cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy

The successful treatment of pediatric malignancy by multimodality therapy has improved the outcome for children with cancer. It has been estimated that 0.1% of individuals 20 years of age are survivors of childhood cancer. This represents a large cohort nationally who, with maturation, may be increasingly beset by the medical and social consequences of treatment. The study of long-term effects of cancer chemotherapy has grown enormously in the past decade. Any side effect that does not resolve after the completion of therapy is a long-term effect of therapy. Side effects recognized during the therapeutic period are usually addressed by the treating physicians. More problematic are those effects of therapy that are subclinical at completion of therapy but manifest years later. These are the true late effects of therapy and are the focus of this review. The cytotoxic effects on maturing tissues become apparent only with development. Thus physical, intellectual and pubertal development as well as reproductive potential may be impossible to assess for a decade or more, depending upon the age at the time of treatment. Nonetheless, the ability to predict the likelihood of a given adverse outcome is enormously helpful to the survivor and may allow for the mitigation of severe effects. Organ injury may also be subclinical initially. With aging and additional stress, compensatory mechanisms may fail. The development of effective screening methodologies may be essential for early interventions. Lifestyle changes may reduce exposure to further toxins and mutagenic agents such as alcohol and cigarette smoke that may lead to secondary malignancy, particularly if compounded in some instances by genetic predisposition. Programs for survivors of childhood cancer were developed within pediatric oncology. As the children become adults, the likelihood of continued care at the initial treating institution decreases. Oncologists and other health care professionals who become responsible for the health care of this maturing cohort will need to understand the risks engendered by childhood cancer therapy. The Oncologist 1999;4:45-54
Integrating expression-based drug response and SNP-based pharmacogenetic strategies into a single comprehensive pharmacogenomics program

In the third millennium, competitive advantage in drug development will derive from expertise in two areas: 1) the ability to prioritize and triage hits from a combinatorial chemistry/high-throughput screening experiment and pursue only those hits most likely to succeed through clinical development, and 2) the ability to identify those patients capable of mounting a therapeutic response with minimal toxic effects. Pharmacogenomics, the branch of genomics addressing molecular pharmacology and toxicology, is anticipated to streamline drug development by addressing these issues. Pharmacogenomics includes two separate disciplines: expression pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. Typically, they are regarded as unique fields and are pursued independently from each other. Here, we describe a pharmacogenomic strategy that combines and integrates both fields to create a single robust program. GeneCalling, a rapid, comprehensive differential transcript expression profiling technique, is applied to rodent models of drug response to identify novel markers predictive of drug efficacy and toxicity. SeqCalling, a high-throughput transcript sequencing strategy with a coding region bias, has identified 120,000 novel human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Novel pharmacogenetic candidates are then identified by searching the human orthologs of rodent drug response genes for SeqCalling SNPs that can be pursued in systematic genotype screens to verify clinical correlations. In this manner, GeneCalling expression pharmacogenomics identifies markers capable of triaging leads from hits and SeqCalling converts a subset of these markers into pharmacogenetic correlates capable of identifying appropriately responsive patients. Drug Dev. Res. 49:54–64, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Downstream Processing of Acetate Fermentation Broths by Nanofiltration

Acetate can be separated from fermentation broths and partially purified by nanofiltration (NF). Membrane performance was a function of pressure, pH, concentration of acetate, temperature, and the presence of other media components. With Nitto-Denko’s NTR729 membrane, average acetate rejection was 60%, glucose rejection was 99%, and flux was 15 L/m2/h at 200 psig, 30°C, pH 5.6, and 20 g/L acetic acid. The best downstream strategy is to clarify the fermentation broth by microfiltration (MF), recycle the cells for improving fermenter productivity, nanofilter the cell-free broth, and then evaporate the permeate. The cost of ceramic MF and NF purification is about $66/t acetate, compared to the cost of potassium acetate ($950/t) or calcium-magnesium acetate ($700/t).
Wigner distribution function of volume holograms

Based on a linear systems approach, we derive the Wigner distribution function (WDF) of a 4f imager with a volume holographic three-dimensional pupil; then we obtain the WDF of the volume hologram itself by using the shearing properties of the WDF. Two common configurations, plane and spherical wave reference volume holograms, are examined in detail. The WDF elucidates the shift variant nature of the volume holographic element in both cases.
Cytotoxic anticancer agents and renal impairment study: the challenge remains.

ylenetriamine penta-acetic acid ( 99m Tc-DTPA) clearance. The GFR groupings were one through four with a GFR of 60 mL/ min, 40 to 59 mL/min, 20 to 39 mL/min, and less than 20 mL/min, respectively; group 1 was subdivided, A and B, with GFRs 80 mL/min and 60 to 79 mL/min, respectively, and group 3 was subdivided, A and B, with GFRs of 30 to 39 mL/min and 20 to 29 mL/min, respectively. The patients were treated with a 10-minute infusionof150to600mg/m 2 pemetrexeddoseonceevery3weeks.
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for treatment of central and ultra-central lung tumors.

