cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrate-and-fire models of insolation-driven entrainment of broadcast spawning in corals

The circa-annual cycle of gametogenesis produces mature gametes at the spawning “season” for successful mass spawning of broadcast corals. We develop a bioenergetic integrate-and-fire model that reveals how annual insolation rhythms can entrain the gametogenetic cycles in tropical hermatypic corals to the appropriate spawning season, since photosynthate is their primary source of energy. In the presence of short-term fluctuations in the energy input, a feedback regulatory mechanism is likely required to achieve coherence of spawning times to within one lunar cycle, in order for subsequent signals such as lunar and diurnal light cycles to unambiguously determine the “correct” night of spawning. The feedback mechanism can also provide robustness against population heterogeneity that may arise due to genetic and environmental effects. We solve the integrate-and-fire bioenergetic model numerically using the Fokker–Planck equation and use analytical tools such as rotation number to study entrainment.
Hospitalization of children and adolescents for eating disorders in the State of New York.

Abstract Purpose To examine hospitalization patterns, length of stay, cost and insurance status for children and adolescents with Eating Disorders. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of patients with eating disorders aged 9 to 17 years, discharged from hospitals in the State of New York in 1995. All patients discharged in the state were registered by the State Planning and Research Collaborative System (SPARCS). A subset was identified based on coding by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia and Eating Disturbance Not Otherwise Specified. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was used for data analysis. The variables selected were gender, ethnicity, insurance status and length of stay. Results In one year there were 352 hospitalizations, 312 females (88.6%) and 40 males (11.4%); 279 Caucasians (79.3%), 35 African Americans (9.9%), and 38 Other (10.8%); commercial insurance 246 (69.9%), Medicaid 68 (19.3%), other 38 (10.8%). The diagnostic categories were Anorexia Nervosa 242, Bulimia 59, and Eating Disturbance Not Otherwise Specified 63 (reflecting dual diagnosis in 13). Mean length of stay was 18.43 days, the median was 7 days. The cost per stay ranged between $341.78 and $148,471; with a median of $3817 and a mean of $10,019. Length of stay was not influenced by gender, age, or ethnicity; only payor status, availability of insurance, was dominant. Conclusions This is the first statewide report on hospitalization of children and adolescents for eating disorders. The mean cost in 1995 exceeded $10,000. A correlation was found between length of stay and insurance status. Hospitalizations for eating disorder have a significant public health impact, calling for the formulation of fair and rational strategies to optimize care.
Generation of ensemble precipitation forecast from single-valued quantitative precipitation forecast for hydrologic ensemble prediction

Reliable and skillful precipitation ensemble forecasts are necessary to produce reliable and skilful hydrologic ensemble forecasts. It is well known that, in general, raw precipitation ensemble forecasts from the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are not very reliable and that, for short-range prediction, human forecasters add significant skill to the NWP-generated single-valued quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF). In this paper, we describe and evaluate a statistical procedure for producing precipitation ensemble forecasts from single-valued QPFs. The procedure is based on the bivariate probability distribution between the observed precipitation and the single-valued QPF. The distribution is modeled as a mixed-type in which the relationship between the positive observed precipitation and positive forecast precipitation is assumed to be bivariate meta-Gaussian. We also describe and comparatively evaluate a generalized meta-Gaussian model in which the model parameter is optimized by minimizing the mean Continuous Ranked Probability Score. The performance of these procedures is assessed through dependent and cross validation using data for selected river basins in the service areas of the Arkansas-Red Basin, California-Nevada and Middle-Atlantic River Forecast Centers of the National Weather Service. The validation results show that, overall, the precipitation ensembles generated by the proposed procedures are reliable and capture the skill in the conditioning single-valued forecasts very well.
Absence of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 prevents ethanol-induced liver injury

Hepatocyte cell death via apoptosis and necrosis are major hallmarks of ethanol-induced liver injury. However, inhibition of apoptosis is not sufficient to prevent ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury or inflammation. Because receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) 3–mediated necroptosis, a nonapoptotic cell death pathway, is implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol-induced liver injury is RIP3-dependent and RIP1-independent. Increased expression of RIP3 was detected in livers of mice after chronic ethanol feeding, as well as in liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic liver disease. Chronic ethanol feeding failed to induce RIP3 in the livers of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-deficient mice, indicating CYP2E1-mediated ethanol metabolism is critical for RIP3 expression in response to ethanol feeding. Mice lacking RIP3 were protected from ethanol-induced steatosis, hepatocyte injury, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, RIP1 expression in mouse liver remained unchanged following ethanol feeding, and inhibition of RIP1 kinase by necrostatin-1 did not attenuate ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury. Ethanol-induced apoptosis, assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling–positive nuclei and accumulation of cytokeratin-18 fragments in the liver, was independent of RIP3. Conclusion: CYP2E1-dependent RIP3 expression induces hepatocyte necroptosis during ethanol feeding. Ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury is RIP3-dependent, but independent of RIP1 kinase activity; intervention of this pathway could be targeted as a potential therapeutic strategy. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
Maternal varicella during pregnancy: correlation of maternal history and fetal outcome with placental histopathology.

