cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHEMOPREVENTION: MOUSE COLON AND LUNG TUMOR BIOASSAY AND MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER

Lung and colon tumors were induced in A/J, C3H, and A/J X C3H (AC3) mice by administering 16 mg/kg vinyl carbamate followed by 6 weekly doses of 12 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM). Beginning 1 week after carcinogen treatment, the mice received chemopreventive agents, dexamethasone or piroxicam, at 0.1 and 75 mg/kg in the diet, respectively. Both AOM and vinyl carbamate induces lung tumors, but only AOM induced colon tumors. The strain sensitivity for both colon and lung tumors was A/J > AC3 > C3H mice. Dexamethasone and piroxicam reduced the multiplicity of colon and lung tumors in A/J and AC3 mice, demonstrating the advantage of a combined colon and lung bioassay. The ability of budesonide, a drug that prevents mouse lung tumors, to modulate DNA methylation in vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors was also determined. Budesonide administered for only 7 days prior to sacrifice caused a dose-dependent (0.6 to 2.4 mg/kg diet) reversal in tumors of DNA hypomethylation and hypomethylation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene in the differentially methylated region (DMR) 2 region of exons 4 to 5. Longer treatment with budesonide reversed hypomethylation when administered up to the time of sacrifice. These results indicate that reversal of the hypomethylation of DNA and of specific genes in lung tumors may be applicable as a surrogate end-point biomarker for chemoprevention.
Promoting healthy sexuality: guidelines for infancy through preschool.

Family is the most important first source of learning about sexuality issues. Parental attitudes and behaviors begin to shape feelings about "maleness" and "femaleness"; thus parents are the focus of teaching healthy sexuality to infants and children. The purpose of this article is to provide the clinician with practical information to promote healthy sexuality in children from infancy through preschool ages. A set of guidelines is presented for the infant, toddler, and preschooler that covers the assessment, rationale, and plan for the clinician. A parental patient education sheet is also presented for each of the age groups (i.e., the infant, toddler, and preschooler). The parental guidelines offer important information for the parent in how to best deal with sexuality issues during each main developmental task. Additionally, a sexuality-values scale is provided. This scale can be used to provide the clinician with information regarding the parents' sexuality knowledge, values, and beliefs (as influenced by their social circumstances, culture, and religion).
Lipoma of the parotid gland

This case report describes a lipoma that appeared as a parotid gland tumor. The lipoma is an asymptomatic, slow-growing, nontender mass. This lesion is rare at this site and exhibits no unique clinical features. There is no reliable method of establishing a preoperative diagnosis; therefore, the lesion should be included as a rare possibility in the differential diagnosis of tumors involving the parotid gland. The treatment of choice is surgical excision, and recurrence is rare.
Relationship of growth mode to surface morphology and dark current in InAlAs/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes grown by MBE on InP

Abstract We present the relationship between surface roughness and dark current measured for avalanche photodiodes with InGaAs absorbers and thin InAlAs multiplication layers fabricated from material grown lattice-matched to InP by molecular beam epitaxy. In particular, the leakage current at unity gain measured for sets of 125 μm diameter devices was found to have an exponential dependence upon the peak-to-peak surface roughness of the material, and was characterized by an order of magnitude increase for every 15 nm of roughness. We also present the results of an atomic force microscope study of surface morphology and growth conditions, interpreting the results in the context of diffusional versus convective growth modes. The best material was obtained at a substrate temperature of 500°C and an arsenic beam pressure of 8×10 −6 Torr; the smooth growth window was bounded on the high-arsenic/low-temperature side by roughness resulting from low adatom surface mobility, and on the low-arsenic/high-temperature side by nonstoichiometric arsenic deficient growth.
Personality disorders in patients with panic disorder: Association with childhood anxiety disorders, early trauma, comorbidity, and chronicity

