cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling acoustic wave propagation in heterogeneous attenuating media using decoupled fractional Laplacians

We evaluated a time-domain wave equation for modeling acoustic wave propagation in attenuating media. The wave equation was derived from Kjartansson’s constant-Q constitutive stress-strain relation in combination with the mass and momentum conservation equations. Our wave equation, expressed by a second-order temporal derivative and two fractional Laplacian operators, described very nearly constant-Q attenuation and dispersion effects. The advantage of using our formulation of two fractional Laplacians over the traditional fractional time derivative approach was the avoidance of time history memory variables and thus it offered more economic computations. In numerical simulations, we formulated the first-order constitutive equations with the perfectly matched layer absorbing boundaries. The temporal derivative was calculated with a staggered-grid finite-difference approach. The fractional Laplacians are calculated in the spatial frequency domain using a Fourier pseudospectral implementation. We validated our numerical results through comparisons with theoretical constant-Q attenuation and dispersion solutions, field measurements from the Pierre Shale, and results from 2D viscoacoustic analytical modeling for the homogeneous Pierre Shale. We also evaluated different formulations to show separated amplitude loss and dispersion effects on wavefields. Furthermore, we generalized our rigorous formulation for homogeneous media to an approximate equation for viscoacoustic waves in heterogeneous media. We then investigated the accuracy of numerical modeling in attenuating media with different Q-values and its stability in largecontrast heterogeneous media. Finally, we tested the applicability of our time-domain formulation in a heterogeneous medium with high attenuation.
SPIDER PREDATION: SPECIES-SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF GUT CONTENTS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

We extend detection of arthropod predator gut contents by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), heretofore restricted to insect predators, to spiders. Single individuals of the corn lead aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, were detected in the guts of spiderlings of Oxyopes salticus up to 12 h after feeding; individuals of the congeneric bird cherry oat aphid, R. padi, were not detected. Unfed O. salticus and Misumenops sp. were also negative.
Facilitating African Identity Development: Critical Literacy Books for African College Students

Henry A. Giroux defined critical literacy as the understanding of the historical roots andconsequences of one's values andbeliefs andthe values and beliefs of others. This is a summary of a critical literacy, teacher-research study, in which the perspectives and reactions of African students at different points in their African identity development were explored. In this African literacy study, certain books were found to be more appropriate for college students at certain points in their African identity development.
The C domain of netrin UNC-6 silences calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase- and diacylglycerol-dependent axon branching in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Second messenger systems mediate neuronal responses to extracellular factors that elicit axon branching, turning, and guidance. We found that mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans that affect components of second messenger systems, a G-protein subunit, phospholipase Cβ, diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), have no obvious effect on axon responses to UNC-6 except in animals in which the N-terminal fragment, UNC-6ΔC, is expressed. In these animals, the mutations enhance or suppress ectopic branching of certain axons. Netrin UNC-6 is an extracellular protein that guides circumferential migrations, and UNC-6ΔC has UNC-6 guidance activity. We propose that the guidance response elicited by the UNC-6 N-terminal domains involves mechanisms that can induce branching that is sensitive to CaMKII- and DAG-dependent signaling, and that the UNC-6 C domain is required in cis to the N-terminal domains to silence the branching and to maintain proper axon morphology.
Enhancement of IEEE 802.11 DCF backoff algorithm under heavy traffic

The contention window size in carrier sense multiple access is crucial to the performance of a wireless network because it affects the network throughput and delay characteristics. The basic distributed coordination function (DCF) access mechanism of 802.11 standard describes multiple backoff window sizes. When a terminal is poised to transmit a packet, the smallest window is selected. If a collision occurs, the terminal selects an alternate backoff window. The selection is made in declining consecutive size until the largest one available at that given time is selected. This phenomenon occurs under heavy traffic conditions in which many terminals are accessing the wireless channel at the same time. Once a terminal successfully transmits its packet, the backoff window size reverts to the smallest size for future transmissions; however, this mechanism performs poorly under heavy traffic. This paper proposes that after a successful transmission, backoff window selection is dependent upon the number of retransmission; in other words, it is adaptive to the traffic condition of the network. This approach can alleviate retransmission rate by spreading the chances of simultaneous transmissions more evenly and with better flexibility relative to the basic DFC access mechanism of 802.11 MAC protocol. The MAC adopted for DSRC inter-vehicle communication applications provides enhanced delay properties,- mainly less delay due to collision-as well as throughput of the network. In our scheme a retransmission attempt of a terminal following the successful transmission of another will perform in one of two scenarios, and both are dependent upon the number of retransmissions occurring during a previous attempt Some terminals that reach a successful transmission after exceeding a certain value n will have to select a larger "minimum contention window," while others will select a smaller one. A mathematical model is developed for this proposed scheme. Our simulation experiments validate the analytical results reported in the model, which was analyzed under various assumptions. Thus, the accuracy of our model is verified.
Cognitive Development in Childhood

