cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatrics: how 'minimal' are the adult consequences of childhood MCNS?

Childhood-onset minimal-change nephrotic syndrome—usually considered a relatively benign disorder confined to childhood—is increasingly being appreciated to continue into adulthood in a sizeable minority of patients. Despite generally excellent preservation of kidney function, treatment-related morbidity may be considerable in these patients.
Identification and characterization of Thy-1 homologues from bovine thymocytes.

Abstract Two forms of Thy-1 homologues of apparent mol. wt of 25,000 (designated BTp25) and 45,000 (designated BTp45) were isolated from bovine thymocyte membrane by solubilization, affinity chromatography with Con A, and preparative SDS-PAGE. Both forms reacted with a rabbit antiserum to murine Thy-1 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BTp45 is most likely a dimer of BTp25, since the two are indistinguishable in their amino acid compositions. Comparison of amino acid compositions of BTp25 and BTp45 to that of rodent and human Thy-1 by the S Δ Q index revealed significant relatedness among these molecules. BTp25 and BTp45 demonstrate more structural homology to rodent Thy-1 than to human Thy-1. Detailed chemical analyses indicate that bovine Thy-1 homologues contain neutral sugars and fatty acids covalently bound to the polypeptide chain; therefore, they are lipoglycoproteins.
An Unfolding Model of Voluntary Employee Turnover

We report a test of Lee and Mitchell's model of voluntary employee departure from an organization. Data gathered from interviews with nurses who had recently quit their jobs and a mailed survey wer...
Neutrality of inflation in the agricultural sector

Abstract The paper considers the effect of inflation on the relative prices of products traded in auction markets. Prices of US agricultural products are used for the period 1951–1981. Since agricultural products are widely traded, the real forces of supply and demand specific to agriculture are represented by foreign agricultural prices. The exchange rate is entered as a separate variable influencing domestic agricultural prices. Trade between the USA and the ten countries included in the Federal Reserve Board's trade-weighted dollar is considered. The empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that inflation did not alter relative agricultural prices, when the real forces of supply and demand and the exchange rate are held constant.
Electrochemical Sacrificial Cathodic Prevention Provided by an Al-Co-Ce Metal Coating Coupled to AA2024-T3

An Al-Co-Ce alloy system has been developed with two important protection abilities when deployed as a metal coating over AA2024-T3. These alloy coatings can both act as a sacrificial anode and supply soluble ions that could function as inhibitors. In this paper, the electrochemical (or electrolytic) throwing power of such an Al-Co-Ce metallic coating under atmospheric conditions is modeled. The criterion for protection is a galvanic couple potential distribution below the pitting potential of AA2024-T3. The effects of scratch size, pH, chloride concentration, metallic coating composition, and electrochemical kinetics of the materials involved were studied. Substantial sacrificial cathodic prevention of AA2024-T3 scratches could be achieved with Al-Co-Ce alloys with performance superior to conventional Alclad coatings in terms of both extent of polarization and maximum scratch size protected. The behavior of the metallic coating can be tailored and provides the best protection (i.e., largest cathodic polarization of the longest scratch lengths) when it contains a low Co content, is exposed to either high or low pH solutions of low chloride concentration, and the AA2024-T3 scratch exhibits slow cathodic kinetics. The Co content should be minimized, in order to maximize the electrochemical throwing power, but must be sufficient for retention of amorphicity.
Bone marrow transplantation in leukemia. Current status.

Intensive cytoreductive therapy may be curative in certain hematopoietic malignancies, but its administration is limited by lethal marrow toxicity. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) provides a way of rescue from this toxicity. The donor may be a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) "matched" sibling (allogeneic), an identical twin (syngeneic), or the patient (autologous). Long remissions and possible cures of 50% to 60% have been reported in acute leukemia after intensive treatment with chemotherapy, with and without total body irradiation, followed by allogeneic BMT. A similar approach has been used in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with encouraging results. Results are best in younger patients and those transplanted early in their disease (i.e., in the first remission for acute leukemia and in the chronic phase of the disease in CML). Solutions to major problems associated with allogeneic BMT, such as graft-versus-host disease and viral infections, are being actively pursued. Syngeneic BMT avoids some of the above problems, but relapses appear to be greater. Nevertheless, this approach has produced a significant number of cures. Autologous BMT is the newest approach, and the demonstration that marrow may be purged of residual tumor cells by immunologic or pharmacologic means has engendered enthusiasm for this area of clinical therapeutic investigation.
Random output selector for the laboratory.

