cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phorbol ester has different effects on forskolin and β-adrenergic-stimulated cAMP accumulation in mouse parotid acini

Abstract Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) augmented the effects of forskolin, and inhibited the effects of isoproterenol on cAMP accumulation in mouse parotid acini. Treatment of intact cells with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (MIX), blocked TPA inhibition of isoproterenol but not forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. TPA also caused the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) from cytosol to membrane. Pre-treatment of parotid acini with TPA for 30 min enhanced the forskolin and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in isolated parotid membranes. Addition of purified PKC (nPKC) to parotid membranes mimicked the effects of TPA in increasing cAMP synthesis; the effects were blocked in the absence of calcium and phospholipid, and in the presence of the systhetic peptide (PKC 19–36). Purified PKC also mimicked the effects of TPA in augmenting forskolin and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities in the cell-free system. Data suggest that the differential regulation of forskolin and isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation by TPA results from modification of enzymes that synthesize and degrade cAMP.
Future projects in pulse image processing

Pulse-Couple Neural Networks have generated quite a bit of interest as image processing tools. Past applications include image segmentation, edge extraction, texture extraction, de-noising, object isolation, foveation and fusion. These past applications do not comprise a complete list of useful applications of the PCNN. Future avenues of research will include level set analysis, binary (optical) correlators, artificial life simulations, maze running and filter jet analysis. This presentation will explore these future avenues of PCNN research.
Malignant potential of gastric polyps

The malignant potential of gastric polyps is correlated to their pathologic features. The vast majority can be divided into two types: hyperplastic polyp and adenoma. Hyperplastic polyp is composed of well-differentiated glands and rarely becomes malignant. It is small, smooth-surfaced, often multiple, and randomly distributed. Adenoma is composed of dysplastic glands and often becomes malignant. The small adenoma is flat-surfaced and slightly raised. The large adenoma is papillary and broad-based. Adenoma is usually single and located in the antrum. In either case, a separate independent carcinoma may be present in the same stomach.
Finite strain crack tip fields in soft incompressible elastic solids.

A finite element model (FEM) is used to study the behavior of the large deformation field near the tip of a crack in a soft incompressible plane stress fracture specimen loaded in mode I. Results are obtained for the case of a neo-Hookean solid (ideal rubber) and a hyperelastic solid with exponentially hardening behavior. In contrast to the predictions of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the near tip stress fields are dominated by the opening stress which shows a 1/R singularity for the neo-Hookean material and a −1/(R ln R) singularity for the exponential hardening solid. We found very similar qualitative behavior in the near tip stress fields despite the very large difference in strain hardening behavior of the two material models. Our result shows that the near tip opening stress is controlled by the far field energy release rate for large applied loads.
The low-carbohydrate diet in primary care OB/GYN

As primary care becomes a larger part of the obstetrician/gynecologist's practice, we are beginning to be relied upon to address and manage fundamental primary care issues such as nutrition, obesity, hypertension, and the risk assessment for heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Evidence is now showing that insulin in chronically excessive amounts plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of these illnesses as well as in polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. The recent trend in low-carbohydrate, high-protein dieting may prove to play a significant role in the management of these illnesses. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of hyperinsulinemia as is supported heavily in the literature. It will explain the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet in relation to hyperinsulinemia and how it compares with the more widely accepted high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet regimen. It will also address many of the commonly held concerns regarding low-carbohydrate/high-protein diets and provide a brief overview of the typical low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet regimen.
Spectral (finite) volume method for conservation laws on unstructured grids VI: Extension to viscous flow

In this paper, the spectral volume (SV) method is extended to solve viscous flow governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. Several techniques to discretize the viscous fluxes have been tested, and a formulation similar to the local discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approach developed for the DG method has been selected in the present study. The SV method combines two key ideas, which are the bases of the finite volume and the finite element methods, i.e., the physics of wave propagation accounted for by the use of a Riemann solver and high-order accuracy achieved through high-order polynomial reconstructions within spectral volumes. The formulation of the SV method for a 2D advection-diffusion equation and the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is described. Accuracy studies are performed using problems with analytical solutions. The solver is used to compute laminar viscous flow problems to shown its potential.
The effect of drugs on the acquisition of stimulus control in a conditioned suppression procedure.

