cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Estrogen Production via the Estrone Sulfatase Pathway in Breast Tumors: Relative Importance versus the Aromatase Pathway

Abstract Estrone and estradiol concentrations in breast tumor tissue are an order of magnitude higher than circulating plasma levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Local production of estrogen in the neoplastic tissue is one of several possible explanations for this plasma/tissue gradient. This study evaluated breast tumor estrogen production via the estrone sulfate to estrone (sulfatase) pathway and compared this with the androstenedione to estrone (aromatase) system in human and rodent mammary tumors. Estrone production from estrone sulfate was related linearly with time and tissue concentrations, exhibited an apparent Km of 20 μM, and produced a linear Eadie-Hofstee kinetic plot consistent with a single class of enzymatic sites. Measurement of sulfatase in 35 human breast tumors using enzyme saturating conditions revealed estrone production ranging from 0.8-125 μmol/g protein-h. The corresponding range in host mammary tumors was 3.5-7.1 μmol/g protein h. In human breast tumors, sulfatase a...
Vanishing of the costate in pontryagin’s maximum principle and singular time optimal controls

We provide examples of time and norm optimal controls that satisfy Pontryagin’s maximum principle in an interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T but with a costate that vanishes in 0 ≤ t ≤ T - δ with δ < T. A refinement of this construction produces time optimal controls which do not satisfy the maximum principle, even in weak form. On the positive side, we show that when we drive to zero the costate is nonzero in the whole control interval.
Regressive functions on pairs

We compute an explicit upper bound for the regressive Ramsey numbers by a combinatorial argument, the corresponding function being of Ackermannian growth. For this, we look at the more general problem of bounding g(n,m), the least l such that any regressive function f:[m,l]^[^2^]->N admits a min-homogeneous set of size n. An analysis of this function also leads to the simplest known proof that the regressive Ramsey numbers have a rate of growth at least Ackermannian. Together, these results give a purely combinatorial proof that, for each m,g(@?,m) has a rate of growth precisely Ackermannian, considerably improve the previously known bounds on the size of regressive Ramsey numbers, and provide the right rate of growth of the levels of g. For small numbers we also find bounds on their values under g improving those provided by our general argument.
Clinical Utility of MRI for Cholesteatoma Recurrence

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) has recently been proposed as an alternative to surgical exploration for suspected recurrent or residual cholesteatoma. A second-look surgery is often planned for extensive disease in ears where the posterior canal wall has been left intact. Alternatively, granulation tissue with chronic otorrhea in a patient with a history of cholesteatoma is highly suspicious for recurrence. Computerized tomography imaging is excellent for showing bony definition details of the temporal bone but cannot differentiate between soft tissue types. Cholesteatoma has unique signaling characteristics on DWI that can help distinguish between inflammatory tissue and residual or recurrent disease.
Acute electrical burns: a 10-year clinical experience.

Abstract We have reviewed 113 cases of electrical burns treated at the Cook County Hospital Burn Center during the past 10years. There were 3265 acute burn admissions during this period, the incidence of electrical burns being 3.5 per cent. Low-voltage electrical burns occurred in 82 of the 113 patients (73 per cent). These were caused mostly by household electricity supplies, occurred in children, and were preventable. Arc burns of the perioral region were allowed to heal spontaneously. The surgical management of other arc burns and flash burns was similar to that for most deep burn wounds. The incidence of high-voltage electrical injuries was 27 per cent in our series. Over 50 per cent of these injuries were not work-related. These tended to occur outside the home in young adult males and were also frequently preventable. None of these patients developed acute renal failure. Early surgical debridement of devitalized tissue with allografting, followed by delayed definitive wound closure or amputation prevented septic complications. Early fasciotomy appeared to have little effect on complete limb salvage. Limb loss continues to be the major factor contributing to the high morbidity associated with these injuries. All 113 patients survived. We attribute this to early transfer of patients to our Burn Unit, aggressive fluid resuscitation, continuous haemodynamic and metabolic support, and early surgical intervention.
Information control: The past and present career of scientific thinking in the European and colonized world

Woods, Robert D. "Teach Them Good Customs”: Colonial Indian Education and Acculturation in the Andes. Culver City, California: Labyrinthos, 1986. v +134 pp. including chapter references and bibliography. $15.00 paper. Reingold, Nathan and Marc Rothenberg, eds. Scientific Colonialism: A Cross‐Cultural Comparison. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1987. vii + 398 pp. including chapter notes and index. $29.95 paper. Hill, Carole E., ed. Current Health Policy Issues and Alternatives: An Applied Social Science Perspective. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1986. 1 + 212 pp. including chapter notes and references. $20.00 cloth, $10.00 paper.
Integrating routine lactation consultant support into a pediatric practice.