This chapter examines the area of cognitive development from primarily theoretical and historical perspectives. Beginning with three “revolutions” in the 1950s (cognitive, language, and Piaget), the main lines of cognitive developmental theorizing and research formed and reformed during the subsequent half century. Piaget's theory dominated the field through the 1960s and 1970s, followed by efforts to deal with some of the problems of the Genevan approach (e.g., neo-piagetians, contextualists). In recent decades, the field has become more diverse and multifaceted, and now includes theories that attempt to integrate individual differences into universal cognitive development, dynamic systems approaches to change and the emergence of novelty, evolutionary robotics frameworks, and brain imaging and other brain-based techniques that may provide a systematic physical foundation for observed cognitive developmental changes. Keywords: cognitive developmental theory; integrated frameworks; neo-piagetian contributions; Piaget's theory; Vygotsky's theory
The Implications of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado

The legalization of marijuana in Colorado has had complex effects on the health of its citizens. Physicians have the responsibility to present a balanced perspective, identifying both the potential health benefits and risks associated with marijuana use. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the history of marijuana policy in Colorado and the expected and unexpected effects of increased marijuana availability. Other states considering marijuana policy liberalization may learn from the experiences in Colorado.
Functional Genomics Research in Aquaculture: Principles and General Approaches

Functional analysis has always been more difficult, but it is nothing compared with structural analysis. This is especially true when the number of genes under study is increased to cover various systems and pathways on a genome scale. In this chapter, we provide an overview of functional genomics focusing on general approaches for functional genomics to include (1) Functional inference based on ex- pression profiling such as analysis of expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, microarray anal- ysis, and RNA-Seq; (2) Functional inference of gene functions based on positional anal- ysis such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) map- ping, and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping; (3) Functional inference of gene functions by comparative genome anal- ysis; (4) Gene pathway analysis; and (5) Ex- perimental determination of gene functions using novel technologies, such as the zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology. We also pro- vide a section on epigenetics and analysis of protein-DNA interactions. At the end of the chapter, we offer our assessment of the po- tential of various technologies for functional genomics in aquaculture.
Resource pulses of dead periodical cicadas increase the growth of American bellflower rosettes under competitive and non-competitive conditions

This experiment investigates how pulsed nutrient resources interact with intraspecific competition to influence biomass production and nutrient use efficiency in the American bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum). The competitive environment of these plants was manipulated by growing plants alone or with neighboring conspecifics, and the occurrence of pulsed nutrient resources was manipulated through the addition of 17-year periodical cicada (Magicicada septendecim) carcasses in order to simulate naturally occurring pulsed resources in this system. The addition of cicada carcasses increased mean plant biomass by 61 % compared to non-supplemented plants, while competition decreased mean plant biomass by 44 % compared to plants grown without competition; these effects were additive. In comparison, nutrient use efficiency decreased in fertilized plants (cicada-supplemented plants showed 20 % greater foliage nitrogen concentrations compared to non-supplemented plants), but was not significantly affected by the plant’s competitive environment. In addition, cicada supplementation did not significantly increase the biomass asymmetry in competing pairs of plants. These results suggest that these plants increased their total nutrient uptake at a timescale commensurate with the pulsed increase in nutrient availability due to cicada carcass decomposition.
A systematic revision of the Upper Ordovician trilobite genus Bumastoides (Illaenidae), with new species from Oklahoma, Virginia and Missouri

Species of the Ordovician illaenid trilobite genus Bumastoides Whittington, 1954, have been notoriously difficult to classify because of their high degree of exoskeletal effacement. New species from Oklahoma (B. graffhami sp. nov), Virginia (B. moundensis sp. nov) and Missouri (B. kimmswickensis sp. nov) provide more data for a phylogenetic analysis of the genus. Continuous characters were analysed with finite mixture coding in two separate parsimony analyses. A strict consensus tree of eight equally most parsimonious trees, and a weighted best-fit tree both indicate that many species previously assigned to Bumastoides should be removed from the genus. Both methods yielded a tree with similar topology, supporting the removal of three Stenopareia-like species from Bumastoides. Based on the optimized character distribution, the supporting synapomorphies for Bumastoides are: weak to effaced cranidial axial furrow and lack of glabellar differentiation even by change in convexity, dicuspid inner margin of pygi...
Kv4 potassium channel subunits control action potential repolarization and frequency-dependent broadening in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones

A-type potassium channels regulate neuronal firing frequency and the back-propagation of action potentials (APs) into dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones. Recent molecular cloning studies have found several families of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in the mammalian brain. At present, information regarding the relationship between the protein products of these genes and the various neuronal functions performed by voltage-gated K+ channels is lacking. Here we used a combination of molecular, electrophysiological and imaging techniques to show that one such gene, Kv4.2, controls AP half-width, frequency-dependent AP broadening and dendritic action potential propagation. Using a modified Sindbis virus, we expressed either the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-tagged Kv4.2 or an EGFP-tagged dominant negative mutant of Kv4.2 (Kv4.2gW362F) in CA1 pyramidal neurones of organotypic slice cultures. Neurones expressing Kv4.2gW362F displayed broader action potentials with an increase in frequency-dependent AP broadening during a train compared with control neurones. In addition, Ca2+ imaging of Kv4.2gW362F expressing dendrites revealed enhanced AP back-propagation compared to control neurones. Conversely, neurones expressing an increased A-type current through overexpression of Kv4.2 displayed narrower APs with less frequency dependent broadening and decreased dendritic propagation. These results point to Kv4.2 as the major contributor to the A-current in hippocampal CA1 neurones and suggest a prominent role for Kv4.2 in regulating AP shape and dendritic signalling. As Ca2+ influx occurs primarily during AP repolarization, Kv4.2 activity can regulate cellular processes involving Ca2+-dependent second messenger cascades such as gene expression and synaptic plasticity.
Motor speech perception modulates the cortical language areas

Traditionally, the left frontal and parietal lobes have been associated with language production while regions in the temporal lobe are seen as crucial for language comprehension. However, recent evidence suggests that the classical language areas constitute an integrated network where each area plays a crucial role both in speech production and perception. We used functional MRI to examine whether observing speech motor movements (without auditory speech) relative to non-speech motor movements preferentially activates the cortical speech areas. Furthermore, we tested whether the activation in these regions was modulated by task difficulty. This dissociates between areas that are actively involved with speech perception from regions that show an obligatory activation in response to speech movements (e.g. areas that automatically activate in preparation for a motoric response). Specifically, we hypothesized that regions involved with decoding oral speech would show increasing activation with increasing difficulty. We found that speech movements preferentially activate the frontal and temporal language areas. In contrast, non-speech movements preferentially activate the parietal region. Degraded speech stimuli increased both frontal and parietal lobe activity but did not differentially excite the temporal region. These findings suggest that the frontal language area plays a role in visual speech perception and highlight the differential roles of the classical speech and language areas in processing others' motor speech movements.
Ritual and Dying: A Cultural Analysis of Social Support for Caregivers

This study examines the role of social support in the process of caring for someone dying at home. Based on data from in-depth ethnographic interviews with 16 caregivers, it employs a cultural analysis to draw parallels with rituals of transition. Ritual provides a broad context of meanings and routines for securing the doubts and unknowns of individual experience. The way social support is provided plays a key role in the caregiver's transition to bereavement.
Sentiment Analysis to Determine Accommodation, Shopping and Culinary Location on Foursquare in Kupang City☆

Abstract The goal of this research is to determine the sentiment of accommodation, shopping and culinary location using Naive Bayes method. Research's object are the tips of accommodation, shopping and culinary location located in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Tips is a term on Foursquare, that written by user and it is a short messages about a location which let other users know what is good (or bad) there. Tips are taken from Foursquare. We used Naive Bayes in order to generate probability classifier model. This model used to determine sentiment of the Foursquare's tips about accommodation, shopping and culinary location. Test set accuracy is 66,22%. The result showed that Swiss Belinn Hotel, Aston Hotel are the best choices based on the tips following with On The Rock Hotel also T-More Hotel and Lounge. KFC Flobamora Mall, Palapa Resto and Cafe, Dapur Nekamese are the best choices for culinary. The result showed that Flobamora Mall is the best shopping place.
Curriculum Information Management System: Structure and Process of Analysis with CATs

Duke University School of Medicine recently inaugurated its Curriculum Information Management System (CIMS) as a dynamic process for curriculum analysis. In most US medical schools, the educational mission is achieved through departmental and clinical control. This decentralization of curriculum organization and traditional lack of communication among departments, increased the need to document what, where, when, and by whom content was taught. Establishment of a dynamic process for curriculum review and analysis was a primary goal for CIMS.
Abstract 365: Adiponectin has Greater Association with Left Ventricular Mass Index and Coronary Artery Calcification Score in Lean Compared to Overweight-Obese Subjects: The CARDIA Study

Objective: To compare the association of adiponectin with left ventricular mass index (LVMi) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) score in lean and overweight-obese subjects. Methods: The CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study enrolled black and white adults aged 18 to 30 years in 1985 to 1986. Adiponectin was measured 15 years after baseline. At Years-20 and -25, subjects underwent CT-derived CAC score measurement and M-mode echocardiography, respectively. BMI at Year-15 was categorized into 3 groups (below Results: Mean age of the 2121 included participants was 50.2±3.6 years and 58.7% were females. Adiponectin level was positively associated with LVMi and CAC score (table). In stratified analysis, positive association of adiponectin with LVMi was observed in subjects with BMI Conclusion: Adiponectin at Year 15 has pronounced association with LVMi measured 10-years later and CAC score measured 5 years later in lean subjects but not in overweight-obese subjects. Higher adiponectin levels in young-middle aged adults are associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease later in life.
Bringing Home Rome: Explaining the Domestication of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in Africa