Rats were trained to press a lever under a variable-interval (VI) schedule of water reinforcement. After stable responding had developed, a 4.5-KHz tone (CS) was conditioned classically to a 2.5-mA electric shock (US) in groups of animals which had been given various psychoactive drugs or saline. Twenty-four hours later, a stimulus generalization test was conducted in the absence of drug; during this session, tones that varied in frequency around 4.5 KHz were presented while the animals were responding under the VI schedule. In animals conditioned under saline, all tones (non-differentially) suppressed responding which, however, recovered gradually over time. This suppressive effect was eliminated by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 0.2 and 0.32 mg/kg), cocaine (20 mg/kg), diazepam (2.5 mg/kg), lisuride (0.08 mg/kg), mescaline (20 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4 mg/kg), and was attenuated by amphetamine (4 mg/kg), pentobarbital (15 mg/kg) and morphine (4 mg/kg). Atropine (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), clonazepam (0.5 mg/kg), and chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) did not alter the suppressive effect of the tone. The serotonin antagonist BC-105 (6 mg/kg) reversed the effect of 0.2 mg/kg of LSD. These results suggest (1) that drug-induced stimuli may “overshadow” other (e.g., external) stimuli during classical conditioning and, (2) that drugs might affect behavior by altering processes (stimulus control or others) that do not simultaneously involve response or motor control.
Classroom Games: Candidate Convergence

This article details an experiment that is easily run in the classroom. It demonstrates how two candidate elections quickly converge to an equilibrium. It points out that the equilibrium is centered on the median voter. Finally, it illustrates what happens when preferences or institutions change. Material associated with conducting the experiment is provided, as is supplemental material for classroom instruction. A critical part of teaching political economy is getting students to understand the link between voter preferences, candidate position taking, and vote aggregation rules. While in the abstract it is easy to understand that candidates will often converge to the median voter, the ease with which candidates respond is not often grasped. This exercise mimics multiple elections with candidates holding no information about the distribution of voter preferences. Parallels are also drawn to one-dimensional spatial location models. The median voter model is one of the basic building blocks for political economy. The model assumes that voters have single-peaked preferences over a single policy dimension. This means that each voter has a single preferred position that can be mapped onto the policy dimension and the voter's utility decreases as a function of distance from that preferred position. Candidates seek election by proposing a policy position that will be implemented if elected. Voters then compare the utility they get from the policy position proposed by each candidate. In a two-candidate model the median voter's position is in equilibrium and candidates converge to the equilibrium. The simplicity of the model and its unique equilibrium allows those teaching various aspects of political economy to quickly cut through the complexity of political elections. This classroom experiment has three goals. The first is to demonstrate that competitive elections quickly drive candidates to adopt winning positions. Second, the exercise points to the stability of an equilibrium. This is especially useful for students who feel that an equilibrium is a fuzzy concept with little explanatory power. In this exercise candidates who deviate from the equilibrium are quickly punished. Third, the exercise introduces a feature common to many political systems: redistricting. This can be thought of as a change in the preferences of some voters. Simple changes in student
Oceanographic controls on the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera

Plate tectonics and climate change are shown to have driven the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera throughout their evolutionary history. The fossil record is not a simple representation of the comings and goings of living things. There are interactions between life and Earth-system processes, and in this paper, Shanan Peters et al. describe how plate tectonics and climate change have together driven the extinction of planktonic foraminifera in the Atlantic basin throughout its history, beginning in the Jurassic. Major crises such as the end-Cretaceous mass extinction leave an imprint superimposed on this background. These factors have not, however, influenced the origin of new foraminifera species. Understanding the links between long-term biological evolution, the ocean–atmosphere system and plate tectonics is a central goal of Earth science. Although environmental perturbations of many different kinds are known to have affected long-term biological evolution, particularly during major mass extinction events1,2, the relative importance of physical environmental factors versus biological interactions in governing rates of extinction and origination through geological time remains unknown2. Here we use macrostratigraphic data from the Atlantic Ocean basin to show that changes in global species diversity and rates of extinction among planktonic foraminifera have been linked to tectonically and climatically forced changes in ocean circulation and chemistry from the Jurassic period to the present. Transient environmental perturbations, such as those that occurred after the asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period1 approximately 66 million years ago, and the Eocene/Oligocene greenhouse–icehouse transition3,4 approximately 34 million years ago, are superimposed on this general long-term relationship. Rates of species origination, by contrast, are not correlated with corresponding macrostratigraphic quantities, indicating that physiochemical changes in the ocean–atmosphere system affect evolution principally by driving the synchronous extinction of lineages that originated owing to more protracted and complex interactions between biological and environmental factors.
Family history of hypertension, gender, and cardiovascular reactivity and stereotypy during stress

Thirty subjects with a family history of hypertension and 28 subjects without such a history performed a Stroop Color-Word Interference task, a mental arithmetic task (serial subtraction of sevens), and a shock avoidance task (repeating digits backward while expecting to be shocked for mistakes). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded while subjects anticipated, undertook, and recovered from the shock avoidance task and undertook and recovered from the Stroop and mental arithmetic tasks. It was found that compared to nonfamily history subjects, family history subjects manifested reliably greater cardiovascular reactivity during each task and in anticipation of the shock avoidance task. These results are congruent with the notion that excessive sympathetic nervous system reactivity—possibly genetically determined—is involved in the development of some form(s) of essential hypertension. Further, the results indicated that family history subjects manifested greater consistency, or stereotypy, of cardiovascular response across the experimental tasks than nonfamily history subjects. The possible role of cardiovascular stereotypy in the development of essential hypertension is also discussed.
A Visual Decision-Guided Tool: Integrating Optimization Programming into Geo-Data Visualization for Finding the Viable Shortest Path