Abstract Objectives Treatment of central and ultra-central lung tumors with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) remains controversial due to risks of treatment-related toxicities compared with peripheral tumors. Here we report our institution's experience in treating central and ultra-central lung tumor patients with SABR. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed outcomes in 68 patients with single lung tumors, 34 central and 34 peripheral, all treated with SABR consisting of 50Gy in 4–5 fractions. Tumor centrality was defined per the RTOG 0813 protocol. We defined "ultra-central" tumors as those with GTV directly abutting the central airway. Results Median follow-up time was 18.4months and median overall survival was 38.1 months. Two-year overall survival was similar between ultra-central, central, and peripheral NSCLC (80.0% vs. 63.2% vs. 86.6%, P =0.62), as was 2-year local failure (0% vs. 10.0% vs. 16.3%, P =0.64). Toxicity rates were low and comparable between the three groups, with only two cases of grade 3 toxicity (chest wall pain), and one case of grade 4 toxicity (pneumonitis) observed. Patients with ultra-central tumors experienced no symptomatic toxicities over a median follow-up time of 23.6 months. Dosimetric analysis revealed that RTOG 0813 central airway dose constraints were frequently not achieved in central tumor treatment plans, but this did not correlate with increased toxicity rate. Conclusion Patients with central and ultra-central lung tumors treated with SABR (50Gy in 4–5 fractions) experienced few toxicities and good outcomes, similar to patients with peripheral lung tumors.
Skein Tree Hashing on FPGA

This paper focuses on design and analysis of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware for Skein’s tree hashing mode. Several approaches on how to modify sequential hashing cores, and create scalable control logic in order to provide for high-speed parallel hashing hardware are presented and analyzed. The results are compared to the current sequential designs of Skein, providing a complete analysis of the performance of Skein in custom FPGA hardware. The post place-and-route results show that our tree based Skein-256 design achieved a throughput of 3 Gbps using two cores, and 5.6 Gbps for four cores as compared to 1.6 Gbps for sequential systems. The design is parametrizable using leaf-size (YL), nodefanout (YF ), and internal block size (ISBIT ). The control logic follows the same methodology, but is designed for a specific number of cores (NCORE) to correctly handle the core assignment strategy and control.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients and clinical drug trials A case‐control study

In order to understand better why patients do or do not participate in clinical drug trials, we sent questionnaires to 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who participated in clinical drug trials at our center and to 100 RA patients with similar disease durations who did not participate in clinical drug trials at our center. We compared demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of respondents. Those who participated and those who did not participate in clinical drug trials selected similar rank-order preferences of potential reasons for doing so. The most frequent reasons cited by participants and nonparticipants were physician recommendation (50% and 56%) and benefit to society (25% and 17%). Participants and nonparticipants were similar in reference to their age, sex, educational level, reported income per household, employment status, distance from the medical center, disease duration, number of tender joints, American Rheumatism Association functional class, and mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate variables. There were two differences between the groups: participants included a lower percentage of blacks and had a greater number of swollen joints. Even with those exceptions, we concluded that participants in clinical trials appear to be comparable to the general population of RA patients followed at our outpatient department.
G quadruplex RNA structures in PSD-95 mRNA: potential regulators of miR-125a seed binding site accessibility

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability caused by the CGG trinucleotide expansion in the 3'-untranslated region of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, that silences the expression of the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP has been shown to bind to a G-rich region within the PSD-95 mRNA which encodes for the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and together with the microRNA miR-125a, to play an important role in the reversible inhibition of the PSD-95 mRNA translation in neurons. The loss of FMRP in Fmr1 KO mice disables this translation control in the production of the PSD-95 protein. Interestingly, the miR-125a binding site on PSD-95 mRNA is embedded in the G-rich region bound by FMRP and postulated to adopt one or more G quadruplex structures. In this study, we have used different biophysical techniques to validate and characterize the formation of parallel G quadruplex structures and binding of miR-125a to its complementary sequence located within the 3' UTR of PSD-95 mRNA. Our results indicate that the PSD-95 mRNA G-rich region folds into alternate G quadruplex conformations that coexist in equilibrium. miR-125a forms a stable complex with PSD-95 mRNA, as evident by characteristic Watson-Crick base-pairing that coexists with one of the G quadruplex forms, suggesting a novel mechanism for G quadruplex structures to regulate the access of miR-125a to its binding site.
Embedding type structure in semantics