This paper presents an empirical analysis of domestication of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, focusing specially on African States Parties. Of the 34 current African States Parties to the Rome Statute, 12 have adopted legislation partially or fully domesticating the Statute by incorporating its complementarity and/or cooperation provisions into domestic law. The adoption of such legislation is significant insofar as it enables domestic prosecutions of the crimes -- genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity -- under the ICC's jurisdiction and/or establishes mechanisms to promote state cooperation with the Court in the conduct of investigations and the execution of arrest warrants; as such, domestication arguably represents a deeper and more significant commitment to the ICC than simply ratifying the Statute. At the same time, explaining the variation in domestication of the Statute by African States Parties can shed light on the controversial role of the ICC in Africa, particularly the validity of widespread criticisms of the Court as biased or otherwise anti-African. To this end, this paper tests the "credible commitment" theory of state commitment to the ICC. This theory, which was developed by Simmons and Danner (2010) to explain ratification of the Statute, posits that states with histories of recent violence and weak domestic accountability mechanisms (non-democracies) commit to the ICC to make credible commitments to domestic adversaries to ratchet down violence. I test the applicability of this theory to domestication of the Statute by African States Parties using survival analysis of quarterly data on domestication in Africa from 1998 through 2013 with approximately 1,100 observations. I find no evidence in support of credible commitment theory with respect to domestication by African States Parties. A brief case study of ongoing efforts to fully domesticate the Rome Statute in the Democratic Republic of Congo supports my statistical findings and suggests that, rather than committing to the ICC to ratchet down violence, states commit to the Court to employ it as a legal weapon against internal adversaries.
PS-177 Pulmonary Ultrasound – Applications In Neonatology

Aim Evaluation of the correlation between the pulmonary ultrasound findings and the severity of the respiratory distress, the need for mechanical ventilation and the respiratory outcome of the case. Material and methods Pulmonary ultrasounds were performed in 50 neonates (mean gestational age 38.4weeks; mean birth weight 3100g (±450g). The first ultrasound was performed at 3 h of life; the second at 24 h The ultrasound appearance was clasified: white lung (type 1); transition lung (type 2); normal (type 3). There were noted: the appearance and severity of the respiratory distress, the need for mechanical ventilation, the evolution of the pulmonary ultrasound and of the patient. Results The pulmonary ultrasound appearance of white lung (type 1) was present in 6 cases, 4 of them needed mechanical ventilation, 2 needed CPAP. Type 2 appearance was present in 44 patients at the first ultrasound and in 15 at the second examination, being replaced by type 3 appearance in 29 patients at 24 h of age. In the case of the 4 patients that were ventilated, the type 1 appearance evoluated at type 2 after 48 h of ventilation and at type 3 by 72 h. They were extubated successfully at a mean age of 75 h. Conclusions Type 1 pulmonary ultrasound appearance correlated with the presence of the respiratory distress and the need for mechanical ventilation. The pulmonary ultrasound apeearance improved with the favourable evolution of the patient and the normal ultrasound anticipated the extubation. Pulmonary ultrasound could be used as an aid in the evaluation of the respiratory distress of the term and near term neonates.
Floating 3D Video Conference

This paper proposes an improved algorithm based on Active Appearance Models (AAM) and applies on a real-time 3D video conference system with a novel 3D display device which can pop out an avatar out of the display in the air. The proposed algorithm utilizes an improved Adaboost algorithm [1] for face detection based on skin color information. Facial feature points are then tracked based on AAM [2] and we improved the algorithm to determine the rate of closing eyelid and the rotation angle of eyeballs. The novel 3D display device projects digital images on an actual human like object as an avatar and pops out a 3D image in the air via an optical module. With the proposed system, users can interactive intuitively with a popped 3D avatar. This system provides more realistic and representative visual effect for interaction in a video conference.
A practical guide for short-term pediatric surgery global volunteers

Abstract Introduction The tremendous need for increasing the quantity and quality of global pediatric surgical care in underserved areas has been well documented. Concomitantly there has been a significant increase in interest by pediatric surgeons in helping to relieve this problem through surgical volunteerism. The intent of the article is to serve as a practical guide for pediatric surgeons contemplating or planning a short-term global volunteer endeavor. Methods The article is based on the authors' personal experiences and on the published experiences of other volunteers. Findings The following aspects of volunteerism are discussed: ethical considerations, where and how to go, what and whom to take with you, what to expect in your volunteer locale, and what to do and what to avoid in order to enhance the volunteer experience. Conclusions The points discussed in this guide will hopefully make the volunteer activity one that results in greatly improved immediate and long term surgical care for children and improves the chances that the activity will be a meaningful, pleasant, and productive experience for both the volunteer and the host physician.
Treatment with glucagon-binding antibodies alters the intestinal response to starvation in the rat.

