signal and unpaved road dust PM 10 emissions were examined. Losses of particles to the walls in the inlet lines were similar for the left and right inlets and were less than the inter-instrument precision for particles between 0.56 and 7.3 μm in diameter. When summed over the PM 10 size range, losses were less than 20%. Line losses were also characterized when a dilution system was used to sample emissions from unpaved roads. Two independent tests indicated that the TRAKER signal increases as the cube of the speed for a given road dust loading. Simultaneous measurement of PM 10 dust emitted behind the tires by TRAKER with PM 10 flux measured using upwind/downwind towers suggested that the emission factor for road dust was proportional to the cube root of the TRAKER signal. The results also showed a linear relationship between unpaved road dust PM 10 emissions and vehicle speed.
Room temperature oxidation of sintered YBCO using μs pulsed electrolysis

Abstract Sintered oxygen-poor YBCO samples have been oxygenated at room temperature using μs pulsed electrolysis in aqueous solutions. An increase of superconducting properties has been found by the measurement of the higher harmonic of ac susceptibility. Using the solution of the non-linear magnetic diffusion equation, quantitative values of the pinning potential, Up, and the critical current, Jc, near Tc have been determined.
Political-Economic Context and Sensitivity to Equity: Differences between the United States and the Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe

Recent labor economics studies suggest that low enterprise productivity in former socialist economies can be corrected by adopting reward systems emphasizing compensation for performance. We used t...
From monolayers to bilayers: Effective rigidity and compressibility in asymmetric ternary amphiphilic systems.

Fluctuation effects in lamellar phases of ternary asymmetric amphiphilic systems are considered. These systems are characterized by two length scales corresponding to the thickness of the oil and water layers. For large separations between the amphiphilic layers, the dominant contribution to the free energy can be written in the Helfrich form if an effective bending rigidity is introduced that is allowed to depend on the water and oil layer thicknesses. The scaling form of this effective rigidity is determined from Monte Carlo simulations of an asymmetric three-layer system. An expression for the effective layer compressibility is derived, which can be expressed in terms of the effective bending rigidity. These effects lead to pronounced corrections of the scattering exponents ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathit{m}}$, which can be measured in scattering experiments.
Plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in Taipei and Framingham.

We compared the plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoB, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations in a low coronary heart disease (CHD) risk population (n = 440) in Taipei with a high CHD risk population (n = 428) in Framingham matched for age, sex, and menopausal status. Taipei men had significantly lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (-20 mg/dL, -14%, P < .01) and apoB (-7 mg/dL, -6%, P < .05) levels and significantly higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (6 mg/dL, 13%, P < .01) than Framingham men. Taipei women had significantly lower LDL-C (-18 mg/dL, -15%, P < .01) and higher HDL-C (4 mg/dL, 7%, P < .01) levels than Framingham women. Median concentrations and distributions of Lp(a) by sex were similar in Taipei and Framingham. After adjusting for body mass index and smoking status, only differences in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels remained significantly different for both sexes between the two populations (P < .01). Gender differences for lipids within populations were similar. After adjusting for age, body mass index, and smoking status, women in both Taipei and Framingham had significantly lower mean triglyceride, LDL-C, and apoB levels and significantly higher HDL-C and apoA-I levels than men. Postmenopausal women in Taipei had significantly higher mean total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, apoA-I, apoB, and Lp(a) levels than premenopausal women (P < .05), whereas in Framingham postmenopausal women had significantly higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and apoB levels than premenopausal women (P < .05). Our data are consistent with the concept that plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels (especially LDL-C) but not apolipoprotein values explain some of the twofold difference in age-adjusted CHD mortality between these two populations.
Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability

Betweenness is a weakened form of the independence axiom, stating that a probability mixture of two gambles should lie between them in preference. Betweenness is used in many generalizations of expected utility and in applications to game theory and macroeconomics. Experimental violations of betweenness are widespread. We rule out intransitivity as a source of violations and find that violations are less systematic when mixtures are presented in compound form (because the compound lottery reduction axiom fails empirically). We also fit data from nine studies using Gul's disappointment-aversion theory and two variants of EU, which weight separate or cumulative probabilities nonlinearly. The three theories add only one parameter to EU and fit much better.
A heuristic technique for CTIS image reconstruction