Abstract The authors examined the records from 73 women diagnosed with varicella during pregnancy to correlate placental findings with maternal history and fetal outcome. Fifty-eight of the mothers delivered at the authors' institution, and 19 placentas were available for review. The onset of symptoms of varicella occurred from 27 weeks before delivery to 1 day postpartum. Only one of the newborns delivered at the authors' institution was diagnosed with probable varicella at birth; the remainder had no unequivocal evidence of infection; however, serological studies were not performed on most of the newborns. The placenta from the newborn with probable varicella showed extensive basal chronic villitis with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate and occasional multinucleated giant cells. Two other placentas showed rare foci of chronic villitis, and the remainder showed no villitis or other viral-associated changes. Twenty-four (33%) of the 73 women developed varicella pneumonia, and one woman died. Although varicella during pregnancy is associated with high maternal morbidity, fetal disease is uncommon. Most placentas show no virus-associated lesions; however, chronic villitis with multinucleated giant cells in association with a recent history of maternal varicella may be predictive of neonatal infection.
Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium

The role of a critical myocardial mass required to maintain ventricular fibrillation initiated by rapid ventricular pacing was studied by two methods in dogs placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass. In the first method, depolarization of a limited myocardial mass was accomplished by injecting potassium chloride into one or two coronary arteries. Injection of potassium chloride simultaneously into the left circumflex and left anterior descending coronary arteries abolished ventricular fibrillation more often than did injection into any other single or combination of two coronary arteries (P less than 0.0001). Ventricular fibrillation could not be reinitiated as long as the left ventricle remained inexcitable. Immersing the heart in a solution of potassium chloride or injecting the solution into the right and left ventricular cavities failed to terminate ventricular fibrillation. The second method evaluated the amount of current necessary to terminate ventricular electrodes, between two left ventricular electrodes and between one right ventricular and one left ventricular electrode. Electrical shocks of equal magnitude terminated ventricular fibrillation most often when those shocks were delivered between an electrode located at the right ventricular apex and an electrode located at the posterior base of the left ventricle, and least often when the shock was delivered between two right ventricular electrodes. Successful defribillation results when a critical amount of myocardium becomes depolarized by either potassium chloride or electrical discharge; depolarization of every cell in both ventricle is not necessary to terminate ventricular fibrillation in the entire heart.
Waxy gene haplotypes: Associations with apparent amylose content and the effect by the environment in an international rice germplasm collection

Apparent amylose content (AAC), the key determinant of rice end-use quality attributes, is primarily controlled by the Waxy gene which codes for granule bound starch synthase (GBSS). We examined the combination of sequence variation in the Waxy gene and environmental effects, and their associations with AAC using 171 rice accessions originating from 43 countries. The combination of two single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) markers in the Waxy gene allows for the identification of three marker haplotypes in this gene. The first SNP is at the leader intron splice site (In1 SNP), and the second polymorphism is in exon 6. The haplotypes explained 86.7% of the variation in AAC and discriminated the three market classes of low, intermediate and high AAC rice from each other. The environment affected the AAC of all haplotypes. Higher air temperature during grain development associated with a decrease in AAC of low and intermediate AAC-types, but with an increase in AAC of high AAC-type. The association of AAC with several Waxy RM190 microsatellite-(CTn) alleles in combination with the In1 SNP was also examined. In conclusion, the Waxy haplotypes studied appear to be useful markers for selecting the AAC of breeding lines developed from the world's rice germplasm.
NUCLEON TRAJECTORY DEGENERACY IN BACKWARD PHOTOPRODUCTION.

Abstract New backward scattering data on γp → π0p and γp → π+n are fitted with Nα, Nγ and Δδ Regge exchanges. We find an Nα − Nγ trajectory degeneracy and residues β (Nγ) ≈ 0.6 β (Nα). The Δδ exchange amplitude dominates at large u, while the Nα − Nγ contribution plays a prominent role at small u.
Effect of isosorbide dinitrate on response to submaximal and maximal exercise in patients with congestive heart failure.

Abstract Isosorbide dinitrate is an effective vasodilator that improves resting left ventricular performance in patients with congestive heart failure, but little is known of the effect of the drug on the response to exercise. Bicycle exercise to symptomatic maximum was performed by 18 patients with class II to IV congestive heart failure before and 90 minutes after administration of isosorbide dinitrate, 40 mg orally. Although resting pulmonary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly reduced after isosorbide dinitrate, exercise duration was not altered and maximal oxygen consumption was not significantly changed (13.6 ± 1.3 [SEM] standard error of the mean versus 13.8 ± 1.2 ml/kg per min). At peak exercise pulmonary wedge pressure of 37.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg, cardiac index of 4.19 ± 0.35 liters/min per m 2 , and systemic vascular resistance of 14.7 ± 1.3 units were not significantly different after nitrate administration. However, at submaximal loads, pulmonary wedge pressure was reduced from 33.6 ± 1.7 to 27.9 ± 1.8 mm Hg ( P P
A conceptual design strategy for liquid-metal-wall inertial fusion reactors☆

