cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fighting families: family characteristics associated with domestic violence in five Latin American countries.

This study uses data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) to examine the relationship between familial characteristics and the likelihood of experiencing domestic violence in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Peru. Logistic regression techniques are used to measure relationships between marital status, family size, partner alcohol use, socioeconomic status (SES), decision-making power, and education homogamy and the likelihood of experiencing partner violence. Cohabitation, female-dominant decision making, and partner alcohol are positively associated with domestic violence across datasets. Family size, SES, and education homogamy emerged as statistically significant in some, but not all of the datasets. This study helps clarify the profile of the abused Latina and also tests the applicability of current abuse research to a non-Western setting.
Construction of Nanostructured Carbonaceous Films by the Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) Chloride and Poly(amic acid) and Subsequent Pyrolysis

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PD, and poly(amic acid), PA, were layer-by-layer self-assembled onto quartz and mica substrates, S. Quantitative formation of the self-assembled films, S−(PD/PA)n, were characterized by absorption spectroscopy, by quartz crystal microbalance measurements, and by scanning force microscopy (AFM). Pyrolysis of the S−(PD/PA)n films by heating to 1000 °C proceeded via the formation of subsequent carbonization of a polyimide intermediate which ultimately produced a graphite-like carbonaceous film with conductivities in the 150−200 S cm-1 range. AFM images indicated the assembly of laminar carbon nano islands with increasing n in S−(PD/PA)n.
Growth Parameter Components of Adaptive Specificity during Experimental Evolution of the UVR-Inducible Mutator Pseudomonas cichorii 302959

Background Mutagenic DNA repair (MDR) transiently increases mutation rate through the activation of low-fidelity repair polymerases in response to specific, DNA-damaging environmental stress conditions such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. These repair polymerases also confer UVR tolerance, intimately linking mutability and survival in bacteria that colone habitats subject to regular UVR exposure. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we investigate adaptive specificity in experimental lineages of the highly UVR-mutable epiphytic plant pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii 302959. Relative fitness measurements of isolates and population samples from replicate lineages indicated that adaptive improvements emerged early in all lineages of our evolution experiment and specific increases in relative fitness correlated with distinct improvements in doubling and lag times. Adaptive improvements gained under UVR and non-UVR conditions were acquired preferentially, and differentially contributed to relative fitness under varied growth conditions. Conclusions These results support our earlier observations that MDR activation may contribute to gains in relative fitness without impeding normal patterns of adaptive specificity in P. cichorii 302959.
“Green” wine packaging: targeting environmental consumers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to profile consumers who expressed an intention to pay more for environmentally friendly wine packaging and to elaborate marketing strategies that arise from this consumer profiling.Design/methodology/approach – The population under study was the general adult population of the USA. The sample was randomly selected from a consumer database and provided a link to an anonymous on‐line survey. Reliability and factor analyses were performed to identify whether the measurement items reflected the constructs of attitudes, behavior, values, and intention to pay more. To determine significant differences, t‐tests on each construct were performed, along with stepwise discriminant analysis.Findings – The results indicate that importance of being environmentally friendly, considering environmental issues when making a purchase, and collectivism were all very good predictors of consumers' intention to pay more for green wine packaging.Research limitations/implications – The inte...
A study on initiation of ash agglomeration in fluidized bed gasification systems

Abstract Agglomeration in fluidized beds begins locally by the sticking of slag–liquid-covered particles. Analysis of the composite fuel is not adequate in predicting agglomeration problems. Separation of the high rank Pittsburgh seam coal into particle classes based on specific gravity (SG1: 3 ; SG2: 1.3–1.6 g/cm 3 ; SG3: 1.6–2.6 g/cm 3 and SG4: >2.6 g/cm 3 ) and particle size (PS1 through PS7) helped to identify important particle-level slag–liquid formation tendencies. Slag–liquid formation tendencies under fluidized bed operating temperatures were determined both computationally and experimentally. Particles rich in certain iron and calcium phases melt at very low temperatures that are well within fluidized bed operating conditions. The iron rich particle classes (SG3 and SG4) showed the presence of several phases containing iron in different oxidation states. The presence of these iron phases was not detected in the composite bulk fuel. The possibilities of equilibrium liquid phase formation in the presence of different ratios of these iron and calcium oxides to alumino-silicates were determined. Presence of hematite was found to delay slag–liquid formation. Each of the particle classes showed distinct slag–liquid formation tendencies that indicate initiation of agglomeration around SG3 and SG4 particles. The study revealed the importance of particle class-level differences in mineral matter composition for the prediction of agglomeration during fluidized bed gasification. A novel integrated ash agglomeration model that accounts for particle hydrodynamics as well as particle class level ash chemistry has been outlined to predict agglomeration kinetics.
The fatty acids of Penicillium pulvillorum