Abstract Background: Although research shows that healthcare professionals' support improves breastfeeding duration, many physicians do not believe they have adequate time to address breastfeeding concerns during office visits. This study evaluated the impact of a pediatric practice's postnatal lactation consultant intervention. To improve breastfeeding support, the study practice changed policy and began using a lactation consultant overseen by a physician, to conduct the initial postpartum office visit for all breastfeeding infants. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on consecutive newborns before (n = 166) and after (n = 184) implementation of the program. Feeding method was assessed at each well child visit during the infant's first 9 months. χ2 and logistic growth curve analyses were used to test the association between implementation status and non-formula feeding (NFF). Results: Mothers and infants in 2007 and 2009 were similar with regard to type of insurance, parity, gestational ...
Spiral CT. Initial experience with vascular applications.

Abstract Spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning is the latest technical advance in rapid scan techniques. In spiral CT, the patient is advanced at a constant rate through a continuously rotating CT gantry. The resulting CT,data represent a true volume acquisition. Because of rapid scan acquisition, optimum vascular enhancement by intravenous or intraarterial contrast can be readily achieved. In addition, high quality multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstructions can be obtained because of lack of respiratory motion. Applications of spiral CT for vascular studies include evaluation of thoracic or abdominal aneurysms, vascular occlusion from thrombus or tumor, and vascular malformations. In this article, we present vascular applications of spiral CT through a series of illustrative cases.
Retracing the etymology of terms in neuroanatomy

Researching the origin of the terms that we use to identify neuroanatomical structures is a helpful and fascinating exercise. It can provide neuroscientists with a better insight and understanding of the macroscopic anatomy of the cranium and its contents. It can also help the novice to this discipline to become acquainted with structures whose three dimensional anatomy is often difficult to appreciate. The purpose of this article was to investigate the etymology of some of the terms referring to the macroscopic anatomical structures of the skull and the intracranial cavity. We observed how each name unravels an interesting story, sometimes linked to mythological creatures, other times to the shape of animals or objects and tools of everyday life. We conclude that even without a deep knowledge of the Greek, Latin, or Arabic language, learning who described a particular structure and how they decided to name it, makes the study of neuroanatomy more complete and fulfilling. Clin. Anat. 25:1005–1014, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced Spreading of Aqueous Films Containing Ionic Surfactants on Solid Substrates

The spreading behavior of ionic surfactant aqueous systems on organosulfur monolayers with differing compositions and surface energies has been investigated. Aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) exhibit spreading characteristics that were previously thought to be reserved to nonionic surfactant aqueous systems. These characteristics include rapid spreading over moderately hydrophobic substrates that are not wetted in the absence of surfactant, a maximum in spreading rate at intermediate substrate surface energies, and a maximum in spreading rate with respect to surfactant concentration (well above the respective critical micelle concentrations). Addition of coordinating alkali metal salts increased the spreading rates of AOT/H2O mixtures but reduced the spreading rates of the DDAB/H2O mixtures. Addition of noncoordinating salts did not significantly increase spreading rates of AOT/H2O...
Complications and troubleshooting of two-stage sacral neuromodulation therapy: a single-institution experience.

Abstract Objectives With the increasing use of sacral neuromodulation therapy, urologists are faced with postimplantation challenges. The purpose of this study was to identify these events and their causes and management in our large single-institution experience. Methods From July 2002 to September 2004, all patients who underwent sacral neuromodulation therapy for refractory bladder conditions were identified. Their medical records were retrospectively evaluated for history, operative intervention, and programming visits. Events after implantation of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) unit were noted. The evaluation, troubleshooting, management, and resolution of events at the last follow-up visit were extracted. Results A total of 214 patients underwent sacral neuromodulation therapy at our institution. The mean patient age was 53.5 ± 15.4 years. Of the 214 patients, 161 underwent IPG implantation during a mean follow-up period of 16 months (range 5 to 30). The second-stage explantation and revision rate was 10.5% and 16.1%, respectively. The indications for explantation were infection (8 of 17) and failure to maintain a response (9 of 17). Revisions were done for decreases in response with abnormal (12 of 26) or normal (5 of 26) impedance measurements, IPG site discomfort (4 of 26), draining sinus at the IPG site (4 of 26), and lead migration (1 of 26). Equalization of impedance measurements was the most commonly observed impedance abnormality. These were managed by drying fluid from the connection in 4 patients and lead change in the rest. Conclusions After IPG implantation, a decline in response may occur. Although some were explanted, most were revised, with most of the revisions functional on follow-up. Familiarity with impedance evaluation and development of algorithms for postimplant management are essential for troubleshooting and maintenance of the device.
Involving Preservice Teachers in Collecting and Performing Oral Stories