Abstract The liquid-metal-wall chamber has emerged as an attractive reactor concept for inertial fusion energy conversion. The principal feature of this concept is a thick, free-flowing blanket of liquid metal used to protect the structure of the reactor. The development and design of liquid-metal-wall chambers over the past decade are reviewed from the perspective of formulating a conceptual design strategy for such chambers. The basis for the design strategy is set by enumerating both the attractive and unattractive features of a LMW chamber. Past concepts are then reviewed to identify conceptual design approaches and physical configurations that enhance the positive aspects and minimize the negative aspects. A detailed description of the engineering considerations is given, including such topics as the selection of a liquid metal, control of radiation damage, selection of structural material, control of tritium breeding and extraction, control of wall stress, and designing for a given rep-rate. Finally, a design strategy is formulated which accomodates the engineering constraints while minimizing the liquid-metal flow rate.
Bounds on elementary symmetric functions

Abstract Tight bounds on an elementary symmetric function are established under the assumption that the values of the elementary symmetric functions of lower orders are given. The explicit form of the inverse Hankel moment matrix leads to inequalities for moments and for elementary symmetric polynomials.
Impacts of Changing Racial Composition upon Commercial Land Use Succession and Commercial Structure: A Comparative Neighborhood Analysis.

This empirical study focuses on the relationships between changes in neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and alterations in the number as well as the mix of com mercial enterprises. Three Denver neighborhoods that differed in population growth rates, income changes, and shifts in racial composition over the 1960-1970 study period are selected for comparative analysis. Significant differences in commercial mobility patterns and commercial structural change between neighborhoods are identified. The research results suggest that change in racial composition is a major force affecting neighborhood commercial structural change while income shifts appear to play a less significant role.
Novel approximate waveform capacity dimension for damage identification of beam-type structures

ABSTRACT Fractal as a novel mathematical tool has a great potential to deal with transit events in a complex waveform. In this paper, fractal is introduced to detect irregularity of vibration mode shapes without using a baseline requirement. Different from the popular Katzs waveform fractal dimension (KWD), a novel approximate waveform capacity dimension (AWCD) specialized in irregularity detection in vibration mode shapes is introduced, from which an AWCD-based modal abnormality algorithm (AWCD-MAA) is estab lished. The fundamental characteristics of AWCD-MAA, such as crack location identification and size quantification, are investigated using an analytical crack model of cantilever beams. An experimental modal shape evaluation of a cracked composite cantilever beam using smart piezoelectric sensors/actuators (i.e., Piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)) is conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed algor ithm. The proposed AWCD-MAA is capable of locating and quantifying the crack in a beam-type structure without prior requirement of baseline reference data. Keywords: Vibration mode shape, fractal, capacity dimension, crack, structural health mon itoring, smart piezoelectric sensors and actuators, beams
Suppression of nodulation in soybeans by superoptimal inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Symbiotic nodulation of the primary roots of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill cv. Pride 216) is regulated by the plant, and is suppressed in response to a high inoculum dose of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA strain I–110 (ARS)+ applied at one time to the root. If an optimal dose is followed 10 h later by a superoptimal dose, nodules from the first inoculum near the base of the primary root are suppressed in a dose-dependent way similar to that observed after single inoculations. The nodules which appear are probably derived from infections initiated by the bacteria in both inocula.
On Papkovich-Fadle solutions of crack problems relating to an elastic strip

Abstract Papkovich-Fadle eigenfunctions are employed to study a class of crack problems of an elastic strip. A system of series relations is obtained which is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind by the use of the generalized orthonormality of the eigenfunctions and the calculus of residues. Four types of crack configuration are considered. Based on the numerical solutions of the integral equations, stress intensity factor and crack energy for two types of edge cracks are reported. Some crack problems of the strip have been attempted by integral transforms which have been widely used in elasticity by Sneddon. It is not clear, however, how they may be used to tackle the problems considered here. The present approach is quite general and straightforward and, may be applied to a wide class of mixed boundary problems.
A Numerical Simulation of the 22 July 1979 HIPLEX-1 Case

Abstract A HIPLEX- A cloud case has been used to describe the effects of ice-phase cloud seeding on a cold base cloud. The cast was used at the First International Cloud Modeling Workshop/Conference held in 1985 in Irsee, Federal Republic of Germany, to provide modelers with a well-observed cloud-seeded case. Solid dry ice pellets (CO2) were dropped into the cloud at about the −10°C level. Aircraft and radar observations of the cloud were obtained over approximately 40 min of its life history. Seeding produced clear ice seeding signatures in this continental type cloud. Graupel formed within 10 min and rain was observed at the +10°C level 13 min after seeding. About 9.4 kT of rain was estimated to fall from the cloud. The modeling results also show enhanced ice in the seeded cloud and can be compared with an unseeded model cloud (not available in nature). The precipitation path from cloud ice to snow to graupel/hail to rain from the melted graupel is evident. The Bergeron process was important for snow in...
Emerging links between premature ageing and defective DNA repair.