Abstract In order to test the hypothesis that unusual fatty acids related biogenetically in structure to pulvilloric acid can be detected, the fatty acid composition of Penicillium pulvillorum was determined. GLC analysis of the mycelial fatty acid methyl esters, removed by several extractive procedures, revealed that the major fatty acids are: linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids. These are followed by pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, myristic, palmitoleic, isostearic, isopalmitic and linolenic acids, in decreasing concentration. 4-Methylmyristic and 4-methyllauric acids, for which convenient syntheses via 2-acyl-4-methyl-1-morpholino-1-cyclohexenes were developed, and 2-methyllauric acid, were however absent from the fatty acid spectrum. These data imply that hypothetical, single-chain, methylated polyketide precursors to pulvilloric acid are not integrated into the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. d -Mannitol and ergosterol were also isolated from the mycelial extracts. A crystalline, apparently homogeneous material provisionally assigned in structure as a glyceride, was obtained from the beer when P. pulvillorum was grown on a special medium. Saponification followed by GLC analysis of the component fatty acid methyl esters again failed to reveal anticipated novel components. That the parental glyceride is a mixture follows from the demonstration that lauric, palmitic and stearic acids were present in a 1:1:2 ratio.
Genomics and bioinformatics resources for translational science in Rosaceae

Recent technological advances in biology promise unprecedented opportunities for rapid and sustainable advancement of crop quality. Following this trend, the Rosaceae research community continues to generate large amounts of genomic, genetic and breeding data. These include annotated whole genome sequences, transcriptome and expression data, proteomic and metabolomic data, genotypic and phenotypic data, and genetic and physical maps. Analysis, storage, integration and dissemination of these data using bioinformatics tools and databases are essential to provide utility of the data for basic, translational and applied research. This review discusses the currently available genomics and bioinformatics resources for the Rosaceae family.
Organ Procurement Expenditures and the Role of Financial Incentives

Objectives. —To evaluate the billed charges for organ procurement and to consider the role of financial incentives to encourage organ donation. Design. —Observational study. Data were obtained on donor organ acquisition charges from a random sample of kidney, heart, liver, heart-lung, and pancreas transplants. Setting. —The data were based on 28.7% of all transplants performed in the United States in 1988. Main Outcome Measure. —Total charges for donor organ acquisition. Results. —The median charges (1988 dollars) for donor organs were as follows: kidney, $12 290; heart, $12 578; liver, $16 281; heart-lung, $12 028; and pancreas, $15 400. Since 1983, kidney acquisition charges have increased by 12.9%, heart charges by 64.1%, and liver charges by 61.8%, after adjusting for inflation. Between 9% and 31% of total transplant procedure—specific charges were associated with donor organ acquisition. Conclusions. —There is wide unexplained variation in organ procurement charges. Data on actual costs are required to establish the appropriateness of current charges. Prevailing billing and payment methods should be reevaluated in an effort to address a variety of issues related to reimbursement. Current payment methods may actually contribute to cost inefficiency. Finally, while financial incentives may enhance the efficiency of organ procurement efforts, they will adversely affect the cost-effectiveness of transplantation. ( JAMA . 1993;269:3113-3118)
African American Adolescent Engagement in the Classroom and Beyond: The Roles of Mother’s Racial Socialization and Democratic-Involved Parenting

Previous research has explored how differential youth outcomes are associated with racial socialization and parenting style individually, but very little work has examined whether democratic-involved parenting style bolsters the positive link between racial messages and adolescent outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine mothers’ use of democratic-involved parenting as a moderator of the association between racial socialization (e.g., racial pride, racial barrier, and self-worth messages) and youth engagement. The types of engagement explored were attitudes toward class work and persistence on task. Ninety-four African American youth (ages 11–14) reported on maternal style and socialization. As predicted, racial barrier socialization was positively associated with engagement among adolescents who perceived their mothers to provide more involvement coupled with opportunities for their teens to make decisions. In contrast, barrier socialization and engagement were negatively associated among adolescents who viewed their mothers as low in democratic-involved parenting. Implications for adolescent engagement and for research on racial socialization and democratic-involved parenting style are discussed.
Bistable, multi-color electrowetting displays

We have designed, fabricated, and characterized multi-color, bistable electrowetting displays. By using a unique in-plane electrode, it has been shown that these devices remain bistable, without the need for power, on the order of days.
Influence of temperature and variations in temperature on flowering in Zostera marina L. under laboratory conditions

Flowering of male and female flowers of Zostera marina L. has been observed in constant light under five different temperature regimes: constant temperature of 15, 20 and 25°C, and alternating temperatures of 15/20°C and 20/25°C. The rate of female flowering was higher at a constant 20°C than at a constant 15 or 25°C. Alternation of temperatures led to a higher number of flowering inflorescences in the periods with lower temperatures. The rate of male flowering increased with increasing, constant temperature. At alternating temperatures the number of male flowering inflorescences was not significantly different in the periods with the lower and the higher temperature. The average flowering rate was in these cases nearly the same as the flowering rate at the highest temperature.
Activity coefficient and Einstein relation for different densities of states in semiconductors.