We propose a Visual Decision-Guided Tool that integrates optimization programming into geo-data visualization to determine the best path for rescue and recovery missions. First, we will develop the Top-k Objected-oriented Smoothest Paths model which captures the object dynamics of geospatial temporal network in a terrain over a time horizon. These objects include stationary entities, mobile objects, and route segments. Second, we will extend the Smoothest Path Algorithm (SPA) to be a dynamic learning algorithm, i.e., the Time-varying Smoothest Path Algorithm, which integrates the object dynamics to learn the top-k smoothest routes at each instance of time. The main advantage offered by the SPA extension is its lower logarithmic time complexity, i.e., O(NlogN), where N is the number of nodes in a terrain. Finally, we will develop a new design of visual displays that enable military operators to analyze other crucial factors, such as vehicle types, weather severity, and soldiers' specialty levels, which are required to be interpreted by human perception, cognition, and knowledge to select the best path among the top-k smoothest routes at each instance of time for rescue and recovery missions.
A Maple package for symmetric functions

Abstract We describe the man features of a package of Maple programs for manipulating symmetric polynomials and related structures. Among the highlights of the package are (1) a collection of procedures for converting between polynomial expressions involving several fundamental bases, and (2) a general mechanism that allows the user to easily add new bases to the existing collection. The latter facilitates computations involving numerous important families of symmetric functions, including Schur functions, Zonal polynomials, Jack symmetric functions, Hall-Littlewood functions, and the two-parameter symmetric functions of Macdonald.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment ACTH/MSH(4-10 can act as a discriminative stimulus in rats.

Abstract Five of eight male albino rats learned to discriminate the effects of ACTH/MSH(4–10) (100 μg/kg, SC) from those of saline vehicle in a food-reinforced T-maze task. Generalization tests showed that the ACTH/MSH(4–10) cue was dose related with an ED 50 of approximately 68.0 μg/kg. These findings indicate that ACTH/MSH(4–10) has interoceptive stimulus properties discriminable to some animals, which might provide a useful model for studying the pharmacology of this neuroactive peptide. Moreover, since ACTH/MSH(4–10) induces effects similar to those of ACTH/MSH in the central nervous system but not hormonally, these data suggest that endogenous ACTH or MSH may also have interoceptive stimulus effects unrelated to peripheral endocrine activity.
THE ALTERNATING BASIS ALGORITHM FOR ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

The purpose of this paper is to present a new primal extreme point algorithm for solving assignment problems which both circumvents and exploits degeneracy. The algorithm is based on the observation that the degeneracy difficulties of the simplex method result from the unnecessary inspection of alternative basis representations of the extreme points. This paper characterizes a subsetQ of all bases that are capable of leading to an optimal solution to the problem if one exists. Using this characterization, an extreme point algorithm is developed which considers only those bases inQ. Computational results disclose that the new algorithm is substantially more efficient than previously developed primal and primal-dual extreme point (“simplex”) methods for assignment problems.
Multi-resolution analysis with frontal decomposition

Use of the compactlyB-spline wavelet of Chui and Wang (1991); Chui (1992) is hindered by loss of accuracy on decomposition, through truncation of weight sequences which are countably infinite. Adaptations to finite intervals often encounter problems at boundaries. For multiresolution analysis on a finite interval employing the linearB-wavelet the present research provides a frontal approach to decomposition which avoids truncation of weight sequences, experiences no problems at boundaries, and which is exhibits a factor of three increase in computational efficiency. The boundary wavelets which complete the linearB-wavelet basis on a finite interval are constructed.
The Changing Faces of English: A Caribbean Perspective

This article discusses the globalization of English and the extent to which speakers of varieties of the language such as Caribbean Creole English (CCE) complicate the native speaker/nonnative speaker dichotomy, challenging English language teachers to respond to the specific needs of Creole English-speaking and other bidialectal students. The article describes the linguistic situation in the anglophone Caribbean, the salient features of CCE as compared with standard American English, and the linguistic challenges faced by anglophone Caribbean students and their teachers in North American schools and colleges. Reporting the findings of a 2-year qualitative study of four anglophone Caribbean college students, the author describes the students' linguistic self-perception and provides examples of their oral and written language as one variety of English that teachers will increasingly encounter in 21st-century classrooms. The article proposes that the literacy needs of bidialectal students be addressed on four levels: (a) classroom practices, (b) teacher education, (c) the deconstruction of ESL/English dichotomies, and (d) linguistic attitudes.
Diffusion and reaction in the cell glycocalyx and the extracellular matrix