The rates of comorbid personality disorders in patients with panic disorder are reported to be elevated, have an adverse impact on the response to treatment, and increase the likelihood of relapse on treatment discontinuation. We examined the rates of personality disorders in panic disorder patients in a longitudinal, naturalistic study of panic disorder. Of 100 panic disorder patients studied, 42 met criteria for at least one personality disorder as determined by the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R). The presence of a personality disorder as determined by the PDQ-R was associated with a past history of childhood anxiety disorders, comorbidity with other anxiety disorders and depression, and a chronic, unremitting course of panic disorder in adulthood. The presence of a personality disorder in these patients was not significantly associated with a history of physical or sexual abuse in childhood. Our findings support the notion that an anxiety diathesis, demonstrated by significant difficulties with anxiety in childhood, influences the development of apparent personality dysfunction in panic patients. In other cases, personality pathology may reflect the presence of comorbid anxiety disorders or depression. The association of personality disorder in panic patients with a more unremitting course of illness underscores the importance of axis II pathology in understanding the longitudinal course of panic disorder.
Insulin Inhibits Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells With Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Abstract —Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration participates in atherosclerosis and arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Because these processes are enhanced in insulin-resistant states, our goal was to determine whether insulin affects VSMC migration and, if so, how. The migration of primary cultured VSMCs from canine femoral artery was measured with the use of a wound migration assay and related to cGMP levels. Insulin (1 nmol/L) did not affect migration or cGMP production in control cells. When inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was induced by 24-hour preincubation with lipopolysaccharide and interleuken-1β, basal migration decreased, cGMP production increased, and insulin inhibited migration by >90% and stimulated cGMP production by 3-fold. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N G-monomethyl-l-arginine blocked the affect of insulin on the migration of VSMCs with iNOS. 8-Bromo-cGMP inhibited VSMC migration in control cells, and 1- H -1[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3 a ]quinoxolin-1-one, a selective inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, blocked the inhibition by insulin of migration of cells with iNOS. We conclude that insulin does not normally affect cGMP production or the migration of these VSMCs. However, after the induction of iNOS, insulin stimulates cGMP production and inhibits migration via an NOS-and a cGMP-dependent mechanism.
Development of NeuronBank: A Federation of Customizable Knowledge Bases of Neuronal Circuitry

Knowledge of neuronal circuitry is foundational to the neurosciences, but no tools have been developed for cataloguing this knowledge. Part of the problem is that the concepts used to describe neural circuits are rapidly evolving and vary substantially across different species. The NeuronBank project (http://neuronbank.org) is developing an informatics infrastructure for managing the dynamic, domain-specific knowledge of neural circuitry, providing a reference source, an outlet for publishing new knowledge, and a useful research tool. Our solution is a federation of customizable knowledge bases, each adaptable to store knowledge of the neural circuitry of a single species. The federation is united by a common set of web services and a central portal that provides core functionality across various knowledge bases. This service-oriented architecture provides domain-specific representations of specialized scientific knowledge while maintaining interoperability across a broad discipline.
Social Work Advocacy in the Post-TANF Environment: Lessons from Early TANF Research Studies

This study examined early research findings concerning the well-being of people who leave Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs and then applies these findings in the development of TANF-related advocacy strategies. Based on secondary data analysis of TANF leaver studies from 12 states with large TANF caseloads, the authors focus on the employment and earnings experiences of leavers; TANF recidivism and its relationship to job stability; and the use of support services. State studies typically have found employment levels among leavers in the 55 percent to 65 percent range, but average earnings fall below the poverty level. Although those who remain employed can expect earnings growth, job instability is a significant problem and contributes to TANF recidivism rates of 21 percent to 35 percent within the first year. Available support services such as Medicaid, food stamps, and child care subsidies are underused, often because leavers do not understand that they are eligible. Recommended advocacy strategies include policy interventions to improve the economic well-being of low-income working people, as well as administrative and direct practice strategies to improve the implementation of existing policies. The authors argue that attention to such advocacy efforts is both critical and opportune for social work, given the profession's historical mission, impending federal TANF reauthorization, and unspent TANF allocations.
On uniqueness in the inverse conductivity problem

We derive a uniqueness proof of inclusions of different {analytic} conductivities in the equation div{a grad u} = 0 in Ω under the minimal assumptions: (i) the boundaries of inclusions are only Lipschitz and (ii) we have no topological assumptions. For any Dirichlet data g, we are given the Neumann data h; in other words, results of all possible boundary measurements are known. For this purpose, we use and modify the construction of singular solution of elliptic equations due to Alessandrini [1].
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Elders: Expressed Needs and Concerns Across Focus Groups

Abstract Although the Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual (GLB) senior population is growing, there has been little attention given to identifying and understanding the needs and concerns of this growing population. This paper will present results from a series of focus groups and in-depth interviews with GLB elders from three select areas in the Midwest. Content analysis of the expressed beliefs, attitudes, and opinions from participants revealed that there were seven major areas of importance for GLB elders (physical health, legal rights, housing, spirituality, family, mental health, and social networks). The needs, concerns, range of issues, common issues, opinions, and attitudes expressed across the three focus groups are discussed and recommendations are provided.
Early Iron Deficiency Has Brain and Behavior Effects Consistent with Dopaminergic Dysfunction