Social studies teacher educators highlight the importance of oral stories and histories in the social studies classroom, leading social studies learners to seek multiple perspectives and encourage historical thinking in the classroom. However, preservice teachers are given few opportunities to internalize this idea. In this article, the author examines the collection of oral stories and creation of performances in a social studies methods course. The process involves preservice teachers conducting oral history interviews, choosing material to explore, creating and performing stories, and sharing their representations with peers. As preservice teachers become storytellers of someone's history, they are made aware of their own subjectivity.
Comparison of Fiberglass and Other Polymeric Well Casings, Part I: Susceptibility to Degradation by Chemicals

Previous research has shown that the most commonly used well casing materials-stainless steel. polyvinyl chloride (PVC). and polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE)-are not suited for all monitoring environments and applications. This study is part of a series of experiments that were conducted to determine the suitability of four other polymeric well casing materials-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), fluorinalcd ethylene propylene (FHP), fiberglass-reinlorced epoxy (FRE), and fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP)- for use in ground water monitoring wells. In these studies, these four materials were compared with two other commonly used polymeric well casings, PVC and PTFE. Part I of these studies examines the resistance of these materials to degradation by chemicals. Future reports will consider sorption and leaching of organic and metal contaminants. In this study, the six materials were exposed to 28 neat organic compounds (including one acid) and to extremely acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions for up to 112 days. This was done to simulate the most aggressive environments to which monitoring well casings may be exposed. The casings were observed for changes in weight and signs of physical degradation (swelling, softening, deterioration, or dissolution). The two fluorinated polymers (FEP and PTFE) were not degraded by any of the lest chemicals. Among the nonfluorinated products tested. FRE was the most inert. Three organic chemicals caused the glass fibers to separate. and two organic solvents caused weight gains exceeding 10 percent. ABS was the most readily degraded material tested. By the end of the study, only the acid and alkaline solutions had little effect on ABS. FRP was more severely degraded by the organic chemicals than FRH but was less affected than PVC. FRP and FRE. lost weight when exposed to the highly acidic conditions.
Quasi-Newton method for optimal power flows

Abstract A prototype procedure for solving the optimal power flow problem with a quasi-Newton (variable metric) method is described. The method was developed by Powell and later extended by Berna, Locke and Westerberg. It is attractive for three reasons. First, it can accommodate optimal power flow constraints in a straightforward manner. Second, it is robust and will home in on a solution even from infeasible starting points. Third, it promises to be very fast. The adaptation of the method to the optimal power flow is discussed and illustrated with the results from tests on two small power systems.
A computable convex programming characterization of optimal interpolatory quadratic splines with free knots

Karlin has shown that there exists a perfect spline ƒ ϵ Cn − 1 of order n which interpolates (n + r) given points in [a, b] and minimizes ∥ƒ(n)∥∞, where ƒ(n) is essentially bounded. For the quadratic case n = 2, this paper characterizes the solution for the nondecreasing abscissae by a nonlinear but convex optimization problem, which provides not only a concrete, computable characterization, but also enables us to use widely available existing optimization techniques for calculating an optimal spline. The convexity of the characterization is noteworthy since the efficiency and success of optimization techniques to find a global optimum for convex problems exceeds that of nonconvex ones by a great measure. Two numerical examples are included for illustration.
Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene Oxamates as Potential Antiallergy Agents

Nine heterocyclic oxamic acid derivatives were synthesized and tested in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylactic assay as potential antiallergy agents. Some compounds also were tested for their effects on cholesterol-lipoprotein levels and for diuretic, antidiabetic, and antifertility activities in rats.
Application of object-oriented technology for integrating heterogeneous database systems

This paper describes the current challenges on the interoperability of heterogeneous database management systems and then focusses on the role of the objectoriented approach to facilitate the interconnection of multiple database systems.
Comments on nonlinear screening in simple metals

Abstract We investigate the importance of non-linear screening in simple metals by using a local version of the Heine and Abarenkov model potential. We find it significant and similar to that recently observed by Dagens, Rasolt, and Taylor.
Tutorial: application servers and associated technologies

Application Servers (ASs), which have become very popular in the last few years, provide the platforms for the execution of transactional, server-side applications in the online world. ASs are the modern cousins of traditional transaction processing monitors (TPMs) like CICS. In this tutorial, I will provide an introduction to different ASs and their technologies. ASs play a central role in enabling electronic commerce in the web context. They are built on the basis of more standardized protocols and APIs than were the traditional TPMs. The emergence of Java, XML and OMG standards has played a significant role in this regard. Consequently, I will also briefly introduce the related XML, Java and OMG technologies like SOAP, J2EE and CORBA. One of the most important features of ASs is their ability to integrate the modern application environments with legacy data sources like IMS, CICS, VSAM, etc. They provide a number of connectors for this purpose, typically using asynchronous transactional messaging technologies like MQSeries and JMS. Traditional TPM-style requirements for industrial strength features like scalability, availability, reliability and high performance are equally important for ASs also. Security and authentication issues are additional important requirements in the web context. ASs support DBMSs not only as storage engines for user data but also as repositories for tracking their own state. Recently, the ECPerf benchmark has been developed via the Java Community Process to evaluate in a standardized way the cost performance of J2EE-compliant ASs. Several caching technologies have been developed to improve performance of ASs.Soon after this conference is over, the slides of this tutorial will be available on the web at the following URL: http://www.almaden.ibm.com/u/mohan/AppServersTutorial_SIGMOD2002_Slides.pdf
Nitrate Reductase Activity in Calcifugous and Calcicolous Tomatoes as Affected by Iron Stress

