cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal energy management of water-energy networks via optimal placement of pumps-as-turbines and demand response through water storage tanks

Abstract A sustainable water infrastructure cannot be made possible without improving its energy efficiency in terms of the consumption value and the type of supplying resources. One solution to reduce the external energy requirement of the water systems is to decrease the energy consumption, while the internal energy recovery capacity is increased. Such is achieved by the present work through (1) optimizing the water demand and tanks’ and pumps’ scheduling and operations and (2) installing pumps-as-turbines (PATs) where there is excess pressure head in the water. In this paper, two optimization models are developed. The first optimization problem is designed to find the optimal number and location of the PATs among the eligible positions across a water system. The optimal solution will be incorporated in the second optimization problem, i.e., an economic dispatch problem, where the cost of energy generation of an integrated water-energy system is minimized while the water and electrical load demands, as well as the hydraulic integrity of the system are satisfied. The energy system consists of conventional power generation units aggregated of natural gas and diesel based generators, solar photovoltaic units, wind generators, and battery energy storage systems. The proposed models are verified with case studies, and the numerical results show more than 30% reduction in the daily electricity consumption of water systems and $79 in daily operating cost of energy generation in water-energy systems when 3 PATs were installed at optimal locations.
Difficult Management of a Femur Fracture in a Patient with Dyskeratosis Congenita: A Literature Review and Case Report.

CASE A 14-year-old boy with dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), status-post unrelated bone marrow transplant (BMT), sustained a femoral shaft fracture. Despite immediate fixation with the widest possible titanium elastic nails, fixation construct rigidity was insufficient and malunion occurred with refracture 5 years later. Revision fixation with rigid intramedullary nailing has maintained position for 1 year, although callus formation remains meager. CONCLUSION This is the first article to detail fracture care for a DKC patient. Although BMT increases lifespan, patients seemingly remain skeletally frail. Rigid intramedullary fixation is optimally durable and appears hematopoietically safe. Long-term follow-up is recommended.
Distributionally Robust Optimization

The robust optimization methodology that we have introduced so far is built on a fundamental modeling approach, that is based on set-theoretic, deterministic uncertainty models.
Progress in the Understanding of Gridded Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Devices at the University of Wisconsin

For nearly two decades, as many as 4 Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) devices have been operated simultaneously at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Over that time period we have learned that the early perceptions of how IEC devices operate are quite different from the actual performance in the Laboratory. Over the past 2 years we have gained even more understanding of IEC physics and technology. Experimental measurements and theoretical improvements have better characterized both the negative ions that contribute up to ~10% of the fusion rate in some cases and the neutral energy distributions in IEC devices at moderate pressure (0.07-0.7 Pa ≈ 0.5-5 mTorr). We also now understand more of why operation with helium plasmas has such a detrimental effect on high voltage performance of the traditional tungsten alloy grid wires. Most of the previous IEC work had been confined to < 100 kV with short operation times up to 150 kV. We have recently expanded our operating regime to ≈ 200 kV anode-cathode ...
A linear equation model for a family of interconnection networks

The most important part of parallel computation is communication. Except in the most embarassingly parallel examples, processors cannot work cooperatively to solve a problem unless they can communicate. One way to solve the problem of communication is to use an interconnection network. Processors are located at nodes of the network, which are joined by communication channels. Desirable aspects of an interconnection network include low maximum and average routing distances (as measured in the number of communication channels crossed), a large number of processors, and low number of communication channels per processor. A number of published networks are created from the hypercube by rearranging the hypercube's communication links in a systematic way (23) (28) (30) (33) (50). These networks maintain the same number of processors, communication links, and links per processor as the hypercube, but have dramatically smaller maximum and average routing distances. This thesis derives one formal mathematical description for this family of networks. This formal description is used to derive graph-theoretic properties of existing networks, and to design new networks. The description is also used to design generalized routing and other communications algorithms for these networks, and to show that these networks can embed and simulate other standard networks, for instance, ring and mesh networks. A network simulator is used to model the dynamic behavior of this family of networks under both store-and-forward and wormhole routing strategies for message-passing. The simulation results are used to study and compare the networks' behavior under various message-passing loads, and to determine what properties are desirable in a network that exists in this model.
Monte Carlo simulation for calculation of uncertainty in reciprocity calibration of microphones

Monte Carlo simulation and calculation of uncertainty in reciprocity calibration of microphones are discussed. Monte Carlo simulation is a numerical technique that can be used to propagate the distributions of the input quantities using the calculation model in order to estimate the distribution of the outputs. It provide a standard uncertainty and a coverage interval for a desired level of confidence for the pressure sensitivity levels, without intermediate determination of sensitivity coefficients. Calculation software has been developed at NRC-INMS to compute the pressure sensitivity levels from the input data using the model of acoustic transfer impedance. The NRC-1NMS software was further developed to allow the calculation of the associated measurement uncertainty by Monte Carlo simulation. Evaluation of individual components enables future research and development work to focus on potential areas for improvement in uncertainty.
Ubiquitin becomes ubiquitous in cancer: emerging roles of ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in tumorigenesis and as therapeutic targets.