To honor the late John Beard's many contributions regarding iron and dopamine biology, this review focuses on recent human studies that test specific hypotheses about effects of early iron deficiency on dopamine system functioning. Short- and long-term alterations associated with iron deficiency in infancy can be related to major dopamine pathways (mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, tuberohypophyseal). Children and young adults who had iron deficiency anemia in infancy show poorer inhibitory control and executive functioning as assessed by neurocognitive tasks where pharmacologic and neuroimaging studies implicate frontal-striatal circuits and the mesocortical dopamine pathway. Alterations in the mesolimbic pathway, where dopamine plays a major role in behavioral activation and inhibition, positive affect, and inherent reward, may help explain altered social-emotional behavior in iron-deficient infants, specifically wariness and hesitance, lack of positive affect, diminished social engagement, etc. Poorer motor sequencing and bimanual coordination and lower spontaneous eye blink rate in iron-deficient anemic infants are consistent with impaired function in the nigrostriatal pathway. Short- and long-term changes in serum prolactin point to dopamine dysfunction in the tuberohypophyseal pathway. These hypothesis-driven findings support the adverse effects of early iron deficiency on dopamine biology. Iron deficiency also has other effects, specifically on other neurotransmitters, myelination, dendritogenesis, neurometabolism in hippocampus and striatum, gene and protein profiles, and associated behaviors. The persistence of poorer cognitive, motor, affective, and sensory system functioning highlights the need to prevent iron deficiency in infancy and to find interventions that lessen the long-term effects of this widespread nutrient disorder.
A stress‐based least‐squares finite‐element model for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

In this paper we present a stress-based least-squares finite-element formulation for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations governing flows of viscous incompressible fluids. Stress components are introduced as independent variables to make the system first order. Continuity equation becomes an algebraic equation and is eliminated from the system with suitable modifications. The h and p convergence are verified using the exact solution of Kovasznay flow. Steady flow past a large circular cylinder in a channel is solved to test mass conservation. Transient flow over a backward-facing step problem is solved on several meshes. Results are compared with that obtained using vorticity-based first-order formulation for both benchmark problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zooplankton grazing of Gloeotrichia echinulata and associated life history consequences

Interactions between cyanobacteria and zooplankton influence both the production of upper trophic level biomass and the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes. Gloeotrichia echinulata, a large colonial diazotrophic cyanobacterium, is causing nuisance blooms in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes in northern New England (USA). We sought to determine whether crustacean zooplankton are capable of grazing G. echinulata, and if so, which species could be responsible for the observed grazing and what the life history consequences of G. echinulata consumption might be. In three in situ mesocosm experiments, there was a positive relationship between crustacean zooplankton density and the number of damaged G. echinulata colonies. In laboratory incubations, Daphnia pulex, Holopedium gibberum, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula and Bosmina longirostris increased the proportion of damaged G. echinulata colonies; C. quadrangula damaged the greatest proportion of colonies. Additionally, survivorship of Daphnia pulex feeding exclusively on G. echinulata was higher than that of D. pulex fed no food, but lower than that of D. pulex fed nutrient-rich Cryptomonas erosa; however, only one D. pulex fed G. echinulata reproduced. Our studies therefore demonstrate that G. echinulata is damaged by exposure to crustacean zooplankton; we believe this damage may be evidence of active grazing because G. echinulata can be used as a supplemental food source, at least by D. pulex. Further study is required to determine the full life history consequences and food web implications of G. echinulata consumption by zooplankton.
The mechanism of action for the block of NMDA receptor channels by the opioid peptide dynorphin

Dynorphin is one of the endogenous opioids that modulates the excitability of nociceptive (pain-sensing) neurons. We have shown recently that dynorphin blocks NMDA-activated currents directly without the participation of kappa-opioid receptors. In order to understand the mechanism underlying this novel action of dynorphin, we examined, in detail, the interactions between dynorphin and NMDA receptors in isolated trigeminal neurons. Dynorphin reversibly blocks NMDA-activated current (INMDA). The onset and recovery of the block were determined with concentration jump experiments. The association rate (k+) of dynorphin(1-17) is 4.9 x 10(6) sec-1 M-1 and the dissociation rate (k-) is 7.5 sec-1. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) of dynorphin, calculated from these rate constants, is 1.6 microM. Dynorphin does not change the EC50 of NMDA, nor the potentiating action of glycine. The binding site for dynorphin is distinct from that of Zn2+ or H+. Upon treatment with the disulfide reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), NMDA receptors become less susceptible to dynorphin block. The affinity of dynorphin for the modified NMDA receptors is reduced by 2.7-fold. In analyses of single NMDA channels in cell-free patches, we found that dynorphin shortens the mean open time, decreases the probability of opening of NMDA channels, but has no effect on the single channel conductance. These results suggest that dynorphin interacts with a site conformationally linked with the redox site(s) on the NMDA receptor, thus altering the gating properties of the channel.
Changes in some health status characteristics of American Samoan men: Preliminary observations from a 12-year follow-up study.