Calcicolous plants are generally more Fe-efficient than calcifugous plants, because they respond to Fe stress by releasing H-ions and “reductants” from their roots that causes Fe to become available. The objective of our study was to determine if differential response to Fe stress in calcicolous and calcifugous varieties affects nitrate reductase activity. T3238FER (Fe-efficient) and T3238fer (Fe-inefficient) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars were grown in nutrient solutions supplied with N as NH4+-N plus NO3−-N, and as NO3−-N only. The chemical reactions induced by Fe stress concomitantly increased nitrate reductase activity in roots and tops of calcicolous, but not in calcifugous tomato. This nitrate reductase activity decreased, however, when Fe was made available to the plants. When Fe stress was eliminated by adding Fe, nitrate reductase activity was comparable in the two cultivars.
Effects of mephenytoin on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon

Abstract Acute and chronic effects of mephenytoin (30–360 mg/kg) were examined in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 50 fixed-interval 90-sec schedule of food delivery. The highest dose administered acutely (240 mg/kg) produced substantial reductions in rate of responding under both components of the multiple schedule; the effects of other doses were small and inconsistent. With chronic exposure tolerance appeared to develop to the rate-decreasing effects of the drug.
Conduction-electron spin density around Fe impurities in Cu above and below the Kondo temperature

The nuclear resonances were observed for five shells of Cu atoms which are near neighbors to single Fe impurities in dilute alloys of CuFe. Each of the satellite shifts are linear in external magnetic field from 7 to 63 kG, and three have positive shifts while two have negative shifts. From line shape, intensity, and width, four of these satellites are identified as being due to the first, second, third, and fourth shells of neighbors. The satellite shifts, which are proportional to the conduction-electron spin density, are compared with the predictions of various theories in order to determine the values of the parameters involved in characterizing dilute magnetic alloys. It is found, using the theory of Jena and Geldart, that a good explanation of the spin density cannot be given unless the crystal-field splitting of the Fe d levels is taken into account. The energy-level parameters obtained are: the crystal-field splitting, 0.5 eV; virtual level width, 0.7 eV; Coulomb splitting, 5.6 eV. The magnetization distributed in the electron gas is shown to be aligned antiferromagnetically with the moment on the Fe atom and to be about nine times smaller than this moment. Four of these satellites were observed down tomore » well below the 29/sup 0/K Kondo temperature, and, in each case, the shift scaled as 1/(T + 29). Thus, the spin density has the same temperature dependence as the bulk susceptibility, showing that contrary to some speculation there is no drastic change in the spatial polarization associated with the Kondo condensation.« less
SNAP AND CRIB SCORES ADD LITTLE TO STANDARD VARIABLES IN PREDICTING LENGTH OF STAY AT NICU. † 1686

SNAP AND CRIB SCORES ADD LITTLE TO STANDARD VARIABLES IN PREDICTING LENGTH OF STAY AT NICU. † 1686
Combinatorial and High‐Throughput Screening of Biomaterials

Combinatorial and high-throughput methods have been increasingly used to accelerate research and development of new biomaterials. These methods involve creating miniaturized libraries that contain many specimens in one sample in the form of gradients or arrays, followed by automated data collection and analysis. This article reviews recent advances in utilizing combinatorial and high-throughput methods to better understand cell-material interactions, particularly highlighting our efforts at the NIST Polymers Division. Specifically, fabrication techniques to generate controlled surfaces (2D) and 3D cell environments (tissue engineering scaffolds) as well as methods to characterize and analyze material properties and cell-material interactions are described. In conclusion, additional opportunities for combinatorial methods for biomaterials research are noted, including streamlined sample fabrication and characterization, appropriate and automated bioassays, and data analysis.
Engineering Education in Heat Transfer: A Contribution to its History and Thoughts of Future Trends

The early history of undergraduate education in heat transfer and of the textbooks intended for use in these lectures is treated up to the year 1945 in Central Europe and from 1945 to the early 1960s in the United States. Topics which might be considered for inclusion in future undergraduate courses in heat transfer are also suggested.
Data base machines