We show how a programming language designer may embed the type structure of a programming language in the more robust type structure of the typed lambda calculus. This is done by translating programs of the language into terms of the typed lambda calculus. Our translation, however, does not always yield a well-typed lambda term. Programs whose translations are not well-typed are considered meaningless, that is, ill-typed. We give a conditionally type-correct semantics for a simple language with continuation semantics. We provide a set of static type-checking rules for our source language, and prove that they are sound and complete: that is, a program passes the typing rules if and only if its translation is well-typed. This proves the correctness of our static semantics relative to the well-established typing rules of the typed lambda-calculus.
Simulation based experiments using EDNAS: the Event-Driven Network Architecture Simulator

Computer networks serve billions of users all over the world. Research in this field could be performed by building test beds in labs. However, this approach is very expensive, inflexible and hard to reconfigure. It is also difficult and sometimes impossible to replicate some scenarios with test beds. Network simulation on the other hand overcomes all these difficulties. Network simulation can be easily used to study and debug network protocols, understand their interaction and predict how network changes will affect performance. In this paper, we introduce the Event-Driven Network Architecture Simulator, EDNAS. EDNAS is a general-purpose, portable and scalable simulator. We discuss its architecture and implementation. We demonstrate and analyze the results EDNAS provides using various performance measures that are hard to obtain using analytical models. This makes EDNAS very appealing in the study of communication networks.
A New Differential Modulation for Coded OFDM with Multiple Transmit Antennas

A new differential modulation scheme is presented for coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with multiple transmit antennas in frequency- and time-selective channels. In contrast to an earlier scheme that involves differential modulation in space and time (ST) across two code matrices, the new scheme performs it in space and frequency (SF) within only one code matrix. As such, the shortest coherence time of the channel that can be handled is reduced, which makes the differential SF scheme more resistant to fast fading. Along with a suitable spectral encoder and interleaver, both the differential ST and SF schemes offer joint spatio-spectral diversity and coding gain. Numerical simulation confirms that SF is indeed more resistant to time-selective fading than ST; however, the former also suffers some performance loss caused by frequency-selective fading and is preferred only when fast fading is prevalent.
Normative longitudinal maternal sleep: the first 4 postpartum months

Objective To describe the normative course of maternal sleep during the first 4 months postpartum. Study Design Sleep was objectively measured using continuous wrist actigraphy. This was a longitudinal, field-based assessment of nocturnal sleep during postpartum weeks 2 through 16. Fifty mothers participated during postpartum weeks 2 through 13; 24 participated during postpartum weeks 9 through 16. Results Maternal nocturnal sleep time was 7.2 (SD ± 0.95) hours and did not change significantly across postpartum weeks 2 through 16. Maternal sleep efficiency did improve across weeks 2 (79.7%; SD ± 5.5) through 16 (90.2%; SD ± 3.5) as a function of decreased sleep fragmentation across weeks 2 (21.7; SD ± 5.2) through 16 (12.8; SD ± 3.3). Conclusion Though postpartum mothers' total sleep time was higher than expected during the initial postpartum months, this sleep was highly fragmented (similar to fragmenting sleep disorders) and inefficient. This profile of disturbed sleep should be considered in intervention designs and family leave policies.
On the performance of a scalable single-tier position based routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc wireless networks

This paper deals with the performance evaluation of a scalable single-tier routing protocol designed for operation in mobile ad hoc networking environments. The protocol under consideration is based on the superposition of link-state and position-based routing, and it employs a simplified way of localizing routing overhead, without having to resort to complex, multiple-tier routing organization schemes. Specifically we study the protocol's scalability measured by the routing overhead, by calculating the average number of routing packets per node, as a function of the network size. The obtained results demonstrate that the average number of routing packets transmitted by a node is practically insensitive to the network size. This clearly indicates that our protocol possesses the scalability property which is very critical in mobile ad hoc networking environments, without having to resort to complicated and vulnerable hierarchical approaches. Moreover we compare the performance of our protocol with a non-realistic "ideal routing protocol" where packets are routed assuming continuous and accurate knowledge of the exact node position. Specifically we study the "route distortion" introduced by our protocol due to inaccuracies in the positions of other hosts known by the local host, and compare the number of hops needed to route data under our approach against the corresponding results obtained for the "ideal routing". The results indicate that for various mobility scenarios our protocol has nearly optimum data routing characteristics. Finally we discuss various design parameters related to the protocol's operation and we investigate their impact on the protocol's performance and effectiveness.
Structural and Functional Evidence for Testosterone Activation of GPRC6A in Peripheral Tissues