A random selector, whose output is in the form of switch closures, is described. On each activation one of N outputs is selected and remains closed until the next activation. Each output is equally probable and independent of the previously selected output. The selector can be constructed from the off-the-shelf components of one manufacturer in approximately 1 hr.
Development of kinetic energy harvesting systems for vehicle applications

This work demonstrates the implementation of a functional kinetic energy harvester designed to power wireless sensor electronics used in vehicular applications. The design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a complete electrodynamic (magnetic) energy harvesting system capable of delivering in excess of 10 mW from 100 milli-g's of acceleration is presented. Unlike previous energy harvesting research, which typically focuses on individual components for proof-of-concept testing, the system implemented for this work includes the integration of a low-frequency transducer, power electronics circuitry, and a rechargeable storage element, all of which are required for a functional system. The design trade-offs, which result from the integration of these system components are examined and design rules for maximizing efficiency are given. Finally, field testing is presented, which demonstrates the ability of the system to operate over a range of different vehicle speeds.
P total , P_{H_2 O} and the occurrence of cummingtonite in volcanic rocks

The phenocryst assemblage of cummingtonite, orthopyroxene, quartz, titanomagnetite and ilmenite in rhyolites of New Zealand has been used to calculate Ptotal and \(P_{H_2 O} \). The values of Ptotal and \(P_{H_2 O} \) depend strongly upon whether an ideal mixing, or an ordered, model is used for the solid-solutions, but in both cases \(P_{H_2 O} \) ≈Ptotal.
The mechanism of host cell protein synthesis inhibition by poliovirus.

Abstract The inhibition of host cell protein synthesis by poliovirus is investigated. The mechanism of inhibition appears to be an inactivation of the host cell messenger RNA. An incubation period in Actidione is used to hold messenger RNA on poly-ribosomes in infected cells. Upon removal of the drug, a very rapid disappearance of a fraction of the polyribosomes ensues. The fraction of polyribosomes affected depends on the time after infection and the length of time of incubation. Messenger RNA is selectively labeled, and it is shown that after incubation in Actidione and the removal of the drug: (1) its disappearance parallels the disappearance of polysomes; (2) its sedimentation profile is not different from that of normal messenger RNA. It is inferred that the messenger RNA becomes incapable of reassociating with ribosomes. The rate of polyribosomal disruption increases linearly with the time of infection under conditions where viral RNA replication is suppressed. The disruption thus appears to be due to a product of the viral genome which is stable for at least 1 hour in the absence of protein synthesis and seems to be specific for the host cell messenger RNA.
Muon Depolarization by Paramagnetic Impurities in Nonmagnetic Metals

The range of metals and temperatures for which positive muon diffusion is measurable can be expanded greatly by doping nonmagnetic metals with paramagnetic ions. In these systems, the diffusivity determines the time needed for the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ to reach the sites of strong depolarization near the paramagnetic ions and hence the depolarization rate of the muon spin rotation signal. For $\mathrm{Au}\mathrm{Gd}$ and $\mathrm{Au}\mathrm{Er}$ we have measured diffusion-induced depolarization for temperatures between 85 and 230 K, and have determined that there is an important short-range component in the muon-ion interaction.
Translation Initiation Factor eIF4G-1 Binds to eIF3 through the eIF3e Subunit

eIF3 in mammals is the largest translation initiation factor (∼800 kDa) and is composed of 13 nonidentical subunits designated eIF3a-m. The role of mammalian eIF3 in assembly of the 48 S complex occurs through high affinity binding to eIF4G. Interactions of eIF4G with eIF4E, eIF4A, eIF3, poly(A)-binding protein, and Mnk1/2 have been mapped to discrete domains on eIF4G, and conversely, the eIF4G-binding sites on all but one of these ligands have been determined. The only eIF4G ligand for which this has not been determined is eIF3. In this study, we have sought to identify the mammalian eIF3 subunit(s) that directly interact(s) with eIF4G. Established procedures for detecting protein-protein interactions gave ambiguous results. However, binding of partially proteolyzed HeLa eIF3 to the eIF3-binding domain of human eIF4G-1, followed by high throughput analysis of mass spectrometric data with a novel peptide matching algorithm, identified a single subunit, eIF3e (p48/Int-6). In addition, recombinant FLAG-eIF3e specifically competed with HeLa eIF3 for binding to eIF4G in vitro. Adding FLAG-eIF3e to a cell-free translation system (i) inhibited protein synthesis, (ii) caused a shift of mRNA from heavy to light polysomes, (iii) inhibited cap-dependent translation more severely than translation dependent on the HCV or CSFV internal ribosome entry sites, which do not require eIF4G, and (iv) caused a dramatic loss of eIF4G and eIF2α from complexes sedimenting at ∼40 S. These data suggest a specific, direct, and functional interaction of eIF3e with eIF4G during the process of cap-dependent translation initiation, although they do not rule out participation of other eIF3 subunits.
Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on calcification in the red coralline alga Bossiella orbigniana

The relationship between various experimental concentrations of CO2 and calcification in Bossiella orbigniana (Decaisne) was studied by measuring Ca-45 incorporation into the crystalline matrix. Air containing CO2 at partial pressures (PCO2) of 0.04 to 5.5% was bubbled through synthetic seawater in incubation vessels. The resultant pH values in the presence of plants ranged from 6.5 to 8.7. The maximum calcification rate appears to lie between 0.11 and 1.05% PCO2. The data suggest that calcification is controlled by a biological process that may be sensitive to pH and/or to the relative bicarbonate concentration. The data also suggest that a severalfold increase in CO2 over the present atmospheric level might lead to increased calcification in this marine alga.
Effects of Word Class on the Recall of Sentences.