We begin with the general question: Is mammalian ageing programmed through a molecular clock that is an integral component in normal development or is it simply the inevitable consequence of cumulative wear and tear on cellular genomes? The latter could encompass accumulated (un-repairable?) endogenous and environmental damage to DNA in addition to faulty processing of damage, and even accumulated alterations acquired during metabolic processing of undamaged DNA. That “metabolic processing” includes DNA replication and recombination in dividing cells, as well as transcription in all cells. Thus, to put it bluntly (and facetiously!), too much transcription might be bad for our health and longevity. It may be very difficult to distinguish genetically programmed causes of ageing from the impact of particular genes involved in DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability.
Constant ambient temperature of 24°C significantly reduces FDG uptake by brown adipose tissue in children scanned during the winter

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine if warming patients prior to and during 18F-FDG uptake by controlling the room temperature could decrease uptake by brown adipose tissue (BAT).
A model for simulation of electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses

An important aspect of research in the continued development of cochlear implants is the in vivo assessment of signal processing algorithms. One technique that has been used is evoked potentials, the recording of neural responses to auditory stimulation. Depending on the latency of the observed response, the evoked potential indicates neural activity at the various neurological structures of the auditory system. Electrically evoked ABRs are commonly measured in hearing-impaired patients who have cochlear implants, via electrical stimulation delivered by electrodes in the implanted array. This research explores the use of MATLAB for the purpose of developing a model for electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). The simulation model developed in this study takes as its input the stimulus current intensity level, and uses function vectors and equations derived from measured ABRs, to generate an approximation of the evoked surface potentials. A function vector is used to represent the combined firing of the neurons of the auditory nervous system that are needed to elicit a measurable response. Equations have been derived to represent the latency and stimulus amplitude scaling functions. The simulation also accounts for other neural activity that can be present in and contaminate an ABR recording, and reduces it through time-locked averaging of the simulated response. In the MATLAB simulation, the model performs well and delivers results that compare favorably with the results measured from the research subjects.
Enhancement of neutralization reaction in colloidal ferric hydrous oxide

Abstract Neutralization reaction was investigated in negative ferric hydrous oxide sols. The adsorption isotherm of OH - ions on the surface of colloidal particles was measured to provide the variation of their charge with pH. Impulse radiolysis generated the reacting ions in the sol. Using a fast DC conductivity setup for detection, a significant increase in the neutralization rate coefficient was found at low OH - concentrations. The phenomenon was discussed in terms of the theory of diffusion controlled reactions for particles interacting with Coulomb and Yukawa potential.
A simple method for quantifying biomass cell and polymer distribution in biofilms.

Abstract Biofilms are ubiquitous and play an essential role in both environmental processes and hospital infections. Standard methods are not capable of quantifying biomass concentration in dilute suspensions. Furthermore, standard techniques cannot differentiate biomass composition. In this study, a user-friendly technique was developed for measuring biomass cell and polymer content in detached biofilms using a standard coulter counter. The method was demonstrated for an environmentally relevant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula grown in a bioreactor and also for a medically relevant strain of P. aeruginosa (PAO1) grown on standard growth pegs. Results were compared and validated by standard assays, including EPA method 1684 for measuring biomass, microscopic direct counts, and a crystal violet staining assay. The minimum detection limit for the coulter counter method (0.07 mg-biomass L − 1 ) was significantly lower than the EPA method 1684 (1.9 ± 0.4 mg/L) and the crystal violet assay (1.1 ± 0.2 mg L − 1 ). However, the coulter counter method is limited to dilute biomass samples (below 204 ± 16 mg L − 1 ) due to clogging of the aperture tube. While biomass measurements are useful, the major advantage of the coulter counter method is the ability to directly determine EPS, cell, and aggregate fractions after mild chemical treatment. The rapid technique (4–5 min per sample) was used to measure biomass fractions in dispersed P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) and PAO1 biofilms. This technique will be critical for understanding biofilm formation/dispersal.
Data-adaptive regularization for DOA estimation using sparse spectrum fitting

Regularization parameter selection is critical to the performance of many sparsity-exploiting Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms. In this paper, we propose an automatic selector for choosing this parameter in the DOA estimation algorithm, which is based on the analysis of its optimality conditions. This selector requires very limited prior information and is computationally efficient. Through simulation examples, the effectiveness and robustness of the selector are illustrated.
Dynamic Modeling of Robotic Fish With a Base-Actuated Flexible Tail

In this paper, we develop a new dynamic model for a robotic fish propelled by a flexible tail actuated at the base. The tail is modeled by multiple rigid segments connected in series through rotational springs and dampers, and the hydrodynamic force on each segment is evaluated using Lighthill’s large-amplitude elongated-body theory. For comparison, we also construct a model using linear beam theory to capture the beam dynamics. To assess the accuracy of the models, we conducted experiments with a free-swimming robotic fish. The results show that the two models have almost identical predictions when the tail undergoes small deformation, but only the proposed multisegment model matches the experimental measurement closely for all tail motions, demonstrating its promise in the optimization and control of tail-actuated robotic fish. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028056]
INTERNATIONAL LIQUIDITY IS ALWAYS INADEQUATE