A recently established general relation between the activity coefficient of a charge carrier and the Einstein diffusion-mobility ratio for that charge carrier is elucidated by considering various densities of states ${N}_{e}$. A reduced carrier concentration \ensuremath{\nu} is the independent variable. Simple results are found if ${N}_{e}$(E) is a constant or if it is a \ensuremath{\delta} function in energy (localized states). In other cases it is convenient to define a new transform of ${N}_{e}$, and use the Joyce-Dixon expansions to obtain useful results. A study is made of the case when ${N}_{e}$(E) is a power law and also when ${N}_{e}$(E) incorporates weak departures from band parabolicity.
Importance of Environmental Context in the Development of Amphetamine- or Apomorphine-Induced Stereotyped Behavior After Single and Multiple Doses

The present study was designed to determine whether single and repeated pretreatment regimens with amphetamine or apomorphine differ in the context-dependency of sensitization of stereotyped behavior. Male CF-1 mice that were pretreated with a single high dose of amphetamine (14 mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP]) or apomorphine (40 mg/kg subcutaneously [SC]) only became sensitized to a lower test dose of amphetamine (7 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg SC) when placed in an environment that was the same as the pretreatment environment. However, animals pretreated with 3 high doses (24-h apart) of amphetamine (14 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (40 mg/kg SC) did demonstrate sensitization to a lower test dose of amphetamine (7 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg SC) when placed in an environment that was different from the pretreatment environment. Context-dependent sensitization, but not context-independent sensitization, was extinguished by pairing the test environment with saline injections instead of drug injections. In addition, it was determined that neither sensitization model could be related to pharmacokinetic factors. Therefore, the results indicate that repeated exposure to amphetamine or apomorphine overcomes the context-dependent component of sensitization of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior.
Black Child in a White Place

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085–1699.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE AND DIVIDING CELLS OF CHLOROCOCCUM ECHINOZYGOTUM STARR1

SUMMARY Chlorococcum echinozygotum Starr was grown in a modified Bristol's solution, and in the same medium in which strontium had been substituted for calcium. After 3 and 6 weeks growth, cells were transferred to fresh Bristol's solution overnight to initiate motile cell production. Dividing cells were fixed in 2.0% K permanganate, and embedded in Epon. The ultra-structure of several stages in the life history of the organism is described. Light and electron microscopic observations indicate that progressive cleavage of the protoplast occurs, as well as the previously reported successive bipartitioning. A Sr replacement for Ca in the growth medium apparently has no demonstrable effects on the development of cell organelles in C. echinozygotum. Many investigators have contributed to our understanding of the ultrastructure of the algae (1,4,5,6,7, 8,15,16). Studies of vascular plants (9,19) and algae (11,12,13) indicate that cells and cell organelles do not develop normally when some elements are lacking. This study reports observations on the ultra-structure of several stages in the life history of the alga, C.hlorococcum echinozygotum Starr, which was grown in a modified Bristol's solution (3) and in the same medium with strontium substituted for calcium.
Thermal Neutron damage in cadmium

Abstract The isochronal annealing of the damage produced by thermal neutron irradiation of cadmium at 3.6 °K has been studied for several initial doses which vary by a factor of 1000. The recovery results show a strong dependence upon initial dose. This effect, which is not seen to this extent in the fcc metals, cannot be accounted for by an irradiation annealing mechanism. In contrast to the observation of two processes involving long range defect migration for several fcc metals only one process, at high temperatures, is discernable from isochronal annealing of Cd. The presence of another process at low temperatures is clearly established by other means. Irradiation annealing effects observed during the production of damage at high defect concentrations indicate that the spontaneous annihilation volume between the defects of a new capture event and the defects from an earlier event is 80 atomic volumes. Other results suggest that damage production and recovery mechanisms may be associated with the aniso...
Experiments in Feeding Laying Hens

ABSTRACT The Department of Agriculture has been conducting feeding experiments with laying hens for a continuous period of eight years and has now over 1,000 hens in tests of this kind. Fair sized pens averaging from 30 to 50 hens in each pen are used in all of these tests and all of the fowls are now being trapnested. The mash which has given us the best production uniformly during the last three years is made of 4% bran, 4% middlings, 26% meat scrap and 66% corn meal. This mash was the result of experiments where the hens were allowed to select their own mash ingredients. This is the proportion of these different feeds which they ate during one year. Several pens, both of Leghorns and of Rhode Island Reds, of 30 hens each have averaged from 140 to 155 eggs apiece where this mash was fed. While this mash seems . . .
Optimized Treatment of Fibromyalgia Using System Identification and Hybrid Model Predictive Control.