Subjects attempted to recall sentences, with noun or pronoun subjects and objects, after a 20-sec retention interval. Word class of subject and object had no significant effect on the probability of correct recall. High uncertainty sentences, which contain nouns instead of pronouns, were most often incompletely recalled, indicating a limited capacity system. But these same sentences were virtually never completely forgotten, as some sentences with pronouns were. This suggests a special role for concrete nouns in cueing the recall processes. Within the sentences which were incorrectly recalled, sentence objects were more likely to be remembered when it differed in word class from the subject, indicating increased interference between members of the same word class within a sentence.
Wow! linear systems and signal processing is fun!

We describe a recent offering of a linear systems and signal processing course for third-year electrical and computer engineering students. This course is a pre-requisite for our first digital signal processing course. Students have traditionally viewed linear systems courses as mathematical and extremely difficult. Without compromising the rigor of the required concepts, we strived to make the course fun, with application-based hands-on laboratory projects. These projects can be modified easily to meet specific instructors' preferences.
Ultrastructural Features of the Turkey Thrombocyte and Lymphocyte

Abstract THE mammalian thrombocyte (platelet) has been studied extensively by electron microscopy (Han and Baker, 1964), but few investigations of this type have been done with the avian thrombocyte. Although there are several structural differences between mammalian and avian thrombocytes when observed by light microscopy, and cells have the same function in respect to clotting of blood (Lucas and Jamroz, 1961). Because thrombocytes of mammals and birds have this similarity in function, although differing in structure, and because avian thrombocytes and lymphocytes have been reported to have similarities by light microscopy (Lucas and Jamroz, 1961), it was deemed appropriate to report the following electron microscopic studies of these two cells of the turkey. PROCEDURE Blood from the wing vein of normal turkeys was collected in sterile tubes containing EDTA. It was centrifuged in Wintrobe hematocrit tubes and the plasma discarded. The buffy coat, after being removed from the top of the . . .
Thermoregulatory effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans

Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) has been reported to cause fatal hyperthermia, few studies of the effects of MDMA on core body temperature in humans have been conducted demonstrating increased body temperature. In rats, MDMA causes hyperthermia at warm ambient temperatures but hypothermia at cold ones. In this study, the physiological and subjective effects of MDMA in humans were determined at cold (18°C) and warm (30°C) ambient temperatures in a temperature and humidity-controlled laboratory. Ten healthy volunteers who were recreational users of MDMA were recruited. Four laboratory sessions were conducted in a 2×2 design [i.e., two sessions at 30°C and two at 18°C, two during MDMA (2 mg/kg, p.o.) and two during placebo, in double-blind fashion]. Core body temperature (ingested radiotelemetry pill), skin temperature (four weighted sites), heart rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), shivering (electromyogram levels), and sweat rate (capacitance hygrometry) were measured as well as subjective effects for several time periods following capsule ingestion. MDMA produced significant elevations in core body temperature and metabolic rate in both warm and cold conditions. MDMA also produced significant elevations in blood pressure and heart rate and significantly increased several ratings of subjective effects similar to those previously reported. There were no differences related to ambient temperature for any of the subjective effects, except that ratings of cold and warm were appropriate to the ambient temperature and were not influenced by MDMA. Unlike findings in rats, MDMA increased core body temperature regardless of ambient temperature in humans. These increases appeared related to increases in metabolic rate, which were substantial. These findings warrant further investigations on the role of MDMA and other stimulants in altering metabolism and thermogenesis.
Massive hemoptysis due to bronchopulmonary arterial fistula successfuly treated with amplatzer plug occlusion

We present the case of a 59-year-old male with massive hemoptysis secondary to a bronchopulmonary artery fistula formed as the result of a perihilar lung cancer. The hemoptysis was successfully treated by Amplatzer Plug (St. Jude Medical) embolization of the supplying pulmonary artery branch. At the same time, bronchoscopy was performed to tamponade the patients bleeding and avoid exsanguination. Biopsy of the mass demonstrated poorly differentiated non small cell carcinoma. Post procedure day 13 the patient underwent staging with PET CT which showed localized disease. His hemoptysis resolved.
How are political concepts ‘essentially’ contested?

Abstract The purpose of the research presented in this article is to advance a culturally informed theory of political terminology, with special attention to essentially contested political terms. The article proposes that a comprehensive theory of political terminology must account for participants’ reasons for engaging in essential contestation. In the case of essentially contested concepts, the reason for engagement is concern with moral trouble in the speech community. Through a culturally oriented discourse analysis of a call-in exchange on Hungarian state radio the article demonstrates that the use of the essentially contested term gyűloletbeszed (‘hate speech’) emerges as a response to multiple norm violations, and serves the purpose of oppositional membering and redress.
Leiomyosarcoma of abdominal veins: Value of MRI with gadolinium DTPA

Primary leiomyosarcomas of the retroperitoneum are rare tumors, the vast majority of which are malignant. Prognosis is largely dependent upon adequacy of surgical resection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited to the evaluation of these neoplasms because of multiplanar imaging capability, inherent signal intensity differences of tissues, and flow-void, flow enhancement techniques to assess vessel patency. Recent advances which include fat suppression, suspended respiration sequences, and Gadolinium enhancement, have further improved image quality. Accurate pre-operative assessment of tumors is possible with MRI.
Role of caveolin-3 in lymphocyte activation.