One of the concomitants of the rapid socioeconomic and medical changes which occurred in American Samoa beginning with World War II has been an increase in chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As part of the Samoan Studies Project, a 1976 survey focusing on obesity and blood pressure was conducted in American Samoa. A total of 624 men age 18 or greater were seen at that time. In 1989 we conducted a follow-up examination of 31 of these men, reassessing blood pressure, and also examining blood glucose and previously diagnosed health problems, focusing on chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke, cancer, and diabetes. In a prospective analysis of mortality, Crews (Hum. Biol. 60:417-433, 1988) found that 111 American Samoan men who had blood pressures measured in a public health department survey in 1975 and subsequently died between 1975 and 1981, had higher average systolic and diastolic blood pressures than the 2,588 survivors (140/88 vs. 129/84). Using these data, the 1989 sample was stratified according to the 1976 blood pressure measurement of the men and a sample of 14 normotensive men (1976 blood pressure <140/90) and 17 hypertensives (1976 blood pressure ≥140/90) was selected. The average age, weight, and number of cigarettes smoked per day was not significantly different for these two groups at the 12-year follow-up. However, several indicators of health status did differ. The hypertensive group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P ≤ 0.001). Additionally, the hypertensive group had higher random blood glucose values (P ≤ 0.005) and were significantly more likely to be hypertensive and/or have impaired glucose tolerance (P ≤ 0.001). Change in weight was predictive of change in blood pressure, but not of absolute value of blood pressure. This paper notes the importance of elevated blood pressure as a predictor of future chronic disease risk for Samoan men. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Search for CP Violation in Hyperon Decays with the Hypercp Spectrometer at Fermilab

We report on a new result from the Fermilab HyperCP experiment, which is searching for CP violation by comparing the proton and antiproton angular distributions in Ξ- → Λπ- → pπ-π- and decays. This result represents a greatly increased sensitivity over previous measurements.
Electromagnetic fields for a spheroidal particle with an arbitrary embedded source

A spheroidal coordinate separation-of-variables solution has been developed for the determination of the internal, near-surface, and scattered fields of a spheroid (either prolate or oblate) with an embedded source of arbitrary type, location, and orientation. Presented results for (1, 0) and (1, 1) electric multipoles embedded in 2:1 axis ratio prolate and oblate spheroids (equal volume sphere size parameter equal to 20) illustrate that the presence of the spheroid interface can have a profound effect on the corresponding far-field scattering pattern. The calculation procedure could be used, for example, to model the emission of inelastic scattered light (Raman, fluorescence, etc.) from biological particles of appreciably elongated (prolatelike) or appreciably flattened (oblatelike) geometries.
Automatic cutter selection for 5-axis sculptured surface machining

In 5-axis machining, simultaneous change of tool orientation during machining affects the effective cutter shape, thus making the cutter selection difficult. In this paper, a maximum effective cutting radius approach is proposed to solve the cutter selection problem for multi-axis machining. The effective cutting radius of a tool is represented by a function of its physical tool size and the tool orientation angles, the incline angle λand the tilt angle ω. Optimal cutter selection is determined by geometric evaluation through the maximum effective cutting radius approach. A boundary-based approach for roughing cutter selection is also briefly discussed. The proposed methodology can be used to select cutters for the 3-, 4-, and 5-axis sculptured surface machining.
Local error estimation for dimensionally reduced models of elliptic boundary value problems

In this paper, we present an approach to the local estimation of errors in dimensionally reduced models of elliptic boundary value problems posed on thin domains. In this approach, errors are measured in quantities of interest whose computation is typically the goal of the analysis. Explicit bounds and estimates are derived for errors in quantities characterized by continuous linear functionals. A representative numerical example showing the accuracy of the bounds and estimates is also presented.
Genetic Basis of Dinitroaniline Herbicide Resistance in a Highly Resistant Biotype of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)

The inheritance of dinitroaniline herbicide resistance was investigated based on the dinitroaniline response phenotype of F1 plants and segregation analysis in and F2 progenies. Reciprocal crosses were made between two susceptible (S) biotypes and two resistant (R) biotypes. Seven F1 hybrids were identified by isoenzyme analysis, and F2 and F3 populations were derived from these F1 plants by selfing. The dinitroaniline response phenotype of F1 plants and F2 and F3 seedlings was determined using a root growth bioassay. F1 plants were phenotypically susceptible (i.e., identical to their S parental plants), indicating that resistance is recessive to susceptibility. Nonparental phenotypes were not observed, and data from reciprocal crosses gave no indication of maternal or paternal inheritance. F2 seedlings were classified as either S or R phenotype. The observed segregation ratio of S to R seedlings fit only a 3:1 (S:R) ratio. Segregation data indicated the dinitroaniline herbicide-response phenotype is inherited as a single nuclear gene, and it identified two alleles (i.e., Drps and Drpr) at this single locus. The 3:1 segregation ratio was confirmed by analysis of F3 progenies. Taken together, results from F1, F2 and F3 plants were consistent with dinitroaniline herbicide resistance being inherited as a single, recessive nuclear gene.
NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Induced by Engineered Nanomaterials