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a multiligand GPCR that is activated by cations, L-amino acids, and osteocalcin. GPRC6A plays an important role in the regulation of testosterone (T) production and energy metabolism in mice. T has rapid, transcription-independent (nongenomic) effects that are mediated by a putative GPCR. We previously found that T can activate GPRC6A in vitro, but the possibility that T is a ligand for GPRC6A remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate direct T binding to GPRC6A and construct computational structural models of GPRC6A that are used to identify potential binding poses of T. Mutations of the predicted binding site residues were experimentally found to block T activation of GPRC6A, in agreement with the modeling. Using Gpr6ca(-/-) mice, we confirmed that loss of GPRC6A resulted in loss of T rapid signaling responses and elucidated several biological functions regulated by GPRC6A-dependent T rapid signaling, including T stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic islets and enzyme expression involved in the biosynthesis of T in Leydig cells. Finally, we identified a stereo-specific effect of an R-isomer of a selective androgen receptor modulator that is predicted to bind to and shown to activate GPRC6A but not androgen receptor. Together, our data show that GPRC6A directly mediates the rapid signaling response to T and uncovers previously unrecognized endocrine networks.
Down syndrome and coexistent autoimmune diseases

Summary Down syndrome (DS) is often accompanied by autoimmune diseases. Among those, autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes and celiac disease are the most common. The major cause of enhanced vulnerability of DS patients to a variety of autoimmune diseases is impaired immune response, with multiple abnormalities in all components of the immune system, especially in cell-mediated immunity. This could explain a significantly higher frequency of autoimmune disorders in DS compared to the general population. The diagnosis of autoimmune diseases accompanying DS could be complicated by masking effects of the underlying features of the syndrome such as failure to thrive, short stature and delayed puberty. However, screening for immunological signs of coexistent autoimmunity such as tissuespecific antibodies and monitoring insulin secretion, glucose levels, thyroid function and other metabolic parameters should help in early diagnosis of coexistent autoimmunity in DS patiens.
WINTER SITE FIDELITY OF NEARCTIC MIGRANTS IN SHADE COFFEE PLANTATIONS OF DIFFERENT SIZES IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Abstract We studied three Nearctic migrant species (American Redstart [Setophaga ruticilla], AMRE; Black-and-white Warbler [Mniotilta varia], BAWW; Black-throated Blue Warbler [Dendroica caerulescens ], BTBW) wintering in 14 isolated shade coffee plantations (0.1 to 8.7 ha) in the Dominican Republic to determine if site fidelity was comparable to that in tropical forests and if it decreased with plantation size. Site fidelity was measured as the percentage of wandering birds captured in mist nets, as overwinter site persistence of uniquely marked birds observed on the same sites (November to March), and as annual return of marked individuals to previously occupied sites (January to January). The percentages of wanderers in net captures were mostly lower than values reported for natural forests (AMRE 21%, BAWW 12%, BTBW 41%) and did not vary with plantation size. Overwinter site persistence (AMRE 65%, BAWW 65%, BTBW 76%) and annual return (AMRE 34%, BAWW 40%, BTBW 31%) in the plantations fell within the ra...
A New Paradigm for the Personal Income Tax

This report challenges commonly held perceptions of the impact of income taxes on U.S. taxpayers and proposes a new more relevant paradigm. The article traces the history of these taxes from their modest origins in the mid-19th century to the complex, multi-leveled system of today. The author suggests that the current view of the personal income tax, based solely on the regular federal income tax policy, is unrealistic. Other closely related taxes, such as FICA, the alternative minimum tax, and state and local income taxes now have a profound influence on many taxpayers and have become part of a comprehensive system. The report explores the benefits of the new paradigm through a series of simulations that measure tax burden and marginal tax effects for a typical wage earner and a salaries small investor.
Lack of evidence for vesicle trafficking of fluorescent bile salts in rat hepatocyte couplets

The role of intracellular vesicles in the movement of bile salts through hepatocytes from blood to bile has not been resolved. To determine whether bile salts are sequestered during transit, rat he...
Managing Your Research Pipeline

A researcher’s “pipeline” refers to the progression of papers from the idea stage to the publication stage. Tenure-track faculty and graduate students often are advised that a busy pipeline is the way to tenure. However, beyond the simple encouragement to “work harder,” “write more,” and “publish more,” not much direction is given to junior scholars regarding how they should think about and manage their research pipeline. How does one develop a large number of papers from their first stages to the pages of respected journals? This article discusses the author’s system for pipeline management. The system works (1) by separating the difficult exercise of publishing a paper into eight manageable stages; and (2) by organizing a set of papers using these steps according to a practicable timeline.
Process window tripling by optimized SRAF placement rules: AP/DFM: Advanced patterning/design for manufacturability