Everted intestinal rings from partially starved rats accumulate the nonmetabolized amino acid 1-amino-cyclopentane-5-carboxylic acid (ACPC) at an enhanced rate. Plasma glucagon concentrations were found to be markedly elevated in these partially starved rats as well as in rats with experimentally induced diabetes, a condition previously shown to be associated with augmented intestinal uptake of amino acid. Treatment of partially starved rats with repeated injections of glucagon-binding antiserum prevented increased ACPC uptake by intestinal rings. Chronically elevated plasma glucagon levels may participate in the mechanism of the functional changes in the intestine in partial starvation.
UNA LIRA DESOLADA: PARODIA Y FRUSTRACIÓN EN PROYECTO DE OBRAS COMPLETAS Y DECLARACIÓN JURADA DE RODRIGO LIRA

The article focuses on a study of parodic expressions and the poetics of frustration in the writing of Rodrigo Lira. The poet parodically de-stabilizes the w...
Growth and characteristics of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures on sp2-bonded BN by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition

AlGaN/GaN heterostructures were grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sp2-bonded BN using AlN as a nucleation layer. The best x-ray diffraction rocking curve full-width-at-half-maximums (FWHMs) are 0.13° and 0.17° for the GaN (0002) and ( $10\bar 12$ ) diffraction peaks. Hall-effect measurements show room temperature mobility near 2000 cm/V·s with sheet carrier density of ∼1 × 1013 cm−2, comparable to the best values obtained on sapphire using Fe-doped GaN buffers. The best low temperature mobility of the 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is ∼33,000 cm2/V·s; indicating that the dominant scattering mechanism limiting the transport of 2DEG is interface roughness. Good quality BN grown directly onto sapphire is shown to be effective for reducing parallel conduction that exists due to residual donor impurities in the buffer. Luminescence measurements indicate good optical quality of the GaN/BN/sapphire. The residual strain in the GaN layer is found to be almost completely eliminated when it is released from the substrate.
Deconstructing the Complexity of TGFβ Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Quiescence and Beyond

The hematopoietic system is highly dynamic and must constantly produce new blood cells every day. Mature blood cells all derive from a pool of rare long-lived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are mostly quiescent but occasionally divide and self-renew in order to maintain the stem cell pool and continuous replenishment of mature blood cells throughout life. A tight control of HSC self-renewal, commitment to differentiation and maintenance of quiescence states is necessary for lifelong blood supply. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a critical regulator hematopoietic cell functions. It is a potent inhibitor of hematopoietic cell growth. However, TGFβ functions are more complex and largely context-dependent. Emerging evidence suggests a role in aging, cell identity and cell fate decisions. Here, we will review the role of TGF-β and downstream signaling in normal HSC functions, in HSC quiescence and beyond.
Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries

While fulfilling the food demand of an increasing population remains a major global concern, more than one-third of food is lost or wasted in postharvest operations. Reducing the postharvest losses, especially in developing countries, could be a sustainable solution to increase food availability, reduce pressure on natural resources, eliminate hunger and improve farmers’ livelihoods. Cereal grains are the basis of staple food in most of the developing nations, and account for the maximum postharvest losses on a calorific basis among all agricultural commodities. As much as 50%–60% cereal grains can be lost during the storage stage due only to the lack of technical inefficiency. Use of scientific storage methods can reduce these losses to as low as 1%–2%. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the grain postharvest losses in developing countries, the status and causes of storage losses and discusses the technological interventions to reduce these losses. The basics of hermetic storage, various technology options, and their effectiveness on several crops in different localities are discussed in detail.
Educational attainment and adult health

Abstract Socioeconomic resources such as educational attainment, income, and occupation are strong predictors of adult health. Focusing on education, this chapter provides an overview of its association with health among midlife and older adults. It provides empirical examples of how the health of midlife and older adults with lower levels of education differs from their peers with higher levels of education. Much of the chapter examines the dynamic nature of the association between education and adult health across age, time, and place. The importance of education for adult health has changed over time and differs across geographic regions and population subgroups. To help explain the relationship between education and adult health, the chapter reviews multiple conceptual frameworks and integrates key elements of them into a “tale of two tails.” The chapter concludes with a discussion of current debates and dilemmas in the field.
Regulation of erythropoiesis after normoxic return from chronic sustained and intermittent hypoxia