An iterative method is presented for computed tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS) image reconstruction in the presence of both photon noise in the image and postdetection Gaussian system noise. The new algorithm, which assumes the transfer matrix of the system has a particular structure, is evaluated experimentally with the result that it is significantly better, for larger problems, than both the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) and the mixed-expectation image-reconstruction technique (MERT) with respect to accuracy and computation time.
The distribution of visceral primary afferents from the pelvic nerve to Lissauer's tract and the spinal gray matter and its relationship to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus

The central distribution of visceral primary afferent fibers from the pelvic nerve of the cast and the relationship of these fibers to preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic neurons (SPN) have been studied. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to the cut pelvic nerve was detected ipsilaterally in preganglionic neurons and dorsal root ganglion cells (segments S1-S3), and in central afferent projections to Lissauer's tract (LT), the dorsal columns, the dorsolateral funiculus, and spinal gray matter. The afferent projections were strongest in the region of the SPN (S1-S3) but extended far beyond its limits (e.g., LT was labeled from L4 to Cx7). In the transverse plane, collateral fiber bundles formed a thin shell around the dorsal horn predominantly within lamina I and expanded into terminal fields in the gray matter. The more prominent lateral collateral projection (LCP) extended into laminae V and VI, whereas the medial one (MCP) ended in the dorsal commissure. In longitudinal planes these projections exhibited a periodicity with an interval of approximately 200 micrometer. The distribution of afferent collateral projections overlaps the regions where many preganglionic neurons and their dendritic extensions are located, and also areas known to contain interneurons involved in visceral pathways. A differential distribution of afferents within the SPN was noted where a higher intensity was observed in proximity to those neurons located in laminae V and VI, which innervate the colon, and a lower intensity near neurons located in Lamina VII which innervate the bladder. This is consistent with the known spinal control of colon reflexes and the supraspinal control of bladder reflexes. The widespread rostrocaudal extent of the pelvic primary afferent projection is consistent with the necessity for the integration of somatic and autonomic elements from various levels of the lumbo-sacral-coccygeal spinal cord in the performance of pelvic visceral functions.
On options for interdisciplinary analysis and design optimization

The interdisciplinary optimization of engineering systems is discussed from the standpoint of the computational alternatives available to the designer. The analysis of such systems typically requires the solution of coupled systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. The solution procedure is necessarily iterative in nature. It is shown that the system can be solved by fixed point iteration, by Newton's method, or by a combination of the two. However, the need for sensitivity analysis may affect the choice of analysis solution method. Similarly, the optimization of the system can be formulated in several ways that are discussed in the paper. It is shown that the effect of the topology of the interaction between disciplines is a key factor in the choice of analysis, sensitivity and optimization methods. Several examples are presented to illustrate the discussion.
Metabolic uniformity over the environmental temperature range in Brachionus plicatilis (rotifera)

Organisms inhabiting small water bodies frequently encounter radical, short-term fluctuations in temperature. The population of Brachionus plicatilis that was used in this study encounters temperature changes as great as 12°C in 24 hours. In this paper we describe the metabolic response to temperature change in this eurythermal rotifer population. Metabolism was determined over the environmental range (15°C to 32°C) in intervals of 2°C. Utilization of such narrow temperature intervals allowed us to approximate the instantaneous Q10, which we define as the Q10 over an infinitely small temperature interval.
Successful treatment of eruptive pyoderma gangrenosum with intravenous vancomycin and mezlocillin

SUMMARY A marked exacerbation of pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with Crohn's disease was treated with intravenous vancomycin and mezlociUin and an excellent response was observed without any notable side-effects.
Antihypertensive effects of angiotensin-(1-7)

Accumulating evidence suggests that angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) is an important component of the renin-angiotensin system and that the actions of the peptide may either contribute to or oppose those of Ang II. Ang-(1-7) can be converted directly from Ang I bypassing prerequisite formation of Ang II. Formation of Ang-(1-7) is under the control of at least three endopeptidases depending on the tissue compartment and include neprilysin, thimet oligopeptidase and prolyl oligopeptidase. Both neprilysin and thimet oligopeptidase are also involved in the metabolism of bradykinin and the atrial natriuretic peptide. Moreover, recent studies suggest that in addition to Ang I and bradykinin, Ang-(1-7) is an endogenous substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme. These enzymatic pathways may contribute to a complex relationship between the hypertensive actions of Ang II and various vasodepressor peptides from either the renin-angiotensin system or other peptide systems. Ang-(1-7) is devoid of the vasoconstrictor, central pressor, or thirst-stimulating actions associated with Ang II. In fact, new findings reveal depressor, vasodilator, and antihypertensive actions that may be more apparent in hypertensive animals or humans. Thus, Ang-(1-7) may oppose the actions of Ang II directly or as a result of increasing prostaglandins or nitric oxide. In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which Ang-(1-7) may contribute to cardiovascular regulation.
Safety of atorvastatin derived from analysis of 44 completed trials in 9,416 patients