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) continue to attract significant attention because they have novel physicochemical properties that can improve the functions of products that will benefit human lives. However, the physicochemical properties that make ENMs attractive could interact with biological systems and induce cascades of events that cause toxicological effects. Recently, there have been more studies suggesting inflammasome activation may play an important role in ENM-induced biological responses. Inflammasomes are a family of multiprotein complexes that are increasingly recognized as major mediators of the host immune system. Among these, NLRP3 inflammasome is the most studied that could directly interact with ENMs to generate inflammatory responses. In this review, the ENM physicochemical properties are linked to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. An understanding of the mechanisms of ENM-NLRP3 inflammasome interactions will provide us with strategies for safer nanomaterial design and therapy.
The Pacification of Institutional Investors

A large-scale survey of U.S. top executives and fund managers is used to examine how executives may use interpersonal influence behavior to prevent powerful institutional investors from using their coercive power to force changes in corporate governance and strategy. We theorize that high levels of institutional ownership may prompt CEOs to engage in interpersonal influence behavior in the form of ingratiation and persuasion directed at institutional fund managers, which deters them from using their ownership power to coerce changes that could benefit shareholders at the expense of top management. The results support our theory, indicating that CEOs' ingratiation and persuasion tactics toward institutional fund managers reduce the effect of institutional ownership on specific changes in board structure and composition, CEO compensation, and corporate strategy that are believed to compromise management's interests. Our theory and findings suggest the importance of considering how interpersonal influence pr...
In Vitro Activity and β-Lactamase Stability of Cefazaflur Compared with Those of β-Lactamase-Stable Cephalosporins

The in vitro activity of cefazaflur, a parenteral cephalosporin, was determined against 590 clinical isolates. Cefazaflur inhibited the majority of gram-positive cocci at concentrations below 1 mug/ml except for enterococci. The agent was as active as cefamandole or cefoxitin against most Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Although it inhibited a number of strains of Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, and Serratia resistant to cephalothin, it was much less active against these organisms than were cefamandole or cefoxitin.
A theory of global concurrency control in multidatabase systems

This article presents a theoretical basis for global concurrency control to maintain global serializability in multidatabase systems. Three correctness criteria are formulated that utilize the intrinsic characteristics of global transactions to determine the serialization order of global subtransactions at each local site. In particular, two new types of serializability, chain-conflicting serializability and sharing serializability, are proposed and hybrid serializability, which combines these two basic criteria, is discussed. These criteria offer the advantage of imposing no restrictions on local sites other than local serializability while retaining global serializability. The graph testing techniques of the three criteria are provided as guidance for global transaction scheduling. In addition, an optimal property of global transactions for determinating the serialization order of global subtransactions at local sites is formulated. This property defines the upper limit on global serializability in multidatabase systems.
Lightning on Jupiter: Rate, Energetics, and Effects

Voyager data on the optical and radio-frequency detection of lightning discharges in the atmosphere of Jupiter suggest a stroke rate significantly lower than on the earth. The efficiency of conversion of atmospheric convective energy flux into lightning is almost certainly less than on the earth, probably near 10 to the -7th rather than the terrestrial value of 10 to the -4th. At this level the rate of production of complex organic molecules by lightning and by thunder shock waves is negligible compared to the rates of known photochemical processes for forming colored inorganic solids.
Comparative Raman, infrared and optical spectroscopic studies of thin films of an axially substituted phthalocyanine compound

A series of thin films of an axially substituted silicon phthalocyanine, PcSi(OsiCH3C6H5OH)2, were made by spin coating and vacuum evaporation techniques. Electronics spectra of these films exhibit a bathochromic shift of the Q band compared with that of a chloroform solution. This bathochromic shift is ascribed to the formation of aggregates in films as seen by the scanning electron micrographs of them. Neither electronic nor vibrational spectra provide evidence for the formation of cofacial dimers which are usually found in evaporated films of axially substituted silicon phthalocyanines. The evaporated films that are redissolved in chloroform exhibit the same electronic and proton NMR spectra as the fresh solutions. The Raman and infrared spectra suggest that both evaporated and spin-coated films possess similar molecular structures.
Fatal pneumocystis carinii in an adolescent with systemic lupus erythematosus

We report the case of a 16-year-old female who developed pulmonary infection due to Pneumocystis carinii within 3 months of the clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Steroid therapy doses never exceeded Prednisone 40 mg/day, and no cytotoxic drugs were used. The case presents several unique aspects of importance to clinicians caring for adolescents with SLE.
Quantum Optical Signature of Plasmonically Coupled Nanocrystal Quantum Dots