In this paper, we show that optimized Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAF) placement rules nearly tripled the depth of focus of the lithography process window for the layer of interest. No SRAF printing was found in wafer SEM images. The detail of how the optimization of Rule Based SRAF (RBSRAF) was carried out is demonstrated step by step. At GLOBALFOUNDRIES, we developed a Best Known Method (BKM) for optimizing RBSRAF. This BKM uses pixelated OPC, SRAF placement rules analysis and simplification, SRAF placement parameters optimization, and SRAF Printing Avoidance. The BKM was applied to the layer of interest, and was proved to be very successful by the Fab wafer CDSEM data. The success of the RBSRAF optimization BKM will have big impact in the semiconductor manufacturing for the next generation technology nodes of 10 nm and 7 nm.
Chapter 9 From Doctoral Students to Faculty: Chicanas' Articulation with Trauma in Academe

This chapter contextualizes the experiences of Chicana academics of the affirmative-action generation within a framework of collective trauma. It draws from interviews of 17 Chicanas who attended UC Berkeley's doctoral programs between 1967 and 1979, an era characterized by strife and civil rights mobilizations in higher education. As members of a “political generation,” women who began their graduate schooling years during this period reported numerous conflicts negotiating the culture of their respective departments, working with faculty, and handling dynamics within their own Chicana/o support group. The chapter illustrates the ways in which Chicanas experienced and responded to cultural trauma induced by the challenge of entering the highly politicized environment of graduate school. For those women who entered the professoriate, their responses to cultural trauma are explored in the context of their roles as faculty and their significance as a “political generation.”
Electrical Tuning of Exciton–Plasmon Polariton Coupling in Monolayer MoS2 Integrated with Plasmonic Nanoantenna Lattice

Active control of light-matter interactions in semiconductors is critical for realizing next generation optoelectronic devices with real-time control of the system’s optical properties and hence functionalities via external fields. The ability to dynamically manipulate optical interactions by applied fields in active materials coupled to cavities with fixed geometrical parameters opens up possibilities of controlling the lifetimes, oscillator strengths, effective mass, and relaxation properties of a coupled exciton–photon (or plasmon) system. Here, we demonstrate electrical control of exciton–plasmon coupling strengths between strong and weak coupling limits in a two-dimensional semiconductor integrated with plasmonic nanoresonators assembled in a field-effect transistor device by electrostatic doping. As a result, the energy-momentum dispersions of such an exciton–plasmon coupled system can be altered dynamically with applied electric field by modulating the excitonic properties of monolayer MoS2 arising...
The Socratic Method as an Approach to Learning and Its Benefits

The Socratic Learning Method (SLM) is a constructivist learning approach consisting of four key steps: eliciting relevant preconceptions, clarifying preconceptions, testing one’s own hypotheses or encountered propositions, and deciding whether to accept the hypotheses or propositions. The Socratic Learning Method is particularly useful when one has to evaluate a proposition contradictory to one originally held belief, or when one has to generate and evaluate one’s own hypothesis in the face of new information. Connecting the steps of the Socratic Learning Method and studies in cognitive science, developmental psychology, and education, this thesis argues that the Socratic Learning Method enhances students’ learning as it reduces the impact of misconception, aids students in organizing knowledge, cultivates higher order thinking skills, and helps students to monitor their own learning. While the Socratic Learning Method functions as a teaching method when teachers first introduce it to students in the classroom, the thesis emphasizes its use as an approach to learning that individuals must cultivate, with practice, into a vigorous thinking habit.
In Vitro High-Throughput RNAi Screening to Accelerate the Process of Target Identification and Drug Development

High-throughput RNA interference (HT-RNAi) is a powerful tool that can be used to knock down gene expression in order to identify novel genes and pathways involved in many cellular processes. It is a systematic, yet unbiased, approach to identify essential or synthetic lethal genes that promote cell survival in diseased cells as well as genes that confer resistance or sensitivity to drug treatment. This information serves as a foundation for enhancing current treatments for cancer and other diseases by identifying new drug targets, uncovering potential combination therapies, and helping clinicians match patients with the most effective treatment based on genetic information. Here, we describe the method of performing an in vitro HT-RNAi screen using chemically synthesized siRNA.
Developing precision medicine for people of East Asian descent

The goal of precision medicine is to separate patient populations into groups to ultimately provide customized care tailored to patients. In terms of precision medicine, ~540 million people in the world have a genetic variant of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzyme causing a flushing response and tachycardia after alcohol consumption. The genetic variant is identified as ALDH2*2 and originates from East Asian descendants of the Han Chinese. The variant is particularly important to consider when discussing lifestyle choices with patients in terms of risk for developing specific diseases, preventative screening, and selection of medications for treatment. Here we provide examples why patients with an ALDH2*2 variant need more individualized medical management which is becoming a more standard practice in the precision medicine era.
Self-assembly of nanostructures with multiferroic components using nucleic acid linkers