Abstract The term adaptive intervention is used in behavioral health to describe individually tailored strategies for preventing and treating chronic, relapsing disorders. This paper describes a system identification approach for developing dynamical models from clinical data, and subsequently, a hybrid model predictive control scheme for assigning dosages of naltrexone as treatment for fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition. A simulation study that includes conditions of significant plant-model mismatch demonstrates the benefits of hybrid predictive control as a decision framework for optimized adaptive interventions. This work provides insights on the design of novel personalized interventions for chronic pain and related conditions in behavioral health.
Applying ethics to information technology issues

The articles in this special section express a common theme; the use of information technology in society is creating a rather unique set of ethical issues that requires the making of new moral choices on the part of society and has spawned special implications for its members. Technology itself is not the only, nor necessarily the most responsible, cause of these issues. All ethical questions arise initially out of human agency. Technology, due to its capability to augment mental and physical powers of human beings, does stand in the role of a coconspirator. The hire of power-enhancing capabilities makes technology an inducer of sorts, a necessary but not sufficient underpinning to many of the ethical issues we face today.
Electric field measurements in cylindrical imaging coils

Abstract The electric field present inside of a class of cylindrical RF coils used for magnetic resonance imaging is studied. Theoretical arguments are presented indicating that if the capacitors are located only at the ends of the coil and if the magnetic field is transversely homogeneous, then the E field must be transverse. A theoretical model, which is an exact solution of Maxwell's equations, is presented which is consistent with these conditions. It predicts that there will always be a transverse plane, whose location depends on the placement and values of the capacitors, in which E = 0. Both of these conclusions were verified by experimentally measuring the E field in three RF coils of somewhat different design. The implications for power absorption in human whole-body imaging are discussed.
The effect of standard- and high-dose epinephrine on coronary perfusion pressure during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

We studied the effect of standard and high doses of epinephrine on coronary perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 32 patients whose cardiac arrest was refractory to advanced cardiac life support. Simultaneous aortic and right atrial pressures were measured and plasma epinephrine levels were sampled. Patients remaining in cardiac arrest after multiple 1-mg doses of epinephrine received a high dose of 0.2 mg/kg. The increase in the coronary perfusion pressures was 3.7 ± 5.0 mm Hg following a standard dose, not a statistically significant change. The increase after a high dose was 11.3 ± 10.0 mm Hg; this was both statistically different than before administration and larger than after a standard dose. High-dose epinephrine was more likely to raise the coronary perfusion pressure above the previously demonstrated critical value of 15 mm Hg. The highest arterial plasma epinephrine level after a standard dose was 152 ± 162 ng/mL, and after a high dose, 393 ± 289 ng/mL. Because coronary perfusion pressure is a good predictor of outcome in cardiac arrest, the increase after high-dose epinephrine may improve rates of return of spontaneous circulation. ( JAMA . 1991;265:1139-1144)
Self-Efficacy: Strategy for Enhancing Diabetes Self-Care:

This study found that the concept of self-efficacy was associated with diabetes self-care behaviors for individuals with complex insulin requirements. Individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy were better able to manage their diabetes self-care. Diabetes educators are encouraged to incorporate the self-efficacy concept into teaching programs to help individuals develop their own strategies for long-term management of their diabetes. The diabetes scales that made both concepts, self-efficacy and self-care, operational have content validity and measurement reliability and may be used in practice settings to obtain pretreatment information and to evaluate outcomes.
Surface order in cold liquids: X-ray reflectivity studies of dielectric liquids and comparison to liquid metals

Oscillatory surface-density profiles layers have previously been reported in several metallic liquids, one dielectric liquid, and in computer simulations of dielectric liquids. We have now seen surface layers in two other dielectric liquids, pentaphenyl trimethyl trisiloxane, and pentavinyl pentamethyl cyclopentasiloxane. These layers appear below T?285 K and T?130 K, respectively; both thresholds correspond to T/Tc?0.2 where Tc is the liquid-gas critical temperature. All metallic and dielectric liquid surfaces previously studied are also consistent with the existence of this T/Tc threshold, first indicated by the simulations of Chacon et al. The layer width parameters, determined using a distorted-crystal fitting model, follow common trends as functions of Tc for both metallic and dielectric liquids.
Sleep and impulsivity in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Impulsive behavior and poor sleep are important non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that negatively impact the quality of life of patients and their families. Previous research suggests a higher level of sleep complaints in PD patients who demonstrate impulsive behaviors, but the nature of the sleep disturbances has yet to be comprehensively tested. Methods: Consecutive idiopathic PD patients (N ¼ 143) completed the Minnesota Impulse Disorder Interview and a sleep questionnaire that assessed sleep efficiency, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless legs symptoms, snoring, dreams/nightmares, and nocturia. Patients were also given a Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor examination and they completed cognitive testing. Results: Impulsive PD patients endorsed more sleep complaints than non-impulsive PD patients. The group difference was primarily attributable to poor sleep efficiency (e.g., greater nocturnal awakenings), p < .01, and greater daytime sleepiness, p < .01, in the impulsive PD patients. Interestingly, restless legs symptoms were also greater in the impulsive PD patients, p < .05. The results could not be explained by medications or disease severity. Conclusions: Poor sleep efficiency, restless legs symptoms, and increased daytime sleepiness are associated with impulsivity in PD. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether sleep disturbances precede impulsivity in PD.
Gap-Junctional Coupling and Absolute Sensitivity of Photoreceptors in Macaque Retina

