cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Efficiency and Communication around Sedated Fracture Reductions in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Introduction Procedural sedation for fracture reduction in the pediatric emergency department (ED) is a time-consuming process requiring multidisciplinary coordination. We implemented a quality improvement initiative aimed at (1) decreasing mean ED length of stay (LOS) for children with sedated long bone fracture reductions by 15% over 12 months and (2) improving interdisciplinary communication around procedural sedation. Methods Pediatric emergency medicine fellows at a children's hospital designed and implemented an initiative targeting the efficiency of the sedation process. Interventions included a centralized sedation tracking board, a team member responsibility checklist, family handouts, early discharge initiatives, and postsedation review forms. We tracked progress via statistical process control charts and interdisciplinary communication by intermittent surveys. Results Pediatric emergency medicine fellows performed 2,246 sedations during the study period. Mean LOS decreased from 361 to 340 minutes (5.8%) after implementation and demonstrated sustainability over the postintervention period. One hundred eight providers completed the preimplementation communication survey, with 58 and 64 completing surveys at 4 and 9 months postimplementation, respectively. The proportion reporting somewhat or strong satisfaction with communication increased from 68% at baseline to 86% at 4 months (P = 0.02) and 92% at 9 months (P < 0.001 versus baseline). Conclusions A quality improvement initiative created a sustainable process to reduce ED LOS for sedated reductions while improving satisfaction with interdisciplinary communication.
New Intrusion Analyses on the CVLT-3: Utility in Distinguishing the Memory Disorders of Alzheimer's versus Huntington's Disease.

Objectives: Research has shown that analyzing intrusion errors generated on verbal learning and memory measures is helpful for distinguishing between the memory disorders associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease (HD). Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that certain clinical populations may be prone to exhibit different types of intrusion errors. Methods: We examined the prevalence of two new California Verbal Learning Test-3 (CVLT-3) intrusion subtypes – across-trial novel intrusions and across/within trial repeated intrusions – in individuals with AD or HD. We hypothesized that the encoding/storage impairment associated with medial-temporal involvement in AD would result in a greater number of novel intrusions on the delayed recall trials of the CVLT-3, whereas the executive dysfunction associated with subcortical-frontal involvement in HD would result in a greater number of repeated intrusions across trials. Results: The AD group generated significantly more across-trial novel intrusions than across/within trial repeated intrusions on the delayed cued-recall trials, whereas the HD group showed the opposite pattern on the delayed free-recall trials. Conclusions: These new intrusion subtypes, combined with traditional memory analyses (e.g., recall versus recognition performance), promise to enhance our ability to distinguish between the memory disorders associated with primarily medial-temporal versus subcortical-frontal involvement.
Late pancreatic panniculitis in a simultaneous pancreas kidney transplant patient with failed allografts.

We present a rare case of pancreatic panniculitis in a 59-year-old male simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) recipient with failed allografts. The patient presented with fever and painful erythematous nodules on his leg 1 month after stopping all immunosuppression. A thorough infectious and rheumatological workup was negative. He had pancreas rejection 4 years after SKP transplant and was restarted on dialysis after 14 years when his renal allograft failed due to chronic allograft nephropathy. His chronic immunosuppression (tacrolimus, azathioprine) was stopped and prednisone was weaned over 3 months at that time. A skin biopsy revealed saponification of the subcutaneous fat with inflammation pathognomonic of pancreatic panniculitis. Concurrent allograft pancreatitis confirmed with elevated lipase and a computed tomography scan finding of peripancreatic graft stranding and atrophic native pancreas. He was started on pulse steroid therapy for 3 days followed by oral taper. This resulted in dramatic resolution of all skin lesions and normalization of lipase levels within 1 week, followed by resumption of low-dose tacrolimus and azathioprine. This is an extremely rare occurrence of panniculitis in pancreas allograft after 10 years of pancreatic failure associated with stopping immunosuppression.
From Iron Curtain to Green Belt: Considering Central Europe as a Mnemonic Ecosystem

AbstractSince its institutional formulation in the late 1980s, the idea of ecological restoration has been debated and refined. More recently, the concept of novel ecosystems has challenged scholar...
MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS AND CLINAL VARIATION IN MACAQUES

ABSTRACT . Gene frequency data were gathered on seven genetic loci from 17 populations of ten species of macaques from known geographic areas. The data were analyzed via two computer methods, each generating dendrograms depicting phylogenetic relationships. These relationships are discussed in terms of the traditional taxonomy of macaques. M. fasciculariS, M. mulatta, M. Cyctopis and M. fuscata form a closely related assemblage. M. speeiosa , the Celebes and pig-tailed macaques are the most divergent groups. The Celebes populations are joined together and form an assemblage with the M. nemestrina groups, a geographically reasonable union. Clinal patterns of genetic variation suggest the operation of natural selection.
Effects of Training and Conditioning for Middle Distance Swimming upon Various Physical Measures