SUMMARY Much of the recent literature on the adequacy of international reserves states that there should be enough reserves in the world so that countries can avoid undesirable and painful adjustment to balance of payments disequilibrium. But this undesirable adjustment, namely deflation and unemployment, is the only adjustment mechanism that exists under a system of fixed exchange rates. It follows from this that no amount of international reserves, short of infinity, can ever be enough. Furthermore, the existing system is one in which there is a built-in bias toward disequilibrium. If countries differ in their willingness to permit some inflation in exchange for full or nearly full employment, the inflation prone countries will tend to incur deficits. They will avoid adjustment—that is, domestic contraction, as long as they have any reserves above what they consider to be minimally acceptable levels. The inflation-avoiding countries, which will tend to be in surplus, will prefer to accumulate reserves rather than permit inflation. In such a world there is likely always to be a ‘shortage' of reserves, whatever the actual level of reserves may be.
Different Strategies for Auditory Word Recognition in Healthy Versus Normal Aging

To explore the effects of commonly encountered pathology on auditory recognition strategies in elderly participants, magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain activation patterns and performance were examined in 30 elderly [18 controls and 12 elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or probable Alzheimer's disease (AD)]. It was predicted that participants with known pathology would reveal different networks of brain activation, compared to healthy elderly, which should correlate with poorer performance. Participants heard a list of words representing common objects, twice. After 20 minutes a list of new and old words was presented and participants judged whether each word was heard earlier. MEG responses were analyzed using a semiautomated source modeling procedure. A cluster analysis using all subjects' MEG sources revealed three dominant patterns of activity which correlated with IQ and task performance. The highest performing group revealed activity in premotor, anterior temporal, and superior parietal lobes with little contribution from prefrontal cortex. Performance and brain activation patterns were also compared for individuals with or without abnormalities such as white matter hyperintensities and/or volume reduction evidenced on their MRIs. Memory performance and activation patterns for individuals with white matter hyperintensities resembled the group of MCI/AD patients. These results emphasize the following: (1) general pathology correlates with cognitive decline and (2) full characterization of the health of elderly participants is important in studies of normal aging since random samples from the elderly population are apt to include individuals with subclinical pathology that can affect cognitive performance.
Disturbance and recovery of trunk mechanical and neuromuscular behaviours following repetitive lifting: influences of flexion angle and lift rate on creep-induced effects.

Repetitive lifting is associated with an increased risk of occupational low back disorders, yet potential adverse effects of such exposure on trunk mechanical and neuromuscular behaviours were not well described. Here, 12 participants, gender balanced, completed 40 min of repetitive lifting in all combinations of three flexion angles (33, 66, and 100% of each participant's full flexion angle) and two lift rates (2 and 4 lifts/min). Trunk behaviours were obtained pre- and post-exposure and during recovery using sudden perturbations. Intrinsic trunk stiffness and reflexive responses were compromised after lifting exposures, with larger decreases in stiffness and reflexive force caused by larger flexion angles, which also delayed reflexive responses.Consistent effects of lift rate were not found. Except for reflex delay no measures returned to pre-exposure values after 20 min of recovery. Simultaneous changes in both trunk stiffness and neuromuscular behaviours may impose an increased risk of trunk instabili...
Stratification on the Eastern Bering Sea shelf revisited

Abstract The timing and magnitude of stratification can have profound influences on the marine ecosystem. On the Eastern Bering Sea shelf, in the absence of strong wind mixing, stratification can be initiated by the melting of seasonal sea ice or by springtime warming of the surface. Temperature and salinity both influence the stratification of the Eastern Bering Sea shelf with their relative importance varying spatially and temporally. In the northern middle shelf domain (north of ∼60°N), salinity stratification is often as important as temperature stratification. On the southern middle shelf, while the influence of temperature on stratification dominates during summer, the influence of salinity stratification plays a role in the interannual variability. Mooring 2 (M2; 56.9°N, 164.1°W) has been deployed at ∼70 m depth in the southern middle shelf domain since 1995. Data from this mooring show that stratification typically begins to set up in May and to break down in September/October, but these dates can vary by >30 d. While no trend is found in the timing of the spring setup, the fall stratification breakdown exhibited a trend toward later breakdown (∼2 d later per year from 1996 to 2009). Results suggest that it may be difficult to forecast stratification on the Eastern Bering Sea shelf from climate models as simple indices of wind mixing or heat fluxes are not correlated with stratification. Contrary to intuition, the strength of summer stratification is not correlated with depth averaged temperature. Warm years such as 2000 and 2001 can have low stratification and cold years such as 2007 can have very high stratification. This decoupling of stratification and temperature has implications for forecasting the ecosystem in the face of climate change, as we cannot assume that projections of a warmer climate simply imply higher stratification in the future.
Dual coupling of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors to cyclic AMP and phosphoinositide signal transduction cascades and their regulation following melatonin exposure