We investigated gap-junctional coupling of rods and cones in macaque retina. Cone voltage responses evoked by light absorption in neighboring rods were briefer and smaller than responses recorded in the rods themselves. Rod detection thresholds, calculated from noise and response amplitude histograms, closely matched the threshold for an ideal detector limited by quantal fluctuations in the stimulus. Surprisingly, cone thresholds were only approximately two times higher. Amplitude fluctuations in cones could be explained by a Poisson distribution of photoisomerizations within a pool of seven or more coupled rods. Neurobiotin coupling between rods and cones was consistent with our electrical recordings, with approximately six rods labeled per injected cone. The spatial distribution of tracer-coupled rods matched the light-evoked cone receptive field. The gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone abolished both electrical and tracer coupling. Amplitude fluctuations in most rods were accounted for by the expected rate of light absorption in their outer segments. The fluctuations in some rods, however, were consistent with a summation pool of up to six rods. When single rods were injected with Neurobiotin, up to 10 rods were labeled. Rod-rod and rod-cone electrical coupling is expected to extend the range of scotopic vision by circumventing saturation at the rod to rod-bipolar cell synapse; however, because coupling also renders the rod synapse less effective at separating out photon signals from dark noise, coupling is expected to elevate the absolute threshold of dark-adapted observers.
Comparison of Soil pH Methods on Soils of North America

Soil pH, one of the most routine measurements performed, is used to interpret chemical reactions, nutrient availabilities, and the rates of many biological processes in soils. Predominantly, soil pH is measured in soil-water suspensions using a glass H + -sensing electrode and a reference electrode. Soil/water ratios of the suspensions ranging from saturated paste to 1:5 are used in research and commercial soil testing laboratories. The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between pH measured in saturated paste extract (pH sp ), 1:1 and 1:2 soil/water suspensions (pH 1:1w and pH 1:2w ), and 1:1 and 1: 2 soil/0.01 mol L -1 CaCl 2 suspensions (pH 1:1CaCl2 and pH 1:2CaCl2 ). In addition, the effects of soil suspension electrical conductivity (EC 1:1w ) on measured values of soil pH were assessed. Analytical results for 120 agricultural soil samples from a laboratory proficiency program database indicated that the relationship between pH 1:1W and pH 1:1CaCl2 was highly significant (r 2 = 0.984). Similar regressions were found between pH sp and pH 1:1CaCl2 , and between pH 1:2w and pH 1:2CaCl2 . The EC 1:1w explained 85.1% of the variation in the difference between pH 1:1w and pH 1:1CaCl . A modd comprised of a linear term of pH 1:1CaCl and a nonlinear term EC 1:1w explained 99.5% of the variation in soil pH 1:1w , with the estimated pH of 88% of the soils between ±0.10 pH units of the measured pH 1:1w . Results for individual soils indicated that a nonlinear function using matrix EC explained >98% of the variation in soil pH across a range of soil/water ratios and suspension matrices ranging from 0.00 to 0.01 mol L -1 CaCl 2 . It is our assertion that the current practice of determining soil pH in soil-water suspensions oflow ionic strength results in a significant analytical measurement error associated with liquid junction potentials of a glass reference-H + electrode system. For soil diagnostic analysis purposes, we concluded that the measurement of soil pH using 0.01 mol L -1 CaCl 2 solution at a soil/water ratio of 1:1 is a more robust measurement for soils of North America.
Zinc: Growth, development, and function

A comprehensive review of zinc's roles in growth, development, and function is beyond the scope of this symposium. Therefore, selected historical and contemporary illustrations are cited. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 13:41–49, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physical properties and blend miscibility of hydrogenated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber

An experimental study of the thermal transition behavior and blend miscibility of hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR) is described. Glass transition temperatures were determined as a function of composition. It was found that copolymers in the 40–50% composition range crystallized as did low acrylonitrile copolymers. The tendency for the former was much greater. For the former, HNBRs are miscible with chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene. They are immiscible with polychloroprene, ethylene acrylate copolymers and various hydrocarbon rubbers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 1521–1529, 2000
Laminar redistribution of a glial subtype in the chick optic tectum.