Small clusters of two to three silica-coated nanocrystals coupled to plasmonic gap-bar antennas can exhibit photon antibunching, a characteristic of single quantum emitters. Through a detailed analysis of their photoluminescence emissions characteristics, it is shown that the observed photon antibunching is the evidence of coupled quantum dot formation resulting from the plasmonic enhancement of dipole-dipole interaction.
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS IN DEMENTIA

This article describes the pathophysiology of dementia and differentiates between cognitive and noncognitive symptoms that characterize this devastating illness. Relationships between brain anatomic and neurochemical systems and behavioral symptoms of dementia are discussed. An overview of the etiologies and neuro-pathologies of dementia are presented as they relate to impairments in memory and intellectual abilities, personality changes, and behavioral symptoms. Recent genetic and molecular discoveries that have advanced our understanding of this complex spectrum of disorders and their treatment(s) are also highlighted.
Strategy Guideline: Partnering for High Performance Homes

High performance houses require a high degree of coordination and have significant interdependencies between various systems in order to perform properly, meet customer expectations, and minimize risks for the builder. Responsibility for the key performance attributes is shared across the project team and can be well coordinated through advanced partnering strategies. For high performance homes, traditional partnerships need to be matured to the next level and be expanded to all members of the project team including trades, suppliers, manufacturers, HERS raters, designers, architects, and building officials as appropriate. In an environment where the builder is the only source of communication between trades and consultants and where relationships are, in general, adversarial as opposed to cooperative, the chances of any one building system to fail are greater. Furthermore, it is much harder for the builder to identify and capitalize on synergistic opportunities. Partnering can help bridge the cross-functional aspects of the systems approach and achieve performance-based criteria. Critical success factors for partnering include support from top management, mutual trust, effective and open communication, effective coordination around common goals, team building, appropriate use of an outside facilitator, a partnering charter progress toward common goals, an effective problem-solving process, long-term commitment, continuous improvement,more » and a positive experience for all involved.« less
Innovative Approaches To The Management of Acute Arterial Hypertension - Clevidipine Butyrate

Acute arterial hypertension is one of the major concerns in many clinical settings including but not limited to operating room, intensive care and emergency care units. Perioperative hypertension is one of the major reasons for cancellation of elective surgeries, and also increases the perioperative morbidity. We would like to discuss pathophysiology, evaluation of the patients with acute hypertension, management of these patients and future considerations of the current intravenous antihypertensive medications.
Dogs of War: Fighting Back

This article argues that public administration should focus on fighting back against the American business model, which currently limits the world of the public sector and public administration. It offers five claims intended to help public administration develop a fighting counter-strategy derived from the attack plans of American business model advocates: (1) that the American business model is more than a mere model—it includes institutional, programmatic, and money investment in an attack strategy against the public sector; (2) that public administration should attack the myths underlying the American business model, using hermeneutics and deconstruction; (3) that it should counter-attack American business model’s rhetoric; (4) that it should contribute to economic literature, a foundational support of the American business model; and (5) that it should appropriately revise its academic program requirements for practitioners and others.
The impact of instructor initiative on student learning: a tutoring study

In the quest to find instructional approaches that benefit student learning, engagement, and retention, evidence suggests providing students with hands-on practice is a worthwhile use of class time. This paper presents results from an exploratory study of two different instructional approaches that were encountered in a study of experienced human tutors working with novice computing students engaged in a programming exercise. No difference in average learning gains was found between a moderate approach, in which students were given control of problem solving nearly half the time, and a proactive approach in which the tutor took initiative nearly three-fourths of the time. Implications of this finding for fine-grained instructional strategy, as well as for broader classroom management decisions, are discussed. This paper also makes the case for the value of one-on-one tutoring studies as an exploratory research methodology for the comparative evaluation of computer science teaching strategies.
Do Chair Independence and Succession Planning Influence CEO Turnover

There is widespread concern that corporate boards do not sufficiently punish chief executive officers (CEOs) for poor performance. Board effectiveness in ousting CEOs may be affected by chief executives who also chair the board or influence the succession planning process. This article explores how chair independence and succession planning influence CEO turnover. I address endogeneity issues using a trinomial probit regression system of CEO turnover that models chair independence and succession planning endogenously. I find that succession planning has a larger positive effect on CEO turnover than suggested by previous research. I also find that chair independence actually reduces the probability of succession planning because it creates a friction with the common relay succession model. There is a negative overall effect of chair independence on CEO turnover.
Theoretical equilibrium moduli and swelling extents for elastomers crosslinked in solution