In the past few years there has been increased emphasis in the use of new and different hardware in the data base management field. This has given rise to an interesting area of research called data base machines. The objectives are to implement many of the traditional software data base management functions in hardware in order to increase performance and capability.The reasons for increased research activity in data base machines are many fold. The modern digital computer with all its power still executes only a single instruction at a time al beit with a few exceptions. Since the digital computer was primarily designed for numeric applications, the ratio of useful instructions to overhead instructions tends to be very low in non-numeric applications such as data base management. There is an increasing body of knowledge that indicates that parallelism and addressing by content can be used to advantage in such data base management functions as retrieval and update. The above reasons coupled with the fact that software and personnel costs continued to rise while hardware costs continue to decrease makes it imperative that researchers find new solutions to the data base management problem that take maximum advantage of hardware architecture and technology.In this paper a brief review of current efforts in data base machines is presented. A review of the more important functions performed in data base management is given first. This is followed by a brief discussion of mini computer implementations. Then a review of some of the current efforts in data base machines is given. Finally, a few thoughts are presented on future trends.
Anhydrobiosis in nematodes: Evaporative water loss and survival

1Nematodes, Aphelenchus avenae, can be induced to become anhydrobiotic by drying in aggregates (pellets) (>90 mg wet weight) at 97% relative humidity (RH). When the rate of weight loss exceeds 3% hr−1 survival is low. 2The number of animals in a pellet that survive exposure to dry air increases with time at 97% RH. 3The time required for recovery is shortened by rehydration at high humidities before the animals are placed in water and advances with the length of time they are in dry air. 4The proportion of animals recovering in water that will survive rapid dehydration decreases with the time they are in water. 5A hypothetical scheme for the events of the induction of anhydrobiosis and recovery is presented.
Global Surgical Initiatives to Reduce the Surgical Burden of Disease

A 12-YEAR-OLD GIRL INVOLVED IN A MOTOR VEHICLE crash is transported to a district hospital in subSaharan Africa with a femur fracture and splenic laceration. Because resources and surgical personnel are limited, resuscitation efforts for the injured girl are inadequate. However, governments, the World Health Organization (WHO), funding agencies, and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are beginning to reassess the importance of surgical services in developing countries and to prioritize the support, resources, training, and workforce required. Global surgical initiatives are hindered by the lack of data reflecting the magnitude of the unmet need. In this Viewpoint, we (1) describe the progress of global surgery initiatives, (2) delineate research priorities, (3) review metrics that assess the cost-effectiveness of surgical services, and (4) discuss approaches to building surgical capacity to reduce the global surgical burden of disease.
Liquid porosimetry : new methodology and applications

Abstract A fully computer-controlled liquid porosimetry method is described for determining pore volume distributions (PVD) within porous solids. Recent improvements in instrumentation have increased the accuracy and reproducibility of data for the contribution of each pore size, defined by its effective radius, to the total free volume. As data quality improved, several new applications became feasible. In addition to measurements on woven and nonwoven fabrics, membrane filters, and agglomerates of loose particles, the PVD of surface pores and of the interlayer between two layers of porous material can be evaluated. With this instrumentation one can start with a dry material, follow liquid uptake, and then pressurize to produce an extrusion curve; reasons for the resulting absorption/desorption hysteresis loops are discussed. One can also evaluate contact angles within porous networks from two plots of uptake versus applied pressure, one determined using the liquid of interest, and the other a reference liquid that makes a known contact angle with the porous material.
Electron scattering times from weak localization studies of Au-Pd films.

Measurements of weak localization effects have been used to determine various electron scattering times in Au-Pd films with different thicknesses d and resistivities \ensuremath{\rho}, which have been prepared by sputtering and thermal evaporation. In all cases the inelastic scattering appears to be due to two-dimensional electron-electron scattering in the presence of disorder. For the sputtered films the magnitude of the inelastic scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}$ is in reasonable agreement with the theory. However, a similar analysis of the results for the evaporated films seems to indicate that in this case the magnitude of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}$ is not consistent with the theory. The spin-spin scattering time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{s}$ was found to vary as d and \ensuremath{\rho} were changed. The observed variation of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{s}$ does not appear to be consistent with current theories.
Toward compiler implementation correctness proofs

Aspect of the interaction between compiler theory and practice is addressed. Presented is a technique for the syntax-directed specification of compilers together with a method for proving the correctness of their parse-driven implementations. The subject matter is presented in an order-algebraic framework; while not strictly necessary, this approach imposes beneficial structure and modularity on the resulting specifications and implementation correctness proofs. Compilers are specified using an order-algebraic definition of attribute grammars. A practical class of compiler implementations is considered, consisting of those driven by LR(k) or LL(k) parsers which cause a sequence of translation routine activations to modify a suitably initialized collection of data structures (called a translation environment). The implementation correctness criterion consists of appropriately comparing, for each source program, the corresponding object program (contained in the final translation environment) produced by the compiler implementation to the object program dictated by the compiler specification. Provided that suitable intermediate assertions (called translation invariants) are supplied, the program consisting of the (parse-induced) sequence of translation routine activations can be proven partially correct via standard inductive assertion methods.
Development of an in vitro keratinocyte model for use in the study of HSV specific cytotoxicity