Many biologically important macromolecular reactions are assembled and catalyzed at the cell lipid-surface and thus, the extracellular matrix and the glycocalyx layer mediate transfer and exchange of reactants and products between the flowing blood and the catalytic lipid-surface. This paper presents a mathematical model of reaction–diffusion equations that simply describes the transfer process and explores its influence on surface reactivity for a prototypical pathway, the tissue factor (Tf) pathway of blood coagulation. The progressively increasing friction offered by the matrix and glycocalyx to reactants and to the product (coagulation factors X, VIIa and Xa) approaching the reactive surface is simulated and tested by solving the equations numerically with both, monotonically decreasing and constant diffusion profiles. Numerical results show that compared to isotropic transfer media, the anisotropic structure of the matrix and glycocalyx sharply decreases overall reaction rates and significantly increases the mean transit time of reactants; this implies that the anisotropy modifies the distribution of reactants. Results also show that the diffusional transfer, whether isotropic or anisotropic, influences reaction rates according to the order at which the reactants arrive at the boundary. Faster rates are observed when at least one of the reactants is homogeneously distributed before the other arrives at the boundary than when both reactants transfer simultaneously from the boundary.
The Early Gentrifier: Weaving a Nostalgia Narrative on the Lower East Side:

Focusing on the consequences of social and cultural displacement from commercial gentrification, this article examines the perspective of “early gentrifiers” decades after they moved into the neigh...
Socializing adaptation: A perspective on world capitalism

Abstract This paper proposes a hypothesis on world capitalist development: capitalist societies have responded to the major economic problems which they have generated by ‘socializing adaptation’; now, in response to the development of a world economy with world economic problems, there is emerging a new process of global socializing adaptation. The paper discusses the nature of socializing adaptation in response to national problems, the nature of global socializing adaptation, and possible LDC development orientations.
Autophagy is a renoprotective mechanism during in vitro hypoxia and in vivo ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Autophagy mediates bulk degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents to maintain cellular homeostasis. In response to stress, autophagy is induced and may either contribute to cell death or serve as a cell survival mechanism. Very little is known about autophagy in renal pathophysiology. This study examined autophagy and its pathological role in renal cell injury using in vitro and in vivo models of ischemia−reperfusion. We found that hypoxia (1% O2) induced autophagy in cultured renal proximal tubular cells. Blockade of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or small-interfering RNA knockdown of Beclin-1 and ATG5 (two key autophagic genes) sensitized the tubular cells to hypoxia-induced apoptosis. In an in vitro model of ischemia−reperfusion, autophagy was not induced by anoxic (0% O2) incubation in glucose-free buffer, but was induced during subsequent recovery/reperfusion period. In this model, suppression of autophagy also enhanced apoptosis. In vivo, autophagy was induced in kidney tissues during renal ischemia−reperfusion in mice. Autophagy was not obvious during the ischemia period, but was significantly enhanced during reperfusion. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and 3-methyladenine worsened renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, as indicated by renal function, histology, and tubular apoptosis. Together, the results demonstrated autophagy induction during hypoxic and ischemic renal injury. Under these pathological conditions, autophagy may provide a protective mechanism for cell survival.
Continuous wave stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation and beam cleanup in optical fiber

A review of research into stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) phase conjugation and beam cleanup conducted at the Air Force Institute of Technology is presented. CW phase conjugation was demonstrated using SBS in short lengths of multi-mode, step-index fiber. A fidelity of 0.8 was achieved using a 0.06-NA fiber of 40 m length and a 0.13-NA fiber at 15 m length. In modeling and experiment, the fidelity declined as fiber length or numerical aperture increased. A relationship was established empirically between step-index fiber parameters and the phase conjugation fidelity. In addition, increased fidelity was related to an increase in the effective Brillouin gain coefficient in step-index fibers. Beam cleanup was observed in both graded-index and step-index fibers. The Stokes beam generated in long, multimode, graded-index fibers was analyzed using spatial and phase methods and found to be a low-order mode of the fiber instead of a phase conjugate of the pump. SBS in long, graded-index fibers was used to combine multiple beams and to improve the beam quality of a single aberrated beam.
Angiomyolipoma Have Common Mutations in TSC2 but No Other Common Genetic Events