Abstract This analysis assessed the safety of atorvastatin in the 10- to 80-mg dose range using pooled data from 44 completed trials comprising 16,495 dyslipidemic patients treated with atorvastatin (n = 9,416), placebo (n = 1,789), and other statins (n = 5,290). A retrospective analysis was conducted and included treatment-associated adverse events, serious adverse events, and musculoskeletal and hepatic adverse events. Only 3% (n = 241) of atorvastatin-treated patients withdrew from studies due to treatment-associated adverse events, compared with 1% of those (n = 16) on placebo and 4% of those (n = 188) receiving other statins; the most frequently reported treatment-associated adverse events were related to the digestive system. Serious adverse events were rare and seldom led to withdrawal. Persistent elevations in hepatic transaminases to >3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) were experienced by 0.5% (n = 47) of atorvastatin-treated patients. A persistent elevation in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (>10 × ULN) was observed in only 1 atorvastatin-treated patient and was not associated with myopathy. The incidence of treatment-associated myalgia was low in the atorvastatin (1.9% [n = 181]), placebo (0.8% [n = 14]), and other statin (2.0% [n = 105]) groups, and was not related to the atorvastatin dose. No cases of rhabdomyolysis or myopathy were reported. Thus, the overall incidence of treatment-associated adverse events observed with atorvastatin did not increase in the 10- to 80-mg dose range, and was similar to that observed with placebo and in patients treated with other statins. Specific analysis of musculoskeletal and hepatic adverse events showed that these occurred infrequently and rarely resulted in treatment discontinuation.
Localization of arylsulphatase in neurons.

— Arylsulphatase activity, with 4-methylumbelliferone sulphate as substrate, was measured by a quantitative histochemical method in individual anterior horn nerve cell bodies and adjacent neuropil of man and monkey; and in molecular and granular layers and subjacent white matter of cerebellum of monkey, rat and guinea pig. The activity was much higher in neuronal perikarya than in neuropil, and higher in the granular layer of cerebellum than in the molecular or white matter, thus resembling the distinctive distribution, reported in monkey, of three other lysosomal enzymes, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase and α-naphthyl acid phosphatase. One exception was encountered: the white matter of guinea pig cerebellum had more arysulphatase activity than the granular layer. For comparison, other lysosomal enzymes also were measured in rat and guinea pig cerebellum; in these species, α-naphthyl acid phosphatase distribution was found to differ from that of β-galactosidase and arysulphatase, and from the pattern common to four lysosomal enzymes in the monkey.
Leuprolide acetate elevates prolactin during ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist further increases the prolactin rise accompanying ovarian stimulation.
Calculated vertical ionization energies of the common α-amino acids in the gas phase and in solution.

The vertical ionization energies of the low-lying conformers of the α-amino acids found in proteins have been calculated. Geometry optimizations were first performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory, and then reoptimized at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Vertical ionization energies were then computed by three methods, electron propagator in the partial third-order (P3) approximation, Outer-Valence-Green’s Functions, and by evaluating the difference in the total energy between the cation radical and the neutral amino acid in the geometry of the neutral species. When available, the results are compared to the experimental vertical ionization energies. The vertical ionization energies calculated using the MP2/P3 method gave the best overall agreement with the experimental results. Next, the ionization energies in solution are calculated for the zwitterionic forms of the α-amino acids by using IEFPCM methods. To obtain the vertical ionization energy in solution, it is necessary to use the noneq...
Polycondensation of N-Chlorobenzoquinonimines

Self-condensations of 4-chloroimino-2, 5-cyclohexadiene-1-one 1 (benzoquinone N-chloroimine), 2-tert-butyl-4-chloroimino-2, 5-cyclohexadiene-1-one 2, and 3-tert-butyl-4-chloroimino-2, 5-cyclohexadiene-1-one 3 in N-methylpyrrolidinone containing inorganic bases have been investigated. Monomer 1 gave polymers having inherent viscosities of 0.27–0.33 dLg−1. Monomers 2 and 3 only gave oligomers. 1H NMR spectra suggest that polymerization of 1 mainly occurs at C-2 and C-6 positions. A Michael-type addition mechanism, based on the high α-effect nucleophilicity of =NCl, is proposed.
Application of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI with alcoholic patients.

