cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision Making at the Top: Benefits and Barriers

This chapter examines how one’s relative position in a social hierarchy influences decision making. In particular, it explores the psychological processes that facilitate and hinder effective decisions by those at the top of the hierarchy. Two mechanisms central to the experience of power—increased subjective sense of control and prescriptive role expectations—are discussed. We highlight both the psychological benefits and barriers associated with an elevated sense of control as well as with role expectations that prescribe that one be highly competent. The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for decision makers along with suggested directions for future research.
Why should cell biologists study microbial pathogens

One quarter of all deaths worldwide each year result from infectious diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Pathogens infect and cause disease by producing virulence factors that target host cell molecules. Studying how virulence factors target host cells has revealed fundamental principles of cell biology. These include important advances in our understanding of the cytoskeleton, organelles and membrane-trafficking intermediates, signal transduction pathways, cell cycle regulators, the organelle/protein recycling machinery, and cell-death pathways. Such studies have also revealed cellular pathways crucial for the immune response. Discoveries from basic research on the cell biology of pathogenesis are actively being translated into the development of host-targeted therapies to treat infectious diseases. Thus there are many reasons for cell biologists to incorporate the study of microbial pathogens into their research programs.
Involvement of an Inducible Cytochrome P-450 in Precocene II Oxidation by Streptomyces Griseus

Streptomyces griseus oxidizes the insecticide precocene II to its cis- and trans-dihydrodiols and 3-chromenol after growth on an enriched medium containing soybean flour. Oxidation of precocene II is dependent on the level of cytochrome P-450 in this organism. Extracts of cells grown on media lacking soybean flour were devoid of cytochrome P-450 and could not oxidize precocene II. In an in vitro reconstituted system containing NADPH, spinach ferredoxin reductase, spinach ferredoxin and ammonium sulfate fractions enriched in cytochrome P-450, precocene II was oxidized to its dihydrodiols. An aerial mycelium-negative variant of S. griseus (AMY mutant), that was unable to elicit cytochrome P-450 when grown on soybean flour-enriched medium, failed to oxidize precocene II.
Optimization of sputtered titanium nitride as a tunable metal for plasmonic applications

Alternative materials for plasmonic devices have garnered much recent interest. A promising candidate material is titanium nitride. Although there is a substantial body of work on the formation of this material, its use for plasmonic applications requires a more systematic and detailed optical analysis than has previously been carried out. This paper describes an initial optimization of sputtered TiN thin films for plasmonic performance from visible into near-IR wavelengths. The metallic behavior of TiN films exhibits a sensitive dependence on the substrate and deposition details. We explored reactive and non-reactive sputter deposition of TiN onto various substrates at both room temperature and 600°C. Metallic character was compared for films grown under different conditions via spectroscopic ellipsometry and correlated with compositional and structural measurements via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).
Immortalized human schwann cell lines derived from tumors of schwannomatosis patients

Schwannomatosis, a rare form of neurofibromatosis, is characterized predominantly by multiple, often painful, schwannomas throughout the peripheral nervous system. The current standard of care for schwannomatosis is surgical resection. A major obstacle to schwannomatosis research is the lack of robust tumor cell lines. There is a great need for mechanistic and drug discovery studies of schwannomatosis, yet appropriate tools are not currently available. Schwannomatosis tumors are difficult to grow in culture as they survive only a few passages before senescence. Our lab has extensive experience in establishing primary and immortalized human Schwann cell cultures from normal tissue that retain their phenotypes after immortalization. Therefore we took on the challenge of creating immortalized human Schwann cell lines derived from tumors from schwannomatosis patients. We have established and fully characterized 2 schwannomatosis cell lines from 2 separate patients using SV40 virus large T antigen. One patient reported pain and the other did not. The schwannomatosis cell lines were stained with S100B antibodies to confirm Schwann cell identity. The schwannomatosis cells also expressed the Schwann cell markers, p75NTR, S100B, and NGF after multiple passages. Cell morphology was retained following multiple passaging and freeze/ thaw cycles. Gene expression microarray analysis was used to compare the cell lines with their respective parent tumors. No differences in key genes were detected, with the exception that several cell cycle regulators were upregulated in the schwannomatosis cell lines when compared to their parent tumors. This upregulation was apparently a product of cell culturing, as the schwannomatosis cells exhibited the same expression pattern of cell cycle regulatory genes as normal primary human Schwann cells. Cell growth was also similar between normal primary and immortalized tumor cells in culture. Accurate cell lines derived directly from human tumors will serve as invaluable tools for advancing schwannomatosis research, including drug screening.
Naphthalene for the Control of the Onion thrips