Self-assembly of multiferroic oxide composites by chemical and biochemical methodology is discussed. The approach involves covalently attaching organic functional groups or oligomeric DNA/RNA to the nanoparticles (NPs). The organic functional groups are only reactive toward functional groups located on different NPs. Using oligomeric DNA/RNA, one could program NPs to only interact with particles possessing complementary DNA/RNA. We have applied both concepts to the assembly of nanostructures with ferrites for the ferromagnetic phase and barium titanate for the ferroelectric phase. The assembled core–shell particles and superstructures obtained in a magnetic field show evidence for strong interactions between the magnetic and ferroelectric subsystems.
Perplexing cooperative folding and stability of a low-sequence complexity, polyproline 2 protein lacking a hydrophobic core

The burial of hydrophobic side chains in a protein core generally is thought to be the major ingredient for stable, cooperative folding. Here, we show that, for the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), stability and cooperativity can occur without a hydrophobic core, and without α-helices or β-sheets. sfAFP has low sequence complexity with 46% glycine and an interior filled only with backbone H-bonds between six polyproline 2 (PP2) helices. However, the protein folds in a kinetically two-state manner and is moderately stable at room temperature. We believe that a major part of the stability arises from the unusual match between residue-level PP2 dihedral angle bias in the unfolded state and PP2 helical structure in the native state. Additional stabilizing factors that compensate for the dearth of hydrophobic burial include shorter and stronger H-bonds, and increased entropy in the folded state. These results extend our understanding of the origins of cooperativity and stability in protein folding, including the balance between solvent and polypeptide chain entropies.
Coauthors and Collaborations in Labor Economics

This personal reflective chapter summarizes and explains why the frequency with which I have coauthored research has varied over my career and discusses the reasons that my coauthored publications and collaborations have arisen. The reasons include research that arises from casual conversations with colleagues; the sharing of data both as a donor and as a recipient; invitations to participate in large-scale projects; the division of labor and working with people with complementary skills and personalities; educating graduate and undergraduate students and the desire to give the former a leg up in the job market and to encourage the latter to pursue doctoral study; discussions with my wife about issues she faced as a teacher and administrator in public K12 education; and efforts to magnify my impact on an area of study by convening conferences, commissioning papers, and seeing conference volumes through to publication.
Can Polarization Be Positive? Conflict and Institutional Development in Africa:

Can political polarization, typically viewed as detrimental for political development, have positive effects on institution-building and democratization in the long run? This article argues that th...
Social and Genetic Pathways in Multigenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment

This study investigates the complex roles of the social environment and genes in the multigenerational transmission of educational attainment. Drawing on genome-wide data and educational attainment...
Labor-Management Cooperation or Managerial Control?

Throughout the twentieth century in the United States, managements have deployed new production technologies in order to maintain enterprise profitability, while workers have attempted to protect their job security. Technological change has not only raised these divergent issues for labor and management, but also compelled them to establish procedures for ensuring that technological change fulfills their interests. Technological change has been accompanied by a continuous struggle over controlling its implementation and outcomes.1
Panoramic New Vistas of Nuclei in and Near Their Ground States

A panoramic overview of the new insights being gained from nuclei in and near their ground states as if taken with a fish-eye camera, to see the landscape in a broad prospective is given. The extension of our knowledge of the properties of nuclei in and near their ground states still farther off stability are continuing to reveal challenging surprises and unexpected diversities of nuclear shapes and structure that could not be seen by studying nuclei in and near the valley of beta stability. These include the discovery of new magic numbers which stabilize the nucleus for a spherical shape and the continuation of the importance of some and disappearance of other well-established spherical magic numbers along with the establishment of new magic numbers now associated with deformed shapes. Superdeformation, nuclei with 3:2 axis ratios and β ∼ 0.4, is well established in the ground states and excited states of nuclei in the islands of superdeformation centered on the new deformed double magic numbers Z=N=38 and Z=38, N=60,62. Superdeformation, which has attracted so much attention at very high spins, is not only seen in nuclear ground states in these islands but in excited states beginning at spins as low as 4+ and 6+, for example in 72Se and 194Pb, respectively. The importance of the reinforcement of the protons and neutrons when they have shell gaps for the same spherical or deformed shape in stabilizing that shape is clearly seen.
PaCcET: An Objective Space Transformation to Iteratively Convexify the Pareto Front

In multi-objective problems, it is desirable to use a fast algorithm that gains coverage over large parts of the Pareto front. The simplest multi-objective method is a linear combination of objectives given to a single-objective optimizer. However, it is proven that this method cannot support solutions on the concave areas of the Pareto front: one of the points on the convex parts of the Pareto front or an extreme solution is always more desirable to an optimizer. This is a significant drawback of the linear combination. In this work we provide the Pareto Concavity Elimination Transformation PaCcET, a novel, iterative objective space transformation that allows a linear combination in this transformed objective space to find solutions on concave areas of the Pareto front in the original objective space. The transformation ensures that an optimizer will always value a non-dominated solution over any dominated solution, and can be used by any single-objective optimizer. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method in two multi-objective benchmark problems with known concave Pareto fronts. Instead of the poor coverage created by a simple linear sum, PaCcET produces a superior spread across the Pareto front, including concave areas, similar to those discovered by more computationally-expensive multi-objective algorithms like SPEA2 and NSGA-II.
Abstract 20070: Validation of New Score System for Left Atrium Thrombus Risk Prediction in Atrial Fibrillation.