Hypoxia increases erythropoiesis mediated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF), which regulate erythropoietin transcription. Neocytolysis is a physiological mechanism that corrects polycythemia from chronic sustained hypoxemia by transient, preferential destruction of young RBCs after normoxia is restored. We showed that neocytolysis is caused by excessive mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species in reticulocytes mediated by downregulation of HIF-controlled BNIP3L regulated mitophagy and a decrease in RBC antioxidant catalase (CAT) in hypoxia-produced erythrocytes. Decreased CAT results from hypoxia-induced miR-21 that downregulates CAT. This correlates with a transient acute decrease of HIF-1 at normoxic return that is associated with normalization of red cell mass.
Active Control of a Thin Airfoil: Flutter Suppression and Gust Alleviation

Abstract Recently it has been shown that active flutter suppression and gust alleviation problems for a thin airfoil can be solved using standard H ∞ and mixed H 2 /H ∞ control techniques. The proposed solution depends on finite dimensional approximations of Theodorsen's function, which appears in the original infinite dimensional model of the airfoil. In this paper an approximation scheme is proposed for model reduction. The procedure described here provides "near optimal" fixed order H ∞ approximants of Theodorsen's function
Two-Phase Lorentz Coils and Linear Halbach Array for Multiaxis Precision-Positioning Stages With Magnetic Levitation

In this paper, a new framework for linear permanent-magnet (PM) machines with applications in precision motion control is proposed and validated. A single forcer generating two independent force components in two perpendicular directions is the fundamental unit of the framework. Each forcer consists of two planar Lorentz coils separated by a 90° or 270° phase difference and parallel to a Halbach magnet array. Many coil pairs can be assembled to the same platen to move over a common magnet matrix, forming a linear or planar PM motor. Advantages of this framework include a linear system model, the capability to magnetically levitate the mover in multiaxis stages, and that to generate long translational motion range. The framework developed herein is validated by a six-degree-of-freedom magnetically levitated (maglev) stage. The dimension of the moving platen's frame is $\text{14.3}{\,\text{cm}}\times \text{14.3}{\,\text{cm}}$ , and its total mass is 0.75 kg. The achieved positioning resolution in translations along $X,Y$ , and $Z$ is 10 nm. The positioning resolution in out-of-plane rotation is $\text{0.1}\,\mu {\text{rad}}$ , which is a record in the literature. The maximum travel range in $XY$ with laser interferometers is ${\text{56}\,\text{mm}}\times \text{35}\,{\text{mm}}$ , limited by the size of the precision mirrors. With the coils’ total mass of only 0.205 kg, the achieved acceleration is 1.2 m/s2. Experimental results exhibit reduced perturbations in other axes of in-plane motions.
The Progressive Acalculia Presentation of Parietal Variant Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND Many patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD; age of onset <65 years) have non-amnestic presentations involving language (logopenic primary progressive aphasia, lvPPA), visuospatial abilities (posterior cortical atrophy, PCA), and even asymmetric symptoms consistent with corticobasal syndrome (CBS). An inferior parietal lobule variant of EOAD commonly presents with progressive difficulty with calculations. METHODS We reviewed 276 EOAD patients for presentations with predominant acalculia. These patients were diagnosed with clinically probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) verified by positron emission tomography (PET) or cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β or tau biomarkers. RESULTS We identified 18 (9M/9F) (6.5%) EOAD patients with progressive acalculia that did not meet most criteria for lvPPA, visual PCA, or CBS. Their ages of onset and presentation were 56.6 (5.0) and 59.4 (6.5), respectively. Their acalculia was consistent with a primary acalculia ("anarithmetia") not explained by language or visuospatial impairments. Many also had anomia (14/18), ideomotor apraxia (13/18), and the complete Gerstmann's syndrome (7/18). Visual analysis of their diverse magnetic resonance imaging disclosed biparietal atrophy, disproportionately worse on the left. CONCLUSIONS Primary acalculia may be the most common manifestation of an inferior parietal presentation of EOAD affecting the left intraparietal sulcus. This parietal variant also commonly involves progressive anomia, ideomotor apraxia, and other elements of Gerstmann's syndrome. The early recognition of patients with this variant, which is distinguishable from lvPPA, visual PCA, or CBS, would be facilitated by its recognition as a unique subtype of EOAD.
Six Ideas That Are Changing the IDD Field Internationally