Excellent control of Thrips tabaci Lind. on onions was obtained by the use of crude naphthalene. Significant reductions in the infestation and increases in yield of the treated plats over the untreated plats were obtained. At each application the naphthalene was used at the rate of 300 pounds per acre. The most effective control was secured by applying the naphthalene directly on the row.
Axisymmetric vortex lattice method applied to parachute shapes

The Naval Weapons Center is developing a dynamic, unsteady aerodynamic model to investigate the dynamics of inflating parachutes. In this report, analysis of axisymmetric, rigid shapes is presented. The model replaces the body with a series of vortex rings. The generated vorticity is shed as discrete vortices and allowed to freely convect. The predicted drag and pressure distributions are compared to available data for ribbon parachutes. Wake interactive, apparent mass calculations are also presented.
Calculating the Tariff Equivalent to The Current EU Banana Regime

New data from various sources is used to calculate the single tariff equivalent to the EU banana regime which has been found to be inconsistent with the WTO.
363 FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE COURSE LINKED TO IMPROVED NATIONAL BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS STEP 2 SCORES.

Purpose Although American medical schools have revised their curriculum over the past two decates, there have been few successful examples of the reintroduction of the basic sciences during the clinical years. Foundations of Clinical Medicine (FCM) at the Medical University of South Carolina was developed as a third-year course with the goal of integrating the basic and clinical sciences in a clinically relevant fashion while simultaneously fostering students9 continued self-directed learning and reasoning skills. Methods All required third-year clerkship students participated, with the exception of family medicine students, who spent a substantial portion of their time off campus. FCM was introduced at the beginning of the 2001-2002 academic year, and over the subsequent years, the clerkship rotations remained substantially the same, although some clerkships reduced the number of faculty lecture hours and substituted FCM course material. Students were divided into small groups (8-12) on each clerkship and assigned to a specialty-specific preceptor for each rotation with whom they generally met for 60 to 90 minutes once per week. A syllabus was distributed with learning goals, references, and clerkship-specific clinical cases. Discussion areas, including basic science and clinical topics, were included for each case. Composite class scores for the National Board of Medical Examiners Step 2 CK test were compared to step 1 results in the classes before and after the implementation of FCM. Results For the three classes before FCM was implemented (1999-2001) the mean step 2 score (207.7, n = 382) was significantly lower than for the three classes (2002-2004) after the FCM implementation (215.9, N = 361) (p Conclusions Both step 1 scores and the FCM course were independent and significant predictors of step 2 performance for medical students. A centrally developed curriculum integrating clinical and basic sciences is feasible for the third year of medical school and is associated with an improvement in standardized testing.
Images in cardiovascular medicine. The complex pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction imaged by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: infarction, edema, microvascular obstruction, and inducible ischemia.

A 61-year-old man, an ex-smoker with a history of hypercholesterolemia, presented with crushing central chest pain radiating to the left arm, nausea, and cold sweat after consuming up to 2 g of recreational cocaine. ECG revealed Q waves in V1 through V3 with associated marginal ST-segment elevation of <1 mm (Figure 1). His troponin I level was 13.7 μg/L (normal range 0 to 0.04 μg/L). The patient was treated with dual antiplatelet therapy in addition to low-molecular-weight heparin and a calcium antagonist. He was referred for invasive coronary angiography, which demonstrated proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (Figure 2) associated with anterior akinesia on ventriculography. To assess viability in this territory, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) were requested. The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy images showed extensive full-thickness, anterior myocardial infarction involving the apex and the adjacent septum with evidence of peri-infarct ischemia in the basal anteroseptal segment (Figure 3). Gadolinium contrast-enhanced CMR imaging confirmed the anterior wall and septal akinesia (Movies I and …
Titanium oxide rectifiers

The first successful metallic rectifier was the cuprous oxide type first announced in 1920. In spite of the fact that several other types have been discovered since, there have been no other oxide rectifiers reported, and only a few patents have even referred to possibilities. The reasons for this presumably lie in the stringent requirements for a rectifier. First, the oxide must be formed as a thin, tightly adhering film; the oxide composition must be controllable so that it is a semiconductor with a suitable relatively high conductivity; and finally, in some way, an asymmetric potential barrier must be formed at a semiconductor-metal interface, in the Mott picture a thin insulating layer of different composition. It was believed that these conditions might be satisfied with titanium metal and its oxide.
The creation of the tribunals

The creation of the Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals, spurred on by actions of the United States government, involved making fundamental choices concerning the Tribunals' authority, method of creation, basic structures and procedures, and jurisdiction. These tribunals revived international prosecution as a means of providing justice in the wake of atrocities, managing conflicts, and deterring future crimes.
MULTIPLE FORMS OF β-GLUCURONIDASE: MOLECULAR NATURE, TRANSFORMATION, AND SUBCELLULAR TRANSLOCATION

ABSTRACT. s-Glucuronidase in lysosomes and microsomes exhibits different electrophoretic forms. The microsomal enzyme is associated with the membrane while the lysosomal enzyme is mainly soluble. It has also been established that in the microsomes at least four isozymic forms exist all of which differ from the lysosomal form by containing one to four accessory protein chains.
Exploring the Experience of African Immigrant Mothers Providing Reproductive Health Education to Their Daughters Aged 10 to 14 Years.