In this investigation, we wanted to determine whether MT(1) or MT(2) melatonin receptors are capable of coupling to the phosphoinositide (PI) signal transduction cascade. In addition, we wanted to assess the effects of chronic melatonin exposure on MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptor-mediated stimulation of PI hydrolysis. We also assessed the effects of chronic melatonin exposure on other parameters of the MT(2) melatonin receptor function including total specific 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding, the affinity of melatonin for the receptor, and melatonin (1nM)-mediated inhibition of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Investigation of the PI signal transduction cascade activated by either the MT(1) or MT(2) melatonin receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells showed that melatonin (1pM to 1mM) was able to stimulate the formation of PIs to approximately 40-60% over basal [EC(50): MT(1)=29nM (2-300nM) and MT(2)=1.1nM (0.32-3.5nM), N=5]. This response was mediated via receptors based upon the findings that melatonin did not stimulate the formation of PIs in CHO cells devoid of receptor and that antagonism of MT(2) melatonin receptors by 4P-PDOT (AH 024; 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin) attenuated melatonin-mediated stimulation of PI hydrolysis in CHO cells expressing the MT(2) melatonin receptor. The consequence of chronic melatonin exposure on MT(1) and MT(2) receptor function was also examined. Pretreatment of either MT(1)- or MT(2)-CHO cells with melatonin (1 microM for 5hr) resulted in: (a) a complete loss of melatonin-mediated stimulation of PI hydrolysis, and (b) an attenuation of melatonin (1nM)-mediated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by approximately 20-40%. The desensitization of the PI hydrolysis signal transduction cascades coupled to either MT(1) or MT(2) melatonin receptors following chronic melatonin exposure was not due to depleted phospholipid pools, to elevated basal levels, or to decreases in receptor affinity and density. This dual coupling of melatonin receptors to different signal transduction cascades may contribute to the diversity of melatonin receptor function in vivo.
A conceptual model for near-surface kinetic controls on the trace-element and stable isotope composition of abiogenic calcite crystals

Abstract The surface of a crystal in equilibrium with solute-bearing fluid generally has a composition that differs from that of the bulk crystal. If the crystal is growing, the surface composition may be “captured” by the newly formed lattice to a degree that depends upon the growth rate and the mobility of atoms in the near-surface region: rapid growth promotes this growth “entrapment,” high near-surface mobility works against it. Natural calcites may be particularly susceptible to this kind of kinetic disequilibrium, because their precipitation rates from aqueous solution can be relatively high even at near-ambient temperatures, where ion mobility in the critical near-surface region may be limited. Existing laboratory data on trace-element uptake as a function of calcite growth rate are examined here in the context of recent discoveries concerning the structure, chemistry and kinetics of the near-surface region of calcite crystals. Recent demonstrations that ions can be mobile in the outermost few nanometers of the calcite lattice even at room temperature have the greatest potential to affect growth entrapment. The model of Watson and Liang (1995)—which quantifies entrapment efficiency in terms of growth rate, diffusivity and surface-layer thickness—is modified to include a depth-dependent diffusivity and possible depletion (as well as enrichment) of some elements in the near-surface region. With these changes, the model is shown to be qualitatively consistent with the body of experimental data on trace element uptake during calcite precipitation. This apparent success of the model invites application to stable isotopes. Constraining data are few, but available information on oxygen isotope fractionation can be used to show that growth entrapment at ambient temperatures may (depending on model assumptions) produce deviations from calcite/H2O equilibrium of up to several ‰. The preferred choice of 18O/16O for the surface layer is lighter than the lattice equilibrium value, and leads to a reduction in 18O/16O of crystals grown at higher growth rates, mimicking “vital effects.”
Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of normal human cerebellum and brain stem

Quantitative, multislice proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) was used to investigate regional metabolite levels and ratios in the normal adult human posterior fossa. Six normal volunteers (36 +/- 3 years, five male, one female) were scanned on a 1.5 T scanner using multislice MRSI at long echo time (TE 280 msec). The entire cerebellum was covered using three oblique-axial slice locations, which also included the pons, mid-brain, insular cortex, and parieto-occipital lobe. Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were estimated using the phantom replacement technique. Regional variations of the concentrations were assessed using ANOVA (P < 0.05). High-resolution MRSI data was obtained in all subjects and brain regions examined. Metabolite concentrations (mM) (mean +/- SD) were as follows: cerebellar vermis: 2.3 +/- 0.4, 8.8 +/- 1.7 and 7.6 +/- 1.0 for Cho, Cr, and NAA respectively; cerebellar hemisphere: 2.2 +/- 0.6, 8.9 +/- 2.1, 7.5 +/- 0.8; pons 2.2 +/- 0.5, 4.3 +/- 1.1, 8.3 +/- 0.9; insular cortex, 1.8 +/- 0.5, 7.8 +/- 2, 8.0 +/- 1.1, parieto-occipital gray matter, 1.3 +/- 0.3, 5.7 +/- 1.1, 7.2 +/- 0.9, and occipital white matter, 1.4 +/- 0.3, 5.3 +/- 1.3, 7.5 +/- 0.8. Consistent with previous reports, significantly higher levels of Cr were found in the cerebellum compared to parieto-occipital gray and occipital white matter, and pons (P < 0.0001). NAA was essentially uniformly distributed within the regions chosen for analysis, with the highest level in the pons (P < 0.04). Cho was significantly higher in the cerebellum and pons than parieto-occipital gray and occipital white matter (P < 0.002) and was also higher in the pons than in the insular cortex (P < 0.05). Quantitative multislice MRSI of the posterior fossa is feasible and significant regional differences in metabolite concentrations were found.
An Integrated Compilation and Performance Analysis Environment for Data Parallel Programs