By virtue of its ability to regulate both protein turnover and nonproteolytic signalling functions, ubiquitin protein conjugation has been implicated in the control of multiple cellular processes, including protein localization, cell cycle control, transcription regulation, DNA damage repair and endocytosis. Ubiquitin metabolism enzymes have been identified as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in a variety of cancers. Given that ubiquitin metabolism is governed by enzymes—E1, E2, E3, E4, deubiquitinases (DUBs) and the proteasome-the system as a whole is ripe for target and drug discovery in cancer. Of the ubiquitin/proteasome system components, the E3s and DUBs can recognize substrates with the most specificity, and are thus of key interest as drug targets in cancer. This review examines the molecular role in cancer, relevant substrates and potential for pharmacologic development, of E3s and DUBs that have been associated thus far with human malignancies as oncogenes or tumor suppressors.
The multiple voices of a mathematics classroom community

Several mathematics educators have expressed their concern about conflicting visions of educational reform among parents and teachers, which could result in the emergence of multiple voices in discussions of achievement and instruction. The aim of this article is to examine the multiple voices of educational reform in the discourse of a third grade classroom community. In order to achieve our aim, we integrated the social and the individual as well as the past, present, and future in our analysis of the discourse in this classroom community using theoretical frameworks and methods from cultural psychology. Although our analyses focused on the classroom teacher, we employed units of analysis capable of bridging the individual and her social context. We began our analysis by focusing on a sample of whole-class discussions of students’ strategies for solving multidigit word problems. This analysis isolated two distinct voices: one that occurred during discussions of students’ invented strategies and the other that emerged during talk about standard algorithms. We extended our analysis to include information about the historical, social, and institutional context of the classroom community in order to understand the origins and functions of these two voices. This additional information helped us appreciate the interconnections between the teacher’s personal feelings, beliefs, recollections, and expectations; and her interpersonal transactions with her students, their parents, and other educators. We concluded with a discussion of the implications of the study for understanding one of the dilemmas of educational reform and for advancing research in classroom discourse.
Generalized anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression: Association with disability and health care utilization.

Generalized anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression have received less attention than the major mood and anxiety disorders ith respect to their possible effects in increasing disability and health care utilization. A review of recent studies, however, indicates that these conditions are prevalent in primary care medical settings and are associated with significant social and occupational disability. Generalized anxiety disorder is also one of the most common diagnoses seen in patients presenting with medically unexplained somatic complaints such as chest pain, irritable bowel symptoms, and hyperventilation and in patients prone to overutilize health care services in general. It is poorly recognized by primary care physicians, possibly due to its chronicity, which may limit the ability of symptoms to "stand out" and be easily detected. However, it is disproportionately present in "high utilizer" samples found to be particularly "frustrating" to their physicians and is accompanied by a high rate of personality disorders, suggesting that maladaptive personality traits and styles of interaction in such patients may also contribute to underrecognition of symptoms by primary care physicians. These preliminary associations between generalized anxiety disorder/mixed anxiety-depression and both disability and increased health care utilization need to be confirmed with carefully designed and controlled studies.
ELSI Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

The US Ethical, Legal and Social Implications Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health was created in 1990 to anticipate and address the implications of human genome research for individuals, families and society. Keywords: ethics; law; social issues; ELSI; US Human Genome Project
Fuzzy sensitivity analysis in a DSS modeling an oligopolistic environment

A prototype decision support system (DSS) which directly addresses the nonstochastic uncertainties of an oligopolistic environment is described. The DSS evaluates price and advertising decisions in the light of imperfect judgmental knowledge about the price and advertising decisions of competitors. Traditional econometric forecasting methods used to develop the existing system are maintained, but the theory of fuzzy sets equips the models with direct assessment of nonstochastic uncertainty. In addition to parameterizing the econometric equations, the decision-maker assesses one's level of knowledge regarding the fuzzy quantities. These assessments are reflected directly in the output of the enhanced DSS. A practical implementation of the DSS was achieved for the purpose of describing the benefits of sensitivity analysis. >
Neurosurgical education: the "other" competencies. The 2003 presidential address.