Renal angiomyolipoma are part of the PEComa family of neoplasms, and occur both in association with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and independent of that disorder. Previous studies on the molecular genetic alterations that occur in angiomyolipoma are very limited. We evaluated 9 angiomyolipoma for which frozen tissue was available from a consecutive surgical series. Seven of 8 samples subjected to RT-PCR-cDNA sequencing showed mutations in TSC2; none showed mutations in TSC1 or RHEB. Six of the seven mutations were deletions. We searched for 983 activating and inactivating mutations in 115 genes, and found none in these tumors. Similarly analysis for genomic regions of loss or gain, assessed by Affymetrix SNP6.0 analysis, showed no abnormalities. Loss of heterozygosity in the TSC2 region was commonly seen, except in patients with low frequency TSC2 mutations. We conclude that sporadic renal angiomyolipoma usually have mutations in TSC2, but not TSC1 or RHEB, and have no other common genomic events, among those we searched for. However, chromosomal translocations and gene fusion events were not assessed here. TSC2 inactivation by mutation is a consistent and likely necessary genetic event in the pathogenesis of most angiomyolipoma.
Mechanism of plasmid pT181 DNA replication

Abstract The origin of replication of plasmid pT181 is nicked by the plasmid-encoded RepC protein. This nick presumably serves as the start-site of pT181 replication by extension synthesis. In vitro replication of pT181 was found to generate single-stranded DNA in addition to the supercoiled, double-stranded DNA. The single-stranded DNA ws circular and corresponded to the pT181 leading strand. In vitro replication of a recombinant plasmid carrying two pT181 origins in direct orientation was shown to generate circular, single-stranded DNA that corresponded to initiation of replication at one origin sequence and termination at the other origin. These results demonstrate that the origin of pT181 leading-strand DNA replication also serves as the site for termination of replication. Interestingly, the presence of two PT181 origins in inverted orientation resulted in initiation of replication at one origin and stalling of the replisome at the other origin. These data are consistent with the replication of pT181 by a rolling circle mechanism and indicate that single-stranded DNA is an intermediate in pT181 replication.
Relations between the prevailing visibility, nephelometer scattering coefficient and sunphotometer turbidity coefficient

Empirical relations between the visibility, nephelometer scattering coefficient and turbidity coefficients were obtained from nephelometer and sunphotometer measurements taken at the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and the Raleigh-Durham Airport hourly prevailing visibility observations. The data spanned the period between 1972 and 1976. Using graphical techniques, the relation between the visibility V and the nephelometer scattering coefficient b was determined to be V = Ab−1 with acceptable values of A ranging between 1.5 and 2.3. Various formulae relating the visibility V and the decadic turbidity coefficient B(λ) for wavelengths λ of 380 and 500 nm to the nephelometer scattering coefficient b were obtained by the use of linear regression techniques. Averaging the set of b−1 observed for each V, a correlation coefficient of essentially unity was obtained for each year. A relation between V and b−1, for the same period as the above graphical relation, was determined to be V = 1.7 b−1. A correlation coefficient of approximately 0.8 was obtained for B(λ) and the nephelometer aerosol scattering coefficient b' (nephelometer scattering coefficient minus Rayleigh scattering coefficient). For the total time period, the relations B(λ) = gs(λ) + β(λ)b' where σ(500) = 0.054; β(500) = 1.1 km and σ(380) = 0.064; β(380) = 1.6 km were obtained.
Symmetric duality in continuous-time programming via minmax duality

Abstract In this paper, we present continuous-time generalizations of the symmetric-duality formulation of Dantzig, Eisenberg, and Cottle, and self-duality formulation of Mond and Cottle, and establish appropriate duality relations. We also show that continuous-time analogues of several pairs of symmetric-dual problems which are well known in the area of finite-dimensional nonlinear programming, can be obtained as special cases of our general symmetric programs.
The production of antibodies against mammalian LDH-1

Abstract The low antigenic activity of mammalian LDH-1 can be overcome by the use of polyacrylamide as adjuvant. The combination of affinity chromatography of lactate dehydrogenase and subsequent separation of the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes by electrophoresis on acrylamide provides a fast, simple, and reproducible method to produce specific inactivating antibodies with very small amounts of material.
A recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus in the immunocompromised host: oral innocuity, progressive parenteral infection, and therapeutics

With the emergence of raccoons (Procyon lotor) as the primary rabies reservoir in the United States of America, a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) virus vaccine was developed that protected raccoons by the oral route from rabies infection. Despite extensive laboratory evaluation, vaccine safety concerns remained about free-choice distribution for wildlife rabies control. In this study, the oral innocuity of V-RG virus was demonstrated in immunodeficient mice but parenteral exposure resulted in systemic and progressive infection, albeit significantly abrogated in severity in comparison to vaccinia virus. Treatment with vaccinia immune globulin and hydroxyphosphonylmethoxy-propyl-cytosine resulted in significantly longer survival and minimized V-RG viral gross lesions.
Determination of adsorbate orientation from symmetry rules in low-energy elastic electron scattering

In this Letter we describe a particular elastic-scattering experiment which is simple to perform and which establishes a connection between the scattering pattern and the orientation of a molecule adsorbed on a solid surface. This approach is illustrated by examining the cases of CO and C_2H_4.
Structure-based design and synthesis of novel macrocyclic pyrazolo[1,5-a] [1,3,5]triazine compounds as potent inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 and their anticancer activities