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) specific immune mediated cytotoxicity may be involved in control of HSV infections and in the tissue damage induced by HSV infection or HSV related skin disease such as herpes associated erythema multiforme. Developing an in vitro model to study this process has proved difficult due to the lack of an appropriate target cell that will express HSV antigens but is not simultaneously subject to viral induced cell death. The purpose of this study was to develop a model in which keratinocytes express cell surface HSV specific antigens but at the same time are protected from death due to viral infection. We found that keratinocytes infected with HSV in the presence of acyclovir (ACV) expressed such antigens yet remained viable for a period of time after the onset of antigen expression such that cytotoxicity studies could be successfully performed. Rabbit skin cells, a transformed keratinocyte line, or second passage human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes were grown in culture medium with or without 200 μM ACV and were infected with HSV. Examination by direct immunofluorescence with anti-HSV antibody revealed uniform HSV antigen expression by cells both with and without ACV by 8 h after infection. Cells infected without ACV exhibited marked structural abnormalities including formation of multinucleated giant cells, while cells with ACV showed fewer such changes throughout a 24-h period. An Ethidium Bromide-Acridine Orange cytotoxicity assay demonstrated significant increases in the cytotoxicity of infected cells not protected by ACV compared to that of cells with ACV (p
Nonlinearly enhanced refractive index sensing in coupled optical microresonators

We study the use of nonlinear self-phase modulation (SPM) in coupled optical microresonators for ultrasensitive refractive index sensing. SPM leads to a positive feedback enhancement of the resonance frequency shift caused by a perturbation of the index of refraction in a resonator. Moreover, the use of two resonators coupled through input and output waveguides leads to a further improvement in the sensitivity owing to constructive interference and feedback via the waveguides. For parameters based on Si microresonators, the sensitivity is more than 102 larger than a single resonator without SPM leading to a minimum detectable index change of 10−11 RIU with resonator Q-factors of ∼104. We show that the nonlinearly enhanced system is robust with respect to laser noise when operated at input powers below the onset of bistability.
On some singularly perturbed problems for viscous stratified fluids

Abstract The singularly perturbed boundary value problem which describes the motion of a stratified viscous fluid is obtained and an asymptotic expansion of the solution for vanishing viscosity is developed. The two cases considered are when the reduced equation has (i) a unique solution and (ii) a family of solutions. The latter situation is an example of a singular-singular perturbation problem. Proof of the uniform asymptotic validity of the constructed expansion is given.
The Acquisition of Case Marking by Adult Learners of Russian and German.

This study investigated the acquisition of the comprehension of overt morphological case marking by adult native speakers of English who were learning Russian or German as a second language (L2). The Russian case-marking system is more complex than the German system, but it almost always provides the listener with case inflections that are reliable cues to sentence interpretation. Two approaches to learning of inflectional morphology were contrasted: the rule-based approach, which predicts that learning is determined by paradigm complexity; and the associative approach, which predicts that learning is determined by the cue validity of individual inflections. A computerized picture-choice task probed the comprehension of L2 learners by varying the cues of case marking, noun configuration, and noun animacy. The results demonstrated that learners of Russian use case marking much earlier than learners of German and that learners of German rely more on animacy to supplement the weaker case-marking cue. In order to further explore the underlying mechanisms of learning, a connectionist model was developed that correctly simulated the obtained results. Together, these findings support the view that adult L2 learning is associative and driven by the validity of cues in the input.
Blended near-optimal alternative generation, visualization, and interaction for water resources decision making

State-of-the-art systems analysis techniques focus on efficiently finding optimal solutions. Yet an optimal solution is optimal only for the modeled issues and managers often seek near-optimal alternatives that address unmodeled objectives, preferences, limits, uncertainties, and other issues. Early on, Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) formalized near-optimal as performance within a tolerable deviation from the optimal objective function value and identified a few maximally different alternatives that addressed some unmodeled issues. This paper presents new stratified, Monte-Carlo Markov Chain sampling and parallel coordinate plotting tools that generate and communicate the structure and extent of the near-optimal region to an optimization problem. Interactive plot controls allow users to explore region features of most interest. Controls also streamline the process to elicit unmodeled issues and update the model formulation in response to elicited issues. Use for an example, single-objective, linear water quality management problem at Echo Reservoir, Utah, identifies numerous and flexible practices to reduce the phosphorus load to the reservoir and maintain close-to-optimal performance. Flexibility is upheld by further interactive alternative generation, transforming the formulation into a multiobjective problem, and relaxing the tolerance parameter to expand the near-optimal region. Compared to MGA, the new blended tools generate more numerous alternatives faster, more fully show the near-optimal region, and help elicit a larger set of unmodeled issues.
Testing high-frequency and low-power designs: Do the standard rules and tools apply?