✓ In his 2003 Presidential Address to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Dr. Heros discusses his personal additions to the six basic competencies for which all neurosurgical residents must be tested. The basic competencies are as follows: 1) patient care; 2) medical knowledge; 3) practice-based learning and improvement; 4) interpersonal and communication skills; 5) professionalism; and 6) system-based practice. To these, Dr. Heros proposes to add six supplemental competencies: 1) intellectual honesty, which involves frank discussions about patient complications and admissions of the physician's frailties; 2) scholarship—the art and science of medicine, which recognizes the value of evidence-based medicine but does not discount knowledge derived from experience; 3) practicing in a hyperlegalistic society, which involves tailoring informed consent to fit individual patients' circumstances; 4) time- and cost-efficient practices, in which the physician strives to conserve time and resources by...
LISA data analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is expected to simultaneously detect many thousands of low-frequency gravitational wave signals. This presents a data analysis challenge that is very different to the one encountered in ground based gravitational wave astronomy. LISA data analysis requires the identification of individual signals from a data stream containing an unknown number of overlapping signals. Because of the signal overlaps, a global fit to all the signals has to be performed in order to avoid biasing the solution. However, performing such a global fit requires the exploration of an enormous parameter space with a dimension upwards of 50 000. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods offer a very promising solution to the LISA data analysis problem. MCMC algorithms are able to efficiently explore large parameter spaces, simultaneously providing parameter estimates, error analysis, and even model selection. Here we present the first application of MCMC methods to simulated LISA data and demonstrate the great potential of the MCMC approach. Our implementation uses a generalized F-statistic to evaluate the likelihoods, and simulated annealing to speed convergence of the Markov chains. As a final step we supercool the chains to extract maximum likelihood estimates, and estimates of the Bayes factorsmore » for competing models. We find that the MCMC approach is able to correctly identify the number of signals present, extract the source parameters, and return error estimates consistent with Fisher information matrix predictions.« less
Simulation and analysis of in-line thermal and microwave curing of TAB encapsulants

A commercially available epoxy encapsulant was crosslinked using several curing profiles. The thermal and dielectric properties were characterized during and after the curing process. The results were used to develop an efficient curing profile using inline infrared- and microwave-assisted curing ovens. >
Potential Effect of Physical Activity Calorie Equivalent (PACE) Labeling on Adult Fast Food Ordering and Exercise.

Introduction Numeric calorie content labels show limited efficacy in reducing the number of calories ordered from fast food meals. Physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) labels are an alternative that may reduce the number of calories ordered in fast food meals while encouraging patrons to exercise. Methods A total of 1000 adults from 47 US states were randomly assigned via internet survey to one of four generic fast food menus: no label, calories only, calories + minutes, or calories + miles necessary to walk to burn off the calories. After completing hypothetical orders participants were asked to rate the likelihood of calorie-only and PACE labels to influence (1) food choice and (2) physical activity. Results Respondents (n = 823) ordered a median of 1580 calories from the no-label menu, 1200 from the calories-only menu, 1140 from the calories + minutes menu, and 1210 from the calories + miles menu (p = 0.0001). 40% of respondents reported that PACE labels were “very likely” to influence food item choice vs. 28% for calorie-only labels (p<0.0001). 64% of participants reported that PACE labels were “somewhat likely” or “very likely” to influence their level of physical activity vs. 49% for calorie-only labels (p<0.0001). Conclusions PACE labels may be helpful in reducing the number of calories ordered in fast food meals and may have the added benefit of encouraging exercise.
Wheeze in preschool age is associated with pulmonary bacterial infection and resolves after antibiotic therapy