Introduction: Adolescents have disproportionate rates of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections when compared with all other age groups. Mothers are gatekeepers and providers of ...
Sol-gel based TiO2 thin film deposition on frustules towards facile and scalable manufacturing

Diatom frustules have drawn a lot of attention from engineering researchers in the past decades. As a type of biomaterial, diatom frustules have been applied in a variety of areas such as biosensors and solar cells due to their excellent material and optical properties. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), on the other hand, is also semiconductor material and photocatalyst, micro and nanoparticles of which can be found in applications such as dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC). It has been demonstrated that by using diatom frustule-TiO2 composite particles in DSSCs, the performance of the solar cells could be increased. In this paper, we introduce a sol- gel based method to deposit TiO2 layers on the surface of diatom frustules. TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of the frustules. After a subsequent annealing process, TiO2 crystal grains were formed. The method in this paper has the potential for scalable manufacturing of frustule-TiO2 composite materials for future solar cell applications.
Dietary guidance for pulses: the challenge and opportunity to be part of both the vegetable and protein food groups

Pulses are a dry, edible variety of beans, peas, and lentils that have been consumed for 10,000 years. Pulses are rich in plant-based protein and fiber, as well as micronutrients such as iron and potassium. The satiating effect of both fiber and protein assists in managing weight and combating obesity. The high fiber content and low glycemic index of pulses aid people with diabetes in maintaining blood glucose and insulin levels. Pulse consumption may improve serum lipid levels to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Pulses developed as a member of both the protein and vegetable food groups as a result of its high content of plant-based protein and dietary fiber. The last two revisions of the Dietary Guidelines saw the transformation from the MyPyramid "meat and beans group" to the MyPlate "protein foods group," a nutrient name rather than a food source. Research suggests that consumers better identify with food source examples rather than nutrient names. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines also came with a new area: sustainable diets. Encouraging the consumption of sustainable food sources, like pulses, is imperative to ensuring a secure, healthy food supply for the U.S. population over time and for future generations.
LES-DEM simulations of sediment transport

Abstract In this work, a fully-coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and Discrete Element Method (DEM) are used to simulate a unidirectional turbulent open-channel flow over the full range of sediment transport regimes. The fluid and particles are computed on separate grids using a dual-grid formulation to maintain consistency and avoid instability issues. The results of coupling the dispersed phase to a multiphase flow solver that uses volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are compared to those obtained from coupling through drag to a single flow solver. The current work also examines the applicability and limitations of lumping particles as a representative particle to reduce the cost of simulations. Insight to the impact of different turbulent events to the entrainment of particles is also given. The simulation results of sediment transport from both coupling techniques show good agreement with empirical formulas in the bedload regime, but under-predict sediment transport in the suspended load regime. In the suspended load regime, using partial coupling, the rate of sediment transport was found to be under-predicted as compared to full-coupling. The deviation in results in the suspended load regime was found to increase with increases in the applied shear stress. Both coupling methods revealed the same effect on the friction factor where friction increases in the bedload regime and decreases in the suspended load regime reaching a maximum at the transition between regimes. This result is contrary to past studies which have shown a discrete jump in the friction factor at the transition. Lumping particles as representative particles is shown to reduce the simulation cost by more than a factor of 5 when using a scaling factor of 2. By doing a quadrant analysis on information obtained from particle and flow field results, it was found that most of the particles are entrained by more frequent sweep events.
Bioactive Foods in Aging: The Role in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Notwithstanding its high mortality rate, cancer is largely a manageable condition if diagnosed and treated early. One of the most important ways to decrease risk of cancer development and progression is by modifying diet. Recent research suggests that bioactive food components may have the potential to reduce the risk of cancer development, progression, and may improve probability of survival in patients undergoing cancer treatment. The current paper explores the research surrounding bioactive foods in aging and their role in the development, prevention, and treatment of cancer.
Improving SWAT auto-irrigation functions for simulating agricultural irrigation management using long-term lysimeter field data