Introduction: SPACED ( S troke, P ermanent AF, A F duration, C HF, spontaneous E cho contrast and D iabetes) is a novel risk assessment tool for the prediction of left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) derived from 487 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The purpose of this study was to prospectively validate this new tool, particularly among older patients. Methods: 387 NVAF patients (age (63.4±14.8; 70.5%male) underwent TEE screening for LAAT including 90 patients ≥ 75 years old. Performance characteristics were compared to CHADS2 score system. Results: LAAT was identified in 33 patients (72.2+14.6; 48.5%). The overall sensitivity and specificity (AUC) for CHADS2 (0.79) and SPACED (0.78) were similar (p=0.7; Figure 1). For patients > 75 years (81+5.4; 63.6%; Figure 2), SPACED (AUC 0.74) was more predictive of LAAT compared to CHADS2 (0.54; p Conclusion: Risk assessment tools for AF help define those individuals most suited for anticoagulant therapy. For elderly patients who are greatest risk for both stroke and bleeding, this novel risk assessment tool may help stratify those individuals who would most benefit from anticoagulant therapy.
PSYCO homologues: p-type superconduct, but n-type do not

The high-temperature superconducting homologues of Pb 2 Sr 2 YCu 3 O 8 (PSYCO) and Nd 2−z Ce z CuO 4 are p-type. The n-type homologues of PSYCO do not superconduct. And the dopant in Nd 2−z Ce z CuO 4 is the p-type (Ce, O interstitial ) pair. Hence, a proper theory of high-temperature superconductivity does not have to feature particle-hole doping symmetry.
Quality Assessment of the Clinical Practice Guideline for Tympanostomy Tubes in Children

ObjectivesTo determine the association between the introduction of statements 6 and 7 in the 2013 clinical practice guideline (CPG) for tympanostomy tubes in children and the identification of preo...
N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Antibody Encephalitis: A Concise Review of the Disorder, Diagnosis, and Management

Anti-NMDA ( N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is one of the most common paraneoplastic encephalitides. It occurs in both sexes, across all age ranges, and may occur in the presence or absence of an associated tumor. Its pathogenesis and clinical presentation relate to the presence of IgG1 or IgG3 antibodies targeting the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, leading to a disinhibition of neuronal excitatory pathways. Initial clinical manifestations may be nonspecific, resembling a viral-like illness; however, with disease progression, symptoms can become quite severe, including prominent psychiatric features, cognitive problems, motor dysfunction, and autonomic instability. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis may even result in death in severe untreated cases. Diagnosis can be challenging, given that initial laboratory and radiographic results are typically nonspecific. The majority of patients respond to first or second-line treatments, although therapeutic options remain limited, usually consisting of tumor removal (if there is confirmation of an underlying malignancy) in conjunction with prompt initiation of immunosuppressive medications along with intravenous immunoglobulins and/or plasma exchange. Although the clinical presentation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis overlaps with several other more common neurological and psychiatric disorders, early diagnosis and treatment is essential for a positive prognosis. Here, we concisely review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management of this disease.
Sex differences in insular functional connectivity in response to noxious visceral stimulation in rats.

Abstract Insular cortex (INS) plays a critical role in pain processing and shows sex differences in functional activation during noxious visceral stimulation. Less is known regarding functional interactions within the INS and between this structure and other parts of the brain. Cerebral blood flow mapping was performed using [14C]-iodoantipyrine perfusion autoradiography in male and female rats during colorectal distension (CRD) or no distension (controls). Forty regions of interest (ROIs) were defined anatomically to represent the granular, dysgranular, and agranular INS along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. Inter-ROI correlation matrices were calculated for each group to characterize intra-insular functional connectivity (FC). Results showed a clear FC segregation within the INS into an anterior (rostral to bregma +2.4 mm), a posterior (caudal to bregma −1.2 mm), and a mid INS subregion in between. Female controls showed higher FC density compared to males. During CRD, intra-insular FC density decreased greatly in females, but only modestly in males, with a loss of long-range connections between the anterior and mid INS noted in both sexes. New functional organization was characterized in both sexes by a cluster in the mid INS and primarily short-range FC along the A-P axis. Seed correlation analysis during CRD showed sex differences in FC of the anterior and mid agranular INS with the medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and brainstem areas (periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus), suggesting sex differences in the modulatory aspect of visceral pain processing. Our findings suggest presence of substantial sex differences in visceral pain processing at the level of the insula.
Group Size, Commitment, Trust, and Mutual Awareness in Task Groups