Introduction: Preschool children with persistent wheezing often respond insufficiently to conventional asthma therapy and management of persistent symptoms is difficult and costly. Recent studies show that colonization of the airways with H. influenzae, Strep. pneumoniae or M. catarrhalis is associated with an increased risk for recurrent wheeze and asthma. Objectives: We assessed the relevance of bacterial colonization and chronic airway infection in preschool children with severe persistent wheezing and evaluated the outcome of long-time antibiotic treatment on the clinical course in such children. Methods: Preschool children (n=42) with severe persistent wheeze but no symptoms of acute pulmonary infection were investigated by bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Differential cell counts and microbiological and virological analyses were performed on BAL samples. Patients diagnosed with bacterial infection were treated with antibiotics for a mean of 6 weeks (n=29). A modified ISAAC questionnaire was used for follow-up assessment of children at least 6 months after bronchoscopy. Main Results: Of the 42 children with severe wheezing, 34 (81%) showed a neutrophilic inflammation and 20 (59%) of this subgroup had elevated bacterial counts suggesting infection. H. influenzae, Strep. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis were the most frequently isolated species. After treatment with appropriate antibiotics 92% of patients showed a marked improvement of symptoms upon follow-up examination. Conclusion: Chronic bacterial infections are relevant in a subgroup of preschool children with persistent wheezing and such children benefit significantly from antibiotic therapy.
Developing a postgraduate medical oncology training program in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Because cancer is the number one cause of mortality in Taiwan, a governmental decision was made to develop an experiment in medical oncology education using a United States-style training program in medical oncology in three Taipei, Taiwan, university hospitals. In the past, trainees from developing countries came to the United States or other foreign countries to receive specialty training. In doing so, the training did not necessarily prepare the individuals with skills to treat the indigenous cancers, nor did they work with other related specialists or support staff such as nursing and pharmacy, so important to providing good cancer care. This program involved 13 fellows with significant laboratory experience working with American faculty on-site. The major benefits of this model for oncology training are that the trainees developed important interdisciplinary relationships with local staff at each of the hospitals; they were involved in the treatment of the major cancer diseases of Taiwan such as naso...
Left atrial appendage function and thrombus formation in atrial fibrillation-flutter: a transesophageal echocardiographic study.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate left atrial appendage size, function and thrombus prevalence in patients with atrial “fibrillation-flutter.” Background. Thrombus formation and peripheral embolization in atrial fibrillation are related to left atrial appendage dysfunction. Embolization occurs less frequently in atrial flutter. It is not known whether the atrial appendage in fibrillation-flutter, which has an intermediate appearance on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), has distinct characteristics that could affect thrombus formation. Methods. Sixty-one patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias underwent transesophageal echocardiographic examination of the left atrial appendage. Appendage area, peak emptying velocity and the presence of thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast were determined. The results for 14 patients with fibrillation-flutter (based on ECG fibrillatory wave characteristics) were compared with those for 30 patients with atrial fibrillation and 17 patients with atrial flutter. Results. Both fibrillation-flutter and atrial fibrillation were associated with chaotic appendage flow patterns with similarly low peak emptying velocities (18 ± 8 and 17 ± 10 cm/s, mean ± 1 SD, respectively). Atrial flutter was associated with a regular pattern of appendage contraction and a significantly higher peak emptying velocity (42 ± 18 cm/s, p < 0.0001). Mean appendage area was similar for fibrillation-flutter and fibrillation (6.3 ± 2.2 and 6.7 ± 2.1 cm2, respectively) but was significantly smaller for atrial flutter (5.3 ± 1.4 cm2, p < 0.05). The prevalence of left atrial appendage thrombus was similar for fibrillation-flutter and atrial fibrillation (40% and 29%, respctivdy), whereas no patient with atrial flutter had a thrombus (p < 0.05). Similarly, the presence of spontaneous echo contrast was higher for fibrillationflutter (50%) and atrial fibrillation (40%) than for atrial flutter (6%, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Left atrial appendage size and function in atrial fibrillation-flutter are indistinguishable from those of typical atrial fibrillation, and the frequency of thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast is similarly high. This is in contrast to atrial flutter, which is characterized by a smaller, more contractile left atrial appendage and a lower frequency of thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast.
Material dependence of low-velocity stopping powers

Excitations of valence electrons determine the electronic stopping power of solids for atomic projectiles moving with velocities ${v}_{1}$ so that ${v}_{1}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{v}_{F}$, where ${v}_{F}$ is the Fermi velocity of the valence electron gas. Current data vary among elements according to their position in the periodic system in agreement with new theoretical developments. A comprehensive description emerges that permits predictions of the stopping power of solids and plasmas for low-velocity ions.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent spray breakup and evaporation

Abstract This paper is on the modelling and large eddy simulation (LES) of very high speed evaporating sprays. The spray is simulated with a Lagrangian droplet transport and a stochastic breakup model together with finite rate heat and mass transfer models. The droplet transport, breakup, wake, collision/coalescence, heat transfer and evaporation models are used together with a compressible gas phase LES solver for numerical simulations of high pressure liquid jets sprayed into a high temperature and pressure gas chamber. The numerical results are compared with the available experimental results for global spray variables such as the spray penetration length. Various non-evaporating and evaporating sprays at different ambient gas pressures and temperatures are considered. In all cases, the gas velocity and turbulence generated by the spray are found to be very significant. A broad spectrum of droplet sizes is also generated by the complex and coupled effects of the gas flow turbulence, droplet breakup and evaporation. Droplet wake interactions are shown to be important to the spray evolution. The effect of subgrid turbulence model on the global spray parameters, like the spray penetration, is also shown to be significant at lower gas temperatures.
Preparing the New Professoriate: What Courses Should They Be Ready to Teach?