Abstract Lamination is a central feature of structural organization and segregation within the central nervous system. Afferent fibers typically restrict their synapses to only one or a few specific laminae in the target region. Astroglial cells act as boundary markers for functional segregation of inputs in somatosensory cortex and the olfactory bulb and might also help to segregate particular connections in the neostriatum. This work presents evidence that a subset of astroglial cells expressing the carbohydrate recognized by tomato lectin are enriched in retinononrecipient laminae of the chick optic tectum. This segregation is dependent upon retinal innervation; enucleated chick tecta contain cells that bind tomato lectin but do not segregate into their normal laminae. These results suggest that tomato lectin positive astrocytes of the superficial chick tectum play a role in defining or restricting lamina specific connections of retinal axons.
Catalytic Oxidation of a Thioether and Dibenzothiophenes Using an Oxorhenium (V) Dithiolate Complex Tethered on Silica

Abstract A silica-tethered version of the oxorhenium(V) dithiolate oxidation catalyst [–S(CH 2 ) 3 S–]Re(O)(Me)(PPh 3 ) was prepared and characterized by solid state 13 C and 31 P NMR spectroscopy. This tethered complex (SiO 2 -RTA)Re(O)(Me)(PPh 3 ) ( Fig. 2 ) catalyzes the selective oxidation of methyl( p -tolyl)sulfide (MTS), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-Me 2 DBT)) to their corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones by tert -butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) and can be recycled at least four times without loss in activity. Although the rate of oxidation catalyzed by the immobilized catalyst is about a factor of three times lower than the homogeneous analog [–S(CH 2 ) 3 S–]Re(O)(Me)(PPh 3 ), the supported catalyst is much more long-lived achieving approximately 3000 turnovers in the oxidation of DBT at 100 °C. The immobilized catalyst effectively catalyzes the oxidation of DBT and the hindered 4,6-Me 2 DBT to their sulfoxides or sulfones in simulated petroleum feedstocks.
Post-intervention TCD examination may be useful to predict outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients with successful intra-arterial intervention.

Abstract Background and purpose Some acute stoke patients have a poor outcome despite successful arterial recanalization. We hypothesized that transcranial Doppler (TCD) findings from the rescued artery might predict poor outcome in patients with recanalization. Methods Acute stroke patients treated with internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusions with follow-up TCD examination after intra-arterial (IA) intervention were retrospectively analyzed. Only patients with at least a Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade ≥ 2 in the MCA territory were included. Mean flow velocity (MFV) and pulsatility index (PI) of the rescued MCA were obtained by TCD. Poor clinical outcome was defined as in-hospital death or decompressive craniectomy. Results Among 50 patients, there were 8 (16%) in the Poor Outcome group and 42 (84%) in the Non-poor Outcome group. TCD was conducted at a median of 1 day (interquartile range, 1–1) after IA therapy. Although MCA MFV was not different between the two groups, MCA PI was significantly higher in the Poor Outcome group than in the Non-poor Outcome group (1.3 [1.1–1.7] vs. 0.8 [0.7–1.1], p = 0.002). After adjusting for the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission, the Alberta Stroke Programme Early Computed Tomography score, a past history of coronary artery disease and the Thrombolysis In Brain Ischemia grade, MCA PI was an independent predictor of poor outcome (odds ratio: 1.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.10–2.66, p = 0.017). Conclusion Follow-up TCD examination after IA intervention in acute stroke patients may predict poor outcome beyond angiographic residual TIMI flow.
30. Biome reconstitution as a novel mechanism of preventing neonatal infection-induced cognitive dysfunction

The incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has risen in post-industrial societies. “Biome depletion” – loss of factors interacting with the immune system – may contribute to these increases. Helminths are commensalist organisms capable of modulating the immune system that have been lost in post-industrial society. Here, we investigated their therapeutic effects in a neonatal infection model known to cause cognitive impairments in adult rats. Breeders were given rat tapeworms (Hymenolepsis diminuta) or vehicle. The male offspring were injected with PBS or live Escherichia coli on postnatal day (PD) 4. At PD21, offspring were inoculated with tapeworms or vehicle, matching their mothers’ treatment. At PD65–70, rats were tested in a fear conditioning task, in which they received an injection of saline or LPS following context exploration/learning. When tested for freezing behavior/memory, the “two hit” rats – those receiving E. coli on PD4 and LPS after learning – froze less, evidence of a significant memory deficit. However, helminth-colonized “two hit” rats demonstrated no cognitive impairment. Additionally, neonatally-infected pups sacrificed on PD5 had increased IL-1 mRNA within the hippocampus compared to PBS controls, whereas maternal helminth inoculation prevented this increase. The worms had no impact on adaptive immune cell subsets, whereas exaggerated innate inflammatory responses within cultured splenocytes were prevented. Together these data indicate that biome reconstitution is a viable preventative treatment for inflammation-induced cognitive impairments.
A Mathematical Experiment in Landscape Planning