Abstract This study attempts to analyze the effects of training and conditioning for the 200-yard crawl stroke event upon the physical condition of nonvarsity swimmers. Selected measures of cardiovascular condition, general physical fitness, gross strength, motor fitness, strength of the muscle groups primarily utilized in swimming the crawl stroke, and the strength decrements of the involved muscles were taken before and after the experimental period in order to evaluate the effects of this period. In addition, the relationships between speed in swimming the 200-yard crawl stroke event and the various selected tests were studied. As a result of the training and conditioning program, scores on test batteries used to measure physical fitness, motor fitness, and gross strength improved significantly. No significant difference was obtained for cardiovascular condition. Further, no coefficient of correlation was obtained that was sufficiently high to be of value for prediction of swimming time.
Screening and socioeconomic associations of dyslipidemia in young adults

The Southern region of the United States is home to substantial populations with obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, while also housing a large percentage of America’s minority, rural, and low socioeconomic status (SES) peoples. Adult-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD) research may be informed by investigating associations(s) between late adolescent demographic variables and lipid values. Our objective was to investigate lipid parameter associations with college-age socioeconomic status, which may improve age-specific screening algorithms for management or prevention of adult-onset CVD. Using an Analysis of Variance test and a general linear model, associations between gender, race/ethnicity, SES, and athletic participation on lipid parameters (VLDL-C, LDL-C, TG, TC, and HDL-C) were analyzed in 4423 private liberal arts college students enrolled in freshman-level wellness courses at Furman University in Greenville, SC. Comparative data were collected from an age-matched sample (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: NHANES 2003–2016). Our main outcomes were statistically significant relationships between any lipid values (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG) and any demographic variables (gender, SES, ethnicity, athlete status). Males demonstrated lower TC and LDL-C, and higher HDL-C values. HDL-C was highest in athletes. African-American students demonstrated healthier VLDL-C, TG, and HDL-C values. With similar distributions, the age-matched NHANES comparison group showed unhealthier values in nearly all categories. College students may have better lipid health than the general population. African-Americans may have seemingly healthier lipid values than age-matched individuals independent of athletic or college enrollment which has already been demonstrated in other studies. Future research should include SES relationships in lipid screening paradigms along with other appropriate risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Based on our comparative data, pediatric health providers and researchers may consider education as a potential protective factor against poor lipid health when considering lipid screening protocols for students.
Foucault and Habermas

r e g u l a t i o n o f e v e r y d a y l i f e . H o r k h e i m e r a n d A d o r n o h a v e , l i k e F o u c a u l t , d e s c r i b e d t h i s p r o c e s s o f a s e l f o v e r b u r d e n i n g a n d a s e l f r e i f y i n g s u b j e c t i v i t y a s a w o r l d h i s t o r i c a l p r o c e s s . B u t b o t h s i d e s m i s s e d i t s d e e p e r i r o n y , w h i c h c o n s i s t s i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o m m u n i c a t i v e p o t e n t i a l o f r e a s o n f i r s t h a d t o b e r e l e a s e d i n t h e p a t t e r n s o f m o d e r n l i f e wo r l d s b e f o r e t h e u n f e t t e r e d i m p e r a t i v e s o f t h e e c o n o m i c a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u b s y s t e m s c o u l d r e a c t b a c k o n t h e v u l n e r a b l e p r a c t i c e o f e v e r y d a y l i f e a n d c o u l d t h e r e b y p r o m o t e t h e c o g n i t i v e i n s t r u m e n t a l d i m e n s i o n t o d o m i n a t i o n o v e r t h e s u p p r e s s e d m o m e n t s o f p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n . T h e c o m m u n i c a t i v e p o t e n t i a l o f r e a s o n h a s b e e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y d e v e l o p e d a n d d i s t o r t e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f c a p i t a l i s t m o d e r n i z a t i o n ( P D M , 3 1 5 ) .
Wax models in dermatology: Updated through 2020.