We examined job advertisements published in the September and October 2006 issues of the APA Monitor and APS Observer for courses that psychology departments requested successful applicants for assistant professor openings to teach. We found that 4 courses accounted for 45% of all courses so listed: research methods, introductory psychology, developmental psychology, and statistics. We suggest that graduate students seeking academic positions acquire experience teaching these classes, in addition to courses in their specialty area, during their teaching training. Such experience would seem likely to offer them a competitive edge in the academic job market.
End-to-end simulation for support of remote sensing systems design

The development of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (NPOESS) Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) design demonstrated the value of an end-to-end simulation of remote sensing systems. To arrive at a truly optimized system, Raytheon developed and refined a system simulation capability that can be applied to a number of other programs. This capability supports both instrument and algorithm design trades. The VIIRS effort included spectral modeling of various surface types, radiative transfer modeling of the atmosphere (sometimes incorporating observed atmospheric profiles), instrument spectral, spatial, and radiometric response, and a chain of environmental product retrieval algorithms. In this paper, we present a system simulation tool that has evolved from the VIIRS capability into a more general software package that runs both quickly and accurately. This tool can be used to simulate the behavior of any system that includes a scanning visible/infrared imager or radiometer and associated product retrieval algorithms. The tool has been validated against actual Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) outputs (both instrument-level and product-level) to illustrate the realism of the instrument modeling and environmental algorithm implementation. The package has also been reapplied to the VIIRS system design to deliver a snapshot of what can be expected when the VIIRS prototype is launched aboard the NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) in 2006. As an example, we present the system level characteristics of the red and near infrared (NIR) reflectances, as well as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) product that can be derived from these reflectances.
Formal mentoring programs: The relationship of program design and support to mentors’ perceptions of benefits and costs

Abstract This study investigates the relationship of formal mentoring program design elements (i.e., voluntary participation, input to matching, and effectiveness of training) and management support to the benefits and costs perceived by formal mentors. Data were collected from 97 formal mentors from a Midwestern financial institution. Multiple regressions were performed controlling for time as a mentor in the program, hours spent mentoring, and number of proteges. Voluntary mentor participation was positively related to perceiving rewarding experiences and negatively related to being more trouble than it was worth. Input to the matching process was negatively related to nepotism, and perceptions of training effectiveness were positively related to generativity. Finally, perceived management support for the program was positively related to rewarding experience and recognition, and negatively related to generativity and bad reflection. Three supplemental group interviews were conducted to further explore some of the survey findings. Directions for future research and implications for formal workplace mentoring programs as well as mentoring programs in cross-disciplinary contexts are discussed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FISH MUSCLE PROTEASES USING RADIO-LABELED PROTEIN SUBSTRATES

Cathepsin D and alkaline protease in the kidney and skeletal muscle tissues of Atlantic croaker were studied using either 14C-casein or 14C-hemoglobin. In general, the alkaline protease is more stable than cathepsin D upon heat treatment and the alkaline protease from muscle is more heat stable than that of kidney tissue. Both cathepsin D and alkaline protease showed specificity toward the different protein substrates. Under the defined conditions, it is possible to use a single substrate (casein or hemoglobin) for, the study of both proteases. The pH activity curves using both substrates suggest that at physiological pH, both acid and alkaline proteases may contribute to the proteolytic activity observed during holding or processing of fish products at lower temperatures (45–60°C). It was demonstrated that pepstatin may be effectively used to selectively inhibit the catheptic activity so that the relative contribution of alkaline protease to the degradation of the fish protein may be evaluated.
Macromolecular substrate-binding exosites on both the heavy and light chains of factor XIa mediate the formation of the Michaelis complex required for factor IX-activation.

Binding of factor IX (FIX) to an exosite on the heavy chain of factor XIa (FXIa) is essential for the optimal activation of FIX (Sinha, D., Seaman, F. S., and Walsh, P. N. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3768−3775). To gain further insight into the mechanisms of activation of FIX by FXIa, we have investigated the kinetic properties of FXIa-light chain (FXIa-LC) with its active site occupied by either a reversible inhibitor of serine proteases (p-aminobenzamidine, PAB) or a small peptidyl substrate (S-2366) and have examined FIX cleavage products resulting from activation by FXIa or FXIa-LC. PAB inhibited the hydrolysis of S-2366 by FXIa-LC in a classically competitive fashion. In contrast, PAB was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of the activation of the macromolecular substrate FIX. Occupancy of the active site of the FXIa-LC by S-2366 also resulted in noncompetitive inhibition of FIX activation. These results demonstrate the presence of an exosite for FIX binding on the FXIa-LC remote from its active site...
Abelson virus: current status of a viral oncogene.