Decreasing groundwater availability in the Texas High Plains has resulted in the widespread adoption of management allowed depletion (MAD) irrigation scheduling. Modeling of such practices and their effects on water balance components can be a cost-effective and time-saving alternative to field-based research. However, studies have identified deficiencies in the auto-irrigation algorithms in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) including the continuation of irrigation during the non-growing season and an inability to simulate growth stage-specific irrigation. Consequently, new and representative auto-irrigation algorithms were developed using 1) a uniform, single season MAD and 2) a growth stage-specific MAD with options for seasonal growth stage partitioning based on scheduled date and accumulated heat units. Comparisons with observed data from an irrigated lysimeter field showed improved model performance for simulations of irrigation amount and frequency and actual evapotranspiration. Minimal differences in leaf area index and yield were observed with the non-water stressed management. SWAT default auto-irrigation failed to reproduce the actual irrigation scheduling.Management allowed depletion (MAD) irrigation algorithm was developed using Fortran.Growth stage-specific MAD irrigation algorithm was also developed based on FAO.Ten-year observed irrigation and actual ET data were used to evaluate MAD algorithm.FAO-MAD auto-irrigation improved representation and simulation of irrigation and ET.
Route-cost-assignment with joint user and operator behavior as a many-to-one stable matching assignment game

Abstract We propose a generalized market equilibrium model using assignment game criteria for evaluating transportation systems that consist of both operators’ and users’ decisions. The model finds stable pricing, in terms of generalized costs, and matches between user populations in a network to set of routes with line capacities. The proposed model gives a set of stable outcomes instead of single point pricing that allows operators to design ticket pricing, routes/schedules that impact access/egress, shared policies that impact wait/transfer costs, etc., based on a desired mechanism or policy. The set of stable outcomes is proven to be convex from which assignment-dependent unique user-optimal and operator-optimal outcomes can be obtained. Different user groups can benefit from using this model in a prescriptive manner or within a sequential design process. We look at several different examples to test our model: small examples of fixed transit routes and a case study using a small subset of taxi data in NYC. The case study illustrates how one can use the model to evaluate a policy that can require passengers to walk up to 1 block away to meet with a shared taxi without turning away passengers.
Science Argumentation and the Arts

Teacher, last night at my slumber party we danced and sang our tree song! Kindergarten Student
Overlap of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features with undifferentiated connective tissue disease and contribution of UIP to mortality.

Background and objective Criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) were recently established for research purposes in a joint statement from the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and American Thoracic Society (ATS). We reviewed the utility of these criteria in patients previously diagnosed as broadly defined undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) and noted overlapping IPAF findings. Additional review was given to IPAF patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) on histopathology or radiology in terms of survival and outcome. Methods Patients with prior UCTD-interstitial lung disease (ILD) were screened by ERS/ATS criteria for IPAF. Clinical data along with all-cause mortality were collated and compared with selected idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients from the same study period. Survival was compared between IPAF subgroups with and without UIP features. Results One hundred and one UCTD-ILD subjects (91%) evaluated from 2005 to 2012 also met strict criteria for IPAF. Frequent clinical findings included Raynaud's phenomenon, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) pattern on chest computed tomography (CT). Nineteen had features of UIP either on histopathology or CT imaging. As compared with IPF, IPAF patients had overall better survival except in those with UIP features. Conclusion Current IPAF criteria encompassed the majority of broadly defined UCTD-ILD and included those with UIP findings. Survival compared with IPF in those with UIP was similar. Further studies are necessary to refine IPAF definitions for clinical use and guide directed management strategies.
Hypertension Management among Cambodian-Americans in Rhode Island