The fast growing mobile market has led to a demand for low power ICs, in order to extend battery life and keep a phone from literally burning a hole in the user's pocket. The microprocessor and high-end System on a Chip field both have a demand for faster ICs. But this is not enough. Mobile devices want to be faster, and high-end devices want to be cooler, if possible. Designers have to be able to tradeoff these conflicting goals to produce products fast enough and cool enough (in both senses of that word) for the marketplace. DFT and test engineers have to deal with this new environment. They have to be able to determine if a particular part hits its speed goals. They have to be able to handle the problems arising from large amounts of switching. For low power parts they have to make sure that scan and BIST do not draw more power than the part can handle, and work around circuitry that turns off parts of the design not in use. Test EDA suppliers have to figure out ways of making their tools work for both high speed and low power designs, and how to help their customers make these nearly impossible tradeoffs. This panel explores these problems and their impact on EDA tools. Three test experts from the design world will answer questions on how they deal with the problems of low power and high speed designs posed by the moderator. Then two panelists from the test EDA sector will suggest how their tools can help — or admit that their tools need more work in that area. Then the discussion will be opened to the audience to allow them to give their solutions to these problems or to pose still tougher problems for us to solve.
Summary of cavitation erosion investigations for the SNS mercury target

Intense proton beam-induced heating of the spallation neutron source mercury target will cause pressure spikes that lead to the formation of cavitation bubbles in the mercury. Erosion of the mercury container walls caused by violent collapse of bubbles could potentially limit its service lifetime. In-beam tests for a limited number of pulses (<1000 pulses for each test target) have demonstrated that pitting damage appears to be especially sensitive to beam intensity, surface treatment, and gas injection. Using results of off-line pressure pulse tests conducted for a million cycles or more to scale the results from limited in-beam tests, it is concluded that the mercury target will last at least two weeks at a time-averaged proton beam power level of 1 MW. However, because of remaining uncertainties, it is concluded that further research and development and target design efforts are needed to verify these conclusions and extend the target to higher operating powers and longer lifetimes.
Diagnosing Human Parvovirus B19 Infection: Guidelines for Test Selection

Human parvovirus B19 is the cause of a common childhood disease that usually has a mild and self-limited course. Complete viral replication and subsequent cell lysis are limited to early erythroid precursor cells expressing the globoside receptor. Individuals with shortened red blood cell half-lives and immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, as well as pregnant women and developing fetuses, are at risk for severe anemia and/or persistent infection from human parvovirus B19. Selection of the diagnostic test(s) to use to detect parvovirus B19 is patient dependent. Serological testing is most appropriate in immunocompetent individuals, including children and pregnant women, who have symptoms consistent with parvovirus B19 infection or a history of recent exposure. Conversely, a molecular amplification assay should be chosen to detect parvovirus B19 DNA in individuals lacking an adequate antibody-mediated immune response. In summary, it is critical that clinicians are educated about the most appropriate diagnostic test to detect parvovirus B19 infection in their patients because selecting an inappropriate or inaccurate test for parvovirus B19 can lead to misinformation and/or misdiagnosis.
Effects of a New Patient Safety-Driven Oxytocin Dosing Protocol on Postpartum Hemorrhage

Objective. To determine if there was an increase in postpartum (PP) hemorrhage after decreasing the PP oxytocin dose from 40 to 30 units. Study Design. Retrospective cohort study comparing 8 months before to 8 months after the change. PP day 1 hemoglobin was subtracted from admission hemoglobin. Mean change was compared by Student’s -test. The best fit polynomial was analyzed for trends between the two time frames. Women who received blood transfusions were excluded. Results. 73/3564 (2.0%) women received blood transfusions in the pre group and 64/3295 (1.9%) women in the post group, . Mean hemoglobin change ± standard deviation was g/dL for pre versus g/dL for post, . 1003/3114 (32.2%) in the pre group had a hemoglobin decrease of ≥2 g/dL compared to 918/2895 (31.7%) in the post group, . 261/3114 (8.4%) in the pre group had a hemoglobin decrease of ≥3 g/dL compared to 252/2895 (8.7%), . There were no significant trends between the two time frames. Conclusion. The change in the dose of PP oxytocin did not result in an increase in postpartum hemorrhage or an increase in the need for blood transfusion.
Selective Plasma Oxidation of GaAs –A Study of the Interface Properties

Studies by electron and photon spectroscopy show that plasma grown GaAs oxide possesses an excess amount elemental As at the oxide–GaAs interface. This amount has been found to be inversely proportional to the growth rate. The excess elemental As is deleterious to the electrical properties of MOS devices. A selective plasma oxidation process using fluorinated oxygen gas shows that the excess As at the interface can be greatly reduced. The resultant electrical properties are also improved.
Exchange-bias effect in Fe/Cr(211) double superlattice structures