Summary and DirectionsA key area of research on the structure and function of v-abl will be the search for the substrates critical to cell transformation. As we have seen the mechanism of activation of v-abl depends upon truncation of the normal c-abl protein to generate a protein with detectable tyrosine kinase activity. Why this means of activation should result in a transforming protein with tropism for the lymphoid lineage in mice is unclear, particularly when we consider that a similar mechanism of activation of abl genes is involved in the stem cell disease CML in humans. It is also not clear why v-abl is more efficient than other tyrosine kinase oncogenes in relieving cells of their requirements for the growth factor IL-3. The mechanism and significance of that activity will be a focus of future efforts. Finally understanding of the role of v-abl in tumori-genesis will require identification and analysis of other cellular genes that may play essential roles in progression in A-MuLV disease.The auth...
FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF CORONAL HOLES FOLLOWING THE EMERGENCE OF ACTIVE REGIONS

The low level of solar activity over the past four years has provided unusually favorable conditions for tracking the formation and evolution of individual coronal holes and their wind streams. Employing extreme-ultraviolet images recorded with the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory during 2007-2009, we analyze three cases in which small coronal holes first appear at the edges of newly emerged active regions and then expand via flux transport processes, eventually becoming attached to the polar holes. The holes form gradually over timescales comparable to or greater than that for the active regions to emerge, without any obvious association with coronal mass ejections. The evolving hole areas coincide approximately with the footpoints of open field lines derived from potential-field source-surface extrapolations of the photospheric field. One of these coronal-hole systems, centered at the equator and maintained by a succession of old-cycle active regions emerging in the same longitude range, persists in one form or another for up to two years. The other two holes, located at midlatitudes and originating from new-cycle active regions, become strongly sheared and decay away after a few rotations. The hole boundaries and the small active-region holes, both of which are sources of slow wind, are observed to undergo continual short-term (1 day) fluctuations on spatial scales comparable to that of the supergranulation. From in situ measurements, we identify a number of plasma sheets associated with pseudostreamers separating holes of the same polarity.
THE EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D AND PUROMYCIN UPON RNA AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN CALF LENS.

Abstract When calf lenses are incubated in tissue culture with actinomycin D (10 −6 M), adenine incorporation into ribosomal and albuminoid RNA is almost completely inhibited within 4 h. Little inhibition can be observed upon adenine incorporation into soluble RNA even after 24-h exposure to actinomycin D. In contrast to these results only after prolonged preincubation with actinomycin can an inhibition of histidine incorporation into lens protein be observed. After a 30-h incubation with actinomycin, the incorporation of histidine is only 50 % inhibited and during the following 16 h a further 25 % inhibition is observed. Thus the results suggest that a relatively stable messenger RNA is present in lens. Actinomycin D inhibits the incorporation of [ 14 C]histidine into α, β, γ, and HL protein to approximately the same extent. Puromycin was found to almost completely inhibit incorporation of [ 14 C]adenine into ribosomal and albuminoid RNA while only a slight inhibition of incorporation into soluble RNA was observed. The incorporation of labeled histidine into lens protein was almost completely inhibited. Neither antibiotic was shown to have a significant effect upon the transport of [ 14 C]adenine into the lens or upon the synthesis of nucleotides from adenine. A major fraction of the adenine taken up by the lens is converted to ATP.
Short and long term effects of antihypertensive therapy in the diabetic rat.

Short and long term effects of antihypertensive therapy in the diabetic rat. To compare the impact of differing antihypertensive regimens on the development of renal injury, studies were performed in three groups of moderately hyperglycemic diabetic rats, and one group of non-diabetic control (C) rats. One diabetic group (DM) received no therapy except insulin. The remaining diabetic groups received insulin and either the angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (CAP), or triple therapy (TRX) with reserpine, hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide. CAP and TRX modestly and comparably lowered blood pressure. At 6 to 10 weeks, DM rats exhibited elevation of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), due to elevations of the glomerular capillary plasma flow rate (Q A ) and the glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (P GC ). In both DM/CAP and DM/TRX rats, blood pressure reduction was associated with selective normalization of P GC , without change in SNGFR or Q A . In long-term (70 weeks) studies, DM rats exhibited progressive albuminuria and marked glomerular sclerosis. CAP limited albuminuria and injury to values even lower than those in C rats, whereas TRX served only to delay, but not to prevent, the increase in albuminuria. TRX reduced glomerular sclerosis, but was less effective than CAP. At 70 weeks, CAP and TRX still reduced systemic blood pressure; P GC remained at normal levels with CAP but was no longer controlled with TRX. These results confirm the clinical observation that antihypertensive therapy slows diabetic glomerulopathy, but also suggest that CAP affords superior long-term protection as compared to the other antihypertensive drug regimen studied.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A case study with implications for harm reduction

Substance abuse occurs in approximately half of adults who have childhood-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and in many individuals who exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article provides clinical guidelines for working with this population. The case presented illustrates how a harm reduction approach to substance use and a “come-as-you-are” stance regarding both occasional use and characteristic ADHD symptoms may better serve the ADHD adult, and individuals with PTSD, than the traditional insistence on complete abstinence from substance use as a prerequisite to psychotherapy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Small-Scale Industry in Japan