A series of macrocyclic derivatives has been designed and synthesized based on the X-ray co-crystal structures of pyrazolo[1,5-a] [1,3,5]triazines with corn CK2 (cCK2) protein. Bioassays demonstrated that these macrocyclic pyrazolo[1,5-a] [1,3,5]triazine compounds are potent CK2 inhibitors with K(i) around 1.0 nM and strongly inhibit cancer cell growth with IC(50) as low as approximately 100 nM.
Coronal Magnetic Field Topology and Source of Fast Solar Wind

We have developed a steady state, 2D semi-empirical MHD model of the solar corona and the solar wind with many surprising results. This model for the first time shows, that the boundary between the fast and the slow solar wind as observed by Ulysses beyond 1 AU, is established in the low corona. The fastest wind observed by Ulysses (680-780 km/s) originates from the polar coronal holes at 70 -90 deg. latitude at the Sun. Rapidly diverging magnetic field geometry accounts for the fast wind reaching down to a latitude of +/- 30 deg. at the orbit of Earth. The gradual increase in the fast wind observed by Ulysses, with latitude, can be explained by an increasing field strength towards the poles, which causes Alfven wave energy flux to increase towards the poles. Empirically, there is a direct relationship between this gradual increase in wind speed and the expansion factor, f, computed at r greater than 20%. This relationship is inverse if f is computed very close to the Sun.
The adiabatic gradient in the mantle

A method is suggested by which the adiabatic gradient at any depth in the mantle can be determined from seismic data. The average gradient from 200 to 2600 km depth is found to be approximately 1.7 × 10−4 T200 deg/km, where T200 is the temperature at 200 km depth. This average gradient agrees well with Benfield's recent estimate.
Device therapy for atrial fibrillation

Currently, there are more therapeutic options available for AF patients with recurrent symptomatic AF episodes. The studies on the role of device therapy for AF have been promising thus far, but they have not achieved any of the goals of AF management. Based on large randomized clinical trials, patients with SSS should receive atrial-based pacing devices. Moderate sized randomized studies have shown minimal benefit of multi-site pacing in AF prevention, even when combined with antiarrhythmic agents. Alternative site pacing such as septal pacing (high or low), however, may be more advantageous, as it achieves similar results in terms of AF reduction with less hardware. The role of ATP in AF prevention is still in its infancy and will need further studies to determine its role in conjunction with antiarrhythmic agents. Furthermore, the role of radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary veins and other sites of AF initiation has been evolving and may be offered to more patients in the future. This approach may be more acceptable to patients and may gain wider acceptance for some groups of AF patients rather than device therapy. In any event, there is still a large role for pacemaker therapy in the management of AF, especially in patients who cannot benefit from curative ablation or surgery procedures, or patients who have failed these procedures, and particularly elderly patients who typically do not undergo these procedures. Based on current understanding, careful selection of pacing sites and pacing algorithms may help in reducing AF episodes in patients receiving devices.
13C T1 NMR study of arylmercury compounds. Barriers to rotation about the carbon–mercury bond

Barriers to rotation about the preferred axis, C-4HgC-4′, were determined for diphenyl-, bis(o-tolyl)- and bis(m-tolyl)-mercury from 13C T1 relaxation times as a function of temperature in DMSO and in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane–CCl4. Based on results for the unsymmetrical compound phenyl(o-tolyl)mercury, the rotation about the preferred axis is interpreted as rotation about the carbon–mercury bond. The average barrier to internal rotation of 3.6 ± 0.6 kcal mol−1 is constant as a function of both methyl substitution and coordinating and non-coordinating solvents.
Antibodies to a Precursor of Human Collagen

Antiserum prepared against serum-free medium from human fibroblast cultures reacted specifically with protropocollagen, an assembled, soluble precursor of tropocollagen. The antibodies were directed to antigenic determinants in the nonhelical, amino terminal peptide extensions (propeptides). Amino acid sequences in the precursor molecule corresponding to the telopeptides and helical alpha chains of tropocollagen were not recognized by the antiserum.
The communication of information to the neurological patient: some implications for family coping.