Abstract Wax models have occupied a unique position in the teaching of dermatology. The wax model offers a unique presentation of the morphology, often not captured by other methods. Much has already been written about the unfortunate fate of many of these collections. Some models went to historical collections, a few were saved to continue their didactic purpose, and still others met their untimely demise. There has been renewed interest in the preservation of these models in recent years, from dermatologists and historians alike, and this has led to increasing efforts to document the origin, migration, exhibition, and maintenance of these collections. Our mission for this study is to report on our findings of the existence and whereabouts of dermatologic wax models since the 1990 survey. Even with the advent of the Internet and interest generated for preserving these wonderful illustrations of dermatologic conditions, many collections have remained unknown or dismantled. In the end, wax models have survived the introduction of hand-colored artist’s renditions, color photography, and even computerized illustrations. Although no longer the premier teaching tool of yesteryear, their survival reflects upon the development of dermatology and the initial transition from hand-colored prints to our current digital-oriented age.
Three Tiered Visual-Inertial Tracking and Mapping for Augmented Reality in Urban Settings

Reliably localizing and tracking optical see-through augmented reality (AR) displays moving relative to content in the physical world is one of the primary technical challenges facing widespread augmented reality adoption today. While significant progress has been made in recent years, most augmented reality applications allowing for shared, co-registered experiences require either specialized markers or local maps of relatively small rooms or spaces. In this work we propose a three-tiered approach to visual-inertial simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in urban environments. We estimate head pose locally with a highly flexible inertial navigation system, make novel use of edge computing for local mapping and drift correction and then propose the use of cloud computing for dense 3D modelling and map sharing on a global scale. We evaluate the proposed using an open source optical see-through headset in the streets of downtown Boston.
Advances in D-Amino Acids in Neurological Research

D-amino acids have been known to exist in the human brain for nearly 40 years, and they continue to be a field of active study to today. This review article aims to give a concise overview of the recent advances in D-amino acid research as they relate to the brain and neurological disorders. This work has largely been focused on modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia, but there has been a wealth of novel research which has elucidated a novel role for several D-amino acids in altering brain chemistry in a neuroprotective manner. D-amino acids which have no currently known activity in the brain but which have active derivatives will also be reviewed.
Exome sequencing, histoincompatibility and long-term kidney allograft function

BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most patients with end-stage renal disease and existing data suggest that post transplant graft function is a predictor of kidney graft failure. METHODS Exome sequencing of DNA from kidney graft recipients and their donors was used to determine recipient and donor mismatches at the amino acid level. The number of mismatches that are more likely to induce an immune response in the recipient was computationally estimated and designated the allogenomics mismatch score. The relationship between the allogenomics score and post transplant kidney allograft function was examined using linear regression. RESULTS A significant inverse correlation between the allogenomics mismatch score and kidney graft function at 36 months post transplantation was observed in a discovery cohort of kidney recipient-donor pairs (r2>=0.57, P<0.05, the score vs. level of serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate). This relationship was confirmed in an independent validation cohort of kidney recipient-donor pairs. We observed that the strength of the correlation increased with time post-transplantation. This inverse correlation remained after excluding HLA loci from the calculation of the score. Exome sequencing yielded allogenomics scores with stronger correlations with graft function than simulations of genotyping assays which measure common polymorphisms only. CONCLUSIONS The allogenomics mismatch score, derived by exome sequencing of recipient-donor pairs, facilitates quantification of histoincompatibility between the organ donor and recipient impacting long-term post transplant graft function. The allogenomics mismatch score, by serving as a prognostic biomarker, may help identify patients at risk for graft failure.
Inhibition of prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH rejuvenates aged muscle mass and strength

Treatments are lacking for sarcopenia, a debilitating age-related skeletal muscle wasting syndrome. We identifed increased amounts of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-degrading enzyme, as a hallmark of aged tissues, including skeletal muscle. The consequent reduction in PGE2 signaling contributed to muscle atrophy in aged mice and results from 15-PGDH-expressing myofibers and interstitial cells, such as macrophages, within muscle. Overexpression of 15-PGDH in young muscles induced atrophy. Inhibition of 15-PGDH, by targeted genetic depletion or a small-molecule inhibitor, increased aged muscle mass, strength, and exercise performance. These benefits arise from a physiological increase in PGE2 concentrations, which augmented mitochondrial function and autophagy and decreased transforming growth factor-β signaling and activity of ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. Thus, PGE2 signaling ameliorates muscle atrophy and rejuvenates muscle function, and 15-PGDH may be a suitable therapeutic target for countering sarcopenia.
Complex II subunit SDHD is critical for cell growth and metabolism, which can be partially restored with a synthetic ubiquinone analog.