I. The role of small-scale industry: the prewar situation, 578; productivity, 582; trends, 584; war-time changes, 586; the social context, 592. — II. Prospects for large-scale industry: effect of air raids, 593; occupation policies, 593; other unfavorable factors, 594; the textile industry, 596. — III. Prospects for small-scale industry: advantages of small-scale plants, 597; obstacles to survival, 599. — IV. Implications: absorption of labor, 601; development of a strong middle class, 602; needed reforms, 602; the labor movement, 603; occupation policies, 603.
Electrolytic Dissolution of Iron Meteorites

When iron meteorites are dissolved anodically in neutral solution, nonmetallic inclusions are not attached and collect at the bottom of the anode compartment. When the meteorites contain both kamacite and taenite, the kamacite dissolves preferentially, revealing a three-dimensional Widmanstatten pattern.
Vanadium catalyzed guaiacol deoxygenation

The first row transition metals (vanadium to zinc) supported on alumina were evaluated for their ability to catalyze the formation of phenol from guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) at atmospheric pressure and 350°C. Vanadium oxide on alumina had the highest activity for phenol formation. The vanadium catalyst was studied in more detail, and the highest yields of phenol and methylated phenols, and the lowest yields of coke, were obtained when an organic reductant, such as α-terpinene, was co-fed with the guaiacol. The vanadium catalyst remained active for a significant period of time on stream (8 g of feed per g of catalyst), even with 20% coke present on the catalyst. The possible benefits of vanadium in new biomass upgrading catalysts are discussed, and a reaction mechanism is proposed.
Protein kinase inhibitors disrupt memory formation in two chick brain regions

The amnesic effects of protein kinase inhibitors (H-7, HA-156, TFP, W-9, and W-13) on memory formation for a one trial peck-avoidance task in chicks were investigated with bilateral and unilateral injections into either the left or the right intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) or the left or right lobus parolfactorius (LPO). All five inhibitors injected bilaterally 5 min pretraining into either the IMHV or LPO or unilaterally into the left IMHV produced amnesia. Unilateral injections into the right IMHV did not produce amnesia. Unilateral injections of W-9 or W-13 into the left but not the right LPO produced amnesia. H-7, HA-156, or TFP did not produce amnesia when injected unilaterally into either the left or right LPO. The time of onset of amnesia produced by injecting TFP and W-13 into the LPO occurred 45 min after training, whereas H-7 produced amnesia significantly later (90 min after training). Amnesia induced by TFP, W-13, and H-7 injected into the LPO occurred significantly later than amnesia produced when these agents were injected into the IMHV. Together these data suggest that the IMHV and LPO process memory sequentially using various protein kinase activities.
Current Concepts in the Surgical Management of Carcinoma of the Lung

1.Early recognition and early application of presently available therapeutic methods will increase long-term survival in primary carcinoma of the lung. 2.The "brush test" developed by Dr. John J. Fennessy has been found most helpful in establishing a positive diagnosis when all other methods failed. 3.In the absence of a positive diagnosis, exploratory thoracotomy should be made unless calcium is present in orderly expanding rings indicating the diagnosis of a granuloma. 4.In selected peripherally located lesions, lobectomy is the operation of choice and has yielded good results (50 per cent five-year survivals) in the absence of positive nodes outside of the lobe removed. 5.Preoperative adjuvant x-ray therapy may prove to be of value in selected patients.
A manual nanoscale method for protein crystallization.

To overcome one of the major hurdles in three-dimensional crystal structure determination – the requirement for large quantities of purified material to grow crystals – crystallization methodologies have been developed that require only a total of 2–5 µl of a concentrated macromolecular solution to screen more than 100 conditions. These procedures employ a circular slide containing an array of 25 wells designed for crystallization setups in the nanolitre volume range. These `crystallization slides' fit into the wells of standard crystallization trays. These nanoscale crystallization approaches have been used to reproducibly obtain well diffracting crystals of three proteins, two that are being actively studied (glycerol kinase and NADH peroxidase) and one test protein (lysozyme), using only 40–350 µg (0.04–0.35 mg) of proteins to screen 100 conditions. These nanolitre crystallization methods are easily adapted for the typical laboratory, without the requirement of robotics or expensive equipment.
Stonin 2: an adaptor-like protein that interacts with components of the endocytic machinery.