A methodology for landscape planning is presented, including (1) a procedure for the quantification of visual intrusions in a landscape, (2) the specification of visual preference functions, and (3) the utilization of such functions for planning purposes, by means of an optimization procedure. This methodology is illustrated by numerical applications with synthetic data, and various areas for further research are outlined.
Synaptic input to vasopressin neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the PVN, retrogradely filled cells were found in regions of the limbic system known to contain glucocorticoid concentrating neurons [4, 31, 44]. To determine if these regions which include the lateral septum, medial amygdala and ventral subiculum have a monosynaptic input to vasopressin neurons we developed a double label ultrastructural technique [20] to simultaneously visualize immunoreactive neuropeptide and anterogradely transported HRP. Following injections of tracer into all three of these regions, HRP labeled fibers were seen at the light microscopic level to form a halo in the perinuclear, cell poor zone around the PVN. Ultrastructural examination of this area resulted in the discovery of a small number of limbic system synapses on vasopressin dendrites. These synapses were most numerous in the ventral and medial portion of the cell poor zone. A similar pattern of innervation was seen for the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nucleic which also contain vasopressin cells whose dendrites extend beyond the nuclear boundaries. In a similar fashion we were interested in determining the distribution of noradrenergic terminals on vasopressin neurons in the various subnuclei of the PVN. We have combined immunocytochemistry for vasopressin with radioautography for 3H-norepinephrine (NE) at the ultrastructural level. NE terminals were numerous in the periventricular zone, innervating both vasopressin containing dendrite and non-immunoreactive dendrites and cell bodies. The vasopressin dendrites could originate from cells either resident in the periventricular zone or from cells situated in more lateral subnuclei. In the main, lateral magnocellular region, noradrenergic terminals were very few in number and innervated almost exclusively non-vasopressin containing structures. These studies demonstrate the need for ultrastructural analysis of synaptic input to neurosecretory cells.
Coherent versus differential mobile OFDM with application to DVB-H

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the modulation scheme of choice for digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H), which is required to operate under high mobility conditions resulting in significant Inter-carrier Interference (ICI). To mitigate ICI, several cancellation schemes have been proposed but they require reliable channel information at the receiver which is quite challenging and costly under high mobility. To overcome these challenges, we investigate non-coherent detection as an alternative for the DVB-H system, and combine it with different ICI mitigating techniques that do not require channel information. Our simulation results show that the proposed non-coherent environment schemes outperform the coherent schemes in typical DVB-H scenarios.
Airflow patterns in a small subalpine basin

A study of mean wind speeds and directions has been completed in the Snowy Range of Southern Wyoming, U.S.A. It was conducted in a subalpine ecosystem at an altitude of 3 200 m to 3 400 m above sea level during the summers of 1988 and 1989. Indexes of deformation and axes of asymmetry due to wind shaping of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) are related to wind speeds and directions on a 100 m × 100 m grid spacing over the 300 ha research site. Isotach and airflow patterns are drawn to represent climatological near-ground-level winds.
UNCERTAINTY AND RELATIVE RATES OF RETURN ON SECURITIES: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS†

s of Doctoral Dissertations 1023 The index is therefore then relatively low. The probability distribution conditional on the state of the world of future commodity prices and security returns describes the consumption-investment opportunity set for an individual. The dependence of this set on the state of the world determines the dependence of the single period utility and the index on the state of the world. The expected return on a security is then the sum of three terms: first, the return on a riskless security; second, the Arrow-Pratt relative risk aversion of the representative individual multiplied by the covariance of the return with the return on the market portfolio; third, one minus this relative risk aversion multiplied by the covariance of the return with the cost-of-living index of the representative individual. The Sharpe-Lintner result is just this finding without the third term. The formula is useful for empirical work, since one can express the cost-of-living index as a function of observable variables. Whether the relative risk aversion is greater or less than one is clearly important. A discussion of how one might test the model and estimate the unknown parameters follows the theoretical development. Using a likelihood ratio test involving monthly post World War II returns on common stock, one always accepts the null hypothesis that the theory is valid; but the power of the test is low. Estimating the relative risk aversion of the representative individual from observed security returns, one finds great uncertainty in the estimate; but the results indicate a relative risk aversion exceeding one. The model provides a quantitative theory of the term structure of interest rates. Many investigators conclude that expected returns need not be independent of maturity, but they do not present an explicit quantitative theory of the determinants of the differentials. The Sharpe-Lintner equation also does not yield such a theory, since in general it is valid only if the future consumption-investment opportunity' set is independent of the state of world. In particular there must be no uncertainty about future interest rates, and the equation therefore does not provide any theory beyond the traditional certainty theory. Using the theory, one can compute predicted expected returns as a function of maturity. For post World War II data a comparison of the predicted and observed means of United States Treasury securities supports the theory except for short term bills. For them transactions costs may perhaps explain the disparity. A three asset-short term bonds, long term bonds, and stock-theoretical model of portfolio choice concludes the thesis. The results together with empirical regularities associated with the preferred habitat theory of portfolio choice implies a relative risk aversion exceeding one for the representative individual. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.121 on Wed, 05 Jul 2017 18:02:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Microchip Structures for Submillisecond Electrophoresis