BACKGROUND Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) plays a dual role in respiration by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Mutations in Complex II are associated with a number of pathologies. SDHD, one of the four subunits of Complex II, serves by anchoring the complex to the inner-membrane and transferring electrons from the complex to ubiquinone. Thus, modeling SDHD dysfunction could be a valuable tool for understanding its importance in metabolism and developing novel therapeutics, however no suitable models exist. RESULTS Via CRISPR/Cas9, we mutated SDHD in HEK293 cells and investigated the in vitro role of SDHD in metabolism. Compared to the parent HEK293, the knockout mutant HEK293ΔSDHD produced significantly less number of cells in culture. The mutant cells predictably had suppressed Complex II-mediated mitochondrial respiration, but also Complex I-mediated respiration. SDHD mutation also adversely affected glycolytic capacity and ATP synthesis. Mutant cells were more apoptotic and susceptible to necrosis. Treatment with the mitochondrial therapeutic idebenone partially improved oxygen consumption and growth of mutant cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that SDHD is vital for growth and metabolism of mammalian cells, and that respiratory and growth defects can be partially restored with treatment of a ubiquinone analog. This is the first report to use CRISPR/Cas9 approach to construct a knockout SDHD cell line and evaluate the efficacy of an established mitochondrial therapeutic candidate to improve bioenergetic capacity.
An insulator blocks access to enhancers by an illegitimate promoter, preventing repression by transcriptional interference

Several distinct activities and functions have been described for chromatin insulators, which separate genes along chromosomes into functional units. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of functional separation whereby an insulator prevents gene repression. When the homie insulator is deleted from the end of a Drosophila even skipped (eve) locus, a flanking P-element promoter is activated in a partial eve pattern, causing expression driven by enhancers in the 3' region to be repressed. The mechanism involves transcriptional read-through from the flanking promoter. This conclusion is based on the following. Read-through driven by a heterologous enhancer is sufficient to repress, even when homie is in place. Furthermore, when the flanking promoter is turned around, repression is minimal. Transcriptional read-through that does not produce anti-sense RNA can still repress expression, ruling out RNAi as the mechanism in this case. Thus, transcriptional interference, caused by enhancer capture and read-through when the insulator is removed, represses eve promoter-driven expression. We also show that enhancer-promoter specificity and processivity of transcription can have decisive effects on the consequences of insulator removal. First, a core heat shock 70 promoter that is not activated well by eve enhancers did not cause read-through sufficient to repress the eve promoter. Second, these transcripts are less processive than those initiated at the P-promoter, measured by how far they extend through the eve locus, and so are less disruptive. These results highlight the importance of considering transcriptional read-through when assessing the effects of insulators on gene expression.
Determination of the Spin Axis in Quantum Spin Hall Insulator Candidate Monolayer WTe 2

Experiments with monolayer WTe${}_{2}$ show clear evidence of helicity in currents flowing around its edge, all but confirming that this system is a quantum spin Hall insulator.
How novelty in knowledge earns recognition: The role of consistent identities

Abstract The novelty of scientific or technological knowledge has a paradoxical dual implication. Highly novel ideas are subject to a higher risk of rejection by their evaluating audiences than incremental, “normal science” contributions. Yet the same audiences may deem a contribution to knowledge valuable because it is highly novel. This study develops and tests an explanation of this dual effect. It is argued that the recognition premium that highly acclaimed authors’ work enjoys disproportionately accrues to work that is consistent with the authors’ previously developed identity. Because high novelty is a salient identity marker, authors’ past recognition for highly novel work helps same authors’ new highly novel work earn positive audience valuation. It is further argued that, because recognition for novelty is partly inherited from mentors, disciples of highly acclaimed producers of novel work are more likely to have their work prized for its novelty. In contrast, the authors’ or their mentors’ recognition earned for relatively less novel work does not trigger similar spillover effects and leaves the authors vulnerable to the novelty discount. Unique data on the productivity, career histories, and mentoring relations of academic electrical engineers support these arguments.
The Shut-Down Interview and Relationships

Case: Amy is a second year pediatric resident who just had a difficult night covering the NICU. She has continuity clinic this morning and expects a full schedule of patients. Her first patient is Henry, a 9-year-old, slightly pudgy boy with a history of encoporesis. Henry makes no eye contact with Amy. Amy tries to appear friendly and attempts to join with Henry. Henry grunts several one word responses, never looking at Amy. Amy quickly recognizes a shut-down interview in this opening phase. Fortunately, Amy is curious. What is going on with Henry?
Diagnosis of small-signal parameters for broadband amplifiers through S-parameter measurements and sensitivity-guided evolutionary search

With increasing uncertainties in the modeling and processing of semiconductor devices, it is essential that the sources of failures be identified once the devices are manufactured. We present a methodology to diagnose the problems in broadband amplifiers by determining the most important small signal parameters of the internal transistors. We use an evolutionary algorithm specifically designed to mimic the expected errors to ensure fast convergence to the correct solution. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the set of the most impactful small signal parameters and to guide the evolutionary search. Experimental results indicate the proposed algorithm determines the parameters accurately and it scales well in terms of accuracy and computation time.
Identification and isolation of embryonic stem cells in reproductive endocrinology: theoretical protocols for conservation of human embryos derived from in vitro fertilization

Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent cells obtained from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts derived from in vitro culture associated with reproductive endocrinology therapy. Human ESCs are regarded as highly significant since they retain the capacity to differentiate into any of approximately 200 unique cell types. Human ESC research is controversial because to acquire such cells, the ICM of human blastocysts must be manipulated in a way that renders embryos nonviable and unsuitable for transfer in utero. Techniques to yield competent ESCs with conservation of source blastocysts would satisfy many objections against ESC research, but at present such approaches remain largely untested. We contrast experimental culture of single blastomeres obtained by 1) non-destructive biopsy of embryos destined for transfer, and 2) isolation of karyotypically normal blastomeres from disaggregated ("dead") embryos considered unsuitable for transfer, and evaluate these approaches with regard to production of ESCs. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphological criteria and by quantification of divergent homeodomain proteins specific to undifferentiated cell development. Following ESC isolation and identification, assessment was conducted according to a novel ESC grading system, also proposed here. The role of reproductive endocrinology in ESC research remains paramount. In this report, we hypothesize new and expand on existing strategies having the potential to enhance human ESC isolation, identification and in vitro maintenance.
Safety of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in the elderly. Clinical article.

Object Microvascular decompression (MVD) offers an effective and durable treatment for patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Because the disorder has a tendency to occur in older persons, the risks of surgical treatment in the elderly have been a topic of recent interest. To date, evidence derived from several small retrospective and a single prospective case series has suggested that age does not increase the complication rate associated with surgery. Using a large national database, the authors aimed to study the impact of age on in-hospital complications following MVD for TN. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the 10-year period from 1999 to 2008, the authors selected all patients who underwent MVD for TN. The primary outcome of interest was the in-hospital mortality rate. Secondary outcomes of interest were cardiac, pulmonary, thromboembolic, cerebrovascular, and wound complications as well as the duration of hospital stay, total hospital charges, and discharge locati...
Negro Conventions and the Problem of Black Leadership

When the delegates assembled in Philadelphia for the 1855 National Convention of Colored People, the black press eagerly reported the impressions the leaders created. Edward Clark, down from New York, was "charmingly grave." Charles Remond, "small in stature and almost feminine in organization... chatted gallantly with the ladies; [while Robert] Purvis talked polish[ed] ly. [Frederick] Douglass discoursed earnestly and seriously, amid a circle of a few friends in one corner of the Hall." Elsewhere in the crowd, "Bell [Philip] looked pensive-while Stephen Smith looked earnest. [William] Whipper moved about thoughtfully and quietly. [Lewis] Topp wore rather an air of dissatisfactionwhile young [George] Downing looked for once pale and disconsolate. [Josiah] Wearls] fidgeted nervously-while the Rev. Messrs. [Leonard] Grimes and [Amos] Beman... smiled benignly upon all around."' Like other such conventions, the Philadelphia meeting brought together men who, though they represented various factions, shared the common aim of elevating the race and
Heterogeneity of chondrocyte mitochondria. A study of the Ca2+ concentration and density banding characteristics of normal and rachitic cartilage.

Abstract Previous morphological studies of the mineralizing epiphysis suggested that some mitochondria were concerned with Ca 2+ accumulation while others were associated with cellular energetics and metabolism. To determine if there was mitochondrial heterogeneity in chondrocytes of the epiphyseal growth plate, mitochondria were isolated from four different regions of the plate and subjected to continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. Centrifugation of the organelles in a narrow density sucrose gradient (1.5–2.0 M) in the presence of inhibitors of Ca 2+ transport (ruthenium red and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) revealed that considerable heterogeneity existed. In the least calcified zone 20% of the mitochondria formed a low density band of low Ca 2+ concentration (309 nmol/mg protein). Organelles isolated from more calcified tissue zones showed a concomitant increase in Ca 2+ concentration (up to 5700 nmol/mg protein) as well as an increase in the total percentage of mitochondria sedimenting in 2.0 M sucrose. The banding patterns of mitochondria isolated from rachitic and hypertrophic cartilage were similar. In addition, similarities were also noted in the Ca 2+ concentration and the cytochrome oxidase activities of mitochondria of these tissues. During recovery from the rachitic condition, there was a change in the density centrifugation characteristics of this tissue and a substantial increase was noted in the proportion of mitochondria sedimenting in 2.0 M sucrose. The Ca 2+ concentration of mitochondria of this rapidly calcifying tissue suggested that the critical Ca 2+ concentration necessary for initiation of the calcification mechanism was 4 μmol/mg protein.
Covert contrast in velar fronting: An acoustic and ultrasound study