Endocytosis of cell surface proteins is mediated by a complex molecular machinery that assembles on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Here, we report the identification of two ubiquitously expressed human proteins, stonin 1 and stonin 2, related to components of the endocytic machinery. The human stonins are homologous to the Drosophila melanogaster stoned B protein and exhibit a modular structure consisting of an NH2-terminal proline-rich domain, a central region of homology specific to the stonins, and a COOH-terminal region homologous to the μ subunits of adaptor protein (AP) complexes. Stonin 2, but not stonin 1, interacts with the endocytic machinery proteins Eps15, Eps15R, and intersectin 1. These interactions occur via two NPF motifs in the proline-rich domain of stonin 2 and Eps15 homology domains of Eps15, Eps15R, and intersectin 1. Stonin 2 also interacts indirectly with the adaptor protein complex, AP-2. In addition, stonin 2 binds to the C2B domains of synaptotagmins I and II. Overexpression of GFP–stonin 2 interferes with recruitment of AP-2 to the plasma membrane and impairs internalization of the transferrin, epidermal growth factor, and low density lipoprotein receptors. These observations suggest that stonin 2 is a novel component of the general endocytic machinery.
Is the precautionary principle unscientific

Abstract The precautionary principle holds that we should not allow scientific uncertainty to prevent us from taking precautionary measures in response to potential threats that are irreversible and potentially disastrous. Critics of the principle claim that it deters progress and development, is excessively risk-aversive and is unscientific. This paper argues that the principle can be scientific provided that (1) the threats addressed by the principle are plausible threats, and (2) the precautionary measures adopted are reasonable. The paper also argues that one may use epistemic criteria, such as consistency, coherence and explanatory power, to determine whether a threat is plausible, and that one may use practical considerations, such as effectiveness, proportionality, cost-effectiveness, realism and consistency, to determine whether a response to a threat is reasonable.
Expectancies of sexual “escape” and sexual risk among drug- and alcohol-involved gay and bisexual men

Abstract Purpose: We tested the hypotheses that sexual risk would relate to gay/bisexual men's patterns of combining alcohol or drugs with sex, their motivation to use drugs to cognitively “escape” awareness of HIV risk, and their use of bars as social and sexual settings. Methods: We conducted extensive interviews among African–American ( n =139) and White ( n =112) gay and bisexual men who were attending a behavioral intervention for safer sex results. Those who frequently combined drugs with sex reported higher rates of sexual risk and Hepatitis B infection than did men who infrequently combined substances with sex, or who combined only alcohol with sex. Sexual risk was pronounced among more frequent drug users who also reported strong expectancies that alcohol or drugs facilitate sex and cognitively escape from awareness of HIV risk. Frequenting bars per se was not an important factor in sexual risk. Implications: Men who use alcohol or drugs to enhance sexuality and escape self-awareness of HIV risk have a significantly diminished capacity to avoid sexual risk.
High-performance e-beam resist coupling excellent dry etch resistance and sub-100-nm resolution for advanced mask and device making

Recently, there is a significant interest in using CA resists for electron beam (E-beam) mask making application. CA resists provide superior lithographic performance in comparison to traditional non CA E-beam resists in particular high contrast, resolution, and sensitivity. However, most current CA resists exhibit very large sensitivity to PAB and/or PEB temperatures resulting in significant impact on CD. In addition, image collapse issues associated with high aspect ratio patterning as well as electron scattering effects in low KeV tools necessitate thinner resists. Therefore, there is a need to have a high etch resistant resist system which can withstand the demanding chrome etch process. Previously, we reported on the KRS-XE resist which exhibits dry etch resistance comparable to the best deep UV resist and excellent lithographic performance and bake latitudes. No PEB is needed for this resist. In this paper, we report on an advanced KRS-XE resist formulation which exhibits dry etch resistance surpassing the industry standard, novolak, in the chrome etch process. This new resist also exhibits excellent lithographic performance - 50nm lines/space delineated and requires no PEB. This paper will highlight the lithographic and etch performance of this new resist.
Retrograde Amnesia Gradients: Effects of Direct Cortical Stimulation

Electrical stimulation was delivered bilaterally to either the anterior or posterior cortex in rats from 0.1 second to 4 hours after a single training trial on an inhibitory avoidance task. As indicated by a retention test given 24 hours later, the length of the retrograde amnesia gradients ranged from 5 seconds to 240 minutes, depending on the brain region stimulated and the intensity of the stimulating current. The stimulation intensity that was threshold for amnesia varied directly with the length of the interval between training and treatment.
The ZrB2 Volatility Diagram

A volatility diagram was calculated for temperatures of 1000, 1800, and 2500 K to understand the oxidation of ZrB2. Applying the diagram, it can be seen that exposure of ZrB2 to air produces ZrO2 (cr) and B2O3 (l) over the temperature range considered. The pressure of the predominant vapor species was predicted to increase from ∼10−6 Pa at 1000 K, to 344 Pa at 1800 K, and to ∼105 Pa at 2500 K. Predictions were consistent with experimental observations that ZrB2 exhibits passive oxidation below 1200 K, but undergoes active oxidation at higher temperatures due to B2O3 (l) evaporation.