Abstract Aims Caveolins are structural proteins clustered in lipid-rich regions of plasma membrane involved in coordinating signal transduction in various organ systems. While caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been shown to regulate lymphocyte activation, the role of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) in immune system signaling has not been investigated. We tested the hypothesis that Cav-3 modulates lymphocyte activation. Main methods Lymphocyte/leukocyte subpopulations from WT and Cav-3 mice were profiled with flow cytometry. Cytokine production in quiescent and activated splenocytes from WT and Cav-3 mice was assessed with ELISA. Key findings Levels of T-cells, monocytes, and natural killer cells were not different between WT and KO mice, however KO mice had lower B-cell population-percentage. Functionally, activated lymphocytes from Cav-3 KO mice demonstrated significantly reduced expression of IL-2 compared to WT, while expression of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10 was not different. Finally, expression of IL-17 was significantly reduced in T-helper cells from KO mice, while IFNγ was not, suggesting that Cav-3 is a determinant in the development of the Th-17 subpopulation. Significance This study is the first to demonstrate that Cav-3 may be a novel participant in B-cell expression, T-cell cytokine production and activation of inflammation.
On the Kostant multiplicity formula

Abstract The Kostant multiplicity formula is a recipe for computing the weight multiplicities of an irreducible representation of a compact semi-simple Lie group. We describe here a generalization of Kostant's formula: Suppose τ is a Hamiltonian action of a compact Lie group on a compact symplectic manifold. For an appropriate «quantization», τ Q , of τ the weight multiplicaties of τ Q are given by a formula similar to Konstant's. There is also an asymptotic version of this formula which gives a recipe for computing the Duistermaat Heckman polynomials associated with τ.
Confidence Limits for Global Optima Based on Heuristic Solutions to Difficult Optimization Problems: A Simulation Study

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTFor many optimization problems approximate solutions based on heuristic algorithms are the only practical solutions available. Heuristic algorithms often utilize random sampling to select a starting point or to investigate possible completions of a partial solution, etc. When such an algorithm has been independently executed several times, one wonders: “How close is the best observed value of the objective function to the global optimum?” A statistical answer to this question is a confidence limit, such that with user-specified confidence the global optimum is between the best observed objective function value and the confidence limit. Three approaches to the generation of such confidence limits are identified, and their empirical behavior in a Monte Carlo study reported.
Influence of hemodialysis on clinical outcomes after lung transplantation

Background Chronic renal failure after lung transplantation is associated with significant morbidity. However, the significance of acute kidney injury (AKI) after lung transplantation remains unclear and poorly studied. We hypothesized that hemodialysis (HD)-dependent AKI after lung transplantation is associated with significant mortality.
NMR structural studies reveal a novel protein fold for MerB, the organomercurial lyase involved in the bacterial mercury resistance system.

Mercury resistant bacteria have developed a system of two enzymes (MerA and MerB), which allows them to efficiently detoxify both ionic and organomercurial compounds. The organomercurial lyase (MerB) catalyzes the protonolysis of the carbon−mercury bond resulting in the formation of ionic mercury and a reduced hydrocarbon. The ionic mercury [Hg(II)] is subsequently reduced to the less reactive elemental mercury [Hg(0)] by a specific mercuric reductase (MerA). To better understand MerB's unique enzymatic activity, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the structure of the free enzyme. MerB is characterized by a novel protein fold consisting of three noninteracting antiparallel β-sheets surrounded by six α-helices. By comparing the NMR data of free MerB and the MerB/Hg/DTT complex, we identified a set of residues that likely define a Hg/DTT binding site. These residues cluster around two cysteines (C96 and C159) that are crucial to MerB's catalytic activity. A detailed analysis ...
C-terminal deletion of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 selectively abolishes coupling to Gαq

Recent studies indicate that the intracellular C-terminus of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor) is important in G protein coupling. To determine the necessity of the C-tail, a deletion mutant of mGlu1 receptor was constructed, which included the first 840 amino acids of the rat mGlu1a receptor (mGlu1-dCT). G protein coupling of the receptors was assessed by measuring glutamate mediated inhibition of native calcium currents when each receptor was expressed in isolated sympathetic neurons from the rat superior cervical ganglion. Wild type mGlu1 receptor activates both the Gαi/o and Gαq/11 protein families. Each pathway can be detected in superior cervical ganglion neurons as voltage dependent and voltage independent inhibition of the calcium currents, respectively. While wild type mGlu1 receptor gave rise to a strong, mixed voltage dependent and independent calcium current inhibition, mGlu1-dCT exhibited a weaker inhibition that was strongly voltage dependent, indicating activation of Gαi/o was predominant. Further, pertussis toxin treatment reduced the inhibition by wild type mGlu1 receptor to a smaller, voltage independent inhibition as expected, but completely abolished signaling through mGlu1-dCT. Finally, to test whether mGlu1-dCT could produce any activation of Gαq/11, inhibition of the native superior cervical ganglion M-type potassium currents was examined. M-channels, inhibited by PIP2 depletion, were strongly inhibited by glutamate in cells expressing wild type mGlu1 receptor, but no inhibition was detectable in neurons expressing mGlu1-dCT. These data indicate that C-terminal deletion of mGlu1 receptor selectively abolishes Gαq/11 coupling.
An outcome analysis of endovascular versus open repair of blunt traumatic aortic injuries