There is growing evidence that speech sound acquisition is a gradual process, with instrumental measures frequently revealing covert contrast in errors perceived to involve phonemic substitution. Ultrasound imaging has the potential to expand our understanding of covert contrast by showing whether a child uses different tongue shapes while producing sounds that are perceived as neutralised. This study used an ultrasound measure (Dorsum Excursion Index) and acoustic measures (VOT and spectral moments of the burst) to investigate overt and covert contrast between velar and alveolar stops in child speech. Participants were two children who produced a perceptually overt velar-alveolar contrast and two children who neutralised the contrast via velar fronting. Both acoustic and ultrasound measures revealed significant differences between perceptually distinct velar and alveolar targets. One child with velar fronting demonstrated covert contrast in one acoustic and one ultrasound measure; the other showed no evidence of contrast. Clinical implications are discussed in this article.
Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in a Patient With Cold-Induced Urticaria

Acquired cold urticaria is a condition characterized by the onset of pruritic hives, swelling, and occasional severe systemic reactions, during the rewarming phase, after cold exposure. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is a cardiac surgical procedure where organized thrombus is excised from the pulmonary vasculature in order to improve pulmonary blood flow and relieve pressure on the right ventricle. A PTE requires institution of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in order to reduce blood flow from collateral vessels during thrombus excision. We describe a case of PTE performed under DHCA in a patient with ACU.
Data sanitization: improving the forensic utility of anomaly detection systems

Anomaly Detection (AD) sensors have become an invaluable tool for forensic analysis and intrusion detection. Unfortunately, the detection accuracy of all learning-based ADs depends heavily on the quality of the training data, which is often poor, severely degrading their reliability as a protection and forensic analysis tool. In this paper, we propose extending the training phase of an AD to include a sanitization phase that aims to improve the quality of unlabeled training data by making them as "attack-free" and "regular" as possible in the absence of absolute ground truth. Our proposed scheme is agnostic to the underlying AD, boosting its performance based solely on training-data sanitization. Our approach is to generate multiple AD models for content-based AD sensors trained on small slices of the training data. These AD "micro-models" are used to test the training data, producing alerts for each training input. We employ voting techniques to determine which of these training items are likely attacks. Our preliminary results show that sanitization increases 0-day attack detection while maintaining a low false positive rate, increasing confidence to the AD alerts. We perform an initial characterization of the performance of our system when we deploy sanitized versus unsanitized AD systems in combination with expensive host-based attack-detection systems. Finally, we provide some preliminary evidence that our system incurs only an initial modest cost, which can be amortized over time during online operation.
IL-18 Bridges Innate and Adaptive Immunity through IFN-γ and the CD134 Pathway

IL-18 induces inflammation resulting in either enhanced protection from pathogens or exacerbation of autoimmunity, and T cells are profoundly activated during these responses. How IL-18 influences T cell activation is unknown, but this study in mice shows that IL-18 boosted Ag-specific T cell clonal expansion of effector T cells and induced a subpopulation of IFN-γ superproducing T cells. Commitment to IFN-γ production through IL-18 was independent of NK cells and IL-12 but dependent on host-derived IFN-γ. To determine how expansion of these effectors occurred, IL-18 was shown to induce OX40L on dendritic cells, whereas peptide stimulation induced CD134 (OX40) on specific T cells. CD134 blockade inhibited T cell effector expansion thereby reducing the number of IFN-γ superproducers by 12-fold. Thus, independent of IL-12, IL-18 impacts T cell immunity throughout lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissue by bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system through IFN-γ and the CD134 costimulatory pathway.
A low-cost microprocessor-based Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) system

A microcomputer-based DLTS system is presented, in which the microcomputer functions as a signal averager and controller. The system can detect traps deeper than 0.20 eV from the band edges and 103 cm-3 less dense than the intentional dopant concentration. The system was applied to the study of deep traps in liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) grown GaAs and vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) grown GaAs0.75P0.25 light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A deep donor level at Ec -0.70 eV and σn=1.3×10-15 cm2 was found in the latter which agreed with capacitance-transients experiments done by another investigator. The electric-field strength was seen to inversely affect the electron capture cross section of this level. A minority-carrier trap reported at Ev+0.15 eV was observed but its energy level was not resolved due to its broad DLTS spectrum peak. The GaAs LED exhibited emission from a deep acceptor level at Eν+0.81 eV and σp=2.2×10-15 cm2, σn=6.8×10-22, and a deep donor level which could not be resolved.
Quantum simulations of the superfluid-insulator transition for two-dimensional, disordered, hard-core bosons.