ABSTRACTThe development of social commitments has interested classical and contemporary theorists. Propositions build on earlier theory to explain how the number of members in a group may alter the...
Toward a Design of Active Oxygen Evolution Catalysts: Insights from Automated Density Functional Theory Calculations and Machine Learning

Developing active and stable oxygen evolution catalysts is a key to enabling various future energy technologies, and the state of the art catalysts are Ir-containing oxide materials. Understanding ...
Multinucleated stromal giant cells in the gastroesophageal junctional and gastric mucosa: a retrospective study.

Atypical multinucleated stromal giant cells (MSGCs) are occasionally encountered in the esophagogastric mucosa. This study aims to investigate the origin and clinical association of MSGCs in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Three hundred sixty-one contiguous biopsies and 1 resection specimen from the stomach and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) were identified from archives for morphologic and immunohistochemical studies. MSGCs were identified in 22 cases (6%: 7 gastric, 15 GEJ). Patients’ average age was 53 years. There was no sex predilection. 77% cases had only 1 or 2 MSGCs per 10 high power fields. MSGCs were located in the lamina propria of the gastric or GEJ mucosa, with an accentuation in the subepithelial zone. The median number of nuclei in a MSGC was 5 (ranging from 3 to 16). The nuclei were touching/overlapping, often arranged into “wreath”, “caterpillar”, or “morula” configurations. MSGCs expressed smooth muscle actin, desmin, while negative for cytokeratin AE1/3, CD68, S100, chromogranin, and CD117. The most common clinical history was epigastric pain, gastroesophageal reflux, and Barrett esophagus. The most common associated pathologic diagnoses included reactive (chemical) gastropathy (71% gastric biopsies) and gastroesophageal reflux (73% GEJ specimens). MSGCs in the esophagogastric mucosa show smooth muscle/myofibroblast differentiation by immunohistochemistry and likely represent a reactive/reparative stromal reaction associated with gastroesophageal reflux and reactive (chemical) gastropathy.
Problems with the dual-systems approach to temporal cognition.

Contrary to Hoerl & McCormack (H&M), we argue that the best account of temporal cognition in humans is one in which a single system becomes capable of representing time. We suggest that H&M's own evidence for dual systems of temporal cognition – simultaneous contradictory beliefs – does not recommend dual systems, and that the single system approach is more plausible.
On Shaky Ground: Black Authenticity at Predominantly White Institutions:

This study investigates the ways in which social context affects processes of black authenticity, resulting in shaky ground for authentic blackness among black college students at predominantly whi...
Arterial Line Placement

This chapter discusses technical aspects of arterial line placement including instrumentation and equipment, patient positioning, and technique (catheter-over-needle, Seldinger, modified Seldinger). The authors also offer pearls and pitfalls.
Diagnosis of Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical Practice in 2021

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative disease impacting cognition, function, and behavior. Alzheimer's disease progresses along a continuum from preclinical disease, to mild cognitive and/or behavioral impairment and then Alzheimer's disease dementia. Recently, clinicians have been encouraged to diagnose Alzheimer's earlier, before patients have progressed to Alzheimer's disease dementia. The early and accurate detection of Alzheimer's disease-associated symptoms and underlying disease pathology by clinicians is fundamental for the screening, diagnosis, and subsequent management of Alzheimer's disease patients. It also enables patients and their caregivers to plan for the future and make appropriate lifestyle changes that could help maintain their quality of life for longer. Unfortunately, detecting early-stage Alzheimer's disease in clinical practice can be challenging and is hindered by several barriers including constraints on clinicians' time, difficulty accurately diagnosing Alzheimer's pathology, and that patients and healthcare providers often dismiss symptoms as part of the normal aging process. As the prevalence of this disease continues to grow, the current model for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and patient management will need to evolve to integrate care across clinical disciplines and the disease continuum, beginning with primary care. This review summarizes the importance of establishing an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, related practical 'how-to' guidance and considerations, and tools that can be used by healthcare providers throughout the diagnostic journey.
Light Manipulation of Photonic-Structured OLEDs

OLEDs are thin-film devices consisting of multilayers of organic thin films sandwiched between a metal and an ITO electrodes. Because of the different refractive indices of the layers in the thin film stack, different optical modes are trapped in the device. In this talk, we will first discuss the physics of these optical modes and describe techniques to characterize them. We will then describe how to use various photonic structures to maximize the light output and manipulate these optical modes to control the polarization as well as directionality to achieve beam shaping.