Abstract In studying selected neurological patients and their families over a 2 yr period, the authors learned that appropriate and timely communication relating to disease factors can help patients perform better and assists the family to adjust to the course of the illness. Honest communication actually generated constructive behaviors, namely, family understanding of the disease, positive sick role expectations, and family acceptance of the illness. These three behaviors reinforced patient compliance to treatment, family adjustment to the illness, and maintenance of patient productivity within the limitations imposed by the particular stage of the disease. They also helped the patient to develop a way of life within the family environment in which he could utilize residual strengths.
Liposomes as Protective Capsules for Active Silica Sol−Gel Biocomposite Synthesis

Using liposome to shield an enzyme from hostile chemical environments during the sol-gel formation process has resulted in a novel approach to synthesizing silica sol-gel biocomposite materials. By reporting the encapsulation of horseradish peroxidase and firefly luciferase, we demonstrate that this new protocol can produce silica biocomposites that are more active than trapping the enzymes directly into hydrogels.
A vector representation for amino acid sequences

A scheme for representing amino acids as vectors in the plane is presented and justified. The two dimensions of the plane are size and hydrophobicity. The vector representation is then applied to generate a consensus sequence for some sets of homologous proteins. A figure of merit for the degree of homology of a set of sequences results from the analysis. Some other applications of the scheme are considered also. This work grew from idea-seeds planted by Margaret Dayhoff's work in the Atlas of Protein Structure and Sequence . It is with gratitude that I dedicate this paper to her memory.
Body and Void and Newton’s De Mundi Systemate: Some New Sources

The manuscripts in the Portsmouth collection amply testify to the fact that Newton from 1686 to the end of his life in 1727 was concerned to strengthen the basic principles of his Natural Philosophy. As is well known both the Principia and the Opticks went through three editions during this period: each successive edition containing more reflections on many of the leading philosophical and theological questions of the time. Still, many of Newton’s speculations never reached the press and have remained in manuscript to be analysed and related to the published material. Some of these documenss have been ably discussed by Professor Cohen & Koyre.1 They have convincingly established that Newton was actively involved, behind the scenes, in the Leibniz-Clarke controversy, and that he also produced many private arguments to rebut the leading Leibnizian charges against his philosophy as developed in the Opticks and the Principia.
Antihistaminic properties of local anesthetics and anesthetic properties of antihistaminic compounds.

Abstract 1.1. The antihistaminic effect of procaine and Stovaine in the Dale bath was 0.01 of that of Benadryl. 2.2. Procaine hydrochloride intravenously injected immediately before an intravenous lethal or sublethal dose of histamine had no protective effect in guinea pigs. 3.3. Stovaine, with the same technique, protected guinea pigs against histamine death and had a slightly protective effect against anaphylactic shock. 4.4. Antihistaminic compounds had from 2 to 2.5 times as much anesthetic effect as procaine in the guinea pig skin wheal and from 2.4 to 4 times as much anesthetic effect as procaine in human skin.
An inter-reference gap model for temporal locality in program behavior

The property of locality in program behavior has been studied and modelled extensively because of its application to memory design, code optimization, multiprogramming etc. We propose a k order Markov chain based scheme to model the sequence of time intervals between successive references to the same address in memory during program execution. Each unique address in a program is modelled separately. To validate our model, which we call the Inter-Reference Gap (IRG) model, we show substantial improvements in three different areas where it is applied. (1) We improve upon the miss ratio for the Least Recently Used (LRU) memory replacement algorithm by up to 37%. (2) We achieve up to 22% space-time product improvement over the Working Set (WS) algorithm for dynamic memory management. (3) A new trace compression technique is proposed which compresses up to 2.5% with zero error in WS simulations and up to 3.7% error in the LRU simulations. All these results are obtained experimentally, via trace driven simulations over a wide range of cache traces, page reference traces, object traces and database traces.
Arthroscopy of the hip in children and adolescents

Intra-articular abnormalities of the hip, such as labral tears, loose bodies, chondral lesions, ligamentum teres tears and femoral acetabular impingement are increasingly being recognized in the pediatric age group. Evaluation for these abnormalities starts with a good history and physical exam. Radiographic imaging with plain films and magnetic resonance imaging help confirm the clinical impression. Arthroscopy of the hip can be utilized to diagnose and treat these abnormalities. Arthroscopy of the hip is a challenging procedure with a learning curve that requires a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the hip. The hip is a deeply recessed joint that has a large muscular envelope, thick joint capsule and convex and concave surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum, respectively. The normal anatomy may be distorted due to childhood developmental disorders such as hip dysplasia, Legg–Calve–Perthes Disease and Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis that adds additional challenges to the arthroscopist. Isolated intra-articular abnormalities occur rarely and an underlying morphologic abnormality should be identified which also requires management. Complications can be minimized with attention to detail.
Fluorescence quenching to measure oxygen concentration

The method of fluorescence quenching is used to measure the concentration of molecular oxygen. The method is rapid, is reversible, and does not consume oxygen. The method may provide the basis for a unique biomedical sensor. The key to developing such a device lies in the choice of a fluorophor/polymer composite matrix which has the desired optical and transport properties.
A Theoretical Framework for Analysis of Lateral Position Errors in VOR Jet-Route Systems