We introduce two quantum Monte Carlo algorithms and employ them to study the superfluid-insulator transition in a two-dimensional system of hard-core bosons. One of the algorithms is appropriate for zero temperature and is based upon the Green's function Monte Carlo method; the other is an extension of the finite-temperature world-line cluster method. In each case we find that the dynamical exponent is consistent with the theoretical prediction of $z\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$ by Fisher and co-workers.
Binaural localization: influence of stimulus frequency and the linkage to covert peak areas

The influence of selectively filtering a broadband stimulus on binaural localization was investigated. First, head-related-transfer-functions were obtained by placing a miniature microphone at the entrance of the ear canal and presenting broadband noise bursts from each of 104 loudspeakers arrayed in the listener's left hemifield. The microphone's output was transformed into frequency spectra using a Fast Fourier Transform. The microphone and loudspeaker characteristics were accounted for by repeating the procedure with the microphone suspended in space. The in-ear data were divided by the in-space data thereby providing an account of the pinna's interaction with the incident sound wave. Extracted from these data were the covert peak areas (CPAs) associated with different frequency segments. A CPA was defined as the spatial location of those loudspeakers, which when generating the stimulus, produced a sound pressure level at the ear canal entrance within 1 dB of the maximum level recorded for a particular frequency segment. A series of localization tests was conducted using a bandstop stimulus--one in which differently-centered 2.0-kHz wide frequency segments were filtered from a broadband noise. We predicted that when a given frequency segment was filtered, binaural listeners would less often report a sound as originating from the CPA associated with that segment compared to their performances when the sound was unfiltered. This prediction was substantiated by the data (P < 0.0001). While localization accuracy was decreased for the filtered stimuli, the decrement was significantly greater (p < 0.01) for sounds originating in the CPA. We interpreted the results to mean that monaural spectral cues contribute significantly to the accuracy of binaural localization and that the basis of the contribution is the spatial referents of stimulus frequencies.
A note on the probability distribution of the dissipation rate in locally isotropic turbulence

A nonlinear random differential equation describing the magnitude of vorticity is given for fine vortex tube in locally isotropic turbulence. From this vortex dynamics model, the asymptotic expressions of the probability density function of the dissipation rate in locally isotropic turbulence are obtained. In particular, several physical mechanisms behind turbulence statistics are explored.
Microbiological quality of drinking water in urban communities, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Abstract Bacterial contamination and residual chlorine were investigated over a three month period in four different areas of Rawalpindi city namely Ratta Amral (R1), Satellite town (R2), Westridge (R3), and Tench Road (R4). Treated water from Khanpur and Rawal Lake Filtration Plant is supplied to these communities, which treat surface water with conventional processes (coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation). Eight sampling sites were chosen from each area to give wide geographic coverage and correspondingly, wide range of water residence times. The drinking water quality in the distribution network was evaluated by measurements on water samples taken from the water source, overhead reservoir and residential taps. Parameters include temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), disinfectant residuals, coliforms, and Spread plate count (SPC) as per standard methods. Significant losses were observed in both chlorine and chloramine residuals in R1 ...
Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized in a glutaraldehyde–albumin matrix: Kinetics and cofactor diffusional effects*

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase was immobilized in an albumin matrix crosslinked with 2.5 or 5.0% glutaraldehyde to give 102-1685/mu/m thick membranes. The enzyme half-life was at least doubled at pH 7.5 or 8.8 on immobilization. Values of the kinetic constants for the soluble and immobilized enzyme were determined at 25/degree/C and pH 8.8 over the range of 0.01-1.0M bulk solution concentration of ethanol as substrate and 140-1000/mu/M bulk solution concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/sup +/) as cofactor. The four kinetic constants for the soluble enzyme increased with immobilization of the enzyme. The Michaelis constants for NAD/sup +/ and for ethanol were greater for the immobilized enzyme. The diffusional resistance to NAD/sup +/ transport, presented in terms of the Thiele modulus, showed that the overall rate of reaction was decreased by about 50% even at values of the modulus as low as 2.0. 21 refs.
Eigenstructure assignment with control gains optimization

Eigenstructure assignment using output feedback is reformulated using an auxiliary principle of minimization of control effort. In the general eigenstructure assignment procedure, the feedback gain matrix is uniquely determined for a set of explicitly specified desired eigenvalues and eigenvectors. However, for the controller design proposed in this paper, only the most necessary constraints are imposed on the desired eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and the unspecified model parameters of the closed-loop system are determined by minimizing the control effort. Numerical examples are presented for comparison of the proposed method with standard eigenstructure assignment methods, and an experimental example gives an insight into the feasibility of the proposed control algorithm with application to the vibration control of flexible structures undergoing forced vibration.
Evaluation of Air-Side Economizer Use in a Compute-Intensive Data Center