Background Aortic injury is the second most common cause of death after blunt trauma. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been rapidly adopted as an alternative to the traditional open repair (OR) for treatment of traumatic aortic injury (TAI). This paradigm shift has improved the outcomes in these patients. This study evaluated the outcomes of TEVAR compared with OR for patients with TAI. Methods We analyzed prospectively collected data from the institutional trauma registry between April 2002 and June 2010. These data were supplemented with a retrospective review of hospital financial accounts. The primary outcome was the presence or absence of any complication, including in-hospital death. Secondary outcomes included fixed, variable, and total hospital costs and intensive care unit (ICU), preoperative, postoperative and total hospital length of stay (LOS). Results Amongst 106 consecutive patients (74 men; mean age, 36.4 years), 56 underwent OR and 50 underwent TEVAR for treatment of TAI. The proportion of patients who underwent TEVAR compared with OR increased from 0% to 100% during the study period. The TEVAR patients were significantly older than the OR patients (41.1 vs 32.2 years, P = .012). For patients who underwent TEVAR, the estimated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of complications, including in-hospital mortality was 0.33 (0.11-0.97; P = .045) compared with the OR group. The average number of complications, including in-hospital death, was higher in the OR group than in the TEVAR group (adjusted means, 1.29 vs 0.94). The OR group had a higher proportion of patients with complications, including in-hospital death, compared with the TEVAR group (69.6% vs 48%). Although, the mean adjusted variable costs were higher for TEVAR than for OR ( P = .017), the mean adjusted fixed and total costs were not significantly different. Owing to a policy of delayed selective management, the adjusted preoperative LOS was significantly higher for TEVAR (9.8 vs 3.0 days, P = .022). The difference in the ICU or total hospital LOS was not significant. Although the proportion of uninsured patients was similar in both groups, the cohort (n = 106) had a significantly higher proportion of uninsured patients (29% vs 5%) compared with the general vascular surgical population at our institution (0.29 vs 0.051, 95% confidence interval for difference in proportions, 0.22-0.40; P Conclusions Compared with TEVAR, patients who underwent OR had three times higher odds to face a complication or in-hospital death. The mean total cost of TEVAR was not significantly different than OR. The findings support the use of TEVAR over OR for patients with TAI.
Prioritize and Select SNPs for Association Studies with Multi-Stage Designs

Large-scale whole genome association studies are increasingly common, due in large part to recent advances in genotyping technology. With this change in paradigm for genetic studies of complex diseases, it is vital to develop valid, powerful, and efficient statistical tools and approaches to evaluate such data. Despite a dramatic drop in genotyping costs, it is still expensive to genotype thousands of individuals for hundreds of thousands single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for large-scale whole genome association studies. A multi-stage (or two-stage) design has been a promising alternative: in the first stage, only a fraction of samples are genotyped and tested using a dense set of SNPs, and only a small subset of markers that show moderate associations with the disease will be genotyped in later stages. Multi-stage designs have also been used in candidate gene association studies, usually in regions that have shown strong signals by linkage studies. To decide which set of SNPs to be genotyped in the ...
Distribution of 72-kDa heat-shock protein in rat brain after hyperthermia.

The distribution of the 72-kDa heat-shock protein (hsp72) in rat brain, 24 h following in vivo transient hyperthermia (41.5°C, 15 min), was studied using immunohistochemistry (n=22). Tissue sections were also stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and with an anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein to evaluate neuronal and astrocytic response to transient hyperthermia, respectively. hsp 72 was observed in glia and endothelial cells throughout brain. hsp 72 was also found in neurons located in the: dentate gyrus, habenula, and hypothalamus, granular layer of the cerebellum and the olfactory area. Our data indicate, that hyperthermia causes neuronal expression of hsp72, particularly in cerebral neuronal populations which control the neuroendocrine stress response.
Iontophoresis of amphetamine in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens of awake, unrestrained rats

Abstract When administered systemically to ambulant animals, amphetamine (AMPH) has both excitatory and inhibitory effects on single-unit activity in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens. To determine the extent to which these results reflect a direct action of the drug, AMPH was applied iontophoretically to neostriatal and accumbal neurons under naturally occurring behavioral conditions. AMPH dose-dependently (5–40 nA) inhibited the vast majority of spontaneously active units. The inhibition, which was evident at low ejection currents (5–10 nA), had relatively short onset (4–12 s) and offset (6–24 s) latencies, and was positively correlated with basal firing rate. Even stronger dose-dependent inhibitory responses were recorded when neurons having no or a very low rate of spontaneous activity were tonically activated by continuous, low-current applications of glutamate (Glu). Systemic injection of either SCH-23390 (0.1 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg), relatively selective D 1 and D 2 receptor antagonists, respectively, blocked the AMPH-induced inhibition. Prolonged AMPH iontophoresis (2–3 min; 5–30 nA) inhibited both spontaneous impulse activity and Glu-induced excitations, resulting in a complete blockade of the Glu response at relatively high AMPH ejection currents (≥20 nA). Taken together, these results suggest that although dopamine is largely responsible for the inhibitory effects of iontophoretic AMPH, dopamine alone cannot account for the complex response of neostriatal and accumbal neurons to systemic AMPH administration.
Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors in the midgut of Phlebotomus papatasi