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke and the focus of much study in the US. However, there is limited transfer of this knowledge in terms of hypertension management in certain recent immigrant groups such as the Cambodian-­‐Americans. Cambodian-­‐Americans are often included among the Asian/Pacific Islanders and are one of the fasting growing populations in the US. The purpose of this study was to explore how Cambodians in Rhode Island manage hypertension. This study used a survey design with a convenience sample of 30 participants who could read, write, and understand English. It was conducted at a Cambodian temple, after IRB approval, and the student researcher used an IRB approved script and informational letter to recruit participants during a Buddhist ceremony being held at the temple. Results demonstrated that the majority of the participants understood the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle such as eating more fruits, cutting down on salt in the diet, regular exercise, taking antihypertensive medicines regularly as prescribed by healthcare providers, and avoiding smoking and drinking. An alarming result, however, was that approximately one quarter (26%) of those interviewed responded that they would stop taking the antihypertensive medications as soon as their blood pressure returned to normal. The results of this pilot study indicated the need for further education and primary care for Cambodian Americans with high blood pressure to better understand how cultural beliefs impact hypertension management. Recommendations for APRNs are identified and discussed. Acknowledgements It is a huge accomplishment that I graduated with a Master of Science degree in Nursing. I did not do it all by myself. It would have been impossible for me to accomplish this without the tremendous support and help from the nursing faculty of Rhode Island College. I would like to thank Dr. Cindy Padula and Dr. Patricia Thomas for working very hard and patiently with me on this project. In addition, I also would like to thank Dr. Margaret Mock and Joan Walsh for always supporting me throughout these past years. In addition, I would like to acknowledge and thank our great friend Dr. Albert Dahlberg MD, PHD, professor of Medical Science for the department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry of Brown University, for supporting my family in many ways. You and Pam have always been supporting us. Thorn is very lucky to work for a great friend/boss like you for the past twenty years. I also would like to thank my husband, children, families and friends for their support and always believing in me.
Chemoprevention in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive epithelial malignancy that is the sixth most common neoplasm worldwide, with close to 5000 new cases diagnosed yearly in the United States (estimated to be 56,520 cases in 2004 [1]) and 600,000 worldwide according to the latest numbers from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. HNSCC accounts for 2% of all cancer deaths in the United States (2) and is the most common epithelial neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract. It constitutes a major health care problem and is clearly associated with well-known risk factors such as tobacco smoking and alcohol use. The management of HNSCC is complex and the morbidity of treatment is life-long. Despite the numerous advances in its treatment, the long-term survival still does not exceed 45% and has only marginally improved over the last decades (3).
The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism on the inspiratory activities of developing animals.

Abstract In developing kittens, antagonism of N- methyl- d -aspartate receptors by systemic injections of MK-801 produced: (a) blockage of the inspiratory off-switch, prolonging phrenic and hypoglossal discharges; (b) age-dependent changes of sympathetic inspiratory discharges, elimination of inspiratory-related discharges in animals ≤ 36 days old and prolongation of these discharges in older animals; (c) suppression of high-frequency oscillations in phrenic activities.
Multiple analytical mode decompositions for nonlinear system identification from forced vibration

Abstract In this study, multiple analytical mode decompositions (M-AMD) are proposed to identify the parameters of nonlinear structures from forced vibration. For the time-varying damping (or stiffness) coefficient of a weakly-to-moderately nonlinear system, the slow-varying part is first estimated from the system responses and their Hilbert transforms, which is corrected with an adaptive low-pass filter referred to as analytical mode decomposition (AMD). The fast-varying part can then be identified from the responses together with the estimated slow-varying part, which is again corrected with the AMD. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed M-AMD are demonstrated with a Duffing oscillator subjected to harmonic loading. The errors in estimation of all model parameters are less than 3% from uncontaminated displacement responses, which is more accurate compared with the results from Hilbert spectral analysis. Changes of the fast-varying stiffness part have been taken into account with high accuracy. The M-AMD algorithm is then validated with a ¼-scale, 3-story building with one piezoelectric friction damper under earthquake excitations. The parameters of such a semi-active damper are identified with less than 1% error on average.
Opposing roles of Akt1 and Akt2 in the Rac/PAK pathway

3533 p21-activated kinases(PAKs) are effectors of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 which modulate a range of biological activities, including cytoskeletal dynamics, proliferation, transformation, and survival. Its role in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics enables PAK to function in morphology, motility, polarity, neurogenesis, angiogenesis and cancer metastasis. The Akt/Protein Kinase B family is widely studied for its role in insulin signaling and cell survival. The family consists of three isoforms: Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. Recent studies with knockout mice revealed that Akt1 is primarily involved in cell survival while Akt2 is primarily involved in insulin signaling. Thus, emerging evidence suggests that the Akt isoforms have distinct biological roles. We have previously revealed a connection between Akt and PAK (1), finding that Akt1 phosphorylates Pak1 at serine 21 and releases the Nck adaptor protein (2). In this study, we utilized Mouse Embyro Fibroblast (MEF) cell lines derived from Akt1 or Akt2 Knock Out (KO) mice to study the interaction between Akt and PAK1. When stimulated with the growth factor PDGF, Akt2 KO cells displayed a dramatic increase in dorsal ruffles, a cytoskeletal phenotype associated with increased cell motility. The Akt2 KO cells also had elevated PAK and Rac activities. In Akt2 knockouts there was also an increased association of Nck with PAK. The phenotypes in the Akt2 KO cells were Akt2 specific as reexpression of Akt2 in the Akt2 KO cells rescued the elevated Pak and Rac activity as well as the dorsal ruffling. Active Akt2 but not active Akt1 inhibited PAK activity in a kinase assays. In addition, PAK formed a complex with Akt2 in a transfection system. These data reveal an unexpected functional link between Akt2 and PAK, suggesting a model whereby Akt2 inactivates PAK by binding to it without phosphorylating it. Akt2 may also inhibit Pak by competing with the Nck binding region on PAK. In conclusion, Akt1 and Akt2 have opposing roles in PAK signaling. While Akt1 modestly stimulates PAK activity and phosphorylates serine 21, Akt2 binds and inhibits Pak. 1. Tang, Y., H. Zhou, A. Chen, R. N. Pittman, and J. Field. 2000. The Akt proto-oncogene links Ras to Pak and cell survival signals. J. Biol. Chem. 275:9106-9109. 2. Zhou, G. L., Y. Zhuo, C. C. King, B. H. Fryer, G. M. Bokoch, and J. Field. 2003. Akt phosphorylation of serine 21 on Pak1 modulates Nck binding and cell migration. Mol Cell Biol 23:8058-69.
Inequity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and the Colonial History of Public Health