Moore’s Law continues to drive increased compute capability and greater performance per watt in today’s and future server platforms. However the increased demand for compute services has outstripped these gains and the energy consumption in the data center continues to rise. The challenge for the data center operator is to limit the operational costs and reduce the energy required to run the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) equipment and the supporting infrastructure. The cooling systems can represent a large portion of the energy use in the support infrastructure. There is significant focus in industry today on applying advanced cooling technologies to reduce this energy. One potential solution is the use of air-side economizers in the cooling system. This technology can provide a reduction in cooling energy by being able to maintain the required temperatures in the data center with the mechanical refrigeration turned off, significantly reducing the PUE for the data center. This paper reviews recent industry activities around the recommended environmental conditions in the data center, the impact to the ICT equipment of air-side economizers, where they can best be applied, and provides data from a case study recently concluded at Intel’s site in New Mexico. In that case study servers from an engineering compute data center were split into a standard configuration (closed system, tight temperature control) and a very aggressive air-side economization section (open system, significant out-door air quantities, moderate temperature control). Both sections performed equally well over a year long on-line test, with significant energy savings potential demonstrated by economizer side. The American Society of Air-conditioning Heating and Refrigerating Engineers (ASHRAE) has recently published new ICT-vendor consensus-based recommendations for the environmental conditions in data centers. These new limits are discussed in light of the successful experiment run in New Mexico as the revised operational envelop allows a far greater number of hours per year when a data center can be run in “free-cooling” mode to obtain the energy savings. Server design features as well as lessons learned from the experiment and their applicability to the potential use of air-side economizers is also discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
NRH:quinone oxidoreductase2 (NQO2)

The quinone oxidoreductases [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1) and NRH:quinone oxidoreductase2 (NQO2)] are flavoproteins. NQO1 is known to catalyse metabolic detoxification of quinones and protect cells from redox cycling, oxidative stress and neoplasia. NQO2 is a 231 amino acid protein (25956 mw) that is 43 amino acids shorter than NQO1 at its carboxy-terminus. The human NQO2 cDNA and protein are 54 and 49% similar to the human liver cytosolic NQO1 cDNA and protein. Recent studies have revealed that NQO2 differs from NQO1 in its cofactor requirement. NQO2 uses dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) rather than NAD(P)H as an electron donor. Another difference between NQO1 and NQO2 is that NQO2 is resistant to typical inhibitors of NQO1, such as dicoumarol, Cibacron blue and phenindone. Flavones, including quercetin and benzo(a)pyrene, are known inhibitors of NQO2. Even though overlapping substrate specificities have been observed for NQO1 and NQO2, significant differences exist in relative affinities for the various substrates. Analysis of the crystal structure of NQO2 revealed that NQO2 contains a specific metal binding site, which is not present in NQO1. The human NQO2 gene has been precisely localized to chromosome 6p25. The human NQO2 gene locus is highly polymorphic. The NQO2 gene is ubiquitously expressed and induced in response to TCDD. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the NQO2 gene promoter revealed the presence of several cis-elements, including SP1 binding sites, CCAAT box, xenobiotic response element (XRE) and an antioxidant response element (ARE). The complement of these elements regulates tissue specific expression and induction of the NQO2 gene in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. The in vivo role of NQO2 and its role in quinone detoxification remains unknown.
Immune responses to commensal and environmental microbes

The mammalian immune system discriminates among microbes, inactivating pathogens while tolerating colonization by commensal organisms. Calibrating immune responses to microbes on this basis, however, is complex, as microbial virulence is often context dependent, being influenced by the host's immune status and the microbial milieu. Many microbial pathogens infecting immunocompromised hosts, for example, are innocuous in immune-competent individuals, and other microbes cause disease only when the commensal flora is compromised by antibiotic therapy. Recent studies have begun to reveal how the immune system tips the balance in favor of some microbes, allowing commensals to persist on mucosal surfaces while eliminating disease-causing pathogens.
From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction.

Mechanical loads are vital regulators of skeletal mass and architecture as evidenced by the increase in bone formation following the addition of exogenous loads and loss of bone mass following their removal. While our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which bone cells perceive changes in their mechanical environment has increased rapidly in recent years, much remains to be learned. Here, we outline the effects of interstitial fluid flow, a potent biophysical signal induced by the deformation of skeletal tissue in response to applied loads, on bone cell behavior. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which bone cells are hypothesized to perceive interstitial fluid flow, the cell signaling cascades activated by fluid flow, and the use of this signal in tissue engineering protocols. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:143–149, 2009
Improved expressions for modeling diffusive, fractional cumulative leaching from finite-size waste forms

Abstract The classical expressions for modeling diffusive, fractional cumulative leach data from finite-size waste forms are in the form of open series of slow convergence and difficult error control. Alternatively, closed form expressions are obtained which are entirely analytical. Simple analytical formulae for the error associated with the proposed expressions are also provided. The new expressions for reporting fractional cumulative leaching versus time are easy to implement numerically and are shown to be adequate for the modeling of typical laboratory leach data from cementitious waste forms.