The purpose of this article is to discuss six ideas that are currently impacting policy makers and service/support providers in the field of intellectual and closely related developmental disabilities. These six ideas are that people are influenced by multiple systems, disability should be approached holistically, disability policy needs to be approached systematically, supports should encompass elements of a system of supports, evaluation is multifaceted, and organizations need to transform to be sustainable.
Kinetic analysis of the specificity of multisubstrate carnitine palmitoyltransferase.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the kinetic analysis of the specificity of multisubstrate carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT). With the help of an automated system in which Hill parameters are determined from data obtained by continuous substrate addition to a single-cuvette assay mixture and analyzed by a tangent slope procedure using the TANKIN program, the kinetic parameters for the enzyme in the formation of acylcarnitines are determined. The activity of purified CPT is routinely assayed in the forward direction by the [5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] (DTNB) method, which measures CoASH release. When the data are plotted as double reciprocal plots using the TANKIN program, nonlinearity with both L-carnitine and acyl-CoAs is observed. With an analysis of sigmoidal behavior by means of the Hill plot; Hill coefficients between 1.5 and 2.0 are obtained, indicating substrate cooperativity.
Exploring the Potential Role of the Oxidant-Activated Transcription Factor Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Pathogenesis of AMD

Cigarette smoking is the most consistently shown risk factor associated with progression of all forms of age-related macular degeneration. The signaling pathways activated by cigarette smoke oxidants have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we review the effect of oxidant injury in retinal pigment epithelial cells at the subcellular level, introduce an oxidant-activated transcription factor called aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and discuss mechanisms by which this receptor may regulate the oxidative stress response in RPE cells and disease.
Nanostructured materials for enzyme immobilization and biosensors

Publisher Summary The unique electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties of materials in which the structural elements are in the nanometer size (broadly defined as nanostructured materials) have attracted considerable interest for designing powerful enzyme-based biocatalytic systems. This chapter discusses recent advances in the study and use of various classes of nanostructured materials (carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires, nanoparticles and nanocrystals, mesoporos silica and, composite materials) for enzyme immobilization and describes selected examples of their application in the development of biologically active systems and biosensors. Different strategies used for the functionalization of nanostructures with enzymes, development and characterization of the nanostructure assembly, evaluation of biological activity and generation of response and sensing function are also discussed.
Accurate lattice geometrical parameters and bulk moduli from a semilocal density functional

Accurate prediction of lattice constants is very important in applications of density functional theory. In this work, we assess the efficacy of a non-empirical meta-generalized gradient approximation proposed by Tao and Mo (TM) by calculating the lattice constants as well as bulk moduli of 33 crystalline semiconductors within the TM scheme. We find that the TM functional is able to produce very accurate lattice constants, with a mean absolute error of 0.038 A, and bulk moduli with a mean absolute error of 3.2 GPa, improving upon commonly-used semilocal density functionals, such as the LSDA, PBE, SOGGA, PBEsol, TPSS, M06L, and SCAN. The high computational efficiency and remarkable agreements with the corresponding experimental values suggest that the TM functional can be a very competitive candidate in electronic structure theory. We attribute the accuracy of the TM functional to be the result of its satisfaction of many exact or nearly-exact conditions related to the exchange-correlation energy and the associated hole, leading to an improved description of the short- as well as intermediate-range van der Waals interactions.
Primary tumors of the hand: Functional and restorative management

Primary malignant tumors of the hand are rare. Most cases present to clinics unaffiliated with cancer centers, making it incumbent on all hand surgeons to understand the pathology indicative of malignancy and the proper course of treatment of hand neoplasms. In this review, we report, based on tumor type, the anatomical considerations, proper management, staging, surgical approaches, reconstructive considerations, and long-term surveillance of primary malignant tumors of the hand.
The Flight to Egypt: Toward a Protestant Mariology in Migration

The Mary depicted in Matthew’s gospel is obliged to escape from her homeland and to embark on a migratory road alongside her small family. Christian literary and artistic imagination has supplemented Matthew 1:13–15 with rich ideas and symbols, for example, in Pseudo-Matthew and in depictions of the flight to Egypt in Andean Colonial art. In dialogue with that artistic and literary tradition, this chapter sketches out a feminist, Protestant Mariology in migration, from the perspective of Latinas who—like Mary—find themselves crossing unexpected borders. It addresses how a feminist Mariology can strengthen a liberating Christology, how it can be a positive force for women, and what place a Triune motherly God leaves for Mary.
On the need for adaptive learning in on-demand Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders

The results presented in this paper indicate that future on-demand Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) systems for chronic use in patients with movement disorders should continuously and adaptively “learn” in order to maintain high symptom control efficacy. In this work, two machine learning algorithms-Decision Tree and LArge Memory STorage And Retrieval (LAMSTAR) neural network, both with surface Electromyography and accelerometry as control signals-are used to predict onset of tremor after DBS has been switched off in two patients, one suffering from Parkinson’s disease and the other from essential tremor. The novelty of this work is that training and testing are done by using different data recorded during sessions at least one week apart. The question is whether the applied algorithms are robust to long-term operation (as patient’s control signal may change over time due to disease progression, displacement of the wearable sensor, etc.). Various metrics are used to compare the performance of the proposed approach to those available in the literature, where training and testing are done on data from the same recording session. It is shown that a 100% sensitivity is achieved for training and testing over the same session; however, the sensitivity reduces when tested over a different session. The ratio of predicted stimulation-off time to observed stimulation-off time value is also found to be lower when training and testing on data from separate sessions. These results point to the need of adaptive learning in on-demand DBS systems.
What the Biblical Scribes Teach Us about Their Writings