The political power and influence of the medical model and issues of ethnicity and socio-economic status continue to influence current attitudes to and practices in public health programmes and contribute to continuing health inequalities and inequities in low- and middle-income countries. Poverty is a major public health issue in many low- and middle-income countries and the inequalities and inequities that exacerbate it. The gap between the rich and the poor still gets wider and wider all the time and deepens the inequalities. Unlike the rich, those who live in poverty continue to bear the brunt of poor health and discrimination. A potential solution to address poverty is to have the highest calibre of political leadership that will show commitment and vision to meaningfully and sustainably address the issue of poverty. This chapter gives a critical overview on the following topics: Historical influence on current policies and practices in public health; Poverty as a public health issue; Impact of inequalities and inequities in public health.
Large-eddy simulation of the effect of distributed plasma forcing on the wake of a circular cylinder

Abstract We conducted large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate the effect of segmented plasma forcing on the wake of a circular cylinder, at a subcritical Reynolds number of 4700. The action of the plasma actuators was simulated by a body-force model developed by Shyy et al. [1]. The main objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the three-dimensionality of the wake, and the nature of separation on the cylinder surface, with the increasing power of segmented forcing. By observing the three-dimensional (3D) structures, and the separating streamlines close to the cylinder surface, we aim to provide more insight on the experimental findings of Bhattacharya and Gregory [2], which contained only two-dimensional (2D) velocity field data. To that end, we used segmented actuators with a spatial wavelength of 5d (d= cylinder diameter), and two separate blowing ratios of 0.2 and 0.7. At the lower blowing ratio ( B R = 0.2 ), spanwise vortex shedding was not canceled, although waviness developed in the spanwise vortices. However, there was no considerable difference in the separation angles between two adjacent spanwise locations. Forcing with higher blowing ratio ( B R = 0.7 ) completely disrupted the vortex shedding infront of the plasma region. The separation line on the surface of the cylinder developed significant periodicity leading to a spanwise variation of formation length. We show that such spanwise variation created spatially locked streamwise vortices which disrupted regular vortex shedding.
Does the global vs. local scope matter? Contingencies of cause-related marketing in a developed market

Abstract Many multinational corporations (MNCs) have adopted cause-related marketing (CRM) to improve their market positions, but CRM effectiveness in the international business context is less understood. Particularly, the findings on how the cause scope (global vs. local) impacts consumer responses to CRM have been mixed. Informed by social impact theory, this research examines how the cause scope interacts with the MNC’s origin (emerging vs. developed markets) and the host market consumers’ cultural orientation (individualism vs. collectivism) to influence perceived consumer effectiveness (consumers’ perceptions of their purchase impact), and consequentially purchase intention. Across two studies using U.S. consumers, this research found that a local-scoped CRM strategy works more favorably than does a global-scoped CRM strategy for MNCs originated from emerging economies. Further, collectivistic consumers tend to favor a local-scoped cause than a global-scoped cause, suggesting that a nuanced understanding of subgroup cultural differences is needed in devising an effective international CRM strategy.
On the definition of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) has a long history as a behavioral treatment. The term has usually been defined in a manner that suggests one form of behavior (usually some appropriate alternative) is reinforced, while another form of behavior (usually problem behavior) is placed on extinction. In this paper, we will suggest that DRA should not require extinction, either procedurally or by definition. Ideally, problem behavior would be placed on extinction when possible; however, when problem behavior is not or cannot be placed on extinction, the procedure used is still DRA. Thus, we propose the following definition: Providing greater reinforcement, along at least one dimension, contingent on the occurrence of one form or type of behavior, while minimizing reinforcement for another form or type of behavior.
Dynamic Detection of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Using Machine Learning