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important disease vectors of parasites of the genus Leishmania, as well as bacteria and viruses. Following studies of the midgut transcriptome of Phlebotomus papatasi, the principal vector of Leishmania major, two non-classical Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors were identified (PpKzl1 and PpKzl2). Analyses of expression profiles indicated that PpKzl1 and PpKzl2 transcripts are both regulated by blood-feeding in the midgut of P. papatasi and are also expressed in males, larva and pupa. We expressed a recombinant PpKzl2 in a mammalian expression system (CHO-S free style cells) that was applied to in vitro studies to assess serine proteinase inhibition. Recombinant PpKzl2 inhibited α-chymotrypsin to 9.4% residual activity and also inhibited α-thrombin and trypsin to 33.5% and 63.9% residual activity, suggesting that native PpKzl2 is an active serine proteinase inhibitor and likely involved in regulating digestive enzymes in the midgut. Early stages of Leishmania are susceptible to killing by digestive proteinases in the sandfly midgut. Thus, characterising serine proteinase inhibitors may provide new targets and strategies to prevent transmission of Leishmania.
Inoculation of forage grasses with N2-fixing Enterobacteriaceae

Previous investigations indicated some forage grass roots in Texas are heavily colonized with N2-fixing bacteria. The most numerous N2-fixing bacteria were in the genera Klebsiella and Enterobacter. In the present investigation inoculation experiments were conducted using 18 isolates of these bacteria to determine if a N2-fixing association could be established between the bacteria and the grassesCynodon dactylon andPanicum coloratum. Plants were grown in soil for approximately 5 months in a greenhouse and were measured periodically for dry matter, nitrogen accumulation, and acetylene reduction activity. Results of the investigation indicated that 25% of the plant-soil systems were active in acetylene reduction and the activity was high enough to indicate agronomically significant quantities of N2 were being fixed (>8kg N ha−1). However, plant systems extrapolated to fix>8 kg N ha−1 contained less nitrogen and accumulated less dry matter than plants less active in acetylene reduction. Inocula could not be re-isolated from healthy grass roots indicating that the N2-fixing activity may have not have been closely assiciated with plant roots. Future research is needed to determine factors limiting colonization of grass roots.
Endrin metabolism in endrin-susceptible and -resistant strains of pine mice.

Distribution of endrin and its metabolites in vivo was measured in order to determine whether differences in toxicity between a resistant (R) strain of pine mouse as opposed to a susceptible (S) strain might be attributed to differences in metabolism of endrin. One of the metabolites recovered was also produced upon incubation with a liver microsomal fraction prepared from the S strain. [14C]Endrin was administered to both strains of animals orally at 0.5 mg/kg. Total recovery of 14C in both feces and urine was 76% for the R strain and 53% for the S strain. Feces and urine were extracted and metabolites separated chromatographically. Both strains produced a single major fecal metabolite, F-1. Three urinary metabolites, U-1, U-2, and U-3, were produced by the S strain while only two metabolites, U-1 and U-2, were identified in urine of the R strain. The fecal metabolite, F-1, and urinary metabolite, U-2, were chromatographically identical. The recovery of F-1 and ethersoluble U-2 for the R strain was 47.9% while that for the S strain was 23.2%. Endrin was metabolized by hepatic microsomes of both strains in vitro to a compound, L-1 that was chromatographically identical to F-1 and U-2. Production of L-1 by microsomes was dependent upon NADPH. The rate of formation of L-1 in vitro by the R strain was greater than the S strain. The apparent Km for the L-1 production from endrin was less than 20 μm.
Acetal exchange reactions II. Cyclohexylidene derivatives of some glycosides and cyclitols

Abstract Reaction of various polyhydric alcohols with 1,1-dimethoxycyclohexane and p-toluenesulfonic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide produces cyclic acetals in high yield, even where these acetals bridge vicinal, trans hydroxyl groups on a six-membered ring; methyl 2,3:4,6-di-O-cyclohexylidene-α- d -glucoside and 1,2:3,4:5,6-tri-O-cyclohexylidene-scyllo-inositol are both formed in high yield by use of this reaction. Application of the reaction to methyl α- d -xylopyranoside gives a mixture of the 2,3- and 3,4-O-cyclohexylidene acetals; p-toluenesulfonylation of this mixture affords crystalline methyl 2,3-O-cyclohexylidene-4-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-α- d -xyloside in good overall yield, and a smaller proportion of methyl 3,4-O-cyclohexylidene-2-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-α- d -xyloside. The former sulfonic ester undergoes reaction with sodium benzoate in boiling N,N-dimethylformamide with change of configuration at C-4; the latter sulfonic ester does not undergo benzoate exchange. The n.m.r. spectra of the two sulfonic esters are discussed.
Influence of instrument conditions on the evaporation behavior of uranium dioxide with UV laser-assisted atom probe tomography