A question often posed to biblical scholars is how they can insist that God is merciful and trustworthy when in many Old Testament texts God is harsh and punitive. The article proposes to interpret...
The Environment of Space as a Theater of War

A theater of war can be defined as the entire land, sea, and air area that is involved in war operations. A part of military strategy is to evaluate the theater of war for accessibility, affordability, and appropriateness for military operations. Outer space is a dangerous and unforgiving environment.
Isolation of Full Size BAC Inserts by DNA Gap Repair in E. coli

DNA polymers can comprise millions of base pairs and encode thousands of structural and regulatory genetic elements. Thus, the precise isolation of specific DNA segments is required for accurate gene dissection. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a standard tool for this purpose, increasing DNA template size leads to the accumulation of polymerase errors, hindering the precise isolation of large-size DNA fragments. Unlike PCR amplification, DNA gap repair (DGR) is a virtually error-free process. However, the maximal size of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) insert isolated so far by recombination-mediated genetic engineering (recombineering) is <90 Kilobase pairs (Kbp) in length. Here, we developed a compact bacteriophage P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) vector, and we used it to retrieve a DNA segment of 203 Kbp in length from a human BAC by DGR in Escherichia coli (E. coli). We analyzed the efficiency of DGR with repressed (recombineering-) and derepressed lambda phage red genes (recombineering+). We showed that both DGR efficiency and the percentage of PAC clones containing the expected 203 Kbp BAC insert improved with increasing size of homology arms. In recombineering+ E. coli cells and with an efficiency of electroporation of 8x109/1 microgram pUC plasmid DNA, DGR efficiency and the percentage of correct PAC clones were about 5x10-6 and 1% for 30 bp; 6x10-6 and 30% for 40 bp; and 1.5x10-5 and 80% for 80 bp homology arms, respectively. These data show that using long homology arms and a newly developed vector, we isolated for the first time nearly a full size BAC insert with a frequency of correct clones not previously reported.
Introduction, Background and Various Types

1. Michelle Renee Campbell, MLS (ASCP) 1. Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 2. Masih Shokrani, Ph.D. MT (ASCP)[⇑][1] 1. Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 1. Address for Correspondence: Masih Shokrani, Ph.D. MT (ASCP), Associate Professor, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115-2828, 815-753-6323, mshokrani{at}niu.edu 1. Compare and contrast the causes, symptoms and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2. Discuss diabetic ketoacidosis and its clinical presentation. 3. Describe the symptoms and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes 4. Recognize various other forms of diabetes INTRODUCTION An understanding of the various forms of diabetes mellitus is critical for healthcare workers. At least 29.1 million Americans have diabetes; with about 8.1 million of these individuals unaware they have the disease.1 Worldwide, it is estimated that 150 million people live with diabetes mellitus.2 In the United States, an additional 86 million individuals aged 20 years and older are believed to be prediabetic.1 This figure does not take into account the growing number of prediabetic children across the globe. Diabetes mellitus results in ineffective insulin utilization and hyperglycemia.3 Healthy fasting blood glucose levels are between 70 and 100 mg/dL (~3.9-5.5 mmol/L). Diabetic individuals have chronic hyperglycemia, characterized as fasting blood glucose levels of 126 mg/dL (~6.9 mmol/L) and above.4 Acute complications include severe elevations in blood sugar levels that, if occurring in a dehydrated patient, can lead to an increase in blood osmolality and coma.5 Ketoacidosis, the accumulation of high levels of ketones in the blood, can also occur and be life threatening for diabetic individuals.6 Chronic effects of uncontrolled blood glucose in diabetic patients include increased risk of complications involving the eyes, heart, kidneys, peripheral nerves and blood vessels.7 History of Diabetes Mellitus Treatment While the history of diabetes mellitus spans several centuries, the use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus was not introduced until the 1920s. In the 1930's, Roger Hinsworth differentiated between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, describing them as “insulin sensitive” and “insulin insensitive”.8 Hemoglobin A1c testing came into use… ABBREVIATIONS: DKA - Diabetic ketoacidosis, IA-2 - Islet antigen-2, IA-2B - Islet antigen-2B, IDDM - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, MODY - Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1. Compare and contrast the causes, symptoms and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2. Discuss diabetic ketoacidosis and its clinical presentation. 3. Describe the symptoms and pathophysiology of gestational diabetes 4. Recognize various other forms of diabetes [1]: #corresp-1