Microchip electrophoresis was used to resolve a binary mixture in 0.8 ms using a separation field strength of 53 kV cm-1 and a separation length of 200 μm. The microchip design permitted an electric field strength of 6.1 V cm-1 in the separation channel per volt applied to the microchip. Concurrently, the spatial extent of the injection plug and the detector observation region were minimized to increase separation efficiency.
Submaximal exercise testing after unstable angina.

Sixty-one consecutive men, mean age 56 years, who fulfilled criteria for unstable angina and who responded to medical therapy, underwent submaximal exercise testing prior to hospital discharge and at least 3 days after their last episode of angina. Forty-two patients were receiving propranolol at the time of exercise. Submaximal exercise was targeted to 120 beats/minute and strict criteria for the premature termination of each study were followed. Follow-up data were available on 55 patients post-discharge over a period of 6 to 36 weeks. No patient suffered recurrence of unstable angina or myocardial infarction due to the exercise test. Exercise was prematurely terminated by an ischemic response (chest pain and/or ST segment changes) in 34 patients (56%) and by leg fatigue in 13 patients (21%). Only five patients had exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity, four of whom were not receiving propranolol. Nine patients achieved the target heart rate. Exercise-induced abnormal electrocardiographic changes predicted the postdischarge recurrence of episodes of unstable angina (p < 0.05). Comparison of predischarge submaximal exercise data with postdischarge maximal exercise shows that recovery in cardiovascular function after unstable angina occurs soon after stabilization and prior to the submaximal test.
Development of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in rat retina

Abstract Levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured in the rat retina by radioimmunoassay during prenatal and postnatal development. SLI-containing cells were visualized by immunocytochemistry throughout this time period. SLI is present as early as embryonic day 15 (E15) and by E16 at concentrations 10-fold (4.4 ± 1.4 pg/ μ g protein) higher than the adult retina, and the SLI is confined to cells in the inner neuroblastic layer. As the inner plexiform layer (IPL) develops (E17–18), the level of SLI falls (2.0 pg/μg protein) and distinct SLI neurites are seen throughout the inner neuroblastic layer. At birth (P0), the SLI level continues to decline at a time when cells are migrating. Few immunoreactive cells are seen in the developing ganglion cell layer (GCL), presumably as a result of this migration. At postnatal day 4 (P4), the amount of SLI continues to decline, and very few immunoreactive cells are noted. At P8, distinct cells contain SLI both in the GCL and inner nuclear layer (INL). SLI then increases as the retina matures postnatally. After eye opening, the amount of SLI approaches adult levels and the immunocytochemical pattern is similar to that reported for the adult rat retina; i.e. SLI is confined to two subpopulations of cells, one in the INL and one in the GCL. The early prenatal appearance of SLI suggests that it may play a role in retinal development.
Eucaryote/procaryote ratio as an indicator of stability for closed ecological systems

Abstract The eukaryote/prokaryote ratio permits immediate and direct estimation of ecological stability in closed microbial ecosystems as well as in natural systems. Previous research demonstrated partial pressure of oxygen can be used as a long term indicator of stability (Kearns and Folsome, 1981). The eukaryote/prokaryote ratio correlates with oxygen measurements and is another useful determinant in the studies of closed ecological systems. In the future this ratio may find widespread application since it is based on reliable internal properties of the system.
Design techniques for revealing adolescent memory processes related to information seeking: a preliminary study

This study investigates the effectiveness of design techniques as a means for uncovering metamemory, an attribute of metacognition, and its role in information seeking. A focus group with four adolescents aged 13 and 14 used design techniques such as brainstorming and sketching, metaphorical design and fictional inquiry, to help express their thinking about their own memory processes during the information search process. Results showed that metaphorical design and fictional inquiry are both effective tools for revealing conceptual thinking about metamemory and information seeking. Coupling these techniques with brainstorming and sketching helped the teens to visualize and communicate their ideas. Results from this study will contribute to knowledge about adolescent thinking, metamemory, and information seeking behavior, broaden the range of methodological approaches used in the study of information seeking behavior, and will provide cognitive models for the design of information systems and tools that scaffold metacognition.