Objective: To develop a machine learning based tool, using routine vital signs, to assess delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) risk over time. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, physiologic data for 540 consecutive acute subarachnoid hemorrhage patients were collected and annotated as part of a prospective observational cohort study between May 2006 and December 2014. Patients were excluded if (i) no physiologic data was available, (ii) they expired prior to the DCI onset window (< post bleed day 3) or (iii) early angiographic vasospasm was detected on admitting angiogram. DCI was prospectively labeled by consensus of treating physicians. Occurrence of DCI was classified using various machine learning approaches including logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine (linear and kernel), and an ensemble classifier, trained on vitals and subject characteristic features. Hourly risk scores were generated as the posterior probability at time t. We performed five-fold nested cross validation to tune the model parameters and to report the accuracy. All classifiers were evaluated for good discrimination using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) and confusion matrices. Results: Of 310 patients included in our final analysis, 101 (32.6%) patients developed DCI. We achieved maximal classification of 0.81 [0.75-0.82] AU-ROC. We also predicted 74.7 % of all DCI events 12 hours before typical clinical detection with a ratio of 3 true alerts for every 2 false alerts. Conclusion: A data-driven machine learning based detection tool offered hourly assessments of DCI risk and incorporated new physiologic information over time.
Inverted metamorphic AlGaInAs/GaInAs tandem thermophotovoltaic cell designed for thermal energy grid storage application

We demonstrate an inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) photovoltaic cell comprising lattice-mismatched 1.2 eV AlGaInAs and 1.0 eV GaInAs junctions optimized for high-temperature thermophotovoltaic (TPV) applications. This device differs from traditional IMM solar cells because the mismatched junctions are grown at a single lattice constant. This architecture enables removal of the compositionally graded buffer that otherwise filters light from the junctions below and absorbs sub-bandgap light via free-carrier absorption. Sub-bandgap absorption dramatically reduces the efficiency of TPV systems using high reflectivity cells to enable band edge spectrum filtering. Three components required development to enable this device: (1) a lattice-mismatched 1.2 eV AlGaInAs junction, (2) a metamorphic contact layer grown after the graded buffer, and (3) a transparent tunnel junction that sits in front of the 1.0 eV GaInAs junction. Growth conditions that minimize oxygen defect incorporation maximize AlGaInAs cell quality, enabling a 0.41 V bandgap open circuit voltage offset at 22 mA/cm2 under AM1.5D. A mismatched GaInAs:Se layer is developed as a low resistance contact. Lastly, we develop a GaAsSb:C/GaInP:Se tunnel junction suitable for high-power densities with more transparency than the GaAsSb:C/GaInAs:Se structure used in past IMM cells. We characterize the tandem device under a high-intensity spectrum that approximates the emission from a 2150 °C blackbody radiator and deduce a projected ideal TPV efficiency of 39.9% at ∼30% of the blackbody irradiance and 36% ideal TPV efficiency under the full 118 W/cm2 irradiance. Improvements to the back-surface reflectivity and series resistance are expected to increase the ideal TPV efficiency well above 40%.
Spike Modeling for Interest Rate Derivatives with an Application to SOFR Caplets

With the forthcoming introduction of SOFR benchmark rates in the US, market participants will need to adjust their interest rate option models to accommodate a variety of idiosyncrasies of the SOFR rate. The materiality of these changes for quoted options level is currently unknown, and will depend on market sentiment (as expressed in market risk premia, say), regulatory policies, and the rate fixing conventions ultimately available in the market. While we wait for liquidity in SOFR options to build, this paper pre-emptively considers two important characteristics of SOFR derivatives: the backward-looking settlement style of SOFR floating rate payments; and the “jagged” nature of SOFR evolution through time. The latter originates with liquidity conditions in the repo financing markets from which SOFR is constructed, where temporary demand-supply imbalances can result in the formation of short-term spikes of substantial magnitude. We construct a variety of mechanisms that allows us to build rich stochastic models for both “surprising” and anticipated (e.g., year-end) spikes, and demonstrate how to modify existing (smooth) term structure models to capture them. To accommodate high-efficiency pricing of vanilla derivatives in top-down models, we also develop several convenient numerical techniques that allow for effcient pricing of these structures. For instance, a novel scheme merges existing spike-free pricing formulas with a given spike characteristic function in a custom low-dimensional quadrature routine, enabling us to spike-enable standard valuation models (such as SABR) at minimal computational effort. Using SOFR-style caplets for illustration, we numerically demonstrate that the effect of spikes on implied caplet volatility levels and skews can be substantial, even at modest levels of risk premia in the spike model parameters. Besides being useful for the pricing of SOFR derivatives, our paper more broadly establishes a complete mathematical framework for rate spikes, applicable to pricing, scenario generation, and risk management in any rates market where spike phenomena exist.
Common Analyst Networks and Corporate Disclosure Policy Choices