Shifted hysteresis loops characteristic of the exchange-bias effect between a ferromagnet (F) and an antiferromagnet (AF) are demonstrated in ``double-superlattice'' structures. Utilizing the well-established oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling in Fe/Cr, we have constructed $[\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}{]}^{\mathrm{AF}}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}/[\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}{]}^{F}$ double superlattices where Fe/Cr superlattices with appropriate Cr-spacer thickness represent the F and the AF. The double superlattices are (211)-oriented epitaxial films sputter grown on single-crystal MgO(110) substrates. The AF/F interface is coherent compared to conventional exchange-bias interfaces consisting of dissimilar AF and F phases. Magnetization results show that AF/F exchange coupling affects the nucleation of reverse magnetic domains, and that the magnitude of the exchange-bias field is given directly by the classic formula for collinear spin structures. The collinear spin distribution is confirmed by polarized neutron reflectivity.
Differences in the Microstructure and Biomechanical Properties of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve as a Function of Age and Location

Idiopathic onset of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVP) is caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and results in difficulty speaking, breathing, and swallowing. This damage may occur in this nerve as it loops around the aortic arch, which is in a dynamic biomechanical environment. The goal of this study is to determine if the location-dependent biomechanical and microstructural properties of the RLN are different in piglets versus adolescent pigs. The neck/distal and thoracic/proximal (near the aortic arch) regions of the RLN from eight adolescent pigs and six piglets were isolated and mechanically assessed in uni-axial tension. Two-photon imaging (second harmonic) data were collected at 5%, 10%, and 15% strain during the mechanical test. The tangential modulus (TM) and the strain energy density (W) were determined at each level of strain. The mean mode of the preferred fiber angle and the full width at half maximum (FWHM, a measure of fiber splay) were calculated from the imaging data. We found significantly larger values of TM, W, and FWHM in the proximal segments of the left RLN when compared to the distal segments (18.51 MPa ± 1.22 versus 10.78 MPa ± 1.22, p < 0.001 for TM, 0.046 MPa ± 0.01 versus 0.026 MPa ± 0.01, p < 0.003 for W, 15.52 deg ± 1.00 versus 12.98 deg ± 1.00, p < 0.001 for FWHM). TM and W were larger in the left segments than the right (15.32 MPa ± 1.20 versus 11.80 MPa ± 1.20, p < 0.002 for TM, 0.038 MPa ± 0.01 versus 0.028 MPa ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for W). W was larger in piglets when compared to adolescent pigs (0.042 MPa ± 0.01 versus 0.025 MPa ± 0.01, p < 0.04). The proximal region of the left porcine RLN is more stiff than the distal region and has a higher degree of fiber splay. The left RLN of the adolescent pigs also displayed a higher degree of strain stiffening than the right. These differences may develop as a result of the more dynamic environment the left RLN is in as it loops around the aortic arch.
Status of RICE and preparations for the next generation radio neutrino experiment in Antarctica

Abstract The RICE experiment on detection of UHE neutrinos has been running over a decade. The experiment comprises an array of radio antennas buried in ice to the depth of up to 300 m near the geographic South Pole, and is designed to observe neutrino interactions in ice employing the radio Cherenkov technique. We set limits on the diffuse UHE neutrino flux based on the full dataset accumulated over 10 years. We also present a selection of results produced by the successor experiment, ARA, that is presently being built at the South Pole.
Differential p53 engagement in response to oxidative and oncogenic stresses in Fanconi anemia mice.

Members of the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein family are involved in repair of genetic damage caused by DNA cross-linkers. It is not clear whether the FA proteins function in oxidative DNA damage and oncogenic stress response. Here, we report that deficiency in the Fanca gene in mice elicits a p53-dependent growth arrest and DNA damage response to oxidative DNA damage and oncogenic stress. Using a Fanca −/− Trp53−/− double knockout model and a functionally switchable p53 retrovirus, we define the kinetics, dependence, and persistence of p53-mediated response to oxidative and oncogenic stresses in Fanca−/− cells. Notably, oxidative stress induces persistent p53 response in Fanca−/− cells, likely due to accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage. On the other hand, whereas wild-type cells exhibit prolonged response to oncogene activation, the p53-activating signals induced by oncogenic ras are short-lived in Fanca−/− cells, suggesting that Fanca may be required for the cell to engage p53 during constitutive ras activation. We propose that the FA proteins protect cells from stress-induced proliferative arrest and tumor evolution by acting as a modulator of the signaling pathways that link FA to p53. [Cancer Res 2008;68(23):9693–702]
The management of salivary gland tumors of the palate

A study of 22 consecutive patients with palatal salivary gland tumors treated in a structured fashion with primary surgery followed by postoperative radiation therapy, where indicated, and followed for a mean of 7.6 years, showed excellent results clinically, esthetically, and functionally, with no recurrence or metastatic deposits to date. Depending on the type of tumor, the surgery consisted of local enucleation, wide local excision with localized flap closure, or inferior maxillectomy with reconstruction by means of an obturator.