There is a need to examine the usefulness of an abbreviated form of the MMPI with alcoholic patients. The Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) was administered to 225 male alcoholics. The correlations between the T-scores for the FAM and their full MMPI counterparts ranged from 0.761 to 0.919. Examination of the high-point code for each FAM-MMPI pair yielded 52.89% with identical high-point codes. A comparison between the MMPI and the FAM pairs showed that 78% of the profiles had the same number of scales with T-score above 70 plus or minus one scale. The authors suggest that when a full MMPI administration is not feasible, the FAM is a valid substitute for alcoholic populations.
Development of low-diffusion flux-splitting methods for dense gas-solid flows

The development of a class of low-diffusion upwinding methods for computing dense gas-solid flows is presented in this work. An artificial compressibility/low-Mach preconditioning strategy is developed for a hyperbolic two-phase flow equation system consisting of separate solids and gas momentum and continuity equations. The eigenvalues of this system are used to devise extensions of the AUSM+ [1] and LDFSS [2] flux-splitting methods that provide high resolution capturing of bubble growth and collapse in gas-solid fluidized beds. Applications to several problems in fluidization are presented.
Comparison of properties of electrical test structures patterned in BESOI and SIMOX films for CD reference-material applications

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is exploring the feasibility of using artifacts fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials to quantify methods divergence, for critical dimension (CD) metrology applications. Test structures, patterned on two types of (110) SOI materials, SIMOX (Separation by IMplantation of OXygen) and BESOI (Bonded-and-Etched-back Silicon-on-Insulator), have been compared. In this paper, we describe results of electrical critical dimension (ECD) measurements and the relative performance of the test structures fabricated on the two SOI materials.
An alcohol oxidase dipstick rapidly detects methanol in the serum of mice.

Background: Patients presenting with ingestions of methanol and ethylene glycol pose a significant challenge to emergency physicians. The decision to initiate antidotal therapy must be made quickly and is currently based on the presence of indirect signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests, because no real-time diagnostic test exists to measure these substances. Objectives: To determine whether a commercially available ethanol-in-saliva detecting dipstick (ALCOScreen) would be a reliable and rapid indicator of toxic alcohol presence in the serum of an animal model. Methods: Fifty mice randomly received intraperitoneal doses of methanol, ethylene glycol, or ethanol to induce serum concentrations of approximately 5‐400 mg/dL. Thirty minutes after injection, serum was obtained. Serum was both applied to the dipstick and frozen for definitive concentration determination by gas chromatography. After 2 minutes, dipsticks were evaluated for color change by a blinded observer and photographed to be evaluated by other blinded observers at a later time. Results: All concentrations of methanol R5 mg/dL consistently caused a color change on the ALCOScreen. Ethylene glycol reliably caused a color change at R300 mg/dL. There was significant agreement among multiple observers whether or not color change had occurred using the ALCO-Screen. Conclusions: A commercially available dipstick that uses an alcohol oxidase colorimetric reaction reliably and rapidly detects very low serum concentrations of methanol but not ethylene glycol in this animal model. This color change is easily detected by most observers. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2007; 14:1130‐1134 a 2007 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Postoperative venous thromboembolism and brain tumors: Part II. Hemostatic profile.

Preoperative hemostatic data were obtained on 42 brain tumor patients and correlated with the subsequent occurrence of venous thrombosis detected with 1211-labeled fibrinogen leg scans. The occurrence of thrombosis correlated significantly with an increased prothrombin time, plasminogen, and total fibrinolytic activity and a decreased fibrinogen level. This overall trend in the group of patients with postoperative thrombosis indicates that the hemostatic disorder noted in brain tumor patients is most closely related to a subclinical form of chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Differences in hemostatic parameters seen with the various types of brain tumors suggest that biological factors specific to each tumor are likely responsible for the described hemostatic disorder and support the need for further research directed at the tumor tissue level.