We study the propagation of corporate disclosure policy choices across firms connected by common analysts. We find strong similarities in disclosure policies among firms that share common analysts. We show that these similarities are attributable to both analyst coverage initiation decisions and managerial adaptive learning/analyst influence effects. Further, we find that firms are more likely to be influenced by the disclosure policies of their common analysts’ network firms when they are covered by more influential analysts; and less likely when the firm is a more important player in its industry and the firms’ disclosure policies are generally considered to be relatively better than their network firms. Overall, our results suggest that common analyst networks facilitate the propagation of corporate disclosure policies.
The Consequences of Abortion and Contraception Policies on Young Women's Reproductive Choices, Schooling and Labor Supply

I specify a dynamic life-cycle model of abortion, contraceptive use, schooling, and labor supply decisions of US women. I structurally estimate the model, allowing for abortion misreporting, using data from the NLSY97, aggregate abortion provider data from the Guttmacher Institute, and information on mandatory counseling restrictions at the state level. I simulate a series of policies and find that eliminating access to abortion services increases contraceptive use but decreases women’s schooling and lifetime earnings. I also find that providing free contraception would increase contraceptive use and decrease abortion rates substantially, while also leading to an increase in women’s schooling.
Endovascular Therapy for Basilar-Artery Occlusion — Still Waiting for Answers

The benefits of endovascular therapy provided soon after the onset of acute ischemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion in the proximal anterior cerebral circulation were established by five clin...
Do SVOD product attribute trade-offs predict SVOD subscriptions and SVOD account access? Using utility constant sums to predict SVOD subscriptions and SVOD account access

Over the past five years, there has been a market supply side upsurge of streaming-video-on-demand (SVOD) services, the slow but steady erasure of expensive cable and satellite bundling packages, a...
Wide-area transepithelial sampling for dysplasia detection in Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract: Background and Aims Seattle protocol forceps biopsies (FB) are currently recommended for surveillance in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) but limited by sampling error and lack of adherence. Wide-area transepithelial sampling with 3D analysis (WATS-3D) is reported to increase BE dysplasia detection. We assessed the incremental yield and clinical significance of WATS-3D for dysplasia detection over FB in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We queried major scientific databases for studies using WATS-3D and FB from 2000-2020. Primary outcome was the incremental yield of WATS-3D detected dysplasia (defined as a composite of indefinite for dysplasia [IND], low- and high-grade dysplasia [LGD, HGD] and esophageal adenocarcinoma [EAC]) over FB. Secondary outcomes were incremental yields of HGD/EAC, and rate of reconfirmation of WATS-3D dysplasia on subsequent FB. Results Meta-analysis of 7 eligible studies demonstrated that FB diagnosed dysplasia in 15.9% of cases, whereas incremental yield with WATS-3D was 7.2% (95% CI, 3.9%-11.5%; I2=92.1%). Meta-analysis of 6 studies demonstrated that FB diagnosed HGD/EAC in 2.3% of patients, whereas incremental yield with WATS-3D was 2.1% (95% CI, 0.4%-5.3%; I2=92.7%). Notably, WATS-3D was negative in 62.5% of cases where FB identified dysplasia. Two studies reported reconfirmation of WATS-3D dysplasia with FB histology in only 20 patients. Conclusion WATS-3D increases dysplasia detection, however, the clinical significance of this increased dysplasia detection remains uncertain. Data from endoscopic follow up to ascertain FB histology in patients with dysplasia based solely on WATS-3D are needed to determine the optimal clinical application and significance of WATS only dysplasia.
Participatory planning and children's emotional labor in the production of urban nature

Abstract Children have increasingly been called upon to participate in the planning of their communities, especially in projects associated with urban nature and outdoor play spaces. Building upon the concept of emotional labor, we critically explore how children become enrolled in such initiatives. Specifically, we focus on the emotional geographies underlining children's participation, including the emotions children exhibit invest, experience and produce in these projects, as well as the ways these emotions are regulated, framed and used by urban managers and policy-makers in participatory planning activities. Our theoretical framework intersects research on emotional labor with recent geographic literature on children, urban governance, and emotions. We explore the idea of children's and young people's emotional labor through an analysis of a collaborative effort between local nonprofits, government agencies, youth organizations and research institutions aimed at addressing the lack of public green space in a disenfranchised urban community in California. The empirical evidence is drawn from a research project in which we engaged a group of 9–11 year old children in a variety of planning activities involving participatory mapping, use of visual media, and focus groups.
Modeling of Inlet, Exhaust, and Pipe Systems

This chapter deals with the numerical modeling of the components pertaining to group 1 discussed in section 13.1.1 The components pertaining to this category are the connecting pipes, inlet and exhaust systems, as shown in Fig. 13.1. The function of this group consists, among other things, of the transportation of mass flow, and of converting the kinetic energy into potential energy and vice versa.