In this paper we investigate the applicability of a second-order differential equation in the physics of mechanical vibration as a model for aircraft lateral position errors obtained from the VOR environment. Navigational interpretations of the parameters in the model are constructed analagous to a vibrating mechanical system. One interesting observation is noted and used to narrow down the potential range of a key parameter. Solutions to the second-order differential equation are described, and the properties and phenomena implied by the model are explained. In extending the theoretical reasoning, we discover phenomena that are embedded in the aggregated data. We also find ways to explain the most salient features of VOR position errors based on the suggested model. Steps required for future empirical confirmation, clarification, and calibration of parameter values are sketched. This paper is only intended as a starting point of a further systematic construction of theory and models useful for the design, evaluation, and regulation of VOR navigation systems.
Fusarium genomic resources: Tools to limit crop diseases and mycotoxin contamination

It has been almost 10 years since Joan Bennett suggested that fungal biologists create a “wish list” for fungal genome sequences (Bennett JW. White paper: Genomics for filamentous fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 1997; 21: 3–7). The availability of over 200 review papers concerning fungal genomics is a reflection of significant progress with a diversity of fungal species. Although much progress has been made, the use of genomic data to study mycotoxin synthesis and function, pathogenesis and other aspects of fungal biology is in its infancy. Here, we briefly present the status of publicly available genomic resources for Fusarium, a genus of important plant pathogenic and mycotoxin-producing fungi of worldwide concern. Preliminary examination of microarray data collected from F. verticillioides liquid cultures provides evidence of widespread differential gene expression over time.
ON-THE-JOB TRAINING

Introduction Measuring Training The Division of the Cost and Return to Training The Choice of Training Estimating the Effect of Training on Wages, Productivity and Turnover Conclusions Reference
Using a handheld PC to collect and analyze observational data

Observational research has become an increasingly important tool in the technical communicator's toolkit as a way of analyzing audiences, discovering problems with current documentation systems, and envisioning alternate ways to design information. Whether it is used informally, in structured design methods, or in academic workplace studies, observational research is useful for technical communication. Yet collecting, managing, and analyzing data can be laborious, time-consuming, and hard to share among team members. Thus technical communicators sometimes avoid observational research in favor of interviews, focus groups, and usability testing -- methods that have their own strengths, but that are no substitute for observational research.In this presentation, I describe two projects in which I dealt with some of these barriers by using handheld PCs (a Handspring Visor and a Sharp Zaurus) as data collection, management, and analysis tools. Consolidating various techniques to a handheld PC -particularly on the data collection side -- leads to a number of benefits, including a reduction in laborious manual transcription; the easy transfer from raw data to research databases; the elimination of work in digitizing audio and photo data for archiving in a database; on-the-fly analysis of data anywhere, without the need for file cabinets, folders, or other bulky types of data storage; and easy sharing of data among team members. At the presentation's conclusion, I will describe how I plan to further develop this fruitful line of inquiry by developing a crossplatform qualitative research tool.
Differential expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of the rat

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been implicated in a number of hippocampal functions including learning and memory. Five subtypes have been molecularly and pharmacologically characterized. Using in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes selective for these five mGluRs, we have found that each has a unique pattern of expression in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. mGluR1 is expressed predominantly in the dentate gyrus and CA3. mGluR2 is enriched in the dentate gyrus and inner layer of the entorhinal cortex. mGluR3 is also expressed in these two structures, but unlike all the other mGluRs, is found in white matter areas as well. mGluR4 is present predominantly in CA2 while mGluR5 is concentrated in most regions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Comparative analysis of the distributions of these receptors with that of the components of their putative downstream signal transduction mechanisms suggests that mGluR5 may be the main subtype of mGluR which mediates the excitatory actions of glutamate in CA1 and could contribute to the elevation of calcium levels found in CA1 pyramidal neurons in long term potentiation and in ischemic/hypoxic injury. mGluR2 and mGluR3, the main subtypes contributing to the inhibitory actions of glutamate, are absent in CA1. Thus, the mGluR-mediated excitatory actions of glutamate can occur in all regions of the hippocampus whereas the mGluR-mediated inhibitory actions of glutamate may be restricted to the dentate gyrus and CA3.
Multispectral imaging with vertical silicon nanowires

Multispectral imaging is a powerful tool that extends the capabilities of the human eye. However, multispectral imaging systems generally are expensive and bulky, and multiple exposures are needed. Here, we report the demonstration of a compact multispectral imaging system that uses vertical silicon nanowires to realize a filter array. Multiple filter functions covering visible to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths are simultaneously defined in a single lithography step using a single material (silicon). Nanowires are then etched and embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), thereby realizing a device with eight filter functions. By attaching it to a monochrome silicon image sensor, we successfully realize an all-silicon multispectral imaging system. We demonstrate visible and NIR imaging. We show that the latter is highly sensitive to vegetation and furthermore enables imaging through objects opaque to the eye.