Abstract Equilibrium elongation moduli and swelling properties have been calculated for amorphous polymer networks prepared in a diluted reference state of polymer volume fraction υ2C. The three molecular elasticity theories employed are based on (i) an idealized affine deformation model (in which the constraints on junction fluctuations are infinite), (ii) an idealized phantom chain model (in which the constraints are absent), and (iii) the more realistic Flory-Erman theory (in which the constraints vary with crosslinking conditions, degree of swelling, and extent of elongation). A discussion of the dependence of the constraint parameter κ on υ2C is given, and is applied to the calculation of stress-strain isotherms in elongation specifically for cis-polyisoprene cured with dicumyl peroxide. The experimental dependence of κ on υ2C investigated by Erman and Mark was found to be similar to the dependence of the plateau modulus on dilution, and this is consistent with the constrained contour model proposed ...
Low-Loss Air-Isolated Through-Silicon Vias for Silicon Interposers

An air-isolated through-silicon via (TSV) technique is proposed to reduce radio-frequency (RF) losses in silicon interposers. A testbed containing air-isolated and conventional TSVs is fabricated and characterized from 10 MHz to 20 GHz with an L-2L de-embedding technique. The proposed air-isolated TSV technique yields 46.7% lower insertion loss compared to conventional TSVs at 20 GHz from 3-D full-wave simulations and measurements. Moreover, the impact of the air-isolation region width between TSVs on capacitance and conductance is quantified.
Relationship between outbreaks of saddled prominent, Heterocampa guttivitta (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), and drought

A prediction of forest insect defoliator climatic release hypotheses is that there will be a consistent association between outbreaks and weather favorable to fitness. However, such predictions are difficult to test. Simplifying assumptions regarding population processes, definition and delineation of outbreaks, and the nature of climatic variation are usually required. To determine if there was a relationship between saddled prominent, Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker), outbreaks and moisture condition, we grouped infestations into outbreaks based on correlation of drought between climatic regions and overall spatial and temporal pattern of infestations. We then developed parametric tests using these outbreaks as independent observations. No consistent relationship between drought as indicated by the Palmer hydrological drought severity index and outbreaks was found. Implications of our procedure are discussed in terms of other studies involving climatic release hypotheses.
Angular Dependent Critical Fields in NbTi-Ge Superlattices in the Weakly Localized Regime

The angular dependence of the upper critical fields, H c (θ) for a set of NbTi-Ge superlattices were studied at various temperatures. The behavior of H c (θ) at lower temperatures deviates from the Tinkham expression which is expected to be valid only in the Ginzberg-Landau regime close to T c . We examine a model for calculating H c (θ) involving the lowest eigenvalue of the gauge invariant diffusion equation (subject to boundary conditions appropriate to a slab) in the de Gennes expression for the upper critical field of a dirty superconductor at all temperatures. The disorder related localization and interaction effects as well, as the paramagnetic limiting effect, are also considered.
Opening lines: scholarly inquiry and learning outcomes in communication

It was a dark and stormy night … Wait … . why does it always have to start with a dark and stormy night?We were around the campfire playing the “build a story” game; you know, the one where one per...
Reversing the Stop Signs to Proactive Nursing Care in DNR Patients

Research has supported that patients with a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) code status receive less aggressive treatment and have higher mortality rates compared to those without DNR orders, after adjusting for confounding factors (Cohn, Fritz, Frankau, Laroche, & Fuld, 2012). Health care providers erroneously understand DNR status to imply that a patient is dying and should not undergo other life-saving interventions (Hewitt & Marco, 2004). Surveyed critical care nurses revealed that they believed that interventions such as complete history and physicals, checking vital signs, monitoring neuro status, and ICU admission should not be performed as regular interventions on patients with a DNR status (Sherman & Branum, 1995). The purpose of this paper was to explore the factors that contribute to less aggressive nursing care in DNR patients that are not actively dying from a terminal illness. This study employed a qualitative approach using semistructured interviews. The sample consisted of five critical care registered nurses. Three common themes were revealed: the definition of DNR code status; interpersonal relationships between nurse/patient; and personal views and feelings directing nursing care. Recommendations and implications for practice are discussed.
Finding the forge: Geographic visualization in archaeology

Geographic Visualization (GVis) techniques are discussed as applied to a study of intra-site patterning at the Reed Gold Mine Blacksmith Shop near Georgeville, North Carolina. One of the questions under investigation by the sponsoring agencies (North Carolina Historic Sites in conjunction with the Gold History Corporation) pertained to the location of the forge. After excavations, no direct evidence of a forge, such as a masonry foundation or an oak anvil base, was discovered. When viewed spatially however, there are ample marker artifact data pointing to a forge area. These artifacts were mapped and analyzed using Geographic Visualization techniques. By using this technology to ask questions about the artifact patterning, a strong indication as to the location of the forge was discovered.
Analysis of Gene Expression in an Inbred Line of Soft-Shell Clams (Mya arenaria) Displaying Growth Heterosis: Regulation of Structural Genes and the NOD2 Pathway.