Abstract Atom probe tomography (APT) provides the ability to detect subnanometer chemical variations spatially, with high accuracy. However, it is known that compositional accuracy can be affected by experimental conditions. A study of the effect of laser energy, specimen base temperature, and detection rate is performed on the evaporation behavior of uranium dioxide (UO2). In laser-assisted mode, tip geometry and standing voltage also contribute to the evaporation behavior. In this investigation, it was determined that modifying the detection rate and temperature did not affect the evaporation behavior as significantly as laser energy. It was also determined that three laser evaporation regimes are present in UO2. Very low laser energy produces a behavior similar to DC-field evaporation, moderate laser energy produces the desired laser-assisted field evaporation characteristic and high laser energy induces thermal effects, negatively altering the evaporation behavior. The need for UO2 to be analyzed under moderate laser energies to produce accurate stoichiometry distinguishes it from other oxides. The following experimental conditions providing the best combination of mass resolving power, accurate stoichiometry, and uniform evaporation behavior: 50 K, 10 pJ laser energy, a detection rate of 0.003 atoms per pulse, and a 100 kHz repetition rate.
Mitochondrial dysfunction during hypoxia/reoxygenation and its correction by anaerobic metabolism of citric acid cycle intermediates

Kidney proximal tubule cells developed severe energy deficits during hypoxia/reoxygenation not attributable to cellular disruption, lack of purine precursors, the mitochondrial permeability transition, or loss of cytochrome c. Reoxygenated cells showed decreased respiration with complex I substrates, but minimal or no impairment with electron donors at complexes II and IV. This was accompanied by diminished mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The energy deficit, respiratory inhibition, and loss of ΔΨm were strongly ameliorated by provision of α-ketoglutarate plus aspartate (αKG/ASP) supplements during either hypoxia or only during reoxygenation. Measurements of 13C-labeled metabolites in [3-13C]aspartate-treated cells indicated the operation of anaerobic pathways of αKG/ASP metabolism to generate ATP, yielding succinate as end product. Anaerobic metabolism of αKG/ASP also mitigated the loss of ΔΨm that occurred during hypoxia before reoxygenation. Rotenone, but not antimycin or oligomycin, prevented this effect, indicating that electron transport in complex I, rather than F1F0-ATPase activity, had been responsible for maintenance of ΔΨm by the substrates. Thus, tubule cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation can have persistent energy deficits associated with complex I dysfunction for substantial periods of time before onset of the mitochondrial permeability transition and/or loss of cytochrome c. The lesion can be prevented or reversed by citric acid cycle metabolites that anaerobically generate ATP by intramitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation and maintain ΔΨm via electron transport in complex I. Utilization of these anaerobic pathways of mitochondrial energy metabolism known to be present in other mammalian tissues may provide strategies to limit mitochondrial dysfunction and allow cellular repair before the onset of irreversible injury by ischemia or hypoxia.
Urinary excretion of 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone as an index of CYP2E1 activity.

Objective To determine whether the urinary excretion of 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone is an index of CYP2E1 activity in vivo. Methods Male volunteers (n = 27; age range, 17 to 36 years) who were abstinent from alcohol were studied. Chlorzoxazone, 500 mg, was given orally and plasma was collected at 3½, 4½, 5½, and 6½ hours after dosing. Urine was collected for 8 hours. Ten volunteers participated in full kinetic studies to define the absorption phase and plasma area under the concentration-time curve of chlorzoxazone and the urinary kinetics of the 6-hydroxy metabolite. Chlorzoxazone and the 6-hydroxy metabolite were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. CYP2E1 activity was expressed as a hydroxylation index (HI = mmole oral chlorzoxazone dose/mmole 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone in 8-hour urine). Results There was a significant positive correlation between plasma elimination rate constant for chlorzoxazone (Ke) and urinary excretion of the metabolite (n = 27, r = 0.42, p < 0.03) and a significant negative correlation between plasma Ke and HI (n = 27, r = −0.41, p < 0.04). The mean absorption rate constant for chlorzoxazone of 3.11 ± 4.67 hr−1 was fivefold greater than the plasma Ke of 0.57 ± 0.17 hr−1 for the full kinetic studies. The formation clearance of the 6-hydroxy metabolite was negatively correlated with HI (n = 10, r = −0.67, p < 0.04). There was also a significant positive correlation between plasma Ke of the parent compound and disposition rate constant for urinary excretion of the 6-hydroxy metabolite (n = 15, r = 0.85, p < 0.0001). Conclusions The urinary excretion of 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone is limited by formation rate and may be useful as an in vivo probe of CYP2E1 activity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 498–505; doi:
Nature/Nurture Revisited II: Social, Political, and Technological Implications of Biological Approaches to Human Conflict