Supporting source-level performance analysis of programs written in data-parallel languages requires a unique degree of integration between compilers and performance analysis tools. Compilers for languages such as High Performance Fortran infer parallelism and communication from data distribution directives, thus, performance tools cannot meaningfully relate measurements about these key aspects of execution performance to source-level constructs without substantial compiler support. This paper describes an integrated system for performance analysis of data-parallel programs based on the Rice Fortran 77D compiler and the Illinois Pablo performance analysis toolkit. During code generation, the Fortran D compiler records mapping information and semantic analysis results describing the relationship between performance instrumentation and the original source program. An integrated performance analysis system based on the Pablo toolkit uses this information to correlate the program's dynamic behavior with the data parallel source code. The integrated system provides detailed source-level performance feedback to programmers via a pair of graphical interfaces. Our strategy serves as a model for integration of data-parallel compilers and performance tools.
Ligand-dependent site selectivity in the Rh(II)-catalyzed decomposition of a glycine-derived diazo acetoacetamide

Abstract The product distribution obtained from the Rh(II)-catalyzed decomposition of α-diazoimide 1 can be selectively controlled by the proper choice of catalyst. While perfluorinated ligands favor isomunchnone formation, products derived from 6-ring cyclization are preferred using Rh 2 (OAc) 4 . The effect can be modulated by the addition Sc(OTf) 3 as a Lewis acid.
Assessment of in vivo bioaccessibility of arsenic in dietary rice by a mass balance approach.

Abstract A pilot dietary experiment was conducted over 10 days to evaluate whether a simple yet often underutilized approach of constructing mass balance of arsenic metabolites can be used to assess in vivo bioaccessibility of arsenic in cooked rice. Two volunteers were involved in this study. The quantity of drinking water, food and urine samples, together with arsenic concentration and speciation of these samples was monitored to construct a mass balance of arsenic intake and excretion. In the first five days, the two volunteers on a wheat diet had an average arsenic daily intake of 15.4 ± 2.6 µg and 9.6 ± 0.7 µg, respectively. In the next five days, these volunteers switched to a rice diet, increasing the average arsenic daily intake to 36.4 ± 2.8 µg and 34.1 ± 7.7 µg, respectively. Daily excretion of urinary arsenic, mostly as dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), doubled from 9.8 ± 0.3 µg to 21.0 ± 3.0 µg, and from 6.5 ± 0.8 µg to 11.6 ± 4.5 µg, respectively. The percentage of ingested arsenic excreted in urine remained constant at ∼ 58% for one volunteer before and after the rice diet, and was ∼ 69% for another. Mass balance established during a controlled dietary experiment over 10 days is shown to be a useful approach to evaluate in vivo bioaccessibility and metabolism of arsenic uptake from diet and is applicable to study with more subjects.
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NAVIGATION WITH REAL-TIME 3D LASER BASED POSITIONING FOR CONSTRUCTION

Abstract Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are a way of life in manufacturing where navigation can be done in a structured environment. Construclion is an unstructured environment and requires a different type of navigation system to deal with three dimensional control and rough terrain. This paper provides a review of navigation systems that utilize dead-reckoning in conjunction with absolute referencing systems such as beacon-based systems, and vision and mapping based system. The use of a real-time laser based technology is demonstrated as a new form of navigation. This, technology does not rely on dead reckoning. The paper outlines the issues and strategies in guiding an autonomous vehicle utilizing only the laser-based positioning system. Algorithms were developed to provide real-time control of the AGV. The laser based positioning system is unique in that it provides three dimensional position data with five updates per second. No other system can provide this level of performance. This allows for control of end effectors and autonomous vehicles in complex and unstructured three dimensional environments. The use of this new type of navigation makes possible the automation of large complex assemblies in rough terrain such as construction.
CARBON MONOXIDE-DEPENDENT EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN BY THE HOMOACETATE-FERMENTING BACTERIUM CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOACETICUM

Clostridium thermoaceticum was found to form H2 when cultivated heterotrophically on dextrose under a carbon monoxide (CO) gas phase. In contrast, when cultivated under CO2, only minimal levels of hydrogen were detected. Resting cells from the CO-grown cultures also formed H2 when incubated under CO with dextrose, while a comparative study with resting cells from CO2-grown cultures demonstrated that the CO2-grown cells were not competent in H2 formation when incubated under CO. When dextrose was deleted, CO-cultivated resting cells did not form H2 when incubated under CO.
Disease resistance in the vegetable crops

B ean . 3 32 Celery..335 Cruciferous Vegetables ..33 5 Cucurbits..33 8 Lettuce.. 41 Onion . . . .. 342 Pea. 342 Spinach..344 Sweet Potato..345 Eggplant ..... 346 Pe per..34 otato.. 9 Tomato. 35 5 General Remarks. 360 Literature Cited 360
Comparative sensitivity of gametes and early developmental stages of a sea urchin species (Echinometra mathaei) and a bivalve species (Isognomon californicum) during metal exposures

Bioassays were developed using sperm of a sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei), and sperm, embryos, and larvae of a bivalve species (Isognomon californicum). Sea urchin spawning was restricted to only a few months of the year and viability of sperm throughout the year varied from 5 to 75%. Sea urchin fertilization assays were affected by temporal variation in sperm viability. Spawning in this bivalve species occurs year-round and there is little temporal variation in sperm viability. Since stringent sperm:egg ratios are not required for the bivalve embryo and larval assays, these were less affected by variation in gamete quality. The relative sensitivity of the various assays were compared during exposure to three different metal pollutants: cadmium, copper, and tributyltin. Gametes and embryos were relatively resistant to cadmium toxicity, but larvae were very sensitive. With copper and tributyltin, sea urchin and bivalve fertilization assays were the least sensitive; and bivalve growth assays were the most sensitive, followed closely by the bivalve embryo assays. On the basis of sensitivity, ease and time required to conduct the assay, and salinity tolerance, the bivalve embryo assay was recommended as the overall single most reliable toxicity bioassay. However a multispecies, multidimensional approach using sperm fertilization assays as well as embryo assays should be employed, perhaps in a hierarchal manner. Larval growth assays were deemed too tedious and time consuming to be used routinely, but due to their high sensitivity, should still be considered as a valuable comparative tool.
Military antishock trouser (MAST). Application as a reversible fluid challenge in patients on high PEEP.

Fluid management in the critically ill patient receiving high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can be difficult. PEEP may cause the cardiac index to fall due to a decrease in left ventricular preload. However, the high intrathoracic pressures produced by PEEP negate the usefulness of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAo) as a measurement of left ventricular preload. The military antishock trouser (MAST), which has been presumed to compress the venous capacitance reservoir and autotransfuse 500 to 1,000 ml to the central circulation, was used as a reversible predictor of the effects of fluids on 12 critically ill patients receiving PEEP greater than 10 cm H 2 O with a decreased cardiac index. Hemodynamic variables were measured before, during, and after MAST inflation. Fluids were given in a quantity sufficient to maintain the same PAo after MAST deflation as achieved with the initial inflation. A significant improvement of cardiac performance and a high correlation between MAST and post-MAST variables was observed. Application of MAST as a reversible fluid challenge is a useful method for predicting optimal fluid management.
Ruthenium(II) complexes of some simple classic amine ligands

Abstract Several new Ru(II) complexes of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (Tren) and diethylenetriamine (Dien) have been prepared using Ru(PPh3)3Cl2 and [(CH3)4N]2[Ru(Phen)Cl4] (1) as starting materials. The reaction of Tren or Dien with Ru(PPh3)3Cl2 leads to the formation of either the [Ru(Tren)(PPh3)Cl]Cl (2) or the Ru(Dien)(PPh3)Cl2 (4) complex, of which the latter then reacts further with a heterocyclic diimine (N–N) ligand to yield [Ru(Dien)(PPh3)(N–N)]Cl2. Addition of Tren or Dien to solutions of the [(CH3)4N]2[Ru(Phen)Cl4] complex replaces the coordinated chlorides with the N-donor ligand, forming [Ru(Tren)Phen](ClO4)2 (3) and [Ru(Dien)(Phen)Cl]Cl (5) respectively. Redox chemistry shows single-electron Ru(II) → Ru(III) oxidations over a wide range of potentials.
RESTORATION OF ENDOTOXIN ACTIVITY FOLLOWING ALTERATION BY PLASMA.

ENDOTOXINS from Gram-negative bacteria, when added to human plasma or certain fractions of human plasma and incubated at 37° C for several hours, show reduced immunological reactivity, pyrogenicity, and toxicity1. Physical changes occur in such altered endotoxins, as manifested by a more rapid diffusion rate2,3 and a lowered ability to be sedimented in a high-speed centrifuge2,4 when compared with native endotoxin. The kinetics of the inactivation of endotoxin by plasma or its fractions suggested that the endotoxin was being degraded by a plasma enzyme. However, germane to the proof of such a tenet should be the isolation and identification of products which have come from a previously undergraded endotoxin. Examination of the literature revealed a paucity of such data.