Mya arenaria is a bivalve mollusk of commercial and economic importance, currently impacted by ocean warming, acidification, and invasive species. In order to inform studies on the growth of M. arenaria, we selected and inbred a population of soft-shell clams for a fast-growth phenotype. This population displayed significantly faster growth ( ), as measured by 35.4% greater shell size. To assess the biological basis of this growth heterosis, we characterized the complete transcriptomes of six individuals and identified differentially expressed genes by RNAseq. Pathways differentially expressed included structural gene pathways. Also differentially expressed was the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor pathway that contributes to determination of growth, immunity, apoptosis, and proliferation. NOD2 pathway members that were upregulated included a subset of isoforms of RIPK2 (mean 3.3-fold increase in expression), ERK/MAPK14 (3.8-fold), JNK/MAPK8 (4.1-fold), and NFκB (4.08-fold). These transcriptomes will be useful resources for both the aquaculture community and researchers with an interest in mollusks and growth heterosis.
Beginning Nurses’ Perceptions of Ethical Leadership in the Shadow of Mid Staffs

Prior research has established the role of ethical leadership in promoting positive workplace outcomes. Nevertheless, in the wake of scandal, what is the perception of ethical leadership by new entrants into the scandalized profession? Can ethical leadership still promote positive behavior? Path analysis using survey data from 159 beginning nurses reveals the presence of ethical leadership after the worst tragedy in the history of England’s National Health Service (NHS). Furthermore, nurses respond to perceived ethical leadership with increased helping behaviors and decreased experience of burnout. This confirms and extends previous research linking ethical leadership to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job engagement, and to an increased likelihood to report unethical practice. Survey respondents entered nursing at a time when the profession was highly scrutinized in the shadow of crisis at the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust.
An Edge-Referenced Surface Fresh Layer in the Beaufort Sea Seasonal Ice Zone

AbstractTo understand the factors causing the interannual variations in the summer retreat of the Beaufort Sea ice edge, Seasonal Ice Zone Reconnaissance Surveys (SIZRS) aboard U.S. Coast Guard Arctic Domain Awareness flights were made monthly from June to October in 2012, 2013, and 2014. The seasonal ice zone (SIZ) is where sea ice melts and reforms annually and encompasses the nominally narrower marginal ice zone (MIZ) where a mix of open-ocean and ice pack processes prevail. Thus, SIZRS provides a regional context for the smaller-scale MIZ processes. Observations with aircraft expendable conductivity–temperature–depth probes reveal a salinity pattern associated with large-scale gyre circulation and the seasonal formation of a shallow (~20 m) fresh layer moving with the ice edge position. Repeat occupations of the SIZRS lines from 72° to 76°N on 140° and 150°W allow a comparison of observed hydrography to atmospheric indices. Using this relationship, the basinwide salinity signals are separated from the...
Investigation of Sudden Death in Athletes: The Fittest Bodies in the Morgue:

Sporting events are generally viewed as regulated activities with fit and healthy participants; therefore, when deaths occur, they draw considerable public interest. Athletic participants can be co...
Thirsty slums in African cities: household water insecurity in urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi

AbstractOver 70% of Malawi’s urban population lives in informal settlements, where households regularly face chronic water insecurity. This article utilizes mixed methods – household surveys (N = 645), field observations, focus groups and interviews – to examine household water insecurity in three urban informal settlements of Lilongwe, Malawi’s capital and largest city. The study finds that water insecurity arises from overdependence on communal water kiosks which are insufficient in number, have high nonfunctional rates, are prone to vandalism, and provide water irregularly; lack of alternative improved water sources; and a significant time burden due to long waiting times and multiple trips to water sources. The findings underscore why water insecurity in Africa’s urban informal settlements deserves urgent policy attention.
Open Redundant Enucleation of Pancreatic Lesion

Open enucleation of pancreatic tumors is performed for selected cases of neuroendocrine tumors or other lesions when laparoscopic enucleation is not feasible. This chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of the procedure. A detailed template operative dictation note is included.
Pacifiers and Exclusive Breastfeeding: Does Risk for Postpartum Depression Modify the Association?

Background:Postpartum depression is associated with lower rates of breastfeeding. Evidence describing the effect of pacifiers on breastfeeding is inconsistent, and previous research suggests that p...
The Long-run Equilibrium Relationship among Equity Capitalization Rates for Retail, Apartment, Office, and Industrial Real Estate

Under the income approach, the value of a property is found by discounting the property’s expected future net cash receipts to their present value. This process of converting a property’s expected future net operating income into an estimate of current market value by discounting is referred to as capitalization.