Because the literature on the biological bases of human conflict deals nearly as much with extrascientific issues as with the purely scientific issues reviewed previously in these pages, the present review directly examines the former to illustrate the social and political context within which the scientific controversy must be understood. The discussion centers on three principal themes: (a) the distinction and often divergence between scientific knowledge and its public uses; (b) the highly selective and often partisan uses to which particular kinds of scientific knowledge about human behavior can be put; and (c) the necessity for scientists to understand the ways in which, and the reasons for which, scientific knowledge can be used in the public arena. It is concluded that safeguards must be instituted to minimize abuses of the biological approaches, and that future research on human aggression should continue to focus predominantly on structural-environmental causes.
Pelvic blood flow following aortobifemoral bypass with proximal end-to-side anastomosis

Nine patients with end-to-side aortobifemoral bypasses were studied in the first year after surgery using color duplex imaging to determine the source of pelvic blood flow. No patient had clinical evidence of postoperative pelvic ischemia. Six of nine patients were found to have occluded distal aortas by duplex studies performed at a mean of 4.4 months postoperatively (range 0.8–8.2 months). Of those six patients, postoperative duplex examination demonstrated two with no common or external iliac blood flow, two with bilateral retrograde external iliac flow, and two with unilateral retrograde external iliac flow. Of the three patients with patent distal aortas, two had no demonstrable external iliac blood flow, while the third had continued antegrade flow through one external iliac and retrograde flow through the other. Analysis of preoperative arteriograms failed to reveal accurate predictors of postoperative distal aortic patency or retrograde iliac blood flow. Despite the preoperative assumption that prograde common iliac artery blood was required to prevent pelvic ischemia, distal aortic patency was maintained in only three of nine patients. In the six patients with prograde iliac blood flow, no ischemic symptoms were present, including two patients with complete absence of antegrade aortic or retrograde external iliac blood flow. Our observations indicate that assumptions which underlie the decision to perform end-to-side aortic anastomoses are often not borne out in the months following aortobifemoral bypass.
Radiation-induced tritium labelling and product analysis

By-products formed in radiation-induced tritium labelling are identified by co-chromatography with authentic samples or by structure prediction using a quantitative structure-retention index relationship. The by-products, formed from labelling of steroids, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 7-membered heterocyclic ring structures, 1,4-benzodiazepines, 1-haloalkanes, etc. with activated tritium and adsorbed tritium, are shown to be specifically labelled and anticipated products from known chemical reactions. From analyses of the by-products, one can conclude that the hydrogen abstraction by tritium atoms and the substitution by tritium ions are the mechanisms of labelling. Classification of the tritium labelling methods, on the basis of the type of tritium reagent, clearly shows the active role played by tritium atoms and ions in radiation-induced methods.
On the equivalence of codes over rings and modules

In light of the result by Wood that codes over every finite Frobenius ring satisfy a version of the MacWilliams equivalence theorem, a proof for the converse is considered. A strategy is proposed that would reduce the question to problems dealing only with matrices over finite fields. Using this strategy, it is shown, among other things, that any left MacWilliams basic ring is Frobenius. The results and techniques in the paper also apply to related problems dealing with codes over modules.
Lipocytes and transitional cells in alcoholic liver disease: A morphometric study

Lipocytes and transitional cells in alcoholic liver disease were analyzed by quantitative morphometry in liver biopsy specimens of 17 alcoholic patients. In fatty livers, 93% of the perisinusoidal cells were lipocytes with a volume of lipid droplets occupying more than 20% of the individual cell volume. In fatty livers with perivenular fibrosis, 83% of the cells were lipocytes and 17% were transitional cells with lipid droplets of less than 20% of the cell volume. In cirrhosis, 45% of the cells were lipocytes and 55% of the cells were transitional cells. Thus, the process of hepatic fibrosis was associated with a shift from lipocytes to transitional cells. The percentage of transitional cells (expressed as total perisinusoidal cells) was 5.1% in fatty livers, 16.5% in fatty livers with perivenular fibrosis (not significantly different when compared to fatty livers) and 59.7% in cirrhotic livers (p < 0.025) when compared to fatty livers or fatty livers with perivenular fibrosis). The number of transitional cells per 100 hepatocytes was estimated to be 0.5 in fatty livers, 1.3 in fatty livers with perivenular fibrosis and 2.1 in cirrhotic livers. The appearance of transitional cells was associated with a corresponding decrease in the number of lipocytes, supporting the hypothesis that transitional cells were derived from lipocytes. In comparison to lipocytes, the surface area of transitional cells (as measured by digitized morphometry) was 30 to 46% smaller (p < 0.01). When expressed as the percentage of the total cell area, the lipid droplet compartment in transitional cells was 34% smaller (p < 0.001) than that in lipocytes, whereas the nonlipid cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments in transitional cells were 18 to 20% (p < 0.01) and 15% (p < 0.05) larger than those in lipocytes, respectively. The rough endoplasmic reticulum in transitional cells became better developed than that in lipocytes, but only at the cirrhotic stage, confirmed by quantitative morphometry. We found a significantly higher collagen score in the Disse space surrounding transitional cells in fatty livers with perivenular fibrosis or cirrhosis compared to that of lipocytes. In two cases of alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis, virtually all perisinusoidal cells exhibited structural features and morphometric values comparable to those of transitional cells in the livers without hepatitis. In the liver of one nonalcoholic subject, perisinusoidal cells exhibited structural features and morphometric values comparable to those of lipocytes in the livers of alcoholics.